bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual Barrier Protected Membrane Roof Assemblies
Authors: Allen Lyte W.
Published: October 2011

Durable roof design is accomplished through the selection of proven high performance materials that are detailed to accepted standards and assembled by skilled tradespeople. Leak prevention is a high concern of building owners that can be addressed by protected membrane dual barrier roofs. The case studies herein illustrate the improvement of the membrane and insulation. Typically, roofing membranes are generally the only barrier for managing moisture (rain, vapor pressure, air movement) through a building’s roof. The position of the insulation is also an important consideration because insulation on the membrane’s exterior protects it from thermal shock and generally extends the roof membrane’s service life. Largely for this reason, protected roof membranes have been recognized for their superior performance over that of conventional roofs because the insulation protects the primary roofing membrane from wide temperature fluctuations, solar radiation, and foot traffic over the roof membrane. The concept of dual barrier roofing simply includes (a) designing a new roof assembly to include at least one “extra” layer of moisture protection or (b) simply designing the standard existing roof components to resist the elements in order to further improve the performance of a protected roof assembly. Case studies are presented that summarize the physical attributes for dual barrier roofing, both in new construction and for roof replacement/renewal projects. Measured performance comparisons indicate that a dual barrier protected membrane roof can be on the order of 10 % to 20 % more thermally efficient that a typical protected membrane [Tobiasson, W., and Richard, J., “Moisture Gain and Its Thermal Consequence for Common Roof Insulations,” NRCA Fifth Conference on Roofing Technology, US Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, Gaithersburg, Maryland, April 1979; Beech, J. C., and Saunders, G. K., “The Performance of Lightweight Inverted Flat Roofs, Building Research Establishment,” NRCA Second International Symposium on Roofing Technology, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Buckingshamshire, United Kingdom, September 1985]. Additional performance and service life benefits are also summarized.
Ritka szövődmény nyelőcső-resectiót követően: a csőgyomor korai pepticus fekélyének perforatiója
Authors: Géczi Tibor , Paszt Attila , Simonka Zsolt , Furák József , Lázár György
Published: October 2011

Absztrakt

Esetismertetés: A szerzők egy 45 éves férfi betegük esetét ismertetik, akinél nyelőcső-resectiót követő második poszt-operatív napon jelentkezett a csőgyomor pepticus fekélyének perforatiója. A beteg a sürgősségi sebészeti beavatkozást (Graham-sutura) és intenzív osztályos kezelést követően a 19. posztoperatív napon otthonába távozott. Megbeszélés: A nyelőcső-resectiót követő csőgyomorpótlás világszerte elterjedt és széles körben alkalmazott módszer az emésztőrendszer folytonosságának helyreállítására. Számos különböző korai és késői szövődménye ismert azonban, úgymint: necrosis, gastritis, pepticus fekély, anastomosisszűkület és jó-, valamint rosszindulatú tumorok. A csőgyomor pepticus fekélyének etiológiája nem teljesen tisztázott, megjelenhet a korai, de a késői posztoperatív időszakban is.
Potential uses of biomass from fast-growing crop miscanthus×giganteus
Authors: Babovic Nada , Drazic Gordana , Djordjevic Ana
Published: October 2011

There is an increasing interest in perennial grasses as a renewable source of
bioenergy and feedstock for second-generation cellulosic biofuels.
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and miscanthus (Miscanthus?giganteus),
belonging to the parennial grasses group, are the major lignocellulosic
materials being studied today as sources for direct energy production,
biofuels, bioremediation and other. They have the ability to grow at low cost
on marginal land where they will not compete with the traditional food crops.
Miscanthus?giganteus possesses a number of advantages in comparison with the
other potential energy crops such as are: high yields, low moisture content
at harvest, high water and nitrogen use efficiencies, low need for annual
agronomic inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides, high cellulose content,
non-invasive character, low susceptibility to pests and diseases and broad
adaptation to temperate growing environments. The main problems are low rate
of survival during the first winter after the creation of plantation and the
relatively high establishment costs. Miscanthus?giganteus is grown primarily
for heat and electricity generation but can also be used to produce transport
fuels. Miscanthus biomass has a very good combustion quality due to its low
water concentration as well as its low Cl, K, N, S and ash concentrations
compared to other lignocellulose plants. It is expected that miscanthus will
provide cheaper and more sustainable source of cellulose for production of
bioethanol than annual crops such as corn. Miscanthus has great promise as a
renewable energy source, but it can only be realised when the grass
production has been optimised for large-scale commercial cultivation.
However, further research is still needed to optimise agronomy of miscanthus,
to develop the production chain and pre-treatment as well as to optimise
energy conversation route to produce heat, electricity, and/or fuels from
biomass, if miscanthus is to compete with fossil fuel use and be widely
produced.
Dependence of static dielectric constant of silicon on resistivity at room temperature
Authors: Ristic Stojan , Prijic Aneta , Prijic Zoran
Published: October 2011

The static dielectric constant of the heavily doped silicon at room temperature is considered. By using phosphorus as an example, the existing expression for the static dielectric constant at low temperatures is recast into a form suitable for the application at room temperature. This is done by taking into account the contribution of non-ionized impurities at room temperature to the static dielectric constant behavior.
High-performance adaptive intelligent Direct Torque Control schemes for induction motor drives
Authors: Vasudevan M. , Arumugam R. , Paramasivam S.
Published: October 2011

This paper presents a detailed comparison between viable adaptive intelligent torque control strategies of induction motor, emphasizing advantages and disadvantages. The scope of this paper is to choose an adaptive intelligent controller for induction motor drive proposed for high performance applications. Induction motors are characterized by complex, highly non-linear, time varying dynamics, inaccessibility of some states and output for measurements and hence can be considered as a challenging engineering problem. The advent of torque and flux control techniques have partially solved induction motor control problems, because they are sensitive to drive parameter variations and performance may deteriorate if conventional controllers are used. Intelligent controllers are considered as potential candidates for such an application. In this paper, the performance of the various sensor less intelligent Direct Torque Control (DTC) techniques of Induction motor such as neural network, fuzzy and genetic algorithm based torque controllers are evaluated. Adaptive intelligent techniques are applied to achieve high performance decoupled flux and torque control. This paper contributes: i) Development of Neural network algorithm for state selection in DTC; ii) Development of new algorithm for state selection using Genetic algorithm principle; and iii) Development of Fuzzy based DTC. Simulations have been performed using the trained state selector neural network instead of conventional DTC and Fuzzy controller instead of conventional DTC controller. The results show agreement with those of the conventional DTC.
Correction on the influence of thermal contact resistance in thermal conductivity measurements using the guarded hot plate method
Authors: Stepanic Nenad , Milosevic Nenad
Published: October 2011

This work considers the influence of finite thermal contact resistances which exist in thermal conductivity measurements of homogeneous and poor thermal conductive materials using the guarded hot plate method. As an example of correction method proposed in this work, different experimental results obtained from a standard reference material sample (with the conductivity of about 1 W/mK) have been presented.
Robust state feedback controller design of STATCOM using chaotic optimization algorithm
Authors: Safari Amin , Shayeghi Hossein , Heidar Ali
Published: October 2011

In this paper, a new design technique for the design of robust state feedback controller for static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) using Chaotic Optimization Algorithm (COA) is presented. The design is formulated as an optimization problem which is solved by the COA. Since chaotic planning enjoys reliability, ergodicity and stochastic feature, the proposed technique presents chaos mapping using Lozi map chaotic sequences which increases its convergence rate. To ensure the robustness of the proposed damping controller, the design process takes into account a wide range of operating conditions and system configurations. The simulation results reveal that the proposed controller has an excellent capability in damping power system low frequency oscillations and enhances greatly the dynamic stability of the power systems. Moreover, the system performance analysis under different operating conditions shows that the phase based controller is superior compare to the magnitude based controller.
Determinants of Body Fat in Infants of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Differ With Fetal Sex
Authors: Lingwood Barbara E. , Henry Alexandra M. , d’Emden Michael C. , Fullerton Amanda-Mei , Mortimer Robin H. , Colditz Paul B. , Lê Cao Kim-Anh , Callaway Leonie K.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE

Neonatal adiposity is a well-recognized complication of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to identify factors influencing adiposity in male and female infants of women treated for GDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a prospective study of 84 women with GDM. Daily blood glucose levels (BGLs) were retrieved from glucose meters, and overall mean fasting and mean 2-h postprandial BGLs were calculated for each woman. Infant body composition was measured at birth, and regression analysis was used to identify significant predictors of infant body fat separately in male and female infants.

RESULTS

Maternal fasting BGL was the major predictor of adiposity in male infants but had little relationship to adiposity in female infants. In male infants, percent fat was increased by 0.44% for each 0.1 mmol/L increase in mean maternal fasting BGL. Maternal BMI was the primary predictor in female infants but had little effect in males. In female infants, percent fat was increased by 0.11% for each 1 kg/m2 increase in maternal prepregnancy BMI.

CONCLUSIONS

Fetal sex may influence the impact that treatment strategies for GDM have on infant adiposity.
An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis among neonates in a hospital in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abd El Hafez Maha , Khalaf Noha G. , El Ahmady Mohamed , Abd El Aziz Ahmed , Hashim Abd El Gawad
Published: October 2011

Introduction: Staphylococcus epidermidis is a pathogen associated with nosocomial infection in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). This study investigates an outbreak of methicillin resistant S. epidermidis in an NICU in a hospital in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A total of 41 isolates identified as Gram-positive cocci were obtained from blood culture, umbilical wound swabs and endotracheal aspirate specimens of neonates, of which 29 were identified as S. epidermidis. Bacterial identification at the species level and determination of antibiotic resistance were performed by MicroScan (Dade Behring, USA). Genotyping was completed using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and the mecA gene was detected by PCR. Results: All 29 S. epidermidis isolates were found to be resistant to oxacillin and were positive for the mecA gene. The isolates showed several multidrug-resistance patterns; the resistance rates to gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were 89.7%, 86.2%, 75.9% and 72.4%, respectively. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampin, synercid, and ciprofloxacin. Several genotypic and phenotypic patterns were detected among the S. epidermidis isolates: antibiogram typing showed seven different patterns, one of which was shared by 65% of the isolates, whereas the most prevalent RAPD genotype was shared by only five S. epidermidis isolates, and did not correlate with antibiotic resistance phenotype. Conclusion: The diverse clonal origin of tested isolates indicates the presence of multiple S. epidermidis strains among neonates in the NICU setting
Making walled‐, highly autofluorescent dinoflagellate algae cells accessible and amenable for immunofluorescence and application of fluorescent probes
Authors: Castillo‐Medina Raúl E. , Arzápalo‐Castañeda Georgina , Villanueva Marco A.
Published: October 2011

Immunofluorescence or fluorescent probe procedures with dinoflagellate algae have been hampered by their intrinsic pigment autofluorescence and rigid cell walls that cannot be digested by cellulolytic or pectinolytic enzymes. Highly autofluorescent, chlorophyll‐containing cells from Symbiodinium were fixed and treated by a freeze‐fracture procedure on microscope slides, intended to preserve their structure, break the cell wall, eliminate endogenous fluorescent pigments, and provide accessibility to antibodies. Formaldehyde fixation was carried out on intact cells in suspension, followed by freeze‐fracture in liquid nitrogen. Finally, they were subjected through a series of tests for pigment extraction to eliminate the cell autofluorescence. Incubation in 70% isopropanol, followed by NaBH4 after freeze‐fracture on glass slides, proved to be the most effective treatment to remove the fluorescence from endogenous pigments and free aldehyde groups remaining after the fixation. The procedure was effective in preserving the cell structures during the lengthy incubations, and the cells were suitable for both, immunolocalization of internal antigens, and visualization of targets of fluorescent probes. The procedure was equally successful when applied to other Symbiodinium species. These results provide a powerful tool for performing immunofluorescence and fluorescent probe detection on these highly autofluorescent, chlorophyll‐containing cells.
Co‐occurrence of distinct ciliopathy diseases in single families suggests genetic modifiers
Authors: Zaki Maha S. , Sattar Shifteh , Massoudi Rustin A. , Gleeson Joseph G.
Published: October 2011

Disorders within the “ciliopathy” spectrum include Joubert (JS), Bardet–Biedl syndromes (BBS), and nephronophthisis (NPHP). Although mutations in single ciliopathy genes can lead to these different syndromes between families, there have been no reports of phenotypic discordance within a single family. We report on two consanguineous families with discordant ciliopathies in sibling. In Ciliopathy‐672, the older child displayed dialysis‐dependent NPHP whereas the younger displayed the pathognomonic molar tooth MRI sign (MTS) of JS. A second branch displayed two additional children with NPHP. In Ciliopathy‐1491, the oldest child displayed classical features of BBS whereas the two younger children displayed the MTS. Importantly, the children with BBS and NPHP lacked MTS, whereas children with JS lacked obesity or NPHP, and the child with BBS lacked MTS and NPHP. Features common to all three disorders included intellectual disability, postaxial polydactyly, and visual reduction. The variable phenotypic expressivity in this family suggests that genetic modifiers may determine specific clinical features within the ciliopathy spectrum. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Embryonic Staging Table for a Direct‐Developing Salamander, Plethodon cinereus (Plethodontidae)
Authors: Kerney Ryan
Published: October 2011

Adult female red‐backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus, attending a clutch of eggs inside a decaying hemlock. See Figure 1A in Kerney, on page 1797, in this issue.
LiCoxMn1‐xPO4/C: A High Performing Nanocomposite Cathode Material for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Nithya Chandrasekaran , Thirunakaran Ramasamy , Sivashanmugam Arumugam , Gopukumar Sukumaran
Published: October 2011

Pristine and Co‐doped LiMnPO4 have been synthesized by the sol‐gel method using glycine as a chelating agent and the carbon composites were obtained by the wet ball mill method. The advantage of this method is that it does not require an inert atmosphere (economically viable) and facilitates a shorter time for synthesis. The LiCo0.09Mn0.91PO4/C nanocomposites exhibit the highest coulombic efficiency of 99 %, delivering a capacity of approximately 160 mAhg−1 and retain a capacity of 96.3 % over the investigated 50 cycles when cycled between 3–4.9 V at a charge/discharge rate of 0.1 C.
Evaluation of the loading of neck and shoulder musculature in overhead pushing and pulling exertions
Authors: Nimbarte Ashish D. , Aghazadeh Fereydoun , Ikuma Laura , Sun Yun
Published: October 2011

Despite substantial epidemiological evidence relating overhead exertions with work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) of the neck, effects of such exertions on the loading of neck or cervical spine musculature are not well understood. In this study, the effects of overhead pushing and pulling exertions on the loading of the cervical spine were evaluated using electromyography (EMG) and subjective discomfort ratings. Additionally, the role of gender as well as individual strength on the loading of neck musculature during such exertions was evaluated. Twenty‐four healthy individuals (12 men and 12 women) participated in this study. Each participant performed overhead pushing and pulling exertions, exerting 25%, 50%, and 75% of their respective maximum strengths. Overhead pushing exertions were found to be significantly more strenuous to the neck musculature than were the pulling exertions. Gender had no significant effect on the activities of the neck muscles. Participants with high strength, however, were able to exert more force at comparatively low muscle activation levels. Subjective discomfort ratings were strongly correlated with the EMG data. At various workplaces, avoiding overhead exertions is rather impossible due to material, interface, and site constraints. Based on the results of this study, however, during such exertions, an interchange between directions of force application could prevent sustained loading of the neck muscles, fatigue, and consequently the probability of neck WMSD incidents. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New insights into therapeutic options for Pompe disease
Authors: Richard Emmanuel , Douillard‐Guilloux Gaëlle , Caillaud Catherine
Published: October 2011

Glycogen storage disease type II or Pompe disease (GSD II, MIM 232300) is a rare inherited metabolic myopathy caused by a deficiency of lysosomal acid α‐glucosidase or acid maltase (GAA; EC 3.2.1.20), resulting in a massive lysosomal glycogen accumulation in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Affected individuals exhibit either severe hypotonia associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (infantile forms) or progressive muscle weakness (late‐onset forms). Even if enzyme replacement therapy has recently become a standard treatment, it suffers from several limitations. This review will present the main results of enzyme replacement therapy and the recent findings concerning alternative treatments for Pompe disease, such as gene therapy, enzyme enhancement therapy, and substrate reduction therapy. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(11): 979–986, 2011
Can healthcare go from good to great?
Authors: Driver Todd H. , Wachter Robert M.
Published: October 2011

Healthcare's improvement efforts have focused on the point of care, targeting specific processes such as preventing central line infections, while paying relatively less attention to the larger issues of organizational structure and leadership. Interestingly, the business community has long recognized that poor management and structure can thwart improvement efforts. Perhaps the corporate world's best‐known study of these issues is found in the book Good to Great, which identifies top‐performing corporations, compares them to carefully selected organizations that failed to achieve similar levels of performance, and gleans lessons from these analyses. In this article, we analyze the feasibility of carefully applying Good to Great's methods for analyzing organizational structure and leadership to healthcare. While a few studies in healthcare have come close to emulating Good to Great's methodology, none have matched its rigor. These shortcomings highlight key information and measurement gaps that must be addressed to facilitate unbiased, rigorous studies of the organizational and leadership predictors of institutional excellence in healthcare. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011; © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Confocal Raman microscopy for monitoring the membrane polymerization and thermochromism of individual, optically trapped diacetylenic phospholipid vesicles
Authors: Schaefer Jonathan J. , Fox Christopher B. , Harris Joel M.
Published: October 2011

Optical‐trapping confocal Raman microscopy allows the 1, 4‐addition reaction of diacetylenic functional groups in 1,2‐bis(10,12‐tricosadiynoyl)‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine lipids to be monitored in individual phospholipid vesicles. Optical trapping allows a single vesicle to be observed over time, allowing the direct observation of structural changes in the vesicle membrane during polymerization. Confocal Raman microscopy excludes light collection outside the optical‐trap region avoiding interferences from the surrounding solution, while chemical reactions occurring in the membrane of the trapped vesicle can be measured with high sensitivity. Individual, optically trapped liposomes (0.6 µm in diameter) were exposed to photolysis radiation at 254 nm. Upon exposure to UV light, the cross‐linking polymerization reaction formed a conjugated ene–yne backbone in the bilayer of the optically trapped vesicle. Polymerization produces two different polymers, red and yellow in color, which can be distinguished structurally by their Raman spectra. Rates of red and yellow polymer formation were monitored by the Raman scattering intensities from both C = C stretching vibrations at 1455 cm–1 and 1508 cm–1 and C ≡ C stretching vibrations at 2080 and 2110 cm–1, respectively. Polymer formation rates depended linearly on 254‐nm light intensity, consistent with a one‐photon excited polymerization reacting in a photostationary state. Relative populations of red and yellow polymer in a polymerized vesicle depend sensitively on the sample temperature. From temperature‐dependent Raman spectra, the enthalpy change of the red‐to‐yellow thermochromic response and corresponding structural changes in the polymer could be determined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CLASSIFICATION OF PEATLAND DISTURBANCE
Authors: Connolly J. , Holden N. M.
Published: October 2011

Northern peatlands have accumulated a carbon pool of approximately 455 to 547 GtC, and they can make significant contributions to national carbon fluxes. Ireland is an example of a northern latitude country where peatlands are of significance for carbon management. Peatlands in Ireland cover ~20 per cent of the Country and contain nearly two‐thirds of the national soil organic carbon stock. Peatland disturbance was defined, and a framework for the classification of disturbance was developed. The classification process is subjective. To account for this, a survey was conducted among several peatland experts to determine if their opinions differed from the authors'. There was no significant difference between the authors' and the peatland experts' or among each of the peatland expert's opinions. A preliminary classification survey was carried out at 172 points (photos taken at 115). The results for the preliminary study were compared with those of the survey. The expert's average scores for less disturbed and more disturbed areas favourably compared with the results from the disturbance framework. This is a robust, quick and efficient method for assessing peatland disturbance and may be applied to peatlands throughout the globe. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereocomplexation of solvent‐cast poly(lactic acid) by addition of non‐solvents
Authors: Furuhashi Yukiko , Yoshie Naoko
Published: October 2011

Equimolar blends of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(D‐lactic acid) (PDLA) were obtained by solution casting from chloroform/methanol mixed solvents and analyzed using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarizing optical microscopy. Chloroform and methanol are a solvent and non‐solvent, respectively, for poly(lactic acid). The WAXD and DSC results showed that stereocomplex crystallization between PLLA and PDLA occurred in addition to homo‐crystallization. On adding methanol to the casting solution, the stereocomplexation was gradually enhanced while the homo‐crystallization was suppressed. When a large amount of methanol was added, the homo‐crystallization was fully suppressed and the degree of stereocomplex crystallinity reached 90%. Similar results were obtained when another non‐solvent, hexane, was added to the casting solution in place of methanol. The effect of the addition of good and poor solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate was also studied. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Field emission properties of gallium oxide micro‐ and nanostructures in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: López Iñaki , Nogales Emilio , Hidalgo Pedro , Méndez Bianchi , Piqueras Javier
Published: October 2011

The field emission properties of gallium oxide nanowires grown by thermal evaporation–deposition have been investigated inside the chamber of a scanning electron microscope. Turn on electric fields and enhancement factors have been determined for Sn doped nanowires. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements have been performed to calculate the work function of Sn doped Ga2O3. The results show improved field emission properties of Sn doped Ga2O3 nanowires, with a lower threshold field (below 1.0 V/µm). The obtained values are competitive with those achieved in other nanostructured materials, including carbon nanotubes.
On the stability of networked impulsive control systems
Authors: Guan Zhi‐Hong , Huang Jian , Chen Guanrong , Jian Ming
Published: October 2011

In this paper, the stability of linear networked impulsive control systems is studied. The data dropout rate over N steps (DRNS) is defined, and the maximal allowable DRNS is computed, which provides a guideline for the system stability in the sense that, if the actual DRNS is less than this maximal value, then the system is asymptotically stable. To handle the network‐induced delays, a propagation unit based on the system model is introduced to the system. A necessary and sufficient condition for the asymptotical stability of the networked system with the propagation unit is derived. Furthermore, networked linearized impulsive control systems suffering from both transmission delays and data dropouts are also investigated. To design proper impulsive controllers for such systems, some algorithms are further proposed based on LMI techniques and V‐K iteration approaches. Finally, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐Photon‐Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) with Technetium‐99m Sestamibi in the Diagnosis of Small Breast Cancer and Axillary Lymph Node Involvement
Authors: de Cesare Alessandro , Vincentis Giuseppe De , Stefano Gervasi , Giacomo Crescentini , Enrico Fiori , Marco Bonomi , Crocetti Alessandro , Sterpetti Antonio V.
Published: October 2011

Background

In a prospective study we evaluated the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of single‐photon‐emission computed tomography (SPECT) technetium‐99m (99Tcm) sestamibi scintimammography to differentiate between benign and malignant small solid lesions of the breast, and to diagnose axillary node involvement in patients with small breast tumors.

Methods

We prospectively evaluated 172 women with a solid lesion of the breast less than 3 cm in diameter and no evidence of axillary lymph node involvement on physical examination, ultrasound, and mammography. Thereafter, all patients underwent excision of the lesion, and, if pathology was positive for cancer, quadrantectomy and axillary lymph node dissection independently by the results of scintimammography.

Results

There were 92 patients with a benign lesion and 80 patients with cancer. SPECT scintimammography correctly identified all 80 patients with cancer; there were six false‐positive cases and no false‐negative cases for a test efficacy of 96.5%, sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 93.5%. Forty‐five of the 80 patients with cancer had axillary lymph node involvement and scintimammography correctly identified 39 of the 45 patients. There was one false‐positive case and six false‐negative cases for a test efficacy of 90%, sensitivity of 86.4%, and specificity of 97.5%.

Conclusion

SPECT scintimammography should be considered selectively in the preoperative evaluation of patients with small solid lesions of the breast. It allows correct identification of patients with cancer and identification of a significant number of patients with axillary lymph node involvement.
JOHN CAGE'S ‘WHITENESS’: ‘CHEAP IMITATION’
Authors: Clausius Katharina
Published: October 2011

‘To be interested in Satie one must be disinterested to begin with,’ declares John Cage of his contradictory relationship with the older composer. If paradox summarizes this particular discourse between an interested pupil and his predecessor, however, it is both a compositional and musicological discourse exploring the juxtaposition of explicit historicism and aesthetic distance, or ‘disinterest’. The project, or rather the problem, of musical ‘neutrality’ is one that Cage inherited from his idol and subsequently adopted with enthusiasm, as his stubborn pre-occupation with Erik Satie's 1918 symphonic drama, Socrate, evinces. Cage's initial encounter with Satie's work seems quickly to have inspired a commitment to interrogating modernism's engagement with history. Having been introduced to Socrate by Virgil Thomson in a performance that, in Anthony Tommasini's words, ‘profoundly changed Cage, [who] grew to revere Satie’, Cage immediately set out to adapt the score for Merce Cunningham's ballet Idyllic Song in 1947. Denied copyright permission for his two-piano arrangement, Cage resourcefully set out to re-write the musical accompaniment for the ballet (and appease the disobliging publishers) more than two decades later in 1969, retaining Satie's original phrasing in order to preserve Cunningham's choreography and sardonically re-titling the piece Cheap Imitation.
CARE TO LISTEN: MILTON BABBITT AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN THE 1950S
Authors: Maconie Robin
Published: October 2011

Following Milton Babbitt's untimely death at the age of 94 (death at any age is untimely, since it unties the time dimension) in January 2011, I was interested in finding out more about his relationship, personal and music-theoretical, with the US information science community during and after the Eisenhower years. The musical avant-garde represented in parody by Babbitt and Cage as two poles of an antithesis sprang into life in the Cold War era at the same time as Scientology, MAD and Playboy magazine. Today the US doyen of priapism is ready to admit that even the best formula for a creative life has its natural limits. I wanted to ask Joseph Straus and Jerry Kohl what they thought of Babbitt's influence in the wider context of cognitive linguistics. In addition to positioning Babbitt as a significant influence on the Russian composer's serial music in the instructive Stravinsky's Late Music (Cambridge University Press, 2001), Joseph Straus is co-editor (with Stephen Dembski) of Babbitt's Words about Music. Jerome Kohl is a fellow Stockhausen enthusiast and distinguished former editor of Perspectives of New Music, a periodical set up in the 1960s to assert US authority in new musical theory and practice by an editorial board including Babbitt and graced by a logo in honour of serial music devised by Stravinsky himself.
Norms for reasoning about decisions
Authors: Bonnefon Jean-François
Published: October 2011

Reasoning research has traditionally focused on the derivation of beliefs from beliefs, but it is increasingly turning to reasoning about decisions. In the absence of a single, entrenched normative model, the drive toward normativism is weaker in this new field than in its parent fields. The current balance between normativism and descriptivism is illustrated by three approaches to reasoning about decisions.
A case for limited prescriptive normativism
Authors: Pothos Emmanuel M. , Busemeyer Jerome R.
Published: October 2011

Understanding cognitive processes with a formal framework necessitates some limited, internal prescriptive normativism. This is because it is not possible to endorse the psychological relevance of some axioms in a formal framework, but reject that of others. The empirical challenge then becomes identifying the remit of different formal frameworks, an objective consistent with the descriptivism Elqayam & Evans (E&E) advocate.
Liberal Default, Labor Support, and Conservative Neutrality: The Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program After World War II
Authors: Hendricks Rickey L.
Published: October 2011

In the politically turbulent post–World War II period, proposed federal legislation to expand the welfare state pitted conservative Republicans against liberal Democrats in Congress. The conflict over national health insurance introduced between 1943 and 1947 in the Wagner-Murray- Dingell bill ended in a conservative victory with the bill stalled in committee. The primary constituents of the two sides were American Medical Association (AMA) spokesmen and corporate interests on the political right and labor leaders and public health advocates on the left. By 1946 the conservatives controlled Congress; thereafter liberal congressional reformers defaulted on the national health issue, as they had throughout the twentieth century, to corporate progressives and the tenets of “welfare capitalism.” Government continued as a regulator of “minimum standards” for business and industry. Provision of voluntary health insurance and direct medical services was left to the private sector. The Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program emerged out of the political stalemate over health care in the middle 1940s as a highly efficient and popular prepaid group health plan, innovative in its large scale and total integration of service and facilities. Its survival and growth was due to its acceptability to both liberals and conservatives as a model private-sector alternative to national health insurance or any other form of state medicine.
Revisiting Smoot-Hawley
Authors: Eckes Alfred E.
Published: October 2011

Reed Smoot and Willis Hawley are two deceased members of Congress the world loves to hate. Their principal legislative achievement, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, continues to evoke such disapproving adjectives as “infamous” and “notorious.” To most Americans, that act, which incidentally remains the fundamental tariff law of the U.S., conjures up images of rising tariff barriers, beggar-thy-neighbor nationalism, and ruinous trade wars.
The Triumph of the Visual: Stages and Cycles in the Pornography Controversy from the McCarthy Era to the Present
Authors: Lasar Matthew
Published: October 2011

Since Reconstruction there has always been an antipornography movement in the United States. From the heyday of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice in the 1880s, to the debates over the Hays code in Hollywood in the 1930s, to the founding of Women Against Pornography in 1979, our society has consistently struggled to resolve two crucial and interrelated questions: First, does pornography incite people to behave in “antisocial” ways or to commit crimes against individuals and society? Second, should the state regulate or censor materials it regards as obscene or pornographic? These debates have always been compelling, drawing authorities from just about everywhere in our culture. Many participants in this running controversy have devoted their lives to its resolution. None has come even remotely close to settling the matter. Today the courts and legislatures continue to argue the pornography question much as they did in the 1860s, when jurists first established that the test of obscenity lay in whether a book has depraved and corrupted the minds of the vulnerable.
Nuclear Power and the Price-Anderson Act: An Overview of a Policy in Transition
Authors: Johnson John W.
Published: October 2011

It is axiomatic that historians perform research that focuses upon past occurrences. However, research into public policy occasionally requires that historians deal with issues relating to events that have never taken place. A good example of this historical anomaly is nuclear energy policy.
Institutional History and Policy Change: Exploring the Origins of the New Antitrust
Authors: Eisner Marc Allen
Published: October 2011

The Reagan agenda embodied a single broad goal for domestic policy: to redefine the scope of public authority to limit the extent of state intervention in the market. This goal found a concrete expression in attempts to reverse welfare-state policies, restructure the tax system, and lighten the “regulatory burden.” The Reagan revolution was extended to antitrust. A number of top appointees were representatives of the Chicago school, a conservative group of economists and attorneys characterized by a faith in the efficiency-promoting nature of markets and a grave pessimism regarding government intervention in the economy. They rejected the political and social goals of antitrust and argued that the market rather than the state was best suited to determine the most efficient forms of economic organization.
Southern Strategies for Handling the Black Feeble-minded: From Social Control to Profound Indifference
Authors: Noll Steven
Published: October 2011

In 1927, the biennial report of the State Board of Charities and Corrections of the Commonwealth of Kentucky warned that “the feeble-minded of the colored race present a greater menace than do the white.…We do desire to point out the utter lack of any provision for colored feeble-minded.” In spite of this admonition, southern states took little notice of their black feebleminded population. Nineteen years after the Kentucky report, the South Carolina Director of Public Welfare admitted that “the care of mentally deficient and mentally ill persons in the same institution is distinctly undesirable, but…the Hospital's efforts to secure provision of a separate training school for mentally deficient negroes have to date been unsuccessful.”
Welfare Rights and Women's Rights in the 1960s
Authors: Davis Martha F.
Published: October 2011

The year 1966 is often cited as the start of the “second wave” of the organized women's movement, marked by the formation of the National Organization for Women (NOW). However, 1966 also marked the formal inception of another, less enduring group of women activists, the National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO), linked to a separate but related social movement focused on welfare rights. From 1966 to 1975, NWRO coordinated welfare mothers' activism to shore up public assistance for the poor and to establish a federally guaranteed annual income. At its height in 1968, NWRO claimed twenty thousand members nationwide and dozens of local chapters from California to New York.
Substance Abuse Treatment in Southern California: The History and Significance of the Antelope Valley Rehabilitation Centers
Authors: Garrett Valery
Published: October 2011

Substance abuse treatment has been a topic of ongoing debate in the United States since at least the 1960s, when the country witnessed the development of several promising new treatment approaches. Although costs to society in connection with substance abuse point to a continuing need for an effective treatment system, there is only a general understanding of the field. Several factors make it difficult to comprehend the treatment structure: the field is comprised of a sprawling combination of public and private facilities, it strives to treat many types of addicts, and it employs a variety of treatment approaches. While there are general studies that attempt to describe the system and its components, few inquiries probe the inside of specific treatment facilities to discern their evolution, mission, and effectiveness. This article, which examines the Antelope Valley Rehabilitation Centers (AVRCs), is one such analysis. Located in rural areas sixty miles from downtown Los Angeles, the AVRCs are Los Angeles County's only directly operated treatment centers. The two centers, at Acton and Warm Springs, are not only the first and fourth largest substance abuse hospitals in the country, but they serve a population larger than that of forty-two states, making them an excellent lens through which to view a portion of the substance abuse treatment system.
“You Alone Have the Answer”: Lake Erie and Federal Water Pollution Control Policy, 1960–1972
Authors: Kehoe Terence
Published: October 2011

Prior to the 1960s, state governments retained primary responsibility for the regulation of water pollution. State officials emphasized voluntarism and close, informal cooperation between regulators and representatives from the major industrial and municipal sources of pollution. During the 1960s and early 1970s, growing dissatisfaction with state pollution control performance in Congress and at the local level acted as the driving force behind the gradual federal preemption of state authority. In the Lake Erie Basin, local advocates of tougher and more effective water pollution regulation looked to the federal government for relief and made common cause with sympathetic members of Congress.
Introduction: Loss of Confidence and Policy Change in the 1970s
Authors: Robertson David Brian
Published: October 2011

The 1970s had at least as powerful an impact on the course of American public policy as the decade that preceded it. Polls showed that confidence in large institutions—including government—was wearing down under the burden of crisis, complexity, scandal, and doubt. Inflation, economic stagnation, and severe oil shortages directly disrupted individual lives. Faith in the future of the nation, its economy, its institutions, and its government eroded.
How Wet Does a Reader Want to Get? A Reply to Ira Katznelson
Authors: Patterson James T.
Published: October 2011

Ira Katznelson seems to like a lot of things about Grand Expectations. I thank him for his words of praise and for giving the book a careful, thoughtful reading. Although he says little about my many specific judgments and interpretations, he helps readers grasp my main themes. As he points out, I argue that Americans between 1945 and the late 1960s developed ever-grander expectations about their capacity to create a better world abroad and a happier society at home.
Sweets for the Sweet: Saccharin, Knowledge, and the Contemporary Regulatory Nexus
Authors: Marcus Alan I
Published: October 2011

In 1977, the United States Congress forbade the Food and Drug Administration to outlaw use of the food additive saccharin as an artificial sweetener for a period of three years. Subsequent legislation extended the congressional ban. It remains in effect today. Congress's saccharin action neatly represented late twentieth-century federal regulatory policy. The process had become decidedly antibureaucratic and ultimately democratic. Forces both for saccharin's prohibition and for its continued use outlined and debated their positions in public, letting their arguments contend in the marketplace of ideas. Following the conduct of this de facto national plebiscite, duly elected representatives weighed the respective cases and selected the course that their constituents seemed to favor.
Calculating Visions: Civil Rights Legislation in the Kennedy and Johnson Years
Authors: Stern Mark
Published: October 2011

The presidential years of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson are synonymous with the culmination of the Second Reconstruction. This study examines the civil rights legislative strategies of presidents Kennedy and Johnson as they dealt with what became the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.
THE MEAN-VALUE PROPERTY AND (α,β)-HARMONICITY
Authors: LI DAN , LIU CONGWEN
Published: October 2011

In this article we consider whether, for integrable functions on the unit ball of ℂn, the mean-value property implies (α,β)-harmonicity. We find that the answer is affirmative when 0ρ0. Here ρ0 is a constant between 11.025 and 11.069.
Understanding the complexity of the Lévy-walk nature of human mobility with a multi-scale cost/benefit model
Authors: Scafetta Nicola
Published: October 2011

Probability distributions of human displacements have been fit with exponentially truncated Lévy flights or fat tailed Pareto inverse power law probability distributions. Thus, people usually stay within a given location (for example, the city of residence), but with a non-vanishing frequency they visit nearby or far locations too. Herein, we show that an important empirical distribution of human displacements (range: from 1 to 1000 km) can be well fit by three consecutive Pareto distributions with simple integer exponents equal to 1, 2, and (>≈) 3. These three exponents correspond to three displacement range zones of about 1 km  ≲Δr ≲10 km, 10 km  ≲Δr ≲300 km, and 300 km  ≲Δr ≲1000 km, respectively. These three zones can be geographically and physically well determined as displacements within a city, visits to nearby cities that may occur within just one-day trips, and visit to far locations that may require multi-days trips. The incremental integer values of the three exponents can be easily explained with a three-scale mobility cost/benefit model for human displacements based on simple geometrical constrains. Essentially, people would divide the space into three major regions (close, medium, and far distances) and would assume that the travel benefits are randomly/uniformly distributed mostly only within specific urban-like areas. The three displacement distribution zones appear to be characterized by an integer (1, 2, or >≈ 3) inverse power exponent because of the specific number (1, 2, or >≈ 3) of cost mechanisms (each of which is proportional to the displacement length). The distributions in the first two zones would be associated to Pareto distributions with exponent β = 1 and β = 2 because of simple geometrical statistical considerations due to the a priori assumption that most benefits are searched in the urban area of the city of residence or in the urban area of specific nearby cities. We also show, by using independent records of human mobility, that the proposed model predicts the statistical properties of human mobility below 1 km ranges, where people just walk. In the latter case, the threshold between zone 1 and zone 2 may be around 100–200 m and, perhaps, may have been evolutionary determined by the natural human high resolution visual range, which characterizes an area of interest where the benefits are assumed to be randomly and uniformly distributed. This rich and suggestive interpretation of human mobility may characterize other complex random walk phenomena that may also be described by a N-piece fit Pareto distributions with increasing integer exponents. This study also suggests that distribution functions used to fit experimental probability distributions must be carefully chosen for not improperly obscuring the physics underlying a phenomenon.