bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Laws Protect Whistle-Blowers?
Authors: MICELI MARCIA P. , REHG MICHAEL , NEAR JANET P. , RYAN KATHERINE C.
Published: March 2007

Data collected over three time periods, from 1980 to 1992, show massive changes in the ways in which federal employees reported wrongdoing and the effects on them for having done so. Laws intended to encourage whistle-blowing seem to have two desired effects: to reduce the incidence of perceived wrongdoing and to increase the likelihood of whistle-blowing. However, two unintended effects are also observed: perceived retaliation increased and whistle-blowers increasingly sought anonymity. The basic model predicting retaliation is essentially the same in the three time periods in which data were collected. Implications for research, practice, and the design of future legislation are discussed.
The Disruption of a Longitudinal Interface by a Moving Transverse Crack
Authors: Theocaris P.S. , Milios J.
Published: March 2007

The optical method of caustics and the T-criterion of fracture were applied to in vestigate and explain the process of interface disruption, which takes place when a moving transverse crack reaches and coalesces with a weak longitudinal interface of a bi-phase plane specimen. A quantitative criterion was then established, based on the T-criterion, which relates the mechanical properties of the interface with the mechanical properties of subsequent phase of penetration of the crack for the critical condition of crack propagation either along the interface, or along the second phase.
Off-Axis Plies Made by Folding
Authors: Tan S.C. , Tsai Stephen W.
Published: March 2007

A technique of paper folding can be applied to form off-axis plies in a multidirec tional laminate. Advantages of this approach include reduced labor, scrappage and cutting. Additional features are the self-checking of ply orientations, and ready adop tion to automation.
Sensitivity Study of the Design of Unnotched and Notched Composite Laminates
Authors: Tan Seng C.
Published: March 2007

A sensitivity study of the optimal design of composite laminates can aid in the understanding and improvement of the utilization of materials. One of the main ap proaches is to consider the fiber volume fraction of materials from the micromechanics point of view. This article adopts primarily the design point of view. Several examples with two material systems and two groups of laminates (unnotched and notched) are m- vestigated to show the property changes of the laminates due to variation of the fiber volume fraction, and the subsequent rankings of the laminates are given.
Composite Box Beam Analysis: Theory and Experiments
Authors: Bauchau O.A. , Coffenberry B.S. , Rehfield L.W.
Published: March 2007

Beam theory is widely used as a first approximation in numerous structural applica tions. When applied to composite beams, the accuracy of beam theory becomes ques tionable because (1) the shearing and warping deformations become significant, as the shearing stiffness of composite laminates is often very low, and (2) several elastic couplings can occur that strongly influence the behavior of composite beams. The tor sional behavior of thin-walled composite beams has important implications for aeronautical structures and is deeply modified by the above non-classical effects. This paper presents two comprehensive analysis methodologies for composite beams and describes experimental results obtained from a thin-walled, rectangular cross-sectional beam. The theoretical predictions are found in good agreement with the observed twist and strain distributions. Out-of-plane torsional warping of the cross-section is found to be the key factor for an accurate modeling of the torsional behavior of such structures.
Effects of Moisture on the Compressive and Interlaminar Shear Strengths of Aramid-Epoxy Composites
Authors: Verpoest Ignaas , Springer George S.
Published: March 2007

The effects of moisture on the compressive and interlaminar shear strengths of aramid fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites were investigated. The compressive strengths were measured with a Celanese fixture, the interlaminar shear strengths were inferred from the results of three point bend tests. The influence of fiber surface treatment on the compressive and interlaminar shear strengths were also assessed by testing composites containing fibers with their surfaces treated and with fibers without surface treatment.
Acoustic Emission Behavior of Flawed Unidirectional Carbon Fiber-Epoxy Composites
Authors: Ono Kanji
Published: March 2007

This paper reports an experimental investigation on mechanical and acoustic emission behavior of specially designed and manufactured carbon fiber epoxy composites. Uni directional composite laminates with various flaw configurations were tested in tension and their mechanical and acoustic emission responses were determined. Fiber fracture, delamination, splitting (or cracking along fibers) and friction of delaminated faces contrib uted to characteristic acoustic emission behavior. These can be discrimination on the basis of peak amplitude and event duration of observed acoustic emission signals.

The short duration ( < 100 μs), lower amplitude signals ( < 50 dB) signify carbon fiber fracture, while the medium amplitude signals (50 ∼ 70 dB) with an average event dura tion of —120 μs indicate the initiation and slow growth of delamination. High amplitude events ( > 70 dB) have long ( > 200 μs) event durations and are caused by rapid advances of delamination. Splitting or cracking along the fibers produces low to medium amplitude events with a long event duration ( > 100 μs). This type of acoustic emission signals has overlapping characteristics with those of delamination and needs further delineation of distinguishing parameters. Delaminated samples also emit acoustic emission signals with amplitudes in the range of 40 ∼ 50 dB and event duration of < 150 μs. These appear to arise from the friction of delaminated faces.
Effects of Moisture and Temperature on the Compressive and Short Beam Shear Properties of Fiberite T300/976 Fabric
Authors: Jian Mao Tang  , Springer George S.
Published: March 2007

Tests were performed to evaluate the effects of moisture and temperature on the com pressive and short beam shear properties of Fiberite T300/976 fabric. The maximum mois ture content was measured as a function of relative humidity and temperature. The diffusivity was determined as a function of temperature. The compressive and short beam shear strengths and moduli of dry and moisturized specimens were measured at 70, 250, and 350°F. The changes in these mechanical properties caused by drying after moisturiza tion and by subsequent remoisturization were also assessed.
Monitoring Acoustic Emission in Cross-Ply Graphite/Epoxy Laminates During Fatigue Loading
Authors: Eckles William , Awerbuch Jonathan
Published: March 2007

Destructive and nondestructive examinations of composite laminates subjected to exter nal loading have indicated that these materials contain a large number of cracks, both on the micro- and macro-scales. Consequently, a significant amount of emission can be generated during fatigue loading not only by damage accumulation (progression) but also by the continuous friction that results from the fracture surfaces grating against each other. Consequently, in order to monitor fatigue damage progression in composite laminates by acoustic emission (AE), the emission caused by the fretting should be distinguished from that generated by actual damage growth.
Characteristics of Delamination Growth in a Notched Graphite/Epoxy Composite Laminate
Authors: Lin Ye
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of an investigation to determine the delamination states which develop in a quasi-isotropic [(± 45)2/O2/902] s graphite/epoxy laminate with a circu lar hole due to tension-tension loads. The tests were performed at different constant-load amplitudes, and specimens were nondestructively inspected for damage and locations of delamination using a diiodomethane (DIM) enhanced X-ray radiography. Mechanisms of delamination growth were discussed and stiffness reductions due to damage were mea sured. A model for predicting the initiation and locations of delamination along curved edges was presented. Comparison of observed initial delamination locations with pre dicted results shows a good agreement between them.
Nonlinear Responses of Clamped Circular Composite Plate
Authors: Huang C.L.D. , Lu H.Y.
Published: March 2007

Nonlinear oscillations of a clamped circular composite plate with a con centric rigid mass have received limited attention. A study of the above motion has been made in this paper. Using the method of variational calculus, the governing differential equations of motion and the associate boundary conditions are derived. Due to the coupled and complex differential equations, the Ritz-Kantorovich averaging method was applied to eliminate the time variable and reduce the governing equations to a system of nonlinear or dinary differential equations. Then, the Runge-Kutta-Gill integration method was applied to obtain numerical solutions which provide the valuable data to the designer in under standing of the frequency response of the clamped circular composite plates carrying a concentric rigid mass.
Evaluation of the Stress Intensity Factor of Brittle Polymers Based on the Crack Arrest Concept
Authors: Idonije K. , Motuku M. , Shehata I. , Aglan H.
Published: March 2007

One of the commonly used criteria for characterizing the fracture resistance of brittle glassy polymers or their composites is the critical stress intensity factor or crack resistance. Specimen geometries such as single edge notch (SEN), compact tension, and three-point bend etc., are conventionally used for this purpose. On this basis, the critical stress intensity factor is evaluated at the onset of crack propagation by using the length of the initial notch. Plastics in general experience a slow crack growth regime before the avalanche-like fracture, which is not taken into consideration in the calculation of the critical stress intensity factor. Hence, serious errors are encountered in the evaluation of the resistance of plastics to crack propagation based on the critical stress intensity factor concept, when standard test geometries are employed.
Fatigue Fracture Behavior of PEEK
Authors: Brillhart M. , Botsis J.
Published: March 2007

Experimental results on fatigue crack propagation in PEEK under different load levels, specimen thickness, and environmental temperatures reported in References [1] and [2] are analyzed. When the kinetic data is plotted against J1 = σv δ (where σv is the yield stress of the material and δ is the crack tip opening displacement), the crack speed is practically independent of the load level, specimen thickness, and environmental tempera tures up to 75°C. The experimental data is confronted with a power type kinetic equation and the kinetic equation of the crack layer model. The analysis indicates that both kinetic equations describe well the data under a wide spectrum of loading conditions.
Strain Energy Release Rates of Modified ENF Specimen for Mixed-Mode Fracture
Authors: Shim J.Y. , Hong C.S.
Published: March 2007

A modified ENF specimen for the mixed-mode fracture test is analyzed by the finite element method. The analysis is performed to calculate the mode I and mode II strain energy release rates and to compare the results with those obtained by the simple beam theory The virtual crack closure method and displacement extrapolation method are employed in the finite element analysis to calculate the strain energy release rates. As for the relation between GI/GT and the thickness ratio for the modified ENF specimen, the finite element result shows some discrepancy with the result by the simple beam theory. The results of present analysis show that the mode partitioning by the simple beam theory does not hold good for the specimen with different thicknesses of upper and lower arms.
An Experimental Study of Polymer-Filler Redistribution in Injection Molded Parts
Authors: Dontula N. , Ramesh N.S. , Campbell G.A. , Small J.D. , Fricke A.L.
Published: March 2007

The migration of filler particles in polymer composite materials during the injection molding process is investigated. Results indicate that during injection, particle concentration becomes non-uniform in the molded part. Experiments were conducted with polystyrene filled with non-rigid (rubber) and rigid (calcium carbonate) particles. A plasma etching technique has been used to determine the local concentration of rubber particles in the molded part. An ashing technique was employed to determine the average concentration of calcium carbonate at various regions of the molded part. The experimental results show that process variables like injection speed, particle size, particle concentration, and nature of filler determine the final filler distribution in the polymer matrix.
Finite Element Modelling of the Inflation Process in Blow Moulding
Authors: Harms R. , Michaeli W.
Published: March 2007

The blow molding process historically has been used for the production of small bottles. Recent applications are also in the field of more technical products. Increasing requirements on the quality of molded parts and on the transparency of the process require the optimization of the process in an early stage of die design.
Applied Gerontology and the 1980 Census
Authors: Longino Charles F.
Published: March 2007

American applied gerontologists should be familiar with the U.S. Census. The specific and only official reason for the existence of this data set is its applications to planning. The Census Bureau publishes its data in several forms. It prints tabulations for geographical units in basic reports, in special subject reports, and on summary tapes. The Bureau also provides a sample of individual census records on computer tape for use by researchers outside the Bureau. In this article each census data source is reviewed with the applied gerontologist in mind. The author urges advocacy for a special data product that is in jeop ardy—the special subject report on the elderly in the United States—and relates a sad story with a happy ending about the Elderly Public Use Sample proposed by the National Institute on Aging.
Training Housing Authority Personnel: Enhancing Social Services for Aged Dwellers
Authors: Burdick David C. , Santos John F.
Published: March 2007

The frequent absence of social services in programmatic housing for the aged must be dealt with. Indeed, recommendations bearing on this issue will probably emerge from the 1981 White House Conference on Aging. Budgetary constraints and manpower shortages preclude having this need met by graduates from degree programs; nor would this be most efficacious. An alternative is to train existing personnel. A NIMH-funded train ing program, now 5 years old, has trained over 150 people in South Bend, Indiana, and Albuquerque, New Mexico. Many were personnel from housing—those in tenant services, supervision, and building management. In addition to general classroom in struction on aging, these workers received individualized supervision on housing issues. Some trainees, for example, were en couraged to develop peer support programs in housing sites. A multifaceted evaluation procedure indicated marked improvement in many areas (e.g., the counseling skills of listening, genuineness, problem identification, and definition of intervention goals.) Also, self-perceived improvements were found in confidence, problem solving, advocacy, helping skills, and other areas.
Equity and Policy Issues in Mental Health Care of the Elderly: Dilemmas, Deinstitutionalization, and DRGs
Authors: Kermis Marguerite D.
Published: March 2007

While estimates of the incidence and prevalence of mental disorder in the elderly vary, the consensus is that the need for services will remain unmet in the foreseeable future and geriatric mental health programs will continue to be seriously underfunded. Because of this, older people in general are treated in more restrictive and less appropriate settings than are younger mentally disturbed persons. The coming of DRGs and R UGs, the new prospective methods of health care reimbursement, are likely to compound this potentially lethal situation. It has been suggested that the implementation of these systems will produce an underfunding of psychiatric care that will create strong incentives to limit further both in- and outpatient mental health services to older people. The manner in which this may occur is the main focus of the article. Alternative models to acute care and DRGs for mental health care of the elderly, and their respective assets and liabilities, are also presented.
Use of Cluster Analysis in Social Service Planning: A Case Study of Laguna Pueblo Elders
Authors: John Robert
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the problem ofhow to translate research based upon a needs assessment into policy and program recommendations. Using data collected among a group of Native American elders, this study promotes the value of a cluster analysis in categorizing the needs of different service subpopulations. Results establish the existence of a large, relatively independent subpopulation that desires services that reduce isolation, and a second, smaller group in need of an array of personal services designed to assist them with routine activities of daily living. These findings reveal that the results produced by this procedure are consistent with gerontological knowledge about the bases of differentiation and heterogeneity within the older population.
Lessons from Elderly Physicians: Reflections on Practice, Changes in Medicine, and Retirement
Authors: Reuben David B. , Silliman Rebecca A.
Published: March 2007

To gain perspective on changes in medicine and learn about the later stages of physicians' careers, we surveyed Rhode Island physicians age 65 years or older. Despite their concerns about changes in the structure of medical practice and the doctor-patient relationship, these physicians reported satisfying careers and expressed few professional regrets. Those elderly physicians who remained in practice did so because they enjoyed patient care and the intellectual stimulation of medicine. They also felt a responsibility to their patients and wished to remain active professionally. Those who retired cited "hassles, "high costs associated with practice, and their personal health as important reasons.
Psychosocial and Physiomedical Factors Affecting Outplacement of the Medically Disabled Elderly
Authors: Milligan W.L. , Powell D.A. , Furchtgott Ernest
Published: March 2007

Patients in a Veterans Administration medical center were classified according to whether or not they presented significant outplacement problems on discharge. Those with discharge problems were older and suffered more often from multiple medical problems. Pulmonary, cardiovascular, central nervous system, and behavioral problems all occurred significantly more often in this group. Based on the Older Americans Resources and Services (OARS) interview technique, these patients were also significantly more impaired in "social resources, " "mental health, "and "activities of daily living " than patients without discharge problems. These data contribute to establishing the validity of the OARS in the context of outplacement of the medically disabled elderly and suggest a profile of medical and nonmedical variables related to overall dysfunctioning in the medically disabled elderly person.
Payments to Informal versus Formal Home Care Providers: Policy Divergence Affecting the Elderly and Their Families in Michigan and Illinois
Authors: Keigher Sharon M. , Simon-Rusinowitz Lori , Linsk Nathan L. , Osterbusch Suzanne E.
Published: March 2007

State policies vary widely on paying friends and family rather than home care agencies to care for the elderly. We explore two state programs that exemplify different payment options: Michigan, which pays clients' informal caregivers, and Illinois, which generally pays agencies to provide services. We ask how different payment policies affect clients, specifically exploring program structure (division of labor and bases for need determination) and financing incentives created by Medicaid (centralization, means testing, and quality assurance). These factors shape provider and client preferences, well-being, and assessment of care quality. Comparatively, Illinois's approach favors professionalism, high cost/quality, documentation, and an orientation toward medical and physical needs. It has experienced high worker turnover and less regard for caregiver-client relationships. Michigan's approach favors informality, casual accountability, long-term stability of helping relationships, and respect for client preferences and autonomy. Both approaches offer important client benefits, but state precedents and incentives to administering agencies have shaped their overall directions. The recent rapid growth of the home care industry in Illinois could proscribe a fuller range of provider options. We recommend greater flexibility in considering states' payment.
The Nature and Correlates of Senior Center Linkages
Authors: Krout John A.
Published: March 2007

I present data on linkages between 250 senior centers and other community organizations. Approximately half of the respondents in the sample indicate that such linkages are involved with most or almost all programming efforts. The most prevalent and preferred linkages are informal as opposed to memos of understanding, contracts, or requirements by sponsors. A number of structural and demographic variables are found to be weakly correlated with overall linkage activity. Center directors indicate linkages are founded for a wide variety of reasons relating to the goals and objectives of the centers. Implications of these findings for practitioners and senior centers in general are discussed.
Retirement Preparation and Retirement Satisfaction in the Rural Elderly
Authors: Dorfman Lorraine T.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated preparation for retirement in the rural elderly and the relationship between that preparation and retirement satisfaction. A number of anticipatory socialization for retirement mechanisms were investigated including planning for retirement, preretirement education, gradual versus immediate retirement, discussion of retirement with others, and exposure to written information and mass media programs about retirement. Respondents were 252 men and 199 women who participated in the retirement substudy of an 8-year epidemiological investigation of persons aged 65 and over in two rural Iowa counties. Planning for retirement, reading about retirement, and exposure to radio or television programs about retirement were significant correlates of retirement satisfaction for both sexes. Gradual retirement was a significant correlate of retirement satisfaction for males only. After health, planning for retirement was the second strongest predictor of retirement satisfaction for males.
Medicare DRGs and Post-Hospital Care for the Elderly: Does Out of the Hospital Mean Out of Luck?
Authors: Goldberg Sheryl C. , Estes Carroll L.
Published: March 2007

This article reports findings from a multistate study of the effects of medical cost containment policy, particularly the Medicare DRG (Diagnosis Related Groups) reimbursement policy, on community-based services for the elderly. The study findings reveal that since the implementation ofDRGs, more older clients in poorer states ofhealth are seeking posthospital care services. Greater client demand and illness acuity is leading to increases m service refusals to vulnerable clients and the creation of agency waiting lists. The majority of agency directors attribute the declinmg health status of clients to DRG reimbursement.
Behavioral Reactions to Psychotropic Medication Changes for Nursing Home Residents Receiving Psychogeriatric Programming
Authors: Fitz Don , Mallya Ashok
Published: March 2007

Initiation of programming for mentally ill nursing home residents made it possible to examine the effect of changes in psychoactive medications on their behavior. These changes in psychotropics were a central aspect of the medication management component of a psychogeriatric rehabilitative program. Despite the nationwide debate concerning the use of medications in controlling nursing home residents, some staff members criticized medication reductions as leading to psychiatric instability. Compared to 34 residents of a "waiting list" nursing home, 99 residents at three facthties with psychogeriatric programming did receive many more changes in medicattons, especially reductions. But these medication decreases were not associated with more behavioral problems during the 31-week observation period. Behavioral difficulties were measured by a weighted sum of restraint usage, incident reports, and pro re nata (PRN) medications. Simplified time-series analysis (STSA) indicated that behavioral difficulties had been mounting prior to increases in medications, decreases in medications, and changes in drug category. Although there was a temporary rise in behavioral problems for 2 weeks after medication decreases, behavioral difficulties were reduced within 8 weeks of all types of drug changes. This article compares the observed jump in behavioral difficulties to "extinction bursts" and discusses the relationship between rehabilitative programming, staff consistency, and psychotropic adjustments.
Targeting Long-Term Care for the Frail Elderly: Models From the Social/HMO Demonstration
Authors: MacAdam Margaret , Greenberg Jay , Greenlick Merwyn , Gruenberg Leonard , Malone Joelyn
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effect of differing eligibility rules for receipt of long-term care services in the four sites of the Social/HMO National Demonstration Program. Data from the first year of Social/HMO enrollment were used to model the probability of receiving a comprehensive assess ment of need for long-term care benefits. Sites using state criteria for Medicaid reimbursement of a nursing home stay were more likely to give assessments to elders with functional impairment problems, whereas those using broader eligibility criteria gave assessments to enrollees with a wider range of characteristics. The results indicate that decisions about eligibility for care have important access and cost implications for consumers, payers, and providers.
Relationships Between Physical Activity Habits and Functional Neuromuscular Capacities in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Carter John S. , Williams Harriet G. , Macera Caroline A.
Published: March 2007

There is general agreement that to maintain quality of life for an aging individual, independence and self-direction need to be sustained. Relationships between levels of physical activity and changes in neuromuscular capacities among 30 women and 32 men (average age = 71 years) were examined, and four dimensions of functional neuromuscular capacities were evaluated: body agility, balance, upper-extremity function, and speed of movement planning/execution. Selected anthropometric and phystological characteristics were also measured. Physical activity habits were assessed by questionnaire and interview. Positive and potentially important relationships between physical activity levels and selected neuromuscular abilities were found. Activity habits were significantly related to general anthropometric and physiological characteristics. This study suggests that selected functional neuromuscular capacities are better maintained in healthy, physically active older adults, and the nature of capacities affected may be different for men and women.
Eyewitness Confidence and Accuracy Among Three Age Cohorts
Authors: Scogin Forrest , Calhoon Sharon K. , D'Errico Michael
Published: March 2007

The relation between eyewitness confidence and accuracy of 28 young (ages 18 to 35, M = 21.14), 33 young-old (ages 59 to 74, M = 67.73) and 29 old-old (ages 75 to 94, M = 80.66) persons was examined. After viewing a videotape of an ongoing crime, participants answered a multiple-choice questionnaire about the videotaped events and were asked to identify the suspectfrom a valid orfoil photographic line-up. Confidence in each answer was assessed using a 1-10 rating scale. Questionnaire performance declined across age groups but all groups performed poorly on the line-up task. Confidence and accuracy correlations were not signtficant for any group; however, confidence ratings were significantly higher for correct responses than for incorrect responses for all age groups. Thus age alone does not determine eyewitness competence.
Area Agencies on Aging and the National Affordable Housing Act: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Liebig Phoebe S.
Published: March 2007

The OlderAmericansAct requires Area Agencies on Aging (AAAs) to ensure appropriate housing for elders, an area in which most AAAs have not been active. The National Affordable Housing Act (NAHA) of 1990 provided an opportunity for AAAs to tap into federal funding for elderly housing. This article reports on a 1992 national survey ofAAA involvement in the Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS), a planning process required by NAHA forstate and local jurisdictions to be eligible for federal funding. Priority programs in the CHAS plans included home repairs, a major AAA housing activity. Because the CHAS (and its replacement, the Consolidated Plan) can expand supportive housing funding for elders, AAAs need more training in housing and to develop stronger working relations with housing agencies in their Planning and Service Areas. Unless they rise to this challenge, AAAs may be less able to reach their goal of creating a more comprehensive system of home- and community-based care. Further research is needed to determine if more AAAs have engaged in the CHAS process since 1992 and the outcomes of that participation.
Awareness Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease: Issues in Assessment and Intervention
Authors: Cotrell Victoria C.
Published: March 2007

Unawareness of deficits is a challenging problem frequently encountered in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding mediating and causative factors of unawareness is important for accurate assessment and effective intervention. However, clinicians should also consider the variability that is often present between and within AD patients and should avoid the use of dichotomous classifications of unawareness. In this article, current knowledge generated by both neurosciences and behavioral sciences provides the basis for identifying issues and offering recommendations pertinent to assessment and intervention of awareness deficits m AD. Remedial and compensatory efforts used with head-injured patients may have potential application to dementia patients with awareness deficits, especially for those in earlier stages. Knowledge in this area is still in an early stage of investigation. As more is known about the nature of awareness deficits, it will be possible to design more effective approaches based on the characteristics of individual patients.
Searches for a Nursing Home: Personal and Situational Factors
Authors: Travis Shirley S. , McAuley William J.
Published: March 2007

Telephone and follow-up in-depth interviews were used to gather information from 25 sponsors (primary contact people or responsible parties) of nursing home residents to learn more about the nursing home search and selection process. Quantitative analyses revealed that sponsors who engaged in anticipatory action prior to the need for nursing home placement had lower personal competence scores than those sponsors who did not anticipate the need for nursing home care. As might be expected, sponsors who were involved in time-pressured searches had the highest stress scores. In-depth analyses of the qualitative data illuminated the diverse ways in which the situational factors (time-pressured versus non-time-pressured searches and antici patory versus nonanticipatory behavior) affected the personal factors (perceived competence and stress) to create idiosyncratic experiences for the sponsors. The findings show the value of offering professional assistance to individuals who are at the stage of seeking information about nursing homes.
Police Administrators' Ambivalence towards Professionalism
Authors: Price Barbara R.
Published: March 2007

The reasons for the traditional ambivalence of police administrators towards the development of police professionalism are explored. The analysis takes account of variables along several dimensions: formal organization, the characteristics of the professional, and the distinction between the rhetoric of professionalism and professional action. Several concerns, intrinsic to the administrative role of assuring continuity and integrity of the organization over time, are cited to explain ambivalence toward professionalism. Reluctance to utilize the rhetoric of professionalism is largely based on the administrator's recognition that the credibility of the rhetoric ultimately depends on the presence of professional activities. Activitating professionalism, rather than utilizing professionalism rhetoric, emerges as the real issue. Several factors associated with professional action create concern for police administrators. These include automony, performance accountability, role taking by the individual, organizational loyalty and traditional secrecy of police operations. In summary, professionalism is feared by police administrators because utilizing the rhetoric of professionalism eventually leads to the necessity of acting like a a professional, which raises problems and risks intrinsic to established operations in the police organization.

Finally, it is argued that the professionalism orientation has much to offer to the administrator in spite of risks. The positive effects noted include development of highly skilled personnel, opportunity for organizational self-evaluation and internal control of innovation, increased productivity through worker satisfaction and more effective interaction with other components of criminal justice systems.
The Necessity of Bail Reform
Authors: Sigler Robert T. , Formby William A.
Published: March 2007

The administration of bail in the United States is a process which has a tendency to be misunderstood and often misused by the general public and practitioners of the criminal justice system. It is generally thought that the bail process prevents those accused from fleeing frotn justice. Additionally, it is presumed that bail may be usedfor the purpose of preventive detention, that is, to protect the community from the release of dangerous persons.

Though the original purpose of bail was to insure the accused's appearance in court, this being the only legitimate use of bail today; we contend that it does not satisfy this purpose. The primary result of the bail process is the incarceration of indigent and inexperienced offenders. Not only does this process fail to insure a released offender's appearance in court, it is actually an impediment to justice.

The use of bailfor the purpose of preventive detention, in essence, constitutes a misuse of the bail process since the purpose of bail is simply to insure that the accused will appearfor trial. In fact, in many cases wefind the majority of those not able to make bail are the poor while serious offenders are released on bail.

Both of these aspects should be viewed in light of their apparentfailure to achieve their goals, from the reformist's standpoint. If a process is not meeting its goals, then changes are in order.
The Professional Burglar: A Case Study
Authors: Ridley Helen Swartzfager
Published: March 2007

Corrections is the term presently given to describe the formal societal response to illegal behavior. The term itself connotes and suggests that illegal behavior can be "corrected" in some waY. In order for this to be a meaningful assumption, there must be understanding and knowledge of the behavior to be corrected. It is, therefore, necessary to examine closely the various tjpes of illegal behavior that society is attempting to "correct". The study of corrections involves an examination of both the behavior that is to be "corrected," the methods devised to do so, and the relationship that exists between the two. Pursuing these multiple objectives was the purpose of inviting a professional burglar to appear before a college class in corrections (Kennesaw College, October 3, 1977). This paper will examine his comments and responses to that class. The first section of the paper will be devoted to a general examination, drawn from the information in the general criminaljustice literature, of burglary and ofthe professional criminal. The second section of the study will examine the stated attitudes and information given by a real world example; and an attempt will be made to point out the closeness of it between the real world actor and the theoretical conclusions found in the literature.
A Demographic Diagnosis of Delinquency
Authors: Hraba Joseph , Specht David , Warren Richard D. , Miller Martin G.
Published: March 2007

A demographic diagnosis of self-reported delinquencies is proposed and its utilit 1' is examined. The hipothesis that some delinquency correlates operate differentli lin different demographic categories of lvouth is supported. This finding suggests that researchers should be aware of the possible interaction between causes of' delinquencY and the demographic context in which that causation occurs. For prac titioners, the usefulness of a demographic diagnosis lies in knowing if delinquenci' causes are different in different demograhpic categories of youth.
Rural Courts: An Illinois Study
Authors: Golden Kathryn
Published: March 2007

This study involved the review of685felony casesfor two calendar years in three rural Illinois counties in an attempt to fill an important research need in the study of the operation of rural courts. Variables studied included nature of offenses in formal felony cases, method of adjudication, extent of guilty pleas and plea agreements, and nature of defendant representation.

Most formal felony cases involved property offenses, most cases reaching arraignment were disposed of by guilty pleas involving plea agreements, and a high proportion of defendants were indigent and utilized county public defenders. In these aspects, these rural courts operated in ways similar to their more urban counterparts. However, the reasons for these characteristics (most especially the extent ofplea negotiation) may derivefrom the rural andfamiliar nature of the courts studied in addition to other possibilities.
The Failure of Correctional Management Reconsidered
Authors: Cohn Alvin W.
Published: March 2007

This is the third in a sequence of articles discussing the state-of-the art of correctional management. In prior works, the management of corrections has been viewed as having failed organizations, staffs, clients, and communities. The reasons for such failure have been attributed to such factors as lack of goals and objectives, no clear body of knowledge upon which to base mission, political naivete, bureaucratization, and no acceptable outside referent group for the establishment of standards or practice. In this article, additional reasons for failure are delineated, including administrative strains, changing goals, diminished resources, defensive strategies, desire for professionalization, poor adaptive responses, and career protection. The future of correctional management is not seen as likely to improve without substantial changes in managerial outlook, abilities, and skills.
Approaches for Teaching Comparative Criminal Justice to Undergraduates
Authors: Terrill Richard J.
Published: March 2007

Criminal justice, like many other social sciences, is culturally specific. As criminal justice matures as a viable academic field, the significant contribution of the comparative method to the educationalprocess will undoubtedly be realized. The purpose of this article is to suggest some approaches for teaching comparative criminal justice to undergraduates.
Sentence Disparity and the Judge-Jury Sentencing Debate: An Analysis of Robbery Sentences in Six Southern States
Authors: Smith Brent L. , Stevens Edward H.
Published: March 2007

Concern over sentence disparity has prompted several states in recent years to alter their sentencing strategy by removing sanctioning authority from juries and investing judges with this power. Little research, however, has examined the difference between sentences imposed by judges and those imposed by juries. This article reviews sentencing patterns in six southern states over a twenty-five year period from 1957-1982. Three states utilizing only judge sentencing, two states using solely jury sentencing, and one state which changedfrom jury to judge sentencing during this time period were examined. The data reveal that while states utilizing judge sentencing gave more consistent sentences from 1957 to 1977, recent trends indicate that the disparity in judge sentencing has risen to a level that approximates the disparity in jury imposed sentences. The data also indicate a substantial increase in the mean sentence given to robbery defendants during the past five years regardless of the sentencing authority.
Authoritarianism and the Criminal Justice Student: A Test of the Predispositional Model
Authors: Austin Thomas L. , O'Neill John J.
Published: March 2007

Advocates of the "pre-dispositional" model of authoritarianism suggest that professions such as law enforcement attract a disproportionate number of persons with authoritarian personalities. As a test of the model, researchers have in previous studies compared authoritarianism levels between criminal justice students and their non-criminal justice counterparts on the assumption that student populations provide a representative sampling of the personalities that aspire to enter the profession. While adhering to that perspective, this study had as its primary purpose testing of the pre-dispositional model within a sample of criminal justice students. According to the model, levels of authoritarianism should be associated with a student's sex, occupational goal, class standing and the type of institution the student attends. Data for the study consisted of a sample of students enrolled at two mid-western universities. Results indicated little support for the pre-dispositional model as none of the variables accounted for more than a small percentage of the variation in levels of authoritarianism. Implications of the findings with respect to academics and practitioners within the field of criminal justice are discussed and suggest that the issue of authoritarianism among student populations may well have run its course.
Perceived Effectiveness of the Chicago Crime Commission, 1980-1985: Insiders and Outsiders
Authors: Hoffman Dennis E. , Webb Vincent J.
Published: March 2007

Privatization is one of the most significant issues in criminal justice. Previous studies have concentrated on greater private involvement in corrections and policing, but have ignored citizens' crime commissions as a form of private sector participation in the justice system. This study examines the perceived effectiveness of the oldest and most famous citizens' crime commission in the United States-the Chicago Crime Commission. The Commission's effectiveness is measured, using data obtained through focused interviews with the top criminal justice authorities in the Chicago criminal justice system and in the Illinois legislature. Overall, the Commission was given high ratings on the criteria utilized to measure effectiveness. A high degree of similarity was discovered in the ratings of decisionmakers in city and county criminal justice agencies. Ratings by state legislators were much lower than those of decisionmakers from Chicago and Cook County. Differences in perceptions of the Commission's legiti macy account for some of the variation in the perceptions of effectiveness. Many city and county authorities re garded the Commission as part of the informal, unofficial criminal justice system in Chicago. By contrast, most of the legislators perceived the Commission as operating outside both the local justice system and the legislative system. One of the important substantive issues raised by this study is the distinction between realistic change and fundamental change in the criminal justice system.
Correctional Case Law: 1989
Authors: Maddex James L.
Published: March 2007

The following survey of noteworthy federal court cases addressing corrections and detention matters encompasses those cases reported as of late autumn in 1989. The present issue of the Criminal Justice Review was on an early production schedule. Therefore, some cases reported late in 1989 will be included in the 1990 survey which is scheduled to appear in Volume 16, Number 1. The reader is reminded, as always, that the cases surveyed do not serve as binding precedent beyond their respective jurisdictions, and that some of the decisions are being appealed and are therefore subject to possible modification or reversal.
Career Criminals in the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort: A Follow-Up of the Early Adult Years
Authors: Kempf Kimberly L.
Published: March 2007

This paper identifies career criminals in the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort Study. Descriptive differences are presented according to delinquency involvement and demographic attributes. These data enable this investigation to avoid previous weaknesses by extending the length of the career, the number, and the composition of the research subjects. Based on the findings and limitations confronted in even these extensive data, the paper concludes with considerations for policy and directives for future research.
A Study of Protective Orders Issued Under California's Domestic Violence Prevention Act
Authors: Kaci Judy Hails
Published: March 2007

Temporary and permanent restraining orders offer a measure of protection, in domestic violence situations, that law enforcement officers are frequently unable to provide. The present study reviewed court records of 224 temporary restraining orders issued in Orange County Superior Court under the California Domestic Violence Prevention Act. Civil and criminal court records were also checked to determine whether the parties had been involved in other legal actions.

Only 39 percent of the subjects completed the court process to make the temporary restraining orders permanent. Married victims of domestic violence were significantly less likely to seek a final order. There was no significant relationship between the level of violence and the decision to obtain a permanent order. Neither was there a relationship between the level of violence and the decision to file for dissolution of marriage, nor was there a correlation between filing for dissolution of marriage and obtaining a permanent restraining order. Those who filed for dissolution did not come from the most violent relationships.

There were significantly fewer criminal charges filed in domestic violence cases involving married couples (17.7%) than in those involving unmarried relationships (32.5%). Charges were dismissed three times as often for nonmarried couples. There was no significant relationship between the level of violence alleged when the civil restraining order was first sought and the filing of criminal charges during the follow-up period (18 months), although criminal charges were most common in cases where the restraining order application alleged minor injuries.
Fraud Masters: Professional Credit Card Offenders and Crime
Authors: Jackson Jerome E.
Published: March 2007

In this country, credit card companies, banks, and retail establishments suffer losses totaling $2 billion annually as the result of credit card abuse and fraud. This study examines the working habits of a gang of credit thieves. This clique of professional thieves, called fraud masters, are proficient in the art of securing credit cards and are willfully engaged in their abuse. Observations indicate that the criminal behavior of this gang of economic law violators reaffirms the strength of theoretical formulations regarding professional crime and criminals that were offered by Edwin H. Sutherland in 1937.