bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression Profiles of ASIC1/2 and TRPV1/4 in Common Skin Tumors
Authors: Ackermann Kirsten , Wallner Susanne , Brochhausen Christoph , Schreml Stephan
Published: June 2021

The acid-sensing ion channels ASIC1 and ASIC2, as well as the transient receptor potential vanilloid channels TRPV1 and TRPV4, are proton-gated cation channels that can be activated by low extracellular pH (pHe), which is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment in solid tumors. However, the role of these channels in the development of skin tumors is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression profiles of ASIC1, ASIC2, TRPV1 and TRPV4 in malignant melanoma (MM), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and in nevus cell nevi (NCN). We conducted immunohistochemistry using paraffin-embedded tissue samples from patients and found that most skin tumors express ASIC1/2 and TRPV1/4. Striking results were that BCCs are often negative for ASIC2, while nearly all SCCs express this marker. Epidermal MM sometimes seem to lack ASIC1 in contrast to NCN. Dermal portions of MM show strong expression of TRPV1 more frequently than dermal NCN portions. Some NCN show a decreasing ASIC1/2 expression in deeper dermal tumor tissue, while MM seem to not lose ASIC1/2 in deeper dermal portions. ASIC1, ASIC2, TRPV1 and TRPV4 in skin tumors might be involved in tumor progression, thus being potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
Characteristics of the Peritrophic Matrix of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori and Factors Influencing Its Formation
Authors: Zha Xu-Le , Wang Han , Sun Wei , Zhang Hong-Yan , Wen Jin , Huang Xian-Zhi , Lu Cheng , Shen Yi-Hong
Published: June 2021

The peritrophic matrix (PM) secreted by the midgut cells of insects is formed by the binding of PM proteins to chitin fibrils. The PM envelops the food bolus, serving as a barrier between the content of the midgut lumen and its epithelium, and plays a protective role for epithelial cells against mechanical damage, pathogens, toxins, and other harmful substances. However, few studies have investigated the characteristics and synthesis factors of the PM in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Here, we examined the characteristics of the PM in the silkworms. The PM thickness of the silkworms increased gradually during growth, while there was no significant difference in thickness along the entire PM region. Permeability of the PM decreased gradually from the anterior to posterior PM. We also found that PM synthesis was affected by food ingestion and the gut microbiota. Our results are beneficial for future studies regarding the function of the PM in silkworms.
Active Human and Murine Tumor Necrosis Factor α Cytokines Produced from Silkworm Baculovirus Expression System
Authors: Ebihara Takeru , Xu Jian , Tonooka Yoshino , Nagasato Takumi , Kakino Kohei , Masuda Akitsu , Minamihata Kosuke , Kamiya Noriho , Nakatake Hirokazu , Chieda Yuuka , Mon Hiroaki , Fujii Tsuguru , Kusakabe Takahiro , Lee Jae Man
Published: June 2021

The tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) has been employed as a promising reagent in treating autoimmunity and cancer diseases. To meet the substantial requirement of TNFα proteins, we report in this study that mature types of recombinant human and murine TNFα proteins are successfully expressed in the baculovirus expression system using silkworm larvae as hosts. The biological activities of purified products were verified in culture murine L929 cells, showing better performance over a commercial Escherichia coli-derived murine TNFα. By comparing the activity of purified TNFα with or without the tag removal, it is also concluded that the overall activity of purified TNFα cytokines could be further improved by the complete removal of C-terminal fusion tags. Collectively, our current attempt demonstrates an alternative platform for supplying high-quality TNFα products with excellent activities for further pharmaceutical and clinical trials.
Opinion Piece: Patient-Specific Implants May Be the Next Big Thing in Spinal Surgery
Authors: Amin Tajrian , Parr William , Mobbs Ralph
Published: June 2021

The emergence of 3D-Printing technologies and subsequent medical applications have allowed for the development of Patient-specific implants (PSIs). There have been increasing reports of PSI application to spinal surgery over the last 5 years, including throughout the spine and to a range of pathologies, though largely for complex cases. Through a number of potential benefits, including improvements to the implant–bone interface and surgical workflow, PSIs aim to improve patient and surgical outcomes, as well as potentially provide new avenues for combating challenges routinely faced by spinal surgeons. However, obstacles to widespread acceptance and routine application include the lack of quality long-term data, research challenges and the practicalities of production and navigating the regulatory environment. While recognition of the significant potential of Spinal PSIs is evident in the literature, it is clear a number of key questions must be answered to inform future clinical and research practices. The spinal surgical community must selectively and ethically continue to offer PSIs to patients, simultaneously allowing for the necessary larger, comparative studies to be conducted, as well as continuing to provide optimal patient care, thereby ultimately determining the exact role of this technology and potentially improving outcomes.
Target Therapies for NASH/NAFLD: From the Molecular Aspect to the Pharmacological and Surgical Alternatives
Authors: Finotti Michele , Romano Maurizio , Auricchio Pasquale , Scopelliti Michele , Brizzolari Marco , Grossi Ugo , Piccino Marco , Benvenuti Stefano , Morana Giovanni , Cillo Umberto , Zanus Giacomo
Published: June 2021

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease represents an increasing cause of chronic hepatic disease in recent years. This condition usually arises in patients with multiple comorbidities, the so-called metabolic syndrome. The therapeutic options are multiple, ranging from lifestyle modifications, pharmacological options, to liver transplantation in selected cases. The choice of the most beneficial one and their interactions can be challenging. It is mandatory to stratify the patients according to the severity of their disease to tailor the available treatments. In our contribution, we review the most recent pharmacological target therapies, the role of bariatric surgery, and the impact of liver transplantation on the NAFLD outcome.
Diethyl (2-(4-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzyl) Phosphate
Authors: Costa Gabriel P. da , Alves Diego , Silva Márcio S.
Published: June 2021

Here we describe a full structural elucidation of the diethyl (2-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzyl) phosphate. This compound is a common by-product present in the synthetic protocols to access the α-hydroxy phosphonate compounds through of a Phospha-Brook rearrangement. Thus, a complete NMR structural characterization of this rearrangement by-product was performed by 1H, 13C{1H}, 31P{1H}, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC NMR experiments. Additionally, we have demonstrated that the 1H-31P HMBC is a 2D heteroatom NMR experiment which combines the simple identification by 31P chemical shift with the detection sensitivity by 1H spectrum in a practical procedure.
Determination of Load-Carrying Capacity of C-Profile Glued Ti-Al Column under Temperature Environment
Authors: Czechowski Leszek
Published: June 2021

The paper deals with an examination of the behaviour of glued Ti-Al column under compression at elevated temperature. The tests of compressed columns with initial load were performed at different temperatures to obtain their characteristics and the load-carrying capacity. The deformations of columns during tests were registered by employing non-contact Digital Image Correlation Aramis® System. The numerical computations based on finite element method by using two different discrete models were carried out to validate the empirical results. To solve the problems, true stress-logarithmic strain curves of one-directional tensile tests dependent on temperature both for considered metals and glue were implemented to software. Numerical estimations based on Green–Lagrange equations for large deflections and strains were conducted. The paper reveals the influence of temperature on the behaviour of compressed C-profile Ti-Al columns. It was verified how the load-carrying capacity of glued bi-metal column decreases with an increase in the temperature increment. The achieved maximum loads at temperature 200 °C dropped by 2.5 times related to maximum loads at ambient temperature.
Impact of Annealing on Magnetic Properties and Structure of Co40Fe40W20 Thin Films on Si(100) Substrate
Authors: Liu Wen-Jen , Chang Yung-Huang , Chen Yuan-Tsung , Jhou Tian-Yi , Chen Ying-Hsuan , Wu Te-Ho , Chi Po-Wei
Published: June 2021

Co40Fe40W20 monolayers of different thicknesses were deposited on Si(100) substrates by DC magnetron sputtering, with Co40Fe40W20 thicknesses from 10 to 50 nm. Co40Fe40W20 thin films were annealed at three conditions (as-deposited, 250 °C, and 350 °C) for 1 h. The structural and magnetic properties were then examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), low-frequency alternative-current magnetic susceptibility (χac), and an alternating-gradient magnetometer (AGM). The XRD results showed that the CoFe (110) peak was located at 2θ = 44.6°, but the metal oxide peaks appeared at 2θ = 38.3, 47.6, 54.5, and 56.3°, corresponding to Fe2O3 (320), WO3 (002), Co2O3 (422), and Co2O3 (511), respectively. The saturation magnetization (Ms) was calculated from the slope of the magnetization (M) versus the CoFeW thickness. The Ms values calculated in this manner were 648, 876, 874, and 801 emu/cm3 at the as-deposited condition and post-annealing conditions at 250, 350, and 400 °C, respectively. The maximum MS was about 874 emu/cm3 at a thickness of 50 nm following annealing at 350 °C. It indicated that the MS and the χac values rose as the CoFeW thin films’ thickness increased. Owing to the thermal disturbance, the MS and χac values of CoFeW thin films after annealing at 350 °C were comparatively higher than at other annealing temperatures. More importantly, the Co40Fe40W20 films exhibited a good thermal stability. Therefore, replacing the magnetic layer with a CoFeW film improves thermal stability and is beneficial for electrode and strain gauge applications.
Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of Fly Ash Precursor, Na-P1(C) Zeolite–Carbon Composite and Na-P1 Zeolite—Adsorption Affinity to Divalent Pb and Zn Cations
Authors: Panek Rafał , Medykowska Magdalena , Szewczuk-Karpisz Katarzyna , Wiśniewska Małgorzata
Published: June 2021

Considering the growing needs of environmental remediation, new effective solutions should be sought. Therefore, the adsorbed amounts of heavy metal ions, such as lead(II) and zinc(II), on the surface of high-carbon fly ash (HiC FA), zeolite-–carbon composite (Na-P1(C)) and pure zeolite (Na-P1), were investigated. The applied solids were characterized using the following techniques: XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, porosimetry, SLS, electrophoresis and potentiometric titration. The heavy metal concentration in the probes was determined by applying ICP-OES spectroscopy. Adsorption/desorption and electrokinetic measurements were performed in the systems containing one or two adsorbates. The obtained results indicated that Pb(II) ions are adsorbed in larger amounts on the investigated solid surface due to the molecular sieving effect. The largest adsorption capacity relative to lead(II) ions was observed for pure Na-P1 zeolite (407 mg/g). The simultaneous presence of Pb(II) + Zn(II) mixed adsorbates minimally affects the amount of adsorbed Pb(II) ions and causes a significant decrease of Zn(II) ion adsorption (in comparison with analogous systems containing single adsorbates). It was also shown that all solids can be efficiently regenerated using hydrochloric acid. Thus, the selected pure zeolite can be successfully applied in soil remediation or other purifying technologies as an effective Pb(II) adsorbent.
Effect of Particle Morphology on Stiffness, Strength and Volumetric Behavior of Rounded and Angular Natural Sand
Authors: Sharma Aashish , Leib-Day Alexia R. , Thakur Mohmad Mohsin , Penumadu Dayakar
Published: June 2021

Stress–strain and volume change behavior for clean sands which have distinct particle shape (rounded and angular) with very similar chemical (mineralogical) composition, size, and texture in one-dimensional (1D) compression and drained triaxial compression are presented. The effect of particle morphology on the crushing behavior in one-dimensional loading is explored using laser light diffraction technique which is suitable for particle crushing because of its high resolution and small specimen volume capability. Particle size distribution in both volume/mass and number distributions are considered for improved understanding associated with the process of comminution. Number distributions present a clearer picture of particle crushing. It is argued that particle crushing in granular assemblies initiates in larger particles, rather than in smaller particle. It was found that rounded sand specimens showed greater crushing than angular sand specimens with higher uniformity coefficient. In 1D compression, loose specimens compress approximately 10% more than dense specimens irrespective of particle shape. Densification of angular sand results in improvement in stiffness (approximately 40%) and is comparable to that of loose rounded sand. In general, density has a greater influence on the behavior of granular materials than particle morphology. The effect of particle shape was found to be greater in loose specimens than in dense specimens. The effect of grain shape on critical state friction angle is also quantified.
Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Parts Produced Using Non-Spherical Precursor Powder by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Varela Jaime , Arrieta Edel , Paliwal Muktesh , Marucci Mike , Sandoval Jose H. , Gonzalez Jose A. , McWilliams Brandon , Murr Lawrence E. , Wicker Ryan B. , Medina Francisco
Published: June 2021

An unmodified, non-spherical, hydride-dehydride (HDH) Ti-6Al-4V powder having a substantial economic advantage over spherical, atomized Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder was used to fabricate a range of test components and aerospace-related products utilizing laser beam powder-bed fusion processing. The as-built products, utilizing optimized processing parameters, had a Rockwell-C scale (HRC) hardness of 44.6. Following heat treatments which included annealing at 704 °C, HIP at ~926 °C (average), and HIP + anneal, the HRC hardnesses were observed to be 43.9, 40.7, and 40.4, respectively. The corresponding tensile yield stress, UTS, and elongation for these heat treatments averaged 1.19 GPa, 1.22 GPa, 8.7%; 1.03 GPa, 1.08 GPa, 16.7%; 1.04 GPa, 1.09 GPa, 16.1%, respectively. The HIP yield strength and elongation of 1.03 GPa and 16.7% are comparable to the best commercial, wrought Ti-6Al-4V products. The corresponding HIP component microstructures consisted of elongated small grains (~125 microns diameter) containing fine, alpha/beta lamellae.
The Use of an Ultrasonic Field in Support of Classical Methods of Oxidising Component Leached from Microplastics in Bottom Sediments
Authors: Kida Małgorzata , Ziembowicz Sabina , Koszelnik Piotr
Published: June 2021

The work detailed here examined the impact of selected unit methods and ultrasonic removal of the widespread plastic additive di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from the bottom sediments of a body of water. To this end, hydrogen peroxide and a classic or modified Fenton process were used, supplemented by an ultrasonic field. The latter had a vibration frequency of 20 kHz and an acoustic wave intensity of 3.97 W/cm2. The impact of process parameters such as reaction environment, reaction time, initial impurity content, aging of the impurity, influence of processes on the content of organic matter and dissolved organic carbon, and elution of selected components from the matrix were all analysed. It emerged that the most effective process by which to remove DEHP from a solid matrix involved a modified Fenton process assisted by an ultrasonic field. The highest average degradation efficiency achieved in this way was 70.74%, for C0 = 10 mg/kg d.w. and t = 60 min.
Edgewise Compressive Behavior of Composite Structural Insulated Panels with Magnesium Oxide Board Facings
Authors: Smakosz Łukasz , Kreja Ireneusz , Pozorski Zbigniew
Published: June 2021

Edgewise compression response of a composite structural insulated panel (CSIP) with magnesium oxide board facings was investigated. The discussed CSIP is a novel multifunctional sandwich panel introduced to the housing industry as a part of the wall, floor, and roof assemblies. The study aims to propose a computational tool for reliable prediction of failure modes of CSIPs subjected to concentric and eccentric axial loads. An advanced numerical model was proposed that includes geometrical and material nonlinearity as well as incorporates the material bimodularity effect to achieve accurate and versatile failure mode prediction capability. Laboratory tests on small-scale CSIP samples of three different slenderness ratios and full-scale panels loaded with three different eccentricity values were carried out, and the test data were compared with numerical results for validation. The finite element (FE) model successfully captured CSIP’s inelastic response in uniaxial compression and when flexural action was introduced by eccentric loads or buckling and predicted all failure modes correctly. The comprehensive validation showed that the proposed approach could be considered a robust and versatile aid in CSIP design.
Effect of Higher Silicon Content and Heat Treatment on Structure Evolution and High-Temperature Behaviour of Fe-28Al-15Si-2Mo Alloy
Authors: Švec Martin , Vodičková Věra , Hanus Pavel , Pazourková Prokopčáková Petra , Čamek Libor , Moravec Jaromír
Published: June 2021

This paper describes the structure and properties of cast Fe3Al-based alloy doped with 15 at. % of silicon and 2 at. % of molybdenum. The higher content of silicon is useful for the enhancement of high-temperature mechanical properties or corrosion resistance of iron aluminides but deteriorates their workability due to increased brittleness. It was found that the presence of both alloying elements leads to an increase of values of the high-temperature yield stress in compression. The heat treatment (annealing at 800 °C for 100 h) used for the achievement of phase stability causes the grain coarsening, so the values of the high-temperature yield stress in compression are lower at 600 °C and 700 °C in comparison to values measured for the as-cast state. This stabilization annealing significantly improves the workability/machinability of alloy. Furthermore, the higher silicon content positively affects the values of the thermal expansion coefficient that was found to be lower in the temperature range up to 600 °C compared to alloys with lower content of silicon.
Monitoring Carbon in Electron and Ion Beam Deposition within FIB-SEM
Authors: Farr Nicholas T. H. , Hughes Gareth M. , Rodenburg Cornelia
Published: June 2021

It is well known that carbon present in scanning electron microscopes (SEM), Focused ion beam (FIB) systems and FIB-SEMs, causes imaging artefacts and influences the quality of TEM lamellae or structures fabricated in FIB-SEMs. The severity of such effects depends not only on the quantity of carbon present but also on its bonding state. Despite this, the presence of carbon and its bonding state is not regularly monitored in FIB-SEMs. Here we demonstrated that Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging (SEHI) can be implemented in different FIB-SEMs (ThermoFisher Helios G4-CXe PFIB and Helios Nanolab G3 UC) and used to observe carbon built up/removal and bonding changes resulting from electron/ion beam exposure. As well as the ability to monitor, this study also showed the capability of Plasma FIB Xe exposure to remove carbon contamination from the surface of a Ti6246 alloy without the requirement of chemical surface treatments.
Simple Algebraic Expressions for the Prediction and Control of High-Temperature Annealed Structures by Linear Perturbation Analysis
Authors: Grau Turuelo Constantino , Breitkopf Cornelia
Published: June 2021

The prediction and control of the transformation of void structures with high-temperature processing is a critical area in many engineering applications. In this work, focused on the void shape evolution of silicon, a novel algebraic model for the calculation of final equilibrium structures from initial void cylindrical trenches, driven by surface diffusion, is introduced. This algebraic model provides a simple and fast way to calculate expressions to predict the final geometrical characteristics, based on linear perturbation analysis. The obtained results are similar to most compared literature data, especially, to those in which a final transformation is reached. Additionally, the model can be applied in any materials affected by the surface diffusion. With such a model, the calculation of void structure design points is greatly simplified not only in the semiconductors field but in other engineering fields where surface diffusion phenomenon is studied.
Optimization on Temperature Strategy of BOF Vanadium Extraction to Enhance Vanadium Yield with Minimum Carbon Loss
Authors: Zhou Zhen-Yu , Tang Ping
Published: June 2021

During the vanadium extraction process in basic oxygen furnace (BOF), unduly high temperature is unfavorable to achieve efficient vanadium yield with minimum carbon loss. A new temperature strategy was developed based on industrial experiments. The new strategy applies the selective oxidation temperature between carbon and vanadium (Tsl) and the equilibrium temperature of vanadium oxidation and reduction (Teq) for the earlier and middle-late smelting, respectively. Industrial experiments showed 56.9 wt% of V was removed together with carbon loss for 5.6 wt% only in the earlier smelting. Additionally, 30 wt% of vanadium was removed together with carbon loss by 13.4 wt% in middle-late smelting. Applicability analyses confirmed Teq as the high-limit temperature, vanadium removal remains low and carbon loss increased sharply when the molten bath temperature exceeded Teq. With the optimized temperature strategy, vanadium removal increased from 69.2 wt% to 92.3 wt% with a promotion by 23 wt%.
The Chemistry of Stress: Understanding the ‘Cry for Help’ of Plant Roots
Authors: Rizaludin Muhammad Syamsu , Stopnisek Nejc , Raaijmakers Jos M. , Garbeva Paolina
Published: June 2021

Plants are faced with various biotic and abiotic stresses during their life cycle. To withstand these stresses, plants have evolved adaptive strategies including the production of a wide array of primary and secondary metabolites. Some of these metabolites can have direct defensive effects, while others act as chemical cues attracting beneficial (micro)organisms for protection. Similar to aboveground plant tissues, plant roots also appear to have evolved “a cry for help” response upon exposure to stress, leading to the recruitment of beneficial microorganisms to help minimize the damage caused by the stress. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that microbial recruitment to the plant roots is, at least in part, mediated by quantitative and/or qualitative changes in root exudate composition. Both volatile and water-soluble compounds have been implicated as important signals for the recruitment and activation of beneficial root-associated microbes. Here we provide an overview of our current understanding of belowground chemical communication, particularly how stressed plants shape its protective root microbiome.
Forced Convection in Wavy Microchannels Porous Media Using TiO2 and Al2O3–Cu Nanoparticles in Water Base Fluids: Numerical Results
Authors: Elsafy Kholoud Maher , Saghir Mohamad Ziad
Published: June 2021

In the present work, an attempt is made to investigate the performance of three fluids with forced convection in a wavy channel. The fluids are water, a nanofluid of 1% TiO2 in a water solution and a hybrid fluid which consists of 1% Al2O3–Cu nanoparticles in a water solution. The wavy channel has a porous insert with a permeability of 10 PPI, 20 PPI and 40 PPI, respectively. Since Reynolds number is less than 1000, the flow is assumed laminar, Newtonian and steady state. Results revealed that wavy channel provides a better heat enhancement than a straight channel of the same dimension. Porous material increases heat extraction at the expenses of the pressure drop. The nanofluid of 1% TiO2 in water provided the highest performance evaluation criteria.
Discovery of Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction via Structural Simplification Strategy
Authors: Zhang Hongbo , Xia Yu , Yu Chunqiu , Du Huijie , Liu Jinchang , Li Hui , Huang Shihui , Zhu Qihua , Xu Yungen , Zou Yi
Published: June 2021

Blockade of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction is currently the focus in the field of cancer immunotherapy, and so far, several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have achieved encouraging outcomes in cancer treatment. Despite this achievement, mAbs-based therapies are struggling with limitations including poor tissue and tumor penetration, long half-life time, poor oral bioavailability, and expensive production costs, which prompted a shift towards the development of the small-molecule inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 pathways. Even though many small-molecule inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have been reported, their development lags behind the corresponding mAb, partly due to the challenges of developing drug-like small molecules. Herein, we report the discovery of a series of novel inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1 interaction via structural simplification strategy by using BMS-1058 as a starting point. Among them, compound A9 stands out as the most promising candidate with excellent PD-L1 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.93 nM, LE = 0.43) and high binding affinity to hPD-L1 (KD = 3.64 nM, LE = 0.40). Furthermore, A9 can significantly promote the production of IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner by rescuing PD-L1 mediated T-cell inhibition in Hep3B/OS-8/hPD-L1 and CD3-positive T cells co-culture assay. Taken together, these results suggest that A9 is a promising inhibitor of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and is worthy for further study.
Small Molecule Fisetin Modulates Alpha–Synuclein Aggregation
Authors: Rosado-Ramos Rita , Godinho-Pereira Joana , Marques Daniela , Figueira Inês , Fleming Outeiro Tiago , Menezes Regina , Nunes dos Santos Cláudia
Published: June 2021

Phenolic compounds are thought to be important to prevent neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder known for its typical motor features, the deposition of α-synuclein (αsyn)-positive inclusions in the brain, and for concomitant cellular pathologies that include oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Neuroprotective activity of fisetin, a dietary flavonoid, was evaluated against main hallmarks of PD in relevant cellular models. At physiologically relevant concentrations, fisetin protected SH-SY5Y cells against oxidative stress overtaken by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) and against methyl-4-phenylpyridinuim (MPP+)-induced toxicity in dopaminergic neurons, the differentiated Lund human Mesencephalic (LUHMES) cells. In this cellular model, fisetin promotes the increase of the levels of dopamine transporter. Remarkably, fisetin reduced the percentage of cells containing αsyn inclusions as well as their size and subcellular localization in a yeast model of αsyn aggregation. Overall, our data show that fisetin exerts modulatory activities toward common cellular pathologies present in PD; remarkably, it modulates αsyn aggregation, supporting the idea that diets rich in this compound may prove beneficial.
The “Lab4treat” Outreach Experience: Preparation of Sustainable Magnetic Nanomaterials for Remediation of Model Wastewater
Authors: Tummino Maria Laura , Nisticò Roberto , Franzoso Flavia , Bianco Prevot Alessandra , Calza Paola , Laurenti Enzo , Paganini Maria Cristina , Scalarone Dominique , Magnacca Giuliana
Published: June 2021

The Lab4treat experience has been developed to demonstrate the use of magnetic materials in environmental applications. It was projected in the frame of the European project Mat4Treat, and it was tested several times in front of different audiences ranging from school students to the general public in training and/or divulgation events. The experience lends itself to discuss several aspects of actuality, physics and chemistry, which can be explained by modulating the discussion depth level, in order to meet the interests of younger or more experienced people and expand their knowledge. The topic is relevant, dealing with the recycling of urban waste and water depollution. The paper is placed within the field of water treatment for contaminant removal; therefore, a rich collection of recent (and less recent) papers dealing with magnetic materials and environmental issues is described in the Introduction section. In addition, the paper contains a detailed description of the experiment and a list of the possible topics which can be developed during the activity. The experimental approach makes the comprehension of scientific phenomena effective, and, from this perspective, the paper can be considered to be an example of interactive teaching.
Construction of a Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Zn-Co-S/Graphene Nanocomposites for Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 Detection
Authors: Su Chia-Wei , Tian Jia-Hao , Ye Jin-Jia , Chang Han-Wei , Tsai Yu-Chen
Published: June 2021

Nanocomposites of the binary transition metal sulfide Zn-Co-S/graphene (Zn-Co-S@G) were synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal method. They may be useful in the construction of an electrochemical immunosensor for carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) detection. Zn-Co-S dot-like nanoparticles uniformly covered the surface of graphene to form an interconnected conductive network, ensuring strong interaction between transition metal sulfide and graphene, which can expose numerous electroactive sites leading to the improvement of the amplified electrochemical signal toward a direct reduction of H2O2. Thus, the construction of an electrochemical immunosensor using Zn-Co-S@G nanocomposites showed outstanding sensing properties for detecting CA19-9. The constructed electrochemical immunosensor exhibited a good linear relationship in the range of 6.3 U·mL−1–300 U·mL−1, with the limit of detection at 0.82 U·mL−1, which makes it a promising candidate for an electrochemical immunosensor.
Sarcopenia and Appendicular Muscle Mass as Predictors of Impaired Fasting Glucose/Type 2 Diabetes in Elderly Women
Authors: Buscemi Carola , Ferro Yvelise , Pujia Roberta , Mazza Elisa , Boragina Giada , Sciacqua Angela , Piro Salvatore , Pujia Arturo , Sesti Giorgio , Buscemi Silvio , Montalcini Tiziana
Published: June 2021

Elderly women exhibit a high risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but no definitive data exist about the possible role of postmenopausal increases in visceral adiposity, the loss of lean body mass, or decreases in the sum of the lean mass of arms and legs (appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM)). This retrospective, longitudinal study investigated whether body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis) predicted the development of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or T2D in a cohort of 159 elderly women (age: 71 ± 5 years, follow-up: 94 months) from southern Italy (Clinical Nutrition and Geriatric Units of the “Mater Domini” University Hospital in Catanzaro, Calabria region, and the “P. Giaccone ”University Hospital in Palermo, Sicily region). Sarcopenia was defined in a subgroup of 128 women according to the EWGSOP criteria as the presence of low muscle strength (handgrip strength <16 kg) plus low muscle mass (reported as appendicular skeletal muscle mass <15 kg). Participants with a low ASMM had a higher IFG/T2D incidence than those with a normal ASMM (17% vs. 6%, p-adjusted = 0.044); this finding was independent of BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, and habitual fat intake (OR = 3.81, p = 0.034). A higher incidence of IFG/T2D was observed in the subgroup with sarcopenia than those without sarcopenia (33% vs. 7%, p-adjusted = 0.005) independent of BMI and fat mass (OR = 6.75, p = 0.007). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that elderly women with low ASMM had a higher probability of developing IFG/T2D. Further studies are needed to confirm these results in men and in other age groups.
Perspective: Practical Approach to Preventing Subclinical B12 Deficiency in Elderly Population
Authors: Vincenti Alessandra , Bertuzzo Laura , Limitone Antonio , D’Antona Giuseppe , Cena Hellas
Published: June 2021

Vitamin B12 (also known as cobalamin) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays a pivotal role for several physiologic functions during one’s lifespan. Only certain microorganisms are able to synthetize B12, thus humans obtain cobalamin exclusively from their diet, specifically from animal-derived foods. Specific sub-group populations are at risk of vitamin B12 subclinical deficiency due to different factors including poor intake of animal source foods and age-dependent decrease in the capacity of intestinal B12 uptake. Consumption of animal products produces some negative health issues and negatively impacts sustainability while a plant-based diet increases the risk of B12 deficiency. Taking a cue from the aforementioned considerations, this narrative review aims to summarize facts about B12 deficiency and the burden of inadequate dietary intake in elderly population, as well as to discuss sustainable approaches to vitamin B12 deficiency in aging population.
Supporting Breastfeeding in 2021 and Beyond—Lessons from the Pandemic
Authors: Singh Ajay Pratap , Kumar Vasantha HS , Panda Sanjeet
Published: June 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected maternal and infant health globally both directly from infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and indirectly from changes in health care resulting from social, economic, and health care policies unique to each country. The developing countries have to share the disproportionate burden on maternal and infant health. In this review, we discuss the uncertainties resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy, vertical transmission of the virus, and its effects on breastfeeding of the newborn. The problems of families and communities caring for mothers with COVID-19 and its impact on breastfeeding in newborns are discussed. The challenges posed by the pandemic have forced us to think and devise innovative solutions, including telemedicine help for antenatal counseling, breastfeeding education, and lactation support. Optimal utilization of resources and technology to find creative solutions at the individual and the community level will help in facilitating maternal–infant bonding soon after birth. Appropriate health care policies to support pregnant and lactating mothers will go a long way in meeting healthy child development goals.
Radiological Parameters Review for Choanal Atresia
Authors: Messineo Daniela , Chernikava Maryia , Pasquali Valeria , Bertin Serena , Ciotti Mario , de Soccio Giulia , Savastano Vincenzo , Catalano Carlo
Published: June 2021

(1) Background: The study aims to identify which imaging parameters are necessary for a new correct surgical approach in the study of choanal atresia, and which anatomical findings are essential for correct planning of endoscopic treatment in choanal atresia. (2) Methods: In this retrospective study, 19 patients with choanal atresia had high-resolution multiplanar imaging (14 cases aged ≤1 year and 5 cases aged 1 to 3 years) and 35 patients in the control group similarly distributed by age. Fourteen variables, the most relevant from a surgical point of view, were selected and measured. A comparison was made between the averages of the study group and the different control groups, either directly observed or selected from the literature, using Pearson’s correlation. (3) Results: In 14 out of 26 cases, the differences were statistically significant. There was a correlation between the structures assessed, such as choanal height, rostrum height, and age. (4) Conclusions: Thanks to volumetric reformatting, this work identified and provided the clinician with useful information that helped choose the correct surgical approach. Furthermore, it focused on which imaging parameters are necessary to improve the planning of the surgical correction of choanal atresia.
Influence of Loading History and Soil Type on the Normal Contact Behavior of Natural Sand Grain-Elastomer Composite Interfaces
Authors: Tian Yu , Kasyap Sathwik S. , Senetakis Kostas
Published: June 2021

Recycled rubber in granulated form is a promising geosynthetic material to be used in geotechnical/geo-environmental engineering and infrastructure projects, and it is typically mixed with natural soils/aggregates. However, the complex interactions of grains between geological materials (considered as rigid bodies) and granulated rubber (considered as soft bodies) have not been investigated systematically. These interactions are expected to have a significant influence on the bulk strength, deformation characteristics, and stiffness of binary materials. In the present study, micromechanical-based experiments are performed applying cyclic loading tests investigating the normal contact behavior of rigid–soft interfaces. Three different geological materials were used as “rigid” grains, which have different origins and surface textures. Granulated rubber was used as a “soft” grain simulant; this material has viscoelastic behavior and consists of waste automobile tires. Ten cycles of loading–unloading were applied without and with preloading (i.e., applying a greater normal load in the first cycle compared with the consecutive cycles). The data analysis showed that the composite sand–rubber interfaces had significantly reduced plastic displacements, and their behavior was more homogenized compared with that of the pure sand grain contacts. For pure sand grain contacts, their behavior was heavily dependent on the surface roughness and the presence of natural coating, leading, especially for weathered grains, to very high plastic energy fractions and significant plastic displacements. The behavior of the rigid–soft interfaces was dominated by the rubber grain, and the results showed significant differences in terms of elastic and plastic fractions of displacement and dissipated energy compared with those of rigid interfaces. Additional analysis was performed quantifying the normal contact stiffness, and the Hertz model was implemented in some of the rigid and rigid–soft interfaces.
Characterization of Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Silicone Rubber
Authors: Cho Eunyoung , Chiu Loraine L. Y. , Lee Mitchell , Naila Doshina , Sadanand Siddharth , Waldman Stephen D. , Sussman Dafna
Published: June 2021

Silicone rubber’s silicone-oxygen backbones give unique material properties which are applicable in various biomedical devices. Due to the diversity of potential silicone rubber compositions, the material properties can vary widely. This paper characterizes the dielectric and mechanical properties of two different silicone rubbers, each with a different cure system, and in combination with silicone additives. A tactile mutator (Slacker™) and/or silicone thickener (Thi-vex™) were mixed with platinum-cured and condensation-cured silicone rubber in various concentrations. The dielectric constants, conductivities, and compressive and shear moduli were measured for each sample. Our study contributes novel information about the dielectric and mechanical properties of these two types of silicone rubber and how they change with the addition of two common silicone additives.
Introduction of Re(CO)3+/99mTc(CO)3+ Organometallic Species into Vinylpyrrolidone-Allyliminodiacetate Copolymers
Authors: Gorshkov Nikolay Ivanovich , Murko Andrei Yur'evich , Zolotova Yulia Igorevna , Nazarova Olga Vladimirovna , Krasikov Valerii Dmitrievich , Shatik Sergei Vasilievich , Panarin Evgenii Fedorovich
Published: June 2021

N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-allylamine copolymers (VP-co-AA) containing iminodiacetic (IDA) chelation units were prepared in the range of molecular masses of the copolymers from 9000 to 30,000 Da depending on polymerization conditions. Non-radioactive organometallic species Re(CO)3+ were introduced into polymeric carriers under mild conditions; the prepared metal–polymeric complexes were characterized by IR, NMR, ESI-MS and HPLC. IR spectra data confirmed the coordination of M(CO)3+ moiety to the polymeric backbone via IDA chelation unit (appearance of characteristic fac-M(CO)3+ vibrations (2005, 1890 cm−1), as well as the appearance of group of signals in 1H NMR spectra, corresponding to those inequivalent to methylene protons CH2COO (dd, 4.2 ppm), coordinated to metal ions. The optimal conditions for labeling the PVP-co-AA-IDA copolymers with radioactive 99mTc(CO)3+ species were determined. The radiochemical yields reached 97%. The obtained radiolabeled polymers were stable in blood serum for 3 h. In vivo distribution experiments in intact animals showed the high primary accumulation of technetium-99m MPC (MM = 15,000 Da) in blood with subsequent excretion via the urinary tract.
Swelling and Diffusion in Polymerized Ionic Liquids-Based Hydrogels
Authors: Jastram Ann , Lindner Tobias , Luebbert Christian , Sadowski Gabriele , Kragl Udo
Published: June 2021

Hydrogels are one of the emerging classes of materials in current research. Besides their numerous applications in the medical sector as a drug delivery system or in tissue replacement, they are also suitable as irrigation components or as immobilization matrices in catalysis. For optimal application of these compounds, knowledge of the swelling properties and the diffusion mechanisms occurring in the gels is mandatory. This study is focused on hydrogels synthesized by radical polymerization of imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Both the swelling and diffusion behavior of these hydrogels were investigated via gravimetric swelling as well as sorption experiments implemented in water, ethanol, n-heptane, and tetrahydrofuran. In water and ethanol, strong swelling was observed while the transport mechanism deviated from Fickian-type behavior. By varying the counterion and the chain length of the cation, their influences on the processes were observed. The calculation of the diffusion coefficients delivered values in the range of 10−10 to 10−12 m2 s−1. The gravimetric results were supported by apparent diffusion coefficients measured through diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. A visualization of the water diffusion front within the hydrogel should help to further elucidate the diffusion processes in the imidazolium-based hydrogels.
Isolation and Production of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Conocarpus Fiber
Authors: Khan Anish , Jawaid Mohammad , Kian Lau Kia , Khan Aftab Aslam Parwaz , Asiri Abdullah M.
Published: June 2021

Conocarpus fiber is a lignocellulosic biomass rich in cellulose potentially used for producing nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), a biomaterial extensively employed in various application fields. In the present work, different hydrolysis times of 10, 20 and 30 min were applied to chemically pre-treated Conocarpus fiber to produce CPNC1, CPNC2, and CPNC3 particles. With acid hydrolysis treatment, the yield of NCC product was successfully retained at 17–19%. Individual, rod-like shapes of NCC particles could be clearly observed under microscopy examination. From chemical composition analysis, a relatively pure cellulose compartment was produced for all NCC samples with substantial removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The physicochemical analysis proved that each nanoparticle sample possessed strong cellulose crystalline structure. For thermal analyses, the heat resistance of NCCs was gradually enhanced with the increased hydrolysis times. Therefore, the extracted NCC product from Conocarpus fiber could be a green nano-filler for developing nanocomposite material in the future.
Mechanical Properties and Tribological Behavior of MoS2-Enhanced Cellulose-Based Biocomposites for Food Packaging
Authors: Shi Shih-Chen , Mandal Pramod Kumar , Chen Tao-Hsing
Published: June 2021

Synthetic polymers are the most commonly used polymers in daily life. Therefore, it is necessary to develop environmentally friendly polymers. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is a potential candidate for a biopolymer, owing to its unique properties. However, HPMC biopolymers have some disadvantages compared to synthetic polymers. In this study, the mechanical properties and tribological performance of MoS2 additive-enhanced cellulose matrix biocomposites were investigated in order to improve the properties of HPMC. MoS2 was incorporated into the HPMC matrix as a strengthening additive. The mechanical properties, bonding, and water vapor permeability of the composites were analyzed. The mechanical and vapor barrier properties of the HPMC films were significantly enhanced. The ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the composite films increased with the addition of up to 1 wt% MoS2. The water vapor permeability of HPMC films reduced when additives were incorporated. The wear test proves that the MoS2 additives can improve the tribological performance of the HPMC composite while reducing the friction coefficient. The main reason for enhanced tribological performance is the improvement in load capacity of the composite coating by the MoS2 additive. This MoS2/HPMC biocomposite can be used in food packaging.
COVID 19 Fear Impact among Russian “Helping Profession” Students
Authors: Konstantinov Vsevolod , Gritsenko Valentina , Zinurova Raushaniia , Kulesh Elena , Osipenko Irina , Reznik Alexander , Isralowitz Richard
Published: June 2021

Background: Little is known about the COVID-19 impact on Russian medical, psychology and social work students’ psycho-emotional well-being, substance use and resilience. Methods: More than 2000 helping profession students, 75.4% female, participated in an online survey about COVID-19 impact at a peak time of infection (October/November 2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) were used for study purposes. Furthermore, the influence of COVID-19 on student psycho-emotional well-being and substance use (i.e., tobacco and alcohol) was examined. Results: Medical, female and religious students reported higher fear values. Social work students reported more current substance use, including binge drinking (five or more drinks on one particular occasion). Students who reported COVID-19 associated with their psycho-emotional well-being had higher fear values. Regarding resilience, no association was found based on the student study area. However, male and non-religious students reported more resilience. Students who reported substance use and psycho-emotional problems had lower resilience values. Conclusion: COVID-19 fear and substance use differs among Russian students based on background characteristics. including gender, religiosity and study area. The FCV-19S and the BRS were found to be reliable instruments for research of COVID-19-related psycho-emotional problems, substance use and resilience. Study findings have implications for “front line” helping profession students in terms of education, training and intervention, in support of promoting their ability to address difficult conditions resulting from the pandemic and other disaster conditions in the future.