bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early development and functional properties of tryptase/chymase double-positive mast cells from human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Bian Guohui , Gu Yanzheng , Xu Changlu , Yang Wenyu , Pan Xu , Chen Yijin , Lai Mowen , Zhou Ya , Dong Yong , Mao Bin , Zhou Qiongxiu , Chen Bo , Nakathata Tatsutoshi , Shi Lihong , Wu Min , Zhang Yonggang , Ma Feng
Published: October 2020

Mast cells (MCs) play a pivotal role in the hypersensitivity reaction by regulating the innate and adaptive immune responses. Humans have two types of MCs. The first type, termed MCTC, is found in the skin and other connective tissues and expresses both tryptase and chymase, while the second, termed MCT, which only expresses tryptase, is found primarily in the mucosa. MCs induced from human adult-type CD34+ cells are reported to be of the MCT type, but the development of MCs during embryonic/fetal stages is largely unknown. Using an efficient coculture system, we identified that a CD34+c-kit+ cell population, which appeared prior to the emergence of CD34+CD45+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), stimulated robust production of pure Tryptase+Chymase+ MCs (MCTCs). Single-cell analysis revealed dual development directions of CD34+c-kit+ progenitors, with one lineage developing into erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMP) and the other lineage developing into HSPC. Interestingly, MCTCs derived from early CD34+c-kit+ cells exhibited strong histamine release and immune response functions. Particularly, robust release of IL-17 suggested that these early developing tissue-type MCTCs could play a central role in tumor immunity. These findings could help elucidate the mechanisms controlling early development of MCTCs and have significant therapeutic implications.
Wave field reconstruction and phase imaging by electron diffractive imaging
Authors: Yamasaki Jun
Published: October 2020

In electron diffractive imaging, the phase image of a sample is reconstructed from its diffraction intensity through iterative calculations. The principle of this method is based on the Fourier transform relation between the real-space wave field transmitted by the sample and its Fraunhofer diffraction wave field. Since Gerchberg’s experimental work in 1972, various advancements have been achieved, which have substantially improved the quality of the reconstructed phase images and extended the applicable range of the method. In this review article, the principle of diffractive imaging, various experimental processes using electron beams and application to specific samples are explained in detail.
Climate change, human mobility, and development
Authors: Martin Susan F , Bergmann Jonas , Rigaud Kanta Kumari , Yameogo Nadege Desiree
Published: October 2020

Absftract

Elizabeth Ferris’ review of research on environmental change and human mobility in this colloquium points to the important role that development actors play in identifying potential solutions for affected persons. She mentions in particular the work of the World Bank’s Climate Change Group and the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). Such mobility is indeed a critical issue from a development perspective, as reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals. Goals 10.7. and 13 encourage states to ‘facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people’ and demand ‘urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts’, with a focus on enhancing mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction practices. The World Bank’s development goals of eradicating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity further recognize the need to build capacity in these areas.
Detection of urethane-induced genotoxicity in vitro using metabolically competent human 2D and 3D spheroid culture models
Authors: Shah Ume-Kulsoom , Verma Jatin R , Chapman Katherine E , Wilde Eleanor C , Tonkin James A , Brown Martyn R , Johnson George E , Doak Shareen H , Jenkins Gareth J
Published: October 2020

In vitro genotoxicity studies are a quick and high throughput approach to assess the genotoxic potential of chemicals; however, the reliability of these tests and their relevance to in vivo effects depends on the choice of representative cell line and optimisation of assay conditions. For chemicals like urethane that require specific metabolic activation to cause genotoxicity, it is important that in vitro tests are conducted using cell lines exhibiting the activity and induction of CYP450 enzymes, including CYP2E1 enzyme that is important in the metabolism of urethane, at a concentration representing actual or perceived chemical exposure. We compared 2D MCL-5 cells and HepG2 cells with 3D HepG2 hanging drop spheroids to determine the genotoxicity of urethane using the micronucleus assay. Our 2D studies with MCL-5 did not show any statistically significant genotoxicity [99% relative population doubling (RPD)] compared to controls for concentrations and time point tested in vitro. HepG2 cells grown as 2D indicated that exposure to urethane of up to 30 mM for 23 h did not cause any genotoxic effect (102% RPD) but, at higher concentrations, genotoxicity was produced with only 89–85% RPD. Furthermore, an exposure of 20–50 mM for 23 h using 3D hanging drop spheroid assays revealed a higher MN frequency, thus exhibiting in vitro genotoxicity of urethane in metabolically active cell models. In comparison with previous studies, this study indicated that urethane genotoxicity is dose, sensitivity of cell model (2D vs. 3D) and exposure dependent.
Datanator: an integrated database of molecular data for quantitatively modeling cellular behavior
Authors: Roth Yosef D , Lian Zhouyang , Pochiraju Saahith , Shaikh Bilal , Karr Jonathan R
Published: October 2020

Integrative research about multiple biochemical subsystems has significant potential to help advance biology, bioengineering and medicine. However, it is difficult to obtain the diverse data needed for integrative research. To facilitate biochemical research, we developed Datanator (https://datanator.info), an integrated database and set of tools for finding clouds of multiple types of molecular data about specific molecules and reactions in specific organisms and environments, as well as data about chemically-similar molecules and reactions in phylogenetically-similar organisms in similar environments. Currently, Datanator includes metabolite concentrations, RNA modifications and half-lives, protein abundances and modifications, and reaction rate constants about a broad range of organisms. Going forward, we aim to launch a community initiative to curate additional data. Datanator also provides tools for filtering, visualizing and exporting these data clouds. We believe that Datanator can facilitate a wide range of research from integrative mechanistic models, such as whole-cell models, to comparative data-driven analyses of multiple organisms.
Structural and dynamical insights into the PH domain of p62 in human TFIIH
Authors: Okuda Masahiko , Ekimoto Toru , Kurita Jun-ichi , Ikeguchi Mitsunori , Nishimura Yoshifumi
Published: October 2020

TFIIH is a crucial transcription and DNA repair factor consisting of the seven-subunit core. The core subunit p62 contains a pleckstrin homology domain (PH-D), which is essential for locating TFIIH at transcription initiation and DNA damage sites, and two BSD (BTF2-like transcription factors, synapse-associated proteins and DOS2-like proteins) domains. A recent cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of human TFIIH visualized most parts of core, except for the PH-D. Here, by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy we have established the solution structure of human p62 PH-D connected to the BSD1 domain by a highly flexible linker, suggesting the flexibility of PH-D in TFIIH. Based on this dynamic character, the PH-D was modeled in the cryo-EM structure to obtain the whole human TFIIH core structure, which indicates that the PH-D moves around the surface of core with a specific but limited spatial distribution; these dynamic structures were refined by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Furthermore, we built models, also refined by MD simulations, of TFIIH in complex with five p62-binding partners, including transcription factors TFIIEα, p53 and DP1, and nucleotide excision repair factors XPC and UVSSA. The models explain why the PH-D is crucially targeted by these factors, which use their intrinsically disordered acidic regions for TFIIH recruitment.
Exchange of endogenous and heterogeneous yeast terminators in Pichia pastoris to tune mRNA stability and gene expression
Authors: Ito Yoichiro , Terai Goro , Ishigami Misa , Hashiba Noriko , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Bamba Takahiro , Kumokita Ryota , Hasunuma Tomohisa , Asai Kiyoshi , Ishii Jun , Kondo Akihiko
Published: October 2020

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, terminator sequences not only terminate transcription but also affect expression levels of the protein-encoded upstream of the terminator. The non-conventional yeast Pichia pastoris (syn. Komagataella phaffii) has frequently been used as a platform for metabolic engineering but knowledge regarding P. pastoris terminators is limited. To explore terminator sequences available to tune protein expression levels in P. pastoris, we created a ‘terminator catalog’ by testing 72 sequences, including terminators from S. cerevisiae or P. pastoris and synthetic terminators. Altogether, we found that the terminators have a tunable range of 17-fold. We also found that S. cerevisiae terminator sequences maintain function when transferred to P. pastoris. Successful tuning of protein expression levels was shown not only for the reporter gene used to define the catalog but also using betaxanthin production as an example application in pathway flux regulation. Moreover, we found experimental evidence that protein expression levels result from mRNA abundance and in silico evidence that levels reflect the stability of mRNA 3′-UTR secondary structure. In combination with promoter selection, the novel terminator catalog constitutes a basic toolbox for tuning protein expression levels in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology in P. pastoris.
Prophages are associated with extensive CRISPR–Cas auto-immunity
Authors: Nobrega Franklin L , Walinga Hielke , Dutilh Bas E , Brouns Stan J J
Published: October 2020

CRISPR–Cas systems require discriminating self from non-self DNA during adaptation and interference. Yet, multiple cases have been reported of bacteria containing self-targeting spacers (STS), i.e. CRISPR spacers targeting protospacers on the same genome. STS has been suggested to reflect potential auto-immunity as an unwanted side effect of CRISPR–Cas defense, or a regulatory mechanism for gene expression. Here we investigated the incidence, distribution, and evasion of STS in over 100 000 bacterial genomes. We found STS in all CRISPR–Cas types and in one fifth of all CRISPR-carrying bacteria. Notably, up to 40% of I-B and I-F CRISPR–Cas systems contained STS. We observed that STS-containing genomes almost always carry a prophage and that STS map to prophage regions in more than half of the cases. Despite carrying STS, genetic deterioration of CRISPR–Cas systems appears to be rare, suggesting a level of escape from the potentially deleterious effects of STS by other mechanisms such as anti-CRISPR proteins and CRISPR target mutations. We propose a scenario where it is common to acquire an STS against a prophage, and this may trigger more extensive STS buildup by primed spacer acquisition in type I systems, without detrimental autoimmunity effects as mechanisms of auto-immunity evasion create tolerance to STS-targeted prophages.
Synchronization within synchronization: transients and intermittency in ecological networks
Authors: Fan Huawei , Kong Ling-Wei , Wang Xingang , Hastings Alan , Lai Ying-Cheng
Published: October 2020

Transients are fundamental to ecological systems with significant implications to management, conservation and biological control. We uncover a type of transient synchronization behavior in spatial ecological networks whose local dynamics are of the chaotic, predator–prey type. In the parameter regime where there is phase synchronization among all the patches, complete synchronization (i.e. synchronization in both phase and amplitude) can arise in certain pairs of patches as determined by the network symmetry—henceforth the phenomenon of  ‘synchronization within synchronization.’ Distinct patterns of complete synchronization coexist but, due to intrinsic instability or noise, each pattern is a transient and there is random, intermittent switching among the patterns in the course of time evolution. The probability distribution of the transient time is found to follow an algebraic scaling law with a divergent average transient lifetime. Based on symmetry considerations, we develop a stability analysis to understand these phenomena. The general principle of symmetry can also be exploited to explain previously discovered, counterintuitive synchronization behaviors in ecological networks.
Parenteral Antibiotic Use Among Ambulatory Children in United States Children’s Hospital Emergency Departments
Authors: Howard Leigh M , Thurm Cary , Dantuluri Keerti , Griffith Hannah G , Katz Sophie E , Ward Michael J , Banerjee Ritu , Grijalva Carlos G
Published: October 2020

Background

Despite increasing recognition of the importance of optimal antibiotic selection and expansion of antimicrobial stewardship activities to ambulatory settings, few studies have examined the frequency of parenteral antibiotic use among ambulatory children. We assessed the prevalence and patterns of parenteral antibiotic administration among ambulatory children in pediatric emergency departments (EDs).

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional assessment of parenteral antibiotic use among ambulatory children aged 0–18 years in 49 US children’s hospital EDs in 2018. We assessed the prevalence rates of parenteral antibiotic use and stratified these by patient-, clinic-, and hospital-level characteristics. We also assessed the prevalence of use of specific antibiotics by age and diagnosis category. Among encounters associated with an infection diagnosis, we identified factors associated with parenteral antibiotic use using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Among 3 452 011 ambulatory ED encounters in 2018, parenteral antibiotics were administered in 62 648 (1.8%). The highest proportion of parenteral antibiotic use occurred in the 15–18-year age group (3.3%) and among encounters in children with complex chronic conditions (8.9%) and with primary diagnoses of neoplasms (36%). Ceftriaxone was the most commonly administered parenteral antibiotic (61%). In multivariable analysis, several factors including age ≤2 months, White race, private insurance, complex chronic conditions, digestive and genitourinary system diseases, and encounters attributed to emergency medicine providers were significantly associated with higher odds of parenteral antibiotic use.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates substantial variability in the frequency of parenteral antibiotic administration by age and diagnosis in the ambulatory ED setting and highlights potential opportunities to target stewardship activities.
Cary Grant, the Making of a Hollywood Legend
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

Archie Leach was a poorly educated, working-class boy from a troubled family living in the backstreets of Bristol. Cary Grant was Hollywood’s most debonair film star—the embodiment of worldly sophistication. Cary Grant: The Making of a Hollywood Legend tells the incredible story of how the sad, neglected boy became the suave, glamorous star. The first biography to be based on Grant’s own personal papers, the book takes the reader on a fascinating journey from his difficult childhood through years of struggle in music hall and vaudeville, a hit-and-miss career in Broadway musicals, and three decades of film stardom during Hollywood’s golden age. For the first time, the bitter realities of Grant’s impoverished childhood are revealed, including his mother’s mental illness and his expulsion from school at the age of fourteen. New light is shed on his trailblazing path as a film star who defied the studio system and took control of his own career. His genius as an actor and a filmmaker is highlighted through identifying the crucial contributions he made to classic films such as Bringing Up Baby (1938), The Philadelphia Story (1940), Notorious (1946), An Affair to Remember (1957), North by Northwest (1959), Charade (1963) and Father Goose (1964). His own search for happiness and fulfilment, which led him to having his first child at the age of sixty-two and embarking on his fifth marriage at the age of seventy-seven—is explored with new candor and insight. Cary Grant: The Making of a Hollywood Legend is the definitive account of the professional and personal life of an unforgettable star.
Introduction
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

Cary Grant had good reason to dislike biographies. Many of his own biographers (including those writing before and after his death) insisted that he was defined by a “dark side’ that lay hidden beneath his charm and good looks. The starting point of this book is the aim to offer a fair, sympathetic, documented account of Grant’s life, and one based on extensive archival research, including the star’s own personal papers and home movies. The Introduction also addresses what in recent times has become one of the key issues in accounts of his life, his sexuality, stating that there are few signs that he had gay relationships but many signs that he had genuinely romantic and sexual relationships with women.
Chapter 15
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

In 1938 and 1939, Cary Grant enjoyed a close, romantic relationship with the actress Phyllis Brooks. They travelled together through Europe in the summer of 1939 and they very nearly married on their return to the USA. Brooks’ mother, however, disliked Grant, and this proved fatal to their relationship. Professionally, Grant continued to branch out as an actor, making the tough aviation drama Only Angels Have Wings (1939). Howard Hawks directed Grant alongside co-stars Jean Arthur and Rita Hayworth, both of whom found the director difficult to work with. Grant branched out further by making the melodramatic “woman’s film” In Name Only (1939) with co-star Carole Lombard. These films were well received by critics and the public, but his next film, His Girl Friday (1940), was a much more significant hit. In this quintessential screwball comedy, director Howard Hawks encouraged Grant and co-star Rosalind Russell to adlib lines, speaking over one another to build a frenzied comic atmosphere. Although critical reviews were mixed in 1940, the film’s reputation has grown over the years, and His Girl Friday now stands among his very best films.
Chapter 17
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

By 1941, Cary Grant had his pick of films. Almost everything was offered to him and everyone wanted to work with him. Wary of being typecast, he resisted making more screwball comedies. Instead, he made the gentle “weepie” Penny Serenade (1941) with George Stevens directing and Irene Dunne co-starring. His performance, including a tearful moment when he must plead with a judge to maintain custody of an adopted child, brought his first nomination for an Academy Award. He made an even more dramatic departure from his established image playing the wayward, possibly murderous Johnny Aysgarth in Alfred Hitchcock’s Suspicion (1941). The making of this film was rocky, not least because of on-the-set friction between Grant and co-star Joan Fontaine, but Grant’s relationship with Hitchcock was strong both personally and professionally. His relationship with director Frank Capra, with whom he made Arsenic and Old Lace (1944), was not as strong. Grant hated his own manic performance in this slapstick comedy. Although the film was a big success at the time and still has many admirers, he always cited it as the least favorite of his films.
Chapter 18
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

When the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into the Second World War, Cary Grant finally felt able to apply for US citizenship and then to serve in the US military. He also married Barbara Hutton, and they were dubbed “Cash and Cary” in the press. While he waited for his citizenship papers, he continued making films. In George Stevens’ The Talk of the Town (1942) he vies with co-star Ronald Colman for the affections of Jean Arthur. Anxious that Stevens was favouring Arthur, Grant was unhappy making this film. Afterward, he embarked on the Hollywood Victory Caravan, a fundraising tour of American cities, and he was touched to see the public’s affection for him. With director Leo McCarey and co-star Ginger Rogers, he made Once Upon A Honeymoon (1942). The original story, co-written by McCarey, appears in some respects to be an apologia for Barbara’s Hutton’s previous marriage to a Prussian-born aristocrat who served in the German army during the First World War. Still eager to serve in the military, Grant made one more film at the behest of RKO. Mr Lucky (1943) is a “conversion narrative” in which he plays an initially cynical gangster who ultimately volunteers to serve his country. While making it, the military ruled that no one over the age of 38 could enter the services. Grant, who turned 39 as Mr Lucky was completed, would not be able to serve his adopted country.
Chapter 21
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

In 1946, Howard Hughes nearly killed himself testing a new aircraft over Beverly Hills, and he spent weeks in the hospital before convalescing at Grant’s home. In 1947, when Hughes had recovered, he and Grant went on a cross country flight and their plane fell out of radio contact, leading the press to report that they were missing and presumed dead. On his return to Hollywood, Grant was unhappy making The Bishop’s Wife (1947), and he wanted to trade roles with his co-star David Niven, but producer Samuel Goldwyn refused his requests. While Grant hoped to make films in Britain with Alexander Korda, the plans eventually fizzled out. Nevertheless, he enjoyed a trip to London and Bristol, where he visited his mother again. On the voyage home, he met his future wife, the young actress Betsy Drake. The comedy Mr Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948), was made at a time when the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was investigating communist subversion in Hollywood. Grant’s co-stars, Myrna Loy and Melvyn Douglas, were committed to resisting the investigation and promoting First Amendment rights. Grant, however, was reluctant to take a stand, believing that actors had no place making political pronouncements. It was only when Charlie Chaplin was attacked a few years later that Grant finally spoke out against the investigations.
Chapter 22
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

When Cary Grant coaxed Betsy Drake to join him in Hollywood in 1948, he did everything he could to kickstart her career as a film star. He used his own leverage with the powerful gossip columnists Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons to win favourable coverage for Drake, and he agreed to co-star with Drake in her first film, Every Girl Should Be Married (1948). He turned down several other promising films, including Alfred Hitchcock’s Rope (1948), to make this feeble comedy. His next film was Howard Hawks’ screwball comedy I Was a Male War Bride (1949). Filming began on location in Europe, but Grant developed hepatitis and nearly died. It was several months before he could complete filming in Hollywood. The film turned out to be a huge box-office success, but the grim political drama Crisis (1950), was a box-office disaster that marked the beginning of a downturn in his career fortunes. By this time, however, he had married Betsy Drake, in a ceremony arranged by Howard Hughes, and he was looking forward to his new life with her.
Chapter 23
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

To help Betsy Drake’s flagging career, Grant agreed to do a radio series with her. Mr and Mrs Blandings (1951) continued the comical adventures that began in Mr Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948), but the series was not well received. On screen, he took some risks in this period, playing an outspoken doctor in the politically charged People Will Talk (1952), and an ordinary family man in the gentle comedy Room for One More (1952). He also returned to the more familiar terrain of screwball comedy. Howard Hawks’ Monkey Business (1952), co-starring Ginger Rogers and Marilyn Monroe, allowed him some fine comic moments, but Dream Wife (1953), co-starring Deborah Kerr, seemed tired and old-fashioned. None of these films scored with audiences. Seeing the rising popularity of young method actors such as Marlon Brando, Grant began to wonder if his own debonair image was out of date, and if it was time for him to retire.
Changeable Children
Authors: Bjorklund David F.
Published: October 2020

Plasticity is an evolved feature of Homo sapiens and is greatest early in development. Plasticity permits children to adjust to diverse environments and still grow up to be productive members of their society. This can be seen from the variety of rearing environments found in cultures around the world, from the child-adoring hunter-gatherers to those that view children as drains on resources. Plasticity is not infinite, however, but declines with age. Natural selection has provided children with sensitivity to early environments and the plasticity to entrain their development in adaptive ways, as explained by life history theory. Recent advances have provided important evidence for the proximal causes of changes in behavior as a result of experience—epigenetics, how genes are expressed in different contexts. We can now begin to understand plasticity at the level of the gene, and this has implications for understanding all forms of human functioning.
Evolutionary Mismatches in the Development of Today’s Children
Authors: Bjorklund David F.
Published: October 2020

Differences between modern and ancient environments sometimes cause evolutionary mismatches. Many children are following an exceptionally slow life history strategy and as a result are safer and engage in less risky behavior than in the past (safetyism), although many are more psychologically fragile and less resilient. Excessive use of social media is associated with poorer physical and mental health, including increases in depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Today’s adolescents display hyper-individualism that emphasizes personal freedom and achievement. The relative lack of social bonding in individualistic societies is associated with increases in loneliness and mental health problems and can sometimes be exaggerated by social media use. Modern schools represent a mismatch with the environments of our forechildren. Similarly, young children’s exposure to digital media may have detrimental effects on subsequent learning and psychological development. Parents and educators can identify problems associated with evolutionary mismatches and design environments that make the lives of children happier.
Jacob Arminius
Authors: Fesko J. V.
Published: October 2020

This chapter surveys the works of Jacob Arminius, a figure infrequently associated with covenant theology. Through his labors at the University of Leiden, Arminius and his colleagues continued to develop the covenant of works based upon a number of different texts and thus acted as a dissemination point for the doctrine. But the chapter also coordinates Arminius’s doctrine with the formulations of his colleagues at Leiden, Franciscus Gomarus, Francis Junius, and Lucas Trelcatius. Arminius’s doctrine was common and relatively uncontroversial. Instead, later Reformed theologians critiqued his theology because they believed his doctrine of the covenant of grace too closely resembled the covenant of works. Later theologians also critiqued Arminius’s understanding of the precise nature of Adam’s natural state, namely, that he received the supernatural grace of God.
James Ussher
Authors: Fesko J. V.
Published: October 2020

This chapter surveys the views of James Ussher, a relatively little-known but nevertheless key figure in the development of the covenant of works. Ussher’s key contributions include treating the doctrine in a number of his writings but also codifying it for the first time in the Irish Articles. This document served an influential role in the creation of the Westminster Confession. Ussher was influential upon the later tradition for two main reasons. First, his Body of Divinity was a highly respected work and contained an exposition of the covenant of works. Second, his inclusion of the covenant of works in the Irish Articles likely encouraged the Westminster divines to include the doctrine in the Westminster Standards.
John Cameron and Edward Leigh
Authors: Fesko J. V.
Published: October 2020

John Cameron and Edward Leigh are relatively unknown today but were quite influential in their own time. Cameron wrote theses on the doctrine of the covenant that altered the discussion of the covenant of works. His word altered the exegetical patterns. Commonly cited texts such as Leviticus 18:5 were not employed. Cameron argued that Adam’s reward was extended life in the garden, not eternal life. And Cameron introduced a threefold view of the covenant. Rather than the covenants of works and grace, he argued that the Mosaic covenant was an additional, third covenant, that was neither of the covenants of works nor grace. Edward Leigh picked up a number of these elements and disseminated them through his work.
Thomas Boston
Authors: Fesko J. V.
Published: October 2020

In the wake of the turbulent seventeenth century, eighteenth-century theologians began to turn away from the covenant of works. Theologians and philosophers became critical of perceived doctrinal strictness and sought to reduce theological commitments to bare minimums. One of the supposed enemies of the simplicity of faith was Reformed scholasticism. Thus, for some, the covenant of works became a casualty. There were others, such as Thomas Boston, who were positively disposed to the doctrine because they saw Reformed scholasticism as an asset. They also continued to employ Reformation-era exegetical methods. Advocates of the doctrine also saw the Westminster Confession as a good source.
John Colquhoun
Authors: Fesko J. V.
Published: October 2020

In the nineteenth century indifference toward the doctrine of works grew to outright rejection and hostility because of the influence of higher criticism and negative opinions of Reformed scholasticism. Critics of the doctrine argued that in order for the doctrine to be legitimate, there had to be an explicit biblical statement attesting to its existence. This was a change from earlier exegetical patterns of argumentation. Critics also characterized the covenant of works as an agreement between equals, which was an erroneous understanding of God’s dealings with Adam. Proponents of the doctrine, however, maintained earlier methodologies and commitments, saw Reformed scholastic theology as a good resource, and were careful to qualify their definitions of covenant to ensure that it was not construed as an agreement between equals. Theologians such as John Colquhoun promoted the doctrine.
Evil
Authors: Ware Owen
Published: October 2020

Even if the new interpretation of Fichte’s theory of conscience presented in Chapter 5 is correct, it remains unclear why he believes we all have a tendency to render our conscience obscure. This brings us to his theory of evil in §16 and the appendix to §16 in the System of Ethics. The aim of the present chapter is to show that Fichte’s effort to link evil and ‘laziness’ (Trägheit) does not run the risk of rendering immoral action unfree. On the contrary, there is evidence to show that Fichte understood laziness as a form of culpable self-deception, whereby we avoid the demands that morality places upon us. A secondary aim of this chapter is to show that Fichte’s remarks about the dominion of the I over the not-I, or of our striving for independence from nature, give voice to an incomplete (and ultimately pathological) step in the dialectic of agency.
Feminist Democratic Representation
Authors: Celis Karen , Childs Sarah
Published: October 2020

When are women well represented, politically speaking? The popular consensus has been, for some time, when descriptive representatives put women’s issues and feminist interests on the political agenda. Today, such certainty has been well and truly shaken; differences among women—especially how they conceive of their “interests”—is said to fatally undermine the principle and practice of women’s group representation. There has been a serious loss of faith, too, in legislatures as the sites where political representation takes place. Feminist Democratic Representation responds by making a second-generation feminist design intervention; firmly grounded in feminist empirical political science, the authors’ design shows how women’s misrepresentation is best met procedurally, taking women’s differences as their starting point, adopting an indivisible conception of representation, and reclaiming the role of legislatures. This book introduces a new group of actors—the affected representatives of women—and two new parliamentary practices: group advocacy and account giving. Working with a series of vignettes—abortion, prostitution, Muslim women’s dress, and Marine Le Pen—the authors explore how these representational problematics might fare were a feminist democratic process of representation in place. The ideal representative effects are broad rather than simply descriptive or substantive: they include effects relating to affinity, trust, legitimacy, symbolism, and affect. They manifest in stronger representative relationships among women in society, and between women and their representatives, elected and affective; and greater support for the procedures, institutions, and substantive outputs of representative politics, and at a higher level, the idea of representative democracy. Against the more fashionable tide of post-representative politics, Feminist Democratic Representation argues for more and better representation.
Brownian Motion and Molecular Reality
Authors: Seth Raghav , Smith George E.
Published: October 2020

Legend has it that Jean Perrin’s experiments on Brownian motion between 1905 and 1913 “put a definite end to the long struggle regarding the real existence of molecules.” Close examination of these experiments, however, shows how little access they gained to the molecular realm. They did succeed in determining mean kinetic energies of particles in Brownian motion, but the values for molecular magnitudes Perrin inferred from them simply presupposed that those energies match the mean kinetic energies of molecules in the surrounding fluid. This presupposition became increasingly suspect between 1908 and 1913 as distinctly different values for these magnitudes were obtained from alpha-particle emissions (by Rutherford et al.), from ionization (by Millikan), and from Planck’s blackbody radiation equation. This monograph explains how Perrin’s measurements of the kinetic energies in Brownian motion were nevertheless exemplars of theory-mediated measurement—the practice of inferring values for inaccessible quantities from values of accessible proxies via theoretical relationships between them. Moreover, though Planck in 1900 had proposed turning to complementary theory-mediated measurements of interlinked molecular magnitudes as a source of evidence, it was Perrin more than anyone else who championed this approach. The concerted efforts of Rutherford, Millikan, Planck, Perrin, and their colleagues during the years in question led to evidence of this form becoming central to microphysics. The analysis here of how this came about replaces an untenable legend with an account that is not only tenable, but far more instructive about what the evidence did and did not show.
The Historical Background: Molecular Theory as of 1900
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav
Published: October 2020

The task of this chapter is to explain the sense in which molecular theory—both molecular-kinetic theory and chemical-molecular theory—were still viewed as hypotheses as of 1900 and why the evidence bearing on them during the second half of the nineteenth century was insufficient for them to have achieved standing beyond this. The chapter reviews the strengths and limitations of the evidence in question, taking advantage of two widely read textbooks in physical chemistry published in the 1890s by Wilhelm Ostwald and Walther Nernst and a uniquely comprehensive review of the evidence pertaining to the kinetic theory of gases, by O. E. Meyer, published in 1899. This background defines the historical context within physics and chemistry for the developments covered in the remainder of the monograph.
The Historical Background: Brownian Motion as of 1905
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav
Published: October 2020

The mystery of Brownian motion had been announced with its discovery by Robert Brown in 1828: the persistence of the motion of solid particles in liquids for indefinite periods of time instead of sinking as sediment to the bottom. Once molecular-kinetic theory emerged more fully a few years later, it was the obvious candidate for explaining the phenomenon. Nevertheless, those developing kinetic theory in the second half of the century, Maxwell and Boltzmann, appear to have ignored it. The chapter summarizes research on Brownian motion during the nineteenth century, indicating why leading physicists ignored it, and what developments in the first five years of the twentieth century led to its suddenly becoming so important to kinetic theory. This background supplements that of Chapter 2, completing the historical context for the developments covered in subsequent chapters.
Perrin’s Brownian Motion Experiments
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav
Published: October 2020

Between 1908 and 1911 Perrin published values for Avogadro’s number—the number of molecules per mole of any substance—on the basis of theory-mediated measurements of the mean kinetic energies of granules in Brownian motion. The umbilical cord connecting these energies to Avogadro’s number was the assumption that they are the same as the mean kinetic energies of the molecules in the surrounding liquid. This, as van Fraassen has argued, seems to presuppose that molecules exist, thereby undercutting Perrin’s claim to be proving their existence. This chapter reviews Perrin’s four theory-mediated measurements, showing, on the one hand, that none of them in fact depended on molecular theory yet, on the other, that, by virtue of being exemplars of theory-mediated measurement at its best, they managed to establish several extraordinary landmark conclusions about Brownian motion in its own right.
Interpretivism in Motion
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: October 2020

Vivienne Schmidt discusses the Rudolph’s development of their interpretative approach in the context of the spirited debates about epistemology and social science inquiry. She builds upon the Rudolphs’ approach to elaborate ‘discursive institutionalism’, a mode of analysis that theorizes the nature of discourse and how discursive exchange contributes to political action and institutional change. Schmidt’s chapter advances beyond most discursive analyses by theorizing ‘ideational power’, or the capacity of actors to use ideas to: influence other actors’ normative and cognitive beliefs; control the meaning and normative value of ideas; and structure discourse by controlling its agenda. Ultimately, Schmidt makes a cogent case for methodological pluralism in the study of ideas, one that can engage and even synthesize a range of analytical approaches.
The Economic History of India, 1857-2010
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: October 2020

From the end of the eighteenth century, two global processes began to transform livelihoods and living conditions in the South Asia region. These were the rise of British colonial rule, and the integration of the region in the emerging world markets for goods, capital, and labour services, or globalization. Two hundred years later, India was the home to many of the world’s poorest people. India was also one of the fastest-growing emerging market economies of the world. Does a study of the past help to explain the paradox of growth amidst poverty? The book claims that the roots of the paradox did go back to India’s colonial past, when internal factors like geography and external forces like globalization and imperial rule created prosperity in some areas and poverty in others. This revised edition of a popular textbook sets out the key questions that a study of long-run economic change in India should begin with, shows how historians have answered these questions, and where the gaps remain. An essential guide for students of economics, history, and development studies, and a profitable read for anyone interested in India’s economic past.
Agriculture
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: October 2020

Cultivation of land engaged more than two-thirds of the employed population. Cultivated land increased by 50 per cent between 1860 and 1920. The opportunity to trade encouraged the trend. Whereas commercialization made many merchants rich, it improved the lives of peasants and landlords in only a few regions, and it left agricultural wages nearly stagnant. As the population increased, and few people could find good jobs outside the village, more people shared the poverty of the village. Why did the village produce more and yet stay poor? Why was growth so uneven? Why was growth low overall? Why did regions differ so much? Chapter 4 describes agricultural change over the period, 1858–1947, and answers these questions.
The First Pagan Historian
Authors: Clark Frederic
Published: October 2020

The First Pagan Historian traces the reception history of a text that is now largely neglected but once occupied a central role in the ancient canon—the De excidio Troiae historia or History of the Destruction of Troy of one Dares Phrygius, who claimed to have been an eyewitness observer of the Trojan War. From late antiquity (when most scholars today now agree that the extant Latin version of the text was written) to the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, this study charts the many surprising twists and turns in the afterlife of an author long considered the first of the pagans to write history. It examines the subversive challenge that Dares posed to other ancient canonical traditions (especially the poetry of Homer and Virgil), and the manner in which Dares’s bold rewriting of the Troy story enabled centuries of postclassical readers to forge their own—sometimes radical—visions of the distant past. In doing so, The First Pagan Historian moves back and forth between the ancient world itself and various moments in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. The book uses the fortunes of a forged text to interrogate approaches to history, fiction, myth, philology, criticism, authorship, and numerous other topics of profound importance to the interplay between antiquity and modernity.
In the Beginning: Creation Stories
Authors: Hollis-Brusky Amanda , Wilson Joshua C.
Published: October 2020

This chapter outlines the visions for the intentionally transformative missions—or “Christian Worldviews”—of newly created Christian conservative law schools and training programs. It gives detailed institutional histories of Regent Law School, Liberty Law School, Ave Maria School of Law, and Alliance Defending Freedom’s Blackstone Legal Fellowship. The chapter also previews some of the constraints and challenges these institutions faced initially (and continue to face) in attempting to realize their transformative missions. Principally, these constraints relate to finances and patronage, accreditation, financial aid, and licensing requirements for attorneys. The chapter then relates these constraints back to the Support Structure Pyramid.
The Death of Human Capital?
Authors: Brown Phillip , Lauder Hugh , Cheung Sin Yi
Published: October 2020

Human capital theory, the notion that there is a direct relationship between educational investment and individual and national prosperity, has dominated public policy on education and labor for the past fifty years. This book describes the development of human capital theory and why it has turned into a failed revolution. It outlines an alternative theory that re-defines human capital in an age of smart machines. The new human capital rejects the view that automation and AI will result in the end of waged work, but sees the fundamental problem as a lack of quality jobs offering interesting, worthwhile and rewarding opportunities. At stake in the new human capital are the future prospects for individual wellbeing in productive, sustainable and inclusive societies. It also connects with a growing sense that capitalism is in crisis, felt by students and the wider workforce, in offering a sober assessment of current realities at the same time as a sense of hope for the future.
Understanding Virtue
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole , Warren Michael T. , Snow Nancy E.
Published: October 2020

The last thirty years has seen a resurgence of interest in virtue among philosophers, psychologists, and educators. As is often the case with interdisciplinary endeavors, this renewed interest in virtue faces an important challenge—namely, successfully standing up to the requirements imposed by different disciplinary standards. For virtue, this means developing an account that practitioners from multiple disciplines will find sufficiently rigorous, substantive, and useful. Our volume was born in response to this interdisciplinary challenge. Its objective here is twofold. First, drawing on Whole Trait Theory in psychology and Aristotelian virtue ethics, it offers accounts of virtue and character that are both philosophically sound and psychologically realistic—and thus, able to be meaningfully operationalized into empirically measurable variables. Second, it offers a range of strategies for how virtue and character (so conceived) can be systematically measured, relying on the insights from the latest research in personality, social, developmental, and cognitive psychology, and psychological science more broadly. It thereby seeks to contribute to the emerging science of the measurement of virtue and character.
Strategies for Character Measurement
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole , Warren Michael T. , Snow Nancy E.
Published: October 2020

Chapter 5 takes offers strategies for the measurement of character as a whole, not just of specific virtues. Specifically, it discusses measuring virtue constellations to describe the co-manifestation of multiple virtues that (in part) constitute a person’s character; the measurement of the regulative function of practical wisdom (or phronēsis) as one way of explaining interrelations among virtues, and the measurement of the reflective function of practical wisdom as it contributes to conscious awareness of the dynamics among virtues and manifests in virtue-relevant goals, values, and identity.
The Personal Is Political
Authors: Mishler Elliot , Squire Corinne
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines social justice as an exemplar of progressive social change in its relations to narrative. Social justice can be seen as the limit case of social change, the condition to which all efforts at social change aspire. Alternatively, it can be seen as a condition tangential to social change, a state rather than a process. Perhaps it can be seen in both ways, so that the conjunction between narrative and social justice becomes simply a pointed, explicit version of that between narrative and social change—a version that resolves the ambiguities of change, while raising new questions around the complicated relations between narrative and justice, and the nature of social justice itself.