bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrus Microstent
Authors: Laspas Panagiotis , Pfeiffer Norbert
Published: November 2020

The Hydrus®Microstent (Ivantis Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) is an 8-mm intracanalicular scaffold microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) device which reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by bypassing the trabecular meshwork and by dilating and scaffolding the Schlemm’s canal. Indications for Hydrus Microstent implantation include primary open-angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and it can be implanted either in combination with cataract surgery or as a solo procedure. Studies have shown that the Hydrus Microstent lowers IOP to the mid-teens and reduces glaucoma medication use for up to 2 years. Hydrus Microstent implantation is associated with a favorable safety profile, with adverse effects being generally mild, transient, and self-resolving. Clinically significant and long-standing hypotony or other potentially sight-threatening complications have not been described so far with Hydrus Microstent implantation. This chapter summarizes the design, mechanism of action, surgical technique, and clinical outcomes of the Hydrus Microstent, which is a promising long-term treatment modality for patients with mild-to-moderate primary open-angle glaucoma.
Hoeffding decomposition in $$H^1$$ spaces
Authors: Rzeszut Maciej , Wojciechowski Michał
Published: November 2020

The well known result of Bourgain and Kwapień states that the projection $$P_{\le m}$$

P

≤
m

onto the subspace of the Hilbert space $$L^2\left( \Omega ^\infty \right) $$

L
2

Ω
∞

spanned by functions dependent on at most m variables is bounded in $$L^p$$

L
p

with norm $$\le c_p^m$$

≤

c
p
m

for $$1<p<\infty $$

1
<
p
<
∞

. We will be concerned with two kinds of endpoint estimates. We prove that $$P_{\le m}$$

P

≤
m

is bounded on the space $$H^1\left( {\mathbb {D}}^\infty \right) $$

H
1

D

∞

of functions in $$L^1\left( {\mathbb {T}}^\infty \right) $$

L
1

T

∞

analytic in each variable. We also prove that $$P_{\le 2}$$

P

≤
2

is bounded on the martingale Hardy space associated with a natural double-indexed filtration and, more generally, we exhibit a multiple indexed martingale Hardy space which contains $$H^1\left( {\mathbb {D}}^\infty \right) $$

H
1

D

∞

as a subspace and $$P_{\le m}$$

P

≤
m

is bounded on it.
Self-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites based on Discontinuous Tapes - An Experimental and Numerical Study of the Influence of Tape Length
Authors: Goutianos Stergios , Cabrera Norbert O. , Alcock Ben , Reynolds Neil , Peijs Ton
Published: November 2020

The creation of highly oriented, coextruded polypropylene (PP) tapes allows the production of recyclable self-reinforced polypropylene (SRPP) or all-PP composites, with a large temperature processing window and high volume reinforcement content ($$\sim$$
∼
90%). The objective of this research is to assess the performance potential of SRPP composites based on discontinuous or short tapes. For this, the critical tape length for effective mechanical reinforcement of aligned discontinuous PP tapes was determined, while the stress transfer from PP matrix to PP tape was investigated in single tape model composites in combination with an optical strain mapping technique. Mechanical behaviour of both single tape as well as aligned tape model composites was evaluated using finite element analysis (FEA) and used to predict the properties of randomly oriented short tape composites. These discontinuous tape SRPP composites may be of interest from a manufacturing as well as recycling point of view. In terms of manufacturing, such systems are of interest as they may show improved formability during stamping or compression moulding operations while from a recycling point of view it would allow the re-use of production waste like cuttings of fabrics or tapes.
Soil greenhouse gas fluxes following conventional selective and reduced-impact logging in a Congo Basin rainforest
Authors: Tchiofo Lontsi Rodine , Corre Marife D. , Iddris Najeeb A. , Veldkamp Edzo
Published: November 2020

Selective logging is among the main causes of tropical forest degradation, but little is known about its effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from highly weathered Ferralsol soils in Africa. We measured soil CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes, and their soil controlling factors at two forests that had undergone conventional selective logging and reduced-impact logging in Cameroon. Each logging system had four replicate plots, each included the disturbed strata (road, logging deck, skidding trail, and felling gap) and an undisturbed reference area. Measurements were conducted monthly from September 2016 to October 2017. Annual GHG fluxes ranged from 4.9 to 18.6 Mg CO2–C, from 1.5 to 79 kg N2O–N, and from − 4.3 to 71.1 kg CH4–C ha−1 year−1. Compared to undisturbed areas, soil CO2 emissions were reduced and soil CH4 emissions increased in skidding trails, logging decks and roads (P < 0.01) whereas soil N2O emissions increased in skidding trails (P = 0.03–0.05). The combined disturbed strata had 28% decrease in soil CO2 emissions, 83% increase in soil N2O emissions, and seven times higher soil CH4 emissions compared to undisturbed area (P ≤ 0.01). However, the disturbed strata represented only 4–5% of the area impacted in both logging systems, which reduced considerably the changes in soil GHG fluxes at the landscape level. Across all strata, soil GHG fluxes were regulated by soil bulk density and water-filled pore space, indicating the influence of soil aeration and gas diffusion, and by soil organic carbon and nitrogen, suggesting the control of substrate availability on microbial processes of these GHG.
Cellulose aerogel particles: control of particle and textural properties in jet cutting process
Authors: Schroeter Baldur , Yonkova Velislava P. , Niemeyer Noreen A. M. , Jung Isabella , Preibisch Imke , Gurikov Pavel , Smirnova Irina
Published: November 2020

Reported approach aims for the synthesis of spherical cellulose beads with high production rates (0.7–4.1 kg/h of hydrogel) via the so-called jet cutting method. To form particles, jets of aqueous cellulose/sodium hydroxide solutions were cut into pieces and collected in a gelation bath (30 wt% aqueous H2SO4, 20 °C). After solvent exchange with ethanol and subsequent supercritical drying, cellulose aerogel particles were obtained. The particles showed high specific surface areas (ca. 400 m2/g) and low bulk (untapped) densities (0.06–0.10 g/cm3). Variation of cellulose content (4–7 wt%) and jet cutting process parameters (cutting frequency, nozzle diameter, jet velocity) turned to be useful parameters for controlling the particles size and shape. Highly spherical particles with sphericity SPH ≥ 0.92 were obtained in a broad range of achievable particle sizes (0.4–1.0 mm), with an optimum of SPH at 6 wt% cellulose content.
A computer science and robotics integration model for primary school: evaluation of a large-scale in-service K-4 teacher-training program
Authors: El-Hamamsy Laila , Chessel-Lazzarotto Frédérique , Bruno Barbara , Roy Didier , Cahlikova Tereza , Chevalier Morgane , Parriaux Gabriel , Pellet Jean-Philippe , Lanarès Jacques , Zufferey Jessica Dehler , Mondada Francesco
Published: November 2020

Integrating computer science (CS) into school curricula has become a worldwide preoccupation. Therefore, we present a CS and Robotics integration model and its validation through a large-scale pilot study in the administrative region of the Canton Vaud in Switzerland. Approximately 350 primary school teachers followed a mandatory CS continuing professional development program (CPD) of adapted format with a curriculum scaffolded by instruction modality. This included CS Unplugged activities that aim to teach CS concepts without the use of screens, and Robotics Unplugged activities that employed physical robots, without screens, to learn about robotics and CS concepts. Teachers evaluated positively the CPD and their representation of CS improved. Voluntary adoption rates reached 97% during the CPD and 80% the following year. These results combined with the underpinning literature support the generalisability of the model to other contexts.
14-3-3ε protein-loaded 3D hydrogels favor osteogenesis
Authors: Aldana Ana A. , Uhart Marina , Abraham Gustavo A. , Bustos Diego M. , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: November 2020

3D printing has emerged as vanguard technique of biofabrication to assemble cells, biomaterials and biomolecules in a spatially controlled manner to reproduce native tissues. In this work, gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)/alginate hydrogel scaffolds were obtained by 3D printing and 14-3-3ε protein was encapsulated in the hydrogel to induce osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASC). GelMA/alginate-based grid-like structures were printed and remained stable upon photo-crosslinking. The viscosity of alginate allowed to control the pore size and strand width. A higher viscosity of hydrogel ink enhanced the printing accuracy. Protein-loaded GelMA/alginate-based hydrogel showed a clear induction of the osteogenic differentiation of hASC cells. The results are relevant for future developments of GelMA/alginate for bone tissue engineering given the positive effect of 14-3-3ε protein on both cell adhesion and proliferation.
Analysis of the SBP-SAT Stabilization for Finite Element Methods Part I: Linear Problems
Authors: Abgrall R. , Nordström J. , Öffner P. , Tokareva S.
Published: November 2020

In the hyperbolic community, discontinuous Galerkin (DG) approaches are mainly applied when finite element methods are considered. As the name suggested, the DG framework allows a discontinuity at the element interfaces, which seems for many researchers a favorable property in case of hyperbolic balance laws. On the contrary, continuous Galerkin methods appear to be unsuitable for hyperbolic problems and there exists still the perception that continuous Galerkin methods are notoriously unstable. To remedy this issue, stabilization terms are usually added and various formulations can be found in the literature. However, this perception is not true and the stabilization terms are unnecessary, in general. In this paper, we deal with this problem, but present a different approach. We use the boundary conditions to stabilize the scheme following a procedure that are frequently used in the finite difference community. Here, the main idea is to impose the boundary conditions weakly and specific boundary operators are constructed such that they guarantee stability. This approach has already been used in the discontinuous Galerkin framework, but here we apply it with a continuous Galerkin scheme. No internal dissipation is needed even if unstructured grids are used. Further, we point out that we do not need exact integration, it suffices if the quadrature rule and the norm in the differential operator are the same, such that the summation-by-parts property is fulfilled meaning that a discrete Gauss Theorem is valid. This contradicts the perception in the hyperbolic community that stability issues for pure Galerkin scheme exist. In numerical simulations, we verify our theoretical analysis.
Islam and Mental Disorders of the Older Adults: Religious Text, Belief System and Caregiving Practices
Authors: Daher-Nashif Suhad , Hammad Suzanne H. , Kane Tanya , Al-Wattary Noor
Published: November 2020

This paper illustrates the impact of Islamic religious texts on dementia care in the Middle East. It examines how old age and older adults mental disorders are framed in the Quran and Hadith, and how these texts are transformed to belief ideologies and caregiving practices. The study uses a qualitative research methods, which include a review of all Islamic holy texts that address mental and cognitive changes associated with ageing, along with interviews with eight Sharia scholars and 37-Arab-Muslim families living in Qatar. Islamic texts command compassion and honouring of elderly parents and give care instructions. These texts are transformed into social practices and used as diagnostic and treatment tools.
Interpreting plural predication: homogeneity and non-maximality
Authors: Križ Manuel , Spector Benjamin
Published: November 2020

Plural definite descriptions across many languages display two well-known properties. First, they can give rise to so-called non-maximal readings, in the sense that they ‘allow for exceptions’ (Mary read the books on the reading list, in some contexts, can be judged true even if Mary didn’t read all the books on the reading list). Second, while they tend to have a quasi-universal quantificational force in affirmative sentences (‘quasi-universal’ rather than simply ‘universal’ due to the possibility of exceptions we have just mentioned), they tend to be interpreted existentially in the scope of negation (a property often referred to as homogeneity, cf. Löbner in Linguist Philos 23:213–308, 2000). Building on previous works (in particular Krifka in Proceedings of SALT VI, Cornell University, pp 136–153, 1996 and Malamud in Semant Pragmat, 5:1–28, 2012), we offer a theory in which sentences containing plural definite expressions trigger a family of possible interpretations, and where general principles of language use account for their interpretation in various contexts and syntactic environments. Our theory solves a number of problems that these previous works encounter, and has broader empirical coverage in that it offers a precise analysis for sentences that display complex interactions between plural definites, quantifiers and bound variables, as well as for cases involving non-distributive predicates. The resulting proposal is briefly compared with an alternative proposal by Križ (Aspects of homogeneity in the semantics of natural language, University of Vienna, 2015), which has similar coverage but is based on a very different architecture and sometimes makes subtly different predictions.
Influence of heterozygosity and competition on morphological tree characteristics of Quercus rubra L.: a new single-tree based approach
Authors: Burkardt Katharina , Pettenkofer Tim , Ammer Christian , Gailing Oliver , Leinemann Ludger , Seidel Dominik , Vor Torsten
Published: November 2020

In Europe, the non-native Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) is widely recommended for future cultivation. However, outside its natural range, Northern red oak has to date been insufficiently studied both in terms of silviculture and genetics. To clarify this, we studied the architecture of 92 (pre-) dominant Northern red oak trees in five German federal states using the non-destructive terrestrial laser scanning method (TLS). In addition, individual-based heterozygosity was calculated based on microsatellite data obtained by analyzing twelve potentially adaptive genic (EST derived markers) and eight putatively selectively neutral nuclear microsatellite markers. With these data the individual heterozygosity of the sample trees was calculated. Mean or median branch angles as well as branch angle ranges of first order branches decreased with individual heterozygosity calculated group-wise for all markers (HoAll) and for EST-derived markers (HoEST). Most other tree characteristics, including the number of bark anomalies and mean stem non-circularity and crown characteristics such as crown volume, crown surface area, or mean branch length of first order branches responded exclusively to competition. We conclude that competition, not genetics, is the main driver of Northern red oak stem and crown characteristics. Thus, stem quality and crown dimension can primarily be controlled by silvicultural interventions. The significant relationship between Northern red oak branch angle traits and individual tree heterozygosity was unexpected, and at this time we do not have any validated explanation for this. This issue needs to be further investigated.
Friction-induced vibration considering multiple types of nonlinearities
Authors: Liu Ningyu , Ouyang Huajiang
Published: November 2020

The friction-induced vibration of a novel 5-DoF (degree-of-freedom) mass-on-oscillating-belt model considering multiple types of nonlinearities is studied. The first type of nonlinearity in the system is the nonlinear contact stiffness, the second is the non-smooth behaviour including stick, slip and separation, and the third is the geometrical nonlinearity brought about by the moving-load feature of the mass slider on the rigid belt. Both the linear stability of the system and the nonlinear steady-state responses are investigated, and rich dynamic behaviours of the system are revealed. The results of numerical study indicate the necessity of the transient dynamic analysis in the study of friction-induced-vibration problems as the linear stability analysis fails to detect the occurrence of self-excited vibration when two stable solutions coexist in the system. The bifurcation behaviour of the steady-state responses of the system versus some parameters is determined. Additionally, the significant effects of each type of nonlinearity on the linear stability and nonlinear steady-state responses of the system are discovered, which underlie the necessity to take multiple types of nonlinearities into account in the research of friction-induced vibration and noise.
A comprehensive quality assessment framework for scientific events
Authors: Vahdati Sahar , Fathalla Said , Lange Christoph , Behrend Andreas , Say Aysegul , Say Zeynep , Auer Sören
Published: November 2020

Systematic assessment of scientific events has become increasingly important for research communities. A range of metrics (e.g., citations, h-index) have been developed by different research communities to make such assessments effectual. However, most of the metrics for assessing the quality of less formal publication venues and events have not yet deeply investigated. It is also rather challenging to develop respective metrics because each research community has its own formal and informal rules of communication and quality standards. In this article, we develop a comprehensive framework of assessment metrics for evaluating scientific events and involved stakeholders. The resulting quality metrics are determined with respect to three general categories—events, persons, and bibliometrics. Our assessment methodology is empirically applied to several series of computer science events, such as conferences and workshops, using publicly available data for determining quality metrics. We show that the metrics’ values coincide with the intuitive agreement of the community on its “top conferences”. Our results demonstrate that highly-ranked events share similar profiles, including the provision of outstanding reviews, visiting diverse locations, having reputed people involved, and renowned sponsors.
Radar Imager for Mars’ Subsurface Experiment—RIMFAX
Authors: Hamran Svein-Erik , Paige David A. , Amundsen Hans E. F. , Berger Tor , Brovoll Sverre , Carter Lynn , Damsgård Leif , Dypvik Henning , Eide Jo , Eide Sigurd , Ghent Rebecca , Helleren Øystein , Kohler Jack , Mellon Mike , Nunes Daniel C. , Plettemeier Dirk , Rowe Kathryn , Russell Patrick , Øyan Mats Jørgen
Published: November 2020

The Radar Imager for Mars’ Subsurface Experiment (RIMFAX) is a Ground Penetrating Radar on the Mars 2020 mission’sPerseverancerover, which is planned to land near a deltaic landform in Jezero crater. RIMFAX will add a new dimension to rover investigations of Mars by providing the capability to image the shallow subsurface beneath the rover. The principal goals of the RIMFAX investigation are to image subsurface structure, and to provide information regarding subsurface composition. Data provided by RIMFAX will aid Perseverance’s mission to explore the ancient habitability of its field area and to select a set of promising geologic samples for analysis, caching, and eventual return to Earth. RIMFAX is a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar, which transmits a signal swept through a range of frequencies, rather than a single wide-band pulse. The operating frequency range of 150–1200 MHz covers the typical frequencies of GPR used in geology. In general, the full bandwidth (with effective center frequency of 675 MHz) will be used for shallow imaging down to several meters, and a reduced bandwidth of the lower frequencies (center frequency 375 MHz) will be used for imaging deeper structures. The majority of data will be collected at regular distance intervals whenever the rover is driving, in each of the deep, shallow, and surface modes. Stationary measurements with extended integration times will improve depth range and SNR at select locations. The RIMFAX instrument consists of an electronic unit housed inside the rover body and an antenna mounted externally at the rear of the rover. Several instrument prototypes have been field tested in different geological settings, including glaciers, permafrost sediments, bioherme mound structures in limestone, and sedimentary features in sand dunes. Numerical modelling has provided a first assessment of RIMFAX’s imaging potential using parameters simulated for the Jezero crater landing site.
Combining lung ultrasound and Wells score for diagnosing pulmonary embolism in critically ill COVID-19 patients
Authors: Zotzmann Viviane , Lang Corinna N. , Wengenmayer Tobias , Bemtgen Xavier , Schmid Bonaventura , Mueller-Peltzer Katharina , Supady Alexander , Bode Christoph , Duerschmied Daniel , Staudacher Dawid L.
Published: November 2020

Subpleural consolidations have been found in lung ultrasound in patients with COVID-19, possibly deriving from pulmonary embolism (PE). The diagnostic utility of impact of lung ultrasound in critical-ill patients with COVID-19 for PE diagnostics however is unclear. We retrospectively evaluated all SARS-CoV2-associated ARDS patients admitted to our ICU between March 8th and May 31th 2020. They were enrolled in this study, when a lung ultrasound and a computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) were documented. In addition, wells score was calculated to estimate the probability of PE. The CTPA was used as the gold standard for the detection of PE. Twenty out of 25 patients met the inclusion criteria. In 12/20 patients (60%) (sub-) segmental PE were detected by CT-angiography. Lung ultrasound found subpleural consolidations in 90% of patients. PE-typical large supleural consolidations with a size ≥ 1 cm were detectable in 65% of patients and were significant more frequent in patients with PE compared to those without (p = 0.035). Large consolidations predicted PE with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 71%. The Wells score was significantly higher in patients with PE compared to those without (2.7 ± 0.8 and 1.7 ± 0.5, respectively, p = 0.042) and predicted PE with an AUC of 0.81. When combining the two modalities, comparing patients with considered/probable PE using LUS plus a Wells score ≥ 2 to patients with possible/unlikely PE in LUS plus a Wells score < 2, PE could be predicted with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 80%. Large consolidations detected in lung ultrasound were found frequently in COVID-19 ARDS patients with pulmonary embolism. In combination with a Wells score > 2, this might indicate a high-risk for PE in COVID-19.
Bousmekines A-E, New Alkaloids from Two Bousigonia Species: B.angustifolia and B. mekongensis
Authors: Huo Zong-Qing , Zhao Qian , Zhu Wen-Tao , Hao Xiao-Jiang , Zhang Yu
Published: November 2020

Four new monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, bousmekines A-D (1–4), and one new pyranopyridine alkaloid, bousmekine E (5), were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Bousigonia angustifolia and Bousigonia mekongensis. Their structures including absolute configurations were elucidated by a combination of MS, NMR, ECD calculation, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 2 was an eburnea-type MIAs characterized by a rare chlorine atom while 5 possessed a novel pyranopyridine moiety. Their cytotoxicities against several human cancer cell lines were evaluated and compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 0.8–7.4 μM.

Graphic Abstract
Engineered PLGA-PVP/VA based formulations to produce electro-drawn fast biodegradable microneedles for labile biomolecule delivery
Authors: Onesto Valentina , Di Natale Concetta , Profeta Martina , Netti Paolo Antonio , Vecchione Raffaele
Published: November 2020

Biodegradable polymer microneedles (MNs) are recognized as non-toxic, safe and stable systems for advanced drug delivery and cutaneous treatments, allowing a direct intradermal delivery and in some cases a controlled release. Most of the microneedles found in the literature are fabricated by micromolding, which is a multistep thus typically costly process. Due to industrial needs, mold-free methods represent a very intriguing approach in microneedle fabrication. Electro-drawing (ED) has been recently proposed as an alternative fast, mild temperature and one-step strategy to the mold-based techniques for the fabrication of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) biodegradable MNs. In this work, taking advantage of the flexibility of the ED technology, we engineered microneedle inner microstructure by acting on the water-in-oil (W/O) precursor emulsion formulation to tune drug release profile. Particularly, to promote a faster release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, we substituted part of PLGA with poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVP/VA), as compared to the PLGA alone in the matrix material. Moreover, we introduced lecithin and maltose as emulsion stabilizers. Microneedle inner structural analysis as well as collagenase entrapment efficiency, release and activity of different emulsion formulations were compared to reach an interconnected porosity MN structure, aimed at providing an efficient protein release profile. Furthermore, MN mechanical properties were examined as well as its ability to pierce the stratum corneum on a pig skin model, while the drug diffusion from the MN body was monitored in an in vitro collagen-based dermal model at selected time points.
Mean equicontinuity and mean sensitivity on cellular automata
Authors: DE LOS SANTOS BAÑOS LUGUIS , GARCÍA-RAMOS FELIPE
Published: November 2020

We show that a cellular automaton (or shift-endomorphism) on a transitive subshift is either almost equicontinuous or sensitive. On the other hand, we construct a cellular automaton on a full shift (hence a transitive subshift) that is neither almost mean equicontinuous nor mean sensitive.
Effect of an external urinary collection device for women on institutional catheter utilization and catheter-associated urinary tract infections
Authors: Rearigh Lindsey , Gillett Gayle , Sy Adrienne , Micheels Terry , Evans Luana , Goetschkes Kelly , Van Schooneveld Trevor C. , Lyden Elizabeth , Rupp Mark E.
Published: November 2020

External urinary collection devices (EUCDs) may reduce indwelling catheter usage and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). In this retrospective quasi-experimental study, we demonstrated that EUCD implementation in women was associated with significantly decreased indwelling catheter usage and a trend (P = .10) toward decreased CAUTI per 1,000 patient days.
How discretionary behaviors promote customer engagement: the role of psychosocial safety climate and psychological capital
Authors: Siami Sahar , Martin Angela , Gorji Mohammadbagher , Grimmer Martin
Published: November 2020

The study examines the effect of psychosocial safety climate (PSC) and psychological capital (PsyCap) on customer engagement through discretionary service behaviors including adaptive and proactive service behaviors (ASB and PSB). A field study of 56 managers, 513 service employees, and 560 customers in 56 branches of insurance companies was carried out to test a theoretical model using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM7). The results demonstrated that PsyCap and PSC were both positively associated with ASB and PSB at the individual level. The results also showed that an interaction between PsyCap and PSC was related to ASB but not PSB. This suggested that PsyCap and PSC interact in a synergic manner to affect service employees' engagement in ASB, beyond their direct effects. At the branch level, ASB was not associated with customer engagement behavior, but PSB was. Furthermore, PSB mediated the relationship between PSC and customer engagement behavior, although ASB did not.
The roles of disgust and harm perception in political attitude moralization
Authors: Wisneski Daniel C. , Hanson Brittany E. , Morgan G. Scott
Published: November 2020

Abstract

What causes people to see their political attitudes in a moral light? One answer is that attitude moralization results from associating one’s attitude stance with feelings of disgust. To test the possibility that disgust moralizes, the current study used a high-powered preregistered design looking at within-person change in moral conviction paired with an experimental manipulation of disgust or anger (versus control). Results from the preregistered analyses found that we successfully induced anger but not disgust; however, our manipulation had no effect on moral conviction. Additional exploratory analyses investigating whether emotion and harm predicted increases in moral conviction over time found that neither disgust, anger, nor sadness had an effect on moralization, whereas perceptions of harm did predict moralization. Our findings are discussed in terms of their implications for current theory and research into attitude moralization.
Disgust and political attitudes
Authors: Petersen Michael Bang , Tybur Joshua M. , Stewart Patrick A.
Published: November 2020

Abstract

We introduce the Politics and the Life Sciences Special Issue on Disgust and Political Attitudes discussing the importance of understanding state and trait disgust, the innovative and transparent process by which registered reports and preregistered studies were chosen and funded, and the manuscripts that make up this special issue. This essay concludes by discussing future research directions in disgust and political attitudes, as well as the benefits of a transparent review process that avoids the “file drawer problem” of unpublished null findings.
Humanitarian Aid Workers: The Forgotten First Responders
Authors: Macpherson Robert I.S. , Burkle Frederick M.
Published: November 2020

Humanitarian aid workers are an overlooked population within the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) research and assistance. This negligence is an industry-wide failure to address aid workers’ psychological health issues. The suspected numbers of death by suicide, diagnosed PTSD, depression, anxiety disorders, hazardous alcohol and drug consumption, emotional exhaustion, and other stress-related problems are impossible to quantify but are considered endemic. Tools for establishing organizational frameworks for mental health and psychosocial support are readily available. However, the capacity to implement this assistance requires the creation and practice of an open and non-judgmental culture, based on the realistic acceptance that aid work has become inherently dangerous. The possibility of developing a psychological problem because of aid work has increased along with the rise in levels of disease, injury, kidnapping, and assault. As a result, expressions of traumatic stress have become the norm rather than an exception. This commentary outlines the essential steps and components necessary to meet these requirements.
Staff-perceived barriers to nutrition intervention in substance use disorder treatment
Authors: Wiss David A , Russell Lisa , Prelip Michael
Published: November 2020

Objective:

While organisational change in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment has been extensively studied, there is no research describing facility-wide changes related to nutrition interventions. This study evaluates staff-perceived barriers to change before and after a wellness initiative.

Design:

A pre-intervention questionnaire was administered to participating staff prior to facility-wide changes (n 40). The questions were designed to assess barriers across five domains: (1) provision of nutrition-related treatment; (2) implementation of nutrition education; (3) screening, detecting and monitoring (nutrition behaviours); (4) facility-wide collaboration and (5) menu changes and client satisfaction. A five-point Likert scale was used to indicate the extent to which staff anticipate difficulty or ease in implementing facility-wide nutrition changes, perceived as organisational barriers. Follow-up questionnaires were identical to the pre-test except that it examined barriers experienced, rather than anticipated (n 50).

Setting:

A multisite SUD treatment centre in Northern California which began implementing nutrition programming changes in order to improve care.

Participants:

Staff members who consented to participate.

Results:

From pre to post, we observed significant decreases in perceived barriers related to the provision of nutrition-related treatment (P = 0·019), facility-wide collaboration (P = 0·036), menu changes and client satisfaction (P = 0·024). Implementation of nutrition education and the domain of screening, detecting and monitoring did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions:

Our results show that staff training, food service changes, the use of targeted curriculum for nutrition groups and the encouragement of discussing self-care in individual counselling sessions can lead to positive shifts about nutrition-related organisational change among staff.
Cancer-related fatigue: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of mind–body intervention
Authors: Anshasi Huda , Ahmad Muayyad
Published: November 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the methodological quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of mind–body interventions (MBIs) for the management of cancer-related fatigue.

Methods

A comprehensive search on multiple databases was conducted to identify relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses published from January 2008 to December 2019. Two authors independently selected reviews, extracted data, and evaluated the methodological quality of included reviews using Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR).

Results

Sixteen reviews published between 2010 and 2018 were eligible for inclusion. The methodological quality of the 16 included systematic reviews was moderate (score 4–7) to high (score ≥ 8) on the 11-point AMSTAR scale. The most common methodological weaknesses were the lack of a list of excluded studies (n = 15, 93.8%) and a priori protocol (n = 2,87.5%). Furthermore, most of the systematic reviews did not search the gray literature for eligible studies (n = 13, 81.3%).

Significance of the study

This study has revealed the need for high methodological quality systematic reviews on the MBIs for the management of cancer-related fatigue. Thus, further research should focus on methodologically strong systematic reviews by providing a priori design, not limiting the publication type, and providing an excluded primary studies list. Additionally, the researchers should conduct systematic reviews according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline.
REWRITING THEGESTA NORMANNORUM DUCUMIN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY: SIMON DE PLUMETOT'SBREVIS CRONICA COMPENDIOSA DUCUM NORMANNIE
Authors: POHL BENJAMIN , ALLEN RICHARD
Published: November 2020

This article is dedicated to Liesbeth van Houts, editor of theGesta Normannorum ducum, generous mentor, colleague, and friend.

This article offers an analysis, edition, and translation of theBrevis cronica compendiosa ducum Normannie, a historiographical account of the dukes of Normandy and their deeds, written at the turn of the fifteenth century by the Norman jurist and man of letters, Simon de Plumetot (1371–1443). Having all but escaped the attention of modern scholars, this study is the first to examine and publish theBrevis cronica. It not only demonstrates that the work is of greater importance than its rather scrappy form might at first suggest, but it also looks to place the text within the broader context of Simon's literary and bibliophilic practices and to determine itsraison d’être. In doing so, it argues that theBrevis cronicawas perhaps created as part of a much larger historiographical project, namely an extended chronicle of Normandy, written in the vernacular, the text of which is now lost. By exploring these important issues, the article sheds new light on a wide range of topics, from early humanist book collecting to the writing of history in France in the later Middle Ages.
Impact of chemotherapeutic effects on the pathophysiology of the	arterial wall – insights from peripheral arterial disease
Authors: Lange Christoph , Ngare Njeri , Hillmeister Philipp , Bramlage Peter , Langhoff Ralf , Buschmann Ivo
Published: November 2020

Summary: Systemic antineoplastic treatment agents represent one of the fastest developing medical fields. Oncological treatment is becoming increasingly individualized and new targets with corresponding agents, are constantly being developed. In tandem with this progress, new combinations and algorithms have evolved and patient’s outcome have improved. Expanding tumors rely on a growing neovascular network to maintain their increased metabolism, which is caused by an accelerated reproduction rate. Accordingly, interrupting this supply mechanism is a major component of antineoplastic pharmaceutics and is a hallmark of cancer treatment. With advances in cancer treatment, long-term side effects have become an important consideration, especially in cases of neoplasia in young patients. While neuropathy and cardiotoxicity are well documented, vascular adverse events remain poorly understood. The mutual risk factors, like smoking and increased age, complicate the association between the vascular pathology and the earlier antineoplastic therapy. A deeper understanding of the effects of chemotherapy on peripheral arterial disease could lead to more detailed pathophysiological insight into both maladies and to new treatment options.
The Boulder Population of Asteroid 4 Vesta: Size‐Frequency Distribution and Survival Time
Authors: Schröder Stefan E. , Carsenty Uri , Hauber Ernst , Schulzeck Franziska , Raymond Carol A. , Russell Christopher T.
Published: November 2020

Dawn's framing camera observed boulders on the surface of Vesta when the spacecraftwas in its lowest orbit (Low Altitude Mapping Orbit, LAMO). We identified, measured, and mapped boulders in LAMO images, which have a scale of 20 m per pixel. We estimate that our sample is virtually complete down to a boulder size of 4 pixels (80 m). The largest boulder is a 400 m‐sized block on the Marcia crater floor. Relatively few boulders reside in a large area of relatively low albedo, surmised to be the carbon‐rich ejecta of the Veneneia basin, either because boulders form less easily here or live shorter. By comparing the density of boulders around craters with a known age, we find that the maximum boulder lifetime is about 300 Ma. The boulder size‐frequency distribution (SFD) is generally assumed to follow a power law. We fit power laws to the Vesta SFD by means of the maximum likelihood method, but they do not fit well. Our analysis of power law exponents for boulders on other small Solar System bodies suggests that the derived exponent is primarily a function of boulder size range. The Weibull distribution mimics this behavior and fits the Vesta boulder SFD well. The Weibull distribution is often encountered in rock grinding experiments and may result from the fractal nature of cracks propagating in the rock interior. We propose that, in general, the SFD of particles (including boulders) on the surface of small bodies follows a Weibull distribution rather than a power law.
Exploring the Constraints on Simulated Aerosol Sources and Transport Across the North Atlantic With Island‐Based Sun Photometers
Authors: Silva Sam J. , Ridley David A. , Heald Colette L.
Published: November 2020

Atmospheric aerosol over the North Atlantic Ocean impacts regional clouds and climate. In this work, we use a set of sun photometer observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) located on the Graciosa and Cape Verde islands, along with the GEOS‐Chem chemical transport model to investigate the sources of these aerosol and their transport over the North Atlantic Ocean. At both locations, the largest simulated contributor to aerosol extinction is the local source of sea‐salt aerosol. In addition to this large source, we find that signatures consistent with long‐range transport of anthropogenic, biomass burning, and dust emissions are apparent throughout the year at both locations. Model simulations suggest that this signal of long‐range transport in AOD is more apparent at higher elevation locations; the influence of anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosol extinction is particularly pronounced at the height of Pico Mountain, near the Graciosa Island site. Using a machine learning approach, we further show that simulated observations at these three sites (near Graciosa, Pico Mountain, and Cape Verde) can be used to predict the simulated background aerosol imported into cities on the European mainland, particularly during the local winter months, highlighting the utility of background AOD monitoring for understanding downwind air quality.
A Precise Mosaic View of Mars’s South Pole
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: November 2020

A new workflow improves the process of creating massive, accurate mosaics from spacecraft-captured images of a planet’s surface.
A Physical Agricultural Drought Index Based on Root Zone Water Availability: Model Development and Application
Authors: Liu Meixian , Sun Alexander Y.
Published: November 2020

Physical agricultural drought indices generally use soil moisture to represent root‐zone water availability (RZWA). The uncertainty in root‐zone properties, especially in deep‐rooting regions, may lead to significant uncertainty in the results. This study adopted a conceptual model that requires no specific root‐zone properties to model the RZWA. A RZWA‐based drought index (AgDI) was then developed by standardizing the root‐zone water deficit. A comparison over 20 catchments with different terrain and vegetation demonstrated the effectiveness of AgDI in characterizing agricultural droughts, with the correlations between vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI] and gross primary productivity [GPP]) and AgDI (mean ~0.54) being significantly higher than those between the same vegetation indices and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI, ~0.22), Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI, ~0.33), and Standardized Soil moisture Index (SSI, ~0.37). Compared to the SSI, the AgDI was not equally advantageous everywhere, but it generally showed better performance in deep‐rooting regions.
Seismic Constraint on the Fluid‐Bearing Systems Feeding Hakone Volcano, Central Japan
Authors: Kashiwagi Hirokazu , Nakajima Junichi , Yukutake Yohei , Honda Ryou , Abe Yuki , Sakai Shin'ichi
Published: November 2020

Investigating heterogeneous structures beneath active volcanoes is important for better understanding of volcanic activity and improved mitigation of volcanic risk. In central Japan, Hakone volcano has recently shown shallow earthquake swarms and deep low‐frequency earthquakes (DLFEs), which are probably related to geothermal or deep magmatic activity. In order to image the feeding system beneath this volcano, we estimate 3‐D P wave attenuation structure using waveform data recorded at permanent and densely distributed temporary seismograph stations. We first determine corner frequencies of the earthquakes and then perform a joint inversion to obtain attenuation terms (t*) and site responses. Values of t* are finally inverted to estimate the attenuation structure to a depth of 50 km. High‐attenuation zones at depths ≤5 km suggest that fracture zones are permeated with hydrothermal fluids. A high–strain rate zone revealed by geodetic observations is spatially correlated with a high‐attenuation volume at depths of 5–10 km, suggesting that the anelastic deformation is dominant in the high‐attenuation zones. A subvertical volume of moderate attenuation that is imaged at depths of 10–20 km beneath Hakone volcano is connected to the top of a zone of partial melting beneath Mt. Fuji at depths ≥30 km through a subhorizontal channel at a depth of ~25 km. DLFEs in the lower crust and fluid‐related activity such as earthquake swarms in the upper crust occur in this volume. The zone is thus interpreted as a fluid‐bearing pathway, which allows the rise of magmatic fluids to Hakone volcano.
Examination of Global Midlatitude Atmospheric River Lifecycles Using an Object‐Oriented Methodology
Authors: Shearer Eric J. , Nguyen Phu , Sellars Scott L. , Analui Bita , Kawzenuk Brian , Hsu Kuo‐lin , Sorooshian Soroosh
Published: November 2020

Tracking atmospheric rivers (ARs) across their lifecycles is a field of recent interest with a multitude of emerging methodologies. The CONNected‐objECT (CONNECT) algorithm is adapted for the tracking of global midlatitude AR lifecycles and associated precipitation by implementing a seeded region growing segmentation algorithm, creating the AR‐CONNECT algorithm. To facilitate the permissiveness of the methodology, AR‐CONNECT is without hard‐coded geometric criteria yet is still shown to extract synoptic‐scale elongated objects >99.99% of the time. One of the consequences of the methodology is the ability to occasionally track atmospheric water vapor anomalies before evolving into AR geometries, effectively tracking AR genesis further back than other studies. With the aid of subdaily satellite‐derived rain data, we investigate the climatology, trends, and patterns of AR lifecycles from 1983–2016 and compare with other AR tracking studies. We find that AR frequency, genesis, and terminus locations are in generally good agreement with other AR tracking methodologies, though with key differences, and that AR frequencies in each hemisphere are determined by the number of AR hotspots. Furthermore, we uncover evidence that certain AR characteristics, such as frequency, areal extent, and duration, show evidence of increasing trends. Midlatitude precipitation uncovered by AR‐CONNECT shows contributions up to 50% over land and 65% over the ocean. Trend analysis of AR precipitation shows an increase in precipitation associated with ARs propagated by the Southern Jet Stream and ARs that traverse over the Sahara Desert, among others, but is determined not to be a driver of changes in global precipitation.
How to Avoid and Correct Biased Riverine Surface Image Velocimetry
Authors: Detert M.
Published: November 2020

Because digital image data acquisition has become low cost and various image analysis tools have become available, the number of image‐based measurement applications is increasing and so is the number of misleading applications. This paper shows how to avoid and correct problematic measurement setups and erroneous analyses by reexamining three recently published data sets on the application of surface image velocimetry to rivers. The results of these data sets were greatly improved by following image velocimetry best practices using intrinsic and extrinsic camera calibration, correcting acquisition frame rates, using appropriate image and velocimetry filters, and reducing bias due to near‐zero velocities. This paper illustrates how to perform more accurate Particle Image Velocimetry analyses and presents results that are in much better agreement with direct field measurements. General recommendations are given to provide guidance to help end users perform image‐based surface flow velocimetry measurements.