bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use and Yield of Chest Computed Tomography in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Pediatric Lung Disease
Authors: Schneebaum Nira , Blau Hannah , Soferman Ruth , Mussaffi Huda , Ben-Sira Liat , Schwarz Michael , Sivan Yakov
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: Computed tomography is commonly used in the diagnosis of pediatric lung disease. Although the radiation is not negligible, the yield has never been studied.

METHODS: Clinical and imaging data were collected for all children who underwent chest computed tomography, as part of the diagnostic process. Cases were grouped according to type of lung disease, based on clinical data and the question addressed to the radiologist. A positive yield was defined as computed tomography providing ≥1 of the following: (1) a diagnosis, (2) a clinically important new finding that had not been recognized previously, (3) alteration of the plan for further evaluation or treatment, or (4) exclusion of lung disease. No yield was defined when computed tomography did not add new information and did not affect evaluation or treatment.

RESULTS: Ages ranged from 2 weeks to 16 years, and 59% were male. The overall positive yield was 61% (64 of 105 cases). Yields were relatively low, that is, 23% (8 of 35 cases) for the evaluation of diffuse lung disease, 46% (6 of 13 cases) for localized disease, 50% (6 of 12 cases) for pleural disease, and 98% (41 of 42 cases) for congenital malformations.

CONCLUSIONS: The yield of chest computed tomography depends on the type of disease. Computed tomography has a significant yield for congenital anomalies. The yield is particularly low in the evaluation of acquired diffuse pulmonary disease and is relatively low in acquired focal lung disease. We suggest that chest computed tomography be used more judiciously.
Chronic Lung Disease and Developmental Delay at 2 Years of Age in Children Born Before 28 Weeks' Gestation
Authors: Laughon Matthew , O'Shea Michael T. , Allred Elizabeth N. , Bose Carl , Kuban Karl , Van Marter Linda J. , Ehrenkranz Richard A. , Leviton Alan ,   for the ELGAN Study Investigators
Published: July 2009

INTRODUCTION: Extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs) are at increased risk of chronic lung disease (CLD) and of developmental delay. Some studies have suggested that CLD contributes to developmental delay.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined data collected prospectively on 915 infants born before the 28th week of gestation in 2002–2004 who were assessed at 24 months of age with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-2nd Edition or the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. We excluded infants who were not able to walk independently (Gross Motor Function Classification System score < 1) and, therefore, more likely to have functionally important fine motor impairments. We defined CLD as receipt of oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age and classified infants as either not receiving mechanical ventilation (MV) (CLD without MV) or receiving MV (CLD with MV).

RESULTS: Forty-nine percent of ELGANs had CLD; of these, 14% were receiving MV at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. ELGANs without CLD had the lowest risk of a Mental Developmental Index (MDI) or a Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) of <55, followed by ELGANs with CLD not receiving MV, and ELGANs with CLD receiving MV (9%, 12%, and 18% for the MDI and 7%, 10%, and 20% for the PDI, respectively). In time-oriented multivariate models, the risk of an MDI of <55 was associated with the following variables: gestational age of <25 weeks; single mother; late bacteremia; pneumothorax; and necrotizing enterocolitis. The risk of a PDI of <55 was associated with variables such as single mother, a complete course of antenatal corticosteroids, early and persistent pulmonary dysfunction, pulmonary deterioration during the second postnatal week, pneumothorax, and pulmonary interstitial emphysema. CLD, without or with MV, was not associated with the risk of either a low MDI or a low PDI. However, CLD with MV approached, but did not achieve, nominal statistical significance (odds ratio: 1.9 [95% confidence interval: 0.97–3.9]) for the association with a PDI of <55.

CONCLUSIONS: Among children without severe gross motor delays, risk factors for CLD account for the association between CLD and developmental delay. Once those factors are considered in time-oriented risk models, CLD does not seem to increase the risk of either a low MDI or a low PDI. However, severe CLD might increase the risk of a low PDI.
Exposure to Tobacco on the Internet: Content Analysis of Adolescents' Internet Use
Authors: Jenssen Brian P. , Klein Jonathan D. , Salazar Laura F. , Daluga Nichole A. , DiClemente Ralph J.
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: We performed a content analysis of all Web pages viewed by a random sample of adolescents to describe exposure to tobacco- and smoking-related text and images.

METHODS: Adolescents (14–17 years of age) with home Internet access were recruited. Internet-tracking software was installed on home computers used by 346 eligible consenting participants. All Web pages viewed by adolescent participants were captured during a 30-day period for each subject. Keywords on smoking and tobacco were used to identify tobacco images or text.

RESULTS: The 346 participants viewed 1.2 million Web pages, of which 8702 (0.72%) contained tobacco or smoking content. Exposure to tobacco content did not vary according to smoking status. Content was protobacco on 1916 pages, antitobacco on 1572, and complex or unclear on 5055. Social networking sites, mainly MySpace, represented 53% of pages (n = 4612) on which tobacco content was found. All pages with smoking content contained references in text, and 256 (3%) contained images. Many (43%) of the adolescents were exposed to protobacco imagery (median: 3 pages per month). Cigarettes were mentioned on 20% of pages. Tobacco products were sold on 50 pages, and 242 pages contained links to tobacco products sold on other pages. On social networking sites, 4121 pages included a mention of smoking status in the authors' individual profiles, with 23% of authors identifying themselves as smokers.

CONCLUSIONS: Many adolescents are consistently exposed to tobacco content on the Internet, but the volume of exposure is limited and not all content represents protobacco content.
Activation of RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways in pituitary adenomas and their effects on downstream effectors
Authors: Dworakowska D , Wlodek E , Leontiou C A , Igreja S , Cakir M , Teng M , Prodromou N , Góth M I , Grozinsky-Glasberg S , Gueorguiev M , Kola B , Korbonits M , Grossman A B
Published: July 2009

Raf/MEK/ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cascades are key signalling pathways interacting with each other to regulate cell growth and tumourigenesis. We have previously shown B-Raf and Akt overexpression and/or overactivation in pituitary adenomas. The aim of this study is to assess the expression of their downstream components (MEK1/2, ERK1/2, mTOR, TSC2, p70S6K) and effectors (c-MYC and CYCLIN D1). We studied tissue from 16 non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs), six GH-omas, six prolactinomas and six ACTH-omas, all collected at transsphenoidal surgery; 16 normal autopsy pituitaries were used as controls. The expression of phospho and total protein was assessed with western immunoblotting, and the mRNA expression with quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of pSer217/221 MEK1/2 and pThr183 ERK1/2 (but not total MEK1/2 or ERK1/2) was significantly higher in all tumour subtypes in comparison to normal pituitaries. There was no difference in the expression of phosphorylated/total mTOR, TSC2 or p70S6K between pituitary adenomas and controls. Neither c-MYC phosphorylation at Ser 62 nor total c-MYC was changed in the tumours. However, c-MYC phosphorylation at Thr58/Ser62 (a response target for Akt) was decreased in all tumour types. CYCLIN D1 expression was higher only in NFPAs. The mRNA expression of MEK1, MEK2, ERK1, ERK2, c-MYC and CCND1 was similar in all groups. Our data indicate that in pituitary adenomas both the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways are upregulated in their initial cascade, implicating a pro-proliferative signal derangement upstream to their point of convergence. However, we speculate that other processes, such as senescence, attenuate the changes downstream in these benign tumours.
Horizontal Well Applications for Miscible and Micellar Flooding
Authors: Thomas S. , Ali S. M. Farouq
Published: July 2009

Horizontal wells may offer advantages for EOR processes, in particular, miscible and micellar flooding. A horizontal injector-horizontal producer combination, under idealized conditions, would lead to considerably reduced dispersion as compared to vertical well systems. The fluid velocity is approximately constant in such a system, as opposed to that in radial flow. This simplified picture is complicated by uneven flow along the length of a horizontal injector as a result of pressure drop. Development of miscible and micellar processes using horizontal well pairs is described. A simple computational scheme was developed to examine the limitations of horizontal wells in such applications. Examples of laboratory floods of both types are shown to demonstrate the response in comparison to the response in linear porous media. It is concluded that the advantages of horizontal well pairs over vertical pairs are limited. In particular, where there are existing horizontal and vertical wells, the judicious choice of injectors and producers is important.
Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solution on Raw and Modified Activated Carbon
Authors: Tang Chunfang , Zhang Riqing , Wen Shizhi , Li Kelin , Zheng Xiaoli , Zhu Mingqi
Published: July 2009

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is toxic and readily adsorbed by some adsorbents; therefore, its removal from wastewater is extremely important. Batch adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using raw and acid‐modified activated carbon was investigated in this study. The Cr(VI) sorption was found to be dependent on pH, contact time, initial concentration of solution, adsorbent dose, and temperature. The maximum efficiencies of Cr(VI) removal were 97.67 and 99.87% for activated carbon (AC 0) and modified activated carbon (AC 1), respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 4.75 and 5.95 mg/g for AC 0 and AC 1, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Freundlich adsorption isotherm model was fitted well the equilibrium data for both adsorbents. The Cr(VI) uptake by AC 0 and AC 1 followed pseudo first‐order and second‐order kinetics, but was best described by the pseudo second‐order rate model. The results also showed that both film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion were concurrently operating, but that intraparticle diffusion controlled the adsorption mechanism.
Intensification of Ester Production in a Continuous Reactor
Authors: Elgue Sebastien , Devatine Audrey , Prat Laurent E , Cognet Patrick , Cabassud Michel , Gourdon Chrsitophe , Chopard Fabrice
Published: July 2009

Numerous continuous intensified reactors are now accessible on the market that offer enhanced thermal performances in a continuous reactor. Such reactors are then particularly suited to fast and highly exothermic reactions. In this paper, the ability to also manage a slow and equilibrated system, the methyl acetate esterification reaction, on condition of intensification in terms of design and operating conditions is presented. To achieve this purpose, a new kinetics model has been developed and validated from experiments carried out in a lab scale batch reactor. Implemented in a simulation framework, this model leads to an intensified design of the reactor and the associated operating conditions. All this intensification methodology has been supported and validated by experimental studies.
Current R&D Challenges for Fluidized Bed Processes in the Refining Industry
Authors: Gauthier Thierry A
Published: July 2009

Fluidized bed processes are widely used in the refining industry, mostly for conversion applications (e.g. fluid catalytic cracking, fluid coking, residue hydroconversion, Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, etc.). These are large scale processes operating under severe conditions. Fluidized bed processes involve many complex phenomena that need to be considered in order to ensure proper design, operation and reliability. There have been thousands of publications over many years in the field of fluidization, but some of the fundamentals of fluid-particle flows still remain to be clarified. As a consequence, scale-up and industrialization of new technologies or processes remain a difficult, challenging and risky task.IFP is deeply involved with fluidized bed processes used in the refining industry. Over the last twenty years, industrial developments and PhD studies were conducted to explore new concepts, to develop new technologies, to scale-up hydrodynamics, to understand and quantify key phenomena. This paper discusses R&D practices in the field and current challenges encountered, mostly based on IFP experience. It does not intend, however, to provide an extensive literature review of all topics addressed in this paper.Interactions between particles, multiphase flow and reactor geometries are complex issues in fluidized beds. Therefore, experimentation is required to study new concepts such as downflow systems, complex phenomena such as vaporization of droplets in contact with gas-particle systems. The design of the experiment and the development of appropriate instrumentation are never simple and in the absence of simple similarities, anticipation of the main flow features is unavoidable. Modeling of results is then mandatory in order to translate results to industrial perspectives. Over the last 15 years, CFD has appeared as a promising tool to describe multiphase flow phenomena in complex geometries. Unfortunately, the lack of theoretical models to describe gas particle flow, at least for Group A powders, still leads researchers to conduct experiments to validate simulations or to adjust the gas-particle closure equations to validate results. Furthermore, observation in industrial units, during start-up or under steady conditions, when possible, greatly aids in validating research efforts and methodology.Despite its maturity, our industry is moving forward. There are ongoing developments in the energy and fuels market as well as in environmental fields, but also in the scientific background available to describe multiphase flow. Therefore, evolutionary R&D in the field is still needed to progress in the description of complex phenomena in order to optimize reactors and technologies and to face the changes of our industry.
Modeling of para-Xylene Synthesis via Nonselective Toluene Disproportionation
Authors: Ghoreishi Seyyed M. , Madani Seyyed H.
Published: July 2009

The effective parameters on p-Xylene yield in the nonselective disproportionation reaction over unmodified ZSM-5 catalyst were investigated using the validated model developed in this study. The results of this study indicate that toluene conversion and benzene/xylene ratio is increased by increasing feed temperature and reactor residence time. Even though an adiabatic operation is applied, an almost isothermal reactor temperature profile is predicted by the model due to the low heat of reaction. At different feed operating temperatures, different maximum para-Xylene yields are reached at different weight hourly space velocities (WHSV)-1. Since the model numerical predictions demonstrate that the lower feed temperature requires larger reactor to obtain the maximum p-Xylene yield, therefore, selection of optimum conditions is a function of two independent variables, feed temperature, and (WHSV)-1, and should be selected in order to minimize the objective function of total manufacturing and operating costs.
Surgical experience of the national institution in the treatment of Zenker's diverticula
Authors: Simic A. , Radovanovic N. , Stojakov D. , Bjelovic M. , Kotarac M. , Sabljak P. , Skrobic O. , Pesko P.
Published: July 2009

Aim: To review the 8-year experience of the Department of Esophagogastric Surgery, First Surgical University Hospital in Belgrade in the surgical management of Zenker's diverticula (ZD). Methods: Between January 2000 and January 2009, 52 patients underwent surgical procedure for the treatment of ZD. Complete preoperative workup including the symptom evaluation and large variety of structural and functional diagnostic procedures were conducted before the surgery. After the operative treatment patients underwent detailed follow-up in regular intervals up to 3 years. Results: Preoperative evaluation marked higher incidence of hiatal hernia and pathologic gastroesophageal reflux (GER) among the patients with ZD then in normal population. According to the preoperative evaluation and size of diverticula, as well as due to the intraopertive findings, a variety of surgical procedures were performed, including myotomy alone (n = 2), diverticulopexy and myotomy (n = 36) and diverticulectomy and myotomy (n = 14). Regardless of the operative treatment no salivary cervical fistulas were observed. Late and early postoperative results revealed low incidence in postoperative transitory dysphagia or regurgitation. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the open surgical procedures are safe and effective in the treatment of ZD. Cricopharyngeal myotomy remains the essential focus of treatment, while the choice of resecting or suspending the diverticulum is brought upon its size. Complete preoperative investigation must be conducted in ZD patients, and the role of pathologic GER must be taken into account when we discuss the origin of this disorder.
Cardiac surgery in patients with heparin induced thombocytopenia (HIT II)
Authors: Jovic M.D. , Nezic D.G. , Calija B.M. , Nenadic D.S. , Knezevic A.M. , Borzanovic M.D. , Krivokapic B.M. , Petrovic I.M. , Djukanovic B.P.
Published: July 2009

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) might be lifethreatening in patients undergoing open heart surgery, due to thromboembolic events, thrombocytopenia and bleeding. If cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is necessary, anticoagulation therapy will be based on usage of danaparoid or direct thrombin inhibitors. Female patient was switched from per oral anticoagulant therapy to low molecular heparin therapy preparing for reredo mitral valve replacement due to endocarditis and artificial valve thrombosis. In next 10 days, thrombocytopenia was obvious (Tr 302 000 mm3 to 11 000 mm3) , and diagnoses of HIT were done. Anticoagulant therapy was continued with danaparoid, 750 IU/12 h sc. During the surgery, reredo mitral valve replacement and aortocoronary bypass on anterior descending coronary artery, blood salvage technique with rhirudin( intravenous bolus 0,4 mg/kg, in CPB prajming solution 0,4mg/kg and continuous infusion during CPB 0,15 mg/kg/h ) during cardiopulmonary bypass was used. Active coagulation time and +++ were monitored, without any sign of micro thrombosis in circuit. Postoperatively, per oral anticoagulation therapy was initiated with prolonged postoperative treatment due to basic disease, endocarditis. Patient was discharged from hospital on 21-st postoperative day without any complication.
Mechanical resistance of restored teeth with extensive crown damage
Authors: Sarcev Ivan , Petronijevic Branislava , Markovic Dubravka , Selakovic Srecko
Published: July 2009

Introduction. Extensively damaged teeth can be restored by different core build-up materials. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanical properties of the restored maxillary premolars with composite resin, dental amalgam and glass ionomer cement (GIC) using compressive strength test. Materials and methods. Forty extracted intact human maxillary premolars were used in this study. Artificial defect in dentin was prepared using diamond bur up to the half of the anatomic crown of the tooth. After core build-up procedure, each tooth specimen was mounted in auto polymerizing acrylic resin blocks 2 mm below cement enamel junction and they were kept in distilled water at 37?C one day before testing. Then, they were placed in specially adapted devices at the angle of 183? to the longitudinal axis and subjected to a controlled load of 1 mm per minute. Results. Results showed that the best mechanical properties had samples restored with resin composite (492.5 N), then with amalgam (341.2 N) and glass ionomer cement (171.8 N). Comparing the fracture force using ANOVA, there was statistic significance between these groups (p<0.01). There were significant differences among control group and restored teeth with composite resin, amalgam and GIC. There was no significant difference in values of fracture forces between groups with composite resin and amalgam. The fracture force corresponding to the teeth restored with the GICs was significantly lower compared to the control group and the group with composite resin and amalgam. Conclusion. Satisfactory mechanical properties of restored premolars were obtained using composite resin and dental amalgam as a core build-up material.
Klipplel-Trénaunay-Weber syndrome: A case report
Authors: Melo de , Boechat do , Coutinho Silva , Silveira Cardoso , Leite Cavalcanti
Published: July 2009

Klippel-Tr?naunay-Weber Syndrome (KTWS) is a rare congenital malformation that may include port-wine stain, soft tissue and bony hypertrophy, and venous malformations and lymphatic abnormalities. The oral findings include an enlarged maxilla, gingival enlargement, malocclusion and premature tooth eruption. This report describes a case of gingival enlargement in an 8-year-old male child with KTWS. The extraoral clinical examination revealed discrete hemifacial hypertrophy on the left side and hyperpigmented spots on the anterior region of the neck, left arm and left leg. The intraoral clinical examination showed a deep palate and enlarged buccal and palatal gingiva in the anterior maxilla. Complete blood count and all general medical examinations showed values within normal range while the psychological evaluation indicated a mild learning delay. Although it rarely involves the orofacial region, KTWS should be included in the differential diagnosis of severe gingival enlargement. In view of the potentially dangerous complications that can arise, it is imperative the dental surgeon has a thorough knowledge of this condition and its management.
Variable viscosity and thermophoresis effects on Darcy mixed convective heat and mass transfer past a porous wedge in the presence of chemical reaction
Authors: Muhaimin I. , Kandasamy Ramasamy , Hashim I.
Published: July 2009

An analysis is presented to investigate the effect of thermophoresis particle deposition and variable viscosity on Darcy mixed convective heat and mass transfer of a viscous, incompressible fluid past a porous wedge in the presence of chemical reaction. The wall of the wedge is embedded in a uniform Darcian porous medium in order to allow for possible fluid wall suction or injection. The viscosity of the fluid is assumed to be a inverse linear function of temperature. The results are analyzed for the effect of different physical parameters, such as variable viscosity, magnetic, chemical reaction and thermophoresis parameters, on the flow, the heat and mass transfer characteristics.
A contribution to the theory of the extended Lagrangian formalism for rheonomic systems
Authors: Musicki Djordje
Published: July 2009

In this paper the generalization of the notion of variation in the extended Lagrangian formalism for the rheonomic mechanical systems (Dj. Musicki, 2004) is formulated and analyzed in details. This formalism is based on the extension of a set of generalized coordinates by new quantities, which determine the position of the frame of reference to which the chosen generalized coordinates refer. In the process of varying, the notion of variation is extended so that these introduced quantities, being additional generalized coordinates, must also to be varied, since the position of each particle of this system is completely determined only by all these generalized coordinates. With the consistent utilization of this notion of variation, the main results of this extended Lagrangian formalism are systematically presented, with the emphasis on the corresponding energy laws, first examined by V. Vujicic (1987), where there are two types of the energy change laws dE/dt and the corresponding conservation laws. Furthermore, the generalized Noether's theorem for the nonconservative systems with the associated Killing's equations (B. Vujanovic, 1978) is extended to this formulation of mechanics, and applied for obtaining the corresponding energy laws. It is demonstrated that these energy laws, which are more general and more natural than the usual ones, are in full accordance with the corresponding ones in the vector formulation of mechanics, if they are expressed in terms of quantities introduced in this extended Lagrangian formalism. Finally, the obtained results are illustrated by an example: the motion of a damped linear harmonious oscillator on an inclined plane, which moves along a horizontal axis, where it is demonstrated that there is valid an energy-like conservation law of Vujanovic's type.
Fracture Patella - Outcome of Early Movement of Knee After Stable Fixation
Authors: Karim Mohd Reza Ul , Rahman Moklesur , Howlader Md Anisur Rahman , Shahidullah Md , Mollah Abdur Rahman
Published: July 2009

The study was carried out at Combined Military Hospitals of Jessore and Dhaka over a period of three and half years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional status of the knee joint by allowing early knee movement after stable fixation of fracture patella in 18 patients. The commonest age group involved in fracture patella was at the fourth and fifth decade (66.66 %). Road traffic accident (RTA) and domestic injuries like fall in the slippery ground were the major causes of fracture and the incidences were similar (44.44%). Stable fixation was achieved by applying modified tension band wiring in 7 patients but remaining 11 patients required additional cerclage wiring. Postoperatively (within 48 to 72 hours) when the pain was tolerable, assisted active movement of the knee was started. Subsequently assisted active, active and passive movement of knee along with quadriceps exercise was continued. The functional status of the knee was assessed according to a predecided subjective and objective evaluation chart. 13 patients (72.23%) found satisfactory (Excellent and good) in subjective evaluation and 16 (88.89%) in objective evaluation. One patient who did not follow the post operative advice adequately, developed more than 2 mm displacement at the fracture site and about 25° extension lag. It has been revealed that initiating early postoperative knee movement after stable fixation of fracture patella could prevent stiffness of knee and thereby confers better function. Key Words: Fracture patella, Early movement, Stable fixation.   doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2843 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.11-13
Comparison of Conventional and Automated Culture System for Isolation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Authors: Uddin Md Nizam , Uddin Md Jalal , Mondol Md Eunus Ali , Islam Sk Md Jaynul , Wadud ABM
Published: July 2009

This was a prospective comparative study between conventional and automated culture system for isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sputum samples from 138 clinically diagnosed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis from Institute of Disease of the Chest & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka & Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka were collected and culture was carried out in both conventional Lowenstein- Jensen (L-J) media & MB-BacT automated culture system to compare the recovery rate, mean detection time and contamination rate. The study was carried out at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Dhaka Cantonment, between March 2000 and January 2001. Out of the 138 specimens, 87 were culture positive. Among these, 83 cases (95.40%) were detected by MB/BacT and 74 cases (85.06%) by L-J media. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was also observed for smear negative culture positive cases (41 & 32 respectively). Of the total 87 culture positive cases, 70 were detected by both the systems but among the rest, MB/BacT alone detected 13 cases & L-J media alone detected only 04 cases. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The mean detection times for smear positive culture positive cases (41 sample) on an average were 9.24 days by MB/Bac T system and 20.6 days by L-J media. While for smear negative culture positive cases (45 sample), the figures were 18.50 and 27.50 days respectively. All the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). MB/BacT system showed less contamination rate, 05 cases (3.62%) in contrast to the 07 cases (5.07%) for L-J method. This difference also reached statistically significant (p < 0.05). The MB/BacT system thus found to be superior method of choice especially for handling large number of specimens. Key Words: Automated culture system, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.   doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2844 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.14-17
Histopathologic Pattern of Gastric Cancer in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Sk Md Jaynul , Ali Syed Mokarram , Ahmed Salahuddin , Afroz Quazi Dil , Chowdhury Rubaiyat , Huda Mahmudul
Published: July 2009

Incidence of gastric carcinoma as well as other gastric malignancies is increasing day by day in the whole world as well as in Bangladesh. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in this country is an important contributing factor in this increasing trend of gastric malignancies. A study was carried out at the Department of Histopathology, Delta Hospital Limited, Dhaka to find out patterns of gastric malignancies in Bangladesh. All endoscopic gastric biopsy received during the stipulated period from January to December 2007, irrespective of age, sex and clinical suspicion, samples were included in the study. During the period total 1543 gastric biopsy samples were received, which were 7.95% of all the received (19410) samples. The endoscopic gastric biopsy samples were received from almost all the geographic locations of Bangladesh. Among those 5 (0.3%) samples were discarded from the study due to superficial inadequate biopsy. Out of 1538 cases 636 (41.35%) cases were malignant neoplasm of stomach, 493 (32.05%) were chronic active gastritis, 150 (9.75%) were chronic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia, 208 (13.52%) were chronic peptic ulcer, 48 (3.12%) were gastric polyp and 11 (0.72%) others. Among 636 gastric malignancies 625 (98.27%) were gastric adenocarcinoma and 11 (1.73%) were non Hodgkin's lymphoma. Most 357 (57.12%) of the gastric adenocarcinomas were poorly differentiated, 80 (12.8%) were well differentiated and 84 (13.44%) were moderately differentiated. Out of 625 cases, 104 (16.64%) cases were mucin secreting adenocarcinoma. Out of 11 Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma cases 10 were male and 01 was female. For adenocarcinoma male and female ratio was 2.36:1. Among the gastric carcinoma group the youngest person affected was of 16 year and the oldest person was of 100 year with the mean age 43.14 year. Among the Non Hodgkin's lymphoma group the mean age was 45 year with the range from 22 year to 65 year. Among the gastric malignancies, 275 (44%) cases were from Chittagong division, 188 (30.08%) from Dhaka division, 108 (17.28%) from Rajshahi division, 58 (9.28%) from Khulna division and others from Sylhet and Barisal division. It reflects very high incidence of gastric malignancies in comparison to other pathological changes in gastric endoscopic biopsy. It also reflects that between 16 year to 100 year no age is immune to the disease. Key Words: Histopathologic pattern, Gastric carcinoma.   doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2846 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.21-24
Closure of Large Patent Ductus Arteriosus in a Patient with Severe Pulmonary Hypertention by Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO) - A Case Report
Authors: Fatema Nurun Nahar
Published: July 2009

A large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) of 15 mm size with severe pulmonary hypertension was detected in an eighteen year old male. He was planned for device closure. After checking reversibility of pulmonary vascular bed, a 16 mm x 14 mm PDA device was deployed without releasing from delivery cable and haemodynamic response of patient was observed for one hour. As there was no hypertensive crisis, implantation of a device was planned. 16 mm device appeared small as there was some leakage of dye. So PDA device was taken out, an 18 mm Amplatzer septal occluder was then used for complete occlusion of huge PDA. Patient was discharged from hospital next morning. Echocardiography before discharge showed no residual shunt, left pulmonary artery stenosis or coarctation of aorta.Key Words: Closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA closure), Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO).   doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2852 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.46-48
Bilateral Hearing Loss after Spinal Anaesthesia
Authors: Ahmed Masud , Chowdhury Md Rezaul Alam , Islam Md Shahidul , Ahmmed Salahuddin
Published: July 2009

Mild and transient hearing deficiency is not very uncommon after anaesthesia which improves before patient is fully aware of the problem. But complete prolong bilateral hearing loss after spinal anaesthesia is extremely rare complication, which falls in the category of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). The diagnosis and management of SSNHL is still controversial.   doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2854 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.53-55
Thermal Radiation Effects on MHD Free Convection Flow Past an Impulsively Started Vertical Plate with Variable Surface Temperature and Concentration
Authors: Suneetha S. , Reddy N. Bhaskar , Prasad V. Ramachandra
Published: July 2009

Thermal radiation effects on hydromagnetic free convection flow past an impulsively started vertical plate with variable surface temperature and concentration is analyzed, by taking into account the heat due to viscous dissipation. The governing boundary layer equations of the flow field are solved by an implicit finite difference method of Crank-Nicholson type. A parametric study is performed to illustrate the influence of radiation parameter, magnetic parameter, Grashof number, Prandtl number, Eckert number on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. Also, the local and average skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are presented graphically. The numerical results reveal that an increase in thermal radiation reduces both the velocity and temperature in the boundary layer and a rise in viscous dissipation accelerates the flow.  Key words: Thermal radiation, MHD, viscous dissipation, vertical plate. DOI: 10.3329/jname.v5i2.2694   Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 5(2)(2008) 57-70
Stem architecture in Eleocharis subgenus Limnochloa (Cyperaceae): Evidence of dynamic morphological evolution in a group of pantropical sedges
Authors: Hinchliff Cody E. , Roalson Eric H.
Published: July 2009

We examined phylogenetic relationships and patterns of stem structural evolution in Eleocharis subgenus Limnochloa, an ecologically and economically important group of tropical to temperate‐growing sedges, whose stems serve as the primary photosynthetic organs. We used maximum parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian inference to develop phylogenetic trees and stochastic mapping and a Markov one‐rate model to develop character history reconstructions of stem architecture. A complex history of stem shape evolution characterized by a high degree of homoplasy and rapid rates of change (an average of 13 transitions per character history for about 25 species) was identified across subgenus Limnochloa. Character states transition much more frequently in some lineages than others, but tend to follow a consistent directional pattern of evolutionary change. Our data also suggest that changes in stem shape and anatomy may be associated with speciation events in the subgenus (Pagel's κ = 0.3503, P = 0.04579) and may have some adaptive significance. The potential adaptive roles of stem structural traits are unclear, but may be elucidated by further studies. This work serves as a starting point for future evolutionary studies of stem shape and structure in monocots and provides important background knowledge for further studies of ecological adaptations of Eleocharis.
IL-27 Abrogates Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand-Mediated Osteoclastogenesis of Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Forming Unit Cells through STAT1-Dependent Inhibition of c-Fos
Authors: Furukawa Mitsuru , Takaishi Hironari , Takito Jiro , Yoda Masaki , Sakai Sadaoki , Hikata Tomohiro , Hakozaki Akihiro , Uchikawa Shinichi , Matsumoto Morio , Chiba Kazuhiro , Kimura Tokuhiro , Okada Yasunori , Matsuo Koichi , Yoshida Hiroki , Toyama Yoshiaki
Published: July 2009

IL-27 was first discovered as a factor supporting initial Th1 immune responses. Subsequent studies revealed that this cytokine has pleiotropic effects, including inhibition of certain immune cells, a regulatory role in hemopoietic stem cell differentiation, and antitumor activities. However, the role of human IL (hIL)-27 in human osteoclast precursors and inflammatory bone disease is unclear. Here, we examined the direct effect of hIL-27 on human osteoclastogenesis. Human bone marrow cells cultured in MethoCult medium containing human (h) GM-CSF, human stem cell factor, and hIL-3 expressed Mac-1, c-kit, and c-Fms. These cells, called hCFU-GMs, also expressed the IL-27 receptor, an IL-27Rα (WSX-1)/gp130 heterodimer. Cultivation in hM-CSF and human receptor activator of NF-κB ligand induced the differentiation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells (osteoclasts) from hCFU-GMs, and hIL-27 inhibited this osteoclastogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. hIL-27 also repressed bone resorption by osteoclasts on a dentine slice. hIL-27 caused a remarkable increase in STAT1 phosphorylation and enhanced the STAT1 protein level. It also inhibited the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand-induced c-Fos and cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1 NFAT (NFATc1), which are indispensable transcription factors for osteoclastogenesis. Fludarabine, a STAT1 inhibitor, and STAT1 small interfering RNA partially rescued the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by IL-27. A WSX-1 deficiency caused severe inflammatory bone destruction primed by Escherichia coli cell wall lysate in vivo. Therefore, hIL-27 may act as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in human bone destruction, by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis from hCFU-GMs via STAT1-dependent down-regulation of the transcription factor c-Fos. Our results suggest that hIL-27 may prove useful as a therapeutic target for inflammatory bone destruction.
HIV-1 Nef Promotes Endocytosis of Cell Surface MHC Class II Molecules via a Constitutive Pathway
Authors: Chaudhry Ashutosh , Verghese Divya Anna , Das Suman Ranjan , Jameel Shahid , George Anna , Bal Vineeta , Mayor Satyajit , Rath Satyajit
Published: July 2009

HIV-1 Nef has been reported to disrupt MHC class II (MHCII)-mediated Ag presentation by a dual strategy that comprises a reduction in cell surface levels of peptide-loaded mature MHCII molecules and a up-regulation of immature MHCII molecules. We show that Nef achieves relocation of MHCII away from the cell surface in monocytic cells by both delaying its transport to the cell surface and by accelerating endocytic removal of cell surface MHCII to a lysosomal compartment. Nef-induced MHCII endocytosis is cholesterol-sensitive but clathrin- and dynamin-independent. Internalized MHCII molecules traverse the early endosomal system and colocalize with pinocytic cargo before reaching lysosomes. Nef-triggered MHCII endocytosis requires Rab5 activity and lyst function, whereas lysosomal trafficking of internalized MHCII molecules requires Rab7 activity. We further show that a similar pathway can remove peptide-MHCII complexes from the surface of monocytic cells not expressing Nef. Our data suggest that Nef uses mechanisms involved in normal MHCII recycling and turnover to mediate the delivery of cell surface MHCII to a lysosomal destination. Thus, Nef-mediated endocytosis of MHCII provides a novel perspective on the regulation of normal MHCII trafficking.
Pretest Score for Predicting Microbubble Contrast Agent Use in Stress Echocardiography: A Method to Increase Efficiency in the Echo Laboratory
Authors: Bernier Mathieu , Abdelmoneim Sahar S. , Moir Stuart , McCully Robert B. , Pellikka Patricia A. , Mulvagh Sharon L.
Published: July 2009

Background. In stress echocardiography, contrast agents are used selectively to improve endocardial border definition. Early identification of candidates may facilitate use of these agents in small and medium volume laboratories where resources are limited.Methods. We studied 15232 patients who underwent stress echocardiography. Contrast agent was used if 2 or more ventricular segments were not adequately visualized without contrast. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between individual characteristics and contrast use. An 11-point score was derived from the significant characteristics.Results. Variables associated with microbubble use were age, sex, smoking, presence of multiple risk factors, bodymass index (BMI), referral for dobutamine stress echocardiography, history of coronary artery disease, and abnormal baseline electrocardiogram. All variables except BMI were given a score of 1 if present and 0 if absent; BMI was given a score of 0 to 4 according to its value. An increased score was directly proportional to increased likelihood of contrast use. The score cutoff value to optimize sensitivity and specificity was 5.Conclusions. A pretest score can be computed from information available before imaging. It may facilitate contrast agent use through early identification of patients who are likely to benefit from improved endocardial border definition.
Utilisation of the National Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines among health care professionals working in Abuja treatment centres, Nigeria
Authors: Zungu Lindiwe I. , Abu Ugbede O. , Ogunbanjo Gboyega A. , Setswe Geoffrey K.
Published: July 2009

Background: Access to and utilisations of the National Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines (NATG) are valuable factors for effective programme implementation. The objective of this study was to investigate the accessibility of the NATG and their utilisation by health care professionals from five treatment centres in Abuja, Nigeria.Method: A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted in 2007 using purposively sampled health care professionals. Questionnaires were self-administered to participants who consented in writing to participate in the survey.Results: 97 health care professionals participated in this study with about equal numbers of men and women: 48 (49.5%) women and 49 (50.5%) men. Of these, 21.6% were unaware of the existence of the NATG in their treatment centres. More than half (51.5%) reported that they did not have access to the NATG as opposed to those (48.5%) who had access to the guidelines. Furthermore, 16.5% of the participants confirmed that they had access to an institutional copy of the NATG while 14.4% indicated that they had individual copies and only 3.1% stated that they had individual copies and access to the hospital copy as well. Regarding utilisation of the NATG, 41.2% rarely used them, 32.9% never used them and only 25.7% often used them. The most frequent use of the NATG was among pharmacists (38.1%) compared to the least frequent use among nurses (20.0%).Conclusion: Poor accessibility of the NATG may have a negative impact on guidelines utilisation among health care professionals in Nigeria.
Best practice workplace HIV/AIDS programmes in South Africa: A review of case studies and lessons learned
Authors: Setswe Geoffrey K.G.
Published: July 2009

Background: A group of experts attending a tripartite interregional meeting on best practices in HIV/AIDS workplace policies and programmes organised by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in Geneva, Switzerland, identified 34 best practice workplace HIV programmes from across the world.Method: The ten criteria that were used for reviewing best practice workplace HIV/AIDS programmes in South Africa include acceptability, accessibility, ethical soundness, perceived impact, relevance, appropriateness, innovativeness, efficiency, sustainability and replicability.Results: More than one-third (35.3%) of the 34 best practice workplace interventions identified were found in businesses and industries in South Africa. This constitutes a significant and encouraging effort to deal with HIV/AIDS in the workplace. Approximately 16.7% of the best practice workplace HIV/AIDS interventions focused on policy and legal frameworks, 50% of these interventions focused on prevention, 16.7% provided links beyond the workplace and a further 16.7% were interventions that focused on knowledge and evidence. A third (33.3%) of practices were found in the mining industry, 16.7% in the motor industry, 16.7% from workers’ unions, and the rest (33.3%) were found in a sugar company, an electricity supply company, a pharmaceutical company and the ministry of Public Service and Administration.Conclusion: It is encouraging that over one-third of all best practice workplace HIV interventions identified by the ILO experts were found in South Africa. The majority of these policies and programmes were focused on HIV prevention.
Radical and Electron Recycling in Catalysis
Authors: Buckel Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

An increasing number of enzymes are being discovered that contain radicals or catalyze reactions via radical intermediates. These radical enzymes are able to open reaction pathways that two‐electron steps cannot achieve. Recently, organic chemists started to apply related radical chemistry for synthetic purposes, whereby an electron energized by light is recycled in every turnover. This Minireview compares this new type of reaction with enzymes that use recycling radicals and single electrons as cofactors.
Polymeric foam via polymerized high internal phase emulsion filled with organo‐modified bentonite
Authors: Pakeyangkoon Pornsri , Magaraphan Rathanawan , Malakul Pomthong , Nithitanakul Manit
Published: July 2009

Polymerized high internal phase emulsion of poly(divinylbenzene), poly(DVB)polyHIPE filled with porous clay has been successfully prepared. The hybrid organic–inorganic porous clay heterostructures (HPCH) were obtained from a reaction of organo‐modified bentonite, surfactant, and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)/methyltetraethoxysilane (MTS) occurring in the galleries of the clay mineral. HPCH loadings of 1, 3, 5, and 10 wt % were added to the highly porous material, formed by the high internal phase emulsion technique (HIPE). The effects of the inorganic filler on surface area, morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties were studied by N2 adsorption–desorption (Autosorb I), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a Lloyd universal testing machine, respectively. Results showed that the presence of layered silicate in the polymer matrix resulted in the enhancement of physical properties of the foams filled with hybrid organic–inorganic porous clay heterostructures (HPCH). Mechanical properties, including compressive stress and Young's modulus, were found to be improved by up to 84% and 137%, respectively, when compared with neat poly(DVB)polyHIPE foams. The best mechanical properties of the obtained material were achieved at 5 wt % loading of HPCH. The use of HPCH as the reinforcing agent of poly(DVB)polyHIPE was also capable of improving the surface area of the obtained materials by 35–97%. It was clearly demonstrated in this study that the suitable content of HPCH, i.e., 5 wt %, has an effect on improving the mechanical properties and surface area of the poly(DVB)polyHIPE foams. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009