bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part XXXIV. Detection of added reconstituted bergamot oil in genuine bergamot essential oil by high resolution gas chromatography with chiral capillary columns
Authors: Cotroneo Antonella , Stagno d'Alcontres Ildefonsa , Trozzi Alessandra
Published: November 2006

A rapid method for the detection of the addition of reconstituted bergamot oils to natural bergamot essential oils is suggested. The method is based on the ratio of the two enantiomers of linalol determined by gas chromatography with chiral capillary columns.
Analysis of the Essential Oils of Five Curcuma Species
Authors: Zwaving J. H. , Bos R.
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of the essential oils from the rhizomes of five Curcuma species from Indonesia and India was examined by GC‐MS. The oils can be characterized by the following compounds: C. xanthorrhiza Roxb.: ar‐curcumene (41.4%), xanthorrhizol (21.5%); C. domestica Val.: ar‐turmerone (24.7%), turmerone (29.5%), turmerol (20.0%), α‐atlantone (2.4%); C. aromatica Salisb.: ar‐curcumene (18.6%), β‐curcumene (25.5%), xanthorrhizol (25.7%); C. aeruginosa Roxb.: isocurcumenol (8.5%), β‐eudesmol (6.5%), curdione (3.6%), curcumenol (9.9%), curcumanolides A,B (11.4%), dehydrocurdione (9.4%), curcumenone (1.9%); C. heyneana Val.: 1,8‐cineole/limonene (14.2%), isocurcumenol (7.4%), β‐eudesmol (4.7%), curcumanolides A,B (13.1%), dehydrocurdione (10.2%), curcumenone (2.3%).
Isobutane and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
Authors: Schultze W. , Lange G. , Schmaus G.
Published: November 2006

The mass spectral reactions of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons under the conditions of chemical ionization (CI) using isobutane and ammonia, respectively, as the reagent gases are investigated. With isobutane intense quasimolecular ions [M + 1]+ are obtained. The molecular weight can be deduced unequivocally. The extent of fragmentation is different for the various compounds, permitting a certain structural classification within this group. Sesquiterpene alcohols and esters may yield similar spectra with isobutane impeding unequivocal classification of this compound class. With ammonia a typical set of ions [M + 1]+, [M + 18]+ and [M + 35]+, respectively, is produced. According to their specific mass numbers these ions unambiguously characterize the class of the hydrocarbons. The molecular mass is obtained from the species [M + 1]+ and/or [M + 18+].
A study of the variability of Rosemary and Sage and their volatile oils on the British market: Their antioxidative properties
Authors: Svoboda Katerina P. , Deans S. G.
Published: November 2006

Rosemary and sage samples, both of dried herbs and essential oil, were obtained from various dealers and suppliers of the British market. Both species were also cultivated in Scotland for comparison of the oil characteristics. Dried samples were hydrodistilled, and all samples were analysed using GC. Herbal material was also examined under the light microscope for purity and cleanliness. There were considerable variations between the samples and the resulting problems are discussed. Scottish‐grown material was of very good quality compared with the imported samples. The antioxidative properties of the various rosemary and sage samples were determined and found to be variable based on geographical location and type of processing. There is a real need for natural antioxidants at a time when the synthetic moieties currently in use are receiving considerable attention with respect to their safety and acceptability.
Aroma components of yeast extracts
Authors: Ames Jennifer M. , Elmore J. Stephen
Published: November 2006

Aroma components of 3 commercial yeast extracts with different aroma properties were analysed. In total, 182 positive identifications were made and a further 86 components were partially characterised. Two hundred and one components, including 47 sulphur‐containing compounds, are reported here for the first time as aroma components of commercial yeast extracts, and include 120 positive identifications. Most of the aroma components are likely to arise from sugar and/or amino acid interactions, or thiamin degradation. While certain similarities between the composition of the aroma of the 3 samples were apparent, important differences also existed, reflecting variations in the conditions used to manufacture the yeast extracts.
Hydroborations of some monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes from essentials oils
Authors: Chalchat J. C. , Ph. Garry R. , Michet A. , Lecomte E.
Published: November 2006

Hydroboration was carried out on terpinolene, myrcene, α‐ and β‐cedrene, α‐ and β‐caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide. Some of the corresponding terpenic alcohols were isolated and characterized. These are potentially of interest as fragrances in perfumery.
Antimicrobial and antioxidative properties of the volatile (essential) oil of Artemisia afra Jacq
Authors: Graven E. H. , Dean S. G. , Svoboda K. P. , Mavi S. , Gundidza M. G.
Published: November 2006

Steam‐distilled volatile oil from Artemisia afra Jacq. (family Compositae), indigenous to the mountainous regions in southern Africa and used in popular medicine, was analysed by gas chromatography and tested for antimicrobial and antioxidative properties. The main components of the volatile oil were α‐ and β‐thujone (52%), 1,8‐cineole (13%), camphor (15%) and α‐pinene (2%). Twenty‐five bacterial species and three filamentous fungi were used to assess the antimicrobial properties. Fifteen test bacteria and one fungus showed high degree of inhibition of growth caused by the volatile oil. The most susceptible organisms were Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Beneckea natriegens, Brevibacterium linens, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens. The oil exerted considerable antioxidative effect.
Coumarins and psoralens from sicilian lemon oil (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.)
Authors: Ziegler Herta , Spiteller Gerhard
Published: November 2006

The coumarin fraction of cold‐pressed Sicilian lemon oils (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) was investigated by HPLC, MS, GC‐MS and NMR. Twenty‐nine structurally different compounds were identified. Eleven of these were previously unknown as constituents of lemon oil. 5‐(2′,3′‐Dihydroxy‐3′‐methylbutyloxy)‐7‐methoxycoumarin, 5‐(2′,3′‐epoxy‐3′‐methylbutyloxy)‐7‐methoxycoumarin, 8‐(7′,8′‐epoxygeranyloxy)psoralen as well as 5‐(3′‐methylbut‐2′‐enyloxy)‐8‐(2′,3′‐dihydroxy‐3′‐methylbutyloxy)psoralen are hitherto unknown natural products. Moreover, a new derivatization method for the investigation of allyloxycoumarins, based on mild hydrogenation, is presented.
a coumarin and a diterpene from Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia (rutaceae)
Authors: Ziegler Günter , Spiteller Gerhard
Published: November 2006

Osthole 1, 7‐methoxy‐8‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐enyl) coumarin, and gomerol 2 were detected as trace constituents in the non‐volatile fraction of cold‐pressed peel oil obtained from Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia. Neither the coumarin nor the diterpene was previously known as a constituent of sweet orange oil. Gomerol was synthesized from manool 3 to confirm its structure.
Glycosidically bound volatiles of clove Syzygium aromaticum (L.) merr. et perry (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Menon A. Nirmala , Narayanan C. S.
Published: November 2006

Bound volatiles of dried clove buds and fresh green clove leaves were studied by Svendsen's method, using both β‐glucosidase and α‐amyloglucosidase for enzyme hydrolysis. Apart from aliphatic alcohols and monoterpene alcohols, eugenol, isoeugenol, farnesol and nerolidol were identified as aglycones.
GC and NMR enantiodiscrimination of 2‐methyl substituted aliphatic acids via diastereomeric esterification with (R)‐pantolactone
Authors: Barbeni Massimo , Allegrone Gianna , Cisero Marco , Guarda Pier Antonio
Published: November 2006

The chiral differentiation of the enantiomers of 2‐methylbutanoic acid, 2‐methylpentanoic acid and 2‐methylhexanoic acid was achieved by diastereomeric derivatization with (R)‐( – )‐pantolactone. GC separation on achiral DB‐1, DB‐1701 and DB‐WAX capillary columns as well as 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR enantiodiscrimination were obtained, affording good resolution and quantitative evaluation of enantiomer composition. The method applied to 2‐methylbutanoic acid present in the aromatic fraction extracted from cultivated strawberry (Fragaria vesca) indicated a high enantiomeric excess of the (S)‐isomer.
Chiral gc analysis of enantiomerically pure fenchone in essential oils
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Putievsky Eli , Katzir Irena , Ikan Raphael
Published: November 2006

Enantiomerically pure ( + )‐fenchone was detected in the essential oils of wild, bitter and sweet fennel plants and seeds. Enantiomerically pure ( ‐ )‐fenchone was detected in the oils of wormwood, tansy and cedarleaf. Determination of the enantiomeric purity of fenchone in laboratory‐made essential oils and in essential oils and samples of fenchone from commercial sources, was performed by direct capillary gas chromatography on a LipodexR E column.
Scent of roses–recent results
Authors: Brunke Ernst‐Joachim , Hammerschmidt Franz‐Josef , Schmaus Gerhard
Published: November 2006

The volatiles of four roses with different fragrance types were sampled by dynamic headspace and analysed by GC and GC‐MS. The composition of the headspace of the modern English rose ‘Othello’ is comparable to that of rose oil obtained from Rosa damascena Mill. In contrast ‘Duchesse de Montebello’ (Rosa alba type) contains high concentrations of β‐phenylethyl alcohol and β‐phenylethyl acetate. ‘Lichtkönigin Lucia’, a modern hybrid rose, is characterized by considerable amounts of green notes. The Floribunda grandiflora rose ‘Queen Elizabeth’ shows a completely different pattern with 3,5‐dimethoxytoluene, the theaspiranes and ionone derivatives as the main components.
Stereoisomeric flavour compounds. Part LVII: The stereoisomers of 3‐Oxo‐p‐menthane‐8‐thiol acetate, simultaneously stereoanalysed with their corresponding thiols
Authors: Köpke Thomas , Schmarr Hans‐Georg , Mosandl Armin
Published: November 2006

The stereoisomers of 3‐oxo‐p‐menthane‐8‐thiol acetate have been synthesized by acetylation of optically pure stereoisomers of 8‐mercapto‐p‐menthan‐3‐one. The stereoisomers were identified by 1H/13C‐NMR spectroscopy and CGC‐MS. Their sensory properties are described. Their chirospecific analysis is reported simultaneously with the stereoisomers of their corresponding thiols using selectivity adjusted enantioselective capillary gas chromatography with octakis(2,3‐di‐O‐acetyl‐6‐O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐γ‐cyclodextrin as the chiral stationary phase.
Composition of the Essential Oils from Leaves and Flowers of Achillea millefolium L. ssp. millefolium
Authors: Figueiredo A. Cristina , Barroso José G. , Pais M. Salomé S. , Scheffer Johannes J. C.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oils from leaves and from flowers of Achillea millefolium L. ssp. millefolium was analysed by GC and GC‐MS. During the flowering period of the plant, both oils consisted mainly of monoterpenes (about 80%). 1,8‐Cineole was the dominant component in the oils from the flowers (29%) and from the leaves (25%), while sabinene was the second most important component in the oil from the flowers (15%) and trans‐sabinene hydrate in that from the leaves (10%). The sesquiterpene fraction was in both cases dominated by germacrene‐D (0.7% in the oil of the flowers and 7% in the leaf oil).

In the essential oil isolated from leaves collected during the vegetative phase, the monoterpene fraction was small (<3%), whereas sesquiterpenes amounted to 92%, germacrene‐D being the major component (65%) of the oil.
Production of 6‐pentyl‐α‐pyrone by Trichoderma viride
Authors: Prapulla S. G. , Karanth N. G. , Engel K. H. , Tressl R.
Published: November 2006

Fermentative production of 6‐pentyl‐α‐pyrone, a lactone with a characteristic coconut aroma, by Trichoderma viride is described. The concentration of 6‐pentyl‐α‐pyrone reached a maximum of 90–110 ppm after 120 h of fermentation when it showed an inhibitory effect causing no further production of the α‐pyrone. The use of Amberlite XAD‐2 for alleviating the end‐product inhibition has been investigated. It has been shown that addition of Amberlite XAD‐2 at the start of the fermentation effectively overcomes product inhibition and leads to a marked increase in the yield of 6‐pentyl‐α‐pyrone.
Constituents of the leaf extract of Amomyrtus meli (R. A. Philippi) legrand et kausel, Amomyrtus luma (molina) legrand et kausel and of Amomyrtella guili (Speg.) Kausel
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Marschall Helga , Landrum Leslie R.
Published: November 2006

The absolute from the leaves of Amomyrtus meli (R. A. Phillippi) Legrand et Kausel (5902/5913) is dominated by 1‐phenylpentan‐3‐one (1, 36/27%) and 1‐phenylhexan‐3‐one (3, 32/53%). The absolute of Amomyrtus luma (Molina) Legrand et Kausel (5903/5920) is more complex, but it contains also 1 (4.6/8.5%) and 3 (3.5/12.3%) as well as β‐caryophyllene oxide (10.7/6.6%) and linalol (5903:11.3%). The principal constituents of the absolute of Amomyrtella guili (Speg.) Kausel are methyl eugenol (48.5%) and (E)‐methyl isoeugenol (6.7%), but 1 (3.1%) and 3 (4.4%) are also present. 1‐Phenylalkan‐3‐ones 1–6 as well as 2‐alkylchromones 7–9 were synthesized and olfactorily evaluated.
Aromatic plants of tropical central africa. Part VII. A comparative study of the volatile constituents of the stem bark of Enantia chlorantha oliv. and Xylopia staudtii engl. & diels from cameroon
Authors: Menut C. , Bessière J. M. , Lamaty G. , Zollo P. H. Amvam , Fékam F. Boyom , Chalchat J. C. , Ph. Garry R.
Published: November 2006

Hydrodistillation of the stem bark of Enantia chlorantha Oliv. and of Xylopia staudtii Engl. & Diels from Cameroon gave yellowish coloured oils in 0.2% yeild. The composition of the essential oils was determined by mean of capillary gas chromatogrphy and mass spectrometry. The volatile oils from the two species were found to be similar and very complex Oxygenated sesquiterpenes constitute more than 70% of the two samples, among which three epoxides (1,5‐epoxysalvial‐4(14)‐ene, β‐caryophyllene epoxide, humulene epoxide), spathulenol and α‐cadinol are the most prominent.
Compositon of the essential oil of rhizomes of kaempferia galanga L.
Authors: Wong K. C. , Ong K. S. , Lim C. L.
Published: November 2006

The compositon of the essential oil of rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga L. growing in Malaysia has been investigated by capillary GC, GC‐MS and 1H‐NMR. The oil contained 54 components, of which the major constituents were ethyl trans‐p‐methoxycinnamate (51.6%), ethyl cinnamate (16.5%), pentadecane (9.0%), 1,8‐cineole (5.7%), γ‐car‐3‐ene (3.3%) and borneol (2.7%). Terpenoid constituents amounted to 16.4%.
Effects of drying and storage of herbs and spices on the essential oil. Part I. Basil, ocimum basilicum L.
Authors: Baritaux O. , Richard H. , Touche J. , Derbesy M.
Published: November 2006

A large sample of fresh basil, Ocimum basilicum L., was dried at 45°C for 12 hours and stored. After three, six and seven months, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the essential oil were performed by steam distillation and GC‐MS. The principal components found in the essential oils were: methylchavicol, eugenol, linalol and 1,8‐cineole: the content of methylchavicol and eugenol decreased drastically after drying and storage, while that of linalol and 1,8 cineole increased over the same period. The losses of total essential oil after drying were 19%, 62% and 66% at three, six and seven months storage respectively. Several types of reaction seemed to take place during drying and storage.
An additional constituent occurring in the oil from a patchouli cultivar
Authors: Hasegawa Yoshihiro , Tajima Katsuhiko , Toi Nao , Sugimura Yukio
Published: November 2006

Germacrene‐B was identified as a major component of the oil obtained from cultivar II of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.). Compared with the standard patchouli oil, from cultivar I, the oil has a distinct aroma owing to the occurrence of germacrene‐B. The chemogenetic relationship between these cultivars is discussed.
Identification of volatile components of caja fruit (Spondias lutea L.) and chiral analysis of 3‐hydroxy aliphatic esters
Authors: Allegrone Gianna , Barbeni Massimo
Published: November 2006

The volatile components of caja fruit (Spondias lutea L.) were characterized using two different methods of isolation: (a) steam distillation followed by extraction with dichloromethane; (b) direct extraction of caja pulp with diethyl ether. Fractionation of the flavour concentrates on silica gel was accomplished. The extracts were analysed by dual capillary gas chromatography and combined capillary GC‐MS. About 100 flavour compounds were identified for the first time as Spondias lutea volatiles. Among them butanoic acid, ethyl 3‐hydroxyhexanoate, butanol, ethyl 3‐hydroxybutanoate, butyl butanoate and butyl 3‐hydroxybutanoate were the most abundant constituents. The chiral distribution of the main 3‐hydroxy aliphatic esters was evaluated by derivatization with (S)‐tetrahydro‐5‐oxo‐2‐furancarbonyl chloride (TOF). GC separation on an achiral DB‐1 column afforded good resolution of the diastereoisomers and indicated an enantiomeric excess of the (R)‐isomers.
Stereospecific synthesis of trans‐β‐terpineol
Authors: Gurudutt K. N. , Rao Sanjay , Srinivas P.
Published: November 2006

β‐Terpineol, a minor constituent of commercial terpineol as well as of some essential oils, is a mixture of cis and trans isomers, separation of which by physical methods is laborious while chemical methods involve a number of steps. A direct, simple synthesis of trans‐β‐terpineol from ( + )‐limonene via its trans‐ 1,2‐oxide is described.
Aromatic plants of tropical central Africa. Part X Chemical composition of the essential oils of Ageratum houstonianum Mill. and Ageratum conyzoides L. from Cameroon
Authors: Menut C. , Lamaty G. , Zollo P. H. Amvam , Kuiate J. R. , Bessière J. M.
Published: November 2006

The essential oils isolated from the leaves of Ageratum houstonianum Mill, and Ageratum conyzoides L. by hydrodistillation were analysed by GLC and GC‐MS. The essential oil of A. houstonianum contained 7‐methoxy‐2,2‐dimethylchromene (precocene I) and ageratochromene (precocene II) in almost similar amounts (32% and 24% respectively) whereas that of A. conyzoides was rich in precocene I (81%) and poor in precocene II (0.2%). Our findings are compared with those of the literature.
Volatile components of Malaysian Annona fruits
Authors: Wong K. C. , Khoo K. H.
Published: November 2006

The volatile composition of the fruits of three Annona species from Malaysia was investigated by capillary GC and GC‐MS following isolation by simultaneous steam distillation‐extraction. A total of fifty‐one components were identified in the soursop volatiles, including eleven which have been previously reported in this fruit. Thirty‐four volatile components were identified in the sweetsop and fifty‐two in the bullock's heart. Most aroma components in the soursop were esters (57.2%), while terpenoid constituents predominated in the sweetsop and bullock's heart (88.5% and 98.3% respectively).
The composition of the essential oil from Aristolochia asclepiadifolia Brandg. root
Authors: Sagrero‐Nieves Lorenzo , Waller George R. , Sgaramella Richard P.
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents of the root of Aristolochia asclepiadifolia Brandg. has been investigated by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, by which many compounds were identified during a four‐year period. Linalol and its oxides, borneol and its oxides, guaiol and isomers were the major compounds found, accompanied by α‐bisabolol, ledol, terpineol, limonene and its oxides with vanillin being a minor but important component. The freshly prepared essential oil has a characteristic pleasant aroma, and smells like many absolutes.
A novel sesquiterpene, 1,2‐epoxyfurano‐10(15)‐germacren‐6‐one, from the resin of Commiphora holtziana Engl.
Authors: Cavanagh Iain S. , Cole Michael D. , Cavanagh Iain S. , Gibbons Simon , Gray Alexander I. , Provan Gordon J. , Waterman Peter G.
Published: November 2006

Three known and one novel furanogermacrenes have been isolated from the resinous exudate of Commiphora holtziana Engl. The structures of the known compounds were determined by comparison of 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra with those already published. The structure of the novel compound was determined as 1,2‐epoxyfurano‐10(15)‐germacren‐6‐one (IV), using spectroscopic techniques. Some previous 13C‐NMR assignments for the known compounds were corrected or clarified.
Production of volatile components by Penicillium roqueforti cultivated in the presence of soya bean oil
Authors: Chalier P. , Crouzet J.
Published: November 2006

Germinating spores of Penicillium roqueforti produced numerous volatile components when cultivated in a synthetic medium, containing sucrose, different nitrogen sources and soya bean oil. When using urea as a nitrogen source, compounds identified included C11 to C17 methyl ketones, compounds with a mushroom aroma such as oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol and saturated and unsaturated aldehydes related to long‐chain fatty acids released by the action of endogenous lipases. In addition terpenic and sesquiterpenic compounds such as p‐cymene, limonene, β‐elemene, α‐cedrene, ledene and 20 non‐identified compounds were found. The production of sesquiterpenic compounds increased from 3.0 to 7.5 mg/l when proline was used as the nitrogen source. When asparagine was used qualitative modifications in terpenic compounds production was observed and included β‐myrcene, neryl acetate and p‐menthen‐2‐one isomers.

The formation of these compounds and the kinetic data relating to the sesquiterpenic compounds shows that bioconversion reactions occur simultaneously with the biosynthesis reactions.
Composition of essential oil of Plectranthus tenuiflorus (Vatke) Agnew
Authors: Mwangl J. W. , Lwande W. , Hassanali A.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from leaves of Plectranthus tenuiflorus (Vatke) Agnew was analyser by GC and GC–MS. A total of 17 compounds accounting for 72.3% of the oil were identified. Carvacrol (14.3%) α‐terpinene (10.2%) and p‐cymene (10.9%) were the major constituents. The oil had low quantities of oxygenates terpenes.
Food flavourings with natural and nature‐identical products: Acceptability and nutritional significance
Authors: Crovetti R. , Porrini M. , Simonetti P. , Testolin G.
Published: November 2006

Food acceptability is determined by a variety of physiological, psychological, social and cultural factors; among these palatability, considered as an association of olfactory, gustatory and mechanical stimuli, plays a critical role in food choice. Furthermore palatability potentiates hunger in their common effect of eliciting eating. It has been demonstrated that the addition of non‐nutritive flavours to nutritionally controlled diets increases food preference and, generally, that the orosensory characteristics of food per secan stimulate food intake, at least in the short term. Flavouring, for its influence on food choice, seems to affect also some physiological processes. An appetizing meal, for example, can stimulate acid secretion during sham‐feeding to a greater degree than routine institutional food, while the action of the taste of food on gastric emptying appears very mild, even if not well documented.

It has been demonstrated that after ingestion of an unpalatable meal insulin response was significantly reduced in comparison with a palatable meal; this phenomenon may be related to differences in the early, pre‐absorptive or cephalic insulin response. Similarly meals differing in palatability result in different degrees of induction of the metabolic process involved in facultative thermogenesis.

Flavouring of food to improve palatability should be studied in order to facilitate the control of food intake; this should be useful in the treatment of obesity by providing low‐energy foods that taste like conventional ones, and in the attempt to develop better‐tasting foods to stimulate eating in population groups at risk of undernutrition (elderly people, children, etc.).
Characterization of several aromatic plants grown in northern Italy
Authors: Piccaglia R. , Marotti M.
Published: November 2006

The introduction of extensive cultivations of seven aromatic plants, Lavandula angustifolia P. Miller × L. latifolia (L. fill.) Medikus (lavandin), Satureja montana L. (winter savory), Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme), Salvia officinalis L. (sage), Mentha piperita L. (peppermint), Foeniculum vulgare Mill, (fennel) and Chamomilla recutita (L.) Raush (chamomile), was evaluated on the basis of their essential oil yield and composition. Quali‐quantitative analyses were performed by GC‐MS. Different climatic conditions showed considerable effects on oil composition of winter savory and thyme, whereas mineral fertilizations did not have important influences on sage and peppermint oils. The oils from three lavandin and fennel varieties and from seven chamomile types were characterized and their qualitative parameters compared.
Volatile components of the fruits of bachang (Mangifera foetida Lour.) and kuini (Mangifera odorata Griff.)
Authors: Wong K. C. , Ong C. H.
Published: November 2006

The volatile components of the fruits of bachang and kuini were analysed by capillary GC and GC–MS following isolation by simultaneous steam distillation‐extraction. Eighty‐four components were identified in the bachang fruit volatiles and seventy‐three in the kuini. Among the bachang fruit volatiles, esters (55.7%) and oxgenated monoterpenes (20.3%) were dominant, with ethyl butanoate (33.4%) the most abundant. Oxygenated monoterpenes (45.4%) and esters (33.0%) constituted the main classes of kuini fruit volatiles, and α‐terpineol (31.9%) was the major component. The volatile composition of these fruits differs significantly from results reported for the fruits of some of the commercially important mango cultivars.
Identification of potent odourants in static headspace samples of green and black tea powders on the basis of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA)
Authors: Guth H. , Grosch W.
Published: November 2006

Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) of the volatile fractions of green and black tea samples revealed 28 odourants of which 27 were identified. As the odour quality and the chromatographic properties of most of the odourants occurring in the air above the tea powders agreed with those which were identified by the preceding AEDA, these compounds were detectable by gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) in static headspace samples. (Z)‐Hex‐3‐enal, linalol, (Z)‐octa‐1,5‐dien‐3‐one, oct‐1‐en‐3‐one, (Z)‐hept‐4‐enal, butane‐2,3‐dione, 2‐methylpropanal, 3‐methylbutanal, 3‐methylnonane‐2,4‐dione, (E)‐non‐2‐enal, octanal, (E,Z)‐nona‐2,6‐dienal and hexanal were found in the headspace volume of 40 ml which was drawn at 40°C from both kinds of tea. (E, E)‐Nona‐2,4‐dienal and α‐pinene were detected as additional odourants of black tea. The most potent odourants occurring in the air above the tea powders were evaluated by the analysis of decreasing headspace volumes, e.g. (Z)‐hex‐3‐enal was the sole odourant in 2 ml of the headspace of green tea and linalol in 0.5 ml of that of black tea. This procedure indicated that the difference in the odours of green and black tea was mainly due to a higher concentration of (Z)‐hex‐3‐enal, (Z)‐octa‐1,5‐dien‐3‐one and butane‐2,3‐dione and the much lower concentration of linalol in the air above the former.
Analysis of the seasoning‐like flavour substances of a commercial lovage extract (Levisticum officinale Koch.)
Authors: Blank Imre , Schieberle Peter
Published: November 2006

The acidic fraction of a commercial lovage extract (Levisticum officinaleKoch.) revealed the characteristic seasoning‐like principle of the herb. The volatile components were analysed by gas chromatography olfactometry. Aroma extract dilution analysis resulted in six odorants having high sensory relevance. They were identified as 3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethyl‐2(5H)‐furanone (sotolon), (E)‐β‐damascenone, 2‐ethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐3‐(2H)‐furanone, 4‐hydroxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐3(2H)‐furanone, 3‐methylbutanoic acid, and acetic acid. These odorants have not yet been reported in the literature as components of lovage. Sotolon was the key aroma compound of the acidic fraction of lovage extract due to its characteristic seasoning‐like flavour and high flavour dilution factor. The concentration of sotolon was determined by a stable isotope dilution assay.
Volatile flavour components of Sicilian Origanum onites L.
Authors: Ruberto Giuseppe , Biondi Daniela , Meli Rosa , Piattelli Mario
Published: November 2006

The volatile components obtained by hydrodistillation of Origanum onites L. (Lamiaceae) were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 65 compounds were detected, 49 of them (representing c. 98% of the total oil) were fully identified. The main components were carvacrol (61.7%), γ‐terpinene (6.2%) and β‐bisabolene (5.7%). Identification of compounds was based on retention times, MS data, and comparison with authentic samples.
Volatile constituents from the peelings of lulo (Solanum vestissimum D.) fruit
Authors: Suárez M. , Duque C. , Bicchi C. , Wintoch H. , Full G. , Schreier P.
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents of the lulo fruit (Solanum vestissimum D.) peelings were obtained by liquid–liquid extraction using pentane–dichloromethane mixture (2:1, v/v). In total, 61 components were identified by HRGC and HRGC–MS analysis. Among them, methyl 3‐hydroxyhexanoate, γ‐hexalactone, benzyl alcohol, hexadecanoic acid, (Z)‐hex‐2‐enyl acetate, (E)‐hex‐2‐en‐1‐ol, (Z)‐hex‐3‐en‐1‐ol, (Z)‐isoeugenol, vanillin and 3‐hydroxy‐7‐8‐didehydro‐β‐ionone were found to be the major constituents. Chirospecific MDGC analysis revealed the presence of racemic mixtures each of methyl 3‐hydroxybutanoate, methyl 3‐acetoxybutanoate, and linalol. For ethyl 3‐hydroxybutanoate, methyl 3‐hydroxyhexanoate, and γ‐hexalactone enantiomeric distributions of 28:72%, 16:86%, and 10:90%, each of (S):(R), respectively, were determined.
Determination of the enantiomeric composition of (1R) (+)‐and (1S) (−)‐camphor in essential oils of some Lamiaceae and compositae herbs
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Putievsky Eli , Katzir Irena
Published: November 2006

The enantiomeric differentiation of camphor isolated from natural essential oils and samples from commercial sources was determined using a fused‐silica Lipodex E capillary column. Enantiomerically pure (S)(−)‐camphor was detected in Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. oil. The (S)(−)‐enantiomer, with high enantiomeric purity was detected in two types of Salvia offtcinalis L., and (R)(+)‐camphor with high enantiomeric purity was detected in two other types of S. officinalis and in S. glutinosa L.
Analysis of constituents of Iris rhizomes. Part II. Simultaneous SFE of irones and iridals from Iris pallida L. rhizomes
Authors: Bicchi Carlo , Rubiolo Patrizia , Rovida Costanza
Published: November 2006

Iridals constitute a class of triterpenoids characteristic of the Iris genera which have been demonstrated to be the precursors of irones, a class of terpenoids widely and successfully used in the perfume industry, owing to their attractive smell of violets.

Off‐line SFE–CGC and SFE–HPLC were applied to the simultaneous extraction of irones and iridals from Iris pallida L. rhizomes. SFE was carried out by using MeOH/CO2 as extraction medium, at 60°C and 218 bar. The results are compared to the classical methods of obtaining both the absolute by hydrodistillation, for irones, and the extract by solvent extraction, for iridals. Off‐line SFE–CGC and SFE–HPLC require smaller sample amounts and provide quicker sample production and handling, and higher iridal but lower irone recoveries.
New compounds identified in agarwood (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.)
Authors: Nät Regula , Velluz Alain , Thommen Walter , Brauchli Robert , Sigwart Christine , Gaudin Jean‐Marc
Published: November 2006

Four new compounds have been isolated from agarwood oil (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) and their structures confirmed by synthesis: (1R,2R,6S,9R)‐6,10,10‐trimethyl‐ll‐oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecane‐2‐spiro‐2′‐oxirane (1) (epoxy‐β‐agarofuran), (1S,2S,6S,9R)‐6,10,10‐trimethyl‐11‐oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecane‐2‐carbaldehyde (2), (E)‐8,10‐undecadien‐2‐one (3) and 2,t‐3‐dimethyl‐r‐2‐(3‐methyl‐2‐butenyl)‐l‐cyclohexanone (4, absolute configuration unknown). Several of their diastereoisomers, such as (1R,2S,6S,9R)‐6,10,10‐trimethyl‐11‐oxatricyclo [7.2.1.01,6]dodecane‐2‐spiro‐2′‐oxirane (5), (1S,2R,6S,9R)‐6,10,10‐trimethyl‐11‐oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6] dodecane‐2‐carbaldehyde (6), (Z)‐8,10‐undecadien‐2‐one (7) and racemic 2,c‐3‐dimethyl‐r‐2‐(3‐methyl‐2‐butenyl)‐1‐cyclohexanone (8, racemate) were also synthesized and fully characterized. The 13C NMR data of agarospirol (9), published earlier,1are corrected. The assignments are supported by 1D‐INADEQUATE experiments.
Volatile constituents of salak (Salacca edulis Reinw.) fruit
Authors: Wong K. C. , Tie D. Y.
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents of the salak fruit were analysed by capillary GC, GC–MS and 1H NMR following isolation by simultaneous steam distillation–extraction. Forty‐six compounds were identified, among which methyl esters of branched‐chain alkenoic and β‐hydroxy acids predominated and terpenoids were completely absent. The most abundant components were methyl 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylpentanoate (25.0%) and methyl (E)‐3‐methylpent‐2‐enoate (23.4%).
Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oils from sicilian aromatic plants
Authors: Biondi Daniela , Cianci Paola , Geraci Corrada , Ruberto Giuseppe , Piattelli Mario
Published: November 2006

The essential oils from four Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Origanum onites L., Thymus capitatus Hoffmanns, et Link, commercial oregano and sage, and a Lauracea, Laurus nobilis L., have been characterized and tested against eight bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Hafnia alvei, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Steptococcus faecalis), and five fungi (Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, two strains of Candida albicans, Fusarium sp.). The highest and broadest activity, both antibacterial and antifungal, was shown by the oils of O. onites, T. capitatus and commercial oregano, in that order, while oils from commercial sage and L. nobilis were almost inactive. Bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties of the five essential oils are also discussed.
The essential oils of choricarpia leptopetala (f. muell.) domin and c. subargentea (c.t. white) l.a.s. johnson (myrtaceae)
Authors: Brophy Joseph J. , Goldsack Robert J. , Forster Paul I.
Published: November 2006

The leaf essential oils of the two species of Choricarpia were examined. Choricarpia subargentea (C.T. White) L.A.S. Johnson produced an oil in which the major components were α‐pinene (30‐76%), limonene (2‐55%) and 1,8‐cineole (2‐20%). The oil also contained the aromatic ketone jensenone (2,4,6‐trihydroxy‐3,5‐diformyl‐isopentyrophenone) in amounts of up to 5%. Choricarpia leptopetala (F. Muell.) Domin produced an oil which also contained α‐pinene, as principal component. There were varying (though less than 20%) amounts of limonene, p‐cymene and 1,8‐cineole present. Small amounts (less than 3%) of methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol and elemicin were also detected in the oil. Jensenone was not present in this oil.
Steam volatile constituents of the aerial parts of paederia foetida L
Authors: Wong K. C. , Tan G. L.
Published: November 2006

The volatile oils isolated by steam distillation from the leaves, stems and flowers of Paederia foetida L. were analysed by capillary GC and GC‐MS. Oxygen‐containing monoterpenes constituted the main chemical class in the three oils, which all contained linalol as the major component. However, some significant differences in the oil composition were observed. The dominant aroma components are believed to be sulphur‐containing compounds most of which were found in the leaf oil, the most abundant constituent within this chemical class being dimethyl disulphide.
Analysis and biological activity of the essential oil of rosmarinus officinalis l. from egypt
Authors: Soliman F. M. , El‐Kashoury E. A. , Fathy M. M. , Gonaid M. H.
Published: November 2006

A comparative study of the essential oils prepared from the fresh leaves of plants collected from St Catherine, Sinai (sample I), and from Giza (sample II) was carried out. The yields were 0.14 and 0.40% respectively.

Analysis of the oils by gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS) led to the identification of 43 components in sample I. These components represented 82% of the total composition of the oil. Verbenone (12.3%), camphor (11.3%), bornyl acetate (7.6%) and limonene (7.1%) were the major constituents. Thirty‐seven components, which represented about 86% of the total composition of the oil, were identified in sample II. Camphor (14.9%), α‐pinene (9.3%), and 1,8‐cineole (9.0%) were the main constituents.

Sample II showed a good antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Mycobacterium intracellularae.

Preliminary screening against the earthworms Allolobophora caliginosa showed that both oils have a marked vermicidal activity.
The essential oil of eucalyptus globulus labill. from Portugal
Authors: Silvestre Armando J. D. , Cavaleiro José A. S. , Delmond Bernard , Filliatre Claude , Bourgeois Guy
Published: November 2006

Studies on the chemical composition of the essential oil from leaves of selected Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ssp. globulus trees have been undertaken. The hydrodistilled samples were analysed by GLC and GC‐MS. Fifty‐three oil components have been identified; 1,8‐cineole, α‐pinene, limonene, aromadendrene, δ‐cadinene, and globulol were the most abundant compounds, representing 93% of the total oil.
Composition of the leaf essential oil of ocimum keniense ayobangira
Authors: Mwangi J. W. , Lwande W. , Hassanali A.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil (average yield 4%) isolated by hydrodistillation from semi‐dried leaves of Ocimum keniense Ayobangira was analysed by GC and GC‐MS. A total of 22 compounds accounting for 86.8% were identified. 1,8‐Cineole (38%) and methyl chavicol (24%) were the major constituents. Other significant constituents were chavicol and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.
2‐formylmethyl‐2‐methyl‐5‐(1‐hydroxy‐1‐methylethyl)‐tetrahydrofuran: Major volatile product of the water‐mediated oxidative decomposition of citral
Authors: Grein B. , Schmidt G. , Full G. , Winterhalter P. , Schreier P.
Published: November 2006

Water‐mediated (pH 3) model experiments were performed with citral (neral/geranial 1a/1b) under oxygen atmosphere. After complete decomposition of 1a/1b and solvent extraction of the products formed, separation into neutral and acid fraction was carried out by bicarbonate treatment. Subsequent HRGC, HRGC–MS, and HRGC–FTIR analyses revealed the occurrence of more than twenty compounds, among them geranic acid in the acid fraction and the 2‐formylmethyl‐2‐methyl‐5‐(1‐hydroxy‐1‐methylethyl)‐tetrahydrofuran diastereomers 3a/3b in the neutral fraction were the major products comprising approximately 15% and 80%, respectively, of the total volatiles formed. The determination of the absolute configuration of 3a/3b and their analytical stereo‐differentiation was achieved by synthesis and chromatography of the (2R) configured diastereomers, starting from (R) (—)‐linalol.
Effects of planting time and mineral fertilization on peppermint (mentha x piperita l.) essential oil composition and its biological activity
Authors: Marotti Mauro , Piccaglia Roberta , Giovanelli Enrico , Deans S. G. , Eaglesham Elisabeth
Published: November 2006

Essential oil samples of Mentha x piperita L. (peppermint) were analysed by GC–MS and assayed for their antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities. The steam‐distilled oil samples were obtained from autumn and spring planted crops which were treated with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at different rates. The oil samples from spring planted crops had a significantly higher menthol and lower terpinen‐4‐ol concentrations than those from autumn planted crops. Mineral fertilization seemed to increase the content of menthol in the oil, and decreased that of menthone and β‐caryophyllene. The oil samples showed a different degree of inhibition against the twenty‐five microorganisms tested. Some differences were found between the oil samples from autumn and spring planted crops, the former being more active against some microorganisms, and the oil samples from fertilized peppermint seemed to be, on the whole, slightly more effective. Peppermint oil exhibited a marked antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger.
Chiral gc analysis of menthone and isomenthone with high enantiomeric purities in laboratory‐made and commercial essential oils
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Putievsky Eli , Katzir Irena
Published: November 2006

Direct separation of the enantiomers of the two diastereomers, menthone and isomenthone, was performed using an octakis‐(3‐O‐butyryl‐2,6‐di‐O‐pentyl)‐α‐cyclodextrin phase. Enantiomerically pure (—)‐menthone and (+)‐isomenthone were detected in many oils of Mentha, Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce and Calamintha incána (Sm.) Heldr. High enantiomeric purities of (+)‐menthone and (—)‐isomenthone were detected in commercial and freshly distilled geranium oils.
Volatile constituents of brazilian phoebe oil
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Wahlburg Hans‐Christian , Splittgerber Ute , Marschall Helga
Published: November 2006

From Brazilian Phoebe oil (essential oil of Phoebe porosa Mez. syn. Oreodaphne porosa Mez.) over 100 constituents could be identified by 1H‐NMR spectra and GC–MS. The main constituents are carquejyl acetate (24, 2.1%), the sesquiterpenes α‐copaene (29, 5.6%), γ‐ (56, 3.5%), and δ‐cadinene (59, 3.1%), cremoligenol(88, 8.4%), β‐eudesmol (95, 8.4%), valerianol (97, ˜5%), α‐bisabolol (102, 3.6%) and β‐bisabolol (100, 2.9%). The structures of epi‐sesquithujene (31) and of some trace constituents, oreodaphnenol (50, a 6,8‐cycloguaian‐4‐ol) as well as the rare trans‐α‐bergamot‐2‐en‐10‐one (69) and a new sesquiterpene ketone, porosadienone (99, an 6(7→8)‐abeo‐eudesmadienone), could be confirmed by spectral data.
Aromatherapy—use of fragrances and essential oils as medicaments
Authors: Buchbauer G. , Jirovetz L.
Published: November 2006

The definition of aromatherapy as well as the aromatherapeutical uses of fragrance compounds and essential oils are discussed. Various methods—mainly physiological—to investigate the efficacy of fragrances are shown.
Volatile components of heteromorpha trifoliata (wendl.) eckl. & zey
Authors: Mwangi J. W. , Achola K. J. , Lwande W. , Hassanali A. , Laurent R.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from Heteromorpha trifoliata (Wendl.) Eckl. & Zey. was analysed by GC and GC‐MS. Sixty compounds constituting about 96% of the oil were identified. The major constituents were α‐pinene (22.2%), germacrene‐D (17.9%) and sabinene (12.3%).
Influencing the level of glycosidically bound volatiles by feeding experiments with a mentha × piperita l. Cultivar
Authors: Stengele M. , Stahl‐Biskup E.
Published: November 2006

The metabolism of menthone in Mentha × piperita L. has been of interest since it has been considered the key to further metabolism of the essential oil in menthone‐rich M. ×piperita. In the present paper we report on results obtained by feeding experiments with M. × piperita L. cv. Black Mitcham containing menthyl glucoside as the main glycosidically bound monoterpene. Following the pattern of the tracer studies carried out by Croteau and co‐workers, pieces of leaves obtained from outdoor peppermint plants were incubated with menthone for seven hours. An increase from 3.8% to 31.5% for menthol and from traces to 1.3% for neomenthol in the aglycone fraction resulted, which means that the main portion of the exogenous precursor menthone was converted into a menthyl glycoside. This is inconsistent with the highly specific menthone metabolism postulated by Croteau and co‐workers, who found neomenthyl glucoside to be the only metabolite.
Oakmoss impact volatiles generated by a basidiomycete of the genus polyporus
Authors: Abraham B. , Berger R. G. , Schulz H.
Published: November 2006

A Polyporus sp. generated characteristic oakmoss flavour components such as methyl 2,4‐dihydroxy‐3,6‐dimethyl benzoate (evernyl, methyl β‐orcinate), 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐6‐methyl benzoic acid (everninic acid), 3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl phenol (orcinol) and 3‐methoxy‐2,5‐dimethyl phenol (β‐orcine monomethylether) when grown in submerged culture. Volatile compounds were isolated from the culture medium by solvent extraction and an adsorption technique. Gas chromatographic methods and, because certain compounds were not sufficiently volatile or too unstable at elevated temperatures, a specially developed HPLC method were applied to characterize the fungal metabolites. As well as oakmoss components, the Polyporus sp. produced many other volatiles, such as the sesquiterpene 7β‐hydroxydihydrodrimenin, phenolics, and aliphatic alcohols.
Chiral gc analysis of enantiomerically pure (r)(—)‐linalyl acetate in some lamiaceae, myrtle and petitgrain essential oils
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Putievsky Eli , Katzir Irena
Published: November 2006

Enantiomerically pure (R)(—)‐linalyl acetate was detected in the essential oils of Salvia sclarea L. (clary sage), Salvia dominica L., Mentha citrata Ehrh., Myrtus communis L. (myrtle) and Citrus aurantium L. (petitgrain) using Lipodex E as a chiral capillary column.
C13‐Norisoprenoid glycosides in plant tissues: An overview on their occurrence, composition and role as flavour precursors
Authors: Winterhalter Peter , Schreier Peter
Published: November 2006

This review brings up to date the research that has been undertaken on thirteen carbon (C13) norisoprenoid glycosides in plant tissues. Emphasis is on data concerning their occurrence, chemical composition, and reactivity. In particular, their important role as flavour precursors is discussed.
Volatile leaf oils of some south‐western and Southern Australian species of the genus eucalyptus. Part III1—subgenus symphyomyrtus, section bisectaria, series macrocarpae
Authors: Bignell C. M. , Dunlop P. J. , Brophy J. J. , Jackson J. F.
Published: November 2006

The volatile leaf oils of Eucalyptus lane‐poolei Maiden, E. drummondii Benth., E. annuliformis Grayling & Brooker, E. oldfieldii F. Muell., E burracoppinensis Maiden & Blakely, E. macrocarpa subsp. macrocarpa Hopper, E. macrocarpa Hook. subsp. elachantha Brooker & Hopper, E. rhodantha Blakely & Steedm., E. carnabyi Blakely & Steedm. ex Blakely, E. pyriformis Turcz., E. youngiana F. Muell., E. pachyphylla F. Muell., E. kingsmillii (Maiden) Maiden & Blakely, E. leptopoda Benth., E. synandra M. D. Crisp, E. oxymitra Blakely and E. sessilis (Maiden) Maiden & Blakely, isolated by vacuum distillation, were analysed by GC‐MS. Most species contained α‐pinene (5–28%), 1,8‐cineole (0.5–70%), p‐cymene (0.4–12%), aromadendrene (0.8–21%) and bicyclogermacrene (0.1–25%) as principal leaf oil components.
Aromatic plants of tropical central Africa. Part XIX. Volatile components from leaves of two lamiaceae from Cameroon: leucas deflexa hook and Solenostemon monostachyus (P.Beauv.) Briq.
Authors: Mvé‐Mba C. Eyele , Menut C. , Lamaty G. , Zollo P. H. Amvam , Tchoumbougnang F. , Bessière J. M.
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of the essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from leaves of Leucas deflexa Hook and of Solenostemon monostachyus (P.Beauv.) Briq. grown in Cameroon, has been investigated by GC and GC‐MS. The leaf essential oil of L. deflexa was characterized by a high amount of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (80.3%), germacrene‐D (27.8%), β‐caryophyllene (24.1%) and α‐humulene (9.9%) being the major components. The leaf essential oil of S. monostachyus was more complex; β‐pinene (13.0%), oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol (12.6%), β‐caryophyllene (6.9%), octan‐3‐ol (6.8%) and (E,E)‐α‐farnesene (6.2%) were the most abundant constituents.