bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Movements that are Intertwined with the Lives of Tamils
Authors: A Muthusivagami
Published: August 2022

The reason why the cultural values of the Tamils who taught the world the life of the human race is still imprinted all over the world today is because of the culture of the Tamil race with great thoughts and high thoughts planted in this cultural sand of Tamil society. Through this article, we can see that even though the cultural movements of the Tamils have undergone small changes over the generations in the name of civilization, the deep-rooted culture planted in this cultural soil by our forefathers is intertwined with our lives. The summary of this study is to emphasise that the Tamils’ hospitality, marriage system, belief in God, the dignity of women, caste, religion, race, color, and language by creating differences among us by saying various divisions of Tamils, who have recorded the cultural footprints of unity to the human race, are intertwined with the life of the Tamils without any temptation even today.
Myth in "Vanadevi's Maintharkal" Novel
Authors: P Latha
Published: August 2022

A myth refers to a long-handed down and familiar story. It is also called a "legend." It is an element of folklore. This term is often used from an analytic perspective in religion, folklore, anthropology, sociology, psychology, analysis, and the fine arts. Myth transcends history, science, and truth. These myths are growing together with the religious rituals that have been going on. If something is told as a story and contains incredible elements, it becomes mythical. But the author's name is not known. A group or a whole community knows those stories fully. The story unfolds with the efforts of many people. People also believe it.
Contemporary Life Woes in "Pudhukavithai" (Free Verse)
Authors: S Veeralakshmi
Published: August 2022

The Pudukavithai, known as Vasanakavidhai, Vidunilaippa, and light poetry, were written with different content. In the initial period, new poems were sung, highlighting social reform ideas like women's emancipation, poverty, education, etc. Over time, poems have been created with the realities and miseries of contemporary life in mind. The aim of this article is to explore cultural transgression, personal tragedies, and the perversity of the human mind. Tamil literature takes values from ancient Tamil life in terms of culture and civilization. This study aims to document how the tragedies of events in contemporary life have been symbolised in the new poems that have emerged in western countries over a long tradition.
Crop Products of the Sangam People
Authors: N.R Shibaja
Published: August 2022

Literature shows the goal. Literature is to show the path through which people should progress. Commerce excels in Sangam literature. Commerce is the business of buying and selling manufactured goods. Merchants call the produced goods commodities, and the place where they sell them is a market. The people of the Sangam period bartered the goods they needed by giving away surplus goods. When talking about the trade of the Sangam period, it is said that how the living conditions of the people of that time, how the Tamil kings of the Sangam period encouraged the merchants in their countries to develop the trade, which the trade excelled in agriculture and handicrafts, etc., and how the economy improved and the people lived well. In my research article, I have mentioned some of the products produced by the people during the Sangam period. In particular, the purpose of the research is to tell about the news like jaggery, sugar, pepper, salt, conch, pearl, ivory, etc.
Elopement in the Tradition of Tamil Literature
Authors: A Isbha
Published: August 2022

In ancient Tamil Nadu, countless literatures emerged in the world of Tamil literature due to the patronage of poets who knew the depths of the sea like Tamil Literature. A country's greatest wealth is its literature. Sangam literature is the best wealth we have in that respect. Poets had political knowledge along with literary knowledge. They became ministers and lifelong friends of the patrons who supported them. The patrons, seeing the poets, cheered like a child who has seen its mother. Many of the patrons in Kuruntokai literature have been celebrated by poets through their songs. Their bravery, excellence, military strength, fighting skills, the city they lived in, and historical references are also featured in the songs. This research paper has explained the pride of such patrons who have been established in this way.
Ancient Culture-Hospitality
Authors: P Usha
Published: August 2022

High ethical cultures are common all over the world. People's worship shines through the rituals, customs, beliefs, artistic sensibilities, righteous worship ethics, etc. The factor that differentiates people from other large groups is their cultural elements. It is our culture to live as if we belong to others and not to ourselves, and to live by sharing, even if it is nectar to others. In ancient Tamil literature, the cultural methods of Tamil can be known. It is the culture of Tamils to speak simply to the simple. Hospitality is an integral part of life. Being hospitable to strangers is paramount. Today, people in rural areas can be seen as "hospitable" people who happily entertain a new guest whom they don't know. It can be seen that this trait is a habit that goes back to time immemorial. As written in the literature, the people have been following this tradition till today as a way of showing the hospitable nature of ancient Tamil life. At the core of our culture is hospitality.
Modern Medicine and Psychology in the Art of "Silambam"
Authors: M Kamaraj
Published: August 2022

In today's modern world, living in a hectic environment, human beings are exposed to various types of physical and mental problems. It leads everyone to know that there are solutions to physical problems and mental problems in an environment where various innovations and resources are increasing through Silambam (weapon-based martial arts), the mother art of folk arts. Also, the topic of this study supports the need to better understand the history of art, its special place in literature, the benefits of maintaining physical well-being and self-interest, instilling self-confidence and providing rejuvenation, mental integrity, avoiding fear, etc. It encourages everyone to learn our traditional art of Silambam in the future.
Social Change Depicted in Short Stories of Sundara Ramasamy
Authors: K Kardinamary
Published: August 2022

Literature creates life. Literature emerges from life. Literature is like a mirror that shows the life of society. Art and literature help us to know the history of mankind and to learn about their culture and beliefs. Among these, literature clearly shows the characteristics of the culture of the time in which it appeared. Culture is the state of consciousness about morals, behaviors, beliefs, and values that are inherent in human life. In the article, let us see the role of society in the short stories of Sundara Ramasamy, one of the modern writers.
Localized Learning Materials (Big Books) for Beginning Readers of Tagudin, Ilocos Sur
Authors:   Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College Quirino, Tagudin, Ilocos Sur, Philippines, N. Binay-an, Ph.D. Imelda ,   https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8132360X
Published: August 2022

This study tested the effectiveness of the localized learning materials (big books) in teaching the Day Care learners. Furthermore, it determined the level of reading performance of the learner-respondents based on their summative evaluations during the three months of teaching them. It also ascertained the level of reading performance of the learners based on their posttest and tested the effectiveness of Localized Learning Materials (LLM) in improving the reading skills of the learners. Thus, it aimed to establish the level of validity of the localized learning materials based on the evaluation of five DepEd experts. Data gathered were quantitatively described by using frequency, percentage, and mean. Findings revealed that the young learners can perform better because they are motivated to learn when artistically prepared localized materials (big books) are used in the teaching-learning process. They can improve much in their reading performance when the teaching process is aided by big books. The use of localized Learning Materials (big books) is very effective in teaching the beginning readers. On the validity of the materials, it is concluded that they are very much acceptable, appropriate, and functional in teaching the beginning readers. Accordingly, it recommends that the study be replicated in a wider scope and consider including more variables. Likewise, the big books may be reproduced by the CTE (College of Teacher Education), avail for a copyright before it will be distributed to the adopted schools. Keywords: Beginning readers, Big Books, Level of Validity, Localized Learning Materials
Scanning The Pages: Struggles and Successes of Learners in the Reading Literacy Program (RLP)
Authors:   Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College Quirino, Tagudin, Ilocos Sur, Philippines, N. Binay-an, Ph.D. Imelda ,   https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8132360X
Published: August 2022

This qualitative research using documentary analysis assessed the struggles and successes of learners in the reading literacy program. More specifically, it sought to determine the problems encountered by the learners; assess how the total development of the learners are being improved; identify what particular methodologies are being employed; and find out what the learners gained from the said program. In the analysis of data, the interview recordings were transcribed to arrive at extended texts. Interview with thematic analysis was used. Finding revealed that Multi and varied problems are faced by the learners during the conduct of the reading literacy program. There were mechanisms employed by the teachers that show development to the learners. Reading Methodologies vary to reach the level of the learner. Learners gained and experienced much during the conduct of the reading literacy program. Thus, it is recommended that the teachers, parents and learners must help one another to eradicate reading problems. Coping mechanisms shall be religiously carried out by the learner for them to improve and develop in their reading skill. Teacher must continue to be patient in teaching struggling readers by employing different methodologies applicable to them. Motivation is needed both internal and external. Parents must show their 100% support to their children particularly on remedial programs. Further studies maybe conducted with other variables not specified within the study. Keywords: Struggles and Successes, Reading Literacy Program, Skills, Coping Mechanism
Needs and Aspirations of Indigenous Peoples in Central Luzon
Authors:   College of Public Administration and Governance, Tarlac State University Philippines, C. Revilla Joseph ,   https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1904-1243
Published: August 2022

This study investigated the needs and aspirations of Indigenous Peoples in Central Luzon. First, it described the profile of the Indigenous Peoples. This also discussed the Needs and Aspirations of the Indigenous Peoples and identify the issues, problems, and concerns they experience in attaining such. Through this, the study formulated programs, projects, and activities to solve such problems. The study used a descriptive research design and three (3) instruments in gathering data, namely: interview guide; observation, and document analysis. As synthesized in the findings of the interview the needs and aspirations of the Indigenous People in Central Luzon are as follows: Livelihood, education, clean water source, road improvement, health services, legal services, ancestral domain, respect and implementation of rights, preservation and showcasing of arts, culture and tradition and leadership. The Problems Encountered Affecting the Needs and Aspirations of the Indigenous Peoples in Central Luzon are as follows: Conflicting Claims, Issues in Relocation, Leadership, Isolated Area of Habitat and Injustices, Presence of Lawless Elements and Recruitment of Communist Terrorist Groups. Lastly, the proposed recommendations to address the problems encountered affecting the needs and aspirations of the Indigenous Peoples in Central Luzon are as follows: Resolution of Conflicting Claims, Relocation, Leadership Guidance and Training, Education, Culturally Sensitive Development within Isolated Area of Habitat and Justice, Implementation of the Law and Protection and Education regarding the dangers of the communist terrorist struggle. Keywords: Needs, Aspirations, Indigenous Peoples, Central Luzon
Effects of Varying Nutrient Solution to Brassica Rapa “Bokchoy” Grow Under Hydroponic System
Authors: Dela Cruz Angel Lhi , P. Sinco Chinitt , S. Cantor Ma. Lourdes , T. Viña Michelle , Bolaños Jolai R. Garcia , B. Bordios Romeo Jr.
Published: August 2022

The fact that farming is dependent on available land becomes even more complex when the climate is changing drastically. From this perspective, soilless system production is advantageous since it allows farmers to utilize land that has been unproductive due to pollution or illness, while simultaneously reducing the quantity of water consumed. According to the discussion and conclusions that accompany the results, the growth and development of Brassica rapa are affected by the nutrients it receives in treatments. The concentrations of nutrient solutions have a significant impact on the growth of Brassica rapa. As the number of Brassica rapa layers increases, the Brassica rapa yield increases and improves, particularly in terms of plant yield. The effects of nutritional solutions on plant growth, fresh weight, water consumption, and the number of nutrients in leaf tissue demonstrated that the interactions between factors are not the same. According to the findings of the study, the collected nutrients could be used as fertilizer. Therefore, hydroponic systems will require less mineral fertilizer. The environmental temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors that could slow down the process of development, production, and spread. Based on the data, it is feasible to conclude that the cultivar is more resistant to cold stress.
The effect of stevia sweetener on diabetic nephropathy in rats
Authors: Marei Azza , Mahmoud Doaa
Published: August 2022

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is considered a clinical syndrome, which is a diabetic kidney disease characterized by increasing blood pressure, albuminuria, and chronic kidney disease. The current study aimed to determine the effect of sweetener (Stevia rebaudiana ) on diabetic nephropathy in a diabetic rat model. Four groups (n=7) of male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus): the control group, diabetic control group (induced streptozotocin intraperitoneally), two diabetic rat groups treated with 2 doses of stevia (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks. Biomarkers of nephropathy were measured in plasma and kidneys at the end of the experiment. The levels of plasma glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, renal malondialdehyde (MDA), and caspase-3 significantly increased in diabetic rats and levels of insulin, renal catalase, superoxide dismutase, and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were significantly decreased. After treating the diabetic rats with natural sweetener (stevia), the kidney and plasma biochemical parameters were improved significantly. These results indicated the major role of stevia in diabetic nephropathy.
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) growth and seed yield as influenced by zinc and boron micronutrients
Authors: Roy Susmita , Das Shrabani , Saha Kallyan , Rahman Md , Sarkar Shubroto , Rashid Md , Paul Swapan
Published: August 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during rabi season, to study the effect of zinc and boron on growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). The experiment consisted with three levels of zinc viz. 0, 1.0 and 2.0 kg Zn ha-1 and four levels of boron viz. 0, 1.0 kg B ha-1, 0.5 kg B ha-1 (basal application) + 0.5 kg B ha-1 (foliar application at pre-flowering stage) and 0.5 kg B ha-1 (foliar application at 30 days after sowing) + 0.5 kg B ha-1 (foliar application at pre-flowering stage). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. In case of zinc, the highest plant height (67.9 cm), pods plant-1 (33.3), seed yield (2.24 t ha-1) and stover yield (2.55 t ha-1) of faba bean was observed when fertilized with 1 kg Zn ha-1whereas corresponding lowest values were recorded from control treatment. In case of boron, the highest number of branches plant-1 (6.51), pods plant-1 (39.1), seed yield (2.14 t ha-1) and stover yield (2.42 t ha-1) were obtained from application of 0.5 kg B ha-1 (basal application) + 0.5 kg B ha-1 (foliar application at pre-flowering stage). In interaction, the highest number of branches plant-1 (7.22), pods plant-1 (41.93), seed yield (2.46 t ha-1) and stover yield (3.05 t ha-1) were recorded from application of 1.0 kg Zn ha-1 with 0.5 kg B ha-1 (basal application) + 0.5 kg B ha-1 (foliar application at pre-flowering stage) whereas the lowest seed and stover yields were recorded from control treatment. Based on the present study it can be concluded that application of 1.0 kg Zn ha-1 coupled with 0.5 kg B ha-1 (basal application) + 0.5 kg B ha-1 (foliar application at pre-flowering stage) appears as the promising combination in respect of seed yield of faba bean.
A rare case of Posterior gastric perforation
Authors: Kumar Rajneesh , Kataria Ritu , Singh Harsimran , jassal Arshdeep
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
Posterior gastric perforation is a rare surgical emergency. An 80-year-old patient was admitted with complaints of pain in epigastric region for two days with features of dehydration and shock. Outside CT abdomen was suggestive of pneumoperitoneum along lesser sac. Exploratory laparotomy was performed and perforation was found along posterior gastric wall near the antrum. Grahms omental patch repair was done. Patient recovered and was discharged after two weeks.
PROFILE OF B-CELL NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA AND RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC REGIMENS IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER IN SOUTH INDIA
Authors: Kalidindi Srilakshmi , Yadlapalli C , Yerraguntla S , Gullipalli Muralidhar , Chintada Ganapathy
Published: August 2022

Abstract:

Introduction:
Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma’s (NHL) are a group of malignant lympho-proliferative disorders arising predominantly in lymph nodes with different patterns of behavior and responses to treatment. NHL clinical presentation varies with histology sub type and with sites of involvement. Accurate staging is important, which helps in risk stratification and management decisions.

Aim:
Aim was to study the clinical profile of patients with B-cell NHL and to assess response to various chemotherapeutic agents.

Materials and methods:

We evaluated data of patients diagnosed with B-cell NHL between 2015 and 2019 at a tertiary care cancer hospital in Andhra Pradesh, India. Data regarding demographic variables, clinical features and examination findings were collected using a pre-designed study proforma. Lab investigations including complete blood picture, liver and renal function tests, bone marrow examination, immunohistochemistry and treatment details were noted.

Results:
A total of 91 patients with B-cell NHL were managed. Mean age was 53yrs,with males accounting for 60%. Mean duration of presentation was 4.32 months. Most common presentation was lymphadenopathy,followed by loss of appetite, weight loss, fever and night sweats.Majority of study subjects were diagnosed as Diffuse large B Cell Lymphoma 70 (76.9%), followed by Follicular lymphoma 10 (11.0%), Small lymphocytic lymphoma 7(7.7%). Bone marrow involved in 22 (24.2%); Stage IV accounted by 34 (37.4%) followed by Stage III. CHOP regimen of 6 cycles was received by 30 (33.0%) patients, out of which 23 patients had complete response; 61 (67.0%) patients received R-CHOP, out of which 58 had complete response.

Conclusion:
B-cell NHL has an early onset in India compared to western literature. Accurate staging is important, which helps in risk stratification and management decisions. Treatment with R-CHOP is superior to CHOP regimen with better prognosis and survival. Monitoring at periodic intervals for possible relapse is important as many patients whose disease recurred can be salvageable.
PATTERNS AND SEVERITY OF MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES IN VICTIMS OF MOTORBIKE ACCIDENTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Authors: S Prakash , ahmed irshad , P rajeev
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Motorbike riders have the highest incidence of road traffic accidents. The maxillofacial region is highly vulnerable to such incidents. Injuries to this region can lead to severe bleeding and airway compromise. Not wearing a helmet and drug intoxication can increase the risk of accidents and their complications. Patterns and severity of these injuries vary with road conditions, speed and type of impact.
Aims and Objectives:
The current study intends to assess the patterns and severity of maxillofacial injuries among intoxicated and non-intoxicated victims of motorbike accidents.
Materials and Methods:
The present study was a single-centre, Prospective Observational study conducted on patients admitted into the emergency medicine department with suspected maxillofacial injuries to motorbike accidents at PESIMSR Hospital, Kuppam, from October 2018 to July 2020.
Results
There was a clear male preponderance with 11 males for every female. Two-thirds of patients were aged between 25-and 50 years. Skid and fall and head-on-collision were common mechanisms of injury. Soft-tissue injuries like abrasions and lacerations were common injuries. Ninety-one patients had facial fractures, mostly involving the midface. Nasal bone fractures were most frequent. Of the 149 patients, 54 had an A.I.S. score of 1, 43 had 2, 21 had 3, 18 had 4 and 13 had 5. There was no significant difference in the severity or patterns of injuries in intoxicated patients.
Conclusion
Midface injuries are more common. Intoxication increases the risk of injuries. But it does not seem to alter the patterns and severity of injuries.
DKA associated rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure and cardiac arrest in an adolescent patient with T1D: a case report
Authors: Pal Sirshendu , Pal Rupsha
Published: August 2022

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) associated with rhabdomyolysis has been reported previously though such cases have been rare and the exact pathophysiology yet unclear. We came across a 16-year-old female with type 1 diabetes. She presented with severe dehydration, lethargy, respiratory distress, and oliguria which worsened to anuria. Laboratory investigations demonstrated a hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS). A diagnosis of DKA with ARF was made. The clinical signs prompted further investigations, which confirmed rhabdomyolysis and hypophosphatemia. The patient suffered a sudden cardiac arrest secondary to the severe electrolyte imbalance and subsequent arrhythmia due to rhabdomyolysis. She was resuscitated and underwent hemodialysis. The patient's clinical condition improved as laboratory parameters normalized; she was weaned off the ventilator and no longer required hemodialysis. Considering the non-compliance to insulin and unhealthy lifestyle and the adverse psychological impact of the events preceding cardiac arrest, she was managed with a multidisciplinary approach, thus facilitating clinical, psychological, and behavioral improvement. Thus, long-standing T1D with uncontrolled blood glucose increases the risk of malnutrition, electrolyte imbalance, and metabolic irregularities increasing the susceptibility to DKA and subsequent rhabdomyolysis, which can have serious complications such as cardiac arrest. A holistic approach with the use of multidisciplinary teams is therefore suggested to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Müllerian Cyst in the Posterior Mediastinum: A Case Report and review of literature
Authors: Alghamdi Rawan , Ali Rakan , Almutra Amna
Published: August 2022

A Müllerian cyst is a rare, newly identified cyst of the posterior mediastinum. It is an important differential diagnosis to other more commonly known mediastinal neurogenic tumours or bronchogenic cysts. This current report represents a case of a 51-year-old woman with an incidentally identified mediastinal Müllerian cyst with a literature review.
Fox-Fordyce Disease: A Quick Recap with Clinical and Histological Images
Authors: Veiga Ricardo , Coelho Joana , Vale Esmeralda
Published: August 2022

Not required.
Devising a multi epitope vaccine toward the dengue virus using the computational method in Bangladesh
Authors: Akash Sajidur , Hossain Md , Ali Md
Published: August 2022

Dengue is one of the major mosquito-borne diseases that still threaten humans and kill countless people. It is caused by a positive-stranded RNA virus that included the family of Flaviviridae. Dengue fever is an exquisite feverish viral disease dispatched by Aedes mosquitoes' sting, posing any one of the four dengue viral serotypes. This virus transmits through a vertical transmission way using a full unique system. Unfortunately, there is no still effective developed vaccine to eradicate this disease. Computational methods were used in this work to build and we suggest a multi-epitope vaccination for the dengue virus in Asia. This work employed different immunoinformatics and bioinformatics databases to predict powerful epitopes on the dengue virus envelope protein utilizing in silico techniques. We identified a total of 14 epitopes from the target envelope protein by evaluating their ability to induce both innate and acquired immunity via T and B lymphocyte-mediated reactions. Epitope conservation was taken into account because Dengue virus is an RNA virus, and all selected epitopes were 100% conserved. Antigenicity of the final multi-epitope vaccine component was 0.7055. Disulfide engineering was conducted at an area of high mobility to improve vaccine protein stability. In addition, codon adaptation and in silico cloning were used to guarantee that the planned subunit vaccine in E. coli was expressed at a greater level. Lastly, a molecular docking and simulation analysis was carried out for the vaccination protein and the TLR-4 receptor in order to assess the binding free energy and stability of the combination for this reason, the suggested in silico vaccine has to be tested for safety and immunogenicity in order to guarantee an active immunity against the Dengue virus.
Association of ABO blood groups with academic stress and academic performance of the first-year undergraduate medical students in an Indian Medical College
Authors: Nikam Lalita , Gaikwad Jyoti , Bande Varsha
Published: August 2022

Background: Different blood groups are associated with various personality traits, perceived stress and intelligence of an individual. Assessment of students’ academic performance helps to judge their knowledge, skill, and affective domains.

Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine association of ABO blood groups among undergraduate medical students with academic stress and their academic performance.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 99 1st-year undergraduate medical students in Indian medical College. Blood group was determined by agglutination reaction. Academic stress was estimated using medical students stressor questionnaire score. Academic performance of student was assessed from marks of terminal examination.

Results: In the present study, academic related stress level was highest in A blood group students followed by B blood group. Blood Group A students also have higher interpersonal related and teaching learning related stress levels. Whereas AB blood group students have higher social related, drive related and group activity related stress levels though not statistically significant. Mean academic scores were highest for AB blood group students, followed by O blood group students. B blood group students had least academic scores but not statistically significant. Furthermore, Blood group AB and O shows negative correlation, whereas A and B blood group shows positive correlation of academic stress with academic scores.

Conclusion: Academic stress was highest for A blood group followed by B blood group and academic performance was highest in AB blood group followed by O blood group. Significant association of different blood groups with academic stress and performance was not found.
A comparative study with 15 ml of 0.25 % bupivacaine between USG guided paravertebral block and peritubal infiltration for post-operative analgesia in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Authors: subramanyam ramya , K krishna
Published: August 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To compare with 15 ml of 0.25 % bupivacaine between USG guided paravertebral block and peritubal infiltration for post-operative analgesia in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
It is a prospective, randomized double blind study. 60 patients posted for PCNL surgeries were randomly allocated into two equal groups of 30 each.
 Group P(30) received thoracic paravertebral block (T9-T10, T10-T11, T11-T12) with 15 ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine. (3ml at each level).
 Group T(30) received peritubal infiltration with 15 ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine.
RESULTS:
Age, ASA grading, and duration of surgery, calculi position and size, access tract and success rate were comparable between the two groups.
Paravertebral block provided better postoperative analgesia than peritubal infiltration in terms of duration and requirement of first rescue analgesia.

CONCLUSION:
Paravertebral block provided prolonged duration of analgesia for PCNL surgeries when compared to peritubal infiltration
Keywords: Paravertebral block, Peritubal infiltration , Bupivacaine, post-operative analgesia.
Editorial: A Zebra or a Donkey? the European Commission’s Proposal for a Debt-Equity Bias Reduction Allowance (DEBRA)
Authors: Ismer Roland
Published: August 2022

Allowance on corporate equity, ACE, notional interest deduction, debt-equity bias, DEBRA, ATAD, interest deductibility, CBIT, Comprehensive Business Income Tax
Peer Reviewed Articles: Understanding VAT in Three-Party, Platform-Based Business Models: Which Party Is Supplying Which Service?
Authors: Zechner Lily
Published: August 2022

Three-party business models in which a platform operator intermediates between a supplier providing a service and a customer buying a service have become an important part of our daily lives. For purposes of European Value Added Tax (VAT), each transaction occurring as part of a three-party business model must be attributed to a ‘taxable’ person responsible for the VAT. Generally, suppliers may provide their services for VAT purposes as proprietary traders, undisclosed agents or disclosed agents, with varying VAT consequences. While there is little explicit case law specifying how to identify the two forms of agency, this article provides a framework for a distinction by building upon the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), taking into consideration the economic and commercial reality of each case and placing particular emphasis on the view of the average consumer. To contribute to a more uniform approach in attributing supplies in three-party, platform-based business models, specifically, this article develops indicators for assessing the relevant facts and ascertaining the economic reality of a case. Lastly, this article provides a method for differentiating agents from providers of electronically supplied services under current EU VAT law.

EU VAT law, Attribution of services, Platform economy, Three-party business models, Disclosed agency, Undisclosed agency, Electronically supplied services, ECJ’s ‘economic approach, View of the average consumer, Uniform interpretation of VAT law
Peer Reviewed Articles: ‘Behind the One-Way Mirror: Reviewing the Legality of EU Tax Algorithmic Governance’
Authors: Hadwick David
Published: August 2022

Tax algorithmic governance has surged from a handful of Member States a decade ago, to a majority of tax administrations in the European Union (EU) integrating artificial intelligence (AI) systems. In light of the ever-increasing volume of tax returns and tax documentation to be processed, the digital transformation of the administration has become an imperative. Yet, cases such as system risico indicatie (SyRI), the toeslagenaffaire and eKasa show that automation poses risks to taxpayers. These cases cast doubts on the secretive nature of the tax administration’s prerogatives and the information and communications technology (ICT) tools used to perform its missions, begging the question of what lies behind the administrations’ one-way mirror. Section 2 presents the current state of use of AI tax systems on the basis of a synthesized literature review of publicly available data, mapping how many and what EU States have integrated AI systems. Section 3 examines compliance of the AI systems identified with the principle of legality. This research finds that while EU Member States have heavily invested into the integration of AI tax systems, very few have adopted specific norms to mitigate the risks to taxpayers’ fundamental rights. As a result, tax algorithmic governance is creating a noticeable gap in the protection of taxpayers’ rights.

Fiscal algorithmic governance, taxpayers’ rights, artificial intelligence, tax secrecy, digital constitutionalism
Article: Split Payment Mechanism as a VAT Collection Method: Evidence from Poland
Authors: Lipniewicz Rafał
Published: August 2022

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the activity of states and international organizations (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), EU) when it comes to solutions that prevent tax frauds and limit tax evasion. The split payment is one of the mechanisms in the field of value added tax. In the European Union, this solution is still used to an extremely limited extent, in only a few Member States. This article analyses the effects of a big-scale implementation of the Split Payment Mechanism in Poland from the perspective of application of tax principles (primarily in the form of reducing the Value Added Tax (VAT) gap) as well as the compliance costs to this model of settling the value added tax. The aim of this article is to ascertain whether the split payment (SP) Mechanism is an effective tool to counteract VAT fraud and whether it can be recommended as a systemic tax solution in the European Union.

EU VAT system, split payment, VAT Collection, Tax gap, VAT fraud, Poland, European Commission, bank transfers, VAT account, financial liquidity.
Social Inequality, Cultural Diversity: A View in Education Sociology
Authors: Carbonell Caride
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze social inequality, cultural diversity from the point of view of Sociology of Education. This research uses qualitative research with descriptive analysis approach. The type of data used in this study is secondary data obtained from library research. The type of data presentation in this study uses a qualitative approach. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that integration must be won day by day with the exercise, by all, of solidarity and the will to negotiate, with the fight against all forms of exclusion and for a true equality of opportunities and civic and political rights. An active and unequivocal will is required on both sides to resolve the inevitable conflicts that will cause the diversity of values ​​and customs, but above all social and political inequality. In the integration process, it is a question of jointly creating a new social space, which will probably be governed by new norms, born of negotiation and the joint creativity of the members of the majority group and those belonging to the minority group. Integration, creativity and negotiation are, therefore, inseparable concepts.
Create a Device for Identifying the Location of Alzheimer's Patients
Authors: Lestari Kiki Rezki , Ramadhan Muhammad Difa , Gunadi Sunartoto
Published: August 2022

The elderly are unavoidably at a higher risk of disease. Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common conditions that affect the elderly. Alzheimer's disease is a brain disease caused by cell damage that results in memory and thinking ability loss as well as behavioral changes. Three satellites are used in this process, with two forming an imaginary line from the user and the third determining the user's position. This module can be integrated by a variety of antennas connected to the U.FL connector to capture satellite signals. The response from the module is sent from the coordinate data from Latitude from the test site based on the tests that have been completed. Due to the limited ability to capture the 800 L SIM module signal in comparison to smartphones commonly used today, network connection problems in closed rooms or places far from signal transmitting towers are the most frequently encountered during testing.
Agency Relations, Accountability, and Their Relation to Local Government Public Value Creation
Authors: Ririhena Samel W. , Richard Yumiad Fernando
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between agency, accountability, and their relationship to the creation of local government public value. The method used to compile this research is a survey of academic literature in the field of public administration that is relevant to the research theme. The results obtained from this study indicate that in the administration of local government there are agency relationships and problems. In addition, local government accountability is still not optimal. Therefore, in the future, local governments need to prioritize two-way relationships, accountability models, and public values.
Reflection of the Halabja Chemical Attack Genocide in Iranian Journalism (The newspaper Keyhan as an example)
Authors: Muhamad Ahmad Karzan
Published: August 2022

This research, the reflection of chemical bombardment genocide of Halabja in Iranian journalism- Kayhan newspaper as a sample, investigates the level of significance and the ways of covering the chemical bombardment of Halabja in one of the most popular and daily Persian newspapers. The goal of the research is to study all the genres and articles of Kayhan newspaper regarding the victims and the injured people of the attack. Content analysis method is used to analyze the subject matter. This research comprises of three parts: the methodology and two major parts. In the methodology the content, the method, the questions, the significance and the delimitations of the research are presented. In the first part, the concepts, principles of genocide and Halabja case is discussed in the light of the international treaties. The second part involves a short introduction of the Kayhan newspaper which is the sample of the research along with the analysis of all the issues of one month of the newspaper between( 20th of March to 20th of April 1988)which contains various aspects of the genocide of Halabja during the Iraq-Iran war. At the end of the research, a number of results and recommendations are presented for further research.
Armenian massacres in Diyarbakir 1895 The Kurdish image in the diplomatic reports of the French Vice-Consul in Diyarbakir Gustave Meyrier
Authors: Abdullah Najati
Published: August 2022

The Armenian massacre in Diyarbakir (13- November 1895) is one of the first pages of the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire, and later became a bloody beginning in the history of the Ottoman Empire, which continued until the last quarter of the Ottoman era, It was also adopted in the republican era as a policy Ethnic genocide perpetrated by the Turkish state against many non-Turkish peoples and ethnic minorities. This study attempts, through diplomatic reports between the French Consulate in Diyarbakir and the French Embassy in Istanbul, which were exchanged during 18941896-, to shed light on the actual scene of the involvement of Kurdish tribes in the Diyarbakir massacre against the Armenians. These reports are an important historical source, because the consul himself was present in Diyarbakir and at the center of the events, moreover, the reports are written in a confidential manner and with the aim of giving as much real information as possible about the sequence of acts of massacre to the French government. Therefore, the exchange of secret diplomatic reports between the Vice-Consul of France Gustav Mayer in Diyarbakir and Paul Cambon, the French ambassador in Istanbul, clearly shows us the role of the auxiliary parties in participating in the Diyarbakir massacre in 1895, a picture that represents the participation of the Hamidiye regiments and Kurdish tribes. The Diyarbakir Massacre of 1895, according to most historical sources, resulted in 100,000 to 300,000 Armenian casualties, but the debate remains open to re-reading and re-history of the 1895 massacre. Our study is part of a research project on the actual picture of the involvement of Kurdish tribes in the Diyarbakir massacre for the Armenians in 1895.
The Process of (First Stage of Anfal) in formal newspapers, and magazines and publishes by the Iraqi government
Authors: Hassan Dr Bryar
Published: August 2022

The First Stage of Anfal was one of the most dangerous of the other stages of Kurdish Anfal, which the Iraqi government a long time had worked on it before starting the complete procedure. Succeeded in the first stage of Anfal. motivated the Iraqi government to perform the rest of the procedure soon. At the same time, the Anfal procedure left an extremely negative impact on the Kurds that they were not able to collect themselves for a long time. The front line of the first stage of the Anfal war was as important as the other front line of the war against Iran and it was the headlines of Iraq’s formal publishes, too. So, the headlines became a witness to his brutal crime against the Kurdish people. The research includes two sections and a conclusion. The first section is a general evaluation the first stage of Anfal inthe valley of Jafyati (Anfal of Dolly Jafayati). The second section deals with the causes and factors of first stage of Anfal and the Iraqi reactions to their success.
The massacre of Zaim Sadiq in Sulaimani from both historical and political perspectives
Authors: Othman Ahmed Mustafa , Azad Anwer Kaiwan
Published: August 2022

In (June ninth, 1963AD) is considered one of the darkest days in which the city of Sulaymaniyah and its people lived within two centuries of its history, when (the leader of Siddiq Mustafa) commanding the twentyth Brigade in the Iraqi army committed a major crime against the people of Sulaymaniyah governorate in general and the city center in particular, whose victim (280) of the city’s residents within hours of one day. This crime remained in the memory of the people of the city and the entire governorate for many years later, they talk about it and see its events for others with deep sadness. For the purpose of controlling that heinous crime against the people of the city and its suburbs, we prepared this research in three sections. In the first topic, we discussed the history of crime and the most important historical factors behind it. We devoted the second topic to the details of the incident and what happened in the city of Sulaymaniyah on (June 9th), and the most important side effects behind it. As for the third and final topic, we devoted ourselves to the political factors behind that incident. Then we concluded this research with several results that the researchers reached, and this is from God the success.
Concepts and types of Genocide: A historical study
Authors: Salih Waisy Karwan
Published: August 2022

History department, faculty of human sciences, University of Zakho, Kurdistan Region-Iraq Genocide is one of the most horrible tool that the dictatorial and dangerous authority is used a political tool to terrified also destroy those people who struggled against its power, undoubtedly the main objective of those authorities were destroying those ethnics, which demanded their rights and equality within their authorities. On the other hand, those authorities identified those groups as a threat to their powers and states in the future, they were finding that they were unable to demolish them by military forces. Hence, they were forced to use chemical destruction weapons with the aim of scratching the ethnics and informing them that whenever you would attempt to cross border of their authorities then you would not have a right to life and you would be killed. In the light of that its necessary to search on the concept of Genocide and its types. Cause Genocide would not occur only through killing. This research is divided into an introduction, background, seven sections and a conclusion. Its introduction shows the content of study. Its background attempts to shed lights on the key concepts of Genocide, the first section depicts physical genocide, in its second section this article present the biological genocide, the third section clarifies cultural genocide, furthermore, the fourth section clear up the economic genocide, in its fifth section this study effort to shows bylaw genocide, the sixth section present the religion genocide. Its seven section demonstrates the moral genocide. Its conclusion shows the outcome of this study.
Genocide in Literature Yazidt Mass Killings in Yashar Kamal’s Gizirta (Island) as a Sample
Authors: Khudhur Khzir Shemal
Published: August 2022

Not only does written and oral literature derive the gist of its content from societal phenomena, love, and spirituality, it is also based on the oppression and sufferance of people which have become part of their memory. For people not to forget their sufferings and persecution they were subject to, they resorted to oral literature for keeping memory of their sufferings. This is also seen in the written literature, and then in the modern literature. Novels have become the key source of documenting and imparting the sufferings and persecution of peoples. This study is drawn upon the first and second volume of Kamal’s ‘A Story of an Island’ because the author, in the very content of his novel, focused on the two aspects: first oral literature of Anatolia people in general and that of Kurds in particular whilst secondly stressing the persecution of people in general but that of Yazidies specifically, which is deeply rooted in the memory of people and has been conveyed to him. In this study, the analytical approach of Raphael Lemkin regarding genocide issues as an accredited concept has been adopted and meanwhile attempts have been made according to the same approach, namely point 1&2 which includes reasons behind the commitment of genocide, pretexts of mass killing, and means of doing so, to showcase and prove the commitment of genocide against Yazidies as per the volume 1&2 of this novel.