bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature characteristics of a magnetic micro strain gauge
Authors: Hansen Stefan , Rissing Lutz , Gatzen Hans H.
Published: August 2008

Magnetoelastic strain gauges applied in weighing machines enable a high resolution excursion measurement. Micro transformers with one part of the flux guide made out of a magnetoelastic material allow the fabrication of magnetic micro systems with high k ‐factors. The sensors were fabricated with Micro Electro‐mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology on silicon substrates. A thinning process before integration into components is required. The thinned sensor chips were integrated into an articulated suspension. For these susceptible sensor elements, special requirements to the assembly process exist. Since the temperature dependence of such systems is of great interest, an evaluation of the temperature characteristics was subject of investigations. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A concept for magnetic data recording on genetically intelligent (“gentelligent”) components
Authors: Wu K.‐H. , Traisigkhachol O. , Gatzen H. H.
Published: August 2008

A new approach of data recording during manufacturing is to store information directly on machine components. This way, the components may serve as their own information carrier throughout the whole manufacturing process, and later in the working cycle. Such a concept is called “gentelligent” (for genetically intelligent) and aims at allowing to inherit fabrication and application data to the product's next generation. This requires a new kind of machine parts, which are capable for collecting, preprocessing, and storing information (e.g. temperature and forces during use of the component) on their surface. For storing the required information, proven principles of the peripheral magnetic data recording including inductive writing and a magneto‐optical readout are applied. The storage medium used is a material developed recently: “magnetic magnesium”, i.e. magnesium filled with hard magnetic particles. To allow a magneto‐optical readout based on the Magneto‐optical Kerr Effect (MOKE), bulk material is covered with a soft magnetic layer, called a keeper layer. The keeper layer is supplied to generate a homogeneous magnetic and reflective surface which is not provided by pure “magnetic magnesium”. This paper describes the development of the recording system. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Honey modulates oxidative burst of professional phagocytes
Authors: Mesaik M. Ahmed , Azim M. Kamran , Mohiuddin S.
Published: August 2008

The effects of natural honey and its major sugar constituents (i.e. D‐fructose, D‐glucose, maltose and sucrose) on phagocytic respiratory burst have been studied. Pre‐incubated whole blood and isolated leukocytes with honey samples and sugars were induced for phagocytosis and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was monitored by using chemiluminescence assays. Honey samples were found to decrease the luminol‐enhanced chemiluminescence in opsonized zymosan‐stimulated whole blood and isolated leukocytes with statistically significant differences; indicating inhibition of ROS production including hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl free radical and hypochlorous acid. Thus honey appears to modify the oxidative burst process by inhibiting phagocytic myeloperoxidase activity. Chemiluminescence assays further showed that among the major sugar constituents of honey, D‐fructose in high concentration exerted an inhibitory effect on exocytosis‐associated myeloperoxidase catalyzed ROS formation. These results pointed out an immuno‐modulatory potential of honey in the course of phagocytosis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of the local diffusion tensor and normalization for heterogeneous correlation modelling using a diffusion equation
Authors: Pannekoucke O. , Massart S.
Published: August 2008

As the background‐error covariance matrix is a key component of any assimilation system, its modelling is an important step. Usually, this matrix is decomposed into correlations and standard deviations matrices. An interesting method for modelling the correlation matrix of the background error for complex geometry, like an ocean grid, consists in computing correlation functions using a diffusion operator. The background‐error correlation functions can be estimated for example from an ensemble of perturbed forecasts. The diffusion operator is able to represent heterogeneous correlation functions at a reasonable numerical cost. But a first challenge resides in the determination of the local diffusion tensor corresponding to the local correlation function. Then the second challenge resides in the determination of the normalization to make sure that the matrix modelled through the diffusion operator is a correlation matrix. In this article, we propose to build a background‐error correlation matrix using a diffusion operator based on a local diffusion tensor. The estimation of this local tensor is performed using an ensemble of perturbed forecasts. A validation within a randomization method illustrates the feasibility and the accuracy of the proposed method. In particular, it is shown that the local geographical variations of diagnosed correlation functions (through an ensemble of perturbed forecast) are well represented.

This is first illustrated in an analytical one‐dimensional framework. In that context, the diffusion field and the normalization field are deduced from a given correlation length‐scale field. The resulting length‐scales are shown to correspond to the initial length‐scale when the given length‐scale field spectrum is red. The approximate normalization, computed from the local length‐scale, is close to the true normalization under the same condition of a red spectrum.

Then, the method is illustrated in a real context using an ensemble of perturbed forecasts from the MOCAGE–PALM assimilation system. In that case, length‐scale and anisotropy diagnosis reveal the complexity of the correlation of stratospheric ozone forecast errors. The local diffusion tensor deduced from these diagnoses is shown be able to represent such an existing heterogeneity and anisotropy. As in the one‐dimensional case, the approximate normalization, based on the local diffusion tensor, appears to be a really good approximation of the true normalization. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
EBIC and luminescence studies of defects in solar cells
Authors: Breitenstein O. , Bauer J. , Kittler M. , Arguirov T. , Seifert W.
Published: August 2008

Electron beam‐induced current (EBIC) can be used to detect electronic irregularities in solar cells, such as shunts and precipitates, and to perform physical characterization of defects by, e.g. measuring the temperature dependence of their recombination activity. Recently also luminescence methods such as electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence (PL) have been shown to provide useful information on crystal defects in solar cells. In this contribution it will be shown that the combined application of EBIC, EL and PL may deliver useful information on the presence and on the physical properties of crystal defects in silicon solar cells. Also pre‐breakdown sites in multicrystalline cells can be investigated by reverse‐bias EL and by microplasma‐type EBIC, in comparison with lock‐in thermography investigations. SCANNING 30: 331–338, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dose‐dependent changes in the synaptic strength on dopamine neurons and locomotor activity after cocaine exposure
Authors: Wanat M.J. , Bonci A.
Published: August 2008

Changes in synaptic strength on ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons are thought to play a critical role in the development of addiction‐related behaviors. However, it is unknown how a single injection of cocaine at different doses affects locomotor activity, behavioral sensitization, and glutamatergic synaptic strength on VTA dopamine neurons in mice. We observed that behavioral sensitization to a challenge cocaine injection scaled with the dose of cocaine received 1 day prior. Interestingly, the locomotor activity after the initial exposure to different doses of cocaine corresponded to the changes in glutamatergic strength on VTA dopamine neurons. These results in mice suggest that a single exposure to cocaine dose‐dependently affects excitatory synapses on VTA dopamine neurons, and that this acute synaptic alteration is directly associated with the locomotor responses to cocaine and not to behavioral sensitization. Synapse 62:790–795, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupancy of dopamine D2/3 receptors in rat brain by endogenous dopamine measured with the agonist positron emission tomography radioligand [11C]MNPA
Authors: Seneca Nicholas , Zoghbi Sami S. , Skinbjerg Mette , Liow Jeih‐San , Hong Jinsoo , Sibley David R. , Pike Victor W. , Halldin Christer , Innis Robert B.
Published: August 2008

Estimates of dopamine D2/3 receptor occupancy by endogenous dopamine using positron emission tomography (PET) in animals have varied almost threefold. This variability may have been caused by incomplete depletion of dopamine or by the use of antagonist radioligands, which appear less sensitive than agonist radioligands to changes in endogenous dopamine. PET scans were performed in rats with the agonist PET radioligand [11C]MNPA ([O‐methyl‐11C]2‐methoxy‐N‐propylnorapomorphine). [11C]MNPA was injected as a bolus plus constant infusion to achieve steady‐state concentration in the body and equilibrium receptor binding in the brain. Radioligand binding was compared at baseline and after treatment with reserpine plus α‐methyl‐para‐tyrosine, which cause ∼95% depletion of endogenous dopamine. Depletion of dopamine increased radioligand binding in striatum but had little effect in cerebellum. Striatal [11C]MNPA binding potential was 0.93 ± 0.12 at baseline and increased to 1.99 ± 0.25 after dopamine depletion. Occupancy of D2/3 receptors by endogenous dopamine at baseline was calculated to be ∼53%. Striatal binding was displaceable with raclopride, but not with BP 897 (a selective D3 compound), thus confirming the D2 receptor specificity of [11C]MNPA binding. Radioactivity extracted from rat brain contained only 8–10% radiometabolites and was insignificantly altered by administration of reserpine plus α‐methyl‐para‐tyrosine. Hence, dopamine depletion did not increase the PET measurements via an effect on radiotracer metabolism. Our in vivo estimate of dopamine's occupancy of D2/3 receptors at baseline is higher than that previously reported using antagonist radioligands and PET, but is similar to that reported using agonist radioligands and ex vivo measurements. Synapse 62:756–763, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations in amphetamine‐stimulated dopamine overflow due to the Nurr1‐null heterozygous genotype and postweaning isolation
Authors: Moore Talisha M. , Brown Timothy , Cade Mirae , Eells Jeffrey B.
Published: August 2008

The nuclear receptor Nurr1 functions to regulate dopamine neurotransmission, as Nurr1‐null heterozygous (+/−) mice have alterations in dopamine function and, when raised in isolation immediately after weaning, have disruptions in sensorimotor gaiting, a behavior altered in schizophrenia and modulated by dopamine neurotransmission. The goal of this study was to determine nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbens dopamine neurotransmission using microdialysis in +/− and wild‐type (+/+) mice raised in groups or isolation. In the striatum, isolation significantly reduced amphetamine‐stimulated dopamine overflow and levels of the dopamine metabolite 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). The +/− genotype alone caused a small, nonsignificant reduction in basal dopamine levels but a significant reduction in basal DOPAC levels. In the nucleus accumbens shell, the +/− genotype elevated basal dopamine levels. Isolation had genotype specific effects, causing an elevation in amphetamine‐stimulated dopamine overflow in +/− mice but a reduction in +/+ mice, resulting in a large difference in stimulated dopamine overflow when comparing the +/+ and +/− isolated mice. These data indicate that a deletion of a single allele of Nurr1, which produces only subtle changes alone, when coupled with a developmental stressor, can dramatically alter mesoaccumbens dopamine neurotransmission. These observations demonstrate how the combination of genetic predisposition and an environmental insult during development can cause dysfunction of dopamine neurotransmission and could contribute to diseases such as schizophrenia or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Synapse 62:764–774, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effect of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine on excitatory synaptic transmission in rat hippocampus
Authors: Giustizieri Michela , Armogida Marta , Berretta Nicola , Federici Mauro , Piccirilli Silvia , Mercuri Nicola B. , Nistico Robert
Published: August 2008

In this study, we have compared the effects of two structurally related compounds carbamazepine (CBZ) and oxcarbazepine (OXC), both in current use for the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder, on fast excitatory transmission in rat hippocampal slices. Using electrophysiological recordings, we have investigated the effects of CBZ and OXC on repetitive action potential discharge of CA1 pyramidal neurons demonstrating that both compounds produced firing inhibition with similar IC50values. Moreover, we show that bath applied CBZ (0.01–1 mM) exerted a concentration‐dependent decrease in the amplitude of the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials with an IC50of ∼194.3 μM. When OXC was used at the same concentrations, the concentration–response curve was shifted to the right (IC50of ∼711.07 μM). In addition, we demonstrated that CBZ and OXC reduced, to a different extent, both evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents and NMDA‐, AMPA‐, and KA‐mediated inward currents, CBZ being more potent than OXC. These data highlight distinct presynaptic and postsynaptic sites of action for both compounds and suggest that CBZ, by markedly depressing postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors‐mediated responses, may produce more severe cognitive and memory impairment. Thus, we assume that relatively high doses of OXC could be better tolerated than therapeutically equivalent doses of CBZ, justifying the preferential use of OXC as first‐line treatment in the therapy of neurological and psychiatric disorders, particularly when compared with CBZ. Synapse 62:783–789, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glycerol accumulation in the dimorphic yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera: cloning of two glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase genes, one of which is markedly induced by osmotic stress
Authors: Yan Hua , Jia Liang‐Hui , Lin Yu‐Ping , Jiang Ning
Published: August 2008

Glycerol plays an important role in the osmoadaptation responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, there is no detailed investigation about the role of glycerol in the osmoadaptation responses of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera. Here we show that both intra‐ and extracellular glycerol concentrations in Sm. fibuligera cells responded very quickly when they were subjected to osmotic stress. We then cloned two isogenes encoding putative NAD+‐dependent glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) from Sm. fibuligera PD70 by degenerate PCR and subsequent chromosome walking methods. Those two genes, designated SfGPD1 and SfGPD2, respectively, exhibited 86.6% pairwise identity in their encoding regions, while there was no obvious homology in their non‐coding regions. Either SfGPD1 or SfGPD2 could complement the salt tolerance characteristics of the gpd1gpd2 double mutant strain of S. cerevisiae, further demonstrating that both of those genes are functional homologues of S. cerevisiae GPD1 and GPD2. Northern blot analysis revealed that SfGPD1 was induced markedly by osmotic stress, while SfGPD2 was not. In consistency with the observation that there was no obvious glycerol content change when the cells were transferred to anoxic conditions, neither SfGPD1 nor SfGPD2 was induced when the cells were transferred to anoxic conditions, thus suggesting a functional splitting of glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase between S. cerevisiae and Sm. fibuligera. The Genbank Accession Nos for SfGPD1 and SfGPD2 were DQ536095 and DQ536096, respectively. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slicing communicating automata specifications: polynomial algorithms for model reduction
Authors: Labbé Sébastien , Gallois Jean-Pierre
Published: August 2008

In the industry, communicating automata specifications are mainly used in fields where the reliability requirements are high, as this formalism allow the use of powerful validation tools. Still, on large scale industrial specifications, formal methods suffer from the combinatorial explosion phenomenon. In our contribution, we suggest to try to bypass this phenomenon, in applyingslicingtechniques preliminarily to the targeted complex analysis. This analysis can thus be performeda posteriorion a reduced (orsliced) specification, which is potentially less exposed to combinatorial explosion. The slicing method is based on dependence relations, defined on the specification under analysis, and is mainly founded on the literature on compiler construction and program slicing. A theoretical framework is described, for static analyses of communicating automata specifications. This includes formal definitions for the aforementioned dependence relations, and for asliceof a specification with respect to a slicingcriterion. Efficient algorithms are also described in detail, for calculating dependence relations and specification slices. Each of these algorithms has been shown to be polynomial, and sound and complete with respect to its respective definition. These algorithms have also been implemented in a slicing tool, named Carver, that has shown to be operational in specification debugging and understanding. The experimental results obtained in model reduction with this tool are promising, notably in the area of formal validation and verification methods, e.g.model checking, test case generation.
Effect of CLA and Other C18 Unsaturated Fatty Acids on DGAT in Bovine Milk Fat Biosynthetic Systems
Authors: Sørensen Brent M. , Chris Kazala E. , Murdoch Gordon K. , Keating Aileen F. , Cruz‐Hernandez Cristina , Wegner Jochen , Kennelly John J. , Okine Erasmus K. , Weselake Randall J.
Published: August 2008

Production of dairy products with increased amounts of nutraceutic FA such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) represents a recent approach for dairy producers and processors to increase the value of their products. The effect of CLA and other FA on the expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase‐1 (DGAT‐1) and DGAT‐2, and DGAT activity were investigated in bovine mammary gland epithelial (MAC‐T) cells. DGAT gene expression analyses were also conducted using bovine mammary gland tissue from dairy cows. In the studies with MAC‐T cells, there were no significant effects of CLA isomers or other FA on DGAT1 expression, whereas all FA tested showed enhanced DGAT2 expression (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), with α‐linolenic acid (α‐18:3) having the greatest effect. Additionally, DGAT2 expression was co‐ordinated with expression of lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT), an observation that was also apparent in mammary gland from lactating dairy cows. In contrast, treatment of MAC‐T cells with trans‐10, cis‐12 18:2 or α‐18:3 resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in overall DGAT enzyme activity, although the mechanisms resulting in these effects are unclear. Competition assays using microsomes from bovine mammary gland tissue and 1‐[14C]oleoyl‐CoA suggested that DGAT activity was more selective for oleoyl (cis‐9 18:1)‐CoA than cis‐9, trans‐11 18:2‐, trans‐10, cis‐12 18:2‐ or cis‐9, cis‐12 18:2‐CoA. Collectively, the results suggest the relationship between trans‐10, cis‐12 18:2 and reduced TAG production in bovine milk is not linked to the production of DGAT1 or DGAT2 transcripts, but probably involves effects of this CLA isomer at events beyond transcription, such as post‐translational and/or enzyme activity effects.
Implementing Reforms in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Challenge of the Constitutional Process
Authors: Arvanitopoulos Constantine , Tzifakis Nikolaos
Published: August 2008

Unfortunately, an error in the authors’ affiliation occurred: instead of “Constantine Karamanlis Institute for Democracy” it should read “Constantinos Karamanlis Institute for Democracy”.
Theory of mind deficits for processing counterfactual information in persons with chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Kern R. S. , Green M. F. , Fiske A. P. , Kee K. S. , Lee J. , Sergi M. J. , Horan W. P. , Subotnik K. L. , Sugar C. A. , Nuechterlein K. H.
Published: August 2008

Background

Interpersonal communication problems are common among persons with schizophrenia and may be linked, in part, to deficits in theory of mind (ToM), the ability to accurately perceive the attitudes, beliefs and intentions of others. Particular difficulties might be expected in the processing of counterfactual information such as sarcasm or lies.

Method

The present study included 50 schizophrenia or schizo-affective out-patients and 44 demographically comparable healthy adults who were administered Part III of The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT; a measure assessing comprehension of sarcasm versus lies) as well as measures of positive and negative symptoms and community functioning.

Results

TASIT data were analyzed using a 2 (group: patients versus healthy adults)×2 (condition: sarcasm versus lie) repeated-measures ANOVA. The results show significant effects for group, condition, and the group×condition interaction. Compared to controls, patients performed significantly worse on sarcasm but not lie scenes. Within-group contrasts showed that patients performed significantly worse on sarcasm versus lie scenes; controls performed comparably on both. In patients, performance on TASIT showed a significant correlation with positive, but not negative, symptoms. The group and interaction effects remained significant when rerun with a subset of patients with low-level positive symptoms. The findings for a relationship between TASIT performance and community functioning were essentially negative.

Conclusions

The findings replicate a prior demonstration of difficulty in the comprehension of sarcasm using a different test, but are not consistent with previous studies showing global ToM deficits in schizophrenia.
Consonant weakening in Florentine Italian: A cross-disciplinary approach to gradient and variable sound change
Authors: Dalcher Christina Villafaña
Published: August 2008

Few acoustic studies of the intervocalic consonant lenition in central Italian dialects (a process known asGorgia Toscana) have been undertaken. This study examines speech data from Florentine Italian in order to describe the process ofGorgia Toscanaquantitatively and to assess the roles of physiological, perceptual, phonological, and social factors in the process. Results of acoustic and statistical analysis indicate gradient and variable output, with certain patterns occurring in the variation. The observations that emerge from the data cannot all be accounted for ifGorgia Toscanais characterized as a purely phonetic, phonological, or socially driven process of sound change. Rather, different aspects of the process are attributed to different motivators: gradience and velar preference to articulator movements, resistance of nonvelar lenition to perceptual constraints, targeting of a natural class and categorical weakening to abstract featural representations, and intersubject variation in velar lenition to external social factors.
When is a change not a change? A case study on the dialect origins of New Zealand English
Authors: Britain David
Published: August 2008

In studying language change, variationists are, naturally perhaps, more interested in the new, innovative form than in the old conservative one, and because of the actuation problem, investigations of changes in progress very rarely are able to shed light on the change in its very earliest stages. In this article, I suggest that we should perhaps pay more attention than we have at present to the origins of the change (in addition to its route and destination) and the nature of the conservative form if we are to chart ongoing changes in an accurate way. Here, I highlight an example of a feature of New Zealand English (NZE) (realizations of themouthdiphthong with front mid-open onsets) that has, until recently, been assumed to have resulted from a change of the Southern Shift-kind—a raising and fronting to [εʊ~εƏ]—but which, as I demonstrate using contemporary and past dialectological, as well as sociodemographic evidence, did not undergo this change in this way. Indeed, the supposedly conservative [aʊ] form has barely been used at all as a conversational vernacular variant in NZE. I argue here that the present-day NZE realization is far more likely to be the outcome of a process of dialect leveling operating on the mixture of forms brought to New Zealand by British and Irish migrants in the 19th century. The moral of the story is that if we think we observe a change in progress from A to B, we need to provide evidence not just of the existence of B, but also of the prior existence of A.
In Pursuit of Religious and Legal Diversity: A Response to the Archbishop of Canterbury and the ‘Sharia Debate’ in Britain
Authors: Bano Samia
Published: August 2008

This article responds to the lecture given by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, entitled ‘Civil and Religious Law in England: a religious perspective’.1Dr Williams argues that the legal system in Britain must engage constructively with the religious concerns and motivations of members of the diverse communities that make up contemporary British society. My own analysis focuses on the argument that ‘Muslim communities in this country seek the freedom to live under sharia law’, a claim that underpins the lecture and provides the framework for the Archbishop's discussion of the ability of the English legal system to accommodate Islamic principles and law, in order to become more just and equitable for faith-based communities. My empirical analysis, I argue, is not only better equipped to analyse this complex issue but also demonstrates that Muslim engagement with sharia (in matters of family law) is a complex process that cannot be understood in terms of sharia versus state law, Muslim versus non-Muslims, or those considered as insiders of communities versus outsiders.2Muslim engagement with sharia cannot be understood merely in terms of the need for legal rights and obligations to be reformulated to make faith-based minority communities more legally and socially inclusive. It is also necessary to understand the specific ways in which such legal orders emerge in the British context and, most importantly, the rights and motivations of those members of communities who seek to use faith-based dispute resolution mechanisms – in this case, focusing particularly on Muslim women.
Hatred, Sexual Orientation, Free Speech and Religious Liberty
Authors: Leigh Ian
Published: August 2008

In recent years, the clash between supporters of religious liberty and sexual orientation equality legislation has led to repeated battles both in Parliament and the courts. First came the clashes over the scope of exemptions in employment discrimination legislation for religious groups. The UK Regulations dealing with employment discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation give a limited exception for ‘employment for purposes of an organised religion’, which allows an employer to apply a requirement related to sexual orientation to comply with the doctrines of the religion, or to avoid conflicting with the strongly held religious convictions of a significant number of the religion's followers. A legal challenge brought to the scope of this exception was unsuccessful but, despite that, the exemption has not averted damaging findings of discrimination against the Church of England. The Bishop of Hereford was held to have discriminated unlawfully in blocking the appointment of a practising homosexual to a youth-officer post within the Church of England. The partial success of religious groups in achieving exemption was followed by defeat in the equivalent regulations dealing with discrimination in goods and services, made under the Equality Act 2006, despite the claims of Catholic adoption agencies that they would rather close than place children with same-sex couples.
Parliamentary Report
Authors: Cranmer Frank
Published: August 2008

The period under review began with a joint statement by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator and HM Revenue & Customs clarifying the requirement for definition clauses (defining the meaning of ‘charitable’, ‘charitable purpose’ or ‘charity’) in constitutions of bodies on the Scottish Charity Register that also wish to seek tax relief from HMRC, in order to establish an operational arrangement that would have a minimum impact on Scottish charities. The agreement was based on the premise that there is very little divergence between the concept of what is charitable under the terms of the Charities and Trustee Investment (Scotland) Act 2005 (asp 10) and what is charitable for the purposes of the Taxes Acts.
Religion, Law and the Family
Authors: Wilkie-Buckley Layla
Published: August 2008

On 11 and 12 March, an international and interdisciplinary conference was held at Cardiff Law School to mark the tenth anniversary of the foundation of its Centre for Law and Religion. Eleven professors, all of whom are leading scholars with international reputations in this field, addressed the changing understandings of the family in international law, state law and religious law. The papers given provided a clear illustration of the vast array of areas in which law, religion and the family interplay and affect each other through the application of the law, such as legislative developments concerning same-sex relationships, biomedicine and religious reservations, and developments that illustrate a changing understanding of what constitutes a family.
Exploiting reachability and cardinality in higher-order flow analysis
Authors: MIGHT MATTHEW , SHIVERS OLIN
Published: August 2008

We present two complementary improvements for abstract-interpretation-based flow analysis of higher-order languages: (1)abstract garbage collectionand (2)abstract counting. Abstract garbage collection is an analog to its concrete counterpart: the analysis determines when an abstract resource has become unreachable, and then, re-allocates it as fresh. This prevents flow sets from joining during abstract interpretation, which has two immediate effects: (1) the precision of the interpretation increases and (2) its running time often falls. In abstract counting, the analysis tracks how many times an abstract resource has been allocated. A count of one implies that the abstract resource momentarily represents only one concrete resource. This knowledge, in turn, drives environment analysis, expanding the kind (rather than just the degree) of optimization available to the compiler.
Line-of-Sight Percolation
Authors: BOLLOBÁS BÉLA , JANSON SVANTE , RIORDAN OLIVER
Published: August 2008

Given ω ≥ 1, let $\Z^2_{(\omega)}$ be the graph with vertex set $\Z^2$ in which two vertices are joined if they agree in one coordinate and differ by at most ω in the other. (Thus $\Z^2_{(1)}$ is precisely $\Z^2$.) Let pc(ω) be the critical probability for site percolation on $\Z^2_{(\omega)}$. Extending recent results of Frieze, Kleinberg, Ravi and Debany, we show that limω→∞ωpc(ω)=log(3/2). We also prove analogues of this result for the n-by-n grid and in higher dimensions, the latter involving interesting connections to Gilbert's continuum percolation model. To prove our results, we explore the component of the origin in a certain non-standard way, and show that this exploration is well approximated by a certain branching random walk.
DESIREE as a new tool for interstellar ion chemistry
Authors: Schmidt Henning T. , Johansson Henrik A.B. , Thomas Richard D. , Geppert Wolf D. , Haag Nicole , Reinhed Peter , Rosén Stefan , Larsson Mats , Danared Håkan , Rensfelt K.-G. , Liljeby Leif , Bagge Lars , Björkhage Mikael , Blom Mikael , Löfgren Patrik , Källberg Anders , Simonsson Ansgar , Paál Andras , Zettergren Henning , Cederquist Henrik
Published: August 2008

A novel cryogenic electrostatic storage device consisting of two ion-beam storage rings with a common straight section for studies of interactions between oppositely charged ions at low and well-defined relative velocities is under construction at Stockholm University. Here we consider the prospect of using this new tool to measure cross-sections and rate coefficients for mutual neutralization reactions of importance in interstellar ion chemistry in general and specifically in cosmic pre-biotic ion chemistry.
Der Einfluss von zehn aufeinander folgenden Langdistanz-Triathlons auf Körperfett und Muskelmasse – World Challenge Deca Iron 2006
Authors: Knechtle B. , Andonie J.L. , Fraire Salas O. , Knechtle P. , Kohler G.
Published: August 2008

In der vorliegenden Arbeit haben wir die Veränderung der Körpermasse bei 8 erfolgreichen Ultratriathleten bei einem Mehretappen-Triathlon untersucht. Während 10 aufeinander folgenden Tagen haben die Athleten je einen Langdistanz-Triathlon über die Ironman-Distanz von 3.8 km Schwimmen, 180 km Radfahren und 42.2 km Laufen absolviert. Vor und nach dem Rennen wurden Körpergewicht, Hautfaltendicke und Umfänge der Extremitäten gemessen, um daraus die Skelettmuskelmasse sowie den prozentualen Anteil an Körperfett zu berechnen. Gleichzeitig wurde mit einer bioelektrischen Impedanzanalyse (BIA) die fettfreie Körpermasse, der prozentuale Anteil an Körperfett sowie das Körperwasser bestimmt. Das Körpergewicht zeigte nach dem Wettkampf keine signifikante Abnahme (p > 0.05), während die berechnete Skelettmuskelmasse signifikant (p < 0.05) um 1.1 kg und die berechnete Fettmasse signifikant (p < 0.05) um 0.9 kg abnahmen.
Hypertrophie rotulienne: rare anomalie associée à une dysplasie polyépiphysaire
Authors: Van Linthoudt D.
Published: August 2008

La dysplasie polyépiphysaire est une chondrodystrophie génotypique caractérisée par des déformations épi-physaires multiples. Le diagnostic est habituellement posé durant l’enfance sur des troubles de la marche et une limitation de la mobilité articulaire associés à des modifications radiologiques des noyaux d’ossification épiphysaires. Cette présentation rapporte l’observation d’une patiente qui n’a consulté qu’à l’âge adulte. Le diagnostic résulte de l’association d’une petite taille, une légère dysmorphie des extrémités et des signes radiologiques d’arthrose précoce sur des déformations épiphysaires. Les radiographies de profil des genoux ont révélé une hypertrophie globuleuse des rotules. Cet aspect n’a été rapporté qu’à quelques reprises. Une fusion tardive d’une duplication antéro-postérieure du noyau d’ossification de la rotule semble être l’hypothèse physio-pathologique la plus probable. La persistance des deux noyaux d’ossification pourrait être à l’origine de la duplication coronale de la rotule, autre anomalie rencontrée occasionnellement dans la dysplasie polyépiphysaire.
Die chronischen Bauchschmerzen der Frau C.
Authors: Rothen N. , Scheidegger S.
Published: August 2008

Die 25-jährige Frau C. leidet seit ungefähr einem Jahr an diffusen Bauchschmerzen, der Stuhlgang ist unregelmässig und sie neigt zu Obstipation.
Textural and geophysical characterization of explosive basaltic activity at Villarrica volcano
Authors: Gurioli L. , Harris A. J. L. , Houghton B. F. , Polacci M. , Ripepe M.
Published: August 2008

Villarrica volcano (Chile) is one of the most active volcanoes in South America. Its activity is currently characterized by continuous degassing from a summit lava lake/vent punctuated by explosive events. During November 2004 a multidisciplinary experiment was deployed for a 10‐d period to define the style of emission and infer shallow conduit dynamics at this basaltic center. This involved collection of thermal, seismic and infrasonic data to describe the background activity confined inside the crater, and use of samples to texturally and chemically characterize the ejecta from more energetic explosions able to attain the crater rim. The background activity was characterized by gas bursting with a frequency of ∼9 events per minute. This involved emission of gas puffs fed by bubble bursting, with larger bursts emplacing sheets of magma onto the lower crater walls. The ejecta population from the more energetic events was characterized by the coexistence of both scoriae and golden pumice. These two types of clasts have different textures but identical glass compositions, suggesting that they underwent different conduit histories. The golden pumice is interpreted as the expanding inner part of a short‐lived jet fed by a rapidly ascending, magma batch. The scoria forms the outer portion of the jet and comprises degassed material entrained during passage of the fresh batch through material residing in the upper‐most portion of the conduit. We thus have a largely degassed upper column that feeds persistent bubble bursting, through which fresh batches occasionally rise to feed events of relatively higher energy.
Deformation rates estimated from earthquakes in the northern Cordillera of Canada and eastern Alaska
Authors: Leonard Lucinda J. , Mazzotti Stéphane , Hyndman Roy D.
Published: August 2008

We estimate deformation rates from earthquake catalog statistics to investigate current strain distribution resulting from the collision of the Yakutat block with North America. The collision is accommodated over a broad region of Alaska and NW Canada in a variety of tectonic regimes. Our estimates have significant uncertainties, but the results are generally in agreement with other deformation rate estimates (GPS and geological data) and provide useful first‐order constraints on local long‐term tectonic deformation and seismic hazard. We estimate that 50–75% of relative plate motion is taken up by earthquakes on the Yakutat/North America boundaries, with lateral crustal extrusion, other far‐field strain, and possibly aseismic creep accommodating the remainder. We calculate dextral strike slip of 4.5–10.2 mm/a on the Denali fault system in Alaska, remarkably similar to late Pleistocene/Holocene rates from geomorphic offsets. Right‐lateral motion essentially bypasses the Denali fault in easternmost Alaska and westernmost Yukon, passing instead along the Totschunda and Duke River fault systems. Right‐lateral transpression of 5–10 mm/a suggests that the Alaskan fore arc does not have fully block‐like behavior. Between the Denali and Tintina‐Kaltag faults in Alaska, 10–20 mm/a of dextral shear is accommodated by several NE trending “bookshelf” faults. Significant seismic deformation (in cases higher than expected from GPS data) is indicated in the NE Cordillera, where preexisting faults have a strong control on the pattern and mechanisms of current deformation.
Evaluation of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ozone profiles and total ozone retrievals with matched ozonesonde measurements, ECMWF ozone data, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument retrievals
Authors: Divakarla Murty , Barnet Christopher , Goldberg Mitchell , Maddy Eric , Irion Fredrick , Newchurch Mike , Liu Xingpin , Wolf Walter , Flynn Lawrence , Labow Gordon , Xiong Xiaozhen , Wei Jennifer , Zhou Lihang
Published: August 2008

An evaluation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) version 4 (V4) and version 5 (V5) retrieved ozone profiles and the total column ozone is performed using collocated ozonesonde (O3SND) profiles and total ozone measurements from the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Center (WOUDC) archives. Using O3SNDs and Brewer/Dobson Network (BD) measurements as the truth, bias and root‐mean‐squared (RMS) difference statistics are computed for the AIRS ozone profile retrievals and the derived total ozone. In addition, global monthly maps of total ozone generated for the AIRS retrievals are compared with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Solar Backscatter Ultra Violet (SBUV/2) instrument derived maps to evaluate the characteristic trends and seasonal cycle depicted by the AIRS retrieval. The results of the validation exercise reveal that the AIRS V5 algorithm significantly improves the ozone profile retrieval biases and RMS differences for the lower troposphere and, especially, over the tropical region where the V4 algorithm shows larger discrepancies with the O3SND measurements. The V5 retrieval biases with global O3SNDs are less than 5% for both the stratosphere and the troposphere. The RMS differences are less than 20% for the upper stratosphere and are close to 20% for the lower stratosphere and the troposphere. Total ozone amounts from both the V4 and V5 versions agree well with the global BD station measurements with a bias of less than 4% and an RMS difference of approximately 8%. Analysis of V5 total ozone monthly maps reveals that the V5 ozone retrievals depict seasonal trends and patterns in concurrence with OMI and SBUV/2 observations.
Atmospheric production of nitrous oxide from excited ozone and its potentially important implications for global change studies
Authors: Prasad Sheo S. , Zipf Edward C.
Published: August 2008

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas included in the Kyoto Protocol. Its production from excited ozone (O3) may potentially influence inverse modeling, future growth projection, and the use of mass‐independent Δ17O anomaly of N2O for probing paleoatmospheric O3. On the basis of the three‐component model of N2O quantum yield in photolysis of O3in air, the globally averaged atmospheric production of N2O from O3electronically excited by the Hartley‐Huggins band and from highly vibrationally excited ground‐state O3are 1.01 and 0.26 Tg N a−1, respectively. The sum of the two productions is 9.4 and 7.7%, respectively, of the N2O from microbial and anthropogenic activities estimated by Global Emissions Inventory Activity and by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001). Uncertainties in these results are discussed. Subject to those uncertainties, inverse modeling of N2O that neglects productions from O3could yield artificially magnified (by about 7%) globally averaged emission of N2O from microbial and anthropogenic activity and introduce distortion in the regional and seasonal pattern in that emission. Experiments that could narrow the uncertainties are discussed. Production from highly vibrationally excited O3reduces the steepness in the decrease of N2O volume‐mixing ratios (VMR) above 35 km. Modeled and observed VMR comparisons show latitude‐ and season‐dependent overestimation and underestimation of the N2O VMR by models. Globally averaged comparison suggests possible N2O source deficit in the stratosphere. Limitations, uncertainties, and need for experiments associated with this possibility are also discussed. If proven real, the possible missing N2O source could influence the atmospheric affects of solar UV variability, subject to conditions that are discussed.
The noise cross‐correlation approach for Apollo 17 LSPE data: Diurnal change in seismic parameters in shallow lunar crust
Authors: Tanimoto Toshiro , Eitzel Melissa , Yano Tomoko
Published: August 2008

By applying the noise cross‐correlation technique to Apollo 17 Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment (LSPE) data, we discovered temporal changes in Rayleigh‐wave group velocity within a diurnal cycle (29.53 d). Assuming that this phenomenon is caused by density and seismic parameter changes due to temperature, we formulated an inverse problem. Thermal diffusivity serves as the key parameter for this problem because it controls the depth penetration of temperature change. The results of inversion indicate that a typical number for the thermal diffusivity of terrestrial rocks (κ ≈ 10−6m2/s) is too large to fit the data. Our preferred value is about κ ≈ 10−7 (m2/s), although the inversion alone cannot discriminate among the values below this number. Differences between this estimate and a lower estimate (κ ≈ 10−8m2/s) by Langseth et al. may indicate the significance of radiation for thermal transfer in the upper‐most lunar crust. We also find a direct correlation between the Rayleigh‐wave amplitudes and the statistics of thermal moonquakes, both of which change with the diurnal periodicity and peak at sunset. This implies that thermal moonquakes are the source of valuable seismic noise, lending strong support to an idea proposed by Larose et al. This is in contrast to the terrestrial situation where the ocean‐generated noise plays a critical role in the cross‐correlation approach. The noise correlation approach is potentially useful for many planets which undergo wide swings in surface temperature and thus potentially have thermal quakes.
Diel patterns of soil respiration in a tropical forest after Hurricane Wilma
Authors: Vargas Rodrigo , Allen Michael F.
Published: August 2008

Hurricanes are infrequent disturbances that affect tropical ecosystems and cause obvious damage on aboveground variables, but their impact on soil respiration is unclear. This study is the first attempt to continuously measure soil CO2concentrations in a seasonally dry tropical forest to describe diel patterns of soil CO2and respiration. Here we used solid‐state CO2sensors and the gradient flux method to calculate soil respiration following the unexpected pass of hurricane Wilma at the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Mean annual soil respiration for the year following the hurricane was 10.4μmol CO2m−2s−1with a cumulative soil respiration of 3821 g CO2m−2a−1. Soil CO2concentrations returned to prehurricane levels after 6 months at 16 cm depth, however, soil CO2remained higher at 2 and 16 cm depth 1 year after the event. Contrary to previous studies, our results showed that soil respiration was 18% higher 1 year after the hurricane than during the same dates before the event. Diel patterns of soil respiration were decoupled from soil temperature with higher values at night between 2400 and 0600 h. Between 67 and 70% of total soil respiration was produced in the 2–8 cm layer, and this contribution was relatively constant across the sampled year and before the hurricane. We found seasonal shifts in the amplitude and shape and of diel hysteresis effects of soil respiration suggesting that other biophysical mechanisms regulate daily patterns of soil respiration other than soil temperature alone in this tropical forest.
Convolution type operators for wave diffraction by conical structures
Authors: Kuryliak D. B. , Nazarchuk Z. T.
Published: August 2008

The analytical regularisation technique for rigorous solution of dual series equations in diffraction theory for structures, which consist of coaxial perfect (perfectly conducting, rigid or soft) conical sections, is proposed. The conical sections do not form biconical regions and the continuation of their generatrices has a single crossing point. The proposed approach is based on the mode matching technique as well as on establishing of the rule for correct transition to the infinite systems of linear algebraic equations and on receiving the solutions, which provide the fulfilment of all the necessary conditions for all the boundary value problems considered here: Neumann, Dirichlet, scalar electromagnetic problem. These systems are proved to be regularized by a pair of operators, which consist of the convolution type operator and the corresponding inverse one. The elements of the inverted operator are founded analytically using the factorization procedure for kernel functions for each boundary value problem. The peculiarities of the far field formation by one‐ and two‐section cones in the case of their axially symmetric excitation by TM‐ electromagnetic wave are analyzed numerically.