bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XVII.—Observations on the Blood in Gas Poisoning
Authors: Miller James , Rainy Harry
Published: June 2016

1. In cases of gas poisoning in which symptoms persist there is an increase in the number of lymphocytes, relative and absolute, in the circulating blood. In slight cases this may not be beyond the normal limits, or in excess of what may be met with from other causes. In any marked case, however, the change is sufficiently striking to be of some importance in cases where the medical officer is in doubt as to the reliance to be placed upon the statements of men complaining of having been gassed.

2. The blood change is elicited by a differential count of the leucocytes, and it may be taken that a count in which the percentage of lymphocytes approaches that of the polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes indicates that the patient is still suffering from the effects of gassing, provided always that there is no other complicating disease present which might produce a similar change. A slight relative lymphocytosis is not an uncommon finding, and particularly in men from overseas, so that no great reliance can be placed upon the sign unless it is marked, i.e. unless the percentage of lymphocytes approaches closely that of the polymorpho-nuclear cells.

3. The cell which is increased is the ordinary small lymphocyte of the blood. There may be, in some cases, a diminution in the number of polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes which will, of course, accentuate the sign, but the increase of lymphocytes is an absolute one. Moreover, it appears in cases with a high leucocyte count.

4. The change is one which develops early, probably within a month of the gassing, and continues for a long time, in cases with persistent symptoms for at least eighteen months.

5. The change appears to be independent of the kind of gas, and it is shown by patients exhibiting many varieties of symptoms.

6. It is not clear what the change is due to, but from analogy with other conditions exhibiting a lymphocytosis it is probable that chronic inflammatory change in respiratory and gastric mucous membranes is at least a factor.
VIII.—The Asymptotic Expansion of the Confluent Hypergeometric Function, and a Fourier-Bessel Expansion
Authors: MacRobert T. M.
Published: June 2016

In Whittaker and Watson's Modern Analysis, chap, xvi, the asymptotic expansion of the confluent hypergeometric function Wk.m(z) is established for the region—π < amp z < π, z ≠ 0. The object of the first part of this paper is to show that this expansion is valid in the extended region –3π/2 < amp z < 3π/2, z ≠ 0.
XIX.—Elliptic Expansions
Authors: Innes R. T. A.
Published: June 2016

In seeking the expansion of the equation of the centre, and the logarithm of the radius vector in a planetary orbit, in terms of the mean anomaly, the following expressions are obtained:—

where g is the mean anomaly, and

Mr Innes remarks: “It is shown for the first time, I believe, that the expansion for the true anomaly in terms of the mean (equation of the centre) can be derived quite easily from the addition of the two simple expansions

and the two series have most simple recurrence expressions.”

The MS. containing the proofs of these expressions, with further developments, is in the hands of the Society.
XXII.—Note on a Theorem of Frobenius' connected with Invariant-Factors
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

The theorem in question appears in his well-known paper of the year 1894, “Ueber die Elementartheiler der Determinanten.” Save that English takes the place of German, the enunciation of it stands exactly as follows:—

If ξ ≦ r ≦ s < n, and Dξbe any determinant of the nth order in the array

Dξ′ being its complementary minor of the (n − ξ)th order in the determinant of the nth order

then
On a Theorem in Hypercomplex Numbers
Authors: Maclagan-Wedderburn J. H.
Published: June 2016

Scheffers in the Mathematische Annalen, vol. xxxix., pp. 364–74, enunciates the following theorem:—If A is an algebra containing the quaternion algebra B as a subalgebra, and if A and B have the same modulus, A can be expressed in the form B C = A = C B, where C is a subalgebra of A every element of which is commutative with every element of B: in other words, if i1, i2, i3, i4 is a basis of B, it is possible to find an algebra C with the basis e1, e2, … ec, such that each of its elements is commutative with every element of B, and such that the elements eris(r = 1, 2, … c, S = 1, … 4) form a basis of A; and if a is the order of A, then a = 4c.
Library Aids to Mathematical Research
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

The aids which may fairly be expected from a library towards the prosecution of research, mathematical or other, are of two kinds. First, there is the aid given by furnishing the names of previous workers in the same field, accompanied by the names of the publications in which the results of their labours have been preserved or entombed. Second, there is the help in the opportunity given of consulting the said publications themselves and of borrowing certain of them for lengthened study. In other words, what the scientific investigator wants from libraries is books and books about books. One of the two is often obtainable without the other, but in that case its value is immensely lessened. To the so-called “ordinary” reader, a library is a labyrinth which probably would give him all he needs if only he had a guide through its intricacies: to the specialist, on the other hand, with his methodic bibliographies and booksellers' lists, it not unseldom presents itself as a lucky-bag in which the blanks are ultimately more in evidence than the prizes.
A Contribution to the Study of the Excretion of Allantoïn in Thymus Feeding
Authors: M'Lachlan W. , Paton D. Noël
Published: June 2016

The establishment of the nature of the chemical relationship of the purin bodies, the diureides which form the chief end-product of proteid metabolism in birds and reptiles, with urea, the endproduct in mammals, is not the least important of the valuable contribution of E. Fischer to physiological chemistry. The constant presence of diureides in the mammalian urine, and of urea in the urine of birds, shows that,no hard-and-fast line exists between the metabolic processes in the two groups, and the fact that in the mammalian foetus an important end-product of metabolism is a diureide—allantoïn—is a further proof of the close affinity of the tissue changes throughout the vertebrate series.
Some Experimental Results in connection with the Hydrodynamical Theory of Seiches
Authors: White Peter , Watson William
Published: June 2016

In a paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, in June 1905, on the Hydrodynamical Theory of Seiches, Professor Chrystal published a number of formulæ from which could be calculated the periods and positions of the nodes of seiches in lakes of various shapes.

The solutions of the most general problems, involving variations of the three dimensions, are there made to rest ultimately upon certain typical cases in which the element of breadth remains constant while the depth is some defined function of the length. In the paper referred to, formulae are given immediately applicable to lakes of uniform breadth, whose longitudinal sections include concave and convex parabolas, quartic curves, and rectilinear shapes.
Neobythites Brucei, Poisson abyssal nouveau reoueilli par l'Expédition Antarctique Nationals Ecossaise
Authors: Dollo Louis , Traquair M. R. H.
Published: June 2016

Le deuxiéme Poisson abyssal de laScotiadont je désire entretenir la Société Royale d'Edimbourg appartient au genreNeobythites, qui fut découvert, en réalité, par leChallenger, en 1875, près du Japon, par 1875 fathoms, bien que le nom n'ait été crée qu'en 1886, sur des matériaux de l'Albatross, comme nous le verrons plus loin.

Et ce deuxième Poisson est encore une espèce nouvelle, à laquelle je donnerai le nom deNeobythites Brucei, en l'honneur de M. W. S. Bruce, Leader de l'Expédition Antarctique Rationale Ecossaise, comme un témoignage de reconnaissance pour les services rendus à la Science au cours de soil importante Exploration.
The Relation between Normal Take-up or Contraction and Degree of Twist in Twisted Threads
Authors: Oliver Thomas
Published: June 2016

The “take-up” in twisting threads together is a factor of very great importance in the manufacture of every textile material. The manufacturer who considers this matter so trivial that he makes no allowance for it in his calculations will undoubtedly suffer pecuniary loss. Since many lines of textile work at the present day are cut very keen, the thin fringe of profit which the manufacturer imagines himself to be making may actually have assumed a negative value entirely in consequence of this seeming trifle. The fact that the elementary rule usually employed in the estimation of the size number of a twist takes no account of any contraction which may arise in the process of twisting fosters the idea that this quantity is negligible.
A New Form of Harmonic Synthetiser
Authors: Milne J. R.
Published: June 2016

The author has designed and constructed an instrument for the purpose of drawing the curve which is the summation of a number of simple harmonic curves; and as the apparatus has been found to work very satisfactorily in practice, it seems worth while to publish a description of the machine, especially in view of its numerous applications. Various forms of harmonic synthetiser are already in existence, but there were two reasons which induced the author to add another to their number. In the first place, it was desired to ascertain whether results of a high degree of accuracy could not be obtained from an apparatus of quite inexpensive design; and in the second, to construct a machine in which both the amplitude and periodic time of each of the simple harmonic constituents might be varied at will while the instrument is in motion.
Further Study of the two Forms of Liquid Sulphur as Dynamic Isomers
Authors: Smith Alexander , Carson C. M.
Published: June 2016

When sulphur to which after recrystallisation no air has had access is melted, or when ammonia is led for a few minutes through ordinary sulphur after it has been melted, the two forms of liquid sulphur (yellow, mobile Sλ, and brown, viscous Sμ) adjust themselves very rapidly to those proportions which are in equilibrium at that temperature to which the liquid may have been raised. The adjustment occupies but a few moments. When specimens thus prepared are then chilled by plunging into water, the reversion of the Sμ to Sλ is equally rapid, and therefore the product is wholly brittle, crystalline, monoclinic sulphur. This behaviour is observed whether the liquid has been heated at, say, 155°, where the amount of Sμ, at equilibrium is 7·2 per cent., or at 448°, where the amount is at least 34 per cent.
Electrolysis through Precipitation Films. Part I
Authors: Millar W. S. , Taylor W. W.
Published: June 2016

In a paper on the aluminium anode by one of us, in conjunction with Inglis, it was pointed out that if the suggested theory of the aluminium anode is correct, a precipitation film of aluminium hydroxide should dimmish the conductivity of salt solutions to very different extents depending upon the ions present, and that,e.g., the diminution in the case of potassium chloride might be expected to be slight, in the case of potassium bromide somewhat greater, and in the case of potassium sulphate to be very considerable. Preliminary experiments to measure these differences directly were not successful, almost certainly, as was stated at the time, because of the difficulty of freeing the precipitation membrane from the concomitant soluble impurities.
Nematodes of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–1904
Authors: Linstow V.
Published: June 2016

Aus Leptenychotes weddelli Lesson. Ventric. Das Kopfende ist erheblich diinner als das Schwanzende. Die Lippen sind klein, die Dorsallippe ist 0·18 mm. breit und 0·14 mm. lang; aussen an der Vorderseite gerundet, Papillen nach aussen und vorn gerückt, innen mit einem doppelten, rechtwinklig begrenzten Vorsprung, ohne Zahnleisten, Löffelbildung und Zwischenlippen (fig. 1). Cuticula quergeringelt, Nacken - papillen fehlen; Schwanzende abgerundet, beim Weibchen sehr breit. Der Ösophagus ist kurz und schmal und nimmt der Gesammtlange länge ein; in seiner vorderen Hälfte ist er muskulös, in der hinteren drüsig, das Lumen ist aber überall drei-schenklig; immuskulösen Theil verlaufen 3 Drüsen (fig. 3, a); an der Dorsalseite der Ösophagus verläuft eine breite, blinddarmartige Vörlangerung des Darms nach vorn, die weit nach vorn reicht (fig. 3, b); nieht so lang wie der ösophagus sondern von der Ösophagus-Länge; die das Lumen auskleidende Membran sowie die äussere Hülle sind dick.
Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. “Scotia” Collections. Collembola from the South Orkney Islands
Authors: Carpenter George H. , Evans William
Published: June 2016

Our knowledge of Antarctic Aptera has been growing rapidly during the last few years, a number of species from remote southern regions having been described by Willem (1902) from the countries south of Patagonia explored by the Belgica, by Schaffer (1897) from Tierra del Fuego, by Enderlein (1903) from Kerguelen, and a single Isotoma by the present writer (1902) from South Victoria Land. We find in the Antarctic as in the Arctic regions that in our advance towards the most remote and inhospitable lands, where winged insects eease to be represented, the primitive Aptera are still found fairly numerous in species, and often multitudinous in individuals. A careful study of these small frail insects fully repays the naturalist, both on account of the interest of their structure and the light which their distribution throws on geographical problems.
Statistical Studies in Immunity: The Theory of an Epidemic
Authors: Brownlee John
Published: June 2016

The rise and decline of epidemics of infectious diseases have been subjects of interest since the earliest times, but the scientific determination of the laws which govern their course offers even yet a wide and almost unworked field. Not but what a large amount of observation has been made on many of the conditions under which epidemics appear and pass away. Many epidemics are seasonal, and these have been studied; but the lack of any means of determining the course which a given epidemic might have taken in the presence of somewhat different conditions has made the deduction of certain conclusions impossible. Even the laws which regulate solitary outbursts of disease, the special subject of this paper, have been little studied. Explanations offered have varied with the period in history.
On a Simple Way of Obtaining the Half-Shade Field in Polarimeters
Authors: Milne James Robert
Published: June 2016

The half-shade effect in polarimeters is usually obtained, either by the well-known, method of Laurent, or else by the more recent method of Lippich. In the former a quartz plate is employed to give the necessary rotation to one-half of the beam of polarised light propagated through the instrument; in the latter, a Nicol prism additional to the polariser serves the same end.

It occurred to the author that the required effect might be obtained very simply by merely interposing a glass plate in the beam of light, so that half the beam traversed it, in an oblique direction. It follows at once, from Fresnel's laws of the intensity of refracted light, that this will produce a slight rotation of the vibration-direction in the traversing half of the beam.

In practice the method is found to give very good results.
II.—The Irreducible System of Concomitants of Two Double Binary (2, 1) Forms
Authors: Saddler W.
Published: June 2016

Little is known of the details of systems of concomitants belonging to double binary forms. The cases of the single ground form of orders (1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2) respectively, together with the simultaneous system of any number of (1, 1) forms, are the only four cases, which have been published. The following pages establish the simultaneous system of two (2, 1) forms.

This system is fundamental for the geometrical treatment of two twisted cubics lying upon a quadric surface and having four common points.
V.—The Ionisation of Iodine Vapour by Ultra-Violet Light
Authors: West W. , Ludlam E.B.
Published: June 2016

The ionisation of iodine vapour by light has been sought by several investigators with negative results. Nevertheless, the application of the quantum theory, which has proved so fruitful with respect to the relation between electron impact on gaseous molecules and the emission of light, leads to the expectation that the ionisation of a gas should be affected by light of sufficiently short wave-length. This ionisation was first observed by Lenard, who investigated the effect of light in the extreme ultra-violet on air and other gases.
VII.— An Investigation of the Absorption of Superposed X-radiations
Authors: Watson Wm. H.
Published: June 2016

The first experiments on this subject were suggested by the absorption effects associated with the “J” phenomenon. In a comparison of the absorbability in aluminium and in copper of the radiation emitted in one direction from an X-ray tube, it is found that in many cases, as the tube is hardened and a certain value of the mass-absorption coefficient reached, there is a sudden increase in the absorption by aluminium. Since the radiation is not strictly homogeneous, and since the above effect does not invariably take place, it is evident that the phenomenon is not to be explained simply in terms of a “J” series characteristic radiation similar to K and L characteristic radiations as regards the manner of its excitation. It is evident that certain critical conditions must obtain before the phenomenon occurs, and on account of the abruptness of the change it appears as though the whole wave-length range of the radiation were affected in respect of absorption by aluminium. This seems to be further substantiated by the fact that the discontinuous character of the change in absorption is preserved with a beam which is much more heterogeneous.
VIII.—The Stability of Suspensions. I. The Rate of Sedimentation of Kaolin Suspensions by Salts at Varying Hydrogen Ion Concentrations
Authors: Kermack William Ogilvy , Williamson William Turner Horace
Published: June 2016

1. The rates of sedimentation of a kaolin suspension in presence of varying concentrations of a salt (sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulphate, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium citrate, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate, monocalcium phosphate, “superphosphate”, aluminium chloride, ferric chloride or lanthanum chloride) have been compared at various pH values. Abnormal results are obtained with sodium chloride, monocalcium phosphate, aluminium, ferric and lanthanum chlorides.

2. Sodium chloride increases the rate of sedimentation in alkaline solution, but actually inhibits it in acid solution.

3. In concentrations of monocalcium phosphate above 0·06 per cent, abnormal sedimentation in alkaline solution takes place, with the result that it is much more complete than at the corresponding concentrations in acid solution.

4. In acid solution the tervalent ions, aluminium, ferric and lanthanum have little effect, but a zone of very marked flocculation occurs at pH 7–8. This zone separates a region within which the unsedimented particles are negatively charged from a region within which they are positively charged.
IV.—On a Numerical Determination of the Relative Positions of certain Biological Types in the Evolutionary Scale, and of the Relative Values of various Cranial Measurements and Indices as Criteria
Authors: Cross K. Stuart
Published: June 2016

The present investigation arose in part as an examination into, and an extension of, an attempt by Professor R. J. A. Berry and Dr A. W. D. Robertson at placing the Tasmanian aboriginal in his relation to various other racial types, extinct and existent. It has resolved itself into a numerical calculation of the approximate relative positions of these types in the evolutionary scale, together with a determination of the relative values of various cranial measurements and indices employed by Schwalbe in his “form analysis” of the calvarium, as criteria is assigning these positions.
V.—On the Magnetism of the Copper-Manganese-Tin Alloys under varying Thermal Treatment
Authors: Ross Alexander D. , Gray Robert C.
Published: June 2016

1. Alloys were prepared containing 14, 16, 18, 30, 38, and 48 per cent, of tin, and the remainder copper and manganese in the ratio 7 : 3.

2. Tests were carried out at different temperatures on the materials as cast, normalised, annealed, and quenched.

3. At 15° C in the normalised condition the six alloys gave I respectively equal to 55, 77, 82, 0·4, 96, and 1, for H = 100.

4. When cooled to −190° C the three alloys poor in tin were much more magnetic.

5. Annealing produced no decided improvement.

6. The susceptibility diminishes with increase of temperature, and the critical temperatures range from 225° to 275−190° C.

8. Reannealing tends to restore the initial susceptibility of the quenched material, but has little influence on the coercive force.

9. The magnetic properties are probably due to the formation of solid solutions of certain definite concentrations.
VIII.—A Dynamic Method for measuring Vapour Pressures, with its Application to Benzene and Ammonium Chloride
Authors: Smith Alexander , Menzies Alan W. C.
Published: June 2016

The simple “submerged bulblet” apparatus for determining vapour pressures, previously described in these Proceedings (vol. xxx. p. 437), may be modified to assume the form shown in fig. 1. The substance, solid or liquid, is placed in the bulb A of this dynamic isoteniscope. The advantages gained are, that the new apparatus may be used for high pressures, that the confining fluid (bulb B) is reduced in amount, and that the thermometer is inserted directly in the bath and its bulbis, is therefore, no longer in a region of varying pressures (Proc, p. 436).
XI.—The Inheritance of Complex Growth Forms, such as Stature, on Mendel's Theory
Authors: Brownlee John
Published: June 2016

The inheritance of complexes is of great interest. The manner in which this arises on a Mendelian hasis can he most easily seen by the consideration of a simple case. Let two races of different stature mix in equal numbers. Let for simplicity stature depend on two elements (a, a), (c, c) in one race, and on (b, b), (d, d) corresponding elements in the other. Then the permanent race obtained by free mating without any special selection of one parent or another will consist of the following proportions:—

Now two factors may come into play: either dominance may not exist and the hybrid be a blend, or, on the other hand, dominance may determine the result of the mating. If dominance does not exist we may rearrange the elements according as they contain one or more element from each original race.
XXI.—The Independence of Peripheral Sensory Neurons in view of the Results of Experimental Section of the Optic Nerve in the Rabbit
Authors: McIlroy Janie Hamilton
Published: June 2016

The problem of the amount of independence possessed by the units which go to make up the nervous system is one which has long occupied the attention of neuro-pathologists, and is still far from solved. That degenerative changes, as the result of peripheral injury, may extend across several intermediate neurons is indicated by the work of many investigators, notably v. Monakow, Campbell, Bolton, etc. Thus after enucleation of the eyeball changes have been met with in the visual cortex, showing that degeneration has travelled over the neurons situated at the basal ganglia of the cerebrum to the neurons in the visual cortex itself. Interruption of the sensory conduction path affects the integrity of themore centrally placed neurons. The question of the stability of the peripheral neurons under similar conditions has not received attention. Birch-Hirschfeld in 1900 published the results of a large series of experiments upon the retina, including a few cases of the effects of experimental section of the optic nerve.
XXII.—The Sex and Age Incidence of Mortality from Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Scotland and in its Groups of Registration Districts since 1861
Authors: Stewart C. Hunter
Published: June 2016

No subject in the domain of preventive medicine is attracting greater attention at present than that of the prevention of tuberculosis, more especially that of tuberculosis of the lungs. The fact that this disease is one of the largest contributors to the death-rate makes the question pressing, and the great diminution of the mortality from it that has already taken place in most civilised countries makes the prospect of still greater diminution most hopeful.
XXX.—Isopiestic Expansibility of Water at High Pressures and Temperatures
Authors: Watson W. , MacGregor J. G.
Published: June 2016

These experiments were made in the Physical Institute of the University of Leipzig at the suggestion of Professor Des Coudres, who very kindly placed at my disposal for the purpose a compression-cylinder suitable for high temperature work, which I shall describe later. The original description by Professor Des Coudres appeared recently in the Berichte der mathematisch-physischen Klasse der Königlichen Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, vol. lxii., 18th July 1910.
XXXVII.—The Absorption of Light by Inorganic Salts. No. II.: Aqueous Solutions of Cobalt Salts in the Visible Spectrum
Authors: Houstoun R. A. , Brown Alex. R.
Published: June 2016

As in the case of the work in the infra-red, the salts experimented on were the nitrate, sulphate, chloride, bromide, fluoride, and iodide, and they were obtained from Kahlbaum. Very little trouble was experienced with the sulphate, nitrate, and chloride. The salts were supplied as CoSo47H2O, Co(NO3)26H2O, CoCl26H2O. The fluoride was a pinkish powder sparingly soluble in water. It dissolved with formation of insoluble oxyfluoride which seemed to increase on standing. By heating the salt and driving off the water of crystallisation, it was found to be Cof22H2O. The iodide was an extremely deliquescent green powder. A slight insoluble chocolate-coloured residue remained in the solution and was filtered off. By heating the salt it was found to have the composition CoI2H2O. The bromide consisted of very deliquescent crimson lumps, and was found to have the composition CoBr26H2O.
XL.—On Fourier's Repeated Integral
Authors: Young W. H.
Published: June 2016

§1. Pringsheim has recently reopened the question as to the circumstances under which Fourier's repeated integral exists and represents the function to which it corresponds. In its simplest form the theorem concerning this integral asserts that, with provisos to be specified—

ƒ( + 0) being the unique limit, supposed to exist, of ƒ(u) as u approaches the value zero. From this equation, indeed, the remainder of the theory follows immediately. If it is to be true, certain conditions must be satisfied at the origin, at infinity, and in the finite part of the range of values of the independent variable. Till Pringsheim's paper appeared, the only condition known to be sufficient at infinity was of a very special character, requiring no less than the absolute integrability of the function at infinity.
XLIV.—Experimental Researches on the Specific Gravity and the Displacement of some Saline Solutions
Authors: Buchanan J. Y.
Published: June 2016

In this paper are collected and discussed the observations of the specific gravity of saline solutions of moderate and high dilution made during the course of the last ten years. The instrument employed was the hydrometer, of the type used by me during the cruise of the Challenger in the years 1872 to 1876. The results then obtained were such as to convince me that the instrument, in capable hands, and with strict attention to the obligatory conditions of experiment, gives more exact results than any other instrument in use for such work. In the course of the last forty years the method has been improved in the sense that more and more attention has been paid to the conditions, especially those of temperature, under which the experiment is made, because it was found that the method is so delicate that it responds to every increase of care in experimenting by greater exactness in the results which it furnishes.
II.—The Theory of Persymmetric Determinants from 1894 to 1919
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

The twenty-year period, 1900–1920, shows a marked increase in the number of writings concerned with persymmetric determinants. There is, it is true, a still greater rate of increase of those of them that belong to the class of “solved questions,” but even taking this into account, we find a growth of interest in the subject that is distinctly striking. And then, too, we must guard carefully against accepting the belief that the members of this solved-question class are uniformly of slight importance, and that the others are never trivial.
V.—The Distribution of Intensity in the X-ray Spectra of the Normal Saturated Dicarboxylic Acids, their Diethyl, and Mono-Ethyl Esters
Authors: Normand Alexander R. , Ross John D. , Henderson Edward
Published: June 2016

The series of normal saturated dicarboxylic acids, their diethyl esters and mono-ethyl esters have been investigated by means of X-rays, and from the measurement of the principal spacings a definite chain structure has been assigned to each series. Mathematical formulæ derived by Shearer for similar series of compounds have been applied to these structures, and the intensity distribution among the several orders of reflection from the principal planes calculated. These calculated results have been compared with those actually observed from the plates, and the agreement was found to be good in every case, thus confirming the chain structures assigned by the authors to the above series of compounds.
VII.—A Study of the Fertilisation Membrane in the Echinoderms
Authors: Hobson A. D.
Published: June 2016

1. The view is confirmed that the zona pellucida is not an essential factor in the formation of the fertilisation membrane (pp. 96–100).

2. Partial activation of the eggs of Asterias rubens is described with the formation of Seifriz's “protoplasmic papillæ” (pp. 100, 101).

3. Artificial activation of the eggs of Asterias rubens by isotonic solutions of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 is described. It was found that decrease in surface tension is not a necessary factor in causing artificial membrane formation (pp. 102–104).

4. The influence of the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium on the degree of extrusion of the fertilisation membrane of Echinus miliaris has been examined, and indicates that osmotic pressure due to the presence of a protein within the membrane is responsible for the extrusion (pp. 105–109).

5. From a study of the influence of salt concentration on the extrusion of the fertilisation membrane of Echinus miliaris, it is concluded that the fertilisation membrane is, from the moment of its formation, completely permeable to salts (pp. 109–112).

6. The origin of the fertilisation membrane has been examined, but in the absence of critical evidence it is concluded that the question cannot be regarded as settled (pp. 112–114).
X.—The Salmon of the R. Grand Cascapedia, Canada
Authors: Calderwood W. L.
Published: June 2016

The Grand Cascapedia is a noted salmon river of Quebec Province, and has a course of about eighty miles across Gaspé before it falls into the Bay of Chaleurs, south of the Gulf of St Lawrence. The Grand Cascapedia Club, composed of seven members, now fish the forty miles of the river which used to be reserved for the Governors-General of Canada, and, although they limit both the daily catch and the season's catch of each member, a very ample return results in the short angling season of about two months.
XIV.—On the Quantitative Relation of Comb Size and Gonadic Activity in the Fowl
Authors: Greenwood A. W. , Crew F. A. E.
Published: June 2016

The law of “all-or-nothing” does not hold in the case of comb volume. The comb volume in the two individuals described remained intermediate in size.

The degree of development of head furnishings is dependent not upon the amount but on the state of the gonadic tissue. It appears to be related to the spermatogenic activity of the testicular fragment.
XVI.—The Stability of Suspensions. II. The Rate of Sedimentation of Kaolin Suspensions Containing Colloidal Silicic Acid
Authors: Kermack William Ogilvy , Williamson William Turner Horace
Published: June 2016

1. The experiments previously reported on the effect of salts at various hydrogen ion concentrations on the rate of sedimentation of kaolin suspensions have been extended so as to include the chlorides of the alkali metals, including ammonium but excluding rubidium.

In acid suspensions the action in inhibiting sedimentation is least in the case of cæsium and greatest in the case of sodium. The results are discussed in the light of the Gedroiz-Wiegner theory of base exchange in soils and stability of clay suspensions.

2. When kaolin suspensions contain a small quantity of colloidal silicic acid the normal effect appears to be one of slight protection.

3. Under certain conditions the effect of silicic acid is to produce precipitation of a film of insoluble material over the surface of the particles. In this case an abnormally rapid sedimentation of the particles results, and there ensues an extremely rapid and complete precipitation.

4. Under other conditions the presence of the silicic acid prevents the formation of a precipitate, and in this case the abnormal sedimentation occurring in the absence of silicic acid tends to disappear.

5. The meaning of the terms “abnormal flocculation” and “anomalous flocculation” is discussed, and it is pointed out that the use of these terms is sometimes attended with ambiguity.
XXV.—The Structure and Movement of the Atmosphere as affected by Diurnal Variations
Authors: Goldie A. H. R.
Published: June 2016

A semi-diurnal variation appears to some extent in many meteorological phenomena, in particular in barometric pressure, rainfall, visibility, atmospheric electric potential gradient, and atmospheric pollution, even though the variation of temperature, at least in the lower levels of the atmosphere, is very approximately a purely diurnal variation.

The data examined in this paper suggest that, in the forenoon, insolation affecting the ground and the lower layers, and, in the evening, outgoing radiation affecting clouds and the upper part of the troposphere, each lead to a disturbance of the stability of arrangement of the atmosphere in the vertical direction and to a consequent increased mixing of layers. On the other hand, in the late afternoon and in the later part of the night, as the turbulences arising from the above two effects respectively die down, there is an improvement above normal in the laminarity of flow of atmosphere over the earth. The resultant effect is therefore, on the average, a semi-diurnal variation in the vertical structure and horizontal movement of the atmosphere, which variation is reflected in the meteorological phenomena mentioned above. It is shown in the paper that the various individual effects may be greatly exaggerated, or almost eliminated, or accelerated or retarded, at least in temperate latitudes where a suitable variety of types of upper air structure, from which to select, is available.
III.—On a Quadrature Formula for Trigonometric Integrals
Authors: Filon L. N. G.
Published: June 2016

1. Integrals of the form where ψ(x) is a function with a limited number of turning-points in the range of integration and k is a constant which may take up large values, frequently occur in investigations in mathematical physics, and their computation by quadratures is often desirable.
IV.—The Fulcher Bands of Hydrogen
Authors: Sandeman Ian
Published: June 2016

The Fulcher Bands of Hydrogen have recently been arranged by Richardson. An examination of Richardson's arrangement in the light of recent accurate measurements of the hydrogen spectrum by Gale, Monk, and Lee, while strongly confirming Richardson's allocation of the Q branches, has failed to yield confirmation of the remaining branches which he gives.

The present paper gives a number of combination relations which have been found to hold between the lines of the Fulcher Bands. These indicate that there are three main branches in each band, designated the R', Q, and P' branches, the Q branch being identical with that of Richardson. The R' and P' branches have a common initial level differing from that of the Q branch, while all three branches have a common final level. The arrangement yields term differences consistent throughout the bands.

As far as these term differences have been investigated, they have been found to be in agreement with the new mechanics.

The present investigation was suggested to me by Prof. H. Stanley Allen of St Andrews, and my warmest thanks are due to him for constant encouragement and helpful criticisms and suggestions.
XIV.—The Thermal Equilibrium between Ethylene, Iodine, and Ethylene Di-iodide
Authors: Mooney R. B. , Ludlam E. B.
Published: June 2016

The pressure of ethylene in equilibrium with solid iodine and solid ethylene di-iodide was measured at temperatures between 10°C and 65°C.

The vapour pressure of undissociated ethylene di-iodide was measured at four temperatures between 15°C and 55° C.

From these results and the known vapour pressure of iodine equilibrium constants were calculated.

Some experiments were made on the rate of formation and decomposition of ethylene di-iodide.

We desire to thank Professor Sir James Walker and Professor Kendall for their interest in our work, and Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., for a grant towards the cost of apparatus.
XVI.—The Lyotrope Series and the Antagonistic Action of Ions
Authors: Taylor W. W.
Published: June 2016

1. When the univalent anions (of potassium salts) are arranged according to their precipitation concentration for a ferric hydroxide sol the sequence is lyotrope:

A, CNS, Cl, Br, NO3, ClO3, I.

The concentrations range from 0·01 for acetate to 0·093 for iodide; thiocyanate alone is in an unusual position.

The order for kations is also lyotrope:

Li, Na, Mg, K, Rb, NH4, Ca. The concentration range is much smaller, from 0·037 for lithium to 0·055 for ammonium.

2. The pairs of univalent-bivalent kations—Li. and Mg¨, K. and Ca¨—show no trace of antagonistic action in the precipitation of Fe(OH)3 sol—the results being strictly ADDITIVE.

3. The pair of univalent-bivalent anions—ClO3′ and SO4″—on the contrary, show a well-marked ADJUVANT action, which amounts to 50 per cent.

4. The effect of salts on the opalescence temperature of a phenol-water system (10 to 11 per cent, phenol) is lyotrope, and is very marked at a concentration of 0·04 n. The order is—

Anions … C1, Br, NO3, I, CNS

Kations ‥ Na, Li, K, NH4

The effect of the valency of the ion is slight, or non-existent.

5. A preliminary account is given of a method which promises to provide a simple and reliable means of determining the amount of “free” and “bound” water in a solution (applicable to electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, and apparently to colloidal solutions, as e.g. gum arabic).

6. An explanation of the Lyotrope Effect is put forward.
XXIII.—On Three Huygens Lenses in the Possession of the Royal Society of London
Authors: Sampson R. A. , Conrady A. E.
Published: June 2016

The three Huygens lenses in the possession of the Royal Society of London are the most remarkable long-focus lenses that were produced at that epoch; they are described in the Record of the Royal Society (1912) as follows:—

3. Huygens's Aerial Telescope.

(1) An object-glass of 122 feet focal length, with an eye-glass of 6 inches, and original apparatus for adjustment, made by Huygens, and presented by him to the Royal Society in 1691.

(2) The apparatus for using Huygens's object-glass, constructed by Hooke.

(3) Additional apparatus, by Dr. Pound. Presented by Dr. Bradley.

(4) Ditto, by Mr. Cavendish.

4. An object-glass by Huygens, of 170 feet focal length. Presented to the Royal Society by Sir Isaac Newton, P.R.S.

5. An object-glass by Huygens, with two eye-glasses by Scarlet, for a telescope of 210 feet. Presented by the Rev. Gilbert Burnet, M.A., F.R.S., in 1724.
3. On the Vibrations of Plane-Polarised Light.
Authors: Rankine W. J. Macquorn
Published: June 2016

If the plane of polarisation is normal to the direction of vibration, according to the conjecture of Fresnel, which seems to be supported by the phenomena of reflexion, the velocity of propagation of light in a crystalline medium is a function of thedirection of vibration, If, on the contrary, the plane of polarisation is parallel to the direction of vibration, the velocity of propagation is a function of the position of theplane which includes the direction of vibration, and the direction of transmission.
3. Farther Observations on Glaciers,—(1.) Observations on the Movement of the Mer de Glace down to 1850. (2.) Observations by Balmat, in continuation of those detailed in the Fourteenth Letter. (3.) On the gradual passage of Ice into the Fluid State.
Authors: Forbes J. D.
Published: June 2016

“It will be recollected that a remarkable stone called ‘La pierre platte,’ was one of the earliest points on the Mer de Glace at Chamouni whose position was ascertained by me in 1842. Its daily motion was watched by me during that summer, and its annual motion was ascertained by renewed observations in 1843, 1844, 1846, and again this year. I measured the distance along the ice from the original position of the ‘Pierre platte’ on the 27th June 1842 (ascertained by reference to fixed marks on the rocks) to its position on the 12th July 1850, and found it to be 2520 feet. But, of this distance, 1212 feet had been travelled at my previous observation on the 21st July 1846, leaving 1308 feet during the last four years against 1212 in the first four.
2. Note on the recent frequent occurrence of the Lunar Rainbow.
Authors: Buchanan George
Published: June 2016

The frequent occurrence of this phenomenon lately suggests the idea, whether it be any way connected with the relation of the atmosphere to an electric or other condition.

On Thursday evening last, at 7 o'clock, I observed a very beautiful rainbow, from Duke Street, extending in a brilliant and unbroken arch in a westerly direction; the south end springing from the west end of Queen Street, and the north end stretching to the eastern extremity of Abercromby Place, comprising a space in the horizon of 60° or 70°, and rising 16° or 18° in altitude.
3. Theoretical Investigations into the same.
Authors: Petrie W.
Published: June 2016

Having brought before this Society in April 1849, a plan for cooling the air of rooms in tropical climates, the author was anxious to determine by actual experiment on a very large scale the practicability of the principle involved, viz., the thermotic effect of the compression of air. He had had a small apparatus made in 1844, which, though not sufficiently large to give exact numerical data, at least showed that the plan was in the bounds of possibility.
3. On the Poison of the Cobra da Capello.
Authors: Russell J. Rutherford
Published: June 2016

The poison is of an amber colour, has a faint animal odour and an acrid taste. When treated with alcohol or ether it separates into two portions—the one soluble and the other insoluble. From some experiments Dr Russell made he concluded that both were poisonous, but is inclined to believe the soluble to be the more poisonous of the two.
3. On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with Numerical Results deduced from Mr Joule's Equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam.
Authors: Thomson William
Published: June 2016

Sir Humphrey Davy, by his experiment of melting two pieces of ice by rubbing them together, established the following proposition:—

“The phenomena of repulsion are not dependent on a peculiar elastic fluid for their existence, or caloric does not exist;” and he concludes that heat consists of a motion excited among the particles of bodies. “To distinguish this motion from others, and to signify the cause of our sensation of heat,” and of the expansion or expansive pressure produced in matter by heat “the name repulsive motion has been adopted.”*
4. Farther Remarks on the Intermitting Brine Springs of Kissingen.
Authors: Forbes
Published: June 2016

On the 7th of January 1839, I communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh a pretty detailed account of the singular mineral and gas springs of Kissingen, in Bavaria, then much less known than at present to English travellers. I refer to this paper, printed in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, April 1839, for the details of the most curious of these, a saline spring called Kunde-Brunnen, which was at that time regularly periodic; a copious and turbulent discharge of brine, mixed with torrents of carbonic acid gas, recurring six or eight times in the twenty-four hours. This phenomenon, exactly as described in my paper, appears to have continued with slight variation ever since, that is, for a period of twelve years, subject, however, to the variation formerly mentioned, that when the brine is actively withdrawn by pumps, for the manufacture of salt, the periods lengthen.
5. On a Method of Discovering Experimentally the Relation between the Mechanical Work spent and the Heat produced by the Compression of a Gaseous Fluid.
Authors: Thomson William
Published: June 2016

The important researches of Joule on the thermal circumstances connected with the expansion and compression of air, and the admirable reasoning upon them expressed in his paper, “On the Changes of Temperature produced by the Rarefaction and Condensation of Air;” especially the way in which he takes into account any mechanical effect that may be externally produced, or internally lost in fluid friction, have introduced an entirely new method of treating questions regarding the physical properties of fluids. The object of the present paper is to show how, by the use of this new method, in connection with the principles explained in the author's preceding paper on the Dynamical Theory of Heat, a complete theoretical view may be obtained of the phenomena experimented on by Joule, and to point out some of the objects to be attained by a continuation and extension of his experimental researches.
1. On the Total Eclipse of the Sun on July 28th July 1851, observed at Göteborg; with a description of a new Position Micrometer.
Authors: Swan William
Published: June 2016

I observed the eclipse from a hill about a mile to the north of Göteborg, situated in latitude 57° 43' 5”, longitude 0h47m49s, in company with Mr Edward Lane, Advocate, who kindly rendered me his valuable assistance in making the observations for time. The telescope I used was furnished by Mr Adie of Edinburgh. It has a good object-glass, with an aperture of 2·1 inches, and about 31·5 inches focal length; and the eye-piece employed in observing the eclipse magnified about 28 times.
1. On the Centrifugal Theory of Elasticity and its connection with the Theory of Heat.
Authors: Rankine W. J. M.
Published: June 2016

This paper contains investigations founded on the supposition, that that part of the elasticity of bodies which depends upon heat, arises from the centrifugal force of the revolutions of the particles of elastic atmospheres surrounding nuclei or atomic centres. The author has laid before this Society and the British Association several papers founded on this supposition, which he has elsewhere termed the hypothesis of molecular vortices.
1. On the Absolute Intensity of Interfering Light.
Authors: Stokes
Published: June 2016

In this communication Professor Stokes described a method which he had discovered, by which he could express, mathematically, the absolute intensity of interfering light, as in the case of the images found in the focus of a telescope pointed to a star, and having a grating over the object-glass. The result was the same as that previously aimed at by Professor Kelland, but the mode of getting at it was shorter.