bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of cellobiose on the colonial morphology and glycosidases of several fungi
Authors: Wilson Ronald W.
Published: February 2010

Several fungi were screened for biochemical and morphological responses to cellobiose, glucose, and maltose. All of the fungi contained an enzyme(s) capable of hydrolyzing an alkali-insoluble cell wall component from their respective hyphae. These enzymes as well as α- and β-glycosidases and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidases were subject to regulation by carbohydrates in the medium. Cellobiose induced gross and microscopic morphological changes in the basidiomycetes but not in the ascomycetes or phycomycetes. Cellobiose also increased the specific activity of the wall-hydrolyzing enzymes in the basidiomycetes. The relationships between the carbon source, wall-hydrolyzing enzymes, and morphological responses are discussed.
Preparation and properties of diphtheria toxoids in submerged culture. IV. A revised method for the purification of diphtheria toxin
Authors: Robb L. A. , Stainer D. W. , Scholte M. J.
Published: February 2010

The method for purifying diphtheria toxin has been improved.
Growth inhibition of bacterial variants
Authors: Marraro Robert V. , Pfister Robert M. , Rheins Melvin S.
Published: February 2010

A phenomenon is described which apparently resulted from a parent form of Streptococcus faecalis inhibiting the growth of the L-form of the same organism in the area of the medium immediately surrounding the classic colonial parent form. It seemed significant that both the parental form of the streptococcus and the L-form variant were isolated simultaneously and directly from a urine specimen without the purposeful intervention of laboratory manipulations, such as the introduction of "inducers" into the medium.
Observations on rainbow trout ovary cells infected with amphibian virus (LT-1)
Authors: Li M. F. , Traxler G. S.
Published: February 2010

The amphibian virus, LT-1, produced relatively irregular necrotic areas in the monolayer of rainbow trout ovarian cells. The infected cells underwent the following cytopathic changes: extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation, formation of multiple nuclei, and paranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions.The site of replication of the virus in the infected rainbow trout ovarian cells was demonstrated to be located at the less electron-dense areas of the cytoplasm and surrounded by numerous vacuoles. A comparison of the susceptibility to LT-1 virus of rainbow trout ovarian cells with that of fathead minnow cells resulted in a calculated cytopathic index of 4.48.
The bentonite flocculation test in the assay of Neisseria antibody
Authors: Wallace R. , Diena B. B. , Yugi H. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

A serological test for the assay of Neisseria antibody would be a valuable asset in the study of neisserial infections. Such a test, using bentonite particles sensitized with phenol-extracted and acetone-precipitated antigens from Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Neisseria meningitidis, has been developed. It has proved to be sensitive and specific in titrations against species-specific immune rabbit sera.In a survey of 454 human sera received from the Special Treatment Clinic (Ottawa), 77% of male gonorrhoea patients and 78% of the females had circulating gonococcal antibodies detectable by this test. Ninety-six percent of the control sera were negative. It is suggested that the bentonite technique could be used as an adjunct in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea.
Antagonism by a Gram-positive coccus
Authors: Trust T. J.
Published: February 2010

A Sarcina sp. has been isolated which is antagonistic to the growth of a number of Gram-positive bacteria when grown on solid media. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of the organism are described. The biological properties of the inhibitor have been examined. The data suggest that the inhibitor may interfere with cell wall synthesis.
The effects of corticosteroids on rabies in mice
Authors: Enright J. B. , Franti C. E. , Frye F. L. , Behymer D. E.
Published: February 2010

Corticosteroid (2–3 mg, 1 mg/day) treatment of mice started within 24 h after rabies virus inoculation increased mortality up to 20% above that in nontreated mice. In contrast, steroid treatment started 48, 72, or 96 h after rabies virus inoculation did not significantly increase mortality. Up to 50% higher mortality occurred in the corticosteroid-treated mice than in the controls after small dosages of rabies virus were injected.In addition to consistently higher mortality, corticosteroid used in conjunction with rabies virus resulted in two changes in the mortality pattern: shortening of the mean incubation period of rabies in mice receiving an LD50 dose, and an aggravation of sublethal infections, causing deaths with abnormally or comparatively long incubation periods in mice that otherwise might have survived. These two actions increased the variability in time of onset and time of death, with an increase in early as well as in late (delayed) onset times.
Regulation of nitrogenase synthesis by Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Parejko R. A. , Wilson P. W.
Published: February 2010

The synthesis of the nitrogenase system in N2-fixing bacteria is repressed when the organisms are grown on NH4+-N. It has not been unequivocally determined, however, if N2 is necessary for induction in NH4+-deficient cultures. Previous experiments with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Azotobacter vinelandii, Clostridium pasteurianum, and Rhodospirillum rubrum have been inconclusive owing to inadequacy of the methods, primarily the presence of N2 as a contaminant in the gases used. Results of experiments described in this paper using cultures of K. pneumoniae M5a1 grown under both limited N2 and in its apparent absence indicate that the control of nitrogenase is most likely through simple repression by NH4+ or by an incorporation product, e.g., glutamine.
Immunological investigations of Penicillium.: I. Serological reactivities of exocellular polysaccharides produced by six Penicillium species
Authors: Preston III J. F. , Lapis Erlinda , Gander J. E.
Published: February 2010

The exocellular polysaccharides of Penicillium charlesii, P. chrysogenum, P. raistrickii, P. claviforme, and P. patulum contain galactofuranosyl residues since galactose is released by mild acid hydrolysis. Antisera from rabbits injected with whole cells of P. charlesii cross reacted with the exocellular polysaccharides from each species. The exocellular polymer from Penicillium various contained no galactose labile to mild acid treatment, and showed no cross reactivity with antisera to P. charlesii. No antigenic reactivity was observed in exocellular polysaccharides modified by mild acid hydrolysis. Oligosaccharides produced by mild acid hydrolysis which contained galactofuranosyl moieties as well as methyl α-D- and methyl β-D-galactofuranosides inhibited precipitate formation when the antigen was incubated with antisera. Treatment of the polysaccharides with 1 N NaOH did not alter its reactivity toward the antisera. It was concluded that several species of Penicillium elaborate exocellular polysaccharides containing galactofuranosyl residues and that these residues contribute to the antigenic specificity of the organism.
The isolation of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus from the white-marked tussock moth, Orgyia leucostigma (Smith)
Authors: Hayashi Y. , Bird F. T.
Published: February 2010

The procedure for isolating and purifying free and occluded cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virions was improved. The virions are resistant to the enzymes RNase, DNase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and phospholipase C, and to a detergent, deoxycholate. The use of these enzymes and deoxycholate, in combination with discontinuous and linear sucrose gradients, produced very pure preparations of free virions. Occluded virions were released by dissolving polyhedra in 0.05 M Na2CO3 – 0.04 M NaCl for 60 min at room temperature. The composition of the virion was estimated to be about 28% RNA and 72%protein.
Purification of the delta toxin of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Caird J. D. , Wiseman G. M.
Published: February 2010

An improved procedure for the purification of the delta toxin of Staphylococcus aureus strain E-delta has been devised which relies upon precipitation at pH 4.0 and further treatment with ammonium sulphate. A final step consists of passage twice through a column of DEAE-cellulose. Toxin obtained by this method appeared to be homogeneous on the basis of immunodiffusion and electrophoresis studies. However, two peaks with sedimentation coefficients of 2.8 S and 9.8 S were obtained when toxin was examined in the ultracentrifuge. Proline was identified as the N-terminal amino acid. No other N-terminal amino acids were detected in the purified toxin.
Collagenolytic activity of pigmented pseudomonads
Authors: Adamcic M. , Clark D. S.
Published: February 2010

A study of the collagenolytic activity of two strains of pigmented Pseudomonas showed that both organisms rapidly produced ninhydrin-positive materials from soluble collagen at 20 °C after a lag period of 2–6 days. When cells previously adapted to utilizing collagen were used as the inoculum, the lag period was eliminated, indicating that the enzyme(s) involved is adaptive in nature. Analysis of extracts of inoculated chicken skin by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed that the alpha, beta, and gamma components of the neutral-salt-soluble fraction of collagen were attacked.
Sur la nutrition aminée de Corynebacterium sepedonicum (Spieck. et Kott.) Skapt. et Burkh. et la résistance de la pomme de terre au flétrissement bactérien
Authors: Paquin Roger , Lachance Robert A.
Published: February 2010

Corynebacterium sepedonicum can grow in a medium containing only two amino acids: asparagine and methionine as sources of nitrogen. In the presence of cystine, γ-aminobutyric acid, β-alanine, glycine, and ethanolamine, the growth of the organism was inhibited or retarded. Even in the presence of casein hydrolysate, cystine inhibits the bacterial growth. The presence of cystine and certain other amino acids in the tissues of potatoes could, in part, explain the slow growth of the organism in the host tissues, the late appearance of the potato ring rot symptoms, and the resistance of certain potato varieties to ring rot.
Carbon and nitrogen requirements for macroconidial germination of Fusarium solani: dependence on conidial density
Authors: Griffin G. J.
Published: February 2010

Washed, PGA-grown macroconidia of F. solani did not require exogenous carbon or nitrogen for rapid (within 7 h), complete germination in a phosphate-buffered inorganic salts medium (pH 5.7) when the density of conidia was 3 × 103/ml or 3 × 102/ml. Rapid germination of macroconidia was fully dependent on exogenous carbon at 3 × 105 conidia/ml. Full dependence on both exogenous carbon and nitrogen was observed near 1 × 106 conidia/ml. Incomplete and slow germination of macroconidia was observed over 978 h at 6.4 × 105 and 3.2 × 105 conidia/ml in the absence of exogenous carbon and nitrogen.When glucose and NH4Cl were supplied at 4.0 μg C plus 0.26 μg N/ml or 40 μg C plus 2.6 μg N/ml, percentage germination of macroconidia, number of germ tubes/macroconidium, and mean germ tube length increased as the density of conidia decreased between 6.4 × 105 and 6.4 × 104 conidia/ml. Percentage germination increased as conidial density decreased between 3.1 × 106 and 3.1 × 104 conidia/ml when glucose and NH4Cl were supplied at each density at constant low amounts/conidium. Chlamydo–spore morphogenesis on germ tubes closely followed macroconidial germination in media initially containing low or no glucose and NH4Cl. The possible relation of these findings to macroconidial germination and chlamydospore morphogenesis in soil is discussed.
Effects of Friend leukemia virus on the immune response of mice to bacterial antigens
Authors: Flickinger John T. , Gentile John M.
Published: February 2010

Friend leukemia virus has been demonstrated to have immunosuppressive effects. With bacterial antigens from Salmonella typhosa and Proteus mirabilis the degree of immunosuppression appears to be independent of the state of antigen, that is, whether it is present on the intact organism or as its isolated antigenic constituent. Moreover, the degree of immunosuppression appears to depend on the type of antigen. The primary response of mice to O antigen is not suppressed as severely as the primary response to H antigen. It appears that this may represent a preferential inhibition of 7 S antibody. This type of immunosuppression appears only when H antigen is present 1 day before, simultaneously with, or after virus infection. The primary response occurring when antigen is present 3 or 5 days before virus appears unaffected.
Metabolic control in Acinetobacter sp. I. Effect of C4 versus C2 and C3 substrates on isocitrate lyase synthesis
Authors: Herman Norma J. , Bell Emily J.
Published: February 2010

The comparative effects of various substrates serving as sole carbon and energy source or as a supplemental nutrient on the synthesis of isocitrate lyase by a species of Acinetobacter have been investigated. Previous work has shown that succinate, as carbon source, allows some late, limited induction of enzyme synthesis. No increase in synthesis is seen above the basal level, however, in cultures growing in a medium containing L-malate as a sole carbon source. The addition of acetate to cultures growing in media containing either of the C4 intermediates results in rapid enzyme induction. Further, Acinetobacter grows very well in pyruvate medium and isocitrate lyase is synthesized to a significant extent, indicating that the glyoxylate cycle is acting anaplerotically under these conditions. Phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase activity has been demonstrated in this organism; levels comparable to those observed in Escherichia coli have been detected; the levels of NAD- and NADP-linked "malic enzyme" and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, enzymes functioning in C4 to C3 conversion, do not fluctuate with the various carbon sources tested; i.e. no correlation between the in vitro specific activity of these enzymes and the levels of isocitrate lyase activity may be made. All of the data are consistent with the hypothesis that, in this aerobic organism, as opposed to the facultative E. coli, the C4 intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle may be more direct "coarse" control metabolites regulating the rate of the glyoxylate cycle.
The toxicity of adenine and of purine-analogs to 2,6-diaminopurine-sensitive and -resistant L-strain mouse cells
Authors: Blair D. G. R. , Peesker S. J. , Cross D. C.
Published: February 2010

The toxicity of adenine, hypoxanthine, and several purine-analogs to 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP)-resistant (DAP-r) and -sensitive (DAP-s) murine L cells has been tested in tissue culture. Resistance of DAP-r cells to DAP and 8-azaadenine was found to be stable over a period of about 5 years. DAP-r cells were cross-resistant to 8-azaadenine, less sensitive than DAP-s cells to 6-thioguanine and hypoxanthine, and more sensitive than DAP-s cells to 6-mercaptopurine and 8-azaxanthine.The concentration of adenine required to inhibit cell multiplication by 50% was 1.37 times greater for DAP-r cells than for DAP-s cells, although DAP-r cells lack, or have very low levels of, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, which catalyzes adenosine 5′-monophosphate formation from adenine. Adenine toxicity to DAP-r and DAP-s cells could not be prevented by 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, purine ribonucleosides, including adenosine, pyrimidine ribonucleosides, or thymidine. Purine and pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides, amino acids, and vitamins were supplied in the cell culture medium. Increased concentrations of thiamine, calcium pantothenate, or p-aminobenzoic acid also did not prevent adenine toxicity.It is concluded that the toxicity of adenine to DAP-r and DAP-s L cells likely occurs by the same mechanism in both types of cell. This mechanism does not include the formation of adenosine 5′-monophosphate as an activation step, and does not involve the synthesis of thiamine, pantothenate, amino acids, purines, or pyrimidines which has been involved in other cases of adenine toxicity to bacterial and mammalian cells. A hitherto unknown mechanism seems to be operative.
Cell cycle and post cycle changes during continuous phased growth of Candida utilis
Authors: Dawson P. S. S.
Published: February 2010

A modification of the continuous phased culture method is described. This permits examination of changes taking place during the cell cycle (cell cycle changes) to be extended into the following period (postcycle changes).Candida utilis was grown on a glucose medium under conditions of carbon and nitrogen limitation. In nitrogen-limited growth, the size of the amino acid pool changed between the cell cycle and postcycle, but remained relatively constant for both periods in carbon-limited growth. In carbon-limited growth, the carbohydrate composition of the cells was relatively little changed, but considerable changes occurred in nitrogen-limited cells during cell cycle and postcycle periods. Changing patterns in phospholipid contents were also observed during cell cycles and postcycles of both carbon- and nitrogen-limited growths.Qualitative and quantitative changes in various cell components were related to the nutrient limiting to growth and the pattern of its use by the cells. The results illustrate the influence of environmental change upon the cell and are discussed in relation to aspects of primary and secondary metabolism in the cell.
Convenient microscopic tests for yeast viability and sporogenic capability
Authors: Miller J. J.
Published: February 2010

Drops of cell suspension are seeded on nutrient medium containing 5% purified agar and spread between the agar surface and a cover glass. The liquid phase is absorbed by the concentrated agar, so that the cells are held in situ between glass and agar. After incubation nongerminated cells and micro-colonies are counted microscopically. Sporogenic capability is assessed by seeding very dense cell suspensions on acetate agar and covering with Teflon F.E.P. membrane which is permeable to oxygen.
The role of barbituric acid in the nutrition of Bacillus popilliae
Authors: Coulter Wilson H. , Costilow Ralph N.
Published: February 2010

Barbituric acid is required at a level of 0.1% for maximum growth of Bacillus popilliae in a synthetic medium. However, only a trace amount of that added (~2%) disappeared from the medium during growth. A general distribution of the 14C from 2-14C-barbituric acid among cell components was observed, but a small amount of the radioactivity from this isotope was consistently associated with both ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The 14C found in RNA was uniformly distributed throughout the 4 S, 16 S, and 23 S RNA fractions, and control experiments indicated that the association of 14C from 2-14C-barbituric acid with the nucleic acids may occur by nonspecific absorption. The presence of barbituric acid resulted in very significant stimulation of both nucleic acid and protein synthesis. The mechanism of this stimulation is unresolved.
Influence of blood clearance rates on interferon production and virulence of Mengo virus plaque mutants in mice
Authors: Campbell J. B. , Buera Julieta G. , Tobias Frances M.
Published: February 2010

The spread of infectious virus in the tissues of mice after infection with two serologically very similar plaque mutants of Mengo virus has been determined at daily intervals. The distribution of L-Mengo (a large-plaque, virulent mutant) after intraperitoneal and intravenous administration was quite similar, indicating that after intraperitoneal injection this mutant spreads throughout the animal by way of the vascular system. Infectious virus was recovered from all tissues examined except the liver. In contrast, S-Mengo (small-plaque, avirulent) was recovered only from the spleen and lymph nodes after either intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. After intravenous injection, L-Mengo was cleared only very slowly from the bloodstream and at a rate similar to that of two strains of poliovirus. On the other hand, intravenously injected S-Mengo was completely cleared within 30 min. Starting at around 4 h post-inoculation, high titers of interferon were induced in the serum by L-Mengo, reaching a peak by 12 h and remaining elevated for at least another 12 h before declining. Since little or no interferon was found in the serum after intravenous injection of S-Mengo, heat- or ultraviolet-inactivated L-Mengo, or poliovirus types 1 and 3, it was concluded that the presence of circulating, replicating virus was required for induction. The significance of these results is discussed.
Study of scar formation in the life cycle of heterothallic Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Streiblová Eva
Published: February 2010

Fluorescence and electron microscopy were used for examining the characteristics of bud scar formation in haploid and diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as in zygotes. The cell wall of haploid cells gives rise to haploid scars about 1.2 μ in diameter which are arranged in rows, rings, and spirals. The surface of diploid cells displays diploid scars about 2 μ in diameter. Their topological sequence differs from that observed in haploid cells. The zygotes show both haploid scars which determine the relative cell age of the parent cells, and diploid scars which reflect the reproduction of zygotes.
Changes in brown adipose tissues and coxsackievirus B pathogenesis in mice on acute and chronic cold exposure
Authors: Grodums E. I. , Dempster G.
Published: February 2010

On acute cold exposure the normal brown adipose cells in the mouse interscapular pad underwent morphological changes apparently as a result of loss and redistribution of the intracellular lipid globules; on continued cold exposure the globules increased in numbers and size. If adult female mice were inoculated with coxsackievirus B-3 during acute cold exposure and returned to normal room temperature soon afterwards, the viral damage in the brown adipose tissues was seriously aggravated; if on the other hand they were left in the cold for the duration of the infection, the damage was aggravated to a lesser degree. Finally, if cold-acclimated mice were inoculated the lesion was localized in one area of the pad.In contrast, the myocardial damage was aggravated only in those mice which were inoculated during acute cold exposure and left in the cold. The cox. B-3 pathogenesis in the brain showed no clear-cut variations resulting from changes in the ambient temperature. The infectious amount of virus recovered from the heart and brain appeared to be greater and persist longer, if the mice were subjected to a prolonged cold exposure.The cold exposure, however, failed completely to increase the age susceptibility of mice to cox. B-2.
Stimulation of dextranase production by oxidized dextran
Authors: Brown Robert G.
Published: February 2010

Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium lilacinum, and Spicaria violacea produced excellent yields of dextranase if ketodextran replaced dextran as a carbon source. Ketodextrans I and II having degrees of substitution of 2 and 20% respectively were used in this study. P. funiculosum grew equally well on dextran and ketodextran I but less well on ketodextran II. Addition of a readily metabolizable carbohydrate such as glucose, sucrose, or galactose stimulated growth on ketodextran II, resulting in better dextranase production. However, excess glucose reversed this increase in enzyme production. Replacement of an inorganic nitrogen source with an organic one further stimulated dextranase production during growth of P. funiculosum on ketodextran II.
The arginine requirement for nucleocapsid maturation in Herpes simplex virus development
Authors: Stein Sylvia , Todd Paul , Mahoney Judith
Published: February 2010

Naked and enveloped Herpes simplex virus (HSV) particles from infected HEp-2 cells were separated by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. Infected cells deprived of arginine during the latter half of the virus growth cycle were found capable of synthesizing about the same total number of naked particles as were infected cells maintained in normal medium throughout the cycle. The formation of full capsids in arginine-deprived cells was greatly depressed. The number of enveloped virus particles in the arginine-deprived culture was one-half that of the normal culture, but those full capsids which were enveloped in both cultures were equally infectious.Evidently late arginine deprivation affects the maturation of HSV nucleocapsids, rather than the synthesis of capsid protein, and the enveloping process appears to be affected by arginine deprivation as well.
Reduction in peroxide values and monocarbonyls of oxidized methyl oleate by several microbial cultures
Authors: Lilly Helen D. , Smith James L. , Alford John A.
Published: February 2010

With oxidized methyl oleate as the substrate, a rapid method for the determination of microbial destruction of peroxides and monocarbonyls has been developed. Staphylococcus aureus showed extensive destruction of peroxides by both cells and supernatant fluid, while Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus cryophilus, Serratia marcescens, and Sarcina lutea had activity only in the cells. Escherichia coli was inactive. Destruction of 2,4-dienals, 2-enals, and n-alkanals followed a similar pattern except that E. coli cells also were active against the monocarbonyl classes. Paper chromatography did not reveal any selective action against specific monocarbonyls within the classes.
Solubilization of insoluble phosphates by some soil fungi isolated from nursery seedbeds
Authors: Agnihotri V. P.
Published: February 2010

Phosphate (tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and fluorapatite) solubilizing potential of several fungi, commonly encountered in forest tree seedbeds, was evaluated in vitro. Of the several fungi tested, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Cylindrocladium sp., and Penicillium sp. showed significant solubilization of all three phosphatic compounds tested. Damping-off fungi, viz. species of Pythium and Rhizoctonia, failed to degrade any of the phosphatic compounds tested. Conversely, the antagonists of these fungi used most of the phosphate compounds and sporulated abundantly.Data from the present study support the hypothesis that liberation of organic acids in the culture media helps solubilize phosphates.
The maturation of cell wall structure during germination of Bacillus polymyxa spores
Authors: Murray R. G. E. , Hall Myrtle M. , Marak J.
Published: February 2010

Sections of germinating spores of Bacillus polymyxa show that the primordial cell wall consists of a single layer. The intermediate layer and an outer rectangular array of macromolecules found on vegetative cells do not appear until the spore coats crack open about 60 min after initiation of germination. The initial areas of the new components appear in patches under the cracks in the coats. Within 10 min the wall is completed and takes on the profile seen in the vegetative cell. Negative staining and freeze-etching techniques show the regular structure to be identical with that previously shown for mature cells, although the subunits are more readily visible in negatively stained preparations.
Rapid lysis of cell walls of Micrococcus radiodurans with lysozyme: effects of butanol pretreatment on DNA
Authors: Driedger A. A. , Grayston M. J.
Published: February 2010

A method is presented by which the walls of Micrococcus radiodurans are rendered sensitive to rapid decomposition by lysozyme after a preliminary extraction with an n-butanol-saturated buffer. The method has been adapted for density gradient centrifugation studies of DNA in alkaline sucrose.Butanol induced an endonuclease activity which was inhibited by EDTA. Endonuclease-induced breaks were not repaired. Protoplasts did not repair X-ray-induced breaks. Therefore, pretreatment with butanol inactivated the DNA repair system. Untreated cells repaired a portion of their X-ray-induced breaks.
Tyrosinase isoenzymes in six agaric species of Basidiomycetes
Authors: Madhosingh C.
Published: February 2010

The tyrosinase isoenzyme patterns of six species of agaric Basidiomycetes were examined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, Immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion in agar, and hydroxylapatite column chromatography. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis produced the best separation of isoenzymes and other proteins. All six species demonstrated a multiplicity of isoenzymes ranging from seven major forms in Coprinus micaceus to 10 in Agaricus hortensis. Preliminary data indicate that a natural inhibitor of tyrosinase activity is present in all the species examined except in Coprinus comatus.
Presence of endotoxin in vegetative cells of Bacillus thuringiensis var. sotto
Authors: Luthy P. , Hayashi Y. , Angus T. A.
Published: February 2010

Endotoxin was found in vegetative cell extracts of Bacillus thuringiensis var. sotto. The distribution of the toxin in fractions obtained by centrifugation at different speeds indicates an association with cell particles, most likely membranes.
The fluorescent antibody test for the identification of strains of Clostridium botulinum type E
Authors: Emeruwa A. C. , Ashton F. E. , Hawirko R. Z.
Published: February 2010

A fluorescent antibody test for the identification of toxigenic and nontoxigenic type E strains of C. botulinum is described. Hyperimmune rabbit sera were prepared to cell suspensions of the D8, 070, and Beluga strains and to spores of the D8 and PM-15 strains. Fluorescein isothiocyanate immunoglobulin conjugates were prepared and absorbed with C. bifermentans and diluted to eliminate non-specific staining and cross-reactivity with related serotypes. Enzyme pretreatment of spores and washing the stained spores in carbonate buffer, pH 9.0, enhanced the sensitivity of the test. Conjugates of cell antiserum, in most cases, stained the spore bodies and not the vegetative cells of the cross-reacting strains. Conjugates of spore antiserum stained vegetative cells as well as spores but the fluorescence of the cells was eliminated by absorption of the conjugates with young cells of the homologous strain. The absorbed conjugates stained spores of 19/20 isolates from diverse geographical areas without any reduction in the intensity of fluorescence, indicating that spore antigens carry the determinant groups of type E specificity and that the common antigen is a component of the spore body. In addition, some of the cross-reacting strains showed the same degree of fluorescence as the homologous strain, suggesting that more than one antigen may be shared by these strains.
Metabolism of serine and glycine in E. coli K12. I. The role of formate in the metabolism of serine–glycine auxotrophs
Authors: Newman Elaine B.
Published: February 2010

Certain auxotrophs of E. coli K12 have a nutritional requirement for serine, glycine, or sodium formate. Formate is not a precursor of either serine or glycine; serine is a precursor of some but not all glycine. These findings do not fit in with the phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis frequently postulated. A hypothesis is made that formate reactivates an otherwise nonfunctional enzyme of serine biosynthesis. This is only one of several possible hypotheses. Complications of intermediary metabolism of serine and glycine are considered in some detail. The conclusion is reached that this area of metabolism is less well understood than is frequently thought.
The characterization of fluorescent skin diphtheroids
Authors: McBride Mollie E. , Montes L. F. , Knox J. M.
Published: February 2010

Twenty strains of Corynebacterium minutissiinum isolated from cases of erythrasma have been compared with 21 strains of fluorescent diphtheroids isolated from normal skin and 14 strains isolated from skin of dermatological patients. Features including morphological colonial characteristics and biochemical activities were used to determine the relationship between these organisms. All strains of C. minutissimum were morphologically and culturally identical with fluorescent diphtheroids isolated from normal skin and from skin of dermatological patients. Biochemical features proved to be variable in strains of C. minutissimum and all fluorescent diphtheroids regardless of source. None of the features examined differentiated between strains of C. minutissimum and fluorescent skin diphtheroids. Culture collection strains of Corynebacterium xerosis, Corynebacterium enzymicum, Corynebacterium hoagii, Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis were examined in the same way. Fluorescence could not be demonstrated in these strains. The 51 strains of C. minutissimum and fluorescent skin diphtheroids were culturally and biochemically distinct from all culture collection strains of Corynebacterium except C. xerosis.
Infectivity of Herpes simplex virus particles with and without envelopes
Authors: Stein Sylvia , Todd Paul , Mahoney Judith
Published: February 2010

Herpes simplex virions produced by infected human carcinoma No. 2 (HEp-2) cells appear in two general forms, unenveloped (naked) and enveloped. These two forms were separated by zone centrifugation at 18 000 g for 55 min through a 10 to 30% (w/v) sucrose density gradient. The three bands containing virus particles were found by electron microscopy to contain empty naked particles, full naked particles, and enveloped particles. The number of virus particles and the number of plaque-forming units (p.f.u.) were determined for each of the three types of particles. In the band containing enveloped virus particles the infectivity was 1 p.f.u./120 particles; the filled naked particle band yielded 1 p.f.u./60 000 particles; and the empty naked particle band yielded 1 p.f.u./960 000 particles. All of the infectivity of the starting material was recovered from the gradient after centrifugation. It appears that the plaque-forming efficiency of naked virus particles is extremely low, but is not negligible. Particle counts of enveloped full capsids indicate that empty and filled naked particles are enveloped indiscriminately.The infectivity of naked HSV particles as well as the number of naked particles that retain a core is increased when virus is harvested in pH 8.3 medium containing 0.01 M Na citrate, conditions that are unfavorable for DNase activity. The infectivity and morphology of enveloped particles are not affected by this harvesting method.
Secondary biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1 in Aspergillus parasiticus
Authors: Detroy R. W. , Hesseltine C. W.
Published: February 2010

The effect of two inhibitors on the formation of aflatoxin B1 synthetase activity in strain NRRL 2999 Aspergillus parasiticus has been studied. Aflatoxin B1 synthesizing activity was measured in vivo by incorporation of the 14C-methionine methyl group into aflatoxin B1. Cycloheximide at a concentration of 150 μg/ml blocks protein synthesis completely. If addition of cycloheximide is made before B1 synthetase appears, no activity accumulates; if added during accumulation, activity is frozen at the level reached at the time of addition. The cycloheximide effect is reversible since morphogenesis, total protein synthesis, and aflatoxin B1 synthetase activity all resume after removal of the inhibitor.DL-p-Fluorophenylalanine partially inhibits aflatoxin B1 synthesis in vivo; however, its effect upon macromolecular synthesis is incomplete even at high concentration levels. Once formed, the aflatoxin synthetase appears to maintain B1 synthesis when further protein synthesis is blocked; i.e., it is not rapidly degraded.
Analysis of the thermal transition curves of deoxyribonucleic acid from microorganisms
Authors: Krieg R. E. , Lockhart W. R.
Published: February 2010

The thermal transition of sheared deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) may reveal differing nucleotide frequencies within individual fragments, which is a crude reflection of nucleotide sequence in the intact molecule. DNA samples from seven species were characterized at three molecular weights, encompassing a size range from about one one-hundredth to one ten-thousandth of the original molecules. Thermal denaturation curves were treated as cumulative frequency distributions of individual molecular fragments differing in average base composition. Thermal transition curves of individual DNA samples show characteristic deviations from normality, which indicates that the proportions of nucleotides in some DNA fragments differ considerably from the average for the intact molecule. The statistical values describing denaturation curves are characteristic and constant for DNA from a given organism and are different and distinctive for different organisms.
Lipid in Erysiphe graminis hordei and its possible role during germination
Authors: McKeen W. E.
Published: February 2010

Osmiophilic bodies appear in parts of the colonial growth of Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei Em Marchal culture CR3 growing on the susceptible commercial Keystone variety of barley. They are readily observed by the light and electron microscope after osmium tetroxide staining and are abundant in conidiophores, conidia, and mycelium except in haustorial mother cells, in which they are usually absent. The metabolism of haustorial mother cells is distinct and the fine structure of adjoining cells is frequently different. Osmiophilic bodies are absent from the growing hyphal tip, but gradually increase in number and size further back in the terminal cell. Electron micrographs show that they are intracytoplasmic, intravacuolar, and up to 1 μ in diameter. When the colony is washed with acetone or alcohol rather than with aqueous buffer, after glutaraldehyde fixation, before osmium tetroxide fixation, the osmiophilic bodies are removed, indicating that they are lipids. Fat stains, Sudan black B, and Sudan IV stain these bodies. Perhaps the water needs of the germinating conidium are met in part by the oxidation of fats.
Étude de la toxinogénèse de Plectridium tetani
Authors: Vinet G. , Fredette V.
Published: February 2010

A comparative study has been made of the production of tetanus toxin according to two different methods: growth of the tetanus bacillus in jars, and growth in bottles. An important difference has been noted in the characteristics of the growth of Plectridium tetani when using one or the other of the two methods studied; in particular, the titer of the toxin produced in jars is much greater than that produced in bottles. Moreover, it has been noticed that the liberation into the surrounding medium of the toxin synthesized inside the bacterial cells during logarithmic growth is favored by a lysis of the cells which becomes manifest after 4–5 days of growth. This lysis occurs when the pH value of the culture reaches 7.5–7.6.
Further studies on the differentiation of Clostridium sordellii from Clostridium bifermentans by gas chromatography
Authors: Brooks John B. , Dowell V. R. , Farshy D. C. , Armfield A. Y.
Published: February 2010

Amines produced by 31 strains of the Clostridium bifermentans and C. sordellii groups were compared by examining trifluoroaceticanhydride derivatives of basic chloroform extracts from spent cultural medium by gas–liquid chromatography (g.l.c.). All of the urease-positive strains (16) exhibited an amine profile consistent with that of C. sordellii. On the other hand, 12 of 15 urease-negative strains produced amine g.l.c. patterns like that of C. bifermentans, and three strains produced amine patterns identical with that of C. sordellii. The carbohydrate composition of some of the strains was determined by g.l.c. of trimethylsilyl derivatives of acid-digested formamide extracts of whole cells. Two of the three urease-negative strains with amine profiles like C. sordellii had a carbohydrate composition similar to that of C. sordellii, and the other strain had a carbohydrate profile more like that of C. bifermentans. One known strain of C. bifermentans had a carbohydrate profile with characteristics of both C. bifermentans and C. sordellii. The results of this study point out the variability of urease production by C. sordellii and the value of gas chromatography in differentiating this organism from C. bifermentans.
Effect of metabolic inhibitors on the production of Chlamydia psittaci by infected L cells
Authors: Gill Shawn D'Arcy , Stewart Robert B.
Published: February 2010

The effect of sodium azide and antimycin on the production of psittacosis organisms from L cells was studied. In both cases it was found that a reduction of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) brought about by the inhibitor was accompanied by a reduction in the yield of psittacosis organisms. The same observations were made when Eagles minimum essential medium (MEM) glucose was reduced to a less than optimal concentration. These results are discussed in relation to an energy parasite concept.
Interaction of interferon with cells: characteristic of the induction of interferon uptake in relation to interferon antiviral activity
Authors: Sheaff Edward T. , Stewart Robert B.
Published: February 2010

A study of the factors influencing the development of an interferon-induced antiviral state indicated that the induction phase of the interferon "uptake" system was dependent on interferon concentration and exposure time of cells to interferon. The same parameters were found to affect the development of antiviral activity when a greater concentration of interferon was applied to cells which had been induced. Low pH was found to affect, adversely, the development of an antiviral state in cells exposed to interferon. This effect was at the induction rather than the uptake level of interferon action.
RNA in midgut of tussock moth, Orgyia leucostigma, infected with cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus
Authors: Hayashi Y.
Published: February 2010

The RNA synthesis in the midgut of the tussock moth, Orgyia leucostigma, infected with cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus has been studied in the presence of actinomycin D. Although actinomycin D at a concentration of 2 μg/larva does inhibit the cellular RNA synthesis, virus-specific RNA can be still synthesized in the infected midgut. In these conditions, two species of virus-specific RNA are found; one is RNase-sensitive and the other is resistant. The enzyme-sensitive RNA may be single-stranded and consists of at least two components which have sedimentation rates of 22 and 15 S, while the resistant RNA is probably double-stranded viral progeny RNA. Under the same condition, however, virion formation is inhibited about 63%.
Arylsulfatase multiplicity in Proteus rettgeri
Authors: Fitzgerald J. W. , Milazzo F. H.
Published: February 2010

Multiple electrophoretic species of arylsulfatase were demonstrated in sonicates of Proteus rettgeri by paper electrophoresis. Subsequent treatment of the sonicates with streptomycin sulfate and DEAE-cellulose chromatography resolved enzyme activity into four fractions. Electrophoretic examination of each chromatographic fraction revealed sulfatase heterogeneity comparable to that of the initial extract. These electrophoretic components differed in their general response to a number of arylsulfatase inhibitors. The results are discussed in relation to the finding of multiple species of arylsulfatase in other biological systems.
The ordered growth pattern of microcolonies of Micrococcus radiodurans: first generation sectoring of induced lethal mutations
Authors: Driedger A. A.
Published: February 2010

Cells in microcolonies of Micrococcus radiodurans are distributed in an orderly array after five generations so that the pedigree of the cells can be traced by inspection. Induced lethal mutations are expressed with high frequency in the first generation. This is consistent with the presence of one copy of the genetic information per cell under the given growth conditions.
Transport and binding of galactose by Streptococcus faecalis
Authors: Wllkins P. O.
Published: February 2010

Glucose-grown cells of Streptococcus faecalis 10C1 accumulate but do not metabolize D-galactose. Uptake involves a carrier-mediated process and an irreversible binding to the cell membrane. The transport system has a low affinity for galactose but accumulation against a concentration difference and glucose-induced countertransport of galactose were demonstrated. Concurrent fermentation of arginine increased the initial rate of uptake and the maximal intracellular concentration. About 10% of accumulated D-galactose-1-14C was retained by the cells after extraction in ethanol or hot water. The bound radioactivity increased with uptake time and was greater in the presence of arginine. Sephadex chromatography of membrane preparations dispersed in sodium dodecylsulfate showed that all of the radioactivity was associated with protein and organic phosphorus. The addition of phosphoenolpyruvate to the uptake medium increased the accumulation of free galactose but did not alter the amount bound. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate inhibited both processes.
The fatty acid composition of Blastocladiella emersonii
Authors: Sumner J. L.
Published: February 2010

The fatty acid compositions of the total, neutral, and polar lipids of Blastocladiella emersonii have been determined. Major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, γ-linolenic, and arachidonic acid. Polar lipid contained a higher proportion of linoleic, γ-linolenic, and arachidonic acid than did neutral or total lipids, whilst neutral lipid had a high proportion of palmitic and oleic acid. In addition to γ-linolenic acid, α-linolenic acid was also present; this is the first occasion that both isomers have been demonstrated in the same fungus, and the phylogenetic possibilities of this finding are discussed.
Presence of lipase among species of extremely halophilic bacteria
Authors: González C. , Gutierrez C.
Published: February 2010

The presence of lipase in 56 extremely halophilic bacteria was studied by using a plate method with Tweens 20, 40, and 80 as substrates for the enzyme. Thirty-five strains were positive and 21 were negative. Halobacterium salinarium did not hydrolyze any of the Tweens tested. H. cutirubrum hydrolyzed Tween 20 and 40. Micrococcus morrhuae hydrolyzed all Tweens tested. The application of lipase in halobacteria as a taxonomical character was emphasized, and its role in the spoilage of fatty products was considered.
Demonstration of western equine encephalitis virus in mouse brain by immunofluorescence
Authors: Hayles L. B. , Saunders J. R. , Bigland C. H.
Published: February 2010

Brains of mice infected with western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus were fixed in Carnoy's fluid at 4 °C and transferred through chloroform to paraffin. The procedure gave excellent preservation of structural architecture and viral antigen. The latter was demonstrated in sections by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique in which Evans blue was used as a counterstain. The technique proved to be rapid, simple, and reliable for the identification of WEE virus in mouse brain.
The fatty acid composition of sclerotia
Authors: Sumner J. L. , Colotelo N.
Published: February 2010

The fatty acid compositions of sclerotia of Botrytis tulipae, Sclerotinia borealis, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produced under specific culture conditions have been compared with those of sclerotia isolated from natural environments. In each organism the lipids of sclerotia isolated from host plants were more unsaturated than those of cultured sclerotia. Fractionation of sclerotial and mycelial lipids of S. sclerotiorum revealed that the neutral lipid component was more unsaturated than the polar lipid component. In cultures of S. sclerotiorum the fatty acid composition of both mycelial and sclerotial lipids was affected by the incubation temperature, becoming more unsaturated as the temperature was lowered, Irrespective of incubation temperature the fatty acid composition of S. sclerotiorum snowed quantitative differences from the "parent" mycelium in that sclerotia consistently contained a greater proportion of oleic acid and correspondingly smaller proportions of palmitic, stearic, and linolenic acid.