bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of papillomatous digital dermatitis among culled adult cattle in the southeastern United States
Authors: Brown Corrie C. , Kilgo Patrick D. , Jacobsen Karen L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine prevalence of papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) among culled adult dairy and beef cattle in the southeastern United States.

Animals—815 cattle examined during 4 visits to a slaughterhouse.

Procedure—The left hind foot of each animal was examined for gross lesions of PDD. Breed and sex of the animals were recorded. Lesions were examined histologically for pathologic changes and bacteria, especially spirochetes.

Results—22 of 76 (29%) dairy cattle and 29 of 739 (4%) beef cattle had gross lesions of PDD. Detection of lesions was not associated with sex of dairy cattle, but male beef cattle were more likely to have lesions of PDD than were female beef cattle. Histologically, acute and chronic lesions were seen; the most severe changes were localized to the stratum corneum. Spirochetes were seen in lesions from 31 of 51 (61%) cattle.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that PDD is common among culled adult cattle. Prevalence was higher in culled adult dairy cattle than in culled adult beef cattle. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:928–930)
Pharmacokinetics and cardiopulmonary effects of fentanyl in isoflurane-anesthetized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Valverde Celia R. , Mama Khursheed R. , Kollias-Baker Cynthia , Steffey Eugene P. , Baggot J. Desmond
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine pharmacokinetics and selected cardiopulmonary effects of fentanyl in isoflurane-anesthetized rhesus monkeys.

Animals—6 adult male rhesus monkeys.

Procedure—Fentanyl (8 mg/kg of body weight, IV) was administered to 6 monkeys anesthetized with isoflurane. End-tidal isoflurane concentration and esophageal temperature were kept constant, and ventilation was mechanically assisted. Heart rate, rhythm, aortic blood pressure, and blood pH, gas, and fentanyl concentrations were determined before and for 8 hours after administration of fentanyl. Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl were derived by use of noncompartmental methods based on statistical moment theory.

Results—Heart rate and mean arterial pressure decreased transiently following fentanyl administration. Maximal decreases were observed 5 to 15 minutes after administration. Arterial pH, PaCO2, and PaO2ranged from 7.46 ± 0.04 to 7.51 ± 0.05 units, 29.2 ± 3 to 34.6 ± 4.4 mm Hg, and 412.6 ± 105.3 to 482.9 ± 71.2 mm Hg, respectively. The clearance, volume of distribution area, volume of distribution steady state, mean residence time, area under the curve, elimination rate constant, and half-life were 32.5 ± 2.48 ml/kg/min, 9.04 ± 1.91 L/kg, 7.0 ± 1.2 L/kg, 218.5 ± 35.5 min, 0.247 ± 0.019 mg/ml/min, 0.004 ± 0.001/min, and 192.0 ± 33.5 min, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Transient but potentially clinically important decreases in heart rate and mean arterial pressure were observed following fentanyl administration. Distribution and clearance data were similar to those reported for dogs and humans. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:931–934)
Effects of clomipramine hydrochloride on heart rate and rhythm in healthy dogs
Authors: Pouchelon Jean-Louis , Martel Eric , Champeroux Pascal , Richard Serge , King Jonathan N.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the effects of clomipramine hydrochloride on heart rate and rhythm in dogs.

Animals—17 healthy Beagles.

Procedures—In experiment 1, 8 dogs received placebo or clomipramine (20 mg/kg of body weight, q 24 h, PO) for 7 days in a 2-way crossover design. In experiment 2, 9 dogs were evaluated for 48 hours before and 24 hours after oral administration of clomipramine (4 or 12 mg/kg) in a 2-way crossover design. Electrocardiogram and heart rate were monitored continuously by use of telemetry.

Results—A significant diurnal rhythm in heart rate was detected; minimum values were recorded at night. Administration of 20 mg of clomipramine/kg induced a significant reduction in heart rate, with peak effect achieved approximately 12 hours after dosing. Administration of 4 or 12 mg of clomipramine/kg did not result in significant changes in heart rate. Sinoatrial and second-degree atrioventricular block and ventricular escape beats were observed during periods of slow heart rate in more dogs that received clomipramine (3 to 4 of 8 dogs), compared with dogs that received placebo (1 to 2 of 8 dogs), but this difference was not significant.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Short-term administration of clomipramine induced benign cardiovascular effects in dogs rather than the potentially dangerous arrhythmias or tachycardia reported following administration of tricyclic antidepressants to humans. Precautions regarding cardiovascular effects may not be needed for the use of clomipramine in healthy dogs. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:960–964)
Effect of cimetidine on pharmacokinetics of orally administered cyclosporine in healthy dogs
Authors: Daigle Jenise Coyne , Hosgood Giselle , Foil Carol S. , Hunter Robert P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine (CyA) in healthy dogs after oral administration alone or in combination with orally administered cimetidine.

Animals—10 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly assigned to receive CyA alone or CyA in combination with cimetidine. After a washout period of 2 weeks, dogs then received the alternate treatment. The CyA plus cimetidine treatment required administration of cimetidine (15 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 8 h) for 8 days and administration of CyA (5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) on days 6 through 8. The CyA treatment alone required administration of CyA (5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) for 3 days. On the third day of CyA administration during each treatment, blood samples were collected immediately before (time 0) and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 21, and 24 hours after initiating CyA administration.

Results—Time until maximum CyA concentration was significantly longer for CyA in combination with cimetidine. Assessment of estimated pharmacokinetic variables revealed a significantly faster rate of change in the distribution phase for CyA in combination with cimetidine. Maximum CyA concentration differed significantly among dogs but did not differ significantly between treatments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of our data suggests that cimetidine may affect absorption of orally administered CyA, but overall, it does not affect the pharmacokinetics of CyA. There is considerable variability in the maximum concentration of CyA among dogs, and monitoring of blood concentrations of CyA during treatment is advised. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1046–1050)
Uptake of β-carotene by ovarian and uterine tissues and effects on steroidogenesis during the estrous cycle in cats
Authors: Chew Boon P. , Weng Brian B. C. , Kim Hong Wook , Wong Teri S. , Park Jean Soon , Lepine Allan J.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To determine uptake of β-carotene by
ovarian and uterine tissues and influence of dietary β-
carotene on steroidogenesis and production of uterine
protein during the estrous cycle in cats.

Animals—56 female cats.

Procedure—Cats were fed diets containing 0, 0.4, 2,
or 10 mg of β-carotene daily for 8 weeks prior to
detection of estrus. At time of observed estrus, all
cats were manually induced to ovulate. Blood samples
were obtained at estrus and every 2 days until
day 14 after ovulation. On that day, cats underment
laparotomy, and the ovaries and uterus were
removed. Uterine contents were flushed, and luteal
and endometrial tissues were obtained.

Results—Concentrations of β-carotene in plasma and
luteal and endometrial tissues increased in a dosedependent
manner. Concentrations of plasma progesterone
were higher between days 6 and 10 after
ovulation in cats fed diets containing β-carotene and
continued to increase through day 14 after ovulation
in cats fed a diet containing 10 mg of β-carotene.
Plasma concentration of estradiol-17β also was higher
between days 0 and 4 after ovulation in cats fed
diets containing β-carotene. Cats fed a diet containing
10 mg of β-carotene had the highest plasma estradiol
concentration. Total uterine protein concentration
was higher in cats fed β-carotene, compared with values
for cats fed an unsupplemented diet.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Cats readily
absorb β-carotene. Increased concentrations of progesterone,
estradiol, and uterine protein may provide
more optimal ovarian function or a better uterine environment
for embryonic survival and development.
(Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1063–1067)
Comparison of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine as premedicants in dogs undergoing propofol-isoflurane anesthesia
Authors: Kuusela Erja , Raekallio Marja , Väisänen Misse , Mykkänen Katja , Ropponen Hannu , Vainio Outi
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare 3 dose levels of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine for use as premedicants in dogs undergoing propofol-isoflurane anesthesia.

Animals—6 healthy Beagles.

Procedure—Dogs received medetomidine or dexmedetomidine intravenously at the following dose levels: 0.4 µg of medetomidine or 0.2 µg of dexmedetomidine/kg of body weight (M0.4/D0.2), 4.0 µg of medetomidine or 2.0 µg of dexmedetomidine/ kg (M4/D2), and 40 µg of medetomidine or 20 µg of dexmedetomidine/kg (M40/D20). Sedation and analgesia were scored before induction. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. End-tidal isoflurane concentration, heart rate, and arterial blood pressures and gases were measured.

Results—Degrees of sedation and analgesia were significantly affected by dose level but not drug. Combined mean end-tidal isoflurane concentration for all dose levels was higher in dogs that received medetomidine, compared with dexmedetomidine. Recovery time was significantly prolonged in dogs treated at the M40/D20 dose level, compared with the other dose levels. After induction, blood pressure decreased below reference range and heart rate increased in dogs treated at the M0.4/D0.2 dose level, whereas blood pressure was preserved in dogs treated at the M40/D20 dose level. However, dogs in these latter groups developed profound bradycardia and mild metabolic acidosis during anesthesia. Treatment at the M4/D2 dose level resulted in more stable cardiovascular effects, compared with the other dose levels. In addition, PaCO2was similar among dose levels.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dexmedetomidine is at least as safe and effective as medetomidine for use as a premedicant in dogs undergoing propofol-isoflurane anesthesia. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1073–1080)
Thyroid function testing in Greyhounds
Authors: Gaughan Kathy R. , Bruyette David S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate thyroid function in healthy Greyhounds, compared with healthy non-Greyhound pet dogs, and to establish appropriate reference range values for Greyhounds.

Animals—98 clinically normal Greyhounds and 19 clinically normal non-Greyhounds.

Procedures—Greyhounds were in 2 groups as follows: those receiving testosterone for estrus suppression (T-group Greyhounds) and those not receiving estrus suppressive medication (NT-group Greyhounds). Serum thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine (fT4) concentrations were determined before and after administration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH). Basal serum canine thyroid stimulating hormone (cTSH) concentrations were determined on available stored sera.

Results—Basal serum T4 and fT4 concentrations were significantly lower in Greyhounds than in non- Greyhounds. Serum T4 concentrations after TSH and TRH administration were significantly lower in Greyhounds than in non-Greyhounds. Serum fT4 concentrations after TSH and TRH administration were significantly lower in NT-group than T-group Greyhounds and non-Greyhounds. Mean cTSH concentrations were not different between Greyhounds and non-Greyhounds.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Previously established canine reference range values for basal serum T4 and fT4 may not be appropriate for use in Greyhounds. Greyhound-specific reference range values for basal serum T4 and fT4 concentrations should be applied when evaluating thyroid function in Greyhounds. Basal cTSH concentrations in Greyhounds are similar to non-Greyhound pet dogs. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1130–1133)
Detection of shared antigenic determinants on whole Moraxella bovis pili by use of antisera to cyanogen bromide-cleaved M bovis pilus protein
Authors: Greene Wallace H. , Grubbs Steven T. , Potgieter L. N. D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the ability of antisera against cyanogen bromide-cleaved pili from 4 strains ofMoraxella bovisto react with whole or nondenatured pili.

Sample Population—Antisera to 4 strains ofM bovisproduced by New Zealand White rabbits.

Procedure—Pili from 4 strains ofM boviswere collected and purified. Pilus proteins (pilin) were cleaved, using cyanogen bromide. Whole pilus and cyanogen bromide-cleaved pilin were injected into rabbits. Antisera were serially diluted, reacted with 4 strains ofM bovis, and examined by immunoelectron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence.

Results—Antisera to whole pili aggregated and distorted pili from homologous strains, but pili from heterologous strains were unaffected. Antisera to cleaved pilin fragments resulted in partial aggregation and thickening of homologous and heterologous pili, suggestive of heterospecific antibodies. Attachment of antibodies to pili was detected by indirect immunofluorescence, indicating a strong reaction of antisera to whole pili with homologous pili. Weak cross-reactions were evident with certain heterologous strains. In contrast, antisera to cleaved pilin fragments reacted strongly with pili from homologous and heterologous strains.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—We detected shared antigenic determinants on pili from various strains ofM bovisthat were not immunogenic in intact pili. These sites were immunogenic after cleavage of pilus protein with cyanogen bromide, and antisera produced to protein fragments reacted with whole pili from heterologous strains of the organism. Vaccines produced from cyanogen bromide-treated pili may induce broader immunity against infectious bovine keratoconjuctivitis than that provided by currently available vaccines. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1279–1284)
Effect of repetitive bronchoalveolar lavage on cytologic findings in healthy dogs
Authors: Rajamäki Minna M. , Järvinen Anna-Kaisa , Saari Seppo A. M. , Maisi Päivi S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine reference values for cytologic examination results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and to investigate effects of repeated lavages on pulmonary health and on results of cytologic examination of BALF in dogs.

Animals—16 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedure—All dogs underwent pulmonary lavage to obtain BALF. Eleven dogs were repeatedly lavaged 6 times at 5– to 7–week intervals. Analyses for total and differential cell counts and for viability of cells before and after cell processing were performed. Arterial blood gas analysis before and after bronchoalveolar lavage was used to study the safety of the lavage procedure. Histologic and radiologic examinations were used to study effects of repeated lavages on pulmonary health.

Results—Mean (± SD) cell count was 104 ± 69 cells/µl, comprising 75 ± 7% alveolar macrophages, 13 ± 6% lymphocytes, 5 ± 4% neutrophils, 4 ± 5% eosinophils, 2 ± 2% mast cells, 0.6 ± 0.7% epithelial cells, and 0.3 ± 0.4% plasma cells. Centrifugation of samples and washing of cells caused significant cell loss (59 ± 13%). Repeated lavages did not cause significant variations in cell counts of BALF or results of arterial blood gas analysis, thoracic radiography, or histologic examination of pulmonary specimens. Only a moderate, although significant, decrease in arterial oxygen content was observed after bronchoalveolar lavage.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis indicated that several lavages performed at 5– to 7–week intervals can safely and reliably be used to study the kinetics of pathologic processes in pulmonary tissues or for evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:13–16)
Voluntary limb-load distribution in horses with acute and chronic laminitis
Authors: Hood David M. , Wagner Ilka P. , Taylor Danny D. , Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Chaffin M. Keith
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To compare limb-load distribution
between horses with and without acute or chronic
laminitis.

Animals—10 horses with carbohydrate-induced
acute laminitis, 20 horses with naturally occurring
chronic laminitis, and 20 horses without foot abnormalities
(controls).

Procedures—Limb-load distribution was determined,
using a custom-designed system that allowed simultaneous
quantification of the mean percentage of
body weight voluntarily placed on each limb (ie, mean
limb load) and the SD of the mean load over a 5-
minute period (ie, load distribution profile [LDP]). Load
distribution profile was used as an index of frequency
of load redistribution.

Results—Mean loads on fore- and hind limbs in control
horses were 58 and 42%, respectively, and loads
were equally and normally distributed between left
and right limbs. In addition, forelimb LDP was greater,
compared with hind limbs, and was affected by head
and neck movement. In comparison, limb-load distribution
in horses with chronic laminitis was characterized
by an increase in the preferential loading of a
forelimb, a decrease in total forelimb load, and an
increase in LDP that was correlated with severity of
lameness. In horses with carbohydrate-induced acute
laminitis, mean limb loads after onset of lameness
were not different from those prior to lameness; however,
LDP was significantly decreased after onset of
lameness.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Quantification
of limb-load distribution may be an applicable screening
method for detecting acute laminitis, grading
severity of lameness, and monitoring rehabilitation of
horses with chronic laminitis. (Am J Vet Res 2001;
62:1393–1398)
Synovial fluid gelatinase concentrations and matrix metalloproteinase and cytokine expression in naturally occurring joint disease in horses
Authors: Trumble Troy N. , Trotter Gayle W. , Oxford Julie R. Thom , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Cammarata Sheryl , Goodnight Jennifer L. , Billinghurst R. Clark , Frisbie David D.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To determine concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 in synovial fluid; and mRNA expression of MMP-1, -13, and -3; interleukin[ IL]-1α and β; and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in synovial membrane and articular cartilage from horses with naturally occurring joint disease.

Sample Population—Synovial fluid (n = 76), synovial membrane (59), and articular cartilage (45) from 5 clinically normal horses and 55 horses with joint disease categorized as traumatic (acute [AT] or chronic [CT]), osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), or septic (S).

Procedure—Synovial fluid gelatinase concentrations were analyzed, using zymography. Synovial membrane and articular cartilage mRNA expression for MMP-1, -3, and -13, IL-1α and β, TNF-α, type-II collagen, and aggrecan were analyzed, using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

Results—Synovial fluid pro-MMP-2 concentration was significantly higher in diseased joints than normal joints. Septic joints had significantly higher concentrations of pro and active MMP-9. Stromelysin-1 was expressed in ≥ 80% of synovial membrane and articular cartilage samples and was strongly influenced by age. Collagenases were rarely expressed, with MMP- 13 expressed only in diseased joints. Interleukin-1β expression was significantly higher in all OCD samples and was influenced by age. Tumor necrosis factor- α expression was significantly higher in cartilage from joints with AT and OCD. There was no correlation between MMP or cytokines and type-II collagen or aggrecan expression.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Matrix metalloproteinase- 2 and -3 are abundant in naturally occurring joint disease and normal joints. Interleukin-1β and TNF-α may be important in the pathogenesis of OCD. Age affects MMP and IL-1β concentrations. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1467–1477)
Evaluation of a signal-adapted filter for processing of periodic electromyography signals in horses walking on a treadmill
Authors: Peham Christian , Licka Theresia F. , Scheidl Martin
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate an adaptive-filter method for
use in analysis of periodic electromyography (EMG)
signals in which the transfer function of the filter is
matched to characteristics of the signal.

Animals—15 adult horses without clinical signs of
back pain.

Procedure—Electromyography signals of the left and
right longissimus dorsi muscles, middle gluteal muscles,
and triceps brachii muscle were recorded from
horses walking on a treadmill, using bilaterally placed
surface electrodes. A reflective marker was placed on
the hoof of the left hind limb for simultaneous kinematic
measurement of motion cycles. Absolute value
of the measured EMG signal was convoluted by use
of a filter signal equivalent to the length of 3 motion
cycles. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated
from the autocorrelation function and compared with
the SNR of the unfiltered and the low-pass filtered
signals.

Results—The signal-adapted filter significantly
increased SNR (by 7.3 dB, compared with the lowpass
filter, and by 11.1 dB, compared with the unfiltered
EMG signal).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The signal adapted
filter eliminates signal parts that are not correlated
to periodic motion. The method reported here
improves the applicability of periodic EMG signals as
a clinical tool. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1687–1689)
Comparison of ultrasonography and pharmacokinetic analysis of creatine kinase release for quantitative assessment of postinjection muscle damage in sheep
Authors: Ferré Pierre J. , Concordet Didier , Laroute Valérie , Chanoit Guillaume P. , Ferré Jean-Pierre , Manesse Martial , P. Lefebvre Hervé
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To investigate and validate noninvasive methods for the quantitative evaluation of postinjection muscle damage.

Animals—5 adult sheep.

Procedures—Muscle lesions were induced twice in the lumbar region of the longissimus dorsi muscles (2 sides) by IM administration of a 20% formulation of long-acting oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg of body weight). Clinical signs and local cutaneous temperature above the injection site were recorded. Muscle lesions were quantitatively evaluated by ultrasonography and by use of pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma creatine kinase activity, and both were compared with a comprehensive planimetric computer-assisted analysis of the injection sites after euthanasia.

Results—Transient cutaneous hypothermia (temperature change, –3.9 ± 0.62 C) and subsequent persistent hyperthermia (3.1 ± 1.35 C) were observed after the administrations. Despite coefficient of variation < 10% for precision of ultrasonographic measurement of normal muscle, measurements of the lesions, with coefficient of variation > 60% for precision, were systematically underestimated. Quantitative evaluation of muscle damage by use of pharmacokinetic analysis of creatine kinase (12.1 ± 4.96 g) was in agreement with results of macroscopic planimetric evaluation (10.8 ± 3.64 g).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ultrasonography cannot be used for quantitative assessment of postinjection muscle damage. Pharmacokinetic analysis of creatine kinase provides an accurate quantitative evaluation of macroscopic muscle damage after IM administration of drugs. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1698–1705)
In vitro effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in whole blood of horses, dogs, and cats
Authors: Brideau Christine , Van Staden Carlo , Chan Chi Chung
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine potency and selectivity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and cyclooxygenase- (COX-) specific inhibitors in whole blood from horses, dogs, and cats.

Sample Population—Blood samples from 30 healthy horses, 48 healthy dogs, and 9 healthy cats.

Procedure—Activities of COX-1 and COX-2 were determined by measuring coagulation-induced thromboxane B2and lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2concentrations, respectively, in whole blood with and without the addition of various concentrations of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, diclofenac, indomethacin, meloxicam, carprofen, 5-bromo-2[4-fluorophenyl]-3-[4- methylsulfonylphenyl]-thiophene (DuP 697), 5,5- dimethyl-3-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-methylsulphonyl) phenyl-2(5H)-furan one (DFU), 3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)- 4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2-(5H)-furanone (MF-tricyclic), and celecoxib. Potency of each test compound was determined by calculating the concentration that resulted in inhibition of 50% of COX activity (IC50). Selectivity was determined by calculating the ratio of IC50for COX-1 to IC50 for COX-2 (COX-1/COX-2 ratio).

Results—The novel compound DFU was the most selective COX-2 inhibitor in equine, canine, and feline blood; COX-1/COX-2 ratios were 77.5, 74, and 69, respectively. Carprofen was the weakest inhibitor of COX-2, compared with the other COX-2 selective inhibitors, and did not inhibit COX-2 activity in equine blood. In contrast, NSAID such as phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine were more potent inhibitors of COX-1 than COX-2 in canine and equine blood.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The novel COX-2 inhibitor DFU was more potent and selective in canine, equine, and feline blood, compared with phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and carprofen. Compounds that specifically inhibit COX-2 may result in a lower incidence of adverse effects, compared with NSAID, when administered at therapeutic dosages to horses, dogs, and cats. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1755–1760)
Activation-induced mobilization of secretory vesicles in bovine neutrophils
Authors: Swain Steve D. , Siemsen Daniel W. , Hanson Angela J. , Quinn Mark T.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize mobilization of secretory granules in bovine neutrophils.

Sample Population—Neutrophils obtained from four 6- to 18-month-old Holstein cattle.

Procedure—Mobilization of secretory granules in bovine neutrophils was determined by measuring changes in cell-surface alkaline phosphatase activity on cells treated with various inflammatory mediators. Subcellular distribution of the alkaline phosphatase activity was determined by analysis of bovine neutrophil homogenates fractionated on density gradients.

Results—Alkaline phosphatase-containing secretory granules of bovine neutrophils were readily mobilized by a number of inflammatory agents, including platelet-activating factor, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, lipopolysaccharide, leukotriene B4, and zymosan-activated plasma. In contrast,N-formylmethionyl- leucyl-phenylalanine did not have a significant effect. Phorbol myristate acetate induced a biphasic response with up-regulation of cell-surface alkaline phosphatase at low doses and a return to baseline or even a reduction in cell-surface alkaline phosphatase at higher doses (≥ 10 ng/ml). Subcellular fractionation of bovine neutrophil homogenates revealed that alkaline phosphatase activity resided in light-density membrane vesicles (ie, location of secretory granules), which were distinct from specific, azurophil, and large granules.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bovine neutrophils respond to various inflammatory mediators by mobilizing alkaline phosphatase-containing secretory granules. This suggests that the process is an important early step in the host-defense response of bovine neutrophils. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1776–1781)
Adsorption of colostral antibodies against classical swine fever, persistence of maternal antibodies, and effect on response to vaccination in baby pigs
Authors: Vandeputte Joris , Too Henry L. , Ng Fook K. , Chen Cindy , Chai Kim K. , Liao Guo A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine kinetics of antibody absorption,
persistence of antibody concentrations, and
influence of titers on vaccination of baby pigs with a
vaccine against classical swine fever (CSF).

Animals—15 sows and their litters.

Procedure—Farrowings were supervised. Initial time
of suckling was recorded. In the first experiment,
blood samples were collected at farrowing, 2 and 4
hours after suckling, and hourly until 10 hours after initial
suckling. Samples were assayed for CSF antibodies,
using a serum neutralizing (SN) test. A second
experiment included 33 baby pigs vaccinated as follows:
10 prior to ingestion of colostrum, 18 between
1 and 4 hours after ingestion of colostrum, and 5 at 12
hours after ingestion of colostrum. Fourteen pigs
were vaccinated when 7 weeks old, and 15 pigs were
not vaccinated. At 10 weeks of age, pigs were challenge-
exposed with virulent CSF virus. Blood samples
were collected and assayed for CSF antibodies and
p125 antigen and p125 antibodies.

Results—CSF antibodies were detected in pigs beginning
2 hours after suckling. Colostral antibodies persisted
for > 7 weeks (half-life, 7.9 days). Vaccination of
pigs before suckling provided effective protection from
severe disease after challenge-exposure. However,
vaccination of neonates with antibody titers was not
effective, because 19 of 23 (82%) pigs succumbed
after challenge-exposure. All pigs vaccinated when 7
weeks old resisted challenge-exposure, whereas all
unvaccinated control pigs succumbed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vaccination
before ingestion of colostrum conferred good protection
against CSF in baby pigs. Vaccination of 7-weekold
pigs that had decreasing concentrations of passively
acquired antibodies was efficacious. (Am J Vet
Res 2001;62:1805–1811)
Use of the 13C-octanoic acid breath test for assessment of solid-phase gastric emptying in dogs
Authors: Wyse Cathy A. , Preston Tom , Love Sandy , Morrison Douglas J. , Cooper Jon M. , Yam Philippa S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess the13C-octanoic acid breath test for determining gastric emptying in dogs.

Animals—6 healthy adult dogs.

Procedure—Food was withheld for 12 hours before each test. Expired air was collected 30 minutes and immediately before each test and at frequent intervals thereafter for 6 hours. Concentration of13CO2in expired air was determined by use of continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Basal concentration of13CO2was measured in dogs that were not fed a test meal. Effects of the standard unlabeled test meal on basal concentration of13CO2were then assessed. The optimum dose of substrate was determined by measuring13CO2concentration after ingestion of the standard test meal containing 50 or 100 mg of13C-octanoic acid, whereas effect of energy density of the test meal on gastric emptying was determined after ingestion of the standard or high-energy labeled test meal. Gastric emptying coefficient (GEC), time to peak13CO2concentration (tmax), and half-dose recovery time (t½) were calculated.

Results—Basal concentration of13CO2in expired air was not significantly affected by ingestion of the unlabeled test meal. However,13CO2concentration significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner after ingestion of the labeled meal. Gastric emptying coefficient, tmax, and t½were significantly different between dogs fed the standard and high-energy test meals, indicating that ingestion of a high-energy meal delays gastric emptying.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The13C-octanoic acid breath test may be a useful noninvasive and nonradioactive method for assessment of gastric emptying in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1939–1944)
Effects of intestinal ischemia on in vitro activity of adjacent jejunum in samples obtained from ponies
Authors: Malone Erin D. , Kannan Mathur S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether intestinal ischemia would alter activity of the jejunum in vitro or alter staining characteristics for certain types of enteric neurotransmitters.

Sample Population—Jejunal samples obtained from 10 ponies.

Procedure—Jejunal samples were obtained from locations proximal and distal to an area of small intestine made ischemic for 60 minutes. A portion of each sample was stained to detect substance P-like immunoreactivity, cholinergic and adrenergic neurons, and nitric oxide synthase. Portions of the remaining samples were suspended in muscle baths. General activity patterns (frequency and amplitude of contraction), responses to neuronal depolarization induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS), and responses to 1 µMnorepinephrine (NE) were compared with responses of a normal section of small intestine obtained prior to ischemic insult.

Results—Staining patterns were not altered. Proximal and distal sections had evidence of decreased contractility, compared with the normal section. Contraction frequency also was decreased, and distal sections had lower contraction frequency than proximal sections. Relaxation responses were decreased in distal sections. Responses to NE differed significantly for distal and proximal sections, compared with normal sections.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Short-term ischemia can significantly affect adjacent bowel. Contractile and relaxation responses are impaired. Discrepancies in intestinal motility patterns and alterations in response to NE for sections proximal and distal to ischemic intestine could lead to clinical ileus or slowed transit of ingesta. (Am J Vet Res2001; 62:1973–1978)
Estimation of the probability for exceeding a threshold concentration of furosemide at various intervals after intravenous administration in horses
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Chu Karin K. , Stanley Scott D. , Wang Naisyin
Published: December 2005

Objective—To estimate the probability for exceeding a threshold concentration of furosemide commonly used for regulatory purposes after IV administration of furosemide in horses.

Animals—12 mature healthy horses (6 Thoroughbreds and 6 Quarter Horses).

Procedure—Venous blood was collected from each horse prior to and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, 5, and 6 hours after administration of 250 or 500 mg of furosemide. Concentrations of furosemide were determined, using an ELISA. Concentration of furosemide was modeled as a function of time, accounting for inter- and intrahorse variabilities. On the basis of pharmacokinetic data, the probability for exceeding a concentration of 100 ng/ml as a function of time was determined, using a semiparametric smooth functional averaging method. A bootstrap approach was used to assess inherent variation in this estimated probability.

Results—The estimated probability of exceeding the threshold of 100 ng of furosemide/ml ranged from 11.6% at 4 hours to 2.2% at 5.5 hours after IV administration of 250 mg of furosemide/horse and 34.2% at 4 hours to 12.3% at 5.5 hours after IV administration of 500 mg of furosemide/horse. The probability of a horse being falsely identified in violation of regulatory concentrations was inversely associated with time and positively associated with dose.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Interhorse variability with respect to pharmacokinetics of furosemide will result in misclassification of some horses as being in violation of regulatory concentrations. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:320–325)
Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril in cats with induced renal insufficiency
Authors: Brown Scott A. , Brown Cathy A. , Jacobs Gilbert , Stiles Jean , Hendi Rim S. , Wilson Shawn
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril in cats with induced renal insufficiency.

Animals—32 cats.

Procedure—Renal mass was surgically reduced, and cats were assigned to 1 of 4 eight-cat groups. Group 1 received placebo, whereas groups 2, 3, and 4 received benazepril hydrochloride orally once daily for approximately 6.5 months at the following doses: group 2, 0.25 to 0.50 mg/kg of body weight; group 3, 0.50 to 1.00 mg/kg; and group 4, 1.00 to 2.00 mg/kg. Arterial blood pressures, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal plasma flow were determined before treatment and during the treatment period. Other determinants of renal hemodynamics were measured by use of micropuncture techniques. Renal biopsy specimens were examined microscopically.

Results—Compared with cats that received placebo, mean systolic arterial blood pressure was significantly less and GFR significantly greater in cats that received benazepril. Glomerular capillary pressure and the ratio of efferent to afferent arteriolar vascular resistance were also significantly less in treated cats. However, histologic differences in renal specimens were not detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment with benazepril sustained single nephron GFR in remnant nephrons of cats with induced renal insufficiency. Administration of benazepril was also associated with a small but significant reduction in degree of systemic hypertension and an increase in whole kidney GFR. Benazepril may be an effective treatment to slow the rate of progression of renal failure in cats with renal disease. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:375–383)
Clinical evaluation of established optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine-ketamine in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)
Authors: Ryeng Kathrine A. , Larsen Stig , Ranheim Birgit , Albertsen Gunn , Arnemo Jon M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate clinical effects and repeatability
of clinical effects for an optimal immobilizing
dose of a combination of medetomidine hydrochloride
(MED) and ketamine hydrochloride (KET) in reindeer
(Rangifer tarandus tarandus).

Animals—12 healthy 6- to 8-month old reindeer.

Procedure—Each reindeer was immobilized once
with an initial dose (combination of 0.06 mg of
MED/kg of body weight and 0.3 mg KET/kg) and
twice with an optimal dose of MED-KET. Reversal
was achieved with 5 mg of atipamezole/mg of MED
injected 45 minutes after MED-KET administration.
Observational variables were recorded. Oxygen saturation
of arterial hemoglobin measured by pulse
oximetry (SpO2), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR),
and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded 10, 25,
and 40 minutes after immobilization.

Results—Mean time to first sign of sedation and time
until a recumbent animal lifted its head were significantly
reduced for reindeer given the optimal dose,
compared with the initial dose. Mean SpO2 remained
> 90% during initial immobilization; this value was significantly
lower for the optimal dose, but increased
during immobilization from 85 to 89%. At all doses,
RR increased significantly throughout the recorded
period; however, RT and HR were constant. Except
for time until reindeer stood, all time variables, SpO2,
RR, RT, and HR were repeatable.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Immobilization
of captive reindeer achieved by use of the optimal
dose established here is clinically acceptable,
although SpO2 should be carefully monitored.
Administration of the optimal dose produced the
same clinical effect during repeated immobilization of
the same reindeer. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:406–413).
Impact of environmental temperature on response of neonatal pigs to an endotoxin challenge
Authors: Carroll Jeffery A. , Matteri Robert L. , Dyer Cheryl J. , Beausang Lee A. , Zannelli Michael E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of various environmental temperatures (ET) on the ability of neonatal pigs to cope with an endotoxin challenge.

Animals—28 crossbred male pigs that were 24 hours old.

Procedure—At 24 hours of age, pigs were placed in environmentally controlled chambers maintained at 18 or 34 C (14 pigs/ET). Rectal temperatures (RT) were recorded at 15-minute intervals for 3 hours following an IP injection of 0.9% NaCl (7 control pigs/ET) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 150 µg/kg of body weight; 7 LPS-treated pigs/ET). Tissue specimens and blood samples were collected following the 3-hour challenge period.

Results—LPS-treated pigs exposed to 18 C had a period of hypothermia whereas RT for LPS-treated pigs at 34 C did not differ from control pigs. The LPS-treated pigs maintained at 18 C lost the most body weight during the 3-hour period and also had the greatest increase in serum cortisol concentration. Serum prolactin (PRL) concentration was decreased in pigs at 18 C, compared with pigs at 34 C. Challenge with LPS resulted in an increase in serum PRL concentration at 18 C but had no effect on serum PRL at 34 C. Challenge with LPS resulted in an increase in expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin- 1 beta, and interleukin-6 receptor mRNA in the hypothalamus.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Exposure to a cold ET can inhibit the ability of neonatal pigs to cope with an exogenous endotoxin challenge. When combined, cold stress and exposure to exogenous endotoxin induces a rapid and potentially dangerous loss of body temperature in neonatal pigs. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:561–566)
Concentrations of chondroitin sulfate epitopes 3B3 and 7D4 in synovial fluid after intra-articular and extracapsular reconstruction of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs
Authors: Johnson Kenneth A. , Hart Robert C. , Chu Qili , Kochevar Deborah , Hulse Donald A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of intra-articular and extracapsular reconstruction of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) on metabolism of articular cartilage as reflected by concentrations of chondroitin sulfate epitopes 3B3 and 7D4 in synovial fluid.

Animals—13 adult dogs.

Procedure—Each dog underwent unilateral CCL transection (CCLT). One month after CCLT, sham CCL reconstruction (3 dogs), intra-articular CCL reconstruction (5), or extracapsular CCL reconstruction (5) was performed. Synovial fluid was collected by direct arthrocentesis from CCLT and contralateral stifle joints immediately before (time 0) and 1, 3, and 5 months after CCLT. Fluid was examined for concentrations of 3B3 and 7D4 epitopes and total sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content.

Results—Concentrations of 3B3, 7D4, and GAG, 3B3:GAG, or 7D4:GAG in CCLT joints did not differ significantly among treatment groups nor in the ratios of these variables in CCLT joints to contralateral joints at 3 months. In a longitudinal analysis, concentrations of 3B3 and 7D4, 3B3:GAG, and 7D4:GAG in CCLT joints in all groups changed significantly with time, but we did not detect time X group interactions.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Transection of CCL resulted in significant perturbation in articular cartilage metabolism as reflected by alterations in concentrations of 3B3 and 7D4 in synovial fluid. These changes over time were not significantly influenced by method of CCL reconstruction. We did not find evidence that surgical stabilization of CCL-deficient joints by intra-articular or extracapsular techniques had any effect on preventing alterations in composition of synovial fluid that have been associated with secondary osteoarthritis. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:581–587)
Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of equine retinal and pineal gland phosducin
Authors: Keller Christoph , Schulz Rüdiger
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To determine the full-length complementary
DNA (cDNA) sequence of equine retinal and
pineal gland phosducin (PHD) and to clone these
sequences.

Sample Population—Samples of equine retinal
RNA.

Procedure—A primer set was designed for use in
identifying a fragment of the equine PHD nucleotide
sequence, derived from retinal RNA samples, and
subsequently for use to deduce specific primers for
additional examination. The full-length cDNA was
determined by the method of rapid amplification of
cDNA ends (RACE). For full-length cDNA, newly
designed primers were used. Nucleotide sequences
were analyzed by use of computer software. The
deduced amino acid sequence was compared with
sequences of PHD reported for other species. In addition,
the sequence of equine pineal PHD was cloned.

Results—The cDNA nucleotide sequence for equine
PHD was 1,209 base pairs (bp) in length with an openreading
frame encoding a protein of 245 amino acids
and a calculated molecular mass of 28.214 kd. Similarity
with amino acid sequences of PHD from other species
was 89 to 93%. Sequences of equine PHD from retina
and pineal gland were identical. Equine PHD contained
a peptide sequence with 100% homology to an
uveitopathogenic peptide reported for rat PHD.

Conclusions—Equine PHD is a highly conserved protein
that has homology of immunologic interest with
rat PHD. These results establish a basis for studying
the role of PHD in ocular inflammation of horses. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:61–66)
Determination of reference values for glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and insulin sensitivity tests in clinically normal cats
Authors: Appleton Delisa J. , Rand Jacqueline S. , Priest Jan , Sunvold Gregory D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine reference values and test variability for glucose tolerance tests (GTT), insulin tolerance tests (ITT), and insulin sensitivity tests (IST) in cats.

Animals—32 clinically normal cats.

Procedure—GTT, ITT, and IST were performed on consecutive days. Tolerance intervals (ie, reference values) were calculated as means ± 2.397 SD for plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, half-life of glucose (T1/2glucose), rate constants for glucose disappearance (Kglucoseand Kitt), and insulin sensitivity index (SI). Tests were repeated after 6 weeks in 8 cats to determine test variability.

Results—Reference values for T1/2glucose, Kglucose, and fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during GTT were 45 to 74 minutes, 0.93 to 1.54 %/min, 37 to 104 mg/dl, and 2.8 to 20.6 µU/ml, respectively. Mean values did not differ between the 2 tests. Coefficients of variation for T1/2glucose, Kglucose, and fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were 20, 20, 11, and 23%, respectively. Reference values for Kittwere 1.14 to 7.3%/min, and for SI were 0.57 to 10.99 × 10-4min/µU/ml. Mean values did not differ between the 2 tests performed 6 weeks apart. Coefficients of variation for Kittand SIwere 60 and 47%, respectively.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—GTT, ITT, and IST can be performed in cats, using standard protocols. Knowledge of reference values and test variability will enable researchers to better interpret test results for assessment of glucose tolerance, pancreatic β-cell function, and insulin sensitivity in cats. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:630–636)
Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from Mannheimia haemolytica-inoculated calves with and without prior treatment with the selectin inhibitor TBC1269
Authors: Caverly Jessica M. , Radi Zaher A. , Andreasen Claire B. , Dixon Richard A. F. , Brogden Kim A. , Ackermann Mark R.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To determine effects of selectin inhibitor TBC1269 on neutrophil infiltration, and neutrophilassociated injury during pneumonia induced byMannheimia haemolyticaand concentration of antimicrobial anionic peptide (AAP) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as well as antimicrobial activity of BALF from healthy (control) neonatal calves, neonatal calves withM haemolytica-induced pneumonia, neonatal calves with prior treatment with TBC1269, and adult cattle.

Animals—Eighteen 1- to 3-day-old calves and 9 adult cattle.

Procedure—Calves were inoculated withM haemolyticaorpyrogen-free saline (0.14MNaCl) solution into the right cranial lung lobe, and BALF was collected 2 or 6 hours after inoculation. Thirty minutes before and 2 hours after inoculation, 4 calves received TBC1269. The BALF collected from 9 adult cattle was used for comparison of BALF AAP concentration and antimicrobial activity. Protein concentration and neutrophil differential percentage and degeneration in BALF were determined. An ELISA and killing assay were used to determine BALF AAP concentration and antimicrobial activity, respectively.

Results—Total protein concentration was significantly decreased in BALF from calves receiving TBC1269. Similar concentrations of AAP were detected in BALF from all calves, which were 3-fold higher than those in BALF from adult cattle. However, BALF from neonates had little or no anti-M haemolyticaactivity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results suggest that TBC1269 decreases pulmonary tissue injury in neonatal calves infected withM haemolytica. Although AAP is detectable in neonatal BALF at 3 times the concentration detected in adult BALF, neonatal BALF lacks antimicrobial activity forM haemolytica. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:665–672)