bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organ Donation After Cardiac Death in Children: Acceptance of a Protocol by Multidisciplinary Staff
Authors: Cowl Allison S. , Cummings Brian M. , Yager Phoebe H. , Miller Brenda , Noviski Natan
Published: September 2012

Background

Organ donation after cardiac death is increasingly implemented, with outcomes similar to those of organ donation after brain death. Many hospitals hesitate to implement a protocol for donation after cardiac death because of the potential negative reactions among health care providers.

Objectives

To determine the acceptance of a protocol for donation after cardiac death among multidisciplinary staff in a pediatric intensive care unit.

Methods

An anonymous, 15-question, Likert-scale questionnaire (scores 1–5) was used to determine the opinions of staff about donation after brain death and after cardiac death in a pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary-care university hospital.

Results

Survey response rate was 67% (n = 60). All physicians, 89% of nurses, and 82% of the remaining staff members stated that they understood the difference between donation after brain death and donation after cardiac death; staff supported both types of donation, at rates of 90% and 85%, respectively. Staff perception was the same for each type of donation (ρ = 0.82; r = 0.92; P < .001). The 20 staff members who provided care directly to patients who were donors after cardiac death considered such donation worthwhile. However, 60% of those providers offered suggestions to improve the established protocol for donation.

Conclusions

The multidisciplinary staff has accepted organ donation after cardiac death and has fully integrated this kind of donation without reported differences from their acceptance of donation after brain death.
Characteristics of Patients With Cardiorespiratory Instability in a Step-down Unit
Authors: Yousef Khalil , Pinsky Michael R. , DeVita Michael A. , Sereika Susan , Hravnak Marilyn
Published: September 2012

Background

Patients in step-down units are at higher risk for developing cardiorespiratory instability than are patients in general care areas. A triage tool is needed to identify at-risk patients who therefore require increased surveillance.

Objectives

To determine demographic (age, race, sex) and clinical (Charlson Comorbidity Index at admission, admitting diagnosis, care area of origin, admission service) differences between patients in step-down units who did and did not experience cardiorespiratory instability.

Methods

In a prospective longitudinal pilot study, 326 surgical-trauma patients had continuous monitoring of heart rate, respirations, and oxygen saturation and intermittent noninvasive measurement of blood pressure. Cardiorespiratory instability was defined as heart rate less than 40/min or greater than 140/min, respirations less than 8/min or greater than 36/min, oxygen saturation less than 85%, or blood pressure less than 80 or greater than 200 mm Hg systolic or greater than 110 mm Hg diastolic. Patients’ status was classified as unstable if their values crossed these thresholds even once during their stay.

Results

Cardiorespiratory instability occurred in 34% of patients. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was the only variable associated with instability conditions. Compared with patients with no comorbid conditions (50%), more patients with at least 1 comorbid condition (66%) experienced instability (P = .006). Each 1-unit increase in the Charlson Index increased the odds for cardiorespiratory instability by 1.17 (P = .03).

Conclusion

Although the relationship between Charlson Comorbidity Index and cardiorespiratory instability was weak, adding it to current surveillance systems might improve detection of instability.
Cyanovirin-N Inhibits Mannose-Dependent Mycobacterium–C-Type Lectin Interactions but Does Not Protect against Murine Tuberculosis
Authors: Driessen Nicole N. , Boshoff Helena I. M. , Maaskant Janneke J. , Gilissen Sebastiaan A. C. , Vink Simone , van der Sar Astrid M. , Vandenbroucke-Grauls Christina M. J. E. , Bewley Carole A. , Appelmelk Ben J. , Geurtsen Jeroen
Published: September 2012

Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) is a mannose-binding lectin that inhibits HIV-1 infection by blocking mannose-dependent target cell entry via C-type lectins. Like HIV-1, Mycobacterium tuberculosis expresses mannosylated surface structures and exploits C-type lectins to gain cell access. In this study, we investigated whether CV-N, like HIV-1, can inhibit M. tuberculosis infection. We found that CV-N specifically interacted with mycobacteria by binding to the mannose-capped lipoglycan lipoarabinomannan. Furthermore, CV-N competed with the C-type lectins DC-SIGN and mannose receptor for ligand binding and inhibited the binding of M. tuberculosis to dendritic cells but, unexpectedly, not to macrophages. Subsequent in vivo infection experiments in a mouse model demonstrated that, despite its activity, CV-N did not inhibit or delay M. tuberculosis infection. This outcome argues against a critical role for mannose-dependent C-type lectin interactions during the initial stages of murine M. tuberculosis infection and suggests that, depending on the circumstances, M. tuberculosis can productively infect cells using different modes of entry.
Dendritic Cell Activation and Memory Cell Development Are Impaired among Mice Administered Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Prior to Mucosal Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection
Authors: Vicetti Miguel Rodolfo D. , Hendricks Robert L. , Aguirre Alfredo J. , Melan Melissa A. , Harvey Stephen A. K. , Terry-Allison Tracy , St. Leger Anthony J. , Thomson Angus W. , Cherpes Thomas L.
Published: September 2012

Epidemiological studies indicate that the exogenous sex steroid medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) can impair cell-mediated immunity, but mechanisms responsible for this observation are not well defined. In this study, MPA administered to mice 1 wk prior to HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infection of their corneal mucosa impaired initial expansion of viral-specific effector and memory precursor T cells and reduced the number of viral-specific memory T cells found in latently infected mice. MPA treatment also dampened expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD70, and CD80 by dendritic cells (DC) in lymph nodes draining acute infection, whereas coculture of such DC with T cells from uninfected mice dramatically impaired ex vivo T cell proliferation compared with the use of DC from mice that did not receive MPA prior to HSV-1 infection. In addition, T cell expansion was comparable to that seen in untreated controls if MPA-treated mice were administered recombinant soluble CD154 (CD40L) concomitant with their mucosal infection. In contrast, the immunomodulatory effects of MPA were infection site dependent, because MPA-treated mice exhibited normal expansion of virus-specific T cells when infection was systemic rather than mucosal. Taken together, our results reveal that the administration of MPA prior to viral infection of mucosal tissue impairs DC activation, virus-specific T cell expansion, and development of virus-specific immunological memory.
Epithelial Cell-Derived IL-25, but Not Th17 Cell-Derived IL-17 or IL-17F, Is Crucial for Murine Asthma
Authors: Suzukawa Maho , Morita Hideaki , Nambu Aya , Arae Ken , Shimura Eri , Shibui Akiko , Yamaguchi Sachiko , Suzukawa Keigo , Nakanishi Wakako , Oboki Keisuke , Kajiwara Naoki , Ohno Tatsukuni , Ishii Akina , Körner Heinrich , Cua Daniel J. , Suto Hajime , Yoshimoto Takayuki , Iwakura Yoichiro , Yamasoba Tatsuya , Ohta Ken , Sudo Katsuko , Saito Hirohisa , Okumura Ko , Broide David H. , Matsumoto Kenji , Nakae Susumu
Published: September 2012

IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-25 are ligands for IL-17RA. In the current study, we demonstrated that IL-25–deficient mice—but not IL-17A–, IL-17F–, IL-17A/F–, IL-23p19–, or retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)-γt–deficient mice—showed significant suppression of 1) the number of eosinophils and the levels of proinflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, 2) airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, and 3) OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE levels in the serum during OVA-induced Th2-type/eosinophilic airway inflammation. The IL-25 deficiency did not affect lung dendritic cell migration or Ag-specific memory–Th2 cell expansion during Ag sensitization. Adoptive transfer of T cells, mast cells, or bone marrow cells from IL-25–deficient mice revealed that induction of Th2-type/eosinophilic airway inflammation was dependent on activation of lung epithelial cells and eosinophils by IL-25 produced by airway structural cells such as epithelial cells but not by such hematopoietic stem-cell-origin immune cells as T cells and mast cells. Therefore, airway structural cell-derived IL-25—rather than Th17 cell-derived IL-17A and IL-17F—is responsible for induction of local inflammation by promoting activation of lung epithelial cells and eosinophils in the elicitation phase of Th2-type/eosinophilic airway inflammation. It is not required for Ag-specific Th2 cell differentiation in the sensitization phase.
Lyn Signaling To Upregulate GANP Is Critical for the Survival of High-Affinity B Cells in Germinal Centers of Lymphoid Organs
Authors: Kuwahara Kazuhiko , Nakaya Teruo , Phimsen Suchada , Toda Teppei , Kitabatake Masahiro , Kaji Tomohiro , Takemori Toshitada , Watanabe Takeshi , Sakaguchi Nobuo
Published: September 2012

Signals through BCR and costimulatory molecules play essential roles in selecting high-affinity B cells with Ig V-region mutations in the germinal centers (GCs) of peripheral lymphoid organs. Lyn-deficient (lyn−/−) mice show impaired BCR signal triggering for cell proliferation and GC formation, causing hyper-IgM, and display autoimmunity after aging. In this study, we demonstrate that Lyn-mediated signaling to upregulate GANP is essential for the survival of mature GC-like (mGC) B cells with high-affinity type BCR mutations upon Ag immunization. Transgenic ganp expression into lyn−/− mice did not recover the Lyn-deficient phenotype with regard to B cell differentiation, serum Igs, and impaired GC formation in spleens after immunization with nitrophenyl-chicken γ-globulin, but it markedly rescued cell survival of mGC B cells by suppressing DNA damage, thereby increasing the frequency of the Trp33-to-Leu mutation in the IgVH-186.2 region and affinity maturation of nitrophenyl-binding B cells. GANP may play a critical role in Lyn-mediated signaling for the selection of high-affinity B cells in peripheral lymphoid organs.
Efficient Clearance of Early Apoptotic Cells by Human Macrophages Requires M2c Polarization and MerTK Induction
Authors: Zizzo Gaetano , Hilliard Brendan A. , Monestier Marc , Cohen Philip L.
Published: September 2012

Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) is a major macrophage apoptotic cell (AC) receptor. Its functional impairment promotes autoimmunity and atherosclerosis, whereas overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in cancer. However, little is known about mechanisms regulating MerTK expression in humans. We found that MerTK expression is heterogenous among macrophage subsets, being mostly restricted to anti-inflammatory M2c (CD14+CD16+CD163+CD204+CD206+CD209−) cells, differentiated by M-CSF or glucocorticoids. Small numbers of MerTK+ “M2c-like” cells are also detectable among circulating CD14brightCD16+ monocytes. MerTK expression levels adapt to changing immunologic environment, being suppressed in M1 and M2a macrophages and in dendritic cells. Remarkably, although glucocorticoid-induced differentiation is IL-10 independent, M-CSF–driven M2c polarization and related MerTK upregulation require IL-10. However, neither IL-10 alone nor TGF-β are sufficient to fully differentiate M2c (CD16+CD163+MerTK+) macrophages. M-CSF and IL-10, both released by T lymphocytes, may thus be required together to promote regulatory T cell–mediated induction of anti-inflammatory monocytes-macrophages. MerTK enables M2c macrophages to clear early ACs more efficiently than other macrophage subsets, and it mediates AC clearance by CD14brightCD16+ monocytes. Moreover, M2c cells release Gas6, which in turn amplifies IL-10 secretion via MerTK. IL-10–dependent induction of the Gas6/MerTK pathway may, therefore, constitute a positive loop for M2c macrophage homeostasis and a critical checkpoint for maintenance of anti-inflammatory conditions. Our findings give new insight into human macrophage polarization and favor a central role for MerTK in regulation of macrophage functions. Eliciting M2c polarization can have therapeutic utility for diseases such as lupus, in which a defective AC clearance contributes to initiate and perpetuate the pathological process.
Selective Sequestration of STAT1 in the Cytoplasm via Phosphorylated SHP-2 Ameliorates Murine Experimental Colitis
Authors: Wu Xingxin , Guo Wenjie , Wu Limei , Gu Yanhong , Gu Liyun , Xu Suhai , Wu Xuefeng , Shen Yan , Ke Yuehai , Tan Renxiang , Sun Yang , Xu Qiang
Published: September 2012

The side effects of current immunosuppressive drugs have impeded the development of therapies for immune diseases. Selective regulation of STAT signaling is an attractive strategy for treating immune disorders. In this study, we used a small-molecule compound to explore possible means of targeting STAT1 for the treatment of Th1-mediated inflammation. Selective regulation of STAT1 signaling in T cells from C57BL/6 mice was accomplished using fusaruside, a small-molecule compound that triggers the tyrosine phosphorylation of Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2). The interaction of tyrosine phosphorylated SHP-2 (pY-SHP-2) with cytosolic STAT1 prevented the recruitment of STAT1 to IFN-γR and specifically inhibited STAT1 signaling, resulting in a reduction in Th1 cytokine production and an improvement in 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Blocking the pY-SHP-2–STAT1 interaction, with SHP-2 inhibitor NSC-87877 or using T cells from conditional SHP-2 knockout mice, reversed the effects of fusaruside, resulting in STAT1 activation and worsened colitis. The fusaruside-induced ability of pY-SHP-2 to selectively sequestrate STAT1 from recruitment to the receptor is independent of its function as a phosphatase, demonstrating a novel role for SHP-2 in regulating both STAT1 signaling and Th1-type immune responses. These findings could lead to increased options for the treatment of Crohn’s disease and other Th1-mediated inflammatory diseases.
Inducible Tertiary Lymphoid Structures, Autoimmunity, and Exocrine Dysfunction in a Novel Model of Salivary Gland Inflammation in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Bombardieri Michele , Barone Francesca , Lucchesi Davide , Nayar Saba , van den Berg Wim B. , Proctor Gordon , Buckley Christopher D. , Pitzalis Costantino
Published: September 2012

Salivary glands in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) develop ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) characterized by B/T cell compartmentalization, the formation of high endothelial venules, follicular dendritic cell networks, functional B cell activation with expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase, as well as local differentiation of autoreactive plasma cells. The mechanisms that trigger ELS formation, autoimmunity, and exocrine dysfunction in SS are largely unknown. In this article, we present a novel model of inducible ectopic lymphoid tissue formation, breach of humoral self-tolerance, and salivary hypofunction after delivery of a replication-deficient adenovirus-5 in submandibular glands of C57BL/6 mice through retrograde excretory duct cannulation. In this model, inflammation rapidly and consistently evolves from diffuse infiltration toward the development of SS-like periductal lymphoid aggregates within 2 wk from AdV delivery. These infiltrates progressively acquire ELS features and support functional GL7+/activation-induced cytidine deaminase+ germinal centers. Formation of ELS is preceded by ectopic expression of lymphoid chemokines CXCL13, CCL19, and lymphotoxin-β, and is associated with development of anti-nuclear Abs in up to 75% of mice. Finally, reduction in salivary flow was observed over 3 wk post-AdV infection, consistent with exocrine gland dysfunction as a consequence of the inflammatory response. This novel model has the potential to unravel the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate ELS formation and their role in exocrine dysfunction and autoimmunity in SS.
Cutting Edge: Krüppel-like Factor 2 Is Required for Phenotypic Maintenance but Not Development of B1 B Cells
Authors: Hart Geoffrey T. , Peery Stephen L. , Hamilton Sara E. , Jameson Stephen C.
Published: September 2012

Several recent studies reported that Krüppel-like factor (KLF)2 controls trafficking, development, and function of B cells. Conditional B cell KLF2 knockout mice have increased numbers of marginal zone B cells and decreased numbers of B1 phenoytpe cells. However, it was unclear whether KLF2 is required for B1 B cell development, survival, or phenotypic maintenance. We show that B1 phenotype B cells are present in neonatal mice with B cell-specific KLF2 deficiency, suggesting that B1 differentiation can occur even in the absence of KLF2. Furthermore, by use of an inducible knockout strategy, we show that deletion of KLF2 in mature B1 cells causes loss of phenotypic markers associated with B1 cell identity, but it has a minimal effect on short-term cell survival. Taken together, our findings suggest that KLF2 is necessary for the maintenance of B1 cell identity rather than differentiation or survival of the population.
TCR Bias and HLA Cross-Restriction Are Strategies of Human Brain-Infiltrating JC Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cells during Viral Infection
Authors: Yousef Sara , Planas Raquel , Chakroun Karima , Hoffmeister-Ullerich Sabine , Binder Thomas M. C. , Eiermann Thomas H. , Martin Roland , Sospedra Mireia
Published: September 2012

Virus-specific CD4+ T cells play a central role in control of viral pathogens including JC polyoma virus (JCV) infection. JCV is a ubiquitous small DNA virus that leads to persistent infection of humans with no clinical consequences. However, under circumstances of immunocompromise, it is able to cause an opportunistic and often fatal infection of the brain called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML has emerged as a serious adverse event in multiple sclerosis patients treated with the anti–VLA-4 mAb natalizumab, which selectively inhibits cell migration across the blood–brain barrier and the gut’s vascular endothelium thus compromising immune surveillance in the CNS and gut. In a multiple sclerosis patient who developed PML under natalizumab treatment and a vigorous immune response against JCV after Ab washout, we had the unique opportunity to characterize in detail JCV-specific CD4+ T cell clones from the infected tissue during acute viral infection. The in-depth analysis of 14 brain-infiltrating, JCV-specific CD4+ T cell clones demonstrated that these cells use an unexpectedly broad spectrum of different strategies to mount an efficient JCV-specific immune response including TCR bias, HLA cross-restriction that increases avidity and influences in vivo expansion, and a combination of Th1 and Th1-2 functional phenotypes. The level of combinatorial diversity in TCR– and HLA–peptide interactions used by brain-infiltrating, JCV-specific CD4+ T cells has not, to our knowledge, been reported before in humans for other viral infections and confirms the exceptional plasticity that characterizes virus-specific immune responses.
Molecular characterisation of Newcastle disease virus isolates from different geographical regions in Mozambique in 2005
Authors: Fringe Raul , Bosman Anna-Mari , Ebersohn Karen , Bisschop Shahn , Abolnik Celia , Venter Estelle
Published: September 2012

Newcastle disease (ND) is regarded as a highly contagious and economically important disease in poultry and has a worldwide distribution. Viral determinants for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) virulence are not completely understood and viruses of different pathotypes can be found at live-bird markets in different geographical areas. The prevalence of Newcastle disease in village poultry in Mozambique is not well documented and strains of NDV involved in yearly outbreaks are unknown. The fusion (F) protein is an important determinant of pathogenicity of the virus and is used commonly for phylogenetic analysis. Newcastle disease viruses from various geographical regions of Mozambique were sequenced and compared genetically to published sequences obtained from GenBank. Samples were collected in three different areas of Mozambique and NDV was isolated by infection of embryonated chicken eggs. Sequence analysis of the F-protein encoding gene was used to classify 28 isolates from Mozambique into genotypes and compare these genotypes phylogenetically with existing genotypes found in GenBank. The isolates obtained from Mozambique grouped mainly into two clades. In the first clade, 12 isolates grouped together with sequences of isolates representing genotypes from Mozambique that were previously described. In the second clade, 16 isolates group together with sequences obtained from GenBank originating from Australia, China, South Africa and the USA. Eleven of these isolates showed a high similarity with sequences from South Africa. The number of samples sequenced (n = 28), as well as the relatively small geographical collection area used in this study, are too small to be a representation of the circulating viruses in Mozambique in 2005. Viruses characterised in this study belonged to lineage 5b, a similar finding of a previous study 10 years ago. From this data, it merely can be concluded that no new introduction of the virus occurred from 1995 to 2005 in Mozambique.
Effects of distillers’ dried grains with solubles from corn, wheat or a 50:50 corn:wheat blend on performance, carcass characteristics and serum sulphate levels of feedlot steers
Authors: Amat S. , Hendrick S. , McAllister T. A. , Block H. C. , McKinnon J. J.
Published: September 2012

Amat, S., Hendrick, S., McAllister, T. A., Block, H. C. and McKinnon, J. J. 2012. Effects of distillers’ dried grains with solubles from corn, wheat or a 50:50 corn:wheat blend on performance, carcass characteristics and serum sulphate levels of feedlot steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 343–351. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of corn (CDDGS), wheat (WDDGS) or a 50:50 corn:wheat blend (BDDGS) dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) on performance (Trials 1 and 2), carcass traits (Trial 2) and serum sulphate level (Trial 2) of steers. In Trial 1, 396 steers (281.1±19.6 kg) were fed one of three backgrounding diets. The control diet was 34.3% barley grain, 26.0% grass hay, 10.3% barley straw, 22.8% barley silage and 6.7% supplement [dry matter (DM) basis]. For the two treatments, 17% of the barley was replaced with CDDGS or WDDGS. In Trial 2, 288 steers (273.9±18.5 kg) were backgrounded and finished. Backgrounding diets were identical to Trial 1, with a third treatment where 17% of the barley grain was replaced with BDDGS. The control finishing diet was 86.8% barley grain, 7.4% barley silage and 5.8% supplement (DM basis). Treatments included replacement of 40% of the barley grain (DM basis) with CDDGS, BDDGS or WDDGS. In Trial 1, there was no effect of DDGS on dry matter intake (DMI) (P=0.49), average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.64), feed efficiency (P=0.06), ultrasound fat (USFAT) (P=0.90) or longissimus dorsi (USLD) (P=0.071) area. In Trial 2, overall, DMI of cattle fed WDDGS was higher (P=0.03) than control or CDDGS cattle, with BDDGS intermediate. In contrast, ADG was higher (P<0.01) for the CDDGS and BDDGS than either the control or WDDGS fed cattle. The CDDGS and BDDGS cattle were more efficient (P<0.01) than those fed WDDGS with the controls intermediate. Cattle fed CDDGS or WDDGS exhibited higher (P<0.01) serum sulphate levels compared with BDDGS or control cattle, reflecting differences in sulphur intake. The results indicate that CDDGS is a superior energy source to WDDGS and that both sources of DDGS can be used as a partial replacement for barley in backgrounding and finishing diets for cattle.
Evaluation of diagnostic measures for subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows
Authors: Li S. , Gozho G. N. , Gakhar N. , Khafipour E. , Krause D. O. , Plaizier J. C.
Published: September 2012

Li, S., Gozho, G. N., Gakhar, N., Khafipour, E., Krause, D. O. and Plaizier, J. C. 2012. Evaluation of diagnostic measures for subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. Can J. Anim. Sci. 92: 353–364. Effects of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenges on measurements of feces, urine, milk and blood samples, and of feeding behavior were investigated to determine which of these measurements may aid in the diagnosis of SARA. Eight multiparous lactating dairy cows were used in a crossover design with two 6-wk experimental periods. During weeks 1, 2, and 6, cows received a control diet with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 58:42. During weeks 3 to wk 5, a grain-based SARA challenge (GBSC) or an alfalfa-pellet SARA challenge (APSC) was conducted by replacing 12% of the dry matter of the control ration with pellets containing 50% ground wheat and 50% ground barley, and by replacing 26% of the dry matter of the control ration with pellets of ground alfalfa, respectively. The rumen pH depression did not differ between the challenges. The GBSC increased the concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in feces and of serum amyloid A in blood, but decreased that of milk fat and urea in blood. The APSC increased the urine pH, the net-acid-base excretion, and the red blood cell count and potassium concentration in blood. Both challenges increased the concentrations of LPS and propionate in rumen fluid, protein in milk, glucose, lactate and sodium and the partial pressure of CO2in blood, and tended to decrease the concentration of chloride in blood. The measures that were similarly affected by both challenges may aid in the diagnosis of a rumen pH depression. Differences between the SARA challenges suggest that this disorder is not solely rumen pH dependent.
Use of thermal imaging and the in situ technique to assess the impact of an inoculant with feruloyl esterase activity on the aerobic stability and digestibility of barley silage
Authors: Addah W. , Baah J. , Okine E. K. , McAllister T. A
Published: September 2012

Addah, W., Baah, J., Okine, E. K. and McAllister, T. A. 2012. Use of thermal imaging and the in situ technique to assess the impact of an inoculant with feruloyl esterase activity on the aerobic stability and digestibility of barley silage. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 381–394. Feruloyl esters limit the digestibility of forages, a constraint that may be overcome if additives with feruloyl esterase (FE) activity are applied to forage. This study determined if a FE-producing strain of Lactobacillus buchneri LN4017 in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum LP7109 and Lactobacillus casei LC3200 improves fermentation, aerobic stability and in situ fibre disappearance of whole-crop barley silage. Barley forage (350 g kg−1DM) was either uninoculated (UN) or inoculated (1.3×105CFU g−1fresh forage; IN) and ensiled in Ag-Bag®silos. Bags were opened after 90 d of ensiling. Samples were collected on day 95, 123 and 175 for determination of fermentation characteristics. Surface temperature of the face of each bag was measured over 3 d using a thermal infrared camera. Ruminal in situ DM and NDF disappearance (aNDFD) of silage and rumen fermentation patterns were measured using three ruminally cannulated heifers. The L. buchneri-treated silage possessed a higher acetic acid concentration than UN (48.8 vs.18.4 g kg−1DM). The temperature at the face of IN was lower than UN immediately upon exposure and after 3 d of aerobic exposure. Inoculation increased (P=0.01) 24-h and 48-h aNDFD with a trend towards a glucogenic pattern of ruminal fermentation in heifer compared with UN silage. There was evidence that the FE-producing inoculant improved aerobic stability and aNDFD of whole-crop barley silage.
Quantitation of alternative splicing variants of lactate dehydrogenase C gene in testes of adult yak, sexually immature yak calf and sterile male hybrid of yak
Authors: Huang Lin , Jin Su-Yu , Xu Ya-Ou , Li Yu-Ping , Lin Ya-Qiu , Zheng Yu-Cai
Published: September 2012

Huang, L., Jin, S-Y., Xu, Y-O., Li, Y-P., Lin, Y-Q. and Zheng, Y-C. 2012. Quantitation of alternative splicing variants of lactate dehydrogenase C gene in testes of adult yak, sexually immature yak calf and sterile male hybrid of yak. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 291–296. The main objective of the present study was to analyze quantitatively the alternative splicing of the lactate dehydrogenase C (ldhc) gene in the testes of yak (Bos grunniens) and male sterile yak hybrid. RT-PCR amplification of ldhc cDNA in the testes revealed eight splice variants formed by the deletion of one or more exons in the mRNA transcripts. The deleted exons occur mostly in exons 7 and 4. The deletion of exons caused reading frame shift and formation of stop codon in some variants. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis using ldhc variant-specific primers showed that the mRNA level of full length ldhc decreased dramatically in the testes of sexually immature yak calf (n=6) and male sterile hybrid cattle–yak (n=4) compared with that of adult yak (n=14). The proportions of the ldhc variants assayed differed significantly among adult yak, yak calf and cattle–yak; more ldhc transcripts were spliced in immature or sterile testes. Our results suggest that the alternative splicing could play a role in the regulation of ldhc expression in testes, and could be one factor that plays a role in infertility of yak hybrids.
On the shelf resonances of the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Arafura Sea
Authors: Webb D. J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. A numerical model is used to investigate the resonances of the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Arafura Sea, and the additional insights that come from extending the analysis into the complex angular velocity plane. When the model is forced at the shelf edge with physically realistic real values of the angular velocity, the response functions at points within the region show maxima and other behaviour which imply that resonances are involved but provide little additional information. The study is then extended to complex angular velocities, and the results then show a clear pattern of gravity wave and Rossby wave like resonances. The properties of the resonances are investigated and used to reinterpret the response at real values of angular velocity. It is found that in some regions the response is dominated by modes trapped between the shelf edge and the coast or between opposing coastlines. In other regions the resonances show cooperative behaviour, possibly indicating the importance of other physical processes.
High-Resolution Melting Analysis as a Sensitive Prescreening Diagnostic Tool to Detect KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and AKT1 Mutations in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues
Authors: Ney Jasmin Teresa , Froehner Stefanie , Roesler Angelika , Buettner Reinhard , Merkelbach-Bruse Sabine
Published: September 2012

Context.—As the availability of targeted therapies for several tumor types increases, the need for rapid and sensitive mutation screening is growing. KRAS mutations constitutively activate the RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and therefore play an important role in anti–epidermal growth factor receptor therapy for patients with colorectal cancers. Mutationally activated PIK3CA and AKT1 genes are promising therapeutic targets in breast cancer. In 60% to 70% of malignant melanomas, a mutation in BRAF can be found. Thus, the blocking of the oncogenic signaling induced by this mutation is now used as treatment approach.

Objective.—To establish high-resolution melting assays for routinely used predictive analyses of KRAS, AKT1, PIK3CA, and BRAF mutations.

Design.—High-resolution melting assays were developed by using specifically designed primers and genomic DNA isolated either from cell lines or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, oligonucleotides, or plasmids. Melting curve analyses were performed on the LightCyler platform and mutation analyses were additionally confirmed by Sanger sequencing.

Results.—We developed high-resolution melting assays by using genomic DNA containing the desired mutation, which enabled us to detect percentages of mutated DNA (3.1% to 12.5%) mixed in a wild-type background. Assays were evaluated by hybridization probes and/or Sanger sequencing to exclude pseudogene amplification. The high-resolution melting assays were validated with genomic DNA from different tumor entities. The concordance between Sanger sequencing and high-resolution melting was 99% for KRAS exon 2 and PIK3CA exon 20 and 100% for the remaining assays.

Conclusions.—High-resolution melting provides a valid and powerful tool for detecting genomic mutations efficiently.
Déficience, scolarité, parentalité : comment s’organise la complémentarité des services?
Authors: Tétreault Sylvie , Beaupré Pauline , Carrière Monique , Freeman Andrew , Gascon Hubert , Marier Deschênes Pascale
Published: September 2012

En 2003, un partenariat intitulé Entente de complémentarité des services est établi entre le réseau de la santé et des services sociaux et celui de l’éducation. En 2007, une équipe de recherche reçoit le mandat d’en évaluer l’implantation et les retombées. Plus de 300 participants sont dès lors consultés. L’analyse de leurs propos révèle que l’Entente contribue à officialiser la nécessité de collaboration et de concertation entre les différents intervenants impliqués auprès de l’enfant et de sa famille, afin d’assurer une réponse adaptée à ses besoins. Pour y parvenir, un leadership doit être défini et assuré par des représentants des deux réseaux.
L’enfant porteur de trisomie 21 et sa fratrie dans la littérature jeunesse
Authors: Lemoine Lise , Mietkiewicz Marie-Claude , Schneider Benoît
Published: September 2012

Un corpus de 17 ouvrages francophones s’adressant à des enfants de 3 à 12 ans, abordant explicitement la question de la trisomie 21 (T21) et publiés entre 1995 et 2011, sont soumis à une première analyse de contenu thématique qui porte sur les représentations de l’enfant porteur de handicap (caractéristiques physiques, capacités intellectuelles et sociales). Une seconde analyse se centre sur la spécificité des relations fraternelles et plus particulièrement sur la place de la fratrie du sujet porteur de handicap. Les résultats de cette analyse débouchent sur l’examen des rapports entre les représentations mises à jour, la fonction pédagogique attendue des ouvrages de jeunesse et les données de la littérature scientifique consacrée aux relations familiales au sein des familles d’enfants porteur de T21.
Brigitte Bardot, ou le « problème » de la comédie au féminin
Authors: Vincendeau Ginette
Published: September 2012

Cet article examine les rapports entre comédie etgenderdans le contexte du cinéma français en prenant comme cas d’étude les comédies de Brigitte Bardot. Il s’inscrit dans la double perspective des études anglo-américaines sur le genre, d’une part, notamment les travaux d’inspiration féministe et psychanalytique de Kathleen Rowe sur la comédie, et sur lesstar studiesinaugurées par Richard Dyer, d’autre part. Après une réflexion sur les rapports entre récits féminins comiques et vedettariat, l’article analyse l’évolution des personnages de la star dans ses comédies populaires, de la « gamine » des débuts, aux personnages qui la positionnent dans le registre de lasex comedypuis de ladumb blonde. Cette étude offre ainsi une perspective sur la dimension genrée des films comiques en France ainsi que sur un aspect central mais d’habitude occulté de lastar personade Brigitte Bardot.
Les enquêtrices dans le film policier français des années 1970 et 1980 : des femmes qui en savent trop ?
Authors: Le Gras Gwénaëlle
Published: September 2012

Alors que dans le cinéma policier français, les rôles attribués aux femmes sont habituellement des rôles de garce ou de victime, apparaissent sous l’Occupation des figures d’enquêtrices, essentiellement dans la comédie policière, qui ne ressurgiront de manière significative qu’au tournant des années 1970. Ces nouvelles héroïnes, jouées par des vedettes, incarnent la Loi, officieusement ou officiellement, et bénéficient de prérogatives traditionnellement masculines, en réponse aux changements législatifs qui permettent aux femmes d’accéder à des métiers « d’hommes » et d’avoir, en théorie, un statut faisant d’elles leurs égales. Après une analyse statistique de la présence et de l’évolution de cette figure nouvelle dans le film policier français, l’auteure étudiera les effets contradictoires, sur le plan narratif et esthétique, qu’elle a sur le genre, entre fétichisme et féminisme populaire, à travers sa construction et sa réception dans La femme flic (Boisset, 1980) et dans Vivement dimanche ! (Truffaut, 1983).
Femme active et femme au foyer dans le woman’s horror film américain des années 2000 : ambivalences, contradictions et impasse post-féministe
Authors: Fakhry Pascale
Published: September 2012

Les années 2000 voient la sortie d’un grand nombre de films d’horreur qui sont aussi des woman’s films. Ces oeuvres montrent une femme confrontée à des créatures monstrueuses, souvent d’origine surnaturelle, et à des problèmes spécifiquement féminins, tels que la maternité et le conflit travail/foyer. À travers l’analyse détaillée de deux woman’s horror films de l’époque — The Ring (Gore Verbinski, 2002) et The Others (Alejandro Amenábar, 2001) —, l’auteure se propose de comparer, dans un premier temps, le traitement réservé à la femme active et à la femme au foyer dans leur relation à la maternité et aux rôles de victime, de monstre ou d’héroïne qu’on leur attribue au sein du récit d’horreur. L’ambivalence du discours tenu par le woman’s horror film sur ses personnages principaux féminins est, dans un deuxième temps, mise en relation avec l’émergence du post-féminisme et son influence grandissante sur la culture populaire américaine des années 2000.
Genre cinématographique, identité sociale et gender. Une étude de cas : le mélodrame cinématographique des années 1950 en France
Authors: Leveratto Jean-Marc
Published: September 2012

Conjuguant microhistoire et observation ethnographique, l’auteur de cet article s’efforce — à l’aide d’une étude du marché des nouveautés cinématographiques dans une petite ville française, de 1948 à 1960 —, d’objectiver l’expérience cinématographique des spectatrices d’origine populaire et, notamment, leur mode d’appropriation personnelle du mélodrame cinématographique. L’analyse des mélodrames cinématographiques italiens qui remportent, durant les années 1950, un succès commercial important en France, la prise en compte de leur diffusion massive par la presse féminine, sous forme de films racontés, et l’observation des discussions dont ils sont l’occasion dans le courrier des lecteurs duFilm completpermettent de reconnaître le caractère ambivalent de leur réception. L’idéologie patriarcale dans laquelle s’ancrent ces fictions cinématographiques n’interdit pas leur investissement par certaines spectatrices, compte tenu de leur expérience personnelle et de la dynamique socio-économique dans laquelle elles s’inscrivent, comme des occasions d’interroger la justesse et la justice des rapports sociaux de sexe. Cette étude entend ainsi corriger une vision réductrice et péjorative du mélodrame cinématographique et du goût féminin dont il serait le témoin.
Mediterranean Perspectives: Early Spanish and Italian Contributions to the Cinema of Irregular Migration (Giordana, Marra, Soler, Uribe)1
Authors: Berger Verena , Winkler Daniel
Published: September 2012

This article focuses on four relatively early Italian and Spanish films treating “illegal” migrations across the Mediterranean: Imanol Uribe’sBwana(1996), Llorenç Soler’sSaïd(1998), Vincenzo Marra’sTornando a casa(2001) and Marco Tullio Giordana’sQuando sei nato non puoi più nasconderti(2005). The analysis predominantly looks at representations of the categories “space” and “place,” which refer both to the spatial structures of the films themselves and to the ideological structures through which the clandestines migrate. The focus of this investigation concentrates on the (border) places linked to “illegal” immigration and proposes four categories through which to understand the cinematic practice of locating irregular migration.
A documentação pedagógica na abordagem italiana: apontamentos a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica
Authors: Teagno Lopes Marques Amanda Cristina , De Almeida Maria Isabel
Published: September 2012

O presente artigo tem por objetivo ampliar a compreensão acerca do conceito de documentação pedagógica na abordagem italiana para a educação infantil. Apresenta dados coletados a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica realizada junto à Universidade de Bologna,Itália, com financiamento Capes – PDEE (Programa de Doutorado no Brasil com Estágio no Exterior), tendo como fonte livros e artigos de autores italianos não traduzidos para o português. A documentação, entendida como atividade de elaboração, comunicação, pesquisa e difusão de documentos (BISOGNO, 1980), pode representar elemento de qualificação da proposta pedagógica da Educação Infantil ao relacionar-se à reflexão sobre a prática e à formação contínua (BALSAMO, 2006; SACCHETTO, 2002), à construção de memória e identidade (PASQUALE, 2002), à visibilidade do projeto educativo da escola (SPECCHIA,2001), à comunicação (BENATI, 2005). Trata-se de uma ação sistemática e intencional(BENZONI, 2001) que implica a seleção de objeto, objetivos, interlocutores e modalidades de produção (PARODI, 2001); documenta-se para si mesmo, para as famílias, para e comas crianças. A documentação relaciona-se ao planejamento, à avaliação e à publicização do trabalho, e deve ser compreendida como elemento inerente à profissionalidade docente.
A oferta do ensino primário e secundário investigada por meio da propaganda impressa (1875-1910)
Authors: De Araujo Neves Helena , Lange do Amaral Giana , Callegaro Tambara Elomar Antonio
Published: September 2012

Este artigo faz parte de uma pesquisa já concluída. Tem por objetivo apresentar informações sobre a oferta de ensino primário e secundário privado em Pelotas, município localizadoao Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A investigação abrange o período compreendido entre os anos de 1875 a 1910 e foi realizada por meio do conteúdo de propagandas impressas,divulgadas em diferentes periódicos que circularam na cidade. A investigação dá indicativos de como ocorreu a organização do ensino privado na virada do século XIX para o XX focando especificamente o ensino primário e secundário, bem como as suas constituições curriculares. Observa-se, assim, que tanto para o ensino secundário, como para o primário, os resultados dos alunos eram uma garantia da qualidade da instituição de ensino, fato amplamente explorado nos anúncios. Nesta pesquisa as propagandas fazem emergir,portanto, aspectos sobre a atuação do ensino privado em um momento de constituição de um sistema organizado – que aos poucos saía das casas, como uma prática de ensino privado – para aos poucos serem formadas as primeiras escolas privadas. Não tem como pretensão esgotar as múltiplas leituras que possam ser feitas sobre a temática, mas foca o olhar para o mercado da educação, contribuindo, assim, com o campo investigado.
Os currículos da Educação Física na educação infantil em Vitória, ES (1991-2007)
Authors: Rodrigues Nunes Kezia , Ferreira Neto Amarílio
Published: September 2012

Analisa as práticas curriculares da Educação Física na educação infantil na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Vitória, ES, nos diferentes formatos apresentados pelos concursos públicos, entre 1991 e 2007. A proposta teórico-metodológica considerou a metáfora do conhecimento tecido em redes como potência para problematizar e analisar o currículo em suas interações, saberes, fazeres e poderes. Utiliza pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e com o cotidiano para perceber singularidades e continuidades desse movimento. Também entrevista e acompanha as práticas dos professores de Educação Física que trabalharam em uma instituição. Compreende a existência de uma multiplicidade de sentidos de currículos produzidos pelos cargos e a necessidade de problematizar outras formas de inserção da Educação Física na educação infantil.
Perfil de educadores infantis: contribuições para as discussões sobre a formação continuada
Authors: Zaboroski Ana Paula , Pinheiro de Oliveira Jáima
Published: September 2012

A inclusão de creches no sistema educacional gerou grandes impasses e indicou fragilidades em relação às políticas municipais voltadas para a Educação Infantil. Uma dessas fragilidades é a formação do educador responsável por essa etapa inicial da Educação Básica. Dentro desse contexto, o objeto do nosso estudo é o perfil desse profissional,tendo como objetivo identificar a frequência de educadores atuantes em instituições de educação infantil de uma cidade do Estado do Paraná, bem como o nível de escolaridade dos mesmos. Nosso estudo utilizou abordagem quantitativa e análise descritiva. Coleta de dados foi feita em documentos de registros (relatórios e livros de registros) de sete instituições no período de 2005 a 2007. Os resultados indicaram um percentual variado de professores efetivos ao longo dos anos: 2005 (44%), 2006 (32%) e 2007 (20%). Em relação ao nível de escolaridade, observamos um predomínio do Ensino Médio Completo (60%),sendo este índice a média dos anos analisados. Além disto, verificou-se a presença de um número elevado (40) de profissionais com nível de escolaridade abaixo do ensino médio Completo, o qual não é condizente com a exigência em relação à legislação vigente. Foi observado ainda um alto índice de rotatividade de profissionais no quadro funcional de todas as instituições analisadas. Concluímos que o momento exige políticas públicas de investimento, entendidas não apenas como contratação de profissionais, mas sim como qualidade de atendimento. Considerando principalmente a formação profissional sugerida pela legislação vigente e planejamentos que traduzam uma preocupação com a articulação entre o nível administrativo e pedagógico.
FORMAÇÃO (DES)CONTINUADA E REPRESENTAÇÃO DE PROFESSOR EM MATERIAIS DIDÁTICOS DA OLIMPÍADA DE LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA
Authors: Severino Donaio Ruiz Eliana Maria
Published: September 2012

Com base na perspectiva discursivo-desconstrutivista e nos estudos socioculturais, este trabalho pretende problematizar as representações de professor em materiais didáticos da Olimpíada de Língua Portuguesa. Pressupõe que a visão socialmente construída acerca do professor é a de um agente imbuído de um aparato teórico-metodológico para abordar um determinado saber; que este saber é, na maioria das vezes, o veiculado pelo livro didático;e que o material da Olimpíada entra na sala de aula para desempenhar o papel de livro didático; concluímos que o professor aparece representado nesse material como um agente destituído de saber para dar conta da tarefa de ensinar a escrita.
Paulo Freire e sua influência na América Latina e na África
Authors: Faundez Antonio
Published: September 2012

O presente artigo está estruturado em duas partes. Na primeira, esboçamos uma breve análise do contexto latino-americano que favorece a emergência do trabalho de Paulo Freire ao mesmo tempo em que assegura sua difusão e aceitação na América Latina, iniciado na década de 1960. Nossa análise se esforça para mostrar os obstáculos político- culturais próprios ao Continente africano que inviabilizam a adesão maciça dos africanos ao pensamento e prática freireanos. Na segunda parte, tecemos algumas considerações críticas à obra educativa de Freire e, em uma atitude propositiva, apresentamos a Pedagogia do Texto como uma ruptura – na continuidade – com respeito a essa mesma obra.