bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solving Models Using Calculus
Authors: Loucks Daniel P.
Published: June 2022

Solutions to many economic models are based on marginal values of functions, such as marginal costs, marginal benefits, and marginal net benefits, or whatever the function being maximized or minimized represent. These marginal values are the slopes of functions. This chapter introduces how to use differential calculus to find the slopes and solutions to problems characterized by continuous non-linear functions. The reverse, called integral calculus, is also introduced for finding areas under functions that can represent total costs, benefits, and/or other values such as probabilities that are discussed in later chapters.
Chance Constrained and Monte Carlo Modeling
Authors: Loucks Daniel P.
Published: June 2022

Constraints of models that contain random variables may be applicable only some of the time. Constraints that apply only a specified fraction of the time are called chance constraints. This chapter illustrates how chance constraints can be included in optimization models. In addition, the chapter demonstrates how to generate values of random variables fitting user defined probability distributions. These random variable values often serve as inputs to stochastic simulation models.
Public Sector Systems
Authors: Loucks Daniel P.
Published: June 2022

A discussion of the nature of public systems and their management. Examples of public systems and the services they provide show how complicated and complex they can be, and the challenges analysts have in providing information useful to those responsible for providing and managing them. Case studies involving modeling to improve system performance are briefly described as are the lessons learned from them.
Modeling Examples and Solutions
Authors: Loucks Daniel P.
Published: June 2022

This chapter illustrates the development of optimization models for various example problems and introduces the hill-climbing approach for solving them, as and if appropriate.
From Integrated to Remote Operations: Digital Transformation in the Energy Industry as Infrastructuring
Authors: Hepsø Vidar , Parmiggiani Elena
Published: June 2022

The energy industry in Norway has a long tradition in using information technology to enable integrated operations, namely, remote collaboration between personnel at offshore installations and experts at onshore office environments. Currently, the industry is undergoing a digital transformation in which remote operations of unmanned offshore assets are the emerging standard. To ensure trustworthy and reliable operations, offshore remote sensing capabilities must be established through not only technical means but also a broader transformation involving new competence, work processes, and governance principles. In this chapter, we reconstruct this transformation and ask: What are the emerging capabilities that develop around the remote operation digital infrastructure? We unpack how the new digital infrastructure is a continuation of the practices and systems that have been established over time. We use historical reconstruction with vignettes from the development of a new generation of remotely operated offshore installations in oil and gas and wind facilities to describe the ongoing digital transformation as a process of infrastructuring in which the infrastructure gets increasingly entangled with internal and external systems, stakeholders, and agendas. In doing so, we shed light on how the established local and situated solutions evolve and are compensated for through the technical and organizational principles of the emerging information infrastructure.
The Norwegian Mobile Telephony and Internet Markets
Authors: Øverby Harald , Audestad Jan A.
Published: June 2022

Norway has been a pioneer in the development and adoption of the Internet and mobile telephony technologies. Already from an early stage, Norway was involved in research, development, and testing of initiatives such as the ARPANET project and the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system. Today, access to the Internet and mobile technologies—including smartphones—is globally widespread. The major objective of this chapter is to describe how the market for the Internet and mobile telephony in Norway has evolved since its inception in the 1970s until today. The historical and current market structure of telecommunications is discussed. Moreover, the chapter investigates the role and significance of mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs). Finally, the chapter examines the regulations imposed by the Norwegian Communications Authority (Nkom) on dominant stakeholders in the Norwegian telecom market.
Digital Transformation in Renewable Energy: Use Cases and Experiences from a Nordic Power Producer
Authors: Xing Liyuan , Sizov Gleb , Gundersen Odd Erik
Published: June 2022

The electric power system is changing. The changes include the integration of renewable resources, such as wind farms and solar plants, making the grid smarter so that it can react and adapt to changes and increase customer engagement. These changes of the power system have radical effects, which can only be tackled if it is digitized, so digital transformation of the power system is of paramount concern.

Electrical energy management systems are therefore an integral part of the digitization process. Such systems typically provide the fundamental information and computation capability to perform real-time network analyses, to provide strategies for controlling system energy flows, and to determine the most economical mix of power generation, consumption, and trades. Currently, the maturity of digitization is at different levels for various parts of the electrical power system. Machine learning has been suggested as a tool for making smart grids that can adapt to sudden changes and long-term distributional shifts and recover from errors. The interest in implementing machine learning methods into energy management systems has grown in recent years, and many companies are taking the first steps.

TrønderEnergi is a Norwegian power generation company that does exactly this. It aims at increasing the value of renewable energy and at the same time reducing the cost. In the context of hydropower and wind power, there are several use cases that undergo digital transformation in TrønderEnergi. Examples of such use cases are (1) hydropower trading, (2) wind power trading, and (3) predictive maintenance on wind farms and hydro plants. These use cases as well as the digital transformation processes are introduced in detail in this chapter along with our practical experience. We discuss how machine learning helps to improve the functioning of the existing systems and optimize operations. Inspired by these use cases, we believe digital transformation will continue to make inroads in other applied areas in energy management systems and form the digital electric power ecosystem.
From Intention to Use to Active Use of a Mobile Application in Norwegian ETO Manufacturing
Authors: Kamsvåg Pål Furu , Thun Sylvi , Klemets Joakim
Published: June 2022

The introduction of digital technologies is starting to change the prevailing work practices at Aker Solutions’ yard at Stord in Vestland county. However, in order to derive business value and attain real transformative effects of digitalization, the challenges related to implementation must be identified and addressed. In this chapter, we examine the ongoing implementation of the mobile application WeBuild, at Aker Solutions’ yard at Stord. The overall goal with the application is to support more efficient work processes, reduce costs, increase organizational flexibility, and thereby ease the coming transition to “green” market segments. We use data from an extensive survey with answers from more than 500 respondents working at the yard at Stord to identify both organizational and infrastructural challenges with regard to this specific implementation. Analyses indicate that training and user involvement, functionality and usability, and technical infrastructure are important determinants which influence the active use of the WeBuild application. In more detail, our findings show that functionality adapted to the needs of the respondents’ respective disciplines was the strongest predictor of active use and that poor Internet access in certain parts of the yard makes it challenging to use WeBuild and other digital solutions. Further, we discuss how Aker Solution could overcome some of these challenges and attain business value from WeBuild and other digital solutions and initiatives. WeBuild is one of the many digital initiatives in Aker Solutions. By investigating the implications of this specific implementation along several dimensions, this study sheds light on the many difficulties Norwegian companies are facing when they try to reap the benefits of digital transformation. While Aker Solutions get insights with regard to the contextual challenges at this specific yard, one can extract important learning points that are useful in other contexts as well. Norwegian manufacturers must learn from each other to succeed with digital transformation.
Improving Digitization of Urban Mobility Services with Enterprise Architecture
Authors: Bokolo Anthony , Petersen Sobah Abbas , Helfert Markus
Published: June 2022

Cities are actively deploying modern digital technologies to foster digitalization due to the emergence of data-driven innovations. Through modern digital technologies, municipalities aim to enhance services performance. Despite prior studies that focused on digital transformation in smart cities, there have been few studies aimed at managing service transformation and complexities needed to support cities in getting smarter. Also, as the deployment of information technology (IT) continues to grow within urban environment, there has been little research conducted that develops data-driven approach for digital services within urban environment. Additionally, cities are exploring methods of providing seamless mobility services based on collaboration among several enterprises and stakeholders in urban environment while achieving seamless data-driven services. Therefore, this study explores the adoption of Enterprise Architecture (EA) for digital transformations to achieve seamless urban mobility services. Qualitative data was collected using case study by interview from an organization that employs distributed ledger technology (DLT) to deploy digital services in smart cities. Findings from the interview sessions were modelled in ArchiMate language to illustrate the application of digital payment solution via DLT toward digitization of urban mobility services. The findings reveal that EA supports digital transformation of cities and manages data integration and alignment. Besides, findings from this study propose an EA approach to support urban planners and developers in understanding the actions required to implement digital transformation of their city services in becoming smarter.
Operating Room of the Future (FOR) Digital Healthcare Transformation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Trocin Cristina , Skogås Jan Gunnar , Langø Thomas , Kiss Gabriel Hanssen
Published: June 2022

New technologies are emerging under the umbrella of digital transformation in healthcare such as artificial intelligence (AI) and medical analytics to provide insights beyond the abilities of human experts. Because AI is increasingly used to support doctors in decision-making, pattern recognition, and risk assessment, it will most likely transform healthcare services and the way doctors deliver those services. However, little is known about what triggers such transformation and how the European Union (EU) and Norway launch new initiatives to foster the development of such technologies. We present the case of Operating Room of the Future (FOR), a research infrastructure and an integrated university clinic which investigates most modern technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) to support the analysis of medical images. Practitioners can benefit from strategies related to AI development in multiple health fields to best combine medical expertise with AI-enabled computational rationality.
Auf dem Weg in die „Rentner-Demokratie“?
Authors: Schmidt Manfred G.
Published: June 2022

Welche politischen Folgen hat die Alterung der Bevölkerung? Vergrößert sie die „latente Macht“ der Senioren? Beschreiten Staaten mit alternder Bevölkerung den Weg in eine neue Gerontokratie, eine Herrschaft von Senioren, durch Senioren und für Senioren? Entsteht daraus eine „Rentner-Demokratie“, so die Mahnung des Bundespräsidenten Herzog im Jahre 2008?
Grenzgänge im hohen Alter – Verletzlichkeit, Sorge, Reife
Authors: Kruse Andreas
Published: June 2022

Das hohe Alter soll nachfolgend im Sinne von Grenzgängen gedeutet werden, was zum einen bedeutet, die zwischen psychologischen Bereichen liegenden Grenzen immer wieder zu überschreiten und in diesem Überschreiten ein hohes Maß an psychologischer Komplexität zu verwirklichen. Zum anderen soll mit den Grenzgängen angedeutet werden, dass es alten Menschen gelingen kann, in der Auseinandersetzung mit Grenzen – und das Erleben zunehmender Verletzlichkeit lässt die Grenzen der eigenen Existenz immer deutlicher in das Zentrum des Bewusstseins treten – zu neuen Erlebens-, Verhaltens- und Lebensqualitäten zu gelangen.
A Novel Class of Pathogens Linked to Specific Human Cancers: Do these Agents also Contribute to Aging?
Authors: zur Hausen Harald , de Villiers Ethel-Michele
Published: June 2022

In previous reports, reasons for the nutritional uptake of infectious agents and their link to some common human cancers (e.g. colon, breast and prostate cancers) have been summarized. Original epidemiological observations have been considered as a first hint suggesting a role of Eurasian dairy cattle in the transmission of those postulated agents. This resulted into the search for candidate agents in serum and milk of dairy cattle.
Die Gesellschaft des langen Lebens
Authors: Hermann Christopher
Published: June 2022

Im Jahr 2050 werden rund 10 Mio. Menschen in Deutschland 80 Jahre und älter sein, und bis 2060 pendelt sich die Anzahl der Über-80-Jährigen auf rund 9 Mio. Menschen ein. In Baden-Württemberg gab es in demografischer Hinsicht bereits im Jahr 2000 eine Zäsur, denn erstmals lebten seit Bestehen des Landes etwas mehr 60-Jährige und Ältere als unter 20-Jährige im Südwesten – und die Schere ist seither weiter aufgegangen. Die Bevölkerungsvorausberechnung für Baden-Württemberg zeigt, dass 2060 voraussichtlich doppelt so viele Ältere wie Jüngere in Baden-Württemberg leben.
Alt werden und am Alter kranken – Lust und Last des Alterns von der Antike bis in die Neuzeit
Authors: Eckart Wolfgang
Published: June 2022

Zusammenfasung

Das Bild des Alterns in der modernen Gesellschaft ist heute nicht mehr ganz so einheitlich geprägt, wie es sich uns vielleicht noch vor wenigen Jahrzehnten präsentiert hat. Dem Jugend- undAnti-AgingKult einesForever youngsteht heute der Ruf nach Verbesserung der sozialen Existenz im Alter, nach Ermöglichung gewünscht langer Mobilität und Teilhabe an der Gesellschaft, nach guter Pflege und schmerzfreiem Sterben in Würde gegegüber. So scheint es zumindest.
Altern und Altersvorsorge in einer frühen Hochkultur
Authors: Maul Stefan M.
Published: June 2022

Although the average life expectancy was drastically lower than today because of the enormously high child mortality rate, there were old people in need of care in the ancient Near East. The following shows the means by which provision for old age was ensured, especially when there was a lack of children willing to care.
From Correspondence Education to Online Distance Education
Authors: Moore Michael Grahame
Published: June 2022

This chapter is about the history of open, distance, and digital education, with the primary focus on its evolving in the USA and Great Britain. A selection of key developments, trends, and players of more than 150 years includes reference to the nineteenth century correspondence schools, the American Land Grant universities, the pedagogical revolution in Charles Wedemeyer’s Articulated Instructional Media project, and its influence on the teaching model developed in the UK’s Open University. Brief coverage is included of the history of educational radio and television, the early computer networks, and the virtual classrooms. Knowledge of past achievements and failures is essential when planning for the future, and so the chapter aims to encourage research into personalization of learning in the correspondence tradition, most importantly research into institutional change and the reform of national systems.
Automated Essay Scoring Systems
Authors: Ifenthaler Dirk
Published: June 2022

Essays are scholarly compositions with a specific focus on a phenomenon in question. They provide learners the opportunity to demonstrate in-depth understanding of a subject matter; however, evaluating, grading, and providing feedback on written essays are time consuming and labor intensive. Advances in automated assessment systems may facilitate the feasibility, objectivity, reliability, and validity of the evaluation of written prose as well as providing instant feedback during learning processes. Measurements of written text include observable components such as content, style, organization, and mechanics. As a result, automated essay scoring systems generate a single score or detailed evaluation of predefined assessment features. This chapter describes the evolution and features of automated scoring systems, discusses their limitations, and concludes with future directions for research and practice.
Coset space actions for nonrelativistic strings
Authors: Fontanella Andrea , van Tongeren Stijn J.
Published: June 2022

Abstract

We formulate the stringy nonrelativistic limits of the flat space and AdS5×S5 string as coset models, based on the string Bargmann and extended string Newton-Hooke algebras respectively. Our construction mimics the typical relativistic one, but differs in several interesting ways. Using our coset formulation we give a Lax representation of the equations of motion of both models.
OPE coefficients in Argyres-Douglas theories
Authors: Bissi A. , Fucito F. , Manenti A. , Morales J. F. , Savelli R.
Published: June 2022

Abstract

The calculation of physical quantities in certain quantum field theories such as those of the Argyres-Douglas type is notoriously hard, due to the lack of a Lagrangian description. Here we tackle this problem following two alternative approaches. On the one hand, we use localization on the four-sphere to compute two-correlators and OPE coefficients in Argyres-Douglas superconformal theories. On the other hand, we use the conformal bootstrap machinery to put stringent bounds on such coefficients, only relying on the knowledge of central charge and conformal dimension of the operators. We compare the results obtained with these two methods and find good agreement for all rank-one cases and for the rank-two Argyres-Douglas theories (A1, A4) and (A1, A5), in the moduli space of pure SU(5) and SU(6) super Yang-Mills. We also apply our results from localization to obtain bounds on the dimensions of the lightest neutral unprotected operators of the CFTs.
Honey bee (Apis mellifera) size determines colony heat transfer when brood covering or distributed
Authors: Mitchell Derek Morville
Published: June 2022

Heat transfer is key to the survival of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) in the wide range of hot (e.g. sub-Saharan) and cool climates (e.g. maritime-temperate) in which they have evolved and adapted. Here, a validated computational fluid dynamics, conjugate heat transfer model was used to determine the heat transfer of honey bee colonies in simulated standard wooden hives, complete with combs and brood, for a broad range of honey bee sizes, from slender lowland African A.m. scutellata, to broader (larger diameter) Northern European A.m. mellifera, across the whole range of brood covering honey bee densities, as well as when evenly distributed throughout the hive. It shows that under cooling stress, brood covering, broad subspecies need less than a third of the number of bees per unit of brood area for thermal insulation compared to slender subspecies. Also, when distributed evenly around the nest, broad subspecies lose less brood heat than when brood covering. These simulations demonstrate that honey bee girth has climate-based evolutionary advantages directly for the colony as well as via the survival of the individual. In addition, it shows that non-clustering behavioural patterns of passive honey bees can make significant, subspecies distinctive changes to nest heat loss and therefore honey production and climate change survival.
Impact of mobile phones and wireless devices use on children and adolescents’ mental health: a systematic review
Authors: Girela-Serrano Braulio M. , Spiers Alexander D. V. , Ruotong Liu , Gangadia Shivani , Toledano Mireille B. , Di Simplicio Martina
Published: June 2022

Growing use of mobiles phones (MP) and other wireless devices (WD) has raised concerns about their possible effects on children and adolescents’ wellbeing. Understanding whether these technologies affect children and adolescents’ mental health in positive or detrimental ways has become more urgent following further increase in use since the COVID-19 outbreak. To review the empirical evidence on associations between use of MP/WD and mental health in children and adolescents. A systematic review of literature was carried out on Medline, Embase and PsycINFO for studies published prior to July 15th 2019, PROSPERO ID: CRD42019146750. 25 observational studies published between January 1st 2011 and 2019 were reviewed (ten were cohort studies, 15 were cross-sectional). Overall estimated participant mean age and proportion female were 14.6 years and 47%, respectively. Substantial between-study heterogeneity in design and measurement of MP/WD usage and mental health outcomes limited our ability to infer general conclusions. Observed effects differed depending on time and type of MP/WD usage. We found suggestive but limited evidence that greater use of MP/WD may be associated with poorer mental health in children and adolescents. Risk of bias was rated as ‘high’ for 16 studies, ‘moderate’ for five studies and ‘low’ for four studies. More high-quality longitudinal studies and mechanistic research are needed to clarify the role of sleep and of type of MP/WD use (e.g. social media) on mental health trajectories in children and adolescents.
Interfacial interaction–driven rheological properties of quartz nanofluids from molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations
Authors: Lou Zhaoyang , Cheng Chen , Cui Yingqi , Tian Hao
Published: June 2022

Correlations of the shear viscosity of quartz nanofluids with particle concentration, particle size, and temperature were investigated with molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A new understanding to the experimentally concluded correlations was addressed in terms of microscopic particle–water interfacial interaction in three aspects. First, the viscosity of quartz nanofluids at different particle concentrations, particle sizes, and temperatures were simulated using the equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations method to reproduce the experimental observations. At the same particle size, the nanofluid viscosity decreases significantly with temperature and increases with nanoparticle volume concentration, and at the same volume concentration, the nanofluid viscosity increases with the decrease of particle size. Second, DFT calculations confirm a stronger particle–water interaction than that among water molecules. The important role of particle–water interaction in the viscosity determination of nanofluids was revealed. Finally, a correlation was proposed to fit the simulated results and compared with earlier two-parameter correlations. One parameter in the correlation is indeed a constant, while the other is a function of SiO2–water interaction energy. Our study proposes a physical basis for the experimentally concluded correlations on the viscosity of nanofluids.
Significance of river infiltration to the Port-au-Prince metropolitan region: a case study of two alluvial aquifers in Haiti
Authors: Adamson James K. , Miner Wm. Javan , Rochat Pierre-Yves , Moliere Emmanuel , Piasecki Michael , LaVanchy G. Thomas , Perez-Monforte Sergio , Rodriquez-Vera María
Published: June 2022

Mountain block recharge (MBR) mechanisms are an important component of the water budget for many alluvial aquifers worldwide. The MBR dynamics are complex, difficult to constrain, and quantification is highly uncertain. These challenges are magnified in data-scarce study areas, including the Cul-de-Sac and Leogane plains, two of Haiti’s largest alluvial aquifers, which are flanked by the Massif de la Selle mountain block. The associated groundwater supplies the regional metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince (RMPP) and it is facing increasing pressure, requiring improved understanding of the aquifer system to guide management and protection. This report introduces the aquifers and investigates the significance of river infiltration from flows originating from the mountain block. The approach to derive important insight on recharge included analysis of broad datasets on piezometry, isotopes, hydrochemistry, and streamflow. The findings indicate that river infiltration is a major source of recharge to the alluvial aquifers. Grise and Blanche river infiltration may account for >80% of recharge to the Cul-de-Sac aquifer, exhibiting temporal variation correlated to climate events such as cycles of the El Niño/La Niña Southern Oscillations. Momance and Rouyone river infiltration may account for >50% of recharge to the Leogane aquifer. The results direct attention to the Massif de la Selle carbonate aquifer system, where bulk recharge is estimated to be four times greater than both alluvial aquifers. The Massif not only supplies the RMPP with ~65% of its water supply from karst springs, but its streamflow also recharges the alluvial aquifers that supply the balance of RMPP supply.
Threshold concepts in health professions education research: a scoping review
Authors: Liljedahl Matilda , Palmgren Per J. , McGrath Cormac
Published: June 2022

Threshold concepts (TCs) are increasingly used in health professions education (HPE) research. TCs are claimed to be conceptual gateways which are often traversed with substantial difficulty. In this paper, we report on a scoping review investigating the following research question: What is the scope and nature of the currently available research on threshold concepts in health professions education literature? We employed Arksey and O’Malley’s model for scoping reviews. A search for literature on TCs in HPE research between 2003 and 2020 yielded 999 records of which 59 were included in the review. The data set was subject to quantitative descriptive analysis of article characteristics as well as qualitative thematic analysis of the scope of research on TCs. Among the 59 articles selected for review, there were 30 empirical, 26 conceptual and three reviews. A majority were published in 2015 or later. Almost half of the included articles attempted to identify possible TCs within HPE. Others investigated how TCs can be traversed or suggested how TCs could influence curriculum design. Some critically appraised the framework of TC. Although TCs are increasingly utilised in HPE, the present review identified how researchers came across methodological challenges related to identifying possible TCs and definitional challenges around identifying the essential characteristics of TCs. Before embracing TCs as the next go-to theory for learning in HPE, we acknowledge the need for methodological stringeny and rigour as well as more data to support TCs. Until then, any implementation of TCs in HPE curricula should be done cautiously.
Automation, unemployment, and insurance
Authors: Parr Tom
Published: June 2022

How should policymakers respond to the risk of technological unemployment that automation brings? First, I develop a procedure for answering this question that consults, rather than usurps, individuals’ own attitudes and ambitions towards that risk. I call this the insurance argument. A distinctive virtue of this view is that it dispenses with the need to appeal to a class of controversial reasons about the value of employment, and so is consistent with the demands of liberal political morality. Second, I appeal to the insurance argument to show that governments ought not simply to provide those who are displaced by machines with unemployment benefits. Instead, it must offer re-training programmes, as well as enact more general macroeconomic policies that create new opportunities for employment. My contribution is important not only because it helps us to resolve a series of urgent policy disputes—disputes that have been discussed extensively by labour market economists and policymakers, but less so by political philosophers—but also because my analysis sheds light on more general philosophical controversies relating to risk.
Machine learning-based rock characterisation models for rotary-percussive drilling
Authors: Afebu Kenneth Omokhagbo , Liu Yang , Papatheou Evangelos
Published: June 2022

Vibro-impact drilling has shown huge potential of delivering better rate of penetration, improved tools lifespan and better borehole stability. However, being resonantly instigated, the technique requires a continuous and quantitative characterisation of drill-bit encountered rock materials in order to maintain optimal drilling performance. The present paper introduces a non-conventional method for downhole rock characterisation using measurable impact dynamics and machine learning algorithms. An impacting system that mimics bit-rock impact actions is employed in this present study, and various multistable responses of the system have been simulated and investigated. Features from measurable drill-bit acceleration signals were integrated with operated system parameters and machine learning methods to develop intelligent models capable of quantitatively characterising downhole rock strength. Multilayer perceptron, support vector regression and Gaussian process regression networks have been explored. Based on the performance analysis, the multilayer perceptron networks showed the highest potential for the real-time quantitative rock characterisation using considered acceleration features.
How Often and Why Do Guilty and Innocent Suspects Confess, Deny, or Remain Silent in Police Interviews?
Authors: May Lennart , Raible Yonna , Gewehr Elsa , Zimmermann Johannes , Volbert Renate
Published: June 2022

This study examines how often and why suspects who have reported being either guilty or innocent remain silent, confess, or deny accusations in police interview situations. Convicted offenders under current probation or parole in Germany (N = 280) completed a questionnaire about their perceptions of up to six specific police interview situations they had experienced in their lifetime. As predicted, more suspects reported having confessed truthfully (64.3%) compared to falsely (4.1%) at least once in their lifetime; and more suspects reported having remained silent in guilty interview situations (58.4%) compared to innocent interview situations (18.4%). Unexpectedly, approximately an equal number of suspects reported having denied truthfully (39.8%) and falsely (40.2%) at least once in their lifetime. The main reasons reported for these statement types were that evidence seemed to indicate guilt (true confessions), suspects desired to end the uncomfortable interview situation or protect the real perpetrator/another person (false confessions), evidence seemed weak (false denials), suspects felt innocent (true denials), they desired to protect themselves (silence while being interviewed when guilty), and they followed their attorneys’ advice (silence while being interviewed when innocent). Findings are discussed in the context of the police and psychological research and practice.
Investment Subsidies Effectiveness: Evidence from a Regional Program
Authors: Chinetti Simone
Published: June 2022

I provide novel empirical evidence on the effectiveness of public funding in lagging behind areas by investigating the effect of a subsidy program implemented in the Campania region (South Italy) and targeting SMEs. By relying on a Difference-in-Differences approach, my estimates demonstrate that the regional program produces a sizable increase in private firms’ innovative investment spending. However, I show also large heterogeneity in the firms’ response. In particular, I find that the positive effect on investment, compatible with the input-additionality hypothesis, comes from medium-large firms and low-tech medium-large enterprises. Finally, I show that the program has considerable indirect effects on medium-large low tech service firms’ labour demand but not on overall firms’ productivity.
The Reasoning State
Authors: Stiglitz Edward H.
Published: June 2022

Administrative bodies, not legislatures, are the primary lawmakers in our society. This book develops a theory to explain this fact based on the concept of trust. Drawing upon Law, History and Social Science, Edward H. Stiglitz argues that a fundamental problem of trust pervades representative institutions in complex societies. Due to information problems that inhere to complex societies, the public often questions whether the legislature is acting on their behalf—or is instead acting on the behalf of narrow, well-resourced concerns. Administrative bodies, as constrained by administrative law, promise procedural regularity and relief from aspects of these information problems. This book addresses fundamental questions of why our political system takes the form that it does, and why administrative bodies proliferated in the Progressive Era. Using novel experiments, it empirically supports this theory and demonstrates how this vision of the state clarifies prevailing legal and policy debates.
Survey of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection control policies at leading US academic hospitals in the context of the initial pandemic surge of the severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) omicron variant
Authors: Rhee Chanu , Baker Meghan A. , Klompas Michael
Published: June 2022

Objective:

To assess coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection policies at leading US medical centers in the context of the initial wave of the severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) omicron variant.

Design:

Electronic survey study eliciting hospital policies on masking, personal protective equipment, cohorting, airborne-infection isolation rooms (AIIRs), portable HEPA filters, and patient and employee testing.

Setting and participants:

“Hospital epidemiologists from U.S. News top 20 hospitals and 10 hospitals in the CDC Prevention Epicenters program.”  As it is currently written, it implies all 30 hospitals are from the CDC Prevention Epicenters program, but that only applies to 10 hospitals.  Alternatively, we could just say “Hospital epidemiologists from 30 leading US hospitals.”

Methods:

Survey results were reported using descriptive statistics.

Results:

Of 30 hospital epidemiologists surveyed, 23 (77%) completed the survey between February 15 and March 3, 2022. Among the responding hospitals, 18 (78%) used medical masks for universal masking and 5 (22%) used N95 respirators. 16 hospitals (70%) required universal eye protection. 22 hospitals (96%) used N95s for routine COVID-19 care and 1 (4%) reserved N95s for aerosol-generating procedures. 2 responding hospitals (9%) utilized dedicated COVID-19 wards; 8 (35%) used mixed COVID-19 and non–COVID-19 units; and 13 (57%) used both dedicated and mixed units. 4 hospitals (17%) used AIIRs for all COVID-19 patients, 10 (43%) prioritized AIIRs for aerosol-generating procedures, 3 (13%) used alternate risk-stratification criteria (not based on aerosol-generating procedures), and 6 (26%) did not routinely use AIIRs. 9 hospitals (39%) did not use portable HEPA filters, but 14 (61%) used them for various indications, most commonly as substitutes for AIIRs when unavailable or for specific high-risk areas or situations. 21 hospitals (91%) tested asymptomatic patients on admission, but postadmission testing strategies and preferred specimen sites varied substantially. 5 hospitals (22%) required regular testing of unvaccinated employees and 1 hospital (4%) reported mandatory weekly testing even for vaccinated employees during the SARS-CoV-2 omicron surge.

Conclusions:

COVID-19 infection control practices in leading hospitals vary substantially. Clearer public health guidance and transparency around hospital policies may facilitate more consistent national standards.
Development and interaction of vortices over a very low aspect-ratio wing under pitch-up motion
Authors: Dong Lei , Choi Kwing-So , Mao Xuerui , Wang Yaxing
Published: June 2022

The vortical structures over a thin rectangular wing with a very low aspect ratio of 0.277 were investigated in a wind tunnel at an effective Reynolds number of

$3 \times 10^6$

. When applying pitch-up motion pivoted at mid-chord, the maximum lift angle was increased with an increase in the pitch rate, but the maximum lift coefficient was reduced. The pitching motion also caused delay in the vortical development over the wing, which was increased with an increase in the pitch rate. The delay in the leading-edge vortex development due to the pitching motion was nearly identical to that in the tip vortex development, indicating that the dynamics of the leading-edge vortex was strongly influenced by the tip vortex. This was confirmed by particle image velocimetry measurements, which demonstrated that the tip vortex over a very low aspect-ratio wing induced strong downwash to influence the development of the leading-edge vortex during the pitching motion, which led to a delay in flow separation.
Existence of exponentially and superexponentially spatially localized breather solutions for nonlinear klein–gordon lattices in ℤd, d ≥ 1
Authors: Hennig Dirk , Karachalios Nikos I.
Published: June 2022

We prove the existence of exponentially and superexponentially localized breather solutions for discrete nonlinear Klein–Gordon systems. Our approach considers $d$-dimensional infinite lattice models with general on-site potentials and interaction potentials being bounded by an arbitrary power law, as well as, systems with purely anharmonic forces, cases which are much less studied particularly in a higher-dimensional set-up. The existence problem is formulated in terms of a fixed-point equation considered in weighted sequence spaces, which is solved by means of Schauder's Fixed-Point Theorem. The proofs provide energy bounds for the solutions depending on the lattice parameters and its dimension under physically relevant non-resonance conditions.
Integration of the modified double layer potential of the vector boundary element method for eddy current problems
Authors: SIVAK S. , STUPAKOV I. , ROYAK M. , ROYAK S.
Published: June 2022

The boundary element method for the eddy current problem (BEM-ECP) was proposed in a number of papers and is applicable to important tasks such as the problem of inductive heating and transmission of electromagnetic energy. BEM-ECP requires the construction of a system of linear algebraic equations in which the matrix is inherently dense and is constructed out of element matrices. For the process of the element matrix computation, two cases are normally considered: far-field interaction and near-field interaction, because the construction of element matrices requires integration of a singular function. In this article, we suggest a transform that allows computing the matrix components of the near-singular interaction part while implementing only the single and double layer potentials. The previously suggested modified double layer potential (MDLP) can be integrated by means of this transform, which simplifies the program implementation of BEM-ECP significantly. Solving model problems, we analyse the drawbacks of the previously suggested approach. This analysis includes the proof of the MDLP singularity that makes the integration of this potential a rather difficult task without the help of our transform. The previously suggested approach does not work well with surfaces that are not smooth. Our approach does consider such cases, which is its main advantage. We demonstrate this on the model problems with known analytical solutions.
Can Democracy Be Queer?: Male Homosexuality, Democratisation, and the Law in Postwar Germany
Authors: Huneke Samuel Clowes
Published: June 2022

When Nazi officials surrendered to the Allied powers on 8 May 1945, gay German men hoped fervently that their suffering had come to an end. Ten years earlier, the fascist government had promulgated draconian new laws criminalising all forms of male same-sex behaviour. After the war, as Allied officials embarked on an extensive programme of democratic renewal in the occupied lands, gay men hoped that democratisation would mean the repeal of these laws. Yet, the new West Germany retained the Nazi-era laws until 1969, convicting over 50,000 men in those twenty years. Using petitions to government officials as well as essays in and letters to the editors of homophile magazines, this article examines how gay men in West Germany conceived of democratisation, asking what expectations they held for the new republic, how their views shifted as it proved hostile to queer citizens, and what this history means for the broader understanding of democratisation in the postwar world.
Analysis of the influencing factors associated with dyssynchrony and cardiac dysfunction in children with ventricular pre-excitation
Authors: Zhang Yi , Li Xiao-mei , Cui Jian , Jiang He , Li Jing-hao , Li Mei-ting
Published: June 2022

Objective:

To investigate the correlation between ventricular pre-excitation-related dyssynchrony, on cardiac dysfunction, and recovery.

Methods and Results:

This study included 76 children (39 boys and 37 girls) with a median age of 5.25 (2.67–10.75) years. The patients with pre-excitation-related cardiac dysfunction (cardiac dysfunction group, n = 34) had a longer standard deviation of the time-to-peak systolic strain of the left ventricle and larger difference between the maximum and minimum times-to-peak systolic strain than those with a normal cardiac function (normal function group, n = 42) (51.77 ± 24.70 ms versus 33.29 ± 9.48 ms, p < 0.05; 185.82 ± 92.51 ms versus 111.93 ± 34.27 ms, p < 0.05, respectively). The cardiac dysfunction group had a maximum time-to-peak systolic strain at the basal segments of the anterior and posterior septa and the normal function group at the basal segments of anterolateral and posterolateral walls. The prevalence of ventricular septal dyssynchrony in the cardiac dysfunction group was significantly higher than that in the normal function group (94.1% (32/34) versus 7.7% (3/42), p < 0.05). The patients with ventricular septal dyssynchrony (n = 35) had a significantly higher prevalence of intra-left ventricular systolic dyssynchrony than those with ventricular septal synchrony (n = 41) (57.1% (20/35) versus 14.6% (6/41), p < 0.05). During follow-up after pathway ablation, the patients who recovered from intra-left ventricular dyssynchrony (n = 29) had a shorter left ventricular ejection fraction recovery time than those who did not (n = 5) (χ2 = 5.94, p < 0.05). Among the patients who recovered, 93.1% (27/29) had a normalised standard deviation of the time-to-peak systolic strain and difference between the maximum and minimum times-to-peak systolic strain within 1 month after ablation.

Conclusion:

Ventricular pre-excitation may cause ventricular septal dyssynchrony; thus, attention must be paid to intra-left ventricular dyssynchrony and cardiac dysfunction. Whether intra-left ventricular systolic dyssynchrony can resolve within 1 month may be a new early predictor of patient prognosis.
Female Hallucinations, Folk Horses, and Gaunt Motherfuckers
Authors: Hartman Asher
Published: June 2022

This autobiographical-fantastical work-in-progress animation is about a girl who eats people. Kay Whale, a lovable force composed of many beings, is growing malevolent. Absurdist and depraved, Female Hallucinations is as much about possession as it is about the ways our unexamined traumas can turn into weapons against the world. It is a personal examination of the effects of misogyny, racist privilege, multiplicity, violence, and loss.
The Skull Chamber in the Chauvet Cave
Authors: Montelle Yann-Pierre
Published: June 2022

A cave bear skull from the Upper Paleolithic is carefully positioned on a modified block in the Skull Chamber of Chauvet Cave. The Skull Chamber, as the culmination of a speleologicalparcours,has apparently been strategically modified in order to increase its performative potential — an early architectural attempt to reconfigure a space en route towards a theatre.
The Alpha Orient
Authors: Lee Peggy Kyoungwon
Published: June 2022

The alpha brain wave sonification inaugurated by Alvin Lucier in Music for Solo Performer (1965) ushered in biofeedback as a new possibility for art and a racialized fantasy of the “Orient.” The “Alpha Orient” encompasses sonic methods equating alpha brain waves with the supposed exceptional “composure” and “silence” of the East. Eunoia (2013-2014) by Lisa Park and Yoko Ono’s 1964 Cut Piece and 1965 Sky Piece for Jesus Christ expose the Alpha Orient as an ableist fantasy of the Asian woman in the remarkable soundness of her self-control.
Do’s, Don’ts, and the Rhythms of the Urban Everyday
Authors: Kolb Alexandra
Published: June 2022

Rimini Protokoll’s Do’s and Don’ts (2018) takes spectators on tours through cities in a disused truck to observe contemporary urban life. Commentary from nonprofessional (yet “expert”) performers and video interludes dissect and challenge the rules and norms of the 21st-century metropolis. Lucinda Childs’s 1964 Street Dance frames and historically contextualizes the discussion of performance “in” and “of” the city.
The Oscillatory Motion of Jupiter's Polar Cyclones Results From Vorticity Dynamics
Authors: Gavriel Nimrod , Kaspi Yohai
Published: June 2022

The polar cyclone at Jupiter's south pole and the five cyclones surrounding it oscillate in position and interact. These cyclones, observed since 2016 by NASA's Juno mission, present a unique opportunity to study vortex dynamics and interactions on long time scales. The cyclones' position data, acquired by Juno's JIRAM instrument, is analyzed, showing dominant oscillations with ∼12 month periods and amplitudes of ∼400 km. Here, the mechanism driving these oscillations is revealed by considering vorticity‐gradient forces generated by mutual interactions between the cyclones and the latitudinal variation in planetary vorticity. Data‐driven estimation of these forces exhibits a high correlation with the measured acceleration of the cyclones. To further test this mechanism, a model is constructed, simulating how cyclones subject to these forces exhibit similar oscillatory motion.