bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Four new species and a new genus of Coccidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from Africa
Authors: Hodgson C. J.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new species of Coccus, close to Coccus subacutus (Newstead), from Malawi, and two other species of Coccus close to Coccus viridulus De Lotto, one from Egypt and the other from Malawi, are described. A new genus is erected, into which Akermes nitidulus De Lotto and a new species from Rhodesia have been placed.
A new genus and species of the family Lentulidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea)
Authors: DIRSH V. M.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new genus of Lentulidae is erected for one new species described from males and females taken in Malawi.
Some African Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Howarth T. G.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Descriptions are given of three new forms of the nominate subspecies ofAcraea ansorgeiand of a newly separated subspecies and its ten forms; a key for the separation of the subspecies and all described forms is included. A new subspecies ofEuphaedra neophron, a new subspecies ofCharaxes fournieraeand the hitherto unknown male ofCh.lydiae, and a new form ofEuxanthe eurinomeare described.
Some species of Pemphigus (Homoptera: Aphididae) described from the Indian region by G. B. Buckton
Authors: Doncaster J. P.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Type material of Pemphigus aedifcator, P. immunis and P. napaeus is re‐described, and lectotypes are designated.
A new species of Tetrastichus Haliday, 1844 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitic on the nymphs of Paurocephala calodendri Moran (Homoptera: Psyllidae)
Authors: Brothers D. J. , Moran V. C.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new species of Tetrastichus Haliday, 1844, parasitic on the nymphs of the Psyllid Paurocephala calodendri Moran, is described from South Africa. The affinities of the parasite to closely related species are briefly discussed.
A revision of Idiosystatus Berg (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea, Delphacidae)
Authors: Fennah R. G.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

The genus Idiosystatus Berg (Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae) is revised on the basis of series from most of the provinces of Chile and of southern Argentina; five species, three of which are new, are recognised and described.
Some Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) new to Britain, with notes on other British species
Authors: Graham M. W. R. de V.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of one species of Syntomaspis and five species of Torymus new to Britain, and notes are given on a number of other Torymidae already recorded from Britain. A new specific character found in the genera Torymus and Callimomus is discussed.
A generic diagnosis of Bodenheimera Bodenheimer (Homoptera: Coccidae) with a redescription of B. rachelae (Bodenheimer)*
Authors: Ben‐Dov Yair
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

The genus Bodenheimera Bodenheimer is redefined and assigned to the family The first instar larva and female of the type‐species, B. rachelae (Boden‐Coccidae. heimer), are redescribed.
Cyrtogonatopus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae, with the description of a new species from Cuba
Authors: Richards O. W.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

A redescription is given of the genus Cyrtogonatopus and of the type‐species, C. breviforceps. A new species of the genus is described from females and probable males.
Some Eupelmidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) new to Britain, with notes on new synonymy in this family
Authors: Graham M. W. R. de V.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of three species of Eupelmus new to Britain, and notes are given on a number of other Eupelmidae already recorded from Britain. The diagnostic characters of Calosota vernalis and C. aestivalis are redescribed, and a key is given to the females of the British species of Calosota. Some lectotypes are validated.
A key to the African species of the genus Chaetospania Karsch (Dermaptera: Labiidae)
Authors: Brindle A.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

A key is given to the eight African species of Chaetospania now recognised, one of which is described as new from males and females taken in Tanzania.
The Picicola (Mallophaga: Ischnocera) of the Picidae (Aves: Picifonnes)*
Authors: Dalgleish Robert C.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Nine species of Picicola from the Picidae are recognised and a key is given to the three species‐groups. Three of the species are described as new: one from Dendropicos fuscescens, one from Geocolaptes olivaceus and one from Colaptes spp. The following are newly synonyrnised: P. praeposterus Clay & Meinertzhagen, 1938; P. praeposterus americana Carriker, 1956; P. dissors Zlotorzycka, 1965 and P. contiguus Zlotorzycka, 1965.
A new phoretic Simulium from West Cameroon (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Lewis D. J. , Disney R. H. L.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new species of the subgenus Lewisellum is described, the larvae and pupae of which are associated with prawns.
Species of Trypoxylon Latreille (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Cuba
Authors: Richards O. W.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of species of Trypoxylon (Trypargillum) from the Greater Antilles, and a key for their separation is included. A new species of Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) and additional specimens of T. (T.) succinctum are described.
Further observations on Cleroidea (Coleoptera)
Authors: Crowson R. A.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Revised keys are given to the families of adult and larval Cleroidea. Two new families are defined, one including a new genus and species from New South Wales and the other comprising the genus Acanthocnemus. A new subfamily of Peltidae is erected, and a new genus and species from Queensland and a new species from Chile are described. Two new monotypic genera of Trogossitidae are described from material taken in Queensland. Descriptions are given of the supposed larvae of Egoliinae and Acanthocnemus. The evolutionary relationships of the Cleroidea are discussed.
Three new aphid species from North America
Authors: Stroyan H. L. G.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Descriptions are given of the apterous and alate viviparous females of a new species of Aphis from North Carolina, the apterous and alate viviparous females of a new species of Chuetosiphon from Colorado and of the fundatrix and alate viviparous female of a new species of Pemphigus from Utah.
New species of Blissinae from Madagascar (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)*
Authors: Slater James A. , Wilcox Darleen B.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Two new species of Micaredemus and two new species of Ischnodemus from Madagascar are described. Micaredemus decolor Slater is synonymised with Micaredemus antennatus Slater and the variability of this species is discussed. A note on theaffinities of the Madagascar blissine fauna is included.
Some new and unrecorded species of Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from India
Authors: Gupta J. P. , Ray‐Chaudhuri S. P.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of 19 specics of Drosophila. representing five subgenera. Keys to species are given for the three larger subgenera. Five species are described as new, and three species are recorded from India for the first time. A list of species so far recorded from India is given.
Redefinitions of Teliapsocus Chapman, Zelandopsocus Tillyard and Cladioneura Enderlein (Psocoptera)
Authors: Smithers C. N.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

The type species of Teliapsocus, Zelandopsocus and Cladioneura are redescribed on the basis of new material from U.S.A., New Zealand and Australia, respectively. The type‐species of Teliapsocus is transferred to Matsumuraiella, and Teliapsocus is synonymised with that genus.
Some Simuliidae (Diptera) from West Cameroon
Authors: LEWIS D. J. , DISNEY R. H. L.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Full or partial descriptions are given of Simuliuni (Eusimulium) aureosimile, S. (Phoretomyia) lumbwanum and a new species of this subgenus, and of S. (Metomphalus) colasbelcouri, futaense and a new species of this subgenus.
A redescription of Exoristobia Ashmead 1904 and description of two new species (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: RAO B. R. SUBBA
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

The genus Exoristobio Ashmead, 1904, is redescribed. A new species from Uganda and one from Nigeria are described. A key i s given to the females of three species now included in the genus.
A new French mole cricket, differing in song and morphology from Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L. (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)
Authors: Bennet‐Clark H. C.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new species of mole cricket is separated from Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linnaeus on the basis of differences in the song, the sound‐producing organs and dimensions of the wings and body. The singing burrow is described and related to the frequency of the song. A new key to males of the European Gryllotalpa is provided.
Records and descriptions of some Asiatic Spilogona Schnabl (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Pont Adrian C.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

Records of seven species of Spilogona Schnabl, 191 1, from Central Asia are given. Two of them are described as new, one from males and females taken in Siberia and one from a unique male taken in the West Pamirs.
THE EFFECT OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY ON INCOME REDISTRIBUTION: EVIDENCE FOR SWITZERLAND
Authors: FELD LARS P. , FISCHER JUSTINA A.V. , KIRCHGÄSSNER GEBHARD
Published: August 2010

In political economics, the impact of institutions on income redistribution is mainly studied by comparing different forms of representative democracy. In this article, we analyze the influence of direct democratic institutions on redistribution first focusing on welfare and nonwelfare spending using yearly panel data for Swiss cantons. Then, we estimate a model, which explains the determinants of actually achieved redistribution measured by Gini coefficients. While our results indicate that less public funds are used to redistribute income, inequality is not reduced to a lesser extent in direct than in representative democracies for a given initial income distribution. (JEL D7, D78, I30, H75, H11)
DOES OFFSHORING PAY? FIRM‐LEVEL EVIDENCE FROM JAPAN
Authors: HIJZEN ALEXANDER , INUI TOMOHIKO , TODO YASUYUKI
Published: August 2010

This article explores the impact of offshoring on productivity using firm‐level data for the Japanese manufacturing industries during the period 1994–2000. We find that intrafirm offshoring, that is, sourcing of intermediate inputs to foreign affiliates within a particular multinational firm, has generally a positive effect on productivity of the offshoring firm, while arm’s‐length offshoring, that is, sourcing to unaffiliated foreign firms, does not have such an effect. In addition, the impact of arm’s‐length offshoring is negative for nonmultinationals and nonexporters but nonnegative for multinationals and exporters. These results suggest that the costs of searching foreign firms suitable for offshoring are nonnegligible. (JEL F14, L23)
SEIGNIORAGE, LEGAL TENDER, AND THE DEMAND NOTES OF 1861
Authors: BOMBERGER WILLIAM A. , MAKINEN GAIL E.
Published: August 2010

In the summer of 1861, the United States embarked on its first widespread use of paper money: the Demand Notes of 1861. Although their convertibility into gold ended at the end of that year, they remained acceptable for tariff payment at a par with gold coin while they were gradually replaced with paper money that did not share this provision, the Greenbacks. We present daily observations of exchange rates between the Notes, Greenbacks, and gold for the extended period during which they simultaneously circulated. These exchange rates substantiate our revisionist notion that the Notes were replaced because the tariff provision prevented them from generating sufficient seigniorage for wartime needs. (JEL E42, N12, N22)
POLITICAL BUSINESS CYCLES IN THE NEW KEYNESIAN MODEL
Authors: MILANI FABIO
Published: August 2010

This paper tests various political business cycle theories in a New Keynesian model with a monetary and fiscal policy mix. All the policy coefficients, the target levels of inflation and the budget deficit, the firms' frequency of price setting, and the standard deviations of the structural shocks are allowed to depend on “political” regimes: a preelection versus postelection regime, a regime that depends on whether the president (or the Fed chairman) is a Democrat or a Republican, and a regime under which the president and the Fed chairman share party affiliation in preelection quarters or not. The results provide evidence that several coefficients are influenced by political variables. The best‐fitting specification, in fact, is one that allows coefficients to vary according to a regime that depends on whether the economy is in the few quarters before a presidential election or not. Monetary policy becomes considerably more inertial before elections and fiscal policy deviations from a simple rule are more common. There is some evidence that policies become more expansionary before elections, but this evidence disappears for monetary policy in the post‐1985 sample. (JEL C11, D72, E32, E52, E58, E63)
TAXING LEISURE COMPLEMENTS
Authors: KAPLOW LOUIS
Published: August 2010

Ever since Corlett and Hague, it has been understood that it tends to be optimal on second‐best grounds to (relatively) tax complements to leisure and subsidize substitutes because doing so helps to offset the distorting effect of taxation on labor supply. Yet, Atkinson and Stiglitz’s optimal income/commodity tax analysis claims to demonstrate the opposite, and derivations in leading texts on optimal taxation offer opposing conclusions regarding the sign of optimal deviation of commodity taxes from uniformity. It is demonstrated that the optimality of relatively taxing leisure complements is indeed correct, and conflicting results are explained. (JEL H21, H24)
ACROSS TIME AND REGIMES: 212 YEARS OF THE US‐UK REAL EXCHANGE RATE
Authors: CRAIGHEAD WILLIAM D.
Published: August 2010

The behavior of the US‐UK real exchange rate over the period 1794–2005 is examined. This series includes five intervals of floating nominal exchange rates and four fixed exchange rate regime periods. A consistent pattern of higher real exchange rate volatility under floating nominal rates is shown. Over time, real exchange rate movements have increasingly been driven by movements in the nominal exchange rate rather than relative prices. The persistence of the real exchange rate has been considerably higher in the postwar period.(JELF31, N20)
Changing authentic identities: evidence from Taiwan and China
Authors: Brown Melissa J.
Published: August 2010

Despite ideological rhetoric to the contrary, identity changes and authenticity depend on social experience – the lived interactions of individuals as well as the broad range of political‐economic, historical, and personal factors that shape those interactions. Because governments influence social experience, they can shape identities of their populations. Plains Aborigines in colonial Taiwan became Han Taiwanese after Japanese authorities banned footbinding. Local Han became Tujia, and Prmi became both Pumi and Tibetan in China's nation‐wide ethnic identification project. However, deliberate attempts at manipulation do not always succeed. The social experience of daily discrimination countered colonial authorities' efforts to make Han Taiwanese into Japanese, contrary to the claims of more recent nostalgic narratives. Narratives of unfolding – partisan stories about the development of a people over time – push the notion, useful to contemporary political authorities, that ethnic identities are fixed because they are based on culture and ancestry and that their authenticity is an ontological absolute derived from origins in antiquity. Analytic distinction of ideological rhetoric from the social experience of individuals allows a better understanding of the socially constructed processes of identity formation and authentication.

Bien que la rhétorique idéologique soutienne le contraire, les changements d'identité et l'authenticité dépendent de l'expérience sociale, autrement dit des interactions vécues aussi bien que de nombreux facteurs politico‐économiques, sociaux et personnels qui donnent forme à ces relations. En influant sur cette expérience, les gouvernements peuvent modeler l'identité de leurs populations. Les aborigènes des plaines de Taiwan sont devenus des Han quand les autorités coloniales japonaises ont interdit le bandage des pieds. Les Han locaux sont devenus des Tujia, et les Prmi sont devenus aussi bien des Pumi que des Tibétains dans le projet d'identification ethnique national chinois. Les tentatives de manipulation ne sont cependant pas toujours couronnées de succès. L'expérience sociale d'une discrimination quotidienne a battu en brèche les efforts des autorités coloniales de transformer les Han de Taïwan en Japonais, quoi qu'en disent les récits nostalgiques postérieurs. Les récits de déploiement, narrations partisanes du développement d'un peuple dans le temps, avancent la notion (utile pour les autorités politiques contemporaines) que les identités ethniques sont fixées parce qu'elles se fondent sur la culture et les ancêtres et que leur authenticité est une vérité ontologique absolue, liée à leurs origines antiques. En distinguant par l'analyse la rhétorique idéologique et le vécu social des individus, on peut mieux comprendre les processus, socialement construits, de formation et d'authentification de l'identité.
Virginity testing as a local public health initiative: a ‘preventive ritual’ more than a ‘diagnostic measure’
Authors: Wickström Anette
Published: August 2010

This article focuses on virginity testing in Nkolokotho in northeastern rural KwaZulu Natal. I argue that testing is a strategy that involves the deployment of collective pressure and symbolic means both to increase the individual's and the community's responsibility for sexual relations, and to strengthen girls' and women's positions at a time of chronic HIV/AIDS. In the absence of effective measures against AIDS, inhabitants try to find alternative ways to protect young people. An older tradition that emphasizes the status of virgin girls and the significance of the collective is used in a strategy that incorporates HIV blood tests. I show how virginity testing is a ‘preventive ritual’ more than a ‘diagnostic measure’, while emphasizing how both South African and Western projects aimed at improving the situation are grounded in perspectives that sometimes collide with how local people conceive of both relationships and sexuality.

Le présent article est consacréà la vérification de la virginitéà Nkolokotho, dans le Nord‐est rural du KwaZulu Natal. L'auteur avance que ce test est une stratégie impliquant une pression collective et la mise en œuvre de moyens symboliques pour responsabiliser individus et collectivité en matière de relations sexuelles et renforcer la position des jeunes filles et des femmes en ces temps de VIH endémique. Faute de mesures efficaces pour lutter contre le SIDA, les habitants de la région recherchent d'autres moyens de protéger les jeunes. Une tradition ancienne, montant en épingle le statut des jeunes filles vierges et l'importance du collectif, est mise à contribution dans une stratégie qui inclut le dépistage sanguin du VIH. L'auteur montre en quoi la vérification de la virginité est un « rituel préventif » plus qu'une « mesure de diagnostic », tout en mettant en lumière la façon dont les projets initiés par l'Afrique du Sud et les pays occidentaux pour améliorer la situation s'inscrivent dans une perspective qui peut entrer en conflit avec la manière dont les populations locales envisagent les relations et la sexualité.
Ritual exchange and the fourth obligation: ancient Maya food offering and the flexible materiality of ritual
Authors: Morehart Christopher T , Butler Noah
Published: August 2010

Employing Mauss's notion of the fourth obligation, giving to the gods, this article develops a formulation of ritual exchange to examine the interactive nature of ritual practice. As a modality of interaction, ritual exchange is contingent upon enduring normative beliefs, such as perceived obligations to spiritual entities, and the social positions of ritual practitioners. Consequently, ritual exchange evinces not only the material and immaterial nature of sacred beliefs but also the potential flexibility and fungibility of social interaction. By considering a relatively under‐utilized form of data to study past ritual, archaeobotanical remains, we employ this perspective to explore the ancient Maya practice of offering foods in several caves in western Belize. These data exhibit complex configurations of commonality and variability, suggesting the potential flexibility and latent fungibility of ritual exchange.

En recourant à la quatrième obligation selon Mauss (l'offrande aux dieux), l'auteur élabore une formulation des échanges rituels afin d'examiner la nature interactive de la pratique rituelle. En tant que modalité d'interaction, l'échange rituel dépend de la pérennité de croyances normatives, telles que les obligations perçues envers les entités du monde des esprits et le statut social des officiants. En conséquence, l'échange rituel évince non seulement la nature matérielle et immatérielle des croyances sacrées, mais aussi la flexibilité et la fonctionnalité potentielles des interactions sociales. En examinant les vestiges archéobotaniques, données relativement mal utilisées pour étudier les rituels passés, nous appliquons ce point de vue à l'étude des pratiques des anciens Mayas qui déposaient des offrandes de nourriture dans des grottes de l'Ouest du Belize. Ces données font apparaître des configurations complexes de points communs et de variabilité, qui suggèrent une flexibilité potentielle et une fonctionnalité latente des échanges rituels.
Gas masks: material culture, memory, and the senses
Authors: Moshenska Gabriel
Published: August 2010

Gas masks are distinctive, iconic, and evocative objects. As a technology, a uniform, a symbol, and a mask, the gas mask defies simple categorization. In this article I use memory narratives to examine the active social lives of children's gas masks in Second World War Britain; their uses, misuses, and disposal. By focusing on the unique sensory aspect of the gas mask, I consider a range of interconnected themes, including the effects of poison gas, the aesthetics of childhood learning, and the connections between memory and the senses. This study builds on recent criticisms of social constructivism and ‘asymmetry’ in the study of people and material culture; the child's gas mask thus emerges not only as a social and physical mediator between children and the world at war they inhabited, but as an actor shaping the aesthetic experience and memories of that world.

Le masque à gaz est un objet distinctif, iconique, évocateur. Équipement technologique autant qu'uniforme, symbole et masque, il défie les catégorisations simples. L'auteur utilise ici des récits de souvenirs pour étudier la vie sociale active des masques à gaz pour enfants dans la Grande‐Bretagne de la seconde Guerre mondiale, leur utilisation, leurs abus, leur mise au rebut. En se concentrant sur l'aspect sensoriel unique des masques à gaz, l'auteur aborde plusieurs thèmes interconnectés : effets des gaz toxiques, esthétique de l'apprentissage dans l'enfance, liens entre mémoire et sens. Cette étude se fonde sur la critique récente du constructivisme social et de « l'asymétrie » dans l'étude des peuples et des cultures matérielles. Le masque à gaz pour enfant apparaît ainsi non seulement comme un médiateur social et physique entre l'enfant et le monde en guerre dans lequel il vivait, mais comme un acteur donnant forme à une expérience esthétique et aux souvenirs de ce monde.
Discovering the False Discovery Rate
Authors: Benjamini Yoav
Published: August 2010

I describe the background for the paper ‘Controlling the false discovery rate: a new and powerful approach to multiple comparisons’ by Benjamini and Hochberg that was published in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, in 1995. I review the progress since made on the false discovery rate, as well as the major conceptual developments that followed.
Bayesian Pseudo-Empirical-Likelihood Intervals for Complex Surveys
Authors: Rao J. N. K. , Wu Changbao
Published: August 2010

Bayesian methods for inference on finite population means and other parameters by using sample survey data face hurdles in all three phases of the inferential procedure: the formulation of a likelihood function, the choice of a prior distribution and the validity of posterior inferences under the design-based frequentist framework. In the case of independent and identically distributed observations, the profile empirical likelihood function of the mean and a non-informative prior on the mean can be used as the basis for inference on the mean and the resulting Bayesian empirical likelihood intervals are also asymptotically valid under the frequentist set-up. For complex survey data, we show that a pseudo-empirical-likelihood approach can be used to construct Bayesian pseudo-empirical-likelihood intervals that are asymptotically valid under the design-based set-up. The approach proposed compares favourably with a full Bayesian analysis under simple random sampling without replacement. It is also valid under general single-stage unequal probability sampling designs, unlike a full Bayesian analysis. Moreover, the approach is very flexible in using auxiliary population information and can accommodate two scenarios which are practically important: incorporation of known auxiliary population information for the construction of intervals by using the basic design weights; calculation of intervals by using calibration weights based on known auxiliary population means or totals.
Silver production and the money supply in England and Wales, 1086–c.1500
Authors: ALLEN MARTIN
Published: August 2010

The contribution of English and Welsh lead mines to the silver supplies of mints between Domesday Book and the end of the fifteenth century is assessed in this article, comparing evidence for the size of silver production with mint output data. It is shown that the proposal that northern Pennine mines were the principal source of the silver in the late twelfth‐century English currency is untenable. Welsh mines supplied limited amounts of silver to local mints around 1200. Devon silver made a significant but not predominant contribution to mint output at times of bullion scarcity in the 1290s and the mid‐fifteenth century. Imported silver was usually a greater source of the metal in the English currency than locally mined silver, and gold coins constituted most of England's money supply from the mid‐fourteenth century onwards.
CONVERSION AND THE NEW EVANGELIZATION: A PERSPECTIVE FROM LONERGAN
Authors: RYMARZ RICHARD
Published: August 2010

A key legacy of the pontificate of Pope John Paul II was the concept of the new evangelization. This, amongst other things, was seen as a response to rising levels of religious indifference especially in countries that share a Western culture. This paper discusses the new evangelization in the light of two seminal ideas from the work of Lonergan, namely conversion and transcendence. It argues that these perspectives help explain and enrich the concept of the new evangelization. The second part of the paper explores some of the factors that can assist conversion, especially religious conversion.
Penal Reform in the Netherlands: Part II—Criteria for Deciding on Alternatives to Imprisonment
Authors: Hulsman L.
Published: August 2010

New sanctions as an alternative to imprisonment should not be introduced before their capacity for reducing custodial sentences is compared with other methods of bringing about such a reduction.

Any consideration of the possible introduction of an alternative sanction should always take into account its potential influence on the community's absorption of events which could lead to criminalisation. Changes in civil law can contribute to an increase in the possibilities of “civilisation” of conflicts on a community level and thus to a reduction of the number of events processed by the criminal justice system. Other important matters to take into account in assessing alternatives to imprisonment are their possible influence on: (i) the “policy‐assessing” role of the criminal law judge; (ii) the influence on the (un) controllability of the penal system; and (iii) the effects on public perception of events which can lead to criminalisation.
Custody Decisions for Property Offenders in the Crown Court
Authors: HEDDERMAN CAROL
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This paper discusses a study which investigated the factors influencing the use of custody for a sample of offenders sentenced for theft offences. The results suggest that the decision to use custody was affected by a number of factors which fit with a just deserts approach to sentencing. However, other contributory factors were also identified and the implications of these results are discussed. It is argued that sentencers should be encouraged to persevere with community penalties even when they are breached, in the same way that they persevere with the use of custody even when it fails to deter offending.
An International Perspective on the Privatisation of Corrections
Authors: LILLY J. ROBERT , KNEPPER PAUL
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The recent debate about corrections' privatisation neglects the extensive overlap of business, political and private interests which shapes public corrections policy. Based on current developments in England/Wales, Canada and the US, it is possible to identify an international corrections—commercial complex. As George Orwell reflected in 1934:

Of course we keep the peace in our own interest, but what does all this law and order business boil down to? More banks and more prisons ‐ that's all it means. we should chuck it quickly enough if it didn't pay. (Orwell 1934)
Racist and Political Extremist Graffiti in Australian Prisons, 1970s to 1990s
Authors: WILSON JACQUELINE Z.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The article discusses graffiti found in Australian prison museums, in particular racist and extreme nationalist texts and images. The rise of prisoners' rights movements brought a concurrent reactive move to the political Right among prison officers. This enabled far‐Right and racist elements among staff to become influential in a number of prisons. Similarities are noted between Australian prison graffiti and graffiti found in British prisons in the 1990s, as reported by the British Commission for Racial Equality (CRE). The CRE found that prisons in Britain fostered a culture of racism. Apparent motivations of Australian and British graffitists show much common ground including a sense of national dispossession, far‐Right sentiment and social disaffection. It is concluded that the radically enclosed and violent nature of the prison exacerbates these issues, effectively promoting far‐Right tendencies among prisoners and staff.
MHC haplotypic association in Chinese Han patients with vitiligo
Authors: Xia Q , Zhou WM , Liang YH , Ge HS , Liu HS , Wang JY , Gao M , Yang S , Zhang XJ
Published: August 2010

Background  Serological typing of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) has shown discrepancies in HLA associations with vitiligo in different ethnic populations.

Objective  To evaluate the distributions of HLA at class I and II loci that may contribute to the genetic susceptibility of vitiligo patients in Chinese Hans population.

Methods  We analysed the allelic frequencies of HLA class I and II by using the polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific primer (PCR‐SSP) method in 187 patients with vitiligo and 273 controls in Chinese Hans. The linkage disequilibrium was calculated from a 2 × 2 table.

Results  Two‐locus haplotypes including HLA‐A25‐B13, HLA‐A25‐B27, HLA‐A25‐Cw*0602, HLA‐A25‐DQA1*0302, HLA‐A25‐DQA1*0601, HLA‐A25‐DQB1*0303, HLA‐B13‐Cw*0602, HLA‐B13‐DQA1*0302, HLA‐B13‐DQA1*0601, HLA‐B27‐Cw*0602, HLA‐B27‐DQA1*0302, HLA‐B27‐DQA1*0601, HLA‐B27‐DQB1*0303, HLA‐B27‐DQB1*0503, HLA‐Cw*0602‐DQA1*0302, HLA‐Cw*0602‐DQA1*0601, HLA‐Cw*0602‐DQB1*0303, HLA‐Cw*0602‐DQB1*0503 and HLA‐DQA1*0302‐DQB1*0503 were associated with all types of vitiligo in Chinese Hans. The extended haplotypes HLA‐A25‐B13‐Cw*0602, HLA‐A25‐B27‐Cw*0602, HLA‐DQA1*0302‐DQB1*0303‐Cw*0602 and HLA‐B13‐DQB1*0303‐Cw*0602 were found to be associated with all types of vitiligo in Chinese Hans, whereas the frequency of HLA‐A25‐Cw*0602‐DQA1*0302 was significantly increased in generalized vitiligo but not in localized vitiligo. The frequencies of HLA‐A25‐DQA1*0302‐DQB1*0503 and HLA‐A30‐DQA1*0302‐DQB1*0303 were higher in childhood vitiligo than in adult vitiligo, and the frequency of HLA‐A25‐B13‐DQB1*0303‐Cw*0602 was shown to be associated with adult vitiligo but not childhood vitiligo.

Conclusion  This study demonstrates not only the differential association between HLA markers and types of vitiligo according to distribution or age at onset but also newly found high‐risk haplotypes in Chinese vitiligo patients.
Circadian alteration in neurobiology during protracted opiate withdrawal in rats
Authors: Li Su‐xia , Liu Li‐jing , Jiang Wen‐gao , Sun Li‐li , Zhou Shuang‐jiang , Le Foll Bernard , Zhang Xiang Yang , Kosten Thomas R. , Lu Lin
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 353–362.

Protracted opiate withdrawal can extend for months of disrupted hormonal circadian rhythms. We examined rodent behaviors and these circadian disturbances in hormone and peptide levels as well as brain clock gene expression during 60 days of protracted withdrawal. Our behavioral tests included open field, elevated plus maze, and sucrose preference tests at 36 h, 10, 30, and 60 days after stopping chronic morphine. At these four assessment points, we collected samples every 4 h for 24 h to examine circadian rhythms in blood hormone and peptide levels and brain expression of rPER1, rPER2, and rPER3 clock genes. Decreased locomotor activity and elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone and melatonin levels persisted for 2 months after morphine withdrawal, but corticosterone was elevated only at 36 h and 10 days after withdrawal. Orexin levels were high at 36 h after withdrawal, but then reversed during protracted withdrawal to abnormally low levels. Beta‐endorphin (β‐EP) levels showed no differences from normal. However, circadian rhythms were blunted for all of these hormones. Corticosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and orexin blunting persisted at least for 60 days. The blunted circadian rhythm of β‐EP and melatonin recovered by day 60, but the peak phase of β‐EP was delayed about 8 h. Blunted circadian rhythms and reduced expression of rPER1, rPER2, and rPER3 persisted at least for 60 days in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens core, central nucleus of the amygdala, Hippocampus, and ventral tegmental area. Circadian rhythms of rPER1 in the nucleus accumbens shell and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and of rPER2 in the central nucleus of the amygdala were reversed. Disrupted circadian rhythms of rPER1, rPER 2, and rPER3 expression in reward‐related brain circuits and blunted circadian rhythms in peripheral hormones and peptides may play a role in protracted opiate withdrawal and contribute to relapse.
Genome‐wide screen identifies Escherichia coli TCA‐cycle‐related mutants with extended chronological lifespan dependent on acetate metabolism and the hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor ArcA
Authors: Gonidakis Stavros , Finkel Steven E. , Longo Valter D.
Published: August 2010

Single‐gene mutants with extended lifespan have been described in several model organisms. We performed a genome‐wide screen for long‐lived mutants in Escherichia coli, which revealed strains lacking tricarboxylic acid (TCA)‐cycle‐related genes that exhibit longer stationary‐phase survival and increased resistance to heat stress compared to wild‐type. Extended lifespan in the sdhA mutant, lacking subunit A of succinate dehydrogenase, is associated with the reduced production of superoxide and increased stress resistance. On the other hand, the longer lifespan of the lipoic acid synthase mutant (lipA) is associated with reduced oxygen consumption and requires the acetate‐producing enzyme pyruvate oxidase, as well as acetyl‐CoA synthetase, the enzyme that converts extracellular acetate to acetyl‐CoA. The hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor ArcA, acting independently of acetate metabolism, is also required for maximum lifespan extension in the lipA and lpdA mutants, indicating that these mutations promote entry into a mode normally associated with a low‐oxygen environment. Because analogous changes from respiration to fermentation have been observed in long‐lived Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans strains, such metabolic alterations may represent an evolutionarily conserved strategy to extend lifespan.
Rewetting of milled peat: laboratory investigation of water movement and storage
Authors: Holden N.M. , Ward S.M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.Air‐ dried milled peat (0.45 g g‐1wet weight basis) is used as an electricity generating fuel in Ireland. It is stored on peat bogs in triangular section stockpiles. These stockpiles comprise of milled peat of varying types, classified by poured density, and are subject to rewetting during storage which incurs an economic penalty. A water applicator was constructed to study the nature of rewetting mechanisms in laboratory‐scale milled peat stockpiles, and to assess some potential protection strategies. Results indicated that there were few consistent short‐term mechanisms linked to milled peat type. Over a longer period, low density milled peat stored most water, high density milled peat generated most runoff from the stockpile surface, and under certain conditions, throughflow was very important in all milled peat types. The industrial implications of the findings conclude that protection strategies should focus on lower density stockpiles.
The impact of land use on the credibility of dispersive clay soils in central and southern Italy
Authors: Phillips C. P. , Robinson D. A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Tracts of dispersive Plio‐Pleistocene clays in central and southern Italy suffer from severe erosion, which has led to the creation of badlands characterized by ‘calanchi’(unvegetated knife‐edge ridges) and ‘bian‐cane’(cone‐shaped hummocks). In recent decades, large areas of this eroded land have been reclaimed for arable cultivation by remodelling the landscape with heavy earth moving equipment. This exposes the clay to erosive rainfall. Wet aggregate strength was used to assess those physical and chemical properties that govern the erodibility of the clays. Regression analysis demonstrated that the most significant variables in predicting soil erodibility were the % organic matter and the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Threshold values of 1–2% and 3–4% organic matter were obtained, dependent on the method of pre‐wetting. Reclaimed land is on the borderline of these thresholds and therefore at risk of erosion. Nevertheless, the stability of reclaimed land is significantly higher than that of the badland parent material, ascribable to a lower ESP. Careful land management is required to avoid a recurrence of erosion and the reestablishment of badlands.
Knowing the land: soil and land resource evaluation and indigenous knowledge
Authors: Sillitoe P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Scientific land and soil resource surveys have had only limited impacts locally on development and extension practice in the tropics. They are thought to have little relevance for subsistence farmers. Their failure to accommodate local social and cultural priorities is a factor. Soil scientists have, until recently, given little attention to others’ understanding of soil or ‘ethnopedology’. The incorporation of indigenous soil and land resource knowledge has recently been advocated to improve their relevance. But a common error is uncritically to impose a western scientific model, which may distort understanding. The ill‐informed, decontextualised knowledge that results may even promote negative interventions. This paper criticises the narrow idea of ‘indigenous technical knowledge’, citing evidence from Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh and Indonesia. While we find farmers consistently use some of the same information as scientists to assess soils, their definitions of soils and land types are often at odds. Scientists identify classes by a range of technically assessed properties, whereas farmers may not. Their more holistic approach also accounts in part for the disjunction, frequently incorporating exotic social and cultural aspects. The wider use of indigenous soil notions in agrotechnology transfer may be limited too by some of their intrinsic characteristics, inclined to be location specific, and culturally relative.
Aspects of the adsorption and degradation of isoproturon in a heavy clay soil
Authors: Walker A. , Turner I.J. , Cullington J.E. , Welch S.J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Degradation of isoproturon in a heavy clay soil followed first‐order reaction kinetics with half‐lives at 15 °C of 27 and 208 days in the topsoil and subsoil, respectively. Adsorption when shaken with 3 mm sieved samples of the soil fitted the empirical Freundlich relationship with k values of 3.25 in the topsoil and 1.06 in the subsoil. Adsorption in a static system with different sized aggregates of soil did not reach equilibrium, even after 24 hours contact, and the rate of adsorption was slower with larger aggregates. Following an adsorption period of 24 hours, desorption equilibrium was reached more rapidly with larger (6–10 mm) than with smaller (<3 mm) aggregates. Adsorption isotherms measured in a static system with a soil:water ratio typical of field conditions in winter also indicated less adsorption than that measured in shaken, laboratory systems with low soil:water ratios. The rate of change in water extractable residues of the herbicide was more rapid than that of total extract‐able residues following application of isoproturon to the heavy clay soil in the field. The implications of the results for isoproturon leaching under field conditions are discussed.
Emission of NH3 and N2O after spreading of pig slurry by broadcasting or band spreading
Authors: Ferm M. , Kasimir‐Klemedtsson Å. , Weslien P. , Klemedtsson L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The recommended method of reducing the emission of NH3 while spreading manure is to plough or harrow the manure into the soil. This in turn increases the possibility of N2O emission. At two sites in southern Sweden emissions of NH3 and N2O were measured after spreading pig slurry by broadcasting and band spreading. The band spreading technique can be used in growing crops i.e. when nitrogen is most needed, and it is thought that the NH3 emission is smaller with this technique compared to broadcasting. The average NH3 loss was 50% of applied NH4+ during warm/dry conditions and 10% during cold/wet conditions. The N2O emission was always less than 1% of applied NH4+. When the NH3 emission decreased, the direct N2O emission increased. However, when taking into account the indirect N2O emission due to deposition of NH3 outside the field, the spreading techniques all produced similar total N2O emissions. The ammonia emission was not much lower for the band spreading technique compared to broadcasting, when compared on seven occasions.
Leaching and balances of phosphorus and other nutrients in lysimeters after application of organic manures or fertilizers
Authors: Ulén B.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. A long‐term lysimeter experiment with undisturbed monoliths studied leaching behaviour and balances of phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) during a seven year crop rotation on four types of soil receiving inorganic fertilizers, manure and grass compost respectively. It was shown that application of manure did not lead to any direct change in nutrient leaching, unlike the application of fertilizers to soils of normal fertility. However, soil type considerably affected the nutrient concentrations in the drainage water.

Manure applied in amounts equal to the maximum animal density allowed by Swedish legislation slightly oversupplied P and N (0.5–3.5 and 18–38 kg ha−1 y−1 respectively) compared to the crop requirement and leaching losses for most of the soils. The relationship between lactate‐soluble P in the topsoil and the concentrations of dissolved P in the drainage water was very strong. However the strength of this relationship was dependent on just one or two soils. P losses from a fertile sandy soil were large (1–11 kg ha−1 y−1) throughout the crop rotation and average crop removal (13 kg ha−1 y−1) plus the leaching losses were not balanced (average deficit 3–6 kg ha−1 y−1) by the addition of fertilizer, manure or grass compost. No decreasing trend was found in the P losses during seven years. However, the K deficit (average 26 kg ha−1 y−1) led to a significant reduction in the leaching trend from this soil. The other soils that had a smaller K deficit showed no significant reduction in the leaching of K.
Potential health risks associated with the persistence of Escherichia coli O157 in agricultural environments
Authors: Jones D.L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Escherichia coli serotype O157 is a virulent human pathogen the global incidence of which has increased. It has been demonstrated that cattle are the primary reservoir of this pathogen. This has serious implications for the land‐based disposal of organic wastes such as cattle manure, cattle slurry and abattoir waste. Further, it also has serious ramifications for the protection of surface and groundwater drinking supplies and public access to pasture land. However, while soil and vegetation can be expected to directly influence the survival of this pathogen, there is a paucity of information concerning the behaviour and survival of E. coli O157 in agricultural environments. It appears that E. coli O157 presently contaminates between 1 to 15% of UK cattle herds, depending on region, and that faecal excretion of the bacterium shows a distinct seasonality which also reflects the incidence of human infections. E. coli O157 can remain viable in soil for greater than 4 months and appears to be a highly resilient pathogen possessing the capability to adapt easily to environmental stresses. While most human cases of E. coli O157 related food poisoning have been associated with the consumption of contaminated meat and dairy products, there is also evidence that human infection has occurred through the ingestion of contaminated soil, fruit and vegetables and drinking water. In this review the potential threat to human health posed by the application of contaminated organic wastes to soil and possible strategies for reducing the amount of pathogen entering the food chain are highlighted.