bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiments on fluid entrainment and slip in continuous bubble plumes
Authors: Mingotti Nicola , Woods Andrew W.
Published: October 2023

A series of laboratory experiments are reported in which a continuous stream of bubbles rise from a small source at the base of a tank of water. Using different nozzles, bubble sizes

$d$

ranging from 1.2 to 11.6 mm were produced for a number of gas volume fluxes,

$Q_b$

, ranging between 1.1 and

$21.1\times 10^{-6}\ {\rm m}^3\ {\rm s}^{-1}$

. Within a small distance from the source, the slip speed of these bubbles exceeds the speed of the equivalent single-phase plume with the same buoyancy flux, leading to formation of what we refer to as the ‘slip plume’ regime. Through a combination of high-speed photography, coupled with flow visualisation in the plume and the ambient fluid using dye, we find that the bubble speed and the fluid speed remain nearly constant with height, with the maximum fluid speed being of order

$0.30\pm 0.03$

of the bubble speed. Using the filling box method, we also find that the net fluid volume flux in the slip plume increases linearly with distance from the source at a rate

$Q_l = \lambda Bz/v_s^2$

, where

$B$

is the buoyancy flux of the gas,

$v_s$

the rise speed of the gas bubbles,

$z$

the distance above the source and

$\lambda$

is a constant related to the dimensionless volume of fluid in the wake of each bubble. This slip-dominated flow regime can be understood in terms of kinetic energy imparted to the fluid as the bubbles rise and release potential energy. Further experiments with particle-laden plumes illustrate similar scalings for the volume flux in a particle-driven slip plume once the slip speed of the particles exceeds the bulk speed of the equivalent single-phase buoyant plume with the same buoyancy flux. Near the source the slip speed may be smaller than the plume speed, and the flow follows the classical model for a turbulent buoyant plume, with the transition to the slip regime occurring at a distance

$z^*\approx (32\pm 5)\lambda ^{3/2} B/v_s^3$

from the source, where the dimensionless parameter

$\lambda$

relates to the dimensionless volume of the fluid wake, which we find varies with the Reynolds number of the particles.
Food, dignity, and the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: James Clare
Published: October 2023

Austerity measures and the cost-of-living crisis have led to rising poverty rates and violations of socioeconomic rights in the UK and Europe. However, there are limited routes of redress for these violations in many European countries. Claims using Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to address violations of socioeconomic rights are suggested but not fully described in the academic literature. The European Court of Human Rights has found violations of the Convention in very limited circumstances caused by poverty and destitution. These circumstances include violations of the ECHR in cases of insufficient food being provided to those detained by the state. This paper considers possible violations of Article 3 ECHR in relation to food poverty. It argues that hunger is a violation of human dignity and provides tangible evidence of degrading treatment. It identifies benefit caps, the two-child limit, and benefit sanctions as policies that can lead to food poverty and, as a result, could amount to degrading treatment. For some living in food poverty due to these policies, Article 3 ECHR may provide a route of redress.
Late glacial–Younger Dryas climate in interior Alaska as inferred from the isotope values of land snail shells
Authors: Nield Catherine B. , Yanes Yurena , Reuther Joshua D. , Muhs Daniel R. , Pigati Jeffrey S. , Miller Joshua H. , Druckenmiller Patrick S.
Published: October 2023

The isotope values of fossil snail shells can be important archives of climate. Here, we present the first carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope values of snail shells in interior Alaska to explore changes in vegetation and humidity through the late-glacial period. Snail shell δ13C values were relatively consistent through the late glacial. However, late-glacial shell δ13C values are 2.8‰ higher than those of modern shells. This offset is best explained by the Suess effect and changes in the δ13C values of snail diet. Snail shell δ18O values varied through the late glacial, which can be partially explained by changes in relative humidity (RH). RH during the snail growing period was modeled based on a published flux balance model. Results suggest a dry period toward the beginning of the Bølling–Allerød (~14 ka) followed by two distinct stages of the Younger Dryas, a wetter stage in the early Younger Dryas from 12.9 to 12.3 ka, and subsequent drier stage in the late Younger Dryas between 12.3 and 11.7 ka. The results show that land snail isotopes in high-latitude regions may be used as a supplementary paleoclimate proxy to help clarify complex climate histories, such as those of interior Alaska during the Younger Dryas.
Associations between dietary habits, socio-demographics and gut microbial composition in adolescents
Authors: Kemp Keri M. , Orihuela Catheryn A. , Morrow Casey D. , Judd Suzanne E. , Evans Retta R. , Mrug Sylvie
Published: October 2023

The relationship between dietary habits and microbiota composition during adolescence has not been well examined. This is a crucial knowledge gap to fill considering that diet–microbiota interactions influence neurodevelopment, immune system maturation and metabolic regulation. This study examined the associations between diet and the gut microbiota in a school-based sample of 136 adolescents (Mage = 12·1 years; age range 11–13 years; 48 % female; 47 % Black, 38 % non-Hispanic White, 15 % Hispanic or other minorities) from urban, suburban and rural areas in the Southeast USA. Adolescents completed the Rapid Eating Assessment for Participants and provided stool samples for 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Parents reported their child and family socio-demographic characteristics. The associations between diet and socio-demographics with gut microbiota diversity and abundance were analysed using multivariable regression models. Child race and ethnicity, sex, socio-economic status and geographic locale contributed to variation within microbiota composition (β-diversity). Greater consumption of processed meat was associated with a lower microbial α-diversity after adjusting for socio-demographic variables. Multi-adjusted models showed that frequent consumption of nutrient-poor, energy-dense foods (e.g. sugar-sweetened beverages, fried foods, sweets) was negatively associated with abundances of genera in the family Lachnospiraceae (Anaerostipes, Fusicatenibacter and Roseburia), which are thought to play a beneficial role in host health through their production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These results provide new insights into the complex relationships among socio-demographic factors, diet and gut microbiota during adolescence. Adolescence may represent a critical window of opportunity to promote healthy eating practices that shape a homoeostatic gut microbiota with life-long benefits.
On the vanishing of the coefficients of CM eta quotients
Authors: Huber Tim , Liu Chang , McLaughlin James , Ye Dongxi , Yuan Miaodan , Zhang Sumeng
Published: October 2023

This work characterizes the vanishing of the Fourier coefficients of all CM (Complex Multiplication) eta quotients. As consequences, we recover Serre’s characterization about that of $\eta(12z)^{2}$ and recent results of Chang on the pth coefficients of $\eta(4z)^{6}$ and $\eta(6z)^{4}$. Moreover, we generalize the results on the cases of weight 1 to the setting of binary quadratic forms.
Pea crabs (Pinnotheres pisum) colonisation of five commercial bivalve species from southern Portugal
Authors: Nicolau Lídia , Vasconcelos Paulo , Pereira Fábio , Carvalho André N. , Piló David , Gaspar Miguel B.
Published: October 2023

This study reports the spatial and depth distributions, occurrence and prevalence, infestation rate and intensity of the pea crab Pinnotheres pisum colonising five commercial bivalve species (Chamelea gallina, Donax semistriatus, Donax trunculus, Donax vittatus, and Spisula solida) along the south and southwest coasts of Portugal. In addition, the study also analysed the colonisation pattern, morphometric measurements and relative growth of P. pisum inhabiting those bivalve species. Overall, 33,370 bivalves were analysed, collected in 371 sampling stations at depths ranging from 3 to 25 m. A total of 102 bivalves hosted 106 P. pisum, corresponding to an infestation rate of 0.31%. Besides 13 juveniles, were recorded 60 males and 33 females of P. pisum, corresponding to a male-biased sex ratio (1M: 0.6F). Pea crabs carapace width ranged from 1.3 to 13.5 mm and males were smaller than females (hard females were also smaller than ovigerous soft females). In general, larger and heavier bivalves hosted larger and heavier P. pisum. Pea crabs morphometric relationships presented negative allometries, reflecting slower growth rates in carapace length and total weight compared to carapace width throughout the species ontogeny. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into diverse descriptors of bivalves' colonisation by P. pisum, comparing the main results and trends with analogous information available throughout the species distributional range. Although the current fairly low infestation by P. pisum does not constitute a health concern for these bivalve species, its evolution under a climate change scenario should be periodically monitored in the mid- and long-term.
Selective 6D grasping with a collision avoidance system based on point clouds and RGB+D images
Authors: Viturino Caio Cristiano Barros , Conceicao Andre Gustavo Scolari
Published: October 2023

In recent years, deep learning-based robotic grasping methods have surpassed analytical methods in grasping performance. Despite the results obtained, most of these methods use only planar grasps due to the high computational cost found in 6D grasps. However, planar grasps have spatial limitations that prevent their applicability in complex environments, such as grasping manufactured objects inside 3D printers. Furthermore, some robotic grasping techniques only generate one feasible grasp per object. However, it is necessary to obtain multiple possible grasps per object because not every grasp generated is kinematically feasible for the robot manipulator or does not collide with other close obstacles. Therefore, a new grasping pipeline is proposed to yield 6D grasps and select a specific object in the environment, preventing collisions with obstacles nearby. The grasping trials are performed in an additive manufacturing unit that has a considerable level of complexity due to the high chance of collision. The experimental results prove that it is possible to achieve a considerable success rate in grasping additive manufactured objects. The UR5 robot arm, Intel Realsense D435 camera, and Robotiq 2F-140 gripper are used to validate the proposed method in real experiments.
Establishing the Terminal Classic Ik'hubil Ceramic Sphere in the Eastern Maya Lowlands of Belize
Authors: Harrison-Buck Eleanor
Published: October 2023

In this study, I use the type-variety-mode analysis to define the diagnostic ceramic material for the Ik'hubil Ceramic Complex dating to the Terminal Classic (ca. a.d. 780–930/1000). The percentages of shared ceramic content indicate that multiple sites in the mid-to-lower Sibun Valley are members of an Ik'hubil Ceramic Sphere. My preliminary analyses of sites in the lower Belize River valley suggest that the Ik'hubil Sphere may extend across a broader area of north-central Belize during the Terminal Classic, discrete from the Spanish Lookout Sphere in the upper Belize Valley. Northern Yucatec traits are identified in ceramics and architecture in the eastern Sibun and Belize Valleys, along with marked changes in foodways. The presence of trading diasporas and more intimate social relationships, such as intermarriage, may explain this mix of local and hybrid forms of material culture introduced by the ninth century in this part of the eastern Maya Lowlands.
Maiores di pietra. L'immagine della famiglia nei monumenti sepolcrali della Regio X
Authors: Scalco Luca
Published: October 2023

L'articolo indaga le immagini di famiglia sui monumenti funerari della Venetia, concentrate per lo più nel corso dell'età giulio-claudia, anche incrociando le informazioni epigrafiche e integrando l'analisi con elaborazioni quantitative. Si registra una certa codificazione del significato parentale, che emerge dallo schema iconografico e viene ribadito dai gesti, mentre abiti e oggetti aiutavano a caratterizzare il singolo ritratto. Non si riconosce una consistente alterazione del significato dell'immagine in base al contesto sociale o alla premorienza di alcuni membri della famiglia. L'analisi permette di comprendere quali fossero le tendenze trasversali su cui la committenza agiva per ritrarre il proprio nucleo domestico, dialogando con il contesto geografico e culturale di appartenenza e sintetizzando la realtà familiare del mondo dei vivi per creare un modello iconico per la comunità dei morti.
Sonic Domination and the Politics of Race in Southern Antebellum Hymnody
Authors: Castle Chase
Published: October 2023

Religious music served a political function in the southern United States during the antebellum period. This article examines catechisms and hymnbooks used by white evangelical missionaries and slaveowners in the antebellum South, arguing that the planter elite deployed hymns as a medium to assert white supremacy. The term sonic domination identifies processes whereby sound functioned as a social tool to maintain discipline and order among the enslaved population. Black and white people sang hymns in church, at interracial revivals, and during civic services; they were also heard on bells and cited in poetry. English texts and tunes included in slave catechisms and white portrayals of Black singing highlight the role of evangelical hymns in maintaining plantation order in the Old South. At the same time, enslaved Black Christians found creative ways to circumvent the oppressive power of the white elite through song. African Americans employed English hymns in their own religious rituals and used them to convey hidden meanings on the plantation. Both genres, which interacted and ultimately influenced each other, contributed to an eventual codification of American evangelical hymnody.
Highly sensitive RF sensor based on microstrip meander line for measuring microfluidics dielectric properties of alcohol–alcohol mixtures
Authors: Zou Huan , Wang Yiyun , Liu Xiaoqin , Wang Haiyang
Published: October 2023

In this paper, a radio frequency sensor for measuring microfluidics dielectric properties is designed based on microstrip meander line. The meander sensor replaces the straight transmission lines with meander transmission lines in the part of the half-wavelength path difference to improve the sensitivity of the sensor and reduce its size. According to the experimental results, the meander sensor based on the meander line has higher accuracy and a lower relative error than the straight sensor in measuring methanol–ethanol mixtures with different molar fractions. The relative error measured by the meander sensor after calibration with an adjustable cavity is less than 1%. It is easier to detect the very slight variation in dielectric properties brought about by microfluidics. The detection technique can be further applied for the accurate detection of dielectric properties of valuable biological samples, providing a more concise and convenient way.
Impact of cereal rye cover crop on the fate of preemergence herbicides flumioxazin and pyroxasulfone and control of Amaranthus spp. in soybean
Authors: Nunes Jose , Arneson Nicholas J. , Wallace John , Gage Karla , Miller Eric , Lancaster Sarah , Mueller Thomas , Werle Rodrigo
Published: October 2023

Preemergence herbicides associated with cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop (hereafter “cereal rye”) can be an effective waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer.] and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) management strategy in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. Delaying cereal rye termination until soybean planting (planting green) optimizes biomass production and weed suppression but might further impact the fate of preemergence herbicides. Limited research is available on the fate of preemergence herbicides applied over living cereal rye in the planting green system. Field experiments were conducted in Illinois, Kansas, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin to evaluate the fate of flumioxazin and pyroxasulfone and Amaranthus spp. residual control under different cover crop management practices in soybean in 2021 and 2022 (8 site-years). A flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone herbicide premix was applied preemergence at soybean planting under no-till without cereal rye, cereal rye early terminated before soybean planting, and cereal rye terminated at soybean planting. Flumioxazin and pyroxasulfone concentrations in the soil were quantified at 0, 7, and 21 d after treatment (DAT), and Amaranthus spp. density was determined at postemergence herbicide application. The presence of cereal rye biomass intercepted flumioxazin and pyroxasulfone at preemergence application and reduced concentration in the soil when compared with no-till, mainly at 0 DAT. Main differences in herbicide concentration were observed between no-till and cereal rye treatments rather than cereal rye termination times. Despite reducing herbicide concentration in the soil, the presence of the cereal rye biomass did not affect early-season residual Amaranthus spp. control. The adoption of effective preemergence herbicides associated with a properly managed cereal rye cover crop is an effective option for integrated Amaranthus spp. management programs in soybean production systems.
Tropical Easterly Waves Over Costa Rica and Their Relationship to the Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall
Authors: Wiggins Rani M. , Lintner Benjamin R. , Serra Yolande L. , Durán‐Quesada Ana María , Garbanzo‐Salas Marcial , Hernández‐Deckers Daniel , Torri Giuseppe
Published: October 2023

Using an index of tropical easterly wave (TEW) activity derived from spacetime‐filtered outgoing longwave radiation, we construct composites of long‐term hourly surface meteorological observations and morningtime sounding data collected near San José, Costa Rica to investigate how TEWs affect the diurnal cycle of rainfall over land. Our results indicate that TEWs enhance the frequency of occurrence of rain during convectively active conditions over the course of the diurnal cycle. By contrast, rainfall conditional intensity sensitivity to TEW phase appears more nuanced, with indications that active conditions induce a slight delay in the timing of the diurnal peak intensity but a longer duration of heavier rainfall. Analysis of associated hourly surface meteorology along with sounding profiles and derived thermodynamic parameters points to both initial vertical and time‐evolving surface conditions regulating diurnal behavior, such as greater instability and higher precipitable water in morningtime profiles under active phase conditions.
Retrieval of Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice From Surface‐Based, Polarimetric, Dual‐Frequency Radar Altimetry
Authors: Willatt Rosemary , Stroeve Julienne C. , Nandan Vishnu , Newman Thomas , Mallett Robbie , Hendricks Stefan , Ricker Robert , Mead James , Itkin Polona , Tonboe Rasmus , Wagner David N. , Spreen Gunnar , Liston Glen , Schneebeli Martin , Krampe Daniela , Tsamados Michel , Demir Oguz , Wilkinson Jeremy , Jaggi Matthias , Zhou Lu , Huntemann Marcus , Raphael Ian A. , Jutila Arttu , Oggier Marc
Published: October 2023

Snow depth on sea ice is an Essential Climate Variable and a major source of uncertainty in satellite altimetry‐derived sea ice thickness. During winter of the MOSAiC Expedition, the “KuKa” dual‐frequency, fully polarized Ku‐ and Ka‐band radar was deployed in “stare” nadir‐looking mode to investigate the possibility of combining these two frequencies to retrieve snow depth. Three approaches were investigated: dual‐frequency, dual‐polarization and waveform shape, and compared to independent snow depth measurements. Novel dual‐polarization approaches yielded r2 values up to 0.77. Mean snow depths agreed within 1 cm, even for data sub‐banded to CryoSat‐2 SIRAL and SARAL AltiKa bandwidths. Snow depths from co‐polarized dual‐frequency approaches were at least a factor of four too small and had a r2 0.15 or lower. r2 for waveform shape techniques reached 0.72 but depths were underestimated. Snow depth retrievals using polarimetric information or waveform shape may therefore be possible from airborne/satellite radar altimeters.
The Effect of Pressure‐Dependent Viscosity on the Dynamics of the Post‐Overturn Lunar Mantle
Authors: Zhang Wenbo , Zhang Nan , Liang Yan , Tokle Leif
Published: October 2023

Mare‐basalt volcanism is concentrated on the lunar nearside. A plausible explanation for this asymmetric distribution is long‐wavelength (spherical harmonic degree‐1) mantle convection driven by upwellings of the overturned ilmenite‐bearing magma ocean cumulates (IBCs). The pattern of lunar mantle convection depends in part on the rheological properties of ilmenite. This study explores the effect of pressure‐dependent ilmenite viscosity on the instability of an overturned IBC layer initially at the core‐mantle boundary and the pattern of lunar mantle convection through three‐dimensional numerical simulations. We show that the convective patterns are sensitive to the activation volume for viscous flow. An effective activation volume of 10 cm3/mol would reduce the internal convection in the overturned IBC layer and promote the hemispherical upwelling. However, when the activation volume is too small, vigorous convection in the overturned IBC layer would inhibit heat from concentrating on one hemisphere. When the activation volume is too large, the size of the upwelling plumes is restricted, preventing a stable long‐wavelength structure in the upper mantle. Decompression melting during asymmetric upwelling would produce the localization of mare basalts on the lunar surface.
A Comparison of a GNSS‐GIM and the IRI‐2020 Model Over China Under Different Ionospheric Conditions
Authors: He Rong , Li Min , Zhang Qiang , Zhao Qile
Published: October 2023

The ionosphere is a crucial factor affecting Global Navigation Satellite System positioning. The Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) or the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model can be used for regional ionospheric correction. Since southern China is located near the electron density equatorial anomaly, this study evaluates the performance of the Wuhan University GIM (WHU‐GIM) and the IRI‐2020 from 2008 to 2020 over the China region. The comparison indicates that the Total Electron Content (TEC) from IRI‐2020 is lower than that from WHU‐GIM overall, the discrepancy is more obvious in high solar conditions and low‐latitude regions. The differential Slant TEC (dSTEC) during a phase‐arc with about 0.1 TECU accuracy derived from Global Positioning System (GPS) observations is used for model validation, the results show that the accuracies of WHU‐GIM and IRI‐2020 are 3.14 and 4.57 TECU, respectively. The dSTEC error is larger at low latitudes and decreases with increasing latitude. GPS‐derived TEC is taken for reference to evaluate the model reliability. Results show that both models can reproduce the diurnal TEC variations, but IRI‐2020 is more influenced by geomagnetic activities. The TEC correction percentage for IRI‐2020 is about 60%–80% under different ionospheric conditions, while for WHU‐GIM is 80%–90%. The Single‐Frequency Precise Point Positioning is performed with the ionosphere delay corrected by the two models, respectively. The positioning errors show that using IRI‐2020 has a lower accuracy, and the TEC discrepancy of the IRI‐2020 can cause a large bias in the up direction, especially at low‐latitude regions.
Evidence of bisphosphonate-conjugated sitafloxacin eradication of established methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection with osseointegration in murine models of implant-associated osteomyelitis
Authors: Ren Youliang , Weeks Jason , Xue Thomas , Rainbolt Joshua , de Mesy Bentley Karen L. , Shu Ye , Liu Yuting , Masters Elysia , Cherian Philip , McKenna Charles E. , Neighbors Jeffrey , Ebetino Frank H. , Schwarz Edward M. , Sun Shuting , Xie Chao
Published: October 2023

Eradication of MRSA osteomyelitis requires elimination of distinct biofilms. To overcome this, we developed bisphosphonate-conjugated sitafloxacin (BCS, BV600072) and hydroxybisphosphonate-conjugate sitafloxacin (HBCS, BV63072), which achieve “target-and-release” drug delivery proximal to the bone infection and have prophylactic efficacy against MRSA static biofilm in vitro and in vivo. Here we evaluated their therapeutic efficacy in a murine 1-stage exchange femoral plate model with bioluminescent MRSA (USA300LAC::lux). Osteomyelitis was confirmed by CFU on the explants and longitudinal bioluminescent imaging (BLI) after debridement and implant exchange surgery on day 7, and mice were randomized into seven groups: 1) Baseline (harvested at day 7, no treatment); 2) HPBP (bisphosphonate control for BCS) + vancomycin; 3) HPHBP (hydroxybisphosphonate control for HBCS) + vancomycin; 4) vancomycin; 5) sitafloxacin; 6) BCS + vancomycin; and 7) HBCS + vancomycin. BLI confirmed infection persisted in all groups except for mice treated with BCS or HBCS + vancomycin. Radiology revealed catastrophic femur fractures in all groups except mice treated with BCS or HBCS + vancomycin, which also displayed decreases in peri-implant bone loss, osteoclast numbers, and biofilm. To confirm this, we assessed the efficacy of vancomycin, sitafloxacin, and HBCS monotherapy in a transtibial implant model. The results showed complete lack of vancomycin efficacy while all mice treated with HBCS had evidence of infection control, and some had evidence of osseous integrated septic implants, suggestive of biofilm eradication. Taken together these studies demonstrate that HBCS adjuvant with standard of care debridement and vancomycin therapy has the potential to eradicate MRSA osteomyelitis.
Macromolecular condensation buffers intracellular water potential
Authors: Watson Joseph L. , Seinkmane Estere , Styles Christine T. , Mihut Andrei , Krüger Lara K. , McNally Kerrie E. , Planelles-Herrero Vicente Jose , Dudek Michal , McCall Patrick M. , Barbiero Silvia , Vanden Oever Michael , Peak-Chew Sew Yeu , Porebski Benjamin T. , Zeng Aiwei , Rzechorzek Nina M. , Wong David C. S. , Beale Andrew D. , Stangherlin Alessandra , Riggi Margot , Iwasa Janet , Morf Jörg , Miliotis Christos , Guna Alina , Inglis Alison J. , Brugués Jan , Voorhees Rebecca M. , Chambers Joseph E. , Meng Qing-Jun , O’Neill John S. , Edgar Rachel S. , Derivery Emmanuel
Published: October 2023

Optimum protein function and biochemical activity critically depends on water availability because solvent thermodynamics drive protein folding and macromolecular interactions1. Reciprocally, macromolecules restrict the movement of ‘structured’ water molecules within their hydration layers, reducing the available ‘free’ bulk solvent and therefore the total thermodynamic potential energy of water, or water potential. Here, within concentrated macromolecular solutions such as the cytosol, we found that modest changes in temperature greatly affect the water potential, and are counteracted by opposing changes in osmotic strength. This duality of temperature and osmotic strength enables simple manipulations of solvent thermodynamics to prevent cell death after extreme cold or heat shock. Physiologically, cells must sustain their activity against fluctuating temperature, pressure and osmotic strength, which impact water availability within seconds. Yet, established mechanisms of water homeostasis act over much slower timescales2,3; we therefore postulated the existence of a rapid compensatory response. We find that this function is performed by water potential-driven changes in macromolecular assembly, particularly biomolecular condensation of intrinsically disordered proteins. The formation and dissolution of biomolecular condensates liberates and captures free water, respectively, quickly counteracting thermal or osmotic perturbations of water potential, which is consequently robustly buffered in the cytoplasm. Our results indicate that biomolecular condensation constitutes an intrinsic biophysical feedback response that rapidly compensates for intracellular osmotic and thermal fluctuations. We suggest that preserving water availability within the concentrated cytosol is an overlooked evolutionary driver of protein (dis)order and function.
Thermodynamic studies of solute–solute and solute–solvent interactions in ternary aqueous systems containing {betaine + PEGDME250} and {betaine + K3PO4 or K2HPO4} at 298.15 K
Authors: Zafarani-Moattar Mohammed Taghi , Shekaari Hemayat , Asadollahi Soheila
Published: October 2023

In this work, to evaluate solute–solute, solute–solvent and phase separation in aqueous systems containing {betaine + poly ethylene glycol dimethyl ether with molar mass 250 g mol−1 (PEGDME250)}, {betaine + K3PO4} and {betaine + K2HPO4}, first water activity measurements were made at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure using the isopiestic technique. The water iso-activity lines of these three systems were obtained which have positive deviations from the semi-ideal solutions. This suggests that betaine-polymer and betaine-K3PO4 or betaine-K2HPO4 interactions are unfavorable; and these mixtures may form aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) at certain concentrations. Indeed the formation of ATPSs was observed experimentally. Then, osmotic coefficient values were calculated using the obtained water activity data; and, using the polynomial method the solute activity coefficients were determined. Using these activity coefficients, the transfer Gibbs energy ($$\Delta {G}_{tr}^{i}$$

Δ

G

tr

i

) values were calculated for the transfer of betaine from aqueous binary to ternary systems consisting polymer (PEGDME250) or salts (K3PO4 and K2HPO4). The obtained positive $$\Delta {G}_{tr}^{i}$$

Δ

G

tr

i

values again indicated that there is unfavorable interaction between betaine and these solutes. Finally, the volumetric and ultrasonic studies were made on these systems to examine the evidence for the nature of interactions between betaine and the studied salts or polymer.
Study on CNT/TPU cube under the 3D printing conditions of infill patterns and density
Authors: Jung Imjoo , Shin Eun Joo , Lee Sunhee
Published: October 2023

In this study, to develop soft pressure sensor applicable to wearable robots using stretchable polymers and conductive fillers, 3.25 wt% carbon nanotubes/thermoplastic polyurethane filament with shore 94 A were manufactured. Three infill densities (20%, 50%, and 80%) and patterns (zigzag (ZG), triangle (TR), honeycomb (HN)) were applied to print cubes via fused filament fabrication 3D printing. Most suitable infill conditions were confirmed based on the slicing images, morphologies, compressive properties, electrical properties, and electrical heating properties. For each infill pattern, ZG and TR divided the layers into lines and figures, and the layers were stacked by rotation. For HN, the same layers were stacked in a hexagonal pattern. Consequently, TR divided layer in various directions, showed the strongest compressive properties with toughness 1.99 J for of infill density 80%. Especially, the HN became tougher with increased infill density. Also, the HN laminated with the same layer showed excellent electrical properties, with results greater than 14.7 mA. The electrical heating properties confirmed that ZG and HN had the high layer density, which exhibited excellent heating characteristics. Therefore, it was confirmed that performance varies depending on the 3D printing direction, and it was confirmed that HN is suitable for manufacturing soft sensors.
Random forest method for estimation of brake specific fuel consumption
Authors: Yun Qinsheng , Wang Xiangjun , Yao Chen , Wang Haiyan
Published: October 2023

The internal combustion engine is a widely used power equipment in various fields, and its energy utilization is measured using brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). BSFC map plays a crucial role in the analysis, optimization, and assessment of internal combustion engines. However, due to cost constraints, some values on the BSFC map are estimated using techniques like K-nearest neighbor, inverse distance weighted interpolation, and multi-layer perceptron, which are recognized for their limited accuracy, particularly when dealing with distributed sampled data. To address this, an improved random forest method is proposed for the estimation of BSFC. Polynomial features are employed to increase higher dimensions of features for random forest by nonlinear transformation, and critical parameters are optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithms. The performance of different methods was compared on two datasets to estimate 20%, 30%, and 40% of BSFC data, and the results reveal that the method proposed in this paper outperforms other common methods and is suitable for estimating the BSFC map.
Screening and validation of the optimal panel of reference genes in colonic epithelium and relative cancer cell lines
Authors: Hu Yang , Jiang Qi , Zhai Xiang , Liu Liang , Hong Yuntian
Published: October 2023

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most common method to determine mRNA expression, and Minimum Information for Publication of RT-qPCR Experiments (MIQE) proposes that a panel of reference genes for RT-qPCR is conducive to obtaining accurate results. This study aimed to screen and verify the optimal panel of reference genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) and normal colonic cell lines. In the study, eight candidate reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, 18S, PPIA, B2M, SDHA, GUSB, and YWHAZ) were selected for RT-qPCR to detect their expression in NCM460, HT29, HCT116, SW480, SW620, DLD-1, LOVO and RKO cell lines. The stability of reference genes and the optimal panel were evaluated by geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper software. As results, the expression levels of candidate reference genes differed in the colonic epithelial cell lines, and the number of optimal panel of reference genes is two. B2M and YWHAZ were the two most stable reference genes for NCM460, HCT116, SW620, LOVO, and RKO cell lines, while only one of B2M and YWHAZ was most stable in HT29 and SW480 cells. In DLD-1 cells, the stability of B2M and YWHAZ ranked 3rd and 6th, PPIA and GUSB were the most stable two. Furthermore, the YWHZA + B2M performed smaller intragroup differences than other panel or single reference gene. In conclusion, this study indicates the optimal panel of reference genes is YWHZA + B2M for the NCM460, HCT116, SW620, LOVO, RKO, SW480, and HT29 cell lines, but it is PPIA + GUSB in DLD-1 cell lines.
Novel mechanism of the COVID-19 associated coagulopathy (CAC) and vascular thromboembolism
Authors: Singh Mahavir , Pushpakumar Sathnur , Zheng Yuting , Smolenkova Irina , Akinterinwa Oluwaseun E. , Luulay Bana , Tyagi Suresh C.
Published: October 2023

Previous studies from our laboratory revealed that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) administration to a genetically engineered model expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ACE2 receptor (i.e., hACE2 humanized mouse) mimicked the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pathology. In humans the cause of high morbidity, and mortality is due to ‘cytokine-storm’ led thromboembolism; however, the exact mechanisms of COVID-19 associated coagulopathy (CAC) have yet to be discovered. Current knowledge suggests that CAC is distinct from the standard coagulopathy, in that the intrinsic and extrinsic thrombin-dependent coagulation factors, and the pathway(s) that are common to coagulopathy, are not recruited by SARS-CoV-2. Findings from patients revealed that there is little change in their partial thromboplastin, or the prothrombin time coupled with a significant decline in platelets. Further, there appears to be an endothelial dysfunction during COVID-19 suggesting an interaction of the endothelia with immune cells including neutrophils. There are also reports that inflammatory NGAL is elevated during COVID-19. Furthermore, the levels of NPT are also increased indicating an increase in inflammatory M1 macrophage iNOS which sequesters BH4; an essential enzyme co-factor that acts as a potent antioxidant thus causing damage to endothelia. SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells is facilitated by a co-operative action between TMPRSS2 and the main ACE2 receptor. Interestingly, after infection ADAMTS13; a von Willebrand factor; VWF cleaving enzyme is found to be decreased. Based on these facts, we hypothesize that vascular thromboembolism is associated with serine and metalloproteinase, and in that context, we opine that inhibition of iNOS might help mitigate COVID-19 harmful effects. To test this hypothesis, we administered SP to the hACE2 mice that were subsequently treated with amino guanidine (AG; a potent inhibitor of glycoxidation, lipoxidation and oxidative vicious cycles). Our results revealed increase in TMPRSS2, and NGAL by SP but treatment with AG mitigated their levels. Similarly, levels of MMP-2, and -9 were increased; however, AG treatment normalized these levels. Our findings suggest that occurrence of CAC is influenced by TMPRSS2, ADAMTS13, NGAL and MMP- 2, and -9 factors, and an intervention with iNOS blocker helped mitigate the CAC condition in experimental settings.
Nanomaterials: A Double-edged Sword as Pollution Busters or Pollutants?
Authors: Darvanjooghi Mohammad Hossein Karimi , Akhtarian Shiva , Kaur Gurpreet , Ganji Zeinab , Magdouli Sara , Brar Satinder Kaur , Pulicharla Rama
Published: October 2023

The implementation of novel technologies such as nanotechnology in combination with other approaches has been explored and investigated by researchers towards the elimination of pollutants from the environment. Therefore, their utilization in different methods of adsorption, detoxification and degradation has been widely studied and the outcomes have been exploited for scaling up to pilot and industrial levels in some countries. However, their direct and long-lasting influence on human beings and animals is another issue which needs to be better investigated. In this chapter, we discuss the implementation of different types of nanoparticles for the treatment of heavy metal, organic, and inorganic pollutants by using adsorption, disinfection, photocatalysis and membrane techniques. Finally, their abundance and side effects in the environment as well as human organs such as the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, brain, and ingestion system are thoroughly analyzed to highlight the need for precautions upon the utilization of nanomaterials in purification processes.
Fate of Nanoparticles in Soil and Water
Authors: Ibrar Ibrar , Rhakho Novuhulu , Yadav Sudesh , Altaee Ali , Samal Akshaya K.
Published: October 2023

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have already been discharged into the environment, including soil and water, as a result of their mass manufacture and ubiquitous use. This chapter outlines the transition and persistence of ENPs in soil and water after giving a brief summary of the fate of ENPs in the environment. The main elements that influence how long ENPs are retained, transported, and released into soils and groundwater are described. Furthermore, we also provide a thorough assessment of how the fate and transport of ENPs in soil and groundwater systems might be impacted by the physicochemical characteristics of media, nanoparticles, and flow. The final section of this chapter presents the research directions and perspectives for the fate and transport of ENPs in soils and water.
A stationary phase with a positively charged surface allows for minimizing formic acid concentration in the mobile phase, enhancing electrospray ionization in LC-MS proteomic experiments
Authors: Jadeja Siddharth , Kupcik Rudolf , Fabrik Ivo , Sklenářová Hana , Lenčo Juraj
Published: October 2023

If a column packed with a stationary phase with a positively charged surface is used for proteomic LC-MS experiments, the concentration of formic acid in the mobile phase can be decreased to 0.01%, significantly increasing the MS sensitivity.
Substituted benzophenone imines for COF synthesis via formal transimination
Authors: Sprachmann Josefine , Grabicki Niklas , Möckel Anna , Maltitz Jeremy , Monroy José Refugio , Smales Glen J. , Dumele Oliver
Published: October 2023

Imine-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were grown from a series of substituted benzophenone imines and their surface area and crystallinity was investigated.
Halogen-, oxidant- and directing group-free synthesis of donor–acceptor type conjugated polymers
Authors: Kiyota Sayori , Hirano Masafumi
Published: October 2023

An intermolecular hydrogen migration from dibutadienylpyridine to dialkynylthiophene catalysed by [Ru(η6-naphthalene)(η4-oxa-bnd)] (oxa-bnd = 9-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-2,6-diene) produces poly(dialkynylthiophene-alt-dibutadienylpyridine).
A model study of ceria–Pt electrocatalysts: stability, redox properties and hydrogen intercalation
Authors: Fusek Lukáš , Samal Pankaj Kumar , Keresteš Jiří , Khalakhan Ivan , Johánek Viktor , Lykhach Yaroslava , Libuda Jörg , Brummel Olaf , Mysliveček Josef
Published: October 2023

The surface phase of Pt-supported ceria nanoparticles can be controlled by electrochemical potential and by nanoparticle size. Pt-supported ceria nanoparticles accommodate H at the Pt/ceria interface and suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction on Pt(111).
An intramolecular vibrationally excited intermolecular potential energy surface and predicted 2OH overtone spectroscopy of H2O–Kr
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Long , Yang Shu-Bin , Hou Dan , Li Hui
Published: October 2023

The potential energy surface for H2O–Kr which explicitly includes the intramolecular 2OH overtone state is presented, and the calculated infrared transitions are in good agreement with the experimental 2OH overtone spectroscopy.
Rational design of active sites in alumina-based catalysts to optimize antibonding-orbital occupancy for tetrafluoromethane decomposition
Authors: Luo Tao , Chen Yingkang , Liu Kang , Fu Junwei , Zhang Hang , Chen Shanyong , Wang Qiyou , Chen Kejun , Wang Jun , Liao Wanru , Li Hongmei , Lin Zhang , Liu Min
Published: October 2023

Tetrafluoromethane (CF4) is a potent greenhouse gas with high stability, thus its effective decomposition is crucial for mitigating its environmental impact.
A miniaturized ozonolysis flow platform for expeditious sulfur mustard warfare simulant neutralization
Authors: Boddaert Maxime , Bianchi Pauline , Silva-Brenes Diana V. , Musina Ancuta , Winter Marc , Roth Philippe M. C. , Renard Pierre-Yves , Legros Julien , Monbaliu Jean-Christophe M.
Published: October 2023

DFT-guided development of a compact flow ozone platform for the neutralization of sulfur mustard simulants.
A macroporous carbon nanoframe for hosting Mott–Schottky Fe–Co/Mo2C sites as an outstanding bi-functional oxygen electrocatalyst
Authors: Hong Jie , Zhang Lei , Zhu Qiliang , Du Ziang , Zhou Yingtang , Wågberg Thomas , Hu Guangzhi
Published: October 2023

Fe-Co/Mo2C@N-doped carbon macroporous nanoframe was successfully synthesized via a facile “conformal coating and coordination capture” pyrolysis strategy, which exhibited excellent reversible oxygen electrocatalytic performance.
Interactive deformable electroluminescent devices enabled by an adaptable hydrogel system with optical/photothermal/mechanical tunability
Authors: Hou Zaili , Zeng Songshan , Shen Kuangyu , Healey Patrick R. , Schipper Holly J. , Zhang Luqi , Zhang Miranda , Jones Michael D. , Sun Luyi
Published: October 2023

Deformable electroluminescent devices (DELDs) with mechanical and photothermal adaptability are promising for new applications in smart soft electronics.
Structure elucidation of 4-carboxy-3-deoxyanthocyanidins formed from thermal degradation of hydroxyphenyl-pyranoanthocyanins
Authors: Voss Danielle M. , Tang Fenfen , Riedl Kenneth M. , Miyagusuku-Cruzado Gonzalo , Yao Siyu , Rodriguez-Saona Luis , Hatzakis Emmanuel , Giusti M. Monica
Published: October 2023

Colored 4-substituted flavylium compounds were identified from heat-mediated degradation of hydroxyphenyl-pyranoanthocyanins, anthocyanin-derived pigments. Their structure was elucidated as 3-deoxy-4-carboxyanthocyanins using a multifaceted approach.
Au-modified α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for ultrasensitive isopropanol detection
Authors: Sang Lexian , Wang Yun , Sun Shan , Tian Yi , Xie Yunying , Jia Fuchao , Zhou Tong , Yin Guangchao , Sun Fazhe , Wang Xiaomei
Published: October 2023

The Au-modified α-Fe2O3 was prepared using facile microwave-assisted method. The sensor based on 7% mol Au-modified α-Fe2O3 presented the highest sensitivity. Electron transfer from Au NPs to α-Fe2O3 increases the number of oxygen-active species.
Enhancing the electrocatalytic OER activity of Co-MOFs through labile solvents coordination
Authors: Muthukumar Pandi , Arunkumar Gunasekaran , Pannipara Mehboobali , Al-Sehemi Abdullah G. , Moon Dohyun , Anthony Savarimuthu Philip
Published: October 2023

The presence of labile solvent coordination in Co-MOF-1 exhibited improved electrocatalytic OER activity compared to Co-MOF-2 which showed only strong ligand coordination with the metal centre.
Support studies toward the hicksoane alkaloids reveal cascade reactions of a (tryptophanamido)methylglycinate
Authors: Lee Stephanie , Söhnel Tilo , Sperry Jonathan
Published: October 2023

Herein we report unanticipated results that emerged from a synthetic study targeting the unique triazocane present in the hicksoane alkaloids.
I2-promoted formal [3 + 1 + 1 + 1] cyclization to construct 5-cyano-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine using malononitrile as a C1 synthon
Authors: Yu Zhi-Cheng , Shen Xi , Zhou You , Chen Xiang-Long , Wang Li-Sheng , Wu Yan-Dong , Zhang Hao-Ke , Zheng Kai-Lu , Wu An-Xin
Published: October 2023

A novel [3 + 1 + 1 + 1] cyclization reaction for the synthesis of compounds based on a 5-cyano-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine skeleton from aryl methyl ketones, malononitrile and 5-aminopyrazoles has been established.
Zirconia-free NaSICON solid electrolyte materials for sodium all-solid-state batteries
Authors: Tieu Aaron Jue Kang , Mahayoni Eunike , Li Yuheng , Deng Zeyu , Fauth François , Chotard Jean-Noël , Seznec Vincent , Adams Stefan , Masquelier Christian , Canepa Pieremanuele
Published: October 2023

The growing demand for energy storage systems has sparked a race to build inexpensive and safer rechargeable all-solid-state batteries.
Bridging the gap from single molecule properties to organic semiconductor materials
Authors: Zhan Qian , Dai Dacheng , Miao Fang , Wang Dongsheng , Liu Xiaodong , Zheng Yonghao
Published: October 2023

This perspective discusses how single-molecule characterization techniques can help to establish structure–property relationships and further open up new paths for the rational design of organic semiconductor materials.
Self-cleaning and fully polymer-based super-moisture-resistant gas barrier coating films with 2D polymers for flexible electronic devices and packaging applications
Authors: Mahmood Sadiq , Ahamad Nadeem , Kant Chandra , Khan Amir , Wu Pu-Wei , Jian Wen-Bin , Chu Chih Wei , Katiyar Monica , Lin Hong-Cheu
Published: October 2023

Through alternate stacking of spray-coated 2DP and spin-coated PDMS, bi-layers (BL)n assemblies have been designed. The WVTR value was improved from 1.4 g m−2 day−1 for PET to the optimum value of 9 × 10−4 g m−2 day−1 for PET/(BL)4.