bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban greenspace and neighborhood crime
Authors: Wo James C. , Rogers Ethan M.
Published: May 2024

Urban greenspace (UGS) has been recently linked to public safety. Criminologists, however, have been largely absent from the discussion about this association, despite having important theoretical tools and empirical findings to contribute. In the current study, we review the prominent criminological perspectives that may be used to explain the association between UGS and crime. Furthermore, we draw from prior work to extend beyond the question of whether UGS affects crime to the more crucial question of when it does. Using a sample of block groups in Washington, D.C., we examine the association between two measures of UGS—tree canopy coverage and noncanopy vegetation coverage—and violent and property crime. We also assess the moderating effects of antecedents to social disorganization (poverty and homeownership) on the association between UGS and crime. Our results suggest that both types of UGS are associated with fewer crimes, even while controlling for a range of criminogenic factors. The effects of tree canopy coverage appear to be crime general, while the effects of noncanopy vegetation coverage only apply to violent crime. The effects of tree canopy, however, are weaker in communities characterized by high levels of poverty and low levels of homeownership.
A genomic investigation on the origins of the Korean brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphasidae)
Authors: Jeong Suyeon , Gill Haechan , Yu Taeuk , Na Jinho , Ki Hohun , Koo Hyun‐Na , Kim Gil‐Hah , Kim Dongyoung , Jo Sung‐Hwan , Jeong Choongwon , Cho Soowon
Published: May 2024

Nilaparvata lugens, the brown planthopper (BPH), is a serious pest species. BPHs cause significant damage to rice plants in Korea as well as other countries in East and Southeast Asia. As BPHs cannot survive winter in Korea, they annually migrate into Korea from foreign countries. The BPHs found in Korea are believed to originate from China, but most BPHs in China are also known to originate from Southeast Asia. To understand the origin of Korean BPHs, we conducted a genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) study. We sampled BPHs from five locations in Korea and five countries in Southeast Asia and analyzed the GBS and sequencing results using various methods based on the f statistics and admixture graph analyses. We confirmed that the domestic BPHs shared a greater genetic drift than the BPHs from Southeast Asian populations over several years, implying that a continuous genetic substratum of Korea exists. This genetic substratum is genetically closer to BPHs from the southern part (Thailand and Cambodia) of Southeast Asia than to BPHs from the northern part (Bhutan, Myanmar and Laos) of Southeast Asia. In addition, direct gene flows from Southeast Asia seem possible, so Korea is considered a hotspot where diverse BPH populations mix. Therefore, the origin of Korean BPHs extends beyond China and as far as southern Southeast Asia. This result will help to understand and control the population dynamics of the Korean BPH population.
Endometriosis MRI: Atypical cases, pitfalls and mimics
Authors: Chin Sian , Kitzing Yu Xuan , Quesada Juan , Lo Glen
Published: May 2024

Endometriosis is a common but often underdiagnosed chronic gynaecological disease. Endometriosis mimics other diagnoses both clinically and radiographically, presenting a diagnostic challenge. Endometriosis can be categorised as superficial pelvic endometriosis, deep invasive endometriosis (DIE) or endometrioma. Endometrioma and DIE, including polypoid endometriosis, can masquerade as invasive neoplasms. Endometriosis can be misdiagnosed in less common locations or during pregnancy. Ultrasound is the initial investigation for endometriosis; however, MRI is advantageous in providing a larger field of view for increased detection of nodules as well as distinguishing malignancy with greater certainty. This review highlights endometriosis mimics, pitfalls and atypical cases on MRI.
Humanin P3S, haplogroup N1b and the risk of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Logan Ian Stewart
Published: May 2024

A commentary of the paper ‘Humanin variant P3S is associated with longevity in APOE4 carriers and resists APOE4‐induced brain pathology’ that appeared recently in Aging Cell. The possible association of a mitochondrial haplogroup with a disease is frequently discussed. The Humanin peptide encoded by the mtDNA has been shown to play an important regulatory role in cell metabolism. There are variants of Humanin caused by different mutations and it is known that the potent form of Humanin, termed S14G, is found naturally in the people of haplogroup U6a7a1a because they have the mutation m.A2672G; however it has not been shown that having this mutation is indeed beneficial. In their paper, the authors suggest that the mitochondrial DNA mutation, m.C2639T, may be beneficial in people who are in haplogroup N1b and also carry APOE4. The mutation changes the common form of Humanin to Humanin P3S. In the study, the researchers looked at a group of Ashkenazi women who were over the age of 95, and found that a higher proportion of them carried APOE4, suggesting that Humanin P3S protected them against the adverse effects of APOE4. A study in a mouse model supported this finding by showing treatment with Humanin P3S reduced APOE4‐induced brain pathology. In the world population, there are about 500,000 Ashkenazi in haplogroup N1b, predominantly in the subgroup N1b1b1; and there are about 9.5 million non‐Ashkenazi people with the mutation m.C2639T and are therefore also in haplogroup N1b and have Humanin P3S. However, the researchers have yet to show Humanin P3S is of benefit in non‐Ashkenazi people. This paper raises the possibility of a therapeutic use of Humanin P3S in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Bioethical challenges in postwar development aid: The Rwandan case study
Authors: Wiktor Łukasz , Damps Maria , Kansayisa Grace , Pietrzak Szymon , Osadnik Bartłomiej
Published: May 2024

This article considers aspects of a development aid that provides medical support to strengthen pediatric orthopedics in Rwanda. We present part of the Afriquia foundation work, a nonprofit foundation from Poland involved in supporting the medical sector in Rwanda as a sign of global solidarity and the human right to health. The main foundation's activity is the treatment of orthopedic problems among Rwandan citizens. We present a case study of two children under the care of the Afiquia foundation. 11‐year‐old Seraphine treated due to the consequences of right tibia osteomyelitis and 11‐year‐old Lavi suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta. Both children were treated surgically in Poland due to Rwanda's lack of treatment possibilities. After the applied treatment, Seraphine walks correctly without crutches and can attend school and thrive among her peers. Lavi has not sustained any fragility fracture since the surgery in Poland. He is healthy and constantly ongoing his rehabilitation including gait training. The described cases initiated development aid in Rwanda, supplying hospitals with orthopedic implants and training medical staff. The growing number of humanitarian crises across the globe and the people affected requires increasing organizations involved in providing relief. The emphasis should be on global education, aiming to make the recipients reflect and prepare them to face humanitarian crises.
Ginsenoside Rh4 prevents endothelial dysfunction as a novel AMPK activator
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Lv Weiqiang , Liu Xuyun , Sun Zhenyu , Zeng Mengqi , Kang Jiahao , Zhang Qi , Liu Fuying , Ma Shaozhou , Su Jiacan , Cao Ke , Liu Jiankang
Published: May 2024

Background and Purpose

The AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway is a desirable target for various cardiovascular diseases (CVD), while the involvement of AMPK‐mediated specific downstream pathways and effective interventions in hyperlipidaemia‐induced endothelial dysfunction remain largely unknown. Herein, we aim to identify an effective AMPK activator and to explore its efficacy and mechanism against endothelial dysfunction.

Experimental Approach

Molecular docking technique was adopted to screen for the potent AMPK activator among 11 most common rare ginsenosides. In vivo, poloxamer 407 (P407) was used to induce acute hyperlipidaemia in C57BL/6J mice. In vitro, palmitic acid (PA) was used to induce lipid toxicity in HAEC cells.

Key Results

We discovered the strongest binding of ginsenoside Rh4 to AMPKα1 and confirmed the action of Rh4 on AMPK activation. Rh4 effectively attenuated hyperlipidaemia‐related endothelial injury and oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro and restored cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate in HAEC cells. Mechanistically, Rh4 bound to AMPKα1 and simultaneously up‐regulated AKT/eNOS‐mediated NO release, promoted PGC‐1α‐mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibited P38 MAPK/NFκB‐mediated inflammatory responses in both P407‐treated mice and PA‐treated HAEC cells. The AMPK inhibitor Compound C treatment completely abrogated the regulation of Rh4 on the above pathways and weakened the lowering effect of Rh4 on endothelial impairment markers, suggesting that the beneficial effects of Rh4 are AMPK dependent.

Conclusion and Implications

Rh4 may serve as a novel AMPK activator to protect against hyperlipidaemia‐induced endothelial dysfunction, providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of endothelial injury‐associated CVD.
Genetics in neovascular age‐related macular degeneration susceptibility and treatment response to anti‐VEGF intravitreal injection: A case series study
Authors: Chang Fang‐Yu , Huang Chu‐Hsuan , Yang Chang‐Hao , Chang Jung‐Tzu , Yang Chung‐May , Ho Tzzy‐Chang , Hsieh Yi‐Ting , Lai Tso‐Ting , Lin Chao‐Wen , Lin Chang‐Pin , Chen Yi‐Chieh , Lai Ying‐Ju , Chen Pei‐Lung , Hsu Jacob Shujui , Chen Ta‐Ching
Published: May 2024

Background

To identify genotypes associated with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (nAMD) and investigate the associations between genotype variations and anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment response.

Methods

This observational, retrospective, case series study enrolled patients diagnosed with nAMD who received anti‐VEGF treatment in National Taiwan University Hospital with at least one‐year follow‐up between 2012 and 2020. A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on enrolled patients and controls. Correlations between the genotypes identified from GWAS and the treatment response of functional/anatomical biomarkers, including visual acuity (VA), presence of intraretinal or subretinal fluid (SRF), serous or fibrovascular pigmented epithelium detachment (PED), and disruption of the ellipsoid zone (EZ), were analysed.

Results

In total, 182 patients with nAMD and 1748 controls were enrolled. GWAS revealed 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as risk loci for nAMD, including seven loci in CFH and ARMS2/HTRA1 and nine novel loci, including rs117517872 and rs79835234(COPB2‐DT), rs7525578(RAP1A), rs2123738(LOC105376755), rs1374879(CNTN3), rs3812692(SAR1A), rs117501587(PRKCA), rs9965945(CNDP1), and rs189769231(MATK). Our study revealed rs800292(CFH), rs11200638(HTRA1), and rs2123738(LOC105376755) correlated with poor treatment response in VA (P = 0.005), SRF (P = 0.044), and fibrovascular PED (P = 0.007), respectively. Rs9965945(CNDP1) was correlated with poor response in disruption of EZ (P = 0.046) and serous PED (P = 0.049).

Conclusions

Among the 16 SNPs found in the GWAS, four loci—CFH, ARMS2/HTRA1, and two novel loci—were correlated with the susceptibility of nAMD and anatomical/functional responses after anti‐VEGF treatment.
Exposure of wetlands important for nonbreeding waterbirds to sea‐level rise in the Mediterranean
Authors: Verniest Fabien , Galewski Thomas , Boutron Olivier , Dami Laura , Defos du Rau Pierre , Guelmami Anis , Julliard Romain , Popoff Nadège , Suet Marie , Willm Loïc , Abdou Wed , Azafzaf Hichem , Bendjedda Nadjiba , Bino Taulant , Borg John J. , Božič Luka , Dakki Mohamed , Hamoumi Rhimou El , Encarnação Vitor , Erciyas‐Yavuz Kiraz , Etayeb Khaled , Georgiev Valeri , Hamada Ayman , Hatzofe Ohad , Ieronymidou Christina , Langendoen Tom , Mikuska Tibor , Molina Blas , Moniz Filipe , Moussy Caroline , Ouassou Asmaâ , Petkov Nicky , Portolou Danae , Qaneer Tareq , Sayoud Samir , Šćiban Marko , Topić Goran , Uzunova Danka , Vine Gal , Vizi Andrej , Xeka Erald , Zenatello Marco , Gaget Elie , Viol Isabelle Le
Published: May 2024

Sea‐level rise (SLR) is expected to cause major changes to coastal wetlands, which are among the world's most vulnerable ecosystems and are critical for nonbreeding waterbirds. Because strategies for adaptation to SLR, such as nature‐based solutions and designation of protected areas, can locally reduce the negative effects of coastal flooding under SLR on coastal wetlands, it is crucial to prioritize adaptation efforts, especially for wetlands of international importance for biodiversity. We assessed the exposure of coastal wetlands important for nonbreeding waterbirds to projected SLR along the Mediterranean coasts of 8 countries by modeling future coastal flooding under 7 scenarios of SLR by 2100 (from 44‐ to 161‐cm rise) with a static inundation approach. Exposure to coastal flooding under future SLR was assessed for 938 Mediterranean coastal sites (≤30 km from the coastline) where 145 species of nonbreeding birds were monitored as part of the International Waterbird Census and for which the monitoring area was delineated by a polygon (64.3% of the coastal sites monitored in the Mediterranean region). Thirty‐four percent of sites were threatened by future SLR, even under the most optimistic scenarios. Protected study sites and study sites of international importance for waterbirds were, respectively, 1.5 and 2 times more exposed to SLR than the other sites under the most optimistic scenario. Accordingly, we advocate for the development of a prioritization scheme to be applied to these wetlands for the implementation of strategies for adaptation to SLR to anticipate the effects of coastal flooding. Our study provides major guidance for conservation planning under global change in several countries of the Mediterranean region.
What is the rate of definitive stoma after subtotal colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease? A nationwide study of 1860 patients
Authors: Deyrat Julie , Challine Alexandre , Voron Thibault , O'Connell Lauren V. , Collard Maxime K. , Tzedakis Stylianos , Jaquet Romain , Lazzati Andrea , Parc Yann , Lefèvre Jeremie H. ,   the Saint‐Antoine IBD Network
Published: May 2024

Aim

Some patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) require subtotal colectomy (STC) with ileostomy. The recent literature reports a significant number of patients who do not undergo subsequent surgery and are resigned to living with a definitive stoma. The aim of this work was to analyse the rate of definitive stoma and the cumulative incidence of secondary reconstructive surgery after STC for IBD in a large national cohort study.

Method

A national retrospective study (2013–2021) was conducted on prospectively collected data from the French Medical Information System Database (PMSI). All patients undergoing STC in France were included. The association between definitive stoma and potential risk factors was studied using univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

A total of 1860 patients were included (age 45 ± 9 years; median follow‐up 30 months). Of these, 77% (n = 1442) presented with ulcerative colitis. Mortality and morbidity at 90 days after STC were 5% (n = 100) and 47% (n = 868), respectively. Reconstructive surgery was identified in 1255 patients (67%) at a mean interval of 7 months from STC. Seveny‐four per cent (n = 932) underwent a completion proctectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis and 26% (n = 323) an ileorectal anastomosis. Six hundred and five (33%) patients with a definitive stoma had an abdominoperineal resection (n = 114; 19%) or did not have any further surgical procedure (n = 491; 81%). Independent risk factors for definitive stoma identified in multivariate analysis were older age, Crohn's disease, colorectal neoplasia, postoperative complication after STC, laparotomy and a low‐volume hospital.

Conclusion

We found that 33% of patients undergoing STC with ileostomy for IBD had definitive stoma. Modifiable risk factors for definitive stoma were laparotomy and a low‐volume hospital.
Regional differences of functional and taxonomic bird diversity in tropical agroforests of Peru
Authors: Ocampo‐Ariza Carolina , Hanf‐Dressler Tara , Maas Bea , Novoa‐Cova Jorge , Thomas Evert , Vansynghel Justine , Steffan‐Dewenter Ingolf , Tscharntke Teja
Published: May 2024

Diversity and functionality of bird communities in tropical agroforests are shaped by their surrounding landscape, particularly the extent and type of natural forest. However, most evidence comes from tropical rainforest landscapes, whereas the bearing of such trends in other forest types remains understudied. We compared functional and beta diversity of bird communities in 23 cacao agroforests embedded in landscapes of two contrasting Peruvian regions: seasonally‐dry tropical forests and subtropical rainforests from the Andean foothills. Strong climatic seasonality affects both landscapes, but forest vegetation structure and complexity differ. We found higher bird species richness (n = 179 spp) and higher species turnover in the subtropical forest than in the dry forest landscape (n = 64 spp). Only in the dry forest landscape, distance from forest increased dissimilarity driven by species loss, that is, the nestedness component of beta diversity. This points to the importance of conserving dry tropical forests within the broader landscape matrix, with known benefits for pest control and cacao yield. Functional diversity indices were not influenced by forest distance in either landscape, but the proportion of insects in birds' diet decreased by 27% along a 1 km distance gradient from forest in the subtropical forest landscape. In the dry forest landscape, however, it decreased by only 3% across the same distance gradient. Far from forest (≥1 km), forest specialization decreased by ~33% and 20% in the subtropical and dry forest landscapes, respectively. These differences indicate that regionally‐adapted agroforest management is paramount for conserving bird diversity and ecosystem services as pest control. Procuring high‐canopy shade trees and adequate microhabitats for insectivorous species is essential to maintain biocontrol services in the subtropical forest. Conversely, in the dry forest enhancing low‐canopy vegetation with a focus on frugivores and ensuring forest closeness to agroforests may maximize bird diversity and their ecosystem services. A complete version of this article is translated to Spanish in the supplements.
Cross‐border E‐commerce and China's Exports during the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Che Yi , Yuan Meng , Zhang Yan , Zhao Lin
Published: May 2024

China's exports experienced a rapid recovery after the outbreak of the 2019 COVID‐19 pandemic. A primary engine was cross‐border e‐commerce (CBEC) trade, which bucked the downward export trend during the pandemic. By exploring the variation in the number of CBEC comprehensive pilot zones across provinces, we identified the causal impact of CBEC on exports using monthly province–product–destination data for 2019 and 2020. We found strong and robust evidence that CBEC contributed to exports during the pandemic by promoting the expansion of incumbent exports (intensive margin) rather than through the expansion of product categories and exporting partners (extensive margin). Specifically, higher pandemic risk suppressed the role of CBEC at the intensive margin while enhancing it at the extensive margin. Exports to developed countries benefited more from CBEC, both intensively and extensively. Compared with final products, a larger number of intermediate products were exported through CBEC after the outbreak of the pandemic.
Development of an International Standard Set of Outcomes and Measurement Methods for Routine Practice for Infants, Children, and Adolescents with Epilepsy: The International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement Consensus Recommendations
Authors: Mitchell James W. , Sossi Frieda , Miller Isabel , Jaber Paula Blancarte , Das‐Gupta Zofia , Fialho Luz Sousa , Amos Action , Austin Joan K. , Badzik Scott , Baker Gus , Ben Zeev Bruria , Bolton Jeffrey , Chaplin John E. , Cross J. Helen , Chan Derrick , Gericke Christian A. , Husain Aatif M. , Lally Lorraine , Mbugua Sharon , Megan Cassidy , Mesa Tomás , Nuñez Lilia , von Oertzen Tim J. , Perucca Emilio , Pullen Angie , Ronen Gabriel M. , Sajatovic Martha , Singh Mamta B. , Wilmshurst Jo M. , Wollscheid Leonie , Berg Anne T.
Published: May 2024

At present, there is no internationally accepted set of core outcomes or measurement methods for epilepsy clinical practice. The International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) convened an international working group of experts in epilepsy, people with epilepsy, and their representatives to develop minimum sets of standardized outcomes and outcome measurement methods for clinical practice. Using modified Delphi consensus methods with consecutive rounds of online voting over 12 months, a core set of outcomes and corresponding measurement tool packages to capture the outcomes were identified for infants, children, and adolescents with epilepsy. Consensus methods identified 20 core outcomes. In addition to the outcomes identified for the ICHOM Epilepsy adult standard set, behavioral, motor, and cognitive/language development outcomes were voted as essential for all infants and children with epilepsy. The proposed set of outcomes and measurement methods will facilitate the implementation of the use of patient‐centered outcomes in daily practice.
Latent profiles of dyadic parent–child interaction and associations with triadic family interaction in early childhood
Authors: Lindstedt Johanna , Ahlqvist‐Björkroth Sari , Junttila Niina , Korja Riikka
Published: May 2024

Objective

This longitudinal study examined latent profiles of parent–child interaction and their associations with triadic family interaction.

Background

A child's development is significantly influenced by early family relationships. Family systems theory emphasizes the interrelations between family subsystems, such as parent–child and parent–parent relationships, as well as the family as a whole. However, few studies have examined the relationship between each parent–child dyad and triadic family interaction.

Method

Fathers and mothers were separately videotaped interacting with their child (n = 120) at 4 and 18 months and assessed using the Parent–Child Early Relational Assessment. Triadic family interaction was evaluated at 18 months using the Family Alliance Assessment Scale within a Lausanne Trilogue Play setting.

Results

Four latent profiles of parent–child interaction were identified. Dyadic interaction that was characterized by reciprocity, positive affect, and low negativity was associated with higher family coordination. However, interaction characterized by a lack of reciprocity, negativity, and dyadic tension was related to less coordinated triadic family interaction.

Conclusions

Well‐functioning parent–child interaction contributes to higher‐quality triadic family interaction. In contrast, challenges in early father–child interaction, including emotional distance, a lack of positive paternal involvement, and limited mutual engagement, are linked to lower‐quality triadic family interaction.

Implications

This study highlights the importance of supporting early parent–child relationships to promote well‐functioning and coordinated triadic family interaction, and the inclusion of fathers in interventions aiming to improve family dynamics.
Physicochemical and sensory characterisation of Salvator merianae meat as a sustainable alternative
Authors: Mazaratti Micaela R. , Valli Florencia E. , Pierini Sofía E. , Gonzalez Marcela A. , Piña Carlos I. , Cuffia Facundo , Simoncini Melina S. , Leiva Pamela M.L.
Published: May 2024

Considering the escalating consumer preference for health‐conscious commodities, reptile species' meat can be presented as an alternative animal protein source because of its notable nutritional characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical parameters (pH, tenderness, cooking loss, colour and fatty acid profile) and sensory profile of black‐and‐white Tegu meat. The black‐and‐white Tegu meat was assessed through to consumer‐based sensory Analysis alongside the Yellow Anaconda, Broad‐snouted Caiman and broilers through. The samples of reptile species' meat were obtained from sustainable use programs. In terms of physicochemical parameters, the results indicate that black‐and‐white Tegu meat exhibits moderate brightness, displaying a pale pink/yellowish tone. Oleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in black‐and‐white Tegu meat, comprising approximately 22.5%, while the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was approximately 34%. Regarding overall liking, all four types of meats scored higher than indifference. However, black‐and‐white Tegu meat presented a lower acceptability (P < 0.001), likely attributed to its dry texture and unpleasant colour, as perceived by consumers. Our findings underscore the need to explore preparation methods for enhancing the sensory characteristics of black‐and‐white Tegu meat. This will enable its promotion as a healthy food choice in the future. The utilisation of black‐and‐white Tegu meat as a food source will benefit families participating in the sustainable use and conservation program, the ‘Proyecto Tupinambis’.
Viewpoint: could cultivated meat's real route to mainstream markets be as hybrid food ‐ why this makes sense?
Authors: Young Jette F. , Young Niall W. G.
Published: May 2024

From beginnings as an esoteric research topic, cultivated meat (produced from cells originating from the meat producing animals) has developed with increasing pace from a research concept and is starting to break into restaurant markets in Singapore, USA, and Israel. However, there remains a significant journey in the global food ecosystem in order for it to reach mainstream retail. This viewpoint piece will probe how combining the best from plant‐based meat alternatives and cultivated meat disciplines may end up addressing consumers desires, delivering on sustainability, palatability, nutritional balance and economic viability.
Simultaneous modulation of multicolor upconversion emission and thermal‐sensing performance of Ba5Zn4Y8O21 phosphors
Authors: Wang Hong , Liu Shuang , Zhang Boyuan , Zhao Jiaqi , Xing Mingming , Tian Ying , Luo Xixian , Fu Yao
Published: May 2024

In this study, we report the modulation of the emission color and optical temperature‐sensing properties of Er3+ in Ba5Zn4Y8O21 crystals. Er3+ single‐doped Ba5Zn4Y8O21 phosphors showed green emission under 980 nm excitation. When codoping with Yb3+ ions, the red emission component from the Er3+ ions increased significantly, and the sample emission turned orange. Yb3+–Er3+ codoped Ba5Zn4Y8O21 samples exhibited bright red emission with a maximum IR/IG value of 89.30 when excited with a longer wavelength, 1550 nm. A broad range of emission colors could be modulated by adjusting the dopant concentration. The possible modulation mechanisms and upconversion processes were analyzed based on the luminescence decay curves and power‐dependent emission intensities. Furthermore, the optical temperature‐sensing properties of Ba5Zn4Y8O21:Er3+ and Ba5Zn4Y8O21:Er3+, Yb3+ phosphors with thermal coupled energy levels (TCELs) and nonthermal coupled energy levels (N‐TCELs) of Er3+ ions were investigated using fluorescence intensity ratio technique. Based on the TCELs (2H11/2/4S3/2), the Er3+ single‐doped and Yb3+–Er3+ codoped Ba5Zn4Y8O21 phosphors present the similar optical thermometry behaviors under 980 and 1550 nm excitation. The highest absolute (Sa) and relative sensitivity (Sr) are 3.95 × 10−3 K−1 at 573 K and 1.31% K−1 at 303 K, respectively. Based on N‐TCELs (4F9/2/2H11/2), the temperature‐sensing performance depends on the Yb3+ dopant and excitation wavelength. The highest values for Sa and Sr reached 5.46 K−1 at 303 K and 1.38% K−1 at 573 K for the Ba5Zn4Y8O21:Er3+, Yb3+ phosphor under 1550 nm excitation, respectively. In addition, the present phosphor exhibited high stability and repeatability over a wide temperature range. These results indicate that the multicolor modulation upconversion Ba5Zn4Y8O21‐based phosphor can be considered a potential reusable optical thermometer for noncontact temperature detection.
Role of solvent composition and sintering time on the porosity of α‐alumina monoliths produced by freeze casting
Authors: da Silva Saulo Lucas Pereira , de Faria Anna Carolina Britto , dos Santos Giovana Magalhães , de Lima Ribeiro Camila , Aiube Carlos Martins , de Souza Rodrigo Nunes , de Assis Silva João Paulo Santiago , Athayde Daniel Dornellas , de Sousa Lima Luiz Fernando , Mohallem Nelcy Della Santina , Silva Alysson Martins Almeida
Published: May 2024

The present study reports the investigation of the influence of naphthalene–camphor binary solvent and the densification process on the pore structure formation of α‐alumina monoliths using the freeze‐casting technique with a freezing temperature control mechanism. Freeze‐casting technique allowed a controlled production of monoliths with high porosity (65%–70%) and distinct pore morphologies based on the adjustment of solvent composition (hypoeutectic, eutectic, and hypereutectic) and sintering time. In general, the longer the sintering time, the greater the average pore diameter (8–10 µm), the larger the grain size (∼319–596 nm), the higher the material density (∼1450–1650 kg/m3), the lower the open porosity (∼60%–49%), the higher the closed porosity (5%–18%), and the greater the compressive strength of the monoliths (hypoeutectic: 23.56 MPa; eutectic: 4.81 MPa; hypereutectic: 23.49 MPa). The study also reveals that the solvent composition directly influenced the alignment of the pore structure, as the pores of the final monolith resemble frozen solvent crystals. Hydraulic tortuosity varied from 1.30 to 1.53 for selected samples. Finally, solvent composition and sintering time proved to be important parameters that should be considered in the manufacturing process of porous ceramic structures via freeze casting.
Leadership factors for cardiopulmonary resuscitation for clinicians in‐hospital; behaviours, skills and strategies: A systematic review and synthesis without meta‐analysis
Authors: Jurd Catherine , Barr Jennieffer
Published: May 2024

Aim

To identify leadership factors for clinicians during in‐hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Design

Systematic review with synthesis without meta‐analysis.

Methods

The review was guided by SWiM, assessed for quality using CASP and reported with PRISMA.

Data Sources

Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed, Medline, Scopus and CINAHL (years of 2013–2023) and a manual reference list search of all included studies.

Results

A total of 60 papers were identified with three major themes of useful resuscitation leadership; ‘social skills’, ‘cognitive skills and behaviour’ and ‘leadership development skills’ were identified. Main factors included delegating effectively, while being situationally aware of team members' ability and progress during resuscitation, and being empathetic and supportive, yet ‘controlling the room’ using a hands‐off style. Shared decision‐making to reduce cognitive load for one leader was shown to improve effective teamwork. Findings were limited by heterogeneity of studies and inconsistently applied tools to measure leadership.

Conclusion

Traditional authoritarian leadership styles are not wanted by team members with preference for shared leadership and collaboration. Balancing this with the need for team members to see leaders in ‘control of the room’ brings new challenges for leaders and trainers of resuscitation.

Implications for Nursing Profession

All clinicians need effective leadership skills for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in‐hospital. Nurses provide first response and ongoing leadership for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Nurses typically display suitable skills that align with useful resuscitation leader factors.

Impact

What were the main findings?

Collaboration rather than an authoritarian approach to leadership is preferred by team members. Nurses are suitable to ‘control the room’. Restricting resuscitation team size will manage disruptive behaviour of team members.

Trial Registration

PROSPERO Registration: CRD42022385630.

Patient of Public Contribution

No patient of public contribution.
Pathomorphological characteristics of heat stress in the experiment
Authors: Shablii Tetiana
Published: May 2024

Aim

The purpose of this research was to explore some morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in female and fetal Wistar rats under heat stress.

Methods

The experiment involved 30 animals, including two experimental groups (pregnant and nonpregnant females) kept under heat stress at 32°C and one control group consisting of healthy individuals kept in standard vivarium conditions. After dissection, fixation, dehydration, and primary processing, tissue samples were embedded in a mixture of paraffin and lanolin to obtain material for sections. Sections were made using a freezing and angular microtome and stained with hematoxylin and fuchsine solutions. Changes in morphology were assessed by microscopy using a Leitz DIAPLAN system.

Results

As a result of heat stress, an increase in linear cell size, capillary network area, and adrenal mass was observed; adipocytes lost lipid vacuoles; prismatic thyroid cells were replaced by flat cells; hypothyroidism; an increase in the number of osteocyte lacunae; and increased osteoclast activity in bone tissue; interstitial and intracellular oedema and caryopycnosis of ventricular cardiomyocytes; reduction in the diameter of skeletal muscle fibers and replacement of tissue with collagen fibers; water loss in the structure of myofibrils; destructive local changes, hyperchromatosis and caryopycnosis of the hippocampus.

Conclusions

The data obtained allows predicting the possible consequences of prolonged overheating of tissues of other vertebrates and the human body.
Different impacts of hedonic and utilitarian personal Internet usage behaviour on well‐being and work engagement: A daily examination
Authors: Li Yolanda Na , Law Kenneth S. , Yu Bingjie , Wang Lin , Li Dandan
Published: May 2024

Past research suggests that personal Internet usage (PIU) at work can carry both costs and benefits for employees, but offers no explanation for these mixed results. In this research, we argue that the competing findings might be due to the existence of different types of PIU. We take a daily approach and propose that hedonic PIU (HPIU, i.e. relaxing oneself) benefits employees' end‐of‐workday well‐being and work engagement while utilitarian PIU (UPIU, i.e. solving others' problems) hinders their well‐being and work engagement. We test our theorizing using three studies. In Study 1, we summarized previous PIU studies and relied on machine learning methods to classify the 618 PIU activities identified in prior studies. We found that prior research mixed HPIU and UPIU and might reach different conclusions. In Study 2, we condensed the PIU activity list in Study 1 and developed measurement scales of HPIU and UPIU. In Study 3, we analysed 1063 multi‐wave daily inputs from 125 employees and found that on a daily basis, HPIU benefits employees' well‐being by fostering a state of recovery, while UPIU impedes well‐being and work engagement by inducing a state of depletion. Moreover, supervisor support for employees' personal behaviours strengthens the beneficial effect of HPIU.
Intra‐leaf modeling of Cannabis leaflet shape produces leaf models that predict genetic and developmental identities
Authors: Balant Manica , Garnatje Teresa , Vitales Daniel , Hidalgo Oriane , Chitwood Daniel H.
Published: May 2024

The iconic, palmately compound leaves of Cannabis have attracted significant attention in the past. However, investigations into the genetic basis of leaf shape or its connections to phytochemical composition have yielded inconclusive results. This is partly due to prominent changes in leaflet number within a single plant during development, which has so far prevented the proper use of common morphometric techniques.

Here, we present a new method that overcomes the challenge of nonhomologous landmarks in palmate, pinnate, and lobed leaves, using Cannabis as an example. We model corresponding pseudo‐landmarks for each leaflet as angle‐radius coordinates and model them as a function of leaflet to create continuous polynomial models, bypassing the problems associated with variable number of leaflets between leaves.

We analyze 341 leaves from 24 individuals from nine Cannabis accessions. Using 3591 pseudo‐landmarks in modeled leaves, we accurately predict accession identity, leaflet number, and relative node number.

Intra‐leaf modeling offers a rapid, cost‐effective means of identifying Cannabis accessions, making it a valuable tool for future taxonomic studies, cultivar recognition, and possibly chemical content analysis and sex identification, in addition to permitting the morphometric analysis of leaves in any species with variable numbers of leaflets or lobes.
Impacts of elevated temperature and vapour pressure deficit on leaf gas exchange and plant growth across six tropical rainforest tree species
Authors: Middleby Kali B. , Cheesman Alexander W. , Cernusak Lucas A.
Published: May 2024

Elevated air temperature (Tair) and vapour pressure deficit (VPDair) significantly influence plant functioning, yet their relative impacts are difficult to disentangle.

We examined the effects of elevated Tair (+6°C) and VPDair (+0.7 kPa) on the growth and physiology of six tropical tree species. Saplings were grown under well‐watered conditions in climate‐controlled glasshouses for 6 months under three treatments: (1) low Tair and low VPDair, (2) high Tair and low VPDair, and (3) high Tair and high VPDair. To assess acclimation, physiological parameters were measured at a set temperature.

Warm‐grown plants grown under elevated VPDair had significantly reduced stomatal conductance and increased instantaneous water use efficiency compared to plants grown under low VPDair. Photosynthetic biochemistry and thermal tolerance (Tcrit) were unaffected by VPDair, but elevated Tair caused Jmax25 to decrease and Tcrit to increase. Sapling biomass accumulation for all species responded positively to an increase in Tair, but elevated VPDair limited growth.

This study shows that stomatal limitation caused by even moderate increases in VPDair can decrease productivity and growth rates in tropical species independently from Tair and has important implications for modelling the impacts of climate change on tropical forests.
Capturing men's perspectives on prevalence, existing resources, and solutions to depression and anxiety using community‐based participatory research and focus groups
Authors: Molewyk Doornbos Mary , Landheer Zandee Gail
Published: May 2024

Objective

Men are predisposed to suffer from unaddressed depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to capture the perceptions of men in three urban, racially/ethnically diverse, under‐resourced, and impoverished neighborhoods around this health issue. The results were used to design a resident‐driven solution to this health disparity.

Design

Design This study utilized a focus group method within the ideological perspective of community‐based participatory research (CBPR).

Sample

Sample The researchers recruited 50 Black, Hispanic, and White men aged 23–83 years to participate in this study during the summer of 2021.

Measurements

Measurements Data were collected via six homogeneous, Zoom‐based focus groups. Five of the focus groups were offered in English and the sixth in Spanish.

Results

The men identified themes and subthemes pertaining to the perception of widespread depression and anxiety in their neighborhoods, existing typical and atypical community resources, and suggested solutions to this health disparity. These results were translated into a solution involving the training of five male, lay mental health ambassadors.

Conclusions

Policies and solutions to issues of mental health disparity must be informed by the communities that they intend to serve. CBPR is a robust vehicle for empowering communities to address the healthcare issues facing them.
Associations of between‐ and within‐day patterns of physical activity accumulation with arterial stiffness and indices of microvascular health—Evidence from The Maastricht study
Authors: Lear Rebecca , Metcalf Brad , Hillsdon Melvyn , Bond Bert , Koster Annemarie , Vandercappellen Evelien , de Galan Bastiaan , Berendschot Tos T. J. M. , Houben Alfons , Kooman Jeroen , Kroon Abraham A. , Bosma Hans , Eussen Simone J. P. M. , Pulsford Richard
Published: May 2024

While physical activity (PA) is understood to promote vascular health, little is known about whether the daily and weekly patterns of PA accumulation associate with vascular health. Accelerometer‐derived (activPAL3) 6‐ or 7‐day stepping was analyzed for 6430 participants in The Maastricht Study (50.4% women; 22.4% Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)). Multivariable regression models examined associations between stepping metrics (average step count, and time spent slower and faster paced stepping) with arterial stiffness (measured as carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)), and several indices of microvascular health (heat‐induced skin hyperemia, retinal vessel reactivity and diameter), adjusting for confounders and moderators. PA pattern metrics were added to the regression models to identify associations with vascular health beyond that of stepping metrics. Analyses were stratified by T2DM status if an interaction effect was present. Average step count and time spent faster paced stepping was associated with better vascular health, and the association was stronger in those with compared to those without T2DM. In fully adjusted models a higher step count inter‐daily stability was associated with a higher (worse) cfPWV in those without T2DM (std β = 0.04, p = 0.007) and retinal venular diameter in the whole cohort (std β = 0.07, p = 0.002). A higher within‐day variability in faster paced stepping was associated with a lower (worse) heat‐induced skin hyperemia in those with T2DM (std β = −0.31, p = 0.008). Above and beyond PA volume, the daily and weekly patterns in which PA was accumulated were additionally associated with improved macro‐ and microvascular health, which may have implications for the prevention of vascular disease.
Neighbourhood factors and tuberculosis incidence in Cape Town: A negative binomial regression and spatial analysis
Authors: Molemans M. , Kayaert L. , Olislagers Q. , Abrahams S. , Berkowitz N. , Mohr‐Holland E. , McKelly D. , Wood R. , van Leth F. , Hermans S.
Published: May 2024

Objectives

Although the link between poverty and tuberculosis (TB) is widely recognised, limited studies have investigated the association between neighbourhood factors and TB incidence. Since the factors influencing different episodes of TB might be different, this study focused on the first episode of TB disease (first‐episode TB).

Methods

All first episodes in previously linked and geocoded TB notification data from 2007 to 2015 in Cape Town, South Africa, were aggregated at the neighbourhood level and merged with the 2011 census data. We conducted an ecological study to assess the association between neighbourhood incidence of first‐episode TB and neighbourhood factors (total TB burden [all episodes] in the previous year, socioeconomic index, mean household size, mean age, and percentage males) using a negative binomial regression. We also examined the presence of hotspots in neighbourhood TB incidence with the Global Moran's I statistic and assessed spatial dependency in the association between neighbourhood factors and TB incidence using a spatial lag model.

Results

The study included 684 neighbourhoods with a median first‐episode TB incidence rate of 114 (IQR: 0–345) per 100,000 people. We found lower neighbourhood socioeconomic index (SEI), higher neighbourhood total TB burden, lower neighbourhood mean household size, and lower neighbourhood mean age were associated with increased neighbourhood first‐episode TB incidence. Our findings revealed a hotspot of first‐episode TB incidence in Cape Town and evidence of spatial dependency in the association between neighbourhood factors and TB incidence.

Conclusion

Neighbourhood TB burden and SEI were associated with first‐episode TB incidence, and there was spatial dependency in this association. Our findings can inform targeted interventions to reduce TB in high‐risk neighbourhoods, thereby reducing health disparities and promoting health equity.
Neuromodulatory effects of parietal high‐definition transcranial direct‐current stimulation on network‐level activity serving fluid intelligence
Authors: Erker Tara D. , Arif Yasra , John Jason A. , Embury Christine M. , Kress Kennedy A. , Springer Seth D. , Okelberry Hannah J. , McDonald Kellen M. , Picci Giorgia , Wiesman Alex I. , Wilson Tony W.
Published: May 2024

Fluid intelligence (Gf) involves rational thinking skills and requires the integration of information from different cortical regions to resolve novel complex problems. The effects of non‐invasive brain stimulation on Gf have been studied in attempts to improve Gf, but such studies are rare and the few existing have reached conflicting conclusions. The parieto‐frontal integration theory of intelligence (P‐FIT) postulates that the parietal and frontal lobes play a critical role in Gf. To investigate the suggested role of parietal cortices, we applied high‐definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD‐tDCS) to the left and right parietal cortices of 39 healthy adults (age 19–33 years) for 20 min in three separate sessions (left active, right active and sham). After completing the stimulation session, the participants completed a logical reasoning task based on Raven's Progressive Matrices during magnetoencephalography. Significant neural responses at the sensor level across all stimulation conditions were imaged using a beamformer. Whole‐brain, spectrally constrained functional connectivity was then computed to examine the network‐level activity. Behaviourally, we found that participants were significantly more accurate following left compared to right parietal stimulation. Regarding neural findings, we found significant HD‐tDCS montage‐related effects in brain networks thought to be critical for P‐FIT, including parieto‐occipital, fronto‐occipital, fronto‐parietal and occipito‐cerebellar connectivity during task performance. In conclusion, our findings showed that left parietal stimulation improved abstract reasoning abilities relative to right parietal stimulation and support both P‐FIT and the neural efficiency hypothesis.

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Key points

Abstract reasoning is a critical component of fluid intelligence and is known to be served by multispectral oscillatory activity in the fronto‐parietal cortices.

Recent studies have aimed to improve abstract reasoning abilities and fluid intelligence overall through behavioural training, but the results have been mixed.

High‐definition transcranial direct‐current stimulation (HD‐tDCS) applied to the parietal cortices modulated task performance and neural oscillations during abstract reasoning.

Left parietal stimulation resulted in increased accuracy and decreased functional connectivity between occipital regions and frontal, parietal, and cerebellar regions.

Future studies should investigate whether HD‐tDCS alters abstract reasoning abilities in those who exhibit declines in performance, such as healthy ageing populations.