bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Archicist Vocabulary in Bayan Budiman
Authors:   Indonesian Language and Literature, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Riau University, Rumadi Hadi
Published: February 2021

Poetry as a type of old poetry has value contained in it through verse verses and as a literary work. Its existence must be preserved and introduced as an oral tradition to the community. This study examines archaic vocabulary. The existence of this research is expected as a reference for literary theory and an effort to develop one of the old literatures, namely poetry. It can be said that poetry as one of the old poems also uses the old language where the use and meaning of poetic values is conveyed by using the old language where the use and meaning of poetic values is conveyed using beautiful, poetic and meaningful language so that the values that are contained in poetry as a reference for community learning through language. Archaic language is a classic form when the poem was created in its time.
Management strategies of functional intestinal obstruction of prematurity
Authors: Awolaran Olugbenga , Sheth Jigna
Published: February 2021

Functional intestinal obstruction of prematurity (FIOP) is characterised by a partial or complete failure of meconium evacuation due to hypomotility of the immature bowel and this presents with features of intestinal obstruction typically within the first 2 weeks of life. It contributes significantly to the morbidity and mortality of extremely and very low birth weight preterm infants. This disorder has been described using many terminologies and there is controversy amidst clinicians as to the optimal approach to its management.
This review summarises the characteristic clinical and radiologic findings to aid timely diagnosis and initiation of prompt treatment. Available evidence on different treatment options and their limitations is reviewed and practical stepwise management is described. In most cases, FIOP can be successfully managed conservatively with proactive management and monitoring.
Overall outcomes are favourable and normal long-term gastrointestinal function is commonly experienced. Evidence for investigations to exclude cystic fibrosis and Hirschsprung’s disease in preterm infants with FIOP is evaluated and a link with focal intestinal perforation is highlighted.
Selection of raw materials and main components for production of sour milk drink from goat’s milk
Authors: Gasheva M. A.
Published: February 2021

Fermented milk products are the main components of functional nutrition. In response to the increasing demand of the population for fermented milk products, industry experts strive to expand the assortment, develop the latest technologies, and create new types of fermented milk drinks. The main task of creating industrial technologies is a beneficial effect on all organs of the human body. The study of the diversity of the microflora of fermented milk products allows the development of new technologies, giving the products special functionality. Since ancient times mankind has used fermented milk products not only in nutrition, but as a remedy for many diseases. Goat’s milk satisfies the need for a qualitative and quantitative ratio of nutrients. It has unique properties due to its protein composition, such as easy digestibility of milk, therapeutic and dietary properties, natural homogenization, hypoallergenic properties. Taking into account the increased demand for the processing of goat’s milk in Russia, the development of a fermented milk drink technology is urgent. A fermented milk drink based on raw goat’s milk will differ in quality characteristics, functionality and attractiveness for consumers of all age groups of the population, if compared with similar ones made from raw cow milk. The composition and properties of goat’s milk of local breeds of goats, as the main raw material for the production of a fermented milk drink with a functional orientation, have been studied in the research. The selection of starter cultures has been carried out, the use of which contributes to the absence of a pronounced taste and aroma characteristic of dairy products from goat’s milk, and also gives functional properties to the fermented milk drink.
Ecological and geographical grouping of pear varieties and identification of new sources for breeding in the conditions of the North Caucasus
Authors: Bandurko I. A. , Daguzhieva Z. Sh.
Published: February 2021

The article presents the results of a long-term study of the world collection of pears, which is one of the largest in the RIPB system. It is kept at the Maykop Experimental Station of the Federal Research Center of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I. Vavilov» branch and has 875 varieties, 248 species, forms and varieties, and is constantly updated with new samples. The collection includes wild species, as well as Russian and foreign varieties from Europe, America, Asia. The research was carried out in the soil and climatic conditions of the foothill zone of the North Caucasus in 2005–2015. The aim of the research is to study the dependence of biological traits and properties on the origin of samples and to isolate genotypes with the maximum expression of traits for use in breeding. In the research the methodological instructions of the All-Russian Research Institute of Breeding of Fruit Crops and the North Caucasus Center for the Breeding of Fruit, Berry, Flower and Ornamental Crops and Grapes have been used. The analysis of weather conditions has been carried out using meteorological data of the MES of the RIPB Branch. The regularities of the manifestation of signs and biological properties of the studied samples depending on their geographical origin have been established. The varieties that combine a fairly good quality of fruits and other, valuable characteristics have been identified: late flowering for protection from frost – Obilnaya Tuza, Uspenka; resistance to fungal diseases – Vodnik, Utrennyaya Svezhest; early maturity – Borup, Napoca and high regular yield – P. regelii x P. pyrifolia № 2 interspecific hybrid. As a result of many years of studying the world collection of pears the list of isolated genotypes of valuable traits has been added, the use of which contributes to a significant increase in the efficiency of breeding work.
Conceptual approaches to assessment and allocation of unused lands for organic agriculture projects
Authors: Borodychev V. V. , Shevchenko V. A. , Lytov M. N.
Published: February 2021

The purposeof the research is to develop a scientifically based system for assessing and allocating unused agricultural lands for the creation of organic agriculture projects.The Methods.The working hypothesis of the research is based on the assumption of the possibility of priority development of unused lands, including the former reclaimed agricultural ones for organization of organic agricultural production. The subject of the research is systemic and methodological aspects and algorithms for the allocation of unused agricultural plots, as well as the development of projects for the production of organic products on these lands.The Results.The research proposed an algorithm for assessing the possibility of using waste and fallow lands for creating organic agriculture projects on their basis, which includes several groups of assessments, including general assessments, geo-oriented assessments, environmental assessments, sanitary and phytosanitary assessments. The results of these studies are an exhaustive information base for developing a well-grounded judgment on the possibility of using cultivated land in the implementation of new projects of organic agriculture. The result of solving the algorithm is the implementation of one of two outcomes, the first of which allows you to form a reasonable judgment about the compliance of the land plot with the principles of organic agriculture, and the second rejects this assumption. Assessment of the possibility of using the land under development in organic agriculture projects is the input research block of the enlarged algorithm for creating organic production. Work is carried out on four enlarged blocks in a sequence regulated by the architecture of the proposed algorithm. At each stage, the creation of a project may be rejected, for which special groups and methods of evaluation are used.The Conclusions.Carrying out research in accordance with the architecture of the developed algorithms allows, at the lowest cost, to develop optimal solutions for the creation and implementation of an organic agriculture project on cultivated, previously unused, agricultural lands.
Peculiarities of studying adaptive properties of soft winter wheat of foreign breeding in the natural climatic conditions of the South foothill zone of the North-West Caucasus
Authors: Kuzenko M. V.
Published: February 2021

A phased research work was carried out in the natural and climatic conditions of the southern foothill zone of the North-West Caucasus to study and identify adaptive properties and economically significant traits in various wheat lines bred by the Research Institute of Field Crops in the city of Dingxi, Gansu province (the PRC). The research was carried out to study and isolate grain productivity, resistance to the conditions of the autumn-winter period, lodging and diseases, as well as searching for a new source material for breeding work with a winter wheat crop. The studies included phenological observations, assessment of resistance to abiotic and biotic factors, analysis of sheaf material. In the course of the study, it was revealed that the tested wheat samples had differences in resistance to unfavorable conditions of the autumn-winter period. In the first year of the research, samples No. 1, No. 2 died, so did No. 6 in the second year. The stability of overwintered samples was marked at the level of 7 points. Samples No. 10, No. 11 were characterized by low resistance to lodging. The main part of the studied material of winter wheat had a growing season with sprouts and heading 6-8 days shorter than the standard Grom variety. Sample No. 2 was distinguished by the maximum distribution and development of brown rust, No. 7 – by Septoria disease. The grain yield varied at the level of 90–310 g/m2. Sample No. 4 (310 g/m2) and No. 7 (270 g/m2) showed a significantly higher grain yield than the standard of Grom variety (220 g/m2). The mass of 1 000 grains ranged from 30,0 g to 46,1 g. The height of the plants varied in the range of 55,2–111,9 cm. Sample No. 16 had the longest spike (9,8 cm). According to the number of grains of the main spike and the weight of grain, No. 16 stood out from the main spike. The maximum grain weight per plant was shown by No. 15 (5,6 g), No. 16 (4,8 g), No. 12 (5,1 g). The results of the initial comprehensive assessment indicate the possible use of these lines in agricultural production, as well as a starting material. Prospects for further study have been considered.
The Effects of Health Aid on Heterogeneous Child Health Outcomes: An Empirical Evidence from Nigeria
Authors: Jemiluyi Olufunmilayo , Bank-Ola Rebecca Folake , Alao-Owunna Ifeoluwa
Published: February 2021

Purpose: This study investigates the effectiveness of health-aid in Nigeria, with focus on child health outcomes. In particular, the study aims to examine whether health aid has yielded significant gains in child health in Nigeria.
Methodology/Approach/Design: Secondary data on neonatal, infant and under 5 mortality as well as measles and DPT immunization were used. The stationarity of the variables was ascertained using the augmented Dickey-Fuller and Philip-Perron unit root tests. In order to confirm the presence or otherwise of long-run relationship among the selected variables, Johansen cointegration test was carried out and the obtained coefficients and p-values indicate evidences of long-run relationship. Finally, the study used the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) estimator to examine the effects of aid targeted at children health on the various child health outcomes.
Results: The results suggest the existence of long-run relationships between health aid and child health indicators, with aid having reducing impacts on the mortality indicators and a positive correlation with child immunization coverage. Also, public health expenditure, literacy rate and urbanization rate are negatively correlated with measures of children mortality and positively correlated with the measures of immunization coverage. Except for infant mortality, economic growth proxy by GDP growth rate has insignificant effect on child health.
Practical Implications: Sustained improvement in children health is the core objective of aids aimed at children’s health, and findings of this research will serve as a framework for health policymakers in understanding the contributions of health aid inflow to specific indicators of child health in Nigeria.
Originality/Value: This study makes a number of contributions to the ongoing discussion on the effectiveness of health-specific ODA in Nigeria. Despite the inconclusiveness of the health aid-health outcomes literature, this study has shown that children health aid has led to improvement in children health in Nigeria. While previous studies have focused on child mortality indicators, this study examined the effect on various measures of children health including children immunization coverage.
Working Capital Management and Its Impact on Profitability in Tyre Industry: A Study of Selected Companies
Authors: Ajmera Tushar Rameshbhai
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The main aim of this article is to find out the working capital management and its impact on profitability in Tyre Industry of selected companies which are listed on stock exchange in India.
Approach/ Methodology/ Design: For the study, a time span of 8 years from 2011-12 to 2018-19 is considered, and based on it, any relation of net profit margin ratio and working capital components like current ratio, quick ratio, inventory turnover ratio, working capital turnover ratio is considered. The sample is selected based on higher market capitalisation during the study period. Regression analysis is also employed to investigate the impact of WCM on corporate profitability.
Findings: The major findings of this study indicate that the profitability of Balkrishana was good   compared to the other companies. The working capital of Ceat shows highly positive working capital management, whereas Apollo shows negative working capital management. These results were identified with the help of accounting tool as Ratio analysis and statistical tools as Regression analysis and ANOVA test for selected data.
Practical Implication: The study examines the scenario of tyre industry with the help of working capital management in selected companies. The results of the study could be an indicator of the performance of the selected companies.  
Originality/Value:  This paper provides some key insights to health and efficiency of the selected companies. The working capital ratios are indicative of good working capital management, leading to identifying issue in financial management and eventually improving the performance of the tyre industry.
Achieving Sustainable Development Goals 2016-2030 in Nigeria through Female Enrolment into Electrical/Electronics Engineering Trade in Technical Colleges of Adamawa State
Authors: Moses Dauda , Asukwo Aniekan Elijah , Yusuf Muhammed Adamu , Ibanga Isaac John
Published: February 2021

Purpose: This study investigated female enrolment into electrical/electronics engineering trade in technical colleges of Adamawa State in order to suggest ways of augmenting it for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2016-2030.

Approach/ Methodology/ Design: Two research questions and two null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The sample of the study comprised of 38 teachers and 140 parents. A 50-item Female Enrolment in Electrical/Electronics Engineering Trade (FEEET) Questionnaire was developed by the researchers and used for data collection. The questionnaire was validated by three experts from the Department of Electrical Technology Education, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State. Reliability co-efficient of 0.81 was obtained for the instrument using Cronbach’s Alpha reliability method. Mean statistic was used to answer the two research questions while z-test statistics was used to test the two hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.

Findings: The findings of the study revealed that inadequate knowledge on female participation in electrical/electronics engineering trade, hazards involved in working with electricity, and poor gender policy implementation among others were factors affecting female enrolment into the programme. Establishment of electrical/electronics engineering trade skill acquisition centres for females and provision of starter packs for female graduates of electrical/electronics engineering trade among others were strategies identified for improving female enrolment into the programme.

Practical Implication: The study has practical implications for achieving sustainable development goals in Nigeria. A sustainable financing scheme for the female trainees of electrical/electronics engineering trade should be established in order to boost their interests in the programme.

Originality/Value:  The study identified that inadequate knowledge on female participation in electrical/electronics engineering trade, hazards involved in working with electricity, societal perception about electricity, cultural sanctions on women, early marriages, and poor gender policy implementation are the main factors that affect female enrolment in technical colleges in Nigeria.
SCAFFOLDING MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA
Authors: Nugroho Purna Bayu
Published: February 2021

Critical thinking is the ability should be owned by the students. However, the facts shows that critical thinking which found is still low. It can be seen from the quality of questions and answers in the process of teaching and learning. Scaffolding is one of learnings which can imrpove students’ critical thinking in mathematic subject. Scaffolding consist of environtment provisions, explaining, reviewing dan restructuring, also development conceptual thinking. There are several scaffolding technique which can be used; (1) modeling of desired behaviors, offering explanations, inviting student participation, verifying and clarifying student understandings, inviting students to contribute clues; (2) scaffolding which emphasize on the use of socratic and open-ended questions.
Democracia deliberativa e consulta prévia na Amazônia: Direito como mediador democrático em conflito indígena e mineração de potássio em Autazes, Amazonas
Authors: Benevides Júnior Acursio Ypiranga , Menezes Rafael Da Silva
Published: February 2021

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a equivalência do conceito de democracia deliberativa no instituto da consulta prévia prevista pela Convenção n.º 169 da OIT na perspectiva do cenário amazônico. Primeiro, expomos ideias acerca de democracias deliberativas e sua correlação com as epistemologias emancipatórias da América-Latina e da Amazônia. Em seguida, dialogamos as ideias sobre democracia deliberativa com o instituto da consulta prévia da Convenção n.º 169 da OIT; e, por fim, apresentamos relação entre consulta prévia, Poder Judiciário e democracia deliberativa na perspectiva da diversidade social amazônica em situação de conflito – indígenas e mineradora na região do município de Autazes. Os resultados expõem o primeiro protocolo de consulta prévia oriundo de uma Ação Civil Pública, assim como a conclusão da pesquisa aponta que democracia deliberativa está avançando em práticas institucionais complexas. Esta é uma produção original com valor intrínseco aos estudos da diversidade sociojurídica brasileira, pois a diversidade da América Latina estimula estudos sobre a democracia deliberativa como instrumentalização da emancipação dos povos, principalmente em espaços de conflitos, como a Amazônia.
Agenda 2030, emergência climática e o papel das instituições públicas
Authors: Fachin Luiz Edson
Published: February 2021

Neste artigo, propõe-se análise da crise climática, com especial enfoque para o contexto advindo da pandemia de coronavírus. Debate-se a relação entre comportamento humano predatório do meio ambiente e crises ambientais. Propõe-se discutir, ainda, o papel das instituições públicas e dos tratados internacionais, em particular da Agenda 2030, no esforço a ser envidado para responder aos desafios que a emergência do clima se nos impõe. Expõe-se, também, o estado da arte da litigância climática no Brasil e o papel que cabe ao STF neste cenário.
Editorial
Authors: Sarlet Ingo Wolfgang , Lemos Rocha Lilian Rose , Campos Mello Patrícia Perrone
Published: February 2021

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Root cause analysis – what do we know?
Authors: Groot Wendy
Published: February 2021

Root cause analysis (RCA) provides audit firms, regulators, policy makers and practitioners the opportunity to learn from past adverse events and prevent them from reoccurring in the future, leading to better audit quality. Recently approved regulations (ISQM1) make RCA mandatory for certain adverse events, making it essential to learn how to properly conduct an RCA. Building on the findings and recommendations from the RCA literature from other industries where RCA practice is more established such as the aviation and healthcare industries, audit firms can implement an adequate and effective RCA process. Based on the RCA literature, I argue that audit firms would benefit from a systems-based approach and establishing a no-blame culture.
Janus kinase inhibitors for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Jang Sun Hee , Ju Ji Hyeon
Published: February 2021

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory destructive disorder that affects the joints, muscles, and tendons accompanying various extra-articular manifestations. Traditional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) represent the basic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Over the last 20 years, biologic DMARDs (tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, interleukin-1 inhibitors, interleukin-6 inhibitors, T cell inhibitors, and B cell inhibitors) have been widely used as a novel class of DMARDs that have efficacy and efficiency. Discovery of the underlying pathogenesis of autoimmune disease enables us to develop new target therapies such as a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. Activated JAK is known to activate signal transducers as well as activators of transcription (STAT) signaling. A JAK inhibitor is a type of medication that functions by inhibiting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. In addition, it is easy to take a JAK inhibitor orally. In Korea, several JAK inhibitors have been approved. This review describes the types of JAK inhibitors, recommended doses, side effects, and updated European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology guidelines. Clinicians should more often consider JAK inhibitors in the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis in current rheumatology clinics
Pharmacotherapy for acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Kim Sung Soo , Kim Hyun Kuk
Published: February 2021

Clinical practice guidelines published by the European Society of Cardiology and the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association provide recommendations based on evidence, including randomized controlled trials and registry data, for clinicians to enable efficient clinical decision-making and improve prognosis for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, there are several differences in practice, health systems, and races between Korea and Western countries; further, many studies on pharmacotherapy were conducted in the prepercutaneous coronary intervention era. An expert consensus document on pharmacotherapy for AMI was recently published following demands for the establishment of Korean guideline reflecting data in the modern percutaneous coronary intervention era. In this review, we summarized AMI guidelines from Europe, America, Japan, and Korea, and analyzed studies on pharmacotherapy for AMI including well-organized randomized controlled trials by Korean researchers and large-sized registry datasets, such as the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry and the Korean National Health Insurance Service.
Digital Tool to Help Stop Newborn Phototherapy: A Prospective Study
Authors: Costakos Dennis , Zha Mengyi , Dahlen Lynn
Published: February 2021

The present study evaluated end-user experience for effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction of a mobile application (app) to estimate the risk of rebound hyperbilirubinemia within 72 hours after initial phototherapy ends for infants at 35 weeks’ gestation or longer and age younger than 14 days. This prospective parallel study was performed at one medical center. The 26 participants are neonatology and pediatric and family physicians, neonatal and family nurse practitioners, and family practice residents, who were asked to estimate the risk of rebound hyperbilirubinemia when phototherapy is stopped for a fictional newborn. Participants in Group 1 (no app) were compared with Group 2 (with app). Satisfaction measured from 1 (0%) to 7 (100%). Group 1 had fewer correct answers than Group 2 (38.5% vs. 84.6%; P = .04). The mean satisfaction score for Group 1 was 2, lower than the score for Group 2, 6.6 (P < .001). This provider-developed app is effective and receives high end-user satisfaction.
Funes contra Funes
Authors: Editor El
Published: February 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 67, No. 729, 2012: 163-167.
Génesis, naturaleza y crisis del capitalismo neoliberal
Authors: Cámara Izquierdo Sergio
Published: February 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 67, No. 729, 2012: 195-212.
Elecciones 2012
Authors: Artiga González Álvaro
Published: February 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 67, No. 729, 2012: 259-282.
Sección de desagüe, alteración de la geomorfología en cauces aluviales y restauración fluvial
Authors: Ollero Ojeda Alfredo
Published: February 2021

Se incide sobre algunas malas prácticas que destruyen la geomorfología fluvial en cauces aluviales. Son actuaciones muy extendidas en el territorio y muy frecuentes, presentándose aquí dos ejemplos recientes en la cuenca del Ebro. Estas malas prácticas, que consisten en el aplanado de los lechos y en las acumulaciones de material aluvial en las márgenes, en busca de una supuesta mayor sección de desagüe, se encuentran en las antípodas de una restauración fluvial que debe tener como objeto prioritario la naturalización de los procesos y formas geomorfológicos para conseguir resiliencia geomórfica, porque de ello dependen los otros elementos del sistema fluvial. Se expone la necesidad urgente de abandonar estas prácticas y de sensibilizar sobre su ineficacia y los daños que generan. También se aportan ideas desde la restauración geomorfológica para mitigar sus efectos, siendo fundamentalmente las futuras crecidas las que reconstruirán los cauces dañados.
Concepto de cultura en antropología: el cambio cultural y social
Authors: Aparicio Gómez William Oswaldo
Published: February 2021

El modelo de cultura sirvió para mostrar cómo el hombre podría simultáneamente ser un individuo, único en el orden biológico y psicológico y ser, al mismo tiempo, fundamentalmente social, viviendo y pensando en función de su grupo de acuerdo con concepciones compartidas gracias a su capacidad de comunicación simbólica. Los conceptos de contacto cultural, de resistencia cultural, de choque cultural, de aculturación, de cambio social y cultural, y más tarde de cambio social aparecen en el campo de la Antropología en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, en el marco de la expansión capitalista mundial.
Referentes filosóficos del proceso educativo
Authors: Aparicio-Gómez Oscar-Yecid , Aparicio-Gómez William-Oswaldo
Published: February 2021

Abordar el tema del hombre es de suyo arriesgado, teniendo en cuenta que su dinámica de búsqueda constante limita la reflexión filosófica al campo de los hechos históricos; cabe afirmar también que toda acción humana, tratada con cierto rigor y sistematicidad requiere acudir a la filosofía para indagar, entre otras cosas, por sus fundamentos. Este es el caso del proceso educativo, una realidad que involucra al hombre en sociedad y le ofrece las bases para tomar conciencia de su “ser persona”; así, la antropología filosófica se postula como la reflexión sobre el hombre desde su realidad dinámica e interpersonal de relación consigo mismo y con el entorno que le rodea. Es necesario, pues, buscar el marco argumentativo del hecho y del discurso que constituyen el proceso educativo, labor propia de la filosofía de la educación, y caracterizada como “el saber racional y crítico de las condiciones de posibilidad de la realidad experimental educativa en su conjunto” (Fullat, 1992, pp. 89-90). Desde esta doble perspectiva, se considerarán los fundamentos del proceso educativo.
Geographic information-based Data Transmission and Cooperative Communication for Vehicular Networks
Authors: Rahim Abdul , Ponnapalli Dr. V.A.Sankar
Published: February 2021

With the advancements in Vehicular communication technologies in automobile engineering leads to enhancement of modern societies by utilizing Internet based data communication in a vehicular network to effectively avoid accidents and traffic congestions using Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) cooperative relay technique for enhancing the aspects of performance by reduction of transmission energy consumption by taking the advantage of spatial and temporal diversity gain in a vehicular network as the conventional routing based on topology is merely not suitable over a dynamic vehicular network environment as GPS is used to identify effective route [4].In this paper we propose applications of cooperative communication techniques and their survey for identifying close relationship between forwarding and addressing techniques in a vehicular network and further we compare performance and energy consumption of cooperative techniques with the traditional multi-hop technique over Rayleigh channel using MQAM for optimization.
Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India
Authors: Stewart Gareth J. , Nelson Beth S. , Acton W. Joe F. , Vaughan Adam R. , Farren Naomi J. , Hopkins James R. , Ward Martyn W. , Swift Stefan J. , Arya Rahul , Mondal Arnab , Jangirh Ritu , Ahlawat Sakshi , Yadav Lokesh , Sharma Sudhir K. , Yunus Siti S. M. , Hewitt C. Nicholas , Nemitz Eiko , Mullinger Neil , Gadi Ranu , Sahu Lokesh K. , Tripathi Nidhi , Rickard Andrew R. , Lee James D. , Mandal Tuhin K. , Hamilton Jacqueline F.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Biomass burning emits significant quantities of intermediate-volatility and
semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) in a complex mixture,
probably containing many thousands of chemical species. These components are
significantly more toxic and have poorly understood chemistry compared to
volatile organic compounds routinely quantified in ambient air; however,
analysis of I/SVOCs presents a difficult analytical challenge. The gases and particles emitted during the test combustion of a range of
domestic solid fuels collected from across Delhi were sampled and analysed.
Organic aerosol was collected onto Teflon (PTFE) filters, and residual
low-volatility gases were adsorbed to the surface of solid-phase extraction
(SPE) discs. A new method relying on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)
coupled to comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with
time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–ToF-MS) was developed.
This highly sensitive and powerful analytical technique enabled over 3000
peaks from I/SVOC species with unique mass spectra to be detected.
A total of 15 %–100 % of gas-phase emissions and 7 %–100 % of particle-phase emissions were
characterised. The method was analysed for suitability to make quantitative
measurements of I/SVOCs using SPE discs. Analysis of SPE discs indicated
phenolic and furanic compounds were important for gas-phase I/SVOC emissions
and levoglucosan to the aerosol phase. Gas- and particle-phase emission
factors for 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were derived,
including 16 compounds listed by the US EPA as priority pollutants.
Gas-phase emissions were dominated by smaller PAHs. The new emission factors
were measured (mg kg−1) for PAHs from combustion of cow dung cake
(615), municipal solid waste (1022), crop residue (747), sawdust (1236),
fuelwood (247), charcoal (151) and liquefied petroleum gas (56). The results of this study indicate that cow dung cake and municipal solid
waste burning are likely to be significant PAH sources, and further study is
required to quantify their impact alongside emissions from fuelwood
burning.
Potential of future stratospheric ozone loss in the midlatitudes under global warming and sulfate geoengineering
Authors: Robrecht Sabine , Vogel Bärbel , Tilmes Simone , Müller Rolf
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The potential of heterogeneous chlorine activation in the midlatitude lowermost stratosphere during summer is a matter of debate. The occurrence of heterogeneous chlorine activation through the presence of aerosol particles could cause ozone destruction. This chemical process requires low temperatures and is accelerated by an enhancement of the stratospheric water vapour and sulfate amount. In particular, the conditions present in the lowermost stratosphere during the North American Summer Monsoon season (NAM) are expected to be cold and moist enough to cause the occurrence of heterogeneous chlorine activation.
Furthermore, the temperatures, the water vapour mixing ratio and the sulfate aerosol abundance are affected by future global warming and by the potential application of sulfate geoengineering. Hence, both future scenarios could promote this ozone destruction process. We investigate the likelihood of the occurrence of heterogeneous chlorine activation and its impact on ozone in the lowermost-stratospheric mixing layer between tropospheric and stratospheric air above central North America (30.6–49.6∘ N, 72.25–124.75∘ W) in summer for conditions today, at the middle and at the end of the 21st century. Therefore, the results of the Geoengineering Large Ensemble Simulations (GLENS) for the lowermost-stratospheric mixing layer between tropospheric and stratospheric air are considered together with 10-day box-model simulations performed with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). In GLENS two future scenarios are simulated: the RCP8.5 global warming scenario and a geoengineering scenario, where sulfur is additionally injected into the stratosphere to keep the global mean surface temperature from changing. In the GLENS simulations, the mixing layer will warm and moisten in both future scenarios with a larger effect in the geoengineering scenario. The likelihood of chlorine activation occurring in the mixing layer is highest in the years 2040–2050 if geoengineering is applied, accounting for 3.3 %. In comparison, the likelihood of conditions today is 1.0 %. At the end of the 21st century, the likelihood of this ozone destruction process occurring decreases. We found that 0.1 % of the ozone mixing ratios in the mixing layer above central North America is destroyed for conditions today. A maximum ozone destruction of 0.3 % in the mixing layer occurs in the years 2040–2050 if geoengineering is applied. Comparing the southernmost latitude band (30–35∘ N) and the northernmost
latitude band (44–49∘ N) of the considered region, we found a higher likelihood of the occurrence of heterogeneous chlorine activation in the southernmost latitude band, causing a higher impact on ozone as well. However, the ozone loss process is found to have a minor impact on the midlatitude ozone column.
ICON in Climate Limited-area Mode (ICON release version 2.6.1): a new regional climate model
Authors: Pham Trang Van , Steger Christian , Rockel Burkhardt , Keuler Klaus , Kirchner Ingo , Mertens Mariano , Rieger Daniel , Zängl Günther , Früh Barbara
Published: February 2021

Abstract. For the first time, the Limited-Area Mode of the new ICON (Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic) weather and climate model has been used for a continuous long-term regional climate simulation over Europe.
Built upon the Limited-Area Mode of ICON (ICON-LAM), ICON-CLM (ICON in Climate Limited-area Mode, hereafter ICON-CLM, available in ICON release version 2.6.1) is an adaptation for climate applications.
A first version of ICON-CLM is now available and has already been integrated into a starter package (ICON-CLM_SP_beta1).
The starter package provides users with a technical infrastructure that facilitates long-term simulations as well as model evaluation and test routines.
ICON-CLM and ICON-CLM_SP were successfully installed and tested on two different computing systems.
Tests with different domain decompositions showed bit-identical results, and no systematic outstanding differences were found in the results with different model time steps.
ICON-CLM was also able to reproduce the large-scale atmospheric information from the global driving model.
Comparison was done between ICON-CLM and the COnsortium for Small-scale MOdeling (COSMO)-CLM (the recommended model configuration by the CLM-Community) performance.
For that, an evaluation run of ICON-CLM with ERA-Interim boundary conditions was carried out with the setup similar to the COSMO-CLM recommended optimal setup.
ICON-CLM results showed biases in the same range as those of COSMO-CLM for all evaluated surface variables.
While this COSMO-CLM simulation was carried out with the latest model version which has been developed and was carefully tuned for climate simulations on the European domain, ICON-CLM was not tuned yet.
Nevertheless, ICON-CLM showed a better performance for air temperature and its daily extremes, and slightly better performance for total cloud cover.
For precipitation and mean sea level pressure, COSMO-CLM was closer to observations than ICON-CLM.
However, as ICON-CLM is still in the early stage of development, there is still much room for improvement.
CM2Mc-LPJmL v1.0: Biophysical coupling of a process-based
dynamic vegetation model with managed land to a general
circulation model
Authors: Drüke Markus , von Bloh Werner , Petri Stefan , Sakschewski Boris , Schaphoff Sibyll , Forkel Matthias , Huiskamp Willem , Feulner Georg , Thonicke Kirsten
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The terrestrial biosphere is exposed to land-use and climate change, which not only affects vegetation dynamics, but also changes land-atmosphere feedbacks. Specifically, changes in land-cover affect biophysical feedbacks of water and energy, therefore contributing to climate change. In this study, we couple the well established and comprehensively validated Dynamic Global Vegetation Model LPJmL5 to the coupled climate model CM2Mc, which is based on the atmosphere model AM2 and the ocean model MOM5 (CM2Mc-LPJmL). In CM2Mc, we replace the simple land surface model LaD (where vegetation is static and prescribed) with LPJmL5 and fully couple the water and energy cycles using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Flexible Modeling System (FMS). Several improvements to LPJmL5 were implemented to allow a fully functional biophysical coupling. These include a sub-daily cycle for calculating energy and water fluxes, a conductance of the soil evaporation and plant interception, a canopy-layer humidity, and the surface energy balance in order to calculate the surface and canopy layer temperature within LPJmL5. Exchanging LaD by LPJmL5, and therefore switching from a static and prescribed vegetation to a dynamic vegetation, allows us to model important biosphere processes, including fire, mortality, permafrost, hydrological cycling, and the impacts of managed land (crop growth and irrigation). Our results show that CM2Mc-LPJmL has similar temperature and precipitation biases as the original CM2Mc model with LaD. Performance of LPJmL5 in the coupled system compared to Earth observation data and to LPJmL offline simulation results is within acceptable error margins. The historic global mean temperature evolution of our model setup is within the range of CMIP5 models. The comparison of model runs with and without land-use change shows a partially warmer and drier climate state across the global land surface. CM2Mc-LPJmL opens new opportunities to investigate important biophysical vegetation-climate feedbacks with a state-of-the-art and process-based dynamic vegetation model.
COSMO-CLM Regional Climate Simulations in the CORDEX
framework: a review
Authors: Sørland Silje Lund , Brogli Roman , Pothapakula Praveen Kumar , Russo Emmanuele , Van de Walle Jonas , Ahrens Bodo , Anders Ivonne , Bucchignani Edoardo , Davin Edouard L. , Demory Marie-Estelle , Dosio Alessandro , Feldmann Hendrik , Früh Barbara , Geyer Beate , Keuler Klaus , Lee Donghyun , Li Delei , van Lipzig Nicole P. M. , Min Seung-Ki , Paniz Hans-Jürgen , Rockel Burkhardt , Schär Christoph , Steger Christian , Thiery Wim
Published: February 2021

Abstract. In the last decade, the Climate Limited-area Modeling (CLM) Community has contributed to the Coordinated Re- gional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) with an extensive set of regional climate simulations. Using several versions of the COSMO-CLM community model, ERA-Interim reanalysis and eight Global Climate Models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) were dynamically downscaled with horizontal grid spacings of 0.44° (∼50 km), 0.22° (∼25 km) and 0.11° (∼12 km) over the CORDEX domains Europe, South Asia, East Asia, Australasia and Africa. This major effort resulted in 80 regional climate simulations publicly available through the Earth System Grid Fed- eration (ESGF) web portals for use in impact studies and climate scenario assessments. Here we review the production of these simulations and assess their results in terms of mean near-surface temperature and precipitation to aid the future design of the COSMO-CLM model simulations. It is found that a domain-specific parameter tuning is beneficial, while increasing horizontal model resolution (from 50 to 25 or 12 km grid spacing) alone does not always improve the performance of the simulation. Moreover, the COSMO-CLM performance depends on the driving data. This is generally more important than the dependence on horizontal resolution, model version and configuration. Our results emphasize the importance of performing regional climate projections in a coordinated way, where guidance from both the global (GCM) and regional (RCM) climate modelling communities is needed to increase the reliability of the GCM-RCM modelling chain.
Long-term water stress and drought assessment of Mediterranean oak savanna vegetation using thermal remote sensing
Authors: González-Dugo María P. , Chen Xuelong , Andreu Ana , Carpintero Elisabet , Gómez-Giraldez Pedro J. , Carrara Arnaud , Su Zhongbo
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Drought is a devastating natural hazard that is difficult
to define, detect and quantify. The increased availability of both
meteorological and remotely sensed data provides an opportunity to develop
new methods to identify drought conditions and characterize how drought changes
over space and time. In this paper, we applied the surface energy balance
model, SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System), for the period 2001–2018, to
estimate evapotranspiration and other energy fluxes over the dehesa area of the
Iberian Peninsula, with a monthly temporal resolution and
0.05∘ pixel size. A satisfactory agreement was found between
the fluxes modeled and the measurements obtained for 3 years by two
flux towers located over representative sites (RMSD = 21 W m−2 and
R2=0.76, on average, for all energy fluxes and both sites). The
estimations of the convective fluxes (LE and H) showed higher deviations,
with RMSD = 26 W m−2 on average, than Rn and G, with RMSD = 15 W m−2. At both sites, annual evapotranspiration (ET) was very close to total precipitation,
with the exception of a few wet years in which intense precipitation events
that produced high runoff were observed. The analysis of the anomalies of
the ratio of ET to reference ET (ETo) was used as
an indicator of agricultural drought on monthly and annual scales.
The hydrological years 2004/2005 and 2011/2012 stood out for their negative
values. The first one was the most severe of the series, with the highest
impact observed on vegetation coverage and grain production. On a monthly
scale, this event was also the longest and most intense, with peak negative
values in January–February and April–May 2005, explaining its great
impact on cereal production (up to 45 % reduction). During the drier
events, the changes in the grasslands' and oak trees' ground cover allowed for a
separate analysis of the strategies adopted by the two strata to cope with
water stress. These results indicate that the drought events characterized
for the period did not cause any permanent damage to the vegetation of
dehesa systems. The approach tested has proven useful for providing insight into
the characteristics of drought events over this ecosystem and will be
helpful to identify areas of interest for future studies at finer
resolutions.
Six-degree-of-freedom pose estimation with µm/µrad accuracy based on laser multilateration
Authors: Nitsche Jan , Franke Matthias , Haverkamp Nils , Heißelmann Daniel
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The estimation of the six-degree-of-freedom position and orientation of an end effector is of high interest in industrial robotics. High precision and data rates are important requirements when choosing an adequate measurement system. In this work, a six-degree-of-freedom pose estimation setup based on laser multilateration is described together with the measurement principle and self-calibration strategies used in this setup. In an experimental setup, data rates of 200 Hz are achieved. During movement, deviations from a reference coordinate measuring machine of 20 µm are observed. During standstill, the deviations are reduced to 5 µm.
Open-source, partially 3D-printed, high-pressure (50-bar) liquid-nitrogen-cooled parahydrogen generator
Authors: Ellermann Frowin , Pravdivtsev Andrey , Hövener Jan-Bernd
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The signal of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be
enhanced by several orders of magnitude using hyperpolarization. In
comparison to a broadly used dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique that is already used in clinical trials, the parahydrogen (pH2)-based hyperpolarization approaches are less cost-intensive, are scalable, and offer high throughput. However, a pH2 generator is necessary. Available
commercial pH2 generators are relatively expensive
(EUR 10 000–150 000). To facilitate the spread of pH2-based hyperpolarization studies, here we provide the blueprints and 3D models as open-source for a low-cost (EUR <3000) 50-bar liquid-nitrogen-cooled pH2 generator.
Paulo Freire e os estudos culturais: pistas para convergências possíveis
Authors: Backes José Licínio , Pavan Ruth , Fetzner Andréa Rosana
Published: February 2021

The aim of this paper was to analyze possible convergences between Paulo Freire’s thinking and Cultural Studies. In order to do that, Freire and Hall’s works were investigated, considering their conception of history, the presence of Marx, the centrality of culture, the importance of language, and the impact of feminist and race studies. It has been argued that both built theoretical fields averse to reductionisms and proposed an articulation between class, race and gender as a way to turn theory/policy into a means to make a difference, from the perspective of struggling against all kinds of oppression. The conclusion is that there are possible convergences between Paulo Freire and the Cultural Studies, and they may be a promising alternative for the construction of the viable unprecedented, which he always defended.