bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation on the cold temperature retention capacity of the 1.5 Liter Thermos® double wall vacuum stainless steel thermal container when filled to different volumes and with different types of milk
Authors: Wu Jocelyn , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Customers sometimes question the freshness of milk inside thermal containers in coffee shops. Milk that is kept between 4°C to 60°C can support the growth of pathogens, hence it should be kept below 4°C. Thermal containers are often advertised as being able to retain the temperature of their contents for a prolonged period of time. Yet, the extent of their temperature retention capacity is not clearly defined by the manufacturers. This study investigated the effectiveness of the 1.5 Liter Thermos® Double Wall Vacuum Stainless Steel Serving Carafe thermal container in keeping milk at ≤4°C when it was filled to different volumes and with different types of milk over a nine hour period. Methods: Four tests were carried out in this study: The 1.5L Skim Milk, The 1.5L Creamo, The 0.75L Skim Milk and The 0.75L Creamo Test. For each test, the milk was placed into the 1.5L Thermos® Double Wall Vacuum Stainless Steel Serving Carafe with the initial temperature between 3.1°C to 3.4°C. Change in temperature was recorded for nine hours using the Thermocouple data logger. Results: The descriptive data demonstrates that the mean temperatures over the nine-hour period for The 1.5L Skim Milk Test, The 1.5L Creamo Test, The 0.75L Skim Milk Test and The 0.75L Creamo Test were 4.41±0.88°C, 4.51±0.95°C, 5.59±1.52°C and 6.05±1.77°C, respectively. MANOVA results suggested that “volume”, “time”, “type of milk”, “volume and time”, “volume and type of milk”, “time and type of milk”, and “volume, time and type of milk” did have effects on the temperature retention capacity of the thermal container with p-values <0.05. The temperatures of all samples were <4°C at hour zero. All of the samples’ temperatures began to increase once they were inside the thermal container and all of the samples entered the danger zone (>4°C) after four hours. A Chi Square test was conducted to determine whether Creamo or skim milk was safer (≤4°C) from hour one to four. Results showed that 123/240 (51%) skim milk and 110/240 (46%) Creamo samples were safe, but the result was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study’s results indicate that the tested thermal container had a better cold temperature retention capacity when it was filled up (1.5L) compared to when it was only half filled (0.75L). In addition, when the thermal container was filled with skim milk, it also had a better cold temperature retention capacity compared to Creamo. Finally, this specific thermal container was not successful in maintaining the temperature of milk out of the danger zone (≤4°C) after four hours. These results should be disseminated to Environmental Health Officers whose job it is to keep the public safe from foodborne illnesses. As well, policies should be established pertaining to time permitted to keep milk in thermal containers.
Sous vide salmon pasteurization temperature
Authors: Li Rebecca Cong , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen , McIntyre Lorraine
Published: September 2020

Objectives: Cooking foods to a specific temperature and temperature control are often very difficult due to the frequent fluctuation of heat during the traditional dry heat (oven) cooking process. “Sous vide” cooking of vacuum-packaged foods immersed in water provides constant and controllable time and temperature measurements throughout the process. Some sous vide style foods are cooked at temperatures that are lower than 60oC for short periods of time. This presents a recognizable food safety concern including the survival of harmful bacteria as well as conditions that do not achieve pathogen reduction during either the sous vide cooking or finishing (searing) process. This research project investigated the time and temperature relationship for sous vide salmon in order to examine if pasteurization temperature was achieved if an additional searing step was performed. Methods: Temperature values were measured using data-loggers (SmartButton) for 30 samples of vacuum-packed salmon and cooked sous vide inside a circulating water bath at 50oC for 20 minutes. A one sample one tailed t-test was conducted to assess whether the internal temperature of salmon reached instantaneous pasteurization temperature of 70oC after a final searing step was performed at 220oC for 45 seconds. Results: Five out of the 30 (16.7%) salmon samples achieved 70oC after the final searing step. Statistical analyses were statistically significant, and the null hypothesis (Ho: measured internal temperature of salmon ≥ target temperature) was rejected with 100% power and a p-value of 0.00. Conclusion: These results indicate that salmon cooked sous vide style under 50oC for 20 minutes with a final searing step of 220oC for 45 seconds will likely not achieve pasteurization providing adequate pathogen reduction according to guidelines set out by BCCDC. For sous vide style cooked salmon cooked at lower temperatures for short periods, freezing for control of parasite hazards is recommended.
Evaluating the effectiveness of vinegar as a sanitizer
Authors: Bhatti Geeti , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Objectives: Pathogens are introduced into foods, surfaces, and hands by our surrounding environment which includes soil, air, and fecal contamination. It can be due to improper handling, cleaning, washing or sanitizing. Sanitizers are applied to surfaces in order to kill all the vegetative cells of microbes. Health Canada regulates the types, uses and concentration of the sanitizers. These sanitizers are chemically formulated to kill microbes and hence there is a rising concern about toxicity associated with their use. People are moving away from regulated sanitizers to natural alternatives. This research project examined the efficacy of vinegar, one of the natural alternatives, as a sanitizer. Methods: 3M Quick Swabs were used to collect coliform samples from a plastic cutting board before and after inoculating it with coliform culture and subsequently cleaning it with vinegar. A one tail paired t-test was conducted to assess whether the coliform counts were reduced after cleaning with vinegar. Results: For all 30 samples there was a reduction in the number of coliforms when comparing before and after cleaning with vinegar. Results show that there is a significant difference in the mean numbers of coliforms before and after cleaning with vinegar; p <0.0001. Conclusion: These results indicate that undiluted vinegar when used for cleaning food contact surface significantly reduces the coliform counts but not to the safer levels for human exposure.
Evaluation of the general public’s knowledge on ingredients in personal care products
Authors: Ahn Jessica (So Hyun) , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Objectives: The average person living in North America is exposed to hundreds of chemical ingredients, including those that are harmful to human health, through application of personal care products. The manufacture of personal care products is largely untested and unregulated at a government level; legislation is not as prescriptive as the public would expect it to be. This shifts the responsibility to consumers to use their own discretion when purchasing personal care products. The purpose of this research was to assess the knowledge of the Canadian general public regarding ingredients in personal care products to determine if they have enough knowledge to avoid harmful substances. Methods: A knowledge assessment survey was conducted to two different groups in Canada. The first group consisted of the general public who did not have a background in toxicology or dermatology, and the second group consisted of Public Health Inspectors in Lower Mainland B.C. The test scores from the knowledge assessment were compared between the two groups to determine if there was a significant difference in the means. Results: The survey was completed by 39 Public Health Inspectors and 91 members of the general public. The mean score was 3.0256 for the Public Health Inspectors and 1.846 for the general public; the test score was out of 10. Statistical analyses showed that the mean test scores were significantly different and the null hypothesis (Ho: mean test score of the Public Health Inspectors = mean test score of the general public) was rejected at α= 0.05. Conclusion: The result showed that both groups had low level of knowledge regarding the ingredients in personal care products that are widely used in Canada. Even the chemical ingredients that are known or suspected to be dangerous to human health or have adverse effects on the environment were not recognized. Exposure to potentially hazardous chemicals can be prevented or reduced by setting a legal requirement of a maximum concentration, imposing marketing restrictions or requiring better labelling of hazardous ingredients to improve public awareness of potential risk.
Bisphenol A (BPA) in thermal paper used for receipts
Authors: Wong Rebecca , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Karakilic Vanessa , Soulsbury Kevin
Published: September 2020

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a proven endocrine disruptor and has been found in the urine of 95% of Canadians. Though the chemical has been banned for use in certain applications, it is still common in items such as thermal paper used for receipts because the compound is heat stable. This study aims to determine if the levels found in thermal receipt paper are high enough to pose a public health concern. Methods: Samples of thermal paper used for receipts were tested for BP A by soaking and incubating lOOmg of the paper in lOmL of methanol for 3 hours at room temperature, and then overnight at 4°C. The resulting methanol solution was then analyzed by using an HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) system with fluorescence detection. Results: A total of 30 receipts were tested from various stores around the Lower Mainland, including retail stores and restaurants. Of the 30 samples, 13 tested positive for bisphenol A, and of those 13, the amount ranged from 0.124 to 871.17 mg BPA per kg paper. Using the provisional total daily intake (0.025mg/kg body weight/day) set by Health Canada in 1996, results indicate that there can be enough BPA present in a minimum of 2 grams of the paper to exceed the daily limit for a person weighing 70kg. However, the human body does not absorb all of the BPA it may come into contact with, nor does a person touch the entire surface of the paper; thus, more than 2 grams of thermal paper would be required to actually exceed the pTDI. Conclusion: Although the human body does not absorb all of the BPA it may come into contact with, thermal receipt paper can still be a significant source of BP A, especially for those who handle them frequently, such as cashiers. Public education on common sources of BP A, such as thermal receipts, would reduce exposure.
The practicality of using a smartphone as a sound level meter
Authors: Hong Donny , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen , Shaw Fred
Published: September 2020

Background & Purpose: Sound is of vital importance for human life, it is one of the main forms of communication between people. However, sound that is a nuisance to others is considered noise. Too much noise can be disruptive and affects one’s enjoyment of life and can lead to ill health effects. In some municipalities, bylaw officers or Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) are tasked with enforcing the local noise bylaw. “Sound Level Meters” (SLM) are certified instruments enforcement officers use to accurately measure sound. However, accurate SLMs can be bulky and expensive. In this technological society, almost everyone has some type of smart phone capable of installing applications (apps) that mimic SLMs. The purpose of this project was to determine the accuracy of phone SLM apps compared to real SLMs. Method: Three Android & three iOS SLM apps were downloaded from the internet and installed on two Android and one iOS smartphone. The sound source was computer generated white noise. A type 1 SLM was used to set the white noise to three different sound levels, 80db, 65 dB, & 50 dB. Each Android and iOS smartphone measured the white noise at each sound level utilizing the three different SLM apps. Results were analyzed between the different apps and smartphones. The MANOVA and ANOVA statistical tests were used to analyze the data. Results: All MANOVA and ANOVA tests showed statistically differences between the apps and the SLM (p=0.00000). The power for all MANOVA tests was 100%, therefore there is confidence that the findings reflect the truth and there really is a difference between the different applications, smartphones, and interaction of applications and smartphones. Therefore, the smartphone/app combination tested were not able to replicate the noise level as measured by the SLM. Conclusion: It can be concluded that any individual Android SLM application can have significantly different mean decibels values across different Android smartphones. Different Android smartphones can also have significantly different means decibels across different Android applications. Results for iOS smartphones can only indicate significant mean decibels across the different SLM applications. Therefore, it is not recommended that smartphones with sound level measuring apps be used in place of SLMs.
Analyzing ethanol accumulation in different kombucha tea brands during storage
Authors: Chhay James , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Chen Dale , Kuo Hsin
Published: September 2020

Background Kombucha tea is a fermented tea beverage that is mainly consumed for its associated-health benefits. These associated-health benefits may range from detoxifying the body to cancer treating. However, there is little to no scientific evidence that suggests that they work on humans. Similarly, kombucha tea is also prone to post-fermentation. This presents possible ethanol production and accumulation within the tea after packaging which can pose a possible health risk to susceptible population if not properly labelled or controlled. This study will investigate if there is any post-ethanol accumulation in commercially produced kombucha tea products under various storage conditions. Methods The ethanol concentration of 3 different kombucha tea brands (i.e.: Pure+, Health-Ade, and RISE) at various storage conditions (i.e.: no storage, refrigeration, and room temperature) were analyzed using GC-FID to determine post-ethanol accumulation. In addition, NCSS software was used to conduct a statistical analysis on the data to determine whether the 3 different kombucha tea brands exceeded the ethanol regulatory limit and whether the ethanol accumulation was dependent on storage temperatures. Results The mean ethanol concentration for Pure+, Health-Ade, and RISE after refrigeration for 3 weeks were 0.722%, 0.696%, and 0.050% relatively which all showed a slight decrease in ethanol compared to their baseline ethanol levels (i.e.: no storage). Similarly, Pure+, Health-Ade, and RISE mean ethanol concentration after room temperature storage were 1.766%, 1.285%, and 0.794% relatively which indicates ethanol accumulation. Statistical analysis showed that there is a significant difference between room temperature storage and the other 2 storage conditions (i.e.: no storage and refrigeration). Also, only Pure+ and Health-Ade under room temperature storage showed a statistically significant mean ethanol concentration above the regulatory limit. Conclusion Results suggests that room temperature storage of Pure+, Health-Ade, and RISE for 3 weeks increased the ethanol levels significantly while refrigerating them will decrease the ethanol levels slightly which can minimize any potential post-fermentation process from happening. Furthermore, only Pure+ and Health-Ade under room temperature storage for 3 weeks were over the 1% ABV regulatory limit. Lastly, the data obtained from this study can be used to develop guidelines and policies in regulating kombucha tea manufacturers and in educating the public and other regulatory agencies on the matter.
Assessment of fomites and infection risk to seniors in recreational curling
Authors: Spicer Elliot , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Background: Seniors participate in sports to improve physical, mental, and social health; however, such activities may increase the risk of illness and injury. Curling is popular in this age group because it is physically manageable, strategic, and provides social connection. Certain factors in curling such as handshaking, play during the flu season, and shared contact with curling stones suggest an increased risk of disease transmission. The purpose of this study was to determine the qualitative risk of communicable enteric disease transmission due to shared contact with curling stone handles in a senior men’s curling league. Methods: 3M™ Quick Swabs were used to sample 22 curling stone handles for total coliforms before a senior’s league game. To analyze microbial shedding during gameplay, the same 22 handles were sampled after the game. Samples were plated on 3M™ Petrifilm™ Coliform Count Plates and incubated at 30ºC ± 1ºC for 24 hours ± 2 hours. Colonies were enumerated in units of CFU (colony forming units)/cm2. Ambient and handle surface temperatures were measured, and curler hygiene-related behaviours documented. Results: Total coliform counts for all samples were 0 CFU/cm2. The ambient temperature was 6.6°C pre-game, and 8.0°C post-game. Mean handle surface temperature was 3.6°C. Hygiene behaviours of concern were hand-face contact, handkerchief/tissue use, and handshaking. Conclusion: There is low risk of enteric disease transmission due to shared contact with curling stone handles by male curlers 55 years and older. Absence of coliforms may have been due to adequate player hygiene, transference of microbial load before sampling, error, or environmental conditions. Health promotion and education can reduce the infection risk elevated by poor hand hygiene, face contact, and handshaking in senior’s curling, thereby protecting the health and welfare of all participants.
A comparison of ethanol content of water kefir products to kombucha products and their compliance to British Columbia's Liquor Control and Licensing Act
Authors: Situm Tea , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen , McIntyre Lorraine
Published: September 2020

Background: Water kefir is an up-and-coming beverage similar to kombucha involving the fermentation of water, sugar, fruits, and cultured microorganisms. The fermentation process develops various metabolites including lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and ethanol. These products need to be controlled to prevent unsafe overproduction, particularly of ethanol, as it can be dangerous to consume alcohol unknowingly. This study examined (i) whether water kefir and kombucha beverages are at-risk of containing elevated levels of alcohol, and (ii) the labelling practices of these products. Methods: 31 samples of water kefir were collected in various markets in Vancouver, British Columbia to be compared to 107 samples of kombucha previously collected by the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BC CDC). The samples were tested using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS/D) to determine the concentration of alcohol in each. The data was analyzed using the statistical package NCCS. Two-tailed t-tests assessed differences in alcohol content between the two products, as well as whether kombucha and/or water kefir exceeded the regulatory standard of 1% ABV (alcohol by volume), as set under the Liquor Control and Licensing Act. Results: Based on the collected data, 53% of kombucha samples and 19% of water kefir samples exceeded 1% ABV for ethanol. There was a statistically significant difference in ethanol concentrations between the water kefir and kombucha samples p = 0.00002, power = 100%. More specifically, the kombucha products had a higher alcohol level. Two t-tests compared the kombucha and the water kefir to the standards which resulted in mean kombucha samples being greater than the 1% ABV while mean water kefir samples were less than the 1% ABV regulatory level. Conclusions: The results indicated that kombucha products had a higher mean alcohol concentration when compared to water kefir samples. However, some samples of water kefir exceeded the 1% ABV level and also lacked an alcohol warning label. Therefore, it is recommended that manufacturers for both kombucha and water kefir products label potential alcohol contents to protect the safety of their consumers – especially vulnerable groups including pregnant women, children, and recovering individuals.
Analisis Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Pemberian MPASI Dini
Authors: Artini Budi
Published: September 2020

MPASI (Makanan pendamping ASI) merupakan pemberian makanan pendamping selain ASI saat bayi berusia 6 bulan. Dalam pemberian MPASI dini terdapat 2 faktor utama yang mempengaruhi, yaitu faktor internal dan faktor eksternal. Faktor internal meliputi : pengetahuan dan pengalaman dan faktor eksternal meliputi : sosial budaya, petugas kesehatan dan informasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemberian MPASIDini di RW A. Penelitian yang dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan populasi seluruh ibu yang sudah memberikan MPASI dini pada bayi usia 0-1 tahun. Sampel berjumlah 26 Orang. Data diolah dengan mengunakan distribusi frekuensi. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua faktor baik internal dan eksternal mempengaruhi pemberian MPASI Dini. Faktor Internal yang meliputi Pengetahuan yaitu sebanyak 26 responden (100%) dan Pengalaman yaitu sebanyak 23 responden (88,5%) sedangkan faktor eksternal yang meliputi faktor sosial budaya yaitu sebanyak 24 responden yaitu (92,3%), faktor petugas kesehatan yaitu sebanyak 25 responden (96,2%) dan faktor informasi yaitu sebanyak 26 responden (100%) dengan Faktor Dominan yang mempengaruhi pemberian MPASI dini yaitu faktor pengetahuan dan informasi yaitu sebanyak 26 responden (100%). Disarankan perlu adanya peningkatan frekuensi penyuluhan tentang pentingnya ASI Eksklusif dan Manfaat ASI di masyarakat oleh Instansi kesehatan setempat dengan melakukan kerjasama dengan melibatkan semua komponen yang ada.
Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Keikutsertaan Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS) dengan Penggunaan Alat Kontrasepsi di Desa Alamendah Kecamatan Rancabali Kabupaten Bandung
Authors: Pratiwi Agustina Ida
Published: September 2020

Indonesia is a country has a very high number of occupations. One of the government’s effort to control the population is by using a family planning program. However, the participation rate of Fertile Age Pairs in the use of family planning in Indonesia is not maximal This study aims to determine the factors that influence the participation of Fertile Age Couples in the use of contraceptives. The design in this study was analytic with a cross sectional approach conducted in Rancabali sub-district, Alamendah, Bandung, using primary data by filling out questionnaires. The population in this study were all of the fertile age couples with a total of 228 respondents. The statistical test used is Chi-Square. From the analysis of data from 288 respondents, 210 used Participating in using KB while 78 did not participate. The results of the study concluded that there was a relationship between the variables of knowledge, education and the role of the PLKB and family planning acceptors, while the variables of work, age and husband's support were not related.
Hubungan Beban Kerja Dosen berdasarkan Time and Motion Study dengan Kinerja Dosen Prodi S1 Ilmu Keperawatan Stikes Surabaya
Authors: Darmawan Taufan Citra
Published: September 2020

Nursery education needs profesional and qualified graduates. The achievement in the quality of education depends on lecture espicially the labor of lecturer. The achievemen of lecture’s in quality, bring about Tridharma of university became the first duty of lecturer, furthermore the purpose of this research is to know the relation between with responsibility towards lecturer’s perfomance. This research use observational analysis method, with cross-sectional as the main framework in this research. This sample use total sampling method. The sample of this research are 7 personel of lecturers which department of S1 Nursery Science STIKES Surabaya, did by observation and questionnaire as the method of collect the data. Mostly, work responsibility of lecture is on the middle category is 4 (57%) lecturers, the lecture perfomances are categorized as Good and Enough with the same result 3(43%). The result of this research use bivariant analysis by pearson correlation test are (p = 0,011, r = 0,867) where the false degree α ≤ 0,05 which means H1 accepted. It;s meanthere is a relation between work responsibility of lecture with lecturer’s perfomance in Departement of S1 Nursery Science STIKES Surabaya. Lectures with high perfomancecan’t leave that student’s study. And lecturer with low perfomance must be fixed their self.
Analisis Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Kenakalan Remaja
Authors: Artini Budi
Published: September 2020

Kenakalan remaja merupakan hal yang dirasa sudah biasa di kalangan anak muda saat ini. Perilaku kenakalan remaja disebabkan oleh 2 faktor, yaitu faktor dari remaja itu sendiri (internal) dan dari luar (eksternal). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kenakalan remaja di SMP A. Desain penelitian menggunakan rancangan deskriptif, kriteria inklusi dalam penelitian ini adalah remaja yang melakukan pelanggaran dan bersedia menjadi responden dengan jumlah populasi 50 orang dan sample yang digunakan sebanyak16 responden. Metode sampling yang digunakan adalah“Purposive Sampling”. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuisioner. Data yang terkumpul kemudian ditabulasikan secara manual. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan pada faktor krisis identitas tidak memengaruhi sebanyak 9 responden (56%), faktor control diri lemah tidak memengaruhi sebanyak 10 responden (63%), faktorkeluarga/perceraian tidak memengaruhi sebanyak 11 responden (69%), faktor teman sebaya memengaruhi sebanyak 9 responden (56%), dan faktor informasi dan teknologi memengaruhi sebanyak 8 responden (50%). Diantara faktor-faktor tersebut, faktor yang paling memengaruhi kenakalan remaja di SMP A yaitu pengaruh teman sebaya sebanyak 9 responden (56%). Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena sebagian besar responden memiliki komunitas yang kurang baik. Karena itu kepada setiap orang tua, diharapkan tetap mengontrol komunitas dari anak remajanya.
Palyatif bakıma bakış ve hemşireliğin rolü
Authors: ÖZÇELİK Semra
Published: September 2020

Günümüz çağında gelişen bilimsel teknoloji, hayatımızın büyük bir kısmını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Özellikle tıbbi açıdan gelişen teknoloji yaşam süresini uzatmaya yönelik olsa da uygulanan tedaviler, umudun kaybedildiği hastalar için zorlu bir süreç haline gelebilmektedir. Bu süreç, hasta ve hasta yakınlarına en uygun bakımın verilmesi, fiziksel ve psikososyal problemlerin erken bir zaman diliminde belirlenmesi ve yaşam kalitesinin arttırılması gibi temel ihtiyaçların hastane ortamlarında ya da özel bakım veren merkezlerde yapılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Hasta ve hasta yakınlarının ihtiyacı olan ve son zamanlarda daha fazla üzerinde durulan “yaşam sonu bakım” ya da “palyatif bakım” insani bir hak olarak da karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Palyatif bakım multidisipliner ekip anlayışıyla hareket eden bir oluşumu karşımıza çıkarmaktadır. Ekibin içinde yer alan sağlık çalışanları, hasta ve hasta yakınlarının ihtiyaçlarını geniş bir şekilde değerlendirebilen kişiler olmakla yükümlüdür. Özellikle bakımın içinde yer alan, hasta ve yakınlarına gerekli bakım ve desteğin sağlanması konusunda bilgi ve becerilerini sürekli gelişime açık tutabilen hemşireler önemli bir role sahiptir. Hemşireler etkili bir iletişim halinde, bakımın önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Hastanın içinde bulunduğu durum nedeniyle, ihtiyaç duyduğu bakım yalnızca hasta yakınları tarafından karşılanamaz. İşte burada hastanın ve hasta yakınlarının fiziksel, psikolojik ve ekonomik olarak yaşadıkları sıkıntılar, tıbbi müdahalenin de içinde olduğu bir savaş haline gelebilmektedir. Hemşireler bu konuda üzerilerine aldıkları sorumluluklar karşısında tam donanımlı olmak yükümlülüğündedir. Karşılaşılabilecek herhangi bir problemin en aza indirilebilmesi, mesleki motivasyonun düşmemesi ve en iyi hizmetin sunulabilmesi adına palyatif bakım eğitimlerine daha fazla ağırlık verilmelidir.
E-Highway: A Future Transportation
Authors: Yadav Vikash Singh , Vashisth Jai , Desai R. S.
Published: September 2020

There is an increase demand in EV which will play a major role in future of road transport. While commercial Electric Vehicle existing today have their uptake has been limited due to limited battery range, lack of charging convenience and high purchasing cost. As cities expand and affluence rises, traffic congestion is becoming problematic. To respond to these core challenges facing the transportation sector, the E-highway is twice as efficient as internal combustion engines. The innovation includes transition from personal combustion powered vehicles towards grid-powered transportation. This innovation supplies trucks with power from overhead contact line. This reduces local air pollution and contributes significantly to the decarbonization of the transport sector.
Early career women in construction: Are their career expectations being met?
Authors: Oo Bee Lan , Lim Teck-Heng Benson , Feng Siyu
Published: September 2020

The recruitment, retention and development of early career women have always been a challenge in the construction industry. With the focus on early career women or new female construction management degree graduate hires in construction, this study explores: (i) factors influencing their choice of career in construction; (ii) the extent of which their career expectations were met in their first few years of job experience; and (iii) how their met or unmet career expectations are related their overall job satisfaction. Data was collected using an online survey questionnaire. The results show that the top significant factors influencing the respondents’ career choice are career opportunities and belief of getting better pay. Their career expectations, on the other hand, were met or exceeded to a great extent for almost all the measurement items. The results also show that the respondents have a relatively high overall job satisfaction level. Although there is lack of evidence that their overall job satisfaction increased as met career expectations increased, there are statistically significant positive correlations among the career expectation measurement items. These findings have implications for human resource practices of construction employers that aimed to attract early career women into the industry, and to reinforce their met career expectations and job satisfaction.
Innovation in project management education - let’s get serious!
Authors: Tews Tim , Skulmoski Greg , Langston Craig , Patching Alan
Published: September 2020

More educators use serious games (e.g., games where the primary objective is learning rather than enjoyment) to enhance learning due to benefits such as improved understanding and engagement. However, using serious games within project management education is not well understood. The aim of this research is to investigate project management serious games in higher education: i) determine the extent of gamification in PMI-accredited project management programs, and ii) survey university students about their experiences playing project management serious games. Two separate mixed-method studies reveal insights about serious games in higher education and where innovations may be leveraged. Traditional statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, and coding was used to analyze the qualitative data. The results from a global survey of ten PMI-accredited university programs suggest that serious games are embryonic but promising. A case study at one university reveals that students enjoy learning through games but caution against using games to formally assess students’ learning. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research and development.
Examining the impact of students’ attendance, sketching, visualization, and tutors experience on students’ performance: a case of building structures course in construction management
Authors: Ullah Fahim , Sepasgozer Samad , Tahmasebinia Faham , Mohammad Ebrahimzadeh Sepasgozar Saleh , Davis Steven
Published: September 2020

The aim of this paper is to examine students’ performance in a computation-based course by evaluating the effects of key factors including sketching, visualization resources provided to them during the lectures, their attendance and tutors’ experience. A systematic review was conducted including 192 articles published during January 2010 to December 2019. Further, a case study has been conducted in which 633 students from non-engineering backgrounds were taught a core course of construction over three-yearly sessions from 2017 to 2019. The performance has been assessed through two quizzes of 10% weight each, assignment of 40% weight and a final exam with 30% weight in 2017-18 and 40% weight in 2019 were utilized with an attendance criterion of below 75% as low attendance. The statistical result highlights that a clear difference of 14% overall marks exist between the students with less than 75% attendance and the ones with 75% and above in 2017 and a 10% gap in 2018. Students with high marks in sketching secured higher overall marks as compared to others highlighting that the sketching skill is useful to construction students. The findings contribute to the body of education knowledge by evaluating key influential factors and provide a useful benchmark to other educators in the field.
An EARLINET early warning system for atmospheric aerosol aviation hazards
Authors: Papagiannopoulos Nikolaos , D'Amico Giuseppe , Gialitaki Anna , Ajtai Nicolae , Alados-Arboledas Lucas , Amodeo Aldo , Amiridis Vassilis , Baars Holger , Balis Dimitris , Binietoglou Ioannis , Comerón Adolfo , Dionisi Davide , Falconieri Alfredo , Fréville Patrick , Kampouri Anna , Mattis Ina , Mijić Zoran , Molero Francisco , Papayannis Alex , Pappalardo Gelsomina , Rodríguez-Gómez Alejandro , Solomos Stavros , Mona Lucia
Published: September 2020

Abstract. A stand-alone lidar-based method for detecting airborne hazards for
aviation in near real time (NRT) is presented. A polarization lidar
allows for the identification of irregular-shaped particles such as
volcanic dust and desert dust. The Single Calculus Chain (SCC) of the
European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) delivers high-resolution
preprocessed data: the calibrated total attenuated backscatter and
the calibrated volume linear depolarization ratio time series. From
these calibrated lidar signals, the particle backscatter coefficient
and the particle depolarization ratio can be derived in temporally
high resolution and thus provide the basis of the NRT early warning
system (EWS). In particular, an iterative method for the retrieval of
the particle backscatter is implemented. This improved capability was
designed as a pilot that will produce alerts for imminent threats for
aviation. The method is applied to data during two diverse aerosol
scenarios: first, a record breaking desert dust intrusion in March 2018 over Finokalia, Greece, and, second, an intrusion of volcanic
particles originating from Mount Etna, Italy, in June 2019 over Antikythera,
Greece. Additionally, a devoted observational period including several
EARLINET lidar systems demonstrates the network's preparedness to
offer insight into natural hazards that affect the aviation sector.
Small-scale variability of stratospheric ozone during the sudden stratospheric warming 2018/2019 observed at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
Authors: Schranz Franziska , Hagen Jonas , Stober Gunter , Hocke Klemens , Murk Axel , Kämpfer Niklaus
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Middle atmospheric ozone, water vapour and zonal and meridional wind profiles have been measured with the two ground-based microwave radiometers GROMOS-C and MIAWARA-C.
The instruments have been located at the Arctic research base AWIPEV at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (79∘ N, 12∘ E), since September 2015. GROMOS-C measures ozone spectra in the four cardinal directions with an elevation angle of 22∘.
This means that the probed air masses at an altitude of 3 hPa (37 km) have a horizontal distance of 92 km to Ny-Ålesund. We retrieve four separate ozone profiles along the lines of sight and calculate daily mean horizontal ozone gradients which allow us to investigate the small-scale spatial variability of ozone above Ny-Ålesund.
We present the evolution of the ozone gradients at Ny-Ålesund during winter 2018/2019, when a major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) took place with the central date at 2 January, and link it to the planetary wave activity.
We further analyse the SSW and discuss our ozone and water vapour measurements in a global context.
At 3 hPa we find a distinct seasonal variation of the ozone gradients.
The strong polar vortex during October and March results in a decreasing ozone volume mixing ratio towards the pole. In November the amplitudes of the planetary waves grow until they break in the end of December and an SSW takes place.
From November until February ozone increases towards higher latitudes and the magnitude of the ozone gradients is smaller than in October and March. We attribute this to the planetary wave activity of wave numbers 1 and 2 which enabled meridional transport. The MERRA-2 reanalysis and the SD-WACCM model are able to capture the small-scale ozone variability and its seasonal changes.
Measurements of carbonyl compounds around the Arabian Peninsula: overview and model comparison
Authors: Wang Nijing , Edtbauer Achim , Stönner Christof , Pozzer Andrea , Bourtsoukidis Efstratios , Ernle Lisa , Dienhart Dirk , Hottmann Bettina , Fischer Horst , Schuladen Jan , Crowley John N. , Paris Jean-Daniel , Lelieveld Jos , Williams Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured around the Arabian Peninsula using a research vessel during the AQABA campaign (Air Quality and Climate
Change in the Arabian Basin) from June to August 2017. In this study we
examine carbonyl compounds, measured by a proton transfer reaction mass
spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), and present both a regional concentration
distribution and a budget assessment for these key atmospheric species.
Among the aliphatic carbonyls, acetone had the highest mixing ratios in most
of the regions traversed, varying from 0.43 ppb over the Arabian Sea to 4.5 ppb over the Arabian Gulf, followed by formaldehyde (measured by a Hantzsch monitor, 0.82 ppb over the Arabian Sea and 3.8 ppb over the Arabian Gulf)
and acetaldehyde (0.13 ppb over the Arabian Sea and 1.7 ppb over the Arabian
Gulf). Unsaturated carbonyls (C4–C9) varied from 10 to 700 ppt during the
campaign and followed similar regional mixing ratio dependence to aliphatic carbonyls, which were identified as oxidation products of cycloalkanes over
polluted areas. We compared the measurements of acetaldehyde, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone to global chemistry-transport model (ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry – EMAC) results. A
significant discrepancy was found for acetaldehyde, with the model
underestimating the measured acetaldehyde mixing ratio by up to an order of
magnitude. Implementing a photolytically driven marine source of
acetaldehyde significantly improved the agreement between measurements and
model, particularly over the remote regions (e.g. Arabian Sea). However, the
newly introduced acetaldehyde source was still insufficient to describe the
observations over the most polluted regions (Arabian Gulf and Suez), where
model underestimation of primary emissions and biomass burning events are
possible reasons.
The design and development of a tuneable and portable radiation source for in situ spectrometer characterisation
Authors: Šmíd Marek , Porrovecchio Geiland , Tesař Jiří , Burnitt Tim , Egli Luca , Grőbner Julian , Linduška Petr , Staněk Martin
Published: September 2020

Abstract. For spectroradiometers the characterisation of their wavelength scale and spectral bandwidth underpins substantially the quality of measured data. This characterisation can be performed using metrology-grade tuneable monochromatic sources, which are currently available only in a few laboratories world-wide. Yet in numerous applications only the in-field calibration is a feasible solution. We have designed and developed a Tuneable and Portable radiation Source (TuPS) in the wavelength range from 300 nm to 350 nm for the in-field characterization of Dobson and Brewer spectrometers wavelength scale and slit-function with uncertainties better than 0.02 nm in wavelength and with the bandwidth of emitted radiation smaller than 0.1 nm FWHM. The TuPS is designed such that only minor modifications of its optical system extends/shifts its spectral range towards visible and near-infrared spectral regions and thus expand its application for characterisation of any spectroradiometers in the relevant spectral region of interest.
Century-scale wood nitrogen isotope trajectories from an oak savanna with variable fire frequencies
Authors: Trumper Matthew L. , Griffin Daniel , Hobbie Sarah E. , Howard Ian M. , Nelson David M. , Reich Peter B. , McLauchlan Kendra K.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Fire frequency exerts a fundamental control on productivity and nutrient
cycling in savanna ecosystems. Individual fires often increase
short-term nitrogen (N) availability to plants, but repeated burning
causes ecosystem N losses and can ultimately decrease soil organic
matter and N availability. However, these effects remain poorly
understood due to limited long-term biogeochemical data. Here, we
evaluate how fire frequency and changing vegetation composition
influenced wood stable N isotopes (δ15N) across space and
time at one of the longest running prescribed burn experiments
in the world (established in 1964). We developed multiple δ15N records
across a burn frequency gradient from precisely dated Quercus macrocarpa tree rings in an oak savanna at Cedar Creek Ecosystem
Science Reserve, Minnesota, USA. Sixteen trees were sampled across four
treatment stands that varied with respect to the temporal onset of burning and burn
frequency but were consistent in overstory species representation, soil
characteristics, and topography. Burn frequency ranged from an unburned
control stand to a high-fire-frequency stand that had burned in 4 of
every 5 years during the past 55 years. Because N stocks and net N
mineralization rates are currently lowest in frequently burned stands,
we hypothesized that wood δ15N trajectories would decline
through time in all burned stands, but at a rate proportional to the fire
frequency. We found that wood δ15N records within each stand
were remarkably coherent in their mean state and trend through time. A
gradual decline in wood δ15N occurred in the mid-20th
century in the no-, low-, and medium-fire stands, whereas there was no
trend in the high-fire stand. The decline in the three stands did not
systematically coincide with the onset of prescribed burning. Thus, we
found limited evidence for variation in wood δ15N that could
be attributed directly to long-term fire frequency in this prescribed
burn experiment in temperate oak savanna. Our wood δ15N
results may instead reflect decadal-scale changes in vegetation
composition and abundance due to early- to mid-20th-century fire
suppression.
Decomposing reflectance spectra to track gross primary production in a subalpine evergreen forest
Authors: Cheng Rui , Magney Troy S. , Dutta Debsunder , Bowling David R. , Logan Barry A. , Burns Sean P. , Blanken Peter D. , Grossmann Katja , Lopez Sophia , Richardson Andrew D. , Stutz Jochen , Frankenberg Christian
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Photosynthesis by terrestrial plants represents the majority of CO2 uptake on Earth, yet it is difficult to measure directly from space. Estimation of gross primary production (GPP) from remote sensing indices represents a primary source of uncertainty, in particular for observing seasonal variations in evergreen forests. Recent vegetation remote sensing techniques have highlighted spectral regions sensitive to dynamic changes in leaf/needle carotenoid composition, showing promise for tracking seasonal changes in photosynthesis of evergreen forests. However, these have mostly been investigated with intermittent field campaigns or with narrow-band spectrometers in these ecosystems. To investigate this potential, we continuously measured vegetation reflectance (400–900 nm) using a canopy spectrometer system, PhotoSpec, mounted on top of an eddy-covariance flux tower in a subalpine evergreen forest at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA. We analyzed driving spectral components in the measured canopy reflectance using both statistical and process-based approaches. The decomposed spectral components co-varied with carotenoid content and GPP, supporting the interpretation of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI). Although the entire 400–900 nm range showed additional spectral changes near the red edge, it did not provide significant improvements in GPP predictions. We found little seasonal variation in both normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the near-infrared vegetation index (NIRv) in this ecosystem. In addition, we quantitatively determined needle-scale chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratios as well as anthocyanin contents using full-spectrum inversions, both of which were tightly correlated with seasonal GPP changes. Reconstructing GPP from vegetation reflectance using partial least-squares regression (PLSR) explained approximately 87 % of the variability in observed GPP. Our results linked the seasonal variation in reflectance to the pool size of photoprotective pigments, highlighting all spectral locations within 400–900 nm associated with GPP seasonality in evergreen forests.