bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A lipophilic iron chelator induces an enhanced proliferation of human erythroleukaemia (HEL) cells
Authors: Ekblom Peter , Landschulz William , Anderson Leif C.
Published: August 2010

Iron metabolism is important for proliferation, but in erythroid cells it is also required for haem synthesis. In erythroleukaemia cells, there is both a continuous proliferation and a synthesis of haem, and these cell lines are therefore especially interesting for studies on iron metabolism. Iron can be efficiently delivered intracellularly by certain chelators which bypass the transferrin‐receptor‐mediated pathway of iron uptake. We now show that the human erythroleukaemia cell line, HEL, displays a greatly enhanced cell proliferation when cultured in the presence of the lipophilic iron chelator, ferric pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone. The proliferation is not accompanied by an increase in haemoglobin synthesis. The response is apparently not typical for all erythroleukaemia cells, since a similar cell line, K 562, did not respond to the chelator by enhanced proliferation.
Diagnostic value of the concentration of M‐component in initial classification of monoclonal gammopathy
Authors: Møller‐Petersen Jens , Schmidt Erik Berg
Published: August 2010

The diagnostic value of the concentration of a serum M‐component in initial classification of monoclonal gammopathy into malignant monoclonal gammopathy (MMG) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) was evaluated in 315 consecutive individuals with IgG, IgA or IgM type M‐components. The final diagnosis was MMG in 84 and MGUS in 231 patients. Serum concentration was significantly highest in MMG, but for all 3 kinds of M‐components, overlapping serum concentrations between MMG and MGUS were found. Highest efficiency was reached with a serum concentration of 30.2 g/l for IgG, 26.6 g/l for IgA and 22.7 g/l for IgM. Using these values, an initial correct classification was achieved in 0.90 of IgG M‐components, in 0.91 of IgA M‐components and in 0.79 of IgM M‐components. Normal levels of uninvolved immunoglobulins were found to point strongly to MGUS.
Unique multimeric pattern of von Willebrand factor in a patient with a benign monoclonal gammopathy
Authors: López‐Fernández M. F. , López‐Berges C. , Martin R. , Nieto J. , del Rio F. , López‐Borrasca A. , Batlle J.
Published: August 2010

A 60‐yr‐old woman had had a bleeding disorder for the last 13 yr, with laboratory features of monoclonal gammopathy and von Willebrand's disease (vWD). There was no evidence of family vWD. She had a prolonged bleeding time, low levels of factor ViII/von Willebrand factor activities and decreased ristocetin‐induced platelet agglutination. Platelet von Willebrand factor (vWF) was normal. Plasma vWF showed a unique multimeric pattern with absence of larger and intermediate multimers and a disproportionate increase of the fastest moving multimer with normal satellite bands, thus differing from previously described types of vWF. No evidence for inhibitor, non neutralizing antibody or proteolytic activity against vWF was found in her plasma or IgG fraction. DDAVP response was very poor. We suggest that this patient had a unique, probably acquired, vWD. Nevertheless the possibility of its being a new subtype of congenital vWD associated with an unrelated monoclonal gammopathy cannot be ruled out.
Bone marrow mononuclear cell thymidine uptake in chronic B‐lymphocytic leukaemia: Relation to prognosis
Authors: Juliusson Gunnar , Robèrt Karl‐Henrik
Published: August 2010

The uptake of tritium‐labelled thymidine in bone marrow mononuclear cells from 22 untreated patients with Rai stage 0‐II chronic B‐lymphocytic leukaemia was analysed in 4‐d in vitro cultures. The thymidine uptakes showed a great interindividual variability; the counts per min ranged from 1100 to 80000 (mean 26360 ± 21800 cpm). Bone marrow cells from patients who needed treatment within 1 yr from diagnosis had a lower thymidine uptake than those from patients who were untreated for more than 2 yr (7820 ± 7420 and 34 300 ± 23 200 cpm, respectively, p < 0.001). Patients with low uptake cells had poorer prognosis than those with high uptake cells, both regarding survival (5‐yr probability: 0.6 and 1.0, respectively; p < 0.03) and therapy‐free survival (5‐yr probability: 0.36 and 1.0, respectively; p < 0.02).
The effects of different doses of some acetylsalicylic acid formulations on platelet function and bleeding times in healthy subjects
Authors: McLeod L. J. , Roberts M. S. , Cossum P. A. , Vial J. H.
Published: August 2010

In an attempt to find the most appropriate dose and formulation(s) of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for thrombosis prophylaxis, healthy volunteers were given doses of ASA for 1 wk daily ranging from 50 to 3900 mg as either Aspro‐Clear (soluble), Astrix (enteric coated pellets) or Ecotrin (enteric coated tablets). Platelet function and bleeding times were monitored. All doses of ASA significantly inhibited platelet function (p < 0.05) and increased bleeding times (p < 0.05) relative to control values. Irrespective of the formulation, maximum increases in bleeding time and platelet dysfunction were obtained with daily doses of about 100 mg, and no further changes were observed with higher doses.
Platelet volume analysis in thrombocytopenia in relation to bleeding tendency
Authors: van der Lelie J. , Kerst J. M. , van der Vorm E. , von dem Borne A. E. G. Kr.
Published: August 2010

It has been shown that large platelets are haemostatically more active than the smaller ones. We therefore studied the relationship between the mean platelet volume and the percentage of micro‐ and megathrombocytes measured by a Coulter counter S plus II, and the bleeding tendency in 57 unselected patients with a platelet count below 50 × 109/l. We found no significant differences for any of these parameters between patients without and those with mild or severe bleeding tendency. This also held true when patients with a possible platelet dysfunction or with coagulation abnormalities were excluded. We conclude that platelet volume analysis in unselected patients with severe thrombocytopenia is not helpful in the prediction of their risk of bleeding.
Bone‐marrow regeneration after therapy‐induced hypoplasia monitored by serum measurements of lactoferrin, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase
Authors: Öberg G. , Venge P.
Published: August 2010

Serum levels of lactoferrin, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase were measured sequentially after induction treatment in 30 patients with AML in order to test the hypothesis that these proteins may be used to monitor activity and different stages of myelopoiesis in the bone‐marrow. The results showed that myeloperoxidase and lysozyme started to rise again 6–8 days after initiation of treatment as compared to 12 d for lactoferrin and 16 d for blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The rate of marrow regeneration was exponential and estimated to be 9–20% per d. The comparison between two different chemotherapy regimes showed that the initial reduction in lysozyme, in contrast to other measured variables, was significantly larger with the therapy that contained vincristine and glucocorticosteroids. This might reflect a reduction in lysozyme secretion in addition to the effects on the leukemic cell mass. We conclude that the measurements of lactoferrin, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase in serum under certain circumstances may be used to monitor the myelopoietic activity in the bone‐marrow.
Acute myelomonocytic leukaemia and acquired haemophilia A with severe cutaneous haemorrhage
Authors: Meek J. C. E. , Haak H. L.
Published: August 2010

A case of severe cutaneous haemorrhage due to thrombocytopenia in combination with an acquired haemophilia A is reported. The thrombocytopenia was due to acute myelomonocytic leukaemia (FAB M4). A factor VIII: C specific anticoagulant was also found. Chemotherapy led to complete remission with normal blood counts and coagulation‐test results.
Prevalence and etiological factors related to dental injuries amongst 18–22‐year‐olds in United Arab Emirates
Authors: Fakhruddin Kausar Sadia , Kawas Sausan Al
Published: August 2010

Abstract –  Background: Dental injuries in children and adolescents living across the globe are a serious public health problem. There are no data on dental injuries in United Arab Emirates (UAE). For the development of effective preventive measures, the present study was conducted to investigate the etiology and environment where dental injuries occurred, and to assess the relationship between traumatic dental injuries and socioeconomic status. Material and Methods: This study was undertaken in different colleges of University of Sharjah, UAE. 412 participants aged 18–22years were screened using Dental Trauma Index (DTI), following the questionnaire phase of the study. Results: Prevalence of dental injury was 25.9%, mostly (46.9%) with restored teeth; followed by 42.3% of minor injury (untreated enamel fracture), affecting one upper central incisor (53%). The mean age at the time of dental injury was 10.5 years (SD = 1.52; range 8–13 years) in females vs 14 years (SD = 1.71; range 12–16 years) in males. Dental injuries among males mostly occurred at public places such as on streets (27%) with (19%) of injuries were related to motor bike/micro scooters followed by bicycles (17%) and traffic accidents (9%). Socioeconomic indicators chosen were not statistically significant with the exception of family income (P = 0.01). Conclusion: The findings of this study show that dental traumas are prevalent among middle and high socioeconomic groups. There is a need for potential interventions like educating parents, caretakers, and older siblings on how to reduce the risk factors related to dental injuries.
TCR Vβ gene expression in lesional T lymphocyte cell lines in oral lichen planus
Authors: Zhou XJ , Savage NW , Sugerman PB , Walsh LJ , Aldred MJ , Seymour GJ
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To study Vβ gene expression in oral lichen planus (OLP) lesional T lymphocyte cell lines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lesional T lymphocytes were isolated from eight OLP patients and cell lines established. The total RNA was extracted from these lymphocyte cell lines and reverse transcribed. cDNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a panel of 26 Vβ‐specific oligonucleotide primers followed by qualitative analysis of the electrophoresed reaction products.

RESULTS: Vβ 1, 2, 3, 5.1, 6.1–3, 7, 8, 9, 22. 23, and 24 were represented consistently in all of the OLP samples, Vβ11, 12, and 17 were consistently negative, while the other Vβ families (Vβ4, 5.2–3, 10, 13.1, 13.2, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 21) were variable. Vβ22 and 23 were the most strongly expressed in all patients.

CONCLUSIONS A limited T cell receptor (TCR) gene usage indicates a degree of oligoclonality within these lesional T lymphocyte cell lines from OLP. This implies that OLP may be an antigen‐specific disease or linked to a limited number of superantigens.
The high risk human papillomaviruses and oral cancer: evidence for and against a causal relationship
Authors: Sugerman PB , Shillitoe EJ
Published: August 2010

Oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been detected in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).HPV16 is the most frequently detected HPV type in oral SCC and is present in up to 22% of cases, either alone or in combination with other HPV typeS. HPV18 is present in up to 14% of caseS. HPV16 and HPV18 are present together in approximately 6% of caseS. However, HPV16 and 18 are also detected in normal oral mucosae (10% and 11% of subjects, respectively). These data suggest that high risk HPV infection may be a co‐factor in oral carcinogenesis and that latent HPV infection of the oral mucosa is common. A role for HPV infection in oral car‐cinogenesis is supported by the ability of high risk HPVs to immortalize oral keratinocytes in vitro. Immortalization may involve (i) deactivation of pre‐formed tumor‐suppressor proteins by viral oncoproteins, (ii) blocking of tumor‐suppressor gene transcription as a result of HPV oncogene insertion or (iii) stimulation of cellular oncog‐ene transcription by the upstream insertion of HPV‐derived transcription activating sequenceS. Hence, infection of oral keratinocytes with high risk HPV may be involved in the pathogenesis of some oral SCCs although the evidence implicating HPV in oral carcinogenesis is, at present, mainly circumstantial.
Defensin‐1, an antimicrobial peptide present in the saliva of patients with oral diseases
Authors: Mizukawa N. , Sugiyama K. , Ueno T. , Mishima K. , Takagi S. , Sugahara T.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN: A preceding paper has noted a detection of defensin‐1 (HNP‐1), a peptide with antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, in the saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. The present study deals with the presence of HNP‐1 in the saliva of patients with various oral diseases.

METHODS: Whole saliva samples were obtained from the patientS. HNP‐1 in the saliva was isolated and purified by HPLC and the amino acid sequence of the peptide was determined. The molecular weight of HNP‐1 was measured by mass spectrometry. The concentration of HNP‐1 in saliva was determined by comparing the height of eluted HNP‐1 with that of a synthetic HNP‐1 standard.

RESULTS: The concentrations of HNP‐1 in the saliva of patients with oral lichen planus (n= 5), leukoplakia (n= 4), and glossitis associated with iron deficiency (n= 4) were 8.3± 4.3μg ml‐1, 13.2± 7.9/w.g ml ‐1, and 11.4± 4.9 μg ml‐1, (mean± S. d.), respectively. These concentrations were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects (0.8 μg ml‐1) (P < 0.01). In contrast, salivary HNP‐1 concentrations in patients with glossodynia (n= 4) and oral discomfort (n= 4) were similar to those in healthy subjects.

CONCLUSIONS: Since HNP‐1 is a non‐specific defensive peptide present in neutrophils, it may play an important role in the protection against diseases such as oral lichen planus, leukoplakia, and glossitis associated with iron deficiency.
Experimental Oral Biology: Effects of cytokines on the production of nitric oxide in a chondrogenic cell line established from human osteogenic sarcoma
Authors: Tachibana H , Kakuta S , Yagami K , Nagumo M
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various cytokines and/or lipopolisacharide (LPS) on nitric oxide (NO) production from USAC, a newly established clonal cell line derived from human osteogenic sarcoma that expressed chondrocytic phenotypes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: No production was measured by Griess method. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA was detected by PCR analysis. Western blotting analysis and immunocytochemistry was used to detect iNOS protein.

RESULTS: Although USAC cells treated without any stimulants produced only small amounts of NO, exposure to cytokines and/or LPS induced iNOS in USAC cells and produced high levels of NO. The stimulatory effects of cytokines and/or LPS on NO production required TNF‐α. TNF‐α alone neither induced iNOS in USAC cells nor caused production of NO, but addition of TNF‐α to USAC cells pretreated with LPS and IFN‐γ enhanced the expression of iNOS mRNA, induced iNOS protein and produced NO. Dexamethasone inhibited the stimulatory effect of TNF‐α.

CONCLUSIONS: The responsiveness of USAC cells to cytokines and/or LPS and steroid hormone on NO production was quite different from that reported for rabbit and human articular cartilaginous cells. The differences in responsiveness between articular cartilaginous chondrocytes and USAC cells might have been because USAC cells were established from a malignant tumor.
Chlorhexidine digluconate induces mitotic recombination in diploid cells of Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Souza‐Júnior SA , Castro‐Prado MAA
Published: August 2010

Chlorhexidine digluconate (1,1′‐hexamethylene‐bis[(5‐p‐clorophenyl)‐biguanide]) is a bisbiguanidine antiseptic, used to decrease plaque formation and to control periodontal diseases. The determination of the frequency of mitotic crossing‐over constitutes a very important method for detecting carcinogenic agents.

Objective:  The recombinogenic potential of chlorhexidine digluconate was evaluated on Aspergillus nidulans by the production of cells homozygous for the following nutritional markers: riboA1, pabaA124, biA1, methA17 and pyroA4.

Method:  A. nidulans was exposed to three concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate (1, 5, and 10 μM).

Results:  Inhibition of colony development, conidiophore morphological alteration (cytotoxic effect), and the recombinogenic effect, indicated by homozygotization index (HI) values higher than 2.0, were observed for all concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate. A homozygous pyro+//pyro+ diploid strain and a diploid homozygous for the recessive w gene were isolated from UT448//A757 diploid treated with chlorhexidine digluconate, emphasazing its recombinogenic potential.

Conclusion:  Although, beneficial effects of chlorhexidine, as an antiseptic agent, are reported in the literature, our results revealed that chlorhexidine digluconate, at less levels lowered those used clinically, caused toxic and recombinogenic effects on diploid A. nidulans strain.
STUDIES OF BACTERIAL INTERFERENCE IN EXPERIMENTALLY PRODUCED BURNS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Wickman Kristina
Published: August 2010

Thermal full‐thickness burns involving 2 per cent of the body surface area were produced in guinea pigs. DNase‐ and coagulase‐negative staphylococci cultured from the animals' normal bacterial flora were used as interference strain. They were applied to the burns of the test guinea pigs. As controls, guinea pigs were used, which were burned in the same way but not inoculated with the interference strain. An easily identifiable strain of Staphylococcus aureus was subsequently sprayed on the burns in some of the series. In the burns which were not sprayed with this test strain, records were kept only of spontaneously occurring Staphylococcus aureus. In all the series the animals in the test groups showed significantly less growth of Staphylococcus aureus both with respect to the percentage of positive animals and to the colony counts from these animals. Staphylococcus aureus positive guinea pigs thus were found in only 27 per cent in the test groups, but in 73 per cent of the controls. From the number of colonies per culture plate “growth scores” were calculated from 0 to 4 according to an arbitrary scale. The mean growth scores per animal of Staphylococcus aureus within the first two weeks after burning was 3.1 in the test guinea pigs and 8.8 in the controls. Possible practical consequenses of the observations made in the experiments are discussed, as for instance the possibility of bacteria belonging to the indigenous flora or other bacteria of lower pathogenicity to act as interference strains against hospital strains of pathogenic staphylococci.
ISOLATION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE FRAGMENTS FROM BHK21 CELLS
Authors: Gahmberg Carl G. , Simons Kai
Published: August 2010

We have isolated fractions rich in plasma membranes from baby hamster kidney cells (BHK21) by using a modification of the method of Wallach & Kamat (1966). The specific activity of Na+‐K+‐activated ATPase was 10–20 fold higher in the plasma membranes than in the original homogenate. Antiserum against whole cells gave a strong plasma membrane fluorescence and agglutinated intact BHK21 cells. Quantitative agglutination inhibition studies indicated a 20 fold concentration of the plasma membrane antigens in the isolated plasma membrane fraction. In isolated plasma membrane fractions NADH‐ diaphorase activity was low and succinate dehydrogenase activity not detectable.
EXPERIMENTAL ASCENDING SPHEROPLAST INFECTIONS OF THE URINARY TRACT.
Authors: Gnarpe Håkan
Published: August 2010

The influence of urine osmolality and urinary pH on the survival of spheroplasts from P. vulgaris was studied in ascending urinary‐tract infections in rabbits treated with penicillin. Spheroplasts were isolated from the urine of three out of fourteen rabbits with hypotonic urines. All three had a urinary pH below 5.5. No spheroplasts were isolated from the hypotonic urines with pH above 5.5 of the other eleven rabbits. However, in this latter group spheroplasts were isolated from the kidney tissue of four rabbits. In the control group consisting of 22 animals spheroplasts were isolated in the urine and in the kidney tissue of 19 and 16 rabbits, respectively. These findings were discussed with regard to urine osmolality, urinary pH and treatment of urinary tract infections with penicillin.
DEMONSTRATION BY DISC ELECTROPHORESIS OF THE LIPOPROTEIN CARRYING THE Lp(a) ANTIGEN IN HUMAN SERA
Authors: Garoff Henrik , Simons Kai , Ehnholm Christian , Berg Kåre
Published: August 2010

We have described a disc electrophoretic method for demonstrating the serum lipoprotein carrying the inherited Lp (a) antigen. This technique offers a supplement, and possibly an alternative, to the immunological method of Lp typing.
HYPERACUTE KIDNEY REJECTION IN RABBITS WITH LYMPHOCYTOTOXIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: Lund B. , Ahrons S.
Published: August 2010

Kidney allotransplantation was performed in 24 rabbits following sensitization by three to nine skin grafts from the prospective donor. During sensitization cytotoxic antibodies active against donor cells appeared in 21 of the recipients. Seven grafts presented cortical necrosis as well as multiple glomerular microthrombi. The similarity between the lesion and that of hyperacute rejection in human kidney allotransplantation is discussed.
ETHYLENE OXIDE RESISTANCE OF MICRO‐ORGANISMS IN DUST COMPARED WITH THE RESISTANCE OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS SPORES
Authors: Kristensen Hanne
Published: August 2010

The resistance of standardized spore preparations of Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis to industrial ethylene oxide sterilization procedures was compared. Moreover, the resistance of the most resistant preparation was compared with that of micro‐organisms in dust and dirt. The experiments demonstrated the importance of the water content to the ethylene oxide resistance of “test pieces” intended for the control of the microbiological effect of sterilization procedures. It was demonstrated also that micro‐organisms in dust and dirt may possess an ethylene oxide resistance in the same range as that possessed by B. subtilis spores in the vacuum‐dried routine “test pieces” of Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen. Inactivation curves representing the subtilis strain and some of the micro‐organisms which had survived the industrial sterilization procedures revealed that the decisive factor in the inactivation was the water content inside the micro‐organisms or in their immediate vicinity.
ENDOGENOUS INCORPORATION OF 32P IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: Jyssum Sidsel , Jyssum Kaare
Published: August 2010

Meningococcal extracts mediate an incorporation of 32P in the presence of Mg44 and ADP which is improved by the addition of EDTA. A major part of this incorporation is due to a polynucleotide phosphorylase activity, and is independent of electron flux. But the endogenous respiration is also accompanied by a phosphorylation. When the cytochrome oxidase is inhibited by KCN phosphorylation occurs concomitantly with the endogenous reduction of added mammalian ferricytochrome c. This phosphorylation is nearly doubled when KHCO3 is included in the system. It has not been possible to demonstrate an oxidative phosphorylation on the electron‐oxygen transport level in meningococcal extracts with NADH, NADPH or ferrocytochrome c as electron sources. The phosphorylation connected with electron flux, and its enhancement by KHCO3 have been discussed in relation to the CO2 requirements typical for N. meningitidis.
FINE STRUCTURE AND TAXONOMIC POSITION OF NEISSERIA HAEMOLYSANS (THJØTTA & BØE 1938) OR GEMELLA HAEMOLYSANS (BERGER 1960)
Authors: Reyn A. , Birch‐Andersen A. , Berger U.
Published: August 2010

Five bacterial strains labelled either Neisseria or Gemella haemolysans were studied with the electron microscope. They were found to be mutually alike and to possess a fine structure like that generally described for Gram‐positive microorganisms. The mean moles per cent guanine + cytosine of the strains was 33.5 which is significantly different from the values hitherto obtained in the Gram‐negative Neisseria.
INTRACISTERNAL A‐TYPE PARTICLES IN MURINE NEOPLASIAS WITH AND WITHOUT PARAPROTEIN PRODUCTION
Authors: EBBESEN P. , NIELSEN M. H.
Published: August 2010

Immature plasma cell neoplasias induced in BALB/c mice with subcellular leukaemic extracts were investigated with the electron microscope for virus‐like particles. A‐type particles located in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and in the perinuclear space were the only virus‐like particles observed. The A‐type particles average 70 mü in transverse diameter. They display two electron‐dense shells around a 30 mü wide electron‐translucent core. In most instances the particle surface is covered by a layer of granular material with moderate electron‐density. A few electron‐dense granules are noted in the core of some A‐type particles. The A‐type particles apparently are formed by inward budding from the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and occur whether or not the neoplasm produces paraprotein. The findings are discussed in light of our knowledge on leukaemic lesions in mice with plasma cell neoplasia.
A PARAFFIN EMBEDDING METHOD IN KIDNEY IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STUDIES
Authors: HERON IVER
Published: August 2010

Immunofluorescence microscopy was carried out on kidney biopsies fixed in cold ethanol, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned by a standard microtome. Immunoglobulins could be demonstrated with glomerular localization in cases of kidney diseases in a pattern similar to that described by others who have investigated frozen specimens. β1A/β1C complement was shown to be preserved less satisfactorily by the method. The advantages of the method and precautions to be taken are discussed.
ANAMNESTIC RESPONSE IN RABBIT BLOOD LEUCOCYTE CULTURES
Authors: LAMVIK J. O.
Published: August 2010

The reported experiments show that while α‐ and β‐globulins are formed in the cultured leucocytes in sheep red cell stimulated as well as non‐stimulated cultures containing primed as well as non‐primed cells, immunoglobulins mainly of γG type are formed and liberated into the culture medium following antigen stimulation of primed cells. The amount of newly synthesized immunoglobulin of γG type was found to be correlated to the agglutinin titres. De novo synthesis of γM was also found, but only in minute amounts and without any close relation to culture time or agglutinin titres.
TUBULAR AND INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS PRODUCED BY HOMOLOGOUS HEART HOMOGENATE IN RABBITS
Authors: JOKINEN E. J. , WEGELIUS OTTO
Published: August 2010

When rabbits were repeatedly injected with freshly prepared homologous heart homogenate, the anti‐heart antibody formation was weak, whereas the chronic tubulo‐interstitial nephritis simultaneously observed had been very severe. Denaturing of the homogenate by repeated freezing and thawing, however, resulted in a markedly stronger antibody production, whereas, on the other hand, the kidney disease had then been relatively mild.
SURFACE IMMUNOGENS OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS DEMONSTRATED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
Authors: Bennedsen J.
Published: August 2010

Under mild conditions, saline extraction of tubercle bacilli produced an immunogenic mixture which, in rabbits, gave rise to precipitating sera with high fluorescence antibody (FA) titre. Some purification of the major antigens was achieved by means of ion‐exchange chromatography and disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide. At least two immunogenic substances were found, each with a different type of immunospecificity. The one gave sera that stained M. tuberculosis and BCG exclusively and, by means of enzymatic digestion, this was shown to be of protein nature.
PHOSPHOLIPASE ACTIVITY OF ACINETOBACTER CALCOACETICUS
Authors: Lehmann Vidar
Published: August 2010

Phospholipase activity in broth culture filtrate of Acinelobacter calcoaceticus has been investigated. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were split by a reaction in accordance with phospholipase C activity. The egg yolk turbidity reaction was enhanced by Mg++ and inhibited by Ca+‐ and Zn++, the temperature coefficient (Q10°C) was 1.9 and optimum pH 8‐8.4. Similarities between the haemolytic reaction and the egg yolk reaction of A. calcoaceticus were pointed out, and confirmed by gel filtration and electrophoresis experiments. Evidence suggests that the haemolytic activity of A. calcoaceticus is due to the action of a phospholipase C.
IgA AND IgM REACTING WITH STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A
Authors: McDowell Graham , Grov Arne , Qeding Per
Published: August 2010

52 Acta path, microbiol. scand. Section B. 79, 6

IgM in guinea pig antisera obtained 10 days after immunization with purified protein A, and IgA in human colostrum from apparently healthy mothers, reacted with protein A. These findings are consistent with antibodies to protein A having Fab‐ as well as Fc‐reactive. sites.
ENZYMOSEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VIBRIO COMMA AND OTHER GRAM‐NEGATIVE ORGANISMS
Authors: Sandvik Olav , Dahle Hans Kolbein
Published: August 2010

Seven tested strains of Vibrio comma and two of Vibrio metschnikovii were all found to produce so‐called Casein Precipitating enzymes (CP‐enzymes). CP‐enzymes produced by the different Vibrio strains, and proteolytic strains of 6 other Gram‐negative bacterial genera have been serologically compared. The technique used is based upon electrophoretic separation of the naturally occurring inhibitors from the induced antiproteinases, combined with the Casein Precipitation Inhibition test, by which the inhibitory activity of the antisera can be analyzed. The analyses indicate that some proteinases of different strains of V. comma are serologically different, while a close enzymoserological relationship exists between others. This relationship may involve only one of two, or more, factors of the enzyme complex. This kind of partial enzymoserological relationship was also found between proteinases from strains of V. comma on the one hand, and Aeromonas liquefaciens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the other. The two strains of V. metschnikovii seemed to be enzymoserologic‐ally identical and unrelated to all other organisms tested. The taxonomical significance of the observations has been discussed.
SPECIFICITY OF OPSONIC AND BACTERICIDAL RESPONSE OF GNOTOBIOTIC RAT SERA
Authors: Midtvedt Tore , Trippestad Arne
Published: August 2010

Using an indirect in vitro system, the bactericidal activity of gnotobiotic rat sera towards 22P‐labelled E. coli was tested. Furthermore, the opsonic effect of such sera was studied, measuring phagocytosis by rat peritoneal polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Monocontamination of germfree rats with different strains of E. coli resulted in a significant augmentation of both activities. The highest bactericidal and opsonic activities were obtained in sera from rats monocontaminated with the strain of E. coli used in the test system. The results also indicated that specific antibodies might be more important for the opsonic than the bactericidal effect of serum.
INTESTINAL GLYCOPROTEINS OF GERMFREE RATS
Authors: Wold Jens K. , Khan Riaz , Midtvedt Tore
Published: August 2010

Intestinal and fecal contents were collected from germfree rats fed a chemically defined diet. The contents, considered to consist mainly of the epithelial mucin of the gastrointestinal tract, were separately extracted with water followed by dialysis and freezedrying. The products obtained had a similar composition, corresponding to substances of glyco‐protein nature. The carbohydrate part, constituting about 80 per cent of the material, contained galactose, mannose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, N‐acetylglucosamine, N‐acetyl‐galactosamine and sialic acid. In the peptide moiety serine, threonine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid were the major amino acids. Gel chromatographic experiments indicated, chemical as well as physical heterogeneity of the extracts.
LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATION BY A COMPLEX OF PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ AND RED CELL MEMBRANE
Authors: Tärnvik A.
Published: August 2010

Lymphocytes purified from human blood responded poorly to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The response was increased by addition of red cell membranes but not by soluble products from red cells. PHA‐coated red cell membranes stimulated purified lymphocytes. The response obtained was higher than that caused by an optimal concentration of PHA in soluble form. The results indicate that a complex of PHA and red cell membrane has higher lymphocyte stimulating activity than has free PHA.
Immunoglobulin‐Containing Cells in the Small Intestine in Viral Hepatitis
Authors: Søltoft J. , Søeberg B.
Published: August 2010

Immunofluorescence microscopy studies of jejunal and hepatic biopsies from 12 patients with viral hepatitis are reported. Antisera against IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, IgE, and SP (“secretory piece”) were employed. Significant increase of IgA‐ and IgD‐containing cells was found in the jejunal biopsies.
SELECTIVE IMMUNOGLOBULIN DEFICIENCY IN CATTLE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION
Authors: Nansen Peter
Published: August 2010

Sera from animals, mainly of the Red Danish Milkbreed, have been examined by immunochemical analyses in order to select possible IgG‐2 immunoglobulin deficiencies. According to previous findings a low frequency was found in the healthy animal material (1 out of 417 animals) whereas the frequency of this immunoglobulin deficiency was strikingly much higher among diseased animals, especially among animals with pyogenic infections (13 out of 93 animals). It was assumed that lack of IgG‐2 may be associated with a reduced resistance to infections, in particular those caused by pyogenic bacteria.
EVALUATION OF PHENOLICS BY A QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUE
Authors: Bergan Tom , Lystad Arve
Published: August 2010

The quantitative technique of the British Standard (BS 3286:1960) has been applied to four phenolic disinfectants. Comparisons showed that regressions made with log‐probit transformations were preferable to log‐log. The British Standard quantitative technique as employed by us has been found to act as a useful adjuvant to Kelsey & Sykes (1969) capacity test in the selection of use‐dilutions for disinfectants.
A TRANSFORMED YULE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT EMPLOYED IN NUMERICAL GROUPING PROCEDURES ON BACTERIOPHAGE LYTIC SPECTRA
Authors: Bergan Tom
Published: August 2010

A transformation of the Yule correlation coefficient (S∍) yielding a range for the values from 0 to 100 was used for the assessment of the relationship between pseudomonas typing bacteriophage lytic spectra. The S∍ compared well with the Jaccard‐Sneath similarity coefficient (SJS), the use of which was reported in a previous communication. Correlation analysis of these two similarity statistics rendered r = 0.8834. The unweighted pair group average cluster analysis based on S∍ ([S∍] UWPGA) has a higher cophenetic correlation than the corresponding weighted pair group procedure rendering correlation coefficients of 0.8122 and 0.7450 respectively. However, the [S∍] UWPGA did not have as high a correlation to the similarity matrix as achieved for the same cluster procedure based on SJS.
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF JOSAMYCIN
Authors: Bergan Tom , Øydvin Bjorg
Published: August 2010

A sensitive bioassay for josamycin was obtained by an agar cup procedure using Micrococcus luteus CQ, 70 ml Mueller Hinton Medium (Difco) per 14 cm diameter plates, 5 hours prediffusion, and over night incubation at 37°C. This procedure allows measurements in the range of 0.01–4.0 μ/ml josamycin base. Josamycin activity was enhanced by high pH values. NaCl and NaHCO3 had little influence on josamycin activity, whereas CaCl2 was markedly inhibitory. Josamycin base was relatively stable in acid milieu. No inactivation was found after 6 weeks in serum at —70°C, or for 3 hours either in a pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution or in a simulated intestinal fluid T. S. of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP XVIII). Only 35 per cent inactivation was found after 3 hours storage at room temperature in a simulated gastric fluid (USP XVIII).
INFLUENCE OF GLYCOPROTEIN FROM RED CELL MEMBRANES ON THE AGGLUTINATING AND LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATING ACTIVITY OF PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Tärnvik A. , Carlsson J.
Published: August 2010

Lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of each of two phytohaemagglutinin preparations. One of these preparations (H‐PHAP) agglutinated red cells and a mixture of leucocytes and platelets. The other preparation (L‐PHAP) agglutinated leucocytes‐platelets but not red cells. A soluble glycoprotein from red cell membranes markedly inhibited the H‐PHAP‐induced lymphocyte stimulation, but inhibited the L‐PHAP‐induced stimulation slightly or not at all. The glycoprotein inhibited the H‐PHAP‐induced agglutination of red cells and leucocytes‐platelets, but did not inhibit the L‐PHAP‐induced agglutination of leucocytes‐platelets.
ISOLATION AND DESCRIPTION OF A HAEMOLYTIC SPECIES OF NEISSERIA (N. ovis) FROM CATTLE WITH INFECTIOUS KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS
Authors: Pedersen Knud Bφrge
Published: August 2010

In some cases of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in cattle haemolytic Gram‐negative cocci were isolated in mixed culture together with Moraxella bovis. These Gram‐negative cocci were identified as Neisseria ovis. Differentiation from Moraxella may be difficult. An important differential characteristic is that Moraxella consists of short rods, whereas Neisseria are cocci. Unlike M. bovis, N. ovis in non‐proteolytic. It reduces nitrate. The G + C content of the DNA of one of the strains was 43.9 per cent. Calves exposed to conjunctival infection with N. ovis with and without previous ultraviolet irradiation did not develop any clinical symptoms.
A Comparison of Phage Pattern and Antigenic Structure with Biochemical Properties of Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated from Swine
Authors: Oeding P. , Marandon J. L. , Meyer W. , Hájek V. , Maršálek E.
Published: August 2010

Seventy‐one strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the nasal cavities of healthy swine were studied biochemically, serologically and by phage typing. Sixty‐nine strains (97 per cent) were typable by phages of the International Basic Set, 55 strains at RTD and 14 strains at RTD × 1,000, whereas only 30 strains were lysed by “bovine” phages from the provisional set (Davidson's set). Sixty‐six strains (93 per cent) were typable with factor sera. The agglutinations were strong and usually only one type agglutinogen was present. Fifty strains formed a homogeneous group with biological properties considered as characteristic of staphylococci occurring in swine. These strains were of crystal violet type A, fibrinolysin‐negative, produced β‐haemolysin and pigment, coagulated human plasma strongly but not bovine plasma. They belonged to phage group II and had the c1 agglutinogen.
Characterization of a Structural Antigen of Rubella Virus Reacting by Gel Precipitation
Authors: Salmí A. A.
Published: August 2010

Two to three gel‐precipitating (GP) antigens of rubella virus were extracted from purified rubella virus by treatment with the nonionic detergents Nonidet P40 and Tween 20. The strongest of these GP antigens was further characterized. This antigen sedimented through a 5–20 per cent sucrose gradient in an ultracentrifuge at an S value of about 3.5. It banded in a CsCl equilibrium gradient at densities of 1.25 to 1.30 g/ml. An identical small‐sized antigen could be extracted from rubella‐infected BHK‐21 cells. This antigen seemed to be part of the rubella virus envelope. Some characteristics of the remaining core particles were determined.
Purification of a Soluble Gel Precipitating Antigen of Rubella Virus and Antibody Responses to the Purified Antigen
Authors: Salmi A. A.
Published: August 2010

A gel‐precipitating (GP) antigen was purified from rubella‐infected BHK‐21 cells. The purification procedure included DEAE‐cellulose chromatography and ultracentrifugations. The purified antigen also had CF antigen activity which represented about 10 per cent of the original amount of CF antigen in infected BHK‐cells. This GP antigen sedimented at about 3.5 S in sucrose gradient centrifugations and equilibrated at about 1.30 g/ml in CsCl gradient centrifugations. Immunization of guinea pigs with this antigen resulted in the production of rubella GP antibodies as well as HI and CF antibodies to purified rubella virus. The gel precipitating antibody response was measured with this purified antigen. After natural rubella infection a slow increase in GP titres was found until the end of the observation period which covered 3 to 4 months. A tendency to slow development of rubella GP antibodies was observed in rubella vaccinees. Animal immunizations confirmed the slow increase of GP antibodies. Rabbits responded better than guinea pigs when measured by GP, although the latter produced high rubella HI antibody titres.
Evaluation of Neutrophil Granulocyte Functions
Authors: Solberg Claus O.
Published: August 2010

Two methods (I and II) for the evaluation of the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophil granulocytes in human disease are described by which the total number of viable bacteria and the number of viable intracellular bacteria in an in vitro phagocytic system are measured. In method I, the number of viable intracellular bacteria was determined using phenylbutazone for the inhibition of intracellular killing of bacteria and antibiotics for the inactivation of extracellular organisms. In method II, extracellular and intracellular bacteria were separated by differential centrifugation. The results obtained by method II were markedly obscured by contamination with extracellular bacteria. Method I provided a more accurate evaluation of the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophil granulocytes.
Haematological Changes After Injection of Endotoxin into Warfarin‐Treated Rabbits
Authors: Haugen Jostein
Published: August 2010

A comparison was made of haematological changes in warfarin‐sodium‐treated and in untreated rabbits, given daily intravenous injections of endotoxin from Salmonella typhi for 15 days. Two groups received a low endotoxin dose and two groups a higher dose. Total and differential counts made prior to and 1, 4, and 24 hrs after the 2nd, 8th, and 15th endotoxin injection, showed that the considerable changes of the leukocyte count were dominated by fluctuations of the polymorphonuclear cells. Low endotoxin doses resulted in only a slight change in the mononuclear counts. The higher dose resulted in marked changes which did not parallel those of the polymorphonuclear cells. Following the low endotoxin dose no difference was found between warfarin‐sodium‐treated and untreated rabbits. Following the higher dose a difference was indicated with regard to the polymorphonuclear cells; especially for the response recorded 1 hr after each injection. A decrease was found in the volume of packed red cells, which was recorded every other day in the experimental period. The fall was most marked in the warfarin‐sodium‐treated rabbits, the difference being significant for those receiving the higher dose. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which was recorded every other day, increased in all rabbits, the increase being significantly higher in the warfarin‐sodium‐treated than in the untreated rabbits— irrespective of the size of the endotoxin dose.
Identification of Penicillin‐Stimulated Staphylococcal Haemolysin as Alpha‐Lysin
Authors: Hallander Hans O. , Laurell Gunnar , Löfström Gunnar
Published: August 2010

Cultivation of S. aureus in the presence of 0.03 IU benzyl‐penicillin stimulated the formation of a haemolysin which was suggested to be alpha‐lysin. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 30000 by molecular sieve chromatography. It was mainly active on rabbit erythrocytes and was neutralized by alphalysin antibody. Furthermore it gave a reaction of identity in comparative immunoelectrophoresis with an are which was shown to represent alpha‐lysin.
Correlation Between the Occurrence of Protein a and Some Other Properties in Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Lind Inga
Published: August 2010

The prevalence of protein A producing strains of S. aureus was found to vary. An increase in the proportion of weak protein A producers during the past decade was found to coincide with a shift in dominant phage types in Denmark. Within phage groups I and II the ability to form large amounts of protein A was shown to be correlated to a deficient haemolysin production. This correlation was also found for group III strains susceptible to phage 75 A. Among group III strains susceptible to phages within the complex 83A, 84, 85, 6557, 89 two subgroups were remarkable. The strains which were resistant to neomycin (antibiogram PSTEN) produced large amounts of protein A, whereas those which were resistant to methicillin (antibiograms PSTEM and PSTM) produced little or no protein A. Analysis of the present material revealed no demonstrable or suspected pathogenic properties of protein A.
Evaluation of Some Extraction Methods for the Preparation of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides for Structural Analysis
Authors: Lindberg Alf A. , Holme Tord
Published: August 2010

The extraction of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from smooth strains of Salmonella typhimurium for structural studies using methylation analysis is preferably done by hot phenol‐water method on a cell‐wall preparation obtained by mechanical disintegration of γ‐irradiated bacteria. The LPS obtained by this method was less contaminated than LPS extracted by hot phenol‐water from acetone dried bacteria or bacteria pretreated with 1 per cent formaldehyde. LPS for structural analysis from rough mutants is, due to its lipophilic character, preferably extracted with a mixture of phenol, chloroform and petroleum ether. The presence of the precursor of the O side‐chain, LI‐hapten, in the different LPS‐ and supernatant fractions was assessed by gel precipitation tests. The LPS forms a line near the antigen well whereas the low molecular weight hapten forms a line near the antiserum well. The hapten was not formed in excess in the smooth strain S. typhimurium LT2. In the rough mutant studied, S. typhimurium SL 733, O‐antigenic material was found in both the LPS‐preparation (probably as a covalently linked O side‐chain) and the supernatant (as a hapten).
THE ORIGIN OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN‐G IN BOVINE TEARS
Authors: Pedersen Knud Borge
Published: August 2010

Studies with radio‐iodinated albumin, IgG‐1 and IgG‐2 in calves revealed that IgG‐1, when compared with albumin and IgG‐2, is selectively transferred from blood to tears. The majority of IgG‐1 in tears seemed to be of plasma origin. The transfer rate of IgG‐2 from blood to tears was slightly below that of albumin. During development of experimental keratoconjunctivitis produced by infection with Moraxella bovis the transfer rate of IgG‐1, IgG‐2 and albumin was increased and their concentration ratios approached the serum pattern. The selective transfer of IgG‐1 from blood to external secretions may account for the higher catabolic rate of IgG‐1 when compared with IgG‐2 in the bovine species.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MARKERS FOR PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Bergan Tom
Published: August 2010

Experience with serogrouping and pyocine typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been presented. The Habs serogrouping system was compared with the schemas of Homma et al., of Lányi, and of Sandvik. All the reference strains of Homma et al. were groupable by the Habs set, likewise most of the Lányi strains. The bovine Sandvik serogroup reference strains all had a Habs counterpart, except O:II which was incorporated in the Habs system as O:13. The bovine serogroup O:VIII corresponded to Habs O:8. It was considered justified to recognize the Wahba O:14 as a separate entity. The pyocine typing method of Gillies & Govan was suitable since it rendered a reasonably reproducible result. With this procedure, 96.7 per cent of the strains were typed. The major disadvantage of the method was its insufficient subdivision of the P. aeruginosa strains. Only three types constituted 65.3 per cent of the material. The data suggested a correlation between certain serogroups and pyocine types.