bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonprofits in Urban America. Edited. by Richard C. Hula and Cynthia Jackson-Elmoore. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 2000. 235p. $65.00.
Authors: Haas Peter J.
Published: May 2008

This volume purports to explore questions about the changing role of nonprofit organizations in contemporary urban America. The stated theme is to explain how and why such organizations “attempt to sculpt the landscape of urban policy and political action rather than simply react or adapt to it” (p. 1), although the nine articles do not embrace it with equal rigor. The editors, who also contribute a chapter, further state that the text will explore “when and where such efforts are effective and when and where they are not''(p. 1). These are timely and important issues, given the Bush administration's stated goal of increasing reliance on nonprofit organizations.
Women, Religion, and Social Change in Brazil's Popular Church By Carol Ann Drogus. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997. 226p. $26.00.
Authors: Htun Mala
Published: May 2008

Historically, the Roman Catholic Church is seen as an obstacle to progressive social and political change in Latin America. Beginning in the 1960s, however, the Second Vatican Council and the growth of liberation theology prompted doctrinal and institutional changes in the church in Brazil and several other countries. From an ally of the conservative oligarchy and establishment, the church turned into an engine of mobilization for grassroots movements and a focal point for popular opposition to authoritarian governments. One of the more significant and widely researched changes in the “popular church” was the establishment of thousands of ecclesiastical base communities (CEBs) among the poor. The fact that the majority of CEB participants are women has received far less attention.
Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective Edited by Richard Gunther and Anthony Mughan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 496p. $85.00 cloth, $29.95 paper. Media and the Presidentialization of Parliamentary Elections By Anthony Mughan. New York: Palgrave, 2000. 179p. $65.00.
Authors: Scammell Margaret
Published: May 2008

The themes of crisis and transformation have fueled a miniexplosion of research on media and democracy in the last decade. Researchers within or close to the “media studies'' school have developed a burgeoning literature on questions of citizenship and the public sphere, in the context of deregulation, expanding media markets, and rising interest in the arguments of the deliberative democrats. Scholars more closely connected to political science have pursued an overlapping but different agenda. From the United States and western Europe, amid concern at signs of a crisis of citizen engagement, the focus increasingly is on media power to mobilize or demobilize voters. From Eastern and central Europe and Latin America there is an emerging corpus on the role of media in the transition and consolidation of democracy. Cross-cutting these various strands are the Internet revolution and the question of globalization and, more specifically, U.S. potency to lead or at least predict trends in political communication for the democratic world.
For Moral Ambiguity: National Culture and the Politics of the Family. By Michael J. Shapiro. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. 248p. $47.95 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Authors: Dolan Frederick M.
Published: May 2008

Michael J. Shapiro reflects on “the politics of the family” from the point of view of an outlook on political life inspired by “genealogy,” an approach originated by Friedrich Nietzsche and refined by Michel Foucault. Although Shapiro would not characterize it quite in these terms, that outlook is roughly as follows. Ideas about political regimes are typically governed by the values of unity, agreement, or consensus. But that is highly misleading. A consideration of how political concepts and institutions come into being (that is, a genealogy of the political, as opposed to a theorization of it) leads to a picture in which disagreement and conflict are as central as consensus and harmony. Words like “authority,” “democracy,” and “freedom” are continually redefined as people put them to different uses in changing contexts of conflict and interpretation. What they are thought to mean at any given moment will be an incomplete, contested, and on the whole incoherent echo of actual usage. Individuals, too, shape their outlooks by means of clashing and contradictory desires, norms, and perspectives. For this reason, the goals and beliefs that move any actually existing political regime (and any given individual) will typically be ill defined, ambiguous, and amenable to additional equivocation and conflict.
Justice and Punishment: The Rationale of Coercion. By Matt Matravers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 286p. $70.00.
Authors: Elshtain Jean Bethke
Published: May 2008

Justice and Punishment begins promisingly. Matt Matravers notes that the question—“Why and by what right, do some people punish others?”—is “not a new question. The problem of punishment is one of the most enduring in political theory” (p. 1). But over the years, punishment theory has been separated from moral and political philosophy more generally. The upshot is that both punishment theory and moral and political philosophy have suffered. To put things right, Matravers avers, any adequate theory of punishment “must be rooted in a broader moral theory, and that broader moral theory will be … constructivist” (p. 1). It is the task of his book to explore why and how this is so.
Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers By Wendy Hunter. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. 243p. $45.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Arceneaux Craig
Published: May 2008

Writing at a time when the literature on transitions to democracy was fixated on the mode of transition, and when concepts such as authoritarian legacy, authoritarian enclave, or the shadow of the past dominated, Wendy Hunter's 1997 book, Eroding Military Influence in Brazil, went against the grain. In a direct attack on institutionalist approaches that emphasized the resiliency of military prerogatives in transitions from military regimes, Hunter argues that democracy itself would, over time, reduce the influence exerted by the armed forces. A solid theoretical orientation, rich casework, and insightful commentary on the dynamics behind the creation of civilian control all mark the book as a noteworthy contribution to the literature on democratic transitions, civil–military relations, and Latin American politics.
Designing Democracy: What Constitutions Do. By Cass R. Sunstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. 304p. $29.95.
Authors: Edelman Martin
Published: May 2008

A venerable question has once again become a dominant issue confronting public law scholars. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, ostensibly democratic states have emerged throughout the areas formerly designated as the Second and Third Worlds. The establishment of these new regimes has invariably been accompanied by the promulgation of written constitutions. For public law scholars, this sequence has posed the question of the utility of written constitutions: What, if anything, do these documents add to nation, state, and society?
Suffering and Moral Responsibility. By Jamie Mayerfeld. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. 237p. $45.00.
Authors: Tronto Joan C.
Published: May 2008

Jamie Mayerfeld has written a wise and morally sensitive book that he hopes will compel readers to take seriously their “prima facie duty to relieve suffering” (p. 9). Insofar as “attention to suffering has been a casualty of a long series of attacks on hedonistic utilitarianism” (p. 3), Mayerfeld offers a thorough account of the nature of suffering and argues for the view that its badness imposes a universal prima facie duty for people to try to avoid suffering. Since the purpose of moral inquiry is “to identify wrong kinds of behavior so that we can avoid them” (p. 7), Mayerfeld, not himself a utilitarian, follows a catholic approach and skillfully draws upon arguments from utilitarians, deontologists, Aristotelians, hedonists, psychologists, and philosophers to support his moral intuitions.
The U.S. Supreme Court and the Electoral Process. Edited by David K. Ryden. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000. 322p. $65.00 cloth, $23.95 paper. Campaigns and the Court: The U.S. Supreme Court in Presidential Elections. By Donald Grier Stephenson, Jr. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. 363p. $49.50 cloth, $19.50 paper.
Authors: Gates John B.
Published: May 2008

The controversy surrounding the 2000 U.S. presidential election has already generated major scholarly work and will do so for years to come. Both works reviewed here were written before the historic judicial events surrounding the November election of 2000. Far from irrelevant, each work offers unique insight into the fundamental rules surrounding political conflict and the historical flow of elections with major social and economic change. As such, we learn much about political science and the struggle over the proper analytical lens for understanding politics.
The Soul of Justice: Social Bonds and Racial Hubris. By Cynthia Willett. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. 241p. $46.50 cloth, $17.95 paper.
Authors: Hancock Ange-Marie
Published: May 2008

When is freedom possible? In the silence of a shared heartbeat, when desire is not consumed by the wounds of social forces, hubris, or the historical memory of such violations. According to Cynthia Willett, the locus of that desire is in the socially embedded person. She argues that crimes against the individual as a social person constitute political wounds that should be healed via emancipatory love (p. 214).
Shades of Citizenship: Race and the Census in Modern Politics By Melissa Nobles. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000. 248p. $49.50 cloth, $16.95 paper.
Authors: Winant Howard
Published: May 2008

A thoughtful book on a subject that can be quite vexing, Shades of Citizenship benefits greatly from the comparative analytical framework employed. The central poles of comparative attention are the U.S. and Brazilian censuses, but Nobles also comments on a range of other national processes of census-taking and systems of racial classification employed; Germany and South Africa as well as other Latin American, African, and European countries are mentioned.
Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives. By Stanley P. Berard. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. 250p. $22.95.
Authors: Rae Nicol C.
Published: May 2008

The rise of partisanship in Congress has been one of the most conspicuous features of American politics during the 1990s. David Rohde's (1991) Parties and Leaders in the PostReform House demonstrated that much of this rise in partisanship could be attributed to the convergence in congressional voting between Northern and Southern Democrats. Since the New Deal, the latter had traditionally allied with Republicans on many issues in a bipartisan conservative coalition that generally dominated both Houses of Congress and constrained liberal legislative outcomes. While Rohde and Barbara Sinclair (Legislators, Leaders and Lawmaking, 1995) have emphasized how institutional rule changes in the 1970s created a much greater incentive for party loyalty among member of Congress, relatively little attention has been paid to the extent to which enhanced partisanship in Congress has been driven by “bottom-up” electoral imperatives. Stanley Berard's new book on Southern Democrats in the House convincingly shows that major changes in the southern electoral environment were equally important in promoting convergence in the voting records of Northern and Southern Democrats, leading to a more partisan House overall.
The Anatomy of Public Opinion By Jacob Shamir and Michal Shamir. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. 320p. $52.50.
Authors: Balleck Barry J.
Published: May 2008

What is public opinion? In this aptly named book, authors Jacob Shamir and Michal Shamir attempt to address their perceived deficiencies in public opinion research by posing a new theoretical framework for the study of this important subject. Though hundreds of books, articles, and monographs have addressed public opinion, the authors contend that current theories of public opinion are too deterministic and that they fall short of explaining the full range of public opinion possibilities. Existing studies attempt to interpret public opinion on the basis of the observed outcomes—i.e., Why was a particular opinion expressed? What does it mean in the context of the instrument constructed to measure that opinion? The authors believe that to understand public opinion, one must come to understand the role of the information environment in which that opinion is located. In other words, Shamir and Shamir are not interested simply in the static outcomes of public opinion but in the environment in which that opinion is constructed. To this end, they propose a new theoretical construct by which to interpret it.
Pursuit of Justices: Presidential Politics and the Selection of Supreme Court Nominees. By David Alistair Yalof. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999, 280p. $27.50.
Authors: Goldman Sheldon
Published: May 2008

It is a pleasure to review this well-written book, which should be of enormous interest to every serious student of judicial politics and the presidency. Based upon a thorough mining of the presidential papers of seven presidents and numerous interviews with key participants in the selection process, along with other primary and secondary sources, Yalof gives us a presidency-by-presidency take on the recruitment of Supreme Court nominees.
The Rise of the Agricultural Welfare State: Institutions and Interest Group Power in the United States, France, and Japan By Adam D. Sheingate. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001. 279p. $45.00.
Authors: Skogstad Grace
Published: May 2008

This is a helpful addition to the growing body of historical institutionalist literature that demonstrates the influence of macro- and sectoral-level institutions on policymaking. The central arguments, examined here with regard to agricultural policy, are two. First, institutional relationships among state and nonstate actors may facilitate one policy objective but impede other policy goals. Neither novel nor inconsistent with the literature, this proposition is advanced through elaboration of how various interrelationships between political parties and interest groups shape governments' policy capabilities. Second, Sheingate argues that the American institutional framework of dispersed authority and pluralism does not necessarily render governments incapable or subject to interest group capture. In advancing this proposition, he seeks to put paid to popular depictions of American agrarian politics as constituting iron triangles and all-powerful farm groups.
Rational Lives: Norms and Values in Politics and Society. By Dennis Chong. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. 292p. $45.00 cloth, $18.00 paper.
Authors: Margolis Howard
Published: May 2008

Dennis Chong proposes an account of how to forge a merger between rational choice and sociological explanations of the role of norms, values, and symbols in politics. The core idea is that norms and values (not just self-interest) are indeed essential for understanding political choice (as a sociologist would expect), but that norms and values have to develop. Those in place today change over time. And rational choice enters in guiding that evolution.
Civic Liberalism: Reflections on Our Democratic Ideals. By Thomas A. Spragens, Jr. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999. 271p. $70.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Brubaker Stanley C.
Published: May 2008

Of the many endeavors in the last three decades to restate the central aspirations of liberalism, this important work is one of the most balanced, nuanced, and cogent. Part of its success lies in its willingness to stretch the boundaries of what we call liberalism, but in doing so, Spragens only brings liberal theory into better alignment with intuitions and sensibilities underlying liberal practice.
The Politics of Institutional Choice: The Formation of the Russian State Duma By Steven S. Smith and Thomas F. Remington. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001. 180p. $42.50 cloth, $16.95 paper.
Authors: Londregan John
Published: May 2008

Politics of Institutional Choice is an important contribution to the literature on legislative institutions. The authors' backgrounds complement each other to good effect. The result is a study that is both conversant with the literature on legislative politics in the United States and Western Europe and solidly grounded in the politics of contemporary Russia. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the adoption of reformed legislative institutions by the Russian Republic in 1993 left the newly elected representatives with the need to devise a working set of parliamentary institutions for the newly formed bicameral legislature. The “building materials” out of which these were fashioned—legislative committees, party caucuses, rules allocating agenda control to leaders—resemble those of the U.S. Congress and Western European parliaments, but the institutional structure was adapted to the needs of Russian politics.
Reproducing the State. By Jacqueline Stevens. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. 307p. $49.50 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Authors: Brodribb Somer
Published: May 2008

Jacqueline Stevens grapples with the meanings of political society and affiliation and how we think about what constitutes family, nation, ethnicity, and race. How do we come to know ourselves and others through these political artifices and naturalized identities? Her project is to trouble our complacencies and make visible the arbitrary practices that produce the inclusions and exclusions of the “state-nation” (p. 43). She examines democratic, communitarian, and liberal theories of political society and finds little attention there to the problem of membership and the ways groups are constituted. Birth, the family, ethnicity, and national origin are undertheorized or considered to derive from natural, ancestral ties. Stevens addresses these inadequacies, and superbly reveals the centrality of birth and kinship practices to political societies.
Power and Wealth in Rural China: The Political Economy of Institutional Change By Susan H. Whiting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 348p. $59.95.
Authors: Stavis Benedict
Published: May 2008

While this book does not quite cover the broad range promised by its title, it does offer a sophisticated analysis of the privatization of rural industry in China, thick in social science theory and rich with empirical data.
Congress, the President, and the Federal Reserve: The Politics of American Monetary Policy-Making. By Irwin L. Morris. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. 190p. $45.00 cloth, $22.95 paper.
Authors: Williams John
Published: May 2008

Political scientists have been fascinated with the role of the Federal Reserve in making monetary policy. It has long been recognized that the Fed has a tremendous amount of power for a regulatory agency that has so much independence from political bodies. Students of comparative monetary institutions have marveled at the contrast of United States policy to that of the rest of the world, with the exception of Germany's Bundesbank. Yet political scientists and economists continue to try to identify how politics shapes American monetary policy. Irwin Morris's book offers a major corrective to some of the flaws of earlier efforts.
Democracy in Suburbia. By J. Eric Oliver. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. 263p. $47.50 cloth, $17.95 paper.
Authors: Judd Dennis R.
Published: May 2008

In this pathbreaking book, J. Eric Oliver proposes to answer an ambitious and important question: Has suburbanization brought about a decline of civic engagement in America? This question is, obviously, immensely important because more than half of all Americans live in suburbs. Whatever they think and how they vote and however much they participate in the civic life of their communities has enormous consequences, not only within the suburbs but also for the nation as a whole. The question is also consequential in light of the national debate that seems to have been provoked by the recent work on social capital. As Oliver notes, Robert Putnam has blamed suburbanization for part of the alleged loss in social capital in America. The general claim that suburbs have killed community and civic engagement is hardly new, and it has recently been amplified by (among others) advocates of the new urbanism. Oliver boldly states that “such claims are without any empirical basis” (p. 2), and he takes it as his task to supply the missing evidence that might answer the question. In doing so, he has produced a remarkable book, literally the first one ever published to present definitive evidence on the crucial issue of the impact of the suburbs on American democracy.
The Politics of Empowerment. By Robert Weissberg. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999. 272p. $50.00.
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: May 2008

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s produced strong pressure on all levels of government to give “power to the people.” This urgent demand came not only from radical activists in the streets but also from the halls of academia, where scholars churned out a massive volume of studies encompassing detailed recommendations for filling the power vacuum between authoritative public and private decision makers and disadvantaged citizens whose lack of sufficient economic and political resources condemned them to the bottom rungs of the American social order. Although most of these studies were considered positive and progressive, they were not without their detractors. The most searing critique of “bottom up” schemes for empowering the disadvantaged has come from the pen of Robert Weissberg in his book, The Politics of Empowerment.
The Difference States Make: Democracy, Identity, and the American City
Authors: HAYWARD CLARISSA RILE
Published: May 2008

Most contemporary theorizing that addresses questions of democracy and difference is framed by broadly constructivist claims. Yet when it comes to thinking about democratic state intervention into social relations of difference, political theorists tend to stress reactive strategies, overlooking the role that democratic states play in helping shape and reinforce social definitions of difference. Exploring the case of the construction of racialized difference in the American city, the author makes the case that arguments for tolerating, for recognizing, and for deliberating across extant differences are insufficiently attentive to the role states play in making difference. Institutional efforts to deal with difference democratically should target the points at which it gets produced, aiming not simply to modify the effects of social definitions of identity and difference—but to democratize the processes through which these are defined and redefined.
Security and the Political Economy of International Migration
Authors: RUDOLPH CHRISTOPHER
Published: May 2008

How does migration affect the security of advanced industrial states, and how does the security environment shape the way states deal with international migration? Migration rests at the nexus of three dimensions of security, including geopolitical interests, material production, and internal security. I argue that migration policy is an integral instrument of state grand strategy in this context, and that examining levels of threat on each facet of security at a given point in time can largely explain variation in policy. I test a series of hypotheses drawn from this security framework using a case-study method that examines policy development in four advanced industrial states, including the United States, Germany, France, and Great Britain in the period 1945–present.
INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTENNIAL ISSUE
Authors: Sigelman Lee
Published: May 2008

This issue completes the one-hundredth volume of the
Review, the inaugural issue of which was
published in November 1906. To mark this occasion, two years ago we began
planning a centennial observance on the theme of “the evolution of political
science.” My collaborator in this project, as the Co-Editor of what evolved
into an entire issue of the Review, has been
Editorial Board member M. Elizabeth Sanders, who joined me in overseeing the
review and selection processes.
The Coevolution of American Political Science and the American
Political Science Review
Authors: SIGELMAN LEE
Published: May 2008

In November of 1906, the 3-year-old American Political Science
Association, boasting a membership of “nearly four hundred” (Shaw 1907,
185), launched a journal devoted to scholarship, reviews, and news of the
profession. The fledgling American Political Science
Review was not the first political science journal, having
been preceded by Political Science Quarterly
(founded in 1886) and the Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science (1890). Nor, at first, was it
even the foremost political science journal. Its founding editor, W. W.
Willoughby of Johns Hopkins (1906–1916), and his immediate successor, John
A. Fairlie of the University of Illinois (1917–1925), faced numerous
challenges, not least that of finding enough papers to fill each issue; even
after two decades the Review was still publishing
“nearly all of the papers which have come to the editor…as well as articles
from other sources” (Fairlie 1926, 182). For some time thereafter, Fairlie's
successor, Frederic A. Ogg of the University of Wisconsin, handled just
three dozen or so manuscripts per year (Patterson 1994, 6).
Great Punctuations: Prediction, Randomness, and the Evolution of
Comparative Political Science
Authors: BLYTH MARK
Published: May 2008

I argue that comparative politics has been shaped by two “Great
Punctuations” that, on each occasion, transformed our conceptions of what
the subfield is and what we do. Just before a punctuation occurs, the
subfield seems especially coherent, united by a set of common assumptions,
methods, theories, and so on, which are then punctuated by a series of
events that destroys faith in them. The subfield then reconstitutes itself
around new assumptions, until, just as coherence is achieved, the next
punctuation occurs. To demonstrate why the sub-field has evolved in this
way, I draw on probability theory to argue that the desire to be a
predictive science causes us to imagine the world to be far more predictable
than it actually is. This results in the development of theories that are
surprised by events; hence the peculiar trajectory of the subfield.
The Politics of Political Science: “Value-free” Theory and the
Wolin–Strauss Dust-Up of 1963
Authors: BARBER BENJAMIN R.
Published: May 2008

Political theory's relationship with political science over the last 60
years has been fraught with ambiguity and weighed down by epistemological
tensions in a manner that suggests an old and extremely prickly marriage. To
some, political theory has been nothing less than the theoretical foundation
of political science as a discipline—the conceptual and epistemological
ground for each and every subfield, cherished and nurtured by tolerant, even
ecumenical political science departments. To others, it has been merely a
distraction, a needless normative diversion from the empirical
responsibilities of hard social science by those who do not understand its
rigors. As was perhaps more common in the first half of the twentieth
century, some have continued to see in political science and political
theory complementary perspectives that need and entail one another, two
sides of how we establish and balance the human sciences, doing empirical
science even as we assess its epistemological standards and methods. But
others have regarded the two as preternaturally antagonistic. At the height
of the behavioral revolution in the 1960s, a few self-styled “hardboiled”
scientists dismissed theory altogether as little more than mythology:
moralizing fairy tales dressed up as a kind of prescriptive philosophy that
confounded facts and values. But the real crux of the debate between
political theory and political science has been the relationship of
political science to politics, as exemplified in historian Alfred A.
Cobban's scathing comment excoriating political science as mostly a device
for avoiding politics without achieving science.“The political
scientist, in so far as he wishes to remain a scientist, is limited to
the study of techniques. A good deal of what is called political
science, I must confess, seems, to me a device, invented by academic
persons, avoiding that dangerous subject politics, without achieving
science” (Cobban 1960, 240). Cobban's challenge was taken up
by many theorists, including Leo Strauss, whose blunt rebuke to the “new”
political science suggesting that it was doing little more than fiddling
while Rome was burning inaugurated a debate that in 1962 set this mostly
fire-proof journal aflame. “One may say (of the new political
science),” wrote Strauss, “that it fiddles while Rome burns. It is
excused by two facts: it does not know that it fiddles, and it does not
know that Rome burns”(Strauss 1962, 327).
A Century of Continuity and (Little) Change in the Undergraduate
Political Science Curriculum
Authors: ISHIYAMA JOHN , BREUNING MARIJKE , LOPEZ LINDA
Published: May 2008

Although in recent years there has emerged a renewed interest in
teaching and learning issues in the APSA, relatively little attention has
been paid to the structure of the undergraduate political science
curriculum. In this article we conduct a broad survey of articles that
appeared in the APSR from 1906 to 1990 and find
that (1) in the past the association paid much attention to the
undergraduate political science curriculum; (2) over time attention shifted
from a conception of the major as promoting substantive knowledge to a
conception that emphasized skills; and (3) current concerns regarding
skills, sequencing, and capstone experiences were all discussed several
decades before the appearance of the “Wahlke Report” in 1991. We offer an
explanation for the ebb and flow of the attention curricular issues received
historically in the APSA, and suggest what the future may hold for current
efforts to reexamine the structure of the undergraduate political science
curriculum.
1. Peter Bachrach and Morton S. Baratz. 1962. “Two Faces of
Power.”American Political Science Review56
(December): 947–52. Cited 543 times.
Authors: Stone Clarence
Published: May 2008

The year after the 1961 publication of Robert Dahl's Who Governs?, “Two
Faces of Power” criticized the treatment of power in this about-to-become
classic work. Offering a third way neither elitist nor pluralist, Bachrach
and Baratz made no defense of Floyd Hunter's reputational approach and they
largely by-passed the literature on social stratification. Instead of
revisiting past controversy, they sought to identify a fundamental feature
of the political process, offering the second face of power as a wide view
of how the game of politics is played.
2. Douglas A. Hibbs, Jr. 1977. “Political Parties and Macroeconomic
Policy.”American Political Science Review71
(December): 1467–1487 Cited 492 times.
Authors: Hibbs Douglas A.
Published: May 2008

I began working on “Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy” in 1974,
delivered the paper at the August 1975 meetings of the World Econometric
Society in Toronto and the APSA in San Francisco, and shortly thereafter
submitted it to the Review, where it languished
for more than a year before it was accepted (just barely, I sensed) after a
change of editor. The article's title is somewhat misleading because the
evidence pertained to the influence of government partisanship on
macroeconomic outcomes.
3. Jack L. Walker Jr. 1969. “The Diffusion of Innovations Among the
American States.”American Political Science
Review63 (September): 880–99 Cited 482 times.
Authors: Baumgartner Frank R.
Published: May 2008

Jack Walker was the author of three of the 100 most cited articles in
the history of the Review. Nowhere is his
creativity and imagination more on display than in his “Diffusion” article.
Comparing the three articles allows some conclusions about why “Diffusion”
had such a great impact and illustrates the thinking of a great scholar,
mentor, and colleague.
4. Gerald H. Kramer. 1971. “Short-Term Fluctuations in U.S. Voting
Behavior, 1896–1964.”American Political Science
Review71 (March): 131–43 Cited 467 times.
Authors: Rosenthal Howard
Published: May 2008

Gerald Kramer, Steven Brams, Peter Ordeshook, Samuel Popkin, and I were
MIT undergraduates interested in political science in the late 1950s.
Kramer, after taking a job at Rochester under the new chairman, William
Riker, spent 1966–1967 at the Cowles Foundation at Yale University studying
econometrics under Marc Nerlove. He began investigating the question of
whether macroeconomic fluctuations had any effect on voting behavior. After
discovering, somewhat to his (and Nerlove's) surprise, that there did seem
to be some effect, he began exploring the question in depth, developing a
more formal theoretical framework and also using several different
econometric approaches, which jointly led to this article.
7. Seymour Martin Lipset. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy:
Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.”American
Political Science Review53 (March): 69–105 Cited 455
times.
Authors: Diamond Larry
Published: May 2008

“Some Social Requisites of Democracy” is, by official count, the seventh
most cited article the Review has published. If
we include citations to it as it was reproduced in Political
Man (published the following year), we would surely find
it to be one of the most influential political science essays of the past
half-century. I suggest five reasons why.
15. Robert Axelrod. 1986. “An Evolutionary Approach to
Norms.”American Political Science Review80
(December): 1095–1111. Cited 317 times
Authors: Axelrod Robert
Published: May 2008

I have long been interested in the question of how cooperation can
emerge in a world of egoists without central authority. Over a period of
five years, culminating in my book on the Evolution of
Cooperation (1984), I published a series of studies that
explored the emergence and maintenance of cooperation in the context of the
two-person iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (PD). I was well aware that
two-person interactions can tell only part of the story of cooperation in
societies, so I thought about various ways of building and sustaining
cooperation when one person's actions can affect many others. Unfortunately,
the most straightforward way to extend the two-person PD game would not
sustain cooperation unless something else was added to solve the collective
action problem by preventing free riders.
18. Ronald Inglehart. 1971. “The Silent Revolution in Europe:
Intergenerational Change in Post-industrial
Societies.”American Political Science Review65
(December): 991–1017. Cited 282 times
Authors: Inglehart Ronald
Published: May 2008

”The Silent Revolution in Europe” was the first presentation of the
intergenerational value change hypothesis. It argued that the publics of
postindustrial societies are shifting from giving top priority to
“Materialist” goals such as economic and physical security to placing
increasingly strong emphasis on self-expression and the quality of life.
Throughout history, survival has been insecure for most people, forcing them
to give top priority to survival needs. But in advanced industrial
societies, the economic miracles of the postwar era and the emergence of the
welfare state gave rise to conditions under which much of the postwar
generation grew up taking survival for granted; they give increasingly high
priority to “Postmaterialist” values such as belonging, self-expression, and
free choice. Because people's basic values do not change overnight, those
who experienced the insecurity of World War I, the Great Depression, and
World War II would continue to emphasize Materialist values, but we would
expect to find an intergenerational shift toward Postmaterialist
values.
19. Zeev Maoz and Bruce Russett. 1993. “Normative and Structural
Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946–1986.”American Political
Science Review87 (September): 624–38. Cited 278
times
Authors: Maoz Zeev , Russett Bruce
Published: May 2008

This article—one of only two on the “top twenty” list published later
than 1986—undertook two tasks. The first was to examine whether the
“democratic peace” was a spurious relationship that could be disconfirmed by
several possible alternative explanations. The second was to provide a
stepping stone—to be revised and improved by others—for converting the
democratic peace from a theoretically loose, substantially intuition-driven
project into a research program in which theory and empirics reinforced each
other.
20. Edward R. Tufte. 1975. “Determinants of the Outcomes of Midterm
Congressional Elections.”American Political Science
Review69 (September): 812–826. Cited 259 times
Authors: Tufte Edward R.
Published: May 2008

Bernard Berelson wrote a memoir about Human Behavior: An
Inventory of Scientific Findings, a book that brought
together 1,003 findings about human behavior with some reasonable supporting
evidence. Berelson offered a threefold grand summary of all social science
research: (1) Some do, some don't. (2) The differences aren't very great.
(3) It's more complicated than that.
René Kager, Optimality theory. Cambridge,
UK, and Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp.
xiii, 452. Pb $24.95; April McMahon, Change, chance, and optimality.
Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. x, 201.
Pb $19.95; Bruce Tesar & Paul Smolensky, Learnability in optimality
theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. Pp. viii, 140. Pb $25.00
Authors: Pennington Martha C. , Clark Brady Z.
Published: May 2008

Optimality Theory (OT) has been a major force
driving developments in formal linguistics during the past decade.
Like parameter-setting accounts, OT seeks to describe the range
within which languages can vary; but instead of fixing parameters,
OT proposes that languages, and children learning languages,
arrange a set of constraints in a hierarchical order of strength
that determines specific linguistic characteristics. The
constraints proposed by OT are constraints on the well-formedness
of the output of a grammar, and they are of two types: (i)
markedness constraints, which exert pressure toward
unmarked types of structure such as CV syllables or voiceless
final obstruents; and (ii) faithfulness constraints,
which maintain lexical contrasts such as CV and CVC syllable
types, or voicing distinctions in final obstruents. The two
types of constraints are in conflict, so that no particular
constraint can be satisfied without violating others. In OT,
“satisfaction” and “violation” are not
absolute but a matter of degree, because all constraints play
a role in the grammar of each language, though in a different
order of strength or priority within a dominance hierarchy.
M. Teresa Turell (ed.), Multilingualism in Spain:
Sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects of linguistic minority
groups. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2001. Pp. xv, 389.
US$79.95/£49.95.
Authors: Sinner Carsten
Published: May 2008

This book is the result of the project
Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority
Groups in Spain, started in 1993. After the introductory chapter
by the editor, the book is divided into four parts, which contain
16 articles on the sociolinguistic situation of a series of
established and migrant communities in Spain, viewed from an
interdisciplinary standpoint. There are numerous maps and graphics,
but no index.
Anita Puckett, Seldom ask, never tell: Labor and discourse
in Appalachia. Oxford & New York: Oxford University
Press, 2000. Pp. xv, 309. Hb $85.00.
Authors: Sawin Patricia
Published: May 2008

Anita Puckett's Seldom ask, never
tell is an important, long-needed work that enables us
to conceptualize “Appalachian speech” not only in
terms of dialect or traditional aesthetic resources, but also
according to characteristic “ways of speaking” and
the ideology of pragmatics that informs them. Building on
Irvine's (1989) realization that “speech economy”
is not merely a metaphor, Puckett has created a meticulous and
insightful ethnography of the range of “requesting
behaviors” that index and constitute the
“socioeconomy” of a community in coalfield
Appalachia.
Home literacy environment and phonological awareness in preschool children: Differential effects for rhyme and phoneme awareness
Authors: FOY JUDITH G. , MANN VIRGINIA
Published: May 2008

The literature to date suggests that the best predictor of early reading ability, phonological awareness, appears to be associated with the acquisition of letter-sound and vocabulary knowledge and with the development of well-defined phonological representations. It further suggests that at least some aspects of phonological awareness critically depend upon literacy exposure. In this study of 4- to 6-year-olds, we examine whether aspects of the home literacy environment are differentially associated with phonological awareness. Parental responses to a questionnaire about the home literacy environment are compared to children's awareness of rhyme and phonemes, as well as to their vocabulary, letter knowledge, and performance on measures of phonological strength (nonword repetition, rapid naming skill, phonological distinctness, and auditory discrimination). The results showed that a teaching focus in the home literacy environment and exposure to reading-related media are directly associated with phoneme awareness and indirectly associated via letter knowledge and vocabulary. Exposure to reading-related media and parents' active involvement in children's literature were also directly and indirectly linked with rhyme awareness skills via their association with letter and vocabulary knowledge.
A longitudinal study of Chinese children and adolescents learning English in the United States
Authors: JIA GISELA , AARONSON DORIS
Published: May 2008

Ten native Chinese-speaking children and adolescents who immigrated to the United States between ages 5 and 16 were studied for 3 years. The changes in their language preferences, language environments, and proficiency in English, their second language (L2), as well as Chinese, their first language (L1), were measured quantitatively and qualitatively. Participants with arrival ages of 9 or younger switched their language preference from L1 to L2 within the first year, were exposed to a significantly richer L2 than L1 environment, and became more proficient in L2 than in L1. The older participants maintained their preference for L1 across the 3 years, were exposed to a significantly richer L1 than L2 environment, and maintained L1 as the more proficient language. Interactions among L1 proficiency, peer interactions, social abilities, and cultural preferences jointly influenced the dominant language switch or maintenance processes.
Investigations in clinical phonetics and linguistics. Fay Windsor, M. Louise Kelly, and Nigel Hewitt (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002.
Authors: Marshall Chloe
Published: May 2008

This volume consists of 38 papers presented at the summer 2000 meeting of the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association, hosted by Queen Margaret University College, Edinburgh. The scope of the collection is ambitious in many respects. All levels of linguistic analysis are covered, from pragmatics through to acoustics, although approximately two thirds of the papers deal with phonology and phonetics. The full range of ages is represented, from a paper by John Locke on the functions of infant babbling through to Jacqueline Guendozi and Nicole Muller's paper on repair strategies in the conversation of an elderly subject with Alzheimer disease. The majority of the papers consider developmental and acquired disorders, although a few consider normal and bilingual language development. Although English is the most frequently studied language, data from Arabic, Greek, Korean, Portugese, Putonghua, Swedish, and several other languages are also featured. The editors are justly proud of the international feel to the research, with contributors working on five continents.
Phonological development in specific contexts: Studies of Chinese-speaking children. Zhu Hua. Cleveden, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2002, Pp. 218.
Authors: Leong Che Kan
Published: May 2008

Phonology is usually explained as the study of speech sounds and their patterns and functions in the lexical representation of speakers of languages (Kenstowicz, 1994; Spencer, 1996). Some years ago the question, “Where's phonology?” was raised by Macken (1992) in the context of the large concern with the phonetics of acquisition and the conception of phonological acquisition as acquisition of phonetics. This division between phonology and phonetics may be traced to the work of the Prague School of Trubetzkoy (1939/1969) and earlier. Macken proposed a relatively autonomous phonological component, with perceptual, articulatory, and phonological-based abstract rules and principles, to account for learners' lexical representation and suggested a hierarchy of prosodic words, segments, and features as the basis of phonological acquisition (Macken, 1979, 1992). Recent emphasis is on the interaction among phonology, phonetics, and psychology, and this integrative approach has implications for studying common crosslinguistic speech sound patterns (Ohala, 1999). Phonology is further seen as addressing the questions of rules and representations, which may apply to “compute the phonetic representation” within the framework of universal grammar (Kenstowicz, 1994, p. 10).
Long-term association between articulation quality and phoneme sensitivity: A study from age 3 to age 8
Authors: THOMAS ELEANOR , SÉNÉCHAL MONIQUE
Published: May 2008

The role of articulation quality in the development of phonological sensitivity was examined in a 5-year longitudinal study. A sample of 80 children was assessed at age 3. They were assessed yearly to age 6. Forty-three of the original sample were traced and reassessed at age 8. As predicted, the results revealed that articulation quality of the phoneme /r/ predicted phoneme sensitivity for the phoneme /r/ at ages 3–5 after controlling for vocabulary, letter knowledge, and phoneme sensitivity for a control phoneme. Later analyses showed that articulation quality at age 3 explained unique variance in phoneme sensitivity and decoding at age 8, after entering appropriate control variables. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that weakened phonological representations for specific phonemes linger after articulation has normalized.
Enhanced laser ion acceleration from mass-limited targets
Authors: Limpouch J. , Psikal J. , Andreev A.A. , Platonov K. YU. , Kawata S.
Published: May 2008

Laser interactions with mass-limited targets are studied here via numerical simulations using our relativistic electromagnetic two-dimensional particle-in cell code including all three-velocity components. Analytical estimates are derived to clarify the simulation results. Mass-limited targets preclude the undesirable spread of the absorbed laser energy out of the interaction zone. Mass-limited targets, such as droplets, are shown here to enhance the achievable fast ion energy significantly due to an increase in the hot electron concentration. For given target dimensions, the existence is demonstrated for an optimum laser beam diameter when ion acceleration is efficient and geometrical energy losses are still acceptable. Ion energy also depends on the target geometrical form and rounded targets are found to enhance the energy of accelerated ions. The acceleration process is accompanied by generation of the dipole radiation in addition to the ordinary scattering of the electromagnetic wave.