bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and predictors of untreated caries and oral pain among Special Olympic athletes
Authors: Reid Britt C. , Chenette Ronald , Macek Mark D.
Published: March 2008

The authors assessed the prevalence and predictors of untreated caries and oral pain among Special Olympic athletes. The study population consisted of a convenience sample of 9,620 athletes who were participating in the 2001 Special Olympics events held at 40 sites in the United States, and who consented to a standardized oral health screening. The prevalence of oral pain and untreated caries was 13.5% and 30.4%, respectively. Statistically significant independent associations (adjusted odds ratios [OR], p ≥ 0.05) between untreated caries and oral pain (OR=1.50), gingivitis (OR=1.92), injury (OR=1.28), missing teeth (OR=1.79), and home care (frequency of cleaning their teeth once or less per week compared with once or more per day OR=2.13) were found. In another model, we found statistically significant independent associations between oral pain and untreated caries (OR=1.58), gender (OR=1.28), gingivitis (OR=1.30), and home care (frequency of cleaning their teeth once or less per week compared to once or more per day OR=4.60). Substantial levels of untreated caries and oral pain were prevalent and related to poor oral hygiene and poor oral health. These findings were discouraging given that the study participants represented a generally well‐supported, high‐functioning stratum of persons with mental retardation in the United States.
Oral health needs and access to dental care of homeless adults in the United States: a review
Authors: King Tracy B. , Gibson Gretchen
Published: March 2008

The homeless population in the United States is one of great diversity that continues to increase in number. Although data on the oral health status of individuals who are homeless is limited, studies consistently report both the perception and clinical evidence of dental needs among this population as well as a low utilization rate for dental services. This article reviews the oral health needs of people who are homeless as reported in literature, barriers to receiving dental care, and methods used to deliver dental care to this population. Many rehabilitation centers for adults who are homeless consider the establishment and maintenance of a state of good general and oral health as a priority and a key factor in helping homeless adults to return to the workforce and mainstream society.
Preventing dental disease for people with special needs: the need for practical preventive protocols for use in community settings
Authors: DDS Paul Glassman , Miller Christine Ernst
Published: March 2008

People with disabilities have more dental disease, more missing teeth, and more difficulty receiving dental care than other members of the general population. Because of the deinstitutionalization movement during the later 20th century, many formerly institutionalized people now reside in community settings, which lack oral health services. Even individuals who were not institutionalized have barriers to oral health services. These realities underscore the importance of preventing dental disease in people with special needs by establishing preventive dental disease protocols.
Chlorhexidine and xylitol gum in caries prevention
Authors: Anderson Max
Published: March 2008

This paper presents the current best evidence on the respective and comparative outcomes of chlorhexidine and xylitol and extrapolates these data to individuals with special needs. It analyzes the probable mechanisms of action for both chlorhexidine and xylitol then reviews individual products and discusses the anticipated effectiveness of these products in individuals with special needs.
The use of topical fluoride to prevent or reverse dental caries
Authors: Jacobsen Peter , Young Douglas
Published: March 2008

Topical fluoride has been the main stay of caries prevention for many decades. There are several mechanisms which make it beneficial including inhibiting demineralization, enhancing remineralization, and inhibiting bacterial growth. Topical fluoride is available in many different forms. The concentrations of various fluoride preparations range from 225 parts per million(ppm) fluoride in over‐the‐counter oral rinses to 22,600 ppm in the fluoride varnishes. The clinician must decide which type of topical preparation is best suited for their patient. Patients with high caries risk may benefit from prescription strength fluorides (along with the other chemical and dietary therapies described in this issue of Special Care in Dentistry). The application of fluoride varnish is an excellent topical form for those patients who have access to dental care and for whom it is difficult to comply with the use of other topical forms.
Using corn mu n ity‐based protocols to prevent dental disease in people with special needs: periodontal prevention and intervention
Authors: Schonfeld Steven E.
Published: March 2008

This paper discusses preventing and treating periodontal diseases in people with special needs.
Developmental stuttering: Manifestations, treatment and dental implications
Authors: Friedlander Arthur H. , Noffsinger Douglas , Mendez Mario F. , Yagiela John A.
Published: March 2008

Developmental stuttering (DS) is a disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech resulting in involuntary repetition, prolongation, or cessation of sound. The scientific literature has implicated the lack of strong left cerebral dominance and abnormal levels of the neurotranemitters dopamine and possibly serotonin in regions of the brain controlling the coordination of language processing and motor activity of the vocal apparatus as possible causative factors in DS. Speech‐language therapy is the most common form of treatment, but antipsychotic, antide‐pressant, and anxiolytic medications may be prescribed for some children and adults with persistent stuttering. These medications may cause xerostomia and adversely interact with certain antibiotics, analgesics, and sedatives routinely used in dentistry. Some people who stutter have sensory‐motor and tactile‐proprioceptive deficits that impede accurate and timely movements of the mandible, lips, and tongue, necessitating protection of the airway by staff during dental care.
Clinical evaluation of patients with epidermolysis bullosa: Review of the literature and case reports
Authors: Silva Luis Cändido Pinto , Cruz Roberval Almeida , Abou‐Id Luciana Rigueira , Brini Lucille Niele Barbosa , Moreira Ludmilla Soares
Published: March 2008

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a relatively rare inherited disorder, which includes blister and vesicle formation on the skin and mucous membranes as a result of trauma or heat. There are different forms of this disorder. Mild manifestations are relatively uncomfortable, usually involving the knees, elbows, and fingers. Severe forms of this disease compromise normal functioning of multiple organs, which may result in premature death. The lack of a specific treatment to cure EB makes genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of primary importance to control this disorder. Three case histories of persons with dystrophic recessive epidermolysis bullosa are reported, focusing on appropriate dental care for patients with EB.
Mental disorders in dental practice: A case report of body dysmorphic disorder
Authors: DDS Ad de Jongh , Adair Pauline
Published: March 2008

Given the high prevalence of mental disorders in Western societies, dentists may be confronted with behaviors that may interfere with the safe and efficient delivery of dental care. This paper addresses the need for dentists to be aware of patient vulnerability factors and psychological problems due, for example, to the possible negative effects of psychological distress and critical incidents, and their consequences for both symptom presentation and dental treatment planning. This need for awareness is illustrated by a case report of a patient who developed body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)—a preoccupation with some imagined defect in physical appearance—following dental treatment.
Granulocytic sarcoma: An atypical presentation in the oral cavity
Authors: Stoopler Eric T. , Pinto Andres , Alawi Faizan , Raghavendra Sree , Jr. Ricardo Boyce , Porter David , Sollecito Thomas P.
Published: March 2008

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AMU is a hematologic disorder that is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of immature myeloid cells. Granulocytic sarcomas are clusters of leukemic myeloid cells that may develop as a result of AML. Oral manifestations of AML are common and often involve enlargements of the gingiva and/or mucosal tissue from direct leukemia cell infiltration. We describe the case history of a 50‐year‐old man who had an ulcera‐tive lesion of the oral mucosa that was determined to be a granulocytic sarcoma of AML‐M0 subtype. The combination of both the subtype and clinical presentation of the leukemia makes this presentation unusual, and to the best of our knowledge, of a type that has not been previously reported in the literature.
Outreach dental service for persons with special needs in Hong Kong
Authors: Lo Edward C.M. , Luo Yan , Dyson John E.
Published: March 2008

The authors describe the acceptance and efficiency of an outreach dental service, which provided oral health care to persons with special needs in Hong Kong. Portable dental equipment was transported to various institutions. Basic dental care including prevention, scaling, restoration, extraction, and denture repair was provided free of charge. Elderly adults living in institutions were the main service recipients, but other people with special needs, including physically disabled and persons with mental retardation were also reached. One‐third of the patients had dental pain or sensitivity, and 70% had not visited a dentist for more than three years. Dental care was provided to 6,867 patients over four years. Feedback from the patients showed that more than 90% of them were satisfied with the service. These findings indicate that patients with special needs in Hong Kong are in great need of dental care. An outreach dental service appears to be both appropriate and efficient in providing care to these persons.
Treatment of muscle spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy using BTX‐A: a pilot study
Authors: Manzano Felipe Scalco , Granero Lucia Mercuri , Masiero Danilo , dos Santos Maria Teresa Botti Rodrigues
Published: March 2008

This study was designed to verify the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) used as a neuromuscular block on spastic masticatory musculature of children with cerebral palsy. Six patients who had spastic‐tetraplegic cerebral‐palsy, aged 5 to 20 years were selected. All patients had spasticity of the jaw muscles, bruxism, lower lip trauma, limited mouth opening, and difficulties in cleaning the oral cavity. The patients were sedated under general anesthesia, while the dentist injected the masseter and temporalis muscles bilaterally with 150 and 75 units of BTX‐A each. Clinical examinations were conducted at 7, 14, 30, and 90 days after the initial appointment. We found statistically significant decreases in muscle spasticity and bruxism (p= 0.002), improved inter‐incisal opening (p= 0.002), improved oral hygiene (p= 0.031), and less lower lip trauma (p= 0.060) after the neuromuscular blocking.
Intrauterine infections: A literature review
Authors: França Cristiane Miranda , Mugayar Leda R. F.
Published: March 2008

During gestation, many microorganisms can infect the fetus, causing severe birth defects. Such organisms and the resulting clinical syndromes have been categorized as TORCH infections, a useful acronym referring to Toxoptasma gandii, other microorganisms (like syphilis), rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and her‐pesviruses. Since dental patients typically report pregnancy or previous infections as part of their health history, and TORCH infections can manifest oral symptoms, the dentist is in a position to act as an educator and screener for these infections. This article reviews TORCH agents for dentists to help the clinician in educating pregnant patients about the risks these infections pose to the fetus. The authors also note oral symptoms related to these infections.
Oral hygiene and oral symptoms among the elderly in long‐term care
Authors: Henriksen Birgitte Moesgaard , Ambjørnsen Eirik , Laake Knut , Axéll Tony E.
Published: March 2008

Dental teams examined 1,910 elderly adults living in long‐term care settings (1,358 institutionalized, 552 home‐bound) from all 19 counties in Norway to document oral hygiene, oral symptoms and ability to receive dental treatment. The Mucosal‐Plaque Score (MPS) was used to assess oral status. The MPS was significantly better in women than in men, in individuals with dentures than in those with any remaining teeth, and in people who were homebound rather than those who lived in institutions. The MPS did not differ between age groups or geographic regions. According to the Treatment Ability Index, nearly a quarter of the sample was able to receive comprehensive dental care. Reports of “any oral symptom” and “eating/chewing problems” decreased with age and were most prevalent for individuals who had dentures. The MPS had only slight impact on oral symptoms, chewing ability and dry mouth (p > 0.05). Dry mouth was found in 16.9% and was most prevalent in individuals with dentures.
Dental status and oral health quality of life in economically disadvantaged French adults
Authors: Tubert‐Jeannin Stéphanie , Riordan Paul J. , Morel‐Papernot Annick , Moulin Roland
Published: March 2008

Expansion of French health insurance coverage has increased funding for dental care for economically disadvantaged adults. This study aimed to measure clinical and self‐perceived oral health, behaviors, and use of dental services by adults who were eligible for such coverage. The regional agency that gives administrative services for the health insurance funds provided a sample of 900 adults aged 35–44 years, insured through this program. We reached 805 of these adults by mail; of these 18% were surveyed and clinically examined. Self‐perceived oral health was measured by the Global Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) and participants' attitudes to dental health, by questionnaire. Decayed and Missing teeth constituted 40% of the DMFT. Participants reported poor oral health (63%), and 79% perceived a need for care, although they used dental services infrequently and had poor knowledge of available services. Cost of care and number of carious teeth were important predictors of the GOHAI.
Bisphosphonate Induced Osteochemonecrosis of the Jaws: An Ounce of Prevention May be Worth a Pound of Cure
Authors: Hellstein John W. , Marek Cindy L.
Published: March 2008

Patient exposure to bisphosphonate drugs for the management of hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteolytic lesions of metastatic cancer and osteoporosis has led to increasing reports of osteochemonecrosis of the jaws (bis‐phossy jaw). This serious and debilitating condition requires dental practitioners to be alert for signs and symptoms of this syndrome. Thus far, nitrogen containing bisphosphonates have been implicated as a causative agent. While only a small fraction of patients who have taken these agents will develop osteochemonecrosis, it seems that patients who have received intravenous bisphosphonates are at greater risk than those who have taken oral agents. Tooth extractions are the most frequently reported predisposing dental procedure. While appropriate management strategies for patients with osteochemonecrosis of the jaws are evolving, we are suggesting rational preventive protocols and therapies based upon current experience and knowledge. These recommendations may change over time as the profession gains more experience in managing these patients.
Dental Care Management of a Young Patient with Extensive Lymphangioma of the Tongue: A Case Report
Authors: de Queiroz Alexandra Mussolino , Silv Raquel A. B. , Margato Cristiane Loureiro , Nelson‐Filho Paulo
Published: March 2008

Lymphangiomas are benign tumors resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Relatively uncommon, lymphangiomas are usually diagnosed at birth and develop within the first years of life. When these tumors occur in the oral cavity, the tongue is the most frequently affected site. Lymphangioma of the tongue is a common cause of macroglossia in children, which may lead to a dry/cracked tongue with ulcerating secondary infections, difficulty in swallowing and mastication, speech disturbances, exclusive nasal breathing, airway obstruction, mandibular prognathism and other possible deformities of maxillofacial structures. This paper discusses the most relevant features, clinical manifestations, disease‐related impairments and treatment options for lymphangioma of the tongue. It presents the case report of a five‐year‐old child diagnosed with this lesion, including a description of the patient's dental care management.
A New Classification System for Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia
Authors: Loyola‐Rodriguez Juan Pablo , Zavala‐Alonso Veronica , Patiño‐Marin Nuria , Friedman Clive
Published: March 2008

The provision of comprehensive care for patients with special needs using dental general anesthesia (DGA) has changed over time, and now includes more complex procedures and the participation of many services. As a result, it is necessary to integrate, organize and describe all of the procedures that are carried out in different DGA settings. The aim of this study was to propose a systematic classification for dental treatment procedures be delivered under DGA, and to compare this classification system with an existing system. This new classification system has three distinct components: type, frequency and length of time needed to complete dental procedures for both primary and permanent teeth. A wide range of oral surgery procedures and endodontic treatment was also included. A retrospective cohort study utilizing 84 subjects was used to develop and compare the two classification systems. When comparing the different categories of procedures by both classifications, there were significant statistical differences between them (p < 0.05). Oral health care for patients with special needs has evolved, with more complex and extensive interventions that require teamwork by personnel from different dental or medical specialties. The classification system in this study includes detailed Information regarding the procedures involved in the DGA. This helps to provide a clear understanding and specific information that enables the comparison of clinical experiences across populations where a DGA has been used for patients with special needs.
Dentists' Attitudes and Practices Toward Provision of Orthodontic Treatment for Children with Visual and Hearing Impairments
Authors: AlSarheed Maha , Bedi Raman , Alkhatib Mhd Nour , Hunt Nigel P
Published: March 2008

The objective of this study was to determine differences in behavior and attitudes of dentists in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in providing orthodontic care for children who are sensory impaired. A self‐administered questionnaire was sent to all dentists working in Riyadh to assess the following domains: personal characteristics of the dentists and their practices, provision of dental care for children who are visually‐impaired (VI) and/or hearing‐impaired (HI), and their attitude toward providing orthodontic care for these children. Attitudes were measured on two scales and the overall score of these two scales represented each respondent's attitude. Thirty percent of the dentists provided dental care for children with VI and 45.3 percent did for children with HI. The provision of orthodontic care was significantly affected by the country in which the dentists had received their dental training, both for children with VI and HI (p<0.01), and by number of years they had been in practice for children with VI (p<0.05). Regression analysis showed that only the country of dental training significantly affected the dentist's attitude score. There were also significant variations in attitudes toward the provision of orthodontic treatment for children with sensory impairment (SI), influenced by dental training and experience. In practical terms, this means that improvement in attitudes needs to be initiated at the dental undergraduate level. Establishing global guidelines for the provision of orthodontic treatment for patients with sensory impairment is likely to assist both professionals and patients.
The Use of Botulinum Toxin‐A in the Treatment of Severe Bruxism in a Patient with Autism: A Case Report
Authors: Monroy Phillip G. , da Fonseca Marcio A.
Published: March 2008

This case report describes an alternative method for reducing bruxism in a special needs patient who was not a candidate for an intraoral appliance. Bruxism is often seen in patients with special needs and can result in excessive dental wear, temporomandibular joint pain, avulsion of teeth and other problems. Current methods of management are not typically effective in this population because most require patient compliance. An 11‐year‐old male diagnosed with autism and Bannayan‐Zonana syndrome received bilateral injections of botulinum toxin type‐A (Botox® Allergan Pharmaceuticals, Irvine CA) in the masseter muscle. The patient's condition was followed up via post‐operative telephone interviews with the parents for 60 days. A reduction in the frequency and severity of bruxism was reported. The only side effects noted were soreness at the injection site and mild, temporary drooling. Although further research is required to determine the optimal doses and injection frequency, botulinum toxin type‐A appears to be an alternative method for controlling bruxism in the special needs population.
Dental Implants in Edentulous Adults with Cognitive Disabilities: Report of a Pilot Project
Authors: Durham Timothy M. , King Thomas , Salinas Thomas , Franco Theodore , Ross Jason
Published: March 2008

Individuals with cognitive disabilities face many barriers to oral care, often suffering from partial or complete edentulism. While the use of implant reconstruction is becoming more common in the general population, such care is still being used infrequently in individuals with intellectual impairment. A pilot project in 1995 surgically placed and restored implant‐supported prostheses in six edentulous adults who had varying degrees of cognitive impairment. This report presents the dentists' reconstruction experiences and the patients' follow‐up care, and discusses the results in relationship to current literature. Experiences from these patients suggest that behavior during the restorative process, prosthetic complications post placement, and patients' oral hygiene practices should influence patient selection and prosthetic design. Anteriorly placed fixtures and removable designs, which make self‐care and repair easier, can be used to treat an edentulous population.
Fractures of the mandible in the aging population
Authors: Sidal Tarkan , DMD Donald A. Curtis
Published: March 2008

Maxillofacial trauma in elderly patients represents a significant social concern, as it uses one‐third of all medical resources allocated to trauma care. Studies have shown the incidence of maxillofacial trauma in the elderly population has been increasing over the past 30 years.

A common injury in patients who present with maxillofacial trauma is fracture of the mandible. The etiology, demographics, and management of elderly patients with mandibular fractures differ from younger cohorts. Falls are the primary reason for mandibular fracture in the elderly with 30% of individuals over 65 years of age falling each year. This increases to more than 40% in persons 80 years and older. Elderly persons with atrophic mandible have less osteogenic capability and reduced blood flow, and may have a complex medical history, so that management of a fracture of the mandible may require special considerations.

The purpose of this review paper was to examine demographic patterns and the etiology of mandibular fractures in the elderly; and to evaluate treatment strategies.
The efficacy of oral lumenoscopy™ (ViziLite®) in visualizing oral mucosal lesions
Authors: Epstein Joel B. , Gorsky Meir , Lonky Stewart , Silverman Sol , Epstein Joshua D. , Bride Mark
Published: March 2008

Early diagnosis of oral mucosal lesions has been advocated as a means of improving outcomes of cancer therapy. Improved visualization of mucosal lesion* may aid in diagnosis by guiding tinue sampling or referral. This multi‐center study reports the effect of chemiluminescent light (ViziLite) upon visualization of mucosal lesions. The cftemiluminescent light did not appear to improve visualization of red lesions, but white lesions and lesions that were both red and white showed enhanced brightness and sharpness.
Prevalence of oral diseases in Shwachman‐Diamond syndrome
Authors: Ho William , Cheretakis Chrisovalantou , Durie Peter , Kulkarni Gajanan , Glogauer Michael
Published: March 2008

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of oral diseases in patients with Shwachman‐Diamond syndrome (SDS). Thirty‐five persons with SDS were compared to 20 healthy contrais. A cross‐sectional survey was carried out using self‐reporting questionnaires and dental radiographs collected from the subjects and their dentists. Overall, oral diseases were more prevalent among subjects with SDS when compared to contrais (p<0.001). Persons with SDS also had more caries in both primary (p<0.03) and permanent dentitions (p<0.01), and also had delayed dental development (p<0.04). Oral soft tissue pathoses, such as recurrent oral ulcerations (p<0.00) and gingival bleeding upon brushing (p<0.00), were significantly more prevalent in subjects with SDS. Pain on eating was also more frequent amongst persons with SDS (p<0.008) and was often associated with oral ulcerations (p<0.002). In conclusion, based on self‐completed subject and dentist questionnaires, diseases of oral hard and soft tissues were more prevalent and severe in persons with SDS when compared with healthy contrais.
The prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity of oral Viridans streptococci in healthy children and children with disabilities in Kuwait
Authors: Salako Nathanael O. , Rotimi Vincent , Philip Leeba , Haidar Hussien A. , Hamdan Hussien M.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Viridans streptococci (VS) isolated from the oral cavity of healthy children and children with disabilities in Kuwait. Plaque samples were collected from the tooth and tongue surfaces of 102 healthy children and 102 children who were intellectually disabled and institutionalized. The resistance to seven antibiotics (amoxicillin, cephalothin, clindamycin, erythromycin, penicillin G, tetracycline, and vancomycin) was tested.

A total of 330 (44.5%) VS were isolated from the children who were healthy and 411 (55.5%) from children with disabilities. The most common isolates were S. salivarias (27.3%) in healthy children; S. sanguis (22.6%) was predominant among children who were disabled. S. mutans was found in 12.1% of the healthy children and in 16.5% of the children who were disabled. The combined percentage of resistant strains (healthy and disabled) was found to be highest with amoxicillin (43%) and lowest with vancomycin (12%). S. sanguis, S. mitis and S. oralis were more resistant in healthy children (45%, 56%, and 55% respectively) than in children with disabilities (40%, 47% and 47% respectively). S. mutans was the least resistant species to all antibiotics in both groups of children. About 56% of ali streptococci isolated from both groups were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested.

The data showed that there was a diference in the level of resistance of oral VS isolated from healthy children and children with disabilities to some antibiotics commonly used in dentistry.
Denture‐handling ability of elderly persons with dementia: Examination of time spent inserting and removing dentures
Authors: Kubo Kin‐ya , Linuma Mitsuo , Shibutani Toshiaki , Ito Masaki , Iwaku Fumihiko
Published: March 2008

ARSTRACT

To evaluate the effects of dementia on denture‐handling ability, we measured the amount of time that elderly subjects spent inserting and removing dentures. Elderly subjects with dementia tended to take more time inserting and removing dentures than those who were not demented. Only elderly patients who were severely demented needed signifi‐cantly more time removing partial dentures than they did removing complete dentures. There was no significant difference between the time spent inserting dentures and removing dentures. The greater amount of time required to inseri or remove dentures for subjects with dementia was due to dis‐orientation. The results indicate that elderly people with mild to moderate dementia are able to insert and remove their dentures without help.
Salivary parameters in infants aged 12 to 60 months with Down syndrome
Authors: Siqueira Walter Luiz , Siqueira Michelle Foigel , Mustacchi Zan , de Oliveira Elisabeth , Nicolau José
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to measure certain components in whole saliva from children with Down syndrome aged 12 months to 60 months. Twenty children with Down syndrome were compared with 18 children without Down syndrome. Whole saliva was collected under slight suction and the salivary pH was measured with a portable pH meter soon after collection. Electrolyte concentrations were determined by inductively coupled argon plasma with atomic emission spectrometry. Sialic acid was determined by thiobarbituric acid assay. Amylase was assayed measuring the maltose produced by the breakdown of starch and peroxidase with ortho‐dianisidine.

No statistically significant differences were observed in sialic acid, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations between the group with Down syndrome and the control group. Protein and sodium concentration were higher in the group with Down syndrome compared to the control group. On the other hand, the flow rate, pH, amylase and peroxidase activities and potassium concentration were lower in those with Down syndrome compared to those children in the control group.
Oral health needs and barriers to dental care in hospitalized children
Authors: Nicopoulos Martine , Brennan Michael T. , Kent M. Louise , Brickhouse Tegwyn H. , Rogers Mary K. , Fox Philip C. , Lockhart Peter B.
Published: March 2008

The goal of this study was to examine the oral health status and utilization of dental care reported by hospitalized children.

A bedside oral examination was performed on hospitalized children. Past dental treatment and current oral health needs were assessed. The mean age (± SD) of 120 enrolled patients was 6.7 (± 2.9) years (range 3 to 12); 60% were males. The age of the patients' first dental office visit was 3.5 t 1.8 years, with 28% having never seen a dentist. Unmet oral health needs (e.g., untreated dental caries) were noted in 42% of children, and soft tissue (mucosal) abnormalities in 59% of children. Children with chronic medical conditions reported barriers to receiving dental care more often (24%) than children with acute medical conditions (3.5%) (p=0.04).

A high prevalance of unmet oral health needs and soft tissue abnormalities was identified in a hospitalized pediatric population. Children with chronic medical conditions were more likely to experience barriers to obtaining dental care.
Clear cell carcinoma of the minor salivary glands. Report of a case
Authors: Triantafillidou E. , Dimitrakopoulos I. , Skordalaki A.
Published: March 2008

Clear cell carcinoma is an extremely rare form of malignant salivary gland tumour. A case of clear cell carcinoma arising in the minor salivary glands is reported.
Bone resorption and serum levels of vitamin D metabolites in the hypophosphataemic rat
Authors: Malcolm Alan , Reynolds Eric
Published: March 2008

The supplementation of a low phosphate diet with vitamin D has been shown to result in an increase in bone resorption in the hypophosphataemic rat. The aim of the present study was to determine if administration of vitamin D to rats fed a vitamin D and phosphate‐depleted diet would result in an increase in the circulatory levels of the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 and an associated increase in bone resorption. Three groups of weanling Sprague‐Dawley rats were used. The first group consisted of control animals on a normal laboratory stock diet and the second and third groups were experimental animals receiving a vitamin D‐and phosphate‐deficient diet with the third group receiving vitamin D supplementation. All animals were housed in the dark. After 30 days on the diet the experimental animals received 0.1 mmol NaH2PO4 by intraperitoneal injection. Blood was sampled at zero, 3, 6, 18 and 48 h post‐injection and analysed for the vitamin D metabolites 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3, calcium and inorganic phosphate (Pi). The serum analyses revealed that the level of 25(OH)D3 in the hypophosphataemic animals was significantly lower than that of the control animals. However the 1,25(OH)3D3 level was initially significantly higher, then dropped to the control level at 18 h post‐intraperitoneal injection of phosphate. Further, the serum levels of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3, calcium and Pi in the hypophosphataemic animals supplemented with vitamin D were significantly higher than those of the vitamin D‐deficient animals. Also the vitamin D‐supplemented animals exhibited significantly greater levels of bone resorption. These results therefore, are consistent with a role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in bone resorption in hypophosphataemic rats.
Serious complications of endodontic infections: Some caustionary tales
Authors: Walsh L. J.
Published: March 2008

While endodontic (dentoalveolar) abscesses can cause significant morbidity, in susceptible individuals they can pose life‐threatening problems. This paper provides an overview of the more serious sequelae of endodontic abscesses, and provides examples of ‘high risk’ situations in practice in which these serious complications are more likely to occur.
Periodontal and prosthetic therapy in severely advanced periodontitis by the use of the crown sleeve coping telescope denture. A longitudinal case report
Authors: Hou Guey‐Lin , Tsai Chi‐Cheng , Weisgold Arnold S.
Published: March 2008

The crown and sleeve‐coping (CSC) telescope denture is a removable prosthesis that is supported by both selectively retained teeth and the residual ridge or mucosa. Limited information regarding longitudinal studies of the CSC telescope denture has been reported as to the response of the abutments and their surrounding periodontal tissues to this type of design. The authors have documented a longitudinal ten‐year follow‐up of a case which was considered ‘hopeless’ for oral rehabilitation because of advanced periodontitis. The CSC telescope denture used in this case resulted in a significant improvement to the remaining dentition. The beneficial results of this form of treatment can be considered for a wide variety of clinical applications for the severely advanced periodontitis case.
Familial tarda type osteogenesis imperfecta with dentinogenesis imperfecta Type I. Case report
Authors: Ogunsalu Christopher , Hanchard Barrie
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a case of dentinogenesis imperfecta Type I occurring in a patient with familial tarda type osteogenesis imperfecta. The investigation and management of this patient is described.
The effects of die‐Spacidng on post‐cementation crown elevation and retention
Authors: Carter Steven M. , Wilson Peter R.
Published: March 2008

This paper reviews the relevant dental literature concerning the effect fo die‐spacing on crown elevation and pre‐ and post‐cementation crown retention. Techniques of providing die‐spacing and measurement of the thickness of the role of the provision of a cement space in reducing post‐cementation crown elevation is presented. Factors which may affect crown retnetion prior to and following cementation are also reviewed. The influence of variables in techniques and experimental design on the results of the studies reviewed is discussed.
Infection control and contaminated waste disposal practices in Southern Sydney Area Health Service Dental Clinics
Authors: Cannata Santo , Bek Mark , Baker Pamela , Fett Michael
Published: March 2008

The sterilization and contaminated waste disposal practices in all 14 dental clinics operated by the Southern Sydney Area Health Service were surveyed. All of the clinics used autoclaves for sterilization. All hand instruments, handpieces and triplex syringes were autoclaved between patients. Chemical disinfection solutions were used in 12 of the 14 dental clinics, mainly for surface decontamination. Five dental clinics had separate storage areas for contaminated waste which compiled with contaminated waste separation and disposal guidelines. The practice of recapping needles with fingers and some inadequate washing facilites are areas that require particular attention.
Paediatric dentistry: Coronal radiolucency. Case reports
Authors: Rutar J. E.
Published: March 2008

Cases have been reported in the literature in which a coronal defect has been noted in unerupted permanent teeth. This paper reports on two cases which were treated by professional intervention. Knowledge of the existence of this condition, early recognition of its radiographic characteristics, and appropriate treatment is a major factor in achieving a successful outcome.
Clinical and electron microscope comparison of silk sutures and n‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate in human musosa
Authors: Giray C. B. , Atasever A. , Durgun B. , Araz K.
Published: March 2008

The use of tissue adhesives as an alternative to or replacement for sutures in wound closure has long been an area of interest. One of these tissue adhesives is a cyanoacrylate. In 15 patients, who underwent root resections of the upper incisors on both sides, the incision lines were closed with silk sutures on one side and by n‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate on the other side of the frenum. Clinical comparison was made on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st postoperative days. On the seventh postoperative day following the removal of sutures and the coating, small punch biopsies were obtained from n‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate treated and sutured sides. The tissue specimens were examined under transmission electron microscope. Clinical observations revealed that on the third and seventh postoperative days epithelialization was better on the sides treated with n‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate. On the twenty‐first postoperative day it was observed that the scar formation was significantly more marked and there was more local inflammation during the healing period on the sutured side. Electron microscopic observations of both tissue specimens revealed normal ultrastructural morphology.
The current status of low level laser therapy in detistry. Part 2. Hard tissue applications
Authors: Walsh L. J.
Published: March 2008

While most application of low level laser therapy (LLLT) in dentistry are directed toward soft tissues, in recent years there has been increasing interest in tooth‐related or hard tissue applications of LLLT. This reprt provides an overview of application of LLLT in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity and pain arising from the periodontal ligament, and describes the phenomenon of lethal laser photosensitization and its applications in the treatment of dental caries. Technical aspects of LLLT equipment and safety concerns are also discussed.
Cysticercosis in labial tissue. Case report
Authors: Pinswasdi Prapas , Charoensiri Darunee Jintakanon
Published: March 2008

Cysticercosis is a condition in which a human acts as the intermediate host of Taenia solium, a pork tapeworm. The larvae infestation sites frequently include cerebral tissue, ocular organs, and muscles. The present case report describes a rare incidence of cysticercosis in the oral region.
Direct resin‐bonded, fibre‐reinforced anterior bridges: A clinical report
Authors: Culy Graham , Tyas Martin J.
Published: March 2008

Direct resin composite cantilever bridges were placed in patients to replace 26 single upper anterior teeth and one upper premolar. Twenty‐four bridges were simple cantilevers, and three were fixed‐fixed bridges. The bridges were constructed with hybrid resin composite placed around a resinimpregnated plasma‐etched polyalkane fibre bundle bonded to the abutment tooth enamel by the acid‐etch technique. Twenty‐five bridges were assessed at 10±1 months. Two had fractured due to trauma, however, in both cases the pontic remained attached to the abutment tooth by the fibre bundle. This method of tooth replacement is viewed as a rapid, simple, cost‐effective means of replacing anterior teeth in selected patients.
Multiple supernumerary teeth. Case report
Authors: Hopcraft Matthew
Published: March 2008

The presence of supernumerary teeth, although not uncommon, occurs usually in the premaxillary region. Furthermore, examples of multiple supernumerary teeth in one patient are rare. A case involving the presence of multiple supernumerary teeth in all quadrants is described.
Combined endodontic‐orthodontic and prosthodontic treatment of fractured teeth. Case report
Authors: Kocadereli Ilken , Taşman Füugen , Güner Sibel Başhan
Published: March 2008

A case history of a 10 year old patient who accidentally injured his maxillary left central incisor is presented. The fracture of the crown extended about 4 mm below the crest of the alveolar bone. After pulpectomy and root canal therapy, a screw was cemented into the canal of the incisor. By means of a removable orthodontic appliance, the fractured tooth was extruded and the fracture line was brought above the level of the alveolar bone. The tooth was then restored with a veneer crown over a post core. A tooth that would have been extracted routinely was thus saved and restored through the use of a collaborative approach.
The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in practising dental staff and dental students
Authors: Lin Shao K. , Lambert John R. , Schembri Mark A. , Nicholson Lesley , Johnson Ian H.
Published: March 2008

Recent studies suggest Helicobacter pylori is spread by faecal‐oral or oral‐oral transmission. Gastroenterologists who are exposed to gastric secretions and saliva have a high prevalence of H. pylori infection. Venous blood was obtained from 92 dentists, 40 dental nurses, 33 fifth year and 30 first year dental students. An ELISA assay was used to detect H. pylori IgG antibodies. Results were compared with an age and sex matched normal population. The prevalence of H. pylori infection in dentists, dental nurses, fifth year dental students and first year dental students were 23 per cent, 18 per cent, 18 per cent and 16 per cent, respectively. There were no significant differences when compared with the normal population controls. The prevalence of H. pylori antibody was not significantly increased with years of practice or patient contact time in dentists and dental nurses. Helicobacter pylori infection is uncommon in dental professionals working in the oral cavity.
A new cavity classification
Authors: Mount Graham J. , BDS W. Rory Hume
Published: March 2008

With the development of adhesive restorative materials and a far better understanding of the action of the fluoride ion it is suggested that the time has arrived for a reassessment of the traditional cavity classification as set out by G. V. Black over one hundred years ago. When preventive measures and remineralization fail and a carious lesion has progressed through the enamel into the dentine there is a need to remove the infected dentine, and possibly some of the affected dentine as well, to eliminate cavitation and avoid further accumulation of plaque. In most situations this will involve removal of enamel to achieve access to the infected dentine but, in the presence of fluoride, both enamel and dentine are capable of being remineralized and therefore conserved, at least to a degree.

The principle of minimal extension must be encouraged to allow maximum preservation of natural tooth structure. A new cavity classification is proposed which is designed to make the most of the potential for healing which is inherent in both enamel and dentine. However, it must be accepted that a considerable proportion of restorative dentistry is carried out to replace failed restorations and, in this case, cavity design will be complicated by existing loss of tooth structure.
Thegosis ‐ A critical review
Authors: Murray Christopher G. , Sanson Gordon D.
Published: March 2008

The evidence for tooth sharpening has been examined and it has been concluded that there is no evidence for a posterior tooth sharpening mechanism which is independent of masticatory function and improves the efficiency of that function.

Anterior tooth sharpening may occur in some species as behavioural activity but it is not accepted that this sharpening is directed towards the production of new incisiform weapons as distinct from the improvement of existing caniniform weapons, or more efficient tools for the manipulation of food. Thegosis (from the Greek, thego to whet or sharpen) is a term which could be used to describe the sharpening of anterior teeth under specific often socially context driven situations. Stress is accepted as a cause of non‐masticatory tooth to tooth contact as is the suggestion that excessive tooth grinding and clenching is pathological and stress related. Bruxism and pathological thegosis are suggested synonymous terms for this activity.
Odontogenic myxoma: Case report with reconstructive considerations
Authors: Spencer K. R. , Smith A.
Published: March 2008

Odontogenic myxoma is a benign but locally aggressive neoplasm. The present case documents the resective and reconstructive management of a patient with a moderately large myxoma of the mandible.
Cracked tooth syndrome—Incidence, clinical findings and treatment
Authors: BDSc C. I. (Kip) Homewood
Published: March 2008

Cracked tooth syndrome (CTS) is a common occurrence in modern general practice. This article reviews the forces placed on the human dentition and the effect restorative dentistry has on the strength of tooth structure. The study reports on the incidence of CTS in a general practice, finding a far higher incidence in teeth which have not. marginal ridge restored than those which have had the marginal ridge restored those which have not. The various types of treatment modalities advocated and their relative merits are discussed.
Cemento‐ossifying fibroma with mandibular fracture. Case report in a young patient
Authors: Ong Ah Hup M. , Siar Chong Huat
Published: March 2008

The cemento‐ossifying fibroma is classified as an osteogenic neoplasm of the jaws. It commonly presents as a progressively growing lesion that can attain an enormous size with resultant deformity if left untreated. A case of a large cemento‐ossifying fibroma involving the left mandible is described in a 15 year old male patient. The clinical, radiograhic and histological features as well as surgical findings are presented. The treatment of choice of this lesion is also emphasized. Two years after surgery, there was no evidence of recurrence and the transosseous wire used to immobilize the fracture was found to be completely buried in the jaw bone.
Candida‐associated denture stomatitis. Aetiology and management: A review. Part 3. Treatment of oral candidosis
Authors: Webb B. C. , Thomas C. J. , Willcox M. D. P. , Harty D. W. S. , Knox K. W.
Published: March 2008

Treatment of oral candidosis with topical antifungal agents such as nystatin and amphotericin B is effective initially. However, medication can produce side effects in some patients and when therapy is stopped the condition can recur. Alternative treatment involving the use of antiseptics and disinfecting agents has been shown to play an important role in the control of dental plaque. The use of sodium hypochlorite as an overnight denture soak has been shown to eliminate denture plaque and recent investigations have demonstrated that microwave irradiation of dentures at a specified setting and exposure time is bactericidal and candidacidal.