bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From para‐Benziporphyrin to Rhodium(III) 21‐Carbaporphyrins: Imprinting Rh⋅⋅⋅η2‐CC, Rh⋅⋅⋅η2‐CO, and Rh⋅⋅⋅η2‐CH Coordination Motifs
Authors: Idec Aneta , Szterenberg Ludmiła , Latos‐Grażyński Lechosław
Published: July 2015

Rhodium(III) para‐benziporphyrin alters the fundamental reactivity of the built‐in para‐phenylene moiety. Due to additional macrocyclic stabilization, a sequence of intramolecular rearrangements are triggered to afford rhodium(III) 21‐carbaporphyrin, which incorporates the rhodacyclopropane motif. The peculiar reversible transformations of the bridging methylene unit provide an example of selective and reversible aliphatic CH bond elimination. Rhodium(III) 21‐carbaporphyrin can be oxygenated to rhodium(III) 21‐oxy‐21‐carbaporphyrin, whereas the metal ion interacts with the C(21)O(25) fragment in an η2 fashion. This species demonstrates a remarkable axial affinity toward alkenes.
Conserved size and periodicity of pyramidal patches in layer 2 of medial/caudal entorhinal cortex
Authors: Naumann Robert K. , Ray Saikat , Prokop Stefan , Las Liora , Heppner Frank L. , Brecht Michael
Published: July 2015

To understand the structural basis of grid cell activity, we compare medial entorhinal cortex architecture in layer 2 across five mammalian species (Etruscan shrews, mice, rats, Egyptian fruit bats, and humans), bridging ∼100 million years of evolutionary diversity. Principal neurons in layer 2 are divided into two distinct cell types, pyramidal and stellate, based on morphology, immunoreactivity, and functional properties. We confirm the existence of patches of calbindin‐positive pyramidal cells across these species, arranged periodically according to analyses techniques like spatial autocorrelation, grid scores, and modifiable areal unit analysis. In rodents, which show sustained theta oscillations in entorhinal cortex, cholinergic innervation targeted calbindin patches. In bats and humans, which only show intermittent entorhinal theta activity, cholinergic innervation avoided calbindin patches. The organization of calbindin‐negative and calbindin‐positive cells showed marked differences in entorhinal subregions of the human brain. Layer 2 of the rodent medial and the human caudal entorhinal cortex were structurally similar in that in both species patches of calbindin‐positive pyramidal cells were superimposed on scattered stellate cells. The number of calbindin‐positive neurons in a patch increased from ∼80 in Etruscan shrews to ∼800 in humans, only an ∼10‐fold over a 20,000‐fold difference in brain size. The relatively constant size of calbindin patches differs from cortical modules such as barrels, which scale with brain size. Thus, selective pressure appears to conserve the distribution of stellate and pyramidal cells, periodic arrangement of calbindin patches, and relatively constant neuron number in calbindin patches in medial/caudal entorhinal cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:783–806, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From military to civil loadings: Preliminary numerical‐based thorax injury criteria investigations
Authors: Awoukeng Goumtcha Aristide , Bodo Michèle , Taddei Lorenzo , Roth Sébastien
Published: July 2015

Effects of the impact of a mechanical structure on the human body are of great interest in the understanding of body trauma. Experimental tests have led to first conclusions about the dangerousness of an impact observing impact forces or displacement time history with PMHS (Post Mortem human Subjects). They have allowed providing interesting data for the development and the validation of numerical biomechanical models. These models, widely used in the framework of automotive crashworthiness, have led to the development of numerical‐based injury criteria and tolerance thresholds. The aim of this process is to improve the safety of mechanical structures in interaction with the body. In a military context, investigations both at experimental and numerical level are less successfully completed.

For both military and civil frameworks, the literature list a number of numerical analysis trying to propose injury mechanisms, and tolerance thresholds based on biofidelic Finite Element (FE) models of different part of the human body. However the link between both frameworks is not obvious, since lots of parameters are different: great mass impacts at relatively low velocity for civil impacts (falls, automotive crashworthiness) and low mass at very high velocity for military loadings (ballistic, blast). In this study, different accident cases were investigated, and replicated with a previously developed and validated FE model of the human thorax named Hermaphrodite Universal Biomechanical YX model (HUBYX model). These previous validations included replications of standard experimental tests often used to validate models in the context of automotive industry, experimental ballistic tests in high speed dynamic impact and also numerical replication of blast loading test ensuring its biofidelity. In order to extend the use of this model in other frameworks, some real‐world accidents were reconstructed, and consequences of these loadings on the FE model were explored.

These various numerical replications of accident coming from different contexts raise the question about the ability of a FE model to correctly predict several kinds of trauma, from blast or ballistic impacts to falls, sports or automotive ones in a context of numerical injury mechanisms and tolerance limits investigations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bi‐directional relay‐assisted FSO communication systems over strong turbulence channels with pointing errors
Authors: Puri Parul , Garg Parul , Aggarwal Mona
Published: July 2015

This paper presents the capacity and average bit error rate (BER)‐based performance analysis of a two‐way relay‐assisted free‐space optical communication system, over an atmospheric turbulent channel modeled by the Gamma–Gamma distribution and also affected by path loss and misalignment errors. A half‐duplex, decode‐and‐forward, two‐way, optical relay is considered, which establishes communication between two terminals, when direct communication is not possible because of non line‐of‐sight propagation or large distance. For the presented system and channel models and considering heterodyne detection at the receiver, we formulate the statistics of the instantaneous signal‐to‐noise ratio, followed by calculation of exact analytical expressions of capacity and BER. The mathematical expressions are formulated in terms of easily computable Meijer's G‐function. This mathematical analysis is accompanied with several numerical examples to illustrate the effect of the key system parameters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper Deposition on Gold Nanoprism Substrates
Authors: Straney Patrick J. , Andolina Christopher M. , Millstone Jill E.
Published: July 2015

Copper‐containing nanomaterials are attractive due to the natural abundance, low cost, and unique catalytic properties of copper metal. Copper may also be used as a representative system to study the formation of mixed metal nanoparticles containing 3d transition metals. These elements pose challenges to traditional metal nanoparticle synthesis strategies due to competing formation of both oxides and hydroxides, depending on metal identity. Here, we analyze copper deposition pathways on gold nanoprism substrates using a combination of electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques, demonstrating conditions for both core@shell and island growth modes. Elemental analysis by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy indicate that the final nanoparticle products contain metallic copper. Together, these results elucidate important trends for incorporating 3d transition metals into traditional colloidal syntheses of multimetallic nanostructures.
Raman micro‐spectroscopy for quantitative thickness measurement of nanometer thin polymer films
Authors: Liszka Barbara M. , Lenferink Aufried T. M. , Witkamp Geert‐Jan , Otto Cees
Published: July 2015

The sensitivity of far‐field Raman micro‐spectroscopy was investigated to determine quantitatively the actual thickness of organic thin films. It is shown that the thickness of organic films can be quantitatively determined down to 3 nm with an error margin of 20% and down to 1.5 nm with an error margin of 100%. Raman imaging of thin‐film surfaces with a far‐field optical microscope establishes the distribution of a polymer with a lateral resolution of ~400 nm and the homogeneity of the film. Raman images are presented for spin‐coated thin films of polysulfone (PSU) with average thicknesses between 3 and 50 nm. In films with an average thickness of 43 nm, the variation in thickness was around 5% for PSU. In films with an average thickness of 3 nm for PSU, the detected thickness variation was 100%. Raman imaging was performed in minutes for a surface area of 900 µm2. The results illustrate the ability of far‐field Raman microscopy as a sensitive method to quantitatively determine the thickness of thin films down to the nanometer range. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative assessment of the upper airway in infants and children with subglottic stenosis
Authors: Zdanski Carlton , Davis Stephanie , Hong Yi , Miao Di , Quammen Cory , Mitran Sorin , Davis Brad , Niethammer Marc , Kimbell Julia , Pitkin Elizabeth , Fine Jason , Fordham Lynn , Vaughn Bradley , Superfine Richard
Published: July 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Determine whether quantitative geometric measures and a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model derived from medical imaging of children with subglottic stenosis (SGS) can be effective diagnostic and treatment planning tools.

Study Design

Retrospective chart and imaging review in a tertiary care hospital.

Methods

Computed tomography scans (n = 17) of children with SGS were analyzed by geometric and CFD methods. Polysomnograms (n = 15) were also analyzed. Radiographic data were age/weight flow normalized and were compared to an atlas created from radiographically normal airways. Five geometric, seven CFD, and five polysomnography measures were analyzed. Statistical analysis utilized a two‐sample t test with Bonferroni correction and area under the curve analysis.

Results

Two geometric indices (the ratio of the subglottic to midtracheal airway, the percent relative reduction of the subglottic airway) and one CFD measure (the percent relative reduction of the hydraulic diameter of the subglottic airway) were significant for determining which children with SGS received surgical intervention. Optimal cutoffs for these values were determined. Polysomnography, the respiratory effort‐related arousals index, was significant only prior to Bonferroni correction for determining which children received surgical intervention.

Conclusions

Geometric and CFD variables were sensitive at determining which patients with SGS received surgical intervention. Discrete quantitative assessment of the pediatric airway was performed, yielding preliminary data regarding possible objective thresholds for surgical versus nonsurgical treatment of disease. This study is limited by its small, retrospective, single‐institution nature. Further studies to validate these findings and possibly optimize treatment threshold recommendations are warranted.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 126:1225–1231, 2016
Wound‐healing effect of acupuncture for treating phonotraumatic vocal pathologies: A cytokine study
Authors: Yiu Edwin M. L. , Chan Karen M. K. , Li Nicole Y. K. , Tsang Raymond , Abbott Katherine Verdolini , Kwong Elaine , Ma Estella P. M. , Tse Fred W. , Lin Zhixiu
Published: July 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Acupuncture is a less‐invasive procedure when compared with surgical treatment for benign vocal pathologies caused by vocal overuse. This study aimed to determine the wound‐healing effect of acupuncture in treating phonotraumatic vocal fold lesions.

Study Design

Two‐way, mixed‐model, between‐ and within‐subjects, prospective randomized, placebo‐controlled, blinded group design.

Methods

Seventeen dysphonic individuals with vocal nodules were recruited from a university clinic in Hong Kong. Each participant was randomly assigned to receive one session of either genuine or sham acupuncture. The genuine acupuncture group (n = 9) received needles puncturing nine voice‐related acupoints for 30 minutes, whereas the sham acupuncture group (n = 8) received blunted needles stimulating the skin surface of the nine acupoints for the same frequency and duration. Laryngeal secretions were suctioned from the surface of the vocal folds immediately before, immediately after, and 24 hours after the acupuncture. The protein concentration levels of wound‐healing–related cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐1β and IL‐10) in these secretion samples were measured.

Results

Following acupuncture, a significant increase in the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 was found in the genuine acupuncture group (n = 9) but not in the sham acupuncture group (n = 8).

Conclusions

The findings showed that acupuncture of voice‐related acupoints facilitated an anti‐inflammatory process in phonotraumatic vocal pathologies. This could be considered as supporting evidence to consider acupuncture as a less‐invasive alternative option, when compared to surgery, for treating phonotraumatic vocal pathologies.

Level of Evidence

1b Laryngoscope, 126:E18–E22, 2016
Prefabricated auricular cartilage radial forearm free flap reconstruction for cricoid chondrosarcoma
Authors: Jackson Ryan S. , Martin Eliot J. , Moore Eric J.
Published: July 2015

This case describes a subtotal cricoid cartilage defect reconstructed with a prefabricated composite free flap. A 61‐year‐old man with a chondrosarcoma of the cricoid cartilage required a subtotal cricoidectomy. The resulting defect was successfully reconstructed with a two‐stage prefabricated radial forearm free flap utilizing auricular cartilage. Our case further adds to the evidence that prefabricated flaps are reliable in airway reconstruction. Additionally, this provides another option for laryngeal preservation in patients with laryngeal chondrosarcoma. Laryngoscope, 125:2514–2517, 2015
Dynamic multi‐coil tailored excitation for transmit B1 correction at 7 Tesla
Authors: Umesh Rudrapatna S. , Juchem Christoph , Nixon Terence W. , de Graaf Robin A.
Published: July 2015

Purpose

Tailored excitation (TEx) based on interspersing multiple radio frequency pulses with linear gradient and higher‐order shim pulses can be used to obtain uniform flip angle in the presence of large radio frequency transmission (B
) inhomogeneity. Here, an implementation of dynamic, multislice tailored excitation using the recently developed multi‐coil nonlinear shim hardware (MC‐DTEx) is reported.

Methods

MC‐DTEx was developed and tested both in a phantom and in vivo at 7 T, and its efficacy was quantitatively assessed. Predicted outcomes of MC‐DTEx and DTEx based on spherical harmonic shims (SH‐DTEx) were also compared.

Results

For a planned 30
flip angle, in a phantom, the standard deviation in excitation improved from 28% (regular excitation) to 12% with MC‐DTEx. The SD in in vivo excitation improved from 22 to 12%. The improvements achieved with experimental MC‐DTEx closely matched the theoretical predictions. Simulations further showed that MC‐DTEx outperforms SH‐DTEx for both scenarios.

Conclusion

Successful implementation of multislice MC‐DTEx is presented and is shown to be capable of homogenizing excitation over more than twofold B
variations. Its benefits over SH‐DTEx are also demonstrated. A distinct advantage of MC hardware over SH shim hardware is the absence of significant eddy current effects, which allows for a straightforward, multislice implementation of MC‐DTEx. Magn Reson Med 76:83–93, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interventions to decrease pain and anxiety in patients undergoing urodynamic testing: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Solomon Ellen R. , Ridgeway Beri
Published: July 2015

Aims

To determine if music (at 60 beats/min) or watching a pre‐procedure educational video decreases pain and anxiety in women undergoing multichannel urodynamic testing compared to usual care.

Methods

Women undergoing multichannel urodynamic testing at a tertiary care center were randomized to one of three groups: usual care (UC), music (M), in which music was played throughout the urodynamic test, or video (V), in which subjects watched an informational video on the procedure prior to undergoing the test. Visual analog scales (VAS) were used to measure patient's pain and anxiety before and after the test. Demographic information was obtained and five‐item Likert questionnaires were given to assess information seeking behavior, preparedness, embarrassment, and privacy.

Results

98 subjects were included in this analysis. In the overall group, mean perceived pain on the pre‐test VAS was significantly higher than the post‐test VAS with pre‐test mean (SD) 47(±30) and post‐test mean (SD) 26(±23), P = 0.0001. Overall the anxiety pre‐test VAS was significantly greater than post‐test VAS with pre‐test mean (SD) 46.9(±29) and post‐test mean 17.9(±18), P = 0.0001. There were no differences in pain and anxiety scores between the two intervention groups and usual care. Patients who were randomized to usual care or the video arm felt more prepared for the test compared to patients who were randomized to the music arm, with (mean ± SD): usual care (42 ± 8), video (43 ± 9), music (37 ± 11), P = 0.002.

Conclusions

Music and an educational video do not decrease pain or anxiety in subjects undergoing multichannel urodynamics compared to usual care. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:975–979, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Revealing structure formation in PCPDTBT by optical spectroscopy
Authors: Scharsich Christina , Fischer Florian S. U. , Wilma Kevin , Hildner Richard , Ludwigs Sabine , Köhler Anna
Published: July 2015

The low‐bandgap polymer poly{[4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐cyclopenta‐(2,1‐b;3,4‐b′)dithiophen]‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐(2,1,3‐benzo‐thiadiazole)−4,7‐diyl} (PCPDTBT) is widely used for organic solar cell applications. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the optical properties as a function of temperature for PCPDTBT in solution and in thin films with two distinct morphologies. Using absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy as well as Franck‐Condon analyses, we show that PCPDTBT in solution undergoes a phase transformation at 300 K from a disordered to a truly aggregated state on cooling. The saturation value of aggregates in solution is reached in PCPDTBT thin films at any temperature. In addition, we demonstrate that the photophysical properties of the aggregates in films are similar to those in solution and that a low percentage of thermally activated excimer states is present in the films at temperatures above 200 K. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1416–1430
A Longitudinal Study of Predictors of Sexual Dysfunction in Men on Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Pearce Shane M. , Wang Chi-Hsiung E. , Victorson David E. , Helfand Brian T. , Novakovic Kristian R. , Brendler Charles B. , Albaugh Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between sexual dysfunction, repeat biopsies and other demographic and clinical factors in men on active surveillance (AS).

Methods

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) measures were administered at enrollment and every 6 months to assess quality of life (QOL), psychosocial and urological health outcomes. Using mixed-effects models, we examined the impact of repeat biopsies, total number of cores taken, anxiety, age, and comorbidity on sexual function over the first 24 months of enrolling in AS.

Main Outcome Measures

PROs included the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite-26 (EPIC-26) Sexual Function (SF) subscale, the American Urological Association-Symptom Index (AUA-SI), and the Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer (MAX-PC).

Results

At enrollment (n = 195), mean age was 66.5 ± 6.8 with a mean EPIC-26 SF score of 61.4 ± 30.4. EPIC-26 SF scores steadily decreased to 53.9 ± 30.7 at 24 months (P < 0.01). MAX-PC scores also progressively decreased over time (P = 0.03). Factors associated with lower EPIC-26 scores over time included age, unemployed status, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and hypertension (all P < 0.05). Higher prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was associated with a more rapid decline in EPIC-26 SF over time (P = 0.03). In multivariable analysis, age, diabetes, and PSA × time interaction remained significant predictors of diminished sexual function. Anxiety, number of biopsies, and total cores taken did not predict sexual dysfunction or change over time in our cohort.

Conclusions

Men on AS experienced a gradual decline in sexual function during the first 24 months of enrollment. Older age, PSA × time, and diabetes were all independent predictors of diminished sexual function over time. Anxiety, AUA-SI, the number of cores and the number of biopsies were not predictors of reduced sexual function in men in AS.
New genera and species of Ostracoda from the Maastrichtian and Danian of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina
Authors: Ceolin Daiane , Whatley Robin , Fauth Gerson , Concheyro Andrea
Published: July 2015

A total of 113 species belonging to 54 genera are recovered from a study of the Maastrichtian and Danian deposits in the Cerro Azul section of the Neuquén Basin, west‐central Argentina. Of these, 9 new genera, 38 new species and 28 species in open nomenclature are recorded. These form the basis of the present study and are listed below. Genera: Phelocyprideis gen. nov., Aleisocythereis gen. nov., Apatoleberis gen. nov., Mimicocythereis gen. nov., Castillocythereis gen. nov., Hysterocythereis gen. nov., Orthrocosta gen. nov., Petalocythereis gen. nov. and Sthenarocythereis gen. nov. Species: Cytherella saraballentae sp. nov., Cytherella semicatillus sp. nov., Paracypris bertelsae sp. nov., Paracypris imaguncula sp. nov., Argilloecia abnormalis sp. nov., Argilloecia concludus sp. nov., Argilloecia hydrodynamicus sp. nov., Bythoceratina cheleutos sp. nov., Phelocyprideis acardomesido sp. nov., Eucythere dinetos sp. nov., Krithe crepidus sp. nov., Cytheropteron hyperdictyon sp. nov., Cytheropteron bidentinos sp. nov., Cytheropteron translimitares sp. nov., Aversovalva glochinos sp. nov., Eucytherura stibaros sp. nov., Hemingwayella verrucosus sp. nov., Heinia prostratopleuricos sp. nov., Loxoconcha (s.l.) posterocosta sp. nov., Keijia circulodictyon sp. nov., Keijia kratistos sp. nov., Paramunseyella epaphroditus sp. nov., Munseyella costaevermiculatus sp. nov., Ameghinocythere archaios sp. nov., Aleisocythereis polikothonus sp. nov., Castillocythereis multicastrum sp. nov., Castillocythereis albertoriccardii sp. nov., Cythereis stratios sp. nov., Cythereis clibanarius sp. nov., Cythereis trajectiones sp. nov., Henryhowella (Wichmannella) praealtus sp. nov., Hysterocythereis paredros sp. nov., Hysterocythereis coinotes sp. nov., Hysterocythereis diversotuberculatus sp. nov., Orthrocosta decores sp. nov., Orthrocosta atopos sp. nov., Orthrocosta phantasia sp. nov. and Sthenarocythereis erymnos sp. nov. The nature of the fauna and aspects of its evolution are discussed.
Radiative μ and τ leptonic decays at NLO
Authors: Fael M. , Mercolli L. , Passera M.
Published: July 2015

Abstract

We present the differential rates and branching ratios of the radiative decays

$$ \tau \to l\overline{\nu}\nu \gamma $$

τ
→
l

ν
¯

ν
γ

, with l = e or μ, and

$$ \mu \to e\overline{\nu}\nu \gamma $$

μ
→
e

ν
¯

ν
γ

in the Standard Model at next-to-leading order. Radiative corrections are computed taking into account the full depencence on the mass m
l of the final charged leptons, which is necessary for the correct determination of the branching ratios. Only partial agreement is found with previous calculations performed in the m
l → 0 limit. Our results agree with the measurements of the branching ratios

$$ \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left(\mu \to e\overline{\nu}\nu \gamma \right) $$

ℬ

μ
→
e

ν
¯

ν
γ

and

$$ \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left(\tau \to \mu \overline{\nu}\nu \gamma \right) $$

ℬ

τ
→
μ

ν
¯

ν
γ

for a minimum photon energy of 10 MeV in the μ and τ rest frames, respectively. Babar’s recent precise measurement of the branching ratio

$$ \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left(\tau \to e\overline{\nu}\nu \gamma \right) $$

ℬ

τ
→
e

ν
¯

ν
γ

, for the same photon energy threshold, differs from our prediction by 3.5 standard deviations.
Accelerating worst case execution time analysis of timed automata models with cyclic behaviour
Authors: Al-Bataineh Omar , Reynolds Mark , French Tim
Published: July 2015

The paper presents a new efficient algorithm for computing worst case execution time (WCET) of systems modelled as timed automata (TA). The algorithm uses a set of abstraction techniques that improve significantly the efficiency of WCET analysis of TA models with cyclic behaviour. We show that the proposed abstractions are exact with respect to the WCET problem in the sense that the WCET computed in the abstract model is equal to the one computed in the concrete model. We also compare our algorithm with the one implemented in the model checker UPPAAL which shows that when infinite cycles exist (i.e. cycles that can be run infinitely often), UPPAAL’s algorithm may not terminate, and when largely repetitive finite cycles exist (i.e. cycles that can be run a large number of times but finite), UPPAAL’s algorithm suffers from the state space explosion, thus leading to a low efficiency or resource exhaustion.
Radiology on Board the PLA(N) Peace Ark Hospital Ship During a Humanitarian Medical Relief Mission to the Philippines
Authors: Ren Ai-Jun , Sun Tao , Wang Hai-Wei , Ge He-Quan , Ye Hong-Jun
Published: July 2015

Objective

From November 24 to December 10, 2013, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy [PLA(N)] hospital ship Peace Ark was deployed to the Leyte Gulf in the Philippines to provide humanitarian medical relief in Tacloban after Typhoon Haiyan. The purpose of this study was to assess the radiological services aboard the ship to provide guidance for future missions.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed on a cohort of 109 patients who underwent digital radiography (DR) and 59 patients who underwent computed tomography (CT) scans during a 16-day period during a humanitarian medical relief mission to the Philippines. Patient demographics, DR findings, and CT findings were analyzed.

Results

The mean age of the 109 DR patients was 39.7 years for the 64 males and 43.7 years for the 45 females. A total of 148 DR examinations were performed of the chest (n=109), extremities (n=35), and spine (n=4). The mean age of the 59 CT patients was 43.8 years for the 32 males and 49.1 years for the 27 females. A total of 72 CT scans were performed of the head and neck (n=36), thorax (n=24), abdomen (n=5), spine (n=4), and extremities (n=3). The imaging findings mainly included disaster-related and non-disaster-related fractures, pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary infection, acute brain infarction, intracranial hematoma, and occupying lesions.

Conclusion

Analysis of radiological services during a humanitarian medical relief mission to the Philippines provided meaningful information for future humanitarian medical relief missions. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:16–19)
Turbulent convective flows in the solar photospheric plasma
Authors: Caroli A. , Giannattasio F. , Fanfoni M. , Del Moro D. , Consolini G. , Berrilli F.
Published: July 2015

The origin of the 22-year solar magnetic cycle lies below the photosphere where multiscale plasma motions, due to turbulent convection, produce magnetic fields. The most powerful intensity and velocity signals are associated with convection cells, called granules, with a scale of typically 1 Mm and a lifetime of a few minutes. Small-scale magnetic elements (SMEs), ubiquitous on the solar photosphere, are passively transported by associated plasma flows. This advection makes their traces very suitable for defining the convective regime of the photosphere. Therefore the solar photosphere offers an exceptional opportunity to investigate convective motions, associated with compressible, stratified, magnetic, rotating and large Rayleigh number stellar plasmas. The magnetograms used here come from a Hinode/SOT uninterrupted 25-hour sequence of spectropolarimetric images. The mean-square displacement of SMEs has been modelled with a power law with spectral index ${\it\gamma}$. We found ${\it\gamma}=1.34\pm 0.02$ for times up to ${\sim}2000~\text{s}$ and ${\it\gamma}=1.20\pm 0.05$ for times up to ${\sim}10\,000~\text{s}$. An alternative way to investigate the advective–diffusive motion of SMEs is to look at the evolution of the two-dimensional probability distribution function (PDF) for the displacements. Although at very short time scales the PDFs are affected by pixel resolution, for times shorter than ${\sim}2000~\text{s}$ the PDFs seem to broaden symmetrically with time. In contrast, at longer times a multi-peaked feature of the PDFs emerges, which suggests the non-trivial nature of the diffusion–advection process of magnetic elements. A Voronoi distribution analysis shows that the observed small-scale distribution of SMEs involves the complex details of highly nonlinear small-scale interactions of turbulent convective flows detected in solar photospheric plasma.
From Reluctance to Acquiescence: The Evolving Attitude of African States Towards Judicial and Arbitral Settlement of Disputes
Authors: YUSUF ABDULQAWI A.
Published: July 2015

The attitude of African states towards judicial and arbitral settlement of disputes has substantially evolved since their accession to independence. The original reluctance to resort to the judicial settlement of disputes was due to a lack of trust in the system of ‘international law’ from which they were excluded prior to the UN Charter era and the rules of which were sometimes used to justify their colonization. There was also the issue of under-representation in international judicial or arbitral organs. That initial reluctance has more recently evolved into acquiescence at the universal level. Judicial institutions are also being established by the African states themselves.
Dissident Voices in International Criminal Law
Authors: BAAZ MIKAEL
Published: July 2015

Since the end of the Cold War, societies from the former Soviet Union and others throughout Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America have overthrown dictators and other authoritative rulers in the hope of allowing democracy, the rule of law, and human rights. In some cases, the change has been violent and drawn out, while in other cases the change has been quick and (more or less) non-violent. Regardless of whether the change has been violent or not, a crucial question during and after transition is: In what ways should post-authoritarian and/or post-conflict societies deal with their ‘evil’ past in order to ‘enable the state itself to [once again] function as a moral agent’? This question constitutes the very core of what is known as ‘transitional justice’ (TJ).
Multiplexed TEM Specimen Preparation and Analysis of Plasmonic Nanoparticles
Authors: Mulligan Sėan K. , Speir Jeffrey A. , Razinkov Ivan , Cheng Anchi , Crum John , Jain Tilak , Duggan Erika , Liu Er , Nolan John P. , Carragher Bridget , Potter Clinton S.
Published: July 2015

We describe a system for rapidly screening hundreds of nanoparticle samples using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The system uses a liquid handling robot to place up to 96 individual samples onto a single standard TEM grid at separate locations. The grid is then transferred into the TEM and automated software is used to acquire multiscale images of each sample. The images are then analyzed to extract metrics on the size, shape, and morphology of the nanoparticles. The system has been used to characterize plasmonically active nanomaterials.
Fungus, Physics Explain Weird Tresses of Ice
Authors: Reed Christina
Published: July 2015

Alfred Wegener, of plate tectonics fame, proposed a link nearly 100 years ago between fungi and "hair ice" on dead wood. A new study has identified the fungus and how it may influence ice structure.
High-performance n-type black phosphorus transistors with type control via thickness and contact-metal engineering
Authors: Perello David J. , Chae Sang Hoon , Song Seunghyun , Lee Young Hee
Published: July 2015

Recent work has demonstrated excellent p-type field-effect switching in exfoliated black phosphorus, but type control has remained elusive. Here, we report unipolar n-type black phosphorus transistors with switching polarity control via contact-metal engineering and flake thickness, combined with oxygen and moisture-free fabrication. With aluminium contacts to black phosphorus, a unipolar to ambipolar transition occurs as flake thickness increases from 3 to 13 nm. The 13-nm aluminium-contacted flake displays graphene-like symmetric hole and electron mobilities up to 950 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 300 K, while a 3 nm flake displays unipolar n-type switching with on/off ratios greater than 105 (107) and electron mobility of 275 (630) cm2 V−1 s−1 at 300 K (80 K). For palladium contacts, p-type behaviour dominates in thick flakes, while 2.5–7 nm flakes have symmetric ambipolar transport. These results demonstrate a leap in n-type performance and exemplify the logical switching capabilities of black phosphorus.
Flow-driven assembly of VWF fibres and webs in in vitro microvessels
Authors: Zheng Ying , Chen Junmei , López José A.
Published: July 2015

Several systemic diseases, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, manifest much of their pathology through activation of endothelium and thrombotic occlusion of small blood vessels, often leading to multi-organ failure and death. Modelling these diseases is hampered by the complex three-dimensional architecture and flow patterns of the microvasculature. Here, we employ engineered microvessels of complex geometry to examine the pathological responses to endothelial activation. Our most striking finding is the capacity of endothelial-secreted von Willebrand factor (VWF) to assemble into thick bundles or complex meshes, depending on the vessel geometry and flow characteristics. Assembly is greatest in vessels of diameter ≤300 μm, with high shear stress or strong flow acceleration, and with sharp turns. VWF bundles and webs bind platelets, leukocytes and erythrocytes, obstructing blood flow and sometimes shearing passing erythrocytes. Our findings uncover the biophysical requirements for initiating microvascular thrombosis and suggest mechanisms for the onset and progression of microvascular diseases.
First mitochondrial genome for the red crab (Charybdis feriata) with implication of phylogenomics and population genetics
Authors: Ma Hongyu , Ma Chunyan , Li Chenhong , Lu Jianxue , Zou Xiong , Gong Yangyang , Wang Wei , Chen Wei , Ma Lingbo , Xia Lianjun
Published: July 2015

In this study, we first described the complete mitochondrial genome for the red crab (Charybdis feriata), elucidated its phylogenetic relationship among 20 species within Decapoda and estimated the population genetic diversity. The mitochondrial genome was 15,660 bp in size and encoded 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and two ribosomal RNA genes. The gene arrangement of the mitochondrial genome was the same as that of its sister species, C. japonica. Phylogenomic analysis suggested that genus Charybdis should be classified into subfamily Portuninae but not into subfamily Thalamitinae. Moreover, a total of 33 haplotypes of complete cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene were defined in 70 individuals of C. feriata derived from three localities. Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity values among three localities indicated a high level of genetic diversity in C. feriata. AMOVA analysis suggested a low level of genetic differentiation among the three localities (FST = 0.0023, P > 0.05). Neutrality tests and mismatch analysis revealed that C. feriata might have undergone a population expansion event that possibly occurred in the last 61,498 to 43,814 years. This study should be helpful to better understand the evolutionary status and population genetic diversity of C. feriata and related species.
Transcriptional profiling of macrophages derived from monocytes and iPS cells identifies a conserved response to LPS and novel alternative transcription
Authors: Alasoo Kaur , Martinez Fernando O. , Hale Christine , Gordon Siamon , Powrie Fiona , Dougan Gordon , Mukhopadhyay Subhankar , Gaffney Daniel J.
Published: July 2015

Macrophages differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSDMs) are a potentially valuable new tool for linking genotype to phenotype in functional studies. However, at a genome-wide level these cells have remained largely uncharacterised. Here, we compared the transcriptomes of naïve and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and IPSDMs using RNA-Seq. The IPSDM and MDM transcriptomes were broadly similar and exhibited a highly conserved response to LPS. However, there were also significant differences in the expression of genes associated with antigen presentation and tissue remodelling. Furthermore, genes coding for multiple chemokines involved in neutrophil recruitment were more highly expressed in IPSDMs upon LPS stimulation. Additionally, analysing individual transcript expression identified hundreds of genes undergoing alternative promoter and 3′ untranslated region usage following LPS treatment representing a previously under-appreciated level of regulation in the LPS response.
Evaluation of UV radiation-induced toxicity and biophysical changes in various skin cells with photo-shielding molecules
Authors: Bennet Devasier , Kim Sanghyo
Published: July 2015

Examining the real-time morphological, biophysical, and biomechanical changes associated with skin cell degeneration induced by UVR to understand the mechanisms.
Development of a gold-based immunochromatographic strip assay for the detection of ancient silk
Authors: Liu Miaomiao , Li Yi , Zheng Hailing , Zhou Yang , Wang Bing , Hu Zhiwen
Published: July 2015

A portable, rapid, sensitive and specific gold-based immunochromatographic strip assay for the on-site detection of ancient silks.
Solid electrolyte interphase in semi-solid flow batteries: a wolf in sheep's clothing
Authors: Ventosa E. , Zampardi G. , Flox C. , La Mantia F. , Schuhmann W. , Morante J. R.
Published: July 2015

The new role of the electrically insulating solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in semi-solid flow batteries hinders the use of classic negative electrode materials forcing the search for active materials operating within the ranges of 1.2–0.8 V vs. Li/Li+.
Tailoring the surface properties of LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2by titanium substitution for improved high voltage cycling performance
Authors: Wolff-Goodrich Silas , Lin Feng , Markus Isaac M. , Nordlund Dennis , Xin Huolin L. , Asta Mark , Doeff Marca M.
Published: July 2015

LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2cathodes with and without Ti substitution were cycled to equivalent degrees of Li removal and transition metal oxidation states on electrode surfaces were probed using X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
P-chiral 1-phosphanorbornenes: from asymmetric phospha-Diels–Alder reactions towards ligand design and functionalisation
Authors: Möller Tobias , Wonneberger Peter , Sárosi Menyhárt B. , Coburger Peter , Hey-Hawkins Evamarie
Published: July 2015

A building set for chiral phosphorus. The principle of stereotopic face differentiation is successfully applied to a PC bond. A divergent ligand synthesis is feasible after reduction of the chiral auxiliary.
One-pot synthesis of GABA amides via the nucleophilic addition of amines to 3,3-disubstituted cyclopropenes
Authors: Maslivetc Vladimir A. , Rubina Marina , Rubin Michael
Published: July 2015

A one-pot synthesis of various GABA amides has been demostrated, employing the nucleophilic addition of primary and secondary amines across the double bond of cyclopropene-3-carboxamides, followed by ring-opening of the resulting donor–acceptor cyclopropanes and subsequent in situ reduction of enamine intermediates.
Co-deposition motif for constructing inverse opal photonic crystals with pH sensing
Authors: Yang Zhaokun , Shi Dongjian , Zhang Xiaodong , Liu Huanhuan , Chen Mingqing , Liu Shirong
Published: July 2015

An exfoliated polyacrylamide (PAM) inverse opal film has been fabricated based on a co-deposition motif.
Dispersity control of linear poly(glycidyl ether)s by slow monomer addition
Authors: Kuhlmann M. , Groll J.
Published: July 2015

In this communication we demonstrate that the extent of dispersity of poly(allyl glycidyl ether) and poly(ethoxy ethyl glycidyl ether) can be reduced by slow monomer addition with potassium tert-butoxide as initiator and THF as solvent at 45 °C.
Comment on “Spectroscopic studies of keto–enol tautomeric equilibrium of azo dyes” by M. A. Rauf, S. Hisaindee and N. Saleh, RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 18097
Authors: Antonov Liudmil , Hansen Poul Erik , Zwan Gert van der
Published: July 2015

The paper mentioned in the title contains inaccuracies and misleading interpretations that misrepresent basic knowledge about tautomerism in azo dyes. This Letter gives a better understanding of the basic principles of the tautomerisation process.
Fabrication of bioactive polypyrrole microelectrodes on insulating surfaces by surface-guided biocatalytical polymerization
Authors: Galán T. , Lagunas A. , Martinez E. , Samitier J.
Published: July 2015

A novel surface-guided biocatalytical polymerization procedure for polypyrrole microelectrodes is developed without the requirement of cleanroom facilities, it can be straightforwardly scaled up and is compatible within situbiomolecule entrapment.
Hydrogenation in supercritical conditions catalyzed by palladium supported on modified activated carbon
Authors: Liu Lu-Jie , Guo Hong-Mei , Xue Bo , Lou Hui , Chen Min
Published: July 2015

A green solvent, high activity and selectivity present advantages of hydrogenation in supercritical conditions catalyzed by a Pd/M-AC catalyst.
Spectroscopic and computational studies of nitrile hydratase: insights into geometric and electronic structure and the mechanism of amide synthesis
Authors: Light Kenneth M. , Yamanaka Yasuaki , Odaka Masafumi , Solomon Edward I.
Published: July 2015

In addition to its activation of coordinated nitriles, nitrile hydratase utilizes a coordinated sulfenate ligand as a well-oriented nucleophile to form a five-membered intermediate which subsequently undergoes attack by H2O to ultimately form the amide product.
An iridium(iii)-based irreversible protein–protein interaction inhibitor of BRD4 as a potent anticancer agent
Authors: Zhong Hai-Jing , Lu Lihua , Leung Ka-Ho , Wong Catherine C. L. , Peng Chao , Yan Siu-Cheong , Ma Dik-Lung , Cai Zongwei , David Wang Hui-Min , Leung Chung-Hang
Published: July 2015

This is the first report of a metal complex that targets the BRD4-acylated histone protein-protein interaction (PPI).
Correlations between electrochemical Na+storage properties and physiochemical characteristics of holey graphene nanosheets
Authors: Luo Xu-Feng , Yang Cheng-Hsien , Chang Jeng-Kuei
Published: July 2015

Na+storage mechanisms of graphene, involving a double-layer charging/discharging reaction, a surface redox reaction, and an intercalation/deintercalation reaction, are disclosed.
Reset‐in‐set: improving PCM write throughput by reducing the peak power of multi‐bit writes
Authors: Ro Yuhwan , Lee Eojin , Ahn Jung ho
Published: July 2015

Phase change memory (PCM) is a promising candidate for the main memory of future computer systems due to its merits such as high capacity and low standby power. However, its poor write performance is a critical issue for it to be fully adopted as main memory devices. Owing to high write power consumption and high write latency, the PCM's write throughput is severely limited under chip power restriction. A write throughput improvement technique called reset‐in‐set is proposed, which enables the PCM to concurrently execute more write requests by reducing the peak power of multi‐bit writes. The peak write power reduction is achieved by delaying short ‘0’ writes until the lowest power region of long ‘1’ writes. This technique decreases average write latency substantially and simulation results show that reset‐in‐set increases system performance by up to 44%, with negligible implementation overhead.
Genetic improvement of triticale for irrigated systems in south-eastern Australia: a study of genotype and genotype×environment interactions
Authors: Milgate Andrew , Ovenden Ben , Adorada Dante , Lisle Chris , Lacy John , Coombes Neil
Published: July 2015

Research into winter cereal breeding in Australia has focused primarily on studying the effects of rainfed environments. These studies typically show large genotype × environment (GE) interactions, and the complexity of these interactions acts as an impediment to the efficient selection of improved varieties. Wheat has been studied extensively; however, there are no published studies on the GE interactions of triticale in Australia under irrigated production systems. We conducted trials on 101 triticale genotypes at two locations over 4 years under intensive irrigated management practices and measured the yield potential, GE interactions, heritability and estimated genetic gain of yield, lodging resistance and several other traits important for breeding triticale. We found that high yield potential exceeding 10 t ha–1 exists in the Australian germplasm tested and that, in these irrigated trials, genotype accounted for a high proportion of the variability in all measured traits. All genetic parameters such as heritability and estimated genetic gain were high compared with rainfed studies. Breeding of triticale with improved yield and lodging resistance for irrigated environments is achievable and can be pursued with confidence in breeding programs.
Survival, Growth, and Tag Retention in Age-0 Chinook Salmon Implanted with 8-, 9-, and 12-mm PIT Tags
Authors: Tiffan Kenneth F. , Perry Russell W. , Connor William P. , Mullins Frank L. , Rabe Craig D. , Nelson Doug D.
Published: July 2015

The ability to represent a population of migratory juvenile fish with PIT tags becomes difficult when the minimum tagging size is larger than the average size at which fish begin to move downstream. Tags that are smaller (e.g., 8 and 9 mm) than the commonly used 12-mm PIT tags are currently available, but their effects on survival, growth, and tag retention in small salmonid juveniles have received little study. We evaluated growth, survival, and tag retention in age-0 Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha of three size-groups: 40–49-mm fish were implanted with 8- and 9-mm tags, and 50–59-mm and 60–69-mm fish were implanted with 8-, 9-, and 12-mm tags. Survival 28 d after tagging ranged from 97.8% to 100% across all trials, providing no strong evidence for a fish-size-related tagging effect or a tag size effect. No biologically significant effects of tagging on growth in FL (mm/d) or weight (g/d) were observed. Although FL growth in tagged fish was significantly reduced for the 40–49-mm and 50–59-mm groups over the first 7 d, growth rates were not different thereafter, and all fish were similar in size by the end of the trials (day 28). Tag retention across all tests ranged from 93% to 99%. We acknowledge that actual implantation of 8- or 9-mm tags into small fish in the field will pose additional challenges (e.g., capture and handling stress) beyond those observed in our laboratory. However, we conclude that experimental use of the smaller tags for small fish in the field is supported by our findings.

Received January 9, 2015; accepted May 8, 2015