bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a better understanding of hot-mixed mortars for the conservation of historic buildings: the role of water temperature and steam during lime slaking
Authors: Pesce Cecilia , Godina Martha C. , Henry Alison , Pesce Giovanni
Published: June 2021

According to various historic accounts and material evidence, the practice of producing lime mortars by mixing the quicklime with the sand (i.e. hot-mixing) before first slaking it with water was much more common in the past centuries than appreciated by most contemporary academics, conservation professionals and craftsmen. However, in the last 10 years, there has been resurgence in interest in hot-mixing. In such systems, the steam developed during the mixing is supposed to be crucial in determining the superior characteristics of the mortars, but in-depth investigations on the role of steam in hot-mixing are very few. This study reports the results of some experimental work investigating the effects of water temperature and steam used for lime slaking on the characteristics of lime and related mortars. In these tests, calcic quicklime was slaked in water at 20 and 75 °C, and with steam at 90 °C. Microstructure and mineralogical characteristics of the hydrates were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mortars produced with these limes were tested for fresh (water retention and flowability) and hardened (compressive and flexural strength) properties. Carbonation was assessed using SEM, XRD and phenolphthalein tests. Results show that steam-slaked lime is characterised by portlandite crystals with smaller crystallite size and significantly different microstructure compared to that of water-slaked lime. Results also show that mortars made with steam-slaked lime have higher water retention and flowability than the mortars produced with water-slaked lime. Under conditions of comparatively low relative humidity (c 40–50%), carbonation is slower in the steam-slaked lime mortar due to the lower water content compared to water-slaked lime mortars. Overall, these results confirm anecdotal reports of better workability and water retention and suggest that this production technology, which is only rarely used nowadays, can produce mortars with improved characteristics, and provide a means by which to match the performance of some historic mortars, and create compatible materials for conservation and restoration work.
Would the Recommended Dose Have Been Different Using Novel Dose-Finding Designs? Comparing Dose-Finding Designs in Published Trials
Authors: Silva Rebecca B. , Yap Christina , Carvajal Richard , Lee Shing M.
Published: June 2021

PURPOSE

Simulation studies have shown that novel designs such as the continual reassessment method and the Bayesian optimal interval (BOIN) design outperform the 3 + 3 design by recommending the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) more often, using less patients, and allotting more patients to the MTD. However, it is not clear whether these novel designs would have yielded different results in the context of real-world dose-finding trials. This is a commonly mentioned reason for the continuous use of 3 + 3 designs for oncology trials, with investigators considering simulation studies not sufficiently convincing to warrant the additional design complexity of novel designs.

METHODS

We randomly sampled 60 published dose-finding trials to obtain 22 that used the 3 + 3 design, identified an MTD, published toxicity data, and had more than two dose levels. We compared the published MTD with the estimated MTD using the continual reassessment method and BOIN using target toxicity rates of 25% and 30% and toxicity data from the trial. Moreover, we compared patient allocation and sample size assuming that these novel designs had been implemented.

RESULTS

Model-based designs chose dose levels higher than the published MTD in about 40% of the trials, with estimated and observed toxicity rates closer to the target toxicity rates of 25% and 30%. They also assigned less patients to suboptimal doses and permitted faster dose escalation.

CONCLUSION

This study using published dose-finding trials shows that novel designs would recommend different MTDs and confirms the advantages of these designs compared with the 3 + 3 design, which were demonstrated by simulation studies.
The Literary and Legendary Lives of the Onoe Bell
Authors: Fowler Sherry D.
Published: June 2021

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a large eleventh-century bronze bell made in Korea became a grand attraction on the grounds of Onoe Shrine in Kakogawa, Japan. Although such bells are made of expensive material that require significant financial investment and technical skill, most are overlooked as common fixtures inside bell towers at Buddhist temples across Asia. Yet the bell at Onoe Shrine has a particularly complex and fascinating story to tell. Using object biography as an approach to study this unusual monument enables us to see how this bell became the popular subject of legends, travel-diary accounts, gazetteer entries, popular woodblock prints, and souvenirs made in a variety of materials. The bell's legendary life story accorded it the ability to solve human problems and use its voice to demand where it should be located, which fueled people's desire to see it with their own eyes and to make physical contact with it. This examination of the bell's intertwining life tales reveals how, after initially serving as a ritual object at a Korean Buddhist temple, it experienced dramatic transformations into a high-value export (or trafficked) commodity, Japanese poetic trope, shrine treasure, and tourist draw.
Doing the Reading: The Decline of Long Long-Form Reading in Higher Education
Authors: Baron Naomi S. , Mangen Anne
Published: June 2021

Long-form reading of literary and non-literary texts is historically an essential component of education. However, in many schooling contexts, the amount of long-form reading is diminishing. Are digital technologies augmenting this trend? And are these technologies affecting assignments and student reading patterns in other ways? This article begins by arguing for the relevance of long-form reading and then reviews prior research on how much assigned reading students in higher education report completing. With these findings as background, university faculty in the United States and Norway were surveyed to gauge contemporary reading assignments and student reading practices in humanities and social sciences disciplines, which traditionally are reading intensive. Several of the questions focused on the potential impact of technology on reading assignments, including their length and complexity. This exploratory research suggests that digital technologies are contributing to reduced long-form reading in higher education.
Sequences in the stalk domain regulate auto-inhibition and ciliary tip localization of the immotile kinesin-4 KIF7
Authors: Blasius T. Lynne , Yue Yang , Prasad RaghuRam , Liu Xinglei , Gennerich Arne , Verhey Kristen J.
Published: June 2021

The kinesin-4 member KIF7 plays critical roles in Hedgehog signaling in vertebrate cells. KIF7 is an atypical kinesin as it binds to microtubules but is immotile. We demonstrate that, like conventional kinesins, KIF7 is regulated by auto-inhibition, as the full-length protein is inactive for microtubule binding in cells. We identify a segment, the inhibitory coiled coil (inhCC), that is required for auto-inhibition of KIF7, whereas the adjacent regulatory coiled coil (rCC) that contributes to auto-inhibition of the motile kinesin-4s KIF21A and KIF21B is not sufficient for KIF7 auto-inhibition. Disease-associated mutations in the inhCC relieve auto-inhibition and result in strong microtubule binding. Surprisingly, uninhibited KIF7 proteins did not bind preferentially to or track the plus ends of growing microtubules in cells, as suggested by previous in vitro work, but rather bound along cytosolic and axonemal microtubules. Localization to the tip of the primary cilium also required the inhCC, and could be increased by disease-associated mutations regardless of the auto-inhibition state of the protein. These findings suggest that loss of KIF7 auto-inhibition and/or altered cilium tip localization can contribute to the pathogenesis of human disease.
Role of the G protein-coupled receptors GPR84 and GPR119 in the central regulation of food intake in rainbow trout
Authors: Velasco Cristina , Conde-Sieira Marta , Comesaña Sara , Chivite Mauro , Míguez Jesús M. , Soengas José L.
Published: June 2021

We evaluated the role of GPR84 and GPR119 in food intake regulation in fish using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model. In a first experiment, we assessed the effects on food intake of intracerebroventricular treatment with agonists of these receptors. In a second experiment, we assessed in hypothalamus and hindbrain the impact of the same treatments on mRNA abundance of neuropeptides involved in the metabolic control of food intake (npy, agrp1, pomca1, and cartpt) as well as in changes in parameters related to signalling pathways and transcription factors involved in the integrative response leading to neuropeptide production. Treatment with both agonists elicited an anorectic response in rainbow trout attributable to changes observed in the mRNA abundance of the four neuropeptides. Changes in neuropeptides relate to changes observed in mRNA abundance and phosphorylation status of the transcription factor Foxo1. These changes occurred in parallel with changes in phosphorylation status of Ampkα and Akt, mRNA abundance of mTOR as well as in signalling pathways related to PLCβ and IP3. These results allow us to suggest that 1) at least part of the capacity of fish brain to sense MCFA like octanoate depends on the function of GPR84, and 2) the capacity of fish brain to sense NAE or triglyceride-derived molecules through binding of these ligands to GPR119.
1D conditional generative adversarial network for spectrum-to-spectrum translation of simulated chemical reflectance signatures
Authors: Murphy Cara , Kerekes John
Published: June 2021

The classification of trace chemical residues through active spectroscopic sensing is challenging due to the lack of physics-based models that can accurately predict spectra. To overcome this challenge, we leveraged the field of domain adaptation to translate data from the simulated to the measured domain for training a classifier. We developed the first 1D conditional generative adversarial network (GAN) to perform spectrum-to-spectrum translation of reflectance signatures. We applied the 1D conditional GAN to a library of simulated spectra and quantified the improvement in classification accuracy on real data using the translated spectra for training the classifier. Using the GAN-translated library, the average classification accuracy increased from 0.622 to 0.723 on real chemical reflectance data, including data from chemicals not included in the GAN training set.
Imaging of inflammatory disease of the pancreas
Authors: Bastati Nina , Kristic Antonia , Poetter-Lang Sarah , Messner Alina , Herold Alexander , Hodge Jacqueline C , Schindl Martin , Ba-Ssalamah Ahmed
Published: June 2021

Increasingly acute and chronic pancreatitis (AP and CP) are considered a continuum of a single entity. Nonetheless, if, after flare-up, the pancreas shows no residual inflammation, it is classified as AP. CP is characterised by a long cycle of worsening and waning glandular inflammation without the pancreas ever returning to its baseline structure or function. According to the International Consensus Guidelines on Early Chronic Pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation must last at least 6 months before it can be labelled CP. The distinction is important because, unlike AP, CP can destroy endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function, emphasising the importance of early diagnosis. As typical AP can be diagnosed by clinical symptoms plus laboratory tests, imaging is usually reserved for those with recurrent, complicated or CP. Imaging typically starts with ultrasound and more frequently with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). MRI and/or MR cholangiopancreatography can be used as a problem-solving tool to confirm indirect signs of pancreatic mass, differentiate between solid and cystic lesions, and to exclude pancreatic duct anomalies, as may occur with recurrent AP, or to visualise early signs of CP. MR cholangiopancreatography has replaced diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). However, ERCP, and/or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) remain necessary for transpapillary biliary or pancreatic duct stenting and transgastric cystic fluid drainage or pancreatic tissue sampling, respectively. Finally, positron emission tomography-MRI or positron emission tomography-CT are usually reserved for complicated cases and/or to search for extra pancreatic systemic manifestations. In this article, we discuss a broad spectrum of inflammatory pancreatic disorders and the utility of various modalities in diagnosing acute and chronic pancreatitis.
Πρόλογος
Authors: Malikiosi-Loizos Maria , Rotsika Vasiliki
Published: June 2021

No abstract avalaible.
A review of experimental models of focal cerebral ischemia focusing on the middle cerebral artery occlusion model
Authors: Trotman-Lucas Melissa , Gibson Claire L.
Published: June 2021

Cerebral ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, but current pharmacological therapies are limited in their utility and effectiveness. In vitro and in vivo models of ischemic stroke have been developed which allow us to further elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of injury and investigate potential drug targets. In vitro models permit mechanistic investigation of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of injury but are reductionist and do not mimic the complexity of clinical stroke. In vivo models of ischemic stroke directly replicate the reduction in blood flow and the resulting impact on nervous tissue. The most frequently used in vivo model of ischemic stroke is the intraluminal suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (iMCAO) model, which has been fundamental in revealing various aspects of stroke pathology. However, the iMCAO model produces lesion volumes with large standard deviations even though rigid surgical and data collection protocols are followed. There is a need to refine the MCAO model to reduce variability in the standard outcome measure of lesion volume. The typical approach to produce vessel occlusion is to induce an obstruction at the origin of the middle cerebral artery and reperfusion is reliant on the Circle of Willis (CoW). However, in rodents the CoW is anatomically highly variable which could account for variations in lesion volume. Thus, we developed a refined approach whereby reliance on the CoW for reperfusion was removed. This approach improved reperfusion to the ischemic hemisphere, reduced variability in lesion volume by 30%, and reduced group sizes required to determine an effective treatment response by almost 40%. This refinement involves a methodological adaptation of the original surgical approach which we have shared with the scientific community via publication of a visualised methods article and providing hands-on training to other experimental stroke researchers.
Case Report: Spontaneous simultaneous coronary and carotid dissection in a young cannabis user
Authors: Ibn Hadj Amor Hassen , Touil Imen , Boukriba Seif , Bouchnak Skander , Kraiem Salma , Rouabhia Ramzi
Published: June 2021

Due to legalization of its consumption in some countries and its medical use as well as low toxic potential, cannabis remains the most widely used drug around the world and the rate of usage is only increasing. 

Nevertheless, there are several case reports of vascular complications following cannabis use even in young people without cardiovascular risk factors. We report the case of a cannabis smoker presenting to the emergency room for an ischemic stroke associated with an acute coronary syndrome related to a spontaneous simultaneous double dissection of the carotid artery and the left anterior descending artery, with a favourable outcome under medical treatment. This case shows the seriousness of complications due to the cannabis consumption, hence the need to limit or even prohibit its consumption.
Gottfried von Strassburg - A German Humanist of the Twelfth Century Par Excellence
Authors: Classen Albrecht
Published: June 2021

Normally we identify the so-called Renaissance of the twelfth centuty with theologians, philosophers, and artists. But many poets from the turn of the century (1200) have made major intellectual contributions to this Renaissance as well. Especially Gottfried von Strassburg’s Tristan can be regarded as an extraordinary literary accomplishment characterized by its fascinating combination of fictional elements with those of a philosophical origin. The purpose of this article is to recognize the central message of Tristan as not being limited to the theme of love, but, emerging from the discourse of love, as a critical engagement with basic question pertaining to human existence.
Freud y la filosofía: precedentes de una ambivalencia fundamental.
Authors: Gracia Gómez Alfonso A.
Published: June 2021

La relación del psicoanálisis con la filosofía debe tener en cuenta el propio rechazo que Freud declaró contra todo intento de reducir la psicología al conocimiento de los fenómenos de la conciencia, que de modo temprano e insistente vinculó a la noción idealista de “cosmovisión” (Weltanschauung). Sin embargo, un seguimiento minucioso de las principales tendencias filosóficas que se daban en su contexto muestra el verdadero lugar de privilegio que corresponde al pensamiento filosófico de cara a la configuración identitaria del psicoanálisis como disciplina (y de su objeto de estudio: el inconsciente), con un marco epistemológico propio que bebe de la confluencia ideológica que el neopositivismo cientificista estableció con la filosofía de Schopenhauer.
Sartre lector de Husserl: ¿Es el existencialismo sartreano una hérésie husserliana?.
Authors: González Araneda Sergio
Published: June 2021

La relación filosófica entre Husserl y Sartre es posible rastrearla no solo como maestro-discípulo, sino también como un discípulo que intenta superar a su maestro. El presente artículo es un esfuerzo por mostrar la relación entre la lectura que Sartre hace de Husserl, advirtiendo hasta qué punto el filósofo francés comprende el proyecto del padre de la fenomenología, y el modo en que esta lectura permite a Sartre elaborar un auténtico pensamiento existencialista. Con ello ponemos de relieve la presunta deuda del existencialismo sartreano respecto de la fenomenología husserliana.
Using Social Network Activity Data to Identify and Target Job Seekers
Authors: Ebbes Peter , Netzer Oded
Published: June 2021

An important challenge for many firms is to identify the life transitions of its customers, such as job searching, expecting a child, or purchasing a home. Inferring such transitions, which are generally unobserved to the firm, can offer the firms opportunities to be more relevant to their customers. In this paper, we demonstrate how a social network platform can leverage its longitudinal user data to identify which of its users are likely to be job seekers. Identifying job seekers is at the heart of the business model of professional social network platforms. Our proposed approach builds on the hidden Markov model (HMM) framework to recover the latent state of job search from noisy signals obtained from social network activity data. Specifically, we use the latent states of the HMM to fuse cross-sectional survey responses to a job-seeking status question with longitudinal user activity data, resulting in a partially HMM. Thus, in some time periods, and for some users, we observe a direct measure of the true job-seeking status. We demonstrate that the proposed model can predict not only which users are likely to be job seeking at any point in time but also what activities on the platform are associated with job search and how long the users have been job seeking. Furthermore, we find that targeting job seekers based on our proposed approach can lead to a 29% increase in profits of a targeting campaign relative to the approach that was used by the social network platform.

This paper was accepted by Juanjuan Zhang, marketing.
de chrónos à aión – onde habitam os tempos da infância?
Authors: Araújo Janice débora De alencar batista , Costa Rebeka Rodrigues alves da , Frota Ana maria Monte coelho
Published: June 2021

This article reflects on childhood times based on the words chrónos, kairós and aión, which the Greeks use to conceptualize time, in dialogue with different authors, such as Kohan (2007, 2009, 2018), Pohlmann (2005), Skliar (2018), Kohan and Fernandes (2020). In the pedagogical field, we explore how Pedagogy of Childhood has focused on the importance of childhood temporality and children’s agency, with contributions from Hoyuelos (2020), Parrini (2016), Aguilera et al. (2020), Barbosa (2013), Oliveira-Formosinho e Araújo (2013), Oliveira-Formosinho (2018), Pinazza and Gobbi (2014). We reflect on what forms of organizing time are possible when we think about children and their childhoods. Would it be a continuous and chronological time, a time of opportunity for the instant (kairos) or the timeless intensity of the aiónic? Would it be possible to open spaces in school for other temporalities, given its immersion in chronological time (chronos), and its extreme emphasis on routine? We seek a relationship between forms of temporality, philosophy, and early education in order to explore alternative possibilities in the relationship between child and the school context, and conclude that, since the child’s is the aiónic time of intense experience, it is in the heightened dynamic immediacy and the multiple symbolic languages of play that it may be possible to create pedagogical structures that provide a dwelling for childhood temporality.
Modern Projections of the Ukrainian Theme in the Works by O. Kuprin
Authors:   Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University, Dmytrenko V. I.
Published: June 2021

The article under consideration actualizes the peculiarities of the reception of Ukraine in the works by O. Kuprin. The writer's extended stay in Ukraine contributed to his active appeal to the Ukrainian theme. The last ones cover a significant part of his creative heritage and reveal it in different ways. Surprisingly, the subject of his works geographically affects all parts of our state: Donbas, central Ukraine, and Polissya. The author's works present and degraded Kyiv characters (collections „Kyiv Types” (1895) and „Miniatures” (1897)), and ruthlessly exploited miners of Donbas (essays „Rolling Mill” and „Yuzovsky Plant” (1896), the novel „Molokh” (1896)), and the inhabitants of Polissya („Olesya” (1898)). The publication emphasizes the urgency of the problems raised by O. Kuprin in the last century for the current situation in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts. The issues raised in the story „Molokh” are also surprising in their topicality. The reception of the nature of Polissya and the author's reflections on its inhabitants also have current projections. The article presents a modern interpretation of O. Kuprin's novel „Olesya”. Emphasis is placed on the symbolism of the relationship between a Ukrainian girl and a young Russian writer, which ended with the latter's betrayal.
Axiologically dominant concept “Egocentrism” in the French phraseological picture of the world
Authors:   State Institution Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Shapovalova L. V.
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the basis of atropocentric cognitive-communicative paradigm of linguistic research, which developed in the XXI century; the most frequently used French phraseological units are analyzed in order to single out the axiologically dominant concept of the French phraseological picture of the world objectified in them and to build its model.Based on the study, it was found that the axiological dominant concept of the French phraseological picture of the world is the frame “Egocentrism”.The selected phraseological units are divided into groups that represent slots in the structure of the frame „Egocentrism”. Each slot features individual elements of meaning, illustrated with idioms, that verbalize them.The isolated idioms convey such components of the meaning of the concept „Egocentrism” as the existence of their own rules of life, evaluation of something by its own rules, different ways of evaluating the same, self-interest, pretentiousness, behavior or opinion based on self-interest contempt for enemies, selfishness, independence of judgment, confidence in their own beliefs, their own way, subjectivity of judgments, firmness in their own position, pride, life goals and priorities, inflated self-esteem about themselves and their nation. All of the selected idioms have an assessment or evaluation in their meaning or represent an action based on their own needs, interests, priorities, selfishness, self-confidence, pride or other manifestations of their own ego, which actualizes their value aspect.An analysis of about 1,550 of the most commonly used French idioms allows us to come to conclusions about the hierarchy of axiologically dominant concepts in the French phraseological picture of the world and about the content and structure of the frame „Egocentrism” based on phraseological units that represent it.
Chinese Revolution and Development of the World Economy
Authors: Honkanen Pertti
Published: June 2021

This paper considers China's economic development and place in the world economy. The People's Republic of China is becoming the most powerful country in the world in terms of GDP. Nowadays, China is an important partner in world trade both as an exporter and importer. Thus far, the United States has been the leading force in managing and coordinating the global economic and especially financial system, but now the economically advancing socialist China is a challenge to the USA. The Chinese model, socialism with Chinese characteristics, is discussed and compared with earlier stages of socialist construction, e.g. the NEP experiment of Soviet Union. The paper ends with notes about environmental and ecological problems, stressing the importance of socialist answers to these challenges. In this regard there are encouraging aspects in the current political program of the Chinese leadership.
Financialization, Economic Structure Change, and the USA–China Trade War
Authors: Cai Wanhuan
Published: June 2021

Under conditions of financialization, finance capital develops relatively independently from the real economy of the United States. As a result, the United States has to rely heavily on external markets to buy consumer goods. The huge trade deficit of the United States stems from its own economic structure rather than external reasons. The trade deficit does not mean that the United States is in a disadvantageous position. From the perspective of the goods trade, service trade, and finance capital investment, the United States is in a position of absolute dominance with its service sector and profit from foreign investment. The launching of the USA–China trade war was a manifestation of Trump's protectionism. It has failed. It is hoped that the Biden administration will demonstrate learning from this mistake.
Everolimus for the treatment of epithelioid hemangioma: a case report
Authors: Aisyi Mururul , Syarif Ayu Hutami , Mukarramah Dewi Aisyah , Hermawan Rio , Iriani Dewi
Published: June 2021

Epithelioid hemangioma is a rare benign vascular tumor manifested as slow-growing subcutaneous or dermal nodules. A previously therapeutic strategy involved surgical excision and sclerotherapy. However, no standard treatment has been established. Here, we reported an atypical case of epithelioid hemangioma that had a locally aggressive behavior and was successfully treated with everolimus, a rapamycin analog used for cancer therapy. A 1-year-old boy presented with an ulcerated lump in the left palmar region. The imaging test results, confirmed through histopathologic examination, suggested a diagnosis of epithelioid hemangioma. Targeted therapy with everolimus was administered orally because of a minimal response to initial transarterial sclerotherapy. The patient achieved a satisfactory response with a significantly reduced lesion size and improved hand function after a 2-year follow-up. This finding showed that patients with locally aggressive forms of epithelioid hemangioma may significantly benefit from everolimus as a potential targeted therapy.
Origin of the redshifted hump in the spectrum of an ultrashort laser pulse under its filamentation in atomic and molecular gases
Authors: Mokrousova D. V. , Rizaev G. E. , Koribut A. V. , Grudtsyn Ya. V. , Gorymov M. I. , Kuznetsova M. I. , Seleznev L. V. , Ionin A. A.
Published: June 2021

We experimentally compare spectrum conversion of an ultrashort laser pulse under its filamentation in various gases. The laser pulse propagation through both atomic and molecular gases is observed to result in a separated local maximum formation in the long-wavelength spectral wing. This redshifted hump is more noticeable and does have a higher amplitude under the laser pulse filamentation just in molecular gases as compared to atomic ones. Therefore, we claim that the laser pulse self-phase modulation plays a crucial role in the formation of such a hump, while the Raman scattering in molecular gases enhances this process efficiency.
Fourier-based interpretation and noise analysis of the moments of small-angle x-ray scattering in grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging
Authors: Wu Chengpeng , Xing Yuxiang , Zhang Li , Li Xinbin , Zhu Xiaohua , Zhang Xi , Gao Hewei
Published: June 2021

In grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging, Fourier component analysis (FCA) is usually recognized as a gold standard to retrieve the contrasts including attenuation, phase and dark-field, since it is well-established on wave optics and is of high computational efficiency. Meanwhile, an alternative approach basing on the particle scattering theory is being developed and can provide similar contrasts with FCA by calculating multi-order moments of deconvolved small-angle x-ray scattering, so called as multi-order moment analysis (MMA). Although originated from quite different physics theories, the high consistency between the contrasts retrieved by FCA and MMA implies us that there may be some intrinsic connections between them, which has not been fully revealed to the best of our knowledge. In this work, we present a Fourier-based interpretation of MMA and conclude that the contrasts retrieved by MMA are actually the weighted compositions of Fourier coefficients, which means MMA delivers similar physical information as FCA. Based on the recognized cosine model, we also provide a truncated analytic MMA method, and its computational efficiency can be hundreds of times faster than the original deconvolution-based MMA method. Moreover, a noise analysis for our proposed truncated method is also conducted to further evaluate its performances. The results of numerical simulation and physical experiments support our analyses and conclusions.
Near-infrared sensitivity improvement by plasmonic diffraction for a silicon image sensor with deep trench isolation filled with highly reflective metal
Authors: Ono Atsushi , Hashimoto Kazuma , Teranishi Nobukazu
Published: June 2021

We propose a plasmonic diffraction structure combined with deep trench isolation (DTI) filled with highly reflective metal to enhance the near-infrared (NIR) sensitivity of image sensors. The plasmonic diffraction structure has a silver grating on the light-illuminated surface of a typical silicon backside-illuminated CMOS image sensor. The structural parameters of the silver grating were investigated through simulations, and the mechanism of the NIR sensitivity enhancement was clarified. Under the quasi-resonant conditions of surface plasmon polaritons, incident NIR light effectively diffracted as a propagating light to the sensor silicon layer. The diffracted light travelled back and forth between the DTIs. The effective propagation length in silicon was extended to six times by silver-filled DTI, resulting in approximately five times improvement of the 3-µm-thick silicon absorption at a wavelength of 940 nm.
Numerical Stability of Modified Lorentz FDTD Unified From Various Dispersion Models
Authors: Park Jaesun , Jung Kyung-Young
Published: June 2021

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been widely used to analyze electromagnetic wave propagation in complex dispersive media. Until now, there are many reported dispersion models including Debye, Drude, Lorentz, complex-conjugate pole-residue (CCPR), quadratic complex rational function (QCRF), and modified Lorentz (mLor). The mLor FDTD is promising since the mLor dispersion model can simply unify other dispersion models. To fully utilize the unified mLor FDTD method, it is of great importance to investigate its numerical stability in the aspects of the original dispersion model parameters. In this work, the numerical stability of the mLor FDTD formulation unified from the aforementioned dispersion models is comprehensively studied. It is found out that the numerical stability conditions of the original model-based FDTD method are equivalent to its unified mLor FDTD counterparts. However, when unifying the mLor FDTD formulation for the QCRF model, a proper Courant number should be used. Otherwise, its unified mLor FDTD simulation may suffer from numerical instability, different from other dispersion models. Numerical examples are performed to validate our investigations.
Avoidance of four-wave mixing in optical fiber bundle for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering endomicroscopy
Authors: Ogawa Hiroki , Hashimoto Mamoru
Published: June 2021

We propose and demonstrate a method of suppressing four-wave mixing (FWM) in an optical fiber bundle to realize coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) endomicroscopy, which is the leading candidate for a definitive diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer. Two excitation laser beams with different wavelengths are delivered via different cores to suppress FWM and are then combined with a polarization prism and a dual-wavelength wave plate and are focused to a spot. The background emission from the optical fiber bundle was suppressed to 1/3289, and we demonstrated CARS imaging of a polystyrene bead using the proposed method.
Cost-efficient and high precision method for the assembly of LN-based photonic crystal slabs on the fiber tip for the implementation of E-field sensors
Authors: Robert Bruno , Calero Venancio , Suarez Miguel-Angel , Salut Roland , Behague Florent , Baida Fadi , Courjal Nadege , Bernal Maria-Pilar
Published: June 2021

Lab-on-fiber technology is an emerging topic for sensing cutting-edge technologies due to the high versatility and functionality that it offers when it is combined with different sensitive materials. A particular configuration, which consists of the integration of nanophotonic structures into the tip of a pigtailed fiber, allows the exploitation of light localization performances to produce high-performing sensors. However, integrating such tiny structures into the fiber facet requires complex and expensive procedures. In this work, we report a novel high precision assembly procedure that ensures the parallelism between the photonic chip and the fiber surface, in addition to the alignment with the light injection into the nanostructure. The integrated structure consists of an ultra-compact (19 μm × 19 μm) Photonic Crystal Slab (PCS) structure based on a 700 nm thin film of lithium niobate (LN) which is sensitive to external E-fields via the electro-optic effect. Thus, the assembled sensor detects electric fields, presenting great linearity and a sensitivity of 170 V/m. This technique shows a way to assemble compact planar nanostructures into fiber facets keeping high throughput, high precision, and relatively low costs.
Aluminum coated hollow-core fiber for single mode operation in the terahertz spectrum
Authors: Pandey Tanmoy , Reza Md. Farhamdur , Paul Alok Kumar
Published: June 2021

A hollow-core circular waveguide with a hyperbolic metamaterial cladding is proposed for single-mode operation in the terahertz spectrum. The strong anisotropy of the cladding is achieved by incorporating an aluminum coating on the inner wall of the cladding air holes. It is evident from the numerical study that the proposed model offers a single-mode window covering from 0.22 THz to 0.34 THz. The radially polarized transverse magnetic TM1 mode offers the lowest loss of 0.23 dB/cm at 0.3 THz within the single-mode window. The proposed fiber also offers around 96.8% of the total power in its wavelength scale fiber core. Low bending loss around 0.28 dB/cm with a sharp bend of 5.0 cm makes this fiber a potential choice for a densely integrated terahertz system.
Compassionate and respectful care among outpatient clients at public health facilities in Northwest Ethiopia: A mixed-methods study
Authors: Abate Manaye , Debie Ayal , Tsehay Chalie Tadie , Amare Tsegaw
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Compassionate and respectful care is a pillar for improving health-seeking behaviour. It has given much attention globally, following the concerns that healthcare often falls significantly; however, less research emphasis was paid in the last decade. Therefore, this study aims to assess compassionate and respectful care and associated factors among outpatient clients at public health facilities in Northwest Ethiopia, 2020.

Methods

A facility-based quantitative cross-sectional study supplemented with the qualitative findings was conducted from 30 February to 30 March 2020. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the quantitative data among 593 participants. Systematic and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the quantitative and qualitative participants, respectively. A semi-structured interview guide was also employed for the qualitative data collection. Epi-Data version 4.6 and SPSS version 25 were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. The bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify the factors associated with each outcome variable (compassionate and respectful care separately). Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value less than 0.05 were used to declare the strength and factors statistically associated with the outcome variables.

Results

Overall, 72.8% and 82.6% of the respondents experienced compassionate and respectful care, respectively. Patients attending primary or above education (AOR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.21–0.59), attending at the hospital (AOR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.39–0.88), new clients (AOR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.16–0.70) and service users who had three or more visits (AOR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.17–0.71) were negatively associated with compassionate care. On the other hand, female patients (AOR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.32–0.87), aged over 36 years (AOR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.20–0.90), primary or above school attended clients (AOR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.09–0.36), waiting two or more hours (AOR = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.13–0.62), and use public or private transport access (AOR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.29–0.83) were negatively associated with a respectful care.

Conclusion

Compassionate and respectful care provided to the outpatient clients in public health facilities of northwest Ethiopia was high. However, our result suggests that immediate actions are necessary to address respectful and compassionate care at hospitals, and hospital management should adopt mitigation measures. Consideration should be given to foster patient-centric services and educate the health care workers about compassionate and respectful care.
The p16/ki-67 assay is a safe, effective and rapid approach to triage women with mild cervical lesions
Authors: Magkana Maria , Mentzelopoulou Panagiota , Magkana Ekaterini , Pampanos Andreas , Daskalakis Georgios , Domali Ekaterini , Rodolakis Alexandros , Pappa Kalliopi
Published: June 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and efficiency of p16/ki-67 dual stain in the identification of CIN2+ lesions, in Greek women with ASCUS or LSIL cytology.

Methods

A total of 200 women, 20 to 60 years old, were enrolled in the study. All samples were cytologically evaluated and performed for p16/ki-67 and high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) test. All patients were referred to colposcopy for biopsy and histological evaluation. Three cervical cancer (CC) screening strategies were designed and the total direct medical costs of the procedures during our clinical trial were evaluated, from a healthcare perspective.

Results

HPV 16 as expected was the most common HR-HPV type followed by HPV 31 and HPV 51. The risk for CIN2+ was significantly higher in HPV 16/18 positive cases. p16/ki-67 demonstrated a high sensitivity for CIN2+ identification in both ASCUS and LSIL groups (90.4% and 95%, respectively). HR-HPV test with sensitivity 52.3% and 65.5%, as well as colposcopy with sensitivity 14.3% and 36% respectively in ASCUS and LSIL group, showed inferior results compared to p16/ki-67. The specificity of p16/ki-67 for ASCUS and LSIL was 97.2% and 95.2% respectively, inferior only to colposcopy: 100% and 100%, lacking however statistical significance. HR-HPV test instead, presented the lowest specificity: 76.4% and 71.4% respectively in comparison to the other two methods. From a healthcare perspective, the costs and benefits of the tests implementation for the annual screening and triaging, in three CC screening strategies, were also calculated and discussed.

Conclusions

The results of the study indicate that p16/ki-67 is a safe and rapid assay that could be used to detect CIN2+ among women with mild cervical lesions, presenting both high sensitivity and specificity and could minimize the psychological and economic burden of HPV screening.
Do working conditions contribute differently to gender gaps in self-rated health within different occupational classes? Evidence from the Swedish Level of Living Survey
Authors: Kjellsson Sara
Published: June 2021

Socioeconomic inequality in health among women is often referred to as smaller than health inequality among men. However, we know less about differences in health between men and women within the same socioeconomic groups. In this article the lack of attention to potential socioeconomic variation in gender health inequality is argued as unfortunate, as it can obscure how mechanisms, such as e.g. working conditions, affect gendered health within specific groups. Drawing on the nationally representative Swedish Level of Living survey (LNU), class/gender interactions as well as class-separate linear probability models are estimated to explore relationships between working conditions and health among men and women with the same occupational class positions. Results show that, although class is not a large explanatory factor for general gender differences in health, there are varying within-class differences between men and women in working conditions, that can contribute to the understanding of within-class gender differences in health. This highlights that, when targeting causes of gender health inequality, it is important to consider not only what class means for women as well as for men, but also what gender means within specific classes.
COVID-19 vaccine prioritization of incarcerated people relative to other vulnerable groups: An analysis of state plans
Authors: Strodel Rachel , Dayton Lauren , Garrison-Desany Henri M. , Eber Gabriel , Beyrer Chris , Arscott Joyell , Rubenstein Leonard , Sufrin Carolyn
Published: June 2021

Background

Carceral facilities are epicenters of the COVID-19 pandemic, placing incarcerated people at an elevated risk of COVID-19 infection. Due to the initial limited availability of COVID-19 vaccines in the United States, all states have developed allocation plans that outline a phased distribution. This study uses document analysis to compare the relative prioritization of incarcerated people, correctional staff, and other groups at increased risk of COVID-19 infection and morbidity.

Methods and findings

We conducted a document analysis of the vaccine dissemination plans of all 50 US states and the District of Columbia using a triple-coding method. Documents included state COVID-19 vaccination plans and supplemental materials on vaccine prioritization from state health department websites as of December 31, 2020. We found that 22% of states prioritized incarcerated people in Phase 1, 29% of states in Phase 2, and 2% in Phase 3, while 47% of states did not explicitly specify in which phase people who are incarcerated will be eligible for vaccination. Incarcerated people were consistently not prioritized in Phase 1, while other vulnerable groups who shared similar environmental risk received this early prioritization. States’ plans prioritized in Phase 1: prison and jail workers (49%), law enforcement (63%), seniors (65+ years, 59%), and long-term care facility residents (100%).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that states’ COVID-19 vaccine allocation plans do not prioritize incarcerated people and provide little to no guidance on vaccination protocols if they fall under other high-risk categories that receive earlier priority. Deprioritizing incarcerated people for vaccination misses a crucial opportunity for COVID-19 mitigation. It also raises ethical and equity concerns. As states move forward with their vaccine distribution, further work must be done to prioritize ethical allocation and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines to incarcerated people.
Spatial-temporal dynamics and influencing factors of archaeal communities in the sediments of Lancang River cascade reservoirs (LRCR), China
Authors: Yuan Bo , Wu Wei , Guo Mengjing , Zhou Xiaode , Xie Shuguang
Published: June 2021

The spatial and temporal distribution of the archaeal community and its driving factors in the sediments of large-scale regulated rivers, especially in rivers with cascade hydropower development rivers, remain poorly understood. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA archaeal gene were used to comprehensively investigate the spatiotemporal diversity and structure of archaeal community in the sediments of the Lancang River cascade reservoirs (LRCR). The archaeal abundance ranged from 5.11×104to 1.03×10616S rRNA gene copies per gram dry sediment and presented no temporal variation. The richness, diversity, and community structure of the archaeal community illustrated a drastic spatial change.ThaumarchaeotaandEuryyarchaeotawere the dominant archaeal phyla in the sediments of the cascade rivers, andBathyarchaeotawas also an advantage in the sediments. PICRUSt metabolic inference analysis revealed a growing number of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and carbon and nitrogen metabolism in downstream reservoirs, indicating that anthropogenic pollution discharges might act as the dominant selective force to alter the archaeal communities. Nitrate and C/N ratio were found to play important roles in the formation of the archaeal community composition. In addition, the sediment archaeal community structure was also closely related to the age of the cascade reservoir and hydraulic retention time (HRT). This finding indicates that the engineering factors of the reservoir might be the greatest contributor to the archaeal community structure in the LRCR.
Aproximación al estudio de las cadenas operativas líticas y sus sistemas de aprendizaje
Authors: Vicente Santos Francisco José
Published: June 2021

El presente estudio intenta explicar y caracterizar distintas cadenas operativas y gestos técnicos en materiales líticos, así como el método de transmisión del conocimiento y el concepto de aprendizaje. Estos datos nos facilitarían, a posteriori, identificar sobre el material arqueológico la posible existencia de dos tipos de «artesanos». Los dos tipos de artesanos referidos anteriormente son por un lado individuos experimentados en la elaboración de cadenas operativas; y por otro, individuos en etapas de aprendizaje o inexpertos. Los estudios llevados a cabo por distintos investigadores como Karlin, Geneste y otros autores han proporcionado la base para el estudio de este tipo de problemáticas sobre la formación aplicando diversas técnicas para poder reconocerlos.