bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forearc structure beneath southwestern British Columbia: A three‐dimensional tomographic velocity model
Authors: Ramachandran K. , Dosso S. E. , Spence G. D. , Hyndman R. D. , Brocher T. M.
Published: February 2005

This paper presents a three‐dimensional compressional wave velocity model of the forearc crust and upper mantle and the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath southwestern British Columbia and the adjoining straits of Georgia and Juan de Fuca. The velocity model was constructed through joint tomographic inversion of 50,000 first‐arrival times from earthquakes and active seismic sources. Wrangellia rocks of the accreted Paleozoic and Mesozoic island arc assemblage underlying southern Vancouver Island in the Cascadia forearc are imaged at some locations with higher than average lower crustal velocities of 6.5–7.2 km/s, similar to observations at other island arc terranes. The mafic Eocene Crescent terrane, thrust landward beneath southern Vancouver Island, exhibits crustal velocities in the range of 6.0–6.7 km/s and is inferred to extend to a depth of more than 20 km. The Cenozoic Olympic Subduction Complex, an accretionary prism thrust beneath the Crescent terrane in the Olympic Peninsula, is imaged as a low‐velocity wedge to depths of at least 20 km. Three zones with velocities of 7.0–7.5 km/s, inferred to be mafic and/or ultramafic units, lie above the subducting Juan de Fuca plate at depths of 25–35 km. The forearc upper mantle wedge beneath southeastern Vancouver Island and the Strait of Georgia exhibits low velocities of 7.2–7.5 km/s, inferred to correspond to ∼20% serpentinization of mantle peridotites, and consistent with similar observations in other warm subduction zones. Estimated dip of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath southern Vancouver Island is ∼11°, 16°, and 27° at depths of 30, 40, and 50 km, respectively.
Magnitude and location of historical earthquakes in Japan and implications for the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake
Authors: Bakun William H.
Published: February 2005

Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) intensity assignments IJMA are used to derive intensity attenuation models suitable for estimating the location and an intensity magnitude Mjma for historical earthquakes in Japan. The intensity for shallow crustal earthquakes on Honshu is equal to −1.89 + 1.42MJMA − 0.00887Δh − 1.66logΔh, where MJMA is the JMA magnitude, Δh = (Δ2 + h2)1/2, and Δ and h are epicentral distance and focal depth (km), respectively. Four earthquakes located near the Japan Trench were used to develop a subducting plate intensity attenuation model where intensity is equal to −8.33 + 2.19MJMA −0.00550Δh − 1.14 log Δh. The IJMA assignments for the MJMA7.9 great 1923 Kanto earthquake on the Philippine Sea–Eurasian plate interface are consistent with the subducting plate model; Using the subducting plate model and 226 IJMA IV–VI assignments, the location of the intensity center is 25 km north of the epicenter, Mjma is 7.7, and MJMA is 7.3–8.0 at the 1σ confidence level. Intensity assignments and reported aftershock activity for the enigmatic 11 November 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake are consistent with an MJMA 7.2 Philippine Sea–Eurasian interplate source or Philippine Sea intraslab source at about 30 km depth. If the 1855 earthquake was a Philippine Sea–Eurasian interplate event, the intensity center was adjacent to and downdip of the rupture area of the great 1923 Kanto earthquake, suggesting that the 1855 and 1923 events ruptured adjoining sections of the Philippine Sea–Eurasian plate interface.
A retrospective assessment of National Centers for Environmental Prediction climate model–based ensemble hydrologic forecasting in the western United States
Authors: Wood Andrew W. , Kumar Arun , Lettenmaier Dennis P.
Published: February 2005

We assess the potential forecast skill of a climate model–based approach for seasonal ensemble hydrologic and streamflow forecasting for the western United States. By using climate model ensemble forecasts and ensembles formed via the resampling of observations, we distinguish hydrologic forecast skill resulting from the predictable evolution of initial hydrologic conditions from that derived from the climate model forecasts. Monthly climate model ensembles of precipitation and temperature produced by the National Centers for Environmental prediction global spectral model (GSM) are downscaled for use as forcings of the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrologic model. VIC then simulates ensembles of streamflow and spatially distributed hydrologic variables such as snowpack, soil moisture, and runoff. The regional averages of the ensemble forcings and derived hydrologic variables were evaluated over five regions: the Pacific Northwest, California, the Great Basin, the Colorado River basin, and the upper Rio Grande River basin. The skill assessment focuses on a retrospective 21‐year period (1979–1999) during which GSM retrospective forecast ensembles (termed hindcasts), created using similar procedures to GSM real‐time forecasts, are available. The observational verification data set for the hindcasts was a retrospective hydroclimatology at 1/8°–1/4° consisting of gridded observations of temperature and precipitation and gridded hydrologic simulation results (for hydrologic variables and streamflow) based on the observed meteorological inputs. The GSM hindcast skill was assessed relative to that of a naive ensemble climatology forecast and to that of ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) hindcasts, a forecast baseline sharing the same initial condition information as the GSM‐based hindcasts. We found that the unconditional (all years) GSM hindcasts for regionally averaged variables provided practically no skill improvement over the ESP hindcasts and did not lead to improved regional hydrologic variable or streamflow forecasts. GSM‐based conditional (strong El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years only) hindcasts, however, had higher skill in a number of hindcast months for surface air temperature, with mixed results (better and worse) for precipitation, depending on location and season. Consequently, for California and to a lesser extent the Pacific Northwest and Great Basin, hydrologic hindcast skill in winter and fall increased enough under the strong ENSO composite that streamflow hindcasts were measurably better than with ESP. The opposite was found, however, for the Colorado and upper Rio Grande River basins, where the ENSO teleconnection is somewhat weaker.
Studies in the Cycloproparene Series. The Formation of Charge-Transfer Complexes from 1-Aryl- and 1-Diarylmethylidene-1H-cyclopropa[b]naphthalenes
Authors: Halton Brian , Ward Jarrod M.
Published: February 2005

The only charge-transfer (CT) complex formed from (p-dimethylaminophenyl)methylidene-1H-cyclopropa[b]naphthalene 7a is with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) 1 in acetonitrile. The methoxy-, thiomethyl-, and unsubstituted-phenyl analogues 7b–7d complex only with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyano-1,4-benzoquinodimethane (TCNQF4) 2, and then only in dichloromethane; TCNQ 3, TCNE 4, and the o-CA 5 and p-CA 6 are without effect on any of 7a–7j. In contrast, the bis(dimethylaminophenyl)methylidene homologue 9a complexes with each of 1–5 but is the only diaryl derivative to do so. The polar parent, 1H-cyclopropa[b]naphthalene, does not form a CT complex with any of the acceptors employed.
Mechanical feedback as a possible regulator of tissue growth
Authors: Shraiman Boris I.
Published: February 2005

Regulation of cell growth and proliferation has a fundamental role in animal and plant development and in the progression of cancer. In the context of development, it is important to understand the mechanisms that coordinate growth and patterning of tissues. Imaginal discs, which are larval precursors of fly limbs and organs, have provided much of what we currently know about these processes. Here, we consider the mechanism that is responsible for the observed uniformity of growth in wing imaginal discs, which persists in the presence of gradients in growth inducing morphogens in spite of the stochastic nature of cell division. The phenomenon of “cell competition,” which manifests in apoptosis of slower-growing cells in the vicinity of faster growing tissue, suggests that uniform growth is not a default state but a result of active regulation. How can a patch of tissue compare its growth rate with that of its surroundings? A possible way is furnished by mechanical interactions. To demonstrate this mechanism, we formulate a mathematical model of nonuniform growth in a layer of tissue and examine its mechanical implications. We show that a clone growing faster or slower than the surrounding tissue is subject to mechanical stress, and we propose that dependence of the rate of cell division on local stress could provide an “integral-feedback” mechanism stabilizing uniform growth. The proposed mechanism of growth control is not specific to imaginal disc growth and could be of general relevance. Several experimental tests of the proposed mechanism are suggested.
Genome trimming: A unique strategy for replication control employed by Borna disease virus
Authors: Schneider Urs , Schwemmle Martin , Staeheli Peter
Published: February 2005

Genome and antigenome synthesis of negative-strand RNA viruses is initiated at promoters located in inverted terminal repeats (ITR). The ITR of Borna disease virus (BDV), a persisting neurotropic virus with a nuclear replication phase, are exceptional in that they appear to be noncomplete. Our analysis showed that the vast majority of genomic and antigenomic RNA molecules of BDV lack four 5′-terminal nucleotides required for perfect complementarity with the 3′ ITR. By using a previously undescribed reverse genetics system, we investigated whether the structure of the ITR would affect virus propagation. BDV rescued from cDNA encoding complete ITR (rBDVc) showed wild-type virulence, whereas virus rescued from cDNA encoding a viral genome with noncomplete ITR (rBDVnc) was strongly attenuated. Both recombinant viruses expressed similar RNA and protein levels in persistently infected cells. However, rBDVnc particles were less infectious, indicating that complete ITR are required for high viral replicase but not transcriptase activity. Interestingly, genomic RNA from purified rBDVc particles lacked 5′-terminal nucleotides like authentic BDV, strongly suggesting programmed genome truncation. By specifically trimming its genome at the 5′ terminus, BDV seems to limit viral genome amplification, which may favor noncytolytic viral persistence.
The eukaryotic P loop NTPase Nbp35: An essential component of the cytosolic and nuclear iron–sulfur protein assembly machinery
Authors: Hausmann Anja , Aguilar Netz Daili J. , Balk Janneke , Pierik Antonio J. , Mühlenhoff Ulrich , Lill Roland
Published: February 2005

Soluble P loop NTPases represent a large protein family and are involved in diverse cellular functions. Here, we functionally characterized the first member of the Mrp/Nbp35 subbranch of this family, the essential Nbp35p of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. The protein resides in the cytosol and nucleus and carries an Fe/S cluster at its N terminus. Assembly of the Fe/S cluster requires the mitochondrial Fe/S cluster (ISC)-assembly and -export machineries. Depletion of Nbp35p strongly impairs the activity of the cytosolic Fe/S protein, isopropylmalate isomerase (Leu1p), whereas mitochondrial Fe/S enzymes are unaffected. Moreover, defects in the
de novo
maturation of various cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S proteins were observed in the absence of Nbp35p, demonstrating the functional involvement of Nbp35p in the biogenesis of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins. Furthermore, Nbp35p genetically interacts with the closely similar P loop NTPase, Cfd1p, and the hydrogenase-like Nar1p, both of which were recently shown to perform a crucial function in cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S protein biogenesis. Hence, our study suggests that eukaryotic Nbp35 NTPases function in Fe/S protein maturation. The findings provide strong evidence for the existence of a highly conserved and essential machinery dedicated to assembling cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S proteins.
Study of the high-potential iron sulfur protein in
Halorhodospira halophila
confirms that it is distinct from cytochrome
c
as electron carrier
Authors: Lieutaud Clément , Alric Jean , Bauzan Marielle , Nitschke Wolfgang , Schoepp-Cothenet Barbara
Published: February 2005

The role of high-potential iron sulfur protein (HiPIP) in donating electrons to the photosynthetic reaction center in the halophilic γ-proteobacterium
Halorhodospira halophila
was studied by EPR and time-resolved optical spectroscopy. A tight complex between HiPIP and the reaction center was observed. The EPR spectrum of HiPIP in this complex was drastically different from that of the purified protein and provides an analytical tool for the detection and characterization of the complexed form in samples ranging from whole cells to partially purified protein. The bound HiPIP was identified as iso-HiPIP II. Its
E
m
value at pH 7 in the form bound to the reaction center was ≈100 mV higher (+140 ± 20 mV) than that of the purified protein. EPR on oriented samples showed HiPIP II to be bound in a well defined geometry, indicating the presence of specific protein–protein interactions at the docking site. At moderately reducing conditions, the bound HiPIP II donates electrons to the cytochrome subunit bound to the reaction center with a half-time of ≤11 μs. This donation reaction was analyzed by using Marcus's outer-sphere electron-transfer theory and compared with those observed in other HiPIP-containing purple bacteria. The results indicate substantial differences between the HiPIP- and the cytochrome
c
2
-mediated re-reduction of the reaction center.
A remarkably effective copper(II)-dipyridylphosphine catalyst system for the asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones in air
Authors: Wu Jing , Ji Jian-Xin , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: February 2005

The combination of catalytic amounts of optically active dipyridylphosphine and CuF
2
along with hydride donor PhSiH
3
generated
in situ
a remarkably reactive catalyst system (substrate-to-ligand molar ratio up to 100,000) for the highly enantioselective hydrosilylation of a broad spectrum of aryl alkyl ketones (up to 97% enantiomeric excess) in normal atmosphere and at mild conditions (ambient temperature to -20°C, compatible with traces of moisture) in the absence of base additives. Furthermore, a highly effective catalytic asymmetric hydrosilylation of unsymmetrical diarylketones using this catalyst system was also realized (up to 98% enantiomeric excess). The introduction of the dipyridylphosphine ligands in the air-accelerated and inexpensive metal-mediated asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones makes the present system highly attractive and thus provides an excellent opportunity for practical applications.
Inferring network mechanisms: The
Drosophila melanogaster
protein interaction network
Authors: Middendorf Manuel , Ziv Etay , Wiggins Chris H.
Published: February 2005

Naturally occurring networks exhibit quantitative features revealing underlying growth mechanisms. Numerous network mechanisms have recently been proposed to reproduce specific properties such as degree distributions or clustering coefficients. We present a method for inferring the mechanism most accurately capturing a given network topology, exploiting discriminative tools from machine learning. The
Drosophila melanogaster
protein network is confidently and robustly (to noise and training data subsampling) classified as a duplication–mutation–complementation network over preferential attachment, small-world, and a duplication–mutation mechanism without complementation. Systematic classification, rather than statistical study of specific properties, provides a discriminative approach to understand the design of complex networks.
Mullerian inhibiting substance suppresses tumor growth in the C3(1)T antigen transgenic mouse mammary carcinoma model
Authors: Gupta V. , Carey J. L. , Kawakubo H. , Muzikansky A. , Green J. E. , Donahoe P. K. , MacLaughlin D. T. , Maheswaran S.
Published: February 2005

Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) inhibits breast cancer cell growthin vitro. To extend the use of MIS to treat breast cancer, it is essential to test the responsiveness of mammary tumor growth to MISin vivo. Mammary tumors arising in the C3(1) T antigen mouse model expressed the MIS type II receptor, and MISin vitroinhibited the growth of cells derived from tumors. Administration of MIS to mice was associated with a lower number of palpable mammary tumors compared with vehicle-treated mice (P= 0.048), and the mean mammary tumor weight in the MIS-treated group was significantly lower compared with the control group (P= 0.029). Analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and caspase-3 cleavage in tumors revealed that exposure to MIS was associated with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis, respectively, and was not caused by a decline in T antigen expression. The effect of MIS on tumor growth was also evaluated on xenografted human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468, which is estrogen receptor- and retinoblastoma-negative and expresses mutant p53, and thus complements the C3(1)Tag mouse mammary tumors that do not express estrogen receptor and have functional inactivation of retinoblastoma and p53. In agreement with results observed in the transgenic mice, MIS decreased the rate of MDA-MB-468 tumor growth and the gain in mean tumor volume in severe combined immunodeficient mice compared with vehicle-treated controls (P= 0.004). These results suggest that MIS can suppress the growth of mammary tumorsin vivo.
Crystal structure of DNA sequence specificity subunit of a type I restriction-modification enzyme and its functional implications
Authors: Kim Jeong-Sun , DeGiovanni Andy , Jancarik Jaru , Adams Paul D. , Yokota Hisao , Kim Rosalind , Kim Sung-Hou
Published: February 2005

Type I restriction-modification enzymes are differentiated from type II and type III enzymes by their recognition of two specific dsDNA sequences separated by a given spacer and cleaving DNA randomly away from the recognition sites. They are oligomeric proteins formed by three subunits: a specificity subunit, a methylation subunit, and a restriction subunit. We solved the crystal structure of a specificity subunit from
Methanococcus jannaschii
at 2.4-Å resolution. Two highly conserved regions (CRs) in the middle and at the C terminus form a coiled–coil of long antiparallel α-helices. Two target recognition domains form globular structures with almost identical topologies and two separate DNA binding clefts with a modeled DNA helix axis positioned across the CR helices. The structure suggests that the coiled–coil CRs act as a molecular ruler for the separation between two recognized DNA sequences. Furthermore, the relative orientation of the two DNA binding clefts suggests kinking of bound dsDNA and exposing of target adenines from the recognized DNA sequences.
Uric acid protects against secondary damage after spinal cord injury
Authors: Scott Gwen S. , Cuzzocrea Salvatore , Genovese Tiziana , Koprowski Hilary , Hooper D. Craig
Published: February 2005

Peroxynitrite contributes to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders through multiple mechanisms and is thought to mediate secondary neuronal cell death after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we establish that physiologically relevant levels of uric acid (UA), a selective inhibitor of certain peroxynitrite-mediated reactions, block the toxic effects of peroxynitrite on primary spinal cord neuronsin vitro. Furthermore, administration of UA at the onset of SCI in a mouse model inhibits several pathological changes in the spinal cord including general tissue damage, nitrotyrosine formation, lipid peroxidation, activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and neutrophil invasion. More importantly, UA treatment improves functional recovery from the injury. Taken together, our findings support the concept that peroxynitrite contributes to the pathophysiology of secondary damage after SCI. They also raise the possibility that elevating UA levels may provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of SCI as well as other neurological diseases with a peroxynitrite-mediated pathological component.
Assembly of the bacteriophage T4 primosome: Single-molecule and ensemble studies
Authors: Zhang Zhiquan , Spiering Michelle M. , Trakselis Michael A. , Ishmael Faoud T. , Xi Jun , Benkovic Stephen J. , Hammes Gordon G.
Published: February 2005

Within replisomes for DNA replication, the primosome is responsible for unwinding double-stranded DNA and synthesizing RNA primers. Assembly of the bacteriophage T4 primosome on individual molecules of ssDNA or forked DNA (fDNA) has been studied by using FRET microscopy. On either DNA substrate, an ordered process of assembly begins with tight 1:1 binding of ssDNA-binding protein (gp32) and helicase-loading protein (gp59) to the DNA. Magnesium adenosine 5′-
O
-(3-thiotriphosphate) (MgATPγS) mediates the weak binding of helicase (gp41) to DNA coated with gp32 and gp59, whereas MgATP induces gp32 and gp59 to dissociate, leaving gp41 bound to the DNA. Finally, primase (gp61) binds to the gp41·DNA complex. Ensemble studies were used to determine protein stoichiometries and binding constants. These single-molecule studies provide an unambiguous description of the pathway for assembly of the primosome on the lagging strand of DNA at a replication fork.
The LIM protein Ajuba influences p130Cas localization and Rac1 activity during cell migration
Authors: Pratt Stephen J. , Epple Holly , Ward Michael , Feng Yunfeng , Braga Vania M. , Longmore Gregory D.
Published: February 2005

Cell migration requires extension of lamellipodia that are stabilized by formation of adhesive complexes at the leading edge. Both processes are regulated by signaling proteins recruited to nascent adhesive sites that lead to activation of Rho GTPases. The Ajuba/Zyxin family of LIM proteins are components of cellular adhesive complexes. We show that cells from Ajuba null mice are inhibited in their migration, without associated abnormality in adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins, cell spreading, or integrin activation. Lamellipodia production, or function, is defective and there is a selective reduction in the level and tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK, p130Cas, Crk, and Dock180 at nascent focal complexes. In response to migratory cues Rac activation is blunted in Ajuba null cells, as detected biochemically and by FRET analysis. Ajuba associates with the focal adhesion-targeting domain of p130Cas, and rescue experiments suggest that Ajuba acts upstream of p130Cas to localize p130Cas to nascent adhesive sites in migrating cells thereby leading to the activation of Rac.
Highly talented and “only” an apprentice?
Authors: Stamm Margrit
Published: February 2005

Purpose

Aims to present the empirical results from a study of vocational research on the highly gifted pupils.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on data from a Swiss longitudinal study on the effects of acquiring pre‐school knowledge of reading and mathematics, intellectually above‐average (gifted) pupils, who are now 16‐year‐olds, are filtered out and analysed with respect to their educational background and plans for the future.

Findings

The most striking findings of the analysis are that: those with well above‐average ability are to be found in all educational examination standards; their educational careers may be characterised by notable breaks, yet still be highly successful; and a significant number of pupils decide against completing a high‐school certificate (A‐level equivalent) in favour of vocational training.

Research limitations/implications

A limitation on the authority of the results arises in two respects: with regard to the small size of the sample group and in terms of the fact that the link between performance development, cognitive ability and the actual performance demonstrated cannot be ascertained from the available data.

Practical implications

Consequently, vocational training must also increasingly recognise the possibility of having to train a potentially significant number of apprentices with above‐average abilities in the most varied of domains.

Originality/value

This is an area that, to date, has not been the subject of much empirical investigation.
Building work‐based learning into the school curriculum
Authors: Asher Jenny
Published: February 2005

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to examine the increasing number of opportunities for pre‐16 young people at schools in England to become involved in work related and work based programmes and to look at the key drivers of change and their impact.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach is descriptive, covering current trends and also uses a case study example.

Findings

The conclusions of the article are that there is an upward increase in work‐based learning which is likely to continue significantly in the immediate and medium term. The article also highlights the increasing importance of employer engagement and understanding of the new initiatives.

Research limitations/implications

This article has been written from the perspective of Education Business Partnerships, who act in a brokerage capacity for schools, colleges and businesses. It is not based on statistical analysis directly from schools.

Practical implications

The increased flexibility offered to schools, and the possibility of varied contexts for learning, means that there will be a greater scope for schools to meet students’ learning needs.

Originality/value

This article will be of especial interest to any colleagues and employers involved in post‐16 provision of work based learning in terms of progression issues.
Medical research and the Institutional Review Board
Authors: Robinson Judith G. , Lipscomb Gehle Jessica
Published: February 2005

Purpose

Librarians at Eastern Virginia Medical School established a proactive role in research support when the position of Institutional Review Board (IRB) librarian was created in 2001. Aims to confirm that the IRB librarian assists the school's boards in ensuring human subjects’ protection. Generally, this service is provided in the form of comprehensive searches of medical and other literature and news.

Design/methodology/approach

A program was instigated in order to provide expertise in literature searches to support board members, as they review individual protocols.

Findings

Although serving a relatively small number of users, the program has a major impact on the school's research agenda.

Originality/value

Describes lessons learned, problems encountered, outcomes, and professional gains and lists materials for further reading.
Research, development, and production of information resources and tools
Authors: McKibbon K. Ann , Eady Angela , Walker‐Dilks Cindy J.
Published: February 2005

Purpose

The Health Information Research Unit (HIRU) at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, was founded to meet the information needs that were quickly becoming apparent in the course of teaching critical appraisal methods for the practice of evidence‐based medicine. Librarians have worked in HIRU from its inception and their activities include teaching searching skills to clinicians, collecting and analyzing data for developing methods hedges to increase retrieval of high‐quality clinical articles, evaluating study methods of articles for four evidence‐based journals, and developing more sophisticated ways to deliver electronic information to clinicians. This article summarizes these developments.

Design/methodology/approach

To show the range and richness of the roles performed over the years, some of the cycles and projects with which HIRU has been involved and how librarians have fit in are described. Not all projects have been “successful”, but often the unsuccessful ones are as informative as – if not more so than – those that met one's expectations.

Findings

One of the main outcomes of the work is the recognition that many job opportunities in areas of informatics exist for librarians and other information professionals. Other groups are acknowledging that librarians can have substantial input into information products and anyone considering health sciences librarianship as a career should realize that many of the skills obtained during training will equip one for work in many non‐traditional settings.

Originality/value

It is felt that a contribution has been made to the continuing education of many of one's peers and help given to build one's research base and information products. The professional relationships that have been established because of these interactions have been rich and rewarding. Anyone interested in a career in health librarianship is encouraged to consider the opportunities available in research and development and other non‐traditional (non‐library) settings.
Community outreach partnerships
Authors: Basler Thomas G.
Published: February 2005

Purpose

Community outreach is generally stated to be a strategic combination of resources and talents that will exceed the capabilities of individuals working alone. Describes the Medical University of South Carolina's projects which target largely rural, minority populations.

Design/methodology/approach

Programs and partnerships include niche groups and state‐wide populations, with sponsors including government agencies, the Duke Endowment and local cities. Librarians are familiar with and are already successful at reaching out to the community of health professionals; however, reaching out to the lay community is more complex. Academics are used to being in charge and often have a narrow point‐of‐focus. Together with the community an attempt was made to identify difficulties and pitfalls, as well as outcomes that are important for the long term.

Findings

Although librarians are improving their ability to work in any capacity within community outreach projects, universities and libraries do not naturally support this work. However, for some librarians participation provides an exhilarating experience.

Originality/value

The paper indicates the value of having a librarian as part of the community outreach team. Librarians are often of great value to the team. Very often the work done by the librarian would not have been done at all.
Public health information support
Authors: Rambo Neil
Published: February 2005

Purpose

This case study describes the assignment of an academic health sciences librarian to another academic unit for a period of two years. This arrangement enabled the librarian to focus on work with an interdisciplinary team to assess the information needs and uses of public health workers in Washington State and to develop online resources to address those needs.

Design/methodology/approach

The assessment process employed semi‐structured discussions and interviews with segments of the workforce. “Information toolkits” – practitioner‐oriented and highly focused web pages that provided an overview of select notifiable diseases – were developed based on what was learned from the assessment.

Findings

This experience would not have been possible within the normal work environment and provided the librarian with knowledge, contacts, and opportunities not available otherwise.

Originality/value

An outcome of the assignment was increased knowledge of public health information needs among the community of health sciences librarians.
Bringing information literacy to career services
Authors: Hollister Christopher
Published: February 2005

Purpose

The purpose and the importance of information literacy initiatives continue to gain recognition outside the walls of libraries. The success of these initiatives depends largely on their integration into institutional curricula. Librarian outreach to faculty and academic departments is instrumental for successful integration. Student services divisions, however, are often overlooked as areas in need of librarian outreach and information literacy instruction. This paper will show how innovative outreach activities have helped to forge a partnership between the University at Buffalo Libraries and the University's Career Services Office.

Design/methodology/approach

A review of the literature reveals how instruction librarians have employed outreach activities to integrate information literacy into the curricula of biology, business, chemistry, psychology, and many other academic disciplines. Examples of integrating information literacy into academic programs are also in evidence.

Findings

The aforementioned partnership benefits university students, librarians, and career services personnel.

Originality/value

Integrated library instruction, information literacy workshops, collaborative collection development, and librarian reference hours in the career services office are among the positive outcomes of the study.
Fibre in the wind
Authors: Emslie Chris
Published: February 2005

Purpose

To review the manufacture of specialty optical fibres used in sensors.Design/methodology/approach – Describes speciality optical fibres that use fibre Bragg gratings and time division multiplexing. Applications include structural monitoring in wind turbines, yacht masts and civil engineering structures.Findings – The oil and gas industry has used these types of sensors because of their cost efficiency and safety. As the sensors have no electrical connections they generate no heat and use only low power light, which makes them ideal for hazardous areas. It also enables reliable and highly‐stable, long term monitoring of critical production equipment.Originality/value – Provides a source of information on speciality optical fibre sensors.
Endevco Corporation
Authors: Bogue Robert W.
Published: February 2005

Purpose

To provide corporate and technical details of the US‐based Endevco Corporation. This company is a leading manufacturer of sensors and systems for measuring vibration, shock and other physical variables.Design/methodology/approach – This profile considers the Endevco company structure, technology, products, markets and applications, including historical achievements and recent developments.Findings – This paper discusses the company's use of piezoelectric ceramic and microengineered silicon technologies in a range of high performance sensors for measuring shock, acceleration, vibration and pressure.Originality/value – This provides an insight into the Endevco company structure, products, technologies and markets.
Liquid flow sensor for nano‐ and micro‐flow ranges
Authors: Lötters Joost
Published: February 2005

Purpose

To present a new generation of liquid flow sensors that is capable of meeting the requirements as imposed by the life science, analysis, biotech and other markets.Design/methodology/approach – A description of the design and development of low flow rate measuring system and typical applications.Findings – The system described uses tubes made of silica, stainless steel or PEEK, and either constant power or constant temperature methods in conjunction with a heater and temperature sensor. The tested instruments were capable of measuring flow ranges between 25‐500 nl/min (smallest flow range) and 100‐2000 μl/min (largest flow range) water, with operating pressures up to 100 bar (up to 400 bar for flow meters with flow ranges below 100 μl/min).Originality/value – Presents information on a new generation of liquid flow sensors.
3D scanning by multiple fan beam X‐ray sources and sensors
Authors: Benjamin Ralph , Prakoonwit Simant
Published: February 2005

Purpose

Computer tomography (CT) for 3D reconstruction entails a huge number of coplanar fan‐beam projections for each of a large number of 2D slice images, and excessive radiation intensities and dosages. For some applications its rate of throughput is also inadequate. A technique for overcoming these limitations is outlined.Design methodology/approach– A novel method to reconstruct 3D surface models of objects is presented, using, typically, ten, 2D projective images. These images are generated by relative motion between this set of objects and a set of ten fanbeam X‐ray sources and sensors, with their viewing axes suitably distributed in 2D angular space.Findings– The method entails a radiation dosage several orders of magnitude lower than CT, and requires far less computational power. Experimental results are given to illustrate the capability of the techniquePractical implications– The substantially lower cost of the method and, more particularly, its dramatically lower irradiation make it relevant to many applications precluded by current techniquesOriginality/value– The method can be used in many applications such as aircraft hold‐luggage screening, 3D industrial modelling and measurement, and it should also have important applications to medical diagnosis and surgery.
Development of the orifice plate with a cone swirler flow conditioner
Authors: Ahmadi A. , Beck S.B.M.
Published: February 2005

Purpose

The sensitivity of orifice plate metering to poorly conditioned and swirling flows are subjects of concerns to flow meter users and manufacturers. The distortions caused by pipe fittings and pipe installations upstream of the orifice plate are major sources of this type of non‐standard flows. These distortions will alter the accuracy of metering up to an unacceptable degree.Design/methodology/approach – The design of orifice plate meters that are independent of the initial flow conditions of the upstream is a major object of flow metering. Either using a long straight pipe or a flow conditioner upstream of an orifice plate usually achieves this goal. The effect of cone swirler flow conditioner for both standard and non‐standard flow conditions has been carried out in the experimental rig. The measuring of mass flow rate under different conditions and different Reynolds numbers were used to establish a change in discharge coefficient relative to a standard one.Findings – The experimental results using the cone swirler flow conditioner showed that the combination of an orifice plate and cone swirler flow conditioner is broadly insensitive to upstream disturbances. The results clearly show that this flow conditioner can attenuate the effect of both swirling and asymmetric flows on metering to an acceptable level.Originality/value – Previous work on the orifice plate has shown that the concept has promise. The results of using a combination of a cone swirler and orifice plate for non‐standard flow conditions including swirling flow and asymmetric flow show this package can preserve the accuracy of metering up to the level required in the standards, providing that a new discharge coefficient is used for the combined swirler and orifice plate.
How strategic is housing asset management of institutional real estate investors?
Authors: Nieboer Nico
Published: February 2005

Purpose

There is a clear tendency towards more business‐like approaches in the housing sectors in many European countries. The paper attempts to identify these approaches and related techniques with Dutch institutional real estate investors.

Design/methodology/approach

It has been investigated how real estate investors in The Netherlands decide about the physical and technical development and the tenure of their housing stock. In‐depth interviews have been held with several large real estate investors, which cover the majority of all dwellings in the sector.

Findings

Results show that investment allocations are only partly rationalised and are not in the least based on intuition. In addition, some elements of strategic asset management prove to be less common than we had expected from the commercial nature of these elements.

Research limitations/implications

The research concentrates on the development of the total portfolio. In future research, individual estates can be selected for case studies, in order to assess to what extent the policies on portfolio level are carried out in practice.

Originality/value

The paper presents recent evidence on the state of professionalisation in the commercial housing sector.
Anticorrosive properties of the SrO–ZnO–B2O3–P2O5 system pigments in coating compositions
Authors: Mošner Petr , Kalendová Andrea , Koudelka Ladislav , Kalenda Petr
Published: February 2005

Four pigments derived from the SrO–ZnO–B2O3–P2O5 system were tested in a solvent coating system based on a modified alkyd resin and water‐borne system based on a styrene–acrylate dispersion. The pigments pastes were applied on activated steel panels and after conditioning standard corrosion tests were performed comprising the determination of resistance to humid atmospheres containing SO2 and also the resistance to a neutral salt fog. Test results were compared with those performed on the coatings prepared with standard anticorrosion pigments of Zn3(PO4)2.2H2O, Ca(BO2)2, Zn(BO2)2 a Ba(BO2)2. Some tested pigments revealed at least comparable corrosion‐inhibition properties with standard pigments. Coatings based on alkyd resins gave better results than those prepared form water‐borne system.
Sub process challenges in ultra fine pitch stencil printing of type‐6 and type‐7 Pb‐free solder pastes for flip chip assembly applications
Authors: Jackson G.J. , Hendriksen M.W. , Kay R.W. , Desmulliez M. , Durairaj R.K. , Ekere N.N.
Published: February 2005

Purpose

The study investigates the sub process behaviour in stencil printing of type‐6 and type‐7 particle size distribution (PSD) Pb‐free solder pastes to assess their printing limits.

Design/methodology/approach

Two solder pastes were used in a design of experiments approach to find optimal printing parameters

Findings

Solder paste printing has been achieved to ultimately produce 30 μm deposits at 60 μm pitch for full area array patterns using a type‐7 Pb‐free solder paste. For a type‐6 PSD solder paste, full area array printing was limited to 50 μm deposits at 110 μm pitch. However, for peripheral printing patterns, 50 μm deposits at 90 μm pitch were obtained. The disparities in the behaviour of the two paste types at different geometries can be attributed to differences in the sub‐processes of the stencil printing. The paste release of the type‐6 paste from the stencil apertures at fine pitch was superior to the type‐7 paste, which may be attributed to the finer particle paste producing an increased drag force along the stencil aperture walls. However, the type‐7 paste was able to fill the smallest aperture openings, ultimately to 30 μm, thus producing full array printing patterns at uniquely small pitches.

Practical implications

This advancement in the stencil printing process has been made possible by refinements to both solder paste design and stencil manufacturing technology. Adjustments in the solder paste rheology have enabled successful printing at ultra fine pitch geometries. This, together with selecting appropriate printing parameters such as printing speed, pressure, print gap and separation speed, allows a practical printing process window. Moreover, advancements in stencil fabrication methods have produced “state‐of‐the‐art” stencils exhibiting very precisely defined aperture shapes, with smooth walls at very fine pitch, thus allowing for improved solder paste release at very small dimensions.

Originality/value

The results can be used to present a low cost solution for Pb‐free flip chip wafer bumping. Furthermore, the results indicate that type‐6 and type‐7 solder pastes should be applied to/selected for specific application geometries.
Improving the reliability of a plastic IC package in the reflow soldering process by DOE
Authors: Woo Kim Geun , Yong Lee Kang
Published: February 2005

Purpose

Optimisation of the package design in order to reduce stresses in a plastic small outlineJ‐lead (SOJ) package and to thereby prevent fractures during the infrared soldering process.

Design/methodology/approach

Finite element (FE) modelling was used, both with and without crack tip‐modelling. A design of experiment (DOE) approach was used to reduce the number of FE models required.

Findings

The optimum design values for minimization of thermal stress and the prevention of fracture were found to be different. The results allow the values of design variables such as the dimensions and material properties of the IC package.

Practical implications

To reduce the stresses and thereby prevent fracture, the values of the Young's modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion of the epoxy moulding compound should be reduced.

Originality/value

The work has used both stress analysis and fracture mechanics analysis along with DOE to identify the design values which simultaneously reduce the thermal stresses and prevent the fracture of the IC package.
Competitive strategies and performance in Spanish hospitality firms
Authors: Garrigós‐Simón Fernando J. , Palacios Marqués Daniel , Narangajavana Yeamduan
Published: February 2005

Purpose

The aim of this article is to identify the relationships between strategic orientations and various performance measurements in Spanish hospitality enterprises.

Design/methodology/approach

With a sample of 189 hospitality firms, this study uses the Miles and Snow strategy typology, and validates a performance scale using the structural equations technique.

Findings

Following the application of ANOVA methodology, the paper confirms that the three viable strategy types identified in the literature (prospectors, defenders, and analysers) are likely to perform well. In contrast, reactors are linked with poor performance.

Practical implications

Inferences drawn from this study should take into account the limitations of the sample and the methodology used, mainly as using qualitative data. However, the evidence of the findings suggests that any of the positive strategic profiles are effective forms of competing and organizing, and can be equally successful in any environment if the firm implements it consistently.

Originality/value

Confirms that the established typologies are still relevant to industry approaches.
Business reporting on the internet in Malaysia and Singapore
Authors: Iqbal Khadaroo M.
Published: February 2005

Purpose

To compare the internet reporting practices of Malaysian listed companies with those in Singapore. To examine the implications of web technology for business reporting and the challenge it poses for standard‐setting bodies.

Design/methodology/approach

A standard web browser was used to survey the web sites of listed companies and collect the data. The second objective of this paper was addressed mostly through a literature review.

Findings

One of the survey findings was that listed companies in Singapore have a greater web presence compared with Malaysia. Another major finding was that Singapore companies were making better use of the potential the internet had to offer compared with companies based in Malaysia.

Research limitations/implications

Internet reporting practices of listed companies in Malaysia and Singapore only were compared.

Practical implications

Developing a global internet reporting standard is a major challenge to accounting standard setters world‐wide.

Originality/value

This paper adds to the literature on content analysis studies by exploring web reporting practices of two south east Asian countries.
FEMALE DUAL LABOUR MARKETS AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
Authors: Ghilarducci T. , Lee M.
Published: February 2005

The American workforce and the role of employee benefits have changed dramatically since the 1980s when economists seriously considered dual labour market models to describe pay and employment patterns. Then, dual labour market models described men's labour markets, but not women's and the tests applied to wages and salaries, not total compensation including employee benefits. Applying a switching regression technique using the 2000 Current Population Survey and including women workers and employee benefits, we find that the dual labour market hypothesis is consistent with both female and male labour market structures, especially when total compensation is considered.