bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emergent Transplant Evaluation
Authors: Mirzan S. Hamad , Mansouri Mohammad , Abujudeh Hani H.
Published: February 2016

Transplantation is often performed for organ failure and is occasionally encountered for emergency evaluation. According to data published by United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), out of 24,383 transplants reported to Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) in 2014, there were 14,151 kidney, 5,527 liver, and 792 pancreas transplants. Familiarity with their normal findings and potential complications is imperative, as management is often urgent or emergent, based on the imaging findings.
Aortic Graft Complication
Authors: Shaqdan Khalid , Aran Shima , Abujudeh Hani H.
Published: February 2016

While endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an effective, less invasive alternative to open surgical AAA repair, potential complications can occur both during and after the EVAR procedure. These complications can be life-threatening, prompting immediate and correct (radiological) diagnosis. Subsequent interventional or surgical treatment may be required, given that these complications can result in severe morbidity or even mortality. Endoleaks are the most common complications seen after EVAR, with incidence rates ranging from 30-40% of patients intraoperatively, and in 20-40% during followup. There are five types of endoleaks, and classification of a specific endoleak then implies a relatively low or high short-term risk of rupture and determines the necessity of intervention.
Brain Death Scintigraphy
Authors: Wang Yingbing , Abujudeh Hani H. , Oza Umesh
Published: February 2016

Brain death is defined as the irreversible loss of function of cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. It is a clinical diagnosis based on clinical observations of coma, absent reflexes, and apnea. The diagnosis of brain death has important legal and clinical implications, as brain death means that life support is futile, and the diagnosis is the principal prerequisite for the donation of organs for transplantation.
Postoperative Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy
Authors: Wang Yingbing , Abujudeh Hani H. , Oza Umesh
Published: February 2016

Biliary injury and bile leak are the most common postoperative complications following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Perihepatic fluid collections detected by ultrasound or CT are common after surgery or trauma; the type and origin of the fluid can be difficult to distinguish without invasive sampling, however. Hepatobiliary imaging is a noninvasive method for confirming a bile leak, facilitating early treatment.
Surgical Treatment of Melanoma
Authors: Doepker Matthew P. , Sarnaik Amod A.
Published: February 2016

The surgical treatment of localized melanoma has been based on several randomized, prospective clinical trials. Proper margins of excision has undergone very little change over the last decade and are accepted by the NCCN and WHO as standard of care margins for the treatment of primary melanoma . This chapter reviews the treatment options for the resection of primary melanomas, breaking down the sections into the treatment of thin, intermediate, and thick melanomas and discussing some of the controversies associated with the treatment of thin and thick primary melanomas. Evidence and support for the use of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy will be discussed as well.
Adjuvant Therapy for High-Risk Melanoma
Authors: Chuong Michael D. , Khan Mohammad K. , Rao Nikhil G.
Published: February 2016

While surgical management is the mainstay of treatment for patients with invasive cutaneous melanoma, adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) to the primary site and/or the adjacent nodal regions can provide significant benefit to patients at high risk for local or regional recurrence. Due to early preclinical and clinical reports that melanoma is radioresistant, many clinicians have been hesitant to recommend RT. However, subsequent studies have shown melanoma to be responsive to RT and RT to be a critical component of the comprehensive treatment for select patients with cutaneous melanoma. The use of radiotherapy in the future for melanoma is likely to play a greater role, especially combined with newer emerging systemic agents such as CTLA4 inhibitors, PD-1 inhibitors, BRAF inhibitors, and potential radiation sensitizers such as the MEK inhibitor, trametinib.
Special Considerations in the Management of Pediatric Melanoma Patients
Authors: Reed Damon , Navid Fariba
Published: February 2016

The diagnosis and workup of melanoma in a child is often a complex process. The pathological studies, staging, surgical management, and decisions about adjuvant therapy are often based on extrapolation from adult data. At the same time, the risks and benefits of these decisions are magnified by the patient’s young age and normally long life expectancy. While the incidence of other pediatric malignancies has remained stable, the incidence of adolescent melanoma is increasing at a rate of 2% per year. In view of the multiple variables involved and the limited quantity of good prospective data, clinical decisions in pediatric melanoma are challenging.
The need for a rapid and comprehensive adoption of the revised European standard population in cancer incidence comparisons
Authors: Crocetti Emanuele , Dyba Tadek , Martos Carmen , Randi Giorgia , Rooney Roisin , Bettio Manola
Published: February 2016

As cancer incidence varies according to age, it is important to rule out differences in age structures in any comparison. A common way of adjusting for these differences is using direct age standardization, which applies age-specific weights from a standard population. Eurostat has recently introduced a revised European standard population (RESP). The effect of using the new standard, in comparison with that introduced in 1976 [European standard population (ESP)], is evaluated. Cancer incidence data for prostate and testis cancer for Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland from the NORDCAN web site, and for Ireland and Italy-Genoa from Cancer Incidence in five Continents-X, were analyzed. Incidence rates were directly age standardized using ESP and RESP. The RESP conferred greater weight to adults and the elderly than the ESP. For prostate cancer, age-standardized rates computed with RESP are consistently higher by between 50 and 60% than those computed with ESP. However, the use of RESP, instead of ESP, has little impact on the pattern of time trends, the relative ranking of countries, the values of relative risks, or the percentage differences between age-standardized rates. For testis cancer, RESP and ESP provide very similar results because this cancer is more common in young men. Both ESP and RESP are in circulation. It is, therefore, important that European cancer registries reach consensus on a single standard to use to avoid erroneous comparisons of data computed with different standards. Given that Eurostat recently introduced RESP and is using this standard for data collected from the European Union Member States, it would make sense to rally behind RESP.
HeartWare HVAD for Biventricular Support in Children and Adolescents: The Stanford Experience
Authors: Stein Mary Lyn , Yeh Justin , Reinhartz Olaf , Rosenthal David N. , Kaufman Beth D. , Almond Chris S. , Hollander Seth A. , Maeda Katsuhide
Published: February 2016

Despite increasing use of mechanical circulatory support in children, experience with biventricular device implantation remains limited. We describe our experience using the HeartWare HVAD to provide biventricular support to three patients and compare these patients with five patients supported with HeartWare left ventricular assist device (LVAD). At the end of the study period, all three biventricular assist device (BiVAD) patients had been transplanted and were alive. LVAD patients were out of bed and ambulating a median of 10.5 days postimplantation. The BiVAD patients were out of bed a median of 31 days postimplantation. Pediatric patients with both left ventricular and biventricular heart failure can be successfully bridged to transplantation with the HeartWare HVAD. Rapid improvement in functional status following HVAD implantation for isolated left ventricular support is seen. Patients supported with BiVAD also demonstrate functional recovery, albeit more modestly. In the absence of infection, systemic inflammatory response raises concern for inadequate support.
Effect of Oxygenator Size on Air Removal Characteristics: A Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Stehouwer Marco C. , de Vroege Roel , Kelder Johannes C. , Hofman Frederik N. , de Mol Bastian A. , Bruins Peter
Published: February 2016

During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), gaseous microemboli (GME) are released into the patients’ arterial bloodstream. Gaseous microemboli may contribute to the adverse outcome after cardiac surgery. Recently, two oxygenator models with or without integrated arterial filter (IAF) were designed and only differ in size, leading to a change of 20% in surface area of the hollow fibers and 25% in blood velocities. The aim of this study was to assess the air removal characteristics of the inspire oxygenators with or without IAF. Sixty-eight patients were randomly assigned to four different groups: optimized adult and full adult and an additional IAF. Gaseous microemboli reduction rates were measured with a bubble counter. The number of GME reduction rates showed no differences. However, both models reduced significantly less volume of GME (optimized adult: 40.6% and full adult: 50.3%) compared with both models with IAF (88.7% and 88.5%, respectively). No significant differences of reduction rates were found between both devices without IAF and also not between both models with IAF. In conclusion, the larger inspire oxygenator tends to remove more GME. No effect from size of oxygenator device with integrated screen filter on GME reduction was observed. The inspire oxygenators with IAF may be considered as an adequate GME filter.
Intermediate-term and long-term mortality among acute medical patients hospitalized with community-acquired sepsis: a population-based study
Authors: Henriksen Daniel P. , Pottegård Anton , Laursen Christian B. , Jensen Thøger G. , Hallas Jesper , Pedersen Court , Lassen Annmarie T.
Published: February 2016

Objective

Admission with severe sepsis is associated with an increased short-term mortality, but it is unestablished whether sepsis severity has an impact on intermediate-term and long-term mortality following admission to an acute medical admission unit.

Patients and methods

This was a population-based study of all adults admitted to an acute medical admission unit, Odense University Hospital, Denmark, from September 2010 to August 2011, identified by symptoms and clinical findings. We categorized the mortality periods into intermediate-term (31–180 days) and long-term (181–365, 366–730, and 731–1096 days). Mortality hazard ratios (HRs), comparing patients admitted with sepsis with those of a well-defined background population, were estimated using multivariable Cox regression. HRs were presented with 95% confidence intervals.

Results

In total, 621 (36.3%) presented with sepsis, 1071 (62.5%) presented with severe sepsis, and 21 (1.2%) presented with septic shock. Thirty-day all-cause mortality for patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock was 6.1, 18.8, and 38.1%, respectively. The adjusted HR among patients with sepsis of any severity within the time periods 31–180, 181–365, 366–720, and 721–1096 days was 7.1 (6.0–8.5), 2.8 (2.3–3.5), 2.1 (1.8–2.6), and 2.2 (1.7–2.9), respectively. Long-term mortality was unrelated to sepsis severity [721–1096 days: sepsis HR: 2.2 (1.5–3.2), severe sepsis HR: 2.1 (1.5–3.0)].

Conclusion

Patients admitted with community-acquired sepsis showed high intermediate-term mortality, increasing with sepsis severity. Long-term mortality was increased two-fold compared with sepsis-free individuals, but might be explained by unmeasured confounding. Further, long-term mortality was unrelated to sepsis severity.
Motivation and Self-Management Behavior of the Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Jung Mi Jung , Jeong Younhee
Published: February 2016

Self-management behavior is an important component for successful pain management in individuals with chronic low back pain. Motivation has been considered as an effective way to change behavior. Because there are other physical, social, and psychological factors affecting individuals with pain, it is necessary to identify the main effect of motivation on self-management behavior without the influence of those factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of motivation on self-management in controlling pain, depression, and social support. We used a nonexperimental, cross-sectional, descriptive design with mediation analysis and included 120 participants' data in the final analysis. We also used hierarchical multiple regression to test the effect of motivation, and multiple regression analysis and Sobel test were used to examine the mediating effect. Motivation itself accounted for 23.4% of the variance in self-management, F(1, 118) = 35.003, p < .001. After controlling covariates, motivation was also a significant factor for self-management. In the mediation analysis, motivation completely mediated the relationship between education and self-management, z = 2.292, p = .021. Motivation is an important part of self-management, and self-management education is not effective without motivation. The results of our study suggest that nurses incorporate motivation in nursing intervention, rather than only giving information.
Atypical Leiomyoma With Features Suggesting of Fumarate Hydratase Mutation
Authors: Wei Jian-Jun
Published: February 2016

Individuals with germ line or somatic mutations of fumarate hydratase are predisposed to the development of leiomyomas of the skin and uterus. In this case report, we will describe the uterine smooth muscle tumors in a young patient who was originally diagnosed with ALM from a myomectomy specimen and experienced recurrence many years later. Tumor cells are diffusely immunoreactive for 2SC, suggestive of FH mutations.
Isolated Hepatitis B Core Antibody Status Is Not Associated With Accelerated Liver Disease Progression in HIV/Hepatitis C Coinfection
Authors: French Audrey L. , Hotton Anna , Young Mary , Nowicki Marek , Augenbraun Michael , Anastos Kathryn , Seaberg Eric , Rosenberg William , Peters Marion G.
Published: February 2016

Background:

Isolated hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) is a common serologic finding in HIV-infected persons, but the clinical significance is uncertain. We studied HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected women over time to determine whether the trajectory of liver disease progression is affected by isolated anti-HBc serologic status.

Methods:

We performed serial enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) markers on HIV/HCV-coinfected women to assess liver disease progression trajectory over time comparing women with isolated anti-HBc to women with either negative HB serologies, anti-HBs alone, or anti-HBc and anti-HBs. ELF, a serum marker that combines direct markers of extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis, was performed on serum stored biannually. Women with at least 3 ELF determinations and persistent HCV RNA positivity were included.

Results:

Three hundred forty-four women, including 132 with isolated anti-HBc and 212 with other serologic findings, were included. A median of 6 (interquartile range, 5–7) biannual ELF values was available for each woman, totaling 2119 visits. ELF increased over time from a median of 9.07 for women with isolated anti-HBc and 9.10 for those without isolated anti-HBc to 9.83 and 9.88, respectively, with no difference in degree of change or slope in the mixed-effects model including age, race, CD4 count, antiretroviral therapy, and drug and alcohol use. Factors independently associated with liver disease progression were older age, lower CD4, antiretroviral therapy nonuse, and Hispanic ethnicity.

Conclusion:

Isolated anti-HBc serologic status was not associated with accelerated liver disease progression over a median of 9.5 years among HIV/HCV-coinfected women.
South Asia as a reservoir for the global spread of ciprofloxacin resistantShigella sonnei
Authors: Chung The Hao , Rabaa Maia A. , Pham Thanh Duy , De Lappe Niall , Cormican Martin , Valcanis Mary , Howden Benjamin P. , Wangchuk Sonam , Bodhidatta Ladaporn , Jeffries Mason Carl , Nguyen Thi To Nguyen , Vu Thuy Duong , Thompson Corinne N. , Huong Lan Nguyen Phu , Voong Vinh Phat , Ha Thanh Tuyen , Turner Paul , Sar Poda , Thwaites Guy , Thompson Nicholas R. , Holt Kathryn E. , Baker Stephen
Published: February 2016

Background

Antimicrobial resistance is a major issue in theShigellae, particularly as a specific multidrug resistant (MDR) lineage ofShigella sonnei(lineage III) is becoming globally dominant. Ciprofloxacin is a recommended treatment forShigellainfections. However, ciprofloxacin resistantS. sonneiare being increasingly isolated in Asia, and sporadically reported on other continents.

Methods and Findings

Hypothesising that Asia is the hub for the recent international spread of ciprofloxacin resistantS. sonnei, we performed whole genome sequencing on a collection of contemporaneous ciprofloxacin resistantS. sonneiisolated in six countries from within and outside of Asia. We reconstructed the recent evolutionary history of these organisms and combined these data with their geographical location of isolation. Placing these sequences into a global phylogeny we found that all ciprofloxacin resistantS. sonneiformed a single clade within a Central Asian expansion of Lineage III. Further, our data show that resistance to ciprofloxacin withinS. sonneican be globally attributed to a single clonal emergence event, encompassing sequentialgyrA-S83L,parC-S80I andgyrA-D87G mutations. Geographical data predict that South Asia is the likely primary source of these organisms, which are being regularly exported across Asia and intercontinentally into Australia, the USA and Europe.

Conclusions

This study shows that a single clone, which is widespread in South Asia, is driving the current intercontinental surge of ciprofloxacin resistantS. sonneiand is capable of establishing endemic transmission in new locations. Despite being limited in geographical scope, our work has major implications for understanding the international transfer of antimicrobial resistantS. sonnei, and provides a tractable model for studying how antimicrobial resistant Gram-negative community acquired pathogens spread globally.
Type 2 Diabetes Risk Prediction Incorporating Family History Revealing a Substantial Fraction of Missing Heritability
Authors: Gim Jungsoo , Kim Wonji , Kwak Soo Heon , Park Kyong Soo , Won Sungho
Published: February 2016

Despite many successes of genome-wide association (GWA) studies, known susceptibility variants identified by GWAS have the modest effect sizes and we met noticeable skepticism about the risk prediction model building with large-scale genetic data. However, in contrast with genetic variants, family history of diseases has been largely accepted as an important risk factor in clinical diagnosis and risk prediction though; complicated structures of family history of diseases have limited their application to clinical use. Here, we develop a new method which enables the incorporation of general family history of diseases with the liability threshold model and a new analysis strategy for risk prediction with penalized regression incorporating large-scale genetic variants and clinical risk factors. An application of our model to type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients in Korean population (1846 cases out of 3692 subjects) demonstrates that SNPs accounts for 28.6% of T2D’s variability and incorporation of family history leads to additional improvement of 5.9%. Our result illustrates that family history of diseases can have an invaluable information for disease prediction and may bridge the gap originated from missing heritability.
Use of a miniature diamond-anvil cell in high-pressure single-crystal neutron Laue diffraction
Authors: Binns Jack , Kamenev Konstantin V. , McIntyre Garry J. , Moggach Stephen A. , Parsons Simon
Published: February 2016

The first high-pressure neutron diffraction study in a miniature diamond-anvil cell of a single crystal of size typical for X-ray diffraction is reported. This is made possible by modern Laue diffraction using a large solid-angle image-plate detector. An unexpected finding is that even reflections whose diffracted beams pass through the cell body are reliably observed, albeit with some attenuation. The cell body does limit the range of usable incident angles, but the crystallographic completeness for a high-symmetry unit cell is only slightly less than for a data collection without the cell. Data collections for two sizes of hexamine single crystals, with and without the pressure cell, and at 300 and 150 K, show that sample size and temperature are the most important factors that influence data quality. Despite the smaller crystal size and dominant parasitic scattering from the diamond-anvil cell, the data collected allow a full anisotropic refinement of hexamine with bond lengths and angles that agree with literature data within experimental error. This technique is shown to be suitable for low-symmetry crystals, and in these cases the transmission of diffracted beams through the cell body results in much higher completeness values than are possible with X-rays. The way is now open for joint X-ray and neutron studies on the same sample under identical conditions.
Health warnings on wine: a consumer perspective
Authors: Annunziata Azzurra , Pomarici Eugenio , Vecchio Riccardo , Mariani Angela
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate consumers’ interest and preference for health warnings on wine label, and the key socio-demographic and attitudinal variables driving this interest.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data were gathered, by a professional marketing company, through an on line survey with a sample of 300 Italians, aged over 18, consuming wine at least once a month.

Findings

– Respondents were interested in receiving more information on nutritional and health features of wine through the label, and would also like to obtain information about the warnings about possible side effects related to excessive wine consumption. The most relevant variables influencing positive interest toward this information are gender (female), age (younger cohort), education level (higher), presence of children in the household and being the main responsible of grocery shopping.

Research limitations/implications

– The research was limited by being conducted only in Italy, using explorative methodology.

Social implications

– Outcomes provide useful evidence for advocates calling for the introduction of health warnings on wine labels and policy makers.

Originality/value

– To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to analyze Italian consumer interest toward health warnings on wine label.
Scale of consumer loyalty for organic food
Authors: Dias Valéria da Veiga , Schuster Marcelo da Silva , Talamini Edson , Révillion Jean Philippe
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The alternative food markets are growing and despite the evidences of heterogeneity and of organic food consumers’ special features, little has been done to develop a scale to measure loyalty to this market. The purpose of this paper is to propose and validate a scale based on consumers’ loyalty literature and on the particular features of the organic market.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data from 604 consumers were obtained through a web-based survey, which was used to analyze the structural equation in the AMOS software, in order to validate the proposed scale model.

Findings

– A one-dimensional validated scale consisting of eight questions and showing high composite reliability level (0.95) was used to measure consumer loyalty to organic food. The herein used sample presented mean True Organic Loyal (4.36) and standard deviation (0.62); these values depict Brazilians high loyalty to this food type.

Research limitations/implications

– The research was conducted and validated in Brazil and it can be replicated within the country as well as be transculturally validated.

Originality/value

– The main contribution of the current study is the development and validation of a scale named scale of consumer loyalty for organic food. The suggested interpretation ranges from non-loyal to true organic loyal consumers and it helps understanding organic food consumers’ behavior. This research took under consideration consumers of any sort of organic food as well as consumers of regular food markets (farmer’s markets, supermarkets, collective groups, shops and internet).
Who let the dogs in? A look at pet-friendly workplaces
Authors: Wilkin Christa L , Fairlie Paul , Ezzedeen Souha R.
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the pet-friendliness trend, because despite its growth, there has been little research on the benefits and potential risks of pet-friendly workplaces.

Design/methodology/approach

– A general review is provided on pet ownership figures in North America and the benefits and drawbacks of pet ownership. Pet-friendly policies and practices are described, highlighting their potentially positive impact on well-being and performance. Possible concerns with pet-friendly workplaces are examined. The paper offers recommendations for organizations that are potentially interested in becoming pet-friendly.

Findings

– Many households in North America have pets that are considered genuine members of the family. As a result, workplaces are increasingly becoming “pet-friendly” by instituting policies that are sensitive to pet ownership. The scope of pet-friendly policies and practices ranges from simple to more complex measures. Adopting these measures can result in benefits that include enhanced attraction and recruitment, improved employee retention, enhanced employee health, increased employee productivity, and positive bottom-line results. But there are also concerns regarding health and safety, property damage, distractions, and religious preferences.

Practical implications

– The range of pet-friendly measures could apply to any workplace that is interested in improving their efforts toward recruitment, retention, and productivity, among others.

Originality/value

– This paper describes a range of efforts that workplaces can offer to enhance their employees’ work lives and is the first to provide a detailed account of the pet-friendliness trend.
Presenteeism “on the desk”
Authors: Panari Chiara , Simbula Silvia
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the antecedents and consequences of the phenomenon of presenteeism in the educational sector. Particularly, the authors tested the relationship between excessive work responsibilities, presenteeism, work-to-family conflict and workers’ emotional exhaustion.

Design/methodology/approach

– A self-report questionnaire was administered to 264 teachers in secondary schools.

Findings

– A subsequent mediation of presenteeism and work-to-family conflict between work responsibilities and emotional exhaustion was found.

Originality/value

– The findings of this study will provide help today’s organisations for better understanding and managing the new phenomenon of presenteeism in order to promote workers’ well-being and performance.
A typology of music information for studies on information seeking
Authors: Rousi Antti Mikael , Savolainen Reijo , Vakkari Pertti
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– A need to renew music-related information notions arises from both information-seeking models and literature of musical semiotics. The purpose of this paper is to create a music information typology, which aims at facilitating the examination of music information types at varying levels of abstraction in the context of information seeking.

Design/methodology/approach

– Literature of musical semiotics and information seeking are juxtaposed to develop a novel approach to music-related information. The grounding concepts are Bruner’s enactive, iconic and symbolic modes of representation. The modes of representation offer a universal scheme of knowledge that is applied to the domain of music by defining their content through Tarasti’s Theory of Musical Semiotics.

Findings

– This conceptual paper results in a music information typology ranging from the enactive music information representations to the abstract ones as follows. Music making as the first mode of enactive representations; music listening as the second mode of enactive representations; iconic representations of music; technological models of music as the first mode of symbolic representations; and ideological models of music as the second mode of symbolic representations.

Originality/value

– The present paper develops a music information typology that encompasses broadly different music information facets by categorizing music information sources according to their level of abstraction. When applied into empirical research, the typology opens a new window into the perceived roles of music information types in the context of information seeking.
How are the new documents of social networks shaping our cultural memory
Authors: Henninger Maureen , Scifleet Paul
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine how keeping the records of social networking sites (SNS) communication for secondary analysis institutes a new type of memory practice, one that seeks both to capture shared public memories and form new cultural understandings.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using a framework of documentary and memory practices the study conducts a qualitative content analysis of SNS communications collected from Facebook, GooglePlus and Twitter during a national event. It combines a content analysis of the communications with the analysis of their materiality and form to investigate potential contributions of SNS to social and cultural memory including their subsequent custodianship.

Findings

– The study finds that the message architecture and metadata of different social networks is comparable and collectively evidences differing aspects of social events to document their unique discourse. Findings demonstrate the contribution SNS is making to social memory and a framework for understanding how SNS in being incorporated into cultural memory practice is presented.

Originality/value

– This is one of the few studies that analyses a range of messages from differing SNS in order to understand their impact on cultural memory and the documentary practices of memory institutions.
Patterns of perceived public library outcomes in five countries
Authors: Vakkari Pertti , Aabø Svanhild , Audunson Ragnar , Huysmans Frank , Kwon Nahyun , Oomes Marjolein , Sin Sei-Ching Joanna
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to compare the perceived benefits of public libraries between five culturally different countries: Finland, Norway, the Netherlands, South Korea and the USA.

Design/methodology/approach

– The data were based on representative samples of Finnish, Norwegian, Dutch, Korean and American adult library users. In Finland a mail survey was used and in other countries web surveys were used for data collection. The distribution of the proportion of those benefiting from the library in various areas of life at least sometimes was compared across countries. The pattern of benefits was compared across countries by forming four outcome indexes from the 19 benefit areas. The differences in the outcomes between the countries were explained by demographics and library use variables.

Findings

– The intensity of perceived benefits differ considerably, with the Finns and Americans reporting a higher level of benefits than the South Koreans, who in turn derive more profit than the Norwegians and the Dutch. The large difference in library supply between Finland and other countries may explain the differences in the perceived benefits in part of other countries but the USA.

Research limitations/implications

– The study covered only some socio-economic and library usage factors as independent variables explaining the variation of benefit patterns. A more thorough analysis of library supply between the countries may explain some differences in perceived benefits.

Practical implications

– The policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Originality/value

– This is the first across-country study comparing and explaining the patterns of perceived benefits between culturally different countries.
How the document got its authority
Authors: Gorichanaz Tim
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to invite further consideration of and research into the authoritativeness, reliability and trustworthiness of documents. How do documents come to be trusted? Why are some more trusted than others?

Design/methodology/approach

– The cases of the Oxford English Dictionary and Wikipedia policies are explored from a historical perspective, and other cases are considered.

Findings

– Authoritativeness seems inherent to documents because of a cognitive metaphor that says “what is persistent is trustworthy”.

Practical implications

– This feature of documents exposes users to a number of pitfalls related to trusting illegitimate documents. This has important implications for document literacy.

Originality/value

– New insight into documents is achieved by applying cognitive metaphors and prototype theory to documents.
Evaluating patterns of national and international collaboration in Cuban science using bibliometric tools
Authors: Palacios-Callender Miriam , Roberts Stephen Andrew , Roth-Berghofer Thomas
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the hypothesis that collaboration was a key characteristic of Cuban science to maintain their scientific capacity during a period of economic restrictions and an important feature of Cuban science policy and practice for the benefit of society.

Design/methodology/approach

– Collaboration was studied through Cuban scientific publications listed in PubMed for the period 1990-2010. The search was carried out using the advanced search engine of PubMed indicating < Cuba > in the affiliation field. To identify participating institutions a second search was performed to find the affiliations of all authors per article through the link to the electronic journal. A data set was created to identify institutional publication patterns for the surveyed period. Institutions were classified in three categories according to their scientific production as Central, Middle or Distal: the pattern of collaboration between these categories was analysed.

Findings

– Results indicate that collaboration between scientifically advanced institutions (Central) and a wide range of national institutions is a consequence of the social character of science in Cuba in which cooperation prevails. Although this finding comes from a limited field of biomedical science it is likely to reflect Cuban science policy in general.

Originality/value

– Using bibliometric tools the study suggests that Cuban science policy and practice ensure the application of science for social needs by harnessing human resources through national and international collaboration, building in this way stronger scientific capacity.
Effects of single and mixed infections of Bean pod mottle virus and Soybean mosaic virus on host‐plant chemistry and host–vector interactions
Authors: Peñaflor Maria Fernanda G. V. , Mauck Kerry E. , Alves Kelly J. , De Moraes Consuelo M. , Mescher Mark C.
Published: February 2016

Co‐infection by vector‐borne plant viruses is common, yet few studies have explored the effects of mixed infections on host‐plant phenotypes or plant–vector interactions.

We documented the effects of single and mixed infection by Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) on key biochemical plant traits and the behaviour and performance of virus vectors (BPMV: Epilachna varivestis, SMV: Aphis glycines) in order to understand how virus‐induced changes in plant phenotypes might influence (i) the acquisition and transmission of each virus by its respective vector in single infections, (ii) the likelihood of secondary infection for plants singly infected with either virus and (iii) the implications of co‐infection for virus transmission by vectors.

Single infection by either BPMV or SMV increased host‐plant palatability for E. varivestis, potentially enhancing vector acquisition of BPMV from BPMV‐infected plants as well as the risk of secondary BPMV infection in plants infected with SMV. However, co‐infected plants were no more palatable to beetle vectors than mock‐inoculated plants.

BPMV infection had minimal impacts on A. glycines. SMV infection reduced A. glycines population growth, but increased aphid feeding preferences for infected plants, a pattern likely not conducive to the (non‐persistent) transmission of SMV. Co‐infection eliminated the negative effects of single SMV infection on aphid population growth, and aphids exhibited a feeding preference for co‐infected (relative to mock‐inoculated) plants.

Our results demonstrate that virus effects on host phenotype and vector behaviour can be modified by the presence of a co‐infecting virus, with potentially important implications for disease transmission.
Drivers of phosphorus limitation across soil microbial communities
Authors: Čapek Petr , Kotas Petr , Manzoni Stefano , Šantrůčková Hana
Published: February 2016

Nutrient limitation of soil microbial communities controls the rates of plant litter and soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient mineralization, and as such, it is central to soil and ecosystem models.

According to ecological stoichiometry theory, when the carbon (C)‐to‐nutrient (E) ratio of resources used by a microbial community is higher than a critical ratio (C : ECR), that nutrient is limiting. The C‐to‐phosphorus (P) critical ratio (C : PCR) that determines P limitation is largely unknown for soils, and thus, it is the subject of our study.

Our results show that the C : PCR in widely different soils ranges from 26·6 to 465·1 or from 20·9 to 740·7 when accounting for 95% confidence intervals. Using constant or narrowly fluctuating C : PCR in ecosystem models is therefore inaccurate.

The C : PCR cannot be simply predicted from microbial community C : P or available soil P. C : PCR was only related to relative abundance of phospholipid fatty acids, which reflects microbial community structure and physiology. Our data suggest complex controls over microbial community C : PCR.

We further propose that using P storage compounds that allow the microbial community to temporarily buffer variability in available P can represent a widely adopted strategies across soils.
Larval traits carry over to affect post‐settlement behaviour in a common coral reef fish
Authors: Dingeldein Andrea L. , White J. Wilson
Published: February 2016

Most reef fishes begin life as planktonic larvae before settling to the reef, metamorphosing and entering the benthic adult population. Different selective forces determine survival in the planktonic and benthic life stages, but traits established in the larval stage may carry over to affect post‐settlement performance. We tested the hypothesis that larval traits affect two key post‐settlement fish behaviours: social group‐joining and foraging.

Certain larval traits of reef fishes are permanently recorded in the rings in their otoliths. In the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum), prior work has shown that key larval traits recorded in otoliths (growth rate, energetic condition at settlement) carry over to affect post‐settlement survival on the reef, with higher‐larval‐condition fish experiencing less post‐settlement mortality. We hypothesized that this selective mortality is mediated by carry‐over effects on post‐settlement antipredator behaviours. We predicted that better‐condition fish would forage less and be more likely to join groups, both behaviours that would reduce predation risk.

We collected 550 recently settled bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) from three reef sites off St. Croix (USVI) and performed two analyses. First, we compared each settler's larval traits to the size of its social group to determine whether larval traits influenced group‐joining behaviour. Secondly, we observed foraging behaviour in a subset of grouped and solitary fish (n = 14) for 1–4 days post‐settlement. We then collected the fish and tested whether larval traits influenced the proportion of time spent foraging.

Body length at settlement, but not condition, affected group‐joining behaviour; smaller fish were more likely to remain solitary or in smaller groups. However, both greater length and better condition were associated with greater proportions of time spent foraging over four consecutive days post‐settlement.

Larval traits carry over to affect post‐settlement behaviour, although not as we expected: higher quality larvae join groups more frequently (safer) but then forage more. Foraging is risky but may allow faster post‐settlement growth, reducing mortality risk in the long run. This shows that behaviour likely serves as a mechanistic link connecting larval traits to post‐settlement selective mortality.
Effects of shading and simulated grazing on carbon sequestration in a tropical seagrass meadow
Authors: Dahl Martin , Deyanova Diana , Lyimo Liberatus D. , Näslund Johan , Samuelsson Göran S. , Mtolera Matern S. P. , Björk Mats , Gullström Martin
Published: February 2016

There is an ongoing world‐wide decline of seagrass ecosystems, one of the world's most efficient carbon sink habitats. In spite of this, there is a clear lack of studies experimentally testing the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on carbon sequestration of seagrass systems.

We assessed the effects of two disturbances of global concern on the carbon sink function in a five‐month in situ experiment within a tropical seagrass (Thalassia hemprichii) meadow by testing the impacts of shading and simulated grazing at two levels of intensity using shading cloths and clipping of shoot tissue. We measured the effects of these disturbances on the carbon sequestration process by assessing the net community production (NCP), carbon and nitrogen content in tissue biomass, and organic matter and THAA (total hydrolysable amino acids) in the sediment down to 40 cm depth.

Treatments of high‐intensity shading and high‐intensity clipping were similarly impacted and showed a significantly lower NCP and carbon content in the below‐ground biomass compared to the seagrass control. No significant effects were seen in organic carbon, total nitrogen, C:N ratio and THAA in the sediment for the seagrass treatments. However, both clipping treatments showed different depth profiles of carbon and THAA compared to the seagrass control, with lower organic carbon and THAA content in the surface sediment. This can be explained by the clipping of shoot tissue causing a less efficient trapping of allochthonous carbon and reduced input of shredded seagrass leaves to the detritus sediment layer. In the clipping plots, erosion of the surface sediment occurred, which was also most likely caused by the removal of above‐ground plant biomass.

Synthesis. Our findings show that during the course of this experiment, there were no impacts on the sedimentary carbon while the high‐intensity disturbances caused a clear depletion of carbon biomass and reduced the seagrass meadow's capacity to sequester carbon. From a long‐term perspective, the observed effect on the carbon biomass pool in the high‐intensity treatments and the sediment erosion in the clipping plots may lead to loss in sedimentary carbon.
Transition from infant‐ to adult‐like gut microbiota
Authors: Avershina E. , Lundgård K. , Sekelja M. , Dotterud C. , Storrø O. , Øien T. , Johnsen R. , Rudi K.
Published: February 2016

Transition from an infant to an adult associated gut microbiota with age through establishment of strict anaerobic bacteria remains one of the key unresolved questions in gut microbial ecology. Here a comprehensive comparative analysis of stool microbiota in a large cohort of mothers and their children sampled longitudinally up until 2 years of age using sequencing analysis tool was presented that allows realistic microbial diversity estimates. In this work, evidence for the switch from children to adult associated microbial profile between 1 and 2 years of age was provided, suggestively driven by Bifidobacterium breve. An Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) belonging to B. breve was highly prevalent in the population throughout the first year of life, and was negatively associated with detection of a range of adult‐like OTUs. Although an adult profile was not fully established by 2 years of age, it was demonstrated that with regards to the most prevalent OTUs, their prevalence in the child population by then already resembled that of the adult population. Taken together, it was proposed that late‐colonizing OTUs were recruited at a later stage and were not acquired at birth with the recruitment being controlled by gatekeeping OTUs until the age of 1 year.
Mechanisms of resistance to linalool in Salmonella Senftenberg and their role in survival on basil
Authors: Kalily Emmanuel , Hollander Amit , Korin Ben , Cymerman Itamar , Yaron Sima
Published: February 2016

Fresh produce contaminated with human pathogens raises vital and ecological questions about bacterial survival strategies. Such occurrence was basil harboring Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg that caused an outbreak in 2007. This host was unanticipated due to its production of antibacterial substances, including linalool. We show that linalool perforates bacterial membranes, resulting in increased permeability and leakage of vital molecules. It also inhibits cell motility and causes bacterial aggregation. Linalool‐resistance was investigated by identification and characterization of S. Senftenberg mutants that perform altered resistance. Resistance mechanisms include selective permeability, regulated efflux/influx and chemotaxis‐controlled motility. Moreover, survival of S. Senftenberg on basil leaves was substantially affected by McpL, a putative chemotaxis‐related receptor, and RfaG, a component of the lipopolysaccharide production pathway, both have a role in resistance to linalool. Results reveal that adaptation to linalool occurs in nature by concurrent mechanisms. This adaption raises concerns about pathogens adaptation to new hosts including antimicrobial‐compound‐producing plants.
Binge Drinking and Antisocial and Unlawful Behaviours in Australia
Authors: Yang Ou , Zhao Xueyan , Srivastava Preety
Published: February 2016

This paper presents individual‐level evidence from Australia to examine the factors associated with binge drinking and several alcohol‐related antisocial and unlawful behaviours. We study in particular the role of binge drinking in increasing the likelihood of engaging in these negative behaviours. We use individual‐level data from a national representative survey and a system econometric model that allows unobservable factors for all negative behaviours to be correlated. Potential misclassification of individuals' drinking pattern is accounted for. We find evidence of under‐reporting for bingeing and significant effects of binge drinking on drink‐driving, physical and verbal abuse, public disturbance, and stealing and damaging property.