bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chelating chloride using binuclear lanthanide complexes in water
Authors: Alexander Carlson , Thom James A. , Kenwright Alan M. , Christensen Kirsten E. , Sørensen Thomas Just , Faulkner Stephen
Published: December 2022

A series of binuclear lanthanide complexes address the long-standing challenge of binding chloride ions in aqueous solution. Binding of both chloride and fluoride is signalled by changes in the luminescence and NMR behaviour of the complexes.
Influence of surface viscosities on the electrodeformation of a prolate viscous drop
Authors: Nganguia H. , Das D. , Pak O. S. , Young Y.-N.
Published: December 2022

The electro-deformation of viscous drops with interfacial viscosities in a dc electric field depends on the non-trivial interplay between surface deformation and surface dilatation, and the mismatch between the electric properties of the surrounding fluids.
A multifunctional composite membrane for high-safety lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Gao Zhihao , Luo Lin , Wen Rongyan , Song Xin , Gao Zhenyue , Zheng Zongmin , Zhang Jianmin
Published: December 2022

Thermal runaway and dendrite growth in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) induce serious safety hazards and impede their further applications.
Enhanced nonlinear optical performance of perovskite films passivated by porphyrin derivatives
Authors: Guan Zihao , Li Hui , Wei Zhiyuan , Shan Naying , Fang Yan , Zhao Yang , Fu Lulu , Huang Zhipeng , Humphrey Mark G. , Zhang Chi
Published: December 2022

A novel passivation strategy via the coordination between porphyrin derivatives and perovskite ionic defects is reported and demonstrated to enhance the nonlinear optical performance of perovskite materials.
An orange-yellow-emitting Lu2−xMg2Al2−yGaySi2O12:xCe3+ phosphor-in-glass film for laser-driven white light
Authors: Lin Shisheng , Lin Hang , Wang Pengfei , Sui Ping , Yang Hongyi , Xu Ju , Cheng Yao , Wang Yuansheng
Published: December 2022

A new orange-yellow-emitting all-inorganic color converter, i.e. Lu2−xMg2Al2−yGaySi2O12:xCe3+ phosphor-in-glass film-on-sapphire plate, is developed for laser-driven warm white light.
Design and hardware demonstration of smart meter by cloud interface
Authors: Sudhakar Govindarajulu Sofana Reka , Karipat Justine Robin , Ravi V. , Venugopal Prakash , Alhelou Hassan Haes
Published: December 2022

In this work, the proposed model is developed by employing a smart metre design which is done by controlling and monitoring the system frequency. This model estimates the changes in the frequency in accordance to the loading conditions of the power system, overload or under load‐conditions respectively. The estimated frequency is analysed by employing a smart metre design, which estimates the change in the system frequency caused by overload or under‐load conditions and compared with a reference frequency value set by the load dispatching unit in the control server. In this analysis, the line responsible for the frequency change are being isolated from the rest of the system or given only based on the demand power as per the priority loads. The proposed model is equipped with an embedded realistic system set along with a synchronised network and central server by using a cloud computing approach as a test bed laboratory set up. The parameters of the electric power are based on load forecasting involved for setting the required reference frequency. The model is developed with a realistic approach by developing the prototype. The work employs both software and hardware modelling with cloud interface. A complete hardware demonstration rig is developed with a smart metre design and experimental results are studied and demonstrated using cloud interface.
Neural network acceleration methods via selective activation
Authors: Wang Siyu , Li WeiPeng , Lu Ruitao , Yang Xiaogang , Xi Jianxiang , Gao Jiuan
Published: December 2022

The increase in neural network recognition accuracy is accompanied by a significant increase in the scales of networks and computations. To make deep learning frameworks widely used on mobile platforms, model acceleration has become extremely important in computer vision. In this study, a novel neural network acceleration method based on selective activation is proposed. First, as the algebraic basis for selective activation, mask general matrix multiplication is used to reduce matrix multiplication calculations. Second, to screen and remove activated neurons and reduce the number of calculations, we introduce an Activation Management Unit that includes two different strategies, Selective Activation with Primary Weights (SAPW) and Selective Activation with Primary Inputs (SAPI). SAPW greatly reduces the number of calculations of the fully connected layer and self‐attention and better guarantees detection accuracy. SAPI has the best performance on convolutional architectures, which can significantly reduce the amount of convolutional computation while maintaining the image classification accuracy. We present result of extensive experiments on computational and accuracy tradeoffs and show strong performance for CIFAR‐10 classification and Pascal VOC2012 detection. Compared with the dense method, the proposed selective activation method significantly reduces the number of neural network calculations with equal accuracy.
Attention‐aware spatio‐temporal learning for multi‐view gait‐based age estimation and gender classification
Authors: Huang Binyuan , Luo Yongdong , Xie Jiahui , Pan Jiahui , Zhou Chengju
Published: December 2022

Recently, gait‐based age and gender recognition have attracted considerable attention in the fields of advertisement marketing and surveillance retrieval due to the unique advantage that gaits can be perceived at a long distance. Intuitively, age and gender can be recognised by observing people's static shape (e.g. different hairstyles between males and females) and dynamic motion (e.g. different walking velocities between the elderly and youth). However, most of the existing gait‐based age and gender recognition methods are based on Gait Energy Image (GEI), which loses the capability of explicitly modelling temporal dynamic information and is not robust to the multi‐view recognition that inevitably happens in a real application. Therefore, in this study, an Attention‐aware Spatio‐Temporal Learning (ASTL) framework is proposed, which employs a silhouette sequence as input to learn essential and invariable spatial‐temporal gait representations. More specifically, a Multi‐Scale Temporal Aggregation (MSTA) module provides an effective scheme for dynamic gait description by exploring and aggregating multi‐scale temporal interval information, which is a core supplement to spatial representation. Then, a Multiple Attention Aggregation (MAA) module is designed to help the network focus on the most discriminatory information along temporal, spatial and channel dimensions. Finally, a Multimodal Collaborative Learning (MCL) block gives full play to the advantages of different modal features through a multimodal cooperative learning strategy. The mean absolute error (MAE) for the age estimation and the correct classification rate (CCR) for the gender classification on OU‐MVLP achieve 6.68 years and 97%, respectively, demonstrating the superiority of the method. Ablation experiments and visualisation results also prove the effectiveness of the three individual modules in their framework.
A new power swing detection method in power systems with large‐scale wind farms based on modified empirical‐mode decomposition method
Authors: Nazari Ali Akbar , Razavi Farzad , Fakharian Ahmad
Published: December 2022

High energy consumption around the world and concerns over climate change and high greenhouse gas emissions have led to a significant increase in using renewable energy resources, particularly wind power plants. In spite of using small wind farms in distribution networks as distributed generation, the interest in employing large‐scale wind farms in transmission levels has grown significantly in recent years. The presence of large‐scale wind farms with a synchronous generator to supply the energy demand can affect the power swing parameters. These effects are in a way that can mislead power swing detection methods and cause undesirable tripping of transmission line due to mal‐operation of distance relay against power swing . Therefore, in this paper, a method has been presented based on modified empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method to differentiate fault from power swing in the networks connected to the large‐scale wind farms. The results prove the efficiency of the presented method in detecting the power swing in large‐scale wind farm networks. Finally, a comparison is conducted between the proposed method and similar methods which proves the efficiency and superiority of the proposed method in terms of noise tolerance, detection fault detection speed, and multi‐mode power swing detection compared to the current methods.
Research on the harmonic currents rates for the exchanged energy of unified distributed power flow controller
Authors: Aihong Tang , Lulu Ma , Peng Qiu , Jingen Song , Qian Chen , Minyuan Guan , Xing Song , Binyu Xiong
Published: December 2022

The energy exchange between series and shunt converters is the basis for the powerful functioning of the unified distributed power flow controller, which can be realized through the 3rd harmonic current. In this paper, based on the established 3rd harmonic equivalent network of unified distributed power flow controller power system, the influence of the additional loss caused by the 3rd harmonic current on the line transmission capacity is analysed. The mathematical relationship between the neutral point voltage of the transformer and the 3rd harmonic current is constructed, and it is simplified according to the different 3rd harmonic currents. By analysing the power relationship of the 3rd harmonic equivalent network, it is found that there is a contradiction between improving the 3rd harmonic output efficiency of the shunt single‐phase converter and reducing the neutral point insulation voltage of the transformer. The constraint conditions of the 3rd harmonic current are simulated by the advanced digital power system simulator. Finally, the method of obtaining the economical and safe 3rd harmonic current value range is summarized, which provides a theoretical basis and reference for the device parameter design.
Phasor measurement units‐based fast voltage control strategy for distribution network with high‐penetration distributed photovoltaic
Authors: Xu Jian , Jia Yuqiao , Liao Siyang , Lei Xichun , Yu Jie , Gao Wenzhong , Yao Liangzhong , Ke Deping , Li Xiong , Yang Jun , Peng Xiaotao
Published: December 2022

As the penetration of distributed photovoltaic (PV) in the distribution network continues to increase, the problem of voltage violation is becoming increasingly prominent. PV output has strong volatility and uncertainty, leading to higher requirements on speed and accuracy of voltage control. The voltage qualification rate of the distribution network with PV is difficult to guarantee if relying on traditional measuring installation and discrete regulators. Thus, it is necessary to introduce high‐frequency sampling devices and various continuous regulators in real‐time voltage control. In this paper, a fast voltage control strategy by real‐time coordination of dynamic voltage regulators (DVRs) and PV inverters based on phasor measurement units (PMU) and remote terminal unit (RTU) information is proposed. The voltage sensitivity is calculated online based on the fast measurement information of PMU. The equivalent models of rapid voltage regulators including DVR and PV inverter are established for the online extraction of voltage optimal control gradients. According to the model predictive control (MPC) theory, a feeder‐level global voltage control strategy is proposed comprehensively considering the objectives of voltage qualification rate, control cost, and network loss, which can realize real‐time voltage control in the distribution network at the millisecond scale. The effectiveness and rapidity of the proposed global voltage control strategy are verified in the IEEE 33‐bus system and a real representative distribution system for preventing voltage violation.
German aquaculture under Covid-19 – impacts of the pandemic on the sector during 2020
Authors: Huber Lina-Marie , Lasner Tobias
Published: December 2022

This study sheds light on challenges and possibilities for the German aquaculture sector resulting from the restrictions imposed by the German government to contain the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. By presenting results of expert interviews, stakeholder statements and a survey among German fish farmers, we provide insights into distribution, cost and turnover developments trigged by the restrictions in 2020. The survey shows that the pandemic had an impact on the business of a large group of producers: 44% of the fish farmers reported disturbed production processes, 46% experienced a decline in sales and the restricted gastronomy sector impacted negatively on the sales of 79%. On the other hand, 15% of the respondents were able to sell more than in 2019, 27% expanded their sales directly to the consumers. Nevertheless, a great majority (78%) did not perceive the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic as the main challenge of German aquaculture. Based on the gained insights, we estimated the economic impacts of the Covid-19 restrictions on typical German fish farms under three scenarios with EBIT changes ranging from −10% to +8% compared to 2019. In that way, the gained insights teach valuable lessons on the sector's resilience to external shocks. During the scenarios a lack of vertical integration and a dependency on wholesale led to financial challenges. On the other hand, the scenarios attest fish farms with direct marketing structures and diversified distribution channels a higher resilience to external shocks: the small-scale structure of the German aquaculture that was often seen as a weakness on a globalised market proved to be an advantage.
Physicochemical characterization, kinetic parameters, shelf life and its prediction models of virgin olive oil from two cultivars (“Arbequina” and “Moroccan Picholine”) grown in Morocco
Authors: Gagour Jamila , Oubannin Samira , Ait Bouzid Hasna , Bijla Laila , El Moudden Hamza , Sakar El Hassan , Koubachi Jamal , Laknifli Abdellatif , Gharby Said
Published: December 2022

This works aimed at investigating shelf-life behavior of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) extracted from two cultivars “Arbequina” and “Moroccan Picholine” as a function of storage time (8 weeks) at accelerated conditions (60 °C). Our outcomes revealed significant variations between EVOOs from both cultivars in terms of the investigated physicochemical characteristics. These were also affected by storage time and temperature except for fatty acids, for which storage time had no significant effects. While the changes in tocopherols showed a drastic reduction ranging from 48.18 (“Moroccan Picholine”) to 62.62% (“Arbequina”). Indeed, the changes of quality indices showed a linear increase. Moreover, “Arbequina” oil was the first to exceed the established upper limits for EVOO label. An increase in oxidation rate was observed with increasing temperature when oils were oxidized at six elevated temperatures (373, 383, 393, 403, 413 and 423 °K) under Rancimat test conditions. The natural logarithms of the kinetic rate constant varied linearly with respect to temperature, with temperature coefficient (TCoeff) ranging from 7.31 × 10−2 in “Arbequina” to 7.51 × 10−2 K−1 found in “Moroccan Picholine”. This had higher oxidative stability and shelf life as compared to “Arbequina”. These outcomes were confirmed by kinetic parameters of oxidative stability including reaction rate constant as well as Arrhenius equation and thermodynamic parameters.
Entwicklung der Rehabilitation von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes während der Corona-Pandemie im Vergleich zum Vor-Pandemiejahr
Authors: Kapellen Thomas , Tittel Sascha R , Burmester Holger , Koch Sibylle , Mehta Tejal , Schiel Ralf , Uehlein Julia , Knauth Burkhild , Holl Reinhard Walter
Published: December 2022

Hintergrund Während der Pandemie zeigte sich ein Rückgang
durchgeführter Kinderrehabilitationen um mehr als 30% im Pandemiejahr 2020. Die Daten stammen
vom Rentenversicherungsträger, der aber nicht alleine Träger für Kinderrehabilitationen ist.
Die DPV-Datenbank bietet die Möglichkeit alle Rehabilitanden mit Diabetes unabhängig vom
Träger in den Vor-Pandemiejahren und den Jahren 2020/21 zu analysieren.

Methoden Vergleich der stationären Aufnahmen in 11 Rehakliniken
in den Jahren 2019 (vor Pandemie) mit 2020/21. Monatliche Analyse von Zahl der Aufnahmen,
Liegedauer, HbA1c- und BMI-Entwicklung. Ost-West-Vergleich sowie Subanalyse von Rehabilitanden
unter und über 12 Jahren.

Ergebnisse Im Jahr 2019 wurden 2237 Kinder und Jugendliche mit
Typ 1 Diabetes rehabilitiert, in 2020 Reduktion auf 1455 (35%) und keine Erholung in 2021
(n=1447). Ein besonders starker Einbruch der aufgenommenen Kinder und Jugendlichen zeigte sich
im April und Mai 2020 während des 1. Lockdowns. Auch bei der Liegedauer zeigte sich dieser
Einbruch in der Zeit des ersten Lockdowns. Im Ost-West-Vergleich ist die Zahl der
Rehabilitanden im Osten stabiler geblieben. Der HbA1c zeigte während der Monate des ersten
Lockdowns einen signifikanten Anstieg (April 2019: 8.19% (7.94, 8.44); April 2020: 8.68%
(8.25, 9.11); April 2021 7.94% (7.63, 8.24)). In der altersstratifizierten Analyse zeigte sich
ein Anstieg auf höherem Niveau des HbA1c in den Monaten des ersten Lockdowns bei den
Jugendlichen in Vergleich zu den Kindern unter 12 Jahren. Der BMI-SDS war in 2019 bei 0.29
(0.24¸ 0.33), stieg im Jahr 2020 auf 0.35 (0.29; 0.41) und weiter auf 0.41 (0.35; 0.46) in
2021.

Schlussfolgerung Es kam zu einem deutlichen Abfall der
stationären Rehabilitationen während der Corona-Pandemie und zu keiner Erholung im 2.
Pandemiejahr.
Synthesis of 2-Alkyl-2-(2-furanyl)-1,3-cyclopentanediones
Authors: Ikeuchi Kazutada , Tanino Keiji , Ozoe Yusuke , Kato Ranmaru , Suzuki Takahiro
Published: December 2022

2,2-Disubstituted 1,3-cyclopentanediones are versatile building blocks for synthesizing complex natural products with bicyclic structures including cyclopentane rings. The reported method for the synthesis of these compounds involves the semi-pinacol rearrangement of a Mukaiyama aldol adduct prepared from a ketone/ketal and 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)cyclobutene. However, the adoption of α-oxy-functionalized ketones/ketals is quite difficult, as demonstrated by our experiments. To overcome this limitation of the method, 2-acylfuran derivatives were used as the reactants to synthesize 2,2-disubstituted 1,3-cyclopentanediones. Furthermore, two reaction conditions, that is, the use of 1.4 equivalents of a boron trifluoride-diethyl ether complex or 0.4 and 0.2 equivalent of trimethylsilyl triflate and methoxytrimethylsilane, respectively, were established for the conversion of 2-acylfurans into the corresponding 1,3-cyclopentanediones in acceptable yields. The transformations of the furan rings in the obtained products were also investigated.
Facile Preparation of Highly Enantioenriched 1,4-Benzothiazin-3-ones by the Substitution of α-Bromoacetate with 2-Aminothiophenol
Authors: Park Yong Sun , Lee Ji Su , Lee So Jeong , Han Gun Hee
Published: December 2022

A simple and convenient approach for highly enantioenriched 2-substituted 1,4-benzothiazin-3-ones was developed via the nucleophilic substitution of α-bromoacetates derived from either l-threonate or l-serinate using 2-aminothiophenol and a subsequent facile lactamization.
A laser source driver in 0.18 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology for high speed quantum key distribution
Authors: Zhu Yulong , Wang Xinzhe , Zhu Chenxi , Chen Zhaoyuan , Huang Zhisheng , Jin Zhanhong , Li Yang , Liang Futian , Liao Shengkai , Peng Chengzhi , Jin Ge
Published: December 2022

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has rapidly developed recently. The repetition frequency of the QKD system increases from tens or hundreds of MHz to GHz. A laser diode (LD) operating in gain-switched mode is widely used as a weak coherent light source in a QKD system. We present an LD driver circuit fabricated in 0.18 μm SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor bipolar complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. The circuit can operate at frequencies up to 2.5 GHz, satisfying the requirements of high-speed laser drives in practical QKD systems. The output current of the driver circuit can reach 100 mA when driving an LD whose input equivalent resistance is ∼21 Ω. The extinction ratio of the 1550-nm distributed feedback LD light source driven by our driver circuit reaches 23 dB at the operating frequency of 2.5 GHz, meeting the requirements of QKD systems. This circuit will be used in miniaturized QKD systems.
4H-SiC Ohmic contacts formation by MoS2 layer intercalation: A first-principles study
Authors: Huang Lingqin , Pan Sumin , Deng Xuliang , Cui Wenwen
Published: December 2022

Due to the difficulty of forming a low Schottky barrier at the interface of a metal/SiC contact, preparing Ohmic contacts is still a key technical problem in developing SiC devices. In this paper, the effects of MoS2 intercalation on the interface properties of metal/SiC (Al, Ag, Ti, Au, and Mg) systems were investigated by first-principles calculation. The calculations show that all the metal/SiC contacts exhibit p-type Schottky contacts with strong Fermi level pinning (FLP) at the interfaces. After inserting a layer of MoS2, the Schottky barrier heights are significantly reduced. All the metal/MoS2/SiC systems are tuned to be n-type Ohmic contacts. By calculating and analyzing electron localization functions, projected band structure, partial density of states, and planar-averaged charge density difference, the Ohmic contact formation mechanism may be due to the saturation of dangling bonds of the SiC surface, the reduction in metal-induced gap states, the formation of interface dipole layer, and the shift of FLP position to the interface of metal/MoS2.
2D-IR spectroscopy of proteins in H2O—A Perspective
Authors: Rutherford Samantha H. , Baker Matthew J. , Hunt Neil T.
Published: December 2022

The form of the amide I infrared absorption band provides a sensitive probe of the secondary structure and dynamics of proteins in the solution phase. However, the frequency coincidence of the amide I band with the bending vibrational mode of H2O has necessitated the widespread use of deuterated solvents. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ultrafast 2D-IR spectroscopy allows the detection of the protein amide I band in H2O-based fluids, meaning that IR methods can now be applied to study proteins in physiologically relevant solvents. In this perspective, we describe the basis of the 2D-IR method for observing the protein amide I band in H2O and show how this development has the potential to impact areas ranging from our fundamental appreciation of protein structural dynamics to new applications for 2D-IR spectroscopy in the analytical and biomedical sciences. In addition, we discuss how the spectral response of water, rather than being a hindrance, now provides a basis for new approaches to data pre-processing, standardization of 2D-IR data collection, and signal quantification. Ultimately, we visualize a direction of travel toward the creation of 2D-IR spectral libraries that can be linked to advanced computational methods for use in high-throughput protein screening and disease diagnosis.
Knowledge discovery with computational fluid dynamics: Supercritical airfoil database and drag divergence prediction
Authors: Li Runze , Zhang Yufei , Chen Haixin
Published: December 2022

Aerodynamic rules and knowledge are often obtained through theoretical research and experiments, which have contributed greatly to aircraft design. For example, Korn's equation predicts the airfoil drag divergence Mach number using the airfoil maximum thickness and the lift coefficient. It is very helpful in the aircraft initial design. However, it neither reveals the key factors of fluid features on the drag divergence nor contributes to the detailed design. This paper designs a supercritical airfoil database that covers the typical free stream Mach number, angle of attack, lift coefficient, and geometry of modern transonic commercial aircraft. Correlation screening and multivariate regression are carried out to discover knowledge about the airfoil drag divergence Mach number and pressure distribution features. A new linear correlation is discovered and validated by existed airfoil databases. Compared with Korn's equation, the discovered correlation reduces the maximum prediction error by approximately 40%. It indicates that the drag divergence Mach number can be increased by obtaining a shock wave that is further upstream in the detailed design. Furthermore, it enables the cruise performance and drag divergence Mach number to be predicted with only one simulation of the cruise point, which will greatly save the computational cost of optimizations.
Construction of an approach for evaluation of droplet collision models under DDM framework based on an improved Beer's law
Authors: Suo Shaoyi , Jia Ming , Jiang Linsong , Liu Hong
Published: December 2022

In spray simulations, uncertainties in the collision incidence predictions always exist for droplet collision models under the discrete droplet model framework. In this study, Beer's law, which is used for electromagnetic radiation and light absorption, was improved to evaluate the accuracy of droplet collision models by eliminating the shadow effect among the light-absorbing (stationary) parcels. In addition, the range of parcel numbers in the computational domain was carefully calibrated to ensure the appropriate implementation of Beer's law. Based on the improved Beer's law, a theoretical evaluation method of the computational efficiency of droplet collision models was proposed to conduct a qualitative analysis. Using the above methods, a complete approach for evaluating the accuracy and efficiency of droplet collision models was established. Three representative collision models, including the O'Rourke model, the Nordin model, and the no-time-counter (NTC) model, as well as a new hybrid stochastic/trajectory (HST) collision model, were evaluated comprehensively. The convergence and dependence of the predicted collision incidence on various factors, including parcel radius, grid size, reference frame velocity, and droplet number represented by one parcel, were investigated. It was found that the HST model shows relatively better performance on the collision incidence compared with the other collision models in most cases, especially when one parcel represents multiple droplets. The NTC model achieves the highest computational efficiency, and the computational cost of the construction of the adaptive collision cells in the NTC model and the HST model constitutes a major proportion of the total time consumption.
Quantum-mechanical insights into the anisotropic response of the cryptochrome radical pair to a weak magnetic field
Authors: Bezchastnov Victor , Domratcheva Tatiana
Published: December 2022

Cryptochrome photoreceptors contain a photochemically generated radical pair, which is thought to mediate sensing of the geomagnetic field direction in many living organisms. To gain insight into the response of the cryptochrome to a weak magnetic field, we have studied the quantum-mechanical hyperfine spin states of the radical pair. We identify quantum states responsible for the precise detection of the magnetic field direction, taking into account the strongly axial hyperfine interactions of each radical in the radical pair. The contribution of these states to the formation of the cryptochrome signaling state sharply increases when the magnetic field becomes orthogonal to the hyperfine axis of either radical. Due to such a response, the radical pair may be able to detect the particular field direction normal to the plane containing the hyperfine axes of the radicals.
Effect of porosity on the kinematics of free-falling porous disks
Authors: Zhang Wenhui , Bi Dianfang , Wei Yingjie
Published: December 2022

The effects of porosity on the kinematics of porous disks are investigated experimentally. A new falling motion is identified, namely, spiral irregular motion, which is characterized by the irregular centerline and spiral motion around the centerline. Multifractal analysis is introduced to quantify the self-similarity and space-filling of irregular centerlines. Generally, the capacity dimension D0 decreases as the diameter ratio between the inner holes and the disk diameter χ increases. However, there is a deviation at χ=0.2. To explain this unordinary deviation, wake is visualized by particle image velocimetry. An oblique vortex ring with high vorticity is responsible for this anomaly. With χ increasing, the angle of attack increases nonlinearly and the distance Rp between paths and centerlines decreases. However, the nutation angle does not vary monotonically with χ, and a minimum appears at χ=0.2. The Strouhal number St and the drag coefficient Cd share the same trend with χ; hence, Cd increases monotonically with St. Both St and Cd reach a maximum at χ=0.15. These findings can be applied to improve the aerodynamic stability of disk-shaped passive fliers and give theoretical insight into parameter selection.
The Bering Strait was flooded 10,000 years before the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Farmer Jesse R. , Pico Tamara , Underwood Ona M. , Cleveland Stout Rebecca , Granger Julie , Cronin Thomas M. , Fripiat François , Martínez-García Alfredo , Haug Gerald H. , Sigman Daniel M.
Published: December 2022

The cyclic growth and decay of continental ice sheets can be reconstructed from the history of global sea level. Sea level is relatively well constrained for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 26,500 to 19,000 y ago, 26.5 to 19 ka) and the ensuing deglaciation. However, sea-level estimates for the period of ice-sheet growth before the LGM vary by > 60 m, an uncertainty comparable to the sea-level equivalent of the contemporary Antarctic Ice Sheet. Here, we constrain sea level prior to the LGM by reconstructing the flooding history of the shallow Bering Strait since 46 ka. Using a geochemical proxy of Pacific nutrient input to the Arctic Ocean, we find that the Bering Strait was flooded from the beginning of our records at 46 ka until35.7-2.4+3.3ka. To match this flooding history, our sea-level model requires an ice history in which over 50% of the LGM’s global peak ice volume grew after 46 ka. This finding implies that global ice volume and climate were not linearly coupled during the last ice age, with implications for the controls on each. Moreover, our results shorten the time window between the opening of the Bering Land Bridge and the arrival of humans in the Americas.
Composite non-noble system with bridging oxygen for catalyzing Tafel-type alkaline hydrogen evolution
Authors: Chen Zhigang , Hu Huimin , Yin Lichang , Zhao Zhigang , Choi Jin-Ho , Liu Gang , Geng Fengxia
Published: December 2022

Using hydrogen as a fuel is an effective way to combat energy crisis and at the same time reduce greenhouse gas emission. Alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is one important way to obtain green hydrogen, which however is energy intensive and is difficult to obtain high efficiencies even when using state-of-the-art noble metal catalysts. Here, we report a three-component catalytic system using only non-noble elements, consisting of cobalt oxide clusters and single molybdenum atoms supported on oxyanion-terminated two-dimensional MXene, which enabled the unusual generation of hydrogen by a kinetically fast Volmer–Tafel process in an alkaline electrolyte. The key feature of this catalyst is that the three components are connected by bridging oxygen, which serves to immediately adsorb H* produced during water dissociation on cobalt oxide and relay it to the molybdenum single-atom catalyst. On the Mo atom, due to this unique coordination environment, the relayed H* intermediates directly combine and desorb, realizing H
2
generation through an unusual Tafel pathway. The presence of bridging oxygen increases the acidity of the catalyst as Brønsted acid with the reversible adsorption and donation of a proton, thus eliminating the need for acid addition and ensuring excellent and sustainable alkaline HER performance. The performance of our catalyst is comparable to that of the commercial noble metal catalyst PtRu/C. Our work makes a significant contribution to designing efficient non-noble catalysts for alkaline HER electrocatalysis.
Breast cancer patient-derived whole-tumor cell culture model for efficient drug profiling and treatment response prediction
Authors: Chen Xinsong , Sifakis Emmanouil G. , Robertson Stephanie , Neo Shi Yong , Jun Seong-Hwan , Tong Le , Hui Min Apple Tay , Lövrot John , Hellgren Roxanna , Margolin Sara , Bergh Jonas , Foukakis Theodoros , Lagergren Jens , Lundqvist Andreas , Ma Ran , Hartman Johan
Published: December 2022

Breast cancer (BC) is a complex disease comprising multiple distinct subtypes with different genetic features and pathological characteristics. Although a large number of antineoplastic compounds have been approved for clinical use, patient-to-patient variability in drug response is frequently observed, highlighting the need for efficient treatment prediction for individualized therapy. Several patient-derived models have been established lately for the prediction of drug response. However, each of these models has its limitations that impede their clinical application. Here, we report that the whole-tumor cell culture (WTC) ex vivo model could be stably established from all breast tumors with a high success rate (98 out of 116), and it could reassemble the parental tumors with the endogenous microenvironment. We observed strong clinical associations and predictive values from the investigation of a broad range of BC therapies with WTCs derived from a patient cohort. The accuracy was further supported by the correlation between WTC-based test results and patients’ clinical responses in a separate validation study, where the neoadjuvant treatment regimens of 15 BC patients were mimicked. Collectively, the WTC model allows us to accomplish personalized drug testing within 10 d, even for small-sized tumors, highlighting its potential for individualized BC therapy. Furthermore, coupled with genomic and transcriptomic analyses, WTC-based testing can also help to stratify specific patient groups for assignment into appropriate clinical trials, as well as validate potential biomarkers during drug development.
Enhanced pathogenicity of Th17 cells due to natalizumab treatment: Implications for MS disease rebound
Authors: Janoschka Claudia , Lindner Maren , Koppers Nils , Starost Laura , Liebmann Marie , Eschborn Melanie , Schneider-Hohendorf Tilman , Windener Farina , Schafflick David , Fleck Ann-Katrin , Koch Kathrin , Deffner Marie , Schwarze Anna-Sophie , Schulte-Mecklenbeck Andreas , Metz Imke , Meuth Sven G. , Gross Catharina C. , Meyer zu Hörste Gerd , Schwab Nicholas , Kuhlmann Tanja , Wiendl Heinz , Stoll Monika , Klotz Luisa
Published: December 2022

After natalizumab (NAT) cessation, some multiple sclerosis (MS) patients experience a severe disease rebound. The rebound pathophysiology is still unclear; however, it has been linked to interleukin-17-producing T-helper (Th17) cells. We demonstrate that during NAT treatment, MCAM+CCR6+Th17 cells gradually acquire a pathogenic profile, including proinflammatory cytokine production, pathogenic transcriptional signatures, brain endothelial barrier impairment, and oligodendrocyte damage via induction of apoptotic pathways. This is accompanied by an increase in Th17 cell frequencies in the cerebrospinal fluid of NAT-treated patients. Notably, Th17 cells derived from NAT-treated patients, who later developed a disease rebound upon treatment cessation, displayed a distinct transcriptional pathogenicity profile associated with altered migratory properties. Accordingly, increased brain infiltration of patient Th17 cells was illustrated in a humanized mouse model and brain histology from a rebound patient. Therefore, peripheral blood-accumulated MCAM+CCR6+Th17 cells might be involved in rebound pathophysiology, and monitoring of changes in Th17 cell pathogenicity in patients before/during NAT treatment cessation might enable rebound risk assessment in the future.
PGRN deficiency exacerbates, whereas a brain penetrant PGRN derivative protects,
GBA1
mutation-associated pathologies and diseases
Authors: Zhao Xiangli , Lin Yi , Liou Benjamin , Fu Wenyu , Jian Jinlong , Fannin Venette , Zhang Wujuan , Setchell Kenneth D. R. , Grabowski Gregory A. , Sun Ying , Liu Chuan-ju
Published: December 2022

Mutations in
GBA1
, encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase), cause Gaucher disease (GD) and are also genetic risks in developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). Currently, the approved therapies are only effective for directly treating visceral symptoms, but not for primary neuronopathic involvement in GD (nGD). Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by
GRN
, is a novel modifier of GCase, but the impact of PGRN in
GBA1
mutation-associated pathologies in vivo remains unknown. Herein,

Grn

−/−

mice crossed into
Gba
9v/9v
mice, a
Gba1
mutant line homozygous for the
Gba1
D409V mutation, generating

Grn

−/−

Gba
9v/9v
(PG9V) mice. PG9V mice exhibited neurobehavioral deficits, early onset, and more severe GD phenotypes compared to

Grn

−/−

and
Gba
9v/9v
mice. Moreover, PG9V mice also displayed PD-like phenotype. Mechanistic analysis revealed that PGRN deficiency caused severe neuroinflammation with microgliosis and astrogliosis, along with impaired autophagy associated with the
Gba1
mutation. A PGRN-derived peptide, termed ND7, ameliorated the disease phenotype in GD patient fibroblasts ex vivo
.
Unexpectedly, ND7 penetrated the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and effectively ameliorated the nGD manifestations and PD pathology in
Gba
9v/null
and PG9V mice. Collectively, this study not only provides the first line of in vivo but also ex vivo evidence demonstrating the crucial role of PGRN in
GBA1/Gba1
mutation-related pathologies, as well as a clinically relevant mouse model for mechanistic and potential therapeutics studies for nGD and PD. Importantly, a BBB penetrant PGRN-derived biologic was developed that may provide treatment for rare lysosomal storage diseases and common neurodegenerative disorders, particularly nGD and PD.
Nanoparticle elasticity regulates the formation of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles and their nano-bio interactions
Authors: Zou Da , Wu Zeming , Yi Xin , Hui Yue , Yang Guangze , Liu Yun , Tengjisi  , Wang Haofei , Brooks Anastasia , Wang Haolu , Liu Xin , Xu Zhi Ping , Roberts Michael S. , Gao Huajian , Zhao Chun-Xia
Published: December 2022

Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles are emerging as a new type of promising nanomaterials for immune evasion and targeted delivery. An underlying premise is that the unique biological functions of natural cell membranes can be conferred on the inherent physiochemical properties of nanoparticles by coating them with a cell membrane. However, the extent to which the membrane protein properties are preserved on these nanoparticles and the consequent bio–nano interactions are largely unexplored. Here, we synthesized two mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) membrane-coated silica nanoparticles (MCSNs), which have similar sizes but distinctly different stiffness values (MPa and GPa). Unexpectedly, a much lower macrophage uptake, but much higher cancer cell uptake, was found with the soft MCSNs compared with the stiff MCSNs. Intriguingly, we discovered that the soft MCSNs enabled the forming of a more protein-rich membrane coating and that coating had a high content of the MSC chemokine CXCR4 and MSC surface marker CD90. This led to the soft MCSNs enhancing cancer cell uptake mediated by the CD90/integrin receptor-mediated pathway and CXCR4/SDF-1 pathways. These findings provide a major step forward in our fundamental understanding of how the combination of nanoparticle elasticity and membrane coating may be used to facilitate bio–nano interactions and pave the way forward in the development of more effective cancer nanomedicines.
The consumption of viruses returns energy to food chains
Authors: DeLong John P. , Van Etten James L. , Al-Ameeli Zeina , Agarkova Irina V. , Dunigan David D.
Published: December 2022

Viruses impact host cells and have indirect effects on ecosystem processes. Plankton such as ciliates can reduce the abundance of virions in water, but whether virus consumption translates into demographic consequences for the grazers is unknown. Here, we show that small protists not only can consume viruses they also can grow and divide given only viruses to eat. Moreover, the ciliate
Halteria
sp. foraging on chloroviruses displays dynamics and interaction parameters that are similar to other microbial trophic interactions. These results suggest that the effect of viruses on ecosystems extends beyond (and in contrast to) the viral shunt by redirecting energy up food chains.
Road-blocker HSP disease mutation disrupts pre-organization for ATP hydrolysis in kinesin through a second sphere control
Authors: Manna Rabindra Nath , Onuchic José N. , Jana Biman
Published: December 2022

Kinesin motor proteins perform several essential cellular functions powered by the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis reaction. Several single-point mutations in the kinesin motor protein KIF5A have been implicated to hereditary spastic paraplegia disease (HSP), a lethal neurodegenerative disease in humans. In earlier studies, we have shown that a series of HSP-related mutations can impair the kinesin’s long-distance displacement or processivity by modulating the order–disorder transition of the linker connecting the heads to the coiled coil. On the other hand, the reduction of kinesin’s ATP hydrolysis reaction rate by a distal asparagine-to-serine mutation is also known to cause HSP disease. However, the molecular mechanism of the ATP hydrolysis reaction in kinesin by this distal mutation is still not fully understood. Using classical molecular dynamics simulations combined with quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations, the pre-organization geometry required for optimal hydrolysis in kinesin motor bound to α/β-tubulin is determined. This optimal geometry has only a single salt-bridge (of the possible two) between Arg203-Glu236, putting a reactive water molecule at a perfect position for hydrolysis. Such geometry is also needed to create the appropriate configuration for proton translocation during ATP hydrolysis. The distal asparagine-to-serine mutation is found to disrupt this optimal geometry. Therefore, the current study along with our previous one demonstrates how two different effects on kinesin dynamics (processivity and ATP hydrolysis), caused by a different set of genotypes, can give rise to the same phenotype leading to HSP disease.
Double-pass laser welding of TC4 alloy and 304 stainless steel
Authors: Lu WenBin , Zhang Yan , Guo ZhiJin , Liu YuQiang , Yu DeShui
Published: December 2022

In this paper, TC4 alloy/304 stainless steel explosive welding composite plate is employed as the interlayer to achieve the connection of TC4 alloy and 304 stainless steel by laser doublepass welding. During the welding process, the unmelted TC4 alloy and 304 stainless steel are retained on the interlayer as the diffusion barrier to prevent the metallurgical reaction of Ti and Fe elements. Therefore, it can not only improve the interfacial organisation, but also enhance the mechanical properties of the joint. There are no Ti–Fe brittle intermetallic compounds at the joint through the XRD. The tensile failure occurs on the unmelted TC4 alloy side of the interlayer, and the maximum tensile strength of the joints can reach 840 MPa.
TBK1 phosphorylation activates LIR-dependent degradation of the inflammation repressor TNIP1
Authors: Zhou Jianwen , Rasmussen Nikoline Lander , Olsvik Hallvard Lauritz , Akimov Vyacheslav , Hu Zehan , Evjen Gry , Kaeser-Pebernard Stéphanie , Sankar Devanarayanan Siva , Roubaty Carole , Verlhac Pauline , van de Beek Nicole , Reggiori Fulvio , Abudu Yakubu Princely , Blagoev Blagoy , Lamark Trond , Johansen Terje , Dengjel Jörn
Published: December 2022

Limitation of excessive inflammation due to selective degradation of pro-inflammatory proteins is one of the cytoprotective functions attributed to autophagy. In the current study, we highlight that selective autophagy also plays a vital role in promoting the establishment of a robust inflammatory response. Under inflammatory conditions, here TLR3-activation by poly(I:C) treatment, the inflammation repressor TNIP1 (TNFAIP3 interacting protein 1) is phosphorylated by Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) activating an LIR motif that leads to the selective autophagy-dependent degradation of TNIP1, supporting the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and proteins. This selective autophagy efficiently reduces TNIP1 protein levels early (0–4 h) upon poly(I:C) treatment to allow efficient initiation of the inflammatory response. At 6 h, TNIP1 levels are restored due to increased transcription avoiding sustained inflammation. Thus, similarly as in cancer, autophagy may play a dual role in controlling inflammation depending on the exact state and timing of the inflammatory response.
Targeting neuroinflammation in neuropathic pain and opioid use
Authors: Salvemini Daniela , Doyle Timothy M.
Published: December 2022

Neuropathic pain arises from injuries to the nervous system. It affects 20% of the adult US population and poses a major socioeconomic burden yet remains exceedingly difficult to treat. Current therapeutic approaches have limited efficacy and a large side effect profile that impedes their ability to treat neuropathic pain effectively. Preclinical research over the last 30 yr has established the critical role that pro-inflammatory neuro–immune cell interactions have in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain arising from various etiologies. Pro-inflammatory neuro–immune cell interactions also underlie the development of adverse side effects of opioids and the loss of their efficacy to treat pain. Evidence from work in our lab and others in preclinical animal models have shown that signaling from the bioactive sphingolipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), through the S1P receptor subtype 1 (S1PR1) modulates neuro–immune cell interactions. Here, we discuss how targeting S1P/S1PR1 signaling with S1PR1 antagonists already Food and Drug Administration–approved or in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis can provide a viable pharmacotherapeutic approach to reduce neuro-immune cell inflammatory signaling and potentially treat patients suffering neuropathic pain and the adverse effects of opioids.
Optical frequency comb generation based on spectral broadening of a phase locked dual-wavelength microcavity laser
Authors: Wang Ting , Wu Jiliang , Yang Yuede , Xiao Jinlong , Huang Yongzhen
Published: December 2022

A highly coherent optical frequency comb (OFC) based on spectral broadening of a phase-locked dual-wavelength microcavity laser is presented. By directly modulating the microcavity laser to generate multiple sidebands, the cross-injection locking of the dual modes is achieved and the beat-signal linewidth is improved from 13.5 MHz to less than 100 Hz. Subsequently, 21 flat comb teeth in a ±3 dB power variation are achieved by combining a phase modulator. Finally, an OFC with a bandwidth of 16 nm is successfully realized by narrowing the optical pulse and spectral broadening in a commercial nonlinear optical fiber. The repetition rate has a low phase noise of −102 dBc Hz−1 at 10 kHz offset, demonstrating the generated OFC has a high degree of coherence.