bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partial Cancerous Changes Eventually Developing into Superficial Spreading Cancer over 18 Months
Authors: Song Y. , Wang Z. , Tang Q. , Xu H. , Xing C. , Miao Z. , Yang C.
Published: February 2010

In this report, we describe a patient presenting with the superficial spreading type of early gastric cancer (egc) accompanied by cancerous ulcers. Disease progression and treatment outcome are discussed. After symptoms persisted for more than 1 year, the patient underwent total gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection. The patient was diagnosed with superficial spreading cancer (ssc), accompanied by an extensive iic lesions. The progression of this patient suggests that the co-occurrence of cancerous ulcers may contribute to egc development to some extent. As is known, egc often develops into advanced gastric cancer with time. However, in our case, we observed a process during which partial cancerous changes developed into ssc over 18 months. Superficial spreading cancer should be considered an egc variant, which may have the ability to spread superficially along the stomach wall without invading the muscularis propria. But we speculate that, if gene expression changes for some reason, the malignant ssc cells may acquire the ability to grow deeply into the stomach wall. Eventually, Borrmann type iv gastric cancer may develop.
Clinician–Patient Communication: Evidence-Based Recommendations to Guide Practice in Cancer
Authors: Rodin G. , Zimmermann C. , Mayer C. , Howell D. , Katz M. , Sussman J. , Mackay J. A. , Brouwers M.
Published: February 2010

Goals of Work: To develop recommendations for effective communication between cancer health care providers and patients based on a systematic review of methods of clinician–patient communication that may affect patient outcomes associated with distress at critical points in the course of cancer care. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted, and evidence-based recommendations were formulated to guide clinician–patient communication in cancer care. A formal external review was conducted to validate the relevance of these recommendations. Main Results: Recommendations for communication in cancer care are presented, based on (1) guidelines from the Australian National Breast Cancer Centre and the Australian National Cancer Control Initiative, (2) an updated systematic review of the research evidence, and (3) a consensus by the Clinician–Patient Communications Working Panel of the Program in Evidence-Based Care of Cancer Care Ontario. The recommendations were sent to 110 Ontario practitioners for external review: 33 responded (30% response rate). Most of these respondents (87%) agreed with the draft recommendations and approved of their use as a practice guideline (90%). A condensed version of the recommendations, including 10 key points, was also created. Conclusions: There is evidence to support general clinician–patient communication approaches, although the preferences of cancer patients regarding such communication exhibit individual and cultural variability. Recommendations are provided, based on evidence, the consensus of an expert panel, and feedback from a survey of external practitioners. Evidence evaluating the role of decision aids and strategies to facilitate better communication is inconsistent, although such tools may be of value for some patients.
The Importance of Getting Back to Nature for People with Dementia
Authors: Bossen Ann
Published: February 2010

As people age, the ability to interact with the outdoors may lessen. Frailty and mobility problems create barriers to engaging in outdoor activities or even experiencing the outdoors. The barriers are greater for people with dementia. As the disease worsens to the point of institutionalization, access to the outdoors may be completely barred and opportunities relinquished to the determination of facility personnel. This article will review current literature and some older seminal works on nature and nature-based stimuli for people with dementia, especially those living in nursing homes.
Refractive Errors and Strabismus in Children With Laurence–Moon–Biedl Syndrome
Authors: Akinci Arsen , Oner Ozgur , Aktas Zeynep , Cetinkaya Ergun , Aycan Zehra
Published: February 2010

Purpose:

To describe the ocular and refractive findings in patients with Laurence–Moon–Biedl syndrome.

Methods:

Seventeen patients with Laurence–Moon–Biedl syndrome were evaluated retrospectively. All children underwent complete ophthalmologic examination.

Results:

Of the patients evaluated, 88.2% had an ocular or refractive finding, 58.8% had myopia (degenerative in three cases), 52.9% had astigmatism, 11.7% had anisometropia, 17.6% had strabismus, 11.7% had retinitis pigmentosa, 5.9% had keratoconus, 5.9% had optic atrophy, and 5.9% had nystagmus.

Conclusion:

Early and regular ophthalmologic assessment is required to prevent visual loss as a result of amblyogenic factors in children with Laurence–Moon–Biedl syndrome.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:26–28.]
Clinical and Histologic Ocular Findings in Pompe Disease
Authors: Yanovitch Tammy L. , Banugaria Suhrad G. , Proia Alan D. , Kishnani Priya S.
Published: February 2010

Purpose:

Limited information is available on the ocular findings in patients with Pompe disease.

Method:

This study summarizes this information with a systematic literature review; reports the ocular histologic findings seen in a deceased infant with Pompe disease who was receiving enzyme replacement therapy and in a deceased adult with late-onset Pompe disease; and notes the new observation of ptosis in children with infantile-onset Pompe disease who are receiving enzyme replacement therapy.

Results:

Six articles were found on the ultrastructural-histopathologic eye findings in Pompe disease. Previously reported clinical ocular findings included strabismus and ptosis. Glycogen accumulation and vacuolar myopathy have been seen histologically.

Conclusion:

Based on these clinical and histologic reports, patients with Pompe disease may have an increased incidence of ocular abnormalities, such as ptosis and strabismus, and therefore should undergo ophthalmologic examination.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:34–40.]
Novel Technique for Nd:YAG Posterior Capsulotomy in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Chen Julie A. , Fredrick Douglas R.
Published: February 2010

A 7-year-old girl had posterior capsule opacification 2 years after cataract extraction without posterior capsulotomy. This report describes a novel technique for Nd: YAG posterior capsulotomy in pediatric patients for providers who do not have access to an overhead-mounted Nd:YAG laser.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:41–42.]
Congenital Horizontal Tarsal Kink With Microphthalmos Corrected by Intermarginal Suture Tarsorrhaphy
Authors: Pushker Neelam , Meel Rachna , Kaushal Sameer , Bajaj Mandeep S. , Mehta Mridula , Lohia Pawan
Published: February 2010

Congenital horizontal tarsal kink is extremely rare. Only one case of associated microphthalmos has been reported. Various surgical techniques have been described with successful results. Few reported cases have been managed with intermarginal suture tarsorrhaphy. The current case is probably the third patient with severe tarsal kink to be managed with this simple technique.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:51–53.]
Takayasu's Disease and Secondary Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
Authors: Demir M. Necati , Hazirolan Dicle , Altiparmak Ugur E. , Acar Mehmet A. , Ünlü Nurten , Örnek Firdevs
Published: February 2010

Takayasu's, or “pulseless,” disease is a rare, idiopathic, chronic granulomatous vasculitis that affects large arterial blood vessels. Ocular manifestations occur as a consequence of obliteration of the carotid artery, and ocular ischemia may develop. A 14-year-old girl with progressive visual loss and ocular ischemic syndrome secondary to Takayasu's disease is described.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:54–57.]
When Is a “Generic” Medication Not Really a Generic?: Confusion About Medication Products Containing the Same Active Ingredient
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: February 2010

The distinction between pharmaceutical
equivalent
and pharmaceutical
alternative
drug products can lead to considerable confusion, especially with the proliferation of various branded, alternative, and generic medications that contain the same active ingredient. To illustrate this problem, four examples of medication products containing the active ingredients paroxetine, venlafaxine, bupropion, and valproate will be described. Understanding these differences is important for nurses providing patient care. Only generic drugs can be freely substituted for a brand-name product. Switching to a pharmaceutical alternative requires a change in prescription. Finally, the use, labeling, and cost of branded, alternative, and generic medications may be different.
Corneal Ablation Depth Readout of the MEL 80 Excimer Laser Compared to Artemis Three-Dimensional Very High-Frequency Digital Ultrasound Stromal Measurements
Authors: Reinstein Dan Z. , Archer Timothy J. , Gobbe Marine
Published: February 2010

Purpose:

To evaluate the accuracy of the ablation depth readout for the MEL 80 excimer laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec).

Methods:

Artemis 1 very high-frequency digital ultrasound measurements were obtained before and at least 3 months after LASIK in 121 eyes (65 patients). The Artemis-measured ablation depth was calculated as the maximum difference in stromal thickness before and after treatment. Laser in situ keratomileusis was performed using the MEL 80 excimer laser and the Hansatome microkeratome (Bausch & Lomb). The Aberration Smart Ablation profile was used in 56 eyes and the Tissue Saving Ablation profile was used in 65 eyes. All ablations were centered on the corneal vertex. Comparative statistics and linear regression analysis were performed between the laser readout ablation depth and Artemis-measured ablation depth.

Results:

The mean maximum myopic meridian was −6.66±2.40 diopters (D) (range: −1.50 to −10.00 D) for Aberration Smart Ablation-treated eyes and −6.50±2.56 D (range: −1.34 to −11.50 D) for Tissue Saving Ablation-treated eyes. The MEL 80 readout was found to overestimate the Artemis-measured ablation depth by 20±12
μ
m for Aberration Smart Ablation and by 21±12
μ
m for Tissue Saving Ablation profiles.

Conclusions:

The accuracy of ablation depth measurement was improved by using the Artemis stromal thickness profile measurements before and after surgery to exclude epithelial changes. The MEL 80 readout was found to overestimate the achieved ablation depth. The linear regression equations could be used by MEL 80 users to adjust the ablation depth for predicted residual stromal thickness calculations without increasing the risk of ectasia due to excessive keratectomy depth as long as a suitable flap thickness bias is included.
Mechanism of Action of the Tetraflex Accommodative Intraocular Lens
Authors: Wolffsohn James S. , Davies Leon N. , Gupta Navneet , Naroo Shehzad A. , Gibson George A. , Mihashi Toshifumi , Shah Sunil
Published: February 2010

Purpose:

To investigate the mechanism of action of the Tetraflex (Lenstec Kellen KH-3500) accommodative intraocular lens (IOL).

Methods:

Thirteen eyes of eight patients implanted with the Tetraflex accommodating IOL for at least 2 years underwent assessment of their objective amplitude-of-accommodation by autorefraction, anterior chamber depth and pupil size with optical coherence tomography, and IOL flexure with aberrometry, each viewing a target at 0.0 to 4.00 diopters of accommodative demand.

Results:

Pupil size decreased by 0.62±0.41 mm on increasing accommodative demand, but the Tetraflex IOL was relatively fixed in position within the eye. The ocular aberrations of the eye changed with increased accommodative demand, but not in a consistent manner among individuals. Those aberrations that appeared to be most affected were defocus, vertical primary and secondary astigmatism, vertical coma, horizontal and vertical primary and secondary trefoil, and spherical aberration.

Conclusions:

Some of the reported near vision benefits of the Tetraflex accommodating IOL appear to be due to changes in the optical aberrations because of the flexure of the IOL on accommodative effort rather than forward movement within the capsular bag.
Optical and Topographic Changes in Keratoconus After Implantation of Ferrara Intracorneal Ring Segments
Authors: Hamdi Islam Mahmoud
Published: February 2010

Purpose:

To assess the morphological, optical, and visual properties of the cornea before and after implantation of Ferrara intracorneal ring segments (ICRS) and compare them to normal values.

Methods:

Thirty-seven keratoconic eyes were implanted with Ferrara ICRS and compared pre- and postoperatively with 38 non-keratoconic (normal) eyes. Examinations were performed using the NIDEK Optical Path Difference (OPD)-Scan II and analyzed using OPD-Station software. Keratometric data were assessed, in addition to OPD, Zernike coefficients, point spread function (PSF), and modulation transfer function (MTF).

Results:

Considering correlations, the central 3 mm cornea was found responsible for the low quality vision in keratoconus (
P
<.01). After implantation of Ferrara ICRS, all keratometric parameters improved significantly. Optical path difference also improved. Except for tilt and other lower order Zernike coefficients, higher order aberrations, PSF, and MTF did not change. The effect of flattening is greater at the central 3 mm, but the para-central changes are responsible for the residual defects (ie, incomplete improvements of high optical and visual functions).

Conclusions:

Ferrara ICRS improve topographic and visual results in keratoconic eyes.
Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Patients With Retinitis Pigmentosa and Low Visual Acuity
Authors: Grigoropoulos Vlassis G. , Emfietzoglou John , Nikolaidis Pantelis , Chatzistefanou Klio , Vergados John , Theodossiadis George P. , Theodossiadis Panagiotis G.
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To study the morphological features of the macula of patients with retinitis pigmentosa and visual acuities of 20/200 or less as examined by optical coherence tomography.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

In an observational case series study, 42 eyes (21 patients) with retinitis pigmentosa and visual acuities of 20/200 or less were evaluated by optical coherence tomography.

RESULTS:

Thirty-four (81%) eyes had atrophic retina (group 1) and 8 (19%) eyes had cystoid macular edema (group 2). The mean visual acuity was 20/1000 in group 1 and 20/300 in group 2. Epiretinal membrane was identified in 27 (64.3%) eyes.

CONCLUSION:

Optical coherence tomography is a more sensitive method in detecting macular pathology and can help in selecting cases where treatment may be applied.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:35–39.]
Retinopathy of Prematurity in Very Low Birth Weight Infants and the Potential Protective Role of Indomethacin
Authors: Goldman Ran D. , Spierer Abraham , Zhurkovsky Alexander , Kwint Jacob , Schwarcz Monica , Ben Simon Guy J.
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To describe clinical features of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and examine the effect of indomethacin on the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Medical records of all VLBW infants over a 4-year period were reviewed. Data regarding systemic and ophthalmic examinations were analyzed.

RESULTS:

Forty-seven infants with ROP were evaluated. Most infants had bilateral stage 1 or 2 disease extending 5 clock hours. Infants with ROP had younger mean gestational age, had lower gestational weight, and demonstrated higher incidence of diseases of prematurity. These infants were exposed to increased doses of surfactant and higher oxygen concentration for a prolonged duration given their immature pulmonary status. Independent predictors of ROP susceptibility also included length of hospitalization and Apgar score at 5 minutes. Patent ductus arteriosus was more common among infants with ROP. Approximately half of the infants who received one or two doses of indomethacin had ROP, but the ROP rate was decreased in infants who received three doses.

CONCLUSION:

Premature infants with younger gestational age, lower gestational weight, and severe morbidities were found to have an increased prevalence of ROP. Indomethacin treatment for patent ductus arteriosus may have a protective role in the development of severe ROP.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:41–47.]
Stability of 35-mm Scanners as Used in Ophthalmologic Research
Authors: Jensen Karl , Lee Kristine E. , Knudtson Michael D. , Klein Ronald , Klein Barbara E. K.
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To assess the consistency of digitization of 35-mm slides as practiced in ophthalmologic research and estimate the impact of variation on semi-automated retinal vessel width measurements.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

A single retina slide was repeatedly digitized under various conditions on three scanner models. Average color levels were extracted from the resulting images, from which vessel widths were graded. The color channel level variations and possible correlation with width were analyzed.

RESULTS:

The Nikon 5000 scanner (Nikon Corp., Tokyo, Japan) had average coefficients of variation of 0.4, 2.3, and 0.5 for the red, green, and blue channel levels across all runs. The
P
values of the correlation between the red, green, and blue color channel levels and the width of the large retinal arteriole were .89, .27, and .58, respectively.

CONCLUSION:

The results suggest that the tested scanners digitize the 35-mm slides in a reliable manner without biasing the retinal vessel measurements.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:60–66.]
Ghost Cell Glaucoma After Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Postoperative Vitreous Hemorrhage Following Vitrectomy for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Liu Laura , Wu Wei-Chi , Yeung Ling , Wang Nan-Kai , Kuo Ya-Hui , Chao An-Ning , Chen Kuan-Jen , Chen Tun-Lu , Lai Chi-Chun , Hwang Yih-Shiou , Chen Yen-Po
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To report the occurrence of ghost cell glaucoma after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for the treatment of postoperative vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Retrospective chart review from August 2006 to December 2007. Patients who had postoperative vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy for PDR and received an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab were enrolled in the study.

RESULTS:

Eight eyes of 8 patients (mean age: 46 years) were included. After intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, 4 (50%) eyes had clearance of vitreous hemorrhage. Three eyes developed ghost cell glaucoma within 1 week after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Of these, intraocular pressure was controlled in 1 eye through the use of anti-glaucoma medication, whereas the other 2 eyes needed surgical intervention to lower intraocular pressure and subsequently clear the vitreous hemorrhage.

CONCLUSION:

Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab may accelerate the clearance of postoperative vitreous hemorrhage in cases of PDR. However, a high incidence of ghost cell glaucoma was observed. Caution should be exercised when administering an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for a postoperative vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy for PDR.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:72–77.]
Characteristics of Optic Nerve Head Drusen on Optical Coherence Tomography Images
Authors: Wester Sara Tullis , Fantes Francisco E. , Lam Byron L. , Anderson Douglas R. , McSoley John J. , Knighton Robert W.
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To describe the characteristics of optic nerve head drusen in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Cross-sectional images of the optic nerve were obtained in seven patients with optic nerve head drusen with Stratus and spectral-domain OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA). These were compared to optic disc photographs, autofluorescence, and echography images. For comparison, these tests were performed on four patients with papilledema and three patients with small optic discs.

RESULTS:

Optic nerve head drusen typically elevated the disc surface and appeared as an optically empty cavity, sometimes with a perceptible reflection from the posterior surface. The disc surface was also elevated in cases of papilledema, but had a strong anterior reflectance behind which there was no visible structure. The surface of the small optic nerves was slightly elevated, but with less anterior reflectance.

CONCLUSION:

Optic nerves with drusen showed features in these OCT images that were distinct from cases of papilledema or small optic discs.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:83–90.]
The Impact of Anti-Inflammatory Therapy on Intraocular Pressure Reduction Following Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty
Authors: Realini Tony , Charlton Judie , Hettlinger Marc
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To determine whether the use of postoperative topical anti-inflammatory therapy affects the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy of selective laser trabeculoplasty in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

In this prospective, randomized, observer-masked study, 25 participants with primary open-angle glaucoma following bilateral 360° selective laser trabeculoplasty used prednisolone acetate 1% four times daily in one randomly selected eye for 1 week. IOP was assessed at baseline and 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after selective laser trabeculoplasty.

RESULTS:

Baseline IOP and selective laser trabeculoplasty treatment parameters were comparable in both groups. Mean IOP was similar in eyes that did and did not receive steroid therapy at 1 week (17.0 vs 16.3 mm Hg, respectively,
P
= .613), 1 month (16.8 vs 16.2 mm Hg, respectively;
P
= .571), and 3 months (16.0 vs 15.8 mm Hg, respectively;
P
= .819).

CONCLUSION:

A 1-week course of topical prednisolone acetate 1% four times daily did not affect the IOP-lowering effect of selective laser trabeculoplasty in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010;41:100–103.]
Reactive Power Control in Eight Bus System Using FC-TCR
Authors: Vijayakumar Thangavelu , Nirmalkumar A.
Published: February 2010

This paper deals with the simulation of eight bus system having fixed capacitor and thyristor controlled reactor. The system is modeled and simulated using MATLAB.The simulation results are presented. The power and control circuits are simulated. The current drawn by the TCR varies with the variation in the firing angle. The simulation results are compared with the theoretical results.
The Future E-Living for Elderly: The Use of Remote Controlled Devices
Authors: Lam Sanches , Chung Winnie
Published: February 2010

Elderly populations are growing globally, the need for assistive technologies to facilitate ageing-in-place becomes more prominent for researchers and legislators. Understanding the use of remote controlled devices is crucial to optimize design and application strategies that may reduce caregiver burden, extend healthy ageing in place, and minimize demands on the health care system. This paper will establish strategies for assistance to the elderly in ageing-in-place for the future e-living environment. This research study is to explore attitudes, opinions, and preferences of older adults concerning the use of online technology to support and extend their ability to â??ageing in place.
Sindbis Virus: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
Authors: Hernandez Raquel , Sinodis Christine , Brown Dennis T.
Published: February 2010

The prototype of the Alphaviruses, Sindbis virus, has a broad host range. In nature, Sindbis virus shuttles from an insect vector to a vertebrate host and back to the insect vector in a complex transmission cycle. Sindbis virus must, therefore, be able to replicate in two biochemically and genetically divergent hosts, invertebrates and vertebrates. In the laboratory, Sindbis grows to high titers in a large variety of cultured cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate origin. Sindbis virus is easily titered for infectivity on several mammalian cell lines as well as certain mosquito cells. Full‐length cDNA clones of several strains of Sindbis virus are available from which infectious RNA can be synthesized, making possible the genetic manipulation of the virus. Transfection of mammalian and insect cells by electroporation has facilitated expression of RNA mutants in the cell lines of choice. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 16:15B.1.1‐15B.1.41. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characterization of the In Vitro Activity of Novel Lipoglycopeptide Antibiotics
Authors: Arhin Francis F. , Belley Adam , McKay Geoffrey A. , Moeck Gregory
Published: February 2010

The increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens is of significant concern. Resistance to the widely‐used and highly effective glycopeptide antibacterial agent vancomycin, which has been in clinical use for over half a century, has emerged in staphylococci and enterococci. This has spurred the development of newer glycopeptide agents, some of which show activity against vancomycin‐resistant organisms. The newer agents currently being developed contain lipophilic side‐chains, which distinguish them from vancomycin; as such, they are categorized as lipoglycopeptides. Oritavancin, telavancin, and dalbavancin are lipoglycopeptides in late‐stage development to combat Gram‐positive bacteria including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin‐resistant enterococci. This unit describes methods that may be used to assess the in vitro activities of lipoglycopeptides. The methods include susceptibility assays, time‐kill and time‐kill‐synergy assays, inhibition of synthesis of macromolecules, membrane perturbation assays, and measurement of activity against biofilms. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 16:17.1.1‐17.1.22. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electric field controlled electrospray deposition for precise particle pattern and cell pattern formation
Authors: Xie Jingwei , Rezvanpour Alireza , Wang Chi‐Hwa , Hua Jinsong
Published: February 2010

Photolithography, soft lithography, and ink jetting have been used for automated micropattern fabrication. However, most of the methods for microfabrication of surface pattern are limited to the investigation of material properties of substrates with high‐cost and complex procedures. In the present study, we show a simple (single‐step) yet versatile and robust approach to generate biodegradable polymeric particle patterns on a substrate using electrospray deposition through a mask. Various particle patterns including patterned dots, circles, squares, and bands can be easily formed and the features of particle patterns could also be tailored using different masks and electrostatic focusing effects. Furthermore, cell patterns can be achieved on the surface of particle patterns by blocking the areas without particle deposition on the substrate and culturing cells on the substrate. Polymeric particle patterns and cell patterns developed in this study could be used in the high throughput screening of sustained release formulations, cell‐based sensing, and drug discovery. In addition to experimental results, an analysis of the associated electric field is used to investigate quantitatively the nature of focusing effect. Scaling analysis is also applied to obtain the dominate terms in electrospray deposition process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Validation of multi‐detector computed tomography as a non‐invasive method for measuring ovarian volume in macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Jones Jeryl C. , Appt Susan E. , Werre Stephen R. , Tan Joshua C. , Kaplan Jay R.
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this study was to validate low radiation dose, contrast‐enhanced, multi‐detector computed tomography (MDCT) as a non‐invasive method for measuring ovarian volume in macaques. Computed tomography scans of four known‐volume phantoms and nine mature female cynomolgus macaques were acquired using a previously described, low radiation dose scanning protocol, intravenous contrast enhancement, and a 32‐slice MDCT scanner. Immediately following MDCT, ovaries were surgically removed and the ovarian weights were measured. The ovarian volumes were determined using water displacement. A veterinary radiologist who was unaware of actual volumes measured ovarian CT volumes three times, using a laptop computer, pen display tablet, hand‐traced regions of interest, and free image analysis software. A statistician selected and performed all tests comparing the actual and CT data. Ovaries were successfully located in all MDCT scans. The iliac arteries and veins, uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, ureters, urinary bladder, rectum, and colon were also consistently visualized. Large antral follicles were detected in six ovaries. Phantom mean CT volume was 0.702±SD 0.504 cc and the mean actual volume was 0.743±SD 0.526 cc. Ovary mean CT volume was 0.258±SD 0.159 cc and mean water displacement volume was 0.257±SD 0.145 cc. For phantoms, the mean coefficient of variation for CT volumes was 2.5%. For ovaries, the least squares mean coefficient of variation for CT volumes was 5.4%. The ovarian CT volume was significantly associated with actual ovarian volume (ICC coefficient 0.79, regression coefficient 0.5, P=0.0006) and the actual ovarian weight (ICC coefficient 0.62, regression coefficient 0.6, P=0.015). There was no association between the CT volume accuracy and mean ovarian CT density (degree of intravenous contrast enhancement), and there was no proportional or fixed bias in the CT volume measurements. Findings from this study indicate that MDCT is a valid non‐invasive technique for measuring the ovarian volume in macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 72:530–538, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crossover trial of gabapentin and memantine as treatment for acquired nystagmus
Authors: Thurtell Matthew J. , Joshi Anand C. , Leone Alice C. , Tomsak Robert L. , Kosmorsky Gregory S. , Stahl John S. , Leigh R. John
Published: February 2010

We conducted a masked, crossover, therapeutic trial of gabapentin (1,200mg/day) versus memantine (40mg/day) for acquired nystagmus in 10 patients (aged 28–61 years; 7 female; 3 multiple sclerosis [MS]; 6 post‐stroke; 1 post‐traumatic). Nystagmus was pendular in 6 patients (4 oculopalatal tremor; 2 MS) and jerk upbeat, hemi‐seesaw, torsional, or upbeat‐diagonal in each of the others. For the group, both drugs reduced median eye speed (p < 0.001), gabapentin by 32.8% and memantine by 27.8%, and improved visual acuity (p < 0.05). Each patient improved with 1 or both drugs. Side effects included unsteadiness with gabapentin and lethargy with memantine. Both drugs should be considered as treatment for acquired forms of nystagmus. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:676–680
Polyoxometalates: Building Blocks for Functional Nanoscale Systems
Authors: Long De‐Liang , Tsunashima Ryo , Cronin Leroy
Published: February 2010

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are a subset of metal oxides that represent a diverse range of molecular clusters with an almost unmatched range of physical properties and the ability to form dynamic structures that can range in size from the nano‐ to the micrometer scale. Herein we present the very latest developments from synthesis to structure and function of POMs. We discuss the possibilities of creating highly sophisticated functional hierarchical systems with multiple, interdependent, functionalities along with a critical analysis that allows the non‐specialist to learn the salient features. We propose and present a “periodic table of polyoxometalate building blocks”. We also highlight some of the current issues and challenges that need to be addressed to work towards the design of functional systems based upon POM building blocks and look ahead to possible emerging application areas.
Male reproductive and behavior toxicity in rats after subchronic exposure to organic extracts from Jialing River of Chongqing, China
Authors: Cui Zhihong , Liu Jinyi , Li Peng , Cao Jia
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: More than 100 species of organic chemicals have been detected in Jialing River of Chongqing City. Most of them are endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which can disrupt the functions of the reproductive and nervous systems. METHODS: Organic extracts (OE) were obtained by solid extraction from the Jialing River, and administrated to rats by gavage every other day for 13 weeks at doses of 2, 12, and 72 L/kg bw/d. Sperm abnormity was analyzed by microscopy and flow cytometry. The Morris water maze task was employed to investigate the behaviors of space probing. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured to detect the peroxidation response in hippocampus and testis. RESULTS: Animals in the 72‐L/kg group showed significant degeneration of germ cells in the seminiferous tubule. Sperm abnormality of the 72‐L/kg group was significantly higher than that of the solvent control group. The testis oxidative stress in the 72‐L/kg group was severer than that of the other groups. The hippocampus neuron cells in the 72‐L/kg group showed cellular edema and remarkable cell enlargement. The hippocampus oxidative stress in the 72‐L/kg group was severer and the Morris water maze performance in this group showed longer latency time and swimming distance in the probing platform than the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: OE caused pathological damage and peroxidation response to testis and hippocampus and disrupted spermatogenesis and behavior of space probing. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:34–42, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectrum for quantum duffing oscillator and small‐divisor equation with large‐variable coefficient
Authors: Liu Jianjun , Yuan Xiaoping
Published: February 2010

By establishing a new estimate of the solutions for the small‐divisor equation with large variable coefficients and using the KAM technique, we prove a reduction theorem that entails the pure point nature of the Floquet spectrum of the quantum Duffing oscillator with a small perturbation temporal quasi‐periodic with nonresonant frequencies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perspectives on the onset of delusions
Authors: Rhodes John , Jakes Simon
Published: February 2010

There are many descriptions in the research literature of the onset of delusions in psychosis: it is still not clear however whether there is one specific pathway to delusions or in fact several, and the role of social difficulties remains controversial. In this research we wished to explore the first person perspective of participants who had developed delusions. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to interview and analyse themes from 28 participants. An additional matrix analysis of themes was used to examine the importance of social difficulties in relation to types of onset and diagnoses. Our results suggest 3 types of onset: an eruptive sudden transformation of self or world; a slow progressive onset characterised by interconnected changes in meaning and experience; and onset beginning in childhood experience. Social difficulties were mentioned spontaneously by 17 participants in describing onset and a further 9 discussed social difficulties when explicitly asked. One feature that appears to be present both in the progressive and childhood onset is negative emotion about, and preoccupation with, a difficult interpersonal topic over long periods of time. The descriptions given suggest that certain ideas or images could take hold of a person and become interwoven in his or her thinking and perhaps even begin to influence the way the person experienced the world or self. We suggest that it may be important for therapeutic work with delusions to articulate a narrative of onset. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

Exploring the onset of delusions can lead to useful information about social and emotional difficulties.

Most patients are able to give detailed accounts of onset, though some might only describe social and emotional difficulties if prompted.

Reported changes in experience and/or social difficulties may have occurred for some patients over many years and may even begin in childhood.

There may be a process of mutual influence between extreme negative ideas and experience over years for some patients.
Identification of B cells through negative gating—An example of the MIFlowCyt standard applied
Authors: Blimkie Darren , Fortuno Edgardo S. , Thommai Francis , Xu Lixin , Fernandes Elaine , Crabtree Juliet , Rein‐Weston Annie , Jansen Kirstin , Brinkman R. R. , Kollmann Tobias R.
Published: February 2010

Polychromatic flow cytometric analysis takes advantage of the increasing number of available fluorophores to positively identify and simultaneously assess multiple parameters in the same cell (1). Additional parameters may be analyzed through negative identification (i.e., through exclusion of particular stains or antibodies employed). In this report, we tested whether such negative‐gating strategy would identify human B lymphocytes in innate immune phenotyping studies. To this end, B cells were identified as the negatively‐stained subpopulation from the CD123 vs. CD11c plot of the CD14neg‐low, MHC IIhigh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. To test the specificity of this negative gating approach, we confirmed that negatively gated B cells indeed expressed CD19, the bona fide marker for human B cells. However, a small number of unidentified cells were contained in the negatively‐gated B cells. Furthermore, a small percentage cells expressing markers used to identify monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) coexpressed CD19. This identifies such negative B‐cell gating approach as potentially problematic. When applied to the analysis of Toll‐like receptors (TLR) stimulation experiments, we were however able to interpret the results, as B‐cells respond to TLR stimulation in a qualitative different pattern as compared to monocytes and DC. This report is presented in a manner that is fully compliant with the Minimum Information about a Flow Cytometry Experiment (MIFlowCyt) standard, which was recently adopted by the International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC) (2) and incorporated in the publishing policies of Cytometry and other journals. We demonstrate how a MIFlowCyt‐compliant report can be prepared with minimal effort, and yet provide the reader with a much clearer picture of the portrayed FCM experiment and data. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Rationale for the real‐time and dynamic cell death assays using propidium iodide
Authors: Zhao Hong , Oczos Jadwiga , Janowski Pawel , Trembecka Dominika , Dobrucki Jurek , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew , Wlodkowic Donald
Published: February 2010

We have recently reported an innovative approach to use charged fluorochromes such as propidium iodide (PI) in the real‐time, dynamic cell viability assays. This study was designed to provide a mechanistic rationale for the kinetic assays using cell permeability markers. Uptake of PI by live cells, effect on the cell cycle, long‐term proliferation capacity, DNA damage response, and pharmacologic interactions with anticancer drugs were studied using both laser scanning microscopy and laser scanning cytometry. Exposure of human carcinomic alveolar basal epithelial A549 cells in cultures to 1.5 or 7.5 μM of PI for 24 h had minimal effect on cell cycle progression including DNA replication as measured by incorporation of 5′‐ethynyl‐2‐deoxyuridine (EdU) detected by the “click chemistry” approach and measured by laser scanning cytometry. A modest reduction, from 44 to 40% or 33%, in frequency of DNA replicating cells was seen after 48 h at 1.5 or 7.5 μM concentration of PI. There was no evidence of increased phosphorylation of histone γH2AX in cells growing in the presence of 1.5 or 7.5 μM of PI for up to 48 h. Confocal image analysis of HeLa and NIH 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts growing in the presence of PI showed granular distribution in cell cytoplasm suggesting PI accumulation in endosomes and progressive increase in fluorescence of nucleoli reflecting PI binding to nucleolar RNA. The overall responses of cells to cytotoxic agents were also not affected by the growth in the presence PI. Our data lend further support to the notion that PI can be effectively used in real‐time, kinetic viability assays. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Rapid detection and identification of counterfeit of adulterated products of synthetic phosphodiesterase type‐5 inhibitors with an atmospheric solids analysis probe
Authors: Twohig Marian , Skilton St. John , Fujimoto Gordon , Ellor Nicholas , Plumb Robert S.
Published: February 2010

The market success of the three approved synthetic phosphodiesterase type‐5 (PDE‐5) inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction has led to an explosion in counterfeit versions of these drugs. In parallel a large market has developed for herbal products claimed to be natural alternatives to these synthetic drugs. The herbal products are heavily advertised on the internet and are freely available to purchase without prescription. Furthermore, adulteration of these supposed natural medicines is a very common and serious phenomenon. Recent reports have shown that the adulteration has extended to the analogues of the three approved synthetic PDE‐5 inhibitors.

An Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) was used for the direct analysis of the counterfeit pharmaceuticals and herbal products. Using the ASAP combined with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) it was possible to detect fraudulent counterfeit tablets. The physical appearance of the pills resembled the pills from the original manufacturer but contained the wrong active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Detecting adulteration for five herbal supplements marketed as natural alternatives to PDE‐5 inhibitors was also possible using the ASAP. Three types of adulteration were found in the five samples: adulteration with tadalafil or sildenafil, mixed adulteration (tadalafil and sildenafil), and adulteration with analogues of these drugs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a high sensitivity bioanalytical method for alprazolam using ultra‐perfor‐mance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Mather Joanne , Rainville Paul D. , Potts III Warren B. , Smith Norman W. , Plumb Robert S.
Published: February 2010

A rapid, specific, assay was developed for the benzodiapine alprazolam in rat plasma using sub‐2 µm particle liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The limit of quantification using protein precipitation was determined to 10 pg/mL, whereas the limit of quantification using solid‐phase extraction (SPE) was determined to be 1.0 pg/mL. The assay was optimized for throughput and resolution of the analyte of interest from the hydroxy metabolite. During the method development process the plasma matrix signal was monitored, for lipids and other endogenous metabolites, to maximize signal response and minimize ion suppression. This was achieved by using a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a novel collision cell design which allowed for the simultaneous collection of full scan MS and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) data. The lipid profile from the SPE process was significantly less than obtained with the protein precipitation approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transgene excision in zebrafish using the phiC31 integrase
Authors: Lister James A.
Published: February 2010

Single optical section of a 72 hour post‐fertilization T2K‐XpGbR (EF1‐alpha‐attP‐GFP‐attB‐DsRed‐Express) transgenic zebrafish larva obtained by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Injection of phiC31 integrase messenger RNA at the one‐cell stage induces recombination of the transgene in a mosaic fashion, resulting in excision of the green fluorescent protein cassette and expression of DsRed fluorescent protein. Here recombination is evident in the lens and neuromasts of the anterior lateral line. See the article by Lister in this issue.
Enantiodivergent Approach to Trifluoromethylated Amines: A Concise Route to Both Enantiomeric Analogues of Calcimimetic NPS R‐568
Authors: Fernández Inmaculada , Valdivia Victoria , Alcudia Ana , Chelouan Ahmed , Khiar Noureddine
Published: February 2010

Reported herein is a straightforward and enantiodivergent synthesis of both enantiomers of trifluoromethylated analogues of calcimimetic NPS R‐569 in a highly estereoselective manner. The synthesis features a diastereoselective synthesis of the N‐(isopropylsulfinyl)imine unit by the “DAG methodology” and a diastereoselective addition of Ruppert–Prakash's reagent to the imine as the key steps. No protecting groups were necessary, permitting an atom economic synthesis in only six steps. Further addition reactions of the CF3 anion to different N‐(isopropylsulfinyl)imines were performed to demonstrate the suitability of the sulfinyl substituent to balance perfectly reactivity and diastereoselectivity.
Ketopinic Acid Derived Bis(hydroxy amides) as Cheap, Chiral Ligands for the Enantioselective Ethylation of Aromatic Aldehydes
Authors: de las Casas Engel Tomás , Lora Maroto Beatriz , de la Moya Cerero Santiago
Published: February 2010

Readily accessible, C2‐ and pseudo‐C2‐symmetric bis(hydroxy amides), derived from commercially available (+)‐ketopinic acid and protic diamines, are promising, cheap, chiral ligands for the synthetically valuable, enantioselective addition of organozinc reagents to carbon electrophiles. A series of ligands of this type, having key structural differences, has been synthesized and tested in the enantioselective ethylation of benzaldehydes and (E)‐cinnamaldehyde, in order to gain information on the origin of ligand efficiency. The results obtained allow for the definition of a privileged structural pattern for the design of improved cheap ligands and support interesting models proposed for both the acting catalytic species and the controlling transition states. The most efficient ligands proved to be less efficient than commercially available (–)‐MIB; nevertheless, an impressive efficiency level was obtained, which should sustain interest in this cheap type of ligands.
Spectroelectrochemical Study of 9‐Substituted Acridines with Potential Antitumor Activity
Authors: Marian Iuliu O. , Bonciocat Nicolae , Cristea Cecilia , Săndulescu Robert , Bucşa Monica , Vlassa Mircea
Published: February 2010

The electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical behavior of 9‐substituted with CN and COOH acridine N‐oxides with potential antitumor activity was investigated. In SER spectra of the investigated compounds, the ring stretching vibration at 1568 cm−1 for 9‐CN‐substituted compound respectively 1639 cm−1 for 9‐COOH‐substituted compound was analyzed. Cyclic voltammograms indicates that the reduction potential −0.766 V for CN substituted compound increase towards −0.745 V for COOH substituted compound. The proposed theoretical method in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy uses a reference redox dielectrode and a multielectrode containing the compound. To account for the change of electrochemical impedance we have considered two theoretical quantities: a pseudocapacitance and a pseudo inductance. Two possible arrangements of them: in series, respective in parallel can be used like criteria of drug classification.