bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altered cerebral oxygen extraction and metabolism in preterm neonates and the relationship to anemia: A noncontrast MRI study
Authors: Lin Zixuan , Wu Dan , Jiang Dengrong , Lu Hanzhang , Qi Ying
Published: October 2024

Objective

The preterm brain is susceptible to structural injuries, which may be related to an imbalance between blood supply and oxygen metabolism. However, the effect of preterm birth on cerebral oxygen metabolism and its underlying mechanism have not been fully elucidated. The present study measured cerebral oxygen extraction and metabolism using noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods in preterm neonates and examined its relationship with anemia of prematurity.

Methods

Fifty neonates with a gestational age of 28–42 weeks were enrolled. Cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) were measured with T2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging (TRUST) MRI, together with cerebral blood flow (CBF).

Results

We showed that CBF (p = 0.00021) and CMRO2 (p < 0.0001) increased with gestational age while OEF increased with postnatal age (p = 0.0013). Higher OEF was also associated with a higher Apgar score at birth (p = 0.039). Furthermore, hematocrit significantly mediates the increase of OEF with postnatal age (p < 0.001). Structural equation modeling analysis suggested a bidirectional relationship between CBF and CMRO2; both contributed to the changes in OEF.

Interpretation

These findings demonstrated an altered cerebral oxygen metabolism in preterm brain, suggesting a potential role of MRI–based oxygenation measurement in the assessment of transfusion and intervention for preterm neonates.
2D Transition Metal Chalcogenides (TMDs) for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: A Review
Authors: Yang Fei , Huang Xu , Su Chao , Song Er‐Hong , Liu Bing‐Xia , Xiao Bei‐Bei
Published: October 2024

Since the MoS2 synthesis, the family of two‐dimensional transition metal chalcogenides (TMDs) have been intensively explored theoretically and experimentally. TMDs endowed with adjustable electronic, physical and chemical properties lead to increasing interest in the application of energy storage, molecule detection and catalysis. In the mini review, we present a forward‐looking summary of 2D TMDs in hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis, including synthesis methods, hydrogen evolution performance, and optimization strategies. This review will deepen the fundamental understanding of the physical‐chemical properties of TMDs with different phases and contribute unveil the universal principle among electronic configuration, atomic arrangement, physical and chemical property for the material design.
Oxygen Adsorption, Absorption and Diffusion in FeCrNi Medium Entropy Alloy: An Ab Initio Study
Authors: Khalid Farhan , Li Meifeng , Liu Jing , Zhang Hao
Published: October 2024

Despite tremendous efforts to understand interstitial diffusion in bulk alloys, a clear understanding of the principal elemental effect on surface interstitial diffusion is still lacking. In this study, a first‐principles approach is employed to study oxygen interstitial diffusion in FeCrNi medium entropy alloy (MEA) based on principal element content at various subsurface sites. Oxygen adsorption energy on surfaces, solution energy at interstitial sites, and activation energy for oxygen permeation are calculated. The adsorption energy for oxygen cohesion to all investigated surfaces was lowest for the sites containing Cr, suggesting a positive effect of Cr in producing a chromium oxide scale. In addition, we have calculated the contribution of the principal element to the stability of the interstitial sites and the activation energy to diffuse between them. This work provides insights into the formation of chromium scaling based on oxygen adsorption and permeation, with potential implications in the design of oxidation‐resistant surfaces for high‐temperature applications.
Black‐Eyed Pea in the High Plains
Authors: Jones‐Diamond Sally , Webb Jason
Published: October 2024

Black‐eyed pea is a pulse crop and a subspecies of cowpea. Historically, most of the black‐eyed pea grown for grain has been in California. As water availability declined in the region, production shifted to Texas in the 1990s and to Arizona in the early 2000s. The pulse‐crop‐producing regions of Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado have seen an increase in black‐eyed pea acreage over the past nine years as an effort to maintain U.S. production levels. Black‐eyed pea is a suitable cash crop legume to enhance the dryland cropping rotations. What once was a crop grown on irrigated acres in the arid West has been found to flourish on the dryland and limited‐irrigation acres of the High Plains. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Crop Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
Corporate moral hazard and ESG performance: Unveiling the influence of gross enforcement actions and ownership dynamics in US multinational corporations
Authors: El Shlmani Zahra , Ibrahim Haslindar , Tahir Muhammad , Al‐khazaleh Suhaib
Published: October 2024

Existing research often highlights the impact of several categories of corporate enforcement action on corporate performance, thus overlooking the impossibility of isolating the impacts of other concurrent enforcement actions. The current study employed the gross value and volume of corporate enforcement actions to examine the influence of corporate moral hazard (CMH) on environmental, social, and governance performance (ESGP) along with ownership dynamics. The S&P data from 2018 to 2022 were analyzed, covering 1925 observations of US multinational corporations (MNCs) based on various aspects of corporate governance (CG). Institutional, insider, and family ownership were applied as proxies for ownership structure. CSRHub ratings represented ESGP, while Sustainalytics ratings were used for robustness. The analysis involved various econometric models, including the feasible generalized least squares model (FGLSM). Resultantly, CMH negatively affected ESGP, whereas CG mechanisms revealed a positive influence. Contrary to existing literature, the size of corporate law cases is a stronger proxy for CMH than the amount of enforcement actions. Although institutional owners decrease the number of enforcement actions, they encounter substantial penalties. Above‐average insiders reduce lawsuits and exert significant control over penalties, while below‐average insiders result in heavier penalties and lawsuits to an extent. Families are the most positively influential owners; having more family owners increases penalties and ESGP but reduces lawsuit size, particularly when ownership exceeds the mean percentage.
Molecular docking, DFT and antiproliferative properties of 4‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)−3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)−1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine as potent anticancer agent with CDK2 and PIM1 inhibition potency
Authors: Binjubair Faizah A. , Almansour Basma S. , Ziedan Noha I. , Abdel‐Aziz Alaa A.‐M. , Al‐Rashood Sara T. , Elgohary Mohamed K. , Elkotamy Mahmoud S. , Abdel‐Aziz Hatem A.
Published: October 2024

Due to the limited effeteness and safety concerns associated with current cancer treatments, there is a pressing need to develop novel therapeutic agents. 4‐(3,4‐Dimethoxyphenyl)−3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)−1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine (3) was synthesized and Initially screened on 59 cancer cell lines showed promising anticancer activity, so, it was chosen for a 5‐dose experiment by the NCI/USA. The GI50 values ranged from 1.04 to 8.02 μM on the entire nine panels (57 cell lines), with a GI50 of 2.70 μM for (MG‐MID) panel, indicating an encouraging action. To further explore the molecular attributes of compound 3, we optimized its structure using DFT with the B3LYP/6‐31 + + G(d,p) basis set. We have considered vibrational analysis, bond lengths and angles, FMOs, and MEP for the structure. Additionally, pharmacokinetic assessments were conducted using various in‐silico platforms to evaluate the compound safety. A molecular modeling study created a kinase profile on 44 different kinases. This allowed us to study our compound's binding affinity to these kinases and compare it to the co‐crystallized one. Our findings revealed compound 3 exhibited better binding for half of the tested kinases, suggesting its potential as a multi‐kinase inhibitor. To further validate our computational results, we tested compound 3 for its inhibitory effects on CDK2 and PIM1. Compound 3 exhibited an IC50 of 0.30 µM for CDK2 inhibition, making it five times less active than Roscovitine, which has an IC50 of 0.06 µM. However, compound 3 demonstrated slightly better inhibition of PIM1 compared to Staurosporine. These findings suggest that compound 3 is a promising anticancer agent with the potential for further development into a highly active compound.
Invasive annual grasses destabilize plant communities in a northern mixed‐grass prairie
Authors: Frost Morgan D. T. , Porensky Lauren M. , Reinhart Kurt O. , Koerner Sally E.
Published: October 2024

Temporal community stability, here defined as temporal mean divided by temporal SD, plays an important role in predicting certain ecosystem services. However, temporal stability can change with invasion, with greater abundances of invasive species potentially having greater impacts on native community stability. The exact consequences of invasion for temporal stability are unclear and, in part, depend on the particular metric of stability measured. In rangeland ecosystems, predicable forage is important for livestock production but can be threatened by invasion. Therefore, using an observational field study conducted over three years in Wyoming, we assessed which metrics of plant community stability were altered by invasion and whether those effects were mediated by two environmental variables (light and soil moisture). Bromus arvensis and Bromus tectorum are two invasive annual weeds found across US rangelands, including the northern mixed‐grass prairies of Wyoming. We established plots along natural invasion blocks of B. arvensis and B. tectorum abundance and collected plant species composition data over three growing seasons. We tested associations between seven different metrics of plant community stability and invasion by B. arvensis and B. tectorum. We found that species turnover increases with invasion by both species, while stability of forb (both brome species), C4 grass (B. arvensis only), and C3 grass (B. tectorum only) cover decreases with invasion. All metrics of stability associated with invasion supported the hypothesis of a destabilizing effect of invasion on the native plant community. Further, we found that light and soil moisture did mediate some associations between stability and invasion. Overall, our results align with previous work suggesting that invasive annual bromes can lead to decreased native plant stability, which has important implications for forage production and, thus, food security.
Multiple resiliency metrics reveal complementary drivers of ecosystem persistence: An application to kelp forest systems
Authors: Arroyo‐Esquivel Jorge , Adams Riley , Gravem Sarah , Whippo Ross , Randell Zachary , Hodin Jason , Galloway Aaron W. E. , Gaylord Brian , Baskett Marissa L.
Published: October 2024

Human‐caused global change produces biotic and abiotic conditions that increase the uncertainty and risk of failure of restoration efforts. A focus of managing for resiliency, that is, the ability of the system to respond to disturbance, has the potential to reduce this uncertainty and risk. However, identifying what drives resiliency might depend on how one measures it. An example of a system where identifying how the drivers of different aspects of resiliency can inform restoration under climate change is the northern coast of California, where kelp experienced a decline in coverage of over 95% due to the combination of an intense marine heat wave and the functional extinction of the primary predator of the kelp‐grazing purple sea urchin, the sunflower sea star. Although restoration efforts focused on urchin removal and kelp reintroduction in this system are ongoing, the question of how to increase the resiliency of this system to future marine heat waves remains open. In this paper, we introduce a dynamical model that describes a tritrophic food chain of kelp, purple urchins, and a purple urchin predator such as the sunflower sea star. We run a global sensitivity analysis of three different resiliency metrics (recovery likelihood, recovery rate, and resistance to disturbance) of the kelp forest to identify their ecological drivers. We find that each metric depends the most on a unique set of drivers: Recovery likelihood depends the most on live and drift kelp production, recovery rate depends the most on urchin production and feedbacks that determine urchin grazing on live kelp, and resistance depends the most on feedbacks that determine predator consumption of urchins. Therefore, an understanding of the potential role of predator reintroduction or recovery in kelp systems relies on a comprehensive approach to measuring resiliency.
Attenuated asymmetry of above‐ versus belowground stoichiometry to a decadal nitrogen addition during stand development
Authors: Ning Shijie , He Xinru , Ma Tian , Yan Tao
Published: October 2024

Deciphering the linkage between ecological stoichiometry and ecosystem functioning under anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is critical for understanding the impact of afforestation on terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration. However, the specific changes in above‐ versus belowground stoichiometric asymmetry with stand age in response to long‐term N addition remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated changes in stoichiometry following a decadal addition of three levels of N (control, no N addition; low N addition, 20 kg N ha−1 year−1; high N addition, 50 kg N ha−1 year−1) in young, intermediate, and mature stands in three temperate larch plantations (Larix principis‐rupprechtii) in North China. We found that low N addition had no impact on both above‐ (leaf and litter) and belowground (soil and microbe) stoichiometry. In contrast, high N addition resulted in significant asymmetry in above‐ versus belowground stoichiometry, which then diminished during stand development. Following 10 years of N inputs, the young and intermediate plantations transitioned from a state of relative N limitation to co‐limitation by both N and phosphorus (P), whereas the mature plantation continued to experience relative N limitation. Conversely, soil microorganisms exhibited relative P limitation in all three plantations. Broader niche differentiation (N limitation for trees, but P limitation for microorganisms) under long‐term N input may have been responsible for the faster attainment of stoichiometric homeostasis in mature plantations than in young plantations. Our findings provide stoichiometric‐based insight into the operating mechanisms of large C sinks in young forests, particularly above‐ versus belowground C stock asymmetry, and highlight the need to consider the role of flexible stoichiometry when forecasting future forest C sinks.
Morin Improves the Bone Histomorphology and Biochemical Markers in an Animal Model of Ovariectomy‐Induced Osteoporosis by Suppressing Autophagy and Apoptosis
Authors: Jiang Nan , Qi Bo , Li Gang , Yao Ling , Fan Xinyu
Published: October 2024

Osteoporosis (OP) is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease and an important postmenopausal consequence. This study aimed to investigate the effects of morin, a flavonoid with beneficial properties, on ovariectomy‐induced OP. Animals were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with different doses of morin (15, 30, and 45 mg/kg/day) or estradiol (10 μg/kg/day) for 10 weeks by gavage. Then bone histo‐stereology, bone‐related biochemical indicators, and gene and protein levels of autophagy and apoptosis‐related markers were analyzed. In comparison to controls, OVX significantly decreased the number of osteoblasts (5.78 × 106 vs. 1.66 × 106) and osteocytes (32.55 × 106 vs. 11.92 × 106), whereas increasing the number of osteoclasts (83.38 × 103 vs. 392.1 × 103). Moreover, OVX caused a remarkable decrease in bone structures and Ca, P, and estradiol levels while increasing ALP and OC (p < 0.001). The administration of 45 mg/kg/day morin restored the effects of OP on bone histomorphology and biochemical markers (p < 0.05). Further studies revealed that morin caused a 7.1% and 36.6% decrease in the bone level of LC3 and BECN1 proteins, respectively, compared to the OVX group. Also, morin caused a significant decrease of 47.4% in the CASP3 level and a significant increase of 23.6% in the BCL‐2 level compared to OVX animals (p < 0.001). The present findings showed that morin is potentially able to improve the bone‐related histomorphological and biochemical changes caused by osteoporosis, which is probably attributed to the suppression of apoptosis‐ and autophagy‐caused cell death.
The alterations of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the energy landscape of resting‐state networks differ across the human cortex
Authors: Fan Liming , Su Chunwang , Li Youjun , Guo Jinjia , Huang Zi‐Gang , Zhang Wenlong , Liu Tian , Wang Jue
Published: October 2024

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising intervention tool for the noninvasive modulation of brain activity and behavior in neuroscience research and clinical settings. However, the resting‐state dynamic evolution of large‐scale functional brain networks following rTMS has rarely been investigated. Here, using resting‐state fMRI images collected from 23 healthy individuals before (baseline) and after 1 Hz rTMS of the left frontal (FRO) and occipital (OCC) lobes, we examined the different effects of rTMS on brain dynamics across the human cortex. By fitting a pairwise maximum entropy model (pMEM), we constructed an energy landscape for the baseline and poststimulus conditions by fitting a pMEM. We defined dominant brain states (local minima) in the energy landscape with synergistic activation and deactivation patterns of large‐scale functional networks. We calculated state dynamics including appearance probability, transitions and duration. The results showed that 1 Hz rTMS induced increased and decreased state probability, transitions and duration when delivered to the FRO and OCC targets, respectively. Most importantly, the shortest path and minimum cost between dominant brain states were altered after stimulation. The absolute sum of the costs from the source states to the destinations was lower after OCC stimulation than after FRO stimulation. In conclusion, our study characterized the dynamic trajectory of state transitions in the energy landscape and suggested that local rTMS can induce significant dynamic perturbation involving stimulated and distant functional networks, which aligns with the modern view of the dynamic and complex brain. Our results suggest low‐dimensional mapping of rTMS‐induced brain adaption, which will contribute to a broader and more effective application of rTMS in clinical settings.
Development and Evaluation of a Convolutional Neural Network for Microscopic Diagnosis Between Pleomorphic Adenoma and Carcinoma Ex‐Pleomorphic Adenoma
Authors: Sousa‐Neto Sebastião Silvério , Nakamura Thaís Cerqueira Reis , Giraldo‐Roldan Daniela , dos Santos Giovanna Calabrese , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , de Cáceres Cinthia Verónica Bardález López , Rangel Ana Lúcia Carrinho Ayroza , Martins Manoela Domingues , Martins Marco Antonio Trevizani , Gabriel Amanda De Farias , Zanella Virgilio Gonzales , Santos‐Silva Alan Roger , Lopes Marcio Ajudarte , Kowalski Luiz Paulo , Araújo Anna Luíza Damaceno , Moraes Matheus Cardoso , Vargas Pablo Agustin
Published: October 2024

Aims

To develop a model capable of distinguishing carcinoma ex‐pleomorphic adenoma from pleomorphic adenoma using a convolutional neural network architecture.

Methods and Results

A cohort of 83 Brazilian patients, divided into carcinoma ex‐pleomorphic adenoma (n = 42) and pleomorphic adenoma (n = 41), was used for training a convolutional neural network. The whole‐slide images were annotated and fragmented into 743 869 (carcinoma ex‐pleomorphic adenomas) and 211 714 (pleomorphic adenomas) patches, measuring 224 × 224 pixels. Training (80%), validation (10%), and test (10%) subsets were established. The Residual Neural Network (ResNet)‐50 was chosen for its recognition and classification capabilities. The training and validation graphs, and parameters derived from the confusion matrix, were evaluated. The loss curve recorded 0.63, and the accuracy reached 0.93. Evaluated parameters included specificity (0.88), sensitivity (0.94), precision (0.96), F1 score (0.95), and area under the curve (0.97).

Conclusions

The study underscores the potential of ResNet‐50 in the microscopic diagnosis of carcinoma ex‐pleomorphic adenoma. The developed model demonstrated strong learning potential, but exhibited partial limitations in generalization, as indicated by the validation curve. In summary, the study established a promising baseline despite limitations in model generalization. This indicates the need to refine methodologies, investigate new models, incorporate larger datasets, and encourage inter‐institutional collaboration for comprehensive studies in salivary gland tumors.
Concurrent Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Bisphosphonate‐Related Osteonecrosis of the Maxilla: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Yoon Michelle , Ramirez Ricardo , Yun Jun , Wiedmer Christina , Brandwein‐Weber Margaret , Khorsandi Azita S. , Buchbinder Daniel , Khan Mohemmed N.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Bisphosphonates (BPs) are widely used for osteoporosis and cancer‐induced bone diseases due to their antiresorptive properties, yet they pose risks such as medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ).

Methods

We present a unique case of concurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and MRONJ in a 72‐year‐old female chronically treated with oral ibandronate for osteoporosis. Following a dental extraction, she developed a nonhealing wound in the maxilla. Following conservative treatment, the patient underwent a maxillectomy and extensive tissue reconstructions to control her infection and address suspicions of an underlying malignancy.

Results

Histopathological examinations confirmed simultaneous osteonecrosis and well‐differentiated SCC in the maxillary sinus and surrounding tissues. Despite multiple surgeries, the patient's disease progressed rapidly. Upon examining the literature for patients with a history of BP use diagnosed with MRONJ and/or SCC, a total of 16 cases report a diagnostic dilemma between MRONJ and locoregional SCC. Three of the 16 cases report a final diagnosis of concurrent MRONJ and SCC. This report is the fourth reported case of concurrency to date.

Conclusions

The patient's complex clinical course underscores the diagnostic challenges and therapeutic dilemmas in managing concurrent MRONJ and SCC, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring and interdisciplinary collaboration in similar cases.
Vital Predictive and Prognostic Roles of Triglyceride‐Glucose Index in Women With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Qiu Xiao‐xia , Chen Yong‐li , Wang Xin‐kang , Wang Re‐hua
Published: October 2024

Background and Aims

As a biomarker of insulin resistance (IR) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the triglyceride‐glucose index (TyG index) has received significant attention. However, most research on AMI has focused on male patients, as it is traditionally believed to primarily affect males. Therefore, this study was conducted on a female population with AMI to investigate the potential correlation between the TyG index and their outcomes.

Methods

A total of 320 women who were admitted to Fujian Provincial Hospital for AMI between January 2017 and December 2019 were included in this study. The TyG index was calculated using the following formula: ln [fasting triglycerides (TG) (mg/dL) × fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (mg/dL)/2]. The primary endpoint of the study was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), which included all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, rehospitalization for heart failure and stroke. The association between the TyG index and unfavorable outcomes in female patients was investigated using the Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Results

It was ultimately estimated that 111 patients developed MACCEs. Females with high TyG indices had a higher prevalence of diabetes, elevated heart rates, and hemoglobin A1c, as well as a higher likelihood of undergoing thrombus aspiration and stent placement. The TyG index was found to be positively correlated with the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, and damaged vessels. However, this correlation was modest, yet statistically significant. Furthermore, after adjusting for conventional risk factors, the TyG index (HR: 4.292, 95% CI: 2.784–6.616, p < 0.001) was independently associated with MACCEs.

Conclusion

As an independent risk predictor, the TyG index has the potential to enhance clinical outcomes for women with AMI.
Association Between Systemic Immune‐Inflammation Index and Psoriasis, Psoriasis Comorbidities, and All‐Cause Mortality: A Study Based on NHANES
Authors: Zhao Yang , Bai Yan Ping , Li Lin Feng
Published: October 2024

Objective

The relationship between systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) and psoriasis and its prognosis is not yet clear. In this study, the correlation between SII and psoriasis, psoriasis comorbidities, and all‐cause mortality was investigated based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Methods

The study population was derived from five NHANES cycles: 2003–2006, 2009–2014, and survival follow‐up was as of December 31, 2019. The association between SII and psoriasis and its comorbidities was analyzed using weighted multivariate logistic regression models. Weighted COX regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Restricted cubic spline, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also used. Logarithmic conversion was performed on SII(log2SII) to reduce the impact of outliers.

Results

A total of 21,431 participants were included in this study. As a continuous variable, log2SII was significantly associated with psoriasis in the fully adjusted model [OR = 1.20(1.04–1.39), p = .01]. log2SII remained positively associated with psoriasis after excluding participants with a history of cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD), or non‐Hispanic black participants. Among psoriasis patients, log2SII was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) [OR = 1.68(1.19,2.38), p = .004] and all‐cause mortality [HR = 1.48(1.09,1.99), p = .01]. Similar results were consistently observed when SII was analyzed as a categorical variable (in quartiles).

Conclusion

This study suggested a positive association between SII and the prevalence of psoriasis. Among psoriasis patients, SII was positively correlated with MetS and all‐cause mortality.
The Potential of Aloe Vera in Solution and in Blended Nanofibers Containing Poly (3‐Hydroxybutyrate‐Co‐3‐Hydroxyvalerate) as Substrates for Neurite Outgrowth
Authors: Romero‐Alemán María‐del‐Mar , Pérez‐Galván José‐Manuel , Hernández‐Rodríguez José‐Enrique , Monzón‐Mayor Maximina
Published: October 2024

This pilot study investigated the potential of aloe vera (AV) to promote neurite outgrowth in organotypic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explants (n = 230) from neonatal rats (n = 15). Using this in vitro model of acute axotomy, we assessed neurite outgrowth exceeding 1.5 times the explant diameter (viable explants) and measured the longest neurite length. These parameters were evaluated under control conditions and in cultures supplemented with commercial AV and four aligned scaffolds: poly‐L‐lactate (PLLA), polydioxanone (PDS), poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and blended PHBV/AV. After 6 days of culture, explants were immunostained using neuron‐specific marker Tuj1 and Schwann cell marker S100. Measurements were obtained with Image J software and analyzed using Jamovi 2.3. In control and AV dilution media, the study revealed radial tissue growth from the explant body with randomly oriented neurites, whereas in all scaffolds, bidirectional tissue growth occurred parallel to nanofibers. Binomial logistic regression analyses indicated that viable explants were more likely in the control group compared to PDS (p = 0.0042) and PHBV (p < 0.0001), with non‐significant differences when compared to AV dilution, PLLA, and PHBV/AV. AV dilution showed a greater association with viable explants than PLLA (p = 0.0459), while non‐significant difference was found between AV dilution and PHBV/AV. Additionally, the PHBV/AV scaffold predicted higher odds of viable explants than PLLA (p = 0.0479), PDS (p = 0.0001), and PHBV (p < 0.0001). Groups with similar probabilities of obtaining viable explants (control, AV dilution, and PHBV/AV) exhibited non‐significant differences in their longest neurite lengths. In conclusion, control, AV dilution, and PHBV/AV yielded the highest probability of developing viable explants and the longest neurite lengths. This is the first study demonstrating the direct permissiveness of AV for axonal outgrowth. Furthermore, the blended PHBV/AV scaffold showed significant potential as a suitable scaffold for axonal regrowth and Schwann cell migration, ensuring controlled tissue formation for tissue engineering applications.
Knockdown of circ_0006225 overcomes resistance to cisplatin and suppresses growth in lung cancer by miR‐1236‐3p/ANKRD22 axis
Authors: Zhong Shengyi , Li Yanxing , Zhu Xiaofeng , Li Zhenhua , Jin Chi , Zhao Yuming
Published: October 2024

Cisplatin‐based chemotherapy is the mainstay of therapeutic agents for lung cancer. Hence, we investigated the role and mechanism of circ_0006225 in tumorigenesis and cisplatin resistance in lung cancer. Levels of circ_0006225, microRNA (miR)‐1236‐3p and ankyrin repeat domain 22 (ANKRD22) were detected. Cell cisplatin (DDP) sensitivity and growth were determined by Cell Counting Kit‐8, cell colony formation, 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine, and murine xenograft assays, respectively. A high level of circ_0006225 in lung cancer tissues and cells with cisplatin resistance was observed. Circ_0006225 deletion elevated cisplatin sensitivity and constrained proliferation in DDP‐resistant lung cancer cells in vitro. Mechanistically, Circ_0006225 was confirmed to modulate ANKRD22 by sequestering miR‐1236‐3p. Furthermore, the suppressive effects of circ_0006225 downregulation on cisplatin resistance and proliferation in DDP‐resistant lung cancer cells were reversed by miR‐1236‐3p inhibition or ANKRD22 overexpression. Besides that, circ_0006225 silencing also repressed cisplatin resistance and tumor growth in lung cancer in vivo. In conclusion, knockdown of circ_0006225 restrained the growth and reduced cisplatin resistance in lung cancer by the miR‐1236‐3p/ANKRD22 axis, suggesting a better effective therapeutic target for overcoming cisplatin resistance in lung cancer patients.
Assessing the therapeutic potential of KK14 peptide derived from Cyprinus Carpio in reducing intercellular ROS levels in oxidative Stress‐Induced In vivo zebrafish larvae model: An integrated bioinformatics, antioxidant, and neuroprotective analysis
Authors: Vijayanand Madhumitha , Guru Ajay , Shaik Mohammed Rafi , Hussain Shaik Althaf , Issac Praveen Kumar
Published: October 2024

H2O2 is a significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) that hinders redox‐mediated processes and contributes to oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Oxidative stress causes impairment of cell macromolecules, which results in cell dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases are serious conditions linked to oxidative stress. Antioxidant treatment approaches are a novel and successful strategy for decreasing neurodegeneration and reducing oxidative stress. This study explored the antioxidant and neuroprotective characteristics of KK14 peptide synthesized from LEAP 2B (liver‐expressed antimicrobial peptide‐2B) derived from Cyprinus carpio L. Molecular docking studies were used to assess the antioxidant properties of KK14. The peptide at concentrations 5–45 μM was examined by using in vitro and in vivo assessment. Analysis was done on the developmental and neuroprotective potential of KK14 peptide treatment in H2O2‐exposed zebrafish larvae which showed Nonlethal deformities. KK14 improves antioxidant enzyme activity like catalase and superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, it reduces neuronal damage by lowering lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide generation while increasing acetylcholinesterase activity. It improved the changes in swimming behavior and the cognitive damage produced by exposure to H2O2. To further substantiate the neuroprotective potential of KK14, intracellular ROS levels in zebrafish larvae were assessed. This led to a reduction in ROS levels and diminished lipid peroxidation. The KK14 has upregulated the antioxidant genes against oxidative stress. Overall, this study proved the strong antioxidant activity of KK14, suggesting its potential as a strong therapeutic option for neurological disorders caused by oxidative stress.
Alda‐1 Ameliorates Oxidative Stress‐Induced Cardiomyocyte Damage by Inhibiting the Mitochondrial ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 Pathway
Authors: Zhang Wei , Yu Wei , Zhu Ye , Gu Jianjun , Gu Xiang
Published: October 2024

Alda‐1 functions as an agonist of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) within the mitochondria, contributing to the preservation of mitochondrial structure and function. This study aimed to determine whether Alda‐1 inhibited the accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and improved cardiomyocyte damage under oxidative stress. Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent embryonic stem cells (iPSC‐CMs) and human AC16 cardiomyocytes were chosen for the experiments. Oxidative stress was induced in both cardiomyocyte types using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a commonly employed agent. The mtROS accumulation and mitochondrial functional status were assessed by measuring the ROS content, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial respiratory chain function. Co‐IP experiments were used to analyze whether mtROS promoted protein interactions between TXNIP and NLRP3 and induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The results showed that Alda‐1 mitigated damage to mitochondrial structure and function under oxidative stress, concurrently reducing the accumulation of mtROS. Co‐IP experiments revealed that elevated mtROS levels attenuated the protein interaction between TXNIP and TRX while intensifying the interaction between TXNIP and NLRP3. Consequently, this triggers activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to cardiomyocyte damage. In contrast, TXNIP knockdown inhibited H2O2‐induced myocardial injury and enhanced the therapeutic effects of Alda‐1. Collectively, the results show that, in an H2O2 environment, Alda‐1 increased the production of ALDH2 activity in cardiomyocytes, hindered the production of mtROS, disrupted the interaction between TXNIP and NLRP3, and alleviated myocardial damage during oxidative stress.
l‐Securinine Induces ROS‐Dependent Apoptosis on Pancreatic Cancer Cells via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway
Authors: Anastasiou Ioanna A. , Sarantis Panagiotis , Rebelos Eleni , Eleftheriadou Ioanna , Tentolouris Konstantinos N. , Katsaouni Athanasia , Koustas Evangelos , Kokala Vasileia , Karamouzis Michalis V. , Tentolouris Nikolaos
Published: October 2024

Accumulating evidence has shown that l‐securinine can, in certain circumstances, suppress tumor development by elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The current work set out to examine l‐securinine's apoptotic effects on HuP‐T3 cells as well as any potential underlying molecular mechanism(s) that could explain its action as an anticancer agent. In this study, we used 1.2B4 cells as a control human cell line to verify our findings. Hup‐T3 and 1.2B4 cells were cultured with a medium containing the following dilutions of l‐securinine: 1–10 μΜ for up to 72 h. We examined the viability and proliferation levels of cells in both cell lines. Then, we measured only 1.2B4 insulin levels and content. We also quantified cell apoptosis, cell cycle levels, and the intracellular reactive oxygen species on HuP‐T3 and 1.2B4. Afterwards, we performed a real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Our results demonstrated that l‐securinine inhibited both proliferation and growth of Hup‐T3 cells, showing inhibitory and antiproliferative activity in comparison with the control group. In addition, l‐securinine had no impact on the proliferation and growth of 1.2B4 cells, nor on their insulin levels and content. By boosting ROS production, and inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, l‐securinine induced apoptosis on HuP‐T3 cells. Pancreatic cancer was successfully inhibited by l‐securinine in vitro. l‐securinine triggers ROS‐dependent apoptosis on pancreatic cancer cells while inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. These findings suggest that l‐securinine holds promise as a potential lead for future drug development in the fight against pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Synthesis of low‐cost microporous activated carbon adsorbents for CO2 capture from Palmyra palm fruit shell waste biomass
Authors: Swapna Shobanaboyina , Parusha Ramudu Manne , Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Police , Ravi Kumar Gande , Hima Bindu Gaddameedi , Prathap Challa , Mallesh Dosali
Published: October 2024

Using chemical activation techniques at dissimilar carbonization temperatures, activated carbon adsorbents were produced from Palmyra palm fruit biomass in this work. X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, CHNS‐elemental analysis, and N2 adsorption studies were among the characterization techniques used to assess the characteristics of the carbon adsorbents. The carbon adsorbents from Palmyra palm fruit were used to absorb CO2 in a temperature range of 25–70°C. The findings of the characterization showed that these carbons have a large surface area and microporosity. The temperature of carbonization and the activating agent had an impact on the surface characteristics. The samples with the highest adsorption capacity, 4.70 mmol/g at 25°C, were the activated carbons made by treating them with KOH and then carbonizing them at 750°C. The physicochemical properties of the adsorbents provided an explanation for their high adsorption capacity. The adsorbents showed simple desorption and maintained constant activity during ten cycles of recycling.
The LTAR Cropland Common Experiment at the Gulf Atlantic Coastal Plain
Authors: Coffin Alisa W. , Pisani Oliva , Pisarello Kathryn , Porter Kayla , Bosch David D. , Strickland Timothy C.
Published: October 2024

The Gulf Atlantic Coastal Plain (GACP) Long‐Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network site is characterized by hot and humid summers with low gradient stream channels surrounded by wetland forests and croplands. Beneath its sandy soils, a confining layer stifles recharge to the deeper aquifer system, so a substantial proportion of streamflow is driven by shallow subsurface baseflow. Agricultural practices in the area consist of forage and livestock production, forestry, and rotational cropping systems dominated by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Certain factors impose challenges to the viability of GACP agricultural systems, like changing economics and demographics, as well as pest and disease pressures. The GACP communicates with stakeholders from various backgrounds, who provide their perspectives as agricultural research service scientists execute their research plans. The GACP LTAR common experiment (CE) is carried out via plot‐ and field‐scale studies. The plot‐scale CE compares prevailing practices, determined from regional data, with an alternative treatment including winter covers, such as the biofuel feedstock carinata (Brassica carinata, A. Braun), to provide both economic and environmental benefits. The field‐scale CE is observational; key variables are monitored for two farms where management practices largely emulate the prevailing treatment. Data collection efforts quantify vegetation, hydrology, soils, and climate data to produce datasets for modeling and statistical analysis. Research teams quantify relationships between land management, environment, and socioeconomic benefits. Ultimately, the GACP LTAR site works to facilitate agricultural system health and wellbeing at local, regional, and national scales by providing long‐term science‐based solutions.
The evolving treatment landscape of multiple myeloma in Portugal: A nation‐wide retrospective cohort study of real‐world clinical practice
Authors: Bergantim Rui , Geraldes Catarina , João Cristina , Lúcio Paulo , Neves Manuel , Trigo Fernanda , Pedrosa Hugo , Ventura Miguel , Santos Susana , Ramos Diogo
Published: October 2024

Objectives

To characterize variations in real‐world treatment patterns in multiple myeloma (MM) in Portugal over a 5‐year period.

Methods

A retrospective cohort multicenter study using secondary data of national hospital drug consumption database from 11 Portuguese public hospitals between 2017 and 2022.

Results

Number of MM‐treated patients increased 53% over 5 years (from 825 to 1266 patients). Constant slight predominance of male patients (55%), 82% over 60 years old (median age, 70 years), and half of newly diagnosed patients were transplant‐eligible. The highest growth rate was in second‐line treatments, with a sixfold increase in patients in fourth‐line or beyond. First‐line treatment pattern remained stable both in transplant‐eligible (bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (VCd_, bortezomib, thalidomide and dexamethasone (VTd), and bortezomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (VRd)) and noneligible patients (bortezomib, melphalan and prednisolone (VMP), VCd, and lenalidomide, dexamethasone (Rd)). Maintenance therapy increased from 5% to 16%, shifting from thalidomide to lenalidomide. Second and third lines were dominated by daratumumab‐based regimens after 5 years. No standard of care in fourth‐line treatment. Treatment duration increased in transplant‐eligible due to maintenance therapy and in noneligible due to fourth‐line treatments. Patients moved from first‐ to second‐line more rapidly over time.

Conclusions

There was an increase in MM patients reaching advanced treatment lines and significant changes in the treatment patterns, driven by access to more effective frontline treatments and longer duration of treatment.
Digital technology adoption among smallholder farmers in Vietnam: Implications for digital agricultural extension strategies
Authors: Uy Tran Cao , Limnirankul Budsara , Kramol Prathanthip , Hoang Gia Hung , Nguyen Thi Da Thao
Published: October 2024

This study explores the adoption of digital technology among smallholders in Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. Data were gathered by doing a survey of 455 farmers analysed by descriptive analysis and a Poisson Regression model. Key knowledge gaps include an incomplete understanding of farmers' digital technology adoption and insufficient empirical evidence supporting potential determinants in smallholders' digital adoption. Findings indicate active use of digital tools in agriculture, with factors such as education, farm size, digital experience, knowledge exchange frequency, access to digital information and internet costs positively influencing adoption. The study advocates for tailored training and targeted interventions to enhance adoption rates.
Advancements in colorectal cancer detection: The role of immuno‐positron emission tomography, immuno‐single‐photon emission computed tomography, and machine learning applications
Authors: Chen Surui , Shi Xiumin , Liu Shu , Pei Pei , Yang Kai , Hu Lin
Published: October 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the world's second most prevalent cancer and third in mortality. Detection and diagnosis are crucial in research and clinical settings. While colonoscopy and computed tomographic colonography are widely used for identifying organic lesions, positron emission tomography (PET) and single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) offer superior visualization of molecular changes. These immuno‐PET and immuno‐SPECT techniques surpass conventional [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT in specificity and sensitivity, improving CRC diagnostics and supporting therapeutic strategies. This review emphasizes the role of immuno‐PET/SPECT in CRC diagnosis and establishing a foundation for therapeutic strategies, facilitating hierarchical management through the identification of treatment‐responsive populations, prediction of therapeutic outcomes, and support for intraoperative imaging. This review introduces the preclinical and clinical utility of immunoconjugates for detecting colorectal adenomas, and primary, metastatic, or recurrent CRC, focusing on specific CRC cell targets like the epidermal growth factor receptor and carcinoembryonic antigen. The review also covers various mAb‐based immunoconjugates and engineered mAb fragments, including diabodies and minibodies. Finally, it looks into the great promise of machine learning in PET or SPECT and it addresses the challenges of translating preclinical successes into clinical practice for colorectal adenoma diagnosis, proposing potential solutions and directions for future research.
Heterologous Versus Homologous COVID‐19 Boosters: Immune Response Outcomes in Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Yildiz Yesim , Yasar Emre , Ozturk Erensu , Karakan Mine Sebnem , Helvaci Ozant , Ozger Hasan Selcuk , Cemre Araz Z. , Yildiz Pinar Aysert , Dikmen Asiye Ugras , Caglar Kayhan , Dizbay Murat , Derici Ulver , Guz Galip
Published: October 2024

We aimed to investigate the immune responses to homologous and heterologous COVID‐19 booster vaccinations in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and to identify factors affecting these responses. In this prospective multicenter observational study, we measured the antibody kinetics of 90 RTRs using the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method. The mean age of participants was 45.2 ± 11.4 years, with 35.6% being female. On the 42nd day after the first vaccine dose, the median antibody level was 16.7 (IQR 2.5−249.5) AU/mL, and the seropositivity rate was 60% (n = 36). Mycophenolic acid (MFA) (OR: 0.087, 95% CI: 0.024−0.311) and ACE inhibitor use (OR: 0.203, 95% CI: 0.052−0.794) were identified as independent factors affecting seropositivity. Patients who received the Pfizer/BioNTech booster had significantly higher antibody levels compared to those who received the CoronaVac/Sinovac booster (p = 0.021). Additionally, a significantly higher rate of COVID‐19 positivity was observed among patients who received the CoronaVac/Sinovac booster (p = 0.031). Heterologous COVID‐19 booster vaccination is significantly more effective than homologous inactivated booster vaccination in enhancing immune responses and preventing new infections in RTRs. MFA and ACE inhibitor usage were independent factors affecting seropositivity. Additional COVID‐19 vaccine doses are needed in this patient group.