bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Issues in Chinese Requirements Specifications: Insights from Survey Data and Static Analysis
Authors: Jiaying He , Yap Ng Keng , Osman Mohd Hafeez , Hassan Sa’adah
Published: February 2025

Requirements engineering is crucial for software project success. Issues like requirements ambiguity, inconsistency, and unverifiability contribute to unclear, conflicting, or untestable specifications, which can undermine the effectiveness and success of a software project. These issues have been identified as factors contributing to software project failure. However, there’s limited research on the current state of these issues in China. The research objectives of this study are to address the most commonly used methods for expressing Chinese software requirements and uncover issues related to ambiguity, inconsistency, and unverifiability, which can be solved by using artificial intelligence techniques to investigate possible solutions to these problems. An online survey of 422 software professionals in China identifies key issues in Chinese software requirement expressions that AI techniques can address. The study examines various expression methods, tools for enhancing clarity, and challenges specific to Chinese requirements. Findings reveal that ambiguity, inconsistency, and unverifiability significantly impact project success. While natural language specification and prototyping improve clarity, they may increase the time required for requirements engineering. Effective communication is typically achieved through natural language, prototyping, storyboarding, and pseudo-coding, whereas decision tables and block diagrams are less commonly used and linked to problematic requirements. Using tables, prototype diagrams, and natural language descriptions helps mitigate these issues, though it may extend engineering time. The study suggests strategies to improve the efficiency and quality of requirements expression and highlights the need to develop Chinese boilerplates and refining tools to enhance clarity in the future.
Current Situation of Chinese Calligraphy Education in Primary and Secondary Schools of Leling City
Authors:   University of Perpetual Help System Dalta, Zhongbo Zhang
Published: February 2025

Chinese calligraphy is a kind of traditional art in which brushes and ink are used to write Chinese characters. It is a fundamental part of Chinese history and culture. People can better comprehend Chinese customs, values, and aesthetics by learning calligraphy. The purpose of this study is to determine the current state of Chinese calligraphy training in Leling City's primary and secondary schools in order to identify and resolve any potential problems. Since calligraphy teachers' teaching philosophies have a significant role in differentiating students' learning, the study would also ascertain their methods. In order for this to be determined, a descriptive quantitative research design was used, which gathers and statistically examines quantifiable data from a population sample in order to look for connections between predetermined variables. There were 787 Chinese calligraphy students chosen as respondents of the study. They are presently studying Chinese calligraphy in the Chinese province of Shandong, in the city of Lei Ming. According to the findings of the study, Chinese calligraphy instruction in Leling City's primary and secondary schools is typically effective in terms of teacher competency, instructional design, and the availability of sufficient materials and resources as judged by the students. Chinese calligraphy training has significantly expanded in the nation's basic and secondary schools as a result of the Chinese government's growing emphasis on cultural education and the influence of contemporary technological innovation. The respondents' opinions about the current state of Leling City's primary and secondary schools and their attitudes toward instructing Chinese calligraphy did not significantly correlate, based on the study. In order to further develop abilities and a passion for the subject, the researcher recommends that the planned Chinese calligraphy enrichment program for primary and secondary levels be integrated into the delivery of teaching. In addition, educators should strive for ongoing professional development in Chinese calligraphy in order to become more skilled teachers and authorities in the subject. Moreover, the study was able to create a Teaching plan in the delivery of Chinese Calligraphy.
An In-Depth Analysis of the Predictive Value of Nasolabial Angle on Nasal and Dental Morphology: Utilizing Machine Learning Techniques for Enhanced Orthodontic Assessment
Authors: Alafaleq Salma , Alafaleq Sitah A , Alafaleq Mudy , Alafaleq Shog , Alghamdi Mohammed , Alkharan Munirah Ibrahim , Basaad Danah Saeed Ahmed
Published: February 2025

Background: Protrusive facial abnormalities, characterized by the anterior positioning of the lips relative to the facial profile, are prevalent malocclusions that significantly impact dental and facial aesthetics. These conditions can result from complex interactions among dental, skeletal, and soft tissue components, necessitating a comprehensive diagnostic approach. Methods: This review systematically evaluates the predictive value of the nasolabial angle on nasal and dental morphology, utilizing machine learning techniques. A literature search was conducted in databases such as PubMed and Scopus, focusing on studies that assess the relationship between nasolabial angle measurements and the corresponding morphological features of the nasal and dental structures. Results: The analysis of selected studies demonstrates that variations in the nasolabial angle are predictive of underlying nasal and dental morphologies. Machine learning models have been applied successfully to identify patterns and correlations, offering improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning for orthodontic interventions. However, the review also highlights the need for standardized metrics in assessing the nasolabial angle to enhance the generalizability of findings across diverse populations. Conclusion: The nasolabial angle serves as a crucial indicator of both nasal and dental morphology, with machine learning techniques providing valuable insights into its predictive capabilities. This underscores the importance of integrating advanced analytical methods in orthodontic assessments to optimize treatment outcomes for patients with protrusive facial abnormalities. Further research is recommended to establish uniform definitions and methodologies for measuring the nasolabial angle in clinical practice.
The Role of Epidemiology, Nursing, Pharmacy, and Emergency Medicine in Managing Infectious Disease Outbreaks: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Al-Dalbahi Ibrahim Ayed , Mufres Bandar Mohammed , Mufres Khaled Mohammed , Al-Hafi Majid Sebaa , Al-Dalbahi Mansour Nasser , Al-Azmi Salem Marshoud , Jazzy Salman Mutlaq
Published: February 2025

Infectious disease outbreak is a recurring issue for global health with high disease, fatality, and burden for healthcare systems. Successful outbreak management is a multidisciplinary intervention with coordination between epidemiology, nursing, pharmacy, and emergency medicine with one another. All specialties have a complementary role in controlling an outbreak—evidence-guided interventions and epidemiologic surveillance through epidemiology, infection prevention and control through nursing, optimized stewardship of antimicrobial through pharmacy, and triage and early care through emergency medicine. All specialties together make a significant contribution in improving outbreak management, minimizing complications in a patient, and controlling infection dissemination. In this review, collaboration, contribution of specialties, and best practice in infectious disease outbreak management is focused.
Needs for Primary School Teacher Educators’ Continuing Professional Development Responding to Academic Program Quality Assurance
Authors: Huong Trinh Thi , Hao Phan Nhat , Vy Phan Ngoc Tuong
Published: February 2025

Primary education plays a crucial role in shaping the foundation of a child’s academic and personal development, yet less research was conducted for this area, particularly regarding primary teacher training at university level. To fulfill this gap, the current study explored the concerns raised by accreditors regarding the bachelor of education (B.Ed.) program in primary teacher education (PTE) at a university in Vietnam. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through document analysis and structured interviews with five experienced teacher educators. The findings identify key concerns raised by accreditors, including curriculum design, student support, faculty development, and program evaluation. The study further allowed teacher educators to voice their strategies in response to these concerns. The results suggest that effective continuing professional development (CDP) including raising awareness and practices for competency-based education, building structured mentorship with pre-service teachers, and engaging in diverse professional development opportunities. By prioritizing these aspects, teacher educators can better equip themselves to support student learning and address evolving educational challenges, ultimately improving accreditation outcomes and enhancing CPD practices in primary education teacher training programs.
Performance Assessment of Existing Farmers’ Association for Water Users
Authors: Fauzi Meftahol , Juwono Pitojo Tri , Bisri M. , Suhartanto Ery
Published: February 2025

This research intends to assess the existing performance of farmers’ association for water users (P3A). Commonly, the activity of irrigation management is started from the stages of design, construction until operation and maintenance, it is needed the collaboration and participation of P3A that is spreading in the Malang Regency. The methodology consists of literature collecting and data analysis. Data that are used in this research is secondary data that influence the performance of farmers institution performance (P3A) in Malang Regency. The assessment of performance uses the questionaries form that is answered based on the response from farmers group which are as the respondents for every question that will be given the scores regarding to the question. The result shows that 30% of P3A institutions is developing category, however, 70% is developed category.
Applying Differentiated Instruction to Enhance Student Engagement and Learning Outcomes in Integrated Social Studies in Junior High School
Authors: Nur Intang  , Elpisah Elpisah  , Hartini Hartini
Published: February 2025

This research is classroom action research that aims to improve the learning outcomes of Integrated Social Sciences through the application of differentiated learning in grade VII students of UPT SMPN Satap Pulo Bembe No. 29 Selayar Islands. The subject of this study is a student of grade VII UPT SMPN Satap Pulo Bembe No. 29 with a total of 12 students consisting of 7 male students and 5 female students. This research was carried out in two cycles, namely cycle I which was carried out 3 meetings (the first and second meetings for the learning process and the third meeting for Integrated Social Studies learning outcome assessment activities) and cycle II was also carried out 3 meetings. The two cycles were carried out for 2 months plus summarizing all existing research results. The results of the study show that the application of differentiated learning has succeeded in significantly improving student learning outcomes. In the first cycle, 50% of students have not reached the completion score, but in the second cycle, the number of students who did not complete the score decreased drastically to only 8%, while the number of students who achieved the completion score increased to 92%. This shows that differentiated learning is effective in overcoming academic gaps between students and improving their achievement of learning outcomes. In addition to improving learning outcomes, differentiated learning has also been proven to be effective in increasing student activity. In the first cycle, the average student activity only reached 68%, showing that even though some students are already active, there are still many who lack participation. After the implementation of a more optimal differentiated learning strategy in cycle II, student activity increased significantly to 87%. This shows that the differentiated learning approach not only helps students in understanding the material, but also increases their engagement in the learning process. The application of differentiated learning in cycle II resulted in a significant increase in learning outcomes and student activity, which shows the success of this strategy in meeting the diverse learning needs of students.
Ziemie województwa ostrołęckiego pod koniec I wojny światowej
Authors: Kijowski Jerzy
Published: February 2025

Autor artykułu  ukazał wydarzenia, które miały miejsce na ziemiach obecnego województwa ostrołęckiego w okresie rodzenia się i początków II Rzeczypospolitej. Były to ziemie północnego Mazowsza wchodzące w skład powiatów: ostrołęckiego, makowskiego, przeważającej części ostrowskiego i przasnyskiego, jak też mniejszej części pułtuskiego i radzymińskiego.
 
Skan artykułu udostępniony z zasobów prowadzonego przez Muzeum Historii Polski repozytorium BazHum.
Życie społeczne w Ostrowi Mazowieckiej w okresie międzywojennym
Authors: Mirkowicz Zofia
Published: February 2025

Na rozwój życia społecznego w mieście duży wpływ miało jego położenie. Niewielka odległość od Warszawy powodowała, że każdy odruch życia stołecznego w chwilach odradzania się Ojczyzny znajdował swój oddźwięk w Ostrowi.
W 1920 roku w Ostrowi działały: Oddział Ochotniczej Straży Pożarnej, Zarząd Okręgowy Polskiej Macierzy Szkolnej, Zarząd Okręgowy Rady Głównej Opiekuńczej, Towarzystwo Rolnicze, Miejscowe Koło Polskiej Macierzy Szkolnej, Koło Polek, Oddział Patronatu Poborowego, Oddział Czerwonego Krzyża i Zjednoczenie Kulturalne. Ich celem było rozwijanie życia kulturalnego w mieście poprzez organizowanie rozrywek, wspieranie potrzeb najbiedniejszej części społeczeństwa, zasilanie funduszów na cele narodowe. Do ożywienia ruchu społecznego przyczyniały się przebywające w Komorowie oddziały i szkoły wojskowe.
Polska oświata szkolna w powiecie ostrołęckim u progu niepodległości w 1918 roku
Authors: Maćkowiak Henryk
Published: February 2025

W powstawaniu u progu niepodległości polskiej oświaty szkolnej można wyodrębnić dwa okresy: w pierwszym z nich (1905-1914) naród polski toczył walkę o polską szkołę i język polski w urzędach z zaborcą rosyjskim. W wyniku tej walki uzyskał prawo od władz rosyjskich (14.10.1905 r.) zezwalające na zakładanie prywatnych szkół z polskim językiem nauczania, ale bez praw szkoły państwowej. W drugim natomiast okresie (1915-1918) tworzył polskie szkolnictwo w oparciu o wynegocjowane podstawy prawne z okupantem niemieckim, wykorzystując coraz bardziej katastrofalną dla Niemców sytuację polityczną.
 
Skan artykułu udostępniony z zasobów prowadzonego przez Muzeum Historii Polski repozytorium BazHum.
II walne zgromadzenie sprawozdawczo-wyborcze Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego
Authors: Kijowski Jerzy
Published: February 2025

W dniu 3 marca 1990 r. w sali Ośrodka Doskonalenia Kadr w Ostrołęce odbyło się Walne Zgromadzenie Sprawozdawczo-Wyborcze Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego. Wzięli w nim udział członkowie Towarzystwa oraz zaproszeni goście, wśród nich wicewojewoda ostrołęcki — Eugeniusz Nałęcz oraz delegacja Łomżyńskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego im. Wagów na czele z wiceprezesem Henrykiem Białobrzeskim.
Działalność Polskiej Organizacji Wojskowej w powiecie przasnyskim w latach 1916-1918
Authors: Drwęcki Aleksander
Published: February 2025

Polska Organizacja Wojskowa na terenie pow. przasnyskiego powstała już w 1916 roku. Zakładali ją emisariusze legionowi, między innymi por. Kazimierz Sokolnicki z Sątrzaski i por. Antoni Łada z Bartnik.
Teren Północnego Mazowsza wraz z powiatem przasnyskim był w tym czasie pod zaborem niemieckim. W miastach i gminach organizowano placówki POW, do których należały również kobiety i starsi mężczyźni, jako członkowie popierający. Na czele placówki stał komendant i jego zastępca. W placówkach były wyodrębnione sekcje bojowe (drużyny) z sekcyjnymi mężczyznami w młodszym wieku, znającymi się na rzemiośle wojskowym. W miastach sekcje tworzyły plutony. Placówki POW miały swoje kryptonimy, a żołnierze posługiwali się pseudonimami.
W początkowej fazie placówki POW pracowały zupełnie jawnie, gdy jednak Niemcy przekonali się, że młodzież polska nie da się użyć jako „mięso armatnie", rozpoczęły się prześladowania, skutkiem czego organizacja stała się nielegalna i zaczęła działać w konspiracji.
 
Skan artykułu udostępniony z zasobów prowadzonego przez Muzeum Historii Polski repozytorium BazHum.
Big Mismatch between the New Technology and the Old Mechanistic Viewpoint
Authors: Awaya Kayoko
Published: February 2025

There is a big mismatch between the new technology based on the laws in the micro world, and the old mechanistic viewpoint established in the macro world. This is one of the main causes of the chaotic state of recent technology. I explain historically this circumstance and show how to settle this problem by solving the so-called measurement problem of quantum mechanics. These suggest a new worldview which epistemologically unifies the macro and micro worlds, and brings the new technology into order.
The Schrödinger Equation Compatible with Classical Mechanics
Authors: Tu Runsheng
Published: February 2025

Replace the potential energy in the Hamiltonian operator from electromagnetic interaction potential energy to gravitational interaction potential energy. Define that the kinetic energy of a moving object is equal to its de Broglie wave's hν. Successfully obtained the Schrödinger equation describing planetary motion. The Schrödinger equation itself is a combination of classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics based on it cannot completely exclude classical mechanics. Many examples have been introduced where classical mechanics and quantum theory can be combined to describe the same object (whether it is macroscopic or microscopic). Local realism and determinism still have a market in modern physics. Quantum mechanics and classical mechanics have a compatible and complementary relationship.
La Hispanidad franquista y sus márgenes : nación, raza y género en la producción literaria española del primer franquismo sobre Filipinas y Guinea Ecuatorial (1939-1959)
Authors:   , Vivó Capdevila Emilio Pedro
Published: February 2025

This thesis analyzes ten literary works produced during the early Francoist period (1939–1959) that explore themes related to Equatorial Guinea and the Philippines. The works span six literary genres: travel novels, missionary novels, essays, 1898-inspired novels, plantation novels, and biographies. Each chapter compares two works per genre, with one focused on each territory, highlighting shared tropes, contrasting yet complementary elements in their depictions of both territories and examining the colonial ideologies they convey regarding gender, race and nation. The thesis argues that the representation of both Equatorial Guinea and the Philippines in early Francoist literature shows striking similarities despite the differing relationships between Franco’s regime and each territory, Equatorial Guinea being still an Spanish colony and the Philippines and American colony and independent since 1946. The analysis suggests that Francoism revived 19th-century racial and colonial ideologies to narrate its colonization of Equatorial Guinea, while drawing on an idealized narration of the Philippines’ colonial past as proof of Spain’s benevolent civilizing mission in Africa and the necessary unity between Church and State in the Metropolis. The thesis argues that the colonial relationship with the Philippines and the cultural legacies of their Spanish colonization influenced both Francoism’s treatment of Equatorial Guinea and the broader framework of Spain’s colonial discourse. Furthermore, the thesis explores the contrasting treatment of the Philippines and Equatorial Guinea by the Francoist regime. The regime avoided overtly racist rhetoric towards Filipinos, representing them as more civilized and even as a model independent yet Hispanic nation, but reproduced exclusionary discourses from the colonial period, specially those referring to the Filipino war of independence or the non-Catholic inhabitants of the archipelago. In contrast, Equatorial Guinea’s population was portrayed as racially inferior and in need of "elevation" through Spanish colonialism, even though there were debates about the possibility and timing of that acculturation, and how the metropolis should react to it. Despite its claims of exceptionalism, Francoism borrowed heavily from European colonial ideologies and adapted them to its symbolic vision of Spain’s imperial past. The dissertation concludes that Francoism articulated a Eurocentric civilizational hierarchy, presenting Fascist and Catholic Spaniards as the ideal citizens while portraying the inhabitants of its colonies—especially Africans and "unacculturated" Filipinos—as inferior. Nevertheless, by admitting mimetic colonized subjects in the upper positions of this hierarchy, Francoism and its literature crafted an ambivalent narrative that legitimized its colonization of Africa and its diplomatic and cultural ties with former Spanish colonies.
Sea Turtle Egg Fusariosis (STEF): a possible threat to species of sea turtle in Colombia
Authors: Saenz Valeri
Published: February 2025

Sea turtle egg fusariosis (STEF) has recently emerged as a fungal disease that is thought to be a significant factor contributing to the global decline in sea turtle populations. The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether Neocosmospora and Fusarium are present on nesting beaches, tourist beaches, and eggshells of Dermochelys coriacea and Caretta caretta at Colombia’s Caribbean coast and of Lepidochelys olivacea on the Pacific Coast. This study obtained 136 isolates displaying fusarioid morphological characteristics for analysis. Molecular identification of these isolates was carried out using the Tef-1α gene marker and through phylogenetic analysis. The most isolated species found were Neocosmospora keratoplastica and N. falciformis, which pose a serious threat to Colombia’s sea turtle conservation efforts. Finding these species linked to human illness also acts as a caution to look into STEF using an interdisciplinary One health approach.
The differentiation of hyphae in human tissues
Authors:   The American Board of Pathology and Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, U.S.A., Procop Gary W.
Published: February 2025

A variety of morphologic structures may be microscopically visualized in the tissues of patients with fungal infections. The differentiation of hyphal elements does not have the same discriminatory power as culture; however, the appropriate categorization aids in establishing the definitive diagnosis and may guide therapy. Although the hyphal forms from the most frequently encountered infections are commonly seen, variants of normal forms, those from infrequently encountered infections, morphologic mimics, and specimen contaminants may also be encountered. Microscopists, be they mycologists reviewing direct examinations or pathologists reviewing histologic or cytologic preparations, should attempt to distinguish between the types of hyphae covered within this review.
Legal bases for the organization of clerical work
Authors: Huseynov Tofig
Published: February 2025

The effective organization of clerical work in the places has created favorable conditions for the establishment of a state management system. In management, citizens' appeals, petitions, complaints, proposals and letters should be carefully approached, their formalization should be carried out, the contents of their appeals should be studied and analyzed. On the basis of these, citizens' letters should be responded to in a timely and objective manner. Clerkship is one of the most important areas for us. High-level management of an enterprise and organization largely depends on the organization of the clerical system.
The Spectral of Convex Bounded Linear Operators on Convex Normed Spaces
Authors: Alsaffar Saif , Kider Jehad
Published: February 2025

We introduce the concept of a convex bounded operator and we define the convex norm for convex bounded linear operator.
The aim of this research is to introduce the properties of the spectrum and resolvent sets of convex bounded linear operators on convex normed spaces.
A Importância da Inclusão para o Desenvolvimento Social e Emocional das Crianças
Authors: Almeida Carla Roberta Forsan de , Sapatini Lidiane Christine Varuzza , Santos Vanessa Souza dos , Albertini Vanilza Aparecida
Published: February 2025

A inclusão social e emocional das crianças é um tema central de indiscutível relevância no panorama educacional contemporâneo. A interação positiva entre os jovens, promovida por iniciativas inclusivas, revela-se fundamental para o desenvolvimento harmonioso e equilibrado de suas competências sociais e emocionais, o que, por sua vez, repercute significativamente em seu bem-estar. Nesse sentido, torna-se imprescindível compreender, de forma crítica e profunda, o impacto benéfico que a inclusão exerce no crescimento e na formação integral das crianças, à luz das teorias de Vygotsky, que enfatizam a importância da interação social no processo de aprendizagem, assim como os fundamentos teóricos apresentados por autores como Mantovan, Oliveira e Mittler. Esses pensadores enriquecem nossa compreensão sobre como ambientes inclusivos podem, de maneira eficaz, promover tanto a socialização quanto o desenvolvimento emocional dos infantes. Ao examinar a relevância da inclusão no contexto do desenvolvimento infantil, é possível reconhecer, de forma clara e convincente, a importância das políticas públicas e da legislação que buscam garantir a inclusão escolar e social, conforme delineado pelo Ministério da Educação e outras instituições pertinentes. Tais diretrizes são fundamentais não apenas para assegurar equidade no acesso à educação, mas também para cultivar ambientes que respeitem e valorizem a diversidade, garantindo que todas as crianças possam participar plenamente da vida escolar e social. Esses elementos iniciais são cruciais para uma compreensão mais abrangente e aprofundada dos benefícios, desafios e da relevância dos espaços inclusivos na formação integral das crianças. Isso é vital para assegurar que elas tenham acesso às mesmas oportunidades de aprendizado e convivência social, que se mostram essenciais para um futuro mais justo e equitativo, onde cada uma possa se desenvolver plenamente e contribuir para uma sociedade mais coesa e solidária.
The European integration at the crossroad
Authors:   Dallhousie University, Laursen Finn
Published: February 2025

This article asks a number of questions about the current stage of European integration. It traces past expansion of functional scope and membership of the EU and links these changes with efforts to increase the institutional capacity of the EU. After the big eastern enlargements in 2004 and 2007 and the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 and its entry into force in 2009 it is time to ask: where are we and where may we be going? A central issue is the eurozone crisis. Will the current muddling through add up to enough measures to pull us out of the crisis? Is there enough strategic thinking and leadership in the EU? German leadership with focus on austerity seems somewhat misplaced. Proposals for ¿more Europe¿ in the form of banking, fiscal and political union, now appears to be the way forward. But how many member states of the EU -and eurozone- will be able to move in that direction? It looks as we may have more differentiated integration or ¿variable geometry¿ in the future.
A Southern Europe Strategy Based on Vision and Industrial Policy
Authors:   Australian Institute of Economic Research, Aiginger Karl
Published: February 2025

This paper argues that an industrial policy strategy is needed for the southern European countries for regaining competitiveness and stability. That strategie need to be different from the past industrial policy, more systemic, and should include innovation strategies and ways to upgrade education. They should embrace competition on national and international markets as driver of change. They should create and support clusters and industrial zones, which could then be the basis for technology transfers, foreign direct investment and for making use of globalisation. New industrial policies should emphasise on sectors where society has a long term interest, e.g. alternative energies or health tourism. In short, industrial policy is a necessary strategy element in times of budget consolidation especially for the southern European periphery.
Análisis de convergencia de las regiones de la zona euro (1990-2010)
Authors:   Universidad de Girona, Maynou Laia , Saez Marc ,   CIBERESP, Bacaria Jordi ,   Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
Published: February 2025

Desde el nacimiento de la Unión Económica y Monetaria (UEM), se han implantado políticas en los diferentes países miembros de la Unión Europea (UE) para conducirlos hacia la convergencia económica. Analizamos la convergencia de las 174 regiones que existen en los 17 países de la zona euro en el periodo 1990-2010. Especificamos un modelo econométrico espacio-temporal, utilizando las hipótesis de beta-convergencia condicionada y de sigmaconvergencia. Las variables dependientes del modelo son el PIB per cápita y la productividad y las variables explicativas son variables económicas reales. Encontramos que existe beta- convergencia entre los países de la zona euro en términos de PIB per cápita, pero divergencia en términos de productividad, si bien las pautas se producen sólo a nivel de país. Es decir, se confirma nuestra hipótesis de que son las pautas a escala país las que conducen a la hipotética convergencia y que el comportamiento desfavorable de la productividad se debe, sin duda, a un diferente comportamiento de la población activa entre los diferentes países de la zona euro.
La economía vasca en la Unión Europea: un balance
Authors:   Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao Ubillos Javier
Published: February 2025

Este trabajo pretende estimar el impacto de los avances del proceso de integración europea en la economía vasca, pese a la dificultad de aislar los efectos de este proceso de otros potenciales factores endógenos y de contexto. Tras observar los cambios registrados desde la adhesión en el ámbito comercial, productivo, de inversión exterior directa y retorno presupuestario, concluimos que el proceso de integración europea presenta un balance global positivo para la economía vasca (que ha mejorado su nivel relativo de renta per cápita respecto a la media comunitaria), aunque, aparentemente, esta integración no haya influido de modo decisivo en sus transformaciones estructurales.
China's Economic Diplomacy and Sino-EU Relations
Authors:   College of Europe, Men Jing
Published: February 2025

Economic cooperation and trade relations are the cornerstones in EU-China relations. For several decades, their cooperation in economy and trade developed much more rapidly than their political relations. Dialogue at different levels covering a broad range of issues help institutionalize bilateral ties, regularize bilateral exchange and strengthen communication and mutual understanding. The EU stays as China’s largest trading partner and China the EU’s second largest trading partner. Economic diplomacy serves as an important part in Sino-EU relations. Yet, in recent years, along with China’s rise and the euro crisis, there are new challenges to bilateral economic and trade relations. China’s economic diplomacy needs to be revised in order to deal with the changes and meet the challenges. This paper will be composed of the following parts: after a review of EU-China relations, it will define China’s economic diplomacy and its features and analyse four cases of China’s economic diplomacy in its relations with the EU. In the conclusion, it will examine the challenges for the partnership.
Simulación de los efectos de la Estrategia 2015 en la financiación de la Universidad
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Gil Izquierdo María , de Pablos Escobar Laura ,   Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Published: February 2025

El principal objetivo es la evaluación ex ante de los efectos distributivos que podrían producirse por efecto de la introducción de los cambios propuestos en la Estrategia 2015 en el sistema de financiación de la educación universitaria en España. Para ello se propone la utilización de técnicas de microsimulación en el ámbito las políticas públicas de gasto, siguiendo una línea de investigación consolidada por el lado de los ingresos públicos, y emergente en el caso de las políticas de gasto, sobre todo en el caso español. Concretamente, se analiza el impacto de posibles incrementos en los precios públicos, fundamentalmente en segundas y terceras matrículas, y cambios en la política de becas, incrementando la cobertura y las cuantías percibidas por los becarios, por una parte, e incorporando penalizaciones más elevadas a los estudiantes que no muestren el progreso adecuado, por otra.
La crisis bancaria y de deuda soberana en España: orígenes e interrelaciones
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Berges Ángel , Ontiveros Emilio ,   Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Valero Francisco J. ,   Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Published: February 2025

España e Irlanda son los dos países más paradigmáticos en cuanto al proceso de autoalimentación mutua entre la crisis bancaria y la de deuda soberana. Ese proceso se inicia con la constatación de unos sistemas bancarios muy debilitados y necesitados de reforzamiento desde el sector público. El apoyo del sector público, tanto explícito como implícito, deteriora la calidad crediticia de éste, que acuciado por los mercados se ve obligado a asumir políticas de austeridad que agravan todavía más la recesión, y el deterioro de los bancos. Estos, a su vez, dejan de cumplir la función de financiación a la economía, añadiendo un nuevo eslabón a la cadena de interdependencias, que será tanto más intensa cuanto mayor sea el peso de los bancos en el sistema financiero.
Can Relationship Banking Survive the Spanish Economic Crisis?
Authors:   University of Leeds, Dymski Gary A.
Published: February 2025

This paper shows that the global financial and economic crisis has jeopardized the viability of relationship banking in Spain, and threatens to undercut this key element in the national structure of productive financial intermediation. The capacity of the Spanish banking system to provide relationship-banking services, which was threatened even before the crisis, is now compromised by four mutually-reinforcing forces: a tendency for credit flows to be higher in central regions and lower in peripheral ones; the shift of liquidity to central regions in financialcrisis periods; the asymmetric protection offered to the large financial intermediaries that are least proficient at (or interested in) spatially-distributed relationship banking; and the forced recapitalization of Spanish banks, which selects against small and outlying banks and requires increased minimum operating scale. These four forces constitute a quadruple ratchet effect, reinforcing the centralization of credit flows while reducing relationship-banking intermediation capacities in peripheral regions and lower-income areas.
Financiarización y crisis económica: ¿Puede pasar de nuevo?
Authors:   Universidad del País Vasco, Ferreiro Aparicio Jesús , Gómez Vega Carmen ,   Universidad del País Vasco
Published: February 2025

Numerosos trabajos señalan el papel central jugado por el proceso de financiarización en el estallido de la Crisis Financiera Global y de la posterior Gran Recesión. Los efectos negativos de un tamaño excesivo de las finanzas plantean la necesidad de un proceso de de-financiarización que reduzca el tamaño de los activos y pasivos financieros. El estudio de los balances financieros de los países miembros de la Unión Europea desde el año 2007 muestra, sin embargo, que este proceso de de-financiarización no se ha producido en la inmensa mayoría de países europeos, lo que abre la posibilidad de una nueva crisis financiera sistémica a corto y medio plazo.
De las nuevas formas de globalización comercial a la crisis de su gobernanza: una perspectiva europea
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Steinberg Federico
Published: February 2025

Tanto la naturaleza del comercio internacional como su regulación han cambiado mucho en los últimos años. Los intercambios internacionales se estructuran cada vez más en cadenas de valor, mientras va ganando preeminencia el comercio de servicios. Todo ello desnacionaliza el concepto clásico de la ventaja comparativa y generan nuevos ganadores y perdedores. Al mismo tiempo, las crecientes tensiones proteccionistas, traducidas ya en algunos casos en guerras comerciales, están erosionando los marcos multilaterales de gobernanza del comercio internacional. En este nuevo contexto, la Unión Europea se está viendo obligada a redefinir su estrategia comercial, tanto a nivel multilateral como bilateral.
El futuro de la Unión Europea en el mundo. Una visión desde Euskadi
Authors:   Universidad del País Vasco, Bengoetxea Caballero Joxerramon
Published: February 2025

Dentro del enfoque sobre «internacionalización» abordamos, desde Euskadi, el futuro de la Unión Europea (UE) en el mundo. Las prognosis del futuro comportan serias dificultades, máxime cuando el escenario es global. La metodología a duras penas podrá basarse sobre datos e indicadores, salvo las proyecciones elaboradas gracias a un estudio de la evolución histórica. La propuesta de evaluación y de prognosis es necesariamente normativa, basada en los valores que defendemos en Euskadi y en Europa. Se identifican varios retos principales, los cuales se pueden relacionar con documentos estratégicos de la ONU y la UE, y estos retos se ubican seguidamente en relación con los identificados en la Agenda de Internacionalización Euskadi Basque Country, que se analizan críticamente, para concluir con una propuesta orientada a la sostenibilidad de nuestro modelo social solidario y cooperativo y de nuestro autogobierno como Pueblo.
Economic governance in the Basque Country: balancing continuity and novelty
Authors:   Cardiff University, Morgan Kevin , Navarro Mikel ,   Orkestra, Valdaliso Jesús M. ,   Universidad del País Vasco
Published: February 2025

From the theoretical perspective of experimental governance and in the context of increasing asymmetric decentralization experienced worldwide, this article analyses the current system of economic governance of the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC) and the challenges for the near future. The article first deals with the distribution of powers and coordination mechanisms between the BAC, the Spanish State and the European Union, on the one hand, and within the BAC, between the Basque government, the three provincial councils and the municipalities; and then, examines the governance of RIS3 transformative strategies from 2013 onwards. The Basque case shows an adequate balance between continuity and novelty, both in the public policies and in the system and mechanisms of governance and coordination. However, the BAC should urgently address two big challenges: the weakness of non-technological innovation and the full incorporation of key agents, particularly universities and cities, to the governance house.
La cooperación y la empresa vasca del futuro. Organizaciones éticas y nuevas relaciones entre actores
Authors:   Consejo de Relaciones Laborales, Arrieta Heras Tomás
Published: February 2025

El presente artículo trata de identificar algunas de las bases esenciales para una reflexión abierta sobre modelos de empresa y de relaciones laborales más cooperativos. Nuevos contextos para el diálogo y la negociación junto a nuevas transacciones entre agentes que, superando o moderando la lógica confrontativa clásica del modelo imperante, aporten elementos para reforzar la competitividad y la sostenibilidad de las empresas vascas a partir del incremento de la cualificación de las personas y de su implicación progresiva en los proyectos empresariales. Un objetivo que debe ser compatible, en todo caso, con la garantía de la cohesión social en un marco de gobernanza que prime las interacciones entre agentes sociales y políticos y la colaboración público-privada.
La distribución de la renta en Euskadi cuatro años después de la Gran Recesión
Authors:   Gobierno Vasco, Iruarrizaga Ricardo , Colinas José Angel ,   Gobierno Vasco
Published: February 2025

Este trabajo analiza la evolución de la desigualdad de rentas en Euskadi durante la reciente Gran Recesión de 2008 y la nueva fase de crecimiento económico que dio inicio en 2014 y que cinco años más tarde presenta ya claros síntomas de desaceleración. Para ello, la fuente fundamental utilizada es la base de datos de la Encuesta de Pobreza y Desigualdades Sociales (EPDS) que realiza el epartamento de Empleo y Políticas Sociales del Gobierno Vasco, una de las estadísticas públicas sobre condiciones de vida más antiguas de Europa. En primer lugar, se examina el impacto de la crisis sobre el nivel de renta y su distribución y si la recuperación del pulso económico es socialmente sostenible, esto es, si el crecimiento está siendo inclusivo, identificando los factores de desigualdad. A continuación, se da cuenta de los componentes de la renta, de los cambios en su importancia y distribución y del efecto igualador de las transferencias públicas monetarias y del sistema tributario, prestando especial atención a los instrumentos sobre los que Euskadi tiene competencias. Por último, dado que la principal fuente de ingresos de la población es el trabajo, se aborda el análisis de la desigualdad laboral desde las perspectivas generacional y de género.
Las desigualdades en salud y la transformación del sistema sanitario vasco
Authors:   Universidad de Deusto, Nuño Solinís Roberto
Published: February 2025

Este artículo aborda la cuestión de las desigualdades en salud dentro de una visión amplia del devenir del sistema sanitario de Euskadi y de las respuestas dadas a los retos existentes fruto del cambio del perfil demográfico, social y epidemiológico. Para el diagnóstico y análisis de situación, se ha enmarcado la sanidad vasca dentro del Sistema Nacional de Salud español, cuyos principios esenciales comparte. Se muestra cómo el impacto de la Gran Recesión en la salud de la población vasca ha sido limitado y tiene, sin duda, causas multifactoriales, pero no puede desdeñarse el efecto de la respuesta instituciona la la crisis, caracterizada por medidas de austeridad muy tasadas, políticas expresas para compensar el efecto de medidas de recorte del Gobierno central (cambios en copagos y la eliminación de cobertura sanitaria a inmigrantes no regulares, énfasis en la transformación organizativa e innovación tecnológica). De esas iniciativas estratégicas transformadoras ha ido emergiendo un modelo integrado, centrado en el paciente, orientado a la creación de valor y con un enfoque en salud poblacional. Las evaluaciones preliminares del mismo muestran buenos resultados, lo cual ha hecho que el modelo de prestación de la sanidad pública vasca sea un referente internacional.
La Ordenación del Territorio en Euskadi. Evaluación de la década transcurrida y retos para la siguiente
Authors:   Universidad del País Vasco, Lozano Valencia Pedro José
Published: February 2025

El artículo evalúa la evolución de la Ordenación del Territorio en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca en los últimos diez años. Esta etapa ha sido fundamental para el desarrollo de la gran mayoría de los Planes Territoriales Parciales y los Planes Territoriales Sectoriales. Muchos de ellos comenzaron la última década en fase de desarrollo y en la actualidad cuentan con su aprobación definitiva. Por su parte, el máximo exponente y documento aglutinador de todas estas políticas, las Directrices de Ordenación Territorial, han sido revisadas y aprobadas definitivamente por segunda vez, después de haber agotado su primer ciclo. Es oportuno analizar el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos planteados, así como la consecución o desarrollo de cada una de las figuras de planificación antes referidas. Para finalizar, se aborda una profunda reflexión sobre lo que dicha política ha aportado a la sociedad y el territorio del País Vasco y los retos de futuro, que pasan por el paradigma de la crisis y la necesaria sostenibilidad y equidad territorial.
Sostenibilidad de la economía vasca tras la Gran Recesión: balance y principales retos
Authors:   Universidad del País Vasco, Ansuategi Cobo Alberto
Published: February 2025

El objetivo del presente artículo es evaluar el efecto que la Gran Recesión de 2008 ha tenido en la transformación de la economía vasca hacia una economía más competitiva, baja en carbono y más eficiente en el uso de los recursos. Para ello se analiza la evolución de la conciencia ambiental de la ciudadanía, del gasto en protección ambiental, de la ambición de las políticas ambientales, energéticas y climáticas y de los principales indicadores de calidad ambiental en Euskadi durante la última década. A partir de dicho balance se concluye que los principales retos y ejes estratégicos a futuro son tres. En primer lugar, el reforzamiento de la conciencia ambiental y la participación de la ciudadanía vasca en la planificación de la protección ambiental. En segundo lugar, la oportunidad de impulsar políticas fiscales y de precios con una perspectiva a largo plazo para guiar el comportamiento de los agentes y reasignar recursos a fin de alcanzar objetivos ambientales y aumentar el crecimiento económico y el bienestar social. Finalmente, la necesidad de garantizar que la transición ambiental de la economía vasca sea equitativa y especialmente justa con los sectores más vulnerables de la sociedad.
PHÁT TRIỂN KĨ NĂNG TRANH BIỆN CHO HỌC SINH CÁC TRƯỜNG DÂN TỘC NỘI TRÚ TRONG DẠY HỌC NÓI VÀ NGHE THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH, SÁCH GIÁO KHOA NGỮ VĂN TRUNG HỌC CƠ SỞ
Authors: Nguyễn Thị Hoa Nguyễn Thị Hoa , Trương Thị Hợp , Nguyễn Thị Huyền Diệu , Lê Thùy Linh , Bùi Thị Ngọc Mai
Published: February 2025

Phát triển kỹ năng tranh biện cho học sinh là một vấn đề quan trọng và cần thiết trong giai đoạn hiện nay. Phát triển kĩ năng tranh biện, học sinh có thể nâng cao khả năng phản biện, sáng tạo, biết giải quyết vấn đề đa chiều. Dạy học nói và nghe có tiềm năng lớn trong việc phát triển kĩ năng này. Tuy nhiên, kĩ năng tranh biện của HS các trường trung học cơ sở Dân tộc nội trú trên địa bàn tỉnh Thanh Hóa còn nhiều hạn chế. Xuất phát từ thực trạng đó, chúng tôi đề xuất một số biện pháp nhằm phát triển kỹ năng tranh biện cho HS trong dạy học nói và nghe, đáp ứng mục tiêu đổi mới giáo dục, phù hợp với bối cảnh hội nhập của thời đại.