bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conserved versus innovative features in animal body organization
Authors: Minelli Alessandro , Fusco Giuseppe
Published: May 2005

The origin of evolutionary novelties is a central topic in evolutionary developmental biology (evo–devo) studies. In any new feature, there is a conserved component that is either structural or related to the underlying genetic control, but it is not always obvious what is really new and what is conserved. Nevertheless, disentangling this blending of old and new features is basic to understanding mechanisms of evolutionary change. The origin of arthropod appendages illustrates the complexity in tracing the origin of evolutionary novelties. At the base of the lineage, the main body axis was already segmented and antero‐posteriorly patterned, and the genetic tool kit required to form lateral outgrowths was already available. The novelty was possibly the developmental decision to “read” the available axial information and to exploit it for differentiating segmentally patterned and axially segmented appendages. Some important novelties bridge the gap between what have been traditionally distinguished as systemic and local changes. For example, the origin of the body cavities evolved by several animal groups may have been initiated by simple changes in cell‐to‐cell adhesive properties. Any possible change in an existing ontogenetic pathway has the potential to generate novelties.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute ischemic cardiac dysfunction is attenuated via gene transfer of a peptide inhibitor of the β‐adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK1)
Authors: Tevaearai Hendrik T. , Brant Walton G. , Keys Janelle R. , Koch Walter J. , Eckhart Andrea D.
Published: May 2005

Acute myocardial ischemia is a critical adverse effect potentially occurring during cardiac procedures. A peptide inhibitor of the β‐adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK1), βARKct, has been successful in rescuing chronic myocardial ischemia. The present study focused on the effects of adenoviral‐mediated βARKct (Adv‐βARKct) delivery on left ventricle (LV) dysfunction induced by acute coronary occlusion. Rabbits received intracoronary delivery of phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) (n = 9) or 5 × 1011 viral particles of βARKct (n = 8). A loose prolene 5‐0 Potz‐loop suture was placed around the circumflex coronary artery (LCx) with both ends buried under the skin. Four days later, the suture was retrieved and pulled to occlude the LCx. Ischemia was confirmed by immediate ECG changes. LV function was continuously recorded for 45 min. Contractility (LVdP/dtmax), relaxation (LVdP/dtmin) and end diastolic pressure (EDP) were less impaired in the βARKct group as compared to PBS (P < 0.05, two‐way ANOVA). βAR density was higher in the ischemic area of the LV in the βARKct group (βARKct: 71.9 ± 4.6 fmol/mg protein, PBS: 54.5 ± 4.0 fmol/mg protein, P < 0.05). Adenylyl cyclase activity was also improved basally and in response to βAR stimulation. βARK1 activation was less in the βARKct group (P < 0.05). Therefore, inhibition of myocardial βARK1 may represent a new strategy to prevent LV dysfunction induced by acute coronary ischemia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural adhesion molecules L1 and CHL1 are survival factors for motoneurons
Authors: Nishimune H. , Bernreuther C. , Carroll P. , Chen S. , Schachner M. , Henderson C.E.
Published: May 2005

Many neurotrophic factors with survival activity for motoneurons in vivo were first identified using cultures of purified embryonic motoneurons. The L1 neural cell adhesion molecule has multiple roles in brain development. We showed by in situ hybridization and RT‐PCR that L1 mRNA was expressed at significant levels in motoneurons of embryonic and postnatal spinal cord. We therefore cultured purified motoneurons from E14 rat embryos in the absence of trophic factors but with L1‐Fc and CHL1‐Fc fusion proteins. L1‐Fc prevented the death of approximately half of the motoneurons that were saved by BDNF in a dose‐dependent manner (EC50 = 10 pM). CHL1‐Fc saved the same number of motoneurons as did L1‐Fc, whereas P0‐Fc had little neurotrophic activity at the same concentrations. Survival induced by L1 and CHL1 was completely inhibited by 20 μM LY294002 and PD98059, indicating that both MEK and PI3K pathways are required for signaling by these molecules. L1 can signal in other cell types through the FGF receptor FGFR1. In cultures of motoneurons, effects of suboptimal concentrations of L1 and suboptimal concentrations of FGF‐2 were additive, but the effects of optimal concentrations of FGF‐2 (50 ng/ml) were not further increased in the presence of L1‐Fc. Thus, in this system, too, FGF and L1 may use similar signaling pathways. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutritive value of the larvae of raphia palm beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) and weevil (Rhyncophorus pheonicis)
Authors: Onyeike Eugene N , Ayalogu Edward O , Okaraonye Catherine C
Published: May 2005

The proximate nutrient composition, energy value, mineral concentrations, amino acid composition and chemical score of the larvae of raphia palm beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) and weevil (Rhyncophorus pheonicis) were evaluated. Values of moisture, ash and crude protein were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in O rhinoceros than in R pheonicis while the reverse was the case for the values of crude fat, total carbohydrate and energy content. The crude protein content of both samples was high, with a value of 42.3 ± 0.84% for the palm beetle and 31.6 ± 0.59% for palm weevil, while crude fat was high (17.3 ± 1.2%) in palm weevil and very low (0.55 ± 0.10%) in palm beetle. The calorific value in kcal 100 g−1 sample was 425 in R pheonicis and was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the value of 285 in O rhinoceros, due to a relatively higher crude fat and total carbohydrate in the former compared with the latter. The mineral concentrations were high and differed for all the elements, with O rhinoceros having the higher level of many of the mineral elements (calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese, iron and phosphorus) compared with R pheonicis, consistent with a significantly higher (p < 0.05) ash content of 12.7 ± 0.81% in O rhinoceros against the value of 4.2 ± 0.45% ash in R pheonicis. The amino acid profile showed both samples to be good sources of essential and non‐essential amino acids including cysteine and methionine, both of which contain sulfur. Valine, which had the lowest chemical score of 51.2%, was the most limiting amino acid for protein quality in both O rhinoceros and R pheonicis. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of dietary supplementation of cysteamine on growth performance, carcass quality, serum hormones and gastric ulcer in finishing pigs
Authors: Yang Cheng‐Bo , Li Ai‐Ke , Yin Yu‐Long , Huang Rui‐Lin , Li Tie‐Jun , Li Li‐Li , Liao Yi‐Ping , Deng Zey‐Yan , Zhang Jun , Wang Bin , Zhang Young‐Gang , Yang Xiaojian , Peng Jian , Fan Ming Z
Published: May 2005

A study was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of dietary inclusion of a cysteamine (Cs) preparation on growth performance, carcass quality, plasma hormone levels, gastric pH and occurrence of gastric ulcer in finishing pigs. A total of 384 Landrace × Large White finishing pigs, (192 gilts and 192 barrows) with an average initial body weight of 66.05 ± 0.623 kg (mean ± SEM) were randomly divided into 24 floor pens, with eight gilts and eight barrows in each pen (9.2 m2) as one experimental unit. The 24 pens of pigs were randomly allocated to one of three diets: (1) a maize/soybean meal basal diet; (2) the basal diet plus 30 mg Cs kg−1 diet; and (3) the basal diet plus 50 mg Cs kg−1 diet. Dietary supplementation of Cs had quadratic effects (P < 0.01) on final body weight and average daily gain, with optimal responses occurring at 30 mg kg−1. Dietary supplementation of Cs quadratically improved (P < 0.01) average daily feed intake and feed/gain ratio, with optimal responses occurring at 30 mg kg−1. Dietary supplementation of Cs had a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on muscle RNA/DNA ratio. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of Cs reduced (P < 0.05) back‐fat thickness. Dietary supplementation of Cs had quadratic effects (P < 0.05) on plasma glucagon and T3 hormone levels, with optimal responses occurring at 30 mg kg−1, but had no effect (P > 0.05) on plasma growth hormone, insulin and T4 levels. There were no apparent pathological changes seen in the stomach mucosa of pigs fed at 30 mg Cs kg−1 compared with the control diet. It is concluded that a low dose of dietary inclusion of Cs at 30 mg kg−1 can improve growth performance and carcass quality without adverse effects on the stomach in finishing pigs. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on the eating quality of rice
Authors: Terao Tomio , Miura Shu , Yanagihara Tetsuji , Hirose Tatsuro , Nagata Kenji , Tabuchi Hiroaki , Kim Han‐Yong , Lieffering Mark , Okada Masumi , Kobayashi Kazuhiko
Published: May 2005

Rice plants (Oryza sativa L cv Akitakomachi) were grown under free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) in farmers' fields in Shizukuishi, Iwate, Japan during 1999 and 2000. The grains were harvested and subsequently analyzed for protein and amylose contents as well as the traits related to cooked‐rice viscosity. The cooked rice was also subjected to sensory evaluation. The protein content of rice grains grown under elevated CO2 was significantly lower than that of rice grown under ambient conditions. In addition, CO2 enrichment increased the whiteness of the grains in both brown and milled rice and reduced their surface hardness. Although the amylose content of rice grains was unaffected, starch pasting properties demonstrated that rice grains in elevated CO2 had higher maximum viscosity and breakdown than those grown in ambient conditions. Sensory evaluation of cooked rice with respect to umami (deliciousness), appearance, aroma, hardness, stickiness and overall palatability index indicated that the sensory properties were not significantly altered by the CO2 enrichment treatment. Therefore, we conclude that the growth of the rice cultivar Akitakomachi under elevated CO2 concentration decreased the protein content, but did not change the palatability to a level that may be detected by sensory taste panel evaluation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical and biological modification of cynaropicrin and grosheimin: a structure–bitterness relationship study
Authors: Cravotto Giancarlo , Nano Gian Mario , Binello Arianna , Spagliardi Paola , Seu Gianfranco
Published: May 2005

This work is part of a plan to investigate the structure–bitterness relationship in sesquiterpene lactones of dietary origin. The major guaianolides from artichoke (Cynara scolimus L) were chosen for this study because of their exceedingly bitter taste and well‐proven safety at concentrations currently employed in alcoholic beverages. Moreover they are available from horticultural left‐overs and amenable to a wide range of chemical modifications. We isolated cynaropicrin and grosheimin from artichoke leaves and used either chemical modification or bioconversion by basidiomycetes to prepare a number of derivatives which were submitted to a panel test for sensory evaluation. Bitterness variations appeared to be related to changes in molecule polarity. Bitter taste was markedly abated by either the loss of exomethylenes or the opening of the lactone ring. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro fermentation kinetics of carbohydrate fractions of fresh forage, silage and hay of Avena sativa
Authors: Calabrò Serena , Cutrignelli Monica I , Bovera Fulvia , Piccolo Giovanni , Infascelli Federico
Published: May 2005

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of preservation methods on the fermentation kinetics of carbohydrate fractions of fresh forage, hay and silage of oats, which have been harvested at the milky stage of grain ripening. Samples of unfractionated forage (WF), residue insoluble in 90% ethanol (EIR) and isolated neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were fermented in vitro and the gas production was monitored. To obtain the gas production and fermentation kinetics of the ethanol‐soluble fraction (A fraction) the gas produced from the EIR fermentation was subtracted from the WF gas at each time point. The same approach was used to obtain the gas production and fermentation kinetics of the fraction insoluble in 90% ethanol but soluble in neutral detergent solution (B1 fraction), by subtracting the isolated NDF gas curve from the corresponding EIR curve. The fractional maximum rate of gas production (RM) was lower for both preserved forages (p < 0.01 for silage; p < 0.05 for hay) than for fresh forage. Ensiling did not change the size of the A fraction but reduced by 40% its RM (p < 0.01) compared with fresh forage. The potential gas production from the B1 fraction and its RM were reduced by 19% (p < 0.01) and 44% (p < 0.05), respectively. RM of both A and B1 fractions was the same for hay and fresh forage. The curve subtraction technique may be used to obtain an estimation of the rate for neutral detergent‐soluble fractions and to determine changes due to ensiling and haymaking on the rate of gas produced. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical and biochemical changes of pumpkin (Cucumis moschata, Duch) tissue in relation to osmotic stress
Authors: de Escalada Pla Marina F , Ponce Nora M , Wider María E , Stortz Carlos A , Rojas Ana M , Gerschenson Lía N
Published: May 2005

Chemical and biochemical changes of pumpkin (Cucumis moschata, Duch) tissue in relation to osmotic stress were studied and related to tissue textural behavior. Turgor pressure of raw tissue was adjusted by immersion in hypotonic (0.0 mol m−3), isotonic (250 mol m−3) and plasmolyzing (1050 mol m−3) buffered (20 mol m−3 potassium phosphate, pH 6.8) solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG). It was found that a substantial proportion of polysaccharides located in the cell wall (CW)–middle lamellae (ML) of studied tissue was water extractable. This proportion decreased when CW‐stretch increased. Ionically bound peroxidase (POX) presented an increased activity in swollen and isotonic tissue, probably associated to oxidative cross‐linking of extensin located in the CW of this tissue, as a response to stress promoted by cut, immersion and turgor pressure change. The resistance of CW to elongation when equilibrated in hypotonic medium, might be ascribed to reinforcement of the CW by the oxidative cross‐linking of extensin, with simultaneous formation of pectin‐in‐extensin entanglements. Plasmolyzed tissue where CW is relaxed, showed pectin–rhamnogalacturonan degradation. The water‐soluble fraction (WSF) was shown to be a negative function of CW stretching and infinite force of relaxation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of slope exposure, altitude and yield on coffee quality in two altitude terroirs of Costa Rica, Orosi and Santa María de Dota
Authors: Avelino Jacques , Barboza Bernardo , Araya Juan Carlos , Fonseca Carlos , Davrieux Fabrice , Guyot Bernard , Cilas Christian
Published: May 2005

This study assessed the effects of slope exposure, altitude and yield on several cup quality criteria of coffees from two altitude terroirs of Costa Rica, Orosi (between 1020 and 1250 m above sea level) and Santa María de Dota (between 1550 and 1780 m above sea level). East‐facing slopes gave beverages with generally superior attributes, probably owing to better exposure to morning sunlight. These beverages were mainly more acid: at Orosi an acidity score of 2.73 out of 5 was obtained (3.64 for Santa María de Dota) for eastern exposures, as opposed to 2.36 on average (3.28 for Santa María de Dota) for other exposures. In addition, a positive relation was found between altitude and taster preferences in both terroirs. A negative relation was also found between yield and beverage acidity at Santa María de Dota, where some coffee trees produced up to 13 kg of coffee cherry. Coffees from Orosi were characterised by a floral flavour, which depended on slope exposure, whilst coffees from Santa María de Dota displayed a chocolate taste, which was more marked at high altitude. In both terroirs the caffeine, trigonelline, fat, sucrose and chlorogenic acid contents were not well correlated with the sensory characteristics. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Robust capacity planning in semiconductor manufacturing
Authors: Barahona Francisco , Bermon Stuart , Günlük Oktay , Hood Sarah
Published: May 2005

We present a stochastic programming approach to capacity planning under demand uncertainty in semiconductor manufacturing. Given multiple demand scenarios together with associated probabilities, our aim is to identify a set of tools that is a good compromise for all these scenarios. More precisely, we formulate a mixed‐integer program in which expected value of the unmet demand is minimized subject to capacity and budget constraints. This is a difficult two‐stage stochastic mixed‐integer program which cannot be solved to optimality in a reasonable amount of time. We instead propose a heuristic that can produce near‐optimal solutions. Our heuristic strengthens the linear programming relaxation of the formulation with cutting planes and performs limited enumeration. Analyses of the results in some real‐life situations are also presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
Algebraic multigrid and algebraic multilevel methods: a theoretical comparison
Authors: Notay Y.
Published: May 2005

We consider algebraic methods of the two‐level type for the iterative solution of large sparse linear systems. We assume that a fine/coarse partitioning and an algebraic interpolation have been defined in one way or another, and review different schemes that may be built with these ingredients. This includes algebraic multigrid (AMG) schemes, two‐level approximate block factorizations, and several methods that exploit generalized hierarchical bases. We develop their theoretical analysis in a unified way, gathering some known results, rewriting some other and stating some new. This includes lower bounds, that is, we do not only investigate sufficient conditions of convergence, but also look at necessary conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superlinear convergence in minimum residual iterations
Authors: Kaporin I.
Published: May 2005

The superlinear convergence of minimum residual‐type methods for solving systems of linear equations with diagonalizable non‐singular unsymmetric matrix is estimated using a special conditioning measure. For the construction of the latter, the distance from the spectrum of the matrix to the origin and the Frobenius distance between the matrix and the identity is used. Asymptotical exactness of the presented result is discussed theoretically and illustrated numerically. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐level multigrid analysis for the convection–diffusion equation discretized by a discontinuous Galerkin method
Authors: van Raalte M. H. , Hemker P. W.
Published: May 2005

In this paper, we study a multigrid (MG) method for the solution of a linear one‐dimensional convection–diffusion equation that is discretized by a discontinuous Galerkin method. In particular we study the convection‐dominated case when the perturbation parameter, i.e. the inverse cell‐Reynolds‐number, is smaller than the finest mesh size.

We show that, if the diffusion term is discretized by the non‐symmetric interior penalty method (NIPG) with feasible penalty term, multigrid is sufficient to solve the convection–diffusion or the convection‐dominated equation. Then, independent of the mesh‐size, simple MG cycles with symmetric Gauss–Seidel smoothing give an error reduction factor of 0.2–0.3 per iteration sweep.

Without penalty term, for the Baumann–Oden (BO) method we find that only a robust (i.e. cell‐Reynolds‐number uniform) two‐level error‐reduction factor (0.4) is found if the point‐wise block‐Jacobi smoother is used. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical time schemes for an ocean‐related system of PDEs
Authors: Petcu M. , Rousseau A.
Published: May 2005

In this article we consider a system of equations related to the δ‐primitive equations of the ocean and the atmosphere, linearized around a stratified flow, and we supplement the equations with transparent boundary conditions. We study the stability of different numerical schemes and we show that for each case, letting the vertical viscosity δ go to 0, the stability conditions are the same as the classical CFL conditions for the transport equation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Kinetics of solvent responsiveness in poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels of different morphology
Authors: Pastoriza Alejandra , Pacios Isabel E , Piérola Inés F
Published: May 2005

Crosslinked poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) hydrogel samples were synthesized with various total comonomer concentrations and crosslinker ratios in the reacting mixture, and at two different temperatures: room temperature and the boiling point of the reacting mixture, about 80 °C. During gelation of samples prepared at the higher temperature, the bubbles of the boiling system were trapped in positions homogeneously distributed, and post‐gel reactions fixed them. These samples were macroporous, showing about three times the swelling capacity of conventional hydrogels synthesized at room temperature with the same composition. Both types of hydrogel swollen at equilibrium in water deswelled exponentially with time when they were immersed in acetone or dioxane. The rate of shrinking was higher for macroporous than for conventional samples and it was smaller in dioxane, the solvent with higher viscosity (η), although there was no proportionality to the solvent fluidity, η−1. The morphology, which was in the scale of micrometres (as revealed by scanning electron microscopy), played a minor role in the shrinking rates of both types of gels. The excess swelling and the faster solvent response of macroporous gels were ascribed to the store and draining capacity of macropores at the millimetre scale. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of a novel quaternary ammonium tetraphenylborate salt and its use for photo‐induced thermal curing of epoxides and radical polymerization of acrylates
Authors: Yu Xueya , Chen Jia , Yang Jianwen , Zeng Zhaohua , Chen Yonglie
Published: May 2005

A novel photoinitiator, quaternary ammonium tetraphenylborate salt bearing 4‐(4′‐benzoylphenyl)‐acetophenone (BPPAPG), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis 1H NMR and IR. The photochemistry and photophysics of BPPAPG were investigated by UV spectroscopy. The formation of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane in the photolysis of BPPAPG was ascertained by mass spectrometry. The photoinitiation reactivity of BPPAPG was studied and the results showed that it possessed two sorts of initiation properties, ie thermal curing of the epoxy resin EPON827 and free radical polymerization of acrylates such as trimethylolpropane triacrylate. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessment of Clar's aromatic π‐sextet rule by means of PDI, NICS and HOMA indicators of local aromaticity
Authors: Portella Guillem , Poater Jordi , Solà Miquel
Published: May 2005

The local aromaticity of a series of benzenoid systems was determined through the use of structurally (HOMA) and magnetically (NICS) based measures, and also by using a new electronically based indicator of aromaticity, thepara‐delocalization index (PDI). The results were compared with the predictions of Clar's aromatic π‐sextet rule. It is found that, for all analyzed benzenoid hydrocarbons having a single Clar structure, local aromaticity orderings of the different six‐membered rings given by all descriptors of aromaticity tested are identical and in agreement with Clar's aromatic π‐sextet rule. For benzenoid species that are described by a superposition of Clar structures, HOMA and PDI indices provide local aromaticity values that are totally consistent with Clar's rule, whereas NICS results deviate somewhat from the estimations based on this model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of polysilaethers containing moiety SiH bonds in the side chain
Authors: Cui Mengzhong , Li Zhuyun , Xi Jingyu , Zheng Sixun , Tang Xiaozhen
Published: May 2005

A synthetic route to polysilaethers containing moiety SiH bonds in the side chain (PSEMH) is reported that allows access to hitherto inaccessible oxygen‐interrupt polysilanes. By a Wurtz reductive coupling reaction, an equimolar ratio of dichloromethylsilane to alkali metal yields dichlorodisilane. The alcoholysis of Wurtz coupling resultants is in situ performed, and the polycondensation of hydrolysis occurs simultaneously in the presence of a small amount of N,N‐(dimethylamino)pyridine. The linear polymer is monomodal PSEMH with molecular weights as high as 24,900. The ultraviolet absorption at 292 nm is due to the interactions of the σ(SiSi) orbital electron delocalization and the pπ(O)–σ*π(SiO) delocalization along the (SiSiO)n skeleton. It is redshifted in comparison with those of permethyl polysilaethers analogues and blueshifted in comparison with those of poly(dialkylsilane)s. The fluorescence emissions of the polysilaethers containing moiety SiH bonds in the side chain are in a narrow range of 300–400 nm. SiH bonds in polysilaethers play an important role in hydrosilylation reactions. The polysilaethers containing moiety SiH bonds in the side chains can be used as the starting point for further functionalization via hydrosilylation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2476–2482, 2005
Octa(maleimido phenyl) silsesquioxane copolymers
Authors: Krishnan P. Santhana Gopala , He Chaobin
Published: May 2005

Octa(maleimido phenyl) silsesquioxane (OMPS) was prepared from octa(aminophenyl) silsesquioxane (OAPS) and maleic anhydride. Initially, octaphenyl silsesquioxane was prepared, and it was nitrated to obtain octa(nitrophenyl) silsesquioxane; subsequently, reduction was carried out to obtain OAPS. These compounds were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. Differential scanning calorimetry scans of OMPS showed an exotherm above 100 °C, and it was attributed to the curing. The peak maximum temperature depended on the heating rate. Both Ozawa's and Kissinger's methods were used to determine the activation energy for the curing reaction, which was approximately 29 kcal/mol. OMPS was copolymerized with various molar percentages of (1) N,N′‐p‐phenylenedimaleimide (PPMI) and (2) urethane methacrylate (UMA) by thermal and free‐radical polymerization, respectively. The copolymers were characterized with differential scanning calorimetry, dielectric analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. In the PPMI and UMA copolymer series, the glass‐transition temperature increased with an increase in the OMPS concentration. The permittivity of the UMA copolymers decreased and tan δ increased with an increase in the OMPS concentration. In air and nitrogen atmospheres, the thermal stability of the PPMI and UMA copolymers increased with an increase in the OMPS concentration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2483–2494, 2005
Synthesis of a highly transparent poly(o‐hydroxyamide) in the i‐line region and its application to photosensitive polymers
Authors: Toyokawa Fumihiro , Fukukawa Ken‐Ichi , Shibasaki Yuji , Ando Shinji , Ueda Mitsuru
Published: May 2005

A novel poly(σ‐hydroxyamide) (PHA) based photosensitive polymer that exhibits high transparency at 365 nm wavelength (i‐line) has been developed. Time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations using the B3LYP hybrid functional were performed to predict the transparencies of various hydroxyamides in the i‐line region. Based on the calculations, 4,4′‐sulfonylbis(σ‐aminophenol) (SAP) was prepared and polymerized with 4,4′‐oxybis(benzoyl chloride) (OBBC), and the resulting PHA, which is abbreviated as PHA‐S, showed a high transparency comparable to that of PHA derived from 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(σ‐aminophenol). Positive‐type photosensitive PHA was then formulated based on PHA‐S with a crosslinker 1,3,5‐tris[(2‐vinyloxy)ethoxy]benzene (TVEB) and a photoacid generator (5‐propylsulfonyloxyimino‐5H‐thiophen‐2‐ylidene)‐2‐(methylphenyl)acetonitrile (PTMA) (17:3:1 in weight ratio), and demonstrated photosensitivity and contrast of 14 mJ/cm2 and 2.7, respectively, when the resist film was prebaked at 120 °C for 5 min, irradiated by i‐line, post exposure baked at 120 °C for 5 min, developed with an 2.38 wt% TMAH solution for 5 s. A clear positive image featuring 10‐μm line‐and‐space was also printed in a film which was exposed to 50 mJ/cm2 of i‐line by contact‐printing. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2527–2535, 2005
Effects of Electrode Positioning on the Atmospheric‐Pressure DBD Plasma Torch
Authors: Kuwabara Atsushi , Kuroda Shin‐ichi , Kubota Hitoshi
Published: May 2005

Summary: Various positions of electrodes were examined for a double cylindrical barrier discharge plasma torch with a pulse‐modulated power source. It was found that a stable He plasma jet was generated when the inner electrode was earthed and withdrawn back into the outer electrode. The plasma jet could oxidize a polystyrene film surface and a greater effect was achieved when the film was treated in the plasma jet rather than in the afterglow region.

Effect of applied voltage and He gas‐flow rate on plasma jet length.

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Effect of applied voltage and He gas‐flow rate on plasma jet length.
Acoustic arousal responses in children with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Moreira Gustavo A. , Tufik Sergio , Nery Luiz E. , Lutz Janita , Verfaille Karen , Luan Xianqun , Marcus Carole L.
Published: May 2005

Our objectives were to study the arousal responses to nonrespiratory (acoustic) stimuli in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The acoustic arousal response was studied in children with OSAS due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy compared to normal, age‐matched children. Acoustic stimuli were delivered incrementally from 30–100 dB during stage 2, slow wave sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The percentage of children who aroused in response to acoustic stimuli, and the arousal threshold (i.e., sound level at which arousal occurred), were compared between groups and sleep stages. The percentage of children who aroused was similar between children with OSAS and controls. The percentage of children who aroused was lower during slow wave sleep than REM sleep and stage 2 in both OSAS and controls. There were no statistically significant differences in acoustic arousal threshold between OSAS and control children. There was no difference in arousal response to moderate acoustic stimulation between children with OSAS and controls. These results contrast with previous data showing blunted arousal responses to hypercapnia and upper airway loading during sleep in children with OSAS, suggesting that children with OSAS have an arousal deficit specific to respiratory stimuli. However, further studies evaluating arousal to both respiratory and nonrespiratory stimuli in the same subjects are needed. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of fungicides for the control of carrot cavity spot
Authors: Martinez Carole , Lévesque C André , Bélanger Richard R , Tweddell Russell J
Published: May 2005

Cavity spot is one of the most common and serious diseases of carrot (Daucus carota L). The disease, caused by different species of Pythium, including P violae Chesters & Hickman, P sulcatum Pratt & Mitchell and P sylvaticum Campbell & Hendrix, leads to frequent high rejection rates during grading worldwide. In the area of the city of Québec, the disease is caused mainly by P sulcatum, P sylvaticum and P macrosporum Vaartaja & van der Plaats‐Niterink. Cavity spot can be controlled with metalaxyl, but reports are emerging that this treatment show little or no efficacy in many regions. This situation reinforces the need for alternative fungicides. The objectives of the present study were: (1) to determine the sensitivity of 14 pathogenic isolates of P sulcatum, P sylvaticum and P macrosporum collected from carrots produced in the area of the city of Québec to different broad‐spectrum and oomycete‐specific fungicides (chlorothalonil, etridiazole, fludioxonil, fosetyl‐Al, metalaxyl, zoxamide), (2) to evaluate the efficacy of the fungicides in controlling cavity spot, and (3) to evaluate the risk of resistance development of isolates with the best‐performing fungicide(s). The determination of EC50 for the fungicides tested showed that most isolates were highly sensitive to both metalaxyl and zoxamide but insensitive to fludioxonil, fosetyl‐Al and chlorothalonil. In greenhouse assays, only zoxamide provided significant and consistent disease control as measured by the number of cavity spot lesions caused by P sulcatum. Investigations into the risk of resistance development to zoxamide showed that, for specific isolates, repeated exposure to the fungicide resulted in a loss of sensitivity. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Rainfastness and adsorption of herbicides on hard surfaces
Authors: Spanoghe Pieter , Claeys Johan , Pinoy Luc , Steurbaut Walter
Published: May 2005

Herbicides are still used to control weeds on hard surfaces, including municipal, private and industrial sites. Used under unfavourable conditions, especially when rain occurs shortly after application, herbicides may run off to surface waters. Such losses of herbicides from hard surfaces are estimated to be much higher than for herbicides used in arable fields. In this study, three kinds of hard surface were evaluated: asphalt, concrete surface and gravel (fine and coarse). Three herbicides were applied: glyphosate, diuron and diflufenican. Adsorption isotherms of diuron and diflufenican to the three surfaces were determined. At different times after treatment with the herbicides, rainfall was simulated by use of a rain‐droplet spray nozzle, and the run‐off was collected for analysis. After this run‐off event, the materials were immersed in water to measure desorption which, together with the compound in the run‐off, gave a measure of the dislodgable residues. The apolar herbicides diuron and especially diflufenican adsorbed strongly to asphalt. The polar herbicide glyphosate lost 75% in run‐off from asphalt but was adsorbed strongly to soil and concrete pavement. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Afterglow energy transfer in Cd3Al2Ge3O12:Dy
Authors: Liu Zhengwei , Liu L. Yingliang
Published: May 2005

A new phosphor Cd3Al2Ge3O12:Dy was synthesized by a traditional solid‐state reaction method. The luminescent properties and thermoluminescence curves were investigated and energy transfer from the host to Dy3+ was observed after the UV light was shut. The duration can reach about 1 h in the light perception of dark‐adapted human eyes (0.32 mcd/m2). (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐temperature anomalies in resistivity and thermoelectric power of thick‐film resistors and their conduction mechanism
Authors: Abdurakhmanov G. , Abdurakhmanova N. G.
Published: May 2005

Resistivity ρ and thermoelectric power S of RuO2‐based thick‐film resistors were measured in tempera‐ ture range T = 77–1100 K. Sharp maxima of ρ and S occur at 1000 K. ρ = 7.5 × 103 Ω cm and S = +90 μV/K at the maxima, while ρ = 2.5 × 103 Ω cm and S = +10 μV/K at room temperature. Thermoelectric power becomes negative at temperatures in the range 700–800 K and 1000–1070 K. It is assumed that the peculiarities of ρ and S are caused by structural changes in compounds of the lead‐silicate glass used in the thick‐film resistors. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanically driven nanocrystallization of amorphous Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 alloy induced by high‐energy ball milling
Authors: Lu Wei , Yang Lei , Yan Biao , Huang Wen‐hai
Published: May 2005

The mechanically driven nanocrystallization of amorphous Finemet alloy caused by high‐energy ball milling was investigated by XRD, DSC and TEM techniques. A structural relaxation occurred in the amorphous Finemet alloy after milling for 0.5–2 h. Further milling for more than 3.5 h, uniformly and randomly distributed nanocrystalline α‐Fe with grain size from ∼2 nm to ∼5 nm formed. The kinetics of the mechanical nanocrystallization of amorphous Finemet alloy was described by JMA model with the Avrami exponent n = 1.55, which indicates a zero‐nucleation rate and grain growth in all shapes from very small dimensions. In addition, the mechanical crystallization of amorphous Finemet alloys is mainly due to the severe deformation and local temperature rise during ball milling. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spatially resolved thermoreflectance study of facet temperature in quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Wawer D. , Ochalski T. J. , Piwoński T. , Wójcik‐Jedlińska A. , Bugajski M. , Page H.
Published: May 2005

In the present work, we use spatially resolved thermoreflectance (SR TR) to measure temperature distribution over the facet of pulsed operated quantum cascade lasers. The laser beam probes the change in the refractive index caused by current‐induced heating of working device. The technique has a spatial resolution of about ∼1 μm and temperature resolution better than 1 K. It gives an insight into distribution and relative importance of heat sources within the laser. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electroreflectance and photoreflectance studies of AlGaN/GaN heterostructure with a QW placed inside AlGaN layer
Authors: Drabińska Aneta , Pakuła Krzysztof , Baranowski Jacek M. , Frymak Ilona
Published: May 2005

Photoreflectance and electroreflectance spectroscopies are used for characterization of a AlGaN/GaN heterostructure with a QW. Analysis of Franz–Keldysh oscillations in AlGaN and GaN layers allow calculation of the electric‐field dependence on bias in these layers. It was possible to obtain the concentration of charge localized in the QW and the polarization charge located at the AlGaN/GaN interface. The piezoelectric polarization was calculated using the lattice constants obtained from X‐ray diffraction. Combining this with the electroreflectance results allowed the difference of spontaneous polarization between AlGaN and GaN layers to be obtained. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Clinical trials update from the American College of Cardiology meeting: CARE‐HF and the Remission of Heart Failure, Women's Health Study, TNT, COMPASS‐HF, VERITAS, CANPAP, PEECH and PREMIER
Authors: Cleland John G.F. , Coletta Alison P. , Freemantle Nick , Velavan Periaswamy , Tin Lwin , Clark Andrew L.
Published: May 2005

This article provides information and a commentary on landmark trials presented at the American College of Cardiology meeting held in March 2005, relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of heart failure. All reports should be considered as preliminary data, as analyses may change in the final publication. CARE‐HF showed that Cardiac Re‐synchronisation Therapy, administered in addition to expert pharmacological management, reduced all cause mortality and CV hospitalisation in patients with moderate or severe heart failure and cardiac dyssynchrony. The Women's Health Study showed no benefit of vitamin E supplementation or aspirin in the primary prevention of CV disease. The TNT study showed that reducing LDL cholesterol to levels lower than currently recommended, produced a 22% reduction in the incidence of major cardiovascular events. In COMPASS, an implantable device that continuously monitors intra‐cardiac pressures was shown to be safe and to improve care in patients with chronic heart failure. Tezosentan failed to show benefit in patients with acute heart failure in the VERITAS study. The CANPAP study failed to show a benefit of continuous positive airway pressure on mortality and heart transplantation in heart failure patients with central sleep apnoea. EECP therapy improved exercise capacity but had no effect on peak VO2 in heart failure patients in the PEECH study. In the PREMIER study the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor PG‐116800 failed to prevent LV remodelling following myocardial infarction.
Robustness of the p53 network and biological hackers
Authors: Dartnell Lewis , Simeonidis Evangelos , Hubank Michael , Tsoka Sophia , Bogle I. David L. , Papageorgiou Lazaros G.
Published: May 2005

The p53 protein interaction network is crucial in regulating the metazoan cell cycle and apoptosis. Here, the robustness of the p53 network is studied by analyzing its degeneration under two modes of attack. Linear Programming is used to calculate average path lengths among proteins and the network diameter as measures of functionality. The p53 network is found to be robust to random loss of nodes, but vulnerable to a targeted attack against its hubs, as a result of its architecture. The significance of the results is considered with respect to mutational knockouts of proteins and the directed attacks mounted by tumour inducing viruses.
Proteasome plasticity
Authors: Glickman Michael H. , Raveh Dina
Published: May 2005

The 26S proteasome is responsible for regulated proteolysis of most intracellular proteins yet the focus of intense regulatory action itself. Proteasome abundance is responsive to cell needs or stress conditions, and dynamically localized to concentrations of substrates. Proteasomes are continually assembled and disassembled, and their subunits subject to a variety of posttranslational modifications. Furthermore, as robust and multi‐tasking as this complex is, it does not function alone. A spattering of closely associating proteins enhances complex stability, fine‐tunes activity, assists in substrate‐binding, recycling of ubiquitin, and more. HEAT repeat caps activate proteasomes, yet share remarkable features with nuclear importins. Fascinating cross talk even occurs with ribosomes through common maturation factors. The dynamics of proteasome configurations and how they relate to diverse activities is the topic of this review.
Assembly of the yeast vacuolar H+‐ATPase and ATP hydrolysis occurs in the absence of subunit c″
Authors: Whyteside Graham , Gibson Lucien , Scott Moira , Finbow Malcolm E.
Published: May 2005

The V‐ATPases are ubiquitous enzymes of eukaryotes. They are involved in many cellular processes via their ability to pump protons across biological membranes. They are two domain enzymes comprising an ATP hydrolysing sector and a proton translocating sector. Both sectors are functionally coupled. The proton tanslocating sector, V0, is comprised of five polypeptides in an as yet undetermined stoichiometry. In V0 three homologous proteins, subunit c, c′ and c″ have previously been reported to be essential for assembly of the enzyme. However, we report that subunit c″ is not essential for assembly but is for functional coupling of the enzyme.
The complete set of tRNA species in Nanoarchaeum equitans
Authors: Randau Lennart , Pearson Michael , Söll Dieter
Published: May 2005

The archaeal parasite Nanoarchaeum equitans was found to generate five tRNA species via a unique process requiring the assembly of seperate 5′ and 3′ tRNA halves [Randau, L., Münch, R., Hohn, M.J., Jahn, D. and Söll, D. (2005) Nanoarchaeum equitans creates functional tRNAs from separate genes for their 5′‐ and 3′‐halves. Nature 433, 537–541]. Biochemical evidence was missing for one of the computationally‐predicted, joined tRNAs designated as tRNATrp. Our RT‐PCR and sequencing results identify this tRNA as tRNALys (CUU) joined at the alternative position between bases 30 and 31. We show that the intron‐containing tRNATrp was misidentified in the initial Nanoarchaeum equitans genome annotation [E. Waters et al. (2003) The genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans: insights into early archaeal evolution and derived parasitism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 12984–12988]. Along with a previously unidentified joined tRNAGln (UUG), Nanoarchaeum equitans exhibits 44 tRNAs and is enabled to read all 61 sense codons. Features unique to this set of tRNA molecules are discussed.
Tephra-fall deposits in the Sleat Group (Torridonian), Isle of Skye, Scotland
Authors: BATCHELOR R. A.
Published: May 2005

Tephra-fall deposits in the Late Mesoproterozoic Sleat Group (Torridonian) from Skye, Scotland, are described for the first time. Two individual beds occur within the Loch na Dal Formation which represents sedimentation in a shallow marine environment. Each bed has a distinctive brown, crumbly, amorphous appearance in the field and has sharp contacts with its host metasediment. This unique lithology is identical to that of albitic schists described recently from the Southern Highland Group, Dalradian Supergroup, which were identified as air-fall tuffs.
A comparative approach to syntactic change in the history of English
Authors: ZWART JAN-WOUTER
Published: May 2005

This programmatic article suggests that crucial aspects of syntactic change in the history of English derive from the resetting of a single parameter, the pied piping parameter. Whereas Old English (and the Modern Continental West Germanic languages) treats VP material individually, yielding characteristic patterns of object, particle, and verb placement, Modern English treats the VP as a collective, moving it to a position to the left of certain ‘low’ adverbs and adverbials. The shift from individual to collective movement is described in detail, with its repercussions on the position of the verb, its object(s), and the verbal particle. The emergence of a zero reflexive and the development of have as the exclusive perfect auxiliary are suggested to be long-term effects of the shift from individual to collective movement.
Transitional syntax: postverbal pronouns and particles in Old English
Authors: KOOPMAN WILLEM
Published: May 2005

Based on the occasional presence of personal pronoun objects and particles to the right of the nonfinite verb, Pintzuk (1999) argues that we must allow VO phrase structure in Old English as well as OV phrase structure. This article shows that personal pronoun objects and particles follow the nonfinite verb often enough to indeed assume VO as a genuine option. During the Old English period there is a significant increase in absolute as well as relative frequency. A quantitative analysis reveals that the relevant cases are found particularly often in coordinate contexts (pronouns) and ACI constructions (particles).
Arguments against a universal base: evidence from Old English
Authors: PINTZUK SUSAN
Published: May 2005

This article presents arguments against a uniform head-initial analysis of Old English clause structure. Three analyses that have been proposed for Old English – variation in the headedness of underlying structure, uniform head-initial structure with object movement, and uniform head-initial structure with pied piping – are presented and evaluated in terms of the Old English data that they are able to account for. In particular, it is argued that the positions of verbs and their complements in constructions with quantified and nonquantified objects, pronominal objects, particles, and double objects cannot be derived without stipulations within uniform head-initial accounts, but can be derived unproblematically within a framework that incorporates a headedness parameter, requiring only a stipulation to block V–O–Aux order.
Tropical stratospheric zonal winds in ECMWF ERA‐40 reanalysis, rocketsonde data, and rawinsonde data
Authors: Baldwin Mark P. , Gray Lesley J.
Published: May 2005

ECMWF ERA‐40 reanalysis zonal winds are very close to tropical rocketsonde and rawinsonde (radiosonde & radar wind soundings) observations up to 10 hPa. Above 10 hPa differences increase, although the ERA‐40 data provide a good representation of tropical winds up to 2–3 hPa. The amplitudes of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) and the semi‐annual oscillation (SAO) derived from ERA‐40 data match the rawinsonde and rocketsonde observations up to 2–3 hPa. We conclude that zonal‐mean ERA‐40 equatorial winds could be used, for most purposes, in place of rawinsonde station observations.