bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activated carbon with hierarchical porosity derived from biomass for lithium sulfur batteries
Authors: Tung Mai Thanh , Luong Vu Duc , Trang Pham Minh , Tuyen Le Van , Thuy Hoang Thi Bich , Wu Nae‐Lih
Published: February 2020

Highly porous activated carbon (RHAC) with micro/meso porosity has been synthesized through carbonizing rice husk and activating by K2CO3. Elemental sulfur has been loaded to the micropores through a solution infiltration method to form RHAC@S nanocomposite. The resulted RHAC@S nanocomposite with 0.25 and 0.38 mg.cm−1 of sulfur loading have been tested as novel cathodes for Li‐S batteries. The 0.25 mg.cm−1 sulfur loading sample shows an initial discharge capacity of 1080 mA.h.g−1 at 167.5 mA g−1. After 50 cycles of charge/discharge test at the current density of 0.2C, the reversible capacity maintains at 312 mA.h.g‐1. The material has delivered a capacity of more than 300 mA.h.g−1 at 284.75 mA g−1. These results suggest that the rice husk is a good candidate for large‐scale production of activated carbon, which is a promising material for cathode of Li‐S batteries.
Gravity edges modes and Hayward term
Authors: Takayanagi Tadashi , Tamaoka Kotaro
Published: February 2020

Abstract

We argue that corner contributions in gravity action (Hayward term) capture the essence of gravity edge modes, which lead to gravitational area entropies, such as the black hole entropy and holographic entanglement entropy. We explain how the Hayward term and the corresponding edge modes in gravity are explained by holography from two different viewpoints. One is an extension of AdS/CFT to general spacetimes and the other is the AdS/BCFT formulation. In the final part, we explore how gravity edge modes and its entropy show up in string theory by considering open strings stuck to a Rindler horizon.
On the extremality bound of stringy black holes
Authors: Cano Pablo A. , Ortín Tomás , Ramírez Pedro F.
Published: February 2020

Abstract

A mild version of the weak gravity conjecture (WGC) states that extremal black holes have charge-to-mass ratio larger or equal than one when higher-curvature interactions are taken into account. Since these corrections become more relevant in the low-mass regime, this would allow the decay of extremal black holes in terms of energy and charge conservation. Evidence in this direction has been mainly given in the context of corrections to Einstein-Maxwell theory. Here we compute corrections to the charge-to-mass ratio of some dyonic extremal black holes explicitly embedded in the heterotic string effective theory. We find that modifications of the extremality bound depend on the solution considered, with the charge-to-mass ratio remaining unchanged or deviating positively from one. Additionally, we observe that the introduction of the higher-curvature terms increases the Wald entropy in all cases considered, whose variation does not seem to be correlated with the charge-to-mass ratio, contrary to the situation in Einstein-Maxwell theory.
Compatibility of two predator species for biological control of the two-spotted spider mite
Authors: Fonseca Morgana Maria , Pallini Angelo , Marques Pedro Hermano , Lima Eraldo , Janssen Arne
Published: February 2020

Because predators may interfere with each other, an important step towards the implementation of successful release of multiple predators in biocontrol programs requires resolving how predators respond to the presence of heterospecific competitors. Several species of predatory mites are important biocontrol agents and the species Phytoseiulus macropilis and Neoseiulus californicus are used to control the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, an important pest in agriculture worldwide. We investigated their compatibility showing that the two predators do not avoid plants on which the other species is present together with their common prey, and demonstrated that their oviposition rates are not affected by the presence of the other species. However, the distribution of the eggs on leaf discs was affected by the presence of the heterospecific predator. This behaviour might weaken possible interference between these two biocontrol agents, which, in turn, may enable their persistence on plants and favour pest suppression. The increased joint use of several natural enemies for biological control highlights the importance of studies on predator–predator interactions.
Assessing the effects of payments for ecosystem services programs on forest structure and species biodiversity
Authors: Chen Hsiang Ling , Lewison Rebecca L. , An Li , Tsai Yu Hsin , Stow Douglas , Shi Lei , Yang Shuang
Published: February 2020

Globally, biodiversity has declined at an unprecedented rate, challenging the viability of ecosystems, species, and ecological functions and their corresponding services. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs have been established and implemented worldwide to combat the degradation or loss of essential ecosystems and ecosystem services without sacrificing the well-being of people. With an overarching goal of reducing soil erosion, China’s Grain-to-Green program (GTGP) converts cropland to forest or grassland. As one of the largest PES programs in the world, GTGP has great potential to offer biodiversity conservation co-benefits. To consider how GTGP may influence biodiversity, we measured forest structure and plant and wildlife species diversity at both GTGP forest and natural forest sites in Fangjingshan National Nature Reserve, China. We also evaluated the relationship between canopy cover and biodiversity measures to test whether forest cover, the most commonly measured and reported ecological metric of PES programs, might act as a good proxy for other biodiversity related parameters. We found that forest cover and species diversity increased after GTGP implementation as understory and overstory plant cover, and understory and midstory plant diversity at GTGP sites were similar to natural forest. Our results suggest that GTGP may also have been associated with increased habitat for protected and vulnerable wildlife species including Elliot’s pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti), hog badger (Arctonyx collaris), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). Nevertheless, we identified key differences between GTGP forest and natural forest, particularly variation in forest types and heterogeneity of overstory vegetation. As a result, plant overstory diversity and wildlife species richness at GTGP forest were significantly lower than at natural forest. Our findings suggest, while forest cover may be a good proxy for some metrics of forest structure, it does not serve as a robust proxy for many biodiversity parameters. These findings highlight the need for and importance of robust and representative indicators or proxy variables for measuring ecological effects of PES programs on compositional and structural diversity. We demonstrate that PES may lead to biodiversity co-benefits, but changes in program implementation could improve the return on investment of PES programs to support conservation of biodiversity.
Exploring teachers’ increased knowledge of the potential of mobile phone use: pilot study reducing the difference between students’ and teachers’ ideas
Authors: Lindell Tiina Leino
Published: February 2020

It has been emphasized that students and teachers have dissimilar ideas about how mobile phone use could be utilized and limited. Moreover, these differences have been identified as a crucial problem that has caused conflicts in education. In order to resolve the problem, research has stressed that it is very important to increase teachers’ knowledge about how mobile phones can be used in students’ work. However, the topic of how teachers could increase their understanding related to students’ ideas has remained largely unexamined. Thus, this pilot study explores the following research questions using cultural-historical activity theory and qualitative methods: How is teachers’ possibility knowledge influenced when they are exposed to students’ ideas about how mobile phones could be both supportive and problematic in school activities? What are the similarities and differences between the students’ ideas that have, and have not, influenced the teachers’ possibility knowledge of mobile phone use? The results show how the teachers’ possibility knowledge increases concerning the features that could be both supportive and problematic and must be limited by rules and a division of labor. Moreover, it transpires that the teachers’ possibility knowledge is not always affected. It appears that the teachers’ understanding is influenced if they can relate the students’ ideas to the teachers’ division of labor. These results could be used by schools to resolve problems caused by the different ideas of students and teachers regarding mobile phone use. The results could also be used when implementing mobile phones in educational research.
A review on the genetic resources, domestication and breeding history of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Authors: Ribera Arnau , Bai Yuling , Wolters Anne-Marie A. , van Treuren Rob , Kik Chris
Published: February 2020

This paper addresses the genetic resources, domestication and breeding history of spinach as a comprehensive review of these crop aspects is currently unavailable. It is shown that the availability of genetic resources of wild relatives belonging to the primary gene pool is currently very limited, which hampers breeding and research activities. Therefore, new collecting expeditions are clearly warranted. The domestication of spinach is discussed on the basis of its presumed migration routes and the traits that were probably involved in the domestication syndrome. Spinach is thought to have domesticated in former Persia. Migration then occurred eastwards to China and westwards to Europe, but additional genetic data are needed to reveal the most likely migration routes. Morphological changes in pistillate flowers and loss of dormancy are identified as the main traits involved in the domestication syndrome of spinach. To a large extent we could re-construct the relationships between spinach cultivars that were developed until the 1950s, but this appeared difficult for the more recent cultivars due to intellectual property protection by breeding companies. Resistance against downy mildew has been the main breeding target in spinach. The introgression of NBS-LRR resistance genes from wild relatives is the major strategy to develop downy mildew resistant cultivars. However, the use of loss-of-function alleles of susceptibility genes may provide a more durable strategy to develop resistant cultivars. So far, abiotic resistance and quality traits have received minor attention in spinach research and breeding. This is expected to change considering the potential effects of climate change on these traits.
Long-time large-distance asymptotics of the transverse correlation functions of the XX chain in the spacelike regime
Authors: Göhmann Frank , Kozlowski Karol K. , Suzuki Junji
Published: February 2020

We derive an explicit expression for the leading term in the long-time, large-distance asymptotic expansion of a transverse dynamical two-point function of the XX chain in the spacelike regime. This expression is valid for all nonzero finite temperatures and for all magnetic fields below the saturation threshold. It is obtained here by means of a straightforward term-by-term analysis of a thermal form factor series, derived in previous work, and demonstrates the usefulness of the latter.
Multibody modeling for concept-level floating offshore wind turbine design
Authors: Lemmer Frank , Yu Wei , Luhmann Birger , Schlipf David , Cheng Po Wen
Published: February 2020

Existing Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) platforms are usually designed using static or rigid-body models for the concept stage and, subsequently, sophisticated integrated aero-hydro-servo-elastic models, applicable for design certification. For the new technology of FOWTs, a comprehensive understanding of the system dynamics at the concept phase is crucial to save costs in later design phases. This requires low- and medium-fidelity models. The proposed modeling approach aims at representing no more than the relevant physical effects for the system dynamics. It consists, in its core, of a flexible multibody system. The applied Newton–Euler algorithm is independent of the multibody layout and avoids constraint equations. From the nonlinear model a linearized counterpart is derived. First, to be used for controller design and second, for an efficient calculation of the response to stochastic load spectra in the frequency-domain. From these spectra the fatigue damage is calculated with Dirlik’s method and short-term extremes by assuming a normal distribution of the response. The set of degrees of freedom is reduced, with a response calculated only in the two-dimensional plane, in which the aligned wind and wave forces act. The aerodynamic model is a quasistatic actuator disk model. The hydrodynamic model includes a simplified radiation model, based on potential flow-derived added mass coefficients and nodal viscous drag coefficients with an approximate representation of the second-order slow-drift forces. The verification through a comparison of the nonlinear and the linearized model against a higher-fidelity model and experiments shows that even with the simplifications, the system response magnitude at the system eigenfrequencies and the forced response magnitude to wind and wave forces can be well predicted. One-hour simulations complete in about 25 seconds and even less in the case of the frequency-domain model. Hence, large sensitivity studies and even multidisciplinary optimizations for systems engineering approaches are possible.
Young Students’ Reasoning About Ecosystems: the Role of Systems Thinking, Knowledge, Conceptions, and Representation
Authors: Mambrey Sophia , Schreiber Nico , Schmiemann Philipp
Published: February 2020

Regarding future ecological challenges, it is highly relevant for students to understand the processes within ecosystems and the effects of external influences on their conservation. Since ecosystems are complex, difficulties in learning are often examined from a systems thinking perspective. However, challenges also arise in other areas, particularly in the application of knowledge, conceptions, and exploration of conventionalized representations of ecosystems. Hence, we aim to determine the factors that influence reasoning about ecosystems and how they interact. We conducted a thinking-aloud study with 20 students aged between nine and 12 years while reviewing a food chain ecosystem. Our results indicated that students’ reasoning was based on mixed reasoning originating from their systems thinking skills, knowledge, conceptions, and individual understanding of the ecosystem’s representation. Further, they revealed that students referred to these factors according to the individual cognitive requirements of the systems thinking skills performed and independently of their age and systems thinking abilities. Additionally, students partially demonstrated complex levels of systems thinking, but their assumptions about systems elements and relationships did not support scientific conventions. Our results indicated that systems thinking was largely guided by systems-specific patterns, as basic assumptions about systems elements and relationships played a major role in reasoning about ecosystems at all levels of systems thinking. We assume that identifying systems characteristics with the identified factors of systems-specific knowledge, conceptions, and representations are an effective blueprint for investigating challenging patterns in students’ understanding of ecosystems and advances knowledge on how systems properties influence students’ reasoning during systems thinking.
Genetics of ADHD: What Should the Clinician Know?
Authors: Grimm Oliver , Kranz Thorsten M. , Reif Andreas
Published: February 2020

Purpose of Review

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shows high heritability in formal genetic studies. In our review article, we provide an overview on common and rare genetic risk variants for ADHD and their link to clinical practice.

Recent findings

The formal heritability of ADHD is about 80% and therefore higher than most other psychiatric diseases. However, recent studies estimate the proportion of heritability based on singlenucleotide variants (SNPs) at 22%. It is a matter of debate which genetic mechanisms explain this huge difference. While frequent variants in first mega-analyses of genome-wideassociation study data containing several thousand patients give the first genome-wide results, explaining only little variance, the methodologically more difficult analyses of rare variants are still in their infancy. Some rare genetic syndromes show higher prevalence for ADHD indicating a potential role for a small number of patients. In contrast, polygenic risk scores (PRS) could potentially be applied to every patient. We give an overview how PRS explain different behavioral phenotypes in ADHD and how they could be used for diagnosis and therapy prediction.

Knowledge about a patient’s genetic makeup is not yet mandatory for ADHD therapy or diagnosis. PRS however have been introduced successfully in other areas of clinical medicine, and their application in psychiatry will begin within the next years. In order to ensure competent advice for patients, knowledge of the current state of research is useful forpsychiatrists.
The dynamics of entry for digital platforms in two-sided markets: a multi-case study
Authors: Veisdal Jørgen
Published: February 2020

Motivating buyers and sellers to join an empty platform is thought to be a key challenge for firms attempting to launch digital platforms in two-sided markets. According to predictions from extant literature, ’no one joins until everyone joins’. The phenomenon is often referred to as the “chicken-and-egg problem”. This study investigates the phenomenon in an exploratory multi-case study of ten startup technology firms operating digital platforms in two-sided markets. The study finds that the firms entered their markets using a variety of strategies distinguishable by strategic, relational and temporal factors. A conceptual framework is proposed which distinguishes the firms’ strategies along these dimensions. In addition, a cross-case discussion of the dynamics of the firms’ strategies is provided. Deductively, the findings contribute to establishing an empirical grounding for predictions from extant literature. Inductively, the findings contribute preliminary managerial implications as well as propositions for further research on entry strategies for digital platforms in two-sided markets.
Correction to: The do’s, don’ts and don’t knows of establishing a sustainable longitudinal integrated clerkship
Authors: Bartlett Maggie , Couper Ian , Poncelet Ann , Worley Paul
Published: February 2020

Unfortunately information regarding the disclaimer of Paul Worley’s affiliation is missing from the original article. Please find the information here:
Paul Worley is affiliated to the Prideaux Centre for Research in Health Professions Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. He is the …
Characteristics of participants who benefit most from personalised nutrition: findings from the pan-European Food4Me randomised controlled trial
Authors: Livingstone Katherine M. , Celis-Morales Carlos , Navas-Carretero Santiago , San-Cristobal Rodrigo , Forster Hannah , Woolhead Clara , O’Donovan Clare B. , Moschonis George , Manios Yannis , Traczyk Iwona , Gundersen Thomas E. , Drevon Christian A. , Marsaux Cyril F. M. , Fallaize Rosalind , Macready Anna L. , Daniel Hannelore , Saris Wim H. M. , Lovegrove Julie A. , Gibney Mike , Gibney Eileen R. , Walsh Marianne , Brennan Lorraine , Martinez J. A. , Mathers John C.
Published: February 2020

Little is known about who would benefit from Internet-based personalised nutrition (PN) interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of participants who achieved greatest improvements (i.e. benefit) in diet, adiposity and biomarkers following an Internet-based PN intervention. Adults (n 1607) from seven European countries were recruited into a 6-month, randomised controlled trial (Food4Me) and randomised to receive conventional dietary advice (control) or PN advice. Information on dietary intake, adiposity, physical activity (PA), blood biomarkers and participant characteristics was collected at baseline and month 6. Benefit from the intervention was defined as ≥5 % change in the primary outcome (Healthy Eating Index) and secondary outcomes (waist circumference and BMI, PA, sedentary time and plasma concentrations of cholesterol, carotenoids and omega-3 index) at month 6. For our primary outcome, benefit from the intervention was greater in older participants, women and participants with lower HEI scores at baseline. Benefit was greater for individuals reporting greater self-efficacy for ‘sticking to healthful foods’ and who ‘felt weird if [they] didn’t eat healthily’. Participants benefited more if they reported wanting to improve their health and well-being. The characteristics of individuals benefiting did not differ by other demographic, health-related, anthropometric or genotypic characteristics. Findings were similar for secondary outcomes. These findings have implications for the design of more effective future PN intervention studies and for tailored nutritional advice in public health and clinical settings.
Education and Attitudes toward Redistribution in the United States
Authors: Bullock John G.
Published: February 2020

Although scholars have studied education's effects on many different outcomes, little attention has been paid to its effects on adults’ economic views. This article examines those effects. It presents results based on longitudinal data which suggest that secondary education has a little-appreciated consequence: it makes Americans more opposed to redistribution. Placebo tests and other analyses confirm this finding. Further investigation suggests that these conservative effects of education operate partly by changing the way that self-interest shapes people's ideas about redistribution.
On the deviation from Maxwellian of the ion velocity distribution functions in the turbulent magnetosheath
Authors: Perri S. , Perrone D. , Yordanova E. , Sorriso-Valvo L. , Paterson W. R. , Gershman D. J. , Giles B. L. , Pollock C. J. , Dorelli J. C. , Avanov L. A. , Lavraud B. , Saito Y. , Nakamura R. , Fischer D. , Baumjohann W. , Plaschke F. , Narita Y. , Magnes W. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Contel O. Le , Khotyaintsev Y. , Valentini F.
Published: February 2020

The deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium of the ion velocity distribution functions (VDFs), as measured by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission in the Earth’s turbulent magnetosheath, is quantitatively investigated. Making use of the unprecedented high-resolution MMS ion data, and together with Vlasov–Maxwell simulations, this analysis aims at investigating the relationship between deviation from Maxwellian equilibrium and typical plasma parameters. Correlations of the non-Maxwellian features with plasma quantities such as electric fields, ion temperature, current density and ion vorticity are found to be similar in magnetosheath data and numerical experiments, with a poor correlation between distortions of ion VDFs and current density, evidence that questions the occurrence of VDF departure from Maxwellian at the current density peaks. Moreover, strong correlation has been observed with the magnitude of the electric field in the turbulent magnetosheath, while a certain degree of correlation has been found in the numerical simulations and during a magnetopause crossing by MMS. This work could help shed light on the influence of electrostatic waves on the distortion of the ion VDFs in space turbulent plasmas.
Physical activity and prenatal depression: going beyond statistical significance by assessing the impact of reliable and clinical significant change
Authors: Vargas-Terrones Marina , Nagpal Taniya S. , Perales Maria , Prapavessis Harry , Mottola Michelle F. , Barakat Ruben
Published: February 2020

Background

Previous literature supports exercise as a preventative agent for prenatal depression; however, treatment effects for women at risk for prenatal depression remain unexplored. The purpose of the study was to examine whether exercise can lower depressive symptoms among women who began pregnancy at risk for depression using both a statistical significance and reliable and clinically significant change criteria.

Methods

This study is a secondary analysis of two randomized controlled trials that followed the same exercise protocol. Pregnant women were allocated to an exercise intervention group (IG) or control group (CG). All participants completed the Center for Epidemiological Depression (CES-D) scale at gestational week 9–16 and 36–38. Women with a baseline score ⩾16 were included. A clinically reliable cut-off was calculated as a 7-point change in scores from pre- to post-intervention.

Results

Thirty-six women in the IG and 25 women in the CG scored ⩾16 on the CES-D at baseline. At week 36–38 the IG had a statistically significant lower CES-D score (14.4 ± 8.6) than the CG (19.4 ± 11.1; p < 0.05). Twenty-two women in the IG (61%) had a clinically reliable decrease in their post-intervention score compared to eight women in the CG (32%; p < 0.05). Among the women who met the reliable change criteria, 18 (81%) in the IG and 7 (88%) in the CG had a score <16 post-intervention, with no difference between groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

A structured exercise program might be a useful treatment option for women at risk for prenatal depression.
Specific learning difficulties in second language learning and teaching
Authors: Kormos Judit
Published: February 2020

Individual differences that have an impact on the processes and outcomes of second language (L2) learning have been thoroughly investigated; but, until recently, the study of language learners with additional needs was at the periphery of both second language acquisition (SLA) and language teaching pedagogy (e.g. Nijakowska, 2010; Kormos & Smith, 2012; Kormos, 2017). Specific learning difficulties (SLDs), which affect between 5 and 15% of the population (Drabble, 2013), often have an impact on how additional languages are acquired. Therefore, in order to create an inclusive language learning context and set up effective instructional programmes, it is essential to understand how children with SLDs develop their competence in additional languages.
Spatial distribution of birds and terrestrial plants in Bunger Hills
Authors: Leishman Michelle R. , Gibson John A.E. , Gore Damian B.
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we synthesize recorded observations of moss, lichen and bird species in Bunger Hills, East Antarctica, and assess the role of environmental controls, including sediment, salinity, moisture and geology, on species' distributions. The distribution of snow petrels (Pagodroma nivea) appears to be associated with geology; they nest by preference in crevices in bedrock outcrops around the margins of the hills or wherever jointed cliffs are found. South polar skuas (Catharacta maccormicki) are seen throughout Bunger Hills, where they nest and prey on snow petrels. Mosses and lichens were most abundant around the ice margins where fresh snow and ice meltwater are abundant. In the central area of Bunger Hills, where the highest salt concentration in sediments is found and exposure to abrasion by wind-driven mineral sand grains and ice particles is greatest, mosses and lichens are reduced in abundance and diversity. Exposure of parts of Bunger Hills from the ice sheet throughout the Last Glacial Maximum,c.20 kabp, means that some land and lakes could have acted as regional refugia and as a locus of recolonization of other ice-free areas.
MRI detection of occult venous anomalies in a patient with Williams syndrome: a case report
Authors: Davis Thomas S. , Epelman Monica S. , Madueme Peace C. , Bender Karen S. , Dadlani Gul H.
Published: February 2020

Williams syndrome is a multisystem, congenital disorder which is commonly associated with arterial stenoses: supravalvar aortic stenosis and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. Venous abnormalities have not been previously reported in children with Williams syndrome. We present a case of a 3-year-old girl with Williams syndrome and diffuse venous ectasia as detected by MRI.
A high consumption of tomato and lycopene is associated with a lower risk of cancer mortality: results from a multi-ethnic cohort
Authors: Mazidi Mohsen , Ferns Gordon A , Banach Maciej
Published: February 2020

Objective:

We investigated the association between the consumption of tomato and lycopene and cancer mortality among US adults.

Design:

Prospective.

Setting:

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2010).

Participants:

Participants with estimated dietary data on tomato and lycopene consumption were included. Outcome data up until 31 December 2011 were also ascertained. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to relate baseline tomato and lycopene consumption with cancer mortality. We conducted a competing-risk survival analysis to account for deaths from other causes.

Results:

Adjusted Cox models showed that tomato and lycopene intake were inversely related (hazard ratio (95 % CI)) to cancer mortality: 0·86 (0·81, 0·92) and 0·79 (0·74, 0·82), respectively. In the adjusted competing-risk models, the sub-hazard ratios (95 % CI) were 0·89 (0·83, 0·94) and 0·82 (0·78, 0·86) for cancer mortality for tomato and lycopene intake, respectively. No significant interaction was found for the association between tomato and lycopene consumption and cancer mortality while comparing older (aged >50 years)v. younger adults (Pinteraction> 0·173 for all) and obesev. non-obese (Pinteraction> 0·352 for all).

Conclusions:

Our results demonstrate the potential beneficial effects of a high dietary intake of tomato and lycopene on cancer death. Further prospective studies are needed to explore the association.
The Battle over Burke
Authors: Selinger William
Published: February 2020

Like Karl Marx, Edmund Burke has remained a partisan figure, even though the specific partisan context in which he wrote is long gone. To a greater degree than Marx, however, Burke's partisan identity is itself frequently contested. Burke was a hero to the conservative writer Russell Kirk, who devoted his life to undoing the triumphs of twentieth-century American progressivism. But Burke was also a hero to Woodrow Wilson—whose presidency enacted and inspired so many of the progressive reforms that Kirk wanted to overturn—and to a number of the Victorian liberals who did so much to form Wilson's political mind-set.
Dust Structure Around Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Raj Upadhyay D. , Khanal L. , Hamal P. , Aryal B.
Published: February 2020

The above article previously published with incorrect author information for Dr Binil Aryal. Dr Aryal’s affiliation should be listed as Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. This error has since been rectified in the online PDF and HTML copies of the article.
Seasonal Seismicity in the Western Branch of the East African Rift System
Authors: Xue Liang , Johnson Christopher W. , Fu Yuning , Bürgmann Roland
Published: February 2020

Surface load variations from large water bodies alter the state of stress on faults and potentially affect earthquake nucleation processes. We report observational evidence for seasonal variations of seismicity on the border faults of the western branch in the East African Rift System. Relying on water level changes of Lake Victoria and the surrounding rift lakes and soil moisture from the Global Land Data Assimilation System model, we calculate the crustal stress changes using a finite element model. Our results suggest the seasonal hydrological variations produce a 0.2–0.8 kPa Coulomb stress change on the border faults. The primary annual peak in seismicity is coincident with the peak Coulomb stress with an insignificant time lag. The correlation suggests seasonal variations of seismicity rates in the western branch of East African Rift System are modulated by the hydrological loading from Lake Victoria and the large rift lakes in the surrounding region.
FDTD Modeling of High‐Frequency Waves Through Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities
Authors: Smith D. R. , Huang C. Y. , Dao E. , Pokhrel S. , Simpson J. J.
Published: February 2020

Electromagnetic wave scattering and scintillation can occur at high latitudes of the Earth when polar cap patches are present. Polar cap patches range in size from 100 to 1,000 km and have densities on the order of 2–10 times that of the background ionosphere. Within polar cap patches, plasma irregularities caused by gradient drift instabilities are observed throughout the patch as elongated slivers. These irregularities vary in size from centimeters to tens of kilometers. Three major challenges must be overcome to thoroughly study high‐frequency electromagnetic wave interactions with polar cap patches: (1) the complex geometrical features of the irregularities within the patches must be accommodated; (2) the non‐approximated Maxwell's equations should be solved to account for all the physics of electromagnetic wave propagation, scattering, diffraction, etc.; and (3) the physics of electromagnetic wave interactions with magnetized ionospheric plasma must be included. In this paper, the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method is used to overcome the above three challenges and solve for electromagnetic wave interactions with plasma irregularities within a polar cap patch. Irregularities and patch profiles are generated using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program data and incorporated into the FDTD model. The transmission coefficients for high‐frequency electromagnetic wave propagation through perturbed and unperturbed ionospheres, as well as for magnetized and unmagnetized ionospheric plasma ionospheres are calculated. From these simulations, the effects of small‐scale irregularities on high‐frequency propagation are observed.
Statistical Relationship Between Exohiss Waves and Plasmaspheric Hiss
Authors: Wang J. L. , Li L. Y. , Yu J.
Published: February 2020

Based on the Van Allen Probe A observations from 2013 to 2015, we show the statistical relationship between exohiss waves and plasmaspheric hiss. Both hiss and exohiss waves have higher occurrence rates on the dayside (MLT = 8–20) and are positively correlated. The appearance of exohiss waves is nearly independent of the plasmapause density gradient at magnetic latitudes below 21°. Most exohiss waves (~ 68–88%) are propagating equatorward, and their amplitudes are generally smaller than those of hiss waves. This is consistent with the hiss leakage at high latitudes and associated energy dissipation. Less than 32% of exohiss waves are propagating poleward, probably due to multiple reflections of leaked hiss or excitation by equatorial instability. Although the inward reflection of chorus waves at high latitudes could produce equatorward propagating exohiss and hiss waves, this can explain only 10% of exohiss waves with larger amplitudes than hiss.
5-Azacytidine inhaled dry powder formulation profoundly improves pharmacokinetics and efficacy for lung cancer therapy through genome reprogramming
Authors: Kuehl Philip J. , Tellez Carmen S. , Grimes Marcie J. , March Thomas H. , Tessema Mathewos , Revelli David A. , Mallis Larry M. , Dye Wendy W. , Sniegowski Tyler , Badenoch Aaron , Burke Michael , Dubose Devon , Vodak David T. , Picchi Maria A. , Belinsky Steven A.
Published: February 2020

Background

Epigenetic therapy through demethylation of 5-methylcytosine has been largely ineffective in treating lung cancer, most likely due to poor tissue distribution with oral or subcutaneous delivery of drugs such as 5-azacytidine (5AZA). An inhalable, stable dry powder formulation of 5AZA was developed.

Methods

Pharmacokinetics of inhaled dry powder and aqueous formulations of 5AZA were compared to an injected formulation. Efficacy studies and effect of therapy on the epigenome were conducted in an orthotopic rat lung cancer model for inhaled formulations.

Results

Inhaled dry powder 5AZA showed superior pharmacokinetic properties in lung, liver, brain and blood compared to the injected formulation and for all tissues except lung compared to an inhaled aqueous formulation. Only dry powder 5AZA was detected in brain (~4-h half-life). Inhaled dry powder was superior to inhaled aqueous 5AZA in reducing tumour burden 70–95%. Superiority of inhaled 5AZA dry powder was linked to effectively reprogramming the cancer genome through demethylation and gene expression changes in cancer signalling and immune pathways.

Conclusions

These findings could lead to widespread use of this drug as the first inhaled dry powder therapeutic for treating local and metastatic lung cancer, for adjuvant therapy, and in combination with immunotherapy to improve patient survival.
Complete genome and methylome analysis of Neisseria meningitidis associated with increased serogroup Y disease
Authors: Stenmark Bianca , Harrison Odile B. , Eriksson Lorraine , Anton Brian P. , Fomenkov Alexey , Roberts Richard J. , Tooming-Klunderud Ave , Bratcher Holly B. , Bray James E. , Thulin-Hedberg Sara , Maiden Martin C. J. , Mölling Paula
Published: February 2020

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) due to serogroup Y Neisseria meningitidis emerged in Europe during the 2000s. Draft genomes of serogroup Y isolates in Sweden revealed that although the population structure of these isolates was similar to other serogroup Y isolates internationally, a distinct strain (YI) and more specifically a sublineage (1) of this strain was responsible for the increase of serogroup Y IMD in Sweden. We performed single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing on eight serogroup Y isolates from different sublineages to unravel the genetic and epigenetic factors delineating them, in order to understand the serogroup Y emergence. Extensive comparisons between the serogroup Y sublineages of all coding sequences, complex genomic regions, intergenic regions, and methylation motifs revealed small point mutations in genes mainly encoding hypothetical and metabolic proteins, and non-synonymous variants in genes involved in adhesion, iron acquisition, and endotoxin production. The methylation motif CACNNNNNTAC was only found in isolates of sublineage 2. Only seven genes were putatively differentially expressed, and another two genes encoding hypothetical proteins were only present in sublineage 2. These data suggest that the serogroup Y IMD increase in Sweden was most probably due to small changes in genes important for colonization and transmission.
Initial pyrolysis mechanism and product formation of cellulose: An Experimental and Density functional theory(DFT) study
Authors: Wang Qing , Song Hao , Pan Shuo , Dong Nanhang , Wang Xinmin , Sun Shipeng
Published: February 2020

In this paper, analytical pyrolyzer coupled with a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry set-up (Py-GC/MS) and density functional theory(DFT) theory was used to reveal the initial pyrolysis mechanism and product formation mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis. We demonstrated an experimentally benchmarked molecular simulation approach that delineates pyrolysis process of cellulose. Experimental results indicated that the cellulose pyrolysis products mostly incorporate levoglucosan (LG), glycolaldehyde (HAA), 5-hydroxyfurfural (5-HMF), and the like. The constituents of fast pyrolysis products of cellulose and cellobiose demonstrated the identical trend, although the contents of certain products are different. Laying the foundation of experimental analysis, the reaction pathways of four categories of cellulose pyrolysis were outlined using DFT theory; the pathways are those of generating LG, HAA, and 5-HMF and the dehydration reaction in the process of cellulose pyrolysis. Also, by comparing the energy barriers of various reactions, the optimal pathway of different reactions were summarized. The deduced cellulose pyrolysis reaction pathway opened up new ideas for studying the pyrolysis behavior of cellulose.
Hyperprogression under Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor: a potential role for germinal immunogenetics
Authors: Refae Sadal , Gal Jocelyn , Brest Patrick , Giacchero Damien , Borchiellini Delphine , Ebran Nathalie , Peyrade Frederic , Guigay Joël , Milano Gérard , Saada-Bouzid Esma
Published: February 2020

Hyperprogressive disease (HPD), an unexpected acceleration of tumor growth kinetics, is described in cancer patients treated with anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 agents. Here, our aim was to take into consideration the host and explore whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in key genes involved in immune response might predispose to HPD. DNA was extracted from blood-samples from 98 patients treated under CPI monotherapy. Four candidate genes (PD-1, PD-L1, IDO1 and VEGFR2) and 15 potential SNPs were selected. The TGKR (ratio of the slope of tumor growth before treatment and the slope of tumor growth on treatment) was calculated. Hyperprogression was defined as a TGKR≥2. TGKR calculation was feasible for 80 patients (82%). HPD was observed for 11 patients (14%) and was associated with shorter overall survival (P = 0.003). In univariate analysis, HPD was significantly associated with age ≥70 y (P = 0.025), immune-related toxicity (P = 0.016), VEGFR2 rs1870377 A/T or A/A (P = 0.005), PD-L1 rs2282055 G/T or G/G (P = 0.024) and PD-L1 rs2227981 G/A or A/A (P = 0.024). Multivariate analysis confirmed the correlation between HPD and age ≥70 y (P = 0.006), VEGFR2 rs1870377 A/T or A/A (P = 0.007) and PD-L1 rs2282055 G/T or G/G (P = 0.018). Immunogenetics could become integral predictive factors for CPI-based immunotherapy.
Temporal patterns in acoustic presence and foraging activity of oceanic dolphins at seamounts in the Azores
Authors: Cascão Irma , Lammers Marc O. , Prieto Rui , Santos Ricardo S. , Silva Mónica A.
Published: February 2020

Several seamounts have been identified as hotspots of marine life in the Azores, acting as feeding stations for top predators, including cetaceans. Passive acoustic monitoring is an efficient tool to study temporal variations in the occurrence and behaviour of vocalizing cetacean species. We deployed bottom-moored Ecological Acoustic Recorders (EARs) to investigate the temporal patterns in acoustic presence and foraging activity of oceanic dolphins at two seamounts (Condor and Gigante) in the Azores. Data were collected in March–May 2008 and April 2010–February 2011. Dolphins were present year round and nearly every day at both seamounts. Foraging signals (buzzes and bray calls) were recorded in >87% of the days dolphin were present. There was a strong diel pattern in dolphin acoustic occurrence and behaviour, with higher detections of foraging and echolocation vocalizations during the night and of social signals during daylight hours. Acoustic data demonstrate that small dolphins consistently use Condor and Gigante seamounts to forage at night. These results suggest that these seamounts likely are important feeding areas for dolphins. This study contributes to a better understanding of the feeding ecology of oceanic dolphins and provides new insights into the role of seamount habitats for top predators.
Increased Lung Catalase Activity Confers Protection Against Experimental RSV Infection
Authors: Ansar Maria , Ivanciuc Teodora , Garofalo Roberto P. , Casola Antonella
Published: February 2020

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in mouse and human lung is associated with oxidative injury and pathogenic inflammation. RSV impairs antioxidant responses by increasing the degradation of transcription factor NRF2, which controls the expression of several antioxidant enzyme (AOE) genes, including catalase. Since catalase is a key enzyme for the dismutation of virus-mediated generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) we developed a model of intranasal supplementation of polyethylene glycol-conjugated catalase (PG-CAT) for RSV-infected mice. The results of our study show that PG-CAT supplementation was able to increase specific enzymatic activity along with reduction in H2O2in the airways and had a significant protective effect against RSV-induced clinical disease and airway pathology. PG-CAT treated mice showed amelioration in airway obstruction, reduction in neutrophil elastase and inflammation. Improved airway hyperresponsiveness was also observed in mice that received PG-CAT as a treatment post-viral inoculation. In addition, PG-CAT greatly reduced the concentration of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-1, TNF-α, IL-9, CXCL1, CCL2, and CCL5 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of RSV-infected mice, without increasing viral replication in the lung. In conclusion, catalase supplementation may represent a novel pharmacologic approach to be explored in human for prevention or treatment of respiratory infections caused by RSV.
Author Correction: Dual paths cryptosystem based on tilt Fresnel diffraction using non-spherical mirror and phase modulation in expanded fractional Fourier transform domain
Authors: Chen Hang , Liu Zhengjun , Tanougast Camel , Liu Feifei , Blondel Walter
Published: February 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Author Correction: Clinical Implications of Sub-grouping HER2 Positive Tumors by Amplicon Structure and Co-amplified Genes
Authors: Maoz Myriam , Devir Michal , Inbar Michal , Inbar-Daniel Ziva , Sherill-Rofe Dana , Bloch Idit , Meir Karen , Edelman David , Azzam Salah , Nechushtan Hovav , Maimon Ofra , Uziely Beatrice , Kadouri Luna , Sonnenblick Amir , Eden Amir , Peretz Tamar , Zick Aviad
Published: February 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Publisher Correction: Statistics of thermomagnetic breakdown in Nb superconducting films
Authors: Blanco Alvarez S. , Brisbois J. , Melinte S. , Kramer R. B. G. , Silhanek A. V.
Published: February 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Comparative genomics of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ST-11 isolated in Uruguay reveals lineages associated with particular epidemiological traits
Authors: D’Alessandro Bruno , Pérez Escanda Victoria , Balestrazzi Lucía , Grattarola Florencia , Iriarte Andrés , Pickard Derek , Yim Lucía , Chabalgoity José Alejandro , Betancor Laura
Published: February 2020

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a major cause of foodborne disease in Uruguay since 1995. We used a genomic approach to study a set of isolates from different sources and years. Whole genome phylogeny showed that most of the strains are distributed in two major lineages (E1 and E2), both belonging to MLST sequence type 11 the major ST among serovar Enteritidis. Strikingly, E2 isolates are over-represented in periods of outbreak abundance in Uruguay, while E1 span all epidemic periods. Both lineages circulate in neighbor countries at the same timescale as in Uruguay, and are present in minor numbers in distant countries. We identified allelic variants associated with each lineage. Three genes, ycdX, pduD and hsdM, have distinctive variants in E1 that may result in defective products. Another four genes (ybiO, yiaN, aas, aceA) present variants specific for the E2 lineage. Overall this work shows that S. enterica serovar Enteritidis strains circulating in Uruguay have the same phylogenetic profile than strains circulating in the region, as well as in more distant countries. Based on these results we hypothesize that the E2 lineage, which is more prevalent during epidemics, exhibits a combination of allelic variants that could be associated with its epidemic ability.