bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Massive Resistance, Violence, and Southern Social Relations: The Little Rock, Arkansas, School Integration Crisis, 1954–1960
Authors: Anderson Karen S.
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on the massive resistance against desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas. It begins with a description of the efforts of organizations such as the Mother's League of Central High and the Capital Citizens' Council to oppose desegregation. It then discusses how in Arkansas, the rhetoric on race, resistance, and violence first emerged in the small northeastern town of Hoxie, where school officials announced the integration of schools in 1955. The chapter then considers how massive resistance in Little Rock differed from those in other parts of the South.
Aka Polyphony
Authors: Fürniss Susanne
Published: January 2010

This chapter is an in-depth analysis of music of the Aka Pygmies of the Central African Republic: Introduction to the Aka; Research Method; The Aka's Conception of Polyphonic Singing: Cognitive Premises; Patterns and Variation Techniques; Yodelling and Melodic Variations; The Polyphonic Pattern and the Substratum of the Song; Musical Practice: Juggling with the Substratum; Pathways Through the Material.
Mechanisms of Ethanol-Induced Alterations in Neuronal Migration
Authors: Siegenthaler Julie A. , Miller Michael W.
Published: January 2010

Neuronal migration is the process by which postmitotic neurons translocate from their birthplace in proliferative zones to the appropriate target structure where the neurons integrate into the emerging network. The inability of neurons to properly migrate is one cause of neurological disorders. The cerebral cortex is the brain region most frequently described as exhibiting malformations designated a neuronal migration disorders (NMDs). This chapter shows how NMDs detected in cases of fetal alcohol syndrome are likely caused by ethanol interfering with each phase of the migration.
Intracellular Events in Ethanol-induced Neuronal Death
Authors: Mooney Sandra M. , Miller Michael W. , Henderson George I.
Published: January 2010

Developmental exposure to ethanol can significantly reduce the number of neurons in specific areas of the brain, resulting in a decrease in the additive processes of cell generation and migration and/or an increase in the substractive process of cell death. This chapter examines the effects of ethanol on intracellular pathways involved in neuronal death.
Tobacco Use During Pregnancy: Epidemiology and Effects on Offspring
Authors: Willford Jennifer A. , Day Nancy L. , Cornelius Marie D.
Published: January 2010

This chapter reviews the epidemiology of tobacco use during pregnancy and then focuses on the effects of prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE). There PTE has significant effects on the growth, cognitive development, and behavior of exposed children. Children with PTE are smaller at birth, have cognitive deficits in reasoning and memory, and higher rates of activity, inattention, and impulsivity.
Nicotinic Receptor Regulation of Developing Catecholamine Systems
Authors: Leslie Frances M. , Azam Layla , Gallardo Kathy , O’Leary Kathryn , Franke Ryan , Lotfipour Shahrdad
Published: January 2010

Nicotine binds to specific cholinergic receptors. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a ligand-gated cation channel. Each receptor consists of five subunit proteins surrounding a channel pore that mediate many of the biological effects of acetylcholine. This chapter uses a combination of biochemical, anatomical, and behavioral approaches to evaluate the hypothesis that functional nAChRs are expressed on catecholamine neurons during critical phases of brain development.
Chapter 4 On Lexical and Morphological Conditioning of Alternations
Authors: PARDO ELLY
Published: January 2010

This chapter deals with a nonce-probe experiment with Spanish-speaking adults that investigates a variety of issues, including the internal organization of paradigms as well as the role of type and token frequency in determining productivity in morphophonological alternations. The results show that certain widespread vowel alternations, especially diphthongization, are not readily extended to nonce forms. When alternations are extended, it is under conditions in which both alternates are made available in the experiment and one is in a form that is closely related semantically to the target form. Morphophonological classes do not necessarily make use of the broadest phonological generalizations but often have more specific and local phonological reference. Type frequency and phonological similarity relate to the degree of productivity, and paradigms with very high token frequency do not serve as analogical models, thus detracting from productivity. Subsequent studies of Spanish diphthongization have confirmed the lexical specificity of diphthongization, identifying both morphological and phonological contexts that favor or disfavor diphthongs.
Chapter 5 Rules and Schemasin the Development and Use of the English Past Tense
Authors: SLOBIN DAN I.
Published: January 2010

English verbal morphology is rather restricted, compared to that of a full-fledged inflectional language, since it offers only four inflectional morphemes: the 3s present, the past tense, the past participle, and the progressive. Thus it provides no opportunity to study the complex interaction between intersecting inflectional categories within a paradigm, such as person, number, mood, and tense. It does, however, provide the opportunity for a study of a different sort: although English has a demonstrably productive process of suffixation for past-tense formation, in the form of -ed, it also has many irregular verbs whose past tense is formed in some cases without suffixation and in others with changes of vowel (or, less commonly, consonant) in the stem. This chapter discusses the English past tense in children and adults, taking into account the type frequency of the irregular patterns, the token frequency of members of the irregular classes, the phonological similarity between the base and the past, and the phonological similarity among past forms themselves.
Chapter 6 Morphological Classes as Natural Categories
Authors: MODER CAROL LYNN
Published: January 2010

One particular class of irregular verbs in English, exemplified by string/strung, shows some productivity, offering an opportunity to understand further the factors that govern productivity. This class is examined in the present chapter, and is shown to be defined by the phonological shape of the verb, including not just the final consonants, but also the initial ones. This chapter argues for product-oriented schemas on the basis of the fact that the vowel of the base is the least important factor in predicting class membership. Synchronic, diachronic, and experimental data indicate that speakers of natural language form categorizations of linguistic objects in the same way that they form categorizations of natural and cultural objects. These verbs are not categorized by properties of their meaning or by properties that associate them with external reality; rather, they are categorized by their form, that is, their phonological properties.
Chapter 13 The Emergent Lexicon
Authors: Bybee Joan
Published: January 2010

Given the high interconnectedness of lexicon and grammar, this chapter argues that even while grammar is emergent, the lexicon must be, too, since it is highly affected by language use. Here the frequency effects are said to provide evidence for lexical storage. The storage of larger and less frequent units is discussed, along with idioms, prefabs, and grammaticizing constructions. The frequency effects also suggest, however, that in addition to storage units, words, phrases, and constructions must also be processing units. The fact that some priming effects appear with constructions and that phonological effects, including reduction but also retention, occur in high-frequency contexts both suggest that words, phrases, and constructions are processing units that become more fluent with more use.
The Origins and Traditions of the Nineteenth-Century Missionary Movement
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P.
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins by describing Père Guillemé as a catholic missionary who taught the lessons of Christianity, cared for the sick, elderly, and dying. It then notes that two seventeenth-century innovations in very different parts of the world were particularly influential in shaping the modern Catholic missionary movement. It explains how the catholic missionary movement became French. It aims to determine the qualities of modern missionaries.
“I just feel horribly embarrassed when she does that”: Constituting a Mother’s Identity
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia
Published: January 2010

This chapter builds on prior research on language and identity to identify the discursive strategies through which one mother creates a gendered parental identity in a common domestic encounter: the babysitting report. It explores how the mother linguistically creates a gendered parental identity while talking with her husband and her brother, who babysat their daughter. As her brother describes their daughter's misbehavior, the mother uses several interactional strategies in her responses that simultaneously work in concert toward constructing a coherent identity. When these verbal practices are interpreted within the sociocultural context, some of them appear to be “sex-class linked” and others are linked to what it means to be a parent; together, they produce the identity “mother”. This chapter contributes to research on the linguistic creation of identity in everyday interaction in general, and more specifically in family interaction, by demonstrating how gendered and parental identities are intertwined within family discourse.
Finding the Right Balance between Connection and Control: A Father's Identity Construction in Conversations with His College-Age Daughter
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia
Published: January 2010

This chapter explains the challenges faced by fathers in balancing connection and control as their children—in this case, daughters—get older. Drawing on the frameworks of framing and power and solidarity, it explores how one man constructs his identity as a father in conversations with his twenty-year-old daughter. The father engages in a complex balancing of a caretaking frame (forefronting hierarchy) and a sociable frame (forefronting connection) as he attempts to motivate his daughter to prepare for her upcoming study-abroad semester. He also creates a parental identity with others (his wife, a travel agent, secretary, and neighbor) with whom he discusses the difficulties he is having in encouraging his daughter to take more responsibility. The analysis contributes to the linguistic creation of identity by considering how parental identities emerge through the language used by a father to simultaneously reprimand his daughter and maintain an egalitarian father-daughter relationship. Accomplishing these disparate goals requires the father to engage in a complex negotiation of identities. The chapter also provides a rare glimpse into the discourse of fathers, and particularly into the conversational dynamics of a father and his grown daughter.
Role of Prion Protein During Normal Physiology and Disease
Authors: Coitinho Adriana Simon , Hajj Glaucia N. M.
Published: January 2010

Prions are infectious particles composed only of proteins. Their importance resides in the concept that information transmission between two organisms can be devoid of nucleic acid. Prions are also well-known as the etiological agents of several neurodegenerative diseases of animals and humans called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Literature on prion-associated diseases, transmission mechanisms, and the related normal isoform of the protein has grown impressively in the last few years, making it very difficult to cover all aspects of prion in depth in this chapter. This chapter therefore focuses on the history, symptoms, mechanisms of transmission and diagnosis of prion diseases, and currently proposed therapies. The roles of the normal isoform of the prion in physiology are also discussed, along with neuroinvasion and pathogenicity.
Redox Signaling and Vascular Function
Authors: Langston J. Will , Circu Magdalena L. , Aw Tak Yee
Published: January 2010

Over the last two decades, reduction-oxidation (redox) signaling has emerged as an important regulator of cell function. The growing interest in the link between redox signaling and vascular function stems primarily from evidence that oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction underlies a number of cardiovascular pathologies including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes, and that antioxidant intervention may be an important treatment modality in these vascular disorders. Of interest is the thiol antioxidant, reduced glutathione (GSH), a crucial regulator of cellular redox potential, and whose synthesis is transcriptionally upregulated under conditions of cellular oxidative stress. The transcriptional upregulation of the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis, glutamate cysteine ligase, under oxidative conditions by the transcription factor Nrf2 represents an important area of investigation in terms of its role in redox regulation of endothelial function, its role in vascular pathology, and its potential as a therapeutic target for treatment of cardiovascular disorders that involve vascular oxidative stress. This chapter discusses the roles of reactive oxygen species, redox regulation, and cell signaling in the vasculature. Redox activation of transcription factors in vascular disorders is also considered.
Reducing Oxidative Stress and Enhancing Neurovascular Longevity During Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Maiese Kenneth , Chong Zhao Zhong , Li Faqi
Published: January 2010

This concluding chapter looks at the raves and risks of novel therapeutic strategies that are translational in nature by focusing on the complications of oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus (DM) in the neuronal and vascular systems. Both type 1 and type 2 DM can lead to significant disability in the nervous and cardiovascular systems, such as cognitive loss and cardiac insufficiency. Innovative strategies that directly target oxidative stress to preserve neuronal and vascular longevity could offer viable therapeutic options to diabetic patients in addition to the more conventional treatments that are designed to control serum glucose levels. This chapter explores the novel applications of nicotinamide, Wnt signaling, and erythropoietin (EPO) that modulate cellular oxidative stress and offer significant promise for the prevention of diabetic complications in the neurovascular systems. Essential to this process is the precise focus on the cellular pathways governed by nicotinamide, Wnt signaling, and EPO to avoid detrimental clinical complications and offer the development of effective and safe future therapy for patients.
Legal Procedure in Cicero’s Time
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: January 2010

Cicero's legal cases ranged from treason, murder, and ‘public violence’ to disputes about property and debt. Modern Western systems of justice differentiate criminal law from civil law in a number of ways. First, the source of the prosecution: in criminal law now a representative of the state prosecutes, in civil law the injured party or someone representing them; correspondingly, in criminal cases judgement is given in favour of the state, if the prosecution succeeds, and for the most part the penalty is paid to the state, while in civil law (leaving aside matters like costs and contempt of court) the judgement is in favour of the plaintiff in the form of compensation. Furthermore, different courts and different procedure are used for the two types of case. This chapter discusses legal procedure in ancient Rome, public law and private law, prosecutors and the location of courts, civil procedure, and criminal procedure.
The Rhetoric of Character in the Roman Courts
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers three problems in Roman (primarily Ciceronian) oratory and rhetoric surrounding the notion of character during a prosecution. The first is the question of how forensic oratory was constrained by external notions of character; this is inextricably tied to a debate of long standing whether antiquity understood a person's character to be ‘fixed’. The chapter argues that the evidence is best accounted for if oratorical practice is seen as being informed by such a view. The second section shows that awareness of this view of character can also aid our understanding of the overall function of the criminal courts in ancient Rome; the differing roles of personality in those courts and our own do not indicate fundamentally different roles for the two institutions. Finally, and more tentatively, the chapter suggests that oratorical practice, shaped by this view of character, in turn affected the reception of theory of ethos proposed by Aristotle.
Perorations
Authors: Winterbottom Michael
Published: January 2010

The peroration was the last part of an oration, and typically would have been preceded by proem, narrative, and proofs. This articulation of a speech had been canonical for centuries before the time of Cicero. Around 80 BC, Cicero came to write his youthful De Inventione, he passed on from some Greek source the recommendation assumed in the Palamedes, that a peroration should contain a recapitulation and arousal of pity. His schema only becomes tripartite because anger is given equal weight with pity. The logical step was to produce a twofold scheme, where recapitulation was balanced by arousal of emotion in general; and that is what is found in Cicero's later Partitiones Oratoriae, as well as in later writers like Quintilian. This chapter discusses Cicero's actual perorations without much attention to the precepts he or others laid down for them.
Being Economical with the Truth: What Really Happened at Lampsacus?
Authors: Steel Catherine
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines Cicero's forensic speech detailing the attempted kidnap and rape of a noblewoman from Lampsacus, followed by a riot in which Verres was almost burned alive, and by a trial rigged by Verres which led to the judicial murder of Philodamus and his son. It argues that none of the evidence which Cicero cites points conclusively to the interpretation he offers. In his prosecution speech, Cicero is not presenting an objective historical account, but making the best possible case for Verres' guilt. It seems clear that Cicero wishes his readers to see the events at Lampsacus as a tightly unified whole, where the banquet is followed on the one hand by the justified but abortive attempt by the citizens of Lampsacus to punish Verres, and the unjust but successful attempt by Verres to punish Philodamus and his son. This chapter views the conviction of Philodamus and the riot of the Lampsacenes as two separate incidents.
Forging a Polemical Style: Gibbon’s Vindication and Literary Warfare, 1694–1779
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID
Published: January 2010

Gibbon's most explicit engagement with his critics occurred with the publication of his Vindication in 1779. Recent scholars have normally presented this as a one-sided contest leading to a devastating victory for Gibbon. This chapter argues, however, that Gibbon's victory in this encounter was achieved more at the level of style than of scholarly substance, and that he adroitly side-stepped the accusations of his critics. He exploited the eighteenth-century tradition of dispute between deists and the orthodox, with which he was very familiar, and cleverly turned the tables on his opponents by stealing from them the rhetorical clothes associated particularly with that hammer of heterodoxy, Richard Bentley.
‘Fourteen months, the most barren and unprofitable of my whole life’: Five Versions of Residence in Oxford
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID
Published: January 2010

Gibbon wrote five versions of his period of residence at Oxford, ranging widely no less in length (from less than 100 words to over 7,000 words) than in political character. When placed in the context of debate about the University of Oxford from the mid-seventeenth century, this sequence of versions reveals the shifting motives informing the successive revisions of the narrative of this period of Gibbon's life. In particular, it discloses the incoherence of the motives governing the final and most elaborate of the manuscripts of Gibbon's Memoirs, and so sheds light on Gibbon's eventual abandonment of that draft.
Conclusion
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID
Published: January 2010

The short conclusion draws out the implications of this study for both the reputation of Gibbon himself, and also for our ideas of late eighteenth-century authorship.
‘Too deeply into the mud of the Arian controversy’: Gibbon and the Early Church Fathers
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID
Published: January 2010

Gibbon was aware that the historical terrain he was obliged to traverse for the second instalment of The Decline and Fall (1781) was rich in potential to offend those of orthodox religious beliefs. In particular, he knew that his accounts of the early Church, of the development of its doctrines (especially the doctrine of the Trinity), and of its dealings with the emperor Constantine and his successors, would be closely scrutinised. This chapter suggests how Gibbon's alertness to probable lines of attack stimulated him towards a new subtlety of historical interpretation, and shows how the historian's critics became secret sharers in the business of historical composition.
The Independent Labour Party
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

As the 1926 coal dispute entered its last month, Ramsay MacDonald reflected despondently on the state of the Independent Labour Party (ILP). His relationship with the pre-war ILP was often troubled. Differences over electoral and parliamentary tactics produced disputes with the ILP Left. In the period immediately before 1914, MacDonald, now chair of the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP), seemed to be loosening his ties with the ILP. His critical response to Britain's intervention in August 1914 meant his resignation from the PLP Chairmanship and his distancing from strongly patriotic Labour MPs and trade union leaders. He turned back to the ILP with its internationalist and anti-militarist sentiments. MacDonald's emphatic rejection by the West Leicester electorate in December 1918 confirmed his dependence on the ILP for organizational and emotional support. This chapter looks at the ILP's history and its role in politics in Britain during the 1920s.
Socialist Conscience
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

The 1929 General Election was in formal terms a success for the Independent Labour Party (ILP). Of the fifty-six candidates sponsored by the party, thirty-seven were successful, more than doubling the previous number of sponsored Members. Many other MPs claimed to hold ILP cards and overall the potential membership of the ILP Parliamentary Group exceeded 200. The new Cabinet included neither John Wheatley nor Fred Jowett. Although both had sat in the 1924 Cabinet, they had been identified with the ILP's shift to the left. In contrast, Thomas Johnston and Emmanuel Shinwell, both active in the ILP and both critical of James Maxton, were appointed to posts outside the Cabinet. Although the Labour Party had not achieved a parliamentary majority, its advance since 1924 was impressive. For the first time, it was the largest party in the House of Commons. The Tory Opposition seemed demoralized; world recession had not yet hit the British economy.
Constructing Labour Woman
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

In the 1920s, Margaret Bondfield had symbolized more than any other individual the status of women in Labour Party politics; she was a Member of Parliament in 1923-1924 and from 1926, a junior Minister in 1924, and the first woman Cabinet Minister in 1929. This was coupled with prominence in the trade union world, playing a key role in the Trades Union Congress (TUC). Her role in both industrial and political activities involved a discourse that played down and often denied the distinctiveness of women 's interests within the labour movement. Pre-1914, Bondfield had been a women's trade union organizer, an adult suffragist, and a prominent member of the Independent Labour Party. Later she marginalized and frequently criticized feminist concerns, her socialism became much more formal, and her union was absorbed into the National Union of General and Municipal Workers. Within both party and the TUC she became a stalwart of the Right, a keen supporter of Ramsay MacDonald and a strong anti-Communist.
Contesting Woman’s Place
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

When women challenged their assigned place in the Labour Party, and, at least by implication, their official identity as ‘Labour Woman’, their dissent was fuelled by specific and deeply felt disagreements over policy. The provision of information on birth control by publicly funded clinics proved to be highly controversial for British Labour in the 1920s. On this issue more than any other, conflict developed between the institutions specific to Labour women and the overall party. Wartime experiences had given many working-class women a sense of their own autonomy; a change which raised the possibility of family limitation as a desirable option. As familiar routines re-emerged after the war, depression in staple and well-unionized trades provided a powerful incentive for family limitation. Such sentiments were fired by a belief that the lives of working-class women did not have to be confined and damaged by successive and frequently difficult pregnancies, each adding to the pressure on already meagre household budgets. For the politically active, their involvement in the Labour Party's Women's Sections was a declaration against passivity and acquiescence.
Switzerland and British Strategy: Toluol, Trams, and Transit Rights
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE
Published: January 2010

Switzerland's success in deterring a German attack after 1940 writs large in popular depictions of Switzerland's wartime history, and played a decisive part in helping to elevate neutrality as the country's core foreign policy maxim during the cold war. This chapter shows that although British military observers were impressed by Swiss defences, Switzerland rarely featured in British strategic deliberations, nor was it deemed sufficiently important to justify releasing military and strategic resources for Swiss use through the blockade. Moreover, the defence of the Alpine railway tunnels, upon which Swiss deterrent strategy relied, ultimately worked to Britain's disadvantage as it guaranteed the Axis unfettered access to Swiss transit facilities. The chapter examines Britain's lacklustre diplomatic and military efforts to reduce Axis transit traffic across Switzerland.
Cloaking the Dagger: British Covert Operations and Swiss Neutrality
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE
Published: January 2010

This chapter explores the role played by the secret intelligence community in shaping British policy towards Switzerland. Appreciation of Switzerland's importance as a source of secret intelligence became apparent within weeks of the fall of France, and by the late summer, the need to maintain access to British agent networks, based in Switzerland, became the single most important factor driving British policy. It evaluates Switzerland's value as an intelligence asset for Britain and shows how the Swiss came to view the preferential access to intelligence gathering facilities in Switzerland as means of off-setting the Axis' control of Switzerland's economic output and financial resources.
Britain and Switzerland's ‘Active’ Neutrality
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines British attitudes towards Switzerland's policy of ‘active’ neutrality. It demonstrates how a convergence of interests between the two countries on how to respond to the Holocaust effectively made London complicit in Berne's restrictive policy towards refugees from 1942. The Swiss were, however, able to promote the image of a ‘good Samaritan’ in British eyes by providing a safe haven for escaped British prisoners of war and servicemen seeking to evade capture. More particularly, from late 1941, Berne won praise for its adroit work as ‘protecting power’ in the Axis and Axis controlled territories. The chapter shows how British gratitude for these services influenced official thinking and helped justify support for Swiss interests in other areas.
Conclusion
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE
Published: January 2010

This concluding chapter evaluates the relative success of British policy towards Switzerland between 1939 and 1945. It explains how British policy-makers justified their benevolent attitude towards Switzerland, despite the substantial financial, economic and strategic advantages gained by Britain's enemies in Switzerland over the course of the war. It considers the particular psychological challenges confronting statesmen in managing relations with ostensibly friendly states in periods of acute tension and explores how norm compliant behaviour — in this case, sympathy for Switzerland — was promoted through the development of belief systems, institutional culture and decision-making processes. Finally, it discusses the importance of Switzerland's international image and reputation in shaping British attitudes and expectations over the war.
3 The Bosonids at Gorze
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN
Published: January 2010

Count Bivin's descendants formed part of the great kindred known to modern historians as the Bosonids. Helped by Bivin's marriage to the sister of Lothar II's wife Theutberga, and the marriage of his daughter, Richild, to Charles the Bald, these descendants came to comprise one of the leading supra-regional ‘families’ of Lotharingia during the 9th century. Despite the reimposition of episcopal control, Count Bivin 's descendants retained close and fruitful contacts with the abbey of Gorze for at least another century. Their links with Gorze and its landholding were not all-pervasive, but existed alongside episcopal overlordship and the ties of other lesser families. Yet these links were strong enough to weather both the turbulent infighting within Lotharingia during the late 9th and early 20th centuries, and also Gorze's reform of 933-934 carried out by Bishop Adalbero. This chapter examines to what ends the Bosonids exploited the abbey's lands, the means by which they were able to do so, and the attendant effects on Gorze and its community.
4 The Holders of Precariae
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN
Published: January 2010

The Bosonids are the most striking example of a noble family retaining close links with the abbey of Gorze and its lands despite the overlordship of the bishops of Metz. Proximity of landholding brought the abbey into contact with many other substantial, if less exalted, individuals throughout Upper Lotharingia during the early medieval period. Whether taken individually or as a group, charters can be used to add to the picture of the role played by an abbey and its landholding during this period. To this end, some of the abbey's charters which record precarial or allied agreements with five individuals or families can usefully be considered. A charter given by Bishop Robert of Metz at Gorze in 903 recorded a precaria remuneratoria in which Willern granted Gorze considerable donations at Arnaville and Ancy-sur-Moselle; in return he received the usufruct of these lands and Gorze's possessions some 30 kilometers away at Jeandelize for the lifetimes of himself, his wife, and one daughter.
10 Bishops and Patrons after the Reform
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN
Published: January 2010

Despite a continual ebb and flow in its possessions, Saint-Evre's pre-reform community managed to retain much of its ancient endowment. Diplomata and miracula provide ample testimony to the tension between the community and the bishop of Toul or his retinue; as Saint-Evre's overlord he was at times its foremost enemy. However, the community always retained a degree of independence, successfully seeking royal diplomata to protect its interests against the bishops of Toul. The lack of private charters makes it impossible to trace the community's relations with the nobility in the manner that is possible at Gorze. But the few shreds of evidence which survive, most notably those concerning the Matfridings, reveal that, as at Gorze, such relations were not necessarily to the community's disadvantage. Little can be gleaned about the community's religious practices, but surviving evidence suggests that Saint-Evre became a centre of reform because its 9th-century foundations provided a base on which the 10th-century reformers could quickly build.
16 Reform: Giselbert, the Liudolfings, and Robert of Trier
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN
Published: January 2010

The monastic reform of 934 has been considered by historians as a watershed in the history of the abbey of Saint-Maximin. In attempting to detect the causes of reform they have tended to argue for the supremacy of one specific factor or impulse: the stimulus from Gorze, internal pressure from within the community, religious conversion, the material motives of Duke Giselbert, the intervention of Henry I, or a more general change whereby a period of invasion and internecine feuds is thought to have given way to a more settled environment under Ottonian rule. This chapter places the events of these years in the wider context of the abbey's relations with its lords and patrons. This chapter also discusses the role of the Liudolfings, bishops, and leading families of the Reich as well as Archbishop Robert of Trier in monastic reform.
Catholic Reformation in Ireland
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg
Published: January 2010

The success of the counter-reformation in Ireland was a crucial development in the history of the island and subsequently a vital component in the troubled relationship between Ireland and Britain. For centuries, the politics of the archipelago have been affected by conflicts whose deepest roots are located in the religious changes of the 17th century. This book offers a reappraisal of a central episode in the extension of Catholic Church reform to the island: the papal nunciature of GianBattista Rinuccini. This book situates Rinuccini's mission in its wider European context, and provides a new perspective, not only on the man at the heart of events during the turbulent 1640s, but also on the 17th-century penetration of Catholic reform into Ireland and on the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
The Attrition of Influence, December 1646–February 1648
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó
Published: January 2010

The fourteen months from the end of November 1646 to February 1648 marked a particular phase in GianBattista Rinuccini's career in Ireland. During this time, Nicholas Plunkett and the bishop of Ferns, Nicholas French, exercised a great deal of influence in confederate politics, while the nuncio occupied a less overtly prominent role. This period was inaugurated, and much of its subsequent character determined, by the decision to convene a confederate General Assembly. The most important problem confronted at this Assembly was the Ormond peace: the lord lieutenant's supporters hoped to have the treaty ratified by the supreme confederate authority, while Rinuccini and his adherents sought the assembly's approval for their overturning of the peace the previous year. The result was a qualified victory for the clerical party because the treaty was indeed rejected. The clergy then secured a second victory when their new formulation of the confederate oath was accepted.
Introduction
Authors: McHUGH P.G.
Published: January 2010

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the focus of the book, which is the history of the encounter between the aboriginal peoples of North America and Australasia and the common law that British colonialism transplanted into their lands. It then discusses law and colonialism, aboriginal histories and common law, how the common law treats its own past, the idea of law in the Marshall judgments on Indian status (1823-1832), and aboriginal societies and the common law in the pre-modern era.
An Overview of the Era of Aboriginal Self-Determination: from Rights-Recognition to Rights-Integration and -Management
Authors: McHUGH P.G.
Published: January 2010

This chapter presents an overview of how aboriginal self-determination became the overarching dynamic for legal development in each jurisdiction. It sets out the important legal contours of the last quarter-century, showing how each jurisdiction addressed the legal and constitutional pluralism that this new imperative demanded, and purged the older discredited goal of assimilation.
Germany and the Questione della Lingua
Authors: STEVENSON PATRICK
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins by establishing the historicity of the contentious relationship between language and social and political identities in Germany by taking the debates on language in the first half of the 19th century as an illustration of the coincidence of sociopolitical upheavals and linguistic crises, and as a demonstration of how values attached to the ‘national language’ or ‘mother tongue’ at the time foreshadowed many later developments. It then traces the course of the debates, showing how they track the shifting political climate of east-west relations in post-1945 Germany, and examines the links between political and academic agendas. Finally, the chapter discusses language change and language use. It argues that the ideological force of linguistic practices such as naming outweighs the extent of quantitative differences, that the use of key words to construct contexts is more important than the mere existence of distinct lexical sub-sets.
Motion of particles
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins by describing and interpreting experiments with both negative and positive ions. It continues with the results of neutron scattering and concludes with a note on scattering by X-ray photons.
Surfaces and interfaces
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the properties of 3He surfaces and its interfaces with other substances. It presents a selection of experiments and their interpretation is made under six headings: restricted geometry, surface tensions, nucleation, thermal boundary resistance, wetting transitions, and thin films.
Spin-polarized liquid
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

No theory is capable of explaining all of the properties of 3He. The paramagnon model, which accounted for some properties through its spin-spin repulsion parameter I, showed that liquid 3He was nearly ferromagnetic at high pressure. On the other hand, the lattice gas models were able to explain many properties, and hence showed that liquid 3He was nearly localized at all pressures. Consequently, methods of producing spin-polarized liquid 3He were devised to distinguish between these theories through their different predictions for the properties of the spin-polarized state. This chapter describes some of these predictions and then explains three methods used to produce the polarization. It shows that spin waves can propagate in the presence of a magnetic field. The chapter concludes with a description of experiments on the polarized liquid.
Basic properties
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

This chapter presents a summary of the main properties of superfluid 3He. Topics covered include thermal properties, magnetic properties, superfluidity, acoustical properties, and rotating superfluid.
Magnetic resonance properties
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

This chapter describes NMR experiments and relates their results to theories of the A and B phases, that is, to the ABM and BW states of the triplet pairing, respectively. The first section outlines the Leggett theory for longitudinal resonances and discusses the orientational effects of both magnetic and electric fields. This is followed by sections on the non-linear and textural effects in each phase, and on the generation of spin waves in both phases. Finally, a section on spin relaxation leads to one on spin supercurrents.
Hydrodynamics
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows how the relationship between experimental results and theoretical calculations for the superfluid density, the transport properties of the superfluid, and the motion of ions within it. Many of the techniques are those previously described for the normal Fermi liquid, but the hydrodynamic theory of the superfluid is more complex than that of the Fermi liquid.
Iterated Maps
Authors: Hilborn Robert C.
Published: January 2010

Dynamical systems described by iterated map functions are used to explore the period-doubling route to chaos, Lyapunov exponents, and Feigenbaum numbers. A simple derivation of the numerical value of the Feigenbaum number α is provided. The connections among differential equation models, Poincare sections, and iterated maps are explored. This chapter explores the logistic map, the sine map, the tent map, shift maps, the Gaussian map, the Henon map, and the Smale horseshoe map along with a brief introduction to symbolic dynamics. Both one-dimensional and two-dimensional maps are studied in detail. The U-sequence provides an example of another universal feature of unimodal iterated map functions. Sarkovskii's Theorem explains the organization of periodic orbits in one-dimensional map function behaviour. One-dimensional iterated map systems can exhibit chaotic behaviour, but one-dimensional differential equation models cannot. This chapter provides an explanation of that difference.
COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS IN EVEN–EVEN NUCLEI: VIBRATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
Authors: Casten R. F.
Published: January 2010

The shell model is generally considered the fundamental nuclear model and works best for light nuclei. More fundamental to the shell model's central position in nuclear physics is that it provides a well-defined procedure for the calculation of basic nuclear observables. However, the use of the shell model is, in practice, rather severely limited. While shell model calculations for multi-shell configurations are certainly possible, the size of the matrices in which the residual interaction must be diagonalised rapidly becomes enormous. This chapter deals with collectivity and collective excitations in spherical even–even nuclei, focusing on vibrational and rotational motion. Non-diagonal matrix elements of short-range two-body residual interactions are considered, along with quadrupole vibrations and atomic nuclei with stable and permanent deformations, rotations and vibrations of axially symmetric deformed nuclei, bandmixing and rotation-vibration coupling, axially asymmetric nuclei, the interacting boson model, and the geometric collective model of nuclear structure.
Phonon interactions with magnetically quantized two-dimensional carrier systems: the integer and fractional quantum Hall states
Authors: Mellor C.J. , Dietsche W. , Challis L.J.
Published: January 2010

This chapter describes investigations of the interaction of phonons with magnetically quantized two-dimensional (2-D) electron systems including the quantum Hall states, with particular attention to work using acoustic phonons as probes. This includes studies of phonon emission from the two diagonally opposite ‘hot spots’ of a Hall bar where the current enters and leaves. One study detected the phonons using bolometers placed opposite the corners and, in another, the temperature increases at the ‘hot spots’ were indicated by the thickness of superfluid helium film covering the Hall bar. Information has also been obtained on the frequency spectrum of the emitted phonons. Studies have been made of the location and frequency dependence of the absorption of phonons in the integer states. Phonon absorption studies of the fractional quantum Hall state provide support for the magnetoroton picture, and the fruitful studies of the quantum Hall states using surface acoustic waves are reviewed in detail.
Carrier–phonon interactions in semiconductor quantum dots and wires
Authors: Cavill S.A. , Hawker P. , Kent A.J.
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers the interaction of phonons with one- and zero-dimensional (1-D and 0-D) carrier systems in quantum wires and dots. Wires and dots are discussed in separate sections: each starting with a brief review of how the structures are formed, and then going on to consider their basic physical properties. The theory of emission and absorption of bulk (3-D) phonons by electrons in 1-D and 0-D is considered. The chapter explains how the requirements of energy and momentum conservation leads to the ‘phonon bottleneck’, i.e. a reduction in the carrier-phonon scattering rates as the dimensionality is reduced. Each section ends with a review of experimental measurements of carrier-phonon interactions. The focus is on phonon measurements using the techniques of heat pulses and phonoconductivity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the outstanding issues, e.g. the carrier relaxation processes in quantum dots.
Stora–Zumino chain of descent equations
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A.
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows how the singlet anomaly in 2n dimensions determines the non-Abelian anomaly in (2n - 2) dimensions via a set of equations. These are part of a whole chain of equations, which descend in their form degree, thus called the Stora–Zumino chain of descent equations. This chain is derived in pure mathematical grounds — algebra and differential geometry — and its meaning is physics is discussed. The chapter offers the topological aspect of a chain, described by an index theorem.
Radio frequency cavities
Authors: Wilson E. J. N.
Published: January 2010

A time varying field is essential for acceleration. After commenting that neither waves in free space nor in a waveguide can be matched to the velocity of a particle, this chapter shows how a chain of pill box cavities or a corrugated tube can propagate a wave whose phase velocity is less than c. The importance of the transit-time factor is mentioned. Maxwell's equations apply to such resonators. Particular boundary conditions apply at the conducting walls. The mode, the quality factor, and the shunt impedance are calculated for simple cavity. The dispersion diagram of an iris-loaded cavity is discussed, as are the choice of modes and the difference between standing wave and travelling wave configurations. The klystron, used to power the cavities, is discussed together with the various modes of coupling.
Essential Density Functional Theory
Authors: Finnis Mike
Published: January 2010

Starting with an explanation of what functionals and functional derivatives are, this chapter develops the basic functional calculus needed to understand density functional theory (DFT). DFT for electrons in condensed matter is then explained, starting with the Thomas–Fermi model in which the kinetic energy is a local functional of the density. The Hohenberg–Kohn–Sham DFT is then developed, leading to the Schr ö dinger–like Kohn–Sham equations. The local density approximation (LDA) for exchange and correlation is explained. The chapter includes an introduction to the self-consistent solution of the Kohn–Sham equations.
Linear Response Theory
Authors: Finnis Mike
Published: January 2010

This chapter introduces the concept of linear response theory. The response function giving the change in charge density induced by a small change in the potential is derived in terms of the Green function of Chapter 1. These concepts lead to an expression for the error in the Harris–Foulkes functional due to neglect of complete self-consistency, which is shown to be second order in the error in the model input charge density. Linear response in jellium — the uniform gas of electrons — is explored in detail, including the response to non-local potentials. This is background for deriving pairwise potentials in simple metals in Chapter 6. The incorporation of exchange and correlation in the response function is described, whereby pairwise potential models in simple metals can contain more physics than the local density approximation or generalized gradient approximations used in fully self-consistent density functional theory.