bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Strategies in Translating English Metaphors into Thai: A Case Study of the American Novel Percy Jackson
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Mata Rachadaporn , Tangkiengsirisin Supong
Published: July 2018

As metaphors are known as comparative language avoiding “like” or “as” in the sentences, they need special treatment in translation. Regarding comparisons, there are two different objectives: they may be known and unknown in the target language. The objectives become a translation problem according to different languages, cultures, attitudes and other aspects. This study aimed to investigate the translation techniques used for transferring live metaphors found in a novel into Thai, namely, Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2005) and its translated version. The translation strategies were studied and analyzed. The analysis relied on the model of Newmark (1988) which proposed seven techniques for metaphor translation. The results of this research showed that the most frequently technique employed was the source metaphor that can be reproduced as the same image in target language, with a total of fifty-seven sentences out of one hundred thirty-six sentences. Additionally, there were also three techniques that were often applied: the metaphor can be translated as a simile by adding some meaning or translating a metaphor as a metaphor and plus some meaning or explanation and the metaphor can be deleted when it is redundant. It can be inferred that to maintain the native sense of language and prevent reader’s confusion, the translator provided the equivalent or same image in the target language. Therefore, the author avoided deleting the source image and instead converted it to literal language.
Female Translation Students' Knowledge and Use of Online Dictionaries and Terminology Data Banks: A Case Study
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Sabbah Nadia , Alsalem Reem
Published: July 2018

This study aims to determine whether translation students at an undergraduate translation program have sufficient awareness of the availability and usability of online vocabulary and terminology search tools that can be of valid assistance to a translator. The study surveyed 50 female translation students of the Translation Program at Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of questions about knowledge and use patterns and included texts for translating between English and Arabic. Results show that although the students know and use a variety of online resources, they still lack in awareness of some of the very useful ones, and a small minority of the students does not use monolingual dictionaries at all. Analysis of the students’ translations of selected terms reveals that availability of excellent online resources is not enough to prevent mistranslations if the students cannot select the right equivalent. The study has implications for lexicographers about the dictionary features most frequently used by translators-to-be. It also provides pedagogical tips for translator trainers who should guide their students to making use of the full potential of online dictionaries and term banks in order to achieve better translation outcomes.
The cultural evolution of shamanism
Authors: Singh Manvir
Published: July 2018

Shamans, including medicine-men, mediums, and the prophets of religious movements, recur across human societies. Shamanism also existed among nearly all documented hunter-gatherers, likely characterized the religious lives of many ancestral humans, and is often proposed by anthropologists to be the “first profession”, representing the first institutionalized division of labor beyond age and sex. This paper proposes a cultural evolutionary theory to explain why shamanism consistently develops, and in particular, (1) why shamanic traditions exhibit recurrent features around the world, (2) why shamanism professionalizes early, often in the absence of other specialization, and (3) how shifting social conditions affect the form or existence of shamanism. According to this theory, shamanism is a set of traditions developed through cultural evolution that adapts to people’s intuitions to convince observers that a practitioner can influence otherwise unpredictable, significant events. The shaman does this by ostensibly transforming during initiation and trance, violating folk-intuitions of humanness to assure group-members that he or she can interact with the invisible forces that control uncertain outcomes. Entry requirements for becoming a shaman persist because the practitioner’s credibility depends on them “transforming”. This contrasts with dealing with problems that have identifiable solutions (like building a canoe), where credibility hinges on showing results and outsiders can invade the jurisdiction by producing the outcome. Shamanism is an ancient human institution that recurs because of the capacity of cultural evolution to produce practices adapted to innate psychological tendencies.
The Use of Tautology in “The Thorn” by William Wordsworth: A Stylistic Study
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Al-Marsumi Nawar Hussein Rdhaiwi
Published: July 2018

A tautology is to say the same thing twice where part of the sentence is redundant. The words are used and then expanded further in a way as if it has never been spoken before. It is the repetition or duplication of words; however; it has been argued that every repetition is not a tautology. Poets use this part of speech in their work for many years. Owing to its principal use in poems, it deserves an investigatory research work. This study aims at analyzing ‘tautologies’ in William Wordsworth’s poem “The Thorn” from the viewpoint of stylistic analysis. This analysis can show the significance of the use of tautological words to conclude whether tautologies produce redundancy or make a poem beautiful. Leech (1969) is the model adopted in analyzing the selected poem where the concept of “Foregrounding" is introduced as being considered an important field of stylistic analysis. The analysis is quantitative where a statistical analysis is conducted. It is hypothesized that tautology is redundancy, whereas the findings reveal it as an expression of the depth of the human feelings. Wordsworth has successfully used tautology to achieve the themes included in his poem. This paper is hoped to help researchers know the position and effectiveness of tautology in literary texts, specifically, in poems.
Online Disclosure of Incriminating Information: Patterns of Risky Information Behavior in Two Drug Forums
Authors: Costello Kaitlin L. , Martin John Daniel , Brinegar Ashlee Edwards
Published: July 2018

Although people disclose illicit activities such as drug use online, we currently know little about what information people choose to disclose and share or whether there are differences in behavior depending on the illicit activity being disclosed. This exploratory mixed-methods study examines how people discuss and disclose the use of two different drugs—marijuana and heroin—in the popular online forum Reddit. In this study hermeneutic content analysis is employed in order to describe the type of comments people make in forums dedicated to discussions about illicit drugs. With inductive analysis, seven categories of comments were identified: disclosure, instruction and advice, culture, community norms, moralizing, legality, and banter. Our subsequent quantitative analysis indicates that although the amounts of disclosure are similar in each subreddit, there are more instances of instruction and advice in discussions about opiates, and more examples of banter in comments about marijuana use. In fact, both subreddits have high rates of banter. We argue that banter fosters disclosure in both subreddits, and that banter and disclosure are linked with information seeking behaviors in online forums. This work has implications for future explorations of disclosure online and for public health interventions aimed at disseminating credible information about drug use to at-risk individuals.
Teaching Translation Using Project-Based-Learning: Saudi Translation Students Perspectives
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Alkhatnai Mubarak
Published: July 2018

In the last few years, interest in improving the teaching of translation increased immensely. Proposals of introducing many methods to raise students’ involvement and centeredness in the process evolved and many concepts from other disciplines were implemented. One of these evolving concepts was Project Based Learning (PBL) which was popular across many education fields: the main essence of it is involving the students in an authentic and practical translation project. This article investigates the experiences of Saudi under-preparation-translators in a Computer Aided Translation (CAT) course that was introduced using the PBL method. Using qualitative methods (mainly interviews and observations), students’ receptions were collected and analyzed and themes were elicited to report the students’ attitude to PBL method. Although many positive experiences such as autonomy and team work skills were reported, some indicated the concerns of the practicality of the procedure as well as time issues.
Power Distance and Individualism-Collectivism in EFL Learning Environment
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alshahrani Abdulaziz
Published: July 2018

The aim of this review was to critically evaluate the research works done on power distance and individualism-collectivism in English as a foreign language (EFL) and other types of English language learning. There is a more or less agreement on what happens to teaching and learning processes in high and low power distance (PD) classrooms. However, there are some findings suggesting thesimultaneous existence of both individualism and collectivism (e.g. North Vietnam). In that case, individualism and collectivism have separate identities, rather than being mutually exclusive parts of a single dimension. There are some works in which Hofstede’s(1983, 1986) cultural dimensions could not explain observed differences in thelearning environment. There are possibilities of learning-specific new sets of cultural dimensions in classrooms due to the attitudinal changes of students compared to the average culture of the general population. In many works, a variety of approaches has been suggested for the teacher either to adapt to the culture of the classroom or to use methods of low PD and individualistic methods in high PD-collectivist classrooms in a cautious manner. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) seems an effective alternative to Grammar-Translation Method (GTM). Contradictory findings have been reported on Japanese classrooms. In one, the students desire to study independently, which the high PD and the collectivist culture of Japan does not allow. Two, for the Japanese learners, group working is more effective due to the collectivist culture. The contradictions involved in the two contentions need to be resolved through more research.
‘Facebook for Academics’: The Convergence of Self-Branding and Social Media Logic on Academia.edu
Authors: Duffy Brooke Erin , Pooley Jefferson
Published: July 2018

Given widespread labor market precarity, contemporary workers—especially those in the media and creative industries— are increasingly called upon to brand themselves. Academics, we contend, are experiencing a parallel pressure to engage in self-promotional practices, particularly as universities become progressively more market-driven. Academia.edu, a paper- sharing social network that has been informally dubbed “Facebook for academics,” has grown rapidly by adopting many of the conventions of popular social media sites. This article argues that the astonishing uptake of Academia.edu both reflects and amplifies the self-branding imperatives that many academics experience. Drawing on Academia.edu’s corporate history, design decisions, and marketing communications, we analyze two overlapping facets of Academia.edu: (1) the site’s business model and (2) its social affordances. We contend that the company, like mainstream social networks, harnesses the content and immaterial labor of users under the guise of “sharing.” In addition, the site’s fixation on analytics reinforces a culture of incessant self-monitoring—one already encouraged by university policies to measure quantifiable impact. We conclude by identifying the stakes for academic life, when entrepreneurial and self-promotional demands brush up against the university’s knowledge-making ideals.
Gender Liminality: How Gender Inequalities in College Hookup Culture Affect Female Subjectivity
Authors: Vivid Jules
Published: July 2018

College hookup culture research suggests that there is a new double standard of sexual injunctions that heterosexual women must follow in order to avoid being stigmatized when pursuing sex outside of relationships. While relationships provide women with greater sexual satisfaction, some women prefer hookups because inequalities still exist within relationships. The following review examines the effects of college hookup culture on female subjectivity and suggests that gender inequalities reposition women into a state of gender liminality. This liminal space is a middle ground between the stereotypical statuses of passive “feminine-object” and agentive “masculine-subject” that prompts women to negotiate how they perform femininity without losing agency.
Public Perceptions of Food-related Risks: A Cross-national Investigation of Individual and Contextual Influences
Authors: Meagher Kelsey D.
Published: July 2018

Public concerns about food risks have grown in recent decades in response to many food-related scandals. Despite some evidence that risk concerns vary across societies and risk domains, these variations remain understudied. To address this gap, this paper conducts a multi-level analysis of public concerns about biological and chemical/technical food risks in 26 European countries. Findings confirm previous work on individual predictors of risk concern and suggest that several contextual factors contribute to cross-national variations: aggregate perceptions of risks as unnatural, retail concentration in the food sector, and media coverage. The effect of institutional trust on risk concerns varies substantially across nations. Findings also reveal important differences in public concerns about biological versus chemical/technical food risks, supporting the view that food risk perception is multi-dimensional and complex.
Troelstra's Paradox and Markov's Principle
Authors: van Atten Mark
Published: July 2018

A prominent problem for the Theory of the Creating Subject is Troelstra's Paradox. As is well known, the construction of that paradox depends on the acceptability of a certain impredicativity, of a kind that some intuitionists accept and others do not. After a presentation of the Theory of the Creating Subject and the paradox, I argue that the paradox moreover depends on Markov's Principle, in a form that no intuitionist should accept. A postscript discusses a new version of the paradox that Troelstra has proposed in reaction to my argument.
The Citizenship Advantage: Immigrant Socioeconomic Attainment across Generations in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Catron Peter
Published: July 2018

Scholars who study immigrant economic progress often point to the success of Southern and Eastern Europeans who entered in the early 20th century and draw inferences about whether today’s immigrants will follow a similar trajectory. However, little is known about the mechanisms that allowed for European upward advancement. This article begins to fill this gap by analyzing how naturalization policies influenced economic success of immigrants across generations. Specifically, I create new panel datasets that follow immigrants and their children across complete-count US censuses to understand the economic consequences of citizenship attainment. I find that naturalization raised occupational attainment for the first generation that then allowed children to have greater educational attainment and labor market success. I argue that economic progress was conditioned by political statuses for European-origin groups during the first half of the twentieth century.
Relationship Dynamics around Depression in Gay and Lesbian Couples
Authors: Thomeer Mieke Beth , Reczek Corinne , Umberson Debra
Published: July 2018

Research on intimate relationship dynamics around depression has primarily focused on heterosexual couples. This body of work shows that wives are more likely than husbands to offer support to a depressed spouse. Moreover, when wives are depressed, they are more likely than husbands to try and shield their spouse from the stress of their own depression. Yet, previous research has not examined depression and relationship dynamics in gay and lesbian couples. We analyze in-depth interviews with 26 gay and lesbian couples (N = 52 individuals) in which one or both partners reported depression. We find evidence that dominant gender scripts are both upheld and challenged within gay and lesbian couples, providing important insight into how gender operates in relation to depression within same-sex contexts. Our results indicate that most gay and lesbian partners offer support to a depressed partner, yet lesbian couples tend to follow a unique pattern in that they provide support both as the non-depressed and depressed partner. Support around depression is sometimes viewed as improving the relationship, but if the support is intensive or rejected, it is often viewed as contributing to relationship strain. Support is also sometimes withdrawn by the non-depressed partner because of caregiver exhaustion or the perception that the support is unhelpful. This study points to the importance of considering depression within gay and lesbian relational contexts, revealing new ways support sustains and strains intimate partnerships. We emphasize the usefulness of deploying couple-level approaches to better understand depression in sexual minority populations.
Messing with the Attractiveness Algorithm: a Response to Queering Code/Space
Authors: Gieseking Jack
Published: July 2018

Responding to the collection of articles, “Queering Code/Space,” this article discusses how algorithms affect the production of online lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) spaces, namely online dating sites. The set of papers is well timed: lesbian bars have closed en masse across the US and many gay male bars have followed suit so that online spaces fill—or perhaps make—a gap in the social production of LGBTQ spaces. I draw on Cindi Katz’s idea of “messy” qualities of social reproduction and the necessity of “messing” with dominant narratives in order to think about the labor, experience, and project of queering code/space.
Social Space Diffusion: Applications of a Latent Space Model to Diffusion with Uncertain Ties
Authors: Fisher Jacob C.
Published: July 2018

Social networks represent two different facets of social life: (1) stable paths for diffusion, or the spread of something through a connected population, and (2) random draws from an underlying social space, which indicate the relative positions of the people in the network to one another. The dual nature of networks creates a challenge – if the observed network ties are a single random draw, is it realistic to expect that diffusion only follows the observed network ties? This study takes a first step towards integrating these two perspectives by introducing a social space diffusion model. In the model, network ties indicate positions in social space, and diffusion occurs proportionally to distance in social space. Practically, the simulation occurs in two parts. First, positions are estimated using a statistical model (in this example, a latent space model). Then, second, the predicted probabilities of a tie from that model – representing the distances in social space – or a series of networks drawn from those probabilities – representing routine churn in the network – are used as weights in a weighted averaging framework. Using longitudinal data from high school friendship networks, I explore the properties of the model. I show that the model produces smoothed diffusion results, which predict attitudes in future waves 10% better than a diffusion model using the observed network, and up to 5% better than diffusion models using alternative, non-model-based smoothing approaches.
The Impact of Farm Animal Housing Restrictions on Egg Prices, Consumer Welfare, and Production in California
Authors: Mullally Conner , Lusk Jayson
Published: July 2018

New animal welfare policies on the horizon in many states have prompted debates about the cost of achieving happier hens and hogs. A recent policy change in California offers a unique opportunity to measure the economic repercussions of minimum space requirements for egg-laying hens. Using forecasting methods and structural break tests as applied to 16 years of monthly data on egg production and input prices, we find that by July 2016 both egg production and the number of egg-laying hens were about 35% lower than they would have been in the absence of the new regulations. Out-of-state eggs were able to compensate for falling California production until around the time of implementation of the new rules, at which point imports of eggs into California fell. For consumers, we estimate price impacts using panel structural break tests and difference-in-differences models as applied to five years of scanner data from the retail market for shell eggs in three California markets and three control markets. We find that the average price paid per dozen eggs was about 22% higher from December 2014 through September 2016 than it would have been in the absence of the hen housing restrictions. The price impact fell over time, from an initial impact of about 33% per dozen to about 9% over the last six months of the observed time horizon. These price increases correspond to welfare losses of at least $117 million for the three California markets over the observed time horizon. Our results suggest that because of the policy change, California consumers can expect to experience annual welfare losses of at least $25 million in future years from higher retail egg prices alone.
Self-Repetition and East Asian Literary Modernity, 1900-1930
Authors: Long Hoyt , Detwyler Anatoly , Zhu Yuancheng
Published: July 2018

Histories of East Asian literary modernity have often begun as historiographies of the narrative self. For some scholars, the emergence of a decidedly self-referential mode of fiction in the early twentieth century is part and parcel of what defines this modernity. In Japan there was the "I-novel"; and in China, Romantic fiction. The two are recognized as foundational genres that distinguished themselves from prior fiction by the adoption of a narrow autobiographical focus, extended psycho-narration, and a new vernacular writing style. At the same time, others have struggled to define these genres in more precise stylistic or formal terms. Edward Fowler once said of the I-novel that "writing about [it] is not unlike pursuing a desert oasis...How is one to analyze a form that critics have debated for well over half a century but for which they have failed to come up with a workable definition?" The case is similar for China's Romantic fiction, which, since the work of C.T. Hsia and Leo Ou-fan Lee, has been conventionally defined by its social milieu rather than through a coherent set of generic qualities.
The Acquisition of Do-Support in Negation and Interrogatives by Adult Arab Learners of English: A preliminary study
Authors: Journal Arab World English , AL-Makatrah Elham Salem , Yasin Mohamad Subakir Mohd
Published: July 2018

This preliminary study investigates the acquisition of do-support in negation and interrogatives by adult Arab learners of English. The main question is to identify how Arabic language influences the acquisition of do-support. The influence of L2 proficiency level in the acquisition of do-support is also addressed. The study is conducted within the perspective of Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis and Differential Markedness Hypothesis. Do-support as a marked feature of English has received little or no attention in previous work on the acquisition of English as a second language by adult Arab learners. This study seeks to fill that gap by documenting the acquisition of do-support in negation and interrogatives. To address these aims, a written production task, a multiple-choice task and a semi-structured interview were administered to 10 adult Arab learners of low and advanced English proficiency levels. The findings indicate that the role of Arabic is noted. While not the source of errors, it acts as a strategy that adult Arab learners use to dealing with limited L2 knowledge and the markedness of do-support, which is the main source of difficulty shown by adult Arab learners. The role of learners’ L1 is selective according to the learners’ perception of what is difficult or not. Moreover, a significant relationship was found between L2 proficiency level and the mastery of do-support in that high- proficiency learners outperform low-proficiency learners. It is recommended that future research examine the acquisition and markedness of do-support in the interlanguage of Arabic-speaking children.
Separating Spheres
Authors: Pepin Joanna R. , Cotter David
Published: July 2018

The authors investigated whether trends in attitudes about gender were consistent with the gender stall primarily occurring in the family domain and examined potential mechanisms associated with changing gender norms. Using data from Monitoring the Future surveys (1976–2015), the authors assessed three components of trends in youth’s beliefs about gender: the marketplace, the family, and mothers’ employment. Findings showed continued increases in egalitarianism from 1976 throughthe mid-1990s across all three dimensions. Thereafter, support for egalitarianism in the public sphere plateaued at high levels, rising support for mothers’ employment persisted at a slower pace, and conventional ideology about gender in families returned. The changing demographic composition of American high school students did not account for the gender attitude trends. Youth’s mothers’ employment and increased education were related to increased egalitarianism. Changes in population averages of mothers’ employment and educational attainment were only weakly associated withincreases in egalitarian attitudes.
Perceiving Native English Speaking Teachers: EFL University Students’ Perspectives
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Phothongsunan Sureepong
Published: July 2018

To allude to the ‘native speaker’ concept and investigate the native speaker effects, this research looks into the perceptions of 25 Thai EFL university students towards native English speaking teachers. How native English speaking teachers influence the participants’ learning behaviours and motivation to learn English are also perceptually reported. Two research instruments, the survey questionnaire and the semi-structured interview, are employed for this study. The findings indicate overall positive perceptions towards native English speaking teachers, pointing that their classes are mostly fun, interactive and motivating. The flexible and interactive teaching methods and styles used by native English speaking teachers are found to be most favoured, followed by their approachable personality traits and the students’ vast opportunity to practice oral and written English. Most participants, if given an option to choose a teacher, have a salient preference to study with native English speaking teachers in which case neither teachers’ age nor gender matters. There seems to be a strong relationship between studying with native English speaking teachers and the participants’ learning behaviours and motivation to learn English.
America's Churning Races: Race and Ethnic Response Changes between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census
Authors: LIEBLER CAROLYN , Rastogi Sonya , Fernandez Leticia , Noon James , Ennis Sharon R.
Published: July 2018

Race and ethnicity responses can change over time and across contexts – a component of population change not usually taken into account. To what extent do race and/or Hispanic origin responses change? Is change more common to/from some race/ethnic groups than others? Does the propensity to change responses vary by characteristics of the individual? To what extent do these changes affect researchers? We use internal Census Bureau data from the 2000 and 2010 censuses in which individuals’ responses have been linked across years. Approximately 9.8 million people (about 6 percent) in our large, non-representative linked data have a different race and/or Hispanic origin response in 2010 than they did in 2000. Several groups experienced considerable fluidity in racial identification: American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and multiple-race response groups, as well as Hispanics when reporting a race. In contrast, race and ethnic responses for single-race non-Hispanic whites, blacks, and Asians were relatively consistent over the decade, as were ethnicity responses by Hispanics. People who change their race and/or Hispanic origin response(s) are doing so in a wide variety of ways, as anticipated by previous research. For example, people’s responses change from multiple races to a single race, from a single race to multiple races, from one single race to another, and some people add or drop a Hispanic response. The inflow of people to each race/Hispanic group is in many cases similar in size to the outflow from the same group, such that cross-sectional data would show a small net change. We find response changes across ages, sexes, regions, and response modes, with variation across groups. Researchers should consider the implications of changing race and Hispanic origin responses when conducting analyses and interpreting results.
Crowd Capital in Governance Contexts
Authors: Prpić John
Published: July 2018

To begin to understand the implications of the implementation of IT-mediated Crowds for Politics and Policy purposes, this research builds the first-known dataset of IT-mediated Crowd applications currently in use in the governance context. Using Crowd Capital theory and governance theory as frameworks to organize our data collection, we undertake an exploratory data analysis of some fundamental factors defining this emerging field. Specific factors outlined and discussed include the type of actors implementing IT mediated Crowds in the governance context, the global geographic distribution of the applications, and the nature of the Crowd derived resources being generated for governance purposes. The findings from our dataset of 209 on-going endeavours indicates that a wide-diversity of actors are engaging IT-mediated Crowds in the governance context, both jointly and severally, that these endeavours can be found to exist on all continents, and that said actors are generating Crowd-derived resources in at least ten distinct governance sectors. We discuss the ramifications of these and our other findings in comparison to the research literature on the private-sector use of IT-mediated Crowds, while highlighting some unique future research opportunities stemming from our work.Prpić, J., & Shukla, P. (2014). Crowd Capital in Governance Contexts. Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - IPP 2014 - Crowdsourcing for Politics and Policy.
Why NASA Developed a Cookbook
Authors: Malin James Edward
Published: July 2018

In 2010, the 111th Congress and President Obama both published long term goals for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Both included a long term mission for manned space flights to Mars in the 2030s. Since that time NASA has shifted the majority of its efforts toward that target. Research on the International Space Station (ISS), for example, has focused on subjects like the long term impacts of microgravity environments. On earth NASA has focused its efforts toward a similar goal. Several projects through the Human Research Program have endeavored to research factors such as human health countermeasures, exploration medical capability, and human factors and behavioral performance in analog environments, simulating how explorers will inhabit and exist on the surface of Mars. One such project, the Hawai’i Space Exploration Analog and Simulation (HI-SEAS), began its first mission in 2013, sending six crew members to live in a 1,200 square foot dome for four months in the barren volcanic ash fields of Mauna Loa.HI-SEAS’ first campaign’s objective was to research the nutritional and psychosocial issues of a proposed Mars food system. This study helped show that cooking and eating will be an important activity for Mars astronauts for physical and psychological health by improving appetites, building community relationships, and maintaining morale. The HI-SEAS team maintained a blog and youtube channel, documenting their lives and scientific pursuits. Much of this content recorded information about cooking and eating on the station, including a video series entitled Meals for Mars, a makeshift cooking show about producing meals with freeze dried and shelf stable ingredients. These psychosocial and nutritional results make an interesting comparison to the theoretical work completed at the Johnson Space Center in the previous decade.In my presentation I will use NASA’s digital Technical Reports Server to look at documents from the Human Research Program in conjunction with the HI-SEAS blog and video archives. By using these materials as primary source documents, I will show how the development of food science in human spaceflight has shifted from theoretical nutrition to a more humanistic model, incorporating personal insights on the comforts of earth.keywords: space food, Mars food, HI-SEAS, food studies, food preferences
Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Europe. Towards Legal Coherence and Policy Recommendations
Authors: Präg Patrick , Mills Melinda C.
Published: July 2018

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are a controversial topic for the general public and policy makers alike. ART regulations touch upon many ethical sentiments and various areas of policy-making. Europe is a world leader in the utilization of ART, yet there is limited research on policies, practices, and legislation across time or between countries. The first aim of this report is examine how key ART policies and legislation have changed across time and vary between countries. To achieve this goal, we analyze data from the International Federation of Fertility Societies Surveillance reports for European and selected countries, describing ART policies and practices from 1997 to 2012. A second objective is to understand the national normative climate in which ART policies and legislation are made, with a focus on family values and ART. Finally, in light of the differences between countries and national normative structures; we conclude that it is unrealistic to harmonize ART policies on all grounds. We likewise highlight the need for reliable data and monitoring.
Opiate of the Masses? Inequality, Religion, and Political Ideology in the United States
Authors: Schnabel Landon
Published: July 2018

This study considers the assertion that religion is the opiate of the masses. Using a special module of the General Social Survey, I first demonstrate that religion functions as a compensatory resource for structurally-disadvantaged groups—women, racial minorities, those with lower incomes, and, to a lesser extent, sexual minorities. I then demonstrate that religion—operating as both compensatory resource and values-shaping schema—suppresses what would otherwise be larger group differences in political ideology. This study provides empirical support for the general “opiate” claim that religion is the “sigh of the oppressed creature” and suppressor of emancipatory political values. I expand and refine the theory, however, showing how religion provides (1) compensatory resources for lack of social, and not just economic, status, and (2) traditional-values-oriented schemas that, rather than just distracting people, shape their politics in accordance with the content of religious belief systems.
Diversity Regimes and Racial Inequality: A Case Study of Diversity University
Authors: Thomas James M.
Published: July 2018

Despite record investment in diversity infrastructure, racial inequality persists in higher education. This article examines, through a case study of diversity’s articulation process, how diversity is defined, organized, and implemented within an American public flagship university. My findings reveal what I characterize as a diversity regime: a set of meanings and practices thatinstitutionalizes a benign commitment to diversity, and in doing so obscures, entrenches, and even intensifies existing racial inequality by failing to make fundamental changes in how power, resources, and opportunities are distributed. My concept of a diversity regime helps explain how and why organizational commitments to multiculturalism and diversity often fall short in practice. The concept of a diversity regime also helps us better understand the underlying processes that perpetuate racial inequality.
“Two days we have passed with the ancients...”: a Digital Resource of Historical Travel Writings on Italy
Authors: Sprugnoli Rachele
Published: July 2018

Non-fictional travel writings are powerful sources of information for many research areas, such as art history, ethnography, geography and cultural history. By collecting several books on the same place, it is possible to study how material and cultural aspects change over time. Moreover, travel writings can give insight not only into the places and people visited by the traveller but also on his/her culture and worldviews. Despite the importance of this type of texts, digital collections of travel writings are not easy to retrieve. Texts are often not available in a format that can be straightforwardly processed by a computer, or there is no direct download of the collection, or the documents are scattered in vast digital archives. In order to overcome these limitations, we release the first version of a corpus of more than 2 millions words of historical English travel writings about Italy which we have retrieved from freely available sources (Project Gutenberg and Project Gutenberg Australia) and we make them available in a cleaned text format and in TEI-XML through the following website: https://sites.google.com/view/travelwritingsonitaly.
Teaching to emerge: toward a bottom-up pedagogy
Authors: Brailas Alexios , Koskinas Konstantinos , Alexias George
Published: July 2018

This paper focuses on the conceptual model of an academic course inspired by complexity theory. In the proposed conceptual model, the aim of teaching is to form a learning organization: a knowledge community with emergent properties that cannot be reduced to any linear combination of the properties of its parts. In this approach, the learning of the participants depends not so much on their individual action, as on being the coevolving parts of a self-organized whole. In this design, the role of the educator is to catalyze emergence and to facilitate bottom-up knowledge production. To achieve this, we present a systematic way to orchestrate in-class face-to-face activities in small groups while utilizing common web technologies to facilitate online collective action.
The Morphology and Circuity of Walkable and Drivable Street Networks
Authors: Boeing Geoff
Published: July 2018

Circuity, the ratio of network distances to straight-line distances, is an important measure of urban street network structure and transportation efficiency. Circuity results from a circulation network's configuration, planning, and underlying terrain. In turn, it impacts how humans use urban space for settlement and travel. Although past research has examined overall street network circuity, researchers have not studied the relative circuity of walkable versus drivable circulation networks. This study uses OpenStreetMap data to explore relative network circuity. We download walkable and drivable networks for 40 US cities using the OSMnx software, which we then use to simulate four million routes and analyze circuity to characterize network structure. We find that walking networks tend to allow for more direct routes than driving networks do in most cities: average driving circuity exceeds average walking circuity in all but four of the cities that exhibit statistically significant differences between network types. We discuss various reasons for this phenomenon, illustrated with case studies. Network circuity also varies substantially between different types of places. These findings underscore the value of using network-based distances and times rather than straight-line when studying urban travel and access. They also suggest the importance of differentiating between walkable and drivable circulation networks when modeling and characterizing urban street networks: although different modes' networks overlap in any given city, their relative structure and performance vary in most cities.
A Comparison of the Sensitivity of Four Indirect Evaluation Measures to Evaluative Information
Authors: Bar-Anan Yoav , Nosek Brian A.
Published: July 2018

Indirect evaluation measures are used as a dependent measure to assess the impact of experimental interventions on shifting pre-existing attitudes or creating new attitudes. In four experiments (total N = 13,894), we compared the sensitivity of four indirect evaluation measures to evaluative information about two novel targets. Evaluative sensitivity was strongest for the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Other measures were more similar in their sensitivity, but the pattern, from stronger to the weakest was the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP), the Sorting Paired Features (SPF), and then Evaluative Priming task (EPT). To the extent that these findings are generalizable to related research applications, these results suggest that the measures differ in their research efficiency (power). For example, to achieve 80% power to detect the evaluative learning effect in the present studies, direct self-report would require 10 participants, the IAT 28 participants, the AMP 57, the SPF 79, and the EPT 131.
Vowel Instruction for Spelling Enhancement of Arabic-speaking Learners of English
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Ishizaki Marinette S.
Published: July 2018

Word spellings are often a common linguistic issue among Arabic-speaking learners of English, and English vowels are one of the most difficult to resolve. Therefore, the study presented vowel instruction as an intervention to address this issue by determining its effect on the spelling performance on monosyllables and bi-syllables. Vowel instruction sessions were then offered to 15 university freshman students for two months. Instructional strategies consisted of teaching vowel pronunciation, vowel letter-to-sound relationships, vowel spelling patterns, word-breaking, and providing various spelling opportunities. To measure overall spelling performance, pre-test and post-test on vowel spellings were conducted which revealed a significant increase in the mean scores. This suggests that vowel instruction was facilitative in the improved spelling performance on monosyllabic and bi-syllabic words, with more misspellings in the latter than in the former. The strategies used were generally perceived as beneficial, and it is recommended that including them in language lessons could improve vowel spelling skill and minimize English vowel confusions. Moreover, constant exposure of learners to many English words and more spelling activities are still necessary for better English vowel recognition and whole word spelling.
The Teotihuacan Anomaly: The Historical Trajectory of Urban Design in ancient Central Mexico
Authors: Smith Michael E.
Published: July 2018

The ancient Mexican city of Teotihuacan had the most aberrant design of any city in ancientMesoamerica. I examine similarities and differences between the design of Teotihuacan and otherMesoamerican cities. During the Preclassic period, a set of common Mesoamerican planning principlesemerged. The designers of Teotihuacan rejected most of these principles in favor of a new and radical setof planning concepts. After the fall of Teotihuacan, subsequent urban planners ignored the Teotihuacanprinciples and returned to ancient Mesoamerican planning ideas. Elements of the Teotihuacan plan didnot resurface until the Mexica of Tenochtitlan revived them for a specific goal. The historical sequenceof central Mexican city layouts highlights the anomalous character of Teotihuacan’s principles of urbandesign within the canons of ancient Mesoamerican urbanism.
Rationalizing Internet Safe Harbors
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Internet intermediaries - service providers, Web hosting companies,Internet backbone providers, online marketplaces, and search engines -process hundreds of millions of data transfers every day, and host or linkto literally tens of billions of items of third party content.Some of this content is illegal. In the last 12 years, both Congress andthe courts have concluded that Internet intermediaries should not be liablefor a wide range of content posted or sent through their systems byanother. The reasoning behind these immunities is impeccable: if Internetintermediaries were liable every time someone posted problematic content onthe Internet, the resulting threat of liability and effort at rightsclearance would debilitate the Internet.While the logic of some sort of safe harbor for Internet intermediaries isclear, the actual content of those safe harbors is not. Rather, the safeharbors actually in place are a confusing and illogical patchwork. For someclaims, the safe harbors are absolute. For others, they preclude damagesliability but not injunctive relief. For still others they are dependent onthe implementation of a "notice and takedown" system. And for at least afew types of claims, there is no safe harbor at all. This patchwork makesno sense. In this article, I suggest that it be replaced with a uniformsafe harbor rule. A single, rationally designed safe harbor based on thetrademark model would not only permit plaintiffs the relief they need whileprotecting Internet intermediaries from unreasonable liability, but wouldalso serve as a much needed model for the rest of the world, which has yetto understand the importance of intermediaries to a vibrant Internet.
Are the World's Languages Consolidating? The Dynamics and Distribution of Language Populations
Authors: Clingingsmith David
Published: July 2018

Scholars have conjectured that the return to speaking a language increases with the number of speakers. Long-run economic and political integration would accentuate this advantage, increasing the population share of the largest languages. I show that, to the contrary, language size and growth are uncorrelated except for very small languages (<35,000 speakers). I develop a model of local language coordination over a network. The steady-state distribution of language sizes follows a power law and precisely fits the empirical size distribution of languages with ≥35,000 speakers. Simulations suggest the extinction of 40% of languages with <35,000 speakers within 100 years.
Uncertainties in addressing the ‘health gap’
Authors: Reeves Aaron
Published: July 2018

Invited commentary of Michael Marmot's book 'The Health Gap'.