bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LIV The Paradox of Congreve's Mourning Bride
Authors: Potter Elmer B.
Published: November 2006

Writers on the English theatre have noted an interesting paradox in the history of William Congreve's The Mourning Bride. Congreve is remembered today almost exclusively for his series of brilliant comedies, but it was in this, his only tragedy, that he achieved the greatest theatrical triumph of his career, and for the same play he has also been most severely criticized. “Strange as it may seem to us,” wrote Bonamy Dobrée, “the work that most swelled his fame with his contemporaries was his tragedy.” “Congreve's ‘Mourning Bride’ is a melodrama, judged by our standards at present,” asserted Ashley Thorndike, “but for many years it was considered one of the greatest tragedies of the language.” And Crane Taylor, writing of the period following the production of the play at Lincoln's Inn Fields, stated that Congreve “was now the foremost writer of tragedy as well as comedy and, while we are apt to think of him only as a comic dramatist, it is well to remember that he enjoyed the distinction of a premier place in both forms of drama to the end of his life.” Montague Summers summed the matter up: “The Mourning Bride long enjoyed a period of universal eulogy, which may, perhaps, be judged a little extravagant: it was then as generally decried.”
LVI Tony Lumpkin and the Country Booby Type in Antecedent English Comedy
Authors: Smith John Harrington
Published: November 2006

Students of Goldsmith have long recognized that in the framing of Tony Lumpkin, hilarious problem-child of Mrs. Hardcastle in She Stoops to Conquer, he was in some sort indebted to older English comedy. A resemblance to Humphry Gubbin in Steele's The Tender Husband, acted 1705, seems to have been first noticed by John Forster. Following Forster, George A. Aitken, in his Life of Steele (1889) affirmed that Humphry “certainly furnished Goldsmith with suggestions toward the creation of Tony Lumpkin” and cited the point that both are averse to marrying their cousins. He noticed the resemblance again in his edition of Steele's plays for the Mermaid Series, and it has since been a commonplace in histories of the drama.
LVIII Unpublished Documents on Da Ponte's Italian Library
Authors: Marraro Howard R.
Published: November 2006

The appointment of Lorenzo Da Ponte in 1825 as professor of Italian in Columbia College failed to arouse any considerable interest among the students of the institution in the study of the language. As was the case with the other modern foreign languages, the study of Italian remained optional. In fact Da Ponte had no chair in the Faculty and no salary, and he received only the fees of the students who chose his courses. Despite his insistent offers to the trustees of the college, all aiming at putting the study of Italian on a firmer basis in the curriculum, he remained, as he humorously styled himself, professor sine exemplo. It is true that during his long residence in New York City, Da Ponte taught his native tongue privately to no less than two thousand students, but he was not satisfied with these sporadic results, for his constant aim was to make the Italian language and literature generally available to an increasing number of American students. When he finally became convinced that the trustees of the college were firm in their unwillingness to change their actual statutes which would have placed Italian as a subject of study in the curriculum, Da Ponte turned his efforts in other directions in the hope that he might thus perpetuate the rich heritage of the Italian language, literature, and culture on American soil. He thought that the next best means by which to accomplish this purpose was to establish a permanent, carefully selected, and ever increasing Italian library. Taking advantage of a celebration held in his honor on the occasion of his seventy-ninth birthday (March 10, 1828), Da Ponte delivered an oration to a select audience of pupils and friends, with the specific object of interesting them in becoming subscribers to the projected Italian library. Though everyone had applauded his plan, his triumph ended in fine words. The oration won for him only one subscriber!
The People in Chaucer's Troilus
Authors: Tatlock J. S. P.
Published: November 2006

The silhouette of the Troilus, the kinds of poem behind it that it approximates, are essential and not difficult to perceive. Mr. Young, in the most important recent article on the subject, and in a delicate and masterful style, has shown its pervasive elements from the romances. Chaucer hardly set out deliberately to write a poem in the line of Chrétien de Troyes or Floris or what not, but the usages and assumptions of such poems, the commonest kind of serious secular narrative he knew, he adopted as a matter of course. There is vast variety in medieval romance, and the word itself (meaning at first merely a poem in French) is vague, to say nothing of the rarefied air which we reach when we try to grasp the romantic in the abstract. Medieval romance and the romantic in the abstract are not the same, though historically and essentially allied. I turn to the second. One of the essentials of the romantic, the satisfying a taste for the strange, Chaucer provided plentifully for his own day in the intentional ancient coloring, which affected his readers (and not us at all) just as the inevitable and unconscious medieval coloring affects us. He here aimed however no less at satisfying his own informed awareness that the remote past was very unlike his own present than at creating a romantic impression. The emotionalism which belongs to romance also in good sooth is plentiful. What Mr. Young is specially combating is the summary labelling the poem as a psychological novel, a phrase now almost a cliché, taken too literally, though no doubt meant by its first user as a mere simplification to assure the momentum of a fresh idea. The word novel is onesided, even misleading. The hazy word psychological implies lifelike portraiture of complex people with internal conflicts, which allows us with probability to descry undercurrents and motives. This is true of the Troilus. The facts are, as most critics will admit, that the poem is an intricate blending of romance on every side with delicate and perceptive truth to humanity (though emphatically not a mere “page out of the book of modern every-day life”); that the two are not contradictory, though more intense and more commingled here than in almost any other English narrative one can think of; that though it is stimulating to guess briefly, it is impossible to decide how much would fall into each category for Chaucer and his readers. Emphatically he no more medievalizes than he humanizes his chief source; he complicates and intensifies it.
Jeffrey: Mutilator of Carlyle's “Burns”?
Authors: Goldberg Maxwell H.
Published: November 2006

For the persistence, since 1924, of contrasting opinions as to Jeffrey's treatment of the text of Carlyle's “Burns,” David Alec Wilson is in no small measure responsible. First, Wilson's violent partisanship apparently has led some critics of Carlyle to assume that they may disregard the Wilson Life without discrediting themselves. Second, Wilson's inadequate handling of the “Burns” episode itself has permitted continued divergences of opinion among those students of Carlyle who seem directly acquainted with the pertinent Jeffrey-Carlyle correspondence in the second volume of the Life. For, though Wilson quotes generously from this correspondence, and though he makes frequent references to details in it, he nowhere explicitly gives the conclusion to which his own fresh examination of the evidence may have led him. Wilson's inadequacy is reflected both in popular digests of his account of the Carlyle-Jeffrey clashes concerning the “Burns” and in Isaac Watson Dyer's bibliographical summary of this account.
Eine Spätmittelhochdeutsche und Lateinische Pseudoaristotelische Spruchsammlung
Authors: Selmer Carl
Published: November 2006

Bei allen Völkern ist die zu Sprüchen geprägte Volks- und Lebensweisheit uralter Besitz. Auch in der deutschen Literatur beginnen die zwei wesensverschiedenen Quellen der spruchhaften Literaturgattung, nämlich Volksgefühl und Uebersetzungsliteratur, bereits in früher Zeit zu fliessen. Lang müsste natürlich die Liste bei letzterer sein, wollte der mit ihr vertraute Kenner nur ein ungefähres Bild ihrer mannigfaltigen Wirkungsweise entwerfen. Denn ein Cato, Facetus, Moretus, Floretus, Regimen Scholarium, Speculum Morum, Liber de Contemptu Mundi, Traditio Morum, Liber Moralis, Phagifacetus, Poenitentiarius, usw. geben nur ein sehr unvollkommenes Bild der ungeheuren Masse der gnomischen Poesie, die vermittels mehr oder minder gut gelungener Uebersetzungen zur Verfügung gestellt, bei günstigen Voraussetzungen auf empfänglichen Boden fiel und so allmählich dem immer umfangreicher werdenden Spruchschatze einverleibt werden konnte. Früh wurden ausser deutschen Sprichwörtern auch verdeutschte in den Dienst der Schule gestellt, wobei, ganz der mittelalterlichen Gepflogenheit entsprechend, dem Schüler nebst gutem Latein auch gediegene Lebensweisheit übermittelt werden sollte. Dem Inhalt nach decken sich die meisten dieser Lehrsprüche mit guten Ratschlägen und Vorschriften, wie sie zumeist in der Bibel, den Kirchenvätern und in den moralisierenden Schriften der Alten zutage treten.
Melville's Contribution to English
Authors: Purcell James Mark
Published: November 2006

The reader who turns to Herman Melville's works for the first time is likely to be struck by his many strange words and strange usages. This strangeness is not only because they come from the vocabularies of seamen and life in the southern Pacific, but also because many of them are forgotten Americanisms or revivals of Elizabethan and seventeenthcentury English terms. Melville seems to have had a notable memory for words. I have no doubt that if a comparison were made it would be found that he possessed one of the most individualized vocabularies among American writers of the nineteenth century, and that his influence has tended to preserve or revive many words which otherwise might have disappeared from American, and even English, usage. Such obvious Americanisms as “not to prick the buffalo” (i.e., “let sleeping dogs lie”) the revival of sea-beef (“pickled beef”), pitched (meaning “chosen”), bower (“to dwell”), and the creation of “Logan of the Woods” (“grizzly bear”), bedarned, carasposa, curios, and bosky, are typical of Melville's effort to seize upon every striking word or phrase that came his way.
Fragments of Erec et Enide and Their Relation to the Manuscript
Tradition
Authors: Misrahi Jean
Published: November 2006

Arecent study of the manuscripts of the works of Chrétien de Troyes
contains an appendix which purports to survey the published fragments of the
various romances. In point of fact, so far as
Erec is concerned, it omits all reference to
the. three fragments we now possess. Those to which the author refers are
not properly speaking manuscript fragments, but rather early publications of
excerpts from complete manuscripts which have now been collated by Foerster
in his large edition and by myself in a forthcoming edition of the same
romance. Therefore, despite the fact that Foerster's collation was careless
and incomplete, these early fragmentary publications are of slight interest.
However, in an extensive work dealing with the
ensemble of the manuscript tradition of
Chrétien, some mention should have been made of the three real fragments
which we possess, even though, as the editors of the two published ones have
remarked, they are not extensive enough to be of great importance in the
classification of the manuscripts.
Il Guicciardini E La Spagna
Authors: Luciani Vincent
Published: November 2006

Dal Montaigne in poi si è spesso accusato il Guicciardini di avere
attribuito le azioni umane solo a moventi d'interesse e perciò di aver
considerato gli uomini malvagi, simulatori, cupidi, ed ingrati. Queste
imputazioni non sono del tutto infondate; tuttavia il Fiorentino non giudicò
per mero gusto di dir del male, ma per sincero convincimento di chi è deluso
per troppo contatto coll'uomo politico. La sua critica non ha risparmiato né
il Papato né la Francia né Venezia né gli altri stati italiani. Non deve
quindi meravigliarci che ne abbia fatta a danno della Spagna e degli
Spagnoli. Questi non tardarono a tacciarlo di passione; eppure furono essi i
primi ad insegnargli gli intrighi e i raggiri della politica europea. Non fu
alla scuola di Ferdinando il Cattolico ch'egli imparò a diffidare
oltremisura dell'uman genere?
Did Du Bellay Know Pindar?
Authors: Silver Isidore
Published: November 2006

The opinion of scholars who have dealt with this question reveals an
interesting, if somewhat reluctant, evolution. This opinion has held that Du
Bellay did not know Pindar, that if one or two of his odes are cast into
Pindaric form, the resemblance does not go beyond externals, and that if a
reminiscence of Pindar may occasionally be found in a metaphor or in a
poetic movement, this is merely a reflection of the profound influence of
Ronsard upon Du Bellay.
Timour the Tartar and Poe's Tamerlane
Authors: Shockley Martin Staples
Published: November 2006

Suggestions for the primary source of Poe's
Tamerlane have been either indefinite or
improbable. Killis Campbell suggested that while Poe was at school in London
he may have learned something of the part played by Tamerlane in history,
and that either then or after his return to Richmond in 1820 he may have
become acquainted with some of the literary versions of the story. He
considered the possibility of Poe's having seen one of the Tamerlane plays
on the stage, and noted that Timour the Tartar
was acted in Baltimore as late as 1829. Mary E. Phillips advanced the
possibility that Poe may have come across a copy of the play
Tamerlane in the library of Rector Bransby,
since the rôle of Dervish in Tamerlane at Drury
Lane was taken by a Mr. Bransby who might have been a relative of Rector
Bransby.
De L'inversion “Absolue”
Authors: Spitzer Leo
Published: November 2006

Mlerch a traité de l'inversion absolue (c'est à dire de celle qui n'est
pas conditionnée par un adverbe en tête de phrase) en français moderne dans
sa Historische Syntax des
Französischen,iii, 427 seq. et dans son
article sur l'inversion paru dans Mélanges Bally
(1939), p. 364 seq. Je résume en les combinant les deux rédactions. Le type
arriva le général (sans pronom personnel
il, “voilant” l'inversion, et sans adverbe:
alors arriva le général) est similaire au
type de phrase optative périsse le traître. La
phrase enunciative ne connaît ce type-là en français moderne qu'avec des
verbes de mouvement, alors que l'ancien et le moyen français étendaient la
construction à beaucoup d'autres verbes. Exemples: … venait
ensuite une façon de sac dans la célèbre description, par
Flaubert, de la casquette de l'ignoble mari de Mme Bovary;
entre Henri, sort Germaine, sonne l'Angélus
dans des indications de scène de pièces de théâtre; arriva le
général, survient une difficulté, s'approche un confrère, vint à passer
un canot …, me vint tout de suite à l'esprit l'idée que …, les précédait
immédiatement un monsieur en redingote, reste à savoir si …,
n'importe; dans le style judiciaire: seront
punis d'une amende … ceux qui …, et, par extension,
ont collaboré à ce volume (suivent les noms);
dans les proverbes: rira bien qui rira le
dernier. Du même ordre est l'inversion après des
conjonctions ne l'entraînant pas d'ordinaire, comme
et et mais: et suivait le récit
d'un accident;… mais voyage avec nous “le fils Mélèze,” et
celle qui se trouve depuis le symbolisme dans les incidentes sitôt que
s'accentue la diction: si plonge … Dans l'onde … Ta jubilation
nue; enfin après seul
prédicatif: seuls peuvent coexister avec lui mon travail et ton
amitié. M.Lerchnote que le français moderne connaît ce
type d'expression seulement avec un nom (arriva le
général, non *arriva-t-il),
alors que l'allemand peut dire dans la langue “écrite” aussi bien
Kam einmal ein Bäuerlein que
Lief er schnell es nah zu seh'n, et que le
tour français en question est “archaïque” et “limité à la langue
écrite.”
Heinrich Heine, “Blackguard” and “Apostate” a Study of the Earliest English Attitude Towards Him
Authors: Liptzin Sol
Published: November 2006

For a century and more Heinrich Heine has had an international vogue unsurpassed by that of any other German poet, unless Goethe. This well-known fact has been established beyond doubt in a series of studies on Heine in America, Heine in France, Heine in Holland, Heine in Rumania, Heine in Scandinavia. Strangely enough, however, Heine's influence in two countries that perhaps felt most strongly the impress of his literary personality has hitherto not been fully explored by scholars. The one country is his own native land, where he was constantly felt as a living, though not necessarily beneficial, force and where his work gave rise to unceasing controversies. The other realm is England.
Bishop Hurd: A Reinterpretation
Authors: Trowbridge Hoyt
Published: November 2006

One of the earliest discoveries of the pioneer students of “pre-romanticism” was Richard Hurd's Letters on Chivalry and Romance. Phelps and Beers, who discussed only the Letters and the Moral and Political Dialogues, considered Hurd to have been in whole-hearted revolt against neo-classical ideas. Later scholars, taking into account his earlier writings, found both in these works and the Letters themselves certain opinions which seemed conventionally neo-classic; he therefore came to be represented either as a classicist converted to romanticism or as a writer who always wavered between the two positions. In general, his criticism was considered to have been mixed and fluctuating. He was thought to have had no consistent position, but to be important insofar as he anticipated romantic views.
The Dating of Shelley's Prose
Authors: Notopoulos James A.
Published: November 2006

The dating of Shelley's prose essays and fragments is at present very uncertain. Mary Shelley's dates in the preface to Essays, Letters from Abroad, Translations, and Fragments, 1840, are, for the most part, conjectures. W. M. Rossetti in A Memoir of Shelley gives briefly, without systematic evidence, the dates of some of the fragments. Forman and the Julian editors follow, with some exceptions, Rossetti's dating in their editions of Shelley's prose. Koszul laid a more secure foundation for the dating of some of Shelley's prose. His study of the external evidence of the MSS in the Bodleian notebook has resulted in considerable progress. The present writer has approached the problem of dating Shelley's prose from a study of the internal evidence which consists, in a large measure, of the study of the relation of Shelley's prose to his reading as found in the Journal of Shelley and Mary, Shelley's letters, and other biographical sources. Shelley's quotations, references, and allusions to his reading supply valuable information for dating. Some of the prose fragments, hitherto undated, are assigned a date, while the date of others is changed, confirmed, or given more precise limits. It should be acknowledged, however, that Shelley's wide variety of reading, and the extraordinary tenacity of his memory make for caution in dating works too confidently on the basis of internal evidence. Until such time as Shelley's prose MSS are studied as minutely, thoroughly, and systematically as the MSS of the Bodleian notebook, the dates of the fragments given in the following notes may serve as tentative points d'appui for a study of the development of Shflley's thought.
A Masquerade of Noble Dames
Authors: Weber Carl J.
Published: November 2006

On April 6, 1878, Lady Saxelbye of Croome Castle made her debut in literary society. On February 7, 1884, Lady Emmeline of Stroome Castle was similarly introduced to the public. And early in 1891, the Duchess of Hamptonshire, of Batton Castle, was presented to the literary world. The lady's sponsor in each case was Thomas Hardy. Half a century has now gone by since the Duchess made her bow, but not until the week in which I begin this report (April 1942) was the surprising fact discovered that the Duchess and the Lady Emmeline were none other than Lady Saxelbye in disguise. After all these years, evidence has come to hand that Croome and Stroome and Batton are Hardy's names for the same castle, and that he told his story three times, disguising the repetitions by a change of names. The bibliographical facts may be briefly stated.
Atmospheric Optical Phenomena
Authors: Kraght Peter E.
Published: November 2006

Halos and Coronas

Rainbow

Mirage

Twilight and Afterglows

Polarization of Sky Radiation
Weather Technology
Authors: Freeman John C.
Published: November 2006

Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology

Weather Forecasting

Types of Weather Observations

Weather Data Collection

Weather Satellite Technology

Sunspots and Weather

Testing the Effects of Weather (Weatherability)
An assessment and quantification of the rates, costs, and risk factors of occupational amputations: analysis of Kentucky workers' compensation claims, 1994–2003
Authors: McCall Brian P. , Horwitz Irwin B.
Published: November 2006

Background

Assessments of the impact of occupational amputations with outcomes of pain, disfigurement, and often an inability to return to the same job, are limited. The present study examines and quantifies the rates, risk factors, and costs of occupational amputations in the workplace in the State of Kentucky.

Methods

Worker's compensation data from 1994 through 2003 from Kentucky was used to investigate job‐related amputations (n = 2,297). The US Department of Labor's Current Population Survey (CPS) was used to estimate injury rates.

Results

The average amputation claim rate for all Kentucky workers was 1.37 per 10,000, with an average per‐claim indemnity cost of $8,822. A declining trend was found in the rate over the last 7 years studied. Accidents resulting in amputations occurred at twice the rate on weekends than on weekdays. Amputations affecting the hand constituted 94.6% of all injuries. Workers in the mining industry had the highest estimated claim rate of 5.92 (95% CI 5.23–6.66), and machine operators and assemblers had the highest rate of all occupations with 3.35 (95% CI 3.23–3.47).

Conclusions

Workplace amputations remain a significant workplace concern and represent a particular hazard for those in the mining and manufacturing industries. Future research should examine causes of the weekend effect to develop human resource and safety interventions for risk reduction. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:1031–1038, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary fibrosis in a patient with exposure to glass wool fibers
Authors: Guber Alexander , Lerman Shimshon , Lerman Yehuda , Ganor Eli , Trajber Israel , Edelstein Evgeny , Fireman Elizabeth
Published: November 2006

Glass wool or vitreous fibers are non‐crystalline, fibrous inorganic substances (silicates) made primarily from rock, slag, glass, or other processed minerals. They belong to the man‐made mineral fibers (MMMFs) group and their respiratory effects are well described by De Vuyst et al. [1995]. The authors pointed out the absence of firm evidence that exposure to these fibers is associated with lung fibrosis, pleural lesions, or non‐specific respiratory disease in humans. Because of this observation, we find it of importance to present a case of interstitial fibrosis, which implies a direct association between long‐term exposure to glass wool and the clinical outcome. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:1066–1069, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The serotonin 5‐HT1D receptor gene and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese Han subjects
Authors: Li Jun , Zhang Xia , Wang Yufeng , Zhou Rulun , Zhang Haobo , Yang Li , Wang Bing , Faraone Stephen V.
Published: November 2006

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heritable disease. Serotonin is one of the neurotransmitters involved in the etiology of ADHD. Serotonin‐1D receptors are autoreceptors which can regulate the release of serotonin in brain, so the HTR1D gene may be predisposing. The current study genotyped two variants of HTR1D gene in 272 ADHD trios of Chinese ethnicity, that is 1350T > C in the coding region and 1236A > G in 3′‐UTR by the use of transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). The A allele of the 1236A > G polymorphism exhibited both a trend toward preferential transmission to ADHD probands (χ2 = 3.815, P = 0.051) and a significant preferential transmission to probands of ADHDC (χ2 = 4.198, P = 0.040). Additional polymorphisms in this gene need to be studied further. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Addiction molecular genetics: 639,401 SNP whole genome association identifies many “cell adhesion” genes
Authors: Liu Qing‐Rong , Drgon Tomas , Johnson Catherine , Walther Donna , Hess Judith , Uhl George R.
Published: November 2006

Addictions are substantially heritable complex disorders. We now report whole genome association studies that identify 89 genes likely to contain variants that contribute to addiction vulnerability, using previously‐ and newly‐validated microarray based pooling assays. Each gene contains clustered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that display significant allele frequency differences between abusers and controls in each of the two samples studied with 639,401 SNP arrays and confirmatory SNPs from each of two other abuser/control samples. These genes are implicated in interesting functions, including “cell adhesion” processes that help to establish and maintain neuronal connections of special relevance to addiction's memory‐like features. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane/poly(vinylidene chloride) interpenetrating polymer networks
Authors: Begum Muneera , Siddaramaiah  , Somashekar R. , Somashekarappa H.
Published: November 2006

A series of polyurethane (PU)/poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were synthesized through variations in the amounts of the prepolyurethane and vinylidene chloride monomer via sequential polymerization (80/20, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60, 30/70, and 20/80 PU/PVDC). The physicomechanical and optical properties of the IPNs were investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies of the IPNs were performed to establish their thermal stability. TGA thermograms showed that the thermal degradation of the IPNs proceeded in three steps. Microcrystalline parameters, such as the crystal size and lattice disorder, of the PU/PVDC IPNs were estimated with wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1375–1381, 2007
Induction of DNA synthesis in Anopheles albimanus tissue cultures in response to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae challenge
Authors: Hernández‐Martínez S. , Román‐Martínez U. , Martínez‐Barnetche J. , Garrido E. , Rodríguez M.H. , Lanz‐Mendoza H.
Published: November 2006

DNA synthesis was detected by the incorporation of 5‐bromo‐2′ deoxy‐uridine (BrdU) in adult Anopheles albimanus organs in culture in response to a challenge with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Abdomens of mosquitoes inoculated with Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI, control) or yeast were cultivated in RPMI plus ConA and BrdU for 5 days. DNA was obtained by phenolic extraction and the incorporated BrdU was quantified by ELISA using anti‐BrdU peroxidase‐labeled antibodies. Abdomen tissues of mosquitoes inoculated with yeast showed higher DNA synthesis than controls. Organs from untreated mosquitoes cultured in the presence of zymosan also synthesized DNA but at a lower level than tissues from yeast‐inoculated mosquitoes. In similar experiments, DNA synthesis was inhibited by the addition of colchicine. DNA synthesis, evidenced by epifluorescence using an anti‐BrdU fluorescein‐labeled antibody, occurred in fat body, epithelial cells in pleural membranes, and the dorsal vessel. Pleural membranes showed the highest number of labeled cells. These tissues were also labeled with anti‐PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) antibodies, two of which were able to produce polytene chromosomes under yeast stimulation. These results demonstrate that different An. albimanus tissues undergo DNA synthesis in response to foreign particles. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 63:147–158, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of the glucosidase inhibitor 1,4‐dideoxy‐1,4‐imino‐D‐arabinitol as a probe to investigate hypertrehalosemic hormone‐mediated change in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana
Authors: Oguri E. , Steele J.E.
Published: November 2006

The glucosidase inhibitor 1,4‐dideoxy‐1,4‐imino‐D‐arabinitol (DIA) was used to investigate the action of hypertrehalosemic hormone (HTH) on carbohydrate, neutral lipid, and phospholipid metabolism in the hemolymph and fat body of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. DIA blocked the hypertrehalosemic and hyperglycemic effects of HTH, as well as the decrease in hemolymph neutral lipid and phospholipid normally induced by HTH. DIA diminished the accumulation of neutral lipid in the fat body formed under the influence of HTH and partly blocked the decrease in fat body phospholipid evoked by HTH. The increased incorporation of 14C‐glucose into fat body triacylglycerol in the presence of HTH was decreased by more than two‐thirds when DIA was coinjected with the hormone. The results suggest that glucose derived from hemolymph trehalose is an important contributor to the formation of the glycerol backbone of newly formed triacylglycerol in the fat body. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 63:169–176, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tepe Ghabristan: a Chalcolithic tell buried in alluvium
Authors: Schmidt Armin , Fazeli Hassan
Published: November 2006

The Chalcolithic tell of Ghabristan in northwest Iran is now buried by alluvium and a magnetometer survey of the tell and its surroundings was undertaken to reveal any features under this cover. After the abandonment of the tell in the late third millennium BC it was used as an Iron Age cemetery by inhabitants of the neighbouring tell of Sagzabad. The magnetometer data show a related irregularly shaped channel that is also considered to be of Iron Age date. Its shallow burial depth, compared with the thick sedimentary layers underneath, indicates a considerable slowdown of alluviation rates in the second millennium BC, possibly related to environmental changes. The survey also found evidence for undisturbed buried building remains, most likely associated with copper workshops. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Institutional journal costs in an open access environment
Authors: Walters William H.
Published: November 2006

This study investigates the potential impact of open access pricing on institutional journal expenditures in four subject fields at nine American colleges and universities. Three pricing models are evaluated: the conventional model (the current subscription model), the PLoS open access model (based on the fees currently charged by the Public Library of Science), and the equal‐revenue open access model (which maintains current levels of total aggregate spending within each subject field). Because institutional disparities in publishing productivity are far greater than institutional disparities in library holdings, the shift from a subscription‐based model to either open access model would bring dramatic cost savings for most colleges and universities. At the same time, a small number of institutions—the top research universities—would pay a far higher proportion of the total aggregate cost.
Information technology support for communities of practice: How public defenders learn about winning and losing in court
Authors: Hara Noriko
Published: November 2006

The aim of this article is to examine the role of information technologies (IT) in supporting practice and professional identity formation, both major axes for communities of practice. The article uses an ethnographic case study to understand how public defenders learn to improve their court performance. The concept of “communities of practice” helps to illuminate how the attorneys in a public defender's office share knowledge in order to practice effectively in court. This article presents findings that a community of practice serves as effective scaffolding to support professional development; this is especially true for the practice component. Further, this case study indicates that information technologies, such as listservs, are not very effective social integrators for professionals who work at different sites. In particular, today's IT forums are most effective when used for sharing technical information about work, and least effective for sharing important cultural meanings about how professionals should approach their work and develop professional identities. This research advances our understanding of the complexity of organizing communities of practice to support professional groups of colleagues and of organizing IT‐enabled support for various activities of the community.
Effect of Lithia and Substrate on the Electrochemical Performance of a Lithia/Cobalt Oxide Composite Thin‐Film Anode
Authors: Yu Yan , Shi Yi , Chen Chun‐Hua
Published: November 2006

Highly porous reticular Li2O/CoO composite thin films fabricated by electrostatic spray deposition were investigated by using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, galvanostatic cell‐cycling measurements, and AC impedance spectroscopy measurements. The results of the electrochemical tests indicate that the initial coulombic efficiency and capacity retention are dependent on Li2O content and the specific surface area of the deposited layer. Irrespective of the type of substrate, the electrode gave the best electrochemical performance when the molar ratio of Li to Co was controlled at 1:1. At the optimal composition, at 0.2 C the initial coulombic efficiency was as high as 81.9 % and 83.6 % for the film on Cu foil and on porous Ni, respectively. The Li2O/CoO (Li/Co=1:1) films on Ni foam and Cu foil had sustained capacities of up to 790 and 715 mAh g−1, respectively, at a rate of 1 C over 100 cycles at 25 °C. Similar cycling experiments carried out at 70 °C showed that the capacity is temperature‐sensitive, and it exhibited reversible capacities as high as 1018 (Cu foil) and 1269 mAh g−1 (Ni foam) for up to 100 cycles. The thin‐film electrodes on Ni foam always performed better than those on Cu foil. Cycling at elevated temperature (70 °C) also resulted in a significant increase in capacity.
Biological consequences of tightly bent DNA: The other life of a macromolecular celebrity
Authors: Garcia Hernan G. , Grayson Paul , Han Lin , Inamdar Mandar , Kondev Jané , Nelson Philip C. , Phillips Rob , Widom Jonathan , Wiggins Paul A.
Published: November 2006

The mechanical properties of DNA play a critical role in many biological functions. For example, DNA packing in viruses involves confining the viral genome in a volume (the viral capsid) with dimensions that are comparable to the DNA persistence length. Similarly, eukaryotic DNA is packed in DNA–protein complexes (nucleosomes), in which DNA is tightly bent around protein spools. DNA is also tightly bent by many proteins that regulate transcription, resulting in a variation in gene expression that is amenable to quantitative analysis. In these cases, DNA loops are formed with lengths that are comparable to or smaller than the DNA persistence length. The aim of this review is to describe the physical forces associated with tightly bent DNA in all of these settings and to explore the biological consequences of such bending, as increasingly accessible by single‐molecule techniques. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85:115–130, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Nanofluidic structures for single biomolecule fluorescent detection
Authors: Mannion J. T. , Craighead H. G.
Published: November 2006

Fluid‐filled nanofabricated cavities can be used to increase the spatial resolution of single molecule confocal microscopy based techniques by creating smaller and more uniformly illuminated probe volumes. Such structures may also be used to temporarily stretch single macromolecules, permitting the resolution of molecular details that would otherwise be beyond the capabilities of a diffraction limited system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85:131–143, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Vibrational spectroscopy studies of formalin‐fixed cervix tissues
Authors: Krishna C. M. , Sockalingum G. D. , Vadhiraja B. M. , Maheedhar K. , Rao A. C. K. , Rao L. , Venteo L. , Pluot M. , Fernandes D. J. , Vidyasagar M. S. , Kartha V. B. , Manfait M.
Published: November 2006

Optical histopathology is fast emerging as a potential tool in cancer diagnosis. Fresh tissues in saline are ideal samples for optical histopathology. However, evaluation of suitability of ex vivo handled tissues is necessitated because of severe constraints in sample procurement, handling, and other associated problems with fresh tissues. Among these methods, formalin‐fixed samples are shown to be suitable for optical histopathology. However, it is necessary to further evaluate this method from the point of view discriminating tissues with minute biochemical variations. A pilot Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopic studies of formalin‐fixed tissues normal, malignant, and after‐2‐fractions of radiotherapy from the same malignant cervix subjects were carried out, with an aim to explore the feasibility of discriminating these tissues, especially the tissues after‐2‐fractions of radiotherapy from other two groups. Raman and FTIR spectra exhibit large differences for normal and malignant tissues and subtle differences are seen between malignant and after‐2‐fractions of radiotherapy tissues. Spectral data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and it provided good discrimination of normal and malignant tissues. PCA of data of three tissues, normal, malignant, and 2‐fractions after radiotherapy, gave two clusters corresponding to normal and malignant + after‐2‐fractions of radiotherapy tissues. A second step of PCA was required to achieve discrimination between malignant and after‐2‐fractions of radiotherapy tissues. Hence, this study not only further supports the use of formalin‐fixed tissues in optical histopathology, especially from Raman spectroscopy point of view, it also indicates feasibility of discriminating tissues with minute biochemical differences such as malignant and after‐2‐fractions of radiotherapy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85: 214–221, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Enhanced cell culture performance using inducible anti‐apoptotic genes E1B‐19K and Aven in the production of a monoclonal antibody with Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Figueroa Bruno , Ailor Eric , Osborne Douglas , Hardwick J. Marie , Reff Mitchell , Betenbaugh Michael J.
Published: November 2006

Mammalian cells are used for the production of numerous biologics including monoclonal antibodies. Unfortunately, mammalian cells can lose viability at later stages in the cell culture process. In this study, the effects of expressing the anti‐apoptosis genes, E1B‐19K and Aven, separately and in combination on cell growth, survival, and monoclonal antibody (MAb) production were investigated for a commercial Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) mammalian cell line. CHO cells were observed to undergo apoptosis following a model insult, glucose deprivation, and at later stages of batch cell culture. The CHO cell line was then genetically modified to express the anti‐apoptotic proteins E1B‐19K and/or Aven using an ecdysone‐inducible expression system. Stable transfected pools induced to express Aven or E1B‐19K alone were found to survive 1–2 days longer than the parent cell line following glucose deprivation while the expression of both genes in concert increased cell survival by 3 days. In spinner flask batch studies, a clonal isolate engineered to express both anti‐apoptosis genes exhibited a longer operating lifetime and higher final MAb titer as a result of higher viable cell densities and viabilities. Interestingly, survival was increased in the absence of an inducer, most likely as a result of leaky expression of the anti‐apoptosis genes confirmed in subsequent PCR studies. In fed‐batch bioreactors, the expression of both anti‐apoptosis genes resulted in higher growth rates and cell densities in the exponential phase and significantly higher viable cell densities, viabilities, and extended survival during the post‐exponential phase. As a result, the integral of viable cells (IVC) was between 40 and 100% higher for cell lines engineered to express both Aven and E1B‐19K in concert, and the operational lifetime of the fed‐batch bioreactors was increased from 2 to 5 days. The maximum titers of MAb were also increased by 40–55% for bioreactors containing cells expressing Aven and E1B‐19K. These increases in volumetric productivity arose primarily from enhancements in viable cell density over the course of the fed‐batch culture period since the specific productivities for the cells expressing anti‐apoptosis genes were comparable or slightly lower than the parental hosts. These results demonstrate that expression of anti‐apoptosis genes can enhance culture performance and increase MAb titers for mammalian CHO cell cultures especially under conditions such as extended fed‐batch bioreactor operation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 877–892. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solubilization and stabilization of bacteriophage MS2 in organic solvents
Authors: Johnson Harvey R. , Hooker Jacob M. , Francis Matthew B. , Clark Douglas S.
Published: November 2006

Several techniques were examined for the solubilization of bacteriophage MS2 in organic solvents. Direct extraction of the MS2 from an aqueous phase into isooctane containing 2 mM AOT, a proven approach for the organic solubilization of many proteins, was not successful. However, predried samples of MS2 were solubilized through the direct addition of organic solvents containing 500 mM AOT. As an alternative procedure, reverse micelles containing aqueous solutions of MS2 were prepared in isooctane using AOT, dehydrated through solvent evaporation and azeotropic drying, and resolubilized in a solvent of choice. The structure and microenvironment of organic‐solubilized MS2 were investigated by UV absorbance, the fluorescence emission of an attached solvatochromatic dye, tryptophan fluorescence, and atomic force microscopy, all of which contributed evidence for a fully assembled capsid in the organic solvent. The solubilized MS2 was derivatized with stearic acid in chloroform, illustrating that bioconjugation reactions can be performed on organic‐solubilized capsids using reagents that are completely insoluble in water. Furthermore, the organic‐solubilized phage remained infectious after heating at 90°C for 20 min, whereas phage in aqueous buffer or dried with nitrogen were nonviable following the heat treatment protocol. The extended range of available chemical modifications and the enhanced thermal stability of the organic‐solubilized capsids bodes well for the formulation of storage‐stable vaccines predicated on reactions in or exposure to organic media. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 224–234. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solvent selection for enhanced bioproduction of 3‐methylcatechol in a two‐phase partitioning bioreactor
Authors: Prpich George P. , Daugulis Andrew J.
Published: November 2006

The biotransformation of toluene to 3‐methycatechol (3MC) via Pseudomonas putida MC2 was used as a model system for the development of a biphasic process offering enhanced overall volumetric productivity. Three factors were investigated for the identification of an appropriate organic solvent and they included solvent toxicity, bioavailability of the solvent as well as solvent affinity for 3MC. The critical log P (log Pcrit) of the biocatalyst was found to be 3.1 and log P values were used to predict a solvent's toxicity. The presence of various functional groups of candidate solvents were used to predict the absorption of 3MC and it was found that solvents possessing polarity showed an affinity towards 3MC. Bis (2‐ethylhexyl) sebecate was selected for use in the biphasic system as it fulfilled all selection criteria. A two‐phase biotransformation with BES and a 50% phase volume ratio, achieved an overall volumetric productivity of 440 mg 3MC/L‐h, which was an improvement by a factor of approximately 4 over previously operated systems. Additional work focused on reducing the toluene feed in order to minimize possible toxicity and decrease loss of substrate (toluene), a result of volatilization. Toluene losses were reduced by a factor of 4, compared to previously operated systems, without suffering an appreciable loss in overall volumetric productivity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 536–543. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardosins: A new and efficient plant enzymatic tool to dissociate neuronal cells for the establishment of cell cultures
Authors: Duarte A.S. , Rosa N. , Duarte E.P. , Pires E. , Barros M.T.
Published: November 2006

In the present work, we examined the feasibility of using cardosins, plant aspartic‐proteinases from Cynara cardunculus L., to isolate cells from rat embryonic brain. Using morphological and functional assays, we compared cell cultures obtained with cardosins with those prepared with a well‐established trypsin protocol. Cardosins and trypsin dissociation produced cells with similar yield, viability, and GABA release in response to a depolarizing stimulus. However, cardosins‐dissociated cells appeared to recover faster in culture, as assessed by the MTT‐test and by the number and length of neurtites, suggesting that cardosins are less aggressive to neurons than trypsin. This feature might be helpful for research and medical purposes requiring fast manipulations of cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 991–996. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene transcription acceleration: main cause of hepatitis B surface antigen production improvement by dimethyl sulfoxide in the culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Wang Wenying , Yi Xiaoping , Zhang Yuanxing
Published: November 2006

The production and specific productivity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were increased by 81% and threefold, respectively, when supplemented with 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the culture medium. To investigate the mechanism of DMSO effect on HBsAg production improvement, HBsAg mRNA level was measured by real‐time PCR. HBsAg mRNA was increased by about 1.5‐fold at 1.5% DMSO. The increase could derive from the increase of HBsAg gene copy number, the improvement of HBsAg mRNA stability, or the acceleration of HBsAg gene transcription. It was found that HBsAg gene copy number was not significantly changed in the cells stimulated with DMSO. HBsAg mRNA stability of cells with DMSO treatment was also not obviously different from control, and the mRNA half‐life of 5.58 h in the cells at 1.5% DMSO was comparable to that of 5.36 h in the control culture. DMSO resulted in 80% increase in HBsAg gene transcription activity assessed using a nuclear run‐on transcription assay. It could be deduced that the acceleration of HBsAg gene transcription is the main cause of HBsAg production improvement. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 526–535. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.