bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are maternal hemodynamic indices markers of fetal growth restriction in pregnancies with a small‐for‐gestational‐age fetus?
Authors: Perry H. , Lehmann H. , Mantovani E. , Thilaganathan B. , Khalil A.
Published: August 2019

Objective

Pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR) have a worse outcome than those with a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) fetus. There is increasing evidence of a maternal cardiovascular role in the pathophysiology of FGR. We aimed to compare maternal hemodynamic indices between pregnancies complicated by FGR and those delivering a SGA neonate, using a non‐invasive device.

Methods

This was a prospective study of normotensive pregnancies complicated by FGR (defined as estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 3rd centile or Doppler evidence of impaired placental‐fetal blood flow), those with a SGA fetus (defined as EFW < 10th centile) and control pregnancies with an appropriately grown fetus. Assessment of maternal hemodynamics (heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and stroke volume) was performed using a non‐invasive device (USCOM‐1A®). Uterine artery (UtA) pulsatility index (PI) was measured using transabdominal ultrasound. Hemodynamic variables that are affected by gestational age and maternal characteristics were corrected for using device‐specific reference ranges. Comparison between groups was performed using the chi‐square test or the Mann–Whitney U‐test, as appropriate.

Results

A total of 102 FGR, 64 SGA and 401 control pregnancies, with a median gestational age of 36 weeks, were included in the analysis. Women with a pregnancy complicated by FGR and those with a SGA fetus were shorter and weighed less than did controls. Compared with controls, the FGR group had significantly lower median maternal HR (80 beats per min (bpm) vs 85 bpm; P = 0.001) and CO multiples of the median (MoM; 0.91 vs 0.98; P = 0.003), and higher median maternal MAP (90 mmHg vs 87 mmHg; P = 0.040), SVR MoM (1.2 vs 1.0; P < 0.001) and UtA‐PI MoM (1.1 vs 0.96; P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in stroke volume MoM (1.0 vs 0.98; P = 0.647). Compared with the SGA group, the FGR group had a significantly lower median HR (80 bpm vs 87 bpm; P = 0.022), and higher median maternal MAP (90 mmHg vs 85 mmHg; P = 0.025), SVR MoM (1.2 vs 1.0; P = 0.002) and UtA‐PI MoM (1.1 vs 0.98; P = 0.005), but there was no significant difference in CO MoM (0.91 vs 0.96; P = 0.092) or stroke volume MoM (1.0 vs 1.0; P = 0.806). There were no significant differences in adjusted maternal hemodynamic indices between the SGA group and controls.

Conclusion

Pregnancies complicated by FGR presented with impaired maternal hemodynamic function, as evidenced by lower HR and CO, as well as higher MAP, SVR and UtA resistance. Pregnancies delivering a SGA neonate, without evidence of FGR, had normal maternal hemodynamic function. Maternal hemodynamic indices may therefore be of value in distinguishing FGR from SGA pregnancies. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Listening effort: Are we measuring cognition or affect, or both?
Authors: Francis Alexander L. , Love Jordan
Published: August 2019

Listening effort is increasingly recognized as a factor in communication, particularly for and with nonnative speakers, for the elderly, for individuals with hearing impairment and/or for those working in noise. However, as highlighted by McGarrigle et al., International Journal of Audiology, 2014, 53, 433–445, the term “listening effort” encompasses a wide variety of concepts, including the engagement and control of multiple possibly distinct neural systems for information processing, and the affective response to the expenditure of those resources in a given context. Thus, experimental or clinical methods intended to objectively quantify listening effort may ultimately reflect a complex interaction between the operations of one or more of those information processing systems, and/or the affective and motivational response to the demand on those systems. Here we examine theoretical, behavioral, and psychophysiological factors related to resolving the question of what we are measuring, and why, when we measure “listening effort.”

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain

Psychology > Theory and Methods

Psychology > Attention

Psychology > Emotion and Motivation
Analysis of macaque BTN3A genes and transcripts in the extended MHC: conserved orthologs of human γδ T cell modulators
Authors: de Groot Nanine , Groen Rens , Orie Vaneesha , Bruijnesteijn Jesse , de Groot Natasja G. , Doxiadis Gaby G. M. , Bontrop Ronald E.
Published: August 2019

Butyrophilins (BTN), specifically BTN3A, play a central role in the modulation of γδ T cells, which are mainly present in gut and mucosal tissues. BTN3A1 is known, for example, to activate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by means of a phosphoantigen interaction. In the extended HLA region, three genes are located, designated BTN3A1, BTN3A2 and BTN3A3, which were also defined in rhesus macaques. In contrast to humans, rhesus monkeys have an additional gene, BTN3A3Like, which has the features of a pseudogene. cDNA analysis of 32 Indian rhesus and 16 cynomolgus macaques originating from multiple-generation families revealed that all three genes are oligomorphic, and the deduced amino acids display limited variation. The macaque BTN3A alleles segregated together with MHC alleles, proving their location in the extended (Major Histocompatibility Complex) MHC. BTN3A nearly full-length transcripts of macaques and humans cluster tightly together in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that the genes represent true orthologs of each other. Despite the limited level of polymorphism, 15 Mamu- and 14 Mafa-BTN3A haplotypes were defined, and, as in humans, all three BTN3A genes are transcribed in PBMCs and colon tissues. In addition to regular full-length transcripts, a high number of various alternative splicing (AS) products were observed for all BTN3A alleles, which may result in different isoforms. The comparable function of certain subsets of γδ T cells in human and non-human primates in concert with high levels of sequence conservation observed for the BTN3A transcripts presents the opportunity to study these not yet well understood molecules in macaques as a model species.
A Long, Unnerving Road: Malpractice Claims Involving the Surgical Management of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease
Authors: Gartland Rajshri M. , Bloom Jordan P. , Parangi Sareh , Hodin Richard , DeRoo Courtney , Stephen Antonia E. , Narra Vinod , Lubitz Carrie C. , Mort Elizabeth
Published: August 2019

Background

Given their profound emotional, physical, and financial toll on patients and surgeons, we studied the characteristics, costs, and contributing factors of thyroid and parathyroid surgical malpractice claims.

Methods

Using the Controlled Risk Insurance Company Strategies’ Comparative Benchmarking System database, representing ~30% of all US paid and unpaid malpractice claims, 5384 claims filed against general surgeons and otolaryngologists from 1995–2015 were reviewed to isolate claims involving the surgical management of thyroid and parathyroid disease. These claims were studied, and multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with plaintiff payout.

Results

One hundred twenty‐eight thyroid and parathyroid surgical malpractice claims were isolated. The median time from alleged harm event to closure of a malpractice case was 39 months. The most common associated complications were bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury (n = 23) and hematoma (n = 18). Complications led to death in 18 cases. Patient payout occurred in 33% of claims (n = 42), and the median cost per claim was $277,913 (IQR $87,343–$783,663). On multivariable analysis, bilateral RLN injury was predictive of patient payout (OR 3.58, p = 0.03), while procedure, death, and surgeon specialty were not.

Conclusion

Though rare, malpractice claims related to thyroid and parathyroid surgery are costly, time‐consuming, and reveal opportunities for early surgeon–patient resolution after poor outcomes.
An Acute General Surgical Unit (AGSU) Negates the Impact of the Tokyo Guidelines 2018 (TG18) Diagnostic Criteria for the Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis
Authors: Luo Yuchen , Makepe Marang , Yim Arthur , Tacey Mark , Bird David , Hodgson Russell
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The Tokyo Guidelines 2018 (TG18) were developed to aid diagnosis and treatment for acute cholecystitis. The benefits of being treated in an acute general surgical unit (AGSU) include earlier diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to define the usefulness of TG18 before and after the introduction of AGSU.

Methodology

Patients who underwent cholecystectomy at Northern Health were audited retrospectively and assessed for TG18 diagnostic criteria and outcomes between 1 February 2012 and 1 February 2014 (one‐year pre‐ and post‐AGSU).

Results

Five hundred and eighty‐seven patients underwent emergency cholecystectomy with 203 (34.6%) patients having a suspected diagnosis, and 234 (39.9%) patients with a definitive diagnosis of acute cholecystitis using TG18 diagnostic criteria. After the introduction of AGSU, time from imaging to operation improved from 2.5 to 1.7 days (p = 0.012). There were more operations occurring during in‐hours following AGSU implementation (75.8% vs. 62.7%, p < 0.001). Maximum pre‐operative CRP of >26.6 mg/L had a higher likelihood of Clavien–Dindo complication grade 3 or 4 (OR 3.86, 95%CI 1.18–12.63, p = 0.027) compared with TG18 definitive diagnosis criteria (OR 1.50, 95%CI 0.46–4.91, p = 0.501). Surprisingly, there was a trend towards higher complications and readmissions for patients operated within 24 h, although this trend was not significant.

Conclusion

Patients with suspected acute cholecystitis should be stratified clinically and with CRP in an AGSU with TG18 adding little value in a busy metropolitan unit.
A Protocol of Pose Avoidance in Place of Hip Precautions after Posterior-Approach Total Hip Arthroplasty May Not Increase Risk of Post-operative Dislocation
Authors: Eannucci Erica Fritz , Barlow Brian T. , Carroll Kaitlin M. , Sculco Peter K. , Jerabek Seth A. , Mayman David J.
Published: August 2019

Background

Post-operative rehabilitation after posterior-approach total hip arthroplasty (P-THA) includes the use of standard hip precautions, defined as no hip flexion beyond 90°, hip adduction, or hip internal rotation for 6 to 12 weeks after surgery (sometimes for life). Since they were first implemented in the 1970s, subsequent advances may have made standard hip precautions no longer necessary, although little evidence supports that hypothesis. A modified set of precautions, a “pose avoidance protocol,” could be effective in enhancing recovery, but its effectiveness on early dislocation and post-surgical outcomes is not known.

Questions/Purposes

We sought to determine the functional recovery of patients on a pose avoidance protocol after P-THA according to levels of pain and patient satisfaction, rates of dislocation, the use of assistive devices, and a return to driving.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective, descriptive study of data from a consecutive case series of 164 patients treated by a single surgeon between January 2014 and December 2015. Patients who had undergone a primary uncemented P-THA were prescribed a pose avoidance protocol and followed for a minimum of 6 weeks. Exclusion criteria were patients with congenital hip dysplasia, revision THA, femoral neck fracture, rheumatoid arthritis, or neuromuscular disease. Changes to the rehabilitation protocol included elimination of the requirements to use elevated chairs, raised toilet seats, and abduction pillows for sleeping. Patients could resume driving at 2 and 3 weeks for left and right P-THA, respectively. The only motion restriction was avoiding the combination of hip flexion past 90°, hip adduction, and hip internal rotation. Patients could perform all other movements and to bear weight and stop using walking aids as tolerated. Patients completed a biweekly questionnaire to assess their functional recovery, opioid use, and pain levels.

Results

At 2 weeks after surgery, 80% of patients reported no pain, 86% did not require walking aids, and 92% were satisfied with their recovery. At 6 weeks after surgery, 89% of patients reported no pain. Patients returned to driving at a mean of 2.7 weeks after surgery. No patients had experienced a dislocation at 6 weeks of follow-up.

Conclusion

A pose avoidance rehabilitation protocol in this P-THA population was found to be safe and was associated with accelerated functional recovery and high patient satisfaction without increased risk of early post-operative dislocation.
Stoicism as Performance in Much Ado about Nothing
Authors: Sherman Donovan
Published: August 2019

This Element demonstrates how Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing models an understanding of the philosophy of Stoicism as performance, rather than as intellectual doctrine. To do this, it explores how, despite many early modern cultural institutions' suppression of Stoicism's theatrical capacity, a performative understanding lived on in one of the most influential texts of the era, Baldassare Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier, and that this performativity was itself inherited from one of Castiglione's sources, Cicero's De Oratore. The books concludes with a sustained reading of Much Ado to demonstrate how the play, in performance, itself acts as a Stoic exercise.
Reputation and the Accountability Gap
Authors: Boon Kristen
Published: August 2019

In her recent article on the reputation of international organizations (IOs), Kristina Daugirdas concludes that reputation's constraining effect has some serious shortcomings in the context of sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA). This essay extends those conclusions to recent mass torts cases against IOs. In particular, it argues that member states and IOs have independent and overlapping concerns that have contributed to devaluing the relevance of a “good reputation,” particularly when it comes to providing compensation for wrongful conduct. IOs, it seems, do not want to develop a reputation for deep pockets. Nonetheless, this essay also demonstrates that when compensation is not at issue, there are instances in which reputation matters to IOs. It concludes by discussing recent cases related to responsibility and organizational immunities and suggests that the trend of narrowing immunities may change the reputational calculus for IOs and member states significantly.
Are New Technologies an Aid to Reputation as a Disciplinarian?
Authors: McGregor Lorna
Published: August 2019

Kristina Daugirdas offers a different vantage point from most scholarship on the accountability of international organizations (IOs) by examining whether a focus on reputation can address accountability deficits. In this regard, reputational concerns could pressure international organizations to act by, for example, waiving immunity. In this essay, I explore the relationship between reputation and accountability through the prism of new technologies. Koettl, Murray, and Dubberley highlight four technological developments—“satellite imagery, camera-enabled portable phones, digital social networks and publicly accessible data”—that underpin “human rights investigations in the digital age.” This essay focuses on two of these technologies in particular: the use of new technologies to capture voice and image recordings of potential violations and the role of social media in amplifying allegations. I suggest that they can open routes to accountability in three ways. First, they expose and document claims of wrongdoing. Second, they provide corroborating evidence and thereby encourage victims to come forward. Third, they amplify claims and build public pressure and campaigns for accountability through social media. All three routes, individually or collectively, may lead to direct accountability as well as a structural analysis of how to prevent violations in the future. I then identify the factors that may elevate or reduce the levels by which an IO deems its reputation to be at risk and therefore responds, rather than deciding to “ride out” damage stemming from allegations of wrongdoing and a failure to act on them.
The Challenges of Teaching Comparative Law and Socio-Legal Studies at Indonesia's Law Schools
Authors: WIRATRAMAN Herlambang P
Published: August 2019

This article addresses the role of legal research methodologies in the development of legal science and the creation of social change in Indonesia. Based on fieldwork conducted at Indonesian law schools between 2014 and 2016, this article reveals that legal research methods taught in Indonesia are starkly divided into normative-juridical and empirical-juridical approaches. Misunderstandings between adherents of these different schools of thought pose significant obstacles to the development of interdisciplinary approaches to law that span or go beyond the divide. Methodological conflicts resulting in the absence of socio-legal approaches in Indonesian law schools, coupled with outdated and limited source materials, limit the study of comparative law in Indonesia to the mere comparison of statutes and rules shorn of socio-political context. They also fail to instill awareness of the importance of considering social – on top of legal – impact in the context of Indonesia's complex and pluralist legal system.
Likelihood of persistent carriage of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii on readmission in previously identified carriers
Authors: Nutman Amir , Lerner Anat , Fallach Noga , Schwartz David , Carmeli Yehuda
Published: August 2019

Patients with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-positive clinical cultures during a prior hospitalization were screened using high sensitivity methods upon first readmission. Of 38 patients, 31.6% screened positive; 42% screened positive within 2 months from discharge, and 14% screened positive more than 5 months from discharge. Carriage was persistent up to 285 days.
Associations between self-reported vegetable and fruit intake assessed with a new web-based 24-h dietary recall and serum carotenoids in free-living adults: a relative validation study
Authors: Lafrenière J. , Couillard C. , Lamarche B. , Laramée C. , Vohl M. C. , Lemieux S.
Published: August 2019

The aim of the present study was to assess the relative validity of a new web-based 24-h dietary recall (R24W) in terms of vegetable and fruit (VF) intake assessment using serum carotenoid concentrations as reference biomarkers. A total of seventy-four women and seventy-three men (mean age 47·5 (sd 13·3) years; mean BMI 25·5 (sd 4·4) kg/m2) completed the R24W four times to assess their VF intake. Serum carotenoids were obtained from 12-h fasted blood samples and measured by HPLC. Raw and de-attenuated partial Spearman's correlations were performed to determine how usual vegetable and/or fruit intake was associated with serum carotenoids. Relevant confounders were selected using a stepwise regression analysis. Finally, cross-classification was used to determine agreement between intake of VF and serum carotenoids. Intake of total dietary carotenoids was significantly associated (r 0·40; P < 0·01) with total serum carotenoids (without lycopene). Total VF intake was also associated with total serum carotenoid concentrations without lycopene (r 0·44; P < 0·01). HDL-cholesterol, waist circumference and age were identified as confounders in the association between total VF intake and total serum carotenoids (without lycopene). De-attenuated partial correlation adjusted for these confounders increased the associations between dietary carotenoids and total serum carotenoids without lycopene (r 0·49; P < 0·01) and between total VF intake and total serum carotenoids without lycopene (r 0·48; P < 0·01). Almost 80 % of respondents were classified in the same or the adjacent quartile for total VF intake and total serum carotenoids without lycopene, while less than 6 % were classified in the opposite quartile. Overall, these observations support the appropriateness of the R24W to assess the dietary intake of VF.
The strain theory of suicide
Authors: Zhang Jie
Published: August 2019

Suicide is a global public health problem, but very few theories have been developed for its etiology and effective prevention. Presented in this article is a comprehensive and parsimonious theory explaining the socio-psychological mechanism prior to suicidal behavior. Strain, resulting from conflicting and competing pressures in an individual’s life, is hypothesized to precede suicide. The strain theory of suicide (STS) proposes four sources of strain leading to suicide: (1) value strain from differential values; (2) aspiration strain from the discrepancy between aspiration and reality; (3) deprivation strain from the relative deprivation, including poverty; and (4) coping strain from deficient coping skills in the face of a crisis. This new model is built on previous notions of anomie (Durkheim, 1897/1951 ), strain theories of deviance (Merton, 1957 ) and crime (Agnew, 1992 ), although suicide is not a major target for explanation in those theories. Future research with rigorous quantitative data needs to be conducted to further test STS on a more comprehensive level.
East Asian summer monsoon climates and cave hydrological cycles over Dansgaard-Oeschger events 14 to 11 revealed by a new stalagmite record from Hulu Cave
Authors: Liang Yijia , Wang Yongjin , Wang Quan , Wu Jiangying , Shao Qingfeng , Zhang Zhenqiu , Yang Shaohua , Kong Xinggong , Edwards R. Lawrence
Published: August 2019

A 230Th/U-dated stalagmite from Hulu Cave was analyzed for δ18O, δ13C, and trace elements. A ~10-yr-resolution δ18O record, spanning 51.7–42.6 ka, revealed Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events 14 to 11. A similar rapid transition and synchronous timing of the onset of DO 12 is evident between the Greenland and Hulu Cave records, which suggests a common forcing mechanism of DO cycles in the North Atlantic and monsoonal region of Asia. Centennial-scale monsoonal oscillations in the cave δ18O record are indicative of hydroclimatic instability during interstadials. After removing the signals of remote moisture sources, the proportion of moisture from nearby sources is found to be higher during stadials than during interstadials. To explain this, we propose that the movement of the westerly jet is an important control on the balance of nearby and distant moisture sources in East Asia. In addition, the records of δ13C and trace element ratios, which are proxies of local environmental changes, resemble the δ18O record on the scale of DO cycles, as well as on even shorter timescales. This suggests that hydrological processes and biological activity at the cave site respond sensitively to the monsoonal changes.
Monitoring residue concentrations in milk from farm and throughout a milk powder manufacturing process
Authors: Paludetti Lizandra F. , Kelly Alan L. , O'Brien Bernadette , Gleeson David
Published: August 2019

The experiments reported in this research paper aimed to investigate differences in the levels of chlorate (CHLO), perchlorate (PCHLO), trichloromethane (TCM) and iodine residues in bulk tank (BT) milk produced at different milk production periods, and to monitor those levels throughout a skim milk powder (SMP) production chain (BTs, collection tankers [CTs], whole milk silo [WMS] and skim milk silo [SMS]). Chlorate, PCHLO and iodine were measured in SMP, while TCM was measured in the milk cream. The CHLO, TCM and iodine levels in the mid-lactation milk stored in the WMS were lower than legislative and industrial specifications (0.0100 mg/kg, 0.0015 mg/kg and 150 µg/l, respectively). However, in late-lactation, these levels were numerically higher than the mid-lactation levels and specifications. Trichloromethane accumulated in the cream portion after separation. Perchlorate was not detected in any of the samples. Regarding iodine, the levels in mid-lactation reconstituted SMP were higher than that required by manufacturers (100 µg/l), indicating that the levels in milk should be lower than 142 µg/l. The higher residue levels observed in late-lactation could be related to the low milk volume produced during that period and changes in sanitation practices, while changes in feed management could have affected iodine levels. This study could assist in controlling and setting limits for CHLO, TCM and iodine levels in milk, ensuring premium quality dairy products.
Transnasal inferior meatal antrostomy with a mucosal flap for post-Caldwell–Luc mucoceles in the maxillary sinus
Authors: Suzuki M , Matsumoto T , Yokota M , Toyoda K , Nakamura Y
Published: August 2019

Objective

Transnasal inferior meatal antrostomy is increasingly used for the treatment of post-Caldwell–Luc mucoceles in maxillary sinus. This study aimed to report the outcomes after inferior meatal antrostomy with a mucosal flap for recurrent mucoceles.

Method

The records of patients who had undergone transnasal inferior meatal antrostomy with or without a mucosal flap were reviewed.

Results

Transnasal endoscopic inferior meatal antrostomy with or without a mucosal flap was performed in 21 and 49 patients, respectively. No complications were observed. A closing of the antrostomy was found in 9 (18.4 per cent) of the 49 patients who underwent antrostomy without a mucosal flap. No closings were observed in the 21 patients who underwent antrostomy with a mucosal flap. There was a significant difference in the rate of closing for surgery with and without the mucosal flap.

Conclusion

Transnasal endoscopic inferior meatal antrostomy with a mucosal flap is a safe method for the treatment of post-Caldwell–Luc maxillary mucoceles that effectively prevents recurrence.
Uncovering the environmental drivers of short-term temporal dynamics in an epibenthic community from the Western English Channel
Authors: Talbot Elizabeth , Bruggeman Jorn , Hauton Chris , Widdicombe Stephen
Published: August 2019

Benthic communities, critical to the health and function of marine ecosystems, are under increasing pressure from anthropogenic impacts such as pollution, eutrophication and climate change. In order to refine predictions of likely future changes in benthic communities resulting from these impacts, we must first better constrain their responses to natural seasonality in environmental conditions. Epibenthic time series data (July 2008–May 2014) have been collected from Station L4, situated 7.25 nautical miles south of Plymouth in the Western English Channel. These data were analysed to establish patterns in community abundance, wet biomass and composition, and to link any observed patterns to environmental variables. A clear response to the input of organic material from phytoplankton blooms was detected, with sediment surface living deposit feeders showing an immediate increase in abundance, while predators and scavengers responded later, with an increase in biomass. We suggest that this response is a result of two factors. The low organic content of the L4 sediment results in food limitation of the community, and the mild winter/early spring bottom water temperatures allow the benthos to take immediate advantage of bloom sedimentation. An inter-annual change in community composition was also detected, as the community shifted from one dominated by the anomuranAnapagurus laevisto one dominated by the gastropodTuritella communis. This appeared to be related to a period of high larval recruitment forT. communisin 2013/2014, suggesting that changes in the recruitment success of one species can affect the structure of an entire community.
Range and conservation updates for the Critically Endangered blue-eyed black lemurEulemur flavifronsand the Vulnerable black lemurEulemur macaco
Authors: Tinsman Jen C. , Eschmann Caitlin L. , Solofondranohatra J. Sedera , Ralainirina Jocelyn Romelius , Holderied Marc , McCabe Gráinne
Published: August 2019

The Critically Endangered blue-eyed black lemurEulemur flavifronsof north-western Madagascar is one of the most threatened primates. The majority of research and conservation efforts for the species have been restricted to the Sahamalaza Peninsula but there are unstudied and unprotected populations farther inland. The dearth of information regarding the transition betweenE. flavifronsand its parapatric sister species, the Vulnerable black lemurEulemur macaco, and the possibility of a hybrid population complicates conservation planning for both species. We surveyed 29 forest fragments across both species’ ranges to investigate the boundary between the taxa, whether hybrids persist, and the threats to lemurs in the region. We foundE. flavifronsin six fragments andE. macacoin 17. We never observedE. flavifronsandE. macacoin the same location and we found no conclusive evidence of hybrids. Three fragments in whichE. flavifronswas present were north of the Andranomalaza River, which had previously been considered the barrier between the two species. Based on these observations and a literature review, we provide updated ranges, increasing the extent of occurrence (EOO) ofE. flavifronsby 28.7% and reducing the EOO ofE. macacoby 44.5%. We also evaluate the capacity of protected areas to conserve these lemurs. We recommend additional surveys and the implementation of an education programme in this region to help conserve both species.
Emotional instability as a trait risk factor for eating disorder behaviors in adolescents: Sex differences in a large-scale prospective study
Authors: Brown Melanie , Hochman Ayelet , Micali Nadia
Published: August 2019

Background

Temperament and personality traits, including negative emotionality/neuroticism, may represent risk factors for eating disorders. Further, risk factors may differ by sex. We examined longitudinal temperament/personality pathways of risk for purging and binge eating in youth stratified by sex using data from a large-scale prospective study.

Methods

Temperament, borderline personality features, sensation seeking, ‘big five’ personality factors, and depressive symptoms were measured at five time points from early childhood to adolescence in 5812 adolescents (3215 females; 2597 males) in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. We conducted univariate analyses with these predictors of binge eating and purging at 14 and 16 years for total and sex-stratified samples. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to fit data to a path analysis model of hypothesized associations.

Results

Of the total sample, 12.54% engaged in binge eating and 7.05% in purging by 16 years. Prevalence was much greater and increased dramatically for females from 14 years (7.50% binge eating; 2.40% purging) to 16 years (15.80% binge eating; 9.50% purging). For both sexes, borderline personality, depressive symptoms and lower emotional stability predicted eating disorder behaviors; sensation seeking and conscientiousness were also significant predictors for females. SEM identified an ‘emotional instability’ pathway for females from early childhood into adolescence (RMSEA = 0.025, TLI = 0.937 and CFI = 0.970).

Conclusions

Binge eating and purging are common in female and male adolescents. Early temperament/personality factors related to difficulty regulating emotions were predictive of later adolescent eating disorder behaviors. Results have important clinical implications for eating disorder prevention and intervention.
Robust Geometric Navigation of a Quadrotor UAV on SE(3)
Authors: Garcia O. , Rojo-Rodriguez E. G. , Sanchez A. , Saucedo D. , Munoz-Vazquez A. J.
Published: August 2019

In this paper, a robust geometric navigation algorithm, designed on the special Euclidean group SE(3), of a quadrotor is proposed. The equations of motion for the quadrotor are obtained using the Newton–Euler formulation. The geometric navigation considers a guidance frame which is designed to perform autonomous flights with a convergence to the contour of the task with small normal velocity. For this purpose, a super twisting algorithm controls the nonlinear rotational and translational dynamics as a cascade structure in order to establish the fast and yet smooth tracking with the typical robustness of sliding modes. In this sense, the controller provides robustness against parameter uncertainty, disturbances, convergence to the sliding manifold in finite time, and asymptotic convergence of the trajectory tracking. The algorithm validation is presented through experimental results showing the feasibility of the proposed approach and illustrating that the tracking errors converge asymptotically to the origin.
The impact of genetics and environment on the polar fraction metabolome of commercial Brassica napus seeds: a multi-site study
Authors: Bennouna Djawed , Avice Jean-Christophe , Rosique Clément , Svilar Ljubica , Pontet Célia , Trouverie Jacques , Fine Frédéric , Pinochet Xavier , Fraser Karl , Martin Jean-Charles
Published: August 2019

This study was designed to elucidate the biological variation in expression of many metabolites due to environment, genotype, or both, and to investigate the potential utility of metabolomics to supplement compositional analysis for the design of a new resilient cultivar of Brassica napus that can be steady in phytochemicals in different regions in France. Eight rapeseed varieties, grown in eight regions of France, were compared using a non-targeted metabolomics approach. The statistical analysis highlighted the distance and closeness between the samples in terms of both genotypes and geographical regions. A major environmental impact was observed on the polar metabolome, with different trends, depending on the varieties. Some varieties were very sensitive to the environment, while others were quite resilient. The identified secondary metabolites were mapped into the KEGG pathway database to reveal the most sensitive target proteins susceptible to environmental influences. A glucosyl-transferase encoded by the UGT84A1 gene involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid was identified. This protein could be rate limiting/promoting in this pathway depending on environmental conditions. The metabolomics approach used in this study demonstrated its efficiency to characterize the environmental influence on various cultivars of Brassica napus seeds and may help identify targets for crop improvement.
Expansion of Percolation Critical Points for Hamming Graphs
Authors: Federico Lorenzo , Van Der Hofstad Remco , Den Hollander Frank , Hulshof Tim
Published: August 2019

The Hamming graphH(d,n) is the Cartesian product ofdcomplete graphs onnvertices. Let${m=d(n-1)}$be the degree and$V = n^d$be the number of vertices ofH(d,n). Let$p_c^{(d)}$be the critical point for bond percolation onH(d,n). We show that, for$d \in \mathbb{N}$fixed and$n \to \infty$,$$p_c^{(d)} = {1 \over m} + {{2{d^2} - 1} \over {2{{(d - 1)}^2}}}{1 \over {{m^2}}} + O({m^{ - 3}}) + O({m^{ - 1}}{V^{ - 1/3}}),$$which extends the asymptotics found in [10] by one order. The term$O(m^{-1}V^{-1/3})$is the width of the critical window. For$d=4,5,6$we have$m^{-3} = O(m^{-1}V^{-1/3})$, and so the above formula represents the full asymptotic expansion of$p_c^{(d)}$. In [16] we show that this formula is a crucial ingredient in the study of critical bond percolation onH(d,n) for$d=2,3,4$. The proof uses a lace expansion for the upper bound and a novel comparison with a branching random walk for the lower bound. The proof of the lower bound also yields a refined asymptotics for the susceptibility of a subcritical Erdös–Rényi random graph.
Development of feeding information for infants with CHD
Authors: Marino Luise V. , Johnson Mark J. , Davies Natalie J. , Kidd Catherine , Richens Trevor , Bharucha Tara , Darlington Anne-Sophie
Published: August 2019

Introduction:

Infants with CHD often experience growth failure. Ensuring optimal growth before surgery is associated with improved outcomes and has emerged as a significant cause of parental stress. Parents have reported a perceived lack of accessible feeding information for infants with CHD. To address this gap, the aim of this study was to develop feeding information to better support parents.

Materials and methods:

A search for existing material on six electronic databases and an internet search for unpublished (grey) literature on feeding information for infants with CHD were carried out. Following the development of feeding information, semi-structured interview(s) with parents/health-care professionals were completed, focusing on whether the information was easy to understand, relevant, provided sufficient information around feeding/feeding difficulties, and whether there were any information gaps. Iterative changes were made to the information following each interview. The process was completed until thematic saturation was achieved.

Results:

A total of 23 unique articles were identified of which 5 studies were included. From the grey literature, four web pages were reviewed. A total of 22 parents and 25 health-care professionals were interviewed. All parents/health-care professionals felt that the feeding information developed provided sufficient information; however, many wanted information on how to introduce complementary food, particularly if weaning was delayed.

Conclusions:

This study describes the development of feeding information for infants with CHD. From parent interviews, gaps identified focused on the introduction of complementary foods and uncertainty regarding the feeding journey beyond surgery.
When Celebrity and Political Journalism Collide: Reporting Standards, Entertainment, and the Conundrum of Covering Donald Trump’s 2016 Campaign
Authors: Boydstun Amber E. , Lawrence Regina G.
Published: August 2019

While the rise of celebrities-turned-politicians has been well documented and theorized, how their bids for office are treated by the establishment press has been less closely examined. Research on celebrity politics on the one hand, and on journalism standards on the other, have rarely been brought into conversation with one another. Here, we draw from both literatures to explore how the press covered Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign. Prior research on political journalism would likely have predicted that Trump, with his lack of conventional political experience and a career in reality TV, would have been treated to derisive, dismissive press coverage, which we refer to as “clown” coverage. But Trump’s fame and wealth, and the high entertainment value of his campaign, would also lead the media to cover him heavily. We argue that the collision of entertainment-infused politics with traditional journalism practices created a profound dilemma for the press’s ability to cover the campaign coherently, and that the press responded to this dilemma by giving Trump as much clown-like coverage as serious coverage, throughout not just the primary but also the general election. We support our argument through qualitative evidence from interviews with journalists and other political insiders, and quantitative evidence from a content analysis of New York Times and Washington Post coverage of Trump at key points throughout the campaign.
Do-it-Yourself Activism in Pakistan: The Fatal Celebrity of Qandeel Baloch
Authors: Alam Zainab B.
Published: August 2019

In July 2016, Pakistani social media celebrity Qandeel Baloch was asphyxiated by her brother and gained posthumous celebrity in the West where her death was sensationally categorized as an honor-killing. Yet Qandeel was a celebrity in her own right among South Asians long before her death. Through skillful use of social media, she created new forms of public space and used them to challenge dominant social norms and political practices. I examine Qandeel’s “do-it-yourself activism”—her innovative use of the digital public sphere to position herself as a worthy representative of Pakistani nationality; to critique long-established norms governing gender, class, and sexuality; and to expand the boundaries of national belonging in Pakistan to include culturally rebellious women of limited economic means. By examining Qandeel’s audacious means of standing for Pakistan, her deployment of marriage proposals as a mode of subversive political activism within the political party,Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf(Pakistan Movement for Justice, PTI), and her use of visual culture (“selfies”) to challenge the moral authority of a powerful Islamic cleric, I theorize a form of political activism grounded in women’s agency that deploys celebrity to illuminate and politicize injustices.
Genetic Similarity Assessment of Twin-Family Populations by Custom-Designed Genotyping Array
Authors: Beck Jeffrey J. , Hottenga Jouke-Jan , Mbarek Hamdi , Finnicum Casey T. , Ehli Erik A. , Hur Yoon-Mi , Martin Nicholas G. , de Geus Eco J.C. , Boomsma Dorret I. , Davies Gareth E.
Published: August 2019

Twin registries often take part in large collaborative projects and are major contributors to genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis studies. In this article, we describe genotyping of twin-family populations from Australia, the Midwestern USA (Avera Twin Register), the Netherlands (Netherlands Twin Register), as well as a sample of mothers of twins from Nigeria to assess the extent, if any, of genetic differences between them. Genotyping in all cohorts was done using a custom-designed Illumina Global Screening Array (GSA), optimized to improve imputation quality for population-specific GWA studies. We investigated the degree of genetic similarity between the populations using several measures of population variation with genotype data generated from the GSA. Visualization of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the Australian, Dutch and Midwestern American populations exhibit negligible interpopulation stratification when compared to each other, to a reference European population and to globally distant populations. Estimations of fixation indices (FSTvalues) between the Australian, Midwestern American and Netherlands populations suggest minimal genetic differentiation compared to the estimates between each population and a genetically distinct cohort (i.e., samples from Nigeria genotyped on GSA). Thus, results from this study demonstrate that genotype data from the Australian, Dutch and Midwestern American twin-family populations can be reasonably combined for joint-genetic analysis.
Weed species and traits associated with organic grain crop rotations in the mid-Atlantic region
Authors: Teasdale John R. , Mirsky Steven B. , Cavigelli Michel A.
Published: August 2019

Organic cropping systems are characterized by soil-disturbance events that can be diversified over years through crop rotations and within seasons by varying planting dates. The Farming Systems Project at Beltsville, MD, USA, is a long-term experiment that includes three organic rotations, corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], corn–soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and corn–soybean–wheat–alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Analysis of weed presence and cover over the first 18 yr of this experiment revealed that the tall, erect annual broadleaf weeds smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.), and/or velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) were most prominent in corn and soybean. Generally, these species exhibited traits adapted to the disturbance regimes, nutrient availability, crop environment and duration, and local meteorological conditions associated with the summer annual corn and soybean crops. Abundance of A. hybridus, D. stramonium, and A. theophrasti were controlled primarily by rotation diversity, whereby presence and cover of these species were highest in the short corn–soybean rotation and lowest in the longer rotations that had more diverse seasonal soil-disturbance regimes. Early-season temperature was the primary factor controlling C. album presence and cover, which were higher at lower temperatures associated with earlier planting dates. Higher early-season precipitation was the primary factor associated with higher presence of annual grass species. The relative abundance of species in organic corn and soybean was determined primarily by the diversity of crops and disturbance operations in rotation, the timing of spring tillage and planting, and annual meteorological conditions driving emergence periodicity.
Mit den Augen eines Grundschulkindes
Authors: Igler Jennifer , Ohle-Peters Annika , McElvany Nele
Published: August 2019

Zusammenfassung. Schülereinschätzungen von Unterrichtsqualität haben sich als prädiktiv für ihre Lernergebnisse erwiesen, jedoch deuten empirische Studien auf große Unterschiede in der Einschätzung desselben Unterrichts innerhalb von Klassen hin. Merkmale von Unterrichtsqualität können in drei Dimensionen unterteilt werden: kognitive Aktivierung, Klassenführung und unterstützendes Unterrichtsklima. Für die Identifizierung von Prädiktoren für divergierende Schülereinschätzungen des Unterrichts in derselben Klasse können Theorien zur Informationsverarbeitung herangezogen werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersuchte die vorliegende Studie die Varianz der Schülereinschätzungen und analysierte in Anlehnung an psychologische Befunde zur Informationsverarbeitung die Prädiktion von Einschätzungsdifferenzen durch kognitive Voraussetzungen (Vorwissen, kognitive Fähigkeiten), motivationale Orientierung (Schullust) und emotionale Bindungen (Nähe zur Lehrkraft) sowie durch demographische Merkmale (Geschlecht, Migrationshintergrund, sozialer Hintergrund). Die Stichprobe bestand aus 647 Schülerinnen und Schülern (50.8 % weiblich) aus 33 vierten Klassen, die direkt im Anschluss an eine Unterrichtseinheit zu ihrer Einschätzung der Unterrichtsqualität befragt wurden, welche anhand von drei Merkmalen mittels jeweils fünf Items erfasst wurde: herausfordernde Aufgaben, Störungen im Unterricht und Motivierung durch die Lehrkraft. Für die Überprüfung der Fragestellungen wurden Intraklassenkorrelationen und Mehrebenenregressionsmodelle unter Berücksichtigung der Clusterung der Daten eingesetzt. Die höchste Übereinstimmung innerhalb der Klassen zeigte sich für das Merkmal Störungen im Unterricht (ICC 1 = .26), etwas geringer fielen die Übereinstimmungen bei den Merkmalen Motivierung durch die Lehrkraft (ICC 1 = .19) und herausfordernde Aufgaben (ICC 1 = .14) aus. Bei gleichzeitiger Berücksichtigung aller Schülermerkmale in einem Modell waren für die abweichenden Einschätzungen im Bereich herausfordernde Aufgaben die Merkmale Vorwissen, kognitive Fähigkeiten, motivationale Orientierung und sozialer Hintergrund prädiktiv. Schülereinschätzungen von Störungen im Unterricht wurden vom sozialen Hintergrund vorhergesagt und Einschätzungen im Bereich der Motivierung von den kognitiven Fähigkeiten und der emotionalen Bindung. Das Geschlecht und der Migrationshintergrund wiesen keine bedeutsame Prädiktionskraft auf. Diese Befunde sind sowohl für die Unterrichtsforschung als auch für die pädagogische Praxis von großer Relevanz.
Variability of the South Pacific Subtropical Surface Salinity Maximum
Authors: Bingham Frederick M. , Busecke Julius J. M. , Gordon Arnold L.
Published: August 2019

During the period 2011–2017 the South Pacific subtropical sea surface salinity maximum (SSS‐max) exhibited significant variability. It nearly doubled in area, increased in salinity by ~0.1 pss, and moved northward by 1–2° of latitude and eastward by 10° of longitude. The change was not associated with change in air‐sea freshwater flux, but rather due to changes in the advection of the subtropical gyre and South Equatorial Current, and variation in Ekman transport and Ekman pumping. There was a substantial decrease in the dynamic height difference associated with the South Equatorial Current, the Ekman transport, and Ekman pumping northeast of the SSS‐max. The observed changes in the SSS‐max appear to be linked to those of subducted subtropical underwater observed in the interior. They are also strongly associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The lagged correlation between the annual average PDO index and the area of the SSS‐max, with PDO leading by 2 years, is 0.86.