bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plugging behavior of gellan in porous saline media
Authors: Kudaibergenov Sarkyt , Nuraje Nurxat , Adilov Zheksenbek , Abilkhairov Dauren , Ibragimov Rustam , Gusenov Iskander , Sagindykov Abkhan
Published: August 2014

In this article, the hydrodynamic behavior of dilute aqueous solutions of a natural polysaccharide—gellan in the porous media under the modeled oilfield conditions is described. The hydrodynamic properties of gellan and poly(acrylamide) solutions in saline porous media are compared. The influence of inorganic salts NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, and BaСl2 on sol–gel and gel–sol transitions of dilute gellan solutions was evaluated. The mechanism of sol–gel transition in the presence of individual alkaline and alkaline‐earth metal salts is described on the basis of literature data. The viscometric measurements revealed that the effectiveness of salts to enhance gelation of gellan changes in the following order: BaСl2 > CaCl2 ≈ MgCl2 > KCl > NaCl. The sol–gel and gel–sol phase transitions of gellan solution were also observed upon addition of oil field water containing 73 g L−1 of alkaline and alkaline earth metal ions. During the injection of gellan solutions into the porous media saturated by saline water an oscillation of the injection pressure was observed. Such behavior of gellan is explained by either the sol‐to‐gel and the gel‐to‐sol transitions of the polymer taking place in saline water or the step‐by‐step plugging of high permeable channels until all high permeable channels of sand packs are plugged due to gellan invasion. The application of brine‐initiated gelation of gellan for water shutoff operations (WSO) in field conditions was demonstrated. Higher technological effectiveness of gellan injection in comparison with existing gelation systems was shown. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41256.
The index of dry‐jet wet spinning for polyacrylonitrile precursor fibers
Authors: Wang Tai‐Yuan , Chang Hsiao‐Chuan , Chiu Yu‐Tsung , Tsai Jia‐Lin
Published: August 2014

A new spinning index for a PAN precursor fiber is proposed that includes the viscosity of a spinning dope, the thermodynamic affinity, and the draw ratio during the spinning process. Through dry‐jet wet spinning, six types of PAN precursor fibers with different spinning parameters, including solid content, solvent content in a bath, and draw ratio, were fabricated and analyzed with tensile tests, SEM, and XRD. The results show that the spinning index can reflect the mechanical properties of the fibers but is less indicative of crystallinity. Hence, the current spinning index is recommended for use as an indicator for the mechanical properties of PAN precursor fibers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41265.
Accelerating the graphitization process of polyimide by addition of graphene
Authors: Pei Xueliang , Shen Bin , Zhang Lihua , Zhai Wentao , Zheng Wenge
Published: August 2014

In this article, a composite film from polyimide and thermally exfoliated graphene was prepared through in situ polymerization, and the weight percent of thermally exfoliated graphene with respect to the polyimide monomers was 5 wt %. The film was carbonized at 1000°C for 1 h and then heat‐treated at various temperatures up to 2100°C. For comparison, the corresponding pure polyimide film was also prepared and heat‐treated at the same condition. It was found that the addition of graphene could effectively prevent the polyimide film from shrinking in the direction parallel to the film surface during the heat treatment. Furthermore, the results of density, X‐ray diffraction, shrinkage in the direction perpendicular to the film surface and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the graphitization process of the polyimide could be accelerated by addition of graphene obviously. In view of the above phenomena, a reasonable explanation was presented. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41274.
Effect of succinic acid on the shrinkage of unsaturated polyester resin
Authors: Hong Cheng‐Ming , Wang Xiao‐Jun , Kong Peng , Pan Zhi‐Gang , Wang Xiao‐Yao
Published: August 2014

Succinic acid was presented as a small molecule low shrinkage additive (LSA) in unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). The effects of succinic acid on the volume shrinkage and the flexural strength of UPR cured at 80 ± 1°C were investigated and compared with those of macromolecule LSAs, including polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and polystyrene (PS). The results indicated that the volume shrinkage of succinic acid/UPR specimen was significantly lower than those of specimens with macromolecule LSAs. The flexural strength of succinic acid/UPR specimen was improved. The optimal time of pre‐esterification between succinic acid and the excess dihydric alcohol in UPR was 3.0 h, and the optimal addition of succinic acid was 20 g per 100 g UPR. Compared with 2,2‐dimethyl malonic acid we put forward before, succinic acid was a cheaper and more commercial LSA, which obviously accelerated the pre‐esterification process and presented excellent antishrinkage effect. DSC showed that with the addition of succinic acid, the polymerization of UPR was distinctive. The two‐stage polymerization of UPR glue including the cross‐polymerization of UPR and the homopolymerization of polyester was changed to a one‐stage polymerization with lower exotherm and slower polymerization rate, which was optimal for UPR. FTIR and high resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR/MAS NMR) were applied for the quantitative characterization of pre‐esterification caused by succinic acid. Succinic acid performed better effects on the polymerization of UPR as compared to previous LSAs, and finally the homogeneous micro‐structure of cured succinic acid/UPR formed and was demonstrated by SEM. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41276.
Designed Synthesis of a Highly Conjugated Hexaethynylbenzene‐Based Host for Supramolecular Architectures
Authors: Li Yongjun , Xu Liang , Chan Sharon Lai‐Fung , Li Yuliang , Jiang Runsheng , Liu Huibiao , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: August 2014

The construction of efficient synthetic functional receptors with tunable cavities, and the self‐organization of guest molecules within these cavities through noncovalent interactions can be challenging. Here we have prepared a double‐cavity molecular cup based on hexaethynylbenzene that possesses a highly π‐conjugated interior for the binding of electron‐rich guests. X‐ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, fluorescent spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and SEM were used to investigate the structures and the binding behaviors. The results indicated that the binding of a guest in one cavity would affect the binding of the same or another guest in the other cavity. The effect of electron transfer in this system suggests ample opportunities for tuning the optical and electronic properties of the molecular cup and the encapsulated guest. The encapsulation of different guests would also lead to different aggregate nanostructures, which is a new way to tune their supramolecular architectures.
Religious identity choices in English secondary schools
Authors: Moulin Daniel
Published: August 2014

This paper explores religious adolescents' reported experiences of secondary schools. Fifty‐four qualitative interviews were conducted in places of worship in three cities in England with Christians (n=46), Jews (n=38) and Muslims (n=15). Secondary schools of a religious and non‐religious character were reported as not providing a suitable environment for religious observances, nor as a place to act and behave according to participants' religious principles. Religious adolescents reported prejudice and criticism of their beliefs or religious affiliations from their peers and sometimes from teachers. They also perceived their religious traditions to be distorted, inaccurately or unfairly represented in some lessons. The focus of this paper is the identity choices religious adolescents reported in response to these challenges. Three groups of identity choices are theorised and explored: religious identity seeking, religious identity declaration and religious identity masking. The findings are discussed in view of religious identity construction theory, good practice for teachers and also the potential concerns of faith communities.
Determination of rifampicin in rat plasma by modified large‐volume direct injection RAM‐HPLC and its application to a pharmcokinetic study
Authors: Zhang Xiaohui , Wang Rong , Xie Hua , Jia Zhengping , Li Wenbing , Zhang Juanhong , Wang Yanling
Published: August 2014

A direct large volume injection high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with homemade restricted‐access media (RAM) pre‐column and combined with a column‐switching valve was established and developed for determination rifampicin (RIP) in rat plasma. The rat plasma samples (100 μL) were injected directly onto pre‐column, where RIP was retained and pre‐concentrated, while proteins were washed to waste using a methanol–water (5:95) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Then, by rotation of the switching valve at 5 min, the RIP were eluted from the pre‐column and transferred to an Luna C18 analytical column by the chromatographic mobile phase consisting of methanol–acetonitrile–10 mm ammonium format (60:5:35) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The total analytical run time was 15 min with UV detection wavelength at 254 nm. Carbamazepine was used as the internal standard. Excellent linear correlation (r = 0.9993) was obtained in the range of 0.25–8 µg/mL for rat plasma. The intra‐day and inter‐day precisions of RIP were all <5.0%. The recoveries were in the range of from 99.98–113.66% for plasma. This on‐line RAM‐HPLC method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of RIP in rat plasma. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Interrogation of the Malaria Kinome
Authors: Derbyshire Emily R. , Zuzarte‐Luís Vanessa , Magalhães Andreia D. , Kato Nobutaka , Sanschagrin Paul C. , Wang Jinhua , Zhou Wenjun , Miduturu Chandrasekhar V. , Mazitschek Ralph , Sliz Piotr , Mota Maria M. , Gray Nathanael S. , Clardy Jon
Published: August 2014

Malaria, an infectious disease caused by eukaryotic parasites of the genus Plasmodium, afflicts hundreds of millions of people every year. Both the parasite and its host utilize protein kinases to regulate essential cellular processes. Bioinformatic analyses of parasite genomes predict at least 65 protein kinases, but their biological functions and therapeutic potential are largely unknown. We profiled 1358 small‐molecule kinase inhibitors to evaluate the role of both the human and the malaria kinomes in Plasmodium infection of liver cells, the parasites' obligatory but transient developmental stage that precedes the symptomatic blood stage. The screen identified several small molecules that inhibit parasite load in liver cells, some with nanomolar efficacy, and each compound was subsequently assessed for activity against blood‐stage malaria. Most of the screening hits inhibited both liver‐ and blood‐stage malaria parasites, which have dissimilar gene expression profiles and infect different host cells. Evaluation of existing kinase activity profiling data for the library members suggests that several kinases are essential to malaria parasites, including cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs), glycogen synthase kinases, and phosphoinositide‐3‐kinases. CDK inhibitors were found to bind to Plasmodium protein kinase 5, but it is likely that these compounds target multiple parasite kinases. The dual‐stage inhibition of the identified kinase inhibitors makes them useful chemical probes and promising starting points for antimalarial development.
Highly Efficient Fluorescent Interstrand Photo‐crosslinking of DNA Duplexes Labeled with 5‐Fluoro‐4‐thio‐2′‐O‐methyluridine
Authors: Nowak‐Karnowska Joanna , Chebib Ziad , Milecki Jan , Franzen Stefan , Skalski Bohdan
Published: August 2014

The formation of a fluorescent photoadduct between 5‐fluoro‐4‐thiouridine (FSU), in the sequence context 5′‐AFSUA‐3′ and incorporated into a synthetic oligonucleotide either at its 3′‐ or 5′‐end, and one of the thymines of the TAT motif in a complementary target DNA strand led to photo‐crosslinking of the two strands for several oligonucleotide constructs. Enzymatic digestion, MS, UV, and fluorescence spectral analyses of the interstrand crosslinked oligonucleotides revealed the identity of the thymidine that participates in the photo‐crosslinking reaction as well as the diastereomeric structures of the crosslinks. The proposed pathways of interstrand photo‐crosslinking are supported by experiments with isotopically labeled oligonucleotide constructs and visualized by means of molecular dynamics simulations.
Participation in a 9‐month selected physical exercise programme enhances psychological well‐being in a prison population
Authors: Battaglia Claudia , di Cagno Alessandra , Fiorilli Giovanni , Giombini Arrigo , Borrione Paolo , Baralla Francesca , Marchetti Marco , Pigozzi Fabio
Published: August 2014

Background

There is general population evidence that physical exercise is effective in reducing the risk of depression and has positive effects on mood. Some prisons encourage exercise, but there is no evidence specific to this group on its benefits or the relative merits of different programmes.

Aims

To test the effect of physical exercise on the psychological well‐being of prisoners and to determine which mental disorders are most affected by physical activity.

Methods

Sixty‐four participants were randomly assigned across three groups: cardiovascular plus resistance training (CRT), high‐intensity strength training (HIST) and no exercise. Before and after the 9‐month experimental period, all participants completed the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised.

Results

Each form of exercise significantly reduced depression scale scores compared with those in the control group, in which average depression scale scores actually increased. The CRT group also showed a significant decrease in GSI scores on the Symptom Checklist‐90 and on its interpersonal sensitivity scale, whereas the HIST group also significantly improved on the anxiety, phobic anxiety and hostility scale scores.

Conclusions

Our evidence, taken together with general population studies, supports introduction of supervised, moderately intense exercise for at least 1 h per week for men in prison. They form a high risk group for mental disorders, and such exercise reduces depression and anxiety. Minimal special equipment is needed for CRT. Further research should replicate the study in a larger, multi‐centre trial, and examine impact on shorter‐term and longer‐term prisoners, female prisoners and effects on recidivism. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavior of Highly Diluted Electrolytes in Strong Electric Fields—Prevention of Alumina Deposition on Grading Electrodes in HVDC Transmission Modules by CO2‐induced pH‐Control
Authors: Weber Immo , Mallick Bert , Schild Matthias , Kareth Sabine , Puchta Ralph , van Eldik Rudi
Published: August 2014

Alumina deposition on platinum grading electrodes in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission modules is an unsolved problem that has been around for more than three decades. This is due to the unavoidable corrosion of aluminum heat sinks that causes severe damage to electrical power plants and losses in the range of a million Euro range per day in power outage. Simple experiments in a representative HV test setup showed that aluminates at concentrations even below 10−8 mol L−1 can deposit on anodes through neutralization by protons produced in de‐ionized water (κ≤0.15 μS cm−1) at 20–35 kV (8 mA) per electrode. In this otherwise electrolyte‐poor aqueous environment, the depositions are formed three orders of magnitude below the critical precipitation concentration at pH 7! In the presence of an inert electrolyte such as TMAT (tetramethylammonium‐p‐toluenesulfonate), at a concentration level just above that of the total dissolved aluminum, no deposition was observed. Deposition can be also prevented by doping with CO2 gas at a concentration level that is magnitudes lower than that of the dissolved aluminum. From an overview of aqueous aluminum chemistry, the mystery of the alumina deposition process and its inhibition by CO2 is experimentally resolved and fully explained by field accumulation and repulsion models in synergism with acid–base equilibria. The extraordinary size of the alumina depositions is accounted for in terms of proton tunneling through “hydrated” alumina, which is supported by quantum chemical calculations. As a consequence, pulse‐purging with pure CO2 gas is presented as a technical solution to prevent the deposition of alumina.
Pentameric Thiophene‐Based Ligands that Spectrally Discriminate Amyloid‐β and Tau Aggregates Display Distinct Solvatochromism and Viscosity‐Induced Spectral Shifts
Authors: Simon Rozalyn A. , Shirani Hamid , Åslund K. O. Andreas , Bäck Marcus , Haroutunian Vahram , Gandy Sam , Nilsson K. Peter R.
Published: August 2014

A wide range of neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the deposition of multiple protein aggregates. Ligands for molecular characterization and discrimination of these pathological hallmarks are thus important for understanding their potential role in pathogenesis as well as for clinical diagnosis of the disease. In this regard, luminescent conjugated oligothiophenes (LCOs) have proven useful for spectral discrimination of amyloid‐beta (Aβ) and tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), two of the pathological hallmarks associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Herein, the solvatochromism of a library of anionic pentameric thiophene‐based ligands, as well as their ability to spectrally discriminate Aβ and tau aggregates, were investigated. Overall, the results from this study identified distinct solvatochromic and viscosity‐dependent behavior of thiophene‐based ligands that can be applied as indices to direct the chemical design of improved LCOs for spectral separation of Aβ and tau aggregates in brain tissue sections. The results also suggest that the observed spectral transitions of the ligands are due to their ability to conform by induced fit to specific microenvironments within the binding interface of each particular protein aggregate. We foresee that these findings might aid in the chemical design of thiophene‐based ligands that are increasingly selective for distinct disease‐associated protein aggregates.
Cluster Size Effects of Platinum Oxide as Active Sites in Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Li Yu Hang , Xing Jun , Yang Xiao Hua , Yang Hua Gui
Published: August 2014

The successful design of photocatalytic hydrogen generation from water relies on a thorough understanding of the role of cocatalyst. The photoreactivity was studied as a function of the cluster size of the oxidized platinum cocatalyst. The maximum turnover frequency is found on the smallest‐sized cocatalyst. This effect can be attributed to the size‐dependent proton adsorption.
Host–Guest Chemistry of a Water‐Soluble Pillar[5]arene: Evidence for an Ionic‐Exchange Recognition Process and Different Complexation Modes
Authors: Gómez Borja , Francisco Vitor , Fernández‐Nieto Fernando , Garcia‐Rio Luis , Martín‐Pastor M. , Paleo M. Rita , Sardina F. Javier
Published: August 2014

The complexation of an anionic guest by a cationic water‐soluble pillararene is reported. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), 1H NMR, 1H and 19F DOSY, and STD NMR experiments were performed to characterize the complex formed under aqueous neutral conditions. The results of ITC and 1H NMR analyses showed the inclusion of the guest inside the cavity of the pillar[5]arene, with the binding constant and thermodynamic parameters influenced by the counter ion of the macrocycle. NMR diffusion experiments showed that although a fraction of the counter ions are expelled from the host cavity by exchange with the guest, a complex with both counter ions and the guest inside the pillararene is formed. The results also showed that at higher concentrations of guest in solution, in addition to the inclusion of one guest molecule in the cavity, the pillararene can also form an external complex with a second guest molecule.
Boron–18F containing positron emission tomography radiotracers: advances and opportunities
Authors: Burke Benjamin P. , Clemente Gonçalo S. , Archibald Stephen J.
Published: August 2014

Standard [18F]fluorination methods to form carbon–fluorine bonds can have some limitations such as low yield and the requirement for harsh reaction conditions. Inorganic approaches include the formation of boron–[18F]fluorine bonds and have the potential to give high specific activities at room temperature forming a bond that is stable in vivo. There is considerable potential in future applications, particularly in relation to multimodal imaging and the provision of rapid efficient labelling protocols. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Available resources and challenges for the clinical annotation of somatic variations
Authors: Dumur Catherine I.
Published: August 2014

Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has become an important tool for identifying clinically relevant variants in both inherited disorders and oncology. Variants annotation that enables the creation of meaningful clinical reports often requires mining multiple publicly available databases. There are a number of such resources that have been designed to catalog and mine a plethora of germline variants or mutations. However, when analyzing tumor specimens in clinical settings, one may need to use different or ancillary resources that are specific for somatic variants or actionable mutations that may have clinical or treatment implications. The purpose of this review is to recapitulate the state of the art of somatic variation databases, which can aid in the clinical interpretation of NGS‐based assays in oncology. In addition, the current need for collating various annotation sources into one‐stop solutions to facilitate faster query execution and better integration into existing laboratory information systems are discussed. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:730–736. © 2014 The Authors. Cancer Cytopathology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Quantum‐Classical Calculation of the Absorption and Emission Spectral Shapes of Oligothiophenes at Low and Room Temperature by First‐Principle Calculations
Authors: Improta Roberto , Ferrer Francisco J. Avila , Stendardo Emiliano , Santoro Fabrizio
Published: August 2014

We report a thorough computational characterization of the low‐ and room‐temperature absorption and emission spectra of a series of oligothiophenes that contain between three and seven thiophene units. Our computational approach is based on time‐dependent (TD) density functional calculations with the CAM‐B3LYP functional. The effect of vibrations is included without resorting to any empirical parameters either at a fully quantum level or with a hybrid quantum‐classical protocol. This latter approach is introduced to describe the relevant broadening effects in absorption at room temperature and is based on the partition of the vibrational modes into two sets: the inter‐ring torsions treated at the anharmonic level in a classical way and the remaining modes described at the quantum level. The contribution of the quantum modes to the spectrum is computed by using a harmonic approximation, which accounts for Duschinsky mixing and changes in the vibrational frequencies associated with the electronic transition; a path‐integral TD approach is adopted to account for the effect of temperature. The spectra simulated at low temperatures are in very good agreement with their experimental counterparts, which indicates that our calculations can quantitatively reproduce the effect of chain lengthening on the position and the shape of the spectra. Good agreement is also obtained at room temperature, for which we show that the classical description of the broadening, owing to the inter‐ring torsions, reproduces the loss of the vibronic structure observed in the experiment and introduces only a slight overestimation of the spectral width.
How Frustrated Lewis Acid/Base Systems Pass through Transition‐State Regions: H2 Cleavage by [tBu3P/B(C6F5)3]
Authors: Pu Maoping , Privalov Timofei
Published: August 2014

We investigate the transition‐state (TS) region of the potential energy surface (PES) of the reaction tBu3P+H2+B(C6F5)3→tBu3P‐H(+)+(−)HB(C6F5)3 and the dynamics of the TS passage at room temperature. Owing to the conformational inertia of the phosphane⋅⋅⋅borane pocket involving heavy tBu3P and B(C6F5)3 species and features of the PES E(P⋅⋅⋅H, B⋅⋅⋅H | B⋅⋅⋅P) as a function of P⋅⋅⋅H, B⋅⋅⋅H, and B⋅⋅⋅P distances, a typical reactive scenario for this reaction is a trajectory that is trapped in the TS region for a period of time (about 350 fs on average across all calculated trajectories) in a quasi‐bound state (scattering resonance). The relationship between the timescale of the TS passage and the effective conformational inertia of the phosphane⋅⋅⋅borane pocket leads to a prediction that isotopically heavier Lewis base/Lewis acid pairs and normal counterparts could give measurably different reaction rates. Herein, the predicted quasi‐bound state could be verified in molecular collision experiments involving femtosecond spectroscopy.
Biological Construction of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Electron Transfer Pathways in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Inoue Ippei , Watanabe Kiyoshi , Yamauchi Hirofumi , Ishikawa Yasuaki , Yasueda Hisashi , Uraoka Yukiharu , Yamashita Ichiro
Published: August 2014

We designed and mass‐produced a versatile protein supramolecule that can be used to manufacture a highly efficient dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Twelve single‐walled carbon‐nanotube (SWNT)‐binding and titanium‐mineralizing peptides were genetically integrated on a cage‐shaped dodecamer protein (CDT1). A process involving simple mixing of highly conductive SWNTs with CDT1 followed by TiO2 biomineralization produces a high surface‐area/weight TiO2‐(anatase)‐coated intact SWNT nanocomposite under environmentally friendly conditions. A DSSC with a TiO2 photoelectrode containing 0.2 wt % of the SWNT–TiO2 nanocomposite shows a current density improvement by 80 % and a doubling of the photoelectric conversion efficiency. The SWNT–TiO2 nanocomposite transfers photon‐generated electrons from dye molecules adsorbed on the TiO2 to the anode electrode swiftly.
Human FGF1 promoter is active in ependymal cells and dopaminergic neurons in the brains of F1B‐GFP transgenic mice
Authors: Chen Mei‐Shu , Lin Hua‐Kuo , Chiu Hsun , Lee Don‐Ching , Chung Yu‐Fen , Chiu Ing‐Ming
Published: August 2014

FGF1 is involved in multiple biological functions and exhibits the importance in neuroprotective effects. Our previous studies indicated that, in human brain and retina, the FGF1B promoter controlled the expression of FGF1. However, the exact function and regulation of FGF1 in brain is still unclear. Here, we generated F1B‐GFP transgenic mice that expressed the GFP reporter gene under the control of human FGF1B promoter (−540 to +31). Using the fresh brain sections of F1B‐GFP transgenic mice, we found that the F1B‐GFP cells expressed strong fluorescent signals in the ventricular system throughout the brain. The results of immunohistochemistry further showed that two distinct populations of F1B‐GFP+ cells existed in the brains of F1B‐GFP transgenic mice. We demonstrated that one population of F1B‐GFP+ cells was ependymal cells, which distributed along the entire ventricles, and the second population of F1B‐GFP+ cells was neuronal cells that projected their long processes into multiple directions in specific areas of the brain. The double labeling of F1B‐GFP+ cells and tyrosine hydroxylase indicated that a subpopulation of F1B‐GFP+‐neuronal cells was dopaminergic neurons. Importantly, these F1B‐GFP+/TH+ cells were distributed in the main dopaminergic neuronal groups including hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, and raphe nuclei. These results suggested that human FGF1B promoter was active in ependymal cells, neurons, and a portion of dopaminergic neurons. Thus, the F1B‐GFP transgenic mice provide an animal model not only for studying FGF1 gene expression in vivo but also for understanding the role of FGF1 contribution in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 232–248, 2015
Quantitative Relationship between Whole Body Averaged SARs and Voxel SARs in Numerical Human Models of Pregnant Woman and 3‐Year‐Child for Far‐Field Exposure
Authors: Asayama Ryota , Wang Jianqing , Fujiwara Osamu
Published: August 2014

Safety standards and guidelines for radio‐frequency exposure are being set based on whole‐body averaged SARs (WBA‐SARs) and localized average SARs. In Japan, the WBA‐SAR and 1 g localized average SAR are set at 0.4 W/kg and at 8 W/kg, respectively, except for the arms and legs and surface of body. The safety limits of WBA‐SARs were determined from observing the behavior destruction of animals for radio‐frequency exposure, but those of localized average SARs were determined under the assumption that a spatial peak SAR value does not exceed 20‐fold WBA‐SARs without their biological evidences. In this paper, to confirm whether or not the above assumption is valid, we calculated WBA‐SARs and voxel SARs in the frequency range from 50 MHz to 2 GHz in anatomical‐based human numerical models for pregnant woman and 3‐year‐child for vertically and horizontally polarized far‐field exposures, and derived the histogram and cumulative relative frequency of voxel SARs to obtain the quantitative relationship between WBA‐SARs and voxel SARs. As a result, we found that 99.90‐percentile voxel SARs are not exceeding 20‐fold WBA‐SARs, while 99.00‐percentile voxel SARs are smaller than 10‐fold WBA‐SARs in both human models.
High‐throughput sequencing of TCR repertoires in multiple sclerosis reveals intrathecal enrichment of EBV‐reactive CD8+ T cells
Authors: Lossius Andreas , Johansen Jorunn N. , Vartdal Frode , Robins Harlan , Jūratė Šaltytė Benth , Holmøy Trygve , Olweus Johanna
Published: August 2014

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) has long been suggested as a pathogen in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we used high‐throughput sequencing to determine the diversity, compartmentalization, persistence, and EBV‐reactivity of the T‐cell receptor (TCR) repertoires in MS. TCR‐β genes were sequenced in paired samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood from patients with MS and controls with other inflammatory neurological diseases. The TCR repertoires were highly diverse in both compartments and patient groups. Expanded T‐cell clones, represented by TCR‐β sequences >0.1%, were of different identity in CSF and blood of MS patients, and persisted for more than a year. Reference TCR‐β libraries generated from peripheral blood T cells reactive against autologous EBV‐transformed B cells were highly enriched for public EBV‐specific sequences and were used to quantify EBV‐reactive TCR‐β sequences in CSF. TCR‐β sequences of EBV‐reactive CD8+ T cells, including several public EBV‐specific sequences, were intrathecally enriched in MS patients only, whereas those of EBV‐reactive CD4+ T cells were also enriched in CSF of controls. These data provide evidence for a clonally diverse, yet compartmentalized and persistent, intrathecal T‐cell response in MS. The presented strategy links TCR sequence to intrathecal T‐cell specificity, demonstrating enrichment of EBV‐reactive CD8+ T cells in MS.
OX40 and IL‐7 play synergistic roles in the homeostatic proliferation of effector memory CD4+ T cells
Authors: Yamaki Satoshi , Ine Shouji , Kawabe Takeshi , Okuyama Yuko , Suzuki Nobu , Soroosh Pejman , Mousavi Seyed Fazlollah , Nagashima Hiroyuki , Sun Shu‐lan , So Takanori , Sasaki Takeshi , Harigae Hideo , Sugamura Kazuo , Kudo Hironori , Wada Motoshi , Nio Masaki , Ishii Naoto
Published: August 2014

T‐cell homeostasis preserves the numbers, the diversity and functional competence of different T‐cell subsets that are required for adaptive immunity. Naïve CD4+ T (TN) cells are maintained in the periphery via the common γ‐chain family cytokine IL‐7 and weak antigenic signals. However, it is not clear how memory CD4+ T‐cell subsets are maintained in the periphery and which factors are responsible for the maintenance. To examine the homeostatic mechanisms, CFSE‐labeled CD4+CD44highCD62Llow effector memory T (TEM) cells were transferred into sublethally‐irradiated syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, and the systemic cell proliferative responses, which can be divided distinctively into fast and slow proliferations, were assessed by CFSE dye dilution. We found that the fast homeostatic proliferation of TEM cells was strictly regulated by both antigen and OX40 costimulatory signals and that the slow proliferation was dependent on IL‐7. The simultaneous blockade of both OX40 and IL‐7 signaling completely inhibited the both fast and slow proliferation. The antigen‐ and OX40‐dependent fast proliferation preferentially expanded IL‐17‐producing helper T cells (Th17 cells). Thus, OX40 and IL‐7 play synergistic, but distinct roles in the homeostatic proliferation of CD4+ TEM cells.
Determination of the enantiomeric and diastereomeric impurities of RS‐glycopyrrolate by capillary electrophoresis using sulfated‐β‐cyclodextrin as chiral selectors
Authors: Zuo Lihua , Zhao Yunfeng , Ji Fenfen , Zhao Min , Jiang Zhen , Sun Tiemin , Guo Xingjie
Published: August 2014

A practical chiral CE method, using sulfated‐β‐CD as chiral selector, was developed for the enantioseparation of glycopyrrolate containing two chiral centers. Several parameters affecting the separation were studied, including the nature and concentration of the chiral selectors, BGE pH, buffer type and concentration, separation voltage, and temperature. The separation was carried out in an uncoated fused‐silica capillary of (effective length 40 cm) × 50 μm id with a separation voltage of 20 kV using 30 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, adjusted with 1 M sodium hydroxide) containing 2.0% w/v sulfated‐β‐CD at 25°C. Finally, the method for determining the enantiomeric impurities of RS‐glycopyrrolate was proposed. The method was further validated with respect to its specificity, linearity range, accuracy and precision, LODs, and quantification in the expected range of occurrence for the isomeric impurities (0.1%).
Effects of Rumination and Acceptance on Body Dissatisfaction in Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Svaldi Jennifer , Naumann Eva
Published: August 2014

Overvaluation of shape and weight and the corresponding body dissatisfaction are a maintenance factor for the psychopathology of binge eating disorder (BED). Evidence suggests potential benefits of various emotion regulation (ER) strategies in the modification of body dissatisfaction. Therefore, in the present study body dissatisfaction was experimentally induced in women with BED (n = 30) using model pictures. Then, participants were instructed to either ruminate on present emotions and thoughts or accept whatever thoughts and feelings come up. Body dissatisfaction and mood were assessed prior to, immediately after and 4 minutes after the induction. Main results reveal that ER strategies had no differential impact on body dissatisfaction. However, in the rumination condition mood significantly worsened over time. Overall, the results suggest that ER strategies have a limited impact on the experience of body dissatisfaction in BED. However, having an impact on mood, they may be important with regard to the maintenance of pathological eating behaviour in BED. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Significance of Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Life Sciences
Authors: Karplus Martin , Lavery Richard
Published: August 2014

This article illustrates by examples the limited acceptance by biologists of predictions made with molecular dynamics simulations of biomolecules. Its purpose is to increase the awareness of biologists of the contribution that simulations can make to our understanding of biomolecule function.
ACQUIESCENCE AND THE FACTORIAL INTERPRETATION OF THE MMPI1
Authors: Messick Samuel , Jackson Douglas N.
Published: August 2014

The influence of acquiescence and desirability as possible response determinants on the MMPI is annotated in a survey of recent experiments. The role of acquiescence is considered in detail by noting a high correlation between loadings on the largest MMPI factor and the proportion of items keyed “true” on each scale. All available factor analyses of the MMPI were reviewed, and the finding of consistently high correlations, four above .85, suggests that acquiescence is a major source of variance on the MMPI.
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL TRAITS TEST1
Authors: Hills John R. , Raine Walter J. , Tucker Ledyard R
Published: August 2014

The Legal Traits Test, which was administered to a group of entering law‐school students, asked each student to decide whether he would rather have more of one trait at the expense of having less of another trait. Twenty‐one traits (by name) were presented in all possible pairs. The intercovariances among trait scores were factor analyzed on the basis of a double‐centered matrix to nine factors. Axes were rotated to simple structure (within translation of the origin) and seven of the factors were interpreted. Mean preferences among the traits indicated that intellective qualities are most highly valued by these students.
ACQUIESCENCE AND DESIRABILITY AS RESPONSE DETERMINANTS ON THE MMPI1
Authors: Jackson Douglas N. , Messick Samuel
Published: August 2014

In order to evaluate on the MMPI the respective contributions of consistent responses to item content on the one hand and of the stylistic determinants of acquiescence and desirability on the other, five new MMPI scales were developed which varied randomly with respect to content but systematically in level of judged item desirability. These scales thus represented the tendencies to endorse very desirable, somewhat desirable, neutral, somewhat undesirable, and very undesirable items, respectively. Scores for these five desirability measures and for separate true and false keys of MMPI clinical and validity scales, obtained from a sample of 201 prison inmates, were intercorrelated, factor analyzed, and rotated analytically to orthogonal simple structure.

The five desirability scales correlated with each other and with the true and false MMPI keys in a manner predictable from knowledge of the average item desirability values of the scales. Two large orthogonal factors, accounting for more than 75 per cent of the common variance, were clearly identifiable as acquiescence and as desirability, since all the true MMPI keys showed higher loadings on the acquiescence factor than any false key and factor loadings for scales on the desirability factor correlated .95 with independently judged mean desirability values. Three very small factors were apparently the result of content consistencies, and three others were considered due largely to item overlap. In only one case did a true and a false key for a particular MMPI scale receive a substantial loading in the same direction on any of the small factors.

Implications drawn from the results included suggestions for further evaluation and revision of MMPI scoring methods, based upon homogeneous keying and a consideration of response set effects. The importance of utilizing the multidimensionality of desirability judgments in accounting for item similarities and for response variance was also suggested.
DIMENSIONS OF ENGINEERING JOBS FOR THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY1
Authors: Helm Carl
Published: August 2014

A factor analysis of the 24 unit activities contained in the Key Group Data Form was carried out using descriptions of 214 engineering positions in the General Electric Company. Supervisors ranked 24 unit activities in terms of their importance for each position. The intercovariances among these 24 activities were computed, and this intercovariance matrix was then factor analyzed. The analysis was complicated by the use of ranks in scoring the unit activities. A principal axis factor analysis was carried out on the matrix of intercovariances and seven dimensions emerged. In attempting to rotate this result to simple structure, it became apparent that a dimension had been lost as a result of a translation of the origin due to the use of the ranking procedure for obtaining scores. Accordingly, an additional factor of constants was introduced, and when this eight‐factor structure was rotated, a clear simple structure resulted. An excellent correspondence was observed with an earlier study which utilized a different sample of engineering positions. It may be concluded that these results provide a useful method for describing engineering jobs and the differences between engineering jobs.
EVIDENCE BEARING ON THE EXISTENCE OF A RATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE PERSONALITY TYPOLOGIES OF SPRANGER AND OF JUNG
Authors: Saunders D. R.
Published: August 2014

Evidence is presented from a factor analytic study of a large sample using scores based on the AVL Study of Values and the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator, displaying a four‐dimensional, interlocking structure for the two instruments. The MBTI scores define a simple structure with respect to which the AVL scores exhibit a bi‐polar structure. The AVL scores may be regarded as depending on the third‐order interaction of the four basic dimensions. Both the interlocking form of structure and a significant proportion of its details were anticipated in advance of the present analysis.

If the model is valid, it implies the existence of sixteen distinct value systems, a majority of which appear to have been merged or overlooked in the construction of the AVL. Certain of these value systems have special properties causing them to be quite elusive.

The AVL and the MBTI were chosen for study because both are based on typological thinking about personality. The results of the investigation indicate that such thinking can lead to consistent concepts that are worthy of further study.
FORMAL MODELS FOR A CENTRAL PREDICTION SYSTEM1
Authors: Tucker Ledyard R
Published: August 2014

Three quantitative models are considered for merging secondary school grades from various schools to composite predictor variables for estimating expected performances of students at various colleges. Previous formulations of possible solutions for developing a universal grading scale have been limited to univariate models. The models discussed are not so limited and may involve several composite scores. These multiple solutions could have considerable importance both in college admission procedures and in counseling of students.

In the first model, a total variance and covariance canonical correlation model, composite variables are developed for both school grades and for college grades so as to maximize the correlation between the school and college variables. A major defect found in this model is the influence of existing differences in school grades between groups of students attending various colleges. The second canonical correlation model utilized within college deviation scores for the variances and covariances used in the canonical correlations. This model provided some improvement over the preceding model but still had some defects generated from differential sizes of groups from particular secondary schools attending particular colleges. Both canonical models are formulated to obtain pairs of variates, one from the secondary school grades and one from the college grades, which correlate maximally. Prediction of student performances on specific criteria, such as grades at particular colleges, would be a secondary step and might not be accomplished effectively.

The third model, a predictive model, is formulated to develop composite scores which provide predictions of grades at the various colleges. This model appears to provide the soundest basis for practical actions, both in student guidance and in college admissions.
MULTIPLE CUTTING SCORES AND ERRORS OF MEASUREMENT*
Authors: Lord Frederic M.
Published: August 2014

Arguments for using multiple cutting scores are theoretically inapplicable when the selection measures are fallible. The effect of errors of measurement in altering the shape of some optimum selection regions is here investigated mathematically, with numerical illustrations.
ESTIMATING NORMS BY ITEM SAMPLING*
Authors: Lord Frederic M.
Published: August 2014

If a 70‐item test is to be normed for a norms population of 1,000 individuals, is it better to give the entire test to a sample of 100 individuals, or to give different samples of 7 items to each of the 1,000 individuals? When tried out on actual data, the latter, “item‐sampling” method was found to provide an estimate of the “true” norms distribution slightly superior to that obtainable in the majority of cases by the former method.
A LINEAR PRACTICE EFFECT SOLUTION FOR THE COUNTERBALANCED CASE OF EQUATING
Authors: Koutsopoulos C. J.
Published: August 2014

This paper gives a linear practice effect solution for the so‐called “Case III” of equating, in which two equally numerous random groups, α and β, take two forms, X and Y, of a test, α in the order X, Y, and β in the order Y, X.

One must obviously make some sort of assumption as to the character of the practice (fatigue) effect that the first testing has upon the second. The two cases studied in this paper are (a) practice effect independent of initial score, and (b) practice effect a linear function of initial score.

Some of the currently used estimates (constant practice effect) are derived, and generalizations of these estimates to the case of linear practice effect are developed. The paper concludes with some illustrative examples.

The author takes great pleasure in thanking Dr. William Angoff for suggesting this problem originally and for contributing since to its more precise formulation and effective handling, and Dr. Frederic Lord for offering many ideas helpful to the general understanding of the problem and its solution and, more specifically, for kindly placing at the author's disposal his unpublished work on the subject. It is also a pleasure to thank Miss Barbara Pitcher who did all the computations needed for the numerical examples.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE DECLINE IN AVERAGE SCORES ON SOME ADVANCED PLACEMENT EXAMINATIONS BETWEEN 1959 AND 1960
Authors: Malcolm Donald J.
Published: August 2014

Between 1959 and 1960 the mean scores obtained by all candidates on the Advanced Placement Examinations in Literature and English Composition, American History, Chemistry, and Mathematics declined from .2 to .6 points on a five‐point grading scale. The primary purpose of the study was to determine if the observed decrease in mean scores was due simply to an influx of candidates from schools new to the program or if the decrease was also characteristic of the level of performance of candidates from schools which have been in the program for some time. The basic data consist of the scores obtained on the 1959 and 1960 examinations by samples of candidates drawn from schools which have been in the program for varying lengths of time. Three groups of schools are considered, (1) those which have been in the program since 1956, (2) those which entered the program in 1957 or 1958, and (3) those which supplied candidates for the first time in 1960. Separate analyses are made for schools in New York State and for schools in all states other than New York. The data indicate that (1) candidates from the new schools did less well on the average on the 1960 examinations than did candidates from the older schools, (2) candidates from the older schools did less well on the 1960 than on the 1959 examinations. In an effort to account for the decline in the mean performance of candidates from the older schools between 1959 and 1960, the SAT scores of spaced samples of students from these schools were obtained for the years in question. The observed declines in scores cannot be accounted for in terms of changes in the scholastic aptitude of candidates.