bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dominant CEO, Deviant Strategy, and Extreme Performance: The Moderating Role of a Powerful Board
Authors: Tang Jianyun , Crossan Mary , Rowe W. Glenn
Published: November 2010

abstract

This study examines the effect of dominant CEOs – defined as CEOs who are very powerful relative to other executives in their top management teams – on firm strategy and performance. Based on a sample of 51 publicly traded, single‐business firms from the US computer industry for the period 1997–2003, our results suggest that firms with dominant CEOs tend to have a strategy deviant from the industry central tendency and thus extreme performance – either big wins or big losses. Further, powerful boards weaken the tendency of dominant CEOs towards extremeness and, more important, improve the likelihood of dominant CEOs having big wins versus big losses. This study reconciles the pessimistic and heroic views regarding dominant CEOs, and suggests that the notion of power balance should be considered in a broader context.
RNAi trigger fragment truncation attenuates soybean FAD2‐1 transcript suppression and yields intermediate oil phenotypes
Authors: Wagner Nicholas , Mroczka Andrew , Roberts Peter D. , Schreckengost William , Voelker Toni
Published: November 2010

Suppression of the microsomal ω6 oleate desaturase during the seed development of soybean (Glycine max) with the 420‐bp soybean FAD2‐1A intron as RNAi trigger shifts the conventional fatty acid composition of soybean oil from 20% oleic and 60% polyunsaturates to one containing greater than 80% oleic acid and less than 10% polyunsaturates. To determine whether RNAi could be attenuated by reducing the trigger fragment length, transgenic plants were generated to express successively shorter 5′ or 3′ deletion derivatives of the FAD2‐1A intron. We observed a gradual reduction in transcript suppression with shorter trigger fragments. Fatty acid composition was less affected with shorter triggers, and triggers less than 60 bp had no phenotypic effect. No trigger sequences conferring significantly higher or lower suppression efficiencies were found, and the primary determinant of suppression effect was sequence length. The observed relationship of transcript suppression with the induced fatty acid phenotype indicates that RNAi is a saturation process and not a step change between suppressed and nonsuppressed states and intermediate suppression states can be achieved.
Site‐specific gene integration in rice genome mediated by the FLP–FRT recombination system
Authors: Nandy Soumen , Srivastava Vibha
Published: November 2010

Plant transformation based on random integration of foreign DNA often generates complex integration structures. Precision in the integration process is necessary to ensure the formation of full‐length, single‐copy integration. Site‐specific recombination systems are versatile tools for precise genomic manipulations such as DNA excision, inversion or integration. The yeast FLP–FRT recombination system has been widely used for DNA excision in higher plants. Here, we report the use of FLP–FRT system for efficient targeting of foreign gene into the engineered genomic site in rice. The transgene vector containing a pair of directly oriented FRT sites was introduced by particle bombardment into the cells containing the target locus. FLP activity generated by the co‐bombarded FLP gene efficiently separated the transgene construct from the vector‐backbone and integrated the backbone‐free construct into the target site. Strong FLP activity, derived from the enhanced FLP protein, FLPe, was important for the successful site‐specific integration (SSI). The majority of the transgenic events contained a precise integration and expressed the transgene. Interestingly, each transgenic event lacked the co‐bombarded FLPe gene, suggesting reversion of the integration structure in the presence of the constitutive FLPe expression. Progeny of the precise transgenic lines inherited the stable SSI locus and expressed the transgene. This work demonstrates the application of FLP–FRT system for site‐specific gene integration in plants using rice as a model.
Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand
Authors: Steckley Marylynn , Doberstein Brent
Published: November 2010

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub‐community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community‐generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the ‘most vulnerable’ community sub‐populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added ‘Burmese migrants’ to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added ‘Thai Muslims’. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism‐dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub‐groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post‐disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.
Community strategies to improve flood risk communication in the Red River Basin, Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Stewart Robert M. , Rashid Harun
Published: November 2010

More than a decade after the 1997 Red River Flood, vulnerability to future flooding exists due to a lack of risk communication. This study identifies risk communication gaps and discusses the creation of strategies to enhance information‐sharing, bottom‐up activity and partnership development. The objectives were achieved using mixed methods, including interviews, a floodplain‐wide survey, and a decision‐makers' risk management workshop. The results highlight a number of external pressures exerted by regional floodplain policies and procedures that restrict risk communication and affect social vulnerability in the rural floodplain. The failures of a top‐down approach to floodplain management have impacted on communities' abilities to address floodplain risks, have amplified local risks, and have decreased community cooperation in floodplain management initiatives since the 1997 ‘Flood of the Century’. Recommended policies promote the establishment of community standards to compensate for gaps in risk communication and the development of partnerships between floodplain communities.
Managing crises through organisational development: a conceptual framework
Authors: Lalonde Carole
Published: November 2010

This paper presents a synthesis of the guiding principles in crisis management in accordance with the four configurational imperatives (strategy, structure, leadership and environment) defined by Miller (1987) and outlines interventions in organisational development (OD) that may contribute to their achievement. The aim is to build a conceptual framework at the intersection of these two fields that could help to strengthen the resilient capabilities of individuals, organisations and communities to face crises. This incursion into the field of OD—to generate more efficient configurations of practices in crisis management—seems particularly fruitful considering the system‐wide application of OD, based on open‐systems theory (Burke, 2008). Various interventions proposed by OD in terms of human processes, structural designs and human resource management, as well as strategy, may help leaders, members of organisations and civil society apply effectively, and in a more sustainable way, the crisis management guiding principles defined by researchers.
Social Co‐operatives and Social Farming in Italy
Authors: Fazzi Luca
Published: November 2010

The article analyses the recent evolution of rural social co‐operation in Italy through study of a representative sample of enterprises. The results of the research highlight the innovative features of such co‐operatives and the role that they can perform in the development of the rural and social economy. The article also explores the social, economic and cultural factors that have favoured the emergence of social co‐operatives, furnishing an original contribution to the study of change processes in the social economy sector and in the revitalisation of the rural economy.
‘Nature’ is Not Guilty: Foodborne Illness and the Industrial Bagged Salad
Authors: Stuart Diana
Published: November 2010

Increasing incidents of widespread foodborne illness continue to highlight problems with industrialised food production. These problems emerge as a result of complicated interactions between humans and non‐humans in food production networks. This article combines actor‐network theory and political economy to critically examine foodborne illness, focusing on outbreaks related to industrially produced bagged salads from California. The article explores the evolution of the bagged salad, the emergence ofEscherichia coliO157:H7, howE. coliO157:H7 enters the salad production network and the responses of industrial actors. While many continue to blame external nature for foodborne illness, doing so overlooks the fact that outbreaks are co‐produced by humans and non‐humans. Profit‐driven industrial production designs play an important role in the emergence and spread of pathogens. While efforts to address outbreaks focus on controlling non‐humans and adopting new technological fixes, effectively minimising foodborne illness may require a reevaluation of high‐volume and centralised production systems.
The Sociology of the Local: Action and its Publics
Authors: Fine Gary Alan
Published: November 2010

Sociology requires a robust theory of how local circumstances create social order. When we analyze social structures not recognizing that they depend on groups with collective pasts and futures that are spatially situated and that are based on personal relations, we avoid a core sociological dimension: the importance of local context in constituting social worlds. Too often this has been the sociological stance, both in micro-sociological studies that examine interaction as untethered from local traditions and in research that treats culture as autonomous from action and choice. Building on theories of action, group dynamics, and micro-cultures, I argue that a sociology of the local solves critical theoretical problems. The local is a stage on which social order gets produced and a lens for understanding how particular forms of action are selected. Treating ethnographic studies as readings of ongoing cultures, I examine how the continuing and referential features of group life (spatial arenas, relations, shared pasts) generate action and argue that local practices provide the basis for cultural extension, influencing societal expectations through the linkages among groups.
The Territorial State as a Figured World of Power: Strategics, Logistics, and Impersonal Rule
Authors: Mukerji Chandra
Published: November 2010

The ability to dominate or exercise will in social encounters is often assumed in social theory to define power, but there is another form of power that is often confused with it and rarely analyzed as distinct: logistics or the ability to mobilize the natural world for political effect. I develop this claim through a case study of seventeenth-century France, where the power of impersonal rule, exercised through logistics, was fundamental to state formation. Logistical activity circumvented patrimonial networks, disempowering the nobility and supporting a new regime of impersonal rule: the modern, territorial state.
The Soviet Communist Party and the Other Spirit of Capitalism
Authors: Paretskaya Anna
Published: November 2010

Based on qualitative analysis of the Soviet press and official state documents, this article argues that the Communist Party was, counterintuitively, an agent of capitalist dispositions in the Soviet Union during 1970s-1980s. Understanding the spirit of capitalism not simply as an ascetic ethos but in broader terms of the cult of individualism, I demonstrate that the Soviet party-state promoted ideas and values of individuality, self-expression, and pleasure seeking in the areas of work and consumption. By broadening our conception of the spirit of capitalism, tracing the formation of capitalist dispositions as well as institutions, and showing that the culture of capitalism can come from within the old regime, I further the agenda of neoclassical sociology of studying varieties of origins, paths, and destinations of modern capitalisms.
Innate immunity: has poplar made its BED?
Authors: Germain Hugo , Séguin Armand
Published: November 2010

The perennial plant model species Populus trichocarpa has received considerable attention in the last 5 yr because of its potential use as a bioenergy crop. The completion of its genome sequence revealed extensive homologies with the herbaceous annual species Arabidopsis thaliana. This review highlights the similarities and differences at the qualitative defence response components level, notably in putative NBS‐LRR protein content and downstream defence regulators. With almost a twofold NBS‐LRR gene complement compared with A. thaliana, P. trichocarpa also encodes some putative R‐proteins with unusual architectures and possible DNA‐binding capacity. P. trichocarpa also possesses all the known main components characteristic of TIR‐NB‐LRR and CC‐NB‐LRR signalling. However, very little has been done with regard to the components involved in the poplar qualitative response to pathogens. In addition, the relationship between plant‐biotroph perception/signalling and the role of salicylic acid, an important defence compound, remains uncertain. This review aims to identify the genomic components present in poplar that could potentially participate in the qualitative response and highlights where efforts should be devoted to obtain a better understanding of the poplar qualitative defence response.

Contents

Summary
678

I.
Introduction
679

II.
R‐gene‐mediated response in plants: an introductory overview
679

III.
R‐protein pathways in poplar
680

IV.
What is the role of BED‐NB‐LRR?
681

V.
Downstream of R‐proteins
683

VI.
The role of salicylic acid in biotrophic interaction
683

VII.
Concluding remarks
684

References
685
Efficient versus Sustainable Livestock Grazing in the Sahel
Authors: Weikard Hans‐Peter , Hein Lars
Published: November 2010

To date, there is no consensus on optimal stocking rates in the semi‐arid Sahel. We develop a model for livestock management based on a detailed analysis of ecosystem dynamics, and we apply it to calculate optimal and sustainable livestock stocking rates in a Sahelian rangeland. The general model accounts for stochastic rainfall and the long‐term impact of grazing on rangeland productivity. For the case study area, the model shows that the optimal stocking rate is higher than the sustainable stocking rate. Hence, with current prices, it is optimal for the pastoralist society to deplete their resource base. In our case study, we also find that the current stocking rate exceeds the optimal stocking rate, which adds to soil depletion.
Levetiracetam‐induced thrombocytopenia among inpatients: A retrospective study
Authors: Sahaya Kinshuk , Goyal Munish K. , Sarwal Aarti , Singh Niranjan N.
Published: November 2010

Lately, few case reports have brought forth limited cases of levetiracetam (LEV)‐induced thrombocytopenia. To estimate the burden of LEV‐induced thrombocytopenia, we reviewed medical records of 758 patients aged 18 years or older who received LEV during their stay at the University Hospital from June 2005 to December 2008. In patients identified with thrombocytopenia, records were reviewed to establish a cause of thrombocytopenia and possible causal role of LEV. Of 758 patients, 29 patients were identified with thrombocytopenia while on LEV therapy. For 23 patients, an alternative cause for thrombocytopenia was established; 4 patients had preexisting thrombocytopenia without any appreciable change in platelet count after addition of LEV. One patient had limited data for identifying the cause of thrombocytopenia. A single patient had clear temporal co‐relation and association of thrombocytopenia with LEV therapy. LEV‐induced thrombocytopenia is a rare but reversible complication of LEV therapy. The mechanism remains unknown.
Development and reliability of a correction factor for parent‐reported adherence to pediatric antiepileptic drug therapy
Authors: Modi Avani C. , Guilfoyle Shanna M. , Morita Diego A. , Glauser Tracy A.
Published: November 2010

Purpose:  Study aims were (1) to document and examine associations between parent‐report and electronic monitoring (EM) of pediatric antiepileptic drug (AED) adherence, (2) to determine the sensitivity and specificity of parent‐reported adherence, and (3) to develop a correction factor for parent‐reported adherence.

Methods:  Participants included 111 consecutive children with new‐onset epilepsy (Mage = 7.2 ± 2.0; 61.3% male; 75.8% Caucasian) and their primary caregivers. AED adherence was electronically monitored for 3 months prior to the 4‐month clinic follow‐up visit. Parent‐reported adherence captured adherence 1‐week prior to the clinic visit. For specificity/sensitivity analyses of parent‐reported adherence, cut points of 50%, 80%, and 90% were used with electronically monitored adherence calculated 1‐week prior to the clinic visit as the reference criterion.

Key Findings:  Electronically monitored adherence (80.3%) was significantly lower than parent‐reported adherence (96.5%; p < 0.0001) 1‐week prior to the clinic visit, but both were significantly correlated (rho = 0.46, p < 0.001). The 90% parent‐reported adherence cut point demonstrated the most sensitivity and specificity to electronically monitored adherence; however, specificity was still only 28%. A correction factor of 0.83 was identified as a reliable adjustment for parent‐reported adherence when compared to electronically monitored adherence.

Significance:  Although EM is the gold standard of adherence measurement for pediatric epilepsy, it is often not clinically feasible to integrate it into routine clinical care. Therefore, use of a correction factor for interpreting parent‐reported adherence holds promise as a reliable clinical tool. With reliable adherence measurement, clinicians can provide adherence interventions with the hope of optimizing health outcomes for children with epilepsy.
Variable epilepsy phenotypes associated with a familial intragenic deletion of the SCN1A gene
Authors: Guerrini Renzo , Cellini Elena , Mei Davide , Metitieri Tiziana , Petrelli Cristina , Pucatti Daniela , Marini Carla , Zamponi Nelia
Published: November 2010

Deletions and duplications/amplifications of the α1‐sodium channel subunit (SCN1A) gene occur in about 12% of patients with Dravet syndrome (DS) who are otherwise mutation‐negative. Such genomic abnormalities cause loss of function, with severe phenotypes, reproductive disadvantage and, therefore, sporadic occurrence. Inherited mutations, occurring in ∼5% of patients with DS, are usually missense; transmission occurs from a mildly affected parent exhibiting febrile seizures (FS) or the generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) spectrum. We identified an intragenic SCN1A deletion in a three‐generation, clinically heterogeneous family. Sequence analysis of SCN9A, a putative modifier, ruled out pathogenic mutations, variants, or putative disease–associated haplotype segregating with phenotype severity. Intrafamilial variability in phenotype severity indicates that SCN1A loss of function causes a phenotypic spectrum in which seizures precipitated by fever are prominent and schematic syndrome subdivisions would be inappropriate. SCN1A deletions should be ruled out even in individuals with mild phenotypes.
Does Nonresponse Bias the Results of Retrospective Surveys of End‐of‐Life Care?
Authors: Casarett David , Smith Dawn , Breslin Sean , Richardson Diane
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of nonresponse bias on reports of the quality of end‐of‐life care that older adults receive.

DESIGN: Nationwide retrospective survey of end‐of‐life care.

SETTING: Sixty‐two Veterans Affairs Medical Centers.

PARTICIPANTS: Patients were eligible if they died in a participating facility. One family member per patient was selected from medical records and invited to participate.

MEASUREMENTS: The telephone survey included 14 items describing important aspects of the patient's care in the last month of life. Scores (0–100) reflect the percentage of items for which the family member reported that the patient received the best possible care, and a global item defined the proportion of families who said the patient received “excellent” care. To examine the effect of nonresponse bias, a model was created to predict the likelihood of response based on patient and family characteristics; then this model was used to apply weights that were equivalent to the inverse of the probability of response for that individual.

RESULTS: Interviews were completed with family members of 3,897 of 7,110 patients (55%). Once results were weighted to account for nonresponse bias, the change in mean individual scores was 2% of families reporting “excellent” care. Of the 62 facilities in the sample, the scores of only 19 facilities (31%) changed more than 1% in either direction, and only 10 (16%) changed more than 2%.

CONCLUSION: Although nonresponse bias is a theoretical concern, it does not appear to have a significant effect on the facility‐level results of this retrospective family survey.
Burden in Caregivers of Older Adults with Advanced Illness
Authors: Garlo Katherine , O'Leary John R. , Van Ness Peter H. , Fried Terri R.
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine caregiver burden over time in caregivers of patients with advanced chronic disease.

DESIGN: Observational cohort with interviews over 12 months.

SETTING: Community.

PARTICIPANTS: Caregivers of 179 community‐living persons aged 60 and older with advanced cancer, heart failure (HF), or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

MEASUREMENTS: Caregiver burden was assessed using a short‐form of the Zarit Burden Inventory to measure psychosocial distress.

RESULTS: At baseline, the median caregiver burden was 5 (interquartile range (IQR) 1–11), which indicates that the caregiver endorsed having at least two of 10 distressing concerns at least some of the time. Only 10% reported no burden. Although scores increased modestly over time, the association between time and burden was not significant in longitudinal multivariable analysis. High burden was associated with caregiver need for more help with daily tasks (odds ratio (OR)=23.13, 95% confidence interval (CI)=5.94–90.06) and desire for greater communication with the patient (OR=2.53, 95% CI=1.16–5.53). The longitudinal multivariable analysis did not yield evidence of associations between burden and patient sociodemographic or health characteristics.

CONCLUSION: Caregiver burden was common in caregivers of patients with cancer, HF, and COPD. High burden was associated with the caregiver's report of need for greater help with daily tasks but not with objective measures of the patient's need for assistance, such as symptoms or functional status, suggesting that burden may be a measure of the caregiver's ability to adapt to the caregiving role.
Utilization of blood transfusion among older adults in the United States
Authors: Rogers Mary A.M. , Blumberg Neil , Heal Joanna M. , Langa Kenneth M.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: While there have been epidemiologic studies of blood donors, the characteristics of individuals who receive transfusions have not been well described for the US population.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Subjects were from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study whose data were linked to Medicare files from 1991 through 2007 (n = 16,377). A cohort study was conducted to assess the frequency of transfusion in older Americans over time and to describe the characteristics of blood recipients.

RESULTS: Thirty‐one percent (95% confidence interval [CI], 30%‐33%) of older Americans received at least one transfusion within a 10‐year period and 5.8% (95% CI, 5.4%‐6.2%) experienced repeated transfusion‐related visits within 30 days. The mean number of transfusion‐related visits was 2.3 over a 10‐year period (95% CI, 2.2‐2.4). Older Americans who lived in the South were most likely to receive a transfusion (34%), independent of demographic and health‐related factors, while those who lived in the western United States were the least likely (26%). Predictors of transfusion included smoking, low body mass index, and a history of cancer, diabetes mellitus, end‐stage renal disease, and heart disease. African‐Americans and Mexican‐Americans had greater rates of blood utilization than other races and other Hispanics (respectively). There were also differences in transfusion utilization by education, marital status, religion, and alcohol use.

CONCLUSIONS: Transfusion is common in older Americans. Regional variations in blood use are not explained by patient characteristics alone.
Agreement among HLA antibody detection assays is higher in ever‐pregnant donors and improved using a consensus cutoff
Authors: Carrick Danielle M. , Johnson Bryce , Kleinman Steven H. , Vorhaben Robert , Chance Suzette C. , Lee Jar‐How , Roback John D. , Pandey Suchitra , Sun Yu , Busch Michael P. , Norris Philip J. ,   for the NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II (REDS‐II)
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: HLA antibodies might contribute to the pathogenesis of transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI). HLA antibody detection methods include ELISA, flow cytometry, and multiplex bead‐based assays, as well as the older lymphocytotoxicity assay, and it is not obvious how to compare results across platforms.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Five hundred twenty‐five serum samples were selected from 7841 donors in the Leukocyte Antibody Prevalence Study (LAPS) repository based on risk for the development of HLA antibodies, using the number of pregnancies as the risk factor. Subjects included 81 males and females with 0 (n = 187), 1 (n = 67), or 2+ pregnancies (n = 190). Replicate frozen serum aliquots were sent blinded to four different HLA antibody assay manufacturers for detection using five different assays.

RESULTS: The flow cytometry and multiplex bead based‐assays typically resulted in a larger proportion of HLA antibody positive samples compared with ELISA based assays. Latent variable analysis was used to derive a new set of consensus cutoffs, which yielded similar sensitivities across test platforms and increased concordance amongst assays. Assay agreement was higher in ever pregnant females than in males and never‐pregnant females.

CONCLUSIONS: Different assays resulted in varied positivity rates when the manufacturer's suggested cutoffs were used, demonstrating that care needs to be taken when comparing clinical outcomes data generated using different HLA antibody assays and testing platforms. The method used here, involving latent variable analysis, presents one possible approach to calculating comparable cutoffs that result in broad agreement across assays with respect to positivity designation.
Boundaries in Interaction: The Cultural Fabrication of Social Boundaries in West Jerusalem
Authors: Gazit Nir
Published: November 2010

Boundary work projects are relevant in any social context, but they seem to carry particular significance in multicultural or multinational and highly contested urban settings. This study examines how daily artifacts such as local newspapers are used by various urban social groups in their local boundary work projects. the analysis is based on the particular case of West Jerusalem, and focuses on how Jewish communities use the popular local Jerusalem newspaper Kol Ha'Ir (“Whole of the City”). the study shows that local newspapers have three functions: (1) they are important components in the local cultural tool kit that various groups use and relate to; (2) they are cultural objects exploited by communities to redefine and regulate their particular identities and to sustain a common ground for local solidarity; and (3) they serve as mechanisms that construct and maintain an ethnonational front toward rival communities within their urban space. This study also suggests that in order to facilitate such a complex task of boundary work, cultural objects must be polysemous. First, they should produce to some degree a consensus among their various consumers on their content and social significance. Second, they should permit a range of interpretations regarding their particular social meaning for each group.
Arteriovenous fistula: end‐to‐end or end‐to side anastomosis?
Authors: STANZIALE Rodolfo , LODI Massimo , D'ANDREA Enrico , Sammartino Fulvio , DI LUZIO Virgilio
Published: November 2010

The purpose of the present study was to compare the end‐to‐end (ETEa) with the end‐to‐side (ETSa) anastomosis in patients starting hemodialysis by means of radio‐cephalic artero‐venous fistulae (AVF). In our experience, we compared the results, as early failure (EF), late thrombosis (LT), stenosis, steal syndrome, and primary patency (PP), in 2 groups of hemodialysis incident patients that had been placed an AVF by means of ETEa or ETSa. The observation period lasted 24 months for each of the 2 types of AVF, starting from October 2005 to September 2007 for ETEa and from October 2007 to September 2009 for ETSa. One hundred forty patients were included in the present study. We have consecutively performed 99 AVF interventions at the wrist or at the third distal of the forearm, in 70 patients by means of ETEa and 82 AVF interventions in the same anatomical places in 70 patients by means of ETSa. The patients with ETEa had a mean age of 64.4 ± 14.6 years, males were 65.8% and the age dialysis at the end of observation was 10.4 ± 5.7 months. Those with ETSa had a mean age of 65.9 ± 15.5 years and the males were 62.9%, the age dialysis at the end of observation was 9.2 ± 5.5 months. The surgical team was composed by the same nephrologists. The statistical study was performed by means of the χ chi‐square and Fisher's exact test. We have observed more late thrombosis (10% vs. 4.1%) and stenosis (21.4% vs. 2.7%) in ETEa than in ETSa. The number of early thrombosis was similar in the 2 types of anastomosis. The primary patency 1‐year rate was better though not significantly in the ETS (80% vs. 85.7%) In our experience the ETSa provides, overall better results, both regarding the complications and primary survival than ETEa. For the benefits that seem to come from it, we believe, that a broad ETSa in the distal native AVF is preferable to the ETEa.
Tourism and Scale
Authors: Wergin Carsten , Neveling Patrick
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
commentary, tourism, culture, economy, ethnography, globalization, scale, tourism, rituals and life cycle events, Europe, Germany, World Cup, soccer, football
Archaeological Heritage of “We the People”: Public Archaeology at Independence National Historical Park
Authors: Jeppson Patrice L
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
commentary, tourism, public archaeology, historical archaeology, historical memory, heritage tourism, Independence Park, civil religion, North America, Philadelphia
Archaeotourism and the Crux of Development
Authors: Giraudo Rachel F , Porter Benjamin W
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
commentary, tourism, archaeology, development, ethics, sustainability, sustainable development, Southern Africa, Botswana, Tsodilo Hills
Global Tourism Flows, Social Change and China
Authors: Shepherd Robert
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
commentary, tourism, China, cultural heritage, historical memory, national identity, Eastern Asia
China's Campaign for Civilized Tourism: What to Do When Tourists Behave Badly
Authors: Chio Jenny
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
commentary, tourism, China, tourist behavior, spiritual civilization, manners, Eastern Asia
Touring Traumascapes: Touristifcation of an Okinawan Battlefield Memorial
Authors: Suzuki Taku
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
commentary, tourism, commodification, war, peace movement, Okinawa, historical memory, trauma tourism, Himeyuri Cenotaph, Japan, Eastern Asia
Trading on Culture: Tourism in Formerly Off‐Limits Latin America
Authors: Babb Florence E
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
tourism, Peru, Cuba, Nicaragua, Mexico, Latin America, sustainability, economic development
“This Is Really the Desert! The Tough, Brutal Desert!”: Dreams of a Mud House Tourist Destination
Authors: Sharp Dan
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
tourism, economic development
Organized Crime and the Jamaican State: Beyond the Image of a Tourist Destination in a Moment of Violence
Authors: Galvin Anne M
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
tourism, Jamaica, political culture, Caribbean
AAA Contributes to Discussion of Race on Capitol Hill
Authors: Dozier Damon
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
Brett Williams, Marc Lamont Hill, Congressional Black Caucus, expert testimony, race and racism
An Impending Death for Anthropology at Howard University
Authors: Bugarin Flordeliz T , King Eleanor M , Mack Mark , Payne‐Jackson Arvilla
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
historically black colleges and universities, HBCU, education, higher education
110th Annual Meeting Call for Papers Traces, Tidemarks and Legacies Montréal, November 16–20, 2011
Authors: Green Sarah
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
association affairs, 2011 Annual Meeting, Montreal, 2011 Annual Conference
Lakeshore residential development and growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): a cross‐lakes comparison
Authors: Gaeta J. W. , Guarascio M. J. , Sass G. G. , Carpenter S. R.
Published: November 2010

Gaeta JW, Guarascio MJ, Sass GG, Carpenter SR. Lakeshore residential development and growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): a cross‐lakes comparison. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 92–101. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Lakeshore residential development is associated with changes in littoral habitat, riparian habitat, and ecosystem function with potential impacts ramifying through aquatic food webs. Effects of these changes on economically important game fishes may vary with fish size. We investigated largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) size‐specific growth rates across 16 lakes spanning the range of lakeshore residential development in Wisconsin’s Northern Highland Lake District using a longitudinal multilevel model. Growth rates of small fish had a strong positive relationship with lakeshore residential development. The strength of the relationship decreased with length and became increasingly negative for fish longer than 210 mm. This pattern may be driven by a release from density‐dependent growth, shifts in available prey sources, reduced macrophyte cover, or angling‐induced selection pressures. Regardless of the mechanism, our results indicate, relative to undeveloped lakes, largemouth bass in highly developed lakes take 1.5 growing seasons longer to enter the fishery (356 mm).
US Census: Unsustainable?
Authors: Groves Robert
Published: November 2010

The United States is a year ahead of Britain and Canada in its ten-year census cycle. Robert Groves, head of the US Census Bureau, described the 2010 census at the RSS annual conference. Julian Champkin caught up with him.
CensusAtSchool
Authors: Davies Neville , Richards Kate , Aliaga Martha , Nichols Rebecca
Published: November 2010

In our final census-based article, Neville Davies, Kate Richards, Martha Aliaga and Rebecca Nichols describe how national censuses can be used to help children learn and do statistics.
Efron's Bootstrap
Authors: Boos Dennis , Stefanski Leonard
Published: November 2010

The bootstrap was introduced by Brad Efron in the Late 1970s. It is a computer-intensive method for approximating the sampling distribution of any statistic derived from a random sample. Here Dennis Boos and Leonard Stefanski give simple examples to show how the bootstrap is used and help to explain its enormous success as a tool of statistical inference.
Southern Nevada assisted living residents’ perception of their oral health status and access to dental care
Authors: Dounis Georgia , Ditmyer Marcia M. , McCants Robert , Lee Yoonah , Mobley Connie
Published: November 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00434.x

Southern Nevada assisted living residents’ perception of their oral health status and access to dental care

Objective:  Oral health is an integral component of general health, and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of oral health status and acces\s to dental care by Southern Nevada Assisted Living Facilities Residents.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional questionnaire study design was used to survey residents between 34 and 99 years old residing in Assisted Living Facilities. Seventy respondents (42 males and 28 females) completed a survey that included personal oral hygiene, access to care, and demographic information. Data analyses included descriptive statistics and chi‐square.

Results:  Mean age was 75.78 years, and the majority had a college education (n = 41). Four currently smoked cigarettes. Twenty‐nine (males = 14; females = 15) reported having dental insurance. Eleven respondents had seen a dentist twice a year, while 33 reported a visit less than 6 months. Forty‐one reported the facility did not provide oral health care with majority (n = 64) indicating that accessing oral health care was difficult. Self‐rated response to oral hygiene, a majority (n = 64) reported their oral hygiene as fair and five reported their oral hygiene as poor.

Conclusions:  Assisted living residents in Southern Nevada reported difficulty accessing dental services within and outside of the facility. Oral care models to address this unique population should be explored.
Denture disinfection by microwave energy: influence of Candida albicans biofilm
Authors: Senna Plínio Mendes , da Silva Wander José , Del Bel Cury Altair Antoninha
Published: November 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00439.x

Denture disinfection by microwave energy: influence of Candida albicans biofilm

Objective:  This study evaluated the influence of the area of Candida albicans biofilm on denture disinfection by microwave energy.

Materials and methods:  Candida albicans biofilm was allowed to form for 72 h on resin discs, and three small coverage or seven large coverage discs were placed onto the palatal surface of sterile maxillary dentures. Each denture was immersed in 200 ml distilled water and individually irradiated at a power of 450, 630 or 900 W for different time intervals (1, 2 or 3 min) (n = 6). The effectiveness of disinfection was evaluated by counting the residual cells. The data were analysed by anova and Tukey’s HSD test (α = 0.05). Pearson’s correlation test was performed to determine the correlation between effectiveness of sterilisation and temperature.

Results:  Dentures with a larger area of biofilm demanded a longer irradiation exposure to achieve disinfection (p < 0.001), irrespective of power setting, and in this time no yeast growth was detected. Dentures with small areas of biofilm were disinfected after 1 min at 900 W and 2 min at 450 or 630 W. A positive correlation was found between water temperature and effectiveness of disinfection (r = 0.6170; p < 0.001).

Conclusion:  The C. albicans biofilm area influenced disinfection by microwave energy; therefore dentures with larger biofilm areas required longer irradiation exposure to be disinfected.
Loss of natural dentition: multi‐level effects among a geriatric population
Authors: Divaris Kimon , Ntounis Athanasios , Marinis Aristotelis , Polyzois Gregory , Polychronopoulou Argy
Published: November 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00440.x

Loss of natural dentition: multi‐level effects among a geriatric population

Objective:  To quantify the impact of edentulousness on residual ridge volume, denture stomatitis (DS), as well as oral health behaviours among geriatric denture‐wearers.

Background:  Residual ridge resorption (RRR) is the primary intraoral complication of complete edentulism, but individual variation among geriatric patients has been observed.

Materials and methods:  Data collection relied upon a 10‐year retrospective chart review of all complete denture‐wearing geriatric patients presenting at the Removable Prosthodontics Clinic, Dental School of Athens, between 1993 and 2002. Analyses relied on descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate methods based on ordinal logistic regression.

Results:  A total of 873 records of geriatric patients (age mean = 72; median = 70; range = 65–95) comprised our analytical sample. Subjects’ mean (SD) time since edentulation was 7.7 (10.2) years. Eleven percent were diagnosed with temporomandibular disorder (TMD). While 28% of patients reported cleaning their dentures at least daily, 6% presented with denture stomatitis (DS). Each added year of edentulism increased the odds of mandibular RRR: OR (95% CI) = 1.05 (1.03, 1.07). Nightly denture wear was the strongest risk factor for DS. Finally, independent of age and sex, each year of being edentulous increased the odds of presenting with TMD: OR (95% CI) = 1.03 (1.01, 1.05).

Conclusion:  Time since edentulation was strongly associated with mandibular but not maxillary RRR, as well as TMD development.
Analysis of socio‐demographic and systemic health factors and the normative conditions of oral health care in a population of the Brazilian elderly
Authors: Mendes Danilo Cangussu , de Oliveira Poswar Fabiano , de Oliveira Marcus Vinícius Macedo , Haikal Desirée Sant′Ana , da Silveira Marise Fagundes , de Barros Lima Martins Andréa Maria Eleutério , De Paula Alfredo Maurício Batista
Published: November 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00446.x
 
Analysis of socio‐demographic and systemic health factors and the normative conditions of oral health care in a population of the Brazilian elderly

Objective:  To investigate the association of socio‐demographic and systemic health factors according to the normative conditions of oral health care (dental caries, edentulism, periodontal disease and oral mucosal lesion) in elderly individuals.

Material and methods:  A cross‐sectional study was carried out in a group of elderly with access to community health care (n = 200). The normative conditions of oral health were then investigated according to the WHO and the SB Brazil criteria. Bivariate analyses were evaluated by the chi‐square test and Fisher’s exact test. An estimation of prevalence for the covariates was performed using Poisson’s regression models.

Results:  The prevalence of edentulism and oral mucosal lesions was detected in 58% and 21.5% of elderly patients, respectively. In the dentate subjects, the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease was 51.2% and 20.8%, respectively. Older men and individuals from lower‐income groups exhibited a higher prevalence of dental caries. Elderly women, illiterate individuals, and individuals over the age of 65 years exhibited a higher prevalence of edentulism. Elderly 60–64 years old and those who are employed had a significant association with periodontal disease.

Conclusion:  Socio‐demographic factors were associated with some notable oral diseases in the elderly.
Effect of thermocycling on hardness, absorption, solubility and colour change of soft liners
Authors: Mancuso Daniela Nardi , Goiato Marcelo Coelho , Zuccolotti Bruna Carolina Rossatti , Moreno Amália , dos Santos Daniela Micheline , Pesqueira Aldiéris Alves
Published: November 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00447.x
 
Effect of thermocycling on hardness, absorption, solubility and colour change of soft liners

Objective:  The effect of artificial ageing on the hardness, absorption, solubility, and colour of soft denture liners was investigated.

Materials and methods:  Liner materials based on acrylic resin (Trusoft) or silicone (Dentusil, Ufi Gel P, and Ufi Gel SC) were tested before and after 2000 thermal cycles. A total of 20 specimens of each material were tested. Half of the specimens were used for hardness and colour evaluation, and the remainder for absorption and solubility tests. The hardness evaluation was carried out using a Shore A durometer, while absorption and solubility tests were performed by storing samples in a desiccator and weighing daily until reaching constant mass (W1). After thermocycling, the samples were again weighed (W2) and dried (W3). Colour was measured using a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad InStat at the p < 0.05 level.

Results:  Thermocycling significantly affected the hardness of the specimens. The Trusoft material exhibited the highest absorption (1.48 ± 0.48), solubility (1.26 ± 0.28), and colour change (3.92 ± 0.33), significantly different from the other materials. There were no significant differences among the silicones in terms of absorption, solubility, and colour change, except for the colour of Dentusil, which changed (0.83 ± 0.11).

Conclusion:  It can be concluded that silicone liners performed significantly better compared to acrylic resin.
Investigation of oral opportunistic pathogens in independent living elderly Japanese
Authors: Ogawa Taiji , Ikebe Kazunori , Enoki Kaori , Murai Shunsuke , Maeda Yoshinobu
Published: November 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00449.x
 
Investigation of oral opportunistic pathogens in independent living elderly Japanese

Objective:  Pneumonia is reported to be associated with high morbidity in elderly and compromised individuals, with poor oral health demonstrated to be a significant risk factor for pneumonia. Several opportunistic pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, have been detected in patients with pneumonia. We investigated the prevalence of opportunistic pathogens in the oral cavity of healthy independent living Japanese elderly subjects and analysed factors related to harbouring those pathogens.

Materials and methods:  We studied 265 subjects, each of whom received a dental examination, during which specimens were collected with a tongue swab and examined for the presence of 10 oral opportunistic pathogens using single or multiple selective media. Furthermore, the presence of occult blood in saliva was examined using test paper strips.

Results:  Oral opportunistic pathogens were detected in 13.6% of the subjects. Those positive for occult blood in saliva had a significantly higher rate of harbouring the pathogens (p < 0.05). In addition, age was a significant factor for the presence of pathogenic microbes in the oral cavity (p = 0.033).

Conclusion:  Positive findings of occult blood in saliva and older age are suggested to be significant factors for harbouring opportunistic pathogens in the oral cavity.
Oral malignant melanoma – an unusual presentation
Authors: Thomas Priya Sara , Subhas Babu Gogineni , Anusha Rangare Laxman , Shetty Shishir
Published: November 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00450.x
 
Oral malignant melanoma – an unusual presentation

Malignant melanoma is the least common but most deadly of all primary skin cancers. Oral malignant melanoma is a rare aggressive neoplasm usually seen in middle aged persons. This malignancy is more frequently seen on the hard palate and gingiva. Oral melanomas are associated with very poor prognosis because of the tendency to metastasise or invade tissues locally more readily than other malignant tumours of the oral cavity especially in the case of a geriatric patient. The surgical approach, combined with the chemotherapy, is the first choice treatment. This report highlights a case report of 71‐year‐old female patient diagnosed and treated surgically for an oral malignant melanoma of the pedunculated variety affecting the hard palate and gingiva with review of literature.