bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Students and Ambiguous Pedagogies within the UK Art School
Authors: Davey Annie
Published: October 2016

This article will consider the tensions and opportunities provoked by the presence of a growing number of international students at UK art schools in which ambiguity operates as an implicit value within fine art pedagogies. Challenging assumptions of lack or deficit this article will ask how responding to this changing student body might require thinking beyond the horizon of normative claims and attitudes of the art school toward a situation in which it is constituted through the divergent perspectives, and pays attention to the previous educational experiences, of its students. I suggest that this requires the art school to address with greater commitment its pedagogical dimension in order to live up to its ‘promise’ as a heterotopic space.
Reflections on the Evolving Triad Tutorial in a Postgraduate Art Studio
Authors: Tripp Sarah
Published: October 2016

This article traces the evolution of the ‘triad tutorial’. The triad model, predominantly used in the training of counsellors and psychotherapists, was originally combined with the art school tutorial model in the context of the Edinburgh Sculpture Workshop to enhance critical discourse between studio holders. The resulting hybrid, the ‘triad tutorial’, was then adapted with postgraduate students on a Master's Fine Art course at a Scottish art school. Drawing on questionnaires from a small pilot study with students, the triad tutorial is described as an evolving model that has enhanced critical discourse between students, increased student confidence and introduced students to a new reciprocal structure of critique. Links are drawn between critical self‐reflection, reciprocity and the sustainability of artistic practice. The development of the triad tutorial is described frankly, using the autobiographic timeline of the author to present the model as evolving by trial and error and born of contingency rather than design.
Opening a Path with Papers: Yanomami Health Agents and Their Use of Medical Documents
Authors: Gonçalves Martín Johanna
Published: October 2016

En este artículo se explora el uso y la producción de documentos por parte de trabajadores Yanomami de salud, en el Alto Orinoco en Venezuela. Recientemente ha aumentado el número de Yanomami que han aprendido a leer, escribir y contar, y que hacen uso de diferentes documentos. El caso de los trabajadores Yanomami de salud es ilustrativo, puesto que las actividades de salud suponen la producción constante de documentos sobre pacientes y sus enfermedades. Para los médicos, documentos como los registros epidemiológicos son útiles en la producción de conocimiento colectivo sobre la salud y enfermedad, o para sistemas burocráticos de administración. Sin embargo, para los Yanomami los documentos médicos son objetos relacionales, que abren conexiones con el mundo de los otros, y también importantes tecnologías que les permiten ser y hacer como los médicos. Los Yanomami se refieren frecuentemente a su participación en el sistema de salud como ‘estar andando el camino de la salud’. Los documentos médicos son una importante herramienta que les permite transitar estos caminos.
The Association between the Parent–Child Relationship and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression: The Roles of Attachment and Perceived Spouse Attachment Behaviors
Authors: Bradford Angela B. , Burningham Kayla L. , Sandberg Jonathan G. , Johnson Lee N.
Published: October 2016

Research shows that the parent–child relationship affects attachment security, which correlates with anxiety and depression in adulthood. Additional research shows that romantic attachment behaviors may supersede individual attachment security and buffer against negative processes. Using data from 680 married couples in the general population, we examined whether attachment mediates the link between the parent–child relationship and depressive and anxiety symptoms in adulthood. In addition, we tested whether perceived spouse attachment behaviors moderate the effects of attachment insecurity. There was an indirect effect of poor parent–child relationships on symptoms via insecure attachment. Perception of spouse's attachment behaviors was related to depression for both spouses, and they moderated the effect of attachment insecurity on depressive symptoms for husbands. Clinical implications are discussed.
Sociometric Status and Peer Control Attempts: A Multiple Status Hierarchies Approach
Authors: de Klepper Maurits C. , (Joe) Labianca Giuseppe , Sleebos Ed , Agneessens Filip
Published: October 2016

We study a population of first year midshipmen within an elite military academy to explore the relationship between individuals’ sociometric status (e.g., status conferrals based on positive interpersonal affect and perceived competence, and status degradations based on negative interpersonal affect) and their attempts to directly control their peers’ behaviour over a year's time. Results show that multiple informal sociometric status hierarchies develop early in the organization's life and remain remarkably stable. Control attempts are driven by these status hierarchies: Lower competence status individuals and those who attract negative status degradations are targeted for control by more people early in the group's life, those relatively free of negative status degradations attempt to control greater numbers of others throughout the group's existence, while higher positive status is generally unrelated to control attempts. However, control attempts do not lead to higher future sociometric status, suggesting they are not status signals. Findings also show that individuals targeted for control by many others leave the organization entirely.
Bizarre eye movements in a newborn
Authors: Forbes Thomas , Malhotra Atul , Fahey Michael , Smith Chris
Published: October 2016

See Answer
Palliative medicines for children – a new frontier in paediatric research
Authors: Jamieson Liz , Wong Ian C K , Craig Finella , Christiansen Nanna , Brombley Karen , Tuleu Catherine , Harrop Emily
Published: October 2016

Objectives

This paper seeks to highlight from a UK perspective the current lack of a research evidence base in paediatric palliative care that has resulted in a paucity of available medicines with appropriate formulations (strength and dosage form) to provide symptom management for children with life-limiting illnesses and to raise awareness of this group of ‘therapeutic orphans’. Currently, clinicians have limited, often unsuitable medication choices for their paediatric palliative care patients, with little hope of moving away from the status quo.

Key Findings

Most medicines used in children receiving palliative care are old and off-patent drugs, developed for and tested in an adult population. Many are not available in suitable formulations (dosage form and strength) for administration to children, and there are often no age-related profiles of adverse drug reactions or for safe dosing.

Existing regional paediatric palliative care networks and support organisations should lobby funding bodies and the academic community to support appropriate research for this group of therapeutic orphans. Support must also be provided to pharmaceutical companies in the development of suitable products with appropriate formulations.
Effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring in children, adolescents, and young adults with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes
Authors: Lewis Kevin R. , McCrone Susan , Deiriggi Pamela , Bendre Sachin
Published: October 2016

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on glycemic control in children, adolescents, and young adults ages 7–21 years with poorly controlled diabetes HbA1c 9.0% or more (74 mmol/mol IFCC).

Materials and Methods

The primary outcome was improvement in HbA1c. The secondary outcome included self‐reported hypoglycemia. This 12‐week study used a prospective, one‐group, pre‐ and posttest pre‐experimental design with a convenience sample. The study used the Medtronic Guardian CGM with Enlite Sensor.

Results and Conclusions

Thirty‐three subjects enrolled in the study. The mean age of the participants was 15.57 years, range was 11–20 years, 47.6% were male, and 52.4% were female. Twenty‐one (63.6%) completed the final study visit. There was a clinically and statistically significant reduction of 1.46 (SD = 1.6711) (p = .001) in HbA1c at 12 weeks. Fifteen of the 21 participants (71.4%) had an HbA1c reduction of greater than 0.5%. The CGM monitor was worn a mean of 4.262 days a week. None of the subjects reported significant hypoglycemia while wearing the monitor. CGM was effective in improving glycemic control in this population with poorly controlled diabetes.
Modelling maintenance of wakefulness in rats: comparing potential non‐invasive sleep‐restriction methods and their effects on sleep and attentional performance
Authors: Mccarthy Andrew , Loomis Sally , Eastwood Brian , Wafford Keith A. , Winsky‐Sommerer Raphaëlle , Gilmour Gary
Published: October 2016

While several methods have been used to restrict the sleep of experimental animals, it is often unclear whether these different forms of sleep restriction have comparable effects on sleep–wake architecture or functional capacity. The present study compared four models of sleep restriction, using enforced wakefulness by rotation of cylindrical home cages over 11 h in male Wistar rats. These included an electroencephalographic‐driven ‘Biofeedback’ method and three non‐invasive methods where rotation was triggered according to a ‘Constant’, ‘Decreasing’ or random protocol based upon the ‘Weibull’ distribution fit to an archival Biofeedback dataset. Sleep–wake architecture was determined using polysomnography, and functional capacity was assessed immediately post‐restriction with a simple response latency task, as a potential homologue of the human psychomotor vigilance task. All sleep restriction protocols resulted in sleep loss, behavioural task disengagement and rebound sleep, although no model was as effective as real‐time electroencephalographic‐Biofeedback. Decreasing and Weibull protocols produced greater recovery sleep than the Constant protocol, mirrored by comparably poorer simple response latency task performance. Increases in urinary corticosterone levels following Constant and Decreasing protocols suggested that stress levels may differ between protocols. Overall, these results provide insight into the value of choosing a specific sleep restriction protocol, not only from the perspective of animal welfare and the use of less invasive procedures, but also translational validity. A more considered choice of the physiological and functional effects of sleep‐restriction protocols in rodents may improve correspondence with specific types of excessive daytime sleepiness in humans.
Enhancing institutional dynamics for multiple uses of water amidst climate‐related risks: The case of Lake Buhi, Philippines
Authors: Elazegui Dulce D. , Rola Agnes C. , Allis Erica
Published: October 2016

This study examined the current governance system for Lake Buhi, Philippines. It describes stakeholder patterns of decision‐making, their roles in the decision‐making process based on their legal mandates, the manner of interactions, the sources of conflict and how these various issues are currently resolved. Stakeholders represent diverse interests, including irrigation, hydropower generation, fishery management and navigation. This study uses data generated from ten key informant interviews of the different stakeholders, information from five round table discussions, and secondary data and reports of various agencies. The results indicate that Lake Buhi and its watershed present classic man‐in‐nature governance challenges. The interplay of internal and external uncertainties regarding multiple uses results in a complex system that is difficult to effectively manage. Climate‐related hazards aggravate the pressures from activities within the lake watershed, complicating water allocation issues. The institutional arrangements that have emerged to address these challenges, however, appear to be fraught with overlaps, fragmentation and a lack of communication. It is thought these deficiencies could be addressed by establishing a lake basin council with representation from all the involved organizations, as well as any stakeholder groups not represented by organizations. The system of governance over the lake must address issues concerning water uses and access to the resource. The capacity of the organizations to participate in such an arrangement is weak, however, and capacity building is needed. The availability and sharing of data and information among stakeholders are also weak and must be strengthened if the work of the lake basin council is to be based on the best available information.
Clathrin localization and dynamics in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Schultzhaus Z. , Johnson T. B. , Shaw B. D.
Published: October 2016

Cell growth necessitates extensive membrane remodeling events including vesicle fusion or fission, processes that are regulated by coat proteins. The hyphal cells of filamentous fungi concentrate both exocytosis and endocytosis at the apex. This investigation focuses on clathrin in Aspergillus nidulans, with the aim of understanding its role in membrane remodeling in growing hyphae. We examined clathrin heavy chain (ClaH‐GFP) which localized to three distinct subcellular structures: late Golgi (trans‐Golgi equivalents of filamentous fungi), which are concentrated just behind the hyphal tip but are intermittently present throughout all hyphal cells; the region of concentrated endocytosis just behind the hyphal apex (the “endocytic collar”); and small, rapidly moving puncta that were seen trafficking long distances in nearly all hyphal compartments. ClaH localized to distinct domains on late Golgi, and these clathrin “hubs” dispersed in synchrony after the late Golgi marker PHOSBP. Although clathrin was essential for growth, ClaH did not colocalize well with the endocytic patch marker fimbrin. Tests of FM4‐64 internalization and repression of ClaH corroborated the observation that clathrin does not play an important role in endocytosis in A. nidulans. A minor portion of ClaH puncta exhibited bidirectional movement, likely along microtubules, but were generally distinct from early endosomes.
TNF‐α‐induced IL‐6 and MMP‐9 expression in immortalized ameloblastoma cell line established by hTERT
Authors: Ohta K , Naruse T , Ishida Y , Shigeishi H , Nakagawa T , Fukui A , Nishi H , Sasaki K , Ogawa I , Takechi M
Published: October 2016

Objective

Ameloblastoma (AM) shows locally invasive behaviour. However, biological investigations regarding regulation of gene expression associated with AM pathological features are difficult to perform, because AM cells can be passaged for a few generations due to senescence. We report a newly established immortalized AM cell line, AMB cells, by transfection with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Furthermore, we examined whether TNF‐α modulates bone resorption‐related genes, IL‐6 and MMP‐9 in cooperation with TGF‐β or IFN‐γ.

Materials and methods

Following transfection of an hTERT expression vector into AM cells using a non‐viral method, the effects of cytokines on the expressions of IL‐6 and MMP‐9 mRNA were examined using real‐time PCR. TNF‐α‐induced NF‐κB activity was examined by western blotting and transcription factor assays.

Results

AMB cells continued to grow for more than 100 population doublings. Stimulation with TNF‐α increased IL‐6 and MMP‐9 mRNA expressions, as well as NF‐κB activation. Furthermore, TGF‐β and IFN‐γ dramatically increased TNF‐α‐mediated expressions of MMP‐9 and IL‐6 mRNA, respectively, while those responses were suppressed by NF‐κB inhibitor.

Conclusion

We established an immortalized AM cell line by hTERT transfection. TNF‐α‐mediated regulation of MMP‐9 and IL‐6 via NF‐κB may play an important role in the pathological behaviour of AMs, such as bone resorption.
Adherence to Analgesics in Oncology Outpatients: Focus on Taking Analgesics on Time
Authors: Oldenmenger Wendy H. , Sillevis Smitt Peter A. E. , de Raaf Pleun J. , van der Rijt Carin C. D.
Published: October 2016

Background

Inadequate adherence to prescribed analgesics may be one of the reasons why patients with cancer experience unrelieved pain. Adherence is directly influenced by patients' barriers about pain management. Patient pain education programs (PEPs) have been developed to reduce patients' barriers and increase patients' adherence to their analgesics. The purpose of this article was to evaluate patients' adherence in patients receiving a pain consult and patient pain education in comparison with patients receiving standard pain treatment (standard care [SC]), to better explore the difficulties in medication adherence in cancer‐related pain and the effects of PEP.

Methods

In 54 adult outpatients with cancer‐related pain, patients' adherence to the prescribed around‐the‐clock analgesics was measured with a Medication Event Monitoring System, in the following time intervals: weeks 1 and 2, weeks 3 and 4, and weeks 7 and 8 after randomization. Adherence was differentiated into taking adherence, taking the correct dose, and taking analgesics at the right time intervals.

Results

Taking adherence increased in the intervention group compared to baseline (from 91% to 93%) and decreased in the SC group (from 85% to 78%; P < 0.05). At the end of the study, more patients in the intervention group took their analgesics at the right intervals (78%) than did patients in the SC group (64%, P < 0.05). During the study, patients were more adherent to opioids than to World Health Organization step 1 analgesics.

Conclusion

The combined intervention can increase adherence. The true problem in pain management is that patients do not take their prescribed analgesics at the right time intervals. With the detailed adherence information from this study, it is possible to further tailor patient education to the individual patient.
Central Pain Processing in Patients with Shoulder Pain: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Noten Suzie , Struyf Filip , Lluch Enrique , D'Hoore Marika , Van Looveren Eveline , Meeus Mira
Published: October 2016

Background

Shoulder pain is a common health problem in which changes in shoulder structure cannot always explain the patient's perceived pain. Central sensitization (CS) might play a role in a subgroup of these patients.

Methods

The literature was systematically reviewed to address the role of CS in patients with shoulder pain. Electronic databases PubMed and Web of Knowledge were searched for relevant studies.

Results

Eighteen full‐text articles were included, methodological quality was scored, and information was extracted. Studies were clustered on those studying patients with musculoskeletal (MSK) shoulder pain and those studying patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP). In particular, quantitative sensory testing revealed hyperalgesia for pressure pain in the MSK group, whereas these results were inconsistent in patients with HSP. Conditioned pain modulation was reduced in patients with MSK shoulder pain, but functioned normally in the HSP group.

Conclusion

This review has shown that great progress has been made toward a better understanding of neurophysiologic pain mechanisms in patients with shoulder pain. The presence of generalized mechanical hyperalgesia, allodynia, and impaired conditioned pain modulation in patients with MSK shoulder pain indicates the involvement of the central nervous system. Widespread somatosensory abnormalities observed in patients with HSP could suggest a central origin for their shoulder pain and predispose patients with HSP to develop CS, although results are inconsistent. Additional research is required adopting different assessment methods (especially dynamic methods) to establish the role of CS in patients with shoulder pain.
Carbon dioxide and water transport through plant aquaporins
Authors: Groszmann Michael , Osborn Hannah L , Evans John R
Published: October 2016

Aquaporins are channel proteins that function to increase the permeability of biological membranes. In plants, aquaporins are encoded by multigene families that have undergone substantial diversification in land plants. The plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) subfamily of aquaporins is of particular interest given their potential to improve plant water relations and photosynthesis. Flowering plants have between 7 and 28 PIP genes. Their expression varies with tissue and cell type, through development and in response to a variety of factors, contributing to the dynamic and tissue specific control of permeability. There are a growing number of PIPs shown to act as water channels, but those altering membrane permeability to CO2 are more limited. The structural basis for selective substrate specificities has not yet been resolved, although a few key amino acid positions have been identified. Several regions important for dimerization, gating and trafficking are also known. PIP aquaporins assemble as tetramers and their properties depend on the monomeric composition. PIPs control water flux into and out of veins and stomatal guard cells and also increase membrane permeability to CO2 in mesophyll and stomatal guard cells. The latter increases the effectiveness of Rubisco and can potentially influence transpiration efficiency.
Protective role of IL‐22 against Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen‐induced granuloma in Vitro
Authors: Nady S. , Shata M. T. M. , Mohey M. A. , El‐Shorbagy A.
Published: October 2016

The role of T helper‐17 (Th17) lymphocytes in the regulation of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA)‐induced granuloma is unknown. This study examined the effect of Th17 cytokines (IL‐17 and IL‐22) on granulocyte recruitment and functions during SEA‐induced granuloma formation in vitro in Schistosoma‐infected and noninfected individuals. Granulocytes were isolated from 27 Schistosoma‐infected patients and 13 controls and were used for granuloma induction using SEA‐conjugated polyacrylamide beads in the presence of Th17 cytokines. Granuloma index was assessed, and granulocyte mediators such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured in the culture supernatant at the 7th day using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Schistosoma‐infected patients had significant larger SEA‐induced granuloma than controls. IL‐17 (125 pg/mL) induced the optimum size for granuloma within 3‐7 days. However, IL‐22 at different concentrations up to 300 pg/mL had no effect on granuloma formation. Using both cytokines simultaneously, IL‐22 suppressed the effect of IL‐17 and prevented granuloma formation. IL‐17 significantly decreased TNF‐α, H2O2 and NO levels in Schistosoma‐infected individuals. In contrast, IL‐22 increased TNF‐α and H2O2 levels. In conclusion, IL‐17 accelerates SEA‐induced granuloma formation and inhibits granulocytes functions in Schistosoma‐infected patients, while IL‐22 inhibited the granuloma formation, but enhanced granulocyte functions.
Population structure and migration of the witches’ broom pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa from cacao and cultivated and wild solanaceous hosts in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Patrocínio N. G. R. B. , Ceresini P. C. , Gomes L. I. S. , Resende M. L. V. , Mizubuti E. S. G. , Gramacho K. P.
Published: October 2016

Moniliophthora perniciosa, causal agent of witches’ broom disease in cacao plantations in South America and the Caribbean Islands, has co‐evolved with its host cacao, but the pathogen has also emerged in many solanaceous hosts in Brazil, including economically important food crops and wild species. This study was carried out to: (i) determine the existence of host subpopulations of M. perniciosa in Brazil; (ii) estimate gene and genotypic diversity of M. perniciosa host subpopulations infecting solanaceous hosts in southeastern Bahia and Minas Gerais states, Brazil; and (iii) estimate the amount and directionality of historical migration of M. perniciosa subpopulations. Up to 203 M. perniciosa isolates collected from solanaceous hosts with symptoms from Bahia and Minas Gerais states in Brazil and from Theobroma spp. (cacao) and Herrania spp. were characterized with 11 microsatellite markers. Factorial correspondence analyses, minimum‐spanning network and Bayesian clustering revealed genetic clusters associated with their host of origin. Significant subpopulation differentiation was evident (ΦST = 0.30, P ≤ 0.05) among M. perniciosa host subpopulations. Most of the multilocus microsatellite genotypes (MLMGs) were host‐specific, with few MLMGs shared among subpopulations. Pairwise comparisons among M. perniciosa host subpopulations were significant, except between jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum) and cultivated solanaceous subpopulations. The combined analyses rejected the null hypothesis that M. perniciosa in Brazil is a single genetic population not structured by host. These findings support a scenario of introduction and subsequent adaptation to solanaceous hosts that should be taken into consideration to improve mitigation and management of M. perniciosa.
Was ‘Black Wednesday’ avoidable? The Melcom disaster in Accra puts a generation on trial
Authors: Oteng‐Ababio Martin
Published: October 2016

This study contributes to the existing literature on disaster risk preparedness in sub‐Saharan African cities. The paper demonstrates how corruption and personal greed condemn society to the mercy of disaster events, by examining stakeholders′ perspectives on the causal factors of the collapse of a Melcom shopping centre in Accra and by situating the event within the broader context of disaster management. A high concentration of people and physical and financial assets in cities means that a single accident can cause catastrophic effects and destroy years of development gains. The paper shows how increasing urbanization is shaping where and when disaster strikes and whom it affects most. It further emphasizes the need for disaster risk reduction practitioners to communicate with urban planning professionals in the planning and implementation of development projects. Significantly, the evidence suggests that the government has failed to incorporate lessons gleaned from past disasters into policies to avert future disasters. The paper concludes that a deeper understanding of the root causes of past events and a sustained focus on risk reduction and disaster preparedness are crucial to mitigating the impact of hazards and building resilient cities.
Ubuntu nests and the emergence of an African metropolis
Authors: Kinyanjui Mary Njeri
Published: October 2016

Cities are not homogenous sociocultural entities. The city of Nairobi exhibits the phenomena of ‘cities within cities’ and ‘African city forms’. Social and economic forms of African, western and Asian cities compete for space within Nairobi. This paper refers to the African city form as the ‘African metropolis’, which exhibits the African logic, norms and values in its architecture and human social relations. The African metropolis is made up of slums, urbanized villages, self‐developed urban fringes and indigenous markets. In urban literature, these spaces are referred to as informal or unplanned settlements. As drivers of this African form of urbanism, traders and artisans use the African logic, norms and values in the construction of the African metropolis. The traders and artisans contribute to the African metropolis, by hiring labour and investing surplus earnings, and are bonded into Ubuntu communities of family, friendship and ethnicity. The paper is based on data gathered through a questionnaire survey of traders and artisans. It contributes to urban theory, by showing how less dominant and subtle forces contribute to city‐forming processes. I propose the concept of cultural villages as a strategy for blending African logic, norms and values with those of global urban planning.
Dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibition in women improves endurance exercise performance in the heat
Authors: Cordery P. , Peirce N. , Maughan R. J. , Watson P.
Published: October 2016

Catecholamine reuptake inhibition improves the performance of male volunteers exercising in warm conditions, but sex differences in thermoregulation, circulating hormones, and central neurotransmission may alter this response. With local ethics committee approval, nine physically active women (mean ± SD age 21 ± 2 years; height 1.68 ± 0.08 m; body mass 64.1 ± 6.0 kg; VO2peak 51 ± 7 mL/kg/min) were recruited to examine the effect of pre‐exercise administration of Bupropion (BUP; 4 × 150 mg) on prolonged exercise performance in a warm environment. Participants completed a VO2peak test, two familiarization trials, and two randomized, double‐blind experimental trials. All trials took place during the first 10 days of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Participants cycled for 1 h at 60% VO2peak followed by a 30‐min performance test. Total work done was greater during the BUP trial (291 ± 48 kJ) than the placebo trial (269 ± 46 kJ, P = 0.042, d = 0.497). At the end of the performance test, core temperature was higher on the BUP trial (39.5 ± 0.4 °C) than on the placebo trial (39.2 ± 0.6 °C, P = 0.021; d = 0.588), as was heart rate (185 ± 9 vs 179 ± 13, P = 0.043; d = 0.537). The results indicate that during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, an acute dosing protocol of BUP can improve self‐regulated performance in warm conditions.
Bortezomib decreases the magnitude of a primary humoral immune response to transfused red blood cells in a murine model
Authors: Natarajan Prabitha , Liu Jingchun , Santhanakrishnan Manjula , Gibb David R. , Slater Lewis M. , Hendrickson Jeanne E.
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Few therapeutic options currently exist to prevent or to mitigate transfusion‐associated red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization. We hypothesized that bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor currently being utilized for HLA alloantibody and ADAMTS13 autoantibody reduction, may be beneficial in a transfusion setting. Herein, we utilized a reductionist murine model to test our hypothesis that bortezomib would decrease RBC alloimmune responses.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Wild‐type mice were treated with bortezomib or saline and transfused with murine RBCs expressing the human KEL glycoprotein. Levels of anti‐KEL immunoglobulins in transfusion recipients were measured by flow cytometry. The impact of bortezomib treatment on recipient plasma cells (PCs) and other immune cells was also assessed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence.

RESULTS

After bortezomib treatment, mice had a 50% reduction in splenic white blood cells and a targeted reduction in marrow PCs. Mice treated with bortezomib before the transfusion of KEL RBCs became alloimmunized in three of three experiments, although their serum anti‐KEL IgG levels were 2.6‐fold lower than those in untreated mice. Once a primary antibody response was established, bortezomib treatment did not prevent an anamnestic response from occurring.

CONCLUSION

To the extent that these findings are generalizable to other RBC antigens and to humans, bortezomib monotherapy is unlikely to be of significant clinical benefit in a transfusion setting where complete prevention of alloimmunization is desirable. Given the impact on PCs, however, it remains plausible that bortezomib therapy may be beneficial for RBC alloimmunization prevention or mitigation if used in combination with other immunomodulatory therapies.
Analysing perceptions of English in rural Bangladesh
Authors: SEARGEANT PHILIP , ERLING ELIZABETH J. , SOLLY MIKE , CHOWDHURY QUMRUL HASAN , RAHMAN SAYEEDUR
Published: October 2016

Drawing on research analysing perceptions of English in rural Bangladesh, the paper explores the ideological and practical issues involved in the promotion of English in this context, with respect to the language's former and current associations with colonial and imperialist agendas, and the politico‐cultural situation of present‐day Bangladeshi society. The analysis – which is underpinned by a blending of world Englishes and postcolonial theory – reveals how dominant discourses of English as a language of global opportunity persist in these rural communities, despite the limited opportunities for using the language or developing proficiency in it. By representing these ‘subaltern’ views on English in what is an under‐researched context, the paper offers critical insights into the impact of English‐language education on rural Bangladeshis’ social prospects, communities and cultural identities.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Young James
Published: October 2016

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue. Reviewers for Volume 4, Number 10   Abdul Azim Akhtar Ahmet Yıkmış Anastasia Panagakos AntÓNio Calha Aslan,Yasin Begoña Montero-Fleta Bonnie L. Mcintyre Dipankar Chatterjee Hanaa Youssef Shaarawy Jehu Onyekwere Nnaji Julia M. Mack K.O. Aramide Katja Eman Małgorzata Haładewicz Michael Brooks Mohammad Naji Shah Mohammadi Patricia Wiener Priyono Rachita Shrivastava Roy Rasa Poceviciene Raymond Chan Said Aldhafri Sandro Serpa Zahra Khoshk Jan                     James Young Editorial Assistant On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science Studies Redfame Publishing 9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416 Beaverton, OR 97008, USA URL: http://ijsss.redfame.com
N‐Acetylcysteine, a glutathione precursor, reverts vascular dysfunction and endothelial epigenetic programming in intrauterine growth restricted guinea pigs
Authors: Herrera Emilio A. , Cifuentes‐Zúñiga Francisca , Figueroa Esteban , Villanueva Cristian , Hernández Cherie , Alegría René , Arroyo‐Jousse Viviana , Peñaloza Estefania , Farías Marcelo , Uauy Ricardo , Casanello Paola , Krause Bernardo J.
Published: October 2016

Key points

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress and signs of endothelial epigenetic programming of the umbilical vessels.

There is no evidence that this epigenetic programming is occurring on systemic fetal arteries.

In IUGR guinea pigs we studied the functional and epigenetic programming of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (Nos3 gene) in umbilical and systemic fetal arteries, addressing the role of oxidative stress in this process by maternal treatment with N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) during the second half of gestation.

The present study suggests that IUGR endothelial cells have common molecular markers of programming in umbilical and systemic arteries. Notably, maternal treatment with NAC restores fetal growth by increasing placental efficiency and reverting the functional and epigenetic programming of eNOS in arterial endothelium in IUGR guinea pigs.

In humans, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress and signs of endothelial programming in umbilical vessels. We aimed to determine the effects of maternal antioxidant treatment with N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) on fetal endothelial function and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) programming in IUGR guinea pigs. IUGR was induced by implanting ameroid constrictors on uterine arteries of pregnant guinea pigs at mid gestation, half of the sows receiving NAC in the drinking water (from day 34 until term). Fetal biometry and placental vascular resistance were followed by ultrasound throughout gestation. At term, umbilical arteries and fetal aortae were isolated to assess endothelial function by wire‐myography. Primary cultures of endothelial cells (ECs) from fetal aorta, femoral and umbilical arteries were used to determine eNOS mRNA levels by quantitative PCR and analyse DNA methylation in the Nos3 promoter by pyrosequencing. Doppler ultrasound measurements showed that NAC reduced placental vascular resistance in IUGR (P < 0.05) and recovered fetal weight (P < 0.05), increasing fetal‐to‐placental ratio at term (∼40%) (P < 0.001). In IUGR, NAC treatment restored eNOS‐dependent relaxation in aorta and umbilical arteries (P < 0.05), normalizing eNOS mRNA levels in EC fetal and umbilical arteries (P < 0.05). IUGR‐derived ECs had a decreased DNA methylation (∼30%) at CpG −170 (from the transcription start site) and this epigenetic signature was absent in NAC‐treated fetuses (P < 0.001). These data show that IUGR‐ECs have common molecular markers of eNOS programming in umbilical and systemic arteries and this effect is prevented by maternal treatment with antioxidants.
Do talkers produce less dispersed phoneme categories in a clear speaking style?
Authors: Tuomainen Outi , Hazan Valerie , Romeo Rachel
Published: October 2016

This study investigated whether adaptations made in clear speaking styles result in more discriminable phonetic categories than in a casual style. Multiple iterations of keywords with word-initial /s/-/ʃ/ were obtained from 40 adults in casual and clear speech via picture description. For centroids, cross-category distance increased in clear speech but with no change in within-category dispersion and no effect on discriminability. However, talkers produced fewer tokens with centroids in the ambiguous region for the /s/-/ʃ/ distinction. These results suggest that, whereas interlocutor feedback regarding communicative success may promote greater segmental adaptations, it is not necessary for some adaptation to occur.
Intracortical microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex
Authors: Flesher Sharlene N. , Collinger Jennifer L. , Foldes Stephen T. , Weiss Jeffrey M. , Downey John E. , Tyler-Kabara Elizabeth C. , Bensmaia Sliman J. , Schwartz Andrew B. , Boninger Michael L. , Gaunt Robert A.
Published: October 2016

Tactile percepts were consistently elicited in the hand of a person with cervical spinal cord injury using intracortical microstimulation of the somatosensory cortex.
Draft Genome Sequence of Marine-Derived Bacillus subtilis TP-B0611, a Producer of Bacilosarcins and Amicoumacins
Authors: Komaki Hisayuki , Hosoyama Akira , Ichikawa Natsuko , Igarashi Yasuhiro
Published: October 2016

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Bacillus subtilis
TP-B0611, which produces the isocoumarin-type compounds bacilosarcin and amicoumacin. The genome encodes three nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene clusters and one hybrid polyketide synthase (PKS)/NRPS gene cluster. The hybrid PKS/NRPS gene cluster was identified to be responsible for the biosynthesis of bacilosarcins and amicoumacins.
A pilot study of an emotional intelligence training intervention for a paediatric team
Authors: Bamberger Ellen , Genizi Jacob , Kerem Nogah , Reuven-Lalung Ayalla , Dolev Niva , Srugo Isaac , Rofe Amnon
Published: October 2016

Objective

Emotional intelligence (EI) is the individual's ability to perceive, understand and manage emotion and to understand and relate effectively to others. We examined the degree to which EI training may be associated with a change in EI among different medical personnel and patient satisfaction.

Design, setting and participants

The EI of 17 physicians and 10 nurses in paediatric ward was prospectively evaluated with Bar-On's EI at baseline and after 18 months. 11 physicians who did not undergo the intervention served as controls.

Interventions

The intervention consisted of a training programme comprising group discussions, simulations and case studies.

Main outcomes and measures

Pre-emotional quotient inventory (EQ-i) and post-EQ-i scores and patient satisfaction surveys of nurse and physicians pre-intervention and post-intervention were analysed.

Results

The mean overall EI score of the study sample rose from 99.0±9.6 (both plus and minus mathematical operations standing for SD) at baseline to 105.4±10 (p<0.000) after 18 months, with the most robust increase (nearly 6%; p<0.003) manifested among physicians. In contrast, the control group's EI scores did not change over this period. Within the intervention group, physicians displayed a statistically significant increase in three of the five EI dimensions, compared with only one of the five EI dimensions for nurses. Patient satisfaction scores relating to physician care rose from 4.4 pre-intervention to 4.7 post-intervention (p=0.03).

Conclusion

An EI intervention led to an overall increase in EI scores, with a significant improvement in patient satisfaction. These findings suggest important potential benefits for both staff and their patients.
Gene expression profile of whole blood cells differs in pregnant women with positive screening and negative diagnosis for gestational diabetes
Authors: Gelaleti Rafael B , Damasceno Débora C , Salvadori Daisy M F , Calderon Iracema M P , Costa Roberto A A , Piculo Fernanda , Martins David C , Rudge Marilza V C
Published: October 2016

Objective

To evaluate the gene expression profile of whole blood cells in pregnant women without diabetes (with positive screening and negative diagnosis for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)) compared with pregnant women with negative screening for GDM.

Research design and methods

Pregnant women were recruited in the Diabetes Perinatal Research Centre—Botucatu Medical School-UNESP and Botucatuense Mercy Hospital (UNIMED). Distributed into 2 groups: control (n=8), women with negative screening and non-diabetic (ND, n=13), with positive screening and negative diagnosis of GDM. A peripheral blood sample was collected for glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and microarray gene expression analyses.

Results

The evaluation of gene expression profiles showed significant differences between the control group and the ND group, with 22 differentially expressed gene sequences. Gene networks and interaction tables were generated to evaluate the biological processes associated with differentially expressed genes of interest.

Conclusions

In the group with positive screening, there is an apparent regulatory balance between the functions of the differentially expressed genes related to the pathogenesis of diabetes and a compensatory attempt to mitigate the possible etiology. These results support the ‘two-step Carpenter-Coustan’ strategy because pregnant women with negative screening do not need to continue on diagnostic investigation of gestational diabetes, thus reducing the cost of healthcare and the medicalization of pregnancy. Although not diabetic, they do have risk factors, and thus attention to these genes is important when considering disease evolution because this pregnant women are a step toward developing diabetes compared with women without these risk factors.
Gender disparities in the experience, effects and reporting of electronic aggression among secondary school students in Nigeria
Authors: Olumide Adesola O , Adebayo Emmanuel , Oluwagbayela Babatunde
Published: October 2016

Background

Electronic aggression is the use of electronic communication technologies to harass others. It is a problem among adolescents and young people worldwide. There is a dearth of information on this problem in developing countries in spite of the increasing use of electronic media technology in these countries.

Objective

To explore gender differences in the prevalence, effects and reporting of electronic aggression among secondary school students in Oyo state, Nigeria.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted using mixed methods (a quantitative survey of 653 students and 18 in-depth interviews with victims and/or perpetrators). Survey students were selected using multi-stage sampling and in-depth interviewees were selected purposively. History of electronic aggression (as a perpetrator and/or victim) in the 3 months preceding the study was obtained. Respondents also provided information on the effects of the last incident of bullying on them and whether or not they reported this incident.

Results

25.8% of males and 22.1% of females had perpetrated electronic aggression, while 42.7% of females were victims compared to 36.8% of males. More females (58.1%) than males (40.3%) perpetrated electronic aggression via phone calls and more males (33.8%) than females (22.6%) perpetrated electronic aggression via chatrooms. 45.4% of male victims and 39.4% of female victims felt angry following the last cyberbully incident. Findings from the in-depth interviewees corroborated the survey findings and a male victim reported feeling very sad and even tried to stay away from school following repeated episodes of electronic aggression. More female (59.1%) than male (42.7%) victims reported the incident to someone (p=0.035).

Conclusions

Incidents of electronic aggression were common and the experiences of male and female students were comparable, although more female victims reported the incidents they had experienced. Victims, especially males, should be encouraged to report incidents so that the relevant authorities can institute interventions to address the problem.
Has open data arrived at theBritish Medical Journal (BMJ)? An observational study
Authors: Rowhani-Farid Anisa , Barnett Adrian G
Published: October 2016

Objective

To quantify data sharing trends and data sharing policy compliance at theBritish Medical Journal (BMJ)by analysing the rate of data sharing practices, and investigate attitudes and examine barriers towards data sharing.

Design

Observational study.

Setting

TheBMJresearch archive.

Participants

160 randomly sampledBMJresearch articles from 2009 to 2015, excluding meta-analysis and systematic reviews.

Main outcome measures

Percentages of research articles that indicated the availability of their raw data sets in their data sharing statements, and those that easily made their data sets available on request.

Results

3 articles contained the data in the article. 50 out of 157 (32%) remaining articles indicated the availability of their data sets. 12 used publicly available data and the remaining 38 were sent email requests to access their data sets. Only 1 publicly available data set could be accessed and only 6 out of 38 shared their data via email. So only 7/157 research articles shared their data sets, 4.5% (95% CI 1.8% to 9%). For 21 clinical trials bound by theBMJdata sharing policy, the per cent shared was 24% (8% to 47%).

Conclusions

Despite theBMJ's strong data sharing policy, sharing rates are low. Possible explanations for low data sharing rates could be: the wording of theBMJdata sharing policy, which leaves room for individual interpretation and possible loopholes; that our email requests ended up in researchers spam folders; and that researchers are not rewarded for sharing their data. It might be time for a more effective data sharing policy and better incentives for health and medical researchers to share their data.