bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Northern bobwhite breeding season habitat selection in fire‐maintained pine woodland
Authors: Rosche Sarah B. , Moorman ChristopheR E. , Pacifici Krishna , Jones Jeffrey G. , DePerno Christopher S.
Published: May 2019

Despite the acknowledged importance of prescribed fire in creating northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) breeding cover, little research has investigated bobwhite breeding season habitat selection relative to time since fire. In 2016 and 2017, we monitored radio‐tagged bobwhite on a 17,000‐ha portion of a military installation managed with frequent (every ~3 years) prescribed fires, applied during the growing and dormant seasons. We monitored bobwhite to determine which vegetation characteristics associated with prescribed burning were important to bobwhite breeding season habitat selection at the microsite (i.e., telemetry location compared to nearby random location) and the macrosite scale (i.e., the burn‐unit containing the location compared to study area availability). During 2 breeding seasons, we collected 2,315 bobwhite locations and compared percent cover of vegetation, days since burn, basal area, and distance to key landscape features (e.g., stream, wildlife opening) at a subset of microsite locations (301 locations during 2016 and 890 locations during 2017) to paired random locations. At the microsite scale, bobwhite selected lower basal area of hardwoods, greater woody understory cover, greater other (not wiregrass [Aristida stricta]) grass cover, and greater forb cover than at random points. At the macrosite scale, bobwhite selected units with <4.6 m2/ha basal area (combined hardwoods and pines) in 2016 and units with <9.2 m2/ha basal area in 2017. At the macrosite scale, bobwhite selected for areas burned in the dormant season of the same year, avoided areas burned in the growing season of the same year, and used other times since last burn categories proportionate to their availability. The selection for a low basal area at both scales indicates prescribed fire effects would be limited by shading from dense overstory, and the shrubs, grasses, and forbs that provide essential cover for bobwhite during the breeding season will not develop. In lower productivity soil regions similar to our study area, we advise that thinning operations set target basal areas below 10 m2/ha to create and maintain breeding season habitat for northern bobwhite. © 2019 The Wildlife Society
Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification‐based proteomic analysis of Puccinellia tenuiflora inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reveal stress response mechanisms in alkali‐degraded soil
Authors: Wang Yingnan , Lin Jixiang , Huang Shouchen , Zhang Liang , Zhao Wenna , Yang Chunxue
Published: May 2019

Alkali soil is a major abiotic constraint that limits plant distribution and yield in the northeast of China. Puccinellia tenuiflora is considered the most promising grass species for salt‐alkali grassland restoration. However, there is little information on the molecular mechanisms underlying how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhances P. tenuiflora stress responses in alkali‐degraded soil. In this study, AMF colonization, growth, photosynthetic pigments, and inorganic ion contents were measured. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification‐based quantitative proteomic technology were employed to identify the differentially abundant proteins in P. tenuiflora seedlings with or without AMF under alkalinity stress. The results showed that AMF colonization increased seedling biomass, photosynthetic pigment contents, and K+/Na+ ratio under alkalinity stress. Moreover, a total of 598 proteins were significantly differentially regulated in P. tenuiflora seedlings after AMF inoculation under alkalinity stress compared with under alkalinity stress alone. The results showed that AMF inoculation significantly improved protein synthesis, reactive oxygen species scavenging, and nitrogen metabolism to promote the biosynthesis of osmotic substances in response to alkalinity stress. In addition, P. tenuiflora seedlings produced more energy to compensate for the energy loss caused by alkalinity stress after AMF inoculation. In conclusion, these findings provide new insights into the physiological mechanisms of the response to alkali‐degraded soil in P. tenuiflora seedlings with AMF and also clarify the role of AMF in the molecular regulation network of P. tenuiflora under alkalinity stress.
Case management to care management shift gaining traction
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: May 2019

Although an evolution in health care has been happening for the past decade in terms of resources and paying for outcomes, working as a team across physical and behavioral health and across payers is what will help to achieve the best outcomes, says a workshop leader in a discussion of transitioning case management to care management.
Body Fat Distribution and Systolic Blood Pressure in 10,000 Adults with Whole‐Body Imaging: UK Biobank and Oxford BioBank
Authors: Malden Deborah , Lacey Ben , Emberson Jonathan , Karpe Fredrik , Allen Naomi , Bennett Derrick , Lewington Sarah
Published: May 2019

Objective

This study aimed to quantify the associations of regional fat mass and fat‐free mass with systolic blood pressure.

Methods

This analysis combined individual participant data from two large‐scale imaging studies: UK Biobank and Oxford BioBank. In both studies, participants were interviewed and measured, and they underwent dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry imaging. Linear regression was used to relate systolic blood pressure to anthropometric measures of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference, and waist to hip ratio) and dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry–derived measures of body composition (visceral android fat, subcutaneous android fat, subcutaneous gynoid fat, and fat‐free mass).

Results

Among 10,260 participants (mean age 49; 96% white), systolic blood pressure was positively associated with visceral android fat (3.2 mmHg/SD in men; 2.8 mmHg/SD in women) and fat‐free mass (1.92 mmHg/SD in men; 1.64 mmHg/SD in women), but there was no evidence of an association with subcutaneous android or gynoid fat. Associations of systolic blood pressure with BMI were slightly steeper than those with waist circumference or waist to hip ratio; these associations remained unchanged following adjustment for fat‐free mass, but adjustment for visceral android fat eliminated associations with waist circumference and waist to hip ratio and more than halved associations with BMI.

Conclusions

This analysis indicates that visceral fat is the primary etiological component of excess adiposity underlying the development of adiposity‐related hypertension.
Current treatment, particle radiotherapy, and boron neutron capture therapy for advanced oral cancer in patients
Authors: Yura Yoshiaki , Tada Shinya , Fujita Yusei , Hamada Masakazu
Published: May 2019

Malignant tumors such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), malignant salivary gland tumor, mucosal melanoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma occur in the oral cavity. Among them, oral SCC accounts for 90%. The frequency of lymph node metastasis of oral SCC varies depending on the site of occurrence, which affects the prognosis. Surgery is the primary treatment for oral cancer, but when the tumor extends, postoperative radiation with or without chemotherapy is required. Photons including X‐rays and γ‐rays are the most widely used types of ionizing radiation in cancer radiotherapy. Particle radiotherapy using protons and carbon ions shows a highly focused dose distribution to tumor tissues. Carbon ion therapy is effective for salivary gland tumors, malignant melanomas, and sarcomas which are less susceptible to photons. Furthermore, boron neutron capture therapy with tumor selectivity is expected to further reduce damage to surrounding normal cells. The introduction of novel radiotherapy to current treatment might improve the prognosis of patients and organ preservation.
Antibodies against CGRP for prevention of migraine
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: May 2019

A novel class of agents that block the effects of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) may provide a further therapeutic option for people whose migraine has not responded to established treatments or when other preventive treatments are unsuitable due to comorbidities, adverse effects or low adherence. Here the author reviews four monoclonal antibodies that have been licensed or are undergoing regulatory assessment for the prevention of migraine.
A comparison of iron absorption from single meals and daily diets using radioFe (55Fe, 59Fe)
Authors: Tidehag Per , Hallmans Goran , Wing Kenneth , Sjöström Rolf , ÅGren Goran , Lundin Eva , Zhang Jie-xian
Published: May 2019

Abstrac:

The purpose of the present study was to compare two measures of Fe absorption, one from single meals and the other from daily diets. Ten ileostomy subjeets were given the same low-fibre composite diet for all three meals each day for five consecutive days. After 3 weeks the experiment was repeated with a high- fibre diet. The morning meal constituted one-seventh of the total daily diet intake, the mid-day meal two- sevenths and the evening meal four-sevenths of the total daily diet intake. On days 4 and 5 of each diet period the morning meal was labelled with 55Fe and all three meals were labelled with 59Fe. The activities retained in the subjects 19 d later showed the Fe absorption from the low-fibre diet measured from the morning meals to be almost 80 % greater than the average Fe absorption measured from all meals during the same 2 d. With the high-fibre diet the absorption from the morning meals was less than 50 % greater than the average for all meals but the difference was not significant. We suggest that all meals of the day should be labelled with radioFe in order to avoid inflating the measures of Fe absorption.
Magisterium, Theologians, and the Need for Dialogue
Authors: Salzman Todd A. , Lawler Michael G.
Published: May 2019

Throughout history there have been theological tensions between official church teachers and church theologians, creating at times a divide between both the magisterium and theologians and also between theologians of different methodological approaches. We offer as examples of tension the declarations by the USCCB's Committee on Doctrine (CD) on the “inadequacies in the theological methodology and conclusions” of our book and of the books of three other contemporary theologians. These examples afford us the opportunity both to consider the theological tensions in general and to propose a solution to them. We establish some ecclesial context for dialogue with the CD, calling attention to four factors in this context: first, recent patterns of discourse between theologians and the magisterium in statements issued against particular theologians; second, an important change in the Catholic concept of church; third, an equally important change in how Catholic theologians set about doing theological ethics; and fourth, the reaffirmation of the importance of conscience by the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s and, more recently, by Pope Francis.
De facto freedom, de facto authority: press and parliament, 1640–1643
Authors: Mendle Michael
Published: May 2019

In 1641 a century-long partnership of the crown and the London Stationers collapsed, leaving state control of the press and the Stationers’ interest in copyright in an extremely vulnerable situation. Tentatively at first and with growing assertiveness by 1642, the Lords and Commons revised and restated in their own interest the old partnership of the state and the Stationers; for their part, the Stationers worked hard to demonstrate their utility to the new regime and to preserve the privileges that allowed them to control the book business. The result of their joint efforts was the licensing ordinance of 1643, which critics, including John Milton, thought to be scarcely distinguishable from the Star Chamber decree of 1637, the high-water mark of the old regime. But the ordinance proved only partially successful. In the interim between regimes, there emerged a vigorous if vulgar tabloid journalism avant la lettre, sustained by an underclass of undisciplined elements of the Stationers’ Company, non-company interlopers and hawkers, and often youthful scribblers, several of them Cambridge drop-outs. Such engaging rascals no less than moralists like Milton had their share in acclimatizing the English to a press practically free of prior restraint.
Macmillan and the wind of change in Africa, 1957–1960
Authors: Ovendale Ritchie
Published: May 2019

Based on the recently released documents in the Public Record Office, London, this article is concerned with examining the reasons behind the shift in the British approach towards decolonization in Africa signalled by Macmillan's ‘wind of change’ speech to the South African parliament on 3 February 1960. The documents suggest that the British decision to abdicate in Africa was partly due to international considerations, and to Cold War politics and the need to prevent Soviet penetration in Africa. The change from ‘multi-racialism’ to ‘non-racialism’ can be attributed to the influence of the commonwealth relations office under Lord Home, and an initiative from the leader of the Africa Capricorn society, David Stirling. The emphasis on the need for Britain to pursue the same policy in all of Africa can also be traced to the commonwealth relations office. Macmillan, himself was influenced by the ‘moral’ aspect, by the policies pursued by the Belgians in the Congo, but above all by the failure of French policy in Algeria.
Master Alexander of Stainsby, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 1224–1238
Authors: Vincent Nicholas
Published: May 2019

Within the league table of thirteenth-century English bishops, Master Alexander ‘de Stavensby’ has generally been considered no more than a second division player. The standard biographies do their best to credit him with a network of associations that includes such luminaries as St Dominic and Stephen Langton, but the evidence is uncertain, or at least has never been probed sufficiently deeply to achieve certainty. Master Alexander remains a shadowy figure; a scholar of strange dreams and visions; a rootless cosmopolitan whose family and even whose birthplace remain unknown. Yet it is possible to trace his earlier career with greater precision. His origins and his close association with Stephen Langton and the early friars can be traced more exactly, and once established they help to illuminate his achievements as bishop.
The Strange Fate of Czech Utraquism: The Second Century, 1517–1621
Authors: David Zdeněk V.
Published: May 2019

This article aims to reassess current historical judgements on the Czech Utraquist Church during the second century of its existence, from 1517 to 1621. It seeks to outline the special problems which Bohemian Utraquism faced as a religiousvia media, partly viewed from the comparative perspective of the kindred phenomenon of the post-Reformation Church of England. After a discussion of the historiographic issues, the focus is on the distinctive development of sixteenth-century Utraquism and its relations to English theology and eastern Orthodoxy. The Church's intermediate position between the Church of Rome and the fully reformed Protestant Churches is then explored more systematically through the writings of the authoritative, but neglected, theologian of sixteenth-century Utraquism, Bohuslav Bílejovský.
The Rood of Boxley, the Blood of Hailes and the Defence of the Henrician Church
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: May 2019

Recent research has rendered untenable the glib characterisation of the Henrician Reformation as ‘Catholicism without the Pope’, but the essential nature of the motives and achievements of Henry vra and his ministers in the 1530s and 1540s remains a controversial issue. To J. K. McConica, the polity created in the 1530s was an ‘Erasmian’ one, with the views of the great humanist on such matters as vernacular Scripture, superstitious pilgrimage and religious instruction providing a consensual nexus to bind together all but the most extreme shades of religious opinion. More recently, Glyn Redworth has similarly argued that the Henrician Reform was from the first ‘an intellectually coherent and satisfying movement’, and that it had positive and distinctive religious aspirations, seeking to use the techniques of ‘Protestant’ evangelism to transmit a purged but none the less essentially Catholic doctrine. G. W. Bernard has, by contrast, characterised the direction of religious policy after the break with Rome as ‘deliberately ambiguous’, and sees Henry as a ruler who held together an unwieldy coalition of interests by employing the rhetoric of continental Protestantism while inhibiting the implementation of any fundamental change.
Genotypic Diversity of Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum) Populations in California
Authors: Wilen Cheryl A. , Holt Jodie S. , Ellstrand Norman C. , Shaw Ruth G.
Published: May 2019

Using starch gel electrophoresis, we examined the genetic variability of kikuyugrass collected from three golf course sites within its geographical range in California. These experiments were conducted to determine the method of spread of kikuyugrass in areas where it is considered invasive. Samples from roughs and fairways of each of these locations were compared. of the 354 plants examined, 12 different genotypes were identified by isozyme analysis, and only three of the nine putative loci varied among the genotypes. Two genotypes, representing 73% of the plants examined, were found at all three geographic locations. Our results imply that under common golf course practices, kikuyugrass is maintained by clonal reproduction. We conclude that low genetic variation does not preclude a plant species from being an aggressive invader.
Soybean (Glycine Max) Cultivar Tolerance to San 582H and Metolachlor As Influenced by Soil Moisture
Authors: Osborne Bradley T. , Shaw David R. , Ratliff Randall L.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted in 1991 and 1992 to evaluate differential soybean cultivar tolerance to SAN 582H and metolachlor applied PRE, as influenced by soil moisture. Eighteen d after planting, a 3× rate of SAN 582H (3.0 kg ai ha−1) reduced plant populations of ‘Wright,’ ‘Bedford,’ and ‘Stonewall’ and metolachlor did not. At leaf drop, neither herbicide reduced crop height with optimum moisture. With excessive moisture, 3× rates of SAN 582H reduced plant height of Wright, Bedford, ‘Walters,’ ‘Young,’ ‘Brim,’ and ‘Bryan,’ and metolachlor reduced height of ‘Sharkey.’ The greatest yield reductions were due to excessive moisture, regardless of herbicide. Neither herbicide reduced yields with optimum moisture nor did a 1× rate with excessive moisture. However, with excessive moisture, a 3× rate of metolachlor (5.0 kg ai ha−1) reduced yield of Bedford by 470 kg ha−1, and the 3× rate of SAN 582H reduced yield of ‘Rhodes,’ Walters, and ‘Centennial’ more than 500 kg ha−1. Overall, soybean tolerance to both herbicides was good, but if used above recommended rates and with excessive moisture, injury can occur.
Effect of Wetting and Drying of Soil on Sorption and Biodegradation of Atrazine
Authors: Shelton Daniel R. , Sadeghi Ali M. , Karns Jeffrey S. , Hapeman Cathleen J.
Published: May 2019

Short term incubations (4 d) were conducted to assess the effect of a wetting/drying cycle on atrazine sorption, as well as biodegradation, as a function of various atrazine concentrations (ca. 5, 10, and 25 μg g−1soil) and levels of added crop residues (0, 5, and 10% cornstalks by weight), using a technique that allowed independent analysis of soluble and sorbed atrazine. Soil solution atrazine concentrations decreased, and KdSincreased with increasing crop residues. The sorptive capacity of cornstalks for atrazine was estimated to be 860 μg g−1vs 28 μg g−1for unamended soil. Drying and rewetting resulted in lower soil solution concentrations and decreased extraction efficiencies (13 to 22%) for sorbed atrazine; the effect was most pronounced with added cornstalks. High recoveries of14C from soils (combustion data) indicated that atrazine was not lost to volatilization. Rapid rates of biodegradation were observed in cornstalkamended soils shortly after rewetting; degradation was not observed in unamended soil. A longer incubation (6 wk) was conducted with ca. 10 μg g−1atrazine and 5% cornstalks to assess metabolites and kinetics of biodegradation. Atrazine disappearance was observed after ca. 2 wk with concomitant production of deethyl- and deisopropyl-atrazine at a ratio of ca. 2:1. Dealkylated-atrazine accumulated after ca. 3 wk; there was no evidence for hydroxy-atrazine production. These data suggest that biodegradation may play an important role in atrazine losses in the field despite wetting/drying cycles. In addition, there may be apparent losses of atrazine due to decreased extraction efficiencies as a consequence of wetting/drying cycles, resulting in underestimation of field residues.
Effect of Soil Organic Matter on the Interaction Between Nicosulfuron and Terbufos in Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Diehl Kevin E. , Taylor Sarah L. , Simpson David M. , Stoller Edward W.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soil organic matter on the synergistic interaction between nicosulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide, and the insecticide terbufos in corn. Terbufos was applied infurrow at planting to soils containing 1, 3, and 5% organic matter and nicosulfuron was applied POST to corn at the three-leaf growth stage. The combination of terbufos and nicosulfuron reduced corn fresh weight 75, 45, and 41 % in soils containing 1, 3, and 5% organic matter, respectively. Terbufos increased [14C]nicosulfuron uptake into corn grown in both 1 and 5% organic matter soils. Terbufos decreased epicuticular leaf wax deposition on corn leaves by 35 and 18% in 1 and 5% organic matter soils, respectively. [14C]Nicosulfuron was completely metabolized after 24 h in the absence of terbufos. In the presence of terbufos, 19 and 11% of intact [14C]nicosulfuron remained 24 h after treatment while 11 and 6% remained after 48 h in the 1 and 5% organic matter soils, respectively. In vivo acetolactate synthase activity was reduced to 3 and 20% of control by nicosulfuron at 24 h and to 6 and 38% of control at 48 h, respectively, in the 1 and 5% organic matter soils that contained terbufos. These experiments indicated that soil organic matter is an important factor in determining the level of injury expected from the synergistic interaction between nicosulfuron and terbufos in corn.
Effect of Bud vs Rosette Growth Stage on Translocation of14C-Glyphosate in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Authors: Hunter James H.
Published: May 2019

The effect of photoperiod and growth stage on translocation of14C-glyphosate was compared in Canada thistle plants at the bud and rosette stage of growth. Canada thistle plants grown under controlled environment conditions with a 10 h photoperiod remained as low growing rosettes and developed a mature root system. When the photoperiod for half of these plants was increased to 16 h, stem elongation occurred and flowering was initiated. Growth stage at the time of application affected the distribution of14C-glyphosate within the elongated shoot and between the shoot and root. The shoot tissue of the bud stage plants contained 25.9% of the14C-glyphosate recovered, while the rosette plants contained only 3.6%; a seven-fold difference.14C-glyphosate was applied to leaves 19 and 20, which corresponded to the mid-point of the elongated stem of the bud-stage plants. In the bud-stage plants,14C-glyphosate moved preferentially into the apical portion of the stem, with three to four times as much in the apical portion of the elongated stem as in the basal portion. In the roots, the effect of growth stage on distribution of14C-glyphosate was reversed, application at the rosette stage resulted in a four-fold increase in the amount of14C-glyphosate in the root. When applied in the rosette stage, 19.1% of the14C-glyphosate detected was in the root compared to only 4.9% when applied at the bud stage. Although the root of the rosette plants was larger than in bud-stage plants, the concentration of14C-glyphosate in the root tissue of the rosette plants was three times greater. Photoperiod indirectly affected the distribution of14C-glyphosate in Canada thistle by its effect on growth.
Pinto Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Varietal Tolerance to Imazethapyr
Authors: Bauer Troy A. , Renner Karen A. , Penner Donald , Kelly James D.
Published: May 2019

Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine if differences existed in pinto bean varietal tolerance to postemergence application of imazethapyr under field conditions; if differences in tolerance were due to differential acetolactate synthase enzyme sensitivity or differences in14C-imazethapyr absorption, translocation, and metabolism; and the heritability of imazethapyr tolerance in pinto bean. All rates of imazethapyr injured Olathe, Sierra, UI-114, P89405, Aztec, and P90570 pinto bean varieties 7 d after treatment in 1991 and 1992, except 53 g ai ha−1of imazethapyr applied to Sierra pinto bean in 1991. Olathe was injured more than other varieties in 1991, and physiological maturity of Olathe was delayed more than Sierra in 1991 and 1992. Seed yields of all varieties were not reduced in 1991, and only P90570 had reduced seed yields from 53 g ha−1of imazethapyr in 1992. Differential sensitivity of the acetolactate synthase enzyme to imazethapyr was not the mechanism of differential varietal response. Olathe pinto bean absorbed and translocated 1.4 and 1.3 times more14C-imazethapyr, respectively, than Sierra pinto bean 24 h after application. No differences in14C-imazethapyr metabolism were detected between Olathe and Sierra pinto bean. Broad heritability of imazethapyr tolerance in pinto bean was calculated to be 0.85. The number of genes controlling the inheritance of imazethapyr tolerance in pinto bean was greater than one.
Effects of Environmental Stress on Weed/Crop Interactions
Authors: Patterson David T.
Published: May 2019

All environmental factors that influence plant growth potentially can affect the ability of weeds and crops to exploit the environmental resources for which plants compete. Stressful levels of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water and nutrient availability influence weed/crop interactions directly and also may interfere with (or enhance) weed control. Weed and crop species differing in photosynthetic pathway (C3vs C4) are likely to respond differently to many of these factors. Long-term changes in the atmospheric concentrations of CO2and other radiatively-active “greenhouse gases” may exert direct physiological and indirect climatic effects on weed/crop interactions and influence weed management strategies. This review focuses on the effects of temperature, light, soil nutrients, water stress, and CO2concentration on weed/crop interactions with consideration of the potential impact of climate change.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of AC 263,222 in Selected Soybean (Glycine Max) Cultivars
Authors: Newsom Larry J. , Shaw David R. , Hubbard Thomas F.
Published: May 2019

The goal of this research was to determine if differing levels of tolerance to AC 263,222 exist in soybean.14C-AC 263,222 was foliar-applied to ‘Coker 6955,’ ‘Hartz 6686,’ ‘Hutcheson,’ ‘9581 Pioneer,’ ‘9681 Pioneer,’ and ‘RA 606’ soybean cultivars. Differential absorption of14C-AC 263,222 was evident among cultivars 48 and 96 h after application. Movement out of the treated leaf was both acropetal and basipetal, indicating xylem and phloem mobility. Although absorption and translocation differences occurred among cultivars, these differences do not explain the differential response of soybean cultivars to AC 263,222. Metabolism of14C-AC 263,222 differed greatly among cultivars and increased with time. Ninety-six h after application, 9581 Pioneer metabolized 66% of the absorbed14C-AC 263,222, compared to RA 606, which metabolized only 41%. The large differences in metabolism that occurred 48 and 96 h after application suggest that metabolism is responsible for the differential response of soybean cultivars to AC 263,222.
Soil Temperature and Water Effects on Dissipation of Commercial and Starch Encapsulated Atrazine Formulations
Authors: Vail Gordon D. , Hickman Michael V. , Schreiber Marvin M.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers to evaluate the effects of temperature and soil water content on the time of dissipation of commercial (CF) and starch encapsulated (SE) atrazine formulations to one-half the original concentration (T50). SE samples were also analyzed for the amount of atrazine remaining within the starch particles (percent encapsulation). The dissipation of CF atrazine was affected by changes in temperature and soil water content. SE atrazine dissipation was most influenced by changes in soil water content rather than temperature. Independent of soil water, there was no atrazine dissipation from any formulation at 15 C. The T50 for CF atrazine at 20% soil water content was 53.4 and 29.9 d for 25 and 35 C, respectively. At 20% soil water content, all SE treatments gave a T50 greater than 60 d. The percent starch encapsulation at 20% soil water content was greater than or equal to 55.8 and 30.4% for SE large and SE small, respectively. This high level of encapsulated atrazine accounts for the reduced SE dissipation observed at 20% soil water content. At 40% soil water content, the dissipation of CF and SE small atrazine were not different for either 25 or 35 C. Compared to the CF, the SE large formulation extended the T50 by 7.4 and 6.7 d at 25 and 35 C, respectively. At 40% soil water content, there was no encapsulated atrazine present in SE formulations 60 DAT.
Effects of Ground Cover and Formulation on Herbicides in Runoff Water from Miniature Nursery Sites
Authors: Wilson P. Chris , Whitwell Ted , Riley Melissa B.
Published: May 2019

Granules of isoxaben plus trifluralin and liquid applications of isoxaben plus oryzalin were applied to miniature nursery plots covered with plastic, woven landscape fabric, or gravel with no cover. Herbicide concentrations were monitored in runoff water over a 30 d period. Runoff losses of isoxaben from the sprayable formulation applied to gravel were 5% greater than from plastic and 4% greater than losses from fabric in 1992. Similarly, oryzalin losses from the sprayable formulation applied to gravel were 7% greater than losses from plastic and 4% greater than losses from the fabric ground cover. In contrast, loss of isoxaben from the granular formulation applied to plastic was 7% greater than loss from gravel in 1993. Isoxaben losses from the granular formulation applied to fabric were intermediate. Trifluralin losses from the granular formulation applied to plastic and fabric were both 3% greater than losses from gravel. In addition, isoxaben losses from the granular formulation were 11 and 10% greater than loss from the sprayable formulation applied to the plastic and fabric-covered plots, respectively. Isoxaben losses from the sprayable formulation applied to gravel were 11% greater than losses from the granular formulation. In an experiment to determine herbicide release patterns and the effect of light on residues from the granular formulation of isoxaben and trifluralin in irrigation effluent, water was monitored for 36 d. Approximately 20% of the applied isoxaben and 7% of the applied trifluralin was detected in irrigation water during the 36 d period. These studies indicate that runoff losses and the ultimate fate of isoxaben, oryzalin, and trifluralin applied in nursery settings depend on factors including ground cover composition, herbicide formulation, and photochemical degradation.
Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of Modified Monoterpenes Structurally Similar to Cinmethylin
Authors: Vaughn Steven F. , Spencer Gayland F.
Published: May 2019

The preemergence herbicide cinmethylin is a benzyl ether derivative of the monoterpene 1,4-cineole. Other oxygenated monoterpenes (carvone, citronellol, fenchone, geraniol, and pulegone) were previously found to inhibit the germination and growth of several weed species while exhibiting low phytotoxicity to soybean. Benzyl ether derivatives of these oxygenated monoterpenes were synthesized and examined for preemergence and postemergence activity towards corn, soybean, wheat, and velvetleaf. Benzyl pulegyl ether exhibited the most preemergence activity when applied directly to the soil, completely inhibiting wheat and velvetleaf emergence at 1.0 kg ha−1while reducing soybean emergence 80%. Several of the benzyl ethers were more inhibitory to velvetleaf radicle elongation relative to cinmethylin but less inhibitory to corn and wheat radicle elongation in petri dish bioassays. Several of the benzyl ethers exhibited limited postemergence activity when applied at 1.0 kg ha−1to seedlings of the test species 10 d after emergence. The benzyl ether derivatives demonstrated altered selectivity and sensitivity as compared to the parent compounds and cinmethylin.
Physiological Basis for Differential Sensitivity to Sulfentrazone by Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) and Coffee Senna (Cassia occidentalis)
Authors: Dayan Franck E. , Weete John D. , Hancock H. Gary
Published: May 2019

Consistent with field observations, sicklepod exhibited considerable tolerance to sulfentrazone, and coffee senna showed relatively high sensitivity to this herbicide in greenhouse tests. Germination was not inhibited in either species at up to 12.9 μM of the herbicide. However, the chlorophyll content of herbicide-treated coffee senna cotyledonary leaves was greatly reduced, and seedlings died within 10 d after treatment, while sicklepod seedlings were not visibly affected. Shoot height of coffee senna was inhibited 90% by sulfentrazone at 0.5 kg ai ha−1, while the growth of sicklepod was not affected up to 2.0 kg ai ha−1. Root uptake of radiolabeled sulfentrazone was 74% greater in coffee senna than sicklepod, but the amount of radioactivity recovered from the shoots of both species after 12 h was not different. Eighty-three percent of the parent compound remained in coffee senna leaf tissue after 9 h root exposure to the herbicide. In contrast, sicklepod took up relatively less sulfentrazone through the root and metabolized sulfentrazone in the foliage more rapidly than coffee senna, with 91.6% of the herbicide being metabolized during the first 9 h of exposure. These results suggest that the tolerance of sicklepod to sulfentrazone is primarily due to a relatively high rate of metabolism of the herbicide compared to coffee senna.
Resistance to Aryloxyphenoxypropionate and Cyclohexanedione Herbicides in Green Foxtail (Setaria virdis)
Authors: Heap Ian M. , Morrison Ian N.
Published: May 2019

Resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione herbicides (ACCase inhibitors) was characterized in five green foxtail populations from western Canada. Field histories indicated that these populations were exposed to up to seven applications of diclofop-methyl and sethoxydim over the previous ten years. Major differences occurred among the populations in their levels of resistance and patterns of cross-resistance. With one exception, R/S ratios calculated from GR50values derived from growth room experiments varied from 2 to 54 depending on the population and herbicide. The exception was UM131 which was at least 75 times more resistant to sethoxydim (R/S > 2981) than the other populations. UM59 was not resistant to sethoxydim. It was also the least resistant to the other herbicides with R/S ratios ranging from 2 for fenoxaprop-p-ethyl to 8 for diclofop-methyl. In comparison, UM8 was resistant to diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, sethoxydim, and tralkoxydim with R/S ratios of 11, 5, > 39, and 27, respectively. In field experiments, shoot dry weights of UM8 treated at two times the recommended rates of these herbicides were reduced by 9, 45, 74, and 49%. In contrast, the susceptible population, UM7, was completely controlled. UM7 and UM8 did not differ in their response to trifluralin, ethalfluralin, quinclorac, propanil and TCA.
Adjuvant-Increased Glyphosate Uptake by Protoplasts Isolated from QuackgrassElytrigia repens(L.) Nevski
Authors: De Ruiter Hans , Meinen Esther
Published: May 2019

Protoplasts were isolated from quackgrass to investigate the influence of two surfactants and ammonium sulfate on glyphosate uptake. Without adjuvants, the uptake of glyphosate was not detectable. The uptake of the reference compound 2-aminoisobutyric acid was linear with time and was inhibited 60% in the presence of 10 μM carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazone. Glyphosate uptake increased in the presence of both surfactants and ammonium sulfate. After 0.5 h of incubation the internal glyphosate concentration was 37% of the external concentration (100 μM) in the presence of 0.025 g L−1Ethomeen T/25, 21% in the presence of 0.25 g L−1Atplus 201, 13% with 5 mM ammonium sulfate, and 20% with 50 mM ammonium sulfate. The surfactant treatments did not reduce either the viability or the internal pH (= 7.1) as judged by fluorescein diacetate staining or 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione distribution, respectively. The treatments with ammonium sulfate slightly increased the internal pH. The concentration of Ethomeen T/25 required to disrupt the protoplasts was 0.075 g L−1; Atplus 201 did not disrupt the protoplasts at concentrations up to 10 g L−1.
A Comparison of Methods to Predict Weed Seedling Populations from the Soil Seedbank
Authors: Cardina John , Sparrow Denise H.
Published: May 2019

Accurate prediction of potential weed seedling density would allow growers to implement control measures more effectively and could help avoid inappropriate and over application of preemergence herbicides. We compared three methods for handling soil samples to predict potential weed seedling emergence in plow-disk and no-tillage corn: seedling emergence from greenhouse trays, emergence from intact cores, and seed extraction following sieving. Seedbank numbers were highest for common lambsquarters followed by annual grasses and redroot pigweed, and seed numbers were higher in no-tillage than plow-disk plots. Coefficients of variation typically exceeded 60%. Density of seedling emergence from cores was more similar to field density than was emergence from trays. The percent of seeds in the seedbank that emerged was commonly more than 90% for annual grasses and usually less than 20% for common lambsquarters. All methods gave equivalent and relatively poor predictions of field population density. Spearman rank correlation between predicted and actual populations ranged from low negative values for common lambsquarters in no-tillage to 0.60 for annual grass emergence from trays in 1991. No method consistently gave highest correlations in both years and both tillage systems. Seedling emergence from intact cores, evaluated for 4 yr in plow-disk and no-tillage soybean fields, was significantly correlated (rs= 0.15 to 0.68) with emergence in the field. Pooling data from three to five neighboring sample sites increased the correlation between core and field emergence densities.
Effects of Vernalization on Flowering in Ripgut Brome (Bromus diandrus)
Authors: Gleichsner Jean A. , Appleby Arnold P.
Published: May 2019

Ripgut brome has a quantitative response to vernalization in relation to flowering. In greenhouse studies, cold treatment (5 ± 2 C) of 2, 4, or 6 wk shortened the vegetative period, but longer exposure did not further decrease the time required to flower. Plants vernalized as imbibed seeds for 8 wk took 17 d to flower following transfer from cold treatment to the greenhouse. Unvernalized controls flowered 53 d after planting in the greenhouse. Greatest total seed dry weight and vegetative shoot dry weight were produced by unvernalized plants, whereas lengthening periods of vernalization from 2 to 8 wk decreased both parameters. The percent of total seed dry weight to total shoot dry weight was significantly greater for vernalized plants than unvernalized controls. In field studies, ripgut brome plants established in the fall flowered sooner after resumption of growth in the spring than those planted in the spring. Plants seeded after April failed to flower until the following spring.
Dynamics of Seed Bank and Survivorship of Meadow Salsify (Tragopogon pratensis) Populations
Authors: Qi Meiqin , Upadhyaya Mahesh K. , Turkington Roy
Published: May 2019

Seasonal changes in germination behaviour of meadow salsify seeds buried at different depths, and survivorship of seed and plant populations were investigated. Freshly matured seeds were mixed with sterilized soil, placed into nylon mesh bags, and buried at three soil depths in a meadow salsify-infested rangeland. Two germination peaks were observed: one in the fall, 2 to 3 mo after burial, and a second the following spring. Burial depth affected seed dormancy. The number of seeds with enforced dormancy, and innate or induced dormancy, increased with burial depth in the 1989 cohort, and the number with enforced dormancy increased in the 1990 cohort. Burial depth also affected seed survivorship. The survivorship curves for 1989 and 1990 seed cohorts were not different as indicated by the Logrank test. The seed population was nearly depleted after 9 to 10 mo of burial; less than 3 % of the buried seeds remained viable after 13 mo. About 50% of the plants monitored in a natural meadow salsify population in 1990 died before winter, and an additional 35% died during winter. The mortality of the remaining plants during the second growing season was very low. Only 12% of the 1990 cohort remained in October 1991. Mortality of meadow salsify plants was density-independent.
Phytochrome Action in Seed Germination of Fringed Sage (Artemisia frigida)
Authors: Bai Yuguang , Romo James T. , Hou Junqiang
Published: May 2019

Seeds (achenes) of fringed sage were collected in central Saskatchewan in 1987, 1990, and 1991, and studies were conducted to determine the effects of imbibition time before brief or prolonged exposure to red (R) and far-red (FR) light on germination. A majority of the seeds required light for germination, but a substantial proportion germinated in darkness. Phytochrome controlled germination, and its activity was influenced by the duration of imbibition and by seed collections. At least 8 h of imbibition were required before phytochrome was activated by R light. The stimulation of germination could be reversed by FR light, and this suppression subsequently could be reversed by exposure to R light. Variable light requirements for germination of fringed sage can be met following large- or small-scale disturbances or in relatively undisturbed conditions.
Effects of Tillage on Chlorimuron Persistence
Authors: Baughman Todd A. , Shaw David R. , Rhodes G. Neil , Mueller Thomas C.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted in Mississippi on a Marietta loam during 1988, 1989, and 1990, and in Tennessee on a Statler loam during 1988 and 1989, to determine effect of tillage on chlorimuron persistence. A corn shoot bioassay was conducted to determine bioavailable chlorimuron in the soil. Tillage system affected chlorimuron persistence only in 1989 at Tennessee. Chlorimuron half-life was 10 to 31 d longer in both tillage systems in Mississippi in 1988 compared to 1989 and 1990, probably due to low soil moisture immediately after application in 1988. In Tennessee, chlorimuron half-life was 71 d shorter in the no-till system in 1988 compared to 1989. Differences did not occur between locations in the conventional tillage system in 1989. Differences in chlorimuron persistence between years and locations were most often attributed to soil water and temperature. Soil pH differences between the two locations did not consistently affect chlorimuron persistence.
The limits of extended naturalistic exposure on the perceptual mastery of English /r/ and /l/ by adult Japanese learners of English
Authors: Takagi Naoyuki , Mann Virginia
Published: May 2019

To evaluate the effect of extended adult exposure to authentic spoken English on the perceptual mastery of English /r/ and /l/, we tested 12 native speakers of English (A), 12 experienced Japanese (EJ) who had spent 12 or more years in the United States, and 12 less experienced Japanese (LJ) who had spent less than one year in the United States. The tests included the forced-choice identification of naturally produced /r/s and /1/s and the labeling of word-initial synthetic tokens that varied F2 and F3 to form an /r/-/l/-/w/ continuum. The F.Js’ mean performance in both tasks was closer to that of the As than the LJs, but nonetheless fell short. Extended exposure may improve /r/-/l/ identification accuracy; it does not ensure perfect perceptual mastery.
Phonological and lexical development in normal and late-talking toddlers
Authors: Thal Donna J. , Oroz Melinda , McCaw Valerie
Published: May 2019

Toddlers in the lowest tenth percentile for lexical production, based on parental report (late talkers), were compared with age- and language-matched controls on measures of phonetic complexity, lexical development, and grammatical complexity. Late talkers were placed in the pre-meaningful speech group if they produced fewer than 10 different words or in the meaningful speech group if they produced more than 10 different words in a spontaneous language sample. Late talkers who had entered the meaningful speech stage scored higher than those who had not on most of the measures of phonology, lexical, and grammatical complexity in intelligible speech, but not on measures of phonological development in babble. These results are compatible with other studies that found an overlap between phonology, lexicon, and grammar, as well as with those that suggested the importance of true consonant production for lexical development.
Is There a Trump Effect? An Experiment on Political Polarization and Audience Costs
Authors: Evers Miles M. , Fisher Aleksandr , Schaaf Steven D.
Published: May 2019

Does President Trump face domestic costs for foreign policy inconsistency? Will co-partisans and opposition-partisans equally punish Donald Trump for issuing flippant international threats and backing down? While the president said he could “stand in the middle of Fifth Avenue and shoot somebody” without losing voters, the literature consistently shows that individuals, regardless of partisanship, disapprove of leaders who jeopardize the country’s reputation for credibility and resolve. Given the atypical nature of the Trump presidency, and the severe partisan polarization surrounding it, we investigate whether the logic of audience costs still applies in the Trump era. Using a unique experiment fielded during the 2016 presidential transition, we show that Republicans and Democrats impose equal audience costs on President Trump. And by varying the leader’s identity, between Donald Trump, Barack Obama, and “The President,” we demonstrate that the public adheres to a non-partisan logic in punishing leaders who renege on threats. Yet we also find Presidents Trump and Obama can reduce the magnitude of audience costs by justifying backing down as being “in America’s interest.” Even Democrats, despite their doubts of Donald Trump’s credibility, accept such justifications. Our findings encourage further exploration of partisan cues, leader-level attributes, and leader-level reputations.