bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of dimery, pentamery and the monocarpellary condition in the monocot family Stemonaceae (Pandanales)
Authors: Rudall Paula J. , Cunniff Jennifer , Wilkin Paul , Caddick Lizabeth R.
Published: May 2010

Outstanding questions on floral structure in the small family Stemonaceae (Pandanales) include whether the gynoecium is monocarpellary, whether they possess floral nectaries, and how dimery and pentamery evolved in the family. To help resolve these issues we present new data on comparative floral anatomy in three genera of Stemonaceae in the context of a revised phylogenetic analysis using a "total evidence" approach with combined data from three genes (plastid rbcL, atpB and nuclear 18S rDNA) plus morphology. The monocarpellary condition is a synapomorphy for a clade comprising Croomia, Stemona and Stichoneuron, and the unilocular tricarpellary condition is an autapomorphy for Pentastemona. Nectaries are absent, but the densely papillate tepals may function as osmophores, especially in Croomia and Stichnoneuron. The hypothesis that the pentamerous condition in Pentastemona evolved as a result of suppression of an outer tepal and stamen, and thus represents an intermediate stage between trimery and dimery, is not contradicted by its phylogenetic placement as sister to other Stemonaceae, which are dimerous. However, since pentamery also occurs sporadically in the closely related family Triuridaceae, and dimery (and/or tetramery) occur in other Pandanales, this indicates that merism is relatively labile within the order, and that dimery and pentamery have both evolved separately and iteratively from a trimerous condition.
Vicariance and dispersal in the alpine perennial Bupleurum stellatum L. (Apiaceae)
Authors: Schönswetter Peter , Tribsch Andreas
Published: May 2010

Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), we explored the intraspecific phylogeography of the alpine vascular plant Bupleurum stellatum (Apiaceae), disjunctly distributed in the Alps and Corsica. Within the Alps, the species' distribution area is also not contiguous, spatially isolated groups of populations occuring in the Dolomites (Italy) and the Montafon (Austria). A main goal of our study was to explore the degree of differentiation of the isolated populations in Corsica, the Dolomites and the Montafon from the populations in the main distributional area and to test for hypotheses of vicariance or dispersal. We also sought a better general knowledge of glacial refugia of low alpine silicicolous plants. Phenetic as well as cladistic analyses of the AFLP multilocus phenotypes reveal a substantial north‐south split through the contiguous distribution area of B. stellatum in the Alps. The resulting phylogeographic groups can be related to glacial refugia in peripheral areas of the Alps that were recognised in previous studies. The disjunct populations in Corsica, the Dolomites and the Montafon, however, are less strongly differentiated. For example, the Corsican population clustered with high bootstrap support with populations from the Eastern Alps, suggesting immigration to Corsica from that region. Our study shows that deep phylogeographic splits resulting from old vicariance events can be concealed by presently contiguous distribution areas. In contrast, disjunctions, if they are due to dispersal events, need not be accompanied by genetic divergence.
Typification of Linnaean plant names in Urticaceae
Authors: Monro Alex , Spencer Mark A.
Published: May 2010

Lectotypes and epitypes are designated for seven previously untypified Linnaean plant names belonging to the family Urticaceae. These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier but ineffective or supersedable type statements are discussed.
Gamochaeta serpyllifolia Wedd. (Compositae: Gnaphalieae), the correct name for Gamochaeta munnozii Cabrera
Authors: Pruski John F.
Published: May 2010

Gamochaeta munnozii Cabrera was proposed as a new name for South American Gnaphalium serpyllifolium Remy (1849), non Bergius (1767). Weddell (1855), however, had proposed Gamochaeta serpyllifolia and included Gnaphalium serpyllifolium Remy in synonymy. Thus, Gamochaeta serpyllifolia is the correct name for this taxon. A lectotype is chosen for Gnaphalium serpyllifolium Remy.
The confusing identity of Agave wislizeni (Agavaceae)
Authors: Villarreal José A. , Estrada Eduardo , Starr Greg , de la Rosa Manuel
Published: May 2010

The use of the name Agave wislizeni Engelm. is controversial. There is uncertainty about the type locality, the original description is vague, and the illustrations and specimens that have been associated with this name have only added further to the confusion. According to the description and possible type localities, A. wislizeni could be confused with what is now known as A. parryi Engelm., A. parrasana A. Berger or A. ovatifolia Starr & Villarreal. However, because A. wislizeni was originally proposed as a substitute name for A. scabra Salm‐Dyck, its identity can be resolved as a synonym of A. asperrima Jacobi.
Validation of Rhododendron huadingense (Ericaceae), the name of a species endemic to China
Authors: Ding Bing-Yang , Jin Xiao-Feng
Published: May 2010

While preparing a revision of Rhododendron subgen. Tsutsusi (Ericaceae), we found that Rhododendron huadingense B. Y. Ding & Y. Y. Fang, described from Zhejiang Province in 1990, was not a validly published name because two collections were designated as the type. The name is validated here, with the flowering specimen designated as the holotype.
Validation of the name Blachia chunii (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Zhang Ruiquan
Published: May 2010

It has been found that Blachia chunii Y. T. Chang & P. T. Li described from Guangdong Province, China was not validly published because two collections were designated as type. The name is validated here, with the flowering specimen designated as holotype.
Validation and neotypification of Paeonia rockii subsp. linyanshanii (Paeoniaceae)
Authors: Zhu Xiangyun , Hong Tao
Published: May 2010

“Paeonia rockii subsp. linyanshanii T. Hong & G. L. Osti” was not validly published in 1994 because it was assigned to “Paeonia rockii (S. G. Haw & L. A. Lauener) T. Hong & J. J. Li”, which was not then a validly published name. Although the species name was validated in 1998 as Paeonia rockii (S. G. Haw & L. A. Lauener) T. Hong & J. J. Li ex D. Y. Hong, P. rockii subsp. linyanshanii has still not been validly published, although P. suffruticosa var. linyanshanii J. J. Halda was validly published in 1997. P. rockii subsp. linyanshanii is validated here, based on Handa’s varietal name, and, because the holotype was not preserved, a neo‐type is designated.
Ecological differentiation of Mediterranean endemic plants
Authors: Thompson John D. , Lavergne Sébastien , Affre Laurence , Gaudeul Myriam , Debussche Max
Published: May 2010

A striking feature of the Mediterranean flora concerns the high rates of narrow endemism within many regions. The prevailing paradigm for the evolution of such endemism relies on an important role of geographic isolation and allopatric speciation. Until recently there has been little work on the precise ecological differences among endemic plants and their congeners in the Mediterranean region and the potential role of ecological specialisation in isolation and speciation. This paper has two objectives. First, we evaluate general ecological differences among endemic and widespread congeners in the flora of the western Mediterranean. The results and review of the literature attest to consistent patterns of ecological differentiation among endemic species and their more widespread congeners. Second, we present results of a detailed study of morphological, molecular and ecological differentiation in a group of spring‐flowering MediterraneanCyclamenspecies. This study illustrates how differentiation in geographically peripheral and ecologically marginal populations may contribute to the diversification of endemic species whose contemporary distributions are disjunct from con‐generic species.
The evolutionary basis of reproductive isolation in Mediterranean orchids
Authors: Cozzolino Salvatore , Widmer Alex
Published: May 2010

The extraordinary floral diversity in orchids reflects the importance of orchid‐pollinator associations in orchid evolution, and pollination biology is regarded as a driving force in orchid diversification and speciation. As a consequence, a prominent role has been attributed to the specificity of orchid‐pollinator associations and to pollinator mediated pre‐mating barriers for maintaining reproductive isolation among orchid species. Changes in floral morphology, coloration or odor may lead to the attraction of different pollinators and to the occupation of different ethological niches. Although this concept is appealing, it does not find strong support in Mediterranean orchids, subtribe Orchidinae, where phylogenetic studies have revealed that speciation is not strictly associated with shifts in pollination biology and where numerous literature reports described the wide occurrence of hybridization. Most Mediterranean orchids are food‐deceptive, by generally mimicking rewarding plants, and the low specificity of this pollination strategy is the main cause of the observed hybridization. Genetic analyses of hybrid zones have revealed that most hybrid individuals were first generation hybrids. These findings, together with the absence of polyploid chromosome numbers, suggest that hybridization is of limited importance as basis for speciation in Mediterranean orchids. However, strong karyotype differences between closely related species that share pollinators, suggest that chromosomal changes play a prominent role in reducing hybrid fitness and maintaining reproductive isolation among sympatric Mediterranean orchid species.
Cladistic and phenetic analyses of relationships in Vicia subgenus Cracca (Fabaceae) based on morphological data
Authors: Leht Malle
Published: May 2010

Variation of 89 multistate morphological characters in 44 species of Vicia subgen. Cracca was investigated with cladistic and phenetic methods using Lathyrus sylvestris and Pisum elatius as outgroups. The subgenus appears monophyletic; the Ervum group is supported as a section. Sections Vicilla and Cassubicae appear monophyletic when V. amoena is moved to section Cassubicae. Placement of V. biennis in a separate section is supported, sections Variegatae and Panduratae are nested in section Cracca, and section Pedunculatae is not supported as monophyletic. Use of different outgroups results in slightly different substructures for sect. Cracca.
IUCN Red List assessment and the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation: taxonomists must actnow
Authors: Callmander Martin W. , Schatz George E. , Lowry Porter P.
Published: May 2010

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) sets a series of ambitious targets for 2010 to stem the loss of plant diversity. Target 2 calls for a preliminary assessment of the conservation status of all known plant species, at national, regional and international levels, but with less than 3% of global diversity assessed to date, the process must be greatly accelerated. This can best be done by mobilizing plant taxonomists to identify species that are threatened (or potentially threatened) using available distribution data from herbaria and other sources, and by including preliminary IUCN Red List assessments in all their taxonomic works. Emphasis should be placed on rare taxa with restricted ranges, which are the most likely to be at risk. Sufficient data are available for preliminary assessment of nearly all species, thereby limiting the number that must be relegated to “data deficient” status (DD). The taxonomic community can play a unique role in fulfilling the GSPC goals, but we must act quickly.
Typification ofCodriophorus fascicularis(Grimmiaceae)
Authors: Bednarek-Ochyra Halina , Ochyra Ryszard
Published: May 2010

A taxonomic and nomenclatural history ofCodriophorus fascicularis(Hedw.) Bednarek‐Ochyra & Ochyra (≡Trichostomum fasciculareHedw.;Racomitrium fasciculare(Hedw.) Brid.) is presented. In the absence of original material of this species in the Hedwig herbarium at Geneva, figure 28 on table 47 in the DillenianHistoria Muscorumof 1741 is selected as lectotype and a corresponding specimen preserved in his personal herbarium at Oxford is chosen as epitype of this species name. The epitype specimen is described and illustrated, and it represents the typical morphophase of the taxon characterized by the presence of short tuft‐like horizontal lateral branchlets. The nomenclatural status ofBryum lutescensDicks. (≡Trichostomum lutescens(Dicks.) P. Beauv.) andRacomitrium virescensLindb. is briefly discussed, and these names are considered to be legitimate. Both names are lectotypified and their synonymy withCodriophorus fascicularisis, thereby, confirmed.
Lectotypification of Callicocca ipecacuanha Brot. and neotypification of Cephaelis acuminata H.Karst., with reference to the drug ipecac
Authors: de Boer Hugo J. , Thulin Mats
Published: May 2010

The main pharmacopoeias cite the roots of Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) A.Rich. (≡ Callicocca ipecacuanha Brot.) and Cephaelis acuminata H.Karst. as the source of the crude drug ipecac. However, C. acuminata does not occur in botanical literature, except in connection with the original description, and this falls entirely within the variation of the widespread and variable Cephaelis ipecacuanha. Callicocca ipecacuanha was described from Brazil, but no type specimen has been found and the name is here lectotypified with an illustration from the protologue. For Cephaelis acuminata, described from Colombia, no original material is extant, and a recent specimen from Colombia is here selected to serve as neotype. In the most recent revision of the group the name Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson is used for the species.
Nomenclatural synopsis of Marantaceae in Thailand
Authors: Suksathan Piyakaset , Borchsenius Finn
Published: May 2010

Five genera of Marantaceae with a total of 14 species occur in Thailand. Full nomenclatural citations are provided with notes on typification, synonyms and distribution of all taxa. One generic and eleven species names are lectotypified; one species name is neotypified; twenty‐two new synonymisations are reported; the new combination Stachyphrynium repens (Körn.) Suksathan & Borchs. is also made. Important taxonomic characters for species delimitation and their variation within and between taxa are discussed where new synonymy is included.
Species level phylogeny of the genus Cornus (Cornaceae) based on molecular and morphological evidence—implications for taxonomy and Tertiary intercontinental migration
Authors: Xiang Qiu-Yun (Jenny) , Thomas David T. , Zhang Wenheng , Manchester Steven R. , Murrell Zack
Published: May 2010

DNA sequences were generated for matK and ITS for 68 and 103 samples of Cornus to reconstruct a species level phylogeny of the genus. The results support the monophyly of most subgenera, except subg. Kraniopsis and subg. Cornus. Subgenus Kraniopsis was suggested to exclude C. peruviana from South America and subg. Afrocrania and subg. Sinocornus were nested within subg. Cornus. Four major clades corresponding to groups also recognizable by morphological differences were revealed: the big‐bracted dogwoods (BB) including subg. Cynoxylon, subg. Syncarpea, and subg. Discocrania, the dwarf dogwoods (DW) including subg. Arctocrania, the cornelian cherries (CC) including subg. Cornus, subg. Sinocornus, and subg. Afrocrania, and the blue‐ or white‐fruited dogwoods (BW) including subg. Kraniopsis, subg. Mesomora, and subg. Yinquania. This finding is consistent with previous studies with more limited sampling. The single South American species C. peruviana was found to be sister to the Asian C. oblonga of subg. Yinquania, adding a fourth intercontinental disjunction in the genus that was previously unknown. Species relationships within the subgenera were clearly resolved except for the relatively large subg. Syncarpea and subg. Kraniopsis. Phylogenetic analyses of total evidence combining morphology, matK, ITS, and previously published rbcL and 26S rDNA sequences resolved the relationships among subgenera as (BW(CC(BB, DW))). Biogeographic analyses using DIVA with or without fossils resulted in different inferences of biogeographic history of the genus, indicating the importance of fossil data in biogeographic analyses. The phylogeny based on the total evidence tree including fossils supports an origin and early Tertiary diversification of Cornus in Europe and multiple trans‐Atlantic migrations between Europe and North America by the early Tertiary. It also supports that distribution of the few species in the southern hemisphere was not ancestral, but a result of migration from the north. This evidence rejects a previous hypothesis of a southern hemispheric origin of the genus.
Phylogeography of plants in Taiwan and the Ryukyu Archipelago
Authors: Chiang Tzen-Yuh , Schaal Barbara A.
Published: May 2010

Taiwan and Ryukyus constitute an archipelago lying on the western rim of the Pacific Ocean. In contrast to volcanic islands that often arise sequentially, these continental islands emerged almost simultaneously as the Luzon arc collided with the Eurasian margin some 9 million years ago (Mya). Taiwan and Ryukyus attained their modern features and their current flora and fauna from the adjacent mainland and from tropical Asia only 5–6 Mya. Quaternary glaciation led to a drop in sea level of the South China Sea and a land bridge that connected the Taiwan‐Ryukyu Archipelago to the mainland, which allowed plants and animals to migrate across what was previously ocean. These islands provided refugia for northern species that migrated south during glacial periods, as indicated by unanticipated high levels of genetic diversity in island populations of plants like Cunninghamia and Pinus. For most insect‐pollinated species, allozymes and nuclear DNA markers indicate significant genetic differentiation between populations and between geographical regions of the archipelago. In contrast, organelle based DNA markers suggest a migrant‐pool model, where colonists are recruited from a random sample of source populations. Consistent with this model, low elevation species have high genetic heterogeneity within populations and low levels of genetic differentiation between populations. In contrast, colonization of alpine species appeared to follow a phalanx model due to the limited availability of high elevation habitats. Genetic differentiation was detected between fragmented populations of the alpine species. A scenario of stepwise colonization from the mainland to near and then distant islands remains to be tested, although several studies indicate no such pattern. These conflicting results challenge the ability to define clear conservation criteria for the rare plant species of the archipelago.
Molecular systematics of Syzygium and allied genera (Myrtaceae): evidence from the chloroplast genome
Authors: Biffin Ed , Craven Lyn A. , Crisp Michael D. , Gadek Paul A.
Published: May 2010

With as many as 1000 included species, Syzygium s.l. (including Syzygium and segregate genera such as Acmena, Acmenosperma, Cleistocalyx, Piliocalyx, and Waterhousea) comprises one of the major lineages within Myrtaceae, and is an important component of the Old‐World tropical rainforest flora. As with other large genera, high species richness, an extensive distribution and relative homogeneity in morphology have hindered attempts to divide Syzygium s.l. Here, we investigate higher level relationships within the group, using parsimony and Bayesian analyses of cpDNA sequences from the matK and ndhF genes and the rpl 16 intron, generated for a total of 87 species from the Syzygium group and eight outgroup taxa. Within the ingroup, four major well supported clades are found, which form a basal polytomy along with S. wesa and monotypic Anetholea. Generally, the molecular data provide little support for traditional divisions of Syzygium s.l., and the recognition of segregate groups such as Acmena, Acmenosperma, Cleistocalyx, Piliocalyx and Waterhousea. While homoplasy amongst morphological characters has misled attempts to divide the group, detailed and critical assessments of placental, ovular and seed morphology may provide novel insights into evolutionary relationships, and are an important future step in the development of a sound higher level taxonomy for Syzygium s.l.
Origin and relationships of the austral genusAbrotanella(Asteraceae) inferred from DNA sequences
Authors: Wagstaff Steven J. , Breitwieser Ilse , Swenson Ulf
Published: May 2010

Relationships of the small austral genus Abrotanella are uncertain. It was previously included in the Anthemideae or more recently in the Senecioneae. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 39 accessions that included most species of Abrotanella and putative relatives including Blennosperma, Crocidium and Ischnea. These four genera have been considered to form subtribe Blennospermatinae. Our results suggest that the Blennospermatinae are polyphyletic; Blennosperma, Crocidium and Ischnea form a well‐supported clade nested within the Senecioneae, while Abrotanella forms another well‐supported clade that is distinct from these genera and its sister is not resolved. Molecular dating of Abrotanella suggests that the lineage initially diverged during the early Miocene. Secondary species radiations in Australasia and in southern South America that occurred 3 million years ago undoubtedly reflect long‐distance dispersal, colonization and speciation. Both the ITS region and the 5' trnK/matK chloroplast DNA intron gave similar divergence estimates. The estimates were also robust to changes in the tree topology and to the different methods used to calculate divergence times.
Phylogenetic context, generic affinities and evolutionary origin of the enigmatic Balkan orchidGymnadenia frivaldiiHampe ex Griseb.
Authors: Bateman Richard M. , Rudall Paula J. , James Karen E.
Published: May 2010

Although originally ascribed to the genus Gymnadenia R. Br. (Orchidinae: Orchidaceae), the Balkan endemic orchid G. frivaldii Hampe ex Griseb. has since been more frequently assigned to Pseudorchis Séguier (syn. Leucorchis E. Mey., Bicchia Parl.). Molecular phylogenetic analysis using the ITS region of rDNA reveals a large disparity between the two genera and demonstrates that frivaldii is embedded well within Gymnadenia s.s. Macromorphological and SEM studies further elucidate the floral and vegetative similarities between G. frivaldii and Pseudorchis, notably the heterochronically reduced gynostemium and small, short‐spurred labellum; these similarities represent convergent evolutionary transitions, whereas other characters such as contrasting stigma and tuber morphologies provide stronger phylogenetic signals. The sequence‐based phylogeny suggests that G. frivaldii represents one of three cases of independent paedomorphic floral reduction inferred in the genus; simplification has been more severe than in G. odoratissima but less severe than in the closely related Gymnadenia subgenus Nigritella. Alternatively, an effectively instantaneous evolutionary origin through hybridisation with a (most likely diploid) species of subgenus Nigritella remains possible. Reports of rare hybridisation between G. frivaldii and members of subgenus Nigritella are acceptably well documented, whereas reports of hybridisation with several other more phylogenetically distant orchid species (including the often sympatric Pseudorchis albida) are considered less secure.
Notes on the infrageneric classification of Festuca L. (Gramineae)
Authors: Müller Jochen , Catalán Pilar
Published: May 2010

Based on results of recent phylogenetic studies, two new sections of Festuca L. (F. sect. Lojaconoa, F. sect. Dimorphae) are described from the Euromediterranean region. Festuca sect. Lojaconoa is typified by Festuca coerulescens and also includes F. patula. Festuca sect. Dimorphae is typified by F. dimorpha and also includes F. laxa and F. pseudolaxa. Differentiation of these groups from other tax, traditionally considered related [i.e., Festuca sect. Subbulbosae Nyman ex Hack. and F. sect. Amphigenes (Janka) Tzvel.], is discussed. Festuca sect. Subbulbosae is lectotypified. The correct names of the species hitherto known as Festuca carpatica F. Dietr. and F. triflora Desf. are F. pseudolaxa Schur and F. patula Desf., respectively.
Comparative morphology and rhizome anatomy of two new species of Zygophlebia (Grammitidaceae) from Madagascar and notes on the generic circumscription of Zygophlebia and Ceradenia
Authors: Rakotondrainibe France , Deroin Thierry
Published: May 2010

The recognition of two new Malagasy species of Grammitidaceae, Zygophlebia goodmanii and Z. anjanaharibensis, puts into question some morphological and anatomical features separating the related genera Zygophlebia and Ceradenia, which until now were mainly defined based on neotropical taxa. The two new species share with Zygophlebia and Ceradenia subgen. Filicipecten a rhizome with dorsiventral symmetry and an amphiphloic siphonostele, well‐differentiated phyllopodia, a deeply pinnatifid lamina without hydathodes at the tips of veins, and glandular receptacular paraphyses. Because of the non‐waxy translucent exudates of their paraphyses, the two new taxa are placed in the genus Zygophlebia, in spite of their mostly free leaf veins. Peculiar vascular gaps, unrelated to phyllopodial insertions and distinctive of Zygophlebia, are found in the rhizome stele of Z. goodmanii. The lack of setiform hairs and the distal sori location in Z. anjanaharibensis do not allow for linking this species to any of the three groups previously described by Bishop in Zygophlebia.
A new species of Keteleeria (Pinaceae) in the Shanwang Miocene flora of China and its phytogeographic connection with North America
Authors: Wang Yu-Fei , Xiang Qiao-Ping , Ferguson David K. , Zastawniak Ewa , Yang Jian , Li Cheng-Sen
Published: May 2010

The presence of Keteleeria in the Miocene of eastern China is confirmed by the discovery of a cone, winged seeds, and leafy shoots. These are described and compared with other fossil and recent representatives. The best match was with K. rujadana, a K. fortunei‐like fossil from the Oligocene of Oregon, U.S.A. The presence of similar, if not identical taxa, on both sides of the Pacific indicates that in the Mid‐Tertiary exchange between East Asia and North America via the Beringian land‐bridge was still possible. With global cooling in the Tertiary, this thermophilic conifer became scarce. Its present restricted distribution dates from the Quaternary.
Typification of Conferva pectinalis O. F. Müll. (Bacillariophyceae) and the identity of the type of an alleged synonym, Fragilaria capucina Desm.
Authors: Tuji Akihiro , Williams David M.
Published: May 2010

The application of the generic name Fragilaria has remained uncertain because the identity of the lectotype, Conferva pectinalis O. F. Müll., is unknown. Traditionally Fragilaria capucina Desm. has been considered a synonym of F. pectinalis, although this synonymy has not been confirmed. Application of the generic name Fragilaria can best be fixed by designating an epitype for C. pectinalis that fits the current circumscription of the genus (sensu Williams & Round). As epitype for C. pectinalis, we designate a specimen that Dillwyn thought to be representative of that species. We also examined the type material of F. capucina. Specimens from this material have a rimoportula at each pole and open girdle bands. Although the first character was not part of the revised definition proposed by Williams & Round, F. capucina can be placed in Fragilaria on account of the structure of its striae and the general appearance of the basal siliceous layer. Fragilaria capucina is, however, clearly not a synonym of F. pectinalis.
Typification of some T. Hedlund names in Sorbus L. (Rosaceae)
Authors: Rich Tim C. G. , Hjertson Mats , Moberg Roland
Published: May 2010

Teodor Hedlund was a Swedish botanist who published nearly 50 new names or combinations in Sorbus L. (Rosaceae). Lectotypes are designated for Sorbus arranensis Hedlund, S. minima (Ley) Hedlund, S. quercifolia Hedlund and S. subsimilis Hedlund. The lectotypification of S. anglica Hedlund by A. J. Wilmott is rejected and a new lectotype selected. Notes are given on typification of S. rupicola (Syme) Hedlund. "Sorbus globulifera Hedlund ex Riddelsdell" is not validly published and the material it is based on is part of the variation in S. aria (L.) Crantz.
Typification of Linnaean plant names in Apiaceae
Authors: Jarvis Charles E. , Reduron Jean-Pierre , Spencer Mark A. , Cafferty Steve
Published: May 2010

Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated by fifteen specialists for 99 Linnaean plant names belonging to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier but ineffective or supersedable type statements are discussed where appropriate.
Conserving Acacia Mill. with a conserved type. What happened in Vienna?
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , van Wyk Abraham E. , Luckow Melissa , Schrire Brian
Published: May 2010

This note documents the events and conduct that led to the acceptance of Report 55 of the Permanent Committee for Spermatophyta concerning the conservation of Acacia Mill. with a new type. The procedures followed by the Nomenclature Section of the XVII th International Botanical Congress (IBC) held in Vienna, Austria, in July 2005, are also outlined and briefly described in accordance with the provisions of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) for dealing with committee reports. This controversial proposal to retypify Acacia Mill. from an African to an Australian type was accepted by the Committee for Spermatophyta, the General Committee, and the Nomenclature Section, a recommendation ratified by the final closing plenary session of the IBC. The ICBN emanating from the XVIIth IBC will include Acacia Mill., with a conserved type, in Appendix IIIA Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda. For those who choose to follow the traditional classification system that applies the name Acacia in a broad sense to a heterogeneous assemblage of species comprising a number of subgenera, this decision holds no implications at generic level. However, should the alternative classification which segregates a broadly defined Acacia into a number of genera be followed, then the name Acacia would apply in a strict sense to the mainly Australian wattles (previously Acacia subg. Phyllodineae—now A. subg. Acacia—of the traditional system.)
Climate changes and tree phylogeography in the Mediterranean
Authors: Petit Rémy J. , Hampe Arndt , Cheddadi Rachid
Published: May 2010

The Mediterranean Basin is expected to be more strongly affected by ongoing global climate change than most other regions of the earth. Given the magnitude of forecasted trends, there are great concerns for the particularly rich biodiversity found in the region. Studies of the consequences of past climate shifts on biodiversity represent one of the best sources of data to validate models of the ecological and evolutionary consequences of future changes. Here we review recent findings from palaeoecology, phylogeography and climate change research to (1) explore possible antecedents of the predicted climate warming in the younger geological history of the Mediterranean Basin, (2) assess how tree populations have reacted to them, and (3) evaluate the significance of the evolutionary heritage that is at stake. A major question of our retrospective approach is whether Quaternary tree extinctions took place primarily during glacial or during interglacial episodes. Available data are scanty and somewhat conflicting. In contrast, abundant phylogeographic evidence clearly indicates that the bulk of genetic diversity in European temperate tree species is almost invariably located in the southernmost part of their range. Long‐term persistence of isolated populations have been common phenomena in the Mediterranean, to the point that the current genetic structure in this area probably often reflects population divergence that pre‐dates the onset of the Mediterranean climate in the Pliocene. In particular, Tertiary migrations into the Mediterranean of tree taxa originating from Asia seem to have left their footprints in the current genetic structure in these slowly evolving organisms. Moreover, phylogeographic studies point to heterogeneous rates of molecular evolution across lineages that are inversely related with their stability. We conclude that relict tree populations in the Mediterranean Basin represent an evolutionary heritage of disproportionate significance for the conservation of European plant biodiversity.
Geographic structure of molecular variation of Gentiana ligustica (Gentianaceae) in the Maritime and Ligurian regional hotspot, inferred from ITS sequences
Authors: Diadema Katia , Bretagnolle François , Affre Laurence , Yuan Yong-Ming , Médail Frédéric
Published: May 2010

The Maritime and Ligurian Alps represent a regional hotspot of plant biodiversity found in the Mediterranean. Historical factors, complex geomorphology and habitat diversity may have played key roles to mould the biogeographical singularity of this area. This study represents the first regional phylogeographic attempt to better assess the complex evolutionary history of an endemic plant (Gentiana ligustica), which is found throughout this hotspot, across a large altitudinal and ecological gradient. Here, we examine how historical and topographical factors have affected the geographic structure of sequence variation at internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal DNA. Sequence data revealed a fine‐scale geographical structure of molecular variation, and the presence of contact areas between groups of populations differentiated by ITS ribotypes. A comparison between the sequence distribution and topography suggests that the genetic structure of G. ligustica is the result of isolation and drift. Combined phylogeographic, Pleistocene glaciation, topographic and geologic data suggest the presence of several genetically differentiated refugia, at the margins of the ice sheets in the southern part of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps during the last two glaciations (Riss and Würm), as well as in some valleys and cliffs during the Würm.
Relationships of the genus Azorella (Apiaceae) and other hydrocotyloids inferred from sequence variation in three plastid markers
Authors: Andersson Lennart , Kocsis Marianna , Eriksson Roger
Published: May 2010

Relationships of genera traditionally referred to the subfamily Hydrocotyloideae (Apiaceae), with emphasis on Azorella, were estimated using sequence variation in the markers matK, rbcL, and rps 16. The analyses were based on a combined dataset comprising 66 taxa represented by 134 sequences (29 matK, 40 rbcL, and 65 rps 16) as well as partial datasets constructed from individual markers and combinations of them. The results confirm previous observations that the hydrocotyloids are an unnatural assemblage of taxa from at least four different groups, of which one belongs to Araliaceae and the remaining ones to Apiaceae. The recently recognized subfamilies Mackinlayoideae and Azorelloideae are supported, with the possible exclusion of Platysace from the former and the addition of Asteriscium, Diposis, Domeykoa, Drusa, Homalocarpus, Laretia, Oschatzia, and Pozoa to the latter. Within Azorelloideae, the Azorella, Bowlesia, and Asteriscium clades are identified, although relationships among them are obscure. The genus Azorella occurs in two subclades that also include other genera, and is obviously paraphyletic as presently conceived. The Azorella sections Cirrhosae and Ciliatae are probably also paraphyletic.
Phylogenetic relationships and generic boundaries in the Episcieae (Gesneriaceae) inferred from nuclear, chloroplast, and morphological data
Authors: Clark John L. , Herendeen Patrick S. , Skog Laurence E. , Zimmer Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2010

Episcieae is the most diverse tribe of Gesneriaceae, with 22 genera and over 700 species, or roughly 21% of all Gesneriaceae. The tribe is restricted to the Neotropics and is characterized by axillary flowers derived from a pair–flowered cyme inflorescence by reduction, a three–trace trilacunar node with split lateral bundles, superior ovaries, and with most members having a haploid chromosome number of n = 9 [n = 8 in Codonanthe and Nematanthus]. Most traditionally recognized genera in Episcieae are either known to be non–monophyletic or have not been represented adequately in phylogenetic analyses to test their monophyly. This paper presents phylogenetic analyses utilizing two molecular [the internal transcribed spacer region of 18S–26S nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) and the trnH–psbA intergenic spacer for 155 species] and one morphological (99 characters for 120 species) datasets, combined in a total evidence analysis. All traditionally recognized genera of Episcieae except for the monotypic genus Lampadaria are represented. Of the 21 sampled genera in Episcieae, 16 are represented by the generic type species. The genera Glossoloma and Crantzia are segregated from the genus Alloplectus as traditionally recognized. Other genera that are strongly supported as monophyletic include Alsobia, Columnea (with the inclusion of C. dielsii), Corytoplectus, and Episcia. Drymonia is weakly supported and is shown here to be morphologically diverse and in need of further evaluation. Evolution of fruit structure is examined in the context of the phylogenetic results presented here with two previously unreported features that are here referred to as capsules with tardily dehiscent and non–dehiscent endocarps. Three independent origins of resupinate flowers are inferred for Glossoloma, Nematanthus, and Crantzia. Strongly supported clades have centers of diversity in southeastern Brazil (Nematanthus, Codonanthe, Codonanthopsis, and Paradrymonia anisophylla), northern South America (Alloplectus, Drymonia, Columnea, Neomortonia), Central America (Alsobia, Oerstedina, Rufodorsia, Cobananthus), and two clades with diversity in the Guiana Shield [(Paradrymonia, Nautilocalyx, Chrysothemis) and (Lembocarpus, Cremersia, Rhoogeton)]. Neomortonia, a genus of three species, is poorly supported due to conflict among datasets.
Nuclear and plastid DNA sequences confirm the placement of the enigmatic Canacomyrica monticola in Myricaceae
Authors: Herbert Jane , Chase Mark W. , Möller Michael , Abbott Richard J.
Published: May 2010

Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of the plastid rbcL gene were used to obtain a phylogenetic frame–work for the New Caledonian endemic genus Canacomyrica (monotypic). A further analysis of selected genera within Fagales combining DNA sequences of the rbcL gene, plastid trnL–F region and nuclear ITS region was also performed. In all analyses Canacomyrica fell into a well–supported clade in which it occupied a position as sister to the remaining genera of Myricaceae. A chromosome number of 2n = 16, consistent with Myricaceae, is reported for Canacomyrica for the first time. On the basis of the phylogenetic data and numerous shared morphological features, the original placement of Canacomyrica in Myricaceae is accepted. Canacomyrica is distinguished from other members of the family by the presence of staminodes in the female flower, a six–lobed perianth and a lamellular, laciniate style. The affinities of Myricaceae within Fagales are re–evaluated in the light of the unusual morphological features of Canacomyrica. The significance of staminodes in Canacomyrica is discussed with reference to pollination syndrome and incomplete suppression of male function in Myricaceae. A lectotype is designated for the name Canacomyrica monticola Guillaumin.
Willi Hennig on transformation series: metaphysics and epistemology
Authors: Rieppel Olivier
Published: May 2010

This paper investigates Willi Hennig's approach to homology in terms of character transformation series. Hennig adopted the botanist Walter Zimmermann's empirico–critical approach to systematics, which Zimmermann defended against "typological systematics" as expounded by the botanist B. H. Danser. In developing his concepts of (sym)plesiomorphy and (syn)apomorphy, Hennig built on J. H. Woodger's formal approach to homology in terms of symbolic logic and set theory. Woodger's formalization of the relation of homology, and Hennig's use of it, are discussed in the light of modern approaches to developmental biology.
The new genus Minaria (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae)
Authors: Konno Tatiana U. P. , Rapini Alessandro , Goyder David J. , Chase Mark W.
Published: May 2010

Combined analyses of plastid regions indicate that the genus Ditassa (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) is polyphyletic and reveal a highly supported clade composed of shrubby species with minute leaves. These molecular data provide clear support for the recognition of a segregate genus from Ditassa, which we propose here as Minaria. Keys to distinguish Minaria from closely related genera and to identify the species of Minaria are provided. Eighteen nomenclatural combinations are proposed and the new species M. campanuliflora is described. The new genus is centred on eastern Brazil with two more widely distributed species extending as far as eastern Bolivia and NE Argentina. All the species occur in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and it is from Minas that the name is derived; fourteen are endemic to the Espinhaço Range, and most are narrow endemics.
Validating subfamily, genus and species names in Loasaceae (Cornales)
Authors: Weigend Maximilian
Published: May 2010

The new generic names Nasa, Xylopodia, Aosa, Presliophytum and Chichicaste, the subfamily name Petalonychoideae (all in Cornales, Loasaceae), the new species Blumenbachia exalata, Nasa cuatrecasasii, N. orbicularis, N. pilovena, N. profundiserrata, N. rufipila and Presliophytum arequipensis and the new combinations Aosa gilgiana, A. parviflora, A. plumierii, A. rostrata, A. rupestris, A. uleana, Chichicaste grandis, Nasa rubrastra, Presliophytum incanum and P. heucheraefolium are validly published. These names appeared in a PhD thesis submitted to the Ludwig–Maximilians Universität München, Germany, in 1997. Being printed and distributed to over 60 libraries, this thesis met the formal requirements for effective publication of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature then in force, but is no longer effectively published as a result of a retroactive change in the rules adopted at the International Botanical Congress in Vienna in 2005. As a result, the new names appearing in the thesis were not validly published and the nomenclatural novelties ineffective. The new names published in this thesis are validated here since they have found widespread use in numerous publications; moreover, the new generic delimitations have been confirmed by molecular studies. New species and combinations described in the genera concerned in publications other than the thesis will be validly published elsewhere.
Poaceae Raddianae: an updated nomenclatural and taxonomical evaluation of G. Raddi's Brazilian Poaceae
Authors: Baldini Riccardo M. , Wagner Hilda-Maria Longhi
Published: May 2010

The original collections of the new taxa described by Raddi in his Agrostografia brasiliensis, collected during his expedition to Brazil (1817–1818), housed at PI, FI and BOLO Herbaria, were critically reviewed, including those of thirty–five new species and one new variety. In the present study, nomenclatural and taxonomic updates are provided. A treatment of some species described by Bertoloni (1819, 1820) on Raddi's Brazilian collections is also provided.
Typification of plant names in Thymelaeaceae published by Linnaeus and Linnaeus filius
Authors: S. Zachary , Spencer Mark A.
Published: May 2010

Twenty four lectotypes, and three neotypes are designated for 27 plant names (25 at species rank and two at varietal) belonging to the family Thymelaeaceae and published by Linnaeus and Linnaeus filius. Epitype specimens are designated for three of the lectotypes. Of the species names, three were first published by J. R. & G. Forster and became the nomenclatural basis of names adopted by Linnaeus filius. All type choices made here are intended to support current usage of their respective names.
Typification of names inGnaphaliumL. andHelichrysumMill. (Asteraceae), and some taxonomic notes
Authors: Galbany-Casals Mercè , Sáez Llorenç , Benedí Carles , Jarvis Charles E.
Published: May 2010

As a part of a research study on the systematics of the genus Helichrysum in the Mediterranean and Irano–turanian area, 53 new typifications of names in Gnaphalium and Helichrysum belonging to taxa in Helichrysum sect. Stoechadina, H. sect. Helichrysum and H. sect. Virginea are presented, along with some additional comments on the nomenclature of the names involved and on the taxonomy of the taxa to which they apply. Twenty–three previously published typifications of names of taxa belonging to these sections are also listed and, in some cases, commented upon. The accepted taxa of Helichrysum for which we propose typification of accepted names or synonyms, or upon which we make comments, are, alphabetically: H. angustifolium (Lam.) DC., H. arenarium (L.) Moench, H. arenarium subsp. aucheri (Boiss.) P. H. Davis & Kupicha, H. armenium DC., H. crassifolium (L.) D. Don, H. doerfleri Rech. f., H. errerae Tineo, H. graveolens (M. Bieb.) Sweet, H. italicum (Roth) G. Don, H. italicum subsp. microphyllum (Willd.) Nyman, H. orientale (L.) Gaertn., H. pallasii (Spreng.) Ledeb., H. pamphylicum P. H. Davis & Kupicha, H. picardii Boiss., H. plicatum DC., H. pygmaeum Post, H. rupestre DC., H. sanguineum (L.) Kostel., H. sibthorpii Rouy, H. stoechas (L.) Moench, H. taenari Rothm. and H. virgineum DC.
Nomenclatural notes on AsianApocynaceae, subfamiliesRauvolfioideaeandApocynoideae
Authors: Middleton David J.
Published: May 2010

A number of new combinations, lectotypifications and a neotypification are made for the forthcoming floristic accounts of the Apocynaceae subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae for the Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et Du Vietnam, and Flora Malesiana. Four new combinations are made. Forty–one lectotypes are designated, of which five were previously claimed to be holotypes and, being published post–2000, are no longer effective as lectotypifications. One neotype is also designated.
Typification of the names Achillea millefolium var. collina and A. pannonica (Asteraceae, Anthemideae)
Authors: Danihelka Jiří , Saukel Johannes
Published: May 2010

The name Achillea collina was not validly published by L. Reichenbach in "Flora germanica excursoria" (1832), as generally believed, but by H. G. Reichenbach in "Icones florae Germanicae et Helveticae" (1854). A lectotype and an epitype are proposed to fix the current use of the name A. collina. With the same purpose, a neotype is designated for the name A. pannonica Scheele.