bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remembering Victory—Commemorating Defeat? The Franco-British Trafalgar Centenary in 1905
Authors: Taithe Bertrand
Published: February 2012

This chapter explores the centenary of Trafalgar in 1905, not only from the British but especially from a French perspective. That year marked the shift from memory and narrative iteration at first hand to commemoration. It analyses history and memory both from the perspective of 1905 — in the contexts of the recent Entente Cordiale with Britain and the dismantling of the Napoleonic religious consensus — as well as of the subsequent historiography of that period. It explores the paradox of French participation in remembering defeat and concludes that — while going against the general thrust of French commemoration of 1805 — French celebrations in 1905 fitted with a pattern of memorializing past conflicts.
The National Maritime Museum’s 2005 Exhibition, ‘Nelson & Napoléon’: Intention and Reception
Authors: Lincoln Margarette , Daunton Martin
Published: February 2012

This chapter reflects critically on the National Maritime Museum' 2005 blockbuster exhibition ‘Nelson & Napoléon’. It identifies and explains significant gaps between the intentions of Museum Trustees, management, and curators on the one hand, and public reception and responses on the other, with respect both to the composition of the exhibition audience and to ‘meaning making’. It suggests that public responses to the 2005 anniversary indicate that Britain is beginning to take its maritime heritage more seriously, a process that is expected to continue with the complex bicentenary of the abolition of the slave trade in 2007.
The International Politics of EU-China Relations
Authors: Fei Liu
Published: February 2012

The European Union and China have emerged as new international actors. They have an increasingly diverse relationship covering the economy, politics, technology, culture and education; but beyond these two-way linkages EU–China development is also changing the international political environment. One noted US scholar, David Shambaugh, has pointed to a ‘Strategic Triangle’ between the US, the EU, and China. Several other major actors such as Japan, India and Russia are also interested in the ‘EU factor’ in their relations with China; or the ‘China factor’ in their EU relations. This volume presents contributions from scholars from Europe and China, which debate the nature, problems and potential of the emerging strategic relationship between the EU and China. Several papers develop theoretical approaches to regionalism and inter-regionalism. This book provides an overview of EU–China relations and the wider international context, and it will be of interest to anyone interested in international relations.
Diplomacy for Integration: The Economic Aspect of Chinese Foreign Policy
Authors: BAIYI WU
Published: February 2012

This chapter provides an overview of China's new economic diplomacy and the interaction between economic and political statecraft under globalization. Although in the past China adopted a ‘politics first’ approach to economic relations, now the economic priorities of China's development take clear precedence. This has three main implications. The first is that, under the ‘going out’ strategy, China has much more in the way of society-society relations than in the past. Second, in geographical terms, China is increasingly focused on regional integration and new forms of developing world cooperation. Third, China's diplomacy is increasingly pluralistic: both meeting obligations under existing rules and regimes but gradually reforming these in its own interests.
The Role of France in Sino-European Relations: Central or Marginal?
Authors: CABESTAN JEAN-PIERRE
Published: February 2012

This chapter argues that the efficacy of the intergovernmental process in external relations is weakening, as a result of three factors: enlargement, and notably the accession of the Central and East European (CEE) states; continued strategic dependence on NATO; and a desire to repair the transatlantic breach over Iraq. These have made Europeanization much more complex but at the same time limited the capacity of the Big Three to build consensus in the intergovernmental process. Thus, although discursively the EU's policy on China sounds like France's, in practice on the five problem areas identified by Cabestan (embargoes, Taiwan, human rights, trade, and the market economy) the trend is towards a Euro–American convergence. However, this analysis depends upon a particular interpretation of what is tactical and structural in the USA– Europe–China triangle.
EU–China Security Relations: The ‘Softer’ Side
Authors: BAILES ALYSON J. K. , WETTER ANNA
Published: February 2012

This chapter states the question starkly: between two such mismatched partners, is it not natural to wonder whether someone is being fooled and someone profiting unduly. The discussion then proceeds to an audit of Chinese–European interaction in areas of security restraint, whether defined in terms of issues (demilitarization, non-proliferation, confidence-building, and peace-keeping) or levels (Asian sub-regional and regional, inter-regional, and global). It concludes that the China–Europe security relationship ‘works’ because of its limits: items on the agenda are limited; China's accommodation of EU goals is limited; the process is limited in its functionalism; and the limits of the EU's ‘soft engagement’ are not revealed because of the ‘hard engagement’ taking place in different parts. Yet it would not be good if hard engagement stood alone; so Europe should intensify its strategy of mutual binding.
Comparative Regionalism: The Logic of Governance in Europe and East Asia
Authors: CALLAHAN WILLIAM A.
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the logics of regionalism in Europe and Asia, comparing European institutional governance with East Asian cultural/ethical governance. It notes that these are not antinomies: both rules and culture are used by those in power to regulate not just what people can do, but what they can be. Where Europeans and Asians differ first is in the sequencing of these alternative logics. Europeans have got themselves in a position where the ethics and culture of being ‘European’ are largely interpreted in the context of institutional conformity. Asians conversely regard institutional conformity as threatening and privilege regional arrangements that defend ethical and cultural integrity. Europe's supranational politics operate from the centre to the periphery; Asia's transnational politics operate from the periphery to the centre.
East Asian Stability and Security: The Roles and Responsibilities of the EU
Authors: HOLTBY CHRISTOPHER
Published: February 2012

This chapter notes that the EU's external policy, like China's, is most strongly focused on its near abroad, but that it adopts an increasingly global perspective, something evidenced in its strategic dialogue process. It then examines five issue areas that have arisen in the EU–China interaction — the Korean peninsula, Iran, Aceh, the Regional Forum of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and cross-Strait relations. Describing the quality and openness of dialogue in these areas as excellent, the discussion nevertheless notes the EU's disappointment at Chinese reluctance to commit more fully to the transparency on which regional confidence-building measures must be founded. It concludes by arguing that the EU's contribution to Asian stability is as much about influencing how its partners act in the world, including in East Asia, as about its direct involvement.
Introduction
Authors: Matthews Elaine
Published: February 2012

This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the origins of ancient Greek personal names. The chapters in this book are from the second Lexicon of Greek Personal Names colloquium held at Saint Hilda's College in March 2003. They explore the mythological and heroic names in the onomastics of Atrax, Thessalian personal names, and Greek interpretation of Iranian names.
Mythological and Heroic Names in the Onomastics of Atrax (Thessaly)
Authors: Decourt Jean-Claude , Tziafalias Athanasios
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines heroic and mythological names in the onomastics in Atrax in Thessaly. It explains that Atrax is just a modest town that until recently had only fifteen inscriptions to its name, but which now number more than 500. The chapter suggests that if there is one aspect of the nomenclature of Atrax that deserves to be emphasized, it is the inspiration which it draws from various facets of Thessalian mythology and from the Achaian substratum.
The Ptolemaic Garrison of Hermoupolis Magna
Authors: Fraser Peter M.
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the personal names of people in the garrison town of Hermoupolis Magna in Middle Egypt in the last quarter of the second century BC. It evaluates whether it is possible to determine where the soldiers of the garrison came from based on their names alone. The findings suggests that the absence of ethnics, along with the survival of rare Greek names, may reflect a long-term settlement in the area.
Semitic Name-Use by Jews in Roman Asia Minor and the Dating of the Aphrodisias Stele Inscriptions1
Authors: Williams Margaret H.
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the dating of the aphrodisias stele inscriptions and the Semitic name-use by Jews in Roman Asia Minor. It investigates the progressive Hebraization of the Jewish onomasticon in western Anatolia between the second and sixth centuries AD and suggests that the Hebraizing trend became increasingly strong in the second half of this period. The chapter asserts that onomastic change during this period reflects changes in society as a whole.
The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Paris Basin: a review
Authors: Allard Pierre
Published: February 2012

The last thirty years have seen increasing numbers of excavations of early Neolithic settlements in the main Paris Basin river valleys. These early Neolithic sites can be seen as part of the Danubian period, and specifically belong to the Rubané and Villeneuve–Saint-Germain–Blicquy cultures. The Paris Basin is also an area with many excavated Mesolithic sites. This chapter presents a review of research into neolithization processes on the westernmost edge of Danubian expansion. The study is mainly based on lithic finds, because recent work has greatly improved our knowledge not only of Early Neolithic, but also of Mesolithic, flint industries in the Paris basin.
Neolithic fragrances: Mesolithic-Neolithic interactions in western France
Authors: Marchand Grégor
Published: February 2012

This chapter considers the Neolithic transition of western France through the relationships between communities of hunter-gatherers and those of farmers. The intention is not so much to place farming pioneers and natives in opposition, but rather to reflect on the traces left by the interactions between technical systems during the ‘availability’ phase. The area considered stretches from the Seine to the Garonne, during the period in broad terms from 5500 to 4700 cal bc. The meeting of the two main currents of the west-European Neolithic expansion, coupled with the continued existence (chronologically ill defined) of Mesolithic groups, created a mosaic process that we are only beginning to analyse, region by region.
Changing places: monuments and the Neolithic transition in western France
Authors: Scarre Chris
Published: February 2012

The suggestion that monuments were not a feature of the initial Neolithic poses anew the question of the Mesolithic contribution to the earliest Neolithic of Atlantic Europe. Put bluntly, are these monuments the consequence of contact and acculturation between incoming farmers and indigenous hunter-gatherers, as was envisaged twenty years ago? If so, what was the nature of the Mesolithic contribution? Was it the forms of the monuments themselves, or did it lie more generally in attitudes to materials, places, and landscape? This chapter suggests that the craggy landscapes of Atlantic Europe may have inspired the construction of megalithic monuments. The new monumentality could as well have been the response of incoming farming communities to these landscapes, however, as a transformation in the behaviour of indigenous foraging groups, who may have envisaged these landscapes in entirely different ways. The landscape beliefs of Mesolithic communities might have played a role in the inception of megaliths, but the scarcity of Mesolithic monuments and the presence of a ‘premonument’ Neolithic suggests that it was the advent of farming groups or farming ideologies that laid the crucial foundations.
The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in western Scotland: a review and new evidence from Tiree
Authors: Mithen Steven , Pirie Anne , Smith Sam , Wicks Karen
Published: February 2012

Although both the Mesolithic and Neolithic of western Scotland have been studied since the early 20th century, our knowledge of both periods remains limited, as does our understanding of the transition between them – whether this is entirely cultural in nature or involves the arrival of new Neolithic populations and the demise of the indigenous Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. The existing data provide seemingly contradictory evidence, with that from dietary analysis of skeletal remains suggesting population replacement and that from settlement and technology indicating continuity. After reviewing this evidence, this chapter briefly describes ongoing fieldwork in the Inner Hebrides that aims to gain a more complete understanding of Mesolithic settlement patterns, without which there can only be limited progress on understanding the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition.
Autism and the Imaginative Mind
Authors: MIELKE ILONA
Published: February 2012

Autism is diagnosed through a symptom of clusters known as the diagnostic triad. One of these is the rigid adherence to routines, repetitive activities, and narrowly focused interests which represent behavioural and cognitive biases due to a lack of imaginative cognition. The other two clusters include impairment in communication and social interaction because of impairments of imagination. These symptoms gave rise to the assumption that autism impairs imagination. Symptoms consistent with this view are prominent throughout the clinical and research profile of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). However, some individuals diagnosed with autism exhibit excellent gifts in the field of creative imagination such as in arts, music, and poetry. Some of these personages who suffered from autism include Samuel Beckett, Albert Einstein, Andy Warhol, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. This claim purports that autism is not only compatible with creative imagination but in some sense promotes it. This chapter discusses the evidence for the impairment of the imagination in ASD and shows how these problems align with the key psychological models of autism. It evaluates the evidence for elements of preserved imagination by considering autistic visual arts and autistic spectrum poetry. It also highlights the implications of the relationship of autism and imagination.
Imaging Imagination: Brain Scanning of the Imagined Future
Authors: KRINGELBACH MORTEN L. , GEAKE JOHN G.
Published: February 2012

Imagination is believed to be made-up of two components. The first one suggests that acts of imagination engage similar networks in the brain to those used for motor and sensory processing during interactions with the real world. The second component purports that the selection processes used in the subcomponents of imagination such as mindedness, anticipation, and counterfactual thinking rely on the subcortical and cortical networks of the brain which consist of components such as the cerebellum, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and cingulate cortex. This chapter reviews the emerging literature on neuroimaging of various components of imagination. Imaging and other neuroscientific techniques offer various possibilities in the architecture of the imaginative mind. It shows how the neural bases of the imaginative activities are organized. Imaginative processes are distributed activities which recruit several brain areas and networks. These complex relations within and between these various networks are illustrated by the Dynamic Workspace Hypothesis. However it is expected that the precise functional roles of these interacting networks can be accurately defined through the advent of brain scanning and neuroimaging, particularly through the technical breakthroughs imagined in a Coda.
William Hugh Clifford Frend 1916–2005
Authors: Liebeschuetz Wolfgang
Published: February 2012

William Hugh Clifford Frend was one of the world's leading historians of the Early Church. The theme of dissent was always central to his projects of research. The themes Frend investigated usually involved controversy over the nature of the Church and its dealing with diversity, above all the question of whether the Church should set out to be a society of saints, a ‘gathered Church’ as he called it, or a society of both saints and sinners living in the world and making compromises with it. He was obviously also very much interested in different attitudes taken by individual Christians and by different groups of Christians towards ‘the powers that be’.
John Malcolm Sabine Pasley 1926–2004
Authors: Reed T. J.
Published: February 2012

Malcolm Pasley achieved a unique authority as a British scholar in a major area of German literary scholarship, the work of Franz Kafka (1883–1924). Good scholars are often blessed with serendipity, the tendency to chance upon what they need without actually looking for it or even knowing it was there. As with candidates for promotion to General, there is sense in Napoleon's question ‘Is he lucky?’. A chance encounter gave Pasley's work a new and unexpected direction; indeed, it turned what would always have been intellectually distinguished into something unquestionably central, and directed his meticulous mind to the most basic literary issues.
Bernard Arthur Owen Williams 1929–2003
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: February 2012

Bernard Williams is considered by distinguished contemporaries from many fields as one of the great, inspirational humanists of his time. Aside from his terrifying brilliance, his dazzling speed of mind and extraordinary range of understanding, his zest, and his glittering wit, he was also admired for the deep humanity that had infused his life and work, and the seriousness with which he had tried to transform the role of the moral philosopher. The paradoxical combination of exhilaration and pessimism, of complete facility in the academic exercises of philosophy juxtaposed with an almost tragic sense of the resistance that the human clay offers to theory and analysis, let alone to recipes and panaceas, made Williams a unique, and uniquely admired, figure in his generation.
A. E. Housman’s Rejected Addresses
Authors: Douglas-Fairhurst Robert
Published: February 2012

This lecture discusses some of the different ways in which a tussle between reticence and release is played out in A. E. Housman's verse. It can be found in allusions that turn individual lines into miniature models of human relations and in its sceptical attention to commonplaces and bits of received wisdom, to name a few. The lecture also shows how the personal and cultural circumstances of Housman's poetry provoked him into the creation of an imagined alternative, which is a world where his unlucky love would be able to find an answer.
The Search for Perfection: Atlantic Dimensions
Authors: Bailyn Bernard
Published: February 2012

This lecture discusses a ‘recipe for bloodshed’ in terms of the popular derivatives of Isaiah Berlin's doctrines, instead of the formal discourses he discussed. It presents a sketch of the fate of perfectionist aspirations in the open amplitudes of the Western Hemisphere. The lecture presents a review of several perfectionist projects of Atlantic dimensions, concluding that the horrors Berlin deplored were derived not from the search for perfection, but from the uses and misuses of power.
Shakespeare, Jonson, and the Invention of the Author
Authors: Donaldson Ian
Published: February 2012

This lecture discusses William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, who were the two supreme writers of early modern England. It reveals that these two writers were intricately and curiously interwoven. The lecture describes their styles of writerly self-presentation and their professional pathways. Shakespeare and Jonson also served as each others' creative stimulant, example, and irritant.
The Invention of Altruism
Authors: Dixon Thomas
Published: February 2012

‘Altruism’ was coined by the French sociologist Auguste Comte in the early 1850s as a theoretical term in his ‘cerebral theory’ and as the central ideal of his atheistic ‘Religion of Humanity’. This book traces this new language of ‘altruism’ as it spread through British culture between the 1850s and the 1900s, and in doing so provides a portrait of Victorian moral thought. Drawing attention to the importance of Comtean positivism in setting the agenda for debates about science and religion, this volume challenges received ideas about both Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer as moral philosophers. Darwin saw sympathy and love, not only selfishness and competition, throughout the natural world. Spencer was the instigator of an Anti-Aggression League and an advocate of greater altruism in Britain’s dealings with the ‘lower races’. The book also sheds light on the rise of popular socialism in the 1880s, on the creation of the idealist ‘altruist’ in novels of the 1890s, and on the individualistic philosophies of Friedrich Nietzsche, Oscar Wilde, and G. E. Moore—authors considered by some to be representative of fin de siècle ‘egomania’. This wide-ranging study in the history of ideas is relevant to contemporary debates about altruism, evolution, religion, and ethics.
Introduction
Authors: Dixon Thomas
Published: February 2012

Prior to 1852, nobody used the word ‘altruism’ to refer to moral sentiments, actions, or ideologies. In that year the philosopher and critic G. H. Lewes approvingly introduced the term to a British readership in an article in the Westminster Review about the latest work by the atheistic French thinker who was credited with its coining—Auguste Comte. The creation and acceptance of this new word made it possible to experience oneself and the world in new ways, to communicate new ethical concepts, and to create new moral and religious identities. This book explains how and why the language of altruism was imported, adopted, resisted, and finally accepted between its first introduction as a strange and unwelcome neologism and its successful naturalization as a ‘traditional term’ in ethical discourse around the turn of the twentieth century.
Encounters with Positivism
Authors: Dixon Thomas
Published: February 2012

To employ the language of altruism was, for much of the Victorian period, to associate oneself directly with Auguste Comte and his philosophy of ‘positivism’. Even in 1897, almost half a century after its first introduction, the dean of Rochester spoke not just about ‘altruism’ but about Comte’s ‘Altruism’. ‘Sociology’, ‘positivism’, and ‘altruism’ were all Comtean terms which could be used as philosophical watchwords or as political banners. This chapter examines the inventor of ‘altruism’ and how he came to have an impact on the English language.
Poverty and the Ideal Self
Authors: Dixon Thomas
Published: February 2012

The 1880s were the pivotal years in Victorian moral thought. A new wave of awareness of the plight of the urban poor was expressed in a range of both practical and intellectual activities. Some, such as Charles Booth, committed themselves to a vast project of social-scientific surveying and classifying of the urban poor. The 1880s was also the decade that saw the flourishing of respectable unbelief. The atheist Charles Bradlaugh took his seat in Parliament, and the agnostic Thomas Huxley became president of the Royal Society. The best-selling novel of the decade, Mrs Humphry Ward’s Robert Elsmere (1888), told the story of an Anglican clergyman losing his faith and founding a new religious brotherhood in the East End of London based on a humanistic reinterpretation of Christianity.
Conclusion
Authors: Dixon Thomas
Published: February 2012

This chapter uses the historical account of Victorian science, religion, and ethics as the basis for some brief reflections on philosophical problems and political pitfalls that are in some cases still associated with concepts of altruism. It was a sense of intellectual confinement that led nineteenth-century theorists such as Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer to invent new words with which to construct new scientific visions of humanity and society. Terms such as ‘sociology’ and ‘altruism’ made those new visions possible. People have now inherited the categories that they created, and those categories can themselves be confining rather than liberating. By providing accounts of the contingent circumstances in which they were created, the intellectual historian can draw attention to the provisional nature of our categories and can thus help to undermine the sense that they are inevitable, or even natural.
Becoming Muslim in Mainland Tanzania, 1890-2000
Authors: Becker Felicitas
Published: February 2012

This book looks at the Muslims in Mainland Tanzania, as well as what people in Southeast Tanzania understood by Islam, or by being Muslim, and what they sought to attain by becoming Muslim. This question may seem contrived: the personal reasons why a set of people, most of whom are now dead, changed their religious allegiance are unrecoverable. The most fundamental problem lies with the timing of the expansion of Islam. It is clearly shown that certain challenges and processes recurred over time in different guises.
From Muslim big men to rural waalimu, 1905–1927
Authors: Becker Felicitas
Published: February 2012

It is clearly stated that religious elements were significant both in starting the war and in living through it, but the origins, content, and reach of these notions are controversial. The changes following Maji Maji, and arguably in some regards the war itself, give a particularly graphic illustration of the transitions that were occurring up and down the Swahili coast. The role of religious figures and ideas in Maji Maji is controversial in several respects. This war was the moment when the claim to be of the coast became part of a popular movement, rather than of the identity of limited groups of traders and big men. The context of the beginnings of rural Islam during 1907–27 is reported. The chapter also addresses the local variations and common themes in the beginnings of rural Islam. The prominence of the Maji Maji War in the history of the region invites the association of the acceptance of Islam with an anti-colonial stance. The new rural Muslims effectively negated the adversarial character of relations between coast and interior in the nineteenth century and reinterpreted the Islamic allegiance of the coast as a connecting rather than a divisive element.
Teachers, elders and shehe: how Islam came to the villages
Authors: Becker Felicitas
Published: February 2012

The contrast between the deep involvement of urban Muslims' exclusionary attitudes in the social struggles of the late pre-colonial period and the absence of references to such struggles in oral accounts of early rural Muslims could give the impression that conversion constituted a slightly anachronistic pursuit of coastal allegiance. Oral sources suggest that conversion occurred as part of an active search for new ritual and social options, and that villagers interpreted their Muslim allegiance to suit the pursuit of divergent aspirations. The ways of conversion among villagers are first described. The chapter also traces how rural Muslims in the inter-war period managed to depart from and reinterpret the problematic associations of Muslim allegiance. It explores the early history of rural mosques, focusing on a group of four mosques founded between c.1925 and 1947. The republicanism of rural Muslims is discussed. Islam had become a fundamental, albeit low-profile, element of social life.
New horizons: the era of independence, 1954–67
Authors: Becker Felicitas
Published: February 2012

The rhetoric and expectations that characterized Tanzania's transition to independence related to many of the issues also involved in the acceptance of Islam: social allegiance, entitlement, and the negotiation of social obligations and ambitions. There are no traces of the Islamic anti-independence party in either the oral or written record of the Southeast. People in East Africa learned to use the rhetoric of progress just as they had learned the jargon of Indirect Rule. A discussion on the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), Muslim notables, and the development of a new progressive style is provided. A closer look at the Muslim networks that supported TANU and their methods helps us to understand the way local people construed their relationship with it. The religious debates and experiments around the time of independence are described. The chapter also reports the reformulation of authoritarianism and the beginnings of disconnection, and the growing isolation of Muslim notables. The endorsement of ‘localist’ styles by national politicians was less an acknowledgement of the value of Tanzania's political heritage than of the importance, and potential difficulty, of keeping the citizens in line.
Creating the AHRC
Authors: Herbert James
Published: February 2012

This is an account of the establishment of the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) from among the Research Councils of the United Kingdom in 2005. It focuses on the campaign carried forward from the 1997 Dearing Report to the 2004 Higher Education Act to establish a public agency investing in humanities and arts research that would be equivalent to those funding natural and social science research. Built on interviews with leading participants, regional and national press coverage, and analysis of influential national studies, this book shows how engagement with contemporary issues — the knowledge economy, devolution, and the expansion of higher education — as well as a long tradition of scholarly excellence, led to the fashioning of a new model funding agency: an agency that addressed frontier issues in the arts and humanities such as increasing the scale of research, substantive collaboration with scientific fields, and explicit consideration of the results of research.
AHRB: The Early Years
Authors: Herbert James
Published: February 2012

The call for a separate Research Council for humanities was initially met with unfavourable comment. Although the government eventually announced support for the creation of such a research council, it was only after lengthy deliberations that the Dearing Report recommendations were finally granted, hence creating the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). This chapter discusses the early years of the AHRC. During these years, the funding of the ARHC was under the prerogative of the Higher Education Funding Council of England (HEFCE). The Funding Council was then initiating new models of funding institutions of higher education and the AHRC was generally given less funding. This neglect of the funding of AHRC discouraged humanities scholars to entail directed research. In 1998, the British Academy through Tony Wrigley asked for additional funds from the HEFCE. Upon the commencement of its official existence, the AHRC with its first chief executive Paul Langford prepared the new Board, planned the creation of the research awards department, and planned the integration of the postgraduate awards section in the British Academy within the overall structure of the new organisation. This new organisation was driven by the goal to improve the breadth and depth of the knowledge and understanding of human culture in the past and in the present and thereby enhance the quality of life and the creative output of the nation.
AHRB on its Own
Authors: Herbert James
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the separation and independence of the AHRB from the HEFCE. In 2001, through the aid of Bahram Bekhradnia, the AHRB gained autonomy from the HEFCE. At the beginning of the fiscal year in April 2001, the ARHB became a company limited by guarantee. In September of the same year, the organisation gained legal status as a charity, hence affording it certain tax advantages. The newly independent company and charity took on new trustees, however it retained its broad responsibilities. It also took on the responsibility for producing its own audited Statutory Accounts. At the same time, the organisation's staff formally transferred to the employment of the ARHB and in the following year additional staff were recruited. In the month of October, the organisation signed a ten-year lease contract on its new office in Whitefriars Building in Bristol. In addition, the organisation was also attaining full realization of its programmes and objectives. It formed three award schemes including the Research Leave scheme. It also created the Fellowships in the Creative and Performing Arts. In addition, the organisation also formed new funding schemes and in 2002, upon the approval of the government, the Research Council funded projects throughout the UK. In sum, as Chief Executive David Eastwood puts it, the ARHB was achieving independence and operating in ways which still mirrored those of the research councils.
In Due Course: The Government Decides
Authors: Herbert James
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses how the government agreed to the commitment of establishing an Arts and Humanities Research Council. Following the achievement, aspiration, and resistance in the early years of the AHRB, Margaret Hodge, who was the Minister of Lifelong Learning and Higher Education in the UK Department of Education and Skills, formulated a Review of Arts and Humanities Research Funding. This review was carried out on behalf of the Ministers responsible for the higher education in England, Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland. The review aimed to recommend how to enhance support for arts and humanities, including how to encourage government support on such relevant issues. Of the 117 responses from the formal consultations, 114 – 97 per cent – agreed to the need for an organisation dedicated to arts and humanities. The review was subjected to the deliberations and considerations of the Steering Group. The report made by the group was eventually given to the Education Ministers. The Report of the Steering Group lauded the AHRB which despite its provisional start and status made contributions to society and the sciences. Whilst the government made slow progress on the approval of the creation of the AHRB, in January 22, 2003 the government approved the establishment of an Arts and Humanities Research Council which according to the government should be a fully functioning and statutory research council by 2005.
Mazzini’s Internationalism in Context: From the Cosmopolitan Patriotism of the Italian Carbonari to Mazzini’s Europe of the Nations
Authors: Isabella Maurizio
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the relationship between Mazzini's vision of international relations and that of the Carbonari, who represented the previous generation of Italian patriots. It argues that, in spite of Mazzini's contempt for the Carboneria's cosmopolitanism, his ideas were heavily indebted to their views. While rejecting 18th-century notions of cosmopolitanism, the Carbonari believed that the independence of nations represented a step towards the universal expansion of freedom. They advanced a universal idea of civilization, which they identified with constitutionalism and free circulation of ideas and goods. Finally, they advocated the establishment of a new international order, based on the recovery of the balance of power destroyed by the Napoleonic wars, and the introduction of a new international legal system and supranational institutions. Like the Carbonari, Mazzini supported the idea of an international system alternative to the Vienna settlement, their notion of universal civilization, and the right of intervention to defend another country's freedom. However, his internationalism ignored the Carbonari's Kantian concern for international law as it was based on the belief that the establishment of republics would ‘naturally’ result in a peaceful European order.
The Moses of Italian Unity: Mazzini and Nationalism as Political Religion
Authors: Sullam Simon Levis
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the nature of Mazzini's nationalism by analysing it as a ‘political religion’: a system of myths, symbols, and rituals the subordinates the collectivity to the supreme entity of the nation. It studies Mazzinian nationalism both on the level of content – looking at how Mazzini defines the genesis of the nation – and on the level of form, looking at the ‘style’ of Mazzini's political thought. The chapter shows that this style is symbolic and ritual, based on single words that operate as symbols and are ritually repeated for the captivation of the followers. Finally, it explores the boundaries of Mazzini's liberalism, showing the limits of his republicanism and his paternalistic conception of democracy as ‘education’.
The Gandhian Mazzini: Democratic Nationalism, Self-rule, and Non-violence
Authors: Donno Fabrizio de
Published: February 2012

This chapter explores Mahatma Gandhi's engagement with Mazzinian ideas. It seeks to address the ways in which Giuseppe Mazzini and his doctrine became ‘Gandhian’; that is, how they were appropriated by the Indian as he incorporated them in his own thought. It is argued that the Gandhian use of Mazzini does not point to a direct influence of the Italian on the Indian, but to a reworking of the Italian's ideas based on the impact they had already had on Indian nationalism prior to Gandhi's appearance. While building on the Mazzinian foundation of Indian liberalism, but in contrast to the extremists who had given prominence to the insurrectionist aspects of Mazzini's thought and practice, Gandhi erects his own non-violent form of democratic nationalism, thus providing a non-violent interpretation of the Italian's figure and doctrine, and framing Mazzini's ‘truth’ within Gandhi's project of self-rule.
A World Upturned
Authors: Enmarch Roland
Published: February 2012

The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All is one of the major works from the golden age of Egyptian literature, the Middle Kingdom (c. 1980–1630 bc). The poem provides one of the most searching explorations of human motivation and divine justice to survive from ancient Egypt, and its stark pessimism questions many of the core ideologies that underpinned the Egyptian state and monarchy. It begins with a series of laments portraying an Egypt overwhelmed by chaos and destruction, and develops into an examination of why these disasters should happen, and who bears responsibility for them: the gods, the king, or humanity. This volume provides the first full literary analysis of this poem for a century. It provides a detailed study of questions such as: its date of composition; its historicity; the identity of its protagonists and setting; its reception history within Egyptian culture; and whether it really is a unified literary composition, or a redacted collection of texts of heterogenous origin.
Continuous transliteration and translation of Ipuwer
Authors: Enmarch Roland
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents a continuous transliteration and translation of The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All, approaching the poem through hermeneutic methods.
Robert Edgar Megarry 1910–2006
Authors: Cretney Stephen
Published: February 2012

Robert Edgar Megarry (1910–2006), a Fellow of the British Academy, had a career in the law unmatched in its distinction, breadth, and diversity. He not only achieved an outstanding reputation as a practising barrister and then, for nearly twenty years, as a High Court judge, but also made what has rightly been described as an ‘immeasurable’ contribution to the law as scholar, teacher, and author. Megarry was born in Croydon, the elder son of Robert Lindsay Megarry and Irene Clark. He entered Trinity Hall at Cambridge University in 1929. It was A. L. Goodhart, editor of the prestigious Law Quarterly Review since 1926 and latterly Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford, who had been one of those who encouraged Megarry to seek call to the Bar. Writing and teaching were among the traditional ways in which newly called barristers supplemented earnings from meagre practices, and Megarry was exceptionally well qualified for both these activities. His attitude of judicial restraint is now often regarded as dated.
Brian Woledge 1904–2002
Authors: Hunt Tony
Published: February 2012

Brian Woledge (1904–2002), a Fellow of the British Academy and formerly Fielden Professor of French at University College London (UCL), devoted his professional life, with remarkable consistency of purpose, to understanding the Old French Language. As head of department at UCL, he would encourage students to take options in comparative philology and in phonetics. In the pursuit of such interests, Woledge's own commitment was absolute and unwavering and he rejoiced in sharing them. In 1930, thesis completed, the young scholar contemplated his future with greater equanimity, for he was armed with his first major publication, a study dedicated to Paul Barbier. In 1967, Woledge was for some months Andrew Mellon Visiting Professor at the University of Pittsburgh, and three years later received an honorary doctorate from the University of Aix-en-Provence. After his retirement he was a Leverhulme Emeritus Research Fellow 1972–1973 and 1973–1974, and in 1989 was elected to Senior Fellowship of the Academy.
Celtic Origins, the Western and the Eastern Celts
Authors: MEID WOLFGANG
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents the text of the speech about Celtic origins and the western and eastern Celts delivered by the author at the 2007 Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture held at the British Academy. It suggests that the Celticity of the people of southern Britain cannot be denied solely on the basis of the non-attestation of the term Celtic, and also comments on the belief that Celtic is a fictitious term.
Embedded Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Erskine Toni
Published: February 2012

This book offers a challenging and original normative approach to some of the most pressing practical concerns in world politics —including the contested nature of the prohibitions against torture and the targeting of civilians in the war on terror. The author’s vision of ‘embedded cosmopolitanism’ responds to the charge that conventional cosmopolitan arguments neglect the profound importance of community and culture, particularity and passion. Bringing together insights from communitarian and feminist political thought, the author defends the idea that community membership is morally constitutive—while arguing that the communities that define us are not necessarily territorially bounded and that a moral perspective situated in them need not be parochial. The book employs this framework to explore some of the difficult moral dilemmas thrown up by contemporary warfare. Can universal principles of restraint demanded by conventional laws of war be robustly defended from a position that also acknowledges the moral force of particular ties and loyalties? By highlighting the links that exist even between warring communities, the author offers new reasons for giving a positive response—reasons that reconcile claims to local attachments and global obligations. The book provides an account of where we stand in relation to ‘strangers’ and ‘enemies’ in a diverse and divided world, and provides a theoretical framework for addressing the relationship between our moral starting point and the scope of our duties to others.
Lineages of Contemporary Imperialism
Authors: Tully James
Published: February 2012

This chapter aims to provide a historical sketch of select major lineages in contemporary western imperialism. Contemporary western imperialism is the product of the 500 years of complex interactions between European and Euro-American imperial expansion and non-European responses. Contemporary imperialism is often studied under different headings such as neo-colonialism, open-door colonialism, post-colonialism, informal imperialism, empire, and so on. This historical sketch is limited to the aspects of contemporary imperialism collated under the heading of informal imperialism. It begins with a summary of the defining characteristics of contemporary informal imperialism. The succeeding sections describe the major historical lineages of these characteristics. The final section summarizes contemporary imperialism with the aim of a better understanding of its origins and ancestry.
Edmund Burke and Empire
Authors: Hampsher-Monk Iain
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses Edmund Burke and the British Empire. The first section discusses the background of the concept of empire as it was available to Burke and his contemporaries. The second section examines the ways in which the rise of political economy affected the perception of the empire, and in particular the tension between the political reason of the state and what were increasingly claimed to be imperatives of the international trading system. The last section evaluates Burke’s position on this controversial nexus between the empire and political economy.
The Fortress: Defining and Mapping the Ottoman Frontier in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: BRUMMETT PALMIRA
Published: February 2012

The frontiers of the Ottoman Empire, like frontiers elsewhere in the early modern world, were not defined and represented in terms of linear boundaries. The fortress was possessed space, occupied by the soldiers or subordinates (long-term or temporary) of a sovereign entity. Control of territory and of trade routes was counted, in terms of the submission of fortresses. It is that counting and mapping which this chapter proposes to consider. Early modern fortress images vary from the architecturally correct, complete with keys to various features, to the highly impressionistic, to the simply iconic. Maps also show the rhetorical fortress — an emblem of possession. To illustrate that characteristic, this chapter presents a set of maps of fortresses on the Ottoman-Hapsburg-Venetian frontier. These images suggest the ways in which the fortress served to define Ottoman frontiers in the early modern imagination and to stamp sovereignty onto contested regional space.
Challenges of a Frontier Region: The Case of Ottoman Iraq in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: ÇETİNSAYA GÖKHAN
Published: February 2012

Throughout its four centuries of Ottoman rule, Iraq remained a frontier of geographical, tribal, religious, economic and imperial boundaries. Iraq was an outlying region; it had a large Shi'i population; it remained a tribal and economically poor country; as a frontier region, it was vulnerable to invasion and peaceful penetration by foreign powers, Iran and Britain. The Ottoman central government expended considerable effort to overcoming these challenges, but proved unable to resolve them completely, and as a result, both its authority and reform efforts were undermined. These obstacles to the Ottoman administration of the Iraqi provinces, due to Iraq's location in a frontier region, compounded by the government's inability to satisfy the conflicting desires and interests of those involved, presented a dilemma to the empire which it was unable to transcend.