bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Migration studies and critical temporalities
Authors: Baas Michiel , Yeoh Brenda SA
Published: October 2018

As a fast-moving field of study, the sociology of migration has experienced various paradigmatic shifts in recent decades, largely reflecting mutually constitutive interests in both the place of human agency, subjectivity and capacity to act in migration processes, and the effects of the rapidly evolving geopolitical, sociocultural and economic landscapes on migration systems. In this Introduction, the editors suggest that the recent focus on ‘time and temporality’ in migration studies represents a significant, and possibly paradigmatic, shift that understands migration and its antonym (non-migration) not as contradistinctive phenomena but umbilically conjoined. As the articles collected in this monograph issue show, giving specific focus to the role time and temporality play in migration trajectories enlarges our awareness that migration itself is never always about trans/national mobility but often also about not moving at all.
Geoengineering Justice: The Role of Recognition
Authors: Hourdequin Marion
Published: October 2018

Global-scale solar geoengineering raises critical ethical questions, including questions of distributive, procedural, and intergenerational justice. Although geoengineering is sometimes framed as a response to injustice, insofar as it might benefit those most vulnerable to climate-related harms, geoengineering also has the potential to exacerbate climate injustice, especially if control of research, governance, and potential plans for deployment remains concentrated in the hands of a few. The scope and scale of solar geoengineering, the diverse concerns it raises, and the lack of consensus surrounding it pose particular challenges for justice. I argue that addressing these challenges requires an inclusive, dialogical approach that takes seriously diverse perspectives, particularly the perspectives of those who are most affected by climate change and those who have had the least voice in decisions surrounding it. The concept of recognition––as developed in the work of Nancy Fraser, David Schlosberg, and others––offers a normative ground for this approach and can help guide the development of institutions and practices directed toward geoengineering justice.
Fever and large pericardial effusion after valve surgery: can be malaria
Authors: Sangani Niravkumar K , Naliath Santosh Mathew
Published: October 2018

A 37-year-old man underwent mechanical mitral valve replacement for rheumatic heart disease. One week after discharge, he presented with high-grade fever with chills, malaise, and shortness of breath. Echocardiography showed pericardial effusion with no evidence of vegetation. A blood malaria antigen test was positive for Plasmodium falciparum. One week after initiation of antimalarial medication, echocardiography revealed almost complete resolution of the pericardial effusion. Infective endocarditis is a common cause of fever after valvular heart surgery. Malaria can be considered in the differential diagnosis of fever and pericardial effusion after valvular surgery, especially in malaria-endemic countries.
High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and its relationship with adverse pregnancy outcomes in Guizhou, China
Authors: Hong-Bi Song , Yin Xu , Xiaowu Yang , Ying Wang , Yang Xu , Ting Cao , Na Wei
Published: October 2018

Objective

This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women in Guizhou, China and its correlation with adverse infant and maternal outcomes during the perinatal period.

Methods

In total, 220 pregnant women who received perinatal care and delivered in the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from November 2014 to April 2015 were enrolled. Each woman’s serum vitamin D concentration was tested during early pregnancy, and its correlation with adverse infant and maternal outcomes in the perinatal period was analyzed.

Results

The mean serum vitamin D concentration was 29.5 ± 5.8 nmol/L. More than 90% of pregnant women had vitamin D insufficiency. Additionally, 38.4% of women with vitamin D deficiency and 22.2% with vitamin D inadequacy developed adverse perinatal outcomes. The vitamin D level was negatively correlated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Conclusion

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among pregnant women in Guizhou, China. The incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes was far higher in association with vitamin D deficiency than sufficiency. A negative correlation was found between the vitamin D level and the incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant women. Therefore, targeted screening and proper supplementation are needed during early pregnancy.
Safety Performance Functions for Rural Two-Lane County Road Segments
Authors: Stapleton Steven Y. , Ingle Anthony J. , Chakraborty Meghna , Gates Timothy J. , Savolainen Peter T.
Published: October 2018

Safety performance functions (SPFs) were developed for rural two-lane county roadway segments in Michigan. Five years of crash data (2011 to 2015) were analyzed for greater than 6,500 mi of rural county roadways, covering 29 of Michigan’s 83 counties and representing all regions of the state. Three separate models were developed to estimate annual deer-excluded total and injury crashes on rural county roadways: 1) paved federal-aid segments, 2) paved non-federal-aid segments, and 3) paved and gravel non-federal-aid segments with fewer than 400 vpd. To account for the unobserved heterogeneity associated with differing county design standards, mixed effects negative binomial models with a county-specific random effect were utilized. Not surprisingly, the county segment SPFs generally differed from traditional models generated using data from state-maintained roadways. County federal-aid roadways general showed greater crash occurrence than county non-federal-aid roadways, the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) two-lane rural roadways model, and rural state highways in Michigan. County non-federal-aid paved roadways showed crash occurrence rates that were remarkably similar to the HSM base rural two-lane roadway model, whereas gravel roadways showed greater crash occurrence rates. The presence of horizontal curves with design speeds below 55 mph had a strong association with the occurrence of total and injury crashes across all county road classes. Increasing driveway density was also found to be associated with increased crash occurrence. However, lane width, roadway surface width, and paved shoulder width had little to no impact on total or injury crashes.
Gender Inequality in Postcapitalism: Theorizing Institutions for a Democratic Socialism
Authors: Hopkins Barbara E.
Published: October 2018

In this paper, I explore the implications for gender equality of building democratic institutions in workplaces and democratic planning in the economy. I review proposals for postcapitalism and consider whether those institutional innovations are likely to address three aspects of gender equality: discrimination and harassment at work, adequate provision for care work, and social control over consumer decisions. I propose three areas for developing competency at democratic decision making that could improve gender equity.

JEL Classification: P4, B54
“Being in-Between”: Spouses That Cohabit With and Provide Care for Their Partners in Nursing Homes
Authors: Torgé Cristina Joy
Published: October 2018

It is increasingly possible for couples with differing care needs to move to nursing homes together. To our knowledge, this is the first study about spousal caregiving in this context. This study explores spouse and staff experiences when relatively healthy spouses cohabit with and provide care to their partners in Swedish nursing homes. The overarching theme, “being in-between,” reflects the spouse’s overlapping role transition and the staff’s unfamiliarity with the spouse’s role. The spouses are both “insiders” and “outsiders” and are torn between maintaining and letting go of caregiving. Meanwhile, the staff express concern about the spouse’s need for respite yet being constantly present, and struggle to balance the staff’s and the spouse’s control of the caregiving situation. This article provides insight into the challenges experienced by spouses who accompany their partners to residential care and how to best support them in this unfamiliar role.
Achieving Racial Equity From the Bottom-Up? The Student Equity Policy in the California Community Colleges
Authors: Ching Cheryl D. , Felix Eric R. , Fernandez Castro Marlon , Trinidad Adrián
Published: October 2018

Can equity policies foster success and close the outcome gaps experienced by racially minoritized students in community colleges? Using a critical policy analysis and equity-mindedness framework, we examine whether and how the design and early implementation of one such policy—the California Community Colleges’ Student Equity Policy—addresses racial equity. Findings show that attention to race and racial equity diminished over time in state policy documents, and varied widely in colleges’ response to the policy, suggesting that its potential to tackle racial inequities is so far unexploited. Implications are discussed and recommendations for policy, practice, and research are proposed.
A Survey of U.S. Education Policy Regarding the Education of Adults
Authors: Roumell Elizabeth Anne , Salajan Florin D. , Todoran Corina
Published: October 2018

In the United States, adult and workforce education (AE) seems to be located, simultaneously, both everywhere and nowhere in particular. Ongoing shifts in national economic demands and changes in requirements for training and education have brought learning in the adult years into the federal public policy arena. Sometimes referred to as lifelong learning, AE has proven to be a somewhat vague concept as a basis for federal policy formulation, but its existence signals an important federal locus of responsibility for learning in adulthood. This historical examination of the AE policy domain offers a review of the formulation, and more specifically how AE policy has been framed, where AE policy originated, and its progression over time. Primary U.S. legislative documents, federal agency reports, and federal white papers spanning the years 1862 to 2014 were reviewed to present a survey of the AE policy area.
Fabrication of high-performance polytetrafluoroethylene microporous membranes filled with nano-alumina
Authors: Sun Lewen , Zhu Jufang , Che Yanchao , Li Qiuying , Guo Weihong , Wu Chifei
Published: October 2018

In this article, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microporous membranes with excellent tensile strength and good wear durability were successfully fabricated by the addition of nano-alumina (Al2O3). The friction and mechanical behavior of PTFE microporous membranes with different nano-Al2O3 contents were investigated by Martindale abrasion tester, dynamic mechanical analysis, and universal testing machine. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to analyze the surface, longitudinal section, and worn surface of the microporous membranes. Results demonstrated that nano-Al2O3 particles were dispersed into the “node” structures of PTFE microporous membranes and acted as the skeleton, leading to the increasing of the tensile strength remarkably. The wear rate reduced significantly with the addition of nano-Al2O3 and was affected by nano-Al2O3 content. Additionally, the wear mechanism of the microporous membranes was also discussed based on the study results.
Drivers of Bank Solvency, Risk Provisioning and Profitability in the Armenian Banking System
Authors: Pakhchanyan Suren , Prokop Jörg , Sahakyan Gor
Published: October 2018

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of bank-specific, regulatory and macroeconomic determinants on solvency, risk provisioning, and profitability in the Armenian banking sector. We show that abnormal loan growth is associated with a decrease in regulatory capital ratios, an increase in loan loss provisions, and a reduction in loan portfolio profitability. In addition, we observe an inverse relationship between GDP growth and bank solvency as well as profitability. Regarding regulation, we identify a decrease in regulatory capital ratios as well as a drop in profitability after the implementation of the Basel II Accord.

JEL Classification: G32, G21, G28
Microcalcification in the arterial wall and its relationship to the ultrasound criteria of maturation of the arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Tang Weng Jun , Adnan Azreen Syazril , Md Salleh Md Salzihan , Mat Saad Arman Zaharil
Published: October 2018

Introduction:

A functioning and reliable arteriovenous fistula is a lifeline for individuals suffering from chronic kidney disease. The success and failure to arteriovenous fistula maturation have been frequently related to patient and surgeon factors.

Method:

In total, 138 participants with stage IV and V chronic kidney disease were included in this prospective observational study. Preoperative vascular mapping using ultrasound was performed to evaluate the condition and size of the vessels to fulfil the inclusion criteria. Intraoperatively, the vessel size was measured prior to anastomosis under magnified view. A specimen from the arterial wall of 5 mm in diameter was obtained from the arterotomy for histopathology assessment. Arteriovenous maturation was assessed at 6 weeks with the guidance of the ultrasound criteria of rule of sixes.

Results:

From the total of 138 participants, 110 participants (79.7%) had matured arteriovenous fistula in 6 weeks. The mean size of the artery measured intraoperatively was 3.82 ± 1.33 mm and the vein was 4.05 ± 1.20 mm. Microcalcification in the arterial media which was hypothesised to be the cause of the arteriovenous fistula failure was insignificant, with a p value of 0.115. Despite having atherosclerosis in the artery, 83.3% of the arteriovenous fistula matured.

Conclusion:

Microcalcification and atherosclerosis are frequently seen in the arteries of chronic kidney disease patients, but they do not explain arteriovenous fistula non-maturation.
Current advancements in promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kremer David , Akkermann Rainer , Küry Patrick , Dutta Ranjan
Published: October 2018

Current multiple sclerosis (MS) therapies are effective in reducing relapse rate, short-term measures of disability, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of inflammation in relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), whereas in progressive/degenerative disease phases these medications are of little or no benefit. Therefore, the development of new therapies aimed at reversing neurodegeneration is of great interest. Remyelination, which is usually a spontaneous endogenous process, is achieved when myelin-producing oligodendrocytes are generated from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Even though these precursor cells are abundant in MS brains, their regeneration capacity is limited. Enhancing the generation of myelin-producing cells is therefore a major focus of MS research. Here we present an overview of the different advancements in the field of remyelination, including suitable animal models for testing remyelination therapies, approved medications with a proposed role in regeneration, myelin repair treatments under investigation in clinical trials, as well as future therapeutics aimed at facilitating myelin repair.
Access Denied? Investigating Voter Registration Rejections in Florida
Authors: Merivaki Thessalia
Published: October 2018

During every election cycle, election administrators validate voter registration applications submitted at different times and through various sources, with a notable peak in the demand for voter registration as Election Day approaches. The process of registering to vote, however, is error-prone and may depend on the voter's capacity to fill a form correctly, or the election administrator's capacity to successfully process applications as the voter registration window closes. Such errors can limit a prospective, and eligible, voter's ability to cast a valid ballot. This study assesses the impact of time and registration source on the rates of rejected voter registration applications by analyzing monthly county-level voter registration reports during the 2012 election cycle in Florida. I find that there is a dynamic relationship between administrative and seasonal factors at the county level, which condition the rates of rejected voter registrations as the registration deadline approaches. These findings suggest complications in not only the process of registering to vote that may stem from differences in voter engagement but also the variation in administrative oversight throughout the election cycle.
Effects of Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Lexical Access in Chronic Poststroke Aphasia
Authors: Pestalozzi Maria I. , Di Pietro Marie , Martins Gaytanidis Chrisovalandou , Spierer Lucas , Schnider Armin , Chouiter Leila , Colombo Françoise , Annoni Jean-Marie , Jost Lea B.
Published: October 2018

Background. A successful interplay between prefrontal and domain-specific language areas is critical for language processing. Previous studies involving people with aphasia have shown that executive control processes might act on lexical-semantic representations during retrieval. Modulating the prefrontal control network by means of noninvasive brain stimulation might, therefore, improve lexical access in people with aphasia. Objective. The present study investigates the effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on lexical access in chronic poststroke aphasia. Methods. We report data of 14 participants with chronic poststroke aphasia. We used a sham-tDCS (S-tDCS) controlled and double-blind within-subjects design. Performances in picture naming, verbal fluency, and word repetition were assessed immediately after stimulation. Results. As compared with S-tDCS, anodal tDCS (A-tDCS) improved verbal fluency as well as the speed of naming high frequency words, but not word repetition. Conclusion. The results of our study suggest that the brain network dedicated to lexical retrieval processing can be facilitated by A-tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. This finding supports the notion that strengthening executive control functions after stroke could complement speech and language-focused therapy.
Using Qualitative Tools as Interventionist Research Strategies for Emancipation
Authors: Mahali Alude , Swartz Sharlene
Published: October 2018

As much as South African struggles for freedom and transformation can be termed emancipatory, not all attempts to research and record them can be similarly described. This article documents the research methods employed in a qualitative study that followed 80, mostly Black students, over 5 years in order to document the struggles to succeed faced by students in South Africa. The study ultimately interrogated the centrality of race in the quest for education and emancipation with a view toward understanding what drives self-determination and success in universities. A central intention of the study was for it to be research as intervention through the use of conscious research methods that would contribute to developing agency and action among students. Each of the participatory methods chosen, it was hoped, would contribute toward helping students develop wider networks and self-reflectivity in a quest for success in university. The five interactive methods used included an annual in-depth participant interview, social network interviews with an array of peers and stakeholder, a Facebook weblog to which participations made written and photographic submissions, a written reflection at the end of the fifth year, and an autoethnographic documentary in which participation was optional. Each of these activities was designed to have outcomes which can be described to varying extents as participatory and/or emancipatory.
Fecal SCFAs and SCFA‐producing bacteria in gut microbiome of human NAFLD as a putative link to systemic T‐cell activation and advanced disease
Authors: Rau Monika , Rehman Ateequr , Dittrich Marcus , Groen Albert K. , Hermanns Heike M. , Seyfried Florian , Beyersdorf Niklas , Dandekar Thomas , Rosenstiel Philip , Geier Andreas
Published: October 2018

Background

Intestinal microbiota and their metabolites (e.g. short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs)) may influence nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Objective

The objective of this article is to analyze gut bacterial diversity together with fecal SCFA concentrations and immunophenotyping of peripheral blood in histology‐proven NAFLD patients.

Methods

Thirty‐two NAFLD patients (14 nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), 18 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) and 27 healthy controls (HCs)) were included in this study. Bacterial communities in feces were profiled by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of the V3–V4 region. Fecal SCFA levels were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis was performed of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Results

NASH patients were characterized by higher abundance of Fusobacteria and Fusobacteriaceae compared to NAFL and HCs. Conforming to our finding that NAFLD patients had higher fecal acetate and propionate levels, taxonomical differences of fecal bacteria were dominated by SCFA‐producing bacteria. Higher fecal propionate and acetate levels were associated with lower resting regulatory T‐cells (rTregs) (CD4+CD45RA+CD25++) as well as higher Th17/rTreg ratio in peripheral blood as immunological characteristics of NASH patients.

Conclusions

NASH patients are characterized by a different gut microbiome composition with higher fecal SCFA levels and higher abundance of SCFA‐producing bacteria in NAFLD. These changes are associated with immunological features of disease progression. Our data suggest an important role of the intestinal microbiome and immunomodulatory bacterial metabolites in human NAFLD.
Cyclophosphamide eradicates murine immunogenic tumor coding for a non-self-antigen and induces antitumor immunity
Authors: Salem Mohamed L , El-Naggar Sabry A , Mahmoud Heba A , Elgharabawy Rehab M , Bader Abeer M
Published: October 2018

Although the majority of cancers respond to chemotherapy, most cancer types relapse, at least in part, due to the poor immunogenicity of most tumor. We have reported before that treatment of tumor bearing mice with a combination of the anti-cancer chemotherapy cyclophosphamide (CTX) and immunotherapy can result in complete tumor regression using T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD8+ T cells specific to antigens. This study aimed to determine whether chemotherapy can cure immunogenic tumor which expresses non-self-tumor antigen and result in antitumor immunity. Either EL4 cell line, a poorly immunogenic thymoma, or EG7, a clone of EL4 cells transfected with ovalbumin (OVA), as a non-self-antigen were inoculated subcutaneously into wild type or splenectomized C57BL/6 mice and then treated once with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 4 mg CTX/mouse. In certain experiments, the mice were rechallenged with the same tumor type 1–2 months after the primary challenge. Treatment of EL4 bearing mice with CTX induced transient antitumor effect followed by tumor progression. Interestingly, however, treatment of EG7-bearing mice with CTX resulted in regression of early and advanced tumors. EG7 tumor-free mice rejected the second and the third challenges with EG7 cells, but not with challenge EL4 cells. These antitumor effects did not require spleen, since splenectomized mice showed similar antitumor effects of CTX on EG7 cells. Taken together, these data indicate that expression of non-self-antigen by poorly immunogenic tumor might be a reliable means to increase its immunogenicity and its response to chemotherapy.
Open reduction and internal fixation for Mason type III radial head fractures: Is it different from that for Mason type II fractures?
Authors: Lee Yong-Suk , Kang Young-Hoon , Chung Yang-Guk , Shin Seung-Han
Published: October 2018

Purpose:

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the outcomes of Mason type III radial head fractures (RHFs) treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) were comparable to those of Mason type II RHFs treated by ORIF.

Methods:

A total of 87 surgically treated RHF patients were reviewed. Their fractures were Mason type II in 39 patients (all treated by ORIF) and Mason type III in 48 patients (40 treated by ORIF, 7 by radial head arthroplasty, and 1 by resection). Although ORIF was preferred for Mason type III RHFs in our series, an arthroplasty was performed when the fracture accompanied severe associated injuries or multiple traumas. Radiological and functional outcomes were evaluated and complications were reviewed.

Results:

When Mason type II and Mason type III in general were compared, QuickDASH score, a shortened version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score, and forearm rotation were significantly worse in Mason type III. However, when comparing Mason type II and Mason type III treated by ORIF in which the proportion of associated injuries were not significantly different, there was no significant difference in QuickDASH score, range of extension/flexion, or complication rate. Forearm rotations were significantly more limited in Mason type III treated by ORIF (7° for pronation and 7° for supination), and Mason type had an independent effect on forearm rotations in multivariate analysis.

Conclusion:

ORIF for Mason type III fractures with low level of associated injury can be as good as that for Mason type II fractures, except for less forearm rotation.
Synthesis of Novel Layered Zinc Glycolate and Exchange of Ethylene Glycol with Manganese Acetate Complex
Authors: Takase Kaori , Nishizawa Hitoshi , Imamura Kazuya , Onda Ayumu , Yanagisawa Kazumichi , Yin Shu
Published: October 2018

The novel layered zinc glycolate (LZG) with a lamella structure was successfully synthesized from zinc acetate by solvothermal reactions in ethylene glycol (EG) without water. The octahedral-shaped zinc glycolate (OZG) particles were formed in EG containing 1% water. LZG and OZG are crystal polymorphs with the same composition, Zn(OCH2CH2O). At 5% water content, the uniform and spherical particles of ZnO were formed. EG moieties in LZG were partially exchanged with Mn acetate complex in Mn acetate solution and the interlayer spacing of LZG was increased from 1.09 nm to 1.42 nm. ZnO and ZnMn2O4 were formed by heating the exchanged LZG at 600 °C. Acetate ions in the exchanged LGZ were exchanged with salicylic ions. EG moieties in OZG were mainly exchanged with OH in Mn acetate solution to form an amorphous phase.
Oil and Macroeconomic (In)Stability
Authors: Bjørnland Hilde C. , Larsen Vegard H. , Maih Junior
Published: October 2018

We analyze the role of oil price volatility in reducing US macroeconomic instability. Using a Markov Switching Rational Expectation New Keynesian model we revisit the timing of the Great Moderation and the sources of changes in the volatility of macroeconomic variables. We find that smaller or fewer oil price shocks did not play a major role in explaining the Great Moderation. Instead oil price shocks are recurrent sources of economic fluctuations. The most important factor reducing overall variability is a decline in the volatility of structural macroeconomic shocks. A change to a more responsive (hawkish) monetary policy regime also played a role. (JEL E12, E23, E52, Q35, Q43)
The Effect of Consumer Sentiment on Consumption: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Elections
Authors: Gillitzer Christian , Prasad Nalini
Published: October 2018

We seek to identify the causal effect of sentiment innovations on consumption. Using unique Australian consumer sentiment survey data, we show that, immediately after elections with a change of government, supporters of the winning party report substantially more optimistic beliefs about economic conditions than supporters of the losing party. We argue that this variation in beliefs is orthogonal to changes in fundamentals and find robust evidence that the shifts in sentiment affect spending intentions. Furthermore, using geographic variation in sentiment, vote shares, and automobile purchases, we find evidence that stated spending intentions are indicative of actual spending. (JEL E23, E24, E32, F44, L16)
The Gains from Input Trade with Heterogeneous Importers
Authors: Blaum Joaquin , Lelarge Claire , Peters Michael
Published: October 2018

Firms differ substantially in their participation in foreign input markets. We develop a methodology to measure the aggregate effects of input trade that takes such heterogeneity into account. We provide a theoretical result that holds in a variety of settings: the firm-level data on value added and domestic expenditure shares in material spending is sufficient to compute the change in consumer prices due to a shock to the import environment. We characterize the bias of approaches that rely on aggregate statistics. In an application to French data, input trade reduces the prices of manufacturing products by 27 percent. (JEL D24, E31, F12, F14, L11, L25, L60)
Human rhinovirus spatial-temporal epidemiology in rural coastal Kenya, 2015-2016, observed through outpatient surveillance
Authors: Morobe John Mwita , Nyiro Joyce U. , Brand Samuel , Kamau Everlyn , Gicheru Elijah , Eyase Fredrick , Otieno Grieven P. , Munywoki Patrick K. , Agoti C.N. , Nokes D.J.
Published: October 2018

Background: Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the predominant cause of upper respiratory tract infections, resulting in a significant public health burden. The virus circulates as many different types (~160), each generating strong homologous, but weak heterotypic, immunity. The influence of these features on transmission patterns of HRV in the community is understudied.

Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) at nine out-patient facilities across a Health and Demographic Surveillance System between December 2015 and November 2016. HRV was diagnosed by real-time RT-PCR, and the VP4/VP2 genomic region of the positive samples sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was used to determine the HRV types. Classification models and G-test statistic were used to investigate HRV type spatial distribution. Demographic characteristics and clinical features of ARI were also compared.

Results: Of 5,744 NPS samples collected, HRV was detected in 1057 (18.4%), of which 817 (77.3%) were successfully sequenced. HRV species A, B and C were identified in 360 (44.1%), 67 (8.2%) and 390 (47.7%) samples, respectively. In total, 87 types were determined: 39, 10 and 38 occurred within species A, B and C, respectively. HRV types presented heterogeneous temporal patterns of persistence. Spatially, identical types occurred over a wide distance at similar times, but there was statistically significant evidence for clustering of types between health facilities in close proximity or linked by major road networks.

Conclusion: This study records a high prevalence of HRV in out-patient presentations exhibiting high type diversity. Patterns of occurrence suggest frequent and independent community invasion of different types. Temporal differences of persistence between types may reflect variation in type-specific population immunity. Spatial patterns suggest either rapid spread or multiple invasions of the same type, but evidence of similar types amongst close health facilities, or along road systems, indicate type partitioning structured by local spread.
INADEQUAÇÃO DA ROTULAGEM DE ALIMENTOS ALERGÊNICOS: RISCO PARA INDIVÍDUOS COM HIPERSENSIBILIDADE ALIMENTAR
Authors: Santos de Miranda Camila Cristina , Gama Larissa Lovatto Amoriin
Published: October 2018

Objetivo: Analisar a adequação da rotulagem de alimentos alergênicos de acordo com a Resolução n.º 26, de 02 de julho de 2015. Metodologia: Verificou-se a concordância das declarações de alérgenos em 221 rótulos de alimentos industrializados comercializados em três redes distintas de supermercados. Os produtos foram subdivididos em dez grupos de alimentos (pães e cereais; peixes e crustáceos; ovos e derivados; sementes oleaginosas; leites e derivados; soja e derivados; massas; doces, bolos e biscoitos; cárneos e embutidos e bebidas alcoólicas) e foram categorizados como “inadequados” quando descumpriram qualquer critério estabelecido na resolução. Para detalhar as inadequações, foram adotadas as seguintes classificações: localização incorreta da declaração no rótulo, declaração incompleta e/ou formatação inadequada e declaração inexistente. Resultados: Do total de rótulos avaliados, 31,7% (n=70) foram identificados como inadequados. Destas inadequações, observou-se que 48,6% foram classificados como “Declaração inexistente”. Observou-se, ainda, que foram encontradas inadequações nos dez grupos de alimentos avaliados. Conclusão: As normas regulamentadoras nacionais de rotulagem dispõem inovações na perspectiva de defesa do consumidor alérgico; no entanto, ainda se observam diversas irregularidades no seu cumprimento. Investigações desta natureza são relevantes para a saúde pública e devem ser realizadas para exigir a fiscalização e implementação das legislações vigentes.DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2018.32906
ACESSO AOS ALIMENTOS NO TERRITÓRIO DE UMA UNIDADE DE SAÚDE: UM ENFOQUE MULTIDIMENSIONAL
Authors: Schattschneider Dafne Pavão , Ruiz Eliziane Nicolodi Francescato , Escobar Marianela Zúñiga
Published: October 2018

A Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) se traduz não apenas na erradicação da fome, mas também na garantia do acesso, de maneira digna, a uma alimentação adequada e saudável. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o acesso aos alimentos com um enfoque multidimensional, em um território de uma Unidade de Saúde de Porto Alegre-RS. A abordagem da pesquisa foi qualitativa; utilizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas como técnica para a apreensão dos dados empíricos junto a usuárias da unidade de saúde e um grupo focal com profissionais da equipe de saúde. O conteúdo discursivo foi examinado através da análise temática, a partir do conceito de Acesso utilizado no campo da Saúde Coletiva, constituído em quatro dimensões: acesso econômico, técnico, político e simbólico. Apreendeu-se que as entrevistadas constroem estratégias próprias na busca por realizar todas as dimensões do acesso aos alimentos, sendo a alimentação uma prioridade no planejamento familiar cotidiano. Não há, porém, garantias de um acesso regular e de maneira digna a uma alimentação adequada e saudável. Para isso se faz necessário, além das estratégias individuais, maior integração da Saúde com outros setores, na proposição de políticas públicas que, juntamente com o Programa Bolsa Família, possam melhorar a situação da SAN e do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada.DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2018.32973
O EXCESSO DE PESO NA PERSPECTIVA DE GESTANTES ASSISTIDAS NA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAÚDE DE UM MUNICÍPIO DA REGIÃO DO NORTE FLUMINENSE
Authors: Pires Carolina Da Costa , Rodrigues Mariana Leal , Capelli Jane De Carlos Santana , Santos Marta Maria Antonieta de Souza , Baião Mirian Ribeiro
Published: October 2018

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o excesso de peso na gestação na perspectiva de mulheres adultas usuárias da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) do município de Macaé-RJ. Trata-se de pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo descritiva, fundamentada na perspectiva teórica interpretativista. Realizaram-se entrevistas em profundidade, cujos dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática adaptada de Bardin. Foram entrevistadas 12 gestantes, maiores de 20 anos, com diagnóstico nutricional de excesso de peso, residentes em Macaé-RJ e que realizavam pré-natal em duas unidades da APS do município, em 2017. O gestar com excesso de peso foi um desafio para as entrevistadas por suscitar percepções e sensações ambíguas de naturalização do peso excessivo, baixa autoestima, limitação na realização de atividades cotidianas e temor em relação ao que esperar do próprio corpo no puerpério. Foi possível apreender que os sentidos atribuídos ao gestar com excesso de peso demandam humanização, integralidade e efetividade da assistência nutricional, para que seja compromissada com a saúde das mulheres, suas histórias de vida e relações sociais às quais estão submetidas, a fim de minimizar a problemática do excesso de peso gestacional e suas consequências em gestantes adultas assistidas pela APS do município de Macaé-RJ.DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2018.33112
PRECARIEDAD Y ALIMENTACIÓN: LAS REDES SOCIALES Y DE APOYO EN LOS COMEDORES SOCIALES
Authors: Verthein Ursula
Published: October 2018

Este estudio se desarrolla en contexto de crisis económica que afecta a Europa, y consecuentemente, al Estado español, a partir del año 2008. Y analiza, a través de un enfoque etnográfico, las formas de reconfiguración de las redes sociales de apoyo de personas que utilizan servicios asistenciales para alimentación, como comedores sociales, en la ciudad de Barcelona (España). Analizamos especialmente qué funciones y responsabilidades asumen los comedores sociales cuando los antiguos lazos de referencia de ayuda (familiares y amigos) de las personas que utilizan estos centros como recurso se han debilitado como consecuencia del proceso de empobrecimiento que atraviesan. Interesa entender hasta qué punto las políticas públicas para la alimentación pueden y deben considerar la dimensión social (y afectiva) en sus planteamientos y acciones, ya que, en muchos casos, los centros asistenciales y las personas que trabajan allí pasan a ser para sus usuarios los lugares e individuos de referencia en este sentido. Hemos identificado que los comedores sociales, aunque por veces manifiesten su función de promover relaciones sociales entre las personas que los utilizan, no siempre valoran con profundidad la cuestión, lo que plantea la necesidad de discutir las problemáticas que surgen a partir de la constatación de este dato.DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2018.33525
INSEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR E NUTRICIONAL E FATORES DE RISCO PARA DOENÇAS CRÔNICAS NÃO TRANSMISSÍVEIS EM CATADORES DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS
Authors: De Oliveira Maria Rafaela Martins , Lima Roseane Saraiva De Santiago , Da Silva Francisco Regis , Pinto Luisa Maria Oliveira , Sampaio Rafaella Maria Monteiro
Published: October 2018

Estudos têm demonstrado uma relação entre a situação de insegurança alimentar e nutricional com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), destacando que carências nutricionais e fome não são as únicas formas de expressão dessa condição. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de insegurança alimentar e nutricional e os fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de DCNT em catadores de resíduos sólidos em um município do interior cearense. Realizou-se estudo transversal com 32 trabalhadores, com idades de 20 a 66 anos. Aplicou-se um questionário estruturado contendo dados de identificação, socioeconômicos, dietéticos e antropométricos. A insegurança alimentar e nutricional foi avaliada por meio da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA). Observou-se insegurança alimentar e nutricional em 100% da amostra, baixa escolaridade (78,12%) e baixa renda (87,5%), prevalência de sobrepeso (25,0%) e obesidade (31,26%) e insuficiente consumo de frutas, verduras e hortaliças. A proporção de insegurança alimentar moderada e grave foi alta, e os trabalhadores apresentaram fatores de risco para o desencadeamento de DCNT.DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2018.34088
AVALIAÇÃO, MERITOCRACIA E PERFORMATIVIDADE: UMA ANÁLISE DA POLÍTICA EDUCACIONAL PERNAMBUCANA
Authors: Moura Sergio Andrade , Fernandes Angela Maria Dias
Published: October 2018

Este artigo investiga a política educacional do Modelo de Gestão Todos por Pernambuco, considerando sua perspectiva neoliberal e gerencial e focando, especificamente, a sua política de avaliação de desempenho educacional. O estudo fundamenta-se numa pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e apoiou-se no referencial teórico-metodológico da Abordagem do Ciclo de Políticas (BOWE; BALL; GOLD, 1992). Constatou-se no estudo que a sua política de avaliação de desempenho educacional articula inúmeras tecnologias para promover processos de responsabilização, meritocracia e performatividade, como meios para garantir uma educação de “qualidade”.
AVALIAÇÃO NACIONAL DA ALFABETIZAÇÃO (ANA): UM ESTUDO PRELIMINAR
Authors: Lipsuch Graciele , Lima Michelle Fernandes
Published: October 2018

O artigo teve por objetivo investigar as políticas de avaliação em nível federal, priorizando a análise da Avaliação Nacional da Alfabetização (ANA), buscando localizar a avaliação nacional no contexto das políticas neoliberais, assim como caracterizar a ANA no que se refere às suas formas e objetivos. Inicialmente apresenta o referencial teórico com a discussão sobre as políticas avaliativas no Brasil no contexto neoliberal; e em seguida, os dados quantitativos da ANA em dois municípios da Região Sudeste do Paraná. Esta avaliação interfere no direcionamento curricular e é um instrumento de regulação e controle por parte do Estado.
AVALIAÇÕES EXTERNAS NAS ESCOLAS ORGANIZADAS EM CICLOS: UMA ESQUIZOFRENIA NO ESPAÇO EDUCACIONAL
Authors: Fetzner Andrea Rosana , Corrêa da Silva Nathalia Santos
Published: October 2018

Este artigo discute a relação entre a enturmação escolar em ciclos e as avaliações externas, políticas presentes nas salas de aula e em permanente conflito político, teórico e pedagógico. Busca-se compreender como os ciclos, enquanto projeto de democratização escolar, e as avaliações externas, orientadas pela mensuração e pelo controle, coexistem em uma escola da rede pública municipal de Nova Iguaçu, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que realiza estudos bibliográficos, documentais e entrevistas com três educadores do município. Como resultado, observaram-se as interferências das avaliações externas sobre as práticas docentes e a persistência de algumas práticas avaliativas que se sustentam, apesar destas interferências.
Altered kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and their role in the prevention of osteoarthritis
Authors: Somthavil Sompiya
Published: October 2018

Background/Aims:

Anterior cruciate ligament injury is common, and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has become the standard of care that aims to restore knee stability, return to activity, and prevent secondary injury.

Methods:

A literature review was carried out using PubMed and Science Direct databases from 1998 through 2017. Search terms included: anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and knee osteoarthritis; kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; and prevention of knee osteoarthritis. A total of 356 studies matched the search terms. After removing duplicates and any studies that were not relevant, 73 studies remained.

Findings:

Individuals usually have impaired neuromuscular control after reconstruction, and abnormal biomechanical patterns may lead to loading of cartilage areas that are not commonly loaded and that, longitudinally, can lead to osteoarthritis. The knee adduction moment indicates loading of the knee joint and has been associated with the development of osteoarthritis and altered gait mechanics have also been implicated in the increased rate of osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, including differences in tibial rotation during walking. Furthermore, altered ankle joint mechanics may be the result of deviations in ankle joint alignment secondary to the structural changes at the knee. It is clear that abnormal mechanical stimulation may cause dysfunction of articular chondrocytes and breakdown of cartilage extracellular matrix, leading to articular cartilage degradation and chondrocyte death. The affected joint will progress to post-traumatic osteoarthritis.

Conclusions:

The restoration of normal knee anatomy and mechanics, such as returning the joint to normal function, improving muscle strength, functional movement prevention programmes, restoring gait symmetry and weight management are recommended.
Chemical peels: a review of types, applications and complications
Authors: Mcgloin Claudia
Published: October 2018

Chemical peels are among the oldest and most used procedures in aesthetic medicine worldwide. Chemical peeling—or chemexfoliation—is a procedure wherein a chemical agent of a defined strength is applied to the skin, which causes a controlled destruction of the layers of the skin, and is followed by regeneration and remodelling, with improvement of texture and surface abnormality. The mechanical action of peeling, even when limited to the epidermis, is able to stimulate regeneration via pathways in the dermis. The depth of destruction depends on the substance used, its concentration and the number of layers applied. This article aims to review the types of chemical peels, their applications and potential complications.
Is this a low point for medical aesthetics? An opinion piece
Authors: Collier Helena
Published: October 2018

Superdrug's announcement that they will soon supply botulinum toxin A and filler procedures in their high street stores has been the source of much recent debate, both in the industry and the media. Many aesthetic practitioners are concerned that this is contributing to the trivialisation of aesthetic procedures. In this article, Helena collier puts forward her opinions on this controversial decision
British Association of Cosmetic Nurses: Autumn Aesthetic Conference 2018
Authors: King Sharon
Published: October 2018

As autumn draws nearer, the BACN conference approaches. This year, the programme features educational events, live demonstrations and a poster exhibition, and the conference is therefore a fantastic opportunity to improve your knowledge, network with your peers and showcase your work. Here, Sharon King outlines some of the highlights of this years programme, and the packages available.
What can you do to improve wellbeing at work?
Authors: Jenkinson Liz
Published: October 2018

This National Work Life Week, Liz Jenkinson encourages readers to reflect on their wellbeing at work, and asks what steps can be taken to ensure that we are achieving a good work-life balance.
Laser skin resurfacing: an overview of treatment options and outcomes
Authors: Mason Lisa
Published: October 2018

Considered the gold standard procedure for atrophic acne scarring, photoageing and dyspigmentation, laser resurfacing achieves more superior results than peels and has a safer profile than more traditional methods such as dermabrasion. Lisa Mason describes the mechanisms of action of various laser types, explores expected outcomes, and outlines short- and long-term complications
Ciliary muscle thickness profiles derived from optical coherence tomography images
Authors: Wagner Sandra , Zrenner Eberhart , Strasser Torsten
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth analysis of the ciliary muscle’s (CM) morphological changes during accommodation by evaluating CM thickness (CMT) profiles. The CM of 15 near-emmetropic subjects (age 20-39) was imaged via optical coherence tomography (OCT) during far (0 D) and near vision (3 D). A custom-made Java-based program was used for semi-automatic CM segmentation and thickness measurements. CMT profiles were generated to determine regions of the largest shape changes. The results revealed on average a thinning within the first 0.25 mm and a thickening from 0.36 to 1.48 mm posterior to scleral spur when accommodating from 0 to 3 D. In contrast to previous analyses, this method offers pixel-wise reconstruction of CM shapes and quantification of accommodative change across the entire muscle boundary.