bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transverse shear-induced gradient diffusion in a dilute suspension
of spheres
Authors: WANG Y. , MAURI R. , ACRIVOS A.
Published: July 2002

We study the shear-induced gradient diffusion of particles in an
inhomogeneous
dilute suspension of neutrally buoyant spherical particles undergoing a
simple shearing
motion, with all inertia and Brownian motion effects assumed negligible.
An expansion
is derived for the flux of particles due to a concentration gradient along
the directions
perpendicular to the ambient flow. This expression involves the average
velocity
of the particles, which in turn is expressed as an integral over contributions
from
all possible configurations. The integral is divergent when expressed in
terms of
three-particle interactions and must be renormalized. For the monolayer
case, such
a renormalization is achieved by imposing the condition of zero total macroscopic

flux in the transverse direction whereas, for the three-dimensional case,
the additional
constraint of zero total macroscopic pressure gradient is required. Following
the
scheme of Wang, Mauri & Acrivos (1996), the renormalized integral is
evaluated
numerically for the case of a monolayer of particles, giving for the gradient
diffusion
coefficient 0.077γa2c¯2,

where is the applied shear rate, a the radius of the spheres
and c¯ their areal fraction.
Large-eddy simulation of boundary-layer
transition on a swept wedge
Authors: HUAI XIAOLI , JOSLIN RONALD D. , PIOMELLI UGO
Published: July 2002

The spatial evolution of the disturbances that lead to boundary-layer
transition on a
swept wedge is computed by large-eddy simulations (LES). Stationary and
travelling
crossflow-vortex disturbances are generated using steady and random-amplitude
suction
and blowing on the wedge. For a fixed initial amplitude of the stationary
vortex
and low-amplitude unsteady disturbances, the LES show the evolution of
stationary-dominated crossflow disturbances similar to previous simulations and experiments:

linear amplification is followed by vortex roll-over and doubly inflectional
velocity
profiles just prior to transition. A high-frequency secondary instability
is associated
with the double inflection points in the velocity profiles. The harmonic
modes of the
primary disturbance were found to be amplified, while no energy was found
in any
subharmonic mode. The physical phenomena were significantly different when
the
stationary and travelling vortices have comparable initial amplitudes:
in this case, the
vortex roll-over does not occur and transition is dominated by the travelling-wave

component.
Initial formation of channels and shoals in a
short tidal embayment
Authors: SCHUTTELAARS H. M. , DE SWART H. E.
Published: July 2002

It is demonstrated, by using a simple model, that bedforms in a short tidal embayment
can develop due to a positive feedback between tidal currents, sediment transport
and bedforms. The water motion is modelled by the depth integrated shallow water
equations. The system is forced by a prescribed free-surface elevation at the entrance
of the embayment. For the sediment dynamics a diffusively dominated suspended
load transport model is considered. Tidal averaging is used to obtain the bottom
profiles at the long morphological time scale.

The stability of a constantly sloping equilibrium bottom profile is studied for
various combinations of the model parameters. It turns out that without a mechanism
that generates vorticity this equilibrium profile is stable. In that case small-scale
perturbations can at most become marginally stable if no bedload term in the bottom
evolution equation is incorporated. If vorticity is generated, in our model by bottom
friction torques, the basic state is unstable. The spatial patterns of the unstable modes
and their growth rates depend, among other things, on the strength of the bottom
friction, the width of the embayment and the grain size: if the sediment under consideration
consists of large particles, the equilibrium will be more stable than when
smaller particles are considered. Without a diffusive term in the bed evolution equation,
small-scale perturbations become unstable. To avoid this physically unrealistic
behaviour bedload terms are included in the sediment transport. Furthermore, it is
shown that using an asymptotic expansion for the concentration as given in earlier
literature is only valid for small or moderate mode numbers and the technique is
extended to large mode numbers. A physical interpretation of the results is also given.
Buoyancy-driven mean flow in a long channel
with a hydraulically constrained exit condition
Authors: GRIMM TH. , MAXWORTHY T.
Published: July 2002

Convection plays a major role in a variety of natural hydrodynamic systems. Those
in which convection drives exchange flows through a lateral contraction and/or over
a sill form a special class with typical examples being the Red and Mediterranean
Seas, the Persian Gulf, and the fjords that indent many coastlines. The present work
focuses on the spatial distribution and scaling of the density difference between the
inflowing and outflowing fluid layers. Using a long water-filled channel, fitted with
buoyancy sources at its upper surface, experiments were conducted to investigate the
influence of the geometry of the strait and the channel as well as the magnitude of
the buoyancy flux. Two different scaling laws, one by Phillips (1966), and one by
Maxworthy (1994, 1997) were compared with the experimental results. It has been
shown that a scaling law for which
g′ = kB02/3x/h4/3
best describes the distribution
of the observed density difference along the channel, where B0
is the buoyancy flux, x
the distance from the closed end of the channel, h its height at the open end (sill) and
k a constant that depends on the details of the channel geometry and flow conditions.
This result holds for the experimental results and appears to be valid for a number
of natural systems as well.
Towards an understanding of modern political ideology in
Africa: the case of the Ovimbundu of Angola
Authors: Heywood Linda M.
Published: July 2002

In 1992, several national newspapers in America and Europe ran

headline stories which accused Jonas Savimbi, the leader of UNITA,
the nationalist movement which had been locked in a vicious civil war
with the MPLA–PT government of Angola, of conducting witchcraft
trials and burnings of witches at his liberation base at Jamba. The
revelations, provided by two high-ranking defectors from UNITA,
caused an outcry among both critics and supporters, with all predicting

Savimbi's ignominious defeat. Savimbi's longtime critics expected
the
latest scandal to deprive him of his remaining credibility, and predicted

that the support he had gathered as a fighter for Angolan nationalism
and a supporter of democracy would evaporate.

On the contrary, the incident had little impact on Savimbi's stature

among his Ovimbundu supporters. Later that year he went on to win
the majority of the Ovimbundu votes in the United Nations sponsored
elections, and gained a chance to be in a run-off election against José

Eduardo dos Santos for the presidency of Angola. Details about these
and similar incidents which have taken place in Africa from the time
of conquest reflect a political legacy that has deep roots in Africa's
pre-colonial past. They also illustrate some of the fundamental differences

that exist between African and Western conceptions of political
behaviour and ideology that need to be addressed.
Asymptotically matched sheath and presheath in a dense plasma
Authors: THORNHILL LINDSEY D. , DESAI PRATEEN V.
Published: July 2002

Asymptotically matched solutions for electron and ion density,
electron and ion
velocity, and electric potential are obtained in the boundary region of
a dense
low-temperature plasma adjacent to perfectly absorbing walls – walls
that absorb,
without reflection, incident electrons and ions. Leading-order composite
solutions,
valid throughout the boundary region, are constructed from solutions in
three
subdomains distinguished by different physical length scales: the geometric
length,
the ion mean free path and the Debye length. The composite solutions are
used to
assess the impact of electron–ion recombination in the ionization
nonequilibrium
region on sheath and presheath profiles, and on quantities evaluated at
the wall.
While, at leading order, the velocity profiles throughout the boundary
region are
not influenced by recombination, the density and potential profiles are
significantly
altered when recombination is included. These results show that the region
of rapid
change in these profiles lies closer to the wall when recombination is
explicitly
included in the model. The influence of recombination on the presheath
potential,
and consequently the wall potential, is found to scale as the natural logarithm
of the
recombination length. The broadening of the density profile results in
a larger flux
of ions accelerating through the sheath and impacting on the wall. The
influence of
recombination on the ion power flux to the wall is found to scale with
the inverse
recombination length. This scaling influences the prediction of surface
erosion rates
in technological applications that utilize these plasmas.
Magnetohydrodynamic spectrum of
gravitating plane plasmas with flow
Authors: van der HOLST B. , NIJBOER R. J. , GOEDBLOED J. P.
Published: July 2002

The ideal magnetohydrodynamic spectrum of gravitating plane plasmas with equilibrium
flow is investigated. Flow makes the spectral problem non-self-adjoint, so
that the spectrum can become overstable. The criteria for cluster spectra to appear
are derived analytically and both stable and unstable sides of the spectrum are examined
numerically. Above certain critical values of the shear flow at the resonant
surface, the gravitating interchange modes disappear. However, the local extrema
of the continua can then take over the cluster spectrum.
Investigation of beam instabilities in
gyrotron oscillators using kinetic theory and
particle-in-cell simulation
Authors: ILLY STEFAN , BORIE EDITH
Published: July 2002

Beam instabilities that arise in the compression zone of a gyrotron
oscillator can degrade the beam quality and hence adversely affect the
operating characteristics of the device. This paper investigates a class of space-charge instabilities that are related to unstable Bernstein modes. These are
investigated both by simulations with a 2½-dimensional fully electromagnetic
particle-in-cell code and by solving the linear dispersion equation (obtained
with kinetic theory). Use of the code makes it possible to study effects that
cannot be taken into account in the linear dispersion relation, such as the effect
of static self-fields. The simulation strongly suggests that the instability is
convective. The dependence of growth rate and frequency spectrum on beam
parameters is calculated both with simulation and the analytical method, and
the results show good agreement. A detailed analysis of the electromagnetic
fields calculated in the simulation shows that the unstable waves are not (as has
frequently been assumed in the past) purely electrostatic.
Power and Interest on Sumatra's Rainforest Frontier: Clientelist Coalitions, Illegal Logging and Conservation in the Alas Valley
Authors: McCarthy John F.
Published: July 2002

This article examines the institutional matrix associated with logging and forest pioneering in a district on Sumatra. It draws together theoretical approaches to develop a framework for analysing the operation of competing forms of institutional power and control. The article argues that the governance of local natural resources and the current epidemic of ‘illegal logging’ can be understood in terms of the particular institutional or socio-political structures found in remote forested areas.
On the status of diacritics
Authors: Ball Martin J.
Published: July 2002

In this article we note that diacritics, both in terms of their definition by the IPA, and in studies of transcriber reliability, are treated as a single group. Further, they are usually treated as being used purely to refine the meaning of a sound and, as such, as having less status phonetically than full symbols. It is argued here that diacritics should be classified into at least two major categories, and it is shown how one of these categories is the equivalent of a ‘full’ symbol. Apart from the implications this has for reliability measures, it is argued in conclusion that a more neutral definition of diacritic by the IPA is required.
Spatial patterns and seasonality in the epibenthic communities of the Westerschelde (Southern Bight of the North Sea)
Authors: Hostens K.
Published: July 2002

Beamtrawl samples were taken monthly between January 1988 and December 1989 in 14 subtidal stations along the longitudinal axis of the Westerschelde Estuary. The estuary harboured high densities of epibenthic species (total average of 2250 ind 1000 m−2). Only 37 fish species were recorded and three mobile macroinvertebrate species were quantified. Seventeen epibenthic species were common, only eight of which were very abundant. An overall dominance of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon was noted. The near absence of anadromous and freshwater species was correlated with the low oxygen concentrations upstream the Dutch–Belgian border. The epibenthic species could be divided into a polyhaline and a mesohaline community along the main salinity–oxygen–turbidity gradients of the estuary. The mesohaline zone was characterized by higher densities and biomasses for shrimps, gobies and flatfish. The spatial structure in the epibenthic community of the polyhaline zone was more influenced by the watermasses from the sea and inflowing channels, and was correlated with the degree of exposure (current velocities and tides). A classification is proposed, based on the season in which the epibenthic species occur in the estuary, and on their life stages and abundances during that period. The monthly data demonstrate that while the eight abundant epibenthic species were generally present throughout the year (summer or winter resident), the majority tended to appear in the Westerschelde at varying times (summer, winter or bimodal) and often remained in large numbers (nine common species) for only a short time. The fact that mainly juveniles were recorded in the higher density-classes, suggests that the Westerschelde Estuary still acts as a nursery area for many epibenthic species.
Aberrant structure of the statolith postnuclear zone in the squid Todarodes sagittatus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae)
Authors: Arkhipkin Alexander I. , Golub Alexander N.
Published: July 2002

Aberrant statolith microstructure was observed in an immature female of the squid Todarodes sagittatus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) caught in the Moroccan shelf. The paralarval statolith, (a central part of adult statolith that developed at paralarval stage), showed the first 12 growth increments outside the nucleus was reversed to the posterior side of the adult statolith, and its main axis was turned perpendicularly to the main axis of the adult statolith. However, further statolith growth followed the common pattern, and the statolith acquired its normal shape at the level of 55–60 growth increments. Such aberrance in a direction of the paralarval statolith can be explained by its complete detachment from the macula statica princeps (MSP) during strong impact to the head of the paralarva (e.g. by a predator) and further occasional re-attachment of the statolith to the MSP again.
American-British Aircraft Competition in South China, 1926-1936
Authors: XU GUANGQIU
Published: July 2002

In the 1920s and 1930s China was racked by civil strife. Although the Nationalist government was established in
Nanking in 1928, it exerted its power only in a small part of China, mainly in the lower Yangtze valley. When the
Nanking government endeavored to unify China by force, the local warlords, who strove to maintain their own armies
and bases, directed against this central government. Political divisions and tensions persisted between Nanking and
the local governments until 1936.
Sanskrit for the Nation
Authors: Ramaswamy Sumathi
Published: July 2002

. . . the people of India love and venerate Sanskrit with a feeling which is next only to that of patriotism towards Mother India.

Report of the Sanskrit Commission, 1956–57

This essay raises the language question in its relationship to the wider problematic of the nationalization of pasts by focusing on the curious and puzzling status accorded to Sanskrit in the nationalization of the Indian past in this century. I use the words ‘curious’ and ‘puzzling’ deliberately, for the Sanskrit issue unsettles many well-entrenched assumptions about language and nationalism that circulate in scholarly circles and popular imagination. Just as crucially, Sanskrit's (mis)adventures in the past century or so, draw our attention to the troubling linguistic turns taken by the nationalization process in India with its disquieting complicity with colonial categories and certitudes. The concerns of this paper have thus been shaped by three related issues pertaining to language, nationalism, and modernity.
Shifting Paradigms of Religion and the State: Implications of the 1997 Supreme Court Decision for Social, Religious and Political Change
Authors: Nelson John
Published: July 2002

The image of the apex of the Japanese legal system, as portrayed by file video clips on NHK evening news, has remained amazingly consistent over the years: poker-faced judges sit motionless in high-backed chairs, as if waiting to be taken to Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum. With such a stodgy and foreboding appearance, it is hard for us to imagine that exciting events might transpire within those solemn chambers. And yet occasionally a specific case does demand our attention, especially when the controversy at hand is thought to embody, represent, or challenge some of the most fundamental principles ordering the way society goes about its business.
Sepphoris and the Jesus Movement
Authors: BATEY RICHARD A.
Published: July 2002

New information coming from the excavations at Sepphoris has redefined the understanding of life in central Galilee during the first century. Beginning in 3 BC, Herod Antipas built Sepphoris into a beautiful and fortified capital city, called by Josephus ‘the ornament of all Galilee’. Jesus grew up in Nazareth which was less than 4 miles south of Sepphoris, an hour's walk away. This paper focuses on the challenges to NT scholarship that arise from this new and exciting evidence.
Humoral response of roach (Rutilus rutilus) to digenean

Rhipidocotyle fennica infection
Authors: AALTONEN T. M. , VALTONEN E. T. , JOKINEN E. I.
Published: July 2002

The humoral immune response of roach (Rutilus rutilus)

to cercariae of the digenean trematode, Rhipidocotyle fennica,
was

studied. Antibodies against R. fennica were found in wild roach

in lakes where fish are infected by the parasite. Antibody

levels were higher in sera collected in September than in sera collected

in June, due to infection of R. fennica during the

late summer. In experimental aquarium studies, roach immunized with

homogenized cercariae produced antibodies

against R. fennica. An especially strong response was elicited

by infecting fish with living cercariae emerging from infected

clams. The specificity of the antibodies, as shown in Western blots, was

different between fish immunized with homogenized cercariae and those

fish infected with living cercariae. The specificity and amount of

antibodies depended on the route of immunization. The challenge experiment

with R. fennica indicated that previous infection of fish gives
some

protection against R. fennica.
The histones of Plasmodium falciparum: identification,
purification and a possible role in the pathology of malaria
Authors: LONGHURST H. J. , HOLDER A. A.
Published: July 2002

A quick and simple method of purifying the histones from
Plasmodium falciparum culture supernatant or from infected
erythrocytes is described. The proteins were present only in preparations
rich in
P. falciparum nuclear material and were
soluble at acid pH and in strongly anionic detergents. Four proteins, of
14–18 kDa were identified as the P. falciparum
core histones. N-terminal sequence analysis of the 16 and 18 kDa proteins
and of
a tryptic fragment of the protein mixture
revealed strong homologies with deduced cDNA or protein sequences of histones
H2A, H2B, and H3 of P. falciparum
and other species. Antibodies raised against the proteins cross-reacted
weakly
with histones of other species and, on
immunofluorescence, localized the proteins to schizont nuclei. Anti-P.
falciparum histone antibodies were detected in sera
of semi-immune human adults but these antibodies did not react with human
histones on a Western blot. The large
quantities of P. falciparum histone released and the chronic nature
of
malarial infection, together with the unusually high
avidity of histones for ligands found in renal and vascular basement membrane,
raise the question of a role for histones
in the pathogenesis of malarial infection. Wesuggest that histones or
histone±antibody complexes may contribute to disease pathology.
Identification and partial characterization of a 36 kDa
surface protein on Neospora caninum tachyzoites
Authors: HEMPHILL A. , FUCHS N. , SONDA S. , GOTTSTEIN B. , HENTRICH B.
Published: July 2002

Neospora caninum, the causative agent of neosporosis,
is a recently identified apicomplexan parasite which is structurally
and biologically closely related to, but antigenically distinct from,
Toxoplasma gondii. Molecules associated with the
surfaces of N. caninum tachyzoites are likely to participate in
the host cell entry process, could be involved in the interaction
of the parasite with the immune system, and they could influence the
pathogenesis of neosporosis. Isolated N. caninum
tachyzoites were extracted with the non-ionic detergent Triton X–114
and were further analysed using a polyclonal anti-N. caninum
antiserum. Immunoblots revealed several reactive bands, 1 of which
represented a glycoprotein of
approximately 36 kDa (Nc-p36). This molecule was present in 2 isolates
of
Neospora (NC-1 and Liverpool), but was
absent in Toxoplasma (RH-strain) tachyzoites. Immunofluorescence
and pre-embedding immunogold transmission electron microscopy
employing affinity-purified anti-Nc-p36 antibodies showed that the Nc-p36
is a cell surface-associated
protein. Immunogold on-section labelling of LR-White-embedded parasites,
fixed prior and at defined time-points after
host cell entry, demonstrated the presence of this molecule on the
surface as well as within the dense granules of N. caninum tachyzoites.
Developmental activation of infective Trichinella spiralis
larvae
Authors: JANSSEN C. S. , TETLEY L. , KENNEDY M. W.
Published: July 2002

The initiation of further development is fundamental to the
infectious processes of parasitic nematodes. We have examined
early developmental activation of Trichinella spiralis
larvae during host invasion, with particular emphasis on the timing
of events. Using a novel approach, we have observed changes in
tissue-specific transcriptional activity in live larvae during
the infectious process with the fluorescent nucleic acid dyes SYTO12
and acridine orange. Simultaneously, the metabolic
switch from anaerobic metabolism, characteristic of the infective
stage, to aerobic metabolism, as found in the enteral
stages, was tracked by measuring activities of the key regulatory
enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and
pyruvate kinase, as well as isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP) activity,
and used as a co-indicator for developmental
activation. Both metabolic enzyme activities and transcription patterns

were found to change in response to host death,
liberation from the nurse cell, and exposure to components of the
host stomach environment. The results give a clear
indication that the activation processes of T. spiralis
infective larvae occur at a much earlier time than previously thought,

and are stimulated upon liberation of the larvae from the nurse cell inside
the host stomach.
Optimization of conditions for growth of wild-type
and genetically transformed Trypanosoma cruzi on
agarose plates
Authors: MONDRAGON A. , WILKINSON S. R. , TAYLOR M. C. , KELLY J. M.
Published: July 2002

Growth of Trypanosoma cruzi as colonies on solid medium has not been widely used as an experimental procedure. We
therefore sought to establish a reliable and routine plating method. The optimal results were achieved with a matrix of
0·65% low melting point agarose onto which epimasigotes from the mid-to-late logarithmic phase of growth were spread.
Colonies could be isolated after incubation for 21 days in a humidified 5% CO2 environment at 28°C. Plating efficiencies
in the range of 40% were obtained by this method and clones could be recovered into liquid medium or onto blood-agar
slopes with a high success rate. The procedure has also been adapted for the isolation of genetically transformed clones
after electroporation of epimastigotes with either plasmid or cosmid vectors. This was best achieved by inclusion of the
electroporated cell inoculum in a 0·6% agarose overlay containing G418 as the selective drug, on top of a 0·8% agar base.
Transformation efficiencies were as high as 10−5
cells per μg of DNA. A reliable plating method for T. cruzi will have
many applications and is a significant step towards the use of ‘shotgun transformation’ to generate libraries of T. cruzi
recombinants.
A population-based incidence study of chronic fatigue
Authors: LAWRIE S. M. , MANDERS D. N. , GEDDES J. R. , PELOSI A. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Most research on syndromes of chronic
fatigue has been conducted in clinical settings and is therefore
subject to selection biases. We report a population-based incidence
study of chronic fatigue (CF) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).

Methods. Questionnaires assessing fatigue and emotional
morbidity were sent to 695 adult men and women who had replied to a
postal questionnaire survey 1 year earlier. Possible CFS cases,
subjects with probable psychiatric disorder and normal controls were
interviewed.

Results. Baseline fatigue score, the level of emotional
morbidity and a physical attribution for fatigue were risk factors for
developing CF. However, after adjusting for confounding, pre-morbid
fatigue score was the only significant predictor. A minority of CF
subjects, all female, had consulted their general practitioner; higher
levels of both fatigue and emotional morbidity were associated with
consultation. Possible CFS cases reported similar rates of current and
past psychiatric disorder to psychiatric controls, but after
controlling for fatigue or a diagnosis of neurasthenia the current
rates were more similar to those of normal controls. Two new cases of
CFS were confirmed.

Conclusions. Both fatigue and emotional morbidity are
integral components of chronic fatigue syndromes. The demographic and
psychiatric associations of CFS in clinical studies are at least
partly determined by selection biases. Given that triggering and
perpetuating factors may differ in CFS, studies that examine the
similarities and differences between chronic fatigue syndromes and
psychiatric disorder should consider both the stage of the illness and
the research setting.
Frontal dysfunction in neurologically normal chronic alcoholic subjects:

metabolic and neuropsychological findings
Authors: DAO-CASTELLANA M. H. , SAMSON Y. , LEGAULT F. , MARTINOT J. L. , AUBIN H. J. , CROUZEL C. , FELDMAN L. , BARRUCAND D. , RANCUREL G. , FÉLINE A. , SYROTA A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Neuropsychological and imaging studies suggest
that
frontal dysfunction may occur in apparently normal chronic alcoholic subjects.

Methods. To investigate this issue further, we performed neuropsychological

and fluorodeoxy-glucose-PET studies in 17 chronic alcoholics without
patent neurological and psychiatric complications.

Results. Metabolic abnormalities were found in the mediofrontal

and in the left dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex, but not in the orbitofrontal cortex. Neuropsychological
testing revealed
significantly reduced verbal fluency and impaired performance on the Stroop
test. The mediofrontal
hypometabolism correlated with the reduction in verbal fluency and the
time necessary to perform
the interference condition of the Stroop test. The left dorsolateral prefrontal
hypometabolism
correlated with the number of errors on the Stroop test.

Conclusion. These data indicate that circumscribed frontal

dysfunctions may occur in chronic
alcoholic subjects before clinically obvious neurological complications,

and may account for some
of the alcohol-related neuropsychological and behavioural impairments.
Early and chronic stress and their relation to breast cancer
Authors: JACOBS JOHN R. , BOVASSO GREGORY B.
Published: July 2002

Background. The study examined the role of parental death and chronic depression with severe
episodes in affecting risk of breast cancer. This avenue of research is in accord with oncology
findings, which suggests that causative factors of breast cancer occur and develop over a period of
20 years or longer.

Methods. Participants consisted of 1213 women in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area
study surveyed in 1980 and followed through 1994–1995. They were assessed for depressive and
anxious disorders, paternal death in childhood and relatively recent adverse life events prior to
cancer hospitalization.

Results. In the course of the study, 29 women were hospitalized for breast cancer and 10 died of
breast cancer. The psychosocial variables that predicted increased risk of breast cancer were
maternal death in childhood (OR = 2·56, P < 0·001) and chronic depression with severe episodes
(OR = 14·0, P < 0·001). Neither relatively recent life events nor other depressive and anxiety
disorders were associated with increased risk. Maternal death and chronic depression with severe
episodes were reported to have occurred at least 20 years prior to breast cancer hospitalization.

Conclusions. Maternal death and chronic and severe depression occurred at least 20 years prior to
breast cancer hospitalization and could have been involved in the causation or facilitation of cancer
development. The authors suggest that meta-analysis of other prospective studies are needed to
create larger groups of individuals with these stresses to confidently establish these variables as risk
factors.
The possibilities of Incarnation: some radical Molinist suggestions
Authors: FLINT THOMAS P.
Published: July 2002

The traditional doctrine of the Incarnation maintains that God became
man. But was it necessary that God become the particular man He in fact became?
Could some man or woman other than the man born in Bethlehem roughly two
thousand years ago have been assumed by the Son to effect our salvation? This
essay addresses such questions from the perspective of one embracing Molina's
picture of divine providence. After showing how Molina thought his theory of
middle knowledge helps alleviate a traditional Christological puzzle, the essay turns
to the aforementioned questions concerning God's incarnational alternatives and
suggests some fairly radical answers. Finally, the essay presents two substantial
objections to these radical answers and argues that these objections fail.
A new anti-anti-Molinist argument
Authors: FLINT THOMAS P.
Published: July 2002

This paper argues that William Hasker's ‘A new anti-Molinist argument’
offers a fascinating but ultimately unsuccessful new instalment in his continuing
campaign to discredit the picture of providence based on the theory of middle
knowledge. It is first shown that Hasker's argument, though suffering from a
seemingly irreparable logical gap, does nicely highlight a significant (and hitherto
unduly underemphasized) point of contention between Molinists and anti-Molinists
– the question whether or not Molinists are committed to viewing counterfactuals
of creaturely freedom as part of the history of the world. Hasker's argument that
they are so committed is shown to be lacking, for that argument depends upon a
premise against which several contemporary Molinists have already presented independent
arguments. Furthermore, the premise is not one which, on reflection,
many traditional Christians could easily accept. Hence, Hasker's argument fails. It
may remind us that some of the things Molinists are led to say are surprising, but
it by no means shows that those surprising consequences make the view unworthy
of our allegiance.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND FIVE May to July 1997
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: July 2002

Contents

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health care

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 The voluntary sector

10 Local government

11 Gender

12 Demography
J. Joseph Errington,Shifting languages: Interaction
and identity in Javanese Indonesian. (Studies in the
social and cultural foundations of language, 19.) Cambridge
& New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. xii, 216.
Authors: Woolard Kathryn A.
Published: July 2002

Although Indonesia's New Order has been thrown into
disorder recently, its project of engineering an Indonesian
language has been deemed a miraculous success. At Indonesian
independence in 1945, the artificial administrative Malay
language – used by the Dutch to administer their
East Indies colonial empire – was just one of several
dialects of a language spoken natively by only a few million
residents of the territory. Now its descendant, Indonesian,
is a “fully viable, universally acknowledged national
language … clearly ascendant over hundreds of languages
spoken natively among more than two hundred million Indonesians”
(p. 2). Errington, author of two earlier books on Javanese,
here turns his attention to that modernist state project
of building Indonesian, and to evolving patterns of bilingualism
among the Javanese, the demographically and politically
dominant ethnic community of Indonesia. He gives us not
only a detailed analysis of language use, but also a fascinating
ethnographic account of Indonesian national development
as it is interactionally constituted in two aptly chosen
villages in the region around Solo (Surakarta). This study
exemplifies an ethnographically grounded, culturally nuanced
approach to bilingualism and language change.
Susan Garzon, R. McKenna Brown, Julia Becker Richards,
& Wuqu' Ajpub' (Arnulfo Simón),
The life of our language: Kaqchikel Maya maintenance,
shift, and revitalization. Austin: University of Texas
Press, 1998. Pp. xvi, 239. Hb $35.00, pb $17.95.
Authors: Maxwell Judith M.
Published: July 2002

This volume presents four case studies of language
use in communities that speak Kaqchikel (also spelled Cakchiquel),
a Mayan language of Guatemala; the authors provide a rich
picture of the varying patterns of language shift within
a single language group. They situate the current practices
in both time and space, reviewing linguistic policy from
Spanish colonial times to the present, and they demonstrate
how state-level programs have played out differently within
different communities. Universalistic considerations of
hegemony, nationalism, economic pressure, and availability
of educational resources are balanced against local realities
of micro-economics, municipal politics, and the job market.
A Kaqchikel author, Wuqu' Ajpub', contributes
a personal history which grounds the generalizations and
historical particularities of the community-based case
studies in human terms. The time depth of the case studies
emphasizes the constantly changing nature of language interactions
within the Kaqchikel region. Each of them brings one to
the conclusion that the community is currently on a cusp
where Kaqchikel language maintenance within the next generation
is an open question. The authors strive for a positive
perspective and champion linguistic revitalization; however,
their data do not predict a resurgence, though they do
not preclude one.
The lateralized readiness potential: Relationship between human data and response activation in a connectionist model
Authors: Spencer Kevin M. , Coles Michael G. H.
Published: July 2002

Psychophysiological measures such as the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) have been used to study information processing in the Eriksen flankers task. The data provided by these measures are consistent with a continuous flow theory, which proposes that the output of stimulus evaluation is continuously available to the response channels. Cohen et al. (1992) realized this theory in a connectionist model and showed that its behavior corresponded to that of human subjects in the flankers task. We report here a modification of the model and an analysis of the degree to which simulated LRPs (based on the activation functions of the response units of the model) resemble the actual LRPs of human subjects in the same task. Across a variety of different experimental conditions and outcomes, there was a marked correspondence between the simulated and actual LRPs. These observations strengthen the propriety of the connectionist model and of the continuous flow theory on which it is based.
Impedance cardiography‐derived hemodynamic responses during baroreceptor testing with amyl nitrite and phenylephrine: A validity and reliability study
Authors: Nelesen Richard A. , Shaw Robert , Ziegler Michael G. , Dimsdale Joel E.
Published: July 2002

Baroreflex (BR) testing with phenylephrine (PE) and amyl nitrite (AN) provided an opportunity to evaluate the ability of impedance cardiography (IC) to track the rapid hemodynamic (HD) changes elicited by these drugs. The AN response was measured after inhalation and the PE response was measured after a bolus injection in 19 subjects on two occasions. High reliability was observed for all of the HD measures. Blood pressure (BP), peripheral resistance (PR), and preejection period (PEP) decreased significantly after administration of AN, whereas heart rate (HR) and cardiac output (dotted Q) increased. BP and total PR increased significantly after administration of PE; HR and dotted Q decreased and PEP did not change significantly. Stroke volume did not change significantly with either drug. The BR slope was reliably elicited with AN and PE. The IC and Finapres BP consistently detected short‐term changes in HD responses to AN and PE. The pharmacological interventions demonstrated that IC measures followed the course predicted by the actions of the drugs. Change in PEP and dZ/dt reflected increased contractility. The BR sensitivity was also reproducible.
Individual differences: Variation by design
Authors: Greene Anthony J. , Levy William B.
Published: July 2002

Stanovich & West (S&W) appear to overlook the adaptivity of variation. Behavioral variability, both between and within individuals, is an absolute necessity for phylogenetic and ontological adaptation. As with all heritable characteristics, inter-individual behavioral variation is the foundation for natural selection. Similarly, intra-individual variation allows a broad exploration of potential solutions. Variation increases the likelihood that more optimal behaviors are available for selection. Four examples of the adaptivity of variation are discussed: (a) Genetic variation as it pertains to behavior and natural selection; (b) behavioral and cognitive aspects of mate selection which may facilitate genetic diversity; (c) variation as a strategy for optimizing learning through greater exploration; and (d) behavioral variation coupled with communication as a means to propagate individually discovered behavioral success.
Two cheers for bounded rationality
Authors: Lipshitz Raanan
Published: July 2002

Replacing logical coherence by effectiveness as criteria of rationality, Gigerenzer et al. show that simple heuristics can outperform comprehensive procedures (e.g., regression analysis) that overload human limited information processing capacity. Although their work casts long overdue doubt on the normative status of the Rational Choice Paradigm, their methodology leaves open its relevance as to how decisions are actually made.
Heuristics all the way up?
Authors: Morton Adam
Published: July 2002

I investigate whether heuristics similar to those studied by Gigerenzer and his co-authors can apply to the problem of finding a suitable heuristic for a given problem. I argue that not only can heuristics of a very similar kind apply but they have the added advantage that they need not incorporate specific trade-off parameters for balancing the different desiderata of a good decision-procedure.
Hidden Markov model interpretations of neural networks
Authors: Visser Ingmar
Published: July 2002

Page's manifesto makes a case for localist representations in neural networks, one of the advantages being ease of interpretation. However, even localist networks can be hard to interpret, especially when at some hidden layer of the network distributed representations are employed, as is often the case. Hidden Markov models can be used to provide useful interpretable representations.
An example of access-consciousness
without phenomenal consciousness?
Authors: Bogen Joseph E.
Published: July 2002

Both Block and the commentators who accepted his P versus
A distinction readily recognize examples of P without A
but not vice versa. As an example of A without P, Block
hypothesized a “zombie,” computationally like a human but
without subjectivity. This would appear to describe the disconnected
right hemisphere of the split-brain subject, unless one alternatively
opts for two parallel mechanisms for P?
In search of control variables: A systems approach
Authors: Dalenoort G. J.
Published: July 2002

Motor processes cannot be modeled by a single (unified) model.
Instead, a number of models at different levels of description are
needed. The concepts of control and control variable only make sense
at the functional level. A clear distinction must be made between
external models and internal models. General Systems Theory provides
the framework for a proper treatment of these issues.
On learning and shift (in)variance of pattern recognition across the visual field
Authors: Jüttner Martin
Published: July 2002

Ballard et al.'s principle of deictic coding as
exemplified in the analysis of fixation patterns relies on a
functional dichotomy between foveal and extrafoveal vision based
on the well-known dependency of spatial resolution on eccentricity.
Experimental evidence suggests that for processes of pattern learning
and recognition such a dichotomy may be less warranted because its
manifestation depends on the learning state of the observer. This
finding calls for an explicit consideration of learning mechanisms
within deictic coding schemes.
Why not ask “Does the chimpanzee have a soul?”
Authors: Baum William M.
Published: July 2002

The question, “Does the chimpanzee have a theory of
mind?” is logically identical to the question, “Does the
chimpanzee have a soul?” It is a peculiarity of our culture that
we talk about anyone having a mind, and such talk is unhelpful for a
science of behavior. The label “killjoy hypothesis” is an
ad hominem attack.
Feature see, feature do
Authors: Benson Philip J.
Published: July 2002

Physiological evidence predicts a model of concept
categorisation that evolves through direct interaction with object
feature selection. The requirement stated by Schyns et al. for feature
plasticity is supported, but important caveats raise a question about
the level at which feature identification can occur. Visual attribute
selection for feature creation is likely to be directed by top-down
and attentional processes.
The notion of distal similarity is ill defined
Authors: Hahn Ulrike , Chater Nick
Published: July 2002

We argue that the notion of distal similarity on which
Edelman's reconstruction of the process of perception and
the nature of representation rests is ill defined. As a consequence,
the mapping between world and description that is supposedly at
stake is, in fact, a mapping between two different descriptions or
“representations.”
General intelligence is central to many forms of talent
Authors: Humphreys Lloyd G.
Published: July 2002

Howe et al.'s rejection of traditional discussion of
talent is clearly acceptable, but their alternative has a weakness.
They stress practice and hard work while referring vaguely to some
basic biological substrate. High scores on a valid test of general
intelligence provide a cultural-genetic basis for talented performance
in a wide variety of specialties, ranging from engineering to the
humanities. These choices may be entirely environmentally determined,
and the highest levels of achievement do require practice and hard
work.
Primate theory of mind is a Turing test
Authors: Mitchell Robert W. , Anderson James R.
Published: July 2002

Heyes's literature review of deception, imitation,
and self-recognition is inadequate, misleading, and erroneous. The
anaesthetic artifact hypothesis of self-recognition is unsupported by
the data she herself examines. Her proposed experiment is tantalizing,
indicating that theory of mind is simply a Turing test.
Is the dynamical hypothesis falsifiable? On unification in theories of cognition
Authors: Noelle David C.
Published: July 2002

The dynamical hypothesis is strong in that, for it to be true,
every cognitive phenomenon must be best modeled by a
dynamical system. Depending on how it is interpreted, however, the
hypothesis may be seen as probably false or even unfalsifiable.
Strengthening the hypothesis to require unification, or at least
coherence, across models in different cognitive domains alleviates
this problem.
Unconscious motivation and phenomenal knowledge: Toward a comprehensive theory of implicit mental states
Authors: Bornstein Robert F.
Published: July 2002

A comprehensive theory of implicit and explicit knowledge
must explain phenomenal knowledge (e.g., knowledge regarding one's
affective and motivational states), as well as propositional
(i.e., “fact”-based) knowledge. Findings from several
research areas (i.e., the subliminal mere exposure effect, artificial
grammar learning, implicit and self-attributed dependency needs) are
used to illustrate the importance of both phenomenal and propositional
knowledge for a unified theory of implicit and explicit mental
states.
The cognitive impenetrability of cognition
Authors: Cavanagh Patrick
Published: July 2002

Cognitive impenetrability is really two assertions: (1)
perception and cognition have access to different knowledge bases;
and (2) perception does not use cognitive-style processes. The first
leads to the unusual corollary that cognition is itself cognitively
impenetrable. The second fails when it is seen to be the claim that
reasoning is available only in conscious processing.
Contextualizing women's violence and aggression: Beyond denial and demonization
Authors: Chesney-Lind Meda
Published: July 2002

This commentary focuses on the role played by constructions of
women's violence in the maintenance of male control over women.
While actual women's violence tends to be denied, pathologized
or minimized, cultural constructions (particularly in the media) of
women's violence tend to demonize it. Both of these androcentric
cultural processes fail to illuminate the actual sources of the gender
gap in violent behavior and instead tend to normalize male aggression
and to cultivate female passivity.
The cognitive impenetrability of visual perception: Old wine in a new bottle
Authors: Egeth Howard
Published: July 2002

Pylyshyn's argument is very similar to one made in the
1960s to the effect that vision may be influenced by spatial selective
attention being directed to distinctive stimulus features, but not by
mental set for meaning or membership in an ill-defined category.
More recent work points to a special role for spatial attention in
determining the contents of perception.
What is special about “implicit” and “explicit”?
Authors: Overskeid Geir
Published: July 2002

Dienes & Perner present a very interesting analysis of two
types of knowledge. It is not clear, however, that the words “implicit”
and “explicit” are the best basis on which to build a theory of
the two types of knowledge. One is also left uncertain as to whether this
theory is the best way of ordering the greatest possible amount of relevant
data in a way that yields the simplest account possible.