bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced frequency response associated with negative photoconductance in an InGaAs/InAlAs avalanche photodetector
Authors: Kim Gyungock , Kim In Gyoo , Baek Jong Hyeob , Kwon O. Kyun
Published: August 2003

We report an InAlAs/InGaAs avalanche photodetector with the photocurrent–voltage characteristic exhibiting a negative conductance region. The frequency response of a device exhibits the internal rf-gain effect in the avalanche region, and the gain peak occurs at progressively higher frequencies as the applied voltage increases. The pulse response experiment in the time domain characterizes the formation process of the space-charge wave signal near the threshold voltage in the avalanche region. The experimental result, displaying a multivalued bandwidth curve with respect to the current-gain, shows that the avalanche process does not limit the speed of the avalanche photodetector, in contrast to the conventional one.
Infrared photoelectron emission from Scandate dispenser cathodes
Authors: Jensen Kevin L. , Feldman Donald W. , Virgo Matt , O’Shea Patrick G.
Published: August 2003

Nonlinear photoelectric emission from Scandate dispenser cathodes using 1.064-μm radiation in nanosecond-scale pulses has been observed. Unlike single-photon emission, the photocurrent is a strong function of both the initial lattice temperature and the applied electric field as well as laser intensity. The parametric data is compared to a theoretical model for the process, and the data is shown to be explicable in terms of laser heating of the electron gas and subsequent photoemission.
Organic field-effect transistors by a wet-transferring method
Authors: Noh Yong-Young , Kim Jang-Joo , Yase Kiyoshi , Nagamatsu Shuichi
Published: August 2003

Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) were prepared from an epitaxially grown film fabricated by a wet-transferring process. 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphyrin platinum(II) was grown by thermal evaporation on the (001) surface of potassium bromide (KBr) single crystals. When the film was grown at room temperature, the planar molecules were aligned orthogonally on the crystal surfaces along the [110] direction with edge-on orientation to the surface normal direction. The epitaxy film was transferred to on SiO2/Si surface immediately after removing the KBr on the water surface to product the OFETs. The calculated μFET of the OFET for the wet-transferred vertically aligned film were 1.3×10−4 and 2.2×10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 at the linear and saturation regions, respectively, at Vg=−50 V at an ION/IOFF (on/off ratios of source–drain current) of 104∼105.
One-dimensional photonic crystals in reflection geometry for optical applications
Authors: Nelson R. L. , Haus J. W.
Published: August 2003

We investigate some properties of one-dimensional photonic band-gap materials that have the possibility of total internal reflection at one or more interfaces. The proposed structures have application for electro-optic modulation, sensing, and other optical devices. A specific example for electro-optic modulation is presented. Certain advantages of this arrangement may make it a desired geometry for specific applications like sensing.
Excitation fluence dependence of terahertz radiation mechanism from femtosecond-laser-irradiated InAs under magnetic field
Authors: Takahashi Hiroshi , Quema Alex , Yoshioka Ryoichiro , Ono Shingo , Sarukura Nobuhiko
Published: August 2003

The excitation fluence and magnetic field dependence of terahertz (THz) radiation power from InAs is investigated. At low excitation fluence, an enhancement of the THz-radiation power is observed independent of the magnetic-field direction. As the excitation fluence is increased, a crossover of the terahertz radiation mechanism is observed. At excitation fluence above this crossover, the radiation power is either enhanced or reduced depending on the magnetic-field direction. These results are explained by considering the different THz-radiation mechanisms from the InAs surface with or without photoexcited carrier screening.
Switching effect in Cu:TCNQ charge transfer-complex thin films by vacuum codeposition
Authors: Oyamada Takahito , Tanaka Haruo , Matsushige Kazumi , Sasabe Hiroyuki , Adachi Chihaya
Published: August 2003

We demonstrate the operation of an organic switching device using a uniform poly-crystalline Cu:7, 7, 8, 8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) charge transfer (CT)-complex thin film that is prepared by vacuum vapor codeposition. Characteristic CT-absorption at λ=600–1200 nm was observed in the complex film in the UV-visible spectrum and the cyano stretching peak in the IR spectrum shifted to a higher (more than 29 cm−1) wave number than that of a pristine TCNQ film, suggesting the formation of a CT-complex in the evaporated thin film. Reproducible electrical switching characteristics were observed in the indium tin oxide/Al/(Al2O3)/Cu:TCNQ/Al structure. The device exhibited a clear threshold from low impedance to high impedance at an applied voltage of 10.0±2.0 V and a reverse phenomenon at a negative bias of −9.5±2.0 V. In this study, we demonstrate that a thin Al2O3 layer between the aluminum (Al) anode and Cu:TCNQ layers creates reproducible switching.
Broadband nursing
Authors: Nicholas David , Williams Peter , Huntington Paul , Gunter Barrie
Published: August 2003

The UK Government see digital interactive television (DiTV) as an effective delivery platform for health information. This study examines use of a one‐way DiTV video‐conferencing facility whereby the public received advice from a nurse visible on their TV. A multi‐method approach was used, combining computer logs, telephone and face‐to‐face interviews with users and nurse call‐handlers and consultation scripts. Although the service was well received, usage was low, possibly due to the novelty of the system. Clear differences of opinion emerged between nurses and the public regarding its benefits. Nurses enthused about the facility to transmit images and video‐clips to aid patients; whereas service users praised more the closer inter‐personal communication afforded by seeing the nurse. The relative ease of system use, and advantages over traditional telephone enquiry services indicate that this exciting and innovative initiative may well feature in future National Health Service plans.
Reasons behind consumers’ functional food choices
Authors: Urala Nina , Lähteenmäki Liisa
Published: August 2003

The aim of this study was to examine what reasons consumers give for either choosing or not choosing functional foods. Laddering interviews were used to find out how consumers described their reasons for choosing functional food alternatives in different product categories and how these descriptions are linked with values. Yoghurt, spread, juice, carbonated soft drinks, sweets and ice cream were used as example product categories. In total, five central means‐end chains, describing the product attributes, consequences and values behind respondents’ food choices, were found, which referred to healthiness, taste and pleasure, security and familiarity, convenience and price. They were found to be independent from each other and had different connotations depending on the product category. The results indicate that respondents did not see functional foods as one homogenous group over different product categories. Instead, consumers seemed to perceive functional products as a member of the general product category such as yoghurt or spread and only secondarily as a functional food.
Collaboration and liaison: the importance of developing working partnerships in the provision of networked hybrid services to lifelong learners in rural areas
Authors: Mackay Mary
Published: August 2003

The concept of lifelong learning is one of inclusiveness and flexibility and the emerging idea is that education will come to the people in their own communities, no matter where they are located. Reviews the implications and challenges for management and staff as they strive to implement changes which will support students studying courses in remote, rural communities who previously had little or no library support provision. In particular, it focuses on the need for increased interaction between all sites and staff involved in the implementation and provision of networked resources – senior management, academic staff, lecturers, technical and library staff and the increased use of technology to facilitate this. It examines their changing roles and the implications for staff development and training in a distributed networked environment such as the UHI Millennium Institute. In addition, the potential benefits of forming partnerships with outside public bodies such as the local authority public library are considered.
Employees, customers and internal marketing strategies in LIS
Authors: Broady‐Preston Judith , Steel Lucy
Published: August 2003

Reports a survey undertaken in 2001 which examined employee satisfaction and customer orientation in a sample of six public library authorities in London. It forms part of a larger investigation into the evolution of internal marketing within these organisations.
Using worksheets to encourage independent learning by staff in an academic library: a case study
Authors: Dale Penny
Published: August 2003

Describes the development, introduction, use and evaluation of a series of worksheets designed for library staff at Bournemouth University. The reasons for the development of the worksheets, designed to be a part of a range of training and development opportunities, are described in this paper. Their value as a self‐directed learning tool is considered and the question posed as to whether such materials can assist the process of encouraging self‐directed learning. The paper considers the usefulness of such materials and the cost in terms of initial and ongoing development.
Costs and benefits of interim managerial assignments in an academic library
Authors: Weingart Sandra J.
Published: August 2003

Examines several interim managerial appointments at Utah State University Libraries during the period 2000‐2002. Standard practices as illustrated in the literature of librarianship, education and business are compared with the actual experiences of nine individuals at the Utah State University. Costs and benefits to the organisation and to the employee are delineated.
Management musings 12: top dogs need not be fat cats
Authors: Line Maurice B.
Published: August 2003

Considers the issue of salary increases for top executives. Discusses this in the library sector and assesses that the desire for money is not always a bad motivator. However, it is important that it is not the only motivation for library staff seeking more responsible jobs.
Meeting the needs of remote library users
Authors: Mutinta Moyo Lesley , Stern Cahoy Ellysa
Published: August 2003

Many higher education institutions now offer virtual delivery of academic programs via the Internet and the World Wide Web, and cater to the needs of growing numbers of distance education students. Before an academic library can adequately address the needs, preferences, and expectations of its remote patrons, however, it needs to understand the peculiarities and challenges of serving patrons at a distance. Penn State University’s World Campus (a virtual campus) is one of the leading distance education institutions in the USA, and its libraries are among those actively engaged in ascertaining the needs of remote library users and developing services and resources to meet these needs. A portrait of library resources and services available to World Campus students is presented, and results of a survey conducted to assess Penn State World Campus students’ perceptions, expectations and use of Web‐based library resources are reported. A key finding is that students are pleased with the quality and availability of library services, but not fully partaking of the vast array of services and collections.
ARL’s Collection Analysis Project: continuing feasibility for a medium‐sized academic library
Authors: Guise Jan , Feinmark David
Published: August 2003

Mabee Library at Washburn University, Topeka, USA, has just completed year two of a three‐year strategic plan. One area of emphasis in 2002 was collection development. The library wanted to assess its current collection development strategy and review best practices to ensure it was keeping up with the needs of users and adequately addressing the impacts of digital information. The Association of Research Libraries’ (ARL) Collection Analysis Project (CAP) was the chosen assessment tool, in part because of its solid reputation, and also to help ARL test CAP’s continued viability. CAP’s broad emphasis on historical and environmental factors has proven both timeless enough, and inclusive enough, to be used by this non‐ARL library and to facilitate a discussion of the impact of technology. The research, data collection, and report writing, however, combine to make CAP a labour‐intensive ten‐month process not to be entered into lightly. Reports on one library’s recent experience with CAP, its value in examining staffing, budgeting, and assessment for collection development, and implications for other similar‐sized institutions.
Continuing professional development and workplace learning 4: conferences, wonderful conferences …
Authors: Layzell Ward Patricia
Published: August 2003

Reflects on the range of benefits from attendance at conferences and their contribution to networking and professional development. Comments on the factors that make for a good experience.
Industrial applications of automatic manipulation of flexible materials
Authors: Saadat Mozafar , Nan Ping
Published: August 2003

Flexible materials are used extensively in a wide range of industrial applications including the manufacture and assembly of garment and footwear products, the packaging industry and aircraft manufacturing. These applications are often extremely labour intensive requiring fast and accurate manipulation of materials by skilled human operators. This has resulted in numerous international research and development efforts to automate certain handling and manipulation processes involving flexible materials. Much of the research has been inspired by real industrial problems, and thus has been mainly sponsored by industry. A variety of innovative techniques and methods have emerged either addressing specific industrial problems, or suggesting a number of generic solutions. This paper closely examines the international research effort of automatic manipulation of flexible materials through a classification of workpieces in terms of their broad geometric shape, industrial applications, and individual processes.
Vacuum manipulator for semiconductor manufacturing equipment
Authors: Katsuma Takashi
Published: August 2003

Various revolutions continue in the technology of semiconductor manufacturing and equipment. The transfer system used in a vacuum is indispensable to the semiconductor manufacturing process, and the vacuum manipulator is the main component of this system. Yaskawa, which is the supplier of the electrically controlled industrial robot known well as “Motoman”, supplies a manipulator that can be used in a vacuum. For this manipulator, Yaskawa adopts the direct drive method with an original motor for the vacuum environment. Moreover, the manipulator has a specially designed controller for direct drive in a vacuum, and software functions for the transfer system. These provide Yaskawa’s vacuum manipulator with various features such as high reliability, high speed and high accuracy.
Robotics for telesurgery: second generation Berkeley/UCSF laparoscopic telesurgical workstation and looking towards the future applications
Authors: Cenk Çavuşoğlu M. , Williams Winthrop , Tendick Frank , Shankar Sastry S.
Published: August 2003

Robotic telesurgery is a promising application of robotics to medicine, aiming to enhance the dexterity and sensation of regular and minimally invasive surgery through using millimeter‐scale robotic manipulators under the control of the surgeon. In this paper, the telesurgical system will be introduced with discussion of kinematic and control issues and presentation ofin vitroexperimental evaluation results.
USA‐Russia library materials exchanges: past, present and future
Authors: Zilper Nadia
Published: August 2003

A discussion of the research materials exchanges between the US and Russian libraries which provides the reader with both a history of these exchanges and a perspective on what the future holds for these programs.
Interlending and document supply: a review of recent literature – XLIV
Authors: McGrath Mike
Published: August 2003

Reviews recent interlending and document supply literature. Looks at the areas of aggregators, intermediaries, end users, statistics, e‐books, copyright, consortia, licensing and conventional issues.
The case of Germany: a report on the status of international degrees and credit point systems
Authors: Krauss‐Leichert Ute
Published: August 2003

Describes the new trends in German library and information science (LIS) education and the status of the international degrees in Germany, referring to changes to the Framework Act of 1998, which enabled the institutions of higher education to award Bachelor’s degree on completion of undergraduate study courses and Master’s degree on completion of postgraduate study courses. Describes the introduction of credit point systems, the shift from a system based on the number of lecture hours to a credit system based on the number of hours of student workload. In Germany different credit point systems exist. This paper focuses on the most important model of credit point systems used by the German LIS faculties. Finally the special problems in Germany with the change from the diploma to the Bachelor and Master are mentioned.
Making Web‐based tables accessible for users of screen readers
Authors: Amtmann Dagmar , Johnson Kurt , Cook Debbie
Published: August 2003

Reading and understanding information presented in tabular format have posed specific challenges for blind individuals who use screen readers to access computers. In this article the results of a study of the types of problems blind individuals using screen readers experienced, when reading tables on the World Wide Web, have been summarized. Nine blind participants were asked to extract information from tables with varying levels of complexity. The participants used combinations of commonly used screen readers and Web browsers. The presentation of information in the tables was systematically varied through use of several HTML coding methods. The participants in the study found tasks that required them to extract information from tables challenging and often frustrating. Suggestions for making tables accessible to users of screen readers are provided.
Building and space issues: the German situation and solutions
Authors: Blume Eckhard , Kempf Klaus
Published: August 2003

For libraries, a chronic lack of space is nothing new and is an international phenomenon. It has become a truism that the rise of digital information, electronic documents and the “media revolution” has not (at least for the time being) solved the space deficit. Precisely the opposite. Space for the simultaneous use of printed and digital/multimedia information is necessary. This article considers how this complex problem is managed within the context of German libraries.
Electronic theses and dissertations as prior publications: what the editors say
Authors: Seamans Nancy H.
Published: August 2003

An increasing number of colleges and universities throughout the world are adopting electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) as either an option or a requirement for graduate degrees. This movement has resulted in questions about the role of these electronic documents in the world of scholarly communications and publishing. One specific question raised by students and their faculty advisors has been whether or not ETDs would be viewed as prior publications and would, as such, be ineligible for consideration for publication in traditional journals. This article presents survey findings that indicate that, while more study is needed, this concern appears to be largely unwarranted.
IT skills needs for collection development at the University of Botswana Library
Authors: Mutula Stephen M. , Makondo Francina S.
Published: August 2003

The rapid and continuing evolution of information technology has occasioned large stocks of electronic resources in libraries and created pressure for both library professionals and users to continue learning in order to provide effective service and make adequate use of the new information materials. Discusses collection development practices at the University of Botswana Library in an environment of increasing electronic resources of information. Considers the skills needed for librarians to effectively procure and manage such resources and for users to effectively use the resources. Provides an assessment of the performance of University of Botswana Library in this new electronic dispensation, and looks at how the library has faced the challenges of information technology.
Coherent risk measurement: an introduction
Authors: Krause Andreas
Published: August 2003

It is shown that the widely used risk measures standard deviation and value at risk do not always reflect risk preferences accurately. To overcome these problems in risk measurement a class of coherent risk measures has been proposed. We introduce the idea behind these measures and provide an overview of suggested coherent risk measures. Finally it is shown where the limitations of such measures in practical applications are and how regulatory bodies responded to their introduction in the literature. We find that most contributions on coherent risk measurement come from the actuarial sciences and propagate a widening of the discussion among researchers and practitioners in other industries.
Accounting standards – a new era
Authors: Damant David
Published: August 2003

The author analyses the recent history of financial reporting and shows that its complexities are inevitable. He sets out the basis for a fair value model stemming from a conceptual framework and argues that if financial reporting rules are to be correctly drawn from such a framework the resulting reports will be complex and require well‐trained professional analysis to both understand them and to explain them.
Rethinking regulatory risk: a strategy for the UK and global corporate governance
Authors: Gerrard Neil
Published: August 2003

UK companies face an increasingly aggressive regulatory environment. A recent study by the LSE shows that UK directors are ill‐equipped to deal with increasing regulatory risk. While they are aware of these growing risks, almost a third of boards do not know about the activities in their companies that could lead to a regulatory intervention. Less than one in five are “very confident” in their risk management processes. UK companies also fail to effectively monitor and influence new regulations. Businesses need to adopt a proactive approach to handling these risks, acting at all stages of the regulatory cycle. By doing so, they can afford themselves a competitive advantage, and reduce the chances of facing severe corporate and personal penalties.
Paying for the value of well governed companies
Authors: Watts David
Published: August 2003

Research carried out by KPMG shows that a growing number of asset managers are seeking out high standards of governance as the criteria for their risk‐management assessment of a company as a possible investment. The author provides an overview of the research findings and a guide to how to embed the qualities required into a corporate structure.
From continuous improvement to organisational learning: developmental theory
Authors: Murray Peter , Chapman Ross
Published: August 2003

As a learning theory, the continuous improvement (CI) discourse has benefited countless manufacturing enterprises to improve and adapt their methods of production. As one of the pillars of total quality management, it has generally included a range of dynamic concepts from high involvement teamwork and production enablers, to other social and technical capabilities such as innovation techniques. Such methodologies have been promoted in the literature as potential manifestos that can transform existing capabilities from simple representations of capability, to dynamically integrated ones (often labelled “full CI capacity”). The latter term in particular deserves more attention in the literature. Since CI techniques cannot be separated from organisational learning methodologies, it follows that CI methods should underpin holistic learning. This paper explores whether CI methodologies have advanced far enough to be considered as integrated and holistic in their own right. If not, it follows that new theories, challenges and discourses should be considered for exploration in the CI literature.
“To change the way we do things is more important than the certificate on the wall”: does Investors in People represent an effective intervention strategy for organisational learning?
Authors: Berry Carolyn , Grieves Jim
Published: August 2003

This paper seeks to investigate the extent to which IiP is a useful method for managing change in local government. In order to do this considers the relative merits and limitations of IiP by examining its ability to encourage learning transfer, learning capability and strategic human resource development. By examining data from a postal survey of all 120 UK local authorities that had achieved the award by August 2001 questions the extent to which IiP can be viewed as a change management tool, as many advocates of IiP claim. Concludes with suggestions for future development.
Interoperability in subject searching and browsing
Authors: Nicholson Dennis , Shiri Ali
Published: August 2003

This article is an introduction to the problem of interoperability in subject searching and browsing in distributed digital libraries. The aim is to provide brief advice of practical value to those tackling the problem themselves. A general overview of problem areas is given and some current projects tackling key issues are described.
Using scenarios to focus R&D
Authors: Ringland Gill
Published: August 2003

This paper focuses on the role of scenarios in planning research and development (R&D). R&D programs often focus on the technology, which is relatively forecastable. But the products that are the ultimate output of R&D programs will have to succeed a world in which lifestyles and society are changing. By using scenarios to explore alternative views of the future, R&D programs can be designed to anticipate change, to watch for signs of the changes, and to be more robust. The paper describes in some detail an example of using scenarios for an information and communication technology R&D program. The implications for corporate planners are detailed.
Knowledge is today’s capital: Strategy & Leadership interviews Thomas A. Stewart
Authors: Felton Samuel M. , Finnie William C.
Published: August 2003

An interview with Thomas A. Stewart, recently appointed editor of the Harvard Business Review and formerly Editorial Director of Business 2.0 and a member of the Board of Editors of Fortune. His latest book is The Wealth of Knowledge: Intellectual Capital and the Twenty‐first Century Organization (2002). Stewart’s message: Knowledge is the most important factor of production in the modern economy and a key to achieving competitive advantage. Investment in intellectual capital almost invariably provokes further complementary investments, producing a self‐feeding circle of investment and value creation. If you don’t know why you’re doing knowledge management, you shouldn’t be doing it. To apply knowledge management ideas and tools to solve business problems, you have to first identify the business problems. More companies are now operating in real time. In these companies, management can see their companies running almost the way an open‐heart surgeon can see the heart beating. That is going to change the art of management in a lot of ways. One effect will be to increase the visibility of the importance of knowledge and information. The response to 9/11 has made people much more aware of the value of their knowledge and much more aware of how to manage, collect, and protect both that knowledge and the people who create and embody it. As we move forward, I think we will be seeing an explicit recognition that deploying and redeploying people and knowledge leads to the fastest growth.
Integrating the enterprise: the role of a language system for a marketing conception
Authors: Driver John , Louvieris Panos
Published: August 2003

A marketing‐centric view of the connected enterprise implies that qualitative information in its systems and general document structures share a marketing‐based vocabulary – we propose that this should be founded on POSIT. As any system needs to be accessed and understood by people, the basis of its construction and navigation principles should be transparent even though many component processes will be automated. Based on the use of natural language, a user‐defined glossary stems from a selection of primitives and relationships between them. Semantic mapping employing the reciprocal text‐to‐graphical capability of EXPRESS and EXPRESS G is outlined. The significance of XML and related developments is introduced in the context of qualitative information search and extraction from documents. Consensual language also aids connectivity of intranets and extranets to the Internet.
Vacuum casting with room temperature vulcanising rubber and aluminium moulds for rapid manufacturing of quality parts: a comparative study
Authors: Ramos A.M. , Relvas C. , Simo˜es J.A.
Published: August 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare costs and dimensional control parameters between same geometry parts obtained by same prototyping techniques using different material moulds. Vacuum casting was used to obtain prototypes of a three‐blade helix of a motor boat propeller. Aluminium and room temperature vulcanising (RTV) rubber moulds were manufactured and tested within the study. Manufacturing costs and dimensional control parameters were used within the comparison study. For the dimensional deviation performance factor used, no significant differences were observed relatively to the dimensional control parameters measured. However, the average deviations were smaller for the RTV rubber mould prototype.
A regional approach towards organisational re‐invention
Authors: Ramachandran R.
Published: August 2003

Provides a series of recommendations for a regional approach to organizational re‐invention of libraries, archives and museums, in the light of imformation technology development. Concludes that libraries, museums and archives must work together in order to deal with the changes brought by technological development.
Preservation of AVA heritage: strategies of development of audiovisual archives
Authors: Johansen Tedd
Published: August 2003

Audiovisual archives worldwide are facing a challenge: the digitization of the historical collections of moving images and sound. The result of the new change in technology is easier access to television and radio programmes transmitted to millions of people. Professors, teachers, students and professinal researchers may possibly be able to add new information to reports and documents already written. Every country which advocates democratic institutions and a free press has got an important tool to be used to gain the aims of a modern society. However, new technology in the field of information is not a substitute for the basicknowledge needed to search the Internet or use computer systems. Knowledge in social science, world history, literature and daily news isimportant to librarians and scholars worldwide. The contentof the information stored in audiovisual archives is a study for future archivists and librarians.
Level of information technology application in Iranian university libraries
Authors: Reza Davarpanah Mohammad
Published: August 2003

The paper examines the level of information technology (IT) application in university libraries in Iran. As a background, an attempt was made to present current status of IT application in the libraries. In this study the whole population of 79 university libraries under the jurisdiction of two ministries: Culture and Higher Education (MCHE) and Health, Treatment and Medical Education (HTME), was surveyed. The significant difference between the level of IT application in two library groups, i.e. MCHE and HTME, and the relationship between the level of IT application and the number of computers in use and the annual expenditure on IT, have also been discussed. The paper concluded that the automation of Iranian university libraries is a continuous exercise.
The University of Glasgow unmanned aerial vehicle system
Authors: Millar M. , Smrcek L.
Published: August 2003

States that at present wind tunnels are the most commonly used methods for obtaining data on aerofoils and investigating boundary layer phenomena in order to improve laminar flows. Looks at an alternative to wind tunnels – an unmanned aerial vehicle developed by the University of Glasgow – the GUAV‐1. Discusses the work undertaken by the GUAV‐1 as well as its intended uses and aspirations.
Mutual customer approach: how industry and trade are executing collaborative customer relationship management
Authors: Kracklauer Alexander , Passenheim Olaf , Seifert Dirk
Published: August 2003

Collaborative customer relationship management (CCRM) is a new emerging strategic approach in the consumer goods sector. In the past, collaboration between a supplier and a retailer started with category management and soon proved to generate a mutual benefit for both parties and for the consumer as well (creating a win‐win‐win‐situation). Now, CCRM represents a quantum leap in the joint effort of both partners to meet and actually exceed customer expectations. First movers in implementing the new strategic concept, like Procter & Gamble, report increased sales and a significant higher customer retention rate. Beside enhanced sales it also helps to exploit cost saving potentials in the value chain. The concept supports target‐oriented‐marketing‐efforts and makes marketing investments of suppliers and retailers more efficient.
Exploring the factors that influence employees’ perceptions of their organisation’s culture
Authors: Helms Marilyn M. , Stern Rick
Published: August 2003

The topic of organisational culture is of significant interest in the management literature since culture is so closely tied to organisational identity and work processes. Culture is usually measured as a set of shared symbols, values, and artifacts across an organisation. However, few studies have attempted to determine if cultures are indeed truly shared. This study addresses this issue by examining cultural perceptions of employees to see whether their perceptions vary by demographic characteristics and/or across organisational units. The site of the study is one of the major companies in the long‐term health‐care industry. Using ten cultural dimensions, significant differences in perceptions were found by organisational unit, the age of the employee, the employee’s gender, and their ethnicity. Interestingly, a much more tenuous relationship between work experiences and cultural beliefs was found. Implications for practice as well as areas for future research are provided.
Theoretical Investigation of an Artificial Joint With Micro-Pocket-Covered Component and Biphasic Cartilage on the Opposite Articulating Surface
Authors: Suciu A. N. , Iwatsubo T. , Matsuda M.
Published: August 2003

This paper presents a theoretical investigation of a geometrically idealized artificial joint with micro-pocket-covered component and biphasic cartilage on the opposite articulating surface. The fluid that exudes from the biphasic cartilage fills and pressurizes the micro-pockets. In this way, a poro-elasto-hydrodynamic regime of lubrication is developed. Assuming that lower friction would result in lower adhesive wear, and neglecting the fatigue as well as the abrasive wear, the proposed bearing system hypothetically could reduce the amount of wear debris. Equations of the linear biphasic theory are applied for the confined and unconfined compression of the cartilage. The fluid pressure and the elastic deformation of the biphasic cartilage are explicitly presented. The effective and equilibrium friction coefficients are obtained for the particular configuration of this bearing system. The micro-pockets geometrical parameters (depth, radius, surface distribution and edge radius) must be established to reduce the local contact stresses, to assure low friction forces and to minimize the biphasic cartilage damage. The influence of the applied pressure, porosity of the micro-pocket-covered component, filling time, cartilage elasticity, permeability and porosity upon the micro-pockets depth is illustrated. Our results are based upon the previously published data for a biphasic cartilage.
Biomechanical and Optical Characteristics of a Corneal Stromal Equivalent1
Authors: Orwin Elizabeth J. , Borene Melinda L. , Hubel Allison
Published: August 2003

Cell matrix interactions are important in understanding the healing characteristics of the cornea after refractive surgery or transplantation. The purpose of this study was to characterize in more detail the evolution of biomechanical and optical properties of a stromal equivalent (stromal fibroblasts cultured in a collagen matrix). Human corneal stromal fibroblasts were cultured in a collagen matrix. Compaction and modulus were determined for the stromal equivalent as a function of time in culture and matrix composition. The corneal stromal fibroblasts were stained for α-smooth muscle actin expression as an indicator of myofibroblast phenotype. The nominal modulus of the collagen matrix was 364±41 Pa initial and decreased initially with time in culture and then slowly increased to 177±75 Pa after 21 days. The addition of chondroitin sulfate decreased the contraction of the matrix and enhanced its transparency. Cell phenotype studies showed dynamic changes in the expression of α-smooth muscle actin with time in culture. These results indicate that the contractile behavior of corneal stromal cells can be influenced by both matrix composition and time in culture. Changes in contractile phenotype after completion of the contraction process also indicate that significant cellular changes persist beyond the initial matrix-remodeling phase.
Computational Analyses of Mechanically Induced Collagen Fiber Remodeling in the Aortic Heart Valve
Authors: Driessen Niels J. B. , Boerboom Ralf A. , Huyghe Jacques M. , Bouten Carlijn V. C. , Baaijens Frank P. T.
Published: August 2003

To optimize the mechanical properties and integrity of tissue-engineered aortic heart valves, it is necessary to gain insight into the effects of mechanical stimuli on the mechanical behavior of the tissue using mathematical models. In this study, a finite-element (FE) model is presented to relate changes in collagen fiber content and orientation to the mechanical loading condition within the engineered construct. We hypothesized that collagen fibers aligned with principal strain directions and that collagen content increased with the fiber stretch. The results indicate that the computed preferred fiber directions run from commissure to commissure and show a strong resemblance to experimental data from native aortic heart valves.
Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics for Vapor Compression Cooling Equipment
Authors: Braun James E.
Published: August 2003

This paper provides an overview of research related to automated fault detection and diagnosis for chillers, packaged air conditioners, and other vapor compression cooling equipment. The paper discusses the benefits, constraints, and possible products for FDD applied in the HVAC&R industry, presents results of fault surveys for packaged air conditioners and chillers, outlines the general structure and elements of an FDD system for HVAC&R equipment, describes specific methods associated with different FDD elements, and presents results from some specific case studies. The paper also attempts to provide an assessment of the state-of-the-art in FDD for vapor compression equipment and to identify the steps necessary to achieve widespread application.
Recent Developments in the Control of Distributed Electrical Generation Systems
Authors: Curtiss Peter S. , Kreider Jan F.
Published: August 2003

Successful operation of distributed generation systems requires controls that can integrate building load, electric generator, and grid information in near real time to produce optimal set points for the generator and the HVAC system(s) in the building(s) served by a given generation system. This paper discusses recent developments for distributed generation control in commercial buildings in the context of the U.S. utility industry. Several examples using different building types in different geographical regions of the U.S. are used to show how optimal and near-optimal control provide an economic benefit above simple threshold control. The examples are selected to illustrate the technical approach to system control using typical system characteristics and costs; every system in every location will have its own unique set of control criteria. The objective of this article is to describe the approach, not to solve specific problems.
Characterization of Steels Using a Revised Kinematic Hardening Model Incorporating Bauschinger Effect
Authors: Parker Anthony P. , Troiano Edward , Underwood John H. , Mossey Charles
Published: August 2003

A new variant of the nonlinear kinematic hardening model is proposed which accommodates both nonlinear and linear strain hardening during initial tensile loading and reduced elastic modulus during initial load reversal. It also incorporates the Bauschinger effect, as a function of prior tensile plastic strain, during the nonlinear compressive loading phase. The model is shown to fit experimental data from a total of five candidate gun steels. The numerical fits will be employed in subsequent work to predict residual stresses and fatigue lifetimes for autofrettaged tubes manufactured from the candidate steels.
Diode structure amorphous selenium photodetector with nitrogen (N)-doped diamond cold cathode
Authors: Oonuki Kousuke , Suzuki Yu , Yamaguchi Hisato , Okano Ken , Okamura Yoshinori
Published: August 2003

The cause of slow response, which has been observed in amorphous selenium (a-Se) photodetector with nitrogen-doped chemical vapor deposition diamond, is discussed. The effect of high resistance and capacitance of the electric circuit in the photodetector was investigated by using cathodes with different thicknesses. Furthermore, the emission current from the diamond cathode was measured independently to examine its response to transient anode voltage. The results suggest that the surface potential of a-Se shows transient and unstable behavior, and causes an unstable extraction voltage for the diamond cathode. Hence, the slow response is not due to the diamond cold cathode, but unstable surface potential of a-Se. In order to obtain a faster response of the photodetector, a triode structured photodetector should be developed.
Electron emission theory and its application: Fowler–Nordheim equation and beyond
Authors: Jensen Kevin L.
Published: August 2003

In this article, we examine the Fowler–Nordheim (FN) equation for field emission using pedagogical models to introduce and illuminate its origins, limitations, extensions, and application to multidimensional structures. The analyses of modern electron sources generally invoke either the FN equation or the Richardson–Laue–Dushman equation (thermionic emission) to interpret experimental data. These equations have ranges of validity that are increasingly challenged by operating conditions. The present article shall therefore have several aims. An introduction to and review of the FN equation shall be presented. Extensions to account for many body and other effects, shall be motivated by accessible models, and a generalized thermal-field emission methodology developed to account for low work function, high fields, photoexcitation, and other conditions in which the incident electron energy is near the barrier maximum. An account of effects such as resonance, which are not generally part of the standard emission lexicon, is given. Finally, specialized topics using the aforementioned analyses shall be examined, e.g., multidimensionality, the statistical nature of emission site variation, and so on. The analyses shall be predicated on simple models in an effort to provide formulae of general utility such that computational requirements are minimized.
Enhanced field emission from chemically etched and electropolished broad-area niobium
Authors: Wang Tong , Reece Charles E. , Sundelin Ronald M.
Published: August 2003

Electron field emission from broad-area metal surfaces is known to occur at a much lower electric field than predicted by the Fowler–Nordheim law. This enhanced field emission (EFE) presents a major impediment to high electric field operation in a variety of applications, e.g., in superconducting niobium radio-frequency cavities for particle accelerators, klystrons, and a wide range of high-voltage vacuum devices. Therefore, EFE has widely been the subject of fundamental research for years. Although micron or submicron particles are often observed at such EFE sites, the strength and number of emitting sites and the causes of EFE depend strongly on surface preparation and handling. Furthermore, the physical mechanism of EFE remains unknown. To systematically investigate the sources of this emission and to evaluate the best available surface preparation techniques with respect to the resulting field emission, a dc scanning field emission microscope (SFEM) was built at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Laboratory). Broad-area samples can be moved laterally in a raster pattern (2.5 μm step resolution) under a high-voltage microtip for EFE detection and localization in the SFEM. The emitting sites can then be characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry without breaking ultrahigh vacuum. After preparation by chemical etching and electropolishing combined with ultrasonic deionized water rinse, EFE sources from planar Nb have been studied. Emitters have been identified and analyzed, and based on scan results the preparation process has been refined and improved. With the improved preparation process, field-emission-free or near-field-emission-free surfaces at ∼140 MV/m have been achieved consistently on a number of samples.
Temperature-dependent inelastic response of passivated copper films: Experiments, analyses, and implications
Authors: Shen Y.-L. , Ramamurty U.
Published: August 2003

The temperature-dependent mechanical behavior of passivated copper films is studied. Stresses in copper films of thickness ranging from 40 to 1000 nm, deposited on quartz or silicon substrates and passivated with silicon oxide were measured by using the substrate curvature method. The thermal cycling spans a temperature range from −196 to 600 °C. It was observed that the passivated films do not exhibit a significant stress relaxation at high temperatures that is typically found in unpassivated films. The measured mechanical behavior was found to be rate insensitive within the heating/cooling rate range of 5–25 °C/min. Furthermore, a significant strain hardening during the course of thermal cycling was noted. Analyses employing continuum plasticity show that the experimentally measured stress–temperature response can only be rationalized with a kinematic hardening model. Analytical procedures for extracting the constitutive properties of the films that were developed on the basis of such model are presented. To emphasize the importance of the appropriate choice of constitutive model, results of finite element modeling for predicting thermal stresses in copper interconnects are presented. The modeling assumed parallel copper lines embedded within the combined low k/oxide dielectric materials. It was found that ignoring plastic strain hardening of copper can lead to significant errors in the stress and strain developed in the interconnect.