bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical study of mixed convection nanofluid in an annulus enclosure between outer rotating cylinder and inner corrugation cylinder
Authors: Ali Farooq Hassan , Hamzah Hameed K. , Abdulkadhim Ammar
Published: October 2018

Numerical investigations are presented for mixed convection problems in a concentric inner sinusoidal cylinder and an outer rotating circular cylinder, which were kept at constant hot and cold temperatures, respectively. The free space between the cylinders and the enclosure walls was filled with a water‐Cu nanofluid. The governing equations are formulated for velocity, pressure, and temperature formulation and are modeled in COMSOL5.2a, a partial differential equation solver based on the Galerkin finite element method. The governing parameters considered are the solid volume fraction, [0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06], Re (1, 25, 100, 200, and 300), and Ra (less than 104), and the inner cylinder corrugation frequencies varied from (N = 3, 6, and 9). According to the calculations, the Reynolds number, the Rayleigh number, the nanoparticle volume fraction, and the number of corrugations play an important role of forming the stream and isothermal lines, the local and the average Nusselt number inside the annulus enclosure. The average Nusselt number decreases with increasing Reynolds number and the number of corrugations, while it increases as the Rayleigh number and the volume fraction increase.
Non‐Newtonian squashed flow simulation across Darcy‐Forchheimer sensor
Authors: Hussain Azad , Zetoon Rabia , Ali Shoaib , Malik M. Y.
Published: October 2018

The current mathematical formulation is dedicated to investigate the Darcy‐Forchheimer boundary layer–squeezed hydromagnetic flow of a Casson fluid passing through a sensor surface. The flow phenomenon is occurring in a locally free stream under the combined sway of heat generation and thermic radiation. The energy equation is deliberated with the assistance of Cattaneo‐Christov theory rather than using Fourier's law for conduction of heat. Here, the thermic conductivity is being presumed as a function of temperature. The governing mathematical structure consists of highly nonlinear terms, so a set of regulatory parameters is being accomplished to attain the unpretentious dimensionless equations. This nondimensional structure is then treated numerically to attain the nearly converging results. The significance of substantial parameters such as magnetic factor, radiation parameter, Casson fluid parameter, heat origination, and thermal relaxation time on the flow phenomenon is estimated and presented graphically. Besides this, the factors of engineering interest like the Prandtl number and squeezed flow index with vacillating thermic conductivity have strong effects on the flow behavior of the fluid. It is observed that the magnetic effect causes an expansion in the velocity curve while a reduction is found for squeezed flow index parameter.
Effects of nonlinear Boussinesq approximation and double dispersion on a micropolar fluid flow under convective thermal condition
Authors: Srinivasacharya Darbhasayanam , RamReddy Chitteti , Naveen Padigepati
Published: October 2018

This article investigates the effect of double dispersion on the natural convective flow of a micropolar fluid along an inclined plate in the presence of the convective thermal condition. In addition, the nonlinear convection is considered to analyze the heat and mass transfer phenomena of thermal systems, which are performed at moderate‐ and high‐level temperatures. A combination of local nonsimilarity and successive linearization techniques is used to evaluate the associated complicated nondimensional governing equations. This study discusses the impact of relevant factors on the fluid characteristics through graphs. The influence of nonlinear convection parameters on the heat and mass transfer rates seems to be more in Darcy porous media compared with that in non‐Darcy porous media.
Numerical study of heat transfer and viscous flow in a dual rotating extendable disk system with a non‐Fourier heat flux model
Authors: Shamshuddin MD , Mishra S. R. , Bég O. Anwar , Kadir Ali
Published: October 2018

Nonlinear, steady‐state, viscous flow, and heat transfer between two stretchable rotating disks spinning at dissimilar velocities are studied with a non‐Fourier heat flux model. A nondeformable porous medium is intercalated between the disks and the Darcy model is used to simulate matrix impedance. The conservation equations are formulated in a cylindrical coordinate system and via the von Karman transformations are rendered into a system of coupled, nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The emerging boundary value problem is controlled by number of dimensionless parameters, that is, Prandtl number, upper disk stretching, lower disk stretching, permeability, non‐Fourier thermal relaxation, and relative rotation rate parameters. A perturbation solution is developed and the impact of selected parameters on radial and tangential velocity components, temperature, pressure, lower disk radial, and tangential skin friction components and surface heat transfer rate are visualized graphically. Validation of solutions with the homotopy analysis method is included. Extensive interpretation of the results is presented which are relevant to rotating disk bioreactors in chemical engineering.
Long non‐coding RNA SNHG16 has Tumor suppressing effect in acute lymphoblastic leukemia by inverse interaction on hsa‐miR‐124‐3p
Authors: Yang Tianxin , Jin Xing , Lan Jianping , Wang Wensong
Published: October 2018

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the deadly forms of childhood cancers in the world. In the present study, we used both in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the functional mechanisms of a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 (SNHG16) in ALL. SNHG16 gene expression was evaluated by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) in both in vitro ALL cell lines and in vivo human samples of T lymphocytes. Lentivirus‐mediated SNHG16 downregulation was performed in MOLT3 and SUP‐B15 cells, to evaluate its functional effects on ALL cell proliferation, migration in vitro, and ALL transplant in vivo. Epigenetic regulation of SNHG16 on human miR‐124‐3p (hsa‐miR‐124‐3p) was evaluated by dual‐luciferase activity assay and qPCR. Hsa‐miR‐124‐3p was inhibited in SNHG16‐downregulated MOLT3 and SUP‐B15 cells to further evaluate the functional correlation between SNHG16 and hsa‐miR‐124‐3p in ALL. SNHG16 is upregulated in both in vitro ALL cell lines and in vivo human leukemic T‐cells. SNHG16 downregulation suppressed ALL proliferation and migration in vitro, and ALL explant in vivo. Hsa‐miR‐124‐3p was demonstrated to interact with SNHG16, and upregulated in SNHG16‐downregulated ALL cells. In addition, inhibiting hsa‐miR‐124‐3p reversed SNHG16‐downregulation‐mediated tumor suppressive functions in ALL. SNHG16 is upregulated in ALL, and its inhibition has tumor suppressive effect in ALL, likely through epigenetic interaction on hsa‐miR‐124‐3p. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 71(1):134–142, 2019
Characterization of the optical properties of color pastes for the design of optical phantoms mimicking biological tissue
Authors: Tomm Natasha , Ahnen Linda , Isler Helene , Kleiser Stefan , Karen Tanja , Ostojic Daniel , Wolf Martin , Scholkmann Felix
Published: October 2018

Clinicians need a way to rapidly and reliably test the correct functioning of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)–based oximeters. Therefore, optical phantoms for quality assessment of NIRS oximeters are needed. The fabrication of such phantoms that mimic the optical properties of biological tissue in the NIR range represents a challenge. To enable their development, the aim was to characterize the absorption and scattering spectra of different dyes. The optical properties of silicone SILPURAN 2420 with 11 color pastes of type ELASTOSIL were measured in the 500 to 1000 nm range by a spectrometer with an integrating sphere. In addition, two commercial frequency‐domain NIRS devices, the ISS OxiplexTS and the ISS Imagent, were used to assess the optical properties at specific wavelengths. The evaluated colors present mostly features in the visible range below 650 nm, but two colors include peaks in the near‐infrared region, simulating low tissue oxygenation values. These colors were used to create an optical phantom, which matched the designed StO2 value within an error of only 4%. This set of dyes already enables simulating many different spectra, thus achieving a first step on the way to a long‐term stable comparison and validation method.
Extracellular vesicle and mesenchymal stem cells in bone regeneration: recent progress and perspectives
Authors: Chu Chenyu , Wei Shimin , Wang Yuanjing , Wang Yufei , Man Yi , Qu Yili
Published: October 2018

Transplanting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been widely perceived as an ideal treatment for bone repair and regeneration, owing to their differential potential. However, researchers found that very few intravenous MSCs could stay in the target tissue, whereas the majority of them are trapped in liver, spleen, and lung, largely reducing its therapeutic effects. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted increased attention due to their function in bone repair and advantages over traditional cell therapy. Also, MSCs‐derived EVs are likely to achieve the osteogenic goal via modulating the cells and cytokines involved in bone metabolism. This review aims at summarizing the function of EVs and MSCs in bone metabolism and regeneration. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 243–250, 2019.
Preparation of nanoliposomes linked to HER2/neu‐derived (P5) peptide containing MPL adjuvant as vaccine against breast cancer
Authors: Rastakhiz Saeedeh , Yazdani Mona , Shariat Sheida , Arab Atefeh , Momtazi‐Borojeni Amir Abbas , Barati Nastaran , Mansourian Mercedeh , Amin Mohamdreza , Abbasi Azam , Saberi Zahra , Jalali Seyed Amir , Badiee Ali , Jaafari Mahmoud Reza
Published: October 2018

The study was aimed at evaluating antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of liposomal vaccine composed of P5 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu‐derived peptide coupled to the surface of high‐temperature nanoliposomes containing distearoylphosphocholine:distearoylphosphoglycerol:Chol:dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) comprising monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) adjuvant in HER2/neu overexpressing the breast cancer model. BALB/c mice bearing TUBO carcinoma were subcutaneously immunized with formulations containing 10 µg P5 peptide and 25 µg MPL three times with 2‐week intervals. To determine immuno responses in immunized mice, the amount of released interferon‐γ and IL‐4 were measured by the enzyme‐linked immunospot method and the flow cytometric analysis on the isolated splenocytes. The results demonstrated that tumor‐bearing mice immunized with Lip/DOPE/MPL/P5 formulation had the most released interferon‐γ and the highest cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses that led to the lowest tumor size and the longest survival time than those of other formulations. The results achieved by Lip/DOPE/MPL/P5 formulation could make it a suitable candidate to induce effective antigen‐specific tumor immunity against breast cancer.
The clinical and prognostic significance of YWHAZ in non‐small–cell lung cancer patients: Immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Deng Yong , Zheng Jianyun , Ma Jiangang
Published: October 2018

YWHAZ has been suggested to as an oncogene in various human malignancies, including non‐small–cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our study presents more evidence to confirm the clinical significance and biological function of YWHAZ in NSCLC. In our results, YWHAZ was upregulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues and lung adenocarcinoma tissues through analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and confirmed high levels of YWHAZ messenger RNA and protein in lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues and lung adenocarcinoma tissues through quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, YWHAZ overexpression was correlated with advanced clinical stage, more lymph node metastasis and present distant metastasis in NSCLC patients. Survival analysis indicated that high level of YWHAZ protein expression was associated with short overall survival time in NSCLC patients, and YWHAZ expression was independent prognostic factors for overall survival in NSCLC patients. Moreover, Silencing of YWHAZ expression represses NSCLC cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, YWHAZ is a credible prognostic biomarker, and may be a therapeutic target in NSCLC.
Rhodium catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins
Authors: Bernales Varinia , Froese Robert D.
Published: October 2018

DFT and CCSD(T) methods were used to examine 61 different rhodium catalysts for the hydroformylation of ethylene. The carbon monoxide (CO) stretching frequency was a key electronic parameter to understand the π‐accepting nature of the ligand. Normally, π‐accepting ligands lead to increased CO stretching frequencies and a reduction in CO dissociation energy. There was no relationship between CO dissociation energy and CO stretching frequency. However, a clear relationship exists between the ethylene insertion barrier (from the rhodium dicarbonyl hydride resting state) and the CO stretching frequency as stronger π‐accepting ligands systematically led to a reduction in the barrier. Due to the multistep nature of the rate‐limiting step, the overall barrier can be divided into the CO/ethylene equilibrium and an intrinsic ethylene insertion barrier and both are systematically reduced as the π‐accepting nature of the ligand is increased. A comparison of the carbonylation transition state (TS) to the ethylene insertion TS allowed us to understand reversibility of olefin insertion. While the ethylene insertion TS systematically decreases with increasing CO stretching frequency, the carbonylation TS is relatively flat. The lines cross at 2156 cm−1 implying a change in the rate‐limiting step in this region given a standard set of process conditions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism of the O2(1Δg) generation from the Cl2/H2O2 basic aqueous solution explored by the combined ab initio calculation and nonadiabatic dynamics simulation
Authors: Wang Ya‐Ting , Liu Xiang‐Yang , Fang Wei‐Hai
Published: October 2018

In the present work, mechanism of the O2(1Δg) generation from the reaction of the dissolved Cl2 with H2O2 in basic aqueous solution has been explored by the combined ab initio calculation and nonadiabatic dynamics simulation, together with different solvent models. Three possible pathways have been determined for the O2(1Δg) generation, but two of them are sequentially downhill processes until formation of the OOCl− complex with water, which are of high exothermic character. Once the complex is formed, singlet molecular oxygen is easily generated by its decomposition along the singlet‐state pathway. However, triplet molecular oxygen of O2() can be produced with considerable probability through nonadiabatic intersystem crossing in the 1Δg/ intersection region. It has been found that the coupled solvent, heavy‐atom, and nonadiabatic effects have an important influence on the quantum yield of the O2(1Δg) generation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Downregulation of miR‐24‐3p promotes osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells by targeting SMAD family member 5
Authors: Li Zhaobao , Sun Yaru , Cao Sumin , Zhang Jing , Wei Jianming
Published: October 2018

Osteogenic differentiation is a complicated process that depends on various regulatory factors and signal pathways. In our research, the osteogenic differentiation capacity was analyzed by alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase activity, and protein levels of osteogenic differentiation markers including runt‐related transcription factor 2, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and osteocalcin (OCN). We observed a notable decrease of miR‐24‐3p level in osteogenic‐differentiated human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) by microarray analysis. In our gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments, we discovered that miR‐24‐3p has a suppression effect on hPDLSCs osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, SMAD family member 5 (Smad5), the critical osteogenic differentiation transcription factors, was predicted to be targets of miR‐24‐3p. In addition, luciferase reporter assay further proved that miR‐24‐3p directly targeted the 3′‐untranslated region of Smad5. Similarly, we found that the overexpression of miR‐24‐3p significantly decreased the Smad5 messenger RNA level in hPDLSCs, which was detected by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Then hPDLSCs were transfected with miR‐24‐3p mimics to inhibit Smad5 expression; meanwhile, Smad5 RNA interference could significantly reverse the osteogenic differentiation inhibition effect of miR‐24‐3p. In brief, a series of data showed that miR‐24‐3p is a regulator of Smad5, playing an important role in osteogenic differentiation.
Protective role of heat shock transcription factor 1 in heart failure: A diagnostic approach
Authors: Haybar Habib , Shahrabi Saeid , Rezaeeyan Hadi , Shirzad Reza , Saki Najmaldin
Published: October 2018

Objective

Nonexpression or expression inhibition of protective factors has been determined in the occurrence of heart failure (HF). Heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is among such factors, which reduces the incidence of HF by controlling cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. In this study, molecular mechanisms for nonexpression of HSF1 in HF patients have been investigated.

Materials and methods

This review paper is based on the material obtained via PubMed search of 1996–2018. The key search terms were "heart failure," "heat shock transcription factor 1," "hypertrophy", "fibrosis," and "apoptosis."

Results

Although factors such as janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) may respectively increase and decrease susceptibility to HF, in some circumstances, these factors may unexpectedly prevent HF progression.

Conclusion

Finally, identification of molecular pathways expressed by various factors could be used to design appropriate treatments or to employ strategies inducing the expression of HSF1 to prevent HF.
Host phenotype is associated with reduced survival independent of tumour biology in patients with colorectal liver metastases
Authors: van Dijk David P.J. , Krill Matthew , Farshidfar Farshad , Li Ting , Rensen Sander S. , Olde Damink Steven W.M. , Dixon Elijah , Sutherland Francis R. , Ball Chad G. , Mazurak Vera C. , Baracos Vickie E. , Bathe Oliver F.
Published: October 2018

Background

Most prognostic scoring systems for colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) account for factors related to tumour biology. Little is known about the effects of the host phenotype to the tumour. Our objective was to delineate the relationship of systemic inflammation and body composition features [i.e. low skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) and low visceral adipose tissue (VAT)], two well‐described host phenotypes in cancer.

Methods

Clinical data and pre‐operative blood samples were collected from 99 patients who underwent resection of CRLM. Pre‐operative computed tomography scans were available for 97 patients; body composition was analysed at the L3 level, stratified for sex and age. Clinicopathological variables, serum C‐reactive protein (CRP), and various body composition variables were evaluated. Overall survival was evaluated as a function of these same variables in multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Results

Skeletal muscle was significantly correlated with VAT (r = 0.46, P < 0.001). Of patients with sarcopenia, 35 (65%) also had low VAT. C‐reactive protein was elevated (≥5 mg/mL) in 42 patients (43.3%). Elevated CRP was more common in patients with sarcopenia (57.4% vs. 33.3%, P = 0.029). The most significant prognostic factors were the coincidence of elevated CRP and adverse body composition features (sarcopenia and/or low VAT; hazard ratio 4.3, 95% confidence interval 1.5–13.0, P = 0.008), as well as Fong clinical prognostic score (hazard ratio 2.9, 95% confidence interval 1.5–5.5, P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Body composition in patients with CRLM is not directly linked to the presence of systemic inflammation. However, when systemic inflammation coincides with sarcopenia and/or low VAT, prognosis is adversely affected, independent of the Fong clinical prognostic score.
Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition/C–N Coupling of Propargyl Alcohols/amines and Aryl Azides
Authors: Bakherad Mohammad , Ghalenoei Ahmad Kakavand , Keivanloo Ali
Published: October 2018

1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles are prepared through the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of propargyl (alcohols/amines) and aryl azides in the presence of a mixture of Cu(OAc)2.H2O and NaAs as the catalyst. This method offers the advantages of mild experimental conditions, operational simplicity, and high‐to‐excellent reaction yields.
A Diels–Alder/Ene Cascade Leading to 5‐(Pyrrolidin‐3‐yl)thieno[3,2‐e]isoindoles from Ketone‐derived 2‐Vinylthiophenes and N‐Phenylmaleimide
Authors: Noland Wayland E. , Huisenga Matthew P. , Herzig Ryan J. , Rosenow John A. , Kim Hoyeon , Kroll Neil J. , Nesmelov Andrei , Johnson Benjamin T. , Duncan Nathan S. , Ratanayanon Jidapa , Yue Ruixian A. , Xiong Kenny , Ong Bee K. , Vo Diane T. , Klein Nathan D. , Lang Simon B. , Riley Jacob K. , Daniels Steven P. , Tritch Kenneth J.
Published: October 2018

In an extension of our prior work with indoles and pyrroles, the Diels–Alder chemistry of substituted 2‐vinylthiophenes was explored, using N‐phenylmaleimide as the dienophile. The dienes were prepared from thiophene in two steps by addition to various ketones, followed by dehydration (40–60% overall yields). Although most dienes were obtained as regioisomeric mixtures, the Diels–Alder‐derived products were easily purified by chromatography. The main cycloaddition pathway was endo Diels–Alder addition followed by exo ene addition of a second molecule of dienophile (19–33% yields). Several products were desulfurized with Raney nickel (48–62% yields). Unfortunately, no thiophene‐derived products showed the promising biological activity of the previously reported indole analogs.
Design, Synthesis and Antitumor Activities of 1,2,3‐triazole‐diethylene Glycol Tethered Isatin Dimers
Authors: Fan Yi‐Lei , Huang Zhong‐Ping , Liu Min
Published: October 2018

A series of novel 1,2,3‐triazole‐diethylene glycol tethered isatin dimers were designed, synthesized, and screened for their in vitro antitumor activities in this paper. All dimers showed promising activities against the tested HepG2, Hela, A549, DU145, SKOV3, MCF‐7, and doxorubicin‐resistant MCF‐7 human cancer cell lines. The most active dimer 7g was >1.55 folds more potent than etoposide against all tested cell lines, warrant further investigation.
Synthesis and Molecular Docking Study of Novel Hybrids of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles and Quinoxaline as a Potential Analgesic and Anti‐Inflammatory Agents
Authors: Dewangan Dhansay , Nakhate Kartik T. , Verma Vinay Sagar , Nagori Kushagra , Badwaik Hemant , Nair Nisha , Tripathi Dulal Krishna , Mishra Achal
Published: October 2018

Novel hybrid molecules were synthesized through the amalgamation of quinoxaline residue with 1,3,4‐oxadiazole molecule. The purity of obtained 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles derivatives containing quinoxaline residue (total 11) was confirmed through thin‐layer chromatography, combustion analysis, and melting point, whereas their structures were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy. In animal studies, the derivatives 4‐(5‐(4‐(3‐methylquinoxalin‐2‐yl)phenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl)benzenamine and 2‐(5‐(4‐(3‐methylquinoxalin‐2‐yl)phenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl)benzenamine showed excellent analgesic and anti‐inflammatory activities, respectively, as compared with other derivatives. In order to rationalize the biological results of the derivatives, molecular docking studies were performed using Argus lab. The compounds exhibited good docking scores between −12.987 and −9.92 kcal/mol against cyclooxygenase‐II (5IKQ) protein fragment.
Repeated rectal application of a hyperosmolar lubricant is associated with microbiota shifts but does not affect PrEP drug concentrations: results from a randomized trial in men who have sex with men
Authors: Haaland Richard E , Fountain Jeffrey , Hu Yingtian , Holder Angela , Dinh Chuong , Hall LaShonda , Pescatore Nicole A , Heeke Sheila , Hart Clyde E , Xu Jiahui , Hu Yi‐Juan , Kelley Colleen F
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Oral pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) is highly effective in preventing HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). The effects of consistent personal lubricant use in the rectum on tissue PrEP drug concentrations and the rectal microbiota are unknown. We investigated rectal PrEP drug concentrations and the microbiota in MSM before and after repeated rectal application of a hyperosmolar lubricant.

Methods

We randomized 60 HIV‐negative MSM to apply 4 mL of hyperosmolar rectal lubricant daily (n = 20), take daily oral TDF/FTC (n = 19), or both (n = 21) for seven days. Blood, rectal biopsies and rectal secretions were collected via rigid sigmoidoscopy before and on day 8 after product use. Tenofovir (TFV) and FTC as well as their intracellular metabolites tenofovir‐diphosphate (TFV‐DP), FTC‐triphosphate (FTC‐TP) were measured by HPLC‐mass spectrometry. Rectal mucosal microbiota was sequenced with 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina MiSeq.

Results

Seven days of lubricant application was not associated with differences in PrEP drug concentrations in rectal tissue or secretions. Lubricant use was associated with a decrease in the relative abundance of the Bacteroides genus (p = 0.01) and a non‐significant increase in the Prevotella genus (p = 0.09) in the rectum. PrEP drug concentrations in rectal tissue and secretions were not associated with microbiota composition or diversity either before or after lubricant use.

Conclusions

Repeated rectal application of a hyperosmolar lubricant does not affect mucosal PrEP drug concentrations but is associated with changes in the rectal microbiome.
The peripheral nerves of Lepidobatrachus tadpoles (Anura, Ceratophryidae)
Authors: Quinzio Silvia I. , Fabrezi Marissa
Published: October 2018

The peripheral nervous system of anuran larvae has traditionally been assumed to be largely invariant. Here, we describe the organization of cranial, spinal, and lateral line nerves at different larval stages of Lepidobatrachus spp. based on whole mounts. This is the first detailed description of cranial, spinal, and lateral lines innervation at premetamorphic stages of anuran larvae with notes on temporal variation. We distinguish three sources of morphological variation with respect to other anuran larvae: (a) the loss or reduction of some exclusively larval elements (i.e., the absence of the middle lateral line nerve); (b) spatial changes in the lateral line system (i.e., the supralabial arrangement of component of the anteroventral lateral line nerve); and (c) temporal changes in the disappearance of most of the lateral line system and in the premetamorphic repatterning of the spatial relationships of mandibularis ramus of the trigeminal (V) and hyomandibularis ramus of facial (VII). The innervation of limbs is achieved during late larval stages. Furthermore, comparisons among selected anurans reveal differences in tadpole brain morphology. The spatial and temporal variation found in the peripheral nerves of Lepidobatrachus larvae testifies to previously unappreciated variation in anuran larval morphology.
A unified scale for female reproductive stages in the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus): Evidence from macroscopic and microscopic characterization
Authors: Becker Carola , Cunningham Eoghan M. , Dick Jaimie T. A. , Eagling Lawrence E. , Sigwart Julia D.
Published: October 2018

Knowledge of the reproductive cycle in exploited species is important for a sustainable management of fisheries. Standardized scales to assess maturity stages are a fundamental tool to understand the demographic composition of exploited populations. Staging scales for female Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, have been subject to a series of changes, and multiple inconsistent scales are in use in different fisheries regions. A unified, evidence‐based scale has not previously been established. We reviewed previous staging scales for the female ovary maturation and propose a revised scale based on the correlation between macroscopic and microscopic ovary characteristics. To provide better‐informed tools for future stock assessment, female stages were characterized through external observation on ovary color and size, and the progress of vitellogenesis. This study clarifies several biological phases that were conflated in previous scales. First, we demonstrate how to distinguish between immature ovaries in juvenile females versus the earliest ovary maturation stage in adults. Second, the new scale differentiates between “mottled” ovaries seen in two separate biological stages: the spent ovaries that undergo partial resorption in berried females, versus ovaries of females which failed to spawn and undergo full resorption. To ensure consistent application, colors are assessed relative to international standards (RAL/Pantone). This new, practical staging scheme clarifies the correlation between microscopic characteristics and macroscopically observable details in ovary maturation. Adoption of this unified staging scale will improve maturity analyses, help to identify stocks with potentially reduced reproductive capacity, and facilitate broad‐scale comparisons.
On the subjective experience and correlates of downtime at work: A mixed‐method examination
Authors: Lei Xue , Kaplan Seth A. , Dye Christy E. , Wong Carol M.
Published: October 2018

In the current paper, we studied downtime at work. Downtime represents a unique aspect of work time, as employees have low workload and more discretion about their activities but are still paid to be at work. Despite its prevalence and potentially significant implications for productivity and well‐being, the experience of downtime has not been a focus in the literature. To study this phenomenon, we first used a qualitative method involving 15 focus groups. Results from 95 employees showed that downtime is distinct from formal breaks and withdrawal behavior and is generally a negative subjective experience. Categories of antecedents of experience and downtime activities were classified. Next, to further explore the phenomenon, and based on Study 1 and relevant literature, we proposed several hypotheses and tested them using an experience sampling method. Results from 86 employees (across 5 workdays and 689 data points) indicated that the amount of downtime was negatively related to day level job satisfaction, job performance, and subjective health. The duration of relaxation activities during downtime mitigated the negative effects of downtime on fatigue. The effects of enjoyment level of the activities, job autonomy, work engagement, and boredom proneness were also examined. Implications, limitations, and future research are discussed.
Gender and career success: A typology and analysis of dual paradigms
Authors: Frear Katherine A. , Paustian‐Underdahl Samantha C. , Heggestad Eric D. , Walker Lisa Slattery
Published: October 2018

Despite women's advancements in the workplace, gender inequality persists. We classify and test two frameworks used to explain gender differences in career success: unequal attributes and unequal effects. The unequal attributes framework suggests that gender is related to other attributes, which result in unequal career outcomes for men and women (i.e., a mediated effect). The unequal effects framework suggests that even when men and women share the same attribute or circumstances, they are rewarded differently, such that individual attributes have unequal effects on career outcomes for men and women (i.e., a moderated effect). We collected survey data from a gender‐balanced sample of 394 business school alumni. Using structural equation modeling to test the unequal attributes framework, we found that work hours, career orientation, having a nonemployed spouse, and working in a predominantly female job were unequal attributes that explained gender differences in career success. Using multigroup path analysis to examine unequal effects, we found that being agentic, married, having children at home, and working in a predominantly female workplace had unequal effects in relation to career success for men and women. We find support for both models across three categories of career success antecedents (i.e., personal, family, and job attributes).
Tenocyte cell density, migration, and extracellular matrix deposition with amniotic suspension allograft
Authors: Kimmerling Kelly A. , McQuilling John P. , Staples Miranda C. , Mowry Katie C.
Published: October 2018

Amniotic suspension allografts (ASA), derived from placental tissues, contain particulated amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid cells. Recently, ASA and other placental‐derived allografts have been used in orthopaedic applications, including tendinopathies and tendon injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential effects of ASA on tenocyte cell density, migration, and responses to inflammatory stimuli. Tenocyte cell density was measured using AlamarBlue over multiple time points, while migration was determined using a Boyden chamber assay. Deposition of ECM markers were measured using BioColor kits. Gene expression and protein production of cytokines and growth factors following stimulus with pro‐inflammatory IL‐1β and TNF‐α was measured using qPCR and ELISAs. Conditioned media (CM) was made from ASA and used for all assays in this study. In vitro, ASA CM treatment significantly promoted tenocyte increases in cell density and migration compared to assay media controls. ASA CM also increased the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including collagen, elastin, and sGAG. Following inflammatory stimulation and treatment with ASA CM, tenocytes downregulated IL‐8 gene expression, a pro‐inflammatory cytokine normally elevated during the inflammatory phase of tendon healing. Additionally, tenocytes treated with ASA CM had significantly lower protein levels of TGF‐β1 compared to controls. This study evaluated ASA and its effect on tenocytes; specifically, treatment with ASA resulted in increased cell density, more robust migration and matrix deposition, and some alteration of inflammatory targets. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 37:412–420, 2019.
Intra‐articular autologous uncultured adipose‐derived stromal cell transplantation inhibited the progression of cartilage degeneration
Authors: Kuroda Yuichi , Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Hayashi Shinya , Hashimoto Shingo , Takayama Koji , Kirizuki Shinsuke , Tsubosaka Masanori , Kamenaga Tomoyuki , Takashima Yoshinori , Matsushita Takehiko , Niikura Takahiro , Kuroda Ryosuke
Published: October 2018

The role of uncultured adipose‐derived stromal cells for osteoarthritis treatment remains unclear despite sporadic reports supporting their use in clinical settings. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of autologous uncultured adipose‐derived stromal cell transplantation in a rabbit osteoarthritis model. Uncultured adipose‐derived stromal cells isolated from rabbits were administered via intra‐articular injection into the knees after osteoarthritis onset. Animals were sacrificed at 8 and 12 weeks after osteoarthritis onset to compare the macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics between the uncultured adipose‐derived stromal cell and control groups. Co‐culture assay was also performed. The chondrocytes isolated from the model were co‐cultured with adipose‐derived stromal cells. The cell viability of chondrocytes and expression of chondrocyte‐specific genes in the co‐culture (uncultured adipose‐derived stromal cell) group were compared with the mono‐culture (control; chondrocytes only) group. In macroscopic and histological analyses, the uncultured adipose‐derived stromal cell group showed less damage to the cartilage surface than the control group at 8 and 12 weeks after osteoarthritis onset. In immunohistochemical and co‐culture assay, the uncultured adipose‐derived stromal cell group showed higher expression of collagen type II and SRY box‐9 and lower expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐13 than the control group. The cell viability of chondrocytes in the uncultured adipose‐derived stromal cell group was higher than that in the control group. Intra‐articular autologous uncultured adipose‐derived stromal cell transplantation inhibited the progression of cartilage degeneration in a rabbit osteoarthritis model by regulating chondrocyte viability and secreting chondrocyte‐protecting cytokines or growth factors, which promote anabolic factors and inhibit catabolic factors. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1376–1386, 2019.
MicroRNA‐146a negatively regulates the inflammatory response to Porphyromonas gingivalis in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts via TRAF6/p38 pathway
Authors: Tang Lu , Li Xudong , Bai Yuhao , Wang Pengcheng , Zhao Ying
Published: October 2018

Background

Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLFs) represent the first line of defense against pathogens in the periodontal tissue. Porphyromonas gingivialis (P. gingivalis) has been known to be most strongly associated with periodontitis. MicroRNA (miR)‐146a is involved in the inflammatory regulation of periodontitis. However, the regulatory mechanism of miR‐146a on in P. gingivalis‐induced inflammation response in HPDLFs was still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether miR‐146a plays a key role in P. gingvalis‐induced inflammation responses through regulation of TRAF6 in HPDLFs.

Methods

MiR‐146a expression was measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in HPDLFs stimulated with P. gingivalis and its lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL‐1ß, IL‐6, and IL‐8 were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the culture supernatants of HPDLFs after transfected with miR‐146a mimic or inhibitor. Meanwhile, the expression of TRAF6 was measured by real‐time PCR and Western blot. Then, we used luciferase reporter assay to detect whether miR‐146a binds to the 3′‐UTR of TRAF6. By using small interfering RNA (siRNA) of TRAF6, the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) was measured by Western blot. Finally, after inhibition of TRAF6 and p38 in HPDLFs, we analyzed the expression of miR‐146a upon P. gingivalis challenge.

Results

P. gingivalis and its LPS significantly induced miR‐146a expression in HPDLFs. Overexpression of miR‐146a significantly suppressed the IL‐1ß, IL‐6 and IL‐8 secretion, TRAF6 expression, and p38 phosphorylation. In contrast, the levels of these indexes significantly increased by inhibition of miR‐146a. Furthermore, MiR‐146a directly binds to the 3′‐UTR of TRAF6 in P. gingivalis‐induced HPDLFs, but not in P. gingivalis LPS stimulation. Suppression of TRAF6 could inhibit the phosphorylation of p38. Finally, inhibition of TRAF6 and p38 significantly abolished P. gingivalis‐induced miR‐146a upregulation in HPDLFs.

Conclusions

MiR‐146a contribute to negative regulation of P. gingivalis‐induced proinflammatory cytokines secretion in HPDLFs though TRAF6/p38 MAPK pathway. Maintaining miR‐146a homeostasis plays a key role in controlling inflammatory response in periodontal tissues.
Relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease in Korean adults: Data from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013 to 2015
Authors: Jung Eun Seo , Choi Yoon Young , Lee Kyeong Hee
Published: October 2018

Background

This study aims to investigate the relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease using data from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013 to 2015).

Methods

Of 22,948 KNHANES participants, 14,264 who were aged ≥19 years and responded to questions pertaining to periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis were analyzed. Periodontal status was measured using the Community Periodontal Index. The authors used a complex sampling analysis by applying an individual sampling weighting to maintain the rolling survey sampling method. To determine the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease, a Chi‐squared test was performed. Logistic regression analysis was performed after controlling for selected variables to determine relevance.

Results

The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with periodontal disease was 1.6%, which was higher than in individuals without periodontal disease (1.5%). The prevalence of periodontal disease in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis was 28.4%, which was higher than in subjects without rheumatoid arthritis (27.9%). The risk for periodontal disease was 1.64 times higher in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis than in those without rheumatoid arthritis. Regardless of age or sex, the risk for periodontal disease was 1.97 times higher in the presence of rheumatoid arthritis. However, other logistic regression analysis models, when adjusted for socioeconomic‐, health‐, and oral health‐related factors, did not yield statistically significant findings.

Conclusions

The study results suggest a possible relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. Further large cohort studies investigating causal relationships between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease are needed.
Appraisal of the potential of the growth of e‐retailer based on impact of perceived value on trust for online purchases
Authors: Mohiuddin Babu Mujahid , Dey Bidit Lal
Published: October 2018

Customer satisfaction for online purchase and its subsequent influence on customer trust is a pivotal in the proliferation of online businesses that in turn can foster global and national economic growth. The significance of understanding perceived value in the context of online shopping is as important as is in the context of traditional shopping. Quantitative data were collected from customers, who have online shopping experience. The analysis, carried out using structural equation modeling, suggests that customers' perceived acquisition value has a significant impact over their satisfaction which affects their trust with regard to an online retailer.
Metabolite profiling of l‐isocorypalmine in rat urine, plasma, and feces after oral administration using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Yiran , Zhang Teng , Huai Jiaxin , Cheng Congcong , Xie Linlin , Wang Siqi , Dai Ronghua
Published: October 2018

l‐Isocorypalmine, an active alkaloid compound isolated from Rhizoma Corydalis yanhusuo, has been reported to possess biological activity for treating cocaine use disorder. A high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry method was established for identification of the metabolites of l‐isocorypalmine in urine, plasma and feces samples of rats after a single intragastric gavage of l‐isocorypalmine at a dose of 15 mg/kg. As a result, a total of 21 metabolites (six phase І metabolites and fifteen phase II metabolites) were detected and tentatively identified by mass spectrometry and fragment ions from tandem mass spectrometry spectra. All metabolites were present in the urine samples, nine metabolites were found in the plasma samples and three metabolites were found in the feces samples. Results indicated that metabolic pathways of l‐isocorypalmine included oxidation, dehydrogenation, demethylation, sulfate conjugation, and glucuronide conjugation. In addition, glucuronidation was the major metabolic reaction. Results of this investigation could provide significant experimental basis for efficacy, safety and action mechanism of l‐isocorypalmine, which will be advantageous to new drug development for treating cocaine addiction.
Isolation and determination of saponin hydrolysis products from Medicago sativa using supercritical fluid extraction, solid‐phase extraction and liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection
Authors: Kiełbasa Anna , Krakowska Aneta , Rafińska Katarzyna , Buszewski Bogusław
Published: October 2018

Saponins are widespread secondary metabolites with various beneficial properties: fungicidal, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer. Alfalfa saponin molecules contain mainly: medicagenic acid, hederagenin, bayogenin, and soyasapogenol B. Structural diversity of saponins makes their determination in Medicago sativa extracts very difficult. The most popular determination technique is high‐performance liquid chromatography applied with evaporative light scattering detection. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of sapogenins from Medicago sativa by high‐performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection required hydrolysis and purification of extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction. Hydrolysis of saponins with concentrated hydrochloric acid provided high concentration of medicagenic acid. In the purification process, satisfactory results were obtained for solid‐phase extraction using octadecyl. Recoveries were from 71 to 99% with a standard deviation from 2 to 8. Hydrolysis with concentrated hydrochloric acid was the only method that allowed identification of all four analyzed sapogenins. Moreover, it is characterized by a short time of preparation, simplicity of execution, a small amount of the sample and solvents. The hydrolysis and purification methods coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detection can be successfully used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the main saponins present in Medicago sativa plant extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction.
Ownership structure and firm performance of listed tourism firms
Authors: Yeh Chien Mu
Published: October 2018

Ownership structure has been identified as a critical governance component due to its effect on firm performance. Within ownership structure, issues of institutional shareholders, cash flow rights of controlling owners, and ownership discrepancy have not been examined in the tourism sector. The current study uses listed tourism firms in Taiwan to empirically examine how these three variables influence firm performance. Results show a positive effect on return on assets and Tobin's Q from the presence of institutional shareholders and cash flow rights of controlling owners. Ownership discrepancy has a negative effect on Tobin's Q. The present results can make contributions to agency theory and principles for good governance.