bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A254 IGA-MEDIATED WARM AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA IN A PATIENT WITH CROHN’S DISEASE ON VEDOLIZUMAB
Authors: Cheah M S , Khanna R
Published: February 2020

Background

Iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease are relatively common manifestations of Crohn’s disease. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, however, is quite rare with few reported cases.

Aims

To present a rare case of IgA-mediated warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia in Crohn’s Disease.

Methods

A chart review and literature search were performed in preparation of this case report.

Results

A 21-year-old male with a recent diagnosis of Crohn’s disease on Vedolizumab presents to infusion clinic with generalized weakness, coke-colored urine and weight loss. Physical examination was remarkable for tachycardia and jaundice. Laboratory investigations revealed profound anemia with IgA-mediated DAT positivity. The patient remained admitted in hospital for a prolonged period. Bone marrow biopsy, CT imaging and infectious workup were negative. Vedolizumab was held and treatment with both high-dose corticosteroids and rituximab was required. Eventually, the anemia would stabilize and Vedolizumab was safely resumed as an outpatient.

Conclusions

Here we report a both rare and challenging case of IgA-mediated DAT positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with Crohn’s disease who was successfully treated with corticosteroids and rituxumab.

Funding Agencies

None
A262 DIFFERENTIAL PHENOTYPES AND LOCALIZATION OF CD8+ T CELL RESPONSES TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC ENTERIC VIRAL INFECTION
Authors: Hardman B K , Osborne L C
Published: February 2020

Background

Human Norovirus infection is the most common viral cause of gastroenteritis globally and the second most reported viral infection in Canada after the common cold. Most infections are acute, symptomatic, and rapidly cleared but some cases persist asymptomatically or induce post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Despite the global burden of these infections, no vaccine to prevent disease exists nor is the mechanism for persistence understood. MNV-CW3 and MNV-CR6 are murine noroviruses which demonstrate distinct biological behaviors that correlate with differential quantity and quality of antiviral CD8+ T cell responses. MNV-CW3 causes acute systemic infections initiated in the small intestine and cleared by day 8 due to a robust antiviral CD8+ T cell response. In contrast, MNV-CR6 causes chronic infections localized to the colonic intestinal epithelium and induces fewer antiviral CD8+ T cells with reduced effector molecule expression.

Aims

This research interrogates the mechanisms underlying strain-specific differential antiviral CD8+ T cell responses.

Methods

At days 3, 4, 5 and 8 post-infection, the phenotype and quantity of adoptively transferred MNV specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen, mesenteric lymph node (MLN), and the small and large intestine are analyzed by flow cytometry. Concurrently, immunofluorescent microscopy is used to determine whether CD8+ T cells are broadly disseminated throughout the intestines or localize in acute clusters of antiviral response. Combining these complementary techniques provides novel insight into mechanisms governing intestinal antiviral T cell responses.

Results

Activated MNV-specific CD8 T cells first accumulate in the MLN following oral infection with both MNV-CW3 and CR6, suggesting this is the site of immune activation. Supporting this hypothesis, preliminary data indicates that preventing T cell egress from activation sites by treatment with the S1PR1 agonist FTY720 leads to an enrichment of activated CD8+ T cells in the MLN following CW3 infection. Notably, the earliest stages of CD8+ T cell activation to CR6 infection is delayed compared to that elicited by CW3. Furthermore, at the peak of CD8+ T cell expansion (day 8 post-infection), CR6-elicited CD8+ T cells preferentially develop into short-lived effector populations rather than memory precursor populations.

Conclusions

These data reveal previously unknown differences in early events in CD8+ T cell activation following infection with two highly related viral strains that correlate with long-lasting effects on T cell differentiation and function. We are currently investigating the hypothesis that MNV-CW3 and CR6 may induce activation of distinct populations of, or pathways in, APC populations that would drive these differences. These results may have broad impacts on our understanding of how non-latent, chronic viral infections persist within a host.

Funding Agencies

CIHR
A270 AMPULLARY MORPHOLOGY PREDICTS SUCCESS AND POST-PROCEDURE COMPLICATIONS IN PRIMARY NEEDLE-KNIFE FISTULOTOMY FOR BILIARY CANNULATION IN ERCP: RESULTS OF A PROSPECTIVE CASE SERIES
Authors: Hew S , Taylor C , Hookey L , Bechara R
Published: February 2020

Background

Biliary cannulation is often the most challenging component of successful ERCP. Needle-knife fistulotomy (NKF) involves incising directly into the intra-duodenal portion of the bile duct, away from the native orifice, to achieve direct biliary access. This technique is usually performed when standard cannulation is unsuccessful, however recently, has been shown by our group to be a potentially effective and safe method to achieve biliary access as the primary approach. It has also been demonstrated that ampullary morphology influences cannulation success.

Aims

This study aims to assess the impact of ampullary morphology on the success and complications of NKF.

Methods

A retrospective visual analysis was performed of the ampullary morphology collected prospectively as part of our original NKF study (NCT03698266). Endoscopic videos and photos were reviewed to classify the ampulla into one of four types, as per a validated classification system. Ampullas were either Type 1 (regular), Type 2 (small), Type 3 (protruding or pendulous) or Type 4 (creased or ridged). Outcomes examined included: time to cannulation, proceduralist-perceived difficulty and complications.

Results

Of the 71 patients enrolled in the NKF study, 66 had video or photographs of the ampulla to facilitate classification. There were 35 (52%) Type 1 ampullas, 16 (24%) Type 2 and 14 (21%) Type 3 and one (1%) Type 4 ampullas. 65 out of the 66 (98.4%) patients had successful biliary access after primary NKF. The mean time to cannulation in all patients was 5.3 minutes (range 0.25–27 minutes). There were 3 cases of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) (4.5%) and 3 cases of post-ERCP bleeding (4.5%).

Compared to Type 1 ampullas, there was a no significant increase in time to cannulation in Type 2 and Type 3 ampullas using NKF (Type 1 4.7 vs. Type 2 7.1 vs. Type 3 6.4 minutes, p = NS). Only one patient with a Type 2 ampulla was rated as ‘low difficulty’ by the proceduralist performing NKF. Nevertheless, successful NKF was achieved in 15 out of 16 Type 2 ampullas (93.8%). There was 100% success rate in biliary access for Type 3 ampullas, previously shown to more challenging using conventional cannulation techniques. All cases of PEP occurred in patients with Type 2 ampullas.

Conclusions

As with the impact on conventional cannulation, ampullary morphology may influence outcomes of NKF. It appears that small, Type 2 ampullas with a short intra-duodenal segment makes NKF more challenging and may be associated with a higher rate of PEP. Unlike conventional cannulation, Type 3 ampullas are similar to Type 1 ampullas in ease of NKF access.

Funding Agencies

None
Suburbs and Suburbanization
Authors: Nowicki Susan
Published: February 2020

The suburb is defined as a residential area situated on the outskirts of a city or urban district. Suburbs are an outgrowth of many influences and ideas stemming from a desire for individual home and land ownership, population decentralization, enthusiasm for dwellings located a greater distance from industrialization, and finally an eagerness for community building and a sense of belonging—an opportunity to forge new social contracts literally and geographically. Suburbs, characterized initially as clusters of remote country estates or picturesque villages, have been in existence since before the time of Pompeii. They became most widespread in the latter half of the 19th century as byproduct of the Industrial Revolution and grew increasingly popular with the advent of commuter rail travel. Today, the suburb and suburbanization persist as a double-edged sword—as housing alternatives spawned to relieve urban density and as options for affordable residential growth, yet more often than not suburban development has occurred in a heedless manner. Most frequently, suburbs have been built lacking the collaborative input of planners, government officials, and architects and thus are identified as responsible for the course of unchecked housing growth, problematic social assimilation, and strident class divisiveness. The course of suburbanization has led to the unfolding of a complicated and complex housing type spurring analysis from every possible angle. The genesis of the suburb and suburbanization has been examined from the perspectives of various academic disciplines. The scholarship is vast and comprehensive. Herein lies the basis of where to begin such research.
Rudolph M. Schindler
Authors: Sheine Judith
Published: February 2020

R. M. Schindler (b. 1887–d. 1953) was born in Vienna, Austria, and received architecture degrees from the Vienna Polytechnic University (Technische Hochschule) in 1911 and the Academy of Fine Arts (Akademie der bildenden Kunste) in 1913. While influenced by the Viennese architects Otto Wagner and Adolf Loos, Schindler was exposed to the work of the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright through his Wasmuth portfolio and was inspired to go to the United States in March 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I. In the United States, he found work in February 1918 with Wright, who sent him to Southern California in December 1920 to work on a project for his client, Aline Barnsdall. Schindler began his independent practice there, designing and building his own house and studio in 1921–1922. He had intended to return to Vienna, however, due to the difficult postwar economic conditions in Europe, he settled for the rest of his life in Southern California, with its mild climate, promising economic future, and openness to experimentation. Throughout his career Schindler wrote articles on architectural theory, designed over 500 projects—more than 150 of which were built, almost entirely in Southern California—and acted as his own contractor on the vast majority of his commissions. He has been identified as the first modern architect in Southern California, introducing innovative ideas and construction techniques, along with his contemporary and fellow Viennese architect Richard Neutra, who came to Southern California at Schindler’s invitation in January 1925. Schindler distinguished his own individual approach to architecture from that of the so-called International Style, proclaiming that architecture should be about “space” rather than focusing on any particular style or material. Throughout his career, Schindler experimented with a wide variety of materials and building techniques, resulting in buildings that, while they looked very different, retained their focus on a consistent set of spatial principles along with specificity to their site, climate, and client. In part due to his unorthodox approach to modern architecture, while his early projects were published with some frequency, the later works were published increasingly less and Schindler did not receive the large commissions for which he had hoped. After his death, with the postmodern reevaluation of the direction of architecture starting in the mid-1960s, Schindler’s work began to receive renewed critical attention, with books and exhibits devoted to his career, and recognition continues to grow in the present day.
Eiffel Tower
Authors: Clayson S. Hollis
Published: February 2020

The literature on the Eiffel Tower is wide-ranging and multidisciplinary, echoing the character and history of the 300-meter iron structure itself: a singular and controversial monument with both a past and a present. Not meant to last beyond a few decades, the Tower still looms over Paris. It was the tallest structure on earth when constructed on the Champ de Mars in the French capital as the centerpiece of the 1889 Exposition Universelle, which marked the hundredth anniversary of the French Revolution. Reviled at first, it is revered today. During the post-WWII decades, it became the central icon and symbol of Paris and eventually of France tout court, and is today one of the most widely recognized and visited attractions in the world. The Tower was made a Monument historique in 1964 and named part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site (“Paris, Banks of the Seine”) in 1991. The publications enumerated and glossed in what follows align with the Tower’s complexity: they are drawn from art, architectural, cultural, economic, political, social, and technology history as well as biography and semiology.
Cloister
Authors: del Álamo Elizabeth Valdez
Published: February 2020

The term “cloister” has two definitions, both based on the Latin word claustrum (pl. claustra), meaning an enclosure, a lock, or a place that is shut. A cloister may be the monastery or convent that encloses a religious community away from the world, monks as well as canons, priests living together under a rule. Architecturally, a cloister is the open courtyard that connects the various buildings of the monastery by means of a covered walkway. Cloister galleries are usually formed by an arcade of columns springing from a plinth, often with piers at the corners. These may be ornamented with carvings, as on the column capitals and sometimes on the columns themselves. The cloister courtyard normally includes a well and garden. By the 9th century, the layout for an ideal monastery had been recorded in the Plan of St. Gall. There, the cloister is rendered in what was to become its traditional form, a quadrangle. The main features of the St. Gall plan are found, for example, at Monte Cassino, the head of the Benedictine order, and at the monastery of Cluny. This arrangement was generally followed by Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries. To the north of the cloister lies the church nave; to the east are the church transept and dormitory. Along the east gallery is the chapter house, the meeting place for the monastic community, then there is a parlor near a spring that must have served for washing, baths, and latrines. To the south is the refectory, and to the west, the gateway and guesthouse. The north gallery of the cloister often has a funerary function, with burials of abbots located there. The west gallery often flanks the cellar and guesthouse. Because the cloister provides the passageway between the church, dormitory, refectory, and chapter house, it is the heart of a monastery, and the decoration reflects its spiritual ideals. On the one hand, it was the site for processions on Sundays and holidays, for teaching novices and children, and for reading and meditation. On the other hand, the cloister may be used for a variety of activities, some concerning the practical side of life, such as laundry, barbering, and the reception of guests. Larger communities sometimes had a second cloister connecting the infirmary to the rest of the compound. Because monasteries and colleges of secular canons sometimes evolved into universities, campuses often have cloister garths as well. This article focuses on medieval cloisters.
Modern Architecture in Latin America
Authors: O'Rourke Kathryn
Published: February 2020

The definitions of “Latin America” and “modern architecture” have long been debated, are routinely contested, and are increasingly inclusive. For the purposes of this bibliography, “Latin America” refers to the geographical area south from the US–Mexico border region to the southern tip of the Americas in Chile and Argentina. It includes Brazil and the Spanish-speaking parts of the Caribbean. “Modern architecture” refers to buildings built beginning around 1900 through approximately 1975. The unevenness of architectural production across, and scholarship on, Latin American countries generally tracks their relative size and wealth, with Mexico and Brazil having the greatest volume of buildings and books. The cultural, economic, ecological, and political diversity of Latin America, along with the sheer size of the territory and the different historical experiences of people within the region rightly cause scholars to venture generalizations with considerable caution. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify some formal patterns and recurring themes. Formally, architecture here followed roughly the same trajectory as it did in western Europe and the United States: historicist styles dominated early in the century, with some art nouveau influence; stripped rationalism and Art Deco, often with pronounced classicist characteristics, followed. The expansion of modernist idioms at mid-century, particularly in Mexico, Brazil, and Venezuela and often in ways that prominently incorporated murals, mosaics, sculpture, and landscape design drew international attention. The trend toward large-scale, visually massive works and an increased use of exposed concrete and brick defined later decades. Internationalism—borne in the formal and theoretical influences of European architecture, supported by study of foreign developments via journals, nurtured in architects’ travels and professional exchanges, and vitalized through European emigration to the region—frequently mixed with consideration of the particularities of regional or national cultures and conditions. Three major themes dominated architecture: history, social concern and underdevelopment, and the relationship of cosmopolitan urban centers (most often capital cities) to rural areas and vernacular typologies. These themes were frequently bound up with debates about race, class, national culture, and modernization. Internal migration and rapid urbanization in the mid- and late twentieth century fueled new planning schemes and much new building. Although private patronage was important, many of modern Latin America’s major works were publicly funded. Politics underlay numerous commissions, while explicit political aims shaped others. In many instances modernist forms functioned as aspirational expressions of states’ modernizing ambitions rather than as aesthetic responses to industrialization.
Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc
Authors: Emery Elizabeth
Published: February 2020

A polymath, Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le Duc (b. 1814–d. 1879), is best-known today as a restoration architect and champion of the Gothic style whose influential theoretical writings on form and function collected in the ten-volume Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle (translated loosely as The Foundations of Architecture; 1854–1868) and the two-volume Entretiens sur l’architecture (Lectures on Architecture, 1863–1872) exerted a profound influence on modern architects such as Victor Horta, Antoni Gaudí, Louis Sullivan, and Frank Lloyd Wright. An independent thinker who refused the normal French path to architectural legitimacy—training at the École des Beaux-Arts—the talented draftsman took advantage of his personal and family connections—including Prosper Mérimée, Ludovic Vitet, Baron Taylor, Jean-Jacques-Marie Huvé, and Jean-Baptiste Lassus—to obtain the knowledge, training, and commissions that would transform him into the preeminent 19th-century French restorer of monuments. Much criticized in the 20th century for having intervened too aggressively in well-known restoration projects such as the Church of the Madeleine at Vézelay, the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, and the walled city of Carcassonne, the increased accessibility of archival sources has allowed 21st-century scholars to reassess his entire body of work, setting his voluminous writings and correspondence against the intellectual, cultural, and administrative context of his time, a period in which Viollet-le-Duc and other self-trained specialists laid the foundation of what would become the academic field of medieval studies. His restoration theories and influence have been well studied since his death, but his many complementary activities, particularly his prolific attempts to popularize architecture and history for the masses, have yet to be systematically explored in any language. Viollet-le-Duc was not just one of the first historic preservationists, he was also a talented draftsman, archaeologist, architect, engineer, public administrator, teacher, theatrical set designer, international exposition organizer, city councilor, journalist, children’s book writer, military strategist, and ecologist.
Architecture of China - City Planning
Authors: Steinhardt Nancy S.
Published: February 2020

Evidence of Chinese cities is at least as old as the 6th millennium bce. It survives in the form of group settlements and walled enclosures, both confirmed by ever stronger archaeological evidence since the beginning of widespread government-sponsored excavation in China in 1949. The explosion of bibliographical work on Chinese cities and urbanism is a direct result. Excavation, historical records that include information such as censuses as early as the late centuries bce, and other literature combine to document urban centers in every province and every autonomous region of China from the bce millennia to the 21st century. The majority of those centers have continuous histories, also extending into the 21st century. The continuous history of Chinese civilization through millennia provides evidence, again literary and physical, for unique opportunities to explore social themes such as urban versus agrarian, imperial cities compared to villages, or the relation between religious construction and urban design. At the same time, China has unique international status as home to the world’s two largest cities: Shanghai with a population of more than twenty-four million and Beijing with nearly nineteen million. China is also the only country with ten cities that have populations of more than eight million and thirty cities with a population greater than three million, offering unprecedented opportunity for research on demography, climate control, ecology, and basic human survival. Inclusion of periodical literature in Asian and European languages would produce a list of several hundred thousand titles. The goal of this article is to recognize seminal titles already with or likely to have long shelf lives, as well as to represent the kinds of research and range of topics about the Chinese city.
Technology and Methods - Rome/Roman World
Authors: Lancaster Lynne C.
Published: February 2020

The Romans are known for their advanced building technology, and since the rediscovery in the early Renaissance of the manuscripts of the Roman architect Vitruvius and the Roman water commissioner Frontinus, the materials and construction methods of the Romans have been of interest to later architects and builders. In the 19th century most of the writers on Roman construction techniques were architects and engineers, often with the goal of learning techniques that would be of use in their own designs. During the first half of the 20th century archaeologists began to take an interest. They were at first particularly concerned with establishing a method of dating through the careful observation of walling techniques, though this has since proved to be more optimistic than effective. In the decades after World War II, the study of construction and Roman technology in general was neglected, in part, due to the influential writings on the ancient economy by M. I. Finley, who downplayed the importance of technology in the ancient world. More recently the view of the Roman economy has broadened, and the role of building construction has taken on new relevance. Many scholars are now going beyond the descriptive and using data from building sites to explore the economic and social implications of building projects. New approaches include the analysis of the logistics and organization of building sites, the quantification of materials and labor, the regional and long-distance trade networks of building materials, and the interrelationship of different types of processes involved in the building industry (the French chaîne opératoire, or operational sequences). Another change in mindset affecting the study of construction is the postcolonial shift away from a Rome-centric view of the empire. The builders in the provinces are now recognized as actively innovating rather than passively absorbing knowledge from the capital city. The Roman army played a role in the spread of building techniques; however, those they employed were often not developed in Rome but rather in lands where the military units were stationed and where they often encountered different and sometimes new ways of building. In the 21st century, the study of building technology is stretching beyond Rome itself and is becoming more integrated into broader historical narratives, albeit the study of some regions is further along than others.
Memory and World Politics
Authors: Budrytė Dovilė
Published: February 2020

Although the study of memory has been very popular in the social sciences since the 1980s, scholars studying world politics started paying attention to memory politics only relatively recently, during the past two decades. Initially, scholars working at the “margins” of the discipline of international relations (IR), in the fields of post-structuralism and political sociology, integrated the concept of memory into their studies. They acknowledged that traumatic memory is essential for the formation and functioning of political communities. Collective traumas, like crises in world politics, can mark new beginnings for political life when new discourses and new identities are formed. Later questions related to identity formation attracted the attention of constructivists. With the rise of the constructivist paradigm in IR, the study of memory politics and especially the relationship between memory and foreign policy attracted more scholars. These scholars became interested in the creation of official historical narratives, state apologies, and reconciliation. Most recently, scholars working in the fast-growing field of ontological security (OS) have started to engage questions related to political memory in their analyses. These scholars are particularly interested in the ways in which states create their biographical narratives to make sense of the world to themselves and engage other states. Memory plays a major role in the creation of these narratives, and thus it is of crucial importance to those who try to understand OS. This article offers an overview of the major works on memory and world politics, most of which have been written by scholars in political science and IR. However, occasionally works from other disciplines were included if they engaged themes that are essential for understanding the role of memory in global politics. These themes include trauma and memory. Memories of war play a major role in “shaking up” political communities, producing new narratives and reshaping identities. Political transitions play a similar role. During political transitions, historical memories are instrumentalized to legitimate new political orders. Consequently, the study of memory cannot be separated from the processes of democratization and democratic consolidation. Furthermore, both democratic and non-democratic states practice intervention in memory practices, outlawing certain practices of memory and silencing others. The rise of memory laws is another theme reflected in this essay. This essay also includes works attempting to imagine “ideal” memory politics when different versions of the past are coexisting and when states adopt a critical gaze into their dark pasts.
Collective Memory
Authors: Krawatzek Félix
Published: February 2020

Scholarship on collective memory from an explicit political science perspective has expanded over the last decade. This growth speaks to political dynamics unfolding across the world, as history has once again become part of political confrontations. The ongoing dispute about an acceptable name for Macedonia, the role of truth commissions in post-conflict societies, and the international tensions stemming from the memories of Japanese aggression on the Asian continent during the Asia-Pacific War illustrate that political science needs to include questions of collective memory in its analysis. Although political science’s focus on collective memory is new, it would be erroneous to believe that memory has started to shape politics only recently. The study of the societal significance of present-day representations of past narratives has a long history. Its intellectual forebears can be found notably in late-19th-century French sociology, and the topic has gained in prominence in the humanities and sociology since the 1980s and is now marching into the political sciences. This latter expansion also changes the methods and research strategies that scholarship on collective memory employs. Nevertheless, studying collective memory will remain an inherently interdisciplinary endeavor and uniquely integrates the social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences. Given the field’s quick shifts, a number of central conceptual tools retain an elasticity less common in other branches of the discipline. Meanwhile, the number of topics that can be approached through the prism of collective memory is inexhaustible. The field is therefore held together primarily by its underlying conceptual apparatus. Conceptual clarity is thus particularly relevant for a dialogue within and across the disciplines, and also to integrate the insights related to collective memory generated in political and social theory. The state of the scholarship illustrates, however, that studies of collective memory have overwhelmingly been motivated by empirical puzzles and at times continue to analyze memory as being a tangible phenomenon. While not necessarily shortcomings, many of the empirical contributions have thereby shied away from a more thorough theoretical investigation.
LGBT Parenting and Family Formation
Authors: Riggs Damien W.
Published: February 2020

Over the past three decades, rapidly growing numbers of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people have become parents. LGBT people may become parents via giving birth or by adopting or fostering children. Some LGBT people may use Assisted Reproductive Technologies as part of their journey to parenthood. Other LGBT people may become parents as part of a blended or stepfamily. Overall, research comparing LGBT-headed families with heterosexual and/or cisgender-headed families demonstrates broadly similar outcomes for children. A key point of difference pertains to experiences of discrimination, which can occur when LGBT parents (and their children) access reproductive services, when engaging with their families of origin, in schools, and in terms of broader societal attitudes. Other points of difference pertain to the division of household labor, views on parenting, and beliefs about the needs of children. In many respects, the research evidence suggests that, across these three areas, LGBT parents engage in practices that positively benefit their children.
Non-normative Sexuality Studies
Authors: Roy Ahonaa
Published: February 2020

Sexual non-normativity in the early-21st-century social sciences not only describes the cultural, social, and political needs, interests, experiences, and struggles of nonheterosexual desires and representations, but it also includes an array of identity formations. What does it mean to be “non-normative”? Ideally speaking, this connotation structures around a political claiming, a subversive metaphor that does not adhere to the standard gender(ed) expressions. That said, these gender traits challenge the cultural norms, or the dominant languages as historically coined within the medical dictionary. In order to address this, the politics further renders a non-foundationalist approach to gender, as making an attempt to de-objectify any sort of typification of classification. In addition, the diversity and fluidity of it aims to install de-pathologization of identity category, and further, to pacify the rigid gender traits that could potentially make gender more discrete. Thus, its very fluidity establishes an unsettling position of gender and sexual choices, as further to establish anti-imperial, non-hegemonic claim in the US-centric gender positions and theorizations. In lines to this argument, non-normative sexuality studies are an attempt to collate interdisciplinary and non–Euro-American modes of texts, theories, and approaches from the domains of culture, desire, beauty, aging, legalities, medicine, and health, complemented with several dimensions of these disciplines to create a bibliographical space addressing the several bodies, identities, and experiences of these representations. Furthermore, it maps the various changes in the lives, personal experiences, forms of discrimination faced in the past or present, needs, interests, and perspectives of these individuals in varied geopolitics, contexts, and cultures—modeling approaches that might be seen as alternatives to the dominant queer studies. My heartfelt thanks to Professor Raewyn Connell for introducing me to the Oxford Bibliographies series, Ms. Neha Pande as my research assistant who enabled me to complete this important piece of work, and Ms. Jennifer Pierce from Oxford University Press.
Cross-National Research on Continuous Improvement
Authors: Koranyi Franz , Kolleck Nina
Published: February 2020

Effectiveness and improvement have become key terms in educational research. However, cross-national research applies different approaches to providing knowledge for improvement along with divergent assumptions for change. Most frequently, continuous improvement refers to systemic inquiry, involving practitioners’ knowledge of daily work problems. It thereby seeks to develop, implement, revise, and adapt interventions with the aim of becoming part of regular work routines (see General Overviews). Based on short-cycled, multiple tests of small changes in various contexts, continuous improvement research develops education solutions on scale. For continuous improvement, the Model of Improvement is fundamental and consists of three questions: What are we trying to accomplish? How will we know that a change is an improvement? What changes can we make that will result in improvement? And there is the lan-do-study-act cycle. Continuous improvement relies on systems theory and methods of design-based implementation research. It conceptualizes improvement processes based on a context-based theory of change (see Theoretical Framework and Approaches). Researchers apply various models such as Six Sigma, planned experimentation, and data-based inquiry (see Model and Tools). Furthermore, research in continuous improvement involves cross-sector collaboration between research, education institutions, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) (see Cross-Sector Collaboration). Continuous improvement has become an international phenomenon that refers not only to a strong research base in the United States but also to other research initiatives worldwide (see Research in National Contexts). This article covers several relevant aspects of continuous, practitioner-focused, and cyclical improvement processes in education that have been discussed in cross-national contexts. While the list of references is not exhaustive, it aims to provide a point of entry to this emerging field.
Data Science Methods for Psychology
Authors: Stanton Jeffrey
Published: February 2020

The term “data science” refers to an emerging field of research and practice that focuses on obtaining, processing, visualizing, analyzing, preserving, and re-using large collections of information. A related term, “big data,” has been used to refer to one of the important challenges faced by data scientists in many applied environments: the need to analyze large data sources, in certain cases using high-speed, real-time data analysis techniques. Data science encompasses much more than big data, however, as a result of many advancements in cognate fields such as computer science and statistics. Data science has also benefited from the widespread availability of inexpensive computing hardware—a development that has enabled “cloud-based” services for the storage and analysis of large data sets. The techniques and tools of data science have broad applicability in the sciences. Within the field of psychology, data science offers new opportunities for data collection and data analysis that have begun to streamline and augment efforts to investigate the brain and behavior. The tools of data science also enable new areas of research, such as computational neuroscience. As an example of the impact of data science, psychologists frequently use predictive analysis as an investigative tool to probe the relationships between a set of independent variables and one or more dependent variables. While predictive analysis has traditionally been accomplished with techniques such as multiple regression, recent developments in the area of machine learning have put new predictive tools in the hands of psychologists. These machine learning tools relax distributional assumptions and facilitate exploration of non-linear relationships among variables. These tools also enable the analysis of large data sets by opening options for parallel processing. In this article, a range of relevant areas from data science is reviewed for applicability to key research problems in psychology including large-scale data collection, exploratory data analysis, confirmatory data analysis, and visualization. This bibliography covers data mining, machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, Bayesian data analysis, visualization, crowdsourcing, web scraping, open source software, application programming interfaces, and research resources such as journals and textbooks.
Medieval Art in Scandinavia, 400-800
Authors: Wicker Nancy L.
Published: February 2020

Art of the four-hundred-year period in Scandinavia spanning c. 400 to c. 800 ce begins with the close of the Roman Iron Age and extends into the early Viking Age. Archaeologically, this entire time span is considered part of the Iron Age, the final phase of European prehistory that follows the Stone and the Bronze Ages, with reference to the material used for cutting edges of weapons and tools. The art of an earlier phase, c. 400–550, is usually called the Migration Period in Norway and Sweden, while the later period, c. 550–800, is called the Vendel Period in Sweden, after a particular site there, but is referred to as the Merovingian Period in Norway. Using the terms “Migration Period” and “Merovingian Period” highlights contacts of Scandinavia with Germanic peoples on the Continent. In Denmark, the period c. 400–800 is referred to as the Germanic Iron Age, divided into earlier and later phases. In general, the terms “Migration Period” and “Vendel Period” will be used here. For all of Scandinavia, most scholars consider the second half of the 8th century a period of transition to the Viking Age. The art of these periods includes almost no painting, few examples of large-scale sculpture, and scarce remains of architecture revealed archaeologically. The surviving artistic evidence is skewed toward metal artifacts, especially weapons and articles of personal adornment, but also glass and pottery, found as grave goods in high-status burials. Undoubtedly large quantities of organic materials, including wood, textiles, and leather, as well as bone, ivory, and antler, have not survived well in the earth. Nearly all artistic finds have been recovered through archaeological investigations, and thus the fields of Scandinavian art and archaeology are closely interrelated. With the advent of metal detecting, the nature of the material is changing as more hoards and stray finds are discovered. Much of the art of the Migration and Vendel Periods consists of abstracted animal styles that contrast with the representational character of Roman art, yet the development of northern art was indebted to provincial Roman styles and techniques. The art of the period c. 400 through c. 800 is often referred to as pre-Viking art, since there is marked continuity in art styles through the fully developed Viking art (c. 800–1050). In the past, the study of this animal-style art was chiefly concerned with stylistic classification, but concerns about the status of artists and craftworkers, techniques of artistic production, and social uses of art have gained in significance.
Australian Aboriginal Art
Authors: Lehman Greg , Lowish Susan , McLean Ian
Published: February 2020

Outside Australia, “Australian art” is often taken to mean Indigenous art produced in remote regions of the continent, even though Indigenous Australians comprise only 3 percent of the population, and less than 10 percent of this 3 percent live in the remote communities where most of this art is produced. Inside Australia, which is where nearly all histories of Indigenous Australian art are written, the relationship between the categories of Indigenous and Australian art is more complex due to unresolved legacies of colonialism. The category of Indigenous Australian art includes the Melanesian culture of the Torres Strait Islands and the Aboriginal art of mainland Australia, Tasmania, and several other islands. Indigenous art encompasses everything from late Pleistocene rock art to moving image and digital technologies of the contemporary age. It is made in all regions of Australia, from the urban to the remote, and unlike non-Indigenous Australian art, it has great regional variation. Despite long continuous Indigenous cultural practices, there is no recognizable Indigenous art historiographical tradition and until recently art historians showed little interest in retrieving the oral histories of its various schools. This is because the paradigm of primitivism had locked Indigenous art out of the discipline’s underlying assumptions, leaving its study to archaeologists and anthropologists. As the art world critique of primitivism only began to take hold in the 1980s, Indigenous art history is a new field of study in the discipline. Interdisciplinary in its formation, it has drawn significantly from anthropologists, who remain leaders in the study of Indigenous art. Due to their fieldwork approach, anthropologists also led the way in developing methodologies that could account for Indigenous worldviews, which are becoming more prominent in art world discourse, with Indigenous artists, curators, and scholars making an increasingly significant contribution since the 1990s. However, connections with archaeology are poorly developed. While archaeological research into rock art is booming in Australia, it is focused on conventional analysis of dating in order to develop largely speculative historical narratives about the origins of various cultures. This lies outside the main current of Indigenous art history, which has a contemporary focus. Indigenous art history is yet to articulate a substantial historical narrative of its subject. Nevertheless, traditional art history genres such as biography, regional art histories, and issue-based thematic subjects are serving the field well. The place of Indigenous art in the Australian national tradition is an issue with which the discipline is currently grappling. Finally, curators have been important instigators in transforming what had largely been a subject of anthropology into art history. This is reflected in the bibliography, in which exhibition catalogues outnumber scholarly books by art historians.
A quantum-corrected approach to black hole radiation via a tunneling process
Authors: Hajebrahimi Milad , Nozari Kourosh
Published: February 2020

In the language of black hole physics, Hawking radiation is one of the most controversial subjects about which there exist lots of puzzles, including the information loss problem and the question of whether this radiation is thermal or not. In this situation, a possible way to face these problems is to bring quantum effects into play, also taking into account self-gravitational effects in the scenario. We consider a quantum-corrected form of the Schwarzschild black hole inspired by the pioneering work of Kazakov and Solodukhin to modify the famous Parikh–Wilczek tunneling process for Hawking radiation. We prove that in this framework the radiation is not thermal, with a correlation function more effective than the Parikh–Wilczek result, and the information loss problem can be addressed more successfully. Also, we realize that quantum correction affects things in the same way as an electric charge. So, it seems that quantum correction in this framework has something to do with the electric charge.
Creating Reflective Space for Reflective and “Unreflective” Medical Students: Exploring Seminal Moments in a Large-Group Writing Session
Authors: Campbell Bruce H. , Treat Robert , Johnson Benjamin , Derse Arthur R.
Published: February 2020

Problem

Reflection is a critical skill for all physicians, but some busy medical students describe themselves as “unreflective.” The authors sought to provide all third-year medical students at the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) with opportunities to explore seminal clinical and personal moments through reflective writing during workshops on preparing a personal statement for the Electronic Residency Application Service.

Approach

The authors developed and facilitated semiannual 1.5- to 2-hour sessions (January and June) for MCW third-year medical students (about 200 per class), pairing information on personal statements with reflective writing and group reflection activities. Students wrote reflectively but were not required to share their writing with peers or faculty. They discussed insights gleaned during the writing process in small groups and with the class. They completed pre- and postsession questions on an anonymous questionnaire.

Outcomes

Eight all-class sessions were held between January 2015 and June 2018. Students completed 1,139 of 1,600 questionnaires (completion rate of approximately 71%). They misperceived their peers’ views of reflective activities. Twice as many students agreed their peers felt writing, reflective, and narrative exercises were a waste of time as they themselves did (39% vs 19%). While 42% entered the session comfortable with creative writing, 57% were surprised by the amount, quality, and/or insight of their writing during the session and 77% agreed the session helped them think more clearly about clinical encounters. Students who believed reflective writing was a waste of time were more likely to believe their peers felt that also, and they were less likely to believe the session helped them reflect on clinical experiences. Most written comments were positive.

Next Steps

To expose students to narrative medicine techniques, the authors added a close-reading exercise and shortened the reflective writing activity in 2019, hoping this would better equip all students for their journeys.