bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma endotoxin level of healthy donors
Authors: Nádházi Z. , Takáts A. , Offenmüller K. , Bertók L.
Published: August 2004

The plasma level of endotoxin was determined in 116 healthy blood donors. After a routine physical and laboratory investigations the endotoxin level was determined with Limulus amebocyte lysate assay (LAL-test) by the chromogenic kinetic method of Bio-Whittaker Co. (USA). Its sensitivity was 0.005-50 EU/ml. The plasma level of endotoxin in most of the healthy donors was less than 1 EU/ml (in the range of 0.01-1.0 EU/ml), but always measurable. The average ±S.D. was 0.128±0.215 EU/ml. Because of the high standard deviation and high range of values, the data were distributed into two groups with the means of 0.05±0.022 EU/ml and 0.294±0.186 EU/ml. The difference between the groups was significant (p<0.001). In conclusion, endotoxin can be measured in plasma of healthy individuals.
Canker and wilt of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) caused by Fusarium species
Authors: Halász G.
Published: August 2004

From the pathological material of black locust trees showing symptoms of wilting of the foliage or canker of the bark the following Fusarium species were isolated: Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., Fusarium lateritium Nees., Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Rav., Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Fusarium sulphureum Schlecht. (syn.: Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel f. 6 Wollenw.) The results of the provocation infections of one-year-old black locust seedlings showed that all of the species - except Fusarium solani - are able to cause considerable necrosis in living bark and phloem. Fusarium sulphureum had by far the highest pathogenecity among the tested species. Fusarium semitectum isolated from withered black locust tree also caused necrosis on significant bark area. In the course of the penetration assay Fusarium sulphureum and Fusarium avenaceum were the most successful, and these species can cause cankers on the stem and twigs of black locust without frost effect.
Identification of Fusarium species by isozyme analysis
Authors: Láday M. , Szécsi Á.
Published: August 2004

Cellulose-acetate electrophoresis (CAE) was used to investigate isozyme polymorphisms among different isolates of Fusarium cerealis, F. culmorum, F. graminearum and F. pseudograminearum. After initial testing of 18 enzymes in three buffer systems for activity and resolution of bands, 12 proved to be appropriate for analysis of the full sample set. Comparing the different electrophoretic types (ETs), adenylate kinase (AK), NADP dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP GDH), peptidase B (PEP B), peptidase D (PEP D) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) proved to be diagnostic for at least one species examined. However, only PEP D was useful alone as a marker to distinguish the four taxa studied providing a rapid and simple CAE based diagnostic protocol.
The role of mycorrhizae in afforestation
Authors: Barna T.
Published: August 2004

Hungary is facing to perform intensive afforestation. New forests will be planted on dry, poorly fertile soils nonprofitable for agricultural use. Applying artificially mycorrhized seedlings may considerably increase the effectivity of afforestation and decrease costs.
Is the widely used medicinal fungus the Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) karst. sensu stricto?
Authors: Szedlay Gyöngyi
Published: August 2004

The identification of Ganoderma species is usually based on classical morphological criteria. The objectives of this review were to collect available information on Ganoderma lucidum and to utilize them in exact identification of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. sensu stricto. A lot of taxonomical confusion has always been associated with G. lucidum and allied species. Species circumscription, phylogenetic relationships, host range and distribution of species of the G. lucidum complex are unclear even among the few taxa living in temperate climate. Several methods have been proposed to identify the species as examination of cultural characteristics, isozymes, secondary metabolites, DNA sequences and interfertility. Although G. lucidumsensu stricto has been reported world-wide accumulated evidence supported the suggestion that it seems restricted to Europe. The strains used in the medicine are usually collected in Asia. There is little likelihood that any one belongs to the G. lucidum sensu stricto. The strains labelled as G. lucidum in the medicinal and pharmacological literature encompass a broad range of species which produce different medicinally active compounds and have significantly different pharmacological effects.
Comparative advantages, job destruction and the regional pattern of polish unemployment
Authors: Newell A. , Pastore F. , Socha M.
Published: August 2004

This paper investigates the relationship between industrial restructuring and regional unemployment in Poland. Poland’s regional unemployment broke out of nothing at the beginning of the 1990s decade. Since then, it has remained remarkably unchanged over the decade for a variety of factors, such as the gradual restructuring process, labour supply rigidities and technological differences. The role of each of these factors is assessed within the framework of hazard functions applied to the inflow to unemployment from a job, computed using Polish Labour Force Survey data. When voivodships are grouped according to their unemployment rate it can be seen that low unemployment voivodships form a heterogeneous group, including both rural and urban areas. Applying a new method of analysis of the labour market effects of trade integration, the paper reveals circumstantial evidence on how Poland’s international comparative advantages in labour-intensive manufacturing combine with the economic advantages of urbanised regions to play a significant role in shaping the regional distribution of Poland’s unemployment.
Income Dynamics and Stability in the Transition Process
Authors: Hölscher Jens , Bachan Ray
Published: August 2004

Income distribution is a widely neglected subject in applied macroeconomics. This paper looks at the current state of art, which can be summarised as the “Transatlantic Consensus”explaining inequality through a partial analysis approach with changes on the labour market at its core. The potential interrelationship between inequality and growth is particularly important for transition countries, because according to common knowledge in this case the change of regime went along with rising inequality and declining income in the initial phase. The Czech case - the Czech Republic being the most egalitarian country among the former socialist economies - is even more interesting, because here income distribution remained relatively stable before and throughout the transition period. This result is illustrated by Lorenz curves. The analysis of so-far unpublished empirical data indicates that there is no need for active distribution policy in the Czech Republic. This result might not hold for other transition countries, which find themselves at the initial part of the Kuznets curve, but on a lower level of income.
Book review
Authors: Simonovits András , Török Ádám , Lányi Beatrix
Published: August 2004

T. Boeri - A. Börsch-Supan - A. Brugviani - R. A. Kapteyn - F. Peracchi (eds): Pensions: More Information, Less Ideology(Boston/Dordrecht/London: Kluwer Academic Press, 2001, 196 pp.) B. Å. Lundvall - G. Esping-Andersen - L. Soete - M. Castells - M. Telò - M. Tomlinson - R. Boyer - R. M. Lindley (ed.: M. J. Rodrigues): The New Knowledge Economy in Europe. A Strategy for International Competitiveness and Cohesion (Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2002, 337 pp.) G. Gorzelak - É. Ehrlich - L. Faltan - M. Illner: Central Europe in Transition: Toward EU Membership (Warsaw: Regional Studies Association, 2001, 371 pp.)
Equid herpesvirus 1 is neurotropic in mice, but latency from which infectious virus can be reactivated does not occur
Authors: Iqbal J. , Edington N.
Published: August 2004

Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is the most common cause of virus-induced abortion in horses. After primary infection the virus becomes latent predominantly in the respiratory tract lymph nodes and the genome can also be detected in the peripheral nervous system. The role of mouse as a feasible model for the establishment of latency and reactivation of EHV-1 was investigated. Intracerebral and intranasal infections of 3- and 17-day-old mice were made and virus replication was confirmed by virus isolation and detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) in brain. For reactivation studies, the mice were killed 8 weeks post infection and tissues were collected for cocultivation. In mice from both age groups, infectious virus was not detected by cocultivation. Following attempts to reactivate virus in vivo with corticosteroids, the viral antigen was detected at low levels by IIF and the expression of the gB gene by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in brain, trigeminal ganglia, olfactory lobe, lung and spleen. Virus was also detected by IIF following incubation of tissue explants in the growth medium containing pokeweed mitogen (PWM). These results show the limitations of the mouse model for investigating EHV-1 latency and highlights the issue of 'ineffective reactivation' of virus.
Influence of rapeseed meal on productivity and health of broiler chicks
Authors: Janječić Z. , Grbeša D. , Mužic S. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Research was focussed on investigating the influence of different quantities (0, 10, 20 and 30%) of rapeseed meal (RM), 00-cultivar Silvia on production results, as well as on the morphological and pathohistological changes in the internal organs of chicks during the course of the experiment, measured on the 21st and 42nd days of the 42-day experiment. The experiment involved 120 chicks divided into four groups: a control group (C) and three experimental groups (E1-3). It was found that chicks in Groups C, E1 and E2 realised significantly (P < 0.05) higher gains than those in Group E3, both after the test period and at the end of the experiment. No significant differences with regard to feed conversion were found between groups of chicks. Throughout the experiment chicks in Groups E1-3 were found to have a significantly (P < 0.05) heavier liver. Compared to Groups E1-3, Group C chicks had a significantly (P < 0.05) heavier gizzard after 21 days, but following the finisher diet Group E3 had a significantly (P < 0.05) lighter gizzard. Compared with birds in Group C, those in Groups E2-3 had significantly heavier (P < 0.05) unevacuated intestines when fed the starter diet, and those in Groups E1-2 showed a similar result when fed the finisher diet. Chicks in Group E3 had a significantly lower grill weight than those in Groups C, E1 and E2, both in the first half of the experiment and at the end. The starter diet did not result in any differences in the quantity of abdominal fat among groups, but following the finisher diet Groups E2-3 showed significantly less abdominal fat in comparison to Groups C and E1 (P < 0.05). Group C showed a significantly higher carcass yield than Groups E1-3 (P < 0.05) in the first half of the experiment and at the end. Groups E1-3 manifested a slight to medium hypertrophy of thyroid epithelial tissue as well as slight thymus hypertrophy and slight atrophy of the cloacal bursa follicles.
Effect of different fat sources on in vitro degradation of nutrients and certain blood parameters in sheep
Authors: Fébel Hedvig , Husvéth F. , Veresegyházy T. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

This study was designed to determine the effects of calcium salt of palm oil fatty acids (CS), hydroxyethylsoyamide (HESA), butylsoyamide (BSA) and soybean oil (SO) on degradation of crude protein and fibre in vitro, and on the blood plasma lipid parameters in vivo. Five mature wethers (body weight 75 kg) were fed five diets in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment. The control diet consisted of 50% meadow hay and 50% concentrate with no added fat. The control diet was supplemented with CS, HESA, BSA, or SO. Fat was added at 3.5% of dietary dry matter (DM). The final ether extract content of the ration was near 6%. Each period lasted 20 days. Fat supplements, except HESA, consistently decreased the in vitro DM disappearance of soybean meal as compared to control. In contrast to the effect of other treatments, crude protein degradation was greatest in the test tubes with inocula obtained from sheep fed diet with HESA. Fat supplements equally inhibited the DM and fibre breakdown of alfalfa pellet. CS and HESA seemed to be less detrimental to in vitro fermentation of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) than BSA and SO. All fat supplements increased blood plasma triglyceride, cholesterol and total lipid content. Plasma concentration of cholesterol and total lipid was highest with SO. The inclusion of CS in the diet increased 16:0, while all fat supplements increased plasma 18:0 and decreased 16:1 and 18:1 fatty acid content. Plasma 18:2n-6 was not changed by feeding CS and SO. However, compared to the control diet, 18:2n-6 increased with 12 and 41% in plasma fatty acids when sheep were fed HESA and BSA, respectively. The results showed that plasma concentration of linoleic acid was enhanced more when the amide was synthesised from butylamine than when from ethanolamine.
Improving reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows by synchronising ovulation or inducing oestrus
Authors: Gábor Gy. , Kastelic J. P. , Pintér S. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Lactating crossbred Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n = 331) were started on an Ovsynch regimen 68 ± 8.2 days after calving; 200 µg GnRH intramuscularly (i.m.) on Days 0 and 9, and 35 mg prostaglandin F2a i.m. on Day 7. Thirty-eight and 31 cows (11.5 and 9.4%, respectively) were in oestrus on Days 0 to 6 and 7 to 8, respectively, and inseminated, and the remainder were fixed-time inseminated (on Day 10). For these three groups, pregnancy rates (60-65 days after breeding) were 31.6, 38.7 and 34.0%, respectively (P = 0.82) and calving rates were 100, 100 and 89.9% (P = 0.23). In a preliminary trial, twelve lactating cows (45 to 60 days postpartum) with inactive ovaries were given 1500 IU eCG i.m.; 10 were in oestrus within 10 days after treatment (and inseminated) and eight of these were pregnant (30 days after breeding). The Ovsynch program resulted in acceptable reproductive performance in cyclic cows and eCG treatment has considerable promise for inducing oestrus in anoestrous cows.
Comparative evaluation of the effect of antioxidants in the conservation of ram semen
Authors: Sarlós P. , Molnár A. , Kókai M. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

The aim of the present study was to develop a treatment supporting the membrane of ram spermatozoa. Semen of different ejaculates collected from breeding rams was mixed andsamples of 109 sperm cells per ml and Tris-egg yolk extender were completed with the following antioxidants: a-tocopherol acetate (E), glutathione peroxidase (GP), Aromex® (AR), resveratrol (R), resveratrol + vitamin E (RE), resveratrol + Aromex® (RAR), resveratrol + GP (RGP). Peroxidation was evaluated by the analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA) during incubation for 30, 60 and 120 min at 37°C as well as during a 24-h incubation at 5°C. The success of preservation was checked in a 9-day-long period by observing the acrosomal defects and the motility of spermatozoa. Concentration of MDA was 4.06 nmol/109 spermatozoa in samples treated with 15 µg R while the control sample contained 69.79 nmol MDA per 109 spermatozoa after 24-h incubation. Following 30-, 60- and 120-min storage the concentration of MDA in control and R-treated samples was 25.89, 36.91, 49.57 and 3.69, 3.74, 3.74 nmol/109 spermatozoa, respectively. Moreover, a significantly higher proportion of motile sperm cells was observed in the treated than in the control samples. The frequency of acrosomal defects was lower in the treated groups than in the control. These results indicate that RAR treatment can improve the effects of ram semen preservation.
Relationship between concentration of citrate and ketone bodies in cow's milk
Authors: Baticz Orsolya , Tömösközi S. , Vida L. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

The authors' hypothesis is that the members of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) such as citrate decrease in association with increased ketone body formation. To prove this hypothesis the connection between ketone bodies and citrate formation of milk was studied. A fluorimetric method was used to determine citrate and a headspace sampling gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed for determination of ketone bodies. Under real conditions of milk sampling, transport and storage, preserved milk samples of 119 clinically healthy dairy cows obtained in the 48 hours after milking were investigated. A low level of acetoacetate (ACAC) was found in all samples. This fact can be explained by the spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate during sample storage (previously decarboxylised acetoacetate = pdACAC) and, consequently, the majority of the amount of acetoacetate in the samples (AC+pdACAC) appeared in the measured acetone concentrations. Based on the measured acetone concentration of milk samples two groups were formed retrospectively: HA (high-acetone) group (n = 41) with an AC+pdACAC concentration of ≯ 0.4 mmol/l and a LA (low-acetone) group (n = 78) with an AC+pdACAC level of ≤ 0.4 mmol/l. In the milk of cows of Group HA a positive correlation (r = +0.623) and linear connection between acetone (AC+pdACAC) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) levels was found [BOHB = 2.491 + 0.586 × (pdAC + ACAC)]. Furthermore, in this group a negative correlation between citrate and BOHB and AC+pdACAC was also established (r = -0.579). Focusing on the results of this group the authors found a significant drop of AC+pdACAC and citrate during the metabolically critical first 1-4 weeks of lactation. For this reason they suggest that simple, easy, automated methods (i.e. flow injection analysis, Fourier transformation infrared analysis) should be introduced for the simultaneous determination of acetone and citrate concentration in milk to make the evaluation of the energy status of high-producing dairy cows easier and more certain.
One-generation reproduction toxicity study of Dithane M-45 (mancozeb) and lead acetate
Authors: Várnagy L. , Budai P. , Molnár E. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

The reproductive toxicity of lead acetate and of a fungicide formulation (Dithane M-45) containing 80% mancozeb was studied on rats. Lead acetate was applied in the feed in the following dose groups: control, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 mg/kg of diet. The three treatment groups received, in addition to the above doses of lead acetate, 4,500 mg/kg Dithane M-45 in the diet. The method was based on the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 415 (1981). Clinical symptoms and mortality were not found in the parent generation. The body weight of female animals decreased significantly before the pregnancy period. This tendency was also seen in males after the combination treatment. At the two high dose levels a remarkable body weight increase was seen in the female animals during the lactation period. As a result of treatment, decreased body weight of offspring was measured during the lactation period. No gross pathological changes were seen. Histological examination showed general tubulonephrosis in the experimental animals. It can be established that the administration of Dithane M-45 did not enhance the reproductive toxicity of lead acetate.
Occurrence of enteric redmouth disease in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on farms in Croatia
Authors: Oraić D. , Zrnčić Snježana , Šoštarić B. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

During the spring of 1996 and autumn of 1997 unusual mortality outbreaks among rainbow trout fry and yearlings occurred at two different trout farms, resulting in mortality of 20 and 10 per cent, respectively. Generally, the affected fish, swimming at the water surface, were reluctant to eat and were dark pigmented with visible haemorrhages around and within the oral cavity. Bacterial isolates from moribund fish from both cases were identified as Yersinia ruckeri by standard biochemical tests and API 20E. The isolated strains were found to be sensitive to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, nalidixic acid, flumequine, enrofloxacin, carbenicillin and gentamicin. Microplate agglutination assay confirmed that both isolates belonged to serotype O1. The pathogenicity of the isolated bacteria was confirmed by challenge experiment. Titres of specific antibodies were determined in the sera of survivors. The titre was highest on the 21st day postchallenge and was detectable until the 81st day.
Somatotrophic and thyroid hormones around the onset of lay in broiler breeders under different conditions
Authors: Malheiros R. D. , Moraes Vera Maria Barbosa , Furlan R. L. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Somatotrophic and thyroid hormones were determined around the onset of reproduction in broiler breeders reared in two different housing systems [dark, close-sided house (CH) and conventional, open-sided house (OH)]. In both groups age-related changes were obvious for thyroxine (T4), growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1); levels of T4 decreased, especially between 24 and 28 weeks in both groups; concomitantly GH sharply increased over the same period. A transient peak in triiodothyronine (T3) occurred between 25 and 27 weeks. The effect of housing was only present after the onset of lay. Between weeks 27-28 and the end of the period studied, the CH group showed higher levels of GH and T3 but lower T4 levels as compared to the OH group. A significant increase in GH after onset of lay, without any significant rise in T3 or in IGF-I, could point to a relative insensitivity to high plasma GH levels. Changes at GH receptor level, together with an increased pituitary GH secretion and/or decreased GH turnover may be expected. This may indicate that hypothalamo-pituitary changes at the onset of lay not only imply changes of gonadotrophic cell function, but also other hormonal axes. The relatively decrease in T4 without changes in T3, may point to a decrease in the activity of the thyrotropic axis.
Content of retinol and retinyl esters in blood plasma, liver, kidney and reproductive organs of Japanese quails
Authors: Kerti Annamária , Buchholz Ingeborg , Schweigert F. J.
Published: August 2004

Due to its importance in many physiological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation, vitamin A plays a key role in reproduction. The present study examines the content and distribution of retinol and retinyl esters in the blood plasma, liver, kidney, ovary and oviduct (infundibulum, magnum, isthmus and uterus) of the laying Japanese quail. (1) The results show that the stage of egg laying had no influence on the level of vitamin A (retinol or retinyl esters) in plasma, kidney and liver. (2) The results further indicate that in the oviduct there are quantitative and qualitative differences in the concentration of retinol and retinyl esters, but that these differences are not altered by the stage of egg formation. (3) The highest levels of vitamin A in the isthmus and uterus were associated with a predominance of retinyl esters (palmitate and stearate); sections with lower total levels of vitamin A (infundibulum, magnum) had retinol as the more dominant form of vitamin A. (4) Changes in the ratio of retinol to retinyl esters in the various sections of the avian oviduct might point to metabolic differences. The storage of vitamin A might therefore be the predominant function of the uterus and isthmus; in the infundibulum and magnum, where vitamin A is predominantly present as retinol, vitamin A serves rather as a precursor for the modulation of the cellular metabolism of these structures.
A simplified biopsy method for precompacted mouse embryos: A technical report
Authors: Bodó S. , Laczkó L. , Horváth Gabriella ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

This article presents a new, simple and rapid embryo biopsy method. The blastomere for genetic analysis can be separated from a precompacted mouse embryo after a partial zona digestion with the use of a holding pipette. For the micromanipulation only two microcapillaries and micromanipulators are needed. The development of the biopsied embryos was studied during in vitro culture and in utero following embryo transfer. There was no significant difference between the treated and the control groups in the ratio of embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage, although the biopsied embryos were delayed in their development because they contained significantly fewer cells compared to the control ones at the same stage. Although there was no difference in the ratio of implantation, the development of the biopsied embryos in utero was also delayed 12-24 hours on the 9th day of pregnancy. No difference in development was visible from the 13th day of pregnancy. Statistically, no differences were found in the developmental ratio (number of developed fetuses/transferred embryos) of the control and treated embryos during gastrulation (9th day of pregnancy), at the beginning of organogenesis (13th day of pregnancy) and before birth (19th day of pregnancy). The embryo biopsy method presented here can be a new and useful tool for preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
Hogyan jut érvényre az intelligencia a gyakorlatban?
Authors: Faragó Klára
Published: August 2004

A tanulmány a döntéspszichológia hozzájárulását vizsgálja annak a kérdésnek a megválaszolásához, hogyan érvényesül az intelligencia a gyakorlati életben. A közgazdaságtanban és a matematikában kidolgozott, a helyes döntés szabályait leíró modellek bonyolult ítéletalkotási műveleteket kívánnak meg a döntéshozótól. Képes-e követni ezeket a szabályokat az emberi gondolkodás? A kérdés vizsgálatához ez az írás felelevenít egy, az 1980-as években folytatott vitát azzal kapcsolatban, hogyan lehet értelmezni a heurisztikákkal kapcsolatos kutatások eredményeit: a feltárt torzítások arra szolgáltatnak-e meggyőző bizonyítékot, hogy a valóságban az intelligencia csődöt mond, az emberi racionalitásba vetett hittel végképp le kell-e számolni, vagy ezek az eredmények nem az emberek, hanem a kutatók torzításait illusztrálják. A döntéspszichológia újabb trendjeinek ismertetése azt mutatja be, hogyan kezelik és értelmezik ezeket a kérdéseket napjainkban a probléma kutatói.
Arthur Jensen és az IQ-vita 1969-től 2000-IG
Authors: Kovács Kristóf
Published: August 2004

A tanulmány - Arthur Jensen munkásságát középpontba helyezve - áttekinti az IQ-vita elmúlt 30 évének történetét. Bemutatja az általános intelligencia klasszikus, örökléselvű koncepcióját, valamint az azzal szembeni legfontosabb kihívásokat. Külön hangsúlyozza a koncepció társadalmi vonatkozásait és jelentőségét, valamint a biológiai orientációjú intelligenciakutatás helyét a pszichológiában. Végül bemutatja a közelmúltban újra fellángoló IQ-vitában elhangzott fontosabb érveket.
Kognitív eseményhez kötött potenciálok az emlékezetkutatásban: Áttekintés
Authors: Szűcs Dénes , Csépe Valéria
Published: August 2004

Az összefoglaló az emlékezetkutatás területén feltárt kognitív eseményhez kötött potenciálokat tekinti át. Ismerteti a területen használt általános kísérleti elrendezéseket. Részletezi az ún. későbbi emlékezeti hatás, a szemantikai előfeszítés, az ismétlési hatás (ismétlési előfeszítés) és a régi/új hatás kapcsán elvégzett fontosabb kísérleteket, a feltárt eredményeket. Foglalkozik az egyes komponensek pontosabb lokalizációjával. Különös figyelmet szentelünk a felismerési emlékezetet a felidézés, illetve az ún. ismertség alap­ján magyarázó kutatások ütköztetésének, és az e területhez kapcsolódó forrásemlékezeti hatás kutatásának. A tárgyalt tanulmányok eredményeit megkíséreljük összegezni, s egységes (spekulatív) aktivációs magyarázatot kínálunk a jelenségekre.
Vizuális hallucinációtréning
Authors: Ambró Ágnes , Varga Katalin
Published: August 2004

Beszámolónkban hipnóziskísérletekben alkalmazott vizuális hallucinációszuggesztiókat és azok hatékonyságát elemezzük, valamint egy olyan hallucinációtréning-módszert mutatunk be, mellyel kísérleti hipnózis helyzetben megbízhatóan sikerült hosszabb ide­ig fenntartható vizuális halluciná­ciós képet létrehozni úgy, hogy közben a hipnotizált személyek szeme nyitva volt. A hallucinációtréning-módszer kidolgozására azért volt szükség, mert kísérletünkben, melyben agyi elektromos potenciálváltozást is regisztrál­tunk, a Stanford Hipnotikus Szuszceptibilitási Skála C változat (SHSS: C) hal­lu­ci­ná­ciószuggesztiójának módosított változatát alkalmazva mindössze egyetlen sze­mély számolt be hallucinációélményről. Az általunk kidolgozott hallucinációtréning-módszerrel 7 erősen hipnábilis személyből 5-nél sikeres volt a hallucinációszuggesztió. A módszer lé­nyege, hogy a személyek a kísérleti ülést megelőző alkalommal kötetlenebb formában megtapasztalhatják, hogy képesek vizuális hallucinációs kép fenntartására. Ezt az élményt felhasználva a személyeknél a kísérlet kényelmetlen körülményei között is működik a vizuális hallucinációszuggesztió. Feltételezhető, hogy módszerünk módosított formában anesztézia létrehozására is alkalmazható nehezített (például műtéti) helyzetben.
Az „affektív forradalom” dilemmái
Authors: Pataki Ferenc
Published: August 2004

Jelen dolgozat egy hosszabb munka fejezete, amely az „érzelem és identitás” témával foglalkozik. A szer­ző a nyolcvanas évek elején kezdődött „affektív forradalom” néhány időszerű, sokat vitatott kér­dését tekinti át és elemzi. Felveti, hogy eddig az identitás affektív összetevőjét bizonyos mértékig negligálták, s kognitív vonatkozását hangsúlyozták túl. Ezért bizonyulhat ígéretes és gyümölcsöző vállalkozásnak az érzelem pszichológiájának és az identitáselméletnek az összekapcsolása. E cél érdekében át kell tekinteni az érzelempszichológia mai helyzetét és dilemmáit. Az elemzés ebben a keretben az alábbi négy témára összpontosít: a „naturalista” és a „konstrukcionista” értelmezések konfrontációja, a Za­jonc­nak az érzelmi reakciók elsődlegességére vonatkozó tézisét követő vita, az „érzelem mint információ” megközelítés, valamint megismerés és érzelem kölcsönhatása.
Characterizations of univariate continuous distributions. II
Authors: Hamedani G. G.
Published: August 2004

This is a follow up to our previous work characterizing univariate continuous distributions based on a simple relationship between two truncated moments.
Lengths of runs and waiting time distributions by using Pólya-Eggenberger sampling scheme
Authors: Sen K. , Agarwal Manju L. , Chakraborty S.
Published: August 2004

In this paper, joint distributions of number of success runs of lengthkand number of failure runs of lengthk'are obtained by using combinatorial techniques including lattice path approach under Pólya-Eggenberger model. Some of its particular cases, for different values of the parameters, are derived. Sooner and later waiting time problems and joint distributions of number of success runs of various types until first occurrence of consecutive success runs of specified length under the model are obtained. The sooner and later waiting time problems for Bernoulli trials (see Ebneshahrashoob and Sobel [3]) and joint distributions of the type discussed by Uchiada and Aki [11] are shown as particular cases. AssumingLnandSnto be the lengths of longest and smallest success runs, respectively, in a sample of sizendrawn by Pólya-Eggenberger sampling scheme, the joint distributions ofLnand Snas well as distribution ofM=max(Ln,Fn)n, whereFnis the length of longest failure run, are also  obtained.
Immunomodulation and Disease Resistance in Postyearling Rainbow Trout Infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, the Causative Agent of Whirling Disease
Authors: Densmore Christine L. , Ottinger Christopher A. , Blazer Vicki S. , Iwanowicz Luke R. , Smith David R.
Published: August 2004

Myxobolus cerebralis, the myxosporean parasite that causes whirling disease, has a number of deleterious effects on its salmonid host. Although it is well established that juvenile salmonids in the active stages of whirling disease mount an immune response to the pathogen, the occurrence and longevity of any related immunomodulatory effects are unknown. In this study, postyearling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss infected with M. cerebralis were examined for leukocyte functions and for resistance to Yersinia ruckeri, a bacterial pathogen of salmonids. Compared with uninfected controls, M. cerebralis-infected fish showed lower proliferative lymphocyte responses to four mitogens (concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide). Conversely, M. cerebralis-infected fish displayed greater bactericidal activity of anterior kidney macrophages than did uninfected fish. After bath challenges with Y. ruckeri, M. cerebralis-infected fish had slightly lower survival and a more rapid onset of mortality than did the control fish. Renal tissue and fecal samples from M. cerebralis-infected and uninfected survivors were cultured for the presence of Y. ruckeri, and no difference in prevalence was noted between the two groups. Because immunomodulatory changes in the M. cerebralis-infected fish involved functional enhancement and suppression of different leukocyte populations, disease resistance among M. cerebralis-infected fish in the later stages of whirling disease will probably vary with the secondary pathogen and the nature of immune response the pathogen evokes.
Ichthyophoniasis: An Emerging Disease of Chinook Salmon in the Yukon River
Authors: Kocan Richard , Hershberger Paul , Winton James
Published: August 2004

Before 1985, Ichthyophonus was unreported among Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. from the Yukon River; now it infects more than 40% of returning adult Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha. Overall infection prevalence reached about 45% in the Yukon River and about 30% in the Tanana River between 1999 and 2003. Mean infection prevalence was greater in females than males in the main-stem Yukon River during each of the 5 years of the study, but the infection prevalence in males increased each year until the difference was no longer significant. Clinical signs of ichthyophoniasis (presence of visible punctate white lesions in internal organs) were least at the mouth of the Yukon River (∼10%) but increased to 29% when fish reached the middle Yukon River and was 22% at the upper Tanana River. However, clinical signs increased each year from 7% in 1999 to 27% in 2003 at the mouth of the river. As fish approached the upper reaches of the Yukon River (Canada) and the spawning areas of the Chena and Salcha rivers (Alaska), infection prevalence dropped significantly to less than 15% in females on the Yukon River and less than 10% for both sexes in the Chena and Salcha rivers, presumably because of mortality among infected prespawn fish. Age was not a factor in infection prevalence, nor was the position of fish within the run. The source of infection was not determined, but Ichthyophonus was not found in 400 Pacific herring Clupea pallasi from the Bering Sea or in 120 outmigrating juvenile Chinook salmon from two drainages in Alaska and Canada. Freshwater burbot Lota lota from the middle Yukon River were subclinically infected with Ichthyophonus, but the origin and relationship of this agent to the Chinook salmon isolate is unknown.
Synthesis and characterization of grafting β‐cyclodextrin with chitosan
Authors: Zhang Xueyong , Wang Yuting , Yi Ying
Published: August 2004

Two new adsorbents [β‐cyclodextrin–chitosan (β‐CD–CTS) and β‐cyclodextrin‐6–chitosan (β‐CD‐6‐CTS)] were synthesized by the reaction of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) with epoxy‐activated chitosan (CTS) and the sulfonation of the C‐6 hydroxyl group of β‐cyclodextrin with CTS, respectively. Their structures were confirmed by IR spectral analysis and X‐ray diffraction analysis, and their apparent amount of grafting was determined by ultraviolet spectroscopy. The adsorption properties of β‐CD‐CTS and β‐CD‐6‐CTS for p‐dihydroxybenzene were studied. The experimental results showed that the two new adsorbents exerted adsorption on the carefully chosen target. The highest saturated capacity of p‐dihydroxybenzene of β‐CD‐CTS and β‐CD‐6‐CTS were 51.68 and 46.41 mg/g, respectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 860–864, 2004
Solvent effects in butyl acrylate and vinyl acetate homopolymerizations in toluene
Authors: Jovanović R. , Dubé M. A.
Published: August 2004

A series of butyl acrylate (BA) and vinyl acetate (VAc) homopolymerizations in toluene was conducted to investigate the effect of solvent at different solvent and chain transfer agent (CTA) concentrations. Because the experimental determination of the individual propagation and termination rate constants for these systems is challenging, experimental observations were limited to the lumped rate constant (kp/k). Differences in the lumped rate constant, at different solvent and CTA concentrations, were assumed to be attributed to the effect of solvent on the termination rate constant. Our hypothesis was that the termination rate constant kt was affected by the presence of solvent. At higher solvent concentrations, chain transfer to solvent occurs more frequently and leads to the formation of shorter chains, which move more easily and are able to terminate more quickly compared to longer chains. Thus, kt will increase, leading to a decrease in the lumped rate constant. The experimental results confirmed the presence of a solvent effect on the lumped rate constant. This effect was more pronounced in the case of VAc compared to BA solution homopolymerizations. Under the investigated conditions, increased CTA concentrations did not substantially affect the rate of BA homopolymerizations, whereas a slight synergistic effect between the CTA and solvent at higher CTA and solvent concentrations was apparent for VAc homopolymerizations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 871–876, 2004
Rheology, structure, and properties of ethylene–vinyl acetate/metallocene‐catalyzed ethylene–α‐olefin copolymer blends
Authors: Kontopoulou Marianna , Huang Leo C.
Published: August 2004

The rheology, morphology, thermal, mechanical, and adhesive properties of blends containing ethylene–vinyl acetate and metallocene‐catalyzed ethylene–α‐olefin copolymers, containing butene and octene comonomers, were investigated. On the basis of the thermal and rheological properties and scanning electron microscopy observations, we deduced that these blends were immiscible, both in the solid and melt states over the whole range of compositions. Rheological properties were correlated to blend morphology with the Palierne emulsion model. The butene‐based blends had better mechanical properties, which was attributed to their finer morphology, lower interfacial tension, and better adhesive properties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 881–889, 2004
Graft polymerization of methacrylic acid onto polytetrafluoroethylene initiated by alkyllithium/electron‐donating solvents
Authors: Okuda Yasuhiro , Hayashi Fumihiro , Sakurai Hiroshi , Shiotani Masaru
Published: August 2004

Graft polymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), initiated by the mixed solution of alkyllithium/hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) at low temperature, was studied. Using electron spin resonance (ESR), nuclear magnetic resonance, X‐ray photoelectron and vibrational (infrared) spectroscopies, the chemical structure of the grafted poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) onto the PTFE (PTFE‐g‐PMAA) was investigated. The grafted PMAA was found to be located deeper than 2.5 nm from the surface of the PTFE. The molecular motion of the PTFE‐g‐PMAA was also studied by means of the temperature‐dependent ESR spectra of the spin‐labeled PTFE‐g‐PMAA. The results suggested that the molecular motion of the grafted PMAA chain was mainly controlled by that of the principal PTFE chain, and the evaluated activation energy was lower for the grafted PMAA chain (e.g., 6.5 kJ/mol at temperature range below 295 K) than that for the PMAA homopolymer (13.2 kJ/mol). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 923–931, 2004
Analysis of isothermal annular jets: Comparison of computational fluid dynamics and experimental data
Authors: Moore Eric M. , Shambaugh Robert L. , Papavassiliou Dimitrios V.
Published: August 2004

A computational fluid dynamics technique was developed for the simulation of airflow through an annular jet. The technique used a commercial simulation package with a Reynolds stress model for the simulation of turbulent flows. The model parameters were calibrated using available experimental data for circular and annular jets. It was found that, after this calibration, the computational results agreed well with experimental data (specifically, with the velocity magnitude, velocity decay rate, and the velocity spreading rate). The jet geometry studied was based on industrial melt‐blowing nozzles. The velocities studied varied from the low subsonic incompressible range to nearly sonic conditions. Based on both the computational and experimental results, a correlation was proposed that predicts the centerline velocity profiles in both the near‐ and far‐field regions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 909–922, 2004
Alkoxysilane‐functionalized acrylic copolymer latexes. I. Particle size, morphology, and film‐forming properties
Authors: Huang Shiqiang , Fan Deqin , Lei Yanqiu , Huang He
Published: August 2004

Via the conventional emulsion copolymerization of acrylic monomers and vinyl‐containing alkoxysilane monomers with three siloxane groups, siloxane groups were added to acrylic copolymers to make alkoxysilane‐functionalized acrylic copolymer latexes. In producing stable polymer latexes, seeded polymerization was superior to the other two processes, batch and continuous addition polymerization. The experimental results showed that vinyltriethoxysilane–acrylic copolymer latexes were capable of film forming. In contrast, the incorporation of methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane gave rise to the formation of highly crosslinked acrylic copolymer latexes, which had poor film‐forming properties. Relatively small monodispersed particles with particle sizes of less than 100 nm were formed. These particles had a core–shell structure, although some of them were asymmetric. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 954–960, 2004
Investigation of the thermal properties of novel adamantane‐modified polybenzoxazine
Authors: Su Yi‐Che , Chen Wan‐Chun , Chang Feng‐Chih
Published: August 2004

Two novel structures of adamantane‐modified benzoxazines were synthesized from 4‐(1‐adamantyl)‐phenol through the incorporation of adamantane as a pendant group into the polybenzoxazine backbone. Both 1H‐NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectra were used to characterize these structures. The rigid structure of the adamantane tended to hinder the chain mobility (boat anchor effect) and substantially enhanced the thermal properties, including the glass‐transition temperature and decomposition temperature, especially for poly(6‐adamantyl‐3‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine). In the poly(6‐adamantyl‐3‐phenyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine) system, however, the opposite result for the glass‐transition temperature was observed and it was interpreted as lower crosslinking density. The phenyl group was bulkier than the methyl group, and the movement of the molecular chain was hindered between bridging points during the curing process; this resulted in a lower crosslinking density and a lower glass‐transition temperature than those of poly(6‐adamantyl‐3‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 932–940, 2004
When mitigation evidence makes a difference: effects of psychological mitigating evidence on sentencing decisions in capital trials
Authors: Barnett Michelle E. , Brodsky Stanley L. , Davis Cali Manning
Published: August 2004

Little empirical research has addressed the effects of psychological or psychosocial evidence on sentencing decisions. The present study found that death‐qualified mock jurors were more likely to sentence a defendant to death without mitigating evidence than in a case with mitigating evidence present. Mock jurors were less likely to assign a death sentence in cases that contained one of the following types of mitigating evidence: The defendant was (i) diagnosed with schizophrenia, not medicated, and suffered from severe delusions and hallucinations, (ii) drug addicted and high at the time of the murder, (iii) diagnosed as borderline mentally retarded during childhood, or (iv) severely physically and verbally abused by his parents during childhood. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of post‐booking jail diversion programming for persons with co‐occurring disorders
Authors: Shafer Michael S. , Arthur Brian , Franczak Michael J.
Published: August 2004

For persons with co‐occurring disorders, interaction with criminal justice systems is a frequent occurrence. As a result, a variety of diversionary programs have been developed nationwide. In this study, a total of 248 individuals with co‐occurring disorders of serious mental illness and substance use disorders who had been arrested and booked on misdemeanor charges participated in a post‐booking jail diversion program in two urban communities. A quasi‐experimental design was used with individuals assigned to diversion or non‐diversion status based upon the decision processes of the mental health–criminal justice systems. The effectiveness of the jail diversion program was evaluated from a variety of sources, including structured interviews, behavioral health service utilization patterns, and criminal justice recidivism patterns. Analyses revealed general main effects for time on many of the outcome variables, with few main effects or interaction effects detected on the basis of diversion status (diverted versus non‐diverted). Across all measures assessing mental health and substance abuse, study participants displayed improvements over time, irrespective of their diversion status or program location. Participants generally displayed no significant changes in their rates of accessibility to, or frequency of use of, the various mental health, substance abuse, and other services, and few changes for diversion status were detected with regard to service utilization. Although a number of indicators of criminality and violence were reduced over time, these reductions were statistically insignificant, with changes for diversionary status or time identified at follow‐up. These results are discussed in light of their implications for jail diversion programming and future research in this area. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjusting risk of recidivism: do judicial departures worsen or improve recidivism prediction under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines?
Authors: Krauss Daniel A.
Published: August 2004

A limited amount of research exists examining the ability of clinical or intuitive adjustments of formalistic methods of decision‐making to improve upon predictive accuracy beyond that of the original measure. Using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and the departure decisions of federal judges, the recidivism predictive utilities of two measures were compared. The two measures were the Criminal History category, based on the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (a formalistic procedure), and a re‐coded measure of criminal history derived from the sentences actually imposed by judges after they departed from the Guidelines upwards or downwards for recidivism reasons (an adjustment to the formalistic procedure). Both a 10 year post‐sentencing recidivism follow‐up and a 6 year uniform follow‐up period suggested that the Criminal History category performed poorly in predicting recidivism for this offender population, and that judicial departures not only failed to improve, but actually worsened, the predictive accuracy of pre‐departure judgments. Policy implications of the findings are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐Principles Analysis Method for the f—d Transitions of Heavy Metal Ions
Authors: Ishii T. , Fujimura K. , Sato K. , Brik M. G. , Ogasawara K.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Calculations of the Transitions Intensities in the Optical Spectra of Dy3+:LiYF4
Authors: Brik M. G. , Ishii T. , Tkachuk A. M. , Ivanova S. E. , Razumova I. K.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.