bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Safety Factors of Municipal Road Undercrossing Existing Bridge Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process Methods
Authors: Yang Yonghong , Chen Yu , Tang Zude
Published: August 2021

Increasing traffic volume and insufficient road lanes often require municipal roads to be reconstructed and expanded. Where a road passes under a bridge, the reconstruction and expansion project will inevitably have an impact on the bridge. To evaluate the safety impact of road engineering projects on bridges, this paper evaluates the safety of the roads and ancillary facilities of highway bridges involved in municipal road engineering projects. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the safety factors of municipal roads undercrossing existing bridges, a fuzzy comprehensive analytic hierarchy process (AHP) evaluation method for the influence of road construction on the safety of existing bridges is proposed. First, AHP is used to select 11 evaluation factors. Second, the target layer, criterion layer, and index layer of evaluation factors are established, then a safety evaluation factor system is formed. The three-scale AHP model is used to determine the weight of assessment indexes. Third, through the fuzzy comprehensive AHP evaluation model, the fuzzy hierarchical comprehensive evaluation is carried out for the safety assessment index system. Finally, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is applied to the engineering example of a municipal road undercrossing an existing expressway bridge. The comprehensive safety evaluation of the existing bridge reflects the practicability and feasibility of the method. It is expected that, with further development, the method will improve the decision-making process in bridge safety assessment systems.
Evaluating Traffic Impacts of Permitting Trucks in Transit-Only Lanes
Authors: Gunes Seyma , Goodchild Anne , Greene Chelsea , Nemani Venu
Published: August 2021

With ongoing population growth and rapid development in cities, the demand for goods and services has seen a drastic increase. Consequently, transportation planners are searching for new ways to better manage the flow of traffic on existing facilities, and more efficiently utilize available and unused capacity. In this research, a lane management strategy that allows freight vehicles to use bus-only lanes is empirically evaluated in an urban setting. This paper presents an analysis of data that was collected to evaluate the operational impacts of the implementation of a freight and transit (FAT) lane, and to guide the development of future FAT lane projects by learning from the case study in Seattle, U.S. The video data was converted to vehicle counts, which were analyzed to understand the traffic impacts and used to construct a discrete choice model. The analysis shows that transit buses used the FAT lane 96% of the time, and authorizing trucks to use the lane did not affect that lane choice. Trucks used the FAT lane, but their utilization decreased with increasing numbers of buses in the FAT lane. Instead of higher rates of trucks, unauthorized vehicles, such as passenger cars and work vans, increasingly used the FAT lane during congestion. As a result of their differing schedule patterns, trucks and buses used the FAT lane at complementary times and trucks showed relatively low volumes in the FAT lane. Overall, the results are promising for a lane management strategy that may improve freight system performance without reducing transit service quality.
Investigation of Employee Related Airport Ground Access Strategies from a Post-COVID Perspective
Authors: Yilmaz Oguzhan , Frost Matthew , Timmis Andrew , Ison Stephen
Published: August 2021

Until recently, addressing the environmental externalities associated with the use of the private car and single occupancy vehicles has been the focus of the airport ground access policies worldwide. However, with the emerging unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, which have already changed the way we live, work, and travel, encouraging a change in commuter behavior has become even more important. This has necessitated that existing strategies be reconsidered in favor of adapting to a highly uncertain “COVID-19 world.” Historically, there has been a dearth of literature relating to airport employees’ ground access even though as a group employees represent an important segment of airport users with complex access requirements. This paper therefore focuses on airport employee related airport ground access strategies considering an emerging understanding of the future impacts of COVID-19 on global air travel. Pre-COVID strategies are investigated by conducting a documentary analysis of the most recent ground access strategies of 27 UK airports. The findings reveal that airport ground access strategies were mainly focused on setting targets and producing policy measures in favor of reducing car use and increasing the use of more sustainable transport modes including public transport, car sharing, and active travel (walking, cycling). However, measures encouraging public transport and car sharing will be more difficult to implement because of social distancing and fear of proximity to others. Instead, initiatives encouraging remote working, active travel, and improved staff awareness will be at the forefront of the future ground access strategy development.
The aesthetics of political resistance: On silent politics
Authors: Kaura-aho Katariina
Published: August 2021

This article analyses the aesthetics of silent political resistance by focusing on refugees’ silent political action. The starting point for the analysis is Jacques Rancière’s philosophy and his theorisation of the aesthetics of politics. The article enquires into the aesthetic meaning of silent refugee activism and interprets how refugees’ silent acts of resistance can constitute aesthetically effective resistance to what can be called the ‘speech system’ of statist, representative democracy. The article analyses silence as a political tactic and interprets the emancipatory meaning of silent politics for refugees. It argues that refugees’ silent acts of political resistance can powerfully affect aesthetic, political subversion in prevailing legal-political contexts.
All Minds on Deck? Assessing Distributed Strategic Capacity in Public-Sector Organizations
Authors: de Jong Jorrit , Waardenburg Maurits , Steenbergen Bertine , Vachon Nicholas
Published: August 2021

Networked governance requires public managers to think and act strategically across organizational boundaries. Taking the literature on the transition from government to governance and its implications for Human Resource Management (HRM) as a starting point, we argue that not only top management, but also lower-level employees are likely to be involved in this work. In order to invest effectively in the strategic and collaborative competencies required for networked governance at all levels of the organization, one needs to be able to assess strategic capacity. This article develops an assessment framework based on an in-depth case study conducted in a government department in the Netherlands over a 6-month period. We evaluate an initial framework to assess strategic capacity derived from existing literature and propose an augmented framework that acknowledges the tension between different accountability relationships and the need for continuous, structured, reflective interaction between managers, employees, and key stakeholders.
Pandemic Responses of Churches in Southern Vermont and the Surrounding Area
Authors: Francis Lorrie E.
Published: August 2021

Article presents the results of a survey given to churches in and around southern Vermont regarding their responses to the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic of 2020/2021. The article also presents the reported lessons learned and implications for future ministry from the responding churches with analysis of what those thoughts mean for the church of the future in New England and beyond.
Reactions to Participating in Sexual and Dating Violence Research Among Native American Youth
Authors: Siller Laura , Edwards Katie M. , Herrington Ramona , Bordeaux Simone , Charge Leon Leader , Charge Damon Leader
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the current study was to explore the reactions of Native American adolescents to participating in survey research on sexual and dating violence. Participants were 149 Native American adolescents who completed a survey in school. Survey items included sexual assault, dating violence, sexual harassment, and demographic questions. At the end of the survey, participants were asked if they were upset by the survey. Results showed that almost a quarter of youth were upset by the survey (24.2%), victims were more likely than non-victims to be upset by the survey, perpetrators were more likely than non-perpetrators to be upset by the survey, and sexual minorities were more likely than non-sexual minorities to be upset by the survey. Sex and age did not emerge as significantly associated with being upset. Participants were asked to describe why they were upset, and a content analysis revealed four categories of responses (i.e., feeling awkward or weird, topic of the survey, reminders, and “other”). Overall, although the research was well tolerated by most of the participants, researchers should consider adding information about what might increase feelings of upset in parental consent and youth assent forms, such as being reminded of a past upsetting experience and/or feeling awkward or weird because of some of the questions.
Chinese University Faculty’s Occupational Well-Being: Applying and Extending the Job Demands–Resources Model
Authors: Cao Chun , Zhang Jian
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to explore predictors of Chinese university faculty’s occupational well-being in the reshaped work environment. To achieve this aim, the job demands-resources model was utilized to test the relationships of job demands (work–family conflict) and job resources (leader support) to occupational well-being among 375 university faculty (145 males and 230 females) at a comprehensive research university in China. We further intended to extend the theory by incorporating personal demands (the perfectionism personality) within the research model. Results indicated work–family conflict was indirectly related to job satisfaction via the mediator of emotional exhaustion. Leader support was indirectly related to job satisfaction via the mediators of emotional exhaustion and work engagement. The two perfectionism dimensions (concerns and strivings) functioned differently in the model. The concerns dimension positively predicted exhaustion but was nonsignificant for engagement. By contrast, the strivings dimension positively predicted engagement but was nonsignificant for exhaustion.
Comparing policy conflict on electricity transmission line sitings
Authors: You Jongeun , Yordy Jill , Weible Christopher M , Park Kyudong , Heikkila Tanya , Gilchrist Duncan
Published: August 2021

Maintaining the quality and reliability of electricity transmission lines is central to effective energy governance. However, transmission line siting is often a contentious policy decision since permitting and constructing lines may involve private and public property, residents and communities, and localized and national concerns. Yet, policy conflict in transmission siting across cases and over time has remained largely understudied. This article derives and tests hypotheses about policy conflict in the context of transmission lines completed or constructed between 2017 and 2018 in the United States. In exploring the full population of transmission lines, we find that a majority exhibit relatively low and moderate levels of conflict and attention rather than high levels. We further examine a subset of six of these cases that represent a range of conflict and attention intensity. We describe variation in the diversity of actors and frames, advocacy coalitions, and the volume of discourse associated with transmission line siting over time. As problems related to energy governance have become more complex, energy siting disputes are likely to remain a fruitful area for research on policy conflict.
Multi-response modeling for sliding wear behavior of AA5052/TiC composites by stir casting: A comparative analysis using response surface methodology and fuzzy logic system
Authors: Samal Priyaranjan , Vundavilli Pandu R , Meher Arabinda , Mahapatra Manas M
Published: August 2021

The present research deals with the modeling of wear performance of AA5052 metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced by in-situ formed TiC particles using two methods, namely statistical-based non-linear regression and fuzzy logic system. A pin-on-disc apparatus is employed to obtain the wear data of the composites. Three different process parameters, namely weight percentage of TiC, sliding distance, and applied load are considered as the input variables, and the volumetric wear loss and coefficient of friction are taken as output variables of the wear process. Regression models are formulated to study the output responses based on the wear results. To check the significance and contribution of the various control parameters, analysis of variance method was performed. Further, confirmatory tests were also conducted to validate both the models. It has been observed that the sliding distance and applied load have shown a substantial effect on the volumetric wear loss. It is also observed that the coefficient of friction is found to be increased with the rise in the sliding distance. The novelty of the work lies in using fuzzy logic to establish the wear model for aluminum 5052 MMC. A comparative study is performed to analyze the prediction accuracy of the models for the wear characteristics of the aluminum composites. Consequently, this wear modeling investigation will give a better understanding the effect of parameters and the responses influence of wear phenomena of Al 5052/TiC composites, which further will help in developing wear components for industrial applications.
Different but equal? Exploring potential catalysts of disparity in remand decision-making in the youth court
Authors: van den Brink Yannick
Published: August 2021

The disproportionate use of remand detention (i.e. pre-trial detention) for vulnerable and marginalized youth is an issue of concern globally and demographic disparities in youth remand decision outcomes have been found in many jurisdictions, including England and the Netherlands. This article aims to explore and identify potential catalysts of disparity in the collective process of remand decision-making in youth courts. Drawing from Ulmer’s ‘inhabited institutions’ perspective, and the related ‘court community model’ and ‘focal concerns model’, and empirical findings from research in Dutch and English youth remand courts, this article suggests that several distinctive mechanisms and features of the youth remand decision-making process might function as catalysts of disparity. The findings indicate that the focus on ‘risk’ and ‘welfare needs’, the distinctive context defined by time constraints, limited information, shortages of readily available services, interdependency and interdisciplinary, and high stakes, combined with the profoundly human nature of courtroom workgroup decision-making, make the remand decision-making process in youth courts particularly prone to producing unwarranted disparities. Ultimately, informed by the theoretical perspectives and empirical findings, the article provides insights into how and why disparities might occur in youth remand decisions and offers suggestions for policy, practice and future research.
Can Government Subsidies Promote the TFP of Enterprises? The Mediating Effect of R&D Decisions
Authors: Qi Zhen-Yu , Yang Si-Ying
Published: August 2021

This article empirically analyses the effect of government subsidies on total factor productivity (TFP) based on the data of listed manufacturing companies in China. The results indicate that government subsidies increase total productivity directly as well as indirectly by increasing R&D investment. The positive effect of government subsidies on TFP is higher in non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) than in state-owned enterprises (SOEs), higher in central SOEs than local SOEs and higher in enterprises with lower rather than higher TFP. Furthermore, the mediating effects of R&D decisions also differ among different enterprises. Therefore, the government should implement differentiated subsidy policies to promote enterprises’ TFP.
A Historical Metamorphosis of Physical Education and Extra-curricular School Sport Activities in Chatsworth, Durban, South Africa (1960–2020)
Authors: Ellapen Terry Jeremy , Paul Yvonne
Published: August 2021

Chatsworth is a township, which was consciously designed by the South African apartheid government in order to suppress its residents’ educational, social, financial, spiritual, and physical development. The primary aim of this article is to chronologically describe the history of Physical Education and extra-curricular school sport from 1960 to 2020, in the community of Chatsworth, through review of national, provincial, and local educational policies and extra-curricular school sport management structures. A narrative literature surveillance was completed using Google Scholar and Sabinet. Key search terms were “Chatsworth,” “physical education,” and “school sport.” The search identified 2050 records, of which only six were ultimately included. The records were assessed for researcher, bias employing a modified Downs and Black Appraisal scale. Due to the paucity of literature recounting the history of Chatsworth’s Physical Education and extra-curricular school sport, interviews were conducted with two proponent Chatsworth physical education teachers. The article describes the national and provincial education curriculum reforms that influenced Physical Education and extra-curricular school sport in Chatsworth.
Carjacking: A Comparison Between Campinas, Brazil and Detroit, Michigan
Authors: Felson Marcus , Melo Silas Nogueira de , Xu Yanqing , Jiang Shanhe
Published: August 2021

Carjacking calls for a specialized analysis because it occurs at lightning speed within very brief windows of opportunity. This article describes the geographic distribution of carjacking in Campinas, Brazil, and then compares this pattern with Detroit, Michigan. We learn that raw numbers of carjackings are widely dispersed in both cities. Although these cities differ greatly in daily transportation systems, in both cities the carjacking risk estimate is greatest where motorists stop for other reasons—at gas stations or corners (Detroit); on short street blocks (Campinas). We make very limited inferences about carjacking around the world due to the limited number of cities studied thus far. However, we do suggest that carjacking reduction is most amenable to product-based forms of situational crime prevention.
Answering a Call to Action on American Workplace and Community Opioid Concerns
Authors: Harnett Peter , Hindman John , Duenas Melissa , Coogan Michael , Misicko Heather
Published: August 2021

Leidos, Inc. is a large government science and technology company. When a Leidos employee lost his son to an opioid overdose, he wrote an impassioned email to the CEO, asking him to take action related to the growing societal problem of opioid use disorders. The CEO understood and accepted this important call to action. Leidos’ subsequent efforts included supporting employees and families, as well as community outreach, eventually broadening to include mental health and well-being. This paper outlines the company’s efforts to combat opioid use disorders, understanding that they sit within a larger total worker health umbrella inclusive of mental health and well-being. The hope is that this ongoing journey and its exemplars are helpful for other organizations seeking to make an impact for their employees and society.
The Effect of Prearrest Acid-Base Status on Response to Sodium Bicarbonate and Achievement of Return of Spontaneous Circulation
Authors: Mclean Heath , Wells Lindsey , Marler Jacob
Published: August 2021

Background

The efficacy of sodium bicarbonate (SB) administration during in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) for treatment of acidosis is not well described. The available literature has only evaluated out-of-hospital arrest events in patients with suspected acidosis caused by prolonged arrest.

Objective

This study evaluated SB and its effects on return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in patients experiencing IHCA, based on presence of acidosis at baseline as determined by prearrest bicarbonate levels.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who all received intravenous SB during IHCA. Patients with prearrest bicarbonate levels >21 mmol/L (nonacidotic group) were compared with those with prearrest bicarbonate levels ≤21 mmol/L (acidotic group) for the primary outcome of ROSC.

Results

A total of 225 patients (102 acidotic, 123 nonacidotic) were evaluated. Asystole (37.3% vs 34.1%; P = 0.63) and pulseless electrical activity (30.4% vs 29.3%; P = 0.85) were the most common presenting rhythms. There were no differences in ROSC in the overall population (53.9% vs 48.8%; P = 0.44) or between those who had early (within 20 minutes) or delayed (after 20 minutes) ROSC. Secondary outcomes, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration, epinephrine administration, and total SB, were similar between groups.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, administration of SB for IHCA in patients with prearrest acidosis was not associated with increased incidence of ROSC compared with those without prearrest acidosis. Our data suggest that there may be no benefit to the administration of SB in the setting of IHCA, regardless of prearrest acidotic status. Further investigation into the effect of SB for treatment of acidosis in IHCA is warranted.
Federally Qualified Health Centers Can Expand Rural Access to Buprenorphine for Opioid Use Disorder in Arizona
Authors: Brady Benjamin R , Gildersleeve Rachel , Koch Bryna D , Campos-Outcalt Doug E , Derksen Daniel J
Published: August 2021

Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) is recommended, but not always accessible to those who desire treatment. This study assessed the impact of expanding access to buprenorphine through federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) in Arizona. We calculated mean drive-times to Arizona opioid treatment (OTP) locations, office-based opioid treatment (OBOT) locations, and FQHCs clinics using January 2020 location data. FQHCs were designated as OBOT or non-OBOT clinics to explore opportunities to expand treatment access to non-OBOT clinics (potential OBOTs) to further reduce drive-times for rural and underserved populations. We found that OTPs had the largest mean drive times (16.4 minutes), followed by OBOTs (7.1 minutes) and potential OBOTs (6.1 minutes). Drive times were shortest in urban block groups for all treatment types and the largest differences existed between OTPs and OBOTs (50.6 minutes) in small rural and in isolated rural areas. OBOTs are essential points of care for opioid use disorder treatment. They reduce drive times by over 50% across all urban and rural areas. Expanding buprenorphine through rural potential OBOT sites may further reduce drive times to treatment and address a critical need among underserved populations.
First Reported Case of Anti-Ampa Receptor Encephalitis in a Vietnamese Adolescent
Authors: Trung Hieu Nguyen Le , Minh Duc Nguyen , Tra My Thieu-Thi , Hieu Anh Bui , Tan Lien Bang Mai , Minh Thong Pham
Published: August 2021

Introduction:

Autoimmune encephalitis refers to a group of diseases characterized by the presence of antibodies that directly attack receptors on the neuron surface and are associated with cognitive and behavioral disorders. Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor autoimmune encephalitis is very rare and has been reported in only a few individual cases, with little clinical experience.

Case report:

We describe the clinical manifestation and disease course of the first diagnosed case of anti-AMPA receptor encephalitis at the Neurology Department of Children’s Hospital 2 in November 2020. A previously healthy 10-year-old presented with symptoms over 2 periods. During each period, the patient presented with multiple focal seizures, a cognitive-behavioral disorder, and amnesia. The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results were persistently normal. Electroencephalography (EEG) recorded many focal spikes and spike waves. Antibodies against N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) were not detected. Antibodies against AMPA receptors were detected in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. This patient was treated with immunotherapy, including methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and antiepileptic drugs, such as oxcarbazepine, topiramate, and levetiracetam. The seizures were controlled, but the cognitive-behavioral disorder was only partially resolved.

Conclusion:

This case report contributes to the clinical understanding of anti-AMPA receptor encephalitis disease manifestation, the response to the immunotherapy, and relapse.
Surgical Repair of a Transannular Rupture During Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: EL-Andari Ryaan , Bozso Sabin J , Kang Jimmy JH , Manikala Vinod K , Moon Michael C , Al-Aklabi Mohammed , Welsh Robert C , Nagendran Jeevan
Published: August 2021

Annular rupture is a rare but life-threatening complication of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Mortality rates are high if immediate intervention, most often necessitating surgical repair, is not performed. Herein, we describe an 87-year-old man who, after deployment of TAVR, experienced acute decompensation and required urgent conversion to a midline sternotomy to repair an aortic annular rupture. This case demonstrates an example of a rare but severe complication of TAVR. This report provides an in-depth description of the surgical approach to repair an aortic annular rupture and demonstrates the utility of performing minimally invasive procedures inside a hybrid operating room.
Bilateral Nephroureterectomy Versus Unilateral Nephroureterectomy for Treating De Novo Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma After Renal Transplantation: A Comparison of Surgical and Oncological outcomes
Authors: Zhang Qiming , Ma Runzhuo , Li Youzhao , Lu Min , Zhang Hongxian , Qiu Min , Zhao Lei , Zhang Shudong , Huang Yi , Hou Xiaofei , Ma Lulin
Published: August 2021

Background:

There is currently no consensus on the optimal management of de novo unilateral upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in renal transplant recipients. We aimed to compare the surgical and oncological outcomes of simultaneous bilateral radical nephroureterectomy (SBRNU) and unilateral radical nephroureterectomy (URNU) to determine the appropriate surgical method.

Methods:

Patients who developed de novo UTUC after renal transplantation and underwent surgical treatment at our center were included in the study. Outcomes were compared between the SBRNU group (underwent bilateral RNU within 3 months) and the URNU group using the Mann–Whitney U-test for continuous variables, Pearson’s chi-square test for categorical variables, and the log-rank test for survival data.

Results:

A total of 48 patients were identified, including 21 and 27 patients in the SBRNU and URNU groups, respectively. Comparison of perioperative data showed that the SBRNU group had a significantly longer operative time ( P < .001) and hospital stay ( P = .040) than the URNU group but no statistically significant difference in the blood loss ( P = .171) and morbidity rate ( P = .798). After a median follow-up of 65 months, the SBRNU group had a significantly longer disease-free survival ( P = .009), longer cancer-specific survival ( P = .032), marginally longer overall survival ( P = .066), and similar intravesical recurrence-free survival ( P = .274) than the URNU group.

Conclusions:

Our data suggest that SBRNU contributes to improved survival without significantly compromising the perioperative outcomes compared with URNU. SBRNU can be considered a feasible option for de novo UTUC after renal transplantation in specialized centers. Prospective studies should be conducted to further explore the best treatment options for this group of patients.
Swallowing muscle training for oropharyngeal dysphagia: A non-inferiority study of online versus face-to-face therapy
Authors: Bascuñana-Ambrós Helena , Renom-Guiteras Marta , Nadal-Castells Maria Josep , Beranuy-Rodríguez Marta , Perrot-González Jean Claude , Ramirez-Mirabal Eliot , Trejo-Omeñaca Alex , Monguet-Fierro Josep Maria
Published: August 2021

Introduction

The purpose of this study is to show the non-inferiority of the telemedicine therapy versus face-to-face using the exercise therapy of oropharyngeal muscles in 183 patients treated consecutively from 2010 to 2020.

Method

We conducted a retrospective study comparing two dysphagia treatment groups: online versus face-to-face. Patients were distributed in a non-random way but according to patient's preferences. All patients followed the same pathway and were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the study using the dysphagia outcome and severity scale and the functional oral intake scale. A non-inferiority analysis approximation was done with delta = 1 in both variables.

Results

Within a total of 183 patients, 114 (62.3%) used the online treatment and 69 (37.7%) the face-to-face one. The main cause of dysphagia was neurological in the total sample (60.7%) and within both groups. When we evaluate the clinical response, we find that both groups improved regardless of the type of therapy. The confidence interval of the difference between the beginning and the end of treatment did not reach the inferior limit of the delta defined, therefore supporting the no inferiority of online versus presential.

Discussion

This study shows the no inferiority of the online therapy versus the face-to-face one for the oropharyngeal training of the swallow muscles.
A qualitative investigation of reasoning behind decisions to decline participation in a research intervention: A study-within-a-trial
Authors: Dwyer Christopher P , Moses Anusha , Rogers Fionnuala M , Casey Dympna , Joyce Robert , Hynes Sinéad M
Published: August 2021

The current study-within-a-trial explored individuals’ decisions to decline participation in research trialling a chronic illness-focused therapy (i.e. multiple sclerosis). Four themes were identified from seven semi-structured interviews with participation decliners and were confirmed by the host trial’s Patient & Public Involvement (PPI) panel: acknowledgement of the value of research; ‘fit’ of the study; misinterpretation of participant information; and ‘ignorance is bliss’ – discussed in light of theory and research. This study-within-a-trial extends research on trial recruitment and participation decline; while also suggesting that PPI can be utilised in both a practical and impactful manner.
A critical appraisal of diversity in digital knowledge production: Segregated inclusion on YouTube
Authors: Chen Kaiping , Jeon June , Zhou Yanxi
Published: August 2021

Diversity in knowledge production is a core challenge facing science communication. Despite extensive works showing how diversity has been undermined in science communication, little is known about to what extent social media augments or hinders diversity for science communication. This article addresses this gap by examining the profile and network diversities of knowledge producers on a popular social media platform—YouTube. We revealed the pattern of the juxtaposition of inclusiveness and segregation in this digital platform, which we define as “segregated inclusion.” We found that diverse profiles are presented in digital knowledge production. However, the network among these knowledge producers reveals the rich-get-richer effect. At the intersection of profile and network diversities, we found a decrease in the overall profile diversity when we moved toward the center of the core producers. This segregated inclusion phenomenon questions how inequalities in science communication are replicated and amplified in relation to digital platforms.
Teachers’ beliefs about children and children’s literacy development: The mediating role of responsive teaching
Authors: Hu Bi Ying , Huang Peishan , Wang Shuang , Curby Timothy
Published: August 2021

Many prior studies have shown that teachers’ child-centered beliefs are positively associated with children’s literacy development, but the mechanism driving this association is not well understood. The aim of the study was to examine whether teachers’ responsive teaching, a general factor of teacher–child interactions, served as a mediator between teachers’ beliefs about children and children’s literacy outcomes. A sample of 656 4-year old preschool children and their 59 head teachers was recruited. Children’s literacy assessments were conducted at baseline and six months later. The quality of responsive teaching was measured by the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) near the baseline time point. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that the effects of teachers’ child-centered beliefs on children’s literacy development were fully mediated by responsive teaching. The finding offers insights into classroom practices and teacher training.
Responsibility for structural injustice: A third thought
Authors: Goodin Robert E , Barry Christian
Published: August 2021

Some of the most invidious injustices are seemingly the results of impersonal workings of rigged social structures. Who bears responsibility for the injustices perpetrated through them? Iris Marion Young – the pre-eminent theorist of responsibility for structural injustice – argues that we should be responsible mostly in forward-looking ways for remedying structural injustice, rather than liable in a backward-looking way for creating it. In so doing she distinguishes between individualized responsibility for past structural injustice and collective responsibility for preventing future structural injustice. We reject both those arguments but embrace and extend Young’s third line of analysis, which was much less fully developed in her work. We agree that people should take a stand against structural injustice, even if it is likely to prove futile. That is in fact a position that is widely endorsed in social practice.
Commoning or being commoned? Institutions, politics, and the role of the state in collective housing policy in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Shelby Hayden
Published: August 2021

This article theorizes the potential roles of the state in the urban commons through an analysis of a slum upgrading program in Thailand that employs collective forms of land tenure. In examining the transformation of the program from a grassroots movement to a “best practice” policy, the article demonstrates how the state has expanded from mere enabler of the commons to active promoter. In the process, the role of many residents has evolved from actively creating the institutions of collective governance— commoning—to adopting institutions prescribed by the state— being commoned. However, by comparing the work to two different groups of communities who work within the context of the policy, the article illustrates how active commoning can still take place in such contexts.
Youth Attitudes to Domestic and Family Violence: A Scoping Review of Young People’s Attitudes and Perceptions in Australia
Authors: Loney-Howes Rachel , MacPhail Catherine , Hanley Natalia , Fabrianesi Belinda
Published: August 2021

Domestic and family violence (DFV) has been described as a “national emergency” in Australia, with a suite of policies and interventions introduced over the past decade to better support women and their children. Within these frameworks, young people have been identified as agents of change for primary prevention; however, little is known about their attitudes and knowledge of DFV. This scoping review thus sought to establish the attitudes and knowledge of DFV held by young people (under 25 years old) in Australia. Nine international databases were searched, yielding 11 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The studies were quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods in design, with the findings demonstrating that young Australians have good knowledge about DFV. However, the review also indicates problematic areas around young people’s understanding of the harms of DFV with many continuing to hold victim-blaming attitudes. In addition, much of the existing research is survey-based in nature, there is no strong uniformity across the studies, nor is there an engaged approach to research design. Moreover, the current measures used in research are not sufficient to gauge where young people gain knowledge about DFV, nor do they explain under what conditions attitudes change or what are the medium- and long-term effects of DFV prevention work. We therefore contend that future research ought to be interdisciplinary and intersectional in nature and collaborate with a range of young people in order to understand their full potential as agents of social change and primary prevention.
Implementing a novel programme for nurses and allied health professionals to develop capacity for evidence-informed clinical practice
Authors: Cooper Silvie , Sanders Julie , Pashayan Nora
Published: August 2021

Background

Nurses and allied health professionals (AHPs) require skills and support to access, appraise, interpret and use research evidence in clinical practice. We describe the process of designing and implementing the Evidence in Practice (EiP) programme at a UK hospital.

Methods

Key stakeholders were engaged to identify learning needs and priorities in appraising and implementing research evidence. To address these, we designed a multi-strategy bespoke programme of activities.

Results

The programme comprised the development of (a) a visual summary of a research paper, (b) five skills development masterclasses and (c) a six-month mentoring scheme to develop and implement plans for translating evidence into practice.

Discussion

The programme overcame many of the traditional barriers (lack of access, skills and time) to increase engagement of nurses and AHP staff in accessing, reviewing and using evidence in clinical practice.

Conclusion

With clinical leadership support, it is feasible to use a multi-strategy approach to promote and enable nurses and AHPs to use evidence in clinical practice.
To organise or not to organise? Understanding search strategy preferences using Lego building blocks
Authors: Zhu Mona JH , Risko Evan F
Published: August 2021

Humans routinely organise or reconfigure the environment as part of their everyday activities, such as placing a set of keys in a designated location to reduce the need to remember its location. This type of spatial organisation is widely thought to reduce both the physical and cognitive demands of a task to allow individuals to perform tasks more easily. Although spatial organisation can be a useful strategy when searching for items in the environment, individuals do not always choose to utilise these organisational strategies when carrying out everyday tasks. Across three experiments, we examined individuals’ preference for spatial organisation in the context of a real-world search task, and the degree to which individuals engaged in time- and effort-based cost–benefit analysis to inform whether to choose between an organisation-based or non-organisation-based search strategy. We found that individuals’ strategy preferences could be explained by the perceived task time associated with each strategy, but not perceived task effort. However, even statistically controlling for relative perceived task time or reported effort, participants showed a strong systematic preference against organisation prior to engaging in the task, and, post-task, a strong preference towards organisation. Implications for understanding individuals’ use of spatial organisation are discussed.
Differential impacts of natural L2 immersion and intensive classroom L2 training on cognitive control
Authors: Xie Zhilong , Antolovic Katarina
Published: August 2021

The relationship between bilingualism and cognitive control has been controversial. We believe that the discrepant findings are likely driven by the complexities of the bilingual experience, which is consistent with the Adaptive Control Hypothesis. The current study investigates whether the natural language immersion experience and the classroom intensive language training experience have differential impacts on cognitive control. Among unbalanced Chinese-English bilingual students, a natural L2 (second language) immersion group, an L2 public speaking training group, and a control bilingual group without immersion or training experience were compared on their cognitive control abilities, with the participants’ demographic factors strictly controlled. The results showed that the L2 immersion group and the L2 speaking group had faster speed than the control group in the Flanker task, whereas the L2 immersion group had fewer errors than the other two groups in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). These results generally provide evidence in favour of the Adaptive Control Hypothesis, specifying that natural L2 immersion and L2 public speaking training experiences are distinctively related to cognitive control. The current study is the first of its kind to link specific bilingual experiences (natural L2 immersion vs. intensive L2 public speaking) with different components of cognitive control.
Life satisfaction of Paralympians: The role of needs satisfaction and passion
Authors: Rodrigues Filipe , Mageau Geneviève A. , Lemelin Emilie , Teixeira Diogo , Vitorino Anabela , Cid Luís , Monteiro Diogo
Published: August 2021

The current study examined the possible role of basic psychological needs and passion in Paralympians’ life satisfaction. A mediational model was tested where autonomy, competence and relatedness were hypothesized to be linked to athlete life satisfaction via harmonious and obsessive passion. The sample comprised 91 Portuguese Paralympians aged between 18 and 59 years ( M = 31.01; SD = 3.78). Athletes completed self-reports of needs satisfaction in their sport, passion towards their sport, and general life satisfaction. Perceptions of competence and relatedness were associated with harmonious passion (β = .37, p > .01; β = .21, p > .05, respectively), while perceptions of autonomy were associated with obsessive passion (β = .39, p > .05). Additionally, harmonious passion, but not obsessive passion, was associated with life satisfaction (β = .40, p > .01), and only the indirect effect from competence to life satisfaction, via harmonious passion, was significant. These results suggest that feeling autonomous may not necessarily translate into more harmonious passionate engagement but is associated with higher levels of obsessive passion. In contrast, competence and relatedness appear to play an important role in the life of athletes who experience a more harmonious passion towards their sport practice. Perceptions of mastery and competence, as well as sport-related social connections could be important to consider improving the lives of athletes with Paralympic experience.
Reliability evaluation of consecutive k-out-of-m: F balanced systems with a symmetry line
Authors: Fang Chen , Cui Lirong
Published: August 2021

Based on some real backgrounds, a new balanced system structure, a consecutive k-out-of- m: F system with a symmetry line, is proposed in this paper. Considering different state numbers of a subsector, the new balanced system is analyzed under two situations respectively: the subsector with binary-state and the subsector with multi-state, while the multi-state balanced systems have not been studied in the previous research. Besides, two models are developed in terms of assumptions for the two situations, respectively. For this system, several methods, such as the finite Markov chain imbedding approach, the order statistics technique and the phase-type distributions, are used on the models. In addition to system reliability formulas, the means and variances of the system lifetimes under two models for different situations are given. Finally, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the results obtained in this paper.
Putting metaphor centre-stage: A case study of Alison Landsberg’s ‘Prosthetic Memory’
Authors: Hutton Margaret-Anne
Published: August 2021

Alison Landsberg’s concept of ‘prosthetic memory’ is one in a series of metaphors adopted by Memory Studies. In this article Landsberg’s tropic concept serves not only as a case study in relation to Memory Studies, but also as a prompt to scholars to engage critically with the use of metaphor in cultural/literary studies. Metaphors matter. Poorly used figurative language can hamper communication and restrict how a given topic is both circumscribed and analysed. According to conceptual metaphor theorists, metaphors influence how we think as well as how we speak, and thus, potentially, how we live. To this end the term ‘prosthetic memory’ is analysed in the context of the relationship between the literal and the figurative as manifested at various levels in Prosthetic Memory, from Landsberg’s use of a key film – The Thieving Hand – in her theory-building, to her stylistic tics and sleights of hand, to her probably unconscious use of verbal metaphors (considered by some as ‘dead’).
Artificial Intelligence (AI): Revolutionizing Digital Marketing
Authors: van Esch Patrick , Stewart Black J.
Published: August 2021

Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled digital marketing is revolutionizing the way organizations create content for campaigns, generate leads, reduce customer acquisition costs, manage customer experiences, market themselves to prospective employees, and convert their reachable consumer base via social media. Real-world examples of organizations who are using AI in digital marketing abound. For example, Red Balloon and Harley Davidson used AI to automate their digital advertising campaigns. However, we are early in the process of both the practical application of AI by firms broadly and by their marketing functions in particular. One could argue that we are even earlier in the research process of conceptualizing, theorizing, and researching the use and impact of AI. Importantly, as with most technologies of significant potential, the application of AI in marketing engenders not just practical considerations but ethical questions as well. The ability of AI to automate activities, that in the past people did, also raises the issue of whether marketing professionals will embrace AI as a means to free them from more mundane tasks to spend time on higher value activities, or will they view AI as a threat to their employment? Given the nascent nature of research on AI at this point, the full capabilities and limitations of AI in marketing are unknown. This special edition takes an important step in illuminating both what we know and what we yet need to research.