bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The power of Virtual Globes for valorising cultural heritage and enabling sustainable tourism: NASA World Wind applications
Authors: Brovelli M. , Hogan P. , Minghini M. , Zamboni G.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Inspired by the visionary idea of Digital Earth, as well as from the tremendous improvements in geo-technologies, use of virtual globes has been changing the way people approach to geographic information on the Web. Unlike the traditional 2D-visualization typical of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), virtual globes offer multi-dimensional, fully-realistic content visualization which allows for a much richer user experience. This research investigates the potential for using virtual globes to foster tourism and enhance cultural heritage. The paper first outlines the state of the art for existing virtual globes, pointing out some possible categorizations according to license type, platform-dependence, application type, default layers, functionalities and freedom of customization. Based on this analysis, the NASA World Wind virtual globe is the preferred tool for promoting tourism and cultural heritage. This is because its open source nature allows unlimited customization (in terms of both data and functionalities), and its Java core supports platform-independence. Relevant tourism-oriented World Wind-based applications, dealing with both the Web promotion of historical cartography and the setup of a participatory Web platform exploiting crowd-sourced data, are described. Finally, the paper presents a project focusing on the promotion of the Via Regina area (crossing the border between Italy and Switzerland) through an ad hoc World Wind customization. World Wind can thus be considered an ideal virtual globe for tourism applications, as it can be shaped to increase awareness of cultural history and, in turn, enhance touristic experience.
A GPU-Based Algorithm for the Generation of Spherical Voronoi Diagram in QTM mode
Authors: Wang L. , Zhao X. S. , Cao W. M. , Guo J. F.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The spherical Voronoi diagram is a type of the global data model in Digital Earth which has become increasingly important and a lot of efforts have been done to develop the algorithms. However, most of the prior works were in vector mode and based on point sets. Recently, some approximation raster-based algorithms were presented which can generate spherical Voronoi diagrams for point, curve, and face sets easily. However, almost all these raster-based algorithms are based on dilation operation and the dilation errors increase greatly with the growth of dilation steps. To overcome this deficiency, a novel GSG-based algorithm for generating spherical Voronoi diagram is proposed in this paper. In our algorithm, distance computation and comparison based on GPU are used instead of dilation operation to diminish the Voronoi error and improve the efficiency. Results show that line sets and area sets can be handled as well as point sets in this algorithm and the Voronoi error can be limited within half of one grid. Additionally, the efficiency for generating spherical Voronoi diagram is improved greatly.
Managing the Global Dataset in Block-index based on ESSG
Authors: Yang Y. Z. , Wu L. X. , Yu J. Q.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Earth observation system, which can realize global coverage in three dimensions, has provided massive data from earth observations at global scale for Earth System Science (ESS) and global change researches. It is named SDOG-based ESSG that the Spheroid Degenerated Octree Grid (SDOG) was chosen as an initial grid to develop an Earth System Spatial Grid (ESSG), which provides storage strategy and management framework based on triple (C, T, A) and SDOG grid coding for massive data. The objection of this paper is to provide an effective spatial data organization and indexing method, which organizes triple units into block and encodes for each triples block and converts multi-source global scale datasets into triples block so as to manage massive raster data at global scale.
Opportunities of Airborne Laser Bathymetry for the Monitoring of the Sea Bed on the Baltic Sea Coast
Authors: Niemeyer J. , Soergel U.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Traditional ship-based bathymetric surveys based on echo sounding are expensive and time consuming. This paper presents a project with the aim of identifying the opportunities of airborne laser bathymetry for the monitoring of the sea bed at the German Baltic Sea coast. Such devices operate with laser signal in the green part of the visible spectrum which is capable to penetrate the water. The depth is determined from the two-way runtime between the water surface and reflections from the ground underneath. Several flight campaigns in representative test areas will be carried out in order to analyze the reachable depths, the accuracies of the acquired points, and the detection of obstacles depending on different water conditions (e.g. turbidity). We discuss some preliminary results of a pilot project and the first campaign of a study area close to the island of Poel, Germany.
Object-Based Land Cover Classification for ALOS Image Combining TM Spectral
Authors: Wang G. , Liu J. , He G.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Land cover classification for high spatial resolution remote sensing images becomes a challenging work. The high spatial resolution remote sensing images have more spatial information. The low or medium resolution remote sensing images have more spectral information. In order to improve the accuracy of high spatial resolution remote sensing image classification, additional information should be incorporated into the classification process of high spatial resolution remote sensing image. This paper proposed a method of object-based land cover classification for high spatial resolution ALOS images combining the spectral information of TM images. First, the high spatial resolution ALOS panchromatic image was segmented by multi-resolution segmentation method. Second, the spectral features of segmented regions were extracted from multi-spectral ALOS image and TM image by spatial mapping mechanism. Third, the regions were classified by SVM classifier. Experimental results show that the classification method for high spatial resolution remote sensing images combining the TM spectral information based on the spatial mapping mechanism can make use of the spectral information both in high and low spatial resolution remote sensing images and improve classification accuracy.
Estudio bibliométrico de la Revista CorSalud
Authors: López Tápanes Grenedys Teresa , González Alfonso Osvaldo
Published: October 2013

Objetivos: Se hizo un estudio bibliométrico de algunos indicadores en los primeros 199 artículos publicados en CorSalud, con el objetivo de conocer el estado actual y la evolución de sus contenidos. Método: Se realizó de un estudio descriptivo y transversal de forma retrospectiva, analizando los artículos publicados en la Revista CorSalud entre el primer trimestre del año 2009 y el primer trimestre del año 2013 ambos inclusive, por origen de procedencia del primer autor, tema de publicación, composición y actualización de las fuentes de referencia y número de autores firmantes. Resultados: Se analizaron un total de 199 artículos, el 73,36% de los mismos provenían de Villa Clara, la Cardiología predominó con un 50,25% de la temática, las fuentes de referencias más utilizadas fueron las revistas impresas 79,96% y la actualización de las mismas tuvo una tendencia decreciente anual del 7,78% aunque se mantuvo con una media del 47,05% y el Índice de Colaboración entre los autores alcanzó una media de 3,75%. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los artículos provenían la región central, los artículos originales, breves, de revisión y especiales fueron la generalidad. Preponderaron los temas de Cardiología, las fuentes de referencias utilizadas mayormente fueron las revistas impresas, la actualización de las mismas se mantiene en niveles comparables internacionalmente, al igual del Índice de Colaboración entre los autores que mostró además, una tendencia creciente.
Impact of Eighteen-Year Varied Compliance to Onchocerciasis Treatment with Ivermectin in Sentinel Savannah Agrarian Communities in Kaduna State of Nigeria
Authors: Osue Hudu O. , Inabo Helen I. , Yakubu Sabo E. , Audu Patrick A. , Galadima Musa , Odama Lillian E. , Musa Danjuma , Ado Saleh A. , Mamman Mohammed
Published: October 2013

Baseline and impact assessment data were generated in 1994 (n=532) and 2011 (n=593) from 6 sentinel villages with generalized onchocerciasis. Only volunteers and a cohort (n=445,75%) were screened at both visits. Each village had received 11 (64.7%) annual treatments and 92.6%, range 88.7–100%, treatment compliance. Overall mean number of treatment was 2.9 ± 1.6 with a range 2.0 ± 1.2–3.3 ± 0.6. Significant decreases in skin microfilaria prevalence from 201 (38%) to 0 (0%), palpable nodule from 77 (15%) to 4 (0.7%), dermal changes from 51 (9.6%) to 2 (0.04%), optic nerve disease from 24 (4.5%) to 4 (2.0%), and onchocercal inducible ocular lesions from 31 (5.8%) to 12 (2.0%) were recorded, P<0.05, (t-test of unpaired data). Cases of glaucoma, 8 (1.4%), and blindness, 6 (1.05%), remained unchanged. Visual acuity ≥6/24 in one or both eyes, 198 (33.45%); cataract, 169 (28.5%); pterygium 157 (26.5%); and acute senilis, 165 (27.9%), were significantly increased and positively correlated with increase in age (R2=0.898−0.949). Dissected parous Simulium damnosum caught (n=222) were without infective third stage larva. Active onchocerciasis transmission seems halted despite varied compliance to long-term ivermectin treatment. We recommend continued surveillance and targeted treatment of controlled and hypoendemic areas.
Solve It! Student Thinking: Rectangles
Authors: Bair Sherry L. , Mooney Edward S.
Published: October 2013

Solutions to an April 2013 Solve It! problem are discussed, and the procedures used with problem solving are explored.
Math for Real: Octane Algebra
Authors: Balka Don S. , Rash Dave
Published: October 2013

Octane numbers, seen at the gas pump, are explored and calculated to provide the real-life tie-in to this computation activity.
Outlook and Emerging Semiconducting Materials for Ambipolar Transistors
Authors: Bisri Satria Zulkarnaen , Piliego Claudia , Gao Jia , Loi Maria Antonietta
Published: October 2013

Ambipolar or bipolar transistors are transistors in which both holes and electrons are mobile inside the conducting channel. This device allows switching among several states: the hole‐dominated on‐state, the off‐state, and the electron‐dominated on‐state. In the past year, it has attracted great interest in exotic semiconductors, such as organic semiconductors, nanostructured materials, and carbon nanotubes. The ability to utilize both holes and electrons inside one device opens new possibilities for the development of more compact complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits, and new kinds of optoelectronic device, namely, ambipolar light‐emitting transistors. This progress report highlights the recent progresses in the field of ambipolar transistors, both from the fundamental physics and application viewpoints. Attention is devoted to the challenges that should be faced for the realization of ambipolar transistors with different material systems, beginning with the understanding of the importance of interface modification, which heavily affects injections and trapping of both holes and electrons. The recent development of advanced gating applications, including ionic liquid gating, that open up more possibility to realize ambipolar transport in materials in which one type of charge carrier is highly dominant is highlighted. Between the possible applications of ambipolar field‐effect transistors, we focus on ambipolar light‐emitting transistors. We put this new device in the framework of its prospective for general lightings, embedded displays, current‐driven laser, as well as for photonics–electronics interconnection.
Perceptions of junior doctors and undergraduate medical students as anatomy teachers: Investigating distance along the near‐peer teaching spectrum
Authors: Hall Samuel , Stephens Jonathan , Andrade Teu , Davids Joseph , Powell Matthew , Border Scott
Published: October 2013

Near‐peer teaching involves more experienced students acting as tutors and has been widely used in anatomy education. This approach has many advantages for the learner due to the social and cognitive congruence they share with the teacher, however, the influence of distance between the teacher and learner on these congruences has yet to be explored. The aim of this study was to compare the attitudes and perceptions of the student learner towards neuroanatomy review sessions taught by either a senior medical student or a junior doctor. The students were randomly assigned to an allocated tutor. All tutors used standardized material and had access to identical resources. The type of allocated tutor was swapped between the two teaching sessions and 99 student feedback forms were collected in total. The rating for the overall quality of the teaching session was not significantly different between the junior doctors and senior medical students (P = 0.11). However, criteria closely relating to social and cognitive congruence such as “enjoyment of the session,” “delivery of the teaching,” and “was it a good use of time” were all rated significantly higher for the senior medical students (P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that small increases in distance along the near‐peer teaching spectrum have an impact upon the student's perception of their learning experience. While all teachers were suitable role models it appears that junior doctors are too far removed from their own undergraduate experiences to share congruences with pre‐clinical medical students. Anat Sci Educ 7: 242–247. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Selective Adsorption of Manganese onto Rhodium for Optimized Mn/Rh/SiO2 Alcohol Synthesis Catalysts
Authors: Liu Jingjing , Tao Runzhe , Guo Zhao , Regalbuto John R. , Marshall Christopher L. , Klie Robert F. , Miller Jeffrey T. , Meyer Randall J.
Published: October 2013

Using supported rhodium‐based catalysts to produce alcohols from syngas provides an alternative route to conventional fermentation methods. If left unpromoted, Rh catalysts have a strong selectivity towards methane. However, promotion with early transition metal elements has been shown to be effective to increase alcohol selectivity. Therefore, a key design objective is to increase the promoter–metal interaction to maximize their effectiveness. This can be achieved by the use of the strong electrostatic adsorption (SEA) method, which utilizes pH control to steer the promoter precursor (in this case MnO4−) onto Rh oxide supported on SiO2. Mn‐promoted catalysts were synthesized by both SEA and traditional incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) and subsequently characterized by STEM and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure methods. Using STEM–electron energy loss spectroscopy mapping, catalysts prepared by SEA were shown to have a higher degree of interaction between the promoter and the active metal. The reduction behavior of the catalysts obtained by X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy and temperature‐programmed reduction demonstrated a minimal change in Rh if promoted by SEA. However, catalytic results for CO hydrogenation revealed that a significant improvement of ethanol selectivity is achieved if the promoter was prepared by SEA in comparison with the promoter prepared by IWI. These results suggest that intimate interaction between the promoter and the metal is a critical factor for improving selectivity to higher alcohols.
A unique missense allele of BAF155, a core BAF chromatin remodeling complex protein, causes neural tube closure defects in mice
Authors: Harmacek Laura , Watkins‐Chow Dawn E. , Chen Jianfu , Jones Kenneth L. , Pavan William J. , Salbaum J. Michael , Niswander Lee
Published: October 2013

Failure of embryonic neural tube closure results in the second most common class of birth defects known as neural tube defects (NTDs). While NTDs are likely the result of complex multigenic dysfunction, it is not known whether polymorphisms in epigenetic regulators may be risk factors for NTDs. Here we characterized Baf155msp3, a unique ENU‐induced allele in mice. Homozygous Baf155mps3 embryos exhibit highly penetrant exencephaly, allowing us to investigate the roles of an assembled, but malfunctional BAF chromatin remodeling complex in vivo at the time of neural tube closure. Evidence of defects in proliferation and apoptosis were found within the neural tube. RNA‐Seq analysis revealed that surprisingly few genes showed altered expression in Baf155 mutant neural tissue, given the broad epigenetic role of the BAF complex, but included genes involved in neural development and cell survival. Moreover, gene expression changes between individual mutants were variable even though the NTD was consistently observed. This suggests that inconsistent gene regulation contributes to failed neural tube closure. These results shed light on the role of the BAF complex in the process of neural tube closure and highlight the importance of studying missense alleles to understand epigenetic regulation during critical phases of development. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 483–497, 2014
Enantioselective disposition of (R/S)‐albuterol in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Authors: Jacobson Glenn A. , Yee Kwang Choon , Premilovac Dino , Rattigan Stephen
Published: October 2013

Significant enhancement of skeletal muscle function has been observed with racemic albuterol (salbutamol). There is now general acceptance that the R‐albuterol enantiomer elicits the pharmacological response, both in the lungs and extrapulmonary, while S‐albuterol is pharmacologically inert. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of (R/S)‐albuterol enantiomers into skeletal and cardiac muscle. Initially oral dosing was undertaken in neonatal mice administered a maximum tolerable dose of racemic albuterol. An in vivo infusion rat model was employed for the investigation of albuterol uptake into skeletal and cardiac muscle over 4 h. Tissue concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). From the oral dosing model, mean (±SD) levels of racemic albuterol after 5 days were 915 (±293) ng/mL in plasma, 2574 (±196) ng/g in muscle, and 53 (±6.6) ng/g in brain with enantioselective partitioning (muscle:plasma ratio of 5.7 and 1.7 for R‐ and S‐albuterol, respectively). In the infusion model, enantioselective disposition was observed in skeletal muscle (muscle:plasma ratio of 1.2–1.7 and 0.6–0.7 for R‐ and S‐albuterol, respectively) and in cardiac muscle (4.1 and 0.5, respectively). In conclusion, there is greater partitioning of active (R)‐albuterol than inactive (S)‐albuterol into both skeletal and cardiac muscle compared to plasma. These findings have relevance for albuterol sports doping, cardiac effects, and therapeutic use in muscle wasting diseases. Furthermore, the greater muscle partitioning of the active R‐albuterol, and the availability of pure R‐albuterol formulations highlight shortcomings in doping control measures using non‐enantioselective assays. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Orthoester Johnson–Claisen Rearrangement in the Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules, Natural Products, and Synthetic Intermediates – Recent Advances
Authors: Fernandes Rodney A. , Chowdhury Asim K. , Kattanguru Pullaiah
Published: October 2013

The orthoester Johnson–Claisen rearrangement, an important C–C bond forming reaction, has been used enormously in the past four decades in the synthesis of bioactive molecules, natural products, synthetic intermediates, analogues, and useful building blocks. The method has also featured in chemical modification of materials. This review covers developments in this rearrangement since 2003. Unlike many other forms of Claisen rearrangement, this reaction is generally a one‐pot, one‐step process. It is compatible with numerous functional groups, despite its use of acid catalysis, and offers chirality transfer to produce stereoselective products. The method also offers opportunities for rapid modifications to various functionalized compounds and building blocks for further synthetic exploration.
Assessment of current criteria for primary nonresponse in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving entecavir therapy
Authors: Yang Young-Joo , Shim Ju Hyun , Kim Kang Mo , Lim Young-Suk , Lee Han Chu
Published: October 2013

A primary nonresponse to oral drugs against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a generally accepted criterion for interrupting treatment. We investigated whether the concept of primary nonresponse suggested by current American (AASLD) and European (EASL) guidelines is appropriate for treatment with entecavir (ETV). The study included 1,254 treatment-naïve patients who had pretreatment HBV DNA levels of >2,000 IU/mL and received ETV 0.5 mg/day for over 6 months. “Primary nonresponse” was defined as a <2 log drop in HBV DNA after 6 months of therapy by AASLD and as a <1 log drop after 3 months by EASL. The cumulative probability of virological response (VR; HBV DNA of <15 IU/mL) was compared in patients with and without primary nonresponse. Median time to achieve VR was significantly shorter in primary responders by AASLD than nonresponders (12 versus 24 months; P = 0.004), but the cumulative probability of achieving a VR at 54 months was similar in the two groups (95.8% versus 100%). Time to achieve a VR and cumulative probability of VR over time did not differ between primary responders and nonresponders by EASL. On-treatment virological breakthrough occurred in 18 patients with a cumulative rate of 5.6% at 72 months. ETV resistance was detected in 13 of these 18 patients (72.2%), who were all classified as primary responder according to both guidelines. Conclusion: Long-term ETV therapy generally leads to a VR in treatment-naïve patients, although the time to achieve it is delayed in primary nonresponders. The current recommendation to change therapy in primary nonresponders needs to be modified to reflect drug differences in antiviral potency and resistance risk. (HEPATOLOGY 2014;59:1303-1310)
Development of an Efficient Procedure for Determination of Copper, Zinc and Iron after Solid Phase Extraction on 3‐(1‐(1‐H‐Indol‐3‐yl)‐3‐Phenylallyl)‐1H‐Indole Loaded on Duolite XAD 761
Authors: Ghaedi M. , Niknam K. , Niknam E. , Mortazavi K. , Taheri K. , Soylak M.
Published: October 2013

A method for the simultaneous preconcentration of Cu2+,Zn2+ and Fe3+ ions, in some food samples has been reported. The method is based on the adsorption of 3‐(1‐(1‐H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐3‐phenylallyl)‐1H‐indole (IPAI) loaded on Duolite XAD 761. The metal ions adsorbed on the modified solid phase resin are eluted using 6 mL of 4 mol L−1 nitric acid. The influences of the analytical parameters including pH and amount of ligand and solid phase and type and amount of surfactant and sample volume on the metal ions recoveries were investigated. The effects of matrix ions on the retentions of the analytes were also examined. The recoveries of analytes were generally higher than 95% with a RSD lower than 5%. The method has been successfully applied for these metals content evaluation in some real samples.
Associative concept learning in animals
Authors: Zentall Thomas R. , Wasserman Edward A. , Urcuioli Peter J.
Published: October 2013

Nonhuman animals show evidence for three types of concept learning: perceptual or similarity‐based in which objects/stimuli are categorized based on physical similarity; relational in which one object/stimulus is categorized relative to another (e.g., same/different); and associative in which arbitrary stimuli become interchangeable with one another by virtue of a common association with another stimulus, outcome, or response. In this article, we focus on various methods for establishing associative concepts in nonhuman animals and evaluate data documenting the development of associative classes of stimuli. We also examine the nature of the common within‐class representation of samples that have been associated with the same reinforced comparison response (i.e., many‐to‐one matching) by describing manipulations for distinguishing possible representations. Associative concepts provide one foundation for human language such that spoken and written words and the objects they represent become members of a class of interchangeable stimuli. The mechanisms of associative concept learning and the behavioral flexibility it allows, however, are also evident in the adaptive behaviors of animals lacking language.
Accuracy of diffusion‐weighted (DW) MRI with background signal suppression (MR‐DWIBS) in diagnosis of mediastinal lymph node metastasis of nonsmall‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: Xu Liang , Tian Jiakai , Liu Yuhui , Li Chuanfu
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To prospectively evaluate the accuracy of diffusion‐weighted (DW) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with background signal suppression (MR‐DWIBS) for detecting mediastinal lymph node metastasis of nonsmall‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Materials and Methods

MR‐DWIBS was performed in 42 consecutive patients (27 men, 15 women; age range, 42–78 years; median age, 55 years) with histologically proven NSCLC. The visualization rate of metastatic lymph node (MLN) and benign lymph node (BLN) of enlarged lymph nodes (ELN) and normal‐sized lymph nodes (NLN) was compared by using a chi‐square test or Fisher's exact test on a per‐nodal basis. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of MLN and BLN was measured and compared by using two‐tailed unpaired Student's t‐test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the overall diagnostic accuracy of ADC for ELN and NLN. The optimal cutoff value was determined and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy was calculated.

Results

Thirty‐five out of 119 lymph resected nodes were confirmed to be metastatic by histologic examination. The visualization rate of MLN was significantly higher than that of BLN for ELN (P < 0.001) and for NLN (χ2 = 7.506, P = 0.006). For both ELN and NLN, ADC of MLN was significantly lower than that of BLN (t = −5.380, P < 0.001 and t = −6.435, P < 0.001). ADC was significant for detection of MLN for both ELN (Az = 0.975, P < 0.001) and NLN (Az = 0.919, P < 0.001). For NLN, the optimal cutoff value of ADC was 2.04 mm2/s, where the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were 75.0%, 90.9%, 66.7%, 93.8%, and 87.8%, respectively.

Conclusion

MR‐DWIBS may be clinically useful to visually detect mediastinal lymph nodes and ADC measurement can aid in malignant node discrimination. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:200–205. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Programming with linear fractional functionals
Authors: Zionts Stanley
Published: October 2013

Charnes and Cooper [1] showed that a linear programming problem with a linear fractional objective function could be solved by solving at most two ordinary linear programming problems. In addition, they showed that where it is known a priori that the denominator of the objective function has a unique sign in the feasible region, only one problem need be solved. In the present note it is shown that if a finite solution to the problem exists, only one linear programming problem must be solved. This is because the denominator cannot have two different signs in the feasible region, except in ways which are not of practical importance.
The pure fixed charge transportation problem
Authors: Fisk John , McKeown Patrick
Published: October 2013

The pure fixed charge transportation problem (PFCTP) is a variation of the fixed charge transportation problem (FCTP) in which there are only fixed costs to be incurred when a route is opened. We present in this paper a direct search procedure using the LIFO decision rule for branching. This procedure is enhanced by the use of 0–1 knapsack problems which determine bounds on partial solutions. Computational results are presented and discussed.
Anion exchange membranes: Current status and moving forward
Authors: Hickner Michael A. , Herring Andrew M. , Coughlin E. Bryan
Published: October 2013

This short review is meant to provide the reader with highlights in anion exchange membrane research, describe current needs in the field, and point out promising directions for future work. Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) provide one possible route to low platinum or platinum‐free fuel cells with the potential for facile oxidation of complex fuels beyond hydrogen and methanol. AEMs and related stable cationic polymers also have applications in energy storage and other electrochemical technologies such as water electrolyzers and redox flow batteries. While anion exchange membranes have been known for a long time in water treatment applications, materials for electrochemical technology with robust mechanical properties in thin film format have only recently become more widely available. High hydroxide and bicarbonate anion conductivity have been demonstrated in a range of AEM formats, but intrinsic stability of the polymers and demonstration of long device lifetime remain major roadblocks. Novel approaches to stable materials have focused on new types of cations that employ delocalization and steric shielding of the positive center to mitigate nucleophilic attack by hydroxide. A number of promising polymer backbones and membrane architectures have been identified, but limited device testing and a lack of understanding of the degradation mechanisms in operating devices is slowing progress on engineered systems with alkaline fuel cell technology. Our objective is to spur more research in this area to develop fuel cell systems that approach the costs of inexpensive batteries for large‐scale applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1727–1735, 2013
Prevalence, intensity, and predictors of the supportive care needs of women diagnosed with breast cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Fiszer Chavie , Dolbeault Sylvie , Sultan Serge , Brédart Anne
Published: October 2013

Objective

The assessment of supportive care needs is a crucial step in the development of appropriate interventions that may improve the quality of life of cancer patients. This review describes and analyzes the prevalence and predictors of the unmet supportive care needs of breast cancer (BC) patients and survivors and suggests paths for further research.

Method

Multiple databases were searched, considering only quantitative studies using validated needs assessment instruments and focusing uniquely on women diagnosed with BC.

Results

Out of 761 hits, 23 studies answered to all eligibility criteria. Nineteen were cross‐sectional, and the remaining four were longitudinal. Most included patients at different moments along the BC trajectory, from diagnosis to decades into survivorship, with the major proportion of patients under treatment. Only five concentrated on the posttreatment phase into extended survivorship. The concerns of women diagnosed with BC clustered around psychological and information needs, with the top concern being ‘fear of the cancer returning’. Predictors of higher levels of needs included advanced disease stage, greater symptom burden, shorter time since diagnosis, higher levels of distress, and younger age. Prevalence differed between cultures with Asian women reporting greater information needs and lower psychological needs compared with Western women.

Conclusions

Revealing which needs BC patients consider most urgent and the factors related to greater needs will permit the development of improved and targeted supportive care. Future research should comprise longitudinal designs concentrating on women at specific moments along the BC trajectory for a dynamic understanding of these needs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the folding kinetics of a small, artificially selected DNA aptamer with those of equivalently simple naturally occurring proteins
Authors: Lawrence Camille , Vallée‐Bélisle Alexis , Pfeil Shawn H. , de Mornay Derek , Lipman Everett A. , Plaxco Kevin W.
Published: October 2013

The folding of larger proteins generally differs from the folding of similarly large nucleic acids in the number and stability of the intermediates involved. To date, however, no similar comparison has been made between the folding of smaller proteins, which typically fold without well‐populated intermediates, and the folding of small, simple nucleic acids. In response, in this study, we compare the folding of a 38‐base DNA aptamer with the folding of a set of equivalently simple proteins. We find that, as is true for the large majority of simple, single domain proteins, the aptamer folds through a concerted, millisecond‐scale process lacking well‐populated intermediates. Perhaps surprisingly, the observed folding rate falls within error of a previously described relationship between the folding kinetics of single‐domain proteins and their native state topology. Likewise, similarly to single‐domain proteins, the aptamer exhibits a relatively low urea‐derived Tanford β, suggesting that its folding transition state is modestly ordered. In contrast to this, however, and in contrast to the behavior of proteins, ϕ‐value analysis suggests that the aptamer's folding transition state is highly ordered, a discrepancy that presumably reflects the markedly more important role that secondary structure formation plays in the folding of nucleic acids. This difference notwithstanding, the similarities that we observe between the two‐state folding of single‐domain proteins and the two‐state folding of this similarly simple DNA presumably reflect properties that are universal in the folding of all sufficiently cooperative heteropolymers irrespective of their chemical details.
What Students Say Versus What They Do Regarding Scientific Inquiry
Authors: SALTER IRENE Y. , ATKINS LESLIE J.
Published: October 2013

We teach a course for elementary education undergraduates that gives students an opportunity to conduct open‐ended scientific inquiry and pursue their own scientific questions in much the same way that practicing research scientists do. In this study, we compared what our students say declaratively about the nature of science (NOS) in surveys and interviews with what they do procedurally when engaged in authentic scientific practice. Initially, we were surprised when our students showed very little change on two different validated NOS questionnaires, adhering to seemingly memorized definitions of key NOS vocabulary such as “science” and “experiment.” In contrast, on procedural measures of NOS understanding, students developed a decidedly sophisticated approach to answering scientific questions. Our data suggest that students’ declarative understandings about the NOS are not a reliable measure of students’ ability to engage productively in scientific practices and vice versa. We discuss why this might be and consider the implications of this disconnect on identifying the best approach to NOS instruction and on future science education research.
Frizzled 7 Maintains the Undifferentiated State of Human Limbal Stem/Progenitor Cells
Authors: Mei Hua , Nakatsu Martin N. , Baclagon Elfren R. , Deng Sophie X.
Published: October 2013

Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of human limbal stem/progenitor cells (LSCs). To examine the possible function of Frizzled (Fz) receptors in LSCs, the expression of 10 Fz receptors was profiled in the limbus and cornea. Only Fz7 had preferential expression in the basal limbal epithelium which contains the LSCs. The expression of Fz7 was colocalized with the putative LSC markers including p63α, N-cadherin and keratin (K) 14, and was minimum in cells expressing the corneal maturation marker K12. The expression of Fz7 was higher in the enriched LSCs population and decreased in cultured LSCs when there was a loss of progenitor phenotype. When the Fz7 was knocked down (FzKD) using shRNA in primary LSCs, the expression of putative LSC markers ABCG2, ΔNp63α, and K14 was decreased significantly. The colony forming efficiency of the Fz7KD LSCs was significantly decreased in the subsequent passage 1 and 2 compared to the control. Our finding suggests that Wnt signaling is one of the factors of LSC niche, and Fz7 helps to maintain the undifferentiated state of LSCs. Stem Cells  2014;32:938–945
Transcription Factor-Induced Lineage Programming of Noradrenaline and Motor Neurons from Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Mong Jamie , Panman Lia , Alekseenko Zhanna , Kee Nigel , Stanton Lawrence W. , Ericson Johan , Perlmann Thomas
Published: October 2013

An important goal in stem cell biology is to develop methods for efficient generation of clinically interesting cell types from relevant stem cell populations. This is particularly challenging for different types of neurons of the central nervous system where hundreds of distinct neuronal cell types are generated during embryonic development. We previously used a strategy based on forced transcription factor expression in embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors to generate specific types of neurons, including dopamine and serotonin neurons. Here, we extend these studies and show that noradrenergic neurons can also be generated from pluripotent embryonic stem cells by forced expression of the homeobox transcription factor Phox2b under the signaling influence of fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) and bone morphogenetic proteins. In neural progenitors exposed to FGF8 and sonic hedgehog both Phox2b and the related Phox2a instead promoted the generation of neurons with the characteristics of mid- and hindbrain motor neurons. The efficient generation of these neuron types enabled a comprehensive genome-wide gene expression analysis that provided further validation of the identity of generated cells. Moreover, we also demonstrate that the generated cell types are amenable to drug testing in vitro and we show that variants of the differentiation protocols can be applied to cultures of human pluripotent stem cells for the generation of human noradrenergic and visceral motor neurons. Thus, these studies provide a basis for characterization of yet an additional highly clinically relevant neuronal cell type. Stem Cells  2014;32:609–622
Experimental study of across‐wind aerodynamic damping of super high‐rise buildings with aerodynamically modified square cross‐sections
Authors: Gu M. , Cao H. L. , Quan Y.
Published: October 2013

Across‐wind aerodynamic damping ratios are determined from the wind‐induced acceleration responses of 10 aeroelastic models of square super high‐rise buildings in an urban flow condition (exposure category C in the Chinese code) using the random decrement technique. Moreover, the influences of amplitude‐dependent structural damping ratio on the estimation of aerodynamic damping ratio are discussed. The validity of estimated damping is examined through a comparison with previous research achievements. On the basis of the estimated results, the characteristics of the across‐wind aerodynamic damping ratios of modified square high‐rise buildings are studied. The effects of aerodynamically modified cross‐sections, such as chamfered, slotted and tapered cross‐section, on the across‐wind aerodynamic damping ratio are investigated. The results indicate that modifications of cross‐sections are not always effective in suppressing the aeroelastic effects of super high‐rise buildings. Low corner‐cut ratios (chamfer ratios from 5% to 20% and slot ratios from 5% to 10%) and low taper ratio (1%) significantly decrease the magnitudes of absolute aerodynamic damping ratios. However, large modifications of cross‐sections (slot ratio of 20% and taper ratios from 3% to 5%) increase wind‐induced responses by changing the aerodynamic damping ratios. According to the database, empirical aerodynamic damping function parameters are fitted for high‐rise buildings with aerodynamically modified square cross‐sections. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
U–Pb age and Lu–Hf signatures of detrital zircon from Palaeozoic sandstones in the Oslo Rift, Norway
Authors: KRISTOFFERSEN MAGNUS , ANDERSEN TOM , ANDRESEN ARILD
Published: October 2013

U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope analyses of detrital zircon from the latest Ordovician (Hirnantian) Langøyene Formation, the Late Silurian Ringerike Group and the Late Carboniferous Asker Group in the Oslo Rift were obtained by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Overall the U–Pb dating yielded ages within the range 2861–313 Ma. The U–Pb age and Lu–Hf isotopic signatures correspond to virtually all known events of crustal evolution in Fennoscandia, as well as synorogenic intrusions from the Norwegian Caledonides. Such temporally and geographically diverse source areas likely reflect multiple episodes of sediment recycling in Fennoscandia, and highlights the intrinsic problem of using zircon as a tracer-mineral in ‘source to sink’ sedimentary provenance studies. In addition to its mostly Fennoscandia-derived detritus, the Asker Group also have zircon grains of Late Devonian – Late Carboniferous age. Since no rocks of these ages are known in Fennoscandia, these zircons are inferred to be derived from the Variscan Orogen of central Europe.
Parotid lymphoepithelial cysts in human immunodeficiency virus: a review
Authors: Sujatha D , Babitha K , Prasad R S , Pai A
Published: October 2013

Background:

Many patients with human immunodeficiency virus present with atypical features. Early indicators of human immunodeficiency virus are scarce and hence most affected patients are diagnosed in the later stages of the disease, which is associated with poor prognosis. Salivary gland disease usually develops before acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and is sometimes the first manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Salivary gland lesions include benign lymphoepithelial cysts of the parotid gland, which are seen in 3–6 per cent of patients. Many of the reported lesions are diagnosed on routine examination.

Objective:

This review aimed to highlight the association between parotid gland benign lymphoepithelial cyst and human immunodeficiency virus infection, in order to aid early diagnosis and management of the disease.

Conclusion:

Human immunodeficiency virus testing is recommended for patients with benign lymphoepithelial cysts, as this can often be the first indication of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Benign lymphoepithelial cysts are important diagnostic and prognostic indicators in human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Childhood maltreatment, juvenile disorders and adult post-traumatic stress disorder: a prospective investigation
Authors: Breslau N. , Koenen K. C. , Luo Z. , Agnew-Blais J. , Swanson S. , Houts R. M. , Poulton R. , Moffitt T. E.
Published: October 2013

Background

We examine prospectively the influence of two separate but potentially inter-related factors in the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): childhood maltreatment as conferring a susceptibility to the PTSD response to adult trauma and juvenile disorders as precursors of adult PTSD.

Method

The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (DMHDS) is a birth cohort (n = 1037) from the general population of New Zealand's South Island, with multiple assessments up to age 38 years. DSM-IV PTSD was assessed among participants exposed to trauma at ages 26–38. Complete data were available on 928 participants.

Results

Severe maltreatment in the first decade of life, experienced by 8.5% of the sample, was associated significantly with the risk of PTSD among those exposed to adult trauma [odds ratio (OR) 2.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–6.01], compared to no maltreatment. Moderate maltreatment, experienced by 27.2%, was not associated significantly with that risk (OR 1.55, 95% CI 0.85–2.85). However, the two estimates did not differ significantly from one another. Juvenile disorders (ages 11–15), experienced by 35% of the sample, independent of childhood maltreatment, were associated significantly with the risk of PTSD response to adult trauma (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.32–4.18).

Conclusions

Severe maltreatment is associated with risk of PTSD response to adult trauma, compared to no maltreatment, and juvenile disorders, independent of earlier maltreatment, are associated with that risk. The role of moderate maltreatment remains unresolved. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to assess the impact of moderate maltreatment, experienced by the majority of adult trauma victims with a history of maltreatment.
Time-of-flight spectra for mapping of charge density of ions produced by laser
Authors: Krása J. , Parys P. , Velardi L. , Velyhan A. , Ryć L. , Delle Side D. , Nassisi V.
Published: October 2013

A space-resolved charge density of ions is derived from a time-resolved current of ions emitted from laser-produced plasma and expanded into the vacuum along collision-free and field-free paths. This derivation is based on a similarity relationship for ion currents with “frozen” charges observed at different distances from the target. This relationship makes it possible to determine a map of ion charge density at selected times after the laser plasma interaction from signals of time-of-flight detectors positioned at a certain distance from the target around a target-surface normal. In this work, we present maps of the charge density of ions emitted from Cu and polyethylene plasmas. The mapping demonstrates that bursts of ions are emitted at various ejection angles ϕn with respect to the target-surface normal. There are two basic directions ϕ1 and ϕ2, one belonging to the fastest ions, i.e., protons and carbon ions, and the other one to the slowest ions being a part of each plasma plume.
Language and memory abilities of internationally adopted children from China: evidence for early age effects
Authors: DELCENSERIE AUDREY , GENESEE FRED
Published: October 2013

The goal of the present study was to examine if internationally adopted (IA) children from China (M = 10;8) adopted by French-speaking families exhibit lags in verbal memory in addition to lags in verbal abilities documented in previous studies (Gauthier & Genesee, 2011). Tests assessing verbal and non-verbal memory, language, non-verbal cognitive ability, and socio-emotional development were administered to thirty adoptees. Their results were compared to those of thirty non-adopted monolingual French-speaking children matched on age, gender, and socioeconomic status. The IA children scored significantly lower than the controls on language, verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, and verbal long-term memory. No group differences were found on non-verbal memory, non-verbal cognitive ability, and socio-emotional development, suggesting language-specific difficulties. Despite extended exposure to French, adoptees may experience language difficulties due to limitations in verbal memory, possibly as a result of their delayed exposure to that language and/or attrition of the birth language.
Stone Implements from Millstream Station, Western Australia
Authors: Newall R. S.
Published: October 2013

The Blacks nowadays are tame, but when Fortescue came up in about 1856 exploring, he had considerable bother with them, and even now in the Kimberley district, some 500 miles away, they are still in the Stone Age, and cannot be trusted. To-day at Millstream, stone implements are only used for circumcision and cutting out spears. The spears are made of hard wood and barbed both ways so that it is impossible to pull or push them out, and the blacks cut them out with a hot flake. The fire in which the flake is heated must not be lighted with a match but with a fire stick. By using a stone and not a knife they maintain that they do not get blood poisoning, and that the wound heals sooner. I showed one of my large black flakes to a native woman, and she said, “He good fella stone, he cut'em out spear, he borrow Ian.” Whether she meant a flake was called “borrow Ian,” or the kind of stone upon which the flake was made was “borrow Ian” I could not make out, but on showing her another, a yellow coloured scraper, she said, “He bad fella, he poison.”