bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of Oxide Coating Synthesized on an Aluminum Alloy by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation in Molten Salt
Authors: Sobolev Alexander , Kossenko Alexey , Zinigrad Michael , Borodianskiy Konstantin
Published: August 2017

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a surface treatment process for obtaining oxide coatings with a high performance on valve metals. PEO is mostly performed in an aqueous solution electrolyte that limits the size of treated parts due to the fact that the system is heated. Therefore, the coating of large surfaces cannot be synthesized in an aqueous electrolyte. In the current work, an alternative approach of PEO treatment, whereby an aluminum 1050 alloy in nitrate molten salt at a temperature of 280 °C is applied, was investigated. The microstructure, phase and chemical compositions, and micro-hardness were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and micro-hardness tests. The obtained results show that formed coating contains from two sub-layers: one is the outer sub-layer of the α-Al2O3 phase and the second is its inner sub-layer. It was found that the formed coating was free of any contaminants originating from the electrolyte and had no cracks or pores, which are usually present in coatings formed by PEO treatment in an aqueous solution electrolyte.
Controllable and Large-Scale Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures: A Review on Bamboo-Like Nanotubes
Authors: Jia Zirui , Kou Kaichang , Qin Ming , Wu Hongjing , Puleo Fabrizio , Liotta Leonarda
Published: August 2017

Bamboo-like carbon nanotubes are members of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) family, whose structure is made up of separated hollow compartments and bamboo knots. Due to the peculiar structure of the CNTs species, the growth mechanism and related features have been widely investigated. Bamboo-like carbon nanotubes are widely applied in several fields, such as sensors, adsorbents, catalysts, and lithium-ion battery electrodes materials. Different methods have been applied for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes, among them, catalytic chemical vapor deposition has been singled out as the most used procedure due to low cost with a high quality product. The present review is devoted to increasing the literature dealing with the design, synthesis, and characterization of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes grown over different catalysts. Results on the methane dry reforming reaction, hydrocarbon thermal decomposition, special chemical vapor deposition as well as other methods applied to the preparation of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes are discussed. The differences in the carbon deposits between the dry reforming reaction and other reaction methods are compared and possible formation mechanisms of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes are discussed.
The Thermodynamical Arrow and the Historical Arrow; Are They Equivalent?
Authors: Tamm Martin
Published: August 2017

In this paper, the relationship between the thermodynamic and historical arrows of time is studied. In the context of a simple combinatorial model, their definitions are made more precise and in particular strong versions (which are not compatible with time symmetric microscopic laws) and weak versions (which can be compatible with time symmetric microscopic laws) are given. This is part of a larger project that aims to explain the arrows as consequences of a common time symmetric principle in the set of all possible universes. However, even if we accept that both arrows may have the same origin, this does not imply that they are equivalent, and it is argued that there can be situations where one arrow may be well-defined but the other is not.
Effects of Gate-Length Scaling on Microwave MOSFET Performance
Authors: Crupi Giovanni , Schreurs Dominique , Caddemi Alina
Published: August 2017

This paper focuses on the extraction of an accurate small-signal equivalent circuit for metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). An analytical modeling approach was developed and successfully validated through the comparison between measured and simulated scattering parameters. The extraction of the equivalent circuit elements allowed for the estimation of the intrinsic unity current-gain cutoff frequency, which is a crucial figure of merit for assessing the high-frequency performance. The experimental data show that the cutoff frequency of the tested devices exhibits a nearly ideal scaling behavior with decreasing gate length.
Susceptibility of Several Northeastern Conifers to Fusarium circinatum and Strategies for Biocontrol
Authors: Martín-García Jorge , Paraschiv Marius , Flores-Pacheco Juan , Chira Danut , Diez Julio , Fernández Mercedes
Published: August 2017

Fusarium circinatum, the causal of pine pitch canker disease (PPC), is now considered among the most important pathogens of Pinaceae in the world. Although in Europe PPC is only established in the Iberian Peninsula, the potential endangered areas cover over 10 million hectares under the current host distribution and climatic conditions. It is therefore a priority to test the susceptibility of those species and their provenances, within Central and Northern Europe and find biological control agents (BCAs) against the disease. In this study, the susceptibility of Pinus sylvestris, P. mugo and Picea abies Romanian provenances to F. circinatum was tested using three inoculum doses. In parallel, the potential use of Trichoderma atroviride and Trichoderma viride as BCAs against F. circinatum was also tested. This study has demonstrated, for the first time, the susceptibility of P. mugo to F. circinatum. Likewise, the susceptibility of P. abies was also confirmed. The fact that the Romanian provenance of P. sylvestris has not been susceptible to F. circinatum suggests genetic resistance as a potential tool to manage the disease. This, together with the apparent effectiveness of Trichoderma species as BCAs, seems to indicate that an integrated management of the disease might be feasible.
Improved Outbreak Prediction for Common Pine Sawfly (Diprion pini L.) by Analyzing Floating ‘Climatic Windows’ as Keys for Changes in Voltinism
Authors: Möller Katrin , Hentschel Rainer , Wenning Aline , Schröder Jens
Published: August 2017

The biology and population dynamics of pine sawfly Diprion pini L. are extremely complex and variable. Among other factors, climatic conditions determine the potential for mass outbreaks of the species. In this paper, we investigate this influence and describe a statistical approach to identify responsible climatic variables in floating time windows, thus identifying the factors responsible for the transition from latency to outbreak events. Analyses were built upon a data base comprising outbreak events and fine-scaled climatic data for the period 2002–2016 for a model region in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. By applying Random Forest statistic classification analyses, we isolated a set of four variables. They cover precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration in distinct periods during the current and the previous year. These periods are not fixed in their position but attached to the floating phenological date of bud burst of the host species Pinus sylvestris L. The complete set of variables was able to distinguish forests likely to be defoliated from those not threatened at high probabilities (95% true-positive rate, 98% true-negative rate). The identified climatic windows offer insights into population dynamics in the study region, support adjustments in current monitoring algorithms, and indicate starting points for further investigations covering other regions or different years.
Integrating Climate Change and Land Use Impacts to Explore Forest Conservation Policy
Authors: Choe Hyeyeong , Thorne James H.
Published: August 2017

This study uses a scenario-based approach to ask what are the varying impacts to forest extent and biodiversity from sixteen climate change and forest conversion scenario combinations, and what do they suggest about future forest conservation policy directions? We projected these combinations onto existing forests in South Korea and grouped them into four forest categories. We used species distribution models for 1031 climate vulnerable plant species as a biodiversity index, and found that species richness loss due to forest conversion could be reduced significantly by deploying the scenarios which preserve forest areas that are climatically suitable for these species. Climate-suitable forest areas declined sharply and moved northward as future temperatures increase, and climate-suitable areas lost the highest proportion of forest extent under the current trend of forest conversion. We suggest climate refugia, defined as existing forests with suitable future climates, be protected from land use conversion as a way to preserve forest biodiversity. These spatially explicit results can be used for developing forest conservation policies, and the methods may be applicable to other forested regions. However, planners should consider the assumptions and uncertainties of climate projections, species distribution models, and land use trends when addressing forest biodiversity conservation.
A Pichia anomala Strain (P. anomala M1) Isolated from Traditional Greek Sausage is an Effective Producer of Extracellular Lipolytic Enzyme in Submerged Fermentation
Authors: Papagianni Maria , Papamichael Emmanuel
Published: August 2017

Ayeast isolate, selected for its lipolytic activity from a meat product, was characterized as Pichia anomala. Lipolytic activity, determined on p-NPA as esterase, was maximum at 28 °C, pH 6.5, and induced by the short chain triglyceride tributyrin. Fermentations in 2 L and 10 L stirred tank bioreactors, with 20 and 60 g/L glucose respectively, showed that in the second case lipolytic activity increased 1.74-fold, while the biomass increased 1.57-fold. Under otherwise identical aeration conditions, improved mixing in the 10 L reactor maintained higher dissolved oxygen levels which, along with the elevated glucose concentration, resulted in significant increase of specific rates of lipolytic activity (51 vs. 7 U/g/L), while specific rates of growth and glucose consumption maintained lower. The Crabtree-negative yeast (glucose insensitive growth) exhibited a Pasteur effect at lower dissolved oxygen concentrations while elevated glucose prevented ethanol formation under oxygen saturation. The particular physiological traits can be exploited to obtain significant lipolytic activity in a scalable aerobic process.
The Canadian Atlas of Child and Youth Injury: Mobilizing Injury Surveillance Data to Launch a National Knowledge Translation Tool
Authors: Pike Ian , Smith Jennifer , Al-Hajj Samar , Fuselli Pamela , Macpherson Alison
Published: August 2017

Child and youth injury prevention research in Canada has lagged behind other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development nations, despite existing surveillance systems and longitudinal data. A critical need to improve access to the available data, as well as need to tailor its display and interpretation, was identified by injury prevention stakeholders involved in research, policy, and practice. The Canadian Atlas of Child and Youth Injury Prevention (“the Atlas”) was developed to address this need. Following a series of iterative consultation meetings and a pilot testing session, the Atlas was scaled up with national data. Two testing sessions were held to evaluate the tools. The Atlas is comprised of three main components: data, indicators, and visualizations. The accessibility of the dashboard is enhanced by customization of data visualizations and data outputs to suit the user’s needs. Overall feedback indicated that the tools were easy to use, and that the interface was intuitive and visually appealing. The Canadian Atlas of Child and Youth Injury Prevention provides readily accessible information to injury prevention practitioners, policy makers and researchers, helping to chart pathways to success in improving the child and youth injury prevention system in Canada.
Contextual Building Selection Based on a Genetic Algorithm in Map Generalization
Authors: Wang Lin , Guo Qingsheng , Liu Yuangang , Sun Yageng , Wei Zhiwei
Published: August 2017

In map generalization, scale reduction and feature symbolization inevitably generate problems of overlapping objects or map congestion. To solve the legibility problem with respect to the generalization of dispersed rural buildings, selection of buildings is necessary and can be transformed into an optimization problem. In this paper, an improved genetic algorithm for building selection is designed to be able to incorporate cartographic constraints related to the building selection problem. Part of the local constraints for building selection is used to constrain the encoding and genetic operation. To satisfy other local constraints, a preparation phase is necessary before building selection, which includes building enlargement, local displacement, conflict detection, and attribute enrichment. The contextual constraints are used to ascertain a fitness function. The experimental results indicate that the algorithm proposed in this article can obtain good results for building selection whilst preserving the spatial distribution characteristics of buildings.
Dairy Product Consumption Interacts with Glucokinase (GCK) Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Insulin Resistance
Authors: Da Silva Marine , Chartrand Dominic , Vohl Marie-Claude , Barbier Olivier , Rudkowska Iwona
Published: August 2017

Dairy product intake and a person’s genetic background have been reported to be associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objective of this study was to examine the interaction between dairy products and genes related to T2D on glucose-insulin homeostasis parameters. A validated food frequency questionnaire, fasting blood samples, and glucokinase (GCK) genotypes were analyzed in 210 healthy participants. An interaction between rs1799884 in GCK and dairy intake on the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was identified. Secondly, human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were grown in a high-glucose medium and incubated with either 1-dairy proteins: whey, caseins, and a mixture of whey and casein; and 2-four amino acids (AA) or mixtures of AA. The expression of GCK-related genes insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) was increased with whey protein isolate or hydrolysate. Individually, leucine increased IRS-1 expression, whereas isoleucine and valine decreased FASN expression. A branched-chain AA mixture decreased IRS-1 and FASN expression. In conclusion, carriers of the A allele for rs1799884 in the GCK gene may benefit from a higher intake of dairy products to maintain optimal insulin sensitivity. Moreover, the results show that whey proteins affect the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism.
Application of Dynamic Analysis in Semi-Analytical Finite Element Method
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Xing Qinyan , Wang Dawei , Oeser Markus
Published: August 2017

Analyses of dynamic responses are significantly important for the design, maintenance and rehabilitation of asphalt pavement. In order to evaluate the dynamic responses of asphalt pavement under moving loads, a specific computational program, SAFEM, was developed based on a semi-analytical finite element method. This method is three-dimensional and only requires a two-dimensional FE discretization by incorporating Fourier series in the third dimension. In this paper, the algorithm to apply the dynamic analysis to SAFEM was introduced in detail. Asphalt pavement models under moving loads were built in the SAFEM and commercial finite element software ABAQUS to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the SAFEM. The verification shows that the computational accuracy of SAFEM is high enough and its computational time is much shorter than ABAQUS. Moreover, experimental verification was carried out and the prediction derived from SAFEM is consistent with the measurement. Therefore, the SAFEM is feasible to reliably predict the dynamic response of asphalt pavement under moving loads, thus proving beneficial to road administration in assessing the pavement’s state.
Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitory Activity of Components Isolated from Apios americana Medik
Authors: Kim Jang , Kim Hyo , Kang Si , Kim Young , Jin Chang
Published: August 2017

A new compound 1, 5-methoxy-2,5,7,4′-tetrahydroxy-coumaronochromone, along with seven known compounds (2–8), were isolated from Apios americana using open column chromatography. Their structures were established based on an analysis of 1D and 2D NMR, and MS spectra. Among these, two compounds 1 and 2 showed inhibitory activity on soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) at a concentration below 50 μM. The respective competitive (1) and mixed (2) inhibitors were revealed to have Ki values of 21.0 ± 0.8 and 14.5 ± 1.5 μM, based on the Dixon plot. The potential inhibitor (2) was visually presented in a predicted binding pose in the receptor by molecular docking. Additionally, molecular dynamics were performed for a detailed understanding of their complex by Gromacs 4.6.5 package.
Synthesis of Glycosides by Glycosynthases
Authors: Hayes Marc , Pietruszka Jörg
Published: August 2017

The many advances in glycoscience have more and more brought to light the crucial role of glycosides and glycoconjugates in biological processes. Their major influence on the functionality and stability of peptides, cell recognition, health and immunity and many other processes throughout biology has increased the demand for simple synthetic methods allowing the defined syntheses of target glycosides. Additional interest in glycoside synthesis has arisen with the prospect of producing sustainable materials from these abundant polymers. Enzymatic synthesis has proven itself to be a promising alternative to the laborious chemical synthesis of glycosides by avoiding the necessity of numerous protecting group strategies. Among the biocatalytic strategies, glycosynthases, genetically engineered glycosidases void of hydrolytic activity, have gained much interest in recent years, enabling not only the selective synthesis of small glycosides and glycoconjugates, but also the production of highly functionalized polysaccharides. This review provides a detailed overview over the glycosylation possibilities of the variety of glycosynthases produced until now, focusing on the transfer of the most common glucosyl-, galactosyl-, xylosyl-, mannosyl-, fucosyl-residues and of whole glycan blocks by the different glycosynthase enzyme variants.
Iodine Intakes of Victorian Schoolchildren Measured Using 24-h Urinary Iodine Excretion
Authors: Beckford Kelsey , Grimes Carley , Margerison Claire , Riddell Lynn , Skeaff Sheila , Nowson Caryl
Published: August 2017

Mandatory fortification of bread with iodized salt was introduced in Australia in 2009, and studies using spot urine collections conducted post fortification indicate that Australian schoolchildren are now replete. However an accurate estimate of daily iodine intake utilizing 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE μg/day) has not been reported and compared to the estimated average requirement (EAR). This study aimed to assess daily total iodine intake and status of a sample of primary schoolchildren using 24-h urine samples. Victorian primary school children provided 24-h urine samples between 2011 and 2013, from which urinary iodine concentration (UIC, μg/L) and total iodine excretion (UIE, μg/day) as an estimate of intake was determined. Valid 24-h urine samples were provided by 650 children, mean (SD) age 9.3 (1.8) years (n = 359 boys). The mean UIE of 4–8 and 9–13 year olds was 94 (48) and 111 (57) μg/24-h, respectively, with 29% and 26% having a UIE below the age-specific EAR. The median (IQR) UIC was 124 (83,172) μg/L, with 36% of participants having a UIC < 100 μg/L. This convenience sample of Victorian schoolchildren were found to be iodine replete, based on UIC and estimated iodine intakes derived from 24-h urine collections, confirming the findings of the Australian Health Survey.
Development and Evaluation of Topical Gabapentin Formulations
Authors: Martin Christopher , Alcock Natalie , Hiom Sarah , Birchall James
Published: August 2017

Topical delivery of gabapentin is desirable to treat peripheral neuropathic pain conditions whilst avoiding systemic side effects. To date, reports of topical gabapentin delivery in vitro have been variable and dependent on the skin model employed, primarily involving rodent and porcine models. In this study a variety of topical gabapentin formulations were investigated, including Carbopol® hydrogels containing various permeation enhancers, and a range of proprietary bases including a compounded Lipoderm® formulation; furthermore microneedle facilitated delivery was used as a positive control. Critically, permeation of gabapentin across a human epidermal membrane in vitro was assessed using Franz-type diffusion cells. Subsequently this data was contextualised within the wider scope of the literature. Although reports of topical gabapentin delivery have been shown to vary, largely dependent upon the skin model used, this study demonstrated that 6% (w/w) gabapentin 0.75% (w/w) Carbopol® hydrogels containing 5% (w/w) DMSO or 70% (w/w) ethanol and a compounded 10% (w/w) gabapentin Lipoderm® formulation were able to facilitate permeation of the molecule across human skin. Further pre-clinical and clinical studies are required to investigate the topical delivery performance and pharmacodynamic actions of prospective formulations.
Impact of Climate Change on Tourism on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Research Based on a Literature Review
Authors: Wang Ling-en , Zeng Yuxi , Zhong Linsheng
Published: August 2017

Irrespective of insights gained from previous studies on the impacts and adaptions associated with climate change; little consideration has been given to the effect of climate change on tourism on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Based on a conceptual framework of the impact of climate change on tourism in high-altitude regions; this paper reviews the literature pertaining to the effects of climate change on the natural characteristics of the QTP and it discusses the corresponding implications for tourism within the region. The findings show that the features of the QTP affected most by climate change comprise wetlands, glaciers, and the vegetation, wildlife, and climate resources. Accordingly, such effects could have considerable implications for related tourism activities. Climate change poses both challenges and opportunities for tourism development on the QTP. The information presented in this paper offers insight for tourism management on the QTP. Comprehensive measures involving all stakeholders should be taken to promote the sustainable development of tourism on the QTP, and to both mitigate the threats and exploit the opportunities related to climate change.
Integrating Topography and Soil Properties for Spatial Soil Moisture Storage Modeling
Authors: Xiang Xiaohua , Wu Xiaoling , Chen Xi , Song Qifeng , Xue Xianwu
Published: August 2017

The understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture and hydraulic property of soil is crucial to the study of hydrological and ecological processes. The purpose of this study was to derive equations that describe spatial soil water storage deficit based on topography and soil properties. This storage deficit together with the topographical index can be used to conclude the spatial distribution curve of storage capacity in a (sub-) basin for developing hydrological model. The established model was able to match spatial and temporal variations of water balance components (i.e., soil moisture content (SMC), evapotranspiration, and runoff) over the Ziluoshan basin. Explicit expression of the soil moisture storage capacity (SMSC) in the model reduced parameters, which provides a method for hydrological simulation in ungauged basins.
Spatio-Temporal Patterns of the 2010–2015 Extreme Hydrological Drought across the Central Andes, Argentina
Authors: Rivera Juan , Penalba Olga , Villalba Ricardo , Araneo Diego
Published: August 2017

During the period 2010–2015, the semi-arid Central Andes in Argentina (CAA) experienced one of the most severe and long-lasting hydrological droughts on record. Since the snowmelt is the most important source of water, the reduced snowfall over the mountains propagated the drought signal through the streamflows in the adjacent foothills east of the Andes ranges. Motivated by the widespread impacts on the socio-economic activities in the region, this study aims to characterize the recent hydrological drought in terms of streamflow deficits. Based on streamflow data from 20 basins, we used the standardized streamflow index (SSI) to characterize hydrological droughts during the period 1971–2016. We found that the regional extent of the 2010–2015 hydrological drought was limited to the basins located north of 38° S, with mean duration of 67 months and maximum drought severity exhibiting a heterogeneous pattern in terms of spatial distribution and time of occurrence. The drought event reached extreme conditions in 14 of the 15 basins in the CAA, being record-breaking drought in six of the basins. This condition was likely driven by a cooling in the tropical Pacific Ocean resembling La Niña conditions, which generated a decrease in snowfall over the Andes due to suppressed frontal activity.
Microseismic Monitoring of Hydraulic Fracturing – Data Interpretation Methodology with an Example from Pomerania
Authors: Antoszkiewicz Michał , Kmieć Mateusz , Szewczuk Paweł , Szkodo Marek , Jankowski Robert
Published: August 2017

Microseismic monitoring is a method for localizing fractures induced by hydraulic fracturing in search for shale gas. The aim of this paper is to conduct the data interpretation of the microseismic monitoring based on the results from Pom-erania region of Poland. The data has been collected from an array of geophones deployed on the surface. Ground vibrations have been recorded and analyzed for fracture location, magnitude and breakage mechanism. A velocity model of underlying formations has been used for successful microseismic monitoring. The model has been further tuned with signal from perfora-tion shots of known location. Imaging of events has been done using software MicSeis, which utilizes diffraction stacking of waveforms from multiple stations to image microseismic events with low signal-to-noise ratio. The imaging of microseismic events in MicSeis uses a grid search over all possible origin times and locations in the selected rock volume. The seismic moment tensors are automatically determined from the amplitudes from the grid search procedure and are used to model po-larities of events which then enhance constructive interference. Function characterizing a maximum stack per time sample have been calculated over whole volume and analyzed using the STA/LTA algorithm. Once the event has been detected in time, location has been determined through analysis of the 3D spatial image function. The procedure has been used to detect five events during hydraulic fracturing in Pomerania.
FTIR Spectra Analysis of Sediment Influenced by Acid Mine Drainage
Authors: Singovszka Eva , Balintova Magdalena
Published: August 2017

The contamination of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems with heavy metals and other mining chemicals have been major environmental problems in many mining areas of the world. Industrial wastes, geochemical structure and metals mining form a potential source of metal contaminants in the aquatic environment especially in sediment.
In Slovak Republic there are some localities with existing acid mine drainage (AMD) generation conditions. The most critical values were observed in the abandoned deposit Smolnik. Waters from the earth surface penetrated the mine and they are enriched with metals and their pH values decreased. Increasing of pH after their mixing with surface water has negative influence on accumulation of pollutants in sediment.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmittance spectroscopy for identification of changes of functions group in the sediment composition influenced by acid mine drainage. Chemical parameters of sediment quality were studied also by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF).
Modelling of Piezoelectric Transducers for Environmental Monitoring
Authors: Bazilo Constantine , Zagorskis Alvydas , Petrishchev Oleg , Bondarenko Yulia , Zaika Vasyl , Petrushko Yulia
Published: August 2017

World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as being “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Physical factors (noise, vibration, electromagnetic fields, ionized radiation, etc.) may have a negative influence on both the environment and the health of population. Piezoelectric sensors have been employed in different fields such as medical analysis, environmental monitoring, etc. The object of the research is piezoelectric sensors for environmental monitoring and their simulation. Currently, there are no reliable and valid methods of constructing of mathematical models of piezoelectric transducers, which could be used as a theoretical basis for calculating characteristics and parameters of this class of functional elements of modern piezoelectronics. In most papers the described methods of transformers simulation are mostly based on the use of equivalent electrical circuits and it does not allow analysing stress-strain state of solids with piezoelectric effects. The final goal of mathematical modelling of vibrating piezoelectric elements is a qualitative and quantitative description of characteristics and parameters of existing electrical and elastic fields. Physical processes in piezoelectric transducers which occur using axially symmetric radial oscillations of piezoceramic disk are considered.
Effect of Modification with FeCl3 and MgCl2 on Adsorption Characteristics of Woody Biochar
Authors: Chemerys Valeriia , Baltrėnaitė Edita
Published: August 2017

Due to high specific surface area, well-developed porous structure and surface functionality biochar has a potential for being used as low-cost adsorbent for adsorption of organic and inorganic contaminants from aqueous so-lutions. Higher adsorption capacity and selectivity for metals could be further developed after modification of proper-ties of biochar through physical (“designed biochar”) and chemical (“engineered biochar”) modification techniques. Wood waste of three types [aspen (Populus tremula L.), pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and fir (Picea abies L.)] were se-lected to produce the biochar under slow pyrolysis conditions at 450 °C for 2 h with the heating rate of 10 °C/min. Mg and Fe-particles, acting as potential sorption sites for adsorption of metals, were added into the biochar through modi-fication of the biochar with metal salts MgCl2 and FeCl3. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of chemi-cal modifications of woody biochar with MgCl2 and FeCl3 on the adsorption characteristics of the biochar. The engi-neered biochar with improved physico-chemical and sorptive properties was evaluated as potential adsorbent of metals from aqueous solutions. Such characteristics of the biochar, as density, porosity, pH, cation exchange capacity, elec-trical conductivity, moisture content, ash content, water holding capacity, total organic carbon were analyzed. Modifi-cations followed by increasing of moisture and ash content. While carrying out the future adsorption experiment, sig-nificantly decreased pH and electrical conductivity of the engineered biochar should be taken into account. Increased cation exchange capacity of the engineered biochar promotes enhanced adsorption of metals.
Researches of Aggressive Gas Flow Cleaning from Wood Ash Particu-late Matter in the Multi-Channel Cyclone
Authors: Chlebnikovas Aleksandras , Baltrėnas Pranas
Published: August 2017

The studies examined the gas flow aerodynamic parameters and treatment efficiency from the wood ash particulate matter, also an adhesion dependencies in multi-channel cyclone using aggressive gas flow – temperature up to 75 °C and relative humidity more than 95%. Researches of gas flow velocity and cyclone aerodynamic resistance in case of different average gas flow velocity in the cyclone and particle adhesion analysis inside the cyclone. Cyclones work is based on centrifugal forces and additionally resulting filtration process operation. Due to the interaction between inlet flow from the (peripheral) channel coming next and the flow following the direction towards the axis of the cyclone along the channel (transit), additional filtration takes place. Studies was carried out the prototype of multi-channel cy-clone, which is used with curvilinear quarter-rings with opening slot folded at an angle, so that the peripheral and transit flows are equal to each other. The aim – to determine the multi-channel cyclone aerodynamic parameters, and their dependencies, to make aggressive gas flow and to analyse the wood ash particles adhesion and its impact to multi-channel cyclone operation by occluding device's internal design. The average velocity of gas flow was equal to 8, 12 and 16 m/s, the highest aerodynamic resistance was equal to 410 Pa, which was determined in the case at 16 m/s. Based on experimental tests, PM which the diameter up to 20 microns, the gas cleaning efficiency is above 85% when inlet concentration was 5 g/m3.
Development of Compressive Strength of Slag Based Cement Mortars Exposed to an Aggressive Sulphate Environment
Authors: Estokova Adriana , Smolakova Michaela , Luptakova Alena
Published: August 2017

Sulfuric acid corrosion can cause severe damage to concrete and cement composites. There are a variety of approaches to enhancing the sustainability of concrete and mortar one of which is to enhance the durability of concrete using different cement replacement. Granulated blast furnace slag is used in mortar and concrete, as a partial replacement of Portland cement, and this use has resulted in significant savings in the cost of production of concrete. Moreover the use of conventional concrete is notoriously subject to durability and corrosion issues. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the compressive strength of cement mortars samples with cement partially replaced by blast furnace slag. The samples with different share of slag (65, 75, 85 and 95 wt.%) were exposed to a bacterial sulphate environment for 90 days. A decrease in compressive strengths of reference samples by 8% as well as an increase in compressive strengths of all slag-based sampless up to 95 % have been observed. Surface structure and chemical com-positions of cement mortars´ leachates confirmed a deterioration process under the microbial exposure of Acidithioba-cillus thiooxidans.
Benefits from Constructing a Dam Across the Vistula in Siarzewo in
Terms of Transport and Environmental Protection
Authors: Kempa Jan , Chmielewski Jacek , Bebyn Grzegorz
Published: August 2017

This paper presents the results of analyses that concern the benefits from the planned construction of a dam
across the Vistula in Siarzewo. The simulated transport model developed in the VISUM environment has been used to
determine the forecast traffic intensity, the value of traffic volume indices, transport activity, travel times of drivers and
passengers as well as the costs of environmental impact. The above-mentioned characteristics have enabled to determine
savings both in terms of traffic costs and environmental impacts resulting from the dam construction. The paper indicates
that the implementation of the investment project improves traffic conditions on the road network and reduces the
transport environmental impact in Kujawsko-Pomorskie Province. Moreover, it has been found that the revealed effects
concern in particular the first years after the launch of the project. The development of the road network diminishes the
role of the analysed investment project significantly.
Lignin from Hydrolyzed Wood By-Product as an Eco-Friendly
Emulsion Stabilizer
Authors: Livcha Sandra , Shulga Galia , Zhilinska Elina , Neiberte Brigita , Verovkins Anrijs , Vitolina Sanita , Viksna Arturs
Published: August 2017

Aspen sulfur-free soda lignin was obtained as a result of alkaline delignification of hydrolyzed sawdust, a by-product of
wood mechanical processing. The pre-hydrolysis of aspen sawdust was performed for enhancing the yield of lignin from the wood
residue as well as to decrease the energy consumption of its milling for obtaining a filler for composites. The obtained lignin was
characterized by a chemical composition, particle sizes and zeta potential values as well as by the surface-active properties at the
air-water and oil-water interfaces. The surface tension of the lignin solutions at the air-water interface decreases with dropping 34
values and increasing lignin concentration due to hydrophobization of the lignin macromolecules, which is strengthened in the
presence of a low molecular salt. The study of the obtained lignin as an emulsion stabilizer has shown that the O/W emulsion
stabilized with alkaline lignin solutions with a concentration less than 0.1% demonstrates the highest stability with the formed
smallest emulsion particles, having the highest negative charge, but the stabilization proceeds via the electrostatic mechanism. With
decreasing pH values and increasing lignin concentration in the emulsion, the stabilization mechanism is more complicated with a
growing role of steric factors.
Mathematical Investigation of Concrete Corrosion – a Sustainability Study
Authors: Ondrejka Harbulakova Vlasta , Estokova Adriana , Smolakova Michaela , Kovalcikova Martina
Published: August 2017

The issue of sustainability is a major spur to innovation in the flied of civil engineering where the important role is decreasing the detrimental effects on environment and save raw materials and energy. Micro silica is a by-product of the industrial manufacture of ferrosilicon and metallic silicon in high temperature electric arc furnaces and is used as an additive for improving concrete properties. The paper presents the results of chemical corrosion and bio-corrosion tests on concrete samples with 5% addition of microsilica as well as on concrete samples with only Portland cement. Chemical corrosion, simulated by sulphuric acid with pH of 4.2, and bio-corrosion, simulated by sulphur-oxidising bacteria Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, were investigated in terms of basic concrete’s elements leachability. Dissolved amounts of Si and Ca due to both chemical attack and biocorrosion were measured in the period of 3 months. The leaching trends were analysed using a mathematical approach for better interpretation of the results. The correlation analysis confirmed the different leaching trends comparing bio-corrosion and chemical corrosion processes. A high dependency was observed between leaching of Ca and Si from concretes prepared with ordinary cement. In case of concrete sample with microsilica addition no correlation was found out.
Heavy Metals Leaching of MSWI Bottom Ash:
Effect of Short-term Natural Weathering
Authors: Seniunaitė Jurgita , Vasarevičius Saulius
Published: August 2017

Municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI) is an important part of the waste management systems in many
European countries. Incineration process generates two main by-products: fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA). Bottom
ash is composed of a variety of oxides, heavy metals and salts. Landfilling of untreated (fresh) BA can cause soil, surface
and ground water contamination problems, because atmospheric precipitation in BA formed leachate, which contains
of various materials. In this study investigates the influence of natural weathering to heavy metals leaching from BA.
Leaching tests of bottom ash were carried out in 6 months, leachate samples were taken at 12 times (every 2 weeks).
Heavy metals (Pb, Cu) concentrations were determined by atomic adsorption of spectral analysis method. The research
shown, that the highest lead and copper concentration was determinated in 2 weeks weathered bottom ash leachate,
respectively was 0.613 mg l–1 and 0.068 mg l–1. In both cases the concentration of Pb (0.010–0.052 mg l–1) and Cu
(0.010-0.018 mg l–1) became almost stable after 12 weeks. Can be concluded, that short-term (3 months) natural weathering
is sufficient time for stabilise MSWI bottom ash and heavy metals (Cu and Pb) leaching. After 18–24 weeks heavy
metals concentrations stabilized and remained almost constant.
Comparison of NOx Emissions Decreasing Methods
for Biofuel Boilers
Authors: Sereika Titas , Buinevičius Kęstutis , Jančauskas Adolfas
Published: August 2017

The main idea of research is to figure out the emissions of nitrogen oxides reduction using various type of reduction
methods. In experiments were used NOx reduction methods: high CO emissions generation, flue gas recirculation, water and
water vapor supply, selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), and SNCR with flammable additive. This study presents emission
and combustion results obtained burning furniture production waste which generates higher rate of NOx emissions.
The result of research shows, that CO emission has the biggest impact factor -on reducing NOx emission. Burning fuel in
combustion zone with first and secondary air ratio (40/60) and using methods for higher generation CO emissions reached
3.000 mg/m3 which reduces NOx emissions up to 83%. Using selective non-catalytic reduction with traditional and flammable
additives reduction of NOx emissions reached up to 55%.
Prediction of Hydraulic Conductivity of Fly Ash Built-in
Mineral Sealing Layers
Authors: Wasil Mariola
Published: August 2017

Mineral barrier protects the groundwater and soil from contamination by insulating the leakage of harmful
substances from landfill. One of the most important parameters, which decides about usefulness of material to built-in
sealing layers, is hydraulic conductivity. Researchers have conducted investigations with the possibility of utilising fly
ash as a mineral sealing layer material, which is justified by its low permeability and other properties. It is known that
laboratory tests of hydraulic conductivity are often long-term and require expensive equipment. Therefore, to avoid this,
researchers trying to assess permeability of tested material with empirical or semi empirical formulas.
The aim of the paper is to compare the results of hydraulic conductivity of fly ash obtained from the laboratory tests and
from estimation using different empirical formulas. Fly ash was compacted by the Standard Proctor compaction method
at the optimum moisture content.
The results obtained from empirical equations were variable. It was observed that the Kozeny-Carman formula and
other, based on a few physical parameters of the soil, gave better results in prediction of hydraulic conductivity of fly
ash than equations based on only one parameter.
Efficiency of Removal of Iron, Manganese, Ammonium and Organic Matter from Groundwater
Authors: Albrektienė Ramunė , Rimeika Mindaugas
Published: August 2017

The acceptable concentrations in groundwater are usually in excess of iron, ammonium and manganese. These compounds are inefficiently removed by means of ordinary technologies of ammonium ions, iron and manganese compounds removal from groundwater (water aeration and filtration through granular filter fillings) where groundwater contains high concentrations of organic compounds. Increased concentrations of organic compounds in groundwater occur in well fields where exploited aquifers have contact with surface water wells and are supplemented with water from open water bodies. Such well field is located in the town of Nida (Lithuania). The norms permitted by Council directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption are exceeded by iron, ammonium, manganese and organic compounds in this well field. The present study examines the efficiency of drinking water treatment technology of three-stage filtration with aeration and insertion of coagulant (polyaluminum chloride) where ammonium ions, iron, manganese and organic compounds are removed from groundwater in an integral manner. Three fillings were used for filtration: quartz sand, zeolite and quartz sand with oxidizing bacteria. The drinking water treatment technology examined removes ammonium ions, iron, manganese and organic compounds from groundwater in an integral manner until the requirements of the norms of directive 98/83/EC are achieved.
Influence of Anykščiai City on Šventoji River Water Quality
Authors: Bagdžiūnaitė-Litvinaitienė Lina , Litvinaitis Andrius , Šaučiūnas Laurynas
Published: August 2017

Increasing migration of nutrients in the river water is a major factor in determining the quality of river water due to anthropogenic activities. In order to preserve the good water quality in rivers and other surface water bodies, it is necessary to take preventive measures that can be scientific water quality research and analysis. According to research carried out in kind, the article analyses the Anykščiai city as point source pollution, and the influence of it to the water quality of Šventoji river. Also, based on the statistical information a nutrient concentrations trend analysis of the meteorological and hydrological con-ditions influence was carried out. Investigations were carried out in July-September of 2016. Concentrations of ammonium (NH4-N), nitrite (NO2-N), nitrate (NO3-N), phosphate (PO4-P) and dissolved oxygen (O2) was analysed. In order to determine the impact of point source pollution on river water quality, the changes in concentration before and beyond Anykščiai city were evaluated, according to the meteorological and hydrological conditions. It was found that total nitrogen (Nb) and total phos-phorus (Pb) concentrations during the investigation period respectively, increases in 6% and 8%.
Investigating Recycled Filter Media in order to Remove Fluoride Compounds from Groundwater
Authors: Boussouga Youssef-Amine , Valentukeviciene Marina , Zurauskiene Ramune
Published: August 2017

In this article, an enhanced recycled filter media for the removal of fluoride compounds from groundwater via filtration process was investigated. Experiments were made to investigate the influence of recycled filter media on removal efficiency of fluoride compounds. The recycled backwash cake based filter media used at Lithuanian water works were inves-tigated in a pilot test-bench constructed for this research in the Water Management Laboratory of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University.
Influence of Values of Angle of Jet-joining on Non-uniformity
of Water Inflow Along the Path in Pressure
Collector-Pipeline
Authors: Cherniuk Volodymyr , Ivaniv Vasyl
Published: August 2017

Results of experimental investigation of the influence of values of the angle  at which jets join a pressure
pipeline on the non-uniformity of water inflow along the collector-pipeline (CP) are presented. The inner diameter D
of the CP is 11.28 mm, and the diameter d of the nozzles is 4.83 mm, d / D  0.428. Five CPs in which all the
nozzles had been installed at angles  , the latter was given the values of:  0 ;  45 ;  90 ;  135 ;  180 , where
investiguated. A CP in which in the initial segment the nozzles had been installed at the angle    0 , and in the
middle and terminal segment    180 has been also investigated. The greatest non-uniformity of the water inflow
along the CP was obtained for CPs with    90 , and the least one for CPs with diffrent values of the angle  . The
obtained results give us the reason to conclude that it is possible to adjust the non-uniformity of water inflow into a CP
by means of the method of selection of different values of angle  at which the jets join the CP.