bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of Rice Husk Gasifiers: Technology, Performance, and Sustainability
Authors: Khaung Tin Hlaing Htake , Thu Si , Maung Ko Ko
Published: July 2024

Pursuing sustainable energy solutions has increased interest in utilizing agricultural waste for energy generation. Among these waste materials, rice husk stands out due to its abundance and potential as a renewable energy source. Gasification, a thermochemical process converting biomass into valuable synthesis gas (syngas), offers a promising pathway for harnessing the energy content of rice husk. This systematic review presents a comprehensive analysis of rice husk gasification, focusing on technology, performance, and sustainability aspects. Drawing from a wide range of literature sources, including research studies, technical reports, and advancements in gasification techniques, the review aims to provide a holistic understanding of the field. The review elucidates the different gasifier technologies used for rice husk gasification, discusses performance metrics evaluating gasification efficiency, gas composition, and energy yield, and examines the sustainability implications of the technology. It also analyzes the influence of rice husk characteristics on gasification outcomes and identifies trends, innovations, and persistent challenges within the domain. This review improves rice husk gasification research by categorizing and synthesizing. Researchers, politicians, and industry stakeholders looking to understand the technology's potential and limitations might benefit from its findings. This evaluation helps guide decision-making and promote rice husk gasification innovations as the globe transitions to sustainable energy.
PENDAMPINGAN PENGEMBANGAN LABORATURIUM MULTIMEDIA DKV DI SMK 4 PRAFI MANOKWARI PAPUA BARAT
Authors: Muhammad Nibras Faiq , Suryadi Agung
Published: July 2024

Penelitian ini mengulas SMK 4 Prafi di Manokwari, Papua Barat, sebuah sekolah menengah kejuruan yang sukses terpilih sebagai bagian dari program SMK Pusat Keunggulan yang didukung oleh pemerintah. Fokus utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendokumentasikan dan menganalisis pelaksanaan program pengabdian di sekolah, yang secara khusus berorientasi pada bidang Desain Komunikasi Visual (DKV) kreatif multimedia. Kegiatan pengabdian mencakup pendampingan mendetail dalam administrasi dan pelaporan, aspek krusial yang menjamin kepatuhan dan efektivitas dalam penggunaan dana pemerintah. Penelitian ini mengamati bagaimana manajemen dan operasional program diimplementasikan di sekolah serta dampaknya terhadap peningkatan kualitas pendidikan dan kemampuan multimedia siswa. Hasil dari pengabdian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan wawasan penting mengenai kemajuan dalam pendidikan vokasional, dengan fokus khusus pada peningkatan kreativitas dan inovasi dalam pendidikan kejuruan. Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan rekomendasi bagi sekolah lain yang berkeinginan untuk mengadopsi program serupa, khususnya dalam hal manajemen dan pelaporan program secara efisien dan transparan.
PELATIHAN PENGENALAN HURUF MENGGUNAKAN WEBSITE ALPHABET DI POS PAUD ALAMANDA 105 JEMBER
Authors: Fitri Zilvanhisna Emka , Hasan Baharuddin , Madjid Abdul , Imron Arizal Mujibtamana Nanda
Published: July 2024

Perkembangan anak usia dini dapat dilihat dari proses pengembangan bahasa baik bahasa lisan maupun bahasa tulis. Aspek pengembangan bahasa anak meliputi pengenalan huruf, kata serta merangkai kata menjadi kalimat sederhana untuk menambah kosakata. Indikator dalam menganalisis kesulitan membaca anak terdiri dari kemampuan anak dalam membaca huruf vocal dan huruf konsonan, serta kelancaran anak dalam menirukan bunyi huruf. Website ALPHABET menjadi media pembelajaran alternatif pengenalan huruf yang menyenangkan serta membantu sekolah paud yang memiliki keterbatasan staf pengajar dan media pembelajaran. Terjadi peningkatan kemampuan siswa setelah pelatihan tersebut namun perlu adanya kegiatan pelatihan keberlanjutan untuk meningkatkan daya ingat anak mengingat konsentrasi anak mudah terganggu oleh kondisi di lingkungannya.
EDUKASI DAN BERMAIN KARTU UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERILAKU JAJANAN SEHAT PADA SISWA SD 02 AGAM 2024
Authors: Annazhifah  , Jovancha Vivia , Iqbal Muhammad , Kahfi Abdul , Yaslina  , Maidaliza
Published: July 2024

Perilaku jajan merupakan salah satu aktivitas yang selalu dilakukan anak sekolah. Perilaku jajan dapat menimbulkan masalah khusunya masalah kesehatan pada anak jika mereka mempunyai perilaku jajan yang tidak sehat. Oleh karena siswa sekolah dasar perlu diberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang perilaku jajan sehat sehingga pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan eduaksi jajan yang sehat pada siswa sekolah dasar. Metode kegiatan dilakukan dengan ceramah dan bermain kartu dan dilakukan post test. Pelaksanaan kegiatan dilakukan mulai dari tanggal 12 Desember 2023 sampai dengan 19 Januari 2024 yang dimulai dari tahap persiapan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi. Kegiatan dihadiri sebenayak 45 siswa dan hasilnya siswa telah memilki pengetahuan yang baik berkaitan perilaku jajan sehat dan didapatkan hasil post test  95% pengetahuan siswa tentang jajan adalah baik. Disimpulkan bahwa edukasi jajan sehat dengan kombinasi bermain kartu jajan dapat meningkatkan penegtahuan anak yang pada akhinya dapat merubah perilaku jajannya, sehingga disarankan kegiatan ini dapat dilakukan secara rutin oleh sekolah dibawah tanggung jawab Puskesmas.
Cortical Plasticity is associated with Blood-Brain-Barrier Modulation
Authors: Swissa Evyatar , Monsonego Uri , Yang Lynn T , Schori Lior , Kamintsky Lyna , Mirloo Sheida , Burger Itamar , Uzzan Sarit , Patel Rishi , Sudmant Peter H , Prager Ofer , Kaufer Daniela , Friedman Alon
Published: July 2024

Brain microvessels possess the unique properties of a blood-brain barrier (BBB), tightly regulating the passage of molecules from the blood to the brain neuropil and vice versa. In models of brain injury, BBB dysfunction and the associated leakage of serum albumin to the neuropil have been shown to induce pathological plasticity, neuronal hyper-excitability, and seizures. The effect of neuronal activity on BBB function and whether it plays a role in plasticity in the healthy brain remain unclear. Here we show that neuronal activity induces modulation of microvascular permeability in the healthy brain and that it has a role in local network reorganization. Combining simultaneous electrophysiological recording and vascular imaging with transcriptomic analysis in rats, and functional and BBB-mapping MRI in human subjects we show that prolonged stimulation of the limb induces a focal increase in BBB permeability in the corresponding somatosensory cortex that is associated with long-term synaptic plasticity. We further show that the increased microvascular permeability depends on neuronal activity and involves caveolae-mediated transcytosis and transforming growth factor beta signaling. Our results reveal a role of BBB modulation in cortical plasticity in the healthy brain, highlighting the importance of neurovascular interactions for sensory experience and learning.
Operation regimes of spinal circuits controlling locomotion and the role of supraspinal drives and sensory feedback
Authors: Rybak Ilya A , Shevtsova Natalia A , Markin Sergey N , Prilutsky Boris I , Frigon Alain
Published: July 2024

Locomotion in mammals is directly controlled by the spinal neuronal network, operating under the control of supraspinal signals and somatosensory feedback that interact with each other. However, the functional architecture of the spinal locomotor network, its operation regimes, and the role of supraspinal and sensory feedback in different locomotor behaviors, including at different speeds, remain unclear. We developed a computational model of spinal locomotor circuits receiving supraspinal drives and limb sensory feedback that could reproduce multiple experimental data obtained in intact and spinal-transected cats during tied-belt and split-belt treadmill locomotion. We provide evidence that the spinal locomotor network operates in different regimes depending on locomotor speed. In an intact system, at slow speeds (<0.4 m/s), the spinal network operates in a non-oscillating state-machine regime and requires sensory feedback or external inputs for phase transitions. Removing sensory feedback related to limb extension prevents locomotor oscillations at slow speeds. With increasing speed and supraspinal drives, the spinal network switches to a flexor-driven oscillatory regime and then to a classical half-center regime. Following spinal transection, the model predicts that the spinal network can only operate in the state-machine regime. Our results suggest that the spinal network operates in different regimes for slow exploratory and fast escape locomotor behaviors, making use of different control mechanisms.
Exchange Rate Depreciation and the Nigeria’s Agricultural and Industrial Sectors
Authors: Samuel Effiong Isaac, , Joel Isaac Okon, , Nnaemeka Peter Arinze, , Nwanneka Mmahi Odii,
Published: July 2024

This study examines the effect of exchange rate depreciation on the agricultural and industrial sectors of the Nigerian economy using annual data from 1981 to 2021 in an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The findings show that the effect of exchange rate depreciation on industrial and agricultural output was fairly similar. Exchange rate depreciation, inflation, interest rate, and government expenditure have negative effects on industrial output in the short run and positive effects in the long run. Similarly, past agricultural output, exchange rate depreciation, and government expenditure have negative effects on agricultural output in the short run and a positive effect in the long run. Inflation also has a long-term positive effect on agricultural output. Government expenditure had the most substantial long-run effect on industrial and agricultural output. The study shows the need to manage high exchange rate volatility to facilitate realistic forecasts and sound production decisions in the agricultural and industrial sectors. The findings of this study underscore the importance of considering both short-run dynamics and long-run adjustments in understanding the effects of exchange rate depreciation and other economic variables on the industrial and agricultural sectors.
Correlation and Path Analysis in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)
Authors: Abha Ruchika , Meena M. L.
Published: July 2024

This study, conducted at Horticultural Research Farm of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India, over 2020-21 and 2021-22, aimed to examine coefficient of correlation and direct and indirect effects of yield contributing traits on economic yield among 30 diverse cowpea genotypes. The research employed a Randomized Block Design (R.B.D.) with three replications, assessing twenty-six quantitative traits. Genotypic correlations exceeded phenotypic correlations, underscoring genetic influence over environmental factors. Key findings included plant height's positive correlation with branches per plant and days to first flowering, while negatively correlating with nodes on main branches and pod diameter. Traits such as number of pods per plant and average pod weight showed strong positive correlations with pod yield, highlighting their importance in breeding programs. Path coefficient analysis revealed significant positive direct effects on pod yield per plant from traits including plant height, branches per plant, and average pod weight. Indirect effects through traits like days to first flowering and non-reducing sugars also contributed to pod yield. These insights into trait correlations and effects are crucial for developing superior cowpea genotypes with enhanced yield and agronomic traits. The findings emphasize the importance of genetic variability in breeding programs, enabling the selection of superior genotypes to improve cowpea productivity.
Seeds of Change: Exploring Plant-based Livelihood Diversification for the Poultry Sector in India
Authors: Sharma Shivam Kumar , Chatterjee Debajyoti , Mehrotra Varda
Published: July 2024

Poultry farming is a cornerstone of India’s agricultural sector, providing livelihoods for millions. However, the industry faces disease outbreaks, birds' and humans' health welfare concerns, and environmental challenges. To formulate a sustainable resolution, this review explores livelihood diversification within the Indian poultry farming sector. It  examines current practices, opportunities, and obstacles, providing insights into sustainable agricultural practices and rural development strategies. By studying socio-economic factors, emerging trends in agrarian entrepreneurship, and the impact of diversification on rural  livelihoods, the paper offers comprehensive recommendations for policymakers, stakeholders, and practitioners. This review also employs a multidimensional approach, utilizing qualitative and quantitative research case studies to present a holistic understanding of diversification in the Indian poultry sector. It aims to foster resilience among poultry farmers through practical recommendations and policy implications, promoting sustainable development and diversified livelihoods.
Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Zakat Fund Distribution Program by BAZNAS West Kalimantan (2019 - 2023)
Authors: Putri Helmalea , Mubaraq Abd , Bustami
Published: July 2024

This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Zakat, Infaq and Sedekah (ZIS) fund distribution program by BAZNAS West Kalimantan in improving the welfare of beneficiary communities during the 2019-2023 period. Using a secondary data analysis approach, data was obtained from BAZNAS annual reports, government publications, scientific articles and other sources. Qualitative research methods with descriptive analysis were used to evaluate the effectiveness of ZIS fund distribution based on the ACR (Allocation to Collection Ratio) ratio in the Zakat Core Principle model. The research results show that ZIS fund collection experienced fluctuations during this period, with fund distribution always reaching 100% of the funds collected each year. The ACR ratio which consistently reaches 100% shows that BAZNAS West Kalimantan is very effective in distributing ZIS funds. The ZIS fund distribution program has a positive impact on community welfare, especially in access to education and health, although the long-term impact on economic empowerment still requires improvement. The success of the program is influenced by the quality of BAZNAS management, community participation, government support, and collaboration with various institutions. Recommendations for increasing effectiveness include strengthening economic empowerment, increasing transparency and accountability, improving program management, collaborating with external parties, and regularly evaluating program impacts. This research provides recommendations for improving the ZIS fund distribution program, with the hope that ZIS fund management can be more optimal and precise the target is to improve the welfare of the beneficiary communities in West Kalimantan.
Mesothelioma and employment in massachusetts: Analysis of cancer registry data 1988–2003
Authors: Roelofs Cora R. , Kernan Gabriela J. , Davis Letitia K. , Clapp Richard W. , Hunt Phillip R.
Published: June 2013

Background

Cancer registries can be used to monitor mesothelioma cases and to identify occupations and industries previously and newly associated with mesothelioma‐causing asbestos exposure by using standard registry data on the “usual” occupation and industry of the case.

Methods

We used the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Standardized Occupational Industry Coding Software to code 564 mesothelioma cases for occupation and 543 for industry of the 1,424 incident mesothelioma in the Massachusetts Cancer Registry from 1988 to 2003. Additionally, we coded the occupation and industry of 80,184 comparison cancer cases (35% of comparison cases in our database). These were used to compute Standardized Morbidity Odds Ratios (SMORs).

Results

Seventeen occupations and 11 industries had statistically significant elevated SMORs for mesothelioma. Occupations and industries historically associated with mesothelioma remained elevated in these results. However, we also found statistically significant elevated SMORs for several occupations and industries for which there was previously weak or no association such as chemical engineers, machine operators, and automobile mechanics and machine manufacturing, railroads, and the U.S. Postal Service.

Conclusions

Incident cases of mesothelioma do not appear to be declining in Massachusetts, as legacy exposures to asbestos continue to produce cases in individuals involved in shipbuilding and construction. Exposures in occupations and industries not previously associated with mesothelioma also contribute cases. Cancer registries, with improved data collection, should continue to be monitored for mesothelioma cases and asbestos exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:985–992, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extensive morphological and immunohistochemical characterization in myotubular myopathy
Authors: Shichiji Minobu , Biancalana Valérie , Fardeau Michel , Hogrel Jean‐Yves , Osawa Makiko , Laporte Jocelyn , Romero Norma Beatriz
Published: June 2013

The X‐linked myotubular myopathy (XLMTM) also called X‐linked centronuclear myopathy is a rare congenital myopathy due to mutations in the MTM1 gene encoding myotubularin. The disease gives rise to a severe muscle weakness in males at birth. The main muscle morphological characteristics (significant number of small muscle fibers with centralized nuclei and type 1 fiber predominance) are usually documented, but the sequence of formation and maintenance of this particular morphological pattern has not been extensively characterized in humans. In this study, we perform a reevaluation of morphological changes in skeletal muscle biopsies in severe XLMTM. We correlate the pathologic features observed in the muscle biopsies of 15 newborns with MTM1‐mutations according to the “adjusted‐age” at the time of muscle biopsy, focusing on sequential analysis in the early period of the life (from 34 weeks of gestation to 3 months of age). We found a similar morphological pattern throughout the period analyzed; the proportion of myofibers with central nuclei was high in all muscle biopsies, independently of the muscle type, the age of the newborns at time of biopsy and the specific MTM1 mutation. We did not observe a period free of morphological abnormalities in human skeletal muscle as observed in myotubularin‐deficient mouse models. In addition, this study demonstrated some features of delayed maturation of the muscle fibers without any increase in the number of satellite cells, associated with a marked disorganization of the muscle T‐tubules and cytoskeletal network in the skeletal muscle fibers.
A New Approach to the Design of Neutral 10‐C‐5 Trigonal‐Bipyramidal Carbon Compounds: A “π‐Electron Cap” Effect
Authors: Sidorkin Valery F. , Doronina Evgeniya P. , Belogolova Elena F.
Published: June 2013

DFT (B3LYP, M06‐2X) and MP2 methods are applied to the design of a wide series of the potentially 10‐C‐5 neutral compounds based on 6‐azabicyclotetradecanes: XC1(YCH2CH2CH2)3N 1–3, XC1(YC6H4CH2)3N 4–6, XC1[Y(tBuC6H3)CH2]3N 7–9 and carbatranophanes magnified image
10–25 (X=Me, F, Cl; Y=O, NH, CH2, SiH2; Z=O, CH2, (CH2)2, (CH2)3). Carbatranophanes 10–25 are characterized by a sterical compression of their axial 3c–4e XC1←N fragment with respect to that in the parent molecules 4–6. A magnitude of the revealed effect depends on a valence surrounding of the central carbon atom C1, the size and the nature of the side chains (Z) that link the “π‐electron cap” with a tetradecane backbone. This circumstance allowed us to obtain 10‐C‐5 structures with the configuration of the bonds around the C1 atom, which corresponds to practically an ideal trigonal bipyramid. In these compounds, the values of the covalence ratio χ of approximately 0.6 for the coordination C1←N contacts with a covalent contribution (atoms in molecules (AIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO)) are record in magnitude. These values lie close to a low limit of the interval of the χSi←D change (0.6–0.9) being characteristic of the dative and ionic‐covalent (by nature) Si←D bond (D=N, O) in the known 10‐Si‐5 silicon compounds.
The effect of hospitableness and servicescape on guest satisfaction in the hotel industry
Authors: Ariffin Ahmad Azmi M. , Nameghi Ehsaneh Nejad , Zakaria Noor Izyana
Published: June 2013

This paper aims to investigate the influence of hotel hospitality on hotel guest satisfaction along with the moderating effect of the hotel servicescape on the relationship between hospitality and satisfaction. In this preliminary study, which involved 403 hotel guests in Malaysia, we employed a questionnaire survey as the main method of data collection. The structural equation modelling (CFA) used to assess the model revealed a good fit. A hierarchical moderated regression analysis was performed and showed statistical support for the positive influence of hotel hospitality on guest satisfaction as well as a positive moderating effect of servicescape. Copyright © 2013 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic Inhibitor Binding to the Papain‐Like Protease of Human SARS Coronavirus: Mechanistic and Inhibitor Design Implications
Authors: Lee Hyun , Cao Shuyi , Hevener Kirk E. , Truong Lena , Gatuz Joseph L. , Patel Kavankumar , Ghosh Arun K. , Johnson Michael E.
Published: June 2013

We previously developed two potent chemical classes that inhibit the essential papain‐like protease (PLpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. In this study, we applied a novel approach to identify small fragments that act synergistically with these inhibitors. A fragment library was screened in combination with four previously developed lead inhibitors by fluorescence‐based enzymatic assays. Several fragment compounds synergistically enhanced the inhibitory activity of the lead inhibitors by approximately an order of magnitude. Surface plasmon resonance measurements showed that three fragments bind specifically to the PLpro enzyme. Mode of inhibition, computational solvent mapping, and molecular docking studies suggest that these fragments bind adjacent to the binding site of the lead inhibitors and further stabilize the inhibitor‐bound state. We propose potential next‐generation compounds based on a computational fragment‐merging approach. This approach provides an alternative strategy for lead optimization for cases in which direct co‐crystallization is difficult.
Hypothalamic Neurosecretory and Circadian Vasopressinergic Neuronal Systems in the Blind Cone‐Rod Homeobox Knockout Mouse (Crx−/−) and the 129sv Wild‐Type Mouse
Authors: Rovsing Louise , Rath Martin Fredensborg , Møller Morten
Published: June 2013

Vasopressin (AVP) is both a neuroendocrine hormone located in magnocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus of mammals but also a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the parvocellular suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN is the endogenous clock of the brain and exhibits a prominent circadian AVP rhythm. We have in this study of the brown 129sv mouse and the visual blind cone–rod homeobox gene knock out mouse (Crx−/−) with degeneration of the retinal rods and cones, but a preserved non‐image forming optic system, studied the temporal Avp expression in both the neurosecretory magnocellular and parvocellular vasopressinergic systems in both genotypes. We here present a detailed mapping of all classical hypothalamopituitary and accessory magnocellular nuclei and neurons in the hypothalamus by use of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in both genotypes. Semiquantitative in situ hybridization revealed a very high expression of Avp mRNA in all the magnocellular nuclei compared with a much lower level in the parvocellular suprachiasmatic nucleus. In a series of mice killed every 4 hours, the Avp mRNA expression in the SCN showed a significant daily rhythm with a zenith at late day time and nadir during the dark in both the Crx−/− and the wild type mouse. None of the magnocellular neurosecretory neurons exhibited a diurnal vasopressin expression. Light stimulation of both genotypes during the dark period did not change the Avp expression in the SCN. This shows that Avp expression in the mouse SCN is independent of Crx‐regulated photoreceptor systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4061–4074, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A methodology for assessing the predictable behaviour of mobile users in wireless networks
Authors: Marin Radu‐Corneliu , Dobre Ciprian , Xhafa Fatos
Published: June 2013

The analysis of the predictability of human behaviour is an emerging topic in the ubiquitous computing community. Recent endeavours in studying the human behaviour are either based on synthetic models or on real mobile user traces, but what they are mainly focusing on is location: discovering travel patterns or anticipating the whereabouts of mobile users. We extend the analysed context by studying the wireless behaviour of mobile users: interactions with both peers and network devices in academic and office environments. We propose a methodology and a set of guidelines to assess and aid in analysing wireless mobile traces. We prove that the human behaviour is predictable when the studied traced sets are convergent, complete and correct, and we obtain a surprising invariability in interacting with wireless access points, as we are able to pinpoint a wireless user to one of two locations at any specific hour. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation of Toluene and Other Examples of CH Bond Activation by CdO2 and ZnO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Lingampalli S. R. , Gupta Uttam , Gautam Ujjal K. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: June 2013

Nanoparticles of CdO2 and ZnO2 are shown to oxidize toluene primarily to benzaldehyde in the 160–180 °C range, around which temperature the nanoparticles decompose to give the oxides. The product selectivity and other features of the reaction are explained taking into account the various byproducts formed in the reaction. These metal peroxides also activate the CH bonds of cyclohexane. It is possible to bring down the reaction temperature by partially substituting the Zn in ZnO2 with Ni.
Determination of phenylethanoid glycosides and iridoid glycosides from therapeutically used Plantago species by CE‐MEKC
Authors: Gonda Sándor , Nguyen Nhat Minh , Batta Gyula , Gyémánt Gyöngyi , Máthé Csaba , Vasas Gábor
Published: June 2013

CE methods are valuable tools for medicinal plant quality management, screening, and analysis. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to optimize and validate a CE‐MEKC method for simultaneous quantification of four chief bioactive metabolites from Plantago species. The two most important secondary metabolite groups were aimed to be separated. Different electrolyte and surfactant types were tested. Surfactant concentration, BGE pH, electrolyte concentration, and buffering capacity were optimized. The final BGE consisted of 15 mM sodium tetraborate, 20 mM TAPS, and 250 mM DOC at pH 8.50. Acceptable precision, good stability, and accuracy were achieved, with high resolution for phenylethanoid glycosides. Analytes were separated within 20 min. The method was shown to be suitable for the quantification of the iridoid glycosides aucubin and catalpol, and the phenylethanoid glycosides acteoside (verbascoside) and plantamajoside from water extracts of different samples. The method was shown to be applicable to leaf extracts of Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major, and Plantago asiatica, the main species with therapeutic applications, and a biotechnological product, plant tissue cultures (calli) of P. lanceolata. Baseline separation of the main constituents from minor peaks was achieved, regardless of the matrix type.
Phase Stability of a Triglyceride/Alcohol/Catalytic‐Surfactant System in Transesterification
Authors: Nawaratna Gayan I. , Rooney William L. , Leonhardt Christina , Fernando Sandun D.
Published: June 2013

Ternary phase diagrams were developed to discern the phase stability of triglyceride (soybean oil)/alcohol/catalytic‐surfactant (metal alkoxide with an analogous alkyl group to alcohol) system. The objective was to elucidate the effect of the catalytic surfactant on making the alcohol/oil immiscible phases miscible in each other and in turn how this phase stabilization translates into transesterification catalysis. The effects of 1) degree of titanium alkoxide polymerization and 2) hydrocarbon tail length and chirality on the phase stability of the alcohol/oil system were studied. It was observed that higher levels of titanium alkoxide polymerization reduced the ability of these alkoxides to emulsify oil/alcohol emulsions while longer chain lengths increased their emulsification ability. An interesting observation was that at high enough concentrations of titanium alkoxide that brought the system to a stable single phase, the transesterification reaction occurred autonomously at room temperature.
Finance: First‐Quarter Results Show Positive Effects of Low Interest Rates
Authors: Scheig Gregory E. , Lucas Christopher C.
Published: June 2013

The US stock market, as represented by the S&P 500 on an aggregate basis, has recently moved into record highs, surpassing its peaks attained in 2000 and in 2007 from the deep recession of 2009.
Wnt drives stem cell-mediated repair response after hepatic injury
Authors: Nejak-Bowen Kari N. , Monga Satdarshan P.S.
Published: June 2013

Huch M, Dorrell C, Boj SF, van Es JH, Li VS, van de Wetering M, et al. In vitro expansion of single Lgr5+ liver stem cells induced by Wnt-driven regeneration. Nature 2013;494:247-250. (Reprinted with permission.)

The Wnt target gene Lgr5 (leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5) marks actively dividing stem cells in Wnt-driven, self-renewing tissues such as small intestine and colon, stomach and hair follicles. A three-dimensional culture system allows long-term clonal expansion of single Lgr5+ stem cells into transplantable organoids (budding cysts) that retain many characteristics of the original epithelial architecture. A crucial component of the culture medium is the Wnt agonist RSPO1, the recently discovered ligand of LGR5. Here we show that Lgr5-lacZ is not expressed in healthy adult liver, however, small Lgr5-LacZ+ cells appear near bile ducts upon damage, coinciding with robust activation of Wnt signalling. As shown by mouse lineage tracing using a new Lgr5-IRES-creERT2 knock-in allele, damage-induced Lgr5+ cells generate hepatocytes and bile ducts in vivo. Single Lgr5+ cells from damaged mouse liver can be clonally expanded as organoids in Rspo1-based culture medium over several months. Such clonal organoids can be induced to differentiate in vitro and to generate functional hepatocytes upon transplantation into Fah−/− mice. These findings indicate that previous observations concerning Lgr5+ stem cells in actively self-renewing tissues can also be extended to damage-induced stem cells in a tissue with a low rate of spontaneous proliferation.
The establishment and expansion of an innovative centre for rational pharmacotherapy—determinants and challenges
Authors: Kardakis Therese , Tomson Göran , Wettermark Björn , Brommels Mats , Godman Brian , Bastholm‐Rahmner Pia
Published: June 2013

Introduction

The regional Board of Health in Stockholm, Sweden, established the Pharmacotherapy Centre (PTC) to enhance the rational use of medicines. The PTC initiated computerised decision support systems and developed a range of electronic service products to sustain rational prescribing. However, knowledge about which determinants have supported or hindered the sustainability of this type of healthcare organisation is limited.

Objective

This study aims to identify and explore determinants that support or challenge the development and sustainability of the PTC organisation, as well as investigate the key elements of their implementation efforts.

Methods

An in‐depth interview study among key informants involved in the establishment of the PTC organisation was conducted. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

Findings suggest that determinants enabling the development and expansion of this organisation include the presence of innovative characteristics among the PTC leadership and the ability of leaders to nurture visionary innovation in others, as well as the instigation of informal social networks and to identify end‐user needs. Challenges included an ambiguous relationship to the pharmaceutical industry, an underestimation of the innovation‐system fit and to undertake systematic evaluation of created impact by the organisation. Although prescriber use of electronic service products and adherence to an essential drug list increased over time, it remains difficult to identify methods required for demonstrating patient effects.

Conclusion

Whereas some determinants enabled the successful expansion of the PTC organisation, others served to substantially hinder it. The determinants identified can pave the way for systematic investigations into organisational change and development research in the pharmaceutical field. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE PREDICTABILITY OF AGGREGATE CONSUMPTION GROWTH IN OECD COUNTRIES: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS
Authors: Everaert Gerdie , Pozzi Lorenzo
Published: June 2013

We examine aggregate consumption growth predictability. We derive a dynamic consumption equation which encompasses relevant predictability factors: habit formation, intertemporal substitution, current income consumption and non‐separabilities between private consumption and both hours worked and government consumption. We estimate this equation for a panel of 15 OECD countries over the period 1972–2007, taking into account parameter heterogeneity, endogeneity and error cross‐sectional dependence using a GMM version of the common correlated effects mean group estimator. Small‐sample properties are demonstrated using Monte Carlo simulations. The estimation results support income growth as the only variable with significant predictive power for aggregate consumption growth. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Membrane microreactors for catalytic reactions
Authors: Tan Xiaoyao , Li K.
Published: June 2013

Membrane microreactors (MMRs) combine the advantages of membrane separation and microreactors such as high area/volume ratio, enhanced mass and/or heat transfer, improved catalytic efficiency without equilibrium limitation, good operational safety and design flexibility. This article presents a short review of recent developments in MMRs and in particular highlights their applications in catalytic processing. The structure and fabrication of MMRs, the incorporation of catalysts with membranes, the flow characteristics as well as their applications in a variety of catalytic processes are presented. The prospects and challenges of MMRs in catalytic processing are also presented and discussed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Vertical structure of ice cloud layers from CloudSat and CALIPSO measurements and comparison to NICAM simulations
Authors: Ham Seung‐Hee , Sohn Byung‐Ju , Kato Seiji , Satoh Masaki
Published: June 2013

The shape of the vertical profile of ice cloud layers is examined using 4 months of CloudSat and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) global measurements taken on January, April, July, and October 2007. Ice clouds are selected using temperature profiles when the cloud base is located above the 253 K temperature level. The obtained ice water content (IWC), effective radius, or extinction coefficient profiles are normalized by their layer mean values and are expressed in the normalized vertical coordinate, which is defined as 0 and 1 at the cloud base and top heights, respectively. Both CloudSat and CALIPSO observations show that the maximum in the IWC and extinction profiles shifts toward the cloud bottom, as the cloud depth increases. In addition, clouds with a base reaching the surface in a high‐latitude region show that the maximum peak of the IWC and extinction profiles occurs near the surface, which is presumably due to snow precipitation. CloudSat measurements show that the seasonal difference in normalized cloud vertical profiles is not significant, whereas the normalized cloud vertical profile significantly varies depending on the cloud type and the presence of precipitation. It is further examined if the 7 day Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) simulation results from 25 December 2006 to 1 January 2007 generate similar cloud profile shapes. NICAM IWC profiles also show maximum peaks near the cloud bottom for thick cloud layers and maximum peaks at the cloud bottom for low‐level clouds near the surface. It is inferred that oversized snow particles in the NICAM cloud scheme produce a more vertically inhomogeneous IWC profile than observations due to quick sedimentation.
Simulated Arctic atmospheric feedbacks associated with late summer sea ice anomalies
Authors: Rinke A. , Dethloff K. , Dorn W. , Handorf D. , Moore J. C.
Published: June 2013

The coupled regional climate model HIRHAM‐NAOSIM is used to investigate feedbacks between September sea ice anomalies in the Arctic and atmospheric conditions in autumn and the subsequent winter. A six‐member ensemble of simulations spanning the period 1949–2008 is analyzed. The results show that negative Arctic sea ice anomalies are associated with increased heat and moisture fluxes, decreased static stability, increased lower tropospheric moisture, and modified baroclinicity, synoptic activity, and atmospheric large‐scale circulation. The circulation changes in the following winter display meridionalized flow but are not fully characteristic of a negative Arctic Oscillation pattern, though they do support cold winter temperatures in northern Eurasia. Internally generated climate variability causes significant uncertainty in the simulated circulation changes due to sea ice‐atmosphere interactions. The simulated atmospheric feedback patterns depend strongly on the position and strength of the regional sea ice anomalies and on the analyzed time period. The strongest atmospheric feedbacks are related to sea ice anomalies in the Beaufort Sea. This work suggests that there are complex feedback mechanisms that support a statistical link between reduced September sea ice and Arctic winter circulation. However, the feedbacks depend on regional and decadal variations in the coupled atmosphere‐ocean‐sea ice system.
Experimental evaluation and prediction of forming limit of FSW blanks made of AA 6061 T6 sheets at different weld orientations and weld locations
Authors: Ramulu P. J. , Narayanan R. G.
Published: June 2013

The main objective of the present work is to predict the forming limit of friction stir welded (FSW) sheets made of AA 6061T6, having different weld orientations, weld locations, and made at two different welding speeds. The predicted forming limit curves (FLCs) are validated with experimental FLCs. The thickness gradient based necking criterion (TGNC) and major strain‐rate ratio based necking criterion (MSRC) are used to predict the forming limit. The significance of single zone model and double zone model in FLC prediction is discussed. A decrease in hardness is witnessed in the weld zone as compared to base material. With increase in shoulder diameter and decrease in rotational speed, hardness has improved in the weld zone. The forming limit predictions of un‐welded sheets and FSW sheets coincide well with experimental results. The predicted FLCs of FSW sheets from TGNC and MSRC are equally accurate as compared to experimental FLCs in all the weld locations. Both TGNC and MSRC predict almost the same forming limit in 90° weld orientation, while TGNC showed better prediction in 45° weld orientation. FSW sheets with double zone models show better prediction accuracy than single zone models in most of the cases, except in the case of weld at centre location and at longitudinal orientation. There is only slight deviation between single zone and double zone model predictions. The failure location and failure pattern predictions are also agreeing well with the experimental FLCs.
Approach to determine stress strain curves by FEM supported nanoindentation
Authors: Bobzin K. , Bagcivan N. , Theiß S. , Brugnara R. , Perne J.
Published: June 2013

Nanoindentation is an often used method to characterize the hardness and the elastic modulus of thin coatings. Finding a method to determine the flow curve of thin coatings using analytical or numerical methods is one goal of actual nanoindenter research. In this work an approach is presented to determine the flow curve of materials using nanoindentation and finite element simulation (FEM). This method uses a FEM model of the indentation process. The determination of the flow curve is achieved by iteratively comparing experimental and simulated load‐displacement curves and adapting the modelled plastic behaviour until both curves match. Analytical methods are used to determine boundary conditions for the flow curve and therefore reduce the number of possible solutions. The method is validated on material samples with known flow curves. The forecasted flow curves uniformly show good agreement with experimental measured flow curves. A critical discussion of the results and the future prospects is made.
Predictive factors of outcome in primary cervical dystonia following pallidal deep brain stimulation
Authors: Witt Jennifer L. , Moro Elena , Ash Rima S. , Hamani Clement , Starr Philip A. , Lozano Andres M. , Hodaie Mojgan , Poon Yu‐Yan , Markun Leslie C. , Ostrem Jill L.
Published: June 2013

Background

Improvement after bilateral globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation (DBS) in primary generalized dystonia has been negatively associated with disease duration and age, but no predictive factors have been identified in primary cervical dystonia (CD).

Methods

Patients treated with bilateral globus pallidus internus DBS for primary CD from 2 DBS centers with preoperative and postoperative Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scales (TWSTRS) were studied retrospectively to explore possible predictors of response.

Results

Patients showed significantly improved TWSTRS total and severity scores (n = 28, mean 55.6% and 50.8%, respectively, both P < .001). Patients with lateral shift at baseline had less improvement in TWSTRS severity subscores (P = .02). No correlations between outcomes and disease duration, age at dystonia onset or surgery, baseline scores, or other included variables were found.

Conclusions

Although this is the largest study supporting efficacy of bilateral pallidal DBS in primary CD, no major clinical predictive outcomes of surgical benefit were identified. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Circulating cortisol‐associated signature of glucocorticoid‐related gene expression in subcutaneous fat of obese subjects
Authors: Pavlatou Maria G. , Vickers Kasey C. , Varma Sudhir , Malek Rana , Sampson Maureen , Remaley Alan T. , Gold Philip W. , Skarulis Monica C. , Kino Tomoshige
Published: June 2013

Objective:

Serum cortisol concentrations fluctuate in a circadian fashion, and glucocorticoids exert strong effects on adipose tissue and induce obesity through the glucocorticoid receptor.

Design and Methods:

To examine the impact of physiologic levels of circulating cortisol on subcutaneous adipose tissue, 25 overweight and obese subjects were employed, and their serum levels of morning (AM) and evening (PM) cortisol, AM/PM cortisol ratios, and 24‐h urinary‐free cortisol (UFC) were compared with their clinical parameters, serum cytokine levels, and mRNA expression of 93 receptor action‐regulating and 93 glucocorticoid‐responsive genes in abdominal subcutaneous fat.

Results and Conclusions:

AM cortisol levels did not correlate with mRNA expression of the all genes examined, whereas PM cortisol levels, AM/PM cortisol ratios, and 24‐h UFC were associated with distinct sets of these genes. Body mass index did not significantly correlate with the four cortisol parameters employed. These results suggest that physiologic levels of AM serum cortisol do not solely represent biological effects of circulating cortisol on the expression of glucocorticoid‐related genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue, whereas PM levels, amplitude, and net amounts of the diurnally fluctuating serum cortisol have distinct effects. Through the genes identified in this study, glucocorticoids appear to influence intermediary metabolism, energy balance, inflammation, and local circadian rythmicity in subcutaneous fat. Our results may also explain in part the development of metabolic abnormality and obesity in subjects under stress or patients with melancholic/atypical depression who demonstrate elevated levels of PM serum cortisol.
Binge eating behavior among a national sample of overweight and obese veterans
Authors: Higgins Diana M. , Dorflinger Lindsey , MacGregor Kristin L. , Heapy Alicia A. , Goulet Joseph L. , Ruser Christopher
Published: June 2013

Objective:

Despite the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in the US military veterans, binge eating has not been examined in this population.

Design and Methods:

Using a secondary data analysis approach, the prevalence and correlates of self‐reported binge eating among 45,477 overweight or obese veterans receiving care in Veterans Health Administration facilities were examined. Participants completed a 23‐item survey that assessed demographics, weight history, physical and mental health comorbidities, and eating habits during routine medical clinic visits. χ2 and logistic regression were used to examine the relationships among binge eating and demographic variables and medical and psychiatric comorbidities.

Results:

Nearly, three‐quarters of the sample reported clinically meaningful binge eating (i.e., two or more times per week). Binge‐eaters were more likely to report higher body mass index, depression, anxiety, and type 2 diabetes (P <0.0001). After controlling for potentially confounding variables, male veterans were significantly more likely to report clinically meaningful binge eating than female veterans (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

These results have important implications for modifying weight management programs and highlight the need for the assessment and treatment to address binge eating, particularly among men and patients with type 2 diabetes.
A clinical model of obesity treatment is more effective in preschoolers and Spanish speaking families
Authors: Haemer Matthew A. , Ranade Daksha , Barón Anna E. , Krebs Nancy F.
Published: June 2013

Objective:

Preschool and minority children have not been well represented in obesity treatment studies. This analysis of clinical obesity treatment was carried out within a diverse population of children 2‐12 years to identify demographic characteristics associated with successful treatment.

Design and Methods:

A medical record review captured BMI and demographics for children 2‐12 years who began treatment during a 42‐month period (n = 479). Associations of body mass index z‐score (BMI‐Z) change with child and family demographics were examined with logistic regression and time‐to‐event analysis.

Results:

Treatment led to a mean BMI‐Z decrease of 0.18. Half of children with follow‐up (n = 273) exceeded the a priori cut‐off for successful treatment of −0.1 BMI‐Z. Preschoolers and children of Spanish‐speakers were more likely to succeed, (Adjusted OR: 5.8 [95% CI: 2.7‐12.2] and 2.3 [95% CI: 1.1, 4.9]). The hazard ratio for treatment failure was 3.7 [95% CI: 2.1, 6.8] for children starting treatment at 6‐12 years compared to preschoolers, adjusted for other demographics.

Conclusions:

This mode of treatment was more likely to succeed among children treated before school age and among children whose parents spoke only Spanish. Screening and treatment for obesity in preschoolers and Hispanic immigrant families deserve further prospective study.