bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individually Adaptive Discrimination Training for Improvised Explosive Detection
Authors: Schuster David , Rivera Javier , Sellers Brittany , Fiore Stephen M. , Jentsch Florian
Published: January 2012

Training for detection of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) at airport checkpoints requires continued development as training technology must keep up with threat technology. In this paper, we describe the state of research on training interventions for X-ray baggage screeners. We propose that the addition of individually adaptive training elements to exposure and discrimination training paradigms will lead to higher detection accuracy and speed as well as maximize efficiency for training. Implications for researchers and training professionals are discussed.
Training Leaders on Emotion Management Skills: Challenges in Designing a Blended Learning Program
Authors: Orvis Kara L. , Ruark Gregory , Engel Kathryn L. , Ratwani Krista Langkamer
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the challenges in creating an effective distance learning program to train emotion management skills in Army leaders. We present (1) a four tiered blended learning program intended to support both didactic and experiential learning and (2) the theoretical underpinnings to support the learning program design. Feedback from Soldiers on prototype versions and redesign decisions are also included.
Guidelines for Training Adaptive Expertise
Authors: Lazzara Elizabeth H. , Dietz Aaron S. , Weaver Sallie J. , Pavlas Davin , Heyne Kyle , Salas Eduardo , Ramachandran Sowmya
Published: January 2012

People operating in today's society frequently encounter complex, dynamic, and ambiguous situations; thus, people must possess mental agility and the ability to adjust quickly yet accurately. Therefore, there is a need to train adaptive expertise to performance successfully. To that end, the purpose of this paper is to provide researchers and practitioners with a review of the literature pertinent to developing training targeting adaptive expertise. This review is presented in the form of guidelines for designing and implementing training interventions specifically focusing on adaptive expertise.
Does Feedback Type Matter? Investigating the Effectiveness of Feedback Content on Performance Outcomes
Authors: Landsberg Carla R. , Van Buskirk Wendi L. , Astwood Randy S.
Published: January 2012

Research suggests that feedback plays an important role in improving performance during skill and knowledge acquisition. However, little extant research has compared the relative effectiveness of different types of feedback. Ninety participants from a large southeastern university took part in an experiment in order to test the hypothesis that trainees who received process feedback would outperform those who received velocity feedback or no feedback. Results revealed an interaction between feedback condition and gender. Females performed better when provided with process feedback, while males did better when given velocity feedback. We conclude with implications and suggestions for future research in this area.
A Framework to Develop Task Complexity
Authors: Lazzara Elizabeth H. , Pavlas Davin , Fiore Stephen , Salas Eduardo
Published: January 2012

The element of task difficulty is inherent in the design of simulations, games, and experimental testbeds. However, there is no organizing and quantifying framework for the construct of task complexity especially for team tasks. Thus, the purpose of this paper to present a framework of complexity to facilitate researchers who are investigating the relationship between complexity and other training relevant variables (e.g., teamwork skills and team performance). To that end, this paper defines the complexity, provides the organizational framework, and offers a context and examples to provide a deeper understanding of how the framework is instantiated.
Resource Training Using Alternating Tasks
Authors: Boles David B. , Penn Caryn E.
Published: January 2012

Resource training, the cross-training of tasks sharing mental resources, has been demonstrated using both pretest-posttest and dual task paradigms. Both of these methods have some disadvantages. The pretest-posttest paradigm separates tasks in time, making resource relationships less apparent to trainees. It is also inherently unidirectional, allowing assessment of effects on the target task but not on the training task. The dual-task paradigm solves these problems by requiring simultaneous performance of two tasks sharing resources but the disadvantage is that the nature of many tasks, especially complex ones, is not conducive to the use of dual-task methodology. Here a third method is used, the alternating task paradigm. By alternating, the tasks are not structured as dual tasks yet are minimally separated in time, and the effects of each on the other are assessable. Use of the paradigm with simple tasks demonstrates that resource training does occur. While the results are promising, it remains to be seen whether resource training is effective with complex tasks, and whether making resource relationships explicit can augment transfer of training.
Alert Modality and Behavioral Compliance during Virtual Combat
Authors: Bliss James P. , Liebman Rachel , Brill J. Christopher
Published: January 2012

Effectively transmitting alert information to soldiers on patrol is important and challenging. Such signals must be covertly presented, yet must effectively represent appropriate levels of urgency. Few researchers have investigated the joint effects of signal reliability and modality on receiver trust and compliance. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether alerts delivered through different sensory modalities (visual, auditory, or tactile) and different reliabilities (60% or 80% true alerts) yielded different trust levels and target identification behaviors. Thirty undergraduates completed two sessions of a virtual reconnaissance mission. During each session, they received 10 alerts about nearby opposing forces. They indicated trust or distrust of each alert, and subsequently identified the avatar as a friend or a foe. Results indicated that participants trusted more historically reliable alerts, and that they showed quicker identification behavior for visually presented alerts. Future researchers should investigate the match between modality and threat presentation.
Recognizing Emotion in Virtual Agent, Synthetic Human, and Human Facial Expressions
Authors: Beer Jenay M. , Fisk Arthur D. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: January 2012

A growing interest in the HCI community is the design and development of embodied agents in virtual environments. For virtual environments where social interaction is needed, an agent's facial expression may communicate emotive state to users both young and old. However, younger and older adults differ in how they label human facial expressions (Ruffman et al., 2008). Such possible age-related differences in labeling virtual agent expressions may impact the user's social experience in a virtual environment. The purpose of the current research was to investigate age-related differences in emotion recognition of several on-screen characters of varying degrees of human-likeness. Participants performed a recognition task with three characters demonstrating four basic emotions or neutral. The results indicated age-related differences for all character types. Older adults commonly mislabeled the human and synthetic human emotions of anger, fear, sadness, and neutral. For the virtual agent face, older adults commonly mislabeled the emotions of anger, fear, happiness, and neutral.
Integrating Route and Survey Learning in Complex Virtual Environments: Using a 3D Map
Authors: Luo Zhiqiang , Wickens Christopher D. , Duh Henry Been-Lirn , Chen I-Ming
Published: January 2012

This study aimed to explore how a three-dimensional (3D) map affects the acquisition of survey knowledge in complex virtual environments (VEs). Subject navigated in virtual and real subway stations, where the virtual station was augmented with either a 3D floor map, a 3D building map, or neither. After subject's navigation in the station, they made the judgment of spatial relative directions between objects. The analyses of response time showed that participants responded faster when they were assisted by the 3D floor or building map than without a map aid in virtual stations. There was no significant difference between survey knowledge acquired in the virtual station augmented with the 3D floor or building map and in the real station. Participants with the 3D floor map performed best in spatial judgments. Implications of these findings to a 3D map design were discussed.
Leveraging Serious Games and Advanced Training Technologies for Enhanced Cognitive Skill Development
Authors: Scielzo Sandro , Davis Fleet , Riley Jennifer M. , Hyatt John , Lampton Donald , Merlo James
Published: January 2012

Games must present instructional elements needed for skill development and be effectively designed to capitalize on their potential. Questions arise regarding how to integrate instruction into game play that maps directly to core domain competencies. We have conducted ongoing research on the utility of “training through feedback” on human performance, particularly situation awareness (SA). Past studies have demonstrated the capability for real-time, in-game assessment of SA. Here, we present data from a demonstration exercise aimed at further validating real-time, SA measures for development of cognitive skills in games and extending the research to include assessments of task performance. West Point cadets performed squad-level patrol tasks in a computer-based military game. Data on their SA and performance was captured in each scenario segment and then provided as feedback in an after-action review. We present results from the exercise with discussion of how SA results relate to team performance.
Desktop and Wearable Game-Based Simulations: A Usability Study
Authors: Barnett John S. , Taylor Grant S.
Published: January 2012

Currently, there is considerable interest related to the use of computer games as simulators for training. One of the issues with using computer simulations is that the controls should be simple and natural enough that the trainee can focus on the training rather than on complicated simulator controls. The current research examined two versions of a game based simulator for training Soldier tasks in an urban environment. One version employs a common desktop computer interface, while the second version has the computer components, controls, and the display embedded into Soldier field equipment so that the simulator is wearable by the trainee. A heuristic usability evaluation of the two simulators was conducted to determine the ease of use of the controls and displays. The results found the wearable simulator to have more usability concerns than the desktop computer. These findings can be used to improve future simulator interfaces, particularly those employing novel controls that differ from traditional desktop computer interfaces.
A Meta Study of Transfer of Training
Authors: Oskarsson Per-Anders , Nählinder Staffan , Svensson Erland
Published: January 2012

A Meta study of four empirical studies of simulator training was performed. The empirical studies were performed at a battle tank simulator, a combat vehicle simulator, an active sonar anti-submarine warfare simulator, and at a simulated command and control staff exercise of an international naval mine countermeasures mission. The combined number of participants in the Meta study made use of inferential and causal statistics possible. The results showed higher ratings of motivation/fun and effect on reality than fidelity. This suggests that a simulator can provide both motivating and valuable training even if it does not have very high fidelity. The casual analysis with LISREL provided a model showing that the feeling of involvement in the simulation influences the training in the simulator, which in turn has a positive influence on the transfer of training to real world performance. Since the analysis is based on amalgamated data from different studies with partly different conditions, site specific models may be different.
The Value of a Chairside Dental Assistant
Authors: Khalil T. M. , Lauffer R. D. , Bell B. H.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents a new approach for quantitating the value of a chairside dental assistant in dental practice. Operational variables were controlled through physical simulations of operations using head manikins and artificial teeth. Analyses were based upon both time and effort savings. A specially designed dental operation flow chart aided in the recording and analysis of movements and their complexities. Twenty four, four-handed dentistry operations and six solo-dentistry operations were performed using a variety of dental operatory configurations. The results indicated that the introduction of a chairside dental assistant saves 23% of the total time of a high frequency operation in dentistry. Savings in dentist's effort by delegating complex movements to the assistant was of greater interest especially under certain operatory configurations.
The Transition of Experienced Pilots to a Frequency-Separated Aircraft Attitude Display: A Flight Experiment
Authors: Beringer Dennis B. , Williges Robert C. , Roscoe Stanley N.
Published: January 2012

Twenty-four experienced pilots were given one flight in a Link GAT-2 simulator and one flight in a Beechcraft C-45H using either the moving horizon, moving airplane, or frequency-separated attitude display. The flight tasks performed by the subjects included recovery from unknown attitudes, disturbed attitude tracking, and completion of an area navigation course. Data collected in the C-45H aircraft demonstrated superior performance of both the frequency-separated and moving horizon displays when compared to the moving airplane display during unknown attitude recoveries. The frequency-separated display was superior to all others during disturbed-attitude tracking. It was concluded that the flight performance of experienced pilots during their initial transition to a frequency-separated flight attitude presentation is at least comparable and possibly superior to their flight performance with the conventional moving horizon presentation.
Risk-Taking in Skilled Task Performance
Authors: Shealy Jasper E.
Published: January 2012

The objective of the study was to predict relative accident rates as a function of a two-factor risk-taking model (need for achievement and locus of control). At the same time, the effect of situation-specificity was tested. The subjects were performing the skilled task of Alpine (down-hill) skiing. There were 67 control and 50 injury subjects in all. The 67 controls took a series of three tests (Atkinson's need for Achievement (n Ach), Rotter's Locus of Control (LC) and an experimental instrument called the Situation-Specific Test (SST). The median score on each test was used as the cutting score. Those scoring above the median were scored high, those below were scored as low. Based on the underlying theory it was predicted that the accident/injury group would score high on the LC and SST and would have extreme scores (very high or very low) on n Ach. An interaction between n Ach and LC or SST was predicted. The results indicated that for real-world situations, situation-specific tests are more discriminating than are standardized, non-specific tests. No statistically significant effect for either standard test or the interaction was found. A statistically significant effect was found for SST. The results suggest methodological approaches that may shed light on risk-taking assessment with accident prediction potential in other areas. A successful instrument for discriminating potential accident victims from the population at large was demonstrated. The opportunities for application in other areas of skilled task performance such as industrial jobs and automobile driving are currently being investigated.
Effect of Ambient Illumination on Legibility of Displays of Liquid-Crystals and Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Duncan Jerry , Konz Stephan
Published: January 2012

Two liquid-crystal (LC) and three light-emitting diode (LED) electronic digital displays were evaluated at 1.5, 15, and 45 fc on the display using five criteria: 1) recognition time of single digits, 2) no-error viewing distance, 3) preferred viewing distance, 4) preferred illumination, and 5) subject vote.

Recognition time (at a constant viewing angle of 31 min. of arc for the display character height) of the two seven-segment LED displays did not change significantly in the selected range of illumination. For the hexadecimal LED display, recognition time increased significantly from 1.5 to 15 and 45 fc. Recognition time of the reflective LC display decreased significantly from 1.5 to 15 and 45 fc. For the transmissive LC display, recognition time increased significantly from 15 to 45 fc.

The no-error viewing distance of the .77″ LED display decreased significantly from 1.5 and 15 to 45 fc but increased significantly from 1.5 to 15 and 45 fc for the reflective LC display.

No-error and preferred viewing distances were predicted with multiple regression equations; using just display character height and stroke width/ height gave a multiple R = .91 for no-error viewing distance. The character height viewing angle obtained for no-error viewing distance was 5 min. of arc, but was 17 for preferred viewing distance.

Mean preferred illumination was 62 fc for the reflective LC display, 27 for the transmissive LC display, 21 for the .27″, seven-segment LED display, 18 for the .77″, seven-segment LED display, and 10 for the .27″, hexadecimal LED; any difference greater than 9 fc was significant.

Preference for the liquid-crystal displays increased at the expense of the light-emitting diode displays as ambient illumination increased from 1.5 to 45 fc.
Effect of Lens Color on Target Visibility for Air-Sea Rescue
Authors: Hilgendorf Robert L. , MacLeod Shelton
Published: January 2012

Visual detection of life rafts in the sea presents a difficult task to personnel engaged in air search and rescue operations. A possible means of aiding this task is to use an appropriate sun-glass filter with light transmission properties designed to reduce glare and atmospheric attenuation, while enhancing target-to-background contrast. To examine and evaluate this possibility, target acquisition performance associated with the following types of sunglasses was compared with that of the unaided eye: (1) Haze master (yellow), (2) Oakley-Doc (pink), (3) Cosmetan (brown) and (4) N-15 (gray). The experimental approach involved the use of a circular 1:1000 scale terrain model and associated techniques simulating an air-sea rescue operation. Each subject searched for targets while making a simulated banking turn around the model.

The performance of ten subjects for each experimental lens condition was measured in terms of response time and number of targets found. Results based on these measures showed the Oakley-Doc lens to be the best and the Cosmetan to be the worst of the lens alternatives. However, no filter was found to be superior to the unaided eye. The data are in agreement with a number of recent target acquisition studies which show no advantage in using yellow lenses. The results are, moreover, consistent with the assumption that supposed enhancement properties of colored lenses may well be offset by losses in light transmission associated with their use.
Some Psychological Contributions to Defenses against Hijackers
Authors: Dailey John T. , Pickrel Evan W.
Published: January 2012

This article traces the historical development of aerial hijackings internationally and domestically and psychological contributions toward their control. As the U.S. hijacking problem increased, the FAA gathered an interdisciplinary study team to derive controls. Selective boarding gate screening procedures were created which used a behavioral profile to identify high risk passengers for search. A library was established for accumulating all available information on hijackings. This information is used for developing new profiles and deriving tactics to teach airline crews for defense against future hijackers. Tactical training programs were developed, their usefulness was demonstrated operationally, and they have been distributed to all U.S. and many foreign carriers. A research program continues for upgrading defenses.
Where is the System in the Man-Machine System?
Authors: Meister D.
Published: January 2012

Implications of the man-machine concept for Human Factors as a discipline are derived. Two fundamental research questions stem from this assumption: Are psychological principles describing individual and group behavior sufficient to explain operator and multiman-machine system operations; and, what is the relationship between individual responses and system outputs? Review of the Human Factors literature indicates that most studies ignore the system and fail to answer these questions. Reasons for and consequences of this failure are explored.
Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Toothbrushing
Authors: Kreifeldt John G. , Hill Percy H.
Published: January 2012

Manual toothbrushing is the principal method in general use for accomplishing the goal of plaque control for home dental care. This goal has not been achieved, which suggests that there is considerable room for integrated redesign in what must be regarded as a man-tool system with strong human factor components. Design in man-tool systems requires knowledge of the system objects (man, tool, task), system interfaces (man-tool: manipulation, tool-task: engagement) and system interactions (relating objects to interfaces.)

This report furnishes a fine-grain analysis of toothbrushing, obtained through time-motion studies, which describes static and dynamic characteristics of manipulation and engagement and interactions in the man-tool system. Several suggested design caveats based on these results are given.
Human Response to Disaster
Authors: Fritz Charles E.
Published: January 2012

This presentation summarizes the empirical research studies of behavior in man made and natural disasters and disaster related events. A definition of disaster is provided to identify its distinguishing characteristics apart from the specific context in which it occurs. Among the first major efforts to investigate human response to disaster were the studies performed during and following World War II. These were motivated by a desire to confirm or refute hypotheses concerning human behavior under wartime disaster conditions, the information being useful for defensive as well as offensive purposes. Many of these hypotheses, like the stereotypes portrayed by the mass media reporting of natural disasters, were found to be myths rather than factual accounts of human behavior.

Among the myths vs facts are the following:

1. Mass panic is not observed; behavior is typically goal oriented but confusing when viewed by an outsider. 2. Flight from the disaster is a lesser problem than the massive convergence of people, materiel, and message traffic into the impact area. 3. Looting is far less common than believed and substantially less than the altruism observed. 4. Hysteria is atypical, and greater self control and self sacrifice are common. 5. Those affected are rarely unable to help themselves (unless injured), i.e., they are not dazed and stuperous but rather active participants in search and rescue operations. 6. Mental breakdown does not occur but acute emotional, physiological and psychosomatic symptoms do emerge following disaster. 7. Murder, assualt, and other acts of aggression are less common rather than more prevalent. 8. Anarchy and the breakdown of civilization does not occur. Emergency (and often spontaneous) leadership is evidenced with greater community solidarity and productivity.

The remainder of the presentation is devoted to highlighting specific examples of human response in the chronology of events encompassing: (1) warning, (2) awareness of imminent disaster, (3) post disaster actions, and (4) recovery operations. The presentation concludes with some recommendations which in part serve to introduce the topics covered in the following presentation.
A Pictorial Description of the Xenia Tornado
Authors: Gallaway Glen R.
Published: January 2012

This session attempts to portray: 1) the nature of disaster, 2) the human response to such events, and 3) what can be done in the way of planning. This presentation focuses on describing in detail the events surrounding the Xenia tornado of 3 April 1974. Slides are presented showing the size and path of the storm. A pictorial description of devastation along this ground track are provided, sometimes with a before/after comparison. Special emphasis is placed on the force of the storm and special circumstances that arise due to a combination of interacting factors. Anecdotal examples of operational and personal problems encountered in this disaster are highlighted in the commentary accompanying the slide presentation.

The slide materials used are a collage of personal and professional photographic efforts with a corresponding variation in candor and quality. The presentation has evolved from earlier, less formal attempts to capture and communicate the nature of the problem for those who wish to explore human factors research in disaster situations. The author invites comments and questions. Selected photographic materials may be obtained by contacting the author.

This presentation serves as an introduction to the session and provides a graphic example of a specific disaster. Subsequent papers then explore the elements common to many different types of disasters, indicating the kinds of generalizations which can be drawn from previous empirical field studies of disasters or disaster related events.

This session is one of two being held on the topic of disaster. It focuses primarily on the nature of disaster from an operational and phenomenological standpoint. The companion session which follows treats more specific design issues believed to be of interest to human factors and industrial design specialists. Together, these two sessions are believed to provide an integrated and complementary overview of key principles, issues, design problems and current proposals for design for disaster. No claim can be made that the coverage is exhaustive, but it is hope the sessions will serve to represent what is known and what needs to be done.
The Food Service Worker in the Military Dining Facility: Job Satisfaction, Training, and Human Factors
Authors: Symington Lawrence E.
Published: January 2012

Surveys and interviews were administered to both civilian and military food service workers at two Air Force bases to assess job satisfaction, opinions about environmental and equipment features relevant to potential human factors problems, and opinions about additional training. Results indicated that while military personnel were somewhat more unhappy about their work, civilian workers also expressed dissatisfaction. Overall, the workers were least satisfied with promotions, pay, and the work itself; and more satisfied with their co-workers and supervisors. In the human factors area, workers were particularly concerned with the heat in their kitchens and the inadequacy (both agewise and qualitywise) of their equipment. Several young military workers expressed a desire to leave the food service area. A recommendation for the inclusion of the worker-human factors analysis in future assessments of food service systems is made.
A Computer Aided Function Allocation and Evaluation System (CAFES)
Authors: Hutchins Charles W.
Published: January 2012

The Computer Aided Function Allocation and Evaluation System (CAFES) is a crew systems design support tool based on human engineering methodology, computer aids, human performance data and a data management system. It is intended to support crew systems engineers in man-machine research, requirements analysis, design, test, training and maintenance systems development.

The system of computer models comprising the CAFES system parallels the system development cycle and provides the required level of detail consistent with a given stage of system development. The principle objectives of the present development program are to facilitate timely application of all essential elements of human factors technology in systems development, using automatic data processing techniques for rapid analysis and evaluation of crew subsystem performance as it effects total systems effectiveness.
Design Option Decision Tree: A Method for Schematic Analysis of a Design Problem and Integration of Human Factors Data
Authors: Askren William B. , Korkan Kenneth D.
Published: January 2012

A Design Option Decision Tree (DODT) is a graphic means of showing the design options available at each decision point in the design process. Several examples of DODTs for aircraft design problems are shown. The procedures for developing a DODT are described. A proposed method for use of the DODT to resolve a design problem is presented. This method includes evaluating the design options in the Tree for impact on the system, and tracing paths through the Tree as dictated by specific design goals. The use of human factors data as one of the evaluation parameters is illustrated. The paper concludes with a discussion of other uses of a DODT.
The Accommodated Proportion of a Potential User Population: Compilation and Comparisons of Methods for Estimation
Authors: Bittner Alvah C. , Moroney William F.
Published: January 2012

Aircraft cockpits, desktop consoles, and other workspaces have traditionally been designed to accommodate individuals with all anthropometric features (dimensions) within specified percentile ranges (e.g., 5th to 95th). Because of correlations between features, the accommodated proportion of the potential user population (Pa) is not readily apparent or usually determined. Due to the importance of this statistic, however, a wide variety of methods for estimating Pa have been proposed and developed. Cataloging, describing, and comparing methods for calculating the accommodated proportion of potential users is the purpose of this report. This effort is timely, as the proposed “B” revision of MIL-STD-1472 (Human Engineering Design Criteria for Military Systems, Equipment, and Facilities) requires that equipment designed to accommodate 90 percent of a user population on all anthropometric variables.
Using A Physiological Job Heaviness Assessment Technique to Idehtify High Demand Elements in Production Work
Authors: Lucas Richard L.
Published: January 2012

Subjective ratings of jobs have, in the past, often labeled them as heavy. This has tended to bias hiring into these positions towards physically stronger people. This paper details an investigation of a job in a printing department of a pharmaceutical corporation. While large differences in physical work capacity were found between subjects, actual on-the-job measurements of these people showed that it was not beyond their individual abilities. All employees used approximately the same percentage of physical work capacity while doing the task. Certain heavy elements were identified and discussed. Possible redesign of these heavy elements were recommended.
Strategies for Improving Visual Inspection Performance
Authors: Purswell Jerry L. , Hoag LaVerne L.
Published: January 2012

This paper summarizes recent results obtained in inspection studies including several studies performed by the authors. Both static and dynamic visual inspection tasks are included. Based on these results, a proposed new integrated design procedure for inspection tasks that will approach the optimal design has been formulated. The review of recent research results includes the following primary variables: the speed of the item passing the inspector, the spacing of items, the percentage of defective items, the illumination level, the contrast between the item being inspected and the background, and the effectiveness of individual versus group inspection. The authors have used their research results in combination with the results in the literature to formulate new integrated procedures for designing inspection stations and job procedures. The authors have also analyzed the effects of inspector performance on the overall quality control plans already in use in industry. The economic effects of changes in inspector performance which result from redesign of the inspection task are then demonstrated as a part of the overall design procedure.
A Guide for Developing Performance-Structure Oriented Computer-Administered Instruction: Theory and Research
Authors: Blaiwes A. S. , Rigney J. W.
Published: January 2012

The work reported here had three main objectives with respect to computer-administered instruction (CAI), viz., to make CAI: (1) easier to develop, (2) higher in quality, and (3) more widely appreciated and accepted. The approach taken toward these goals included two complementary kinds of efforts. One effort was directed toward designing guidelines and models of CAI which can assist training program developers in their efforts to implement CAI. Another effort was applied to the construction and field evaluation of a trainer which was based on descriptions and principles of CAI as contained in the guidelines and models. These efforts and some of their results are discussed here.
A Hierarchical Concept for Man-Machine Communication
Authors: Albus J. S. , Evans J. M. , Johnsen E. G.
Published: January 2012

The problem of man controlling or programming a machine may be considered as a hierarchy of control functions, with each level of control calling up ordered sequences of operations at the next lower level, using appropriate sensory feedback for each level. Man may enter the control hierarchy at any level for direct control or for programming an automatic system for later playback. The computer carries out lower level control functions, thereby augmenting man's control capabilities.

The Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller (CMAC) is a computer based control system in which high–level task–oriented commands can be broken down into a series of elemental motor actuator signals. CMAC is a general purpose adaptive control concept which can be arranged in a hierarchical structure, such as that described above, so as to facilitate the man–machine communication problem. For example, CMAC can solve the coordinate transformation problem so that commands can be given in terms of desired end point trajectories. Furthermore, CMAC can handle many feedback variables such as measurements of misalignment of parts, variable mass loading, irregularities in materials, and constraints imposed by an external environment.

Concepts of man–machine communication under consideration by the NBS Automation Technology Porgram are presented with particular emphasis on the CMAC control concept.
A Successful Recruiting Program of Women in Other Disciplines for the M. S. Degree in Industrial Engineering
Authors: Higginbotham Thomas F.
Published: January 2012

A successful method of recruiting women for the masters degree in Industrial Engineering is described fully including the following: (1) Source of students, (2) Competition for these students from industry and other institutions, (3) Common characteristics, (4) Hindrance to their recruitment and progress and, (5) Recommendation for recruitment programs.

Of the nine active women graduate students registered Winter Quarter 1974 with the School of Engineering were registered in our program. We had a total of 21 students that quarter.
Review of Extravehicular Activity for Shuttle Program
Authors: Covington John H.
Published: January 2012

Extravehicular Activity (EVA) has been established during previous space programs as a capability of man to perform useful activities in deep space. These activities were used during the Gemini Program to meet limited mission objectives, but were developed during later programs into a basic capability for accomplishing major program objectives, as well as on-orbit maintenance and repair operations. A review of the possibilities for applying EVA techniques to accomplish Shuttle Program mission objectives will be presented, and the current program requirements for EVA delineated. The baselined Orbiter capability to support program EVA requirements, unscheduled maintenance and repair operations, and future mission objectives will be discussed. The objective is to outline the EVA capability currently provided by the Shuttle Program and its potential for supporting a wide range of future EVA missions.
Skylab Eva System Development
Authors: Heckman Richard T.
Published: January 2012

At the inception of the Apollo Applications Program (later to become Skylab) there was no operational experience with the Apollo EVA System and the Gemini EVA experience had created a concern for the workload to which the crew would be subjected. With a major scientific objective of the program depending upon EVA for data retrieval, strong emphas is was placed upon the EVA system development and validation.

This paper will trace the EVA hardware design from initial conceptual development to final flight configuration, identify the major concepts which were considered during design evolution and discuss the reasons for the acceptance or rejection of these concepts. Man/system simulations played a vital part in the decision making process. The types of developmental simulation used will be discussed, as will their role in providing design information.

The developmental protocol of interleaving analyses and simulations on an iterative basis provided Skylab with a conservative, flexible and simple FVA system which was effective not only for the nominal mission but for many contingency activities as well.
The Development and Validation of an Analytical Training Program for Medical Suturing
Authors: Salvendy Gavriel , Pilitsis John
Published: January 2012

As a result of experimental evidence on skills acquisition of industrial and dental tasks, the concept of utilizing analytical training methods in psychomotor medical education was investigated in this study on “everting square suture” technique used in plastic surgery procedures.

Based on attitude questionnaires and film analysis, three simulation training models were developed and compared as to training effectiveness against the “traditional” training method (practice on a pig's foot) currently in use at a number of Medical Schools.

The three proposed training models consisted of:

1. Electromechanical training simulator using the progressive parts training method. 2. Perceptual training through film viewing and fault analysis. 3. The combination of (1) and (2) above.

Thirty-six medical students with no prior exposure to wound closure techniques participated as subjects. These students were randomly divided into four groups (three experimental and one control).

Intergroup comparisons were attained by having subjects from the experimental groups, subsequent to training, practice on porcine skin by placing 35 sutures similar to that of the traditional group. Time, quality, heart rate variability, chin-EMG, neck-EMG and plantar skin conductance data were collected throughout the task and used as evaluation measures.

Results indicate that:

1. All three experimental training methods provided for significantly better quality performance levels (from 14.2 to 177.1 percent better) than the traditional training group. Group 1 attained the highest results. 2. The subjects on the experimental traininggroup had briefer training time (ranging between 1.4 to 3.1 times less) than the “traditional” group. 3. The subjects in the experimental training groups had less psychophysiological stress during task performance than did the subjects in the conventional training group.
The Extension of Laboratory Work on Telecommunications into the Field
Authors: Williams Ederyn
Published: January 2012

Laboratory work on the effectiveness of person-to-person telecommunications systems for a variety of tasks is now a well established field. Williams (1974) summarized 29 such studies and this number is being added to at an accelerating rate. Although there is clearly much still to be done, we must begin to consider how applicable such studies are to the use of teleconference systems in the field. Three types of studies which could indicate the factors affecting the choice to use telecommunications have been developed. These are the ‘hypothetical meeting’ method of Christie, the gaming simulation, and the pre-use interview method. An alternate method, the travel survey, is rejected as methodologically unsound.
Methodology for the Prediction of Complex Skill Performance
Authors: Dannhaus Dale M. , Halcomb Charles G.
Published: January 2012

There has been a long and continuing interest in psychomotor batteries as a viable means to improve behavioral assessment and prediction in a variety of task situations. The present paper describes the conceptual framework and a methodology which contributed to the development of a general purpose psychomotor battery. The tasks which comprise the psychomotor battery at the present time include a velocity estimation task, a four-choice discrimination task, an auditory vigilance task, and a recognition memory task. A description of each task within the battery is presented. Research on the battery has suggested the potential usefulness of the battery as a predictor of complex skill performance. A summary of the research which has been conducted on the psychomotor battery, as well as future research planned, are discussed.
The Analysis of Criminal Intelligence
Authors: Harris Douglas H.
Published: January 2012

Criminal intelligence is a law enforcement function that supports investigators, decision-makers, and policymakers in their attempt to prevent and control crime. This paper describes recent efforts to improve the effectiveness of criminal intelligence through the development and implementation of analytical methods. The intelligence analysis cycle is defined, programs to enhance analytical capabilities within law enforcement agencies are summarized, and a new computer-based program for intelligence analysis is described.
Development of a Headlamp Dimming Request Prediction Model
Authors: Bhise Vivek D. , Swigart Thomas F. , Farber Eugene I.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents results of field studies conducted to predict headlamp beam usage and drivers' dimming request responses as a function of glare headlamp photometry, road background brightness and topography. An instrumented vehicle equipped with a variable intensity headlighting system was driven on two-lane public roads. Dimming distances were computed from separation time and closing rate measured by a radar. A long exposure photograph of each opposing vehicle was taken to determine the trajectory of the driver's eye point through the test car's beam pattern. Subsequent analysis of the film yielded an accurate time history of the glare illumination experienced by opposing drivers. The results show that the driver's dimming request behavior is dependent upon the level of discomfort glare experienced by the driver when the approaching vehicle first appears in his view and the potential glare exposure, i.e., the time-distance during which the glare could be experienced by the driver. On the basis of these results a model to predict when the driver would signal a dimming request to an opposing vehicle is proposed.
The Effects of Adverse Environmental Conditions on Workload
Authors: Martin Ann E.
Published: January 2012

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of environmental conditions on visual workload. The environmental variables used were temperature, studied at levels of 45°F., WBGT, and 95°F., WBGT; and noise, studied at 83 dBA intermittent noise and 93 dBA continuous noise. Workload was defined as the amount of attention demanded from an operator as measured by performance decrement on a secondary task while performing a primary and secondary task simultaneously. The secondary task was reading random numbers, and the primary task was reading word lists. Significant differences (p<.05) were found between the control condition and all experimental conditions. The low temperature and high temperature-continuous noise conditions were significantly different from the other conditions. Noise and temperature were found to significantly increase workload (p<05).
Review of Approaches to Cognitive Style and Implications for Human Information Processing in Command and Decision Situations
Authors: Modrick John A. , Levit Robert A. , Alden David G. , Henke Allen H.
Published: January 2012

The meaning of the term cognitive style and the major experimental approaches are reviewed. A model and measure used in decision-aiding is presented. Methodological problems are discussed.
Saint Simulation of a Remotely Piloted Vehicle/Drone Control Facility
Authors: Wortman David B. , Duket Steven D. , Seifert Deborah J.
Published: January 2012

SAINT is a modeling and simulation technique that provides the concepts necessary to model systems that contain tasks (discrete elements), state variables (continuous elements), and interactions between them. SAINT has been designed to facilitate the modeling and analysis of complex man-machine systems.

This paper describes a SAINT network model of a real-time simulation of a drone control facility (DCF) in which operators monitor and control the flight of simulated remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) through the use of visual (CRT) displays.
Meaningful Composite Benefit Measures
Authors: Bitters David L. , Clark Gordon M.
Published: January 2012

The structure of composite benefit measures that provide an overall ranking of alternatives for the system analyst is investigated. These composite benefit measures are functions of individual benefit measures, and the individual benefit measures may give conflicting rankings of the various alternatives. A functional form for the composite benefit measure is identified that is symantically meaningful and avoids scaling problems. In addition a method for estimating coefficients in this composite benefit measure is outlined.
Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on the Performance of Complex Perceptual-Psychomotor Tasks
Authors: Baisden A. G. , Gibson R. S.
Published: January 2012

Efforts in support of providing equal employment opportunities have created a serious interest in factors which may affect the potential aeronautical adaptability of women. The possible effects of the significant physical and hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle have been a focal point of considerable coacera. This study assesses an individual's ability to perform complex, perceptual-psychomotor tasks during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Seventeen women served as paid volunteer subjects. All were between 20 and 30 years of age with a mean age of 24 years. Each woman was tested during the premenstruum (3 or 4 days prior to menstrual flow), during the menstrual flow, and during the intermenstrual phase of the cycle. In addition, data were collected on the use of oral contraceptives and on the severity and prevalence of individual menstrual cycle symptomatology as measured by the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. The perceptual-psychomotor data were used to evaluate the effects of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on performance under stress. The data were also used to test Dalton's hypothesis that the lethargy the premenstruum and menstruation is responsible for lowered judgment and slow reaction time which might result in accidents. The results of the study indicated that there were no performance decrements associated with the menstrual cycle or use of oral contraceptives and failed to support Dalton's hypothesis.