bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Network Types, Health, and Health-Care Use Among South Korean Older Adults
Authors: Park Sojung , Kang Ji Young , Chadiha Letha A.
Published: January 2017

This study examines the associations among social network types, multiple health conditions, and various health-care use. Data came from the 2006 and 2008 wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. A two-step cluster analytical approach was used to identify social network types. Regression models determined associations between social network types, health changes, and health-care use, including checkups, outpatient service, traditional medicine use, and hospitalization. Four social network types (restricted, couple focused, friend, and diverse) were found. Compared with the restricted type, individuals in the couple-focused type were more likely to use traditional medicine and outpatient care; members in the diverse type were more likely to use traditional medicine. The interaction model revealed varying associations between health change and social network on health-care use. Findings reveal the culturally contextualized association among multiple health conditions and how social network type moderates the relationship with health-care use.
Relationship between the Infrasonic Signals from Typhoon and the Barometric Pressure in the Typhoon Eye
Authors: Jin-Lai Xie , Xun-Ren Yang
Published: January 2017

During the courses of formation and transmission, a typhoon over the West pacific radiates infrasonic waves continuously, with periods 3–5 seconds and intensities 0.01–1.15 Pa.

Based on the analyses of numerous observations over many years, the distribution rules for amplitudes and periods of the infrasonic signals from typhoons and the relationships between the corresponding microbaroms and the barometric pressure in the typhoon centre have been established. Utilizing these relations, one can estimate the intensity of barometric pressure in typhoon centres from the continuously recorded microbaroms. It is also possible to use this efficient, simple and economic means to predict trends, sudden turning and some other anomalous phenomena of typhoon.
Crime victims’ self-medication
Authors: de Lint Willem , Marmo Marinella , Groves Andrew , Pocrnic Adam
Published: January 2017

While considerable literature has explored the complex nature of victimisation, few empirical studies have examined the role of alcohol and other drugs (AODs) in victims’ experiences, specifically victims’ self-medication using AODs and its impact on ongoing health and welfare needs. Addressing the dearth of empirical research on the nature and extent of victims’ self-medication, and drawing upon quantitative data from a survey ( n = 102) of victims from Adelaide, South Australia this article explores individuals’ experiences of victimisation and AOD use against type of victimisation, type of peer support network and type of consumption. The findings indicate support for the self-medication for trauma hypothesis, namely that victimisation is positively associated with considerable increase in AOD consumption. On the other hand, there is a lack of support for the supplementary hypothesis that network support is associated with victimisation/re-victimisation. The authors demonstrate that further empirical work is needed to deepen understanding of victims’ AOD use and expedite the development of evidence-based policy and support frameworks.
Structural and physiological neurovascular changes in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and its clinical phenotypes
Authors: Al-Bachari Sarah , Vidyasagar Rishma , Emsley Hedley CA , Parkes Laura M
Published: January 2017

Neurovascular changes are likely to interact importantly with the neurodegenerative process in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD). Markers of neurovascular status (NVS) include white matter lesion (WML) burden and arterial spin labelling (ASL) measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial arrival time (AAT). We investigated NVS in IPD, including an analysis of IPD clinical phenotypes, by comparison with two control groups, one with a history of clinical cerebrovascular disease (CVD) (control positive, CP) and one without CVD (control negative, CN). Fifty-one patients with IPD (mean age 69.0 ± 7.7 years) (21 tremor dominant (TD), 24 postural instability and gait disorder (PIGD) and six intermediates), 18 CP (mean age 70.1 ± 8.0 years) and 34 CN subjects (mean age 67.4 ± 7.6 years) completed a 3T MRI scan protocol including T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and ASL. IPD patients showed diffuse regions of significantly prolonged AAT, small regions of lower CBF and greater WML burden by comparison with CN subjects. TD patients showed lower WML volume by comparison with PIGD patients. These imaging data thus show altered NVS in IPD, with some evidence for IPD phenotype-specific differences.
Aerosol Generation During Bone-Sawing Procedures in Veterinary Autopsies
Authors: Wenner L. , Pauli U. , Summermatter K. , Gantenbein H. , Vidondo B. , Posthaus H.
Published: January 2017

Bone-sawing procedures are routinely performed during veterinary and human autopsies and represent an important source for infectious aerosols. Here we investigate the generation of aerosols during bone-sawing procedures using 5 different saws regularly used in veterinary and human pathology. In particular, the electrical bone band saw produced vast amounts of aerosolized particles less than 5 µm in diameter, which spread rapidly throughout the entire autopsy hall, leading to an exposure of all personnel. Other sawing devices tested were a diamond-coated cut grinder, an oscillating saw, a reciprocating saw, and a hand bone saw. Although these saws, especially the handsaw, generated fewer aerosolized particles than the band saw, the level of exposure of the saw operator would still be of concern in cases where infectious material would require sawing. Contamination of the entire autopsy area was successfully prevented by the construction of a separately ventilated sawing cabin inside the existing autopsy room. Saw operators in this cabin, however, were exposed to even higher aerosol concentrations. Protection of saw operators was achieved by using a powered air-purifying respirator. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that all bone-sawing procedures applied in veterinary and human pathology can generate aerosols that are of concern for the health of autopsy personnel. To reduce the risk of aerosol infections from bone-sawing procedures, efficient and properly designed ventilation systems to limit the spread of aerosols and appropriate personal protective equipment against aerosols for exposed personnel should be implemented.
Aging and Haptic-Visual Solid Shape Matching
Authors: Norman J. Farley , Adkins Olivia C. , Dowell Catherine J. , Hoyng Stevie C. , Gilliam Ashley N. , Pedersen Lauren E.
Published: January 2017

A total of 36 younger (mean age = 21.3 years) and older adults (mean age = 73.8 years) haptically explored plastic copies of naturally shaped objects (bell peppers, Capsicum annuum) one at a time for 7 s each. The participants’ task was to then choose which of 12 concurrently visible objects had the same solid shape as the one they felt. The younger and older participants explored the object shapes using either one, three, or five fingers (there were six participants for each combination of number of fingers and age group). The outcome was different from that of previous research conducted with manmade objects. Unlike Jansson and Monaci (2006) , we found that for most objects, our participants’ performance was unaffected by variations in the number of fingers used for haptic exploration. While there was no significant overall effect of the number of fingers, there was a significant main effect of age. The younger adults’ shape matching performance was 48.6% higher than that of the older adults. When perceiving naturally shaped objects such as bell peppers, it appears that the usage of a single finger can be as effective as haptic exploration with a whole complement of five fingers.
The impact of root flexibility on the fundamental frequency of a restrained cantilever beam
Authors: Digilov Rafael M , Abramovich Haim
Published: January 2017

This study presents the theoretical and experimental studies of the impact of root flexibility on the fundamental frequency of the free bending vibration of a uniform Euler–Bernoulli cantilever beam elastically restrained at the root. The dispersion relation between the natural frequency and modal number has been derived and solved numerically and approximately using the series method of the expansion in terms of the modal number. It is shown that the approximate solution is reduced to the empirical Dunkerley rule, which is sound not universally true. A commercial force sensor is used for the experimental detection of the effect of root flexibility on the fundamental frequency of bending vibrations of a cantilevered beam. The strip-shape specimen attached to the force sensor forms a cantilever beam restrained at the root against rotation and translation and it fundamental frequency is identified. The results of measurements for a series of industrial materials are compared with exact calculations and those predicted by Dunkerley’s formula and an excellent agreement is observed.
Bicycle cinema
Authors: Kristensen Lars
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the relationship between identities and the bicycle as portrayed in films. The analysis finds that taking the viewpoint of the bicycle emancipates the bicycle from being subjected to closure, as the constructionists would have it, and thus articulates the differences with which the bicycle can communicate to its rider. The paper examines the bicycle as depicted in three films: Premium Rush (Davis Koepp, 2012), A Sunday in Hell (Jørgen Leth, 1977) and Life on Earth (Abderrahmane Sissako, 1998). It engages with the concept of ‘interpretative flexibility’ and the development of the bicycle, as examined by Wiebe Bijker and others, and argues that the interpretative flexibility of bicycles does not cease just because the high-wheeler was abandoned and the ‘safety’ bicycle was universally accepted. The fight for the role of the bicycle continues and the bicycle is subject to constant transformations in order to reconstruct it according to human needs. Andrew Feenberg’s modified constructivism is applied to re-examine the technical development of the bicycle, claiming that technology is dependent on specific social structures as well as human agency. The paper argues that just as social structures are negotiable and unfixed at any point in time, the bicycle too is never neutral but remains negotiable and unfixed. Consequently, since the bicycle constantly ‘speaks’ back to the user, there is never closure in the technical development of the bicycle. Drawing on the writings of Bruno Latour and the Deleuzian idea of assemblages, the bicycle and its rider are considered as an organic entity that is constantly forged and un-forged. Understanding the rhetoric of the bicycle machine helps the convergence of a bicycle becoming with becoming a rider, marking the bicycle as equal to its rider. Viewed in this way, the hierarchy of agency collapses and a crystallization emerges out of the rider and bicycle entwinement.
Healthcare waste management during disasters and its effects on climate change: Lessons from 2010 earthquake and cholera tragedies in Haiti
Authors: Raila Emilia M , Anderson David O
Published: January 2017

Despite growing effects of human activities on climate change throughout the world, and global South in particular, scientists are yet to understand how poor healthcare waste management practices in an emergency influences the climate change. This article presents new findings on climate change risks of healthcare waste disposal during and after the 2010 earthquake and cholera disasters in Haiti. The researchers analysed quantities of healthcare waste incinerated by the United Nations Mission in Haiti for 60 months (2009 to 2013). The aim was to determine the relationship between healthcare waste incinerated weights and the time of occurrence of the two disasters, and associated climate change effects, if any. Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient indicated a weak correlation between the quantities of healthcare waste disposed of and the time of occurrence of the actual emergencies (r (58) = 0.406, p = 0.001). Correspondingly, linear regression analysis indicated a relatively linear data trend (R2 = 0.16, F (1, 58) = 11.42, P = 0.001) with fluctuating scenarios that depicted a sharp rise in 2012, and time series model showed monthly and yearly variations within 60 months. Given that the peak healthcare waste incineration occurred 2 years after the 2010 disasters, points at the need to minimise wastage on pharmaceuticals by improving logistics management. The Government of Haiti had no data on healthcare waste disposal and practised smoky open burning, thus a need for capacity building on green healthcare waste management technologies for effective climate change mitigation.
Do Parking Maximums Deter Housing Development?
Authors: Li Fei , Guo Zhan
Published: January 2017

Local governments often see parking as an essential amenity to maintain competitiveness. Restrictive parking policy, therefore, could potentially deter investment and local development. This study examines the effect of residential parking restraints on multifamily housing supply in London, United Kingdom. We find that the effect varies with car ownership and usage levels. Restrictive parking maximums are associated with fewer multifamily housing developments in outer London but more developments in inner London, most of the latter being car-free developments. These results suggest that parking maximums may help restore the attractiveness of inner cities and promote smart growth.
Older Lifelong Learners’ Motivations for Participating in Formal Volunteer Activities in Urban Communities
Authors: Yamashita Takashi , López Erick B. , Soligo Marta , Keene Jennifer R.
Published: January 2017

In recent years, volunteering has received increasing attention as a unique form of learning, one which may complement lifelong learning programs for older adults. This study examined the underlying volunteer motivations as well as formal volunteer behaviors among older adult lifelong learners. Data from 277 members of the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute in an urban community in the western part of the United States were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and binary logistic regression models. Results showed that generativity (i.e., a desire to help next generations or communities), personal development, and well-being are salient underlying volunteer motivators. However, only generativity was associated with actual volunteering among older lifelong learners (odds ratio = 1.55; standard error = .17; p < .05). These findings suggested that existing lifelong learning programs might consider incorporating volunteer-based service learning components into their curricula in order to further promote the benefits of lifelong learning among older adults.
“It’s Only a Game of Chance”: A Portrait of Gambling Among Street Children in Mumbai
Authors: Saldanha Kennedy , D’Souza Barnabe , Madangopal Dakshayani
Published: January 2017

For street children in Mumbai, gambling is mostly a social and recreational activity. This study is based on data gathered from a survey of 70 youths aged 12 to 24, two focus groups, and participant observation. It offers glimpses into various facets of their gambling, including age patterns, games played, venues, and how group and street subculture strongly influence participation. Street children perceive gambling as a “game of chance,” implying it is a form of recreation, not to be taken seriously. Given the pervasiveness of gambling and the absence of other recreational and money-saving opportunities, there is a need to design educational and preventive interventions for street children.
Physical Activity in Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Is Lower and Less Demanding Compared to Healthy Boys
Authors: Heutinck Lotte , Kampen Nadine van , Jansen Merel , Groot Imelda J. M. de
Published: January 2017

This study describes the amount of physical activity and perception of physical activity in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) compared to healthy boys. A questionnaire described 6 domains of physical activity. Four Duchenne muscular dystrophy subgroups were made: early and late ambulatory, nonambulatory with relative good, or limited arm function. Eighty-four boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (15.0 ± 6.4 years) and 198 healthy boys (14.0 ± 4.3 years) participated. Daily activities were more passive for boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Physical activity was less and low demanding compared to healthy boys. It decreased with disease severity ( P < .05), whereas screen time increased ( P < .05). Benefits of physical activity in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were having fun and making friends. Barriers were lack of sport facilities and insufficient health. This study helps to quantify poor engagement in physical activity by boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and demonstrates factors that contribute to it. Suggestions to stimulate physical activity are made.
Optimal Duration of Continuous Video-Electroencephalography in Term Infants With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and Therapeutic Hypothermia
Authors: Mahfooz Naeem , Weinstock Arie , Afzal Bushra , Noor Mariam , Lowy David Vargas , Farooq Osman , Finnegan Sarah G. , Lakshminrusimha Satyan
Published: January 2017

Continuous video-electroencephalography (EEG) is an important diagnostic and prognostic tool in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. The optimal duration of continuous video-EEG during whole-body hypothermia is not known. We conducted a retrospective study of 35 neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing whole-body hypothermia with continuous video-EEG. EEG ictal changes were detected in 9/35 infants (26%). Of these 9 infants, the seizures were initially observed within 30 minutes of EEG monitoring in 6 (67%), within 24 hours in 2 (22%), and during rewarming in 1 infant (11%). No new seizures were detected between 24-72 hours of therapeutic hypothermia. Background suppression was detected in 14 infants (40%) by 24 hours. In neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia, continuous video-EEG has the highest diagnostic yield within the first 24 hours and during the rewarming phase. In the absence of prior seizures or antiepileptic therapy, limiting continuous video-EEG to these periods in resource-limited settings may reduce cost during therapeutic hypothermia.
Efficacy of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy in Intensive Care Units: A Meta-Analysis of Physiological and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Liesching Timothy N. , Lei Yuxiu
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the physiological and clinical outcomes of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) with standard oxygen (O2) or conventional noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in intensive care units (ICUs).

Procedures:

We selected the full-text prospective studies comparing HFNC with standard O2 or NIV in ICU. The continuous variables were analyzed with sample size–adjusted pooled t test. The categorical variables were extracted and combined for recalculating odds ratio.

Findings:

We included 18 articles with 2004 patients. No difference was observed in the below outcomes comparing HFNC with standard O2: oxygen saturation (95.0% vs 93.8%, P = .27), Pao2/Fio2 (217.7 vs 161.9 mm Hg, P = .29), Paco2 (38.3 vs 39.3 mm Hg, P = .33), pH (7.416 vs 7.419, P = .90), discomfort (1.19 vs 1.44, P = .44), intubation or reintubation rate (odds ratio = 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-1.21, P = .27), and ICU stay (4.0 vs 4.5 days, P = .90). Below outcomes were modestly improved with HFNC compared to standard O2: respiratory rate (21.6 vs 24.7, P = .06) and ICU mortality (odds ratio = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.43-1.11, P = .13). Below outcomes were significantly improved with HFNC compared to standard O2: heart rate (89.1 vs 98.4, P = .03), Pao2 (104.5 vs 90.0 mm Hg, P = .04), and dyspnea (2.7 vs 4.3, P = .05). When comparing HFNC to NIV, below outcomes were significantly lower: Pao2 (106.9 vs 134.2 mm Hg, P = .02), Pao2/Fio2 (178.4 vs 220.0 mm Hg, P = .02), Paco2 (37.7 vs 39.2 mm Hg, P = .04), and ICU mortality (odds ratio = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19-0.82, P = .01).

Conclusion:

When comparing to standard O2, the most effective outcomes from HFNC are reduced heart rate and dyspnea in both ICU and critical care unit patients. The HFNC modestly reduced intubation rate and ICU mortality. Patients with pneumonia may benefit from HFNC in reduced respiratory rate, heart rate, dyspnea, discomfort, intubation rate, ICU mortality, ICU stay, and improved Pao2. When comparing to NIV, HFNC group did not do as good in Pao2 and Pao2/Fio2 but had a slightly lower intubation rate and ICU mortality.
The Power of Money in Gender Relations From a Chilean Mining Culture
Authors: Silva-Segovia Jimena , Lay-Lisboa Siu
Published: January 2017

This article addresses the role of money in power relations among mining and nonmining couples. The research performed in the region of Antofagasta, Chile, is based on an interpretive paradigm, with discursive analysis. Twenty-eight people were interviewed based on the category of conflicts and tensions in money negotiations. Findings include that among older women and men, money appears to be masculinized and associated with an illusion of empowerment of women, exacerbating the androcentric sex/gender model. In their discourses, some women express their progress toward relationships of greater equity. Couples must deal with gender conflicts when negotiating money. Even though women manage the family’s money, it’s not considered their money; therefore, they don’t feel free to use it and must account to the man. In this power game and in negotiating, the model of romantic love prevails, the couple’s public and private position, and a neoliberal culture that promotes high levels of consumption.
Same End, Different Means: The Evolution of Poland’s Support for Ukraine at the European Level
Authors: Burlyuk Olga
Published: January 2017

Poland is commonly regarded as the “diamond in the ring of friends” of Ukraine among EU Member States. This article examines the evolution of Poland’s sponsorship of Ukraine at the European level up until fall 2015, with some reflections on later developments. Drawing on a variety of primary and secondary sources, including semi-structured expert interviews, the article examines Poland’s policy along the lines of preferences and interests, institutions and procedures, and strategies and actions. The findings reveal persistent continuity despite considerable change in relevant context conditions. The end—Poland’s aim to support Ukraine’s European future—has remained intact over the decades, with only slight modification. Yet the understanding of the most efficient means—strategies and institutional structures—to achieve this end has altered, indicating a change in outlook. A number of nuances regarding the influence of Poland’s EU membership on Poland’s and EU’s Eastern neighborhood and specifically Ukraine policies, as well as the role of Ukraine-related developments, contribute to various strands in the literature on the relationship between EU policies towards the post-Soviet space and Central and Eastern European member states.
The Impact of Protective Behavioral Strategy Use Frequency on Blood Alcohol Concentrations Among Student Drinkers Nationwide
Authors: Barry Adam E. , Merianos Ashley L.
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

This study assessed whether college student (1) protective behavioral strategy (PBS) use differed between those who reached legal intoxication during their most recent drinking episode compared to those who did not reach the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) threshold, and (2) frequency of PBS use could explain the variance associated with BAC during the most recent drinking episode, above and beyond one’s sex, age, and involvement in the Greek system.

Design:

Secondary data analysis of the American College of Health Association’s National College Health Assessment.

Setting:

Forty-four distinct campuses were included.

Participants:

A total of 21479 college students were included.

Measures:

BAC and PBS were measured.

Analysis:

The data were analyzed by conducting both independent samples t-tests and a multiple regression model. Effect sizes are reported.

Results:

Participants who reached legal intoxication used PBS less frequently ( P < .001; d = 0.80). Frequency of PBS use had the strongest unique contribution to the regression model (β = −.315, P < .001), such that participants with higher BAC reported less frequent use of PBS.

Conclusion:

Interventions should seek to develop strategies that encourage college student use of PBS prior to, and during, drinking episodes. More frequent use of PBS can reduce intoxication as well as occurrence of alcohol-associated consequences.
Characterization of Drug-Related Problems Occurring in Patients Receiving Outpatient Antimicrobial Therapy
Authors: Hale Cory M. , Steele Jeffrey M. , Seabury Robert W. , Miller Christopher D.
Published: January 2017

Background:

Despite the numerous benefits of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT), appreciable risks of drug-related problems (DRPs) exist. No studies to date comprehensively assess DRPs in this population.

Objectives:

Objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the frequency and types of DRPs experienced by patients discharged on OPAT and (2) determine the fraction of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) resulting in hospital readmission or emergency department (ED) presentation and changes in therapy.

Methods:

This was a retrospective chart analysis evaluating consecutive adult patients discharged on OPAT between May 2015 and October 2015. Patients were assessed for the presence of DRPs until the cessation of antimicrobial treatment, including oral step-down therapy. The outcome of each ADR was recorded, including those resulting in hospital readmissions, presentation to the ED, or changes in antimicrobials.

Results:

Among 144 patients discharged on OPAT, 199 DRPs occurred in 91 (63.2%) patients. Harm and potential impaired efficacy occurred in 76.9% and 23.1%, respectively. The ADRs comprised 59% of DRPs, occurring in 44.4% of patients. The second most common DRP type was drug interactions (DIs), accounting for 22.6% of DRPs. Rifampin, fluoroquinolones, and daptomycin had the highest frequencies of preventable DRPs in the form of DIs, whereas cephalosporins had the fewest DRPs. Approximately 26% of ADRs caused changes in therapy and 9% resulted in hospital readmission or ED utilization.

Conclusion:

DRPs with the potential to cause patient harm or impair treatment efficacy often occur with OPAT, most commonly ADRs and DIs. Enhanced monitoring and transitions of care management may reduce the incidence of these DRPs.
Experimental and numerical investigations of cooling drag
Authors: Hobeika Teddy , Sebben Simone , Löfdahl Lennart
Published: January 2017

As the target figures for CO2 emissions are reduced every year, vehicle manufacturers seek to exploit all possible gains in the different vehicle attributes. Aerodynamic drag is an important factor that affects the vehicle’s fuel consumption, and its importance rises with the shift from the New European Driving Cycle to the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle which has a higher average speed. In order to reduce vehicle drag, car manufacturers employ the use of grill/spoiler shutters which reduces the amount of air going through the vehicle’s cooling system, also known as cooling flow, thus reducing both its cooling capability and the resultant cooling drag. This paper investigates the influence of different grill blockages on the cooling flow through the radiator of a Volvo S60. By modifying the engine bay and radiator, load cells are used to measure the force acting on the radiator core while the velocity distribution across the radiator core is measured using pressure probes. These values are analyzed and compared to different vehicle configurations and grill inlet designs. A number of test configurations are reproduced in Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations and compared to the test results. For some grill configurations, the simulations provide a good prediction of mass flow and velocity distribution; however a clear discrepancy is present as the grill blockages increase. On the other hand, the force acting on the radiator core was well predicted for all configurations. This paper discusses the different parameters affecting cooling flow predictions such as wind tunnel blockage and measurement grid discretization by comparing radiator forces and mass flows. In addition, the changes on overall vehicle forces are discussed with the radiator force put in context with cooling drag.
Can a Word Sound Like a Shape Before You Have Seen It? Sound-Shape Mapping Prior to Conscious Awareness
Authors: Hung Shao-Min , Styles Suzy J. , Hsieh Po-Jang
Published: January 2017

Nonarbitrary mappings between sound and shape (i.e., the bouba-kiki effect) have been shown across different cultures and early in development; however, the level of processing at which this effect arises remains unclear. Here we show that the mapping occurs prior to conscious awareness of the visual stimuli. Under continuous flash suppression, congruent stimuli (e.g., “kiki” inside an angular shape) broke through to conscious awareness faster than incongruent stimuli. This was true even when we trained people to pair unfamiliar letters with auditory word forms, a result showing that the effect was driven by the phonology, not the visual features, of the letters. Furthermore, visibility thresholds of the shapes decreased when they were preceded by a congruent auditory word form in a masking paradigm. Taken together, our results suggest that sound-shape mapping can occur automatically prior to conscious awareness of visual shapes, and that sensory congruence facilitates conscious awareness of a stimulus being present.
Social theory, economic geography, space and place: Reflections on the work of Ray Hudson
Authors: Perrons Diane
Published: January 2017

Economic geography, at its best, deploys economic and social theory to make sense of the economic, political and social transformation of regions and their impact on people’s lives and opportunities. Nowhere is this approach more evident than in the work of Ray Hudson, who has consistently focused on analysing the processes of combined and uneven development to explain the broad changes in the capitalist economy together with middle-level theories to account for the complexity of regional development in practice. In so doing he has created a powerful Geographical Political Economy that provides a deep understanding of the last four decades of economic restructuring and industrial transformation of the North-East Region of England and its impact on the lives of people living there. This article reflects on this aspect of Ray Hudson’s work in the context of his broader contributions to the academy.
Endogenous Nuclear Deterrence: The Bomb and Security in South Asia
Authors: Sharma Shubham
Published: January 2017

Discoveries in modern science have contributed immensely to the giant strides taken by humanity in subduing nature. At the same time, it has managed to discover new sinews of power to inflict irreparable damage to opponents, dissenters, and outliers in the realm of politics. The scientific revolution that led to the splitting up of atoms also resulted in the evolution of the atomic bomb. It was the ultimate expression of power maximization which lay latent in human beings. The article attempts to locate the presence of the ‘bomb’ in South Asia which stands in stark contrast to the neorealist logic of capability maximization in response to the anarchy at the ‘structural’ level. In other words, the article will attempt to trace the genealogy of the bomb and try to establish the endogenous origins of the ‘bomb’. Endogenous origins would imply anomalies at the ideational level, psychological scars, and the threat posed by the dominant ‘other’, culminating in the making of the nuclear bomb. Second, the article will seek to explore the debate between nuclear ‘optimists’ and ‘pessimists’ and contextualize it in South Asia. Lastly, the article would make a normative case for ‘human security’ as against ceaseless pursuit of ‘ontological security’ by both India and Pakistan.
Noble athlete, savage coach: How racialised representations of Aboriginal athletes impede professional sport coaching opportunities for Aboriginal Australians
Authors: Apoifis Nicholas , Marlin Demelza , Bennie Andrew
Published: January 2017

Representations of Aboriginal Australian peoples as genetically predisposed to sporting prowess are pervasive and enduring perceptions. This rhetoric belongs to a larger narrative that also describes a peculiarly Aboriginal style of play: full of flair, speed and ‘magic’. Such imagery has informed a common perception that, in many team sports, Aboriginal athletes are biologically more suited to playing positions characterised by pace, trickery and spontaneity, rather than those that utilise leadership acumen and intellectual skill. There has been a great deal of academic research exploring how such essentialised and racialised representations play out for Aboriginal athletes. In this paper, however, we extend that research, examining how racialised representations of Aboriginal athletic ability affect Aboriginal coaches. Premised on interviews with 26 Aboriginal Australian coaches, we argue that representations of Aboriginal athletes as naturally suited to speed and flair, rather than leadership and sporting-intellect, help maintain an environment that limits opportunities for Aboriginal Australians seeking to move into sporting leadership roles, such as coaching. This paper sheds light on the ways in which racialised representations of Aboriginal athletes feed into a settler colonialist narrative that stymies opportunities for aspiring Aboriginal professional coaches, and speculates on the limitations of this approach, in challenging the political hegemony of settler colonialism.
Interrogating the motivations of sport for development and peace practitioners
Authors: Welty Peachey Jon , Musser Allison , Shin Na Ri , Cohen Adam
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to interrogate the motivations of sport for development and peace (SDP) practitioners for initially becoming involved in the field and to better understand their involvement over time. Specifically, this study aimed to identify key characteristics and motives of practitioners to gain further understanding of the implementation, execution, and approach of SDP programs and whether or not evangelical rhetoric and neocolonialism were reflected in these approaches. Findings revealed that practitioners were initially motivated by love of sport, the desire to make a difference in the world, and to seek out new experiences. Practitioners stayed involved over time due to fulfillment and satisfaction with their work and the continued desire to make a difference. While many practitioners had moved past evangelical rhetoric and neocolonialism, evangelical rhetoric was still reflective in just less than half of the motivations of practitioners from higher-income countries (HIC) and lower to middle income countries, while 40 percent of participants primarily from HIC reflected a neocolonial approach in their motives. Implications for theory and SDP policy are illuminated.
Chemical Peritonitis Associated with Intraperitoneal Vancomycin
Authors: Smith Thomas A. , Bailie George R. , Eisele George
Published: January 2017

A case of chemical peritonitis associated with intraperitoneal vancomycin is reported. A 23-year-old woman presented with signs and symptoms consistent with a chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter exit-site infection. Intraperitoneal vancomycin (Vancoled) 1 g was given, followed by 25 mg/L into each subsequent exchange. On day 4 the patient developed abdominal pain and cloudy dialysis effluent. The vancomycin was discontinued, and the dialysate cleared by day 8. Fluid cultures were negative, and Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the exit site. Subsequent intravenous vancomycin, and smaller intraperitoneal doses, failed to repeat the event. Fluid and serum white blood cell count, serum immunoglobulins and complement, culture results, and the temporal relationship are strongly suggestive of a vancomycin-induced chemical peritonitis.
Provocation Tests in a Chlormezanone-Induced Fixed Drug Eruption
Authors: Lee Ai Young , Lee Yoo Shin
Published: January 2017

Although as few as seven cases of fixed drug eruption (FDE) due to chlormezanone have been reported, it should not be overlooked as a cause of FDE. To identify the causative agent in FDEs, topical provocation tests are much safer and more convenient than systemic provocation tests. If results of topical provocation tests are reliable, they could become useful diagnostic as well as screening tests. Patch tests were performed in a suspected case of FDE due to chlormezanone on the patient's normal and prelesional skin with all ingested drugs whose concentrations were one and ten percent. The base was petrolatum. A positive reaction occurred only at the previously lesional site tested with chlormezanone, and was confirmed with oral provocation tests.
Intradermal Hepatitis B Vaccination
Authors: Rivey Michael P. , Peterson John
Published: January 2017

The availability of vaccine since 1982 for immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV) has had minimal impact on the disease; mass immunization has been suggested. Intradermal vaccination, which has precedent in prophylaxis of other infectious diseases, has been investigated as a low-cost alternative to traditional intramuscular HBV vaccination. Results of open and comparative trials indicate similar seroconversion rates for intradermal and intramuscular HBV vaccination routes in healthy adults. However, antibody titers and, presumably, duration of antibody protection appear to be decreased with intradermal HBV vaccination. Limited data suggest that demographic factors such as age and gender may affect vaccine responsiveness to intradermal HBV vaccine. Adverse skin reactions are common but do not represent a deterrent to continued intradermal HBV vaccination. There is a need for large-scale prospective comparative trials to substantiate the value of intradermal HBV vaccination. Nevertheless, the potential economic and epidemiologic benefit of intradermal vaccination justifies continued investigation for prevention of HBV infection.
Pharmacokinetic Simulation of the Effect of Multiple-Dose Activated Charcoal in Phenytoin Poisoning—Report of Two Pediatric Cases
Authors: Reed Michael D. , Dolgin Jill G. , Nix David E. , Sanchez Javier , Watson William A.
Published: January 2017

Activated charcoal is commonly used to inhibit the absorption of phenytoin after acute overdose. There are also reports of multiple-dose activated charcoal (MDAC) increasing the clearance of phenytoin in adults. We describe our experience modeling phenytoin pharmacokinetics during therapy with MDAC in the treatment of two cases of acute phenytoin poisoning in children. After extensive attempts at modeling the serum phenytoin concentrations, simulations were performed to identify the possible consequences of MDAC administration. Phenytoin elimination was more rapid than was expected, based on previously reported phenytoin pharmacokinetic parameters. Moreover, the time to peak phenytoin concentration and time course of phenytoin intoxication appeared to be shorter than available reports of phenytoin intoxication treated with a single dose of activated charcoal. MDAC may prevent continued phenytoin absorption and increase phenytoin elimination rate via gastrointestinal dialysis. The effect of MDAC on the clearance of phenytoin can be described by a first-order elimination rate constant of approximately 0.02–0.04/h.
Tuberculosis in the Elderly: Incidence, Manifestations, PPD Skin Tests, and Preventive Therapy
Authors: Stewart Ronald B. , Mallet Louise , Strozyk William R.
Published: January 2017

Tuberculosis is a chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The incidence of tuberculosis has declined dramatically over the past decades, but it is still highly prevalent in the geriatric population. This report describes the etiology, clinical manifestations, and immunologic changes of tuberculosis in the elderly. The basis for tuberculin skin testing and its interpretation in patients over 65 years of age are discussed, as well as the controversies regarding preventive therapy with isoniazid in the elderly. Guidelines for tuberculosis screening in long-term care facilities are proposed.
Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions Associated with Fluoxetine Therapy
Authors: Hartshorn Edward A. , Levinson Miriam L. , Lipsy Robert J. , Fuller Dennis K.
Published: January 2017

Fluoxetine, an inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, was released by the Food and Drug Administration in 1988 and was among the most prescribed drugs for that year. Although fluoxetine has been promoted as a safe antidepressant, a recent literature search revealed a number of case reports of adverse effects and drug interactions attributed to its use. This review familiarizes healthcare professionals with some of the currently known interactions and adverse effects and suggests ways of avoiding such events in clinical practice.
Use of Restricted Antibiotics in Primary Care
Authors: Zara Corinne , Alerany Carmen , Verger Guillem
Published: January 2017

The objective of this study was to detect and evaluate the use of restricted antibiotics (RAs) in our ambulatory care site. We retrospectively analyzed 1084 treatments of a selected group of intramuscularly administered antibiotics that are usually considered restricted for use in hospitals. Five cephalosporins, four aminoglycosides, and one acylureidopenicillin were analyzed. The study was conducted in 47 primary health centers over six months. We reported the information on a special order form for parenteral prescriptions and evaluated the selection and the dosing interval of each antibiotic. Of the 1084 treatments, cefonicid was the antibiotic most frequently prescribed (61.3 percent), followed by tobramycin (15.3 percent), cefotaxime sodium (6.7 percent), amikacin (3.8 percent), cefuroxime (3.8 percent), mezlocillin (3.7 percent), netilmicin sulfate (3.7 percent), ceftizoxime sodium (0.8 percent), cefoxitin (0.5 percent), and streptomycin sulfate (0.4 percent). Based on our survey criteria, 59 percent of the 710 orders that indicated diagnosis had a correct or possibly correct indication; the remaining percentage was considered unnecessary therapy or poor drug choice. Of the 1050 orders that indicated a dosing interval, 75.4 percent showed an appropriate dosing interval. We assume that most of the infections treated in our ambulatory care site could be resolved with or without common antibiotics. In this study we obtained objective data of the use of ten RAs in order to determine if their use in ambulatory patients was justified. We observed that a small number of prescriptions agreed with the recommended criteria stated in this survey for use of these antibiotics in outpatient infections.
Peritoneal Deciduoid Mesothelioma: An Unusual Presentation Complicating an Already Challenging Diagnosis
Authors: Dominiak Nicole , Graybill Whitney , Gunning William , Richardson Mary S. , Spruill Laura S.
Published: January 2017

This report highlights a diagnostically challenging case of diffuse deciduoid mesothelioma occurring in the peritoneum of a 25-year-old woman, 8 months postpartum. Optimally debulked tumor consisted of sheets of polygonal cells arranged in solid, trabecular, and pseudopapillary configurations, with vesicular, occasionally grooved nuclei and small nucleoli. A barrage of immunohistochemical stains revealed an unusual staining pattern characterized by diffusely positive keratin, WT-1, and mesothelin staining, but lack of calretinin positivity. Electron microscopy demonstrated only rare thin, long, branching cellular projections. Cytogenetics revealed balanced translocations of 12p and 1q and 16p. Based on compiled ancillary studies, a diagnosis of deciduoid mesolthelioma was made and supported by consultations from experts at 3 outside facilities. Twenty-seven months after diagnosis, the patient is alive and undergoing treatment with progression of disease. This case is presented in detail, and a discussion of the diagnostic criteria and current application of those criteria is provided.
Intralymphatic Histiocytosis of the Appendix and Fallopian Tube Associated With Primary Peritoneal High-Grade, Poorly Differentiated Adenocarcinoma of Müllerian Origin
Authors: Tran Tien Anh N. , Tran Quang , Carlson J. Andrew
Published: January 2017

Intralymphatic histiocytosis (ILH) is a peculiar pathological process characterized by the collections of benign histiocytes in dilated lymph vessels. Although the majority of ILH patients present clinically with various forms of cutaneous manifestation, rare extracutaneous incidences have been reported in the literature. To date, ILH has not been described in an internal visceral organ. We report the case of a 68-year-old woman who underwent an appendectomy during a surgical procedure for a primary peritoneal high-grade, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of Müllerian origin. Although no malignancy was identified in the appendix, the appendiceal mucosa and submucosa were expanded by dilated vascular channels harboring aggregates of uniform epithelioid cells. Similar histological changes were also identified in the right fallopian tube. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the lymphatic nature of the vessels and the histiocytic origin of the intravascular cells. Of note was the presence of scattered multinucleated giant cells in the histiocytic population, a histological feature not described hitherto in ILH. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case of ILH harboring multinucleated giant cells, involving internal visceral organs, and associated with a malignant tumor of the gynecological system. As such, the current case report expands the clinical and histological spectrum of ILH.
Policy Diffusion at the Local Level: Participatory Budgeting in Estonia
Authors: Krenjova Jelizaveta , Raudla Ringa
Published: January 2017

The existing studies on participatory budgeting (PB) have paid very limited attention to how this participatory tool has spread across local governments (LGs), what kind of diffusion mechanisms have played a predominant role, and which actors and factors have influenced its adoption. Our article seeks to address this gap in the scholarly discussion by exploring the diffusion of PB across LGs in Estonia, where it is a rather new phenomenon. Our qualitative study demonstrates that the diffusion of PB in Estonia has so far been driven by the interaction of two mechanisms: learning and imitation. We also find that an epistemic go-between, information-technological solutions, and the characteristics of the initial adopter played a significant role in shaping the diffusion process.