bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity of ethanolic extracts of Polygonum senticosum in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages
Authors: Kim Chul Hwan , Hwang Buyng Su , Hwang Yong , Oh Young Taek , Jeong Jin-Woo
Published: December 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to examine the antioxidant activity and antiinflammatory effects of ethanol extract of Polygonum senticosum (EPS) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Methods

Antioxidant activity of EPS was assessed by radical-scavenging effects on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. Proinflammatory markers produced by LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages were quantified to assess the antiinflammatory activity of EPS.

Results

Our results showed that EPS significantly increased FRAP and DPPH radical-scavenging activity. Additionally, EPS reduced LPS-induced proinflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), along with proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, without significant cytotoxicity. EPS significantly downregulated the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Positive correlations were noted between FRAP and DPPH radical-scavenging activity and antiinflammatory capacity.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that EPS downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, PGE2, and cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Further research is needed for its use as a treatment for inflammation and related diseases.
Pidgin Metadata Framework as a Mediator for Metadata Interoperability
Authors: Lee Seungmin
Published: December 2021

A pidgin metadata framework based on the concept of pidgin metadata is proposed to complement the limitations of existing approaches to metadata interoperability and to achieve more reliable metadata interoperability. The framework consists of three layers, with a hierarchical structure, and reflects the semantic and structural characteristics of various metadata. Layer 1 performs both an external function, serving as an anchor for semantic association between metadata elements, and an internal function, providing semantic categories that can encompass detailed elements. Layer 2 is an arbitrary layer composed of substantial elements from existing metadata and performs a function in which different metadata elements describing the same or similar aspects of information resources are associated with the semantic categories of Layer 1. Layer 3 implements the semantic relationships between Layer 1 and Layer 2 through the Resource Description Framework syntax. With this structure, the pidgin metadata framework can establish the criteria for semantic connection between different elements and fully reflect the complexity and heterogeneity among various metadata. Additionally, it is expected to provide a bibliographic environment that can achieve more reliable metadata interoperability than existing approaches by securing the communication between metadata.
A label-free optical system with a nanohole array biosensor for discriminating live single cancer cells from normal cells
Authors: Franco Alfredo , Vidal Verónica , Gómez Marcos , Gutiérrez Olga , Martino María , González Francisco , Moreno Fernando , Fernández-Luna José L.
Published: December 2021

Developing a simple, fast, and label-free method for discrimination between live cancer cells and normal cells in biological samples still remains a challenge. Here, a system is described that fulfills these features to analyze individual living cells. The system consists of a gold nanohole array biosensor plus a microscope optical design to isolate the spectral response of a single cell. It is demonstrated that differences in the spectral behavior between tumor (colorectal cancer cell lines and primary cells from colorectal cancer tissue) and non-tumor cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, skin fibroblasts and colon epithelial cells) are influenced by the actin cortex, which lies within the short penetration depth of the surface plasmon electromagnetic field. The efficacy of this system was assessed by the analysis of about one thousand single cells showing the highest discrimination capacity between normal colon epithelial cells and colorectal cancer cells from surgical specimens, with values of sensitivity and specificity ranging 80–100% and 87–100%, respectively. It is also demonstrated that cell discrimination capacity of the system is highly reduced by disrupting the formation of actin cortex. This plasmonic system may find wide applications in biomedicine and to study key cellular processes that involve the actin cortex, including proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
Application of DSA to improve strength of thermomechanical pulp blended paper
Authors: Lee Cheol Woo , Ryu Jeong Yong
Published: December 2021

A more efficient application of a dry strength agent (DSA) was investigated to improve the strength of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) blended paper. Strength improvement by DSA application was more effective for hardwood bleached kraft pulp (Hw-BKP) than TMP. The degree of strength improvement of DSA further increased with the increasing degree of refining of Hw-BKP. The strength of the paper was decreased by the fines fractionation of TMP, but the strength improvement efficiency of DSA for the fines fractionated TMP increased. In order to increase the strength of TMP mixed paper using DSA, it is expected that DSA should be adsorbed only to Hw-BKP with high strength improvement efficiency, not TMP fines. When the DSA was mixed with Hw-BKP before contact with other stocks, it was confirmed that the effect of improving the strength by the DSA is the best. The strength improving effect increased as TMP fines were removed. Therefore, to improve the strength of the paper containing TMP in Hw-BKP by adding a DSA, it is preferable to selective apply the DSA to Hw-BKP while blending only the fibers of TMP by fractionation.
Wie die NATO auf den Aufstieg Chinas reagieren sollte
Authors: Kaim Markus , Stanzel Angela
Published: December 2021

Kurzfassung

Chinas weltpolitischer Aufstieg stellt andere Staaten und internationale Organisationen vor neue Herausforderungen, da er regional wie global etablierte Machtverhältnisse erschüttert und weltanschauliche Alternativen zu westlichen Ordnungsvorstellungen stärkt. Auch unter den NATO-Mitgliedern besteht ein zunehmender Konsens darin, sich mit den von China ausgehenden Herausforderungen beschäftigen zu müssen. Wie die NATO diese Herausforderung angehen sollte, wird unter den NATO-Mitgliedern jedoch unterschiedlich bewertet. Die NATO sollte ihre eigenen Möglichkeiten beim Umgang mit China realistisch einschätzen. Es sollte nicht darum gehen, ein alle Aktivitäten der Allianz überwölbendes, neues Handlungsparadigma zu definieren. Vielmehr sollte die NATO für sich einen Platz innerhalb des komplexen Gefüges euro-atlantischer Institutionen definieren, sodass mögliche Aktivitäten des Bündnisses Sinn ergeben, Planungen anderer Organisationen aber nicht dupliziert werden.
Die Arktis im Strategischen Konzept der NATO
Authors: Däumer Michael
Published: December 2021

Kurzfassung

Seit Verabschiedung des letzten Strategischen Konzepts der NATO im Jahr 2010 hat sich das Sicherheitsumfeld der Arktis dramatisch verändert. Der in der Arktis rasant verlaufende Klimawandel hat sich in der gesamten Region ökologisch, wirtschaftlich und geopolitisch ausgewirkt. Temperaturanstieg und Eisschmelze machen die Arktis zunehmend ökonomisch zugänglich und nutzbar. Damit gerät die Arktis erneut in den strategischen Fokus der internationalen Gemeinschaft. Vor allem strebt China als selbsternannter „Arktis-Nahanrainer“ mit seiner Polaren Seidenstraße in die Arktis. Der Wettlauf um die Arktis und Russlands militärische Absicherung wirtschaftspolitischer Interessen bergen neues Konfliktpotenzial. Das betrifft die Sicherheitsinteressen der NATO. Das veränderte Sicherheitsumfeld in dieser fragilen Region erfordert verstärkt die Aufmerksamkeit des gesamten Bündnisses. Erstmals seit Ende des Kalten Krieges überlegt die NATO, welchen strategischen Stellenwert die Arktis im nächsten Strategischen Konzept einnehmen soll. Die westliche Allianz steht vor dem Dilemma, auf das neue Bedrohungspotenzial in einer Region mit relativ schwachen Governance-Strukturen zu reagieren, ohne eine arktische Sicherheitskrise auszulösen.
Der Begriff der Gesellschaft
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: December 2021

Die Tatsache, dass die Soziologie kein adäquates Verständnis von der Einheit ihres Gegenstands, also keinen angemessenen Gesellschaftsbegriff entwickelt hat, kann auf drei Vorurteile zurückgeführt werden: Die Annahmen, dass die Gesellschaft aus Menschen bestehe, dass es eine territoriale Vielheit von Gesellschaften gebe und dass nur das Subjekt (und nicht die Gesellschaft) das Privileg der Selbstreferenz habe. Theorie- und Begriffsentwicklungen in anderen Disziplinen legen hier Änderungen im Theoriedesign nahe. Geht man dabei vom Systembegriff aus, so bestimmt sich dieser über die Differenz zu seiner Umwelt. Damit wird der Begriff der Produktion, genauer der Autopoiesis und damit die Umstellung der soziologischen Theorie vom Handlungs- auf den dreistelligen Kommunikationsbegriff zentral. Gesellschaft muss dann verstanden werden als das umfassende System aller Kommunikationen. Die Folgen dieser Theorieentscheidung werden an den Beispielen der Sprache als strukturelle Kopplung von Bewusstsein und Kommunikation, der Beziehung von Individuum und Gesellschaft und dem Begriff der Rationalität als Wiedereinführung der Unterscheidung von Selbst- und Fremdreferenz diskutiert.
Rechtssystem und politisches System: Probleme ihrer wechselseitigen Beziehungen
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: December 2021

Das Verhältnis von Politik und Recht ist in der europäischen Tradition durch eine besondere Nähe gekennzeichnet, die die Frage provoziert, ob es sich überhaupt um zwei voneinander getrennte Systeme handelt oder ob nicht beide Funktionsbereiche konvergieren, es also gerade zu einer Entdifferenzierung kommt. Die Theorie selbstreferentieller Systeme und eine darauf aufbauende Theorie der funktionalen Differenzierung der Gesellschaft bieten genauere Analysemöglichkeiten, die zeigen, dass Politik und Recht in einem spezifischen Kombinationsverhältnis von Abhängigkeit und Unabhängigkeit stehen. Die zugrunde gelegte Theorie der modernen Gesellschaft betont zugleich das Unwahrscheinliche des europäischen Modells und erlaubt somit auch die Frage, ob diese Gesellschaft nicht an ihren eigenen Strukturen scheitern kann. Zumindest gibt es empirische Entwicklungen, die als Hinweise auf eine problematische Änderung des Verhältnisses von Politik und Recht verstanden werden können.
Der Wohlfahrtsstaat als politisches und als theoretisches Problem
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: December 2021

Die verbreitete Wahrnehmung einer Krise des Wohlfahrtsstaates hat mit fehlgehenden gesellschaftstheoretischen Prämissen in Form einer gesellschaftlichen Suprematie der Politik wie dem dominanten Einfluss der Wirtschaft auf die gesamtgesellschaftliche Entwicklung zu tun. Eine adäquate gesellschaftstheoretische Beschreibung legt dagegen ein anderes Verständnis nahe. Danach hat sich zunächst der Verfassungsstaat als eine Stabilisierung des politischen Systems über das Prinzip der Eliminierung von Abweichungen von gegebenen Erwartungslagen herausgebildet. Der Wohlfahrtsstaat dagegen basiert auf dem Prinzip eines positiven Feedbacks. Die Theorie selbstreferentieller Systeme gibt hier erste Hinweise, dass die Probleme des Wohlfahrtsstaates auf die interne Differenzierung des politischen Systems, die Selbstüberforderung der Implementationsinstrumente Geld und Recht sowie die mit der Struktur der Gesellschaft verbundenen Komplexitätsprobleme in den entsprechenden Entscheidungsprozessen zurückgeführt werden können. Damit wird die Frage der Selbstbeobachtungsfähigkeit der Gesellschaft und speziell des politischen Systems zentral. Die Theorie des Verfassungsstaats hatte den gesellschaftsstrukturell bedingten Verzicht auf politische Wirkungsmöglichkeiten als Freiheit beschrieben; inwiefern unter denselben Bedingungen eine Theorie des Wohlfahrtsstaates entwickelt und in die Politik zurückgespiegelt werden kann, ist zunächst offen.
The solid solution TbNiIn1−x
Ga
x
Authors: Horiacha Myroslava , Nychyporuk Galyna , Pöttgen Rainer , Zaremba Vasyl
Published: December 2021

Phase formation in the solid solution TbNiIn1−x
Ga
x
at 873 K was investigated in the full concentration range by means of powder X-ray diffraction and EDX analysis. The samples were synthesized by arc-melting of the pure metals with subsequent annealing at 873 K for one month. The influence of the substitution of indium by gallium on the type of structure and solubility was studied. The solubility ranges have been determined and changes of the unit cell parameters were calculated on the basis of powder X-ray diffraction data: TbNiIn1–0.4Ga0–0.6 (ZrNiAl-type structure, space group

P

6
‾

2
m

$P\bar{6}2m$

, a = 0.74461(8)–0.72711(17) and c = 0.37976(5)–0.37469(8) nm); TbNiIn0.2–0Ga0.8–1.0 (TiNiSi-type structure, space group Pnma, а = 0.68950(11)–0.68830(12), b = 0.43053(9)–0.42974(6), с = 0.74186(10)–0.73486(13) nm). The crystal structures of TbNiGa (TiNiSi type, Pnma, a = 0.69140(5), b = 0.43047(7), c = 0.73553(8) nm, wR2=0.0414, 525 F
2 values, 21 variables), TbNiIn0.83(1)Ga0.17(1) (ZrNiAl type,

P

6
‾

2
m

$P\bar{6}2m$

, a = 0.74043(6), c = 0.37789(3) nm, wR2 = 0.0293, 322 F
2 values, 16 variables) and TbNiIn0.12(2)Ga0.88(2) (TiNiSi type, Pnma, a = 0.69124(6), b = 0.43134(9), c = 0.74232(11) nm, wR2 = 0.0495, 516 F
2 values, 21 variables) have been determined. The characteristics of the solid solutions and the variations of the unit cell parameters are briefly discussed.
Genossenschaften für das Gemeinwesen: Bürgerschaftliches Engagement zur Sicherung der Daseinsvorsorge?
Authors: Thürling Marleen , Hanisch Markus
Published: December 2021

Der Beitrag untersucht die Rolle des bürgerschaftlichen Engagements in Genossenschaften, die Aufgaben und Angebote in ihren Gemeinwesen übernehmen. Um ihren Geschäftsbetrieb langfristig und kostendeckend zu realisieren, sind sie darauf angewiesen, bürgerschaftliches Engagement zu generieren und einzubinden. Daraus resultiert ein spezifisches Spannungsverhältnis zwischen der Freiwilligkeit einerseits und der wirtschaftlichen Notwendigkeit andererseits, das es in den Blick zu nehmen gilt bei der Frage, ob und inwieweit es sich bei diesen Genossenschaften um tragfähige Lösungsmodelle für Versorgungsprobleme im Gemeinwesen handelt. Gezeigt wird, dass die Genossenschaften als Engagement-Infrastrukturen dann erfolgreich sind, wenn sie geeignete Rahmenbedingungen für das Engagement ihrer Mitglieder bereitstellen können und die Unterstützung der Kommune dafür eine entscheidende Rolle spielt.
Bacterial Microbiota in Unfed Ticks (Dermacentor nuttalli) From Xinjiang Detected Through 16S rDNA Amplicon Sequencing and Culturomics
Authors: Song Kai , Ji Yuxin , Sun Surong , Yue Xihong , Wang Cheng , Luo Tao , Moming Abulimiti , Song Yajun , Zhang Yujiang , Yang Ruifu
Published: December 2021

Background:

Ticks are a major arthropod vector of zoonotic diseases affecting both humans and domestic animals worldwide. Thus, studying tick microbiota would aid in understanding of the potential threats posed by ticks.

Methods:

Approximately 8,000 unfed ticks, identified as Dermacentor nuttalli, were collected from the sylvosteppe in the western Tianshan mountains. To investigate their potential pathogens, we divided the ticks into 36 groups of 200–300 individuals each for examination with culturomics and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing.

Results:

A total of 237 bacterial genera were identified with the two methods. Culturomics identified 46 bacterial species from 23 genera, predominantly Pseudomonas, Pantoea, and Bacillus, whereas 16S rDNA sequencing identified 461 OTUs from 233 genera, predominantly Pseudomonas (53.8%), Coxiella (17.2%), and Pantoea (6.4%). Coxiella, Rickettsia, and ten other genera were discovered only by sequencing, because optimal cultivating conditions were not used for their isolation, whereas Arthrobacter and three other genera were discovered only through culturomics.

Conclusions:

Several of the identified bacteria, such as line-related sepsis-causing Delftia acidovorans and the pneumonia agent Acinetobacter pittii, can cause human diseases. Thus, both sequencing and culturomics methods are crucial for comprehensive understanding of the microbiota of D. nuttalli.
REVITALISASI KELOMPOK KERJA GURU DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN KURIKULUM SATUAN PENDIDIKAN SEKOLAH DASAR DI KOTA SEMARANG
Authors: Fakhruddin -
Published: December 2021

KKG as one of Teacher Community expected to improve service quality and educational outcomes. The issues are, how the mechanism of cluster working groups of teachers in improving the quality of learning, whether the potential material and nonmaterial which can be used as a source of development of teachers in the management of learning, and how to support and empowerment of teacher working group in understanding and implementing the curriculum level education units. Data collection was taken by using questionnaire research and documentation. Questionnaires are used to reveal the mechanisms, programs, support and empowerment of KKG. Documentation are used to reveal data about the number of primary schools, learners and Cluster KKG. Results showed that the mechanism of development and management of the KKG is set through consultation according to the annual periodicity, further to enhance competence through sharing knowledge, skills and attitudes, test ideas, and discussion. The results suggest that preparation of KKG program tailored to the needs and problem of teachers in classroom learning, the importance of monitoring and evaluation continues with the instruments and the framework of implementation of SBC by every teacher in class need to attempt- efforts to obtain the support of various parties.
PERANAN KOMITE SEKOLAH DALAM PEMBIAYAAN PENDIDIKAN DI SMA NEGERI 1 TUNTANG KABUPATEN SEMARANG
Authors: Ninik -
Published: December 2021

Komite sekolah adalah suatu lembaga mandiri dibentuk dan berperan dalam peningkatan mutu pelayanan dengan memberikan pertimbangan, arah dan dukungan tenaga, sarana, dan prasarana serta pengawasan pada tingkat satuan pendidikan. Pemberdayaan Komite Sekolah dapat diwujudkan diantaranya melalui pelibatan mereka dalam penyusunan rencana dan program sekolah, RAPBS, pelaksanaan program pendidikan dan penyelenggaraan akuntabilitas pendidikan. Salah satu tugas dan fungsi komite adalah sebagai badan pertimbangan dan pendukung dalam hal penyusunan dan penetapan RAPBS serta memberi dukungan dalam financial khususnya dalam penggalian dana dari wali siswa atau masyarakat.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi, mendeskripsikan data menganalisa peranan komite sekolah dalam (1) Proses penyusunan rencana anggaran pendapatan dan belanja sekolah (RAPBS) di SMA Negeri I Tuntang, (2) Cara memperoleh dukungan dana dan pengalokasian biaya pendidikan di SMA Negeri I Tuntang, serta(3) Pengawasan dan evaluasi biaya pendidikan di SMA Negeri I Tuntang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peranan komite sekolah terutama dalam pembiayaan pendidikan di SMA Negeri I Tuntang Kabupaten Semarang sesuai dengan tugas dan fungsinya yaitu sebagai advisory agency (pemberi pertimbangan), supporting agency (pendukung kegiatan layanan pendidikan), controlling agency (pengontrol kegiatan) dan mediator (penghubung) telah memberikan kontribusi yang positif bagi kemajuan sekolah tersebut. Kemajuan-kemajuan yang telah dicapai meliputi prasarana fisik dan non fisik. Kerja sama yang baik antara pihak sekolah dan komite terlihat dari kekompakan dalam penyusunan RAPBS sehingga semua program yang direncanakan mendapat dukungan dana dari pemerintah, wali murid dan pihak swasta.Kata Kunci: peranan; komite sekolah; biaya pendidikan
Photos of Learning During Pandemic Covid-19 on Frontier, Outermost, and Disadvantaged Areas East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Arkiang Fajeri , Adwiah Rabiatun
Published: December 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the education system to undertake distance learning (PJJ). This incident is vulnerable to students in the Frontier, Outermost, and Disadvantaged (3T) areas because they have the potential to lose their right to study. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in the 3T area, especially in the province of East Nusa Tenggara. This study uses a descriptive content analysis study method. The analysis was carried out on international, national articles, books and similar sources related to the implementation of online learning during the pandemic. Virtual learning is a solution to activate teaching and learning activities even though educational institutions have implemented work from home, considering that time and place are at risk during this pandemic. However, this virtual learning technique is very important to evaluate, because the internet network connection is one of the obstacles faced by students whose living quarters are difficult to access the internet, especially those students who live in rural, remote and underdeveloped areas. The benefit of this research is to facilitate the teaching and learning process and improve the quality of education.
Implementation of Authentic Leadership Attitudes to Tutors at Community Learning Center (CLC)
Authors: Irvansyah Adi , Sumardjo Sumardjo , Syah Rahmat
Published: December 2021

Current research intends to explore authentic leadership's role in the classroom's learning management process and motivation. The object of this research is PKBM An-Nur in Sukamakmur Bogor. The research instrument used interviews and direct observation. The results showed that authentic leadership affects work involvement and affective well-being related to management in PKBM An-Nur. Authentic leadership shows results in the expected direction, namely tutor awareness in teaching and building teamwork in PKBM organizations. Fatigue negatively affects performance and well-being, whereas engagement predicts well-being positively. Quantitative excess is positively associated with attention and burnout. Authentic leadership shows an indirect effect on all outcomes. Quantitative advantages also mediate the relationship between Authentic leadership and engagement and fatigue and sincerity of being a PKBM tutor.
Velocidad de respuesta al cambio climático de las especies del género «Viola» en la alta montaña de Canarias
Authors: BELLO-RODRÍGUEZ VÍCTOR , CUBAS JONAY , DEL ARCO MARCELINO J. , MARTÍN ESQUIVEL JOSE L. , MARRERO-GÓMEZ MANUEL V. , GONZÁLEZ-MANCEBO JUANA MARÍA
Published: December 2021

El género Viola es uno de los más amenazados por el cambio climático y los herbívoros invasores en la alta montaña de Canarias, estando representado actualmente por los endemismos insulares V. palmensis (La Palma), y V. cheiranthifolia y V. guaxarensis (Tenerife). En este trabajo se ha modelizado la distribución potencial de estas tres especies en distintos escenarios climáticos, con novedades como la incorporación de modelos hacia el pasado (período 1959-1989) y del cálculo de velocidad de respuesta al cambio climático para cada especie. Los resultados reflejan que en las últimas décadas V. guaxarensis ha perdido un 22,7% de superficie potencial y más de un 40% para V. palmensis y V. cheiranthifolia. Las proyecciones hacia el futuro son especialmente preocupantes para estas dos últimas especies, dado que tienden a reducir su área de distribución potencial en los sectores más elevados de ambas islas, los cuales se convertirán en sumideros de biodiversidad. La velocidad con la que las especies deben migrar para compensar estos cambios es mayor cuando se ven obligadas a salvar grandes depresiones para encontrar su nicho, tal y como se prevé que ocurra en el futuro con V. guaxarensis cuya idoneidad de hábitat está centrada en el Teide. En base a estos resultados se propone el reforzamiento de las poblaciones, el control y/o erradicación de herbívoros y traslocaciones.
Geographic distribution and conservation status of Eulychnia ritteri Cullmann (Cactaceae), an endemic cactus from southern Peru
Authors: Pauca-Tanco Gregory Anthony , Balvin Margarita , Hoxey Paul , Quipuscoa Víctor , Quispe-Turpo Johana del Pilar
Published: December 2021

Eulychnia ritteri is endemic to Peru, restricted to the northern coast of the department of Arequipa. The lack of knowledge of this species, and threats such as human activities and climate change, put the populations at risk. In this research, we examined the geographical distribution and conservation status of E. ritteri in the coastal area of the Caravelí province. In addition, the population structure and phenology in the Quebrada Vizcachani population were evaluated using plots of 10x100 m. Data on the accompanying flora and local fauna were also obtained. Eulychnia ritteri showed five populations distributed from 15°43’ to 15°47’S, with a total area of 63.62 ha (0.63 km2). The Quebrada Vizcachani population is the largest (24.5 ha) and the Cementerio population the smallest (0.018 ha). The population density evaluated is 0.06 ind/m2, where seedlings, juveniles, adults, and dead plants were 3.61, 24.09, 56.63 and 15.67% respectively. The phenology was asynchronous, the flower buds, flowers and fruits appear in the same period. The flowers and fruits were food for insects and rodents respectively, and 18 accompanying species have been recorded. Finally, E. ritteri is categorised as endangered (EN), given its geographical distribution and identified threats.
Aproximación al uso y aprovechamiento de insectos comestibles en las comunidades indígenas del oriente amazónico colombiano
Authors: Gasca Álvarez Héctor Jaime , González William
Published: December 2021

En la Amazonía colombiana, los insectos constituyen un recurso natural abundante, el cual es aprovechado mediante el consumo de especies comestibles. Históricamente, los pueblos indígenas son entomofágicos y han incluido a insectos y otros artrópodos en sus dietas. En el presente estudio, se analiza el uso tradicional de insectos comestibles en las comunidades del oriente amazónico de Colombia. Durante el período de agosto 2020 a marzo 2021, se realizaron entrevistas abiertas y semi-estructuradas a habitantes del municipio de Mitú (Vaupés) y de 41 comunidades indígenas aledañas, las cuales indagaron sobre la percepción, aprovechamiento y comercialización de insectos comestibles. De acuerdo con su valor de uso, Rhynchophorus palmarum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Syntermes spinosus (Blattodea: Termitidae), Atta laevigata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Lusura chera (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) y Polybia liliacea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), constituyen las especies de insectos comestibles más representativas de la región. Para cada especie se estableció su calendario ecológico y se documentaron sus técnicas y métodos de recolecta, sus formas tradicionales de preparación y consumo, y sus actividades de comercialización. Se resalta el potencial de las especies de insectos comestibles analizadas para el fortalecimiento de estrategias de uso sostenible direccionadas a mejorar la seguridad alimentaria de la población y el mantenimiento de los conocimientos tradicionales de las comunidades.
Assessment of the Unemployment Situation of Vulnerable Groups in the Labour Market of the Baltic States
Authors: Okunevičiūtė-Neverauskienė Laima , Pocius Arūnas , Krutulienė Sandra
Published: December 2021

The study analyses the unemployment situation of socially vulnerable groups in the Baltic States in the context of the European Union. The analysis of the unemployment rate is based on gender, age and duration of unemployment. Statistical analysis identified the most vulnerable groups in the labour market and those most sensitive to economics fluctuations. The study also evaluated the relationship of economic growth with employment of these groups. The research highlighted that in the Baltic countries, the global financial crisis more significantly affected vulnerable groups, mainly because of the impact of the crisis in 2009–2010. Hence these results differ from the general trend in unemployment rate of the target groups in the countries of the European Union.

Unemployment rate at the EU level did not coincide with similar trends observed in the target groups in the Baltic States. In the Baltic States, the unemployment rate of the target groups started to grow earlier and faster than in the EU countries and it started to decrease much earlier than the EU unemployment rate indicators. In addition, in the Baltic countries, the growth of target group unemployment was significantly higher than the EU average. The fast and volatile growth of unemployment within the mentioned target groups shows that they had difficulties adapting to dramatically worsening conditions in the labour market in the Baltic States. The current pandemic situation in comparison to the global financial crisis of 2009–2010 has a less negative effect. The study revealed that unemployment rates in the Baltic States were close to the EU average. The research results also showed that men and the youth are sensitive to economic fluctuations in the Baltic States. On the one hand, unemployed men and the youth tend to more easily enter the labour market during economic upturns. On the other hand, in an economic downturn, these jobseekers face significant integration difficulties into the labour market and become more socially vulnerable.

It is important to note that long-term unemployed people belong to the most vulnerable groups. People with low skills or qualifications face multiple barriers to labour market integration. Long-term unemployment leads to a loss of income, an erosion of skills, a higher incidence of health problems and increased household poverty.
Two new species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) from Thailand
Authors: Vermeulen Jaap J. , Watthana Santi , Pedersen Henrik Æ.
Published: December 2021

Two new species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) are described: B. sphenoglossum (sect. Lemniscata) and B. trigonanthum (sect. Reptantia). Both species occur in Thailand.
Depression and Anxiety Disorders in Patients with Hyperemesis Gravidarum and the Effect of This Disease on the Quality of Life
Authors: HERKİLOĞLU Dilşad , GÖKÇE Şefik
Published: December 2021

Background: Hyperemesis gravidarum can lead to depression or anxiety disorder in pregnant women more frequently than serious complications. This situation can significantly deteriorate the quality of life of the pregnant woman. In our study, it was aimed to investigate the levels of depression and anxiety in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum, and to analyze the effect of hyperemesis on quality of life.
Materials and Methods: The study included 87 patients diagnosed with hyperemesis and 24 patients without hyperemesis admitted to our hospital between the dates of 01.04.2018-01.10.2018. All participants received Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory and 12-question quality of life (SF-12) forms.
Results: The mean age of the patients included in the study was 25.4±5.0 years (Age range: 17-39 years). Minimal minimal anxiety and depression were detected in all participants. There was no significant difference between the group of patients diagnosed with hyperemesis and the control group in terms of mean depression score (p=0.161) and anxiety score (p=0.266). No significant difference was found in terms of the distribution of depression and anxiety levels between the groups (p=0.46 and p=0.557, respectively).
Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings show that anxiety and depression levels cannot be directly correlated with hyperemesis gravidarum. However, it is necessary to closely monitor the psychological status of pregnant women diagnosed with hyperemesis, to perform the necessary supportive treatments and to improve their quality of life.
The Risk Factors for Delirium in Patients with Stroke in Palliative Care
Authors: SARIÇAM Gülhan , SARIÇAM Orkun
Published: December 2021

Aim: Post-stroke delirium is an acute neuropsychiatric syndrome that increases the distress of patients and family members and leads to long-term results, especially in older age. In this study, we aimed to investigate the risk factors for delirium in patients followed-up in palliative care with the diagnosis of stroke.
Material and Method: This retrospective study included 161 patients followed-up in the palliative care ward with the diagnosis of stroke. Patients diagnosed with stroke were grouped as ischemic stroke (IS), hemorrhagic stroke (HS) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The age, gender, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) status, presence of infection, electrolyte values, length of hospitalization, discharge conditions and comorbid diseases of the patients included in the study were evaluated.
Results: The average age of the patients was 70.49 ± 15.269 years, the length of hospitalization was 46.6 ± 16.11 days, and 35 (21.1%) patients had been diagnosed with delirium. In patients who developed delirium, the ages were significantly lower, the infection rates were significantly higher, and the length of hospitalization was significantly longer (p=0.046, p<0.001, p=0.003). While the proportion of patients with a PEG was significantly lower, the rate use of anticholinergics, narcotic analgesics, antiepileptics and antipsychotics was significantly higher in patients who had developed delirium.
Conclusion: We think that determining and managing the risk factors for delirium development in stroke patients followed-up in palliative care will decrease the morbidity and improve the quality of life of the patients and that further studies on this topic are needed.
CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FINDINGS IN CHILDREN WITH INFLUENZA INFECTIONS
Authors: KILIÇ Ahmet Osman , GENÇELİ Mustafa , AKÇAY Memduha , AYDIN Orkun , AKIN Fatih , YAZAR Abdullah , METİN Ozge , GÜNER Şükrü , PEKCAN Sevgi , ÇAKSEN Hüseyin , REİSLİ İsmail
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Objective: We aimed to show the clinical characteristics of children with influenza infection and the relationship between influenza infections and hemogram parameters, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil/monocyte ratio (NMR), and mean platelet volume (MPV).
Methods: The data of patients who applied to Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty Pediatrics outpatient clinics and had positive rapid influenza test were scanned through the hospital information system.
Results: The median age and neutrophil value in the influenza A group were significantly lower than in the influenza B group (p=.002, p=.008). The median MPV and monocyte value in the influenza A group were significantly higher than in influenza B (p<.00, p=.005). The mean WBC count was found to be significantly higher in hospitalized patients compared to outpatients. (p = .039). There were no significant difference between the groups in terms of NLR, PLR, NMR. Bacteremia was detected significantly more in hospitalized patients compared to outpatients. Underlying chronic diseases were significantly lower in outpatients than in inpatients.(p<.001)
Conclusion: There were no difference in the severity of clinical severity between infleunza A and B subgroups and no significant difference was found in terms of hemogram parameters.
Editorial Vol. 8, Issue 4
Authors: De Gloria Alessandro
Published: December 2021

Editorial of the fourth issue of the eighth volume of the International Journal of Serious Games
Jacobus Capitein: Champion for Slavery and Resisting Mimic?
Authors: Bosman Hendrik L.
Published: December 2021

Jacobus Eliza Johannes Capitein (1717-1747) was a man of many firsts-the first black student of theology at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, the first black minister ordained in the Dutch Reformed Church in the Netherlands, the author of the first Fante/Mfantse-Dutch Grammar in Ghana as well as the first translator of the Ten Commandments, Twelve Articles of Faith and parts of the Catechism into Fante/Mfantse. However, he is also remembered as the first African to argue in writing that slavery was compatible with Christianity in the public lecture that he delivered at Leiden in 1742 on the topic, De Servitute Libertati Christianae Non Contraria. The Latin original was soon translated into Dutch and became so popular in the Netherlands that it was reprinted five times in the first year of publication. This contribution will pose the question: Was Capitein a sell-out who soothed the Dutch colonial conscience as he argued with scholarly vigour in his dissertation that the Bible did not prohibit slavery and that it was therefore permissible to continue with the practice in the eighteenth century; or was he resisting the system by means of mimicry due to his hybrid identity - as an African with a European education - who wanted to spread the Christian message and be an educator of his people?
Psalms 135 and 136: Exodus Motifs Contributing to Israelite Praise
Authors: Human Dirk
Published: December 2021

The twin psalms 135 and 136 are both hymnic inspired texts with strong cultic features. In both psalms, exodus allusions and motifs play a role in the composers' intention to build their own theological thrust. Both psalms display a plethora of resemblances regarding atmosphere, structure, themes, motifs, content and liturgical importance. Nonetheless, each of them radiates its own identity and theological intent. By reading these two psalms both separately and together, the common denominator places the focus on praise for the Israelite God, Yahweh. By identifying the exodus motifs and determining their function in each psalm, this article aims to contribute to the theological meaning of both psalms.
Amos' Call for Social Justice in Amos 5:21-24: A Model for Prophets in The Apostolic Church LAWNA, Nigeria
Authors: Akintola Godwin Olutayo
Published: December 2021

The book of Amos, particularly his message on social justice, has been of great interest in scholarship in recent times. However, the extent to which social justice issues manifest in the text and how they relate to modern context have not been fully explored. Following a careful reflection on the call for social justice in Amos 5:21-24 and informed by a justice-denying Nigerian context, could the theme of social justice, as reflected in the preceding text, inspire the prophets of The Apostolic Church LAWNA to proclaim a liberating and empowering message to the powers that be (political establishment), in solidarity with the poor and marginalised people of Nigeria? This concern is the main thrust of this article. Over the years, not only has the book of Amos become an inspiration for contemporary struggles against social oppression and injustice, the life and ministry of the prophet himself has become a model for pastors/prophets and crusaders of justice and righteousness today. In view of the prevailing social injustice and oppression in the Nigerian society, can the present-day prophets of The Apostolic Church LAWNA Nigeria be called upon to be as fearless as the eighth-century BCE Israelite prophets were, in raising their voices both within and outside the faith community to demand for a right andjust society?
From Chaos to Coherence: Myles Brand and the Balancing of Academics and Athletics
Authors: Thelin John
Published: December 2021

(please see Abstract I filed on previous initial version)
Elementary School EFL Learning Experience: A Needs Analysis
Authors: Ahmetović Emnijeta , Dubravac Vildana
Published: December 2021

Regular curriculum modifications and the shift from a teacher-centered to a learner-centered paradigm in educational institutions are meant to enhance the teaching-learning process and fulfill learners' needs as successfully as possible. This study aimed to examine learners' attitudes towards learning English, their needs/wants, learning preferences, strategies, and lesson topics. Moreover, it also investigated the differences in learning preferences based on grade level.  The data were gathered from a survey administrated to 200 elementary school students in Central Bosnia and Herzegovina. The findings illustrated that the participants generally have a positive attitude towards learning English with more significant extrinsic reasons motivating them to learn it. Regarding students' needs, the analysis revealed that overall, students found writing the most challenging and speaking the most desirable language skill. Furthermore, the majority of the participants reported that they like to learn by reading texts or stories, finding the discussion in the classroom the most annoying classroom activity. While learning vocabulary by translating new words is regarded as the most beneficial method, doing written exercises at school presents the most significant way of acquiring grammar. Moreover, the study identified a significant influence of a grade level on the preferred ways of learning English.
Otherness in Buchi Emecheta’s Second-Class Citizen: A Postcolonial Rendering
Authors: Abubakar Habib Awais , Hassan Isyaku , Azmi Mohd Nazri Latiff
Published: December 2021

In postcolonial discourse, the concept of the “Other” represents someone who carries dark human traits such as stigmatization, subjugation, domination, socio-political or cultural misrepresentation. The “Other” represents one of the main postcolonial concepts in literary studies because there is indisputable evidence that the term is a colonial construct. In essence, colonialism has left a permanent mark in the minds of the colonized people and this imprint has significantly manifested in literature. This analysis, thus, aims to explore how the colonial “Other” is represented in Second-Class Citizen (1974), one of the prominent postcolonial novels written by Buchi Emecheta, an author from the colonized African society. This study adopts textual analysis in which context-oriented technique is used to understand the character traits of the colonial “Other” in the two selected texts. The analysis draws upon Postcolonial theory, particularly Edward Said’s Orientalist approach. We show that Emecheta represents the colonial “Other” as backward, inferior, and of lower social class. Also, this representation is based on economic and socio-cultural differences as well as conflictual relationships between African indigenous people and British citizens.
Do the Educational Content and Activities of Action Pack Textbook Involve Jordanian EFL Fifth-Grade Students in Learning English Language? An Analytical Study
Authors: Aladwan Yaser
Published: December 2021

The current study aimed at analyzing the degree of involvement of the educational content and activities in Action Pack 5, which is used to teach the English language for Jordanian students in grade five. To gather the data, the researcher used Romey’s formula. To achieve the study purposes, 25% of Action Pack textbook pages were chosen randomly to find out the level of involvement of the educational content. Also, all the activities, totaling (122) activities were chosen from the analyzed textbook to find out the level of involvement in these activities. Results showed that the degree of involvement of the educational content of Action Pack 5 was (0.19), which means that the analyzed textbook was autocratic and had few challenges that evoke students' thoughts. It also shows that the degree of involvement of the analyzed activities was (0.87), which means that the analyzed textbook makes students in grade five more involved and active during their learning English.
The Efficacy of Computer-Mediated Feedback in Improving L2 Speaking: A Systematic Review
Authors: Zhang Wenrui
Published: December 2021

Recent trends in computer-mediated communication (CMC) have led to a proliferation of studies investigating the effect of computer-mediated feedback (CMF). The present systematic review aimed to explore the role of linguistic, contextual, and individual factors in mediating the impact of CMF on second language (L2) speaking performance. A literature search located 16 relevant empirical studies for the final analysis. Each study was coded for linguistic, contextual, and individual characteristics. First, CMF was theoretically conceptualized as an instructional input, a dialogic process, and an internal process based on theoretical underpinnings. Correspondingly, CMF was analyzed under the influence of 1) linguistic factors including feedback type, the linguistic focus of CMF, and the timing of CMF, 2) contextual factors including the feedback source and the task type, and 3) individual factors including individual differences and learners’ proficiency levels. The implication of the study was twofold. Theoretically, this study not only provided a multi-dimension view towards the effect of CMF in developing L2 oral proficiency but also shed new light on the interrelations between these identified factors. Pedagogically, teachers were encouraged to take advantage of CMC technologies to enhance the effectiveness of CMF as well as considering learners’ uniqueness. Suggestions for future research were also provided.
How Do EFL Students Perceive Brainstorming in L2 Writing Classes?
Authors: Shirvani Maryam , Porkar Reza
Published: December 2021

Brainstorming is a valuable pre-writing activity in enabling learners to get started in writing classes. The present qualitative study explored the participants’ perceptions regarding the use of the method after experiencing it in online writing classes. The participants were selected based on convenience sampling, and their age range was 19 to 23. They had participated in private writing classes and volunteered to take part in interviews performed after the course. The interviews were also done virtually via WhatsApp, during which the respondents answered six questions. The analysis of the interviews led the researchers to extract eight significant themes, which were then divided into advantages and disadvantages. The interviewees mentioned idea generation, encouraging new ideas, becoming open-minded, enhancing motivation to write, and creating stronger rapport with classmates as the positive features of brainstorming. The disadvantages consisted of being distracted by too many ideas, being influenced by others’ ideas, and accepting ideas expressed by the majority. The study has implications for language teachers, educators, and ELT specialists.
The Influence of Teacher Audio Feedback via WeChat Mini Program Sharedaka on Chinese College Students’ English Speaking Ability
Authors: Chen Shufen
Published: December 2021

In order to effectively improve the English speaking ability of Chinese college students, this paper explores the effectiveness of oral English practice and teacher audio feedback via WeChat Mini Program Sharedaka. The research instruments include a 10-week daka practice, two questionnaires and an interview. It has been found: 1) Oral English practice via Sharedaka has a positive impact on Chinese college students’ English speaking ability. 2) Teacher audio feedback better caters to students’ need and helps improve their pronunciation and intonation. 3) Communication via Sharedaka creates a more relaxed atmosphere between teachers and students.