bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The life history and development ofToxocara cati(Schrank 1788) in the domestic cat
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2019

1. An account is given of the history, synonymy and host-range ofToxocara cati.

2. Eggs ofT. catiwere fed to various animals, and the second-stage larvae were found in the tissues of earthworms, cockroaches, chickens, mice, dogs, lambs and cats.

3. Cats were successfully infected by feeding eggs ofT. catiand by feeding mice harbouring larvae in the tissues.

4. In egg-infected cats the larvae were found in the liver, lungs, muscles and tracheal washings as well as in the digestive tract, indicating that they migrate through the tissues.

5. In mice the larvae were found in the liver, lungs and muscles, but did not reach the alimentary tract. Changes occurred in the mouth region of the larvae in mouse tissues between 8 and 11 days after infection, but no actual moult was observed. No significant growth of the larvae was observed in mouse tissues.

6. In mouse-infected cats the larvae were mostly confined to the wall and contents of the digestive tract.

7. It appeared that the second moult occurred in the stomach wall of egg-infected cats at 3–10 days after infection; moulting larvae measuring 0·353–0·423 mm. in length; in a mouse-infected cat moulting larvae (length 0·459–0·765 mm.) were observed at 6 days after infection.

8. In both egg- and mouse-infected cats the third-stage larvae grew in the stomach wall and moulted for the third time at a length of 0·9–1·2 mm. This occurred at about 10 days in mouse-infected cats and at about 19 days in egg-infected cats.

9. The smallest fourth-stage larvae were found in the stomach contents whence they passed into the intestine. Probably they are at first attached to the wall and later become free in the intestinal contents.

10. The fourth-stage larvae have lips resembling the adult; sexual differentiation occurs during this stage, being first evident at 1·5 mm.

11. The fourth moult occurs in the intestine at a length of approximately 4·5–5·5 mm.

12. In the adult stage the lateral alae gradually disappear and the cervical alae reach the adult form at a length of approximately 45 mm. The smallest female observed containing eggs in the vagina measured 55 mm. in length. Eggs were first observed in the faeces at 56 days after infection by eggs.

13. The evidence from experimental and natural infection indicated that infection of cats withT. catialways takes place after birth.

14. No larvae were found in the alimentary tract of dogs following experimental infection either with eggs or with infected mice.

15. The relationship of the life history ofT. catito that of other ascaridid species, to the feeding habits of the definitive hosts, and in relation to the occurrence of human infection with this parasite is discussed.
Studies in histomoniasis
Authors: Horton-Smith C. , Long P. L.
Published: June 2019

1. Suspensions made from infected caecal material, derived from chickens which had been artificially infected with Histomonas meleagridis by the administration of embryonated Heterakis ova, can be used to transmit the organisms to other chickens when administered per os.

2. Infections with histomonad suspensions can only be obtained in chickens that have been starved, or in chickens that are feeding but have received an alkali mixture immediately before the suspension is administered. The highest incidence of infections is obtained by administering suspensions to starved chickens that have received 1 g. alkali mixture beforehand.

3. Successful infection appears to depend upon the pH of the gizzard and, possibly, of the upper intestine. The incidence of lesions produced by feeding suspension is increased as the contents of the gizzard become alkaline. It is also suggested that the consistency of the food may play a part, as coarse food, along with the infective material, is retained in the gizzard until it is completely ground up and mixed with the gastric juice.

4. In one series of passages the suspension became attenuated after fourteen passages through chickens. In other cases suspensions became attenuated after only six passages through chickens.

5. The courses of infections produced by histomonad suspensions and Heterakis ova are compared.

6. The advantages of the method of using histomonad suspensions are discussed in their relation to the screening of chemotherapeutical agents.
Studies on Schistosoma incognitum Chandler, 1926
Authors: Sinha P. K. , Srivastava H. D.
Published: June 2019

While human schistosomiasis is hardly a problem in India, schistosomiasis in domestic animals is a problem of considerable importance. Blood-flukes infect almost all the species of Indian domestic animals, and often seriously undermine their health and usefulness. Seven species of schistosomes are known to occur in Indian mammals, viz. Schistosoma indicum Montgomery (1906a), S. spindalis Montgomery (1906b), S. incognitum Chandler (1926), S. nasalis Rao (1933), Bivitellobilharzia nairi (Mudaliar & Ramanujachari, 1945) Dutt & Srivastava (1955), Orientobilharzia dattai (Dutt & Srivastava, 1952) Dutt & Srivastava (1955), and Orientobilharzia bomfordi (Montgomery, 1906b) Dutt & Srivastava (1955). The reported occurrence of Schistosoma bovis (Sonsino, 1876) Blanchard (1895) in India needs confirmation.
Modification and elimination of the bacterial flora in cultures ofEntamoeba invadensRodhain, 1934
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2019

1. Cysts, formed in a strain ofE. invadensgrowing with a mixed bacterial flora, were sterilized of all but one species of bacterium (organismx), by treatment with chemicals. Strains ofE. invadensderived from these cysts were prepared, growing with organismxand eitherBact. coliorB. megatherium.

2. A monobacterial strain ofE. invadens, growing withBact. colialone, was obtained by maintaining a dibacterial strain, growing with organismxandBact. coli, for 72 days in medium containing gentian violet.

3. A monobacterial strain ofE. invadens, growing withStaph. albus, was prepared from cysts, produced in the monobacterial strain ofE. invadens + Bact. coli, and sterilized by treatment with chemicals.

4. An axenic strain ofE. invadenswas prepared by maintaining the monobacterial strain ofE. invadens + Staph. albus, in saline-liver medium containing antibiotics. This axenic strain has now been maintained for over 14 months in saline containing untreated, sterile liver, but no antibiotics.
The Palace of Knossos
Authors: Evans Arthur J.
Published: June 2019

The work of excavation on the Palace site at Knossos was re-opened on February 27, 1901, and continued till June 17. Various supplementary operations connected with the shoring up and underpinning of the walls of large halls brought to light on the south-east of the site, the completion of the roofing-in of the Throne Room, and similar works of conservation entailed the continued employment of a large number of workmen till the beginning of July. Throughout the excavations I again secured the valuable services of Dr. Duncan Mackenzie as my assistant in directing the works, and of Mr. D. T. Fyfe, formerly architect of the British School, in preparing architectural plans and drawings.
A Late Minoan III ‘kitchen’ at Makritikhos (Knossos) (Knossos Survey 90)
Authors: Hood Sinclair , de Jong Piet
Published: June 2019

In the summer of 1951 N. Dadoudis, while digging a deep trench to bury stones from a plot of land belonging to him on the east edge of Makritikhos village, about 250 metres north of the Palace of Minos, found a complete Minoan amphora (Plan, Fig. 5, no. 3). He reported this discovery to the Ephor of Antiquities for Crete, Dr. N. Platon, who invited Piet de Jong, then the School's Curator at Knossos, to examine the area. Excavation revealed a small room, against the east wall of which the amphora had evidently once stood. The room was cleared by Piet de Jong assisted later by Sinclair Hood. To judge from the character of the vases found in it, the room might have been used as a kitchen.

The ground on the edge of Makritikhos village here slopes steeply down through a series of terraces to the bed of the Kairatos stream about 40 metres to the east. The ‘Kitchen’ lay just below a high bank, forming the western boundary of the plot of ground, with the natural rock exposed at the north end and Minoan house walls showing in it to the south. There seems to have been a marked slope down towards the north as well as to the east here in Minoan times. The wall a–a (Fig. 2) at the north end of the original trench dug by Dadoudis, of squared limestone blocks measuring up to about half a metre in length and 0–35 thick, lay at a lower level than the Kitchen, although it appeared to be of the same period with it. A roughly constructed wall b–b south of a–a may have supported a terrace marking this change in ground level. The corner d–d of another, presumably contemporary, house built of squared limestone blocks was exposed in the south part of the original trench.
The cemetery
Authors: Hood Sinclair
Published: June 2019

The existence of Late Minoan tombs somewhere in this area was noted by Evans, and several of those found during our excavations had been partly destroyed or plundered. Nineteen tombs were discovered in all. One of them (XVIII) was a Middle Minoan tomb (see p. 220). The rest (with the possible exception of tomb VIII which was found empty, and which from its shape and character may be Middle Minoan) all belonged to the Late Minoan III period, from the time of the destruction of the Late Minoan II Palace about 1400 B.C. (tombs I, II, XV), till the end of Late Minoan times (tomb VII), when iron had begun to come into use (c. ?1150 B.C.), a range of some 250 years or more. It is possible that tomb I, with its finely decorated clay vases and interesting bronze knives and razors, may go back within the limits of the early part of Late Minoan IIIA (Furumark's IIIA 1) before the destruction of the Palace.
Euripides, Medea 108–110
Authors: Jocelyn H. D.
Published: June 2019

Herwerden altered μεγαλό- to μελανόσπλαγχνος. Dr Diggle (P.C.Ph.S. n.s. XV (1969), 38–9) commends this alteration, alleging that Medea suffers from melancholy and adducing a number of passages of Greek verse which refer to blackness of viscera or soul.

These passages are a mixed lot. The Homeric φρένες ἀμφὶ μέλαιναι2 is formulaic and seems to be used in descriptions of almost every imaginable emotional state. At Aeschylus, Choeph. 413–14 σπλάγχνα δέ μοι (Schütz: μου Μ) κελαινοῦται πρὸς ἔπος κλυούσᾳ Pers. 115–16 ταῦτά μοι μελαγχίτων φρὴν ἀμύσσεται φόβῳ, Suppl. 785 κελαινόχρως δὲ πάλλεται μου καρδία, the emotion is fear.
An Historical Introduction to the Teaching of International Law in Canada: Part II
Authors: Macdonald R. St. J.
Published: June 2019

The teaching of international law at Queen’s University in its early years took place mainly in the faculty of arts and science. The first, short-lived, law school offered a course of lectures from 1861 to 1864 and again from 1880 to 1883, when the faculty was disbanded, not to re-open until 1957. During the period 1861 to 1864 no specific course in international law was offered in the law school or in the faculty of arts.

When lectures in the law school resumed in 1880, one of the courses offered was Roman Law, for which one lecture per week was given. The texts to be consulted in this course included, strange to say, Kent’sCommentary on International Lawand Wheaton’sElements of International Law. It is possible that at this time instruction in international law was offered in the faculty of arts as well as in the law school. For example, in the examination for the gold medal in political economy the following question was asked: “Would abolition of tolls on the Welland Canada be a Free Trade or Protective measure? How does the Treaty of Washington affect the imposition of those tolls?” The second part of the question indicates that some reference to the law of treaties might have been made during the teaching of the course.
Choice of Law Methods in the Private International Law of Contract
Authors: Blom Joost
Published: June 2019

The First Part of this article outlined the choice of law methods developed by French and German law for problems relating to the substantial or essential validity of contracts, leaving aside the complicated matters of formation and capacity. This part will deal in the same way with the laws of the United States. A concluding part in the next volume of the Yearbook will deal with Anglo-Canadian law and will glance, by way of postscript, at a draft convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations that has been put forward recently by the Commission of the European Communities.
The European Economic Community and the Most-Favoured-Nation Clause
Authors: Jahnke L.G.
Published: June 2019

The most-favoured-nation clause has for long been an important catalyst to world trade; not only do the parlies to a treaty with such a clause undertake to extend to each other, immediately and unconditionally, any reduction in trade barriers which one of them may grant to any other state, but they are also prevented from discriminating against any states with whom they may have concluded such agreements. While the interpretation of the clause has caused some difficulty and its usefulness in treaties with statetrading nations is somewhat doubtful, it is nevertheless included in nearly all treaties of commerce.
The Right of Secession in Public International Law
Authors: Turp Daniel
Published: June 2019

In light of the numerous secessionist claims witnessed by the international community, it is of great interest to ascertain if international law provides for a right of secessionist self-determination. An analysis of treaty provisions encompassing the right of self-determination of peoples, namely the United Nations Charter and the Human Rights Covenants, suggests that the latter treaties consecrate an authentic right to secede. Such a right appears to be unhindered by any customary norm which would prohibit secession as a means of implementation of the right of self-determination of peoples, seeing that the practice of States is clearly divided on the issue of secession. It is submitted, however, that there is a need for more detached criteria with respect to the right of secession, its beneficiaries and its conditions of exercise and, consequently, for an acknowledgement, to the benefit of the international community as a whole, of the legitimacy of national affirmations and secessionist claims.
Contemporary U.S. Theory of International Law
Authors: McWhinney Edward
Published: June 2019

My retrospective study, published in the twenty-fifth anniversary volume of this Yearbook, attempted a critical survey of post-war Soviet general theory of international law, and noted the signs of an intellectual changing of the guard and the emergence of a new generation of Soviet international legal theorists. Is it possible today to speak of a post-war U.S. general theory of international law, and, if so, can we speak of a generational change, in the late 1980's, similar to that in the Soviet Union?
Allocation of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses: Efforts at Codification and the Experience of Canada and the United States
Authors: Wouters Patricia K.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

En juillet 1992, la Commission du droit international (CDI) a adopté en première lecture un ensemble de projets d'articles intitulé “Droit relatif aux utilisations des cours d'eaux internationaux à des fins autres que la navigation. ” Les gouvernements ont été invités à se prononcer sur ce projet d'articles jusqu'à la fin 1992.

La présente étude démontre que la Commission du droit international, l'International Law Association (ILA), et l'Institut de droit international (IDI) ont tous insisté sur l'importance de deux principes, l'“utilisation équitable” et l’ “obligation de ne pas causer de dommages appréciables,” dans l'élaboration des règles relatives à l'attribution de droits pour les utilisations des cours d'eaux internationaux à des fins autres que la navigation. À l'inverse de l'approche accordant la priorité au principe de l'utilisation équitable, adoptée par l'ILA et l'IDI, la CDI considère que la règle stipulant l'obligation de ne pas causer de dommages appréciables constitue la norme fondamentale.

À cet égard, un examen de la pratique bilatérale du Canada et des États-Unis, entre autres cette relative aux fleuves St-Mary et Milk, Columbia, Flathead et à la déviation de Chicago, révèle que ces deux États ont adopté une approche fondée sur la règle de l'“utilisation équitable,.” Ainsi te présent article mène à la conclusion que la Commission du droit international devrait revoir sa position relative à la place occupée par la règle de l'obligation de ne pas causer de dommages appréciables.
The Iran-Iraq War Revisited: Some Reflections on the Role of International Law
Authors: Wang Erik B.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Le conflit Iran-Irak a été une guerre d'une extrême violence qui n'a respecté aucune des règles du droit international. L'auteur analyse en particulier trois aspects de ce conflit: l'usage illégal de la force, l'usage des armes chimiques ainsi que les attaques contre les'navires neutres. A la lumière de toutes ces violations du droit international, la communauté internationale, dont le Canada, n'a pas su réagir avec succès. Quelle leçon peut-on en retenir pour les autres conflits régionaux? L'intervention active de tierces parties à un conflit est donc plutôt l'exception que la règle. Afin de bénéficier d'une telle intervention de la communauté internationale, il faudrait une initiative américaine ou celle d'un autre membre permanent du Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies.
Moving on from Rio: Recent Initiatives on Global Forest Issues
Authors: Saunders Phillip M.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Comme la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'environnement et le développement ( CNUED) faisait face à une scission Nord-Sud sur la question des forêts au Sommet de Rio, elle n'a pas réussi à conclure un accord obligatoire dans ce domaine et s'est contentée à la place d'une "Déclaration de principes non juridiquement contraignante mais faisant autorité, pour un consensus mondial sur la gestion, la conservation et l'exploitation écohgiquement viable de tous les types de forêts. "Les Prinâpes directeurs sur les forêts ont été vivement critiqués parce qu'ils étaient mal orientés et inefficaces. De plus, le fait qu'aucune convention n'a été conclue a été considéré comme un échec important du Sommet de Rio.

Ce commentaire examine les initiatives touchant les forêts qui ont été prises après la Conférence des Nations Unies, ainsi que U rôle joué par le Canada dans la poursuite d'un dialogue informel ne débouchant pas sur une convention. On soutient que les défis importants auxquels fait face le secteur des forêts concernent le développement et non le droit et que la négociation d'un instrument juridique obligatoire ne devrait pas être considérée comme une condition indispensable à l'accomplissement de progrès en matière de développement durable des forêts. On devrait plutôt juger toutes les formes de négociation et d'entente en fonction de l'importance de leurs contributions à l'utilisation durable des forêts du monde entier. De ce point de vue, les efforts déployés après la conférence sont utiles et pertinents, car il est nécessaire de prendre des mesures pour régler ce grave problème.
La procédure des rapports périodiques en application des traités relatifs aux droits de la personne: L'aprés-conférence de Vienne
Authors: Bouthillier Yves Le , Rouget Didier
Published: June 2019

Member states to a human rights treaty have an obligation to provide periodic reports. These reports allow the United Nations to verify that states are complying with the treaty. After discussing the essential procedural aspects of these reports, the authors disclose the problems of this system and conclude with some potential reforms designed to enhance the protection of human rights in the implementation of these international treaties.
The Status of Indigenous Peoples under International Law: Greenland and the Right to Self-Determination
Authors: Harhoff Frederik
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

L'autodétermination des peuples autochtones suscite la controverse en droit international contemporain depuis que le processus de décolonisation s'est achevé, à la fin des années 1960. Parce qu’ils craignaient avant tout des désordres nationaux, de nombreux pays ont refusé de reconnaître que les peuples autochtones ont le droit de se séparer du territoire national et d'obtenir leur indépendance. Cependant, même la reconnaissance d'un droit moins vaste, soit un droit de recevoir un statut spécial et d'obtenir l'autonomie politique dans le cadre des frontières étatiques existantes, demeure une question litigieuse, car aucune définition claire des bénéficiaires et de la substance de ces droits ne peut être établie. De toute façon, la disparité des conditions politiques, économiques, sociales et climatiques dans lesquelles vivent les peuples autochtones du monde entier rend futile la création d'un seul et unique concept d'autodétermination qui s'appliquerait au monde entier. Pour sortir de cette impasse, on propose d'adopter une approche procédurale, au lieu d'essayer de fixer ces questions dans des termes juridiques stricts.

Le fait de qualifier le concept d'autodétermination de processus, au lieu de le décrire comme étant une série de règles exactes et préétablies, a pour avantage d'apporter un élément de flexibilité, car il permet aux deux parties, c'est-à-dire les États et les peuples autochtones, de trouver des appuis pour défendre leurs intérêts et d'imaginer une solution viable qui tienne compte des circonstances particulières de chaque cas. Mais toutes les parties concernées devraient tout d'abord accepter trois conditions préalables:

(1) Le droit de sécession immédiate et d'indépendance complète, en tant qu'aspect du droit à l'autodétermination, devrait être réservé aux peuples autochtones des territoires d'outre-mer.

(2) Les États ont le devoir de favoriser l'autonomie de leurs peuples autochtones et le fardeau de prouver qu 'ih offrent la plus grande autonomie possible aux peuples autochtones vivant sur leurs territoires.

(3) Une fois que des ententes relatives à l'autonomie ont été conclues, les États ne peuvent pas les révoquer, les abréger ou les modifier unilatéralement.

L'auteur de cette note examine ensuite le régime d'autonomie du Groenland et conclut que ce régime semble satisfaire aux critères énoncés, bien que la question du statut actuel du Groenland (et des îles Faroe) au sein du royaume danois demeure incertaine sur le plan constitutionnel. Le régime d'autonomie implique un transfert irrévocable des pouvoirs législatifs et administratifs des autorités danoùes aux autorités du Groenland, ce qui a pour effet de créer un régime juridique indépendant au Groenland. Par ailleurs, il est entendu que le régime d'autonomie du Groenland permet d'établir un système judiciaire indépendant, si les tribunaux danois du Groenland ne reconnaissent pas la validité de la Loi d'autonomie du Groenland.
I. Commerce
Authors: St-Amant Martin
Published: June 2019

L'année 1993 aura été une année relativement importante en ce qui concerne l'action juridique du Canada en matière de commerce international. Un événement a d'abord et avant tout retenu notre attention au cours de l'année; l'approbation et la promulgation par le Canada de la loi de mise en oeuvre de l'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALÉNA). Cette loi donne effet en droit interne à cet accord, lequel est entré en vigueur le 1 er janvier 1994. Soulignons par ailleurs que suite aux pressions de l'administration américaine, des accords parallèles à l'ALÉNA sur la protection environnementale, le travail et les mesures d'urgence contre la hausse subite des importations furent signés le 14 septembre par les trois chefs de gouvernement. Ces accords sont également entrés en vigueur le 1 er janvier 1994.
Another Kick at the Can: Tuna/Dolphin II
Authors: Strom Torsten H.
Published: June 2019

The decision of the second GATT panel in theTuna/Dolphindispute again focuses attention on the perceived conflict between the goah of trade liberalization and national and international efforts to protect the earth’s natural environment. The author reviews the reasoning of the panel in Tuna/Dolphin II, compares it with that of Tuna/Dolphin I, and considers the adequacy of GATT law to deal with environmental concerns. Although he criticizes some of the reasoning of the panels in the two tuna/dolphin cases, the author argues that the reports do provide — though inferentially — a coherent approach for judging the GATT-legality of environmental trade measures that stem from international multilateral agreements.
The Primacy of the Principle of Equitable Utilization in the 1997 Watercourses Convention
Authors: Bourne Charles B.
Published: June 2019

The International Law Commission wrestled for over a decade with the relationship between the principle of equitable utilization and the no harm principle in its work on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. In its final Report to the UN General Assembly on this topic in 1994, the Commission presented a set of Draft Articles couched in obscure language that reflected the sharp differences of opinion on the matter and the compromises that had been made. This division of opinion about the relationship between these two principles persisted in the Working Group of the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly to which the Draft Articles were referred. Again, compromises were reached and the language of the substantive articles (in particular Articles 5, 7, 20, and 21) of the Watercourses Convention, adopted by the General Assembly on May 21, 1997, continues to be obscure and its meaning debatable.

It is argued here that in this Convention the principle of equitable utilization, which prescribes the reasonable and equitable sharing of the beneficial uses of the waters of an international watercourse, is made the primary substantive rule of international water law; harm caused by a utilization of these waters is, of course, an important factor to be taken into account in determining whether, in a particular case, the utilization is reasonable and equitable and, therefore, lawful. This interpretation of the Watercourses Convention brings it into harmony with customary international water law. It is an interpretation that finds support in the recent decision of the International Court of fustice in theGabákovocase.
Les procédures d'accession à l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)
Authors: Marceau Gabrielle
Published: June 2019

The great international interest for the WTO is evidenced by the importance of its membership and the long list of countries that have applied for accession. This note examines the new accession procedures under the WTO Agreement and discusses the rights and obligations of countries requesting such accession.
La “guerre contre le terrorisme,” le droit international humanitaire et le statut de prisonnier de guerre
Authors: Sassòli Marco
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Les États-Unis ont qualifié les attaques du 11 septembre 2001 ainsi que leur lutte contre le terrorisme de “guerre.” L’auteur analyse l’applicabilité et l’application du droit international humanitaire à ces événements. Il arrive à la conclusion que ce droit ne régit pas les attaques contre New York et Washington, mais la guerre en Afghanistan, indépendamment de la légitimité de celle-ci et des causes soutenues par les parties. En conséquence, tout au moins les membres des forces armées talibanes — et possiblement certains membres d’Al-Qaeda, qui sont tombés, en Afghanistan, au pouvoir des forces américaines, sont en principe et jusqu’à ce qu’une décision individuelle statuant le contraire soit rendue, des prisonniers de guerre protégés par la IIIe Convention de Genève. Les dispositions de celle-ci sont appropriées pour régir le traitement de ces personnes en partie détenues à Guantánamo Bay. Toutes les autres personnes arrêtées par les États-Unis et leurs alliés en Afghanistan sont des civils protégés par la IVe Convention de Genève. En tant que tels, elles ne peuvent pas être détenues à Guantánamo. Pour terminer, l’auteur revoit les différents arguments avancés ces derniers temps selon lesquels les Conventions de Genève ne sont pas adaptées à la “guerre contre le terrorisme.” Selon l’auteur, cette thèse n’est pas justiWée et il serait en tout état de cause impossible d’adopter de nouvelles règles mieux adaptées.
The Problems and Promise of Spraytech v. Hudson
Authors: Ert Gibran van
Published: June 2019

In Spraytech v. Hudson, the Supreme Court of Canada made a bold declaration on the status of the precautionary principle in international law. While the methodology of the majority is open to criticism, the judgment is a welcome clarification of the court’s groundbreaking decision in Baker v. Canada and, building on that case, offers the prospect of a truly internationalized Canadian jurisprudence. In a postscript to this comment, the judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada in Suresh v. Canada is briefly considered.
L’obligation alimentaire des pays en développement à l’égard de leurs populations: la normativité du mécanisme de développement durable
Authors: Mercure Pierre-François
Published: June 2019

The traditional legal process has been inefficient in ensuring the right to receive food in developing countries, thereby preventing the estalishment of true food security in the Third World. This situation is largely due to developed countries giving priority to their own economic interests to the detriment of the hunger problem and of the already weak negotiating power of developing countries regarding any agreement reached on this issue. The mechanism for sustainable development does, however, offer new possibilities to developing countries. The cooperation and assistance duties imposed on states under international agreements on food entitlement compel developing countries to use that mechanism to promote their interests regarding the supply of food.
Influences on the Canadian FIPA Model and the US Model BIT: NAFTA Chapter 11 and Beyond
Authors: Lévesque Céline
Published: June 2019

In recent years, Canada and the United States have modified their model bilateral investment treaties (BITs). If NAFTA Chapter 11 cases have provided the new lens through which investment issues are considered, the solutions to problems experienced in this context have come from different sources. This article explores three influences on the model BITs: the NAFTA Free Trade Commission's interpretation and statements, World Trade Organization law and cases, and US domestic law and principles. A range of interpretation issues is raised, from the effects of changes in wording in successive treaties, to the “transferability” of law across systems (international and domestic), to the use of arbitral awards as precedent. Issues of a systemic nature are also raised, including attempts at limiting the discretion of arbitral tribunals through state interpretations, the possibility of creating an appellate mechanism, and a push for expedited preliminary procedures. The article illustrates the fast-paced evolution of international investment law and highlights the influence of the United States on this evolution.
State Immunity, State Atrocities, and Civil Justice in the Modern Era of International Law
Authors: Eboe-Osuji Chile
Published: June 2019

The exercise of civil jurisdiction by a national court over a foreign sovereign has been a perennial source of controversy in international relations. It resulted in the development of the doctrine of state immunity, founded on the notion of the comity of nations. The doctrine at some point was considered an absolute rule. With time, exceptions to the rule were accepted, notably in the area of commercial activities. In recent times, there has been a movement to recognize a further exception involving violation ofjus cogensnorms in order to limit the tendency of certain state agents to engage in gross violations of human rights and humanitarian norms. Yet this movement has encountered strong resistance. The resistance is apparent in three decisions rendered respectively by the European Court of Human Rights, the Ontario Court of Appeal, and the British House of Lords. In this article, it is contended first that the resistance noted in these cases is largely founded on fundamental misconceptions. It is further contended that the comity of nations is no longer sustainable as a rational basis for the doctrine of state immunity, especially in the face ofjus cogensas a peremptory norm of international law.
Canadian International Human Rights Obligations in the Context of Assisted Human Reproduction
Authors: Piñero Verónica B.
Published: June 2019

In Canada, as in most countries, assisted human reproduction has become accessible treatment for individuals who wish to conceive. Scientific advancements in the area of human reproduction have led to the enactment of legislation that attempts to regulate this novel field. The Canadian Assisted Human Reproduction Act (2004) identifies the health and wellbeing of children born through reproductive technologies as a paramount principle in all decisions respecting their use. On the other hand, and surprisingly, the statute restricts access by offspring to information that can lead to identification of their genitors. The disclosure of donors’ identity to the recipients of reproductive materials is quite limited. According to this article, this legislation is in violation of international human rights law on health, identity, and family relations to which Canada is a party. The first part of the article explores international human rights law on identity, health, and family relations rights that Canada has signed, ratified, or acceded to. The second part discusses whether the Canadian legal system is in line with the relevant international human rights obligations identified earlier and asserts that there is scope for judicially interpreting Canadian law in such a way that would conform to those obligations.
Giving Effect to Out-of-Province Judgments in Class Actions
Authors: Castel Jean-Gabriel
Published: June 2019

In Canada Post Corp. v. Lépine, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the lower Québec courts’ refusal to recognize an Ontario judgment approving an out-of-court settlement of a class action that included Québec residents. In reaching its decision, the Supreme Court of Canada did not extend to the non-resident plaintiff members of the class the jurisdictional test applicable to defendants. The decision was based on the lack of procedural fairness accorded to the non-residents. The Court also rejected a literal interpretation of Article 3164 of the Québec Civil Code, which requires that the foreign court must have had jurisdiction in accordance with Québec rules, including the doctrine of forum non-conveniens. To apply this doctrine is not compatible with inter-provincial and international comity as it defeats the liberal approach taken by the Civil Code with respect to the recognition of foreign judgments. This settles a long-lasting controversy. As a result of this decision, enhanced procedural fairness has become the best defence available to non-resident, non-attorning plaintiffs in inter-provincial and international class actions. Finally, the Court hoped that, in the spirit of mutual comity, the provincial legislatures would develop more effective methods for managing jurisdictional disputes involving national class actions.
The Protracted Bargain: Negotiating the Canada–China Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement
Authors: Carter Justin
Published: June 2019

In 1994, Canada and China began negotiating a bilateral foreign investment promotion and protection agreement (FIPA). After sixteen years and multiple rounds of negotiations, the two states have not been able to solidify a workable treaty. By examining each country’s substantive and procedural preferences in their respective bilateral investment treaty models and in past treaties, this article outlines some of the likely “on-the-table” obstacles in the negotiating process. The analysis indicates that there are areas of considerable convergence between each country’s preferences, although significant areas of divergence exist on some key issues. Further confounding the disagreement that exists between the two countries are “off-the-table” factors such as general bilateral relations. One further aspect that is considered is the idea of coordinating compliance between international trade and human rights norms in the context of the Canada–China FIPA. While bilateral investment treaties are economic agreements, pronounced non-economic elements shape the practical and legal effect that these treaties have on various affected actors. Despite the important implications the Canada–China FIPA has for human rights and environmental policy concerns, it can be inferred that these factors will have little bearing on the actual negotiated outcome of the agreement.
Exploring the “Canadian” in the Canadian Yearbook of International Law
Authors: Harrington Joanna
Published: June 2019

The first volume ofThe Canadian Yearbook of International Law/ Annuaire canadien de droit international (CYIL/ACDI)was published in 1963. Anniversaries being a time for reflection, this article examines the Canadian aspect of theCYIL/ACDI’sheritage, aspirations, and contributions on the occasion of its fiftieth year of publication. In addition to indicating its locality, the Canadian identity of theCYIL/ACDIalso serves to highlight the journal’s important role as an outlet for scholarship by academics and practitioners based in Canada, resulting in a collection of works that provides insight into the views of Canadians on matters of international law. Mention is also made of the professional value of theCYIL/ACDIin its provision of an authoritative record of Canadian practice in the field.
Responsibility of the WTO for Breach of an International Obligation under the Draft Articles on Responsibility of International Organizations
Authors: Gal-Or Noemi
Published: June 2019

This article challenges the argument that the World Trade Organization (WTO) is devoid of executive or governing functions and, hence, immune from the regime set out in the International Law Commission’s 2011 Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations (RIO). A brief drafting history of the RIO, clarification of the terminology associated with matters of international responsibility, and two hypothetical examples illustrating the potential for WTO responsibility set the stage for the article’s main argument. The author examines the WTO’s nature by analyzing its constituent law, itssui generismandate and functions, its international legal personality, and its own use of terminology in presenting itself to the world. Critical analysis of RIO Articles 64 (onlex specialis) and 10 (on the existence of a breach of an international obligation), and their application to the WTO, completes the argument. The author thus refutes both the notions that (1) the WTO is exclusively member driven and, hence, not an executive, governing organization but asui generisentity and (2) the WTO is therefore unable to breach an international obligation and thus immune from the RIO regime. The article concludes that, while a breach by the WTO of an international obligation may be exceedingly rare, it nonetheless — as any international organization — comes within the ambit of the RIO regime. The WTO should therefore consider adjusting its internal rules accordingly.
The United Nations Declaration on Territorial Asylum
Authors: Weis P.
Published: June 2019

The General Assembly of the United Nations at its twenty-second session unanimously adopted by Resolution 2312 (XXII) of December 14, 1967, a “Declaration on Territorial Asylum.” This Resolution reads:

The General Assembly,

Recalling its resolutions 1839 (XVII) of 19 December 1962, 2100 (XX) of 20 December 1965 and 2203 (XXI) of 16 December 1966 concerning a declaration on the right of asylum,

Considering the work of codification to be undertaken by the International Law Commission in accordance with General Assembly resolution 1400 (XIV) of 21 November 1959,

Adopts the following Declaration
Recent Developments in Tanker Control in International Law
Authors: Popp Alfred H. E.
Published: June 2019

“Whether by accident or design, oil pollution is a statistical certainty that will exist as long as oil is moved by sea.” The truth of this observation, certainly as far as accidents are concerned, has been illustrated in the recent spate of oil tanker incidents. The North American continent, the Canadian coastline included, has not been spared from such incidents.

An examination of the circumstances of tanker accidents over the years reveals certain recurring factors. In many instances the accidents are due to human error. In other instances subsequent examination has revealed faulty equipment despite examination and certification by reputable classification societies. Another element which complicates matters is the pressures under which masters operate in meeting schedules or in deciding whether to call in salvors, at great expense to shipowners, when confronted with breakdown of vital equipment.
The Legal Status of Agreements Concluded by Component Units of Federal States with Foreign Entities
Authors: Di Marzo Luigi
Published: June 2019

The canadian provinces, the länder of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Swiss cantons, and the states of the United States of America have all concluded numerous agreements with foreign entities. Although great attention has been paid to their capacity to do so, not much attention has been paid to the legal status of these agreements. In particular, authors have tended to ignore their binding character and the law applicable to them. These issues will, therefore, now be considered.
Optical Observations of the Crab Pulsar, and Searches for other Optical Pulsars
Authors: Kristian Jerome
Published: June 2019

The optical properties of the Crab nebula pulsar are reviewed. The Crab nebula pulsar has a high degree of constancy at optical wavelengths. No time variations over short or long periods have been detected; the light curve is nearly the same in all colors. The intensity and color of the pulsar are V = 16.5, B − V = +0.5, U − B = −0.45 and V − R = −0.75. There is no precursor as found at radio wavelengths and the main pulse contains 65 per cent of the total energy. No lines have been detected.

Searches for other pulsars have been unsuccessful.
Optical Timing of the Crab Nebula Pulsar NP 0532
Authors: Nelson Jerry , Hills Richard , Cudaback David , Wampler Joseph
Published: June 2019

Accurate pulse arrival times have been measured for NP 0532 during the period 15 December 1969 to 3 May 1970, and have been fitted to simple models of the pulsar braking mechanism. A good fit could not be obtained to all the data at once, because of deviations on a time scale of several days. However it was possible to divide the observing period into four shorter intervals in such a way that the data within each deviated only slightly from smoothly varying functions. The difference in the parameters of these four functions may indicate sudden events in the pulsar producing changes of order of 1 part in 109 in the pulsar frequency and 4 parts in 105 in the rate of change of frequency. In each case the difference in frequency from one interval to the next implies a slowdown of the pulsar.

We found that the average value of the ‘braking parameter’ n in the equation dE/dt = -Aωn was 3.63, but dividing the data into shorter intervals gave values between 0 and 5. We found no changes in the mean shape of the pulses, or the phase of the interpulse relative to the main pulse.
The Galactic Population of Pulsars
Authors: Large M. I.
Published: June 2019

This paper examines the distribution of pulsars in the Galaxy and compares it with the distribution of supernova remnants. The dispersion measure has been used as a distance indicator to obtain the distribution in luminosity, z-distance and period of the pulsars. The z-distance distribution is similar within the uncertainties to that of the supernova remnants. An estimate of the total number of pulsars in the Galaxy with a peak luminosity ≥ 1 fu(dm)2 gives 5 × 105 within a factor of 10. The data is consistent with the hypothesis that pulsars are formed at the same rate as supernovae, if the pulsars are assumed to have a timescale of 107yr.
Interstellar Scattering and the Pulse from the Vela Pulsar
Authors: Komesaroff M. M. , Hamilton P. A. , Ables J. G.
Published: June 2019

Measurements of PSR 0833 − 45 were made at wavelengths of 21, 48, 73 and 100 cm. Pulse broadening proportional to about the fourth power of the wavelength was found, consistent with multipath scattering in the interstellar medium. It is further concluded that the rotation measure was constant at 33.2 rad m−2 across this wavelength range, supporting the conclusion that the radiation originates in the vicinity of a magnetic pole.
Transfer of Energy to the Crab Nebula Following the Spin-Up of the Pulsar
Authors: Melrose D. B.
Published: June 2019

Observed enhanced activity in the central region of the Crab Nebula following the spin-up of the pulsar is discussed from the point of view of the transfer of energy to relativistic electrons. It is argued that a rapid deposition of energy associated with the spin-up of the pulsar causes a radial energy flux which becomes a flux in hydromagnetic activity at about the regions where enhanced synchrotron emission is observed. It is shown that such hydromagnetic activity is rapidly damped by the relativistic electrons with energy being transferred to the relativistic electrons. This acceleration can account for the short synchrotron halflifetimes observed. The model predicts highly enhanced X-ray emission from the central region of the Nebula following a spin-up.
General Relativistic Theory of Rotating Neutron Stars – A Review
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2019

Except in cosmology, astrophysicists are used to thinking of general relativistic effects as small (e.g., light bending, perihelion advance, red shift) and have generally left such problems to general relativists. However, the discovery of pulsars (Hewish et al., 1968) may have changed this. Not only is general relativity necessary to treat rotating neutron stars, but relativity was also partly responsible for the elimination of pulsating white dwarfs as pulsar models.
Emission of Gravitational Waves from the Pulsar
Authors: Ruffini R.
Published: June 2019

Dr. Ruffini gave a brief survey of the present experimental evidence for the existence of gravitational waves, and discussed the possibility that the shapes of neutron stars might depart from rotational symmetry, leading to the emission of gravitational waves.
The main-sequences of NGCs 2 88, 3201, 4590, and 6809
Authors: Penny A.J.
Published: June 2019

A globular cluster is an admirable object for the study of stellar evolution and theoretical investigations of the isochrones in the colour-magnitude diagram (CMD) have been numerous, with the most recent being that of Vandenberg (1983, Ap. J. Suppl. 51, 29), but there are still uncertainties such as rotation, abundance variations and gravitational settling. The matching observations are in fair agreement. However only a small number of clusters have been observed and the detailed matching is poor. Most of the CMDs are from photoelectrically calibrated photographic photometry which are affected by the variable background found in clusters. Modern detectors suffer less from this problem and are very sensitive. A programme has been underway on a number of clusters using electronographs and CCDs with the SAAO 1.Om telescope and the crowded-field Starlink Aspic software. This paper reports on preliminary results from four of the clusters. The CCD observations were done in collaboration with W.K. Griffiths of Leeds University.