bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumidores Millennials: las gratificaciones a través del uso de Snapchat y su impacto a motivaciones impulsivas de compra
Authors: Dones Virgin , A. Flecha José , Santos Corrada María De Los M. , López Evelyn
Published: May 2019

This research examines data on 454 participants the millennial generation. Through the theory of uses and gratifications, the researchers analyze how content strategies employed by the Snapchat impact the use and sharing of content. In addition, motivations for impulsive purchases are analyzed. This exploratory study uses quantitative methodology through an applied survey. The researchers make use of partial least squares structural equations (SMART-PLS). The results contribute to the theory through the identification of gratification factors such as interaction, relationship management, purchase savings, information, interactivity, easy access to content, distraction, creativity, fun and dynamism.
Introduction. The Mediality of Concealment: Material Practices and Symbolic Operativity
Authors: Casemajor Nathalie , Toupin Sophie
Published: May 2019

This special issue focuses on the cultural forms, technologies, and social logics of dissimulation. In this introduction, we propose a critical examination of the cultural and political entanglements of three emblematic domains of dissimulation: camouflage, steganography, and encryption. Focusing on the study of mediality, our analysis crosses the evolution of media environments and representations of these dissimulation processes to better understand their modes of legitimization and symbolic operativity.
Voyage sous « Goyave » : anagrammes et autres clefs d’accès à l’univers romanesque de Yodi Karone
Authors: Tsoualla Blaise
Published: May 2019

L’emblématique anagramme de « Goyave » recouvre chez Karone la notion de voyage. Avec d’autres techniques de dissimulation, elle participe d’une stratégie de survie dans un contexte hostile aux auteurs camerounais gagnés à l’indignation et à la résistance. De tels motifs cachent alors une façon de se mettre hors d’atteinte, d’exemplifier le vide de la quête existentielle, d’atteindre chaque cible/lecteur sans compromettre la vision progressiste de l’écriture, mais aussi d’assurer le plaisir et la jouissance du texte.
“Imprisoned Photographs”: The Looted Archive of Photo Rissas (Rassas)—Ibrahim and Chalil (Khalil) Rissas1
Authors: Sela Rona
Published: May 2019

This essay is the first dedicated solely to the work and archive of Ibrahim and Chalil (Khalil) Rissas (Rassas). Ibrahim was one of the pioneers of Palestinian photography in Jerusalem in the early twentieth century and Chalil, his son, was one of the first Palestinian photojournalists in the 1940s. Rissas’ images were looted and seized by Israeli officer from the photographers’ studio, from the body of a soldier or “slain Arab,” or “rescued” from a burning shop. Those photographs that had been looted from the studio, were the first collection I found in the Israeli military archives. In this essay I chart and analyze the way Rissas’ images were looted on several occasions and the moral, sociological, and political consequences of these acts—for instance how the looted object becomes a symbol of triumph or acts as a vehicle to dehumanize the enemy. The essay is also the first to focus on the phenomenon of pillage by individuals who transfer the looted cultural assets to colonial official archives where they are ruled by the colonial administration. It thus reflects not only the responsibility of states in the process of “knowledge production” and on their role in distorting the past and rewriting history by various bureaucratic, linguistic, and legal means, but also on the role of citizens in these destructive processes.
Les gueules cassées ou l’éthique de l’écran crevé : du masque au visage cinématographique
Authors: Chevalier Karine
Published: May 2019

Cet article analyse comment le cinéma représente les gueules cassées en relation avec les autres médias (actualités, photographie, littérature, peinture, bande dessinée). À partir de la distinction de Levinas entre « la face » et « le visage », l’auteure questionne le recours au camouflage. Les blessures de guerre sont ainsi cachées par une esthétique du masque, telle que la surimpression, qui permet selon une approche éthique ambivalente de révéler le « visage » au-delà de la défiguration.
Inhabiting the Profile: Zach Blas’ Facial Weaponization Suite
Authors: Althoff Sebastian
Published: May 2019

This article places Zach Blas’ Facial Weaponization Suite (2011–2014) in relation to the notion of algorithmic governmentality in order to reveal a tactic of disidentification. Algorithmic governmentality refers to the implementation of big data surveillance that does not render individuals visible, but rather circumvents them, thereby complicating the possibility of a critical engagement. Such critical engagement, however, can be envisioned through the Facial Weaponization Suite.
Protesting Smoke: A Social and Political History of Vancouver Air Pollution in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Thiessen Lee
Published: May 2019

Growth-oriented local businesses and the city of Vancouver initiated efforts in the late 1940s and early 1950s to address the city’s air pollution problem. Despite generally improving dustfall measurements due to changing fuel use, industrial relocation, and steady city management of the issue, the coalition of air-quality reformers did not obtain broader regional or provincial government support until the late 1960s. Rather, public interventions prompted the provincial government to acknowledge air pollution as a formal political issue, and finally to take action. This article provides an account of air pollution in Vancouver and British Columbia in the 1950s and 1960s, highlighting the roles of social and economic groups and their interactions with political structures.
L’empire de l’involontaire et la volonté de n’être pas gouverné
Authors: Irrera Orazio
Published: May 2019

Dans cet article nous nous interrogerons sur le statut conceptuel ainsi que sur la portée politique de la notion de volonté qui apparait dans la célèbre définition que Foucault donne en 1978 de l’attitude critique comme « volonté de n’être pas gouverné ». Pour en élargir son champ d’intelligibilité nous mettrons en parallèle la généalogie du rapport d’obéissance au sein du pouvoir pastoral et de la gouvernementalité avec la généalogie de la concupiscence et de la chair qui inscrit dans « la structure permanente du sujet » une sorte d’empire de l’involontaire permettant de le gouverner. Nous retracerons la manière dont à partir de l’émergence d’un dispositif médico-juridique à l’intérieur de la pratique pénale où, depuis la moitié du XIXe, s’enchevêtrent les expertises psychiatriques et les dispositifs de normalisation pour manipuler les instincts et ses maladies censées être dangereuses pour la société, Foucault avance l’exigence une nouvelle problématisation de la notion de la volonté. On s’attachera ainsi à mettre en lumière comment cette notion devient le foyer d’une reformulation qui ne peut pas se passer d’une généalogie de l’involontaire que Foucault développe notamment dans ses recherches sur l’Histoire de la sexualité, dont la récente parution du quatrième volume, Les aveux de la chair, nous permet aujourd’hui de saisir l’effective portée théorique et politique de cette articulation de la volonté et de l’involontaire. Celle-ci permet en effet de décrire de manière plus riche et détaillé tant la matrice governamentale de subjectivation en Occident que la constitution d’un horizon d’imputabilité et de responsabilité dont chaque sujet est appelé à répondre, ce qui l’inscrit par ce même geste dans un champ généralisé d’obéissance et le rend ainsi intimement gouvernable.
Do “sujeito de desejo” ao “sujeito do desejo”: Foucault leitor de Santo Agostinho
Authors: Chaves Ernani Pinheiro
Published: May 2019

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar a importância estratégica da leitura de alguns textos de Santo Agostinho por Foucault. Essa importância se inscreve no interior do projeto foucaultiano de realizar uma “genealogia do sujeito do desejo”, de tal modo que pudéssemos compreender porque a concepção de desejo passou a representar um papel central no interior da questão da sexualidade, de tal modo que entre sujeito, desejo, sexualidade e verdade tivesse se formado uma ligação necessária e indissolúvel. Nessa perspectiva, entendemos que uma tal genealogia do sujeito do desejo implica em repensar criticamente a história da psicanálise, em especial, na sua versão Freud-Lacan, a única pela qual, aliás, ele se interessou com mais frequência.
Hybrid identification in Nothofagus subgenus using high resolution melting with ITS and trnL approach
Authors: Solano Jaime , Anabalón Leonardo , Encina Francisco , Esse Carlos , Penneckamp Diego
Published: May 2019

The genus Nothofagus is the main component of southern South American temperate forests. The 40 Nothofagus species, evergreen and deciduous, and some natural hybrids are spread among Central and Southern Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia. Nothofagus nervosa, Nothofagus obliqua and Nothofagus dombeyi are potentially very important timber producers due to their high wood quality and relative fast growth; however, indiscriminate logging has degraded vast areas the Chilean forest causing a serious state of deterioration of their genetic resource. The South of Chile has a large area covered by secondary forests of Nothofagus dombeyi. These forests have a high diversity of species, large amount of biomass and high silvicultural potential. This work shows a case of hybrid identification in Nothofagus subgenus in different secondary forests of Chile, using high resolution melting. Unknown samples of Nothofagus subgenus are genetically distinguishable with the ITS region of Nothofagus antarctica, Nothofagus nitida and N. obliqua species. It was not possible to distinguish between unknown samples of Andean versus coastal origin. Melting curves with ITS approach of unknown material are genetically similar, positioned between N. dombeyi and N. antarctica and distant from N. nitida. The unknown samples are genetically very close to Nothofagus dombeyi. This suggests the presence of hybrid individuality between species (N. dombeyi × N. antarctica) with the possibility of introgression towards the gene pool of N. antarctica, producing the deciduous foliage that is both present. The trnL locus has no distinction between the N. dombeyi and N. antarctica species, since a similar melting curve is present and equal Tm (80.00 °C). The trnL locus cannot be genetically distinguished from one unknown sample of Nothofagus to another, as highlighted in this study.
Dominance in dogs as rated by owners corresponds to ethologically valid markers of dominance
Authors: Kubinyi Enikő , Wallis Lisa J.
Published: May 2019

Dominance is well defined in ethology, debated in psychology, and is often unclear among the dog owning public and in the press. However, to date, no study has examined how owners perceive dominance in dogs, and what different behaviours and personality types are used to describe dominant and subordinate individuals. A questionnaire study was launched to investigate the external validity of owner-derived estimates of dominance in dog dyads sharing the same household (N = 1,151). According to the owners, dogs rated as dominant (87%) have priority access to resources (resting place, food, and rewards), undertake certain tasks (defend and lead the group, bark more), display dominance (win fights, lick the other’s mouth less, and mark over the other’s urine), share certain personality traits (smarter, more aggressive and impulsive), and are older than their partner dog (all p < 0.0001). An age-related hypothesis has been suggested to explain dominance in dogs; but we found that dog age did not explain the occurrence of dominance related behaviours over the owners’ estimate of dominance status. Results suggest that owner-derived reports of dominance ranks of dogs living in multi-dog households correspond to ethologically valid behavioural markers of dominance. Size and physical condition were unrelated to the perceived dominance. Surprisingly, in mixed-sex dyads, females were more frequently rated as dominant than males, which might correspond to a higher proportion of neutered females in this subgroup. For future studies that wish to allocate dominance status using owner report, we offer a novel survey.
Heracleum sosnowskyi seed development under the effect of exogenous application of GA3
Authors: Koryznienė Dalia , Jurkonienė Sigita , Žalnierius Tautvydas , Gavelienė Virgilija , Jankovska-Bortkevič Elžbieta , Bareikienė Nijolė , Būda Vincas
Published: May 2019

Numerous studies have demonstrated the impact of exogenous gibberellin on fleshy fruit formation, but the effect on dry fruits is not yet well known. To test the role of gibberellin (GA3) in dry fruit formation, we analysed the impact of exogenous GA3 on the invasive plant Sosnowsky’s hogweed (H. sosnowskyi Manden.) seed development and germination. Treatment of GA3 concentrations of 0.07 mM, 0.14 mM, 0.28 mM, 0.43 mM was applied to flowers at the early stage of development. Seeds were collected from treated satellite umbels. It was observed that GA3treatment did not have a significant effect on the size of H. sosnowskyi seeds, but caused various changes in their shape. The data on semi-thin longitudinal sections of H. sosnowskyi mericarps and SEM micrographs of embryos showed that the embryos in GA3 (0.43 mM) treated variants were at torpedo stage, while in control variants—mature embryos. The germination of seeds of each variant was estimated by burying them in the soil. Our studies indicated that GA3 application reduced the germination of H. sosnowskyi seed from 98.0% (control) to 16.5% (GA3 concentration 0.43 mM). It was assumed that exogenous application of GA3 had influence on the development of dry Sosnowsky’s hogweed seeds and could be used to inhibit the spread of this invasive plant.
Land Transformation of Tropical Forest Conservation of Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria from 1987–2014
Authors: Elijah Elizabeth , Ojeh Vincent N. , Philip Anita H. , Maaku Joshua, M. , Bonchak Gabriel
Published: May 2019

The study utilized Landsat imageries of 1987 (Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)), 2000 (Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+)) and 2014 (Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI)) to examine land transformation in the Gashaka-Gumti National Park. The analysis indicated that dense forest which occupied 367,500 hectares at 62.2% of the total area of the park in 1987 has been converted into farmland and built-up area. Thus, the dense forest has reduced to 343, 300 hectares by the year 2000 and 107, 600 hectares in 2014 respectively. The result shows that the riparian forest decreased from 21,300 hectares in 1987 at 3.6% to16, 000 hectares in 2000 at 2.7% and further to11, 000 hectares (1.8%) by 2014. Savannah vegetation found to be concentrated in the northern part of the study area and occupied a total area of 81,260 hectares at 13% in 1987, reduced to 62,100 hectares at 10.5% in 2000 and increased to 183,800 hectares at 31.1% of the total area in 2014. The built-up area occupied a total area of 4,476 hectares at 7.5% in 1987. The built-up increased to 11,070 hectares at 1.81% in 2000 but decreased to10.930 hectares at1.85% in 2014 as a result of the news that the insurgents were shifting their base towards the park to hide from security forces and some of the people living within the area became afraid and deserted their houses and resettled in the nearby towns and villages that are outside the park.
Adoption Level of Agroforestry Practices in Katsina State, Nigeria
Authors: Amonum J. I. , Bada S. O.
Published: May 2019

Unsustainable forest land use practices have resulted in land degradation in Nigeria leading to low crop yield. Agroforestry is a viable option for reversing dwindling crop yields through proper soil management practices. There is notably no sufficient published information on agroforestry practices (AP) in Katsina State. The aim of this study was to assess AP for sustainable land use in the study area. Multistage stratified sampling design was used to select respondents from the study. Three Local Government Areas (LGAs) were randomly selected from each of the agro-ecological zones (Sahel, Sudan and Guinea) of Katsina State. Within each of the selected LGAs, one community was randomly selected and forty respondents were randomly sampled from each community. Using structured questionnaire, information was sought on socio-economic and AP. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Based on the results, multipurpose trees on farmland (79%), windbreaks (50%), woodlots (49.7%), improved fallow in shifting cultivation (32%) and home gardens (24.7%) were the common AP in the study area. Benefits of AP in the area included preservation of the environment (98.5%), provision of fruits and leaves (98%), and improvement of soil fertility (98%), erosion control (98%) and improvement of farmers’ income (96%). Agroforestry practices enrich the soil with important nutrients and prevent soil erosion. The adoption of multipurpose trees on farmland in the study area will help in preventing environmental degradation, desertification and enhance food crop production.
Effect of Different Freezing Rates on Post-Thaw Semen Quality in Yak
Authors: Borah B. K. D. , Deka B. C. , Biswas R. K. , Deori S. , Chakravarty P. , Ahmed K. , Sinha S.
Published: May 2019

A study was conducted on yak semen to evaluate the effect of different freezing rates on the quality of frozen semen. The semen was frozen following three freezing rates viz., Freezing rate I (@ 5ºC/minute from +4oC to -10oC, @ 40ºC/minute from -10ºC to -100ºC and @ 20ºC/minute from -100ºC to -140ºC), II (@ 4ºC/minute from +4ºC to -12ºC, @ 40ºC/minute from -12ºC to -40ºC and @ 50ºC/minute from -40ºC to -140ºC and III (@ 5oC/minute from +4ºC to -10ºC, @50ºC/minute from -10ºC to -100ºC and @ 20ºC/minute from -100oC to -140ºC). The sperm  motility, live sperm, HOST-reacted sperm, total incidence of acrosomal changes and  extracellular release of Alanine aminotransferase and Aspartate aminotransferase of yak semen extended in Tris extender differed significantly (P <0.01) between stages of processing and freezing but did not differ significantly between freezing rates and due to stage × freezing rate interaction. Analysis of variance revealed that in frozen semen, a freezing rate significantly (P<0.05) influenced the percentage of live sperm with Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) but did not significantly influence the percentage of sperm with DNA damage. The percentage of live sperm with MMP in frozen semen was significantly higher for freezing rate III than for freezing rate II but the difference between freezing rates I and III was not significant.
The Impact of the Episodic Rainstorm Event of 18th April and 5th May, 2018 in Taraba State, Nigeria
Authors: Vincent Ojeh, N. , Emeka Oruonye, D. , Lucky Arisabor, , Felix Jutum, , John Dovo , Israel Mubwi, , Grace Audu, , Samuel Daniel , Winnie Bawa, , Monday J. Joseph, , Shedrach Semaka,
Published: May 2019

The study assessed the two days episodic rainstorm event that destroyed buildings and led to loss of life in April and May 2018 in Taraba State, northeast Nigeria. Data were from primary and secondary sources. A total of 60 copies of research questionnaires and interviews were used, complimented by data from the meteorological observatory of the Department of Geography, Taraba State University and expert eye witness accounts. The results of the study show that the 2-day rainstorm extreme event with high wind speed of over 600 knots (327 m/s) caused devastating damages to building infrastructures in the state and the roofs of buildings and damage to Globacom Telecommunication mast was profound and five people lost their lives with several others sustaining diverse injuries in 17 communities in Jalingo and Wukari. It led to about 62% of the affected to take refuge outside their homes for over three days while other spent more than 10 days. The schools were more affected with an estimated cost of ₦30,000,000 to fix the damaged infrastructures, followed by government buildings which needs about 24,000, 000 and residential building with estimated cost of ₦ 6,275,000. The cost for fixing the infrastructures damaged in Wukari in comparison to Jalingo was ₦ 9,000,000 for residential buildings, ₦ 6,000,000 for government buildings and ₦ 9,275,000 for schools respectively. Prices of roofing sheets increased with about $6 during the period. It was suggested that wind breakers should be encouraged and the cutting down of trees should be discouraged while creating awareness and encouraging afforestation.
Myofascial Pain Syndrome: Looked through the Lens of 11 Cases Managed by Myofascial Trigger Point Massage Therapy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Qureshi Naseem Akhtar , Alsubai Hamoud Abdullah , Alharbi Mohammed Khulaif
Published: May 2019

Background: Myofascial pain syndrome is a common pain condition characterized by a key symptoms and signs, determined by multiple etiologies, comorbid with a variety of systemic diseases and regional pain syndromes and managed by diverse therapies with variable outcomes.

Objective: This study aimed to concisely report 11 cases of myofascial pain syndrome managed by myofascial trigger point therapy.

Methods: The relevant information about 11 cases was collected prospectively using a semistructured proforma. All patients were diagnosed mainly by detailed history and gold standard palpation method that helps identify taut muscles, tender myofascial trigger points, local twitch response and autonomic manifestations.

Results: Most of the patients with variable age and profession presented in emergency room with acute pain, limited motion, weakness, referred pain of specific pattern and associated autonomic signs and symptoms. Myofascial trigger point therapy alone with a timeline of about 30-60 minutes of 1-3sessions brought about good results in all 11 patients (100%) who remained stable at two to three months followup.

Conclusion: Myofascial pain syndrome linked with latent or active myofascial trigger points developed due to repeated strains and injuries needs to be diagnosed by history and palpation method, systemic evaluation and laboratory investigations. Though several interventions are used in myofascial pain syndrome, myofascial trigger point massage therapy alone is found to be reasonably effective with excellent results. This clinical case series is calling for double-blind randomized controlled trials among patients with myofascial pain syndrome not only in Saudi Arabia but also in other Middle East countries in future.
Realization of the standard cabinet as “equipment” by Le Corbusier: the transformation of the “wall”
Authors: Sendai Shoichiro
Published: May 2019

This paper clarifies Le Corbusier's (1887‐1965) spatial composition of standard cabinets as “equipment,” and it discusses the notion of “decor” in the 20th century. In his private house projects, Le Corbusier experimented with the standard cabinet as a partition separated from walls. However, he also examined cabinets incorporated into walls. Le Corbusier's realization of standard cabinets as expanded to both poles created a new notion of a “wall” and this was continued as methodology in the decorative arts.
Dynamic Risk Prediction
Authors: Rizopoulos Dimitris
Published: May 2019

A key question in clinical practice is accurate prediction of patient prognosis. To this end, nowadays, physicians have at their disposal a variety of tests and biomarkers to aid them in optimizing medical care. These tests are often performed on a regular basis in order to closely follow the progression of the disease. In this setting, it is of interest to optimally utilize the recorded information and provide medically relevant summary measures, such as survival probabilities, that will aid in decision making. In this work, we present two statistical techniques that provide dynamically updated estimates of survival probabilities, namely landmark analysis and joint models for longitudinal and time‐to‐event data.
A
nderson,
T
heodore
W.
Authors: Stephens Michael A.
Published: May 2019

A brief biography of Theodore W. Anderson.
Institute of Mathematical Statistics (
IMS
)
Authors: Gustafson Elyse , Peña Edsel A.
Published: May 2019

This article is about the formation, governance, membership, awards and fellowship, sponsored lectures, publications, and various activities of the premier organization of mathematical statisticians and probabilists in the world – The Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS).
Pragmatic Clinical Trials
Authors: Geller Nancy L.
Published: May 2019

Pragmatic clinical trials have received much attention recently as they promise applicability to “real‐world” subjects (often patients). This article begins with a few examples of pragmatic trials. Pragmatic trials mean different things to different people, and we describe and discuss the PRECIS criteria, which attempted to pin down a definition. Some statistical considerations that PRECIS did not consider are added and the pros and cons of being pragmatic are discussed. It is concluded that to draw valid conclusions from pragmatic trials, some features of explanatory trials may be discarded, but others had best be maintained.
Arts Literacies
Authors: Jensen Amy Petersen
Published: May 2019

This entry examines the impact of new literacies and multimodality on the development of arts literacies theories and practice. Additionally, it outlines the texts, processes, and contexts associated with arts literacies. Finally, this entry addresses possible challenges to the further development of arts literacies and explores future directions for the study of arts literacies in educational settings.
Entertainment Information
Authors: Hicks‐Goldston Christina , Goldston Jason P.
Published: May 2019

Entertainment information references the activity of relaying different forms of information to audiences within specific platforms, in an entertaining manner or as information about the world of entertainment. Author and Internet activist Tristan Louis determined three dimensions of media, each dimension representing a scale of opposites: entertainment versus information; directly purchased versus subsidized information; and mass‐generated versus professional media‐generated information. Entertainment information can also reference entertainment in pedagogical or andragogical content, sensational or fear‐based news reportage, or entertainment reportage and gossip.
Film Education inEurope
Authors: Reid Mark
Published: May 2019

This entry frames a survey of the structures, practices, and key agents and agencies in European film education through a consideration of the relationship between national cultural identity and a notional “European” conception of film culture and education. It concludes that the distinctiveness of European culture, and therefore film education, lies in its protean ability to “translate” between different national settings, while maintaining a core of values and preoccupations that are recognizably “European.” The data on the how, why, what, and where of film education in Europe are drawn from the Screening Literacy survey, the largest survey of film education and literacy so far undertaken in Europe.
Media Literacy in the
C
zech
R
epublic
Authors: Jirák Jan , Zezulkova Marketa
Published: May 2019

This entry explores media literacy and media education in the Czech environment from historical and current perspectives. Although there is a historical record of media literacy and debates dating back to the 17th century, media (literacy) education as a cross‐curricular subject found its place in public elementary and general secondary education only in 2007. Formal media education in the Czech Republic is developed mainly under a critical and protectionist framework. It neglects its historical foundation and at the same time struggles to reflect the later developments in digital and social media and the associated increase of user‐generated content. There is an increasing body of research exploring these issues, yet not much of it is applied.
Network Neutrality
Authors: Newman Russell
Published: May 2019

Network neutrality is the policy principle that Internet service providers (ISPs) should not be permitted to discriminate against end user selected content or applications by speeding or slowing delivery or by blocking it altogether. For one, this principle represents a struggle between end users of networks at “network edges” (which include sectors of capital and independent and nonprofit creators of all stripes) that desire these networks to serve as “dumb” conduits for their content and applications and capital interests that derive surplus from potentially leveraging their “smart,” centralized networks. It also holds implications for the future of democratic and creative discourse, as well as for access to emergent means of communication. While the concept was born in the United States, the term has spread to other countries, whose own debates are playing out at the time of writing—sometimes under the umbrella term “open Internet,” other times under the more fraught term “Internet freedom.”
Policy Issues in
E
uropean Media Literacy
Authors: Cubbage Jayne
Published: May 2019

One major obstacle in the full implementation and acceptance of media literacy outside of academic environments and among the general public in Europe is the low levels of media literacy policy. One of the first international policies established relating to media literacy was enacted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) under the Grünwald Declaration of 1982, which calls media literacy a human right and lists the concept as a necessary 21st‐century skill, essential to all media‐consuming individuals. In large response to the Grünwald Declaration and the ever‐growing dependence on digital and media technologies, nations around the world have begun enacting media literacy policies as a measure of governance. In Europe, the European Commission has enacted broad‐based media literacy policies through the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVSMD) program, which are designed to encourage member states to adopt regulations and practices designed to protect, enlighten, and empower its citizenry. Each of the 28 EU member nations has begun the process of implementing media literacy through various educational and policy measures. After several years of new policies, member states in Europe are now beginning to realize the impact of these policy measures and some scholars note the absence of sufficiently strong mandates that address diversity and inclusion.
Popular Media on the Playground
Authors: Willett Rebekah
Published: May 2019

This entry provides an introduction to research which investigates children's appropriation and adaptation of popular media on school playgrounds. The entry describes different approaches from studies across a variety of disciplines including folklore studies, musicology, studies of new literacies, and cultural and media studies. Findings from studies are summarized first in terms of form and content of children's games and rhymes, and second in relation to key themes of change and the dialectic relationship between structure and agency.
Role of Entertainment Media in Sexual Socialization
Authors: Scull Tracy M. , Malik Christina V.
Published: May 2019

Entertainment media have become ubiquitous and influential in modern culture and serve as a sexual socialization agent for adolescents. Media messages often contain a large amount of sexual content and typically depict unhealthy, unrealistic, inaccurate, and incomplete information about sex and sexual health. Research has established a link between exposure to sexualized media content and gender‐stereotyped sexual beliefs, permissive sexual attitudes, and sexual behaviors. Studies have also found that consuming media messages that contain accurate and healthy information about sex can positively impact adolescents. Several theoretical approaches have been applied to further understand the relationship between entertainment media and sexual socialization, and researchers are exploring individual and social factors that impact this relationship. Future directions for research include additional longitudinal and experimental studies, increased studies across cultures, further research on the impact of same‐sex media messages, and exploration of the reciprocal relationship between sexual media consumption and sexual behaviors.
Self‐Objectification
Authors: Liberman Rachael
Published: May 2019

This entry provides an introduction to the term “self‐objectification” as it relates to the study of media culture, lived experience, and gendered bodies. Stemming from the psychology of gender paradigm, self‐objectification has been operationalized as the practice of internalizing hegemonic gender scripts and codes, and then deploying those constructed frameworks for self‐surveillance and judgment. In their seminal work, “Objectification Theory,” Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) articulate that media act as a cultural institution that contributes to this process; specifically, that advertisements, among other texts, shape meanings around the idealized body. This entry identifies the contributions of Fredrickson and Roberts's work (1997) to feminist media studies, and identifies how self‐objectification is currently used to explore issues related to sexualization, empowerment, intersectionality, femininity, and postfeminist media culture.
University–School Partnerships for Media Literacy
Authors: Cubbage Jayne
Published: May 2019

Partnerships in media literacy education are predominantly found in higher education training programs with an emphasis on digital literacies and teacher education training programs. While this synergistic relationship represents the bulk of school and university programs in media literacy, there are a few innovative programs, which break the mold and focus on community partnerships. Media literacy scholars suggest increased secondary and post‐secondary interfacing to advance the implementation of media literacy in the citizenry in the United States and abroad. With new focus and enhanced awareness, the prospect for stronger partnerships is feasible.
Youth Digital Culture
Authors: Loh Renae Sze Ming , Lim Sun Sun
Published: May 2019

This article first outlines the characteristics of youth as a developmental stage, as well as the nature of youths' social and familial interactions, to explain the context in which youth digital culture emerges. Specifically, it explains how youth digital culture influences youths' identity formation and is both constitutive of and influenced by their peer culture.
Natural Vermiculite Enables High‐Performance in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries via Electrical Double Layer Effects
Authors: Wu Feixiang , Lv Haifeng , Chen Shuangqiang , Lorger Simon , Srot Vesna , Oschatz Martin , van Aken Peter A. , Wu Xiaojun , Maier Joachim , Yu Yan
Published: May 2019

Lithium–sulfur batteries with potentially high specific energy are viewed as very promising candidates for next‐generation lightweight and low‐cost rechargeable batteries. However, sulfur‐based cathodes suffer from dissolution of polysulfides causing shuttle effects. Here, in order to confine elemental sulfur and anchor the polysulfides, a novel host that is an inexpensive natural clay mineral, viz., vermiculite is proposed. When compared to regular carbon–sulfur composites, vermiculite–sulfur composites offer promising rate capability and much better cycling stabilities, displaying capacity retentions of ≈89 and ≈93% within 200 cycles at C/2 and 1 C, respectively, and ≈60 % at C/5 within 1000 cycles. Postmortem studies, advanced adsorption tests, density functional theory calculations, and zeta potential measurements in combination with intrinsic characteristics of the natural vermiculite provide insights into the new mechanism. The vermiculite contains naturally present surface cations which show a strong tendency to adsorb Sn2− anions, hence protecting them from dissolution. The excess surface charge is most probably compensated by excess Li+ in the space charge zones which is beneficial for charge transfer and local conductivity. The reported results show that natural clay‐minerals are promising sulfur hosts being able to fixate sulfides via electrical double layer effects, thus enabling high‐performance in lithium–chalcogen batteries.
Intrinsic Van Der Waals Magnetic Materials from Bulk to the 2D Limit: New Frontiers of Spintronics
Authors: Li Hui , Ruan Shuangchen , Zeng Yu‐Jia
Published: May 2019

2D van der Waals (vdW) magnets, which present intrinsic ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic ground states at finite temperatures down to atomic‐layer thicknesses, open a new horizon in materials science and enable the potential development of new spin‐related applications. The layered structure of vdW magnets facilitates their atomic‐layer cleavability and magnetic anisotropy, which counteracts spin fluctuations, thereby providing an ideal platform for theoretically and experimentally exploring magnetic phase transitions in the 2D limit. With reduced dimensions, the susceptibility of 2D magnets to a large variety of external stimuli also makes them more promising than their bulk counterpart in various device applications. Here, the current status of characterization and tuning of the magnetic properties of 2D vdW magnets, particularly the atomic‐layer thickness, is presented. Various state‐of‐the‐art optical and electrical techniques have been applied to reveal the magnetic states of 2D vdW magnets. Other emerging 2D vdW magnets and future perspectives on the stacking strategy are also given; it is believed that they will excite more intensive research and provide unprecedented opportunities in the field of spintronics.
2D Freestanding Janus Gold Nanocrystal Superlattices
Authors: Shi Qianqian , Gómez Daniel E. , Dong Dashen , Sikdar Debabrata , Fu Runfang , Liu Yiyi , Zhao Yumeng , Smilgies Detlef‐M. , Cheng Wenlong
Published: May 2019

2D freestanding nanocrystal superlattices represent a new class of advanced metamaterials in that they can integrate mechanical flexibility with novel optical, electrical, plasmonic, and magnetic properties into one multifunctional system. The freestanding 2D superlattices reported to date are typically constructed from symmetrical constituent building blocks, which have identical structural and functional properties on both sides. Here, a general ligand symmetry‐breaking strategy is reported to grow 2D Janus gold nanocrystal superlattice sheets with nanocube morphology on one side yet with nanostar on the opposite side. Such asymmetric metallic structures lead to distinct wetting and optical properties as well as surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects. In particular, the SERS enhancement of the nanocube side is about 20‐fold of that of the nanostar side, likely due to the combined “hot spot + lightening‐rod” effects. This is nearly 700‐fold of SERS enhancement as compared with the symmetric nanocube superlattices without Janus structures.
A Concise Total Synthesis of (+)‐Paniculatine
Authors: Liu Jian , Chen Sheng , Li Ningning , Qiu Fayang G.
Published: May 2019

The total synthesis of (+)‐paniculatine, a unique structure in Lycopodium alkaloids, has been achieved starting from two known intermediates. The efficiency of the present synthesis depends on a few key elements including Hosomi‐Sakurai allylation and an unusual intramolecular Michael addition of an enolate to an unsaturated amide.

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Flexible and Transparent Aluminum‐Nitride‐Based Surface‐Acoustic‐Wave Device on Polymeric Polyethylene Naphthalate
Authors: Lamanna Leonardo , Rizzi Francesco , Guido Francesco , Algieri Luciana , Marras Sergio , Mastronardi Vincenzo Mariano , Qualtieri Antonio , De Vittorio Massimo
Published: May 2019

The development of wearable technology increasingly requires bendable sensing devices operating across multiple domains for opto‐electro‐mechanical and biochemical transduction. Piezoelectric materials integrated into flexible and transparent device architectures can enable multiple‐sensing platforms. It is shown that flexible and compliant surface‐acoustic‐wave (SAW) piezoelectric devices include all these features and can be applied to the human body. A flexible and transparent aluminum‐nitride‐(AlN)‐based SAW device on a thermoplastic polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate, fabricated by low‐temperature sputtering deposition of a multilayered AlN‐based stack, is reported for the first time. Two resonant modes, corresponding to Rayleigh and Lamb wave propagation, are shown and compared with a control SAW device on a silicon substrate. A large transmission‐signal amplitude, up to 20 dB, is achieved for the Lamb resonance mode around 500 MHz at an acoustic velocity of 10 500 m s−1. The technology is applied to the fabrication of a wearable temperature sensor. Compared to the same piezoelectric stack and SAW technology onto silicon substrates, the AlN/PEN SAW shows better performance and a temperature coefficient frequency as high as ≈810 ppm °C−1. The potential of this flexible SAW device as a wearable temperature sensor based on Rayleigh modes is demonstrated.
S‐Doped Graphene‐Regional Nucleation Mechanism for Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Wang Tianshuai , Zhai Pengbo , Legut Dominik , Wang Lei , Liu Xiaopeng , Li Bixuan , Dong Chenxi , Fan Yanchen , Gong Yongji , Zhang Qianfan
Published: May 2019

Lithium metal is the most promising anode material for next‐generation batteries, owing to its high theoretical specific capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, the practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) has been plagued by the issues of uncontrollable lithium deposition. The multifunctional nanostructured anode can modulate the initial nucleation process of lithium before the extension of dendrites. By combing the theoretical design and experimental validation, a novel nucleation strategy is developed by introducing sulfur (S) to graphene. Through first‐principles simulations, it is found that S atom doping can improve the Li adsorption ability on a large area around the S doping positions. Consequently, S‐doped graphene with five lithiophilic sites rather than a single atomic site can serve as the pristine nucleation area, reducing the uneven Li deposition and improving the electrochemical performance. Modifying Li metal anodes by S‐doped graphene enables an ultralow overpotential of 5.5 mV, a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99% over more than 180 cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2 for 1.0 mAh cm−2, and a high areal capacity of 3 mAh cm−2. This work sheds new light on the rational design of nucleation area materials for dendrite‐free LMB.
Advanced Alkali Treatments for High‐Efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells on Flexible Substrates
Authors: Carron Romain , Nishiwaki Shiro , Feurer Thomas , Hertwig Ramis , Avancini Enrico , Löckinger Johannes , Yang Shih‐Chi , Buecheler Stephan , Tiwari Ayodhya N.
Published: May 2019

Flexible, lightweight Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells grown on polymer substrates are a promising technology with fast growing market prospects. However, power conversion efficiencies of solar cells grown at low temperatures (≈450 °C) remain below the efficiencies of cells grown at high temperature on glass substrates. This contribution discusses the impact on cell efficiency of process improvements of low‐temperature CIGS deposition on flexible polyimide and glass substrates. Different strategies for incorporation of alkali elements into CIGS are evaluated based on a large number of depositions. Postdeposition treatment with heavy alkali (here RbF) enables a thickness reduction of the CdS buffer layer and increases the open‐circuit voltage. Na supply during 3rd stage CIGS deposition positively impacts the cell performance. Coevaporation of heavy alkali (e.g., RbF) during capping layer deposition mitigates the adverse shunting associated with high Cu contents, yielding highest efficiencies with near‐stoichiometric absorber compositions. Furthermore, optimization of the deposition sequence results in absorbers with a 1 µm wide notch region with nearly constant bandgap minimum. The improved processes result in a record cell efficiency of 20.8% for CIGS on flexible substrate.
On the Functionality of Coatings for Cathode Active Materials in Thiophosphate‐Based All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Culver Sean P. , Koerver Raimund , Zeier Wolfgang G. , Janek Jürgen
Published: May 2019

The last decade has seen considerable advancements in the development of solid electrolytes for solid‐state battery applications, with particular attention being paid to sulfide superionic conductors. Importantly, the intrinsic electrochemical instability of these high‐performance separators highlights the notion that further progress in the field of solid‐state batteries is contingent on the optimization of component material interfaces in order to secure high energy and power densities, while maintaining device safety and a practical cycle life. On the cathode side, the need for a protective coating to inhibit solid electrolyte degradation is clear; however, a mechanistic understanding of the coating functionality remains unresolved, and there is still much room for improvement regarding the methodology and associated material properties. Herein, the essential requirements for a suitable coating are specified and fundamental considerations are discussed in detail. Additionally, this article will provide an overview of the various material classes, assessment protocols and practical coating methods, as well as an outlook on the development of coatings for cathode active materials in thiophosphate‐based solid‐state batteries.
Alternating Array Stacking of Ag26Au and Ag24Au Nanoclusters
Authors: He Lizhong , Gan Zibao , Xia Nan , Liao Lingwen , Wu Zhikun
Published: May 2019

An assembly strategy for metal nanoclusters using electrostatic interactions with weak interactions, such as C−H⋅⋅⋅π and π⋅⋅⋅π interactions in which cationic [Ag26Au(2‐EBT)18(PPh3)6]+ and anionic [Ag24Au(2‐EBT)18]− nanoclusters gather and assemble in an unusual alternating array stacking structure is presented. [Ag26Au(2‐EBT)18(PPh3)6]+ [Ag24Au(2‐EBT)18]− is a new compound type, a double nanocluster ion compound (DNIC). A single nanocluster ion compound (SNIC) [PPh4]+ [Ag24Au(2‐EBT)18]− was also synthesized, having a k‐vector‐differential crystallographic arrangement. [PPh4]+ [Ag24Au(2,4‐DMBT)18]− adopts a different assembly mode from both [Ag26Au(2‐EBT)18(PPh3)6]+ [Ag24Au(2‐EBT)18]− and [PPh4]+ [Ag24Au(2‐EBT)18]−. Thus, the striking packing differences of [Ag26Au(2‐EBT)18(PPh3)6]+ [Ag24Au(2‐EBT)18]−, [PPh4]+ [Ag24Au(2‐EBT)18]− and the existing [PPh4]+ [Ag24Au(2,4‐DMBT)18]− from each other indicate the notable influence of ligands and counterions on the self‐assembly of nanoclusters.
Lactone Synthesis by Enantioselective Orthogonal Tandem Catalysis
Authors: Mishra Sourabh , Aponick Aaron
Published: May 2019

In this work, we report enantioselective orthogonal tandem catalysis for the one pot conversion of Meldrum's acid derivatives and alkynes into δ‐lactones. This new transformation, which resembles a formal [4+2] cycloaddition with concomitant decarboxylation and loss of acetone, proceeds in high yields and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee) over a broad substrate scope. The products are densely functionalized and ripe for further transformations, as demonstrated here by both ring‐opening reactions and reduction to saturated lactones. It was discovered that a new and serendipitously formed AgI‐Me‐StackPhos complex efficiently catalyzes the highly selective 6‐endo‐dig cyclization, completely reversing the regiochemistry that has been previously reported in related systems. More generally, in this study we identify a pair of compatible catalysts for alkyne difunctionalization that operate concurrently, which enable the alkyne to act as both a nucleophile and an electrophile in sequential one‐pot transformations.