bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The genus Pinnularia (Bacillariophyta) excluding the section Distantes on Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands) with the description of twelve new taxa

Authors: ZIDAROVA RALITSA , KOPALOVÁ KATEŘINA , VAN DE VIJVER BART
Published: December 2015

During the ongoing revision of the non-marine diatom flora of Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands, Maritime Antarctic Region) the taxonomy and morphology of all Pinnularia taxa, excluding the section Distantes, present in the samples from Livingston Island, have been analysed. Seventeen different Pinnularia taxa have been recorded. Apart from those previously described from the Antarctic Region (P. subcapitata var. elongata, P. gemella, P. austroshetlandica) and the Andes (P. strictissima), thirteen unknown taxa have been found. Based on their unique morphological features, twelve are described as new in this paper: P. australodivergens sp. nov., P. australoglobiceps sp. nov., P. australomicrostauron sp. nov., P. australoschoenfelderi sp. nov., P. hamiltonii sp. nov., P. livingstonensis sp. nov., P. magnifica sp. nov., P. microstauroides sp. nov.,  P. pseudolaucensis sp. nov., P. sergiplaiana sp. nov., P. subcarteri sp. nov. and P. subaltiplanensis sp. nov. For one, only a few specimens have been found and at present they cannot be identified with 100% certainty.
Mityczno-symboliczny paradygmat etniczności Johna A. Armstronga
Authors: Siewierska-Chmaj Anna
Published: December 2015

John A. Armstrong’s myth-symbol paradigm of ethnicity The theme of this article is John Alexander Armstrong’s myth-symbol paradigm of ethnicity as a polemic with the modernist theory of nationalism, assuming duplication of the nation in relation to nationalism. According to Armstrong more important for the survival of the nation than political and economic issues, is creating and updating of mythological complex, able to maintain stability of the nation. Reminder ethnicity paradigm seems to be important in the context of the events in Ukraine and observed the process of creating a new political mythology, reinforcing the Ukrainian national identity. Mityczno-symboliczny paradygmat etniczności Johna A. Armstronga Tematem artykułu jest mityczno-symboliczny paradygmat etniczności Johna Alexandra Armstronga, jako polemika z modernistyczną teorią nacjonalizmu, zakładającą wtórność narodu w stosunku do nacjonalizmu. Według Armstronga ważniejsze dla przetrwania narodu były nie kwestie polityczno-gospodarcze, lecz stworzenie i aktualizacja kompleksu mitologicznego, zdolnego do podtrzymywania trwałości narodu. Przypomnienie paradygmatu etniczności wydaje się istotne w kontekście wydarzeń na Ukrainie i obserwowanego tam procesu tworzenia nowej mitologii politycznej, wzmacniającej ukraińską tożsamość narodową.
Polityka władz państwowych wobec wyboru i działalności metropolity Makarego, zwierzchnika Polskiego Autokefalicznego Kościoła Prawosławnego
Authors: Dudra Stefan
Published: December 2015

Government policy towards the election and activity of Metropolitan Macarius (Oksijuk) In post-war Poland, the state authorities aimed at taking control of the religious life of the individual Churches and religious organizations. Surveillance efforts were made to maintain, among others, by appropriate selection of the superior of the Church and diocesan bishops. The election of Macarius (Oksijuk), Archbishop of the Russian Orthodox Church for the position of Metropolitan in July 1951 years should be understood in this context. The hierarch was also to give a guarantee of loyalty, implement his policy in line with the vision of communist authorities and ensure close cooperation with the Patriarchate of Moscow. Unrealized demands of the state authorities (emerging Russification trends, the lack of wider support in missionary activity among the Greek Catholics) contributed to undertake a process of dismissing Macarius from managing the Orthodox Church. Polityka władz państwowych wobec wyboru i działalności metropolity Makarego, zwierzchnika Polskiego Autokefalicznego Kościoła PrawosławnegoPowojenna polityka państwa wobec Polskiego Autokefalicznego Kościoła Prawosławnego zmierzała do ograniczenia jego roli tylko do zadań religijnych, jednocześnie przy objęciu pozostałej działalności całkowitą kontrolą. Nadzór starano się utrzymywać m.in. poprzez odpowiedni dobór zwierzchnika Kościoła. Jednym z elementów polityki był wybór na stanowisko metropolity w 1951 roku Makarego (Oksijuka), arcybiskupa Rosyjskiego Kościoła Prawosławnego. Po odsunięciu w 1948 roku od zarządzania Kościołem metropolity Dionizego władze wyznaniowe dążyły do obsadzenia tronu metropolitalnego przez hierarchę, który miałby realizować politykę kościelną zgodną z linią polityczną władz. Pomimo zrealizowania założonych celów metropolita Makary okazał się hierarchą, który nie spełnił oczekiwań władz (m.in. w zakresie polityki wobec grekokatolików), co wpłynęło na podjęcie decyzji o usunięciu go z zajmowanego stanowiska.
Powrócić do początku, czyli jak kultura maskuje swoją zmienność?
Authors: Kajfosz Jan
Published: December 2015

Return to the beginnings, or how culture masks its changes? The aim of this essay is to describe cognitive mechanisms on which imagined intersubjectively important continuities and discontinuities in culture are based, and thus allow creating and transforming collective identities. The author uses tools of phenomenology and semiotics to provide answers to a few questions concerning cognitive mechanisms of memory and symbolic violence as well as the ways in which culture can change and adapt to current socio-political needs. These issues pertain also to nation and national identities. Powrócić do początku, czyli jak kultura maskuje swoją zmienność? Celem przyczynku jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, na jakich kognitywnych mechanizmach opiera się konstruowanie wyobrażonych, intersubiektywnie ważnych ciągłości i nieciągłości w kulturze, będących podstawą tworzenia i przetwarzania tożsamości zbiorowych. Posługując się narzędziami fenomenologii i semiotyki, autor chce dostarczyć odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: Na podstawie jakich kognitywnych mechanizmów pamięć – wraz z jej społecznymi ramami – może się dostosowywać do aktualnie ważnych społeczno-politycznych potrzeb? Na jakich kognitywnych mechanizmach opiera się przemoc symboliczna? W jaki sposób kultura potrafi eliminować pamięć o własnych przemianach? – Propozycje zawierające się w artykule wskazują na retoryczny (perswazyjny), legitymizacyjny i światotwórczy – czyli pragmatyczny – wymiar konotacji, a zwłaszcza „zgęszczeń konotacji” nazywanych przez R. Barthesa mitem. Podstawową funkcję eksplanacyjną w odniesieniu do pytań o kognitywne mechanizmy społecznego konstruowania przeszłości (inaczej: „początku”) oprócz konotacji mają tu takie kategorie, jak percepcja magiczna i myślenie magiczne.
Czerkieski ruch narodowy: emigracja – diaspora – transnacjonalizm
Authors: Chudziak Mateusz
Published: December 2015

Circassian National Movement: Emigration, Diaspora, TransnationalismThe main purpose of this article is to give an account of historical development of Circassian nationalism. Author proposes a modernist and ethno-symbilist perspective in researching national idea of Caucasian ethnic group devided in stalinist USSR as a result of national engeenering, as well as by nineteenth century conquest of Northern Caucasus. The category of 'trans-nationalism' is based on Arjun Appadurai's understending of development of various social and cultural identities in globalising world. The case of Circassians living in North Caucasus and diaspora is viewed in this perspective. Thus, article is a historical and anthropological scope of Circassian nationalism in past two centuries. Czerkieski ruch narodowy: emigracja – diaspora – transnacjonalizmGłównym celem artykułu jest przybliżenie historycznego rozwoju nacjonalizmu czerkieskiego. W badaniach nad tożsamością pochodzącej z Kaukazu Północnego grupy etnicznej  autor proponuje perspektywę modernistyczną i etnosymboliczną. Czerkiesi zostali podzieleni na odrębne grupy w wyniku stalinowskiej inżynierii narodowej. Wcześniej znaczna ich grupa została wygnana z Kaukazu podczas rosyjskiego podboju regionu. Potomkowie wygnańców tworzą dziś diasporę, której poświęcono najwięcej miejsca. Współczesna tożsamość Czerkiesów żyjących w diasporze i na Kaukazie została ujęta w ramy zjawiska zwanego w tekście “transnacjonalizmem”. Kategoria ta oparta jest na rozumieniu nowoczesnych tożsamości społecznych proponowanemu przez Arjuna Appadurai'a. W takiej perspektywie omawiana jest historia czerkieskiego nacjonalizmu w ciągu ostatnich dwóch stuleci.
Pozorne alternatywy Muhameda Filipovicia
Authors: Rawski Tomasz
Published: December 2015

Muhamed Filipovic’s apparent alternatives This text is a review essay pertaining to Muhamed Filipovic’s  book who are we, Bosniacs? The reviewer first reconstructs the idea of Bosniac identity presented in the book under review, as based on the concept of original multiculturalism. Next he criticises this idea and demonstrates its two basic weeknesses. Accordingly, he shows first that Filipovic, despite his own claims, is unable to avoid thinking in nationalist categories. Secondly, by pointing out to exclusivist, elitarist and potentially expansionist threads in Filipovic’s concept, the reviewer demonstrates its apparently only antidiscriminatory character. Pozorne alternatywy Muhameda FilipoviciaTekst jest esejem recenzyjnym dotyczącym książki Muhameda Filipovicia pt. Ko smo mi Bošnjaci? Najpierw autor eseju rekonstruuje koncepcję tożsamości boszniackiej wyłożoną w pracy Filipovicia i zasadzającą się na idei pierwotnego multilateralizmu. Następnie, koncepcja zostaje poddana krytyce, która odsłania jej dwie podstawowe słabości. Po pierwsze, krytyka wykazuje, że Filipović - wbrew własnym zapewnieniom - nie jest w stanie uniknąć myślenia w kategoriach nacjonalistycznych. Po drugie, eksponując obecne w koncepcji wątki ekskluzywistyczne, elitarystyczne i potencjalnie ekspansjonistyczne, krytyka odsłania pozornie tylko antydyskryminacyjny charakter koncepcji Filipovicia.
Konflikt rosyjsko-ukraiński w świadomości społeczności pochodzenia polskiego obwodu tarnopolskiego
Authors: Jakimowicz Marcelina Michalina
Published: December 2015

The Russia – Ukraine conflict – awareness of people of Polish descent living in Tarnopol regionThe aim of  this article is to show the Influence of the revolution - Euromaidan and Russian-Ukrainian conflict started from 2013 on the consciousness and identity of people of Polish descent  living in Ternopil Region of western Ukraine. The society of the Ternopil circuit  developed new strategies of social life, adapt to the situation of conflict of defining ourselves as citizens of Ukraine - Country at War. The article contains a brief outline of the events associated with Euromaidan, annexation of the Crimea and fighting separatists in the Donbass region. Based on interviews and observations, the autor shows the awareness  of Polish descert  of a Russian-Ukrainian conflict, describes the emotions associated with the war and its consequences for the respondents. The text is also about  important issue various performances of "foreign" in the narratives of the conflict: Russian, separatist, a resident of eastern Ukraine. Konflikt rosyjsko-ukraiński w świadomości społeczności pochodzenia polskiego obwodu tarnopolskiegoCelem artykułu jest ukazanie wpływu rewolucji – Euromajdanu i konfliktu rosyjsko-ukraińskiego rozpoczętego od 2013 roku na świadomość i opinie ludności pochodzenia polskiego zamieszkałej w zachodniej Ukrainie, na terenie obwodu tarnopolskiego. Tekst zawiera krótki zarys wydarzeń związanych z Euromajdanem, aneksją Krymu i walkami separatystów w rejonie Donbasu. Autorka bazując na rozmowach i obserwacji ukazuje świadomość ludności pochodzenia polskiego o charakterze konfliktu rosyjsko-ukraińskiego, emocje związane z wojną i jej wpływem na życie rozmówców. Tekst podejmuje także ważną kwestię różnych przedstawień „obcego” w narracjach o konflikcie: Rosjanina, separatysty, mieszkańca wschodniej Ukrainy.
Structured Home-Based Exercise Versus Invasive Treatment
Authors: Lamberti Nicola , Malagoni Anna Maria , Ficarra Valentina , Basaglia Nino , Manfredini Roberto , Zamboni Paolo , Mascoli Francesco , Manfredini Fabio
Published: December 2015

We compared the effects of an original structured home-based exercise program and revascularization in elderly patients with peripheral arterial disease over a 4-month period. Twenty-seven participants (n = 21; age = 68 ± 7 years) with moderate to severe claudication were randomized into (1) a test in–train out group (Ti-To; n = 18) that performed a home-based walking program prescribed and controlled at the hospital or (2) a revascularization group (Rev; n = 9) that underwent an endovascular and/or surgical procedure. The primary end point was quality of life as evaluated by the physical component summary (PCS) score of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 questionnaire. Secondary outcome measures included initial claudication distance (ICD) and absolute claudication distance (ACD), 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) and pain-free walk distance (PFWD), ankle–brachial index (ABI), and cost per walking meter gained. The PCS score significantly increased for both treatments at follow-up without a significant intergroup difference, as did ICD, ACD, and PFWD. The 6MWD and ABI significantly improved in the Rev group, and the Ti-To group exhibited a markedly lower cost per meter gained. The comparable effects of the 2 treatments need to be confirmed in a larger, randomized controlled trial.
Leader–member exchange differentiation and team creativity: An investigation of nonlinearity
Authors: Li Yan , Fu Fengying , Sun Jian-Min , Yang Baiyin
Published: December 2015

Although substantial knowledge regarding the antecedents and outcomes of leader–member exchange (LMX) differentiation has been accumulated, numerous questions related to this topic remain underexplored. To enhance the understanding of LMX differentiation and team-focused outcomes, this study proposed that LMX differentiation has a curvilinear relationship with team creativity and that team LMX quality (represented by the LMX median in this study) moderates the association between these two variables. An investigation based on 59 teams from multiple Chinese companies was conducted. The results indicated that LMX differentiation has an inverted U-shaped relationship with team creativity, and LMX median moderates the inverted U-shaped relationship. Specifically, for teams with a low LMX median, the curvilinear relationship is stronger, whereas for teams with a high LMX median, the slope of the curve becomes nearly flat, thus losing the inverted-U effect. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, and directions for future research are outlined.
The Application of Probability to Tolerances Used in Engineering Designs
Authors: Mansoor E. M.
Published: December 2015

The paper examines the nature of variations in the dimensions of components produced by manufacturing processes; this examination leads to the development of design formulae for the selection of tolerances based on the probability theory.

Studies in dimensional variations of actual assemblies are given and these are compared with the limits predicted from the theory.
Some Recent Developments in Mechanical Engineering in the Deep Sea Fishing Industry
Authors: Eddie G. C.
Published: December 2015

The world catch of marine fish has doubled in 10 years and is still rising. The need for the fleets to go farther afield, and the desire for a better balance of costs and earnings together with improved quality of product, have given rise to a number of innovations, such as freezing at sea, stern trawling and sophisticated machinery systems based on the internal-combustion engine. The author reviews these developments and their potential effect on the economics of the industry. Research and development on trawl gear and freezing plant, with which the author has been associated, are described briefly. New methods are forcing the industry to approach design of ships more rationally; recent studies on a trawl winch are cited as an example. In the paper attention is drawn to lack of knowledge in several fields, e.g. flow of boiling refrigerants and heat transfer thereto, the movement of vessels in a seaway, etc. The engineering effort in fisheries development in the United Kingdom is described briefly. Much of the applied research and development requires the co-operation of engineers and biological scientists; the exchange of knowledge and ideas is by no means all in one direction.
Occurrence of Massive Magnetite Formations in the Unheated Economizer Tubes of High-Pressure Boilers
Authors: Hamer P. , Middleton J. H. D. , Smith S. H.
Published: December 2015

Six instances are reported of massive magnetite formations occurring in the unheated tubes connecting the economizers to the steam drums of three high-pressure boilers. Two resulted in failure of the tubes concerned. The reaction involved was not the well-known iron-steam direct combination, but one of a number of others known to be feasible at much lower temperatures involving several intermediate steps. While it has not been possible to identify the mechanism of formation of the deposits observed, the circumstances and environment in which such formations become possible have been recognized and are described. The measures taken to prevent the occurrence of further formations are described, and some suggestions are made regarding the plant conditions under which attack of this kind is likely to arise. Some information is given regarding the ultrasonic methods which were used to detect the presence of magnetite at tube sites which were inaccessible to visual examination.
Vibrations Induced by Dry Friction
Authors: Jarvis R. P. , Mills B.
Published: December 2015

Dry friction between two components in rubbing contact may often be the cause of vibration. This type of behaviour was investigated by means of a model apparatus comprising a disc and a cantilever. A mathematical theory for the oscillation of the system was developed: Lagrange's equations were used and the deflections were expressed in normal co-ordinates. Numerical analysis showed that variation of the coefficient of friction with relative velocity was insufficient to cause the vibration. The instability was due to the manner in which the motions of the components were coupled. The amplitude would grow exponentially until limited by a breakdown of the continuity of contact between the components. A refinement of the theory took account of the flexibility and dissipation of the friction material with which the cantilever was tipped.

The experimental work verified the existence of stable and unstable regions as predicted by the theory. The measured amplitudes were so great that continuity of contact could not be maintained, as was to be expected if the suggested mechanism of amplitude limitation was actual. A subsidiary investigation was made of the effect of tightness of the cantilever clamp.

The investigation has shown that it should be possible to avoid unwanted vibration in any system merely by careful choice of dimensions in the design.
An Analysis of Redundant Deformations in Rotary Piercing
Authors: Blazynski T. Z. , Cole I. M.
Published: December 2015

In rotary piercing, as in most other metal-working processes, there occur redundant deformations, i.e. deformations which are not essential to the required change of shape of the workpiece. Since these deformations are responsible for unnecessary additional straining of the material and can impose limitations on the range of applications of the process, it is important to establish their nature and the way in which they vary with piercer conditions. Means can then be devised of reducing them and hence reducing the severity of the process. This investigation, based on work carried out on a specially designed experimental mill and using wax as model material, was concerned with three types of deformation, viz. circumferential shear, longitudinal shear, and shear due to twist. The incidence and pattern of these deformations for two-roll barrel piercers, both with freely rotating and with driven plugs, are analysed and the probable reasons for their occurrence are given. Methods of calculation of redundancy in the system are derived which enable all redundant deformations in rotary piercing to be compared with each other and, if necessary, with redundant deformations in other processes. General conclusions concerning the pattern and flow for various conditions of rotary piercing are set out and discussed.
An Investigation of the Sinking and Mandrel Drawing Processes
Authors: Blazynski T. Z. , Cole I. M.
Published: December 2015

The experimental and theoretical investigation of the two tube drawing processes was undertaken with a view to achieving correlation between the approximate theories and drawing practice. Such correlation would, in effect, make possible the estimation of the importance and magnitude of various parameters, especially when drawing conditions are altered, without the necessity of carrying out experimental tests in tube mills.

The theoretical basis for the present work is provided by the Baldwin and Sachs theory of sinking and the Sachs theory of mandrel drawing. The experimental investigations were based on 0·10 per cent carbon steel. The methods of obtaining true mean yield stress and coefficient of friction are discussed. Drawing stresses and other parameters are determined, and it is shown that, in both cases, the agreement between the measured and calculated values is good and that therefore the use of the approximate mathematical expressions is justified. The components of the total work done in drawing tubes by either of the techniques are discussed and further evidence is obtained for the statement that the amount of redundant work in tube drawing depends on the amount of sink present in the operation.
Poppet Inlet Valve Characteristics and Their Influence on the Induction Process
Authors: Kastner L. J. , Williams T. J. , White J. B.
Published: December 2015

In view of the wide use made of the poppet valve in internal combustion engines it seems strange that, comparatively, so little has been published on its flow characteristics since these are so important in determining the breathing capacity of an engine. Indeed, the main sources of detailed information on inlet valves are still the papers of Tanaka (1)§ and of Dennison, Kuchler, and Smith (2), both of which represent work done a considerable time ago. It is perhaps more remarkable, if the published information is taken as a guide, that so-called ‘static’ tests, in which the air flow through a stationary valve is measured, seem very rarely, if ever, to have been supplemented by experiments in which the kinetics of the valve motion and of the air column have been taken into account. In the present investigation, a series of static tests was followed by a series in which the valve was reciprocated whilst the overall pressure drop across valve and port was kept constant. The apparatus used permitted high rates of reciprocation, similar to those which would occur in high-speed engines, and enabled the flow characteristics at various rates of reciprocation, and with different cams, to be measured. As a third stage in the investigation, more elaborate equipment enabled valves which had previously been tested in the ‘static’ and ‘kinetic’ rigs to be used in conjunction with a piston and cylinder apparatus of a special type. This allowed valve-and-port performance to be evaluated under conditions closely similar to those which apply in a real engine, and measurements to be made of the effects of alterations in the inlet arrangements on the volumetric efficiency of the cylinder. An analytical technique was developed for calculating pressure–time and temperature–time variations in the cylinder during the induction process. The rather complex calculations were carried out with the help of a digital computer and in those instances where the results could be compared with values obtained experimentally, a fair agreement was achieved.
Heat Transfer and Vapour Purification in Low-Pressure Distillation Plants
Authors: Reed M.
Published: December 2015

A part-experimental, part-analytical study, in two sections, is conducted of heat transfer and vapour purification in low-pressure distillation plants.

In the first section, a mechanism of heat transfer and a synthesis of nucleate boiling are presented, based upon wet steam ebullition by the flashing of superheated water from micro-cavities in the heating surfaces and the use of simple thermodynamic laws. Values of critical temperature differences between heating surfaces and vapour, and the influences of the various heat transfer parameters are provided. Derived values of bubble diameter, bubble frequency and bubble sources are compared with experimental figures.

In the second section, the causes of steam contamination are analysed and the factors which govern vapour contamination under elutriation are given. The necessity for particle-size stabilization is shown, and selected devices to stabilize and effectively remove particles of contaminants are examined analytically.
The Essential Partnership between the Engineer and the Metallurgist
Authors: Inglis N. P.
Published: December 2015

The importance and value of a strong partnership between engineer and metallurgist is emphasized by the history of some of the successes achieved by this partnership in a few selected industries. In the aircraft industry reference is made to progress with the stronger aluminium alloys, the development of the Nimonic series of high-temperature alloys, and the creation of a titanium industry. In the chemical industry the development of corrosion-resistant steels is traced, a brief history of the great advances in pressure vessel construction over the past 30 years is given, and some of the metallurgical features of the new steam-re-forming process are described. In the nuclear engineering industry emphasis is given to the metallurgist-engineer problems concerned with fuel cans and examples are cited of developments in aluminium, magnesium, beryllium, and niobium fuel cans. The lecture concludes with examples from the metallurgical industries where the latest developments in this area such as vacuum melting, electron-beam melting, and hydrostatic extrusion receive special attention.
Fatigue Strength of Turbine Shafts with Shrunk-on Discs
Authors: Coyle M. B. , Watson S. J.
Published: December 2015

In 1956–57, the shafts of three large built-up steam turbine rotors developed fatigue cracks in service under very low nominal working stresses. The fatigue cracks occurred at changes in shaft section and unexpectedly large strength reduction factors were realized.

The failures have been substantially explained by fatigue tests on the shaft materials, in which normal ratios of fatigue strength/ultimate tensile stress were obtained with plain specimens up to 2 5/8 in in diameter, and strength reduction factors up to 10 were obtained with model rotor shafts about 4 in in diameter with shrunk-on collars. Additional tests have verified that modifications introduced into service at the time of the failures were effective in substantially increasing fatigue strength, and have shown the effect on fatigue strength of variations in the geometry of shafts and wheel bores.
Measurement of Temperature by Mach-Zehnder Interferometry
Authors: Wilkie D. , Fisher S. A.
Published: December 2015

This paper is intended to bridge the present gap in publications on the subject between the very simple illustrative paper and the detailed account that can be understood only by an expert.

An outline of the types of problem that can be tackled with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is followed by a discussion of the principle of formation of interference fringes in two-beam interferometry and an account of the principle of operation of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The relations between fringe shift and temperature change are derived for liquids and for gases at constant pressure and the factors that control the sensitivity are indicated.

A description is given of the operations to be performed to produce fringes and some attention is given to practical details of the instrument and associated apparatus.

The methods of analysing interferograms, including the use made of white-light fringes when measuring absolute temperatures are described, and some attention is given to sources of error. After an account of the application of the interferometer to temperature measurement in convective heat transfer systems, illustrated by examples from steady state and transient processes, the advantages of the instrument over other methods of temperature measurement for some problems are discussed briefly.
Estimating the Effects of Altitude, Ambient Temperature and Turbocharger Match on Engine Performance
Authors: Whitehouse N. D. , Stotter A. , Janota M. S.
Published: December 2015

The authors have outlined the simple theory of the exhaust gas driven turbocharger in association with the diesel engine. After a short statement of early empirically based assessments of the effect of altitude on supercharged engine output the theory is used to derive a method of calculation of engine performance, using a digital computer. A semi-empirical graphical method is then developed which may be used to assess the effect of turbocharger match, altitude, ambient temperature and fuel consumption on a known engine. Experimental evidence of the validity of the method is given.
Steam Cycles for Advanced Magnox Gas-Cooled Nuclear Power Reactors
Authors: Worley N. G.
Published: December 2015

Dual-pressure steam cycles like those developed for the Calder Hall power station are being employed for the early British civil nuclear power stations. Subsequent developments in fuel element design and pressure vessel technology have led to the adoption of higher reactor-gas inlet as well as gas outlet temperatures in the stations which are still (1963) under construction. However, straightforward dual-pressure steam cycles for these gas temperatures give excessive moisture levels in the low-pressure stages of the steam turbines. There are a number of methods of modifying the steam cycle to produce more acceptable conditions in the turbine low-pressure cylinder, and these are considered in the paper, both from the aspect of the problems of plant design and cycle efficiency. For the analysis a single gas-temperature line—boiler inlet 775°F and boiler outlet 475°F—is used and the alternative approaches are discussed in terms of this gas line.

A short section considers steam-cycle problems of other reactor systems.
RhoA-JNK Regulates the E-Cadherin Junctions of Human Gingival Epithelial Cells
Authors: Lee G. , Kim H.J. , Kim H.-M.
Published: December 2015

The junctional epithelium (JE) is unique with regard to its wide intercellular spaces and sparsely developed intercellular junctions. Thus, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the formation of the intercellular junctions of the junctional epithelium may be essential to understand the pathophysiology of the JE. HOK-16B cells, a normal human gingival epithelial cell line, were used to identify the molecules involved in the regulation of the formation of intercellular E-cadherin junctions between human gingival epithelial cells. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) disrupted the intercellular junctions through the dissociation of E-cadherin. The role of JNK in the formation of these E-cadherin junctions was further confirmed by demonstrating that JNK inhibition induced the formation of intercellular E-cadherin junctions. The upstream signaling of JNK was also examined. Activation of the small GTPase RhoA disrupted the formation of E-cadherin junctions between HOK-16B cells, which was accompanied by JNK activation. Disruption of these intercellular junctions upon RhoA activation was prevented when JNK activity was inhibited. In contrast, RhoA inactivation led to HOK-16B cell aggregation and the formation of intercellular junctions, even under conditions in which the cellular junctions were naturally disrupted by growth on a strongly adhesive surface. Furthermore, the JE of mouse molars had high JNK activity associated with low E-cadherin expression, which was reversed in the other gingival epithelia, including the sulcular epithelium. Interestingly, JNK activity was increased in cells grown on a solid surface, where cells showed higher RhoA activity than those grown on soft surfaces. Together, these results indicate that the decreased formation of intercellular E-cadherin junctions within the JE may be coupled to high JNK activity, which is activated by the upregulation of RhoA on solid tooth surfaces.
Neuroessentialism: Theoretical and Clinical Considerations
Authors: Schultz William
Published: December 2015

Neuroessentialism is the view that the definitive way of explaining human psychological experience is by reference to the brain and its activity. This leads to the view that psychological disorders, such as depression, are fundamentally brain disorders. Neuroessentialism has grown increasingly popular for academic and public audiences. It has also attracted critics. This article describes neuroessentialism, the reasons for its rising prominence, and the theoretical and clinical concerns it raises. It connects these concerns to evidence from empirical studies that suggest that neuroessentialistic conceptualization of depression can have negative clinical impacts that need to be considered by mental health professionals.
Values Narratives for Personal Growth: Formative Evaluation of the Laws of Life Essay Program
Authors: Banyard Victoria , Hamby Sherry , de St. Aubin Ed , Grych John
Published: December 2015

Evidence that even very brief writing exercises can change the way people see themselves and promote more positive mental and physical health has led to increased interest in their use in school settings and elsewhere. To date, however, research designs rely heavily on samples of college students and experimental studies of writing tasks carried out in the lab. There has been less investigation of the potential impact of more naturally occurring expressive writing exercises that exist in places like schools and that focus on adolescents. The current study was a process evaluation of the Laws of Life Essay, a values-based narrative program that was part of participants’ secondary school experience. It examined participants’ views of the impact of the program on their personal growth and, given the age range of participants, allowed for process evaluation of its perceived short- and long-term effects. Qualitative, semistructured interviews with 55 adolescent and adult participants were collected. Themes in participants’ responses included the importance of reflection and reappraisal of values, adversity, and relationships. Participants also discussed the importance of an audience for their writing, a novel finding that suggests one possible way to increase the impact of other narrative programs. Participants described variability in their engagement with expressive writing. This is one of the few studies that examined participants’ own views of the value of expressive writing and their responses suggest directions for future research and implications for designing expressive writing tasks to support social emotional learning and character education in schools and promote well-being at key developmental moments.
Producing Social (Dis)Order in Prison
Authors: Ricciardelli Rosemary , Sit Victoria
Published: December 2015

Institutional security level is one of the most consistent predictors of aggregate-levels of violence in prisons. Informed by administrative control theory, this study explores the impact of two types of social order administrative controls on prisoner-on-prisoner violence. Grounded theory was used to analyze in-depth semi-structured interviews with former Canadian male prisoners. From the participants’ perspectives, the reliance on formal, coercive mechanisms in higher security prisons decreased feelings of safety and led to increased violence, while the informal, remunerative mechanisms used in lower security prisons deterred aggression and encouraged desirable behaviors. Implications for prison management and administrative decisions are discussed.
Using Systems Theory to Promote Academic Success for African American Males
Authors: Orrock Jason , Clark Mary Ann
Published: December 2015

Through an ecological systems perspective, this study explores factors that influence successful academic achievement for African American males in at-risk settings. This qualitative study examines factors that contribute to the successful academic achievement for African American males from at-risk populations. The researchers explore African American boys’ lived experiences and what contributes to their success in school. Educators and counselors are able to encourage African American male engagement in academics by understanding the interconnectedness of lived systems. This study explores the interdependency of systems in the development of self-concept for these youth. Findings suggest the value of using a systems model and approach when working with African American males in public schools to improve post-secondary outcomes. These findings have implications for promoting academic success through family, school, and community involvement for African American males.
Within-District Racial Segregation and the Elusiveness of White Student Return to Urban Public Schools
Authors: Billingham Chase M.
Published: December 2015

Recent research has determined that racial segregation within school districts has decreased, on average, over the past two decades, even as segregation between school districts has persisted. Although case studies have documented White families’ return to urban public schools, with potential implications for segregation patterns, quantitative data on the scope of this trend are lacking. In this article, I examine enrollment and segregation within 97 urban districts from 1990 through 2010. The trend of White return to urban schools is quite limited; in most cities, White enrollment declines have persisted. Meanwhile, urban school segregation has increased modestly in recent decades.
Revolutionary Rural Politics
Authors: Gao Yuan
Published: December 2015

The peasant movement in Guangdong from 1922 to 1926 gave birth to a new revolutionary rural politics, which differed from earlier rural politics in four respects. Grassroots organizations of peasants rose to become influential power holders, first to take on the functions of rural governance; second, to satisfy the urgent needs of peasants at the bottom of society, rather than just meeting the top-down demands of the bureaucracy; third, to politicize class contradictions in the economic sphere; fourth, to turn rural society from passivity into a force that impacted county politics from the bottom up. This article, using the rich empirical evidence on the peasant movement in Haifeng and other regions of Guangdong, shows the relevance of the traditions of semiformal governance and local militarization in the making of this new rural politics.
The Flipped Classroom Improves Student Achievement and Course Satisfaction in a Statistics Course
Authors: Peterson Daniel J.
Published: December 2015

There are but a handful of experimental or quasi-experimental studies comparing student outcomes from flipped or inverted classrooms to more traditional lecture formats. In the current study, I present cumulative exam performance and student evaluation data from two sections of a statistics course I recently taught: one a traditional lecture ( N = 19) and the other a flipped class ( N = 24). Independent samples t-tests revealed students in the flipped classroom outperformed their lecture peers by more than a letter grade on the final exam. Further, these students were more satisfied with the course overall, a novel finding in this burgeoning area of research. This latter point, I argue, is likely due to the strong cohesion between the in-class and out-of-class content.
The Effects of Service Learning on Student Problem Solving
Authors: Guo Fangfang , Yao Meilin , Wang Cong , Yan Wenfan , Zong Xiaoli
Published: December 2015

Previous research indicated that service learning (SL) is an effective pedagogy to improve students’ problem-solving ability and increase their classroom engagement. However, studies on SL are rare in China. This study examined the effects of SL on the problem solving of Chinese undergraduate students as well as the mechanism through which it worked. Eighty-two students were divided into two groups: the SL group participated in a SL activity during whole semester and the contrast group (no-SL group) underwent other comparable learning tasks. The study revealed the differentiated effects of SL on students solving different types of problems and investigated the mediating role of classroom behavior engagement in problem solving. The research findings suggested that teachers should provide students with authentic and ill-structured problems to increase their classroom engagement as well as far transfer.
Protein Requirements in the Critically Ill
Authors: Ferrie Suzie , Allman‐Farinelli Margaret , Daley Mark , Smith Kristine
Published: December 2015

Background: Current recommendations for higher protein/amino acid provision in the critically ill are based on weak evidence. This double‐blinded randomized controlled trial aimed to compare standard amino acid intake with the higher level recommended as the minimum for critically ill patients. Methods: In total, 119 patients requiring parenteral nutrition (PN) in an intensive care unit (ICU) were randomized to receive blinded PN solutions containing amino acids at either 0.8 g/kg or 1.2 g/kg. Primary outcome was handgrip strength at ICU discharge. Secondary outcomes measured at study day 7 included handgrip strength, fatigue score (using the Chalder scale), and ultrasound measurements of muscle thickness at defined body sites. Analysis of covariance was used to control for age, sex, nutrition status (Subjective Global Assessment), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, and baseline measurement. Results: Actual amino acid delivery to the 2 groups was 0.9 and 1.1 g/kg respectively, averaged over the first 7 days. Grip strength at ICU discharge was not significantly different between groups (P = .054) despite being improved at study day 7 in the group receiving the higher level of amino acids (mean [SD], 22.1 [10.1] vs 18.5 [11.8] kg, P = .025). These patients also had less fatigue (Chalder score, mean [SD], 5.4 [2.2] vs 6.2 [2.2], P = .045) and greater forearm muscle thickness on ultrasound (mean [SD], 3.2 [0.4] vs 2.8 [0.4] cm, P < .0001). Nitrogen balance was significantly better at study day 3 but not at day 7. There was no difference between groups in mortality or length‐of‐stay measures. Conclusion: The higher level of amino acids was associated with small improvements in a number of different measures, supporting guideline recommendations for ICU patients. This trial was registered at Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (www.anzctr.org.au) as ACTRN12609000366257.
Foucault-phobia and the problem with the critique of neoliberal ideology: a response to Downey et al.
Authors: Dawes Simon
Published: December 2015

Among a spate of recent articles addressing the legacy of Stuart Hall’s work on ideology and the media, John Downey, Gavan Titley and Jason Toynbee have recently argued for the urgent need to recover the key dimensions of Hall’s ideology critique. While affirming the need for an effective critique of neoliberalism, this article takes issue with two aspects of Downey et al.’s article: first, their principal claim that ideology critique has been marginalised within the neoliberal academy, and second, their flippant dismissal of the benefits of a Foucauldian approach for critiquing neoliberalism and thinking more reflexively about ideology.
Review
Authors: Zimmer-Gembeck Melanie J. , Webb Haley J. , Pepping Christopher A. , Swan Kellie , Merlo Ourania , Skinner Ellen A. , Avdagic Elbina , Dunbar Michelle
Published: December 2015

Attachment theorists have described the parent–child attachment relationship as a foundation for the emergence and development of children’s capacity for emotion regulation and coping with stress. The purpose of this review was to summarize the existing research addressing this issue. We identified 23 studies that employed validated assessments of attachment, which were not based on self-report questionnaires, and separated the summary into findings for toddlers/preschool, children, and adolescents. Although most associations were weak and only a minority of the multiple possible associations tested was supported in each study, all studies (but one) reported at least one significant association between attachment and emotion regulation or coping. The evidence pointed to the regulatory and coping problems of toddlers showing signs of ambivalent attachment or the benefits of secure (relative to insecure) attachment for toddlers, children, and adolescents. Toddlers who showed signs of avoidant attachment relied more on self-related regulation (or less social-oriented regulation and coping), but it was not clear whether these responses were maladaptive. There was little information available regarding associations of ambivalent attachment with school-age children’s or adolescents’ emotion regulation. There were also few studies that assessed disorganized attachment.
A Comparative Study on Parenting of Preschool Children Between the Chinese in China and Chinese Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Chen Jennifer J. , Sun Peizhen , Yu Zuwei
Published: December 2015

The goal of this questionnaire-based study was to compare the relative endorsement of specific parenting patterns among two ethnic Chinese groups rearing preschool children: Chinese parents in China ( N = 117) and first-generation Chinese immigrant parents in the United States ( N = 94). A significant interaction effect was found between country and gender on the nonreasoning/punitive dimension of authoritarian parenting, revealing that Chinese fathers endorsed this pattern more strongly than both Chinese immigrant fathers and Chinese mothers. There was also a significant interaction effect between country and gender on the practice of shaming/love withdrawal, indicating that Chinese fathers espoused this pattern more strongly than Chinese immigrant fathers and Chinese mothers, but Chinese immigrant mothers endorsed it more strongly than Chinese immigrant fathers. Furthermore, it was revealed that Chinese immigrants endorsed beliefs about maternal involvement more strongly than their Chinese counterparts. The results are discussed in the context of cultural and contextual influences.