bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Intoxicating Free‐Choice Alcohol Consumption During Adolescence on Drinking and Impulsivity During Adulthood in Selectively Bred High‐Alcohol Preferring Mice
Authors: O'Tousa David S. , Matson Liana M. , Grahame Nicholas J.
Published: June 2012

Background

Abuse of alcohol during adolescence continues to be a problem, and it has been shown that earlier onset of drinking predicts increased alcohol abuse problems later in life. High levels of impulsivity have been demonstrated to be characteristic of alcoholics, and impulsivity has also been shown to predict later alcohol use in teenage subjects, showing that impulsivity may precede the development of alcohol use disorders. These experiments examined adolescent drinking in a high‐drinking, relatively impulsive mouse population and assessed its effects on adult drinking and adult impulsivity.

Methods

Experiment 1: Selectively bred high‐alcohol preferring (HAPII) mice were given either alcohol (free‐choice access) or water only for 2 weeks during middle adolescence or adulthood. All mice were given free‐choice access to alcohol 30 days later, in adulthood. Experiment 2: Adolescent HAPII mice drank alcohol and water, or water alone, for 2 weeks, and were then trained to perform a delay discounting task as adults to measure impulsivity. In each experiment, effects of volitional ethanol (EtOH) consumption on later behavior were assessed. We expected adolescent alcohol exposure to increase subsequent drinking and impulsivity.

Results

Mice consumed significant quantities of EtOH, reaching average blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) of 142 mg/dl (adolescent) or 154 mg/dl (adult) in Experiment 1. Adolescent mice in Experiment 2 reached an average of 108 mg/dl. Mice exposed to alcohol in either adolescence or adulthood showed a transient increase in EtOH consumption, but we observed no differences in impulsivity in adult mice as a function of whether mice drank alcohol during adolescence.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that HAPII mice drink intoxicating levels of alcohol during both adolescence and adulthood and that this volitional intake has long‐term effects on subsequent drinking behavior. Nonetheless, this profound exposure to alcohol during adolescence does not increase impulsivity in adulthood, indicating that long‐term changes in drinking are mediated by mechanisms other than impulsivity.
Drinking History Associations with Regional White Matter Volumes in Alcoholic Men and Women
Authors: Ruiz Susan Mosher , Oscar‐Berman Marlene , Sawyer Kayle S. , Valmas Mary M. , Urban Trinity , Harris Gordon J.
Published: June 2012

Background

Alcoholism has been repeatedly associated with gray and white matter pathology. Although neuroimaging has shown alcoholism‐related brain volume reductions and axonal compromise, the integrity of white matter volumes in chronic alcoholism has been challenging to measure on a regional level.

Methods

We first examined the effects of alcoholism on cerebral white matter volumes by lobar and gyral subdivisions in 42 abstinent alcoholics and 42 control participants (split evenly by gender). We also examined cerebellar white matter and regions of the corpus callosum, as well as ventricular volumes. Next, relationships between white matter and ventricular volumes with measures of drinking patterns were assessed. Finally, an examination of early versus late abstinence was conducted. Within each examination, gender effects were explored.

Results

Differences in regional white matter volumes between alcoholics and controls were observed primarily in the corpus callosum, with a stronger group difference among men than women. Years of heavy drinking had a strong negative impact on frontal and temporal white matter among alcoholic women, and on the corpus callosum among alcoholic men. Quantity of alcohol consumption was associated with smaller corpus callosum and larger ventricular volumes among alcoholic women, whereas abstinence duration was associated with larger corpus callosum volume among alcoholic men. Preliminary data indicated that alcoholic women showed stronger positive associations between sobriety duration and white matter volume than men within the first year of abstinence, whereas men showed this association more so than women after 1 year of abstinence.

Conclusions

Effects of drinking history on white matter and ventricular volumes vary by gender, with alcoholic women showing greatest sensitivity in frontal, temporal, ventricular, and corpus callosum regions, and alcoholic men showing effects mainly in the corpus callosum. Preliminary results indicate that recovery of white matter volume may occur sooner for women than for men.
Chronic Ethanol Consumption Alters All‐Trans‐Retinoic Acid Concentration and Expression of Their Receptors on the Prostate: A Possible Link Between Alcoholism and Prostate Damage
Authors: Fontanelli Beatriz A. F. , Chuffa Luiz G. A. , Teixeira Giovana R. , Amorim João P. A. , Mendes Leonardo O. , Pinheiro Patricia F. F. , Kurokawa Cilmery S. , Pereira Sérgio , Fávaro Wagner J. , Martins Otávio A. , Mello Júnior Wílson , Martinez Marcelo , Júnior Antonio Rugolo , Martinez Francisco E.
Published: June 2012

Background

Ethanol (EtOH) alters the all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA) levels in some tissues. Retinol and ATRA are essential for cell proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of prostate homeostasis. It has been suggested that disturbances in retinol/ATRA concentration as well as in the expression of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) contribute to benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. This study aimed to evaluate whether EtOH consumption is able to alter retinol and ATRA levels in the plasma and prostate tissue as well as the expression of RARs, cell proliferation, and apoptosis index.

Methods

All animals were divided into 4 groups (n = 10/group). UChA: rats fed 10% (v/v) EtOH ad libitum; UChACo: EtOH‐naïve rats without access to EtOH; UChB: rats fed 10% (v/v) EtOH ad libitum; UChBCo: EtOH‐naïve rats without access to EtOH. Animals were euthanized by decapitation after 60 days of EtOH consumption for high‐performance liquid chromatography and light microscopy analysis.

Results

EtOH reduced plasma retinol concentration in both UChA and UChB groups, while the retinol concentration was not significantly different in prostate tissue. Conversely, plasma and prostate ATRA levels increased in UChB group compared with controls, beyond the up‐regulation of RARβ and ‐γ in dorsal prostate lobe. Additionally, no alteration was found in cell proliferation and apoptosis index involving dorsal and lateral prostate lobe.

Conclusions

We conclude that EtOH alters the plasma retinol concentrations proportionally to the amount of EtOH consumed. Moreover, high EtOH consumption increases the concentration of ATRA in plasma/prostate tissue and especially induces the RARβ and RARγ in the dorsal prostate lobe. EtOH consumption and increased ATRA levels were not associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis in the prostate.
Voluntary Alcohol Drinking Enhances Proopiomelanocortin Gene Expression in Nucleus Accumbens Shell and Hypothalamus of Sardinian Alcohol‐Preferring Rats
Authors: Zhou Yan , Colombo Giancarlo , Niikura Keiichi , Carai Mauro A. M. , Femenía Teresa , García‐Gutiérrez Maria S. , Manzanares Jorge , Ho Ann , Gessa Gian Luigi , Kreek Mary Jeanne
Published: June 2012

Background

Evidence obtained in humans and rodents indicates that beta‐endorphin (encoded by the proopiomelanocortin [POMC] gene) is critical in the regulation of alcohol drinking behavior. However, the alcohol effect on POMC gene expression has not been studied in rodent mesolimbic regions, such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc).

Methods

In this study, we first utilized POMC‐enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice to visualize POMC neurons and found that POMC‐EGFP cells were modestly distributed throughout the NAc shell and core, in addition to the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. POMC mRNA expression in the NAc of mice and rats was confirmed using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and solution hybridization assays. We then investigated whether there are genetically determined differences in basal mRNA levels of POMC and mu opioid receptor (MOP‐r) between selectively bred Sardinian alcohol‐preferring (sP) and nonpreferring (sNP) rats, and whether these mRNA levels are altered in sP rats after alcohol drinking (10%, unlimited access) for 17 days.

Results

Alcohol‐naïve sP rats had higher basal POMC mRNA levels than sNP rats only in hypothalamus. Alcohol drinking increased POMC mRNA levels in both the NAc shell (by 100%) and the hypothalamus (by 50%) of sP rats. Although sP rats had lower basal levels of MOP‐r mRNA and GTPγS binding in NAc shell than sNP rats, voluntary alcohol consumption had no effect on MOP‐r mRNA levels in the NAc shell.

Conclusions

Our results define the distribution of POMC‐expressing neurons in the NAc of mice and rats. Higher POMC expression at basal levels in sP rats (genetically determined), along with increases after drinking (alcohol‐induced) in the NAc shell and hypothalamus, suggests that the POMC systems play a role in high alcohol preference and consumption.
mild Procedure for Lumbar Decompression: A Review
Authors: Chen Hamilton , Kelling Jonathan
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is characterized by narrowing of the spinal canal with impingement of the spinal cord by surrounding tissues of bones. Current management options for LSS include rest, medications, physical therapy, epidural steroid injections, alternative medicine, and surgical decompression. Because each modality of treatment has its own set of limitations, there is a need for a safe, effective, and cost‐saving treatment for LSS. mild is a minimally invasive procedure for treatment of degenerative LSS with ligamentum flavum hypertrophy through percutaneous decompression of the hypertrophic ligamentum flavum. The effect is debulking of tissue that is a contributor to lumbar canal narrowing with minimal trauma to surrounding tissue. This literature review presents a brief review of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and current treatment options for LSS and reviews the current literature regarding the efficacy, safety, and cost‐effectiveness of the mild procedure.
A specific time course for mobilization of peripheral blood CD34+ cells after plerixafor injection in very poor mobilizer patients: impact on the timing of the apheresis procedure
Authors: Lefrère François , Mauge Laeticia , Réa Delphine , Ribeil Jean‐Antoine , Dal Cortivo Liliane , Brignier Anne C. , Aoun Charbel , Larghéro Jérôme , Cavazzana‐Calvo Marina , Micléa Jean‐Michel
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: This report describes the specific kinetics of the peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cell concentration in a selected group of very poor stem cell mobilizer patients treated with granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) and plerixafor and determines the kinetics' impact on apheresis.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: All patients had previously experienced at least two failures of mobilization (without use of plerixafor). The present salvage therapy consisted in the administration of 10 µg/kg/day G‐CSF for 5 days added to a dose of plerixafor administered at between 5 a.m. and 6 a.m. on Day 5. The PB CD34+ cell counts were tested every 3 hours thereafter. Apheresis was initiated as soon as the PB CD34+ cell count reached 10 × 106/L.

RESULTS: A PB CD34+ cell count higher than 10 × 106/L was observed as soon as 3 hours after plerixafor administration in 10 of the 11 patients who reached this threshold at some point in the monitoring process. Interestingly, all patients presented an early decrease in the PB CD34+ cell count 8 to 12 hours after plerixafor administration (below 10 × 106/L for seven patients).

CONCLUSION: Had such patients been tested for PB CD34+ cell mobilization according to conventional criteria (i.e., 11 hr after plerixafor administration), apheresis would not have been performed at the optimal timing. For very poor stem cell mobilizer patients, early monitoring of PB CD34+ cell count may be required for the optimal initiation of apheresis.
The role of bicarbonate in platelet additive solution for apheresis platelet concentrates stored with low residual plasma
Authors: Radwanski Katherine , Min Kyungyoon
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: Complex platelet additive solutions (PASs) are required to store platelet (PLT) concentrates with plasma levels below 30%. Previously, apheresis PLTs stored with 5% plasma in acetate‐ and bicarbonate‐containing PAS maintained stable pH and bicarbonate levels during 7‐day storage. Due to this observation, the necessity of added bicarbonate in PAS was investigated and whether the concurrent increase in PAS pH after bicarbonate addition had any effect on PLT storage.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Apheresis PLTs were stored in 5% plasma‐95% high‐ or low‐pH PAS, with or without bicarbonate (n = 10 per arm). Bicarbonate PAS PLTs were paired and nonbicarbonate PAS PLTs were paired (split from same double‐dose collection). PLTs were evaluated for in vitro variables on Days 1 and 7 and up to Day 14 if the Day 7 pH was higher than 6.2.

RESULTS: PLT pH was maintained above 7.3 to Day 14 in bicarbonate PAS PLTs while pH failures below 6.2 were observed in 4 of 10 and 2 of 10 units on Day 7 in low‐ and high‐pH nonbicarbonate PAS arms, respectively. Day 7 in vitro variables in nonbicarbonate PAS PLTs with pH values of higher than 6.2 were comparable to Day 7 variables in bicarbonate PAS PLTs. The pH of bicarbonate PAS did have a small effect on pH and bicarbonate levels in PLT units, but did not have an effect on functional variables and metabolism.

CONCLUSION: Bicarbonate was not required to maintain in vitro PLT function in 5% plasma‐95% PAS, but was required as a pH buffer and increased PAS pH did not significantly contribute to this effect.
The Making of Policy: Institutionalized or Not?
Authors: Scartascini Carlos , Tommasi Mariano
Published: June 2012

This article attempts to build bridges in the formal study of policymaking across polities of different degrees of institutional development. It explores the reasons why policymaking is fairly institutionalized in some polities but not in others. It suggests extending standard models of institutionalized policymaking to allow for a wider set of actions, including the threat of violence or of damage to the economy. It engages the discussion of institutions as rules and institutions as equilibria, delivering multiple equilibria with different degrees of institutionalization. The likelihood of institutionalized policymaking increases as the cost of alternative political actions increases, as the damage these alternatives cause decreases, and as the economy becomes wealthier. In cases in which the distribution of de jure political power is more asymmetric, it is more likely to observe use of alternative political technologies as well as low degrees of institutionalization.
Televised Exposure to Politics: New Measures for a Fragmented Media Environment
Authors: Dilliplane Susanna , Goldman Seth K. , Mutz Diana C.
Published: June 2012

For many research purposes, scholars need reliable and valid survey measures of the extent to which people have been exposed to various kinds of political content in mass media. Nonetheless, good measures of media exposure, and of exposure to political television in particular, have proven elusive. Increasingly fragmented audiences for political television have only made this problem more severe. To address these concerns, we propose a new way of measuring exposure to political television and evaluate its reliability and predictive validity using three waves of nationally representative panel data collected during the 2008 presidential campaign. We find that people can reliably report the specific television programs they watch regularly, and that these measures predict change over time in knowledge of candidate issue positions, a much higher standard of predictive validity than any other measure has met to date.
Vascular Closure After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Interventions—The Current State of Play
Authors: COCKBURN JAMES , BELDER ADAM DE , TRIVEDI UDAY , HILDICK‐SMITH DAVID
Published: June 2012

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an effective way to treat patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis when open surgical repair is not feasible or considered too high risk. Large bore vascular access is required (18F–24F), and successful management of this arterial access is the key to overall procedural success. We review the current state of play with regard to vascular closure following retrograde transfemoral TAVI. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:526–532)
Social Support as Influencing Primary Family Caregiver Burden in Taiwanese Patients With Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Shieh Shiouh‐Chu , Tung Hengh‐Sin , Liang Shu‐Yuan
Published: June 2012

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to describe the level of experienced burden among Taiwanese primary family caregivers (PFCs) of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Another purpose was to explore the relationship between demographic variables, perceived social support, and caregiver burden.

Design: A cross‐sectional study.

Methods: This cross‐sectional study included 100 PFCs of postsurgery colorectal cancer patients (CCPs) in one teaching hospital in the Taipei area of Taiwan. The research instruments included the Caregiver Reaction Assessment and the Medical Outcome Study‐Social Support Survey.

Findings: The caregivers’ total burden mean was 3.00 (SD= 0.50, range = 2.00–4.19). Social support demonstrated a significant relationship with family caregiver burden (impact on health: r=−0.48, p < .01; impact on schedule: r=−0.58, p < .01; impact on finances: r=−0.44, p < .01; lack of family support: r=−0.54, p < .01; and impact on total scale: r=−0.64, p < .01). Higher perceived social support reported by caregivers predicted lower caregiver burden. Multivariate analysis identified social support as a significant independent influence on caregiver burden after controlling for key demographic variables. Social support accounted for 33% (R2 increment = 0.33, p < .001) of the variance in caregiver burden.

Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of social support on caregiver burden in this population. Future interventions should include social support to help alleviate caregiver burden in CCPs following surgery.

Clinical Relevance: Results of this study emphasize the important role of social support to enable healthcare professionals to become more effective while caring for caregivers of the patient with CRC who has undergone surgery. The findings of the present study may facilitate cross‐cultural comparison and cultural‐oriented management of caregiver burden. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2011; XX:X, XXX–XXX. ©2011 Sigma Theta Tau International.
Identification of Carbonates as Additives in Pressure‐Sensitive Adhesive Tape Substrate with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Its Application in Three Explosive Cases
Authors: Lv Jungang , Feng Jimin , Zhang Wen , Shi Rongguang , Liu Yong , Wang Zhaohong , Zhao Meng
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  Pressure‐sensitive tape is often used to bind explosive devices. It can become important trace evidence in many cases. Three types of calcium carbonate (heavy, light, and active CaCO3), which were widely used as additives in pressure‐sensitive tape substrate, were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in this study. A Spectrum GX 2000 system with a diamond anvil cell and a deuterated triglycine sulfate detector was employed for IR observation. Background was subtracted for every measurement, and triplicate tests were performed. Differences in positions of main peaks and the corresponding functional groups were investigated. Heavy CaCO3 could be identified from the two absorptions near 873 and 855/cm, while light CaCO3 only has one peak near 873/cm because of the low content of aragonite. Active CaCO3 could be identified from the absorptions in the 2800–2900/cm region because of the existence of organic compounds. Tiny but indicative changes in the 878–853/cm region were found in the spectra of CaCO3 with different content of aragonite and calcite. CaCO3 in pressure‐sensitive tape, which cannot be differentiated by scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer and thermal analysis, can be easily identified using FTIR. The findings were successfully applied to three specific explosive cases and would be helpful in finding the possible source of explosive devices in future cases.
Sinus augmentation via transcrestal approach: a comparison between the balloon and osteotome technique in a cadaver study
Authors: Chan Hsun‐Liang , Oh Tae‐Ju , Fu Jia‐Hui , Benavides Erika , Avila‐Ortiz Gustavo , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: June 2012

Background

The transcrestal approach with osteotomes is a commonly applied and predictable technique for maxillary sinus floor elevation. However, Schneiderian membrane perforation is a common and often inevitable intraoperative complication. Recently, the use of balloons has been proposed to reduce the risk of sinus membrane perforation and to facilitate the surgical technique. The aim of this study was to determine membrane elevation height and perforation rate using the transcrestal balloon technique (B) and a conventional osteotome approach, as control (C).

Methods

Ten fresh, completely edentulous cadaver heads (seven male and three female) were selected. In a split‐mouth design, each sinus was randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control technique. Pre‐surgical planning was aided by cone‐beam computed tomography. During the procedure, an endoscope was used to monitor the elevation procedure and the occurrence of sinus perforation. The elevation continued until either 15 mm (measured from the alveolar crest) was reached or a perforation occurred. The residual ridge and the elevated membrane height were measured and compared with the paired Student's t‐test. Presence of sinus perforation was recorded at three cutoff points: 10, 12, and 15 mm.

Results

The mean age of the specimens was 77.7 ± 14.2 years (range 49–92). The mean initial, final, and elevated sinus membrane height for the B group was 5.3 ± 1.9, 13.7 ± 1.9, and 8.3 ± 3.1 mm, whereas the correspondent values for the C group were 5.1 ± 2.1, 13.2 ± 2.8, and 8.1 ± 3.1 mm. The incidence of sinus perforation, using 10, 12, and 15 mm as end points was 0%, 22.2%, and 44.4% in the B group, whereas in the C group the respective values were 10.0%, 20.0%, and 50.0%. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups for all the above‐mentioned variables. In addition, mean residual ridge height was not significantly different between the non‐perforation and perforation sites in the B group (5.2 ± 2.2 and 5.5 ± 1.7 mm) and in the C group (5.2 ± 2.5 and 5.0 ± 2.0 mm). Three cadavers had perforations in both sinuses, accounting for 66.6% of total number of perforations.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of this study, the balloon and the conventional osteotome approach are comparable in terms of perforation rate as it relates to the elevation height. Also, the amount of residual alveolar bone was not related to the incidence of perforation and the height of sinus elevation.
Early‐stage osseointegration capability of a submicrofeatured titanium surface created by microroughening and anodic oxidation
Authors: Yamada Masahiro , Ueno Takeshi , Minamikawa Hajime , Ikeda Takayuki , Nakagawa Kaori , Ogawa Takahiro
Published: June 2012

Objective

The role of nanoscale/submicron morphological features in the process of osseointegration is largely unknown. This study reports the creation of a unique submicrofeatured titanium surface by a combination of anodic oxidation and sandblasting and determines how the addition of this submicrofeature to a microroughened surface affects the early‐stage process of osseointegration.

Materials and methods

Nonmicroroughened implants were prepared by machining Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy in a cylindrical form (1 mm diameter and 2 mm long). Microroughened implants were prepared by sandblasting machined implants, while submicrofeatured implants were created by anodic oxidation of the sandblasted implants. Implants were placed into rat femurs and subjected to biomechanical, interfacial, and histological analyses at 1 and 2 weeks post‐implantation (n = 6).

Results

The submicrotopography was characterized by 50–300 nm nodules and pits in addition to other submicron‐level irregularities formed entirely within the sandblast‐created microstructures. The biomechanical strength of osseointegration increased continuously from week 1 to 2 for the submicrofeatured implants but not for the microroughened implants. A significant increase in bone‐implant contact and bone volume, as well as a reduction in soft tissue intervention, were commonly found for the microroughened surface and the submicrofeatured surface compared with the nonmicroroughened surface. However, there were no differences in these parameters between the microroughened surface and the submicrofeatured surface. An extensive area of bone tissue at the submicrofeatured implant interface was retained intact after biomechanical shear testing, while the microroughened implant‐tissue interface showed a gap along the entire axis of the implant, leading to clear separation of the tissue during the shear procedure.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that a submicrofeatured titanium surface created by a combination of sandblasting and anodic oxidation enhances the strength of early‐stage osseointegration, primarily because of the increased resistance of peri‐implant bone tissue against external force rather than modulation of bone morphogenesis.
Regenerative periodontal therapy of infrabony defects using minimally invasive surgery and a collagen‐enriched bovine‐derived xenograft: a 1‐year prospective study on clinical and aesthetic outcome
Authors: Cosyn Jan , Cleymaet Roberto , Hanselaer Lore , De Bruyn Hugo
Published: June 2012

Aim

To evaluate the clinical and aesthetic outcome of regenerative periodontal therapy (RPT) using minimally invasive surgery and a collagen‐enriched bovine‐derived xenograft (1); to identify risk factors for failure (clinical attachment level (CAL) gain ≤1 mm) and advanced gingival recession (REC) increase (>1 mm) (2).

Material and methods

Ninety‐five non‐smoking patients, with ≤25% full‐mouth plaque and bleeding presenting ≥6 months after initial periodontal therapy with ≥1 isolated inter‐dental infrabony defect were recruited. Patients were consecutively treated by the same clinician using minimally invasive surgery and a collagen‐enriched bovine‐derived xenograft. Clinical, radiographic and aesthetic data were collected before surgery and up to 1 year. Multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors for failure and advanced REC increase.

Results

Eighty‐four patients (39 men, 45 women; mean age 53) complied and demonstrated mean probing depth (PD) of 7.8 mm, CAL of 10.0 mm and defect depth of 5.2 mm before surgery. At 1 year, postsurgery mean PD reduction was 3.5 mm (range 0.0–8.0), CAL gain was 3.1 mm (range 0.0–7.0) and radiographic defect fill was 53% (range 0–100). Forty‐nine percentage showed ≥4 mm CAL gain, whereas 15% were considered failures. Mean inter‐dental and midfacial REC increase was 0.3 mm (range−2.0–2.0) and 0.5 mm (range−1.5–2.0) respectively. Midfacial REC increase and contour deterioration contributed most to a small, yet significant reduction in the Pink Esthetic Score from 10.06 to 9.42 (p = 0.002). Risk factors for failure included defects with a non‐supportive anatomy (OR: ≥10.4), plaque (OR: 14.7) and complication(s) (OR: 12.0). Risk factors for advanced midfacial REC increase included defects with a non‐supportive anatomy (OR: 58.8) and a thin‐scalloped gingival biotype (OR: 76.9).

Conclusions

RPT using minimally invasive surgery and a collagen‐enriched bovine‐derived xenograft demonstrated favourable clinical outcome after 1 year, even though soft tissue aesthetics could not be fully preserved. Defects with a non‐supporting anatomy may be at risk for failure and advanced midfacial recession.
Combined photoablative and photodynamic diode laser therapy as an adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal treatment. A randomized split‐mouth clinical trial
Authors: Giannelli Marco , Formigli Lucia , Lorenzini Luca , Bani Daniele
Published: June 2012

Aim

Comparing the efficacy of photoablative and photodynamic diode laser in adjunct to scaling ‐root planing (SRP) and SRP alone for the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐six patients were studied. Maxillary left or right quadrants were randomly assigned to sham‐laser treatment + SRP or laser + SRP. This consisted of photoablative intra/extra‐pocket de‐epithelization with diode laser (λ = 810 nm), followed by single SRP and multiple photodynamic treatments (once weekly, 4–10 applications, mean ± SD: 3.7 ± 2.4) using diode laser (λ = 635 nm) and 0.3% methylene blue as photosensitizer. The patients were monitored at days 0 and 365 by clinical assessment (probing depth, PD; clinical attachment level, CAL; bleeding on probing, BOP) and at days 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 365 by cytofluorescence analysis of gingival exfoliative samples taken in proximity of the teeth to be treated (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMN; red blood cells, RBC; damaged epithelial cells, DEC; bacteria).

Results

At day 365, compared with the control quadrants, the laser + SRP therapy yielded a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in PD (−1.9 mm), CAL (−1.7 mm) and BOP (−33.2% bleeding sites), as well as in bacterial contamination – especially spirochetes – and PMN and RBC shedding in the gingival samples (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Diode laser treatment (photoablation followed by multiple photodynamic cycles) adjunctive to conventional SRP improves healing in chronic periodontitis patients.
Perifollicular fibroma in Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome: an association revisited
Authors: Shvartsbeyn Marianna , Mason Ashley R. , Bosenberg Marcus W. , Ko Christine J.
Published: June 2012

Background: Mutation in the folliculin gene in Birt–Hogg–Dubé (BHD) syndrome leads to a spectrum of benign tumors of the hair follicle, classically including both fibrofolliculoma and trichodiscoma. In addition, lesions clinically indistinguishable from fibrofolliculoma/ trichodiscoma may show histopathologic findings of perifollicular fibroma or angiofibroma. Although some consider perifollicular fibroma to be a variant of angiofibroma, the specific histopathologic findings of perifollicular fibroma are uncommon.

Methods: This is a case series.

Results: In 4 patients with multiple facial lesions, recognizing perifollicular fibroma would have been helpful in leading to the diagnosis of BHD syndrome.

Conclusion: Perifollicular fibroma is on a spectrum with fibrofolliculoma and trichodiscoma; in a patient with multiple lesions, the diagnosis of perifollicular fibroma is suggestive of BHD syndrome.
The ventral proximal nail fold: stem cell niche of the nail and equivalent to the follicular bulge – a study on developing human skin
Authors: Sellheyer Klaus , Nelson Paula
Published: June 2012

Background

Although the bulge is well characterized as a stem cell niche of the hair follicle, comparatively little is known about the location of stem cells in the nail. Herein, we describe the spatiotemporal expression pattern of six stem cell markers in the developing human nail and compared it with the embryonic and fetal human hair follicle. The areas of proliferative activity were additionally examined using labeling with Ki‐67.

Methods

We examined immunohistochemically samples from embryonic and fetal human nail, hair and skin for the expression of cytokeratin 15 (CK15, two clones), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), PHLDA1, CD200, nestin and Ki‐67 using standard techniques.

Results

CK15 (clone LHK15), CK19 and PHLDA1 are negative in the nail and hair matrix but positive in the ventral proximal nail fold and in the follicular bulge. Over the course of embryogenesis they display a highly specific spatiotemporal expression pattern both in the nail and in the hair follicle.

Conclusions

We propose that at least during embryogenesis the proximal ventral nail fold represents the niche for the nail stem cells. In contrast to animal experiments, autoradiographic pulse‐chasing studies cannot be performed in human, and immunohistochemical studies are a valid alternative although they have their limitations. Further studies on adult human nail units are suggested.
The innate immune system in demyelinating disease
Authors: Mayo Lior , Quintana Francisco J. , Weiner Howard L.
Published: June 2012

Summary:  Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis are chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases with a heterogeneous clinical presentation and course. Both the adaptive and the innate immune systems have been suggested to contribute to their pathogenesis and recovery. In this review, we discuss the role of the innate immune system in mediating demyelinating diseases. In particular, we provide an overview of the anti‐inflammatory or pro‐inflammatory functions of dendritic cells, mast cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NK‐T cells, γδ T cells, microglial cells, and astrocytes. We emphasize the interaction of astroctyes with the immune system and how this interaction relates to the demyelinating pathologies. Given the pivotal role of the innate immune system, it is possible that targeting these cells may provide an effective therapeutic approach for demyelinating diseases.
A model for lupus brain disease
Authors: Diamond Betty , Volpe Bruce T.
Published: June 2012

Summary:  Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by antibodies that bind target autoantigens in multiple organs in the body. In peripheral organs, immune complexes engage the complement cascade, recruiting blood‐borne inflammatory cells and initiating tissue inflammation. Immune complex‐mediated activation of Fc receptors on infiltrating blood‐borne cells and tissue resident cells amplifies an inflammatory cascade with resulting damage to tissue function, ultimately leading to tissue destruction. This pathophysiology appears to explain tissue injury throughout the body, except in the central nervous system. This review addresses a paradigm we have developed for autoantibody‐mediated brain damage. This paradigm suggests that antibody‐mediated brain disease does not depend on immune complex formation but rather on antibody‐mediated alterations in neuronal activation and survival. Moreover, antibodies only access brain tissue when blood‐brain barrier integrity is impaired, leading to a lack of concurrence of brain disease and tissue injury in other organs. We discuss the implications of this model for lupus and for identifying other antibodies that may contribute to brain disease.
T‐cell trafficking in the central nervous system
Authors: Sallusto Federica , Impellizzieri Daniela , Basso Camilla , Laroni Alice , Uccelli Antonio , Lanzavecchia Antonio , Engelhardt Britta
Published: June 2012

Summary:  To perform their distinct effector functions, pathogen‐specific T cells have to migrate to target tissue where they recognize antigens and produce cytokines that elicit appropriate types of protective responses. Similarly, migration of pathogenic self‐reactive T cells to target organs is an essential step required for tissue‐specific autoimmunity. In this article, we review data from our laboratory as well as other laboratories that have established that effector function and migratory capacity are coordinately regulated in different T‐cell subsets. We then describe how pathogenic T cells can enter into intact or inflamed central nervous system (CNS) to cause experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis or multiple sclerosis. In particular, we elaborate on the role of CCR6/CCL20 axis in migration through the choroid plexus and the involvement of this pathway in immune surveillance of and autoimmunity in the CNS.
Neural antigen‐specific autoimmune disorders
Authors: Iorio Raffaele , Lennon Vanda A.
Published: June 2012

Neural‐specific autoantibodies have been documented and their diagnostic utility validated in diseases affecting the neuraxis from cerebral cortex to the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous system and skeletal muscle. These neurological disorders occur both idiopathically and in a paraneoplastic context. Molecular identification of the antigens has expedited development of confirmatory and high‐throughput tests for serum and cerebrospinal fluid, which permit early diagnosis and reveal the underlying molecular pathogenic mechanisms. The autoantibodies are classifiable on the basis of antigen location: intracellular (nuclear or cytoplasmic) or plasma membrane. Immunohistopathological studies of patients’ biopsied and autopsied tissues suggest that effector T cells mediate the autoimmune neurological disorders for which defining autoantibodies recognize intracellular antigens. Antigens within intact cells are inaccessible to circulating antibody, and the associated neurological deficits rarely improve with antibody‐depleting therapies. Tumoricidal therapies may arrest neurological progression, but symptom reversal is rare. In contrast, autoantibodies specific for plasma membrane antigens have pathogenic potential, and the associated neurological deficits are often amenable to antibody‐depleting immunotherapy, such as plasma exchange and anti‐B‐cell monoclonal antibody therapy. These reversible neurological disorders are frequently misdiagnosed as neurodegenerative. The focus of this review is the immunobiology, pathophysiology, and clinical spectrum of autoimmune neurological disorders accompanied by neural‐specific IgGs.
In vivo near‐infrared autofluorescence imaging of pigmented skin lesions: methods, technical improvements and preliminary clinical results
Authors: Wang Shuang , Zhao Jianhua , Lui Harvey , He Qingli , Zeng Haishan
Published: June 2012

Background/purposes

Fluorescence emission from in vivo cutaneous melanin was recently detected under near‐infrared (NIR) excitation by our group. We then built a prototype NIR autofluorescence imaging system to observe and characterize the melanin distribution in human skin. In this article, we reported a new setup of NIR fluorescence imaging system and calibration methods to optimize the system for better clinical feasibility and clearer image.

Methods

The imaging system was designed to perform both fluorescence and reflectance imaging with a 785‐nm fiber‐coupled laser source. The illumination light was purified by a 785‐nm bandpass filter for fluorescence excitation; while the spontaneous components were selected by a longpass filter for NIR reflectance imaging. A hand‐controlled filter wheel was used to switch these two filters for different imaging modes. A dichroic filter was used to guide the illuminating light onto the skin surface for excitation. Reflectance and fluorescence signals were collected sequentially by a NIR optimized CCD camera. The captured images were calibrated by the reflectance images of a standard reflectance disk for non‐uniform illuminations and light collection efficiencies.

Results

The clinical results demonstrated that NIR fluorescence intensities and distribution patterns vary among lesion types. It was also confirmed that pigmented skin lesions emitted higher NIR fluorescence than the surrounding normal skin due to the presentation of higher concentrations of cutaneous melanin within the lesions.

Conclusion

NIR autofluorescence imaging system could be utilized as a powerful tool for visualizing melanin distribution in pigmented skin lesions and as a potential method for aiding melanoma detection.
Investigation of the relationship between wrinkle formation and deformation of the skin using three‐dimensional motion analysis
Authors: Fujimura Tsutomu
Published: June 2012

Background

Although there have been many studies investigating facial movements using three‐dimensional (3D) quantitative analysis, the possible relationship between the levels of wrinkles and the movement distance of facial skin has previously not been reported.

Method

Forty‐four healthy Japanese women (from 20 to 50 years, average = 47.7 ± 3.6 years) were recruited for this study with written informed consent. Infrared reflective marks were attached on their forehead skin, and then moving images of facial skin motions (raising the eyebrows) were captured using two infrared cameras under infrared ray irradiation. Calibration for the absolute value of distance was established using an exact one‐point 3‐m cube having infrared reflective marks at each apex. The two pupils and the top of the nose were setup as fixed standard points. 3D motion analysis was then carried out using Move‐tr/3D™ software to determine the absolute distances of skin surface movements. Levels of wrinkles were determined using a 3D roughness analyzer (PRIMOS™) directly at rest and when raising the eyebrows.

Results

The wrinkle levels at rest showed a relatively high and significant correlation with wrinkles when strongly raising the eyebrows. Although the wrinkle levels at rest showed no correlation with the movement distance, the wrinkle levels when raising the eyebrows showed a significant correlation with the movement distance. The ratio of change based on the distance between the marks at rest and when raising the eyebrows showed similar correlation results.

Conclusions

These results suggest that both the levels of skin deformation caused by movements and the wrinkles at rest are important factors that determine the wrinkle level when raising the eyebrows. However, the level of skin deformation is not important for wrinkle levels at rest, which indicates that other factors such as skin elasticity are also important for the formation of wrinkles.
Role of cigarette filter on the risk of oral cancer: a case–control study in a Chinese population
Authors: Fu JY , Gao J , Zhang ZY , Zheng JW , Zhong LP , Luo JF , Xiang YB
Published: June 2012

Oral Diseases (2012) 19, 80–84

Objective:  To determine the role of cigarette filter on the incidence risk of oral squamous cell cancer among male smokers in a Chinese population.

Subjects and Methods:  A multicentric hospital‐based case–control study was applied. Three hundred and nineteen male cases and 428 male controls matching for age (±3 years) were identified from January 2008 to December 2010. Detailed smoking histories were obtained by interviews. Logistic regression model was used to compare the influence of filter and non‐filter cigarettes on oral cancer risk.

Results:  The adjusted odd ratios (ORs) for oral cancer were 1.30 (95% CI 1.15, 1.48) of filter cigarette smokers, 2.06 (95% CI 1.17, 3.62) of non‐filter cigarette smokers, and 1.73 (95% CI 1.33, 2.25) of mixed smokers, as compared with non‐smokers. When classified current smokers according to smoking pack year, the ORs of mixed smokers were 2.27 (95% CI 1.06, 4.85) in <20 pack year, 0.81 (95% CI 0.57, 1.14) in 20–39 pack year, and 0.86 (95% CI 0.57, 1.29) in ≥40 pack year, as compared to filter cigarette smokers.

Conclusions:  The protective effect against oral cancer of cigarette filter was limited, restricted to smokers of small amount of smoking accumulation. For most smokers, the difference was non‐significant between filter and non‐filter cigarettes on the risk of developing oral cancer.
Mice with reduced NMDA receptor expression: more consistent with autism than schizophrenia?
Authors: Gandal M. J. , Anderson R. L. , Billingslea E. N. , Carlson G. C. , Roberts T. P. L. , Siegel S. J.
Published: June 2012

Reduced NMDA‐receptor (NMDAR) function has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disease, most strongly in schizophrenia but also recently in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). To determine the direct contribution of NMDAR dysfunction to disease phenotypes, a mouse model with constitutively reduced expression of the obligatory NR1 subunit has been developed and extensively investigated. Adult NR1neo−/− mice show multiple abnormal behaviors, including reduced social interactions, locomotor hyperactivity, self‐injury, deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) and sensory hypersensitivity, among others. Whereas such phenotypes have largely been interpreted in the context of schizophrenia, these behavioral abnormalities are rather non‐specific and are frequently present across models of diseases characterized by negative symptom domains. This study investigated auditory electrophysiological and behavioral paradigms relevant to autism, to determine whether NMDAR hypofunction may be more consistent with adult ASD‐like phenotypes. Indeed, transgenic mice showed behavioral deficits relevant to all core ASD symptoms, including decreased social interactions, altered ultrasonic vocalizations and increased repetitive behaviors. NMDAR disruption recapitulated clinical endophenotypes including reduced PPI, auditory‐evoked response N1 latency delay and reduced gamma synchrony. Auditory electrophysiological abnormalities more closely resembled those seen in clinical studies of autism than schizophrenia. These results suggest that NMDAR hypofunction may be associated with a continuum of neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia and autism. Neural synchrony abnormalities suggest an imbalance of glutamatergic and GABAergic coupling and may provide a target, along with behavioral phenotypes, for preclinical screening of novel therapeutics.
The effect of chewing gum on the impact, pain and breakages associated with fixed orthodontic appliances: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Benson P. E. , Razi R. M. , Al‐Bloushi R. J.
Published: June 2012

Benson P. E., Razi R. M., Al‐Bloushi R. J. The effect of chewing gum on the impact, pain and breakages associated with fixed orthodontic appliances: a randomized clinical trial  Orthod Craniofac Res 2012;15:178–187. ©2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Structure Abstract

Objectives –  To determine whether the use of chewing gum reduced the impact and pain of fixed orthodontic appliances.

Setting and sample population –  The Orthodontic Department of the Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield, UK. Fifty‐seven patients aged 18 years or younger and who were about to start fixed orthodontic appliance treatment.

Subjects and Methods –  A randomized clinical trial with two parallel groups either allocated to receive chewing gum after placement of their appliance or who were asked not to chew gum. The patients completed a previously validated Impact of Fixed Appliances questionnaire at 24 h and 1 week following each visit up until the placement of the working archwire. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess the intensity of pain. Appliance breakages were recorded to the end of treatment.

Results –  The difference between the median Total Impact Score of the two groups at 24 h was 16, which was significant (p = 0.031; Mann–Whitney U‐test). The difference between the median VAS between the two groups at 24 h was 25 mm, which was significant (p = 0.038; Mann–Whitney U‐test). There were no differences at 1 week. None of the risk ratios for appliance breakages were significant.

Conclusion –  Chewing gum significantly decreased both the impact and pain from the fixed appliances. There was no evidence that chewing gum increased the incidence of appliance breakages.