bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of antihistamines to control pruritus in atopic dogs
Authors: Paterson S.
Published: April 2008

In an open uncontrolled study, 30 dogs with atopy were given six different antihistamines over a period of 10 weeks. During the first six weeks the dogs were given each of the antihistamines, hydroxyzine, trimeprazine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, promethazine and cyproheptadine for a seven‐day period. The order of drug administration was randomised in each case. After assessment of clinical improvement, based on the drug's ability to control pruritus, the most successful drug was given for a further four weeks. Where several drugs performed equally well in the control of signs, the second drug was selected on cost, ease of administration and lack of side effects. More than 60 per cent of the dogs benefited from antihistamine therapy and few side effects were noted. Hydroxyzine in this trial, proved to be the most effective antihistamine in controlling pruritus, although all of the drugs were shown to have the ability to control pruritus in some dogs.
Unusual ultrasonographic presentation of cholecystolithiasis in a dog
Authors: Jensen A. L. , Koch J. , Snekvik K.
Published: April 2008

The ultrasonographic artifact referred to as acoustic shadowing is the main finding that allows for an ultrasonographic distinction between canine cholecystolithiasis and other space‐occupying masses inside the gall bladder. This report describes a case of canine cholecystolithiasis where acoustic shadowing was not detected on ultrasonographic examination of the gall bladder. Therefore, canine cholecystolithiasis cannot always be ultrasonographically distinguished from other space‐occupying masses inside the gall bladder solely by the presence of acoustic shadowing.
Chronic diarrhoea in a dog with regional granulomatous enteritis
Authors: Bright R. M. , Jenkins C. , DeNovo R. , McCrackin M. A. , Toal R.
Published: April 2008

A seven‐year‐old, male, intact samoyed with chronic diarrhoea was diagnosed as having a regional granulomatous enterocolitis confined primarily to the distal ileum and caecum. Radiographic and histopathological findings revealed that the most severe inflammatory changes involved the caecum. Long‐term corticosteroid management, a short course of metronidazole, and a three‐month period of treatment with azathioprine failed to adequately control the diarrhoea. Surgical resection of the caecum eventually helped resolve the condition.
Multifocal necrotising steatites associated with pancreatic carcinoma in three dogs
Authors: Brown P. J. , Mason K. V. , Merrett D. J. , Mirchandani S. , Miller R. I.
Published: April 2008

Multiple subcutaneous swellings and discharging sinuses were a result of steatitis in three dogs. The steatitis in each case was thought to be associated with a pancreatic carcinoma. The association with pancreatic neoplasia had been suspected in life in only one dog but was confirmed at necropsy in each case. Circulating levels of pancreatic enzymes were increased in the one dog in which they were measured.
Gastrointestinal aspects of food allergy: A review
Authors: Hall E. J.
Published: April 2008

Food allergy in dogs and cats, although rare, is a well recognised cause of skin disease. However, despite reports of conditions responding to dietary manipulation, evidence for gastrointestinal manifestations of food allergy is scarce. Difficulties involved in reaching a clinical diagnosis of food allergy are discussed in an attempt to explain this enigma. The distinction between food allergy and intolerance, the complexity of the gastrointestinal immune system and the limited understanding of the mechanisms by which food allergy develops are reviewed.
Traumatic injuries associated with the short lateral collateral ligaments of the talocrural joint of the dog
Authors: Sjöström L. , Håkanson N.
Published: April 2008

Traumatic ruptures of the short parts of the lateral collateral ligament complex of the talocrural joint in the dog, or avulsion fractures of the origins of insertions of these ligaments on the distal fibula or the lateral talar trochlea are reported in six cases. The anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of injuries to these ligaments and related structures are discussed. This type of injury has specific clinical and, or, radiographic features. Minor rotational instability can be detected if the fibulocalcanear or both ligaments are ruptured, while disruption of only the fibulotalar ligament or its insertions cause no apparent instability. Clinical diagnosis of ligamentar ruptures often requires manual examination of the stressed joint under general anaesthesia. Radiographic diagnosis of avulsion fractures requires inclusion of oblique views. Avulsion fractures of the lateral talar trochlea produced relatively large loose fragments situated proximally. Any possible relation between osteochondritis dissecans and the avulsion fractures could not be evaluated. Reconstructive surgical therapy is advocated. Prognosis for return to full function seems fair to good.
Bacterial aortic valvular endocarditis associated with subaortic stenosis
Authors: Roth L.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and pathological findings in four young adult rottweiler dogs with subaortic stenosis and secondary bacterial endocarditis of the aortic valve are described. The four dogs, two males and two females, ranged in age from 18 months to three years. Three had three‐ to four‐week histories of lethargy, anorexia, weight loss and intermittent coughing that progressively worsened. Bacterial aortic valvular endocarditis was diagnosed on the basis of physical examination and radiographic and ultrasound findings. Subaortic stenosis was not suspected clinically, but was found at necropsy. The fourth dog was known to have a subaortic stenotic ring at six months of age and developed clinical signs similar to the other dogs four weeks before euthanasia. Bacterial aortic valvular endocarditis and a subaortic stenotic ring were found at necropsy. It is suspected that the turbulence in blood flow caused by the stenotic rings damages the endocardium of the aortic valve, predisposing to the development of endocarditis.
Disease conditions of canine anal sacs
Authors: van Duijkeren E.
Published: April 2008

The literature about the anal sacs of healthy dogs and the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of anal sac impaction and sacculitis are reviewed. Knowledge about the physiological role of the anal sacs is still confusing. The colour and consistency of the anal sac contents are variable in healthy dogs and there are no pathognomonic signs of anal sac impaction or sacculitis. The wide variation in macroscopic detail of anal sac secretions may give rise to misinterpretation and thus overdiagnosis of sacculitis. Other diseases such as vaginitis, flea allergy, atopy, proctitis, parasites and perianal fistulae can lead to similar signs and must be eliminated from the differential diagnosis before the anal sacs are incited as the cause of the signs. Further research is necessary on the morphological, physical and biochemical aspects of the anal sacs and their secretions to define more precise criteria for the diagnosis of impaction and sacculitis. It is imperative that controlled therapeutic trials should be performed, and such studies are indispensable for the rational therapy of anal sac disease.
Portosystemic communications: Follow‐up of 32 cases
Authors: Smith K. R. , Bauer M. , Monnet E.
Published: April 2008

A multicentre retrospective study of dogs that underwent surgical attenuation of portosystemic communications (PSC) was conducted. These dogs were followed from three months after surgery to evaluate the long term effect of surgery on their life span, disease‐free interval, and owner assessment of postoperative quality of life of the dogs. Seventy‐five per cent of the dogs in this study had no long term postoperative recurrence of clinical signs. Of the 25 per cent of dogs that showed recurrent clinical signs, all but one had partial attenuation of the PSC. The location of the PSC was the only factor that correlated with whether the dogs were still alive. All owners were pleased with the postoperative quality of life of their dogs.
Caecal impaction in a dog
Authors: Wells K. L. , Bright R. M. , Wright K. N.
Published: April 2008

A seven‐year‐old, intact male dobermann with a four‐week history of anorexia was diagnosed as having impaction of the caecum with inspissated faeces. Radiographic and histopathological findings revealed impaction of the caecum and a mild subacute locally extensive typhlitis. Typhlectomy was curative and no further problems have been reported.
A wire loop technique for ligation of patent ductus arteriosus
Authors: Downs M. O. , Stampley A. R. , Rawlings C. A.
Published: April 2008

A novel, yet simple and inexpensive, technique is described for the safe passage of suture material for closure of patent ductus arteriosus in small animals. The risk of haemorrhage is reduced by minimising dissection with forceps and by preventing inadvertent grasping of perivascular connective tissue.
Investigation of heart rate variability in a dog with upper respiratory tract obstruction
Authors: Little C. J. L. , Julu P. O. O.
Published: April 2008

An eight‐year‐old bull mastiff presented with respiratory obstruction caused by a tumour dorsolateral to the larynx. Removal of the tumour was attempted but the dog died. A novel noninvasive measurement of heart rate variability and cardiac parasympathetic activity, recorded real‐time from an electrocardiograph signal, was used to investigate cardiac rhythm in the dog. A simultaneous record of heart rate and cardiac parasympathetic activity showed severe sinus arrhythmia caused by the parasympathetic tone, in which the inspiratory heart rate exceeded 140 beats per minute (bpm) and the expiratory heart rate fell to below 60 bpm. The extent of respiratory modulation of the cardiac parasympathetic activity (vagal tone) has not been reported before using this technique on‐line in a conscious, freely‐behaving and spontaneously breathing animal. Non‐invasive measurements of cardiac parasympathetic tone show great potential for the assessment of animals with systemic and cardiac disease including cardiac failure.
Horner's syndrome following cervical spinal surgery in the dog
Authors: Boydell P.
Published: April 2008

Two dobermanns exhibited Horner's syndrome following the surgical treatment of cervical spondylopathy. Denervation hypersensitivity testing demonstrated a 2nd order lesion in both. Spontaneous resolution occurred within one month.
Food hypersensitivity in 20 dogs with skin and gastrointestinal signs
Authors: Paterson S.
Published: April 2008

Canine food allergy can be defined as a non‐seasonal, pruritic skin disorder of dogs that is associated with the ingestion of a substance found in the dog's diet. This study records the use of a proprietary dried fish, corn and soyabased diet for the investigation and maintenance of food allergic dogs when fed initially as a restricted allergen diet and then as a maintenance diet after challenge. All the dogs showed evidence of pruritic skin disease and in addition demonstrated gastrointestinal signs. These included the presence of faecal mucus and blood, tenesmus and increased faecal frequency; all the signs associated with colitis. Both cutaneous and gastrointestinal signs resolved when an elimination diet was fed and could be reproduced when the animal was appropriately challenged. Ten dogs were trailed on a home cooked diet of fish and potato and 10 dogs on the proprietary complete food. All the dogs were challenged to identify their food allergies. Nineteen of the dogs have subsequently been successfully maintained on the proprietary food.
Medial displacement of the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii muscle in 10 greyhounds
Authors: Boemo C. M. , Eaton‐Wells R. D.
Published: April 2008

The history, clinical signs and treatment of 10 greyhounds with medial displacement of the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii muscle secondary to rupture of the transverse humeral ligament are described. The aetiology of the condition and the prognosis for return to racing are discussed.
Inheritance of histiocytosis in Bernese mountain dogs
Authors: Padgett G. A. , Madewell B. R. , Keller E. T. , Jodar L. , Packard M.
Published: April 2008

One hundred and twenty‐seven cases of histiocytosis in Bernese mountain dogs (BMD) were evaluated to determine if the tumour is inherited. Family data ruled out autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant and sex‐linked modes of inheritance. The trait was determined to be inherited with a polygenic mode of inheritance. The salient points permitting this conclusion are: pedigrees developed from independently selected propositi link up allowing the tracing of all cases through several generations; multiple cases occur in the same litter; multiple cases have been produced by given dams and sires; there is a higher frequency of the disease among offspring of affected parents when compared to offspring of normal parents that produced histiocytosis and all offspring in the general population of BMDs; the fact that histiocytosis is common in BMDs and rare in eight other breeds and accounts for 25·4 per cent of the 500 tumours studied in this breed. The heritability of this trait was calculated to be 0·298.
Vitamin Independent coagulopathy in a British Devon rex cat
Authors: Littlewood J. D. , Shaw S. C. , Coombes L. M.
Published: April 2008

Deficiencies of the vitamin K‐dependent coagulation factors were identified in a Devon rex cat which had bled after castration. Haemorrhage was controlled by plasma transfusion. Clotting times were normalised by oral administration of vitamin K. This report confirms the existence of this bleeding disorder in a Devon rex cat in the United Kingdom.
Canine eosinophilic folliculitis and furunculosis in three cases
Authors: Curtis C. F. , Bond R. , Blunden A. S. , Thomson D. G. , McNeil P. E. , Whitbread T. W.
Published: April 2008

The historical, clinical and histopathological features of three dogs with eosinophilic folliculitis and furunculosis are described. The disease was characterised by the rapid development of pruritic, papular, pustular and ulcerative lesions on the dorsum of the muzzle. Skin lesions were confined to the face in two cases. The third dog had more generalised pustular lesions. Skin biopsy specimens showed marked eosinophil infiltration particularly centred on pilosebaceous units. Dermal collagen necrosis was evident in two cases. Similar facial lesions have previously been described as ‘nasal pyoderma’. The three dogs failed to respond to initial antibacterial therapy but showed a rapid clinical response when prednisolone was given orally at doses ranging from 1 to 2‐2 mg/kg, in addition to the antibacterial therapy, suggesting that glucocorticoids are indicated for the treatment of eosinophilic folliculitis and furunculosis. The aetiology of the disease was not determined.
Unilateral arytenoid lateralisation and extra‐luminal polypropylene ring prostheses for correction of tracheal collapse in the dog
Authors: White R. N.
Published: April 2008

The surgical repair of tracheal collapse in 25 dogs is described. The initial presenting signs included coughing, dyspnoea, gagging, retching, exercise intolerance, cyanosis and collapse. Diagnosis was based upon the clinical signs, plain radiography and tracheal endoscopy. The collapse was corrected by the application of a number of extraluminal polypropylene prosthetic rings applied to the affected trachea. Additionally, a left arytenoid lateralisation was also performed. The perioperative complication rate was approximately 4 per cent, while the success rate was 75 per cent. The technique reduces the likelihood of catastrophic postoperative complications associated with iatrogenic laryngeal paralysis which is a possible complication of placement of extraluminal tracheal support devices.
Evaluation of the long‐acting somatostatin analogue Octreotide in the management of insulinoma in three dogs
Authors: Simpson K. W. , Stepien R. L. , Elwood C. M. , Boswood A. , Vaillant C. R.
Published: April 2008

The response of dogs with insulinoma to surgical and medical management is variable, with the majority developing intractable hypoglycaemia. A long‐acting somatostatin analogue, Octreotide (SMS 201–995; Sandostatin) has been useful in the management of hypoglycaemia in humans with insulinoma, and preliminary reports suggest a beneficial clinical response in dogs with insulinoma. The present study objectively evaluated Octreotide in the management of three dogs with immunohistochemically confirmed insulinoma. Octreotide had no benefit over placebo, and little effect on circulating glucose and insulin concentrations despite clearly detectable plasma concentrations of Octreotide. No clinical improvement was apparent in two dogs given Octreotide over a period of two and three weeks. These results contrast with the positive clinical responses noted previously and indicate that further placebo controlled, objective studies are necessary before clear statements on the treatment of insulinoma with Octreotide are made.
Writing and publishing a paper in a veterinary journal
Authors: Mason I. S.
Published: April 2008

The aim of this article is to give a brief guide to scientific writing to encourage more clinicians to take the plunge and write up that unusual case or present the results of their experience with a new treatment or surgical technique. Its target audience is the practitioner who wishes to publish clinical material and the young academic, clinical resident or research fellow. Both groups require guidance in the early days of their publishing career.
Use of monoclonal antibodies for detecting T brucei brucei infection in splenectomised dogs
Authors: Egbe‐Nwiyi T. N. , Antia R. E.
Published: April 2008

A monoclonal antibody against a plasma membrane antigen of Trypanosoma rhodesiense was used for the detection of T brucei group‐specific circulating antigen in 24 adult local dogs experimentally infected with T brucei brucei strain 8/18. Ten of the dogs were splenectomised and the remainder non‐splenectomised (intact). Five dogs each from the splenectomised and intact groups were inoculated intravenously with try‐panosomes. The infected dogs developed trypanosomiasis between days 4 and 8 after infection. The circulating antigens were detected as early as six days after infection and remained high until two weeks after treatment, when the circulating antigen declined. The detection of the antigens showed the existence of infection unlike the antibody test. The treatment of the infected dogs with diminazene aceturate (Berenil; Hoechst) at a dose of 7‐0 mg/kg on day 21 after infection cleared all the parasites but elevated the circulating antigen levels. The antigen capture enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay is a useful diagnostic tool for complementing parasitological diagnosis, for detecting infection in the field and for ascertaining the efficacy of trypanocidal drugs.
Systemic histiocytosis in the Bernese mountain dog
Authors: Paterson S. , Boydell P. , Pike R.
Published: April 2008

Systemic histiocytosis is a rare familial histiocytic disorder seen in the Bernese mountain dog. This article documents six confirmed cases of the disease seen at the Animal Medical Centre between June 1992 and June 1994 and describes the different presentations of the disease, response to therapy and progression. Three of the dogs are still alive; of these, two are in remission six and 18 months later and in one case the owner refused treatment. Three of the cases were euthanased for humane reasons.
Distant abdominal and thoracic pedicle skin flaps for treatment of distal limb skin defects
Authors: Lemarié R. J. , Hosgood G. , Read R. A. , Lewis D. D. , Bellah J. R. , Salisbury S. K. , Goldsmid S.
Published: April 2008

The treatment of large skin defects of the distal limbs of dogs and cats can be difficult due to the lack of skin available for primary wound closure or the creation of local skin flaps. Distant pedicle skin flaps provide an acceptable alternative for wound closure with full thickness skin and provide a cosmetic result. Fourteen animals (10 dogs and four cats) that had distant pedicle skin flaps are reviewed. The technique allowed 100 per cent wound coverage in 10 of 14 animals and greater than 95 per cent skin flap survival occurred in 12 of 14 animals. Complications associated with the procedure were most commonly wound infection and partial suture line dehiscence, however these did not detract from the final outcome. Flap release was in one or two stages, however the outcomes did not appear to be affected by the release protocol.
Priapism in seven cats
Authors: Gunn‐Moore D. A. , Brown P. J. , Holt P. E. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J.
Published: April 2008

Priapism (persistent and painful erection) is an uncommon disorder in cats and dogs. This report describes the clinical and pathological features of seven cases of priapism in cats. Six of the cases were Siamese cats, and in four of them the priapism developed after attempted mating with an oestrus female, despite three of them having been neutered. Five cats were treated by perineal urethrotomy, which was successful in four. In five of the six amputated specimens, thrombosis of the corpus cavenosum was evident.
Omental pedicle used to manage a large dorsal wound in a dog
Authors: Smith B. A. , Hosgood G. , Hedlund C. S.
Published: April 2008

An eight‐year‐old miniature schnauzer was presented with full thickness skin necrosis over most of the back, probably caused by a chemical burn. Management consisted of debridement, bandaging, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, topical application of tris‐EDTA and oral administration of antimicrobials. A pedicle created from the greater omentum was used to fill the wound and provide a vascular bed for a full thickness meshed skin graft. Despite epidermal loss from the majority of the graft, the wound healed with acceptable appearance and function. This is the first clinical case described in the veterinary literature using an omental pedicle to prepare a free skin graft bed.
Acute intrinsic renal failure and blood coagulation disorders after a snakebite in a dog
Authors: Puig J. , Vilafranca M. , Font A. , Closa J. , Pumarola M. , Mascort J.
Published: April 2008

Acute intrinsic renal failure was diagnosed in a two‐year‐old, male, German shepherd dog following a Vipera aspis bite. Clinical signs included depression, hypersalivation, vomiting, tachypnoea, abdominal pain, splenomegaly, oliguria with haematuria and haemolysed serum. Leucocytosis with a shift to the left, thrombocytopenia, prolonged coagulation times (activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and thrombin time), hypofibrinogenaemia, azotaemia and hyposthenuria were the most prominent laboratory abnormalities. Histopathological evaluation of the kidneys showed a discrete glomerular hypercellularity, mesangial lysis and renal tubules filled with many hyaline casts and some necrotic cells.
Intrathoracic tracheal avulsion in three cats
Authors: White R. N. , Milner H. R.
Published: April 2008

The surgical repair of complete intrathoracic tracheal avulsion in three cats is described. The initial presenting signs included dyspnoea, exercise intolerance and exertional cyanosis. Diagnosis was based upon the clinical signs, survey radiography and tracheal endoscopy. The ruptures were repaired via a right lateral thoracotomy made at the third or fourth intercostal interspace. Abnormal trachea was resected and a standard tracheal anastomosis was performed. Surgical results were considered excellent in all cases.
Comparison of hemilaminectomy and dorsal laminectomy for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in dachshunds
Authors: Muir P. , Johnson K. A. , Manley P. A. , Dueland R. T.
Published: April 2008

Neurological improvement after decompressive surgery, without routine therapeutic or prophylactic disc fenestration, was evaluated retrospectively in a consecutive series of 93 dachshunds with thoracolumbar disc extrusion. In 24 per cent of procedures, deep pain sensation was not elicited in at least one hind paw before surgery. Median neurological status one to seven days after surgery, at the time of discharge, was significantly improved after hemilaminectomy compared with dorsal laminectomy (P < 0·05). After hemilaminectomy, deep pain sensation was not elicited in one or both hind paws of 8 per cent of dogs in which pain sensation was elicited before surgery, compared with 21 per cent after dorsal laminectomy (P > 0·05). Improvement in neurological grade at follow‐up examination two to 12 weeks after hemilaminectomy was not significantly different compared with dorsal laminectomy (P > 0·05). Of dogs which were unable to walk before surgery, 83 per cent regained the ability to walk after hemilaminectomy, compared with 74 per cent after dorsal laminectomy (P > 0·05). In both groups, 50 per cent of dogs in which deep pain sensation was abnormal before surgery eventually regained the ability to walk after surgery (P = 1). One to two years after the first operation, a second laminectomy was performed in only 5 per cent of dogs because of extrusion of a different intervertebral disc which had not been fenestrated.
Subclinical versus clinical hepatitis in the dobermann: evaluation of changes in blood parameters
Authors: Speeti M. , Ihantola M. , Westermarck E.
Published: April 2008

Concentrations of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were determined in blood samples from 626 randomly selected clinically healthy dobermann. ALT levels greater than three times the normal upper value were detected in 55 dogs. These dogs were selected for further investigation; the owners of 23 of the dogs allowed a liver biopsy to be performed. Histopathological examination revealed various degrees of hepatitis and excessive amounts of copper in 21 of the dogs. These cases, referred to as subclinical dobermann hepatitis (DH), were selected for a follow‐up investigation in which the clinical signs and serum parameters (ALT, AP and bilirubin) were studied for a period of three to 48 months. Serum parameters of those with subclinical DH were compared with blood samples collected from 22 dogs with clinical DH. Individual dogs showed great variation in the levels of ALT and AP between consecutive serum samples. These enzyme levels never, however, fell to the normal range. During the subclinical stage no statistically significant (P>0–05) change occurred in the concentrations of ALT or AP. When dogs with subclinical DH were compared with dogs with clinical DH, there was no statistically significant (P>0–05) difference in ALT levels, whereas AP concentrations were significantly (P<0001) higher among clinically affected dogs. Elevated levels of bilirubin were detected almost exclusively in dogs with clinical DH. After the onset of clinical signs there was a decrease in the ALT levels and an increase in AP concentrations as the disease progressed, but the changes were not statistically significant (P>0–05).
Partial cystectomy for urinary bladder neoplasia: surgical technique and outcome in 11 dogs
Authors: Stone E. A. , George T. F. , Gilson S. D. , Page R. L.
Published: April 2008

Partial cystectomy was performed in 11 dogs with bladder neoplasia (10 with transitional cell carcinoma and one with rhabdomyosarcoma). Between 40 and 70 per cent of the bladder was excised during the partial cystectomies. In eight dogs, all the grossly visible tumour was excised but on histopathological examination of the excised tissue, neoplastic tissue was found to extend to the surgical margins in four of these dogs. A ureteral stoma was excised with the tumour in four dogs necessitating ureteral reimplantation; one dog had both ureteral stomas excised and bilateral ureteral reimplantation. The bladder incision dehisced in two dogs, necessitating a second surgery. Six dogs were polla‐kiuric after surgery. Pollakiuria resolved within two months in four dogs and persisted in two dogs. None was incontinent. Local tumour recurrence was suspected in nine dogs based on imaging studies and confirmed in five dogs during post mortem examination. Five dogs were euthanased two to seven months after surgery. Six dogs survived at least one year, two of these dogs remain alive at 17 and 27 months after surgery. It is concluded that partial cystectomy may provide local control of bladder neoplasia.
Gastroesophageal intussusception in a young German shepherd dog
Authors: v. Werthern C. J. , Montavon P. M. , Flückiger M. A.
Published: April 2008

A gastro‐oesophageal intussusception in a female, six‐week‐old German shepherd dog was treated surgically with success. The dog was presented with acute dyspnoea and signs of shock. After laparotomy, the herniated organs were reduced from the lumen of the oesophagus into the abdomen and an imbrication of the oesophageal hiatus, an appositional fundoplica‐tion and a left‐sided incisional fundopexy were performed. The dog made an uneventful recovery. Eighteen months after surgery the dog is still alive, with no clinical signs despite the persistent presence of megaoesophagus.
Practical use of a combination of a dopamine agonist and a synthetic prostaglandin analogue to terminate unwanted pregnancy in dogs
Authors: Onclin K. , Verstegen J. P.
Published: April 2008

The combination of a dopamine agonist, caber‐goline, and a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2a, cloprostenol, was used to induce termination of pregnancy from day 25 after the estimated luteinising hormone surge (day 27 ± 4 after the first mating) in five mature beagle bitches. Caber‐goline was administered orally at 5 μg/kg daily and cloprostenol was injected subcutaneously at 1 μg/kg every other day. Treatment efficacy, in terms of pregnancy termination, was 100 per cent. Termination always took place by resorption of the fetuses. No side effects were observed. A mean of three injections of cloprostenol and nine days of cabergoline treatment was necessary to eliminate all signs of gestation. Termination was in each case accompanied by a decline in plasma progesterone (to less than 1 ng/ml) within 72 hours of initiation of treatment. In a control group of five, untreated bitches, plasma progesterone remained elevated throughout a corre‐
Fibrocartilaginous embolism in a cat
Authors: Scott H. W. , O'Leary M. T.
Published: April 2008

A nine‐year‐old cat was presented with a history of an acute onset of paraplegia. On the basis of the neurological examination, the lesion was localised between the fourth lumbar and third sacral segments (L4 to S3) of the spinal cord. Investigations included radiography, myelography, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, routine haematology and biochemistry, feline leukaemia virus testing and urinalysis. A definitive diagnosis was not achieved and the cat was euthanased 12 days after presentation. Post mortem examination revealed infarction of the spinal cord secondary to fibrocartilaginous embolisation. This is the first reported case of fibrocartilaginous embolism in the cat in the UK.
Maxillectomy and targeted radionuclide therapy with 153Sm‐EDTMP in a recurrent canine osteosarcoma
Authors: Moe L. , Boysen M. , Aas M. , Lønaas L. , Gamlem H. , Bruland Ø. S.
Published: April 2008

An eight‐year‐old dog with a local relapse of an osteosarcoma was treated with partial maxillectomy and systemic radionuclide therapy that involved two injections, 43 and 45 megabec‐querels per kg bodyweight of the bone‐seeking agent samarium‐153‐ethylenediaminetetramethy‐lene phosphonic acid (153Sm‐EDTMP), 15 weeks apart. A transient drop in white blood cell count and platelet count was observed following each 153Sm‐EDTMP treatment. Follow‐up 21 months after surgery revealed no evidence of local recurrence or metastases. The dog was in excellent condition, suffering only minor sequelae from the surgical procedure. Compared with historical controls treated with surgery alone, the combination of surgery and systemic radionuclide therapy seems a promising strategy for the treatment of canine osteosarcoma.
Per rectal portal scintigraphy in the diagnosis and management of feline congenital portosystemic shunts
Authors: Hijfte M. A. Forster‐van , McEvoy F. J. , White R. N. , Lamb C. R. , Rutgers H. C.
Published: April 2008

Five cats with a congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS) were examined using transcolonic portal scintigraphy before and after surgical ligation of the shunting vessel. The mean shunt index before surgery was 52 per cent (range 45 to 61 per cent). Repeat portal scintigraphy, six to eight weeks after surgery, indicated a significant reduction in shunt index (mean 13 per cent, range 5 to 25 per cent) in four cats. In one of these cats a marked reduction in the shunt index, as determined by scintigraphy, preceded normal fasting blood ammonia. In the fifth cat there was no significant change in the shunt index, fasting serum bile acids and blood ammonia six months after surgery, although its clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy had improved. Portal scintigraphy is useful in the diagnosis of CPSS and enables a quantitative assessment of the effects of surgery and may be a more accurate indicator of the degree of shunting after surgery than blood ammonia and serum bile acids.
Sedative effects of romifidine in the dog
Authors: England G. C. W. , Flack T. E. , Hollingworth E. , Hammond R.
Published: April 2008

The sedative and physiological effects of intravenous romifidine at 0, 20, 40, 80 and 120 μg/kg were investigated in five clinically normal adult male beagle dogs in a blind study using a Latin square design. Following the injection of romifidine, the dogs became ataxic and stood with a wide‐based stance, they exhibited signs of skeletal muscle relaxation and their heads were lowered. All the dogs became recumbent and there was a reduction in the heart and respiratory rates. Increasing the dose from 20 to 40 μg/kg, or higher, produced a significant reduction in heart rate. There was an increase in the sedation score following even low doses of romifidine, and although measures of sedation showed no differences among romifidine doses, subjectively, the higher doses produced a more consistent effect. Dogs given lower doses of romifidine regained a standing position more rapidly than following the higher doses, although this effect was not significantly different. A second blind study compared the sedative effects of intravenous romifidine, at 40 and 80 μg/kg, with mede‐tomidine at 10 μg/kg in six adult beagles. The cardiopulmonary and sedative effects were not significantly different between all regimens, although medetomidine at 10 μg/kg appeared to be intermediate in effect between romifidine at 40 and 80 μ/kg. The sedative and physiological effects of romifidine in dogs appear to be similar to other α2‐adrenoceptor agonists. Intravenous administration provided sedation which might be clinically useful.
Dorsal cross pinning of the atlantoaxial joint: New surgical technique for atlantoaxial subluxation
Authors: Jeffery N. D.
Published: April 2008

The subluxated atlantoaxial joint of a tetraplegic Yorkshire terrier was reduced and secured in position by means of cross pinning applied via a dorsal approach. The dog made a very satisfactory recovery. The surgical technique for this new procedure is described. Further investigations into the biomechanics of such fixation, and long term follow‐up of treated cases, will be required to evaluate accurately the value of this technique.
Orbital fat prolapse in the dog
Authors: Boydell P. , Paterson S. , Pike R.
Published: April 2008

Five dogs presented with varying degrees of subconjunctival swelling and enophthalmos. Biopsy revealed the subconjunctival tissue to be fat. Surgical excision in two cases resulted in resolution of the clinical signs and demonstrated that the fat came from the retrobulbar region.
Romifidine as a premedicant to propofol induction and infusion anaesthesia in the dog
Authors: England G. C. W. , Andrews F. , Hammond R. A.
Published: April 2008

The effects of premedication with four different intravenous doses of romifidine (20, 40, 80 and 120 (μg/kg body weight) and a saline placebo were compared in a group of 20 adult beagles of both sexes, undergoing anaesthesia with propofol for a clinical dental procedure. Anaesthesia was induced 10 minutes after premedication and maintained by intravenous infusion of propofol for a period of 30 minutes. Romifidine had a marked synergistic effect with propofol and reduced the required induction and infusion doses by more than 60 per cent for a standard level of anaesthesia; the synergistic effect was dose related. Following premedication, propofol produced no significant alteration of respiratory rate, heart rate or rectal temperature. Anaesthesia was found to be more stable following romifidine premedication at all doses studied. The quality of induction was unaltered by the dose of the romifidine. Recovery from anaesthesia was smooth and of a similar quality in all cases. There were no differences in the recovery times between the unpremedicated group and the dogs premedicated with any dose of romifidine studied. There were no adverse effects noted following this anaesthetic regimen. The marked dose‐related synergism with propofol induction and infusion anaesthesia is relevant should romifidine be used in the dog in clinical veterinary practice.
Collection of cortico‐cancellous bone graft from the ilium of the dog using an acetabular reamer
Authors: Culvenor J. A. , Parker R. J.
Published: April 2008

North Shore Veterinary Hospital, 94 Alexander Street. Crows Nest, NSW 2065, Australia

The collection of corticocancellous from the ilium using an acetabular reamer has been described in humans. The technique was used clinically and in a post mortem study in dogs. The quantity of cancellous bone graft obtained with an acetabular reamer was greater than the cancellous bone graft obtained from the wing of the ilium with a curette.
Clarithromycin pharmacokinetics after oral administration with or without fasting in crossbred beagles
Authors: VilmGnyi E. , Küng K. , Riond J.‐L. , Trümpi B. , Wanner M.
Published: April 2008

Clarithromycin was administered to eight dogs intravenously and orally. A suspension or a tablet was given to animals both immediately after feeding and on an empty stomach. Neither the formulation nor the time of administration in relation to feeding significantly influenced the pharmacokinetic parameters. The lowest mean (±SD) maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 3.0 ±0.6 μg/ml, the lowest bioavailability (F) of approximately 69 per cent and the shortest time above the proposed breakpoint of susceptibility (L) of 2.9 ±1.3 hours were observed with the suspension after feeding. The highest Cmax of 3.6 ±0.8 (Jig/ml, the highest F of 83 per cent and the longest L of 4.5 ±2.0 hours were observed with the suspension in the fasted group. The mean time at which Cmax occurred (tmax) was between one and two hours after administration. In conclusion, clarithromycin is potentially suitable for therapeutic use in dogs, pending species‐specific studies of safety and therapeutic efficacy.
Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy for the management of malignant pericardial effusion in two dogs
Authors: Cobb M. A. , Boswood A. , Griffin G. M. , McEvoy F. J.
Published: April 2008

Two dogs with signs of right‐sided congestive cardiac failure, due to recurrent pericardial effusion secondary to the presence of intraperi‐cardial neoplasia, were treated by percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy. The first patient was euthanased one month after the procedure while the second patient developed ascites as a result of obstruction of the caudal vena cava by the growing tumour and was euthanased 14 weeks after the procedure. In neither case was there a recurrence of a significant volume of the effusion. Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy represents an effective means of relieving recurrent malignant pericardial effusion, without resorting to thoracotomy.
Study of calcium homeostasis in feline hyperthyroidism
Authors: Barber P. J. , Elliott J.
Published: April 2008

Thirty cats with untreated hyperthyroidism were blood sampled and their calcium homeosta‐tic mechanisms and renal function assessed. The results were compared with those obtained from 38 age‐matched control cats. The hyperthyroid group of cats were found to have significantly lower blood ionised calcium and plasma creatinine concentrations and significantly higher plasma phosphate and parathyroid hormone concentrations. Hyperparathyroidism occurred in77per cent of hyperthyroid cats, with parathyroid hormone concentrations reaching up to 19 times the upper limit of the normal range. The aetiology, significance and reversibility of hyperparathyroidism in feline hyperthyroidism remains to be established but could have important implications for both bone strength and renal function.
Case of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour in a dog
Authors: Ishikawa T. , Yamamoto H.
Published: April 2008

A 12‐year‐old male shih tzu dog was diagnosed as having a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour. One and a half years prior to presentation, a mass was noticed on the right mandible by the owners. Radiography revealed irregular, faintly radiopaque material within the tumour. A right hemimandibulectomy was performed, based on the clinical diagnosis of osteosarcoma. Histopathological evaluation of the mandibular mass showed that it was composed of a polyhedral odontogenic epithelial cell nest, fibrous stroma, homogeneous eosinophilic material and rounded calcifying material. The eosinophilic material was visualised by staining with Congo red, and observed under green birefringence by polarisation microscopy. Although the tumour had not recurred 12 months after surgery, the dog was euthanased because of aspiratic pharyngitis. The literature on the clinical behaviour of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumours in dogs and cats is reviewed.
Epidemiological study of blood Sressure in omestic dogs
Authors: Bodey A. R. , Michell A. R.
Published: April 2008

Previous experience has shown that a noninvasive (indirect) technique using an oscillomet‐ric monitor in conjunction with a tail cuff makes routine clinical blood pressure measurement practicable in dogs. The relationship between indirect and direct readings has been evaluated in both anaesthetised and conscious dogs (Bodey and others 1994, 1996). In this study, more than 2000 pressure measurements were taken from 1903 dogs. It was found that systolic is the most variable pressure parameter and that it depends on age, breed, sex, temperament, disease state, exercise regime and, to a minor extent, diet. Diet was not a significant determinant of diastolic and mean arterial pressure. Age and breed were the major predictors for all parameters. Heart rate was primarily affected by the temperament of the animal, though other factors also play a part in prediction. The distribution of systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure and heart rate across the dog population approximates to a log normal distribution. On the basis of these results it is possible to describe normal ranges for canine blood pressure; definition of hypertension, though, demands attention to age and breed normal values. The existence of statistically defined hypertension in an individual or breed does not imply adverse effects justifying therapy. Among the secondary causes of hypertension, such as diabetes, obesity and hyperadrenocorticism, hepatic disease was a new addition also undocumented in humans. The hypothesis that dogs, though classic model animals for hypertension, are resistant to its development found support from the modest increase in mean pressure values observed among dogs with renal disease, notably those with substantial reduction of glomerular filtration rate. The existence of breeds such as deerhounds with average pressures in the borderline range for hypertension in humans (and many individuals, therefore, well above) suggests that dogs may also be resistant to some of the adverse effects of high blood pressure.
Renal amyloidosis in related English foxhounds
Authors: Mason N. J. , Day M. J.
Published: April 2008

Renal amyloidosis was diagnosed in six related English foxhounds from two separate hunting kennels. There was no apparent age or sex predilection. All the dogs had clinical and laboratory findings compatible with renal disease. The onset of clinical signs was acute in all cases with death or euthanasia in five of the six affected dogs occurring within one week of presentation. The remaining dog was treated with diuresis which produced a temporary improvement.

Histological examination of renal tissue from affected dogs identified the presence of both glomerular and interstitial amyloid, which was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining to be of the reactive type (amyloid A). There were occasional sclerosed glomeruli or glomeruli with thickened Bowman's capsules, in addition to interstitial and periglomerular infiltration with a predominance of plasma cells and lymphocytes and secondary changes including tubular eosinophilic casts. Renal papillary necrosis was identified in three dogs. One hound had concurrent multicentric lymphoma.

Pedigree analysis of the affected dogs revealed that four individuals shared a common great grandsire and that the same dog was the grand‐sire of a further case. Pedigree analysis of five additional dogs from one of the kennels, all of which had clinical signs of acute renal failure but from which renal tissue was not available, revealed a close relationship to those foxhounds with confirmed renal amyloidosis.
Enteric bacteria: Friend or foe?
Authors: Batt R. M. , Rutgers H. C. , Sancak A. A.
Published: April 2008

The normal gastrointestinal tract contains an enormous number of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria which normally enjoy a symbiotic relationship with the host but can have adverse effects with local and systemic consequences. The small intestine constitutes a zone of transition between the sparsely populated stomach and the luxuriant bacterial flora of the colon. Regulation of the intestinal flora depends on complex interactions between many factors including secretion of gastric acid, intestinal motility, biliary and pancreatic secretions, local immunity, the surface glycocalyx and mucus layer, and diet. Microbial interactions are also important, and can involve alterations in redox potential, substrate depletion and production of substances such as bacteri‐ocins that inhibit bacterial growth. The beneficial effect of the normal enteric flora include the competitive exclusion of potentially pathogenic organisms, and the production of nutrients such as short‐chain fatty acids (which represent an important energy source for the colonic mucosa) and vitamins. Detrimental effects of the enteric flora include competition for calories and essential nutrients, particularly by bacteria located in the small intestine, and a capacity to damage the mucosa, in some circumstances causing or contributing to inflammatory bowel disease. These problems can be accentuated by interference with the physiological regulation of intraluminal bacteria allowing overgrowth by a normal resident, or colonisation by transient pathogens. The pathophysiological consequences may involve direct damage to the intestinal mucosa, and bacterial metabolism of intraluminal constituents, for example forming deconjugated bile acids and hydroxylated fatty acids which stimulate fluid secretion. Additional problems arise if there is interference with the mucosal barrier since this can result in increased passage of bacteria and bacterial products stimulating mucosal inflammation, while bacterial translocation can result in bacteraemia and septicaeniia. Problems associated with bacterial pathogens are illustrated by the properties of the spectrum of pathogenicEscherichia coli,some of which facilitate long‐term colonisation by adherence to the surface or invasion of enterocytes.