bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterizing perceptual learning using regression statistics: Development of a perceptual calibration index
Authors: CABE PATRICK A. , WAGMAN JEFFREY B.
Published: April 2014

Perceptual learning, improvement in perceptual skill with practice, can improve both accuracy and consistency of perceptual reports. Regression statistics can quantify ongoing calibration of perceptible scalar properties (i.e., improvements in accuracy and consistency) because, ideally, actual and perceived values are linearly related. Changes in variance accounted for (r2) track changes in consistency, and changes in both slope and intercept track changes in accuracy. Conjoint changes in all three regression statistics, obscured in separate plots, can be seen simultaneously in a perceptual calibration state space diagram, with the regression statistics as axes, in which an attractor (r2 = 1.00, slope = 1.00, intercept = 0.00) represents optimal performance. Decreases in the distance between the attractor and successive points in the state space, each representing perceptual performance, quantify perceptual learning; that distance is a perceptual calibration index. To show the utility of the perceptual calibration index, we illustrate its use in an experiment on wielding hand-held objects.
The impact of domain and subject specialization on knowledge organization
Authors: WYATT JEFFREY , RABINOWITZ MITCHELL
Published: April 2014

Thematic organization is the association of information that is observed within a given time frame or event, and taxonomic organization is characterized by class membership based on featural overlap. Research in cognitive psychology has suggested a developmental progression in preference from thematic organization to taxonomic organization, with a preference for taxonomic organization seen as cognitively more advanced. However, recent research has found thematic preferences in adults and shown that organizational preference can be influenced by context and experience. This study expanded on previous findings of individual differences and explored preferences across different domains. Specifically, preferences for knowledge organization were measured between student type (history and psychology) and across content type (general and history). The results indicated that history material was more likely to be organized thematically than general material.
How the behavioral approach system predicts everyday life outcomes
Authors: IZADIKHAH ZAHRA , JACKSON CHRIS J.
Published: April 2014

This study tested crucial components of Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory that have generally been overlooked in the literature. We tested whether the perceived amount of reward moderates the behavioral approach system (BAS) and the importance of reward mediates BAS in the prediction of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Results from 514 participants employed in part-time and full-time jobs provided support for our model, such that the indirect effect of BAS through the importance of reward was strongest when reward was provided. This model advances our understanding of reinforcement sensitivity theory and offers a solid foundation for predicting outcomes in everyday life.
Adaptive memory: Nature’s criterion and the functionalist agenda
Authors: NAIRNE JAMES S. , PANDEIRADA JOSEFA N. S.
Published: April 2014

Memory researchers traditionally ignore function in favor of largely structural analyses. For example, it is well known that forming a visual image improves retention, and various proximate mechanisms have been proposed to account for the advantage (e.g., elaboration of the memory trace), but next to nothing is known about why memory evolved such sensitivities. Why did nature craft a memory system that is sensitive to imagery or the processing of meaning? Functional analyses are critical to progress in memory research for two main reasons: First, as in applied research, functional analyses provide the necessary criteria for measuring progress; second, there are good reasons to believe that modern cognitive processes continue to bear the imprint of ancestral selection pressures (i.e., cognitive systems are functionally designed). We review empirical evidence supporting the idea that memory evolved to enhance reproductive fitness; as a consequence, to maximize retention in basic and applied settings it is useful to develop encoding techniques that are congruent with the natural design of memory systems.
Universal and culture-specific effects of display-control compatibility
Authors: PROCTOR ROBERT W. , VU KIM-PHUONG L.
Published: April 2014

Research on compatibility of displays and controls has been a staple of basic and applied experimental psychology since the work by Paul Fitts and colleagues in the 1950s. Compatibility is often defined in terms of natural response tendencies, and many behavioral studies have been conducted examining various determinants of compatibility effects. Some compatibility phenomena are universal because of constant properties of the physical environments in which people live. Others, often called population stereotypes (Loveless, 1962), are specific to particular cultural groups due to experience with unique display-control relations. Determining which compatibility phenomena are universal and which are limited to certain populations is necessary for knowing how widely various compatibility principles can be expected to hold for performance. In this article we examine the universal and cultural aspects of display-control compatibility with an emphasis on implications for understanding human performance in general and for applying the knowledge to design of interfaces that will be maximally compatible with the characteristics of the intended users
Evidence of mnemonic ability selectively affecting truthful and deceptive response dynamics
Authors: FARROW TOM F. D. , HOPWOOD MARIE-CLARE , PARKS RANDOLPH W. , HUNTER MICHAEL D. , SPENCE SEAN A.
Published: April 2014

In the executive model of deception, the telling of a lie necessitates the inhibition of a veridical prepotent response (the truth), and such inhibition incurs a temporal penalty, manifest as a longer response time. If memory processes are engaged in generating such truths, then memory function should affect truthful and deceptive response times. To investigate this we examined the relationship between performance on a semantic knowledge deception task and a test of verbal memory in 40 college students. We found that verbal memory performance differentially affects the temporal parameters of truth and deception.
The effect of number of options on choices involving delayed causation
Authors: NGUYEN NAM , YOUNG MICHAEL E. , COLE JAMES J.
Published: April 2014

A video game was adapted to investigate the effect of the number of alternatives on causal judgment in a complex environment involving targets with delayed outcomes. Participants were presented with groups of potential targets. Each target (the candidate cause) fired at random relative to the others, with one target in each group causing a delayed explosion (the effect). The participants were tasked with discriminating which of the potential targets was producing the effect. Experiment 1 revealed a main effect of delay on discriminability but no effect of the number of alternatives. However, latencies did increase as the number of alternatives increased, suggesting that discriminability was maintained by compensating with longer observation times. But, a similar increase in latency for longer delays did not offset the detrimental impact of an increase in cause—effect delay. Experiment 2 replicated the outcome under conditions in which participants were always required to observe for 16 s before making a decision; under the most difficult conditions, however, the limited viewing time started to reveal an effect of the number of alternatives on the participants’ ability to discriminate a true cause from foils. Evidence suggests that participants’ decisions were determined primarily by differences in the number of cause-effect contiguities experienced for the true cause versus the foils.
Demande de monnaie en zone CEMAC : une modélisation par coïntégration avec ruptures structurelles
Authors: Talabong Hervé
Published: April 2014

Cette étude met en évidence l’existence d’une relation coïntégrante de demande de monnaie dans les pays de la Commission économique et monétaire de l’Afrique centrale (CEMAC) en tenant compte d’une possibilité de changements structurels affectant les agrégats macroéconomiques. Elle se focalise ensuite sur la stabilité et l’homogénéité des comportements de demande de monnaie dans ces pays faisant face à une politique monétaire unique. Si leur stabilité ne peut être remise en cause, leur hétérogénéité peut par contre accroitre la dispersion de l’inflation dans ces différents pays.
Short-Term Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Learmonth Yvonne C. , Paul Lorna , McFadyen Angus K. , Marshall-McKenna Rebecca , Mattison Paul , Miller Linda , McFarlane Niall G.
Published: April 2014

Background: This pilot study was conducted to determine whether a 15-minute bout of moderate-intensity aerobic cycling exercise would affect symptoms (pain and fatigue) and function (Timed 25-Foot Walk test [T25FW] and Timed Up and Go test [TUG]) in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and to compare these results with those of a healthy control group.

Methods: Eight people with MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale score 5–6; Karnofsky score 50–80), eight people with CFS (Karnofsky score 50–80), and eight healthy volunteers participated in the study. Pain and fatigue levels and results of the T25FW and TUG were established at baseline as well as at 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 24 hours following a 15-minute stationary cycling aerobic exercise test. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and covariance (ANCOVA) were used to analyze the findings over time.

Results: At baseline there were statistically significant differences between groups in fatigue (P = .039), T25FW (P = .034), and TUG (P = .010). A significant group/time interaction emerged for fatigue levels (P= .005). We found no significant group/time interaction for pain levels or function.

Conclusions: Undertaking 15 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic cycling exercise had no significant adverse effects on pain or function in people with MS and CFS (with a Karnofsky score of 50–80) within a 24-hour time period. These initial results suggest that people with MS or CFS may undertake 15 minutes of cycling as moderate aerobic exercise with no expected negative impact on pain or function.
Validation of Mood Measures for People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Watson Tessa M. , Ford Emma , Worthington Esme , Lincoln Nadina B.
Published: April 2014

Background: Valid assessments are needed in order to identify anxiety and depression in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of this study was to assess the validity of questionnaire measures of mood in people with MS.

Methods: People with MS were recruited from a clinic database and asked to complete and return a questionnaire containing the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Those who returned the questionnaire were invited to complete a structured clinical interview, which was blind to the results of the questionnaire.

Results: The BDI-II and HADS were both found to be valid measures to detect depression and anxiety in people with MS. An optimum cutoff score of 23 for the BDI-II yielded high sensitivity (85%) and high specificity (76%). An optimum cutoff score of 11 for the HADS demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for both the Anxiety subscale (sensitivity 90%, specificity 92%) and the Depression subscale (sensitivity 77%, specificity 81%). The BAI had high sensitivity (80%) but poor specificity (46%) for detecting anxiety.

Conclusion: The BDI-II and HADS can be used to identify mood disorders in people with MS.
The Multiple Sclerosis Self-Management Scale
Authors: Ghahari Setareh , Khoshbin Lana S. , Forwell Susan J.
Published: April 2014

Background: The Multiple Sclerosis Self-Management Scale (MSSM) is currently the only measure that was developed specifically to address self-management among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). While good internal consistency (α = 0.85) and construct validity have been demonstrated, other psychometric properties have not been established. This study was undertaken to evaluate the criterion validity, test-retest reliability, and face validity of the MSSM.

Methods: Thirty-one individuals with MS who met the inclusion criteria were recruited to complete a series of questionnaires at two time points. At Time 1, participants completed the MSSM and two generic self-management tools—the Partners in Health (PIH-12) and the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ)—as well as a short questionnaire to capture participants' opinions about the MSSM. At Time 2, approximately 2 weeks after Time 1, participants completed the MSSM again.

Results: The available MSSM factors showed moderate to high correlations with both PIH-12 and heiQ and were deemed to have satisfactory test-retest reliability. Face validity pointed to areas of the MSSM that need to be revised in future work. As indicated by the participants, some dimensions of MS self-management are missing in the MSSM and some items such as medication are redundant.

Conclusions: This study provides evidence for the reliability and validity of the MSSM; however, further changes are required for both researchers and clinicians to use the tool meaningfully in practice.
Value, Challenges, and Satisfaction of Certification for Multiple Sclerosis Specialists
Authors: Gulick Elsie E. , Halper June
Published: April 2014

Background: Specialist certification among interdisciplinary multiple sclerosis (MS) team members provides formal recognition of a specialized body of knowledge felt to be necessary to provide optimal care to individuals and families living with MS. Multiple sclerosis specialist certification (MS Certified Specialist, or MSCS) first became available in 2004 for MS interdisciplinary team members, but prior to the present study had not been evaluated for its perceived value, challenges, and satisfaction.

Methods: A sample consisting of 67 currently certified MS specialists and 20 lapsed-certification MS specialists completed the following instruments: Perceived Value of Certification Tool (PVCT), Perceived Challenges and Barriers to Certification Scale (PCBCS), Overall Satisfaction with Certification Scale, and a demographic data form.

Results: Satisfactory reliability was shown for the total scale and four factored subscales of the PVCT and for two of the three factored PCBCS subscales. Currently certified MS specialists perceived significantly greater value and satisfaction than lapsed-certification MS specialists in terms of employer and peer recognition, validation of MS knowledge, and empowering MS patients. Lapsed-certification MS specialists reported increased confidence and caring for MS patients using evidence-based practice. Both currently certified and lapsed-certification groups reported dissatisfaction with MSCS recognition and pay/salary rewards.

Conclusions: The results of this study can be used in efforts to encourage initial certification and recertification of interdisciplinary MS team members.
Movimientos sociales y experiencias populares: desafíos metodológicos para la investigación social
Authors: Retamozo Martín Alejandro , D'Amico Victoria
Published: April 2014

Este artículo propone una reflexión epistémico-metodológica sobreel trabajo de investigación en ciencias sociales en el campo de estudiosde los movimientos sociales y las experiencias de organización populares.Desde una perspectiva que recupera el pensamiento político y la epistemologíacrítica, se presenta una reconstrucción de los supuestos a partir de loscuales producimos conocimiento así como las implicancias que los puntosde partida ontológicos tienen en nuestros abordajes metodológicos. La reflexiónse complementa con dos estudios empíricos de diferente alcance.En los casos presentados indagamos sobre la conformación de sujetos ysubjetividades en sectores populares atendiendo a la densidad analítica deun objeto de investigación que se piensa a la vez como construcción, enmovimiento y atravesado por múltiples temporalidades y espacialidades. Elalegato es por recuperar un lugar para las investigaciones que procuranformular preguntas para las que no hay respuestas y que asumen el desafíodel pensamiento abismal para una mejor comprensión de la realidad social.
Editorial
Authors: Zavala Cepeda José Manuel
Published: April 2014

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Revisit of Alfvén ballooning modes in isotropic, ideal MHD plasmas: Effect of diamagnetic condition
Authors: Ma John Z. G. , Hirose Akira
Published: April 2014

Alfvén ballooning modes provide an important mechanism to explain explosive phenomena in regions where field lines transit from dipole‐like to taillike shapes. However, commonly used analytical results were unable to recover Alfvén modes in uniform plasmas and basic ballooning mode in inhomogeneous plasmas. We rigidly revisited previous work on isotropic, ideal magnetospheric plasmas and found where the problems occurred. This paper shows accurate expressions of the ballooning modes. Under the dimagnetic condition (an infinite ky), the modes have two groups depending on the relations of the three equilibrium parameters: plasma β, pressure gradient kp, and magnetic curvature kc (magnetic gradient kB is no more than a tenth of kc and thus neglected in magnetotail plasma). If the constraint is relaxed (a finite ky), the dispersion relation includes the following: (1) the fast compressional Alfvén branch; (2) two groups of ballooning instabilities: Group 1 appears when kp is independent of β, and Group 2 emerges when kc is independent of β; and (3) in Group 1, a critical β exists above which the wave mode becomes unstable, while the perpendicular wave number (k⊥) affects the instability by modulating the critical β values; by contrast, in Group 2, there is no critical β, and the wave keeps its original stable or unstable mode, while k⊥ has a critical value above which the wave mode becomes unstable.
Correlation of core field polarity of magnetotail flux ropes with the IMF By: Reconnection guide field dependency
Authors: Teh W.‐L. , Nakamura R. , Karimabadi H. , Baumjohann W. , Zhang T. L.
Published: April 2014

The relationship between the core field and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By has been addressed by spacecraft observations in the magnetotail, but it is not yet fully clear since observations by Slavin et al. (2003) and Borg et al. (2012) show controversial results. In this study, we examine 13 flux ropes from the Cluster observations to show for the first time that the correlation between the core field Bcore and the IMF By depends on the guide field Bg. For large guide fields (> 20% of the reconnecting field), we show that the Bcore is found to correlate with the IMF By. However, for weak guide fields (< 10% of the reconnecting field) we show that the core fields have either a positive or negative polarity, irrespective of the IMF By. This result indicates that for weak guide field reconnection the core field generation of the magnetotail flux rope is not governed by the external IMF By. We can explain the previous controversy in terms of the guide field dependency. We also confirm earlier suggestions that for weak guide field reconnection the flux ropes can have a significant core field whose polarity agrees with the ambient quadrupole Hall field. In addition, the Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction results suggest that the axis of the flux rope may have been kinked. Our findings are crucial and can help advance theoretical simulations of the core field generation for weak guide reconnection. Discussions of the possible core field generation for weak guide field will be given in terms of 3‐D reconnection.
Corotating interaction regions and the 27 day variation of galactic cosmic rays intensity at 1 AU during the cycle 23/24 solar minimum
Authors: Guo X. , Florinski V.
Published: April 2014

We investigate the formation and evolution of corotating interaction regions (CIRs) in the solar wind and their effects on galactic cosmic rays (GCR) during the recent solar cycle 23/24 solar minimum. The output from a three‐dimensional MHD model serves as background for kinetic time‐dependent simulations of GCR transport based on the Parker equation. The results show that the CIR forward/reverse shock pairs or compression/rarefaction regions play important roles in the transport of GCR particles and directly control the observed 27 day periodic intensity variations. We find that stream interfaces (SIs) in CIRs and the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) are both closely associated with the GCR depression onset, in agreement with the observations at 1 AU. The HCS is more important when its tilt angle becomes small during the declining phase of the solar minimum, while the passages of SIs control the onset of GCR depressions for larger HCS tilt angles. The mechanism of GCR intensity variation near 1 AU can be explained through an interplay between the effects of particle drift and diffusion. The simulated plasma background and GCR intensity are compared with the observations from spacecraft and a neutron monitor on the ground, to find good qualitative agreement. Evidently, CIRs had a substantial modulational effect on GCR during the recent solar minimum.
Biological modulation of upper ocean physics: Simulating the biothermal feedback effect in Monterey Bay, California
Authors: Jolliff Jason K. , Smith Travis A.
Published: April 2014

Marine phytoplankton and associated organic materials absorb a substantial quantity of solar shortwave energy penetrating the upper ocean. Most of this absorbed energy is lost as heat and thereby contributes to the warming of near‐surface waters. Here we examine this biothermal feedback effect on upper ocean physics and air‐sea energy exchange using a fully integrated ocean‐atmosphere‐biological modeling system. Our model simulations show that a local phytoplankton bloom may impact upper ocean physics in such a way as to promote the spatiotemporal persistence of the bloom itself within a semi‐enclosed coastal embayment. This is accomplished primarily via enhanced thermal stratification that promotes vertical stability and more efficient utilization of macronutrients. Modulations of wind stress patterns due to perturbations in the local surface pressure gradients also arise as a result of the simulated biothermal warming of surface waters. The model evidence suggests that the observed persistence of phytoplankton blooms in the northern Monterey Bay, California, may be enhanced by similar synergistic interactions between ocean biology and physics.
Tracking Dramatic Changes at Hawaii's Only Alpine Lake
Authors: Patrick Matthew R. , Delparte Donna
Published: April 2014

Lake Waiau is a small lake (normally 100 meters in diameter) just below the summit of Mauna Kea Volcano (elevation of 4207 meters) on the island of Hawaii. The only alpine lake in the Hawaiian Islands, it is fed mainly by sporadic winter storms that drop snow in the otherwise arid summit region.
Climate Report Focuses on Impacts and Need for Action
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: April 2014

Changes in climate have “caused impacts on natural and human systems on all continents and across the oceans” in recent decades, according to a report on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability issued on 31 March by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Working Group II as part of IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report. The report also said that large uncertainties exist about the future vulnerability, exposure, and responses of interlinked human and natural systems and that adaptation and mitigation choices in the near term will affect the risks of climate change through the 21st century.
Trade Group Rules Against China in Rare Earths Dispute
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: April 2014

The World Trade Organization (WTO) has ruled against China in a trade dispute over rare earth elements (REE) as well as tungsten and molybdenum, the group announced on 26 March. The European Union, Japan, and the United States brought trade cases against China in March 2012 concerning alleged unfair export restraints on the materials (see Eos, 93(13), 134–135, doi:10.1029/2012EO130002).
National Medal of Science
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: April 2014

The nation's highest honor for American scientists and engineers, the National Medal of Science is awarded annually by the president of the United States to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to or for the total impact of their work on the current state of chemical, physical, biological, social or behavioral sciences; mathematics; or engineering. Anyone can submit a nomination. Submit a short description of the nominee's contribution and three letters of support to http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/medal.jsp by 1 May 2014.
Exploring Uranus
Authors: Hofstadter Mark , Lamy Laurent
Published: April 2014

Ice giant planets such as Uranus have become a hot topic in the planetary and exoplanetary communities. This interest is driven by several factors, including the realization that these planets are fundamentally different from terrestrial and gas giant planets, the fact that they challenge current understanding of solar system formation and planetary evolution, and the new discovery that ice giants are abundant in our galaxy.
Drifters help forecast Gulf of Mexico surface circulation
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: April 2014

During the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, scientists' understanding of the mesoscale surface circulation patterns of the Gulf of Mexico became a topic of great importance. With the oil slick growing, disaster response teams needed to know where to deploy. Many were concerned with the oil's ultimate destination—whether it would travel toward the Florida Keys and into the Atlantic Ocean or remain in the Gulf. The drivers of surface circulation patterns are varied, ranging from wind to internal waves to pressure and salinity gradients, and the task of forecasting the oil's motion was a challenge.
Extreme weather events may not be tied to loss of Arctic sea ice
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: April 2014

One of the most tangible effects of global climate change has been the unprecedented loss of Arctic sea ice in the latter half of the twentieth century. Since the late 1970s, Arctic sea ice has decreased by more than 7.5% per decade. Recent studies suggest that the loss of sea ice can increase the frequency of “blocking,” i.e., weather patterns that can lead to prolonged extreme weather events such as drought or flooding.
Wave activities in separatrix regions of magnetic reconnection
Authors: Fujimoto Keizo
Published: April 2014

Two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations have reproduced the waves consistent with those observed frequently in the separatrix regions of magnetic reconnection in the Earth's magnetotail. The key process generating the waves is intense parallel acceleration of the electrons due to an electrostatic potential hump formed in the inflow side of the separatrices. The intense electron beams trigger the electron two‐stream instability (ETSI) and the beam‐driven whistler instability (WI). The Buneman instability (BI) is also excited by moderate electron beams arising upstream the potential hump. The ETSI generates the Langmuir waves, while the BI gives lower hybrid waves. Both modes evolve the electrostatic solitary waves in the nonlinear phases. The ETSI traps the electrons in the parallel direction and forms a flat‐top distribution with high‐energy cutoff. On the other hand, the WI scatters the electrons in the perpendicular direction, producing isotropic distribution with nonthermal high‐energy tail.
Highly Aligned Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites with Excellent Dielectric Properties for High‐Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Yousefi Nariman , Sun Xinying , Lin Xiuyi , Shen Xi , Jia Jingjing , Zhang Biao , Tang Benzhong , Chan Mansun , Kim Jang‐Kyo
Published: April 2014

Nanocomposites that contain reinforcements with preferred orientation have attracted significant attention because of their promising applications in a wide range of multifunctional fields. Many efforts have recently been focused on developing facile methods for preparing aligned graphene sheets in solvents and polymers because of their fascinating properties including liquid crystallinity and highly anisotropic characteristics. Self‐aligned in situ reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/polymer nanocomposites are prepared using an all aqueous casting method. A remarkably low percolation threshold of 0.12 vol% is achieved in the rGO/epoxy system owing to the uniformly dispersed, monolayer graphene sheets with extremely high aspect ratios (>30000). The self‐alignment into a layered structure at above a critical filler content induces a unique anisotropy in electrical and mechanical properties due to the preferential formation of conductive and reinforcing networks along the alignment direction. Accompanied by the anisotropic electrical conductivities are exceptionally high dielectric constants of over 14000 with 3 wt% of rGO at 1 kHz due to the charge accumulation at the highly‐aligned conductive filler/insulating polymer interface according to the Maxwell‐Wagner‐Sillars polarization principle. The highly dielectric rGO/epoxy nanocomposites with the engineered structure and properties present high performance electromagnetic interference shielding with a remarkable shilding efficiency of 38 dB.
Photosensitive Graphene Transistors
Authors: Li Jinhua , Niu Liyong , Zheng Zijian , Yan Feng
Published: April 2014

High performance photodetectors play important roles in the development of innovative technologies in many fields, including medicine, display and imaging, military, optical communication, environment monitoring, security check, scientific research and industrial processing control. Graphene, the most fascinating two‐dimensional material, has demonstrated promising applications in various types of photodetectors from terahertz to ultraviolet, due to its ultrahigh carrier mobility and light absorption in broad wavelength range. Graphene field effect transistors are recognized as a type of excellent transducers for photodetection thanks to the inherent amplification function of the transistors, the feasibility of miniaturization and the unique properties of graphene. In this review, we will introduce the applications of graphene transistors as photodetectors in different wavelength ranges including terahertz, infrared, visible, and ultraviolet, focusing on the device design, physics and photosensitive performance. Since the device properties are closely related to the quality of graphene, the devices based on graphene prepared with different methods will be addressed separately with a view to demonstrating more clearly their advantages and shortcomings in practical applications. It is expected that highly sensitive photodetectors based on graphene transistors will find important applications in many emerging areas especially flexible, wearable, printable or transparent electronics and high frequency communications.
Genotype–phenotype correlation in boys with X‐linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
Authors: Burger Kristin , Schneider Anne‐Theres , Wohlfart Sigrun , Kiesewetter Franklin , Huttner Kenneth , Johnson Ramsey , Schneider Holm
Published: April 2014

X‐linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED), the most frequent form of ectodermal dysplasia, is a genetic disorder of ectoderm development characterized by malformation of multiple ectodermal structures such as skin, hair, sweat and sebaceous glands, and teeth. The disease is caused by a broad spectrum of mutations in the gene EDA. Although XLHED symptoms show inter‐familial and intra‐familial variability, genotype–phenotype correlation has been demonstrated with respect to sweat gland function. In this study, we investigated to which extent the EDA genotype correlates with the severity of XLHED‐related skin and hair signs. Nineteen male children with XLHED (age range 3–14 years) and seven controls (aged 6–14 years) were examined by confocal microscopy of the skin, quantification of pilocarpine‐induced sweating, semi‐quantitative evaluation of full facial photographs with respect to XLHED‐related skin issues, and phototrichogram analysis. All eight boys with known hypomorphic EDA mutations were able to produce at least some sweat and showed less severe cutaneous signs of XLHED than the anhidrotic XLHED patients (e.g., perioral and periorbital eczema or hyperpigmentation, regional hyperkeratosis, characteristic wrinkles under the eyes). As expected, individuals with XLHED had significantly less and thinner hair than healthy controls. However, there were also significant differences in hair number, diameter, and other hair characteristics between the group with hypomorphic EDA mutations and the anhidrotic patients. In summary, this study indicated a remarkable genotype–phenotype correlation of skin and hair findings in prepubescent males with XLHED. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteogenesis imperfecta: Clinical diagnosis, nomenclature and severity assessment
Authors: Van Dijk F.S. , Sillence D.O.
Published: April 2014

Recently, the genetic heterogeneity in osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), proposed in 1979 by Sillence et al., has been confirmed with molecular genetic studies. At present, 17 genetic causes of OI and closely related disorders have been identified and it is expected that more will follow. Unlike most reviews that have been published in the last decade on the genetic causes and biochemical processes leading to OI, this review focuses on the clinical classification of OI and elaborates on the newly proposed OI classification from 2010, which returned to a descriptive and numerical grouping of five OI syndromic groups. The new OI nomenclature and the pre‐and postnatal severity assessment introduced in this review, emphasize the importance of phenotyping in order to diagnose, classify, and assess severity of OI. This will provide patients and their families with insight into the probable course of the disorder and it will allow physicians to evaluate the effect of therapy. A careful clinical description in combination with knowledge of the specific molecular genetic cause is the starting point for development and assessment of therapy in patients with heritable disorders including OI. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
A Practical Synthesis of Chiral Oxazolines through a Highly Diastereoselective Coupling–Cyclization Reaction of N‐(Buta‐2,3‐dienyl)amides and Aryl Iodides
Authors: Wang Nan , Chen Bo , Ma Shengming
Published: April 2014

A highly trans diastereoselective synthesis of 2,4,5‐trisubstituted oxazoline derivatives is described that proceeds through a palladium‐catalyzed coupling–cyclization reaction of N‐(buta‐2,3‐dienyl)amides with aromatic iodides. The reaction with optically active substrates provides convenient access to highly enantioenriched oxazoline derivatives with excellent 1,2‐induction.
Why is a landscape perspective important in studies of primates?
Authors: Arroyo‐Rodríguez Víctor , Fahrig Lenore
Published: April 2014

With accelerated deforestation and fragmentation through the tropics, assessing the impact that landscape spatial changes may have on biodiversity is paramount, as this information is required to design and implement effective management and conservation plans. Primates are expected to be particularly dependent on the landscape context; yet, our understanding on this topic is limited as the majority of primate studies are at the local scale, meaning that landscape‐scale inferences are not possible. To encourage primatologists to assess the impact of landscape changes on primates, and help future studies on the topic, we describe the meaning of a “landscape perspective” and evaluate important assumptions of using such a methodological approach. We also summarize a number of important, but unanswered, questions that can be addressed using a landscape‐scale study design. For example, it is still unclear if habitat loss has larger consistent negative effects on primates than habitat fragmentation per se. Furthermore, interaction effects between habitat area and other landscape effects (e.g., fragmentation) are unknown for primates. We also do not know if primates are affected by synergistic interactions among factors at the landscape scale (e.g., habitat loss and diseases, habitat loss and climate change, hunting, and land‐use change), or whether landscape complexity (or landscape heterogeneity) is important for primate conservation. Testing for patterns in the responses of primates to landscape change will facilitate the development of new guidelines and principles for improving primate conservation. Am. J. Primatol. 76:901–909, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
C‐H‐Funktionalisierung über intramolekularen Hydridtransfer
Authors: Haibach Michael C. , Seidel Daniel
Published: April 2014

Seit über 100 Jahren sind Reaktionen bekannt, die intramolekulare Hydridtransfers umfassen. Weil solche Prozesse attraktive Möglichkeiten zur C‐H‐Funktionalisierung eröffnen, rücken sie in jüngster Zeit wieder in den Fokus. Diese komplexitätserhöhenden Umwandlungen sind redoxneutral und dadurch ideal für die Entwicklung nachhaltiger Verfahren. Dieser Aufsatz stellt historische Beiträge vor und fasst aktuelle Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet zusammen.
Mechanically Modulating the Photophysical Properties of Fluorescent Protein Biocomposites for Ratio‐ and Intensiometric Sensors
Authors: Brantley Johnathan N. , Bailey Constance B. , Cannon Joe R. , Clark Katie A. , Vanden Bout David A. , Brodbelt Jennifer S. , Keatinge‐Clay Adrian T. , Bielawski Christopher W.
Published: April 2014

Mechanically sensitive biocomposites comprised of fluorescent proteins report stress through distinct pathways. Whereas a composite containing an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) exhibited hypsochromic shifts in its fluorescence emission maxima following compression, a composite containing a modified green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) exhibited fluorescence quenching under the action of mechanical force. These ratio‐ and intensiometric sensors demonstrate that insights garnered from disparate fields (that is, polymer mechanochemistry and biophysics) can be harnessed to guide the rational design of new classes of biomechanophore‐containing materials.
Desymmetrization of Diolefinic Diols by Enantioselective Amino‐thiocarbamate‐Catalyzed Bromoetherification: Synthesis of Chiral Spirocycles
Authors: Tay Daniel Weiliang , Leung Gulice Y. C. , Yeung Ying‐Yeung
Published: April 2014

A facile, efficient, and highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective bromoetherification of diolefinic diols has been developed using an amino‐thiocarbamate catalyst. Further manipulations of the bromoether products enabled entry into a new class of spirocycles which are distinctively lacking in the literature.
Zwillingsrekombination als Photostabilisierungsmechanismus für Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe
Authors: Holzmeister Phil , Gietl Andreas , Tinnefeld Philip
Published: April 2014

Entgegen der üblichen Annahme aufgrund von Photozerstörungswegen durch höher angeregte Zustände zeigen wir, dass eine weitere Verbesserung der Photostabilität mit diffusionsbasierten Photostabilisierungsstrategieren möglich ist. Einzelmolekül‐Fluoreszenzspektroskopie offenbart, dass Thiolationen effektiv Triplett‐Zustände durch photoinduzierten Elektronentransfer löschen. Dabei entsteht selten ein Radikalanion, sondern der Farbstoff kehrt durch einen nahezu instantan erfolgenden Elektronen‐Rücktransfer (Zwillingsrekombination) effizient in den Grundzustand zurück. Für gewöhnlich verwendete Reduktionmittel wie Ascorbinsäure oder Trolox wird hingegen keine Zwillingsrekombination beobachtet. Der Mechanismus vermeidet die Bildung von Radikalkationen und verbessert die Photostabilität von Fluorophoren. Wir zeigen, dass eine Kombination aus β‐Mercaptoethanol und klassischem reduzierenden und oxidierenden System für einige Farbstoffe die besten Resultate liefert.
A Shape‐Persistent Quadruply Interlocked Giant Cage Catenane with Two Distinct Pores in the Solid State
Authors: Zhang Gang , Presly Oliver , White Fraser , Oppel Iris M. , Mastalerz Michael
Published: April 2014

Discrete interlocked three‐dimensional structures are synthetic targets that are sometimes difficult to obtain with “classical” synthetic approaches, and dynamic covalent chemistry has been shown to be a useful method to form such interlocked structures as thermodynamically stable products. Although interlocked and defined hollow structures are found in nature, for example, in some viruses, similar structures have rarely been synthesized on a molecular level. Shape‐persistent interlocked organic cage compounds with dimensions in the nanometer regime are now accessible in high yields during crystallization through the formation of 96 covalent bonds. The interlocked molecules form an unprecedented porous material with intrinsic and extrinsic pores both in the micropore and mesopore regime.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization/SiC Activation Reaction for the Synthesis of Siloles
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Wei , An Kun , He Wei
Published: April 2014

Siloles represent an important emerging class of photoluminescent materials. Reported herein is a new synthetic strategy involving a tandem cyclization/SiC activation reaction featuring high efficiency, wide substrate scope, and practical utility. This method enabled the first synthesis of benzofuran siloles as well as rapid access to conjugated siloles. During the course of the study we also uncovered an unusual yet general SiC(sp2) activation in the presence of π acids.
Molecular Engineering of Fracture Energy Dissipating Sacrificial Bonds Into Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanocomposites
Authors: McKee Jason R. , Huokuna Johannes , Martikainen Lahja , Karesoja Mikko , Nykänen Antti , Kontturi Eero , Tenhu Heikki , Ruokolainen Janne , Ikkala Olli
Published: April 2014

Even though nanocomposites have provided a plethora of routes to increase stiffness and strength, achieving increased toughness with suppressed catastrophic crack growth has remained more challenging. Inspired by the concepts of mechanically excellent natural nanomaterials, one‐component nanocomposites were fabricated involving reinforcing colloidal nanorod cores with polymeric grafts containing supramolecular binding units. The concept is based on mechanically strong native cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) grafted with glassy polymethacrylate polymers, with side chains that contain 2‐ureido‐4[1H]‐pyrimidone (UPy) pendant groups. The interdigitation of the grafts and the ensuing UPy hydrogen bonds bind the nanocomposite network together. Under stress, UPy groups act as sacrificial bonds: simultaneously providing adhesion between the CNCs while allowing them to first orient and then gradually slide past each other, thus dissipating fracture energy. We propose that this architecture involving supramolecular binding units within side chains of polymer grafts attached to colloidal reinforcements opens generic approaches for tough nanocomposites.
Cascade Olefin Isomerization/Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reaction Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Kowalczyk Marcin , Lupton David W.
Published: April 2014

The addition of an N‐heterocyclic carbene to the carbonyl group of an α,β,γ,δ‐unsaturated enol ester affords a hemiacetal azolium intermediate that enables a cascade olefin isomerization/Diels–Alder reaction, for which mechanistic studies implicate Lewis base catalysis. Preliminary studies into the utility of the products have been undertaken with reductive and oxidative cleavage, giving materials for potential use in complex‐target synthesis.
Gold‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Functionalized Pyridines by Using 2H‐Azirines as Synthetic Equivalents of Alkenyl Nitrenes
Authors: Prechter Agnes , Henrion Guilhem , Faudot dit Bel Pierre , Gagosz Fabien
Published: April 2014

2H‐Azirines are easily synthesized from the corresponding ketones and, despite possessing a CN bond embedded in a strained three‐membered cycle, they are sufficiently stable to be isolated, stored, and manipulated. 2H‐Azirines can be regarded as valuable synthetic equivalents of alkenyl nitrenes, however, reactions capitalizing on the cyclic strain of the heterocyclic motif and involving the cleavage of the CN single bond remain surprisingly limited. A gold‐catalyzed reaction that allows the formation of polysubstituted functionalized pyridines from easily accessible 2‐propargyl 2H‐azirine derivatives was developed. This transformation, which corresponds to an unprecedented intramolecular transfer of an alkenyl nitrene to an alkyne, proceeds with low catalyst loading, is efficient, and exhibits a high functional‐group tolerance and a wide substrate scope.
CH Bond Functionalization through Intramolecular Hydride Transfer
Authors: Haibach Michael C. , Seidel Daniel
Published: April 2014

Known for over a century, reactions that involve intramolecular hydride‐transfer events have experienced a recent resurgence. Undoubtedly responsible for the increased interest in this research area is the realization that hydride shifts represent an attractive avenue for CH bond functionalization. The redox‐neutral nature of these complexity‐enhancing transformations makes them ideal for sustainable reaction development. This Review summarizes recent progress in this field while highlighting key historical contributions.
Construction of a Live‐Attenuated HIV‐1 Vaccine through Genetic Code Expansion
Authors: Wang Nanxi , Li Yue , Niu Wei , Sun Ming , Cerny Ronald , Li Qingsheng , Guo Jiantao
Published: April 2014

A safe and effective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) is urgently needed to combat the worldwide AIDS pandemic, but still remains elusive. The fact that uncontrolled replication of an attenuated vaccine can lead to regaining of its virulence creates safety concerns precluding many vaccines from clinical application. We introduce a novel approach to control HIV‐1 replication, which entails the manipulation of essential HIV‐1 protein biosynthesis through unnatural amino acid (UAA*)‐mediated suppression of genome‐encoded blank codon. We successfully demonstrate that HIV‐1 replication can be precisely turned on and off in vitro.
Specroelectrochemical, switching kinetics, and chronoamperometric studies of dibenzyl derivative of poly(3,4‐propylenedioxythiophene) thin‐film‐based electrochromic device
Authors: Lakshmanan Raja , Raja Palani Prabhu , Shivaprakash Narayanapura Channegowda , Nair Sindhu Sukumaran
Published: April 2014

The dibenzyl derivative of poly(3,4‐propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT‐Bz2) thin film is deposited onto ITO‐coated glass substrate by electropolymerization technique. The electropolymerization of ProDOT‐Bz2 is carried out by a three‐electrode electrochemical cell. The cyclic voltammogram shows the redox properties of electrochemically prepared films deposited at different scan rates. The thin films prepared were characterized for its morphological properties to study the homogeniety. Classic six‐layer structure of PProDOT‐Bz2 electrochromic device using this material was fabricated and reported for the first and its characterizations such as spectroelectrochemical, switching kinetics, and chronoamperometric studies are performed. The color contrast of the thin film and the device achieved are 64 and 40%, respectively, at λmax (628 nm). The switching time is recorded and the observed values are 5 s from the coloring state to the bleaching state and vice versa. The chronoamperometry shows that the device performed up to 400 cycles, and it is capable of working up to 35 cycles without any degradation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40717.