bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Nation of Warriors
Authors: Pichichero Christy
Published: March 2019

This increasing care for and recognition of the common soldier set the stage for the new patriotic and heroic ideologies explored in chapter four. In this, neither social status nor simply winning battles were sufficient and the heroism of the monarch and aristocratic warriors came under scrutiny. New faces came to populate a democratizing heroic imaginary – those ofcommon soldiers and non-commissioned officers – and their acts were increasingly told through various secular and popular artistic media. Novels, plays, and military writings championed the patriotic military fervor and potential for heroism of different social groups: common men of the Third Estate, French women, foreigners serving in the French armed forces, and religious and ethnic “Others” allied with the French. These new heroes and heroines were recognized in the cultural imaginary and, to some extent, in practice as members of the military moved to protect, acknowledge, and reward them for their service.
The Dialectic of Military Enlightenment
Authors: Pichichero Christy
Published: March 2019

Arguing against a narrative of rupture, this chapter shows the continuing influence of the Military Enlightenment on Revolutionary and Napoleonic martial cultures. From a military standpoint, grappling with the wars of 1792 to 1815 demanded renewed efforts to optimize systems of logistics, manpower, tactics, technology, and medicine. Enlightenment paradigms of reform – adopting an esprit philosophique, buttressing martial sociability (fraternity, Napoleonic friendship), exercising sensibilité in care for troops, and further democratizing heroism and citizenship – framed these efforts. In addition to highlighting continuity and indeed the apogee of certain aspects of the Military Enlightenment, this chapter also point to transgressions, particularly Napoleon’s alleged promulgation of pillage and rape culture.
Epilogue
Authors: Pichichero Christy
Published: March 2019

A brief epilogue examines further continuities in the legacy of the Military Enlightenment from broader global and chronological standpoints. From Clausewitz to De Gaulle to Chomsky and from nineteenth-century colonial conquest to twenty-first century drone warfare, it traces forward the themes of the book and illustrates that the paradoxes of the Military Enlightenment are as significant today as they were in the eighteenth century. The book closes by insisting upon the necessity of both humanitarian law and the empathetic behavior of individuals, combatants and civilians alike, for success in setting limits on the devastations of war.
The Erotics of Racial Regeneration
Authors: Leng Kirsten
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores the attraction of racial thinking, and particularly eugenics, for women sexologists. It argues that eugenics’ appeal lay not only in its stress on women’s critical role in racial regeneration, but also in the fact that many eugenicists conceived of sexual ethics in ways similar to many of the female sexual theorists examined in this book. This chapter further demonstrates that eugenics produced more than one kind of sexual politics. Through an in-depth exploration of the work of Grete Meisel-Hess, I show how eugenics, when combined with new understandings of the female sex drive, enabled theorists like Meisel-Hess to argue that women had a right to self-determined sexual experiences, regardless of marital status; to broach a sweeping critique of sexual ethics and arrangements under capitalist patriarchy; and to demand a comprehensive range of reforms to marriage, family law, and the welfare state.
“New Social and Moral Values Will Have to Prevail”
Authors: Leng Kirsten
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines how women sexologists diverged from their male peers in their analyses of the First World War and its effects. By focusing on the work of Grete Meisel-Hess, Henriette Fürth, Helene Stöcker, and Mathile Vaerting, it shows how they gave greater credence to women’s subjective experiences of the war and challenged their male colleagues’ attempts to blame women for the war’s so-called sexual problems, including the spread of venereal diseases, proliferation of prostitution, decline in birth rates, and “degeneration” of public morality. Most importantly, it demonstrates how women sexologists treated the war as an opportunity for rethinking and transforming sexual life. At the same time, this chapter highlights the persistence of biopolitical concerns in women’s writings—concerns only heightened by the war’s dire consequences.
America Goes to Work
Authors: Karmel Jonathan D.
Published: March 2019

This chapter presents a brief history of the significant events that changed the American workplace in the Nineteenth century. The upheaval from the Industrial Revolution, supported by waves of immigration, along with the rise of unions and worker unrest, are all discussed as America transitioned from an agrarian economy into an industrial giant.
Keeping Americans Safe at Work
Authors: Karmel Jonathan D.
Published: March 2019

This chapter traces workplace safety laws and regulations from after the Civil War to the passage of the OSHAct. It features the activists, journalists,social scientists and workplace disasters that were instrumental in raising public awareness of the need for worker safety laws that finally resulted in national legislation in 1970, as well as the opposition to the OSHAct that continues today.
Just the Facts
Authors: Karmel Jonathan D.
Published: March 2019

Chapter Four presents up-to-date workplace injury and death statistics from the Bureau of Labor Standards and discusses the inability of OSHA to meaningfully investigate American worksites and enforce the OSHAct due to the deliberate under resourcing of the agency orchestrated by the Chamber and its allies in Congress.
Stories
Authors: Karmel Jonathan D.
Published: March 2019

Chapter Five is comprised of fifteen stories of real life workers who died or were seriously injured at work. The injured workers or their surviving family members tell intimate stories about their lives, aspirations, hopes and dreams that were unalterably changed due to a preventable workplace injury or death. To give context to their injury or death, each story is preceded by a brief overview of their particular industry and its workplace death and injury rates.
The Big Change
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: March 2019

Although bird feeding began as a predominantly winter activity – and remains strictly so in many parts of the world – there has been a remarkable change to feeding throughout the year, typically promoted by major bird and conservation organisations. This change is especially noteworthy because these same groups were initially implacably opposed to such a practice only a few decades previously. This chapter explores the possible influences leading to this significant change in the practice of bird feeding.
Tainted Table?
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: March 2019

One of the significant concerns of many people engaged in bird feeding is whether this popular practice could be detrimental to the birds themselves. The possibility that the practice could potentially aid the spread of disease is one of the main issues, although the suitability and nutritional value of the food is also important. This chapter summarises what is currently known about these issues.
Feeding for a Purpose
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: March 2019

The use of supplementary foods is a widely employed technique in wildlife management and conservation biology. Here, many well-studied examples are described as a further way to understand the possible implications of feeding birds in gardens.
The Window
Authors: Shannon Matthew K.
Published: March 2019

This chapter demonstrates that three groups within the Kennedy administration offered different perspectives about the relationship between rights and development in Iran. It argues that a group of Iranian students in the United States and American proponents of liberalization in Iran influenced the policy process through 1962, but that Washington ultimately prioritized security concerns over political freedoms after the shah launched the White Revolution in 1963.
The Internationalisms of the Iranian Revolution
Authors: Shannon Matthew K.
Published: March 2019

The conclusion studies the groups of U.S.-trained revolutionaries that returned to Iran to contribute to the overthrow of the shah and the establishment of the Islamic Republic.
Epilogue
Authors: Shannon Matthew K.
Published: March 2019

Losing Hearts and Minds is the first book to investigate the multifaceted educational connections between the United States and Iran during the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. It unearths the human experiences, institutional commitments, national interests, ideologies of development, and networks of resistance that contributed to the fundamental tension in the American-Iranian relationship. That tension—the incompatibility between an authoritarian variety of “modernization” and a political interpretation of “rights”—was inextricably intertwined with a binational educational project that paradoxically strengthened and subverted the official alliance between Washington and Tehran, in the process reshaping the acceptable boundaries for the exercise of state power during the cold war era and beyond....
Sex, Love, and Migration
Authors: Bloch Alexia
Published: March 2019

Sex, Love, and Migration: Postsocialism, Modernity, and Intimacy from Istanbul to the Arctic (SLM) examines global inequality beyond familiar discussions of exploitative relationships that divide the world between the “Third/First World” or “Global South/North”. SLM traces how women’s mobility is fundamentally reshaping their emotional worlds and social ties: with men, children, work, households of origin and destination communities. Since the early 1990s, post-Soviet women have crossed borders between the former Soviet Union and Turkey as labor migrants. Based on ethnographic fieldwork spanning over a decade primarily in Istanbul, but also in Russia and southern Moldova, SLM portrays the lives of post-Soviet migrant women often employed for years on end in three distinct spheres: sex work, the garment trade, and domestic work. It considers how they negotiate emotion, intimate relationships, and unpredictable state powers shaping their lives. SLM challenges us to reconsider assumptions about mobile women being solely defined by danger, victimization, and trafficking, and instead, turns our attention to the stories that speak to the myriad aspirations and complex lives of people engaged in transnational mobility. Above all, SLM portrays women migrants as people who foster intimate ties as they move between hubs of global capitalism and their home communities.
Intimate Currencies
Authors: Bloch Alexia
Published: March 2019

Drawing on interviews and participant observation with 15 entertainers in Istanbul, this chapter shows how younger women migrants disavow discourses that would frame them as “victims” of trafficking. Entertainers often see new forms of mobility as creating a possibility of feeling cosmopolitan and modern, and unlike many other post-Soviet women migrants, they are comfortable with the possibilities sexuality affords. The chapter portrays how entertainers flaunt sexuality “without hang-ups”, along with ideals about intimacy, love, and romance, in their effort to provide the authentic “girlfriend experience” that Turkish men they encounter appear to seek. The chapter also reflects on the forms of agency post-Soviet exotic dancers have as they navigate within the constraints of a sexualized sphere of labor in Turkey.
The New Patent Regime
Authors: Halliburton Murphy
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines efforts to resist the implementation of the new patent regime in India out of concern for the price of essential medicines. The Indian pharmaceutical sector has been a principle source of low cost medicines for developing countries, but may no longer be able to produce inexpensive copies of medications patented elsewhere. India’s WTO-compliant patent law has a silver lining, however, since it requires companies to demonstrate increased effectiveness of new drugs over the standard of care, provisions against “evergreening” of patents that are not required by US patent laws. Activists in India have been able to defeat several recent patent applications under this provision. The pharmaceutical giant Novartis challenged this provision in the Indian Supreme Court while at the same time the company was holding patents for medical products that were derived from India’s indigenous ayurvedic medical system.
Ayurvedic Dilemmas
Authors: Halliburton Murphy
Published: March 2019

The chapter opens with the history of the sharing and stealing of biological knowledge between India and the West including the story of how the drug reserpine made its way from practitioners of ayurvedic medicine to Novartis’ patent portfolio. The chapter then moves to a discussion of how ayurvedic medicine fits, and does not fit, the requirements of patent law using the perspectives of ayurvedic practitioners and manufacturers I interviewed. Modern patent law leaves ayurvedic medical knowledge unprotected because ayurvedic doctors use plant materials and do not isolate active chemical ingredients that may exist in these materials and also because ayurvedic practice is believed to be communal and traditional and not based on individual invention. I also show how ayurvedic doctors and producers of ayurvedic pharmaceuticals have developed diverse responses to the new regime including efforts to create proprietary ayurvedic drugs and compile their knowledge in a digital library.
The Gilead Model and the Perspective of Big Pharma
Authors: Halliburton Murphy
Published: March 2019

Here this study takes into account the perspective of multinational pharmaceutical companies. I first discuss the difficulties I encountered in getting access to individuals from pharmaceutical companies who would speak on patent issues and how I was eventually able to speak with representatives from Gilead and Pfizer. Gilead Sciences, a mid-size US-based company, is voluntarily allowing 16 Indian generic pharmaceutical producers to manufacture their drug, tenofovir, a crucial WHO-recommended therapy for HIV/AIDS, and as a result, the price of tenofovir has gone down dramatically. This chapter assesses the meaning of these events and argues that the priority of pharmaceutical companies under the new patent regime is not to get people in poor countries to start paying high drug prices but to protect their markets in wealthy and middle-income countries. The real problem of access under the new patent regime may turn out to be for the poor who live in middle-income countries.
The View from Hyderabad
Authors: Halliburton Murphy
Published: March 2019

The boom town of Hyderabad is the center of India’s pharmaceutical industry, and this was where I met with representatives from two Indian pharmaceutical companies to discuss topics such as economies of scale in pharmaceutical production—the special capacity of the Indian pharma sector—licenses with foreign multinationals such as Gilead and prospects for new research and development. This chapter argues that those who anticipate a simple takeover by “multinational” companies of “Indian” companies, which are in fact also multinational, simplify what are complex and surprising emergences negotiated by quite powerful India-based corporate actors. The chapter also examines the first two patented drugs developed in India under the new patent regime, an anti-malarial medication and a cancer drug, and considers whether new research by Indian companies will focus on medical problems affecting low income countries or on products for high income markets.
Conclusion
Authors: Halliburton Murphy
Published: March 2019

The conclusion reiterates the problems with analyzing this new constellation of power and of predicting its outcomes. Certain effective provisions are highlighted such as Section 3d of India’s new Patents Act which maintains rigorous standards of inventiveness and efficacy, preventing the “evergreening” of patents and “me too” drugs that have been awarded patents elsewhere. The study ends with a brief comparison to similar patent struggles in Brazil and an assessment of programs that offer more equitable approaches to innovation and ownership such as the Health Impact Fund and the Open Source Drug Discovery program.
Introduction
Authors: Schubert Jon
Published: March 2019

This chapter introduces the reader to Luanda and the paradoxes of living in ‘Boomtown Africa’ today. It presents the emic notion of the ‘system’ as an analytic to think through the facets of hegemony in contemporary Angola, and, by outlining its main themes, positions the book conceptually within current debates on political legitimacy, resource-dependent economic growth, and the making and remaking of the state in Africa.
Against the System, within the System
Authors: Schubert Jon
Published: March 2019

The final chapter explores what happens when the ‘hegemonic domination’ sketched out previously reaches its limits. It shows how youth anti-government protests that started in 2011 utilise the discursive repertoires of dominant ideology to challenge the dominance of the regime. By disassembling the discursive and performative reactions by various social actors to those events the chapter draws back together the different elements that make up the modalities of power in Angola analysed separately in the previous chapters. Although the demonstrations could not decisively change the outcome of the 2012 elections, these first protests did significantly impact on the dynamics of Angolan political culture, triggering strong reactions by a vast array of social actors and sketching out the possibility of change.
Epilogue
Authors: Schubert Jon
Published: March 2019

The epilogue updates the book with the most recent political developments in Angola (2012-2016), focusing on the growing repression of dissidence since the 2012. It appears that the cultivation of consent is reaching its limits, and that the regime is increasingly relying on the armor of coercion to ensure its survival. This chapter then offers a further perspective on the ways the system is being remade and reproduced in a moment of crisis, and sketch out the possibility of change, through the system, from an Angolan perspective.
Characterizing and Explaining Wartime Displacement
Authors: Steele Abbey
Published: March 2019

Chapter one offers a typology of displacement, based on how armed groups target violence against civilians. Selective violence leads to individual escape, indiscriminate violence leads to mass relocation, and collective violence leads to political cleansing. The first two types are unintentional outcomes of armed groups’ violence, while political cleansing is purposeful displacement. The chapter then goes on to explain when and where armed groups are most likely to attempt political cleansing during civil war. Armed groups displace civilians who they believe are loyal to their rivals, during contestation for territory. Elections during wars can forge collective identities through political parties, reveal civilians’ loyalties, and spur politicians to ally with armed groups.
The Legacy of Displacement during La Violencia and the Origins of the Contemporary War in Colombia
Authors: Steele Abbey
Published: March 2019

Chapter two presents a historical overview of the Colombian civil war. The current civil war’s roots extend back to La Violencia, the previous civil conflict in the mid-20th century, in which millions of Colombians were internally displaced. The chapter traces the legacy of civilian displacement for both the development of political loyalties, and the emergence of the contemporary insurgencies. The political loyalties formed during this period in some communities have effects on the trajectory of the civil war violence decades later.
The Contemporary Civil War in Colombia, 1986–2012
Authors: Steele Abbey
Published: March 2019

Chapter three traces the evolution of the key armed actors in the contemporary civil war: the insurgents (primarily the FARC), the counterinsurgents, and state forces. It describes the confrontation among these groups in terms of the overall patterns of violence beginning in the 1980s through the 2000s. Finally it raises key questions about civilian displacement that the rest of the book sets out to answer, such as why displacement emerged when it did, only decades after the formation of insurgent groups and years after the counterinsurgency began.
Democratic Reforms and the Emergence of Political Cleansing in Colombia
Authors: Steele Abbey
Published: March 2019

Chapter four grapples with the puzzling timing of the onset of displacement in Colombia decades after the formation of the insurgency. My theory expects that the onset of displacement should be associated with the revelation of civilians’ loyalties and increased competition among armed groups. This chapter describes the formation of the Unión Patriótica (UP), the political party associated with the FARC, and the implementation of local-level mayoral elections, and show that these were crucial steps in the adoption of displacement as a tactic by paramilitaries because they solidified and revealed loyalties. Displacement on a wide scale can be traced to 1988 - the year that elections were extended to the local level. There is evidence, in addition, that supporters of the UP were the earliest targets of displacement. The increase in displacement is also linked to the growth and spread of counterinsurgent forces.
Political Cleansing and Resistance in Apartadó
Authors: Steele Abbey
Published: March 2019

Chapter five moves to one municipality to test the theory based on detailed information about which civilians and neighborhoods armed groups targeted, and who left the municipality as a result. I show that residents of UP-supporting neighborhoods were much likelier to leave Apartadó between 1991 and 1998, using local electoral returns and voter censuses. To investigate if the variation in displacement across political groups was caused by the conquering paramilitary groups, I draw on archival and interview evidence and show that the displacement of UP supporters was the result of a concerted paramilitary campaign. This chapter also explores how two rural communities were able to withstand collective targeting and thwart political cleansing, against the odds.
Toxic Impacts
Authors: Quigley Fran
Published: March 2019

People in the U.S. and beyond are struggling to get the medicines they need, leading to millions dying and suffering needlessly. Cancer patients face particularly deadly barriers to medicine, and the current medicine system neglects many major diseases simply because those diseases do not promise profitable returns on medicines sold.
Profits over Patients
Authors: Quigley Fran
Published: March 2019

Pharmaceutical corporations justify enormous prices and history-making profits by citing their research and development investments, but those investments are exaggerated and the companies waste billions on drug marketing and sales promotions. The current system also leads to unethical corporate behavior and compromises physician integrity.
Patently Poisonous
Authors: Quigley Fran
Published: March 2019

Medicine patents are extended too far and too wide, stunting the development of new medicines.
Contrary to industry claims, governments, not private corporations, drive medicine innovation, causing taxpayers and patients pay twice for patented medicines.
A Better Remedy
Authors: Quigley Fran
Published: March 2019

Current law, along with limited changes to existing law, both provide many opportunities for access to affordable generic medicines. There are far better ways to develop medicines and to ensure access that the current system, and these better approaches recognise the human right to access essential medicines.
Ten Years of War
Authors: Mëhilli Elidor
Published: March 2019

The first chapter begins in 1939 because it argues that Albanians made sense of later Soviet influences in terms of earlier contacts with Italians, Germans, and Yugoslavs. The chapter gives an overview of Mussolini’s bid for a Mediterranean empire, which paved the way for the establishment of a Communist party under occupation. It frames the years 1939-49 as a revolutionary period, exploring wartime military struggles and Yugoslav dependency following liberation. Viewing these processes as interlinked illuminates continuities that are not captured in conventional Cold War chronologies, including the little known fact that post-war authorities sought to build socialism using Italian engineers stuck in the country after the war.
1991
Authors: Mëhilli Elidor
Published: March 2019

The afterword takes the story of socialism through the 1970s and 1980s, to show how socialist globalization ended up enforcing geopolitical isolation. It also addresses the fate of some of the protagonists mentioned in earlier chapters. Some of them went on to have long careers; others faced banishment, prison sentences, or death. This history might seem remote, but the afterword shows how some of these material legacies can be seen even today in the Balkans.
Mirror
Authors: Figlerowicz Marta
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines a number of poems by John Ashbery. Ashbery’s poetry explores doubts about lyric expression’s dependence on its audience that are analogous to those voiced by Plath and Stevens. But like the novels discussed in earlier chapters, Ashbery’s lyrics also implicitly accept their speakers’ dependence, for their self-awareness, on audiences whose presence and attentiveness they cannot control. The mirror serves these speakers as a model for the intense, careful outward scrutiny that they constantly dream of but cannot consistently secure. As Ashbery’s speakers mistake for such mirrors paintings, daydreams, and natural landscapes, they reflect on the imperfect self-knowledge they can attain in a world from which such forms of outward support are not forthcoming—as well as on the way this desire for self-knowledge clouds their capacity to relate to their surrounding world. This notion of affect is further explored by juxtaposition against the views of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick.
Conflicting Statutory Purposes: Conflicting Values
Authors: Gross James A.
Published: March 2019

This chapter analyses how from the Taft-Hartley Act to the Reagan–Bush Boards the subordination of workers’ rights to the economic interests of employers became more established, particularly as a result of key Supreme Court decisions. The chapter also discusses organized management’s efforts to block U.S. government ratification of international workers’ rights conventions.
Gould Board Decisions and Workers’ Rights
Authors: Gross James A.
Published: March 2019

These chapters discuss NLRB Chairman Bill Gould’s politically charged appointment process. They explain how significant doctrinal and administrative accomplishments occurred during the Gould Chairmanship but were less than they could have been due to self-destructive inside-the-Board hostility coupled with ideologically–driven, outside-the-Board opposition.
The Battista Board: Individual Not Collective Rights
Authors: Gross James A.
Published: March 2019

This chapter demonstrates that the Battista Board epitomized the power of the values of decision-makers in discerning and applying the intent and nature of the Act. As one Battista Board Member put it, New Deal optimism about the Act had been replaced by “raw deal cynicism” even as a counter-movement developed proclaiming that workers’ rights were human rights.
The Liebman Board: The NLRA, at Its Heart a Human Rights Law
Authors: Gross James A.
Published: March 2019

This chapter emphasizes Chairman Liebman’s Board’s efforts to bring the statute’s workers’ rights emphasis back to life through case decisions, fuller use of the NLRB’s remedy power, and rule-making that would have required most private sector employers to post a notice at the workplace informing workers of their rights under the Act and would have streamlined the NLRB’s representation election process by eliminating unnecessary delays.
Concluding Comments
Authors: Gross James A.
Published: March 2019

The concluding chapter makes a number of points: the Act is not neutral, but is intended to promote and protect workers’ rights; the international community recognizes the freedom of association and collective bargaining as human rights; and calls for visionary thinking including elimination of employment at will, revamping law school education to connect with workplace realities, the Board to consider the perspectives of other legal systems around the world, consideration of the U.S. Constitution as a source of workers’ rights, and abandonment of the pluralist values which would transform workers’ rights into workers’ interests–self-interested, economic activity no different than business activity.
The Politics of Japanese Documentary Film
Authors: Hori Hikari
Published: March 2019

Chapter Three shows how documentary film was a rich and chaotic site for nationalist, imperialist, and anti-imperialist experimentation. Introducing the female documentarian Atsugi Taka (1907-98) as a guide, the chapter demonstrates the development of the genre and show how practitioners worked within and around official ideologies and the restrictive media-scape. Atsugi is well-known for her translation of the theoretical treatise Documentary Film (1935) by British producer and theorist Paul Rotha. The book attracted an unexpectedly wide audience in Japan during WWII when documentary as genre flourished. Atsugi’s own films also present a tangled, complicated site of production where she navigated the gender politics of filmmaking and everyday life, state suppression of socialist and proletarian movements, and the problems of adapting socialist British theory to actual filmmaking in totalitarian Japan. (129 words)
Comparing Grand Strategies—and Their Inherent Limitations
Authors: Reich Simon , Dombrowski Peter
Published: March 2019

This chapter begins with a personal vignette from one of the authors (Reich) regarding scenario planning and its relationship to strategizing. In this chapter, we outline the major strands of contemporary US grand strategy, and identify the conditions under which each one is employed by policymakers and, ultimately, the U.S. Navy. It then examines theories that may explain why a series of strategies run simultaneously before comprehensively examining the contemporary contending variants of grand strategy. It outlines three major variants and then distinguish two sub-categories within each variant for a total of six. It compares and contrasts the key elements of each to illustrate how – despite the fact that they may share features –is ultimately configures in a unique way.
Racing for the Arctic with a Strategy of Restraint
Authors: Reich Simon , Dombrowski Peter
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines the shift from a traditional strategy of isolationism to an embryonic variant of a strategy of retrenchment (called “restraint”) in the Arctic region. The Arctic is an area where environmental and economic (natural resources) concerns dominate the US agenda. Security considerations such as contested sovereignty – and the question of what proponents of a strategy of restraint call “chokepoints” – are generally neglected. The chapter therefore begins with a vignette about the Russians planting a titanium flag on the bed of the Arctic Ocean as the segue to a broader discussion of the strategic implications of the ice melt. We focus on the emergence of a new “commons;’” the development of new chokepoints that American strategists currently debate; and the lack of desire (and capacity) of the US Navy to take on this new role.
Conclusion
Authors: Reich Simon , Dombrowski Peter
Published: March 2019

This chapter is divided into three components:
1. A review of the (lack of) utility of the concept of grand strategy in view of the prior chapters
2. A discussion of the theoretical and policy implications of our alternative formulation which we characterize as “calibrated strategies” in an evolving strategic environment (see chapter 2) where there are proliferating demands made on the military.
3. The implications of our findings for the future of the military, particularly the Navy (as the central branch of the military services in most grand strategic theorizing).
Our overall assessment is that academics have to reappraise and focus on explanation, not prescription, and that an adaptive approach is required by policymakers in recognizing contingencies rather than strategizing in terms of generalities. Naval officials, however, will seek to avoid certain kinds of MOOTW whenever possible, preferring to pursue traditional naval functions, playing “away games” in the places like the South China Sea rather than “home games” guarding America’s shores from illicit flows.
The Shadow of Strasbourg
Authors: Drohan Brian
Published: March 2019

The second chapter examines British responses to two sets of events: the two European Commission of Human Rights cases filed by the Greek government on behalf of Greek Cypriots; and Greek Cypriot allegations of British atrocities. The Cyprus government reacted by establishing a counterpropaganda organization, the Special Investigations Group (SIG), which existed to defend British actions rather than investigate the validity of Greek Cypriot claims. Furthermore, colonial authorities manipulated the results of government inquiries into two controversial incidents in order to deflect criticism from the security forces. When faced with challenges from within Cyprus and abroad, British officials found new ways to cover up evidence of rights abuses.
“Hunger War”
Authors: Drohan Brian
Published: March 2019

Chapter three examines the 1964 Radfan campaign. During the campaign, security forces purposefully targeted civilian livelihoods by driving the population from their homes, burning food stores, destroying crops, and killing livestock. These actions created a humanitarian crisis as thousands of refugees fled the violence. With help from a new NGO led by Peter Benenson called Amnesty International, representatives from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) sought permission to provide humanitarian aid in the Radfan, but British officials tried to prevent the ICRC from accessing the region. When ICRC access proved impossible to prevent, British authorities reacted by taking advantage of it by promoting the propaganda value of ICRC prison inspections that allowed British officials to claim that they treated detainees humanely.
“This Unhappy Affair”
Authors: Drohan Brian
Published: March 2019

Chapter four explains how allegations that British forces used torture during interrogations led to colonial officials’ efforts to evade scrutiny, deny that abuses had occurred, and impugn the character of those making accusations. In 1966, Amnesty International advocated for a government investigation of these torture allegations. When ministers proved uninterested in investigating the allegations, Amnesty dispatched an investigator of its own and publicized his findings. In response to potential public embarrassment, the Foreign Secretary ordered a limited inquiry that produced a tactful semi-admission that abuses had occurred and recommended several reforms. Officials in Aden appeared to cooperate by implementing the reforms but simultaneously manipulated oversight mechanisms to ensure that the interrogation system remained shielded from scrutiny. Protected by the High Commissioner and other senior officials in Aden, interrogators resumed the use of torture.
“A More Talkative Place”
Authors: Drohan Brian
Published: March 2019

Chapter five examines how British officials responded to rights activism in Northern Ireland, with an emphasis on the period from the army’s initial deployment in 1969 to 1976. Rights activists criticized the government for permitting repressive measures such as internment without trial and torture during interrogation (the “five techniques”), but the results of this activism differed from past conflicts. Activism fostered more open and frank discussions of counterinsurgency practices than in the Cyprus or Aden campaigns which led to numerous government inquiries. Although the results of some inquiries—such as the Compton Report and the Widgery Tribunal—reflected a desire to justify or downplay British actions, others dug deeper into the issues and evidence. These inquiries resulted in a substantive and persistent public debate over rights issues related to detention and interrogation in which government brutality and repression was frequently contested, albeit with mixed results.
Unconditional Basic Income
Authors: Chamberlain James A.
Published: March 2019

This chapter shows that many arguments for the UBI extol its capacity to boost employment. A UBI motivated by this goal would enhance distributive justice, but would fail to tackle three problems with work: the mismatch between the social recognition and the contribution that a job makes to society; the marginalization of those who cannot or will not perform paid work, even though many contribute to society through unpaid activities; and the pressure that paid work puts on the non-paid activities that make up a rich and rewarding life. To counter these risks, we need to argue for the UBI in conjunction with a critique of the work society, and as a measure that can take us beyond it.
Introduction
Authors: Sayej Caroleen Marji
Published: March 2019

The introduction highlights the discourses of the senior Shiite clerics and how they oriented a state under reconstruction, especially during a period of brutal and sustained violence. Their importance lies in their ability to affect the state’s course of action and also offers a window into the political culture in which people operate. There is interpretive value in the ideas that flood the public sphere and are reproduced over and again, creating new patterns of interaction and new political symbols. The ayatollahs helped to set the parameters for debate—to frame it. The chapter highlights the importance of the ayatollahs within the Shiite hierarchical tradition, which made their political activism possible.
Introduction
Authors: Downing Eric
Published: March 2019

This introduction outlines the book’s overall plan and dominant themes. It offers a broad account of the relations between practices of reading, magic, and divination; a survey of ancient traditions of divination and their role in classical literature; and an overview of Neoplatonist divinatory readings of both the world and texts up to the early modern period. A following section draws on studies by Walter Benjamin and Michel Foucault to argue for the continued importance of magic reading practices for the nineteenth-century realist novel and modernist writings. A final section traces the survival of the Neoplatonic notion of a sympathetic world order into the nineteenth and early twentieth century in the form of “Naturphilosophie,” “Lebensphilosophie,” and the aesthetics of Stimmung.
Painting Magic in Keller’s Green Henry
Authors: Downing Eric
Published: March 2019

This chapter offers an exemplary reading of Gottfried Keller’s Bildungsroman, Der Grüne Heinrich, in terms of Stimmung. A synopsis of recent theoretical discussions of Stimmung is coupled with an exploration of its affinities with classical “sympatheia” and hence with sympathetic magic and its alternate causalities and potential futural effects. Focusing on themes of landscape painting, erotic attraction, witchery, and relations between the human and nonhuman worlds, the following analysis of Keller’s novel develops a new account of realist things, representations, and temporalities, based on a model of realism as grounded in divinatory readings both in and of the literary text.
Speaking Magic in Fontane’s The Stechlin
Authors: Downing Eric
Published: March 2019

This chapter focuses on Theodor Fontane’s late “Gesellschaftsroman,” Der Stechlin. It explores his investment in divinatory readings via omens, anecdotes, names, and the natural world in earlier novels, and notes their changed function in this last novel, wherein futurity comes into question and ‘magic reading’ is recast in terms of Stimmung, sociability, and the “great connectedness of things.” An exegesis of Georg Simmel’s notion of “Geselligkeit” in relation to its magical, sympathetic properties and to Stimmung is deployed to help explicate Fontane’s model of sociability. Weakened connections to the future, the nonhuman world, and language are posed as symptomatic of the simultaneous fading of Fontane’s magical and realist worlds here at the end of the nineteenth century.
Reading Magic in Walter Benjamin
Authors: Downing Eric
Published: March 2019

This chapter focuses on divination in Walter Benjamin’s work, against the background of modernism’s self-imposed rejection of futurity and engagement with ‘primal history’, and the rise of fascism, commodity culture, and “Lebensphilosophie” or vitalism. It explores his writings on fate, graphology, gambling, childhood, language theory, his doctrine of the similar and the mimetic faculty, foregrounding his Neoplatonist investments, interests in magic, and take on the nineteenth century. Overall, the chapter considers the relations between Benjamin’s model of reading, especially magic reading, and the idea of happiness or “Glück.”
Pride and Shame
Authors: Dzenovska Dace
Published: March 2019

Chapter 1 outlines the moral landscape surrounding Europe’s colonial history. On the basis of analysis of encounters between Latvians who take pride in appropriating colonial expeditions of a 17th century Duke in Latvian national history and their puzzled Western observers, the chapter shows that this moral landscape is characterized by an imperative to remember Europe’s colonial history as a violent foundational moment that places ethical and political demands upon the present. At the same time, this moral landscape is fraught with ambiguities and tensions. If mainstream liberals recognize European colonialism as shameful, but prefer to publicly talk about the values of democracy, human rights, and freedom as European contribution to humanity, left-leaning postcolonial activists and scholars demand explicit recognition of colonialism’s continued legacy—for example, racism—in European politics and institutions of governance. Latvians manoeuvre this moral landscape in ways that disturb both.
The State People and Their Minorities
Authors: Dzenovska Dace
Published: March 2019

Chapter 2 considers whether and how Latvians took up lessons in political liberalism with regard to the most important issue at the foundation of the post-Soviet Latvian state, that is, how to handle the large number of Russians and Russian-speaking Soviet people in the making of a national state. This is one area where most Latvians—those who embraced tolerance and those who did not—converged in a belief that it is they who needed to teach rather than receive lessons. Namely, most considered that European institutions and publics did not understand Soviet history. For most Latvians, it was Soviet socialism rather than European colonialism—or even fascism—that placed moral and political demands upon their present. It is this history that necessitated the implementation of restrictive citizenship and language policies in order to ensure the survival of the Latvian nation and the state.
Parry to Thrust
Authors: MacDonald Paul K. , Parent Joseph M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter elaborates the logic of the arguments. First, it contends that decline encourages retrenchment because viable states seek strategic solvency. Second, states rely on a combination of domestic and international policies to manage decline and as the rate of decline increases states will not only retrench more, they will increasingly rely on international policies because domestic self-help is insufficient. Third, four structural modifiers intervene between systemic stimulus and policy response: relative rank, ally availability, commitment interdependence, and the conquest calculus.
The Fates of Nations
Authors: MacDonald Paul K. , Parent Joseph M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter discusses research design: how cases were selected, issues with measurement, and the quantitative and qualitative ways variables were operationalized. It then overviews all the cases to see general patterns and correlations. It finds little support for preventive war and domestic dysfunction arguments, while retrenchment appears to be the most common and effective response to great power decline. Statistical tests are run to compare how declining states' defense policies and crisis behavior differ from non-declining states, and a brief view is provided of how the data portrays rising state behavior.
A Hegemon Wakes Up
Authors: MacDonald Paul K. , Parent Joseph M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter argues that British elites coalesced behind a policy of retrenchment after the Boer War. Yet retrenchment was a sustained and coherent policy to deal with Britain's changing position in the system, not a focused reaction to rising German power. Balancing against Germany was a late and specific manifestation of British retrenchment, but British domestic and foreign policies were a much broader and continuous effort to make the country more competitive despite decreasing relative capabilities.
A Descending Whirligig
Authors: MacDonald Paul K. , Parent Joseph M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter illustrates how Russian decision-makers recognizes that their state was declining and embraced the domestic and foreign policies necessary to improve competitiveness and avoid costly conflicts. Waves of reform helped overhaul antiquated institutions and alliance activity gave the country breathing room to reform internally. Eventually, altered structural conditions sapped the pressures for retrenchment.
“Les Jeux Sont Faits”
Authors: MacDonald Paul K. , Parent Joseph M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter showcases how French decision-makers adapted to a fall in rank by decreasing foreign policy costs to overhaul domestic institutions and that leaders that strayed into adventurism abroad suffered negative feedback. The culmination of this process was the cementing of the Franco-Russian alliance.
The Utopian Background
Authors: MacDonald Paul K. , Parent Joseph M.
Published: March 2019

The conventional wisdom is that interwar France was socially incoherent, excessively legalistic, and unrealistically punitive. This chapter counters that French foreign policy after World War I had a high degree of consensus and strategic rationality. France adjusted to its falling power by scaling back its ambitions and leaning increasingly on other states. Unfortunately, France suffered from a lack of capable allies and options, and clung to a successful policy too long after the conditions that nourished success faded.
Conclusion
Authors: MacDonald Paul K. , Parent Joseph M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter sums the arguments and findings of the book, and relates them to the debate on decline, especially the implications for preventive war and domestic dysfunction theories. It then pivots to apply these findings to discussions about how fast the United States is falling, how it is responding to decline, and what the consequences are likely to be.
An Inquiry into Labor in Israel in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Preminger Jonathan
Published: March 2019

The Introduction presents the main concerns of the book and principal research question: what is the current status of organized labor in Israel and what is its role in the representation of workers following the decline of the Israeli variant of neocorporatism? It then overviews the rise of (Jewish) organized labor in pre-state Mandatory Palestine, its decisive role in the Zionist state-building project, its decline from the late 1970s onwards, and its ostensible resurgence in the new millennium. The Histadrut is introduced as a formerly crucial and extremely powerful political institution, now undermined by policies associated with neoliberalism which also transformed Israel’s labor market and employment norms. The chapter ends by outlining the book’s contribution to existing scholarship of trade unions and labor in Israel.