bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-assessment processes within care management: Learning from pilot projects
Authors: Abendstern Michele , Hughes Jane , Clarkson Paul , Tucker Sue , Challis David
Published: December 2011

• Summary: Self-assessment is one of a range of new practices within adult social care, aimed at increasing the choices available to service users in relation to both the assessment process and the way services are delivered. By analysing the results of both project documentation and interviews with managers of pilot projects set up to test out this approach, this article examines issues relating to the introduction of a new initiative within a social care setting and considers whether the introduction of self-assessment poses particular challenges for care management.

• Findings: The interviews revealed a mix of general as well as setting and process specific findings. The latter included the importance of the appropriate targeting of self-assessment and the need to reach a clear consensus within the service as to what self-assessment means and how it should be incorporated into an individualized model of practice. Other findings reflected issues highlighted in the literature on the management of change.

• Applications: Together the results provide useful lessons for those interested in both the specific area of study and, more generally, the implementation of new initiatives in social care.
Antecedents, Work-Related Consequences, and Buffers of Job Burnout Among Indian Software Developers
Authors: Singh Pankaj , Suar Damodar , Leiter Michael P.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the antecedents, consequences, and buffers of job burnout among software developers using job demands resources theory. Data were collected from 372 software developers in India using questionnaires. Results reveal that software developers experiencing more role ambiguity, role conflict, schedule pressure, irregular shifts, group noncooperation, psychological contract violation, and work–family conflict are at a greater risk of job burnout. The most important antecedent of job burnout was found to be work–family conflict. Job burnout increased job performance but decreased organizational commitment and interpersonal relationships. Subjective well-being and practicing yoga and meditation were inversely related to burnout-linked job performance. Subjective well-being, social support, and practicing yoga and meditation were also found to decrease the adverse association of job burnout with organizational commitment and interpersonal relationships. In the context of work-related consequences, job burnout had the biggest adverse association with organizational commitment, and practicing yoga and meditation was found to be the most influential buffer to counter the adverse consequences of job burnout.
Instructional Supervision in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya
Authors: Wanzare Zachariah
Published: December 2011

This article reports some findings of study regarding practices and procedures of internal instructional supervision in public secondary schools in Kenya. The findings are part of a large-scale project undertaken in Kenya to determine the perceptions of headteachers, teachers and senior government education officers regarding the practices of internal instructional supervision and staff development in Kenyan public secondary schools. Findings indicated that instructional supervision was viewed as a process of checking other people’s work to ensure that bureaucratic regulations and procedures are followed and that loyalty to the higher authorities is maintained. The benefits of supervision practices included facilitating students’ academic performance, improving the quality of teachers and teaching, and enabling instructional supervisors to monitor teachers’ instructional work. The major problems frustrating the practices of instructional supervision were those associated with a lack of consistency, questionable supervisor practices and lack of resources. Suggestions for change included developing clear policies on instructional supervision and providing needed resources, feedback and follow-up support.
Bridging Theory and Practice in Headship Preparation
Authors: Crawford Megan , Cowie Michael
Published: December 2011

This article draws on research undertaken in Scotland as part of an International Study of Principal Preparation (ISPP). The study is designed to address the question ‘How useful are principal preparation programmes to novice headteachers?’ Drawing on the research data from Scotland, the authors examine how novice headteachers navigate the complex area of practice by integrating personal and professional knowledge over time. They also identify key questions for future study.
Canaletto implant in revision surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome: 21 case series
Authors: Bilasy A. , Facca S. , Gouzou S. , Liverneaux P. A.
Published: December 2011

Revision carpal tunnel surgery varies from 0.3% to 19%. It involves a delayed neurolysis and prevention of perineural fibrosis. Despite numerous available procedures, the results remain mediocre. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of the Canaletto implant in this indication. Our series includes 20 patients (1 bilateral affection) reoperated for carpal tunnel between October 2008 and December 2009. After the first operation, the symptom-free period was 112 weeks, on average. The average incision was 27 mm. After neurolysis, the Canaletto implant was placed in contact with the nerve. Immediate postoperative mobilization was commenced. Sensory (pain, DN4, and hypoesthesia), motor (Jamar, muscle wasting), and functional (disabilities of the arm, should, and hand; DASH) criteria were evaluated. Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of the median nerve was measured. Average follow up was 12.1 months. All measurements were improved after insertion of the Canaletto implant: pain (6.45–3.68), DN4 (4.29–3.48), Quick DASH (55.30–34.96), Jamar (66.11–84.76), NCV (29.79–39.06 m/s), hypoesthesia (76.2–23.8%), wasting (42.9–23.8%). Nevertheless, four patients did not improve, and pain was the same or worse in six cases. Our results show that in recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome, Canaletto implant insertion gives results at least as good as other techniques, with the added advantage of a smaller access incision, a rapid, less invasive technique, and the eliminated morbidity of raising a flap to cover the median nerve.
Health-related quality of life and functional outcomes following nerve transfers for traumatic upper brachial plexus injuries
Authors: Dolan R. T. , Butler J. S. , Murphy S. M. , Hynes D. , Cronin K. J.
Published: December 2011

We report the patient-scored Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and functional outcomes of a cohort of 21 consecutive patients undergoing nerve transfer surgery for traumatic upper brachial plexus injuries. Outcomes were assessed using the British Medical Research Council power grading system, Short-Form 36, Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire, and Pain Visual Analogue Scale (PVAS). The mean age of our cohort was 29.8 years (range 18–53 years), with a mean follow-up period of 42.9 months. At follow-up, elbow flexion ≥ M3 strength was achieved in 17/21 patients. Shoulder abduction ≥ M3 was achieved in 14/19 patients. External rotation ≥ M3 strength was achieved in 11/15 patients. Delayed surgical repair correlated negatively with HRQoL outcomes. Higher injury severity scores and smoking were associated with higher PVAS scores. These findings provide key prognostic information for patients and peripheral nerve surgeons embarking upon this intensive pathway to potential recovery.
A review of ultrabrief pulse width electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Loo Colleen K. , Katalinic Natalie , Martin Donel , Schweitzer Isaac
Published: December 2011

The effect of shortening the pulse width of the electrical stimulus when administering electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has recently been systematically studied with promising results. This review examines reported outcomes from three randomized controlled trials which compared ultrabrief (≤0.3 ms) with brief (0.5–1.5 ms) pulse width ECT, and other recent clinical trials of ultrabrief pulse width ECT. The emerging evidence for ultrabrief pulse right unilateral (RUL) ECT suggests clinically meaningful efficacy and substantially reduced neuropsychological side effects compared with standard (brief) pulse ECT; this may represent a generational advance in the ECT technique. However, it is unclear if patients receiving ultrabrief pulse RUL ECT may have a slower speed of response and require additional treatments compared with brief pulse ECT. Therefore, until further data are available, clinicians may be well advised to use brief pulse ECT in situations requiring an urgent clinical response. The evidence base for ultrabrief bilateral ECT is limited, with findings that efficacy may be reduced compared with brief pulse width ECT. Thus ultrabrief bilateral ECT should not be used outside the research setting.
Normalizing for individual cell population context in the analysis of high-content cellular screens
Authors: Knapp Bettina , Rebhan Ilka , Kumar Anil , Matula Petr , Kiani Narsis A , Binder Marco , Erfle Holger , Rohr Karl , Eils Roland , Bartenschlager Ralf , Kaderali Lars
Published: December 2011

Background

High-content, high-throughput RNA interference (RNAi) offers unprecedented possibilities to elucidate gene function and involvement in biological processes. Microscopy based screening allows phenotypic observations at the level of individual cells. It was recently shown that a cell's population context significantly influences results. However, standard analysis methods for cellular screens do not currently take individual cell data into account unless this is important for the phenotype of interest, i.e. when studying cell morphology.

Results

We present a method that normalizes and statistically scores microscopy based RNAi screens, exploiting individual cell information of hundreds of cells per knockdown. Each cell's individual population context is employed in normalization. We present results on two infection screens for hepatitis C and dengue virus, both showing considerable effects on observed phenotypes due to population context. In addition, we show on a non-virus screen that these effects can be found also in RNAi data in the absence of any virus. Using our approach to normalize against these effects we achieve improved performance in comparison to an analysis without this normalization and hit scoring strategy. Furthermore, our approach results in the identification of considerably more significantly enriched pathways in hepatitis C virus replication than using a standard analysis approach.

Conclusions

Using a cell-based analysis and normalization for population context, we achieve improved sensitivity and specificity not only on a individual protein level, but especially also on a pathway level. This leads to the identification of new host dependency factors of the hepatitis C and dengue viruses and higher reproducibility of results.
Comparison of measures of marker informativeness for ancestry and admixture mapping
Authors: Ding Lili , Wiener Howard , Abebe Tilahun , Altaye Mekbib , Go Rodney CP , Kercsmar Carolyn , Grabowski Greg , Martin Lisa J , Khurana Hershey Gurjit K , Chakorborty Ranajit , Baye Tesfaye M
Published: December 2011

Background

Admixture mapping is a powerful gene mapping approach for an admixed population formed from ancestral populations with different allele frequencies. The power of this method relies on the ability of ancestry informative markers (AIMs) to infer ancestry along the chromosomes of admixed individuals. In this study, more than one million SNPs from HapMap databases and simulated data have been interrogated in admixed populations using various measures of ancestry informativeness: Fisher Information Content (FIC), Shannon Information Content (SIC), F statistics (FST), Informativeness for Assignment Measure (In), and the Absolute Allele Frequency Differences (delta, δ). The objectives are to compare these measures of informativeness to select SNP markers for ancestry inference, and to determine the accuracy of AIM panels selected by each measure in estimating the contributions of the ancestors to the admixed population.

Results

FST and In had the highest Spearman correlation and the best agreement as measured by Kappa statistics based on deciles. Although the different measures of marker informativeness performed comparably well, analyses based on the top 1 to 10% ranked informative markers of simulated data showed that In was better in estimating ancestry for an admixed population.

Conclusions

Although millions of SNPs have been identified, only a small subset needs to be genotyped in order to accurately predict ancestry with a minimal error rate in a cost-effective manner. In this article, we compared various methods for selecting ancestry informative SNPs using simulations as well as SNP genotype data from samples of admixed populations and showed that the In measure estimates ancestry proportion (in an admixed population) with lower bias and mean square error.
The Host-Pathogen interaction of human cyclophilin A and HIV-1 Vpr requires specific N-terminal and novel C-terminal domains
Authors: Solbak Sara MØ , Wray Victor , Horvli Ole , Raae Arnt J , Flydal Marte I , Henklein Petra , Henklein Peter , Nimtz Manfred , Schubert Ulrich , Fossen Torgils
Published: December 2011

Background

Cyclophilin A (CypA) represents a potential key molecule in future antiretroviral therapy since inhibition of CypA suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. CypA interacts with the virus proteins Capsid (CA) and Vpr, however, the mechanism through which CypA influences HIV-1 infectivity still remains unclear.

Results

Here the interaction of full-length HIV-1 Vpr with the host cellular factor CypA has been characterized and quantified by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. A C-terminal region of Vpr, comprising the 16 residues 75GCRHSRIGVTRQRRAR90, with high binding affinity for CypA has been identified. This region of Vpr does not contain any proline residues but binds much more strongly to CypA than the previously characterized N-terminal binding domain of Vpr, and is thus the first protein binding domain to CypA described involving no proline residues. The fact that the mutant peptide Vpr75-90 R80A binds more weakly to CypA than the wild-type peptide confirms that Arg-80 is a key residue in the C-terminal binding domain. The N- and C-terminal binding regions of full-length Vpr bind cooperatively to CypA and have allowed a model of the complex to be created. The dissociation constant of full-length Vpr to CypA was determined to be approximately 320 nM, indicating that the binding may be stronger than that of the well characterized interaction of HIV-1 CA with CypA.

Conclusions

For the first time the interaction of full-length Vpr and CypA has been characterized and quantified. A non-proline-containing 16-residue region of C-terminal Vpr which binds specifically to CypA with similar high affinity as full-length Vpr has been identified. The fact that this is the first non-proline containing binding motif of any protein found to bind to CypA, changes the view on how CypA is able to interact with other proteins. It is interesting to note that several previously reported key functions of HIV-1 Vpr are associated with the identified N- and C-terminal binding domains of the protein to CypA.
Use of the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique for bacteria detection in Aedes aegypti (Diptera:Culicidae) (L.)
Authors: Gaio Analiz de Oliveira , Rodrigues Rivea CC , do Nascimento Cássio , Secundino Nagila FC , Lemos Francisco JA , Pimenta Paulo FP , Monesi Nadia
Published: December 2011

Background

Bacteria associated with insects can have a substantial impact on the biology and life cycle of their host. The checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique is a semi-quantitative technique that has been previously employed in odontology to detect and quantify a variety of bacterial species in dental samples. Here we tested the applicability of the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique to detect the presence of Aedes aegypti-associated bacterial species in larvae, pupae and adults of A. aegypti.

Findings

Using the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique we could detect and estimate the number of four bacterial species in total DNA samples extracted from A. aegypti single whole individuals and midguts. A. aegypti associated bacterial species were also detected in the midgut of four other insect species, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Drosophila melanogaster, Bradysia hygida and Apis mellifera.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique can be employed to study the microbiota composition of mosquitoes. The method has the sensitivity to detect bacteria in single individuals, as well as in a single organ, and therefore can be employed to evaluate the differences in bacterial counts amongst individuals in a given mosquito population. We suggest that the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique is a straightforward technique that can be widely used for the characterization of the microbiota in mosquito populations.
The Early Years of Panel Data Econometrics
Authors: Dupont-Kieffer Ariane , Pirotte Alain
Published: December 2011

This essay focuses on the early years of panel data econometrics and two seminal papers by Yair Mundlak (1961) and Pietro Balestra and Marc Nerlove (1966). The issue of latent individual heterogeneity was identified as a central problem. One main ambition was to get a clear understanding of how differences in behavior across individuals and/or through time could and should be modeled. Another main aspect was the assumed inherent dynamic pattern of economic behavior, which requires the use of specific models and data collection. These articles attempted to build relevant models and statistical methods, mainly based on the distinction between fixed effects (analysis of covariance) and random effects. They brought back identification issues in the context of estimating a production function of sixty-six farms in Israel for 1954–58 (Mundlak 1961) and the demand for natural gas in the residential and commercial market of thirty-six U.S. states observed for 1957–62 (Balestra and Nerlove 1966).
Ragnar Frisch and the Probability Approach
Authors: Bjerkholt Olav , Dupont-Kieffer Ariane
Published: December 2011

The title hints at the attention given to the lack of probability considerations in the econometric work of the recognized pioneer of econometrics, Ragnar Frisch. Clues to a better understanding of his position may be found in his comprehensive archive and correspondence. This essay gives a brief overview of Frisch's scientific archive and exhibits from his search for econometric methods. It also sets out a selection of letters exchanged between Frisch and other leading members of the Econometric Society. Our contention is that Frisch's role in the history of econometrics has not been fully appreciated owing to insufficient access to sources.
What to Conclude from Psychological Experiments: The Contrasting Cases of Experimental and Behavioral Economics
Authors: Heukelom Floris
Published: December 2011

To understand the relationship between experimental and behavioral economics, we need to go back to the late 1970s and early 1980s. In the 1970s, psychologists began conducting new kinds of experiments, the results of which seemed to falsify the assumption of rational individual behavior. This compelled experimental economists to stake out a position for the economics discipline regarding the results. Much to their surprise, their experiments corroborated the results of the psychologists. This led them to completely discard preference theory but at the same time to emphasize the role of the market as the mechanism that rationalizes individual behavior. An initially diverse and unorganized group of financial and other economists drew very different conclusions from these same experimental results. They saw them as proof of observed anomalies in financial markets and hailed Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky's prospect theory as the most important candidate for replacing the traditional microeconomic model of human behavior.
Comparative Advantage and the Labor Theory of Value
Authors: Meoqui Jorge Morales
Published: December 2011

With the famous numerical example of chapter 7 of the Principles (1817) David Ricardo intended to illustrate first and foremost the new proposition that his labor theory of value does not regulate the price of international transactions when the factors of production are immobile between countries. Unfortunately, later scholars have often omitted this proposition when referring to Ricardo's numerical example. Instead, they have highlighted only the comparative-advantage proposition, although Ricardo considered it as a corollary of the omitted proposition and therefore inextricably linked to it. This inexplicable omission has led to an incomplete understanding of the logical construction of Ricardo's numerical example, as well as to the misinterpretation of the four numbers as unitary labor costs. With an accurate understanding of Ricardo's numerical example and the logical relationship between the two propositions it meant to prove, it is relatively easy to refute the main objections that have been raised against the very same numerical example in the past. Moreover, it reaffirms the sustained relevance of Ricardo's two propositions as important insights for understanding the current process of economic globalization.
Modification of Montmorillonite with Poly(Oxypropylene) Amine Hydrochlorides: Basal Spacing, Amount Intercalated, and Thermal Stability
Authors: Wang Yaqing , Wang Xiaoqun , Duan Yifeng , Liu Yuzhong , Du Shanyi
Published: December 2011

Few studies have explored the change in thermal stability of poly(oxypropylene) (POP) ammonium ions after intercalation, even though several studies have focused on the modification of montmorillonite (Mt) with POP amine hydrochloride. The purpose of the present study was to understand the effect of chain length of POP amine hydrochlorides on the basal spacing of modified Mt, and the amount and thermal stability of the ammonium ions intercalated. The relations between basal spacing, organic fraction, and thermal stability of the ammonium ions intercalated were also explored. Series of modified Mt were prepared via ion-exchange between Na+-montmorillonite (Na+-Mt) and POP diammonium ions or POP triammonium ions with different chain lengths, and were then characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed that the basal spacing of modified Mt increased with the hydrophobic chain length of the POP ammonium ions. The amount of triammonium ions intercalated was close to the theoretical amount, while the organic fraction of modified Mt was directly proportionalto the basalspacing of modified Mt. The intercalated ammonium ions were, therefore, contained within the interlayer space ofMt. After intercalation, the thermal stability of the POP ammonium ions with various chain lengths was reduced; i.e.Tonset was reduced by 7–60°C for short-chain POP ammonium ions (D400 and T403) and by 177–192°C for long-chain ions (D2000, D4000, T3000, and T5000).
Study of the Interaction Between Bentonite and a Strain of Bacillus Mucilaginosus
Authors: Zhu Yun , Li Yan , Lu Anhuai , Wang Haoran , Yang Xiaoxue , Wang Changqiu , Cao Weizheng , Wang Qinghua , Zhang Xiaolei , Pan Danmei , Pan Xiaohong
Published: December 2011

Mineral-microbe interactions are widespread in a number of environmental processes such as mineral weathering, decomposition, and transformation. Both clay minerals and silicate-weathering bacteria are widely distributed in nature, and the latter contribute to weathering, diagenesis, and mineralization of major rock-forming minerals. The purpose of this study was to observe changes in the chemical composition and structure, especially the phase transformation, of smectite after processing by a silicate-weathering bacterium. The interaction between Bacillus mucilaginosus and bentonite was studied using custom culture media. Results from Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry revealed that the bacterium promoted release of Si and Al from solid bentonite to solution. Concomitantly, the Ka nd Fe contents of the mineral increased as shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results. After interaction with the bacterium, the montmorillonite underwent a possible structure transformation to smectite, as indicated by the emergence of a new weak peak (d = 9.08 Å) shown by X-ray diffraction patterns. The mineralogical changes were also demonstrated by the decrease in the specific surface area of the mineral from 33.0 to 24.0 m2/g (these lower values for SSA of bentonite are related to the particle size of the smectite examined (120-160 mesh) and the weakened absorption bands in Al-O-H and Si-O-Si vibrations by Micro Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology changes in the bacteria observed by environmental scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed an obvious growth of the flagella in the presence of bentonite.
Radio promotion history: Crafting image and loyalty via philatelic ephemera
Authors: PERRY STEPHEN D.
Published: December 2011

When radio was in its golden age, so was the hobby of stamp collecting. This article explored the way that philatelic ephemera were used in the promotion of US radio between the 1920s and 1960s. Philatelic programmes used the natural affinity of their audience for collectibles as an
opportunity to provide cheap premium prizes and to create offers connected with programme sponsors. Non-philatelic programmes, stations and a manufacturer also took advantage of opportunities to use philatelic items to promote customer and listener loyalty and growth. Promotions represented
efforts to enhance listenership, build station image and reach out to new audiences.
Prednisone affects inflammation, glucose tolerance, and bone turnover within hours of treatment in healthy individuals
Authors: Kauh Eunkyung , Mixson Lori , Malice Marie-Pierre , Mesens Sofie , Ramael Steven , Burke Joanne , Reynders Tom , Van Dyck Kristien , Beals Chan , Rosenberg Elizabeth , Ruddy Marcella
Published: December 2011

Objective

Use of glucocorticoids for anti-inflammatory efficacy is limited by their side effects. This study examined, in the same individuals, prednisone's acute, dose-dependent effects on inflammation as well as biomarkers of glucose regulation and bone homeostasis.

Design

In this randomized, double-blind, parallel-design trial of healthy adults demonstrating cutaneous allergen-induced hypersensitivity, patients received placebo or prednisone 10, 25 or 60 mg daily for 7 days.

Methods

Effects on peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count,ex vivowhole blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated TNF-α release and response to cutaneous allergen challenge were assessed concurrently with biomarkers for glucose tolerance and bone turnover.

Results

Differential peripheral WBC counts changed significantly within hours of prednisone administration.Ex vivo, LPS-stimulated TNF-α was significantly reduced by all prednisone doses on days 1 and 7. The late phase cutaneous allergen reaction was significantly reduced with prednisone 60 mg vs placebo on days 1 and 7. Oral glucose tolerance tests revealed significant increases in glycaemic excursion on days 1 and 7, whereas increases in insulin and C-peptide excursions were more notable on day 7 with all doses of prednisone. The bone formation markers osteocalcin, and procollagen I N- and C-terminal peptides decreased significantly on days 1 and 7 vs placebo.

Conclusions

In healthy young adults after single doses as low as 10 mg, prednisone treatment has significant effects on glucose tolerance and bone formation markers within hours of treatment, in parallel with anti-inflammatory effects.
Frequent Mutation of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)1 and IDH2 in Cholangiocarcinoma Identified Through Broad-Based Tumor Genotyping
Authors: Borger Darrell R. , Tanabe Kenneth K. , Fan Kenneth C. , Lopez Hector U. , Fantin Valeria R. , Straley Kimberly S. , Schenkein David P. , Hezel Aram F. , Ancukiewicz Marek , Liebman Hannah M. , Kwak Eunice L. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Ryan David P. , Deshpande Vikram , Dias-Santagata Dora , Ellisen Leif W. , Zhu Andrew X. , Iafrate A. John
Published: December 2011

Cancers of origin in the gallbladder and bile ducts are rarely curable with current modalities of cancer treatment. Our clinical application of broad-based mutational profiling for patients diagnosed with a gastrointestinal malignancy has led to the novel discovery of mutations in the gene encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) in tumors from a subset of patients with cholangiocarcinoma. A total of 287 tumors from gastrointestinal cancer patients (biliary tract, colorectal, gastroesophageal, liver, pancreatic, and small intestine carcinoma) were tested during routine clinical evaluation for 130 site-specific mutations within 15 cancer genes. Mutations were identified within a number of genes, including KRAS (35%), TP53 (22%), PIK3CA (10%), BRAF (7%), APC (6%), NRAS (3%), AKT1 (1%), CTNNB1 (1%), and PTEN (1%). Although mutations in the metabolic enzyme IDH1 were rare in the other common gastrointestinal malignancies in this series (2%), they were found in three tumors (25%) of an initial series of 12 biliary tract carcinomas. To better define IDH1 and IDH2 mutational status, an additional 75 gallbladder and bile duct cancers were examined. Combining these cohorts of biliary cancers, mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 were found only in cholangiocarcinomas of intrahepatic origin (nine of 40, 23%) and in none of the 22 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas and none of the 25 gallbladder carcinomas. In an analysis of frozen tissue specimens, IDH1 mutation was associated with highly elevated tissue levels of the enzymatic product 2-hydroxyglutarate. Thus, IDH1 mutation is a molecular feature of cholangiocarcinomas of intrahepatic origin. These findings define a specific metabolic abnormality in this largely incurable type of gastrointestinal cancer and present a potentially new target for therapy.
Biological Models for Studying and Assessing Tobacco Use
Authors: Ahijevych Karen
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this chapter on biological models for studying and assessing tobacco use is to provide an introduction to some of the common concepts and biomarkers in this arena to ultimately inform intervention research by nurse scientists. An overview of selected biomarkers of tobacco exposure in individuals includes exhaled carbon monoxide, cotinine (the proximate metabolite of nicotine), and measurement of an individual’s puffing pattern termed smoking topography. Common tobacco contents discussed include tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) some of which increase disease risk including cancer. Exemplars of additives to cigarettes by the tobacco industry will be described including menthol, one additive marketed by the industry. Genetics and tobacco addiction has emerged as a rapidly expanding field. Illustrative of this area are twin studies, nicotinic receptors, CYP2A6 polymorphisms, and genes that impact dopamine receptors. The cadre of nurse scientists conducting research in this much needed area is small. The opportunity for nurse scientists educated in biological inquiry in tobacco-related research is great. Nurse scientists actively involved in multidisciplinary translational teams to address nicotine addition are needed.
Primary and Secondary Tobacco Prevention in Youth
Authors: Tingen Martha S. , Andrews Jeannette O. , Stevenson Ashley W.
Published: December 2011

The childhood years represent a critical time for tobacco experimentation and addiction. This chapter presents risk factors for youth smoking, state of the science of nurse-led primary and secondary tobacco prevention research in youth, and implications for future research, policy, and practice. Nursing research on both primary and secondary tobacco prevention efforts that are school-based, family-based, and community-based are presented. Interventions, including both state and community approaches, and media and policy endeavors to prevent tobacco use and foster successful cessation are discussed. The nursing profession has made an impact on primary and secondary prevention in youth regarding tobacco; however, much remains to be accomplished. As one of the largest health care professions, nurses should seize the important opportunity of positively impacting the health of children and youth through comprehensive and effective primary and secondary tobacco prevention efforts.
The MCSS-26©: Revision of the Manchester Clinical Supervision Scale© Using the Rasch Measurement Model
Authors: Winstanley Julie , White Edward
Published: December 2011

Background: Previously published accounts of the evaluation of the effects of clinical supervision, a structured system to support health service staff, have been mainly contained to small scale qualitative studies. Over the past decade, the 36-item Manchester Clinical Supervision Scale (MCSS) has transformed the evaluation landscape and has been used as a quantitative outcome measure in upward of 90 licensed studies in 12 countries worldwide. The factor structure has been replicated by other researchers and the psychometric properties have been found robust. However, it had not been previously tested empirically using newly available and sophisticated statistical analyses. Purpose: This study tested the original factor structure and response format of the MCSS for goodness of fit to the Rasch model, using Rasch Unidimensional Measurement Model (RUMM) 2030 software, and investigated the validity of the questionnaire for both nursing and allied health (AH) staff. Methods: A series of Rasch analyses were conducted on the seven subscales of the MCSS. The default procedure for RUMM software uses the partial credit model, which allows items to have varying numbers of response categories and does not assume the distance between response thresholds is uniform. Results: Detailed Rasch analyses indicated that the 36-item version of the MCSS could be reduced to 26 items and result in improved fit statistics for six subscales rather than seven. Conclusions: This study reconfirmed the established psychometric properties of the MCSS, now renamed the MCSS-26.
Translation and Validation of the Korean Version of Family Scale
Authors: Ahn Yang Heui , Youn Gahyun , Phillips Linda , Lim Young Mi
Published: December 2011

Background: Familism is an important and complex clinical issue because of its significant impact on family caregiving of elders. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a Korean-translated version of the Family Scale (FS-K) among Korean adults. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey design was used. Methods: A panel of experts completed the initial translation into Korean and back-translated the FS. Upon establishment of the content and translation equivalence between English and Korean versions of the FS, psychometric properties were evaluated for reliability and construct validity with a sample of 577 adults. Results: The internal consistency of FS-K was found to be acceptable, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was .75. For construct validity, the mean scores of the FS-K were significantly different for gender and marital status (p < .05). For the FS-K, six components were extracted, accounting for 53.9% of the variance. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that the FS-K can be used as a reliable and valid measure of familism among Korean adults. The FS-K will contribute to the understanding of familism for family caregivers caring for elders in both research and clinical practices.
Sex Differences in Stalking and Obsessive Relational Intrusion: Two Meta-Analyses
Authors: Spitzberg Brian H. , Cupach William R. , Ciceraro Lea D. L.
Published: December 2011

Two data sets (21 studies of college students; N = 6,820; 274 studies of stalking, N = 331,121) are meta-analyzed to identify the extent to which (a) stalking is experienced differently by women and men and (b) stalking and unwanted pursuit vary by sample type (clinical/forensic, general population, college). Women are significantly more likely to experience persistent unwanted pursuit, more likely to view such pursuit as threatening, and are two to three times as likely as men to be victims of stalking, but men report longer durations of unwanted pursuit. Most of these gender differences were small in effect size. Stalking labeling and perceived severity of unwanted pursuit and stalking depended in part on the type of sample from which the data were drawn and the locus of perception, whether victim or perpetrator. The type of sample revealed a number of differences, including in the relationship between threats and violence, which caution against generalizing results from one set of studies to another. Implications for progress in stalking theory and research are discussed.
Stop Abuse for Everyone: Interviews With Founders of a Pioneering Anti–Domestic Violence Nonprofit
Authors: Turteltaub Jack
Published: December 2011

History and overview of Stop Abuse for Everyone (SAFE), a nonprofit developed in the 1990s initially to help males and other underserved victims of domestic violence. The article describes the original founder’s experience as a nonabusive male in a marriage with a violent female spouse and his recognition that his marriage did not fit ideological feminist theories or the Duluth model treatment approach to domestic violence, both of which emphasize male culpability for violence in intimate relationships. The article discusses the creation of a Web site and then the formation of the nonprofit. Four founders of SAFE are interviewed, and SAFE’s brochure program, speakers bureau, and state chapters are discussed. SAFE’s contribution to the national debate about the role of gender in domestic violence, involvement in the revision of the Violence Against Women Act, and efforts to develop a more nuanced, dynamic model of domestic violence in the context of various gender/sexual orientation configurations are reviewed.
The Abusive Personality in Women in Dating Relationships
Authors: Clift, Robert J. W. , Dutton, Donald G.
Published: December 2011

This study adds to the available literature on female-perpetrated intimate abuse by examining Dutton’s (2007) theory of the abusive personality (AP) in a sample of 914 women who had been involved in dating relationships. Consistent with the AP, recalled parental rejection, borderline personality organization (BPO), anger, and trauma symptoms all demonstrated moderate-to-strong relationships with women’s self-reported intimate psychological abuse perpetration. Fearful attachment style demonstrated a weak-to-moderate relationship with psychological abuse perpetration. A potential model for explaining the interrelationships between the elements of the AP was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Consistent with the proposed model, recalled parental rejection demonstrated relationships with BPO, trauma symptoms, and fearful attachment. Similarly consistent with the model, trauma symptoms demonstrated a relationship with anger; and BPO demonstrated strong relationships with trauma symptoms, fearful attachment, and anger. Additionally, anger itself had a strong relationship with women’s self-reported perpetration of intimate psychological and physical abuse. Contrary to the proposed model, fearful attachment had a nonsignificant relationship with anger when this relationship was examined using SEM.
Evaluation of the Beliefs of Parents in Iran about How to Care for Children During Dental Visits
Authors: Farokh Gisour Elham , Bigdeli Arash
Published: December 2011

Parents play an important role in their childrens dental care and in their behavior during dental visits. Separating children from their parents during dental visits has been a challenging subject of debate for many years. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate parentsâ€™ attitudes about being present during their childrenâ€™s visits to the dentist. The subjects for this cross-sectional study included 340 Iranian parents of five-10-year-old children who had been referred to dental clinics in Kerman, Iran. For this study, the parents of these children completed self-administered questionnaires. Results showed that 218 parents (64.1%) agreed with leaving the practice room during their childâ€™s treatment, while 122 (35.9%) did not agree. The main reason expressed by 41.3% of the parents for leaving the practicing room was that the dentist would be better able to control the child if they were alone. Another reason, cited by 16.5% of the parents, was not wanting to see their child suffering, and 42.2% said they believed that their child would be better treated if they were not present. Most parents who were in agreement with leaving the practice room while their child was receiving dental care felt this would lead to a better treatment outcome.
Unsteady Rotating Flows of Oldroyd-B Fluids with Fractional Derivatives
Authors: Jamil Muhammad , Khan Najeeb Alam , Asjad Muhammad Imran
Published: December 2011

Exact solutions corresponding to the unsteady flows of an Oldroyd-B fluid with fractional derivatives, between two infinite coaxial circular cylinders are obtained by means of Laplace and finite Hankel transforms. The motion of the fluid is produced by the inner cylinder that, at time t=0+, is applied a time dependent rotational shear stress to the fluid. The expressions of the velocity field and the shear stress are presented in series form in term of generalized G_{a,b,c}(•,t) and R_{a,b}(•,t) functions. The solutions that have been obtained satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. The corresponding solutions for ordinary Oldroyd-B, fractional Maxwell, ordinary Maxwell, fractional second grade, ordinary second grade and Newtonian fluids performing the same motion are obtained as limiting cases of general solutions. Moreover, as a check of our calculi, our present solutions for ordinary second grade and Oldroyd-B fluids are compared with known solutions form the literature. Finally, the influence of the pertinent parameters on the fluid motion as well as a comparison between the models is underlined by graphical illustrations.
Bring the Popcorn: Using Film to Teach Sexual and Reproductive Health
Authors: Cappiello Joyce D. , Vroman Kerryellen
Published: December 2011

The use of film as a teaching modality offers an opportunity for nursing students to explore the intersections of science, theory, and personal values prior to caring for clients with sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs. Although the use of a broad range of arts and humanities modalities in the classroom is described in the literature, the use of film in relationship to teaching SRH has not been explored. Furthermore, there is a paucity of literature regarding the didactic or clinical teaching of SRH in nursing education. This article provides a framework for incorporating film as a teaching strategy into both case-based and problem-based teaching pedagogies. Reviews and discussion questions of films are provided.
Promotion of animal products as opportunity for further development of breeding
Authors: Migdał W. , Zivkovic B. , Migdał Ł.
Published: December 2011

In order to ensure safety of meat and meat products as well as necessary
repeatability of products quality throughout the food chain, raw materials
producers are required to ensure appropriate condition for production (both
crops and breeding). It obligates to implementation and application systems
such as: Good Agriculture Practise (GAP), Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP),
Good Higiene Practice (GHP), and for intermediary companies participating in
raw materials trade mandatory implementation of GHP and GMP system as well as
HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point), QACP (Quality Assurance
Control Points), ISO 9001, ISO 22000. In 1987 was established ISO9000 series
of standards by International Organization of Standardization for concerning
quality management and quality assurance. In this system quality control is
continuous and take place at every step from design through production to
waste disposal. Application of management systems requires reconstruct and
expansion of information flow?s channel between processing (meat processing
plant) and raw materials suppliers (breeders of animal of slaugters)
regarding rules of preparation and implication of feeds and drugs. Ensuring
repeatability quality of producing meat products demand managing by meat
processing plant or appointed to this institution, breeders audit and
monitoring of livestock and crops. For proper functioning of quality
management systems is necessary ensure highest quality in whole chain food,
ie from farm to table. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is
quality management system, for food production process, which was imtroduce
by UE Directive No. 92/46 and is valid in Poland mainly so that the producer
can become a reliable supplier of food on the EU market. Adjustment of Polish
law to European Union regulations require many activities including the
dissemination of the principles of GMP and implementation of HACCP system in
food processing (according to Directive EU 93/94/ECC in foodstuffs hygiene).
HACCP system is considered as most effective and most efficient tool in
ensure high standard of hygiene condition of production and food processing.
Generally, HACCAP system can be described as procedures designed to identify
the health hazards of food and the risk of their occurrence during all stages
of food production and distribution. This is system, which controls and
protects risks relevant to consumers safety and their health protect
protection. HACCP protects consumer interests giving him assurance of safety
and high health quality of purchased food products. The manufacturer is
convinced that he did everything to provide product that is safe for human
health. A characteristic property of these systems is integration of quality
management and food safety, and taking over the supervision and control
throughout the food chain according to the principle "from farm to fork"(from
farm to fork, from stable to table).