bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Substantive and Procedural Issues of Cement Sector Investigations in Turkey
Authors: Stakheyeva Hanna , Canbolat Ertugrul
Published: November 2020

In 2016, the Turkish Competition Authority (hereinafter, TCA) published the Cement Sector Inquiry Report (hereinafter, Cement Sector Report) following more than two years of market analysis. One of the reasons for conducting such a market inquiry was the fact that the implementation of competition rules and accuracy of the economic analysis by the TCA in cement cases were frequently criticized. In order to provide some guidance and have better understanding about the competitive dynamics of the cement market, the TCA initiated the inquiry in 2014. Another reason for the inquiry was the importance of the cement industry for the construction sector and the economy of Turkey, as well as numerous competition law concerns in this sector. The article provides an analysis of the substantive and procedural issues in the TCA activity in the cement sector in Turkey. Particular emphasis is placed on the assessment of the Cement Sector Report and common competition law violations in the sector in Turkey based on a review of the decisions of the TCA. Additionally, legal grounds for conducting sector inquiries in Turkey, as well as limits to and potential impact on the TCA’s powers to issue extensive compulsory information requests (in the light of the recent CJEU’s judgements in cement cartel cases) are discussed. Overall, the article provides the reader with a better understanding of the Turkish cement sector dynamics and most common anticompetitive practices there. In conclusion, it is argued that inspite of having a reputation of a “problematic sector”, the behaviour of cement producers and developments in the cement market in Turkey may be justified by economic reasons and the oligopolistic nature of this market.
Exploitative Abuse of a Dominant Position in the Bulgarian Energy Markets
Authors: Marinova Miroslava , Yaneva-Ivanova Kremena
Published: November 2020

In the last few years the behavior of undertakings operating in the regulated utility markets, such as energy, water and communications, has been in the focus of the Bulgarian Competition Authority (hereinafter, BCA). Typically, these companies are dominant due to their exclusive licenses to operate in a certain territory and thus the contents of their contractual relationships with customers are often defined in general terms and conditions (hereinafter, GTCs) adopted or approved by the respective sector regulator. Most or all aspects of their pricing policy is also subject to sector regulation. By analysing critically two landmark decisions of the BCA concerning abuses of companies active in the energy markets, this paper raises the following questions: (1) to what extent the BCA is competent to intervene and sanction those undertakings for conduct which is subject of regulatory control by the sector regulator (the Energy and Water Regulation Commission (hereinafter, EWRC)) and (2) whether in its enforcement practice against those undertakings, the BCA is following the legal standards adopted by the EU courts.
Commitment Procedure under Serbian Competition Act
Authors: Petronijević Srđana , Šoljaga Zoran
Published: November 2020

The Serbian Competition Act1, which has been in force since November 2009, was amended in 2013 in order to improve the effective enforcement of competition rules by the Commission for Protection of Competition (hereinafter, the Commission or Competition Commission), and to further harmonise national regulations with the EU acquis in the area of protection of competition. The 2009 Competition Act (hereianfter, the Act), which introduced some modern competition protection concepts into the Serbian legal system, had certain deficiencies which hindered the practical application of the statute and, consequently, effective enforcement by the Commission. In addition to the existing provisions of the Act, the legislator introduced a novelty that will, beyond any doubt, produce considerable effects on the Commission’s actions in deciding on competition infringement cases. The novelty concerns the introduction of the so-called commitment procedure, which allows the Commission to close a competition infringement case by accepting commitments offered by the undertakings concerned, without establishing whether there has been an infringement. The instrument has turned out to be exceptionally effective in closing proceedings before the competition authorities of the EU and the Member States. The concept ensures procedural economy, as the Commission need not to establish the existence of the infringement, which makes the proceedings shorter and more appropriate particularly for more dynamic sectors of the economy, while the actual concerns about the market are effectively addressed. Further, the concept is favourable for the undertakings concerned as it enables them to propose measures they believe will resolve suspicions of competition law infringement, thus bringing proceedings to an end without finding the infringement, allowing them to avoid high fines and potential actions for damages.
The French System of Antitrust Enforcement: A Sui Generis Monist Model
Authors: Pezza Andrea
Published: November 2020

The paper examines strengths and weakness of the French system of competition enforcement, with the aim of contributing to the discussion on the institutional design of systems of competition law enforcement. In this regard, special attention will be devoted to choosing to introduce a clear separation between investigative and adjudicative functions within the same institution: while this solution ensures compliance with the impartiality principle, it also implies a lack of coordination between the board and the investigative services, which could have negative consequences for the administrative activity of the institution.
Life after Menarini: The Conformity of the Hungarian Competition Law Enforcement System with Human Rights Principles
Authors: Tóth Tihamér
Published: November 2020

The corporate human rights development was fueled by the increasing amount of fines imposed on both European and national level. For many years, the jurisprudence of the ECtHR has classified administrative, including competition law enforcement as a quasi-criminal process during which human rights shall be respected to a certain extent. This paper strives to explain the evolution of competition law enforcement in Hungary, with procedural safeguards protecting undertakings having come close to the level of protection provided under criminal law. Of the numerous human rights relevant in competition law enforcement the paper will focus on institutional check-and-balances, and the appropriate level of judicial review. The thoroughness of the judicial review of administrative decisions resulting in fines is critical to the analysis of whether the traditional continental European structure of administrative law enforcement is in conformity with the principles of the ECHR. The narrow interpretation of the prohibition of judicial re-evaluation and judicial deference to competition authorities exhibiting significant expert knowledge is of central importance in this debate.
The Concept of Unity in the Competition Law System
Authors: Dobosz Kamil
Published: November 2020

The paper presents four pillars of competition law that can be recognised in the European Union and Member States, namely EU competition law, national competition law sensu stricto, national competition law sensu largo and competition rules sensu largissimo. In order to demonstrate that this multi-faceted and complex system is able to work in an orderly manner, it is considered in relation to various concepts, particularly unity, uniformity and effectiveness. Nevertheless, the concept of unity serves as a focal point for the observations. The perspective of the EU single market plays a part also, enhancing the call for unity. With regard to discussed threats for unity, possible solutions are proposed in the final part of the article.
Article 108(2) TFEU as a Tool for the Commission to Bypass Article 258 TFEU Proceedings
Authors: Rzotkiewicz Marek
Published: November 2020

The legal basis the European Commission (EC) choses for its actions when it finds a Member State’s action (or inaction) to be in breach of its obligations stemming from its EU membership vary in different fields of law. This is particularly visible in State aid on one side, and general infringement proceedings on the other. But the line between the general character of a possible infringement and that of State aid law is sometimes blurred and difficult to establish. This article analyses if the EC does not abuse its powers when it chooses Article 108(2) TFEU, instead of Article 258 TFEU. A positive answer to that question is difficult to find and controversial. However, given the benefits the EC gains by taking action under Article 108(2) TFEU, it is visible that the EC’s choice can be biased because of those benefits.
Stworzyć lidera. Od wizerunku beniaminka do rozgrywającego w biznesie
Authors:   University of Warsaw, Majczyk Julita
Published: November 2020

Historia cywilizacji jest w dużej mierze opowieścią o wielkich liderach przeszłości, którzy potrafili – często na przekór istotnym przeszkodom – zdobyć poparcie ludzi i zrealizować swoje zamiary. Nic zatem dziwnego, że również w badaniach biznesu studia poświęcone liderom zajmują poczesne miejsce. Istnieje szereg idei, teorii, pojęć dotyczących tego, kogo określa się liderem, w jaki sposób można nim zostać, jakie cechy, zachowania pretendują, by do grona przywódców dołączyć. Jednak w jaki sposób media kreują wizerunek lidera? W niniejszej książce podjęto próbę zrekonstruowania sposobów charakteryzowania osób postrzeganych jako liderów w świecie biznesu. Zastosowana w badaniach metoda teorii ugruntowanej, która skupia się na uchwyceniu wzorców postępowania ważnych, ale i problematycznych dla zaangażowanych w proces społeczny jednostek (Glaser 1978), pozwoliła wyodrębnić najważniejsze kategorie opisu, w tym scharakteryzować postać przywódcy, wymienić działania w organizacji uwarunkowane motywami i potrzebami zarówno wewnętrznymi, jak i tymi zgłaszanymi z zewnątrz oraz przedstawić nastawienie otoczenia wobec lidera. Projekt przyczynił się także do eksploracji tego zagadnienia poprzez zidentyfikowanie kryteriów, jakich prasa używa do opisywania ludzi uznanych za liderów przez branżę medialną, a także wskazać cechy wpływające na podnoszenie poziomu jego legitymizacji.
L’empowerment citoyen des jeunes bénévoles tunisiens est-il en marche ? Une étude exploratoire
Authors: Dahmani Amira , Saidani Chiraz
Published: November 2020

Ce travail cherche à saisir les attentes renouvelées des jeunes bénévoles en matière de participation citoyenne dans un pays en contexte de transition démocratique. Sa visée est de comprendre comment l’engagement bénévole des jeunes peut être un levier potentiel d’empowerment citoyen. Les résultats de l’étude menée dans le secteur associatif en Tunisie ont révélé que l’engagement bénévole est mu par un maillage de motifs intrinsèques et extrinsèques. Le regard croisé porté sur les attentes des jeunes bénévoles tunisiens a souligné qu’ils sont en quête d’une citoyenneté habilitante et inclusive où ils seraient les véritables artisans du changement social et politique.
Les déterminants de la participation citoyenne en Algérie- Exemple de la ville de Tlemcen
Authors: Belkaid Esma , Alili Abdessamad
Published: November 2020

Les villes apparaissent de plus en plus comme des acteurs politiques à l’échelle internationale parce qu’elles constituent un échelon d’intervention efficace dans la gestion politique, économique et sociale des questions urbaines. D’autre part, l’implication des différentes parties prenantes et en particulier les citoyens a longtemps été synonyme d’une société démocratique. Cette implication s’avère être une partie intégrante de l’évolution économique et de l’épanouissement social et un axe de recherche de plus en plus intéressant. Le présent article cherche à relever les facteurs déterminants de la participation citoyenne en Algérie en prenant l’exemple de la ville de Tlemcen à l’aide d’un questionnaire.
Loi sur le devoir de vigilance : éléments d’analyse d’une forme de juridicisation de la RSE
Authors: Pailot Philippe , de Saint-Affrique Diane
Published: November 2020

Cet article vise à proposer l’analyse d’une expression singulière de la manifestation du droit étatique impératif dans la régulation de l’économie globalisée, à travers l’exemple de la loi sur le devoir de vigilance. Nous chercherons à faire apparaître dans quelle mesure cette loi incarne la très forte poussée éthique et humaniste qui imprègne certaines règles et normes juridiques contemporaines. Nous verrons également dans quelle mesure elle procède d’un champ de tension entre la loi politique et la loi juridique qui impacte les conditions de son effectivité et de son efficacité.
L’effet lundi sur les marchés d’Europe Centrale et Orientale : un élément à intégrer dans une stratégie d’investissement internationale ?
Authors: Nivoix Sophie , Boulerne Sandrine
Published: November 2020

L’effet lundi est une anomalie dans laquelle les rentabilités boursières du lundi sont significativement plus faibles que celles des autres jours. Suite à la transition économique des pays d’Europe centrale et orientale, nous avons analysé ces 11 marchés d’actions, de 1993 à 2017 pour la plus longue série. Suivant une démarche économétrique exhaustive, nous avons étudié la rentabilité et la volatilité des indices phares de chaque pays. L’effet lundi est observé sur la plupart de ces marchés, mais se révèle inversé pour deux d’entre eux. Les investisseurs peuvent donc utiliser cette anomalie pour optimiser leur stratégie d’investissement internationale.
La Internacionalización de las Pymes Latinoamericanas y sus barreras: la aplicación del modelo de los tres cercos
Authors: López Rizzo Humberto , Pinot de Villechenon Florence
Published: November 2020

Los procesos de internacionalización son complejos: entre empresa y mercado de destino se yerguen barreras recurrentemente tratadas por la literatura sobre internacionalización. El artículo propone un nuevo esquema de análisis de barreras que integra la empresa, el mercado de origen y el mercado de destino. La investigación se sustenta en 225 entrevistas de PYMES latinoamericanas y propone el “modelo de los tres cercos”. Este contribuye a una comprensión fina de las barreras que enfrentan las PYMES en sus procesos de internacionalización, permite un diagnóstico integral de sus fragilidades y facilita el diseño de estrategias correctivas en los tres niveles implicados.
Remédier aux silences : le cas des Archives nationales de la Mongolie
Authors: Pratte Anne-Sophie
Published: November 2020

Cet article se penche sur l’apport de nouvelles archives au travail des historiens de la Chine, et plus spécifiquement, sur le cas des Archives nationales de la Mongolie Khalkha, qui fit partie de l’empire des Qing de 1690 à 1911. Nous examinerons le lien entre la matérialité documentaire et les prémices épistémologiques du domaine de l’histoire de la Chine et de ses frontières.
Creating Academic-Museal Dialogue In-Between Ivory Towers and Unwritten Pages
Authors: Hertel Shao-Lan
Published: November 2020

Addressing the pedagogical framework of university art museums and the potentials and challenges they carry as innovative academic-museal models, this article explores recursive spheres of educational institutions shaping the theory, practice, and reception of art in present-day Mainland China. Through a critical discussion of TAM’s Chinese contemporary calligraphy collection, time-and-space-specific functions and meanings constituting zones of cultural dialogue and negotiation between different generations of Tsinghua scholars are carved out. Shaped by and deeper shaping cultural-national identity in the Chinese collective (sub-) consciousness, 2019, China’s “Big Year for Anniversaries”, affords the crucial moment to reflect upon her modern history, omnipresent and omniabsent alike.
La gauche radicale hongkongaise post-maoïste
Authors: Lehoux Julien
Published: November 2020

Le « 70s » est un groupuscule d’extrême gauche qui sévit de la fin des années 1970 jusqu’à la décennie suivante. En couvrant l’actualité contestataire en Chine, le groupe en profite aussi pour offrir diverses réflexions politiques sur l’avenir du régime communiste et du peuple chinois. Le présent article explore le point de vue de cette frange de la gauche radicale hongkongaise durant les années finales de l’ère maoïste. En se basant sur des textes influents de la Révolution culturelle, le groupe tente de planifier le tournant que la Chine devrait prendre après la mort de Mao Zedong.
La memoria en tiempos globalizados: la Guerra Civil española en dos novelas alemanas contemporáneas
Authors: Augustin Jenny
Published: November 2020

En este trabajo se analizan dos novelas alemanas actuales que aportan una perspectiva transnacional a los debates de la conmemoración de la Guerra Civil española y del nacionalsocialismo alemán: Blutorangen (Boos 2015) y Archipel (Mahlke 2018). La novela de Boos desvía la atención de las fronteras nacionales hacia las fronteras ideológicas, mientras que el texto de Mahlke emplea la isla como metáfora para concebir el contraste entre lo singular y lo entrelazado, lo local y lo global.
To the question of place and time of the beginning of the process of development of culture of Sami people on the example of cultural succession of applied art
Authors: Travin Ilia Aleksandrovich
Published: November 2020

The subject of this research is the cultural succession of decorative elements of the ethnic ornament of Sami people. In light of the migration past, the question is raised on the possibility of simultaneous assimilation and introduction into their culture of ornaments and words by the Ancient Sami population. Special attention is given to the examples of explicit concurrence of the elements. The author sets a scientific task to find the evidence of residence of the Ancient Sami people in the territory of northwest of Kostroma Region in Russia from the perspective of cultural succession. The main research method consists in the synthesis of various sciences. Archaeological research alongside the data from historical records and toponymic studies allow comparing the data in the field culture and applied art. Leaning on the analysis of literature and images, the author structures the chain of logical reasoning . The acquired data give understanding of the visual expression of the regional cultural heritage and possible assimilation of the elements of decor by the people who abandoned the territory centuries ago. The result of this research consists in providing the evidence of cultural succession, determination of timeframe and geographical area with regards to assimilation of the elements applied art of other ethnoses by the Ancient Sami population. The novelty of this work lies in comparison of decorative patterns of different generations and ethnoses, and the fact of formation of the general basic culture of Sami people. The conclusion consists in detecting the presence of decorative elements of the Mari ornament in the Sami ornament based on the analysis of various sciences. This proves the succession of cultural heritage of this region throughout multiple generations.
AN INTERMEDIATE BOSON THEORY (Ⅰ)——BASIC HYPOTHESES AND SYMMETRIES
Authors: YANG KUO-SHEN  , LO LIAU-FU  , LU TAN  ,   (1)内蒙古大学; (2)天津工学院
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we formulate an intermediate boson (denoted as IB) theory based on the following assumptions: there are 8 images ω1,…,ω8 of IB, transforming as the octet of SU3, coupling with 8-dimensional hadron current to form an unitary singlet Lagrangian Lw; but either in real or in virtual states, only 4 kinds of particles(W±, W0, W0-4 linear combinations of ω1,…,ω8) can occur. The incompletenessof virtual IB states, which is the very source of isospin and strangeness nonconservation in weak processes, can be described by a projection operator ξ=|W+>+| + |W->-|+|W0>0|+|W0>0| used for intermediate states. If assuming further the lepton currents to couple directly with W±, one can obtain a theory giving unified description for all weak processes. When applied to leptonic decays, our theory leads directly to that identical with Cabibbo's, and explains his hypothesis of "unit length" in a natural way (as a result of probability normalization). When applied to nonleptonic decays, our theory includes the |ΔI| = 1/2 rule.
A REPRESENTATION OF THE S MATRIX ELEMENT FOR A HIGHLY SINGULAR POTENTIAL
Authors: CHQU LON-SHIANG  ,   中国科学院
Published: November 2020

In this paper we have obtained a representation of the S matrix element for a potential with the following properties: 1) it posseses a singularity higher than r-2 near the origin. 2) it asymptotically decreases faster than any exponent at infinity.
THE CONVERGENCE OF A MANY-BODY PERTURBATION SERIES FOR AN ATTRACTIVE FERMI-SYSTEM
Authors: TOUR YUNG  ,   复旦大学
Published: November 2020

The problem of the convergence for Wigner and Schr?dinger perturbation series is discussed by means of the functional analysis method. It is found that the convergent radii of two typic perturbation series are equivalent, but the rates of the convergence or divergence are not equivalent. An useful test is given.
ASSIGNMENTS OF THE BARYON RESONANCES IN S?(12) AND THEIR STRONG-DECAYS
Authors: MA CHUNG-CHI  , LIU LIAN-SOU  , CHEN JI  ,   北京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

The assignments of resonances (3/2)-,(1/2)- and (7/2)+ within the multiplets of S?(12) andtheir strong-decays are discussed. It is found that the ((1/2)++0-) decay modes of the (3/2)- particles belonging to the multiplets 16016 and 35100 are forbidden. By redefining the parity of the representations by changing the sign of the massterms in the wave-equations, it is possible to assign the particles ((3/2)-,8) and ((1/2)-,1) in the representation 572. However,the decays of ((3/2)-,1) and (7/2)+ particles through an effective vertex with S?(12) symmetryare still forbidden. The success and failure of S?(l2) in the problem of classification and strong-decays of elementary particles are analysed and discussed in detail.
CLASSIFICATION OF WAVE FUNCTIONS IN A MANY NUCLEON SYSTEM BY A ROTATION GROUP METHOD
Authors: REN GENG-WEI
Published: November 2020

In this paper we have given a projection operator method, which is used to classify wave functions in a many nucleon system. We have also given the results of the classification coefficients for A = 1 to 3.
ON THE STATISTICAL RELATION BETWEEN THE SYLLABLE ARTICULATION AND THE PHONEME ARTICULATION
Authors: ZHANG JIA-LU  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

The internal information, i.e. the syllable formation rule, of the language plays an important role in the statistical relation between the syllable articulation and the phoneme articulation, especially when the articulation scores are low. This is taken account in deriving an expression for the relation between the syllable articulation and the phoneme articulation scores, which agrees well with the experimental results of standard colloquial Chinese and accounts for the differences between theory and experiment for English and Japanese by previous authors.
AGING STRUCTURE OF MARAGING STEEL
Authors: CAI QI-KONG  , ZHU JING  , HE CONG-ZHI  ,   北京钢铁研究院
Published: November 2020

Transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction studies were carried out in order to clarify the crystallographic properties of strengthening precipitates and aged structure in an 18Ni maraging steel.By using various zonal diffraction patterns, the co-existence of the precipitates Ni3Mo, Ni3Ti and the dispersed reverted austenite was identified, and their orientation relation-ships with respect to the martensite matrix determined.It was shown that the close-packed plane and direction of the precipitates and the reverted austenite are parallel to those in the matrix. The Widmanst?ttentype morphology in the transmission electron micrographs of the aged structure is in fact a three-dimensional skeleton structure in which the length direction of the rod-like precipitates is parallel to one of the four directions of the matrix. The true existence of the observed extended and piled-up dislocations needs further experimental verifications.The process of precipitation along dislocation lines is discussed and a possible mechanism of the cobalt-molybdenum interaction is proposed from the structural point of veiw.
DIRECTIVITY PATTERNS OF ANGLE PROBES FOR ULTRASONIC BULK WAVES AND SURFACE WAVES
Authors: YAN REN-BO  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

The directivity patterns of angle probes commonly used in ultrasonic material-testing are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Expressions are obtained for longitudinal waves and transverse waves radiating into the body under test and for surface waves propagating over the surface of the body, treated as a semi-infinite isotropic medium. Numerical computations are given in all three cases for a steel object. The theoretical deductions are partially checked by experiments for the case of longitudinal and surface waves. Some problems to be considered in ultrasonic testing are pointed out.
THE SWITCHING PROCESS OF A TRANSISTOR SCHMITT CIRCUIT
Authors: XIN XIAN-JIE
Published: November 2020

The switching process of transistor Schmitt circuit was studied in this paper. Concrete analytical expressions of the switching process have been derived. Using these expressions numerical calculations were carried out for two types of commonly used transistor Schmitt circuit. Experiments were carried out to check the theoretical calculations. Experimental results fit the theoretical calculations quite well. From this study, some rules for selection of the transistors and circuit elements were obtained. The results of calculation in this paper may be used to estimate the switching speed of Schmitt eircuit in the early design stage.
OBSERVATION OF THE DIFFUSION LAYER OF Nb3Ga TAPES
Authors: SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS GROUP  ,   北京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

The X ray structural analysis and superconducting critical temperature measurements for Nb3Ga ribbon prepared by the diffusion process are reported.
ENHANCEMENT OF NEUTRON DIFFRACTION INTENSITIES OF α-LiIO3 SINGLE CRYSTALS WITH THE APPLICATION OF A DC FIELD (Ⅱ)
Authors: α-LITHIUM IODATE EESEARCH GROUP  ,   中国科学院原子能研究所
Published: November 2020

The following investigations have been carried out on the basis of our previous work [1]. The (002) intensities of neutron diffraction from α-LiIO3 single crystals under a DC or AC field along the c-axis were measured in various eases. (1) With a DC field applied at a temperature below 180 K or so, no enhancement is found to appear. When the DC field is applied at room temperature and the sample then cooled down to 180 K or even lower (e. g liquid nitrogen temperature), the magnitude of the diffraction intensity enhancement initially observed at room temperature remains the same, even after removing the applied voltage. (2) When a narrow neutron beam is scanned across a thicker crystal and a DC field applied, the diffraction intensity enhancement is not limited to the region near the electrodes, but also appears in each scanned region. (3) When a low-frequency AC field is applied, the enhancement decreases as the frequency increases for the same Vs.m.s. Above 1500 c/s the effect becomes negligible.
TENTATIVE OBSERVATIONS ON GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION FROM NP 0532
Authors: Lü DA-JIONG  , GAO JIAN-GUO  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

A synchronised accumulation technique is used to achieve a resolution of up to 10-13 cm for the oscillating amplitude of a laser interferometer. Such a technique is applied to observe the 60.4 Hz gravitational radiation which is possibly emitted from the pulsar NP 0532 of the Crab Nebula. Present experiments show that no such signal is received.
STUDIES ON DISLOCATIONS IN NEODYMIUM-DOPED ALUMINIUM-YTTRIUM GARNET (Nd-YAG)
Authors: LASER CRYSTALS RESEARCH GROUP  ,   中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所
Published: November 2020

For high perfection of structure in Nd-YAG laser crystals grown by the Czo-chralski method, the dislocation density of the crystals must be decreased. Research study seems to indicate that the direction of dislocation propagation is perpendicular to the solid-liquid interface. In crystals grown with a Convex solid-liquid interface, the low dislocation density is due to spreading out of the dislocations in the central part towards the surrounding areas and the edges. Hence, by applying suitable technology i. e. intentionally changing the shape of the solid-liquid interface, we can obtain crystals in which not only the dislocations are decreased, but also the facets are eliminated.