bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Approach to Face Emotion Recognition with Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Białek Christian , Matiolański Andrzej , Grega Michał
Published: June 2023

Solutions for emotion recognition are becoming more popular every year, especially with the growth of computer vision. In this paper, classification of emotions is conducted based on images processed with convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Several models are proposed, both custom and transfer learning types. Furthermore, combinations of them as ensembles, alongside various methods of dataset modification, are presented. In the beginning, the models were tested on the original FER2013 dataset. Then, dataset filtering and augmentation were introduced, and the models were retrained accordingly. Two methods of emotion classification were examined: a multi-class classification, and a binary classification. In the former approach, the model returns the probability for each class. In the latter, separate models for each single class are prepared, together with an adequate dataset based on FER2013. Each model recognizes a single emotion from the others. The obtained results and a comparison of the applied methods across different models is presented and discussed.
Principle and Feasibility Study of Proposed Hydrate-Based Cyclopentane Purification Technology
Authors: Hu Xianbing , Sun Lingjie , Yuan Chengyang , Li Man , Dong Hongsheng , Zhang Lunxiang , Yang Lei , Zhao Jiafei , Song Yongchen
Published: June 2023

The separation of azeotropic mixtures has conventionally been one of the most challenging tasks in industrial processes due to the fact that components in the mixture will undergo gas–liquid phase transition at the same time. We proposed a method for separating azeotropes using hydrate formation as a solid–liquid phase transition. The feasibility of hydrate-based separation is determined by analyzing the crystal structure and chemical bonds of hydrate. Taking the azeotrope cyclopentane and neohexane in petroleum as an example, cyclopentane (95%) was purified to 98.56% yield using the proposed hydrate-based cyclopentane purification technology. However, this is difficult to achieve using conventional distillation methods. The proposed method is simple in operation and yields a good separation effect. This study provides a new method for separating cyclopentane and neohexane.
Optimal Scheduling Strategy for Multi-Energy Microgrid Considering Integrated Demand Response
Authors: Wang Long
Published: June 2023

Research on energy storage plants has gained significant interest due to the coupled dispatch of new energy generation, energy storage plants, and demand-side response. While virtual power plant research is prevalent, there is comparatively less focus on integrated energy virtual plant station research. This study aims to contribute to the integrated energy virtual plant station research by exploring the relationship between the integrated energy electro-thermal coupling capacity, various forms of electro-thermal integrated energy response, and electro-thermal integrated energy storage. Analyzing the attributes of an integrated energy microgrid, including energy storage characteristics, time-of-use tariffs, and electric and thermal loads, is crucial. A grid-connected microgrid with cogeneration systems, electric boilers, fuel cells, and energy storage systems is used as an illustrative example. The dispatching method prioritizes multiple complementary energy sources while considering the integrated energy demand response. The study presents different models for the electricity demand and thermal energy demand response and introduces the design of a wholesale power trader involved in building energy storage facilities and participating in the demand response. To verify the feasibility and rationality of the integrated energy demand response scenario, three different schemes are compared, and an economic analysis is conducted.
Modelling and Analysis of Inter-Turn Short-Circuit Faults for Large-Power SPM Wind Generators
Authors: Mei Zeting , Li Guangjin , Zhu Ziqiang , Clark Richard , Thomas Arwyn , Azar Ziad
Published: June 2023

This paper proposes a general analytical model for large-power surface-mounted permanent magnet (SPM) wind generators under inter-turn short-circuit (ITSC) faults. In the model, branch currents rather than phase currents are used as state variables to describe the electromagnetic behavior of the faulty machine. In addition, it is found that the multiphase Clarke transformation can be used to simplify the proposed fault model with the inductances calculated analytically or numerically using finite element analysis. With the latter, both linear and nonlinear inductances can be obtained, and the non-linear inductances are used for the fault modelling of large power rating machines due to larger electrical loading and heavier magnetic saturation. With the developed fault model, studies of scaling effects (different power ratings such as 3 kW, 500 kW and 3 MW) and the influence of fault location on the electromagnetic performance of SPM generators with series-parallel coil connections have been carried out. The simulation results show that large-power SPM wind generators are vulnerable to ITSC faults when a relatively small number of turns are short-circuited and a single-turn short-circuit fault at the top of the slot is found to be the worst case.
Methane Dry Reforming Catalysts Based on Pr-Doped Ceria–Zirconia Synthesized in Supercritical Propanol
Authors: Arapova Marina , Smal Ekaterina , Bespalko Yuliya , Valeev Konstantin , Fedorova Valeria , Hassan Amir , Bulavchenko Olga , Sadykov Vladislav , Simonov Mikhail
Published: June 2023

This paper is devoted to the study of active and stable nickel catalysts for methane dry reforming based on Pr-doped ceria–zirconia obtained via the solvothermal continuous method. Studies on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the 5%Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.25−xPrxO2 series have showed that Pr introduction leads to an increase in the amount of highly reactive oxygen in the oxide lattice. Praseodymium-based catalysts showed significantly higher reactant conversions. In addition to the nature of support, the method of nickel introduction was also studied; Ni was added both using impregnation and the one-pot procedure with mixed oxide preparation. The method of Ni addition was shown to have significant effect on the morphology of its particles and Ni-support interaction, and, respectively, on catalytic activity and coking stability. The 5%Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.15Pr0.1O2 catalyst prepared by one-pot method showed stable operation in the MDR reaction for 30 h at CO2 and CH4 conversions of ~40% and an H2 yield of ~18% (T = 700 °C, τ = 10 ms).
Determination of the Electrical Parameters of Iodine-Doped Polymer Solar Cells at the Macro- and Nanoscale for Indoor Applications
Authors: Palewicz Marcin , Sikora Andrzej , Piasecki Tomasz , Gacka Ewelina , Nitschke Paweł , Gnida Paweł , Jarząbek Bożena , Gotszalk Teodor
Published: June 2023

In this work, macro- and nanodiagnostic procedures for working, third-generation photovoltaic devices based on a modified polymer:fullerene (P3HT:PCBM) absorber were conducted using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and impedance spectroscopy (IS) equipment. All experiments were performed both in the dark and under irradiation with a specific light wavelength. Photoactive Kelvin probe force microscopy (p-KPFM) and impedance spectroscopy (p-IS) experiments were conducted on half- and whole-solar cell devices. Based on the p-KPFM measurements, the surface potential (SP) and surface photovoltage (SPV) on top of the active layer at the micro/nanoscale were estimated for various light wavelengths (red, green, blue, and white). For light in the red spectrum range, which was associated with an optical absorption edge and acceptor states that occurred in the band gap of the P3HT material after doping the donor polymer with iodine, the SPV was measured at levels of 183 mV, 199 mV, and 187 mV for the samples with 0%, 5% and 10% iodine doping, respectively. In addition, a macroscale investigation enabling the determination of the electrical parameters of the studied organic solar cells (OSCs) was carried out using p-IS. Based on the data obtained during p-IS experiments, it was possible to propose a series electrical equivalent circuit to define and describe the charge transfer phenomenon in the OSCs. Estimations of data obtained from the fitting of the experimental results of p-IS under white light allowed us to evaluate the average diffusion time of electric charges at 8.15 µs, 16.66 µs, and 24.15 µs as a function of organic layer thickness for the device without doping and with 5% and 10% iodine doping. In this study, we demonstrated that correlating information obtained at the macro- and nanoscale enabled a better understanding of the electrical charge distribution of OSCs for indoor applications.
Fuzzy Modelling and Optimization to Decide Optimal Parameters of the PEMFC
Authors: Rezk Hegazy , Wilberforce Tabbi , Olabi A. G. , Ghoniem Rania M. , Abdelkareem Mohammad Ali , Sayed Enas Taha
Published: June 2023

The main target is the maximization of the output power of PEM “proton exchange membrane” fuel cell via fuzzy modelling and optimization. In the beginning, using the experimental data, a robust fuzzy model is designed for simulating the PEM fuel cell using the relative humidity (%) and stoichiometric ratio at the anode and cathode. Then, the artificial ecosystem optimiser (AEO) is applied to determine the best values of the controlling input parameters. During the optimization process, the four controlling input parameters of the PEMFC are used as the decision variables, whereas as the cost function is required to be at the maximum of the output power density of the PEMFC. For the fuzzy model of the power, the RMSE values are 1.5588 and 3.1906, respectively, for training and testing data. The coefficient of determination values are 0.9826 and 0.8743 for training and testing, respectively. This confirms a successful modelling phase. Finally, the integration between fuzzy and AEO boosted the power of the PEMFC from 57.95 W to 78.44 W (by around 35%). Under this optimal condition, the controlling input parameters values are 26.65%, 56.77%, 1.14, and 1.68, respectively, for anode relative humidity, cathode relative humidity, anode stoichiometric ratio and cathode stoichiometric ratio. The present study, however, intends to highlight the importance of fuzzy modelling and metaheuristic algorithms in the development of digital twins to accelerate the commercialization of fuel cells as well as its applicability in diverse global economic sectors where a higher power requirement is needed. It is also aimed at informing the fuel cell research community and policy makers on strategies that could be adopted in boosting fuel cell performance and therefore could be a good reference source in decision-making for fuel cell commercialization and its practical implementation.
Organic Supercritical Thermodynamic Cycles with Isothermal Turbine
Authors: Piwowarski Marian , Kosowski Krzysztof , Richert Marcin
Published: June 2023

Organic Rankine cycles (ORC) are quite popular, but the overall efficiencies of these plants are rather very low. Numerous studies have been conducted in many scientific centers and research centers to improve the efficiency of such cycles. The research concerns both the modification of the cycle and the increase in the parameters of the medium at the inlet to the turbine. However, the efficiency of even these modified cycles rarely exceeds 20%. The plant modifications and the optimization of the working medium parameters, as a rule, lead to cycles with the high pressure and high temperature of live vapor and with a regenerator (heat exchanger) for the heating, vaporization and superheating of the medium. A new modified cycle with supercritical parameters of the working medium and with a new type of turbine has been described and calculated in the paper. For the first time, the isothermal turbine is proposed for supercritical organic cycles, though this solution is known as the Ericsson cycle for gas turbines. The innovative cycle and the usual ORC plants are characterized by almost identical block diagrams, while in the proposed cycle, the work of the turbine is obtained as a result of isothermal expansion and not in an adiabatic process. The analysis has been performed for 11 different working media and two cycles. The calculations have shown that power plants with isothermal expansion achieve better efficiency than cycles with adiabatic turbines. For example, the rise in efficiency changes from 8 percentage points for R245fa up to 10 percentage points for acetone. The calculations have proved that it is possible to obtain efficiency exceeding 50% for organic power plants. This is an outstanding result compared with modern steam and gas turbine units.
Performance of Cs-Doped Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells in Ambient Environment
Authors: Yousaf Tanzeela , Shahzad Nadia , Sattar Abdul , Tariq Muhammad Ali , Hussain Naveed , Khan Zuhair S. , Javed Sofia , Shahzad Muhammad Imran , Pugliese Diego
Published: June 2023

The development of organometal halide-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has made remarkable progress in photovoltaics. The commercialization of PSCs is still significantly limited, owing to their poor stability and the high material cost of a hole transport layer (HTL) and metal electrodes. To counter these issues, a carbon-based HTL and noble metal-free PSCs are being used. In this work, the effect of Cs-doping on perovskite film morphology and device performance has been systematically studied because the Cs+ and Br− ions-doping has proved to be a good choice to improve the stability of PSCs in combination with a carbon electrode. The results showed that when the Cs-doping concentration in perovskite film, MA1−xCsxPb(I1−yBry)3, was equal to x = 0.09, there was a substantial change in the morphological and optoelectronic properties of perovskite films. The grain size of perovskite films was improved from 70 nm (x = 0.00 control) to 170 nm (x = 0.09 Cs-doped), reducing grain boundaries. Moreover, the trap states were additionally passivated resulting in improved radiative recombinations in the perovskite film. The device fabrication was carried out in a controlled dry glovebox, with relative humidity < 40% using carbon as a counter electrode. As a result, Cs-doped PSCs showed a significant increase in efficiency (5.27%) compared to control PSCs (1.55%).
Correction: Li et al. A Comparison of Various Bottom-Up Urban Energy Simulation Methods Using a Case Study in Hangzhou, China. Energies 2020, 13, 4781
Authors: Li Yanxia , Wang Chao , Zhu Sijie , Yang Junyan , Wei Shen , Zhang Xinkai , Shi Xing
Published: June 2023

In the published publication [...]
New Distributed Optimization Method for TSO–DSO Coordinated Grid Operation Preserving Power System Operator Sovereignty
Authors: Meinecke Steffen , Stock David Sebastian , Braun Martin
Published: June 2023

Electrical power system operators (SOs) are free to realize grid operations according to their own strategies. However, because resulting power flows also depend on the actions of neighboring SOs, appropriate coordination is needed to improve the resulting system states from an overall perspective and from an individual SO perspective. In this paper, a new method is presented that preserves the data integrity of the SOs and their independent operation of their grids. This method is compared with a non-coordinated local control and another sequential method that has been identified as the most promising distributed optimization method in previous research. The time series simulations use transformer tap positioning as well as generation unit voltage setpoints and reactive power injections as flexibilities. The methods are tested on a multi-voltage, multi-SO, realistic benchmark grid with different objective combinations of the SOs. In conclusion, the results of the new method are much closer to the theoretical optimum represented by central optimization than those of the other two methods. Furthermore, the introduced method integrates a sophisticated procedure to provide fairness between SOs that is missing in other methods.
Electrochemical Production of Sodium Hypochlorite from Salty Wastewater Using a Flow-by Porous Graphite Electrode
Authors: Afify Ahmed A. , Hassan Gamal K. , Al-Hazmi Hussein E. , Kamal Rozan M. , Mohamed Rehab M. , Drewnowski Jakub , Majtacz Joanna , Mąkinia Jacek , El-Gawad Heba A.
Published: June 2023

The production of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) from salty wastewater using an electrochemical cell has several advantages over other methods that often require hazardous chemicals and generate toxic waste, being more sustainable and environmentally friendly. However, the process of producing sodium hypochlorite using an electrochemical cell requires careful control of the operating conditions, such as the current density, flow rate, inert electrode spacing, and electrolyte concentration, to optimize the conversion efficiency and prevent electrode fouling and degradation. In this study, NaOCl was produced via a bench-scale electrochemical cell using a flowing porous graphite electrode in a continuous flow system from salty wastewater collected from the Suez Canal in Egypt. The aim of the investigation was to examine the factors that affect the concentration of NaOCl and energy consumption, such as anodic current density, salinity, inert electrode spacing, and influent feed flow rate. A lab-scale reactor with two electrodes was used to conduct the experiments. The highest NaOCl yield of 20.6% was achieved with a graphite electrode, which had high current efficiency and rigidity at a flow rate of 4.5 mL/min, a current density of 3.183 mA/cm2, an electrode space of 0.5 cm, salinity of 40,000 ppm, and a pH of 6.4. The power consumption under these conditions was 0.0137 kwh. Additionally, a statistical and least square multivariate regression technique was employed to establish a correlation for predicting the % NaOCl production. The obtained correlation had an R2 value of 98.4%. Overall, this investigation provides valuable insights into the production of NaOCl using a continuous flow system from salty wastewater, which could have potential for industrial applications in various sectors such as textiles, detergents, paper, and pulp.
Numerical Simulation on Radial Well Deflagration Fracturing Based on Phase Field Method
Authors: Gong Diguang , Chen Junbin , Cheng Cheng , Kou Yuanyuan , Jiang Haiyan , Zhu Jianhong
Published: June 2023

A radial well has a unique wellbore configuration. Fracture propagation in radial well deflagration fracturing is studied rarely. The mechanism of interaction between deflagration fractures, natural fractures, and micro-fractures is still unknown. Based on continuum mechanics, damage mechanics, and variational principles, a numerical model of fracture propagation in deflagration fracturing is established with the Hamilton principle and phase-field fracture theory. The effects of horizontal principal stress difference, natural fracture distribution, and micro-fractures around the wellbore on fracture propagation in deflagration fracturing are studied. First, when no natural fractures are developed around the radial well, fractures are initiated at both ends of the radial well. Second, when there are three natural fractures around the radial well, the created fractures have the morphology of shorter fractures in the middle and longer fractures on both sides under stress interference mechanisms. Third, a larger density of natural fractures causes obvious stress superposition, changes the initiation points of radial wells and fracture morphology, and increases fracture width and reservoir stimulation volume. Fourth, as the micro-fractures increase, their interference and induction effects on deflagration fractures are enhanced gradually, and the deflection angle of fractures increases by 38.7%. The study provides a reference for optimizing deflagration fracturing in a radial well.
Renewable Energy Supply Chains—Text Mining and Co-Occurrence Analysis in the Context of the Sustainability
Authors: Tundys Blanka , Wiśniewski Tomasz
Published: June 2023

The topic of this study is energy supply chains in the context of sustainable development. The analysis is based on bilateral analysis methodology using the knowledge map visualization tool VoS Viewer and performance analysis. The aim is to investigate whether and to what extent there is interest in the research topic of renewable energy supply chains in the context of sustainability. An analysis of keyword associations, indexes, authors, and places of publication gives an overview of the current state of research in this area. It is valuable and new from the point of view of contributing to the development of the discipline to show the broad spectrum of terms and research topics related to the operation, management, and improvement of energy supply chains. The sustainability context also offers new possibilities for interpretation and application of other management tools in selected chains. Co-dependency and co-occurrence analysis and text mining provide an excellent background for further research in this area. At the same time, it allows data to be refined for further analysis and will provide an excellent starting point for further work in this area.
Research on Coordinated Control Strategy of DFIG-ES System Based on Fuzzy Control
Authors: Chen Jianghong , Yuan Teng , Li Xuelian , Li Weiliang , Wang Ximu
Published: June 2023

As the penetration rate of wind power systems is rising, which causes the overall system’s inertia to decline, the power system’s capacity to regulate frequency will be negatively affected. Therefore, this paper investigates the inertia control of doubly fed induction generation, and an energy storage system is installed in the wind farm to respond to the frequency deviation. First, a fuzzy control-based virtual inertia adaptive control strategy is presented. The goal of dynamic adjustment of the virtual inertia coefficient is realized by taking into account the uncertain factors of wind speed and frequency change rate. A recovery strategy based on the energy storage system’s level of charge is employed to prevent overcharging and over-discharging of the battery. Then, a weight factor based on frequency deviation is introduced to combine the droop output of the energy storage system with the virtual inertia output of the doubly fed induction generation, and the joint output mode of the wind storage system is determined in each stage of primary frequency regulation. Finally, the simulation verification is performed using the wind storage system simulation model created by MATLAB. The comparison results with other control methods prove that the proposed method is effective.
Maca (Lepidium meyenii): In Vitro Evaluation of Rumen Fermentation and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Vastolo Alessandro , Calabrò Serena , Carotenuto Domenico , Cutrignelli Monica Isabella , Kiatti Dieu donné , Tafuri Simona , Ciani Francesca
Published: June 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of three maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) ecotypes (yellow, black, and red) and their in vitro fermentation characteristics and antioxidant effects on cow rumen liquor. The three ecotypes were added to a total mixed ratio (TMR) in different doses (0, 150, and 300 mg/g) and incubated in vitro under anaerobic conditions for 120 h. Methane production was recorded after 24 h of incubation. Antioxidant status and degree of lipid peroxidation were also evaluated after 24 and 120 h of incubation with the fermentation liquor. An analysis of the chemical composition showed high concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates in all maca ecotypes, particularly in the yellow ecotypes. Moreover, despite an increase in gas production, it seems that the TMR supplemented with each maca ecotype, particularly at the highest dose, increases the amount of volatile fatty acids and reduces methane production. Finally, the addition of maca can induce an antioxidant effect. Our findings suggest that the three ecotypes of maca are rich in non-structural carbohydrates which affect the in vitro fermentation kinetics and reduce methane production.
A Comprehensive Review of the Impacts of Climate Change on Salmon: Strengths and Weaknesses of the Literature by Life Stage
Authors: Crozier Lisa G. , Siegel Jared E.
Published: June 2023

As we confront novel environmental challenges, a full understanding of the physical and biological processes that govern species responses to climate change will help maintain biodiversity and support conservation measures that are more robust to irreducible uncertainty. However, climate impacts are so complex, and the literature on salmon and trout is so vast that researchers and decision makers scramble to make sense of it all. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review of climate impacts on salmon and anadromous trout as a resource for stakeholders, managers, and researchers. We reviewed studies published from 2010 to 2021 that address climate impacts on these fish and organized them in a database of 1169 physical and 1853 biological papers. Papers are labeled with keywords across eight categories related to subject matter and study methods. We compared the literature by biological process and life stage and used these comparisons to assess strengths and weaknesses. We then summarized expected phenotypic and genetic responses and management actions by life stage. Overall, we found the largest research gaps related to species interactions, behavioral responses, and effects that carry over across life stages. With this collection of the literature, we can better apply scarce conservation resources, fill knowledge gaps, and make informed decisions that do not ignore uncertainty.
Recalibration of LBM Populations for Construction of Grid Refinement with No Interpolation
Authors: Berezin Arseniy , Perepelkina Anastasia , Ivanov Anton , Levchenko Vadim
Published: June 2023

Grid refinement is used to reduce computing costs while maintaining the precision of fluid simulation. In the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), grid refinement often uses interpolated values. Here, we developed a method in which interpolation in space and time is not required. For this purpose, we used the moment matching condition and rescaled the nonequilibrium part of the populations, thereby developing a recalibration procedure that allows for the transfer of information between different LBM stencils in the simulation domain. Then, we built a nonuniform lattice that uses stencils with different shapes on the transition. The resulting procedure was verified by performing benchmarks with the 2D Poisselle flow and the advected vortex. It is suggested that grids with adaptive geometry can be built with the proposed method.
Application of Viscose-Based Porous Carbon Fibers in Food Processing—Malathion and Chlorpyrifos Removal
Authors: Tasić Tamara , Milanković Vedran , Batalović Katarina , Breitenbach Stefan , Unterweger Christoph , Fürst Christian , Pašti Igor A. , Lazarević-Pašti Tamara
Published: June 2023

The increasing usage of pesticides to boost food production inevitably leads to their presence in food samples, requiring the development of efficient methods for their removal. Here, we show that carefully tuned viscose-derived activated carbon fibers can be used for malathion and chlorpyrifos removal from liquid samples, even in complex matrices such as lemon juice and mint ethanol extract. Adsorbents were produced using the Design of Experiments protocol for varying activation conditions (carbonization at 850 °C; activation temperature between 670 and 870 °C; activation time from 30 to 180 min; and CO2 flow rate from 10 to 80 L h−1) and characterized in terms of physical and chemical properties (SEM, EDX, BET, FTIR). Pesticide adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics were then addressed. It was shown that some of the developed adsorbents are also capable of the selective removal of chlorpyrifos in the presence of malathion. The selected materials were not affected by complex matrices of real samples. Moreover, the adsorbent can be regenerated at least five times without pronounced performance losses. We suggest that the adsorptive removal of food contaminants can effectively improve food safety and quality, unlike other methods currently in use, which negatively affect the nutritional value of food products. Finally, data-based models trained on well-characterized materials libraries can direct the synthesis of novel adsorbents for the desired application in food processing.
Meat in the Diet: Differentiating the Benefits and Risks of Different Types of Meat
Authors: Giromini Carlotta , Givens D. Ian
Published: June 2023

The present Special Issue features three broad areas related to meat: meat and human health, the effects of animals’ diets on the nutritional characteristics of meat, and consumers’ attitudes about buying and consuming cell-based meat [...]
Saffron Floral By-Products as Novel Sustainable Vegan Ingredients for the Functional and Nutritional Improvement of Traditional Wheat and Spelt Breads
Authors: Cerdá-Bernad Débora , Frutos María José
Published: June 2023

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a traditional Mediterranean plant whose stigmas are used to obtain the most expensive spice in the world. Nevertheless, there is a lack of sustainability in its production, since, to produce 1 kg of saffron, about 350 kg of tepals are discarded. Therefore, this study aimed to develop wheat and spelt breads enriched with saffron floral by-products at a ratio of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10% (w/w), respectively, and to evaluate their nutritional, physicochemical, functional, and sensory properties, as well as the stability of antioxidant compounds during the in vitro digestion. The results revealed that the addition of saffron floral by-products, especially at 10%, increased the dietary fiber content by 25–30% of traditional wheat and spelt breads; improved their mineral content (270–290 mg/100 g for K, 90–95 mg/100 g for Ca, 40–50 mg/100 g for Mg, and 15–18 mg/100 g for Fe); changed their textural properties; and significantly enhanced the phenolic content and antioxidant ability (at 5 and 10%), which remained stable throughout the in vitro oral and gastrointestinal digestion processes. From a sensory point of view, the addition of saffron flowers modified the organoleptic properties of breads. Thus, these novel vegan enriched breads could exert beneficial effects on human health after their intake, making saffron floral by-products suitable and sustainable ingredients to develop new functional foods such as healthier alternative vegan bakery products.
Enhancing Protease and Amylase Activities in Bacillus licheniformis XS-4 for Traditional Soy Sauce Fermentation Using ARTP Mutagenesis
Authors: Zhang Andong , Ma Yudong , Deng Yue , Zhou Zhiwei , Cao Yue , Yang Bin , Bai Jing , Sun Qun
Published: June 2023

This study was conducted to increase the enzymatic activity of Bacillus licheniformis XS-4, which was isolated from the traditional fermented mash of Xianshi soy sauce. The mutation was induced by atmospheric and room-temperature plasma (ARTP), and a mutant strain, mut80, was obtained. mut80 exhibited significant increases in protease and amylase activity by 90.54% and 143.10%, respectively, and the enhanced enzymatic activities were stably maintained after 20 consecutive incubations. Re-sequencing analysis of mut80 revealed that the mutation sites were located in 1518447(AT-T) and 4253106(G-A) in its genome, which was involved in the metabolic pathways of amino acids. The expression of the protease synthetic gene (aprX) increased 1.54 times, while that of the amylase gene (amyA) increased 11.26 times, as confirmed via RT-qPCR. Using ARTP mutagenesis, the present study proposes a highly efficient microbial resource with enhanced protease and amylase activity provided by B. licheniformis, which can potentially be used to improve the efficiency of traditional soy sauce fermentation.
Boosting the Antioxidant Potential of Polymeric Proanthocyanidins in Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Pericarp via Biotransformation of Utilizing Lactobacillus Plantarum
Authors: Liu Haocheng , Tang Yuqian , Deng Zhaowen , Yang Jiguo , Gan Dan
Published: June 2023

In order to enhance the efficient utilization of polymeric proanthocyanidins from litchi pericarp, a process for transforming litchis’ polymeric proanthocyanidins (LPPCs) by using Lactobacilli has been established for products with highly antioxidative properties. Lactobacillus plantarum was selected to enhance the transformation effect. The transformation rate of LPPCs reached 78.36%. The content of litchis’ oligomeric proanthocyanidins (LOPCs) in the products achieved 302.84 μg grape seed proanthocyanidins (GPS)/mg DW, while that of total phenols was 1077.93 gallic acid equivalents (GAE) μg/mg DW. Seven kinds of substances have been identified in the products by using the HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method, among which 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy-cinnamic acid, and proanthocyanidin A2 were major components. The in vitro antioxidative activity of the products after transformation was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of LOPCs and LPPCs. The scavenging activity of the transformed products for DPPH free radicals was 1.71 times that of LOPCs. The rate of inhibiting conjugated diene hydroperoxides (CD-POV) was 2.0 times that of LPPCs. The scavenging activity of the products for ABTS free radicals was 11.5 times that of LPPCs. The ORAC value of the products was 4.13 times that of LPPCs. In general, this study realizes the transformation of polymeric proanthocyanidins into high-activity small-molecule substances.
The Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of Flaxseed Linusorbs on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK Pathway
Authors: Li Jialong , Chen Jing , Huang Ping , Cai Zizhe , Zhang Ning , Wang Yong , Li Ying
Published: June 2023

Flaxseed linusorbs (FLs), cyclic peptides derived from flaxseed oils, have shown multiple activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the anti-inflammatory monomers of FLs and their mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we have elucidated that FLs suppress the modulation of NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways by targeting the inhibition of activating TLR4 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, the transcription and expression of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and inflammatory mediator proteins (i.e., iNos and Cox-2) were significantly suppressed by FLs. In addition, an in silico study discovered that eight monomers of FLs showed high-affinity bindings with TLR4. In silico data combined with HPLC results indicated that FLA and FLE, accounting for 44%, were likely the major anti-inflammatory monomers in FLs. In summary, FLA and FLE were proposed as the main anti-inflammatory active cyclopeptides via hindering TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways, suggesting the potential use of food-derived FLs as natural anti-inflammatory supplements in a daily diet.
A Review of the Mixing Length Theory of Convection in 1D Stellar Modeling
Authors: Joyce Meridith , Tayar Jamie
Published: June 2023

We review the application of the one-dimensional Mixing Length Theory (MLT) model of convection in stellar interiors and low-mass stellar evolution. We summarize the history of MLT, present a derivation of MLT in the context of 1D stellar structure equations, and discuss the physical regimes in which MLT is relevant. We review attempts to improve and extend the formalism, including to higher dimensions. We discuss the interactions of MLT with other modeling physics, and demonstrate the impact of introducing variations in the convective mixing length, αMLT, on stellar tracks and isochrones. We summarize the process of performing a solar calibration of αMLT and state-of-the-art on calibrations to non-solar targets. We discuss the scientific implications of changing the mixing length, using recent analyses for demonstration. We review the most prominent successes of MLT, and the remaining challenges, and we conclude by speculating on the future of this treatment of convection.
Synthesis and Investigation of Novel Optical Active SiO2 Glasses with Entrapped YAG:Ce Synthesized via Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Skruodiene Monika , Kemere Meldra , Inkrataite Greta , Leimane Madara , Ramanauskas Rimantas , Skaudzius Ramunas , Sarakovskis Anatolijs
Published: June 2023

We present a crack-free optically active SiO2 glass-composite material containing YAG:Ce synthesized via a modified sol–gel technique. A glass-composite material consisting of yttrium aluminum garnet doped with Ce3+ (YAG:Ce) was entrapped into a SiO2 xerogel. This composite material was prepared using a sol–gel technique with modified gelation and a drying process to obtain crack-free optically active SiO2 glass. The concentration of the YAG:Ce was from 0.5 to 2.0 wt%. All synthesized samples were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, confirming their exceptional quality and structural integrity. The luminescence properties of the obtained materials were studied. Overall, the prepared samples’ excellent structural and optical quality makes them great candidates for further investigation, or even potential practical application. Furthermore, boron-doped YAG:Ce glass was synthesized for the first time.
Genomic Landscape of Copy Number Variations and Their Associations with Climatic Variables in the World’s Sheep
Authors: Salehian-Dehkordi Hosein , Huang Jia-Hui , Pirany Nasrollah , Mehrban Hossein , Lv Xiao-Yang , Sun Wei , Esmailizadeh Ali , Lv Feng-Hua
Published: June 2023

Sheep show characteristics of phenotypic diversity and adaptation to diverse climatic regions. Previous studies indicated associations between copy number variations (CNVs) and climate-driven adaptive evolution in humans and other domestic animals. Here, we constructed a genomic landscape of CNVs (n = 39,145) in 47 old autochthonous populations genotyped at a set of high-density (600 K) SNPs to detect environment-driven signatures of CNVs using a multivariate regression model. We found 136 deletions and 52 duplications that were significantly (Padj. < 0.05) associated with climatic variables. These climate-mediated selective CNVs are involved in functional candidate genes for heat stress and cold climate adaptation (e.g., B3GNTL1, UBE2L3, and TRAF2), coat and wool-related traits (e.g., TMEM9, STRA6, RASGRP2, and PLA2G3), repairing damaged DNA (e.g., HTT), GTPase activity (e.g., COPG), fast metabolism (e.g., LMF2 and LPIN3), fertility and reproduction (e.g., SLC19A1 and CCDC155), growth-related traits (e.g., ADRM1 and IGFALS), and immune response (e.g., BEGAIN and RNF121) in sheep. In particular, we identified significant (Padj. < 0.05) associations between probes in deleted/duplicated CNVs and solar radiation. Enrichment analysis of the gene sets among all the CNVs revealed significant (Padj. < 0.05) enriched gene ontology terms and pathways related to functions such as nucleotide, protein complex, and GTPase activity. Additionally, we observed overlapping between the CNVs and 140 known sheep QTLs. Our findings imply that CNVs can serve as genomic markers for the selection of sheep adapted to specific climatic conditions.
Numerical Modelling of Double-Twisted Wire Mesh for Low-Energy Rockfall Catch Fences
Authors: Al-Budairi Hassan , Gao Zhiwei , Steel Andrew
Published: June 2023

Low-energy rockfall catch fences are designed to protect infrastructure such as railways and roads wherein the kinetic energy of falling rocks is less than 100 kJ. The typical design consists of a double-twisted steel wire mesh supported by ground posts and strengthened by anchoring wire ropes. The fence stops falling rocks by dissipating the impact energy mainly through elastoplastic stretching of steel wires in the mesh. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model for double-twisted wire mesh was developed in Abaqus/Explicit. The model has been verified using both quasi-static loading and impact tests. It was found that proper geometrical representation is essential for accurate simulation of wire deformation modes and the interaction between double-twisted wires. The model also enables the application of the real stress–strain relationship of a single steel wire in constitutive models.
Automated Delimitation of Rockfall Hazard Indication Zones Using High-Resolution Trajectory Modelling at Regional Scale
Authors: Dorren Luuk , Schaller Christoph , Erbach Alexandra , Moos Christine
Published: June 2023

The aim of this study was to delimit potential rockfall propagation zones based on simulated 2 m resolution rockfall trajectories using Rockyfor3D for block volume scenarios ranging from 0.05–30 m3, with explicit inclusion of the barrier effect of standing trees, for an area of approx. 7200 km2 in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. For the determination of the start cells, as well as the slope surface characteristics, we used the terrain morphology derived from a 1 m resolution digital terrain model, as well as the topographic landscape model geodataset of swisstopo and information from geological maps. The forest structure was defined by individual trees with their coordinates, diameters, and tree type (coniferous or broadleaved). These were generated from detected individual trees combined with generated trees on the basis of statistical relationships between the detected trees, remote sensing-based forest structure type definitions, and stem numbers from field inventory data. From the simulated rockfall propagation zones we delimited rockfall hazard indication zones (HIZ), as called by the practitioners (because they serve as a basis for the Swiss hazard index map), on the basis of the simulated reach probability rasters. As validation, 1554 mapped past rockfall events were used. The results of the more than 89 billion simulated trajectories showed that 94% of the mapped silent witnesses could be reproduced by the simulations and at least 82% are included in the delimited HIZ.
Putting the Gaming Experience at the Center of the Therapy—The Video Game Therapy® Approach
Authors: Bocci Francesco , Ferrari Ambra , Sarini Marcello
Published: June 2023

Video games have been increasingly used as a form of therapy for various mental health conditions. Research has shown that video games can be used to treat conditions such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, and addiction. One of the main benefits of video games in therapy is that they can provide a sense of engagement and immersion that traditional therapy methods may lack. Additionally, video games can teach valuable skills such as problem solving, decision making, and coping strategies. Video games can also simulate real-life scenarios, allowing individuals to practice and improve social skills in a safe and controlled environment. Furthermore, video games can provide feedback and track progress objectively and quantifiably. This paper proposes an approach, the Video Game Therapy® (VGT®) approach, where game experience is put at the center of the therapy in a tailored way, connecting the individual patient’s personality, the therapy’s goals, and the suggested type of video game through the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).VGT®’s core assumption is that playing video games could facilitate patients in reaching conditions where traditional methodologies and therapeutic approaches could work best. VGT® was elaborated according to the Adlerian therapy vision and, consequently, the different phases of Adlerian therapy and VGT® match. Despite the use of video games in psychotherapy might have some adverse effects in specific cases, VGT® is currently used in three associations with positive results in promoting emotional experimentation and literacy, social feeling, sense of identity, and activating cognitive processes. Future developments include expanding the use of VGT® further to validate such results from a statistical point of view.
Effect of Neonatal Hearing Screening Results on the Lost to Follow-Up at the Diagnostic Level
Authors: Greczka Grażyna , Dąbrowski Piotr , Zych Monika , Szyfter Witold
Published: June 2023

(1) Background: An important part of any neonatal hearing screening program is monitoring diagnostic visits to confirm or exclude the presence of hearing loss. In addition, time plays an important role in the diagnosis. We identified the number of children who came for a diagnostic visit and analyzed the time of the first audiological visit, depending on the result of the hearing screening test performed in the first days of a child’s life and the presence or absence of risk factors of hearing impairment. (2) Methods: We analyzed 6,580,524 children, of which 8.9% required further diagnostics. The mean time of follow-up diagnostic visit in the analyzed group was 130 days and differed due to the presence or absence of risk factors for hearing loss before and after the neonatal period. (3) Results: Although the risk of hearing loss in children with risk factors is 2.31 to 6.38 times higher than in children without risk factors depending on the result of the screening test, more than 40% of parents do not report to scheduled audiological visits. (4) Conclusions: Doctors, nurses, and midwives who screen hearing at the neonatological level play an important role in educating parents about the possibility of hearing loss in a child and the need for an audiological examination.
Active and Healthy Confinement: Care Recommendations on Activity, Sleep and Relationships
Authors: González Aguña Alexandra , Fernández Batalla Marta , Herrero Jaén Sara , Sierra Ortega Andrea , Martínez Muñoz María Lourdes , Santamaría García José María
Published: June 2023

Persons that lived through periods of confinement suffered an impact on their physical and mental health. The adaptation of the lifestyle in relation to activity, sleep and social relationships is key to facing these periods of confinement. The aim is to validate a series of care recommendations aimed at being able to maintain an active and healthy confinement, which serves to prepare the population for future health crises. This study is part of a general strategy based on a care recommendation guide for COVID-19. The validation was carried out by a group of experts using the Delphi technique through a questionnaire that uses the Content Validity Index (CVI) and considers high validation those with a score >0.80. A total of 75 care recommendations are proposed: 30 on activity–exercise (CVI = 0.82), 14 on sleep–rest (CVI = 0.83) and 31 on roles–relationships (CVI = 0.83). Additionally, 49 recommendations achieve high validation. The care recommendations integrate a person-centred model, which addresses individual characteristics (age, health status, professional role). An active and healthy confinement requires respecting social distance measures, maintaining a balance between physical activity and sleep, and using technologies to promote social contact, which promote well-being and avoid depression and anxiety.
Reconstructive Options after Oncological Rhinectomy: State of the Art
Authors: Migliorelli Andrea , Sgarzani Rossella , Cammaroto Giovanni , De Vito Andrea , Gessaroli Manlio , Manuelli Marianna , Ciorba Andrea , Bianchini Chiara , Pelucchi Stefano , Meccariello Giuseppe
Published: June 2023

Background: The nose is a central component of the face, and it is fundamental to an individual’s recognition and attractiveness. The aim of this study is to present a review of the last twenty years literature on reconstructive techniques after oncological rhinectomy. Methods: Literature searches were conducted in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Medline and Google Scholar. “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA)” for scoping review was followed. Results: Seventeen articles regarding total rhinectomy reconstruction were finally identified in the English literature, with a total of 447 cases. The prostheses were the reconstructive choice in 213 (47.7%) patients, followed by local flaps in 172 (38.5%) and free flaps in 62 (13.8%). The forehead flap (FF) and the radial forearm free flap (RFFF) are the most frequently used flaps. Conclusions: This study shows that both prosthetic and surgical reconstruction are very suitable solutions in terms of surgical and aesthetic outcomes for the patient.