bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of sesquiterpenes from Inula racemosa (Asteraceae) on growth, development and nutrition of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Kaur Mandeep , Kumar Rakesh , Upendrabhai Deep Patel , Singh Inder Pal , Kaur Sanehdeep
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

The use of botanical pesticides for protecting crops from insect pests has assumed greater importance all over the world owing to growing awareness of harmful effects of indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides. Inula racemosa Hook. f. (Asteraceae), a medicinally important perennial herb, is rich in sesquiterpenes with many biological activities. The present studies were conducted with the objective to evaluate the sesquiterpenes isolated from I. racemosa for insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura (F.).

RESULTS

Alantolactone and isoalantolactone isolated from I. racemosa exerted growth inhibitory effects on S. litura. Addition of both the sesquiterpenes to larval diet extended the development period and reduced pupation as well as adult emergence. The dietary utilisation experiments on third‐instar larvae of S. litura revealed reduction in consumption and growth rates of larvae as well as efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food owing to alantolactone and isoalantolactone.

CONCLUSION

The root extract of I. racemosa, which is rich in two sesquiterpenes, i.e. alantolactone and isoalantolactone, has the potential for management of S. litura. However, there is a need to understand the specific mechanism of action of these compounds. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrostatic spraying in the chemical control of Triozoida limbata (Enderlein) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in guava trees (Psidium guajava L.)
Authors: Tavares Rafael M , Cunha João PAR , Alves Thales C , Bueno Mariana R , Silva Sérgio M , Zandonadi César HS
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

Owing to the difficulty in reaching targets during pesticide applications on guava trees, it is important to evaluate new technologies that may improve pest management. In electrostatic spraying, an electric force is added to the droplets to control their movements such that they are efficiently directed to the target. The present study evaluated the performance of electrostatic and non‐electrostatic spraying in the control of the guava psyllid, the deposition of the spray mixture on the leaves and the losses to the soil.

RESULTS

The deposition of the spray mixture was up to 2 times greater when using electrostatic spraying in comparison with non‐electrostatic application. The losses of the spray mixture to the soil were up to 4 times smaller with the electrostatic spraying. Electrostatic spraying had better control of the psyllid.

CONCLUSION

It was possible to reduce the volume rate of application with electrostatic spraying without adversely affecting the control of the guava psyllid. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Magnetic exchange interaction in the spin‐polarized electron gas
Authors: Valizadeh Mohammad Mahdi , Satpathy Sashi
Published: September 2016

The exchange interaction between two magnetic moments embedded in a host metal is fundamental to the description of the magnetic behavior of solids. In the standard spin‐degenerate electron gas, it leads to the well known Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yoshida (RKKY) interaction, which is of the Heisenberg form . Here, we study the more general case of the spin‐polarized electron gas both in two and three dimensions, by evaluating the interaction strength as an integration over the product of the host Green's functions. We find that an additional Ising‐like term appears in the magnetic interaction, so that the net interaction for the spin‐polarized gas is of the form . The anisotropic interaction is due to the broken rotational symmetry because of the spin polarization in the direction. Furthermore, the interaction shows a beating pattern as a function of distance, caused by the two different Fermi momenta for the two spins.
Regional modelling of rainfall erosivity: sensitivity of soil erosion to aerosol emissions
Authors: Nissan Hannah , Toumi Ralf
Published: September 2016

A rainfall erosivity scheme is implemented into the widely used regional atmosphere–land model, WRF. Rainfall erosivity is parametrized from hourly precipitation and surface runoff in a high resolution (4 km) convection‐permitting model. The scheme is used to examine the potential effects of changes in atmospheric aerosol concentrations on soil erosion in a case‐study of northern India and the surrounding countries for the 2010 monsoon season, using a model which isolates the indirect effect on cloud microphysics only. This study offers a preliminary investigation into this emerging topic, but longer simulations would be needed to establish a robust signal.

Summer precipitation is reduced in most areas and the monsoon circulation weakens for increases in cloud condensation nuclei concentrations. This can be attributed to localised cloud microphysical changes in the northeast of India, which induce a dynamic response opposing the monsoon circulation. The two regions of greatest decrease in erosion with increasing aerosol are in the Western Ghats and the Ganges Delta, both significant cropland areas. However, the effect is not uniform, with isolated local increases in soil erosion. These results suggest that, while efforts to reduce anthropogenic aerosol emissions may improve water availability for crops through enhanced rainfall, these benefits are likely to be tempered by an increase in soil erosion, though robust local changes were difficult to predict.
Quantum nonlocality in the excitation energy transfer in the Fenna–Matthews–Olson complex
Authors: Bengtson Charlotta , Stenrup Michael , Sjöqvist Erik
Published: September 2016

The Fenna–Matthews–Olson (FMO) complex—a pigment protein complex involved in photosynthesis in green sulfur bacteria—is remarkably efficient in transferring excitation energy from light harvesting antenna molecules to a reaction center. Recent experimental and theoretical studies suggest that quantum coherence and entanglement may play a role in this excitation energy transfer (EET). We examine whether bipartite quantum nonlocality, a property that expresses a stronger‐than‐entanglement form of correlation, exists between different pairs of chromophores in the FMO complex when modeling the EET by the hierarchically coupled equations of motion method. We compare the results for nonlocality with the amount of bipartite entanglement in the system. In particular, we analyze in what way these correlation properties are affected by different initial conditions. It is found that bipartite nonlocality only exists when the initial conditions are chosen in an unphysiological manner and probably is absent when considering the EET in the FMO complex in its natural habitat. It is also seen that nonlocality and entanglement behave quite differently in this system. In particular, for localized initial states, nonlocality only exists on a very short time scale and then drops to zero in an abrupt manner. As already known from previous studies, quantum entanglement between chromophore pairs, on the other hand, is oscillating and exponentially decaying and follow thereby a pattern more similar to the chromophore population dynamics. The abrupt disappearance of nonlocality in the presence of nonvanishing entanglement is a phenomenon we call nonlocality sudden death; a striking manifestation of the difference between these two types of correlations in quantum systems.
Reassessment of the NH4NO3 thermal decomposition technique for calibration of the N2O isotopic composition
Authors: Mohn Joachim , Gutjahr Wilhelm , Toyoda Sakae , Harris Eliza , Ibraim Erkan , Geilmann Heike , Schleppi Patrick , Kuhn Thomas , Lehmann Moritz F. , Decock Charlotte , Werner Roland A. , Yoshida Naohiro , Brand Willi A.
Published: September 2016

Rationale

In the last few years, the study of N2O site‐specific nitrogen isotope composition has been established as a powerful technique to disentangle N2O emission pathways. This trend has been accelerated by significant analytical progress in the field of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and more recently quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS).

Methods

The ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) decomposition technique provides a strategy to scale the 15N site‐specific (SP ≡ δ15Nα – δ15Nβ) and bulk (δ15Nbulk = (δ15Nα + δ15Nβ)/2) isotopic composition of N2O against the international standard for the 15N/14N isotope ratio (AIR‐N2). Within the current project 15N fractionation effects during thermal decomposition of NH4NO3 on the N2O site preference were studied using static and dynamic decomposition techniques.

Results

The validity of the NH4NO3 decomposition technique to link NH4+ and NO3− moiety‐specific δ15N analysis by IRMS to the site‐specific nitrogen isotopic composition of N2O was confirmed. However, the accuracy of this approach for the calibration of δ15Nα and δ15Nβ values was found to be limited by non‐quantitative NH4NO3 decomposition in combination with substantially different isotope enrichment factors for the conversion of the NO3− or NH4+ nitrogen atom into the α or β position of the N2O molecule.

Conclusions

The study reveals that the completeness and reproducibility of the NH4NO3 decomposition reaction currently confine the anchoring of N2O site‐specific isotopic composition to the international isotope ratio scale AIR‐N2. The authors suggest establishing a set of N2O isotope reference materials with appropriate site‐specific isotopic composition, as community standards, to improve inter‐laboratory compatibility. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving transient performance of adaptive control via a modified reference model and novel adaptation
Authors: Na Jing , Herrmann Guido , Zhang Kaiqiang
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a new model reference adaptive control (MRAC) framework for a class of nonlinear systems to address the improvement of transient performance. The main idea is to introduce a nonlinear compensator to reshape the closed‐loop system transient, and to suggest a new adaptive law with guaranteed convergence. The compensator captures the unknown system dynamics and modifies the given nominal reference model and the control action. This modified controlled system can approach the response of the ideal reference model. The transient is easily tuned by a new design parameter of this compensator. The nominal adaptive law is augmented by new leakage terms containing the parameter estimation errors. This allows for fast, smooth and exponential convergence of both the tracking error and parameter estimation, which again improves overall reference model following. We also show that the required excitation condition for the estimation convergence is equivalent to the classical persistent excitation (PE) condition. In this respect, this paper provides an intuitive and numerically feasible approach to online validate the PE condition. The salient feature of the suggested methodology is that the rapid suppression of uncertainties in the controlled system can be achieved without using a large, high‐gain induced, learning rate in the adaptive laws. Extensive simulations are given to show the effectiveness and the improved response of the proposed schemes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust observer‐based stabilization of Lipschitz nonlinear uncertain systems via LMIs ‐ discussions and new design procedure
Authors: Zemouche A. , Rajamani R. , Kheloufi H. , Bedouhene F.
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a new observer‐based controller design method for Lipschitz nonlinear systems with uncertain parameters and
‐bounded disturbance inputs. In the presence of uncertain parameters, the separation principle is not applicable even in the case of linear time invariant systems. A state of the art review for uncertain linear systems is first presented to describe the shortcomings and conservatism of existing results for this problem. Then a new LMI‐based design technique is developed to solve the problem for both linear and Lipschitz nonlinear systems. The features of the new technique are the use of a new matrix decomposition, the allowance of additional degrees of freedom in design of the observer and controller feedback gains, the elimination of any need to use equality constraints, the allowance of uncertainty in the input matrix and the encompassing of all previous results under one framework. An extensive portfolio of numerical case studies is presented to illustrate the superiority of the developed design technique to existing results for linear systems from literature and to illustrate application to Lipschitz nonlinear systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collaborative Autonomy between High‐level Behaviors and Human Operators for Remote Manipulation Tasks using Different Humanoid Robots
Authors: Romay Alberto , Kohlbrecher Stefan , Stumpf Alexander , von Stryk Oskar , Maniatopoulos Spyros , Kress‐Gazit Hadas , Schillinger Philipp , Conner David C.
Published: September 2016

Team ViGIR and Team Hector participated in the DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC) Finals, held June 2015 in Pomona, California, along with 21 other teams from around the world. Both teams competed using the same high‐level software, in conjunction with independently developed low‐level software specific to their humanoid robots. On the basis of previous work on operator‐centric manipulation control at the level of affordances, we developed an approach that allows one or more human operators to share control authority with a high‐level behavior controller. This collaborative autonomy decreases the completion time of manipulation tasks, increases the reliability of the human‐robot team, and allows the operators to adjust the robotic system's autonomy on‐the‐fly. This article discusses the technical challenges we faced and overcame during our efforts to allow the human operators to interact with the robotic system at a higher level of abstraction and share control authority with it. We introduce and evaluate the proposed approach in the context of our two teams' participation in the DRC Finals. We also present additional, systematic experiments conducted in the lab afterward. Finally, we present a discussion about the lessons learned while transitioning between operator‐centered manipulation control and behavior‐centered manipulation control during competition.
Clustering‐Triggered Emission of Nonconjugated Polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Zhou Qing , Cao Boyu , Zhu Chenxuan , Xu Si , Gong Yongyang , Yuan Wang Zhang , Zhang Yongming
Published: September 2016

Intrinsic emission from nonconjugated polymers has attracted considerable attention owing to its fundamental importance and intensive applications in diverse fields. The emission mechanism, however, is still in debate. Herein, nonconjugated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) molecules are found to be virtually nonluminescent in dilute solutions, while being highly emissive when concentrated or aggregated as nanosuspensions, solid powders, and films, exhibiting distinct aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics. Moreover, triplet emissions of delayed fluorescence and room temperature phosphorescence are detected from the solid powders. Such unique emission of nonconjugated PAN is ascribed to the formation of cyano clusters, which act as the exact chromophores. In these clusters, through space electronic interactions, namely overlap of π and lone pair (n) electrons among cyano groups extend the conjugation and meanwhile rigidify the molecular conformations, thus offering remarkable emission upon irradiation. The AIE phenomenon can also be well rationalized by the formation of cyano clusters together with conformation rigidification. And the triplet emissions shall be originated from the n–π* transition owing to the presence of lone pairs. It is believed that such clustering‐triggered emission mechanism is instructive for further development of unorthodox luminogens.
Multifunctional AIEgens for Future Theranostics
Authors: Feng Guangxue , Liu Bin
Published: September 2016

The combination of diagnosis and therapeutics into one theranostics system has attracted great interest in life science and biomedical fields. The current theranostic platform largely relies on the integration of multiple materials with different functionalities. The all‐in‐one approach has the risk of high complicity with reduced reproducibility. Smart design of simple molecules born with multifunctions should represent one of the future directions in theranostics. Fluorogens with aggregation‐induced emission (AIEgens) are one type of such smart materials, which have attracted increasing attentions in recent years. In this concept, the key frontier developments of simple AIEgens with multifunctions for imaging and therapy are presented, which include fluorescence‐photoacoustic imaging, fluorescence‐magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence image‐guided photodynamic therapy, fluorescence image‐guided chemotherapy and photoacoustic image‐guided photothermal therapy. The smart molecular design to endow each AIEgen with strong capability to simultaneously offer two or more theranostic functions should attract more scientists into this exciting research direction.
The Nature of a Hard Protein Corona Forming on Quantum Dots Exposed to Human Blood Serum
Authors: Wang Haixia , Shang Li , Maffre Pauline , Hohmann Siegfried , Kirschhöfer Frank , Brenner‐Weiß Gerald , Nienhaus Gerd Ulrich
Published: September 2016

Biological responses of cells and organisms to nanoparticle exposure crucially depend on the properties of the protein adsorption layer (“protein corona”) forming on nanoparticle surfaces and their characterization is a crucial step toward a deep, mechanistic understanding of their build‐up. Previously, adsorption of one type of model protein on nanoparticles was systematically studied in situ by using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Here, the first such study of interactions is presented between water‐solubilized CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and a complex biofluid, human blood serum. Despite the large number of proteins in serum, a protein layer of well‐defined (average) thickness forming on QD surfaces is observed. Both the thickness and the apparent binding affinity depend on the type of QD surface ligand. Kinetic experiments reveal that the protein corona formed from serum is irreversibly bound, whereas the one formed from human serum albumin was earlier observed to be reversible. By using sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, the most abundant serum proteins contributing to the formation of a hard corona on the QDs are identified.
Adaptive‐search template matching technique based on vehicle acceleration for monocular visual odometry system
Authors: Aqel Mohammad O. A. , Marhaban Mohammad H. , Saripan M. Iqbal , Ismail Napsiah Bt.
Published: September 2016

One of the important tasks of an autonomous mobile vehicle is the reliable and fast estimation of its position over time. This paper presents the development of an adaptive technique to hasten and improve the quality of correlation‐based template matching for monocular visual odometry systems that estimate the relative motion of ground vehicles in low‐textured environments. Moreover, the factors that can affect the maximum permissible vehicle driving speed were determined and the related equations were derived. The developed system uses a single downward‐facing monocular camera installed at an optimum location to avoid the negative effect of directional sunlight and shadows which can disturb the correlation. In addition, the normalized cross‐correlation method is implemented to calculate the pixel displacement between image frames. Although this method is highly effective for template matching because of its invariance to linear brightness and contrast variations, it incurs high computational cost. Thus, the optimal sizes of image template and matching search area are selected and their locations are dynamically changed according to vehicle acceleration, in order to achieve a compromise between the performance and the computational cost of correlation. The proposed technique increases the allowable vehicle driving speed and reduces the probability of template false‐matching. Moreover, compared to traditional full search matching techniques, the adaptive technique demonstrates high efficiency and accuracy and improves the quality and speed of the correlation with more than 87% of reduction in computational cost. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
“I May Be a Native Speaker but I'm Not Monolingual”: Reimagining All Teachers' Linguistic Identities in TESOL
Authors: Ellis Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2016

Teacher linguistic identity has so far mainly been researched in terms of whether a teacher identifies (or is identified by others) as a native speaker (NEST) or nonnative speaker (NNEST) (Moussu & Llurda, 2008; Reis, 2011). Native speakers are presumed to be monolingual, and nonnative speakers, although by definition bilingual, tend to be defined by their perceived deficiency in English. Despite widespread acceptance of Cook's (1999) notions of second language (L2) user and multicompetence, and despite major critiques of the concept of the native speaker (Davies, 2003; Hackert, 2012), the dichotomy lives on in the minds of teachers, learners, and directors of language programs worldwide. This article sets out to show that the linguistic identities of TESOL teachers are varied and complex, and that the dichotomy does little justice to this complexity. Findings are reported from the linguistic biographies of 29 teachers of adult TESOL in seven countries, and a detailed account is given of the rich linguistic identities of two of those teachers, one in Japan and one in Canada. The findings bear out those from Ellis (2013) undertaken in the Australian context. The article concludes with a call for recognition of the plurilingual multicompetencies of all TESOL teachers, and for these identities to be valued in the context of the TESOL classroom to assist learners who are becoming plurilingual.
Physics and chemistry of oxidation of two‐dimensional nanomaterials by molecular oxygen
Authors: Wang Gaoxue , Pandey Ravindra , Karna Shashi P.
Published: September 2016

The discovery of graphene has inspired extensive interest in two‐dimensional (2D) materials, and has led to synthesis/growth of additional 2D materials, generally referred to as ‘Beyond Graphene’. Notable among the recently discovered exotic 2D materials are group IV elemental monolayers silicene and germanene, group V elemental monolayer phosphorene, and binary monolayers, such as hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2
). Environmental effect on the physical and chemical properties of these 2D materials is a fundamental issue for their practical applications in devices operating under ambient conditions, especially, exposure to air often leads to oxidation of nanomaterials with significant impact on the functional properties and performances of devices built with them. In view of its importance, we present here a review of the recent experimental and theoretical studies on the oxidation of 2D materials focusing on the relationship between the oxidation process and the energy values which can be calculated by first principles methods. The complement of experiments and theory facilitates the understanding of the underlying oxidation process in terms of cohesive energy, energy barrier to oxidation and dissociation energy of oxygen molecule for 2D materials including graphene, silicene, germanene, phosphorene, h‐BN, and MoS2. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2017, 7:e1280. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1280

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science

Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
Recent developments of first‐principles force fields
Authors: Sun Lei , Deng Wei‐Qiao
Published: September 2016

Molecular mechanics force fields derived from first‐principles calculations represent the next generation of force fields for molecular dynamics simulations. In recent years, a large amount of first‐principles force fields have been developed in the fields of physical and biological fields. Here, we review the first‐principles force fields especially for simulating the adsorption of small molecules in nanoporous materials and on surfaces. We describe the latest developments in force field parameterization and application, primarily in the last 10 years. Emphasis is placed on the procedure in developing these first‐principles force fields. We discuss the selections of first‐principles methods and fragment models during the parameterization. As the first‐principles force fields are available in a wide range of simulation packages, it is anticipated that use of these force fields will lead to new discoveries of the adsorption phenomena in nanoporous materials and on surfaces. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2017, 7:e1282. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1282

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science

Software > Simulation Methods

Software > Molecular Modeling
Production and Emulsifying Effect of Polyglycerol and Fatty Acid Esters with Varying Degrees of Esterification
Authors: Shikhaliev Khidmet S. , Stolpovskaya Nadezhda V. , Krysin Mikhail Yu. , Zorina Anna V. , Lyapun Denis V. , Zubkov Fedor I. , Yankina Kristina Yu.
Published: September 2016

Esters with acyl groups can be formed by the esterification of polyglycerol. The purpose of the present study was to produce fatty acid esters [hexanoic (caproic), octanoic (caprylic), decanoic (capric), dodecanoic (lauric), tetradecanoic (myristic), hexadecanoic (palmitic), octadecanoic (stearic)] and polyglycerol (average number‐of degrees of polymerization of 5) with varying degrees of esterification and to examine their emulsifying properties. A number of fundamental catalysts of polyglycerol acylation reactions by methyl esters of carboxylic acid were studied, and sodium methoxide was found to be the best choice. The temperature rate of transesterification increased from 180 to 220 °C with the fatty acid chain alkyl residue. Synthesized mono‐, di‐, tri‐, tetra‐, and heptaesters of various fatty acids and polyglycerol provided the highest hydroxyl values from 15 to 815 mg KOH g−1 and saponification values from 82 to 321 mg KOH g−1. The emulsifying properties were assessed for all polyglycerol and fatty acid esters, with results showing maximum emulsifying effect for tri‐ and tetraesters of capric, lauric, and caprylic acids. Regardless of the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance value (HLB) of polyglycerol esters and carboxylic acid, a 4:1 ratio of sunflower oil to water formed a water‐in‐oil type emulsion. When mixing oil and water in a 1:1 ratio, mono‐ and diesters of polyglycerol formed an oil‐in‐water type emulsion, heptaesters formed a water‐in‐oil type emulsion, and tri‐ and tetraesters formed both of types of emulsions, depending on the length of the acid hydrocarbon radicals.
THEHUKOUSYSTEM, RURAL INSTITUTIONS, AND MIGRANT INTEGRATION IN CHINA
Authors: Tyner Adam , Ren Yuan
Published: September 2016

This article presents evidence that factors in rural areas influence migrant integration into China's cities. We argue that the value of the rural registration influences migrants' decision-making and identities by creating a cost to registration transfer to the city, and that the rural land system interacts with the household registration system to inhibit migrant integration. We test novel hypotheses derived from a simple model of migrant integration, finding connections between rural sending area factors and migrant integration in the city. We test these hypotheses using survey data from two surveys of rural-to-urban migrant workers and publicly available economic data. We find that migrants from areas with higher levels of economic development are less likely to desire registration transfer to the city. We also find that landholding and weaker rural and rights are associated with lower levels of social integration in the city.
Coherent dynamics in the rotor tip shear layer of utility-scale wind turbines
Authors: Yang Xiaolei , Hong Jiarong , Barone Matthew , Sotiropoulos Fotis
Published: September 2016

Recent field experiments conducted in the near wake (up to 0.5 rotor diameters downwind of the rotor) of a Clipper Liberty C96 2.5 MW wind turbine using snow-based super-large-scale particle image velocimetry (SLPIV) (Hong et al., Nat. Commun., vol. 5, 2014, 4216) were successful in visualizing tip vortex cores as areas devoid of snowflakes. The so-visualized snow voids, however, suggested tip vortex cores of complex shape consisting of circular cores with distinct elongated comet-like tails. We employ large-eddy simulation (LES) to elucidate the structure and dynamics of the complex tip vortices identified experimentally. We show that the LES, with inflow conditions representing as closely as possible the state of the flow approaching the turbine when the SLPIV experiments were carried out, reproduce vortex cores in good qualitative agreement with the SLPIV results, essentially capturing all vortex core patterns observed in the field in the tip shear layer. The computed results show that the visualized vortex patterns are formed by the tip vortices and a second set of counter-rotating spiral vortices intertwined with the tip vortices. To probe the dependence of these newly uncovered coherent flow structures on turbine design, size and approach flow conditions, we carry out LES for three additional turbines: (i) the Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) turbine developed by Sandia National Laboratories in Lubbock, TX, USA; (ii) the wind turbine developed for the European collaborative MEXICO (Model Experiments in Controlled Conditions) project; and (iii) the model turbine presented in the paper by Lignarolo et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 781, 2015, pp. 467–493), and the Clipper turbine under varying inflow turbulence conditions. We show that similar counter-rotating vortex structures as those observed for the Clipper turbine are also observed for the SWiFT, MEXICO and model wind turbines. However, the strength of the counter-rotating vortices relative to that of the tip vortices from the model turbine is significantly weaker. We also show that incoming flows with low level turbulence attenuate the elongation of the tip and counter-rotating vortices. Sufficiently high turbulence levels in the incoming flow, on the other hand, tend to break up the coherence of spiral vortices in the near wake. To elucidate the physical mechanism that gives rise to such rich coherent dynamics we examine the stability of the turbine tip shear layer using the theory proposed by Leibovich & Stewartson (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 126, 1983, pp. 335–356). We show that for all simulated cases the theory consistently indicates the flow to be unstable exactly in the region where counter-rotating spirals emerge. We thus postulate that centrifugal instability of the rotating turbine tip shear layer is a possible mechanism for explaining the phenomena we have uncovered herein.
Non-specular reflection of walking droplets
Authors: Pucci Giuseppe , Sáenz Pedro J. , Faria Luiz M. , Bush John W. M.
Published: September 2016

Since their discovery by Yves Couder and Emmanuel Fort, droplets walking on a vibrating liquid bath have attracted considerable attention because they unexpectedly exhibit certain features reminiscent of quantum particles. While the behaviour of walking droplets in unbounded geometries has to a large extent been rationalized theoretically, no such rationale exists for their behaviour in the presence of boundaries, as arises in a number of key quantum analogue systems. We here present the results of a combined experimental and theoretical study of the interaction of walking droplets with a submerged planar barrier. Droplets exhibit non-specular reflection, with a small range of reflection angles that is only weakly dependent on the system parameters, including the angle of incidence. The observed behaviour is captured by simulations based on a theoretical model that treats the boundaries as regions of reduced wave speed, and rationalized in terms of momentum considerations.
Transition to turbulence over 2D and 3D periodic large-scale roughnesses
Authors: Hamed A. M. , Sadowski M. , Zhang Z. , Chamorro L. P.
Published: September 2016

A laboratory investigation was performed to study distinctive features of the laminar-to-turbulent transition over distributed roughness characterized by two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) periodic, low-order topographies at roughness Reynolds number $Re_{k}\approx 300$. Systematic experiments were performed using high-spatial-resolution planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) in a refractive-index-matching (RIM) channel, where the roughness covered the entire length of the test section. The results show that the flow over the 2D roughness becomes turbulent much sooner than its 3D counterpart ($Re_{x}=50\,000$ versus 120 000). This is attributed to the presence of a velocity inflection point resulting from flow separation within the troughs of the 2D roughness. In the transitional region, unsteady disturbances above the two roughnesses appear upstream of near-roughness disturbances. The above-roughness disturbances are associated with the inflection point in the vertically displaced boundary layer for the 2D case, and with the mean velocity deficit resulting from the interaction of the wakes of upstream elements for the 3D case. The near-roughness fluctuations are associated with the shear layer present behind the crests of both roughnesses. The transitional region is characterized by the interaction between above- and near-roughness disturbances, which merge, leading to a rapid vertical growth of the turbulent fluctuations.
The electrophoretic mobilities of a circular cylinder in close proximity to a dielectric wall
Authors: Yariv Ehud
Published: September 2016

In their bipolar-coordinate analysis of circular-cylinder electrophoresis near a dielectric wall, Keh et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 231, 1991, pp. 211–228) found that, when an electric field is applied parallel to the wall, the translational and rotational electrophoretic mobilities increase monotonically as the ratio $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ of the cylinder–wall separation to the cylinder radius decreases, eventually diverging as $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-1/2}$ when $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\rightarrow 0$. Considering the singular limit $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\ll 1$ from the outset, we conduct here an asymptotic analysis of that electrokinetic problem, providing insight to the manner by which the intense electric field in the narrow gap is transformed into $O(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-3/2})$ shear stresses; these stresses, in turn, overcome the large Stokes resistance so as to provide the large electrophoretic mobilities. In a companion problem, where the cylinder is exposed to a uniform current emanating from a nearby reactive electrode, the intense gap-scale electric field results in an $O(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{-2})$ pressure, giving rise in turn to a large repulsive force. In that problem we find that the cylinder velocity perpendicular to the wall approaches a finite limit as $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\rightarrow 0$. We also discuss the role of ‘dielectrophoretic’ forces which are inevitable in the above semi-bounded configurations.
Pension Reform in Chile – An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Moorman Paul J.
Published: September 2016

Chile privatized its social security system in 1981. Almost immediately, scholars began analyzing the impact of the new system to gauge its effectiveness and they continue to do so to this day. This bibliography collects and describes the most significant scholarly articles, books, and book chapters written in English discussing and analyzing Chile's privatized social security system.
“The Living, The Dead, The Undecided”: An Annotated Bibliography of Law Review Articles Dealing with the Law of Absentees and Returnees
Authors: Jarvis Robert M. , Chaney Megan F.
Published: September 2016

Over the years, the legal problems posed by absentees and returnees have attracted the attention of scores of law review authors. Their work is difficult to access, however, because it is scattered across time and place. This is particularly problematic for a field that has no current organizing text. Accordingly, this bibliography collects and annotates the more notable pieces, dividing them into three principal categories: General Works, State-Specific Works, and Subject-Specific Works.
The Hazards of Conversion: Nuns, Jews, and Demons in Late Renaissance Italy
Authors: Herzig Tamar
Published: September 2016

Female monasticism and the conversion of the Jews were both major concerns for the ecclesiastical establishment, as well as for Italian ruling elites, after the Council of Trent (1545–1563). Hence, the monachization of baptized Jewish girls acquired a unique symbolic significance. Moreover, during this period cases of demonic possession were on the rise, and so were witchcraft accusations. This article explores a case from late sixteenth-century Mantua in which Jewish conversion, female monachization, demonic possession and witch-hunting all came into play in a violent drama. Drawing on unpublished documents as well as on chronicles and hagiographies, the article elucidates the mental toll that conversion and monachization took on the Jewess Luina, who later became known as Sister Margherita. It delineates her life, which culminated with her diagnosis as a demoniac, and analyzes the significance that this etiology held for the energumen—whose affliction was attributed to her ongoing contacts with Jews—and for Mantua's Jews. The article argues that the anxiety provoked by suspicions that a formerly Jewish nun reverted to Judaism was so profound, that it led to the burning at the stake of Judith Franchetta, the only Jew ever to be executed as a witch in the Italian peninsula.
Crustal shortening at the Sierra Pie de Palo (Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina): near-surface basement folding and thrusting
Authors: BELLAHSEN N. , SEBRIER M. , SIAME L.
Published: September 2016

The Sierras Pampeanas consist of basement uplifts that are mainly controlled by W-verging crustal thrusts. One of these, the Sierra Pie de Palo, is controlled by a blind thrust whose kinematics is debated. We analysed the reverse faults located along the eastern side of the range and show that these are characterized by small displacements (few hundreds of metres) of the Neogene and Quaternary deposits controlled by the inherited basement metamorphic foliation and shear zones. At the sierra scale, the inherited foliation pattern appears already folded, before the Cenozoic shortening, forming a series of antiforms and synforms with various wavelengths. We propose that this structure is amplified during the Plio-Quaternary shortening, resulting in a large asymmetrical basement-cored anticline where foliation-parallel slip can act as folding mechanism. The overall kinematics is consistent with an E-verging fault-propagation fold; this proposed kinematics is an alternative to the frequently suggested W-verging fault-bend fold model. Finally, we propose a new, alternative and speculative crustal and lithospheric structure for this region consisting of two E-verging basement thrusts coeval to W-verging Pampean thrusts, both rooting below the Precordillera, above an eclogitized lower crust.
Cognitive remediation for individuals with psychosis: efficacy and mechanisms of treatment effects
Authors: Fiszdon J. M. , Choi K. H. , Bell M. D. , Choi J. , Silverstein S. M.
Published: September 2016

Background

The popularity of cognitive remediation (CR) interventions for individuals with psychosis is in part based on the well-established link between cognition and functioning and the assumption that by targeting cognition, function can improve. While numerous trials have reported CR's efficacy, it is still not considered an evidence-based treatment. Importantly, little is known about the mechanisms through which it may affect functioning.

Method

In this study, we evaluated CR's proximal and distal effects, and examined potential mechanisms. A total of 75 individuals with psychotic disorders were randomized to a combination of strategy-based and drill-and-practice CR or wait-list control, with assessments of training task performance, neurocognition, functional capacity, symptoms and functioning conducted at baseline, end of the 2-month intervention, and 2-month follow-up.

Results

Compared with treatment as usual, CR was associated with large post-training improvements on training tasks targeting attention, visuospatial memory, and verbal learning and memory, with persisting group differences at the 2-month follow-up. These generalized to mostly large improvements on neuropsychological measures targeting visuospatial memory, verbal learning and memory, delayed verbal memory and verbal working memory. While there were no CR-associated improvements on measures of functional capacity, symptoms, or a self-report measure of independent living skills, there was an effect on an interviewer-rated measure of functioning (Quality of Life Scale), which appeared primarily driven by the Intrapsychic Foundations subscale. Finally, for those randomized to CR, there were significant, medium-sized correlations between training task improvement, neuropsychological improvement and functioning measures.

Conclusions

This suggests a complex, multifactorial relationship between CR, and cognitive and functional change.
Two distinct patterns of treatment resistance: clinical predictors of treatment resistance in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum psychoses
Authors: Lally J. , Ajnakina O. , Di Forti M. , Trotta A. , Demjaha A. , Kolliakou A. , Mondelli V. , Reis Marques T. , Pariante C. , Dazzan P. , Shergil S. S. , Howes O. D. , David A. S. , MacCabe J. H. , Gaughran F. , Murray R. M.
Published: September 2016

Background

Clozapine remains the only evidence-based antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). The ability to predict which patients with their first onset of schizophrenia would subsequently meet criteria for treatment resistance (TR) could help to diminish the severe functional disability which may ensue if TR is not recognized and correctly treated.

Method

This is a 5-year longitudinal assessment of clinical outcomes in a cohort of 246 first-episode schizophrenia spectrum patients recruited as part of the NIHR Genetics and Psychosis (GAP) study conducted in South London from 2005 to 2010. We examined the relationship between baseline demographic and clinical measures and the emergence of TR. TR status was determined from a review of electronic case records. We assessed for associations with early-, and late-onset TR, and non-TR, and differences between those TR patients treated with clozapine and those who were not.

Results

Seventy per cent (n= 56) of TR patients, and 23% of the total study population (n= 246) were treatment resistant from illness onset. Those who met criteria for TR during the first 5 years of illness were more likely to have an early age of first contact for psychosis (<20 years) [odds ratio (OR) 2.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25–4.94] compared to those with non-TR. The relationship between an early age of first contact (<20 years) and TR was significant in patients of Black ethnicity (OR 3.71, 95% CI 1.44–9.56); and patients of male gender (OR 3.13 95% CI 1.35–7.23).

Conclusions

For the majority of the TR group, antipsychotic TR is present from illness onset, necessitating increased consideration for the earlier use of clozapine.
Gender and age group differences in suicide risk associated with co-morbid physical and psychiatric disorders in older adults
Authors: Vasiliadis Helen-Maria , Lamoureux-Lamarche Catherine , Gontijo Guerra Samantha
Published: September 2016

Background:

It is unclear whether health service use influences the association between psychiatric and physical co-morbidity and suicide risk in older adults.

Methods:

Controls were older adults (n= 2,494) participating in a longitudinal study on the health of the elderly carried out between 2004 and 2007, in Quebec. The cases were all suicide decedents (n= 493) between 2004 and 2007, confirmed by the Quebec Coroner's office. Multivariate analyses were carried out to test the association between suicide and the presence of psychiatric and physical illnesses controlling for health service use and socio-demographic factors by gender and age group. Interaction terms were also tested between suicide and co-morbidity on outpatient service use.

Results:

The presence of physical illnesses only, was associated with a reduced risk of suicide across all sex and age groups. The presence of a mental disorder only was associated with an increased risk of suicide overall and specifically in females and those aged 70 to 84 years of age. Suicide risk was lower in those with a psychiatric and physical co-morbidity and consulting mental health services.

Conclusions:

Increased mental health follow-up in older adults with psychiatric illnesses is needed for the detection of suicidal behavior and reducing suicide risk in males. Further research should focus on the mitigating effect of the presence of physical illnesses on stigma and health service use and the presence of social support in the elderly.
A NOTE ON A NEW APPROACH TO BOTH PRICE AND VOLATILITY JUMPS: AN APPLICATION TO THE PORTFOLIO MODEL
Authors: ALGHALITH MOAWIA
Published: September 2016

A new approach to jump diffusion is introduced, where the jump is treated as a vertical shift of the price (or volatility) function. This method is simpler than the previous methods and it is applied to the portfolio model with a stochastic volatility. Moreover, closed-form solutions for the optimal portfolio are obtained. The optimal closed-form solutions are derived when the value function is not smooth, without relying on the method of viscosity solutions.
63-jährige Frau mit unerträglichem Puls-synchronem Ohrgeräusch
Authors: Arning Christian , Pohlmann Carsten , Arning Kathrin , Eckert Bernd
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung. Wir berichten über eine 63-jährige Frau, die sich durch ein einseitiges Puls-synchrones Ohrgeräusch erheblich beeinträchtigt fühlte. Sämtliche bisher durchgeführte Diagnostik einschliesslich MRT und Gefässultraschall war unauffällig. Die Duplexsonografie mit Fokus auf die A. carotis externa zeigte nun jedoch eine verminderte Pulsatilität in der A. occipitalis, weniger deutlich in der A. carotis externa. Die Verdachtsdiagnose einer duralen AV-Fistel bestätigte sich angiografisch. Nach Embolisation der Fistel war die Patientin beschwerdefrei.
CME: Vaskuläre Malformationen
Authors: Patriki Dimitri , Amann-Vesti Beatrice R. , Meier Thomas O. , Thalhammer Christoph , Pfammatter Thomas , Clemens Robert K.
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung. Vaskuläre Missbildungen entstehen kongenital und können jedes Strombett betreffen. Trotz ihrer Benignität können sie einen destruktiven Verlauf nehmen, indem sie umliegende Strukturen verdrängen. Die Unterteilung erfolgt nach Stromgebiet und Morphologie. In mehr als 50 % der Fälle ist die Zuweisungsdiagnose trotz adäquater Bildgebung inkorrekt. Häufig werden fälschlicherweise Begriffe wie «Hämangiom» oder das Eponym «Klippel-Trénaunay-Syndrom» verwendet. Da über 80 % der korrekten Diagnosen klinisch gestellt werden könnten, ist die klinische Untersuchung und Beschreibung der beteiligten Gefässe von entscheidender Bedeutung.