bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Treating and Managing Patients With Ankle Sprains
Authors: Corbett Revay O. , Harris Paul C. , Vela Luzita , Saliba Susan A. , Hertel Jay
Published: November 2020

Context

Ankle sprains are common occurrences in athletic and general populations. High volumes of ankle sprains elevate the clinical burden on athletic trainers (ATs). The National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) published a position statement regarding the treatment and management of ankle sprains, but certain factors might affect an AT's ability to effectively implement the recommendations.

Objective

To evaluate ATs' current understanding, perceptions, and difficulties regarding the treatment, management, and long-term effects of ankle sprains.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Online survey instrument.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 796 ATs (years certified = 12.1 ± 9.2) across all athletic training job settings.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Participants completed a 38-question survey that addressed their demographic characteristics, as well as their perceptions and knowledge of the epidemiology, treatment, and management of ankle sprains. The survey was also used to document participants' patient education practices and attitudes toward the NATA position statement regarding ankle sprains, along with the challenges of and pressures against implementation. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and analyses of variance were used to analyze the data and evaluate group differences and relationships.

Results

Of the participants, 83% demonstrated a moderate understanding of fundamental ankle sprain epidemiology. Group differences regarding patient education were seen by education levels, years certified, and job setting. Overall, 38.1% of ATs were either unsure or unaware of the NATA position statement, but those who were aware rated its usefulness at 3.89 on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being not useful at all; 3, neutral; and 5, very useful. On average, 1.9 ± 0.88 challenges to implementing effective treatment practices were documented, and 2.0 ± 0.95 pressures to return athletes to play after ankle sprain were reported.

Conclusions

Nearly 40% of the ATs were either unaware or unsure of the current recommendations regarding how patients with ankle sprains are treated, which could affect how care is delivered.
Migrant Female Musicians and their Fight for Social Rights
Authors: Gammaitoni Milena
Published: November 2020

The aim of this essay is to examine the social action of women composers, often obliged to migrate, for long or short periods, in search of greater freedom and affirmation of their musical talent. The history of yesterday and today features numerous women musicians, composers and performers, active in the production of music, in social and political life, who often had and have to travel and migrate to assert themselves. Going on tour has always been part of the life of the artist – but for women it was not easy to travel freely and at will, on their own besides. Until the nineteenth century, such a thing was almost always strictly forbidden. Sometimes women composers and performers left the countries in which they resided for personal reasons, driven not only by the “compulsion” to change country because in their own it was impossible to choose the pathway they wished to follow.
Migrant Musicians. Transnationality and Hybrid Identities Expressed through Music
Authors: Golemo Karolina
Published: November 2020

Migrant musicians contribute to the intercultural wealth of the societies they live in. They manifest their hybrid identities and convey transnational experiences through different forms of musical expression. On the one hand, they (re)discover their musical culture of origin and reinterpret it from a new, cosmopolitan perspective. On the other, their making music and experiencing music enable them to construct an “inner homeland” to identify with, while living abroad in constant balance (or contradiction) between cultures. Based on existing works originating from different national settings this essay aims to synthetically describe the relationship between migrants’ musical expression and different manifestations of cultural belonging. Its main focus lies in how hybrid transnational identities may be expressed through music. It also addresses the redefinition and reinterpretation of migrants’ musical traditions in the cosmopolitanized city of Lisbon, with a special regard to the Cape Verdean diaspora as a community shaped by music.
İslâm Mimarî Geleneğinde Mukarnas Unsurunun Ortaya Çıkışı
Authors: HADDAD Makram
Published: November 2020

İslâm mimarisinde görülen geometrik bir bezeme çeşidi olan mukarnas, İslâm mimarisinin en önemli mimari öğelerinden biri olarak da kabul edilir. Buna rağmen ister İslâm medeniyet dairesi içinde yer alan dillerde (özellikle Türkçe ve Arapça literatürlerde) isterse de Batılı dillerde hak ettiği gibi çalışmamış bir konu olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bu nedenle mevcut noksanı telafi etmek ve mukarnas konusu üzerinde bazı anlaşılmayan yönleri açıklığa kavuşturabilmek için böyle bir araştırmanın yapılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bu çalışma sırasında mukarnasa dair terimsel ve tarihî bir tanıtım yapmak adına bu öğenin ilk zuhuru, İslâm dünyasının geniş coğrafyasına yayılması ve bu konulara dair çeşitli görüşler gözden geçirilmiş. Mukarnasın Tanımı, Mukarnasın Menşei, Mukarnasın Maşrıktan diğer İslâm coğrafyasına yayılması ile Mağribî Mukarnasın zuhuru olarak adlandırdığımız dört başlık altında konu genel çizgisiyle sunulmuştur.
Rédaction durable avec Pandoc et Markdown
Authors: Tenen Dennis , Wythoff Grant
Published: November 2020

Cette leçon vous apprendra les notions de base de Markdown, une syntaxe de balisage facile à lire et écrire, ainsi que Pandoc, un outil en ligne de commande qui permet de convertir du texte brut en différents types de fichiers bien formatés: PDF, .docx, HTML, LaTeX, diaporama, et plus encore.
Una breve historia de la filosofía como modo de vida y la antifilosofía como su heredera contemporánea
Authors: Cavallazzi Sánchez Alejandro
Published: November 2020

Se presenta la concepción de la filosofía como modo de vida según la obra de Pierre Hadot desde su comprensión en la antigüedad hasta su incorporación a la religión cristiana en la edad media. La antifilosofía propuesta inicialmente por Jacques Lacan y posteriormente desarrollada por Alain Badiou que, si bien, constituye un discurso distinto a la filosofía como modo de vida rescata sus más importantes inquietudes. Postulamos que la antifilosofía puede comprenderse como el discurso heredero de la filosofía como modo de vida en las épocas modernas y contemporánea. Se busca mostrar tanto a la antifilosofía como a la filosofía como modo de vida como importantes momentos históricos de un discurso preocupado por el individuo que filosofa y que corren en paralelo al discurso tradicionalmente teórico de la filosofía.
La construcción discursiva del espacio y tiempo en Cómo me hice monja de César Aira.
Authors: Gámez Reza Ilse Alejandra
Published: November 2020

El presente artículo aborda la novela Cómo me hice monja del autor argentino César Aira, desde un análisis de la construcción discursiva de las categorías espacio y tiempo, pues resultan fundamentales para la particular narrativa de este autor, especialmente en ésta, una de sus muchas novelas cortas. Para lograr el análisis se abordan los implícitos discursivos que desde distintas corrientes teóricas forman parte de la construcción discursiva permitiendo determinar el uso del lenguaje y la narrativa de Aira, además el estudio se centra en diferenciar de los explícitos y reconocer el papel que cada uno desempeña.  Se examinan las categorías de espacio y tiempo pues ambas se relacionan constantemente en la obra de César Aira para dar lugar a autoficciones y relatos vanguardistas.
La democracia y el giro espacial de la filosofía política
Authors: Sahuí Alejandro
Published: November 2020

El propósito de este texto es reflexionar en torno a la dimensión espacial de la política y la democracia. El problema es que la dimensión del espacio, de los lugares físicos en los que se desarrolla la vida social y se reclaman bienes colectivos, públicos y derechos, no ha sido tematizado suficientemente por la filosofía política como un asunto que tenga densidad propia en términos normativos. Dado que la democracia se asocia al Estado nacional es como si el espacio físico fuera uniforme y su población homogénea; como si el mismo conjunto de procedimientos y reglas fueran adecuadas para administrar en forma neutral las demandas de las personas y grupos en cualquier escenario. Se trata de visibilizar que la configuración de los espacios como lugares de la experiencia humana condiciona aquello sobre lo que se puede hablar, cómo hacerlo y quiénes puedan participar.
Sobre la utopía en Marx, Engels y el marxismo
Authors: Gonzalez Martin Pedro
Published: November 2020

En el siguiente artículo, me propongo reconstruir algunos aspectos del lugar que la utopía ha ocupado en la tradición de pensamiento marxista. Centrándome en dos momentos -las formulaciones originarias de Marx y Engels, y la consecuente reapropiación de las mismas por parte de célebres filósofos marxistas del siglo XX-, me propongo rastrear el ambivalente lugar que ha ocupado la interpretación de la utopía en algunos de los más célebres aportes de pensamiento marxista.
Analysis of Biological Framework and Incorporating Physiological Modelling
Authors: Srpak Bylova , Campbell Nicole
Published: November 2020

Biological frameworks for over the past few decades have been concentrating on the incorporation of medicine and biology including computation and information technology. The present problem is the utility of medical discoveries that have been recorded for over two decades till now: Proteomics and genomics have been projected to develop targeted therapeutically approaches. These approaches are the due to the understanding of the aetiological of the sophisticate illnesses. There are various efforts that are meant to enhance the human physiome based on the evaluation of weaknesses and strengths which will be evaluated in this research. The enhancement of the human framework with validation, documentation and verification of the integrative and underlying feedback is fundamental to project the usable ecosystem. Upcoming developments of the human framework necessitate the integrative physiologists operating in the connection of other scientists. These are some of the scientists with the professionalism in the areas of human biology. These experts are to propose a usable and accurate human framework.
The Co-formation of the Manichaean and Zoroastrian Religions in Third-Century Iran
Authors: BeDuhn Jason
Published: November 2020

The assumption that an already established Zoroastrian religion served as the source for terms, concepts, and themes, which Mani and Manichaeans appropriated and altered, is due for reassessment. Building on the work of P. O. Skjaervø, this study argues that (1) Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism arose together, side by side, in the third century (2) against the background of older Iranian religious cultural traditions, (3) each fitting those antecedent cultural artifacts into different systems of interpretation and application.
Mazdeans and Christians Facing the End of the World: Circulations and Exchanges of Concepts
Authors: Panaino Antonio
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a conspectus of the parallel treatment of some escha­tological subjects in the comparative framework of Mazdean and Christian sources. Although some impact of the Judeo-Chris­tian tradition on Iranian apocalypticism has been fittingly detected in previous studies, the author in­sists on evidence showing a sort of circular exchange between Chris­tians and Mazdeans, where, for in­stan­ce, chiliasm presents some Iranian (and not only Ba­by­lonian) resonances, while the well-known Zo­ro­as­trian doctrine of universal mercy and of the *apokatastasis* shows impressive correspondences with the Ori­genian doctrines. What distinguishes the Iranian framework is the fact that millenarianism, apocalypse and *apokatastasis* did not directly contrast, as it happened in the Christian milieu. These Christian doc­trines played a certain influence in Sasanian Iran, although their diffusion and acceptance was pro­bably slow and progressive, and became dominant among Zoroastrians only after the fall of the Sasanian period, when the Mazdean Church was no longer the pillar of the state and the social and legal order. The diffusion of the doctrine of universal mercy was a later acquisition, as shown from the evidence that earlier Mazdean doctrines did not assume a complete salvation for the wicked but prescribed a harsh and eternal punishment for them. Fur­ther­more, the author focuses on his own research on these sub­jects and summarises some results concerning a new and original presentation of the Mazdean concept of evil as a manifestation of suffering, comparable to a state of mental 'sickness.'
Religion as Mediation
Authors: Meyer Birgit
Published: November 2020

Why and how is it productive to conceptualize religion as mediation? In this article, I 1) rehearse the intellectual trajectory of the move from studying the implications of the adoption of new mass media into religious practices to a broader idea of religion as a practice of mediation; 2) address some criticisms raised with regard to the concept of religion-as-mediation from my position in the interface of anthropology and religious studies; 3) discuss the evocation of a sense of transcendence through sensational forms, and 4) by way of an outlook, pinpoint how conceptualizing religion as mediation is useful to unpack religious plurality.
Swipe Left to Pray. Analyzing Authority and Transcendence in Prayer Apps
Authors: Karis Tim
Published: November 2020

This paper centers on a fairly new phenomenon in digital religion: prayer apps. After an overview of their typical features, the paper will present a number of analytical perspectives on such apps, arguing that investing in theoretical work is needed, particularly in a young research field. Starting points are provided by Heidi Campbell’s four-layer model of religious authority, Michel Foucault’s concept of “technologies of the self,” Birgit Meyer’s understanding of religion as a practice of mediation, and by the conceptualization of the transcendence/immanence distinction developed at the Käte Hamburger Kolleg Dynamics of the History of Religions Between Asia and Europe at the Center for Religious Studies, Ruhr-Universät Bochum. With regards to authority, it will be pointed out that prayer apps employ highly different strategies of authorization. These include the evocation of traditional authority, building trust through the use of familiar design language (often borrowed from outside the religious field), and self-imposed strategies aimed at the ‘improvement’ of the individual believer. As for the transcendence/immanence-distinction, it will be argued that it is important to differentiate between prayer apps that have a more auxiliary character, helping users to prepare their offline praying practice, and those apps that allow users to pray directly on their phone – which has significant implications for the understanding of transcendence.
Religious Identities and the Struggle for Secularism: The Revival of Buddhism and Religions of Marginalized Groups in Nepal
Authors: Torri Davide
Published: November 2020

One of the most relevant aspects of contemporary political life in Nepal is the rise of ethnic minorities. From the early 1990s, the movement for democracy started campaigning against Hindu Monarchic autocracy for the lifting of the ban on political parties, the recognition of multiculturalism and freedom of religion. Many things have changed since then: a Maoist-led insurgency and a new people's movement have managed to topple the monarchy and to transform the Himalayan country into a republic. As a reaction to the state-enforced Hinduization of the people, supporting the caste system and maintaining the power in the hands of high caste Hindus, many groups are now campaigning to revive their local cultures and traditions. Religion is one of the key areas of confrontation, and the struggle for secularism has created space for the revival of the religious traditions of marginalized groups.
The Dynamics of Adaptive Globalisation. Muslim Missionaries in Weimar Berlin
Authors: Jonker Gerdien
Published: November 2020

This study scrutinizes a case of adaptive globalisation at the interface of colonized India and post-war colonial Europe. It examines Muslim missionaries who, after World War I, made missionary efforts in Germany. Originating from British India, the missionaries’ determination was firmly rooted in the Indian colonial past. They saw their mission as a further step in the process of adaptive globalisation, that is, the drive to adapt to and to reverse Western domination.The paper retraces missionary competition in Weimar Berlin, revealing an amalgam of pan-Islamic ideas, political strategies, and reformist religious imagery. These attempts at winning Western converts were a knife that cut both ways: Missionaries approached German ‘moderns’ in their own symbolic language, while the latter steered between the different mission offers and adapted Islam to their own needs.Making use of fresh sources, the contribution offers three perspectives: (1) the Sunnī mission with its revolutionary tinge; (2) the Ahmadiyya mission, and (3) the interface.
Editorial: A Look Back Upon 2014
Authors: Strotmann Vivian
Published: November 2020

This editorial offers you an overview of our first publications and quick access to each of them via links.
We thank you for your interest in Entangled Religions and look forward to sharing the coming year with you!
Biblical Metaschematism as a Device for Religious Transfer - Paul’s Communicative Strategy in a Situation of Religious Contact
Authors: Stünkel Knut Martin
Published: November 2020

Paul’s use of the concept of metaschematism in the First and Second Letter to the Corinthians, and in the Letter to the Philippians can be examined as a significant example of religious transfer in the form of negotiation of schemata on the level of object language that tries to establish a meta-language through negotiation of schemata. By metaschematizing, mental and behavioral dispositions become interfaces linking different systems together, though in an asymmetrical manner. By taking into account the role of metaschematic processes in medicinal and philosophical contexts, the article intends to scrutinize the role of metaschematism in schematic interaction.
Editorial: Our New Book Reviews Section
Authors: Strotmann Vivian
Published: November 2020

Find the most important information and links to become part of our new section for book reviews!
Editorial: The Miscellaneous Section
Authors: Strotmann Vivian
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers you the most important information and links regarding our new Miscellaneous Section.
Angelika Brodersen: Der unbekannte Kalām. Theologische Positionen der frühen Māturīdīya am Beispiel der Attributenlehre.
Authors: Kam Hureyre
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of Angelika Brodersen's bookDer unbekannte Kalām. Theologische Positionen der frühen Māturīdīya am Beispiel der Attributenlehre.History of Islamic Theology / Islamische Theologiegeschichte, Bd. 2. Berlin / Münster/ Wien/ Zürich/ London: Lit, 2014. 616 pages, € 69.90, ISBN 978-3-643-12402-9.
Joshua Rodda: Public Religious Disputations in England 1558–1626, St Andrews Studies in Reformation History
Authors: Schwend Joachim
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of Joshua Rodda'sPublic Religious Disputations in England 1558–1626, St Andrews Studies in Reformation History.Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2014. 252 pages, regular price £ 70, 234 x 156 mm, ISBN 978–1–4724–1555–4.
Proto-Indo-European Roots of the Vedic Aryans
Authors: Webster Travis D.
Published: November 2020

Recent archaeological evidence and the comparative method of Indo-European historical linguistics now make it possible to reconstruct the Aryan migrations into India, two separate diffusions of which merge with elements of Harappan religion in Asko Parpola’s The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization (NY: Oxford University Press, 2015).This review of Parpola’s work emphasizes the acculturation of Rigvedic and Atharvavedic traditions as represented in the depiction of Vedic rites and worship of Indra and the Aśvins (Nāsatya). After identifying archaeological cultures prior to the breakup of Proto-Indo-European linguistic unity and demarcating the two branches of the Proto-Aryan community, the role of the Vrātyas leads back to mutual encounters with the Iranian Dāsas.
Richard E. Payne: A State of Mixture. Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity
Authors: Rezania Kianoosh
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:Richard E. Payne: A State of Mixture. Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity.Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2015. 320 pages, $95.00/£70.95, ISBN (hardcover) 978052028619
Cornelia Herberichs, Norbert Kössinger & Stephanie Seidl (Hg.): Liturgie und Literatur—Historische Fallstudien
Authors: Gruber-Scheller Bettina
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:Cornelia Herberichs, Norbert Kössinger & Stephanie Seidl (Hg.): Liturgie und Literatur—Historische Fallstudien. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2015. 371 pages, € [D] 99.95, ISBN 978-3-11-037759-0.
Gregory Price Grieve & Daniel Veidlinger (eds.): Buddhism, the Internet and Digital Media. The Pixel and the Lotus
Authors: Franco Eli
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:Gregory Price Grieve & Daniel Veidlinger (eds.): Buddhism, the Internet and Digital Media. The Pixel and the Lotus Routledge: New York/London, 2015. 232 pages, hardback: USD 125.00, ISBN: 978-0-415-72166-0.
Yoshihiro Nikaido: Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction
Authors: Andreeva Anna
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review ofYoshihiro Nikaido: Asian Folk Religion and Cultural InteractionTaipei: National Taiwan University Press, 2015.Göttingen:V&R unipress, 2015. 230 pages, with numerous figures.hardcover € [D] 49,99/€ [A] 51,40, ISBN 978-3-8471-0485-8
Acculturated Otherness. Christian Churches and Wedding Chapels in Modern Japanese Society
Authors: Löffler Beate
Published: November 2020

During the latter half of the nineteenth century, the Japanese government ended the centuries-long Japanese policy of isolation and initiated a rapid modernization effort that aimed to create a competitive Japanese nation state. In addition to such changes as new family law, compulsory education, and redistribution of property, the government contracted foreign experts with the goal of importing western knowledge. As a result, civil engineers, artists, and physicians started moving to Japan, as did missionaries. This resulted in intense cultural encounter and negotiation, in the course of which Christian faith and Western church architecture became acculturated in Japan. This article sketches the socio-cultural and technological parameters shaping Japanese Christian church buildings from the 1860s onwards as well as the transfer of meanings and forms from an explicitly Western tradition into a Western-looking and yet entirely Japanese tradition of Christianity. It sketches a second line of transfer as well, that reinterpreted the ‘church’ as an architectural form into the Wedding-Chapel-Romanticism of the non-Christian Japanese mainstream wedding industry.
“Oil, which shall not quit my head”: Jewish-Christian Interaction in Eleventh-century Baghdad
Authors: Dubovick Yosaif
Published: November 2020

The last influential head of the Pumbadithan Academy in Baghdad, R. Hayya Gaʾon (939–1038), requested his Sicilian student R. Maṣliaḥ ben Eliah al-Baṣaq to inquire with the Nestorian Patriarch (Catholicos) about the Syriac definition of a word in Psalms (141:5). Upon R. Maṣliaḥ’s protests, R. Hayya rebuked his student, saying “our pious forefathers and ancestors would inquire regarding languages and their explanations from members of different religions, even from shepherds”. Despite scholarly treatment since 1855, a new, analytical reading of the text, based upon manuscripts, external sources, and comparative literature, provides fresh approaches towards understanding Jewish-Christian scholarly interaction in Baghdad at the turn of the eleventh century, particularly in comparison to those in Sicily. Additionally presented are new facets in Peshitta studies.
Shared Shrines and the Discourse of Clashing Civilisations
Authors: Bowman Glenn
Published: November 2020

Since I began, in the early 1980s, to research Muslim-Christian cohabitation of religious sites, I have been convinced of the political importance of making practices of intercommunal ‘sharing’ ethnographically visible. Thirty-five years of that work, spread across the Eastern Mediterranean (Israel/Palestine, Yugoslavia and its successor states, and both sides of the Cyprus divide), have not only revealed contemporary and historical choreographies of cohabitation but also their disintegration and the forces which bring it about. While I was carrying out this research, an accelerating resurgence of ethnic, religious and nationalistic politics was taking place not only throughout the areas I was studying but also in the global arena. This ‘identitarian’ politics, its philosophical grounding, and its shaping of academic and popular thought and practice is the focus of the first half of this paper; in the second part I look theoretically and empirically into examples of sharing and its refusal so as to show not only how cohabitation with alterity works but also to make visible the processes which sabotage it.
Sacred Spaces in a Holy City. Crossing Religious Boundaries in Istanbul at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Anastassiadou-Dumont Méropi
Published: November 2020

The article examines Muslim pilgrimages to Christian places of worship in Istanbul after the 1950s. It aims to answer whether and how the Ottoman heritage of cultural diversity fits or does not fit with the pattern of the nation-state. After a brief bibliographic overview of the issue of shared sacred spaces, the presentation assembles, as a first step, some of the key elements of Istanbul’s multi-secular links with religious practices: the sanctity of the city both for Christianity and Islam; the long tradition of pilgrimages and their importance for the local economy; meanings and etymologies of the word pilgrimage in the most common languages of the Ottoman space; and the silence of the nineteenth century’s Greek sources concerning the sharing of worship. The second part focuses more specifically on some OrthodoxGreek sacred spaces in Istanbul increasingly frequented by Muslims during the last decades.
A Muslim Holy Man to Convert Christians in a Transottoman Setting: Approaches to Sarı Saltuk from the Late Middle Ages to the Present
Authors: Rohdewald Stefan
Published: November 2020

Interpretations of texts on Sarı Saltuk may serve as a central example of the entanglement of Muslim and Christian contexts in (south-)eastern Europe and the Near East. Analyzing the fifteenth-century Saltuk-nâme and reports by Evliya Çelebi from the seventeenth century, a wide extension of the area concerned, as far as Poland-Lithuania, Muscovy and Sweden, can be observed. With the change of the contents of reports from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, an increasing interest in Christians participating in the veneration of sites connected to Sarı Saltuk can be remarked. Yet descriptions of a veneration of Sarı S altuk in a non-Muslim setting r emain firmly embedded in Christian contexts, complicating a transreligious interpretation of them. In today’s Turkish perspective, though, Sarı Saltuk is no longer contextualized in a manner encompassing Russia and Poland, too, but much more in a context focusing on and affirming national Turkish Anatolian or nationalized post-Ottoman contents in the Balkans.
Linear Repairing Codes and Side-Channel Attacks
Authors: Chabanne Hervé , Maghrebi Houssem , Prouff Emmanuel
Published: November 2020

To strengthen the resistance of countermeasures based on secret sharing,several works have suggested to use the scheme introduced by Shamir in 1978, which proposes to use the evaluation of a random d-degree polynomial into n ≥ d + 1 public points to share the sensitive data. Applying the same principles used against the classical Boolean sharing, all these works have assumed that the most efficient attack strategy was to exploit the minimum number of shares required to rebuild the sensitive value; which is d + 1 if the reconstruction is made with Lagrange’s interpolation. In this paper, we highlight first an important difference between Boolean and Shamir’s sharings which implies that, for some signal-to-noise ratio, it is more advantageous for the adversary to observe strictly more than d + 1 shares. We argue that this difference is related to the existence of so-called linear exact repairing codes, which themselves come with reconstruction formulae that need (much) less information (counted in bits) than Lagrange’s interpolation. In particular, this result implies that the choice of the public points in Shamir’s sharing has an impact on the countermeasure strength, which confirms previous observations made by Wang et al. at CARDIS 2016 for the so-called inner product sharing which is a generalization of Shamir’s scheme. As another contribution, we exhibit a positive impact of the existence of linear exact repairing schemes; we indeed propose to use them to improve the state-of-the-art multiplication algorithms dedicated to Shamir’s sharing. We argue that the improvement can be effective when the multiplication operation in the sub-fields is at least two times smaller than that of the base field.
Fault Attacks Made Easy: Differential Fault Analysis Automation on Assembly Code
Authors: Breier Jakub , Hou Xiaolu , Liu Yang
Published: November 2020

Over the past decades, fault injection attacks have been extensively studied due to their capability to efficiently break cryptographic implementations. Fault injection attack models are normally determined by analyzing the cipher structure and finding exploitable spots in non-linear and permutation layers. However, this level of abstraction is often too high to distinguish vulnerable parts of software implementations, due to specific operations and optimizations. On the other hand, manually analyzing the assembly code requires non-negligible amount of time and expertise. In this paper, we propose an automated approach for analyzing cipher implementations in assembly. We represent the whole assembly program as a data flow graph so that the vulnerable spots can be found efficiently. Fault propagation is analyzed in a subgraph constructed from each vulnerable spot, allowing equations for Differential Fault Analysis (DFA) to be automatically generated. We have created a tool that implements our approach: DATAC – DFA Automation Tool for Assembly Code. We have successfully used this tool for attacking PRESENT- 80, being able to find implementation-specific vulnerabilities that can be exploited in order to recover the last round key with 16 faults. Our results show that DATAC is useful in finding attack spots that are not visible from the cipher structure, but can be easily exploited when dealing with real-world implementations.
SIDH on ARM: Faster Modular Multiplications for Faster Post-Quantum Supersingular Isogeny Key Exchange
Authors: Seo Hwajeong , Liu Zhe , Longa Patrick , Hu Zhi
Published: November 2020

We present high-speed implementations of the post-quantum supersingular isogeny Diffie-Hellman key exchange (SIDH) and the supersingular isogeny key encapsulation (SIKE) protocols for 32-bit ARMv7-A processors with NEON support. The high performance of our implementations is mainly due to carefully optimized multiprecision and modular arithmetic that finely integrates both ARM and NEON instructions in order to reduce the number of pipeline stalls and memory accesses, and a new Montgomery reduction technique that combines the use of the UMAAL instruction with a variant of the hybrid-scanning approach. In addition, we present efficient implementations of SIDH and SIKE for 64-bit ARMv8-A processors, based on a high-speed Montgomery multiplication that leverages the power of 64-bit instructions. Our experimental results consolidate the practicality of supersingular isogeny-based protocols for many real-world applications. For example, a full key-exchange execution of SIDHp503 is performed in about 176 million cycles on an ARM Cortex-A15 from the ARMv7-A family (i.e., 88 milliseconds @2.0GHz). On an ARM Cortex-A72 from the ARMv8-A family, the same operation can be carried out in about 90 million cycles (i.e., 45 milliseconds @1.992GHz). All our software is protected against timing and cache attacks. The techniques for modular multiplication presented in this work have broad applications to other cryptographic schemes.
On Recovering Affine Encodings in White-Box Implementations
Authors: Derbez Patrick , Fouque Pierre-Alain , Lambin Baptiste , Minaud Brice
Published: November 2020

Ever since the first candidate white-box implementations by Chow et al. in 2002, producing a secure white-box implementation of AES has remained an enduring challenge. Following the footsteps of the original proposal by Chow et al., other constructions were later built around the same framework. In this framework, the round function of the cipher is “encoded” by composing it with non-linear and affine layers known as encodings. However, all such attempts were broken by a series of increasingly efficient attacks that are able to peel off these encodings, eventually uncovering the underlying round function, and with it the secret key.These attacks, however, were generally ad-hoc and did not enjoy a wide applicability. As our main contribution, we propose a generic and efficient algorithm to recover affine encodings, for any Substitution-Permutation-Network (SPN) cipher, such as AES, and any form of affine encoding. For AES parameters, namely 128-bit blocks split into 16 parallel 8-bit S-boxes, affine encodings are recovered with a time complexity estimated at 232 basic operations, independently of how the encodings are built. This algorithm is directly applicable to a large class of schemes. We illustrate this on a recent proposal due to Baek, Cheon and Hong, which was not previously analyzed. While Baek et al. evaluate the security of their scheme to 110 bits, a direct application of our generic algorithm is able to break the scheme with an estimated time complexity of only 235 basic operations.As a second contribution, we show a different approach to cryptanalyzing the Baek et al. scheme, which reduces the analysis to a standalone combinatorial problem, ultimately achieving key recovery in time complexity 231. We also provide an implementation of the attack, which is able to recover the secret key in about 12 seconds on a standard desktop computer.
Persistent Fault Analysis on Block Ciphers
Authors: Zhang Fan , Lou Xiaoxuan , Zhao Xinjie , Bhasin Shivam , He Wei , Ding Ruyi , Qureshi Samiya , Ren Kui
Published: November 2020

Persistence is an intrinsic nature for many errors yet has not been caught enough attractions for years. In this paper, the feature of persistence is applied to fault attacks, and the persistent fault attack is proposed. Different from traditional fault attacks, adversaries can prepare the fault injection stage before the encryption stage, which relaxes the constraint of the tight-coupled time synchronization. The persistent fault analysis (PFA) is elaborated on different implementations of AES-128, specially fault hardened implementations based on Dual Modular Redundancy (DMR). Our experimental results show that PFA is quite simple and efficient in breaking these typical implementations. To show the feasibility and practicability of our attack, a case study is illustrated on the shared library Libgcrypt with rowhammer technique. Approximately 8200 ciphertexts are enough to extract the master key of AES-128 when PFA is applied to Libgcrypt1.6.3 with redundant encryption based DMR. This work puts forward a new direction of fault attacks and can be extended to attack other implementations under more interesting scenarios.
Differential Fault Attacks on Deterministic Lattice Signatures
Authors: Groot Bruinderink Leon , Pessl Peter
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we extend the applicability of differential fault attacks to lattice-based cryptography. We show how two deterministic lattice-based signature schemes, Dilithium and qTESLA, are vulnerable to such attacks. In particular, we demonstrate that single random faults can result in a nonce-reuse scenario which allows key recovery. We also expand this to fault-induced partial nonce-reuse attacks, which do not corrupt the validity of the computed signatures and thus are harder to detect.Using linear algebra and lattice-basis reduction techniques, an attacker can extract one of the secret key elements after a successful fault injection. Some other parts of the key cannot be recovered, but we show that a tweaked signature algorithm can still successfully sign any message. We provide experimental verification of our attacks by performing clock glitching on an ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller. In particular, we show that up to 65.2% of the execution time of Dilithium is vulnerable to an unprofiled attack, where a random fault is injected anywhere during the signing procedure and still leads to a successful key-recovery.
Multiplicative Masking for AES in Hardware
Authors: De Meyer Lauren , Reparaz Oscar , Bilgin Begül
Published: November 2020

Hardware masked AES designs usually rely on Boolean masking and perform the computation of the S-box using the tower-field decomposition. On the other hand, splitting sensitive variables in a multiplicative way is more amenable for the computation of the AES S-box, as noted by Akkar and Giraud. However, multiplicative masking needs to be implemented carefully not to be vulnerable to first-order DPA with a zero-value power model. Up to now, sound higher-order multiplicative masking schemes have been implemented only in software. In this work, we demonstrate the first hardware implementation of AES using multiplicative masks. The method is tailored to be secure even if the underlying gates are not ideal and glitches occur in the circuit. We detail the design process of first- and second-order secure AES-128 cores, which result in the smallest die area to date among previous state-of-the-art masked AES implementations with comparable randomness cost and latency. The first- and second-order masked implementations improve resp. 29% and 18% over these designs. We deploy our construction on a Spartan-6 FPGA and perform a side-channel evaluation. No leakage is detected with up to 50 million traces for both our first- and second-order implementation. For the latter, this holds both for univariate and bivariate analysis.
Low Randomness Masking and Shuffling: An Evaluation Using Mutual Information
Authors: Papagiannopoulos Kostas
Published: November 2020

Side-channel countermeasure designers often face severe performance overheads when trying to protect a device. Widely applied countermeasures such as masking and shuffling entail generating a large amount of random numbers, which can result in a computational bottleneck. To mitigate the randomness cost, this work evaluates low-randomness versions of both masking and shuffling, namely Recycled Randomness Masking (RRM) and Reduced Randomness Shuffling (RRS). These countermeasures employ memory units to store generated random numbers and reuse them in subsequent computations,making them primarily suitable for implementation on devices with sufficient memory. Both RRM and RRS are evaluated using the MI-based framework in the context of horizontal attacks. The evaluation exhibits the tradeoff between the randomness cost and the noisy leakage security level offered by the countermeasures, enabling the designer to fine-tune a masking or shuffling scheme and maximize the security level achieved for a certain cost.
Composable Masking Schemes in the Presence of Physical Defaults & the Robust Probing Model
Authors: Faust Sebastian , Grosso Vincent , Merino Del Pozo Santos , Paglialonga Clara , Standaert François-Xavier
Published: November 2020

Composability and robustness against physical defaults (e.g., glitches) are two highly desirable properties for secure implementations of masking schemes. While tools exist to guarantee them separately, no current formalism enables their joint investigation. In this paper, we solve this issue by introducing a new model, the robust probing model, that is naturally suited to capture the combination of these properties. We first motivate this formalism by analyzing the excellent robustness and low randomness requirements of first-order threshold implementations, and highlighting the difficulty to extend them to higher orders. Next, and most importantly, we use our theory to design and prove the first higher-order secure, robust and composable multiplication gadgets. While admittedly inspired by existing approaches to masking (e.g., Ishai-Sahai-Wagner-like, threshold, domain-oriented), these gadgets exhibit subtle implementation differences with these state-of-the-art solutions (none of which being provably composable and robust). Hence, our results illustrate how sound theoretical models can guide practically-relevant implementations.
Practical Evaluation of Protected Residue Number System Scalar Multiplication
Authors: Papachristodoulou Louiza , Fournaris Apostolos P. , Papagiannopoulos Kostas , Batina Lejla
Published: November 2020

The Residue Number System (RNS) arithmetic is gaining grounds in public key cryptography, because it offers fast, efficient and secure implementations over large prime fields or rings of integers. In this paper, we propose a generic, thorough and analytic evaluation approach for protected scalar multiplication implementations with RNS and traditional Side Channel Attack (SCA) countermeasures in an effort to assess the SCA resistance of RNS. This paper constitutes the first robust evaluation of RNS software for Elliptic Curve Cryptography against electromagnetic (EM) side-channel attacks. Four different countermeasures, namely scalar and point randomization, random base permutations and random moduli operation sequence, are implemented and evaluated using the Test Vector Leakage Assessment (TVLA) and template attacks. More specifically, variations of RNS-based Montgomery Powering Ladder scalar multiplication algorithms are evaluated on an ARM Cortex A8 processor using an EM probe for acquisition of the traces. We show experimentally and theoretically that new bounds should be put forward when TVLA evaluations on public key algorithms are performed. On the security of RNS, our data and location dependent template attacks show that even protected implementations are vulnerable to these attacks. A combination of RNS-based countermeasures is the best way to protect against side-channel leakage.
Glitch-Resistant Masking Revisited
Authors: Moos Thorben , Moradi Amir , Schneider Tobias , Standaert François-Xavier
Published: November 2020

Implementing the masking countermeasure in hardware is a delicate task. Various solutions have been proposed for this purpose over the last years: we focus on Threshold Implementations (TIs), Domain-Oriented Masking (DOM), the Unified Masking Approach (UMA) and Generic Low Latency Masking (GLM). The latter generally come with innovative ideas to cope with physical defaults such as glitches. Yet, and in contrast to the situation in software-oriented masking, these schemes have not been formally proven at arbitrary security orders and their composability properties were left unclear. So far, only a 2-cycle implementation of the seminal masking scheme by Ishai, Sahai and Wagner has been shown secure and composable in the robust probing model – a variation of the probing model aimed to capture physical defaults such as glitches – for any number of shares.In this paper, we argue that this lack of proofs for TIs, DOM, UMA and GLM makes the interpretation of their security guarantees difficult as the number of shares increases. For this purpose, we first put forward that the higher-order variants of all these schemes are affected by (local or composability) security flaws in the (robust) probing model, due to insufficient refreshing. We then show that composability and robustness against glitches cannot be analyzed independently. We finally detail how these abstract flaws translate into concrete (experimental) attacks, and discuss the additional constraints robust probing security implies on the need of registers. Despite not systematically leading to improved complexities at low security orders, e.g., with respect to the required number of measurements for a successful attack, we argue that these weaknesses provide a case for the need of security proofs in the robust probing model (or a similar abstraction) at higher security orders.
Consolidating Security Notions in Hardware Masking
Authors: De Meyer Lauren , Bilgin Begül , Reparaz Oscar
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we revisit the security conditions of masked hardware implementations. We describe a new, succinct, information-theoretic condition called d-glitch immunity which is both necessary and sufficient for security in the presence of glitches. We show that this single condition includes, but is not limited to, previous security notions such as those used in higher-order threshold implementations and in abstractions using ideal gates. As opposed to these previously known necessary conditions, our new condition is also sufficient. On the other hand, it excludes avoidable notions such as uniformity. We also treat the notion of (strong) noninterference from an information-theoretic point-of-view in order to unify the different security concepts and pave the way to the verification of composability in the presence of glitches. We conclude the paper by demonstrating how the condition can be used as an efficient and highly generic flaw detection mechanism for a variety of functions and schemes based on different operations.
Fast, Furious and Insecure: Passive Keyless Entry and Start Systems in Modern Supercars
Authors: Wouters Lennert , Marin Eduard , Ashur Tomer , Gierlichs Benedikt , Preneel Bart
Published: November 2020

The security of immobiliser and Remote Keyless Entry systems has been extensively studied over many years. Passive Keyless Entry and Start systems, which are currently deployed in luxury vehicles, have not received much attention besides relay attacks. In this work we fully reverse engineer a Passive Keyless Entry and Start system and perform a thorough analysis of its security.Our research reveals several security weaknesses. Specifically, we document the use of an inadequate proprietary cipher using 40-bit keys, the lack of mutual authentication in the challenge-response protocol, no firmware readout protection features enabled and the absence of security partitioning.In order to validate our findings, we implement a full proof of concept attack allowing us to clone a Tesla Model S key fob in a matter of seconds with low cost commercial off the shelf equipment. Our findings most likely apply to other manufacturers of luxury vehicles including McLaren, Karma and Triumph motorcycles as they all use the same system developed by Pektron.