bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterizing microscale biological samples under tensile loading: Stress–strain behavior of cell wall fragment of onion outer epidermis
Authors: Zamil M. S. , Yi Hojae , Haque M. A. , Puri Virendra M.
Published: May 2013

• Premise of the study: The results of published studies investigating the tissue‐scale mechanical properties of plant cell walls are confounded by the unknown contributions of the middle lamella and the shape and size of each cell. However, due to their microscale size, cell walls have not yet been characterized at the wall fragment level under tensile loading. It is imperative to understand the stress–strain behavior of cell wall fragments to relate the wall's mechanical properties to its architecture.

• Methods: This study reports a novel method used to characterize wall fragments under tensile loading. Cell wall fragments from onion outer epidermal peels were cut to the desired size (15 × 5 µm) using the focused ion beam milling technique, and these fragments were manipulated onto a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) tensile testing device. The stress–strain behavior of the wall fragments both in the major and minor growth directions were characterized in vacuo.

• Key results: The measured mean modulus, fracture strength, and fracture strain in the major growth direction were 3.7 ± 0.8 GPa, 95.5 ± 24.1 MPa, and 3.0 ± 0.5%, respectively. The corresponding properties along the minor growth direction were 4.9 ± 1.2 GPa, 159 ± 48.4 MPa, and 3.8 ± 0.5%, respectively.

• Conclusions: The fracture strength and fracture strain were significantly different along the major and minor growth directions, the wall fragment level modulus of elasticity anisotropy for a dehydrated cell wall was 1.23, suggesting a limited anisotropy of the cell wall itself compared with tissue‐scale results.
A reevaluation of the use of rhizome scars to age plants ofTrillium erectum(Melanthiaceae)1
Authors: Broyles Steven B. , Smith Sarah M. , Smith Tori R. , Kindt Justin R.
Published: May 2013

•Premise of study:Herbaceous perennials are important long‐lived plants in North American forests.Trilliumhas been used as a model organism to examine the effects of ecological processes on age structure in herbaceous forest perennials. Here, the methods of agingTrilliumrhizomes are critically examined.

•Methods:Rhizomes of seedlings, single‐bract plants, three‐bract nonflowering plants, and flowering plants ofTrillium erectumwere examined. The patterns of cataphyll and scape scars on rhizomes were examined with respect to demographic category.

•Key results: Trilliumrhizomes produce two cataphyll scars per year on single‐bract, three‐bract nonflowering, and flowering plants. Scape scars were only evident on rhizomes of three‐leaved nonflowering and flowering plants. The percentage of intact rhizomes ranged from 10–67% for three‐bract nonflowering plants, and 0–51% for flowering plants. Rhizomes in all demographic categories had evidence of recessing tissues from the oldest portion of the rhizome indicating that accurate age estimates are not possible on many plants.

•Conclusions:Accepted methods of agingTrilliumrhizomes have significant drawbacks. The primary problem is that rhizomes rot from the oldest portions in all demographic categories. A second problem is that plants producing multiple scape scars in a given year could mistakenly be counted as multiple years. Finally, confusing terminology and misrepresentations inTrilliumliterature suggests that many previous studies did not correctly determine age. Given the challenges of agingTrillium, we suggest that future studies use rhizome aging to study early demographic stages only and the ecological processes that influence their growth.
Three decades of spanish communication research: Towards legal age
Authors: Fernández-Quijada David , Masip-Masip Pere
Published: May 2013

This paper analyses the evolution of Spanish communication research published as scientific articles between 1980 and 2010. It quantifies the volume of this production with two different samples: the first sample includes national journals and offers original and unprecedented data; the second one includes international journals, defined as those indexed by the Web of Science. As a whole, more than 6,000 articles were analysed. Additionally, the collaboration patterns in authorship and internationality were also studied. On the one hand, collaboration was measured through indicators of multiple authorship and the evolution of coauthorship indexes. On the other hand, internationality was measured through the share of Spanish authors in international journals, the weight of international collaborations and the language used in national journals. Data obtained illustrate a growth and maturity process of communication as a scientific discipline: at the end of the period analysed, a tension between growing collaboration and internationalization and traditional publication patterns was found. Through the period studied, the birth of new faculties with communication studies and the growing number of journals have feed the own growth of the number of articles. However, other elements such as scientific assessment have also played a role in the internationalization of authors. As a whole, this article offers a first image of the evolution of communication as an academic discipline in Spain.

Este artículo analiza la evolución de la investigación española en comunicación publicada en forma de artículos científicos entre 1980 y 2010. Cuantifica este volumen de producción con dos muestras de revistas, una del ámbito nacional que aporta datos originales e inéditos hasta ahora y otra internacional a partir de Web of Science. En total, se analizan más de 6.000 artículos, estudiando las pautas de colaboración en la autoría y las de internacionalidad. Para las primeras, mediante el peso de la autoría múltiple y la evolución de los índices de coautoría. Para las segundas, mediante el peso de los autores españoles en las revistas internacionales, el volumen de colaboraciones internacionales y el idioma empleado en las revistas españolas. Los datos obtenidos muestran un proceso de crecimiento y madurez de la comunicación como disciplina científica que al final del período analizado se debate entre las tendencias crecientes a la colaboración y la internacionalización y los patrones más tradicionales de comunicación científica. A lo largo del período, el crecimiento de las facultades de comunicación y del número de revistas ha retroalimentado el propio incremento en el número de artículos. No obstante, otros elementos como la evaluación científica también han impulsado la internacionalización de los autores. Así, el artículo ofrece una primera imagen de la evolución de la disciplina en España.
The multidisciplinarity in Spanish and foreign communication journals
Authors: Mañana-Rodríguez Jorge , Sierra-Arizmendiarrieta Beatriz
Published: May 2013

Communication can be understood, under an epistemological framework, as a macrocontext from which education participates as a part. One of the objectives of this work is to contrast this theoretical consideration with the observed interaction between education and communication scientific journals defined by citations and relatedness towards other scientific journals. At the same time, there might be relevant differences between the citation patterns of Spanish and foreign (journals in Journal Citation Reports) communication journals, particularly with regard to their disciplinary composition. These differences might become a major problem for the interexchange of information between both sets of journals. The authors analyze the citations distribution by subject category for Spanish and JCR journals, as well as for the journal «Comunicar», and also the frequency of related journals per subject category in the case of JCR. It is concluded: a) that the aforementioned epistemological relationship is valid only for Spanish Communication journals, b) that there are relevant differences between both sets of journals in the disciplinary composition of their citedciting and related journals and that Information Science & Library Science might serve as a suitable communication channel; finally, c) the characteristic multidisciplinarity of the journal «Comunicar» is corroborated, both at the national and international level.

La comunicación puede entenderse como un macrocontexto epistemológico del que la educación participa como una parte. El análisis de la correspondencia entre esta relación teórica epistemológica y la interacción real entre las revistas de educación y comunicación es uno de los objetivos de este trabajo. Al mismo tiempo, los patrones de citación de las revistas españolas de comunicación, en cuanto a la procedencia de las citas recibidas o emitidas por las revistas de comunicación en el Journal Citations Report, pueden presentar diferencias que dificulten el intercambio de información entre ambos conjuntos. Se analiza la distribución de citas según disciplina citante para las revistas españolas y extranjeras de comunicación, así como para «Comunicar», y la frecuencia de aparición de revistas con tasa de afinidad según su disciplina para las revistas en la «Subjet Category Communication» de JCR. Se concluye que la relación epistemológica entre educación y comunicación se da únicamente en el caso español, que existen marcadas diferencias en la composición disciplinar de las revistas afines y citantes al comparar las revistas españolas con las indexadas en JCR. Además, la interacción con las revistas del área «Information Science & Library Science» podría ser un canal de comunicación entre ambos conjuntos de revistas. Finalmente, se corrobora la correspondencia de la característica multidisciplinariedad de «Comunicar» en el ámbito nacional e internacional.
Connecting generations. A research and learning approach for media education and audience studies
Authors: Ponte Cristina , Aroldi Piermarco
Published: May 2013

Based on theoretical and methodological orientations from authors’ previous research on media and generations, this article presents a research and learning process involving supervised field work conducted by graduate students from a Master Seminar on Media Studies at FCSH, New University of Lisbon. Acting as facilitators of focus groups composed of older participants, exploring intergenerational and intragenerational differences and similarities that emerge from different age cohorts, and critically reflecting on this experience on their individual essays, students were able to build a contextual knowledge of media uses among their grandparents’ and parents’ generation in Portugal. The choice of focus groups as a tool for research and the topic of generations to be investigated within Media Studies proved to be very productive. The article argues on the potentialities of this intergenerational relation between facilitator and focus groups’ respondents as a way of activating the interactions inside the groups, leading –for instance– the participants to assume an «explaining» attitude in selfaccounting. Final notes are presented about the educational gains of this methodology for Media Education and for different branches of Media Studies, such as media and social history, journalism and the news or political participation.

A partir de orientaciones teóricas y metodológicas previas sobre medios de comunicación y generaciones, este artículo presenta un proceso de investigación y aprendizaje a partir de la supervisión del trabajo de campo desempeñado por estudiantes licenciados en el Seminario del Máster en Medios de Comunicación en la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nueva de Lisboa. Los estudiantes implicados lograron construir conocimiento contextual sobre el uso de los medios en la generación de sus abuelos y en la de sus padres en Portugal, actuando como facilitadores en los grupos de discusión, formados siempre por participantes de mayor edad, explorando las diferencias y similitudes intrageneracionales que emergen en grupos de diferente edad y llevando a cabo una reflexión crítica sobre la experiencia en sus informes individuales. La elección de los grupos de discusión como herramienta para la investigación y la elección del tema en el marco del Estudio de los Medios de Comunicación resultó muy eficaz. Este artículo pretende defender la potencialidad de esta relación intergeneracional entre los facilitadores y los miembros de los grupos de discusión como forma de activar la interacción entre grupos, permitiendo, por ejemplo, que los participantes asuman una actitud explicativa para consigo mismos. Las notas finales que se presentan contemplan las ventajas de esta metodología para la Educación en Medios y para diferentes ramas del Estudio de los Medios, como la historia de los medios de comunicación e historia social, el periodismo o la participación política.
Gender representation in advertising of toys in the Christmas period (2009-12)
Authors: Martínez-Pastor Esther , Nicolás-Ojeda Miguel-Ángel , Salas-Martínez Álvaro
Published: May 2013

This paper analyzes the representation of children’s gender in toy advertising on television during three different periods. To achieve our purpose, this study examines seven variables: Toy typologies, Gender, Values, Voiceovers, Period, Actions depicted and Interaction between characters. These variables are taken from previous works that have studied the uses and preferences in toy selection according to gender, and research that studies the ways in which advertising represents children and toys. The sample comprises 595 toy commercials broadcast on the TVE1, TVE2, Telecinco, Antena 3, Cuatro, La Sexta, Boing and Disney Channel television channels. The period of study is October to January 200910, 201011 and 201112. The choice of this period is because most toy commercials are broadcast for Christmas. The most important results are: the percentage of male characters is higher than female characters; the advertising of vehicles and action figures is associated with male characters; the values associated with vehicles and action figures are: competition, individualism, ability, physical development, creativity, power and strength, and the values associated with dolls and accessories are beauty and motherhood.

Este trabajo analiza la representación de los géneros en la publicidad infantil española mediante el estudio de siete variables: tipos de productos, género representado, mensajesvalores, voz en off, periodo, acciones representadas e interacción entre personajes. Estas variables se recogen de trabajos que estudian los usos y las preferencias de selección de los juguetes según el género del niño y de estudios que analizan los modos y formas de la publicidad para representar a los niños y a los juguetes. El universo de la muestra lo constituyen 595 anuncios de juguetes emitidos en los canales de televisión: TVE1, TVE2, Telecinco, Antena 3, Cuatro, La Sexta, Boing y Disney Channel durante tres periodos de tiempo: Navidades de 2009, 2010 y 2011. Se ha escogido la Navidad ya que durante este periodo se emiten la gran mayoría de los anuncios de juguetes. Los resultados demuestran que, aunque hay paridad en la representación de género en la publicidad infantil de la muestra analizada, existen claras diferencias en las tipologías de los juguetes más anunciados. La publicidad de figuras de acción alberga mayor porcentaje de personajes masculinos asociados a valores como competencia, individualismo, habilidad y desarrollo físico, creatividad, poder y fuerza. Sin embargo, los anuncios de muñecas tiene mayor porcentaje de personajes infantiles femeninos y estos se asocian a los valores belleza y maternidad.
A National Survey of Oncology Content in Prelicensure Registered Nurse Programs
Authors: Such Lockhart Joan , Galioto Michele , Oberleitner Melinda G. , Fulton Janet S. , McMahon Diana , George Kimberly , Van Deusen-Morrison Jane Katharine , Davis Andra , Mayer Deborah K.
Published: May 2013

The current and projected increase in newly diagnosed cancer patients and survivors supports the nation’s need to prepare a nursing workforce that is skilled to meet the health care needs of these individuals. It is likely that cancer patients, especially survivors, will receive care from nurses without specialized oncology education who work in various nononcology clinical settings. Because of the lacking practice standards and educational guidelines for nurses who care for cancer survivors in nononcology settings, this article describes findings of a national survey that identified the importance and depth of cancer-care content included in accredited prelicensure registered nurse programs (diploma, associate and baccalaureate degrees). Findings revealed that a gap exists between respondents’ reported importance and depth of cancer-care content currently taught and that importance rated consistently higher than depth taught. Lack of time was the most frequently cited barrier. Results will be used to design generalist oncology resources for nurse educators. [
J Nurs Educ.
2013;52(7):383–390.]
EXCITATION COUPLING OF Au/ZnO BAND-GAP ENERGY FOR ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE BIOSENSOR
Authors: Chiu Nan-Fu , Lin Chii-Wann
Published: May 2013

This paper reports a novel design of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) device that can be developed into a high-performance biosensor. The design utilizes wurtzite crystal structure semiconductor (zinc oxide, ZnO) layers to enhance the SPR signal quality and to improve the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the SPR reflectivity curve. There exists a new mechanism when the excitation in the plasmon energy is in resonance with the ZnO band-gap (BG) energy transfer process. The excitation energy between Au and ZnO causes an interactive, coupled phenomenon with the ZnO BG (λBG = 360–430 nm, 3.1–3.4 eV) when it matches the ZnO–Au interface surface plasmon (400 nm). We have optimized the design of the ZnO and Au thin films thicknesses through analytical comparisons with conventional SPR structures. Upon exposure to ethanol, the ZnO–Au device showed a 2-times decrease in the FWHM and a 4.5-times larger shift in intensity interrogation. The ZnO–Au device exhibits a wider linearity range and very higher sensitivity. This characteristic of the ZnO–Au device is the basis for realizing accurate and specific biomolecular detection.
Differential Involvement of Th1 and Th17 in Pathogenic Autoimmune Processes Triggered by Different TLR Ligands
Authors: Shi Guangpu , Vistica Barbara P. , Nugent Lindsey F. , Tan Cuiyan , Wawrousek Eric F. , Klinman Dennis M. , Gery Igal
Published: May 2013

The interaction between TLRs and their cognate ligands triggers both the innate and adaptive immune systems, and thus can play a pivotal role in the defense against pathogen invasion. This work investigates the differentiation of naive CD4 cells into Th1 or Th17 phenotypes in mice treated with different TLR ligands. We use a model system in which naive transgenic cells specific to hen egg lysozyme are adoptively transferred into recipients that express hen egg lysozyme in the lens of the eye. The transferred naive T cells induce ocular inflammation only in recipients treated with TLR ligands. Treatment with LPS preferentially stimulated IL-17 production, whereas CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid primarily stimulated Th1 cells. Peptidoglycan stimulated the two Th subpopulations equally. The preferential induction of Th1 or Th17 by the four ligands was detected in the spleen (where a major portion of the adoptively transferred cells homed) and in the eyes, where activated Th cells initiate inflammation. Analysis of the cytokines present in recipient mice suggests that Th1 induction is elicited by IL-12 and/or IFN-α, whereas Th17 generation is preferentially mediated by IL-6. Importantly, we show in this article that treatment with LPS selectively promoted in the recipient mice the generation of IL-6–producing activated B cells. An inverse correlation was found between the level of regulatory T cells and severity of inflammation induced by the donor cells. Taken together, our data show that specific TLR ligands differentially activate the immune system as evidenced by the generation of distinct Th phenotypes from naive CD4 cells.
IFN-γ–Producing Effector CD8 T Lymphocytes Cause Immune Glomerular Injury by Recognizing Antigen Presented as Immune Complex on Target Tissue
Authors: Tsumiyama Ken , Hashiramoto Akira , Takimoto Mai , Tsuji-Kawahara Sachiyo , Miyazawa Masaaki , Shiozawa Shunichi
Published: May 2013

We investigated the role of effector CD8 T cells in the pathogenesis of immune glomerular injury. BALB/c mice are not prone to autoimmune disease, but after 12 immunizations with OVA they developed a variety of autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis accompanied by immune complex (IC) deposition. In these mice, IFN-γ–producing effector CD8 T cells were significantly increased concomitantly with glomerulonephritis. In contrast, after 12 immunizations with keyhole limpet hemocyanin, although autoantibodies appeared, IFN-γ–producing effector CD8 T cells did not develop, and glomerular injury was not induced. In β2-microglobulin–deficient mice lacking CD8 T cells, glomerular injury was not induced after 12 immunizations with OVA, despite massive deposition of IC in the glomeruli. In mice containing a targeted disruption of the exon encoding the membrane-spanning region of the Ig μ-chain (μMT mice), 12 immunizations with OVA induced IFN-γ–producing effector CD8 T cells but not IC deposition or glomerular injury. When CD8 T cells from mice immunized 12 times with OVA were transferred into naive recipients, glomerular injury could be induced, but only when a single injection of OVA was also given simultaneously. Importantly, injection of OVA could be replaced by one injection of the sera from mice that had been fully immunized with OVA. This indicates that deposition of IC is required for effector CD8 T cells to cause immune tissue injury. Thus, in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus, glomerular injury is caused by effector CD8 T cells that recognize Ag presented as IC on the target renal tissue.
Faith-based organisations and HIV prevention in Africa: A review
Authors: Mash Rachel , Mash Robert
Published: May 2013

Background: Faith-based organisations (FBOs) are potentially an important role-player in HIV prevention, but there has been little systematic study of their potential strengths and weaknesses in this area.Objectives: To identify the strengths and weaknesses of FBOs in terms of HIV prevention. The questions posed were, (1) ‘What is the influence of religion on sexual behaviour in Africa?’,and (2) ‘What are the factors that enable religion to have an influence on sexual behaviour?’.Method: A literature search of Medline, SABINET, Africa Wide NIPAD and Google Scholar was conducted.Results: The potential for Faith-based organisations to be important role-players in HIV prevention is undermined by the church’s difficulties with discussing sexuality, avoiding stigma, gender issues and acceptance of condoms. It appears that, in contrast with high-income countries, religiosity does not have an overall positive impact on risky sexual behaviour in Africa. Churches may, however, have a positive impact on alcohol use and its associated risky behaviour, as well as self-efficacy. The influence of the church on sexual behaviour may also be associated with the degree of social engagement and control within the church culture.Conclusion: Faith-based organisations have the potential to be an important role player in terms of HIV prevention. However, in order to be more effective, the church needs to take up the challenge of empowering young women, recognising the need for their sexually-active youth to use protection, reducing judgemental attitudes and changing the didactical methods used.
Photochemical chlorine and bromine activation from artificial saline snow
Authors: Wren S. N. , Donaldson D. J. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. The activation of reactive halogen species – particularly Cl2 – from sea ice and snow surfaces is not well understood. In this study, we used a photochemical snow reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer to investigate the production of Br2, BrCl and Cl2 from NaCl/NaBr-doped artificial snow samples. At temperatures above the NaCl-water eutectic, illumination of samples (λ > 310 nm) in the presence of gas phase O3 led to the accelerated release of Br2, BrCl and the release of Cl2 in a process that was significantly enhanced by acidity, high surface area and additional gas phase Br2. Cl2 production was only observed when both light and ozone were present. The total halogen release depended on [O3] and pre-freezing [NaCl]. Our observations support a "halogen explosion" mechanism occurring within the snowpack which is initiated by heterogeneous oxidation, and propagated by Br2 or BrCl photolysis and by recycling of HOBr and HOCl into the snowpack. Our study implicates an important role for active chemistry occurring within the interstitial air of aged (i.e., acidic) snow for halogen activation at polar sunrise.
Characteristics of dust storm events over the western United States
Authors: Lei H. , Wang J. X. L.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. In order to better understand the characteristics of dust storm processes over the western United States, available dust storm events reported by media or recorded by NASA earth observatory are classified into four types based on the prevailing weather systems. Then these four types of dust storm events related to cold fronts, downbursts, tropical disturbances, and cyclogenesis and their selected typical representative events are examined to explore their identifiable characteristics based on in-situ and remote sensing measurements. We find that the key feature of cold front-induced dust storms is their rapid process with strong dust emissions. Events caused by rapid downbursts have the highest rates of emissions. Dust storms due to tropical disturbances show stronger air concentrations of dust and last longer than those caused by cold fronts and downbursts. Finally, dust storms caused by cyclogenesis last the longest. The analysis of particulate matter records also shows that the relative ratio of PM10 (size less than 10 μm) values on dust storm-days to non-dust storm-days is a better indicator of event identification compared to previous established indicators. Moreover, aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements from both in-situ and satellite datasets allow us to capture dust storm processes. We show that MODIS AOD retrieved from the deep blue data better identify dust storm-affected areas and the spatial extension of event intensity. Our analyses also show that the variability in mass concentrations during dust storm processes captured only by in-situ observations is consistent with the variability in AOD from stationary or satellite observations. The study finally indicates that the combination of in-situ and satellite observations is a better method to fill gaps in dust storm recordings.
Elemental carbon in snow at Changbai Mountain, Northeastern China: concentrations, scavenging ratios and dry deposition velocities
Authors: Wang Z. W. , Pedersen C. A. , Zhang X. S. , Gallet J. C. , Ström J. , Ci Z. J.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Light absorbing aerosol, in particular elemental carbon (EC), in snow and ice enhance absorption of solar radiation, reduce the albedo, and is an important climate driver. In this study, measurements of EC concentration in air and snow are performed concurrently at Changbai Station, Northeastern China, from 2009 to 2012. The mean EC concentration for surface snow is 987 ± 1510 ng g−1 with a range of 7 to 7636 ng g−1. EC levels in surface snow around (about 50 km) Changbai Mountain are lower than those collected on the same day at Changbai station, and decrease with distance from Changbai station, indicating that EC load in snow around Changbai Mountain is influenced by local source emissions. Scavenging ratios of EC by snow are calculated through comparing the concentrations of EC in fresh snow with those in air. The upper-limit of mean scavenging ratio is 137.4 ± 99.7 with median 149.4, which is smaller than those reported from Arctic areas. The non-rimed snow process may be one of significant factors for interpreting the difference of scavenging ratio in this area with the Arctic areas. Finally, wet and dry depositional fluxes of EC have been estimated, and the upper-limit of EC wet deposition flux is 0.46 ± 0.38 μg cm−2 month−1 during the three consecutive snow season, and 1.32 ± 0.95 μg cm−2 month−1 for dry deposition flux from December to February during study period. During these three years, 77% of EC in snow is attributed to the dry deposition, indicating that dry deposition processes play a major role for EC load in snow in the area of Changbai, Northeastern China. Based on the dry deposition fluxes of EC and hourly black carbon (BC) concentrations in air, the estimated mean dry deposition velocity is 2.81 × 10−3 m s−1 with the mean median of 3.15 × 10−3 m s−1. These preliminary estimates for the scavenging ratio and dry deposition velocity of EC on snow surface will be beneficial for numerical models, and improve simulations of EC transport, fate and radiative forcing in order to ultimately make better climate prediction.
The Proper Basis for Exercising Jurisdiction in Internet Disputes: Strengthening State Boundaries or Moving Towards Unification?
Authors: Selvadurai Niloufer
Published: May 2013

Private international law has developed on the premise of geographically discrete areas that could be effectively governed by nations with clear and delineated boundaries. The nature of internet communications however dissects and transcends national boundaries. In such a landscape of technological evolution, it is necessary to design new technologically-neutral principles for determining internet jurisdiction. While there is widespread agreement on the nature of the challenge posed by internet jurisdiction, there is significant divergence in the solutions proposed. The proposed solutions range from strengthening existing jurisdiction rules, to developing the present jurisdiction rules, to creating a new language of jurisdictional basis for the determination of internet disputes. After a consideration of the merits of the various veins of scholarship on this complex issue, it is recommended that the movement to unification through international convention provides the most effective solution to achieve consistency and certainty in the determination of jurisdiction in internet disputes.
Reflections on a Sofa Bed: Functional Beauty and Looking Fit
Authors: De Clercq Rafael
Published: May 2013

This essay argues for two conclusions about functional beauty as the notion has been understood by Glenn Parsons and Allen Carlson in a recent book by the same name. First of all, it is argued that functional beauty either is not a distinct kind of beauty or that the members of this kind are not all and only instances of the property of looking fit. Second, it is argued that functional beauty is relative only to categories corresponding to essential functions. The second conclusion contradicts what Parsons and Carlson write about functional beauty, but the first conclusion does not, since they agree that looking fit is not necessary for functional beauty. However, their agreement on this point is based on reasons that can be shown to be mistaken. Moreover, contrary to what Parsons and Carlson claim, looking fit can also be shown to be insufficient for functional beauty.
The Practice of Pathology in Africa
Authors: Kaschula Ronald Otto Christian
Published: May 2013

In attempting to advance the health of women and children in Africa, practitioners should be cognizant of the history of health care delivery in the continent and the nature of the existing systems. Although autopsies began in Africa several millennia ago, traditional healers have held sway for many centuries and continue to do so for most of Africa's people. The role of laboratory medicine in advancing modern health care has been impeded by its ever-increasing high cost, lack of confidence in the system, lack of adequately trained personnel, and inadequate provision of facilities and training opportunities. This is partly caused by the continent having the highest proportion of young children in the world, an exceptionally heavy disease burden, and a low proportion of tax payers. For laboratory medicine to have its intended effect in making accurate diagnoses, national, minimal standards for certification and practice should be formulated. There should be periodic inspections, rewards for excellence, and opportunities for professional development. It is recommended that laboratory medicine be practiced in a 4-tier system, with the highest in teaching hospitals, and the lowest in primary health care clinics. For the practice of anatomic pathology to advance, an effective referral system and an equitable minimal and maximal workload for each pathologist are needed. The changing dynamics of urbanization, with massive unemployment rates, unhealthy life styles, and the continued role of traditional healers calls for gifted leaders to come to the fore and facilitate internal and external cooperation with diverse health care agencies.
Severe Acute Asthma Exacerbation in Children: A Stepwise Approach for Escalating Therapy in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Nievas I. Federico Fernandez , Anand Kanwaljeet J. S.
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVES

An increasing prevalence of pediatric asthma has led to increasing burdens of critical illness in children with severe acute asthma exacerbations, often leading to respiratory distress, progressive hypoxia, and respiratory failure. We review the definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of severe acute asthma, with a view to developing an evidence-based, stepwise approach for escalating therapy in these patients.

METHODS

Subject headings related to asthma, status asthmaticus, critical asthma, and drug therapy were used in a MEDLINE search (1980–2012), supplemented by a manual search of personal files, references cited in the reviewed articles, and treatment algorithms developed within Le Bonheur Children's Hospital.

RESULTS

Patients with asthma require continuous monitoring of their cardiorespiratory status via noninvasive or invasive devices, with serial clinical examinations, objective scoring of asthma severity (using an objective pediatric asthma score), and appropriate diagnostic tests. All patients are treated with β-agonists, ipratropium, and steroids (intravenous preferable over oral preparations). Patients with worsening clinical status should be progressively treated with continuous β-agonists, intravenous magnesium, helium-oxygen mixtures, intravenous terbutaline and/or aminophylline, coupled with high-flow oxygen and non-invasive ventilation to limit the work of breathing, hypoxemia, and possibly hypercarbia. Sedation with low-dose ketamine (with or without benzodiazepines) infusions may allow better toleration of non-invasive ventilation and may also prepare the patient for tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, if indicated by a worsening clinical status.

CONCLUSIONS

Severe asthma can be a devastating illness in children, but most patients can be managed by using serial objective assessments and the stepwise clinical approach outlined herein. Following multidisciplinary education and training, this approach was successfully implemented in a tertiary-care, metropolitan children's hospital.
Kitchen Waste Residues asKitchen Waste Residues as Potential Renewable Biomass Resources for the Production of Multiple Fungal Carbohydrases and Second Generation Bioethanol
Authors: Janveja Chetna , Rana Susheel Singh , Soni Sanjeev Kumar
Published: May 2013

Utilization of kitchen waste, the major portion of municipal solid waste for the coproduction of multiple carbohydrases and bioethanol was investigated in this study. Solid-state fermentation was performed to evaluate the potential of various steam pretreated kitchen waste residues as substrates for the coproduction of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, pectinolytic, amylolytic enzymes by a locally isolated strain of Aspergillus niger CJ-5. All the kitchen waste residues simply moistened with water, without the supplementation of exogenous nutrients proved good for the induction of all the enzyme components of a cocktail after 96 h incubation. Of all the substrates evaluated, steam pretreated potato peels induced maximum yields corresponding to 69.0±1.92U CMCase, 16.5±0.54U FPase, 44.0±1.28U β-glucosidase, 999.0±28.90U xylanase, 58.2±2.12U mannanase, 120.0±3.72U pectinase, 31520.0±375.78U α-amylase, 482.8±9.82U glucoamylase/g dry substrate (gds). Saccharification of residues using inhouse produced crude enzyme cocktail resulted in the release of 610±10.56, 570±8.89, 435±6.54, 475±4.56, 445±4.27, 385±4.49, 370±6.89, 490±10.45 mg of total reducing sugars/g of dried potato peels, orange peels, pineapple peels, mausami peels, onion peels, banana stalks, pea pods and composite mixture respectively revealing carbohydrate conversion efficiencies in the range of 97.0-99.4%. After fermentation of released hexoses, alcohol yields ranging from 80±1.069 - 262±7.86 µL/gds were obtained.
Landmark Frames of Reference in Interactive Route Description Tasks
Authors: Roger Morgane , Knutsen Dominique , Bonnardel Nathalie , Le Bigot Ludovic
Published: May 2013

The current study investigated the use of frames of reference in an asymmetrical spatial dialogue task. Participants navigated through a real environment by following instructions provided by other participants guiding them over the phone. The dialogues were transcribed and analysed to locate the introduction of landmarks. We examined which frames of reference were used to introduce these landmarks and how far their use was determined by each participant's role within the dyads (i.e. guide vs. guided person). Results revealed that both partners contributed to the dialogue by introducing landmarks. However, the guides introduced more landmarks than the guided persons and were also more likely to use perspective taking when doing so. These results are discussed in the light of perspective taking and collaboration in dialogue. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment
Authors: Hallek Michael
Published: May 2013

Disease Overview: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the commonest leukemia in western countries. The disease typically occurs in elderly patients and has a highly variable clinical course. Leukemic transformation is initiated by specific genomic alterations that impair apoptosis of clonal B‐cells.

Diagnosis: The diagnosis is established by blood counts, blood smears, and immunophenotyping of circulating B‐lymphocytes, which identify a clonal B‐cell population carrying the CD5 antigen as well as B‐cell markers.

Prognosis: Two prognostic staging systems exist, the Rai and Binet staging systems, which are established by physical examination and blood counts. Various biological and genetic markers also have prognostic value. Deletions of the short arm of chromosome 17 (del(17p)) predict resistance to most available therapies.

Therapy: Patients with active or symptomatic disease or with advanced Binet or Rai stages require therapy. For physical fit patients, chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab represents the current standard therapy. For unfit patients, treatment with an anti‐CD20 antibody plus a milder chemotherapy (chlorambucil) is currently established as standard treatment. At relapse, the initial treatment may be repeated, if the treatment‐free interval exceeds two years. If the disease relapses earlier, alternative therapies such as bendamustine alone or with rituximab, alemtuzumab, lenalidomide, or ofatumumab should be used. Patients with a del(17p) or TP53 should be considered for an allogeneic SCT.

Future Challenges: Several new agents (e.g., ibrutinib, obinutuzumab) hold the potential to change standard of CLL treatment in the next 6–12 months. Therefore, CLL patients should be included into current clinical trials whenever possible. Am. J. Hematol. 88:803–816, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trafficking‐deficient mutant GABRG2 subunit amount may modify epilepsy phenotype
Authors: Kang Jing‐Qiong , Shen Wangzhen , Macdonald Robert L.
Published: May 2013

Objective

Genetic epilepsies and many other human genetic diseases display phenotypic heterogeneity, often for unknown reasons. Disease severity associated with nonsense mutations is dependent partially on mutation gene location and resulting efficiency of nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD) to eliminate potentially toxic proteins. Nonsense mutations in the last exon do not activate NMD, thus producing truncated proteins. We compared the protein metabolism and the impact on channel biogenesis, function, and cellular homeostasis of truncated γ2 subunits produced by GABRG2 nonsense mutations associated with epilepsy of different severities and by a nonsense mutation in the last exon unassociated with epilepsy.

Methods

γ‐Aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunits were coexpressed in non‐neuronal cells and neurons. NMD was studied using minigenes that support NMD. Protein degradation rates were determined using 35S radiolabeling pulse chase. Channel function was determined by whole cell recordings, and subunits trafficking and cellular toxicity were determined using flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry.

Results

Although all GABRG2 nonsense mutations resulted in loss of γ2 subunit surface expression, the truncated subunits had different degradation rates and stabilities, suppression of wild‐type subunit biogenesis and function, amounts of conjugation with polyubiquitin, and endoplasmic reticulum stress levels.

Interpretation

We compared molecular phenotypes of GABRG2 nonsense mutations. The findings suggest that despite the common loss of mutant allele function, each mutation produced different intracellular levels of trafficking‐deficient subunits. The concentration‐dependent suppression of wild‐type channel function and cellular disturbance resulting from differences in mutant subunit metabolism may contribute to associated epilepsy severities and by implication to phenotypic heterogeneity in many inherited human diseases. Ann Neurol 2013;74:547–559
Management of patients with stroke: Is it time to expand treatment options?
Authors: Adams Harold P. , Nudo Randolph J.
Published: May 2013

Approximately 700,000 people in the United States have an ischemic stroke annually. Substantial research has tested therapies for the very early treatment of ischemic stroke but, to date, only intravenous thrombolysis and intra‐arterial measures to restore perfusion have shown success. Despite a 15‐year effort to increase the use of these therapies, only approximately 5% of patients with stroke are currently being treated. Although most patients with stroke have some neurological recovery, more than half of stroke survivors have residual impairments that lead to disability or long‐term institutionalized care. Laboratory research has demonstrated several mechanisms that help the brain to recover after a stroke. New pharmacological and cell‐based approaches that are known to promote brain plasticity are emerging from laboratory studies and may soon expand the window for stroke treatment to restore function. It is time to build on this knowledge and to translate the understanding of recovery after stroke into the clinical setting. Measures that might augment recovery should become a major focus of clinical research in stroke in the 21st century. Ann Neurol 2013;74:4–10
CuI/amino acid‐catalyzed coupling and cyclization of β‐bromo‐α,β‐unsaturated amides with terminal alkynes leading to (3Z)‐3‐alkylidenepyrrol‐1‐ones
Authors: Son Jong Ik , Cho Chan Sik , Choi Heung‐Jin
Published: May 2013

β‐Bromo‐α,β‐unsaturated amides are coupled and cyclized with terminal alkynes in DMF at 110 °C in the presence of a catalytic amount of CuI and amino acid along with a base to give the corresponding (3Z)‐3‐alkylidenepyrrol‐1‐ones in moderate to good yields. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reinforcing and Reducing: Dialogue between Traditional Chinese Medicine and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Authors: Zhang Peichao , Chi Xinli
Published: May 2013

The adaptation of forms of psychotherapy from the West in China such as psychoanalytic psychotherapy should include the rich cross‐fertilization with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This article suggests the category of Reinforcing and Reducing as a point of convergence where Reinforcing/Reducing is seen as like Supportive/Expressive approaches in psychotherapy. A tentative integrative Paradigm called “Talking Acupuncture” will be discussed.
The limits to complexity: A thermodynamic history of bioenergy
Authors: Liska Adam J. , Heier Casey D.
Published: May 2013

The history of civilization is biased toward the use of bioenergy because of the biophysics of life and the structure of our natural environment. Energy physically drives the creation and maintenance of complex systems, which is shown here from simple molecular structures to empires. Only a fraction of the complexity currently supported by fossil fuels can be maintained using the energy in plant biomass alone, which is limited by global net primary productivity. From the dawn of civilization, agricultural land has always been used for energy for transportation, via feed for animals, and there has always been a trade‐off between ‘food, fuel, and environment’. The United States (USA), Germany, and Brazil now use roughly 12% of agricultural land for biofuels, but energy efficiency improvements by 2050 could require only 11% ofUSagricultural land or 15% of forest land for biofuels to support all modes ofUStransportation. Despite its limitations, bioenergy has been extensively used for thousands of years and probability theory suggests it will continue to be a critical energy resource. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Follistatin‐like 1 in vertebrate development
Authors: Sylva M. , Moorman A.F.M. , van den Hoff M.J.B.
Published: May 2013

Follistatin‐like 1 (Fstl1) is a member of the secreted protein acidic rich in cysteins (SPARC) family and has been implicated in many different signaling pathways, including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. In many different developmental processes like, dorso‐ventral axis establishment, skeletal, lung and ureter development, loss of function experiments have unveiled an important role for Fstl1. Fstl1 largely functions through inhibiting interactions with the BMP signaling pathway, although, in various disease models, different signaling pathways, like activation of pAKT, pAMPK, Na/K‐ATPase, or innate immune responses, are linked to Fstl1. How Fstl1 inhibits BMP signaling remains unclear, although it is known that Fstl1 does not function through a scavenging mechanism, like the other known extracellular BMP inhibitors such as noggin. It has been proposed that Fstl1 interferes with BMP receptor complex formation and as such inhibits propagation of the BMP signal into the cell. Future challenges will encompass the identification of the factors that determine the mechanisms that underlie the fact that Fstl1 acts by interfering with BMP signaling during development, but through other signaling pathways during disease. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 99:61–69, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.