bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Comparison of Open-Circuit Scuba to Closed-Circuit Rebreathers for Deep Mixed-Gas Diving Operations
Authors: Parrish Frank A. , Pyle Richard L.
Published: June 2009

A comparison of open-circuit scuba diving to closed-circuit (“rebreather”) diving was conducted while collecting fishery data on black coral beds in Hawaii. Both methodologies used mixed gas from the same ship-based support system. The comparison was based on a series of
eight dives, four open-circuit and four closed-circuit. These were used to make a direct-comparison of the gear in a square dive profile, a multilevel profile and two dives of varying profiles. Four general criteria were considered: time requirements for topside equipment preparation and maintenance,
consumption of expendables, decompression efficiency, and potential dive durations and bailout capabilities for each of the two technologies. The open-circuit divers required 4 times as much topside equipment preparation as the rebreather divers, consumed 17 times as much gas, and cost 7 times
more in expendables. The open-circuit divers incurred 42% more decompression time for the square profile dives and 70% more decompression time for the multilevel profile dives than the closed-circuit dive team. Most of the decompression advantage for the closed-circuit team is from the benefit
of real-time decompression calculations, but some benefit comes from the breathing gas optimization inherent to rebreathers. For a given mass of equipment, the rebreathers allow for as much as 7.7 times more bottom time, or emergency bailout capability (depending on the chosen depth of the
dive), compared with the open-circuit system.
Rationale for Ballast Water Treatment Standards to Minimize Translocation of Unwanted Species
Authors: Waite Thomas D.
Published: June 2009

The transfer of unwanted species via ships' ballast water has become recognized as a major problem worldwide. Thousands of species of plants and animals are transported around the world daily, and colonization leading to infestations of many species has been well documented. Individual
countries as well as international regulatory agencies are currently attempting to manage this transport of unwanted species. Currently, ships are required to have ballast water management plans in place, and the only accepted management option is open-ocean ballast water exchange. Due to
the limitations of this option, ship-board treatment techniques need to be developed, but, treatment goals and standards currently do not exist. This paper proposes a rational for establishing ballast water treatment standards, so that ship-board technologies can be developed. Specifically,
this paper demonstrates that by carefully evaluating past invasions, a group of organisms can be identified which pose a documentable risk of invasion. This group can then be classified by several common parameters, e.g., size, which allows for establishment of treatment options. It is then
shown that the most rational standards are those mandating complete removal of high risk organisms, rather that a percentage removal of all organisms.
Dissemination of Northern Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) Sighting Information to the Southeast U.S. Maritime Community
Authors: Taylor Cynthia R. , Brooksm William B.
Published: June 2009

Northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) are vulnerable to injury and mortality caused by vessel strikes. In an effort to prevent vessel strikes in the southeastern U.S. calving ground, a communication network was implemented to relay right whale sighting information, gathered
by aerial survey teams, to mariners in the area. The system, which has evolved substantially since inception, now provides real-time sighting information to the marine community, thus assisting with avoidance of northern right whales. The current system utilizes 25 cloned alphanumeric pagers
distributed to various state, federal, military, and industry representatives. Right whale sightings are reported and disseminated via the pagers, and ultimately via Navigational Telex (NAVTEX) to all ships 100 tons or larger in southeastern waters. This system has been successful in alerting
mariners to the presence of right whales, however to address the critical management problems confronting this highly endangered species, further research into technological advancements that may assist in the detection of right whales should be encouraged.
A Comparison of the Accuracy and Precision of Measurements from Single and Stereo-Video Systems
Authors: Harvey Euan , Shortis Mark , Stadler Mathew , Cappo Mike
Published: June 2009

Underwater tests using plastic silhouettes of fish were used to compare the accuracy and precision of measurements made with a single video camera system to those made from two stereo-video systems (one using digital camcorders, the other using Hi8 camcorders). Test measurements made
across a variety of ranges and angles of silhouette orientation in the fields of view showed the length estimates from both the digital and Hi8 stereo-video systems were substantially more accurate and precise than those obtained by the single video camera system, and had the great advantage
that the position (range and bearing) and orientation of a fish target could be measured directly. Measurements made with stereo-video were much less restricted by range and subject orientation than those made with single video. The data resulting from these trials are used to propose a set
of guidelines to optimize the accuracy and precision of underwater measurements of fish length using single and stereo-video systems.
Romeo-ARAMIS Integration and Sea Trials
Authors: Caccia M. , Bono R. , Bruzzone G. A. , Bruzzone G. I. , Spirandelli E. , Veruggio G.
Published: June 2009

This paper deals with the integration and sea trials of Romeo, a latest generation ROV for scientific applications and robotics research, and ARAMIS, a scientific and technological system to be integrated with typical mid-class existing ROVs to carry out pelagic and benthic
investigations both in shallow and deep waters. The ARAMIS project (Advanced ROV package for Automatic Mobile Inspection of Sediments), funded by the European Union, developed a system constituted by a subsea module, i.e. a toolsled equipped with the technological and scientific instruments
and their dedicated data acquisition and control system, and a surface station, i.e. a network of computers devoted to: i) the supervisory control of the ROV motion and of the scientific devices' sampling activities, ii) the acoustic and video image processing, iii) the interfaces for pilot
and scientists. The ARAMIS system capabilities have been demonstrated by operating the system with a couple of ROVs designed for scientific applications: the deep-water ROV Victor 6000 developed by IFREMER, and the mid-water ROV Romeo developed by CNR-IAN. The integration
of the ARAMIS system with Romeo, the design and development of the ARAMIS Core Skid data acquisition and control system (CSDACS), and the execution of the trials in the thermal vent areas near the island of Milos in the Aegean Sea during the ARAMIS' final demo with
the medium size ROV are presented and discussed.
Refining Crossbow Deployment Techniques of Suction Cup Attached Tags for Cetacean Field Studies
Authors: Woodward Becky L. , Peterson Michael “Mick” L. , Winn Jeremy P.
Published: June 2009

Remote deployment of non-invasive suction cup attached tags on free ranging cetaceans continues to be problematic for researchers. In an effort to increase the chances of success, the factors affecting the velocity, range, and drop of crossbow deployed tags were examined. The exit velocity
of a tag is primarily governed by the tag's weight and can be predicted for a particular bow. Higher exit velocities correspond to a smaller drop for a given range. Compound crossbows are able to achieve higher exit velocities and hence longer ranges for a given tag weight than simple re-curve
bows of the same draw weight. Varying the position of the tag's center of mass has a greater effect on the drop of the tag than arrow length, shaft material, diameter or wall thickness. Raising the height of the center of mass increases the induced departure angle of the tag, giving the tag
a vertical velocity component. This upward velocity helps to counteract negative gravitational forces and extends the range of the tag. Thus, researchers could potentially manipulate various parameters of their arrow/tag system to increase the range of their tag and their chances of successfully
tagging cetaceans in the field.
Precise Set-Point Control of Temperature for Coral Bleaching Experiments
Authors: Turner Phil , Berkelmans Ray , Brodie Matt
Published: June 2009

Experimental research into the upper thermal limits of corals is underpinned by the need for precise control of water temperature in the testing environment, with evidence that temperature differences of as little as 0.1°C can be a significant factor in whether coral bleaches or
not. Off-the-shelf temperature control equipment is generally unsuitable for high precision temperature experiment because the realized accuracy of temperature control is typically less than 0.5°C, even from state-of-the-art proportional, integral, derivative (PID) control technology.
However, high temperature resolution and accuracy is achievable using simple control technology. This paper reviews the principles behind two temperature control technologies and describes a system capable of controlling temperature in actual experimental conditions to better than ±0.05°C
over a 24-hr period and typically better than ±0.1°C over a 12-day period. This result is obtained through appropriate design of the experimental tank set-up and the use of “on-off” temperature control technology with very small hysteresis. Accuracy of set-point temperature
is maintained by calibration against a reference temperature. Sensor drift, resulting from ambient temperature fluctuations, is avoided by immersing the circuitry in the temperature-controlled water.
Larval Settlement of Corals in Flowing Water using a Racetrack Flume
Authors: Harii S. , Kayanne H.
Published: June 2009

Although the larvae of marine invertebrates settle in currents, few studies have examined settlement under flow. We studied the settlement of two brooding coral larvae with different behavior in a flow using a small racetrack flume made of polycarbonate and acrylic (58 cm long). Flow
was generated using a digitally controlled gear-motor-driven paddle wheel. The settlement rates of the larvae, Heliopora coerulea and Pocillopora damicornis, were observed at three flow speeds: 1.6, 4.4, and 9.8 cm/sec, which correspond to the currents at low, mean, and ebb or
flood tides, respectively, at Shiraho Reef flat, Ishigaki Island, Japan. The settlement rate of H. coerulea larvae decreased with increasing flow speed (20% at 1.6 cm/sec, 2% at 9.8 cm/sec). In contrast, the settlement rate of P. damicornis larvae was high at all flow speeds
(> 50% at all flow speeds). This difference in the larval settlement rates of the two species is in accordance with the current conditions in which the adult corals are distributed.
A System for Routinely Monitoring Radiometric Sea Surface Temperature
Authors: Skirving William J.
Published: June 2009

A fully self contained, automated thermal infrared radiometer system is presented. The unit is mounted on a tourist ferry (the MV 2001), which travels between Townsville (Queensland, Australia) and Kelso Reef, on the Great Barrier Reef (a distance of about 80 km). The system
collects a mid-morning and a mid-afternoon transect of radiometric sea surface temperature for ground truthing satellite data. The system was rigorously calibrated to a standard deviation of 0.1°C, using a novel technique.
Parameters to Characterize Biological Conditions in Marine and Coastal Waters Retrieved from SeaWiFS Data
Authors: Chen Chuqun , Jönsson Lennart , Larson Magnus
Published: June 2009

SeaWiFS satellite data were employed to demonstrate how the biological conditions in marine and coastal waters may be characterized using the concentration of chlorophyll-α (chl-α) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as the leading parameters. In marine waters the standard
algorithms from the SeaWiFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS) package were used to derive the concentrations, whereas in coastal waters special algorithms were developed using field data and a simulation model for the irradiance reflectance. Analysis of the Sea-WiFS data were performed for two
study areas, namely the North Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey and the Pearl River Estuary in southern China. The analysis displayed the temporal and spatial distribution of chl-α and DOC as well as the movement and exchange of water masses. Such results are of great use for monitoring
and forecasting the biological conditions in marine and coastal waters.
Approaching Whales by Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Iwakami Hiroshi , Ura Tamaki , Asakawa Kenichi , Fujii Teruo , Nose Yoshiaki , Kojima Junichi , Shirasaki Yuichi , Asai Teruyuki , Uchida Senzo , Higashi Naoto , Fukuchi Tetsuo
Published: June 2009

There are few studies on the ecology of whales in underwater except for small whales (Baird, R., 1996, Otani, S., 1998). It is hoped that through the use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) new knowledge about whales can be gained. The whale makes sounds, and especially the humpback
whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) makes a specific sound called “a song”. We started our project to develop the technology for AUVs to follow and observe humpback whales by analyzing their songs and locating them underwater.A small size passive SONAR was designed, fabricated,
and fitted on the AUV AQUA EXPLORER 2000. An observation experiment was conducted in March 2001 off the Kerama Islands, Okinawa. Prior to our studies, there were no examples of AUV observations on whales anywhere in the world. This experimental observation was conducted as a joint project
of the Underwater Technology Research Center at the Institute of Industrial Science in the University of Tokyo, KDDI Co. Research Institute, and the Okinawa EXPO Aquarium. The AUV succeeded in detecting a humpback whale underwater and approaching it within 50m in this experiment.
Submergible System to Measure Seawater pCO2 on a Shallow Sea Floor
Authors: Kayanne Hajime , Hata Hiroshi , Nozaki Ken , Kato Ken , Negishi Akira , Saito Hiroshi , Yamano Hiroya , Isamu Theo , Kimoto Hideshi , Tsuda Masaya , Akimoto Fujio , Kawate Koichi , Iwata Itaru
Published: June 2009

A submersible pCO2 measurement system with a membrane tube equilibrator and a nondispersive infrared gas analyzer was developed. The system was designed to measure the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater and the atmosphere, and physical parameters
related to CO2 changes, including light intensity, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH. A CPU controls the operation and logs the data. The analyzer and CPU are contained in a titanium cylinder. The power consumption is 15 W, which is supplied by 1419 dry alkaline manganese
dioxide battery cells contained in three PVC cylinders. We tested the system on a barrier reef flat in the Palau Islands, and monitored pCO2 and physical parameters from November 1999 to December 2000. The system worked for 50 hours a week, and we changed the battery
unit every 4 months. The accuracy of pCO2 measurement was ±5 μatm and the response time was 3 minutes. The results showed diurnal changes in the pCO2 in reef water on a coral reef flat, which corresponded to daytime photosynthesis
and nighttime respiration.
Automatic Weather Stations: Tools for Managing and Monitoring Potential Impacts to Coral Reefs
Authors: Berkelmans Ray , Hendee Jim C. , Marshall Paul A. , Ridd Peter V. , Orpin Alan R. , Irvine Duncan
Published: June 2009

With recent technological advances and a reduction in the cost of automatic weather stations and data buoys, the potential exists for significant advancement in science and environmental management using near real-time, high-resolution data to predict biological and/or physical events.
However, real-world examples of how this potential wealth of data has been used in environmental management are few and far between. We describe in detail two examples where near real-time data are being used for the benefit of science and management. These include a prediction of coral bleaching
events using temperature, light and wind as primary predictor variables, and the management of a coastal development where dynamic discharge quality limits are maintained with the aid of wind data as a proxy for turbidity in receiving waters. We argue that the limiting factors for the use
of near real-time environmental data in management is frequently not the availability of the data, but the lack of knowledge of the quantitative relationships between biological/physical processes or events and environmental variables. We advocate renewed research into this area and an integrated
approach to the use of a wide range of data types to deal with management issues in an innovative, cost-effective manner.
Bio-Monitoring using Lead Isotope Ratios in Seagrass and Oysters
Authors: Munksgaard Niels C. , Moir Cristy M. , Parry David L.
Published: June 2009

The combined measurement of lead concentration and isotope ratios in organisms used as bio-monitors may provide a sensitive and cost-effective monitoring tool allowing an unambiguous assessment of the source of lead in environmental samples. Data presented here shows that dispersion
of trace amounts of orederived Pb produced distinctive Pb isotope ratio changes in seagrass and oysters acting as sentinel accumulators.
New Instrumentation for Sediment Dynamics Studies
Authors: Thomas Severine , Ridd Peter V. , Smith Peter J.
Published: June 2009

The study of sediment transport processes is hampered by a lack of instrumentation for measuring important parameters such as erosion and deposition rates. This technical note describes three novel pieces of equipment that have been designed to provide information about erosion, deposition,
suspended sediment concentration and light.
Otolith Increment Widths as Tools to Record and Assess Environmental Changes in Estuarine Areas
Authors: Molony Brett W. , Sheaves Marcus J.
Published: June 2009

Otolith increments are widely used as accurate measures of age in fish biology and fisheries science. However, the information recorded in otolith increments can be put to a variety of other uses. For example, there is the potential of using the conservative physiology of otoliths as
a powerful recording and monitoring tool in environmental and ecological studies. This paper presents the background to the application of otolith increment widths and provides evidence of their utility as a tool for monitoring environmental changes in estuaries and other aquatic systems.
Future use of otolith increment widths as part of environmental impact assessments and monitoring is discussed and encouraged, as are the requirements of candidate species of fishes for this exciting field.
Observations of the Particle Size Distribution and Concentration in a Coastal System using an In Situ Laser Analyzer
Authors: Serra Teresa , Casamitjana Xavier , Colomer Jordi , Granata Timothy C.
Published: June 2009

An in situ laser particle size analyzer (LISST-100, Sequoia Scientific, Inc.) has been used to study the particle size distribution and concentration of biological and non biological particles in the water column of a Mediterranean coastal system. Two field campaigns have been carried
out during low and high energy conditions of the flow, caused by the passage of a storm front. For the low energy period, the water column remained stratified, whereas for the high energetic period the water column was warmer and well mixed. The first study dealt with the distribution of particles
near the bottom of the coastal area. Here, two regions were taken into account. The first region was a sea-grass meadow of Posidonia oceanica and the second region was a barren sand area. The second study dealt with the determination of the vertical distribution of suspended particles
in the whole water column of the system. The results showed a decrease in the vertical concentration of suspended particles in the water column with the passage of the storm front, which was associated with advection of warm water mass rather than by vertical mixing. In contrast, vertical
resuspension determined the fate of suspended particles at the bottom of the water column and an increase of their concentration was found.
A Review of the Effects of Seismic Surveys on Marine Mammals
Authors: Gordon Jonathan , Gillespie Douglas , Potter John , Frantzis Alexandros , Simmonds Mark P. , Swift René , Thompson David
Published: June 2009

This review highlights significant gaps in our knowledge of the effects of seismic air gun noise on marine mammals. Although the characteristics of the seismic signal at different ranges and depths and at higher frequencies are poorly understood, and there are often insufficient data
to identify the appropriate acoustic propagation models to apply in particular conditions, these uncertainties are modest compared with those associated with biological factors. Potential biological effects of air gun noise include physical/physiological effects, behavioral disruption, and
indirect effects associated with altered prey availability. Physical/physiological effects could include hearing threshold shifts and auditory damage as well as non-auditory disruption, and can be directly caused by sound exposure or the result of behavioral changes in response to sounds,
e.g. recent observations suggesting that exposure to loud noise may result in decompression sickness. Direct information on the extent to which seismic pulses could damage hearing are difficult to obtain and as a consequence the impacts on hearing remain poorly known. Behavioral data have
been collected for a few species in a limited range of conditions. Responses, including startle and fright, avoidance, and changes in behavior and vocalization patterns, have been observed in baleen whales, odontocetes, and pinnipeds and in some case these have occurred at ranges of tens or
hundreds of kilometers. However, behavioral observations are typically variable, some findings are contradictory, and the biological significance of these effects has not been measured. Where feeding, orientation, hazard avoidance, migration or social behavior are altered, it is possible that
populations could be adversely affected. There may also be serious long-term consequences due to chronic exposure, and sound could affect marine mammals indirectly by changing the accessibility of their prey species. A precautionary approach to management and regulation must be recommended.
While such large degrees of uncertainty remain, this may result in restrictions to operational practices but these could be relaxed if key uncertainties are clarified by appropriate research.
Marine Sound Pollution: Does It Merit Concern?
Authors: Hofman Robert J.
Published: June 2009

The possible effects on marine mammals and other marine organisms of sound from human (anthropogenic) sources have become subjects of increasing concern and controversy. In the late 1970s and 1980s, the sources of principal concern were seismic profiling, drilling, and related activities
associated with offshore oil and gas development. In the last decade, much of the focus has shifted to activities conducted or supported by the U.S. Navy, most notably the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate Program, ship-shock tests, development and proposed use of low frequency active
sonar to detect new classes of quiet submarines, and the stranding of beaked whales and other cetaceans in the Bahamas in March 2000 coincident with antisubmarine exercises involving use of mid-frequency tactical sonars. There has been substantial controversy concerning the possible impacts
of these activities, and a number of law suits seeking to stop or restrict them. The Navy believes that the concerns are unwarranted and that the law suits have impeded its ability to meet its national defense responsibilities. Congress agreed and in the National Defense Authorization Act
for Fiscal Year 2004 (Public Law 108-87) made two substantial changes to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA): (1) it authorized the Secretary of Defense to exempt military readiness activities from the provisions of the MMPA governing the incidental taking of marine mammals; and (2) it
added to the Act separate definitions of harassment to apply to such activities. These and other proposed changes to the MMPA could undermine the unique, precautionary or risk-averse philosophy of the Act. An alternative, two-step approach, advocated in this paper, would be to (a) revise the
definition of harassment to clearly differentiate types and levels of behavioral disturbance likely to have, and not to have, biologically significant effects; and (b) add a general authorization for all incidental taking expected to have biologically insignificant effects, similar to the
general authorization for marine mammal research expected to have biologically insignificant effects added to the MMPA in 1994.
Anthropogenic Sound: Effects on the Behavior and Physiology of Fishes
Authors: Popper Arthur N. , Fewtrell Jane , Smith Michael E. , McCauley Robert D.
Published: June 2009

Anthropogenic sound in the marine environment continues to increase. Sound sources range from increased vessel traffic to transient but intense sounds such as those produced by seismic air guns, pile driving, or some sonars. While most interest in anthropogenic sounds has focused on
marine mammals, there is an increasing concern regarding the impact of such sounds on fishes and marine invertebrates. Since the inner ear hearing receptors of fishes are similar to those of marine mammals, any effects seen on the hearing receptors of marine mammals may also be found in fishes
and vice versa. Despite increasing interest in the effects of sounds on fishes, this issue has only been addressed on the most limited scale. Here we review the current literature in this area. It has been reported that high sound levels can damage the inner ear sensory cells, produce
hearing loss (threshold shifts), elicit stress responses, and alter the behavior of fishes. At least in terms of hearing loss, these effects are modulated by exposure sound level and duration. The effects of various types of sound (e.g., impulsive vs. continuous) and long-term impacts of how
anthropogenic sounds affect the behavior and ecology of fishes need exploration in the future.
Designing the Data and Communications Infrastructure for the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System
Authors: Hankin Steve , Bernard Landry , Cornillon Peter , Grassle Fred , Legler David , Lever John , Worley Steve
Published: June 2009

Central to the vision of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) is a data management infrastructure that joins Federal, regional, state, municipal, academic, and commercial partners in a seamless data-sharing framework. The Data Management and Communications (DMAC) Subsystem
of IOOS must be capable of integrating the full spectrum of marine data types and products. The design of the DMAC Subsystem is made particularly challenging by three competing factors: 1) The data types to be integrated are heterogeneous and have complex structure; 2) The holdings are physically
distributed, with some individual partners contributing petabytes; and 3) IOOS is a loose federation of many organizations, large and small, without a corporate management hierarchy. Designing the DMAC Subsystem goes beyond solving problems of software engineering; the most demanding aspects
of the solution lie in community behavior. A plan for the subsystem is described.
Establishing an Integrated Ocean Observing System for the United States
Authors: Lindstrom Eric J.
Published: June 2009

The Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) is a developing concept to provide the United States with a comprehensive ocean observing capability for multiple uses. Notable features of the IOOS are its basis in sound science, global and coastal components for the observing system, a
priority on a comprehensive data and information management strategy, and commitment to the process of transitioning new capabilities from research to operations. Planning for the system is being coordinated by the Ocean. US Office (http://www.ocean.us).
Technologies for Sustained Biological Resource Observations with Potential Applications in Coastal Homeland Security
Authors: Gilmore Grant R. , Clark Andrew M. , Cooke John
Published: June 2009

Of all the classical oceanographic disciplines, we are probably least well equipped to further the understanding of biological oceanography through the data that will be provided by an Integrated Sustained Ocean Observing System (IOOS). What's more, some of the same federal agencies
that would normally be approached to invest in the development of new sensor systems for IOOS biological applications are now faced with more pressing priorities—homeland security among them—all competing for the same limited resources. This paper introduces some technologies and
applications that are capable of conducting sustained biological oceanographic observations and how these technologies may be used for ocean biological resource assessment while simultaneously helping to secure our nation's borders. Particular emphasis is given to passive acoustic systems
that may be employed both to monitor biota as well as anthropogenic activity. Also discussed are potential dual use applications in both oceanography and USCG mission execution, including High Frequency Surface Wave Radar (HFSWR). Finally, a number of existing and emerging telemetry techniques
and systems are described that may provide the extensive data connectivity for the offshore sensors required of the IOOS, as well as improve coastal security.
A Question-based Approach to the Implementation of Sustained, Systematic Observations for the Global Ocean and Climate, using Sea Level as an Example
Authors: Wilson Stanley W. , Withee Gregory W.
Published: June 2009

The fundamental importance of observations of the Earth is now being recognized by world leaders. Oceanographers have an opportunity, working with their colleagues in the Earth sciences, to implement a sustained, systematic ocean observing system in the context of an Earth observations
framework. Using the need for an improved understanding of global sea-level rise as an example, a question-based approach is proposed for ordering and linking elements of the required observing system, as well as defining a schedule of actions needed for the implementation of each. The elements
in this example include a combination of satellite altimeters, tide gauges, and profiling floats. Such an approach could provide a clear understanding of specific objectives and the observing system elements required for each, thereby providing a more compelling rationale for implementation
that is easier to communicate to the public.
GoMOOS: An Institutional Structure in Support of Regional Marine Research, Operations and Applications
Authors: Bogden Philip , Richert Evan
Published: June 2009

The vision for a national coastal ocean observing system offers unprecedented opportunity for both research and operational oceanography. The leaders of the movement toward a national system have conceived that system as a federation of linked regional systems, but without specifying
how the individual regional systems should be governed. There is an expectation that emerging governance structures shall be as diverse as the regional issues that they address, but there are, as of yet, few examples from which to learn. The Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS) offers
one example. GoMOOS has a non-profit corporate structure that engages users in a partnership between research institutions and operational agencies. Initially, the structure developed to serve the interests of a broad array of users in the Gulf of Maine region, thereby satisfying the Ocean.
US definition of a “coastal ocean observing system.” As GoMOOS continues to strengthen partnerships within the region, it seems also to be evolving toward a working example of the more general community notion of a “regional association.”
An Operational European Global Ocean Observing System for the Eastern Mediterranean Levantine Basin: The Cyprus Coastal Ocean Forecasting and Observing System
Authors: Zodiatis George , Lardner Robin , Georgiou Georgios , Demirov Encho , Manzella Giuseppe , Pinardi Nadia
Published: June 2009

The countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea have joined together in several multinational initiatives to conduct long-term, integrated, operational oceanographic observations and modelling of this important region. Some of these initiatives and the country members involved are discussed
in this paper. Particular emphasis is given to long-term observing systems and modelling conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean Levantine Basin and the region around the island of Cyprus. A complete operational oceanographic forecasting and observing system has been developed in Cyprus, and
has been operational since early 2002. The system is called CYCOFOS—Cyprus Coastal Ocean Forecasting and Observing System—and is a component of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), and its European (EuroGOOS) and Mediterranean (MedGOOS) modules. CYCOFOS is the result of several
years of research activities all carried out within the framework of European Union-funded projects including: (1) Mediterranean forecasting system, both pilot project and towards environmental predictions (MFSPP and MFSTEP), (2) Mediterranean network to Access and upgrade Monitoring and forecasts
Activities in the region (MAMA), (3) European Sea level Service Research Infrastructure (ESEAS-RI), (4) Mediterranean network of Global sea Level Observing System (MedGLOSS), and (5) Marine Environment and Security in the European Areas (MERSEA strand 1). CYCOFOS at present consists of several
operational modules, including flow and offshore waves forecasts, satellite remote sensing, coastal monitoring stations and end user-derived applications. All these operational modules provide regular near-real-time information, both to local and sub-regional end users in the Eastern Mediterranean
Levantine Basin. This paper discusses these as well as additional ocean observation stations and features soon to be added to CYCOFOS.
SFOMC: A Successful Navy And Academic Partnership Providing Sustained Ocean Observation Capabilities in the Florida Straits
Authors: Venezia William , Baxley William , Tatro Peter , Dhanak Manhar , Driscoll Rick , Beaujean Pierre-Philippe , Shock Steven , Glegg Stewart , An Edgar , Luther Mark , Weisberg Bob , DeFerrari Harry , Williams Neil , Nguyen Hien , Shay Nick , Van Leer John , Dodge Dick , Gilliam Dave , Soloviev Alexander , Pomponi Shirley , Crane Michael , Carter Kevin
Published: June 2009

To succeed at developing a nationwide Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), stakeholders in academia, government, and industry must forge and maintain strategic partnerships. The South Florida Ocean Measurement Center (SFOMC) is such a partnership model and mutually beneficial collaboration
that is conducting year-in and year-out major at-sea operations, sustaining the operation of a complex array of sub sea sensors, and providing the maintenance and the shore-based infrastructure to support both. The transformation of a longstanding, narrowly focused, and somewhat antiquated
(but highly capable) Navy test and evaluation facility is described. Formerly plagued with a decreasing customer base and increasing operational costs, the Center's transformation into this now fully integrated coalition has mitigated these forerunners of extinction while answering both Navy
and academic needs. The successful partnership has resulted in modern facilities, a broad customer base, and steadily decreasing costs of operation. Examples are provided that demonstrate the ability of the Navy's South Florida Testing Facility (SFTF) to realize user cost savings and to aid
in the convergence of interest and capabilities among a variety of user groups toward the solution of problems of national concern, including naval research, homeland security, and environmental stewardship.
SEA-COOS: A Model for a Multi-State, Multi-Institutional Regional Observation System
Authors: Seim Harvey
Published: June 2009

The SouthEast Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System (SEA-COOS, www.seacoos.org) is a regional partnership that has initiated an integrated coastal ocean observing system for a four-state (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida) region of the southeast coastal United
States. The long-term intent of SEA-COOS is to establish a regional coastal ocean observing system that will be part of the coastal component of the national Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) envisioned by Ocean. US. SEA-COOS was initiated in September, 2002 with funding from the Office
of Naval Research (ONR) as a coordinating and enhancing effort between several existing subregional-scale efforts in the southeast, the Sea Grant Offices from the four states, and a number of federal agencies. This article briefly describes the essential elements of an observing system, the
region-wide observations, overlapping circulation models, data management capabilities, and outreach and education activities of SEA-COOS, at present and planned for the coming year. Development of a governance system has also been pursued, and an initial structure is in place for SEA-COOS.
Economics of an Integrated Ocean Observing System
Authors: Kite-Powell Hauke L. , Colgan Charles S. , Weiher Rodney
Published: June 2009

Improved ocean observing systems will produce better data on ocean phenomena and result in new and improved information about short-term and long-term ocean conditions and weather/climate. This information will be of economic value to a range of industries and activities, including
maritime transportation, commercial fishing, agriculture, the energy industries, recreation, and coastal zone management. Our quantitative understanding of these benefits is incomplete, but the evidence to date suggests that benefits from well-targeted investments in integrated ocean observing
systems will justify the costs. Work is underway to better quantify these benefits. This paper reviews the “value of information” approach to the economics of ocean observing systems and describes how this approach can be applied to estimate benefits and assist in the design of
these systems.
“Air Drill” for Submerged Massive Coral Drilling
Authors: Adachi Hiroshi , Abe Osamu
Published: June 2009

The handy and inexpensive drilling method using SCUBA tanks was developed specifically for submerged massive coral drilling, which is an effective technique for its annual bands research. All required equipment for 10 m drilling can be packed up into two suitcases, except for the SCUBA
tank. This carries the advantage that researchers can bring full equipment in carry-on luggage and can obtain samples quickly at inconvenient or inaccessible locations. A field experiment was successfully operated to obtain 1 m coral cores within 1 hour at a depth of 17 m below sea level.
Mortality of Zooplankton and Invertebrate Larvae Exposed to Cyclonic Pre-Treatment and Ultraviolet Radiation
Authors: Sutherland T. F. , Levings C. D. , Petersen S. , Hesse W.W.
Published: June 2009

Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of an integrated ballast water treatment system on the mortality of zooplankton. This treatment system consists of 2 treatment stages: 1) the cyclonic pretreatment phase and: 2) the ultraviolet radiation phase. Various zooplankton
species were exposed to the treatment system over a range of 6 ultraviolet dosages (UV-C). In general, both treatment phases exhibited significant effects on zooplankton mortality. The results revealed that clam, mussel, and oyster larvae exhibited statistically similar mortality thresholds
ranging between 96% and 99% at the higher UV dosages. A significant difference was observed when comparing these results to the mortality thresholds of brine shrimp nauplii (77%) and a natural population of zooplankton (40%). These findings suggest that species grouped into similar taxa may
exhibit similar mortality responses to ultraviolet radiation, while those taxa containing different structural tissues capable of different photoprotective properties may exhibit different mortality responses. In addition, time-dependent, post-treatment mortality observations varied according
to the taxa present, demonstrating that biological assays should include time-dependent mortality estimates to accurately assess the efficiencies of ballast water treatment systems.
Visualizing the Meanings of Mathematical Expressions Used in Fluid Mechanics, Oceanography, and Ocean Engineering
Authors: Korgen Ben J.
Published: June 2009

This paper calls attention to a tool and an approach that can facilitate understanding the mathematical expressions commonly used to describe fluid flows. The tool recommended is the ducted rotor current meter. This device can visually represent changes in flow speed through the use
of moving parts that can be observed, photographed, or videotaped. Being ducted, this device also facilitates visualizing flows that have been divided into components moving along whatever coordinate axes have been chosen. For visualizing the meanings of the mathematical expressions used in
fluid mechanics, oceanography, and ocean engineering, ducted rotors must be used in arrays, most often in pairs or groups of four. The approach recommended is less important for visualizing the meanings of the simplest mathematical expressions such as the partial derivatives that describe
gradients of velocity shear. The same approach becomes more important for visualizing the meanings of the more complicated mathematical expressions such as those that describe rotational flow fields or nonlinear accelerations.
Autonomous Acoustic Recording Packages (ARPs) for Long-Term Monitoring of Whale Sounds
Authors: Wiggins Sean
Published: June 2009

Advancements in low-power and high-data capacity computer technology during the past decade have been adapted to autonomously record acoustic data from vocalizing whales over long time periods. Acoustic monitoring of whales has advantages over traditional visual surveys including greater
detection ranges, continuous long-term monitoring in remote locations and in various weather conditions, and lower cost. An autonomous acoustic recording package (ARP) is described that uses a tethered hydrophone above a seafloor-mounted instrument frame. ARPs have been deployed to record
baleen whale sounds in the Bering Sea, off the coast of southern California, near the West Antarctic Peninsula, and near Hawaii. ARP data have provided new information on the seasonal presence, abundance, call character, and patterns of vocalizing whales. Current development is underway for
a broader-band, higher-data capacity system capable of recording odontocete whales, dolphins, and porpoises for long time periods.
The Distribution and Density of Commercial Fisheries and Baleen Whales within the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary: July 2001–June 2002
Authors: Wiley David N. , Moller Just C. , Zilinskas Kristin A. , Wiley David N.
Published: June 2009

Research in a national marine sanctuary provides the ability to monitor, assess and understand changes in, and threats to, the area. In July 2001, the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary undertook a year-long study to quantify and map patterns of human and marine mammal use. Data
were collected during monthly standardized shipboard surveys that bisected the Sanctuary at 5 km (2.5 nm) intervals. We used a subset of those data and ArcView's Spatial Analyst program to conduct an analysis of the density and distribution of fixed gear (trap and gillnet) fisheries, mobile
gear (otter trawl and scallop dredge) fisheries and baleen whales. We used this to develop a “user geography” of the Sanctuary based on patterns of use and identify high use areas that might pose the risk of environmental damage. We also used ArcView to develop an index of Relative
Interaction Potential (RIP) to identify where baleen whales might become entangled in fishing gear; a known threat within the Sanctuary. The RIP identified a number of areas that stood out in terms of entanglement risk. Information from the study will allow managers to identify future changes
in Sanctuary use and investigate current areas of intense use for potential harm.
Integrating Science into the Design of the Tortugas Ecological Reserve
Authors: Cowie-Haskell Benjamin D. , Delaney Joanne M.
Published: June 2009

The Tortugas Ecological Reserve, the largest fully protected marine reserve in the U.S.A., was implemented in July 2001 after a successful, three-year collaborative effort. A key facet of this process was the direct involvement of scientists and the acceptance of their information by
the various stakeholders collaborating on the reserve's design. This paper describes how scientific information was ultimately influential in the siting and sizing of the reserve. Case studies such as this may benefit those attempting to use science to inform decisions in marine protected
area planning.
Development of Regional Coastal Ocean Observatories and the Potential Benefits to Marine Sanctuaries
Authors: Schofield Oscar , Glenn Scott , Bissett Paul W. , Frazer Thomas K. , Iglesias-Rodriguez Debora , Moline Mark A.
Published: June 2009

A network of coastal observatories is being built around the United States. While the motivations for developing these systems do not originate from marine sanctuaries per se, the sanctuaries stand to gain an unprecedented opportunity to benefit from real-time data and nowcasting/forecasting
models. The construction of the observatories is being fueled by the rapid development in three enabling observational technologies. These technologies include (1) data acquisition systems that track the international constellation of IR and ocean color satellites; (2) nested grids multi-static
SeaSonde surface current radars; and (3) a growing fleet of autonomous underwater vehicles. These observational assets are coupled to nowcast/forecast data assimilative models. These systems will allow the mean behavior in marine ecosystems to be defined while also providing real-time data
that will allow adaptive sampling. The ability to adaptively sample the environment will allow scientists to make shrewd decisions about when and where to sample. Given this, developing the new approaches to measure critical biological processes and the geographic boundaries of those processes
should be a key focus for the marine biology community. This will alter how scientists approach scientific questions in coastal waters.
Quantified Marine Oil Emissions with a Video-Monitored, Oil Seep-Tent
Authors: Leifer Ira , Wilson Ken
Published: June 2009

A video-monitored oil capture tent was developed and deployed during two field trips to quantify oil emissions from several sites in nearshore waters off Summerland Beach in Santa Barbara County, California, at a water depth of ∼5 m. The tent was a tall, inverted polyvinyl chloride
plastic cone, which funneled oil into a video-observed sample collection jar. Sample jars were periodically retrieved and analyzed to determine oil and gas emissions at two seeps not associated with physical structures, and a suspected abandoned oil well, designated S-3. Oil and gas emissions
at the seeps were ∼1 ml day−1 and ∼90 L day−1, respectively. At the S-3 site, emissions were 51 ml oil day−1 and 0.35 L gas day−1. The size distribution of bubbles at S-3 was sharply peaked at 1500-μm radius, and
bubbles rose significantly slower than equivalent size non-oily bubbles, demonstrating the effect of oil on buoyancy loss. A method was developed to estimate from the measured rise velocities the oil-to-gas ratio of each bubble, calibrated with the sample analysis oil and gas fluxes. Autocorrelation
showed strong peaks at 64.3 s and 120.0 s period, which were likely related. Other autocorrelation peaks at multiples of 8.2 s corresponded to Fourier spectrum peaks at 8 s and 23.4 s, and were proposed to relate to wave swell-induced surge. Other spectral peaks were observed at 4.9 s, 13.0
s, and 45-50 s period.