bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conscientiousness in the Classroom: A Process Explanation
Authors: Corker Katherine S. , Oswald Frederick Louis , Donnellan Brent
Published: July 2018

Although the research literature has established that Conscientiousness predicts task performanceacross a variety of achievement contexts (e.g., Barrick & Mount, 1991; O’Connor & Paunonen, 2007), comparatively less is known about the processes that underlie these relations. To the latter end, the current research examines effortful strategies and achievement goals as mediating factors that might explain why people with higher levels of Conscientiousness are predicted to reach higher levels of academic performance. In a longitudinal study, 347 college students completed measures of personality and achievement goals at the beginning of the class, followed by measures of effortful strategies multiple times throughout the semester. Results support the hypothesis that effortful strategies mediate the association between Conscientiousness and academic performance. Moreover, the statistical effects of Conscientiousness were generally independent of achievement goals, but a small portion of the effect was mediated through approach, but not avoidance, achievement goals. These results highlight the importance of examining mediating processes between personality and outcomes, and in the case of Conscientiousness, our results suggest that effortful strategies might serve as a useful target for performance-enhancing interventions.
Liberals and Conservatives are Similarly Motivated to Avoid Exposure to One Another’s Opinions
Authors: Frimer Jeremy Abraham , Skitka Linda , Motyl Matt
Published: July 2018

Ideologically committed people are similarly motivated to avoid ideologically crosscutting information. Although some previous research has found that political conservatives may be more prone to selective exposure than liberals are, we find similar selective exposure motives on the political left and right across a variety of issues. The majority of people on both sides of the same-sex marriage debate willingly gave up a chance to win money to avoid hearing from the other side (Study 1). When thinking back to the 2012 U.S. Presidential election (Study 2), ahead to upcoming elections in the U.S. and Canada (Study 3), and about a range of other Culture War issues (Study 4), liberals and conservatives reported similar aversion toward learning about the views of their ideological opponents. Their lack of interest was not due to already being informed about the other side or attributable election fatigue. Rather, people on both sides indicated that they anticipated that hearing from the other side would induce cognitive dissonance (e.g., require effort, cause frustration) and undermine a sense of shared reality with the person expressing disparate views (e.g., damage the relationship; Study 5). A high-powered meta-analysis of our data sets (N = 2417) did not detect a difference in the intensity of liberals' (d = 0.63) and conservatives' (d = 0.58) desires to remain in their respective ideological bubbles.
Women Brain Foods: Increased Basal Antioxidant Capacity Effects on Mental Cognition and Carcinogenic Diseases
Authors: Getsemi PiMann
Published: July 2018

Cognitive improvement efforts evaluated by eating foods rich in antioxidants, and vitamins for first-year college students; significant increments in eating fast foods, certain vitamins, high amounts of several antioxidants or stimulants consumed just before stressful exams, long term overdose on such drugs, breathing toxic air pollutants, would cause illness and fatal adverse effects on scientific societies.
The world is complex, not just noisy
Authors: Brette Romain
Published: July 2018

To deny that human perception is optimal is not to claim that it is suboptimal. Rahnev & Denison point out that optimality is often ill-defined. The fundamental issue is framing perception as a statistical inference problem. Outside the lab, the real perceptual challenge is to determine the lawful structure of the world, not variables of a predetermined statistical model.
Development and Validation of the Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Problems
Authors: Boudreaux Michael J. , Ozer Daniel J. , Oltmanns Thomas , Wright Aidan G.C.
Published: July 2018

The interpersonal circumplex (IPC) is a well-established model of social behavior that spans basic personality and clinical science. Although several measures are available to assess interpersonal functioning (e.g., motives, traits) within an IPC framework, researchers studying interpersonal difficulties have relied primarily on a single measure, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems – Circumplex Scales (IIP-C; Horowitz, Alden, Wiggins, & Pincus, 2000). Although the IIP-C is a widely used measure, it is currently the only measure specifically designed to assess maladaptive interpersonal behavior using the IPC framework. The purpose of the current study is to describe a new 64-item measure of interpersonal problems, called the Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Problems (CSIP). Interpersonal problems derived from a pool of 400 personality-related problems were assessed in two large university samples. In the scale development sample (N = 1,197), items that best characterized each sector of the IPC were identified, and a set of eight 8-item circumplex scales was developed. Psychometric properties of the resulting measure were then examined in thevalidation sample (N = 757). Results from confirmatory circumplex structural analyses indicated that the CSIP fit well to a quasi-circumplex model. The CSIP converged with the IIP-C and the Revised Interpersonal Adjective Scales (Wiggins, 1995), and associated in theoretically expected ways with broader assessments of adaptive- and maladaptive-range personality traits and symptoms of psychological distress. The CSIP augments the IIP-C with additional content, thereby helping to extend the underlying constructs, and provides an alternative means for studying the interpersonal consequences of personality and psychopathology.
Perceptions of Alcohol Use in Tanzanian Society
Authors: Vissoci Joao Ricardo Nickenig
Published: July 2018

Background: Alcohol is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, with 4-6% of deaths annually the result of harmful alcohol use. Alcohol’s effect on health outcomes involves societal and individual factors including culture, consumption patterns, familial factors, etc. Rates of alcohol abuse in Moshi are ~2.5x higher than the Tanzanian average. We sought to qualitatively assess the perceptions of alcohol use in Moshi, Tanzania including availability, consumption patterns, abuse, and treatment in order to identify potential targets for policy or behavioral intervention.Methods: Focus groups were conducted using a convenience sample of injury patients, their families, and community advisory board(CAB) members. Discussions, led by trained, bilingual research nurses, were audiotaped, transcribed, and translated for formal qualitative analysis. Transcriptions were then analyzed in parallel using an inductive thematic content analysis approach. Resultant themes were then reanalyzed to ensure internal homogeneity and external heterogeneity. Results: 14 focus group discussions, with a total of 104 participants (40 patients, 50 family members, 14 CAB members) were conducted. Major themes resulting from the analysis including 1) Early/repeated exposure leading to view of alcohol as “just another drink”, 2) Moderate use as a social norm with positive attributes, 3) Complications of overconsumption and abuse (including drunk driving) are widely stigmatized, and 4) Limited knowledge and availability regarding alcohol treatment or cessation and treatment.Conclusions: The burden of alcohol-related health outcomes seen at KCMC is the result of a complex interaction of social, individual, and cultural factors. Drinking culture and context result in ubiquitous exposure from an early age and normalization of alcohol-related behaviors. Despite this, there is strong stigma towards complications stemming from alcohol abuse. Overall, resources for alcohol treatment and cessation although broadly desired, are presently lacking.
A Call for Open Science in Giftedness Research
Authors: McBee Matthew , Makel Matthew C. , Peters Scott J. , Matthews Michael S.
Published: July 2018

The ruinous consequences of currently accepted practices in study design and data analysis have revealed themselves in the low reproducibility of findings in fields such as psychology, medicine, biology, and economics. Because giftedness research relies on the same underlying statistical and sociological paradigms, it is likely that our field also suffers from poor reproducibility and unreliable literature. This paper describes open science practices that will increase the rigor and trustworthiness of gifted education’s scientific processes and their associated findings: open data; open materials; and preregistration of hypotheses, design, sample size determination, and statistical analysis plans. Readers are directed to internet resources for facilitating open science.
System Justification in Social Psychology? A Survey of Responses to the Replicability Debate in Psychology.
Authors: Watkins Hanne M
Published: July 2018

There is currently extensive debate in psychological science about how to improve the field’s replicability (e.g. Lindsay, 2015). In this paper I explore the meta-scientific question of who is pushing for changes to the way research is done, and why. I aim to contribute to the debate in 2 ways: First, I use system justification theory (SJT; Jost, Banaji, & Nosek, 2004) to derive (pre-registered) hypotheses about differences between junior and senior researchers, and as a framework for reflecting on the current debate. Results show that tenured social psychologists are more likely to defend the status quo, and to perceive more costs (relative to benefits) to proposed initiatives such as direct replications and pre-registration, than are those who are untenured. Second, all materials and the data from 406 research psychologists are available on the OSF, and I invite other researchers to make full use of them.
When novel rituals impact intergroup bias: Evidence from economic games and neurophysiology
Authors: Hobson Nicholas M , Gino Francesca , Norton Michael I , Inzlicht Michael
Published: July 2018

Long-established rituals in pre-existing cultural groups have been linked to the cultural evolution of group cooperation. Here we test the prediction that novel rituals – arbitrary hand and body gestures enacted in a stereotypical and repeated fashion – can impact intergroup bias in newly formed groups. In four studies, participants practiced novel rituals at home for one week (Experiments 1, 2, 4) or once in the lab (pre-registered Experiment 3), and were divided into minimal ingroups and outgroups. Our results offer mixed support for the hypothesis that novel rituals promote intergroup bias. A modest effect for daily repeated rituals but a null effect for rituals enacted only once suggests that novel rituals can inculcate bias, but only when certain features are present: rituals must be sufficiently elaborate and repeated to impact bias. Taken together, our results offer modest support for the influence of novel rituals on intergroup bias.
The unresponsive avenger: More evidence that disinterested third parties do not punish altruistically
Authors: Pedersen Eric J. , McAuliffe William H.B. , McCullough Michael E.
Published: July 2018

Many social scientists believe humans possess an evolved motivation to punish violations of norms—including norm violations that do not harm them directly. However, most empirical evidence for so-called altruistic punishment comes from experimental economics games that create experimental demand for third-party punishment, raising the possibility that the third-party punishment uncovered in these experiments has been motivated by a desire to appear concerned about social norms rather than by actual concern about upholding them. Here we present the results of five experiments in which we used an aggression paradigm to contrast second-party and third-party punishment with minimal experimental demand. We also summarize the results of these experiments meta-analytically. We found robust evidence that subjects who were insulted by a stranger experienced anger and punished the insulter. To a lesser degree, subjects who witnessed a friend receive an insult also became angry and punished the insulter. In contrast, we found robust evidence that subjects who witnessed a stranger receive an insult did not punish the insulter, although they did experience modest amounts of anger. In only one experiment did we find any punishment on behalf of a stranger, and this result could plausibly be explained by the desire to escape the moral censure of other bystanders. Our results suggest that experimental designs that rely on demand-laden methods to test hypotheses about third-party punishment may have overstated the case for the existence of this trait.
Wisdom, bias, and balance: Toward a process-sensitive measurement of wisdom-related cognition
Authors: Brienza Justin Peter , Kung Franki Y. H. , Santos Henri C. , Bobocel D. Ramona , Grossmann Igor
Published: July 2018

Philosophers and behavioral scientists refer to wisdom as unbiased reasoning that guides one toward balance of interests and promotes a good life. However, major instruments developed to test wisdom appear biased, and it is unclear whether they capture balance-related tendencies. We examined whether shifting from global, de-contextualized reports to state-level reports about concrete situations provides a less biased method to assess wise reasoning (e.g., intellectual humility, recognition of uncertainty and change, consideration of the broader context at hand and perspectives of others, integration of these perspectives/compromise), which may be aligned with the notion of balancing interests. Results of a large-scale psychometric investigation (N = 4,463) revealed that the novel situated wise reasoning scale (SWIS) is reliable and appears independent of psychological biases (attribution bias, bias blind spot, self-deception, impression management), whereas global wisdom reports are subject to such biases. Moreover, SWIS scores were positively related to indices of living well (e.g., adaptive emotion regulation, mindfulness), and balancing of cooperative and self-protective interests, goals (influence-vs.-adjustment) and causal inferences about conflict (attribution to the self-vs.-other party). In contrast, global wisdom reports were unrelated or negatively related to balance-related measures. Notably, people showed modest within-person consistency in wise reasoning across situations/over time, suggesting that a single-shot measurement may be insufficient for whole understanding of trait-level wisdom. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for research on wisdom, judgment and decision making, well-being, and prosociality.
Political Opposites Do Not Attract: The Effects of Ideological Dissimilarity on Impression Formation
Authors: Mallinas Stephanie , Crawford Jarret , Cole Shana
Published: July 2018

Past research shows that people like others who are similar to themselves, and that political partisans tend to dislike those with opposing viewpoints. Two studies examined how initial person impressions changed after discovering that the target held similar or dissimilar political beliefs. Using potential mates as targets, we found that participants liked targets less, were less romantically interested in targets, and rated targets as less attractive after discovering political dissimilarity with them. Further, they became more uncomfortable with targets after discovering ideological dissimilarity. Theoretical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
FaceSync: Open source framework for recording facial expressions with head-mounted cameras
Authors: Cheong Jin Hyun , Brooks Sawyer , Chang Luke J.
Published: July 2018

Advances in computer vision and machine learning algorithms have enabled researchers to extract facial expression data from face video recordings with greater ease and speed than standard manual coding methods, which has led to a dramatic increase in the pace of facial expression research. However, there are many limitations in recording facial expressions in laboratory settings. Conventional video recording setups using webcams, tripod-mounted cameras, or pan-tilt-zoom cameras require making compromises between cost, reliability, and flexibility. As an alternative, we propose the use of a mobile head-mounted camera that can be easily constructed from our open-source instructions and blueprints at a fraction of the cost of conventional setups. The head-mounted camera framework is supported by the open source Python toolbox FaceSync, which provides an automated method for synchronizing videos. We provide four proof-of-concept studies demonstrating the benefits of this recording system in reliably measuring and analyzing facial expressions in diverse experimental setups including group interaction experiments.
Low status groups show in-group favoritism to compensate for their low status and to compete for higher status.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

The present research investigated the intergroup allocation behavior of members of low status groups. In two studies where status relations were either relatively illegitimate (Study 1, N = 139) or legitimate (Study 2, N = 114), undergraduate students completed a minimal group resource allocation task that took into account the intergroup status hierarchy. In both studies, members of low status groups showed two forms of in-group favoritism. They selected resource allocation choices that (a) compensated for their low status and led to intergroup fairness (compensatory favoritism) and (b) competed with the out-group for status and led to positive distinctiveness for the in-group (competitive favoritism). These results suggest that members of low status groups use in-group favoritism to make their group (a) as good as the high status out-group and (b) better than the high status out-group. The findings support the idea that in-group favoritism can serve different functions.
Consistency and Change in Idiographic Personality: A Longitudinal ESM Network Study
Authors: Beck Emorie D , Jackson Joshua James
Published: July 2018

The study of personality development primarily focuses on between-person, nomothetic assessments of personality using assessments of personality traits. An alternative approach uses individual, idiographic personality assessment, defining personality in reference to one’s self rather than to others. Nomothetic approaches to personality development identify high levels of consistency in personality, even over decades. But the developmental pattern of idiographic personality is unclear, partially due to difficulties in assessing personality idiographically. We examine a number of traditional and novel idiographic modeling techniques using two years of ESM data from the Personality and Interpersonal Roles Study (PAIRS; N = 372 participants, total assessments N = 17,715). We computed idiographic lagged (lag 1 autoregressive) and contemporaneous (concurrent) graphical VAR models, as well as several other idiographic models, for each subject at the individual level at both waves, which are represented as networks. The utility and interpretation of these newer idiographic personality models at an individual level is demonstrated by using two example subjects. Across all participants, idiographic personality models were heterogeneous in structure, indicating the value of an idiographic approach. Contemporaneous, but not lagged, idiographic models were consistent over time. Despite normative levels of consistency, both types of idiographic models exhibited a great range of individual differences in consistency where some people were completely stable across two years whereas others were very unlike their former selves. In sum, we demonstrate that novel idiographic modeling techniques provide a useful tool to address questions of personality dynamics that were not possible with more traditional idiographic assessments.
Narcissism and Social Media
Authors: Campbell William Keith , McCain Jessica Leigh
Published: July 2018

This is a draft of a chapter on narcissism and social media.
Empathic Concern is Part of A More General Communal Emotion
Authors: Zickfeld Janis , Schubert Thomas W. , Seibt Beate , Fiske Alan P.
Published: July 2018

Seeing someone in need may evoke a particular kind of closeness that has beenconceptualized as sympathy or empathic concern (which is distinct from other empathyconstructs). In other contexts, when people suddenly feel close to others, or observe otherssuddenly feeling closer to each other, this sudden closeness tends to evoke an emotion oftenlabeled in vernacular English as being moved, touched, or heart-warming feelings. Recenttheory and empirical work indicates that this is a distinct emotion; the construct is namedkama muta. Is empathic concern for people in need simply an expression of the much broadertendency to respond with kama muta to all kinds of situations that afford closeness, such asreunions, kindness, and expressions of love? Across 16 studies sampling 2918 participants,we explored whether empathic concern is associated with kama muta. Meta-analyzing theassociation between ratings of state being moved and trait empathic concern revealed aneffect size of, r(3631) = .35 [95% CI: .29, .41]. In addition, trait empathic concern was alsoassociated with self-reports of the three sensations that have been shown to be reliablyindicative of kama muta: weeping, chills, and bodily feelings of warmth. We conclude thatempathic concern might actually be a part of the kama muta construct.
How to become a Bayesian in eight easy steps: An annotated reading list
Authors: Etz Alexander , Gronau Quentin Frederik , Dablander Fabian , Edelsbrunner Peter Adriaan , Baribault Beth
Published: July 2018

In this guide, we present a reading list to serve as a concise introduction to Bayesian data analysis. The introduction is geared toward reviewers, editors, and interested researchers who are new to Bayesian statistics. We provide commentary for eight recommended sources, which together cover the theoretical and practical cornerstones of Bayesian statistics in psychology and related sciences.
A Social Judgment? Extralegal Contrast Effects in Hypothetical Legal Decision Making
Authors: Butterfield Max Edward , Bitter Alexandra N.
Published: July 2018

Social judgments in ambiguous situations often rely on heuristics and biases, and legal decision makers are often faced with evidence that does not clearly favor one decision over another. Across two studies, we tested whether one extralegal factor, contrast cases, influenced decision making when judicial factors were held constant. In Study 1, participants (n = 100) evaluated whether an imagined prosecutor had sufficient evidence to send the same three target cases to trial. Before deciding these cases, though, the participants first evaluated cases with either relatively stronger or weaker evidence than the targets. Those in the weak-case comparison group were significantly more likely to send target cases to trial, and they believed the prosecutor had a stronger case. In Study 2, all participants (n = 100) evaluated hypothetical parole applications, but the method was otherwise the same as that used in Study 1. The same contrast-oriented pattern emerged. Participants who first viewed weaker parole applications rated the identical targets as significantly more rehabilitated. Taken together, the results of these two studies suggest that contrast effects may be one extralegal factor involved in shaping individual-level social judgments made in legal contexts such as grand juries and parole boards.
Folk standards of sound judgment: Rationality vs. Reasonableness
Authors: Grossmann Igor , Eibach Richard , Koyama Jacklyn , Sahi Qaisar B.
Published: July 2018

Normative theories of judgment either focus on rationality – decontextualized preference maximization, or reasonableness – the pragmatic balance of preferences and socially-conscious norms. Despite centuries of work on such concepts, a critical question appears overlooked: How do people’s intuitions and behavior align with the concepts of rationality from game theory and reasonableness from legal scholarship? We show that laypeople view rationality as abstract and preference-maximizing, simultaneously viewing reasonableness as social-context-sensitive and socially-conscious, as evidenced in spontaneous descriptions, social perceptions, and linguistic analyses of the terms in cultural products (news, soap operas, legal opinions, and Google books). Further, experiments among North Americans and Pakistani bankers, street merchants, and samples engaging in exchange (vs. market-) economy show that rationality and reasonableness lead people to different conclusions about what constitutes good judgment in Dictator Games, Commons Dilemma and Prisoner’s Dilemma: Lay rationality is reductionist and instrumental, whereas reasonableness integrates preferences with particulars and moral concerns.
A reassessment of the relationship between depression and all-cause mortality in 3,604,005 participants from 293 studies
Authors: Fried Eiko I , Miloyan Beyon
Published: July 2018

The objective of this study is to explain inconsistencies in the relationship between depression and all-cause mortality by performing a reassessment of the included studies of previous systematic reviews. We assessed study-level methodological variables with a focus on sample size and follow-up period, measurement and classification of depression, and model adjustment. We included the constituent studies of fifteen systematic reviews on depression and mortality, yielding 488 articles after the removal of duplicates. 333 studies were extracted, 40 of which used data that overlapped with other included studies. We included 313 estimates from 293 articles in the meta-analysis with a total sample of 3,604,005 participants and over 417,901 deaths. We identified a pronounced publication bias favoring large, positive associations in imprecise studies. Several factors moderated the relationship between depression and mortality. Most importantly, the 16 estimates adjusting for at least one comorbid mental condition (Pooled Effect: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.98-1.18), and the fraction of 8 of those estimates also adjusting for health variables (e.g., smoking, alcohol use, or physical inactivity; Pooled Effect: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.87-1.21), reported considerably smaller associations than the 204 unadjusted estimates (Pooled Effect: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.28-1.36). The sizable relationship of depression and mortality reported in previous systematic reviews is largely based on low-quality studies; controlling for important covariates attenuates the association considerably. Higher quality studies are needed based on large community samples, extensive follow-up, adjustment for health behaviors and mental disorders, and time-to-event outcomes based on survival analysis methodology.
PredPsych: A toolbox for predictive machine learning based approach in experimental psychology research
Authors: Koul Atesh , Becchio Cristina , Cavallo Andrea
Published: July 2018

Recent years have seen an increased interest in machine learning based predictive methods for analysing quantitative behavioural data in experimental psychology. While these methods can achieve relatively greater sensitivity compared to conventional univariate techniques, they still lack an established and accessible software framework. The goal of this work was to build an open-source toolbox – “PredPsych” – that could make these methods readily available to all psychologists. PredPsych is a user-friendly, R toolbox based on machine learning predictive algorithms. In this paper, we present the framework of PredPsych via the analysis of a recently published multiple-subject motion capture data set. In addition, we discuss examples of possible research questions that can be addressed with the machine learning algorithms implemented in PredPsych and cannot be easily investigated with mass univariate statistical analysis. We anticipate that PredPsych will be of use to researchers with limited programming experience not only in the field of psychology, but also in that of clinical neuroscience, enabling computational assessment of putative bio-behavioral markers for both prognosis and diagnosis.
Construction and validation of a Russian version of the Touch Experiences and Attitudes Questionnaire: a self-report measure to assess individual differences in the domain of affective touch
Authors: Trotter Paula , McGlone Francis , Varlamov Anton , Belovol Elena
Published: July 2018

It has been demonstrated that nurturing and affiliative touch is essential for human emotional and physical well-being throughout our entire life. Within the last 30 years a system of low-threshold mechanosensitive C fibers innervating the hairy skin was discovered and described; this system is hypothesized to represent the neurobiological substrate for the affective and rewarding properties of touch. This discovery opens new perspectives for multidisciplinary research of the role of affiliative social touch in health and disease, and calls for establishing novel psychometric tools assessing individual differences in the domain of affective touch. The main objective of the study was to construct and validate a Russian version of the Touch Experiences and Attitudes Questionnaire (TEAQ), a self-report measure developed to quantifyindividual experience and attitude to social and affective touch. A pool of 117 items was translated into Russian and all the items were assessed for appropriateness for Russian culture (232 participants). After exploring the factor structure (468 participants), we composed a 37-item questionnaire (TEAQ-37 Rus) characterized by good reliability and a clear 5-factor structure, covering the aspects of attitude to intimate touch, attitude to friendly touch, attitude to self-care, current intimate touch experiences, and childhood touch experiences. Confirmatory factor analysis (563 participants) has demonstrated good consistency and reliability of the 5-factor structure of the TEAQ-37 Rus. Cross-validation research demonstrated moderate positive correlations between predisposition to social touch and emotional intelligence; positive correlations with extraversion and openness facets of the Big Five personality model were also found. As predicted, participants with higher TEAQ scores rated all observed kinds of touch as more pleasant, with a particular preference for slow touch.We anticipate that this questionnaire will be a valuable tool for researchers of social touch, touch perception abnormalities, and the importance of touch experiences for emotional and mental health.
Intersentential coreference expectations reflect mental models of events
Authors: Grüter Theres , Takeda Aya , Rohde Hannah , Schafer Amy J.
Published: July 2018

Comprehenders’ perception of the world is mediated by the mental models they construct. During discourse processing, incoming information allows comprehenders to update their model of the events being described. At the same time, comprehenders use these models to generate expectations about who or what will be mentioned next. The temporal dynamics of this interdependence between language processing and mental event representation has been difficult to disentangle. The present visual world eye-tracking experiment measures listeners’ coreference expectations during an intersentential pause between a sentence about a transfer-of-possession event and a continuation mentioning either its Source or Goal. We found a temporally dispersed but sustained preference for fixating the Goal that was significantly greater when the event was described as completed rather than incomplete (passed versus was passing). This aligns with reported offline sensitivity to event structure, as conveyed via verb aspect, and provides new evidence that our mental model of an event leads to early and, crucially, proactive expectations about subsequent mention in the upcoming discourse.
Group status is related to group prototypicality in the absence of social identity concerns.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

Based on self-categorization theory, group status should be positively related to group prototypicality when the relevant superordinate category is positively valued. In this case, high status groups should be perceived to be more prototypical than low status groups even in the absence of concerns about maintaining a positive social identity. To test this hypothesis, a minimal group study was conducted in which participants (N = 139) did not belong to any of the groups involved. Consistent with predictions, participants perceived high status groups to be significantly more prototypical than low status groups. Consistent with self-categorization theory’s cognitive analysis, these results demonstrate that the relation between group status and group prototypicality is a relatively basic and pervasive effect that does not depend on social identity motives.
Neural networks supporting social evaluation of bodies based on body shape
Authors: Greven Inez , Downing Paul , Ramsey Richard
Published: July 2018

Body shape cues inferences regarding personality and health, but the neural processes underpinning such inferences remain poorly understood. Across two fMRI experiments, we test the extent to which neural networks associated with body perception and theory-of-mind (ToM) support social inferences based on body shape. Participants observed obese, muscular, and slim bodies that cued distinct social inferences as pilot experiments revealed. To investigate judgment intentionality, the first fMRI experiment required participants to detect repeat presentations of bodies, whereas in fMRI Experiment 2 participants intentionally formed an impression. Body and ToM networks were localized using independent functional localisers. Experiment 1 revealed no differential network engagement for muscular or obese compared to slim bodies. By contrast, in Experiment 2, compared to slim bodies, forming impressions of muscular bodies engaged the body-network more, whereas the ToM-network was engaged more when forming impressions of obese bodies. These results demonstrate that social judgments based on body shape do not rely on a single neural mechanism, but rather on multiple mechanisms that are separately sensitive to body fat and muscularity. Moreover, dissociable responses are only apparent when intentionally forming an impression. Thus, these experiments show how segregated networks operate to extract socially-relevant information cued by body shape.
What does (and should) "mind wandering" mean?
Authors: Seli Paul , Maillet David , Schacter Daniel L , Kane Michael J. , Smallwood Jonathan , Schooler Jonathan W. , Smilek Daniel
Published: July 2018

In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of studies examining mind wandering, and research on the topic has spread widely across various domains of psychological research. As research on the topic of mind wandering has accelerated, the defining features of this conscious state have expanded, and researchers have begun to define mind wandering in conceptually and operationally different ways between – and sometimes even within – studies. Yet, despite clear differences in the definitions adopted, ‘mind wandering’ is often discussed in broad terms, and inferences drawn by researchers are rarely constrained to their specific operational definitions. This practice produces a lack of clarity in our understanding of mind wandering, and it can lead to illusory inconsistencies in the literature. To minimize these problems, we propose that researchers adopt a family-resemblances approach to the investigation of mind wandering, which entails (a) treating mind wandering as a heterogeneous construct and (b) more clearly measuring and describing the specific aspects of the variety of mind wandering that researchers are attempting to investigate. To help move the field forward, we delineate a prototypical case of mind wandering in the broader context of related forms of thought, which should guide the use of the term in future research.
Why Passionate Employees Can Have It All: Passion Lowers Time Stress by Enhancing Goal Integration
Authors: Jachimowicz Jon , Whillans Ashley
Published: July 2018

Passionate employees seem to effortlessly juggle numerous work commitments and devote vast amounts of time and energy to the advancement of their goals. Past research suggests that this dedication improves the productivity of passionate employees. However, it is unclear how employees' work passion promotes their resolve. We propose that employees' passion for work reduces how much time pressure they perceive, providing them with the feeling that they have sufficient time to accomplish their goals. This occurs, we suggest, because employees' passion for work integrates seemingly disparate work-related ambitions within one common drive. To provide evidence for this hypothesis, we conducted four studies, including two field studies with employees at a technology and financial services company, and two pre-registered experimental studies (N = 3,321). Our results reveal why passionate employees attain better outcomes, and help to shed light on when and why their passion for work is likely to incur productivity benefits.
Statistical Sensitiveness for the Behavioral Sciences
Authors: Perezgonzalez Jose D.
Published: July 2018

Research often necessitates of samples, yet obtaining large enough samples is not always possible. When it is, the researcher may use one of two methods for deciding upon the required sample size: rules-of-thumb, quick yet uncertain, and estimations for power, mathematically precise yet with the potential to overestimate or underestimate sample sizes when effect sizes are unknown. Misestimated sample sizes have negative repercussions in the form of increased costs, abandoned projects or abandoned publication of non-significant results. Here I describe a procedure for estimating sample sizes adequate for the testing approach which is most common in the behavioural, social, and biomedical sciences, that of Fisher’s tests of significance. The procedure focuses on a desired minimum effect size for the research at hand and finds the minimum sample size required for capturing such effect size as a statistically significant result. In a similar fashion than power analyses, sensitiveness analyses can also be extended to finding the minimum effect for a given sample size a priori as well as to calculating sensitiveness a posteriori. The article provides a full tutorial for carrying out a sensitiveness analysis, as well as empirical support via simulation.
Participant recruitment and data collection through Facebook: the role of personality factors
Authors: Rife Sean Chandler , Cate Kelly , Kosinski Michal , Stillwell David
Published: July 2018

As participant recruitment and data collection over the Internet have become more common, numerous observers have expressed concern regarding the validity of research conducted in this fashion. One growing method of conducting research over the Internet involves recruiting participants and administering questionnaires over Facebook, the world’s largest social networking service. If Facebook is to be considered a viable platform for social research, it is necessary to demonstrate that Facebook users are sufficiently heterogeneous and that research conducted through Facebook is likely to produce results that can be generalized to a larger population. The present study examines these questions by comparing demographic and personality data collected over Facebook with data collected through a standalone website, and data collected from college undergraduates at two universities. Results indicate that statistically significant differences exist between Facebook data and the comparison data-sets, but since 80% of analyses exhibited partial η2 < .05, such differences are small or practically nonsignificant in magnitude. We conclude that Facebook is a viable research platform, and that recruiting Facebook users for research purposes is a promising avenue that offers numerous advantages over traditional samples.
The Need for Self-Control in Achievement Tests: Changes in Students’ State Self-Control Capacity and Effort Investment
Authors: Lindner Christoph , Nagy Gabriel , Retelsdorf Jan
Published: July 2018

In the present research, we investigated the relation between changes in students’ state self-control capacity and their motivational test-taking effort over the course of an achievement test. Thereby, we considered trait self-control as a major predictor of achievement-related behavior as a covariate. N = 1,840 apprentices repeatedly rated their state self-control capacity and the test-taking effort they invested while working on a 140-minute achievement test in mathematics and science. Using growth curve analyses, our results revealed correlated decreases in state self-control capacity and the test-taking effort invested over the course of the test. Furthermore, we found that trait self-control helped to keep state self-control capacity and test-taking effort at a higher level over the course of the test. Our results support the assumption of the process model of self-control that waning self-control capacity is reflected in reduced motivational effort. Furthermore, our findings provide evidence that self-control might play a crucial role in students’ test-taking behavior in large-scale assessment studies. By modeling changes in state self-control capacity and effort investment while considering trait self-control, we provide an alternative approach for investigating self-control-dependent processes and the underlying mechanisms of self-control in achievement situations.
Pursuing Passion through Feelings or Values: How Lay Beliefs Guide the Pursuit of Passion
Authors: Jachimowicz Jon , Guenoun Bushra , To Christopher , Menges Jochen , Akinola Modupe
Published: July 2018

Although the pursuit of passion is widely valued in both popular and academic discourses, many employees report struggling to pursue their passion. Here, we seek to understand why by exploring how employees pursue their passion. Our analysis of 117 graduation speeches reveals two distinct lay beliefs about how passion is pursued: one focuses on pursuing passion through activities which evoke strong positive affect (feelings-based passion pursuit), while the other centers on pursuing passion through activities that reflect personal values (values-based passion pursuit). Across three samples of full-time employees, we develop a scale to measure these lay beliefs, demonstrate construct and discriminant validity, and show their contrasting associations: values-based passion pursuit was consistently associated with higher passion and job satisfaction, and lower turnover intentions, while feelings-based passion pursuit was not. Our theory and findings suggest that employees may more successfully pursue their passion by focusing on following values instead of feelings.
Replication of Saffran, Johnson, Aslin, & Newport (1999) Statistical learning of tone sequences by human infants and adults, Exp. 1
Authors: Murdock Kara , Savery Alyssa , Trimm Kelsey , Vidal Juliani , Hartshorne Joshua K.
Published: July 2018

We replicated Exp. 1 of Saffran, Johnson, Newport, & Aslin (1999) Statistical learning of tone sequences by human infants and adults, as part of a multi-year effort to replicate every adult statistical word segmentation study. While we were able to replicate the finding of above- chance statistical segmentation of tone sequences, many of the other findings reported in the original paper did not replicate.
Cognitive meritocracy is the main cause of racial income gaps in the United States: an analysis of 5 large datasets
Authors: Kirkegaard Emil O. W.
Published: July 2018

Socially defined racial groups usually differ in average incomes, though the causes of this are contested. We used 5 large datasets with relevant variables to distinguish between cognitive meritocracy, cultural models, and discrimination models (NLSY79, NLSY97, Add Health, GSS, ANES2012; total n = ). The use of both self- and other-perceived race/ethnicity group allowed one to distinguish between effects related to how others perceive one’s race/ethnicity vs. how individuals perceive themselves. Results indicated that other-perceived Black and Hispanic racial statuses were associated with either no differences or slightly higher incomes when cognitive ability was controlled for, whereas self-perceived Black status was negatively related to income. Other self-perceived racial statuses had no clearly detectable effect. Skin tone had no detectable or quite small validity when IQ is also in the regression. Results were interpreted as being congruent with meritocracy and inconsistent with market-irrelevant discrimination models.
Psychological parameters have units: A bug fix for stochastic prospect theory and other decision models
Authors: Stewart Neil , Scheibehenne Benjamin , Pachur Thorsten
Published: July 2018

To fit models like prospect theory or expected utility theory to choice data, a stochastic model is needed to turn differences in values into choice probabilities. In these models, the parameter measuring risk aversion is strongly correlated with the parameter measuring the sensitivity to differences in value. We use dimensional analysis from the physical sciences to show that this is because the sensitivity parameter has units which depend on the risk aversion parameter. This means that comparing sensitivities across individuals with different level of risk aversion is meaningless and forbidden. We suggest a simple bug fix for prospect theory and other decision models which corrects this problem. The bug fix completely removes the correlation between sensitivity and risk aversion parameters in model estimations and allows the parameters to be interpreted as they were originally intended.
Mental Models, Team Mental Models, and Performance: Process, Development, and Future Directions
Authors: Langan-Fox Janice , Anglim Jeromy , Wilson John R
Published: July 2018

Since the 1940s, researchers have grappled with the notion of a mental model. The concept is eminently reasonable and somewhat seductive, but presents us with a number of difficulties regarding its incompleteness, multiplicity, and inconsistency. Not the least of these difficulties is the problem of “capturing” (measuring) mental models, and still more difficult, capturing a team mental model, an extension of the earlier term. Once captured, finding an appropriate analytic procedure to analyze team mental models has challenged researchers for a long time. Nonetheless, the literature suggests that the construct is well worth the trouble, with many applied benefits especially to industry. In the present work we set out to (a) review the notion of team mental models (TMM); (b) identify the key concepts and thinking behind their development; (c) demonstrate how they support teamworking performance; and (d) outline a three‐phase model of TMM development. Details on TMM measurement are given, before concluding with a discussion of the difficulties facing researchers who wish to study and utilize the notion, and some of the pressing research issues that need investigation.