bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BRONKHOPNEUMONIA AS COMORBIDITIES OF CMV INFECTION : STUDY CASE ON 1 YEAR 9 MONTHS OLD BOY
Authors: Widiasmaran Wulan , Kusumaningrum Ayu Anggraini , Amalia Fitri , Anantyo Dimas Tri
Published: February 2021

Background. Pneumonia is an acute lung parenchyma inflammation, which includes the alveoli and tissues. According to RISKESDAS 2018, pneumonia prevalence of children under five years old in Indonesia has increased from 1.6% in 2013 to 2% in 2018. Cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) is the most common congenital infection and causes high morbidity in newborns. The purpose of this case is to report a case in Semarang and conduct a discussion of pneumonia cases and a history of CMV infection so that proper treatment can immediately start.Method. Anamnesis carried out on February 1, 2020, at Government Hospital in Semarang. Data obtained from allonamnesis with the patient's mother, physical examination, supporting examinations, and medical records of patients. Case. Patient of a boy aged one year nine months that come to the ER with a chief complaint of fever and cough.Discussion. A boy aged one year nine months with fever and cough complaints about five days before entering the hospital. Sputum culture examination revealed the presence of Klebsiella pneumonia, then treated with cefoperazone sulbactam. The patient had a history of cytomegalovirus infection but not optimally treated because of the high avidity value.Conclusion. Patient has diagnosed with bronchopneumonia et causa Klebsiella pneumonia.
THE EFFECT OF STRATIFIED DOSES OF CURRY LEAF EXTRACT (MURRAYA KOENIGII) ON TOTAL CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDES IN MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS INDUCED BY HIGH FAT FEED
Authors: Reynaldi Muhammad Iqbal , Santoso Santoso , Tjahjono Kusmiyati
Published: February 2021

Background: High level of total cholesterol and tryglicerides in the blood can cause atherosclerosis. Curry leaves are often used by the society to reduce total cholesterol and trygliceride levels in the blood, but no studies have examinded the effective dosage of curry leaf extract to reduce total cholesterol and triglyceride levels.Aim: This study aims to determine the effect of giving curry leaf extract (Murraya koenigii) on cholesterol and triglyceride levels of male Sprague-Dawley rats induced by high fat feed.Methods: This study was a true experimental study with a pre-post test with randomized control group design. The subjects of the study were male Sprague-Dawley rats induced by high fat feed for 10 days. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured by enymatic methods. Then, the data were analyzed using paired t test and for P3 group total cholesterol using the Wilcoxon test to analyze the differences in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels between before and after given the curry leaf extract, Repeated Anova test to analyzed the differences between groups which was then followed by post hoc bonferoni and One Way Anova to analyze the differences in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels between groups.Results: There was no significant differences in total cholesterol levels between before and after given the curry leaf extract at a dose of 200 mg/KgBW, 300 mg/KgBW, and 400 mg/KgBW (p= 0.641 for the P1 group, p= 0.385 for the P2 group and p= 0.398 for the P3 group). In contrast to triglyceride levels, there were differences in triglyceride levels before and after administration of curry leaf extrcat at a a dose of 300 mg/KgBW (p= 0.012), while the other groups were not significant.Conclusion: The stratified doses of curry leaf extract (Murraya koenigii) in this study could not reduce cholesterol level and triglyceride levelKeywords: Curry leaf extract; Dyslipidemia; Total Cholesterol; Triglyceride
MELASMA SHOW UP IN CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS ACCEPTORS
Authors: Azzahra Cahya Novenita , Widyawati Widyawati , Afriliana Liza , Dewantiningrum Julian
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroduction : Melasma is one of the most common hyperpigmentation disorders among womans, the common hyperpigmentation patches which commonly found on face especially on sunlight exposured area. One of the factors causing melasma is the use of oral contraceptives which cause the buildup of the hormones estrogen and progesterone on the skin.Objectives : Thus, the aim of the study is to analyze the association between duration of contraceptive pills use and melasma.Methods : This study used a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted in May-July 2020. The subjects were 36 womans aged 30-55 years old and oral contraceptive acceptors that qualify inclussion criteria and not eligible exclussion criteria. The data was collected primarily using questionnaires. Physical examinations were done through observation with a photo of the respondents. Data analysis using the Chi Square test with a significance value p <0,05.Results : Based on the results of this study, the significance of 0.017 less than 0.05 which indicates a relationship between variables duration of contraceptive pills use and melasma. Conclusions : This study shows a association between duration of contraceptive pills use and melasmaKeywords : melasma, contraceptive pills.
IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF COCONUT SHELL LIQUID SMOKE AGAINST Candida albicans AND Lactobacillus acidophilus ATTRIBUTING TO ENDODONTIC TREATMENT FAILURE
Authors: Nosartika Isniya , Hardini Nadia , Prihatiningsih Tyas
Published: February 2021

L. acidophilus bacteria and C. albicans fungi are the most common microorganisms isolated from the oral cavity of patients suffering from post-treatment of root canal endodontic infections. Chlorophenol Camphor menthol (ChM) is one of the antimicrobials used for root canal sterilizer but it still has many flaws. Coconut shell liquid smoke (CS-LS) is a natural product that has an antimicrobial activity and non-toxic chemical compounds for humans. This study aims at determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of L. acidophilus bacteria and C. Albicans fungi and comparing the antimicrobial activity between CS-LC with commercial root canal sterilization. The MIC and MBC of CS-LS were measured using 10 different concentrations ranging from 10-100%. MIC was determined by the broth dilution method. All concentration was cultured on each agar media to determine its MBC. The data were analyzed using the comparative test of Kruskall-Wallis with post-hoc Mann-Whitney. MIC and MBC of C. albicans were 10% of CSLS. Meanwhile, L. acidophilus has the MIC with a 50% concentration of CSLS and MBC with a 60% concentration of CS-LS. No significant difference in CS-LS and ChKM was found. Thus, CS-LS has a potential for endodontic treatment failure. Further research should be conducted to know other potential uses of CS-LS in dentistry.
MEDICAL PROBLEM, CONCEQUENCES TO ORAL CARE IN GERIATRIC PATIENT
Authors: Hardini Nadia , Santoso Oedijani
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Oral and maxillofacial tissue status has a significant impact on the systemic health of elderly patients. Elderly patients without oral diseases are rare to find by dentists. Literature Review: Prevention and treatment for caries and periodontal diseases should be done for elderly patients, except in particular conditions when its not worth the risks treatments. Although the relationship between oral diseases and systemic diseases is still controversial and unresolved, it can be assumed that elderly patients have a greater risk of acute and chronic oral infections due to the use of various drugs and medical disorders, impaired immune function, age related impaired kidney, liver and cardiovascular dysfunction. Conclusion: While on duty, dentists who provides care to elderly patients, must know the medical history and systemic review, and understands general medical problems that affects oral care of the elderly.Keyword : medical problem, elderly, oral treatment
What is communication? Investigations with kindergarten children
Authors: Kaźmierczak Monika
Published: February 2021

Matthew Lipman’s P4C (Philosophy for Children) method, which in Poland took the names: philosophising with children, philosophical investigations with children, workshops in philosophy, workshop classes in philosophy, workshops on philosophical research, is based on a discussion in which children are the active participants and creators of the classes. In the course of the investigations, one can observe children’s communication behaviour in the dialogue, the level of language and communication skills, the specificity of the child’s thinking and the ability to negotiate or interpret meanings in a peer group. The conducted research on communication shows that for five- and six-year-old children ‘communication’ is primarily about building relationships and reciprocity of linguistic actions.
Articulation disorders of the sigmatism type and the level of self-esteem of students completing the stage of early school education. Own research conducted in the Greater Poland region
Authors: Trębacz Agata
Published: February 2021

One of the sources of a student’s self-esteem at a younger school age are social comparisons within their peer group. Articulation disorders may limit the effectiveness of communication and increase the likelihood of a sense of shame, stigmatisation, peer rejection or limitation of social contacts, which may lead to the formation of a negative self image and lower self-esteem. The research procedure was conducted in two groups of students in 10 primary schools in the Greater Poland region with the use of a reliable and valid research tool. The discussed research results constitute a part of a larger project concerning the significance of articulation disorders of the sigmatism type for interpersonal and intrapersonal attitudes and attitudes towards the world of students completing the stage of early education. In the present text, an analysis of the empirical material from the subscale: self-esteem is presented. The analysis did not reveal statistically significant differences. However, the fact that the level of self-esteem, regardless of the presence or absence of a speech impediment, in nearly 70% of all respondents remains at an average or low level is alarming.
The use of the mirror in speech therapy
Authors: Hamerlińska Agnieszka , Kieczmer Julita
Published: February 2021

The article begins the description of the history of a mirror: its origin, creation and use. Then the characteristics of the mirror as a typical element of the speech therapy room equipment were made. The article discusses the issue of its use in the opinion of speech therapists. Speech disorders specialists note that it should be used first of all for people with articulation disorders and less for people with mutism.
Delegitymizacja tranzycji systemowej w polskim dyskursie sejmowym na przykładzie exposé Prezesów Rady Ministrów i uchwał okolicznościowych (1991–2019)
Authors: Skrzypek Maciej
Published: February 2021

Celem artykułu jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób, na przykładzie exposé Prezesów Rady Ministrów i uchwał okolicznościowych dochodzi do delegitymizacji tranzycji systemowej w polskim dyskursie sejmowym? W wyniku procesu badawczego postawiona została następująca hipoteza: prawdopodobnie delegitymizacja tranzycji systemowej w polskim dyskursie sejmowym była charakterystyczna dla elit politycznych, które nie partycypowały lub nie wywodzą się ze środowisk biorących udział w przemianach ustrojowych.
Od tradycyjnego głosowania do e-votingu. Analiza doświadczeń Republiki Estońskiej
Authors: Kuban Oliwia
Published: February 2021

W wyniku rozprzestrzeniania się koronawirusa SARS-CoV-2 w debacie politycznej powrócono do rozmów nad wdrażaniem alternatywnych metod głosowania dostępnych dla wszystkich obywateli. Jedną ze zdalnych metod oddawania głosu jest głosowanie za pośrednictwem Internetu. Dotychczas jedynie Republika Estonii gwarantuje taką możliwość uczestnictwa w wyborach powszechnych swoim obywatelom. Poniższa praca może stanowić istotną platformę do określenia kierunków zmian potrzebnych do wdrożenia procedury e-votingu zarówno z prawnego punktu widzenia, jak również społecznego czy technicznego.
Naddniestrze jako wielowymiarowy klin w stosunkach międzynarodowych
Authors: Rösler Jakub
Published: February 2021

Celem artykułu jest pokazanie roli, jaką w geopolityce spełnia Naddniestrze. Autor skupia się na trzech płaszczyznach: ekonomicznej, militarnej i politycznej, które sprawiają, że obszar ten jest klinem geopolitycznym. Naddniestrze jest jednym z państw nieuznawanych, funkcjonującym na obszarze poradzieckim. Jednocześnie jest miejscem, w którym stykają się interesy takich państw i organizacji jak: Federacja Rosyjska, Ukraina, Mołdawia, Unia Europejska, czy NATO.
HALKA AÇIK PİYASA DEĞERİ VE PİYASA DEĞERİNİN İŞLETME PERFORMANSINDAKİ ROLÜ: BİST HALKA ARZ ENDEKSİ’NDE BİR UYGULAMA
Authors: BAĞCI Haşim , SARIAY İbrahim
Published: February 2021

Küresel finansal sistem ve sermaye piyasaları işletmelere kaynak arayışında yeni fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Bu sisteme entegre olamayan işletmeler yoğun rekabet koşullarında varlıklarını sürdürebilmek için kaynak sorunlarını borçlanma yoluyla çözebilmektedir. Borçlanmanın maliyeti yükseldiğinde ise finansman giderleri işletmelerin finansal tablolarını tahrip etmekte ve işletmelerin iyi olan performanslarını olumsuz yönde etkileyebilmektedir. Halka arz, işletmelerin borçlanma maliyetlerini azalttığı gibi, işletmelere kurumsallaşma, ek kaynak sağlama, piyasa değeri ve halka açık piyasa değerini tespit edebilme gibi birçok yeni olanaklar sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, işletmelerin paylarını halka arz etmesiyle birlikte ortaya çıkan, piyasa değeri ve halka açık piyasa değerinin işletme performansındaki rolünü ortaya koymaktır. Bu bağlamda, piyasa değeri ve halka açık piyasa değerinin işletme performans göstergesi olarak belirlenen; faaliyet karı, özkaynak toplamı, yatırılan sermaye, Tobin Q ve net borç ile birlikte işletme performansındaki önemi ve rolü incelenmiştir. Araştırmada önem düzeyi belirleme ve firma karşılaştırması yapabilmek için 2 yöntem kullanılmıştır. İlk yöntem, performans göstergelerini karşılaştırmak için kullanılan “Normalize Edilmiş Maksimum Değerler” yöntemidir. Araştırmada kullanılan ikinci yöntem ise çok kriterli karar verme tekniklerinden birisi olan MOORA tekniğidir. Borsa İstanbul Halka Arz Endeksi’nde listelenen işletmelerin ele alındığı çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre, halka açık piyasa değerinin, piyasa değerinden daha yüksek öneme sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca halka açılma düzeyi yüksek olan işletmelerin, halka açılma düzeyi nispeten düşük olan diğer işletmelere göre daha iyi performans gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada, halka arz endeksinde işlem gören tüm işletmelerinin halka açık piyasa değerinin, işletme performansını arttırdığı ortaya konmuştur. Dolayısıyla, çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular ışığında, halka açılmanın işletmeler için faydalı olacağını ifade etmek mümkündür.
TÜRKİYE’DE FİNANSAL ERİŞİMİN BELİRLEYİCİ FAKTÖRLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: OK ERGÜN Hilal , ERGÜN Tolga
Published: February 2021

Finansal erişim, bir ülkedeki bireylerin ve kurumların finansal ürün ve hizmetleri kullanımda herhangi bir engelle karşılaşmadan, bu ürün ve hizmetlere kolaylıkla ulaşabilmesidir. Finansal erişimin temel amacı, toplumda finansal sistemin sunduğu ürün ve hizmetlerin toplumun tamamının kullanabiliyor olmasının sağlanmasıdır. Finansal erişim düzeyinin artışı, ekonomik kalkınmaya katkı sağlarken, yoksulluğun azalması ve refah artışını da mümkün kılmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmada, Türkiye’de finansal erişimin belirleyici faktörlerini incelemek üzere ekonometrik bir analiz yapılmıştır. Çalışmada Türkiye’de finansal erişimin belirleyici faktörleri üç temel çoklu doğrusal regresyon modeli ile 2006-2018 dönemi için incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda finansal erişim göstergesi olarak ele alınan değişkenler ile nüfus artış hızı, gayrisafi yurtiçi tasarrufların oranı, işsizlik oranı, kişi başına gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif ilişki tespit edilmiştir.
PARASAL AKTARIM MEKANİZMASI OLARAK KREDİ KANALININ TÜRKİYE’DE EKONOMİK BÜYÜMEYE ETKİSİ
Authors: TÜRKMEN Ertan , ARICAN Erişah
Published: February 2021

Ekonomi biliminin en önemli iştigal alanı ulusların refah seviyesini en üst seviyeye taşımaktır. Adam Smith'in "Ulusların Zenginliği" kitabı çağdaş iktisat alanındaki ilk eserlerden biridir. Ekonomiyi yönetenler, ulusların refahı, ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınmayı sağlamak için para ve mali politika araçlarına başvurmaktadırlar. Para politikalarının uygulamasından nihai hedefe ulaşmak için geçen süreç parasal aktarım mekanizmaları olarak bilinmektedir. Parasal aktarım mekanizmaları; geleneksel faiz oranı, varlık fiyatları, döviz kuru, beklentiler ve kredi kanalı olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Bernanke ve Gertler parasal aktarım mekanizmasının çalışmasını kara kutuya benzetmişlerdir. Parasal aktarım mekanizmalarından kredi kanalının anlaşılması ve geliştirilmesi, Türkiye gibi, sermayenin tabana yayılmadığı ve dış kaynak ile fonlanma ihtiyacı duyan işletmelere sahip gelişmekte olan ülkeler için oldukça önemlidir. Çalışmanın amacı, 2004.Ç1-2020.Ç1 çeyrek verileri ile yıllık bazda, kredi kanalının Türkiye’de etkinliğinin belirlenmesidir. Buradan hareketle; uzun dönem ilişkiler için eşbütünleşme, kısa dönem ilişkiler için hata düzeltme modeli ile tanımlanan VAR modeli yardımıyla varyans ayrıştırma ve etki-tepki analizleri, son aşamada ise, nedensellik analizi uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre parasal aktarım mekanizması değişkenleri ile büyüme arasında hem uzun dönem hem de kısa dönem istatistiki açıdan anlamlı ilişkiler belirlenmiştir. Kredi kanalının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi olduğu ve bağımlı değişken olarak alınan GSYİH değişkeninin banka kredilerinin yanısıra diğer bağımsız değişkenler ile çift yönlü nedenselliğinin varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucu, parasal aktarım mekanizmalarından kredi kanalının Türkiye’de etkin olduğu yönündedir.
Exhaust emissions of buses LNG and Diesel in RDE tests
Authors: Gis Maciej , Pielecha Jacek , Gis Wojciech
Published: February 2021

The article compares the exhaust emissions in road conditions of city buses: LNG and Diesel. Both buses met the Euro VI exhaust emission norm. The current strong drive to diversify fuels in Poland and the creation of a large gas port in Świnoujście for LNG imports creates an excellent opportunity to use this fuel, also in road transport. Therefore, the attempt to identify the emission in operation, in first place possible applications, i.e. an LNG bus, comparatively with the emission of a Diesel bus. The operational research carried out concerned such a bus and has not yet been carried out in the country, hence their innovation, also methodological. The conducted research, in particular, was aimed at verifying differences in exhaust emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The study was carried out on one urban bus route performing trips on consecutive days in similar environmental conditions. The performed tests were not strictly type approval tests but only used for comparative purposes. Hence, it was necessary to determine the compliance factor for the relevant exhaust gas substances, with the use of an evaluation algorithm based on measurement windows. Based on these results, the assumption regarding compliance with the emission requirements for the tested buses was verified in real traffic conditions. The exhaust emission values (emission indicators) determined in this way did not exceed the permissible emission limit values for carbon monoxide, while for nitrogen oxides and non-methane hydrocarbons certain exceedances were found.
EUROPEAN CITIES AS MIGRATION POLICY ACTORS
Authors:   Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kvashnin Yuri
Published: February 2021

The article examines the urban dimension of cross-border migration to the EU countries and the role of cities in the political, economic and socio-cultural integration of labor migrants and refugees. Faced with a sharp increase in migration flows, municipal administrations are forced to develop their own ways of responding to the migration challenge, which in some cases contradict the policies implemented at the national level. The main typological models of migration governance are considered. The key factors affecting urban approaches are identified, such as the nature and dynamics of migration flows, the distribution of competences between the central and local administrations, the balance of various actors in urban politics – municipal authorities, opposition parties and movements, civil society organizations. Particular attention is paid to the development of intercity cooperation in the field of migration, aimed at sharing experiences and best practices, providing mutual assistance in the resettlement of refugees, as well as joint lobbying of urban interests at the supranational level.
Migration as a vector of development: from global openness to local barriers
Authors:   MGIMO University, Apanovich Maria
Published: February 2021

The global problem of food security and access to quality products is of the great importance not only for the population of countries, but also for migrants. The study focuses on the example of the agricultural and food policy of the European Union, which seeks to become greener and eliminate the abundance of nitrates and pesticides that are harmful to human health. At the same time, the issue of interaction and penetration dietary traditions of migrants and the “ethnic cuisine of migrants” into the societies of the host countries arises, which is of a local nature. Food habits do not always have exceptional "usefulness", but with the development of cooperation between countries and the influx of migrants from different cultures and corners of the world, it has become the part of the "norm" or "tradition". The purpose of this study is a comparative analysis of the global trend of openness with local trends in the projection of “protective barriers”, in particular for the migration community. Cooperation between European countries should play a key role in maximizing the positive impact of migration, starting with a better understanding of the link between the two. It is important to highlight the very strong links that exist between food security, agriculture and rural development, and other sectors of development cooperation.
Cuba – EU: the difficult way to cooperation
Authors:   Institute of Latin America, Russian Academy of Sciences., Kalashnikov Nikolay
Published: February 2021

The article analyzes the development of relations between Cuba and European countries during past soviet period. The main characteristic of this process was its unevenness. Having lost the markets of the USSR and European socialist countries Cuba objectively was interested in finding new partners both for replacement of the sources of industrial goods delivery and for exporting its own products. European countries seemed to be adequate substitution of Russia (except petroleum deliveries). The article describes how the economic interests of the EU to enter the capacious Cuban market contradicted with principals of democracy and human rights. That was the reason of freezing periodically the progress in the economic links. The problem was partly resolved when the decisions taken for political reasons did not apply to “EU-Cuba” relations. The main obstacle for the bilateral economic cooperation was the EU’ Common Position, approved in 1996 which didn’t permit for both sides to subscribe the agreement of cooperation. The cancellation of the EU’ Common Position, together with developing of bilateral relations of individual countries with Cuba gives the EU possibilities to become a strategic economic partner of the Island. The analysis of the development EU – Cuba partnership helps to understand better how Cuban leaders act on the international scene.
European social model and opportunities for strengthening Welfare State in Latin America
Authors:   Institute of Latin America, Russian Academy of Sciences., Ermolieva Eleonora
Published: February 2021

The article contains a comparative analysis of European and Latin American models of the Welfare State. The author shows that the experience of formation the European social paradigm has been carefully studied in Latin American region in the past, and is taken into account nowadays, when all the countries over the planet are faced with the dramatic consequences of the Covid-19 corona virus pandemic. The labor market crisis, a sharp decline in living standards objectively forces the Social States on both sides of the Atlantic to search for medium term strategies for social protection of working people and the most vulnerable strata of society. The hypothesis is put forward that the European-Latin American сooperation in the social field of government policy will help to find the most optimal measures for overcoming the difficulties that have arisen.
“Post-Truth” in the COVID World: Position of the Church and the Catholic Community in Italy
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yazkova Veronika
Published: February 2021

The article deals with the attitude of the Catholic Church in Italy toward the “fake news” phenomenon in the mass media of the COVID and post-COVID world. Catholic hierarchs and Pope Francis personally condemned the system promoting fakes on the Web, their creators and consumers ‒ conscious or unconscious “transponders” of lies. The Church and the Catholic media counter fake messages via such important tools as “positive” journalism, fact checking sites, training users in media literacy, critical thinking. At the same time, the actual legalization of “post-truth” in social networks as a form of alternative reality is a wake-up call. The crisis of confidence in authorities, official media, relativity of key concepts and ethical norms became a reality. “Post-truth” society as one of the manifestations of digital mentality is a serious challenge for the Catholic Church. Acts of Communication in the digital environment, study of the laws regulating relationships development on digital platforms open up wide opportunities for evangelism, missionary work, mediation at the micro and macro levels, as well as building socially oriented relations in the world of “post-truth”.
Charles de Gaulle's Political Philosophy – a View from the 21st Century International Dimension
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Narochnitskaya Elena
Published: February 2021

The historical and political visions of France's greatest statesman of the 20th century Charles de Gaulle resonate in present controversies over essential topics including prospects for nation states and civilizations in globalization era, the concept of European integration, structures and norms of the 21th century international order and more. The value of de Gaulle's political philosophy is not in the originality of underlying theoretical ideas, but in an uncommonly harmonious dualism of fundamental antithesis applied to the changing concrete realities and political action strategy. His foreign policy thinking combined recognition of the continuing role of nations with globally scaled and universalist approach, historicism – with attention to recent and upcoming shifts; realism – with values and principles; pragmatism in tactics – with strategic vision and political will. De Gaulle’s “national idea” is aware of the line that separates constructive national ambitions from destructive ones and is balanced by the European and global dimensions of his concerns and motivations. National interests, being the core priority for de Gaulle as head of state, were conceived not in a standard way but within the framework of rebuilding the Cold War bipolar system into a more plural and cooperative international order with a "true" Europe of Nations as an independent center of power. Of particular importance in today's context are the humanist aspect of de Gaulle's views on civilization and technological progress and his recognition of ideological pluralism in international relations.
200th anniversary of the discovery of Antarctica: a breakthrough in scientific research is needed
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zhuravel Valery
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Antarctica under the guidance of 2nd rank captain F. Bellingshausen and lieutenant M. Lazarev. Analyzing the peculiarities of Antarctica, the author notes that this is one of а few regions of our planet, the resources and territory of which are used by various states jointly and exclusively for peaceful purposes for the benefit of science. The article analyzes in detail the celebration of this anniversary in Russia and foreign countries, while paying special attention to the thematic focus of socio-political and scientific events. Considerable attention is paid to the study of the region by Russia and the European States. Interstate cooperation between countries in Antarctica is aimed at finding effective solutions to global problems facing humanity, such as environmental pollution, climate change and its consequences, and the loss of components of biological diversity. It is concluded that despite the fact that Antarctica is traditionally one of the strategic regions for ensuring the national interests and security of our state, the Russian Federation in its state policy in comparison with the Arctic, does not always respond promptly to the existing challenges, does not pay enough attention to improving the research base and living conditions of polar explorers, which negatively affects Russia's positions in Antarctica.
The Values of the European Union and their Protection under European Law
Authors:   Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kuvaldin Stanislav
Published: February 2021

Article 7 of the Treaty on the European Union provides for a mechanism for responding to violations by member states of the values of democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights proclaimed by the Union, as well as the introduction of sanctions against the violating state. Nevertheless, the EU structures are extremely cautious about this mechanism, despite the reasons for its use. The article analyzes the history of the appearance of Article 7 in European legislation and the first attempts of a pan-European influence on dubious decisions of the member states. Based on the example of Poland and Hungary in respect of which the possibility of applying sanctions under the Article 7 procedure is now being discussed, it is concluded that such an outcome is unlikely. It is shown that Article 7 was deliberately created in such a way as to limit the actions of pan-European structures, to leave decisions in the hands of national governments and to provide an opportunity to solve the problem through negotiations. It also shows the process of searching for alternative ways of influencing the violating states.
The Falkland Islands: between the United Kingdom and Argentina
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Okhoshin Oleg
Published: February 2021

The Falkland Islands belong to the British Overseas Territories, which remained after the collapse of the colonial system. This archipelago, which consists of more than 700 islands, has a strategic importance because it is a transit point on the way from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. The Falklands is home to the British Air Force and Navy. Since the 19th century, the islands have become the subject of a constant territorial dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina, which defended its right to them both at the negotiating table and on the battlefield. The aim of the article is to study the dynamics and content of Argentine-British relations associated with the "Falklands issue" and ways to normalize them. Both sides have repeatedly resorted to the system of international law to influence each other, but their territorial dispute has not yet been settled. The maintaining strong economic, political and cultural ties with the inhabitants of the archipelago, as well as the strengthening of their British identity, currently remains a key factor in the superiority of the United Kingdom over Argentina in the "Falklands issue".
FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF INCREASING GLOBAL UNCERTAINTY
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gladkov Igor
Published: February 2021

The article analyzes the competitive positions in the system of modern international trade of the world's largest regional integration community – the European Union (EU), consisting of 28 member countries. The most important trends in the dynamics and geographical structure of the EU's foreign trade relations are considered against the background of increasing global turbulence, as well as in the run-up to the UK's withdrawal from this grouping. Based on actual and statistical data, the author substantiates the claim that the leading integration bloc managed to maintain its leadership in the world commodity exchange in the conditions of increasing global uncertainty due to its well-thought-out foreign trade policy, which includes a number of quite effective tools. According to the author, the experience gained by the EU is undoubtedly of interest for a more detailed study, since during the entire six-year period under review (2014-2019), there were very significant changes in the sphere of world trade, both at the global and regional levels. These include rising tensions caused by the spread of protectionist sentiments among leading actors, the formation of new types of trade alliances, and the use of sanctions against competitors under the guise of untenable rhetoric. However, the current year has brought more large-scale disasters associated with the emergence of a new virus infection of a planetary scale. Such trends have a negative impact on the dynamics of global trade, including foreign trade relations of the European Union.
Climate & Coronavirus: Competing Agenda?
Authors:   Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Roginko Sergey
Published: February 2021

The article analyzes trends in the global climate agenda and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on it. Analysis of the events series associated with the pandemic and its impact on the economies of leading countries and on the prospects for reducing greenhouse gas emissions is carried out. Article also focuses on the climate-related social movements, including Fridays for Future initiative and Flightshaming flashmobs. Analysis of the origin of these movements is carried out, with a special reference to the real goals and beneficiaries of this type of activity on the global level. A connection is traced between the origination of the said movements and actual state of the global scientific discourse on the climate change issues, including the anthropogenic warming hypothesis. Special attention is paid to the reaction of the world and European elites to the situation with coronavirus, including the new approaches, comparing the effects of global warming with those of coronavirus pandemic. Attempts to counter the shift of the global agenda from the climate change issues to the real action against global coronavirus pandemic, carried out both at the EU level and at the global level are discussed. New EU goals in the area of GHG emission reduction, set forth in the EU State of the Union address of September 16, 2020, are analyzed, in parallel with the assessment of the economic situation in the EU countries after the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic and the EU activities during this period.
Neki aspekti moralnosti srednjoškolaca u kontekstu atraktivnosti školskih programa
Authors: Proroković Ana , Gregov Ljiljana
Published: February 2021

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi potencijalne prediktore koji dobro diskriminiraju učenike srednjih škola (programa) različitih razina atraktivnosti, pri čemu je naglasak bio na neke sociodemografske karakteristike učenika i neke komponente njihove moralnosti. Istraživanje je provedeno na završnim razredima (treći i četvrti razred) gimnazija i strukovnih srednjih škola u Zadru. Škole su kategorizirane u četiri kategorije (niska, srednja, visoka i vrlo visoka atraktivnost) na osnovi prosječnog školskog uspjeha njihovih učenika u osnovnoj školi i interesa za upis u tu školu. Iz svake kategorije izabrana je jedna srednja škola (dva razredna odjeljenja) u kojoj je provedeno istraživanje na 189 srednjoškolaca. Analiza dobivenih rezultata pokazala je postojanje dviju značajnih diskriminacijskih funkcija koje vrlo dobro determiniraju izbor/upis srednjoškolskih programa različite atraktivnosti. Prva diskriminacijska funkcija uglavnom je saturirana razinom moralnog rasuđivanja, samopercepcijom moralnih kvaliteta te financijskim statusom obitelji, a ujedno ima i najveću prediktivnu snagu za izbor gimnazijskih u odnosu na strukovne programe. Druga diskriminacijska funkcija ima manju prediktivnu važnost te uključuje i neke druge sociodemografske značajke (spol, veličina mjesta življenja). Ova funkcija također značajno doprinosi objašnjenju ukupne varijance kriterijske varijable na način da u većoj mjeri razlikuje upise u srednjoškolske programe sličnijih sadržaja (na primjer, razlike u atraktivnosti unutar različitih gimnazijskih programa).
Samoprocjena učiteljica o razini povezivanja likovnih i matematičkih sadržaja u nižim razredima osnovne škole
Authors: Kuščević Dubravka , Ćosić Miroslava , Mišurac Irena
Published: February 2021

Tema rada je samoprocjena učiteljica o povezivanju likovnih i matematičkih sadržaja u nižim razredima osnovne škole. U teorijskom dijelu definiraju se pojmovi korelacija i samoprocjena, znanost i umjetnost i njihova refleksija na obrazovanje. Korelacija je temelj suvremenog obrazovanja, omogućava stvaranje cjelovite harmonične slike znanja. Samoprocjena je jedan od osnovnih načina procjene vlastitoga rada, omogućava učiteljima da uoče prednosti i nedostatke u vlastitom radu i poboljšaju proces poučavanja. Znanost i umjetnost važne su u životu pojedinca, međuovisne su, njihov suodnos vidljiv je u odgoju i obrazovanju. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 199 učiteljica na području Republike Hrvatske. Rezultati pokazuju da učiteljice shvaćaju važnost povezivanja sadržaja ovih dvaju predmeta te se smatraju kompetentnima i motiviranima, ali u praksi korelaciju nedovoljno provode. Istraživanje također ukazuje da su se o korelaciji učiteljice uglavnom samoinicijativno informirale i obrazovale što ukazuje na potrebu za uključivanjem ovih sadržaja u njihovo fakultetsko obrazovanje.
Contribution of Extracurricular Kinesiological Activities to the Quality of Students’ Leisure-time Organization
Authors: Perinović Valter , Milanović Marko , Metikoš Boris , Kocsis Matea
Published: February 2021

This article shows the importance of extracurricular activities in the life of a student of the Polytechnic of Zagreb (TVZ). The emphasis of the article is on the kinesiological activities selected by students during their free time when unoccupied by classroom activities, as well as the utilization of free time for the purposes of achieving better success during the training process, in competitions and subsequently on the students’ psychophysical state. It is shown that kinesiological contents occupy the mere fifth place of interest of Zagreb students (24.5 %) as a form of leisure (Bouillet 2008). In order to increase students’ general health and raise the level of physical activity, it is essential to meet the biological needs for movement, and with it improve their anthropological status.
Tra oblio e rimozione ideologica. La biografia di Francesco Saverio Nitti e l’identità italiana nel primo dopoguerra
Authors: Canale Cama Francesca
Published: February 2021

Nel movimentato quadriennio che in Italia seguì la fine della prima guerra mondiale, l’uscita dalla guerra e la gestione dei problemi ad essa connessi, la crisi sociale divampante quasi contemporaneamente al ritorno della pace sono generalmente messi in relazione con il “ritorno al liberalismo” incarnato dalla figura e dal governo di Francesco Saverio Nitti tra il 1919 ed il 1920. Instancabile artefice di un progetto di pace europea di ampio respiro egli raggiunse il suo massimo ascendente politico internazionale proprio mentre l’umore delle piazze e delle pance del Paese virava senza freno verso quel “sacro egoismo” sempre più incarnato dall’ esperienza dell’occupazione di Fiume e dal mito della “vittoria mutilata”. Il fallimento del suo governo nel giugno del 1920 è spesso indicato come autentica incarnazione della fine del liberalismo italiano e esempio di quella debolezza istituzionale che favorì non poco l’ascesa del fascismo.
Entre mediano y pequeño, entre la capilla y el hogar. Consumo privado de escultura menuda en la Sevilla barroca
Authors: Quiles García Fernando
Published: February 2021

Se trata de una aproximación, principalmente a través de las fuentes, de la manera como se produjo el consumo privado de escultura menuda por la sociedad sevillana de mediados del XVII. Frente a la demanda de obras escultura para recintos religiosos, destinadas a retablos y otras estructuras decorativas, la que nos ocupa es poco conocida. Pero la documentación notarial nos proporciona abundantes noticias para bosquejar este panorama.
Conformación de la ideología revolucionaria. El caso español de GRAPO
Authors: Rodrigues López Jonatan
Published: February 2021

El objeto de este trabajo es el estudio de la conformación de la ideología revolucionaria en el Partido Comunista de España (reconstituido) y los Grupo Revolucionario Antifascista Primero de Octubre (PCE(r)-GRAPO). Estructuramos nuestro análisis en dos partes: la primera se centra en sus contenidos teóricos, matrices de referencia y mecanismos de transición; la segunda lo hace en los modos de adscripción o sentimiento de pertenencia a la ideología definida. En este apartado podremos observar dos vertientes: una grupal y otra personal.
Fauna e industria sobre materia dura de origen animal del lugar sagrado de la Cultura de las Motillas: Castillejo del Bonete (Terrinches, Ciudad Real)
Authors: Benítez de Lugo Enrich Luis , Galindo‑Pellicena Mª Ángeles , Domínguez García Ángel C. , Laplana Conesa César , Menchén Herreros Gabriel , Palomares Zumajo Norberto , Pérez Romero Amalia , Fuentes Sánchez José Luis , Salazar‑García Domingo C.
Published: February 2021

En los últimos años revistas científicas han publicado diversos estudios (cerámica, metal, material lítico, etc.) sobre Castillejo del Bonete. Este trabajo presenta datos inéditos sobre la industria ósea, micro y macromamíferos encontrados en este yacimiento, además de aportar una datación inédita. La industria ósea está constituida principalmente por piezas elaboradas con hueso, asta o dientes, que fueron utilizados como medios de producción o complementos para vestir y adornar a los difuntos, o elaborar ídolos. El estudio de los micromamíferos aporta información sobre el final del uso de estos túmulos, así como sobre aspectos ambientales. Los perfiles de mortalidad de los grandes mamíferos sugieren una explotación mixta, tanto de productos primarios (carne) y secundarios (leche, lana y posibles animales de carga o tracción) en el caso de los ovicaprinos, bovinos y cerdos. Las piezas arqueológicas depositadas aquí fueron puestas al servicio de un ritual creado en torno a los ancestros y a un culto solar desde el Calcolítico hasta la Edad del Bronce. Se aportan dos nuevas dataciones radiocarbónicas del yacimiento, obtenida de una vértebra de ovicaprino, que marca el momento de monumentalización de la cueva utilizada como cámara funeraria, mediante la construcción del Gran Túmulo 1. La segunda permite datar el momento de uso del Túmulo 2.
Evaluation of spermicidal activity of saponosides from Saponaria officinalis / Caryophyllaceae, Glycyrrhizia glabra / Fabaceae and Herniaria glabra / Caryophyllaceae
Authors: Sefrioui Mohamed Réda , Sbai El Othmani Ibrahim , Filali Halima , Derfoufi Sanae , Derraji Soufiane , Benmoussa Adnane , Ait Haj Said Amal
Published: February 2021

Background and objective. Chemical spermicides currently marketed and widely used are known to have many side effects. Thereby, and in order to look for more tolerated natural spermicidal agents, the aim of this work was to evaluate the spermicidal potential of saponin extracts from the roots of Saponaria officinalis / Caryophyllaceae, Glycyrrhizia glabra / Fabaceae, and Herniaria glabra / Caryophyllaceae by studying their in vitro effects on sperm mobility and vitality.

Methods. Methanolic saponin extracts from the plants roots were performed. Sperm suspensions were prepared by centrifugation on a PureSperm® density gradient (70 and 45%) and incubated with various concentrations of saponin extracts (50, 250, 500 and 750 mg/mL) at 37°C. The spermicidal activity was evaluated by studying the mobility and vitality of spermatozoa at different time intervals ranging from 10 to 240 minutes.

Results. A dose and time dependent effect on sperm mobility and vitality was observed for our extracts.

Extracts from Saponaria officinalis roots induced an irreversible immobilization and a total non-viability of sperm within 10 minutes at a concentration of 750 mg/mL. A similar effect was observed within 30 minutes at 750 mg/mL for Herniaria glabra extract and within 90 minutes at 500 mg/ml for Glycyrrhizia glabra extract.

Conclusion. The results of our study showed that the saponin extracts of our plants roots possess potent in vitro dose and time dependant spermicidal effect. These natural products could therefore represent a safer and better tolerated alternative to chemical spermicides.
Challenges and Opportunities for Seafarer Training in the Context of a Modernizing Maritime Industry: Research Overview
Authors: Mickevičiūtė Indrė
Published: February 2021

The aim of this article is to analyze and systematize the research examining the process of training seafarers, in a time when the rapidly modernizing maritime industry presupposes the need for educational transformation change. The analysis of the research reveals that some research on this topic focuses more on the development of autonomous vessels, presents the idea of the Shore Control Center, where operators will manage autonomous vessels. Other researchers emphasize the importance of social skills and emotional intelligence in the process of training seafarers. The training of seafarers is a long-term process in which the harmonization of educational paradigms, based on values, comprehensively covering the formation of personality traits, general competencies, professional knowledge and skills, would create preconditions for the training of highly qualified seafarers.