bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planning and Drawing of Occluded Objects by Young Children
Authors: Taguchi Masanori , Hirai Seiya
Published: August 2011

When children under 8 yr. old draw an object occluded by another, they depict each object separately either horizontally or vertically. This study examined whether children aged 4–6-yr.-old intended to draw occluding and occluded objects separately at the planning stage like their drawn product. 25 4-yr.-olds (boys = 14, girls = 11), 28 5-yr.-olds (boys = 14, girls = 14), and 29 6-yr.-olds (boys = 19, girls = 10) were, presented two cups, set one behind another, with handles visible at the side in partial occlusion and invisible in total occlusion. They were asked to draw the cups as they saw them and to select one among five picture cards (circle, horizontal, orientation-centered, vertical, view-specific) that matched their drawing plan. Analysis showed in both partial and total occlusions in the drawing 4-yr.-olds more often drew either a circle or the two cups horizontally; 5-yr.-olds drew the two cups vertically, while 6-yr.-olds made view-specific drawings, that is, drew the cups as seen. On the planning task for partial and total occlusions 4-yr.-olds selected the picture card representing a circle or two horizontally drawn cups, 5-yr.-olds tended to pick the card of two vertically drawn cups, while 6-yr.-olds chose the view-specific picture card, like their drawn products. These results suggested that planning and drawing were similar within and across age groups and that children's drawing reflected the representation of their planning.
Incidence of Nondextrality in the NAS/NRC Twin Registry
Authors: Jaffe J. , Ross D. , Anderson S. W. , Beebe B. , Squires-Wheeler E.
Published: August 2011

Genetic theories still flounder on the fact that similarity of hand preference is the same in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. Lateral preference on a well-designed set of 5 activities was obtained from 2,131 male pairs. On item analysis, only “throw” discriminated zygosity, attributable to “excess” nondextral MZ pairs. This item is remarkably free of the intense cultural bias against sinistrality.
A Systematic Replication of Variations in Verbal Content and Delay on Time Estimation and Short-Term Memory
Authors: Vitulli William F.
Published: August 2011

Vitulli and Nemeth reported in 2001 that among 218 undergraduate volunteers delay of estimation produced significantly longer judgments of time regardless of the verbal passage while short-term memory scores varied as a function of verbal content. In this systematic replication 112 volunteers used three paragraphs audiotaped from a 1998 textbook in general psychology by Baron as stimuli presented for judgment of the passage of time and for short-term memory tests. Addition of control conditions using as stimuli nonsense syllables equal in duration to the three paragraphs did not have an effect contrary to past studies. Yet post hoc tests with nonsense-syllable data removed showed significance between immediate and delayed time estimations consistent with past studies, suggesting boundary conditions for this historically robust effect. Length of segment resulted in significantly different estimations of time as expected. An interaction of short-term memory scores between delay of estimation and content of verbal material showed short-term memory scores were significant between paragraphs and for delay of test (immediate versus delayed).
Verbal Intelligence and Sleep Disorders in Children with ADHD
Authors: Andreou G. , Karapetsas A. , Agapitou P. , Gourgoulianis K.
Published: August 2011

In the present study, WISC-III Verbal IQ and sleep disorders in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and controls who were matched for age and sex were assessed. 18 children with ADHD, 14 boys and 4 girls, and 18 controls, 14 boys and 4 girls, participated. Polysomnographs were performed for all ADHD children during their night sleep. The Greek version of WISC-III was used to evaluate Verbal IQ. Analysis of the polysomnographs showed that the quality of night sleep of the children with ADHD was very poor, including apneas, low desaturation rates, and awakenings in combination with limb activity and snoring. This agreed with their low Verbal IQ, which was up to 20 points lower than the controls' Verbal IQ. Sleep disorders in ADHD children could contribute to lower Verbal IQ.
Sex-Related Difference in Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Young Subjects
Authors: Dane Şenol , Aslankurt Murat , Yazici Ahmet Taylan , Gümüştekin Kenan
Published: August 2011

Sex-related differences in intraocular pressures of the right and left eye was studied in 64 men and 61 women, all young and right-handed. Intraocular pressures of the right and left eye were higher for women than men. Sex-related difference in intraocular pressure may be associated with presence of the sex hormone, oestrogen, in women which reduces sympathetic activity.
New Psychophysical Method for Visual Consciousness during Binocular Rivalry: Conventional Method for Binocular Rivalry Has a Fatal Flaw
Authors: Sohmiya Tamotsu , Sohmiya Seiyu , Sohmiya Kazuko
Published: August 2011

The alternation of dominance and suppression in a binocular-rivalry situation is involved closely in visual consciousness and unconsciousness. Therefore, binocular rivalry has recently been highlighted as a useful psychophysical phenomenon for the study of consciousness. However, we point out that the conventional method since Breese (1899) that rivalrous stimuli to the two eyes are presented simultaneously and for a long time has a fatal flaw for approaching the fundamental mechanisms underlying rivalry and, at the same time, our new method called “the suppression method” is, however, useful.
Eye-Movements and Ongoing Task Processing
Authors: Burke David T. , Meleger Alec , Schneider Jeffrey C. , Snyder Jim , Dorvlo Atsu S. S. , Al-Adawi Samir
Published: August 2011

This study tests the relation between eye-movements and thought processing. Subjects were given specific modality tasks (visual, gustatory, kinesthetic) and assessed on whether they responded with distinct eye-movements. Some subjects' eye-movements reflected ongoing thought processing. Instead of a universal pattern, as suggested by the neurolinguistic programming hypothesis, this study yielded subject-specific idiosyncratic eye-movements across all modalities. Included is a discussion of the neurolinguistic programming hypothesis regarding eye-movements and its implications for the eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing theory.
Sex Differences in Verbal and Spatial Ability Reconsidered in Relation to Body Size Lung Volume, and Sex Hormones
Authors: Tan Üner , Okuyan Mukadder , Albayrak Tugba , Akgun Ahmet
Published: August 2011

Sex differences in verbal and nonverbal abilities were reconsidered in relation to bodily measures and sex hormones in Turkish university students. Perceptual-verbal ability was evaluated using As Test. To assess the nonverbal abilities, the mental rotation test and Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test were used. As expected, the 53 women performed better than men on the As Test; 79 men had a higher mean than the 53 women on the mental rotation task; there was no sex difference on Cattell's IQ Test. Cattell IQs correlated only with tidal volume of lungs. Scores on the As Test did not show significant correlations with body size and lung capacities. Mental rotation was significantly correlated with height, weight, and lung volume. With covariates of height, weight, and vital capacity, sex differences in mental rotation completely disappeared, but the difference on the As Test increased while Cattell IQ remained sex-neutral. With testosterone as covariate, the sex difference on the As test increased but on the mental rotation task disappeared; Cattell IQ was sex-neutral. With covariates of estradiol and progesterone, sex differences on the As test disappeared; mental rotation scores and Cattell IQ were not influenced. Under a combined covariation of height, weight, and testosterone, sex differences in mental rotation reversed, women scoring better than men; after adding estradiol or progesterone instead of testosterone to this model, sex differences on mental rotation completely disappeared, but verbal ability and Cattell IQ were not changed. These results suggest that Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test is unique in resistance to sex differences; perceptual-verbal ability was the most sex-specific mental trait but with dependence on estradiol; mental rotation, on the contrary, was least sex-specific, depending on body size, lung volume, sex hormones, and their combined actions, which explains women's better performance.
Eeg Alpha Desynchronization in Musicians and Nonmusicians in Response to Changes in Melody, Tempo, and Key in Classical Music
Authors: Overman Amy A. , Hoge Jessica , Dale J. Alexander , Cross Jeffrey D. , Chien Alec
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were performed to examine musicians' and nonmusicians' electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to changes in major dimensions (tempo, melody, and key) of classical music. In Exp. 1, 12 nonmusicians' and 12 musicians' EEGs during melody and tempo changes in classical music showed more alpha desynchronization in the left hemisphere (F3) for changes in tempo than in the right. For melody, the nonmusicians were more right-sided (F4) than left in activation, and musicians showed no left-right differences. In Exp. 2, 18 musicians' and 18 nonmusicians' EEG after a key change in classical music showed that distant key changes elicited more right frontal (F4) alpha desynchronization than left. Musicians showed more reaction to key changes than nonmusicians and instructions to attend to key changes had no significant effect. Classical music, given its well-defined structure, offers a unique set of stimuli to study the brain. Results support the concept of hierarchical modularity in music processing that may be automatic.
Maternal Attitudes and Attachment Styles in Mothers of Obese Children
Authors: Trombini Elena , Baldaro Bruno , Bertaccini Riccardo , Mattei Chiara , Montebarocci Ornella , Rossi Nicola
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated categories of attachment style and the maternal attitude toward educational role in a sample of 30 mothers of obese children and a control group of 80 mothers of children of normal weight. All mothers completed the 1994 Attachment Style Questionnaire and the 1958 Parental Attitude Research Instrument. 30 mothers ( M age 37.4 yr., range 31 to 54 years; M yr. of education 11.6, range 5 to 18 years) of obese children (range 30 to 60% above normal weight) and a control group of 80 mothers ( M age 37.1 yr., range 29 to 52 years; M yr. of schooling 11.4, range 5 to 18 years) of children with normal weight were contacted at the primary school attended by their children and joined the project voluntarily. Age and number of years of education were not significantly different between the two groups of women. There was a significant prevalence of the Insecure Attachment Style in the group of mothers with obese children (66.6%) as compared to the control group of mothers of children of normal weight (38.5%) and significantly higher scores on 6 subscales of the Parental Attitude Research Instrument of Obese compared to Nonobese children. These data indicate that obese children's mothers tend to make the family their exclusive centre of interest. They also tend to dedicate themselves to their children with possessiveness and hyperprotection. They seem to have an insistent requirement of idealisation of their own role as parent and reward expectations that confirm the efficiency of the care they provide their children. Consequently, these findings suggest that in addition to dietetic treatment, it may be important to include a psychological intervention, which involves the mother and aims to modify the relational dynamics between the mother and her obese child.
A New Estimate of the IQ in Estonia
Authors: Lynn Richard , Pullmann Helle , Allik Jüri
Published: August 2011

The Standard Progressive Matrices was standardized in Estonia in 2001 on a sample of 1,835 7- to 11-yr.-olds. The mean IQ of the Estonian sample was estimated at 98 in relation to a British IQ of 100 and 99 based on the combined results for two studies.
Improved Performance on Clerical Tasks Associated with Administration of Peppermint Odor
Authors: Barker Shannon , Grayhem Pamela , Koon Jerrod , Perkins Jessica , Whalen Allison , Raudenbush Bryan
Published: August 2011

Previous research indicates the presence of certain odors is associated with enhanced task performance. The present study investigated use of peppermint odor during typing performance, memorization, and alphabetization. Participants completed the protocol twice—once with peppermint odor present and once without. Analysis indicated significant differences in the gross speed, net speed, and accuracy on the typing task, with odor associated with improved performance. Alphabetization also improved significantly under the odor condition but not typing duration or memorization. These results suggest peppermint odor may promote a general arousal of attention, so participants stay focused on their task and increase performance.
Using the Delphi Technique to Select Items for Use in Assessing Patients' Satisfaction with Dysphagia Services
Authors: Marquardt Brent D. , Burroughs Elizabeth I.
Published: August 2011

Items for potential use in a survey for the assessment of patients' satisfaction with dysphagia services was developed using the Delphi technique. A panel of speech-language pathologists was provided with 105 potential survey items. They were asked to rate the items with respect to perceived importance in assessing patients' satisfaction. 45 items were rated as “very important.” Items concerning the issues of information giving and the conduct and characteristics of the clinician were most common among the selected items. No items focusing on accessibility of services or quality of the treatment environment were in the “very important” group.
Home Field Advantage: New Stadium Construction and Team Performance in Professional Sports
Authors: Watson Jack C. , Krantz Andrew J.
Published: August 2011

To identify the relations between new stadiums and home team performance and attendance for professional baseball (MLB) ( n = 14), basketball (NBA) ( n = 13), and football (NFL) ( n = 25) teams in the USA since 1950 dependent t tests assessed significance of increases in attendance in both MLB and the NBA and a significantly improved home winning percentage in MLB following the building of new stadiums. Implications include a better understanding of the rationales used by owners, fans, and players for building new stadiums.
Screening for Depression in Clinical Practice: Reliability and Validity of a Five-Item Subset of the CES-Depression
Authors: Bohannon Richard W. , Maljanian Rose , Goethe John
Published: August 2011

Individuals with chronic disease are not screened routinely for depression. Availability of an abbreviated test with demonstrated reliability and validity might encourage screening so we explored the reliability and validity of a 5-item subset of the 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale among innercity outpatients with chronic asthma or diabetes. Most patients were female (73.1%) and Hispanic (61.8%). Acceptable reliability was shown by Cronbach alpha (.76) for the subset of 5 items. Validity was supported by the high correlation of .91 between patients' scores on the 5-item subset and the full 20 items. The 5 items reflected a single factor (eigenvalue = 2.66). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified cut-points for the 5 items that were sensitive (> .84) and specific (≥ .80) in identifying patients classified as depressed by full 20 items. The reduced patient and clinician burden of the subset of 5 items, as well as its desirable psychometric properties, support broader application of this subset as a screening tool for depression.
Somatosensory Event-Related Potentials (ERPS) Associated with Stopping Ongoing Movement
Authors: Hatta Arihiro , Nishihira Yoshiaki , Kaneda Takeshi , Wasaka Toshiaki , Kida Tetsuo , Kuroiwa Kazuo , Akiyama Sachiyo
Published: August 2011

The somatosensory event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with stopping ongoing movement and increasing muscular tension were examined. 14 healthy right-handed volunteers, 10 men and 4 women (21–29 years old, M age ± SD, 24.1 ± 12.5 yr.) performed a stop/increase reaction task. They were requested to perform an elbow extension movement with the right arm and to maintain 20% of the maximum voluntary contraction forces (MVC) before the electrical stimuli were delivered to either the left index finger or the left little finger. They executed one of two movements from the sustained contraction state: they had to stop the muscular tension following the left little finger stimulus or increase the muscular tension from 20% to 40% of the maximum voluntary contraction forces following the left index finger stimulus. The reaction time and somatosensory sequence P100-N140-P300 components of event-related potentials were recorded for each electrical stimulus, respectively. The reaction time was longer to the increase reaction condition than to the stop reaction condition. Neither P100 nor N140 components showed significant differences between stop and increase reaction conditions. The P300 to the stop reaction condition was of greater amplitude and latency than those of the increase reaction condition. These results suggest that stopping the ongoing movement processing requires a longer stimulus evaluation time and is more demanding than increasing reaction processing.
On the Relation between Power and Reliability of Difference Scores
Authors: May Kim , Hittner James B.
Published: August 2011

The potential problems which may arise from the use of difference (a.k.a., gain) scores in the measurement of change are well documented, including (a) difference scores are often negatively correlated with initial ability, and (b) they often tend to be unreliable. Conversely, they make excellent dependent variables in a true experiment since they tend to reduce variability due to individual differences among persons. This brief didactic paper presents a conclusion similar to Nicewander and Price, using a perhaps more straightforward argument based on difference scores. We argue that the same reason difference scores provide powerful significance tests, namely, reduction of “true score” variance, is also the reason they tend to be unreliable. Further, we make the point that reducing true score variance will increase the power of a significance test (since it will reduce the denominator or “error term” of the observed statistic) but will decrease reliability (since it is the numerator and a component of the denominator of the reliability coefficient).
Increase in External Control Belief in the Italian Population
Authors: Nigro Giovanna
Published: August 2011

Several studies were conducted during the period 1978–1983 to ascertain whether there has been, in recent years, change among Italian undergraduates in perceived control. Six samples of Italian undergraduates completed the Italian version of the Rotter locus of control scale. In 1983 I-E scores, for men as well as for women, were significantly higher than those obtained in 1978. Over time there has been a moderate but gradual shift within the population toward a more external locus of control. Moderate but significant sex differences were found for each sample. Findings suggested that the increase in external control is influenced by realistic considerations. Further implications of the finding were discussed.
A Study of Migrant Children
Authors: Ward Robert , Eliot John
Published: August 2011

204 children (106 boys and 98 girls) attending a Federally sponsored summer program for migrant children were the participants. About equal numbers of boys and girls at each of six ages between 7 and 12 yr. were administered the Goodenough-Harris Test, a revised version of the Children's Embedded Figures Test, and Cattell's Culture-Fair Intelligence Test. Significant correlations were found for embedded figures with Draw-A-Person scores and age. Culture-Fair IQs were significantly correlated with scores on the other two tests, but sex-related differences were not observed.
Relation of Depression to Specific Medical Complaints in Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Wiener Richard L. , Merkel William T.
Published: August 2011

Although there is strong evidence for the relationship between depressive symptoms and medical problems, few studies have directly examined the association between depression and specific medical complaints. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the relationship between depression and complaints in specific bodily systems in a sample of psychiatric inpatients. 55 patients, with a mean age of 40.72 yr. ( SD = 13.98), completed the Beck Depression Inventory and the Cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire. Significant relationships were found between level of depression and the frequency of symptoms reported in the cardiovascular, skin, and nervous systems.
A Conceptual Difference between Internal-External Locus of Control and Causal Attribution
Authors: Pettersen Normand
Published: August 2011

The concept of internal-external locus of control is defined by various researchers in terms of causal attribution, and this may have resulted in some conceptual confusion. The present article deals with a theoretical clarification by proposing that the Rotter's concept of locus of control does not mean a process of causal attribution to internal or external determinants but refers to control of reinforcement through a perceived behavioral outcome contingency. This position is thought to respect the interpretation offered by several authors. The implications of this confusion are discussed along with a proposed definition of locus of control.
Relationship between Involvement in an Issue and Number of Arguments
Authors: Pentony Joseph F.
Published: August 2011

Previous research has indicated that level of involvement interacts with number of arguments and quality of arguments. Larger number of arguments seems to be more effective under low involvement, but under high involvement the effect depends on the quality of the arguments. There has been some question in previous research whether the subjects were highly involved. The present study manipulated number of arguments (9 vs 3) and level of involvement (high vs low) in a 2 × 2 experimental design. High involvement was produced by allowing subjects to vote on their final examination questions. The arguments proved to be of moderate quality. There was no significant main effect on any dependent variable nor was there any significant interaction. The only significant result was the manipulation check for involvement. Introduction of a final examination question may have heightened diligence under all conditions and so led to no differential responding to number of arguments.
Effects of Training on Learning Disabled Students' Creative Written Expression
Authors: Jaben Twila H.
Published: August 2011

50 students from learning disabilities classrooms of intermediate level served as subjects. The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking were given as pretests and posttests to measure the effects of instruction on subjects' creative written expression. For 14 wk. the Purdue Creative Thinking Program was used to stimulate the learning disabled experimental group's creative thinking. Posttest group's means were significantly greater than the control group's means on the verbal subtests of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking.
Relation between Parent-Rated Adaptive Behavior and School Ratings of Students Referred for Evaluation as Educable Mentally Retarded
Authors: Soyster Harry D. , Ehly Stewart W.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relation among parents' perceptions of the adaptive behavior of students considered for placement in a class for educable mentally retarded, the self-ratings of those students, and ratings of those students by their teachers. Parents' ratings were gathered using the Adaptive Behavior Inventory for Children. Students' self-ratings and teachers' ratings were collected using the Behavior Rating Profile. Moderate association was found between parents' adaptive behavior ratings and the students' self-ratings of peer relationships. Significant but relatively low association was found between parents' adaptive behavior ratings and teachers' ratings. Implications of the findings for psychologists and special educators are mentioned.
Predicting Compliance with Home Relaxation Training
Authors: Flanders Philip , McNamara J. Regis
Published: August 2011

The ability of self-prediction, self-motivation, a stress profile, and a state-trait personality measure to predict compliance with home-relaxation training was examined. Although several significant correlations were obtained between these dimensions and the practice of relaxation at home, only achievement orientation and self-motivation predicted adherence to the relaxation regimen for 27 college students.
‘A Turrible Looking and Furious Anamal’: Comparative Psychology in the Rocky Mountains from Lewis and Clark to Washoe
Authors: Gray Philip Howard
Published: August 2011

A preliminary attempt is made to identify the progress of the study of animal behavior, from native bears to imported apes, in the Rocky Mountain region. The survey includes naturalistic encounters, ethological observations, and laboratory studies, but is not a complete enumeration of animal research in the Rocky Mountains.
Locus of Control in Children with Epilepsy
Authors: Correa Sally
Published: August 2011

The present study evaluated the effect of health education on locus of control for 13 children with epilepsy. 7 participated in an epilepsy education program. All children were administered pre- and posttests on the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale. No significant effect of the health education program was noted. Further research with disabled children requires a larger sample and a larger, more intensive training period among other things.
Predicting Weight Gain in Young Adults
Authors: Dodd David K.
Published: August 2011

Two brief longitudinal studies were conducted to develop a model to predict weight gain among young adults. Predictor variables were derived from set point, externality, and activity theories of obesity. The weights of college students (109 men and 127 women in Study 1; 24 women in Study 2) were monitored over a 3- to 4-mo. period. Measures of eating restraint, externality, and self-reported activity were generally unrelated to weight gain, although eating restraint was positively related to weight gain for men (33% of the male sample) who dropped out of the study before the final weigh-in. Discussion focused on the extremely high test-retest correlations of weight and on the relatively high dropout rare among men, two factors which mitigated against the present development of a predictive model of weight gain.
Cognitive Therapy of Depression and Counterdemand Effects: A Pilot Study
Authors: Collet Lionel , Cottraux Jean , Ladouceur Robert
Published: August 2011

A multiple-baseline design with counterdemands instructions was used to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive therapy in five depressed patients. Depression measures (MMPI, Hamilton, and Beck Depression Inventory) showed that all the patients were improved at the end of treatment and therapeutic benefits were maintained at a 1-yr. follow-up. These results confirmed the beneficial effects for depressive patients of cognitive therapy with stringent methodological controls.
Adolescents' Attitudes about Nuclear War
Authors: Doctor Ronald M. , Goldenring John M. , Powell Alice
Published: August 2011

913 students from 6 junior and senior high schools in California responded to a 20-item questionnaire using 4-point Likert-type ratings to indicate their 3 greatest worries, to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and nuclear-war-related items. On forced-choice items concerns were parents dying for 53.5%, getting bad grades for 37.0%, and nuclear war for 31.9%; however, the three greatest worries were parents dying for 54.9%, nuclear war for 32.8%, and bad grades for 25.9%. Older adolescents were less worried than younger ones, but there were no differences for sex or socioeconomic status, or for race on several items. On derived factor scores students classified as high in worry (about nuclear war) scored higher on Social Issues than low worriers but scored lower on Psychosocial Concerns. Implications for education are discussed.
Readability, Interest, and Coverage of 10 Textbooks on Educational Assessment
Authors: Maddux Cleborne D. , Candler Ann
Published: August 2011

10 textbooks on educational assessment were analyzed with the Flesch formula for reading ease and interest. Reading levels were surprisingly low, with one book in the “standard, Grade 8 to 9” category, five in the “fairly difficult, Grade 10 to 12” category, and the other four in the “difficult, college level” category. Seven of the books were classified as “dull”, three as “mildly interesting”. Textbook coverage on 33 topics was also analyzed and charted. Good agreement was found for the topics treated by the various authors. Widest coverage was found for the topic of measurement, and sparse coverage was found for analysis of variance, hypotheses, inference and probability, prediction and regression, and selecting tests. Most texts contained adequate organizational aids.
Adults' Assessments of Children's Accident Risks
Authors: Gärling Tommy , Gärling Anita , Valsiner Jaan
Published: August 2011

It was hypothesized that the parents, the child, other people, the environment, and chance are salient causes in adults' causal schemata of accidents in childhood and that their assessments of the likelihood of such accidents in connection with the supervision of children depend on the strength attributed to these causes. In support of the hypothesis, ratings by 72 adult nonparents (undergraduates) of the likelihood that children in different ages (2–4, 5–6, 7–9, and 10–12 yr.) become seriously injured by poisonings, drownings, traffic accidents, home fires, medical mistreatments, and tornadoes correlated with their ratings of the strength attributed to the causes. The analysis also showed differences in the causal schemata for the different types of accidents with respect to how much causal strength was attributed to the parents and the child as a function of the child's age.
The Impact of Behaviorism: Sociology as a Negative Case
Authors: Muir Donal E.
Published: August 2011

Although belief in free will obstructs the application of causal models to human systems, a quasi-experiment indicates that the behavioristic assumption that human behavior is as determined as any other empirical phenomenon is discouraged by current instruction in sociology.
Validation of the Sociomoral Reflection Objective Measure—Short Form
Authors: Basinger Karen S. , Gibbs John C.
Published: August 2011

The Sociomoral Reflection Objective Measure—Short Form—derived from the Sociomoral Reflection Objective Measure, a group-administered recognition measure of Kohlbergian moral reasoning—was psychometrically evaluated for use with 11th graders, juvenile delinquents, and 6th graders. The short form evidenced acceptable reliability and validity for use with 11th graders. Psychometric properties were comparable to those reported for the full scale. Since the short form takes 20 min. less to administer and is quicker to score, the short form was recommended for use with 11th graders in large-scale research. Results for both 6th graders and juvenile delinquents showed that the short form, like the full scale, does not have acceptable reliability and validity for these groups. Reliability and validity of the short form for other adolescent groups must be assessed.
An Investigation of Differential Encoding and Retrieval by Older Adult College Students
Authors: Shaughnessy Michael F. , Reif Laurie
Published: August 2011

Three experiments were conducted to clarify the encoding/retrieval dilemma by testing older adult students; recognition and recall were compared. Implications of results for older adult learners ate explored.
Development of a Diabetes Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Ferraro Laurie A. , Price James H. , Desmond Sharon M. , Roberts Stephen M.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to develop a diabetes locus of control scale and to assess its validity and reliability. Factor analysis of the items was conducted utilizing varimax orthogonal rotation. Three factors were identified representing Internal (6 items), Chance (6 items) and Powerful Others (6 items) orientations. The subscales were internally consistent, Cronbach alphas were .75, .77 and .72 for the Internal, Chance, and Powerful Others scales. Test-retest reliabilities were for the subscales, Internal .77, Chance .72, and Powerful Others .66. Criterion-related validity with the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale was established. Reading level was at tenth grade. It is recommended that the more specific Diabetes Locus of Control scale be utilized in studies assessing locus of control for diabetics.
Description of Spontaneous Behavior of Individual Rats Undergoing Avoidance-Response-Prevention (Flooding)
Authors: Lapointe Andre , Baum Morrie
Published: August 2011

Three rats were systematically observed in an avoidance apparatus prior to avoidance acquisition, during response prevention (flooding) following acquisition, and again following extinction. The apparatus was a modified, automated ledge box (“Baum box”) which yields one-way active avoidance. Up to seven different spontaneous behaviors were recorded. Observations were related to various analyses of the effects of response prevention, stressing the importance of observing the spontaneous behavior of subjects at all times. The data of individual rats varied greatly, suggesting that means previously reported for a group of rats might be misleading.
Self-Ratings versus Actual WAIS—R Performance
Authors: Schmitt Patricia V. , Strein William
Published: August 2011

Subjects rated their verbal, nonverbal, and general intelligence before and after taking the WAIS—R. Posttest ratings were substantially more accurate than pretest ratings. Accuracy of self-rating was not related to intellectual level.
Family Relations and Marital Quality When a Mentally Handicapped Child is Present
Authors: Friedrich William N. , Cohen Donna S. , Wilturner Lorna S.
Published: August 2011

The quality of both family relations and marital satisfaction was assessed in 131 two-parent families who had a mentally retarded child. Both family relations and marital satisfaction were seen as outcome variables reflecting how families cope with the chronic strain of a special child. Social desirability was controlled, and family relations and marital satisfaction were related to a variety of psychosocial and child-specific variables.
Response-Style Effects, Response-Shift Bias, and a Bogus-Pipeline: A Replication
Authors: Sprangers Mirjam , Hoogstraten Johan
Published: August 2011

In an earlier study by Sprangers and Hoogstraten, a bogus-pipeline induction did remove response-style effects in the self-reported pretest. Response-shift bias, defined as a significant mean difference between conventional pre- and retrospective preratings, was consequently eliminated. It was concluded that response-style effects in the pretesting are a likely cause of response-shift bias. The present experiment was designed to examine whether these results are stable and generalizable to a different educational training. The present replication made use of the same bogus-pipeline procedure. The experimental training was a First Aid instructional film. Subjects were 53 freshmen in psychology who were fulfilling a course requirement. Contrary to expectation, a bogus-pipeline induction did not lower self-reported preratings. A response-shift did not occur in the bogus-pipeline or in the non-bogus-pipeline conditions. It was concluded that a construct not susceptible to removal of response-style effects is not susceptible to response-shift bias either. Results are consonant with the response-style basis for response-shift bias and show no contradiction of the former study. Data furthermore show that the administration of an objective pretest had no effect on subsequent objective posttreatment scores.
Organizational Attraction and the Person-Environment Fit
Authors: Schein Virginia E. , Diamante Thomas
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the research was to test the hypothesis that individuals who score high on a particular personality characteristic are more likely to be attracted to an organization reflective of that characteristic than individuals who are low on that characteristic. Three empirical studies using a total sample of 385 advanced management candidates tested the hypothesis. Each study focused on one particular personality characteristic: Dominance, Nurturance, or Autonomy, as measured or perceived from the individual and the organizational perspective. In all three studies there was a significant relationship between a person-environment fit and organizational attractiveness. Implications for organizational and individual outcomes and suggestions for research are discussed.
The Health Professions Stress Inventory
Authors: Wolfgang Alan P.
Published: August 2011

An instrument was developed to assess the levels and sources of stress experienced by health professionals. Based on a review of the literature, the Health Professions Stress Inventory was constructed and administered via a mail questionnaire to a large group of practicing physicians, pharmacists, and nurses. Data analyses indicated that the inventory possessed suitable internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Scores also were correlated significantly with scores on Lyons' tension index. The inventory shows internal consistency and concurrent validity. It should be useful in assessing the relative stress perceived in health professions.
Personal Orientations and Their Relation to Psychological and Physiological Symptoms of Strain
Authors: Cooke Robert A. , Rousseau Denise M. , Lafferty J. Clayton
Published: August 2011

Psychological and physiological symptoms of strain are investigated with consideration of five personal orientations hypothesized to be causally related to health and illness: self-image, locus of control, interpersonal orientation, goal orientation, and time orientation. The Stress Processing Report, an instrument designed to measure dysfunctional thinking styles, was administered to 816 individuals who also provided self-report data on psychological and physiological symptoms of strain. Clusters of symptoms were identified empirically and regressed on the personal orientations, controlling for the age and income of respondents. The five personal orientations were directly and, to some extent, differentially related to the clusters of symptoms. These findings, along with those of other recent studies, underscore the importance of considering the direct effects of individual characteristics in research on stress.
Group Processes in Solving Complex Novel Problems: Implications for Executives' Decision Making
Authors: Pate Larry E. , Young John E. , Swinth Robert L.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the group problem-solving process with 115 subjects in face-to-face groups responding to complex novel problems. A working theory of group problem-solving behavior in organizational settings was partially tested in a role-play task simulating top executive decision-making. Two problem-solving conditions were examined, a search condition (joint problem-solving) and a no-search condition (authority, impose and vote/mechanistic procedures). No significant differences were found between conditions with respect to (a) type of issue resolutions (integrative versus win-lose), (b) individual goal attainment, and (c) individual member's acceptance. Surprisingly, the direction of the results for completely achieved goals was opposite from that predicted. The findings may have been a result of perceived role ambiguity attributed to the confederate group leader.
Age/Grade and Social-Class Differences in Descriptions and Inquiries about Games
Authors: Worth Denise M.
Published: August 2011

This study explored cognitive performance differences between disadvantaged and middle-class boys on descriptive and inquiry tasks relating to everyday games. Fourth and eighth grade boys from both social classes were asked to describe the game they played most, then to learn a new game using yes-or-no questioning. The interviews were content-analyzed by category of game information and rated for effectiveness of description and inquiry. Grade 8 boys covered a wider array of categories for a description or inquiry of a given length. They were also more likely to explore the object of the game on all tasks. Grade 4 boys more frequently seemed at a loss in generating questions on the inquiry task. Socioeconomic differences were present, favoring middle-class boys, but they were smaller and less consistent than age/grade differences, and somewhat greater at Grade 4. While most Grade 8 boys were able to pursue an inquiry, more middle-class boys seemed involved in the task in a positive and motivated way. Complexity of grade and social-class differences in cognitive performance and the need for further research were discussed.
Effects of Testosterone Propionate upon Habit-Reversals and One-Trial Learning by Castrated White Rats
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng
Published: August 2011

32 male white rats, littermates from mothers of same strain, started to learn 20 habit-reversal problems at 50 days of age in an E-maze for water by the noncorrectional method. They were divided into 3 groups. Two groups of 11 each had been castrated at 32 days of age, and a group of 10 served as control. One castrated group received daily injections of testosterone propionate at 1 mg per kg of body weight 11 days after surgery. The other castrated group and the normal controls received saline. A week of preliminary training accustomed the animals to the daily routine of injection, about 30 min. before being put in the drinking box of a straight alley which they ran for water during the last 2 days. In maze learning proper, after a rat made 9 correct choices on 10 daily trials, the goal was reversed for the next problem. Early in learning, there were some fluctuations in performance, but throughout the rest of the experiment, the castrated-saline group was consistently and significantly inferior to the normals, testifying to the detrimental effect of castration upon adaptive ability in learning successive reversal problems. The fact that the castrated-testosterone group was far superior to the castrated-saline group and exhibited no significant difference from the normal-saline group shows unequivocally that testosterone propionate has a therapeutic property of raising the learning ability of the retarded, castrated white rats to a normal level. A theory is suggested.
External Restraints and Suicide and Homicide Rates
Authors: Rahav Giora , Ziv Leo
Published: August 2011

Research on lethal violence suggests that economic stress is associated with high rates of homicide, while economic well-being is correlated with relatively high suicide rates. Henry and Short explained these trends as a tendency to direct aggression toward the environment under conditions of external stress and restraint and toward the self in the absence of such conditions. In the present study this hypothesis was tested on a sample of 19, mostly industrialized, countries. The proportion of suicides was regressed on a measure of well-being as well as the proportion of the population in the 15– to 19-yr. age group. The results seem to provide a mild support for the hypothesis.
Comparison of Retrospective and Prospective Assessment of Premenstrual Symptoms
Authors: Rapkin Andrea J. , Chang Li C. , Reading Anthony E.
Published: August 2011

The comparability of ratings of premenstrual symptoms obtained by different methods of data collection was studied. Ongoing ratings were compared with retrospective reports. A consecutive series ( n = 17) of women attending a premenstrual syndrome (PMS) evaluation and treatment center completed daily diary cards over the course of one menstrual cycle as well as a retrospective evaluation of their premenstrual symptomatology. Comparisons were made between postmenstrual and premenstrual ratings on the diary cards to confirm the presence of premenstrual symptomatology Retrospective ratings of premenstrual symptomatology showed higher mean scores reflecting greater symptomatology than was recorded in daily diary cards. Analysis of predictors of retrospective reports, using multiple regression analysis, with postmenstrual and premenstrual ratings as predictors, indicated significant associations between the retrospective and prospective ratings of premenstrual symptoms. There were no significant assocations between the retrospective ratings of premenstrual symptoms and prospective ratings of postmenstrual symptoms, suggesting the specificity of retrospective report in reflecting symptoms experienced prior to menstruation. The significance of these findings for clinical practice is discussed.
Use of Self-Concept Tests in Differentiating between Conduct Disordered and Emotionally Disturbed Students
Authors: Kelly Edward J.
Published: August 2011

Use of the Tennessee Self-concept Test and the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Test in differentiating 82 previously designated “conduct-disordered” from 75 “emotionally disturbed” students and from the tests' general norms were undertaken. While the two “severely emotionally handicapped” samples had significantly less positive scores than the general norms on the Tennessee empirical scales, consistently similar differences did not occur for Piers-Harris subtest comparisons. At the same time, no subtest on total score significantly differentiated between conduct disordered and emotionally disturbed subjects. Research is required to judge the relative efficacy of these tests in differentiating conduct disordered and emotionally disturbed children of Grades 3 to 12.
Luria's Regulatory Concept and its Misplacement in Verbal-Nonverbal Correspondence Training
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A. , Baer Donald M.
Published: August 2011

Empirical studies in verbal-nonverbal correspondence training have cited Luria's regulatory concept to explain why children who promise what they will do later (say-do or promise-do sequence) often show more correspondence between their verbal and nonverbal behavior than children who report about their prior behavior (in a do-say or do-report sequence). This paper suggests that it is not Luria's regulatory concept that explains the different effectiveness of these methods, but rather the manner in which reinforcement is programmed at various points in their verbal-nonverbal chains.
Differences in Conformity among Friends and Strangers
Authors: McKelvey Wendy , Kerr Nancy H.
Published: August 2011

Two studies employed a variation of Asch's 1952 social influence paradigm to assess whether the tendency to conform is the same in a group of close friends as in a group of strangers. In Exp. 1, groups of 4 college students listened to a tape of static noise and attempted to determine whether a tone had been played along with the noise. Three experimental confederates, who were either friends of the naive subject or strangers, responded verbally with the wrong answer on 12 of 16 trials. Subjects in a group of strangers conformed to the incorrect group norm more frequently than subjects in a group of friends. In Exp. 2, two groups of 2 or 6 college students watched a beam of light and were asked to determine whether it had moved. Again, confederates who were either strangers or friends of each subject responded verbally with wrong answers. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance gave no main effects for group size or group type, but the interaction was significant, indicating that subjects were no more likely to conform in the presence of one stranger than one friend but were significantly less likely to conform among 5 friends than among 5 strangers.