bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Productive welfare: Korea's third way?
Authors: Kim Young‐Hwa
Published: March 2003

How can the various pressures of economic globalisation and changes in the established welfare systems of the industrialised nations inform the development of the Korean welfare state? As the twenty‐first century dawns, Korea is confronted with a serious dilemma: How to adapt to globalisation and survive under worldwide competition and at the same time construct an effective egalitarian welfare state? The objective of this paper is to explore the future directions for the Korean social welfare system as it adjusts to economic globalisation. As it seeks a course between the social democratic welfare state model and the rising tide of the neo‐liberal welfare state, we pose the question: Is there a ‘third way’ for Korea? In trying to discern where the Korean welfare state is headed, it may be helpful to understand where it has come from and how it compares with the established welfare states in the industrialised nations.
Child Welfare in England: Problems, Promises and Prospects
Authors: Berridge D.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses developments in child welfare services in England in recent years and, particularly, the role and contribution of research. It is shown that a more significant and coherent body of child welfare research has been developed, which has linked formally to the policy process. Research programmes in England have highlighted specific problems in three areas: first, moving away from a narrow focus on child protection to an approach that provides broader family support for children in need; second, the absence of policies relating to services for adolescents; and, lastly, problems in the delivery of residential care for young people. A major programme of reform has been introduced by the new Labour government, consistent with research messages. It is concluded that research has had an impact on the development of child welfare services in England, although influencing the structure of services, social work practice and outcomes for young people are highly complex issues.
Mental Health and Social Exclusion among Unemployed Youth in Scandinavia. A Comparative Study
Authors: Hammer Torild
Published: March 2003

Although there has been considerable research on the relationship between mental health problems and unemployment among youth in a national context, there have been few comparative studies involving countries with different cultures and different levels of unemployment. Surveys in the five Nordic countries (Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark) of nearly 8,000 young unemployed people enable us to study young peoples’ experience of unemployment in a comparative perspective. Representative samples of unemployed youth were drawn from the national unemployment registers. In Sweden the sample consisted of 3,998 young people with a response rate of 63%, in Finland 2,386 (response rate 73%), Iceland 2,280 (response rate 60%), Denmark 1,540 (response rate 76%) and Norway 2,000 (response rate 56%). The data were later coupled to data from the unemployment register in the respective countries. The populations were interviewed 6 to 12 months after they were registered as unemployed.
The extent and limits of solidarity in Dutch health care
Authors: ter Meulen R. , van der Made J.
Published: March 2003

Solidarity and equal access are twin principles in the Dutch health care system: solidarity between the rich and poor and among people with high and low risks formally guarantees equal access to health care services. However, in the past few years government policies, guided by the ideology of market reform and free choice, have resulted in patterns of inequality that favour privately insured over sickness fund insured. In the meantime, the level of public support for the principles of solidarity and equal access is dropping. A significantly larger portion of the Dutch people now believes that it would be too costly to grant everyone the right to all medical treatments possible. An important reason for the decline of solidarity and equal accessibility is the scarcity of resources. The scarcity of resources and the waiting lists resulting from it will reduce the extent of the benefits package and the access to the care services of the health system. The better‐off will have the resources to receive care services that are not part of the basic package. Moreover, the scarcity of resources will affect the readiness in society to provide informal care. Opposed to the compulsory macro solidarity of the health insurance system, informal care is based on a voluntary kind of solidarity in which personal choice plays an important role. Waiting lists and diminishing professional support weaken this readiness, as such support is a necessary condition for informal carers to keep caring for their relatives and friends. Because the informal care system is a necessary supplement to the formal system of care, the lack of help offered by the latter will in the end endanger the solidarity not only in informal care, but in the institutional care system as well.
Welfare municipalities: economic resources or party politics? Norwegian local government social programs of the 1920s
Authors: Hanssen Jan‐Inge , Pettersen Per Arnt , Tveit Sandvin Johans
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the introduction of Norwegian local government social security programs for the elderly, disabled persons, widows and single mothers in the 1920s. The role of local government as an agent and initiator of welfare state development has been for the most part neglected within the welfare state literature. Indeed, the first social security programs in Norway were introduced by local governments, affecting nearly half of the population. Even if these programs were not very generous compared with the social security programs of our time, many of them were equal to, or even more generous than, the national pension scheme introduced in 1936. This article examines what distinguished the social security municipalities from those that did not implement such programs, and the variation in generosity profiles. The conclusion is that the main determinant regarding the implementation and generosity of the local social security programs is the political strength of the two Norwegian socialist parties at the time – the Social democratic party and the Labour party – both being too impatient to wait for a national social security plan, and both being willing to mobilise economic resources through taxation and borrowing.
The political participation of social workers: a comparative study
Authors: Gray Mel , Collett van Rooyen Colin , Rennie Gavin , Gaha Jo
Published: March 2003

This article reports on a comparative study that examined the political participation of social workers in KwaZulu‐Natal province in South Africa, the state of New South Wales (excluding the Hunter region) in Australia, and New Zealand. Each of these contexts had roughly the same number of social workers, that is, approximately 1,200. It was found that social workers in New Zealand tended to be more politically active than their counterparts in New South Wales and KwaZulu‐Natal, and the reasons for this are examined. In the process, New Zealand is presented as a case study of the way in which social work has responded to its political context. Finally, conclusions are drawn as to the engagement of social workers in the policy cycle and of the need for them to become more active politically.
X–children and the militarisation of everyday life: comparative comments on the politics of youth, victimage and violence in transitional societies
Authors: Feldman Allen
Published: March 2003

Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Northern Ireland and South Africa, this paper contends that the so–called ‘children of violence’ are perceived in terms of the serious cultural contradictions of the adult world and rarely in their own terms. Does the concept and norm of childhood give us permission to give violence a defining site of origination? Does childhood have a discursive function similar to penal incarceration as a limit–category of social abuse or caretaking by which society as a whole can be measured? If so, it is not surprising that children and youth are not merely conceptualised as victims of the pathological, but they become pathogenic as well. They are not only a vulnerable target of violence and aggression, but are reciprocally positioned: as authors of violence bearing the unmediated social horrors of the past; as suspect actors in the present; and as potential aggressors in the future. If childhood is good to think about these days, what does it really allow us to think about?
Determinants of Formal Training Programmes in Large Canadian Organisations
Authors: Wagar Terry H.
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the extent to which large employers provide formal training to employees. More than two‐thirds of large Canadian employers had formal training. Factors related to the presence of formal training included organisation size, decision‐making ideology, and the use of team‐based programmes.
How Can Companies Go Global? Global Integrators and the Global Mindset
Authors: Marquardt Michael J. , Snyder Nancy
Published: March 2003

Companies continue to look for better and faster ways to globalise. Organisation researchers have not yet identified the many possible integrators for globalising a company, particularly those which are most powerful. This study examines the literature relative to globalisation and presents the results of a survey of senior managers/HRD professionals of 20 global companies in Asia, Europe and the Americas
Training Agreements: Resolving Under‐Investment in Training?
Authors: Story Anne , Redman Tom
Published: March 2003

Here the authors examine UK employers’ use of training agreements and their impact on training and development practice. In particular, they review the literature on training agreements and find this to be underdeveloped and based upon little empirical data. Drawing on postal survey and focus group evidence from management trainees and an interview survey of employers, they show that training agreements are relatively widespread, and that employers mainly use agreements as a filter mechanism to assess an employee’s commitment to the training requested. The evidence suggests that training agreements do little to improve, and may negatively effect, a trainee’s commitment to the employer.
Natural growth goals and short‐ term training: a boomerang effect
Authors: Pace R. Wayne , Regan Les , Miller Peter , Dunn Lee
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this research project was to determine the effect of a training session about achieving natural growth goals on perceptions of a university classroom as a learning organisation. The results indicated that a short training session on how to achieve natural growth goals in an organisation appeared to have a boomerang effect on perceptions of a university classroom as a learning organisation. This study should alert us to the inevitable consequence of having our best training efforts backfire when they conflict with powerful, though latent, beliefs or cultural values.
The influence of the training environment on trainee motivation and perceived training quality
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: March 2003

To examine the relationships between the training environment and employee responses to training provided by their organisations, 105 managers employed by different 12 Australian organisations completed measures of the personal aspects of organisational commitment, job involvement, self esteem, and personal control, as well as of the organisational aspects of social support from work, social support outside work, training incentives, training resources, and training needs. The trainees also indicated how motivated they were for the training, and how they judged the quality of the training provided by their organisations—the two outcomes of the study. Eight of the 10 relationships between the organisational aspects and outcomes were significant, but only three of the eight relationships between the personal aspects and outcomes. It is argued that the results suggest that it is how organisations go about managing training, especially how many resources they provide, what training incentives they make available, and how much the training is needed that counts, rather than the personal attributes of the trainees.
Management development in the UK: a provider and participant perspective
Authors: Mabey Christopher , Thomson Andrew
Published: March 2003

In an attempt to deepen our understanding of how extensive and effective management development is in the UK, this article adopts some integrative approaches. First, rather than relying on the corporate perception of management development provision, the views of participant managers are compared to those of Human Resource Development managers. Second, in addition to reporting training volumes, data are gathered about a range of methods used to develop managers and perceived quality of these methods. Third, perceptions concerning the success and impact of management development are reported. While providers and participants agree on the increasing amount of formal training, providers are far more optimistic about the strategic nature, the availability and the positive impact of this development. The implications of this perceptual gap are discussed.
Shorter reviews
Authors: Seekings Jeremy , Marcuse Peter , Daniels P.W. , Body‐Gendrot Sophie
Published: March 2003

Crush, Jonathan and James Wilmot (eds.) Crossing boundaries: mine migrancy in a democratic South Africa

Smith, Michael Peter (ed.) Marginal spaces: comparative urban and community research, volume 5

Harrington, J.W. and B. Wharf Industrial location: principles, practice and policy

King, Desmond Separate and unequal. Black Americans and the US Federal government
Flexibilization through Metropolis: The Case of Postfordist Seoul, Korea
Authors: Cho Myung‐Rae
Published: March 2003

Predicated upon a regulationist reformulation of postfordism, this paper attempts to explore the political economy of Korea's recent industrial restructuring which has led to a postfordist‐like regime of accumulation. To do this, this study takes the Seoul metropolis as a case study. The underlying assumption is that the postfordism of Korea obtains its specificity through the metropolis of Seoul where a host of enabling conditions for postfordist regulation are concentrated. By looking into the process of Seoul becoming the locale of Korean postfordism, a more serious concern is to draw in the consequences which the metropolitanization of postfordism creates for urban society. It is assumed that in the course of postfordist urbanization Seoul's social and political life has been to a great extent enriched, but at the same time is deeply ‘schizophrenic’ due to its being exposed to two contrasting ultra (or post) modern and premodern socio‐economic dynamics simultaneously. This urban schizophrenia (or bipolarity, in more common terms) derives from the processes in which Korea's postfordism operates within the context of ‘semi‐peripheral capitalist economy’.
Shorter Reviews
Authors: Graham Stephen , Geddes Mike , Thomas Jack , Hernandez‐Leon Ruben
Published: March 2003

US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment The technological reshaping of metropolitan America

Vieillard‐Baron, HervéLes banlieues françaises: ou le ghetto impossible and Stewart, Murray and Marilyn Taylor Empowerment and estate regeneration: a critical review

Schneider, Robert A. The ceremonial city: Toulouse observed, 1738‐1780

Gardezi, Hassan N. The political economy of international labour migration
Economic structure and change in the Balkan region: implications for integration, transition and economic cooperation
Authors: Petrakos George , Totev Stoyan
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of the economic performance, economic structure and trade relations of the Balkan countries, in order to detect basic trends and developments in the region. On the basis of this analysis, the article evaluates alternative scenarios regarding the prospects of the region in the evolving pan‐European economic order and discusses policy responses to the pressures generated by the interaction of the integration and transition processes in South‐eastern Europe.

Le but de cet article est de fournir une analyse comparative compréhensive de la performance et de la structure économiques et des relations commerciales des États balkaniques afin de détecter les tendances et les d?veloppements fondamentaux dans la région. Sur la base de cette analyse, cet article évalue différents scénarios pour l’avenir de la région dans l’ordre économique paneuropéen qui se développe lentement, et discute des réponses politiques aux pressions engendrées par l’action mutuelle des processus d’intégration et de transition en Europe du sud‐est.
Tackling Social Exclusion in the European Union? The Limits to the New Orthodoxy of Local Partnership
Authors: Geddes Mike
Published: March 2003

This article is based on recent transnational research on partnership‐based initiatives to promote local development and regeneration and combat social exclusion in the EU. The increasing reliance on partnership as the basis for local policy initiatives is first situated in the context of contemporary debates about social exclusion. The main part of the article then draws on the literatures on local governance and urban regime theory to examine three issues critical to the impact of the ‘new orthodoxy’ of local partnership: the capacity of partnerships as interorganizational forms of local governance; their inclusiveness; and the extent of outcomes which can be attributed to partnership as a distinctive mode of local governance. On all three issues, the evidence points to the limited claims that can be made for most local partnerships as ‘inclusion coalitions’ capable of effectively tackling social exclusion, and suggests that structural features of the currently dominant version of partnership entrench a model of elite rather than inclusive governance. Local partnership is associated with weak rather than strong discourses of social exclusion and inclusion, and its significance lies as much as anything in the way in which the practice of partnership tends to foreclose the sphere of debate and action, excluding more radical options.

Cet article se fonde sur une récente étude transnationale concernant l'UE et portant sur les initiatives de partenariat visant à promouvoir le développement et la régénération sur le plan local, tout en combattant l'exclusion sociale. Le recours croissant au partenariat comme base des initiatives de politique locale est d'abord resitué dans le cadre des débats contemporains sur l'exclusion sociale. L'article, qui s'inspire des travaux sur la gouvernance locale et les régimes urbains, examine trois points essentiels pour l'influence de la ‘nouvelle orthodoxie’ du partenariat local: la capacité des partenariats en tant que formes de gouvernance locale inter‐organismes, leur nature inclusive, ainsi que la part des résultats qui leur revient au titre de mode distincif de gouvernance locale. Sur ces trois aspects, les faits soulignent la portée limitée que peuvent revendiquer la plupart des partenariats locaux comme ‘coalitions d'inclusion’ capables de traiter efficacement l'exclusion sociale; les résultats suggèrent en outre que les caractéristiques structurelles du partenariat, dans sa version dominante actuelle, enracinent un modèle élitiste plutôt qu'une gouvernance inclusive. Le partenariat local est associéà des propos sur l'exclusion et l'inclusion sociale plus complaisants que percutants, et sa place tient tout autant à la manière dont son exercice tend à figer la sphère de débats et d'actions, excluant toute option plus radicale.
Rural Migrants and Patriarchy in Turkish Cities
Authors: Erman Tahire
Published: March 2003

This article investigates patriarchy in the context of migration to cities in Turkey. It focuses on the ways in which patriarchy reproduces itself in the lives of migrants – for example through the local community, which reproduces traditional patriarchal control in the urban context, and through the social construction of female labour within the framework of the ideology of familialism and the housewife ideology in which women's economic contributions are devalued. Furthermore, the labour market, which offers low‐level jobs for migrant women, as well as growing concerns about moral corruption in the city, inflated by the media, act to keep women at home and inside their communities under the control of ‘their men’. The article also examines the attempts of individual migrant women to create niches for themselves in which they enjoy some autonomy and find personal meaning. This suggests a dynamic relationship between women and patriarchy. By examining the significant role of culture in reproducing patriarchy, the article contributes to a further elaboration of the concept of patriarchy developed by Walby.

Cet article étudie la patriarchie dans le cadre de la migration urbaine en Turquie. Il s'attache aux modalités d'auto‐reproduction de ce système dans la vie des migrants, notamment: la régénération, par la communauté locale, du contrôle patriarcal traditionnel dans le contexte urbain; la structure sociale du travail féminin dans le cadre idéologique du familialisme et de la femme au foyer, les contributions économiques des femmes y étant dévalorisées. En outre, le marché du travail (offrant des postes peu qualifiés aux migrantes), et les préoccupations croissantes de corruption morale dans la ville (amplifiées par les média) participent au confinement des femmes à la maison et dans leur communauté sous le contrôle de ‘leurs hommes’. L'article retrace également les tentatives de certaines migrantes pour créer des niches individuelles où elles jouissent d'une certaine autonomie et trouvent un but personnel. Cela suppose une relation dynamique entre les femmes et la patriarchie. En examinant le rôle important de la culture dans la reproduction de ce système familial, l'article affine le concept de patriarchie développé par Walby.
Immigration and the Global City Hypothesis: Towards an Alternative Research Agenda
Authors: Samers Michael
Published: March 2003

The debate around the ‘Global City Hypothesis’ (GCH), and particularly the research agenda of the ‘Globalization and World Cities’ network, have been preoccupied recently with the business and technological dimensions of so–called ‘global cities’. This article seeks to recover the role of immigration in large urban economies. Using mainly observations from European metropolises, I argue first that the GCH requires significant revision insofar as it can be used as a tool for addressing issues of inequality, and I offer five propositions for a renewal of the existing contours of the GCH. Second, beyond these revisions, I suggest a complete reformulation of the debate by linking it with ideas emanating from the literature on transnationalism.

Le débat sur ‘l’Hypothèse de la ville globale’, et notamment sur le programme de recherche du réseau ‘Mondialisation et Villes mondiales’, s’est récemment soucié des dimensions économiques et technologiques des dites ‘villes planétaires’. Cet article tente de révéler le rôle de l’immigration dans les grandes économies urbaines. A partir d’observations de métropoles européennes principalement, il affirme d’abord que, dans la mesure où cette hypothèse peut servir d’outil pour aborder les questions d’inégalité, elle requiert une importante révision; sont donc exposées cinq propositions pour en renouveler les profils existents. Il suggère ensuite une reformulation complète du débat en l’associant à des idées émanant de travaux sur le transnationalisme.
The future of urban sociology: report of joint sessions of the British and American Sociological Associations
Authors: Perry Beth , Harding Alan
Published: March 2003

This article reports on two joint sessions of the British and American Sociological Associations held during the course of 2001 as a first step toward more structured dialogue and debate between the two national associations. Drawing on the comments of a number of leading academics on both sides of the Atlantic, this paper presents a series of discussions about the role and future of urban sociology. It explores the challenges and opportunities offered to urban sociology by increasing interdisciplinarity and multidisciplinarity in the field of urban studies as a whole. It then explores the role of sociology in understanding the relationship between contemporary processes of globalization and urban change and the degree to which this constitutes a new dynamic core of sociological theory and research. The paper reveals that there are a variety of alternative futures for urban sociology and there would appear to be little agreement on one specific route, nor on how to get there. Urban sociology continues to face a variety of challenges and more debate on its future trajectory is clearly needed but it remains a vital and expanding sub–field.

Cet article rend compte de deux sessions communes des associations de sociologie britannique et américaine qui ont eu lieu en 2001, premier stade vers un dialogue et un débat plus structurés entre les deux organismes nationaux. Partant des remarques d’un certain nombre de grands intellectuels des deux côtés de l’Atlantique, ce travail présente plusieurs discussions sur le rôle et l’avenir de la sociologie urbaine. Il examine les défis et possibilités que lui offrent l’interdisciplinarité et la pluridisciplinarité croissantes dans l’ensemble du domaine des études urbaines. Il explore ensuite comment la sociologie aide à comprendre la relation entre les processus contemporains de mondialisation et de changement urbain, et la mesure où peut ainsi émerger une nouvelle dynamique nodale pour la théorie et la recherche sociologiques. L’article expose plusieurs avenirs possibles de la sociologie urbaine, sans qu’il y ait apparemment d’accord sur une voie particulière ni sur le moyen d’y parvenir. La sociologie urbaine rencontre toujours de multiples défis et il faut manifestement approfondir les débats sur sa future trajectoire, mais elle demeure un sous–domaine à la fois crucial et en expansion.
A Cultural Economy Perspective on Service Sector Migration in the Global City: The Case of Hong Kong
Authors: Li F.L.N. , Findlay A.M. , Jones H.
Published: March 2003

This article argues that in order to fully understand the geography of labour migration to global cities, it is necessary to consider economic forces in conjunction with mediating socio‐cultural influences. Support for this argument is based on an examination of the pattern of migration to Hong Kong, a city which plays a significant role in the world economy.

Reported here are the results of an analysis of recently released 1996 by‐census data, and the authors’ interviews with foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong. These findings have shown that highly skilled immigrant workers were drawn largely from developed countries, the main sources of inward investment in this city, while less skilled immigrants were drawn from less developed neighbouring labour markets.

While the geographical pattern of immigration followed broadly that predicted from Hong Kong’s position in the world economy, the results have revealed that cultural influences such as language and social networks are also important in shaping the economic roles of migrant workers.
He Came, He Saw, He Stayed. Guest Worker Programmes and the Issue of Non‐Return
Authors: Basok Tanya
Published: March 2003

Critics of guest worker programmes have pointed out that many temporary workers do not return home when their contracts expire and thus end up swelling the ranks of undocumented workers in a host country. This article argues that this outcome is not inevitable. Whether or not guest workers return home or stay behind depends to a large extent on how the guest worker programme is administered. By comparing the US Bracero Program with the Canadian Mexican Agricultural Seasonal Workers’ Program, it is shown that three aspects of programme administration account for why so many Braceros stayed in the US illegally, while almost all temporary workers employed in Canada return to Mexico at the end of the season. The three aspects are recruitment policies and procedures, enforcement of employment and housing‐related minimum standards, and the size of the programme. It is suggested that the administration of the programme, in turn, reflects various interests that shape the State’s position on foreign labour. Whereas in the US the Bracero Program was tailored to meet the needs of agribusinesses, the Canadian state responds to a wider variety of interests, including its own concern with the definition of ideal citizenship, as well as the need to protect domestic workers and the Mexican Government’s interest in assisting those who are most needy. Additionally, unlike the US, where braceros were employed mainly in agribusinesses, in Canada Mexicans are brought to work on family farms. While desertion was a frequent phenomenon in the US, the paternalistic relationships that Canada‐bound workers develop with their employers make desertion unlikely.
Seeking Social Security: An Alternative Motivation for Mexico‐US Migration
Authors: Sana Mariano , Massey Douglas S.
Published: March 2003

In this analysis we investigate the degree to which the absence of effective pension systems may generate motivations for international migration as a means of self‐financing retirement. Using ethnosurvey data gathered in selected Mexican communities and US destination areas, we estimate models to predict the odds of US migration from indicators of relative wages and whether or not jobs in Mexico were covered by that country's social security system. We find that by holding constant the binational differential in expected wages, the odds of out‐migration were much higher for male household heads working in jobs that were not covered by social security compared with those working in jobs that enjoyed such coverage. Subsequent analyses showed that the odds of receiving a pension in old age were systematically higher for former US migrants, and that the likelihood of pension receipt rose steadily as the number of US trips and amount of US experience accumulated.
Fostering Free Movement of Persons in West Africa: Achievements, Constraints, and Prospects for Intraregional Migration
Authors: Adepoju Aderanti
Published: March 2003

Migration in West Africa is strongly influenced by poverty, depressed economies, and socio‐political crises. The influx of migrants into the cities and irregular migrations across national borders in search of decent living conditions reflect a crisis of development. To understand the dynamics of these diverse migrations, we focus on causes and changing configurations of emerging migratory flows; autonomous female migration, trafficking in women and children; intraregional migration as alternatives to “illegal” migration to the North; progress and constraints in creating a borderless subregion and fostering intraregional migration.

The abolition of the mandatory residency permit, introduction of Brown Card travel certificates, and the elimination of the ubiquitous border formalities are aimed at facilitating intraregional movements of persons. Progress was constrained by multiple cooperation groupings and memberships, conflicting objectives, inconsistent political support, growing national identity, depressed economies, and xenophobia against “foreigners”. We suggest that governments should align national employment laws with regional treaties, protect the rights of migrant workers, promote pro‐poor employment strategies, adopt variable speed approach in implementing migration policies, and enforce migrants’ rights of residence and establishment.
Identity Patterns among Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union in Israel: Assimilation vs. Ethnic Formation
Authors: Al‐Haj Majid
Published: March 2003

This paper deals with identity patterns among the 1990s immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel. It presents the complex set of identity types among immigrants in the context of their cultural and socio‐demographic characteristics and their dynamic relationships with the Israeli host society.

The findings show that immigrants from the FSU in Israel form a distinct ethnic group within the Israeli social and cultural fabric. This is reflected in their closed social networks, ethnic information sources, strong desire to maintain ethnic‐cultural continuity, and the fact that the ethnic component (Jew from the FSU or immigrant from the FSU) is central for self‐identification. However, ethnic formation among these immigrants is not a reactive‐oriented identity, which is mainly generated by alienation from the host society, it is rather an instrumentalized ethnicity, which is the outcome of ethnic‐cultural pride and pragmatic considerations.
Best Practice Options: Mali
Authors: Martin Philip , Martin Susan , Weil Patrick
Published: March 2003

Mali, a poor country that embraced democracy in 1991, is considered a democratic role model for francophone Africa. It is grappling with several migration issues, including well–established networks that move thousands of Malians abroad, often with false documents, for $2,000 to $3,000; the dependence of the Kayes region, with 1.5 million residents, on emigration, particularly the remittances sent by its workers abroad; and the migration of Mali and Burkina Faso children to work on cocoa and coffee plantations in Côte d’Ivoire and other neighbouring countries.

Mali is generally considered among the poorest five countries around the world, but is also considered one of the most promising democracies in West Africa (Helderman, 2002). The site visit revealed that the Kayes region of Mali is extraordinarily dependent on remittances, which have improved the lives of residents, and added schools and clinics, but do not seem to have led to the establishment of large numbers of businesses that promise stay–at–home development; that the Mali government seems open to co–development, cooperates with assisted return programmes for unauthorized Malians in France, and works with international organizations to attract educated Malians back to Mali; and that Mali is open to donor suggestions for economic development so that most residents will not have to depend agriculture and cattle raising in a water–scarce region. However, there was little evidence that Mali and its donors have found the country’s comparative advantage for sustained economic growth.
Yield Curve Risk in Japanese Government Bond Markets
Authors: Singleton Kenneth J.
Published: March 2003

This paper characterizes the nature of yield curve risk in the Japanese government bond (JGB) market, and explores the effectiveness of risk management based on a linear factor representation of yield curve risk. The implied optimal hedges against factor risk are related to duration‐based hedging strategies, which are shown in many cases to be substantially sub‐optimal. In addition, the drift over time in optimal hedge ratios due to the local nature of optimal hedging is investigated. The results show substantial drift especially for the weights on the factor representing the risk of a changing slope of the JGB yield curve. Though our focus is on government bond markets, the findings have implications for risk management for most interest‐sensitive instruments, especially those that are priced relative to government bonds (e.g. corporate bonds).
The Self‐Employed: Providing for the Self‐Providers
Authors: Williams David
Published: March 2003

A 1997 ISSA European conference produced a series of papers about providing social security to the self‐employed, published in May 1998 in a separate volume. In this article, David Williams reviews these and examines points that warrant further attention. He finds that the papers confirm the difficulties of generalizing about social security and the self‐employed in Europe. They identify problems in identification, funding and delivery, but also general trends towards self‐employment that accentuate these difficulties. The papers offer conflicting solutions. Williams challenges the premise behind some by asking whether self‐employment should be regarded as the rule rather than the exception in handling these issues.
Has Social Security Become Irrelevant?
Authors: Midgley James
Published: March 2003

In recent years, it has often been asserted that social security has become irrelevant to contemporary economic and social realities. This claim has been accompanied by proposals for the abolition of social security and its replacement with commercial provision. In some countries, social security has already been extensively privatized. Instead of dismissing the claim that social security has become irrelevant, this article examines the views of social security’s critics. It suggests that steps need to be taken to address their challenge and ensure social security’s long‐term survival.
Financial Crisis and Social Security: The Paradox of the Republic of Korea
Authors: Shin Dong‐Myeon
Published: March 2003

This paper seeks to answer the questions why and how the social security system in the Republic of Korea has expanded in the wake of the financial crisis. The author first reviews the characteristics of the Korean welfare system before turning to the social effects of the financial crisis, then examining the resultant changes to the social security system and highlighting the driving forces behind them. The paper argues that the development of the system can be mainly attributed to the change of policy networks from a symbiotic alliance between the State and business to a tripartite corporatismand growing social demands for social welfare.
Die Übertragung westdeutscher Institutionen auf die ostdeutsche Wirklichkeit – Ein erfolgversprechendes Zusammenspiel? Kommunale Finanzausgleichssysteme im sozioökonomischen Kontext
Authors: Birke Anja
Published: March 2003

In spite of its long history, reform of financial equalization at local government level has not brought the necessary improvements in efficiency. Therefore, it is surprising that the criticized West German system was transferred almost unchanged to the East German Laender in the course of reunification. Obviously the politicians were in conflict between testing new promising alternatives and preserving the calculable institutional structure. Therefore, this paper compares the financial equalization law of two Laender (Baden-Wuerttemberg and Saxony) in order to research its suitability under different socio-economic conditions. In the analysis we can clearly show the impact of socio-economic characteristics on the carrying ability of institutions, so any transferability of local financial equalization systems has to be rejected.
Liliput oder Leviathan? Der Staat in der globalisierten Wirtschaft
Authors: Frey Bruno S.
Published: March 2003

Globalization is often seen to result in a smaller (Lilliput) or larger (Leviathan) state. But future public activity will be more flexible. People have multiple identities. They can be citizens of sub- and supra-national jurisdictions, semi- and non-governmental organizations and private units, even profit-oriented firms. Such attachment may be temporary, multiple or partial. To actively choose strengthens loyalty and identification, which raises the willingness to pay for publicly supplied services (in the sense of quasi-voluntary taxation). On the supply side, Functional, Overlapping and Competing Jurisdictions (FOCJ) will develop. Such flexibility of future European integration will make it successful.
Effects of task difficulty and time‐on‐task on mental workload
Authors: Haga Shigeru , Shinoda Haruo , Kokubun Mitsuteru
Published: March 2003

Twelve subjects performed a tracking task and a memory search task simultaneously on a computer screen. The dual task continued for approximately 10 min and was repeated three times, interrupted by a short break for subjective ratings: the NASA Task Load Index (NASA‐TLX) and the Check List of Mental Condition. Event related potentials (ERP) evoked by the presentation of memory task stimuli were also recorded. All the subjects participated in three experimental sessions, which varied in difficulty of tracking task. Results demonstrated that the NASA‐TLX and ERP were sensitive only to the change in task difficulty and were not affected by time‐on‐task or interaction between task difficulty and time‐on‐task.
Why are four eyes better than two? Effects of collaboration on the detection of errors in proofreading
Authors: Nihei Yoshiaki , Terashima Masayoshi , Suzuki Ikuo , Morikawa Shinichi
Published: March 2003

We investigated why collaboration has positive effects on performance in detecting errors. Forty‐eight undergraduate students worked on a proofreading task individually or in pairs. In the first group, 16 subjects performed the task individually (the individual group). In a second group, 16 pairs of subjects performed the task in dyads, discussing the errors detected (the collaborating group). The results show that the individual group detected significantly more “contextual errors,” which are found by tracking the context of a passage, than “surface errors,” which are based on the meaning of a word. In contrast, the collaborating group detected significantly more surface errors than contextual errors. The surface error detection rate of the dyads was high enough that it could not be explained by a simple interpretation such as two additional eyes found errors missed by the first two eyes. The results indicate that proofreading in dyads is beneficial because it enables the subjects to free themselves from a default style of reading. Moreover, for the collaborating group, the rate of error detection tended to increase in the latter half of the work, suggesting that interaction between the two individuals gave them an opportunity to learn about the task by cognitive restructuring.
Multi‐Encoding for Pitch Information of Tone Sequences
Authors: Mikumo Mariko
Published: March 2003

This study was designed to investigate the possibilities that subjects would visualize an auditory contour as a visual contour (visual imagery) to encode pitch information of tone sequences (Experiment 1), and that subjects would be motivated to attempt to engage in covert rehearsal with multi‐code (Experiment 2). The findings from these experiments suggest that: (a) Whereas the highly musically trained subjects were able to encode pitches as accurate notes on a staff, the less well musically trained subjects encoded the pitch sequence as a contour. It is quite evident that there is an intermodal analogy between the perception of pitch relationships and that of relationships in visual space. (b) Pitch rehearsal of auditory information along with note names (dual‐code) and staff notation accompanied by pitch rehearsal with note names (triple‐code) were the most effective strategies for highly trained subjects with pitches of tonal sequences; melodic contour accompanied by pitch rehearsal (dual‐code) was used by highly trained subjects with atonal sequences and by less well trained subjects with both types of sequences.
The influence of instructional intervention on children's understanding of fractions
Authors: Yoshida Hajime , Shinmachi Yoshinobu
Published: March 2003

An experimental instructional program based mainly on an equal‐whole schema in fractions was given to two fourth‐grade classes of a Japanese elementary school. As a control, conventional teaching based on a traditional Japanese textbook was given to another fourth‐grade class. The study tested the hypothesis that students given the experimental program would understand order and magnitude as central characteristics of fractions better than those who were instructed using the traditional textbook. Students in the experimental group showed better understanding of both the order of fractions and the representation of the sizes of fractions than did the textbook group. However, there were no differences between the experimental and textbook groups in the performance of assessment tasks which were less related to the equal‐whole schema. These results are discussed in view of the important instructional aim of having students understand fractions.
Religious Affiliation, Denominational Homogamy, and Intimate Partner Violence Among U.S. Couples
Authors: Cunradi Carol B. , Caetano Raul , Schafer John
Published: March 2003

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health issue. Few studies, however, have examined the role of religion in IPV perpetration and victimization. This study analyzed the contribution of religious factors to IPV risk and prevalence among a sample of 1,440 married couples interviewed for the 1995 National Study of Couples. Results indicate that rates of IPV did not significantly differ by couple homogamy/heterogamy or type of denominational affiliation. Attendance at religious services at least weekly was associated with lower rates of IPV perpetration among men and with lower rates of IPV victimization among men and women. These findings were attenuated in the multivariate logistic regression analyses. Study findings suggest that religion does not have a strong or direct influence on the occurrence of IPV; alcohol‐related problems, however, may be a mediating factor. Despite the null findings, religious institutions can play an important role in primary and secondary IPV prevention.
Discriminating From Within
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno
Published: March 2003

A classic experiment by Henri Tajfel provides evidence for the conclusion that the division of a group into subgroups is enough to trigger discriminatory behavior, even if there is no reason for such behavior in terms of the individual’s own interest. I don’t challenge that conclusion; but I question an implicit assumption which is suggested by the experimental setup and by the language used by Tajfel in describing the experiment. The assumption is that an initially coherent group will typically experience division as a result of outside influence. A totally different picture of the situation and totally different social policy recommendations will follow if we believe instead that groups are evolving structures, and specifically structures that constantly and autonomously come into conflict with themselves.
Damaging Events: The Perceived Need for Forgiveness
Authors: Scobie E.D. , Scobie G.E.W.
Published: March 2003

Four models of forgiveness are identified; the health model, the philosophical model, the Christian model and the prosocial model. All define the term ‘forgiveness’ in a way which is consistent with their particular perspective. The authors offer a definition of forgiveness and propose an integrated model of forgiveness which seeks to incorporate contributions from all four areas, but is not biased towards any one model. Four levels of transgression are identified and categorized according to the degree of perceived damage. Apology‐automatic (Level 1) and apology‐dependent (Level 2) responses are distinguished from a forgiveness response which is restricted to Levels 3 and 4. The advantages of adopting a forgiveness strategy for both the forgiver and forgiven as opposed to other responses, i.e., revenge, denial, and condoning are discussed. The authors provide a definition and model which integrates the important contributions from each of the areas discussed.
Emotions and Moral Motivation
Authors: Blasi Augusto
Published: March 2003

One question in moral psychology concerns the role of emotions to motivate moral action. This question has recently become more urgent, because it is now clearer that cognitive developmental theories cannot offer a complete explanation of moral functioning. This paper suggests that emotion, as is typically understood in psychology, cannot be seen as the basis for an acceptable explanation of moral behaviour and motivation. However, it is argued that it is possible to understand emotions as embedded in agentic processes, and regulated by conscious concerns. So understood, emotions acquire an important role in the person's moral life. These conclusions are reached through an extensive review of psychological and philosophical conceptions.