bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Family as Recipient and Provider of Home Care: A Primary Care Perspective
Authors: Florea Mira , Puia Aida , Sorina Pop Rodica
Published: April 2020

Advances in modern medicine, effective medication and high-technology interventions contribute to the growth of chronic comorbidities among older people, and many children with chronic diseases that reach adulthood require long-term care at home, provided by formal and informal caregivers and coordinated by primary healthcare professionals. Home caring, performed under different conditions from those of hospital care, requires the involvement of the family that is recipient and provider of home care. This chapter discusses the contribution of family caregivers to personalized home care of dependent children and elderly recipients, coordinated by primary health professionals. Children and youth with special healthcare needs and children abused and neglected require special involvement of family caregivers. The use of digital healthcare for recipients with medical complexity is a modern way to connect home care patients to specialized care, reducing the costs of the hospital care system. However, the burden in home care should be recognized by the general practitioner. Specific interventions are addressed to the unsupportive families and real hidden patients to help maintain their health and functionality. Future family doctors’ interprofessional communication skills and resourcefulness should meet the societal changes, and the burden of home care in the modern family is approached from the perspective of academic medicine.
In the News
Authors: Free David
Published: April 2020

Welcome to the April 2020 issue of C&RL News. Academic libraries and librarians are increasingly prioritizing outreach to vulnerable populations. In this issue’s Perspectives column, Clare Kuntz Balcer writes about her experiences teaching “The Framework for Information Literacy (in prison)” through a program working with incarcerated students.
News from the Field
Authors: Free David
Published: April 2020

UW East Asia Library to be renamed the Atsuhiko and Ina Goodwin Tateuchi East Asia LibraryMSU Libraries, De Gruyter sign open access agreementNew ACRL Scholarship of Teaching and Learning RoadShow announcedGPO digitizes U.S. Government ManualCLOCKSS announces new library, publisher supportersRepresent ALA on IFLA Standing Committees—applications due May 1
Fast Facts
Authors: Pattillo Gary
Published: April 2020

Newspapers declineMore newspapers declineSmart speakersCoauthorship and academic careersCharacteristics of degree-granting postsecondary institutions
Factors Influencing the Patient Safety Management Activity of Nursing Students
Authors: Jang Keong Sook
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This purpose of this study was to identify the level of knowledge and attitude of patient safety and patient safety management activity (PSMA) and identify influencing factors of PSMA in nursing students. Methods: The participants were 210 fourth-year nursing students in C and G city. Data were collected with structured questionnaires from October 10 to November 10, 2017. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression with SPSS 21.0 were used. Results: As a result, the level of knowledge of patient safety was 9.05, attitude of patient safety was 4.07, and PSMA was 4.22. The factors influencing PSMA were knowledge and attitude of patient safety. The regression model explained 77% of PSMA. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that a systematic education program considering factors influencing the patient safety management activities of nursing students be developed.
Nursing Students' Peer Feedback Types and Emotional Response, Quality of Feedback, and Self-efficacy for Learning from Peer Feedback in Skill Training
Authors: Park Young A , Kim Eun Jung
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify types of peer feedback in nursing skills performance training and to investigate emotional response, perceived quality of feedback and self-efficacy for learning from peer feedback. Methods: A total of 110 second-year nursing students attending fundamentals of nursing classes at a university participated in 2017. Participants received peer feedback from one selected colleague who observed their skills performance, and completed a questionnaire. Contents of peer feedback video recordings were transcribed and classified into seven types of feedback. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation. Results: Participants mostly received feedback of 'correcting' and 'providing information.' Positive emotional responses from peer feedback were above medium, and negative emotional responses were low. The perceived quality of peer feedback was moderate and self-efficacy for learning was high. Quality of feedback correlated with negative emotional response (r=-.24, p=.014), and self-efficacy for learning (r=.35, p<.001). Self-efficacy for learning correlated with intimacy with peers (r=.24, p=.011) and positive emotional response (r=.21, p=.028). Conclusion: The results suggest that peer feedback in skill training could be used in terms of emotional response and self-efficacy for learning.
The Effect of Educational Intervention of Human Tissue Donation on Nurses' Knowledge, Attitudes and Self-efficacy
Authors: Oh Hyun Soo , Park Min Ae
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of an intervention program for human tissue donation with nurses, modified from the Korea Foundation for Human Tissue Donation, to promote human tissue donation via nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward human tissue donation, and self-efficacy for teaching tissue donation. Methods: A non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was adopted, and data were collected from 82 nurses (41 of each group: experimental and comparison) working at a general hospital in Inchon, South Korea. Results: In a multivariate analysis (MANOVA), the integrative effect on outcome variables from the intervention program was statistically significant (p<.001). Accordingly, an ANOVA was performed to determine which individual outcome variable showed a significant effect with intervention, and it was found that the effects of intervention on all the outcome variables (knowledge and attitude, and self-efficacy for teaching human tissue donation) were significant (p<.001). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the intervention had positive effects on knowledge and attitudes toward tissue donation, and self-efficacy for teaching tissue donation among nurses. These outcome variables derived from the intervention might be essential for eliciting positive behavior toward human tissue donation.
Functional characterization of maize heat shock transcription factor gene ZmHsf01 in thermotolerance
Authors: Zhang Huaning , Li Guoliang , Hu Dong , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhang Yujie , Shao Hongbo , Zhao Lina , Yang Ruiping , Guo Xiulin
Published: April 2020

Background

Heat waves can critically influence maize crop yields. Plant heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) play a key regulating role in the heat shock (HS) signal transduction pathway.

Method

In this study, a homologous cloning method was used to clone HSF gene ZmHsf01 (accession number: MK888854) from young maize leaves. The transcript levels of ZmHsf01 were detected using qRT-PCR in different tissues and treated by HS, abscisic acid (ABA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), respectively, and the functions of gene ZmHsf01 were studied in transgenic yeast and Arabidopsis.

Result

ZmHsf01 had a coding sequence (CDS) of 1176 bp and encoded a protein consisting of 391 amino acids. The homologous analysis results showed that ZmHsf01 and SbHsfA2d had the highest protein sequence identities. Subcellular localization experiments confirmed that ZmHsf01 was localized in the nucleus. ZmHsf01 was expressed in many maize tissues. It was up-regulated by HS, and up-regulated in roots and down-regulated in leaves under ABA and H2O2treatments. ZmHsf01-overexpressing yeast cells showed increased thermotolerance. In Arabidopsis seedlings, ZmHsf01 compensated for the thermotolerance defects of mutant athsfa2, and ZmHsf01-overexpressing lines showed enhanced basal and acquired thermotolerance. When compared to wild type (WT) seedlings, ZmHsf01-overexpressing lines showed higher chlorophyll content and survival rates after HS. Heat shock protein (HSP) gene expression levels were more up-regulated in ZmHsf01-overexpressing Arabidopsis seedlings than WT seedlings. These results suggest that ZmHsf01 plays a vital role in response to HS in plant.
A Giant Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Liver with Metastasis and Local Recurrence
Authors: Hoseini Mostafa , Fahimi Hossein , Vaziri Mohammad , Vosough Farnaz , Farazmand Borna , Vosough Fereshteh , Farazmand Behnood
Published: April 2020

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare type of mesenchymal neoplasm. Although the majority of SFTs are benign, some cases have shown characteristics of malignant neoplasms. Weight loss, fatigue, and upper abdominal bloating are the main signs of these lesions. Clinical and radiographic features are not sufficient for the diagnosis of hepatic SFT and the definitive diagnosis depends on histopathological sampling and immunohistochemistry. One of the main issues in the diagnosis of this tumour is the ability of this tumour to grow to large sizes. A 69-year-old male presented to the clinic 2 years earlier with episodes of hypoglycemia and loss of consciousness. The symptoms improved after receiving glucose. The patient diagnosed as rare solitary fibrous tumour of the liver, a giant (10 × 10 cm in diameter) round and well-defined lesion in the left lobe of the liver which was obvious in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Surgery is the most common line of treatment for this disease and there is no evidence regarding the effectiveness of other approaches. According to the scarcity of hepatic SFT, long-term prognosis in these patients is highly challenging. Here, we present the case of a 69-year-old male patient with hepatic SFT with metastasis and local recurrence. In the very rare malignant form of liver solitary fibrous tumour which is surgically unresectable, liver transplantation is one of the potential options but maybe not amenable due to the malignant behaviour of the disease. Role of debulking surgery is also not clear in this situation.
Multiplexed Nondiffracting Nonlinear Metasurfaces
Authors: Li Zhi , Liu Wenwei , Geng Guangzhou , Li Zhancheng , Li Junjie , Cheng Hua , Chen Shuqi , Tian Jianguo
Published: April 2020

Metasurfaces and planar photonic nanostructures have drawn great interest from the optical scientific community due to their diverse abilities of manipulating electromagnetic waves and high integration. Most metasurfaces launch diffracting waves, and thus suffer from divergence, short working distance, and instability. Although much effort has been devoted to researching nondiffracting metasurfaces which can launch electromagnetic waves with constant transverse intensity profiles in free‐space propagation, the number of working channels is inherently limited as these meta‐devices are implemented in the linear optical regime. Here, the multiplexed nondiffracting nonlinear metasurfaces are theoretically proposed and experimentally realized, which can generate the representative nondiffracting Bessel beam and Airy beam. Three Bessel beams with different numerical apertures and topological charges and three Airy beams with different propagation curves and focal lengths can be generated by a combination of different spins and wavelengths. The complex properties of the nondiffracting beams can be designed and detected in a more comprehensive and concise way with Fourier analysis. This proof‐of‐concept represents a new strategy for realizing multiplexed nondiffracting metasurfaces with advantages of ultracompactness, high‐pixelation, and easy integration and paves the way for multi‐channel optical communication and manipulation.
Topology Optimization‐Based Inverse Design of Plasmonic Nanodimer with Maximum Near‐Field Enhancement
Authors: Chen Yiqin , Hu Yueqiang , Zhao Jingyi , Deng Yunsheng , Wang Zhaolong , Cheng Xing , Lei Dangyuan , Deng Yongbo , Duan Huigao
Published: April 2020

The near‐field enhancement factor is one of the most significant parameters to evaluate the performance of plasmonic nanostructures. Numerous efforts have been made to maximize the enhancement factor through optimizing the size, shape, and spatial arrangement of metallic nanostructures with simple geometries, such as disk, triangle, and rod. This work implements topology optimization to inversely design a metallic nanoparticle dimer with the goal of optimizing the near‐field enhancement factor in its sub‐10 nm gap. By optimizing the material layout within a given design space, the topology optimization algorithm results in a plasmonic nanodimer of two heart‐shaped particles having both convex and concave features. Full‐wave electromagnetic analysis reveals that the largest near‐field enhancement in the heart‐shaped nanoparticle dimer is originated from the greatest concentration of surface charges at the nano‐heart apex. Inversely designed heart‐, bowtie‐, and disk‐shaped nanodimers are fabricated by using focused helium ion beam milling with a “sketch and peel” strategy, and their near‐field enhancement performances are characterized with nonlinear optical spectroscopies at the single‐particle level. Indeed, the heart‐shaped nanodimer exhibits much stronger signal intensities than the other two structures. The present work corroborates the validity and effectiveness of topology optimization‐based inverse design in achieving desired plasmonic functionalities.
Moral Foundations Theory and Its Implications for Counseling
Authors: Tansey Matthew , Kindsvatter Aaron
Published: April 2020

Moral foundations theory has recently emerged from the field of social psychology as a means for understanding cultural, political, and religious differences between individuals and groups. The authors review the moral foundations theory literature to help counselors in understanding the roots of their clients' and their own moral belief systems and how these systems contribute to decision‐making pertaining to morally laden topics. Lastly, the authors present a model for self‐awareness around moral issues along with a fictional case study intended to illustrate the use of the model.
Oncocytic features in salivary duct carcinoma, a potential pitfall for misdiagnosis as Warthin tumor in fine needle aspiration specimens: A cytomorphologic analysis of 14 cases
Authors: Goswami Aarti , Zhang Amy J. , Vahidi Shifteh , Mettler Tetyana , Stewart Jimmie , Amin Khalid
Published: April 2020

Background

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an uncommon and highly aggressive primary salivary gland neoplasm. Cytomorphologic features of SDC include cellular smears, nuclear atypia, prominent nucleoli, cribriform and papillary architecture, and background necrosis. The presence of oncocytic features has been described but not adequately characterized in the current literature.

Method

This study cohort consisted of 14 cases of histologically proven SDC with previous salivary gland fine needle aspiration (FNA). The cytologic material of each case was semi‐quantitatively analyzed and evaluated for various cytomorphologic, architectural, and background features.

Results

Twelve SDCs were located in the parotid gland and two in the submandibular gland. In two cases the initial cytologic diagnoses was Warthin tumor or favor Warthin tumor. Moderate to marked degree of oncocytic changes were noted in all cases except one case. Nuclear atypia was variable with most cases exhibiting moderate to high‐grade nuclear features, while four cases demonstrated low‐grade nuclear cytomorphology. Cytoplasmic vacuolation was seen in nine cases and variable amount of background necrosis was observed in eight cases. Cribriform and papillary architecture was recognized in only six cases. Background lymphocytes were absent in all but one case.

Conclusions

Precise diagnosis of SDC based on cytomorphologic features alone can be challenging. Oncocytic change is one of the most consistent features observed in this case series and when associated with less pronounced cytologic atypia, can potentially lead to misdiagnosis as Warthin tumor. SDC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of oncocytic salivary gland neoplasms where precise diagnosis is not possible.
Guidelines for antioxidant assays for food components
Authors: Xiao Fan , Xu Tao , Lu Baiyi , Liu Ruihai
Published: April 2020

Recently, research on antioxidants has become increasingly active in various fields. Antioxidants react through free radical or molecular oxygen quenching, being capable to either delay or inhibit the oxidation processes that occur under the influence of molecular oxygen or reactive oxygen species. Accordingly, assays developed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of food constituents vary. Therefore, to investigate the antioxidant activity of chemical(s), choosing an adequate assay based on the properties of chemical(s) is critical. Antioxidant assays may be broadly classified as electron transfer (ET)‐based assays and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)‐based assays. ET‐based assays include ABTS assay, DPPH assay, ferrous oxidation‐xylenol orange assay, ferric thiocyanate assay, ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay, potassium ferricyanide reducing power assay, and cupric reducing antioxidant power assay. HAT‐based assays include oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, total peroxyl radical‐trapping antioxidant parameter assay, thiobarbituric acid assay, β‐carotene bleaching assay, and cellular antioxidant activity assay. In this guideline, assays used recently were selected for extended discussion, including the mechanisms underlying each assay as well as the practice of antioxidant capacity assessment.
A Novel Imine Based‐Liquid Crystal / PHBHHx Composite: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Ceylan‐Erdoğan Duygu , Türkoğlu Nelisa , Ocak Hale , Bilgin‐Eran Belkız
Published: April 2020

A new imine based chiral calamitic compound carrying a (S)‐3,7‐Dimethyloctyloxy group at one of terminal was synthesized and characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR and FT‐IR spectroscopy. 4‐Dodecyloxybenzylidene‐4′‐(S)‐(3,7‐dimethyloctyloxy) aniline (DBDMA) exhibits an enantiotropic chiral smectic tilted phase (SmC*) at a low temperature range. The mesomorphic properties of new liquid crystal were determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Polarised Optical Microscopy (POM). A new composite membrane was also prepared from DBDMA and Poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) via solvent evaporation technique. The surface morphology as well as the mechanical behaviour of PHBHHx/DBDMA composite membrane were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Additionally, cell compatibility tests of the PHBHHx/DBDMA composite were performed by 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The surface of PHBHHx/DBDMA composite membrane exhibited a homogenous porosity. The introduction of DBDMA into the polymer media improves the cell viability and mechanical strength.
Hybridized Mechanical and Solar Energy-Driven Self-Powered Hydrogen Production
Authors: Wei Xuelian , Wen Zhen , Liu Yina , Zhai Ningning , Wei Aimin , Feng Kun , Yuan Guotao , Zhong Jun , Qiang Yinghuai , Sun Xuhui
Published: April 2020

Photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation is a promising approach to address the environmental pollution and energy crisis. In this work, we present a hybridized mechanical and solar energy-driven self-powered hydrogen production system. A rotatory disc-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator was employed to harvest mechanical energy from water and functions as a sufficient external power source. WO3/BiVO4 heterojunction photoanode was synthesized in a PEC water-splitting cell to produce H2. After transformation and rectification, the peak current reaches 0.1 mA at the rotation speed of 60 rpm. In this case, the H2 evolution process only occurs with sunlight irradiation. When the rotation speed is over 130 rpm, the peak photocurrent and peak dark current have nearly equal value. Direct electrolysis of water is almost simultaneous with photoelectrocatalysis of water. It is worth noting that the hydrogen production rate increases to 5.45 and 7.27 μL min−1 without or with light illumination at 160 rpm. The corresponding energy conversion efficiency is calculated to be 2.43% and 2.59%, respectively. All the results demonstrate such a self-powered system can successfully achieve the PEC hydrogen generation, exhibiting promising possibility of energy conversion.
Genetic responses of inbred chicken lines illustrate importance of eIF2 family and immune-related genes in resistance to Newcastle disease virus
Authors: Del Vesco Ana Paula , Kaiser Michael G. , Monson Melissa S. , Zhou Huaijun , Lamont Susan J.
Published: April 2020

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) replication depends on the translation machinery of the host cell; therefore, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) gene family is a likely candidate for control of viral replication. We hypothesized that differential expression of host genes related to translation and innate immune response could contribute to differential resistance to NDV in inbred Fayoumi and Leghorn lines. The expression of twenty-one genes related to the interferon signaling pathway and the eIF2 family was evaluated at two- and six-days post infection (dpi) in the spleen from both lines, either challenged by NDV or nonchallenged. Higher expression of OASL in NDV challenged versus nonchallenged spleen was observed in Leghorns at 2 dpi. Lower expression of EIF2B5 was found in NDV challenged than nonchallenged Fayoumis and Leghorns at 2 dpi. At 2 dpi, NDV challenged Fayoumis had lower expression of EIF2B5 and EIF2S3 than NDV challenged Leghorns. At 6 dpi, NDV challenged Fayoumis had lower expression of EIF2S3 and EIF2B4 than NDV challenged Leghorns. The genetic line differences in expression of eIF2-related genes may contribute to their differential resistance to NDV and also to understanding the interaction between protein synthesis shut-off and virus control in chickens.
Ein krisenfestes Krankenhaus: Das Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus
Authors: Hardinghaus Christian
Published: April 2020

Die Ende Dezember 2019 in China ausgebrochene Corona-Pandemie hält die Welt in Atem. Bis Ende März 2020 haben sich knapp 700 000 Menschen mit dem Erreger SARS-CoV-2 infiziert und über 30 000, vor allem ältere und vorerkrankte, Patienten sind bereits an den Folgen gestorben. Die Gesellschaften und Gesundheitssysteme aller Länder werden auf eine harte Bewährungsprobe gestellt. Kliniken und Krankenhäuser laufen auf Hochbetrieb, medizinisches Personal geht bis an menschliche Leistungsgrenzen, um Leben zu retten und sich auf weitere Infiziertenwellen vorzubereiten. Neben der Entwicklung von Medikamenten, schnellen Erkennungstests und Impfstoffen, steht die Kapazität der Intensivbettenplätze auf dem Prüfstand. In Deutschland stellt sich die Frage, wie es beispielsweise zu Engpässen bei der Materialbeschaffung wie etwa Millionen fehlenden Schutzmasken kommen konnte. Doch bricht die Versorgung der Intensivmedizin nicht zusammen wie in China, Italien oder Spanien. Deutsche Kliniken verfügen mit etwa 28 000 Betten über die meisten Intensivpflegeplätze weltweit. Eines dieser gut gerüsteten Krankenhäuser ist das Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus in Dresden, das in seiner Geschichte mehrere Krisen durchgestanden hat.
Extreme events in stochastic transport on networks
Authors: Kumar Aanjaneya , Kulkarni Suman , Santhanam M. S.
Published: April 2020

Extreme events are emergent phenomena in multi-particle transport processes on complex networks. In practice, such events could range from power blackouts to call drops in cellular networks to traffic congestion on roads. All the earlier studies of extreme events on complex networks had focused only on the nodal events. If random walks are used to model the transport process on a network, it is known that degree of the nodes determines the extreme event properties. In contrast, in this work, it is shown that extreme events on the edges display a distinct set of properties from that of the nodes. It is analytically shown that the probability for the occurrence of extreme events on an edge is independent of the degree of the nodes linked by the edge and is dependent only on the total number of edges on the network and the number of walkers on it. Further, it is also demonstrated that non-trivial correlations can exist between the extreme events on the nodes and the edges. These results are in agreement with the numerical simulations on synthetic and real-life networks.
ELM control optimization for various ITER scenarios based on linear and quasi-linear figures of merit
Authors: Li L. , Liu Y. Q. , Loarte A. , Pinches S. D. , Polevoi A. , Zhong F. C.
Published: April 2020

For the purpose of better understanding type-I edge localized mode (ELM) control in ITER with resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) fields, the plasma response to RMP is computed by a resistive full magneto-hydrodynamic model in toroidal geometry. Five scenarios designed for ITER are considered, ranging from the pre-nuclear to nuclear phases. The plasma response to RMP is quantified by the plasma surface displacement near the X-point of the divertor plasma and at the outboard mid-plane. The optimal coil configurations between two high-Q deuterium-tritium (DT) scenarios (at the same plasma current of 15 MA and the same magnetic field of 5.3 T but different fusion gains, Q = 5 and 10) are predicted to be similar. For the other ITER scenarios with similar edge safety factor q95 ∼ 3 to that of the baseline scenario, the optimal coil phasing is also similar. The optimization results are different for a half-current full-field (7.5 MA/5.3 T) scenario, largely due to the difference in q95. The RMP coil currents are also optimized to tailor the core vs edge toroidal torques exerted by the 3D RMP fields on the plasma column. Torque optimization, with various objective functions proposed in the study, is useful for minimizing the side effects of RMP on the plasma core flow in ITER, while still maintaining the ELM control capability. Full utilization of three rows of ELM control coils in ITER is found to be essential to ensure both flexibility and robustness of ELM control, in terms of both linear and quasi-linear plasma responses.
Analysis of the accuracy of actuation electronics in the laser interferometer space antenna pathfinder
Authors: Armano M. , Audley H. , Baird J. , Born M. , Bortoluzzi D. , Cardines N. , Castelli E. , Cavalleri A. , Cesarini A. , Cruise A. M. , Danzmann K. , de Deus Silva M. , Dixon G. , Dolesi R. , Ferraioli L. , Ferroni V. , Fitzsimons E. D. , Freschi M. , Gesa L. , Giardini D. , Gibert F. , Giusteri R. , Grimani C. , Grzymisch J. , Harrison I. , Hartig M.-S. , Heinzel G. , Hewitson M. , Hollington D. , Hoyland D. , Hueller M. , Inchauspé H. , Jennrich O. , Jetzer P. , Karnesis N. , Kaune B. , Killow C. J. , Korsakova N. , López-Zaragoza J. P. , Maarschalkerweerd R. , Mance D. , Martín V. , Martin-Polo L. , Martino J. , Martin-Porqueras F. , Mateos I. , McNamara P. W. , Mendes J. , Mendes L. , Meshksar N. , Nofrarias M. , Paczkowski S. , Perreur-Lloyd M. , Petiteau A. , Pivato P. , Plagnol E. , Ramos-Castro J. , Reiche J. , Rivas F. , Robertson D. I. , Russano G. , Slutsky J. , Sopuerta C. F. , Sumner T. , Texier D. , ten Pierick J. , Thorpe J. I. , Vetrugno D. , Vitale S. , Wanner G. , Ward H. , Wass P. J. , Weber W. J. , Wissel L. , Wittchen A. , Zweifel P.
Published: April 2020

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna Pathfinder (LPF) main observable, labeled Δg, is the differential force per unit mass acting on the two test masses under free fall conditions after the contribution of all non-gravitational forces has been compensated. At low frequencies, the differential force is compensated by an applied electrostatic actuation force, which then must be subtracted from the measured acceleration to obtain Δg. Any inaccuracy in the actuation force contaminates the residual acceleration. This study investigates the accuracy of the electrostatic actuation system and its impact on the LPF main observable. It is shown that the inaccuracy is mainly caused by the rounding errors in the waveform processing and also by the random error caused by the analog to digital converter random noise in the control loop. Both errors are one order of magnitude smaller than the resolution of the commanded voltages. We developed a simulator based on the LPF design to compute the close-to-reality actuation voltages and, consequently, the resulting actuation forces. The simulator is applied during post-processing the LPF data.
Formation and magnetic-field stability of magnetic dipole skyrmions and bubbles in a ferrimagnet
Authors: Zhang Junwei , Zhang Xiaomin , Chen Huanjian , Guang Yao , Zeng Xue , Yu Guoqiang , Zhang Senfu , Liu Yizhou , Feng Jiafeng , Zhao Yuelei , Zhou Yan , Qiu Xuepeng , Han Xiufeng , Peng Yong , Zhang Xixiang
Published: April 2020

We study the magnetic domain pattern in a ferrimagnetic CoTb thin film using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. The evolution of domain patterns is captured at different temperatures and external fields. Magnetic dipole skyrmions and bubbles can be created simultaneously by increasing the temperature of the sample and applying appropriate out-of-plane magnetic fields. By tuning the external magnetic fields, it is found that the skyrmions are annihilated at a higher magnetic field compared to bubbles. Moreover, we also find that the in-plane magnetic field influences the formation and the shape of skyrmions and bubbles. Further, micromagnetic simulations are also consistent with the experimental observations. Our findings provide insights into the magnetic field stability of skyrmions.
Photo-Seebeck effect in single-crystalline bismuth telluride topological insulator
Authors: Nivedan Anand , Singh Arvind , Kumar Sandeep , Kumar Sunil
Published: April 2020

Bismuth telluride is a low energy bulk bandgap topological system with conducting surface states. Besides its very good thermoelectric properties, it also makes a very good candidate for broadband photodetectors. Here, we report the temperature-dependent photo-Seebeck effect in a bulk single crystalline bismuth telluride. Upon light illumination, an electrically biased sample shows distinguishable contributions in the measured current due to both the Seebeck effect and the normal photo-generated carriers within a narrow layer of the sample. The detailed experiments are performed to elucidate the distinction between the Seebeck contribution and the photogenerated current. The temperature dependence of the photocurrent without Seebeck contribution shows a sign reversal from negative to positive at a specific temperature depending on the wavelength of photoexcitation light.
Giant photoinduced anomalous Hall effect of the topological surface states in three dimensional topological insulators Bi2Te3
Authors: Yu Jinling , Wu Wenyi , Wang Yumeng , Zhu Kejing , Zeng Xiaolin , Chen Yonghai , Liu Yu , Yin Chunming , Cheng Shuying , Lai Yunfeng , He Ke , Xue Qikun
Published: April 2020

Topological insulators (TIs) are considered as ideal spintronic materials due to the spin-momentum-locked Dirac surface states. The photoinduced anomalous Hall effect (PAHE) is a powerful tool to investigate the spin Hall effect of topological insulators even at room temperature. In this Letter, the PAHE has been observed in three dimensional topological insulator Bi2Te3 thin films grown on Si substrates at room temperature. As the thickness of the Bi2Te3 films increases from 3 to 20 quintuple layer (QL), the PAHE first increases and then decreases, and it reaches a maximum at 7 QL. The sign reversal of the PAHE of the 3 QL sample after oxidation reveals that the PAHE of the Bi2Te3 thin films is dominated by the top surface states, which is further confirmed by the circular photogalvanic effect under front and back illuminations. The photoinduced anomalous Hall conductivity excited by 1064 nm light is as large as 5.28 nA V−1 W−1 cm2 in the 7 QL sample, much larger than that observed in InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells (0.445 nA V−1 W−1 cm2) and GaN/AlGaN heterostructures (0.143 nA V−1 W−1 cm2). By comparing the PAHE current excited by 1064 nm with that excited by 1342 nm, we reveal that the tremendous PAHE excited by 1064 nm light is due to the modulation effect of spin injection from Si substrates. The giant PAHE value observed in TI Bi2Te3 may offer spintronic applications of TIs such as high-efficient light-polarization-state detectors.
Capture of rod-like molecules by a nanopore: Defining an “orientational capture radius”
Authors: Qiao Le , Slater Gary W.
Published: April 2020

Both the translational diffusion coefficient D and the electrophoretic mobility μ of a short rod-like molecule (such as dsDNA) that is being pulled toward a nanopore by an electric field should depend on its orientation. Since a charged rod-like molecule tends to orient in the presence of an inhomogeneous electric field, D and μ will change as the molecule approaches the nanopore, and this will impact the capture process. We present a simplified study of this problem using theoretical arguments and Langevin dynamics simulations. In particular, we introduce a new orientational capture radius, which we compare to the capture radius for the equivalent point-like particle, and we discuss the different physical regimes of orientation during capture and the impact of initial orientations on the capture time.
Low-temperature direct bonding of β-Ga2O3 and diamond substrates under atmospheric conditions
Authors: Matsumae Takashi , Kurashima Yuichi , Umezawa Hitoshi , Tanaka Koji , Ito Toshimitsu , Watanabe Hideyuki , Takagi Hideki
Published: April 2020

Surface-functionalized β-Ga2O3 and diamond substrates were directly bonded by annealing at 250 °C in atmospheric air. Prior to bonding, the β-Ga2O3 and diamond surfaces were OH-terminated by oxygen plasma irradiation and H2SO4/H2O2 cleaning, respectively. After contacting the OH-terminated surfaces with each other, direct bonding was formed by a thermal dehydration reaction. The annealed specimen had a shear strength of 14 MPa because of the generation of chemical bonds between β-Ga2O3 and diamond surfaces. The analysis of interface structures revealed that the β-Ga2O3 and diamond surfaces were atomically bonded without nano-voids, cracks, or any intermediate layer. The β-Ga2O3 and diamond substrates were bonded without any serious loss in crystallinity except for the outermost surfaces. We believe that the β-Ga2O3/diamond heterostructure can contribute to the high-power applications of β-Ga2O3 devices.
Room temperature upconversion electroluminescence from a mid-infrared In(AsN) tunneling diode
Authors: Di Paola D. M. , Lu Q. , Repiso E. , Kesaria M. , Makarovsky O. , Krier A. , Patanè A.
Published: April 2020

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) in the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral range require material systems with tailored optical absorption and emission at wavelengths λ > 2 μm. Here, we report on MIR LEDs based on In(AsN)/(InAl)As resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs). The N-atoms lead to the formation of localized deep levels in the In(AsN) quantum well (QW) layer of the RTD. This has two main effects on the electroluminescence (EL) emission. By electrical injection of carriers into the N-related levels, EL emission is achieved at wavelengths significantly larger than for the QW emission (λ ∼ 3 μm), extending the output of the diode to λ ∼ 5 μm. Furthermore, for applied voltages well below the flatband condition of the diode, EL emission is observed at energies much larger than those supplied by the applied voltage and/or thermal energy, with an energy gain ΔE > 0.2 eV at room temperature. We attribute this upconversion luminescence to an Auger-like recombination process.
High-speed III-V based avalanche photodiodes for optical communications—the forefront and expanding applications
Authors: Nada Masahiro , Nakajima Fumito , Yoshimatsu Toshihide , Nakanishi Yasuhiko , Tatsumi Shoko , Yamada Yuki , Sano Kimikazu , Matsuzaki Hideaki
Published: April 2020

Avalanche photodiodes (APDs), i.e., semiconductor devices, which convert and amplify optical signals into electrical signals, are used for optical communications and for imaging and medical applications. The major requirements for APDs in optical communications are high-speed operation for high data rates and high-sensitivity operation for extending the transmission reach. This paper overviews the achievements of high-speed APDs for 100-Gbit/s optical communications, focusing on III-V material systems, which are advantageous in terms of band engineering. The outlook for APDs in future optical communications is also described.
Non-segregated crystalline state of dilute glycerol aqueous solution
Authors: Suzuki Yoshiharu
Published: April 2020

When a dilute aqueous solution freezes at 1 atm, it is segregated into water-rich ice Ih and solute-rich freeze-concentrated glassy solution. A similar segregation is observed at the crystallization of homogeneous glassy aqueous solutions by heating. The influence of solutes on the nucleation of solvent water and the solute discharge process from the crystalline ice are not clear. In this study, I made a homogeneous dilute glassy glycerol aqueous solution (0.07 mol fraction) using pressure liquid cooling vitrification (PLCV), measured the specific volume and the sample temperature during the compression and decompression processes, and examined the polyamorphic and crystallization behaviors. It is found that the sample crystallized slightly above the crystallization temperature is amorphized homogeneously under pressure, and that the amorphized sample is equivalent to the homogeneous glassy sample made by PLCV. This indicates that glycerol solutes in the crystalline sample are dispersed homogeneously and the crystalline sample does not segregate. These experimental results suggest that nucleation does not involve segregation and that crystal growth induces segregation. The discovery of the non-segregated crystalline state has an implication in not only the understanding of crystallization of glassy ice in meteorology and planetary physics but also the application to cell thawing techniques in cryobiology and food engineering.
Multiparticle collision dynamics for fluid interfaces with near-contact interactions
Authors: Montessori Andrea , Lauricella Marco , Tiribocchi Adriano , Bonaccorso Fabio , Succi Sauro
Published: April 2020

We present an extension of the multiparticle collision dynamics method for flows with complex interfaces, including supramolecular near-contact interactions mimicking the effect of surfactants. The new method is demonstrated for the case of (i) short range repulsion of droplets in close contact, (ii) arrested phase separation, and (iii) different pattern formation during spinodal decomposition of binary mixtures.
An inertia-free beam scanning device for single-wavelength 2PE-STED nanoscopy
Authors: Bianchini Paolo , Saggau Peter , Diaspro Alberto
Published: April 2020

Two-photon excitation stimulated emission depletion nanoscopy (2PE-STED) is a fluorescence imaging technique ideal for significantly improving the spatial resolution when observing scattering tissue in fixed, in vitro, and in vivo specimens. Both 2PE and STED are beam scanning techniques. The image acquisition is commonly realized by raster scanning, and a pair of galvanometric mirrors are the most used approach. In 2PE fluorescence microscopy, acousto-optical deflectors (AODs) are also used because they allow random-access scanning. However, since the AOD working principle is diffraction of light, these devices are of limited use when it is necessary to deflect multiple beams of different wavelengths and polarization, e.g. in STED nanoscopy. Here, we present the first implementation of single wavelength 2PE-STED that enables a smart beam scanning system based on AODs technology.
Budget line items for immunization in 33 African countries
Authors: Griffiths Ulla K , Asman Jennifer , Adjagba Alex , Yo Marina , Oguta James O , Cho Chloe
Published: April 2020

When seeking to ensure financial sustainability of a health programme, existence of a line item in the Ministry of Health (MOH) budget is often seen as an essential, first step. We used immunization as a reference point for cross-country comparison of budgeting methods in Sub-Saharan African countries. Study objectives were to (1) verify the number and types of budget line items for immunization services, (2) compare budget execution with budgeted amounts and (3) compare values with annual immunization expenditures reported to WHO and UNICEF. MOH budgets for 2016 and/or 2017 were obtained from 33 countries. Despite repeated attempts, budgets could not be retrieved from five countries (Chad, Eritrea, Guinea Bissau, Somalia and South Sudan), and we were only able to gather budget execution from eight countries. The number of immunization line items ranged between 0 and 42, with a median of eight. Immunization donor funding was included in 10 budgets. Differences between budgeted amounts and expenditures reported to WHO and UNICEF were greater than 50% in 66% of countries. Immunization budgets per child in the birth cohort ranged from US$1.37 (Democratic Republic of Congo) to US$67.51 (Central African Republic), with an average of US$10.05. Out of the total Government health budget, immunization comprised between 0.04% (Madagascar) and 5.67% (Benin), with an average of 1.98% across the countries, when excluding on-budget donor funds. It was challenging to obtain MOH budgets in many countries and it was largely impossible to access budget execution reports, preventing us from assessing budget credibility. Large differences between budgets and expenditures reported to WHO and UNICEF are likely due to inconsistent interpretations of reporting requirements, diverse approaches to reporting donor funds, challenges in extracting the relevant information from public financial management systems and broader issues of public financial management capacity in MOH staff.
Local sympathetic neurons promote neutrophil egress from the bone marrow at the onset of acute inflammation
Authors: Ao Tomoka , Kikuta Junichi , Sudo Takao , Uchida Yutaka , Kobayashi Kenta , Ishii Masaru
Published: April 2020

The sympathetic nervous system plays critical roles in the differentiation, maturation and recruitment of immune cells under homeostatic conditions, and in responses to environmental stimuli, although its role in the migratory control of immune cells during acute inflammation remains unclear. In this study, using an advanced intravital bone imaging system established in our laboratory, we demonstrated that the sympathetic nervous system locally regulates neutrophil egress from the bone marrow for mobilization to inflammatory foci. We found that sympathetic neurons were located close to blood vessels in the bone marrow cavity; moreover, upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, local sympathectomy delayed neutrophil egress from the bone marrow and increased the proportion of neutrophils that remained in place. We also showed that vascular endothelial cells produced C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), which is responsible for neutrophil egress out of the bone marrow. Its expression was up-regulated during acute inflammation, and was suppressed by β-adrenergic receptor blockade, which was accompanied with inhibition of neutrophil egress into the systemic circulation. Furthermore, systemic β-adrenergic signaling blockade decreased the recruitment of neutrophils in the lung under conditions of acute systemic inflammation. Taken together, the results of this study first suggested a new regulatory system, wherein local sympathetic nervous activation promoted neutrophil egress by enhancing Cxcl1 expression in bone marrow endothelial cells in a β-adrenergic signaling-dependent manner, contributing to the recruitment of neutrophils at the onset of inflammation in vivo.
Caregivers’ Barriers to Facilitating Medication Adherence in Adolescents/Young Adults With Solid Organ Transplants: Measure Development and Validation
Authors: Cushman Grace K , Rich Kristin Loiselle , Rea Kelly E , Quast Lauren F , Stolz Mary Gray , Gutierrez-Colina Ana M , Eaton Cyd K , Lee Jennifer L , Mee Laura L , George Roshan , Blount Ronald L
Published: April 2020

Objective

To evaluate the factor structure, validity, and reliability of the Caregiver Medication Barriers to Adherence Scale (CMBAS), which assesses caregivers’ barriers to facilitating medication adherence in adolescent and young adults (AYAs) with solid organ transplants.

Methods

The sample included 93 caregivers of AYAs ages 12–22 years who received a liver, kidney, or heart transplant. Caregivers completed the CMBAS and surveys to assess its validity, including internalizing symptoms, personality traits (i.e., neuroticism, conscientiousness), and AYAs’ nonadherence to immunosuppressant medications. AYA nonadherence to tacrolimus was objectively assessed via the Medication Level Variability Index (MLVI).

Results

Confirmatory factor analyses of the CMBAS revealed a two-factor model: Caregiver Emotional Distress and Caregiver Cognitive Burden/Responsibility. Higher CMBAS scores were related to higher levels of caregiver internalizing symptoms (rs = .28 to .30), neuroticism (r = .27), and caregiver proxy-reported immunosuppressant nonadherence (r = .27), as well as lower levels of caregiver conscientiousness (rs = −.25 to −.26). The CMBAS was not associated with the MLVI (rs = −.13 to −.16).

Conclusions

The CMBAS demonstrated reliability and validity for caregivers of AYAs with solid organ transplants. Findings support the use of the CMBAS as a brief clinical screening tool to identify caregivers’ barriers to facilitating AYA medication adherence.
Delivery of oligonucleotides to bone marrow to modulate ferrochelatase splicing in a mouse model of erythropoietic protoporphyria
Authors: Halloy François , Iyer Pavithra S , Ćwiek Paulina , Ghidini Alice , Barman-Aksözen Jasmin , Wildner-Verhey van Wijk Nicole , Theocharides Alexandre P A , Minder Elisabeth I , Schneider-Yin Xiaoye , Schümperli Daniel , Hall Jonathan
Published: April 2020

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a rare genetic disease in which patients experience acute phototoxic reactions after sunlight exposure. It is caused by a deficiency in ferrochelatase (FECH) in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Most patients exhibit a loss-of-function mutation in trans to an allele bearing a SNP that favors aberrant splicing of transcripts. One viable strategy for EPP is to deploy splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) to increase FECH synthesis, whereby an increase of a few percent would provide therapeutic benefit. However, successful application of SSOs in bone marrow cells is not described. Here, we show that SSOs comprising methoxyethyl-chemistry increase FECH levels in cells. We conjugated one SSO to three prototypical targeting groups and administered them to a mouse model of EPP in order to study their biodistribution, their metabolic stability and their FECH splice-switching ability. The SSOs exhibited distinct distribution profiles, with increased accumulation in liver, kidney, bone marrow and lung. However, they also underwent substantial metabolism, mainly at their linker groups. An SSO bearing a cholesteryl group increased levels of correctly spliced FECH transcript by 80% in the bone marrow. The results provide a promising approach to treat EPP and other disorders originating from splicing dysregulation in the bone marrow.