bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of reproduction and production parameters of mother populations and genealogical boar populations by means of M BLUP-AM method in Slovakia
Authors: Bobcek B. , Řehácek P. , Matousek V.
Published: September 2009

This paper evaluates all population averages of mother population concerning both reproduction and production parameters in Slovakia during the years 1996 - 2001. The prediction of breeding value of the best boar populations WI, WM and L during the period 2000 - 2002 was carried out by means of M BLUP-AM method. Based on the achieved total population averages, the best breeds in regard to reproduction efficiency were WI and WM in year 2001 total live born piglets WI 11,28, WM 11,34 and L 10,59; new live born WI 10,75, WM 10,78, L 10,18 reared piglets WI 9,96, WM 9,88 and L 9,68. On the basis of total breeding value (TBV), the best genealogical populations of mother breeds were evaluated and included in the "top ladder". In Slovakia the best genealogical boar populations of WI breed were as follows: Pintos with 806 total breeding value (TBV), SUNAR with 784,1 (TBV) Faber with 771.8 (TBV) total breeding value. The best results in genealogical boar populations (WM breed) were achieved in Don with 701.7 total breeding value (TBV), Rank with 636.7 (TBV) total breeding value and Norik with 614.5 (TBV) total breeding value. In Landrace the best populations were as follows Floppy with 730.6 (TBV) total breeding value (TBV), Damborek with 634.3 (TBV) and Don with 723.4 (TBV). M BLUP-AM method enables more precise evaluation of genetic value of individual animals and breeds and subsequently it provides more objective controlled selection and further breeding pig breeds.
Criteria of consumers when purchasing beef in retail stores: Position of beef compared to other meat types, reasons and frequency of its use in everyday nutrition and preparation methods
Authors: Ostojic Dusica , Bogdanovic V. , Petrovic M.M. , Aleksic S. , Miscevic B. , Pantelic V.
Published: September 2009

Information was collected by conducting poll of the town residents (N=478) in which their attitude towards the traits of beef quality, as well as their habits and inclinations in regard to the choice of category, retail cuts and giblets were analyzed. Also, the position of beef compared to other meat types was studied, reasons and frequency of meat consumption in every day nutrition and preparation methods. Data were further analyzed according to sex, age and occupation of participants in the poll in order to come to conclusion about their effect on the meat selection criteria. Female consumers consume beef (17,7%) more than mutton (6,7%), and less than pork (39,0 %) and poultry meat (36,5%). Compared to them, male consumers consume more pork (41,8%), beef (26,0 %) and mutton (9,2 %) and less poultry meat (23,0 %). When choosing the category of beef, 67,7% of consumers selected young beef, 28,6% veal and only 3,7% beef. Approx. 50% of consumers declared that the first thing when selecting meat category is their inclination, followed by quality, price or recommendation by doctor. However, consumers with higher education, as well as female and younger consumers prefer meat with lower fat content. Visual impression when choosing young beef in retail stores is most important for average consumer. Approx. 43% of participants in the poll stated color of meat as decisive factor, red-pink color is desired. Second factor when choosing beef is presence of fatty tissue more appreciated by male and older consumers which find it more tasteful. Young beef is most often consumed once a week (60%), mainly cooked, in soups or stews, with special inclination of male consumers towards smoked beef. Consumers mainly buy breasts and ribs (40%), and rarely beef steaks (2,5%), in other words dishes containing beef with bones are most often prepared, as well as dishes containing mixed ground meat. The use of giblets is rare, especially among female population, liver, hearts and beef stomach (so called "skembic") and tongue are mainly used.
Conformation measures on carcass of chickens
Authors: Pavlovski Zlatica , Lukic M. , Cmiljanic R. , Skrbic Zdenka
Published: September 2009

An example of measuring of conformation of chicken carcasses using the method applied in the Institute for Animal husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun is presented in this paper, as well as results of our previous research and more recent comparative investigations of different chicken genotypes used for fattening. In order to determine genetic improvement of hybrid which is used in certain research period in broiler production, we will present results of comparative research of different lines tested in years1983, 1993 and 2004. Investigation of the chicken conformation (with few typical chickens of each sex and hybrids) in broiler tests carried out in the Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun in 1981,1993 and 2004, showed that there were no significant differences in conformation between hybrids used in investigation periods in broiler production in our country. If we compare results of investigation obtained during 20 year period (from 1983 to 2004.), we can conclude that genetic-selection research have given considerable contribution to increase of the body mass of chickens, especially of breasts, and of breast angle.
The effect of high levels of organic selenium on body weight, concentration of selenium in blood plasma and mortality of chickens
Authors: Joksimovic-Todorovic Mirjana , Zivkovic B. , Davidovic Vesna
Published: September 2009

It is examined the effects of high levels organic selenium (selenium yeast) on body weight, concentration Se in blood plasma and mortality of chickens. The experiment is carried with 100 Hybro chickens, which are divided in 5 groups. The experiment lasted 42 days. Chickens are fed with standardized diets in which are added 0, 2, 5, 10 or 15 mgSe/kg diet. Chickens fed with 2 mgSe/kg diet (group II) by seventh day to the end of fourth week are registered the important higher body weight in relate to I group (P<0,05*; P<0,01**). At the end fifth week chickens of II group had a little higher body weight than the chickens of first group, but at the end of sixth week their body weight were the same. The chickens of III group had (5 mgSe/kg feed) had until fifth week of experiment higher body mass in relate to chickens first group, but this differences were not statistical significant (P>0,05*). At the end of the experiment (sixth week) the their body weight was little lower then body mass chickens of first group. Chickens of IV and V group (10 and 15 mgSe/kg feed) had little higher increasing than chickens first group until fifth week of the experiment, but at the and of the experiment chickens IV group had lesser body weight, and chickens of V group bigger body mass then chickens of I group. The concentration of selenium in blood plasma of chickens fed with high levels of organic selenium (groups II, III, IV and V) was importantly higher (P<0,05*; P<0,01**) with all experimental periods in relate with I group. The concentration of selenium in blood plasma was increased with increasing of level of selenium in diet and time exposure. The highest level of selenium in blood plasma are established at the and of experiment (sixth week), with all experimental group. There were not effects on mortality of chickens fed of the high level organic selenium.
Harmful plant species in meadow-pastures associations on Stara Planina mountain
Authors: Nesic Zorica , Tomic Zorica , Zujovic M. , Ruzic-Muslic Dragana
Published: September 2009

Meadows and pastures are important resource of livestock feeds in mountain regions and all plant species on them don?t have same value as livestock feeds. From aspect of food value for livestock all species fundamentally can distribute as useful and harmful plants. In paper are represent two plant associations of Stara Planina Mountain Festucetum vallesiacae and Agrostietum vulgarae. In this associations, besides useful plants, are defined, harmful plant species, there present in associations and all of it in aim of ascertainment measures for their removal or reduction from sward. Group of harmful plants is segmented on three subcategory: bed and worthless plants, harmful and poorly poisons and very poisons plants. Association Festucetum vallesiacae count 75 plant species and of that, category bed and worthless plants belong 26 plants or 34.7 g kg-1, category harmful and poorly poisons belong 8 or 10.6 g kg-1, while category very poisons plants default. Association Agrostietum vulgare count 47 plant species and of that category bed and worthless plants belong 17 or 36.17 g kg-1, category harmful and poorly poisons just one plant or 2.13 g kg-1 and category very poisons plants default too.
Contribution to study of evaluation of the quality of pig carcasses according to method recommended by EU with focus on withers fat thickness
Authors: Kosovac Olga , Zivkovic B. , Petrovic Milica , Radovic C.
Published: September 2009

The quality traits of Swedish landrace pig carcasses were investigated. According to short procedure of the method pf partial dissection described in detail by Walstra and Merkus (1996) the highest relative yield of muscle tissue in leg/ham, shoulder, back-loin section and belly-rib fat in carcasses of pigs with thinner withers fat - I group ( 65,76; 66,32; 50,70 and 53,95%). The highest relative share of intermuscular fat in shoulder, back-loin section and belly-rib fat was established in pigs with thicker withers fat - II group (3,16; 5,63 and 7,96%). Differences were significant at the level of 5%. Higher yield of muscle tissue in carcasses was determined in fatteners with thinner withers fat - I group (57,83%) and differences between I and II research groups weren?t significant (p>0,05).
Chemical-microbiological quality parameters of raw cow milk
Authors: Petrovic Milutin , Petrovic M.M. , Nenadovic G. , Kurcubic V. , Marinkov G.
Published: September 2009

This paper is based on investigation of chemical and hygiene parameters of the quality of cow raw milk. Samples were collected on 10 collection spots of the dairy firm "Imlek", in 4 identical time intervals in the period of one month (20.06.2005.-20.07.2005.) in municipality of Gornji Milanovac, and research was carried out in the laboratory of "Imlek" in Cacak. Differences in chemical composition and hygienic quality of milk were analyzed, and slight variability was established between collection spots. Average content of milk fat was 3,89%, protein 3,20%, and dry matter without fat 8,56%. It was established that in regard to protein content there is significant and very significant statistical difference between collection spots. This is consequence of different nutrition, focus is on introduction of protein enriched feeds into nutrition of cows. High variability of number of micro organisms is consequence of inadequate, non-standardized obtaining (milking) and storing of raw milk. Average number of micro-organisms was 844.875/ml, and it varied from 112.000?5.000.000/ml. Average somatic cell count was 357.850/ml. Variance analysis determined that collection spots had statistically highly significant effect (P<0.01) only on protein content, whereas their influence on content of fat, dry matter without fat, number of microorganisms and somatic cell count wasn't significant (P>0.05). Individual testing (LSD test) established that milk collected from 7th collection spot had significantly higher protein content compared to other collection spots, which indicated that dairy heads of cattle consumed higher quantity of feeds rich on proteins and had better balanced diet in regard to ratio of energy and protein.
Molecular genetics approaches in farm animals in Romania
Authors: Georgescu S.E. , Vatăşescu-Balcan R.A. , Rebedea M. , Dinischiotu A. , Costache M.
Published: September 2009

During the last three decades, major advances have been made in mammalian genetics. New methods have been developed and applied to investigating the genetics of horses and cattle and to improve theirs performance. For this article we decided to present only the genetic characterization in horses using microsatellites. Allele frequencies, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) were calculated using the software program Cervus 2.0. Alleles? size range at individual loci varied between 84 and 253 bp. High level of polymorphism was observed for population of horses studied. Microsatellite markers are more likely than other methods to detect small differences between populations due to their high levels of allelic variation, being able to discriminate in both overall heterozygosity and mean number of alleles.
Effect of packaging materials and treatments on the shelf life of chicken breast treated with antimicrobial agents and stored under refrigerated condition
Authors: Kenawi M.A. , Abdel-Aal H.A. , Abbas H.M.
Published: September 2009

Sliced chicken breast were treated by dippin in 8% Sodium lactate (SL) for 2 minutes or in 5 % Potassium sorbate (PS) for 5 minutes. The treated and untreated slices were packaged in two different packaging materials, Low density polyethylene bags (LDPE) at atmospheric pressure, and Laminated pouches (B-650) undervacuum, then stored refrigerated at 4?C for 24 days. Color evaluation, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), total bacterial count (TC), psychrophilic bacterial count, coliform group, and sensory evaluation were done in order to study the effect of treatments on the quality and the shelf life of the product. The data indicated that the treatment by (SL) or (PS) solutions was significantly increased the shelf life of the product compared with the untreated samples. It is also showed that the influence of (PS) treatment was the most effective in prolonging the shelf life of the sliced chicken breast among all samples. The influence of vacuum storage in keeping quality was better than storage in (LDPE) at atmosheric pressure condition. Also, the shelf life of vacuum packaged treated samples was significantly increased compared with the samples packaged in (LDPE) without vacuum. In conclusion, samples treated by (PS) and packaged under vacuum had the longest shelf life and the best quality than the others.
The economics of reducing campylobacter in the Belgian poultry meat chain
Authors: Viaene J. , Gellynck X. , Messens W.
Published: September 2009

Campylobacter infections are a serious public health problem in Belgium. Poultry meat is most likely responsible for 40% of human campylobacteriosis cases in Belgium. On a yearly basis, consumption of poultry meat causes at least 22,000 campylobacteriosis cases with a costs-of-illness of ?11 million. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency, i.e. the ratio of reduced costs-of-illness on intervention costs, of various intervention measures. These measures were selected by representatives from the poultry meat sector and experts in the field. The selection comprised measures at farm level (administration of bacteriocins to feed of broilers shortly before slaughter), at the processing plant (spraying of carcasses with lactic acid or electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water, crust-freezing or irradiation of carcasses and chicken filets at the end of the slaughterline) and at consumer level (improving kitchen hygiene and application of home-freezing). Among these measures, the decontamination of carcasses with EO water is the most efficient. Administration of bacteriocins to feed of broilers is also efficient. Irradiation is the most effective intervention, however, one of the least efficient. There seems to be less gain by trying to improve food handling in the kitchen. The cost to reach consumers is large while only a very limited fraction of the consumers is willing to change their behavior.
The role of the antioxidant: Selenopyran in the stability of the antioxidant system to toxic effect of cadmium chloride
Authors: Kravchenko U. , Borjaev G. , Nevitov M. , Ostapchuk A. , Kistanova E.
Published: September 2009

The purpose of the present work was, under conditions of the model experiment on rats, to tap the information about the features of shortterm acclimatization of the antioxidant system in various organs to toxicity of cadmium at stages of an ontogenesis and about the preventive role of the antioxidant selenopyran in this process. The obtained results showed the ontogenetic differences in the adaptive reactivity of the enzymatic antioxidant defense system in the most important organs and tissues of rats under conditions of oxidative stress induced by cadmium. The ontogenetic differences of Se redistribution in a body under influence of cadmium administration were found. The discovered decrease of Se concentration in the liver of young animals and the increase of its concentration in the liver of old animals correlated positively with the changes of GPx activity. Preventive administration of selenopyran (9- phenyl-simmetrical octa-hydroselenoxanthene) to old animals reduced the oxidative stress intensity. Animals of all age groups showed higher selenium concentration in the tissues and the increase in the selenium-dependent GPx activity.
Variability of linearly evaluated traits of type of simmental bull dams
Authors: Pantelic V. , Skalicki Z. , Petrovic M.M. , Aleksic S. , Miscevic B. , Ostojic-Andric D.
Published: September 2009

One of the important factors of successful milk production is group of secondary traits: health, longevity, type and milking traits. These traits have become increasingly significant. In order for productive life of cows used in production of milk to be as long and as successful as possible, special attention must be directed to traits of body type and constitution. In selection of cows into the category of bull dams all heads are measured - exterior traits, and evaluated linearly for traits of type or body frame, body muscular characteristics/muscularity, form (appearance) and udder according to Regulation on method of evaluation of traits of breeding livestock (Official journal of RS, No. 21,1996). The effects of rearing region and year of measuring, i.e. evaluating were analyzed in detail using the Least Squares Method (Harvey 1987). Average values of linear evaluations of investigated heads obtained by method of Least Squares were: body frame 7,85; muscularity 7,74; form 7,66; udder 7,62. The effect of region on linear evaluation was highly significant (P<0,01). Evaluation year also influenced highly significantly (P<0,01) obtained evaluation result for form, significantly (P<0,05) obtained evaluation result for body frame and muscularity, but no effect was established on evaluation result for udder.
Study of the morphology of ovary and cytology of oocyte as basis for establishing methods IVM, IVF and embryo transfer
Authors: Smiljakovic T. , Poleksic V. , Petrovic M.M. , Pejcic S. , Trenkovski S. , Stojanovic Lj. , Alm H.
Published: September 2009

In three types of domestic animals: cattle, pigs and sheep, morphology of ovary was studied. Results such as differences in shape, size within and between species, number of follicles in maturation, changes in sex cycle, connection of follicles in maturation are presented in figures. By method of aspiration, oocytes were isolated from ovaries and their cytology analyzed as the first step in methods of in vitro maturation (IVM), followed by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer. These methods are wide spread in modern livestock production (cattle, horses) since they have many advantages of which the most important is to obtain more offspring from high quality female heads. Method has disadvantage: potential diminishing of biodiversity, therefore special attention is necessary in order not to endanger biodiversity and still get more offspring with high production abilities and traits. IVM, IVF and embryo transfer represent new approach to selection, fast and with similar effect like in conventional artificial insemination, therefore they should be applied in practice also in our country.
Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of longevity in Lori-Bakhtiari sheep
Authors: Vatankhah M. , Zamani F.
Published: September 2009

Longevity records of 978 Lori-Bakhtiari ewes were collected from a research flock at the Lori-Bakhtiari sheep breeding station during 1989 to 2006. Single-trait animal model used to analyze trait, included fixed effects of year of production, ewe body weight as covariable and random effects additive genetic of animal and residual effects. Phenotypic and genetic trends were estimated as regression of average phenotypic value and breeding value by birth year of ewe. Results show that, 49.80%, 22.49% and 27.71% of breeding ewes left the flock for illness, low production and oldness respectively. The overall mean (? s.e.) of ewe's longevity was 1779.91 (22.10) days. The effect of year of production and ewe's body weight on longevity were significant (p<0.01), and longevity increased by 41.84 ? 2.80 days with 1 kg of ewe body weight. Estimation of heritability for longevity was 0.33 ? 0.07. The phenotypic and genetic trends of longevity were significant (P<0.01) and estimated as -84.65 and -19.02 days, respectively. Thus, illness is very important reasons to removed ewes from flock. Longevity could be improved by selection, but early life traits is needed to indirect selection for longevity.
Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of growth and carcass traits of Lori-Bakhtiari sheep
Authors: Talebi M.A. , Miraei-Ashtiani S.R. , Nejati-Javaremi A. , Moradi-Shahrbabak M.
Published: September 2009

In this study, direct and maternal heritabilities were estimated for growth traits and carcass characteristics in Lori-Bakhtiari sheep. Data for birth weight (BW; n=5826), weaning weight (WW; n=5408), body weight at six months of age (6MW; n=4237), body weight at slaughter (SW; n=396), cold carcass weight (CCW; n=291), lean weight (LW; n=204), bone weight (WB; n=291), fat weight (WF; n=204) and fat-tail weight (FTW; n=396) were used to estimate the heritabilities. The data for first three traits had been collected during seventeen years, 1990 to 2006, while for other traits had been collected during six years, 2000 to 2006. Genetic parameters including both direct and maternal genetic effects were estimated using multivariate animal models, and a Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DFREML) approach. The direct heritability for BW, WW, 6MW, SW, CCW, LW, WB, WF and FTW were 0.30 ? 0.03, 0.13 ? 0.03, 0.20 ? 0.03, 0.24 ? 0.06, 0.16 ? 0.06, 0.16 ? 0.06, 0.20 ? 0.11, 0.23 ? 0.11, and 0.27 ? 0.11, respectively. Maternal heritability estimates were 0.22, 0.17, 0.06, 0.10, 0.09, 0.15, 0.26, 0.06 and 0.07 for BW, WW, 6MW, SW, CCW, LW, WB, WF and FTW, respectively. Consequently, genetic progress is possible for growth traits and carcass composition by selection.
Genetic resources in pig breeding: Carcass quality traits of breeds Moravka and Mangalitsa
Authors: Petrovic M. , Mijatovic M. , Radovic C. , Radojkovic D. , Josipovic S.
Published: September 2009

Objective of this paper was to evaluate phenotypic variability of carcass quality traits of pigs of Moravka and Mangalitsa breeds. Quantity and content of meat was determined based on Regulation (1985) and dissection of right carcass sides. Obtained data was processed using Least Squares Method (Harvey, 1990). Results of the investigation show that Moravka had in average higher quantity and content of meat in carcass sides than Mangalitsa. Shares of muscle, fat tissue, skin and bone tissue in pig carcass sides of Moravka breed, determined by dissection were: 32.91; 34.94 and 7.70%.
Fixed part of the model for breeding value estimation in pigs based on litter size
Authors: Radojkovic D. , Petrovic M. , Mijatovic M. , Radovic C.
Published: September 2009

The goal of this paper was to investigate the effect of various fixed effects on the number of born alive piglets in litter (NBA), based on results of Swedish Landrace sow fertility on three farms in Serbia, in order to determine the best adapted model for assessing genetic parameters and breeding value. Analysis of phenotipic variability of the NBA of Swedish Landrace sows was carried out based on fertility results on three swine farms (A, B and C) in the Republic of Serbia. Data sets encompassed reproduction indicators for 2803 (A), 1826 (B) and 2235 (C) sows, i.e. their 11014, 6757 and 8452 litters, respectively. For this analysis was used fix model of least square method which includes fixed effects of farrowing number, season of conception shown as combination of year and month, litter genotype, duration of previous period from weaning to conception, effect of sow age at farrowing like quadratic regression nested within farrowing number and linear regression influence of duration of previous lactation. The average NBA was within the interval from 9.13 (A) to 9.76 piglets (B and C). The monitored trait statistically highly significantly (p<0.001) varied under the effect of all systematic factors encompassed by the applied model, regardless of the source of analyzed data, Only the linear regression effect of duration of previous lactation for farm B was assessed as having lower statistical significance (p<0.05).
The effect of serum concentration of leptin in sows on their reproduction and performance of reared piglets
Authors: Barowicz T. , Pietras M. , Migdał W.
Published: September 2009

The research was carried out on 17 Polish Landrace sows and their piglets. The aim of this study was to determine a relationship between sows? serum concentration of leptin and reproduction parameters, and performance of reared piglets. Animals were kept under standard conditions and fed standard diets. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein at 110 days of pregnancy and at 21 days of lactation. Leptin was determined by radioimmunoassay using the RIA method. Blood serum leptin determined at 110 days of pregnancy was positively correlated with litter weight at birth and piglet body weight at birth, the latter being statistically significant (P<0.05). Other Pearson correlations were not statistically significant (P>0.05).
The quality of model sausages with addition of different dried powders of fruit and vegetables during cold storage
Authors: Walczycka M. , Migdał W.
Published: September 2009

There is an attempt of using of dried powders of black currant and black chokeberry fruits and dried carrot powder to better the properties of model comminuted sausages. Model stuffings were composed from pork meat and lard (80% vs.20%), water (30%), curing salt (2%). Black currant, black chokeberry and carrot were added at two different levels (3% and 7%). The quality assessment of pasteurized sausages included: chemical analyses (fat, protein, ash and water/total solids content), fat degradation level was measured by free acids and peroxides level and microbiological load; also the sensory score and texture profile of sausages was performed. The sausages were stored in the refrigerator for 14 days and the assessment of fat degradation level - free acids and peroxides level, sensory evaluation (except last day of storage), texture profile and microbiological load were checked. The sausages with black chokeberry additive were accepted by sensory panel so there exists possibility of additive use to commercial stuffings. The blackcurrant additive can be used in sausages formulation, but in less amounts than 3% addition dose. Carrot dried powder additive influenced flavor of model sausages and caused better sensory assessment in comparison to control sausages. There should be applied another way of fruit powder preparation (drying) and storage conditions adjusted for preventing it from moulds contamination.
Thyroid hormone level and relative liver weight in male turkeys in relationship with their welfare
Authors: Bozakova N. , Popova-Ralcheva S.
Published: September 2009

The objective assessment of poultry welfare is presently a global problem, which is directly related to poultry products. The investigations on the possibilities for evaluation of the physiological comfort of turkeys by the use of alternative indicators are scarce. The aim of the present study was to determine the reliability of liver weight and thyroid hormone level in male turkeys from Local Bulgarian hybrid as indicators of their welfare. Plasma thyroxine levels were determined by radioimmunoassay method (RIA). The relative liver weights and plasma thyroxine levels of the I-st group turkeys (Local hybrid, reared on the litter) were significantly higher than in the II-nd one (Local hybrid, reared on the slat floor). A correlation between plasma thyroxine levels and plasma corticosterone levels in male turkeys, raised on the litter was established. A close relationship was found between liver weight, plasma thyroxine levels and the status of poultry welfare.
The age and housing system effects on the growth of broilers
Authors: Bogosavljevic-Boskovic S. , Mitrovic S. , Radovic V. , Doskovic V.
Published: September 2009

Bearing in mind certain established European Union regulations on the conventional extensive broiler rearing system as well as poultry breeding specificities of our country, experimental investigations were organized with the aim of making a comparison between broiler growth in two different non-industrial rearing systems. The systems included extensive fattening in a poultry house and free-range rearing. The fattening period in both rearing systems lasted up to the 63rd day of broiler age. During the fattening period chicken growth was controlled by individual chicken weighing on a weekly basis. Based on the research results it was determined that the growth of broilers in both rearing systems was similar up to the 49th day of age. The differences established were small and statistically insignificant (P>0.05). The controls at 56 and 63 days of age showed somewhat higher differences in mean body weights of chicks. The difference determined on the 63rd day was statistically significant (P<0.05). From the results mentioned it could be concluded that the differences in broiler growth between the rearing systems examined increased with the prolongation of the fattening period.
The effect of different energy and proteins levels in diet on production parameters of broiler chicken from two genotypes
Authors: Nikolova N. , Pavlovski Z. , Milosevic N. , Peric L.
Published: September 2009

The aim of this work is to examine the influence of various systems of diet on production parameters of broilers from two different genotypes. The examination was done in a production farm for intensive fattening of broilers in R. Macedonia. Broilers from genotype Hubbard Classic and Cobb 500, 2400 one-day chickens all together sorted out in 16 separated and marked boxes have been used as a material. In each box were put 150 chickens, which contained four different treatments (two different hybrids x two diets) and four repetitions in one turns. Starter mixture was used during I-II weeks, grower for III weeks, then finisher 1 from IV-VI week, and finisher 2 for VII weeks of broilers fattening. Chemical structure of the first mixture (diet 1) had higher level of energy and proportion E:P, while the second mixture had higher level of proteins and lower values of proportion E:P. During the fattening the production parameters of the examining chickens: body mass, daily gain, feed consumption, and conversions were regularly observed. All data have been processed by computer subprogram Basic Statistic and Anova. Chickens, which were fed with the first mixture 1, had higher body mass between the period of II-VII week than the chickens fed with the second mixture and these differences were statistically significant. Total feed consumption and mostly per week was insignificantly bigger at the chickens from the genotype Hubbard in the proportion with the feed consumption of the chickens Cobb. The effect of the various substances (energetic-protein) was insignificant at the feed consumption, but significant (p<0,05) at the feed conversion.
Effects of different strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) biomass yield
Authors: Delic D. , Stajkovic O. , Milicic B. , Kuzmanovic Dj. , Rasuluc N. , Radovic J. , Tomic Z.
Published: September 2009

The effects of highly effective strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti on biomass and crude protein yields of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were investigated in a three-year field experiment focusing on the advantage of alfalfa inoculation with N microbiological fertilizer over N mineral fertilization on chernozem soil. Strains 236 and 234 were found in this experiment to have significant effect on the yields of dry matter and proteins, by comparison to untreated control plants. In the third year of utilization, dry matter yield of alfalfa plants inoculated with strains 236 and 234 increased around 31% in the first cutting and 53% and 65% in the second one, compared to control plants. Strain 236 was found to increase the yield of crude proteins by 29.7% (second cutting) and 39.6% (third cutting) in the second year, and 27.5% (first cutting) and 50.3% (second cutting) in the third year of utilization, while strain 234 increased significantly the content of proteins in the third cutting of the second year (27%) and in the third year of utilization (51% in the first and 53% in the second cutting). The results indicate that effective strains of S. meliloti may be applied as N microbiological fertilizers on soils with optimal physical and chemical characteristics and autochthonous populations that may not have satisfactory effectiveness in nitrogen fixation.
Morphological and production characteristics of carniolan honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica Poll.) from different parts of Serbia
Authors: Jevtic G. , Mladenovic M. , Lugic Z. , Sokolovic D.
Published: September 2009

Morphological and production characteristics of honey bee colonies from six regions in Serbia were examined in a two-year study. The colonies were sampled in the valleys of the Rasina and Morava rivers, on Pester and Kopaonik mountains, in Knjazevac environ and Banat region. Fifty bees with characteristic morphology were sampled from each colony. Colony behavior was evaluated during spring and autumn inspection in 2002 and 2003. Colonies of the Rasina ecotype were found to have the highest average values of three of the six investigated morphological parameters: basitarsus length and width, and tarsal index. The Morava ecotype had the longest proboscis (tongue), Banat ecotype the longest wings, while Timok colonies had the greatest wing width. Swarming instinct was greatly influenced by climatic factors. Colony disposition was found to depend crucially on the geographic factor. Colonies of the Kopaonik ecotype, and especially those from Mt. Pester, were problematic for handling. Robbing depended significantly on colony strength and disposition, especially in weaker and calmer ones.
Histological changes in deltamethrin-induced intoxication in Carassius auratus gibelio (Pisces-cyprinidae)
Authors: Staicu A.C. , Munteanu M.C. , Costin D. , Costache M. , Dinischiotu A.
Published: September 2009

Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide harmful for poikilolthermal vertebrates as fish are. During deltamethrin metabolism, overproduction of free radicals occurs and cellular oxidative stress appeared. In order to evaluate the deltamethrin toxicity in fish, we analyzed, by light microscopy, liver, kidney and gonads fragments prelevated from individuals of Carassius auratus gibelio exposed for 1, 2, 3, 7 and respectively 14 days to deltamethrin 2?g/L. Deltamethrin induced hepatic, gonadal and renal toxicity. The structure of liver and kidney was damaged. The decrease of spermatozoa number is a severe effect affecting the reproductive potential of the animals.
Genetic resources in pig breeding: Moravka
Authors: Petrovic Milica , Mijatovic M. , Radojkovic D. , Radovic Cedomir , Marinkov G. , Stojanovic Lj.
Published: September 2009

Objective of the paper was to present characteristics of native/autochthonous pig breed Moravka, reared in the previous century, as well as results relating to activities such as collection, selection, identification and production performance of investigated heads in 2004. Moravka is one of three pig breeds in Serbia included in the programme of preservation of animal genetic resources.
Innovation of extensive system for milk production on Stara planina mountain
Authors: Petrovic Milan , Petrovic M.M. , Ruzic-Muslic Dragana , Zujovic M. , Pejcic S. , Delic N.
Published: September 2009

In the last decades, old production technology used on farms on mountain of Stara planina was the reason why milk production wasn't profitable activity and therefore livestock production had collapse. In this paper current situation is analyzed and new knowledge introduced in production of sheep and cow milk on farms located in that region. The analysis of breed structure shows that in population of Pirot Pramenka sheep and local Simmental population of cattle, effects in milk production are rather poor. Introduction of modern knowledge of milk production would considerably increase the milk yield of sheep and cows and motivate the rural population to revive dairy livestock production. Through application of new solutions regarding of breeding and farm organizations, milk yield in sheep was increased per head by 8-15%, and quantity of milk in cows was increased by 10-16%. Also the health condition of the udder was improved and somatic cell count was reduced within the limits regulated by law.
Influence of application of enzymes in poultry nutrition on production results and quality of product
Authors: Cmiljanic Ratimir , Pavlovski Zlatica , Trenkovski Snezana , Lukic Milos , Skrbic Z. , Marinkov G.
Published: September 2009

The review of the latest results in application of enzymes in nutrition of poultry is presented in this paper. Results obtained in application of enzymes in nutrition of chickens and layer hens are presented. Investigations have demonstrated that addition of enzymes to diets in nutrition of fattening chickens resulted in improvement of production results and quality of the product. By adding certain enzyme preparations to diets in nutrition of chickens higher gain of body mass was realized as well as better feed conversion. Results are even better if enzymes are added to diets which contain more non-starch polysaccharides. These are the diets which contain considerable percentage of cereals (barley, wheat, rye, oats) and plant protein feeds (sunflower meal, rape seed oil meal, soy bean meal). Added enzymes in such diets increase the digestibility of certain nutritive substances (proteins, amino acids, mineral substances and crude fibres). Enzyme phytase is of special importance, application of this enzyme improves the utilization of phytine phosphorus and in this way the secretion of phytine phosphorus in the environment is reduced and pollution prevented. Similar results in regard to application of enzymes in nutrition of layer hens were obtained. Investigations have demonstrated that by adding certain enzyme preparations to diets used in nutrition of layers higher laying capacity and better egg quality are realized. Enzyme phytase is of special importance also in nutrition of layer hens. By application of this enzyme in nutrition of layers primarily better egg quality is realized (thicker and stronger egg shell, lower percentage of broken/cracked eggs, less dirty eggs, etc.). Results of previous research have contributed to inclusion of enzymes in regular additives into diets for poultry nutrition.
Contribution to the knowledge of the effect of back fat thickness on quality of carcass of Swedish landrace pigs
Authors: Kosovac Olga , Zivkovic B. , Radovic Cedomir , Marinkov G. , Tomasevic D. , Delic N. , Pejcic S.
Published: September 2009

In this paper a comparative research relating to evaluation of the quality of pig carcasses originating from Swedish Landrace was carried out, total of 248 fatteners divided into two groups depending on the back fat thickness on withers and back. Quality was determined by partial dissection of left carcass sides according to procedure recommended by EU. The effect of back fat thickness on withers and back on quality of carcass sides, i.e. its effect on the share of muscle tissue, skin with subcutaneous fat tissue and intermuscular fat tissue in carcass side, was investigated. Obtained data show that exhibited difference in meat yield between groups wasn't statistically significant (P>0,05) in any of the cases. However, by testing the differences in relative yield of skin with subcutaneous fat tissue of leg, share of intermuscular fat tissue of shoulder, LSD and TRS, significance at the level of 5% was determined in fatteners with greater back fat thickness on withers. Observed differences relating to the effect of back fat thickness on share of skin with subcutaneous fat tissue in the carcass were significant and highly significant (*P<0,05 and **P<0,01). Positive correlation of medium strength was established (0,66859) between back fat thickness and content of skin with subcutaneous fat tissue. Between the content of intermuscular fat tissue and back fat thickness a strong positive correlation was established (0,76648).
The amount of some mineral substances in cows’ blood serum fed with corn silage
Authors: Stojkovic J. , Jasovic B. , Randjelovic D.
Published: September 2009

The amount of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in milking cows? blood was tested and it is one of indicators that cows were fed with these substances. The average amount of calcium in tested cows? blood is 11.58mg/100ml serum, the average amount of phosphorus is 5,14mg/100ml and the average amount of magnesium is 3,03/100mg .
New domestic cultivars of perennial grasses used as livestock production
Authors: Tomic Zorica , Sokolovic D. , Lugic Z. , Radovic J. , Nesic Zorica , Marinkov G.
Published: September 2009

Part of the results of testing of new cultivars of perennial grasses is presented in this paper. New cultivar of English ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was tested, and the cultivars of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) and French ryegrass (Arrhenatherum elkatius L) were reacknowledged. Cultivars are selections of the institute of forage crops, Krusevac, and compared to standard foreign and domestic cultivars. Trial was carried out on four locations: Novi Sad, Krusevac, Zajecar and Zemun, in period 2005-2006. The following traits were monitored: clustering, resistance to flattening, enduring winter, crop density, and in the cutting period also the height of plants was determined. In four cuts the production of green and dry matter was established, and using standard laboratory methods main quality parameters were determined, content of crude cellulose, protein, fat, ashes and NFE. Results were calculated using variance analysis and testing of significance was performed using LSD test. After this test, cultivars were reacknowledged and cultivars introduced to the list of cultivars: Italian ryegrass K 13, red fescue K-14 and French ryegrass K-12, and new cultivar of English ryegrass K-11 acknowledged as the first domestic breeding of this species. Obtained results recommend new cultivars to be introduced into production in grass-leguminous mixtures and grasslands, or pure crops, to be used for cutting, or grazing, as well as for grass seed production where we lack in regard to production.
The effect of N fertilization on share of alfalfa leaf and protein content in grass-leguminous mixtures
Authors: Nesic Zorica , Tomic Zorica , Vuckovic S. , Ruzic-Muslic Dragana
Published: September 2009

Different ratio of plant organs means that their role and contribution to forming of total yield and quality is different. Objective of this research was to monitor changes in the share of alfalfa leaf in mixtures depending on the type of mixture and N fertilization. Trial was set in the period 2003-2004 as twofactorial trial according to method of random block system in four repetitions. Research included three mixtures: alfalfa+cocksfoot (Medicago sativa + Dactylis glomerata); alfalfa+cocksfoot+tall fescue (Medicago sativa + Dactylis glomerata+Festuca arundinaceace); alfalfa+cocksfoot+tall fescue +sainfoin Medicago sativa + Dactylis glomerata+ Festuca arundinaceace+Onobrychis sativa) and pure alfalfa (Medicago sativa) crop as control variant, as well as four fertilization variants 0, 70, 140 and 210 kg N ha-1. Statistically highly significant differences in the effect of both investigated factors on the share of alfalfa leaf were established only in the first investigation year. The lowest share of leaf was determined in pure alfalfa crop 53.7%, whereas the mixture II had the highest share of leaf of 58.2%. The greatest share of leaf was established in treatments with 210 kg ha-1 - 58.0%, and the lowest share of alfalfa leaf in total yield was determined in treatments without N - 53.3%.
Spoilage microflora of vacuum packaged frankfurters and influence on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Radin D. , Niebuhr S.E. , Dickson J.S.
Published: September 2009

Spoilage microflora present on vacuum packaged frankfurters is in most cases, result of post processing contamination, at the same time this is the primary cause of contamination with Listeria monocytogenes. Since spoilage organisms are present in the same environment as a pathogen, the aim was to determine their microbial interference. Approximately 100 CFU/cm2 of a five-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes was co inoculated onto frankfurters with different concentrations (103 and 106 CFU/cm2) of spoilage microflora (bacteria from genera Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Micrococcus, and Hafnia). The frankfurters were vacuum packaged and stored at 10?C for up to 48 days. The spoilage microflora that developed during storage consisted predominantly of lactic acid bacteria. The growth of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and LAB was very similar, with populations reaching 8.0 log CFU/cm2 within 24 days and final population of >9 log CFU/cm2 within 48 days. The presence of spoilage microflora extended the lag phase of L. monocytogenes until 24 days and significantly decreased pathogen level to 4 and 3 log CFU/cm2, in samples inoculated with initial concentration 103 CFU/cm2 and 106 CFU/cm2 of spoilage microflora, respectively. L. monocytogenes populations were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the reference sample (no spoilage microflora) and reached a maximum population of 5.9 log CFU/cm2 after 34 days. These results imply that competing microorganisms present on the processed meat may inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes in the package.
Sensory and physico-chemical properties of commercially available kefir
Authors: Sady M. , Domagała J. , Grega T. , Najgebauer-Lejko D.
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the quality of commercial kefir, obtained from the local market. Kefirs produced by eight manufacturers were analyzed. Four of them were classified as factory with large scale of production and signed: D1, D2, D3, and D4. Three kefirs marked: M1, M2, M3 originated from the local dairy cooperatives. One evaluated product signed T1 was sold as cheap brand in hypermarket. Kefirs were evaluated for the sensory properties, chemical composition (fat, protein, total solids, solid non fat - snf), flow curve and area of hysteresis loop between upward and downward curve of stirred kefir. Flow curves were described by two rheological models: Ostwad de Waele, and Casson, the apparent viscosity was calculated as well. Most of the analyzed kefirs were characterized by satisfactory sensory quality, but only the product D2 got the maximal note close to maximal 5.0. Unexpectively kefir D1 obtained from well known brand manufacturer was determined as the lowest sensory quality product. Fat content in evaluated kefirs showed that in three dairies the standardization of fat was done imprecisely. The highest discrepancy between the fat level declared by producer and determined was stated in kefir T1. As a result of protein and snf levels analysis, it was concluded that manufacturers D2, D3 and M2 have done standardization of those components, fortifying milk to 3.93-4.72% of protein and 9.72-11.7% snf. Kefirs D1 and D3 were characterized by the highest value of shear stress in the whole range of shear rate as well as other rheological parameters: consistency coefficient K, yield stress, Cassons viscosity, and apparent viscosity.