bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidative stability of hydrogenated menhaden oil shortening blends in cookies, crackers, and snacks
Authors: Chapman Kathryn W. , Sagi Ifat , Regenstein Joe M. , Bimbo Tony , Crowther Jane B. , Stauffer Clyde E.
Published: November 2006

The oxidative stability of partially hydrogenated menhaden fish oil (PHMO) shortening/canola oil blends with added antioxidant tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and various blended partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO) shortenings without antioxidant in aged cookies and crackers was analyzed by anisidine value (AV), peroxide value (PV), and Totox value. The results showed no significant differences (P<0.05) for PV, AV, or Totox value between the PHMO shortening containing TBHQ and the PHVO shortening in cookies, crackers, and deep‐fried extruded snacks, except for the AV and Totox value of crackers.
Improved oxidative stability of sunflower oil in the presence of an oxygen‐scavenging film
Authors: Maloba Francis W. , Rooney Michael L. , Wormell Paul , Nguyen Minh
Published: November 2006

The oxidative stability of sunflower oil (SFO) was measured during storage at 23 and 37°C in the presence of a novel oxygen‐scavenging film that contained polyfuryloxirane (PFO). Commercially refined and deodorized SFO was stored in a lighted room in sealed transparent packages containing either PFO film or an antioxidant, 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Oxidative stability was evaluated by determination of peroxide values and gas‐chromatographic measurement of headspace hexanal. SFO stored in the presence of the oxygen‐scavenging film was more stable than oil stored without the film, or than film stored with 0.02% BHT. The PFO film scavenges oxygen through energy‐transfer sensitization of singlet oxygen. The film is doped with eosin and the naturally‐occurring dye, curcumin, which absorb over a wide range of visible wavelengths. Curcumin transfers its absorbed energy to eosin, which sensitizes the production of singlet oxygen. The singlet oxygen is scavenged by PFO. The use of two dyes increases the efficiency of the sensitization process, reducing the illumination time and intensity required for effective oxygen scavenging.
High‐performance liquid chromatographic separations of soy phospholipids
Authors: Balazs Piroska E. , Schmit Philip L. , Szuhaj Bernard F.
Published: November 2006

High‐performance liquid chromatography methods to quantitate soy phospholipids vary as to which phospholipids are analyzed, degree of method ruggedness, precision, time, and standards. Fluid and deoiled soy lecithins were analyzed by three different high‐performance liquid chromatography methods, including the American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) Method Ja 7b‐91. The other methods include an isocratic mixed phase (normal‐phase column and reverse‐phase solvent) method with ultraviolet detection, and a binary gradient normal‐phase (proposed International Lecithin and Phospholipid Society) method with light‐scattering detection. A set of 20 analyses were repeated on three different days for fluid and deoiled product by the three methods. The statistical comparison involved the selected methods and the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine measured data, which were the common analytes among the methods. The precision for the mixed phase method and the Proposed International Lecithin and Phospholipid Society method was better than that for the AOCS method. Selection of reference standards was an important issue in defining the results. Column conditioning varied by 2–3 h for the Proposed International Lecithin and Phospholipid Society method, 16 h for the mixed phase method, and 2–3 d for the AOCS method. The ruggedness for the methods showed the following descending order: proposed International Lecithin and Phospholipid Society, mixed phase, AOCS.
Quick method for estimating free gossypol in cottonseed, meats, collets, and extracted meals
Authors: Hron R. J. , Kuk M. S. , Wan P. J.
Published: November 2006

A method for estimating free gossypol (FG) has been developed that decreases sample‐determination time from over 2 h to about 25 min per sample. With auto pipetters and bottle‐to dispensers, six sample determinations can be completed in approximately 50 min. The method consisted of adding water and acetone separately to a fixed sample weight, mixing, filtering, diluting with 65% acetone, and reading absorbance on a spectrophotometer. Absorbance was plotted against the official American Oil Chemists’ Society’s FG method for samples that contained FG between 0.02 and 0.9%. Quadratic least squares regression for 31 samples had a correlation coefficient ofr2=0.986 and a standard error of estimated FG of 0.032%.
Separation of fatty acid methyl esters from tall oil by selective adsorption
Authors: Üstün Güldem
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and resin acids (RA) were separated from tall oil by selective adsorption. Commercial nonmodified molecular sieve 13X was used as adsorbent. The adsorption isotherms of fatty acids (FA), FAME, and RA on molecular sieve 13X at 25°C were determined using various solvents. The solvents were methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, benzene, hexane, isooctane, petroleum ether (40–60°C), and petroleum naphtha (80–180°C). With each solvent, FA and RA were adsorbed to a greater extent than FAME. Adsorption isotherms for RA and FAME in binary adsorption systems were also determined using petroleum ether, petroleum naphtha, benzene, and isopropanol. For each component in the binary adsorption, the equilibrium amounts are lower than the values for pure component adsorption. The adsorption of FAME decreased in the presence of RA markedly in petroleum ether and petroleum naphtha. This fact may be the indication of the phenomenon of selective adsorption. Separation was accomplished by adding a solution of esterified tall oil in solvents used in the binary adsorption systems, through a column packed with molecular sieve 13X. With petroleum naphtha, FAME and RA were recovered in yields of 93 and 94%, respectively, from esterified tall oil. Petroleum naphtha gave the best results. The effects of particle size of adsorbent and flow rate of solvent on the efficiency of the separation were also investigated in fixed‐bed column studies. The particle size of adsorbent did not apparently alter the results. Changes in the particle size should not significantly change the number of available adsorption sites in a microporous molecular sieve.
Extraction of oleic acid from soybean oil and jojoba oil‐phase diagrams
Authors: Apelblat Alexander , Zaharoskin Taisa , Wisniak Jaime , Korngold Emmanuel
Published: November 2006

Formamide,N‐methylformamide,N‐dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, 1,2‐butanediol, and 2‐butane‐1,4‐diol were considered as potential extractants of fatty acids from soybean and jojoba oils. Ternary liquid‐liquid phase diagrams at 298.15 K, distribution, and selectivity coefficients of oleic acid are reported. Of the investigated solvents, onlyN‐methylformamide and 1,2‐butanediol have desirable extraction characteristics.
Brazilian encapsulated fish oils: Oxidative stability and fatty acid composition
Authors: Fantoni C. M. , Cuccio A. P. , Barrera‐Arellano D.
Published: November 2006

Encapsulated fish oils are extensively commercialized in Brazil. These products could have an effect in the reduction of heart diseases because of their high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, information about their composition and quality are still lacking. Fatty acid composition, oxidative stability (Rancimat, 80°C, 2.5 g sample and 8.3 L/h air), peroxide value (PV), and polar compound content were determined in sixteen trademarked encapsulated fish and cod‐liver oils, purchased from Brazilian markets. The highly polyunsaturated fatty acid (eicosapentaenoic acid+docosahexaenoic acid) level appear to be typical of marine oils (16.2 and 32.1%). The PV ranged from 2.1 to 20.3 meq/kg, which is considered high, whereas the Rancimat induction periods varied from 1.95 to 8.45 h. The samples analyzed contained from 0.1 to 8.3% polar components. In some cases, both composition and quality were inadequate for this kind of product. One of the samples did not contain cod‐liver oil, it appears that it contained soybean oil.
Fatty acid compositions of tigernut tubers (Cyperus esculentus L.), baobab seeds (Adansonia digitata L.), and their mixture
Authors: Eteshola E. , Oraedu A. C. I.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid profiles and iodine values of tigernut tubers (Cyperus esculentus L.), decorticated seeds of the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.), and their mixture (one part of tigernut to three parts of baobab seeds, w/w) were chromatographically and chemically determined. All three samples contained myristic acid as the main saturated acid and oleic acid as the predominant unsaturated acid. Linoleic acid was present in the samples to the extent of 8.8–27.4%, and no other polyunsaturated acids were found. The vegetable oil mixture had the highest level of linoleate, and its possible significance in relation to the intended use in novel food formulation is discussed.
Effects of growth temperature on the fatty acid composition of the free‐living nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Tanaka Tamotsu , Ikita Kouji , Ashida Tetsuji , Motoyama Yoshiaki , Yamaguchi Yasunori , Satouchi Kiyoshi
Published: November 2006

The effects of growth temperature on the fatty acid compositions of the phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and total lipid (TL) fractions of the free‐living nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans were investigated. A reduction in growth temperature from 25 to 15°C caused the proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5n‐3) to increase from 23.6 to 32.5% in the PC, from 7.4 to 10.8% in the PE, and from 12.9 to 19.9% in the TL fractions. Conversely, the levels of dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid (20∶3n‐6) and arachidonic acid (20∶4n‐6) in these phospholipid fractions and the TL fraction both decreased with decreasing growth temperature. Analysis of the positional distribution of fatty acids in the PC fraction revealed that the change in the composition of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid was obvious in positionsn‐2. Lowering the growth temperature induced an increase in the level of the diacyl subclass of PE from 58% at 25°C to 71% at 15°C, with a concomitant decrease in the levels of the alkylacyl and alkenylacyl subclass of PE ofC. elegans. These changes observed in the phospholipids ofC. elegans might be one mechanism for adaptation to low temperature. Lipids 31, 1173–1178 (1996).
Sterol and steryl ester regulation of phospholipase A2 from the mosquito parasiteLagenidium giganteum
Authors: Kerwin James L. , MacKichan Joanna K. , Semon Melinda J. , Wiens Alison M. , DeRose Carolyn C. , Torvik Jessica J.
Published: November 2006

Lagenidium giganteum, a facultative parasite of mosquito larvae, cannot synthesize sterols, and requires an exogenous source of these lipids in order to enter its reproductive cycle. This parasite grows vegetatively in the absence of sterols, but requires cholesterol or structurally related compounds to produce motile zoospores, which are the only stage capable of infecting mosquitoes. Sterols structurally related to cholesterol and some steryl esters inhibited the activity ofL. giganteum phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an enzyme that hydrolyzes fatty acids from thesn‐2 position of glycerophospholipids. Sterols that induce reproduction inhibitedL. giganteum PLA2 activity, while sterols and steroids that do not support sporulation had minimal effect. Most steryl esters had no effect on enzyme activity, but cholesteryl arachidonate (CA) was a potent inhibitor of parasite PLA2. Not all enzymes partly purified using a DEAE‐Sephacel column were affected by these lipids, demonstrating selective inhibition of specific enzymes. Potency was enhanced by up to several orders of magnitude if epoxy fatty acids were esterified to the cholesterol nucleus. The steryl ester pool was dynamic during morphogenesis, and the fatty acid composition of the steryl esters did not mimic total cell or membrane (glycerophospholipid) fatty acid composition asL. giganteum proceeded through its growth cycle. Synthesis of CA and monoepoxy CA by the parasite was confirmed using electrospray mass spectrometry and collision‐induced dissociation. Steryl derivatives selectively inhibited PLA2 enzymes from bovine pancreas, snake venom, and human cytoplasmic 85‐kDa PLA2.
13C cross‐polarization and magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance of polymorphic forms of three triacylglycerols
Authors: Arishima T. , Sugimoto K. , Kiwata R. , Mori H. , Sato K.
Published: November 2006

The cross‐polarization and magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS‐NMR) technique has been used to analyze the polymorphic forms of three triacylglycerols, 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl glycerol (POP), 1, 3‐racpalmitoyl‐stearoyl‐2‐oleoyl glycerol (POS), and 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl glycerol (SOS). Specific attention has been paid to glycerol, carbonyl, olefinic, and methyl end carbon resonances. Many distinct differences were observed in each polymorphic form of SOS. In the α form, the saturated and unsaturated acyl chains exhibit liquid state‐like conformations. However, olefinic conformations of the γ and β′ forms were asymmetric with respect to thecis double bond. Spectral difference between β2 and β1 was observed only for the methylene carbon, and not in the other regions. Spectra of corresponding polymorphic forms of POP and POS were almost identical to those of SOS. However, some spectral differences were observed in the glycerol and methyl regions of γ and β′. From the chemical shifts of the methylene carbons, the crystal structures of the polymorphic form have been discussed, particularly in terms of the subcell structures.
Relationship between volatile compounds and sensory attributes of olive oils by the sensory wheel
Authors: Aparicio R. , Morales M. T. , Alonso M. V.
Published: November 2006

Sixty‐five volatile compounds and 103 sensory attributes were evaluated in 32 virgin olive oil samples from three different Mediterranean countries. Volatile compounds were analyzed with a dynamic headspace gas‐chromatographic technique by using a thermal desorption cold‐trap injector. The sensory analysis was conducted by six panels composed of assessors from the United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands, Greece and Italy. Principal‐components analysis of sensory attributes was used to construct a statistical sensory wheel that represents the whole virgin olive oil flavor matrix. This wheel is composed of seven sectors that show the basic perceptions produced by the oil: green, bitter‐pungent, undesirable, ripe olives, ripe fruit, fruity and sweet. The boundaries of each sector were calculated from the circular standard deviation of its sensory attributes. The relationship between sensory and instrumental analysis was determined by projecting volatiles onto the sensory wheel. Correlations of each volatile with the first two components of the principal‐components analysis were taken as its coordinates (x, y) in the sensory wheel. Volatiles took up the most appropriate place within the sector that corresponded with their perception, and often close to the sensory attributes that explained their sensory properties. A gas‐chromatographic/sniffing method was applied to virgin olive oil samples to assess the aroma notes that corresponded to olive oil volatile compounds and to verify the relationships found by the sensory wheel procedure. Most (89%) of the volatiles were well classified. Use of the statistical sensory wheel as an appropriate method to relate volatile and sensory data was clearly demonstrated.
Compositional characterization of cottonseed soapstocks
Authors: Dowd Michael K.
Published: November 2006

Cottonseed soapstock samples, collected during the 1993–1994 crushing season from oilseed extraction mills throughout the United States Cotton Belt, were analyzed by chemical and chromatographic methods. Volatiles averaged 48.7±10.6% (mean±SD,n=39). On a dry basis, the samples averaged 33.3±7.3% fatty acids, 26.3±6.9% phospholipids, 8.4±6.4% triglycerides, and 7.5±3.0% gossypol. The analytical techniques accounted for 93.3±8.6% of the dry soapstock matter. The AOCS method for total fatty acids in soapstock yielded values in agreement with the chromatographic and phosphorus analyses. In contrast, the AOCS method for neutral oil in soapstock gave values that were significantly higher than those obtained by chromatography. The amount of nonlipid material in the samples correlated with the phosphorus content. Total gossypol and nitrogen levels were also related.
Catalytic hydrogenation of linoleic acid on nickel, copper, and palladium
Authors: Kitayama Yoshie , Muraoka Masahiro , Takahashi Megumi , Kodama Tatsuya , Itoh Hirofumi , Takahashi Eriko , Okamura Mutsuo
Published: November 2006

The catalytic activity and selectivity for hydrogenation of linoleic acid were studied on Ni, Cu, and Pd catalysts. A detailed analysis of the reaction product was performed by a gas‐liquid chromatograph, equipped with a capillary column, and Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy. Geometrical and positional isomerization of linoleic acid occurred during hydrogenation, and many kinds of linoleic acid isomers (trans‐9,trans‐12; trans‐8,cis‐12 orcis‐9,trans‐13; cis‐9,trans‐12; trans‐9,cis‐12 andcis‐9,cis‐12 18∶2) were contained in the reaction products. The monoenoic acids in the partial hydrogenation products contained eight kinds of isomers and showed different isomer distributions on Ni, Cu, and Pd catalysts, respectively. The positional isomers of monoenoic acid were produced by double‐bond migration during hydrogenation. On Ni and Pd catalysts, the yield ofcis‐12 andtrans‐12 monoenoic acids was larger than that ofcis‐9 andtrans‐9 monoenoic acids. On the contrary, the yield ofcis‐9 andtrans‐9 monoenoic acids was larger than that ofcis‐12 andtrans‐12 monoenoic acids on Cu catalyst. From these results, it is concluded that the double bond closer to the methyl group (Δ12) and that to the carboxyl group (Δ9) show different reactivity for hydrogenation on Ni, Cu, and Pd catalysts. Monoenoic acid formation was more selective on Cu catalyst than on Ni and Pd catalysts.
Effect of Hunter disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II) mutations on molecular phenotypes of iduronate‐2‐sulfatase: Enzymatic activity, protein processing and structural analysis
Authors: Sukegawa‐Hayasaka K. , Kato Z. , Nakamura H. , Tomatsu S. , Fukao T. , Kuwata K. , Orii T. , Kondo N.
Published: November 2006

Mucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter disease), a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of iduronate‐2‐sulfatase (IDS), has variable clinical phenotypes. Nearly 300 different mutations have been identified in the IDS gene from patients with Hunter disease, but the correlation between the genotype and phenotype has remained unclear. We studied the characteristics of 11 missense mutations, which were detected in the patients or artificially introduced, using stable expression experiments and structural analysis. The mutants found in the attenuated phenotype showed considerable residual activity (0.2–2.4% of the wild‐type IDS activity) and those in the severe phenotype had no activity. In immunoblot analysis, both the 73–75 kDa precursor and processed forms were detected in the expression of ‘attenuated’ mutants (R48P, A85T and W337R) and the artificial active site mutants (C84S, C84T). The 73–75 kDa initial precursor was detected in the ‘severe’ mutants (P86L, S333L, S349I, R468Q, R468L). The truncated 68 kDa precursor form was synthesized in the Q531X mutant. The results of immunoblotting indicated rapid degradation and/or insufficiency in processing as a result of structural alteration of the IDS protein. A combination of analyses of genotype and molecular phenotypes, including enzyme activity, protein processing and structural analysis with an engineered reference protein, could provide an avenue to understanding the molecular mechanism of the disease and could give a useful tool for the evaluation of possible therapeutic chemical compounds.
Dwarf bamboo as an ecological filter for forest regeneration
Authors: Itô Hiroki , Hino Teruaki
Published: November 2006

Quantitative relationships between the aboveground biomass of dwarf bamboo, Sasa nipponica, and the survivorship and emergence of seedlings of Abies homolepis, Fraxinus lanuginosa f. serrata, and Fagus crenata were estimated. We show that dwarf bamboo acts as an ecological filter since the responses of tree species differ according to the biomass of dwarf bamboo. Deer exclusion without management of dwarf bamboo would make it impossible for any tree species to regenerate due to rapid increases in the biomass of dwarf bamboo.
Eine Universitätsklinik als psychiatrisches Versorgungszentrum für Kinder und Jugendliche
Authors: Remschmidt Helmut , Walter Reinhard , Theisen Frank , Ulbrich Rainer , Martin Matthias
Published: November 2006

Zusammenfassung: Berichtet wird über ein von einer Universitätsklinik gestaltetes und seit dem Jahr 1980 zunehmend erweitertes und ausgebautes Versorgungssystem für psychisch kranke Kinder und Jugendliche, das, in einer ländlichen Region gelegen, ein Pflichtversorgungsgebiet von drei Landkreisen mit insgesamt 807 000 Einwohnern umfasst. Von großer Bedeutung für diese Entwicklung war das Modellprogramm der Bundesregierung zur «Reform der Versorgung im psychiatrischen und psychotherapeutisch/psychosomatischen Bereich», unter dessen 14 Regionen die Region «Marburg und umliegende Landkreise» die einzige war, die sich auf psychisch kranke Kinder und Jugendliche konzentrierte. Mit Hilfe dieses «Modellprogramms» konnte sowohl eine umfassende Evaluation vorhandener Dienste für diesen Personenkreis durchgeführt werden als auch die Einrichtung neuer Dienste (u.a. eines Mobilen kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Dienstes und einer Tagesklinik) und vor allem der Ausbau eines vollständigen Versorgungsnetzes mit vielfältigen und im Laufe der Zeit erprobten Kooperationen. Schließlich wurde durch die Etablierung einer kontinuierlich praktizierten Versorgungsforschung und die Gründung zweier Institutionen für die Psychotherapie-Aus- bzw. Weiterbildung die Qualität der Versorgung bedeutsam gesteigert. Mehrere sozialpsychiatrische Forschungsinitiativen haben zu dieser Verbesserung und zugleich zu einer gelungenen Integration von Versorgung und Forschung beigetragen.
Die Erfassung des Therapieerfolges in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie unter naturalistischen Bedingungen
Authors: Mattejat F. , Remschmidt H.
Published: November 2006

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Es werden Zielsetzung und Konzept des Marburger Systems zur Qualitätssicherung und Therapieevaluation (MARSYS) vorgestellt. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein modulares System mit mehreren Instrumenten, das für die Evaluation und Qualitätssicherung von Therapien mit psychisch kranken Kindern und Jugendlichen geeignet ist und in der alltäglichen Routineversorgung eingesetzt werden kann. Methodik: Das System wurde von 1999 bis 2006 im «Marburger Evaluationsprojekt» in der stationären Versorgung erprobt. Es werden Daten aus einer vollständigen Inanspruchnahmepopulation mit insgesamt 1321 Patienten vorgestellt, die Auskunft über die praktische Realisierbarkeit des Systems geben. Hierzu gehörten Daten zur Stichprobenvollständigkeit, Ausschöpfungsquoten, zur Akzeptanz der Evaluation durch Patienten und Eltern, zum Zeit- und Kostenaufwand. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das System sehr gut geeignet ist, aussagekräftige Befunde über die Ergebnisqualität der Behandlungen zu gewinnen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die praktischen Einsatzmöglichkeiten werden unter Berücksichtigung des Kostenaspektes diskutiert.
Therapieverfahren zu sozialen Fertigkeiten bei schizophren Erkrankten in der Arbeitsrehabilitation
Authors: Roder Volker , Müller Daniel R. , Zorn Peter
Published: November 2006

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Arbeitsrehabilitation zählt heute zu den zentralen Ansätzen in der Behandlung und Rehabilitation schizophren Erkrankter. Fragestellung: Evaluation eines neu entwickelten manualisierten kognitiven Therapieverfahrens zu sozialen Fertigkeiten für den Arbeitsbereich (Experimentalgruppe, EG). Methode: Ziel der Studie war die EG mit einem herkömmlichen, unspezifischen Sozialen Fertigkeitstraining (Kontrollgruppe, KG) in einem bedingt randomisierten Studiendesign zu vergleichen. Insgesamt nahmen 41 ambulante oder teilstationäre schizophren Erkrankte an der Studie teil. Ergebnisse: Die EG-Patienten erzielten signifikant größere Effekte in Variablen zu Psychopathologie und Therapiemotivation verglichen mit den KG-Patienten. EG und KG unterschieden sich in der kognitiven und sozialen Funktionsfähigkeit nicht signifikant. Eine höhere Therapiemotivation erwies sich als Prädiktor für eine Reduktion negativer Symptome und ein verbessertes soziales Funktionsniveau in der Katamneseerhebung. Zusätzlich nahmen EG-Patienten vermehrt eine kompetitive Arbeit auf als KG-Patienten. Schlussfolgerungen: Der neu entwickelte Therapieansatz (EG) könnte eine effektive zusätzliche Behandlungsmöglichkeit innerhalb einer multimodalen Arbeitsrehabilitation darstellen.
Abbrüche stationärer Psychotherapien
Authors: Lang Klaus , Koch Uwe , Schulz Holger
Published: November 2006

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Zu Prädiktoren von Abbrüchen stationärer Psychotherapien liegen bislang nur wenige, inkonsistente Studienergebnisse vor. Fragestellung: In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird eine theoriegeleitete Auswahl motivationaler, klinischer, sozialmedizinischer und soziodemographischer Variablen in ihrem prognostischen Wert für Behandlungsabbrüche stationärer Psychotherapien überprüft. Methode: In einer prospektiven Feldstudie wurden von n = 4172 stationären Psychotherapiepatienten vor Klinikaufnahme Fragebogendaten erhoben und diese nach Behandlungsbeendigung mit Daten aus dem Entlassungsbericht verknüpft. Ergebnisse: Bei einer Gesamtquote von 7.5% abgebrochenen Maßnahmen erwiesen sich auf bivariater Ebene lediglich ein jüngeres Alter und fehlende Berufstätigkeit als signifikante Prognosefaktoren mit kleiner Effektstärke. Regressionsanalytisch gelang - auch mit Einbeziehung motivationaler und klinischer Variablen - keine Vorhersage von Abbrüchen. Schlussfolgerungen: Vor Behandlungsbeginn erscheint eine aussagekräftige Prognose von Abbrüchen nicht möglich. Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung von Abbrüchen sind auf der Ebene der Zuweisungssteuerung anhand der vorliegenden Datenlage nicht begründbar und sollten möglicherweise eher auf therapeutischer und/oder organisatorischer Ebene ansetzen.
Anwendung - Effektivität - Aufrechterhaltung
Authors: Kupper Zeno , Tschacher Wolfgang
Published: November 2006

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Die “Effektivität“ psychotherapeutischer Interventionen, für die “Wirksamkeit“ in kontrollierten Studien belegt wurde, hängt in der Versorgungspraxis von zahlreichen Faktoren ab, die bisher meist isoliert diskutiert wurden. Fragestellung: Es soll geklärt werden, ob Fragen zur Wirkung psychotherapeutischer Interventionen heuristisch fruchtbar in formalen Modellen integriert werden können. Methoden: Zur Modellbildung wird dabei die Boolesche Logik verwendet. Die Möglichkeiten dieses Ansatzes werden anhand von Beispielen zur Therapie psychischer Störungen aufgezeigt. Ergebnisse: Die beispielhaften Modelle hilfreicher Interventionen setzen voraus, dass 1. die Intervention aktiviert wird, wenn eine therapeutische Veränderung notwendig ist (Anwendung), dass 2. die Intervention die intendierte Veränderung herbeiführen kann (Effektivität) und dass 3. die erreichte Veränderung nachhaltig ist (Aufrechterhaltung). Schlussfolgerungen: Die vorgestellten “Booleschen Interventionsmodelle“ postulieren spezifische zeitliche Muster (“Attraktoren“) und erlauben eine neuartige vergleichende Analyse von Interventionsformen und Versorgungssystemen.
Habituelle Stressverarbeitung, Befindlichkeit und Verhalten nach Alpträumen
Authors: Köthe Martina , Lahl Olaf , Pietrowsky Reinhard
Published: November 2006

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Das Auftreten von Alpträumen und der Umgang mit ihnen wird auch durch Persönlichkeitsvariablen und kognitive Stile bestimmt. Fragestellung: Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der habituellen Stressverarbeitung und den Effekten von Alpträumen? Methode: Es wurden Unterschiede in der habituellen Stressverarbeitung zwischen 30 gelegentlichen und 30 häufigen Alpträumern überprüft. Über einen Zeitraum von vier Wochen wurden prospektiv die Befindlichkeit und Verhaltenseffekte nach Alpträumen untersucht. Die habituelle Stressverarbeitung wurde mit dem Stressverarbeitungsfragebogen (SVF), die Befindlichkeit mit der Befindlichkeitsskalierung anhand von Kategorien und Eigenschaftswörtern (BSKE) und die Verhaltenseffekte von Alpträumen mit einem selbstentwickelten Fragebogen erhoben. Ergebnisse: Häufige Alpträumer berichteten ein höheres Ausmaß an stresserhöhenden Bewältigungsstrategien und weniger stresserniedrigende Bewältigungsstrategien im Vergleich zu gelegentlichen Alpträumern. Es zeigten sich Zusammenhänge zwischen Stressverarbeitungsfaktoren und negativer Befindlichkeit sowie Verhaltenseffekten von Alpträumen. Schlussfolgerungen: Ungünstige Stressverarbeitungsstrategien stehen im Zusammenhang mit einem häufigeren Auftreten von Alpträumen und den Verhaltensweisen nach Alpträumen.
Magnetite microexsolutions in silicate and magmatic flow fabric of the Goyozan granitoid (NE Japan): Significance of partial remanence anisotropy
Authors: Usui Yoichi , Nakamura Norihiro , Yoshida Takeyoshi
Published: November 2006

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) has been widely used to infer magmatic flow patterns of granitoids where an appropriate AMS axis is parallel to an alignment of mafic minerals or magnetite. The magmatic flow fabric in Cretaceous granitic plutons from northeastern Japan was verified using an analysis of anisotropy of partial anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ApARM) which further isolates the magnetite subfabrics according to magnetite grain size. The preferred orientation of polysynthetic twins in plagioclase laths and clinopyroxene is discordant with the bulk AMS fabric along outer marginal zones of the granitoid, as shown by image analysis of microphotographs from thin sections cut in orthogonal planes. This suggests that the uncorroborated use of bulk AMS to detect flow fabric in granitoids has risks. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that submicroscopic, needle‐shaped magnetite inclusions exsolved in anhedral plagioclase and clinopyroxene may explain such anomalous exceptions to the validity of AMS fabrics. Our ApARM measurements show that the ApARM alignment of relatively high‐coercive, submicroscopic magnetite inclusions is concordant to the linear orientation of anhedral plagioclase and clinopyroxene. The combination of SEM, AMS, and ApARM was required to confirm the magmatic and submagmatic flow pattern of granitoids in this study and is generally preferable to the use of AMS alone.
Imaging the transition from Aleutian subduction to Yakutat collision in central Alaska, with local earthquakes and active source data
Authors: Eberhart‐Phillips Donna , Christensen Douglas H. , Brocher Thomas M. , Hansen Roger , Ruppert Natalia A. , Haeussler Peter J. , Abers Geoffrey A.
Published: November 2006

In southern and central Alaska the subduction and active volcanism of the Aleutian subduction zone give way to a broad plate boundary zone with mountain building and strike‐slip faulting, where the Yakutat terrane joins the subducting Pacific plate. The interplay of these tectonic elements can be best understood by considering the entire region in three dimensions. We image three‐dimensional seismic velocity using abundant local earthquakes, supplemented by active source data. Crustal low‐velocity correlates with basins. The Denali fault zone is a dominant feature with a change in crustal thickness across the fault. A relatively high‐velocity subducted slab and a low‐velocity mantle wedge are observed, and highVp/Vsbeneath the active volcanic systems, which indicates focusing of partial melt. North of Cook Inlet, the subducted Yakutat slab is characterized by a thick low‐velocity, high‐Vp/Vscrust. High‐velocity material above the Yakutat slab may represent a residual older slab, which inhibits vertical flow of Yakutat subduction fluids. Alternate lateral flow allows Yakutat subduction fluids to contribute to Cook Inlet volcanism and the Wrangell volcanic field. The apparent northeast edge of the subducted Yakutat slab is southwest of the Wrangell volcanics, which have adakitic composition consistent with melting of this Yakutat slab edge. In the mantle, the Yakutat slab is subducting with the Pacific plate, while at shallower depths the Yakutat slab overthrusts the shallow Pacific plate along the Transition fault. This region of crustal doubling within the shallow slab is associated with extremely strong plate coupling and the primary asperity of theMw9.2 great 1964 earthquake.
Biogeochemistry of snowmelt in an Antarctic glacial ecosystem
Authors: Hodson Andy
Published: November 2006

Solute mass balance, hydrochemical data, and hydrological process data are used to present the first detailed account of catchment biogeochemistry in an Antarctic melt season. The study was undertaken in a small glacial catchment in the maritime Antarctic (Signy Island, South Orkney Islands), where extreme ecosystem changes have been observed at the ice margin. Here melting caused a snowpack solute elution phase characterized by the production of extremely concentrated solutions just centimeters from the snow surface. These were equivalent to 2% marine water and dominated by sea‐salt aerosol. Nutrients were also present but were rapidly sequestered in snowpack and ice marginal environments. Thus the decoupling of nutrient dynamics from other snowpack solutes seems to occur almost immediately after melt and testifies to the presence of a glacial ecosystem. Although significant, the estimated rates of nutrient uptake were low (0.025 gNH4‐N/m2/yr and 0.0011 gPO4‐P/m2/yr, equivalent to 66 and 74% of total annual atmospheric inputs) and, in the case of NH4+, 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than those reported for temperate snowpacks. However, the data also demonstrated significant NO3− production (0.030 gNO3‐N/m2/yr or 3 times total atmospheric inputs) that appears to be associated with zones of high rock‐water contact at the ice margin. After the early snowpack elution phase, nutrient cycling was also greatly influenced by inputs from penguin and seal excreta. Thus local marine ecosystems enhance the nutrient content of meltwaters and fertilize the glacial, terrestrial, and aquatic ecosystems that are responding to climate change in the maritime Antarctic.
Automated Thiessen polygon generation
Authors: Han D. , Bray M.
Published: November 2006

Data uncertainty research of rain gauge network requires generation of large numbers of Thiessen polygons. Despite its importance in hydrology, few studies on computational Thiessen polygons have been carried out, and there is little published information in the hydrological literature. This paper describes two automated approaches and the ways for their implementation in hydrological applications: triangulation method and grid method. Triangulation is a lossless method but suffers from complications in coding and slow computational speed with small numbers of gauges. Grid method is easy to implement, but a compromise must be made between the computational grid size, accuracy, and speed. This paper describes a procedure to derive the relationship between the catchment area, grid size, and accuracy indicator based on weighted mean error. The computational speed comparison between the two methods has been found to follow a logarithm curve, and the critical number of gauges could be found from this curve for deciding the method choice if the computational speed is the limiting factor in a project.
Modeled impacts of predicted climate change on recharge and groundwater levels
Authors: Scibek J. , Allen D. M.
Published: November 2006

A methodology is developed for linking climate models and groundwater models to investigate future impacts of climate change on groundwater resources. An unconfined aquifer, situated near Grand Forks in south central British Columbia, Canada, is used to test the methodology. Climate change scenarios from the Canadian Global Coupled Model 1 (CGCM1) model runs are downscaled to local conditions using Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM), and the change factors are extracted and applied in LARS‐WG stochastic weather generator and then input to the recharge model. The recharge model simulated the direct recharge to the aquifer from infiltration of precipitation and consisted of spatially distributed recharge zones, represented in the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) hydrologic model linked to a geographic information system (GIS). A three‐dimensional transient groundwater flow model, implemented in MODFLOW, is then used to simulate four climate scenarios in 1‐year runs (1961–1999 present, 2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099) and compare groundwater levels to present. The effect of spatial distribution of recharge on groundwater levels, compared to that of a single uniform recharge zone, is much larger than that of temporal variation in recharge, compared to a mean annual recharge representation. The predicted future climate for the Grand Forks area from the downscaled CGCM1 model will result in more recharge to the unconfined aquifer from spring to the summer season. However, the overall effect of recharge on the water balance is small because of dominant river‐aquifer interactions and river water recharge.
Everglades restoration projects slow to start
Authors: Zielinki Sarah
Published: November 2006

There have been significant delays in several Florida Everglades restoration construction projects, although some progress has been made in planning and coordinating the overall restoration program in developing the science to support and monitor the program. That is according to a 25 September report from a committee of the National Research Council of the U.S. National Academies. This is the first biennial report to be released by the Committee on Independent Scientific Review of Everglades Restoration, which is monitoring the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP).The CERR established in 1999 to achieve ecological restoration of what remains of the Everglades, includes more than 40 major projects and is expected to cost more than US$10 billion over more than 30 years.
Role of ocean salinity in climate and near‐future satellite measurements
Authors: Lagerloef Gary , Schmitt Raymond
Published: November 2006

The distribution and variation of oceanic salinity are attracting increasing scientific attention due to their relationship to the global water cycle and its influence on circulation, mixing, and climate processes. Over the past 50 years, high‐latitude oceans have become fresher while the subtropical oceans have become saltier. This change is slowly spreading into the subsurface ocean layers and may be affecting the strength of the ocean's thermohaline overturning circulation.

As a state variable that partly governs sea water density, salinity is directly linked to the ocean dynamics through the distribution of mass, and provides an important window onto the global water cycle. Regional differences in evaporation (E), precipitation (P), and land runoff (R) affect the freshwater content and hence salinity of surface water. Direct observations of P‐E over the ocean remain prone to large uncertainty, yet the oceans harbor 97% of the planet's free water Proand experience 86% of the global evaporation and 78% of global precipitation. Increasing evidence suggests that terrestrial flood and drought cycles are closely linked to variations in the much larger oceanic water cycle, which, in turn, are linked to ocean processes for sequestering and transporting heat and influence climate variability in ways that are not yet well understood.
Mississippi Delta mudflow activity and 2005 Gulf hurricanes
Authors: Walsh J. P. , Corbett Reide , Mallinson Dave , Goni Miguel , Dail Michael , Loewy Christina , Marciniak Kat , Ryan Katie , Smith Chris , Stevens Andrew , Summers Ben , Tesi Tommaso
Published: November 2006

Gravity‐driven sediment flows can be important mechanisms for transporting sediments and solutes rapidly across continental margins, and therefore may have important impacts on benthic ecosystems and geochemical cycling. Also, infrastructure damage can result from these events, as was the case when mudflow activity during Hurricane Ivan in fall 2004 caused pipeline damage (U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS) press release on 8 October 2004; http://www.mms.gov/ooc/press/2004/press I 008a.htm).
Measurements of aerosol size‐resolved hygroscopicity at sub and supermicron sizes
Authors: Hegg D. A. , Covert D. S. , Crahan K. K. , Jonsson H. H. , Liu Y.
Published: November 2006

Airborne measurements of size‐resolved aerosol hygroscopicity are presented using an optical particle counting and sizing technique. The measurement range of 0.25 to 3.5 μm is significantly greater, and extends to larger sizes, than previous in situ techniques. Preliminary results reveal a peak in aerosol hygroscopicity in the 0.5 –1.5 μm diameter size range in both marine and polluted aerosols. Geometric growth factors range from 1.3 to 1.5 and 1.1 to 1.3 for the sub and super‐micron particles, respectively.
Impacts on phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the Pacific Northwest during the warm ocean conditions of 2005
Authors: Kudela Raphael M. , Cochlan William P. , Peterson Tawnya D. , Trick Charles G.
Published: November 2006

Delayed onset of the spring transition and upwelling‐favorable winds in the Pacific Northwest during spring‐summer 2005 resulted in a positive temperature anomaly and a pronounced negative anomaly in surface phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) and primary productivity. Compared to time periods before and after the warm water event, total biomass was reduced by ca. 50% along a hydrographic line extending seaward from Grays Harbor, WA (47° N), with a concomitant decrease of ca. 40% in surface and depth‐integrated primary productivity. Associated with these declines in biomass and productivity was a change in mean phytoplankton size, with >50% of the nearshore assemblage less than 5μm in size during the warm event, compared to <30% during more normal conditions. Unlike higher trophic levels, the phytoplankton rapidly recovered with the onset of upwelling, returning to more typical size structure, biomass, and productivity within one week of the onset of upwelling‐favorable winds.
North Pacific warming and intense northwestern U.S. wildfires
Authors: Liu Yongqiang
Published: November 2006

The tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies such as La Nina have been an important predictor for wildfires in the southeastern and southwestern U.S. This study seeks seasonal predictors for wildfires in the northwestern U.S., a region with the most intense wildfires among various continental U.S. regions. Singular value decomposition and regression techniques are applied to summer wildfire and current and antecedent SST conditions during a period of 23 years. It is found that warming in the North Pacific is a major feature in the SST spatial pattern related to intense Northwest wildfires. The warming appeared in all the major wildfire events during the past two decades. The relation is statistically significant. The North Pacific SST, therefore, has potential to be a predictor for seasonal Northwest wildfires.
Rate of loss of cloud droplets by coalescence in warm clouds
Authors: Wood Robert
Published: November 2006

An approximate analytical expression for the rate of loss of cloud droplets by coalescence in warm clouds is derived from the stochastic collection equation (SCE). The expression depends only upon precipitation rate and cloud droplet concentration and compares well with estimated loss rates derived using observed cloud drop size distributions and the complete collection kernel. Loss rates are found to be surprisingly high even for the modest precipitation rates found in drizzling boundary layer clouds and can be used to infer the loss rate of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) through coalescence. The expression can be used to better represent the interdependence of aerosol and cloud properties in the boundary layer.
Stability of rocksalt phase of zinc oxide under strong compression: Synchrotron x-ray diffraction experiments and first-principles calculation studies
Authors: Liu Haozhe , Tse John S. , Mao Ho-kwang
Published: November 2006

The stability of rocksalt (B1) phase of ZnO under high pressure up to 2Mbars was studied using angular dispersive x-ray diffraction at room temperature and compared to the structurally analogous CdO where both theoretical and experimental results are available. First-principles total energy calculations predict the B1-to-B2 (CsCl-type) phase transition in ZnO and CdO to occur at 261 and 83GPa, respectively. The bulk moduli, K0, of the B1 structure of ZnO were measured and the possible high pressure CsCl-type (B2) structure was looked for. The potential application of ZnO as an internal pressure marker in x-ray diffraction study at the megabar range is proposed.
Effect of target power and composition on RE–Fe–B thin films with Cu and Nb buffer and cap layers
Authors: Castaldi L. , Gibbs M. R. J. , Davies H. A.
Published: November 2006

We report a systematic study of the structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of RE–Fe–B (RE=rareearth) films codeposited onto thermally oxidized Si substrates. The use of Cu and Nb buffer and cap layers was investigated. The deposition of the samples was performed by magnetron sputtering with the substrates held at 470°C and using various Fe target power densities and fixed RE:Fe:B target power density. This was done in order to vary the growth rate and the Fe content of the films. The simultaneous increase of the deposition rate and Fe content influenced the c-axis texturing of the samples. For the Cu∕RE:Fe:B∕Cu films, as a consequence of the good perpendicular intrinisic coercivity (∼492kA∕m at 10W) and very high remanent polarization (∼1.51T at 110W), very good perpendicular energy products were obtained at 10W (∼133kJ∕m3) and 110W (∼136kJ∕m3). The Nb∕RE:Fe:B∕Nb samples had the best combination of perpendicular energy product and intrinsic coercivity, with values of 150kJ∕m3 and 800kA∕m, respectively, for an iron target power of 20W. This high energy product was retained up to target powers of 50W in spite of the intrinsic coercivity decreasing rapidly with increasing power beyond 20W, because of a marked increase in remanent polarization.
Carrier generation and transport properties of heavily Nb-doped anatase TiO2 epitaxial films at high temperatures
Authors: Kurita Daisuke , Ohta Shingo , Sugiura Kenji , Ohta Hiromichi , Koumoto Kunihito
Published: November 2006

To compare the intrinsic thermoelectric (TE) properties of heavily Nb-doped TiO2 to those of heavily Nb-doped SrTiO3 [S. Ohta et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 092108 (2005)], the electrical conductivity (σ), carrier concentration (ne), Hall mobility (μHall), and Seebeck coefficient (S) of heavily Nb-doped TiO2 (anatase) epitaxial films were measured at high temperatures (300–900K). The epitaxial films were grown on the (100)-face of LaAlO3 single-crystalline substrates by a pulsed-laser deposition technique at 800°C. The carrier effective mass (m*) of the anatase TiO2 epitaxial films was ∼1m0, which is an order of magnitude smaller than that of Nb-doped SrTiO3 (∼10m0). The estimated TE power factor (S2σ) of the ∼2%-Nb-doped anatase TiO2 film (ne∼5×1020cm−3) was ∼2.5×10−4Wm−1K−2 at 900K, which is approximately 15% of the 20%-Nb-doped SrTiO3 (1.5×10−3Wm−1K−2). The present findings will help establish a future TE material design concept for Ti-based metal oxides.