bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the qualitative literature on barriers to high‐quality prenatal and postpartum care among low‐income women
Authors: Bellerose Meghan , Rodriguez Mariela , Vivier Patrick M.
Published: May 2022

Objective

To examine the qualitative literature on low‐income women's perspectives on the barriers to high‐quality prenatal and postpartum care.

Data Sources and Study Setting

We performed searches in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SocIndex, and CINAHL for peer‐reviewed studies published between 1990 and 2021.

Study Design

A systematic review of qualitative studies with participants who were currently pregnant or had delivered within the past 2 years and identified as low‐income at delivery.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

Two reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion, evaluated study quality, and extracted information on study design and themes.

Principal Findings

We identified 34 studies that met inclusion criteria, including 23 focused on prenatal care, 6 on postpartum care, and 5 on both. The most frequently mentioned barriers to prenatal and postpartum care were structural. These included delays in gaining pregnancy‐related Medicaid coverage, challenges finding providers who would accept Medicaid, lack of provider continuity, transportation and childcare hurdles, and legal system concerns. Individual‐level factors, such as lack of awareness of pregnancy, denial of pregnancy, limited support, conflicting priorities, and indifference to pregnancy, also interfered with the timely use of prenatal and postpartum care. For those who accessed care, experiences of dismissal, discrimination, and disrespect related to race, insurance status, age, substance use, and language were common.

Conclusions

Over a period of 30 years, qualitative studies have identified consistent structural and individual barriers to high‐quality prenatal and postpartum care. Medicaid policy changes, including expanding presumptive eligibility, increased reimbursement rates for pregnancy services, payment for birth doula support, and extension of postpartum coverage, may help overcome these challenges.
O‐acetylesterase activity of Bifidobacterium bifidum sialidase facilities the liberation of sialic acid and encourages the proliferation of sialic acid scavenging Bifidobacterium breve
Authors: Yokoi Tatsunari , Nishiyama Keita , Kushida Yuka , Uribayashi Kazuya , Kunihara Takahiro , Fujimoto Rika , Yamamoto Yuji , Ito Masahiro , Miki Tsuyoshi , Haneda Takeshi , Mukai Takao , Okada Nobuhiko
Published: May 2022

Bifidobacterium bifidum possesses two extracellular sialidases (SiaBb1 and SiaBb2) that release free sialic acid from mucin sialoglycans, which can be utilized via cross‐feeding by Bifidobacterium breve that, otherwise, is prevented from utilizing this nutrient source. Modification of sialic acids with O‐acetyl esters is known to protect mucin glycans from degradation by bacterial sialidases. Compared to SiaBb2, SiaBb1 has an additional O‐acetylesterase (Est) domain. We aimed to elucidate the role of the SiaBb1 Est domain from B. bifidum in sialic acid cross‐feeding within Bifidobacterium. Pre‐treatment of mucin secreted from bovine submaxillary glands (BSM) using His6‐tagged‐Est and ‐SiaBb2 released a higher amount of sialic acid compared to the pre‐treatment by His6‐SiaBb2. Growth of B. breve increased with an increase in nanE expression when supplemented with both His6‐Est‐ and His6‐SiaBb2‐treated BSM. These results indicate that the esterase activity of the SiaBb1 Est domain enhances the efficiency of SiaBb2 to cleave sialic acid from mucin. This free sialic acid can be utilized by coexisting sialic acid scavenging B. breve via cross‐feeding. Here, we provide the molecular mechanism underlying the unique sialoglycan degradation property of B. bifidum which is mediated by the complementary activities of SiaBb1 and SiaBb2 in the context of sialic acid cross‐feeding.
Nurse‐sensitive indicators during COVID‐19
Authors: Banister Gaurdia , Carroll Diane L. , Dickins Kirsten , Flanagan Jane , Jones Dorothy , Looby Sara E. , Cahill Jennifer E.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Nurses are on the forefront of delivering care to patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. Nurses’ impact on patient care can be discerned through assessment and documentation strategies, including structured and unstructured narratives, clinical pathways, flowsheets, and problem‐based approaches. To date, there are no published reports regarding nursing assessment and documentation during the COVID‐19 pandemic using an assessment framework to capture clinical decision making, nursing diagnoses, and key social determinant of health (SDoH) data. Hence, the purpose of this investigation was to conduct an exploratory nursing documentation audit of patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 during the first surge to identify types and frequency of nurse‐sensitive indicators, including SDoH.

Method

This pilot study utilized a retrospective chart review design at a single academic medical center, utilizing Gordon's Eleven Functional Health Patterns (FHP) framework to extract clinical, social, and nursing assessment data for patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. Descriptive statistics were computed for continuous variables and counts/percentages for categorical variables.

Findings

Data from 94 patient records were analyzed. Most patients were male (59.6%), with a mean age of 58 years. Nearly 15% of patients were Black and 12.8% were Hispanic, most residing in four geographic areas. Nine of the 11 FHPs were reflected in nurse‐sensitive indicators documented in the electronic health record. SDoH data were inconsistently documented, including race, education, history of neglect/abuse, and occupation.

Conclusion

The FHP framework captured many nurse‐sensitive indicators during the first COVID‐19 surge, although screening for and documenting SDoH data were limited.

Implications for nursing practice

Findings can influence the development of nursing assessment and documentation during crisis care delivery that are inclusive of distinct sociodemographic factors, in addition to clinical factors, to provide comprehensive, culturally sensitive care. Such documentation will enhance the use of nursing knowledge guided by a nursing framework to make visible the essential contributions of nurses to healthcare delivery.
Vasoactive and/or inotropic drugs in initial resuscitation of burn injuries: A systematic review
Authors: Knappskog Kristine , Andersen Nina Gjerde , Guttormsen Anne Berit , Onarheim Henning , Almeland Stian Kreken , Beitland Sigrid
Published: May 2022

Background

According to current guidelines, initial burn resuscitation should be performed with fluids alone. The aims of the study were to review the frequency of use of vasoactive and/or inotropic drugs in initial burn resuscitation, and assess the benefits and harms of adding such drugs to fluids.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, UpToDate, and SveMed+ through 3 December 2021. The search included studies on critically ill burn patients receiving vasoactive and/or inotropic drugs in addition to fluids within 48 h after burn injury.

Results

The literature search identified 1058 unique publications that were screened for inclusion. After assessing 115 publications in full text, only two retrospective cohort studies were included. One study found that 16 out of 52 (31%) patients received vasopressor(s). Factors associated with vasopressor use were increasing age, burn depth, and % total body surface area (TBSA) burnt. Another study observed that 20 out of 111 (18%) patients received vasopressor(s). Vasopressor use was associated with increasing age, Baux score, and %TBSA burnt in addition to more frequent dialysis treatment and increased mortality. Study quality assessed by the Newcastle‐Ottawa quality assessment scale was considered good in one study, but uncertain due to limited description of methods in the other.

Conclusion

This systematic review revealed that there is a lack of evidence regarding the benefits and harms of using vasoactive and/or inotropic drugs in addition to fluids during early resuscitation of patients with major burns.
Suicidal ideation and sobriety: Should acute alcohol intoxication be taken into account for psychiatric evaluation?
Authors: Keyes Daniel , Talarico Philip , Hardin Blake , Molter Alexander , Lee Honesty , Valiuddin Hisham , Moore Brandon
Published: May 2022

Background

When evaluating an emergency department (ED) patient who presents with suicidal ideation, it is a common practice to wait until the patient's ethanol level is known or calculated to be less than 80 mg/dl to evaluate patient safety. We know of no study that establishes an association between the degree of alcohol intoxication based on a blood alcohol level (BAL) and reported suicidal ideation (SI) upon recovery.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of patients evaluated in a Midwestern ED for the calendar year 2017. Cases were selected if they had a psychiatric social work consult and a blood alcohol level drawn while in the ED. Patients were selected on the same 2 days each week throughout the year to meet the sample size requirements of the study, resulting in 1084 cases for review. Chi‐square analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between suicidal ideation and alcohol intoxication as defined by a BAL ≥80 mg/dl.

Results

Among patients presenting with suicidal ideation and a concurrent BAL ≥80 mg/dl, 69% no longer reported suicidal ideation when their BAL was <80 mg/dl, compared to 38% for patients without a positive BAL on presentation (chi‐square, p = 0.000012).

Conclusion

Our data show that patients presenting to the ED with complaints related to suicidal behavior who have a BAL ≥80 mg/dl are more likely to no longer endorse having suicidal ideation once their BAL is < 80 mg/dl than patients with similar presenting complaints and no alcohol intoxication. This finding supports the common ED practice of re‐assessing suicidal ideation among individuals who are initially intoxicated once their BAL has decreased below 80 mg/dl.
Association between psychiatric hospitalizations of patients with schizophrenia and polygenic risk scores based on genes with altered expression by antipsychotics
Authors: Facal Fernando , Arrojo Manuel , Paz Eduardo , Páramo Mario , Costas Javier
Published: May 2022

Objective

To test whether a schizophrenia polygenic risk score (PRS) based on the subset of polymorphisms that affect brain expression of genes with altered expression by antipsychotics (exprAP PRS) is associated with psychiatric readmission of patients with schizophrenia.

Methods

The study involved 427 patients with schizophrenia. Genes with altered expression by antipsychotics were extracted from the Comparative Toxigenomics Database. ExprAP PRS was estimated using the clumping and thresholding (p < 0.05) method. Two additional PRS were tested based on subsets of exprAP polymorphisms whose schizophrenia risk allele has the same (unrestored PRS) or opposite (restored PRS) direction of effect on gene expression than antipsychotics. A general SCZ PRS was tested for comparison. Logistic and ordinal regression were used to test for association of each PRS with ever readmission and admission history, an outcome based on length and number of admissions, respectively. Webgestalt was used for Gene Ontology enrichment analysis.

Results

ExprAP PRS was associated with ever readmission (OR = 1.48, 95%CI:1.10–1.97) and admission history (OR = 1.30, 95%CI 1.07–1.57). SCZ PRS (OR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.01–1.48) and unrestored PRS (OR = 1.26, 95%CI 1.04–1.53) were only associated with admission history. Genes at exprAP PRS were enriched in regulation of cytokine production.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that PRS based on genes with altered expression by antipsychotics may be better predictors of readmission than SCZ PRS, warranting further investigation in larger cohorts of patients. The action of antipsychotics may be related to brain gene expression, mainly in genes involved in immunity.
Postoperative colon perforation due to the tip of the transanal decompression tube after laparoscopic low anterior resection: A case report
Authors: Sato Kentaro , Kasajima Hiroyuki , Imaizumi Ken , Kurushima Michihiro , Umehara Minoru , Tsuruga Yosuke , Yamana Daisuke , Sato Aya , Ichimura Kentaro , Isokawa Marina , Nakanishi Kazuaki
Published: May 2022

A 66‐year‐old man underwent laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer. A transanal decompression tube (24Fr Nelaton catheter) was placed laparoscopically during the surgery. Contrast enema on postoperative day 5 showed perforation of the sigmoid colon around the tip of the tube, and emergency laparotomy was performed. Perforation of the posterior sigmoid colon located on the proximal side of the colorectal anastomosis at the level of the promontorium was identified. Closure of the perforation site, lavage drainage, and a diverting loop ileostomy were performed. Although a transanal decompression tube is useful in preventing anastomotic leakage, tube‐related colon perforation should be noted, and controversies about the safety of laparoscopically transanal decompression tube placement should be resolved. Adequate management for tube placement should be discussed.
British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of adults with delusional infestation 2022
Authors: Ahmed Alia , Affleck Andrew G. , Angus Janet , Assalman Iyas , Baron Susannah E. , Bewley Anthony , Goulding Jonathan M.R. , Jerrom Richard , Lepping Peter , Mortimer Helen , Shah Reena , Taylor Ruth E. , Thompson Andrew R. , Mustapa M. Firouz Mohd , Manounah Lina ,   on behalf of the British Association of Dermatologists' Clinical Standards Unit, Levell N.J. , McDonald B. , Chua S.L. , Bardhan A. , Petrof G. , Laws P. , Daunton A. , Frow H. , Nasr I. , Hashme M. , Exton L.S. , Constantin A.M. , Manounah L. , Mohd Mustapa M.F.
Published: May 2022

The overall objective of the guideline is to provide up-to-date, evidence-based recommendations for the management of delusional infestation (DI) in adults.

Linked Comment:  I. Coulson. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:457.
Reducing gender differences in student motivational‐affective factors: A meta‐analysis of school‐based interventions
Authors: Lesperance Kaley , Hofer Sarah , Retelsdorf Jan , Holzberger Doris
Published: May 2022

Background

Research shows that gender differences tend to exist in student motivational‐affective factors in core subjects such as math, science or reading, where one gender is stereotypically disadvantaged.

Aims

This study aimed to investigate strategies that could reduce these gender differences by conducting a meta‐analysis on school‐based intervention studies that targeted student motivational‐affective factors. We therefore evaluated whether interventions had differential effects for male and female students' motivational‐affective factors in a given academic subject. We also evaluated potential moderator variables.

Method

After conducting a systematic database search and screening abstracts for inclusion, we synthesized 71 effect sizes from 20 primary studies. All included studies were conducted in science or mathematics‐related subjects, which are stereotypically female‐disadvantaged.

Results

While the interventions had significant positive effects for both genders, there was no statistically significant difference between the two genders with regard to the intervention effects on motivational‐affective factors. However, the descriptive effect size for female students (g = .49) was far greater than for male students (g = .28). Moderator analyses showed no significant effects for grade level, intervention duration, or school subject, but there was a significant influence of intervention method used.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that school‐based interventions have positive effects on motivational‐affective factors for both genders. It also provides evidence that interventions in subjects where female students are stereotypically disadvantaged may have greater effects for females than for males. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Convergent evolution of toxin resistance in animals
Authors: van Thiel Jory , Khan Muzaffar A. , Wouters Roel M. , Harris Richard J. , Casewell Nicholas R. , Fry Bryan G. , Kini R. Manjunatha , Mackessy Stephen P. , Vonk Freek J. , Wüster Wolfgang , Richardson Michael K.
Published: May 2022

Convergence is the phenomenon whereby similar phenotypes evolve independently in different lineages. One example is resistance to toxins in animals. Toxins have evolved many times throughout the tree of life. They disrupt molecular and physiological pathways in target species, thereby incapacitating prey or deterring a predator. In response, molecular resistance has evolved in many species exposed to toxins to counteract their harmful effects. Here, we review current knowledge on the convergence of toxin resistance using examples from a wide range of toxin families. We explore the evolutionary processes and molecular adaptations driving toxin resistance. However, resistance adaptations may carry a fitness cost if they disrupt the normal physiology of the resistant animal. Therefore, there is a trade‐off between maintaining a functional molecular target and reducing toxin susceptibility. There are relatively few solutions that satisfy this trade‐off. As a result, we see a small set of molecular adaptations appearing repeatedly in diverse animal lineages, a phenomenon that is consistent with models of deterministic evolution. Convergence may also explain what has been called ‘autoresistance’. This is often thought to have evolved for self‐protection, but we argue instead that it may be a consequence of poisonous animals feeding on toxic prey. Toxin resistance provides a unique and compelling model system for studying the interplay between trophic interactions, selection pressures and the molecular mechanisms underlying evolutionary novelties.
Invasive shrub Lantana camara L. alters the flora and soils in tropical dry deciduous forests of Central India
Authors: Lone Parvaiz Ahmad , Dar Javid Ahmad , Kothandaraman Subashree , Khan Mohammed Latif
Published: May 2022

Lantana camara (hereafter Lantana) is a highly noxious invasive weed species of global concern. However, its impacts on floristic and soil properties in tropical dry deciduous forests are elusive and fragmented. We aimed to assess the changes in the flora and soil properties following the invasion by Lantana in Central Indian forest ecosystems. Three study sites were selected, and each site was further divided into two subsites: Lantana‐invaded (LI) and uninvaded (UI). In total, 60 plots of 0.25 ha each (10 plots in each subsite) were laid randomly. Within each plot, floristic structure, composition, diversity, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), moisture (M%), pH, and bulk density (BD) were assessed. Lantana‐invaded sites showed a significant decrease in density (D), basal area (BA), species richness (SR), and evenness (E) of saplings (<3 cm diameter at breast height [DBH]), juveniles (between 3 and 9.9 cm DBH), and herbs. In LI sites, a reduction of 57% and 25% was observed in lower DBH class of trees (saplings and juveniles). In all the LI sites, significant increase in SOC, STN, and M%, and a significant decrease in pH were recorded. Lantana may greatly impact the vegetation and soil properties, and successively, these strong changes may increase its invasive potential and ability to replace native species by averting their natural regeneration potential. Therefore, a proper management strategy of this noxious weed is imperative to prevent its further expansion and future problems.
Acute high‐altitude hypoxia exposure causes neurological deficits via formaldehyde accumulation
Authors: Wang Xiaoyin , Sun Haochen , Cui Lili , Wang Xian , Ren Changhong , Tong Zhiqian , Ji Xunming
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Acute high‐altitude hypoxia exposure causes multiple adverse neurological consequences. However, the exact mechanisms are still unclear, and there is no targeted treatment with few side effects. Excessive cerebral formaldehyde (FA) impairs numerous functions, and can be eliminated by nano‐packed coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10).

Aims

In this study, we aimed to investigate whether cerebral FA was accumulated after hypobaric hypoxia exposure, and further explored the preventative effect of CoQ10 through FA elimination.

Results

Accumulated cerebral FA was found in C57BL/6 mice after acute high‐altitude hypoxia exposure, which resulted in FA metabolic disturbance with the elevation of semicarbazide‐sensitive amine oxidase, and declination of aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2. Excessive FA was also found to induce neuronal ferroptosis in vivo. Excitingly, administration with CoQ10 for 3 days before acute hypobaric hypoxia reduced cerebral FA accumulation, alleviated subsequent neuronal ferroptosis, and preserved neurological functions.

Conclusion

Cerebral FA accumulation mediates neurological deficits under acute hypobaric hypoxia, and CoQ10 supplementation may be a promising preventative strategy for visitors and sojourners at plateau.
Maternal Prkce expression in mature oocytes is critical for the first cleavage facilitating maternal‐to‐zygotic transition in mouse early embryos
Authors: Zhang Shaoqing , Gong Xiuli , Zhou Yiye , Ma Qingwen , Cai Qin , Yang Guanheng , Guo Xinbing , Chen Yanwen , Xu Miao , Zhu Yiwen , Zeng Yitao , Zeng Fanyi
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Early embryo development is dependent on the regulation of maternal messages stored in the oocytes during the maternal‐to‐zygote transition. Previous studies reported variability of oocyte competence among different inbred mouse strains. The present study aimed to identify the maternal transcripts responsible for early embryonic development by comparing transcriptomes from oocytes of high‐ or low‐ competence mouse strains.

Materials and Methods

In vitro fertilization embryos from oocytes of different mouse strains were subject to analysis using microarrays, RNA sequencing, real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) analysis, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. One candidate gene, Prkce, was analysed using Prkce knockout mice, followed by a cRNA rescue experiment.

Results

The fertilization and 2‐cell rate were significantly higher for FVB/NJ (85.1% and 82.0%) and DBA/2J (79.6% and 76.7%) inbred mouse strains than those for the MRL/lpr (39.9% and 35.8%) and 129S3 (35.9% and 36.6%) strains. Thirty‐nine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were noted, of which nine were further verified by RT‐qPCR. Prkce knockout mice showed a reduced 2‐cell rate (Prkce+/+ 80.1% vs. Prkce−/− 32.4%) that could be rescued by Prkce cRNA injection (2‐cell rate reached 76.7%). Global transcriptional analysis revealed 143 DEGs in the knockout mice, which were largely composed of genes functioning in cell cycle regulation.

Conclusions

The transcription level of maternal messages such as Prkce in mature oocytes is associated with different 2‐cell rates in select inbred mouse strains. Prkce transcript levels could serve as a potential biomarker to characterize high‐quality mature oocytes.
Student perception and assessment outcomes using a pilot condensed format (“boot camp”) in a Fixed Prosthodontics course
Authors: Bompolaki Despoina , Stafford Gary
Published: May 2022

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to assess student perception as well as course outcomes (final written examination grades) when using a pilot condensed format in an undergraduate Fixed Prosthodontics course, which was implemented as a response to the global pandemic of Covid‐19.

Materials and Methods

The course was delivered in a condensed format, with a total of 28 direct contact hours in the Simulation Clinic within a 4 day period. Asynchronous remote learning was employed for the didactic portion of the course. Students completed surveys before and after the course, to assess their perception of the condensed format, and written examination grades were compared with previous years' grades. Data were entered in an Excel database (Microsoft Excel 2016) and analysed using a statistical analysis software program (IBM SPSS Statistics, v26; IBM Corp). The level of significance was set to α = 0.05.

Results

Overall, student perception of the condensed format was positive. At the beginning of the course, female students had less confidence in their skills compared to male students (p < .05). Written examination grades were significantly lower compared to previous years' grades (p = .04).

Conclusion

The use of a condensed format can allow a course to be delivered in smaller student cohorts and provides the ability to reduce the total number of direct contact hours allotted to the course, creating space within the curriculum. Student perception of this format was generally positive. However, written examination scores were negatively impacted, indicating possible knowledge gaps resulting from the condensed course format. More studies are needed to assess the effect of the various curricular modifications that have been implemented due to the Covid‐19 pandemic.
Life history of Laccophilus lewisioides Brancucci, 1983 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) and the ecological significance of the larval period of five Laccophilus species
Authors: Watanabe Kohei
Published: May 2022

Dytiscidae are the largest aquatic group belonging to the order Coleoptera. However, approximately 40% of Dytiscidae members have been threatened with extinction in Japan, and Laccophilus is one of the genera with considerable decline. A description of the life history of these species and their ecological information will contribute to their conservation. In this study, I described the life history of Laccophilus lewisioides Brancucci, 1983 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Laccophilinae) using rearing‐based methods under laboratory conditions. I then compared the biology of the larval stages of this species to four Laccophilus species, L. vagelineatus Zimmermann, 1922, L. hebusuensis Watanabe & Kamite, 2020, L. yoshitomii Watanabe & Kamite, 2018, and L. kobensis Sharp, 1873. The developmental period for each immature stage at 26°C was as follows: first instar larva, 4–12 days (n = 16); second instar larva, 5–9 days (n = 15); third instar larva, 5–10 days (n = 15); landing to pupation, 2–3 days (n = 2); pupation to adult emergence, 4 days (n = 1); and landing to escape, 8–9 days (n = 14). The total larval period was significantly longer for L. lewisioides than for the other four Laccophilus species. The duration of larval period could be strongly related to the duration of stable water level in the reproductive habitat. The coloration of the larval stage varied between species groups, suggesting that the larvae adapt to the surrounding environment and show a camouflage effect. This is the first report on the immature stages in the life cycle of L. lewisioides.
Drivers of US health care spending for persons with seizures and/or epilepsies, 2010–2018
Authors: Moura Lidia M. V. R. , Karakis Ioannis , Zack Matthew M. , Tian Niu , Kobau Rosemarie , Howard David
Published: May 2022

Objective

This study was undertaken to characterize spending for persons classified with seizure or epilepsy and to determine whether spending has increased over time.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, we pooled data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) household component files for 2010–2018. We matched cases to controls on age and sex of a population‐based sample of MEPS respondents (community‐dwelling persons of all ages) with records associated with a medical event (e.g., outpatient visit, hospital inpatient) for seizure, epilepsy, or both. Outcomes were weighted to be representative of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population. We estimated the treated prevalence of epilepsy and seizure, health care spending overall and by site of care, and trends in spending growth.

Results

We identified 1078 epilepsy cases and 2344 seizure cases. Treated prevalence was .38% (95% confidence interval [CI] = .34–.41) for epilepsy, .76% (95% CI = .71–.81) for seizure, and 1.14% (95% CI = 1.08–1.20) for epilepsy or seizure. The difference in annual spending for cases compared to controls was $4580 (95% CI = $3362–$5798) for epilepsy, $7935 (95% CI, $6237–$9634) for seizure, and $6853 (95% CI = $5623–$8084) for epilepsy or seizure, translating into aggregate costs of $5.4 billion, $19.0 billion, and $24.5 billion. From 2010 to 2018, the annual growth rate in total spending incurred for seizures and/or epilepsies was 7.6% compared to 3.6% among controls.

Significance

US economic burden of seizures and/or epilepsies is substantial and warrants interventions focused on their unique and overlapping causes.
Diagnostic yield and limitations of in‐hospital documentation in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Schulze‐Bonhage Andreas , Bruno Elisa , Brandt Armin , Shek Anthony , Viana Pedro , Heers Marcel , Martinez‐Lizana Eva , Altenmüller Dirk‐Matthias , Richardson Mark Philip , San Antonio‐Arce Victoria
Published: May 2022

Objective

To determine the diagnostic yield of in‐hospital video–electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring to document seizures in patients with epilepsy.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of electronic seizure documentation at the University Hospital Freiburg (UKF) and at King's College London (KCL). Statistical assessment of the role of the duration of monitoring, and subanalyses on presurgical patient groups and patients undergoing reduction of antiseizure medication.

Results

Of more than 4800 patients with epilepsy undergoing in‐hospital recordings at the two institutions since 2005, seizures with documented for 43% (KCL) and 73% (UKF).. Duration of monitoring was highly significantly associated with seizure recordings (p < .0001), and presurgical patients as well as patients with drug reduction had a significantly higher diagnostic yield (p < .0001). Recordings with a duration of >5 days lead to additional new seizure documentation in only less than 10% of patients.

Significance

There is a need for the development of new ambulatory monitoring strategies to document seizures for diagnostic and monitoring purposes for a relevant subgroup of patients with epilepsy in whom in‐hospital monitoring fails to document seizures.
Gender differences in marital and military predictors of service member career satisfaction
Authors: Street Towanda , Lewin Amy , Woodall Kelly , Cruz‐Cano Raul , Thoma Marie , Stander Valerie A.
Published: May 2022

Background

U.S. servicewomen may face unique military experiences unlike those of servicemen, and stressors can affect their satisfaction with the military. Understanding factors influencing satisfaction among the increasing number of U.S. servicewomen in the U.S. military is important for retention.

Methods

Using family stress theory, data from service members and their spouses (N = 9325) enrolled in the Millennium Cohort Family Study were analyzed using cross‐sectional linear regression to evaluate the relationship between military and family stressors and service members' military satisfaction, and how these relationships differ by gender.

Results

Service members with more deployment experience and better mental health were more satisfied with the military, while spouse employment outside the home and work–family conflict were associated with less satisfaction. Gender, marital quality, and social support moderated the relationships between stressors and military satisfaction, suggesting they may impact men and women differently. Overall, however, work–family conflict was associated with decrements in the career satisfaction of both men and women.

Conclusion

This study increases our understanding of the influence military and family stressors have on service members' satisfaction with the military. It also reveals gender differences in military satisfaction and recommends strategies to address the needs of diverse military families.
More soil organic carbon is sequestered through the mycelium pathway than through the root pathway under nitrogen enrichment in an alpine forest
Authors: Zhu Xiaomin , Zhang Ziliang , Wang Qitong , Peñuelas Josep , Sardans Jordi , Lambers Hans , Li Na , Liu Qing , Yin Huajun , Liu Zhanfeng
Published: May 2022

Plant roots and associated mycorrhizae exert a large influence on soil carbon (C) cycling. Yet, little was known whether and how roots and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) extraradical mycelia differentially contribute to soil organic C (SOC) accumulation in alpine forests under increasing nitrogen (N) deposition. Using ingrowth cores, the relative contributions of the root pathway (RP; i.e., roots and rhizosphere processes) and mycelium pathway (MP; i.e., extraradical mycelia and hyphosphere processes) to SOC accumulation were distinguished and quantified in an ECM‐dominated forest receiving chronic N addition (25 kg N ha−1 year−1). Under the non‐N addition, the RP facilitated SOC accumulation, although the MP reduced SOC accumulation. Nitrogen addition enhanced the positive effect of RP on SOC accumulation from +18.02 to +20.55 mg C g−1 but counteracted the negative effect of MP on SOC accumulation from −5.62 to −0.57 mg C g−1, compared with the non‐N addition. Compared with the non‐N addition, the N‐induced SOC accumulation was 1.62–2.21 and 3.23–4.74 mg C g−1, in the RP and the MP, respectively. The greater contribution of MP to SOC accumulation was mainly attributed to the higher microbial C pump (MCP) efficacy (the proportion of increased microbial residual C to the increased SOC under N addition) in the MP (72.5%) relative to the RP (57%). The higher MCP efficacy in the MP was mainly associated with the higher fungal metabolic activity (i.e., the greater fungal biomass and N‐acetyl glucosidase activity) and greater binding efficiency of fungal residual C to mineral surfaces than those of RP. Collectively, our findings highlight the indispensable role of mycelia and hyphosphere processes in the formation and accumulation of stable SOC in the context of increasing N deposition.
LEARNING ABOUT REGIME CHANGE
Authors: Foerster Andrew , Matthes Christian
Published: May 2022

Total factor productivity (TFP) and investment specific technology (IST) growth both exhibit regime‐switching behavior, but the regime at any given time is difficult to infer. We build a rational expectations real business cycle model where the underlying TFP and IST regimes are unobserved. We develop a general perturbation solution algorithm for a wide class of models with unobserved regime‐switching. Using our method, we show learning about regime‐switching fits the data, affect the responses to regime shifts and intraregime shocks, increase asymmetries in the responses, generate forecast error bias even with rational agents, and raise the welfare cost of fluctuations.
Effect of hydrophilic groups in lipids on the characteristics of starch–lipid complexes
Authors: Li Qi , Gao Yuan , Li Yancai , Du Shuang‐kui , Yu Xiuzhu
Published: May 2022

The complexation of starch and lipids has important implications for food quality, and the interaction is affected by hydrophilic groups in lipids. The complexation interaction of palmitic acid and its common esters with starch was investigated to clarify the influence of the hydrophilicity of polar heads in lipids. The results indicate that the difference in hydrophilic groups affected the characteristics of starch–lipid complexes. The difficulty level of complexation with starch was in the order of palmitic acid > glyceryl monopalmitate > L‐ascorbyl palmitate, with the degree of double helix of the L‐ascorbyl palmitate complex being the lowest. In contrast with palmitic acid, the viscoelasticity of complexes formed by glyceryl monopalmitate and L‐ascorbyl palmitate with a higher number of hydroxyl groups was enhanced and exhibited obvious elastic characteristics. The more intensive complexation interaction caused the more evident changes of the 13C NMR chemical shift attributed to starch. For the complexes of L‐ascorbyl palmitate, glyceryl monopalmitate, and palmitic acid, chemical shift values of carbon at the methylene in glucose units shifted upfield by 0.34, 0.18, and 0.10 ppm, respectively. Hence, hydrophilic groups in lipids significantly affected the formation, structure, and physicochemical properties of starch–lipid complexes.
Factor analysis of the Chinese version of the Self‐care Ability Scale for the Elderly: A multi‐centre cross‐cultural validation study
Authors: Guo Lina , Wei Miao , Namassevayam Genoosha , Söderhamn Ulrika , Liu Yanjin , Guo Yuanli
Published: May 2022

Aim

This study aimed to explore and confirm the factor structure and item distribution of the Chinese version of Self‐care Ability Scale for the Elderly among older Chinese people.

Methods

A cluster random sampling method was used to collect 2856 older people from five different cities of China from July 2018 to July 2019. A questionnaire comprised of socio‐demographic information and the Chinese version of the Self‐care Ability Scale for the Elderly was administered, and SPSS 21.0 and Mplus 7.4 were used for analyses.

Results

Participants were aged 60 to 92 years, with a mean age of 71.52 (SD = 7.68) years. In the Exploratory Factor Analysis, the three‐factor structure and item distribution of the Chinese version of the Self‐care Ability Scale for the Elderly were verified to be better than other options. The factor loadings varied from 0.428 to 0.800, and the communality values ranged from 0.426 to 0.792. The modified model showed a good fit in the Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Conclusion

The Chinese version of the Self‐care Ability Scale for the Elderly has a clear three‐factor structure and a good item distribution. It serves as a convenient and accurate assessment tool to assess the self‐care ability of older Chinese people.
Current status and future prospects of antibody–drug conjugates in urological malignancies
Authors: Hayashi Tetsutaro , Hinata Nobuyuki
Published: May 2022

Antibody‐drug conjugates represent a promising new treatment option that uses the targeting ability of an antibody to deliver cytotoxic drugs directly to tumors. Antibody‐drug conjugates provide the opportunity to deliver drugs to antigen‐expressing cancer cells while minimizing toxicity to normal tissue, achieving wider therapeutic windows. To date, three antibody‐drug conjugates have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and many antibody‐drug conjugates are under clinical development for urological malignancies. In this paper, we review the mechanism, history, and development of antibody‐drug conjugates, and review the current landscape of antibody‐drug conjugates in urological malignancies including 12 targets and 18 antibody‐drug conjugates in prostate cancer, renal cancer, and urothelial cancer. Furthermore, we review the rational combination of antibody‐drug conjugates with immune checkpoint inhibitors and consider future prospects to enhance the therapeutic activity of antibody‐drug conjugates in urological malignancies.
The implications of the foot health status in Parkinson patients: A case–control study
Authors: Jiménez‐Cebrián Ana María , López‐López Luis , Losa‐Iglesias Marta Elena , Becerro‐de‐Bengoa‐Vallejo Ricardo , Romero‐Morales Carlos , López‐López Daniel , Montiel‐Luque Alonso , Navarro‐Flores Emmanuel , de Labra Carmen
Published: May 2022

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects both health of the feet, as to gait patterns. This study aimed to find out about foot problems and their impact on self‐perceived quality of life and related to foot health in Parkinson's patients compared to a group of healthy subjects and to measure it with Spanish Podiatry Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐S). It is about a case–control study in a sample of Parkinson's patients n = 62, healthy controls n = 62. The PHQ‐S was reported, it describes perception the subject has in each of podiatric 6 dimensions consulted, assessing appreciation of health status of interviewee's feet and a self‐rated the foot health score on the visual analog scale (VAS). There were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the dimensions that assessed problems with walking and moving, nail trimming, concern feet state, and affectation of quality of life related foot health. Regarding the self‐perception of state of their feet, Parkinson's patients perceive a worse state of health of their feet than healthy subjects. The mean value was 4.8 (SD 2.2) for Parkinson's patients and 3.8 (SD 2.3) for healthy subjects. In conclusion, patients with PD have problems in walking or moving, foot pain, difficulties in foot hygiene and in cutting for their nails, as well as the concern they suffer from deterioration in state of their feet affect them and decrease their quality of life. Podiatric problems in Parkinson's patients have a great impact in reducing quality of life related to foot health.
Same place, different stories: Disparate evolutionary trends of mygalomorph spiders from the Peripampasic orogenic arc
Authors: Calatayud‐Mascarell Arnau , Ferretti Nelson , Enguídanos Alba , Arnedo Miquel A.
Published: May 2022

Aim

Comparative phylogeography aims to unravel similarities in the population structure and evolutionary processes undergone by co‐distributed taxa, under the assumption that they will have experienced the same geoclimatic events. However, small differences in functional traits, particularly those related to dispersal abilities, may translate into incongruent evolutionary histories. Here, we used a sequence target multi‐locus approach to infer and compare the phylogeographical patterns of three sympatric mygalomorph spiders in the Argentinean Peripampasic orogenic arc.

Location

The mountainous systems of central and northern Argentina.

Taxon

Acanthogonatus centralis, Grammostola vachoni and Plesiopelma longisternale (Araneae: Mygalomorphae).

Methods

We inferred mitochondrial gene trees (16S + L1 + nad1) and nuclear (ITS2) networks of three species of mygalomorph spiders from 159 individuals using Bayesian and Maximum likelihood approaches, and estimated divergence times in a Bayesian framework. Based on our time‐stamped gene trees, we reconstructed ancestral areas using the Bayesian Binary MCMC method.

Results

Deeply divergent and highly geographically structured populations, isolated since the Late Miocene to mid Pliocene, were obtained in the pycnothelid Acanthogonatus centralis. Conversely, the theraphosids Plesiopelma longisternale and Grammostola vachoni showed slightly divergent and poorly geographically structured populations, tracing back to the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene.

Main conclusions

We propose that differences in dispersion rates and time of colonization between the theraphosids and the pycnothelid species led to divergent lineage history despite common environmental conditions. We corroborate the key role played by the Plio‐Pleistocene geoclimatic events in shaping the present‐day diversity of mygalomorph spiders along the Peripampasic orogenic arc. Additionally, we uncovered potentially overlooked species diversity within G. vachoni.
The biogeography of warming tolerance in lizards
Authors: Anderson Rodolfo O. , Meiri Shai , Chapple David G.
Published: May 2022

Aim

Many ectotherms are at risk from climate change as temperatures are increasingly exceeding their thermal limits. Many evaluations of the vulnerability of ectotherms to climate change have relied on statistical metrics derived from coarse‐scale climatic data, which may result in misleading predictions. By applying an integrative approach, we investigated geographical correlates of the vulnerability of lizards to climate change.

Location

Globally.

Taxon

Lizards.

Methods

We combined data on lizard thermal physiology and ecology, with high‐resolution climate data and biophysical modelling to assess lizards’ vulnerability to climate change. We calculated warming tolerance (difference between their body temperatures and upper thermal limits) and number of hours of activity. We investigated associations between warming tolerance and activity time with latitude, altitude and biome types. We compared our approach with traditional methods to calculate warming tolerance (using solely macroclimatic data).

Results

We found no latitudinal trend in the warming tolerance of lizards calculated from body temperature, but there was a weak negative correlation with altitude. We found associations between hours of activity and latitude and altitude. Desert species showed narrower warming tolerance than tropical and temperate species. Desert species and temperate species had reduced hours of activity when compared to tropical species. When warming tolerance was calculated from macroclimatic data, however, it was positively correlated with latitude and altitude, and species from tropical forested biomes showed narrow warming tolerances.

Main Conclusions

Vulnerability metrics calculated from macroclimatic data can produce divergent outcomes to those observed from fine‐scale climatic data. Our work indicates that the ability of desert and temperate lizard species to cope with heat stress by thermoregulating is more constrained than that of tropical species. Integrative assessments of ectotherms' vulnerability to climate change can highlight species and regions that should be prioritised for conservation management.
Mitochondrial‐derived vesicles: Recent insights
Authors: Popov Lucia‐Doina
Published: May 2022

The generation of vesicles is a constitutive attribute of mitochondria inherited from bacterial ancestors. The physiological conditions and mild oxidative stress promote oxidation and dysfunction of certain proteins and lipids within the mitochondrial membranes; these constituents are subsequently packed as small mitochondrial‐derived vesicles (MDVs) (70–150 nm in diameter) and are transported intracellularly to lysosomes and peroxisomes to be degraded. In this way, MDVs remove the damaged mitochondrial components, preserve mitochondrial structural and functional integrity and restore homeostasis. An outline of the current knowledge on MDVs seems to be necessary for understanding the potential impact of this research area in cellular (patho)physiology. The present synopsis is an attempt towards the accomplishment of this demand, highlighting also the still unclear issues related to MDVs. Here, we discuss (i) MDVs budding and generation (molecules and mechanisms), (ii) the distinct cargoes packed and transported by MDVs, (iii) the MDVs trafficking pathways and (iv) the biological role of MDVs, from quality controllers to the involvement in organellar crosstalk, mitochondrial antigen presentation and peroxisome de novo biogenesis. These complex roles uncover also mitochondria integration into the cellular environment. As the therapeutic exploitation of MDVs is currently limited, future insights into MDVs cell biology are expected to direct to novel diagnostic tools and treatments.
Evading Vetoes: Exiting the Politicized Decision Trap in EU Trade Policy
Authors: Gheyle Niels
Published: May 2022

The EU has famously been described as plagued by a ‘joint decision trap’: Member States are obliged to work together yet have difficulties making comprehensive steps forward given high decision‐making thresholds. This contribution states that against the background of the politicization of European integration, the prospect of a ‘politicized decision trap’ (PDT) emerges, where de facto veto positions develop that cannot easily be accommodated in the spotlight. To account for the observation that deadlock is often avoided, even in the face of visible conflict, the literature on exiting the JDT is rehabilitated by categorizing mechanisms as ‘anticipating’, ‘engaging’ or ‘defusing’ vetoes. Empirically, this framework is applied to EU trade policy, as several EU trade agreements in the past decade were (expected to become) confronted with the PDT, yet experienced remarkable resilience. By reviewing contemporary EU trade literature, various mechanisms are identified that have helped the EU evade the PDT.