bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal variation in the abundance and distribution ofAnomalocardia flexuosa(Mollusca, Bivalvia, Veneridae) in an estuarine intertidal plain
Authors: Silva-Cavalcanti Jacqueline S. , Costa Monica F. , Alves Luis H.B.
Published: February 2018

Spatial and temporal density and biomass of the infaunal molluskAnomalocardia flexuosa(Linnaeus, 1767) evaluated a tidal plain at Goiana estuary (Northeast Brazil). Three hundred and sixty core samples were taken during an annual cycle from three intertidal habitats (A, B and C). Shell ranged from 2.20 to 28.48 mm (15.08 ± 4.08 mm). Recruitment occurred more intensely from January to March. Total (0–1,129 g m−2) differed seasons (rainy and dry), with highest values in the early rainy season (221.0 ± 231.44 g m−2); and lowest values in the late dry season (57.34 ± 97 g m−2). The lowest occurred during the late rainy (319 ± 259 ind m−2) and early dry (496 ± 607 ind m−2) seasons. Extreme environmental situations (e.g., river flow, salinity and water temperature) at the end of each season also affected density ranges (late dry: 0–5,798 ind m−2; late rainy: 0–1,170 ind m−2).A. flexuosain the Goiana estuary presented a dominance of juvenile individuals (shell length < 20 mm), with high biomass main the recruitment period. Average shell length, density and biomass values suggest overfishing of the stock unit.A. flexuosais an important food and income resource along its whole distribution range. The species was previously also known asAnomalocardia brasiliana(Gmelin, 1791).
Dialogue Forms in the Taiping jing (Scripture on Great Peace)
Authors: Hendrischke Barbara
Published: February 2018

Large parts of the Taiping jing from the outgoing Han dynasty are presented as dialogues between a heaven-sent teacher and his disciples or, fewer in number, between a celestial spirit and an eager practitioner of Daoist ways of self-cultivation. It is argued that dialogue forms played a particular role in a text like the Taiping jing that is written in non-standard language and was meant to address a wider audience that reached beyond the educated elite. Despite their widespread use in Chinese ancient and medieval philosophical writings, dialogue forms have, with the exception of Michael Nylan’s 1997 study, attracted little scholarly attention. According to Charles Kahn’s (1996) observation, this is not much different for European antiquity. This paper attempts to show that for the authors of the Taiping jing, dialogue forms are an essential tool for expressing their demands for social and political reforms. It is proposed that dialogue forms signify the personal involvement of speakers, facilitate the presentation of alternative positions, and have a proselytizing function, thus improving the text’s accessibility, argumentative strength, and intellectual and religious relevance.
Monk’s Daughter and Her Suitor
Authors: Guo Li
Published: February 2018

The Egyptian shadow play commonly known as ʿAlam wa-Taʿādīr tells the story of a Coptic monk whose daughter falls in love with a Muslim merchant. Since its initial discovery in the 1900s, this remarkable play has slipped into oblivion. This article presents a survey of earlier research, an outline of the layers of the composite text based on all known textual and visual testimonies, an analysis of the building blocks—themed zajal song-cycles—and a summary of the sole working script that features dialogue as well. These findings will hopefully form a solid foundation for future research into this work, which in many ways is representative of Egyptian shadow plays in the Ottoman and early modern times.
Literati Storytelling in Late Medieval China. By Manling Luo
Authors: Patterson Gregory
Published: February 2018

Literati Storytelling in Late Medieval China. By Manling Luo. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015. Pp. xvi + 242. $50.
Nergal and Ereškigal. By Simonetta Ponchia and Mikko Luukko
Authors: Seri Andrea
Published: February 2018

Nergal and Ereškigal. By Simonetta Ponchia and Mikko Luukko. State Archives of Assyria Cune- iform Texts, vol. 8. Helsinki: The Neo-AssyiIan Texy Corpus Project, 2013. Pp. cviii + 82. $44 (paper). [Distributed by Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Ind.]
Job 1–21: Interpretation and Commentary. By C. L. Seow
Authors: Guffey Andrew R.
Published: February 2018

Job 1–21: Interpretation and Commentary. By C. L. Seow. Illuminations. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2013. Pp. xxviii + 971. $95.
Back Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: February 2018

Back Matter
Introdução ao fascismo
Authors: Melo Adriana Almeida Sales de
Published: February 2018

Resenha do livro de Leandro Konder, intitulado Introdução ao Fascismo, publicado pela Edições do Graal, no Rio de Janeiro, em 1977. O livro mostra-se atual, considerando o avanço do pensamento conservador com características fascistas em todo o mundo.
Dialética da Dependência
Authors: Marini Rui Mauro
Published: February 2018

A primeira edição deste Ensaio foi escrita em 1973. No mesmo ano o autor escreveu um texto complementar, à guisa de post-scriptum, segundo ele, "para esclarecer algumas questões e desfazer certos equívocos que o texto tem suscitado". Esta versão conta com a tradução de Marcelo Carcanholo, da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia — MG. Post-scriptum traduzido por Carlos Eduardo Martins, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Foi extraído da Editora Era, México, 1990, 10ª edição (Iª edição, 1973). O post-scriptum conforme: Revista Latinoamericana de Ciências Sociales, Flacso, (Santiago de Chile), n° 5, junho 1973. Versão digitalizada conforme publicado em "Ruy Mauro Marini: Vida e Obra", Editora Expressão Popular, 2005. Orgs. Roberta Traspadini e João Pedro Stedile. Este documento encontra-se em www.centrovictormeyer.org.br. Transcrição: Diego Grossi e HTML: Fernando A. S. Araújo.
Study of the F3 and StF4 Layers at Tucumán Near the Southern Crest of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly in Western South America
Authors: Tardelli A. , Pezzopane M. , Fagundes P. R. , Venkatesh K. , Pillat V. G. , Cabrera M. A. , Ezquer R. G.
Published: February 2018

The present investigation reports for the first time seasonal and solar activity variations of F3 and StF4 layers at the low‐latitude station of Tucumán (26.9°S, 65.4°W; dip latitude 13.9°S), Argentina, by considering ionograms recorded from 2007 to 2015 by an Advanced Ionospheric Sounder‐Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (AIS‐INGV) digital ionosonde. Occurrences of F3 and StF4 layers are found to be higher during summer months, while they are almost nil in winter. Moreover, occurrences of F3 and StF4 layers show a solar activity dependence with higher values during high solar activity. The solar activity dependence of F3 over Tucumán is similar to that reported earlier for the low‐latitude station of São José dos Campos, Brazil (dip latitude 14.1°S), but different than that reported for the near‐equatorial station of Palmas (dip latitude 6.6°S), Brazil. On the other hand, the solar cycle dependence of StF4 layer is consistent with the one obtained at Palmas. This highlights the complex nature of electrodynamics characterizing the ionosphere from the magnetic equatorial to low latitudes. Moreover, as shown in previous studies, the StF4 layer is always preceded and followed by the F3 layer, and it shows a shorter lifetime than that of the F3 layer. During the considered period, 1812 days were analyzed and the F3 layer was found in 370 days (20.4%), while the StF4 layer was found in 41 days (2.3%). This means that the StF4 stratification is seen during 11% of F3 layer days.
Response of Jupiter's Aurora to Plasma Mass Loading Rate Monitored by the Hisaki Satellite During Volcanic Eruptions at Io
Authors: Kimura T. , Hiraki Y. , Tao C. , Tsuchiya F. , Delamere P. A. , Yoshioka K. , Murakami G. , Yamazaki A. , Kita H. , Badman S. V. , Fukazawa K. , Yoshikawa I. , Fujimoto M.
Published: February 2018

The production and transport of plasma mass are essential processes in the dynamics of planetary magnetospheres. At Jupiter, it is hypothesized that Io's volcanic plasma carried out of the plasma torus is transported radially outward in the rotating magnetosphere and is recurrently ejected as plasmoid via tail reconnection. The plasmoid ejection is likely associated with particle energization, radial plasma flow, and transient auroral emissions. However, it has not been demonstrated that plasmoid ejection is sensitive to mass loading because of the lack of simultaneous observations of both processes. We report the response of plasmoid ejection to mass loading during large volcanic eruptions at Io in 2015. Response of the transient aurora to the mass loading rate was investigated based on a combination of Hisaki satellite monitoring and a newly developed analytic model. We found that the transient aurora frequently recurred at a 2–6 day period in response to a mass loading increase from 0.3 to 0.5 t/s. In general, the recurrence of the transient aurora was not significantly correlated with the solar wind, although there was an exceptional event with a maximum emission power of ~10 TW after the solar wind shock arrival. The recurrence of plasmoid ejection requires the precondition that an amount comparable to the total mass of magnetosphere, ~1.5 Mt, is accumulated in the magnetosphere. A plasmoid mass of more than 0.1 Mt is necessary in case that the plasmoid ejection is the only process for mass release.
High Frequency Near‐Field Ground Motion Excited by Strike‐Slip Step Overs
Authors: Hu Feng , Wen Jian , Chen Xiaofei
Published: February 2018

We performed dynamic rupture simulations on step overs with 1–2 km step widths and present their corresponding horizontal peak ground velocity distributions in the near field within different frequency ranges. The rupture speeds on fault segments are determinant in controlling the near‐field ground motion. A Mach wave impact area at the free surface, which can be inferred from the distribution of the ratio of the maximum fault‐strike particle velocity to the maximum fault‐normal particle velocity, is generated in the near field with sustained supershear ruptures on fault segments, and the Mach wave impact area cannot be detected with unsustained supershear ruptures alone. Sub‐Rayleigh ruptures produce stronger ground motions beyond the end of fault segments. The existence of a low‐velocity layer close to the free surface generates large amounts of high‐frequency seismic radiation at step over discontinuities. For near‐vertical step overs, normal stress perturbations on the primary fault caused by dipping structures affect the rupture speed transition, which further determines the distribution of the near‐field ground motion. The presence of an extensional linking fault enhances the near‐field ground motion in the extensional regime. This work helps us understand the characteristics of high‐frequency seismic radiation in the vicinities of step overs and provides useful insights for interpreting the rupture speed distributions derived from the characteristics of near‐field ground motion.
CAUSES: On the Role of Surface Energy Budget Errors to the Warm Surface Air Temperature Error Over the Central United States
Authors: Ma H.‐Y. , Klein S. A. , Xie S. , Zhang C. , Tang S. , Tang Q. , Morcrette C. J. , Van Weverberg K. , Petch J. , Ahlgrimm M. , Berg L. K. , Cheruy F. , Cole J. , Forbes R. , Gustafson W. I. , Huang M. , Liu Y. , Merryfield W. , Qian Y. , Roehrig R. , Wang Y.‐C.
Published: February 2018

Many weather forecast and climate models simulate warm surface air temperature (T2m) biases over midlatitude continents during the summertime, especially over the Great Plains. We present here one of a series of papers from a multimodel intercomparison project (CAUSES: Cloud Above the United States and Errors at the Surface), which aims to evaluate the role of cloud, radiation, and precipitation biases in contributing to the T2m bias using a short‐term hindcast approach during the spring and summer of 2011. Observations are mainly from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains sites. The present study examines the contributions of surface energy budget errors. All participating models simulate too much net shortwave and longwave fluxes at the surface but with no consistent mean bias sign in turbulent fluxes over the Central United States and Southern Great Plains. Nevertheless, biases in the net shortwave and downward longwave fluxes as well as surface evaporative fraction (EF) are contributors to T2m bias. Radiation biases are largely affected by cloud simulations, while EF bias is largely affected by soil moisture modulated by seasonal accumulated precipitation and evaporation. An approximate equation based upon the surface energy budget is derived to further quantify the magnitudes of radiation and EF contributions to T2m bias. Our analysis ascribes that a large EF underestimate is the dominant source of error in all models with a large positive temperature bias, whereas an EF overestimate compensates for an excess of absorbed shortwave radiation in nearly all the models with the smallest temperature bias.
Unraveling the History of Meridiani Planum, Mars: New Chemical Clues From the Rim of Endeavour Crater
Authors: Fraeman Abigail A.
Published: February 2018

Mittlefehldt et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005474) synthesize Alpha Particle X‐Ray Spectrometer chemical measurements along more than 4.5 km of Endeavour crater's rim. Their analyses clarify details of Endeavour's geologic history, including evidence for three to four distinct episodes of aqueous alteration. Fracture‐driven aqueous systems and Mn mobility are particularly important both here and at Curiosity's landing site on the opposite side of the planet. The detailed documentation of Alpha Particle X‐Ray Spectrometer data products within this paper will be a key reference for researchers who want to perform future work on questions related to Mars aqueous geochemistry, impact processes, and Martian crustal and atmospheric evolution.
Adaptation
Authors: Little Michael A.
Published: February 2018

The concept ofadaptation, or the adjustment of an organism to its environment, is a fundamental property of all living forms. In humans, a genetic adaptation, which provides a relative benefit to an individual, is likely to be selected and retained to provide an evolutionary advantage. Other forms of phenotypic adaptation reflect the plasticity in individuals, through either developmental adaptation or short‐term adaptation resulting from homeostatic regulatory mechanisms in the body. Environmental stress arises from all kinds of human experiences, where either physical or social environmental stressors will cause a deviation from homeostasis and elicit responses that can be adaptive. Traditional models of environmental stressors leading to stress and leading, in turn, to adaptive responses may not be realistic under modern conditions of social disparities, warfare, and mass intercontinental migrations. Increased world population, global climate change, international conflict and warfare, and widespread losses in biodiversity will present dramatically new stressors requiring novel adaptive patterns for our species.
Treponemal disease
Authors: Zuckerman Molly K.
Published: February 2018

Since the development of biological anthropology, research on treponemal disease has been a major driver of method and theory within the field. Investigations have focused on the evolutionary history of treponemal disease, particularly the origin and antiquity of syphilis, as well as the prevalence of treponemal disease relative to regional ecology and cultural context, and the economic, social, and demographic consequences of treponemal disease throughout time. Skeletal evidence and bacterial DNA have primarily been used to investigate treponemal disease in past populations, particularly the origins of syphilis and evolutionary relationships between the treponematoses, though both lines of evidence have complications for analyses of treponemal disease. While debate continues over whether syphilis originated in the New World or was present in the Pre‐Columbian Old World, information on the evolutionary history of treponemal disease is directly relevant to the control of treponemal disease and the health of modern and future human populations.
Vietnam War
Authors: Dumbrell John
Published: February 2018

The long conflict in Vietnam, involving France, the United States, Northern and Southern Vietnamese communist forces, was accompanied by highly complex global diplomatic interactions. These involved potential peace mediators, as well as international organizations and the communist powers of China and the USSR. In general terms, diplomacy constituted a mode of warfare, rather than an alternative to it.
Balance of Power
Authors: Andersen Morten Skumsrud
Published: February 2018

The balance of power – the idea that states consciously or unconsciously strive towards an equal distribution of power to avoid dominance by one – is a core concept for the study of international politics. The discipline of international relations (IR) has long debated the standing of the balance of power as a theoretical concept. Some argue that the concept does not fit the historical empirics, whilst others have amended the concept by introducing ideas like “balance of threats,” “bandwagoning,” or “soft balancing.” However, diplomats throughout history have also frequently deployed the balance‐of‐power concept. From the Italian city‐states in the fifteenth century, through Great Power wars in Europe in the 1700s, the Concert of Europe, two world wars, and up until our day, practitioners have used the concept in various ways. The balance of power is therefore as central to the study of diplomatic practice as it is for the theoretical understanding of interstate relations.
Bull,Hedley (1932–85)
Authors: Kerr Pauline
Published: February 2018

Despite his relatively short life (1932–85), Hedley Bull's contribution to studies of world order and the role of diplomacy continues to inspire scholars. His work is acknowledged internationally and published in many languages. This entry argues that Bull's treatment of diplomacy is best understood as a social practice. It is one of the institutions that Bull proposes maintain an international society of states that provides a basis for international order. It also argues that, although Bull did not theorize diplomacy in terms of a social practice, nonetheless his focus on the empirical practices of diplomacy and diplomats informs current scholarship on social practice theory.
3D Jet Writing: Functional Microtissues Based on Tessellated Scaffold Architectures
Authors: Jordahl Jacob H. , Solorio Luis , Sun Hongli , Ramcharan Stacy , Teeple Clark B. , Haley Henry R. , Lee Kyung Jin , Eyster Thomas W. , Luker Gary D. , Krebsbach Paul H. , Lahann Joerg
Published: February 2018

The advent of adaptive manufacturing techniques supports the vision of cell‐instructive materials that mimic biological tissues. 3D jet writing, a modified electrospinning process reported herein, yields 3D structures with unprecedented precision and resolution offering customizable pore geometries and scalability to over tens of centimeters. These scaffolds support the 3D expansion and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Implantation of these constructs leads to the healing of critical bone defects in vivo without exogenous growth factors. When applied as a metastatic target site in mice, circulating cancer cells home in to the osteogenic environment simulated on 3D jet writing scaffolds, despite implantation in an anatomically abnormal site. Through 3D jet writing, the formation of tessellated microtissues is demonstrated, which serve as a versatile 3D cell culture platform in a range of biomedical applications including regenerative medicine, cancer biology, and stem cell biotechnology.
Vanadium Dioxide Integrated Metasurfaces with Switchable Functionalities at Terahertz Frequencies
Authors: Ding Fei , Zhong Shuomin , Bozhevolnyi Sergey I.
Published: February 2018

Integration of switchable and diversified functionalities into a single metasurface has become an emerging research area that requires dealing with formidable challenges, especially for terahertz (THz) frequencies. Here, polarization‐insensitive and switchable THz metasurfaces are proposed with diversified functionalities that exploit insulator‐to‐metal transition in vanadium dioxide (VO2). The simulations demonstrate that the designed metasurface can be switched from a broadband absorber to a reflecting broadband halfwave plate (HWP). At room temperature, the metasurface efficiently absorbs normally incident waves ranging from 0.562 to 1.232 THz with the total absorption exceeding 90%. Once the temperature is high enough and VO2 is in its fully metallic state, the metasurface becomes a broadband HWP reflecting over 60% of the incident power with the linear polarization conversion efficiency exceeding 95% within the bandwidth of 0.49 THz. Moreover, the broadband performance is sustained over a wide range of incident angles. To extend the functionalities, metasurface supercell made of several VO2 antennas is integrated, consequently achieving directional polarization conversion when VO2 is in its fully metallic state while maintaining broadband absorption at insulating state. The proposed switchable metasurfaces are expected to enable advanced research and smart applications related to other tunable and diverse functionalities at THz frequencies.
Brief, Web‐based Education Improves Lay Rescuer Application of a Tourniquet to Control Life‐threatening Bleeding
Authors: Goolsby Craig A. , Strauss‐Riggs Kandra , Klimczak Victoria , Gulley Kelly , Rojas Luis , Godar Cassandra , Raiciulescu Sorana , Kellermann Arthur L. , Kirsch Thomas D.
Published: February 2018

Objective

The objective was to determine whether brief, Web‐based instruction several weeks prior to tourniquet application improves layperson success compared to utilizing just‐in‐time (JiT) instructions alone.

Background

Stop the Bleed is a campaign to educate laypeople to stop life‐threatening hemorrhage. It is based on U.S. military experience with lifesaving tourniquet use. While previous research shows simple JiT instructions boost laypeople's success with tourniquet application, the optimal approach to educate the public is not yet known.

Methods

This is a prospective, nonblinded, randomized study. Layperson participants from the Washington, DC, area were randomized into: 1) an experimental group that received preexposure education using a website and 2) a control group that did not receive preexposure education. Both groups received JiT instructions. The primary outcome was the proportion of subjects that successfully applied a tourniquet to a simulated amputation. Secondary outcomes included mean time to application, mean placement position, ability to distinguish bleeding requiring a tourniquet from bleeding requiring direct pressure only, and self‐reported comfort and willingness to apply a tourniquet.

Results

Participants in the preexposure group applied tourniquets successfully 75% of the time compared to 50% success for participants with JiT alone (p < 0.05, risk ratio = 1.48, 95% confidence interval = 1.21–1.82). Participants place tourniquets in a timely fashion, are willing to use them, and can recognize wounds requiring tourniquets.

Conclusions

Brief, Web‐based training, combined with JiT education, may help as many as 75% of laypeople properly apply a tourniquet. These findings suggest that this approach may help teach the public to Stop the Bleed.
Recent Progress in Using Pyrene‐4,5‐diketones and Pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐tetraketones as Building Blocks to Construct Large Acenes and Heteroacenes
Authors: Jin Pengcheng , Song Tingting , Xiao Jinchong , Zhang Qichun
Published: February 2018

Acenes, usually defined as segments of “graphene”, consist of linearly annulated benzene rings, and have attracted considerable interest in both theoretical research and practical applications. However, these compounds generally have undesirable features such as poor solubility, easy oxidation and photodimerization. Thus, scientists have to invest much effort to address these problems and experimentally achieve the desired electronic properties to meet various demands. Herein, we summarize recent progress in the synthesis of pyrene‐functionalized acenes and heteroacenes through the use of pyrene diketone and pyrene tetraketone building blocks. Moreover, the physical properties and applications of these semiconductors in organic semiconductor devices are also described.
The role of online communities in reducing urban–rural health disparities in China
Authors: Cao Xiongfei , Wang Dan
Published: February 2018

The explosive growth of social networks has the potential for online health communities to create social value for users. This study integrates online community with urban–rural health inequality in China to empirically explore whether online communities reduce health disparities between urban and rural areas in China. By collecting a unique data set from an online community in China that focuses on one disease, an exponential random graph model was used to empirically analyze the network structures and relationships formed in this community. The results indicate that technology‐mediated online health communities can alleviate health disparities in China by exchanging information and improving the health capabilities of rural residents. We discuss the implications and guidelines for future research.
Simulations of development of tropical disturbances associated with the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific
Authors: Cao Xi , Wu Renguang
Published: February 2018

The genesis of tropical disturbances in strong and weak monsoon trough (MT) patterns is examined in an idealized model. The initial MT patterns in the model simulations are obtained from a global reanalysis dataset that encompasses a 29‐year period. The simulations show that a tropical disturbance tends to develop over the eastern part of western North Pacific (WNP) near 150°–160°E when the MT extends eastward, whereas a tropical disturbance tends to occur over the western part of the WNP near 120°–130°E when the MT retreats westward. In addition, there is a faster development of tropical disturbance with a greater intensity in the strong MT pattern than that in the weak MT pattern. The tropical disturbances are triggered in the most convectively unstable region through the local dynamic and thermodynamic processes in the strong and weak MT patterns.
A vascular anomaly of the iliac artery in a patient with VATER association
Authors: Nakano Takaaki , Asaka Tomoya , Takemoto Masaaki , Imamura Tomonori , Ito Toshitaka
Published: February 2018

Key Clinical Message

In patients with VATER association, some have vascular anomaly that makes procedure difficult. Pretreatment CT angiography should be necessary for the patients with VATER association's feature.
Systemic thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy in severe acute ischemic stroke after dabigatran reversal with idarucizumab
Authors: Binet Quentin , Hammer Frank D. , Rocrelle Olivia , Peeters André , Scavée Christophe , Hermans Cedric
Published: February 2018

Key Clinical Message

Patients presenting with an acute ischemic stroke despite dabigatran therapy (last intake <24 h or unknown) should be evaluated for reversal by idarucizumab, making them eligible for safe and effective intravenous thrombolysis. It has been shown to be feasible, well‐tolerated, and easy to manage in an emergency room or stroke unit.
Electrochemical Investigation of the Kinetics of Chloride Substitution upon Reduction of [Ru(porphyrin)(NO)Cl] Complexes in Tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Zink Jeremy R. , Abucayon Erwin G. , Ramuglia Anthony R. , Fadamin Arghavan , Eilers James E. , Richter‐Addo George B. , Shaw Michael J.
Published: February 2018

The front cover artwork is provided by the Shaw [Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE), USA] and Richter‐Addo groups [University of Oklahoma (OU), USA]. The image shows cartoons of species formed during cyclic voltammetry analysis of [Ru(porphyrin)(NO)Cl] in tetrahydrofuran. The initial redox‐induced reversible solvent‐for‐chloride metathesis is shown in the reaction at the top. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201701001.
Adaptive control design for a nonlinear parabolic PDE: Application to water coning
Authors: Safari Mehdi , Ameri Mohammad Javad , Naderifar Abbas
Published: February 2018

Water coning is usually responsible for the production of undesirable water from oil wells. This phenomenon may cause a decrease in oil production rate, increase in water cut production, and costs, which subsequently leads to early shutdown of the well. Although the boundary control of the production rate was suggested for managing the problem, due to the uncertainty associated with the physical nature of petroleum reservoirs, it failed to be implemented in practice. To overcome this issue, the paper employs the adaptive control approach for the distributed parameter system, which is modelled using a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE). For this purpose, an adaptive control law and an update law for estimating the uncertain parameter are developed using the direct Lyapunov method. Next, the global stability of the closed‐loop system with the abovementioned laws is proven. Finally, the effectiveness and performance of the proposed idea is demonstrated by numerical simulations. The results show that the thickness of an oil column tends to zero as time tends to infinity for the whole spatial domain. In other words, as time elapses, the whole oil column will be depleted before the cone breakthrough. The numerical simulation demonstrates that though water cone breakthrough is inevitable in the conventional way of production, the adaptive control approach successfully controls the cone growth up, even with no knowledge of reservoir permeability. The results of this study can be applied to any type of reservoir subjected to water coning.
Architectonic features and relative locations of primary sensory and related areas of neocortex in mouse lemurs
Authors: Saraf Mansi P. , Balaram Pooja , Pifferi Fabien , Gămănuţ Răzvan , Kennedy Henry , Kaas Jon H.
Published: February 2018

Mouse lemurs are the smallest of the living primates, and are members of the understudied radiation of strepsirrhine lemurs of Madagascar. They are thought to closely resemble the ancestral primates that gave rise to present day primates. Here we have used multiple histological and immunochemical methods to identify and characterize sensory areas of neocortex in four brains of adult lemurs obtained from a licensed breeding colony. We describe the laminar features for the primary visual area (V1), the secondary visual area (V2), the middle temporal visual area (MT) and area prostriata, somatosensory areas S1(3b), 3a, and area 1, the primary motor cortex (M1), and the primary auditory cortex (A1). V1 has “blobs” with “nonblob” surrounds, providing further evidence that this type of modular organization might have evolved early in the primate lineage to be retained in all extant primates. The laminar organization of V1 further supports the view that sublayers of layer 3 of primates have been commonly misidentified as sublayers of layer 4. S1 (area 3b) is proportionately wider than the elongated area observed in anthropoid primates, and has disruptions that may distinguish representations of the hand, face, teeth, and tongue. Primary auditory cortex is located in the upper temporal cortex and may include a rostral area, R, in addition to A1. The resulting architectonic maps of cortical areas in mouse lemurs can usefully guide future studies of cortical connectivity and function.
Selective Hydrogenation of Phenol
Authors: Kong Xiangqian , Gong Yutong , Mao Shanjun , Wang Yong
Published: February 2018

The selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone has attracted a great deal of attention both in industry and academia. In this review, the significance, strategies and mechanisms for the production of cyclohexanone are briefly described. Then, the evolution of phenol hydrogenation in gas/liquid phase is summarized according to catalyst type. In situ hydrogenation techniques including catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) and electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of phenol are also discussed. Although the technology for catalyst design has developed rapidly within the past decades, direct evidence to understand the reaction mechanisms and kinetics is still scarce. Therefore, it is still challengingto explore the function mechanisms and design advanced catalysts with high activity and high selectivity (>95%) for direct hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone. This review may provide guidance for these attempts.
Biological control effects of non‐reproductive host mortality caused by insect parasitoids
Authors: Kaser Joe M. , Nielsen Anne L. , Abram Paul K.
Published: February 2018

As the rate of spread of invasive species increases, consumer–resource communities are often populated by a combination of exotic and native species at all trophic levels. In parasitoid–host communities, these novel associations may lead to disconnects between parasitoid preference and performance, and parasitoid oviposition may result in death of the parasitoid offspring, death of the host, or death of both. Despite their relevance for biological control risk and efficacy assessments, the direct and indirect population‐level consequences of parasitoids attacking and killing their hosts without successfully reproducing (non‐reproductive mortality) are poorly understood. Non‐reproductive mortality induced by egg parasitoids (parasitoid‐induced host egg abortion) may be particularly important for understanding the population dynamics of the invasive agricultural pest Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and endemic stink bugs in North America, which are attacked by a suite of both native and introduced egg parasitoids. It is unclear, however, how various factors controlling parasitoid foraging and developmental success manifest at the population level. We constructed two related versions of a two‐host–one‐parasitoid model to evaluate the population‐level consequences of non‐reproductive host mortality. Egg abortion can result in strong negative or positive enemy‐mediated indirect effects, taking the form of apparent competition, apparent parasitism, apparent amensalism, or apparent commensalism. For parasitoids limited in their reproductive output by the number of eggs they can produce, higher non‐reproductive host mortality can reduce the strength of the positive indirect effect in cases of apparent parasitism, and it can reduce the negative indirect effect on the more suitable host in cases of apparent competition. For time‐limited parasitoids, unsuitable hosts with high levels of non‐reproductive parasitoid‐induced mortality can be strongly suppressed in the presence of a suitable host, while the suitable host is only negligibly impacted (i.e., apparent amensalism). We evaluate these model‐derived hypotheses within the context of H. halys and its native and nonnative parasitoids in North America, and discuss their application to risk assessment in biological control programs.
Iron deficiency impairs contractility of human cardiomyocytes through decreased mitochondrial function
Authors: Hoes Martijn F. , Grote Beverborg Niels , Kijlstra J. David , Kuipers Jeroen , Swinkels Dorine W. , Giepmans Ben N.G. , Rodenburg Richard J. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , de Boer Rudolf A. , van der Meer Peter
Published: February 2018

Aims

Iron deficiency is common in patients with heart failure and associated with a poor cardiac function and higher mortality. How iron deficiency impairs cardiac function on a cellular level in the human setting is unknown. This study aims to determine the direct effects of iron deficiency and iron repletion on human cardiomyocytes.

Methods and results

Human embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes were depleted of iron by incubation with the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO). Mitochondrial respiration was determined by Seahorse Mito Stress test, and contractility was directly quantified using video analyses according to the BASiC method. The activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes was examined using spectrophotometric enzyme assays. Four days of iron depletion resulted in an 84% decrease in ferritin (P < 0.0001) and significantly increased gene expression of transferrin receptor 1 and divalent metal transporter 1 (both P < 0.001). Mitochondrial function was reduced in iron‐deficient cardiomyocytes, in particular ATP‐linked respiration and respiratory reserve were impaired (both P < 0.0001). Iron depletion affected mitochondrial function through reduced activity of the iron–sulfur cluster containing complexes I, II and III, but not complexes IV and V. Iron deficiency reduced cellular ATP levels by 74% (P < 0.0001) and reduced contractile force by 43% (P < 0.05). The maximum velocities during both systole and diastole were reduced by 64% and 85%, respectively (both P < 0.001). Supplementation of transferrin‐bound iron recovered functional and morphological abnormalities within 3 days.

Conclusion

Iron deficiency directly affects human cardiomyocyte function, impairing mitochondrial respiration, and reducing contractility and relaxation. Restoration of intracellular iron levels can reverse these effects.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARENT‐CHILD PLAY SCALE FOR USE IN CHILDREN WITH FEEDING DISORDERS
Authors: Chatoor Irene , Hommel Susanne , Sechi Cristina , Lucarelli Loredana
Published: February 2018

The Parent‐Child Play Scale was developed as a scale that complements the Parent‐Child Feeding Scale, created by I. Chatoor et al. (1997), to evaluate mother–infant/toddler interactions in two different caregiving contexts of a young child's everyday life, specifically play and feeding. This Play Scale can be used with infants and toddlers ranging in age from 1 month to 3 years and provides reliable global ratings of mother–child interactions during 10 min of videotaped free‐play in a laboratory setting. The scale consists of 32 mother and infant/toddler interactive behaviors which are rated by trained observers from videotaped observations. Four subscales are derived: Dyadic Reciprocity, Maternal Unresponsiveness to Infant's/Toddler's Cues, Dyadic Conflict, and Maternal Intrusiveness. Construct validity and interrater and test‐retest reliability of the Play Scale have been demonstrated. This Play Scale discriminates between children with and without feeding disorders as well as between children with different subtypes of feeding disorders as defined by the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood, Revised (DC:0–3R) (Feeding Disorder of State Regulation, Feeding Disorder of Caregiver‐Infant Reciprocity, and Infantile Anorexia). It can be used for research or clinical practice in the diagnosis and treatment of early feeding problems, to assess the pervasiveness of mother–infant/toddler difficulties and to monitor changes following therapy.
Controlled Release Characteristics of Aqueous PEO‐PPO‐PEO Micelles With Added Malachite Green, Erythrosin, and Cisplatin Determined by UV–Visible Spectroscopy
Authors: Thompson Andre L. , Ball Ashley N. , Love Brian J.
Published: February 2018

Dynamic diffusion experiments were performed on aqueous polymeric micelles mixed with malachite green (0.05% mass v−1), erythrosin (0.1% mass v−1), and cisplatin (0.1% mass v−1) to gauge release from sequestered structures using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The additives were formulated with 20% mass v−1 aqueous solutions of polyethylene oxide‐polypropylene oxide‐polyethylene oxide, PEO‐PPO‐PEO (F127). Each additive was tested neat at room temperature, neat at 40 °C, and formulated with F127 at room temperature, and 40 °C. After constructing calibration curves, the dynamic release for each ternary additive and corresponding diffusion coefficients were calculated. Results show that F127 retards permeation at room temperature. In general, the neat additives at 40 °C showed the highest permeability for both malachite green and erythrosin. Malachite green released almost 90% of the dye by 60 min of permeation. When formulated with F127 at 40 °C, sizeable release was still noted, but with an induction period of 10–30 min to register release. The behavior with cisplatin was more complicated as the first 5 h of permeation resulted in a burst delivery with cisplatin (6% total release with cisplatin‐F127‐RT compared to 4% total release cisplatin‐RT) but with overall lower release. The higher fluence at elevated temperature is attributed to reducing the blocking effect of the amphiphiles on the walls of the dialysis tubing as they are directed to form colloidal gels. There is also likely a correlation between higher temperature and higher overall permeability if the membrane pores also expand with temperature.
Microbial diversity in biodeteriorated Greek historical documents dating back to the 19th and 20th century: A case study
Authors: Karakasidou Kiriaki , Nikolouli Katerina , Amoutzias Grigoris D. , Pournou Anastasia , Manassis Christos , Tsiamis George , Mossialos Dimitris
Published: February 2018

Paper documents in archives, libraries, and museums often undergo biodeterioration by microorganisms. Fungi and less often bacteria have been described to advance paper staining, so called “foxing” and degradation of paper substrates. In this study, for the first time, the fungal and bacterial diversity in biodeteriorated paper documents of Hellenic General State Archives dating back to the 19th and 20th century has been assessed by culture‐dependent and independent methods. The internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region and 16S rRNA gene were amplified by PCR from fungal and bacterial isolates and amplicons were sequenced. Sequence analysis and phylogeny revealed fungal phylotypes like Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Penicillium citrinum, Alternaria infectoria, Alternaria alternata, Epicoccum nigrum, and Penicillium chrysogenum which are often implicated in paper deterioration. Bacterial phylotypes closely related to known biodeteriogenic bacteria such as Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Kocuria sp. in accordance with previous studies were characterized. Among the fungal phylotypes described in this study are included well‐known allergens such as Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp., and Cladosporium spp. that impose a serious health threat on staff members and scholars. Furthermore, fungal isolates such as Chalastospora gossypii and Trametes ochracea have been identified and implicated in biodeterioration of historical paper manuscripts in this study for the first time. Certain new or less known fungi and bacteria implicated in paper degradation were retrieved, indicating that particular ambient conditions, substrate chemistry, or even location might influence the composition of colonizing microbiota.
Synergistic effect of different nanoparticles on flame retardant poly(lactic acid) with bridged DOPO derivative
Authors: Long Lijuan , Yin Jingbo , He Wentao , Xiang Yushu , Qin Shuhao , Yu Jie
Published: February 2018

This study aimed to examine synergistic effect of nanoparticles including nano silica (SiO2), organic montmorillonite (OMMT) and zinc borate (ZnB) on flame retardant poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites containing a phenethyl‐bridged 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide derivative (DiDOPO). 2% was the optimal addition content for these nanoparticles in PLA/DiDOPO composites, and nano SiO2 showed higher limiting oxygen index value (27.0%) than OMMT (25.8%) and ZnB (26.5%) at the same content. When compared with that of PLA/DiDOPO, the peak heat release rate was decreased dramatically after introducing nanoparticles, and the smoke was significant suppressed by adding SiO2. Among these nanoparticles, SiO2 had an obvious enhancement in the thermal stabilities of PLA composites both under nitrogen and air conditions resulting from its barrier effect. Moreover, a compact char was formed after combustion for PLA/DiDOPO/SiO2. In addition, high‐resolution electron microscope and rheology results showed that SiO2 had a well dispersive quality in PLA/DiDOPO composites. Consequently, SiO2 shows the best synergistic effect with DiDOPO toward improving the flame retardancy of PLA. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:1043–1052, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Understanding the semicontinuous‐heterophase, surfactant‐supported, acrylamide inverse polymerization
Authors: López‐Serrano Francisco , Silva Jorge M. , Sánchez‐Díaz Juan C. , Vargas René O. , Puig Jorge E.
Published: February 2018

In this work, a simple comprehensive mathematical model, to understand the main mechanisms occurring in the semicontinuous heterophase inverse polymerization of acrylamide, is reported. A Mayo‐Lewis extended model, including nucleation and coagulation, is assessed with experimental conversion, particle density and inferred average number of radicals versus time‐data at 60°C, at three monomer addition rates. It was found that: (1) the average number of radicals is much smaller than 0.5 contrary to most of inverse emulsion and microemulsion polymerization reports, this number increased steadily along the experiments, (2) coagulation does exist in this process, and (3) the exit rate coefficient was found to present a high value, agreeing with other authors that claim a large exit rate. Conversion, the bell‐shaped number of particles' evolution and number average radicals' concentration, versus time data, are well described by the proposed model. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:2219–2226, 2018. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Enhanced Electrocaloric Effect and Energy Storage Density of Nd‐Substituted 0.92NBT‐0.08BT Lead Free Ceramic
Authors: Kandula Kumara R. , Banerjee Krishnarjun , Raavi Sai Santosh Kumar , Asthana Saket
Published: February 2018

Eco‐friendly 0.92(Na0.5Bi0.49Nd0.01TiO3)‐0.08(BaTiO3) [denoted as NBNT‐BT 92/8] ceramic is synthesized with the help of conventional solid state reaction route. The structural phase pure studies reveals, the compound stabilizes into mixed phase of Cc + P4 mm and the surface morphology of microstructure shows the uniform distribution of Nd. The temperature dependent dielectric study reveals two typical anomalies with the diffuse phase transition and show the relaxor future estimated with the help of diffusivity (γ). From the temperature dependent polarization and room temperature bipolar strain hysteresis loops over broad electrical field range from (0–73) kV cm−1, the estimated energy storage density, energy storage efficiency, and strain values are Wrec ≈ 1.53J cm−3, η ≈ 93(%), and S(%) ≈ 0.4, respectively, which is the best obtained value among available various reported lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics. The adiabatic or electrocaloric temperature change (ΔT) is calculated to be ΔT ≈ 0.95 K at 50 kV cm−1. The obtained valued of ΔT, strain and energy storage density for NBNT‐BT 92/8 is tremendous enhancement compared with absence of Nd in NBT‐BT 92/8.
The world in turmoil
Authors: Heeg Robert
Published: February 2018

Huge shifts in society, politics, business, technology and even the climate are transforming the world we live in. We discuss some of the biggest trends with Daniel Franklin, executive editor of The Economist.
Capital Investment in Market Research and Analytics Stabilises
Authors: Chadwick Simon
Published: February 2018

A maturing market with fewer and larger transactions
Using multiple data sources to cover the 2017 French elections
Authors: Zulfikarpasic Adelaide
Published: February 2018

How crossing data from social networks, an on‐line community and polls with public opinion Platform 2017 initiative revealed striking insights.
The Year of the GDPR
Authors: Smouter Kim
Published: February 2018

How Europe's General Data Protection Regulation changes things for you