bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theories of Blended Learning: A Novel Approach to Tertiary Neuroanatomy
Authors: Whiting Harrison , Blackmore Conner , Vitali Julian , Langfield Tracey , Colthorpe Kay , Ernst Hardy , Ainscough Louise
Published: March 2022

Anatomical dissections and prosected cadaveric specimens are currently believed to be the most beneficial delivery method for tertiary anatomy education. However, there is increasing demand within the tertiary medical education community for alternative delivery methods to complement current teaching practices, particularly in the complex field of neuroanatomy.  To ensure that students learning of neuroanatomy is effective, it is necessary to take an evidenced-based approach. Therefore, this review will compare and contrast the different factors involved in learning neuroanatomy and the different modalities that can be used to teach this complex topic. Further, this review will also highlight the differences between individual and mixed-model delivery systems, which may influence the current pedagogies surrounding tertiary neuroanatomy in the dynamic educational setting.
E99: Desktop Game Application for Learning Asmaul Husna
Authors: Ahmad Jasni , Mahardika Della Maudy
Published: March 2022

Nowadays, students still use conventional methods to learn about the Asmaul Husna, the use of technology has not been fully utilized. This causes difficulty in understanding of students in the learning process. Moreover, causing boredom in memorizing Asmaul Husna. Need appropriate learning media needed so students become more interested in memorizing the Asmaul Husna. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to design and develop the game to introduce Asmaul Husna in the form of the game called “E99” a game application of learning Asmaul Husna. This study involves 20 students aged 7 – 14 years old. The method used to carry out formative evaluation is the quantitative method and Perceived Usefulness and Ease of Use (PUEU) and Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction (QUIS)  as an instrument. Overall findings show this application 89% useful, 83.75% ease of use and 85.5% satisfying. It indicates E99 is effective game for help students recognize and memorize Asmaul Husna.
Creating Meaningful Learning and Improving Students’ Knowledge Using Game-based Learning in Higher Education
Authors: Hsbollah Hafizah Mohamad , Rosli Khairina
Published: March 2022

This paper aimed at investigating the use of game-based learning approach in creating meaningful learning experiences and its influence in improving students’ knowledge on the subject matter. A total number of 120 students enrolled in the accounting system analysis and design course in a university participated in this experimental study. Grounded by Kolb’s experiential learning theory, an experiment was conducted to explore how participants involve themselves in learning from experience by playing educational game. Data were collected through pre and post quiz scores, questionnaire surveys, interviews, and reflections on the students’ feedback. The results of the t-test analysis showed that students achieved higher marks after the game intervention and the difference in the mean score between before and after the game played is statistically significant. The findings suggested that the game-based learning approach in teaching and learning can assist students in understanding the subject better than the teacher-centred approach. The results of the study also found that the learning sessions were more engaging and fun as the respondents enjoyed learning through playing games. In addition, the game-based learning approach motivates them to conduct self-study while seeking answers to solve the game tasks. Practically, this study contributes to disseminate awareness among academicians and industry practitioners in developing more educational games that can be used in teaching and learning. Theoretically, it contributes to the existing literature of game-based teaching approach.
Organizational Identification among Workers in Yatta Education Directorate
Authors: Makhamreh Kamal , Abu saa Jafar
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to identify the level of organizational Identification among workers in Yatta Education Directorate from their point of view and indicate the extent of organizational similarity level according to gender, educational criterion, occupation, and years of practice.The descriptive approach based on the questionnaire was used. A random sample of (58) male and female workers from the Yatta education directorate was selected, which forms 63% of the study population (110) male and female teachers. The study results indicated that the level of organizational Identification among workers came at a high degree, with no statistically significant differences in organizational Identification among workers according to gender, educational qualification, occupation, and years of experience.
Movement is Life—Optimizing Patient Access to Total Joint Arthroplasty: Smoking Cessation Disparities
Authors: O'Connor Mary I. , Burney Dwight , Jones Lynne C.
Published: March 2022

Currently, 13.7% of the adult American population smokes cigarettes. Although rates of cigarette smoking have decreased over time, those of e-cigarette usage have increased. Smoking rates are highest in American Indians/Alaskan Natives and adults whose highest education level is a General Educational Development certificate, who live in rural American areas, and who have an annual household income of less than $35,000. After arthroplasty, smoking is linked to impaired wound healing, superficial and deep wound infections, and aseptic loosening. Patients who smoke should be strongly encouraged to stop and be supported with smoking cessation programs. Monitoring smoking cessation with cotinine levels may be inaccurate because variations have been noted in race, ethnicity, and sex. Confirmation of cessation as a hard stop to surgery could increase existing healthcare disparities. The role of the surgeon in encouraging patients to stop smoking, at least temporarily, before total joint arthroplasty cannot be overemphasized.
PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK DAN STORE ATMOSPHERE TERHADAP MINAT BELI KONSUMEN DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 (STUDI KASUS DI Cafe MARLEY’S)
Authors: Zikrie Sulton , Lestira Putri Warganegara Tri
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini dilakukan guna mengetahui dampak antar Kualitas Produk serta Store Atmosphere pada Minat Beli Konsumen dimasa Pandemi Covid-19. Perumusan persoalan dalam penelitian ini, Apakah variabel Kualitas Produk serta Store Atmosphere terpengaruh pada Minat Beli Konsumen Cafe Marley’s di Masa Pandemi Covid-19. dalam penelitian ini, analisis regresi linier berganda dipergunakan menjadi metode analisis dengan jumlah responden menjadi sampel sebesar 55 konsumen Cafe Marley’s. KualitassProduk dan Store Atmosphere berpengaruh positif juga signifikan pada Minat Beli Konsumen di masa Pandemi Covid-19 pada Cafe Marley’s. dibutuhkan dengan terdapatnya riset ini Cafe Marley’s bisa menjaga kestabilan Kualitas Produk serta Store Atmosphere menggunakan baik, sehingga bisa menaikkan Minat Beli Konsumen di Cafe Marley’s.
Mobilier en terre sigillée dans les sépultures pannoniennes.
Authors: Márton András
Published: March 2022

Le but de cette étude est l'analyse des terres sigillées dans les sépulturespannoniennes d ’après les données bibliographiques. Les sigillées trouvées dans les tombes peuvent être classées en trois catégories: mobilier primaire, secondaire et résiduel. Ces dernières peuvent être résiduelles dans le contexte funéraire, mais elles peuvent être tout de même liées aux rites pratiqués aux différentes étapes des funérailles ou cil 'activité de la nécropole. D'autres éléments résiduelspeuvent provenir de sépultures détruites par les tombes plus récentes. Cette étude des sigillées se présente en deux temps: / 'analyse de leur origine puis les différents types de mobiliers et leur usage dans le rite funéraire.
A Budapest Margit-szigeti középkori királyi udvarhely régészeti kutatása (15-16. század) II.
Authors: Irásné Melis Katalin
Published: March 2022

A 15. század elején a margitszigeti királyi udvarhely épületeiben jelentős átalakítások történtek. Megszűntették a padló alatti fűtőberendezéseket, és a 15-16 században cserépkályhákkal fűtöttek. A konyhában új, nagyobb tűzhelyet építettek. Megkezdték az udvarházak összeépítését, a 16. század elejére felépült a több helyiséges, emeletes átjáró. Az új épületszárny déli oldalát a kolostortemplom szentélyének a keleti és az északi oldala alkotta. A szigeti udvarhely utolsó, előkelő, gyakori látogatója Szilágyi Erzsébet (+1476 körül) volt, aki mint Hunyadi János kormányzó (1446-1452) özvegye és az uralkodó Mátyás király (1458-1490) anyja, élete utolsó éveiben az óbudai királynéi várban lakott.
Miklós Zs.: Tolna megye várai. Varia Archaeologica Hungarica XXII. Budapest 2007.
Authors: Czajlik Zoltan
Published: March 2022

Miklós Zs.: Tolna megye várai. Varia Archaeologica Hungarica XXII. Budapest 2007.
Archaeological research in Estonia 1865-2005. (Ed.) V. Lang-M. Laneman. (Estonian Archaeology 1.) Tartu 2006.
Authors: Fodor István
Published: March 2022

Archaeological research in Estonia 1865-2005. (Ed.) V. Lang-M. Laneman. (Estonian Archaeology 1.) Tartu 2006.
Bronzkori „kenyéridolok” a nagyrozvágyi telepről.
Authors: Koós Judit
Published: March 2022

Néhány újabb magyarországi lelet kapcsán ismét előtérbe kerültek azok a díszített agyagtárgyak, melyeket “Brotlaibidol"-ként vagy “oggetti enigmatici”-ként ismer a kutatás. A Nagyrozvágy-Pap-dombon 2005-2007 között feltárt bronzkori településen hat, agyagból, illetve kőből készült „kenyéridol’’ került elő. A település időrendi helyzetét - a faszénminták vizsgálata alapján - a 32I5±40 BP és az 1510-1440 BC adatok határozzák meg.
Előzetes jelentés Hernádbűd-Várdomb bronzkori településének kutatásáról.
Authors: P. Fischl Klára , Pusztai Tamás
Published: March 2022

Hernádbűd-Várdomb területén 2007-2008-ban geodéziai felméréssel, intenzív felszíni leletgyűjtéssel, régészeti célú légifényképek és geofizikai felmérés segítségével kísérletet tettünk a település szerkezeti rekonstrukciójára. A rekonstrukciómellett elvégeztük az összegyűjtött leletanyag régészeti és környezettörténeti értékelését is.
Archaeomalakológiai adatok a középső bronzkori Hernádbűd- Várdomb régészeti feltárásának eredményeihez
Authors: Gulyás Sándor
Published: March 2022

Jelen munkában a Hemádbűd-Várdomb középsőbronzkori település előzetes régészeti feltárása során előkerült kagylóanyag részletes archeomalakológiai vizsgálatát végeztük el. A kapott eredmények bemutatásával szeretnénk választ találni arra a kérdésre, hogy milyen módon tükrözi a kagylófauna az egykori bronzkori közösség és a település közelében található folyóvízi környezet kapcsolatát.
Ökologie des Jungpaleolithikums (Ungarische Angaben)
Authors: T. Dobosi Viola
Published: March 2022

Die Einteilung des Jungpaläolithikums au f chronologischer Basis (frühes, mittleres, und spätes Jungpaläolithikum) ist der entsprechende Rahmen zur Gruppierung der heimischen Kulturen. Das Friihjungpaläolithikum wird durch den Frühabschnitt der Szeletien-Kultur und das Aurignacien vertreten. Das Mitteljungpaläolilhikum vertreten den heutigen Kenntnissen nach zwei Kulturen. Der entwickelte Abschnitt der Szeletien-Kultur mit den Blattspitzen und die erste Siedlungswelle der Gravettien-Entität. Die Kulturen des Spätjungpaläolithikums sind das Ságvárien und das ebenfalls auf zwei chronologischen Niveaus erscheinende Epigravettien. Von der unbelebten Umwelt untersuchen wir die orografischenUmstände, die Charakteristiken der die Funde einbettenden Sedimente, die Rohstoffquellen des Steinwerkzeugs und die auf der Ausnutzung topografischer Gegebenheiten beruhende Siedlungsstrategie. Unter den Faktoren der belebtenUmwelt wurde die größte Betonung au f die Jagdbeute gelegt, die die Selektierung des Menschen spiegelt.
Neue Angaben zu dem Körpergrab der Hügelgräberkultur von Szentes-Ecser Déló Tanya (Kom. Csongrád)
Authors: Jankovits Katalin
Published: March 2022

In den archäologischen Daten des Koszta József Museums in Szentes, stieß ich auf ein Foto und eine Aufzeichnung der Bronzen des hügelgräberzeitlichen (Bz B2-C) Grabes von Elemér Zalotay.
La Тёпе kerámiaművesség a Dél-Dunántúlon. A LT B2 Cl időszakok jellemző kerámiaegyüttesei település-leletanyagok alapján
Authors: B. Szöllősi Szilvia
Published: March 2022

A Dél-Dunántúl La Тёпе-időszakát napjainkig főként síregyüttesekből ismeri a kutatás. Az elmúlt évtizedekben a nagyberuházásokhoz köthető megelőző leletmentő ásatások során feltárt La Тёпе-kori települések a településkutatás oldaláról tovább bővítették a korszak megismerését. A tanulmányban vizsgált négy, a LT B2-C1 időszakra keltezhető lelőhelyről - Paks-Gyapa, Dunaszentgyörgy, - 6. sz. főút, Ordacsehi-Csereföld, Harc-Janyapuszta - előkerült kerámia leletanyag részletes elemzése és összehasonlítása lehetővé teszi a La Téne-edényművesség főbb technológiai és tipológiai vonásainak felvázolását a dél-dunántúli régióban. A tárgyalt leletegyütteseknek a velük egykorú északkelet-magyarországi telepleletekkel történő összevetésével a két földrajzi régió La Téneedényművessége közötti hasonlóságok és eltérések is vizsgálhatók.
Római kori kutyamaradványok Dunaföldvár-Bibic alja lelőhelyről
Authors: Bárány Annamária
Published: March 2022

Dunaföldvár-Bibic alja lelőhelyen 2008-ban végzett leletmentő ásatás során Árpád kori és római kori objektumokat tártak fel. A római kori objektumok a 2–3. századra keltezhetők. A lelőhely északi részén előkerült árokrendszer része volt a 10. objektum, amelyből 102 db kutyacsont, egy kutya teljes és egy másik egyed részleges csontváza került elő. A két egyed közepes testméret-kategóriába tartozó, robosztusabb testfelépítésű munkakutya volt.
Észak-magyarországi császárkori települések archeozoológiai vizsgálata
Authors: Soós Eszter , Vörös István
Published: March 2022

A szarmata szállásterületen kívül eső római császárkori Barbaricum településtörténete hazánkban kevéssé kutatott, még kevesebb azon lelőhelyek száma, ahol a hagyományos régészeti elemzés mellett az állatcsont anyag is feldolgozásra került. Jelen tanulmány két, kis felületen kutatott, Hernád-menti lelőhely archaeozoológiai eredményeit adja közre. A vizsgált településeken fogyasztott állatok faji és méretbeli megoszlása fontos információkat szolgáltat a régió állattartási szokásairól.
A ménfőcsanaki középső bronzkori település nyugati típusú leletegyüttesei
Authors: Melis Eszter
Published: March 2022

Az északnyugat-magyarországi Győr-Ménfőcsanak sok korszakos lelőhelyen 125 kora bronzkor 3 – középső bronzkor időszakára keltezhető telepjelenséget tártunk fel, amelyekre többnyire a kisapostagi és dunántúli mészbetétes kerámia dominanciája jellemző. A most bemutatásra kerülő 6 gödörből és egy cölöpös szerkezetből előkerült leletanyag azonban északnyugati irányú, a Morvaországban és Alsó-Ausztriában elterjedt késő Aunjetitz- és korai Věteřov-kultúrával fennálló kapcsolatokra utal. A publikált leletegyüttesek – a korábbi, középső bronzkor elejére (RB A1b/ A2a) keltezhető 2763. str. számú gödör kivételével – a középső bronzkor 2 (RB A2b) időszakára datálhatók.
A new Serapis ring from Pannonia
Authors: Szabó András
Published: March 2022

The Hungarian National Museum came into possession of a Roman copper alloy ring, found in northeastern Pannonia, bearing the image of Serapis among various animals, forming a unique iconographical scene. Some elements of the scene can be possibly interpreted in an astrological context. The ring can be dated to the 2nd–3rd c. AD, and it is most certainly belonging to a distinct group of archaeological monuments, well-known from northeastern Pannonia, attesting the Severan cult of Deus Invictus Serapis in this area.
Szarmata településrészlet Bugac-Bimbó határrészből. Időrendi adatok a Duna–Tisza-köz 2–3. századi településtörténetéhez
Authors: Sóskuti Kornél
Published: March 2022

Jelen tanulmány egy gázvezeték építéséhez kapcsolódó megelőző feltárás alkalmával előkerült, 2–3. századi szarmata településrészletet mutat be. A viszonylag gazdag római leletanyag újabb adatokkal egészíti ki ismereteinket az egyes tárgytípusokról és azok barbarikumi előfordulásáról (amphora, pecsételt kerámia, pannoniai szürke kerámia). A leletanyag időrendi besorolása a hagyományos régészeti módszerek mellett radiokarbon kormeghatározással történt. Az utóbbi módszer az alföldi szarmata települések esetében az első, kísérleti jellegű adatsort szolgáltatja a kutatás számára.
Bepecsételt díszítésű kerámia a magyarországi Przeworsk településeken: a „Bereg-kultúra” értelmezése
Authors: Soós Eszter
Published: March 2022

A Felső-Tisza vidék hegyvidéki folyóvölgyeiben a Kr. u. 2–4. században az általában vandálokkal azonosított, lengyelországi eredetű Przeworsk-kultúra hordozói telepedtek meg. Településeiken a helyben készített, kézzel formált finom és durva edények mellett már a Kr. u. 2. század második felétől elterjedt a gyorskorongolt kerámia használata. A specializálódott fazekastelepeken és a faluszéli műhelyekben előállított, gyorskorongolt edények egy részét a daciai, elsősorban a porolissumi római provinciális fazekasság hatására bepecsételt díszítéssel látták el. Az ismert műhelyek alapján Beregsurány- vagy Blažice-típusúnak nevezett barbaricumi termékek lelőhelyei a szakirodalomban gyakran „Bereg-kultúra” elnevezéssel szerepelnek. Jelen tanulmányban tíz, nagyrészt közöletlen magyarországi Przeworsk település bepecsételt díszű edénytöredékei kerülnek elemzésre. Az eredmények alapján a terület – a bepecsételt edények szempontjából – adaciai limes előterével, Zilah térségével és a Hernád szlovákiai szakaszával szorosabb kapcsolatban állhatott, mint a Szatmári és a Beregi-sík kerámiaművességével.
Avar kor végi település Északkelet-Magyarországon: Nagykálló-Harangod
Authors: Gergely Katalin
Published: March 2022

A Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum nyírségi leletmentése során 2011-ben egy késő népvándorlás kori, kora középkori falusias település látott napvilágot. A települést földbe süllyesztett padlójú, feltehetően boronaszerkezetes épületek alkották. A házak leletanyaga csekély, összetétele ugyanakkor figyelemre méltó: a jó minőségű kézi korongolt fazekak mellett durva kivitelű sütőharangok és sütőtálak/agyagtepsik kerültek elő. A leletegyüttes a települést az avar kor végére, a 9. századra keltezi.
Egy Árpád-kor végi kerámiaegyüttes a budai Csónak utcából
Authors: Magyar Eszter
Published: March 2022

A Budapesti Történeti Múzeum 2000–2001-ben a Budapest, I. kerületi Csónak u. 1–3. sz. telken régészeti feltárást végzett Tóth Anikó vezetésével, amely a Lónyay-Hatvany villa újjáépítése kapcsán vált szükségessé. Az ásatás során a már részben ismert török kori emlékeken kívül intenzív középkori megtelepedés nyomai is napvilágra kerültek, melyek egészen az Árpád-kor végéig visszakövethetők voltak. Jelen tanulmány az itt előkerült két gödör kerámiaanyagát mutatja be.
Overbeck, Michael: Die Gießformen in West- und Süddeutschland (Saarland, Rheinland-Pfalz, Hessen, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern) mit einem Beitrag von Jockenhövel, Albrecht: Alt-europäische Gräber der Kupferzeit, Bronzezeit und Älteren Eisenzeit mit Beigaben
Authors: Nowak Kamil
Published: March 2022

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New Late Bronze Age helmet cheek guard and an “arm guard” from Transdanubia
Authors: Tarbay Gábor
Published: March 2022

The brief study introduces two new Late Bronze Age (Ha A1) bronze armour parts, a helmet cheek guard and an “armguard”. Both objects come from the collection of Dr. Zoltán Repkényi. The cheek guard was allegedly found at “Kapospula-Halastavak” decades ago as part of a larger Ha A1 hoard. According to the Collector, the “arm guard” or “armband” came to light together with a repoussé decorated knob. This “assemblage” originate from the “south Balaton region, north of Kaposvár”. These finds are most likely to be dated to the same period as the “Kapospula” assemblage or earlier (Rei. Br A2), based on a find from Unín.
EC Aviation Scene (Major 2006 Developments)
Authors: Goeteyn Geert
Published: March 2022

This article gives an overview of important developments on the EC aviation scene in 2006 (up to 31 October 2006). It then examines in more detail two specific developments, namely (a) the review by the European Commission (Commission) of the block exemption exempting IATA passenger tariff conferences and slot and scheduling conferences; and (b) the judgement of the European Court of First Instance, rejecting easyJet’s appeal against the Commission’s clearance (subject to conditions) of the Air France/KLM merger.
Transnational Satellite Technology Transfers – European Case Studies
Authors: Burzykowska Anna
Published: March 2022

This article illustrates the mechanisms regulating the transnational transfer of satellite technology in Europe on international, regional and national level. The author attempts to define binding political determinants, legal prerequisites, benefits and weaknesses of current practices and the impact of the commercialization of the space sector on the current scheme of transnational technology transfers within the short and long-term perspectives. Moreover the existing multilateral ‘dual use’ export control regimes and three national case studies are used to visualize the balance between the theory and practice of European regional cooperation in space.
US Space-related Rules Adopted in 2005/2006
Authors: Salin Patrick-André
Published: March 2022

This article is a short review of US federal legislation that has been enacted during the 109th Congress that has just come to an end, and of proposed legislation that has been discussed but not enacted. The purpose is to help the reader in monitoring the evolution of the legislative framing of commercial space activity in the United States. It also helps identify issues that come under the scrutiny of lawmakers for future legislation. The article also covers new main FCC and FAA regulations that have been ordered during the same period of time. For further reference, the reader is kindly requested to search through previous articles that have been published by the author in this Journal.3 Web sites can easily be accessed in order to complement any of the topics that are commented upon in this article.
Court Analyzes the Elements of Air Carriers Immunity Under the Tokyo Convention 1963: Zikry v. Air Canada
Authors: Leshem Moshe
Published: March 2022

On 6 November 2006 the Magistrates Court of Haifa, Israel, rendered a judgment in this case, analyzing in detail the nature of the immunity awarded to air carriers and anyone acting on their behalf under the Tokyo Convention of 1963. The decision dismissed a passenger’s claim against Air Canada, holding that the necessary element to establish immunity under the Tokyo Convention, i.e. that the crew members had reasonable grounds to believe that the person has committed, or was about to commit, on board the aircraft, the forbidden acts, had been established, thus relieving the air carrier from any liability.
EU Regulation on Banning of Airlines for Safety Concerns
Authors: Mpande Cheryl S. , Reitzfeld Alan D.
Published: March 2022

This article will describe the recent European Union (‘EU’) legislation in the area of banning third-country airlines for failure to meet safety criteria. It will also help guide the reader through some of the mechanics of the various inter-related regulations.

At the outset, it would be helpful to identify some of the principal regulations: Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2005 is known as the ‘basic regulation.’ It establishes the general mechanism to create and update a Community list of third-country air carriers that are subject to an operating ban within the Community for not meeting safety criteria.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 473/2006 of 22 March 2006 sets down the specific implementing rules for establishing and primarily for updating the list of air carriers subject to the operating ban.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 474/2006, also of 22 March 2006, establishes the initial operating ban list. Annex A includes a list of carriers as to which all operations are subject to a ban within the Community. Annex B lists carriers whose operations are subject to operational restrictions.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 910/2006 of 20 June 2006, amends Regulation (EC) No 474/2006 and establishes an updated operating ban list.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 1543/2006 of 12 October 2006 amends Regulation (EC) No 474/2006, as amended by Regulation (EC) No 910/2006, and establishes a further updated operating ban list.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 235/2007 of 5 March 2007 amends Regulation (EC) No 474/2006 and establishes a further updated operating ban list.
EU Aviation Scene: Major Developments August 2007 – November 2007
Authors: Goeteyn Geert
Published: March 2022

This article gives an overview of the major developments on the EU aviation scene between 1 August 2007 and 30 November 2007. During this period,

? the Commission adopted its Communication with regard to Regulation 793/2004 on slot allocation at congested European airports (section 1) and published its proposal for a new Code of Conduct for Computerized Reservation Systems (section 2);

? the Commission approved, following an in-depth investigation, the proposed acquisition of Worldspan by Galileo’s owner Travelport (section 3); and invited third parties to comment on the remedies package proposed by the members of the Skyteam alliance in order to eliminate the competition concerns identified by the Commission in its investigation of the alliance (section 4). In addition, there were important developments in the field of State aid (section 5);

? there have been a number of noteworthy European external aviation developments which are summarized in section 6;

? the European Parliament came out in support of the Commission’s proposal to include aviation in the European Emissions Trading Scheme, but made a number of fundamental amendments to the proposal. The extent to which the Commission’s proposal is controversial became abundantly clear during the ICAO September meeting, where it met fierce opposition from a large group of non-EU countries. The European Parliament’s position and the outcome of the ICAO meeting are examined in more detail in section 7; and

? the Commission published its Discussion Paper on the operation of Regulation 785/2004 on insurance requirements for air carriers and aircraft operators (section 8), and finalized its investigation (together with national authorities) into misleading airline ticket websites (section 9).
The Crime of Flying The Way Forward to 1784
Authors: Caplan Harold
Published: March 2022

Despite remarkable improvement in the overall civil aviation safety record over the last sixty years, a world-renowned Judge, with unrivalled experience of aviation law and policy-making, reports that safety is more difficult to ensure today than in the past. Amongst contributory factors, he notes serious deficiencies in around forty States, some of which register aircraft or companies over which they have practically no control.

The practical and legal problems identified by the Judge can only be resolved by Member States under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). An economical approach would be to re-examine and further develop a wise Council Resolution of 1948 – leading to a project for ‘Uniform Law’ governing every aspect of civil aviation safety. The United States paved the way in 1926. Uniform Law would enable all 190 States (parties to the 1944 Chicago Convention) – big and small, to rely always on unique minimum Standards and Manuals of Good Practice established under the aegis of ICAO. Most of the hard work has already been done.

Any higher standards said to be required on a national or regional basis should be exceptional, and would have to be science-based, subject to the informed consent of all stakeholders.

In order to enforce the Uniform Law there would be need for only one crime of flying – acting without an appropriate license or permit. This would be the twenty-first Century international version of the world’s first aeronautical regulation in Paris, 1784. Without the slightest compromise in the preservation or development of safety standards, this simple step would dramatically reduce the number of criminal prosecutions in aviation, both before and after serious accidents. And if this feature of the Uniform Law was treated as a complete substitute for all other possible prosecutions arising out of aircraft accidents, it would be consistent with the aims of those who argue for a ‘Just Society’ – most cogently represented by the internationally respected Flight Safety Foundation. It would represent an unprecedented consensus between civil law and common law jurisdictions.

Those accused in the forthcoming criminal trial in France arising out of Concorde’s last tragedy in 2000 include both French and US citizens. Hence this trial should yield ample material for a constructive debate within ICAO about what is truly necessary to ensure long-term, worldwide, public confidence in the continuing safety of civil aviation. The results of that debate should vitalize the Uniform Law project.
Airline Liability for Delays: The Court of Justice of the EU Rewrites EC Regulation 261/2004
Authors: Balfour John
Published: March 2022

Airlines received an unpleasant Christmas present in 2008, in the form of the Court of Justice’s preliminary ruling in Wallentin-Hermann v. Alitalia, adopting a very strict interpretation of the ‘extraordinary circumstances’ defence to claims for compensation in the event of cancellation of flights under EU Regulation 261/2004. On 19 November 2009, the Court of Justice issued an even more stunning ruling interpreting the Regulation, in the joined cases Sturgeon v. Condor and Böck and Lepuschitz v. Air France, on references from courts in Austria and Germany. After giving some clarification on the distinction between delay and cancellation, the Court held that passengers on flights whose arrival at final destination is delayed by three hours or more are entitled to compensation, even though this is not expressly provided for in the Regulation (unlike in the case of cancellation).
Regulation (EC) 261/2004 in the Light of the Recent Decisions of the European Court of Justice: Time for a Change?!
Authors: Arnold Kinga
Published: March 2022

Regulation (EC) 261/2004 has been drawn up to protect passengers who are faced with denied boarding, delay, and cancellation of flights. The air transport industry can be regarded as a test case for the implementation of passenger protection measures as similar legislation was passed for rail passengers as late as 2007, and the rights of passengers travelling by bus and coach and by sea and inland waterway are still under discussion. Providers of other modes of transport are not obliged to grant similar protection to their users. Air passengers have become more aware of their rights as have consumers generally.

This article will analyse the provisions of Regulation 261/2004 in the light of the most recent jurisprudence, more particularly the decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) of 19 November 2009, as referred to below. National courts are confused about the interpretation of the provisions of this Regulation. In order to find guidance on the subject, they submit their questions to the Court of Justice of the EU, as they have done in the cases discussed in this article.

Arguably, the fragile cohesion resulting from the complex compromise reached between the various parties has not assisted, and indeed has even been prejudiced, by the Court’s decisions. We hope that the second decade of this century will see a more balanced approach towards the European policy objectives while respecting international law and international relations.
Ensuring Regional Safety in Air Transport
Authors: Abeyratne Ruwantissa
Published: March 2022

Regional governance under State responsibility is an undeniable necessity in ensuring safety in air transport. However, since international air transport crosses boundaries and all regions of the world, a certain stringent global regulatory system is required, and this objective cannot be reached unless the safety oversight system is decentralized into safety agencies in each region. This is because although air transport is still considered the safest mode of travel, constant and diligent vigilance in ensuring the safety of aviation is required. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which is the global forum for aviation, provides this guidance and direction and encourages States to form regional civil aviation bodies in regions where they do not exist. Since almost all regional civil aviation bodies have their own Constitutions, these Constitutions should recognize the need for increased cooperation with ICAO and ICAO should actively seek such an inclusion. Cooperation could include assignment of tasks related to oversight, accident investigation, sharing of information, and the conduct of training in collaboration with ICAO.

Some of the measures that are suggested in this article include the initiation by ICAO, where appropriate, of periodic meetings with regional civil aviation bodies and the setting up of panels that include members from ICAO and each regional body on a selective basis. These panels is could recommend and monitor issues of cooperation, including cooperation between the various regional organizations.

There is also the compelling need to define the role that regional organizations and regional civil aviation bodies would play in working closely with ICAO; and the adoption of a policy with regard to cooperation with regional organizations and regional civil aviation bodies. ICAO should also ascertain the role to be played by its regional offices in coordinating ICAO cooperation with such bodies. Consideration should be given to providing appropriate resources in regional offices where necessary.

This article discusses in some depth the various regional safety oversight organization (RSOO) agencies and examines the legal and regulatory basis of ICAO’s role with regard to the establishment and functions of RSOOs with reference to selected regional oversight organizations around the world.
Ownership and Control Restrictions in US Aviation Law
Authors: Linzell Sheri
Published: March 2022

This article compares US ownership and control laws in the aviation and maritime sectors and argues that US aviation ownership and control laws should be modified to more closely resemble those used in the US maritime sector in order to permit greater foreign investment in US airlines. US airlines have faced decades of financial instability and will continue to be hobbled by US ownership and control laws that greatly restrict the amount of foreign capital they can access. In contrast to the financial difficulties facing US airlines, many major foreign airlines have thrived in the increasingly global marketplace by taking advantage of more flexible foreign investment laws and engaging in cross-border mergers. These foreign airlines – as well as the US maritime industry and nearly all other US industries – engage in cross-border mergers and acquisitions and utilize significant amounts of foreign capital.

Current ownership and control laws require that carriers wishing to operate aircraft in the United States hold a certificate of public convenience, which will only be issued to individuals who are US citizens;partnerships whose partners are all US citizens; and US corporations of which the president and at least two-thirds of the board of directors and other managing officers are US citizens, which is under the actual control of US citizens, and in which at least 75% of the voting interest is owned or controlled by US citizens. In contrast, many US flag vessels are permitted to be up to 100% owned by foreign stockholders.

The liberalization of US aviation ownership and control laws would likely result in increased access to foreign capital for US airlines, more efficiency due to consolidation in the airline industry, and increased cross-border investment, which would help stabilize the volatile US airline industry. Opponents to the liberalization of US aviation ownership and control restrictions argue that such liberalization would result in flags of convenience, national security problems, the loss of American jobs, and the risk that other countries may not follow suit in liberalizing their ownership and control laws.

The Department of Transportation (DOT) has attempted to adopt rules that would liberalize the US aviation ownership and control laws, but it has been unsuccessful in its attempts, in part due to significant opposition in Congress. The United States has, however, signed several international agreements that indicate a shift towards the acceptance of less stringent ownership and control laws in the aviation sector. US airlines would likely enjoy greater financial stability, which would also benefit US consumers, if US aviation ownership and control laws were revised to more closely resemble those used in the maritime sector.
Ruling on Conditions of Carriage by the Federal Court of Justice
Authors: Vogler Ralf
Published: March 2022

Almost every airline utilizes conditions of carriage clauses to penalize passengers in case of an insequential use of flight coupons. Usually, those clauses lead to an immediate expiration of the whole ticket. Instances of insequential use of flight coupons can happen in various ways. In most cases, the customer is either involved in a cross-ticketing or a cross-border-ticketing scenario.

In Germany, clauses used in the conditions of carriage are subject to a review according to the rules of review for general terms and conditions as per the German Civil Code (sections 305 to 310). With its final instance rulings, the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) declared such expiration clauses illegal for most cases.

The Federal Court of Justice declared his rulings binding for both cross-ticketing and cross-border-ticketing scenarios. Given the importance of the decisions and the consequences for airlines and consumers alike, it is necessary to discuss the ruling in detail and present options to adapt to the new legal conditions.
Placing Wallentin-Hermann in Line with Continuing Airworthiness – A Possible Guide for Enforcers of EC Regulation 261/2004
Authors: Croon Jochem
Published: March 2022

On December 2008, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in its preliminary ruling in Wallentin-Hermann v. Alitatlia (Case No. C-549/07) tried to give more guidance on whether a technical defect can be regarded as an ‘extraordinary circumstance’ in the sense of EU Regulation 261/2004. For this, the Court came up with a further specification of this doctrine, namely that in order to make a technical defect an extraordinary circumstance, two requirements must have been fulfilled. First, the event must not be inherent to the normal activity of the air carrier, and second, the event must be beyond the actual control of the air carrier on account of its nature or origin. For courts and enforcement bodies, it seems to be tempting to consider nearly every event that creates an aircraft on ground (AOG) situation as inherent to the normal activity of an air carrier. Whether such event comprises bird strike, collision, or instant failure of components is not relevant as long as you argue that such events are inherent to the normal activity. This article intends to put the Wallentin-Hermann v. Alitalia doctrine in perspective by comparing its take on technical defects with how technical defects are seen in the field of airworthiness and flight safety.
Legal Ramifications of the Investigations of the 2010 Polish Presidents Aircraft Accident
Authors: Kasprzyk Piotr
Published: March 2022

On 10 April 2010, an airplane carrying Polish President Lech Kaczyński, his wife, and dozens of the country's political and military leaders crashed during its approach to Smolensk 'North' aerodrome in western Russia. All ninety-six people on board the aircraft were killed.

An air accident of that magnitude came as a stunning blow to Poland and a shock to the international community. Swift determination of its cause has become an absolute priority not only for the competent investigating authorities in Poland and Russia but also for political leaders who were put under considerable pressure from the media and the general public.

The article looks into the legal and organizational aspects of the technical and judicial investigations initiated following that accident, with particular emphasis on the application of the international rules on air accident and incident investigations.
Air Passenger Rights after Sturgeon
Authors: van Dam Cees
Published: March 2022

In Sturgeon, the European Court of Justice considered that EC Regulation 261/2004 on Air Passenger Rights breaches the principle of equal treatment. It held that air passengers with a delay of three hours or more have a right to compensation, unless the airline can prove that the delay was caused by extraordinary circumstances.

After a brief look into how airlines generally perform with regards to their obligations under Regulation 261/2004 (section 1), I will summarize the Sturgeon decision as it was handed down by the European Court (section 2), set out the airlines' response to Sturgeon, which amounts to a boycott of the European Court's decision (section 3), analyse the questions referred to the European Court by the High Court in London in which the airlines challenge the validity of Sturgeon (section 4), and briefly comment on questions referred by the German Federal Court on the application of Sturgeon (section 5). My conclusion (section 6) will be that the European Court cannot but confirm Sturgeon, because the decision is compatible with both the Montreal Convention and the Grand Chamber decision in International Air Transport Association (IATA). This conclusion is in line with the opinion I published in January 2010.

This article may be misunderstood as presenting a consumer view on Air Passenger Rights. However, it only aims to predict, from an independent perspective, what the European Court will decide in the pending cases with respect to Sturgeon.
Emirates: A Perspective on Issues in Canadian Aviation
Authors: Parker Andrew
Published: March 2022

Over the past two decades, countries around the world have reformed antiquated restrictions on international air service and adopted Open Skies or similar policies that have allowed markets to function, competition to flourish, fares to drop, jobs to be created and thousands of new routes to be opened.

While the overall global trend has been towards opening markets to promote competition, in some cases flag carriers have successfully lobbied their governments to limit foreign competition.

These flag carriers have often ignored the best interests of consumers and the overall economic well-being of their countries. Air Canada is among this group and its position has been supported by Fred Lazar, Associate Professor of Economics, Schulich School of Business, York University, Toronto.

Lazar argues that Canada's denial of Emirates' requests for further access is legitimate and suggested the benefits of more Emirates services would be outweighed by negative factors, which included false accusations that Emirates might receive subsidies and might be guilty of capacity dumping in certain markets.

Ignoring the pro-consumer, pro-competition, and pro-growth benefits achieved through liberalized bilateral air services agreements (ASAs), Lazar instead calls for a multilateral system that, in practice, would restrict the airline industry with heavy government regulation and invite litigation over questions of subsidies, state aids, and 'unfair' competition. These views are out of line with the increasingly interconnected global economy and would stymie Canada's economic growth.

Emirates supports the reform of bilateral ASAs to achieve full market access and safeguard competition, including protections against subsidies and other practices that deny airlines a fair and equal opportunity to compete. Emirates is prepared to work toward liberalization on a multilateral basis but, given the absence of international consensus to do so, opposes efforts to delay bilateral liberalization pending the realization of a global accord.

A robust debate to define subsidies is appropriate. However, such a discussion should be factual, transparent, and focus on the entire industry, including Air Canada, not on myths about a handful of air carriers promulgated by vested interests. Progress that benefits consumers, communities, and broader national economic interests will not be achieved by Lazar's model of an over-managed, over-regulated, protect-the-incumbents multilateral regime.

Lazar's support for protectionist policies that favour Air Canada are no surprise given his past professional ties as advisor to ACE Aviation Holdings, the parent company to Air Canada, a fact that goes strangely unmentioned in his article.

With Canada's falling competitiveness in global tourism and the increased leakage of Canadian passengers choosing to fly from US airports due to lower prices, Emirates believes increasing services would have an immediate and positive effect on the Canadian economy.
Passengers with Reduced Mobility in the European Union: Legal Issues Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 of 5 July 2006
Authors: Viegas Maria José
Published: March 2022

Over the last few years, the subject of rights of disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility has been an issue of paramount importance in the European Union (EU) and it has become a priority to create and implement mechanisms to protect such persons and reduce discrimination. To guarantee the rights of such persons, Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 was published and has applied since July 2008. Reasons behind the Regulation reveal a social concern from the EU legislators and an attempt to create a legal regime which protects this type of passengers. Notwithstanding some important achievements on the subject, there is still some way to go regarding the interpretation of this legal regime, namely a need of adopting a common understanding of these provisions by EU Member States.
Revisiting Freedom of Overflight in International Air Law: Minimum Multilateralism in International Air Transport
Authors: Lee Jae Woon
Published: March 2022

Freedom of innocent passage at sea (also called freedom of navigation) is well-established through customary international law and international conventions. However, freedom of overflight is not exercised according to customary international law, and no international convention on freedom of overflight (International Air Services Transit Agreement of 1944) (Transit Agreement) is universally accepted. The debate at the beginning of the era of aviation between two schools (the freedom of the air school and the sovereignty of the air school) cuts to the heart of the question of why freedom of overflight is not allowed. The Paris Convention 1919 embraced sovereignty of the air, and the Chicago Convention 1944 leaned toward the extreme version of the sovereignty of the air principle. However, fundamental changes over the past seventy years (namely changes in law, policy, international politics, and technology) demand that we revisit freedom of overflight. There have been efforts by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to revitalize The Transit Agreement. Although the Sixth Worldwide ICAO Air Transport Conference failed to discuss the importance of freedom of overflight, the ICAO must continue to call for universal adherence to the Transit Agreement for the sound development of international air transport and for minimum multilateralism in international air transport.