bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(332) THE USE OF CHAPERONES FOR GENITOURINARY EXAMS: A SURVEY OF SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF MALE REPRODUCTION (SSMR) MEMBERS
Authors: Cahill E , Reddy S , Rotker K , Honig S
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Medical chaperones have been utilized with increasing frequency in order to provide for patient comfort and for medicolegal protection. This is especially applicable to the field of reproductive and sexual medicine given the need for sensitive examinations for clinical decision making. However, the use of chaperones may be associated with reduced efficiency for providers and may be difficult for patients.

Objective

Our aim was to evaluate and compare current practice policies of reproductive urologists regarding the use of chaperones for genitourinary examinations as well as provider sentiments regarding chaperone use.

Methods

An anonymous, web-based 19-question survey was sent via email distribution to Society for the Study of Male Reproduction (SSMR) members. The survey included a standardized set of questions regarding physician demographics, nature of practice, and current practices and policies pertaining to chaperone use. Data were analyzed in a descriptive fashion.

Results

There were 61 respondents to the survey, the majority of which were male (n = 53, 86.9%) (Table 1). 18 respondents (29.5%) reported that they currently have a chaperone policy at their practice. Of those, 61.1% reported patients have a choice regarding the use of a chaperone as part of the policy. As shown in Table 2, commonly utilized chaperones include medical assistants, nurses, other physicians, and scribes. Respondents varied in terms of ease of finding a chaperone and length of time added to the visit, with 50% reporting that a chaperone added 2 minutes or less to a visit and over 83% reporting it added 5 minutes or less. Of the remaining 43 participants who did not use chaperones, 13 (30.2%) felt that they should adopt a chaperone policy.

Conclusions

There is wide variation in the current practices of reproductive urologists with respect to utilizing chaperones during genitourinary examinations, and most do not have institutional/practice policies regarding the use of chaperones. Those who do have chaperone policies report differences in terms of who can be a chaperone, the ease of finding a chaperone, and length of time added to the visit. Standardization of chaperone usage across the field of sexual medicine and national guidelines may lead to improved patient-physician experience and efficiency.

Disclosure

Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Coloplast, Endo Pharma, Fellow, Posterity Health, HIMS, WIN fertility, Haleon.
(334) EARLY MECHANICAL FAILURE IS RARE BUT AUTO INFLATION IS COMMON AFTER PENILE PROSTHESIS PLACEMENT
Authors: Ziegelmann M , Guillen A , Pinkhasov A , Bonakdarhashemi M , Helo S , Kohler T
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Penile prosthesis (PP) implantation is associated with high patient satisfaction in patients with medically refractory erectile dysfunction (ED). There remains a paucity in the literature regarding the temporal evolution of patient following PP surgery.

Objective

We sought to evaluate mechanical-associated outcomes in our Penile prosthesis (PP) cohort.

Methods

We analyzed our prospective penile registry that includes patient-completed surveys regarding device outcomes administered at 6 and 12-months after PP placement. We specifically examined the questions: “Have you had another [prosthesis] surgery since your first operation?”; and, “Does the device ever inflate or deflate on its own, if Yes how bothersome is this for you on a scale of 1-10 (1- very bothersome, 10 no bother)?”. Chart review was performed to identify pertinent variables including reservoir location (retropubic vs submuscular) and need for prosthesis revision for survey respondents.

Results

A total of 304 patients were enrolled in the registry. Of these, 101 completed the 6-month assessment and 79 completed the 1-year survey. The vast majority of PP were Coloplast (91.4%) utilizing the “classic” pump. Mean chart review follow up was approximately 3 years. One device was explanted for implant infection. No additional operations were reported for mechanical failure. Auto-inflation (AI) was reported in 38 patients at 6 months and 21 patients at 12 months. AI was most common in patients with submuscular reservoir placement (75.9% of those who reported AI at 6 months and 50% at 12 months respectively). The relative risk of developing AI was doubled in patients with a submuscular reservoir [2.2 (1.05-3.44); p < 0.001)]. Degree of bother had a reported median of 5 (3.75-9) at 6 months and became less bothersome after 12-months year with a reported median of 7 (5-9) (p = 0.230) [Fig. 1].

Conclusions

Early Penile prosthesis mechanical failure requiring revision surgery did not occur in our cohort but patient-reported auto-inflation was identified more frequently than previously reported. Further study is warranted, but patients may benefit from pre-operative counseling regarding the incidence of auto-inflation.

Disclosure

Yes, this is sponsored by industry/sponsor: Coloplast.

Clarification: Industry funding only - investigator initiated and executed study.
(336) A NOVEL TECHNIQUE OF CORPORAL REPAIR DURING TRANS CORPORAL ARTIFICIAL URINARY SPHINCTER CUFF PLACEMENT WITH AN INFLATABLE PENILE PROSTHESIS IN PLACE USING ALLOGENIC PERICARDIAL GRAFT (TUTOPLAST®)
Authors: Mahdi M , Westney OL , Wang R
Published: December 2024

Introduction

The number of patients with post prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and erectile dysfunction (ED) is growing. And the use Artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) and inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) in the management of such conditions has proven its efficacy, especially for the refractory cases. Many patients have both devices, and since the AUS revision rates are higher, some will need further AUS procedures with their IPP in place. This might constitute a challenge that require special consideration.

Objective

We review a new technique for corporal repair using allogenic pericardial graft (Tutoplast®) in patients undergoing AUS revision procedure with trans corporal (TC) AUS cuff placement while an IPP cylinders are in situ. The intent is to achieve intra op hemostasis after corporal violation and to separate and protect the IPP cylinders and AUS cuff from direct contact and frication, thus decreasing the risk of long term mechanical failure.

Methods

We report a new technique of corporal repair during TC AUS revision procedure with in situ IPP. The technique has been done for two patients so far. In both patients a 3 cm bilateral corporotomies were done to create a corporal flap on the dorsal side of the urethra for the new cuff TC placement. Then a Tutoplast graft of a proper size was sutured to the lateral edges of corporotomies to isolate the IPP in situ cylinders from the planned new TC cuff (fig. 1). Next, the AUS cuff was placed between the graft and the corporal flap/urethra followed by the placement of other AUS component.

Results

No early post-operative complications noted. Patients presented for AUS activation six weeks following the surgery. Functions of both AUS and IPP were confirmed during the visit and patients were instructed to use both devices. During the three and six months post-operative visits both patients were completely continent and were using the IPPs without any issues or complains.

Conclusions

A preliminary data supports the safety and short-term efficacy of using allogenic pericardial graft (Tutoplast®) in corporal repair for patients undergoing TC AUS cuff placement with an IPP cylinders in place. The technique might protect both the functioning IPP and the new AUS cuff and decrease the mechanical failure with ideal hemostasis during the surgery. Further studies on larger populations are needed to support the long-term efficacy of this technique.

Disclosure

No.
The health of internally displaced people (IDPs), between conflicts and the increasing role of climate change
Authors: Bellizzi Saverio
Published: December 2024

Globally, the number of IDPs has jumped from 50.3 to 75.9 million in the past 5 years, and their displacement is increasingly driven by climate-change, replacing conflicts as main factor in 2023. This underscores the need to further explore the nexus of climate change, health, migration, and to mobilize support.
Rapid on-site detection of crop RNA viruses using CRISPR/Cas13a
Authors: Hak Hagit , Ostendorp Steffen , Reza Anton , Ishgur Greenberg Shany , Pines Gur , Kehr Julia , Spiegelman Ziv
Published: December 2024

Plant viruses are destructive pathogens of various crop species. Rapid, sensitive, and specific detection is crucial for the effective containment of emerging and resistance-breaking viruses. CRISPR/Cas has been established as a new tool for plant virus identification. However, its application for direct detection of viruses in the field is still limited. In this study, we present a CRISPR/Cas13a-based method for rapid detection of different viruses directly from RNA of several crop species, including tomato, cucumber, and rapeseed. This method was used to identify the emerging tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), a prominent pathogen in tomato cultivation, and distinguish it from closely related viruses in infected tomato plants. ToBRFV could be identified in a 100-fold dilution and early during infection, prior to the onset of viral symptoms. Finally, we developed a user-friendly, extraction-free, 15 min protocol for on-site virus detection using a portable fluorescence viewer and a mobile phone camera. This protocol was successfully applied to identify ToBRFV in several commercial greenhouses. These results demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas13a is a robust technology for on-site detection of multiple viruses in different crop plants. This method could be swiftly adapted to identify newly emerging pests, which threaten global food security.
Right to mobility, right to belong: Bottom-up citizenship practices of Syrian refugees in Europe
Authors: Zuntz Ann-Christin , Columbu Alessandro
Published: December 2024

Through a small-scale interview study with Syrians with Swedish citizenship who have either relocated to, or are regularly visiting, the UK, this article sheds light on the nexus between mobility and bottom-up citizenship practices of refugees in Europe. We mobilize the twin concepts of ‘affective’ and ‘instrumental’ citizenship to highlight how refugees’ quest for belonging and safety challenges usual assumptions about displacement: first, our data defy push-pull models of migration, showing that quick access to naturalization and generous welfare policies attracted some Syrians to Sweden, but were not enough to make them stay. The fact that for those leaving Sweden, the UK was only one possible destination—with other Syrians moving to the Global South—calls into question a hierarchy of desirable destinations with Western and Northern Europe at the top. Second, seen through the lens of affect, refugees’ and host states’ interactions are not merely legalistic or bureaucratic: while our interlocutors perceived Swedish welfare interventions and political discourse as top-down affective control, they also engaged in grassroots practices of affective citizenship, devising alternative forms of belonging through mobility. Ultimately, affective citizenship can inform ambitions to stay, or move on, regardless of how affluent host countries are. Third, while our protagonists’ back-and-forth movements point to the non-linearity of refugee journeys, their use of the UK’s EU Settlement Scheme as a deferred ‘insurance policy’ highlights the complexity of temporalities of displacement. Legal security may not be sufficient to ending refugees’ lingering feelings of insecurity, and thus not preclude further mobility-based strategies.
Association between preoperative antifungal therapy and postoperative complications in patients with pulmonary aspergilloma: A national database study in Japan
Authors: Takeda Keita , Yokoyama Akira , Fukami Takeshi , Kimura Yuya , Suzukawa Maho , Jo Taisuke , Suzuki Junko , Sasaki Yuka , Mitani Akihisa , Tanaka Goh , Fujita Asahi , Matsui Hiroki , Fushimi Kiyohide , Nagase Takahide , Yasunaga Hideo
Published: December 2024

Postoperative complications of pulmonary resection in patients with pulmonary aspergilloma are common. Preoperative antifungal therapy is a perioperative management strategy to reduce postoperative complications; however, the benefit of the treatment remains controversial. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database (July 2010–March 2021), a national inpatient database in Japan. Patients with pulmonary aspergilloma with or without chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis who underwent pulmonary resection were identified and divided into two groups based on whether they received preoperative antifungal therapy. Propensity-score overlap weighting was performed to compare the occurrence of composite postoperative complications and postoperative length of hospital stay between the two groups. We identified 98 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma who received preoperative antifungal therapy and 399 patients who did not. After propensity-score overlap weighting, the preoperative antifungal therapy group had a significantly lower proportion of composite postoperative complications than the non-preoperative antifungal therapy group (6.8% vs. 14.2%, P = .038). There was no significant difference in postoperative length of stay between the groups with and without preoperative antifungal therapy (median 14.6 vs. 15.8 days, P = .41). Preoperative antifungal therapy was associated with a reduction in postoperative complications in patients with pulmonary aspergilloma. Preoperative treatment with antifungals may be beneficial in reducing the risk of postoperative complications in patients with pulmonary aspergilloma undergoing pulmonary resection.
Investigating Kozai–Lidov oscillations and disc tearing in Be star discs
Authors: Suffak M W , Jones C E , Carciofi A C
Published: December 2024

Recent simulations of Be stars in misaligned binary systems have revealed that misalignment between the disc and binary orbit can cause the disc to undergo Kozai–Lidov (KL) oscillations or disc tearing. We build on our previous suite of three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations of equal-mass systems by simulating eight new misaligned Be star binary systems, with mass ratios of 0.1 and 0.5, or equal-mass systems with varying viscosity. We find the same phenomena occur as previously for mass ratios of 0.5, while the mass ratio of 0.1 does not cause KL oscillations or disc tearing for the parameters examined. With increased viscosity in our equal-mass simulations, we show that these phenomena and other oscillations are damped out and do not occur. We also briefly compare two viscosity prescriptions and find they can produce the same qualitative disc evolution. Next, we use the radiative transfer code hdust to predict observable trends of a KL oscillation, and show how the observables oscillate in sync with disc inclination and cause large changes in the polarization position angle. Our models generate highly complex line profiles, including triple-peak profiles that are known to occur in Be stars. The mapping between the SPH simulations and these triple-peak features gives us hints as to where they originate. Finally, we construct interferometric predictions of how a gap in the disc, produced by KL oscillations or disc tearing, perturbs the visibility versus baseline curve at multiple wavelengths, and can cause large changes to the differential phase profile across an emission line.
Conducting high-frequency radio SETI searches using ALMA
Authors: Mason Louisa A , Garrett Michael A , Wandia Kelvin , Siemion Andrew P V
Published: December 2024

The Atacama Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) remains unparalleled in sensitivity at radio frequencies above 35 GHz. In this paper, we explore ALMA’s potential for narrow-band technosignature detection, considering factors such as the interferometer’s undistorted field of view, signal dilution due to significant drift rates at high frequencies and the possibility of spectral confusion. We present the first technosignature survey using archival ALMA data in Band 3, focusing on two spectral windows centred on 90.642 and 93.151 GHz. Our survey places new limits at these frequencies on the prevalence of extraterrestrial transmitters for 28 galactic stars, selected from the Gaia DR3 catalogue. We employ a stellar ‘bycatch’ method to sample these objects within the undistorted field of view of four ALMA calibrators. For the closest star in our sample, we find no evidence of transmitters with $\mathrm{ EIRP}_{\mathrm{ min}} \gt 7 \times 10^{17}$ W. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first technosignature search conducted using ALMA data.
Neutron star g modes in the relativistic Cowling approximation
Authors: Counsell A R , Gittins F , Andersson N , Pnigouras P
Published: December 2024

Mature neutron stars are expected to exhibit gravity g modes due to stratification caused by a varying matter composition in the high-density core. By employing the BSk equation-of-state family, and working within the relativistic Cowling approximation, we examine how subtle differences in the nuclear matter assumptions impact on the g-mode spectrum. We investigate the possibility of detecting individual g-mode resonances during a binary inspiral with current and next-generation ground-based detectors, like Cosmic Explorer and the Einstein Telescope. Our results suggest that these resonances may be within the reach of future detectors, especially for low-mass stars with $M\lesssim 1.4\,\mathrm{ M}_\odot$.
Decreased foot-related quality of life is a risk factor for falls in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Haraguchi Akihisa , Kamo Kenta
Published: December 2024

Objectives

The aim of this study is to assess the need to treat forefoot lesions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who are unaware of their foot problems.

Methods

From April to September 2022, 116 RA patients at Yamaguchi Red Cross hospital

were administered the Self-Administered Foot Evaluation Questionnaire (SAFE-Q), a self-assessment questionnaire on foot-related issues, and underwent forefoot radiography. We also assessed the occurrence of falls 1 year later. Among the 88 patients who were unaware of foot problems, we analysed the frequency and type of forefoot deformities and conducted a multivariate analysis to identify factors predicting falls during the 12-month follow-up.

Results

Of the unaware patients, 64 (72.7%) had forefoot deformities and 17 (19.3%) experienced falls within the first year. The fall group had a history of falls and lower SAFE-Q scores but did not significantly differ from others in terms of forefoot deformities. Multivariate analysis identified a history of falls and lower SAFE-Q scores as predictive factors for future falls.

Conclusions

Decreased foot-related quality of life is a risk factor for falls, even in patients who are unaware of their foot problems. Physicians should regularly assess foot-related quality of life using tools such as SAFE-Q to help prevent falls in RA patients.
Above-knee amputation in a 69-year-old male with gouty tophi complicated by necrotising fasciitis – a case report
Authors: Abebe Metasebia Worku , Asfaw Abigya Aschalew
Published: December 2024

Gout is the most prevalent form of inflammatory arthritis in males as a result of high uric acid levels that cause deposition of monosodium urate crystals in soft tissues, bones, and joints. It commonly presents as a swollen, erythematous, and painful joint. Necrotising fasciitis is rapidly progressing aggressive soft tissue infection that spreads along the fascial planes sparing the skin; it is very uncommon for necrotising fasciitis to occur as a complication of gouty arthritis. We present here a case of a 69-year-old male with a known history of untreated gouty arthritis and tophi over the right foot that complicated into necrtotising fasciits of the leg with extension to the upper thigh, which was surgically debrided but also necessitated above-knee amputation for infection control, survival, and best possible functional outcome of the patient.
Visualizing the modification landscape of the human 60S ribosomal subunit at close to atomic resolution
Authors: Wiechert Franziska , Unbehaun Anett , Sprink Thiemo , Seibel Helena , Bürger Jörg , Loerke Justus , Mielke Thorsten , Diebolder Christoph A , Schacherl Magdalena , Spahn Christian M T
Published: December 2024

Chemical modifications of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and proteins expand their topological repertoire, and together with the plethora of bound ligands, fine-tune ribosomal function. Detailed knowledge of this natural composition provides important insights into ribosome genesis and function and clarifies some aspects of ribosomopathies. The discovery of new structural properties and functional aspects of ribosomes has gone hand in hand with cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and its technological development. In line with the ability to visualize atomic details – a prerequisite for identifying chemical modifications and ligands in cryo-EM maps – in this work we present the structure of the 60S ribosomal subunit from HeLa cells at the very high global resolution of 1.78 Å. We identified 113 rRNA modifications and four protein modifications including uL2-Hisβ-ox216, which stabilizes the local structure near the peptidyl transferase centre via an extended hydrogen-bonding network. We can differentiate metal ions Mg2+ and K+, polyamines spermine, spermidine and putrescine and identify thousands of water molecules binding to the 60S subunit. Approaching atomic resolution cryo-EM has become a powerful tool to examine fine details of macromolecular structures that will expand our knowledge about translation and other biological processes in the future and assess the variability of the chemical space due to differences between species/tissues or varying physicochemical environment.
Precision genome editing using combinatorial viral vector delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases and donor DNA constructs
Authors: Li Zhen , Wang Xiaoling , Janssen Josephine M , Liu Jin , Tasca Francesca , Hoeben Rob C , Gonçalves Manuel A F V
Published: December 2024

Genome editing based on programmable nucleases and donor DNA constructs permits introducing specific base-pair changes and complete transgenes or live-cell reporter tags at predefined chromosomal positions. A crucial requirement for such versatile genome editing approaches is, however, the need to co-deliver in an effective, coordinated and non-cytotoxic manner all the required components into target cells. Here, adenoviral (AdV) and adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are investigated as delivery agents for, respectively, engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases and donor DNA constructs prone to homologous recombination (HR) or homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ) processes. Specifically, canonical single-stranded and self-complementary double-stranded AAVs served as sources of ectopic HR and HMEJ substrates, whilst second- and third-generation AdVs provided for matched CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases. We report that combining single-stranded AAV delivery of HR donors with third-generation AdV transfer of CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases results in selection-free and precise whole transgene insertion in large fractions of target-cell populations (i.e. up to 93%) and disclose that programmable nuclease-induced chromosomal breaks promote AAV transduction. Finally, besides investigating relationships between distinct AAV structures and genome-editing performance endpoints, we further report that high-fidelity CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases are critical for mitigating off-target chromosomal insertion of defective AAV genomes known to be packaged in vector particles.
Big brother: the effects of surveillance on fundamental aspects of social vision
Authors: Seymour Kiley , McNicoll Jarrod , Koenig-Robert Roger
Published: December 2024

Despite the dramatic rise of surveillance in our societies, only limited research has examined its effects on humans. While most research has focused on voluntary behaviour, no study has examined the effects of surveillance on more fundamental and automatic aspects of human perceptual awareness and cognition. Here, we show that being watched on CCTV markedly impacts a hardwired and involuntary function of human sensory perception—the ability to consciously detect faces. Using the method of continuous flash suppression (CFS), we show that when people are surveilled (N = 24), they are quicker than controls (N = 30) to detect faces. An independent control experiment (N = 42) ruled out an explanation based on demand characteristics and social desirability biases. These findings show that being watched impacts not only consciously controlled behaviours but also unconscious, involuntary visual processing. Our results have implications concerning the impacts of surveillance on basic human cognition as well as public mental health.
Conjugated phthalocyanine-based framework as artificial SEI for over 400 Wh kg−1 lithium-metal battery
Authors: Zang Ying , Peng Peng , Pei Fei , Li Run-Han , Wu Lin , Lu Di-Qiu , Zhang Yi , Huang Kai , Shen Yue , Huang Yun-Hui , Lan Ya-Qian
Published: December 2024

High-voltage lithium-metal batteries (HVLMBs) are appealing candidates for next-generation high-energy rechargeable batteries, but their practical applications are still limited by the severe capacity degradation, attributed to the poor interfacial stability and compatibility between the electrode and the electrolyte. In this work, a 2D conjugated phthalocyanine framework (CPF) containing single atoms (SAs) of cobalt (CoSAs-CPF) is developed as a novel artificial solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) in which a large amount of charge is transferred to the CPF skeleton due to the Lewis acid activity of the Co metal sites and the strong electron-absorbing property of the cyano group (−CN), greatly enhancing the adsorption of the Li+ and regulating the Li+ distribution toward dendrite-free LMBs, which are superior to most of the reported SEI membranes. As a result, the Li||Li symmetrical cell with CoSAs-CPF-modified Li anodes (CoSAs-CPF@Li) exhibits a low polarization with an area capacity of 1.0 mAh cm−2 over 3500 h. The LiFePO4 (LFP) ||CoSAs-CPF@Li (LFP: 20 mg cm−2) delivers an ultra-long cycling life of ≤1000 cycles with a high capacity retention of 98.6%. Remarkably, the high-voltage LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2||Li@CoSAs-CPF (NCM811: 10 mg cm−2) demonstrates a long cycling life of >800 cycles with a high capacity retention of 80%. Meanwhile, in situ ultrasonic transmission technology confirms the admirable ability of artificial CoSAs-CPF SEI to stabilize the Li-anode interface in pouch cells during cycling. Remarkably, the NCM811||Li@CoSAs-CPF pouch cell exhibits an energy density of 421 Wh kg−1 and keeps 130 cycles with a low electrolyte/capacity ratio of 2.5 g Ah−1. The strategy of constructing the CoSAs-CPF-reinforced Li anode provides a promising direction for high-energy-density HVLMBs with long cycling stability.
Real-time mapping of gapless 24-hour surface PM10 in China
Authors: Zhang Xutao , Gui Ke , Zhao Hengheng , Shang Nanxuan , Zeng Zhaoliang , Yao Wenrui , Li Lei , Zheng Yu , Zhao Hujia , Liu Yurun , Miao Yucong , Peng Yue , Fei Ye , Li Fugang , Li Baoxin , Wang Hong , Wang Zhili , Wang Yaqiang , Che Huizheng , Zhang Xiaoye
Published: December 2024

Large-scale mapping of surface coarse particulate matter (PM10) concentration remains a key focus for air quality monitoring. Satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD)-based data fusion approaches decouple the non-linear AOD–PM10 relationship, enabling high-resolution PM10 data acquisition, but are limited by spatial incompleteness and the absence of nighttime data. Here, a gridded visibility-based real-time surface PM10 retrieval (RT-SPMR) framework for China is introduced, addressing the gap in seamless hourly PM10 data within the 24-hour cycle. This framework utilizes multisource data inputs and dynamically updated machine-learning models to produce 6.25-km gridded 24-hour PM10 data. Cross-validation showed that the RT-SPMR model's daily retrieval accuracy surpassed prior studies. Additionally, through rolling iterative validation experiments, the model exhibited strong generalization capability and stability, demonstrating its suitability for operational deployment. Taking a record-breaking dust storm as an example, the model proved effective in tracking the fine-scale evolution of the dust intrusion process, especially in under-observed areas. Consequently, the operational RT-SPMR framework provides comprehensive real-time capability for monitoring PM10 pollution in China, and has the potential to improve the accuracy of dust storm forecasting models by enhancing the PM10 initial field.
Conventional techniques and emerging nanotechnologies for early detection of cancer metastasis via epithelial-mesenchymal transition monitoring
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Wang Jing , Wuethrich Alain , Trau Matt
Published: December 2024

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process for cancer to metastasize by promoting invasiveness and dissemination of cancer cells in the body. Understanding and tracking EMT could improve cancer therapy by intervening in metastasis. Current approaches for investigating and detecting the EMT process often utilize traditional molecular biology techniques like immunohistochemistry, mass spectrometry and sequencing. These approaches have provided valuable insights into understanding signaling pathways and identifying biomarkers. Liquid biopsy analysis using advanced nanotechnologies allows the longitudinal tracking of EMT in patients to become feasible. This review article offers a molecular overview of EMT, summarizes current EMT models used in cancer research, and reviews both traditional techniques and emerging nanotechnologies employed in recent EMT studies. Additionally, we discuss the limitations and prospects of applying nanotechnologies in EMT research. By evaluating this rapidly emerging field, we propose strategies to facilitate the clinical translation of nanotechnologies for early detection and monitoring of EMT.
Tobacco Smoking in Early Adulthood and Labor Market Performance: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
Authors: Viinikainen Jutta , Böckerman Petri , Hakulinen Christian , Kari Jaana T , Lehtimäki Terho , Pahkala Katja , Pehkonen Jaakko , Viikari Jorma , Raitakari Olli T
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Tobacco smoking has been associated with reduced success in the labor market, potentially due to its negative impact on labor productivity, especially in physically demanding jobs, as it affects physical fitness and performance adversely.

Methods

This prospective study used data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study survey, linked to register information on labor market outcomes and education attainment, to examine the association between tobacco smoking and long-term labor market outcomes (earnings and employment, N = 1953). Smoking levels were determined by cigarette pack-years in 2001, as reported in the survey, whereas annual earnings and employment status were tracked from 2001 to 2019.

Results

A one-unit increase in pack-year of smoking was associated with a 1.8% decrease in earnings (95% confidence interval [CI]: −2.6% to −0.9%) and a 0.5% reduction in years employed (95% CI: −0.6% to −0.3%). This association was pronounced among participants with lower education levels. The earnings difference was evident among younger cohorts, whereas a negative correlation with employment was observed most strongly in older cohorts among individuals with lower education.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that smoking had a negative effect on earnings among the younger generation, particularly among the less well-educated. The finding of greater impacts on years of employment among the older age group, particularly among groups with low education levels, is consistent with the delayed onset of most health impacts, which may particularly affect productivity in physically demanding jobs that are more common among people with less education.

Implications

Adverse consequences of smoking include reduced earnings and labor market participation, particularly among less well-educated groups. Tobacco control advocates should draw attention to these consequences in arguing for effective measures to reduce smoking initiation and increase cessation in order to achieve socially optimal outcomes.
Decay Rates of Maternal Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Antibody Levels in Early and Moderate-to-Late Preterm and Term Infants at Birth and at Two Months
Authors: Immink Maarten M , van der Maas Nicoline A T , Bekker Mireille N , de Melker Hester E , den Hartog Gerco , Rots Nynke Y , van Gageldonk Pieter G M , Groenendaal Floris , Sanders Elisabeth A M
Published: December 2024

A post hoc analysis of maternally derived antibodies at birth and age 2 months following second trimester maternal Tdap vaccination between 20 and 24 weeks’ gestational age (GA) showed a faster decay rate of Tdap-related immunoglobulin G in early preterms born before 32 weeks’ GA compared with moderate-to-late preterms and full-terms. This is different from previous studies and merits further research.
A Rapid Host Response Blood Test for Bacterial/Viral Infection Discrimination Using a Portable Molecular Diagnostic Platform
Authors: Iglesias-Ussel Maria D , O’Grady Nicholas , Anderson Jack , Mitsis Paul G , Burke Thomas W , Henao Ricardo , Scavetta Joseph , Camilleri Clare , Naderi Sepideh , Carittini Amanda , Perelman Max , Myers Rachel A , Ginsburg Geoffrey S , Ko Emily R , McClain Micah T , van Westrienen Jesse , Tsalik Ephraim L , Tillekeratne L Gayani , Woods Christopher W
Published: December 2024

Background

Difficulty discriminating bacterial versus viral etiologies of infection drives unwarranted antibacterial prescriptions and, therefore, antibacterial resistance.

Methods

Utilizing a rapid portable test that measures peripheral blood host gene expression to discriminate bacterial and viral etiologies of infection (the HR-B/V assay on Biomeme's polymerase chain reaction–based Franklin platform), we tested 3 cohorts of subjects with suspected infection: the HR-B/V training cohort, the HR-B/V technical correlation cohort, and a coronavirus disease 2019 cohort.

Results

The Biomeme HR-B/V test showed very good performance at discriminating bacterial and viral infections, with a bacterial model accuracy of 84.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80.8%–87.5%), positive percent agreement (PPA) of 88.5% (95% CI, 81.3%–93.2%), negative percent agreement (NPA) of 83.1% (95% CI, 78.7%–86.7%), positive predictive value of 64.1% (95% CI, 56.3%–71.2%), and negative predictive value of 95.5% (95% CI, 92.4%–97.3%). The test showed excellent agreement with a previously developed BioFire HR-B/V test, with 100% (95% CI, 85.7%–100.0%) PPA and 94.9% (95% CI, 86.1%–98.3%) NPA for bacterial infection, and 100% (95% CI, 93.9%–100.0%) PPA and 100% (95% CI, 85.7%–100.0%) NPA for viral infection. Among subjects with acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection of ≤7 days, accuracy was 93.3% (95% CI, 78.7%–98.2%) for 30 outpatients and 75.9% (95% CI, 57.9%–87.8%) for 29 inpatients.

Conclusions

The Biomeme HR-B/V test is a rapid, portable test with high performance at identifying patients unlikely to have bacterial infection, offering a promising antibiotic stewardship strategy that could be deployed as a portable, laboratory-based test.
A super-giant basal cell carcinoma of the scalp
Authors: Patsouras Alexandros , Garmpis Nikolaos , Effraimidou Eleni I , Dimitroulis Dimitrios , Papoutsas Dimitrios , Psilopatis Iason , Garmpi Anna , Diamantis Evangelos , Vrettou Kleio , Dimitrios Sampaziotis , Tasioula Paraskevi Ioanna , Damaskos Christos
Published: December 2024

Basal cell carcinoma is a malignant skin cancer, originating from basal cells. However, it is regarded more benign than other skin cancers, in the majority of the cases. If left untreated, it can lead to various complications, degradation of quality of life and even mortality to the patient. A basal cell carcinoma with one dimension more than 20 cm, is defined as super-giant. In this report, we present a case of a super-giant basal cell carcinoma occupying most of the scalp in an elderly patient, causing him severe anemia and general malaise.
Pulmonary thromboembolism—a rare presentation for Strongyloides hyperinfection in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Ali Mir Wasim , Rakshit Soumadip , Sarkar Atreyee , Mondal Md Karimulla , Datta Anup Kumar , Chatterjee Uttara
Published: December 2024

Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode. It is widely distributed in the tropics and sub-tropics of the world. It can cause a wide array of illnesses ranging from asymptomatic autoinfection to a severe form of hyperinfection and disseminated strongyloidiasis. Here we report a case of a 73-year-old patient presenting with obstructive shock with bipedal edema without any evidence of adrenal insufficiency. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed Strongyloides larva in the lumen of duodenal crypts. Stool examination and broncho-alveolar lavage revealed the presence of S. stercoralis larva. Computed tomography of pulmonary angiography revealed pulmonary thromboembolism. A long segment thrombus was also noted in the right external iliac vein on color Doppler with negative screening for malignancy on computed tomography scan. This case suggests that pulmonary thromboembolism with anemia and hypoalbuminemia could be a rare presentation of a systemic illness like Strongyloides hyperinfection in an immunocompetent patient from the tropics.
In planta ectopic expression of two subtypes of tomato cellulose synthase-like M genes affects cell wall integrity and supports a role in arabinogalactan and/or rhamnogalacturonan-I biosynthesis
Authors: Hassan Ali S , O’Donovan Lisa A , Cowley James M , Akomeah Belinda , Phillips Renee J , Pettolino Filomena , Schultz Carolyn J , Burton Rachel A
Published: December 2024

Diversification of the cellulose synthase superfamily of glycosyltransferases has provided plants with the ability to synthesize varied cell wall polysaccharides such as xyloglucan, mannans, and the mixed-linkage glucans of cereals. Surprisingly, some but not all members of the cellulose synthase-like M (CslM) gene family have recently been shown to be involved in the glycosylation of the aglycone core of a range of triterpenoid saponins. However, no cell wall activity has yet been attributed to any of the CslM gene family members. Here, evolution of the CslM gene family in eudicots is explored to better understand the differences between the two metabolically distinct classes of CslMs (CslM1 and CslM2) and the very closely related CslGs. To achieve this, a robust tBLASTn approach was developed to identify CslM1, CslM2, and CslG sequences using diagnostic peptides, suitable for complex genomes using unannotated and short-read datasets. To ascertain whether both CslM1 and CslM2 proteins have cell wall functions, in addition to the ‘saponin’ role of CslM2, tomato CslM1 and CslM2 genes were ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana by stable transformation and in the transient Nicotiana benthamiana system. Transformed plants were analysed with immunofluorescence, immunogold transmission electron microscopy, and cell wall polysaccharides were extracted for monosaccharide linkage analysis. Our results support a role for both CslM1 and CslM2 in the biosynthesis of type II arabinogalactan linkages, generating new insight into how the diverse functions of CslMs can coexist and providing clear targets for future research.
Reducing industrial pollution and interregional environmental inequality via the world's largest high-speed railway network
Authors: Liu Ziliang , Zhu Shengjun , He Canfei
Published: December 2024

Industrial pollution and the associated spatial environmental inequality increase health risks and hinder sustainable development, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Large-scale public transportation infrastructure that connects developed and developing cities, exemplified by high-speed railway (HSR), has the potential to be an effective instrument. Here, we provide nationwide micro-level estimates for the overall and distributional environmental impacts of HSR in a middle-income context. Using over half-a-million emission records of industrial firms during the rapid expansion of Chinese HSR, the world's largest HSR program, we find significant reductions in firm emissions after HSR opening (by 5.11–13.80%). The contributions come via facilitating intercity element flows like (green) technologies and lowering emission intensities. At the aggregate level, the HSR-driven emission reductions account for 0.49–1.70% of the overall emissions during the study period. Last, we examine the geographical distributional impacts of HSR. Both our between-city and within-city analyses reveal that laggard areas benefit more from HSR connection, thereby contributing to inter-regional environmental equality.
Choosing explanation over performance: Insights from machine learning-based prediction of human intelligence from brain connectivity
Authors: Thiele Jonas A , Faskowitz Joshua , Sporns Olaf , Hilger Kirsten
Published: December 2024

A growing body of research predicts individual cognitive ability levels from brain characteristics including functional brain connectivity. The majority of this research achieves statistically significant prediction performance but provides limited insight into neurobiological processes underlying the predicted concepts. The insufficient identification of predictive brain characteristics may present an important factor critically contributing to this constraint. Here, we encourage to design predictive modeling studies with an emphasis on interpretability to enhance our conceptual understanding of human cognition. As an example, we investigated in a preregistered study which functional brain connections successfully predict general, crystallized, and fluid intelligence in a sample of 806 healthy adults (replication: N = 322). The choice of the predicted intelligence component as well as the task during which connectivity was measured proved crucial for better understanding intelligence at the neural level. Further, intelligence could be predicted not solely from one specific set of brain connections, but from various combinations of connections with system-wide locations. Such partially redundant, brain-wide functional connectivity characteristics complement intelligence-relevant connectivity of brain regions proposed by established intelligence theories. In sum, our study showcases how future prediction studies on human cognition can enhance explanatory value by prioritizing a systematic evaluation of predictive brain characteristics over maximizing prediction performance.
Epihiper—A high performance computational modeling framework to support epidemic science
Authors: Chen Jiangzhuo , Hoops Stefan , Mortveit Henning S , Lewis Bryan L , Machi Dustin , Bhattacharya Parantapa , Venkatramanan Srinivasan , Wilson Mandy L , Barrett Chris L , Marathe Madhav V
Published: December 2024

This paper describes Epihiper, a state-of-the-art, high performance computational modeling framework for epidemic science. The Epihiper modeling framework supports custom disease models, and can simulate epidemics over dynamic, large-scale networks while supporting modulation of the epidemic evolution through a set of user-programmable interventions. The nodes and edges of the social-contact network have customizable sets of static and dynamic attributes which allow the user to specify intervention target sets at a very fine-grained level; these also permit the network to be updated in response to nonpharmaceutical interventions, such as school closures. The execution of interventions is governed by trigger conditions, which are Boolean expressions formed using any of Epihiper’s primitives (e.g. the current time, transmissibility) and user-defined sets (e.g. people with work activities). Rich expressiveness, extensibility, and high-performance computing responsiveness were central design goals to ensure that the framework could effectively target realistic scenarios at the scale and detail required to support the large computational designs needed by state and federal public health policymakers in their efforts to plan and respond in the event of epidemics. The modeling framework has been used to support the CDC Scenario Modeling Hub for COVID-19 response, and was a part of a hybrid high-performance cloud system that was nominated as a finalist for the 2021 ACM Gordon Bell Special Prize for high performance computing-based COVID-19 Research.
In silico prediction of pathogen's pandemic potential using the viral trait assessment for pandemics (ViTAP) model
Authors: Jones Charles H , Beitelshees Marie , Williams B Adam , Hill Andrew B , Welch Verna L , True Jane M
Published: December 2024

Our world is ever evolving and interconnected, creating constant opportunities for disease outbreaks and pandemics to occur, making pandemic preparedness and pathogen management crucial for global health security. Early pathogen identification and intervention play a key role in mitigating the impacts of disease outbreaks. In this perspective, we present the Viral Trait Assessment for Pandemics (ViTAP) model to aid in the early identification of high-risk viruses that have pandemic potential, which incorporates lessons from past pandemics, including which key viral characteristics are important such as genetic makeup, transmission modes, mutation rates, and symptom severity. This model serves as the foundation for the development of powerful, quantitative tools for the early prediction of pandemic pathogens. The use of such a tool, in conjunction with other pandemic preparedness measures, can allow for early intervention and containment of the virus. This proactive approach could enable timely interventions, guiding public health responses, and resource allocation to prevent widespread outbreaks and mitigate the impact of emerging pathogens.
Assessing the utility of a virtual reality arson crime scene investigation simulation
Authors: Halford Eric , Keningale Paige , Taleb Hussain AlShaima , Condon Camie
Published: December 2024

This study examines the utility of a virtual reality (VR) arson crime scene investigation simulation developed by the Abu Dhabi Police service. Utilizing qualitative interviews with participants from the Saif Bin Zayed Academy for Security and Policing Sciences, the study captures views of the VR training experience with an emphasis on learning effectiveness, engagement, skill acquisition, cost and time efficiency, and inclusivity and accessibility. The findings are discussed in the context of a theoretical framework provided by the technology acceptance model (TAM) and indicate high levels of engagement and immersion among the participants. Many expressed a preference for VR training over classroom training. Thus, the ‘perceived usefulness’ of the technology was high. The interviewees also reported significant perceived benefits in terms of acquiring procedural knowledge and skills. The immersive nature of the VR was identified as a key factor in its utility. The cost and time efficiencies driven by the capability to train multiple officers simultaneously without the need for physical resources and with fewer of the risks commonly associated with live training are also outlined. The study also identified limitations regarding the inclusivity and accessibility of the technology, including among individuals with disabilities. Nevertheless, the overall reception of the simulation was positive. The findings indicate that VR is widely accepted within the police service and has great potential for wider use to enhance training in other areas if it serves to deliver content focused on policies and practice.