bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Furniture Design for Disaster: A Case Study for Psychologically Resilient Objects
Authors: Sweet Tonya
Published: February 2018

Furniture is commonly perceived according to its functional role as a work surface, storage vessel, and architectural device designed to support the physical needs of the body in navigating everyday tasks. In the case of disasters such as seismic events, however, furniture invites alternative roles. For instance, we are instructed to “duck, cover, and hold” beneath a table in order to avoid injury from falling debris, and thus, in this context, a table undergoes an instantaneous transformation into a shelter. In the case of distressing events such as earthquakes, while our physical needs are considered, our psychological needs are seemingly ignored. This article presents a case study of speculative furniture designs that expand upon and challenge the traditional role of furniture by prioritizing the mitigation of anxiety over physical functionality. In an aim to promote psychological resilience around the anticipatory and residual stress that we encounter in our everyday lives, these designs apply empathy, humor, and play to elicit positive emotional responses. By capitalizing on the unique sensory–rich interactions afforded by furniture, this research proposes an unconventional yet valuable strategy in fostering meaningful, object–centered relationships.
Corporate Enterprise as Commonwealth
Authors: Healy Stephen
Published: February 2018

Deepening ecological crisis alongside a half century of widening inequality and economic instability are evidence that ‘Business as Usual’ cannot go on. Transformation is required, particularly in the realm of corporate activity, the business of business. Shareholder primacy is a powerful social norm that constrains transformation. It positions publicly traded corporations as compelled by competitive necessity and bound by law to place shareholder returns first. This article reviews critical legal theory that questions the historical precedence, legal coherence, and practical consequence of shareholder primacy in corporate law. I consider Deakin's suggestion that it might be more appropriate to think of the corporation as a commons managed for the benefit of multiple parties. In my view, Deakin's conceptualization might be further elaborated by turning to other traditions in enterprise formation, most notably those that have shaped the cooperative form in Italy and elsewhere.
An Ecological Approach to Regulatory Studies?
Authors: Parker Christine , Haines Fiona
Published: February 2018

Regulatory studies has been mainly occupied with addressing the social and economic crises of contemporary capitalism through instrumentally and responsively rational approaches. This article asks how regulatory scholarship can better respond to the ecological crisis now facing our world and our governance systems alongside social and economic crises. There are both possibilities and problems with instrumentally rational regulatory approaches that see human ecological impact as an externality or market failure and socio‐legal approaches to regulatory studies that emphasize the need to attend to the social and political aspects of regulation using a responsively rational approach. A third big shift towards an ecologically rational approach to regulatory studies is needed to comprehend our embeddedness within ecological systems. An ecologically rational approach also calls for an understanding of how multiple, diverse ways of sustainable being can intersect with and challenge current regulatory regimes dominated by an instrumentally rational approach.
Virtue and the Good Life in the Early Confucian Tradition
Authors: Back Youngsun
Published: February 2018

This essay examines the role of virtue and the status of non‐moral goods in conceptions of the good human life through an exploration of the thought of Confucius and Mencius. Both Confucius and Mencius lived in quite similar worlds, but their conceptualizations of the world differed from each another. This difference led them to hold different views on the role of virtue and the status of non‐moral goods. On the one hand, Confucius highlighted the self‐sufficiency of virtue, but he acknowledged and appreciated the intrinsic and instrumental value of non‐moral goods. On the other hand, while Mencius underscored the role of virtue as the best means to the best ends, he tried to depreciate the value of non‐moral goods. As a consequence, even though their conceptions of the good life were essentially predicated on virtue, they parted company concerning the status of non‐moral goods in human life.
The Uncanny Self in Love: Divorced Catholic Women Remember Abortion in Romania
Authors: Loustau Marc Roscoe
Published: February 2018

This essay presents an ethnographic account of two divorced Catholic women's memories of praying to the Virgin Mary while seeking illegal abortions under the Romanian socialist regime. These women's stories focused on troubling memories of being in love, reflections that were retrospectively shaped by divorce. Drawing on Sigmund Freud's notion of the uncanny, I call these recollections uncanny memories of the self in love. Uncannily remembering one's self in love combines experiential self‐examination and ethical assessment of actions. The notion of the uncanny self in love thus helps bridge the divide between experience‐ and action‐oriented approaches to lived ethics. I argue that the ethical significance of the Virgin Mary's actions depended on my acquaintances’ approach to love. For one woman seeking to stay estranged from her ex‐husband, the Virgin Mary's actions accentuated his ethical immaturity. My other acquaintance harbored more ambivalent feelings toward her ex‐husband; for her, talking about the Virgin Mary helped her relativize feelings of ethical indignation. As a core implication of this argument, I urge greater awareness of the problematic tendency to include the need for greater awareness of tendencies in theories of lived ethics to reify socially situated perspectives on love.
Debate, Prophecy, and Revolution: Notes on Cathleen Kaveny's Prophecy Without Contempt
Authors: Hart William David
Published: February 2018

In Prophecy without Contempt, Cathleen Kaveny argues that prevailing scholarly approaches to religious and public discourse misunderstand the actual complexity of moral rhetoric in America. She endeavors to provide a better account through study of the role the Puritan jeremiad has played. Kaveny then offers a normative case for deliberative public moral discourse and the limited exercise of prophetic denunciation. I argue that Kaveny's distinction between deliberation and prophetic denunciation is overdrawn. They are ideal types that elide other rhetorical forms. Moreover, both deliberative discourse and prophetic denunciation assume a social contract or shared tradition. Healthy moral discourse requires revolutionary rhetoric to interrogate and break traditions that are themselves morally compromised.
What Does a Prophet Know?
Authors: Kavka Martin
Published: February 2018

This essay on Cathleen Kaveny's Prophecy Without Contempt (2016) challenges her argument from two opposing sides. First, it critiques all jeremiads. It asks how a person uttering prophetic indictments, whether in the form of a classical jeremiad or the more moderate form that Kaveny argues for, can possibly know of what she speaks, given the otherness of God. Second, it calls for more jeremiads. It asks whether a person, whether religious or not, might indeed know enough to offer withering jeremiads, in those cases where she sees the target of her jeremiad making flagrantly incompatible commitments.
Perturbations have minor impacts on parasite dynamics and body condition of an endangered marsupial
Authors: Jones K. L. , Rafferty C. , Hing S. , Thompson R. C. A. , Godfrey S. S.
Published: February 2018

Wildlife populations are increasingly subjected to perturbations that can impact their health. Yet, research on the health of endangered species in the face of disturbance is rare. This study investigated the impact of reserve expansion and wildfire on parasitism and body condition in a critically endangered marsupial, the woylie (Bettongia penicillata). We expected parasite prevalence to change in response to perturbation‐induced changes in parasite abundance and host behaviour, depending on the transmission mode of the parasite. Similarly, we expected changes in resource availability associated with fire to impact body condition of hosts. Over 2 years, 999 captures were made of 136 woylies in Whiteman Park, a fenced reserve in Western Australia. Animals were assessed for body condition and the presence of ectoparasites, with blood and faeces collected for laboratory testing for haemo‐ and endoparasites. Generalized linear mixed models were used to determine what factors influenced parasitism and body condition. In the first 3 months post‐expansion, the percentage of woylies sheddingStrongyloides‐like nematode eggs increased, while strongyle‐like and oxyurid nematodes decreased, and ticks and trypanosomes were unaffected. Immediately after the fire, the proportion of woylies with ticks decreased and those with lice increased, though not significantly; low sample sizes limited our power. Body condition increased by 4 months post‐fire. We suggest the variable response of parasites to expansion is likely multi‐faceted and may relate to factors such as species‐specificity and environmental dispersal. Conversely, the response to fire was more consistent with our expectations. As both fire and reserve expansion are highly relevant perturbations for remaining woylie populations, it is encouraging that neither appeared to have significant negative impacts on woylie health. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating changes in wildlife health parameters after reserve expansion.
Fostering Self‐Regulation of Students with Learning Disabilities: Insights from 30 Years of Reading Comprehension Intervention Research
Authors: Berkeley Sheri , Larsen Anna
Published: February 2018

Thirty years of intervention research on the effects of reading comprehension strategies for students with learning disabilities was reviewed in this quantitative synthesis. Specifically, researchers targeted studies that contained self‐regulated learning components. A systematic search yielded 18 studies from nine research journals that met specified inclusion criteria. Studies were evaluated for methodological quality and to identify types of instructional and self‐regulation components within interventions. Large effect sizes were found immediately after instruction and after a time delay, suggesting that instruction in reading comprehension strategies that contain self‐regulation components may have a long lasting impact on student performance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Identification of candidate effector genes of Pratylenchus penetrans
Authors: Vieira Paulo , Maier Thomas R. , Eves‐van den Akker Sebastian , Howe Dana K. , Zasada Inga , Baum Thomas J. , Eisenback Jonathan D. , Kamo Kathryn
Published: February 2018

Pratylenchus penetrans is one of the most important species of root lesion nematodes (RLNs) because of its detrimental and economic impact in a wide range of crops. Similar to other plant‐parasitic nematodes (PPNs), P. penetrans harbours a significant number of secreted proteins that play key roles during parasitism. Here, we combined spatially and temporally resolved next‐generation sequencing datasets of P. penetrans to select a list of candidate genes aimed at the identification of a panel of effector genes for this species. We determined the spatial expression of transcripts of 22 candidate effectors within the oesophageal glands of P. penetrans by in situ hybridization. These comprised homologues of known effectors of other PPNs with diverse putative functions, as well as novel pioneer effectors specific to RLNs. It is noteworthy that five of the pioneer effectors encode extremely proline‐rich proteins. We then combined in situ localization of effectors with available genomic data to identify a non‐coding motif enriched in promoter regions of a subset of P. penetrans effectors, and thus a putative hallmark of spatial expression. Expression profiling analyses of a subset of candidate effectors confirmed their expression during plant infection. Our current results provide the most comprehensive panel of effectors found for RLNs. Considering the damage caused by P. penetrans, this information provides valuable data to elucidate the mode of parasitism of this nematode and offers useful suggestions regarding the potential use of P. penetrans‐specific target effector genes to control this important pathogen.
Diversity and seasonal abundances of mosquitoes at potential arboviral transmission sites in two different climate zones in Switzerland
Authors: WAGNER S. , GUIDI V. , TORGERSON P. R. , MATHIS A. , SCHAFFNER F.
Published: February 2018

Pathogens of medical or veterinary significance that are transmitted by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are (re‐)emerging in Europe [e.g. West Nile virus (WNV), Dirofilaria nematodes]. Little is known about the spatiotemporal abundances of mosquito species in Switzerland. Therefore, mosquito population dynamics were investigated, focusing on areas of risk for sylvatic or synanthropic transmission, such as natural sites and suburban sites on either side of the Alpine crest. Repeated collections were made using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) traps, juvenile sampling and ovitrapping. A total of 122 831 mosquito specimens of 21 taxa were identified. Levels of mosquito species richness were similar at suburban sites and in natural zones in Switzerland. Mosquito abundances and seasonality were analysed with generalized linear mixed models based on 382 CDC trap samples (29 454 females) and revealed Aedes annulipes/cantans, Aedes geniculatus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes sticticus, Aedes vexans, Coquillettidia richiardii and Culex pipiens/torrentium as the dominant species overall. Abundances of these species were season‐dependent in most cases. There was an effect of site with regard to abundance (higher in natural zones), but not with respect to seasonality. Together with data on vector competence and the host preferences of different species, the present data contribute to assessments of risk for pathogen transmission. For example, both natural and suburban environments seem feasible as sites for amplification cycles of WNV and transmission to mammals.
Why ethnic parties form: evidence from Bolivia
Authors: Flesken Anaïd
Published: February 2018

Research on the effects of ethnic politics abounds, but much less attention has been paid to where and why ethnic parties form. This article tests the explanatory power of rational‐choice and social‐movement informed approaches to ethnic party formation that, it argues, differ in their assumptions about the location of agency (elite vs. grassroots) and motives for party formation (office‐ vs. policy‐seeking). The assumptions are tested through an analysis of original data on party registration and socio‐economic factors in 327 Bolivian municipalities during the 2004 local elections. The elections took place under new electoral rules during a period of political restructuring, allowing an analysis of party entry decisions per se. Through a series of logistic regression models and various robustness checks, this article finds that social‐movement approaches are better able to explain ethnic party formation, and in particular that grievances over political maladministration and socio‐economic inequalities drive ethnic party formation.
Effect of extended hours dialysis on sleep quality in a randomized trial
Authors: Liao Jin‐Lan , van den Broek‐Best Oliver , Smyth Brendan , Hong Daqing , Vo Kha , Zuo Li , Gray Nicholas A , Chan Christopher T , de Zoysa Janak , Perkovic Vlado , Jiang Lei , Jardine Meg
Published: February 2018

Aim

Poor sleep quality is common in haemodialysis patients and associated with worse outcomes. In this pre‐specified analysis, we examined the impact of extended hours haemodialysis on sleep quality.

Methods

The ACTIVE Dialysis trial randomized 200 participants to extended (≥24 h/week) or standard (target 12–15 h) hours haemodialysis over 12 months. Sleep quality was measured in the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form 1.3 (KDQOL‐SF) by overall sleep quality score (0–10, 10 = ‘very good’) and the sleep subscale (0–100, 100 = ‘best possible sleep’) every 3 months via blinded telephone interview. The average intervention effect was calculated by mixed linear regression adjusted by time point and baseline score. Factors predicting sleep quality were assessed by multivariate regression analysis.

Results

Overall sleep quality score and sleep subscale at baseline were similar in both groups (5.9 [95%CI 5.4–6.4] vs. 6.3 [5.9–6.8]; 65.0 [60.9–69.1] vs. 63.2 [59.1–67.3]; extended and standard hours, respectively). Extended hours haemodialysis led to a non‐significant improvement in overall sleep quality score (average intervention effect 0.44 (−0.01 to 0.89), P = 0.053) and sleep subscale (average intervention effect 3.58 (−0.02 to 7.18), P = 0.051). Poor sleep quality was associated with being female and with current smoking. Sleep quality was positively associated with EuroQol‐5D (EQ5D) and the SF‐36 Physical Component and Mental Component Summary Scores but not with hospitalizations.

Conclusion

Sleep quality was not significantly improved by extended hours dialysis in this study. Sleep quality is positively correlated with quality of life in haemodialysis patients and is poorer in women and current smokers.
Respiratory characteristics of individuals with non‐specific low back pain: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Mohan Vikram , Paungmali Aatit , Sitilerpisan Patraporn , Hashim Ummi F. , Mazlan Munifa B. , Nasuha Tuan N.
Published: February 2018

Non‐specific low back pain (NS‐LBP) is known to cause respiratory dysfunction. In this study, we investigated alterations in breathing, respiratory strength and endurance, core stability, diaphragm mobility, and chest expansion among patients with NS‐LBP and healthy individuals. The specific aim of the study was to correlate between respiratory function and other variables among NS‐LBP patients. Thirty four patients with NS‐LBP were matched with 34 healthy participants before undergoing total faulty breathing scale, spirometer, respiratory pressure meter, chest expansion, ultrasound, and pressure biofeedback measurements. There were signs of faulty breathing in the NS‐LBP patients when compared to the healthy participants. Diaphragmatic mobility and respiratory muscle endurance were lower in the NS‐LBP group. Chest expansion exhibited a significant decrease at the level of the fourth intercostal space in the NS‐LBP group, but respiratory muscle strength and core stability were not significant between the two groups. Positive correlations were found to be fairly significant regarding respiratory muscle strength. The findings of this study indicated altered respiratory characteristics in the NS‐LBP patients, and suggested that they would improve through respiratory exercises.
Apple S‐RNase triggers inhibition of tRNA aminoacylation by interacting with a soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase in growing self‐pollen tubes in vitro
Authors: Li Wei , Meng Dong , Gu Zhaoyu , Yang Qing , Yuan Hui , Li Yang , Chen Qiuju , Yu Jie , Liu Chunsheng , Li Tianzhong
Published: February 2018

Apple exhibits S‐RNase‐based self‐incompatibility (SI), in which S‐RNase plays a central role in rejecting self‐pollen. It has been proposed that the arrest of pollen growth in SI of Solanaceae plants is a consequence of the degradation of pollen rRNA by S‐RNase; however, the underlying mechanism in Rosaceae is still unclear.

Here, we used S2‐RNase as a bait to screen an apple pollen cDNA library and characterized an apple soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase (MdPPa) that physically interacted with S‐RNases.

When treated with self S‐RNases, apple pollen tubes showed a marked growth inhibition, as well as a decrease in endogenous soluble pyrophosphatase activity and elevated levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). In addition, S‐RNase was found to bind to two variable regions of MdPPa, resulting in a noncompetitive inhibition of its activity. Silencing of MdPPa expression led to a reduction in pollen tube growth. Interestingly, tRNA aminoacylation was inhibited in self S‐RNase‐treated or MdPPa‐silenced pollen tubes, resulting in the accumulation of uncharged tRNA. Furthermore, we provide evidence showing that this disturbance of tRNA aminoacylation is independent of RNase activity.

We propose an alternative mechanism differing from RNA degradation to explain the cytotoxicity of the S‐RNase apple SI process.
A review of machine learning in obesity
Authors: DeGregory K. W. , Kuiper P. , DeSilvio T. , Pleuss J. D. , Miller R. , Roginski J. W. , Fisher C. B. , Harness D. , Viswanath S. , Heymsfield S. B. , Dungan I. , Thomas D. M.
Published: February 2018

Rich sources of obesity‐related data arising from sensors, smartphone apps, electronic medical health records and insurance data can bring new insights for understanding, preventing and treating obesity. For such large datasets, machine learning provides sophisticated and elegant tools to describe, classify and predict obesity‐related risks and outcomes.

Here, we review machine learning methods that predict and/or classify such as linear and logistic regression, artificial neural networks, deep learning and decision tree analysis. We also review methods that describe and characterize data such as cluster analysis, principal component analysis, network science and topological data analysis. We introduce each method with a high‐level overview followed by examples of successful applications. The algorithms were then applied to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to demonstrate methodology, utility and outcomes. The strengths and limitations of each method were also evaluated.

This summary of machine learning algorithms provides a unique overview of the state of data analysis applied specifically to obesity.
A morphometric analysis of the posed smile
Authors: Ackerman J.L. , Ackerman M.B. , Brensinger C.M. , Landis J.R.
Published: February 2018

A fundamental goal of orthodontics is to improve the smile, but no objective criteria exist to assess the lip‐teeth relationship, establish objectives of treatment or measure treatment outcome. Here we propose a method to digitally measure the smile characteristics of orthodontic patients. Specifically, the ‘posed smile’ is measured. By definition the posed smile is voluntary and not elicited by an emotion. It can be a learned greeting or a signal of appeasement and can be sustained. The posed smile is reliably repeatable. The multimedia computer program for smile measurement we developed was based on studies of the utility of the smile photograph and the assessment of the lip‐teeth characteristics of the posed smile in treated and untreated patients. On the computer screen a grid, or smile mesh, employs horizontal and vertical lines to measure eleven attributes of a smile. Not all orthodontically ‘well‐treated’ patients with exemplary plaster casts exhibit desirable anterior tooth display while smiling. We suggest that the photographic analysis of an unstrained posed smile might be a standard orthodontic record.
Attitudes and compliance of pre‐adolescent children during early treatment of Class II malocclusion
Authors: Johnson P.D. , Cohen D.A. , Wheeler T. , Aiosa L. , McGorray S.
Published: February 2018

A survey was administered to 168 parents and their children at the end of mixed dentition treatment for Class II correction utilizing bionators and headgears to investigate attitudes of parents and patients toward bionators and headgears and to elicit factors associated with compliance. Directional differences between parent and child responses occurred frequently with agreement ranging from 41 to 100%, averaging 69% overall. The results indicate that the orthodontic patient population has medical and dental health as a priority. While parental and child reasons for seeking treatment may be different, it appears that both groups seek care for perceived benefits of health, decreased present and future oral problems, peer influences, and dental self image improvement. Additionally, children who are undergoing treatment perceive that others do not understand what they are going through, they may be embarrassed, and some may break their appliances to annoy the parent or orthodontist. Pain, decreased ability to speak, and difficulty chewing were reported to decrease appliance wear. Patient understanding of the treatment goals was reported to increase compliance. The bionator caused more instances of speech problems and associated non‐compliance than the headgear. The headgear caused more instances of pain, but did not cause significantly less associated compliance than the bionator. The results suggest that bolstering the patient‐orthodontist relationship, informing the patient about the treatment goals, methods, and their individual role, and offering immediate short term rewards can potentially increase patient compliance.
Loose joint bodies of the temporomandibular joint: a case report
Authors: Ercoli C. , Boncan R.B. , Tallents R.H. , Macher D.J.
Published: February 2018

Osteochondral loose bodies are an uncommon finding in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), but occur relatively frequently in large joints such as the knee, elbow, hip, wrist, and ankle. Loose joint bodies can be divided in three groups: 1) synovial chondromatosis; 2) osteochondral fracture fragments and; 3) cases of degenerative arthritis or avascular necrosis. The most common clinical features of loose joint bodies are pain, swelling, joint noise and impaired joint movements. A case of loose joint bodies of the temporomandibular joint is presented. The pantomograph and lateral cephalograph revealed several irregularly shaped, variably sized radiopaque structures in the region of the right temporomandibular joint. CT and MR scans confirmed the initial diagnosis. The dimensions of the loose joint bodies varied from 1–2 to 5–6 mm. In this patient, the loose joint bodies may have been secondary to osteoarthritis, may have preceded and caused the degenerative changes, or may be only a coincidental finding.
Early treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusion — Comparison of alternative treatment modalities
Authors: Ghafari Joseph , King Gregory J. , Tulloch J.F. Camilla
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this paper was to compare the findings from three randomized clinical trials that investigated alternative treatments of Class II, division 1 malocclusion in young children. The trials were conducted at the University of North Carolina, the University of Florida, and the University of Pennsylvania. The appliances investigated in each center were a functional appliance versus a headgear. Variations in the specific aims and the working hypotheses were noted. The types of appliances, length of treatment, and methods of evaluation were also different. A general comparison of selected clinically relevant findings reveals similarities and differences in conclusions, but underlines the importance of assessing each study on the basis of its original hypothesis. The separate and combined contribution of these studies to the state of knowledge and research is discussed.
Discovery: Osf2/Cbfa 1, a master gene of bone formation
Authors: Shapiro Irving M.
Published: February 2018

This report reviews the current research that has impacted on our understanding of osteogenesis. Recent studies indicate that the transcription factor Osf2 (osteoblast specific transcription factor 2)/Cbfa1 (core binding factor activity 1) serves as a Master Gene regulating osteoblast‐specific gene expression. The gene is expressed in cells of the osteoblast lineage only, and this expression is regulated by calciotropic agents. Moreover, when expressed in non‐skeletal cells, the cells assume many of the characteristics of an osteoblast. In knockout experiments designed to assess the importance of the gene in osteogenesis, no evidence of bone formation could be observed in animals that are homozygous for the deletion. Studies of the heterozygote indicate that osteoblast function is compromised: there is a severe reduction in the number of bone cells, the tissue is deficient in bone proteins, and the activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase is low. It was noted that the heterozygote displays abnormalities that are remarkably similar to those exhibited by cleidocranial dysplastics. Indeed, Osf2 mapped close to a chromosomal locus on chromosome 6p21, long suspected of being involved with the disease. A search conducted for Osf2 mutations in kindreds with cleidocranial dysplasia revealed deletions, insertions, and missense mutations; these mutations are found to segregate with patients who are defined clinically as cleidocranial dysplastic. Aside from providing a new insight into a disease state that has so far avoided molecular analysis, results of the studies emphasize that the loss of a Master Gene drastically alters the development and maintenance of the appendicular skeleton and the craniofacial complex.
The etiology of palatal displacement of maxillary canines
Authors: Becker A. , Gillis I. , Shpack N.
Published: February 2018

Palatal displacement of maxillary canines occurs with greater frequency in patients with certain genetically determined abnormalities, including peg‐shaped, reduced and congenitally missing lateral incisors. One view is that the canine aberration is similarly genetically determined, while a second view is that the genetically determined anomalies of the lateral incisors provide an environment that deprives the erupting canine of its normal guidance. Earlier work has shown that canine displacement occurs more frequently in patients with peg‐shaped or reduced lateral incisors than in those with missing lateral incisors, which has been explained away by variability due to gene penetrance and individual thresholds. A group of individuals was examined, in whom a missing lateral incisor on one side, a peg‐shaped or reduced lateral incisor on the other, and a palatal canine were present in the same individual, in order to eliminate gene penetrance and individual thresholds as factors. A distinct preference for the canine anomaly to occur on the side of the peg‐shaped or reduced lateral incisor was found. This was considered to provide evidence in support of the existence of non‐genetic, environmental factors in the causation of palatal canine displacement.
A histomorphometric and scanning electron microscopy study of human condylar cartilage and bone tissue changes in relation to age
Authors: Paulsen Hans Ulrik , Thomsen Jesper Skovhus , Mosekilde Lis , Hougen Hans Perter
Published: February 2018

Human condylar cartilage and bone were examined in an autopsy material comprising 20 individuals aged 18–31 years. Histomorphometry (trabecular bone volume and marrow space star volume), scanning electron microscopy and cartilage histology were used to analyse the tissue. Slight, but statistically significant, age‐related reductions were found in the thickness of the condylar cartilage and in trabecular volume of the underlying bone tissue. Furthermore, quantitative and qualitative investigations of the turnover activity in the fibrocartilage and the bone tissue, describing the activity of hypertrophic chondrocytes and the trabecular bone tissue demonstrated condylar growth potential in the below 30 years age group. However, the growth activity seemed to decline with age. Although it is expected that there is a decline in growth potential in female condylar cartilage earlier than in the male counterpart, based on other clinical findings, this study does not include enough female samples to conclude that sex‐related differences exist. The growth in the condylar tissue was found to be symmetrical (left/right condyle) regarding hypertrophic chondrocytes in the cartilage and trabecular bone volume but not with regard to bone microstructure.
Consistency of orthodontic treatment planning decisions
Authors: Lee R. , MacFarlane T. , O'Brien K.
Published: February 2018

The aim of this project was to analyse the consistency of a group of orthodontists’ treatment decisions and to identify factors that may influence this consistency. Ten orthodontists examined 60 case vignettes and recorded their treatment decisions on two separate occasions. Inter‐ and intra‐examiner agreements were measured using the Kappa statistic. Data analysis revealed that the consistency within each orthodontist was moderate. However, between‐orthodontist consistency was poor. It can be concluded that there is marked variation between orthodontists in treatment planning decisions, and this may reflect the lack of evidence for the effectiveness of competing treatments.
Mandibular setback osteotomy: Facial soft tissue behavior and possibility to improve the accuracy of the soft tissue profile prediction with the use of a computerized cephalometric program: Quick Ceph Image Pro: v. 2.
Authors: Chunmaneechote Piyachit , Friede Hans
Published: February 2018

This study was divided into two parts, each with different objectives. The aims of the first part were to derive ratios of soft to hard tissue changes after mandibular setback surgery; to investigate changes, if any, of the lip and chin thickness after surgery; and to test if the soft tissue thickness at the lip and chin areas that could act as predictors of ratios of soft to hard tissue changes after surgery. The aim of the second part was to compare the predicted outcome between either the profile result attained using the customized ratios from the first part of the study, or the result from the pre‐programmed ratios, and the actual postsurgical profile outcome. Forty‐one Caucasian subjects, who had undergone mandibular setback surgery by use of vertical ramus osteotomy, were divided into two groups with 23 and 18 patients in each subsample. The minimum age at surgery of the whole sample was 17.2 years and the postsurgical cephalogram was taken at least 5.5 months after surgery. The upper lip thickness decreased and the lower lip thickness increased after surgery. Low regression coefficients were found when testing if the soft tissue thickness at lip and chin regions could act as predictors of the ratios of soft to hard tissue changes. If customized ratios for the lower lip of about 83% of the horizontal and 14% of the vertical movement of the PM point were used, a predicted lip profile could be attained that was significantly closer to the actual postsurgical result than if using the pre‐programmed ratios for the prediction (p < 0.05).
The effect of surgically induced anterior disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint on the midface and cranial base
Authors: Qadan S. , Macher D.J. , Tallents R.H. , Kyrkanides S. , Moss M.E.
Published: February 2018

This investigation studies the development of mandibular and cranial base asymmetries with the aid of an animal model. The effect internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) might have on the asymmetric development of the cranial base is not known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the consequences of unilateral TMJ disc displacement on the midface and cranial base. Thirteen 10‐week‐old rabbits, eight controls and five experimental were included in this study. The five experimental rabbits had surgically created unilateral disc displacement. Animals were sacrificed at 22 weeks and frontal, occlusal and lateral oblique radiographs were made of the skulls. The occlusal radiograph demonstrated that the glenoid fossa on the experimental side was located more anteriorly. Whereas, the oblique radiograph revealed the root of the zygomatic arch on the experimental side to be more inferior. Finally, the anterior aspect of the fossa was seen to be more inferior on the frontal radiograph. A previous study suggested a shortening in the ramal height. This study points to an alteration of the cranial articular fossa. Thus, it may be concluded that disc displacement is capable of producing asymmetry in both the developing mandible and the cranial base.
New horizons in understanding early tooth development
Authors: Teixeira Cristina C.
Published: February 2018

Information on the mechanism that governs tooth shape, size, and location in the developing jaw is sparse. One hypothesis holds that exogenous signals from the ectomesenchyme and epithelium of the embryonic jaw induce a specific pattern of cellular development that leads to tooth formation. A second hypothesis is that a specific tooth type develops from select clones of cells. The objective of this review is to consider these ideas in light of recent studies on genes that regulate embryonic patterning. Special attention is directed at the notion that there is restricted expression of specialized genes. These genes are expressed in overlapping domains along the jaw axis. Genes expressed within a region provide a unique homeobox code that serves to specify a tooth type and ultimately determines tooth form and position in the developing jaw. Expression of this genetic ‘bar code' is carefully controlled by the dental epithelium, neural crest‐derived cells, and growth factors. The latter agents also probably serve as epithelial signals that activate events that lead to odontogenic differentiation and morphogenesis.
Novel esthetic bonded retainers: a blend of art and science
Authors: Fallis Drew W. , Kusy Robert P.
Published: February 2018

Novel esthetic S2‐glass® fiber‐reinforced composite wires were fabricated in round (0.022 in.) and rectangular (0.021 x 0.028 in.) profiles, with flexural moduli comparable to martensitic nickel titanium and flexural strengths comparable to beta titanium wires. These wires were bonded clinically to the facial surfaces of teeth in three situations in which flexible‐bonded retainers are conventionally used: the retention of a closed median diastema, the retention of space closure following premolar extraction, and the retention of a canine that had been severely malpositioned. These bonded esthetic wires were monitored clinically up to 12 months to ascertain patient's acceptance and structural integrity of the retainer. No clinically observable defects were noted during the study, and no patient described any adverse intraoral effects from the retainer's presence. In this report and on the site http://www.clinorthodres.com/cor99-c-056, the indications for, and the present design philosophy of, flexible‐bonded retainers are discussed, along with the wire properties necessary to achieve optimal stability of tooth position. In addition to demonstrating excellent esthetic characteristics, these photo‐pultruded composite wires satisfy the flexural requirements necessary to achieve physiologic stability when used for flexible‐bonded retention.
Cytokine gene polymorphism in denture stomatitis patients: A clinical study
Authors: Keşoğlu AC , Bural C , Genç GE , Erturan Z , Çınar Kekik Ç , Oğuz F , Bilgin T , Bilhan H
Published: February 2018

Objective

This clinical study investigated the association between cytokine gene polymorphism and Candida growth in denture stomatitis (DS) patients.

Subjects and Methods

Saliva and blood samples of 160 complete denture wearers (80 healthy controls and 80 with DS) were collected for mycological and gene polymorphism testing, respectively. Salivary Candida growth and TNF‐α, TGF‐β, IL‐6, and IL‐10 genotypes were investigated. Data were analyzed using Student’s t test, Mann–Whitney U test, chi‐square analysis, and continuity (yates) correction tests (p < .05).

Results

Candida albicans colony counts in saliva were significantly higher in the DS group and in the TNF‐α GG genotype (p < .05). TGF‐β TC GG and TGF‐β CC GG haplotypes were significantly higher in DS and control groups, respectively (p < .05). C. albicans colony counts were significantly higher in control group in the TGF‐β TC GG haplotype (p < .05). Candida glabrata colony counts were significantly higher in the DS group than the control group in IL‐6 GG genotype (p < .05). The difference between DS types in IL‐6 genotypes was significant with lower expression level in DS type 3 than DS type 1 and also type 2 (p ≤ .01).

Conclusion

The significant differences in some genotypes of the TNF‐α, TGF‐β, and IL‐6 in DS patients are promising in understanding the host defense in DS.
Three physiological parameters capture variation in leaf respiration of Eucalyptus grandis, as elicited by short‐term changes in ambient temperature, and differing nitrogen supply
Authors: Kruse Jörg , Rennenberg Heinz , Adams Mark A.
Published: February 2018

We used instantaneous temperature responses of CO2‐respiration to explore temperature acclimation dynamics for Eucalyptus grandis grown with differing nitrogen supply. A reduction in ambient temperature from 23 to 19 °C reduced light‐saturated photosynthesis by 25% but increased respiratory capacity by 30%. Changes in respiratory capacity were not reversed after temperatures were subsequently increased to 27 °C. Temperature sensitivity of respiration measured at prevalent ambient temperature varied little between temperature treatments but was significantly reduced from ~105 kJ mol−1 when supply of N was weak, to ~70 kJ mol−1 when it was strong. Temperature sensitivity of respiration measured across a broader temperature range (20–40 °C) could be fully described by 2 exponent parameters of an Arrhenius‐type model (i.e., activation energy of respiration at low reference temperature and a parameter describing the temperature dependence of activation energy). These 2 parameters were strongly correlated, statistically explaining 74% of observed variation. Residual variation was linked to treatment‐induced changes in respiration at low reference temperature or respiratory capacity. Leaf contents of starch and soluble sugars suggest that respiratory capacity varies with source‐sink imbalances in carbohydrate utilization, which in combination with shifts in carbon‐flux mode, serve to maintain homeostasis of respiratory temperature sensitivity at prevalent growth temperature.
New possible mechanisms of embolism formation when measuring vulnerability curves by air injection in a pressure sleeve
Authors: Yin Pengxian , Cai Jing
Published: February 2018

Since 1988, researchers have exposed stems to positive pressures to displace water in vessels and measure the impact of applied pressure on hydraulic conductivity. The pressure‐sleeve technique has been used in more than 60 publications to measure vulnerability curves (VCs), which are a measure of how water stress impacts the ability of plants to transport water because water stress induces embolism in vessels that blocks water flow. It is thought that the positive pressure in a sleeve required to induce 50% loss of conductivity (PLC), P50, is the same magnitude as the tension that causes 50% PLC, T50, where the tension can be induced by either bench‐top dehydration or by a centrifuge technique. The unifying concept that P50 = T50 and that the entire VC is the same regardless of method is referred to as the air‐seeding hypothesis. In the current study, we performed experiments to further test the air‐seeding hypothesis in pressure sleeves and concluded that an “effervescence” mechanism caused embolism formation under positive pressure. This mechanism explains why VCs measured using positive pressure do not always match VCs obtained by other methods that induce water tension.
Achieving public and global health competencies: A teaching case study of Botswana's cervical cancer screening program
Authors: Okatch Harriet , Sowicz Timothy Joseph , Teng Helen , Ramogola‐Masire Doreen , Buttenheim Alison M.
Published: February 2018

Objectives

To design and implement a case study on the cervical cancer screening program in Botswana to teach public and global health competencies to undergraduate nursing students.

Design and Sample

The case study was developed following a review of the literature on the epidemiology and health policies of cervical cancer in Botswana, and an interview with an obstetrician/gynecologist engaged in both clinical practice and research in Botswana. The case study has been implemented over seven semesters to students enrolled in the Nursing in the Community course at the University of Pennsylvania. Approximately 75‐100 students are enrolled each semester.

Measures

Student’s perceptions of epidemiologic skills gained and group functioning. Students responded to an open‐ended question about lessons learned and offered suggestions to improve the learning experience.

Results

Faculty assessment of student deliverables demonstrated that students achieved the learning objectives and mastered necessary competencies. More than 70% (n = 69) of the students indicated that they acquired relevant skills at greater than a satisfactory level. Generally, students had great experiences working in groups measured across five dimensions: engagement/contribution, creativity/resilience, on task/works independently, social interaction/communication, and preparedness. However, isolated cases of poor group functioning were reported for engagement/contribution, and creativity/resilience.

Conclusion

The case study, which has been revised with respect to length, content and group processes, has been valuable in educating undergraduate nursing students in a more engaging way that mimics real life public health nursing scenarios. Students achieved both public and global health competencies through participation in the case study.
Polls and Elections Without Rhyme or Reason? Understanding Presidential Nomination Delegate Allocation Rules
Authors: Ross Robert E. , Cann Damon M. , Burt Jade
Published: February 2018

Given the prevailing two‐party system in the United States, presidential primary and caucus outcomes strongly influence the choices available to voters in presidential elections. While the Democratic Party has strong national rules on how delegates are to be awarded from primaries and caucuses, the Republican Party allows significant local discretion in crafting rules that translate primary and/or caucus outcomes into pledged delegates. This is significant because delegate vote totals determine who becomes the party's nominee. Little is known, though, about the rationale for selecting different rules for delegate allocation. We develop a method for classifying delegate allocation rules using a three‐category scale as winner take all, fully proportional, or mixed. We then evaluate how different factors, including state ideology, state size, and the number of states holding a primary on the same day can influence rules by which election results are translated into delegate counts.