bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic and Ultracentrifugal Studies of Rabbit Hemolysins
Authors: Stelos Peter
Published: January 2023

Normal rabbit serum and antiserum to either sheep red cells (Forssman and isophile) or to heated stromata (Forssman only) were found to be similar in electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal properties. Only quantitative differences in the percentage composition of the serum proteins were found.

The Forssman hemolytic antibody accounted for all or most of the activity in both types of antiserum studied. Forssman hemolytic antibody was found to be associated with a large molecular weight globulin (S20 = 18 S) and was found by starch electrophoresis to migrate between the β and γ globulins. The isophile hemolytic antibody was also found to be associated with a large molecular weight fraction, but was electrophoretically located in the γ globulin fraction. The two hemolytic antibodies thus appear to be two distinct proteins.
Local Hemorrhagic Reactions in the Mouse and the Rat after Intralabial Injection of Endotoxin; Their Relationship to the Arthus and the Shwartzman Reactions
Authors: Stone Sanford H. , Freund Jules
Published: January 2023

Hemorrhagic reactions were elicited in mice when the lip was used as the site of injection of preparatory endotoxins. Two methods were used to demonstrate the reaction. In the first method, intralabial preparation was followed by the injection of endotoxin 19–21 hr later into the peritoneal cavity or tail vein. The results were not regular using this technique, and with only one of the endotoxin preparations did a small but significant number of mice show typical hemorrhagic reactions. The other method involved the use of mice sensitized to foreign proteins. The injection of the homologous antigen into the endotoxin-prepared lip of sensitized mice 19–21 hr after preparation regularly caused a hemorrhagic reaction in that lip.

Hemorrhagic reactions were demonstrated in rats showing strong edematous reactions when the second method was used, but no Shwartzman reactions were obtained in rats prepared in the lip with endotoxin and given an eliciting injection of endotoxin intravenously or intra-abdominally. Hemorrhagic reactions were not elicited in sensitized rats showing weak or transient Arthus reactions in the prepared lip.
Serial Determinations of Serum Glycoproteins Following Antigen Injection into Previously Immunized Animals
Authors: Weimer Henry E. , Redlich-Moshin Jean , Quinn Frances A. , Nelson Eric L.
Published: January 2023

The effects of antigen administration on the serum concentrations of total glycoprotein, seromucoid, γ-globulin polysaccharide, total protein, and γ-globulin protein have been determined in guinea pigs previously immunized with heatkilled Brucella suis cells. To evaluate the effects of the repeated bleedings normal animals were bled at weekly intervals. Statistically significant increases occurred in all the serum components following antigen administration and remained elevated through the maximal antibody response. Repeated bleedings were found not to be a factor. The results are discussed with reference to possible causes of the increased levels of serum glycoproteins.
Immunologic Differences Between the 19 S and 7 S Components of Normal Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Franklin E. C. , Kunkel H. G.
Published: January 2023

The presence in normal human γ-globulin of molecules with an S20,w = 19 S in addition to those with an S20,w = 7 S is again demonstrated. Antigenic differences between these molecules are shown by agar diffusion studies. Quantitative precipitin studies confirm these differences and demonstrate that the “7” and “19” components partially cross react and are antigenically related. The possibility is raised that the larger molecules are polymers of a smaller unit similar to 7 S γ-globulin but richer in carbohydrate and that antigenic differences may be due to the higher carbohydrate content as well as differences in size and shape.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Agar
Authors: Neff J. C. , Becker Elmer L.
Published: January 2023

In the Oudin serum agar technique, at sufficiently low antigen (Ago) and high antibody (Ab), Oudin showed empirically that the equation k = m (log Ago - log R′ Ab) holds. In this equation, k is the slope of the straight line obtained by plotting x, the distance which the leading edge of the band moves in time, t, against t½. An equation of this same form had been derived previously in which m was equal to 4.08 √DA. This led to the belief that m might be proportional to √D where D is the diffusion coefficient of the antigen. This possibility was confirmed when it was shown that the increase of nonspecific protein affected m in the same way that an increase of nonspecific protein would affect D. In addition a direct proportionality between m and √D for egg albumin, human serum albumin, bovine γ-globulin, thyroglobulin and hemocyanin was demonstrated. Some possible uses for and limitations of the determination of m were briefly discussed.
Comparative Susceptibility of Kidney Cells from Different Monkey Species to Enteric Viruses (Poliomyelitis, Coxsackie, and Echo Groups)
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

Kidney tissue cultures of 13 species of monkeys and 4 species of baboons were tested for comparative susceptibility to the enteric viruses belonging to the poliomyelitis, Coxsackie and echo groups.

Cells from sooty mangabey (Cercocebus fuliginosus), white-crowned mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus), and diana (Cercopithecus diana roloway) monkeys from Africa, and cynomolgus (Macaca cynomolgus) monkeys from Singapore and the Philippine Islands, closely resembled the cells of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from India in their high susceptibilities to the viruses tested.

Cells from the African red grass monkey (Erythrocebus patas) were found to be twice as susceptible as rhesus cells to polioviruses, and about equally susceptible to echo types 7, 8, and 12, and Coxsackie group B viruses. However, patas cells were resistant to plaque production when exposed to Coxsackie A9, and echo virus types 1, 3, 4, 6′, 9, and 14. Similar results were obtained with African white-nosed (Cercopithecus nictitans buttikoferi), mona (Cercopithecus mona campbelli) and mustache (Cercopithecus cephus) monkeys.

African green (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) and tantalus (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus) monkeys yielded cells highly susceptible to all three groups of viruses tested, showing even greater susceptibility than rhesus cultures to the echo viruses.

Four species of baboon (Papio papio, P. cynocephalus, P. doguera, and Mandrillus leucophaeus) yielded kidney cultures almost equal to rhesus cultures in susceptibility to poliovirus. Coxsackie virus A9 and echo virus type 1 were not cytopathogenic in yellow baboon (P. cynocephalus) cultures, while drill baboon (M. leucophaeus) cells proved highly susceptible to echo viruses. Poliovirus plaques were produced in the lemur, Perodicticus potto.

The suggestion is made that cells of differing susceptibilities might offer advantages for isolations of enteric viruses from clinical specimens; they might be used as differential media are in the isolation of enteric bacterial colonies. Because of the greater susceptibility of patas cells over those of rhesus or cynomolgus, they also offer an advantage for the detection of small amounts of poliovirus.
The Quantitative Precipitin Reaction of Type 19 M Protein Antigen of Group A Streptococci and Antistreptococcal Rabbit Sera
Authors: Schmidt Willard C.
Published: January 2023

The quantitative precipitin technique has been employed to study the reaction of the M protein antigen of type 19 streptococci and its antibody in antistreptococcal rabbit sera. The specificity of the reaction was found to be dependent upon appropriate absorption of the antistreptococcal sera. The details of the absorption methods, the characteristics of the M antigen-antibody reaction, and the basis of its application to the estimation of type 19 antibody in weight units in antistreptococcal sera are presented.
The Number of Allantoic Cells in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Cairns H. J. F. , de St.Groth S. Fazekas
Published: January 2023

The number of allantoic cells in the chick embryo has been determined for each day of the second week of incubation. Between the eighth and thirteenth day the number rises from 2.3 × 107 to 1.0 × 108.

Part of the increase in number of cells per unit area of membrane is by the formation of a second deeper layer of cells.

Certain virologic implications of these findings are discussed.
Hemagglutination with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Scott L. Vernon , Felton Frances G. , Barney Jack A.
Published: January 2023

Herpes simplex virus, which by the usual technique of hemagglutination is inactive, has been shown to produce hemagglutination in the presence of specific immune serum.

This virus was adsorbed onto sheep erythrocytes which had been treated with tannic acid. These tannic acid-virus treated cells agglutinated in the presence of specific immune serum.

The amount of virus used in the adsorption process had a direct effect upon the hemagglutination titers of the sera.

The preparation of reagents and the procedures are described.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Viral Infections
Authors: Liu Oscar C. , Malsberger Richard G. , Carter Joseph E. , DeSanctis Armand N. , Wiener Frank P. , Hampil Bettylee
Published: January 2023

A study has been made of the effect of caprochlorone on influenza virus infection in the de-embryonated egg. The compound is not virucidal nor does it affect the adsorption of influenza virus on susceptible cells (35). A true virustatic action of the compound has been revealed. When treatment was given early in the growth cycle, maximal inhibition was produced by 2 mg per egg. Dosage above this level did not increase the extent of inhibition. When treatment was administered later in the growth cycle of the virus, increased inhibition was obtained as exposure to the compound was prolonged. With the maximal dose of the compound that is nontoxic to the chorio-allantoic membrane a small amount of viral reproduction can still occur. Washing the cavities of de-embryonated eggs with glucosol during exchange of fluids or reducing the residual virus level by RDE treatment in the early stage after de-embryonation did not alter this result. Caprochlorone was active on the intracellular phase of the influenza virus in both the early and late stages of the growth cycle. A more pronounced inhibition was found on hemagglutinin formation and on the infective form of the virus than on soluble antigen formation. The reversibility of the suppressive effect was shown by treatment of the infected membranes with the compound for short periods of time.
The Early Phase of the Antibody Response
Authors: McKenna John M. , Stevens Kingsley M.
Published: January 2023

Spleen fragments from both primarily and secondarily injected rabbits produced antibody to protein antigens when cultured in a suitable medium. The longer the antigen remained in vivo, the higher were the antibody titers in extracts and in cultured material. The antibody produced was specifically neutralized by the homologous antigen. Antibody synthesis seemed to occur intracellularly with little or no induction phase, with release into the surrounding medium occurring at a later time.

The titers of culture fluids and serums were shown to be about 8-fold higher when S. typhosa endotoxin was given 24 hr in advance of the primary antigen injection, but not when the endotoxin was given simultaneously with the antigen. In both cases, spleens were removed 2 hr after antigen injection.
Studies with Measles Virus
Authors: Ruckle Gisela
Published: January 2023

The isolation and propagation of the agents recovered from patients with measles were carried out in 3 different tissue culture systems: human amniotic membrane, human kidney, and monkey kidney cultures.

Human amniotic membrane tissue was found as suitable for isolation and propagation of measles virus as was human kidney tissue. Monkey kidney tissue was useful; the difficulties involved in using kidney tissue from monkeys are stressed, since it has been shown that monkey kidney cultures occasionally harbor a virus indistinguishable from measles virus and also frequently contain the “foamy agent.”

Details of cytopathogenic changes associated with measles virus are described for cultures of human amniotic membrane.
Immunologic Significance of Antigenic Differences among Strains of Influenza A Isolated during the Same Epidemic
Authors: Jensen Keith E.
Published: January 2023

Antigenic relationships among type A influenza viruses are of a nature that viruses from an epidemic are often similar but not identical. The immunologic significance of these variations has been discussed as to their derivations and effect on antibody patterns in human populations.
Indirect Hemagglutination Studies on Salmonellosis of Chickens
Authors: McNeill Sieburth John
Published: January 2023

An indirect hemagglutination study on salmonellosis of chickens was conducted with chicken erythrocytes modified with practical-type crude antigens prepared by heating Salmonella cell suspension. Hemagglutinin titers appeared earlier, were consistently higher, and persisted longer than agglutinin titers. Serologic and cultural responses of chickens marginally infected with S. typhi-murium did not always correlate. The course of agglutinins and hemagglutinins roughly paralleled each other in S. pullorum and S. typhi-murium infected cockerels. Polyvalent modified erythrocytes produced titers similar to those of monovalent modified erythrocytes to sera from chickensexperimentally infected with organisms from 4 Salmonella serogroups. The spread in polyvalent indirect hemagglutinin titers between uninfected chickens and those from a flock naturally infected with S. typhi-murium appeared adequate for diagnostic purposes.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. , Mueller August , Neess John , Tempelis Constantine
Published: January 2023

The antibody response of chickens of various ages and different breeds to a single injection of bovine serum albumin was studied. The response is expressed as micrograms nitrogen per ml serum. Statistically significant increases in response occurred between 6 and 12 weeks and between 12 and 22 weeks. The average titer of 56-week-old birds was greater than the 22-week-old animals but the difference was not statistically significant. Three- to 8-year-old animals gave high titered antisera. There were large variations in antibody response in all age groups. A statistically significant difference due to breed was found only in the 6-week-old chickens. The responses of the males were not significantly different from those of the females.
Vascularization of the Cornea During Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Schlossman Stuart , Stetson Chandler A.
Published: January 2023

Vascularization of the cornea occurs following intracorneal test injections. In guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity, positive corneal reactions occur at a time when this vascularization is well developed. The corneal reaction of delayed hypersensitivity thus does not occur in an avascular tissue, and blood vessels may participate in this immunologic reaction as they do in others.
The Local Response of Tissue Mast Cells to Antigen in Sensitized Mice
Authors: Carter Paul B. , Higginbotham R. D. , Dougherty Thomas F.
Published: January 2023

It was observed that locally injected antigen initiates a more wide-spread degranulation of local tissue mast cells in sensitized mice than in controls. The fate of the shed mast celt granules in the tissues is described and the significance of various aspects of mast cell degranulation is discussed.
The Rate of Localization of Anti-Rat Kidney Antibodies
Authors: Blau Monte , Day Eugene D. , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Rate curves for rabbit anti-rat kidney sera, localizing in rat kidney and cross-localizing in rat liver, indicate two distinct antibody components. The major fraction (80%) localizes quite rapidly, probably on antigens located in the vascular bed. The remainder of the antibody localizes more slowly either because of the low concentration or inaccessibility of the antigen.
Immunization of Man against Epidemic Typhus by Infection with Avirulent Rickettsia Prow Azeki Strain E
Authors: Fox John P. , Jordan Martha E. , Gelfand Henry M.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

In continuation of previous observations made at intervals up to 3 yr after immunization of 125 prisoner volunteers with strain E vaccine, tests have been made for the persistence of both sero-immunity and ability to resist virulent challenge at 4, 5 and 5 ½ yr after immunization. These tests are considered to represent the maximum possible extension of our observations since there remain accessible no more willing but unchallenged vaccinees. Eight vaccinated volunteers were challenged (4 at 48, 1 at 60 and 3 at 66 months) and 6 resisted, including all of the 3 tested at 66 months. The 2 exceptions were both individuals who had failed to manifest serologic response to vaccination. Assuming parallelism between ability to resist challenge infection and the presence of neutralizing antibody, it is predicted, in the light of the negligible decline in antibody level during the preceding 4 years, that the capacity to resist infection will persist for many years to come.

Sera collected following challenge infection of vaccinated volunteers and normal controls were tested for CF antibody using 2 and 8 units of antigen. In confirmation of the results obtained by other workers (9, 10) it was found that use of the larger amount of antigen resulted in the demonstration of significantly higher CF reactivity in the sera from persons who had not had prior contact with the antigen and that this newly formed antibody was relatively thermolabile since inactivation at 60°C usually caused definite reduction in titers. This phenomenon also was observed when a primary antigenic stimulus was supplied by infection with avirulent strain E but was not demonstrated after non-infective Cox-type vaccine. In sera from persons who had been immunized prior to challenge, the phenomena of difference in antigen requirements and thermolability could not ordinarily be demonstrated.
Quantitative Studies of the Precipitation and Agglutination Reactions between Serum of Patients with “Connective Tissue” Diseases and a Preparation (Cohn Fraction II) of Human Gamma Globulin
Authors: Epstein Wallace V. , Engleman Ephraim P. , Ross Margaret
Published: January 2023

The formation of precipitates on the addition of γ globulin (Fraction II) to the serum of most patients with rheumatoid arthritis is in general correlated with the FII agglutination titer of the serum.

The quantitative precipitation curve of this reaction is dependent on the FII agglutination titer of the sera, the lot of Fraction II and the volume in which the reaction is performed.

It is likely that the rheumatoid factor and what has been termed the γ globulin factor coexist in serum. A simple precipitation method for the detection of large quantities of rheumatoid factor has been reported.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Brill Selling
Published: January 2023

Simons' theory as to the nature of the fundamental reaction in canine anaphylaxis was tested by perfusion methods with isolated tissues. Distinct vaso-constriction can be demonstrated in the canine lungs by perfusion with a mixture of barium chloride and adrenalin chloride, and marked vaso-constriction by perfusion with ergotin or with Vaughan's protein split-product. No veno-constriction can be demonstrated in canine livers however by perfusion with any of these agents. Simons' hepatic veno-constrictor theory, therefore, does not appear to represent a physiologic possibility.
Bacterial Anaphylaxis
Authors: Sherwood Noble P. , Stoland O. O.
Published: January 2023

In 1900 Lustig and Galeotte (1) apparently demonstrated that clinical anaphylaxis could be produced in experimental animals using bacterial proteins. They worked with nucleo-proteins from B. pestis and Microspira comma prepared by the Wooldridge method and the use of strong KOH to dissolve the cell membranes. Their results were confirmed by many workers among whom were, Del Conte, Heller, DeBonis, Tiberti, Savagnone. The European work up to 1913 is well summarized by Lustig (1). In America Rosenau and Anderson (2) were pioneers in the field of bacterial anaphylaxis.

Two sources of error have entered into much of the work reported, namely, methods of preparation of protein which racemized (3) it and the use of the intravenous method of demonstration which has caused to be included anaphylactoid (4) as well as true anaphylactic reactions.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Deibert Olin , Menger E. F. , Wigglesworth A. M.
Published: January 2023

In a previous paper (1) it was pointed out that certain publications seemed to indicate that some of the forms of hypersensitiveness in human beings (asthma, dermatitis venenata) are rare among the American Indians. It was thought that investigation of this apparent radical difference might produce some information regarding the nature of the different forms of specific human hypersensitiveness as well as some indication of the relation of the American Indian to the other human races. An experimental study of the occurrence of serum disease in 26 volunteer full-blooded American Indians indicated that the Indian race is much less susceptible to that condition than is the white race.

That the American Indian is only slightly susceptible to poison ivy was indicated by the report of Lain (2) in which he states that though the Indians frequently apply quite freely on their faces and other exposed parts paints and dyes made from wild plants, berries, etc., the skin of the Indian is apparently almost immune to the poison ivy.
The Failure of Peptone to Protect against Anaphylactic Shock and Allergic Conditions
Authors: Larsen Nils P. , Haigh A. V. R. , Alexander Harry L. , Paddock Royce
Published: January 2023

Guinea-pigs sensitized to egg white, receiving peptone intracardially thirty minutes before the shocking dose of egg white, showed no protection against anaphylactic shock in comparison with sensitized guinea-pigs not treated with peptone. Guinea-pigs sensitized to egg white and receiving thereafter serial intracardial peptone injections were similarly found to be unprotected against anaphylactic shock. Peptone in weak concentration did not prevent the specific reaction of the uterine muscle strip to egg white in the Dale experiment. Peptone in strong concentrations produced inhibition of the of the specific reaction of the uterine muscle strip to egg white in the Dale experiment. Inhibition of rhythmic contractions and loss of tone were also observed in the normal unsensitized muscle under the conditions of the Dale experiment when the concentration of peptone was sufficiently strong. Clinically, the use of peptone intravenously in bronchial asthma according to the method of Auld has been disappointing and is considered dangerous.
Observations on the Anaphylactogenic Properties of Rye Pollen (Secale Cereale)
Authors: Alexander M. E.
Published: January 2023

This paper is based upon observations made on 20 guinea-pigs to determine the anaphylactogenic properties of the pollen of rye (secale cereale). The pollen was obtained from a reliable source and microscopically showed the characteristic features of that pollen. It was extracted with a 2 per cent solution of sodium bicarbonate and the extract contained 2.01 mgm. N to 1 cc. Nine animals received only one sensitizing injection. Four animals received an initial injection of 2 cc. (4.02 mgm. N) and the same amount was repeated five days later. Five animals received an initial injection of 1 cc. (2.01 mgm. N) and a repetition of the same was given three weeks after the primary injection. While normal guinea-pigs were found to survive, and without symptoms, 2 cc. of the rye pollen extract, the sensitized guinea-pigs invariably succumbed to injection of 1 cc. of the extract (100 per cent). Of 4 animals injected with 0.75 cc. of the extract, 3 (75 per cent) succumbed within two minutes of injection exhibiting typical anaphylactic symptoms, while 1 gradually recovered following a severe anaphylactic reaction. Dosages of 0.5 cc., or less, invariably gave rise to marked anaphylactic symptoms, but the animals gradually recovered. These animals invariably showed a subsequent increase of tolerance as is evidenced by their surviving the injection of 1 cc. of the extract on the following day.

Passive transfer was accomplished from the sensitized guinea-pig to a normal one. The injection of 1 cc. of the rye extract intravenously on the day following an intraperitoneal injection of 5 cc. of the sensitized animal's serum, proved fatal within two minutes.
Tissue Culture Studies of Cellular Hypersensitivity in Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Florio Lloyd , Weiss Gertrud , Lewis Gladys K.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

White blood cells from normal individuals and patients with active rheumatic fever have been compared in tissue culture in their responses to crude streptococcal filtrates and to disintegrated streptococci derived from strains presumed to have caused rheumatic fever—both in the presence of pooled serum from normal individuals as well as in serum from rheumatic fever cases. The cells from the two groups were allowed to phagocytize the same strains of heat-killed streptococci. Migration was observed after 1 day and spindle-shaped transformation of certain white blood cells was measured from 6 to 10 days after explantation of these cells.

There was no “all or none” phenomenon that would enable one to distinguish an individual with rheumatic fever from a normal person. In general, there was some depression of migration and spindle-shaped cell transformation in the various experimental systems that included rheumatic fever cells exposed to the test materials. The responses of the normal cells in rheumatic fever serum with the same test materials were influenced in a like manner. There were no consistent significant statistical differences in the comparisons of the normal and rheumatic fever systems. The various individual experiments also showed great variation, which compounded the difficulty of attempting to differentiate between a rheumatic fever patient and a normal individual.

A delayed hypersensitivity of the so-called tuberculin type could not be demonstrated for rheumatic fever white blood cells with the tissue culture experimental systems employed in this laboratory.
Adsorption, Multiplication, and Cytopathogenicity of Enteroviruses (Poliomyelitis, Coxsackie, and Echo Groups) in Susceptible and Resistant Monkey Kidney Cells
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

Experiments with virus adsorption were designed in an attempt to elucidate the differences in susceptibility to the enteroviruses of patas and rhesus monkey kidney cells. This study indicates that the greater number of poliovirus plaques appearing on patas monolayer was due to cell susceptibility rather than to differences of adsorptive capacity among the virus particles.

All the poliomyelitis, Coxsackie, and ECHO viruses tested were adsorbed on both rhesus and patas cells regardless of degree of viral susceptibility of the cells. Thus, while the failure to induce plaques may in some instances be due to the failure to adsorb, as reported for poliovirus on South American capuchin monkey kidney cells, this study showed that other factors in the infection cycle may be involved.

Both Coxsackie A9 and ECHO-1, to which patas cells are apparently resistant, did multiply in patas cells to a limited extent when large inocula were used, although cytopathic changes were questionable or minimal. Coxsackie A9 virus could not be detected after its inoculation into patas cultures, even when the inoculum contained 500 rhesus PFU. The virus disappeared at the end of an hour and could not be detected in either the fluid phase or in cells thereafter. Neither virus produced plaques in patas cells under agar nor cytopathic changes in fluid medium when the inoculum was used in low concentration.
The Effects of Antibiotics on Enterobacterial Lipopolysaccharides (Endotoxins), Hemagglutination and Hemolysis
Authors: Neter E. , Gorzynski E. A. , Westphal O. , Lüderitz O.
Published: January 2023

A study on the effects of various antibiotics on enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides and hemagglutination and hemolysis revealed the following results: Small amounts of polymyxin B (1–1.25 μg/ml) and neomycin (12.5–15 μg/ml) and larger amounts of humycin (50–100 μg/ml) and streptomycin (40–125 μg/ml) inhibit enterobacterial hemagglutination and hemolysis if the antibiotics are added to highly purified lipopolysaccharide (5 μg/ml) prior to modification of sheep red blood cells. Somewhat larger amounts are required for inhibition with less highly purified lipopolysaccharides and crude preparations.Bacitracin (2500 μg/ml), penicillin (1000 μg/ml), erythromycin (1000 μg/ml), and novobiocin (500 μg/ml) have no such effect.Polymyxin B, neomycin, humycin, and streptomycin do not inhibit hemagglutination and hemolysis of previously modified red blood cells.Treatment of red blood cells with the antibiotics prior to modification does not prevent hemagglutination and hemolysis by homologous bacterial antibody and complement.Treatment of human red blood cells of blood group A with mixtures of antibiotics (polymyxin B or neomycin), S. sonnei lipopolysaccharide, and S. sonnei antibodies of human origin does not inhibit hemagglutination by blood group A antiserum, indicating that the red blood cells had not become inagglutinable. Coombs antiserum does not cause hemagglutination of these treated red blood cells.Polymyxin B, neomycin, humycin, and streptomycin do not abolish antibody neutralizing capacity of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides in hemolysis inhibition tests, although a slight degree of inhibition was found.It is tentatively concluded that polymyxin B, neomycin, humycin, and streptomycin interfere with the attachment of lipopolysaccharides to the surface of red blood cells and, to a lesser degree, cause alteration of their antibody reacting capacity.The significance of the results is discussed with particular reference to the possible specificity of the action of antibiotics on enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides and the bearing of the findings on the mode of action of the antibiotics.
Influences upon the Agglutinability of Rabbit Erythrocytes in the Presence of Iso-Antibody: Genetic Factors
Authors: Cohen Carl
Published: January 2023

The strength of reaction of a cell, when measured by quantitative hemagglutination tests, may be influenced by factors in addition to gene dosage. Reactions may be regulated by competition between alleles for substrate, as shown in the DF heterozygote. The appearance of an interaction product, like antigen I, at the expense of antigens A and D, affects the reaction significantly. Influences other than those of the particular locus are exerted by the genetic background, which may be responsible for the raw materials for gene product or the substrates for gene action. It appears so far, with reference to the Hg locus, that no other blood group locus exerts a pronounced influence upon the scores of cells tested for factors A, D, or F.

The titer of an iso-antiserum and its ability to detect gene dosage effects are not dependent upon the donor-recipient pairing, as long as incompatibility exists.
Epidemiologic Implications of the Distribution by Age of Antibody Response to Experimental Influenza Virus Vaccines
Authors: Hennessy Albert V. , Davenport Fred M.
Published: January 2023

A comparison of the frequency and magnitude of heterologous antibody increase to monovalent vaccines in three age groups demonstrates that people over 30 yeras of age have had maximal experience with swine-like strains of influenza virus, less with Type A strains and at least with A prime viruses. Children under 11 years of age have experienced influenza A-prime almost exclusively. The comparison also indictaes that the pattern of age specific attack rate of influenza A-prime infection is similar to the pattern of age specific attack rate determined by house-to-house surveys during epidemic prevalences of influenza A and swine-like strains. An estimation, allowed by the data presented, of the frequency of infection with influenza viruses during three major periods of prevalence indicates that the amount experienced by the polulation in recent years is similar to the amount experienced in previous periods. This finding, in light of the smaller incidence of disease observed in recent years, forces the interference that influenza A-prime viruses are of lesser virulence that Type A or like strains.
Staining of Complement and Modifications of Fluorescent Antibody Procedures
Authors: Goldwasser R. A. , Shepard C. C.
Published: January 2023

A modification has been developed of the procedure for conjugating antisera with fluorescein. This involves the use of fluorescein isocyanate impregnated filter discs and labeling is carried out without the use of organic solvents.

The quality of the conjugate is determined by spectrophotometric determination of the fluorescein and protein contents. A fluorescein:protein ratio of 3.8–5.5 × 10-3 indicates satisfactory conjugation, whereas lower ratios give less satisfactory staining.

It has been shown in a variation of the indirect staining procedure that guinea pig complement can be used in the staining of several antigens in combination with antisera from various animal species. Only one conjugate is, therefore, needed for the visualization of antigens which, in combination with antibody, will fix complement.

The role of the various components of complement in the staining reaction was investigated and no evidence was found for the fixation of C′3. C′1, C′2 and C′4, all had to be present simultaneously for full staining to occur and no evidence was found for attachment of midpiece in the absence of endpiece nor of endpiece in the absence of midpiece.
The in Vitro Quantitative Relationship between Two Systems Affecting Blood Leukocytes in Inflammatory Hypersensitivity Reactions Resulting from Different Antigens
Authors: Hartman John D. , Schreck Kenneth M.
Published: January 2023

Leukocyte agglutination has been demonstrated to occur in the presence of microgram quantities of antigenic agents in blood from both sensitive and nonsensitive animals. The amount necessary to produce the leuko-agglutinating response is from 10 to 100 times more in blood from nonsensitive animals. The leuko-agglutinating response has been produced with egg albumin, γ-globulin, and pneumococcal polysaccharide. A heat stable, nondializable factor which can produce leukocyte agglutination has been identified in the water soluble serum globulin fraction from animals with inflammation. This factor when diluted 1/2000 to 1/5000 is still able to accentuate and at least in certain instances reduce the threshold of the leuko-agglutinating response to the 3 unrelated antigens. The Inflammatory Leukocyte Agglutinating Factor is inhibited by hydrocortisone, whereas, the action of antigen in the leuko-agglutinating system is not.
The Neutralization of Animal Viruses
Authors: Fazekas de St.Groth S. , Reid A. F.
Published: January 2023

The experimental data of Dulbecco, Vogt and Strickland are used to discriminate between two hypotheses on the mechanism by which the infectivity of viruses is neutralized.

The orthodox hypothesis of dissociation, as developed by Fazekas de St.Groth, Watson and Reid (2) and the nondissociation hypothesis of Dulbecco et al. (1) are found to account equally well for the trivial features of the neutralization process.

At the quantitative level however, the nondissociation hypothesis becomes incompatible with the experimental evidence on several counts; what it postulates as constants are seen to vary systematically; and its basic assumptions prove to be either inadequate or unnecessary. The dissociation hypothesis is not contradicted at any point by the same evidence.

Finally, it is shown that the discriminatory tests listed in support of the nondissociation hypothesis by Dulbecco et al. are, for the most part, inconclusive as their results are confounded with the systematic errors of the assay technique; the remainder directly contradicts their hypothesis. The dissociation hypothesis fits this further set of data too.
Treatment of Poliomyelitis in Monkeys with Hyperimmune Rabbit Г-Globulin
Authors: Colio Lloyd G. , Criley Benjamin R. , Coriell Lewis L.
Published: January 2023

Hyperimmune antipoliovirus rabbit γ-globulin has been prepared which contains up to 200-fold more neutralizing antibody/unit volume than human Red Cross γ-globulin. When given to man these antibodies could not be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid in one patient.

Used in therapy of type 1 (Mahoney) poliomyelitis in rhesus monkeys, the rabbit γ-globulin protected a small percentage of the monkeys and was superior to human γ-globulin. It was most effective when given at the time of intramuscular challenge of the monkeys, probably less effective after an interval of 24 or 48 hr and not effective if given after paralysis was apparent.
Interaction of Nuclei and Globulin from Lupus Erythematosis Serum Demonstrated with Fluorescent Antibody
Authors: Friou George J. , Finch Stuart C. , Detre Katherine D. , Santarsiero Carmela
Published: January 2023

Using the fluorescent antibody technique a globulin component with a marked affinity for nuclei has been demonstrated in serum of patients with disseminated lupus erythematosis. It has been shown that the factor reacts with nuclei of most tissues of a wide range of vertebrate species. Information on the occurrence of the factor in 100 human sera is reported.
Studies of the Inactivation of Phage by the Properdin System
Authors: Barlow James L. , Van Vunakis Helen , Levine Lawrence
Published: January 2023

Properdin, complement and Mg++, the known constituents of the properdin system, are necessary for neutralization of T2r+ coliphage by human serum. Certain polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides annul the neutralization. Phage neutralization is pH, ionic strength, and temperature dependent.
Chick Potency Tests of Poliomyelitis Vaccine: Basic Studies on Response
Authors: Timm E. A. , Rope E. Z. , McLean I. W. , Ternan Barbara , Bernardi Mary
Published: January 2023

Results have been presented which show that baby chicks respond with neutralizing antibodies to injections of poliovirus preparations and provide an excellent method for antigenic potency testing of such preparations. The relative merits of 1-dose and 2-dose schedules, and the merits of serum titers as opposed to antigen extinction titers have been discussed.
Heterogeneity of Antibody Sites in Their Relative Combining Affinities for Structurally Related Haptens
Authors: Nisonoff Alfred , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

The heterogeneity of combining sites in an antihapten antibody was investigated by competitive binding, which provides a method for determining whether different sites tend to combine more strongly with different, closely related haptens; i.e., whether the ratio of K's for these haptens varies among the combining sites. Specifically, the effectiveness of varying concentrations of several haptens in displacing a reference hapten, radioactive p-iodobenzoate, from specifically purified anti-p-azobenzoate antibody was determined. Each hapten tested became relatively less effective as the degree of displacement increased, indicating heterogeneity of combining sites in their relative combining affinities for closely related substances. A correlation was noted between structural similarity of the competing hapten to the reference hapten and the magnitude of variation of the apparent relative K.

The results showed that each of the competing haptens was capable of displacing all or nearly all of the reference hapten if a sufficiently high concentration of competitor was used. Thus, there are few sites capable of combining with p-iodobenzoate which cannot also accommodate the other isomeric iodobenzoates.

In view of possible advantages of competitive binding as a means of estimating average equilibrium constants, the validity of the method was checked by comparison with direct binding, using 2 strongly bound haptens for the comparison, and with hapten inhibition of the precipitin reaction. Good agreement with the former method was observed. The agreement with hapten inhibition was only fair; differences were attributable to the nature of the reference substances displaced from antibody in the 2 methods (p-iodobenzoate vs. antigen).
Influence of Age and Congenital Immunity Upon Immunization with an Avian Infectious Bronchitis Vaccine
Authors: Raggi Livio G. , Lee George G.
Published: January 2023

A study of the serological and immune responses of birds of two different ages with or without a high level of congenital antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) indicated that both young age and congenital immunity were important factors in preventing a satisfactory response to this vaccinal strain of IBV.

Discrepancies between the serological and the response to challenge were noted in the younger groups of birds.
Enhancement by Cadmium of Double-Diffusion Precipitin Reactions
Authors: Crowle Alfred J.
Published: January 2023

Low concentrations of cadmium ions have been discovered specifically to enhance antigen-antibody precipitation. This effect has been studied by incorporating cadmium salts in agar used in a slight modification of Ouchterlony's double-diffusion precipitin technique. Preliminary experiments are reported which characterize the activity of cadmium nitrate upon rabbit and guinea pig antisera against tuberculoprotein antigen.

Although usually cnhancing, at certain very low concentrations cadmium nitrate irreversibly inhibited some antigen-antibody precipitation reactions. At its optimum enhancing concentras tion, this salt apparently accelerates as well a-increases specific precipitation. Antiserum rather than antigen is affected in the system used. Not all antisera are sensitive to cadmium, for several of those from rabbits which were tested were unaffected by cadmium's presence in the reacting agar. However, all guinea pig antisera utilized were sensitive. The effect does not seem to be simply one of partial antibody denaturation.
Electrophoretic Composition and Antibody Studies of Anti-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Dimopoullos George T. , Fellowes Oliver N.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Anti-foot-and-mouth disease guinea pig serum was subjected to paper electrophoretic analyses using horizontal and vertical continuous-flow techniques. Analyses of whole immune sera for protein composition revealed no significant differences when compared with normal sera. No relationship was demonstrated between protein composition, virus-neutralizing and complement-fixing antibody titers. In fractions of sera tested for virus-neutralizing antibody activity, the β- and γ-globulins were capable of neutralizing all of the virus infectivity. Complement-fixing activity was found only in the γ-globulin fraction of highest mobility. Evidence is presented that the complement-fixing and virus-neutralizing antibodies are two distinct antibodies.
The Agar Diffusion Precipitin Technique: A Comparison of the Simple and Double Diffusion Methods
Authors: Wilson M. W.
Published: January 2023

The simple and double diffusion methods were studied experimentally by means of specially designed plates. The 2 methods were compared with respect to their sensitivity, reaction range, reaction time, resolving power and susceptibility to concentration and temperature artifacts. The following observations were made: The potential sensitivity of the double diffusion method is somewhat greater than that of the simple diffusion method.The reaction range of the simple diffusion method is unlimited in the antigen excess zone but is restricted to only a narrow segment of the antibody excess zone. The reaction range of the double diffusion method is unlimited in both directions.The effective reaction time, i.e., the time interval during which a precipitate band persists in the column, is the same for both methods at intermediate or high concentrations of antigen and antibody, but at relatively low concentrations of the reactants the effective reaction time of the simple diffusion method is shorter than that of the double diffusion method.The resolving power of the double diffusion method for mixed precipitin systems is considerably better than that of the simple diffusion method.The sensitivity of the simple diffusion method to concentration and temperature changes is much greater than the sensitivity of the double diffusion method. Under average laboratory conditions temperature artifacts in double diffusion columns or plates have never been observed, but special precautions must be taken to prevent such artifacts in simple diffusion columns.
Antibody Response of Pregnant Women to Poliomyelitis Vaccine and Passive Transfer to Infants
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Carroll Catherine J.
Published: January 2023

Poliomyelitis vaccine was administered to 80 pregnant women twice during the last trimester. A second group of 62 unvaccinated pregnant women was studied as controls. Blood was obtained from the first group before vaccination and from all mothers at delivery. Cord blood was collected and the infants were bled successively at 24 hr, 1 week, 1, 2 and 3 months of age. All specimens from each mother and infant were tested on the same day for neutralizing antibodies against the three types of poliomyelitis in HeLa cell cultures. As expected, the response of women with prior antibodies was greater than in those with no antibody before vaccination. Statistical analysis of the serum titers of mothers at delivery, cord blood and of the infant at 24 hr showed that there is no significant difference between the poliomyelitis antibody content of the three specimens. The titer of passively transferred antibodies in the infants declined with age at the same rate regardless of whether they had been stimulated naturally with infection or artificially with vaccine. Many infants had demonstrable antibodies at the third month of life but the duration of antibody was a direct function of the height of the antibody titer in the mother at the time of delivery thus demonstrating the value of vaccination in heightening antibody levels of pregnant women and their offspring and indicating the probable protective influence in a period of increased risk.