bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)–Associated Hospitalization: COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Authors: Ko Jean Y , Danielson Melissa L , Town Machell , Derado Gordana , Greenlund Kurt J , Kirley Pam Daily , Alden Nisha B , Yousey-Hindes Kimberly , Anderson Evan J , Ryan Patricia A , Kim Sue , Lynfield Ruth , Torres Salina M , Barney Grant R , Bennett Nancy M , Sutton Melissa , Talbot H Keipp , Hill Mary , Hall Aron J , Fry Alicia M , Garg Shikha , Kim Lindsay ,   COVID-NET Surveillance Team, Whitaker Michael , O’Halloran Alissa , Holstein Rachel , Garvin William , Chai Shua J , Kawasaki Breanna , Meek James , Openo Kyle P , Monroe Maya L , Henderson Justin , Como-Sabetti Kathy , Davis Sarah Shrum , Spina Nancy L , Felsen Christina B , West Nicole , Schaffner William , George Andrea
Published: September 2020

Background

Data on risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–associated hospitalization are needed to guide prevention efforts and clinical care. We sought to identify factors independently associated with COVID-19–associated hospitalizations.

Methods

Community-dwelling adults (aged ≥18 years) in the United States hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during 1 March–23 June 2020 were identified from the COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET), a multistate surveillance system. To calculate hospitalization rates by age, sex, and race/ethnicity strata, COVID-NET data served as the numerator and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System estimates served as the population denominator for characteristics of interest. Underlying medical conditions examined included hypertension, coronary artery disease, history of stroke, diabetes, obesity, severe obesity, chronic kidney disease, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Generalized Poisson regression models were used to calculate adjusted rate ratios (aRRs) for hospitalization.

Results

Among 5416 adults, hospitalization rates (all reported as aRR [95% confidence interval]) were higher among those with ≥3 underlying conditions (vs without) (5.0 [3.9–6.3]), severe obesity (4.4 [3.4–5.7]), chronic kidney disease (4.0 [3.0–5.2]), diabetes (3.2 [2.5–4.1]), obesity (2.9 [2.3–3.5]), hypertension (2.8 [2.3–3.4]), and asthma (1.4 [1.1–1.7]), after adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Adjusting for the presence of an individual underlying medical condition, higher hospitalization rates were observed for adults aged ≥65 or 45–64 years (vs 18–44 years), males (vs females), and non-Hispanic black and other race/ethnicities (vs non-Hispanic whites).

Conclusions

Our findings elucidate groups with higher hospitalization risk that may benefit from targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions.
Scandcleft trial of primary surgery for unilateral cleft lip and palate: Craniofacial cephalometrics at 8 years
Authors: Küseler Annelise , Heliövaara Arja , Mølsted Kirsten , Marcusson Agneta , Karsten Agneta , Bellardie Haydn , Sæle Paul , Brinck Eli , Skaare Pål , Rizell Sara , Chalien Midia Najar , Mooney Jeanette , Botticelli Susanna , Eyres Philip , Shaw William , Semb Gunvor
Published: September 2020

Background

The Scandcleft trial is a randomized controlled trial that includes children with unilateral cleft lip and palate where registrations are standardized and therefore provides the opportunity to describe craniofacial characteristics in a very large sample of patients.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to describe craniofacial growth and morphology in a large study sample of 8-year-old children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP); before orthodontic treatment and before secondary alveolar bone grafting; and to compare the cephalometric values with age-matched non-cleft children from previous growth studies to identify the differences between untreated cleft- and non-cleft children.

Materials

There are 429 eight-year-old UCLP patients in the Scandcleft study group. A total of 408 lateral cephalograms with a mean age of 8.1 years were analysed. Cephalometric analyses were performed digitally. The results from three previously published growth studies on non-cleft children were used for comparison.

Results

Cephalometric analyses showed a large variation in craniofacial morphology among the UCLP group. In general, they present with significant maxillary retrusion and reduced intermaxillary relationships compared to the age-matched non-cleft children. In addition, the vertical jaw relationship was decreased, mainly due to decreased maxillary inclination. The upper and lower incisors were retroclined. It can be expected that these differences will increase in significance as the children age.

Conclusion

Results from this study provide proposed norms for the young UCLP before any orthodontic treatment and can be valuable for the clinician in future treatment planning.

Trial registration

ISRCTN29932826.
Challenges Experienced by Older People During the Initial Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Heid Allison R , Cartwright Francine , Wilson-Genderson Maureen , Pruchno Rachel
Published: September 2020

Background and Objectives

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created unique stressors for older people to manage. Informed by the Stress Process Model and the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, we examined the extent to which older people are adhering to physical distancing mandates and the pandemic-related experiences that older people find most challenging.

Research Design and Methods

From May 4 to May 17, 2020, a web-based questionnaire focused on the COVID-19 pandemic was completed by 1,272 people (aged 64 and older) who were part of an ongoing research panel in New Jersey recruited in 2006. Frequencies for endorsement of physical distancing behaviors were tabulated, and open-ended responses to the biggest challenge of the pandemic were systematically coded and classified using content analysis.

Results

More than 70% of participants reported adhering to physical distancing behaviors. Experiences appraised as most difficult by participants fell into 8 domains: Social Relationships, Activity Restrictions, Psychological, Health, Financial, Global Environment, Death, and Home Care. The most frequently appraised challenges were constraints on social interactions (42.4%) and restrictions on activity (30.9%).

Discussion and Implications

In the initial weeks of the pandemic, the majority of older adults reported adhering to COVID-19 physical distancing mandates and identified a range of challenging experiences. Results highlight the factors having the greatest impact on older adults, informing quantitative modeling for testing the impact of the pandemic on health and well-being outcomes, and identifying how intervention efforts may be targeted to maximize the quality of life of older adults.
Assessing the impact of fisheries-related mortality of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) caused by incidental bycatch in the dynamic Norwegian gillnet fisheries
Authors: Moan André , Skern-Mauritzen Mette , Vølstad Jon Helge , Bjørge Arne
Published: September 2020

Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) bycatch for Norwegian commercial gillnet fisheries from 2006 to 2018 was estimated using a traditional ratio estimator and generalized additive linear mixed models, with weight of fish landed and number of gillnet hauls as proxies for fishing effort. Estimates were derived from data collected with a contracted reference fleet of small coastal vessels and scaled up to the whole fleet using data from landing statistics. Bycatch estimates exhibited large yearly variations, ranging from 1151 to 6144 porpoises per year. Bycatch estimates in 4 of the last 5 years were significantly less than in the preceding 2 years. The best ratio-based and model-based yearly bycatch estimates were 1580 porpoises [coefficient of variation, (C.V.) 0.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1302–1902] and 1642 porpoises (C.V. 0.15, 95% CI 1165–2142), respectively. About 75% of bycaught porpoises were taken in the cod (Gadus morhua) and monkfish (Lophius piscatorius) fisheries, while the rest were taken in a variety of different gillnet fisheries. Our results suggest that bycatch of harbour porpoise in Norwegian gillnet fisheries has been unsustainable for several of the last 13 years but are currently within international bycatch limits due to a recent reduction in monkfish fishing effort.
Law and land conflict in emerging market economies: Ethiopia, 2014–2018
Authors: Ayano Mekonnen Firew
Published: September 2020

Since the end of the Cold War, the World Bank and other Western development agencies have prescribed restructuring land rights in post-communist economies to promote land markets, with the goal of alleviating poverty and social conflicts. But restructuring land rights in such settings is more difficult than it may seem. Ethiopia’s efforts in this area have produced disparate laws that have exacerbated both the intensity and the frequency of land conflicts. This article analyzes all land cases decided by the Council of Constitutional Inquiry (CCI) and the House of Federation (HoF), Ethiopia’s constitutional review bodies, from 1998 to 2018. It shows that from 1998 to 2014, the trial and appellate courts were favorably disposed toward the policies of international financial agencies, and that the CCI and the HoF acquiesced. However, starting in 2014, following a countrywide protest connected to land dispossession, the CCI and the HoF have reversed the lower courts’ judgements by invoking constitutional clauses declaring that land belongs to the Ethiopian nations and that it cannot be alienated. The country’s experience reveals the perils of restructuring land rights without paying close attention to distributive concerns and the needs of those who end up being excluded from property access.
An analysis of the periodically forced PP04 climate model, using the theory of non-smooth dynamical systems
Authors: Morupisi Kgomotso S , Budd Chris
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we perform a careful analysis of the forced PP04 model for climate change, in particular the behaviour of the ice ages. This system models the transition from a glacial to an inter-glacial state through a sudden release of oceanic carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This process can be cast in terms of a Filippov dynamical system, with a discontinuous change in its dynamics related to the carbon dioxide release. By using techniques from the theory of non-smooth dynamical systems, we give an analysis of this model in the cases of both no insolation forcing and also periodic insolation forcing. This reveals a rich, and novel, dynamical structure to the solutions of the PP04 model. In particular, we see synchronized periodic solutions with subtle regions of existence which depend on the amplitude and frequency of the forcing. The orbits can be created/destroyed in both smooth and discontinuity-induced bifurcations. We study both the orbits and the transitions between them and make comparisons with actual climate dynamics.
A novel method of assessing clinical preparedness for COVID-19 and other disasters
Authors: FISHER Harriet , RE Cherilyn , A WILHITE Jeffery , HANLEY Kathleen , ALTSHULER Lisa , SCHMIDTBERGER James , GAGLIARDI Morris , ZABAR Sondra
Published: September 2020

Quality Issue

The emergence of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the necessity of rapidly identifying and isolating potentially infected individuals. Evaluating this preparedness requires an assessment of the full clinical system, from intake to isolation.

Initial Assessment

Unannounced Standardized Patients (USPs) present a nimble, sensitive methodology for assessing this readiness.

Choice of solution

Pilot the USP methodology, which employs an actor trained to present as a standardized, incognito potentially infected patient, to assess clinical readiness for potential COVID-19 patients at an urban, community safety-net clinic.

Implementation

The USP was trained to present at each team’s front desk with the complaint of feeling unwell (reporting a fever of 101 degrees Fahrenheit in the past 24 hours) and exposure to a roommate recently returned from Beijing. The USP was trained to complete a behaviorally anchored assessment of the care she received from the clinical system.

Evaluation

There was clear variation in care USPs received; some frontline clerical staff followed best practices; others did not. Signage and information on disease spread prevention publicly available was inconsistent. Qualitative comments shared by the USPs and those gathered during group debrief reinforced the experiences of the USPs and hospital leadership.

Lessons Learned

USPs revealed significant variation in care practices within a clinical system. Utilization of this assessment methodology can provide just-in-time clinical information about readiness and safety practices, particularly during emerging outbreaks. USPs will prove especially powerful as clinicians and systems return to outpatient visits while remaining vigilant about potentially infected individuals.
Examining association between cohesion and diversity in collaboration networks of pharmaceutical clinical trials with drug approvals
Authors: Lin Gary , Siddiqui Sauleh , Bernstein Jen , Martinez Diego A , Gardner Lauren , Albright Tenley , Igusa Takeru
Published: September 2020

Objective

Clinical trials ensure that pharmaceutical treatments are safe, efficacious, and effective for public consumption, but are extremely complex, taking up to 10 years and $2.6 billion to complete. One main source of complexity arises from the collaboration between actors, and network science methodologies can be leveraged to explore that complexity. We aim to characterize collaborations between actors in the clinical trials context and investigate trends of successful actors.

Materials and Methods

We constructed a temporal network of clinical trial collaborations between large and small-size pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, nonprofit organizations, hospital systems, and government agencies from public and proprietary data and introduced metrics to quantify actors’ collaboration network structure, organizational behavior, and partnership characteristics. A multivariable regression analysis was conducted to determine the metrics’ relationship with success.

Results

We found a positive correlation between the number of successful approved trials and interdisciplinary collaborations measured by a collaboration diversity metric (P < .01). Our results also showed a negative effect of the local clustering coefficient (P < .01) on the success of clinical trials. Large pharmaceutical companies have the lowest local clustering coefficient and more diversity in partnerships across biomedical specializations.

Conclusions

Large pharmaceutical companies are more likely to collaborate with a wider range of actors from other specialties, especially smaller industry actors who are newcomers in clinical research, resulting in exclusive access to smaller actors. Future investigations are needed to show how concentrations of influence and resources might result in diminished gains in treatment development.
Baclofen: To Screen or Not to Screen in Postmortem Blood?
Authors: Nahar Limon Khatun , Murphy Kevin G , Paterson Sue
Published: September 2020

Baclofen (BLF) has been prescribed in the UK since 1972 for the alleviation of spasticity. However, evidence suggests BLF is also recreationally misused. It has been associated with ethanol, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), pregabalin (PGL) and gabapentin (GBP) use/abuse, and deaths have been reported. With current postmortem (PM) toxicological screening approaches, BLF is not routinely included in the general drugs screen and is only screened for if specifically mentioned in the case documents. The extent of BLF misuse is thus unclear. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and concentrations of BLF in Coroners’ toxicology, to investigate whether BLF misuse with ethanol, GHB, PGL and GBP is causing death and to determine the potential extent of the underreporting of BLF-associated deaths. Between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017, 3,750 PM femoral vein bloods were screened for BLF; all positive cases were quantified. Only 0.56% of samples screened positive for BLF, with concentration ranging from 0.08 to 102.00 µg/mL (median = 0.28). It was determined that if routine analysis without additional screening of BLF had been performed, 43% of BLF positives cases would have been missed. However, given the low incidence of detection, this only represents 0.25% of the cohort. Likely illicit use of BLF with GHB was seen in one case only. Death from the recreational use of BLF with PGL and GBP was not observed. Only two cases positive for BLF had an ethanol concentration of ≥50 mg%. Two cases of presumed intentional overdose of BLF were observed. This study highlights that although BLF abuse may be occurring, deaths are rare. It is therefore not cost- or time-effective to screen for BLF in all PM cases. With BLF currently being investigated for the treatment of alcoholism and withdrawal symptoms of illicit drug use, BLF-related deaths may rise in the future.
Biology, Ecology, and Management Strategies for Pea Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Pulse Crops
Authors: Sandhi Ramandeep Kaur , Reddy Gadi V P
Published: September 2020

Pea aphid, Acyrthospihon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the key pests of pulse crops worldwide. The aphid has a broad host range, infesting crops such as faba bean, lupin, alfalfa, lentil, chickpea, grass pea, and pea. This broad host range with a complex life cycle and ability to quickly adapt to new environmental conditions make it difficult to control this pest. Different studies focusing on the biology, ecology, and management practices of A. pisum, along with case studies conducted on different integrated pest management strategies such as host plant resistance, cultural, genetic, biological, and chemical control are reviewed here.
Asylum Regimes and Refugee Experiences of Precarity: The Case of Syrian Refugees in Turkey
Authors: Ertorer Secil E
Published: September 2020

This paper discusses the ways in which restrictive asylum and migration regimes generate conditions that allow multidimensional precarities to flourish and surround lives of asylum seekers and refugees. The study employs the case of Syrian refugees in Turkey for an empirical analysis and draws on qualitative data, including policy analysis and in-depth interviews conducted with 52 Syrian refugees, employers who hire Syrians, humanitarian practitioners, and local authorities in three cities. The findings elucidate that the asylum law that delineates Syrians’ socio-legal status in the country also defines their state of existence and precarity in the economic and social milieus. The multidimensional precarities Syrian refugees face start with the migration journey and continually grow during the settlement experiences of registration, finding housing, accessing social services, and work.
Peno-scrotal degloving injury following motor vehicle accident—a case report
Authors: Bhattarai Aabishkar , Thapa Niraj , Karki Bijaya , Atreya Alok
Published: September 2020

Male genital injuries in the form of avulsed laceration of penis and scrotum are less frequent injuries in urological practice. The cases that occur are mostly caused by road traffic accidents, animal attacks, machinery-related accidents and physical/sexual assaults. Here, we report a case of a 28-year-old male with avulsion and traumatic degloving of the penile and scrotal skin with the exposure of the cavernous and spongy penile body, bilateral testes and total amputation of scrotal skin secondary to motor vehicle accident from Nepal. The patient was managed by emergency surgical debridement and reconstruction of the avulsed penile skin and burial of testis in the medial thigh pockets with primary suturing and hemostasis of the amputated scrotal region, which healed with satisfactory esthetic results with normal voiding function and erection of penis.
Genus-Wide Characterization of Bumblebee Genomes Provides Insights into Their Evolution and Variation in Ecological and Behavioral Traits
Authors: Sun Cheng , Huang Jiaxing , Wang Yun , Zhao Xiaomeng , Su Long , Thomas Gregg W C , Zhao Mengya , Zhang Xingtan , Jungreis Irwin , Kellis Manolis , Vicario Saverio , Sharakhov Igor V , Bondarenko Semen M , Hasselmann Martin , Kim Chang N , Paten Benedict , Penso-Dolfin Luca , Wang Li , Chang Yuxiao , Gao Qiang , Ma Ling , Ma Lina , Zhang Zhang , Zhang Hongbo , Zhang Huahao , Ruzzante Livio , Robertson Hugh M , Zhu Yihui , Liu Yanjie , Yang Huipeng , Ding Lele , Wang Quangui , Ma Dongna , Xu Weilin , Liang Cheng , Itgen Michael W , Mee Lauren , Cao Gang , Zhang Ze , Sadd Ben M , Hahn Matthew W , Schaack Sarah , Barribeau Seth M , Williams Paul H , Waterhouse Robert M , Mueller Rachel Lockridge
Published: September 2020

Bumblebees are a diverse group of globally important pollinators in natural ecosystems and for agricultural food production. With both eusocial and solitary life-cycle phases, and some social parasite species, they are especially interesting models to understand social evolution, behavior, and ecology. Reports of many species in decline point to pathogen transmission, habitat loss, pesticide usage, and global climate change, as interconnected causes. These threats to bumblebee diversity make our reliance on a handful of well-studied species for agricultural pollination particularly precarious. To broadly sample bumblebee genomic and phenotypic diversity, we de novo sequenced and assembled the genomes of 17 species, representing all 15 subgenera, producing the first genus-wide quantification of genetic and genomic variation potentially underlying key ecological and behavioral traits. The species phylogeny resolves subgenera relationships, whereas incomplete lineage sorting likely drives high levels of gene tree discordance. Five chromosome-level assemblies show a stable 18-chromosome karyotype, with major rearrangements creating 25 chromosomes in social parasites. Differential transposable element activity drives changes in genome sizes, with putative domestications of repetitive sequences influencing gene coding and regulatory potential. Dynamically evolving gene families and signatures of positive selection point to genus-wide variation in processes linked to foraging, diet and metabolism, immunity and detoxification, as well as adaptations for life at high altitudes. Our study reveals how bumblebee genes and genomes have evolved across the Bombus phylogeny and identifies variations potentially linked to key ecological and behavioral traits of these important pollinators.
BacWGSTdb 2.0: a one-stop repository for bacterial whole-genome sequence typing and source tracking
Authors: Feng Ye , Zou Shengmei , Chen Hangfei , Yu Yunsong , Ruan Zhi
Published: September 2020

An increasing prevalence of hospital acquired infections and foodborne illnesses caused by pathogenic and multidrug-resistant bacteria has stimulated a pressing need for benchtop computational techniques to rapidly and accurately classify bacteria from genomic sequence data, and based on that, to trace the source of infection. BacWGSTdb (http://bacdb.org/BacWGSTdb) is a free publicly accessible database we have developed for bacterial whole-genome sequence typing and source tracking. This database incorporates extensive resources for bacterial genome sequencing data and the corresponding metadata, combined with specialized bioinformatics tools that enable the systematic characterization of the bacterial isolates recovered from infections. Here, we present BacWGSTdb 2.0, which encompasses several major updates, including (i) the integration of the core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) approach, which is highly scalable and appropriate for typing isolates belonging to different lineages; (ii) the addition of a multiple genome analysis module that can process dozens of user uploaded sequences in a batch mode; (iii) a new source tracking module for comparing user uploaded plasmid sequences to those deposited in the public databases; (iv) the number of species encompassed in BacWGSTdb 2.0 has increased from 9 to 20, which represents bacterial pathogens of medical importance; (v) a newly designed, user-friendly interface and a set of visualization tools for providing a convenient platform for users are also included. Overall, the updated BacWGSTdb 2.0 bears great utility in continuing to provide users, including epidemiologists, clinicians and bench scientists, with a one-stop solution to bacterial genome sequence analysis.
Prediction of giant and ideal Rashba-type splitting in ordered alloy monolayers grown on a polar surface
Authors: Chen Mingxing , Liu Feng
Published: September 2020

A large and ideal Rashba-type spin-orbit splitting is desired for the applications of materials in spintronic devices and the detection of Majorana fermions in solids. Here, we propose an approach to achieve giant and ideal spin-orbit splittings through a combination of ordered surface alloying and interface engineering, that is, growing alloy monolayers on an insulating polar surface. We illustrate this unique strategy by means of first-principle calculations of buckled hexagonal monolayers of SbBi and PbBi supported on Al2O3(0001). Both systems display ideal Rashba-type states with giant spin-orbit splittings, characterized with energy offsets over 600 meV and momentum offsets over 0.3 Å−1, respectively. Our study thus points to an effective way of tuning spin-orbit splitting in low-dimensional materials to draw immediate experimental interest.
Stagnation, Social Tensions, Unfairness
Authors: Grabner Daniel , Grisold Andrea , Theine Hendrik
Published: September 2020

Chapter 8 provides an analysis of the subset of news media discourses which argued that inequality is a problem, clearly an important category for the examination of the overall media debate on Piketty’s book. Those discourses centre around considerations of fairness, frequently focusing on political and economic consequences. All relevant articles treating inequality is a problem are subject to focused analysis, whilst a detailed analysis is undertaken in the case of a subset of highly relevant texts. The authors also observe and address various significant silences in the corpus of newspaper articles, a concept derived from prior critical cultural, linguistic, and discourse studies. This refers to important themes or issues which are ignored in the newspaper texts but which would be reasonably considered decisive factors when discussing growing inequality. Table 8.1 provides an overview of the main results of coding and analysis of the discourses in all those newspaper articles in the corpus which provide, define and treat inequality as a problem. As they comprise a significant share of coded segments, the authors then concentrate on the most frequent and relevant news texts for a more elaborate analysis. The chapter proceeds to examine both the obvious and the subtle ways in which these newspaper article set about constructing economic inequality as a problem. The final sections further consider and discuss the key findings in relation to theoretical considerations.
Introduction
Authors: Perillo J. Lorenzo
Published: September 2020

This chapter establishes key concepts for subsequent chapters in the histories of AfroFilipino formation, neoliberalization of Filipino popular dance, and corporeal orature. Although Black expressive culture and dance has long been thought of as peripheral to the development of Filipinoness, Choreographing in Color underlines how Filipino dancers engage Black dance in ways that navigate the crosshairs of colonialism and neoliberalism. It begins with a broad racial framework for comprehending the unique corporeal histories and ongoing racial, gender, and colonial complexities of Filipinos in relationship to Blackness. Then the chapter provides contexts for the popularization of locking, a form of hip-hop dance, during increasing neoliberal shifts in the 1970s. Lastly, it defines a type of corporeal orature in the original concept, performative euphemism, a strategy of social criticism cultivated by performance.
Foot Voting and Self-Determination
Authors: Somin Ilya
Published: September 2020

This chapter critiques claims that foot voting undermines the “self-determination” of current inhabitants of destination jurisdictions, who therefore must have a right to exclude migrants. It addresses both claims that ethnic or cultural groups have exclusive rights to control various territories, and more individualistic self-determination theories, such as those that analogize nations to homeowners and private clubs. The chapter also rebuts arguments to the effect that migrants’ home countries have a right to prevent them from leaving, based on a duty to develop your “own” nation and avoid “brain drain.” The chapter explains how these standard justifications for a right to exclude international migrants would, if applied consistently, also justify imposing severe restrictions on domestic mobility and civil liberties.
A General Introduction
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how viruses have caused geographic, economic, and religious changes. Smallpox alone, in the twentieth century, killed an estimated 300 million individuals, about threefold as many persons as all the wars of that century. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, smallpox killed emperors of Japan and Burma as well as kings and queens of Europe, thereby unseating dynasties, altering control of countries, and disrupting alliances. In addition to propelling the establishment of Christianity in Mexico and Latin America, viruses played a role in enlarging the African slave trade throughout the Americas. In contrast to viruses such as smallpox and measles which are now harnessed by the innovations of healthcare, new viral plagues of fearful proportions have appeared. These include HIV/AIDS, sudden acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola, Zika, and bird flu. This book looks at the history of viruses and virology, which is also the history of the men and women who have worked to combat these diseases.
Poliomyelitis
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses how polio was first discovered and then controlled, the problems with its elimination, and the argument for continued vaccination to ensure control. Polio was not defined as a specific disease entity until the late seventeenth century. Meanwhile, paralytic poliomyelitis epidemics first became known in the nineteenth century. Whether or not sporadic outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred earlier is less certain and a matter of disagreement. The chapter then looks at the three main personalities who were fundamental in developing the vaccine for poliomyelitis: Jonas Salk, Albert Sabin, and Hilary Koprowski. Jonas Salk and his colleagues chemically inactivated the poliomyelitis virus with formaldehyde and provided a vaccine that produced immunity and dramatically lowered the incidence of poliomyelitis. However, this immunity waned over time. Additionally, administration by needle made vaccinations of large populations difficult. For these and other reasons, Koprowski, Sabin, and others independently worked on the development of a vaccine with live attenuated viruses. Without such combined efforts, the vaccine would never have materialized.
Conclusions and Future Predictions
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter explains that as viruses like human immunodeficiency virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Zika, and West Nile evolve and emerge, humans are faced with new challenges. Simultaneously, perceptions about new infections and new plagues continue to change. What can and should be done? One must now consider the possible return of smallpox and its use as a weapon of bioterrorism. Meanwhile, even as the march to contain measles and poliomyelitis viruses continues at an impressive pace, bumps and setbacks have been encountered along the way, especially with measles having recurred in 2019 at the time of writing this book. Ultimately, the history of viruses, plagues, and people is an account of the world and the events that shape it. In the end, the splendor of human history is not in wars won, dynasties formed, or financial empires built but in improvement of the human condition. The obliteration of diseases that impinge on people’s health is a regal yardstick of civilization’s success, and those who accomplish that task will be among the true navigators of a brave new world.
An Introduction to Industrial-Organizational Psychology
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L. , Hays-Thomas Rosemary , Koppes Bryan Laura
Published: September 2020

This opening chapter provides a brief introduction to the field of industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology. The authors define the field and explain the knowledge, skills, and abilities that master’s-level I-O practitioners will need. I-O master’s-level graduates may enter a wide variety of professional practice areas, and these are briefly outlined. I-O graduate training is introduced. The authors highlight the differences between master’s-level training and doctoral training. I-O master’s programs have grown exponentially over the past several decades, and there is growing demand in the job market for I-O practitioners. The authors conclude with a discussion of issues relevant to the master’s degree in I-O psychology.
From #MeToo to #HimToo in Academia
Authors: Anitha Sundari
Published: September 2020

The #MeToo movement has been celebrated for centering the voice of survivors of sexual violence, and the new visibility that it has brought to issues that have long been of marginal interest to mainstream media and public discourse. In the context of the limits of the #MeToo movement, this chapter draws attention to a different kind of feminist Internet activism—the #HimToo movement in India—which entailed the compilation and circulation of a list of predatory men in academia. Apart from the predictable backlash from anti-feminists that this list attracted, it was also denounced by self-proclaimed feminists for its abandonment of due process for institutional remedies in favor of what was deemed “vigilante” action. In light of these debates, this chapter examines the limits and potential of emerging forms of collaborative feminist activism that seeks to transform violence-tolerant cultures and practices within educational institutions.
Slavery in the Imperial Church
Authors: Sommar Mary E.
Published: September 2020

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter discusses slavery in the church from Constantine to the end of the fifth century.
Institutions, Leaders, and Features of the New Calvinist Movement
Authors: Vermurlen Brad
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 provides a basic, introductory description of the New Calvinism. The chapter begins with short descriptions of the three New Calvinist megachurches at which I conducted participant observation, followed by a number of other key organizations, institutions, conferences, networks, and religious leaders constituting the Reformed resurgence. It then describes the beliefs and convictions which taken together delineate the New Calvinism within the broader landscape of Evangelicalism in the United States, including a Calvinistic view of salvation, traditional complementarian views of men and women, and social conservatism. The chapter addresses several other descriptive and analytic concerns. Altogether, this chapter offers a succinct descriptive introduction to the major organizations, networks, conferences, leaders, doctrines, convictions, and features of the New Calvinist movement.
The Tribes and Their Comparative Strengths
Authors: Vermurlen Brad
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 identifies and details the other tribes of American Evangelicalism against which the Reformed resurgence is said to be resurging. These are mainstream American Evangelicalism, neo-Anabaptist Evangelicalism, and progressive or Emergent Evangelicalism. Next, this chapter clarifies a possible confusion about how these three alternatives and the New Calvinism relate to the Emerging Church, and then it briefly acknowledges some intermixing and blurring between these four tribes. The latter half of the chapter employs the limited data available to address these tribes’ comparative sizes and sociological strengths. The findings suggest that the New Calvinism enjoys strength and prominence disproportionate to its numerical following and sets the stage for an explanatory model of institutional religious strength that relies more on the strategic and conflictual actions of religious leaders to gain symbolic power in and over their field than on simple additive growth.
Deprivation or Rescue?
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines whether death is always a deprivation, or whether instead it sometimes rescues those who are experiencing great suffering. It is argued that the answer depends on what the comparison is. If we compare our mortal lives to a certain form of immortality, where we are preserved at our peak and allowed an escape route should we desire to die, and if science would eventually cure any suffering, then death may never be a rescue.
Love
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines different forms of gratitude for those we love. We often tolerate our loved ones’ flaws, but sometimes we go a step beyond that, actually appreciating those flaws. We find them charming or endearing. It is argued that gratitude fits these flaws because they draw value from the loved one. Sometimes, when the flaw becomes increasingly bad, this gratitude must be cancelled or modified. It is suggested that death works like this: as part of a good, we can affirm it, but not quite in the way that gratitude is an affirmation—the affirmation needs to be modified given how bad passing away is.
The Last Part
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

Is passing away a part of life? It is argued here that it must be, insofar as passing away lies right on the line between existence and non-existence. Consequently, if life has radiant value, extending to its parts, and if one of those parts is passing away, then passing away has some of this value. This value is what we can affirm in passing away. There may be additional value in some so-called good deaths as well, when those deaths have their own narrative value.
Solace
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

Since passing away draws radiant value from life, and since we are holistically grateful for life—for the whole thing, including its bad parts—should we be grateful for passing away? It is argued here that the bad aspects of passing away—its many ways of depriving us of more good existence—make gratitude an ill-suited affirmation. However, we can find another affirmation of the radiant value in passing away: we can take solace from the fact that it is a part of life.
Rivers and Sustainable Development
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul
Published: September 2020

This book presents a new conceptualization of river-related policy issues, using concepts such as the Commercial and Cordon approaches to rivers and their opposite, the Ecological and Open approaches. It draws upon river-related experience from across the world to substantiate and illustrate these concepts. This new conceptualization will help to connect the river policy discussion of experts and specialists with that of river activists and the public. This shared discussion will allow better river policy formulation. The book argues for replacing the currently dominant Commercial and Cordon approaches to rivers by the Ecological and Open approaches, and it shows how such a policy change can be more conducive to achieving sustainable development. Rivers are a vital component of the ecology of the world. The earth’s hydrological cycle depends on them. As the world population grows and the demand for freshwater increases, rivers are coming under more stress. Many rivers are already exhausted before reaching the sea, and climate change further destabilizes them. River-related conflicts are spreading. The need to adopt correct river policies is more urgent than ever. Yet the current disconnection between river-related discussions by experts and specialists, on the one hand, and activists and policymakers, on the other, makes formulation of correct river policies difficult. By helping to move the river policy discussion from the confines of experts to the public arena, this book will allow formulation of more pro-people and pro-environment river policies.
Music and Language Arts
Authors: Harney Kristin
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores connections between music and English language arts. It includes rationales for integrating music and language arts, common links between the two disciplines, and a discussion of the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts and the National Core Arts Standards. Tables clearly show the standards that are incorporated throughout the lessons and examples. The chapter contains five detailed, full-length lessons that integrate music and language arts. These include lessons comparing and contrasting three versions of Romeo and Juliet; creating a playlist and journaling; moving and storytelling inspired by Prokofiev’s “Troika”; exploring literal and nonliteral meanings in “America the Beautiful”; and experimenting with blackout poetry, word choice, and Sibelius’s “Finlandia.” The chapter ends with an inventory of ideas detailing twenty additional lesson topics, specific teaching strategies, and recommended activities.
Music and Mathematics
Authors: Harney Kristin
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores connections between music and mathematics. It includes rationales for integrating music and math, common links between the two disciplines, and a discussion of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics and the National Core Arts Standards. Tables clearly show the standards that are incorporated throughout the lessons and examples. The chapter contains four detailed, full-length lessons that integrate music and mathematics. These include lessons exploring part/whole relationships in music and math; analyzing structure and pattern, using the song “Wide Open Spaces” as a model; studying the Fibonacci sequence in math and music; and creating an amusement park ride with a theme song. The chapter ends with an inventory of ideas detailing fourteen additional lesson topics, specific teaching strategies, and recommended activities.
First-Movement Sonata Forms
Authors: Lester Joel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 studies in detail the first movements of Brahms’s three violin sonatas. Each first movement is cast in sonata form—the most exalted structure of the Classical Era. But Brahms did not fill a “sonata-form mold” with formulaic music. Just like his great predecessors whose music he so dearly loved and esteemed, Brahms adapted the outer aspects of the form and the contents of each section to express that movement’s unique musical narrative. The discussions of each movement explore the traits they all share as well as their individual Romantic features. The A-major Sonata’s first movement also provides an opportunity to explore musical allusions to other pieces and how that might affect our interpretations—both as performers and analysts.
Credible Threat
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah
Published: September 2020

This book argues that the rampant hate-filled attacks against women online are best understood as patterned resistance to women’s political voice and visibility. This abuse and harassment coalesces into an often-unrecognized form of gender inequality that constrains women’s use of digital public spaces, much as the pervasive threat of sexual intimidation and violence constrain women’s freedom and comfort in physical public spaces. What’s more, the abuse exacerbates inequality among women, those from racial, ethnic, religious, and/or other minority groups, are disproportionately targeted. Drawing on in-depth interviews with women who have been on the receiving end of digital hate, Credible Threat shows that the onslaught of epithets and stereotypes, rape threats, and unsolicited commentary about their physical appearance and sexual desirability come at great professional, personal, and psychological costs for the women targeted—and also with underexplored societal level costs that demand attention. When effective, identity-based attacks undermine women’s contributions to public discourse, create a climate of self-censorship, and at times, push women out of digital publics altogether. Given the uneven distribution of toxicity, those women whose voices are already most underrepresented (e.g., women in male-dominated fields, those from historically undervalued groups) are particularly at risk. In the end, identity-based attacks online erode civil liberties, diminish public discourse, limit the knowledge we have to inform policy and electoral decision making, and teach all women that activism and public service are unappealing, high-risk endeavors to be avoided.
Hostile Speaking Environment
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah
Published: September 2020

Women who attempt to participate in public discussions about political and social issues online confront a hostile speaking environment analogous to the hostile work environments identified in policies addressing sexual harassment in the workplace. This chapter draws on interviews with women who have been attacked by strangers online, showing that the digital abuse women face is hostile (ad hominem, hateful, and discriminatory, rather than interested in promoting dialogue), offensive (riddled with obscenity, misogyny, racism, xenophobia, etc.), and intimidating (punctuated by threats of physical violence), consistent with the key characteristics of unlawful hostile work environments as outlined in US and EU social policy. What’s more, it shows that the discrete attacks coalesce into an overall climate that is more cumbersome and frightening than the sum of its individual parts.
Conclusions
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah
Published: September 2020

Women attacked online undertake Herculean efforts to minimize the costs of participating in public discourse, but digital abuse can only be addressed meaningfully through structural solutions. This chapter examines the gaps that render existing laws ill-equipped for online abuse and calls for platform accountability. It then addresses existing accountability-oriented initiatives put forth by governments, international regulatory bodies, NGOs, and the technology companies themselves. Finally, it argues for the simultaneous development of victim-centered support structures. Such infrastructure would (among other things) (1) name and acknowledge identity-based harassment online, (2) equip responding officers with protocols emphasizing sensitivity to the distressing nature of the attacks, appropriate responses to victims’ most common concerns (e.g., escalation, removal of defamatory content), and instruction on documenting future attacks, and (3) in cases of severe abuse, offer the services of social workers and advocates to support those targeted.