bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complement and Opsonic Activities of Fresh Human Sera
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Lopez-Castro G.
Published: January 2023

Previous work from this laboratory (1) confirmed earlier observations that there is a thermolabile anti-staphylococcus opsonin in fresh guinea pig serum which operates as a function of its concentration; and that an inactivated antistaphylococcal rabbit serum also behaves as an opsonin. The latter gives a zone effect. It was also noted that there is practically no spontaneous phagocytosis of staphylococci by human leucocytes in the absence of an opsonic agent. In a second paper of the same series dealing with the opsonic power of different mammalian sera (2), the opsonic power of each serum was evaluated with respect to its over-all complement titer, and the conclusion was drawn that “no relationship exists between the hemolytic complementary and opsonic powers of the guinea pig, human, monkey (rhesus), dog, cat and sheep sera toward staphylococci.”
The Effect of Heat upon Antihemocyanin
Authors: Follensby Edna M. , Hooker Sanford B. , Leach Elizabeth T. , Derow Margaret C.
Published: January 2023

In 1899 Bordet reported (7) some effects of heat upon antibody. His, and some subsequent early studies (33) indicated that brief exposure to moderate heat—56 to 85 C—made immune sera apparently nonreactive and that antibodies for different antigens can have different thermal labilities (5, 8, 30); heated immune serum that no longer visibly reacts can still combine with its antigen (13, 34). Orcutt (42) and Felix and Olitzki (16) confirmed previously reported differences in the thermal lability of (O and H) agglutinins. Later observations on the denaturation of antibody by heat and other agents have been considered by Marrack (38), Hartley (21), and Arkwright (1).

Banzhaf (3) partially purified and concentrated diphtheric antitoxin by heating it at 57 C for 12 to 15 hours and subsequently separating the globulins with ammonium sulphate. After the antitoxic serum had been heated the amount of protein precipitated as euglobulin was increased and the amount as pseudoglobulin was decreased with only a small loss of antitoxin.
Size and Morphology of the Elementary Bodies of the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group of Viruses
Authors: Kurotchkin T. J. , Libby R. L. , Gagnon E. , Cox Herald R.
Published: January 2023

Several investigators (1–7) have shown that the growth of the pathogenic agents of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group of viruses in the yolk-sac of embryonated hens' eggs is associated with the formation of minute, round structures known as elementary bodies. The accumulated evidence indicates that these minute bodies represent the viral particles themselves. In addition to the elementary bodies, larger structures measuring about one micron in diameter and possessing the same tinctorial properties as those of the elementary bodies frequently are seen in stained smears of infected yolk-sacs. It has been suggested that these larger structures represent developmental forms in the life-cycle of the elementary bodies (7, 8).

Since elementary bodies are only a fraction of a micron in their dimensions, it is difficult to ascertain any definite details of their morphology with the highest magnifications obtainable with the ordinary microscope.
The Appearance of Sheep Cell Lysins and Human a Cell Agglutinins in a Rabbit Immunized with a Partially Purified Blood Group A-Specific Substance from Hog Gastric Mucin
Authors: Brown David H. , Bennett Edward L. , Niemann Carl
Published: January 2023

The antigenic power in rabbits of a partially purified A-substance from hog gastric mucin has been observed in one instance. No added protein component was present in the antigen used. This observation suggests that some of the substances present with the A-specific amino acid-polysaccharide complex in mucin confer antigenic properties upon it, just as the conjugated protein component of the somatic antigen of Bact. dysenteriae (Shiga) has been observed to do.

The presence in the partially purified A-substance from hog gastric mucin of one or more substances which are antigenically similar to the Forssman antigen of sheep erythrocytes is indicated by the production of sheep cell lysins when rabbits are immunized with the A-substance. This observation establishes another point of similarity of the A-substances derived from hog mucin and from some human ovarian cyst fluids, of the human agglutinogen A, and of some component of sheep erythrocytes.
Mechanism Responsible for Lowered Resistance of Hypophysectomized Rats to T. Lewisi
Authors: Molomut Norman
Published: January 2023

The immediate cause of death of hypophysectomized rats infected with T. lewisi is hypoglycemic shock.
Factors Influencing the Red Cell Agglutination-Inhibitive Reaction in Influenza and Their Application to the Diagnostic Test
Authors: Whitman Loring
Published: January 2023

A study of the technic of influenza agglutination-inhibitive tests is reported. The effects of variations in the concentrations of test cells on virus titer and inhibition titer have been studied. A comparison between the results obtained with human 0 cells and chick cells has been made. The results of these experiments are discussed with reference to the future standardization of the agglutination-inhibitive test.
The Effect of Temperature and of Serum on the Detoxification of Staphylococcal Toxin by Interfacial Adsorption
Authors: Johlin J. M.
Published: January 2023

The behavior of staphylococcal toxin under the influence of interfacial adsorption, when it is emulsified at room temperature with a gas or with a relatively inert organic liquid, was described in a previous publication (1).

The object of the present investigation was to determine the effect of temperature and of serum protein on the detoxification of this toxin2 by interfacial adsorption at a solution-air interface and at the interface which is formed when the toxin is emulsified with chloroform. The technic which was previously employed was modified by observing a strict temperature control during the process of emulsification and by the addition of rabbit serum prior to this treatment. The different samples of toxin were kept in an emulsified state by continuous shaking in a shaking machine for 24 hours at each of the following temperatures: 2, 14, 20, 25, and 35 C.
The Neutralization of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by Human Convalescent Serum. The Influence of Heat Labile Substances in Serum on the Neutralization Index
Authors: Whitman Loring
Published: January 2023

Evidence is presented to show that a heat labile accessory substance which augments the activity of neutralizing antibodies to Western equine encephalomyelitis virus is present in normal serum. This substance loses most of its activity when diluted 1:10. Its possible relationship to complement and its bearing on diagnostic neutralization tests are discussed.
Studies on Tularemia
Authors: Downs Cora M. , Coriell Lewis L. , Eigelsbach Henry T. , Plitt Karl F. , Pinchot Gifford B. , Owen Barbara J.
Published: January 2023

Vaccines were prepared from Bacterium tularense cultivated on embryonated eggs, peptone broth, gelatine hydrolysate medium and on glucose cysteine blood agar. A vaccine prepared by the acetone extraction of peptone broth cultures of Bact. tularense contained the essential immunizing antigen. No differences in immunogenic properties could be detected between virulent strains or between virulent strains from different sources. The age of the culture used in the preparation of the vaccines did not affect the immunizing properties. The agglutinin response of the white rat to vaccination is described. Parenteral vaccination protected rats against infection by the intranasal route. Rats, after recovery from infection, resisted inoculation with 100,000 to 1,000,000 LD50 of virulent Bact. tularense by the intraäbdominal route. Vaccines stored at refrigerator temperatures were fairly stable over a period of 8 months. The acetone-extracted vaccine resisted heating to 100 C. Preliminary fractionation studies indicated that the essential immunizing antigen was a protein.
Studies on Tularemia
Authors: Coriell Lewis L. , Downs Cora M. , Clapp Mary P.
Published: January 2023

Swiss mice were protected against tularemia by a number of vaccines, although the degree of immunity was slight and could not be increased appreciably by repeated vaccination. A high percentage of vaccinated animals which survived challenge continued to harbor virulent organisms for several weeks. Convalescent mice were not significantly more immune to rechallenge than were vaccinated mice.
Chemical Detoxification of Flexner Dysentery Antigen
Authors: Barnes Frederick W. , Dewey Marguerite , Henry Sarah S. , Lupfer Hope
Published: January 2023

Various developments leading to a method for producing 90 per cent net reduction in toxicity of Flexner dysentery antigen are outlined. The work was part of a long-term project which had for its goal the production of a useful vaccine against Flexner dysentery infection. Further details will appear in later papers.
Studies on the Growth of Murine Encephalomyelitis Viruses in Fertile Eggs
Authors: Riordan John T. , Sá-Fleitas M. José
Published: January 2023

Theiler's virus of mouse encephalomyelitis, FA strain, was cultivated through ten generations in the developing chick embryo by the chorio-allantoic route of inoculation. Successful propagation was also obtained by inoculation into the yolk-sac and into the allantoic cavity. The virus was present throughout the egg with the highest concentration being found in the embryo, after twelve to fourteen days incubation at 35 C., following inoculation of 6–7 day old eggs. The ID50 titers of embryo suspensions ranged between 10−5.0 and 10−5.4 and no changes in the symptomatology of infection by this virus in mice were observed following these egg passages.

Theiler's TO strain of mouse encephalomyelitis was also passed through four generations in the developing chick embryo following inoculation by the chorio-allantoic route. Virus was found to be present in the chorio-allantoic membrane and embryo and the maximal titer appeared to be found after twelve days incubation at 35 C. The ID50 titer of the embryo suspension after four egg passages was found to be 10−3.0. Successive passages in the chick embryo did not cause any apparent alteration in the symptomatology produced by this virus in mice.

Efforts to cultivate in fertile eggs the Lansing, Y-SK and Ph strains of mouse-adapted poliomyelitis virus, two strains of poliomyelitis virus derived from monkey spinal cord and one strain of poliomyelitis virus derived from human spinal cord, were unsuccessful.
Resistance Induced by Vaccinia Virus to Pertussis Infection in Mice
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert , Cohen Sophia M. , Coffey Julia M.
Published: January 2023

Mice were protected against infection following intracerebral inoculation of H. pertussis by a prior intracerebral injection of a suitable dose of commercial smallpox vaccine, or of a testicular or a neurotropic strain of vaccinia virus.

Evidence was obtained that smallpox vaccine interferes with the development of fatal vaccinial infection in mice induced by a neurotropic strain.
In Vitro Effect of Penicillin Upon Toxins of Clostridium Welchii, Type A
Authors: Schneierson S. Stanley
Published: January 2023

The studies embodied in this paper demonstrate the failure of penicillin to inactivate or neutralize in vitro the hemotoxin, lecithinase, necrotoxin or lethal toxin of Clostridium welchii, type A filtrate.
The Inactivation of Equine Encephalitis Virus by Mechanical Agitation
Authors: McLimans William F.
Published: January 2023

Eastern and western strains of equine encephalitis virus are rapidly inactivated in acidic saline suspensions when such suspensions are agitated. The agitation may be produced by bubbling various gases through the suspensions or by mechanical shaking. By either method the rate of destruction of the virus infectivity appears to be nearly equivalent.

The H ion concentration of the viral suspension is the basic factor which influences the degree of susceptibility of the virus to bubbling or shaking. pH 6.4 appears to be the critical H ion concentration. Above this the virus is quite resistant, while at lower H ion concentrations it is readily susceptible to agitation inactivation.
The Serology of the Coli Group
Authors: Kauffmann F.
Published: January 2023

The serological investigations of the O, K and H antigens of the coli group have led to the establishment of a diagnostic antigenic schema by means of which the coli strains can be classified in O groups and types. Besides the O and H antigens, the K antigens (either envelope or capsular antigens) play a very important rôle. The K antigens include thermolabile antigens (L and B antigens) as well as thermostable antigens (A antigens). While the L and B antigens mostly are envelope antigens (corresponding to the Vi antigen), the A antigens appear mostly as visible capsules (corresponding to the pneumococcus capsule). Thus the term “K antigens” is a symbol for a group of different antigens, including envelope antigens and capsular antigens. A few O groups are particularly frequent, and this applies also to certain types within these groups. A very high percentage of the strains belonging to these O groups and types are O-inagglutinable—on account of the K antigens. The O group distribution differs in normal and pathologic materials. Therefore, also the type distribution must differ, but the present material is not sufficiently large to establish the percental distribution. Strains containing K antigens are more toxic than strains without K antigens—and particularly toxic when the strains are isolated from pathologic material. The toxicity is a constant and characteristic type quality, differing in the individual types of an O group. Hemolytic and necrotizing strains are particularly frequent in O groups 2, 4 and 6. O inagglutinability of these groups is due to L antigens, that of groups 8 and 9 usually to A antigens. There is a connection between the type of a strain, its origin, O inagglutinability, hemolytic power, necrotizing capacity and toxicity. Strains with K antigens are particularly resistant to the defensive forces of the organism and to bacteriophages. It is suggested as a working hypothesis, that there are certain serological coli types which possess a particular pathogenicity and play an important rôle in appendicitis, peritonitis, cystitis, pyelitis and other diseases. In the coli group, cultural tests play but a minor rôle, so that the type division has to rest on a serological basis. The prevailing classification of the coli strains, based on cultural criteria (especially fermentation tests) should therefore be abandoned.
The Estimation of Specific Antigen in Strains of Hemophilus Pertussis
Authors: Smolens J. , McLaren C. S. , McAleer D. S. , Flavell E. H.
Published: January 2023

A method is presented which permits estimation of the amount of specific antigen in any given strain of Hemophilus pertussis. Various strains of H. pertussis in phase I, whether freshly isolated or old laboratory strains differ within wide limits in their content of specific antigen. The method has been used for the preliminary selection of strains of superior antigenicity for H. pertussis vaccine.
Responses of Human Subjects to Vaccines in Saline-in-Mineral Oil Emulsion
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Felton Harriet M. , Smolens Joseph
Published: January 2023

Three groups of adult donors were inoculated with Hemophilis pertussis bacterial vaccine of exceptional antigenicity. One group of 5 donors received 3 injections of saline vaccine totalling 75 billion cells. The other groups of 5 donors each received, respectively, 30 billion and 75 billion cells emulsified in Falba and mineral oil. All 3 groups developed approximately maximal antibody responses.

Seven of the 10 subjects injected with the emulsified vaccine retained palpable nodules at the injection sites for 6 to 12 months. In several instances these nodules became tender and increased in size periodically. In 6 of the 10 subjects the abscesses ruptured spontaneously or required incision. No bacteria were cultivated from the pus evacuated. Reinjection of vaccine or even of a skin test dose of agglutinogen caused rapid but evanescent focal inflammation at the sites of the persistent nodules.

These focal reactions about the depôts of H. pertussis bacterial vaccine are interpreted as instances of bacterial hypersensitivity, coexistent with hypersensitivity of the Arthus type which is believed to be the basis of the pertussis skin-test.

The use in human subjects of pertussis vaccine emulsified in oil in the present dosage is obviously impracticable.
Reactivation of Overneutralized Influenza Virus in Chicken Embryos
Authors: McKee Albert P. , Hale Wm. M.
Published: January 2023

Introduction. What happens to the influenza virus during interepidemic periods has been the source of considerable speculation. As is the case with some other infections, the possibility of human carriers also has been considered. The unequivocal demonstration of human carriers of the influenza virus, however, as yet awaits presentation.

McKee and Hale (1), tentatively accepted the theory that the detection of influenza carriers may be missed because the virus in nose and troat washings is overneutralized by antibody in the secretions as the virus is liberated from the parasitized cells. They employed concentrated, heat-inactivated, homologous virus as the agent of reactivation and were able to reactivate influenza virus that was overneutralized as much as five hundred times. The criterion of neutrality was a mixture of virus and its specific antibody which could not be reactivated by dilution, papain-digestion, or serial mouse passage.
A Critical Analysis of the Performance of the Photronreflectometer in the Measurement of Serological and other Turbid Systems
Authors: Bolton Ellis T. , Leone Charles A. , Boyden Alan A.
Published: January 2023

Data resulting from the operation of four different photronreflectometers under a variety of circumstances are presented. The data and their significance for the turbidimetric measurement of serological reactions are discussed.
Immunochemistry of Toxins and Toxoids
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Wittler Ruth G. , Clapp Frances L. , Adam J. N.
Published: January 2023

Special methods are described for the preparation of a stable, purified diphtherial toxoid which is suitable for human immunization. The addition of glycine to the toxoid permits freezing, drying, and sterile filtration with no impairment in the antigenicity of the toxoid principle.

The purified toxoids may be alum precipitated and are highly stable in this form or in the fluid state. The antigenic response in guinea-pigs and in human beings is high and durable.
Studies in Dysentery Vaccination
Authors: Cooper Merlin L. , Keller Helen M.
Published: January 2023

Information has been presented regarding two methods for testing the passive mouse protective power of sera from subjects receiving Shigella vaccines. These two methods are: the Constant Serum Passive Mouse-Protective Test and the Constant Organisms Passive Mouse-Protective Test.

We prefer the “constant organisms” method since it permits comparison of protective volumes of sera and the calculation of the increase in protective power of serum obtained after vaccination as compared to serum from the same subject before vaccination. The “constant organisms” method in our hands requires fewer mice and less serum.
Studies on the Toxicity of Influenzal Viruses
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude
Published: January 2023

Experiments have been reported on the effect of vaccination of mice against the toxic properties of the viruses of influenza types A and B. Attempts to differentiate by various means between the immune responses to the toxic activity of the virus and to intranasal infection by these agents have failed. This indicates, therefore, that the resistance of the mice in these two instances is based, at least in part, on the same mechanism. The immunity to the toxic property has been studied in regard to various factors which possibly might affect it. These included the influences of the number of immunizing doses of vaccine, the time interval between vaccine and challenge, the severity of the test done, the sensitivity of the test and the age and strain of the mice used. As a result of these experiments a new potency test has been suggested for the assay of vaccines of influenzal virus.
The Zone of Activity of Antibodies As Determined by the Use of Radioactive Tracers; The Zone of Activity of Nephritoxic Antikidney Serum
Authors: Pressman David , Keighley Geoffrey
Published: January 2023

Antiovalbumin serum prepared in rabbits was iodinated with radioiodine without destroying its ability to precipitate specifically with ovalbumin. The antibody thus specifically precipitated was found to contain iodine.

Antirat-kidney serum similarly iodinated, upon inoculation into rats, localized in the kidney, while iodinated antiovalbumin serum or normal serum showed no such localization. This demonstrates that the zone of activity of antikidney serum is the kidney.
Quantitative Studies of Complement Fixation
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Osler Abraham G. , Bier Otto G. , Heidelberger Michael
Published: January 2023

A simplified and improved quantitative method for the estimation of the fixation of C′ is described. A single value of 1/n, 0.2, suffices for many variations in experimental conditions. Adsorption of protein antigens by glass at the high dilutions used may be avoided by dilution with 0.1 per cent inactivated serum. Data are given leading to the choice of 90 min as the most suitable fixation period at 37 C. Comparisons are presented of the extent of C′ fixation at 37 C and ice-box temperatures in the presence of varying amounts of C′.
Donovania Granulomatis: Cultivation, Antigen Preparation, and Immunological Tests
Authors: Dulaney Anna Dean , Guo Koda , Packer Henry , Parker Bii
Published: January 2023

Cultures of Donovania granulomatis (Anderson strain) grown in a Locke-embryonic-yolk medium have been used for preparation of several types of antigens.

Bacterial suspensions and boiled filtrate antigens were used in complement fixation tests with sera of 88 individuals. The highest order of sensitivity and specificity was obtained with the latter preparation. Eighty-three per cent of 24 patients with verified granuloma inguinale gave positive reactions with this antigen.

In sera from 28 cases of early syphilis, 6 positive tests, mostly weak in character, were obtained with the bacterial suspension antigen, and 5 with the control antigen. One weak (1+) non-specific reaction was obtained with the boiled filtrate antigen in this group. No positive tests were obtained with either the boiled filtrate or bacterial suspension antigens in 5 cases of lymphogranuloma venereum, 11 patients with miscellaneous genital lesions, and 20 healthy controls.

Skin-tests with the two antigens have not yielded conclusive data. The bacterial suspension would appear to be a better test reagent than is the boiled filtrate antigen.

Rabbits, immunized with heat-killed suspensions of Donovania granulomatis gave positive complement-fixation with both antigens but positive skin-tests with only the bacterial suspension.

It is our opinion that serological studies and skin-tests employing both the bacterial suspension and boiled filtrate antigen would add to precise information regarding granuloma inguinale, especially if such tests were conducted at different stages of the disease. The boiled filtrate antigen is recommended because of the ease of preparation, the sensitivity, and the specificity exhibited in various other clinical conditions.
IV. Further Studies on Grouping of Influenza Bacilli with Special Reference to Permanence of Type in the Carrier
Authors: Povitzky Olga R. , Denny Helen T. , Provost Dorothy J. , LaMont Anna C.
Published: January 2023

Four out of seven influenzal meningitis strains isolated years apart, were proved by agglutinin absorption tests to be of one type; the remaining three were of different types. From the respiratory cases, five strains from different individuals were obtained which were of the same type. No other groups of more than two members were obtained in agglutination tests with any cultures. This was true of both the original pandemic and also of the new outbreak strains. Atypical hemoglobinophilic bacilli were found in 18 cases (normal individuals and cases of cold) and in five cases these were found in coexistence with typical influenza bacilli. These atypical organisms produced hemolysis, did not form indol and did not ferment glucose. About 75 per cent of typical influenza bacilli form indol; from 50 to 60 per cent ferment glucose somewhat irregularly and not energetically. The indol reactions did not correspond fully among the meningitis group of four serologically identical strains. Of these, three formed indol—one did not. In the family group, though the strains were not all identical serologically, all except the atypical hemoglobinophilic colonies formed indol. In general, it was found that strains having the same immunological characteristics had the same cultural reactions, but there were some exceptions. Many colonies were fished from each of a number of selected cases and tested with homologous and heterologous serums. In a few cases as many as 20 or 30 colonies from each case were tested with the homologous serum prepared from one of these colonies. In most cases the fishings of influenza bacilli proved to be of one type; at least one type greatly predominated. But in a minority of instances, the colonies from the same case were not of the same type as proved by agglutination absorption tests. In carriers or where the infection was mild, more than one type variety of the influenza bacillus was apt to be found in the same case. In several convalescent carriers, tests were made during periods of from several weeks to three months. These resulted in finding in all but one, the original type of the influenza bacillus. In one case, tests made one year apart proved the original type present.
Antibody Studies
Authors: Huntoon F. M. , Masucci P. , Hannum E.
Published: January 2023

The chemical nature of antibodies can be definitely determined only by direct tests on the pure product. Unfortunately, these substances occur in such small proportions that hitherto it has been impossible to isolate them in pure form. Whether the substances involved in immunity reactions are colloids or not, we know that antibodies are closely associated with proteins, and that not only antibody, but some proteins are taken up by antigen in the process of sensitization. Both of these serum constituents may be dissociated during the final extraction of a sensitized antigen. That such a possibility exists will be shown in protocol 4.

Again, the question of the delicacy of the chemical tests at our disposal and the competence of any chemical reaction to detect the presence of antibody as a chemical entity must be considered. The fundamental fact to be borne in mind is that these bodies are comparatively unstable and are easily altered by strong chemical reagents.
Immunological Experiments with Catalase
Authors: Burnett Theo. C. , Schmidt Carl L. A.
Published: January 2023

The sera from rabbits which had received repeated injections of catalase prepared from calf liver, when mixed with the homologous antigen, gave a precipitate which carried with it catalase from the solution, in amounts dependent on the quantities of sera used. There was no evidence that a true inhibitory antibody was present in the sera of the injected animals, since the precipitate was as active as the antigen in the liberation of oxygen from neutral H2O2. The theoretical aspects of the results are discussed.
Studies on Acute Respiratory Infections
Authors: Valentine Eugenia , Mishulow Lucy
Published: January 2023

This study is part of the general investigation of the diseases of the respiratory tract. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a dominant variety of hemolytic streptococcus could be isolated from the cases of acute colds and influenza studied.

The rôle played by the hemolytic streptococcus in a considerable percentage of the fatal pneumonias in 1918 has stimulated many investigators (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), to study the incidence of this organism in the secretions of the nose, throat and in the sputum of normal persons and in conditions of respiratory disease. They also studied the fermentative reactions in an attempt to correlate the fermentative types with the character of the respiratory condition.

The work of these investigators is of interest primarily in that it indicates that the streptococcus hemolyticus is frequently present in the throat, especially if the tonsils be large and cryptic.
Studies on Acute Respiratory Infections
Authors: Krumwiede Charles , Valentine Eugenia
Published: January 2023

Barnes, (1), in a study on the cultural and serological relationship of hemolytic streptococci reported recently that the serums of rabbits intensively immunized against the streptococcus will give precipitin reactions with streptococcus antigens even when such serums are diluted as high as 1-3200.

His method of eliciting what he terms a precipitin reaction, was as follows: The streptococci were grown in broth for forty-eight hours at 37°C. The broth cultures were centrifuged at high speed to sediment the cocci. In each test a constant amount (1 cc.) of clear undiluted supernatant broth antigen was added to an equal amount of the diluted antistreptococcus serum. These mixtures as well as controls with normal rabbit serum and with uninoculated broth were incubated at 37°C. for eight to ten hours, removed to the ice-box for two hours and then read. Sterility tests were made to eliminate the possibility of the precipitate being bacterial growth.
The Reaction of the Rat to Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Russell Ernest F. , Baughman William H.
Published: January 2023

Zingher's method of injecting intracutaneously in guinea-pigs is described. It is shown that constant results can be obtained with the Roemer technic only if the larger guinea-pigs are used (over 400 grams). The rat is not absolutely immune to diphtheria toxin. Although it usually survives the injection of 1000 minimal lethal doses (for the guinea-pig) it regularly succumbs to 4000 such units. The rat is capable of the production of antitoxin upon the repeated injection of diphtheria toxin. The resistance of the rat to diphtheria toxin is not due to the presence of normal antitoxin, but to the property of the cells of preventing the toxin from entering them or of attaching itself to them.
The Action of Bacterial Culture Products on Phagocytosis
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B. , Hoppe E. N.
Published: January 2023

Summary Of Experimental Results

To sum up the experimental section: First, the action of culture broths of thirteen widely differing pathogenic and saprophytic bacterial species was tested on phagocytes in vitro. In every case the phagocytic power of the leucocytes was inhibited in a high degree. Second, tests, chiefly with a standard diphtheria toxin, were done to determine some facts concerning the nature of this substance depressing to phagocytic activity and its relation to the true toxins. These tests showed that its action was immediate, and could not be neutralized by the ordinary antiserums tested, nor destroyed by exposure to the degrees of heat or light used in the experiments. Variations in the constitution of the culture broths, which greatly affected true toxin production caused no variation in the production of the depressing substance. The depressing action of young culture broths was found to be less marked than that of older cultures. It was also found that digestion with proteolytic enzymes either wholly or partially destroyed the depressing element. The substance could be isolated by adsorbing it to leucocytes and then washing it from them with salt solution. After removal of the substance the leucocytes regained their phagocytic activity.
Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy of Immune Precipitates
Authors: Eisen Herman N.
Published: January 2023

The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of a rabbit antibody has been recorded. The spectrum does not change appreciably over a broad range of the precipitin curve. UV absorption provides an accurate, extremely sensitive method for the quantitative measurement of immune precipitates. Analysis of spectral data offers, within limits, an opportunity to determine the antigen-antibody composition of those immune precipitates whose components have significant and different UV absorption spectra.
The Effect of Certain Enzyme Inhibitors on the Activity and Growth of Psittacosis Virus
Authors: Burney Thomas E. , Golub Orville J.
Published: January 2023

The antiviral activity of various enzyme inhibitors was tested on psittacosis virus in vitro. Iodoacetamide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, hydroquinone, proflavine, atabrine, and mercuric chloride markedly reduced the activity of psittacosis virus as measured by egg titrations. Glutathione and cysteine were shown to antagonize the effect of p-chloromercuribenzoate on psittacosis virus, resulting in resumption of virus activity. Growth of psittacosis virus in tissue culture was inhibited after exposure of the tissue medium to o-iodosobenzoate or hydroquinone. The significance of these findings in relation to the enzymic make-up and requirements of psittacosis virus is discussed.
Anaphylaxis in the Fish
Authors: Dreyer N. B. , King J. W.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that it is possible to sensitize several species of teolost fish to protein antigens as represented by horse serum and egg albumen. This sensitivity is demonstrated by a characteristic reaction which has been described.* That this reaction is on the basis of hypersensitivity has been shown because it is specific for the various antigens used; an incubation period is necessary before hypersensitivity may be shown to be present, it can be diminished by the effect of anaesthesia and modified by the action of epinephrine and ephedrine, and finally it can be simulated by the administration of histamine. The fact that benadryl, pyribenzamine and neohetramine do not affect the reaction does not invalidate this hypothesis as it is well known that these drugs do not affect many clinical allergic states. Hypersensitive reactions could not be demonstrated in the frog. In vitro anaphylactic reactions, using isolated heart and muscle preparations, could not be demonstrated in fish and frogs.
The Use of Synthetic Medium As an in Vitro Test of Possible Chemotherapeutic Agents Against Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: McKenzie Doris , Stadler Marilyn , Boothe Jane , Oleson J. J. , Subbarow Y.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A readily reproducible synthetic medium which supported growth of Vibrio cholera, Pasteurella multocida, Shigella dysenteriae, Eberthella typhosa, and Salmonella pullorum was used over a period of two and a half years in in vitro tests of the activity of more than 1000 compounds. Approximately 15 per cent of these chemicals were able to inhibit completely the growth in this medium. Chemicals whose in vitro activity was also demonstrated in vivo were all recently developed sulfonamides such as 2-sulfanilamidopyrimidine, 2-sulfanilamidopyrazine, 2-sulfanilamidopyridine and their heterocyclic substituted chloro-, bromo-, and methyl compounds.

None of the compounds showing in vivo activity as demonstrated by Little et al. (in press) failed to show in vitro activity.
Comparison of Mouse-Protective Tests and Chick-Protective Tests of Over 600 Chemicals Against Pasteurella Multocida
Authors: Little Paul , DeMello G. , Tanzola J. , Subbarow Y.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Mouse-protective tests and chick-protective tests have been used to determine possible in vivo activity for over 600 chemicals tested for in vitro activity against P. multocida by McKenzie and co-workers (1948). None of the chemicals other than the sulfonamides showed in vivo activity against Pasteurella multocida. The chemicals showing superior activity were 2-sulfanilamidopyrimidine, 2-sulfanilamidopyrazine and their chloro-, bromo-, and methyl derivatives.
Studies on Infection with Brucella Abortus Variants
Authors: Braun Werner , Hauge Steinar
Published: January 2023

Infection of mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs with a number of variants of Brucella abortus (clones of S, I, R, M, etc. isolated from virulent and avirulent cultures) was accompanied by strikingly different agglutinin production among the three host-species after inoculation of identical antigens. All non-smooth types, as well as the smooth type, could be recovered from the spleens of mice which had been infected with the respective type five weeks previously; no similar recovery of non-smooth types could be obtained after culturing of the spleens from guinea pigs and rabbits infected with non-smooth variants, the inoculated material could be recovered only from those animals which had been infected with the smooth type. This result supports the validity of in vitro observations which had demonstrated a differential selective action of normal sera from certain species upon the establishment of non-smooth types in broth-cultures. Results obtained during the infection experiments also revealed differences in antigenic properties between certain variant clones of identical colony type, thereby confirming previous observation which had shown such differences in vitro with the help of an acriflavine test. The effect of antisera, produced from smooth types and several non-smooth variants, in mice previously infected with a virulent smooth type was tested; on the basis of spleen-weights, the greatest mitigation of infection was produced in animals treated with antiserum produced from an “Intermediate” variant. The relation of these results to such problems as species resistance, testing of antigenic properties, isolation of variant types from infected hosts, as well as the dangers involved in generalizing from results obtained with one host-species only, has been discussed.
The Effect of Streptothricin on Systemic Infection with Cryptococcus Neoformans in Mice
Authors: Solotorovsky Morris , Bugie Elizabeth J.
Published: January 2023

The recent advances in the chemotherapy of bacterial diseases have not been accompanied by similar progress in the treatment of fungus infections. The widely used antibiotics, penicillin and streptomycin, are not active against fungi in vitro (1, 2). Furthermore, bacitracin, polymyxin, and chloromycetin which are now being studied for possible application in human therapy, have not been reported to possess activity against fungi that are pathogenic for man. On the other hand, streptothricin, hemipyocyanin, clavacin and gliotixin are effective against pathogenic fungi in vitro (3). The pharmacological properties and antibacterial activity of streptothricin have been investigated thoroughly, but it has not been used for human therapy because of its relatively high toxicity in animals (4, 5).

Shortly after Waksman and Woodruff (6) had announced the discovery of streptothricin, Robinson, Smith, and Graessle (2) showed that streptothricin inhibited the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans, Epidermophyton inguinale and Sporotrichum schenkii.
Studies on a Factor in Whole Wheat Flour, Modifying Pneumococcal Infection in Mice
Authors: Dworetzky Murray
Published: January 2023

In recent communications Hitchings and Falco (1, 2) reported that mice fed laboratory stock diets or 100 per cent whole wheat bread were more susceptible to Type I pneumococcus infection than were those fed a purified synthetic diet, or enriched white bread. In attempting to explain this difference in susceptibility, they suggested that wheat germ and certain other crude foodstuffs contain a factor which promotes growth of the pneumococcus, and that diets rich in this factor thereby increase the fatality rate in infected hosts.

Because these observations are difficult to reconcile with certain basic principles of nutrition relating to infection and immunity, we have repeated and extended these experiments.

In preliminary experiments we observed, in contrast to the findings of Hitchings and Falco, that regardless of diet all or nearly all of the mice died within 36 to 72 hours after intraäbdominal infection with as few as six pneumococci.
The Effect of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone and X-Ray on the Amount of Circulating Antibody
Authors: Fischel Edward E. , LeMay Marjorie , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

An anamnestic rise in circulating antibody following administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone or of X-ray could not be demonstrated by the quantitative precipitin-method in rabbits three months after cessation of immunization with crystalline ovalbumin despite the occurrence of a concomitant decrease in circulating lymphocytes.
Studies in Dysentery Vaccination
Authors: Cooper Merlin L. , Tepper Jack , Keller Helen M.
Published: January 2023

Two booster injections of vaccine of Sh. flexneri III 24 weeks after primary vaccination did not stimulate increases in protective power of sera from boys when a statistically significant level was still present. Individual and pooled sera did show slight increases in homologous agglutinative titers.

Three booster injections of vaccine of Sh. fiexneri VI 54 weeks after primary vaccination did stimulate statistically significant increases in protective power in the sera of boys when the protective power had decreased to zero. The increase persisted at least 6 weeks. Two of the three individual sera showed slight increases in homologous agglutinative titers within one week after the first booster injection.

Three booster injections of pentavalent Shigella vaccine 78 weeks after primary vaccination stimulated significant increases in protective power in the pooled serum of girls for the four component Shigellae against which the protective power had decreased to non-significant levels. These increases persisted at least 6 weeks. No significant increase developed in the protective power for the fifth homologous Shigella for which there was still a significant level at the time of the first booster injection. Increased agglutinative titers for each of the five component Shigellae were stimulated.
Differences in the Hemagglutinating and Antigenic Properties of Strains of Influenza Virus Isolated from One Outbreak
Authors: Sigel M. Michael
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that strains of influenza type A virus which originated in the same institutional outbreak from specimens collected on the same day, treated in the same manner, and isolated by identical procedures, exhibited certain biological differences. These consisted of dissimilarities in the capacity to agglutinate chicken and guinea pig red cells, agglutination patterns, speed of elution from red cells, and resistance to ultraviolet light. Furthermore, small but significant differences in the antigenic composition were demonstrated by agglutination-inhibition, complement fixation and neutralization tests. Antibody cross-absorption tests revealed specific antibodies for each strain thus studied.
The Effect of Various Dyes in Vitro and in Vivo Upon Influenza Virus Infection in Mice
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S.
Published: January 2023

A considerable variety of dyes (azo, quinone-imide and xanthene dyes) have been tested for their effect upon influenza virus in vitro. Only certain dyes in the quinone-imide group seem to have an effect upon the virus, namely the oxazins brilliant cresyl blue, nile blue A and cresyl violet, and some containing the azin-safranine radical, namely janus purple, janus blue G, janus green B and diethyl safranine azo-4-(1-phenyl-3-methyl-pyrazalon-M-sulfonamide). Nile blue A, cresyl violet and janus green B are the most effective of the dyes. Only janus green B and the safranine-pyrazalon-sulfonamide have an effect in vivo in altering the course of infection with influenza virus in mice; this effect is evident only when the chemical is injected intravenously and in dosage close to the LD50 of the chemical. Janus green B has a more pronounced effect than does safranine-pyrazalon-sulfonamide. The effect of injection of these two chemicals is evident in the greater per cent of survival beyond ten days in the treated mice as compared to the control mice, and in the lesser per cent of the treated mice dying before the average period of survival of the control mice. In both of these comparisons the differences are statistically significant. In addition, the average period of survival is greater in the treated mice. These differences in effect upon the course of infection with the PR8 strain are noted when injection of the janus green B is started at three hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after inoculation of the mice. With safranine-pyrazalon-sulfonmide the injections started at 48 hours are not effective. The two agents are more effective against the PR8 strain than against the WS strain of influenza virus.
A Note on the Assay of Antigenic Polysaccharides and Vaccines
Authors: Ludwig K. A. , Murray F. J. , Staubach E. J.
Published: January 2023

A method is described for the evaluation of antigenic pneumococcal polysaccharides and vaccines, based on a test commonly used to determine the number of LD50 doses neutralized. Protection was afforded mice by small amounts of SI not previously found protectively antigenic, when mice were infected three days after immunization instead of the usual five. Possibly larger amounts of SI will require longer waiting periods before challenging, and the “paralyzing dose” effect may be apparent rather than real.
Bovine Plasma Albumin in Buffered Saline Solution As a Diluent for Viruses
Authors: Dick G. W. A. , Taylor R. M.
Published: January 2023

Two-tenths per cent bovine albumin in buffered saline solution has proved to be a highly satisfactory diluent for influenza and yellow fever viruses, having many advantages over serum. Chief among these are that it is easily prepared and, as far as is known, contains neither specific nor nonspecific virus-inactivating substances.
An Antibiotic Substance Produced by a Member of the Shigella Group
Authors: Fastier L. B.
Published: January 2023

An antibiotic producing strain of Sh. paradysenteriae Type XI (Boyd III;D1) has been described. When tested against 80 aerobic Enterobacteriaceae the inhibitor was active only against Types I, II, IV, and VIII Sh. paradysenteriae. The susceptibility of one strain of Shigella was no indication that other strains of the same type would be likewise inhibited. The antibiotic was water-soluble, could not be extracted by the common organic solvents and did not pass through cellophane. Observations on the production of the antibiotic under various cultural conditions and attempts to concentrate the active agent by adsorption methods are described.
An Electron Microscope Study of Material from Tissue of the Central Nervous System of Poliomyelitic and Normal Mice and Cotton Rats
Authors: Rhian Morris , Lensen Serge G. , Williams Robley C.
Published: January 2023

Electron-microscopic study of purified preparations, derived from central nervous system tissue of mice and cotton rats by differential centrifugation, has shown that particles alike as to size and shape are obtained from both normal and poliomyelitic tissue. The total yield of nitrogenous material has been essentially the same from both normal and infected tissues.

Characteristic particles separated from both normal and infected tissues are approximately spherical and in the size range from 6 to 30 mμ in diameter. Aggregates of the particles are often obtained.

No intact rods or long filaments have been detected in any of the preparations, but some of the aggregations could easily be mistaken for such forms in unshadowed micrographs.

From a critical examination of our work, and that of others, we conclude that there is no evidence that a virus of the poliomyelitis group has ever been unequivocally identified on electron micrographs thus far published.