bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) by Immunohistochemistry (P16ink4a) In Verrucous Skin Lesions
Authors: Babu Shone Thomas , Lilly Mary
Published: April 2021

Even though the p16 marker allows us to distinguish between benign and malignant verrucous skin lesions, we are unable to determine the patient's Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) status despite the existence of recognized histopathological features that indicate its presence like koilocytic change, since a proper correlation couldn’t be made between this feature and p16 expression. Even though PV type 16 and 18 are a risk factor for developments of anogenital skin lesion diffuse p16 expression cannot always be attributed to HPVs as there may be several other risk factors causing skin lesions, unlike in cervical lesions such as squamous cell carcinomas, many studies have established the role of oncogenic HPVs with its carcinogenesis. This marker cannot be used as a surrogate for detection of HPV infection. The present study was the expression of p16INK4A in histological sections of verrucous skin lesions. To compare the expression of p16INK4a in benign, premalignant and malignant lesions involving the  skin and  comparing the  pattern of expression of p16INK4a in skin lesions  by  immunohistochemistry  and correlating the results with certain histological parameters that might indicate HPV infection.
Serpentes (Snakes)
Authors: Lee Michael SY , Palci Alessandro
Published: April 2021

Snakes are a diverse group of long‐bodied, limb‐reduced reptiles closely related to lizards; together they are termed squamate reptiles. Fragmentary snake fossils first appear in the Jurassic Period (∼167 million years ago (Ma)), with more complete fossil snakes, many with vestigial legs, appearing during the Cretaceous Period (∼90 Ma). Snakes have since diversified rapidly, and now comprise ∼3800 species that occupy terrestrial, subterranean, arboreal and aquatic niches. All snakes are predators, having highly mobile skulls and jaws that can often swallow prey much larger than their own diameter. Primitive snakes such as boas, pythons and blindsnakes lack venom fangs. Such fangs have evolved repeatedly within more advanced snakes, called the Colubroidea, which make up ∼80% of the diversity of living snakes: mobile front fangs in viperids (e.g. vipers and rattlesnakes) and atractaspidids (stiletto snakes), fixed front fangs in elapids (e.g. mambas and cobras), and rear fangs in many lineages of colubrids (e.g. boomslangs and twig snakes).

Key Concepts

Snakes are just one of the many lineages of limb‐reduced lizards – though by far the most successful lineage.

Snakes have highly flexible (kinetic) skulls and lower jaws, and many forms can engulf prey much wider than their heads.

Snakes are one of the most rapidly diversifying groups, with around 3800 living species, mostly belonging to the Colubroidea.

Venom‐delivery systems (fangs and glands) have evolved multiple times within the most advanced snake lineage (Colubroidea).

Primitive fossil snakes such as
Najash, Eupodophis, Haasiophis, Pachyrhachis
(∼90 Ma) retain prominent external hindlimbs, as would be expected given that snakes evolved from lizard‐like reptiles.
Crocodylia (Including Gharials Crocodiles and Alligators)
Authors: Densmore Llewellyn D , Venegas‐Anaya Miryam
Published: April 2021

The order Crocodylia contains the sole reptilian survivors of the Archosauria, which also includes the dinosaurs and birds. While the living forms are not nearly as diverse as they have been in the past, they represent a lineage that first appeared in the Mesozoic Era, and that has successfully survived a number of extinction events. They also represent a group that has been seriously impacted by humans, both in terms of hunting and habitat destruction. Crocodylyians are, therefore, largely protected or endangered. However, they are critical apex predators that often serve as ‘keystone’ species and indicators of the health of the environments that they inhabit.

Key Concepts

The Crocodylia (the only living non‐avian Archosaurs) are aquatic or semi-aquatic apex predators that can trace their origins to the early Mesozoic Era.

The three recognized families, Alligatoridae, Crocodylidae and Gavialidae, are currently represented by some 30 named forms found primarily in tropical or subtropical environments.

The combination of human hunting for their meat and skins, habitat loss and long generation times have contributed to the threatened or endangered status of many living crocodylians.

Even though most recognized species seem to be valid hybridization, especially within the genus Crocodylus, is common and complicates efforts to understand their recent evolutionary history; growing evidence among several caiman species suggests that hybridization is more prevalent than previously thought.

Molecular analyses in conjunction with assessments of morphological variation and paleontology are contributing to a more accurate understanding of crocodylian phylogeny, particularly within Crocodylidae and Gavialidae.
Molecular Evolution: Nearly Neutral Theory
Authors: Ohta Tomoko
Published: April 2021

Nearly neutral theory is an extension of the neutral theory and contends that the borderline mutations, whose effects lie between the selected and the neutral classes, are important at the molecular level. Under the strict neutral theory, the evolutionary rate is equal to the neutral mutation rate. Under the near‐neutrality, the situation is not so simple, and the most significant difference between the neutral and the nearly neutral theories is that the latter predicts a negative correlation between evolutionary rate and species population size. The nearly neutral theory also predicts abundant rare alleles in the population as compared with strict neutrality. Genome‐wide data on protein evolution are mostly in accord with the nearly neutral theory. Genetic regulatory systems are highly complex. The near‐neutrality concept may be extended to the evolution of such systems, where epigenetics and robustness are important for gene expression, and many mutations are weakly selected.

Key Concepts

The nearly neutral theory contends that the interplay of drift and weak selection is important, and predicts that evolution is more rapid in small populations than in large populations.

Many observed patterns of protein evolution by measuring synonymous and nonsynonymous divergences are in accord with the nearly neutral theory.

The evolution of proteins and ribonucleic acids (RNAs) is under the interaction systems for various molecular machineries on cell and tissue function.

The molecular systems are versatile and provide adaptive response to cells and tissues for changing environments.

The interplay of drift and selection brings opportunity for the evolution of complex molecular systems.
Next Generation Cell Culture Tools Featuring Micro‐ and Nanotopographies for Biological Screening
Authors: Carthew James , Abdelmaksoud Hazem H. , Cowley Karla J. , Hodgson‐Garms Margeaux , Elnathan Roey , Spatz Joachim P. , Brugger Juergen , Thissen Helmut , Simpson Kaylene J. , Voelcker Nicolas H. , Frith Jessica E. , Cadarso Victor J.
Published: April 2021

Cells can perceive complex mechanical cues across both the micro‐ and nanoscale which can influence their development. While causative effects between surface topography and cellular function can be demonstrated, the variability in materials used in this screening process makes it difficult to discern whether the observed phenotypic changes are indeed a result of topographical cues alone or the inherent difference in material properties. A novel approach to directly imprint micro‐ and nanoscaled topographical features into the base of conventional cell cultureware is thus developed, facilitating its compatibility with standard biological techniques and methods of analysis. The utility of this technology is demonstrated by performing high‐throughput screening across five distinct cell types to interrogate the effects of 12 surface topographies, exemplifying unique cell‐specific responses to both behavior and cell morphological characteristics. The ability of this technology to underpin new insights into how surface topographies can regulate key image descriptors to drive cell fate determination is further demonstrated. These findings will inform the future development of advanced micro‐ and nanostructured cell culture substrates that can regulate cell behavior and fate determination across the life sciences, including fundamental cell biology, drug screening, and cell therapy.
Active Light‐Powered Antibiofilm ZnO Micromotors with Chemically Programmable Properties
Authors: Ussia Martina , Urso Mario , Dolezelikova Kristyna , Michalkova Hana , Adam Vojtech , Pumera Martin
Published: April 2021

Bacterial biofilms are multicellular communities firmly attached to solid extracellular substrates. They are considered the primary cause of huge economic losses, from medicine due to medical implants’ failure to large infrastructure due to enhanced pipe corrosion. Therefore, their eradication is highly desirable. Here, the preparation of ZnO self‐propelled micromotors is reported, programming their morphology and motion properties through Ag doping. The ZnO:Ag micromotors actively move upon light irradiation via a self‐electrophoretic mechanism, showing excellent light‐controlled on/off switching motion. At the same time, the rapid and effective removal of both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria biofilms from the solid surface is demonstrated, exploiting the well‐known antibacterial activity of both Ag and ZnO as well as the enhanced diffusion of the micromotors. The new concept for the low‐cost and scalable preparation of chemically programmable Ag‐doped ZnO micromotors here illustrated opens a new route toward the formulation of a new class of light‐driven semiconducting self‐propelled micromotors for environmental applications.
Chiral Perovskites for Next‐Generation Photonics: From Chirality Transfer to Chiroptical Activity
Authors: Ma Sunihl , Ahn Jihoon , Moon Jooho
Published: April 2021

Organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskites (OIHPs) are commonly used as prototypical materials for various applications, including photovoltaics, photodetectors, and light‐emitting devices. Since the chiroptical properties of OIHPs are deciphered in 2017, chiral OIHPs have been rediscovered as new hybrid systems comprising chiral organic molecules and achiral inorganic octahedral layers. Owing to their exceptional optoelectrical properties and structural flexibility, chiral OIHPs have received a considerable amount of attention in chiral photonics, chiroptoelectronics, spintronics, and ferroelectrics. Despite their intriguing chiral properties, the transfer mechanism from chiral molecules to achiral semiconductors has not been extensively investigated. Furthermore, an in‐depth understanding of the origin of chiroptical activity is still elusive. In this review article, recent advances in the chiroptical activities of chiral OIHPs and polarization‐based devices adopting chiral OIHPs are comprehensively discussed, and insight into the underlying chirality transfer mechanism based on theoretical considerations is provided. This comprehensive survey, with an emphasis on the chirality transfer mechanism, will help readers understand the chiroptical properties of OIHPs, which are crucial for the development of spin‐based photonic and optoelectronic devices. Additionally, promising strategies to exploit the potential of chiral OIHPs are also discussed.
Seamless Monolithic Design for Foam Based, Flexible, Parallel Plate Capacitive Sensors
Authors: Cicek Melih Ogeday , Doganay Doga , Durukan Mete Batuhan , Gorur Mustafa Caner , Unalan Husnu Emrah
Published: April 2021

Capacitive pressure sensors received significant attention in line with advancements in wearable electronics. However, in the era of the wearable electronics, fabricated sensors fail to fulfill the absolute requirements. Significant portion of the previously reported capacitive pressure sensors suffer from excessive weight, lack of air permeability, and washing stability due to the use of separate electrode layers. A low‐cost, lightweight, parallel plate capacitive sensor with a unique seamless monolithic design that allows sensors to circumvent aforementioned problems is hereby demonstrated. The seamless monolithic capacitive sensor (MCS) with a density of as low as 10.78 mg cm−3 is fabricated using 3D masking technique on a commercially available melamine foam with silver nanowire electrodes and a protective thin layer of polydimethylsiloxane coating. In addition to its unique design, the MCSs show high sensitivity (up to 1.285 kPa–1), fast response/recovery time (18 ms/53 ms), very low‐pressure sensing ability (0.5 Pa) with ultra‐high mechanical (42 000 cycles), and washing stabilities (10 cycles) along with high air permeability. Moreover, finite element analysis simulations are conducted to reveal the deformation mechanism differences between the monolithic and classical design. Finally, in order to demonstrate their true potential, fabricated MCSs are utilized in real‐time body motion monitoring, word and proximity detection.
Optical Waveguides in Organic Crystals of Polycyclic Arenes
Authors: Tian Di , Chen Yulan
Published: April 2021

Organic crystals which can confine and guide optical waves on command are currently of considerable interest because of their tremendous potentials in broadband communications, optoelectronic devices, high‐capacity information storage, etc. Polycyclic arenes, with tunable molecular structures, packing modes, and photophysical properties, are a highly versatile class of organic materials, applicable as optical waveguide crystals. In this review, the optical waveguides of polycyclic arene‐based crystals are discussed, focusing on the molecular design, packing structures, crystal engineering, and the corresponding photonic properties. Moreover, several proof‐of‐concept devices are also shown. This review summarizes the current state of the art in this rapidly expanding field of research, which has become one of the key exploration areas of optical waveguiding materials.
Catalyst‐Free Electrophilic Ring Expansion of N‐Unprotected Aziridines with α‐Oxoketenes to Efficient Access 2‐Alkylidene‐1,3‐Oxazolidines
Authors: Chen Xingpeng , Huang Zhengshuo , Xu Jiaxi
Published: April 2021

2‐(2‐Oxoalkylidene)‐1,3‐oxazolidine derivatives were synthesized in good to excellent yields regiospecifically through the catalyst‐free electrophilic ring expansion of N‐unprotected aziridines and the ketene C=O double bond of α‐oxoketenes, in situ generated from the microwave‐assisted Wolff rearrangement of 2‐diazo‐1,3‐diketones. The ring expansion predominantly underwent an SN1 process and the hydrogen bond decides the (E)‐configuration of products.

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Ultrahigh Phosphorus Doping of Carbon for High‐Rate Sodium Ion Batteries Anode
Authors: Yan Jie , Li Haomiao , Wang Kangli , Jin Qianzheng , Lai Chenglong , Wang Ruxing , Cao Shengling , Han Jing , Zhang Zhuchan , Su Jinzhao , Jiang Kai
Published: April 2021

Phosphorus doped carbons are of particular interest as anode materials because of their large interlayer spacing and strong adsorption of Na+ ions. However, it remains challenging to achieve high phosphorus doping due to the limited choices of phosphorus sources and the difficulty in constructing oxygen‐free synthesis system. Herein, a new synthesis strategy is proposed to prepare ultrahigh phosphorus‐doped carbon (UPC) anodes for high performance sodium ion batteries (SIBs). By using two commonly available, miscible, evaporable liquids in PCl3 and C6H12, as phosphorus and carbon sources, an oxygen‐free reaction system is successfully established by N2 bubbling to simultaneously realize carbonization and in situ P doping. The P content can reach 30 wt%, much higher than most reported P‐doping carbon‐based materials. Furthermore, the doped P is dominated by substitutional P(C3) protrusions in the carbon lattice, which can significantly enlarge the interlayer spacing and enhance the adsorption energy of Na+. When serving as the SIBs anode, the UPC delivers an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 510.4 mAh g−1 with a rational operating voltage of 0.54 V, and the best rate capability of 397.1 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1. This new strategy will effectively promote the practical application of hard carbon.
Bioanode‐driven CO2 electroreduction in a redox‐medium‐assisted system with high energy efficiency
Authors: Ye Zipeng , Li Youzhi , Zhao Nannan , Yang Bin , Hou Yang , Lei Lecheng , Li Zhongjian
Published: April 2021

CO2 electrocatalytic reduction (CO2ER) is usually energy‐intensive, due to a high overpotential of the coupled anodic oxygen evolution reaction. Combining exoelectrogens catalyzed organic matters oxidation on a bioanode with cathodic CO2ER has a high energy efficiency. However, direct coupling the two half reactions in one electrolysis cell resulted in mismatch problems. Here, a Fe(CN)63−/Fe(CN)64− redox‐medium‐assisted bioanode‐driven CO2ER system was developed. Specifically, electrons and energy in organic matters were recovered by exoelectrogens, and then stored in the redox‐medium, which was further controllably discharged to drive CO2 reduction to CO on a ZnO/Zn alloy electrocatalyst. Benefiting from the redox‐medium, a high energy efficiency of 135% and a CO2 to CO Faradic efficiency of 82% were achieved. The developed system can potentially recover energy from wastewater to valorize CO2 emitted from wastewater treatment and thus evolve traditional wastewater treatment to be a sustainable, carbon neutral, and chemicals producing process.
Co‐occurring non‐omphalocele and non‐gastroschisis anomalies among cases with congenital omphalocele and gastroschisis
Authors: Stoll Claude , Alembik Yves , Roth Marie‐Paule
Published: April 2021

The pathogenesis of omphalocele and gastroschisis is not obvious. Their etiology is disputed. The prevalence and the types of anomalies co‐occurring with omphalocele and gastroschisis are variable in the different series published. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency and the types of co‐occurring anomalies in cases with gastroschisis and omphalocele. This study was performed in a well‐described population of 387,067 consecutive births between 1979 and 2007. Hundred‐one cases with omphalocele were registered (2.61 per 10,000), 75 (74.3%) had co‐occurring anomalies comprising chromosomal anomalies (28 cases, 27.7%, including 18 trisomy 18), non‐chromosomal syndromes (16 cases, 15.8%, including 3 cases with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, 2 cases with the OEIS sequence, and one case with the Pentalogy of Cantrell complex), and 31 cases, 30.7% with MCA (multiple congenital anomalies). The most common MCA were musculoskeletal (23.5%), urogenital (20.4%), cardiovascular (15.1%), and central nervous (9.1%). Seventy‐one cases of gastroschisis were ascertained (1.83 per 10,000). However, the prevalence increased during the study period. The frequency was highest in the mothers 15–19 years old. Sixteen out of the 71 cases with gastroschisis, (22.5%) had co‐occurring anomalies including 11 cases of MCA and 5 cases with syndromes. To conclude, the frequency and the types of anomalies co‐occurring with omphalocele and gastroschisis are peculiar. Therefore, cases with gastroschisis and omphalocele need to be screened for co‐occurring anomalies.
Catalytic Co‐Conversion of CH4 and CO2 Mediated by Rhodium–Titanium Oxide Anions RhTiO2−
Authors: Yang Yuan , Li Ya‐Ke , Zhao Yan‐Xia , Wei Gong‐Ping , Ren Yi , Asmis Knut R. , He Sheng‐Gui
Published: April 2021

Catalytic co‐conversion of methane with carbon dioxide to produce syngas (2 H2+2 CO) involves complicated elementary steps and almost all the elementary reactions are performed at the same high temperature conditions in practical thermocatalysis. Here, we demonstrate by mass spectrometric experiments that RhTiO2− promotes the co‐conversion of CH4 and CO2 to free 2 H2+CO and an adsorbed CO (COads) at room temperature; the only elementary step that requires the input of external energy is desorption of COads from the RhTiO2CO− to reform RhTiO2−. This study not only identifies a promising active species for dry (CO2) reforming of methane to syngas, but also emphasizes the importance of temperature control over elementary steps in practical catalysis, which may significantly alleviate the carbon deposition originating from the pyrolysis of methane.
Copper(I)‐chitin biopolymer based: An efficient and recyclable catalyst for click azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions in water
Authors: Bahsis Lahoucine , Ablouh El‐Houssaine , Hachim Mouhi Eddine , Anane Hafid , Taourirte Moha , Julve Miguel , Stiriba Salah‐Eddine
Published: April 2021

The naturally occurring α‐chitin biopolymer was employed for the immobilisation of copper(I) ion, resulting into a new bioconjugate complex, namely, Cu(I)‐α‐chitin (CuI‐CHT) with catalytic efficiency in copper‐catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions (click chemistry, CuAAC). The prepared catalyst was characterised by using spectroscopic and analytical methods such as Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis. The catalytic activity of CuI‐CHT was investigated in the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of alkynes and organic azides for the regioselective click of 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazole derivatives in water at room temperature. The catalytic results indicate that the prepared CuI‐CHT catalyst led to a high yield with a regioselective synthesis of the corresponding 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazoles under strict click conditions. The reusability and simple recovery of this catalyst make it a suitable sustainable catalyst for CuAAC reactions.
Aluminum–iron separation in high‐acid leaching solution and high‐purity alumina preparation
Authors: Shen Hairong , Gao Likun , Ma Fangtong , Rao Bing , Jiang Peng , Gao Guangyan , Peng Kebo
Published: April 2021

The demand for bauxite has increased sharply due to the fast development of alumina industry, so new technology must be developed to take full advantage of nontraditional bauxite resources to realize a continuous supply of bauxite. In this experiment, anatase sulfuric acid leaching liquor is taken as the research object to conduct aluminum–iron separation and high‐purity alumina preparation. The leaching solution contains 34.20 g/L of Al2O3, 25.30 g/L of TFe, 7.96 g/L of TiO2, 12.74 mg/L of Sc2O3, and 288.72 g/L of H2SO4. When the temperature is low, aluminum and iron condensation, which are not conducive to the separation and recovery of various elements, may occur easily. In this study, the ammonium aluminum sulfate crystallization–recrystallization and ion exchange–calcination method is adopted to effectively separate aluminum and iron in a strong acid solution comprising high concentrations of aluminum and iron without consuming high residual acid in the leaching liquor. Consequently, successful production of high‐added‐value product 4N (99.99%) level γ‐Al2O3 with ammonium aluminum sulfate is obtained through separation as the raw material. The product has a specific surface area of 7.845 m2/g with a nearly spherical shape and being evenly distributed. Therefore, it realizes high‐value aluminum utilization from nontraditional bauxite.
Robust polymer incorporated TiO2‐ZrO2 microsphere coatings by electrospraying technique with excellent and durable self cleaning, antibacterial and photocatalytic functionalities
Authors: Simon Sanu Mathew , George Gejo , Chandran Anoop , Valparambil Prakashan , M. Shamsudeen Sajna , Saritha A. C. , Biju P. R. , Thomas Sabu , Joseph Cyriac , Vishwambharan Unnikrishnan N.
Published: April 2021

The applications of self‐cleaning coatings on large scale are limited due to their poor durability, remnants of hazardous by‐products and lack of biocompatibility. We propose to solve this problem by developing TiO2‐ZrO2 composite‐based self cleaning coatings. In order to achieve this task another important aspect was to select biocompatible polymers poly (methyl methacrylate) and pluronic F‐127 (PF‐127) as they can enhance the self‐cleaning capability of TiO2‐ZrO2 which itself is biocompatible and endowed with anti‐bacterial capability. The selection of a preparation technique that could produce coatings mimicking the nature has also been important and hence Electrospraying technique was selected as the processing method. The samples were then characterized using various techniques like field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and so forth to fathom the interlink between observed properties and morphology. High quality superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic films have been generated and the surfaces were modulated by the addition of tri‐block co‐polymer which was found to provide swapping of superhydrophobic nature to superhydrophilic nature. The integration of superhydrophobic, superhydrophilic, photocatalytic and antibacterial properties in the prepared microsphere coatings is a unique achievement and may interest those in the quest for self‐cleaning materials for antibacterial coatings in mitigating surgical site infections, medical implants, coronary stent surfaces, and so forth.
Buddhist approach to corporate sustainability
Authors: Song Hee‐Chan
Published: April 2021

The win‐win paradigm of corporate sustainability suggests that firms can transform sustainability issues into strategic opportunities, thereby creating shared values at the intersection of business and society. This study explores an alternate approach by delving into Buddhism and its meditative tradition. To deeply immerse myself into the monastic life of Buddhist monks and their meditation practice, I conducted a 5‐year ethnographic fieldwork in 82 Buddhist temples across Asia. In the fieldwork process, I was even ordained as a Buddhist monk to internalize the practice. This level of immersion allowed me to investigate the nature of Buddhist meditative mindfulness and its role in reframing corporate sustainability. Drawing upon the findings and relevant literature, I suggest a Buddhist approach to corporate sustainability that offers a unique worldview on the interrelationships between economy, society, and environment. In conclusion, I compare the Buddhist approach to the win‐win paradigm.
Voluntary intoxication, homicide, and mens rea: Past, present, and future
Authors: MacIntyre Michael R. , Darby William C. , Sones Alexander C. , Li Jesse , Leong Gregory B. , Weinstock Robert
Published: April 2021

Voluntary, or intentional, acute intoxication does not qualify for an insanity defense. However, in many jurisdictions, voluntary intoxication can create a diminished capacity to form a specific intent necessary for a criminal offense. This is a type of mens rea defense. Homicide provides a clear example where the absence of a required specific intent can lead to a lesser included crime that does not require that specific intent. Thereby, a mens rea defense may lessen a first‐degree murder charge to a lesser degree or even manslaughter, depending on the jurisdiction. After reviewing the history of mens rea defenses and voluntary intoxication, we performed a search of LexisNexis for state statutes and case law regulating the use of voluntary intoxication in mens rea defenses, focusing on homicide‐related offenses. In this article, we compare the different approaches that have developed to address this complex issue. We discuss why knowledge of these different approaches is essential to the practicing forensic examiner in relevant jurisdictions and explore developing issues in the area.
Communities of benefit exchange – A new taxonomy of alternative consumption practices
Authors: Bajaj Neha , Ogden Steve , Steel Marion , Rahman Kaleel
Published: April 2021

The consumer landscape is changing, with traditional behaviours, channels and models of commerce evolving rapidly. This has resulted in an increasingly disruptive landscape for businesses. One example is the growth of communities of consumers who collaborate through diverse and non‐conventional channels (often focused on specific needs or interests) to engage in information seeking and giving, socialisation, resource sharing and trade. This emerging field of research presents challenges due to the diverse and fragmented theory base available to explore, explain and analyse the phenomena we position in alternative consumption literature. In this paper, we address this challenge in the form of a Communities of Benefit Exchange (CoBE) taxonomy of exchange dimensions detailing purpose, nature of gain and benefit, channel and level of interaction and entity structure evident for consumers who participate in this practice.
Trinexapac‐ethyl rate and timing impact on malt barley production in Virginia
Authors: Swoish Michael , Da Cunha Leme Filho Jose Franco , Reiter Mark , Stewart Ryan , Thomason Wade
Published: April 2021

Increased demand for local malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) for breweries and distilleries creates an opportunity for Virginia farmers. Lodging may decrease grain yield, reduce quality, and cause harvesting difficulties. Trinexapac‐ethyl (TE) is a plant growth regulator that reduces cell elongation and creates a shorter, sturdier stem. Field studies were initiated in 2017 and 2018 to test TE effects on ‘Flavia’ and ‘Violetta’ two‐rowed winter barleys at Blackstone and Holland, VA. Treatments consisted of: no TE; 7.2 fl oz TE acre−1 and 14.4 fl oz TE acre−1 at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 29; 7.2 fl oz TE acre−1 and 14.4 fl oz TE acre−1 at GS32; and 14.4 fl oz TE acre−1 equally split between GS29 and GS32 in a randomized complete block with four replications. Plant height, lodging incidence, and grain yield were measured. The effect of TE rate and timing varied, but all applications at GS32 resulted in significantly shorter plants. Plant lodging was decreased in 2019 at Blackstone by all TE applications compared to untreated. Plant height was decreased by as much as 42% in 2019 and plant injury was observed. Grain yield was decreased by all TE applications in Blackstone and GS32 and split applications in Holland in 2019, presumably due to stress preceding and following TE application. Plant growth at the time of application, forecasted weather, and cultivar susceptibility to lodging should all be considered when determining the optimal TE application rate and timing to reduce plant height without negatively impacting grain yield.
A call to action for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in the modern era: It is no longer just about the ATRA and arsenic
Authors: Pemmaraju Naveen
Published: April 2021

Overall, outcomes for most patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia have dramatically improved over the past 2 decades; however, in the United States, in one particular subset, it has been observed that patients without medical insurance have experienced far worse outcomes than their counterparts with insurance. This editorial serves as a call to action in our field to begin to understand and discuss improving inequities in our health care system for patients with highly curable but rare hematologic malignancies.
Judicial intervention in granting interim measures in international arbitration
Authors: Gandotra Aditya
Published: April 2021

Arbitration as a dispute settlement mechanism is gaining popularity due to various factors such as its consensual nature and flexibility as compared to court proceedings. Independency of arbitration as an adjudication mechanism has enhanced and distanced it from the involvement of national courts. However, there may be times when parties may seek intervention of courts to secure interim or conservatory measures till final award in rendered. This article discusses whether an emergency arbitrator is a proper arbitrator who renders enforceable decisions and whether the provisional measures so granted should be construed as final award or not.
Discovery of a dune‐building hybrid beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria × A. breviligulata) in the U.S. Pacific Northwest
Authors: Mostow Rebecca S. , Barreto Felipe , Biel Reuben , Meyer Eli , Hacker Sally D.
Published: April 2021

The production of novel hybrid zones is an ecologically important consequence of globally increasing rates of species introductions and invasions. Interspecific hybridization can facilitate gene flow between parent species or produce novel taxa that may alter invasion dynamics or ecosystem services. The coastal sand dunes of the U.S. Pacific Northwest coast are densely populated by two non‐native, congeneric, dune‐building beachgrasses (Ammophila arenariaandA. breviligulata). Here, we present morphological, cytological, and genetic evidence that the two beachgrass species have hybridized in this globally unique range overlap. TheA. arenaria × A. breviligulatahybrid has been found at 12 coastal sites in Washington and Oregon. It is a first‐generation hybrid between the beachgrass species as evidenced by genome size comparisons and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. It is intermediate between the parent grasses in many morphological characters but exceeds both parents in shoot height, a trait associated with dune‐building potential. Understanding the ecological and population genetic consequences of this novel hybridization event is of the utmost importance in a system where any change in dominant beachgrass species can have large effects on both biodiversity management and coastal protection.
Characterization of communal sink drain communities of a university campus
Authors: Withey Zoe , Goodall Tim , MacIntyre Sheila , Gweon Hyun S.
Published: April 2021

Microorganisms are widely distributed throughout the built environment and even those found in concealed environments such as sink P‐traps can have an impact on our health. To date, most studies on sink bacterial communities focused on those present in hospitals with no to little information regarding sinks in residential or communal settings. Here, we conducted a characterization using 16S rRNA sequencing of the bacterial communities of communal restroom sinks located on a university campus to investigate the diversity, prevalence, and abundances of the bacteria that reside in this understudied environment. The study found that community composition and structure were highly variable across individual sinks, and there were marginal differences between buildings and the two different parts of sink examined. Proteobacteria were the most abundant phylum in the sink communities, and the families Burkholderiaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Sphingomonadaceae were found to be ubiquitous across all sinks. Notably, human skin was identified as a primary contributor to the below‐strainer sink bacterial community. These data provide novel insight into the sink bacterial communities' constituents and serve as the foundation for subsequent studies that might explore community stability and resilience of in situ sinks.
CEToolbox: Specialized calculator for capillary electrophoresis users as an android application
Authors: François Yannis Nicolas , Biacchi Michael , Gahoual Rabah , Vezin Aurélien , Pansanel Jérôme
Published: April 2021

CE has been demonstrated to be a useful and powerful separation method for the characterization of charged and neutral molecules. Since the end of the 1980s and the development of the first commercialized CE device, the use of this separation method has continued to grow for academic and industrial research involving inexorably increasing of the number of CE users. Whatever the application domain, each CE user is daily confronted to the same problems often based on basic calculations of separation properties. In order to help the community of CE users to get quickly and easily a lot of information, and desiring to provide a tool running on mobile platforms, CEToolbox has been developed as a free Android application. Within few clicks, CEToolbox offers extensive injection information as injected volume, total capillary volume, proportion and amount of injected sample, rinsing time, and electrical field. Moreover, three additional tabs allow to obtain the calculation of the viscosity and the conductivity of BGE, and the separation flow rates. Finally, a last tab is dedicated to the calculation of electroosmotic mobility and effective mobilities for a maximum of 20 compounds. CEToolbox, which can be downloaded for free on Google and F‐Droid application stores, was developed to simplify the daily of CE users regardless of the CE devices.
The comparison of tidal power plants with solar and combined cycle power plants in the southern coast of Iran
Authors: Sadeghi Zeinolabedin , Ranjbar Maryam , Iranmanesh Masoud
Published: April 2021

Renewable energy is a core issue when it comes to energy resources today. However, the use of tidal energy has received less attention compared to solar and wind energy. This study investigates the technical‐economic evaluation of tidal power plants in three areas of Bushehr, Pol, and Khowr‐e Musa, all located along the southern coast of Iran. Four economic indices including net present value (NPV), benefit–cost ratio, capital return time, and internal rate of return are used. The study compares a tidal power plant with a solar and a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine power plant bearing a capacity of 10 MW. The results show that the total initial cost of a tidal power plant is 1.92 times higher compared to a PV and 7.16 times higher compared to a CCGT power plant. Due to the potential of solar and tidal energy, the three studied regions are economically different. The results show the NPV of a tidal power plant in Khowr‐e Mousa region is 4.90 times higher than a PV power plant and 9.93 times higher than a CCGT power plant. In addition, the cost of energy production per kilowatt depends on the region and the type of power plant technology. The lowest cost of energy production is related to tidal energy in Khowr‐e Musa region. The results of sensitivity analysis also show that the highest sensitivity is related to the initial cost and electricity sales rate.
The Limited Value of Dementia‐Specific Advance Directives
Authors: Dresser Rebecca
Published: April 2021

Many people are worried about developing dementia, fearing the losses and burdens that accompany the condition. Dementia‐specific advance directives are intended to address dementia's progressive effects, allowing individuals to express their treatment preferences for different stages of the condition. But enthusiasm for dementia‐specific advance directives should be tempered by recognition of the legal, ethical, and practical issues they raise. Dementia‐specific advance directives are a simplistic response to a complicated situation. Although they enable people to register their future care preferences, in many cases, those preferences will not, and should not, determine their later care.
Prioritizing the Prevention of Early Deaths during Covid‐19
Authors: Persad Govind
Published: April 2021

This letter responds to the essay “When Is Age Choosing Ageist Discrimination?,” by Teneille R. Brown, Leslie P. Francis, and James Tabery, published in the January‐February 2021 issue of the Hastings Center Report.
Immune‐related adverse events predict responses to PD‐1 blockade immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lu Lianghe , Xing Kaili , Wei Wei , Ling Yihong , Li Peng , Li Shaohua , Wang Yan , Xie Dan , Guo Rongping , Cai Muyan
Published: April 2021

Immune checkpoint blockade has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but is also commonly accompanied by immune‐related adverse events (irAEs). However, the association between irAEs and antitumor efficacy in HCC patients remains unknown. All patients with HCC treated with anti‐PD‐1 antibodies from July 2018 to November 2019 were analyzed and divided into different groups according to their irAEs' status. In total, 101 HCC patients, including 21 (20.8%) patients who presented with irAEs (irAEs+), were enrolled. Among the adverse events, rash (n = 9, 8.9%) was the most frequent irAE, followed by mucositis (n = 3, 3.0%) and thyroiditis (n = 3, 3.0%). Patients in the irAEs+ group showed a higher tumor response rate than those in the irAEs− group (overall response rate: 28.6% vs 6.3%, P = .011; disease control rate: 85.7% vs 60.0%, P = .028). The median progression‐free survival (PFS) times were 14.8 months in the irAEs+ group and 4.1 months in the irAEs− group (P < .001). Further analysis based on the presence or absence of rash showed that the PFS of the patients in the irAEs+/rash+ group was better than that of those in the irAEs+/rash− or irAEs− group (all P < .05). Multivariate analysis showed that irAEs were an independent prognostic factor for PFS (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.22, P = .002). Thus, the occurrence of irAEs, especially rash, was associated with markedly improved PFS. Awareness of irAEs may help classify the subtype of HCC patients with an unprecedented survival benefit from anti‐PD‐1 antibodies.
Automated brain tumor detection and classification using weighted fuzzy clustering algorithm, deep auto encoder with barnacle mating algorithm and random forest classifier techniques
Authors: Anantharajan Shenbagarajan , Gunasekaran Shenbagalakshmi
Published: April 2021

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan analysis is an effective tool that accurately detects abnormal brain tissue. This manuscript proposes the strategy of segmentation of brain tumors in MRI images and uses the technique of weighted fuzzy factor based on kernel metrics. Here, a deep auto encoder (DAE) with barnacle mating algorithm (BMOA) and random forest (RF) classifier are used to tumor stage classification to enhance the accuracy of prediction. This manuscript presents a deep‐neural network structure, integrating DAE and RF, with a classification unit, which is used for the classification of brain MRI. Finally, the segmented features are graded by the DAE with BMOA and RF. The proposed method is executed in MATLAB site and the performance is analyzed with existing methods. The experimental outcomes of the proposed method are assessed and validated in MR brain images depending on accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for performance with quality analysis.
Green synthesized AgNPs from Periploca hydaspidis Falc. and its biological activities
Authors: Ali Saima , Khan Muhammad Rashid , Khan Raees
Published: April 2021

Characterization of bio‐synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Periploca hydaspidis (PHAgNPs) whole plant extract for the first time via UV–Visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, DLS, and SEM analysis techniques was done. A rich variety of phytochemicals in P. hydaspidis aqueous extract (PHA) functioned as possible reducing and capping agents for AgNPs synthesis. In vitro antioxidant activities (DPPH, Iron chelating, Hydroxyl ion, Nitric oxide, and β‐carotene bleaching assays) of PHAgNPs revealed least IC50 values especially in hydroxyl ion (39.08 ± 0.88 μg/mL) and nitric oxide (37.53 ± 2.24 μg/mL) scavenging assays relative to standard controls (ascorbic acid, rutin, and gallic acid) and PHA. In addition, visible inhibition zone diameters were formed around discs against all pathogenic microbial strains including multi‐drug resistant strains (MDR's). MIC and MBC/MFC were depicted least in PHAgNPs with maximum bactericidal/fungicidal effects. MTT assay displayed a significant antiproliferative potential of PHAgNPs against HCCLM3, MCF‐7, MDA‐MB 231, and HEPG2 cancer cell lines, where least IC50 values were recorded against HEPG2 (12.97 ± 0.04 μg/mL) and MCF‐7 (5.73 ± 0.22 μg/mL). Furthermore, PHAgNPs considerably (p > 0.001) prevented the migration of MCF‐7 cancer cells in vitro whereas in in vivo wound healing assay, faster skin regeneration, and epithelization in wound biopsies was observed via histological analysis. PHAgNPs treated group rats significantly increased (p < 0.05) the wound contraction rate, hydroxyproline content and hemostatic potential compared to control and PHA‐treated groups.
Spatio‐temporal patterns of snow in the Catalan Pyrenees (NE Iberia)
Authors: Bonsoms Josep , Gonzalez Sergi , Prohom Marc , Esteban Pere , Salvador‐Franch Ferran , López‐Moreno Juan I. , Oliva Marc
Published: April 2021

In a warmer climate, significant variations in the snow regime are expected. Thus, it is crucial to better understand present‐day snow cover regime, its duration and thickness, in order to anticipate future changes. This work presents the first characterization of snow patterns in the Catalan Pyrenees based on 11 snow stations located in high elevation areas (>2,000 m). Here, we examine spatio‐temporal evolution of the daily snow depth and new snow height (HN) since the earliest 2000s to 2020. In addition, we analyse the different synoptic patterns that cause HN events in the study area as well as the low frequency climate modes on the different stages of the snow season. Our results show evidence that the measured snow amount differs considerably between the western and the eastern Catalan Pyrenees independently of the considered elevation. While the eastern part has an average seasonal cumulative HN of 278 cm, the western sector gets almost twice (433 cm). Nonetheless, the onset of the snow melting does not show substantial differences, being primarily ruled by the elevation in both areas. The longest snow records (Núria, 1971 m) point to an increase of HN from 1985 to 2020, a trend which is also observed in most stations from 2000 to 2020. Nevertheless, some stations of the N western fringe record negative trends associated with the low frequency variability of the Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO). Results also indicate that the NW Atlantic low‐pressure systems are the circulation weather types that provide more abundant HN in the majority of snow stations. The Atlantic advections are more frequent in autumn and winter, while the Mediterranean advections provide more intense and recurrent HN in spring. The atmospheric circulation is basically ruled by the East Atlantic/West Russia and the WeMO teleconnection patterns.
Diagnostic ion filtering targeted screening and isolation of anti‐inflammatory iridoid glycosides from Hedyotis diffusa
Authors: Shi Fangying , Tong Chaoying , He Chengxin , Shi Shuyun , Cao Yuanxin , Wei Qisheng
Published: April 2021

Efficient and targeted screening and isolation of bioactive compounds from complex natural products is still a challenging work. Herein, diagnostic ion filtering based high‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight−tandem mass spectrometry was firstly developed to screen six main iridoid glycosides from Hedyotis diffusa. Then, online extraction‒high‐speed counter current chromatography was proposed for targeted enrichment and preparative isolation using ethyl acetate/n‐butanol/water (4.5:0.5:5, v/v/v) as solvent system. After that, Sephadex LH‐20 column chromatography using methanol as solvent system was selected for further purification of six iridoid glycosides with purities over 98%. They were finally identified as monotropein, desacetylasperuloside acid, asperuloside, 6‐O‐(Z)‐p‐coumaroyl scandoside methyl ester, 6‐O‐(Z)‐feruloyl scandoside methyl ester, and 6‐O‐(E)‐p‐coumaroyl scandoside methyl ester. And their anti‐inflammatory activities were evaluated and confirmed by lipopolysaccharide activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Obviously, the results provide a scientific basis for the potential applications of H. diffusa, and the developed methodology is efficient and reliable for targeted screening and isolation of bioactive compounds from natural products.