bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breeding for Drought Resistance: What Plant Characteristics Impart Resistance?1
Authors: Parsons Lawrence R.
Published: September 2022

Virtually all land plants are exposed to water stress at some time during their life cycles, yet it has been stated that interest in water stress rises and falls inversely with the rainfall. As Webb stated (60), “A good rain is the only quick solution to the problem of drought.. Unfortunately, a good rain washes away more than the drought, it washes away much of man’s interest in providing for the next one, and it washes the supports from under those who know that another dry cycle is coming and who urge their fellows to make ready for it.”
Cutting Wood Production from Highbush Blueberry Mother Block Plants as Affected by Nitrogen Nutrition and Fungicide Treatment1
Authors: Eck Paul , Stretch A. W.
Published: September 2022

Mother block plantings of 6 cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) for the production of cutting wood were successfully grown at 30.5 × 30.5 cm spacings on a Berryland soil. At this spacing 4- and 5-year-old ‘Bluecrop’ plants produced at the rate of 5.27 million cuttings per ha. Cutting wood production increased with increasing N fertilization. Optimum rate of N application was in excess of 45 kg N/ha. Application of fungicide under certain conditions increased weight per cutting.
Foliage Plant Responses to Translucence of the Growing Container1
Authors: Conover Charles A. , Poole Richard T.
Published: September 2022

Aglaonema commutatum Schott. ‘Silver Queen’, Ficus benjamina L., Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr. ‘Marble’ and Chamaedorea elegans Mart, were grown in a glass greenhouse under 15 klx of light maximum in black, white or clear 15 cm diameter containers that transmitted 0, 5 or 14 klx maximum respectively at perimeter of root ball. Visual root grades of Ficus and Peperomia were not influenced by treatment, but those of Aglaonema and Chamaedorea were lower at 5 or 14 klx light. Fresh weight of tops and roots of the 4 foliage plant species were not affected by treatments.
Chemical Pruning of Euonymus fortunei ‘Colorata’ with Dikegulac-sodium1
Authors: Gail Johnson A. , Lumis G. P.
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of 0.05% to 0.4% dikegulac-sodium (Atrinal) reduced shoot elongation and promoted lateral branching of container-grown Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. ‘Colorata’, purple wintercreeper during the first season of growth. The most effective treatment for chemical pruning was a singe foliar spray of 0.1% dikegulac which produced plants with the most shoot growth, optimum branching, and only initial leaf yellowing.
Seed Storage of Several Horticultural Species in Liquid Nitrogen (-196°C)1
Authors: Stanwood P. C. , Roos E. E.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of 14 vegetable and 2 flower species were placed in paper envelopes and submerged in liquid nitrogen (LN2, –196°C) for periods up to 180 days with no adverse effects on germination. Vigor tests with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), and peas (Pisum sativum L.) also indicated no reduction in germination or vigor after exposure to LN 2. Liquid nitrogen offers promise as a medium for long-term storage of seed germplasm.
Night Temperature and Water Effects on Bean Response to Supplementary Ammonium Nitrogen1
Authors: Ormrod D. P.
Published: September 2022

Effects of day/night temperatures of 28°/16° and 28°/8°C, low and high water stress in the rooting medium, and several ammonium and nitrate sources on apparent ammonium toxicity in plants of ‘Honey Gold’ and ‘Spring Green’ snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated in controlled environments. Apparent ammonium toxicity, in terms of visible injury and reduced plant height and weight, was generally accentuated by high water stress prior to application and to a lesser extent by cooler night temperature. ‘Spring Green’ was more sensitive than ‘Honey Gold’ to apparent ammonium injury. At equimolar concentrations, added (NH4)2SO4 was generally more injurious than added NH4NO3.
‘Caromex’ Sweet Potato1
Authors: Collins W. W. , Pope Daniel T. , Hsi David C. H.
Published: September 2022

‘Caromex’ is a new sweet potato cultivar with moist sweet flesh developed at North Carolina State University.
In Vitro Propagation of Acalphya wilkesiana12
Authors: Stoltz Leonard P.
Published: September 2022

The most effective medium for in vitro propagation of Acalypha wilkesiana Mull. Agr. was composed of Murashige and Skoog mineral salts and vitamins, 2% sucrose, 170 mg/liter NaH2PO4·H2O and 0.2 mg/liter benzylamino purine (BA) without auxin. A modified White’s medium without auxin gave good rooting in 10 to 14 days. Plantlets planted into soil in the greenhouse were ready for transplanting outdoors in 45 days.
Effect of Artificial Rain Water pH and Calcium Concentration on the Calcium and Potassium in Apple Leaves1
Authors: Blanpied G. D.
Published: September 2022

Trees of seedling apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) received 2.5 cm of artificial rain at pH 3.3 or 4.2, each with 0.4 or 1.4 mg Ca/liter of rain water during 7-hour periods. In the early summer period (June 19-July 10) artificial rain reduced Ca in apple leaves, but there were no significant differences due to pH or Ca concentration in the rain. Ca losses during rain treatment appeared to be recovered during 1 week holding periods after treatment. In the autumn period (September 25-October 16) the reduction in leaf Ca was greatest with low pH, low Ca rain and least with high pH, high Ca rain, which increased Ca in the leaves. Κ in the leaves was reduced more than Ca, but was not affected by pH or Ca in the rain during either period of observation.
Predicting Early Harvest Maturity Dates for ‘Delicious’ Apples in New York1
Authors: Blanpied G. D.
Published: September 2022

Field observations in 8 growing seasons indicated that maturity dates for ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) could be reliably predicted 1 week in advance, by using the average firmness-total soluble solids value for a geographic region. When the average firmness-total soluble solids values were close to the maturity index line, apples matured within 1 week.
Effect of Pumpkin Seed Size on Seedling Emergence and Yield on Two Soil Types1
Authors: Wilson Mack A. , Splittstoesser Walter E.
Published: September 2022

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Poir. cv. Dickinson Field) seeds were grouped by weight into small (110-130 mg), medium (150-170 mg), and large (190-210 mg), and planted in a Drummer silty clay loam and in a Plainsfield sand. In the Plainsfield sand, large seeds produced higher yields of pumpkin fruit than small or medium seeds, but total fruit weight on the loam soil was about double of that on the sand soil. No differences in yield due to seed size occurred on the loam soil. There was no relationship between seed size at planting and seedling emergence.
Artificial Infestation of Sweet Potato with Banded Cucumber Beetle Eggs1
Authors: Schalk J. M. , Jones A. , Creighton C.
Published: September 2022

Root injury of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) was significantly increased when eggs of banded cucumber beetles (Diabrotica balteata (LeConte)) in a agar-water mixture were applied at preroot enlargement. This technique should prove useful in screening sweet-potato lines or cultivars for insect resistance.
Evaluation of Flowering Potted Plants under Simulated Home Conditions1
Authors: Harbaugh B. K. , Waters W. E.
Published: September 2022

A wide response was found in flower and foliage characteristics in 53 cultivars encompassing 21 genera of flowering potted plants under simulated home conditions. One or more cultivars performing as well or better than Chrysanthemum ‘Puritan’ or a Sinningia mixture were found in Episcia, Exacum, Capsicum, Ceiosia, Achimenes, Begonia, Catharanthus and Tagetes.
Effect of Intermittent Nutrient Mist on the Propagation of Azaleas1
Authors: Keever G. J. , Tukey H. B.
Published: September 2022

Rhododendron cuttings absorbed Ν and P from intermittent nutrient mist during propagation; there was no net uptake of K, Mg, or Ca. However, the foliage was injured and rooting was inhibited at all concentrations of nutrient mist. Cultivars differed in sensitivity to nutrient mist. ‘Gloria’ cuttings did not root under distilled water mist and developed symptoms resembling Κ deficiency. Azaleas have low nutritional requirements and nutrient mist during propagation was of no benefit.
‘Harogem’ Apricot1
Authors: Layne Richard E. C.
Published: September 2022

‘Harogem’ is an exceptionally attractive, very firm, high quality, mid- to late season apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) suitable for the fresh market. It is cold hardy, resistant to brown rot [Monilia fructicola (Wint.) Honey], perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.), and skin cracking but moderately susceptible to bacterial spot [Xan-thomonas pruni (E. F. Sm.) Dows]. It was introduced in 1979 to meet the need for a better adapted, more consistently productive, cold hardy and disease tolerant cultivar for the Ontario fresh market.
‘Tropical Sunset’ Impatiens1
Authors: Weigle J. L. , Pasutti D. W.
Published: September 2022

The bright, deep-orange flowers and compact plant habit of Tropical Sunset’ suggest it as a replacement for Orange Chiffon’, an Iowa State F1 hybrid Impatiens released previously (2). This cultivar should make an excellent border planting for any landscape area not exposed to the midday sun.
Effects of Onion Transplant Pruning and Orientation on Plant Survival, Yield, and Size Distribution1
Authors: Lipe William N. , Thomas David
Published: September 2022

Transplants onion (Allium cepa L.) were pruned to varying degrees and planted vertically or horizontally simulating mechanized transplanting. Pruning of tops reduced bulb diameter, increased neck diameter and delayed % tops down compared to whole plant transplants. Yields were significantly reduced only when more than one half of the top of the plant was removed. Significant yield reductions occurred at all levels of pruning when plants were planted horizontally as compared to vertically. Horizontal placement reduced stands, yields, average bulb size, plant height and bulb diameter compared to vertical planting.
Effects of Preharvest Calcium Sprays and Postharvest Holding on Firmness and Quality of Machine-harvested Blackberries1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Cawthon D. L. , Nelson G. S. , Cooper P. E.
Published: September 2022

Multiple preharvest applications of CaCl2 at 1000, 2000, or 4000 ppm (actual Ca) had little effect on fruit firmness of blackberry (Rubus sp.) at harvest. After a 24 hour holding, fruit from the first harvest was firmer if treated with Ca. Preharvest Ca treatments reduced soluble solids accumulation in fruit and 4000 ppm caused foliar damage. Ca had little effect on acidity or color at harvest, but reduced the rate of ripening during postharvest holding.
Quality Evaluation Of Horticultural Crops – The Problem
Authors: Watada Alley E.
Published: September 2022

What is quality? Definitions of quality differ, especially among scientists, who define quality in reference to their field of interest. For example, plant breeders would define quality in reference to physical characteristics, yield, and disease resistance of plants. Human nutritionists would define quality in reference to chemical components of food, such as vitamins, mineral elements, carbohydrates, and proteins. Consumers would refer to sensory attributes in defining quality. However, quality cannot be defined adequately by referring only to these specific attributes. As stated by Kramer and Twigg (1), quality is the composite of those characteristics that differentiate individual items of a product and have significance in determining the degree of acceptability of the item to the buyer. Thus, those of us seeking to improve postharvest technology must refer to all of the above factors — chemical composition and physical, sensory and other attributes of horticultural crops — in defining quality.
An Approach To Sensory Evaluation Of Horticultural Commodities
Authors: Stevens M. Allen , Albright Marjorie
Published: September 2022

This very complex topic must be dealt with only superficially here. Volumes have been written about sensory evaluation, and the best that this short paper can do is to generalize about sensory evaluation of horticultural commodities from our experience with tomatoes.
Effect of Tree Spacing on Feeder Root Distribution of 8-year-old, Old Budline ‘Atwood’ Navel Oranges1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Nauer E. M. , Atkin D. R.
Published: September 2022

A previous paper (1) reported yield and trunk circumference data of this experiment. Briefly, trees in this trial are old budline ‘Atwood’ navel orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) osbeck) infected with a mild form of exocartis viroid on Rubidoux trifoliate orange rootstock planted in the spring 1970 on a 3.2 ha plot in Tulare County, California. The soil type is San Joaquin clay loam.
‘Royal Red Cherry’ and ‘ Short Red Cherry’ Tomatoes1
Authors: Jones R. A. , Smith P. G. , Millett A. H. , Kimble K. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Royal Red Cherry’ and ‘Short Red Cherry’ are indeterminate, fruitful and multiple disease resistant tomato cultivars. ‘Royal Red Cherry’ is similar to ‘Large Red Cherry’ and ‘Jumbo Cherry’ in fruit size and quality, but is a more prolific yielder. ‘Short Red Cherry’ has a more compact vine type that is based on the brachytic (br) gene and it is most desirable for the patio, container gardener. ‘Short Red Cherry’ is generally earlier in production pattern than ‘Royal Red Cherry’.
Influence of Raw and Coated Seed on Production of Carrots in Relation to Seeder Device1
Authors: Halsey L. H. , White J. M.
Published: September 2022

Raw and coated seed of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv Danvers 126) were planted with Stanhay, Earthway and Planet Jr. seeders on October 1, 1976 at Sanford and Zellwood, Florida, and on October 8 and November 16 at Gainesville, Florida. Carrot roots were harvested and graded in February, April, and May, 1977. Differences in weight of marketable carrot roots occurred between planters at 3 of the 4 locations, whereas response to seed coating was independent of locations. The effect of planters on numbers of marketable carrots varied significantly at 2 of the locations, with no effect of seed coating related to location. No difference was found in response to raw or coated seed in number or weight of marketable carrots, whereas carrots from coated seed were slightly larger than from uncoated seed.
The Occurrence and Severity of Cane Canker (Botryosphaeria corticis) on Vaccinium Species Native to Florida1
Authors: Lyrene P. M. , Sherman W. B.
Published: September 2022

V. myrsinites Lam. is most susceptible to canker among the blueberry species native to Florida and survives by resprouting from underground rhizomes. V. darrowi Camp suffers less canker damage than V. myrsinites, some mature colonies showing little or no damage but others being nearly destroyed by the disease. Most mature V. darrowi colonies in the State have some stems cracked and swollen by canker. Old native plants of V. ashei Reade and V. fuscatum Ait. show light to moderate canker damage in many parts of the State but both species are more resistant than the previous two. V. elliottii Chapm. shows no canker over much of its range in Florida, but localized populations have moderate to high infection. Only one cankered plant of V. arborewn Marsh, has been found, and no canker has been found on V. stamineum L.
Recycling Organic Wastes to Improve Soil Productivity
Authors: Parr J. F. , Willson G. B.
Published: September 2022

Proper management of organic wastes such as crop residues, animal manures, and sewage sludges on land is essential for protecting agricultural soils from wind and water erosion, and for preventing nutrient losses through runoff. Efficient and effective use of these materials also provides one of the best means we have for maintaining soil productivity2 by recycling plant nutrients and by improving soil physical properties. The beneficial effects of organic wastes on soil physical properties are widely known (1, 21) as evidenced by increased water infiltration, water-holding capacity, water content, aeration and permeability, soil aggregation and rooting depth, by decreased soil crusting and runoff, and by lower bulk density.
Utilization of Municipal Wastewater for the Culture of Horticultural Crops
Authors: Berry Wade L. , Wallace A. , Lunt O. R.
Published: September 2022

The use of municipal wastewater for horticultural production on the surface appears to be a very simple concept (2, 10, 12). In its simplest form it is the use of a waste product of one process as the raw material for a second process. However, if the best use of the combination of the 2 systems is to be made, it will be necessary to maximize the sum of the 2 systems rather than of each individual system. These 2 systems, horticulture and municipal wastewater, are interfaced by a number of mutual components which are mineral nutrients, CO2, water and heat. The heat and CO2 can only be taken advantage of under controlled environmental conditions, with a bare minimum being greenhouse conditions, while all horticultural operations can utilize the nutrients and water (5).
Ethylene Production by Banana Flowers1
Authors: Israeli Y. , Blumenfeld A.
Published: September 2022

The rate of ethylene production is greater in banana (Musa spp.) flowers having an abscising perianth (“ap”) than in those with a persistent perianth (“pp”). Treatments with ethephon did not change the type of the flowers but speeded up their senescence.
A Forced-air System for Controlling Soil Temperatures in Plastic Pots1
Authors: Koller D. C. , Hiller L. K. , Van Denburgh R. W.
Published: September 2022

A soil cooling system was developed using a chest-type freezer as a central cold air reservoir. Thermostatically controlled fans circulate cold air from the freezer into smaller air chambers containing large plastic pots. The system is inexpensive, easily constructed, and provides good soil temperature control.
Rsm K1 and Rsm K5 Rose Germplasm1
Authors: Marshall H. H.
Published: September 2022

The improvement of winter hardiness of tender tetraploid hybrid tea, grandiflora and floribunda roses has been difficult because of interspecific crossing barriers between these and hardy northern species.
Maoz Avocado Rootstock Selection1
Authors: Kadman A. , Ben-Ya’acov A.
Published: September 2022

Maoz avocado (Persea americana Mill.) was selected to provide a rootstock for high saline and high lime conditions.
Regulation of Ethylene Biosynthesis1
Authors: Yang S. F.
Published: September 2022

Ethylene has long been known to have a profound effect on plants (1). The early use of smoke or of burning incense as a ripening agent is undoubtedly attributable to the ethylene content. Following the advent of sensitive gas chromatographic instruments in the early 1960's, postharvest physiologists established the essential role of ethylene as a ripening hormone (1, 30). Demonstration of the natural function of ethylene in fruit ripening has stimulated the search for other functions. As the realization has grown that ethylene is a naturally produced plant hormone, so has the list of processes which it is known to regulate. The various effects of ethylene on plants or plant parts include growth inhibition, root initiation, fruit degreening, flower initiation, modification of flower sex expression, stimulation of fruit growth, initiation of fruit ripening, participation in plant disease resistance, promotion of leaf, flower and fruit abscission and dehiscence, release of seed and bud dormancy, release of apical dominance and regulation of tissue proliferation. At each stage of crop production, ranging from germination and propagation to harvest and postharvest handling, there are plant processes subject to modification by ethylene.
Influence of the Crimson Gene (ogc) on Vitamin A Content of Tomato1
Authors: Lee C. Y. , Robinson R. W.
Published: September 2022

An isogenic line, differing from ‘New Yorker’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by being homozygous for the crimson gene (ogc), had 60% less provitamin A due to reduced β- and γ-carotene.
Effect of Weed Control on the Winterhardiness of the Bark and Wood of Young Peach Trees1
Authors: Marriage P. B. , Quamme H. A.
Published: September 2022

Reductions in weed interference achieved through hand weeding or herbicides in a newly planted peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) orchard led to increased summer growth and greater freezing resistance of bark and wood tissue in dormant scions. Controlled freezing tests for 2 winters following spring plantings indicated that bark and xylem tissues of scions from weed-free plots averaged 5.5° and 3.2°C more cold hardy, respectively, than those from unweeded plots.
Seedlings from Undeveloped Ovules of Ripe Fruits of Polyembryonic Citrus Cultivars1
Authors: Starrantino A. , Russo F.
Published: September 2022

Embryos, pseudobulbils, and embryogenic callus were obtained by in vitro culture of undeveloped ovules excised from ripe fruits of the navel orange group (C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck) and lemon (C. limon [L.] Burm. f.). Initial culturing was on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium in 1% agar. Large numbers of seedlings were produced by subculturing the embryos, pseudobulbils, and embryogenic callus on fresh MS medium with added 6-methylaminopurine.
Field Determination of Free Proline Accumulation and Water-stress in Lemon Trees1
Authors: Levy Yoseph
Published: September 2022

Mature lemon trees (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) were subjected to a long period of severe water stress. Free proline accumulated in leaves of water stressed trees, and returned to normal soon after irrigation was resumed. There was a linear relationship between free proline contents and noon xylem pressure potential.
Chemical Pinching of Poinsettia with Undecanol1
Authors: Lewis A. J.
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of undecanol increased branching in some cultivars of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. compared to unpinched controls, but did not increase branching compared to manually pinched plants. However, phytotoxicity at concentrations necessary to achieve these results made the plants marketably unacceptable.
Plants from Callus of the Interspecific Hybrid Lilium ‘Black Beauty’1
Authors: Stimart Dennis P. , Ascher Peter D. , Zagorski Joseph S.
Published: September 2022

Callus initiated from bulb-scale expiants of the interspecific hybrid Lilium ‘Black Beauty’ on a Linsmaier-Skoog (LS) semisolid medium containing 4 mg/liter 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was transferred to liquid LS with or without 4 mg/liter 2,4-D and incubated in darkness on a gyrorotary shaker at 100 rpm. Every 7 to 10 days the callus was transferred to fresh medium. The culture was maintained for 3 years. Plants were generated from the callus on semisolid LS at 1 year and 30 months after initiation of the liquid culture. Differentiation began with root formation, then shoots were produced. Supplementing the semisolid medium with 0.3 mg/liter α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) stimulated root formation but shoot production was best on medium without growth regulators or medium containing 0.03 mg/liter NAA. Eleven of the 58 plants recovered (19%) bore variegated foliage but none of the 40 which flowered, including 2 with variegated leaves, deviated from the floral phenotype of ‘Black Beauty’.
U. C. Crenshaw Bush Breeding Line1
Authors: Zink F. W.
Published: September 2022

U. C. Crenshaw Bush is a short internode, andromonoecious, pink flesh, muskmelon, Cucumis melo L. It has value as a germplasm source for selection of a mechanical harvest type and/or a compact plant for the home garden.
Seed Treatment of Hairy Indigo (Indigofera hirsuta L.) to Overcome Hard Seed Dormancy1
Authors: Cantliffe D. J. , Tang A. C. , Guedes A. C.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of hairy indigo, a tropical legume cover crop, are dormant due to hard seed coats. Immersion of the seed in concentrated H2SO4 for 20 or 30 minutes or hot water at 70° to 80°C for 2 minutes, significantly increased the germination percentage and rate. H2SO4 was more effective than hot water. Redrying the seed after treatment improved the effectiveness of the treatments slightly.
Photometric Sorting of Crimson (ogc) Tomatoes1
Authors: Wells John A.
Published: September 2022

Green fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) of 4 different cultivars, including 2 having the crimson fruit character (ogc), were sorted photometrically into 2 sub-samples of comparable maturity. One subsample was treated with ethylene gas and the ripening behavior of both was followed. The photometric sorting technique was superior to visual classification in providing uniform fruit maturity classes of the crimson-type fruit. These fruit responded normally to ethylene ripening when compared to standard cultivars.
‘Signal’ Lettuce1
Authors: Whitaker T. W. , McCreight J. D.
Published: September 2022

Cos (romaine) lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) accounted for less than 5% of California lettuce production in 19783. Cos lettuce adds color, flavor, and texture to tossed (chopped) lettuce salads. In addition, cos lettuce is more nutritious than crisphead lettuce (1).
‘Dover’ Strawberry1
Authors: Howard C. M. , Albregts E. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Dover’ is a high yielding, firm fruited strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) with excellent resistance to anthracnose. It has consistently shown good performance for the fresh market in trials in central Florida. ‘Dover’ is named for the village of Dover centered in the major strawberry production area in west-central Florida.
‘State Fair’, ‘Sweet Sixteen’, and ‘Keepsake’ Apples1
Authors: Stushnoff C. , Munson S. , Hertz L. B. , Gray W. , Wildung D. K.
Published: September 2022

Three new cultivars of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were released for public nursery sales in 1978 and 1979 as products of an ongoing long-term breeding program at Minnesota (Table 1).
The Cultivation of Ornamental Plants in a Hydrosolaric System1
Authors: Hagiladi A. , Ben-Jaacov J. , Levav N. , Zamir N.
Published: September 2022

The cultivation of a wide range of ornamental plants in a closed hydrosolaric greenhouse was studied. The hydrosolaric greenhouse was composed of a solar energy harvesting system and a hydroponic system. Energy collected by the greenhouse air from the sun during the day was conserved in the growth solution, which released it during the night. This system was able to maintain the air temperature 6 C above the outdoor temperature during the night. Relative humidity ranged between 85 and 100%, thus providing a favorable environment for tropical foliage plants. Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Ficus benjamina L., F. lyrata Warb., Anthurium andreanum Lind and Brassaia actinophylla Endl. produced under this system were of excellent quality.
Increase of Piñon Nut Size by Basal Pruning1
Authors: Montano J. M. , Fisher J. T. , Gomez R. E.
Published: September 2022

Basal pruning of piñon pine (Pinus edulis Engelm.) stems to a 1.5 m. height markedly increased nut size and percent full nuts but not percent kernel (weight of kernel/weight of nut × 100).
Low Temperature and Flowering of Primocane-fruiting Red Raspberries1
Authors: Vasilakakis Miltiadis D. , McCown Brent H. , Dana Malcolm N.
Published: September 2022

Low temperature was not a requirement for flowering in ‘Heritage’, a primocane-fruiting red raspberry, as non-cold treated primocanes flowered at about 80 nodes. The amount of growth before flowering was inversely related to the amount of growth before cold exposure. Cold exposure (7°C) for 25 days at the 10-12 or 14-16 nodes stages of growth was followed by flowering at 32 and 28 nodes, respectively. Winter cold exposure until mid-December at the stage of adventitious buds on the root resulted in flowering at 41 nodes. Cold treatment did not influence the number of nodes that developed inflorescences on any one primocane.
Slow-release Nitrogen Studies with Spinach Grown in a Clay-Perlite-Vermiculite Medium1
Authors: Whitish Kuyper Barbara , Lambeth Victor N.
Published: September 2022

Clay foam, a recently patented clay-perlite-vermiculite potting mix that dries to a rigid, lightweight structure, has the capability of retaining nutrients, with the exception of NO3−, over a long period of time due to the ion exchange capacity of the clay fraction. Isobutylidene diurea (IBDU, 31-0-0), ureaform (38-0-0) and oxamide (31.8-0-0) were evaluated as slow-release N sources for clay foam, utilizing ‘America’ spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) as a greenhouse test crop, at rates of 0.112, 0.225 and 0.337 g N/3600 cm3 clay pot. A basic nutrient formulation, including enough soluble N to cover the lag period between application and release of the fertilizers, was added to the clay fraction prior to mixing. IBDU showed the greatest potential for use in clay foam, as indicated by fresh and dry weights, total N in the dry leaf tissue and low NO3− accumulation.
A Rapid Method for Virus-indexing the Florist’s Geranium1
Authors: Newhart Susan R. , Peter Romaine C. , Craig Richard
Published: September 2022

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the detection of tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) in crude leaf extracts of geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey). An ELISA test protocol using a coating antibody concentration of 10 μg/ml, a 1000-fold dilution of antibody-enzyme conjugate, a substrate reaction time of 30-45 minutes, and a leaf test sample prepared in 20 volumes of phosphate buffer provided the best compromise between test reliability, conservation of reagents, and convenience. Using this protocol, significantly positive absorbante values (A405nm) were obtained with extracts from geraniums latently-infected with TRSV whereas color development form noninfected geraniums was negligible. Potentially, the ELISA represents a rapid, reliable, economical, and convenient method for virus-indexing geraniums commercially.
Tall Fescue Sod Production with Plastic Netting1
Authors: Carrow Robert N. , Sills Melanie
Published: September 2022

Good quality sod of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was produced in 4.5 months with spring seeding and 9 months with fall seeding. A high seeding rate (40 g/m2) resulted in turf shoot competition during the early establishment period and increased the severity of Helminthosporium leaf spot. However, the high seeding rate produced a sod with increased quality, turf cover, and sod strength.
W-71, W-115, W-119, W-125, W-149, and W-154 Sweet Potato Germplasm with Multiple Insect and Disease Resistances1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D. , Schalk J. M. , Mullen M. A. , Hamilton M. G. , Paterson D. R. , Boswell T. E.
Published: September 2022

Six sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) breeding lines, W-71, W-115, W-119, W-125, W-149 and W-154, possessing moderate levels of resistance to the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers), in combination with resistances to other released. They have dark orange flesh, relatively high yields and generally acceptable canning and baking qualities.
Utilization of Vegetable Germplasm
Authors: Bliss F. A.
Published: September 2022

The germplasm for a cultivated crop is generally regarded as the gene pool of cultivars, species and genera that can be utilized as sources of additional genetic variation for crop improvement. When developing strategies for the optimum use of vegetable germplasm, several problems not found in field crops, ornamentals and fruits should be considered. In vegetables, a part of the immature plant is often utilized. Because it is still physiologically immature, arbitrary judgments concerning time of harvest may greatly affect yield and quality, compared to crops in which the mature seeds are harvested. Second, unlike most ornamentals, tree fruits and small fruits, many vegetables are propagated by seed rather than asexually. An efficient means of stabilizing the commercial genotype(s) must be developed before widespread use is feasible.
Stimulating Growth of Quiescent Citrus Buds with 6-Benzylamino Purine1
Authors: Nauer E. M. , Boswell S. B.
Published: September 2022

Application of 6-benzylamino purine (BA) to quiescent citrus buds generally increased the percentage of buds to initiate active growth. Results of 2 years’ experimentation were highly variable and revealed several factors, such as season and cultivar, which influence the efficacy of BA for stimulating citrus buds into growth. BA was more effective outdoors and in a screenhouse than in a greenhouse. There was appreciable variation among several citrus cultivars. Early spring applications in a commercial citrus nursery were more effective than late spring or summer applications with ‘Owari’ satsuma (Citrus reticulata Blanco) budded on Troyer citrange (Ponci-rus trifoliata [L.] Raf. × C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck) rootstock.
Pear Scion/Rootstock Influence on Root Suckering1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E , Fritts Robert
Published: September 2022

Root suckering was evaluated in an experimental block of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) planted in 1965 on 8 rootstocks. Suckering was influenced by the scion cultivar as well as the rootstock. Suckering was heavy with both scions on clonal Old Home (Talent strain) roots, heavy with ‘Anjou’/unselected, unnumbered Old Home x ‘Farmingdale’ (OH x F), moderate with ‘BartlettVimported French seedling and OH x F, low with ‘Anjou’/imported French seedling and zero to low with both scions on Bartlett, Winter Nelis, Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim., P. calleryana Decne., and P. betulaefolia Bunge.
Fruit Development in Rabbiteye Blueberry Cultivars1
Authors: Spiers J. M.
Published: September 2022

Fruit growth and development of 6 rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivars were measured from bloom date through harvest season. Fruit development was characterized by 3 divisions of growth: an early period of accelerated size increase, a second period with lesser increase in fruit size, and a third period with a greatly accelerated increase in fruit size which continued until fruit was mature. Fruit size in all cultivars was largest at the first harvest and smallest at the last harvest. Cultivar differences were evident in fruit size, fruit development, titratable acidity, and percent soluble solids.
An Improved Medium for Nutriculture Incorporating Arcillite1
Authors: Jaeger CH. , Hellmers H. , Teare I. D.
Published: September 2022

Soybean (Glycine max Merr.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and marigold (Tagetes erects L.) produced 21%, 19% and 8% more dry weight, respectively, after 9 weeks when arcillite (Turface) was added to a gravel-venniculite medium. The addition of arcillite increased the available moisture holding capacity by 40%.
Liquid Nitrogen Preservation of Pollen from Tuber-bearing Solanum Species1,2
Authors: Towill Leigh E.
Published: September 2022

In short-term exposure studies pollen from several tuber-bearing Solanum species retained high viability after rapid cooling in liquid nitrogen, provided the initial moisture content was less than 35–40%. Some pollen samples dried over anhydrous CaCl2 to low moisture levels required rehydration before assessing germination in vitro.
Yield Comparisons of Pickling Cucumber Cultivar Trials for Once-over Harvesting1
Authors: Ells James E. , McSay Ann E.
Published: September 2022

The 3 common criteria used to express yields of pickling cucumber cultivars are fruit number, dollar value, and kilograms per hectare. In the current study, number offrait was shown to have the least fluctuation over the time when a single destructive harvest would be made and is suggested as the most accurate criterion for comparing yield of pickling cucumber cultivars.
Overcoming Seed Thermodormancy in a Heat Sensitive Romaine Lettuce by Seed Priming1
Authors: Cantliffe D. J. , Shuler K. D. , Gliedes A. C.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of ‘Valmaine’ romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were very sensitive to high temperature during laboratory germination. Priming seeds in −5.1 bar K3PO4 or polyethylene glycol osmotic solutions was more effective for increasing the germination rate over nonprimed seeds at 30°C than priming seeds in water. When planted in the field in 1978 and 1979, primed ‘Valmaine’ lettuce seeds emerged more rapidly and uniformly than nonprimed seeds. At harvest, plants from priming treatments which had emerged sooner, were at a more advanced and uniform stage of maturity than plants from nonprimed seeds.
Separation, Singulation, and Precision Planting of Germinated Seed1
Authors: Taylor A. G. , Searcy S. W. , Motes J. E. , Roth L. O.
Published: September 2022

Cabbage seed (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group cv. Golden Acre) germinated in aerated water went through a pre- and post-radicle emergence separation by specific gravity to separate germinated from nongerminated seed. The desired specific gravity solutions were made with maltrin 250 and water. The percent germinated seed after separation was 99.3; recovery of germinated seed was 95.1%. A metering system was developed to precision plant the germinated seed. Metering rates of 0.5 and 2.0 seed/second were tested in the laboratory and greenhouse. Laboratory tests resulted in 5.7% doubles and 4.9% skips at 2.0 seed/second. Greenhouse test seedling emergence test resulted in 8% doubles and 15.6% skips at the fast rate. Spacing uniformity was acceptable for all tests.
Effects of Light Intensity, Air Layering, and Water Stress on Leaf Diffusive Resistance and Incidence of Leafspotting in Ficus elastica1
Authors: Broschat Timothy K. , Donselman Henry M.
Published: September 2022

A leafspot disorder of Ficus elastica Roxb. ‘Robusta’, previously reported as being caused by K deficiency, was induced experimentally by withholding water or growing plants in full sunlight. Leafspots formed on lower surfaces of recently matured leaves of containerized plants grown under the above conditions. Leafspotting was worse on sun-grown plants that were water stressed, air layered, or both. Leafspots were not observed on shade-grown plants which were not subjected to water stress. Leaf diffusive resistance was highly correlated with leafspot incidence, indicating that the most severely stressed leaves also had the most spots. In severely stressed plants, air layering increased the time required for stomatal reopening following irrigation from 24 to 48 hours, prolonging the water stress of leaves above the girdle. Air layering by girdling resulted in significantly more spotting on field-grown plants than air layering by vertically slitting the stem. Root development of air layers was comparable using either method of air layering.
Control of Plant Height and Flowering of Zinnia by Photoperiod and Growth Retardants1
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Bass R. E , Carlson W. H. , Ewart L. C.
Published: September 2022

Flowering time, plant height and weight of Zinnia elegans Jacq were reduced by 4 weeks of 9 hour photoperiods. Multiple application of butanedioic acid mono-2, 2 dimethyl-hydrazide (daminozide) reduced plant height and flower diameter but increased time to flower without affecting fresh weight while ancymidol restricted height and fresh weight but not time to flower.
‘Blackamber’ Plum1
Authors: Ramming David W. , Tanner Owen
Published: September 2022

‘Blackamber’ (Fig. 1) is a black, Japanese-type plum that resembles ‘Friar’ but ripens earlier and extends the season of ‘Friar’-type plums.
History of Horticulture
Authors: Kessler George M.
Published: September 2022

I wish to call attention to a collection of reference notes and citations, now found in the Michigan State Univ. (MSU) Archives, that belonged to the late Fred Bradford. It appears that these handwritten notes had been made by Bradford while on the staff at MSU and later while at the USDA/Plant Introductions, Beltsville, Md. His references and citations on the history of horticulture and plant science are stored in folders, organized by country, and chronologically, more or less. They are written mainly in English, but some are in French or German. They were intended, it seems, for a book which never materialized.
Peach Germplasm and Breeding in China
Authors: Zai-long Li
Published: September 2022

Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] originated in China, and according to ancient Chinese literature, the culture of the peach (tao) in China dates back at least 3000 years. Shi Jing, the book of songs written about 1000 bc, describes pink peach blossoms on the twigs and peach trees with ripe fruit in the orchard (1). These records infer that the peach was cultivated by the time of Zhou Dynasty, 3000 years ago.
Estimating Sample Size to Achieve Efficient Experiment Designs
Authors: Trout J. R. , Marini R. P.
Published: September 2022

Procedures are considered which allow the researcher to determine the number of experimental units required to achieve stated experimental objectives. It is proposed that, prior to obtaining estimates of sample sizes, the researcher must obtain estimates of the important factors which influence the experimental variation. Experimental situations considered are those which range from problems in which only one factor influences the experimental variability to a complex example in which several factors must be considered.
Airflow Characteristics of Sweet Potato Storage Containers
Authors: Abrams C. F. , Hammett Larry K.
Published: September 2022

Interest in the use of molded plastic bins for harvesting and storing sweet potatoes prompted a study of their suitability as curing and storage containers. The airflow resistance characteristics of the containers in question were measured and compared with similarly measured characteristics of conventional wooden crates. The plastic bins were found to offer significantly higher resistance to airflow than did the conventional wooden crates, with the airflow through the wooden crate being 1.4 to 2.6 times greater, depending upon orientation, under the same test conditions.
Estimating Leaf Area for ‘Kakea’ and ‘Keaau’ Macadamia
Authors: Kobayashi Kent D. , Ueunten Gary R.
Published: September 2022

Leaf areas of Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche cvs. Kakea and Keaau were estimated by equations involving linear dimensions length and width in second degree polynomials. The equations accurately estimated leaf area at 2 locations for each cultivar.
Influence of Storage Atmospheres and Procedures on 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Concentration in Relation to Flesh Firmness in ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple
Authors: Lau O. L. , Liu Y. , Yang S. F.
Published: September 2022

Firmness loss, increase in 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentrations, and increase in internal ethylene concentrations were greatest in airstored fruit of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and lowest in controlled-atmosphere (CA)-stored fruit receiving a “rapid CA” or a “prestorage high carbon dioxide” storage procedure. Changes in apples kept in “slow CA” were intermediate. The accumulation of ACC in fruit was related closely to the subsequent flesh softening and increase in internal C2H4 concentration, and these processes were suppressed to different degrees in CA-stored fruit, depending on the storage procedures.
Comparison of 5 Poinsettia Cultivars Grown under Different Temperature Regimes
Authors: Albrecht Mary Lewnes , Ladd Donn L.
Published: September 2022

Five cultivars of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. were forced under 4 different temperature regimes. In comparison to plants grown at a continuous 18°C night temperature, reducing night temperature from 18° to 14° from 29 Sept, until 29 Oct. 1982 resulted in significantly fewer bracts. There was no reduction in bract area for ‘Annette Hegg Lady’ and ‘Annette Hegg Brilliant’ and the temperature reduction did not reduce bract number for ‘Eckespoint C-l’, ‘Annette Hegg Topwhite’, or ‘Gutbier V-10 Amy’. ‘Gutbier V-10 Amy’, however, exhibited an increase in the number of bracts initiated when grown at a reduced temperature during this period. Reducing the temperature to 14° from 29 Oct. until 30 Nov. resulted in a decrease in bract number, total bract area, and average bract size for all cultivars. Reducing night temperature from 29 Sept, until 30 Nov. was not beneficial.
Management of Preemergence Herbicides for Crabgrass Control in Transition-zone Turf
Authors: Dernoeden Peter H.
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was: (a) to determine effective dosages of preemergence herbicides for season-long crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.] control in the transition zone; and (b) to determine if reduced rates of herbicides applied in subsequent years would provide satisfactory crabgrass control. A single application of bensulide (8.5 kg ha-1) provided effective (>90%) crabgrass control in all 3 years of the study. Oxadiazon (4.5 kg ha-1) effectively controlled crabgrass, and reducing the rate of oxadiazon to 2.2 kg ha-1 in the 2nd year, or reducing the rate to either 1.1 or 1.1 + 1.1 kg ha-1 in the 3rd year also gave excellent crabgrass control. Single and sequential applications of benefin did not provide satisfactory control in the initial year of use. Benefin applied at 2.2 + 2.2 kg ha-l provided acceptable control in the 2nd year, whereas it was not until the 3rd year that a single application (2.2 kg ha-1) was efficacious. The lowest effective dosage of DCPA was 8.4 + 8.4 kg ha-1; however, consistently good results were provided by 11.8 + 5.9 kg ha-1 of DCPA. Single and sequential applications of siduron did not effectively control crabgrass in any year.
‘Texstar’ Peach
Authors: Byrne D. H. , Kamas J. S.
Published: September 2022

‘Texstar’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was released by the Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. to provide an early (45 days before ‘Elberta’), frost-hardy variety adapted to the mild winter areas of Texas. It is adapated to areas with about 450 hr of chilling temperatures at or below 7.2°C.
‘Florida VR 4’ Bell Pepper
Authors: Cook A. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Florida VR 4’ is a sweet bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) with resistances to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and all of the known potato-Y-type virus diseases, i.e., tobacco etch (TEV), potato Y (PYV), and pepper mottle (PMV), troublesome on pepper in Florida.
‘Schooley’s Yellow’ Penstemon
Authors: Lindgren D. T.
Published: September 2022

The genus Penstemon is native to North America with the exception of one species (1). The species in this genus include most colors, with variation in height from a few centimeters to over 2 m, and may be annual, biennial, or perennial (1). ‘Schooley’s Yellow’ is a yellow-flowered selection of Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth selected at the Univ. of Nebraska. This selection is being released for its ornamental value, yellow flowering characteristic, and for use as germplasm in other penstemon breeding and selection programs.
Observations on Buffalograss Sexual Characteristics and Potential for Seed Production Improvement
Authors: Wu Lin , Harvindi Ali H. , Gibeault Victor A.
Published: September 2022

Three sex forms (dioecious, monoecious, and hermaphrodite) were found in a buffalograss population. The ratio of female : male : monoecious was found to be about 1 : 1 : 1. Monoecious plants and hermaphrodite flowers showed self-incompatibility. Cross-pollinated hermaphrodite flowers had about 50% seed set. A considerable variation in inflorescence height suggests that it has potential for selection and may be favorable for seed harvest.
Long-term Storage of Gladiolus Pollen
Authors: Koopowitz H. , Voss R. , O’Neil C.
Published: September 2022

Gladiolus pollen from the species Gladiolus alatus, G. debilis, G. guenzii, G. orchidiflorus, G. rodgersii, G. tristis, and G. undulatus can be frozen at -40°C, thawed, and still retain viability. Predried pollen was able to withstand repeated freezing and thawing better than pollen that was freshly frozen. Viability, as measured by seed production, started to decrease several days after thawing.