bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of a Continuous Bipolar Mode Electrocoagulation (CBME) system for polishing distillery wastewater
Authors: Damaraju Madhuri , Bhattacharyya Debraj , Panda Tarun , Kurilla Kiran Kumar
Published: April 2019

A continuous bipolar mode electrocoagulation (CBME) unit was used in this study for polishing a biologically treated distillery wastewater at laboratory scale. This study focuses on optimizing the process for removal of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) from an anaerobically-treated distillery wastewater. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for optimizing the process. The study was conducted by varying three operating parameters: Initial pH (2-10), reaction time (0.5-15 min), and current density (13-40 A/sqm). High R-square values, above 0.9, were obtained with ANOVA. Optimal point was observed to be at pH-6.04, Reaction time-11.63 min, current density-39.2 A/sqm. Experimental values of TOC removal at optimal point were found to be 73% against maximum predicted value of 79%. Color removal efficiency was observed to be 85% at the optimal points. It can be concluded that CBME system can be a suitable alternative for removal of recalcitrant carbon and color post-biological treatment in distillery wastewaters.
Gas Phase Carbon Dioxide as an Optimum Substrate for Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Reaction
Authors: Xia Shunxiang , Veony Enjelia
Published: April 2019

As biocatalytic carbon capture has attracted wide attraction due to its high energy efficiency, the preference of carbon species of the reaction is concerned. The self-evolution between carbon species makes the determination of preference a changeling issue. In this study, by comparing the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction rate profiles with pre-equilibrated and un-equilibrated HCO3--CO2 solutions, gas phase carbon dioxide was believed as the optimum substrate, as it can provide higher reaction rate. During the carbon capture process, the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide affected both the reaction equilibrium and kinetics, while the interfacial area can only determine the reaction rate.
Traitement orthodontique accéléré par corticotomies : quelles sont les alternatives minimalement invasives ?
Authors: Charavet Carole , Lambert France , Lecloux Geoffrey , Le Gall Michel
Published: April 2019

Introduction : La durée des traitements orthodontiques chez l’adulte reste une barrière pour ces patients. Différentes techniques notamment chirurgicales ont été développées afin de remédier à ce paramètre. La technique classique de corticotomie est efficace pour réduire le temps de traitement, mais se révèle être très invasive, générant des suites post-opératoires importantes. Matériels et méthodes : Des techniques minimalement invasives, sans élévation de lambeaux muco-périostés, ont été mises au point : corticision, micro-ostéoperforations, piézoponctures et piézocision. Résultats : La piézocision se révèle être le meilleur compromis pour accélérer le déplacement dentaire en respectant un protocole chirurgical et orthodontique bien spécifique. Elle permet également l’adjonction de biomatériaux dans les cas de déhiscences et/ou fenestrations osseuses vestibulaires associées à un encombrement modéré à sévère. Conclusion : Selon les résultats actuels, les techniques minimalement invasives de corticotomies peuvent être considérées comme un nouvel outil thérapeutique dans l’accélération du déplacement dentaire orthodontique.
Traitement ortho-chirurgical de la latéromandibulie : quels résultats escompter avec et sans chirurgie du contour mandibulaire ? Une étude de cohorte sur 51 cas
Authors: Martin Céline , Bouletreau Pierre , Cresseaux Paul , Lucas Renaud , Gebeile-Chauty Sarah
Published: April 2019

Introduction : L’objectif de cette cohorte rétrospective est d’évaluer la quantité de correction post-chirurgicale des tissus mous et durs chez des patients présentant une latéromandibulie et de comparer les résultats sans et avec chirurgie du contour inférieur mandibulaire (chin wing…). Matériels et méthodes : Les cas de latéromandibulies de trois chirurgiens ont été inclus systématiquement. Les angles de décalage du menton, bi-commissural, bi-goniaque et occlusal ont été mesurés sur des photographies et téléradiographies de face. Une comparaison pré- et post-chirurgicale a été réalisée et la quantité de correction a été analysée via le test statistique de Wilcoxon. Résultats : 51 patients (44 femmes et 7 hommes) ont été inclus. Après la chirurgie, la correction est significative pour l’ensemble des mesures avec une amélioration de 44 à 60% en fonction des angles mesurés. Aucun patient n’est normalisé, mais les petites latéromandibulies initiales sont celles qui sont les plus proches de la normalité à l’issue de la chirurgie. La correction de l’angle bi-commissural est maîtrisée sans être optimale (60% de correction). La difficulté reste l’horizontalisation du plan bi-goniaque qui n’est corrigé qu’à 45%. Les patients ayant bénéficié d’une chirurgie du rebord mandibulaire (chin wing…) sont ceux qui présentent l’amélioration la plus importante des angles bi-goniaque (p=0,0142) et occlusal (p=0,0154). Conclusion : Si la chirurgie permet une correction significative de la dissymétrie faciale, celle-ci n’est pas complète. Les gestes chirurgicaux intervenant sur le rebord inférieur de la mandibule comme le chin wing pourraient apporter une meilleure correction notamment pour les angles bi-goniaque et occlusal.
La fragmentation de la notion de débilités mentales à partir des années 60 en France
Authors: Fourment-Aptekman Marie-Claude
Published: April 2019

Cet article vise à comprendre pourquoi la notion la plus répandue en pédopsychiatrie puis en psychologie, ainsi que dans les institutions, a disparu dans les dernières décennies du XXe siècle en se fragmentant en dysfonctionnements multiples et partiels. Cette disparition est envisagée en psychologie et en psychanalyse d’enfants. Elle s’est produite sous l’égide conjuguée de la psychologie du développement dont les travaux sur la cognition utilisent la méthode expérimentale, donc ayant des objets d’études restreints, de l’influence grandissante des DSM au détriment d’une vision globale telle qu’elle est envisagée par la psychanalyse qui a été la seule à théoriser la débilité mentale comme un ensemble de symptômes ayant un statut à part, enfermant le sujet dans une situation présentée comme sans issue par les pédopsychiatres comme par de nombreux psychologues, mais dont certains ont fait le pari qu’elle pouvait être améliorée. Cette disparition est d’autant plus préjudiciable que nombre d’enfants retardés sont considérés comme autistes.
Le mental déficient et le mental malade
Authors: Mesquita Mirka
Published: April 2019

Malgré les efforts déployés pour différencier les défauts d’intelligence des maladies mentales au long des siècles, leur symptomatologie reste significativement corrélée pour certains cas et empêche très souvent l’établissement d’un diagnostic minutieux et d’une prise en charge cohérente. Le présent article vise à dresser un portrait de l’évolution de la clinique différentielle entre les défauts d’intelligence et les maladies mentales au long des siècles en vue d’élucider les points de confusion symptomatologique entre ces deux affectations. Cette analyse s’appuie sur des informations provenant de sources variées, d’écrits scientifiques et historiques, sans pour autant avoir la prétention de réaliser une étude historique. La circonscription actuelle des troubles de l’intelligence dans la catégorie neurobiologique et, par conséquent, dans le champ social et de la rééducation, réduirait la possibilité de repérage et de prise en charge des troubles psychiques infantiles masqués ou induits par une éventuelle atteinte neurologique.
Clinique et littérature devant l’arriération mentale
Authors: Netchine Serge
Published: April 2019

Ce bref article vise à montrer comment la littérature, à travers de grands auteurs comme Dostoievsky, Faulkner, ou encore Prévert, ont permis de donner corps et existence aux enfants ou adultes, simples débiles ou arriérés profonds en ne les limitant pas à une simple mesure de QI. De ce point de vue, il apparaît que la littérature se rapproche de la clinique dans une perspective visant à donner une vision globale de la personne ne se bornant aux aspects négatifs.
Der lumbale Bandscheibenvorfall – Spontanverlauf, Therapieoptionen und klinische Ergebnisse
Authors: Schmieder Kirsten
Published: April 2019

In der Therapie des lumbalen Bandscheibenvorfalls zeigt die auf den jeweiligen Patienten abgestimmte Kombination aus konservativen und unter Umständen operativen Therapiemaßnahmen die besten Ergebnisse. Es herrscht Übereinstimmung darüber, dass bei bestehenden höhergradigen neurologischen Ausfällen, insbesondere beim Kaudasyndrom, eine operative Therapie erfolgen soll. Beim Vorliegen eines reinen Schmerzsyndromes ist die Datenlage zur Auswahl und Abfolge der verschiedenen Therapieoptionen hingegen nicht eindeutig. Hinsichtlich der Anwendung einer bestimmten operativen Technik gibt es keine eindeutige Überlegenheit eines speziellen Verfahrens. Bei intraoperativ festgestellten großen Defekten im Annulus fibrosus bei jüngeren Frauen kann die Implantation eines Annulusverschlusssystems sinnvoll sein. Die Operationsergebnisse nach Operation eines lumbalen Bandscheibenvorfalls sind gut. In der Rezidivsituation kommt es ebenfalls zu einem guten postoperativen Ergebnis, allerdings wird das Niveau des Ersteingriffs nicht erreicht. Der postoperative Verlauf wird zusätzlich richtungsweisend von Kriterien wie dem präoperativen Aktivitätsausmaß, der Dauer der präoperativen Arbeitsunfähigkeit und psychischen Veränderungen bestimmt. Diese müssen im individuellen Patientenmanagement entsprechend Berücksichtigung finden.
AIHA und Hepatitis nach Infektion durch Mykoplasmen: Fallbericht
Authors: Triantafyllou V. , Haftel L. , Endmann M.
Published: April 2019

Wir stellen den Fall eines 7-jährigen Mädchens vor, welches mit laborchemischen Hämolysezeichen zur weiteren Abklärung stationär eingewiesen wurde. Das Mädchen war in einem guten Allgemeinzustand und zeigte keine klinischen Ikteruszeichen. Anamnestisch bestanden Husten und eine Blässe seit 3 Monaten. Wir stellten die Diagnose einer Kälteagglutinin-assoziierten hämolytischen Anämie mit passagerer Hepatitis durch Mykoplasmen und behandelten das Kind mit Clarithromycin über zehn Tage.
Reden, bevor die Hütte brennt – Sicher durchs Kritikgespräch
Authors: Freitag-Herse Barbara
Published: April 2019

Wo unterschiedliche Menschen zusammenarbeiten, entstehen unweigerlich auch Konflikte. Zu Ihren Aufgaben als Führungskraft gehört es, Probleme anzusprechen und Mitarbeiter klar, fair und konstruktiv zu kritisieren – möglichst bevor es in allen Ecken brennt. Dabei ist es gar nicht so schwierig, ein Kritikgespräch leicht und effizient zu führen.
63. Tagung der Gesellschaft für Thrombose- und Hämostaseforschung: Aktuelle Daten zur Hämophilie-Therapie in Deutschland
Authors: Arnheim Katharina
Published: April 2019

Unter dem Kongressmotto „Science meets clinical practice“ trafen sich Hämostaseologen zur 63. GTH-Jahrestagung Ende Februar Anfang März in Berlin, um sich über neue therapeutische und diagnostische Entwicklungen zu informieren. Ziel der Tagung war der Brückenschlag zwischen präklinischer und klinischer Forschung einerseits und dem Vorgehen im klinischen Alltag andererseits.
Medikamentöse Therapie der Hypertonie
Authors: Alscher Mark Dominik
Published: April 2019

Es gibt nicht wenige Patienten, die sowohl eine Hypertonie als auch eine chronische Nierenschädigung haben. Insbesondere mit zunehmendem Alter nehmen die Veränderungen deutlich zu. In Abhängigkeit von der Einschränkung der Nierenfunktion findet sich ein erhöhtes Risiko für Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. Um auch die Progression günstig zu beeinflussen, ist gerade bei Patienten mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung eine konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung notwendig. Die Therapieprinzipien bestehen i. d. R. in der Gabe eines Angiotensin-Rezeptor-Blockers oder ACE-Hemmers. Kombiniert werden diese mit Kalziumantagonisten, Diuretika und ggf. Spironolacton unter Beachtung des Kaliumhaushaltes. Als allgemeiner Zielblutdruck kann ein Wert von unter 140/90 mmHg angenommen werden. Werte von unter 130/80 mmHg sind insbesondere bei Proteinurie mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit empfehlenswert.
Evaluating the Effect of Monitoring through Telephone (Tele-Monitoring) on Self-Care Behaviors and Readmission of Patients with Heart Failure after Discharge
Authors: Negarandeh Reza , Zolfaghari Mitra , Bashi Nazli , Kiarsi Maryam
Published: April 2019

Background Heart failure is one of the serious cardiovascular diseases, which poses a global pandemic and places a heavy burden on health care systems worldwide. The incidence of this disease in Iran is higher than in other Asian countries. To reduce patients' complications, readmission rates, and health care expenditures, it is necessary to design interventions, which are culturally appropriate and based on community needs.

Methods In 2016, a randomized clinical trial (IRCT2017010731804N1) was initiated to compare tailored tele-monitoring intervention with usual care. In total, 80 patients completed the study after a follow-up period of 8 weeks. The primary end point was heart failure self-care, which was measured using the Iranian version of the European Heart Failure self-care questionnaire. Secondary end points were heart failure related readmission rates.

Results The mean scores for self-care behaviors of the two groups showed significant difference at the baseline (p = 0.045). The results of the analysis of covariance that was used to control the differences in the pretest scores of self-care behaviors showed that the difference between both groups after the intervention was still significant (p < 0.001). The percentage of patients' readmissions in the intervention group (20%) was less than that in the control group (42.2%); however, the results were not statistically significant (p = 0/066).

Conclusion This study showed that tele-monitoring improved self-care behaviors in Iranian patients with heart failure but did not reduce their readmission rates.
Depression and Anxiety among Patients with Atraumatic Lateral Epicondylitis and Ulnar-Sided Wrist Pain
Authors: Pensak Michael J. , Carry Patrick M. , Entin Jacob M. , Lalka Andy , Shourbaji Nader A. , Scott Frank A.
Published: April 2019

Background Ulnar-sided wrist pain (UWP) and lateral epicondylitis (LE) are common disorders that can be difficult to treat. Depression and anxiety have been shown to modify patient symptoms, disability and pain.

Questions/Purposes The purpose of our study was to quantify the prevalence of depression and anxiety among patients with LE or UWP. A secondary aim was to determine if these patients report higher levels of pain upon presentation and if they are more likely to require occupational therapy.

Patients and Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted, and patients included those with LE or UWP, atraumatic in origin, ages 18 and over, and ongoing use of noninvasive treatment of LE or UWP.

Results Our final analysis included 97 patients of which 57 had LE, 34 had UWP, and 6 had both. The prevalence of a mood disorder was 34.0%. Anxiety and/or depression was more prevalent in patients with LE compared to UWP. The most common medication was alprazolam. Pain scores averaged 1.2 points higher in subjects with a history of a mental health disorder. After adjusting for age and sex, there was no significant association between prevalence of depression and/or anxiety and utilization of physical or occupational therapy.

Conclusions Patients with either LE, UWP or both along with depression and/or anxiety may be less likely to improve with traditional treatments. Future investigations are warranted focusing on the value of a multidisciplinary team consisting of a hand surgeon, behavioral therapist, or psychologist to optimize treatment response.

Level of Evidence This is a Level IV, case series study.
The Role of Human Platelet Preparation for Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Related Platelet Responsiveness
Authors: Koessler Juergen , Niklaus Marius , Weber Katja , Koessler Angela , Kuhn Sabine , Boeck Markus , Kobsar Anna
Published: April 2019

Background Like immune cells, platelets express the repertoire of toll-like receptors (TLR), among them TLR2 and TLR4, which are important for the recognition of bacterial patterns. Receptor-mediated functional effects in platelets have been investigated, but reliable conclusions are tampered due to heterogeneous study designs with variable platelet preparation methods. This study compares TLR2- and TLR4-dependent platelet responsiveness in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and in washed platelets (WPs).

Material and Methods Fresh peripheral blood samples from healthy donors served for the preparation of PRP and WP. Basal and agonist-stimulated TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels were evaluated by flow cytometry. Light transmission aggregometry was used to investigate functional effects of TLR2 and TLR4 stimulation with Pam3CSK4 or LPS (lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli) as ligands. The capacity of chemokine release was determined by immunoassays.

Results Pam3CSK4 and LPS (in combination with thrombin) were able to induce aggregation in WP, but not in PRP, with threshold concentrations of 15 µg/mL. Basal expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 were higher in WP than in PRP, increasing several-fold rapidly and persistently upon platelet activation with potent agonists. Pam3CSK4 (15 µg/mL) or LPS led to the submaximal release of RANTES, PF4, PDGF, NAP-2, and sCD40L from WP. In PRP, secretory effects are less pronounced for RANTES, PDGF, or PF4, and not detectable for NAP-2 or sCD40L.

Conclusion The effects mediated by TLR2 and TLR4 stimulation are dependent on platelet preparation, an important issue for experimental designs and for manufacturing of platelet concentrates in transfusion medicine.
Wildfire alters belowground and surface wood decomposition on two national forests in Montana, USA
Authors: Page-Dumroese Deborah S. , Jurgensen Martin F. , Miller Chris A. , Pickens James B. , Tirocke Joanne M.
Published: April 2019

Wildfires can drastically alter belowground processes such as organic matter (OM) decomposition. We used wood stakes of two different tree species, trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), placed at three soil locations (soil surface, forest floor–mineral soil interface, mineral soil), as an index of the long-term (5-year) effects of wildfire on OM decomposition in two forest stands after high-severity wildfire and in an unburned control. Wood stake mass loss was generally higher for aspen, especially in the mineral soil of burned plots, than in control plots after 5 years. Soil surface and interface (unburned stands only) stakes showed few significant differences for either species on the Bitterroot National Forest. On the Gallatin National Forest, both pine and aspen stakes had significantly greater mass loss at the interface (unburned stand) at the end of 5 years, and also decayed significantly faster at the 10–20-cm depth in the wildfire area. Using wood stakes as an index of soil microsite properties in burned and unburned plots, we show that fire increased both OM decomposition and mineral soil microsite variability. These results strengthen our understanding of soil-surface and belowground ecosystem responses to wildfire.
Non-renewable groundwater use and groundwater depletion: a review
Authors: Bierkens Marc F P , Wada Yoshihide
Published: April 2019

Population growth, economic development, and dietary changes have drastically increased the demand for food and water. The resulting expansion of irrigated agriculture into semi-arid areas with limited precipitation and surface water has greatly increased the dependence of irrigated crops on groundwater withdrawal. Also, the increasing number of people living in mega-cities without access to clean surface water or piped drinking water has drastically increased urban groundwater use. The result of these trends has been the steady increase of the use of non-renewable groundwater resources and associated high rates of aquifer depletion around the globe. We present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in research on non-renewable groundwater use and groundwater depletion. We start with a section defining the concepts of non-renewable groundwater, fossil groundwater and groundwater depletion and place these concepts in a hydrogeological perspective. We pay particular attention to the interaction between groundwater withdrawal, recharge and surface water which is critical to understanding sustainable groundwater withdrawal. We provide an overview of methods that have been used to estimate groundwater depletion, followed by an extensive review of global and regional depletion estimates, the adverse impacts of groundwater depletion and the hydroeconomics of groundwater use. We end this review with an outlook for future research based on main research gaps and challenges identified. This review shows that both the estimates of current depletion rates and the future availability of non-renewable groundwater are highly uncertain and that considerable data and research challenges need to be overcome if we hope to reduce this uncertainty in the near future.
Shear-induced alignment of collagen fibrils using 3D cell printing for corneal stroma tissue engineering
Authors: Kim Hyeonji , Jang Jinah , Park Junshin , Lee Kyoung-Pil , Lee Seunghun , Lee Dong-Mok , Kim Ki Hean , Kim Hong Kyun , Cho Dong-Woo
Published: April 2019

The microenvironments of tissues or organs are complex architectures comprised of structural proteins including collagen. Particularly, the cornea is organized in a lattice pattern of collagen fibrils which play a significant role in its transparency. This paper introduces a transparent bioengineered corneal structure for transplantation. The structure is fabricated by inducing shear stress to a corneal stroma-derived decellularized extracellular matrix bioink based on a 3D cell printing technique. The printed structure recapitulates the native macrostructure of the cornea with aligned collagen fibrils which results in the construction of a highly matured and transparent cornea stroma analog. The level of shear stress, controlled by the various size of the printing nozzle, manipulates the arrangement of the fibrillar structure. With proper parameter selection, the printed cornea exhibits high cellular alignment capability, indicating a tissue-specific structural organization of collagen fibrils. In addition, this structural regulation enhances critical cellular events in the assembly of collagen over time. Interestingly, the collagen fibrils that remodeled along with the printing path create a lattice pattern similar to the structure of native human cornea after 4 weeks in vivo. Taken together, these results establish the possibilities and versatility of fabricating aligned collagen fibrils; this represents significant advances in corneal tissue engineering.
Mechanical and liquid phase exfoliation of cylindrite: a natural van der Waals superlattice with intrinsic magnetic interactions
Authors: Niu Yue , Villalva Julia , Frisenda Riccardo , Sanchez-Santolino Gabriel , Ruiz-González Luisa , Pérez Emilio M , García-Hernández Mar , Burzurí Enrique , Castellanos-Gomez Andres
Published: April 2019

We report the isolation of thin flakes of cylindrite, a naturally occurring van der Waals superlattice, by means of mechanical and liquid phase exfoliation. We find that this material is a heavily doped p-type semiconductor with a narrow gap (<0.85 eV) with intrinsic magnetic interactions that are preserved even in the exfoliated nanosheets. Due to its environmental stability and high electrical conductivity, cylindrite can be an interesting alternative to the existing 2D magnetic materials.
Nano sized Fe–Al oxide mixed with natural maize cob sorbent for lead remediation
Authors: Tsade Hizkeal , Abebe Buzuayehu , Murthy H C Ananda
Published: April 2019

The present work involves the synthesis, characterization and sorption behavior of Fe–Al–MC nanocomposite for the removal of Pb (II) ions from industrial waste water. The sorbent was synthesized by impregnation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were applied to study the surface structure, compositions and morphology of the materials. Fourier transform infrared technique was used to analyze the effect of surface properties on the adsorption behavior of Pb(II) ions. The optimum effects of the parameters on the adsorption of Pb (II) ions were determined to be, pH = 6, dose = 2 g, contact time = 24 h h and agitation speed = 150 rpm and initial Pb (II) ions 10 ppm. Experimentally, the adsorbed amounts of lead ion tend to decrease with increase in pH. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models fit the equilibrium data well on the adsorbent. Kinetic data correlated well with the pseudo second order kinetic model. Thermodynamic studies resulted in negative ΔG value indicating the spontaneity of the sorption process. The Fe–Al–MC nanocomposite sorbent showed a sorption capacity of 40.00 mg g−1 at pH 6. Therefore, this adsorbent with large sorption capacity and efficiency is a promising adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) ions from the wastewater.
Financialisation in context: the case of Italy
Authors: Forges Davanzati Guglielmo , Pacella Andrea , Salento Angelo
Published: April 2019

This paper aims at analysing the causes and effects of increasing financial accumulation by Italian firms, within a radical Institutional theoretical framework. It will be argued that financialisation can be imputed to the fact that the biggest Italian companies aim to increase their profits through speculation after the cycle of class struggle of the 1970s. It will also be shown that financial accumulation has contributed to the reduction of economic growth and to the increase of income inequalities. Since very few research studies have dealt with the Italian case, this paper fills a gap.
Antibiotic susceptibility trend before and after long-term use of selective digestive decontamination: a 16 year ecological study
Authors: Lloréns-Villar Yanire , Tusell Fernando , Canut Andrés , Barrasa Helena , Corral Esther , Martín Alejandro , Rodríguez-Gascón Alicia
Published: April 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare antimicrobial susceptibility rates in a Spanish ICU before and after the introduction of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) and also to compare these with susceptibility data from other Spanish ICUs without SDD.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study in the ICU of the University Hospital of Alava, where SDD was implemented in 2002. The SDD protocol consisted of a 2% mixture of gentamicin, colistin and amphotericin B applied on the buccal mucosa and a suspension of the same drugs in the gastrointestinal tract; additionally, for the first 3 days, systemic ceftriaxone was administered. From 1998 to 2013 we analysed the susceptibility rates for 48 antimicrobial/organism combinations. Interrupted time series using a linear dynamic model with SDD as an intervention was used. Data from other ICUs were obtained from the ENVIN-HELICS national registry.

Results

Only amoxicillin/clavulanic acid against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis, and a high concentration of gentamicin against Enterococcus faecalis, resulted in a significant decrease in the susceptibility rate after the implementation of SDD, with a drop of 20%, 27% and 32%, respectively. Compared with other Spanish ICUs without SDD, the susceptibility rate was higher in the ICU of our hospital in most cases. When it was lower, differences were <10%, except for a high concentration of streptomycin against Enterococcus faecium, for which the difference was 19%.

Conclusions

No relevant changes in the overall susceptibility rate after the implementation of SDD were detected. Susceptibility rates were not lower than those in the Spanish ICUs without SDD.
Components of Cowpea Resistance to the Seed Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)
Authors: Messina Frank J , Lish Alexandra M , Gompert Zachariah
Published: April 2019

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., serves as a major source of dietary protein in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world. To identify loci associated with agronomically desirable traits, eight elite cowpea cultivars were systematically inter-crossed for eight generations to yield 305 recombinant inbred lines. Here, we investigated whether these founder parents also possess resistance to the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), a highly destructive post-harvest pest. We estimated larval survival in seeds, egg-to-adult development time, adult mass at emergence, and seed acceptance for oviposition. Survival varied significantly among cowpea cultivars, but the pattern was complicated by an unexpected source of mortality; on three cultivars, mature larvae in a substantial fraction of seeds (20–36%) exited seeds prematurely, and consequently failed to molt into viable adults. Even if such seeds were eliminated from the analysis, survival in the remaining seeds varied from 49 to 92% across the eight parents. Development time and body mass also differed among hosts, with particularly slow larval development on three closely related cultivars. Egg-laying females readily accepted all cultivars except one with a moderately rugose seed coat. Overall, suitability ranks of the eight cultivars depended on beetle trait; a cultivar that received the most eggs (IT82E-18) also conferred low survival. However, one cultivar (IT93K-503-1) was a relatively poor host for all traits. Given the magnitude of variation among parental cultivars, future assays of genotyped recombinant progeny can identify genomic regions and candidate genes associated with resistance to seed beetles.
First 12 Months of Life for Infants in New York City, New York, With Possible Congenital Zika Virus Exposure
Authors: Lee Ellen H , Cooper Hannah , Iwamoto Martha , Lash Maura , Conners Erin E , Bloch Danielle , Clark Sandhya , Hrusa Gili , Kubinson Hannah , Paladini Marc , McGibbon Emily , Rakeman Jennifer L , Fine Anne D , Limberger Ronald J , Liu Dakai , Slavinski Sally ,   The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Zika Working Group, Balan Dominique , Hall Chantal , Harper Scott , Illescas Alex , Layton Marcelle , Lee Christopher , Lee Kristen , McIntosh Natasha , Saffa Alhaji , Stoute Alaina , Thompson Corinne , Weiss Don , Winters Ann
Published: April 2019

Background

Our goal was to characterize the epidemiology and clinical significance of congenital Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure by prospectively following a cohort of infants with possible congenital exposure through their first year of life.

Methods

We included infants born in New York City between 2016 and 2017 who had or were born to a woman who had laboratory evidence of ZIKV infection during pregnancy. We conducted provider/patient interviews and reviewed medical records to collect information about the pregnant women and, for infants, clinical and neurodevelopmental status at birth and 2, 6, and 12 months of age.

Results

Of the 404 infants who met inclusion criteria, most (385 [95.3%]) appeared well, whereas 19 (4.7%) had a possible ZIKV-associated birth defect. Seven had congenital ZIKV syndrome, and 12 were microcephalic without other abnormalities. Although infants with congenital ZIKV syndrome manifested clinical and neurodevelopmental sequelae during their first year of life, all 12 infants with isolated microcephaly were normocephalic and appeared well by 2 months of age. Laboratory evidence of ZIKV was detected for 22 of the infants, including 7 (31.8%) with a birth defect. Among 148 infants without a birth defect and negative/no laboratory results on ZIKV testing, and for whom information was available at 1 year, 4 presented with a developmental delay.

Conclusions

Among infants with possible congenital ZIKV exposure, a small proportion had possible ZIKV-associated findings at birth or at follow-up, or laboratory evidence of ZIKV. Identifying and monitoring infants with possible ZIKV exposure requires extensive efforts by providers and public health departments. Longitudinal studies using standardized clinical and developmental assessments are needed for infants after possible congenital ZIKV exposure.
A prospective study of the natural history of incidental meningioma—Hold your horses!
Authors: Behbahani Maziar , Skeie Geir Olve , Eide Geir Egil , Hausken Annbjørg , Lund-Johansen Morten , Skeie Bente Sandvei
Published: April 2019

Background

The number of incidental meningiomas has increased because of the increased availability of neuroimaging. Lack of prospective data on the natural history makes the optimal management unclear. We conducted a 5-year prospective study of incidental meningiomas to identify risk factors for tumor growth.

Methods

Sixty-four of 70 consecutive patients with incidental meningioma were included. Clinical and radiological status was obtained at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years. GammaPlan and mixed linear regression modeling were utilized for volumetric analysis with primary endpoint tumor growth.

Results

None of the patients developed tumor-related symptoms during the study period, although 48 (75%) tumors increased (>15%), 13 (20.3%) remained unchanged, and 3 (4.7%) decreased (>15%) in volume. Mean time to growth was 2.2 years (range, 0.5-5.0 years).

The growth pattern was quasi-exponential in 26%, linear in 17%, sigmoidal in 35%, parabolic in 17%, and continuous reduction in 5%. There was significant correlation among growth rate, larger baseline tumor volume (P < .001), and age in years (<55 y: 0.10 cm3/y, 55-75 y: 0.24 cm3/y, and >75 y: 0.85 cm3/y).

Conclusion

The majority of meningiomas will eventually grow. However, more than 60% display a self-limiting growth pattern. Our study provides level-2 evidence that asymptomatic tumors can be safely managed utilizing serial imaging until persistent radiological and/or symptomatic growth.
Introduction to the Data and Basic Demographics
Authors: Franck Susan D.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 3 seeks to contextualize data and cost-related variables at the heart of the book. Initially, it demarcates among data from complete cases, individual awards, and separate opinions. It does so largely because costs—within a single case—could be assessed in multiple awards. Separate opinions are explored, as subsequent chapters explore their cost implications. Chapter 3 also focuses on core descriptive variables, both to identify paradigmatic characteristics of ITA disputes and to set the stage for mapping ITA costs. It explores party identity, including investors (one of the most under-explored elements of ITA) and state identity (including development status). It then offers descriptive information about other stakeholders, including non-disputing parties and counsel, with a particular focus on law firms that are repeat players. It then offers core information about industries and institutions administering ITA cases. These descriptive elements are used to assess and predict arbitration costs in subsequent chapters.
Sex and Gender
Authors: Ásta
Published: April 2019

A conferralist interpretation of the status of sex and gender on the post-Beauvoirean feminist picture is offered as well as an interpretation and critique of Judith Butler’s accounts of gender and sex. On the post-Beauvoirean picture sex is biologically given and gender is the cultural meaning of it. Butler offers a reorientation of the relationship between gender and sex, where what counts as sex and a sexed body is determined by gender practices. Male and female are regulative ideals masquerading as biological givens that justify gender practices. The author makes use of the notion of a game, Austinean exercitives, Hegel’s account of subjectification and objectification, and Kant’s Copernican revolution to flesh out the details of her interpretation of Butler before offering her critique of the position, which will set up her own account, offered in the subsequent chapter.
Conferralism about Sex and Gender
Authors: Ásta
Published: April 2019

In this chapter, the author offers a conferralist view of sex and gender, where sex is an institutional category and gender a communal one and both are context-dependent. The communal category of gender is radically context dependent and in different context people are trying to track different base features, such as sex assignment, style and presentation, role in the preparation of food, role in the reproductive economy, or role in the sex economy. Being of a certain sex is, likewise, not to have a certain biological feature, but to have a certain institutional status, where authorities are attempting to track the presence of various physical features in their conferral of that status. Comparison is then made with recent theories offered by Linda Alcoff, Talia Bettcher, Sally Haslanger, and Charlotte Witt. A conferralist theory of LGBTQ status is also offered.
Fly Until You Die
Authors: Vang Chia Youyee
Published: April 2019

The Vietnam War is the subject of hundreds of scholarly studies, policy reports, memoirs, and literary titles. As America’s longest and most controversial war, it coincided with domestic turmoil in the United States and in Southeast Asia, led to the displacement of large numbers of people, and strained the social fabric of Cambodian, Lao, and Vietnamese societies. The complex nature of the war means that despite the many books that have been written about it, much remains to unfold, in particular the experiences of ethnic minorities in Laos who became entangled in Cold War politics during the 1960s and 1970s. This book fills the gap by exploring the dramatic forces of history that drew several dozen young Hmong men to become fighter pilots in the United States’ Secret War in Laos, which was in direct support of the larger war in Vietnam. They transformed from ethnic minorities who mostly lived on the margins of Lao society to daring airmen working alongside American pilots. After four decades in exile, surviving pilots, families of those killed in action, and American veterans who worked with them collectively narrated their version of the historical events that resulted in the forced migration of nearly 150,000 Hmong to the United States. By privileging Hmong knowledge, this book begs us to reconsider the war from overlooked perspectives and to engage in the ongoing construction of meanings of war and postwar memories in shaping ethnic and national identities.
The Road to Pilot Training
Authors: Vang Chia Youyee
Published: April 2019

Existing literature persistently refers to Hmong people in the 1960s as “illiterate.” Chapter 2 presents surviving pilots’ life experiences before they entered the Project Water Pump training program. The complex path that each took to secure a spot on the training roster was influenced by their family backgrounds, education levels, and work experiences. Some made their own decisions while others were thrust into service as a result of their social relations with military leaders. Their pretraining experiences reveal that it was their ability to read and write that enabled the several dozen individuals to participate in aviation training. Most were single young men looking for opportunities to improve their socioeconomic status. Some were married men who had been soldiers. The harsh conditions on the front line motivated them to seek what they thought were better working conditions.
Reconciling Individuality and Sociality in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right
Authors: Hedrick Todd
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores Hegel’s concept of freedom through reconciliation. It begins by considering how Rousseau conceives of freedom as a kind of self-authorship made possible not just by living under just laws, but also by recognizing and affirming those laws as just. Hegel finds fault in Rousseau, insofar as Hegel believes that in order to be reconciled to society, one has to be able to recognize it as rational, something he thinks Rousseau cannot do. After describing how Hegel thinks we come to know things as rational, the chapter argues that one acquires a sense of society’s underlying rationality through participation in the institutions of “objective Spirit.” Crucial here are the institutions—in particular, the Estates—that mediate between individuals’ particularity (in civil society) and the universality of the state. It criticizes Hegel for being ill-equipped to distinguish between the actualization of freedom and individuals’ merely passive incorporation into social systems.
Actualizing Social Freedom
Authors: Hedrick Todd
Published: April 2019

Honneth’s theory of social freedom is in many ways a direct update of Hegel’s notion of freedom as a matter of “being at home with oneself in another,” actualized through ethical life. This chapter follows Honneth’s reconstruction of the norms and values underwriting mutual recognition among the various institutional spheres of modern life. But because Honneth rejects Hegel’s objective teleology, he does not repeat Hegel’s contention that freedom is actualized through reconciliation; instead, Honneth holds that freedom is a matter of developing the affirmative self-relations that inclusion in social spheres promotes. This, the chapter argues, commits Honneth to notions of the transparency of society and the potentially non-repressive nature of inclusion within it. Although Honneth innovatively calls on object-relations psychoanalysis to back up these contentions, the chapter argues that this move is not successful and that Honneth’s theory needs to incorporate the kind of reflection on society involved in reconciliation.
Modal Prospection
Authors: McCoy John , Paul L. A. , Ullman Tomer
Published: April 2019

Drawing together the metaphysics of counterfactuals with empirical work on intuitive judgments, this chapter discusses the nature of counterfactual reasoning about self-involving possibilities. It argues that when a person reasons about her self-involving possibilities, especially far-fetched possibilities, this reasoning may be supported by an underlying “self simulator,” a kind of mental engine with an approximate understanding of who she is, which enables her to learn about her preferences and make intuitive judgments and predictions about her self-involving possibilities. On this view, through observing or simulating their own choices, people understand themselves through a process similar to that by which they understand other people. In this way, they learn about their own beliefs and desires. The argument is informed by empirical data from surveys where lay people and philosophers decided what action they would take in vignettes involving a potentially transformative decision.
Against Phenomenal Parsimony
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: April 2019

Several authors deny that the senses of agency and of bodily ownership have distinctive phenomenology. This is in line with a general principle of phenomenal parsimony, according to which one should not posit additional phenomenal properties in one’s mental ontology when one can explain them by appealing to other properties. The crucial question is then to determine what reasons there can be to enrich our phenomenal ontology. This debate has recently turned to cognitive science to find answers. Those who defend a liberal or rich view of phenomenology have taken pathological disorders and illusions as evidence in favor of the existence of a distinctive phenomenology, but even in these borderline cases there is room for interpretation, and where the liberals see feelings, the proponents of a more conservative view see cognitive attitudes. The argument then becomes an inference to the best explanation. But whose side offers the best explanation?
Does the Identity of an Object Depend on Its Category?
Authors: Rips Lance J. , Leonard Nick
Published: April 2019

Some prominent cognitive theories have adopted an intriguing idea from metaphysics: The conditions of identity and individuation of objects come from the meaning of sortal nouns—count nouns, such as “dog” or “cup.” According to this sortalist theory, Rover’s identity over time and his distinctness from Fido depend on the meaning of “dog.” This chapter first describes the sortalist view in metaphysics (section 11.1) and then traces the ways in which cognitive psychologists have adapted and modified this theory in an attempt to explain empirical data—people’s judgments about the nature of objects (section 11.2). Sections 11.3 and 11.4 then examine some recent work in philosophy and psychology, arguing that these findings raise two related, but distinct, worries for sortalism as a psychological theory (which is here called psychosortalism). Finally, section 11.5 assesses whether any of the original metaphysics can survive within the best cognitive theories of object concepts.
Debunking Arguments in Metaethics and Metaphysics
Authors: Korman Daniel Z.
Published: April 2019

Evolutionary debunking arguments abound, but it is widely assumed that they do not arise for our perceptual beliefs about midsized objects, insofar as the adaptive value of our object beliefs cannot be explained without reference to the objects themselves. This chapter argues that this is a mistake. Just as with moral beliefs, the adaptive value of our object beliefs can be explained without assuming that the beliefs are accurate. The chapter then explores the prospects for another sort of vindication of our object beliefs—which involves “bootstrapping” from our experiences of midsized objects—and defends bootstrapping maneuvers against a variety of objections. Finally, an explanatory constraint on bootstrapping is articulated and defended, and a variety of attempts to respond to debunking arguments are shown to run afoul of the constraint.
The Machine in the Garden
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: April 2019

This chapter looks at the decisions made by Guinness related to the building of its English brewery at Park Royal in west London. It places these decisions within the context of Anglo-Irish politics of the 1920s and 1930s. Using a variety of archive sources, oral histories, and autobiographies, it tells the story of how the Park Royal site was identified and developed in secret. The chapter looks at the building and architecture of the brewery and the role of the world-renowned architect Giles Gilbert Scott. It also relates the experience of some of the early workers employed at the site during construction and subsequent production. The chapter finishes at the end of the Second World War in 1945.
Remembering the Work of the Long Boom
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: April 2019

This chapter looks at the experience of work from the early 1960s to the late 1990s. It draws extensively on oral histories carried out by the author with former shop floor workers, supervisors, and managers. It details the type of labor carried out by production workers and in particular explores the idea of an independent shop floor culture and identity at Guinness Park Royal. It looks at issues such as boredom, humor, and authority as well as the nature of unionization at the plant. The chapter looks at questions of industrial citizenship and how a strong workplace identity allowed workers a great deal of autonomy over what they did and how they did it. This Guinness workplace culture is put in context with a broader discussion of work identity in the United Kingdom during the long boom.