bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty alcohols: I. Study of Cu and Cd oleates as catalysts
Authors: Richter J. D. , van den Berg P. J.
Published: June 2007

The catalyst system containing copper and cadmium oleates as used in selective hydrogenations was analyzed. The reddish brown reaction mixture as such and after precipitation by alcohol was subjected to polarographic, spectroscopic, x‐ray and electron‐microscopic analysis. The conclusion drawn was that the mixture is a heterogeneous system. From an electron micrograph it was observed that the average particle size is 48 Å. It was also possible to determine the mean degree of oxidation of copper in the precipitate, the results indicating that the copper is in its metallic state. Cadmium is present as cadmiumoleate, which stabilizes the copper colloid during the reaction.
Utilization of canola oil and lactose to produce biosurfactant withCandida bombicola
Authors: Zhou Qing‐Hua , Kosaric Naim
Published: June 2007

The prerequisites for a commercial fermentation process of biosurfactants include the use of low‐ or negative‐cost substrates and maximum conversion yields. Under competitive market conditions, the price of canola oil is expected to decrease in response to its increased supply. Lactose, obtained from cheese whey, is a by‐product of the dairy industry. In this work, canola oil with glucose or lactose as carbon sources was used as substrates to produce sophorose lipids (SLs) by means of the yeastCandida bombicola. Fermentations were conducted in either shaker flasks or 1‐L Bellco (Vineland, NJ) stirred reactors for 5–7 d at 450 rpm and 30°C. The production of SLs reached 150–160 g/L in a medium consisting of 10% glucose, 10.5% canola oil, 0.1% urea and 0.4% yeast extract. When lactose was substituted for glucose, 90–110 g/L SL was obtained. The apolar SL 17‐l‐([2′‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐β‐d‐glucopyransoyl]oxy)‐octadecanoic acid 1′‐4″‐lactone 6′,6″‐diacetate (SL‐1) was the major one (73%) when canola oil was used instead of safflower oil (SL‐1, 50%). Use of canola oil generally resulted in increased yields of SLs comparable to the yields obtained when safflower oil was used in the medium. Other literature reports present yields of 70 g/L and 120 g/L SLs, respectively, with these substrates.
A lamellar liquid crystal with a vegetable oil
Authors: Hamdan S. , Anuar K. , Mitchell G. R.
Published: June 2007

The molecular arrangement was studied in the sodium octanoate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) system, a lamellar liquid crystal, before and after the addition of a vegetable oil [refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein] by means of small‐angle x‐ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Results from the small‐angle x‐ray showed the RBD palm olein molecules to be partitioned between the nonpolar methyl group layers for both systems. The water molecules, located between the polar head groups, showed less penetrating tendency into the layered structure of cationic surfactant than into the anionic one, both before and after addition of RBD palm olein.
Gas chromatographic analysis of fragrances in palm‐based white soaps
Authors: Kuntom Ainie , Kifli Hamirin , Hyong Chen Khiam
Published: June 2007

Four commercial soap fragrances 1,2,3, and 4 were incorporated in palm‐based white soaps and made into bars. The soap bars were stored at 25°C and 40°C for three months. The headspace gas‐chromatographic volatiles, fragrance odor intensity and whiteness analyses of the soap samples were carried out at 10‐day intervals. By means of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, some of the headspace gas‐chromatographic peaks were identified. These peaks were useful in monitoring the fragrance components. For example, fragrance 4 contains the components limonene and citronellal which are known to possess a citrus odor component. Fragrance odor intensity scores showed that the intensity of the fragrances in the soap base was the same for all. Results also showed that most of the fragrances had the same effect on the whiteness of palm‐based white soaps, except for fragrance 2 which gave a pink color to the white soaps. Equations were established between the fragrance odor intensity and area under the gas‐chromatographic peaks. The equation can give useful information on the fragrance odor intensity by calculating the area of the chromatographic peaks; the fragrance odor intensity is a reflection of the fragrance retention in palm‐based soaps.
Alkoxyalkyl‐substituted glycerol acetals: New hydrophobic intermediates for surfactant synthesis
Authors: Piasecki Andrzej
Published: June 2007

In acid‐catalyzed, one‐step reactions of monofunctional alcohol (I) and glycerol mixture with a simple α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compound (acrolein, crotonaldehyde or methylvinyl ketone), four component glycerol acetals [mixtures ofcis‐+trans‐2‐(2‐alkoxyalkyl)‐substituted derivatives of 4‐hydroxymethyl‐1,3‐dioxolanes and 5‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dioxanes] or two component glycerol ketals [mixtures ofcis‐+trans‐2‐(2‐alkoxyethyl)‐2‐methyl‐4‐hydroxymethyl‐1,3‐dioxolanes] were obtained, respectively. These compounds may be used as a new group of hydrophobic intermediates for synthesis of chemodegradable surfactants, which rapidly hydrolyze to nonsurfactant compounds in acidic aqueous solutions. Methods of synthesis, yields, compositions and chemical structures of components of reaction products, and products of their chemical degradation have been discussed.
Triglyceride alterations in normal and reticuloendothelial stimulated rats following carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Di Luzio N. R.
Published: June 2007

The administration of a single dose of carbon tetrachloride to normal rats was associated with a significant increase in liver triglyceride concentration and a pronounced reduction in plasma triglycerides. The evaluation of hepatic activity indicated that the removal of bromsulphalein from plasma was significantly impaired while phagocytic function remained unaltered. Animals with pronounced hyperplasia and hyperfunction of the reticulo‐endothelial system induced by zymosan were less susceptible to carbon tetrachloride, manifesting a smaller degree of liver triglyceride accumulation and maintenance of a normal plasma triglyceride level. The possible significance of these findings are discussed.
Continuous high temperature preparation of alkylolamides
Authors: Monick J. A.
Published: June 2007

Lauric diethanolamide was prepared from methyl laurate and diethanolamine in the presence of an alkaline catalyst by a continuous high temperature process. The conventional batch process requires cycle times of 2舑6 hr which can lead to undesirable by‐products.

With a reaction time of about 10 sec, product purity of 91舑94% was obtained at 149C for an absolute pressure range of 10舑760 mm Hg. When reaction temperature was lowered to 110C, product purity became poorer as the absolute pressure was increased from 30 mm Hg to 760 mm Hg.

Two studies for optimum catalyst content of either KOH or sodium methylate showed that maximum product purity of about 97% was obtained at 0.20% catalyst by weight.
Laocs news feature Shortages and regulations: headaches for toilet soap formulators
Authors: Pickin John H.
Published: June 2007

The formulator is faced with shortages in soap stock fats and oils and must juggle the merits and costs of less common oils, lower grade greases, and synthetics as substitutes for familiar beef tallow and coconut oil. Best compromises must be made by the perfumer for essential oils no longer obtainable to maintain quality and to preserve the odor image of soap products. The formulator must have in vitro, in vivo, and safety data for soap additives. All through development, the formulator must remember that, having made it, he must prove it. Efficacy tests must be more detailed and closer and closer to life.
Detection of heat transfer media in edible oil
Authors: Imai C. , Watanabe H. , Haga N. , Ii T.
Published: June 2007

Volatile substances obtained by steam distillation were analyzed by gas chromatography for the detection of heat transfer media in contaminated edible vegetable oil. It was found that a recovery of more than 90% of the contaminant was obtained by distillation of 10 g sample oil for 120 min and that a larger quantity of sample oil caused a decrease of recovery ratio. The detection limits were 0.2 ppm for Dowtherm A and 0.5 ppm for KSK Oil 260. It was found also that this method can be applied to the detection of heat transfer media in the secondary products, such as mayonnaise, salad dressing, and french dressing.
New quaternary benzyl chloride salts for inclusion in hair cream rinse formulations
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Sumrell G. , Gurtner T. E.
Published: June 2007

Quaternary ammonium salts have been prepared from benzyl chloride and amino amides and an amino ester of a long chain fatty acid. These benzyl salts were incorporated in simple hair conditioner formulations containing the quaternary salt, anhydrous lanolin, cetyl alcohol, and water. Preliminary evaluations indicated that the formulations were effective in the removal of tangles and snarls following washing with ordinary shampoo. The dried hair was easily manageable and had good luster.
Perfluoroalkylated fatty acid monoesters of trehalose and sucrose for biomedical applications: Remarkable emulsifying properties of 6‐O‐[3′‐(perfluorooctyl) propanoyl]‐trehalose
Authors: Abouhilale Samir , Greiner Jacques , Riess Jean G.
Published: June 2007

A new series of perfluoroalkylated fatty acid monoesters of α,α‐trehalose and sucrose has been evaluated with respect to their physicochemical and biological properties for possible biomedical use. These water‐soluble compounds strongly reduce the water surface tension and fluorocarbon/water interfacial tension. As co‐surfactants in perfluorodecalin/Pluronic F‐68 type emulsions they significantly increase the stability of these emulsions. Remarkably stable concentrated perfluorodecalin‐in‐water (50% w/v) emulsions were obtained when the C8F17CH2CH2C(O)‐α,α‐trehalose monoester was used as the sole surfactant, while no emulsion could be obtained with its maltoside analogue. No significant effect on the growth and viability of Namalva cell cultures and no hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes at concentrations up to 50 g/L were detected for these amphiphiles in spite of their high surface activity. The LD50 was found to be in the range of 250–375 mg/kg of body weighti.v. in mice.
Synthesis and surface activity of self‐sequestering surfactants
Authors: Chen K. M. , Wang H. R.
Published: June 2007

A novel series of self‐sequestering surfactants has been synthesized by the reaction of phthalic anhydride, citric acid and polyethylene glycol. The unique structural features of these surfactants have been confirmed by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. These surfactants exhibit excellent properties of self‐sequestering. Besides good surfactant properties, including surface tension, low‐foaming, emulsifying power and dispersant properties, they possess autonomous sequestering ability without any help of additional sequestering agent.
Association of nonionic polymer with hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon surfactant in aqueous solution
Authors: Nojima Takahiko , Esumi Kunio , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: June 2007

The interaction between a nonionic polymer and a hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon surfactant has been investigated by means of surface tension, viscosity, electroconductivity, fluorescence probing, solubilization of a waterinsoluble dye, and electron spin resonance (ESR). The systems studied consisted of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with lithium dodecyl sulfate (LiDS) or lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate (LiFOS). Surface tension measurements indicated that formation of PVP‐surfactant complex is more favorable in the PVP‐LiFOS system than in the PVP‐LiDS system, and that the adsorbed amount of LiFOS is less than that of LiDS, although the CMCs of the surfactants are almost the same. In the PVP‐LiFOS system, the relative viscosity and the solubilized amount of a water‐insoluble dye showed a maximum at a certain concentration of LiFOS in the region between two transitions observed in the surface tension, where also a change in the slope of the electroconductivity is observed. These results indicate that shielding of effective charge of the PVP‐LiFOS complex causes a conformational change of PVP wrapped around the aggregate of LiFOS with an increase of free surfactant in the bulk phase. The conformational change can be correlated with microenvironmental properties of PVP‐surfactant complexes. The microviscosity estimated with ESR indicated that the headgroups of LiFOS adsorbed on PVP are less tightly packed than those of LiFOS micelles, while an opposite result was obtained in the PVP‐LiDS system. In particular, the marked high viscosity at a low concentration of LiFOS in the PVP‐LiFOS system can probably be attributed to rigidity of the fluorocarbon chain of LiFOS.
Racemic lactones from butterfat: An advanced approach that includes stereodifferentiation
Authors: Vorderwülbecke Thomas , Epple Matthias , Cammenga Heiko Karl , Petersen Sabine , Kieslich Klaus
Published: June 2007

A new method was developed to obtain lactones from butterfat. The application of lipases and capillary gas‐liquid chromatography with chiral phases for the separation of γ‐lactone enantiomers resulted in elucidation of the racemic composition of γ‐lactones from butterfat. The seasonal distribution of lactones in butterfat was determined.
Characterization of products from clay catalyzed polymerization of tall oil fatty acids
Authors: McMahon D. H. , Crowell E. P.
Published: June 2007

Products obtained by acid clay catalyzed dimerization of oleic, elaidic, and tall oil fatty acids were characterized. The monomeric products (35% of total) consisted of stearic, octadecenoic (66%trans‐), and mid chain monomethyl branched acids, both saturated and unsaturated. The polymeric products (65% of total) consisted of linear, alicyclic, aromatic, and polycyclic dimers. The tall oil fatty acid based dimer closely resembled oleic dimer in polycyclic character and linoleic dimer in aromatic and linear structures. Oleic dimers contained the highest linear structural content, while linoleic dimer contained the largest polycyclic content. Alicyclic structures were the principal components of all three products. The monocyclic dimer structures present consisted of six membered ring systems with linoleic and tall oil fatty acid dimers containing the highest aromatic contents.
Peroxide value determination—Comparison of some methods
Authors: Barthel G. , Grosch W.
Published: June 2007

A comparison between the determination of the peroxide value by the methods of Wheeler and Sully (iodometric titration) and that of Stine, et al. (ferric thiocyanate method) was made. Some oxidized vegetable oils, H2O2, t‐butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, methyl oleate hydroperoxides, and methyl linoleate hydroperoxides were used as substrates. One‐hundred percent of the methyl linoleate hydroperoxides were recovered by the Wheeler reduction, 85% by the Sully method. The Wheeler method was used to reduce the methyl linoleate hydroperoxides to the corresponding hydroxy acids. In the Sully procedure, the hydroxy acids are only intermediates which are dehydrated to octadecatrienoic acids. One equivalent methyl linoleate hydroperoxide oxidized two equivalents of I− (Wheeler) and four equivalents of Fe2+ (Stine, et al.). By way of contrast, H2O2 needs only two equivalents I− or Fe2+ for reduction. The excess consumption of reduction equivalents in the ferric thiocyanate method probably is caused by secondary reactions of the methyl linoleate hydroperoxide acyl residue.
Biodegradation of some sulfur analogues of sodiump‐(n‐dodecyl) benzenesulfonates
Authors: Rogers Morris R. , Kaplan Arthur M.
Published: June 2007

The biodegradability of a novel class of thia derivatives of sodiump‐(n‐dodecyl) benzenesulfonate and of the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones has been compared using the Shake Flask, River‐Die‐away, Aeration Chamber Die‐away, and Warburg respirometric techniques. These studies have shown that the incorporation of the sulfur atom into the alkyl side chain of the linear alkylate sulfonate detergent molecule has failed to shorten the time required to biodegrade the linear alkylate sulfonate structure. The 7–9‐thia derivatives, the 7–9‐sulfoxides, and the 7–9‐sulfones are rated as bioresistant compounds when using the Shake Flask and River Die‐away tests, but, when testing these resistant isomers in synthetic sewage using a batch type Aeration Chamber Die‐way procedure, all 11 thia compounds are found to be biodegradable. Some of the isomers do not appear to acclimatize sufficiently rapidly to the bacteria under the conditions of the Shake Flask or River Die‐away tests. Under the more practical treatment conditions when using the Aeration Chamber Die‐away procedure inoculated with activated sludge, a high order of biodegradability is obtained. The probable metabolic pathway and causes for variation in the biodegradation results obtained with these isomers are discussed.
Analysis of antioxidants in oil
Authors: Min D. B. , Ticknor D. , Schweizer D.
Published: June 2007

Oils containing from 0 to 200 ppm of the most common phenolic antioxidants, BHA, BHT and TBHQ, were analyzed by a new gas chromatographic method. This method requires neither extraction of antioxidants from oil nor derivatization of antioxidants. The correlation coefficients (r) between gas chromatographic peak heights or peak area and their concentrations in oils were 0.99 for BHA, BHT and TBHQ. This simple gas chromatographic method can accurately determine as little as 10 ppm of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in oils in 1 hr.
Tertiary‐butyl hydroquinone treatment for crude palm oils
Authors: Huffaker J. E.
Published: June 2007

Bleachability of crude palm oil was studied with respect to oxidation state of the oil at time of bleach, amount of bleaching clay needed, and the effects of an antioxidant treatment with tert‐butyl‐hydroquinone (TBHQ) on oxidation reactions. These studies confirm the adverse effects of oxidation on bleachability of palm oil and the effectiveness of TBHQ in preserving bleachability. Citric acid was shown to benefit only old oxidized oils. TBHQ was effective in the laboratory and at a full‐scale plant experiment in retarding onset and rate of oxidation reactions.
The equilibrium distribution of wool‐grease components and contaminants between the solvents hexane and aqueous isopropanol
Authors: Warner J. J. , Harris I. J.
Published: June 2007

A strategy has been developed that enables the equilibrium distribution of wool‐grease components and contaminants to be specified in a form suitable for the design of a solvent extraction process. Experimentally determined equilibrium phase compositions for carefully selected model components were fitted by multi‐variable least‐squares regression to an empirical model to provide a convenient mathematical specification. The specification accounts for the dependency of distribution coefficient on concentration and also for the effects of component interactions.
Absence of volatile N‐nitrosamines in margarines
Authors: Aitzetmüller K. , Thiele E.
Published: June 2007

Samples of margarines, butter and vegetable oils were analyzed for volatile N‐nitrosamines by the vacuum steam distillation method followed by dichloromethane extraction of the distillate and gas chromatographic‐thermal energy analysis (GC‐TEA) of the extracts. No volatile nitrosamines in excess of a practical limit of determination of 0.5 ppb were found in any of the samples. The problem of artifact formation during analysis of low levels of nitrosamines and the meaning of a “practical limit of determination” is briefly discussed.
Chlorine‐Containing compounds as copper catalyst poisons
Authors: Heldal J. A. , Mørk P. C.
Published: June 2007

The effect of chlorine‐containing substances on the rate of the copper chromite‐catalyzed hydrogenation of soybean oil has been investigated. Using chlorinated soybean oil as a model substance, it was found that amounts corresponding to 25, 50 and 90 ppm Cl markedly decreased the rate of hydrogenation when added to a 0.5% Cu run at 170 C. Similar effects were found with various chlorinated alkanes. It was also found that the refined and bleached soybean oil contained noticeable amounts of an unknown catalyst poison. This made if difficult to calculate specific poisoning constants for chlorine (% Cu/ppm Cl). Attempts have been made to estimate minimal values for this constant.
Lipase‐catalyzed alcoholysis of cod liver oil in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Gunnlaugsdottir Helga , Sivik Björn
Published: June 2007

Enzymatic alcoholysis of cod liver oil, with an immobilized lipase, was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide. The enzyme was catalytically active under the experimental conditions used. The reaction medium was investigated to preferentially extract ethyl esters, synthesized during the course of the experiment, from the unconverted cod liver oil substrate and side‐products. The effect of pressure changes on the amount of tri‐, di‐, and monoglycerides and ethyl esters, present in both the extract and the remaining lipid residue, was determined. Furthermore, the fatty acid compositions of the lipid classes were analyzed, and the relative amounts of both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid to palmitic acid were determined. The results show that it is possible to preferentially extract the synthesized ethyl esters at low pressures. The extract collected at 9 MPa contained 64 g ethyl esters/100 g extract, while the total amount of all other lipid classes detected was 19 g/100 g extract. As the pressure was increased, the relative amount of the other lipid classes detected in the extract, especially triglycerides, was enhanced. The relative amounts of both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid to palmitic acid increased for some lipid classes in the extract. This increase was most pronounced for the monoglyceride lipid class. The integration of biocatalysis and product fractionation, applied in this study, suggests that the potential for biocatalysis in industrial processes is considerably wider than had been thought.
Enzymic synthesis of fatty esters by hydrophobic lipase derivatives immobilized on organic polymer beads
Authors: Basri M. , Ampon K. , Wan Yunus W. M. Z. , Razak C. N. A. , Salleh A. B.
Published: June 2007

Lipase fromCandida rugosa was modified with several hydrophobic modifiers before being adsorbed onto organic polymer beads. The effects of different enzyme modifiers, supports, solvents, reaction temperatures, fatty acids, and alcohols on the activity of the immobilized enzyme were investigated. The immobilized lipases were good biocatalysts for esterification reactions in organic solvents. They exhibited high activities in all solvents tested, including polar solvents. The activity seemed to depend on the type of support rather than on the modifier of the enzyme. The medium polar support, XAD7, appeared to be the best for the modified lipases. The immobilized lipase favored the medium‐chain fatty acids rather than the long‐chain fatty acids as acyl donors. The alcohol selectivity of the enzyme was unchanged upon immobilization. The native and immobilized lipases favored the short‐chain and terpene alcohols as nucleophiles.
Comparison of visual and automated colorimeter for refined and bleached cottonseed oils
Authors: Wan P. J. , Pakarinen D. R.
Published: June 2007

Color as a fundamental quality of edible oils has been determined primarily by visual comparison. The automatic colorimeters introduced recently made it possible to avoid operator variability associated with visual color measurement. The feasibility of using an automatic colorimeter, Colourscan, to measure the color of refined and bleached cottonseed oils was investigated. Good agreement, r2=0.99, between automatic color readings vs. visual color measurement by using the Lovibond‐AOCS Color Scale was obtained. Near‐linear correlation of light paths from 133.4 to 2.5 mm permits dark oil to be assessed with the automatic colorimeter.
Edible cottonseed flour by air classification of glanded seed: Cost analysis
Authors: Decossas K. M. , Kadan R. S. , Spadaro J. J. , Ziegler G. M. , Freeman D. W.
Published: June 2007

A new, edible, 65%‐protein cottonseed flour having the characteristics of flour produced from glandless cottonseed has been prepared from milled, hexane‐extracted glanded cottonseed flakes by a simple, practical, economical air classification process. The product has physical and functional characteristics that make it attractive for use in food formulation and it meets the free gossypol standards of both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Protein Advisory Group of the United Nations System. A process flowsheet and a material balance are given: capital costs, manufacturing costs, general expenses, profitability and selling prices are indicated for annual productions of up to 17.5 and 35 million lb of flour in hypothetical industrial‐scale satellite plants having daily capacities of 25 and 50 tons of flour, respectively. It is estimated that fixed capital investment for a 25‐ton/day plant would be $4.0 million, and for a 50‐ton/day plant, $5.5 million. Production of edible flour from prime‐quality cottonseed kernels would cost as little as 15.8 cents/lb and the selling price of flour, allowing for the value of coproducts, would be as low as 23.6, 18.9, and 16.5 cents/lb for payout periods of 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. Selling price would be competitive with the price of soy protein concentrate over most of the production range studied.
Separation and determination of C21 dicarboxylic acid and xylenesulfonate hydrotropes in mixtures with dodecylbenzenesulfonate
Authors: Li Zhi‐Ping , Rosen M. J.
Published: June 2007

Column chromatographic procedures have been developed for separating binary mixtures of commercial sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DDBS) with the hydrotropes sodiumm‐xylenesulfonate (SXS) and 8‐[5(6)‐carboxy‐4‐hexyl‐cyclohex‐2‐enyl] octanoic acid (DAC) and ternary mixtures of these three materials. The materials are separated on a specially purified silica gel column. The C21 dicarboxylic acid (DAC) is eluted with 2:3 (v/v) chloroform/acetone in the presence of SXS, with 3:2 (v/v) chloroform/acetone in its absence. The DDBS is eluted with 1:9 (v/v) isopropyl alcohol/acetone in the presence of SXS, with methanol in its absence. The SXS is eluted with methanol in the presence of DAC, with 8:2 (v/v) isopropyl alcohol/acetone in its absence. The presence of SXS in mixtures with DDBS in greater than equimolar amounts interferes with the Hyamine 1622, mixed indicator titration for DDBS.
Soy oil lutein adsorption by rice hull ash
Authors: Proctor Andrew , Palaniappan Sevugan
Published: June 2007

Rice hull material was converted to an adsorbent of the soy oil pigment, lutein, by a combination of ashing and acid activation. Pigment was adsorbed from a 20% (v/v) soy oil/hexane miscella. The most effective ashing temperature was 500°C. Five percent acid activation significantly promoted adsorption of the ash, but greater acid activation did not increase adsorption capacity very much. In the system studied, the performance of activated ash was comparable to that of activated bleaching earth. Nonactivated ash also had an ability to bind lutein but was less effective than activated adsorbent. The absorbance spectrum of the residual lutein was not altered by rice hull ash, but was changed when exposed to bleaching clay.
Elucidation of the chemical structure of a novel antioxidant, rosmaridiphenol, isolated from rosemary
Authors: Houlihan Christopher M. , Ho Chi‐Tang , Chang Stephen S.
Published: June 2007

A novel antioxidant compound has been isolated and identified from the leaves of theRosmarinus officinalis L. The compound, named rosmaridiphenol, is a diphenolic diterpene. When tested in lard, the antioxidant activity of this compound was superior to BHA. Structural elucidation of rosmaridiphenol was accomplished by infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectroscopy (MS),1H‐NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and13C‐NMR spectroscopy.
Oxidation and halogenation of jojoba wax
Authors: Galun Arjeh B. , Grinberg Sarina , Kampf Arieh , Shaubi Eleonora
Published: June 2007

The oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and permanganate and the allylic bromination, chlorination and chloro‐etherification of the olefinic bonds of the liquid wax extracted from beans of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) were studied. Hydrolytic splitting of the wax into its carboxylic and alcoholic components competed with most reactions carried out in aqueous systems. The use of a suitable phase‐transfer catalyst enabled the oxidation of the double bonds to carboxyls using permanganate in aqueous systems. Reaction of the wax with hydrogen peroxide in formic acid yielded formates, which were then hydrolyzed to vicinal glycols. The diglycols obtained by hydrogen peroxide oxidation were benzoylated. Allylic chlorination of jojoba wax with t‐butyl hypochlorite in organic solvents was carried out. Conditions were found for the allylic bromination of the wax, yielding mono‐, di‐, tetra‐, or octabromo derivatives.
Quality control in processing drying oils
Authors: Pierce R.
Published: June 2007

A brief history of linseed oil, its production trends, uses and prospects for the future are discussed. Methods of processing, effects of process variables on oil quality, how quality is measured and how it is maintained are the main topics of this paper. Although linseed oil production declined steadily for many years after World War II, it has stabilized in recent years and shortages of petroleum products could cause a return to linseed oil in the form of water emulsion. Brief references to other drying oils will be included. Quality control begins with seed quality and includes storage, cleaning, processing and degumming. Refined oils described include alkali‐refined, blown, heat‐bodied and chemically modified oils. Present quality control methods are described. Problem methods such as the “foots” test for degummed oils are described. Recent developments used on occasion included liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, but the most predominantly used technique has been gas chromatography (GC). Recent developments in capillary GC and fused silica columns have improved separations and reduced analysis times. Near infrared reflectance shows some promise for future quality control work.
Quality control in a canola crushing plant
Authors: Campbell Stewart J.
Published: June 2007

A strong emphasis on quality control provides the technical base on which the reputation for the oil and meal products from a crushing plant is established. Most crushing plants in Western Canada now process only canola, the new quality oilseed developed from the former rapeseed. Quality control procedures employed by these plants to contract, grade, purchase and segregate canola seed for processing are described. Quality products are manufactured to meet national standard specifications of quality with the aid of a regular schedule of sampling and laboratory analysis, combined with frequent communication between quality control personnel and plant operators. Operating procedures are established to minimize variability in the quality of oil and meal products resulting from the natural variation in the characteristics of the seed to be processed. Instrumental methods of analysis are being used increasingly to facilitate the analysis of process materials.
Quality control in export shipments of commercial oil and oilseed products
Authors: Sizer W. B.
Published: June 2007

In Canada, as in the USA, the quality of commercial oil exports is determined by independent laboratories, whereas the quality of oilseed exports is controlled by government agencies. An independent laboratory has no direct control of oil exported. The oil is sampled and analyzed at the time of shipment to determine whether certain contract specifications are met. Since a particular oil may be shipped to any of a number of countries with different end uses, analysis requirements are not necessarily the same. Besides analysis, other precautions are taken to ensure that quality is maintained. These include inspections of ships’ tanks for cleanliness and suitability. In respect to oilseeds in Canada, quality is controlled at various stages by strict adherence to grading standards regarding such items as dockage, seed maturity and moisture. All of this sampling and control work is done by the Canadian Grain Commission, a government agency. Government grading standards make no reference to oil content, but since most exports of oilseed are sold on a certain minimum oil content, an analysis for this is performed by an independent laboratory on samples taken by the Canadian Grain Commission at the time of shipment.
Oilseeds grading ‐ quality control in oilseeds marketing
Authors: Daun J. K. , Burch L. D.
Published: June 2007

Grading systems are used in many countries to aid in separating oilseeds into marketable groups according to quality. Factors are compared for two types of systems: the fixed grade system used in Canada, the USA and Sweden, and the sliding scale system used in Australia and the EEC (European Economic Community) which is being considered by the International Standards Organization. The relationship between grade, degrading factors and end‐use quality is discussed, specifically for Canadian oilseeds. Future use of NIR technology and other rapid nonvisual techniques in systems which now rely on visual assessment is considered.
Isolation and identification of volatile flavor compounds in commercial oil‐free soybean lecithin
Authors: Kim Heasook , Ho Chi‐Tang , Chang Stephen S.
Published: June 2007

Volatile compounds were isolated from 150 lb of commercial oil‐free soybean lecithin by vacuum distillation. The isolated volatile compounds were subjected to extensive gas chromatographic fractionation, and the pure fractions thus obtained were identified by mass spectrometry. A total of 79 compounds have been identified. Most of the compounds identified can be postulated as autoxidative decomposition products of unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids. Isophorone, an acetone‐derived compound, was shown to be predominantly responsible for the undesirable flavor of oil‐free soybean lecithin. Several nitrogen‐containing compounds, e.g., nitriles, acetoxime and 4,5‐dimethylisoxazole, were identified as unique volatile compounds from phospholipids.
Automated gas chromatographic system for volatile profile analysis of fats and oils
Authors: Gensic J. L. , Szuhaj B. F. , Endres J. G.
Published: June 2007

A system is described for automating the direct gas chromatographic method for examining volatile profiles of vegetable oils. The system couples an external inlet device to a microprocessor‐based gas chromatograph for providing automatic control of the analysis cycle. Automation of the analysis cycle permits consistent control over sampling and analysis to obtain rapid and reproducible volatile profiles. Manual control is completely eliminated and the analyst is freed for other tasks. Volatile Profile Analysis (VPA) is employed to monitor “protected oil” quality of oils being processed, as well as in the finished product, in an objective manner, thus eliminating the subjectivity found in many flavor panels. Automated VPA is also a useful tool in modifying operating parameters when handling various oil types.
Almost complete dehulling of high oil sunflower seed
Authors: Tranchino L. , Melle F. , Sodini G.
Published: June 2007

An almost complete dehulling (hull residue lower than 3%) of sunflower seeds, before oil extraction, reduces to a minimum both the transfer of pigments from hulls to the flour and the content of fiber in the finished product. In this paper some results of our work on the dehulling of high‐oil seeds with an air‐jet impact huller are presented. The effectiveness of dehulling has been evaluated as a function of characteristics of the seed (variety, moisture and so forth) and of operative parameters (impact velocity, etc.). The optical analysis of the impact of the seeds on the target was made optical analysis of the impact of the seeds on the target was made by means of high‐speed cinematography (about 8000 frames/sec) to have a better view of the phenomenon and to measure the parameters of energy involved. The use of proper seed monentum, which is a function of the characteristic of the seed, can allow selective hull breaking with minimum kernel breakage. Almost complete hull‐free kernels from high‐oil sunflower seeds were obtained by means of a continuous dehuller‐separator pilot plant.
Disodium dicarboxy methyl starch as a calcium sequestrant
Authors: Santhanagopalan S. , Raman H. , Suri S. K.
Published: June 2007

Disodium dicarboxy methyl starch (DDMS), the malonate derivative of starch with varying degrees of substitution (DS=0.22, 1.1 and 1.8), have been prepared and examined for their calcium‐sequestrating ability. These derivatives form relatively stronger chelates with calcium (log KCa=4.7) than sodium citrate (log KCa=3.8). A degree of substitution (DS) ca. 1 appears to be most effective from structural consideration. On a weight basis, the chelating value of DDMS with DS ca. 1 was determined to be ca. 1/3 of that of STPP and EDTA and comparable with that of sodium citrate.
Factors affecting oil/water interfacial tension in detergent systems: Nonionic surfactants and nonpolar oils
Authors: Dillan K. W.
Published: June 2007

Because earlier model detergency studies have shown that oil/water interfacial tension is critically important in oil removal processes, factors affecting the interfacial tension between detergent‐range nonionic surfactant solutions and paraffin oil have been examined. For a given hydrophobe, equilibrium interfacial tension values increase with the length of the ethylene oxide chain in the hydrophile, because of the attendant decrease in overall surface activity. For a given degree of ethoxylation, commercial nonlphenol ethoxylates reduce interfacial tension more effectively than their secondary alcohol‐based counterparts, and these in turn are more effective than commercial primary alcohol ethoxylates. Furthermore, monodisperse primary alcohol ethoxylates reduce interfacial tension more effectively than broad‐range ethoxylates with similar cloud points. This observed order of effectiveness is attributed in part to variations in the extent of fractionation that occur as nonionic surfactants divide between the oil and water phases. Equilibrium interfacial tension values produced by commercial nonionic surfactants are significantly more dependent on concentration and temperature than those obtained with monodisperse ethoxylates. However, the time‐course for lowering interfacial tension exhibited by monodisperse ethoxylates varies with concentration and temperature to a greater extent than that displayed by commercial products. These findings are accounted for by the combined effects of the changes in relative surface activity and partitioning that occur as the concentration and temperature are varied. An imidazoline‐based quaternary fabric softener markedly increases the interfacial tension immediately following phase contact, whereas equilibrium values are only slightly higher in the presence of the softener. Appatently, preferential adsorption of the softener occurs at the interface, followed by adsorption of the nonionic surfactant at the new softener/water interface. Builders and electrolytes have no significant effect on the interfacial tension between aqueous nonionic surfactant solutions and paraffin oil. Terg‐O‐Tometer results demonstrate the correlation between oil/water interfacial tension and detergency.
Acidic hexane extraction of oilseeds: Product quality
Authors: Hensarling T. P. , Jacks T. J.
Published: June 2007

Cottonseed was extracted with hexane and acidic hexane (hexane that contained 2–25% acetic acid) and properties of the resultant miscellae and meals were compared for each sample. Pigment contents were only slightly larger in acidic hexane miscellae. Settling rates of marc particles were much faster through acidic hexane miscellae. Nutritional analyses of the extracted cottonseed meals indicated that protein efficiency ratios, digestibilities, epsilon amino‐free lysine values and free and total gossypol contents were essentially identical with each type of solvent. Aflatoxin contents of similarly treated, contaminated peanuts did not change. The results are discussed with regard to previous findings concerning the more thorough extractions of lipid from oilseeds with acidic hexane than with hexane alone.
A rapid, effective method for the reduction of waxes in sunflower seed oil
Authors: Morrison W. H.
Published: June 2007

Four samples of sunflower seed were surface washed with boiling hexane to remove waxes and hydrocarbons. Measurement of waxes in oil extracted from washed and unwashed seed showed greater than 92% removal of waxes. In addition, straight chain hydrocarbon content of the oil was substantially reduced. The composition of the material removed is shown.
Seed viability and aflatoxin production in individual cottonseed naturally contaminated withAspergillus flavus
Authors: Klich M. A. , Lee L. S.
Published: June 2007

Individual cottonseed naturally contaminated withAspergillus flavus Link were tested for viability and assayed for aflatoxin B1. Of the 55 infected seeds tested, less than half (21) germinated normally, a rate much lower than expected for uninfected cottonseed. Aflatoxin levels in the seeds varied from below 300 ng/g to over 100,000 ng/g of seed. Statistical analyses indicate that the presence of aflatoxin is correlated with poor germination in cottonseed naturally contaminated withA. flavus.
Composition of waxes from crude rice bran oil
Authors: Yoon S. H. , Rhee J. S.
Published: June 2007

Hard and soft waxes were separated from the tank settling of crude rice bran oil by solvent extraction and analyzed for their composition by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The results showed that the melting points of the hard wax and the soft wax were 79.5 C and 74 C, respectively, and that the hard wax was mainly composed of saturated fatty alcohols of C24, C26 and C30, saturated fatty acids of C22, C24 and C26, andn‐alkanes of C29 and C31. The soft wax was mainly composed of saturated fatty alcohols of C24 and C30, saturated fatty acids of C16 and C26, andn‐alkanes of C21 and C29. In the soft wax, lauric acid was also detected.
Ultrasonicvs. nonultrasonic hydrogenation in a batch reactor
Authors: Wan Peter J. , Muanda Mukana wa , Covey Jesse E.
Published: June 2007

Refined and bleached soybean oil was hydrogenated with and without ultrasonic energy in a batch system. Reactions were carried out at 170°C with 0.02% nickel catalyst (Nysel, Harshaw/Filtron Partnership, Cleveland, OH) or 50 ppm nickel in the oil. Hydrogen pressure was varied from 15 to 90 psig. After 20 min, the average reaction rate was about five times faster in the presence of ultrasonic energy. Hydrogenation rate generally increased with increasing hydrogen pressure when ultrasonic energy was applied. However, the increasing rate is more sinusoidal in nature than linear.
Detection of olive oil adulteration with canola oil from triacylglycerol analysis by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Salivaras E. , McCurdy A. R.
Published: June 2007

The objective of this study was to explore the use of reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) as a means to detect adulteration of olive oil with less expensive canola oil. Previously this method has been shown to be useful in the detection of some other added seed oils; however, the detection of adulteration with canola oil might be more difficult due to similarities in fatty acid composition between canola oil and olive oil. Various mixtures of canola oil with olive oils were prepared, and RP‐HPLC profiles were obtained. Adulteration of olive oil samples with less than 7.5% (w/w) canola oil could not be detected.
Nosocomial Infections after Peripheral Arterial Bypass Surgery
Authors: Ploeg Arianne , Lange Christopher , Lardenoye Jan‐Willem , Breslau Paul
Published: June 2007

Background

Hospital‐acquired infections account for a substantial increase in morbidity and mortality. This prospective, single‐center observational study was conducted to assess the incidence and analyze the risk factors of nosocomial infection after peripheral arterial bypass surgery.

Methods

The incidence of nosocomial infections was registered in all patients undergoing peripheral arterial bypass surgery from January 1996 until December 2004, and risk factors for the development of a nosocomial infection were analyzed.

Results

A total of 67 infections were diagnosed in association with 607 procedures, yielding an infection ratio of 10.0%. Surgical site infection was the most common (55.2%), followed by urinary tract infection (16.4%), pneumonia (14.9%) and bacteremia (10.4%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly found isolate in surgical site infections (48.6%) and in bacteremia (42.9%). Age, the use of corticosteroids (p = 0.02), and critical ischemia with tissue loss (p = 0.009) could be identified as risk factors for the development of a nosocomial infection. Blood transfusion was a postoperative risk factor for nosocomial infection (p <. 0001). Nosocomial infection was associated with a prolonged hospital stay (p <. 0001).

Conclusions

This study provides a detailed description of the incidence and risk factors regarding nosocomial infection. More detailed studies are necessary to develop strategies to diminish the occurrence of nosocomial infection.
Respective Hydrolysis and Esterification of Esterified and Free Plant Stanols Occur Rapidly in Human Intestine After Their Duodenal Infusion in Triacyl‐ or Diacylglycerol
Authors: Nissinen Markku J. , Vuoristo Matti , Gylling Helena , Miettinen Tatu A.
Published: June 2007

Esterification of dietary phytosterols and glycerols may affect intestinal absorption of cholesterol and non‐cholesterol sterols. We infused plant stanol esters in triacylglycerol (TAG) (F1) and diacylglycerol (DG) (F2) oils, and free plant stanols in F1 and F2 (F3) to the duodenum of healthy human subjects and sampled the contents from the proximal jejunum (PJ). Free and ester sterols were analysed from the infusates, and intestinal contents before and after ultracentrifuge separation of oil, micelle and sediment phases. During the 60‐cm intestinal passage, over 40% of plant stanol esters were hydrolysed (P < 0.05) but around 30% of the infused free plant stanols (P < 0.05) and up to 40% of cholesterol (P < 0.05) were esterified in PJ after infusions. TAG in F1 favoured accumulation of plant stanol esters in the oil phase of the PJ aspirates as compared with respective values of F2 and F3 (P < 0.05 for both). About one third of free plant stanols of F3 had been esterified (P < 0.05) and 17% precipitated mainly in free form in the PJ aspirates (P < 0.05 compared with F1 and F2). In conclusion, DG‐ and TAG‐oils had no profound superiority over each other as intestinal carriers regarding hydrolysis/esterification of administered plant stanol esters and cholesterol and their partition in oil, micellar and sediment phases in the PJ. The unesterified plant stanols experienced partial esterification and sedimentation during their intestinal passage, which might influence their biochemical properties in that segment of the gut where cholesterol is absorbed.