bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrative monitoring strategy for marine and freshwater harmful algal blooms and toxins across the freshwater-to-marine continuum
Authors: Howard Meredith D. A. , Smith Jayme , Caron David A. , Kudela Raphael M. , Loftin Keith , Hayashi Kendra , Fadness Rich , Fricke Susan , Kann Jacob , Roethler Miranda , Tatters Avery , Theroux Susanna
Published: June 2022

Many coastal states throughout the USA have observed negative effects in marine and estuarine environments caused by cyanotoxins produced in inland waterbodies that were transported downstream or produced in the estuaries. Estuaries and other downstream receiving waters now face the dual risk of impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) that occur in the coastal ocean as well as those originating in inland watersheds. Despite this risk, most HAB monitoring efforts do not account for hydrological connections in their monitoring strategies and designs. Monitoring efforts in California have revealed the persistent detection of cyanotoxins across the freshwater-to-marine continuum. These studies underscore the importance of inland waters as conduits for the transfer of cyanotoxins to the marine environment and highlight the importance of approaches that can monitor across hydrologically connected waterbodies. A HAB monitoring strategy is presented for the freshwater-to-marine continuum to inform HAB management and mitigation efforts and address the physical and hydrologic challenges encountered when monitoring in these systems. Three main recommendations are presented based on published studies, new datasets, and existing monitoring programs. First, HAB monitoring would benefit from coordinated and cohesive efforts across hydrologically interconnected waterbodies and across organizational and political boundaries and jurisdictions. Second, a combination of sampling modalities would provide the most effective monitoring for HAB toxin dynamics and transport across hydrologically connected waterbodies, from headwater sources to downstream receiving waterbodies. Third, routine monitoring is needed for toxin mixtures at the land–sea interface including algal toxins of marine origins as well as cyanotoxins that are sourced from inland freshwater or produced in estuaries. Case studies from California are presented to illustrate the implementation of these recommendations, but these recommendations can also be applied to inland states or regions where the downstream receiving waterbody is a freshwater lake, reservoir, or river. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:586–604. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
Incidence and management of pleural effusions in patients with Wilms tumor: A Pediatric Surgical Oncology Research Collaborative study
Authors: Al‐Hadidi Ameer , Rinehardt Hannah N. , Sutthatarn Pattamon , Talbot Lindsay J. , Murphy Andrew J. , Whitlock Richard , Condon Sienna , Naik‐Mathuria Bindi , Utria Alan F. , Rothstein David H. , Chen Stephanie Y. , Wong‐Michalak Shannon , Kim Eugene S. , Short Scott S. , Meyers Rebecka L. , Kastenberg Zachary J. , Johnston Michael E. , Zens Tiffany , Dasgupta Roshni , Malek Marcus M. , Calabro Kristen , Piché Nelson , Callas Hannah , Lautz Timothy B. , McKay Katlyn , Lovvorn Harold N. , Commander Sarah Jane , Tracy Elisabeth T. , Lund Sarah B. , Polites Stephanie F. , Davidson Jacob , Dhooma Janel , Seemann Natashia M. , Marquart John P. , Gainer Haley , Lal Dave R. , Rich Barrie S. , Glick Richard D. , Maloney Lauren , Radu Stephani , Fialkowski Elizabeth A. , Kwok Pei En , Romao Rodrigo L. P. , Rubalcava Nathan , Ehrlich Peter F. , Newman Erika , Diehl Thomas , Le Hau D. , Polcz Valerie , Petroze Robin T. , Stanek Joseph , Aldrink Jennifer H.
Published: June 2022

Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common renal malignancy in children. Children with favorable histology WT achieve survival rates of over 90%. Twelve percent of patients present with metastatic disease, most commonly to the lungs. The presence of a pleural effusion at the time of diagnosis of WT may be noted on staging imaging; however, minimal data exist regarding the significance and prognostic importance of this finding. The objectives of our study are to identify the incidence of pleural effusions in patients with WT, and to determine the potential impact on oncologic outcomes. A multi‐institutional retrospective review was performed from January 2009 to December 2019, including children with WT and a pleural effusion on diagnostic imaging treated at Pediatric Surgical Oncology Research Collaborative (PSORC) participating institutions. Of 1259 children with a new WT diagnosis, 94 (7.5%) had a pleural effusion. Patients with a pleural effusion were older than those without (median 4.3 vs 3.5 years; P = .004), and advanced stages were more common (local stage III 85.9% vs 51.9%; P < .0001). Only 14 patients underwent a thoracentesis for fluid evaluation; 3 had cytopathologic evidence of malignant cells. Event‐free and overall survival of all children with WT and pleural effusions was 86.2% and 91.5%, respectively. The rate and significance of malignant cells present in pleural fluid is unknown due to low incidence of cytopathologic analysis in our cohort; therefore, the presence of an effusion does not appear to necessitate a change in therapy. Excellent survival can be expected with current stage‐specific treatment regimens.
Disrespect and abuse during childbirth in maternity hospitals in Piauí, Brazil: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Madeiro Alberto , Rufino Andréa Cronemberger , Acaqui Raiza Farnochia , Barbosa Clara Maria , Martins Victor Manfrinni Magalhães Lima , de Sousa Alessandra Maria Cerqueira
Published: June 2022

Objectives

To assess the prevalence and associated factors of disrespect and abuse during childbirth in Piauí, Brazil.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was performed with 698 postpartum women in 21 maternity hospitals in 14 municipalities between August 2018 and September 2019. Face‐to‐face interviews were performed at least 6 h after birth, with an assessment of disrespect and abuse during childbirth. Robust Poisson regression was used, with calculation of the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

Results

There was evidence that 19.8% of women experienced at least one type of disrespect and abuse during childbirth, with verbal abuse (12.6%), noncompliance with professional standards (11.6%), and health service restrictions being more common (8.3%). There was an association of disrespect and abuse during childbirth with women aged 10 to 19 years (aPR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.58–2.44), absence of companions (aPR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.85–2.89), cesarean sections after labor (aPR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.64–3.59), public hospitals (aPR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.42–2.85), and in the countryside (aPR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.81–3.98).

Conclusion

There was a high prevalence of disrespect and abuse during childbirth in Piauí, Brazil, associated with structural conditions of the services, care practices, and characteristics of women.
Low lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio predicts poor outcome in high‐risk aggressive large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Vajavaara Heli , Leivonen Suvi‐Katri , Jørgensen Judit , Holte Harald , Leppä Sirpa
Published: June 2022

Low lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte‐ratio (LMR) has been associated with unfavorable survival in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). To date, however, the impact of LMR on survival has not been examined in a uniformly treated cohort of patients with high‐risk aggressive large B‐cell lymphoma. We collected peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs) and absolute monocyte counts (AMC) prior to treatment and calculated LMR from 112 adult patients, who were less than 65 years of age, had age‐adjusted International Prognostic Index 2–3, or site‐specific risk factors for central nervous system (CNS) recurrence, and were treated in a Nordic Lymphoma Group LBC‐05 trial with dose‐dense immunochemotherapy and early systemic CNS prophylaxis (www.ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01325194). Median pretreatment ALC was 1.40 × 109/l (range, 0.20–4.95), AMC 0.68 × 109/l (range, 0.10–2.62), and LMR 2.08 (range, 0.10–12.00). ALC did not correlate with tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes, AMC did not correlate with tumor‐associated macrophages, and neither ALC nor AMC correlated with survival. However, low LMR (<1.72) translated to unfavourable progression‐free survival (PFS) (5‐year PFS 70% vs. 92%, p = 0.002) and overall survival (OS) (5‐year OS, 77% vs. 92%, p = 0.020). In the patients with low LMR, relative risk of progression was 4.4‐fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.60–12.14, p = 0.004), and relative risk of death was 3.3‐fold (95% CI 1.18–9.50, p = 0.024) in comparison to the patients with high LMR. We conclude that low LMR is an adverse prognostic factor in uniformly treated young patients with high‐risk aggressive large B‐cell lymphoma.
L‐type Voltage‐Gated calcium channels partly mediate Mechanotransduction in the intervertebral disc
Authors: Poillot Philip , Snuggs Joseph W. , Le Maitre Christine L. , Huyghe Jacques M.
Published: June 2022

Background

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration continues to be a major global health challenge, with strong links to lower back pain, while the pathogenesis of this disease is poorly understood. In cartilage, much more is known about mechanotransduction pathways involving the strain‐generated potential (SGP) and function of voltage‐gated ion channels (VGICs) in health and disease. This evidence implicates a similar important role for VGICs in IVD matrix turnover. However, the field of VGICs, and to a lesser extent the SGP, remains unexplored in the IVD.

Methods

A two‐step process was utilized to investigate the role of VGICs in the IVD. First, immunohistochemical staining was used to identify and localize several different VGICs in bovine and human IVDs. Second, a pilot study was conducted on the function of L‐type voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs) by inhibiting these channels with nifedipine (Nf) and measuring calcium influx in monolayer or gene expression from 3D cell‐embedded alginate constructs subject to dynamic compression.

Results

Several VGICs were identified at the protein level, one of which, Cav2.2, appears to be upregulated with the onset of human IVD degeneration. Inhibiting L‐type VGCCs with Nf supplementation led to an altered cell calcium influx in response to osmotic loading as well as downregulation of col 1a, aggrecan and ADAMTS‐4 during dynamic compression.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the presence of several VGICs in the IVD, with evidence supporting a role for L‐type VGCCs in mechanotransduction. These findings highlight the importance of future detailed studies in this area to fully elucidate IVD mechanotransduction pathways and better inform treatment strategies for IVD degeneration.
Temporary or permanent social media post? The impact of product type
Authors: Anlamlier Eda , Ulu Sevincgul
Published: June 2022

Consumers share various content about material and experiential products on social media for short‐term via temporary posts or long‐term via permanent posts. Based on memory protection and hedonic adaptation theories, this study investigates whether product type determines how long consumers display their products on social media. We suggest experiential products elicit more proactive nostalgia—the desire to have a permanent record of a current episode to remember and relive it in the future—than material products do encouraging long‐term product displays on social media. We conducted five experiments. Results demonstrate the following: (a) consumers are more likely to share experiential (vs. material) products via permanent (vs. temporary) posts on social media (Study 1 and 2); (b) consumers tend to share permanent posts when products are (externally or internally) framed as experiential versus material (Study 3 and 4); and (c) proactive nostalgia (for oneself and about others) mediates the relationship between product type and product display duration on social media (Study 4 and 5). Findings elucidate how product type and proactive nostalgia influence product engagement on social media and suggest managers can utilize product display duration as a product valuation metric and proactive nostalgia as a facilitator of long‐term word‐of‐mouth.
Bifunctional Phenol‐Enabled Sequential Polymerization Strategy for Printable Tough Hydrogels
Authors: Wei Jiayi , Zhang Bo , Zhang Ping , Wei Hongqiu , Yu You
Published: June 2022

Hydrogels are promising material candidates in engineering soft robotics, mechanical sensors, biomimetic regenerative medicine, etc. However, developing multinetwork hydrogels with high mechanical properties and excellent printability are still challenging. Here, a bifunctional phenol‐enabled sequential polymerization (BPSP) strategy is reported to fabricate high‐performance multinetwork hydrogels under the orthogonal catalysis of efficient ruthenium photochemistry. Benefiting from this bifunctional design, phenols can sequentially polymerize with typical monomers and themselves to fabricate various phenol‐containing polymers (Ph‐Ps) and Ph‐Ps‐based multinetwork tough hydrogels, respectively. The as‐prepared hydrogels have maximum stress of 0.75 MPa and toughness of 2.2 MJ m–3 under the critical strain of 800%. These property parameters are a maximum of 16 times higher than those of the phenol‐postmodified and phenol‐free hydrogels. Moreover, the rapid coupling polymerization of phenols can shorten the gelation times of hydrogels to as low as ≈4 s, which enables its printable property for customizable applications. As a proof of concept, a 3D scaffold‐like structure is optimized as highly sensitive mechanical sensors for detecting various human motions.
Diaphragmatic paralysis in a neonate with circumferential skin creases Kunze type
Authors: Chun Fang Gao , Kaiwei Ding , Lingkong Zeng , Xuwei Tao
Published: June 2022

Background

A range of clinical features have been confirmed with heterozygous mutations in Beta Tubulin (TUBB), including skin creases, facial deformities, abnormal cerebral structures, and intellectual disability, and were defined as Circumferential Skin Creases Kunze type (CSC‐KT).

Methods

Clinical information was obtained retrospectively on a neonate hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Wuhan Children’s Hospital. Genomic DNA was extracted from circulating leukocytes of the proband according to standard procedures.

Results

The neonate presented dyspnea resulting from diaphragmatic paralysis, accompanied by other typical features of CSC‐KT. Additionally, exome sequencing confirmed a new variant (NM_178,014. 4: c. 1114 A > G) in TUBB. We also summarized features described in previous cases, thus representing phenotype extension of CSC‐KT.

Conclusion

Our report is the youngest confirmed case, which could extend the current phenotype of CSC‐KT as well as the clinical diagnostic approach.
Azo polymerization of citrate‐based biomaterial‐ceramic composites at physiological temperatures
Authors: Huddleston Samantha E. , Duan Chongwen , Ameer Guillermo A.
Published: June 2022

Vertebral compression fractures due to osteoporosis are commonly treated with bone cements based on the non‐degradable, mechanically stiff poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), which relies on peroxide‐initiated polymerization to quickly set the cement at the cost of high exothermic temperatures. Recently, there has been interest in developing degradable, bone mechanic‐matching alternatives that pursue physiologically induced polymerization to both augment the handling of the material before application and to reduce high localized temperatures that may lead to tissue damage. Herein, we report the development and material characterization of a thermoresponsive, degradable bone cement that utilizes the azo‐based radical initiator 2‐2ʹ‐azobis (4‐methoxy‐2,4‐dimethyl valeronitrile) (V70) and a liquid citrate‐based biomaterial‐ceramic composite of methacrylated poly(1,8 octamethylene citrate) (mPOC) and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles (mPOC‐HA) that has improved handling and tissue compatibility characteristics. Our results show that: (a) these composites remain liquid until they are exposed to body temperature, which initiates polymerization to form a solid, tough material with desirable, modular compressive strengths comparable to trabecular bone; (b) the addition of HA decreases temperature generation below the threshold that leads to tissue necrosis; and (c) composites remain biocompatible in vitro and in vivo.
Fluid management in hospitalized pediatric patients
Authors: Alexander Erin , Weatherhead Jeffrey , Creo Ana , Hanna Christian , Steien Dana B.
Published: June 2022

The proper use of intravenous fluids has likely been responsible for saving more lives than any other group of substances. Proper use includes prescribing an appropriate electrolyte and carbohydrate solution, at a calculated rate or volume, for the right child, at the right time. Forming intravenous fluid plans for hospitalized children requires an understanding of water and electrolyte physiology in healthy children and how different pathology deviates from the norm. This review highlights fluid management in several disease types, including liver disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, diabetes insipidus, kidney disease, and intestinal failure as well as in those with nonphysiologic fluid losses. For each disease, the review discusses specific considerations, evaluations, and management strategies to consider when customizing intravenous fluid plans. Ultimately, all hospitalized children should receive an individualized fluid plan with recurrent evaluations and fluid modifications to provide optimal care.
Iron deficiency and pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Lan Michelle , Wu Sheryl , Fernandes Timothy M.
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive review of iron deficiency in the setting of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and to evaluate the utility of iron supplementation in PAH. Iron deficiency is present in 33%–46% of patients with PAH and has been associated with reduced exercise capacity, compromised oxygen handling, deterioration of right ventricular function, and even mortality. Iron homeostasis and the pathophysiology of PAH are highly intertwined, which has inspired the use of iron supplementation in patients with iron deficiency and PAH. A literature search was performed to identify all available evidence on iron supplementation for PAH. Limited evidence has suggested poor oral bioavailability of oral iron dosed three times a day, but newer formulations such as ferrous maltol may provide better absorption and clinical benefit, especially when dosed less frequently, such as every other day. Intravenous (IV) iron has been shown in observational studies to improve outcomes, but the single randomized control trial in patients without anemia has failed to show benefits in any measure of exercise tolerance. Larger randomized control studies on oral iron with good bioavailability or IV iron in patients with anemia are warranted to explore the potential utility of iron supplementation in patients with PAH.
Residual effects of low dose of suvorexant, zolpidem, and ramelteon in healthy elderly subjects: A randomized double‐blind study
Authors: Uemura Sachiko Ito , Imanishi Aya , Terui Yoshino , Park Insung , Satake Masahiro , Han GoEun , Shioya Takanobu , Kanbayashi Takashi , Nishino Seiji
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Current hypnotic agents have next‐day residual effects. The new orexin antagonist, suvorexant, has little muscle relaxation effect on the physical and cognitive function in the following morning and daytime. In this study, the effects of suvorexant, zolpidem, ramelteon and placebo in elderly subjects were evaluated.

Methods

Six men and eight women aged 63–75 years received a single tablet and lights were then turned off. Subjects were instructed to sleep from 23:00–6:00 with an interruption from 4:00–4:30 for evaluations. Suvorexant 10 mg, zolpidem 5 mg, ramelteon 4 mg or placebo was administered single time in a randomized, double‐blind and crossover design with a one‐week drug holiday in between each drug. Measures of objective parameters and subjective ratings were obtained every 2 h from 4:00 to 16:00.

Result

No subjects showed serious side effects from physical observations and vital sign checks before and after hypnotics were taken. During the first sleep period, the REM sleep time with suvorexant was especially longer than that with zolpidem. During the second sleep period, suvorexant had shorter sleep latency and longer stage2 sleep time than ramelteon and zolpidem, respectively. During the whole entire sleep, the REM sleep time with suvorexant was longer than zolpidem and placebo. For the body sway test with closed eye, the main effects of the medicines and zolpidem were significantly better than suvorexant and ramelteon.

Conclusion

The changes of physical and cognitive functions in healthy elderly after taking hypnotics were not remarkable. Therefore, these three hypnotics maybe appropriate for the elderly people with insomnia for single‐time low dose administration.
A case of mood disorder with severe side effects of antidepressants in association with resistance to thyroid hormone beta with a THRB mutation
Authors: Komahashi‐Sasaki Hazuki , Yasui‐Furukori Norio , Maehara Ryo , Hasegawa Chie , Shimoda Kazutaka
Published: June 2022

Background

Although resistance to thyroid hormone beta (RTHβ) is associated with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, there are few reports of other concomitant mood disorders in individuals with RTHβ.

Case presentation

A 67‐year‐old woman who had been previously diagnosed with RTHβ (Refetoff syndrome) came to our department as a depressed patient. She was hospitalized twice for depression and treated with antidepressants both times. Paroxetine (37.5 mg/day) treatment during the first hospitalization did not cause any side effects, but treatment with mirtazapine (15 mg/day) and venlafaxine (150 mg/day) during the second hospitalization caused clonus and disturbance of consciousness, and these adverse effects resulted in a prolonged period of hospitalization. Finally, the patient’s symptoms were controlled with quetiapine (75 mg/day).

Conclusion

Poor tolerability to antidepressants was observed, which may be related to thyroid hormone intolerance. Low doses of quetiapine may contribute to improvements in depression.
Investigation on the effect of stacking order and hybridization on mechanical and water absorption properties of woven flax/bamboo composites
Authors: Alliyankal Vijayakumar Amal , Prasad Vishnu , Kailathuvalappil Kochunny Manesh
Published: June 2022

In virtue of the performance of natural fiber reinforced composites, hybridization and stacking order play a crucial role in defining the behavior of engineering components. Furthermore, no studies have been reported on the mechanical and water absorption properties of woven flax/bamboo hybrid composites with different stackings. The present study investigates the influence of stacking sequences and hybridization of flax (F)/bamboo (B) epoxy composites on its mechanical and water absorption properties. The stacking sequence is varied as follows: B/F/F/B, F/B/B/F, F/B/F/B, F/F/B/B. A numerical model for interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) is developed and validated using ANSYS composite repost, which can predict the critical stresses and damage in each ply, as it is not possible through experimental studies. The tensile fractured surfaces are examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that the mechanical and water absorption of hybrid composite laminates are influenced by the stacking sequence. The optimum stacking order with maximum performance is obtained for B/F/F/B. The increase in tensile, flexural, impact, and ILSS values is observed as 8.3%, 25%, 4.4%, and 14.6%, respectively. The water diffusion coefficient is reduced by 34.75% by the addition of the bamboo layer to the skin. The computational analysis predicted the different modes of critical stresses and failures acting on each ply during the ILSS test.
Early versus delayed initiation of cytomegalovirus prophylaxis after liver transplant
Authors: Magid Mackenzie , Byrns Jennifer , Gommer Jennifer , Yang Zidanyue , Lee Hui‐Jie , Harris Matt
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Delaying cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis after liver transplantation may limit medication side effects and reduce inpatient drug costs. The primary objective of this study was to determine the incidence of CMV DNAemia in liver transplant recipients who initiated prophylaxis immediately after transplant (early prophylaxis) and those who initiated prophylaxis on postoperative day 7 or at discharge, whichever came first (delayed prophylaxis).

Study Design

This was a retrospective, single‐center study of adult liver transplant recipients between February 2017 and February 2019. Patients who were at low risk for CMV (D−/R−), received dual organs, had a history of invasive CMV disease, or received prophylaxis with an agent other than ganciclovir/valganciclovir were excluded. Chart review of patient profiles was completed 9 months following the transplant, and the primary end point was the first positive CMV PCR within that timeframe. Cumulative incidence of CMV DNAemia was estimated by adjusting for competing events for early and delayed prophylaxis groups. The subdistribution hazard model was utilized to examine the effect of the timing of prophylaxis on CMV DNAemia while accounting for CMV serostatus. Secondary end points included peak quantifiable viral load, time to detection, and incidence of tissue‐invasive disease.

Results

A total of 119 patients (60 early prophylaxis and 59 delayed prophylaxis) were included, and baseline demographics were similar except for sex. Twenty patients in the early group and 17 in the delayed group developed CMV DNAemia within 9 months of transplant with a cumulative incidence of 31.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 20%, 44%) and 28.8% (95% CI 18%, 41%), respectively. After controlling for CMV serostatus, the relative incidence of DNAemia was similar between prophylaxis groups (subdistribution hazard ratio: 1.01, 95% CI 0.53, 1.90).

Conclusions

No significant difference in CMV DNAemia within 9 months of liver transplant was observed between patients who received early and delayed prophylaxis. Future studies are warranted to conclude that delaying prophylaxis can be considered a safe alternative to initiating prophylaxis immediately after transplant.
Living in the shadows: Gastrodia orchids lack functional leaves and open flowers
Authors: Suetsugu Kenji
Published: June 2022

Non‐photosynthetic plants dependent on fungi have long fascinated botanists and mycologists. The genus Gastrodia (Orchidaceae) contains more than 100 achlorophyllous species, including some species recently discovered in Japan and Taiwan which produce only closed self‐pollinating flowers. To date, Gastrodia is probably the only genus containing species with only closed flowers, which has been verified by a decade of monitoring hundreds of individuals. Here, the unique characteristics of the genus Gastrodia have been reviewed, emphasizing the reproductive biology of these newly described species that neither photosynthesize nor bloom. Investigation of such species that scarcely resemble other plants may paradoxically enhance our understanding of plants more broadly.
Definitive treatment choice among Black immigrants with prostate cancer: Analysis of patient surveys distributed at a single safety‐net institution
Authors: Heard John R. , Huang Aaron J. , Werle Laura , Adler Kerry , Bryant Geoffrey , Smith Matthew , Gordon Danielle J. , Winer Andrew G.
Published: June 2022

Background

Large‐scale prostate cancer (PCa) database reviews have found a consistent discrepancy in the mortality rate in Black patients compared to their White counterparts. Furthermore, differences in PCa treatment and outcomes among Black men of different ethnic origins have also been identified. Due to the heterogeneity of PCa‐impacted communities and the unclear impact of patient immigration status on treatment outcomes, we sought to determine the demographic factors associated with treatment choice for definitive treatment of PCa in our single institution's patient population of Black immigrants.

Methods

We distributed surveys to all patients in the Kings County Hospital Center urologic oncology clinic from February 2019 to February 2020 and collected relevant health information via EMR. The survey collected demographic information regarding age, education, health insurance, employment status, socioeconomic status, country of birth, and years living in the United States (US).

Results

Out of the 253 patients surveyed, the majority of patients surveyed were Black and foreign born. There were no significant differences in demographic data between US‐born and foreign‐born patients except number of years living in the United States. In the intermediate risk group, patients living in the United States for <10 years chose surgery significantly more often than US‐born patients (90.9% vs. 50.0%, p = 0.036). On multivariate analysis, patients that chose surgery were more likely to be older when diagnosed (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21) and less likely to be born in the United States than in African or Caribbean countries (OR = 0.054).

Conclusions

In our study of a majority‐Black population, we found that patients born in the United States were less likely than their foreign counterparts to opt for surgery, as previous studies have shown. The choice of definitive treatment modality for Black men with intermediate risk PCa was found to be influenced by age at diagnosis and immigration status.
Chronic coexposure to arsenic and estrogen potentiates genotoxic estrogen metabolic pathway and hypermethylation of DNA glycosylase MBD4 in human prostate epithelial cells
Authors: Treas Justin , Roy Priti , Singh Kamaleshwar P.
Published: June 2022

Background

Previously we reported that arsenic and estrogen cause synergistic effects in the neoplastic transformation of human prostate epithelial cells. In addition to receptor‐mediated pathways, DNA‐reactive estrogen metabolites have also been shown to play a critical role in mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Both estrogen and arsenic are known prostate carcinogens, however, the effect of coexposure to these two chemicals on genes involved in estrogen metabolism is not known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the role of arsenic and estrogen coexposure on the expression of estrogen receptors and estrogen metabolism‐associated genes. Earlier, we also reported the synergistic effect of arsenic and estrogen on decreased expression of MBD4 genes that play an important role in DNA repair through its DNA glycosylase activity. To further understand the mechanism, the promoter methylation of this gene was also analyzed.

Methods

Total RNA and protein were isolated from RWPE‐1 human prostate epithelial cells that were coexposed to arsenic and estrogen for a chronic duration (6 months). The expression of estrogen receptors, estrogen metabolism associated phase I genes (CYP 1A1, 1A2, 3A4, and 1B1) and phase II gene catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), as well as antioxidant MnSOD, were analyzed either at the RNA level by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction or at the protein level by western blot. Promoter methylation of MBD4 was analyzed by pyrosequencing.

Results

Expression of MnSOD and phase I genes that convert E2 into genotoxic metabolites 2‐OH‐E2 and 4‐OH‐E2 were significantly increased, whereas the expression of phase II gene COMT that detoxifies estrogen metabolites was significantly decreased in arsenic and estrogen coexposed cells. MBD4 promoter was hypermethylated in arsenic and estrogen coexposed cells. Coexposure to arsenic and estrogen has synergistic effects on the expression of these genes as well as in MBD4 promoter hypermethylation.

Conclusions

These novel findings suggest that coexposure to arsenic and estrogen acts synergistically in the activation of not only the estrogen receptors but also the genes associated with genotoxic estrogen metabolism and epigenetic inactivation of DNA glycosylase MBD4. Together, these genetic and epigenetic aberrations provide the molecular basis for the potentiation of carcinogenicity of arsenic and estrogen coexposure in prostate epithelial cells.
Epitaxial Growth of One‐Monolayer Pb1−xBix Alloy Films
Authors: Li Pengju , Xie Kun , Li Leiqiang , Li Xinyue , Xia Yumin , Zhang Runxiao , Qin Shengyong
Published: June 2022

Motivated by recent theoretical reports of intrinsic topological superconductivity in Pb3Bi alloy systems where large Rashba gap and type II van Hove singularity coexist, one‐monolayer Pb
1−

x

Bi
x
alloy films have been successfully grown by molecular beam epitaxy technique and systematically investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy in this work. There coexist two different stable phases in the Pb
1−

x

Bi
x
alloyed films: 3 × 3 semiconducting phase with a bandgap as large as 0.6 eV, and 3√3 × 3√3 metallic phase. Furthermore, the formation of the two different Pb
1−

x

Bi
x
monolayer films can be tuned by changing the Bi content and annealing processes. These findings pave the way for further exploration of superconductivity and topological properties of the Pb
x
Bi
1−

x

systems.
Liquiritigenin protects against myocardial ischemic by inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis, and L‐type Ca2+ channels
Authors: Zhang Muqing , Qi Jiaying , He Qianqian , Ma Donglai , Li Jing , Chu Xi , Zuo Saijie , Zhang Yixin , Li Li , Chu Li
Published: June 2022

Liquiritigenin (Lq) offers cytoprotective effects against various cardiac injuries, but its beneficial effects on myocardial ischemic (MI) injury and the related mechanisms remain unclear. In the in vivo study, an animal model of MI was induced by intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol (Iso, 85 mg/kg). ECG, heart rate, serum levels of CK and CK‐MB, histopathological changes, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were all measured. In vitro, H9c2 cells were divided into four groups and treated for 24 hr with liquiritigenin (30 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L) followed with CoCl2 (800 μmol/L) for another 24 hr. Cell viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were then assessed. The L‐type Ca2+ current (ICa‐L) was detected using a patch clamp technique on isolated rat ventricular myocytes. The myocyte contraction and Ca2+ transients were measured using an IonOptix detection system. The remarkable cardiac injury and generation of intracellular ROS induced by Iso were alleviated via treatment with Lq. CoCl2 administration induced cell apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Ca2+ overload in H9c2; Lq reduces these deleterious effects of CoCl2. Meanwhile, Lq blocked ICa‐L in a dose‐dependent manner. The half‐maximal inhibitory concentration of Lq was 110.87 μmol/L. Lq reversibly reduced the amplitude of cell contraction as well as the Ca2+ transients. The results show that Lq protects against MI injury by antioxidation, antiapoptosis, counteraction mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibition of ICa‐L, thus damping intracellular Ca2+.
Biomolecular Regulation of Zinc Deposition to Achieve Ultra‐Long Life and High‐Rate Zn Metal Anodes
Authors: Zhu Jinlin , Deng Wenjun , Yang Na , Xu Xianqi , Huang Chao , Zhou Yi , Zhang Man , Yuan Xinran , Hu Jun , Li Chang , Li Rui
Published: June 2022

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have been extensively studied due to their inherent safety and high energy density for large‐scale energy storage. However, the practical application is significantly limited by the growing Zn dendrites on metallic Zn anode during cycling. Herein, an environmental biomolecular electrolyte additive, fibroin (FI), is proposed to guide the homogeneous Zn deposition and stabilize Zn anode. This work demonstrates that the FI molecules with abundant electron‐rich groups (NH, OH, and CO) can anchor on Zn anode surface to provide more nucleation sites and suppress the side reactions, and the strong interaction with water molecules can simultaneously regulate the Zn2+ coordination environment facilitating the uniform deposition of Zn. As a consequence, only 0.5 wt% FI additive enables a highly reversible Zn plating/stripping over 4000 h at 1 mA cm−2, indicating a sufficient advance in performance over state‐of‐the‐art Zn anodes. Furthermore, when applied to a full battery (NaVO/Zn), the cell exhibits excellent capacity retention of 98.4% after 1000 cycles as well as high Coulombic efficiency of 99%, whereas the cell only operates for 68 cycles without FI additive. This work offers a non‐toxic, low‐cost, effective additive strategy to solve dendrites problems and achieve long‐life and high‐performance rechargeable aqueous ZIBs.
A late Asbian (Mississippian) stratotype for England: Trowbarrow Quarry, Cumbria, UK
Authors: Cózar Pedro , Somerville Ian D. , Hounslow Mark W. , Kamenikova Tereza
Published: June 2022

A detailed biostratigraphy is established, using the high foraminiferal abundance and diversity at Trowbarrow Quarry, which is also proposed as a stratotype section for the late Asbian (late Visean), a substage not previously formally subdivided. The foraminiferal assemblages suggest that the early Asbian has to be revised, which has implications for the chronostratigraphy of many late Visean outcrops in Britain, which are probably erroneously interpreted. From the upper part of the Park Limestone Formation at Trowbarrow Quarry, near the base of the section, the transition between foraminifers assigned to the early and late Asbian (Cf6α–β to Cf6γ subzones) is identified. The Urswick Limestone Formation contains excellent biostratigraphic records of many important taxa, enabling the subdivision of the formation into five foraminiferal assemblage zones for the late Asbian, namely Cf6γ1a, Cf6γ1b, Cf6γ2a, Cf6γ2b and Cf6γ2c. The last assemblage is currently recognized only in the North Pennines and at Trowbarrow. These assemblages enable revision of the stratigraphic range of many taxa used as biostratigraphic markers in Britain and Ireland. Owing to its excellent foraminiferal record, the late Asbian subdivisions will significantly facilitate the reinterpretation of other well‐known Asbian platform carbonate successions in Britain. Although there are some faunal differences, the base of the late Asbian can be confidently correlated to other European zonal schemes, with its base being equivalent to the base of the former V3bγ or more recent MFZ14 foraminiferal zones of Belgium, and the base of the Mikhailovian Substage in Russia.
Study on Surface Modification of Fe–Si–Cr Alloy by Selective Oxidation Heat Treatment and its Corrosion Properties
Authors: Park Jae-Young , Hwang Nong-Moon , Seo Bosung , Im Hyeon-Tae , Park Ki Beom , Park Chang-Soo , Mo Chan Bin , Park Hyung-Ki , Park Kwangsuk
Published: June 2022

Corrosion properties of the insulating oxide layer formed on the Fe–Si–Cr alloy through the selective oxidation heat treatment are evaluated to find out that the oxide layer can play a role as a barrier layer against corrosion. Preferential oxidation of Si and Cr during the selective oxidation heat treatment results in a two‐layered oxide layer. From the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope results, it is revealed that the inner layer is SiO2 and the outer layer is Cr2O3, and they keep growing with the heat treatment time. The oxide layer formed by the selective oxidation heat treatment causes the ennoblement of the corrosion potential, but additional ennoblement does not occur with the growth of the oxide layer. However, the thickness of the oxide layer influences anti‐corrosion performance in terms of corrosion resistance and deterioration. The thicker the oxide layer is, the higher the corrosion resistance and the slower the deterioration become so that the protection property withstands for 3 h in the 3.5 wt% NaCl solution when the oxide layer has 44.3 nm thickness.
Compositional Changes in Potato Carbohydrates and Polyphenols during In vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion
Authors: Thakur Nitasha , Raigond Pinky , Jayanty Sastry S. , Goel Gunjan , Dutt Som , Singh Brajesh
Published: June 2022

Effect of processing method on in vitro bioaccessibility of carbohydrates and polyphenolics is investigated using three Indian potato varieties. Results show that boiling and microwaving breakdown the starch to maximum extent (up to 98%). Bioaccessibility of reducing sugars was 10‐times and 13‐times high, and sucrose was 2‐times and 4‐times higher with boiled and microwaved potatoes, respectively compared to undigested forms. Boiling and microwaving significantly decreases the polyphenolics by 26% and 10%, respectively. Though boiling significantly decreased the concentration of chlorogenic acid (29%), caffeic acid (20%) andrutin (6%), microwaving significantly increased chlorogenic acid (3‐fold), caffeic acid (3.4‐fold) and rutin (1.7‐fold). Polyphenolics (41 mg/100 g FW), chlorogenic acid (251 µg/g FW), caffeic acid (58 µg/g FW) and sugars are most bioaccessible from microwaved potatoes; and rutin (20 µg/g FW) from boiled potatoes. Principal component analysis indicates that microwaving releases more polyphenolics. Hence microwaving can be recommended as the best cooking method, though high sugar bioaccessibility also needs to be kept in mind. The study indicates that during bioaccessibility studies of phytonutrients in starchy foods, carbohydrate bioaccessibility should not be ignored. The finding of this study needs to be confirmed through cell uptake model and through in vivo studies to further conclude the present results.
Chemical Modifications of Turmeric Starch by Oxidation, Phosphorylation, and Succinylation
Authors: Nakkala Komalatha , Godiyal Shilpa , Ettaboina Santhosh Kumar , Laddha K. S.
Published: June 2022

The goal of this study is to determine how different properties of turmeric starch are changed with oxidation, succinylation, and phosphorylation. These chemical reagents include sodium hypochlorite, octenyl succinic anhydride, sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP), and sodium tripolyphosphate, using the appropriate reagents (STPP). The isolated starch is modified using several chemical reagents, affecting the turmeric starch physicochemical, functional, thermal, and morphological properties. In hydration properties, all modified starches, are observed non‐significant changes, but in the case of swelling power, lower results are observed in oxidized starch, but substantially raised in the remaining both modifications. In all modifications, the amylose content is lower than native starch (31.380.98). Although there is little variation in pH, the modified starches have higher water and oil binding capabilities than native starch. Native starch (26.02 ± 0.04) and oxidized starch (15.46 ± 0.12) result in the highest and lowest percent syneresis respectively, hence modifications lead more stable starches. SEM research reveals particle aggregation and depressions in the structural form of some modified starches. In terms of viscosity metrics, distarch phosphate (6.3898 Pa s) has the highest viscosity while oxidized starch has the lowest viscosity (3.2623 Pa s). The current paper specifies methods for modification of the turmeric starch including oxidation, succinylation, and phosphorylation. The degree of substitution and percentage content of modified starches are calculated and those are carboxyl/carbonyl content in oxidized starch, octenyl succinate content in succinylated starch, and phosphate content in phosphorylated starch. These properties of modified starches would facilitate more applications in the food as well as non‐food industry.
Configuration influence in relation to fluid flow of venturi system
Authors: Reda Hamed Mohamed Ahmed
Published: June 2022

Due to its simplicity and accurately measuring the flow rate, the venturi system is a special kind of pipe that is widely used in various applied fluid mixtures. One of the venturi system's important applications is ejectors devices that accurately facilitate adding air to water to sustain oxygen demand target levels in many waterworks engineering systems. This study aims to improve venturi system measurement accuracy through experimental investigation and analytical analysis for the venturi system conditional configuration parameters effect on target aeration operational efficiency. In the experiment work, different runs are implemented to characterize the performance of such aerators by describing the impact of venturi characteristics and configurations, including water flow rate, air inlets orifices diameters, inlet velocities, throat lengths, inlet angles, outlets angles, and outlet diameters on aeration efficiency. Results show that the venturi air vent diameter is an important governing parameter for determining aeration performance value. Additionally, an indicated increase in aeration performance with an increasing throat length to its diameter ratio. Meanwhile, the results revealed a varying noted effect of the venturi system characteristics and configurations on aeration performance. Moreover, the equations that relate venturi system configuration and Reynolds numbers with the aeration operational performance are developed to facilitate the target accurate aeration efficiency estimation.
Incubation characteristics, growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Saxonian Chicken and German Langshan bantam breeds in a free‐range rearing system
Authors: Freick Markus , Herzog Marion , Rump Stefan , Vogt Isabelle , Weber Jim , John Wolfram , Schreiter Ruben
Published: June 2022

Background/introduction

In the absence of evidence‐based findings for Saxonian Chicken (SaChi) and German Langshan bantam (GLB), which are indigenous endangered German fancy chicken breeds, the objective of the present study was to characterise their growth performance and meat potential in an extensive free‐range system

Methods

A total of 340 hatching eggs from SaChi and 439 eggs from GLB were provided by private breeders, from which 263 SaChi (77.3%) and 174 GLB (39.6%) hatched (p < 0.001)

Results

By week 20, SaChi reached body weights of 2362.3 ± 315.3 g (mean ± SD; roosters) and 1624.7 ± 158.9 g (hens), while GLB weighed 1089.7 ± 148.3 g (roosters) and 820.4 ± 89.5 g (hens). Fitting the non‐linear regression of growth data to the Gompertz function estimated asymptotic body weights of 3131.4, 2363.9, 1359.2 and 1107.3 g, with inflection point times of 10.5, 10.3, 9.2 and 9.3 weeks in male SaChi, female SaChi, male GLB and female GLB, respectively. Moderate plumage damage was observed on days 18, 35, 53, 70 and 105 in SaChi and on days 53, 70 and 105 in GLB, while all birds presented completely intact plumage on day 140. Using a binary logistic regression model, breed, age and sex were shown to affect the plumage condition (p < 0.001 each). Roosters were slaughtered in week 20. No breed effects were detected in the carcass yield (SaChi: 68.8 ± 1.7%, GLB: 69.7 ± 1.8%) (p = 0.135) or abdominal fat share (SaChi: 0.89 ± 0.15%, GLB: 1.08 ± 0.14%) (p = 0.281). The percentage of valuable cuts (breast fillets and legs) in the carcass was 43.8 ± 1.9% for SaChi and 43.1 ± 3.0% for GLB (p = 0.490)

Discussion/conclusions

In conclusion, this study provides insights into the performance traits and welfare indicators during the rearing of two endangered German chicken breeds.