bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Edge Characteristics of Commercially Produced Paper Stock
Authors: Bodziak William J.
Published: February 2025

The commercial production of paper items still involves the use of large guillotine blades to cut through thick stacks of paper stock, tablets, notebook filler paper, steno pads, and similar paper products. During the sharpening process and subsequent use, the blades acquire grind marks and nicks, and as a result, take on their own uniqueness. Depending on the thickness, type of paper stock, and frequency of use, these blades must be sharpened relatively frequently. When the blades are removed and sharpened, their unique features are removed. New grinding marks from sharpening and, upon use, a new set of unique random nicks now distinguish that blade from its prior characteristics as well as from other blades. A study of two paper cutting machines and processes at a large paper company was made to determine if more than one pad can result inidentical edge features on each of the four sides. The process each machine uses to cut paper stock, the edge characteristics which result from the guillotine blade, and the likelihood of duplicate features are discussed. In addition, a method of photographing the microscopic features which remain on the edges of cut paper stock is discussed and illustrated. This information should assist the document examiner during comparisons of individual pieces of paper for the purpose of confirming common origin.
A Study of Attempted Simulated Signatures by Teenage Writers
Authors: Schuetzner Ellen Mulcrone
Published: February 2025

The authors Harrison, Hilton, Huber and Headrick, and Osborn defined characteristics of simulation. Based on the written works of these authors, a study was conducted using 19 categories of reported characteristics of simulation. Attempted simulated signatures were obtained from 106 teenage writer participants and the results examined for 1 or more of the 19 simulation characteristics. This study supports the recorded works by these noted authors pertaining to characteristics of simulation.
Voltage and Indentation Development
Authors: Tanaka Tobin A.
Published: February 2025

Electrostatic detection devices (EDDs) utilize charging to visualize indentations on documents. In this study, a voltage probe was used to measure the characteristics of the voltage at the surface of the film covering the document to better understand this electrostatic phenomenon. The ultimate objective of this research was to enable document examiners to obtain better development of indentations. This initial work demonstrated that such measurements are useful for controlling the extent of charging the film.
An Investigation into the Degree of Similarity in the Handwriting of Identical and Fraternal Twins in New Zealand
Authors: Boot David
Published: February 2025

A document examination case involving the handwriting of identical twins showed a striking degree of similarity in their handwriting. Following this observation research was undertaken to gauge the degree of handwriting similarity in a larger sample of identical and fraternal twins' handwriting. Handwriting samples and questionnaires allowed the investigation of factors such as genetically linked similarity, schooling, and handedness. The results showed that none of the twins wrote exactly alike, however in some cases there was a marked degree of similarity. No evidence was found to suggest that identical twins write with more similarity than fraternal twins. While the effect of genetic factors on handwriting could not be truly judged, the study did highlight the need for care and thoroughness in any examination of handwriting.
Flat Die Stamps: A New Technology From Brother
Authors: Kelly Jan Seaman
Published: February 2025

The traditional manufacturing processes of stamps produced a stamp with a relief on the die. Brother has created the SC-2000 (Stampcreator Pro) and the SC-300 PC that manufacture stamps with a flat die, i.e. no relief. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process and evaluate the features or characteristics that separate stamps made by the Brother stamp units from stamps made by more traditional manufacturing processes.
Influence of Age, Gender and Handedness in Signature Imitation
Authors: Hayes James L.
Published: February 2025

This article studies the influence of age, gender, and handedness on the ability of student volunteers to simulate signatures. The students were enrolled in an introductory course in Hospitality, Tourism, and Event Management at the Metropolitan State College of Denver. The majority learned to write during the 1980s. The volunteers were provided genuine signatures by older writers who learned to write using the Palmer System. The simulations were done in 2 sessions, the 1st with no instructions on how to imitate a signature. A week later the same students were asked to repeat the exercise, but this time with some instructions in how to copy a signature. The students were given an incentive of earning extra points on their grade for good efforts. The students’ forgeries were then evaluated by a forensic document examiner and graded as to quality. In general, the students created very poor forgeries. The females performed slightly better than the males, particularly after instruction, but even those efforts were not very good.
The Ability of Forensic Handwriting Examiners to Judge the Quality of Signature Simulations in an Unfamiliar Writing System
Authors: Alkahtani Abdulaziz Al-Musa
Published: February 2025

This article addresses the question of whether forensic handwriting examiners (FHEs) can successfully apply forgery detection analysis to recognize forgeries in foreign signatures with which they are not familiar. Two FHEs who were fluent speakers and writers of Arabic and 2 who were unfamiliar with the Arabic language and script analyzed 100 freehand simulations of 2 Arabic signatures. They gave separate ranks to the accuracy with which each of elements of line quality, form, and proportion were simulated by each simulator. No significant differences were found between the assessments of the 2 teams of FHEs for each element. More research on other scripts, languages, and elements would be desirable to generalize the results.
Quantitative Hyperspectral Imaging Technique for Measuring Material Degradation Effects and Analyzing TLC Plate Traces
Authors: Klein M. E. , Aalderink B. J. , Berger C. E. H. , Herlaar K. , Koeijer J. A. de
Published: February 2025

In forensic document analysis, multi-spectral reflectance and luminescence imaging techniques are routinely used for distinguishing inks and for enhancing the legibility of faint or invisible writing. The transition from conventional, qualitative spectral imaging to quantitative hyperspectral imaging (QHSI) made possible by the SENTINEL instrument facilitates and enhances the applicability of the technique to less common tasks. Several simple demonstration experiments were carried out to illustrate how the QHSI technique can be used in 2 application areas, the study of degradation effects in materials and the analysis of thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates. As examples for the 1st application area, the changes in the reflectance and luminescence characteristics of paper and writing induced by exposure to sunlight and strong UV light were measured with the QHSI instrument. As an example for the 2nd application area, the SENTINEL instrument was used to measure a TLC plate with ink samples. Based on the large number of calibrated reflectance and luminescence images, one can generate false-color images that facilitate the visual comparison of the positions and intensity of bands. A more detailed analysis is possible by extracting numeric cross-section data along the different sample traces.
The Use of Principal Component Analysis to Provide Objective Methods for the Examination of Arabic Signatures
Authors: Haddad Ahmed Al , White Peter C. , Cowell Anthony M.
Published: February 2025

The natural variation within an individual’s Arabic signature is studied using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with orthogonal rotation of the components. Fifty replicate analyses of sixteen features, measurable or classified by a numerical coding system, were analysed for a legible and an illegible type of signature. With either type of signature this PCA method provides an objective, robust and simple routine for identifying the features and importantly associations between features. Using only the measurable features, the results from two trials proves the method could potentially assist in confirming the authenticity and identifying forgeries for both legible and illegible types of signatures. From studying the effect of sample size it is recommended that no less than twenty-five control signatures should be used to ensure reproducibility and confidence in reporting any results when using this statistical method of analysis.
Impressions/Ink Intersection Sequencing—A Comprehensive Overview
Authors: Radley Robert W. , Lindblom Brian S.
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the sequencing technique between ESDA detectable impressions and ink strokes. The method assists in the determination of the execution order of visible ink lines and intersecting ESDA impressions. Critical factors, suggested procedures, interpretation and tips on conducting the work are considered and addressed in detail. Consideration is also given to conflicting papers on this topic.
A Study on the Stability and the Utility of Satellite Droplets for Classification of Ink Jet Printers
Authors: Ning Liu
Published: February 2025

The author investigated the stability of satellite droplets as either class or individual characteristics in the printouts from 40 types of Hewlett-Packard and Canon ink jets. Observation established that satellite droplets produced by one ink jet device might vary in appearance with different print modes, ink, media and other factors. Given their lack of repeatability, they are not considered to be characteristics that can be relied upon by FDEs for ink jet printer classification or identification. However, the forensic value of satellite droplets should not be totally ignored. Their structure can indicate the properties of the ink, and possibly the brand of printer. They are very useful for ascertaining certain characteristics for ink jet classification, including halftone dot, nozzle arrangement, and stepping of paper feed. They can also assist in determining print modes, without which no ink jet output can be produced. Therefore, satellites should be taken into consideration when FDEs are examining an ink jet -printed document.
Investigating Forensic Document Examiner Opinions on Signatures in aForeign Script
Authors: Spencer Rosalind
Published: February 2025

There have been court challenges in various countries around the world bringing into question the validity of forensic document examiners (FDEs) expressing expert opinions on writing systems other than those with which they are familiar. A study was designed to assess whether FDEs are significantly better at evaluating the authenticity of questioned signatures in a familiar script than FDEs who are faced with an unfamiliar one. Volunteer FDEs familiar with Chinese script, those unfamiliar with the script, and a group of laypeople were provided with a series of small validation tests in a blinded fashion. The theoretical paradigms used by FDEs to form the basis of expert opinion in this area were explored, together with a discussion on how these results may be generalised to the overall FDE population, given the limitations of such a study.
Ink Aging Testing—Do Preceding Indentation Examinations Affect Ink Aging Parameters?
Authors: Aginsky Valery N.
Published: February 2025

This paper discusses various aspects of two ink aging methods involving the analysis of volatile ink components: the Sequential Extraction Technique (SET) and the Solvent Loss Ratio Method (SLRM). Multiple ballpoint ink writings of various ages were tested by the SET and SLRM both before and after the pages bearing the writings were examined for indented writing impressions using an electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA). The results obtained show that the indentation examination does not cause any significant changes to the ink aging parameters that are measured by the SET and SLRM.
The Effects of Constraint on a Signature’s Static and Dynamic Features
Authors: Fazio Kristen
Published: February 2025

Forensic document examiners are tasked daily with determining the authenticity of signatures. The majority of these signatures are found on a line, within a box or within text. A major concern with this type of examination is the presence of these lines, boxes and text, since they can pose a form of constraint resulting in variations to an individual’s natural signature. This study examined the effects of constraint on an individual’s signature with the use of a digitizing tablet and inking pen to measure both the dynamic and static characteristics of the signature. Forty participants ranging in age from 16 – 83 provided a series of signatures for a total of 2400. Each participant signed in the presence of five different constraints, mimicking actual Canadian Government forms, including: a 4.7 cm line, a 6 cm x1.2 cm box, a 4.8 cm x 0.96 cm box, a 6.4 cm length and 0.4 cm height space within text, the Adult General Passport Application box produced by Passport Canada and a blank sheet as a control. This study suggests that when constraint is introduced, the pen speed, pen jerk, overall length, ascenders and descenders all vary significantly from that of the unconstrained signature. Pen pressure was the only feature to not show significant difference in the presence of constraint. In addition to these dynamic characteristics, anomalies such as extra artefacts, variation in complexity, hesitations, health issues and signs of anxiety were observed. This study demonstrates the impact that constraint has on a signature and indicates to forensic document examiners the need to carefully consider and evaluate these variations in the examination process.
Thermal Ribbon Analysis Platform (TRAP): the Validation of a New Instrument for Recovering Images on Ribbons
Authors: Stephens J.C. , Geiman I. , Rohde S.M. , Rohde M.M.
Published: February 2025

This paper details the development, testing, and subsequent validation of the Thermal Ribbon Analysis Platform (TRAP). The TRAP is a computer peripheral imaging device that scans used dye diffusion thermal transfer and thermal mass transfer ribbons. The device is designed to recover and preserve photographic data on the seized cartridges without modifying or damaging the media. The system enables the user to easily and efficiently mount and scan a wide variety of cartridge formats from a desktop computer. The TRAP provides a suite of recovery and image enhancement tools from an integrated software application. The software also supports various batch related image operations to reduce postprocessing time. The validation study of the TRAP demonstrates that the system is capable of imaging, tracking, and processing various cartridge form factors reliably. Furthermore, it was determined that the TRAP successfully captures all imagery on any given ribbon.
Sequence Determination in Cases of Non-Intersecting Electrophotographic Print and Handwritten Entries
Authors: Lunakova Martina
Published: February 2025

The article deals with the possibilities of establishing the sequence of handwritten and printed entries in cases with no direct intersection of the two. You can follow the research and development of a method based on direct optical evaluation using a digital microscope with maximum magnification of up to 800x and 2500x, and a method of indirect optical evaluation according to the distribution of toner particles on a sheet of paper using a simple micro zoom camera.
Preliminary Study on Inkjet Classification Based on Satellite Droplet Distribution
Authors: Greis Joerg A.
Published: February 2025

While there have been several approaches to identify originating printers of questioned documents by the use of texture analysis and pattern recognition most of these articles did not target documents that have been produced by inkjet printers. In this paper a new method for the statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of satellite droplets on inkjet printed documents is presented. The drops are connected to a graph and global graph features are calculated to build a profile vector of the distribution which is then classified. While it turns out that differentiating individual devices is not possible the classification per model yields an accuracy of approximately 84%.
The Preliminary Attempts to Quantify the Three-dimensional Details of Document Surfaces with Reflectance Transformation Imaging
Authors: Liu Ning , Zhang Lichao
Published: February 2025

Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) is a computational photographic method that captures a subject’s surface shape details and enables the interactive re-lighting of the subject from any light direction. Multiple rendering modes of this computational photographic method could be very helpful for the analysis of morphological characteristics, among which the normal visualization mode provides the three-dimensional details of the surfaces of documents. However, since there might be visual illusions among different examiners, analyzing three-dimensional details just by observing the normal maps seems incomplete. With the method developed by the authors, the pen pressures of signature samples were experimented on by quantifying the three-dimensional surfaces with the normal data derived from the normal maps. By comparison, the 3D data derived from the normal maps of the signatures were similar to those generated with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Normal errors were discussed via the quantification method as well. For the inherent error of the RTI technique, the methods of error correction were developed by the authors.
A Study of Photocopier Distortion Through Interactive Animations
Authors: Gervais Robert
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the nature of distortions introduced by the photocopying process. Two types of pens were used to execute both a fast and a slow sample of handwriting. These were then reproduced on photocopiers of various makes and models, both analog and digital. Successive copies were created from each sample, extending twenty generations from the original. The copying process was repeated for each series using the photocopier’s light, medium and dark settings. Overall, the combination of writing instrument and speed together with photocopier model and darkness settings yielded eightyfour permutations. The resulting 1680 images (84 permutations x 20 generations) were then integrated into an interactive graphic interface allowing the user to select a set of parameters and explore the distortion, moving back and forth through the twenty generations at will. Trends in the observed distortions were investigated, both at a localized level and across the page as a whole. Copiers were found to create both distortions (changes in shape and/or size) and image degradation (breakup, thinning, thickening, etc.). The extent of these effects varied between machines and also showed differences across the platen area of single machines (e.g. enlarge in one area while reducing in another). Breakup was found to be more pronounced in areas of the image that are perpendicular to the paper feed direction (i.e. horizontal lines breakup faster than vertical lines when the paper feed direction is along the vertical axis of the page). Given the limited sample size, findings are presented qualitatively, as well as in the graphical interface itself.
Initials Value For Identification
Authors: Lewis Jane A.
Published: February 2025

This study was conducted to determine the individuality of handwritten initials and their similarities and differences when compared to the capital letters representing the first letter of each name in a signature. Initials and signature samples were collected from 456 people in order to answer 8 research questions. The main research question asked whether one or more initials were constructed similarly to the capital letters in each person’s signature. Evaluation of the collected forms recording the initials and signatures showed the individuality of many of the letter construction of initials in cursive and hand printed styles. The study aimed to provide an evaluation of modern initials, their general format and individuality. Initials were found to conform closely to capital letters in the majority of examples examined; however, they also diverged in a smaller group of initials. The initials complexity ultimately determined the individuality of initials in this study.
A New-Dominant Hand: Training the Non-Dominant Hand to Perform the Complex Task of Handwriting
Authors: Lanners Brenda N.
Published: February 2025

Use of the non-dominant hand is a method sometimes utilized to disguise one’s handwriting. FDEs are always mindful of possible disguise in questioned and known handwriting when performing comparisons, but it should be remembered that use of the non-dominant hand is not always used as a means of disguise. Sometimes, it is forced on a writer due to amputation, illness, immobility, or other factors. Consider, for a moment, veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. As of December 31, 2013, there were 1,558 major limb amputations performed on US soldiers. [1] US soldiers remain in combat in parts of the world today, so these numbers are likely to increase. So it was with our soldiers and wounded veterans in mind that this study began. Using a book called “Handwriting for Heroes” [2], the author personally embarked on a six-week process of training her non- dominant hand to perform the complex task of writing. The project consisted of twelve daily writing assignments such as repetition of letter combinations, tracing cursive writing outlines, shading in objects with a pencil, and copying sentences. There was also a daily “homework” assignment meant to increase dexterity and coordination. Specific problems and challenges encountered during the exercises were documented. Differences between the dominant-hand writing and non-dominant-hand writing were seen in: slant, letter designs, retracings, beginning strokes, connecting strokes, speed and fluency. Changes to the handwriting, which improved noticeably over the six weeks, were also documented. Those who have lost the use of their dominant hand due to injury, illness, or amputation have no choice but to transform their non-dominant hand into their new-dominant hand. If faced with samples of their writing for comparison, it must be understood that they are not necessarily attempting to disguise their writing, but perhaps just trying to survive and thrive. This exercise is meant to bring awareness to a growing source of handwriting that may appear to be disguised or distorted, to assist FDEs in understanding the process involved when training the new-dominant hand, and to highlight certain features and characteristics that might be observed in the handwriting produced by the new-dominant hand.
Black Toner Comparison using Solubility Tests: A Case Report
Authors: Aginsky Valery N.
Published: February 2025

This paper describes an actual case examination in which optical methods, solubility tests, and thinlayer chromatography (TLC) were used to determine whether two questioned documents, printed/ copied on an office machine(s) using black toner, were produced on or around their purported dates (several years apart), or whether the documents were produced contemporaneously (in close proximity in time, i.e. not several years apart, as dated). In this civil case, based on the results of the optical and TLC examinations of the toner on both questioned documents, the Defendant’s expert found and testified that the black toners in these documents had a connection and were consistent with each other, and this finding was used as a chemical basis for the expert’s opinion that the two documents were most probably produced contemporaneously—not several years apart, as dated. This author, retained as a rebuttal expert, repeated the above examinations conducted by the Defendant’s expert, and determined that the only chemical connection and consistency between the two toners was that they both contained a common pigment—carbon black. While optical and TLC examinations could not distinguish between the black toners on the two documents (these results were in agreement with the finding of the Defendant’s expert), the solubility tests (chemical extraction of toner samples in chloroform to prepare extracts to be applied on TLC plate for chromatographic analysis) showed that the two toners had significantly different extractability in chloroform; evidence that the toners were of differing chemical composition. Two common parameters of solubility (extractability) of a solid substance in a solvent are the speed at which the solid dissolves (rate of dissolution/extraction) and the completeness of the dissolution (extent of dissolution/extraction). In this case, the difference in the solubility of the two toners in chloroform was clearly evident and very significant (as in, for example, the drastic difference between the solubility of instant coffee and ground coffee in hot water): one toner was extracted in chloroform almost instantly (within seconds) and completely, while the other toner dissolved only partially (not completely) and the process of dissolution (formation of a suspension of carbon black in chloroform) was slow. Thus, in this comparative examination of two documents produced by electrophotography using black toners, the solubility tests proved to be more discriminating (provided more discriminating power) than the optical and TLC methods.
Thin-Layer Chromatography of Inks— Efficiency of Separation of Ink Components
Authors: Aginsky Valery N.
Published: February 2025

There are numerous publications relating to the use of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in the analysis of inks on documents. This paper compares the efficiencies of TLC separation of ink components when using several ‘developing’ solvents (solvent systems) commonly used for ink analysis in the forensic laboratory. The parameters chosen for this evaluation are the shape of and distance between chromatographic zones of separated dye components of ink, including components of Methyl Violet, a dye mixture often used in the manufacture of black, violet and blue ballpoint, fountain pen, and stamp pad inks. (This mixture typically consists of the dye Crystal Violet and its two or three homologues, which are triphenylmethane dyes of a similar chemical structure and hence similar physical and chemical properties, whose chemical structures differ only by one methylene [CH2] group). The results obtained show that at least three solvent systems, one of which (ethyl acetate  isopropanol  water  acetic acid  30:15:10:1) was developed and reported by this author in the 1980s, provide significantly improved TLC separation efficiency compared with the “Solvent System I” recommended in the current SWGDOC Standard for Test Methods for Forensic Writing Ink Comparison.
An Evaluation of Cursive and Hand Printing Class Characteristic Significance in Limited Collected Writing Samples
Authors: Ridolfi Douglas A.
Published: February 2025

The paper describes the results of an exercise that trainees can use to develop their own criteria for distinguishing among handwriting features, apply simple statistical methods to correlate features and develop a scheme for describing these characteristics that allow students to rate the degree of agreement between similar writings. By using a classification system involving letter shape, slant, height ratio, etc., one can subdivide the group of writings by roughly half with each feature to arrive at the closest match to a given model.
International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and Forensic Document Examination
Authors: Tanaka Tobin
Published: February 2025

It has been recognised that forensic science plays a role in international investigations of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. These investigations are paramount in breaking of the cycle of violence and thereby starting the process of reconciliation needed in society. The difficulty in how to establish a cadre of forensic scientists for such needs in a timely, flexible and economic manner is not easily overcome by traditional mechanisms.Justice Rapid Response (JRR) is an intergovernmental facility developed to offer the needed adaptability and expeditious response to such international incidents. In operation since 2009, it has a roster of over 700 experts (2019) comprised of a variety of criminal justice professionals – including forensic scientists.This paper provides a brief overview of JRR, a background of historic cases where document examination played a part, and how questioned documents arose in more recent cases before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC).
A Preliminary Study on Stamp Impressions with the Same Placement and Orientation on Reproduced Documents—How Easily can it be Achieved by Deliberately Stamping at the Same Relative Position and Orientation?
Authors: Tan Yan Wen Crystal , Sim Hui Ying Yvonne , Lim Chin Chin , Yang Chiew Yung
Published: February 2025

Company stamps or seals are commonly used to authenticate official documents such as quotations, sales invoices, and employment or business contracts, or to demarcate an area on a document for a signatory to sign. Although the stamp is usually machine-made, the act of manual stamping by a person introduces variation in the orientation and position of the stamp impression relative to other elements (e.g. printed text or border) on a document.Stamp impressions are sometimes encountered in documents submitted for analysis. In a suspected case of fraud or forgery, one of the things the document examiner would determine is if the stamp impression(s) on the document is physically stamped or a reproduction of another stamp impression. The features, characteristics and placement of the stamp impression(s) would also be examined.In cases where multiple stamp impressions on several reproduced documents appear to have the same relative positioning (placement) and orientation to the other elements (e.g. signatory line) on the document, the document examiner has to consider the possibility that these stamp impressions could either be a result of cut-and-paste manipulation (hence not a product of an inking process) or original stamped impressions that match by chance i.e. random chance matches.Preliminary findings from our previous research showed that the probability of random matches for original stamp impressions made using a circular self-inking stamp was 0.1% when the stamp was not oriented based on any specific marking, and 4% when the stamp was oriented with the ‘star’ symbol located at the 6 o’clock position. The current proof of concept study further examines stamp impressions made by one of the authors deliberately aligning and orientating the stamp in a specific way on a document. Factors such as the shape of the stamp die, stamp housing, and the presence of a signatory line were also considered. The percentage of stamp impressions that had matching relative position and orientation was found to be between 0.08 and 0.69%. This exploratory study suggests that when stamp impressions encountered in more than one reproduced document have similar placement and orientation relative to other elements in the document, the examiner needs to objectively consider whether they were made by “cut-and-paste” manipulations or a chance occurrence. In view of its practical potential, more representative and comprehensive data will be collected by extending this proof of concept study to more participants and a more detailed examination of the factors involved in stamp impressions.
Survey of Handwriting Habit Areas Used by Forensic Document Examiners: Degree of Use and Discriminatory Power
Authors: Hanlen Richard C. , Manzolillo Patricia A. , Muehlberger Robert J. , Sperry Grant R. Sperry
Published: February 2025

In April 1998, a survey was distributed to Forensic Document Examiners (FDEs) requesting an evaluation of the habit areas used and their utility in distinguishing handwriting. The information obtained from this survey was intended to provide the data necessary to select a preliminary set of characteristics for analysis. It is important to use these relative rankings as an indication of general tendency and possible discriminatory dominance as compared to an absolute ranking of discriminatory dominance over the other habit areas. The particular circumstances surrounding the examination of handwriting can dictate a far different ordering of habit areas.
90 Years Later: Revisting the Lindbergh Kidnapping Case
Authors: Durina Marie
Published: February 2025

Nearly ninety years ago, the kidnapping of the baby son of famous aviator Charles Lindbergh occurred in Hopewell, New Jersey. So heinous was the act, and its tragic outcome when the baby was found dead after the ransom was paid, that the case would later come to be known in the collective public mind as “The Crime of the Century.” The ensuing investigation took over 2 years and involved, among other things, the forensic analysis of handwriting. The testimony provided at trial by eight forensic document examiners identified German immigrant Bruno Hauptmann as the writer of the ransom notes and other communications. The trial also involved testimony about wood identification by a wood expert, the first of its kind to make headline news. The case, investigation, evidence, and testimony are reviewed and summarized here in the hope it will provide an interesting retrospective for the experts of today.
Indented Writing Examination: Rubber Stamp Image Transfers
Authors: Green James A.
Published: February 2025

Electrostatic Detection Devices, used by Forensic Document Examiners, are well known for their ability to recover indentations from documents. The impressions are usually the result of the pressure generated from pen strokes written upon a document placed over another document. However, images are occasionally captured that were not simply the result of pen pressure, but other types of paper fiber disturbances. This paper is related to an uncommon type of non-impact indented writing evidence recovered during casework. An image of a rubber stamp impression was recovered from the page positioned on top of the document during shipping. The vivid image was surprising, because it was not a concentrated pressure impression common to pen stroke indentations, nor due to indentations from one page affecting the following page through friction. The research conducted in this paper duplicatedthe results.Several rubber stamp impressions, using various stamps and inks, were made on individual pages. The pages were then placed over a blank page, using various paper types. The file was mailed across the country, then returned. The blank pages were processed, and several stamps became clearly discernable. The transfers were subsequently determined to be caused by the inks’ chemical components. The results further established that images obtained from an Electrostatic Detection Device (EDD) are not restricted to common paper fiber disturbances associated with signatures or other handwriting. The rubber stamp image may also be transferred to a page preceding, as well as following, the originating document.
A Survey of “t-h” Joins in the Definite Article and Other Wording
Authors: Welch J. R.
Published: February 2025

A simple classification for the methods of joining letter “t” to letter “h” in lower-case handwriting was developed and used to gather data on “th” joins in the definite article and in other wording. The frequency of occurrence of each category of join was obtained in the two environments. The results suggest that the two environments are largely the same in respect of this classification of this feature.
Write-On™: A New Tool for Handwriting Comparison
Authors: Mohammed Linton A.
Published: February 2025

Write-On™ is an innovative software program that was developed to aid Forensic Document Examiners (FDEs) in cases that include extended handwriting. Searches for comparable words, letter combinations, and characters can be done. The results of these searches are documented and they can be used to develop statistical data to support the analysis and opinion. The program’s chart-making facilities are a sophisticated alternative to traditional cut-and-paste techniques. Write-On™ is quite versatile and can be used in cases consisting of two documents or hundreds of documents.
The Heterogeneity of Handwriting
Authors: Huber Roy A.
Published: February 2025

The practice of handwriting identification has been criticized by the judiciary of late for not providing the empirical data in support of its claims for the uniqueness of writing and the significance of its discriminating elements. This investigation is an endeavor to satisfy the requirement by describing a study of a collection of nearly 1000 writers executing similar writing standards in which many of the normal variables have been controlled. With the exception of two writers who were professional penmen, no difficulties were encountered in discriminating between writers. Owing to the range of natural variation in some individuals, however, it is possible that there may be a few specimens in the collection having common authorship that have not been appropriately associated by the limited selectionof discriminating elements employed in the study. Suffice it to say, this kind of error does not leadto inaccuracies in writer identification. The frequency of occurrence reported of the discrminatingelements selected provides some indication of their relative significance.
Statistical Observations of Disguised Signatures
Authors: Wendt Gerhard W.
Published: February 2025

In an effort to expand on the knowledge of signature disguises most commonly used by writers, 128 state police cadets were given a survey instrument and asked to provide signature exemplars. These cadets were then instructed to disguise their normal signatures. A comprehensive index of seventeen different disguise methods was utilized to analyze what techniques of deception had been employed by each writer. While previous research regarding the relationship between education and disguise was directed towards extended handwriting, this study focused on the effects of education on disguise in signatures. From the data collected, most subjects used between one and three methods of disguise with the most popular method being “altered capital letters” in disguising their name. A weak relationship was noted between education and the writer’s ability to successfully disguise his/her signature. Additional findings are discussed in the study. The information from this study should proveuseful for forensic documents examiners encountering the phenomenon of disguise in a questioned signature.
Identifiability of the Flatbed Scanner and Its Products (Graphics Files and Printed Results)
Authors: Horton Richard A.
Published: February 2025

This study addresses the ability to identify the specific original document, scanner or graphics file from which a scanned product (graphics file or printed result) was made. Contaminants in many types of paper are often reproduced by the scanner, allowing a correlation of the product to an original document. Further, Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) chain noise (interference) frequently produces a non-repeating series of marks allowing a graphics file to be correlated to a printed result. Photocopier-type defects from the scanner platen and internal components may also allow the correlation of a specific scanner to a printed result.
The Examination and Demonstration of the Presence of Paper Fiber Patterns on Carbon Film Ribbons Using the Ken-A-Vision® Video Flex® Digital Camera
Authors: Carney Brian B. , Hammond Derek L.
Published: February 2025

Forensic Document Examiners (FDEs) often utilize various instruments to assist them in the examination of questioned documents and to prepare demonstrative charts to illustrate their findings. Unfortunately, many of these instruments are uneconomical and are limited in their capabilities in that they can only be used for a single purpose. Recently, a more versatile instrument, the Ken-A-Vision® Video Flex® digital camera, has become available and is finding its way into the arsenal of the forensic scientist. Utilizing the Video Flex®, the authors tested a new method for the examination and demonstration of paper fiber patterns on carbon film ribbons. This device not only assisted the authors in their examinations, but also provided a means to easily demonstrate the subsequent findings.
Secondary Impressions
Authors: Barton Andrew J. , Walker John D.S.
Published: February 2025

This paper provides a summary of available information relating to secondary impressions and additional findings gained through experimentation done in the New Zealand Police Document Examination Section. The culmination of this information is aimed at providing a reference to identifying the types of conditions that lend themselves to the formation of secondary impressions and, furthermore, to note any features that distinguish these secondary impressions from indentations.
The Israel Police’s Experience with Official Documents of the Soviet Union: Driving Licenses, Birth Certificates, Nursing Diplomas
Authors: Brown Sharon , Abulafia Avi , Gabbay Rachel
Published: February 2025

This article reviews three types of official documents issued by the former Soviet Union, namely, driving licenses, birth certificates and nursing diplomas. The change in formatting of these documents over the years is described, including background prints, security features and details of how the personalia are entered. A description is given of the most common forgeries encountered in the authors’ laboratory for each class of document.
Determining the Sequence of Non-Intersecting Media on Documents: Ballpoint Pen Ink and Laser Toner Entries
Authors: Aginsky Valery N.
Published: February 2025

This paper describes a technique for establishing the sequence of ballpoint ink entries and laser-printed entries in instances when these entries do not intersect.
An Instance of Inkjet Printer Identification
Authors: Parker Joseph L.
Published: February 2025

Examination of a series of anonymous documents generated by inkjet printer technology, revealed the presence of several printing flaws. A suspect inkjet printer was received for examination. Test printing with the suspect printer reproduced the same flaws observed on the questioned documents. Examination of the suspect machine, and its test prints, resulted in isolation of “class” flaws and a previously unobserved “individual” printing flaw. The cumulative presence of these features enabled an association between the anonymous documents and the suspect inkjet printer.
Triplet and Sibling Handwriting Study to Determine Degree of Individuality and Natural Variation
Authors: Lines Sandra Ramsey , Franck Frankie E.
Published: February 2025

There have been no reports in the literature of handwriting studies that involved the comparisons of writings of triplets or comparisons of writings of multiple-birth siblings with their nonmultiple-birth siblings. The purpose of this small study, therefore, was to determine if the writing of one set of triplets and their nontriplet sibling could be distinguished and, if so, the degree of individuality in each subject’s writing. Unlike previous twin/sibling studies, normal or natural variation (intrawriter variation) is examined and contrasted with differences or dissimilarities (interwriter variation). The findings support the concept of natural variation in handwriting and two of the axioms of handwriting identification: (1) no two individuals write exactly alike, and (2) no one individual writes the same text exactly the same way twice.
Implementasi Multimedia Pembelajaran Interaktif pada Mata Pelajaran Fiqih untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Siswa
Authors: Muttaqin Ahmad Izza , Mustakim Adam
Published: February 2025

The study aims to describe the implementation of multimedia interactive learning on fiqih subjects in class VIII in improving student understanding at Mabadi’ul Ihsan Karangdoro MTs. The type of research used is a descriptive qualitative approach, and the data collection procedure uses three techniques of observation, interview, and documentation. Process of data analysis through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. for verifying the validity of data using source triangulation. The results of research are known that the implementation of multimedia interactive learning on fiqih subjects is first, the preparation of teachers preparing learning devices, preparing materials and checking media tools. Second, the performance of the teacher conditioning and guiding during the learning process. Third, the teacher’s assessment provides the issues that have already been described in the application. As for the supporting factor of the implementation of multimedia interactive learning, the presence of a professional teacher able to use a fun media, from the students themselves this media can attract interest and motivation of his learning. the inhibitory factor, not available materials especially on PAI subjects, and access to the internet network available in the school is still less than maximum.
Analisis Kegiatan P5P2RA dalam Mengembangkan Keterampilan Abad 21
Authors: Rahayu Suci Nur , Fanani Ahmad Aziz
Published: February 2025

Education in Indonesia is undergoing a transformation to improve its quality and relevance with current developments, especially in the era of globalization in the 21st century which is marked by advances in information and communication technology. This research focuses on analyzing the suitability between the implementation of the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project and Rahmatan lil 'Alamin Student Profile (P5P2RA) program at MTsN 1 Jember, with 21st century skills, including critical thinking, collaboration, communication and creativity (4C) and find out the impact of implementing the P5P2RA program on learning activities. This program combines project-based learning with Pancasila values ​​and local wisdom. Even though there have been several studies discussing similar issues, in-depth research regarding the P5P2RA program with 21/4C century skills is still limited. In this case, the researcher's position is to fill the gaps in these limitations. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach, involving observation, interviews and document review. The results of the research show that the implementation of P5P2RA at MTsN 1 Jember is in accordance with the skills needs of the 21st century. The activity approach carried out contains activities that are in accordance with the indicators of creativity, critical thinking, communication and collaboration skills and the learning experience from the P5P2RA program can improve the quality of students' learning both in class and independent study.