bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoring Tumor Cell Immunogenicity Through Ion‐Assisted p53 mRNA Domestication for Enhanced In Situ Cancer Vaccination Effect
Authors: Liang Yan , Zhang Jingge , Wang Jinjin , Yang Yuhe , Tan Xinyu , Li Shuguang , Guo Zhenzhen , Zhang Zhenzhong , Liu Junjie , Shi Jinjin , Zhang Kaixiang
Published: February 2025

The efficacy of in situ cancer vaccines (ISCVs) is hindered by the poor immunogenicity of tumor cells. Here, PRIZE, a P53‐repair nanosystem based on a virus‐mimicking nanostructure to deliver p53 mRNA and Zn (II) into tumor cells, domesticating tumor cells by restoring intracellular P53 levels to bolster their immunogenicity, is designed. PRIZE ensures precise delivery to tumor sites, stabilizes p53 mRNA with its biomineralized structure, and extends the half‐life of P53. This research highlights that PRIZE can efficiently repair P53 abnormalities in 4T1 (P53‐deficient) and MC38 (P53‐mutant) cells, subsequently upregulating the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and the surface co‐stimulatory molecule CD80 on tumor cells, enhancing antigen presentation and transforming tumor cells into in situ antigen reservoirs. The co‐delivered photothermal agent (ICG) can trigger immunogenic cell death under laser irradiation, effectively releasing tumor‐associated antigens, and inducing the formation of ISCVs. Importantly, in P53 abnormal tumor mouse models, the induced ISCVs initiate the cancer immune cycle (CIC), demonstrating outstanding tumoricidal immunity and effectively thwarting tumor metastasis and postoperative recurrence, which provides valuable insights for advancing personalized cancer immunotherapy.
Heteroatom‐Assisted Regio‐ and Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of Unsymmetric Internal Alkynes by Scandium Catalyst
Authors: Ma Yuanhong , Mishra Aniket , Jiao Tenggang , Chang Wendi , Lou Shao-Jie , Nishiura Masayoshi , Cong Xuefeng , Hou Zhaomin
Published: February 2025

The catalytic hydrosilylation of alkynes with hydrosilanes is the most straightforward and atom‐efficient method for the synthesis of silylalkenes. However, the hydrosilylation of unsymmetrical internal alkynes often encounters regio‐ and stereoselectivity challenges. Herein, we report the regio‐ and syn‐stereoselective hydrosilylation of unsymmetrical internal alkynes bearing heteroatom functional groups with hydrosilanes by half‐sandwich scandium catalyst. This protocol offers an atom‐efficient route for the synthesis of a new family of heteroatom (O, S or N)‐functionalized multisubstituted silylalkenes from a variety of internal homopropargyl thioethers, ethers and tertiary amines and hydrosilanes, featuring 100% atom‐efficiency, broad substrate scope, and excellent regio‐ and syn‐stereoselectivity (>19:1 r.r. and >19:1 syn/anti). The mechanistic details have been elucidated by control experiments and isolation and examination of some key reaction intermediates. It was revealed that an interaction between the heteroatom (O, S or N) in the internal alkynes and the Sc center was critical for achieving the unprecedented high selectivity.
Quantum Chemical Understanding of the O2 Release Process from Nature's Water Splitting Cofactor
Authors: Guo Yu , Kloo Lars , Sun Licheng
Published: February 2025

Natural photosynthesis plays a vital role in the supply of energy and oxygen necessary for the survival of biological organisms. The current leading proposal of the O−O bond formation in photosystem II suggests the coupling between the central μ‐oxo (O5) and the additional oxygenic ligand (Ox) of the manganese‐calcium oxide cofactor. However, the subsequent process through which molecular dioxygen is formed and released remains elusive. In this report, quantum chemical calculations reveal that the O2 release process is initiated by the cleavage of the Mn−O5 bond, without a preliminary conformational change of the peroxide [O5‐Ox]2− group. Subsequently, the [O5‐Ox] moiety is converted from the superoxide to the weakly bound quasi‐O2 where the Mn−Ox bond is cleaved, and after a twist of the quasi‐O2 unit, the free O2 is ultimately released. Alternative pathways display significantly slower kinetics, due to the lower structural stabilities of the rate‐limiting transition states. The cause of the difference is associated with the Jahn‐Teller axial orientation and the local ring strain within the Mn cluster. These findings contribute to unravelling the intricate mechanism involved in an important step of photosynthetic oxygen evolution for a deeper understanding of nature's water oxidation catalysis.
Linker Ratio‐Dependent Physicochemical Properties of ZIF‐8 Encapsulated Mini Protein 20 Mimicking Uricase
Authors: Abdul Aziz Siti Fatimah Nur , Salleh Abu Bakar , Normi Yahaya M. , Ahmad Shahrul Ainliah Alang
Published: February 2025

Despite a growing interest in zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8), notably for their potential as a host for various bio‐ and molecules, including peptides, the critical factors affecting their physicochemical properties and encapsulation efficiency are relatively unknown, limiting their widespread use. Herein, mini protein 20 (mp20), biomolecule mimicking uricase was used as a model to be hosted within ZIF‐8 (mp20@ZIF‐8) biocomposites. ZIF‐8 were synthesized over a range of molar ratio of Zn to 2‐methylimidazole(2‐HmIm). By systematically exploring the impacts of various linker ratios, we found that a Zn to 2‐HmIm ratio of 1:4 offers the highest encapsulation efficiency and thermal stability, making it particularly suitable for applications where these properties are critical. The 1:8 ratio, on the other hand, makes biocomposites with the most crystallized and a well‐balanced combination of particle size and surface area, which are advantageous for applications requiring high structural integrity and surface interaction. This approach not only advances our understanding of protein encapsulation in MOFs but also provides new insights into how the linker‐to‐metal ratio can be optimized for different applications.
Infantile Scabies in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Observations From the First Case Report
Authors: Ranorohasimanana Nambininiavo Marianne , Izri Arezki , Brun Sophie , Parola Philippe , Akhoundi Mohammad
Published: February 2025

Scabies is common in the Democratic Republic of Congo, often underestimated, including in infants. In this report, a 4‐month‐old's irritability, nocturnal itching, insomnia, and skin rashes raised suspicion, confirmed by parasitological examination. The father's lack of infestation despite sharing the bed with the infant and his mother poses a question.
Theoretical Study on Binary Monolayers P3S‐I for Photocatalytic Overall Water Plitting
Authors: Shao Li , Li Xuan , Men Cairui , Yang Yanli , He Yuantao , Huo Haibo , Li Yan , Du Yinxiao
Published: February 2025

The utilization of visible light to split water into H₂ and O₂ offers a promising solution to address the escalating global energy crisis and environmental pollution. Compared to conventional three‐dimensional (3D) photocatalysts, anisotropic two‐dimensional (2D) materials exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activity due to their ultrahigh surface area, reduced charge migration distance, and improved efficiency. In this study, we employ a swarm‐intelligence search combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to propose a novel series of stable 2D phosphorus sulfides, PxSy (x, y=1–6), as promising candidates for photocatalytic water splitting. The P3S−I monolayer exhibits an optimal bandgap (2.485 eV), appropriate band edge positions (−3.52 eV for CBM and −6.00 eV for VBM at the HSE06 level), high carrier mobility (3246.85 cm2 V−1 s−1 for μe along the y‐direction and 1039.80 cm2 V−1 s−1 for μh along the x‐direction), and strong optical absorption coefficients (exceeding 1×10⁵ cm−1 within the visible spectrum). Notably, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are facilitated concurrently at the P and S sites, respectively, driven exclusively by photogenerated electrons and holes. The P3S−I monolayer achieves a high photocatalytic water‐splitting efficiency of 17.7 % in both acidic and neutral environments. These findings provide theoretical insights into the design of efficient 2D materials for visible‐light‐driven overall water splitting.
Visualization of Ferroptosis‐Induced Lipid Peroxidation Using Plasma Membrane‐Specific Fluorescent Probe LipoxPM
Authors: Iwashita Hidefumi , Tokunaga Rina , Shioji Kosei
Published: February 2025

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play essential roles in cellular processes, but aberrant generation of ROS can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA leading to pathological events such as aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are especially susceptible to such oxidative stress. This ROS‐induced lipid peroxidation is a key process of ferroptosis, an iron‐dependent, non‐apoptotic form of cell death. Although lipid peroxidation is an essential event in ferroptosis, current study tools for detecting the oxidation process lack specificity toward a particular membrane type such as plasma membrane. In this study, we present LipoxPM, a novel fluorescent probe that targets lipid peroxidation specifically in plasma membrane over other cellular membranes. LipoxPM features a BODIPY‐based fluorophore and an anionic sulfonate group, enhancing selective accumulation in the plasma membrane. LipoxPM was able to detect ferroptosis‐related lipid peroxidation in live cells, visualizing the spatial distribution of lipid peroxidation in the cell death processes. This probe would enable study of unknown mechanisms of ferroptosis and could potentially facilitate development of therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress‐related diseases.
Homochiral Carboxylate‐Anchored Truxene Tripods: Design, Synthesis, and Monolayer Formation on Ag(111)
Authors: Ishiwari Fumitaka , Omine Takuya , Saeki Akinori , Munro Kirsty , Buck Manfred , Zharnikov Michael
Published: February 2025

The design of well‐defined assemblies of chiral molecules is a prerequisite for numerous applications, such as chirality‐induced spin selectivity (CISS). In this context, tripodal molecular films bear the advantage of better control of molecular orientation and alignment than analogous monopodal systems. To this end, we report on the synthesis and assembly property of C3 chiral syn‐5,10,15‐truxene triacetic acid. (S,S,S) and (R,R,R) enantiomers were isolated and adsorbed on underpotential deposited Ag(111)/Au/mica both individually and as a racemate. The enantiomers form a densely packed and well‐ordered structure (including the azimuthal alignment), even though with small sizes of individual domains. The molecules adsorb predominantly in tripodal configuration, with all three docking groups bound to the substrate as carboxylates in a bidentate fashion. The truxene backbone is then oriented parallel to the substrate surface but the fluorene blades are twisted to some extent. The racemate monolayer turned out to be less densely packed and less well‐ordered compared to the films of individual enantiomers, which underlines the fact that uniform chirality is primarily important for molecular ordering of the truxenes. We hope that the designed system will be useful in the context of CISS and stimulate further activities regarding chiral tripods.
Global change and China's terrestrial carbon sink: A quantitative review of 30 years' ecosystem manipulative experiments
Authors: Song Jian , Wan Shiqiang , Piao Shilong , Xia Jianyang , Ning Yan , Zheng Mengmei , Hui Dafeng , Ru Jingyi , Han Juanjuan , Feng Jiayin , Wang Haidao , Qiu Xueli
Published: February 2025

Quantifying terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration potential is crucial for climate change mitigation and achieving C neutrality. Ecosystem manipulative experiments (EMEs) provide valuable in situ assessments of terrestrial C dynamics under global change. Although EMEs have expanded rapidly in China, their current state and role in elucidating spatial drivers of the country's terrestrial C sink and responses to major global change factors remain underexplored. This study systematically reviewed 1140 publications on Chinese EMEs, compiling a dataset of net primary productivity (NPP) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP). We identified 558 EMEs in China since 1991, marked by two phases: (1) a preliminary stage (1991–2004) and (2) exponential growth (2005–present). Most EMEs focused on grasslands, with limited emphasis on CO2 enrichment and studies in Northwest China. Our findings revealed that China's terrestrial ecosystems serve as a significant C sink (positive NEP), with sink strength positively associated with temperature, soil clay, silt, and nitrogen (N) contents, and negatively with soil sand content and bulk density. Optimal conditions for NPP and NEP were observed at precipitation levels of 850–1176 mm and soil pH between 6.5 and 7.0. Elevated CO2 levels stimulated NPP and NEP when combined with N addition, particularly organic N, and effects varied with temperature and soil texture (clay, silt, and sand contents). Warming impacts differed by ecosystem and facility type, reducing NPP in wetlands and NEP in open‐top chambers. Combined warming with water or N addition generally increased NPP and NEP, while coupling it with reduced precipitation caused declines. Warming above 1.5°C often had adverse impacts. Both NPP and NEP responded nonlinearly to precipitation, exhibiting negative asymmetry in their responses to anomalies. Nitrogen addition consistently stimulated NPP and NEP, with responses influenced by application rates, frequency, duration, and soil texture and pH. Additive effects of combined global change factors on NPP and NEP were common. To improve our understanding of terrestrial C feedbacks to anthropogenic changes, future research should focus on long‐term, multifactor studies in mature forests and wetlands, aiding in the pursuit of net‐zero targets.
Improved Chemistry of myo‐Inositol: a New Synthetic Strategy to Protected 1‐Keto‐ and 1,2‐Keto‐derivatives
Authors: Gelmi Maria Luisa , Anastasi Francesco , Bucci Raffaella , Contini Alessandro , Nava Donatella , Fontana Gabriele , Usubelli Fabio , Zhou Meng
Published: February 2025

A refresh and improvement of the well‐known myo‐inositol chemistry is reported here, setting up a new synthetic protocol to obtain orthogonally protected compounds, with a special focus on the preparation of 2‐O‐alkylated compounds. A gram scale synthesis of the 2‐allyl compound was performed and optimized in terms of yield. This intermediate is the precursor of chiro‐1‐inosose, for which synthetic procedures are lacking. Taking advantage of the easily handled allyl group, we were able to transform this keto compound into both the 1,2‐diketone and 3‐deoxy‐1,2‐diketone, intermediates of biological transformations used in several patented applications. Finally, to access poly‐hydroxylated‐(aminomethyl)cyclohexane compounds, the reaction of the keto compound with cyanide was optimized, affording cyanohydrins obtained as single stereoisomer, the precursor of the above compound.
A new approach towards the synthesis of imidazol‐4‐ones using α‐diazoesters and hydrazide catalysed by Cu(I) salt
Authors: Khan Hilal Ahmad , Kumar S Naveen , Kumar R Ananth , Jelakam Gruhapriya , Sivasankar Chinnappan
Published: February 2025

Imidazole and substituted imidazoles have drawn much attention owing to their superior biological functions. In this regard, devising a synthetic strategy to improve viability, easy to handle and more yield is challenging task for synthetic chemists. Herein we report a new synthetic strategy for the synthesis of imidazol‐4‐ones from hydrazides and α‐diazoesters using Cu(I) metal catalyst. In the absence of the Cu(I) catalyst or even utilizing any other metal catalyst, the imine bond formation between the terminal N of hydrazides and carbene was observed. Therefore, Cu(I) salt catalysis this reaction in a unique way. The reaction proceeds via the cleavage of the C‐N bond of the hydrazide followed by cyclization and yielded the expected product. We have also explored the substrate scope of our strategy and obtained excellent yields. We have isolated the products in a pure form and fully characterized using sophisticated analytical and spectroscopic techniques including single crystal X‐Ray analysis.
On the Synthesis of [1,3]Azaphospholo[4,5‐f]quino(xa)lines and 2,3‐Dihydro‐[1,3]azaphospholo[4,5‐f]quino(xa)line 1‐oxides
Authors: Dridi Mohamed Ali , Hasyeoui Mohamed , Lassagne Frédéric , Erb William , Piroud Charline , Robert Thomas , Bach Stéphane , Samarat Ali , Touil Soufiane , Mongin Florence
Published: February 2025

Despite their potential in areas such as medicinal chemistry and organic materials, scaffolds in which quinoline and quinoxaline are fused to phosphacycles such as 1,3‐oxaphosphole, 1,3‐azaphosphole, P‐arylated and P‐alkoxylated 2,3‐dihydro‐1,3‐azaphosphole P‐oxides have, to our knowledge, never been reported. In this study we have developed a synthetic approach to [1,3]azaphospholo[4,5‐f]quinolines and ‐quinoxalines from quinolin‐6‐amine and quinoxalin‐6‐amine. These were converted to 5‐phosphanylquino(xa)lin‐6‐amines by regioselective iodination in position 5, cross‐coupling with diethyl phosphite and reduction. Formation of the azaphosphole ring was then achieved by reaction with N,N‐dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal. Attempts at C‐H arylation in position 2 did not lead to the desired derivatives but rather to 1‐arylated 2,3‐dihydro‐[1,3]azaphospholo[4,5‐f]quino(xa)line 1‐oxides. Access to 1‐alkoxylated 2,3‐dihydro‐[1,3]azaphospholo[4,5‐f]quinoline 1‐oxides was also developed using as key steps cross‐coupling with ethyl phosphinate formed in situ and the subsequent Kabachnik‐Fields reaction. The resulting tricyclic compounds were finally tested against a panel of disease‐related protein kinases.
Study of Electrochemical Oxidation Mechanism of the Tryptophan Metabolite Kynurenine on Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Nascimento José A. M. , Neto José G. S. , Rodrigues Wellington E. , dos Santos Thomas F. F. T. , Oliveira José Eudes S. , Liesen André P. , dos Santos Vagner B. , Oliveira Severino Carlos B.
Published: February 2025

Tryptophan (TRP) in the human body is generally metabolized by two different pathways, to serotonin or via kynurenine (KYN), where the majority is consumed through the latter. Studies relate that the imbalance between these two pathways is associated with different types of diseases. This work aims to investigate for the first time the redox properties of KYN in aqueous electrolytes on glassy carbon electrode (GCE), using electrochemical techniques, cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrooxidation of KYN was compared with the anodic behavior of aniline and kynurenic acid. The KYN oxidation mechanism was proposed and occurs in the 2‐aminobenzoyl group from a main step with the withdrawal of one electron and the formation of an intermediate cation radical (KYN+•). The KYN+• follows a dimerization and polymerization reaction, forming different electroactive products (polyKYNs) that are adsorbed on the GCE surface. The EIS data indicated that the adsorbed polyKYNs films on GCEs in a strongly acidic medium (pH = 0.3) are conductive and in a physiological medium they are resistive, hindering new subsequent reactions. All redox reactions identified were dependent on an acid–base equilibrium, since they were strongly influenced by the pH of the medium, occurring more easily in alkaline media. The diffusion coefficient of KYN was determined in phosphate buffer pH = 7.0 as 1.59 × 10−6 cm2 s−1. The voltammetric responses of DP were also explored here for the development of a sensitive electroanalytical method for detection and quantification of KYN. For the development of the method, analytical parameters were studied, such as work concentration range, linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), repeatability, reproducibility, and selectivity to possible interferences. A method using DPV and GCE was developed for determination of KYN in acidic medium (pH = 0.30) with a LOD of 0.43 μmol L−1.
Spike detection in the wild: Screening of suspected temporal lobe epilepsy cases using a tailored 2‐channel wearable EEG
Authors: Borges Daniel Filipe , Soares Joana Isabel , Dias Daniela , Cordeiro Helena , Leal Alberto
Published: February 2025

Objective

To clinically validate the contribution of a custom‐built EEG wearable device (waEEG) compared to a full 10–20 electrode array ambulatory EEG (aEEG) for screening epilepsy cases in patients with suspected temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) but negative routine EEGs.

Methods

Patients (aged 16–91 years) with clinically suspected TLE who were referred for a 24 h aEEG were fitted with an additional 2‐channel bipolar waEEG device and prospectively enrolled in the study until 20 TLE diagnoses were confirmed by aEEG. 41 patients were included and their waEEG was blindly reviewed by two experienced clinical neurophysiologists and a semi‐automated spike detection software to categorize patients into TLE (spikes present) and non‐TLE (no spikes) groups.

Results

The experts achieved good sensitivity (95%–100%) and accuracy (98%–93%) with excellent interrater agreement (kappa>0.80) in patient labelling. The semi‐automated software performed poorly (40% sensitivity, 68% accuracy) and failed to classify TLE in more than half the cases. Classification was not affected by restricting spike detection to the evening and night time, which reduced the average length of the analyzed EEG from 23.4 to 10.4 h. Three false‐positive spike detections were thoroughly analyzed and reclassified as artifacts due to eye and body movements and electrocardiographic contamination. To better control cardiac artifacts, the addition of an ECG channel to the waEEG is recommended.

Significance

Detection of spikes with waEEG allows accurate detection of epilepsy in suspected TLE cases, with less technical and professional effort and improved acceptance. This screening tool could improve the yield of follow‐up with a conventional aEEG and provide an accessible method for monitoring interictal epileptiform activity in TLE.

Plain Language Summary

Epilepsy is a chronic short circuit in the brain. In adults, it most often affects the temporal lobes, resulting in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Seizures are infrequent but difficult to treat. Electroencephalography (EEG) is the best method to detect the electrical disturbances and is crucial to distinguish epilepsy from other non‐epileptic disorders. Developing simple, inexpensive and easily accessible portable EEG methods that complement in‐hospital assessment could significantly impact patient care. Our study aims to clinically validate a wearable epilepsy screening device to aid in TLE management, reduce delays in diagnosis and enable straightforward assessment of epileptic activity.
Assessing US and Global Economic Policy Uncertainty Effects on Non‐Performing Loans in MENA's Islamic and Conventional Banks
Authors: Aledeimat Shadi Ratib Mohammad , Bein Murad Abdurahman
Published: February 2025

Banks within the MENA regions serve as pivotal agents in fostering economic growth through extensive lending to businesses, individuals and corporations, thereby amplifying employment within the banking sector. A pressing concern affecting these banks is the proliferation of NPLs, which not only diminishes net earnings but also escalates credit risks. This study examined the impact of US monetary certainty and global economic policy uncertainty on NPLs within MENA, involving both conventional and Islamic banks. The study selected 92 banks from 13 countries across the MENA region, spanning an 18‐year dataset from 2005 to 2022, comprising 50 conventional and 42 Islamic institutions. Utilising GMM estimation to surmount endogeneity and auto‐serial correlation. The study discerned that US monetary policy uncertainty exerted a significant negative influence on NPLs across MENA, encompassing both conventional and Islamic banks. Moreover, the research highlighted a positive and significant relationship between global economic policy uncertainty, bank size and capital adequacy ratio with NPLs in MENA banks. These findings provide comprehensive insights for banks in the MENA region, informing their loan‐granting strategies amidst uncertainty, ultimately mitigating the incidence of NPLs.
Theoretical Insights Into Structures and U–C Bonding in the Uranium Benzyl Derivatives
Authors: Liu Rui‐Ying , Wu Qun‐Yan , Wang Cong‐Zhi , Lan Jian‐Hui , Li Cheng‐Peng , Shi Wei‐Qun
Published: February 2025

The uranium benzyl derivatives are a class of uranium carbon complex with saturated carbon atom coordination. We investigated the electronic structures of the tetravalent uranium benzyl (Bn) complex U(CH2Ph)4 and its derivatives U(2‐CH2(NC5H4))4, U(o‐OMeBn)4, U(m‐OMeBn)4, and the bonding nature between the uranium atom and methylene carbon atom (U–Cme) using scalar‐relativistic quantum chemical calculations. The structures of the four uranium benzyl derivatives identify that the electronic structures are not sensitive to meta‐OMe substitution, while they are significantly sensitive to the ortho‐OMe and pyridine due to the coordination of O and N to the uranium atom. The U–Cme bonds have highly polarized σ‐bonding with partial covalency, which are predominantly composed of U 6d and 5f orbitals. Moreover, U 6d orbitals are favored for the U–Cme bonds compared with U 5f orbitals. Furthermore, there are no additional π interactions in the U(o‐OMeBn)4 and the corresponding U–Cme bonds appear the strongest covalent character among the four U(IV) system. The energy decomposition analysis suggests that the electrostatic interaction plays a dominant role between uranium and ligands. Finally, the complexes U(2‐CH2(NC5H4))4 and U(o‐OMeBn)4 are the most thermodynamically accessible among the four complexes based on the binding energies. This study improves our understanding of tetravalent uranium benzyl derivatives bearing uranium‐saturated carbon bondings.
Role of Metabolic Sensor GPR81/HCAR1 in Diabetic Podocytes: Downregulated Lipolysis Results in the Deterioration of Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Authors: Grochowalska Klaudia , Szrejder Maria , Rachubik Patrycja , Audzeyenka Irena , Rogacka Dorota , Narajczyk Magdalena , Piwkowska Agnieszka
Published: February 2025

The effacement of podocyte foot processes, which form slit diaphragms, are common features of proteinuria. Exploring podocyte energy metabolism, especially under diabetic conditions, may offer insights into the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. Lipid accumulation is recognized as a cause of podocyte cytoskeleton remodeling and insulin resistance. Thus, the role of the metabolic sensor G‐protein‐coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) was examined in the molecular pathway of lipid accumulation in podocytes under hyperglycemic conditions. It was discovered that hyperglycemia downregulated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signaling pathway, which downregulated the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Perilipin 1 was also downregulated; simultaneously, lipid droplet accumulation was enhanced. Glycerol and free fatty acid concentrations were also reduced, providing evidence of lipolysis inhibition. Interestingly, the expression of GPR81 decreased under hyperglycemia conditions despite the evidence of its activation, indicating strict lipolysis regulation. More importantly, cell functions were altered, reflected by an increase in albumin permeability and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. The effect of ATGL activity inhibition on lipolysis, actin cytoskeleton arrangement, and permeability of the podocyte monolayer was investigated. The results were similar to GPR81 downregulation. Altogether, the present data indicate that GPR81 is likely a crucial part of the lipid sensing system, and its alterations during hyperglycemia might contribute to glomerular filtration barrier deterioration in diabetic kidney disease.
Time‐multiplexing method using dual ferroelectric liquid crystal shutters for light field 3D display
Authors: Sun Zhi‐Bo , Yuan Zheng‐Nan , Huo Yi‐Peng , Cheng Yue‐Chu , Cheung Alex Yuk Lung , Vashchenko Valerii , Vashchenko Olena , Srivastava Abhishek , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: February 2025

Ultrafast liquid crystal light valves are extensively utilized in high‐refresh‐rate displays and light beam control and shaping applications. Ferroelectric liquid crystals, characterized by their ability to achieve microsecon response times when driven by a 5 V voltage, are particularly well‐suited for array‐type liquid crystal light valves, such as display screens or adjustable liquid crystal gratings. This study employs optimized ferroelectric liquid crystal materials that exhibit high contrast (~1,000:1), ultra‐fast response times (<20 μs), and polarity‐dependent binary switching at low operating voltages (5 V) to develop an array liquid crystal light valve suitable for time‐sequential light field 3D displays. Combined with high frame rate display screen, a naked eye 3D display without resolution loss can be achieved. The challenges associated with the independent control of ferroelectric liquid crystals during array light valve operation were analyzed and resolved, resulting in an array‐type ultrafast ferroelectric liquid crystal light valve compatible with conventional liquid crystal driving schemes.
Can Oral Swabs Be Used to Diagnose Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Cervicofacial Lymphadenitis?
Authors: Willemse Samuel H. , Karssemakers Luc H. E. , Oomens Marjolijn A. E. M. , Schreuder Willem H. , Ho Jean‐Pierre T. F. , Kolader Marion , van Houdt Robin , van der Kuip Martijn , Buijsers Gina R. , de Lange Jan , Lindeboom Jerome A.
Published: February 2025

Objective

We investigated the presence of mycobacteria in the oral cavity and oropharynx of children with nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) cervicofacial lymphadenitis compared to negative controls. Our aim was to evaluate whether oral cavity and oropharyngeal swab sampling could serve as a minimally invasive alternative to diagnostic sampling of excised lymph node tissue or punctate.

Methods

Children who underwent surgery under general anesthesia due to a strong clinical suspicion of NTM cervicofacial lymphadenitis were enrolled in this multicenter cross‐sectional study. The control group comprised children undergoing surgery under general anesthesia for reasons other than lymphadenopathy. The obtained oropharyngeal, dorsal tongue, and gingival swabs were subjected to mycobacterial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis.

Results

A total of 67 subjects were enrolled in this study, 31 of whom underwent surgery due to strong clinical suspicion of NTM cervicofacial lymphadenitis. Positive genus and Mycobacterium avium specific PCR results were found in one patient from the control group, and in none of the patients with (suspected) NTM cervicofacial lymphadenitis.

Conclusion

Our in‐house routine diagnostic PCR assay on oral and oropharyngeal swabs was not suitable as a minimally invasive alternative to diagnostic sampling of excised lymph node material or punctate. It remains unclear whether the oral cavity and oropharynx might be a portal of entry for mycobacteria in NTM cervicofacial lymphadenitis.

Level of Evidence

2.
Ultrasound‐On‐Chip With Semiconductor Silicon Chip Array for Transcutaneous Salivary Gland Injections: A Pilot Cadaver Study
Authors: Goldrich David Y. , Patel Shivam , Sciscent Bao Y. , Eberly Hanel W. , Goyal Neerav
Published: February 2025

Objective

Ultrasound (US) is a well‐established imaging modality for the evaluation of head and neck anatomy. The Butterfly iQ is a handheld ultrasound device that uses a semiconductor silicon chip array (capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducers, CMUT) instead of piezoelectric crystals used by traditional ultrasounds (TUS), but its accuracy has not been investigated with respect to salivary gland imaging and associated transcutaneous procedures. We aimed to perform a pilot cadaver study to determine the utility and fidelity of the CMUT‐US for parotid and submandibular gland imaging and guiding transcutaneous gland injection.

Methods

One otolaryngologist injected 0.5 mL of dye into three distinct salivary gland sites (two intraparotid sites and one submandibular gland site) bilaterally on 20 cadavers (n = 120 glands), using either CMUT‐US or TUS to guide injection. The cadavers were dissected to identify whether the dye was accurately injected into each site.

Results

The accuracies of CMUT‐US and TUS‐guided injections in the parotid gland were 95.0% (n = 40) and 90.0% (n = 40), respectively (p = 0.69). In the submandibular gland, the accuracies for the CMUT‐US (n = 20) and TUS (n = 20) were both 75.0% (p = 0.72). Across all salivary gland sites, injection accuracy was 88.3% (n = 60) using TUS versus 85.0% (n = 60) using CMUT‐US (p = 0.79). No significant differences between modalities were seen in the accuracy of injection based on injection subsite, laterality, cadaver sex, or age.

Conclusion

This pilot study demonstrates that CMUT‐US‐guided salivary gland injection offers similar high accuracy and reproducibility to TUS‐guided injection.

Level of Evidence

V.
Loss‐of‐Function CARS1 Variants in a Patient With Microcephaly, Developmental Delay, and a Brittle Hair Phenotype
Authors: Del Greco Christina , Kuo Molly E. , Smith Desiree E. C. , Mendes Marisa I. , Salamons Gajja S. , Nemcovic Marek , Kodrikova Rebeka , Sestak Sergej , Stancheva Malina , Antonellis Anthony
Published: February 2025

Background

Mutations in cysteinyl‐tRNA synthetase (CARS1) have been implicated in a multisystem disease including microcephaly, developmental delay, and brittle hair and nail phenotypes.

Methods

Here, we present a patient with hepatopathy, hypothyroidism, short stature, developmental delay, microcephaly, muscular hypotonia, brittle hair, and ataxia. The patient underwent exome sequencing to identify potentially pathogenic genetic variants. In addition, identified variants were assessed using yeast complementation assays to determine functional consequences.

Results

Exome sequencing determined that the patient is compound heterozygous for p.Arg341His and p.Arg370Trp CARS1. Yeast complementation assays showed that the p.Arg341His variant has a hypomorphic effect and that the p.Arg370Trp variant causes a complete loss‐of‐function effect.

Conclusion

This study is the second report of pathogenic CARS1 variants and expands the allelic and phenotypic heterogeneity of CARS1‐associated disease.
Cross‐Cultural Adaptation of the Clinical Frailty Scale for Critically Ill Patients in Spain and Concurrent Validity With FRAIL‐Es
Authors: Arias‐Rivera Susana , Moro‐Tejedor María Nieves , Frutos‐Vivar Fernando , Andreu‐Vázquez Cristina , Thuissard‐Vasallo Israel John , Sánchez‐Sánchez María Mar , Sánchez‐Izquierdo Raquel , Oteiza‐López Lorena , López‐Cuenca Sonia , Checa‐López Marta , Jareño‐Collado Raquel , López‐López Virginia , Sánchez‐Muñoz Eva Isabel , Carrasco Rodríguez‐Rey Luis Fernando , Frade‐Mera María Jesús , Cortés‐Puch Irene , Padilla‐Peinado Rebeca , Huete‐García Alejandro , Lesmes‐González Aledo Amanda , Gordo‐Vidal Federico , Rodríguez‐Merino Ana , Vázquez‐Calatayud Mónica , Vázquez‐Grande Gloria , Mateo Dolores , Herrero‐Hernández Raquel , Raurell‐Torredà Marta
Published: February 2025

Aims

To adapt the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) into Spanish and assess its concordance with the Spanish version of the FRAIL scale (FRAIL‐Es) in the context of intensive care.

Design

Validation study of frailty assessment scales in critically ill patients.

Methods

The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase consisted of translating, culturally adapting, and validating the CFS into Spanish. The second phase consisted of a metric descriptive study to assess the concurrent criterion validity of the adapted CFS with FRAIL‐Es in a cohort of intensive care patients. Both scales were assessed upon admission to intensive care and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post‐hospital discharge. Analysis was performed using T‐Student/Mann–Whitney, chi‐squared and Cohen's Kappa tests.

Results

Successful adaptation of the CFS with minimal changes was achieved, demonstrating its applicability in the evaluated context. The pilot study indicated that CFS‐Es is easy to assess, but some subjectivity in interpretation was noted. CFS‐Es and FRAIL‐Es were applied to 212 patients, revealing variations in frailty prevalence. The concordance and correlation between the CFS and FRAIL scales are robust. These differences suggest that the choice of scale may impact the identification of frail patients. These results emphasise the importance of considering specific characteristics of each scale when assessing frailty in critically ill patients, providing valuable information for clinical implementation and research in this field.

Patient or Public Contribution

Assessing frailty upon admission can be helpful in the care of frail patients, allowing the development of specific care plans based on pre‐existing frailty.
Rapid Microwave Sintering and the Effect on Microstructural Development and Ionic Conductivity in Lithium Aluminum Germanium Phosphate
Authors: Gothard Nicholas W. , Schmidt Alétheia P. , James Clayton W. , Steurer Michael P. , Brunson Nathaniel R. , Bartlett Mary G. , McMillen Colin , Deiner L. Jay
Published: February 2025

Solid‐state electrolytes represent a significant advancement over liquid electrolytes in terms of safety, reliability, and energy density, but maximizing ionic conductivity requires energy‐inefficient high‐temperature thermal processing that poses challenges for performance optimization. Herein, fast, low‐power microwave (MW) sintering of sodium superionic conductor structure lithium aluminum germanium phosphate from powder is demonstrated. Structural and compositional evolution is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Grain boundary (GB) ionic conductivity is analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In the results, evidence for efficient absorption of MW energy resulting in porous, low‐density conduction networks is provided with phase purity and improvements to GB conductivity.
Exciton Localization in Two‐Dimensional Semiconductors through Modification of the Dielectric Environment
Authors: Muñoz‐Gómez Kelly Yohana , Ramírez‐Gómez Hanz Yecid
Published: February 2025

Monolayer semiconductors, given their thickness at the atomic scale, present unique electrostatic environments due to the sharp interfaces between the semiconductor film and surrounding materials. These interfaces significantly impact both the quasiparticle band structure and the electrostatic interactions between charge carriers. A key area of interest in these materials is the behavior of bound electron–hole pairs (excitons) within the ultrathin layer, which plays a crucial role in its optoelectronic properties. In this work, the feasibility of generating potential traps that completely confine excitons in the thin semiconductor by engineering the surrounding dielectric environment is investigated. By evaluating the simultaneous effects on bandgap renormalization and modifications to the strength of the electron–hole Coulomb interaction, the existence of low‐energy regions in which the localization of the exciton center of mass may be achieved is anticipated. The results suggest that for certain dielectric configurations, it is possible to generate complete discretization of exciton eigenenergies in the order of tens of meV. Such quantization of energy levels of 2D excitons can be harnessed for applications in new‐generation optoelectronic devices, which are necessary for the advancement of technologies like quantum computing and quantum communication.
Development and Application of the Coverage Path Planning Based on a Biomimetic Robotic Fish
Authors: Liu Jincun , Zhao Jian , Liu Zhenna , Liu Yang , Ren Yinjie , An Dong , Wei Yaoguang
Published: February 2025

This paper addresses the coverage path planning (CPP) and path‐following challenges for an underwater biomimetic robotic fish, aimed at performing water quality monitoring in deep‐sea net cages. First, a novel CPP strategy is proposed to minimize total path length, repetition rate, and turning frequency, thereby enhancing path coverage efficiency and reducing energy consumption. This strategy integrates the Deep Q‐Network (DQN) method, a tailored reward function, and an RRT*‐inspired rewrite mechanism. Second, a high‐performance “LOS‐PID” controller is developed to enable precise path following by the robotic fish. Finally, simulation experiments and field tests with the untethered robotic fish validate the effectiveness of the proposed CPP and path‐following strategies, highlighting their practical applicability in aquaculture management. The proposed algorithm provides valuable insights into optimizing coverage path planning for underwater robotic systems in real‐world scenarios.
Space Economy and Sustainability: A Systematic Review
Authors: Valente Marianna , Caviggioli Federico , Agostini Lara
Published: February 2025

The space economy is booming thanks to the increasing investment of government agencies, private companies, and venture capitalists. From the beginning of the New Space era, the array of actors involved in the development of technologies for extra‐terrestrial activities has increased, as well as the downstream applications that foster innovations on Earth. Space technologies promote growth and prosperity: they pose challenges and opportunities in terms of sustainability from multiple perspectives. In outer space, several issues can hinder launches or the capabilities of observing and collecting data (e.g., presence of debris, regulatory and legal issues), while there is room to improve the technical and economic efficiency of operations; on Earth, technologies developed to support space missions and satellite data provide support to human development and help monitoring climate change. The literature dealing with space sciences is extremely varied, from materials and physics for the launch of probes, to management of missions, or the coordination of international activities. The aim of this study is to investigate whether and how studies in the space economy area addressed the topic of sustainability through a systematic literature review. This article analyses 254 articles along multiple dimensions, including the three pillars of sustainability and the sustainable development goals. The studies are categorized according to their main locus of research (i.e., in Space and on Earth) and then grouped in thematic clusters. In doing so, this article provides an overview of the state of the art, highlights potential gaps, and proposes fruitful avenues for future research.
Effect of reinforcement corrosion and axial load levels on seismic response of non‐ductile reinforced concrete columns
Authors: Amini Safdar Naveed , Rajput Aditya Singh
Published: February 2025

The present study investigated the seismic response of nonseismically designed reinforced concrete (NSRC) columns affected by varying degrees of reinforcement corrosion and subjected to different axial compression ratios (ACR). 3D numerical models representing corroded and noncorroded field‐scale NSRC columns were developed and validated with experimental results. Subsequently, a parametric study was carried out to quantify the combined effect of different ACRs (0.35P0, 0.5P0, 0.6P0, and 0.7P0) and corrosion degrees (0%, 15%, and 30%) on the seismic response of NSRC columns. Critical parameters such as stiffness degradation, hysteresis backbones, ductility ratios, and energy dissipation were evaluated and compared for all the specimens. Results showed that the specimen corresponding to 15% corrosion and 0.7P0 ACR experienced a loss of flexural strength, ductility, and energy dissipation by alarming 55.2%, 60.6%, and 91.3%, respectively. The losses were even higher for specimens subjected to a 30% corrosion level. The quantification of catastrophic performance degradation in corrosion‐affected NSRC columns provides crucial insights for designing effective retrofitting strategies to enhance their seismic resilience.
The application of duckweed (Lemna minor) and freshwater mussels (Anodonta cygnea) as living biofilters integrating with a filtration system to maintain water quality in juvenile trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) rearing using the small scale RAS system
Authors: Azhar Muhammad Hanif , Memiş Devrim
Published: February 2025

Increasing nutrient concentrations in fish culture systems over time can reduce water quality. However, the nutrient increase can be remediated by pairing organisms at lower trophic levels with a mechanical filtration system to improve nutrient removal efficiency and water quality for fish culture. This research uses the RAS system to determine the performance of integrating living organisms as biofilters in rearing juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for 56 days. Duckweed (Lemna minor) was added to replicate tanks at three treatment levels: T1 (100 g wet weight and 20% area coverage), T2 (200 g wet weight and 40% area coverage), and T3 (300g wet weight and 60% area coverage). The duckweed in each treatment tank was supplemented with 20 freshwater mussels (Anodonta cygnea) with an average body weight of 56 ± 1.0 g. Physical and chemical water quality parameters were measured in fish tanks and all ponds in the RAS system. Fish from the rearing tanks were weighed every two weeks. Duckweed biomass was measured weekly; the mussels were weighed at the beginning and end of the study, and the mussels were measured at the beginning and end of the rearing period. The fish was partially harvested every two weeks to maintain constant fish biomass. Using duckweed (L. minor) with different biomass weights and areal coverage, coupled with the freshwater mussels (A. cygnea) as living biofilters, had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on water quality parameters. Ammonium (NH4), nitrite (NO2), and nitrate (NO3) concentrations decreased throughout the study. During the study period, juvenile trout experienced growth with an SGR of 2.62–2.72%/gram with a survival rate of 100%. Partial harvesting during the rearing period positively impacted the average body weight of fish growth and duckweed biomass. The best duckweed growth performance was found in treatment T1 (cover area 20% with wet weight 100 g) with a productivity of 9.4 (g/m2/day).

Practitioner Points

Twenty percent duckweed coverage with freshwater mussels achieves optimal nutrient removal in RAS systems, improving water quality efficiently and growth better than other treatments.

Combined biofilters (duckweed‐mussel) and filtration units reduce operational costs while maintaining high fish survival rates in RAS systems.

Integration of living biofilters provides sustainable water treatment without chemical additives, suitable for small‐scale aquaculture operations.
The Full Electroweak Interaction: An Autonomous Account
Authors: Gracia-Bondía José M. , Rehren Karl-Henning , Várilly Joseph C.
Published: February 2025

The precise renormalizable interactions in the bosonic sector of electroweak theory are intrinsically determined in the autonomous approach to perturbation theory. This proceeds directly on the Hilbert–Fock space built on the Wigner unirreps of the physical particles, with their given masses: those of three massive vector bosons, a photon, and a massive scalar (the “higgs”). Neither “gauge choices” nor an unobservable “mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking” is invoked. Instead, to proceed on Hilbert space requires using string-localized fields to describe the vector bosons. In such a framework, the condition of string independence of the

$${\mathbb {S}}$$

S

-matrix yields consistency constraints on the coupling coefficients, the essentially unique outcome being the experimentally known one. The analysis can be largely carried out for other configurations of massive and massless vector bosons, paving the way towards consideration of consistent mass patterns beyond those of the electroweak theory.