bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The development of the mesonephros of the sheep
Authors: Davies J. , Davies D. V.
Published: August 2010

The development and degeneration of the mesonephros of the sheep is described with particular reference to the curious glomerular structure occupying the cranial one‐third of the organ and here referred to as the giant glomerulus.

The giant glomerulus and in particular the cranial two tubules draining it on either side provide useful landmarks whereby corresponding regions may be compared at different ages. An attempt is made to analyse the factors which determine the form and relations of the definitive glomeruli and tubules. These factors include the early relations of the somitic stalks and nephrogenic cord, the precocity of growth and vascularization of the preglomerular tissue and the degree of overcrowding and overlapping of the tubule primordia.

The cellular activities of the mesonephric tubules are described and discussed and the view is upheld that these are of a peculiar secretory nature.

The processes occurring in degeneration are outlined and the absence of the massive cranial degeneration described by Felix in man is commented upon.
The wing‐venation of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana Linn. (Insecta: Blattidae).
Authors: SMART JOHN
Published: August 2010

Differences are shown to exist in the interpretation of the venation of the wings of Periplaneta americana presented by a number of recent authors.

The venation of the wings is re‐examined along with the tracheal system of the nymphal wing‐pads. The two are compared.

An interpretation of the venation of tegmen and hind‐wing is presented which is in agreement with the basic postulates of the Comstock‐Needham system of vein‐nomenclature. Snodgrass's (1935) terminology for the veins is applied.
The spawning of the male Salmon parr (Salmo salar Linn. juv.).
Authors: Jones J. W. , King G. M.
Published: August 2010

Mature male salmon parr have been observed spawning with adult salmon.
The longevity and fertility of the Orkney vole, Microtus orcadensis, as observed in the laboratory.
Authors: Leslie P. H. , Tener J. S. , Vizoso Monica , Chitty Helen
Published: August 2010

An analysis has been made of some data relating to the longevity and fertility of the Orkney vole, M. orcadensis, as observed in the laboratory.

The probability of surviving the first three weeks of life, based on a total of 1,358 live‐born young, of which 1,250 were still alive at weaning, was 0·9205.

A total of 131 young of both sexes was observed between the ages of three and nine weeks, and of these 117 were alive at six weeks, and 114 at nine weeks of age. Combining the information for infant and juvenile mortality, some 20 per cent of live‐born young, taking both sexes together, died before reaching the age of nine weeks.

The adult expectation of further life at the age of nine weeks, based on the life‐histories of sixty male and sixty female voles, was for males, 90·3±2·95 weeks, and for females, 97·3 ±4·34 weeks. Taking both sexes together, the average expectation of life at birth was about 1·6 years.

. A total of 508 litters, consisting of 1,358 live young, waa recorded, giving a mean number of 2·67 young per litter. The largest number observed in any one litter was eight young. The mean number of young per litter, however, varied according to the age of the mother.

The observed span of reproductive life for females lay between the ages of nine and 123 weeks. A female, if she lived throughout this span, might be expected on the average to give birth to a total of 12·9 littens, consisting of 17·0 daughters, if an equal sex‐ratio at birth is assumed.

. The relation of fertility to the age of the mother was similar to that observed in other mammalian and some insect species, namely an initial risc to a peak, followed by a gradual fall as the age of the mother increased.

The intrinsic rate of increase of a population subject to the observed life table and age‐specific fertility rates, was estimated to be, r=0·072 per head of population per week. A population increasing at this rate would double in numbers in 9·6 weeks.

The longevity and intrinsic rate of increase of the Orkneg vole is compared with that of the mainland vole, M. agrestis. Judging from the available evidence, it appears that in the laboratory the Orkney vole is a longer lived animal, and its intrinsic rate of increase is less than that of agreatis. This difference is due mainly to the fact that the Orkney vole has fewer young per litter, and because the females reach their peak of productivity at a more advanced age.

The expenses of this investigation were partly paid for hy a grant froin the Agricultural Research Council.
AGE CHANGES IN THE BASICRANIAL AXIS OF THE ANTHROPOIDEA
Authors: ASHTON E. H.
Published: August 2010

A study has been made of post‐natal growth changes in the basicranial axis of the baboon (thirty‐five skulls), the rhesus monkey (forty‐eight skulls), the orang‐utan (thirty‐nine skulls), the gorilla (sixty‐five skulls) and the chimpanzee (sixty‐six skulls).

In both monkeys and apes:

The basicranial axis and its anterior extension to the nasion continue to grow until maturity is reached.

The posterior extension to the opisthion attains adult size by the time the first permanent molars are in line.

The spheno‐ethmoidal angle continues to increase throughout post‐natal development.

The foramino‐basal angle becomes more acute as the permanent teeth erupt.

The slight differences that exist between the growth patterns of the basicranial axes of monkeys, apes and man can be related to variations in relative size of the cranium and facial skeleton.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE OLIVE COLOBUS MONKEY, PROCOLOBUS VERUS (van BENEDEN)
Authors: BOOTH A. H.
Published: August 2010

The Olive Colobus is a unique African member of the Colobidae, in that it is dull in colour, the sexes are equal in size, and it is monotypic over a wide range.

It is a leaf‐eater in low levels of the stratified High Forest zone of West Africa, showing a marked tendency to feed, move and sleep in dense foliage. Consequently, it is, though fairly common, difficult to observe.

Troops are small, and leadership by a dominant male, common in other species, is not observable.

There is a marked tendency to aggregate at feeding‐places with other species of different dietary habits. This appears to be a protective habit.

The young infant is carried in the mouth, an unusual habit among monkeys.

It is possible that many of the characteristics of the Olive Colobus, and some of those of the Red Colobus, may be explained by an abnormal hormone balance, involving high concentrations of oestrogens.
Review article: stem cell therapies for inflammatory bowel disease – efficacy and safety
Authors: García‐Bosch O. , Ricart E. , Panés J.
Published: August 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 939–952

Background  Drugs available for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease fail to induce and maintain remission in a significant number of patients.

Aim  To assess the value of stem cell therapies for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease based on published studies.

Methods  Publications were identified through a MEDLINE search using the Medical Subject Heading terms: inflammatory bowel diseases, or Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis, and stem cell, or stromal cell or transplant.

Results  Haematopoietic stem cell therapy as a primary treatment for inflammatory bowel disease was originally supported by animal experiments, and by remissions in patients undergoing transplant for haematological disorders. Later, transplantation specifically performed for patients with refractory Crohn’s disease showed long‐lasting clinical remission and healing of inflammatory intestinal lesions. Use of autologous nonmyeloablative regimens and concentration of the procedures in centres with large experience are key in reducing treatment‐related mortality. Initial trials of mesenchymal stem cell therapy with local injection in Crohn’s perianal fistulas had positive results.

Conclusions  Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant changes the natural course of Crohn’s disease, and may be a therapeutic option in patients with refractory disease if surgery is not feasible due to disease location or extension.
Peritoneal macrophage priming in cirrhosis is related to ERK phosphorylation and IL‐6 secretion
Authors: Ruiz‐Alcaraz Antonio J. , Martínez‐Esparza María , Caño Rocío , Hernández‐Caselles Trinidad , Recarti Chiara , Llanos Lucía , Zapater Pedro , Tapia Ana , Martín‐Orozco Elena , Pérez‐Mateo Miguel , Such José , García‐Peñarrubia Pilar , Francés Rubén
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 41 (1): 8–15

Background  Bacterial infections are common complications arising in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Translocation of bacterial DNA is a dynamic process that is associated with an increased inflammatory response and a poor prognosis in this setting. The aim of this study was to study whether peritoneal macrophages remain in a chronic primed status to allow a rapid response to subsequent events of bacterial translocation.

Patients and methods  Peritoneal monocyte‐derived macrophages were isolated from 25 patients with cirrhosis and non‐infected ascites and compared with donor’s blood monocytes. Activation cell‐surface markers were screened using flow‐cytometry, and the phosphorylation state of ERK 1/2, p38 MAP Kinase, PKB/Akt and transcription factors c‐Jun and p65 NFκB were evaluated using Western blot. Synthesis of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) at baseline and in response to bacterial stimuli was evaluated using ELISA.

Results  A high expression of CD54, CD86 and HLA‐DR at baseline was displayed by peritoneal macrophages. Increased phosphorylated levels of ERK1/2, protein kinase B (PKB) and c‐Jun, together with IL‐6 production, were observed in peritoneal macrophages at baseline compared with donors’ blood monocytes. A positive correlation was established between basal IL‐6 levels and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in peritoneal macrophages from patients with cirrhosis (r = 0·9; P = 0·005). Addition of lipopolysaccharide induced higher phosphorylation levels of all studied signalling intermediates than synthetic‐oligodeoxydinucleotides, but similar end‐stage p65 NFκB.

Conclusions  A sustained immune response is present in ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients, even in the temporal absence of bacterial antigens. This would facilitate a fast response, probably controlled by IL‐6, against repeated bacterial‐DNA translocation or in liver chronic inflammation.
VEGF and nitric oxide synthase immunoexpression in Down’s syndrome amniotic fluid stem cells
Authors: Salvolini Eleonora , Orciani Monia , Lucarini Guendalina , Vignini Arianna , Tranquilli Andrea Luigi , Di Primio Roberto
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 41 (1): 23–29

Background  It has been previously observed that the amniotic fluid obtained from Down’s syndrome (DS) pregnancies showed lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and higher levels of nitric oxide (NO) with respect to the controls, suggesting the presence of an imbalance between placental vascularization and altered endothelial function. The aim of our study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression and localization of VEGF and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in cultured amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (AF‐MSCs) isolated from normal euploid pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by trisomy 21. In addition, we measured the VEGF and NO content in cell culture supernatants to analyse their production by AF‐MSCs.

Materials and methods  AF‐MSCs were obtained from women with foetal DS and controls matched for age and gestation, and expanded in culture. The cells were then evaluated for the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF and NOS isoforms, as well as for the release of VEGF and NO.

Results  Our analyses showed that both the VEGF expression and production were significantly lower in DS‐AF‐MSCs with respect to the controls. As regards NOS, immunohistochemical expression of eNOS was significantly reduced in DS‐AF‐MSCs, whereas the nNOS and iNOS were similarly immunoexpressed in both groups of cells. Moreover, we observed that the NO content was significantly higher in medium derived by DS‐AF‐MSCs.

Conclusions  Our study shows, for the first time, the differences between AF‐MSCs isolated from control and trisomy 21 pregnancies and suggest an involvement of NO and VEGF in the physiopathological mechanisms associated with DS pregnancy.
Canal and isthmus debridement efficacies of two irrigant agitation techniques in a closed system
Authors: Susin L. , Liu Y. , Yoon J. C. , Parente J. M. , Loushine R. J. , Ricucci D. , Bryan T. , Weller R. N. , Pashley D. H. , Tay F. R.
Published: August 2010

Susin L, Liu Y, Yoon JC, Parente JM, Loushine RJ, Ricucci D, Bryan T, Weller RN, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Canal and isthmus debridement efficacies of two irrigant agitation techniques in a closed system. International Endodontic Journal.

Aim  To compare canal and isthmus debris debridement efficacies of the manual dynamic irrigation (MDI) and apical negative pressure (ANP) techniques in the mesial root of mandibular first molars with narrow isthmi, using a closed canal design.

Methodology  Micro‐computed tomography was employed to select 20 teeth, each containing a narrow isthmus. Each root was sealed at the apex with hot glue and embedded in polyvinylsiloxane to simulate a closed canal system. The teeth were submitted to a standardized instrumentation protocol. Final irrigation was performed with either the MDI or the ANP technique using the EndoVac system (N = 10). Masson trichrome‐stained sections were prepared from completely demineralized roots at 10 canal levels between 1 and 2.8 mm of the anatomical apices. Areas occupied by canals and isthmus of each root and debris in the corresponding regions were digitized by the NIH Image J software and statistically analysed using two‐way repeated measures anova.

Results  For the instrumented canals, there were no differences between the two groups (P = 0.131) in the area occupied by debris at all canal levels (P = 0.343). Conversely, for the isthmus, less debris was found in the ANP group (P < 0.001) but no differences were seen in each group with respect to the 10 canal levels (P = 0.352).

Conclusion  Neither technique completely removed debris from the isthmus regions. However, the EndoVac system, which encompasses the ANP concept, removed considerably more debris from narrow isthmi in mandibular mesial roots.
Effect of retained fractured instruments on tooth resistance to vertical fracture with or without attempt at removal
Authors: Madarati A. A. , Qualtrough A. J. E. , Watts D. C.
Published: August 2010

Madarati AA, Qualtrough AJE, Watts DC. Effect of retained fractured instruments on tooth resistance to vertical fracture with or without attempt at removal. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 1047–1053, 2010.

Aims  To investigate the effect of retained fractured endodontic instruments on root strength and to evaluate the effectiveness of several root filling materials in reinforcing roots that had undergone unsuccessful attempt at removal of fractured instruments.

Methodology  Seventy five mandibular premolar roots were divided into five groups. In group A (control), canals were prepared to a size F5‐ProTaper instrument and filled with gutta‐percha and TubliSeal sealer fragments. In the experimental groups (B, C, D and E), 4 mm of F5‐ProTaper instruments were fractured in the apical one‐third of the canal and then treated as follows: in group B, the fragments were left in situ without attempt at removal, and canals were filled with gutta‐percha and TubliSeal sealer (GP No Removal). In groups C, D and E, an attempt at removal of the fragment was simulated by preparing a staging platform coronal to the fragment using modified Gates Glidden burs (No 2–5). Canals in group C were filled with gutta‐percha and TubliSeal sealer (GP Removal), group D filled with Resilon (Resilon Removal) and group E with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA Removal). Roots then underwent vertical fracture. Data were analysed using the one‐way anova at P < 0.05.

Results  Roots in the GP Removal group had significantly lower values for mean force for fracture (404.9 N). There was no significant difference between the control group and GP No Removal (765.2 and 707.8, respectively). Resilon Removal and MTA Removal groups (577.3 and 566.6 N) were not significantly different from the GP No Removal group.

Conclusions  Leaving fractured instruments in the apical one‐third of the canal does not appear to affect the resistance of the root to vertical fracture; Resilon and MTA appear to compensate for root dentine loss that occurred as a consequence of attempts at retrieval of fractured instruments when used as canal filling materials.
The conformation of a nascent polypeptide inside the ribosome tunnel affects protein targeting and protein folding
Authors: Peterson Janine H. , Woolhead Cheryl A. , Bernstein Harris D.
Published: August 2010

In this report, we describe insights into the function of the ribosome tunnel that were obtained through an analysis of an unusual 25 residue N‐terminal motif (EspP1‐25) associated with the signal peptide of the Escherichia coli EspP protein. It was previously shown that EspP1‐25 inhibits signal peptide recognition by the signal recognition particle, and we now show that fusion of EspP1‐25 to a cytoplasmic protein causes it to aggregate. We obtained two lines of evidence that both of these effects are attributable to the conformation of EspP1‐25 inside the ribosome tunnel. First, we found that mutations in EspP1‐25 that abolished its effects on protein targeting and protein folding altered the cross‐linking of short nascent chains to ribosomal components. Second, we found that a mutation in L22 that distorts the tunnel mimicked the effects of the EspP1‐25 mutations on protein biogenesis. Our results provide evidence that the conformation of a polypeptide inside the ribosome tunnel can influence protein folding under physiological conditions and suggest that ribosomal mutations might increase the solubility of at least some aggregation‐prone proteins produced in E. coli.
Callosal contribution to ocular dominance in rat primary visual cortex
Authors: Cerri Chiara , Restani Laura , Caleo Matteo
Published: August 2010

Ocular dominance (OD) plasticity triggered by monocular eyelid suture is a classic paradigm for studying experience‐dependent changes in neural connectivity. Recently, rodents have become the most popular model for studies of OD plasticity. It is therefore important to determine how OD is determined in the rodent primary visual cortex. In particular, cortical cells receive considerable inputs from the contralateral hemisphere via callosal axons, but the role of these connections in controlling eye preference remains controversial. Here we have examined the role of callosal connections in binocularity of the visual cortex in naïve young rats. We recorded cortical responses evoked by stimulation of each eye before and after acute silencing, via stereotaxic tetrodotoxin (TTX) injection, of the lateral geniculate nucleus ipsilateral to the recording site. This protocol allowed us to isolate visual responses transmitted via the corpus callosum. Cortical binocularity was assessed by visual evoked potential (VEP) and single‐unit recordings. We found that acute silencing of afferent geniculocortical input produced a very significant reduction in the contralateral‐to‐ipsilateral (C/I) VEP ratio, and a marked shift towards the ipsilateral eye in the OD distribution of cortical cells. Analysis of absolute strength of each eye indicated a dramatic decrease in contralateral eye responses following TTX, while those of the ipsilateral eye were reduced but maintained a more evident input. We conclude that callosal connections contribute to normal OD mainly by carrying visual input from the ipsilateral eye. These data have important implications for the interpretation of OD plasticity following alterations of visual experience.
Plasticity of hyperpolarization‐activated and cyclic nucleotid‐gated cation channel subunit 2 expression in the spinal dorsal horn in inflammatory pain
Authors: Papp Ildikó , Holló Krisztina , Antal Miklós
Published: August 2010

A great deal of experimental evidence has already been accumulated that hyperpolarization‐activated and cyclic nucleotide‐gated cation channels (HCN) expressed by peripheral nerve fibers contribute to the initiation of nerve activities leading to pain. Complementing these findings, we have recently demonstrated that HCN subunit 2 (HCN2) channel protein is also widely expressed by axon terminals of substance P (SP)‐containing peptidergic nociceptive primary afferents in laminae I‐IIo of the spinal dorsal horn, and postulated that they may play a role in spinal pain processing. In the present study, we investigated how the expression of HCN2 ion channels in the spinal dorsal horn may change in inflammatory pain evoked by unilateral injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into the hind paw of rats. We found that 3 days after CFA injection, when the nociceptive responsiveness of the inflamed hind paw had substantially increased, the numbers of HCN2‐immunolabeled axon terminals were also significantly augmented in laminae I‐IIo of the spinal dorsal horn ipsilateral to the site of CFA injection. The elevation of HCN2 immunoreactivity was paralleled by an increase in SP immunoreactivity. In addition, similarly to control animals, the co‐localization between HCN2 and SP immunoreactivity was remarkably high, suggesting that central axon terminals of nociceptive primary afferents that increased their SP expression in response to CFA injection into the hind paw also increased their HCN2 expression. The results indicate that HCN2 ion channel mechanisms may play a role in SP‐mediated spinal pain processing not only in naive animals but also in chronic inflammatory pain.
Iodine and Amphibian Metamorphosis
Authors: Spaul E. A.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

 Free iodine is incapable of producing metamorphosis in Axolotls when administered alone, but, if thyroid extract is given as well, it is utilized producing greatly accelerated transformation. The rate of metamorphosis induced by thyroid and iodine is much greater and the period before completion shorter than that produced by thyroid alone, when the same dose is given.

 The inetamorphic principle of the Anterior Pituitary does not utilize or combine with iodine to produce greater acceleration of metamorphosis.

 The posterior lobe pituitary exerts an inhibitory influence on inetamorphic changes induced by thyroid and iodine.
On the Retarding Influence of the Posterior Lobe Pituitary upon the Development of Frog Tadpoles
Authors: Spaul E A.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

 The posterior lobe contains no metamorphic principle.

 Injection of extracts of the posterior lobe pituitary inhibit the metamorphosis of normal frog tadpoles.

 Injection of extracts of the posterior lobe pituitary retard the accelerated metamorphosis produced by iodine solution, but the effect decreases with increased concentration of iodine.

 Injections of extracts of posterior lobe inhibit accelerated metamorphosis induced by thyroid or anterior pituitary extracts, the effectiveness depending on quantities administered.
32. On the Massing of the Ladybird, Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera), in the Yosemite Valley
Authors: Hawkes Onera A. Merritt
Published: August 2010

Crude experiments in the Yosemite Valley show that Hippodamia convergens responds by movement to both light and heat stimuli, whether separate, or combined. The optimum for each has yet to be determined.

The capacity to respond depends upon the length of time since hibernation began. A seasonal physiological insensitiveness to stimuli may be of considerable survival value.

Hippodamia convergens ate raisins, which they appeared to find by chance, and some continued to eat even when the low temperature had driven most to shelter.

Hippodamia convergens may be found hibernating in large masses at a variety of altitudes, but what determines that altitude is not yet known, or whether ladybirds which have grown in an altitude of, for example, 1000 feet would be physiologically capable of hibernating at an altitude of 7000 feet.

When biological forces have collected ladybirds in large numbers, then only, air‐currents may have considerable effect upon their distribution and the positions where they ultimately hibernate.

Air‐currents of great velocity might destroy ladybirds.

The effect of change of buoyancy upon ladybirds has yet to be determined.
The Reproductive Cycle of the Golden Hamster (Cricetus auratus).
Authors: Deanesly Ruth
Published: August 2010

.The Syrian Golden Hamster (Cricetus auratus) will breed freely in captivity. An account is given of its reproductive cycle and of the morphology of the reproductive organs, with particular reference to remarkable cyclic changes in the vaginal epithelium.

I wish to express my thanks to Dr. M. Klein, with whom I was able to discuss the mucification of the vaginal epithelium, illustrated by his specially stained slides.
Studies of the Mammalian Dentition.–Differentiation of the Post‐canine Dentition
Authors: BUTLER P. M.
Published: August 2010

1. The theory is developed that teeth are repeated organs that occupy different positions in a continuous morphogenetic field. The field can undergo changes in structure and position in the course of evolution, and thus changes in the differentiation of the dentition may be explained.

2. The differentiation of teeth in size seems to be to some extent independent of their differentiation in form.

3. The characteristics of the field or gradient can be described by plotting dental form against the numerical position of the tooth in the series. Two main types of evolutionary change can be detected: (a) retardation of the gradient in the molar region, so that some mammals have more molariform teeth than others; (6) shifting of the molar region backwards and forwards along the dentition.

4. The upper molar patterns of Cenozoic mammals are considered to be of four types–zalambdodont, dilambdodont, tritubercular, and quadrituber‐cular. The serial differentiation of a number of dentitions of which the molars belong to each of these types is described.

5. Each element of the molar has its own peculiar mode of change as it is traced along the series of teeth, and different elements reach their maximum development on different teeth.

6. Some variations are distributed along the gradient in such a way that they appear most frequently on certain teeth and less frequently on teeth lying farther away from the point of maximum incidence.

7. Other variations, in form and dental formula, can be interpreted as due to changes in the degree and position of the gradient.

8. In dentitions that differ in molar pattern, homologous (or homodynamous) elements show similar serial changes and the mode of serial change can be used as a test of homology (or homodynamy). Marsupials and Placentals are similar in this respect.

9. In evolution the serial change of one element can get out of step with that of another, so that changes can take place at one point in the series that occurred at several different points in the ancestor and vice versa.

10. In evolution, new types of change can be superimposed upon the old, e. g., the reduction of the paraconid in the lower molars.

11. The premolars differ from the milk‐molars in a limited number of ways, and the relation between the two series can undergo evolutionary changes.

12. The two jaws are usually similar in the degree of differentiation between corresponding adjacent teeth, and between the premolars and milk‐molars.

13. A description of'Potamogale has necessitated certain corrections in the interpretation of the Centetoid molar pattern as described in the previous paper.

14. This study makes very improbable the view that individual teeth are independent of each other in variation and evolution.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE HEAD IN THE NEMATODE FAMILY SUBULURIDAE: WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
Authors: INGLIS WILLIAM G.
Published: August 2010

A new species of the genus Subulura is described from the (?) caecum of Rhabdomys pumilio (type host) and Rattus (Praomys) namaquensis at Cape Province, Union of South Africa. The species is charcterized by the presence of six lip‐lobes and by equal spicules with barbs on their posterior ends. The structure of the head in the family Subuluridae is analyzed and it is argued that lobed mouth openings have appeared, separately, four times and that the development of the lobes has been to improve the efficiency of the mouth as a gripping organ. It is suggested that, associated with the appearance of a more“ open” mouth the pharyngeal portions have been modified as triturating organs. It is pointed out that this hypothesis is opposed to the interpretation of the structure of the head, in the family Subuluridae, put forward by Chitwood and Chitwood. Subulura indica Khera, 1956 is considered a synonym of Tarsubulura perarmata (Ratzel, 1868) and Subulura vulpis Khera 1956 a synonym of Oxynema alata (Mazhar, 1933). Subulura armata Vuylsteke, 1957 is referred to the genus Allodapa. The subfamily Leipoaneminae Chabaud, 1957 is accepted for the genus Leipoanema Johnston and Mawson. 1942.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE HERMIT CRAB EUPAGURUS BERNHARDUS (L.) AND THE SEA ANEMONE CALLIACTIS PARASITICA (COUCH)
Authors: ROSS D. M.
Published: August 2010

Observations and experiments on the association between Calliactis parasitica and Eupagurus bernhardus have been carried out.

The attachment of the anemone to the shell is achieved by a remarkable manoeuvre involving the attachment of the tentacles and oral disc, the freeing of the pedal disc and its adhesion to the shell by a somersaulting movement, with the eventual release of the oral attachment and the assumption of the normal posture on the shell.

Active participation of E. bernhardus in detaching the anemone and transplanting it on the shell was not observed, in contrast to the active parts played by the crabs Pagurus striatus and P. arrosor in their associations with C. parasitica.

C. parasitica becomes attacvhed to empty shells no less quickly or frequently than to shells occupied by E. bernhardus.

The anemone readily settles on shells of living Buccinum undatum in the laboratory and does not desert these for shells occupied by crabs. It does not settle on shells cleaned by boiling in strong alkali.

The respective roles of anemone and crab in the associations between Calliactis and these three species of pagurid crabs are discussed from the stand‐points of comparative behaviour and with special reference to the capacities of the actinian neuromuscular system here displayed.
THE ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE MESOTHORAX OF LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA MIGRADORIOIDES R. & F.
Authors: CAMPBELL J. I.
Published: August 2010

A description is given of those nerves which arise from the mesothoracic ganglion of Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. & F. There are six pairs of nerves, of which the sixth and most posterior are referred to as recurrent nerves since they join the first nerve of the ganglion in the metathorax. The median nerve is also described. The posterior median nerve of the prothoracic ganglion is noted as its branches make a connection with the branches of the first mesothoracic nerve. Wherever possible an attempt has been made to relate the observations to those of some other authors.
NOTES ON TOOTH REPLACEMENT IN THE NILE CROCODILE CROCODILUS NILOTICUS
Authors: POOLE D. F. G.
Published: August 2010

The history and replacement of crocodile teeth are described. A new tooth erupts with only a short root which grows downwards into the socket as the pulp cavity in the crown begins to be occluded by the further deposition of dentine. After the root has become fully extended, it is gradually resorbed at its base to make room for an enlarging successional tooth which has been forming on the lingual side of the socket. The successional tooth eventually moves to a position within the partly resorbed functional root and directly under the functional crown. Progressive reduction of the functional root now occurs to accommodate the continuously enlarging successional tooth and, when resorption is largely complete, the functional tooth falls away, allowing the successional tooth, with a short, incomplete root, to take its place. As a result of this successional cycle it is found, within certain limits, that at any given time the form and condition of a functional tooth is related to the size and condition of its successor lying below.

Consideration of various measurements made on a series of twenty‐four skulls of different sizes indicates that a regular and continuous replacement of teeth occurs throughout a large part of a crocodile's life. It is estimated that in a crocodile which is thirteen feet long, each tooth is likely to have been replaced forty‐five times.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONING OF THE MOUTHPARTS OF CHLOEON DIPTERUM L. AND BAETIS RHODANI PICTET (INSECTA, EPHEMEROPTERA)*
Authors: BROWN D. SEYMOUR
Published: August 2010

The morphology of the mouthparts of Chloeon dipterum L. and Baetis rhodani Pictet is described and the manner of functioning of the mouthparts is interpreted on the basis of their morphology and direct observations of feeding larvae. In C. dipterum the way in which the mouthparts were used depended upon the nature of the food material. The ways in which the mouthparts of B. rhodani differ from those of C. dipterum are shown to be consistent with the overall adaptation of the former species to flowing water.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BREEDING SEASON OF THE HEDGEHOG AND THE REARING AND HANDLING OF THE YOUNG
Authors: MORRIS B.
Published: August 2010

The breeding season of the hedgehog extends into late August and early September and lactation may continue very late into the year. The incidence of loss of embryos after implantation is low and is estimated at 3‐3 per cent in the small sample recorded. The minimal duration of pregnancy in this species is thirty‐one to thirty‐two days, with a probable maximum duration of thirty‐nine days. Observations on the rearing of the young and on the handling of the young for experimental purposes are reported.
NEW MYXOSPORIDIA FROM SOME BRITISH FRESHWATER FISHES*
Authors: QADRI SYED SHAMSUDDIN
Published: August 2010

An account is given of the morphology systematic position and differential diagnosis of the following three new Myxosporidia from freshwater fishes:—Myxidium scardini sp. n. found in the gall bladder of the rudd, Scardinius erythrocephalus, obtained from Lake Windermere, Westmorland, England, Zschokkella cyprini sp. n. of carp, Cyprinus carpio, caught from a gravel pit near Shenley, Hertfordshire and Chloromyxum pltoxini, sp. n. caught in Lake Windermere.
PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION IN A BORNEAN ORANG
Authors: Graham‐Jones Oliver , Hill W. C. Osman
Published: August 2010

The birth in captivity of an orang utan is described, the mother being a young primiparou animal. A description is given of the foetal membranes.
COURTSHIP AND MATING BY A CORAL REEF OCTOPUS (O. HORRIDUS)
Authors: YOUNG J. Z.
Published: August 2010

A description of the courtship and mating of a pair of octopuses as observed in the sea. The significant point is the showing by the male of a vertical pattern of stripes, particularly marked on the side of the arms and body directed towards the female.
THE FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS OF THE POLYCHAETES CLYMENELLA TO RQUATA AND CAESICIRRUS NEGLECTUS
Authors: PILGRIM MURIEL
Published: August 2010

The reproductive systems and reproductive processes of the maldanids Clymenella torquata (Leidy) and Caesicirrus neglectus Arwidsson are described and compared. The sexes show no differences in external features, though investigations suggest that males are smaller than females of the same age. The sex ratio in Clymenella is 1:1 and both sexes become mature in their first year. The average ratio in Caesicirrus, calculated over four seasons, is 1 male: 4–2 females, and the worms do not mature earlier than their second year.

The gonads lie round the blood vessels associated with tho nephridia, in the anterior region of the trunk. Immature gametes are shed into the coelom where they undergo the early stages of gametogenesis, and become primary gametocytes. The breeding season is restricted to one or two days, immediately following a spring tide, in mid‐May in Clymenella, and in late July in Caesicirrus. The nephridia act as gonoclucts. At this time, the primary oocytes are extruded into the tube, in which confined space they complete certain processes which render them fertilizable. These involve a marked reduction in diameter (of about one‐third), a change in shape from flat to spherical, and the extrusion of a substance, a process which seems t o be necessary before normal cleavage can occur. The sperm of Clymenella are formed in the coelom and are free when shed, but in Caesicirrus discs of primary spermatocytes are shed, and these complete maturation in the confines of the tube after about seven hours. Both eggs and sperm are extruded at the mouth of the tube just before, or during low tide.

An attempt is made to relate the difficulties of effecting successful artificial fertilization in these and other polychaetes to the exudation of material From the oocyte while it is still in the tube.

The occurrence of hermaphrodite Caesicirrus at Whitstable is described.
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM pH FOR THE ACTIVITY OF CAECAL CARBOHYDRASES OF THE AMPHIPOD ORCHESTIA GAMMARELLA
Authors: AGRAWAL V. P.
Published: August 2010

The alimentary canal of Orchestia gammarella Pallas consists of the foregut, midgut and hindgut. It has been found that the ventral hepatopancreas, arising from the anterior part of the midgut, secretes the different digestive enzymes.

For the determination of optimum pH for the activity of Merent carbohydrases, Somogyi's blood sugar method has been employed and it has been investigated that the optimum pH for the activity of caecal invertase, glycogenase, amylase and amygdalinase lies between 5.6 and 6.1.
ON THE LARVAL STAGES OF CYPRIDS AND ON SIPHLOCANDONA (CRUSTACEA, OSTRACODA)
Authors: FOX H. MUNRO
Published: August 2010

The principal external features in the eight larval stages of cyprid ostraeods are described. Means of distinguishing adult from late larval stages are given. Brady's genus “Siphlocandona” is the cyprid larval stage VI.
Anti‐inflammatory synergy of MEN16132, a kinin B2 receptor antagonist, and dexamethasone in carrageenan‐induced knee joint arthritis in rats
Authors: Valenti C , Giuliani S , Cialdai C , Tramontana M , Maggi CA
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bradykinin, through its B2 receptor, is involved in inflammatory processes related to arthropathies. In carrageenan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced arthritis in rat, the anti‐inflammatory activity of MEN16132, a potent and selective kinin B2 receptor antagonist, was compared with that of steroidal and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The interaction between MEN16132 and dexamethasone was also investigated.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Drugs, alone or in combination, were injected into the knee joint 30 min before intra‐articular administration of carrageenan or LPS, in pentobarbital anaesthetized rats. Effects on incapacitation, oedema, neutrophil recruitment and kallikrein system activation, in the knee joint, were assessed.

KEY RESULTS MEN16132 and dexamethasone (10–300 µg per knee) dose‐dependently reduced carrageenan‐induced joint pain, oedema and neutrophil infiltration, reaching a maximal inhibition of about 50%. Dexketoprofen exerted a similar analgesic activity, whereas it did not affect the other inflammatory responses. MEN16132 showed a partial inhibition of LPS‐induced joint pain, whereas dexamethasone produced a full analgesic effect. Combination of MEN16132 and dexamethasone showed a strong synergistic interaction in inhibiting both carrageenan and LPS‐induced knee joint inflammation. Dexamethasone did not prevent the contact activation of prekallikrein by carrageenan and the subsequent release of kallikreins and bradykinin in the synovium.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Steroids and kinin B2 receptor antagonists appear to relieve arthritic symptoms induced by carrageenan or LPS and act synergistically to inhibit joint inflammation. This could have interesting therapeutic implications, possibly opening the way for combination therapies in the control of inflammatory arthropathies.
Human atrial β1L‐adrenoceptor but not β3‐adrenoceptor activation increases force and Ca2+current at physiological temperature
Authors: Christ Torsten , Molenaar Peter , Klenowski Paul M , Ravens Ursula , Kaumann Alberto J
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEIt has been proposed that BRL37344, SR58611 and CGP12177 activate β3‐adrenoceptors in human atrium to increase contractility and L‐type Ca2+current (ICa‐L). β3‐adrenoceptor agonists are potentially beneficial for the treatment of a variety of diseases but concomitant cardiostimulation would be potentially harmful. It has also been proposed that (−)‐CGP12177 activates the low affinity binding site of the β1‐adrenoceptor in human atrium. We therefore used BRL37344, SR58611 and (−)‐CGP12177 with selective β‐adrenoceptor subtype antagonists to clarify cardiostimulant β‐adrenoceptor subtypes in human atrium.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHHuman right atrium was obtained from patients without heart failure undergoing coronary artery bypass or valve surgery. Cardiomyocytes were prepared to test BRL37344, SR58611 and CGP12177 effects onICa‐L. Contractile effects were determined on right atrial trabeculae.

KEY RESULTSBRL37344 increased force which was antagonized by blockade of β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptors but not by blockade of β3‐adrenoceptors with β3‐adrenoceptor‐selective L‐748,337 (1 µM). The β3‐adrenoceptor agonist SR58611 (1 nM–10 µM) did not affect atrial force. BRL37344 and SR58611 did not increaseICa‐Lat 37°C, but did at 24°C which was prevented by L‐748,337. (−)‐CGP12177 increased force andICa‐Lat both 24°C and 37°C which was prevented by (−)‐bupranolol (1–10 µM), but not L‐748,337.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSWe conclude that the inotropic responses to BRL37344 are mediated through β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptors. The inotropic andICa‐Lresponses to (−)‐CGP12177 are mediated through the low affinity site β1L‐adrenoceptor of the β1‐adrenoceptor. β3‐adrenoceptor‐mediated increases inICa‐Lare restricted to low temperatures. Human atrial β3‐adrenoceptors do not change contractility andICa‐Lat physiological temperature.

LINKED ARTICLEThis article is commented on by Michelet al., pp. 817–822 of this issue. To view this commentary visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.01005.x
Comparative aspects of the proliferation marker thymidine kinase 1 in human and canine tumour diseases
Authors: von Euler H. , Eriksson S.
Published: August 2010

As cell proliferation is one of the hallmarks of cancer, various types of proliferation markers are used as important tools in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment decision‐making and follow‐up in clinical oncology. The S phase‐specific protein thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) can be used in immunohistochemistry for RNA/protein expression in tissue specimens and for activity or protein/peptide levels in serum from patients.

TK1 has been used mainly in haematologic malignancies in humans, but also found beneficial in canine malignancies. As the protein sequence homology is high between humans and dogs, findings in canine models will have a high comparative value in further human research as well. In the present review, we will focus on the recent results concerning TK1's S phase‐correlated expression, increased serum levels of TK1 in patients with malignancies and the relevance for veterinary and comparative oncology. Finally, the benefit of recently developed specific anti‐TK1 antibodies suitable for immunologic assay is discussed.
STUDIES ON SOLIDIFICATION AND CONTRACTION AND THEIR RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF HOT TEARS IN STEEL CASTINGS.*
Authors: BRIGG CHARLES W. , GEZELIUS ROY A.
Published: August 2010

The following studies, resulting from a compilation of data and expressions, consider the relation of solidification and contraction to the formation of hot tears. Casting solidification involving the principle of equal cooling throughout is undesirable. Such conditions should be replaced by the more natural method of directional solidification. Controlled directional solidification is successful only when certain principles of casting design are adopted. These principles stress the importance of feeding smaller sections through heavier ones and by studying mass effect by the use of inscribed circles. Metal contraction and hindered contraction resulting from mold resistance is responsible in the major part for the existence of hot‐tear cracks in steel castings. Other important factors are cavities and the physical properties of the steel. There are two types of hot‐tear cracks, (a) the internal hot tear that develops during the solidification of the casting, and (b) the external hot tear that develops after solidification is complete, but while the temperature is about 1300 degrees C. Intelligent application of certain principles in casting design is one of the most important of seven methods that may be adopted to obviate the danger of hot tears, or at least limit the hot tear formation.

1. There are many conflicting opinions on all phases of casting procedure and various remedies for all the numerous problems arising in the industry. These remedies often have been applied by rule of thumb or as experience has dictated their use. It is surprising to note how little experimental data are available on the actual physical processes which occur during the solidification and contraction of steel castings.

2. It is not possible to review as large a field as the entire casting process in one article and do justice to all of its phases. The authors have selected, therefore, only one of the important phases, that of solidification, contraction and the formation of hot tears, and have attempted to bring together the best of available data and to supplement them with the results of some experiments.

3. In the industry today there are so many definitions for the several terms that in order to clarify the discussion it has been found necessary to define certain of these terms.
PROPELLER CAVITATION STUDIES.*
Authors: Kell C. O.
Published: August 2010

Based upon the information that has been obtained from experiments conducted in the variable pressure tunnel at Washington during the past two years, the different forms of propeller cavitation are discussed. The characteristics of face cavitation and two forms of back cavitation are described. Methods of correction as far as are known are suggested.

Tests to determine the effect of gas in solution in water on propeller cavitation are described, and the results are given.

Finally, the calculated lift coefficients for typical propellers at the apparent inception of back cavitation are plotted against cavitation indices, in an effort to obtain a criterion by which back cavitation on propellers may be avoided in design work. These data are compared with a theoretical relation between the lift coefficient and cavitation index, which has been offered by Lerbs as a criterion.
FOUNDATIONS FOR AUXILIARY MACHINERY
Authors: Kaplan Leonard
Published: August 2010

As the author points out in this article, it is surprising how varied the practice in foundationing auxiliary machinery on board ship is found to be, differing as it does between shipbuilding concerns, and even between auxiliaries on the same ship. He starts by stating a few sound premises upon which all can agree, and from these develops a standardized approach which may be followed with the certainty of some improvement in average shipbuilding practice. He discusses the choices of method available, eliminates the most undesirable, and throws much light on a little understood and little discussed shipbuilding problem. His discussion should be valuable in the drafting rooms of all shipbuilders, and of their sub‐contractors as well.