bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ozone production and transport over the Amazon Basin during the dry-to-wet and wet-to-dry transition seasons
Authors: Bela M. M. , Longo K. M. , Freitas S. R. , Moreira D. S. , Beck V. , Wofsy S. C. , Gerbig C. , Wiedemann K. , Andreae M. O. , Artaxo P.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The Regional Carbon Balance in Amazonia (BARCA) campaign provided the first Amazon Basin-wide aircraft measurements of ozone (O3) during both the dry-to-wet (November and December 2008) and wet-to-dry (May 2009) transition seasons. Extremely low background values (< 20 ppb) were observed to the west and north of Manaus in both seasons and in all regions during the wet-to-dry transition. On the other hand, elevated O3 levels (40–60 ppb) were seen during the dry-to-wet transition to the east and south of Manaus, where biomass burning emissions of O3 precursors were present. Chemistry simulations with the CCATT-BRAMS and WRF-Chem models are within the error bars of the observed O3 profiles in the boundary layer (0–3 km a.s.l.) in polluted conditions. However, the models overestimate O3 in the boundary layer in clean conditions, despite lacking the predominant NO source from soil. In addition, O3 simulated by the models was either within the error bars or lower than BARCA observations in mid-levels (3–5 km a.s.l.), and lower than total tropospheric O3 retrieved from the OMI/MLS instruments, which is primarily comprised of middle troposphere O3 and thus reflects long-range transport processes. Therefore, the models do a relatively poor job of representing the free troposphere-boundary layer gradient in O3 compared with aircraft and satellite observations, which could be due to missing long-range and convective transport of O3 at mid-levels. Additional simulations with WRF-Chem showed that the model O3 production is very sensitive to both the O3 deposition velocities and the NOx emissions, which were both about one-half of observed values. These results indicate the necessity of more realistic model representations of emissions, deposition, and convective processes for accurate monitoring and prediction of increases in O3 production in the Amazon Basin as the regional population grows.
On the ability of a global atmospheric inversion to constrain variations of CO2 fluxes over Amazonia
Authors: Molina L. , Broquet G. , Imbach P. , Chevallier F. , Poulter B. , Bonal D. , Burban B. , Ramonet M. , Gatti L. V. , Wofsy S. C. , Munger J. W. , Dlugokencky E. , Ciais P.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The exchanges of carbon, water, and energy between the atmosphere and the Amazon Basin have global implications for current and future climate. Here, the global atmospheric inversion system of the Monitoring of Atmospheric Composition and Climate service (MACC) was used to further study the seasonal and interannual variations of biogenic CO2 fluxes in Amazonia. The system assimilated surface measurements of atmospheric CO2 mole fractions made over more than 100 sites over the globe into an atmospheric transport model. This study added four surface stations located in tropical South America, a region poorly covered by CO2 observations. The estimates of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) optimized by the inversion were compared to independent estimates of NEE upscaled from eddy-covariance flux measurements in Amazonia, and against reports on the seasonal and interannual variations of the land sink in South America from the scientific literature. We focused on the impact of the interannual variation of the strong droughts in 2005 and 2010 (due to severe and longer-than-usual dry seasons), and of the extreme rainfall conditions registered in 2009. The spatial variations of the seasonal and interannual variability of optimized NEE were also investigated. While the inversion supported the assumption of strong spatial heterogeneity of these variations, the results revealed critical limitations that prevent global inversion frameworks from capturing the data-driven seasonal patterns of fluxes across Amazonia. In particular, it highlighted issues due to the configuration of the observation network in South America and the lack of continuity of the measurements. However, some robust patterns from the inversion seemed consistent with the abnormal moisture conditions in 2009.
Elevated uptake of CO2 over Europe inferred from GOSAT XCO2 retrievals: a real phenomenon or an artefact of the analysis?
Authors: Feng L. , Palmer P. I. , Parker R. J. , Deutscher N. M. , Feist D. G. , Kivi R. , Morino I. , Sussmann R.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Estimates of the natural CO2 flux over Europe inferred from in situ measurements of atmospheric CO2 mole fraction have been used previously to check top-down flux estimates inferred from space-borne dry-air CO2 column (XCO2) retrievals. Recent work has shown that CO2 fluxes inferred from XCO2 data from the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) have a larger seasonal amplitude and a more negative annual net CO2 balance than those inferred from the in situ data. The causes of this enhanced European CO2 uptake have since become the focus of recent studies. We show this elevated uptake over Europe could largely be explained by mis-fitting data due to regional biases. We establish a reference in situ inversion that uses an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) to assimilate surface flask data and the XCO2 data from the surface-based Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The same EnKF system is also used to assimilate two, independent versions of GOSAT XCO2 data. We find that the GOSAT-inferred European terrestrial biosphere uptake peaks during the summer, similar to the reference inversion, but the net annual flux is 1.18 ± 0.1 GtC a−1 compared to a value of 0.56 ± 0.1 GtC a−1 for our control inversion that uses only in situ data. To reconcile these two estimates, we have performed a series of numerical experiments that assimilate observations with biases or assimilate synthetic observations for which part or all of the GOSAT XCO2 data are replaced with model data. We find that 50–80% of the elevated European uptake in 2010 inferred from GOSAT data is due to retrievals outside the immediate European region, while most of the remainder can be explained by a sub-ppm retrieval bias over Europe. We have used data assimilation techniques to estimate monthly GOSAT XCO2 biases from the joint assimilation of in situ observations and GOSAT XCO2 retrievals. We find a monthly varying bias of up to 0.5 ppm can explain an overestimate of the annual sink of up to 0.18 GtC a−1.
The effect of desiccation on the emission of volatile bromocarbons from two common temperate macroalgae
Authors: Leedham Elvidge Emma C. , Phang S.-M. , Sturges W. T. , Malin G.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Exposure of intertidal macroalgae during low tide has been linked to the emission of a variety of atmospherically-important trace gases into the coastal atmosphere. In recent years, several studies have investigated the role of inorganic iodine and organoiodides as antioxidants and their emission during exposure to combat oxidative stress, yet the role of organic bromine species during desiccation is less well understood. In this study the emission of dibromomethane (CH2Br2) and bromoform (CHBr3) during exposure and desiccation of two common temperate macroalgae, Fucus vesiculosus and Ulva intestinalis, is reported. Determination of the impact exposure may have on algal physiological processes is difficult as intertidal species are adapted to desiccation and may undergo varying degrees of desiccation before their physiology is affected. For this reason we include comparisons between photosynthetic capacity (Fv/Fm) and halocarbon emissions during a desiccation time series. In addition, the role of rewetting with freshwater to simulate exposure to rain was also investigated. Our results show that an immediate flux of bromocarbons occurs upon exposure, followed by a decline in bromocarbon emissions. We suggest that this immediate bromocarbon pulse may be linked to volatilisation or emissions of existing bromocarbon stores from the algal surface rather than the production of bromocarbons as an antioxidant response.
North America's net terrestrial CO2 exchange with the atmosphere 1990–2009
Authors: King A. W. , Andres R. J. , Davis K. J. , Hafer M. , Hayes D. J. , Huntzinger D. N. , de Jong B. , Kurz W. A. , McGuire A. D. , Vargas R. , Wei Y. , West T. O. , Woodall C. W.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Scientific understanding of the global carbon cycle is required for developing national and international policy to mitigate fossil fuel CO2 emissions by managing terrestrial carbon uptake. Toward that understanding and as a contribution to the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) project, this paper provides a synthesis of net land–atmosphere CO2 exchange for North America (Canada, United States, and Mexico) over the period 1990–2009. Only CO2 is considered, not methane or other greenhouse gases. This synthesis is based on results from three different methods: atmospheric inversion, inventory-based methods and terrestrial biosphere modeling. All methods indicate that the North American land surface was a sink for atmospheric CO2, with a net transfer from atmosphere to land. Estimates ranged from −890 to −280 Tg C yr−1, where the mean of atmospheric inversion estimates forms the lower bound of that range (a larger land sink) and the inventory-based estimate using the production approach the upper (a smaller land sink). This relatively large range is due in part to differences in how the approaches represent trade, fire and other disturbances and which ecosystems they include. Integrating across estimates, "best" estimates (i.e., measures of central tendency) are −472 ± 281 Tg C yr−1 based on the mean and standard deviation of the distribution and −360 Tg C yr−1 (with an interquartile range of −496 to −337) based on the median. Considering both the fossil fuel emissions source and the land sink, our analysis shows that North America was, however, a net contributor to the growth of CO2 in the atmosphere in the late 20th and early 21st century. With North America's mean annual fossil fuel CO2 emissions for the period 1990–2009 equal to 1720 Tg C yr−1 and assuming the estimate of −472 Tg C yr−1 as an approximation of the true terrestrial CO2 sink, the continent's source : sink ratio for this time period was 1720:472, or nearly 4:1.
Ocean acidification does not affect magnesium composition or dolomite formation in living crustose coralline algae, Porolithon onkodes in an experimental system
Authors: Nash M. C. , Uthicke S. , Negri A. P. , Cantin N. E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. There are concerns that Mg-calcite crustose coralline algae (CCA), which are key reef builders on coral reefs, will be most susceptible to increased rates of dissolution under higher pCO2 and ocean acidification. Due to the higher solubility of Mg-calcite, it has been hypothesized that magnesium concentrations in CCA Mg-calcite will decrease as the ocean acidifies, and that this decrease will make their skeletons more chemically stable. In addition to Mg-calcite, CCA Porolithon onkodes the predominant encrusting species on tropical reefs, can have dolomite (Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3) infilling cell spaces which increases their stability. However, nothing is known about how bio-mineralised dolomite formation responds to higher pCO2. Using P. onkodes grown for 3 and 6 months in tank experiments, we aimed to determine (1) if mol % MgCO3 in new crust and new settlement affected by increasing pCO2 levels (365, 444, 676 and 904 ppm), (2) whether bio-mineralised dolomite formed within these time frames, and (3) if so, whether this was effected by pCO2. Our results show there was no significant effect of pCO2 on mol % MgCO3 in any sample set, indicating an absence of a plastic response under a wide range of experimental conditions. Dolomite within the CCA cells formed within 3 months and dolomite abundance did not vary significantly with pCO2 treatment. While evidence mounts that climate change will impact many sensitive coral and CCA species, the results from this study indicate that reef-building P. onkodes will continue to form stabilising dolomite infill under near-future acidification conditions, thereby retaining its higher resistance to dissolution.
Reconstruction of super-resolution fields of ocean pCO2 and air–sea fluxes of CO2 from satellite imagery in the Southeastern Atlantic
Authors: Hernández-Carrasco I. , Sudre J. , Garçon V. , Yahia H. , Garbe C. , Paulmier A. , Dewitte B. , Illig S. , Dadou I.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The knowledge of Green House Gases GHGs fluxes at the air–sea interface at high resolution is crucial to accurately quantify the role of the ocean in the absorption and emission of GHGs. In this paper we present a novel method to reconstruct maps of surface ocean partial pressure of CO2, pCO2, and air–sea CO2 fluxes at super resolution (4 km) using Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Ocean Colour (OC) data at this resolution, and CarbonTracker CO2 fluxes data at low resolution (110 km). Inference of super-resolution of pCO2, and air–sea CO2 fluxes is performed using novel nonlinear signal processing methodologies that prove efficient in the context of oceanography. The theoretical background comes from the Microcanonical Multifractal Formalism which unlocks the geometrical determination of cascading properties of physical intensive variables. As a consequence, a multiresolution analysis performed on the signal of the so-called singularity exponents allows the correct and near optimal cross-scale inference of GHGs fluxes, as the inference suits the geometric realization of the cascade. We apply such a methodology to the study offshore of the Benguela area. The inferred representation of oceanic partial pressure of CO2 improves and enhances the description provided by CarbonTracker, capturing the small scale variability. We examine different combinations of Ocean Colour and Sea Surface Temperature products in order to increase the number of valid points and the quality of the inferred pCO2 field. The methodology is validated using in-situ measurements by means of statistical errors. We obtain that mean absolute and relative errors in the inferred values of pCO2 with respect to in-situ measurements are smaller than for CarbonTracker.
ERA-Interim/Land: a global land surface reanalysis data set
Authors: Balsamo G. , Albergel C. , Beljaars A. , Boussetta S. , Brun E. , Cloke H. , Dee D. , Dutra E. , Muñoz-Sabater J. , Pappenberger F. , de Rosnay P. , Stockdale T. , Vitart F.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. ERA-Interim/Land is a global land surface reanalysis data set covering the period 1979–2010. It describes the evolution of soil moisture, soil temperature and snowpack. ERA-Interim/Land is the result of a single 32-year simulation with the latest ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) land surface model driven by meteorological forcing from the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis and precipitation adjustments based on monthly GPCP v2.1 (Global Precipitation Climatology Project). The horizontal resolution is about 80 km and the time frequency is 3-hourly. ERA-Interim/Land includes a number of parameterization improvements in the land surface scheme with respect to the original ERA-Interim data set, which makes it more suitable for climate studies involving land water resources. The quality of ERA-Interim/Land is assessed by comparing with ground-based and remote sensing observations. In particular, estimates of soil moisture, snow depth, surface albedo, turbulent latent and sensible fluxes, and river discharges are verified against a large number of site measurements. ERA-Interim/Land provides a global integrated and coherent estimate of soil moisture and snow water equivalent, which can also be used for the initialization of numerical weather prediction and climate models.
Uncertainty in flood damage estimates and its potential effect on investment decisions
Authors: Wagenaar D. J. , de Bruijn K. M. , Bouwer L. M. , De Moel H.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. This paper addresses the large differences that are found between damage estimates of different flood damage models. It explains how implicit assumptions in flood damage models can lead to large uncertainties in flood damage estimates. This explanation is used to quantify this uncertainty with a Monte Carlo Analysis. As input the Monte Carlo analysis uses a damage function library with 272 functions from 7 different flood damage models. This results in uncertainties in the order of magnitude of a factor 2 to 5. The resulting uncertainty is typically larger for small water depths and for smaller flood events. The implications of the uncertainty in damage estimates for flood risk management are illustrated by a case study in which the economic optimal investment strategy for a dike segment in the Netherlands is determined. The case study shows that the uncertainty in flood damage estimates can lead to significant over- or under-investments.
Study of microarthopod communities to assess soil quality in different managed vineyards
Authors: Gagnarli E. , Goggioli D. , Tarchi F. , Guidi S. , Nannelli R. , Vignozzi N. , Valboa G. , Lottero M. R. , Corino L. , Simoni S.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Land use influences the abundance and diversity of soil arthropods. The evaluation of the impact of different management strategies on soil quality is increasingly requested. The determination of communities' structures of edaphic fauna can represent an efficient tool. In this study, in some vineyards in Piedmont (Italy), the effects of two different management systems, organic and integrated pest management (IPM), on soil biota were evaluated. As microarthropods living in soil surface are an important component of soil ecosystem interacting with all the other system components, a multi disciplinary approach was adopted by characterizing also some soil physical and chemical characteristics (soil texture, soil pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, calcium carbonate). Soil samplings were carried out on Winter 2011 and Spring 2012. All specimens were counted and determined up to the order level. The biological quality of the soil was defined through the determination of ecological indices, such as QBS-ar, species richness and indices of Shannon-Weaver, Pielou, Margalef and Simpson. The mesofauna abundance was affected by both the type of management and the soil texture. The analysis of microarthropod communities by QBS-ar showed higher values in organic than in IPM managed vineyards; in particular, the values registered in organic vineyards were similar to those characteristic of preserved soils.
Presentación Vol.10
Authors: Zelaya Ochoa Marysabel
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v10i0.1733 Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 10, 2014
Académicos universitarios y salud ocupacional. Importancia de los factores psicosociales y variables sociodemográficas, el caso de un centro universitario regional de la Universidad de Guadalajara, México
Authors: Silva Gutiérrez Blanca Noemí , Vicente Flores Raúl
Published: January 2015

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la presencia de factores psicosociales negativos percibidos por los profe­sores y determinar las asociaciones con las variables sociodemográficas y laborales, en la población estudiada. Es un estudio transversal y correlacional que incluye el total de profesores de un centro universitario regional. Se utilizaron tres instrumentos de investigación, el cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y laborales, la Escala de Factores Psicosociales en el Trabajo Aca­démico y la Escala de Síntomas de Estrés. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre los factores psicosociales, variables sociodemográficas y laborales, además de problemas de salud. Esta investigación aporta evidencias empíricas acerca de características y riesgos del trabajo académico. Es importante considerar evaluaciones periódicas y cambios organizacionales eficientes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v10i0.1736 Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 10, 2014: 33-43
Mortalidad infantil y el acceso al recurso humano de salud. Tres años de revisión; 2009-2011
Authors: Romero-A María Guadalupe , Garay-R Ingrid Carolina
Published: January 2015

La disponibilidad de programas orientados a disminuir la mortalidad, sobre todo, por causas prevenibles define vínculos importantes, como la de garantizar la disponibilidad de proveedores. La mortalidad infantil ha ido disminuyendo con diferentes estrategias que los países cimentan con este objetivo. El presente trabajo es una investigación descriptiva retrospectiva que toma los datos del Boletín Epidemiológico de la Secretaría de Salud de Honduras en cuanto a los datos de mortalidad infantil en el período 2009 a 2011 y los datos que se encuentran en el Anuario Estadístico de la Secretaría de Salud de los años en mención para el recurso humano hospitalario y no hospitalario, específicamente médicos, profesionales de enfermería y auxiliares de enfermería. Los resultados señalan que el año con mayor cantidad de muertes infantiles fue el año 2011. Los departamentos con mayores tasas de mortalidad en los tres años, fueron Francisco Morazán, Cortés, Olancho. Las mayores tasas de cobertura del recurso humano para la población en general, se encuentran en los departamentos de Islas de la Bahía, Atlántida y Valle. Los que presentaron menor oportunidad de cobertura para este grupo son: Santa Bárbara y El Paraíso. Para el grupo específico de menores de un año, los departamentos que tienen mayor oferta son: Islas de la Bahía, Gracias a Dios, Francisco Morazán. Los que menos ofertan son: El Paraíso, Santa Bárbara, Olancho e Intibucá. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v10i0.1739 Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 10, 2014: 71-79
Los jóvenes: mujeres y hombres, excluidos de las oportunidades de educación y trabajo en Honduras. Una mirada exploratoria acerca de las percepciones sociales sobre los NINI
Authors: Acevedo José
Published: January 2015

Se presenta una mirada exploratoria sobre el fenómeno de los jóvenes NINI en Honduras, basada en la revisión de bibliografía básica acerca del tema y datos estadísticos de fuentes secundarias. Un elemento central del argumento es que la comprensión del fenómeno NINI requiere una clara conceptualización acerca de la juventud y las juventudes. El fenómeno NINI está ligado con la desigualdad social, porque se trata de jóvenes en quienes se combina una doble exclusión, del trabajo y la educación. Los NINI no son nuevos, pero sí relativamente desconocidos en Honduras. El estudio de este fenómeno es clave para visibilizarlos y para el diseño e implementación de políticas, programas y proyectos enfocados en sus necesidades. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v10i0.1740 Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 10, 2014: 81-88
El bono demográfico en los países centroamericanos
Authors: Flores Fonseca Manuel Antonio
Published: January 2015

La transición demográfica como teoría que explica los cambios demográficos sigue vigente en la región Cen­troamericana, donde los países transitan en diferentes estadios por las consecuencias de los descensos no sincronizados de la fecundidad y mortalidad que explican el aumento de la población y las transformaciones en las estructuras por edad, que conducen a descensos en la relaciones de dependencia demográfica (poblaciones dependientes entre potencialmente acti­vos) a valores nunca vistos en la historia, proporcionando una oportunidad para el crecimiento de la economía, denominada bono demográfico. El artículo incluye un repaso de las principales tendencias demográficas experimentadas por los países centroamericanos en las últimas décadas, donde los cuatro ubicados en la parte norte tienen un estadio relativamente similar en la clasificación según las etapas de la transición demográfica, mientras los ubicados en el sur tienen una posición más avan­zada en el proceso. A su vez se analizan los cambios surgidos en los indicadores demográficos, el aumento de la población, el crecimiento y los cambios en las estructuras etarias, como en las relaciones de dependencia y el umbral del bono demográfico en cada país. Seguidamente se analiza como los cambios demográficos influyen en el crecimiento económico, tomando en cuenta las poblaciones productoras y consumidoras en la tasa de dependencia económica. En el análisis se utilizará el banco de datos de población y las proyecciones de población de cada país que construye el Centro Latinoamericano de Demografía (CELADE) y la División de Población de Naciones Unidas. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v10i0.1742 Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 10, 2014: 105-118
Estimación del nivel diversificación de las exportaciones en Nicaragua
Authors: Morales Rivas Oliver David
Published: January 2015

El artículo presenta tres índices para estimar el grado de diversificación de las exportaciones en Nicaragua. Utilizando datos anuales del periodo 2000 al 2013 del Banco Central de Nicaragua. Los indicadores calculados son el índice el Herfindahl-Hirschman (en adelante IHH), el índice de Ojiva (en adelante OJV) y el índice Entropía (en adelante ENT). Estos índices se calcularan por productos y por destino comercial, de modo que se tendrán dos valores respecto de cada índice de concentración: uno en relación con los productos y otro en relación con los socios comerciales. Se concluye que los índices IHH, OJV y ENT, presentan una trayectoria creciente en el nivel de diversificación de las exportaciones según destinos comerciales. Para el caso del nivel de diversificación de las exportaciones por grupo de productos, los índices IHH, OJV ubican a las exportaciones en un grado marginalmente diversificado, en cambio el índice ENT muestra un nivel diversificado del sector exportador. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/reice.v2i4.1721 REICE Vol. 2, No. 4, julio-diciembre 2014: 1-13
Factores que influyen en la satisfacción laboral de los empleados de la Empresa Adara S.A.
Authors: Duarte Payán Sonia Massiel , Aguirre Ochoa Jeanine Del S. , Jarquín López Gloria Estela
Published: January 2015

El estudio se enfocó en determinar el nivel de satisfacción y los factores que intervienen en la misma, para los empleados de la Empresa ADARA, S.A. Se aplicó una encuesta de manera aleatoria a 400 empleados de las diferentes áreas de la compañía. Entre los resultados se destaca el nivel de satisfacción de los empleados de la empresa del 89%, lo cual indica que la mayor parte de los empleados tiene un alto nivel de satisfacción trabajando para la compañía. También se logró determinar que el factor considerado como el más importante para los empleados a la hora de medir la satisfacción es el disfrutar su trabajo, representando el 46.25%. No obstante, se recomienda a la empresa no descuidar este aspecto tan importante. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/reice.v2i4.1723 REICE Vol. 2, No. 4, julio-diciembre 2014: 20-33
Una aplicación del análisis de frontera de producción estocástica: el caso de hospitales del subsistema de salud pública de Nicaragua
Authors: Canales Salinas Ricardo José
Published: January 2015

El presente ensayo tiene por finalidad analizar comparativamente la eficiencia técnica de la red de servicios de salud hospitalaria, según SILAIS, mediante la técnica de frontera estocástica. Esta técnica consiste en ajustar una función de producción mediante técnicas econométricas. Los resultados esperados es tener una medida de eficiencia por SILAIS de sus respectivas redes hospitalarias. Para la aplicación del modelo de frontera estocástica, se especifica una función de producción Cobb-Douglas a la que se le añaden las perturbaciones de ruido (simétricas) y de eficiencia (seminormal) y mediante el programa Stata, se estiman los parámetros de interés y se calcula la eficiencia para cada red de servicio hospitalaria. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/reice.v2i4.1725 REICE Vol. 2, No. 4, julio-diciembre 2014: 49-56
Desabastecimiento de frijol rojo nacional en el mercado interno de Nicaragua (Enero-Agosto 2014)
Authors: Benavides Rebeca Saray Lara , Arceda Ruiz Ana Paola
Published: January 2015

El objetivo del escrito es analizar las causas y consecuencias asequibles del desabastecimiento del frijol rojo nacional en el mercado interno nicaragüense. En el proceso de elaboración se observaron detenidamente los elementos que incorporaban el fenómeno para posteriormente razonarlos y retomar la temática en un tanto holista y generar propuestas de las causas y consecuencias viables que permitirían explicar el mencionado desabastecimiento de frijol rojo en el mercado nacional. Asimismo, se consideraron máxime momentos específicos (alza de precios), facilitadores del análisis comparativo y correlacional de la eventualidad con respecto a otros períodos. De ahí surge como resultado, la advertencia del papel preponderante de los productores, los comercializadores y el gobierno como agentes que influyen en el desarrollo evolutivo del tópico discurrido. Sin embargo, es indispensable mencionar que su influjo en la economía repercute de manera directa y proporcional a su proceder en la misma, afectando adicionalmente y de manera preponderante al demandante del bien, en este caso “frijol rojo”. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/reice.v2i4.1728 REICE Vol. 2, No. 4, julio-diciembre 2014: 96-109
Advocating Nonsurgical Management of Patients With Small, Incidental Radial Scars at the Time of Needle Core Biopsy: A Study of 77 Cases
Authors: Matrai Cathleen , D'Alfonso Timothy M. , Pharmer Lindsay , Drotman Michele B. , Simmons Rache M. , Shin Sandra J.
Published: January 2015

Context

Radial scars are benign sclerosing lesions that are routinely excised when diagnosed in a needle core biopsy. Optimal management for patients with incidental and small (≤5 mm) radial scars is uncertain.

Objective

To assess pathologic upgrade of radial scars diagnosed in needle core biopsy samples and identify a subset of patients who could benefit from conservative management.

Design

Patients with a diagnosis of radial scar in a needle core biopsy who underwent excision of the biopsied area were identified. Radial scars greater than 5 mm in size and those with coexisting atypia, carcinoma, and papillary lesions were excluded. After histologic-radiographic correlation, rates of pathologic upgrade were assessed.

Results

Seventy-seven radial scars diagnosed in 66 patients were included. Overall, 9 of 77 (12%) showed upgrade to a high-risk lesion (6 lobular carcinoma in situ, 2 atypical ductal hyperplasia, 1 atypical lobular hyperplasia), while none (0%) showed upgrade to invasive carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ. One of 22 incidental radial scars (4.5%) showed upgrade on excision versus 6 of 36 (16.7%) for radial scars considered to be the radiographic target (P = .23). Older age was associated with upgrade (P < .001).

Conclusions

No incidental or small (≤5 mm) radial scars excised revealed invasive carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ on excision. Provided there is good pathologic-radiologic concordance, it appears reasonable for these patients to be managed conservatively.
Usage Possibilities of Diatomite in the Concrete Production for Agricultural Buildings
Authors: Sedat Karaman  , Bahattin Oztoprak  , Can Burak Sisman
Published: January 2015

Construction materials evidently affect economy, strength, durability, safety and expediency of constructions. Selecting locally available material will bring a cost-advantage to structures built in rural parts. Such a case is especially valid for agricultural structures. In present study, effects of a natural pozzolan, diatomite admixture on concrete workability characteristics, setting duration and behavior under axial loading were investigated and possible use of diatomite-blended concrete as a light-weight construction material in agricultural structures was evaluated. This research was carried out in Tokat/Turkey in 2012. Concrete samples were prepared by using different admixture ratios of diatomite as a light-weight aggregate with standard sand and crashed sand aggregates. Water/cement ratios of mixtures were determined by taking a constant slump value into consideration. Unit weight, compressive strength and water absorption test were carried out over the samples. According to the results, unit weight, compressive strengths and water absorption in 150, 200 and 250 doses changed with increasing diatomite contents, respectively, from 1470 kg/m3 to 2210 kg/m3, from 20.45 MPa to 1.14 MPa, from 6.04% to 23.85%. Results revealed significant cost-savings by using diatomite aggregate to produce light-weight concrete blocks to be used in agricultural structures. It was also concluded that such blocks might provide significant insulative advantages for heat-balance of livestock barns..
Screening, Production and Optimization of L-Asparaginase From Soil Bacteria Isolated in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria
Authors: Sherifah M. Wakil  , Adesewa A. Adelegan
Published: January 2015

L-Asparaginase producing bacteria were isolated from soil samples under optimum conditions using submerged fermentation. Their abilities to produce asparaginase at different pH, temperature, incubation temperature, utilization of different carbon and nitrogen sources as well as their specific conditions for optimal activity were also investigated. Streptococcus spp. D1, Bacillus polymyxa and Streptococcus spp. D2 showed optimum asparaginase production at pH 8 with activities of 11.6 U/ml, 8.8 U/ml and 7.9 U/ml respectively. The pH 7 was observed as optimum pH for Bacillus firmus (8.8 U/ml) while optimum pH 6 was observed for Bacillus circulans and Paenibacillus validus. Maximum L-asparaginase productivity was attained at a temperature of 45°Cby Bacillus firmus, Streptococcus sp. D1 and Bacillus circulans with activity of 4.6 U/ml, 5.6 U/ml and 3.8 U/ml respectively while 35°C incubation temperature was optimum for Paenibacillus validus and Bacillus polymyxa with enzyme activity of 6.2 U/ml and 6.1 U/ml respectively. Mannitol supported the maximum asparaginase production of Bacillus circulans, Streptococcus sp. D2 and Bacillus polymyxa while maltose was observed as the best carbon source for Streptococcus sp. D1 and Bacillus firmus; and sucrose for Paenibacillus validus. The optimum nitrogen source was casein for Bacillus circulans (7.57 U/ml) and Streptococcus spp. D1 (6.19 U/ml), Yeast extract for Bacillus polymyxa (7.037 U/ml)and Bacillus firmus(5.368 U/ml) while NaNO3 supported optimum L-asparaginase production for Streptococcus sp. D2 (6.006 U/ml) and Paenibacillus validus (4.754 U/ml). At optimum conditions, Bacillus polymyxa had the highest (4.835 U/ml) while Bacillus circulans had the least (2.981 U/ml) asparaginase activity. In all, the bacterial isolates prefers slightly alkaline to alkaline medium (pH 6-8) for optimum asparaginase production.
Demarcation of Right of Way (ROW) and Re-Installation of Damaged Markers of Transmission Pipeline in Balochistan, Pakistan through Geomatics Technologies: A Case Study of Zarghun to Quetta High Pressure Natural Gas Supply
Authors: Zawwar Hussain  , Syed Ali Asad Naqvi  , Syed Jamil H. Kazmi  , Syed Ali Naqi  , Muhammad Haneef  , Farina Zulfi
Published: January 2015

The alignment of gas pipelines in a rugged terrain has always been a serious challenge around the globe but they can be perfectly aligned with the help of Geo-Spatial technologies. When South Zarghun gas fields were discovered in Pakistan, gas transmission pipeline laying process between gas fields and Quetta city was as challenging task for the Government of Pakistan. Very rough terrain and extreme weather conditions especially in winter season were the two major constraints for the alignment of pipeline. Geomatics survey was essential before transmission pipeline construction work, done twice by private consultant in Pakistan’s local geographic coordinate system. SSGC took decision in 2006 for the construction of pipeline but unfortunately it could not be executed due to law & order situation in Pakistan especially in Balochistan province and later all bench marks of pipeline alignment route were vanished by the locals. In 2012, SSGC again started pipeline construction work on war steps. Previous pipeline alignment survey was converted into existing SSGC’s GIS coordinate system i.e. UTM Zone 42 WGS84 using ESRI ArcGIS software. Identification & re-installation of all bench marks and re-routing of pipeline were done by SSGC GIS survey team with the help of global positioning system (GPS) and satellite data. Finally, right of way (ROW) of transmission pipeline from Zarghun gas fields to Quetta city was designed and produced in the form of GIS map for pipeline construction activities.
Entre o silêncio e a palavra: a questão da leitura de Nietzsche e do estilo em Nietzsche
Authors: Azeredo Vânia Dutra de
Published: January 2015

O artigo propõe-se a apresentar o sentido da multiplicidade de estilos em Nietzsche a partir do elo indissolúvel entre pensamento e vida, escrita e sangue, forma e conteúdo, que terminam por aproximar o discurso filosófico do literário. Analisa a intratextualidade como condição de possibilidade para compreender o texto de Nietzsche e identificar o móvel da multiplicidade de estilos, desde um diálogo com Deleuze.
A arte das paixões: Nietzsche, leitor de Prosper Mérimée
Authors: Chaves Ernani
Published: January 2015

Costuma-se relacionar o interesse e a admiração de Nietzsche pela ópera “Carmem”, exclusivamente ao compositor George Bizet. Neste artigo, procuro mostrar a importância de Prosper Mérimée, o autor do livro que deu origem à ópera, para a reflexão de Nietzsche sobre as paixões, em especial sobre o amor. A leitura de Mérimée pode também ser bastante instrutiva para entendermos alguns dos motivos que levaram Nietzsche a se separar de Wagner, como, por exemplo, o tratamento dado ao tema das paixões, em conexão com Stendhal. Mesmo sem ter lido “Carmem” – ele apenas assistiu à ópera e conhecia muito bem a partitura – Nietzsche pode certamente reencontrar na obra de Bizet os ecos de sua admiração pelo escritor Mérimée.
Nietzsche, Wagner e o “Casamento de Lutero”
Authors: Barros Fernando Ribeiro de Moraes
Published: January 2015

Partindo de uma breve descrição da célebre e disruptiva relação entre Nietzsche e Wagner, o presente texto visa a refazer a crítica empreendida pelo filósofo alemão à arte wagneriana – em especial, à luz de Além de bem e mal e Para a genealogia da moral -, para, aí então, a partir da dicotomia sensualidade/castidade, colocar em questão o sentido e o alcance da visão nietzschiana acerca da vida matrimonial em geral.
Prostanthera (Lamiaceae) from far-north Queensland, Australia
Authors: Conn Barry John , Wilson Trevor Craig
Published: January 2015

The endemic genus Prostanthera occurs throughout much of Australia, with the most northerly species occurring in the Cook district of northern Queensland. Prostanthera athertoniana, P. mulliganensis and P. tozerana are described as new species from the Cook botanical district of northern Queensland, Australia. Each of these species has a restricted distribution, the first species is known from Kahlpahlim Rock (Atherton Tableland), the second from Mount Mulligan (north of Dimbulah), and the third is only known from Mount Tozer (Iron Range National Park). Prostanthera albohirta and P. clotteniana also occur in this region. Since all species are inadequately known, an identification key to these species and descriptions are provided, as well as illustrations of the three new species.
Multiscale equatorial electrojet turbulence:Baseline 2‐D model
Authors: Hassan Ehab , Horton W. , Smolyakov A. I. , Hatch D. R. , Litt S. K.
Published: January 2015

The spatial and spectral characteristics of the turbulent plasma density, electric fields, and ion drift in ionospheric E region are studied using a new set of nonlinear plasma fluid equations. The fluid model combines both Farley‐Buneman (Type‐I) and Gradient‐Drift (Type‐II) plasma instabilities in the equatorial electrojet. In our unified model of the plasma instabilities, we include the ion viscosity in the ion momentum equation and electron inertia in the electron momentum equation. These two terms play an important role in stabilizing the growing modes in the linear regime and in driving the Farley‐Buneman instability into the saturation state. The simulation results show good agreements with a number of features of rocket and radar observations, such as (1) saturation of plasma density perturbations depends on the solar condition and reaches 7–15% relative to the background, (2) fluctuation of the horizontal secondary electric field reaches 8–15 mV/m, (3) stabilization of the phase velocity of the perturbed density wave around the value of the ion‐acoustic speed inside the electrojet, (4) “up‐down” asymmetry in the vertical fluxes of the plasma density, (5) “east‐west” asymmetry of the plasma zonal drifts, and (6) generation of small scale of the order of meter scale lengths irregularities embedded in large‐scale structures. Spectral analysis of the density fluctuations reveals the energy cascade due to the nonlinear coupling between structures of different scales. The break‐up of the large‐scale structures into small‐scale structures explains the disappearance of Type‐II echoes in the presence of Type‐I instabilities.
Upper limit on the inner radiation belt MeV electron intensity
Authors: Li X. , Selesnick R. S. , Baker D. N. , Jaynes A. N. , Kanekal S. G. , Schiller Q. , Blum L. , Fennell J. , Blake J. B.
Published: January 2015

No instruments in the inner radiation belt are immune from the unforgiving penetration of the highly energetic protons (tens of MeV to GeV). The inner belt proton flux level, however, is relatively stable; thus, for any given instrument, the proton contamination often leads to a certain background noise. Measurements from the Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope integrated little experiment on board Colorado Student Space Weather Experiment CubeSat, in a low Earth orbit, clearly demonstrate that there exist sub‐MeV electrons in the inner belt because their flux level is orders of magnitude higher than the background, while higher‐energy electron (>1.6 MeV) measurements cannot be distinguished from the background. Detailed analysis of high‐quality measurements from the Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope on board Van Allen Probes, in a geo‐transfer‐like orbit, provides, for the first time, quantified upper limits on MeV electron fluxes in various energy ranges in the inner belt. These upper limits are rather different from flux levels in the AE8 and AE9 models, which were developed based on older data sources. For 1.7, 2.5, and 3.3 MeV electrons, the upper limits are about 1 order of magnitude lower than predicted model fluxes. The implication of this difference is profound in that unless there are extreme solar wind conditions, which have not happened yet since the launch of Van Allen Probes, significant enhancements of MeV electrons do not occur in the inner belt even though such enhancements are commonly seen in the outer belt.
Three‐dimensional dynamic rupture simulations across interacting faults: TheMw7.0, 2010, Haiti earthquake
Authors: Douilly R. , Aochi H. , Calais E. , Freed A. M.
Published: January 2015

The mechanisms controlling rupture propagation between fault segments during a large earthquake are key to the hazard posed by fault systems. Rupture initiation on a smaller fault sometimes transfers to a larger fault, resulting in a significant event (e.g., 2002M7.9 Denali USA and 2010M7.1 Darfield New Zealand earthquakes). In other cases rupture is constrained to the initial fault and does not transfer to nearby faults, resulting in events of more moderate magnitude. This was the case of the 1989M6.9 Loma Prieta and 2010M7.0 Haiti earthquakes which initiated on reverse faults abutting against a major strike‐slip plate boundary fault but did not propagate onto it. Here we investigate the rupture dynamics of the Haiti earthquake, seeking to understand why rupture propagated across two segments of the Léogâne fault but did not propagate to the adjacent Enriquillo Plantain Garden Fault, the major 200 km long plate boundary fault cutting through southern Haiti. We use a finite element model to simulate propagation of rupture on the Léogâne fault, varying friction and background stress to determine the parameter set that best explains the observed earthquake sequence, in particular, the ground displacement. The two slip patches inferred from finite fault inversions are explained by the successive rupture of two fault segments oriented favorably with respect to the rupture propagation, while the geometry of the Enriquillo fault did not allow shear stress to reach failure.
Tectonic and gravity extensional collapses in overpressured cohesive and frictional wedges
Authors: Yuan X. P. , Leroy Y. M. , Maillot B.
Published: January 2015

Two modes of extensional collapse in a cohesive and frictional wedge of arbitrary topography, finite extent, and resting on an inclined weak dcollement are examined by analytical means. The first mode consists of the gravitational collapse by the action of a half‐graben, rooting on the dcollement and pushing seaward the frontal part of the wedge. The second mode results from the tectonics extension at the back wall with a similar half‐graben kinematics and the landward sliding of the rear part of the wedge. The predictions of the maximum strength theorem, equivalent to the kinematic approach of limit analysis and based on these two collapse mechanisms, not only match exactly the solutions of the critical Coulomb wedge theory, once properly amended, but generalizes them in several aspects: wedge of finite size, composed of cohesive material and of arbitrary topography. This generalization is advantageous to progress in our understanding of many laboratory experiments and field cases. For example, it is claimed from analytical results validated by experiments that the stability transition for a cohesive, triangular wedge occurs with the activation of the maximum length of the dcollement. It is shown that the details of the topography, for the particular example of the Mejillones peninsula (North Chile) is, however, responsible for the selection of a short length‐scale, dynamic instability corresponding to a frontal gravitational instability. A reasonable amount of cohesion is sufficient for the pressures proposed in the literature to correspond to a stability transition and not with a dynamically unstable state.
Overturning circulation that ventilates the intermediate layer of the Sea of Okhotsk and the North Pacific: The role of salinity advection
Authors: Matsuda Junji , Mitsudera Humio , Nakamura Tomohiro , Sasajima Yuichiro , Hasumi Hiroyasu , Wakatsuchi Masaaki
Published: January 2015

Dense Shelf Water (DSW) formation in the northwestern continental shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk is the beginning of the lower limb of the overturning circulation that ventilates the intermediate layer of the North Pacific Ocean. The upper limb consisting of surface currents in the Okhotsk Sea and the subarctic gyre has not been clarified. Using a high‐resolution North Pacific Ocean model with a curvilinear grid as fine as 3 km × 3 km in the Sea of Okhotsk, we succeeded in representing the three‐dimensional structure of the overturning circulation including the narrow boundary currents and flows through straits that constitute the upper limb, as well as the lower limb consisting of DSW formation and ventilation. In particular, pathways and time scales from the Bering Sea to the intermediate layer via the ventilation in the Sea of Okhotsk were examined in detail using tracer experiments. Further, we found that the overturning circulation that connects the surface and intermediate layer is sensitive to wind stress. In the case of strong winds, the coastal current under polynyas where DSW forms is intensified, and consequently diapycnal transport from the surface layer to the intermediate layer increases. Strong winds also induce a positive sea surface salinity anomaly in the subarctic region, causing a significant decrease in the density stratification and increase in the DSW salinity (i.e., density). These processes act together to produce intense overturning circulation and deep ventilation, which may subduct even to the bottom of the Sea of Okhotsk if the wind is strong.