bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gendered Ethnicity
Authors: KURIEN PREMA
Published: July 2003

Based on a study of three Hindu Indian religio-cultural organizations whose members live in and around a metropolitan area in California, this article examines the central role played by gender in the creation of ethnic communities and cultures among Hindu Indian immigrants. Gender relations and constructs are reworked during the course of immigration and settlement and are crucial to the Hindu American ethnicity developed in the United States. The author argues that migration and settlement result in an interrelated but distinct sequence of gendered processes at three analytical levels—the household, the local ethnic community, and the pan-Indian umbrella organizations. The processes occurring at the three levels intermesh in a complicated and contradictory dynamic. The contradictions are manifested in the construction of gendered ethnicity and in gender practice, particularly at the organizational level.
Engendering Transnational Migration
Authors: MAHLER SARAH J.
Published: July 2003

This article examines how transnational practices and discourses affect existing social identities and power relationships in a northeastern section of El Salvador that has become tightly networked to some of New York City's suburbs owing to years of migration. The author identifies various practices, discourses, and processes influencing gender relations and argues that transnational factors are a significant but not singular agent for change. Conversely, she finds that multiple agents and agencies at the local, regional, and transnational levels affect gender relations. This textured portraiture communicates mixed messages to the youthful population in this region who represent the next generation of likely migrants. In the conclusion, she addresses girls' and boys' attitudes in northern La Unión toward migration and speculates how they have been shaped by transnational processes and gender relations.
Trinity Center for Neighborhoods
Authors: CHANNELS NOREEN , ZANNONI DIANE
Published: July 2003

In this article, the authors describe a college organization created to establish a partnership between Trinity College faculty and students and four community organizing groups. Through this organization, the Trinity Center for Neighborhoods, the research skills of faculty and students are used to gather information identified by the community as essential before these community groups can effectively plan and argue for change. Since 1995, more than 45 applied research projects have been completed. In addition to describing the organization and the actions taken as a result of the research, the authors review the basic assumptions underlying the structure they have built, a structure that has allowed them—a small liberal arts college and the surrounding neighborhoods—to work together successfully.
Interprofessional Education and Training
Authors: BRANDON RICHARD N. , KNAPP MICHAEL S.
Published: July 2003

Many universities are experimenting with interprofessional programs to better prepare professionals to tackle the complex problems faced by children and families. Universities face three major challenges: overcoming the compartmentalization of professional schools, which is then reflected in fragmentation of service delivery; learning to function as effective partners with communities; and reconceptualizing the nature of professional expertise to include collaborative scholarship and practice. The authors found that collaborative work can offer scholars substantial intellectual challengers, learning opportunities, and a new kind of access to the community, which can receive increased professional assistance. Interprofessional education is likely to promote alternative conceptions of teaching, scholarship, program design, and community service. However, it is personally and intellectually demanding, costly in time and other resources, and institutionally fragile. The open question is how many university faculty and administrators will take on the challenges of responding is new needs and demands for training human service professionals.
Bridging Troubled Waters
Authors: DEMULDER ELIZABETH K. , EBY KIMBERLY K.
Published: July 2003

In contrast with traditional pedagogical approaches to higher education that are isolating and didactic in nature, a progressive educational approach responds to students' changing needs and redefines the university's role in contemporary society. Two innovative George Mason University initiatives are described to illustrate and analyze the strengths and challenges of alternative approaches that have been designed to better meet the changing needs of the students and communities they serve. In both cases, the traditional classroom is redefined as a learning community and is built around a philosophy of teaching and learning that emphasizes interdisciplinary and democratic collaboration, reflective practice, relations between theory and practical applications, and a commitment to continuous improvement. The authors discuss the highly participatory, interdisciplinary environment, intense faculty-student interaction, strong sense of community, intense collaborative work, interconnections between theory and experience, expectations of students, and demands of technology, as well as the challenges beyond the classroom.
Editors' Introduction
Authors: EDWARDS BOB , MARULLO SAM
Published: July 2003

The rapid pace of change under way in America's colleges and universities has sparked a wide-ranging and often heated public debate about the social role and responsibilities of higher education in American society. From small, private liberal arts colleges in economically distressed urban areas to state-supported land-grant and research institutions, schools nationwide are taking these challenges head-on often with government, corporate, or foundation collaboration and support. Yet, the national debte has too often overlooked and thus not benefited from the proactive and innovative ways that a growing number of colleges and universities are responding to these challenges. This article reviews the broad social, economic, and political trends that are reshaping higher education and introduces the two-issue series of American Behavioral Scientist dedicated to analyzing a cross-section of these innovative institutional and pedagogical endeavors and considering their potential for reorienting the traditional teaching, research, and service missions of colleges and universities.
Structural and Philosophical Barriers Likely to Make the University Obsolete in These Troubled Times
Authors: KEELE REBA L. , NICKMAN NANCY A.
Published: July 2003

The authors contend that erroneous assumptions held by faculty and administrators about higher education allow institutions to function either as religious organizations (with beliefs in a body of revealed truth and a priesthood of hierarchy and entitlement) or as corporations (complete with the misunderstanding and misapplication of the corporate concepts of accountability and reward systems). These assumptions prevent necessary discussion among faculty and constituencies about the multiple missions and obligations of higher education. This situation only serves to further fuel public dissatisfaction and questions about funding and purposes. The authors identify a number of critical questions for discussion both inside and outside of academic circles that should move both higher education institutions and their local constituencies and stakeholders past the inevitable stalemate that has been developing for a number of years regarding higher education purposes, roles, and responsibilities.
Building Community From Diversity
Authors: JUDKINS BENNETT M. , LAHURD RYAN A.
Published: July 2003

Many institutions of higher education across the nation are currently struggling with a more diverse population of students, internal debates about the meaning of multiculturalism on their campuses, and challenges in the communities in which they reside that encourage, if not require, a reasoned response by colleges and universities as organizations of leadership. This article provides a case study of how one religiously based college attempted to address the issue of cultural diversity through revisiting its mission statement and building linkages with the surrounding community. Significant to the process was collaboration with both local institutional leadership and representatives from immigrant and minority populations as well as a dialogue that took all voices seriously. The authors argue that, although this approach may deviate from those of many religious academic institutions, it provides a better model for community engagement, both for the college and the community.
Thinking and Doing—Doing and Thinking
Authors: FORRANT ROBERT , SILKA LINDA
Published: July 2003

Two overarching questions central to the development mission of the University of Massachusetts Lowell are discussed in this article. First, how does the university restructure its myriad activities to have a transformative impact on the regional economy while continuing to provide meaningful learning experiences for graduate and undergraduate students? Second, just who ought to participate in discussions about the nature of such a restructuring? Central to the authors' analysis is a review of projects undertaken over the past several years at the university under the auspices of $400,000 community outreach partnership grant from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
The Campus Affiliates Program
Authors: KREUTZIGER SARAH SLOAN , AGER RICHARD , HARRELL EVELYN B. , WRIGHT JAMES
Published: July 2003

Although other universities have established partnerships with inner-city communities in many forms of service learning, few institutions of higher learning have aggressively attempted to revitalize the most severely impoverished sectors of their cities with large outlays of time, resources, and personnel. The Campus Affiliates Program, a collaborative venture among Tulane and Xavier universities, the Housing Authority of New Orleans, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the city of New Orleans, and the residents of the C. J. Peete Housing Development, offers a case study of one such attempt. Major foci are on the process that created the collaborative; the organizing principles that mobilized the university and neighborhood communities; the barriers and obstacles encountered; and the impact of the partnership on the campus faculty, students, staff, and institutions.
Are Academics Irrelevant?
Authors: STOECKER RANDY
Published: July 2003

Interest in participatory research has exploded over the past decade. Academics seem to follow three approaches in participatory research: the initiator, the consultant, and the collaborator. After discussing the approaches, this article argues that doing the research is not a goal in itself but only a means. Participatory research is actually part of a larger community change project that is dependent on four roles: “animator,” community organizer, popular educator, and participatory researcher. Determining how the academic will fit in the project (as initiator, consultant, or collaborator) requires addressing three questions: What is the project trying to do? What are the academic's skills? and How much participation does the community need or want? The answers to these questions will vary according to how organized the community is.
The Vehicle and the Vehicles of Leadership
Authors: GARDNER HOWARD
Published: July 2003

According to a cognitive perspective, leaders affect the beliefs, feelings, and actions of followers through the stories that they tell and the lives that they lead. Such leadership can be achieved directly or indirectly; in the latter case, the leader affects others through the creation of a powerful symbolic object. Among the evocative vehicles available to leaders are well-entrenched institutions and cultural artifacts such as monuments. Over time, the mentalities of individuals may be molded as much by memorable symbolic objects as by persuasive narrators.
Can Diversity and Community Coexist in Higher Education?
Authors: ROSS KATHLEEN ANNE
Published: July 2003

A college president reviews the efforts of one small multiethnic 4-year college to improve intergroup relations in light of research concerning ethnic stereotypes. Research shows that positive intergroup contacts must have certain characteristics in order to reduce stereotypes and negative intergroup relations. Heritage College was founded in 1982 in a rural, poor, multiethnic county of Washington State that includes the Yakama Indian reservation. After describing the negative stereotypes that exist between Native Americans, Mexican Americans, and Euro-Americans in the service area of the college, the author describes five approaches that are used at the college to reduce negative stereotypes and to build community: a strong mission and vision statement; consistent, conscious, official portrayal of positive images of all groups; the use of “stories” as a major communication mechanism; development of problem-solving techniques; and consistent campus work on the skills of intercultural communications.
Meanings of Merit
Authors: STEWART DONALD M.
Published: July 2003

What does discussion of higher education issues tell us about fundamental societal questions? Merit appears to underpin the major issues in higher education at the moment. Yet an inspection of these issues suggests that this is really about larger tensions that we may wish to avoid, such as the role of experts in a democracy, specifically their degree of professional autonomy in setting content and performance standards. A new unifying purpose for higher education—articulate judgement—may allow us to address these societal issues more clearly and the role of higher education more publicly and directly. Fundamentally, we must decide what role we want for the academic professions and how we place articulate judgement in their endeavor. Do we have the moral confidence in our enterprise to assert a capacity and a responsibility for independent, informed, deliberative, and humane judgment and for the capacity to elicit the same in our students?
The Public Representation of the American College Campus
Authors: CHACE WILLIAM M.
Published: July 2003

The most important change happening to the academy is that the “hallowed” or “sacrosanct” idea of the campus is eroding. Professors and what they have stood for have been “desanctifed.” The next 10 years will see the fuller emergence of manifest class differences. The gap between winners and losers will be impossible to hide on the campus, and it will be increasingly impossible to immunize the campus from its surroundings.
Reforming Education and Its Cultures
Authors: GARCÍA EUGENE E.
Published: July 2003

School reform initiatives have been with us for over a decade. Reform has taken place within a social and intellectual context that has addressed education's contribution to society and the culture within which it resides and new discoveries regarding teaching and learning that change the nature of education. One goal of reform has been to take on different roles and responsibilities regarding global economic realities and new values of equity and excellence, as well as reform itself, in ways that would lead to a new and different national culture. Also, educational institutions have been asked to change their culture in light of new theories of teaching and learning and new instructional and administrative ways to organize. These endeavors have not always worked in concert with each other, producing significant conflicts that need resolution if this latest wave of reform is to have significant influence on the general and school cultures.
The Public Representation of Culture and History
Authors: SMELSER NEIL J. , ALEXANDER JEFFREY C.
Published: July 2003

This article introduces this issue of American Behavioral Scientist in several ways: (a) It provides background information about the conference on which the issue is based, (b) it provides an intellectual and historical context for the idea of the public representation of culture and history in American society, (c) it develops several substantive propositions (derived from different articles in the issue) dealing with factors that produce cententious conflicts over the public representation of culture and history, and (d) it summarizes the articles in the issue in the order that they appear.
Monuments Between Covers
Authors: TYACK DAVID
Published: July 2003

History textbooks have represented state-approved civic truth. They reveal what adults thought children should learn about the past and are probably the best index of what young Americans did learn in class. History texts have given the past a patriotic gloss, varnishing familiar icons and perpetuating familiar interpretations. Like monuments designed to commemorate and re-present emblematic figures and events, textbooks shaped the public culture. But over time, textbooks did change, for many groups insisted that their truths prevail. Conflicts often intensified in periods of stress—hot and cold wars, depression, and sharp demographic shifts—when loyalty police went on alert and social activists recruited allies. The present history wars are a late chapter in a long book.
Cultural and Political Dimensions of the U.S. Census
Authors: RICHE MARTHA FARNSWORTH
Published: July 2003

The census is repeatedly the focus of cultural debate and conflict because its relatively precise quantification of who we are codifies the shift from who we have been to who we are becoming. The census both symbolizes and concretizes these fundamental changes because the census's constitutional purpose is to distribute power (and public money) equally, both geographically and by population. In other words, the census is a built-in safeguard against the maintenance of power by a no-longer dominant group. However, shifting cultural perceptions and values, not just shifts in numbers, are played out in political debates over the census.
Commemoration and the Politics of Recognition
Authors: SCHWARTZ BARRY , BAYMA TODD
Published: July 2003

The struggle for recognition, Axel Honneth and Charles Taylor observe, can fragment social structures and undermine common culture or can promote solidarity and consensus. Nowhere is the integrative function of recognition more evident than in the Korean War Veterans Memorial. This inclusive monument to the Korean War's veterans and fallen soliders symbolizes the erosion of social boundaries that had previously deprived ethnic, racial, gender, and service groupings of official regard. As it reflects the determination of military boards to acknowledge all wartime sacrifice, the Korean War Veterans Memorial articulates solidarity, but it is not solidarity based on mutual appreciation, as formulated in the recent philosophies of recognition and multiculturalism; the object of struggle is official recognition of all sacrifices, however mundane, made on behalf of a transcendent state. The dignity of the veteran is affirmed by representing his identification with this state, not the separate communities composing it.
Foundations as Mirrors of Public Culture
Authors: PREWITT KENNETH
Published: July 2003

We expect private foundations to shape public culture. They have the motive (to improve the world) and the means (discretionary funds); they certainly have tried to alter beliefs and practices. Close examination, however, indicates that foundations do not create so much as accomodate prevailing cultural practice. The earliest large-scale foundations took their cue from the progressive movement and a rationalistic approach to social reform. Across foundation history, the pattern has been to be early followers rather than initiators as evident in the history of funding for environmentalism, feminism, or multiculturalism. Moreover, the decisive changes in political-economic culture in the 1930s and again in the 1980s were only marginally affected by foundations.
The Problem of “Us” Versus “Them” and AIDS Stigma
Authors: DEVINE PATRICIA G. , PLANT E. ASHBY , HARRISON KRISTEN
Published: July 2003

This article has two goals. The first is to consider what the social-psychological literature on social identity, ingroup-outgroup perception, and prejudice contributes to the understanding of AIDS-related stigma. The second is to address ways to make the world more comfortable and compassionate for people with AIDS (PWAs). At the core of AIDS-related stigma is the perception that PWAs are members of an outgroup threatening one's social identity as a member of the nondeviant ingroup. A variety of psychological principles operate to heighten this perception and to make the boundaries between “us” and “them” seemingly impenetrable. Furthermore, reactions to PWAs are strongly affective and often involve multiple and conflicting emotional experiences. Models that consider the multifaceted, symbolic aspects of AIDS-related stigma may inform strategies for reducing the stigma. However, because many people may be resistant to direct attitude change tactics, the authors suggest an additional strategy that seeks to change attitudes indirectly by first changing behaviors.
Stigma as an Obstacle to AIDS Action
Authors: FULLILOVE MINDY THOMPSON , FULLILOVE ROBERT E.
Published: July 2003

The control of the spread of AIDS depends on the willingness of the U.S. society to undertake a series of prevention actions. A corollary of this is that the prevention action must be managed in a manner that is sympathetic to affected populations. The presence of homophobia is widely recognized in African American churches, and has hampered their ability to engage in AIDS prevention. This article explores the problem of homophobia in the African American community. A secondary analysis of focus group transcripts was undertaken. The data indicate that homophobia is common in various segments of the community. Stigma creates a heavy burden for gay men and impedes their ability to fight AIDS. The data suggest that more effective AIDS prevention will require eradicating stigmatizing attitudes toward gay men.
The Human Mind as a Barrier to Wiser Environmental Agreements
Authors: BAZERMAN MAX H. , MOORE DON A. , GILLESPIE JAMES JUDSON
Published: July 2003

Human ingenuity offers the best hope for tackling a whole range of environmental problems currently threatening global welfare, yet the human mind also creates cognitive barriers to wise environmental agreements. In this article, the authors focus on a set of six systematic cognitive barriers that are particularly endemic to environmental disputes. The fixed-pie bias grows from the assumption that disputants' interests are perfectly opposed. This mythical fixed pie inhibits the discovery of beneficial trade-offs that integrate parties' interests. The authors also discuss five other cognitive biases that combine with the fixed-pie assumption to influence the resolution of disputes in the environmental domain: pseudosacredness, egocentrism, overconfidence, unrealistic optimism, and endowment effects. They discuss the potential role of learning and experience in improving negotiator performance and conclude with prescriptive advice for overcoming these cognitive barriers.
Social Psychological Obstacles in Environmental Conflict Resolution
Authors: MORRIS MICHAEL W. , SU STEVEN K.
Published: July 2003

Among the factors contributing to the inability of environmental and economic interest groups to resolve conflicts are the processes of social perception and social decision making. This article identifies social psychological dynamics that cause opposing parties to misunderstand each other's interests and the facts presented to support them, thus hindering efficient conflict settlement. The authors review research elucidating the sources of these problems and potential remedies. They discuss how such dynamics arise within the contexts of procedures for settling environmental conflicts, governmental adjudication procedures, and alternative free-market-based procedures. The conclusion is that purely market-based procedures avoid the obstacles most endemic to governmental adjudication but exacerbate other problems. The authors conclude by analyzing emerging hybrid procedures that avoid the greatest obstacles associated with purely adjudicatory and purely market-based procedures.
The Institutional Framing of Policy Debates
Authors: HOFFMAN ANDREW J. , VENTRESCA MARC J.
Published: July 2003

By framing the economics versus environment debate as a mixed-motive situation, opportunities become visible that allow greater benefits to all interests in the debate. Yet, social, cultural, and institutional arrangements frame how these interests see these opportunities, creating a barrier to mixed-motive analyses. In this article, the authors use an institutional perspective to analyze how the economics versue environment debate emerges from institutions as presently structured. They present an analysis of its present framing based on three aspects of institutions—regulative, normative, and cognitive—and consider the prescriptive implications they expose at the managerial and organizational level of action. The authors conclude with an analysis of possible solutions to overcome them.
Thinking About the Future
Authors: Wade-Benzoni Kimberly A.
Published: July 2003

The current “win-lose” versus “win-win” debate on the relationship between economic competitiveness and environmental protection is biased toward win-lose by a narrow focus on the economic interests of a specific actor. When economic interests are broadened to include the interests of other parties, especially other parties in future generations, the opportunity to create aggregate value becomes more apparent. The intergenerational perspective enables us to see that in the long-run, economic and environmental interests often converge as resources are transferred across generations. The intergenerational perspective is particularly useful in highlighting the appropriateness of adopting this broader understanding of economic interests because the relationship between the economic interests of various actors often only becomes apparent over a period of time spanning across several generations. There are a number of factors that prevent us from taking this intergenerational perspective, which leads to intergenerational discounting. Recent research suggests ways of dealing with obstacles to thinking in intergenerational terms.
Which Face? Whose Nation?
Authors: MARKEL HOWARD , STERN ALEXANDRA MINNA
Published: July 2003

This article examines medical inspections of immigrants arriving to U.S. ports and borders from the period 1891 to 1928. Comparing the activities of the U.S. Public Health Service at four immigration stations, the authors emphasize the importance of regional differences in the history of immigration and public heath. In addition, they argue that categories of medical exclusion emerged in conjunction with early-20th-century attitudes toward skin color and nationality, increasing stringent citizenship laws, and immigrant groups' varying relationships to the labor market. Finally, the authors argue that medical labels became more flexible over time, moving from clearly infectious and quarantinable diseases to more chronic conditions of physical and/or mental disability.
One Border, Two Transitions
Authors: ZAHNISER STEVEN S.
Published: July 2003

This article employs a unique logit model developed by Yamaguchi to study Mexican migration to the United States. The model contains interaction terms between the previous year's migration decision and key explanatory variables. This innovation allows for the differential measurement of the variables' influence on the Mexico-to-U.S. and the U.S.-to-Mexico transitions. Migration is found to be a persistent phenomenon for its participants. Legal residents of the United States and persons with more dependent children are inclined either to remain in the United States or to participate in migration year after year. Female migrants are less likely to return to Mexico, whereas married migrants tend to follow a year of migration with 1 or more years spent entirely in Mexico. Surprisingly, macroeconomic indicators of expected wage differentials between the two countries explain little of migration behavior.
Recruitment Processes Among Foreign-Born Engineers and Scientists in Silicon Valley
Authors: ALARCÓN RAFAEL
Published: July 2003

This article examines the processes by which Indian and Mexican engineers and scientists find employment in the high-technology companies of Silicon Valley. The quantitative and qualitative data used in this study come from the U.S. Census (1990 Public Use Microdata Samples) and from 20 case studies of Indian and Mexican professionals. There is a much larger concentration of foreign-born engineers and scientists in Silicon Valley than in other high-technology regions of the United States. These immigrants play a crucial role in this knowledge-based industry because they have much higher levels of education than their native counterparts. The recruitment and hiring of these workers underscore the importance of the operation of social networks. They either worked for subsidiaries of U.S. companies located abroad or were students at U.S. universities. Some others entered the country as children of immigrant families or are “high-tech braceros,” that is, temporary workers holding nonimmigrant visas.
Retail Niche Domination Among African American, Jewish, and Korean Entrepreneurs
Authors: LEE JENNIFER
Published: July 2003

Do immigrant entrepreneurs who open businesses in predominantly Black neighborhoods take business opportunities away from African Americans in the community? Given the prevalence of immigrant-owned businesses, one may assume that immigrant groups such as Koreans, Jews, Chinese, and Asian Indians compete with African American entrepreneurs, thereby inhibiting African American small-business development. However, immigrant groups enter and dominate retail niches different from those of African Americans, and because ethnic groups cluster in different industries, competition is more likely to be intra-ethnic. However, competition is more nuanced and manifests in subtle ways. Entrepreneurship is embedded in ethnic networks that act as coethnic advantages for some and blocked opportunities for others. The article examines why African Americans, Jews, and Koreans enter different retail niches and explores the coethnic advantages and disadvantages of niche domination. The article also illustrates how niches remain closed to outsiders, resulting in business disadvantage or exclusion from certain niches.
Participation in Liberal Democracy
Authors: JUNN JANE
Published: July 2003

This article compares patterns of participatory behavior in politics among immigrants and ethnic minorities in the United States. Differences in rates of participation in a range of political activities from system-directed acts, such as voting and contacting officials, to more direct forms of participation, such as protesting, are analyzed for Whites, African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans, as well as by generation of immigration within groups. The extent to which standard socioeconomic status models of participatory behavior explain variation in political activity across ethnic and racial groups is assessed. In so doing, the article challenges the normative interpretation of the results from these standard models that more participation among minorities and new entrants to the United States is desirable.
Policy Partnering Between the Public and the Not-for-Profit Private Sectors
Authors: LOVRICH NICHOLAS P.
Published: July 2003

There is good reason to attempt to draw on existing stocks of social capital in collaborative partnerships directed to community quality-of-life improvements. Such efforts tend to be broadly supported by conservative and liberal elements alike, and where social capital is strong, positive effects can be observed in a relatively short period of time. It is important to recognize, however, that in settings where social capital resources are weak, it will be necessary to make a long-term commitment to (and patience with) agency-community partnerships.
Public-Private Partnerships in the U.S. Prison System
Authors: SCHNEIDER ANNE LARASON
Published: July 2003

Prison policy is fundamentally different from virtually all other policy arenas in that prisons deliver punishment, rather than benefits, costs, or regulations. Within a prison, every aspect of an inmate's life is disciplined and subject to enhanced punishment at the discretion of guards and other personnel. Thus, special issues are raised when considering the appropriate role of the private sector in the management or ownership of prisons. Drawing from a theory of policy design, this study traces the emergence, demise, and reemergence of private involvement in prisons. Driven by hopes of creating prisons that could be self-sufficient, or even profitable, public officials periodically have turned to private entrepreneurs to build and manage these institutions. The study examines the claims made for and against private prisons including the “script” that purports to account for their reemergence in the 1990s and the empirical studies that have focused on costs and benefits of various types of public-private partnerships.
The Good Lessons of Bad Experience
Authors: ROSENBAUM WALTER A.
Published: July 2003

New scientific and political realities make it necessary for the United States to continue research and development (R & D) in commercial nuclear power. However, this approach must be based upon a new institutional management structure that recognizes commercial nuclear power as a “Faustian technology,” the management of which requires new forms of institutional controls. This new institutional design should involve a government-private consortium that is aimed at correcting past mistakes made by the institutional management of the commercial nuclear power industry from 1950 to 1975. The new institutional design must (a) involve a multiple partnership between government, industry, environmental interests, and other significant stakeholders; (b) begin with small-scale start-up technologies; (c) include an open public involvement process throughout its duration; (d) aspire to a new standard of institutional constancy; and (e) explicitly socialize management to the political aspects of risk communication as a basic technical preparation. The institutional constancy standard is particularly significant because it involves provisions for managing the intergenerational equities associated with commercial nuclear technology and an explicit recognition of problems associated with the social and temporal distribution of risk.
Transportation
Authors: DUNN JAMES A.
Published: July 2003

Public-private partnerships are common in transportation. The most significant are policy partnerships in which the public provides a long-term investment to create the basic infrastructure for a transportation mode. Highways are the most spectacular case of a policy partnership; governments build roads, while private motorists invest in vehicles, fuel, insurance, and so forth. Policy partnerships have also been established in declining transport modes, for example, Amtrak for intercity passenger trains and federal subsidies for urban transit. There are also project-based partnerships in which politicians offer incentives for private capital to invest at specific sites. The goal of such partnerships is often not transportation, but urban redevelopment. As policy shifts toward reducing transportation's negative externalities, new possibilities for public-private partnerships emerge. After decades of wrangling over auto emissions and energy standards, Detroit and Washington created the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) to develop dramatically cleaner and more fuel-efficient automobiles.
Forming Partnerships in Environmental Policy
Authors: KAMIENIECKI SHELDON , SHAFIE DAVID , SILVERS JULIE
Published: July 2003

This article analyzes whether the move from direct government regulatory control of air pollution to the adoption of the Los Angeles RECLAIM (Regional Clean Air Incentives Market) emissions trading system, a more private form of air quality management, has indeed resulted in greater effectiveness and efficiency in an equitable and democratic manner as promised. The study begins with a brief description of RECLAIM and federal SO2 emissions trading programs. The study then analyzes the concepts of effectiveness and efficiency in policy implementation and addresses whether the RECLAIM emissions trading scheme has been, as promised, effective and efficient. This is followed by an investigation of whether the RECLAIM system is equitable and democratic, both of which are concerns of those who are opposed to the adoption of emissions trading. Evidence from the SO2 emissions trading program is also introduced at certain points in the analysis. The implications of the study's findings are reviewed at the end of the article.
The Public-Private Nexus in Education
Authors: LEVIN HENRY M.
Published: July 2003

Although explicit public-private partnerships are rare in education, there is a close connection between the public and private goals of education. Education inherently serves both public and private interests. It addresses public interests by preparing the young to assume adult roles that promote civic responsibility, embrace a common set of economic and political values, and share a common language. Education serves private interests in promoting individual development, understanding, and productivity that contribute to adult productivity and well being. Unfortunately, educational policy may find itself in conflict while simultaneously serving both public and private mandates. This article reviews that challenge and presents a variety of ways in which public and private sectors collaborate educationally. It focuses most fully on the issues that arise from recent proposals for educational vouchers in which public resources would be used to promote and fund schools in the private marketplace.
Myths and Misunderstandings
Authors: SPARER MICHAEL S.
Published: July 2003

For more than 200 years, policy makers and policy analysts have struggled to determine an appropriate division of labor between local governments, the states, the federal government, and the private sector. This issue will be considered through the lens of health care policy. What does privatization mean in the context of health care? Is the federal government delegating to the states increased authority over the nation's health care system? The conclusion is that health policy is a particularly slippery lens through which to view these issues. The substance of privatization and devolution does not match the rhetoric. On the contrary, both intergovernmental division of labor and public-private partnership have become increasingly blurred.
Creativity and Change
Authors: LEVINE DAVID P.
Published: July 2003

This article explores the psychic meaning of change. Modernity is often conceived as a system of change. Indeed, the business mentality that dominates organizational life in modern societies insists that the central problem organizations face is adapting to change. The celebration of change we associate with modernity does not take into account the hidden or psychic meaning of change. The psychic meaning of change is expressed in the manic state we often observe in those who imagine themselves the agents of change. The manic state is linked to a hidden objective of change, which is control and domination. In this article, a distinction is drawn between the psychic meaning of that change linked to manic states and the psychic meaning of change linked to the expression of human creativity. The distinction between types of change is used to suggest an important distinction between modern and traditional society.
The Psychodynamics of Ethical behavior in Organizations
Authors: DIAMOND MICHAEL A. , ADAMS GUY B.
Published: July 2003

There are many aspects of organizational life—ethics prominent among them—in which things, and particularly behavior, are not what they seem. A psychodynamic approach to these apparent paradoxes helps greatly in shedding light on these areas. Much as a psycho-dynamic approach to organizational analysis has helped us see many aspects of organizational life that were less visible, so too can this approach aid us in understanding what fosters ethical behavior in organizations—and also what does not. Thus, in this article, the authors seek to develop a psychodynamic understanding of ethical behavior in organizations.
Two Models of Political Organization
Authors: GLASS JAMES M.
Published: July 2003

This article explores some of the psychological and material conditions motivating Jewish resistance during the Holocaust. The author looks at the underground movement in Vilna and the partisan movements in the Russian forests, with specific attention to Tuvia Bielski's family camp of more than 1,200 Jews and the reasons behind its very high survivor rate (95%). The article also examines the relationship between identity and violence, the resurrection of self through violent encounter with the enemy, and the psychological dynamics motivating both resistance and the accommodation policies of the Vilna Judenrat. The political theory of Frantz Fanon is used to draw some group psychological inferences concerning the resistance's use of violence.
The Emergence of a Powerful Female Workforce as a Threat to Organizational Identity
Authors: RECINIELLO SHELLEY
Published: July 2003

This article examines the stresses experienced by women and men and organizations in response to the emergence of a powerful female workforce. Observations and interpretations focus primarily on two traditionally male organizations in the fields of finance and technology that are experiencing a significant increase in senior-level female employees. The author proposes that the understanding of internal and external conflicts women experience in the workplace as well as the dynamics between men and women are greatly enhanced when psychoanalysis is integrated with organizational and management theory, sociological and educational theories, and contributions from other psychological disciplines. It is further suggested that psychoanalytic consultation be applied to the problem of gender integration and the assimilation of a strong female workforce into organizational identity.
Metatheorizing the Dialectic of Self and Other
Authors: CARR ADRIAN , ZANETTI LISA A.
Published: July 2003

Western thought is imbued with thinking based on dichotomy and binary opposition. Embedded in this thinking, however, are not only oppositions but hierarchy. The existence of binaries suggests a struggle for predominance. One proposition must prevail, and the other must be vanquished. The fields of organization behavior and administrative theory reflect this form of rationality. The terms self and other have been cast as constituent elements of the human condition, but the presumption is that self must necessarily be privileged more than other. The authors disagree that such a privileging must occur. Instead, they contend that self and other are mutually constituted. The central focus of this article is an exploration of the self-other relationship that highlights its dialectic nature and, in so doing, provides a deeper appreciation of how these dynamics are manifested in work organizations as elements of trust, ethics, and mourning.
The Ethnography of Infrastructure
Authors: STAR SUSAN LEIGH
Published: July 2003

This article asks methodological questions about studying infrastructure with some of the tools and perspectives of ethnography. Infrastructure is both relational and ecological—it means different things to different groups and it is part of the balance of action, tools, and the built environment, inseparable from them. It also is frequently mundane to the point of boredom, involving things such as plugs, standards, and bureaucratic forms. Some of the difficulties of studying infrastructure are how to scale up from traditional ethnographic sites, how to manage large quantities of data such as those produced by transaction logs, and how to understand the interplay of online and offline behavior. Some of the tricks of the trade involved in meeting these challenges include studying the design of infrastructure, understanding the paradoxes of infrastructure as both transparent and opaque, including invisible work in the ecological analysis, and pinpointing the epistemological status of indictors.
Doing Sociolinguistic Research on the French Minitel
Authors: LIVIA ANNA
Published: July 2003

This article discusses the problems involved in applying sociolinguistic field methods (which have been carefully honed for use in face-to-face encounters) to the area of computer-mediated communication, and more specifically, the French Minitel. In a mostly anonymous or pseudonymous forum such as the Minitel messagerie, individual demographic information such as age, gender, race, or class may be less important in understanding the message than the community values held by participants. Such ethically required (and heuristically useful) procedures as asking permission to record and giving participants segments of recordings to solicit their reactions and interpretations are often particularly hard to carry out. From this point of view, Minitel research comes to resemble graffiti analysis with its emphasis on the relationship between messages and between messages and ground, rather than on the writer and the written.
Simulation Models of Technological Innovation
Authors: WINDRUM PAUL
Published: July 2003

The use of simulation modelling techniques in studies of technological innovation dates back to Nelson and Winter's 1982 book, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Four main issues are identified in reviewing the key contributions in this burgeoning literature. First, a key driver in the construction of computer simulations has been the desire to develop theoretical models capable of dealing with the complex phenomena characteristic of technological innovation. Second, no single model captures all of the dimensions and stylized facts of innovative learning. The article develops a taxonomy that distinguishes between these dimensions and clarifies the different perspectives underpinning the contributions made by mainstream economists and nonmainstream, neo-Schumpeterian economists. Third, the simulation models are heavily influenced by the research questions of these different schools of thought. Finally, attention is drawn to the difference between learning and adaptation within a static environment and within a dynamic environment in which the introduction of new artifacts and patterns of behavior changes the selective pressure faced by agents.
The End of South African Sanctions, Institutional Ownership, and the Stock Price Performance of Boycotted Firms
Authors: Kumar Raman , Lamb William B. , Wokutch Richard E.
Published: July 2003

The authors studied the impact of social-ethical investing on firms targeted during the South African boycott. Findings indicate that the average percentage of institutional ownership of the stocks of the firms with equity interests in South Africa increased at a significantly greater rate than the rest of the market following the end of sanctions. Using event study methodology, the authors find that these stocks significantly outperform the market in this period. This study provides evidence of the stockmark et impact of social-ethical investing and of a positive relationship between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance as measured in stockmarket returns.