bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A focal marked hypoechogenicity within an isoechoic thyroid nodule: is it a focal malignancy or not?
Authors: Ha Eun Ju , Baek Jung Hwan , Lee Jeong Hyun , Lee Ha Young , Song Dong Eun , Kim Jae Kyun , Shong Young Kee , Hong Suck Joon
Published: June 2014

Background

A marked hypoechogenicity is a reliable criterion for a malignant nodule, whereas isoechogenicity is considered to be a benign ultrasonographic (US) finding. However, there have been no reports to demonstrate whether a focal marked hypoechogenicity within an isoechoic nodule is a focal malignancy.

Purpose

To evaluate whether a focal marked hypoechogenicity within an isoechoic nodule on US examination is a focal malignancy and to correlate US histologic findings using surgical or core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens.

Material and Methods

From January 2010 to August 2011, 28 consecutive patients (25 women, 3 men; mean age, 52.2 years) with 29 thyroid nodules, which showed a focal marked hypoechogenicity within an isoechoic nodule on US, underwent US-guided CNB for a suspicion of a focal malignancy. All nodules were confirmed by surgery ( n = 6) or more than two consecutive US-guided biopsies ( n = 23). We evaluated the risk of malignancy, and analyzed histological components which correlated with a focal marked hypoechogenic area within an isoechoic nodule on US. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test.

Results

Of the 29 nodules, 25 were benign (86.2%) and four were malignant (13.8%). The peripheral location of focal marked hypoechogenicity within an isoechoic nodule was the only significant US finding that suggested malignancy ( P = 0.03). All benign focal marked hypoechogenicities were histologically composed of severe fibrosis with a few follicular cells with varying frequencies of hemosiderin, calcification, infarction, and granulation tissue.

Conclusion

Although a focal marked hypoechogenicity within an isoechoic nodule is usually benign, the peripheral location of a focal marked hypoechogenicity may be a malignancy. The histologic information obtained by CNB specimen may reduce the needs for repetitive fine needle aspirations or diagnostic surgery.
The (re)making of sexualities on the web
Authors: Pajnik Mojca , Renault Matthieu
Published: June 2014

This article analyses the controversy on the topics of prostitution and human trafficking online by way of researching the structure and discourses of non-commercial websites. Previous research (Agustín, 2005; Doezema, 2000; Freedman, 2003; Kelly, 2005) has shown that general-public, media and theoretical discussions tend to dichotomize the two phenomena, reconfirming the dividing lines between them. Realities are much more complex, pointing to the inadequacy of the division and to the interchangeable relations between the phenomena that are manifested at the intersection of economic, social and political developments determined by gender, ethnicity and class inequality (Pajnik, 2008, 2010). We explore in this article whether online discourses and debates reinforce the divide or, alternatively, provide new approaches to treating prostitution and trafficking as interrelated phenomena, because they are, increasingly, becoming migration and labour (economic and social) issues in the wider sense.
Progress and challenges to the global waste management system
Authors: Singh Jagdeep , Laurenti Rafael , Sinha Rajib , Frostell Björn
Published: June 2014

Rapid economic growth, urbanization and increasing population have caused (materially intensive) resource consumption to increase, and consequently the release of large amounts of waste to the environment. From a global perspective, current waste and resource management lacks a holistic approach covering the whole chain of product design, raw material extraction, production, consumption, recycling and waste management. In this article, progress and different sustainability challenges facing the global waste management system are presented and discussed. The study leads to the conclusion that the current, rather isolated efforts, in different systems for waste management, waste reduction and resource management are indeed not sufficient in a long term sustainability perspective. In the future, to manage resources and wastes sustainably, waste management requires a more systems-oriented approach that addresses the root causes for the problems. A specific issue to address is the development of improved feedback information (statistics) on how waste generation is linked to consumption.
Web-based backpacking communities and online activism in China: Movement without marching
Authors: Zhang Ning
Published: June 2014

This article examines activism that has emerged in online communities. This ethnographic study of two web-based backpacking communities shows that citizens and activists use the Internet mainly for forming communities, sharing information, instilling democratic values and solving immediate social problems. They do not call for cyberwar, acts of hacktivism or other sorts of offensive online and offline actions, but seek to bring social justice and improve well-being within their sphere of influence. The dynamics of this new online activism and its significance for the development of associational life and civil society in China are explored in this article.
Dance on!: Inter-collegiate Indian dance competitions as a new cultural form
Authors: Khandelwal Meena , Akkoor Chitra
Published: June 2014

Inter-collegiate Indian dance competitions emerged in the late 1990s in the United States and have since become wildly popular. Why dance? Why now? We explore these questions through Nachte Raho, a competition hosted by a University of Iowa student organization. Such events allow participants to publicly embody the contradictions they experience as minoritized children of immigrants on a predominantly White campus. Thus, dance enables community building among minoritized students and has entertainment value to non-Indians. Students distinguish Nachte Raho from unruly “community functions” organized by immigrant parents and aim instead to produce a professionalized show intended primarily for peers.
Milling burr formation, modeling and control: A review
Authors: Niknam Seyed Ali , Songmene Victor
Published: June 2014

Because of global competition, manufacturing industries today must provide high-quality products on time to remain competitive. High-quality mechanical parts include those with better surface finish and texture, dimension and form accuracies, reduced residual stress and burr-free. Burr formation is one of the most common and undesirable phenomenon occurring in machining operations, which reduces assembly and machined part quality. To remove burrs, a secondary operation known as deburring is required for post-processing and edge finishing operations. Since deburring is costly and considered a non-value-added process, the goal is desired to eliminate burrs or reduce the effort required to remove them. Because of non-uniform chip thickness, tool runout and complex interactive effects between cutting process parameters, milling burr formation is a very complex mechanism. Therefore, research and close attention are still needed in order to minimize and control milling burr formation. In this article, a review of burr formation and characterization is presented, along with burr formation modeling and control. An overview of factors governing milling burr formation is also presented.
A methodology to mitigate chatter through optimal viscoelastic absorber
Authors: Bavastri Carlos A , Polli Milton L , Voltolini Danielle R , Presezniak Flavio A
Published: June 2014

Chatter is an undesirable dynamic instability phenomenon, mainly due to the low dynamic stiffness, that, in turning processes, results in poor surface quality and in a reduction in the cutting tool life. To overcome this problem, viscoelastic dynamic absorbers can be employed. Those absorbers are able to introduce reaction forces and dissipate vibration energy. In previous works, the main difficulty in the use of viscoelastic dynamic absorbers was in tool modelling uncertainties and in inaccurate viscoelastic material models. To overcome those difficulties, this article presents a new methodology to identify the machine tool structure dynamic properties by using 1-degree-of-freedom equivalent model combined with a fractional derivative model to describe the behaviour of the viscoelastic material. As a result, it was possible to design an optimal viscoelastic dynamic absorber for chatter mitigation in internal turning using non-linear optimization techniques. The use of generalized equivalent parameters for the absorber allows obtaining a simple equation of motion for the compound system (primary system plus absorber). The numerical and experimental tests were performed, showing the efficacy of the proposed controlling method design.
Temporal changes in hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities after ischemia and reperfusion in a rat liver ischemia model
Authors: Saïdi SA , Abdelkafi S , Jbahi S , van Pelt J , El-Feki A
Published: June 2014

This study investigated the hypothesis that administration of tilapia fish oil diet would attenuate warm liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) and whether fish oil modulates prooxidant/antioxidant status. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 30 min of approximately 70% hepatic ischemia followed by 1, 12, and 24 h reperfusion. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated group (SO), control–warm hepatic ischemia (WI) group, and Oil–WI group given tilapia oil for 3 weeks followed by liver IRI. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured in the plasma. Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured in liver fractions.

In the sham group, there was no enzymatic or histological change. I/R caused significant increase in serum AST, ALT, and tissue TBARS levels. As compared to the control group, animals treated with tilapia oil experienced a significant decrease ( p < 0.05) in AST and ALT levels in reperfusion periods. Tissue TBARS levels in Oil–WI group were significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced as compared to control group at 60 min after reperfusion. After ischemia, 1, 12, and 24 h of reperfusion, CAT, SOD, and GPx values were the lowest in the Oil–WI group and highest in the control group and were statistically significant ( p < 0.05). Histological analysis also revealed that fish oil provided some protection compared with the control group.

Tilapia oil exerts a protective effect during the early phase of reperfusion, and it modulates prooxidant/antioxidant status of rat liver subjected to warm IRI.
Moyamoya syndrome with antiphospholipid antibodies: a case report and literature review
Authors: Wang Z , Fu Z , Wang J , Cui H , Zhang Z , Zhang B
Published: June 2014

Zhen Wang and Zhenqiang Fu contributed equally to this report. Moyamoya syndrome is a term applied to typical moyamoya vasculopathy with well-recognized associated conditions. Several systematic studies on the entities of moyamoya syndrome with autoimmune disease have been reported. We report a case of moyamoya syndrome with antiphospholipid antibodies and provide a review of relevant cases from the literature, describing the clinical characteristics and treatments.
An accurate higher-order modelling of extension mode smart beams with consistent through-thickness electric potential distribution
Authors: Sulbhewar Litesh N , Raveendranath P
Published: June 2014

The present work is devoted to accurate higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT)-based coupled field finite-element modelling of piezoelectric extension mode beam. Unlike conventional formulations available in the literature, an accurate through-thickness electric potential distribution consistent with HSDT has been derived from electrostatic equilibrium equations. The derived coupled quartic polynomial field accounts for the induced potential and hence the associated change in stiffness, without introducing any additional electrical degrees of freedom. The parametric studies carried out show the importance of considering induced potential. Conventional independent linear potential formulations available in the literature require a number of sublayers in mathematical modelling of the physical piezoelectric layer to achieve the accurate results, while the present formulation which uses coupled consistent potential efficiently reproduces accurate results, with single-layer modelling of the physical piezoelectric layer. The numerical accuracy and efficiency of the present formulation has been demonstrated by comparing the results obtained for test problems with those obtained by conventional formulations and ANSYS 2D finite-element simulation.
Comparison of hierarchical temporal memories and artificial neural networks under noisy data
Authors: Rodriguez-Cobo L , Mirapeix J , Cobo A , Lopez-Higuera JM
Published: June 2014

The ability of two different machine learning approaches to map non-linear problems from experimental data is evaluated under controlled experiments. A well-known machine learning algorithm (Artificial Neural Network) is compared against a new computing paradigm (Hierarchical Temporal Memory) under a controlled scenario. The chosen scenario is the detection of impacts in a cantilever beam under vibration instrumented with fiber Bragg gratings. The main characteristics of both of the machine learning approaches are analyzed while varying environmental parameters such as the number of sensing points and their location. From the achieved results some clues can be extracted regarding dealing with noisy or partial data using different machine learning approaches.
Contemporary Quantitative Methods and “Slow” Causal Inference
Authors: Stone Susan
Published: June 2014

This response considers together simultaneously occurring discussions about causal inference in social work and allied health and social science disciplines. It places emphasis on scholarship that integrates the potential outcomes model with directed acyclic graphing techniques to extract core steps in causal inference. Although this scholarship is focused on bolstering causal inference from observational data, it is argued that it also offers processes to facilitate what Marsh terms as slow causal thinking.
Attitudes Toward and Experiences in End-of-life Care Education in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Chen Elaine , McCann Judith J. , Lateef Omar B.
Published: June 2014

Introduction:

Resident physicians provide the most physician care to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The body of literature about residents’ palliative and end-of-life care (PC/EOLC) experiences in the ICU is limited. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess resident physicians in multiple specialties regarding PC/EOLC in the ICU.

Methods:

A Web-based survey was developed and administered to all resident physicians in a single academic institution who had completed at least 1 dedicated ICU rotation.

Results:

Residents reported moderate comfort in dealing with end-of-life (EOL) issues and felt somewhat prepared to care for critically ill patients at the EOL. Feedback should be provided to residents regarding their PC/EOLC skills, and education should be tailored to residents rotating in the ICU.
Wishes of Patients With Terminal Cancer and Influencing Factors Toward the Use of Antibiotics in Taiwan
Authors: Yao Chien-An , Hsieh Meng-Yun , Chiu Tai-Yuan , Hu Wen-Yu , Hung Shou-Hung , Chen Ching-Yu , Lee Long-Teng
Published: June 2014

Context:

The use of antibiotics is a common ethical dilemma in palliative care, thus identifying the concerns of patients with terminal cancer and respecting their wishes are important in making an ethically justified decision.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to understand wishes of patients with terminal cancer and determine influencing factors toward the use of antibiotics.

Methods:

Two hundred and one patients with terminal cancer, admitted to a palliative care unit in Taiwan, completed a structured questionnaire interview, including demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes on antibiotics, the health locus of control, subjective norms, and the wishes to use antibiotics.

Results:

The most common misconception was “Antibiotics use is helpful to all terminal patients with infection,” which only 13.4% respondents disagreed. Of the 201patients, 92 (45.8%) expressed their wishes to use antibiotics even in the very terminal stage, and around one-fourth (26.4%) of patients wished not to use antibiotics, the remaining 27.8% were unclear. The most influential persons were medical professionals. The results of logistic regression analysis that showed familiarity with antibiotics, subjective norms, and the attitude toward burdens of antibiotics were the most significant predicting variables for those wishing to use antibiotics (odds ratio [OR] = 4.133, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.012-16.880; OR = 1.890, 95% CI = 1.077-3.317; and OR = 1.255, 95% CI = 1.047-1.503).

Conclusion:

This study indicated the responsibility of medical professionals to convey burdens of using antibiotics to patients and family. Otherwise, by enhancing professional training and performing effective communication with patients, we can reach a more appropriate decision in the use of antibiotics.
Targeting Macrophage Subsets for Infarct Repair
Authors: Ben-Mordechai Tamar , Palevski Dahlia , Glucksam-Galnoy Yifat , Elron-Gross Inbar , Margalit Rimona , Leor Jonathan
Published: June 2014

Macrophages are involved in every cardiovascular disease and are an attractive therapeutic target. Macrophage activation is complex and can be either beneficial or deleterious, depending upon its mode of action, its timing, and its duration. An important macrophage characteristic is its plasticity, which enables it to switch from one subset to another. Macrophages, which regulate healing and repair after myocardial infarction, have become a major target for both treatment and diagnosis (theranostic). The aim of the present review is to describe the recent discoveries related to targeting and modulating of macrophage function to improve infarct repair. We will briefly review macrophage polarization, plasticity, heterogeneity, their role in infarct repair, regeneration, and cross talk with mesenchymal cells. Particularly, we will focus on the potential of macrophage targeting in situ by liposomes. The ability to modulate macrophage function could delineate pathways to reactivate the endogenous programs of myocardial regeneration. This will eventually lead to development of small molecules or biologics to enhance the endogenous programs of regeneration and repair.
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 Inhibitors
Authors: Dragan Simona , Serban Maria-Corina , Banach Maciej
Published: June 2014

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) is part of the proteinase K subfamily of subtilases and plays a key role in lipid metabolism. It increases degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R), modulates cholesterol metabolism and transport, and contributes to the production of apolipoprotein B (apoB) in intestinal cells. Exogenous PCSK9 modifies the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase and enhances secretion of chylomicrons by modulating production of lipids and apoB-48. Statins increase PCSK9 messenger RNA expression and attenuate the capacity to increase LDL-R levels. Therefore, the inhibition of PCSK9 in combination with statins provides a promising approach for lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. This review will address new therapeutic strategies targeting PCSK9, including monoclonal antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, and other small molecule inhibitors. Further studies are still needed to determine the efficacy and safety of the PCSK9 inhibitors not only to decrease LDL-C but also to investigate the potential underlying mechanisms involved and to test whether these compounds actually reduce cardiovascular end points and mortality.
Keeping It Real
Authors: Park Hyojung , Cameron Glen T.
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study was to understand better how a conversational human voice versus a corporate tone of voice in blogs affects key publics’ responses to an organization in the context of a crisis, using a 2 (tone of voice: human/organizational) × 2 (source: public relations executive/private citizen) × 2 (crisis response: defensive/accommodative) mixed experimental design. Results indicate that first-person voice and personal narratives increased perceptions of social presence and interactivity in online communication. These perceptions subsequently resulted in positive post-crisis outcomes, such as reputation and behavioral intentions.
Feasibility of using the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer Antiemesis Tool for assessment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting at the Tom Baker Cancer Centre
Authors: Warr Julia K , Chambers Carole R , Cusano Frances L , Cuthbert Colleen A , Mah Michelle S
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) has been shown to adversely impact patient anxiety, quality of life, treatment adherence, and use of health care resources. CINV control still remains a challenge, and lack of effective communication between the patient and clinician has been highlighted in the literature as the main barrier to optimal control. The Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) has developed a tool (MASCC Antiemesis Tool (MAT)) to improve assessment and subsequent management of CINV by enhancing communication between patients and their clinicians. This study assessed the feasibility of using the MAT in patients at the Tom Baker Cancer Centre. The secondary objective was to describe the incidence of CINV as identified by the tool.

Methods and materials

This study involved a prospective survey using the MAT in patients receiving intravenous chemotherapy. Subjects completed the MAT twice post-chemotherapy regarding CINV symptoms and returned it at their next clinic appointment. Participants were also surveyed to evaluate feasibility with regard to using the MAT.

Results

Of the 50 patients recruited, 56% returned surveys. The majority of patients reported that the MAT facilitated communication with their clinician, particularly those who had experienced CINV. Fifty-four percent of patients who returned the MAT reported CINV; however, less than half of them had received American Society of Clinical Oncology-recommended antiemetic regimens. Only four patients with CINV had antiemetic changes made for subsequent cycles.

Conclusion

The MAT is a feasible tool which can improve communication of CINV symptoms between patients and clinicians, a foundational step toward improving CINV management.
Tribological behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone sliding against silicon carbide ceramic under seawater lubrication
Authors: Zhang Zhenhua , Nie Songlin , Liao Wuju , Li Lei , Yuan Shaohua
Published: June 2014

Tribological behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR PEEK) sliding against silicon carbide ceramic under seawater lubrication were investigated. The effects of sliding velocity (from 0.5 to 1.5 m/s) and contact pressure (between 0.66 and 2.64 MPa) on friction coefficient and wear rate have been obtained through a surface contacted tribo-tester. The results reveal that the friction pair possesses outstanding friction and wear resistances under seawater lubrication, and there exists an evident running-in process. When contact pressure is beyond 1.32 MPa, the friction coefficient of the friction pair is totally less than 0.1, and it firstly decreases and then fluctuates slightly with the increase of sliding velocity. Friction coefficient shows a downward trend with the increase of contact pressure when the sliding speed keeps between 0.75 and 1.5 m/s. The wear rate of CFR PEEK decreases slightly with the increase of contact pressure, whereas the mass loss of silicon carbide ceramic is negligible. The tribological mechanism of friction pair was analyzed through the micro-morphology of worn surfaces obtained by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The main tribological mechanisms of CFR PEEK are adhesive wear and mechanical ploughing caused by surface micro-peaks of silicon carbide ceramic. The research will lay foundation for materials screening of key friction pairs in seawater hydraulic components.
Gaining access to agency and structure in industrial marketing theory
Authors: Nicholson John D. , Brennan Ross , Midgley Gerald
Published: June 2014

This article is concerned with gaining greater insight into the interplay between agency and structure in industrial marketing (IM) scholarship. The article’s intent is to embed Midgley’s notion of critical pluralism within this endeavour. The article commends the movement towards increased deployment of critical realism, but cautions against the dangers of creating further atomism in marketing theory by generating another paradigm of thought with strongly defended boundaries, impervious to outside influence. The article advances a case for critical pluralism within IM scholarship and offers a three-dimensional (theoretical, methodological and methodical) framework to aid this. The discussion demonstrates how critical pluralism can be deployed to gain insights into agency and structure using a number of ‘integrative’ theoretical perspectives.
Feminist memory work in action: Method and practicalities
Authors: Fraser Heather , Michell Dee
Published: June 2014

This is a report on how (pro)feminist social workers might use the qualitative research methodology, memory work. The first section acknowledges the pioneering work of Frigga Haug in the conception and use of memory work and considers the underlying assumptions of the methodology and prescribed uses of the method. In the second section, we use a recent memory-work project conducted with women social science students/graduates, who come from low-socio-economic backgrounds, to illustrate memory-work processes in action. Here, we emphasise the potential benefits of using the method, which include its ability to inspire trust and solidarity in a group setting and connect the personal with the political.
Odor Identification in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Subtypes
Authors: Magerova Hana , Vyhnalek Martin , Laczo Jan , Andel Ross , Rektorova Irena , Kadlecova Alexandra , Bojar Martin , Hort Jakub
Published: June 2014

Odor identification impairment is a feature of several neurodegenerative disorders. Although neurodegenerative changes in the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) subtypes involve areas important for olfactory processing, data on olfactory function in these patients are limited. An 18-item, multiple-choice odor identification test developed at our memory clinic, the Motol Hospital smell test, was administered to 9 patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, 13 patients with the language variants, primary nonfluent aphasia (n = 7) and semantic dementia (n = 6), and 8 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Compared to the control group (n = 15), all FTLD subgroups showed significant impairment of odor identification ( P < .05). The differences between the FTLD subgroups were not significant. No correlation between odor identification and neuropsychological tests results was found. Our data suggest that odor identification impairment is a symptom common to FTLD syndromes, and it seems to be based on olfactory structure damage rather than cognitive decline.
Renal stones in pregnancy
Authors: Meher Shireen , Gibbons Norma , DasGupta Ranan
Published: June 2014

Diagnosis and treatment of renal stones during pregnancy is a complex problem. Risks to the fetus from ionising radiation and interventional procedures need to be balanced with optimising clinical care for the mother. Management of such patients requires a clear understanding of available options, with a multidisciplinary team approach. In this review, we discuss the role of different diagnostic tests including ultrasound, magnetic resonance urography, and computerized tomography. We also provide an update on recent developments in the treatment of renal stones during pregnancy. Expectant management remains first-line treatment. Where definitive treatment of the stone is required, new evidence suggests that ureteroscopic stone removal may be equally safe, and possibly better than traditional temporising procedures.
The role of radiotherapy and intrathecal CNS prophylaxis in extralymphatic craniofacial aggressive B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Murawski Niels , Held Gerhard , Ziepert Marita , Kempf Barbara , Viardot Andreas , Hänel Mathias , Witzens-Harig Mathias , Mahlberg Rolf , Rübe Christian , Fleckenstein Jochen , Zwick Carsten , Glass Bertram , Schmitz Norbert , Zeynalova Samira , Pfreundschuh Michael
Published: June 2014

Key Points

The results of this retrospective analysis do not support intrathecal prophylaxis or radiotherapy to ECFI patients in complete remission/unconfirmed complete remission.
Development of a rapid multiplex SSR genotyping method to study populations of the fungal plant pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici
Authors: Gautier Angélique , Marcel Thierry C , Confais Johann , Crane Charles , Kema Gert , Suffert Frédéric , Walker Anne-Sophie
Published: June 2014

Background

Zymoseptoria tritici is a hemibiotrophic ascomycete fungus causing leaf blotch of wheat that often decreases yield severely. Populations of the fungus are known to be highly diverse and poorly differentiated from each other. However, a genotyping tool is needed to address further questions in large collections of isolates, regarding regional population structure, adaptation to anthropogenic selective pressures, and dynamics of the recently discovered accessory chromosomes. This procedure is limited by costly and time-consuming simplex PCR genotyping. Recent development of genomic approaches and of larger sets of SSRs enabled the optimization of microsatellite multiplexing.

Findings

We report here a reliable protocol to amplify 24 SSRs organized in three multiplex panels, and covering all Z. tritici chromosomes. We also propose an automatic allele assignment procedure, which allows scoring alleles in a repeatable manner across studies and laboratories. All together, these tools enabled us to characterize local and worldwide populations and to calculate diversity indexes consistent with results reported in the literature.

Conclusion

This easy-to-use, accurate, repeatable, economical, and faster technical strategy can provide useful genetic information for evolutionary inferences concerning Z. tritici populations. Moreover, it will facilitate the comparison of studies from different scientific groups.
Identification alone versus intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery: Experience of 2034 consecutive patients
Authors: Calò Pietro Giorgio , Pisano Giuseppe , Medas Fabio , Pittau Maria Rita , Gordini Luca , Demontis Roberto , Nicolosi Angelo
Published: June 2014

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of intraoperative neuromonitoring in reducing the postoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy rate by a comparison between patients submitted to thyroidectomy with intraoperative neuromonitoring and with routine identification alone.

Methods

Between June 2007 and December 2012, 2034 consecutive patients underwent thyroidectomy by a single surgical team. We compared patients who have had neuromonitoring and patients who have undergone surgery with nerve visualization alone. Patients in which neuromonitoring was not utilized (Group A) were 993, patients in which was utilized (group B) were 1041.

Results

In group A 28 recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries were observed (2.82%), 21 (2.11%) transient and 7 (0.7%) permanent. In group B 23 recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries were observed (2.21%), in 17 cases (1.63%) transient and in 6 (0.58%) permanent. Differences were not statistically significative.

Conclusions

Visual nerve identification remains the gold standard of recurrent laryngeal nerve management in thyroid surgery. Neuromonitoring helps to identify the nerve, in particular in difficult cases, but it did not decrease nerve injuries compared with visualization alone. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the benefit of intraoperative neuromonitoring in thyroidectomy, especially in conditions in which the recurrent nerve is at high risk of injury.
Primary squamous cell of the thyroid–an abbreviated clinical presentation
Authors: Lui Justin T , Khalil Moosa N , Chandarana Shamir P
Published: June 2014

Background

Lacking any squamous epithelium, thyroid gland with primary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) proves to be an etiopathophysiological quandary. Two major theories do exist, though few cases have been documented to support either. We present a case that supports the “metaplasia” theory, which serves to enhance our understanding of a disease that carries with it a very poor prognosis.

Case presentation

We present a case of an extremely advanced, primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid with distant metastases in a thirty-six year-old male. Dying of airway compromise seventeen days following his admission, this is the shortest median survival of all documented cases.

Conclusion

In addition to being the most abbreviated time period between presentation and death of all documented thyroid primary squamous cell carcinomas, we share the fifth case of thyroid PSCC in the setting of lymphocytic thyroiditis. This case should build awareness of the aggressivity of the disease and the lack of established diagnostic criteria.
Nano Cu-catalyzed efficient and selective reduction of nitroarenes under combined microwave and ultrasound irradiation
Authors: Feng Huangdi , Li Yuan , Lin Shengji , Van der Eycken Erik V , Song Gonghua
Published: June 2014

In situ preparation of copper nanoparticles from a copper acetate precursor and its application as an efficient catalyst for the selective reduction of aromatic nitro compounds with hydrazine hydrate under combined microwave and ultrasound irradiation were described in detail. The results reveal the synergetic effect of microwave and ultrasound on the synthesis of copper nanoparticles, and formation of various amino derivatives.
Long-term outcome of delirium during intensive care unit stay in survivors of critical illness: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Wolters Annemiek E , van Dijk Diederik , Pasma Wietze , Cremer Olaf L , Looije Marjolein F , de Lange Dylan W , Veldhuijzen Dieuwke S , Slooter Arjen JC
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Delirium is associated with impaired outcome, but it is unclear whether this relationship is limited to in-hospital outcomes and whether this relationship is independent of the severity of underlying conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) and long-term mortality, self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and self-reported problems with cognitive functioning in survivors of critical illness, taking severity of illness at baseline and throughout ICU stay into account.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was conducted. We included patients who survived an ICU stay of at least a day; exclusions were neurocritical care patients and patients who sustained deep sedation during the entire ICU stay. Delirium was assessed twice daily with the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) and additionally, patients who received haloperidol were considered delirious. Twelve months after ICU admission, data on mortality were obtained and HRQoL and cognitive functioning were measured with the European Quality of Life – Six dimensions self-classifier (EQ-6D). Regression analyses were used to assess the associations between delirium and the outcome measures adjusted for gender, type of admission, the Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation IV (APACHE IV) score, and the cumulative Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score throughout ICU stay.

Results

Of 1101 survivors of critical illness, 412 persons (37%) had been delirious during ICU stay, and 198 (18%) died within twelve months. When correcting for confounders, no significant association between delirium and long-term mortality was found (hazard ratio: 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 1.71). In multivariable analysis, delirium was not associated with HRQoL either (regression coefficient: -0.04; 95% CI -0.10 to 0.01). Yet, delirium remained associated with mild and severe problems with cognitive functioning in multivariable analysis (odds ratios: 2.41; 95% CI 1.57 to 3.69 and 3.10; 95% CI 1.10 to 8.74, respectively).

Conclusions

In this group of survivors of critical illness, delirium during ICU stay was not associated with long-term mortality or HRQoL after adjusting for confounding, including severity of illness throughout ICU stay. In contrast, delirium appears to be an independent risk factor for long-term self-reported problems with cognitive functioning.
A low computational complexity V-BLAST/STBC detection mechanism in MIMO system
Authors: Chong Jin Hui , Ng Chee Kyun , Noordin Nor Kamariah , Ali Borhanuddin Mohd
Published: June 2014

The idea of multiple antenna arrays has evolved into multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, which provides transmit and receive diversities. It increases robustness of the effect of multipath fading in wireless channels, besides yielding higher capacity, spectral efficiency and better bit error rate (BER) performance. The spatial diversity gain is obtained by transmitting or receiving multiple copies of a signal through different antennas to combat fading and improves the system BER performance. However, the computational complexity of MIMO system is inevitably increased. Space-time coding (STC) technique such as Alamouti’s space-time block code (STBC) that combines coding, modulation and signal processing has been used to achieve spatial diversity. Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) uses antenna arrays at both the transmitter and receiver to achieve spatial multiplexing gain. Independent data streams that share both frequency bands and time slots are transmitted from multiple antennas and jointly detected at the receiver. The theoretical capacity of V-BLAST increases linearly with the number of antennas in rich scattering environments. It's well-known that maximization of spatial diversity gain leads to degradation of spatial multiplexing gain or vice versa. In order to achieve spatial multiplexing and diversity gains simultaneously, the V-BLAST/STBC scheme has been introduced. This hybrid scheme increases MIMO system capacity and maintains reliable BER performance at the same time. However, both V-BLAST and STBC layers, in this hybid scheme, assume each other as an interferer. Thus, the symbols must be decoded with a suitable detection mechanism. In this paper, a new low complexity detection mechanism for V-BLAST/STBC scheme based on QR decomposition, denoted as low complexity QR (LC-QR) decomposition, is presented. The performance of the proposed LC-QR decomposition detection mechanism in V-BLAST/STBC transceiver scheme is compared with other detection mechanisms such as ZF, MMSE and QR decomposition. It is shown that the BER performance in V-BLAST/STBC scheme is better than V-BLAST scheme while its system capacity is higher than orthogonal STBC scheme when the LC-QR decomposition detection mechanism is exploited. Moreover, the computational complexity of proposed LC-QR decomposition mechanism is significantly lower than other abovementioned detection mechanisms.
An effective implementation of security based algorithmic approach in mobile adhoc networks
Authors: Singh Rajinder , Singh Parvinder , Duhan Manoj
Published: June 2014

Mobile Ad-hoc Network one of the prominent area for the researchers and practitioners in assorted domains including security, routing, addressing and many others. A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) refers to an autonomous group or cluster of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. Mobile ad hoc network refers to the moving node rather than any fixed infrastructure, act as a mobile router. These mobile routers are responsible for the network mobility. The history of mobile network begin after the invention of 802.11 or WiFi they are mostly used for connecting among themselves and for connecting to the internet via any fixed infrastructure. Vehicles like car, buses and trains equipped with router acts as nested Mobile Ad-hoc Network. Vehicles today consists many embedded devices like build in routers, electronic devices like Sensors PDAs build in GPS, providing internet connection to it gives, information and infotainment to the users. These advances in MANET helps the vehicle to communicate with each other, at the time of emergency like accident, or during climatic changes like snow fall, and at the time of road block, this information will be informed to the nearby vehicles. Now days technologies rising to provide efficiency to MANET users like providing enough storage space, as we all know the cloud computing is the next generation computing paradigm many researches are conducting experiments on Mobile Ad-hoc Network to provide the cloud service securely. This paper attempts to propose and implement the security based algorithmic approach in the mobile adhoc networks.
The Choice between Formal and Informal Intellectual Property: A Review
Authors: Hall Bronwyn , Helmers Christian , Rogers Mark , Sena Vania
Published: June 2014

We survey the economic literature, both theoretical and empirical, on the choice of intellectual property protection by firms. Our focus is on the trade-offs between using patents and disclosing versus the use of secrecy, although we also look briefly at the use of other means of formal intellectual property protection. (JEL D82, K11, O31, O34)
Experimental Analysis of Stability of Aluminium Beams in Case of Fire
Authors: van der Meulen O. , Soetens Frans , Maljaars Johan
Published: June 2014

Fire is often the dominant design criterion for aluminium structures. Present design rules for aluminium constructions in fire neglect both the decrease in susceptibility to local buckling and the effects of creep, that are intrinsic to aluminium. They may therefore either overestimate or underestimate the temperature of failure, depending on the load and exposure period. As part of a larger research program aimed at remedying this situation, the present paper reports the results of an experimental study on 28 aluminium SHS members of alloy AA6060-T66 loaded in bending, with different cross-sections, temperatures, and rates of heating. The experimental set-up employs an electric heating tube or ‘sock’ on the inside of the specimen as well as heated supports and load application point, which give a high degree of control of temperature in time.
Case Report: A case report of acromegaly associated with primary aldosteronism
Authors: Matrozova Joanna , Vandeva Silvia , Zacharieva Sabina
Published: June 2014

We describe a patient with a rare combination of acromegaly and primary aldosteronism. A 37 year-old female patient was diagnosed with acromegaly on the basis of typical clinical, hormonal and image characteristics. She presented also with one of the most common co-morbidities – arterial hypertension. The patient has been regularly followed-up and after three surgical interventions, irradiation and adjuvant treatment with a dopamine agonist, acromegaly was finally controlled in 2008 (20 years after diagnosis). Arterial hypertension however, remained a therapeutic problem even after prescription of four antihypertensive drugs. She had normal biochemical parameters, except for low potassium levels 3.2 (3.5-5.6) mmol/l. This raised the suspicion of primary hyperaldosteronism, confirmed by a high aldosterone to plasma rennin activity ratio, high aldosterone level after a Captopril challenge test and visualization of a 35 mm left adrenal nodule on a CT scan. After an operation, the patient recovered from hypokalemia and antihypertensive therapy was reduced to a small dose of a Ca blocker.

Co-morbid arterial hypertension is common in acromegaly, though it is rare for this to be caused by Conn’s adenoma. The association of Conn’s adenoma with acromegaly has been interpreted in two lines: as a component of multiple endocrine neoplasia type (MEN1) syndrome or as a direct mitogenic effect of hyperactivated GH-IGF1 axis.
Case report: Heterotopic intrarenally located adrenocortical oncocytoma
Authors: Godin Konstantin , Bang Nicole , Tolkach Yuri
Published: June 2014

The clinical case of a 65-year-old woman with an incidentally detected left-sided mass in the upper renal pole is presented. A functional adrenal tumor was excluded. The mass was removed retroperitoneoscopically. The perioperative period was uneventful. The histopathological examination revealed a heterotopic intrarenal adrenocortical oncocytoma.

Adrenal oncocytic neoplasms are very rare, with, to the authors’ knowledge, only 159 described cases so far. Most cases are non-functioning adenomas that can reach a considerable size. Only 10 heterotopic adrenal oncocytomas have been described (three retroperitoneal and seven intraspinal cases). Although the intrarenal adrenal rest is the most frequently appearing variant of adrenal heterotopia, to the best of our knowledge, this report is the first description of an intrarenally growing adrenocortical oncocytic adenoma.

In addition to retroperitoneally located oncocytomas, this case could be interesting for urological practice because there are no diagnostic features which could provide a secure preoperative diagnosis of an adrenal oncocytic neoplasm and its malignant variant. Generally accepted indications for surgery of adrenal masses have to be respected. The definitive pathologic diagnosis is in most cases surprising because of its rarity. Benign adrenal oncocytic neoplasms do not require any adjuvant treatment. The oncocytic variant of adrenocortical carcinoma generally has a poor prognosis.
Surface Treatment of Areca-Nut Fiber Using Silane and Gamma Irradiation: Fabrication of Polycaprolactone Based Composite
Authors: Dey Kamol , Ganguly Sumon , Khan Ruhul A. , Khan Mubarak A.
Published: June 2014

Composite materials enjoy great attraction in material science. The objective of this research was to fabricate natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites and to increase performances through physical and chemical methods. Areca nut fiber (50 % by weight) reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) based unidirectional composites were prepared by compression molding. Tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), bending strength (BS), bending modulus (BM) and impact strength (IS) of the composite were found to be 32 MPa, 685 MPa, 45 MPa, 820 MPa and 15 kJ/m2, respectively.Six different formulations (F1-F6) of vinyl trimethoxy silane (VTMS) (1-6wt%) along with methanol (97-92%) and photo-initiator Darocur-1173 (2%) were prepared in order to modify the surface of areca nut fiber. Areca nut fiber were soaked for 15 min in different formulations and then exposed under gamma radiation of various doses (250-1000 krad). Composite made of areca nut fiber treated with 4% silane and at 500 krad dose of gamma radiation performed the highest mechanical properties. TS, BS, TM, BM and IS of the composite were found to be 43 MPa, 64 MPa, 1015 MPa, 1423 MPa and 20 kJ/m2, respectively. Polymer loading (PL) of the gamma treated and untreated fiber was studied. Degradation test of the composites was carried out for 6 weeks in soil medium and it was found that the treated composite retained much of its original strength. It can be concluded that silane and gamma radiation are important tools to improve the mechanical property of the composite.