bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Elphinstone Mission, the ‘Kingdom of Caubul’ and the Turkic World
Authors: Lee Jonathan
Published: September 2019

Using Elphinstone's published and unpublished papers, this paper examines the Turkic influences at the Saddozai court and in the dynasty's geopolitical relations – influences which have been greatly underexplored due to colonial focus on Afghanistan's Indian frontier and the Pushtuns tribes and by Afghan nationalist discourse. The rise of the Durrani dynasty is located within the context of the demise of three Turkic dynasties—Safavid, Mughal, Tuqay-Timurid—while the Saddozai rise to power was achieved only because of its alliance with Safavid Persia. This heritage was perpetuated by the use of Turkic titles and protocols at the Saddozai court, the reliance on Turkic "ghulams" as the backbone of Saddozai military power, and dynastic intermarriage with the Qizilbash. The chapter concludes by critiquing Elphinstone's demarcation of Afghanistan's northern frontier and his assertion of Durrani sovereignty over the former Tuqay-Timurid "wilayat" of Balkh from the Murghab to the Kokcha rivers. It is argued that the Elphinstone frontier is deeply flawed, examining numerous inconsistences between Elphinstone's published map and Macartney's unpublished one, as well as inconsistencies in Elphinstone's own notes and those of other mission members.
Muslim ‘Fanaticism’ as Ambiguous Trope
Authors: Leonard Zak
Published: September 2019

This chapter is concerned with the phenomenon of "Muslim fanaticism", an amorphous threat to governmental security that resisted colonial scrutiny throughout the nineteenth century. As tensions with borderland tribes, Wahhabi conspirators, and the forces of a global Muslim "revival" mounted, fanaticism evolved into a floating signifier, a malleable construct that could service divergent polemical agendas. Borderland ethnographers and India reformers conceptualized Muslim religiosity in various ways to support their own commentaries on native "political" vitality. Earlier observers like Mountstuart Elphinstone represented Indian communities in gendered terms and downplayed the influence of religious enthusiasm on societal progress. Later ethnographers, however, invoked fanaticism to justify a colonial "Forward Policy", or conversely, attributed Muslim discontent to the state's poorly conceived, westernizing legislation. Meanwhile, reformers who were calling for the retention of princely rule referenced fanaticism to defend the interests of Muslim notables in South India and Bengal. These loyalist leaders, they argued, could help provide native society with an organic trajectory of civic growth and douse the embers of fanaticism whenever they became enflamed. Extending this advocacy of native sovereignty to the Afghan frontier ultimately proved contentious on account of Russian expansionism and the resurgence of the Eastern Question.
Mountstuart Elphinstone and Indian Education
Authors: Zastoupil Lynn
Published: September 2019

Mountstuart Elphinstone was widely lauded by his contemporaries for his progressive views and advanced policies regarding education whilst he held senior colonial positions in western India from 1817 until 1827. The creation of Elphinstone College in his honor exemplifies this. This essay is an exploration of Elphinstone's educational views and policies, paying attention to various influences that explain his distinctive approach to education. These influences included the East India Company's ethos of pragmatic respect for Indian culture, religion and mores; educational policy and debates in contemporary British Bengal; Scotland's parish schools and Adam Smith's use of these to defend state-sponsored education; and German Romantic ideas regarding language, literature and national culture. The chapter concludes with Elphinstone's larger vision of a political education that would lead the Indian people to eventual independence but leave Britain with a "moral empire" that might rival the one that outlasted the Roman Empire.
Mountstuart Elphinstone, Colonial Knowledge and ‘Frontier Governmentality’ in Northwest India, 1849–1878
Authors: Bayly Martin J.
Published: September 2019

With the British annexation of the Punjab in 1849 following the disasters of the First Anglo-Afghan War, Mountstuart Elphinstone's "An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul", and those of his intellectual successors, became "useful knowledge", and found a fertile administrative environment in the management of India's northwest frontier. According to this logic of government, frontier spaces could be tamed through adequate knowledge and understanding of their indigenous populations, part of a wider assemblage of power that has been referred to in Foucauldian terms as "frontier governmentality". Taking this concept as its starting point, this chapter turns its attention to the procurement, evolution, and use of colonial knowledge as part of this wider project of frontier governance. If "frontier governmentality" differed from "colonial governmentality", then what made it distinct? By studying the trajectories of the body of colonial knowledge initiated by Mountstuart Elphinstone and his intellectual successors, new understandings of colonial power in frontier spaces start to emerge through the lens of "governmentality", offering key insights into the modalities of colonial government in so-called "peripheral" areas, and the role played by "colonial knowledge" as part of this assemblage of power.
Introduction
Authors: Weidmann Nils B. , Rød Espen Geelmuyden
Published: September 2019

The introduction of the book starts out by distinguishing between two narratives about the effect of the Internet in autocratic systems: According to “liberation technology” proponents, Internet technology is likely to empower activists in autocracies by reducing autocratic governments ability to control the ow of information and communication, while the “repression technology” perspective emphasizes the sinister ways by which autocratic regimes can use the Internet for propaganda and surveillance. The chapter argues that in order to advance the scientific debate, research should move beyond this overly simple distinction, and needs to identify the conditions under which this technology helps protesters vs. when it benefits dictators. This requires a more nuanced conception of protest and its different stages, but also better, more fine-grained data of protest and Internet penetration.
Coding Protest Events in Autocracies
Authors: Weidmann Nils B. , Rød Espen Geelmuyden
Published: September 2019

This chapter addresses the need for fine-grained data on protest in autocracies. It discusses in detail the challenges arising when coding events from media reports: (i) the selection of news agencies and outlets, (ii) the selection of relevant news reports, (iii) the problem of information extraction, and (iv) the problem of aggregation, where multiple reports about a single event need to be aggregated into individual events. The chapter then introduces the Mass Mobilization in Autocracies Database (MMAD), which constitutes the core for the empirical analysis in this book. Based on media reports from global news sources, the authors created an event database of protest, where each event is coded with its precise day and location (city), as well as a number of event characteristics (number of protesters, level of violence, etc.). The main innovation of the MMAD is that it provides users with a final list of event reports, which can later be aggregated to individual events.
Internet Coverage and the Spatial Diffusion of Protest
Authors: Weidmann Nils B. , Rød Espen Geelmuyden
Published: September 2019

The book also examines the impact of Internet technology on the diffusion of protest within countries. Building on similar informational arguments as in Chapter 7, the chapter elaborates on how Internet technology can transmit information from cities with protest to other cities in the same country, potentially inspiring further outbreaks of protest. The analysis in this chapter uses fine-grained data on protest and Internet connectivity to test the diffusion effect of Internet technology. The results of the analysis reveal that prior protest in a country indeed increases the likelihood of further outbreaks. This effect, however, seems to be driven by protest in cities with high connectivity, which quickly helps disseminate information to other places in the country. This effect is time-dependent, and it is strongest immediately after protest has happened. Unlike in the previous chapter, the authors find no evidence of repression preventing protest diffusion.
From Independence to Invasion, 1776–1778
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explains that between the adoption of the Declaration of Independence and the creation of firmly established civilian courts, Pennsylvania experienced a long, chaotic interregnum punctuated by the British invasion and occupation of Philadelphia. Although Pennsylvania’s radical new government enacted a treason statute, punishment of disloyalty continued to rest with extrajudicial entities, including committees of safety and the military. The scope of military jurisdiction was seriously debated. County courts slowly reopened and began hearing cases of misprision of treason (a lesser charge), but no cases of high treason were heard. Faced with the threat of military invasion, the Assembly’s controversial suspension of habeas corpus led to the exile of prominent Quakers to Virginia in 1777, accompanied by vigorous debate over the propriety and legality of this action
The Winding Path to the Courthouse, 1778
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W.
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins by summarizing the cases of misprision of treason heard in the county courts. The state government began a controversial attainder policy, a process that led to extensive property confiscations. The court of oyer and terminer, consisting of the three Pennsylvania Supreme Court justices, finally opened. Through grand-jury charges, the justices explained their understanding of treason law. Following the British evacuation of Philadelphia in June 1778, the state government sorted through charges of disloyalty against hundreds of individuals, eventually winnowing them down for trial that fall. The trial of Joseph Malin in Chester County in September 1778 was the first treason case heard by a Pennsylvania court during the Revolution. The defendant was represented by high-quality defense counsel, the court issued moderate rulings, and the jury acquitted the defendant, patterns that would recur in future cases.
Conclusion
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W.
Published: September 2019

During the American Revolution, the peaceable kingdom of William Penn’s dreams became a bloody battlefield that turned loyalty on its head. The law of treason was central to legal debates over the Revolution, both for its initial justification and for how it played out in the daily lives of ordinary Americans. Perhaps the most surprising aspect of the Revolution was the extreme unwillingness of Americans to execute their fellow citizens for treason, despite the enormous danger that British adherents posed to the future of American independence. Such adherents were viewed not as deviant monsters, but as friends and neighbors who had made a political mistake. Whereas the Assembly and the Supreme Executive Council were prone to impulsive actions, courts proceeded more deliberately, with judges, and especially juries, acutely sensitive to the dangers of over-prosecution. .
Comparison, ranking, rating, and lists
Authors: Érdi Péter
Published: September 2019

In this chapter, four basic concepts—comparison, ranking, rating, and lists—are introduced, and a number of questions are discussed. Why do we compare ourselves with others? Is comparison the “thief of joy” or the driving force toward future successes? Are we born with the desire to compare ourselves with others, or do we learn in childhood that we should demonstrate that we are better or stronger than others? Is it true that “the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence”? How are ratings of graduate school applicants prepared? How do we rate our pain in a medical office? Why do we have the top-10 mania, and why do we love listicles? Ranking of mathematicians and the rating of chess players are used to illustrate the main concepts.
Ranking games
Authors: Érdi Péter
Published: September 2019

This chapter starts with a discussion of the magic power of round numbers and left-digit effects, and it then deals with two popular ranking games concerning colleges and countries. A recurring theme in our complex world pertains to the question of whether it is possible to summarize the performance of an organization faithfully with a single score. Schools are complex social organizations that serve a variety of purposes, and measuring their progress toward these goals is obviously tricky. Students, admissions offices, and college administrators are the major stakeholders in the college ranking game. Ranking colleges not only provides a passive mirror of the institutional landscape but also drives changes within the institutions. Similarly, ranking countries both reflects the current state and motivates change. While some believe that the idea of the nation-state is outdated and a source of conflict, countries remain a primary means of controlling people, organizing society, and managing the distribution of wealth. Measuring corruption and freedom within countries is difficult, and the ranking of countries based on these measurements is discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 1 undertakes four tasks. First, it questions whether nuclear nonproliferation, along with the containment of great power adversaries, has been a key pillar of US grand strategy since the 1940s. By doing so, it establishes the context for the book’s research questions. Second, the chapter summarizes the core argument: the interaction of international threats and domestic politics shaped the types of nonproliferation strategies (accommodative or coercive) that US presidential administrations pursued toward strategically vulnerable allies in volatile regions. Third, it situates the book within broader literature on nuclear nonproliferation and alliance management. Fourth, the chapter defines the key terms and concepts employed in the analysis and discusses the research design and case selection.
The United States and South Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Program, 1970–1981
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 5 examines the proliferation dispute between the United States and the Republic of Korea (ROK). The Nixon administration’s efforts to extricate the United States from the Vietnam War, draw down US troops in East and Southeast Asia, and seek a rapprochement with China precipitated this dispute. ROK president Park Chung-hee authorized a secret nuclear weapons program in 1972. The Ford administration used a mix of threats to suspend bilateral nuclear cooperation and promises to stabilize US troop levels to get Park to cancel the purchase of a French reprocessing plant in 1975 and 1976. The dispute erupted anew in 1977, when Carter proposed withdrawing all US troops and tactical nuclear weapons. The crisis was finally resolved in 1981, when the Reagan administration pledged to maintain troop levels in exchange for ROK president Chun Doo-hwan’s redirecting nuclear energy research to civilian purposes.
Music for a French Piano
Authors: Ferraguto Mark
Published: September 2019

In late 1803, Beethoven acquired a new piano from the French firm of Sébastien Erard. This piano differed from the one built by Anton Walter that he owned in the late 1790s, most notably in its heavier construction, English-style action rather than the lighter Viennese action, triple stringing, four pedal stops (lute, dampers, buff, una corda), and five-and-a-half octave range from FF to c4. The piano’s influence on Beethoven’s compositional process is apparent in his Thirty-Two Variations on an Original Theme, WoO 80 (1806), a quasi-systematic exploration of piano techniques, textures, and sonorities that exploits both the capacities and limitations of the Erard.
The Birth of the Dovish Left
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the rise of the Israeli Peace Camp. It took place over a long period of time, and though the various organizations composing this peace camp were rooted in a left-wing ideology, their engagement did not come about as a result of a preconceived strategy but rather as a reaction to often unforeseeable events or psychological shocks, such as the Six-Day War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur War of 1973, the Likud victory of 1977, the visit of Anwar Sadat to Jerusalem in 1979, and the Lebanon War of 1982. In order to date the birth of the dovish left, we must go all the way back to the Six-Day War.
The Eclipse
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: September 2019

2006-2010: during these four decisive years in the history of the peace movement, the movement experienced a dramatic eclipse. Within an Israeli society that had grown increasingly nationalist, more attached to symbols of Jewish identity and the memory of the Holocaust, more concerned than ever about security, and less interested in making peace with the Palestinians, the movement was incapable both of promoting a message of peace and taking a stance on the subject of human rights. It seemed apathetic, paralyzed, almost non-existent in the face of the terrible events that marked the period. This chapter shows how and why this eclipse occurred. These years were punctuated by two large-scale military operations, the war in Lebanon in July 2006 and Operation Cast Lead in the Gaza Strip from late 2008 to early 2009. These hostilities caused turmoil in the Israeli collective psychology and the perception of war and peace.
Rising with the Sun
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

Poverty and politics spawned the emergence of newsboys in antebellum New York. The New York Sun, founded in 1833 by the radical printer Benjamin Day, was the first successful penny newspaper in the United States and the first to use hawkers and carriers on a large scale. Before this date, newspapers circulated through the colonies and early republic via carriers and postriders of various ages and conditions, including apprentices and slaves. Day’s newsboys—many of them poor immigrants—earned both wages and profits as they served Whigs, Democrats, and members of Day’s own Workingmen’s Party. This generation of newsboys did not simply distribute newspapers but stirred up demand for them with their cries of murders, hoaxes, and slave revolts. Their ranks included future turfman Bill Lovell, actor-comedian Barney Williams, and entrepreneur Mark Maguire, the original “King of the Newsboys.”
Johnny Morrow and the Dangerous Classes
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

Poor people of all ages and races peddled papers to eke out a living during the hard times of the 1850s. Vast numbers of children in New York slept on the streets, scrounged for food, and washed at public pumps. One of them, Johnny Morrow, recorded his experiences in a memoir. Genre painters exploited their picturesqueness, while philanthropist Charles Loring Brace founded lodging houses and orphan trains for them through the auspices of the Children’s Aid Society. Sabbatarians tried to sweep newsboys off the streets on Sundays but those in New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, DC fought back. Some built their businesses into giant distribution companies. All became embroiled in the raging sectional crisis over slavery.
Bitter Cry of Progress
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

New laws call for new stories, and in the early 1900s those stories were increasingly told by muckraking journalists, documentary photographers, and social reformers. Upton Sinclair, Lewis Hine, Jane Addams, and many others focused on the evils of street work, including sexual bartering. But circulation managers professionalized and stepped up their newsboy welfare work. The proliferation of precociously cute newsboy images in advertisements and comic strips further neutralized reform efforts and legitimized newspapers’ use of child labor. Ethnic newspapers multiplied during this period and developed their own sales and distribution forces. Also propelling newspapers into the new century were automobiles, which presented newsboys with a new occupational hazard. Pushed and pulled by the commercial interests of publishers, and the social agendas of reformers, and the economic needs of their families, this generation of newsies rose up to assert their own vision of progress.
Sidewalks of Struggle
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

Long at issue, the moral legitimacy of juvenile street trading became a major concern in the Progressive Era. Parents, publishers and reformers asserted their right to define news peddling as a public good or a social evil. Efforts to control children’s labor underlay the campaigns to abolish newsboys’ night work and stop their fighting, gambling, smoking, spitting, drinking, swearing, and sexual activity. Investigators amassed damning evidence of these practices, but their findings also reveal the industrial pressures, parental logic, and working-class customs that allowed them. Unable to abolish news peddling by children, adults regulated it by establishing newsboy unions, clubs, courts, and “republics.” However, the success of their efforts depended entirely on the boys’ cooperation, making them agents rather than mere targets of progressive reform.
Roar of the Tabloids
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

1920s America contained a cacophony of feuding factions pitting guardians of tradition against the forces of modernity. Small-town America detested the vice and depravity of the metropolis. White supremacists resented the black and immigrant hordes invading their neighborhoods and workplaces. And fundamentalists felt bullied by godless advocates of evolution. Such conflicts reverberated in the nation’s newspapers, especially in the sensational tabloid press. The children who peddled these papers were not mere merchants of discord, but also its agents. As predominately immigrant, sexually precocious city kids from non-teetotaler, non-Protestant, working-class families, they represented the troubling symptoms of modernity over tradition. They played a central role in Jazz Age journalism, politics, social reform, race relations, and labor struggles, thereby challenging the notion that children’s economic value diminished as their emotional value rose in the early decades of the 20th century.
Conclusion
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

From their humble beginnings in the 1830s to their strapped maturity in the 1930s, newsboys came of age with the country. They did not just careen from decade to decade, banner headline to banner headline, but made their presence felt in chord-like fashion as workers, children, and symbols. Theirs is a story of opportunity and exploitation, profit and loss, agency and victimization. And their story continued into World War II and the Cold War when the prototypical corner hawker gave way to the suburban paperboy on a bicycle. The number of youth carriers shrank steadily, however, due to a rash of murders and kidnappings, better and safer job opportunities in fast food, adult competition, and the overall decline of newspapers and newspaper circulation due to the rise of the internet.
Five Theses on International Governance
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Lenz Tobias , Marks Gary
Published: September 2019

Chapter 8 summarizes the argument of the book in five theses: IO governance has both a formal and an informal basis; its foundation is contractual; and sociality and politicization alongside functionality explain how IOs are structured and how they make decisions. The possibilities for governance in the international domain appear to be circumscribed by how the populations encompassed in an IO perceive themselves in relation to each other—the extent to which they see themselves as sharing some transnational community. How do they conceive the trade-off between national self-rule and international shared rule? A postfunctionalist theory of international organization claims that governance is both an expression of community and an institutional adaptation to the functional provision of public goods.
First Encounter with Bell Nonlocality
Authors: Scarani Valerio
Published: September 2019

This chapter is a self-contained introduction to Bell nonlocality. After a very quick historical motivation, the setting and the definition of nonlocality are given. Five classic examples of Bell tests are then introduced, including the CHSH and the GHZ tests. The remainder of the chapter is a critical reflection that contains two topics: a discussion of possible loopholes that should be avoided, and an elementary presentation of the main interpretations given to the phenomenon of nonlocality.
Multipartite Bell Nonlocality
Authors: Scarani Valerio
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses nonlocality for scenarios with more than two players. The definition of locality is the obvious generalisation of the bipartite case, but now there are many more ways in which locality can be violated. First, the main families of inequalities are presented. Then, the definition and demonstration of genuine multipartite nonlocality is discussed.
The Set of Quantum Behaviors
Authors: Scarani Valerio
Published: September 2019

Part II is devoted to the applied side of nonlocality: device-independent certification of quantumness. After an introduction to this idea, the first chapter deals with the characterisation of the set of quantum behaviors. Since this set is not easily parametrised, in practice one often works with outer approximations, membership of which can be cast as a semi-definite program.
Certifying Randomness
Authors: Scarani Valerio
Published: September 2019

Nonlocality certifies that the outputs of a measurement did not pre-exist, which in particular means that they were unpredictable or random. In other words, nonlocality certifies randomness in a device-independent way. This chapter introduces the main tools for the study and quantification of randomness: process randomness, the need for a predictor or adversary, and guessing probability. Examples are then explicitly worked out, and a review of more advanced results is provided.
Nonlocality in the No-Signaling Framework
Authors: Scarani Valerio
Published: September 2019

The behaviors that obey the no-signaling condition are a natural set to study nonlocality: this chapter is devoted to it. First, the most famous example of a no-signaling non-quantum behavior is introduced, the so-called Popescu-Rohrlich (PR) box. Then, some “typical quantum” features are recovered in the no-signaling framework, showing that they are common to all no-signaling theories.
The Quest for Device-Independent Quantum Principles
Authors: Scarani Valerio
Published: September 2019

The fact that the no-signaling set is larger than the quantum set suggests that the excess regions could be cut off by invoking additional constraints. In this chapter, we present some of the constraints that have been proposed as “physical principles”: information causality, macroscopic locality and local orthogonality. All three capture interesting features of the quantum set but fail to single ti out exactly.
Bentham and the Common Law Tradition
Authors: Postema Gerald
Published: September 2019

This work explores the relationship between Bentham's utilitarian practical philosophy and his positivist jurisprudence. These theories appear to be in tension because his utilitarian commitment to the sovereignty of utility as a practical decision principle seems inconsistent with his positivist insistence on the sovereignty of the will of the lawmaker. Two themes emerge from the attempt in this work to reconcile these two core elements of Bentham's practical thought. First, Bentham's conception of law does not fit the conventional model of legal positivism. Bentham was not just a utilitarian and a positivist; he was a positivist by virtue of his commitment to a utilitarian understanding of the fundamental task of law. Moreover, his emphasis on the necessary publicity and the systemic character of law, led him to insist on an essential role for utilitarian reasons in the regular public functioning of law. Second, Bentham's radical critique of common law theory and practice convinced him of the necessity to reconcile the need for certainty of law with an equally great need for its flexibility. He eventually developed a constitutional framework for adjudication in the shadow of codified law that accorded judges discretion to decide particular cases according to their best judgment of the balance of utilities, guaranteeing the accountability and appropriate motivation of judicial decision-making through institutional incentives. The original text of this work, first published in 1986, remains largely unchanged, but an afterword reconsiders and revises some themes in response to criticism.
Law, Social Union, and Collective Rationality
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the philosophical motivations behind Common Law theory and legal positivism. The primary aim is to define more precisely the terms of the debate between these two great jurisprudential traditions. It considers the thoughts of Coke and Hale, while Hobbes appears as their antagonist. However, because both Hobbes and the Common Law theorists substantially reworked a patchwork of political and jurisprudential ideas inherited, at least in part, from the natural law tradition, Aquinas's theory is used as the point of departure of the chapter. It is the most familiar and theoretically the most sophisticated discussion of the issues to be found within the natural law tradition.
The Judge as Paterfamilias
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

Following his radical critique of Common Law, both as a system of laws and as a theory of adjudication, Bentham embarked on a career-long attempt to produce an alternative which more adequately meets the criteria of his background utilitarian theory. This chapter focuses on his theory of adjudication. In his view, the proper definition of the judicial role and a proper understanding of the nature, scope, and limits of judicial decision-making could only be achieved by attempting to solve central problems of the design of adjudicative institutions and procedures. The principle on which he based his construction of adjudicative institutions was drawn from his analysis of the defects of Common Law, especially his view that it is self-defeating to attempt to structure judicial decision-making by means of fixed rules in order to constrain arbitrariness and abuse of power.
Publicity and the Development of Bentham’s Theory of Value
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

Bentham was tempted to think of the welfare of the community as a grand composite of the pleasures and pains of individuals and he suggested that it is possible to construct a powerful ethical deliberating machine capable of churning out precise, determinate, and publicly verifiable judgments and prescriptions for all moral occasions (the “felicific calculus”). Yet, he also articulated a sophisticated critique of the assumptions on which this model rests. Although pleasure and pain must ultimately anchor all moral judgments, he insisted that the language of the ordinary business of utilitarian moral deliberation, policy making, and law making must be fully public. Despite his criticisms of the quale conception of pleasure, Bentham did not abandon rationality or the principle of utility. Proper utilitarian reasoning still, in Bentham’s view, involved “calculation”—that is, tracing out the consequences of all the options for action, laws, or institutions, consequencesassessed in terms of their impact on the welfare of all the members of the community in view. But these calculations need not fit the simple model, in fact, they must not, since the simple model cannot meet the demands of moral reasoning, in particular the demands of publicity. Bentham’s universal consequentialism took for its core theory of value concerns about expectations and interests, rather than immediate sensings of pleasure or pain.
Bentham’s Equality-Sensitive Theory of Value
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

Equality lies at the heart of Bentham’s theory of value, and hence at the core of his utilitarian moral and political theory.The thesis of this chapter is that a proper understanding of the foundational role of equality in Bentham’s moral and political theory will give us further insight into his distinctive theory of value. Equality was not merely an ad hoc addition to his principle of utility, undermining the coherence of the entire theory, as critics have charged. Rather, Bentham thought of equality as involved in the very meaning of the principle, as Mill put it. This equality-sensitive principle of utility draws on a person-regarding conception of value that recognizes the equal claim that each person’s well-being has on our moral attention. This conception of value that contrasts sharply with the one standardly attributed to classical utilitarians.
Utility, Public Rules, and Common-Law Adjudication
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

A theme running through all of Bentham’s jurisprudential writings is the conflict between the demands for stability and certainty of law and the need for flexibility in adjudication. Although he was keenly aware of the need for fixed rules for social conduct, Bentham regarded the principle of utility as the sovereign rational decision principle. Thus, he sought ways to constrain the decision-making of judges while leaving them room to respond to the constantly varying demands of utility in particular cases. The complex history of the development of Bentham’s theories of law and adjudication is the history of a series of increasingly sophisticated attempts to solve this central problem of utilitarian political and legal theory. This history begins to unfold in Bentham’s early reflections on justice, utility, and common-law adjudication. In these writings, Bentham defined the basic terms of the conflict, surveyed with remarkable insight the issues at stake, and proposed a unique utilitarian solution for his native common-law system. He soon became dissatisfied with this solution and this dissatisfaction set him on a course of increasingly deeper reflections on the nature of law and adjudication that eventuated in a complex and sophisticated jurisprudential theory. However, abandoning his initial solution did not signal that Bentham abandoned the principles underlying his early argument. Rather, he came to see that only a systematic arrangement of comprehensive codes—the “pannomion”—could hope to answer the demands of publicity on the law.
The Soul of Justice
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

Law has the task of securing us against the abuse of power, but it also creates new opportunities and resources for such abuse. The only effective solution to this problem, according to Bentham, lay in publicity, the most robust and comprehensive system of public oversight of public power in all its forms. Security against misrule was his mantra and his singular aim; publicity was his most powerful tool. Law’s ruling, Bentham argued, ultimately depends upon the spirit, intelligence, vigilance, intrepidity, energy, and perseverance of the public. Public opinion can work its constraining magic only if at every point the exercise of governmental power is public. In his extended discussion of securities against misrule, we have a sustained, articulated exploration of the necessary infrastructure of the rule of law. Bentham analyzed the background conditions and engineered the supporting institutions needed for a comprehensive and effective architecture of accountability. He enlisted every kind of device and facility he could imagine for this purpose. Laws requiring all kinds of openness and disclosure of governmental actions were among these devices, but he also thought about the physical and social structures of public spaces. He was an engineer and architect of publicity.
Politizdat’s Literary Turn After Stalin
Authors: Jones Polly
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyses the effects on political publishing of the party and state authorities’ urgent concerns about the language and form of Soviet propaganda, which emerged very soon after Stalin’s death, lasted throughout the post-Stalin period, and targeted Politizdat as political literature’s main producer. This major drive for more engaging propaganda gave rise, in the 1950s and 1960s, to unprecedented critique of the language of Politizdat’s previous publications, and then to the embrace of biography as the most lively and effective form of propaganda. The creation of the ‘Fiery Revolutionaries’ series initiated a large-scale, long-term experiment with the biography genre and with literary collaboration to revitalize political literature’s popular appeal: it was intended to produce evocative and emotionally involving portraits of a huge gallery of ‘revolutionaries’. The last part of this chapter traces the early, embattled years of the series between its creation in 1964 and its launch in 1968, the same year as the party’s ideological crackdown connected to the intervention in Czechoslovakia.
Authors, Editors, and the Niches of Late Soviet Literature
Authors: Jones Polly
Published: September 2019

This chapter traces the formation and evolution of the ‘Fiery Revolutionaries’ community in the Brezhnev era from three points of view: of writers as they decided whether and how to collaborate with it; editors, as they struggled to recruit writers and develop a distinctive culture for the series; and Politizdat’s managers and their party-state overseers, who were consistently suspicious of this unusual ‘niche’ and often interfered in it. Despite heavy censorship, political interference, and a large dose of conformist writing ‘to order’, the series sustained an ‘oasis’ or ‘niche’ within late Soviet literature, though this term fails to capture the effort involved in maintaining this sense of difference. In employing a very wide range of writers throughout late socialism, it also blurred the boundaries between Soviet and dissident literature, and compels us to reconsider the notion that ‘thaw’ writers, literary experimentation, and historical reflection migrated entirely into unofficial publishing after 1964 or 1968. Instead, such fragile niches kept late socialist literary identities and practices in flux throughout the Brezhnev period.
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Stephen , Macintosh Fiona
Published: September 2019

The recent death of Seamus Heaney is an appropriate point to honour the great Irish poet’s major contribution to classical reception in modern poetry in English; this is the first volume to be dedicated to that subject, though occasional essays have appeared in the past. The volume comprises literary criticism by scholars of classical reception and literature in English, from both Classics and English, and has some input from critics who are also poets and from theatre practitioners on their interpretations and productions of Heaney’s versions of Greek drama; it combines well-known names with some early-career contributors, and friends and collaborators of Heaney with those who admired him from afar. The papers focus on two main areas: Heaney’s fascination with Greek drama and myth, shown primarily in his two Sophoclean versions but also in his engagement in other poems with Hesiod, with Aeschylus’ Agamemnon and with myths such as that of Antaeus, and his interest in Latin poetry, primarily in Virgil but also in Horace; a version of an Horatian ode was famously the vehicle of Heaney’s comment on 11 September 2001 in ‘Anything Can Happen’ (District and Circle, 2006).
Boustrophedon between Hellas and Home
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: September 2019

Seamus Heaney did not actually visit Greece until 1995, a trip ‘long promised, long deferred’, followed by a later visit to Delphi, which added a tribute to Zbigniew Herbert and two further ‘Sonnets from Hellas’ to the four set in the Peloponnese. These were all published in Electric Light in 2001, as was the superb poem ‘Out of the Bag’, which works in a ‘pilgrimage’ to Epidaurus. The aim of this short study will be to trace the topography of Heaney’s Hellas poems in order to bring out his vivid observation of locality and landscape. At the same time it will consider the associations that the Greek settings bring to his mind, especially those of other places: hyperborean Poland, Harvard, Lourdes, and, above all, the myth-haunted island at the far north-west of Europe.
Antaeus on the Move
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: September 2019

This chapter will focus on the Greek mythological figure of Antaeus in Heaney’s earlier work, while also suggesting that it persists in various guises—as both literary and personal symbol and cultural mechanism—throughout his career. It will offer close readings of some key moments in the history of the figure (and some of its cognates) which have not received much critical attention: in Opened Ground, for instance, in Stations, and in the poem ‘Freedman’ in North. It will claim that in his earlier work Heaney is a more self-conscious inheritor of modernist mythologizing than has been appreciated; an employer of this figure to significant political purposes; and an articulator, by means of it, of changing attitudes to the inheritance of Irish Catholicism. It will also propose associated inter-relationships between Heaney’s work and that of John Hewitt, David Jones, and Gerard Manley Hopkins.
A Door into the Dark
Authors: Pitman-Wallace Lucy
Published: September 2019

Nottingham Playhouse asked me to find a translation of Sophocles’ Antigone for production. After searching, Giles Croft the Artistic Director alerted me to Heaney’s wonderful The Burial at Thebes. Seamus allowed me a Dublin visit, to discuss the play. He guided me through the three different verse forms: the three-beat Gaelic bars for Antigone, the Anglo- Saxon alliterative form for the Chorus, and blank verse for Creon. Seamus saw a moral balance between Creon and Antigone: for him it was a double tragedy, as both are equally misguided in their beliefs. He also made me understand ‘The verse’s the thing’, so each word must be heard. My production in 2007 used verse, music, dance, and all actors played the Chorus. Seamus came to see it and for the revival he did rewrites. On tour, we witnessed how different audiences found the play relevant to their lives.
Ancient Greek Sailors with Twentieth-Century Metaphors (and Pan-Chronic Trousers)
Authors: Eastman Helen
Published: September 2019

This chapter particularly focuses on the duality of Heaney’s chorus, who are nominally the ancient sailors of the original, but use a diction and metaphoric landscape that places the play firmly in Heaney’s Ireland. We look not only at the literary and political implications of this, but specifically at the challenge it gives actors and directors working on the text. This chapter examines how the dual locus of The Cure at Troy works dramaturgically and visually, as an act of translation across time, space, and cultures, and the political questions the play raises by fusing chorus and God at the end of the play. As part of this exploration, the chapter charts Heaney’s journey to find a workable English verse line and metre for translating ancient drama, exploring his correspondence with Ted Hughes on the question. Furthermore, we look at the afterlife of The Cure at Troy, particularly revisions that Heaney has made when excerpts have been published in other contexts.
Paving and Pencilling
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: September 2019

A distant relative of an in-law of my husband possesses Heaney’s own copy of the 1953 reprint of J. W. Mackail’s The Aeneid of Virgil Translated into English; Heaney signed it with his name (twice) and his school form number. This chapter considers the actual inscriptions to be found in this copy, which show for example that Heaney made a special study of the similes dealing with nature, especially with animals, and was interested in complex epithets and metal objects, especially weapons. The characters who attract the richest annotations by far are Turnus, Pallas, and Latinus. It then asks how these marginalia can illuminate aspects of his later poetry—technical, tonal, lexical, imagistic, and thematic. His possible later creative responses to two features of the Aeneid will receive extended attention. First, the father–son relationship; secondly, the ‘compensation’ for the death of Turnus in the form of the Italian people’s retention of their indigenous language despite the imposition of Trojan colonial rule.
Introduction to open ecosystems: a global anomaly and a local example
Authors: Bond William J.
Published: September 2019

This book is about the light side of ecology, the non-forested open ecosystems of the world. More than a quarter of the world’s land area is dominated by open, non-forested ecosystems in climates which can support closed forests. They are particularly common in the tropics, making up grasslands and savannas, but also occur in other climate zones. Open ecosystems have been widely attributed to human deforestation. While deforestation is widespread and increasing in many regions, open ecosystems include ancient vegetation, in species, with traits divergent from closed forests. Using Cape fynbos, the world’s richest temperate flora, as an example, the ideas and explanations for these anomalously low biomass systems are introduced. The aim of this book is explained as introducing a wider readership to the still poorly known biology of open ecosystems on the light side. The structure and content of chapters is outlined.
The future of open ecosystems
Authors: Bond William J.
Published: September 2019

What is the future of open ecosystems, the ancient savannas, grasslands, shrublands, and woodlands that are the central topic of this book? Their trajectories under current and future climate change are difficult to project since their dominant growth forms are only indirectly determined by climate. Rising CO2 is changing the balance so as to favour trees. Woody encroachment is widespread in open ecosystems globally, though the causes are complex, including fire suppression, changes in herbivore densities and composition, and CO2 effects on plant growth. Increasing drought is promoting large fires in woody fuels. The net effect on forest advance or retreat is uncertain. The biggest threat for untransformed open ecosystems is conversion to forests, whether by invasion of native or alien trees, or afforestation schemes targeting their assumed potential for carbon sequestration. This chapter considers the threats to open ecosystems, the consequences of their loss, and changes in policy and management needed to ensure their future.
Cambridge
Authors: Leventhal Fred , Stansky Peter
Published: September 2019

Woolf went to Trinity College, Cambridge, to read Classics. There probably the more important part of his education was the close friendships he formed with Lytton Strachey and Clive Bell as well as John Maynard Keynes from King’s College, Cambridge. Leonard, Strachey, and Keynes were all members of the Apostles, a small select secret discussion group, very much under the influence of the philosopher G. E. Moore. This shaped his ideas about politics, art, and the importance of friendship. At Trinity he also became a good friend of Thoby Stephen, brother of Virginia and Vanessa Stephen. Through these friendships the Bloomsbury Group would come into existence some years later. He also began to write, but in the first instance largely poetry.