bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neutronics Analysis on High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Pebble Bed Reactors by Coupling Monte Carlo Method and Discrete Element Method
Authors: Mehta Kashminder S. , Goddard Braden , Wu Zeyun
Published: October 2024

The High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Pebble Bed Reactor (HTG-PBR) is notable in the advanced reactor realm for its online refueling capabilities and inherent safety features. However, the multiphysics coupling nature of HTG-PBR, involving neutronic analysis, pebble flow movement, and thermo-fluid dynamics, creates significant challenges for its development, optimization, and safety analysis. This study focuses on the high-fidelity neutronic modelling and analysis of HTG-PBR with an emphasis on achieving an equilibrium state of the reactor for long-term operations. Computational approaches are developed to perform high-fidelity neutronics analysis by coupling the superior modelling capacities of the Monte Carlo Method (MCM) and Discrete Element Method (DEM). The MCM-based code OpenMC and the DEM-based code LIGGGHTS are employed to simulate the neutron transport and pebble movement phenomena in the reactor, respectively. To improve the computational efficiency to expedite the equilibrium core search process, the reactor core is discretized by grouping pebbles in axial and radial directions with the incorporation of the pebble position information from DEM simulations. The OpenMC model is modified to integrate fuel circulation and fresh fuel loading. All of these measures ultimately contribute to a successful generation of an equilibrium core for HTG-PBR. For demonstration, X-energy’s Xe-100 reactor—a 165 MW thermal power HTG-PBR—is used as the model reactor in this study. Starting with a reactor core loaded with all fresh pebbles, the equilibrium core search process indicates the continuous loading of fresh fuel is required to sustain the reactor operation after 1000 days of fuel depletion with depleted fuel circulation. Additionally, the model predicts 213 fresh pebbles are needed to add to the top layer of the reactor to ensure the keff does not reduce below the assumed reactivity limit of 1.01.
Functionality of Bearings in the Shafts of a Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Szweda Stanisław , Głuszek Grzegorz , Szyguła Marek , Grzegorzek Wojciech , Adamecki Daniel , Mikuła Jarosław , Mikuła Stanisław
Published: October 2024

The article contains a description of the design solutions proposed by the authors for a hybrid wind turbine bearing, in which the sliding part takes over the load to the turbine shaft after reaching the shaft rotation speed, ensuring hydrodynamic lubrication of the plain bearing and relieving the rolling bearing. This allows for low starting resistance of the power plant and ensures quiet operation during use. Two conceptual solutions of a hybrid bearing were presented, differing in the shape of the plain bearing journal. A mechanism for automatic switching of the load between a rolling and a plain bearing was developed. A solid simulation model of this mechanism was built in the Autodesk Inventor—Dynamic Simulation software Inventor Professional 2023 environment, and its operation was simulated. The results confirmed the usefulness of using this design in shaft-bearing systems of wind turbines with a vertical axis of rotation. Based on the simulation, the speed at which the thrust roller bearing will be released was determined. Technical parameters of a plain bearing with a spherical journal shape were calculated. The height of the lubrication gap and the shaft rotational speed at which the bearing load capacity index reaches a critical value were determined.
Investigating and Analyzing the Influence of a Solar Power Plant’s Life Cycle on the Depletion of Natural Materials and Mineral Resources
Authors: Leda Patryk , Piasecka Izabela , Leda Anna , Szala Grzegorz , Tomporowski Andrzej , Walichnowska Patrycja , Bałdowska-Witos Patrycja , Kruszelnicka Weronika
Published: October 2024

The production process requires massive amounts of minerals, fossil fuels, and energy. The efficient use of energy and natural resources appears to be crucial to the state of affairs. It should be noted that the post-consumer management of solar power plant elements results in a certain amount of power and matter, as well as harmful effects on the natural world. The major goal of this study was to examine the environmental effect of the solar power plant throughout its life cycle, taking into consideration the depletion of natural materials and mineral resources, using the ReCiPe 2016 model. A life cycle study was performed on an actual 2 MW solar power facility located in northern Poland. This study was conducted using the ReCiPe 2016 model and the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The analyzed renewable energy system’s impact was assessed utilizing 22 impact categories, focusing mostly on the depletion of natural resources. A Life Cycle Assessment was conducted for two post-consumer development scenarios (landfill and recycling). This research focuses on the full solar power plant, not just the photovoltaic panels. Recycling, as a kind of post-consumer development, can provide major environmental benefits and minimize negative environmental consequences throughout the solar power plant’s life cycle. The exceedingly harmful effects can be evident in losses related to water and the aquatic environment. The obtained study findings enabled the development of sustainable-friendly recommendations towards the continuous advancement of the life cycle of solar power plants, thereby reducing the use of rare earth minerals.
An Instrumental Analysis of the Triad Association Between Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Screen Time, and Dental Caries in Adolescents
Authors: Xue Hui , Wang Xin , Lai Linyuan , Li Ying , Huang Feng , Ni Xiaoyan , Tian Yong , Li Meng , Fan Lijun , Yang Jie , Du Wei
Published: October 2024

Background: Previous studies reported screen time in association with unhealthy dietary behaviors, such as excessive intake of sugar-sweetened beverages leading to dental caries. Thus, we aimed to explore the association between screen time on mobile devices and dental caries experience in adolescents, as well as whether sugar-sweetened beverages would mediate the association. Methods: We analyzed 24,374 junior and senior high school students of age 12 to 17 years from the 2021 “Surveillance for common diseases and health risk factors among students” Project in Jiangsu Province of China. Dental caries experience was determined by the designated dentists. Screen time and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages were self-reported and treated as a priori risk. We employed an instrumental variable (IV) approach for the current cross-sectional setting. We used the lasso technique to shortlist covariates from a range of confounding factors. Binary logistic regression or ordered logistic regression was performed where appropriate to explore the associations of screen time on mobile devices with dental caries and sugar-sweetened beverages. Results: The prevalence rate of dental caries was 38.4% in the study population. In comparison with <2 h/d screen time on mobile devices, extended screen time (≥2 h/d) was associated with higher dental caries risk (coefficient: 1.27, 95%; confidence interval: 0.80–1.75). Mediation analysis suggested that sugar-sweetened beverage intake might be an independent risk factor for dental caries, instead of the mediator between screen time on mobile devices and dental caries. None of the interaction terms under investigation was statistically significant. Conclusions: Exposure to mobile device screens and sugar-sweetened beverages was associated with dental caries in adolescents. These findings highlighted the importance of increasing awareness of potential risks owing to mobile device usage and sugar-sweetened beverages and the necessity to develop appropriate intervention strategies for school-aged adolescents.
Genetic Variants of Obesity in Malaysia: A Scoping Review
Authors: Hamzah Siti Sarah , Ahmad Zamri Liyana , Abu Seman Norhashimah , Zainal Abidin Nur Azlin
Published: October 2024

Background: Obesity is a pressing public health issue in Malaysia, involving not only excess weight but also complex metabolic and physiological changes. Addressing these complexities requires comprehensive strategies, including understanding the population-level differences in obesity susceptibility. This review aims to compile the genetic variants studied among Malaysians and emphasize their implications for obesity risk. Methods: Relevant articles published up to March 2024 were extracted from the Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. The review process was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. From an initial pool of 579 articles, 35 of these were selected for the final review. Results: The identified gene variants, including LEPR (K656N), LEP (G2548A—Indian only), ADIPOQ (rs17366568), UCP2 (45bp-I/D), ADRB3 (rs4994), MC3R (rs3827103), PPARγ (pro12Ala—Malay only), IL1RA (intron 2 VNTR), NFKB1 (rs28362491), and FADS1 (rs174547—Indian only), showed significant associations with obesity as measured by the respective studies. Conclusions: Overall, more intensive genetic research is needed, starting with population-based profiling of genetic data on obesity, including among children. Sociocultural contexts and environmental factors influence variations in genetic elements, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to mitigate the impacts of obesity in the population.
Progressive Thoracolumbar Tuberculosis in a Young Male: Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Surgical Insights
Authors: Nedelea Dana-Georgiana , Vulpe Diana Elena , Viscopoleanu George , Radulescu Alexandru Constantin , Mihailescu Alexandra Ana , Gradinaru Sebastian , Orghidan Mihnea , Scheau Cristian , Cergan Romica , Dragosloveanu Serban
Published: October 2024

Objective: We present the case of a 26-year-old male with severe spinal tuberculosis of the thoracolumbar region. The patient suffered from worsening back pain over five years, initially responding to over-the-counter analgesics. Despite being proposed surgery in 2019, the patient refused the intervention and subsequently experienced significant disease progression. Methods: Upon re-presentation in 2022, mild involvement of the T12-L1 vertebrae was recorded by imaging, leading to a percutaneous needle biopsy which confirmed tuberculosis. Despite undergoing anti-tuberculous therapy for one year, the follow-up in 2024 revealed extensive infection from T10 to S1, with large psoas abscesses and a pseudo-tumoral mass of the right thigh. The patient was ultimately submitted to a two-stage surgical intervention: anterior resection and reconstruction of T11-L1 with an expandable cage, followed by posterior stabilization from T8-S1. Results: Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with significant pain relief and no neurological deficits. The patient was discharged on a continued anti-tuberculous regimen and remains under close surveillance. Conclusions: This paper presents details on the challenges of diagnosis and management of severe spinal tuberculosis, with emphasis on the importance of timely intervention and multidisciplinary care.
MSI-H Detection by ddPCR in Endoscopic Ultrasound Fine Needle Biopsy (EUS-FNB) from Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Piano Maria Assunta , Boldrin Elisa , Moserle Lidia , Salerno Nicoletta , Fanelli Dalila , Peserico Giulia , Biasin Maria Raffaella , Magni Giovanna , Varano Veronica , Zalgelli Giorgia , Mourmouras Vasileios , Rosato Antonio , Scapinello Antonio , Fantin Alberto , Curtarello Matteo
Published: October 2024

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive disease with limited survival. Curative opportunities are only available for patients with resectable cancer. Palliative chemotherapy is the current standard of care for unresectable tumors. Numerous efforts have been made to investigate new therapeutic strategies for PDAC. Immunotherapy has been found to be effective in treating tumors with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), including PDAC. The ability of the Endoscopic Ultrasound Fine Needle Biopsy (EUS-FNB) to reliably collect tissue could enhance new personalized treatment by permitting genomic alterations analysis. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of obtaining adequate DNA for molecular analysis from EUS-FNB formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens. For this purpose, FFPE-DNA obtained from 43 PDAC archival samples was evaluated to verify adequacy in terms of quantity and quality and was tested to evaluate MSI-H status by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). All samples were suitable for ddPCR analysis. Unlike the 1–2% MSI-H frequency found with traditional techniques, ddPCR detected this phenotype in 16.28% of cases. This study suggests the ddPCR ability to identify MSI-H phenotype, with the possibility of improving the selection of patients who may benefit from immunotherapy and who would be excluded by performing traditional diagnostic methods.
Epitope Spreading in Immune-Mediated Glomerulonephritis: The Expanding Target
Authors: Strizzi Camillo Tancredi , Ambrogio Martina , Zanoni Francesca , Bonerba Bibiana , Bracaccia Maria Elena , Grandaliano Giuseppe , Pesce Francesco
Published: October 2024

Epitope spreading is a critical mechanism driving the progression of autoimmune glomerulonephritis. This phenomenon, where immune responses broaden from a single epitope to encompass additional targets, contributes to the complexity and severity of diseases such as membranous nephropathy (MN), lupus nephritis (LN), and ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). In MN, intramolecular spreading within the phospholipase A2 receptor correlates with a worse prognosis, while LN exemplifies both intra- and intermolecular spreading, exacerbating renal involvement. Similarly, ANCA reactivity in AAV highlights the destructive potential of epitope diversification. Understanding these immunological cascades reveals therapeutic opportunities—targeting early epitope spreading could curb disease progression. Despite promising insights, the clinical utility of epitope spreading as a prognostic tool remains debated. This review provides a complete overview of the current evidence, exploring the dual-edged nature of epitope spreading, the intricate immune mechanisms behind it, and its therapeutic implications. By elucidating these dynamics, we aim to pave the way for more precise, targeted interventions in autoimmune glomerular diseases.
Design, Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties, and Biological Activity of Thymidine Compounds Attached to 5,8-Quinolinedione Derivatives as Potent DT-Diaphorase Substrates
Authors: Kadela-Tomanek Monika
Published: October 2024

After heart disease, cancer is the second-leading cause of death worldwide. The most effective method of cancer treatment is target therapy. One of the potential goals of therapy could be DT-diaphorase, which reduces quinone moiety to hydroquinone, and reactive oxygen species are create as a byproduct. The obtaining of hybrid compounds containing the quinone moiety and other bioactive compounds leads to new derivatives which can activate DT-diaphorase. The aim of this research was the synthesis and characterization of new hybrids of 5,8-quinolinedione with thymidine derivatives. The analysis of the physicochemical properties shows a strong relationship between the structure and properties of the tested compounds. The enzymatic assay shows that hybrids are good substrates of NQO1 protein. The analysis of the structure–activity relationship shows that the localization of nitrogen atoms influences the enzymatic conversion rate. The analysis was supplemented by a molecular docking study. Comparing the results of the enzymatic assay and the molecular docking presents a strong correlation between the enzymatic conversion rate and the scoring value.
Activation of Nrf2 and FXR via Natural Compounds in Liver Inflammatory Disease
Authors: Belka Marta , Gostyńska-Stawna Aleksandra , Stawny Maciej , Krajka-Kuźniak Violetta
Published: October 2024

Liver inflammation is frequently linked to oxidative stress and dysregulation of bile acid and fatty acid metabolism. This review focuses on the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a critical regulator of bile acid homeostasis, and its interaction with the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a key modulator of cellular defense against oxidative stress. The review explores the interplay between FXR and Nrf2 in liver inflammatory diseases, highlighting the potential therapeutic effects of natural FXR agonists. Specifically, compounds such as auraptene, cafestol, curcumin, fargesone A, hesperidin, lycopene, oleanolic acid, resveratrol, rutin, ursolic acid, and withaferin A are reviewed for their ability to modulate both the FXR and Nrf2 pathways. This article discusses their potential to alleviate liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and damage in diseases such as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cholestatic liver injury, and viral hepatitis. In addition, we address the molecular mechanisms driving liver inflammation, including oxidative stress, immune responses, and bile acid accumulation, while also summarizing relevant experimental models. This review emphasizes the promising therapeutic potential of targeting both the Nrf2 and FXR pathways using natural compounds, paving the way for future treatments for liver diseases. Finally, the limitations of the clinical application were indicated, and further research directions were proposed.
Preterm Piglets Born by Cesarean Section as a Suitable Animal Model for the Study of Iron Metabolism in Premature Infants
Authors: Wang Xiuying , Lenartowicz Małgorzata , Mazgaj Rafał , Ogłuszka Magdalena , Szkopek Dominika , Zaworski Kamil , Kopeć Zuzanna , Żelazowska Beata , Lipiński Paweł , Woliński Jarosław , Starzyński Rafał Radosław
Published: October 2024

Preterm infants are most at risk of iron deficiency. However, our knowledge of the regulation of iron homeostasis in preterm infants is poor. The main goal of our research was to develop and validate an animal model of human prematurity to assess iron status in preterm infants. We performed a cesarean section on sows on the 109th day of pregnancy, which corresponds to the last trimester of human pregnancy. Preterm piglets showed decreased body weight, red blood cell indices, plasma iron level and transferrin saturation. Interestingly, higher hepatic and splenic non-heme iron content and plasma and hepatic ferritin levels were found in premature piglets compared with term ones. In addition, premature piglets showed higher mRNA levels of iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin in the liver than term animals, which have not been reflected in higher plasma hepcidin-25 levels. We also showed changes in hepcidin regulators, including hepatic bone morphogenetic protein 6, plasma erythroferrone and growth differentiation factor 15 in preterm piglets. Consequently, no difference was observed in iron-exporter ferroportin levels in the spleen and liver. Overall, it seems that premature piglets show a pattern of iron metabolism characteristic of functional iron deficiency and iron accumulation in the tissue.
Development and Worsening of Hypertension with Age in Male Wistar Rats as a Physiological Model of Age-Related Hypertension: Correction of Hypertension with Taxifolin
Authors: Tukhovskaya Elena A. , Ismailova Alina M. , Perepechenova Natalya A. , Slashcheva Gulsara A. , Palikov Victor A. , Palikova Yulia A. , Rzhevsky Dmitry I. , Rykov Vladimir A. , Novikova Nadezhda I. , Dyachenko Igor A. , Murashev Arkady N.
Published: October 2024

To preclinically study the effectiveness of new antihypertensive drugs, various animal hypertension models are used. However, most of them do not correspond to primary hypertension, which develops in people with age. We used male Wistar rats of 4, 10, 12 and 18 months old. The animals were divided according to systolic blood pressure (SBP) into normotensive (SBP ≤ 114 mmHg) or hypertensive (SBP ≥ 115 mmHg). Within hypertensive animals, two cohorts were distinguished—with SBP below and above 125 mmHg. The animals received 100 µg/kg of taxifolin intraperitoneally for 7 days. A significant difference was shown between animals with SBP above and below 115 mmHg, as well as between cohorts of hypertensive animals with SBP above and below 125 mmHg within each age. The number of animals with elevated SBP increased with age both for clusters with an SBP above 115 mmHg and for cohorts with an SBP above 125 mmHg. Administration of taxifolin led to a significant decrease in the SBP only in hypertensive animals. A physiological model of age-related hypertension was obtained in male Wistar rats. It has been shown that hypertension develops and worsens with age. In preclinical studies, it should be taken into account that drugs may have different effects depending on the initial SBP of the animals.
A Dynamic Event-Triggered Secure Monitoring and Control for a Class of Discrete-Time Markovian Jump Systems: A Plug-and-Play Architecture
Authors: Gao Yi , Li Yunji , Hua Ziyan , Chen Junjie , Wu Yajun
Published: October 2024

In modern industrial applications, production quality, system performance, process reliability, and safety have received considerable attention. This article proposes a dynamic event-triggered attack estimator for Markovian jump stochastic systems susceptible to actuator deception attacks. Utilizing the developed estimator, the presented attack-tolerant control strategy can tolerate the effects of such attacks and ensure the mean-square convergence of the overall closed-loop system. A dynamic event-triggered mechanism is implemented on the sensor side to optimize communication efficiency. To address the potential threat of deception attacks, a plug-and-play (PnP) secure monitoring and control architecture is introduced. This architecture facilitates the seamless integration of the designed attack-tolerant controller with the nominal feedback controller, thereby enhancing system security without requiring significant modifications to the existing control structure. The practicality and effectiveness of the proposed approaches are demonstrated through experimental results on a switched boost converter circuit.
Inference-Based Information Relevance Reasoning Method in Situation Assessment
Authors: Lu Shan , Kokar Mieczyslaw
Published: October 2024

The growing volume of information available to decision-makers makes it increasingly challenging to process all data during decision-making. As a result, a method for selecting only relevant information is highly desirable. Moreover, since the meaning of information depends on its context, the decision-making process requires mechanisms to identify the context of specific scenarios. In this paper, we propose a conceptual framework that utilizes Situation Theory to formalize the concept of context and analyze information relevance. Building on this framework, we introduce an inference-based reasoning process that automatically identifies the information necessary to characterize a given situation. We evaluate our approach in a cybersecurity scenario where computer agents respond to queries by utilizing available information and sharing relevant facts with other agents. The results show that our method significantly reduces the time required to infer answers to situation-specific queries. Additionally, we demonstrate that using only relevant information provides the same answers as using the entire knowledge base. Finally, we show that the method can be applied to a limited set of training queries, allowing the reuse of relevant facts to address new queries effectively.
Why Do People Gather? A Study on Factors Affecting Emotion and Participation in Group Chats
Authors: Yan Lu , Ono Kenta , Watanabe Makoto , Wang Weijia
Published: October 2024

Group chat socialization is increasingly central to online activities, yet design strategies to enhance this experience remain underexplored. This study builds on the Stimuli–Organism–Response (SOR) framework to examine how usability, chat rhythm, and user behavior influence emotions and participation in group chats. Using data from 546 users in China, a relevant demographic given the dominance of platforms like WeChat in both social and professional settings, we uncover insights that are particularly applicable to highly connected digital environments. Our analysis shows significant relationships between usability (γ = 0.236, p < 0.001), chat rhythm (γ = 0.172, p < 0.001), user behavior (γ = 0.214, p < 0.001), and emotions, which directly impact participation. Positive emotions (γ = 0.128, p < 0.05) boost participation, while negative emotions (γ = −0.144, p < 0.01), particularly when linked to user behaviors, reduce it. Additionally, we discussed the mediating effects, notably that usability significantly impacts participation through positive emotions, while user behavior exerts a significant influence on participation through negative emotions. This research offers actionable design strategies, such as tailoring sensory inputs to reduce cognitive load and implementing reward systems to motivate participation. Positive feedback mechanisms enhance engagement by leveraging the brain’s reward systems, while optimized error messages can minimize frustration. These insights, which are particularly relevant for China’s active group chat culture, provide a framework to improve platform design and contribute valuable findings to the broader HCI field.
Application of Kolmogorov–Sinai’s Metric Entropy for the Analysis of Mechanical Properties in the Bending Test of Epoxy–Rubber–Glass Composites
Authors: Abramczyk Norbert , Hajdukiewicz Grzegorz , Charchalis Adam , Żuk Daria
Published: October 2024

The article presents an analysis of the results obtained during the three-point bending test for seven variants of epoxy rubber–glass composites manufactured according to innovative technology. Different contents of rubber recyclate (3, 5, and 7%) and different methods of distribution of the recyclate in the composite structure (1, 2, and 3 layers with a constant share of 5% of the recyclate) were used in the tested materials. To determine the stress values at which critical failures of the tested materials are initiated in the bending test, an analysis was carried out using the Kolmogorov–Sinai (EK-S) metric entropy calculations. The analysis results showed that for each of the above-mentioned variants of the tested epoxy–glass composites, the onset of critical changes occurring in the material structure occurs below the recorded values of the flexural strength Rmg. The decrease in the RmgK-S value in relation to Rmg is different for different material variants and depends mainly on the % content of rubber recyclate and the amount and method of decomposition of rubber recyclate in the layers of the analyzed materials. The research showed that the introduction of rubber recyclate into the composition of composites has a positive effect on their strength properties. This process allows for the efficient use of hard to degrade waste and opens up the possibility of using the newly developed materials in many industrial sectors.
Talaroterpenoids A–F: Six New Seco-Terpenoids from the Marine-Derived Fungus Talaromyces aurantiacus
Authors: Peng Zi-Hong , Jia Hui , Luo Yan-Liang , Zhang Li-Jun , Zhou Jia-Tong , Xie Yuan-Han , Wang Li-Jun , Qin Jiang-Ke , Li Jun , Zhang Guo-Hai , Yang Rui-Yun , Xu Wei-Feng
Published: October 2024

Six new highly oxidized seco-terpenoids, including three 3-nor-labdane type diterpenes, talaroterpenoids A–C (1–3), and three meroterpenoids containing an orthoester group, talaroterpenoids D–F (6–8), together with five known compounds (4–5 and 9–11), were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Talaromyces aurantiacus. Their chemical structures were elucidated through 1D, 2D NMR, HRESIMS, J-based configuration analysis (JBCA), computational ECD calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 contain an unusual 6,20-γ-lactone-bridged scaffold. Compounds 10 and 11 presented inhibitory effects on NO release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 cells with IC50 values of 11.47 and 11.32 μM, respectively. Talaroterpenoid C (3) showed moderate antifungal activity against A. alternata and P. theae Steyaert.
Rats Exposed to Excess Sucrose During a Critical Period Develop Inflammation and Express a Secretory Phenotype of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Guarner-Lans Verónica , Soria-Castro Elizabeth , Cano-Martínez Agustina , Rubio-Ruiz María Esther , Zarco Gabriela , Carreón-Torres Elizabeth , Grimaldo Oscar , Castrejón-Téllez Vicente , Pérez-Torres Israel
Published: October 2024

Background: Neonatal rats that receive sucrose during a critical postnatal period (CP, days 12 to 28) develop hypertension by the time they reach adulthood. Inflammation might contribute to changes during this period and could be associated with variations in the vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) phenotype. Objective: We studied changes in inflammatory pathways that could underlie the expression of the secretory phenotype in the VSMC in the thoracic aorta of rats that received sucrose during CP. Methods: We analyzed histological changes in the aorta and the expression of the COX-2, TLR4, iNOS, eNOS, MMP-2 and -9, and β- and α-actin, the quantities of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β using ELISA, and the levels of fatty acids using gas chromatography. Results: The aortic wall presented disorganization, decellularization, and wavy elastic fibers and an increase in the lumen area. The α- and β-actin expressions were decreased, while COX-2, TLR4, TNF-α, and the activity of IL-6 were increased. Oleic acid was increased in CP in comparison to the control group. Conclusions: There is transient hypertension at the end of the CP that is accompanied by inflammation and a change in the phenotype of VSMC to the secretory phenotype. The inflammatory changes could act as epigenetic signals to determine the development of hypertension when animals reach adulthood.
Unveiling the Metabolic Trajectory of Pig Feces Across Different Ages and Senescence
Authors: Qiao Chuanmin , Liu Chengzhong , Ding Ruipei , Wang Shumei , He Maozhang
Published: October 2024

Porcine models are increasingly recognized for their similarities to humans and have been utilized in disease modeling and organ grafting research. While extensive metabolomics studies have been conducted in swine, primarily focusing on conventional cohorts or specific animal models, the composition and functions of fecal metabolites in pigs across different age groups—particularly in the elderly—remain inadequately understood. In this study, an untargeted metabolomics approach was employed to analyze the fecal metabolomes of pigs at three distinct age stages: young (one year), middle-aged (four years), and elderly (eight years). The objective was to elucidate age-associated changes in metabolite composition and functionality under standardized rearing conditions. The untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed a diverse array of age-related metabolites. Notably, L-methionine sulfoxide levels were found to increase with age, whereas cytidine-5-monophosphate levels exhibited a gradual decline throughout the aging process. These metabolites demonstrated alterations across various biological pathways, including energy metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Collectively, the identified key metabolites, such as L-methionine sulfoxide and Cholecalciferol, may serve as potential biomarkers of senescence, providing valuable insights into the mechanistic understanding of aging in pigs.
The Influence of Thermal Treatment of Activated Carbon on Its Electrochemical, Corrosion, and Adsorption Characteristics
Authors: Świątkowski Andrzej , Kuśmierek Elżbieta , Kuśmierek Krzysztof , Błażewicz Stanisław
Published: October 2024

Activated carbons can be applied in various areas of our daily life depending on their properties. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of thermal treatment of activated carbon on its properties, considering its future use. The characteristics of activated carbon heat-treated at temperatures of 1500, 1800, and 2100 °C based on its future use are presented. The significant effect of the treatment temperature on morphological, adsorption, electrochemical, and corrosion properties was proved. Increasing the temperature above 1800 °C resulted in a significant decrease in the specific surface area (from 969 to 8 m2·g−1) and material porosity—the formation of mesopores (20–100 nm diameter) was observed. Simultaneously, adsorption capability, double layer capacity, and electrochemically active surface area also decreased, which helped to explain the shape of cyclic voltammograms recorded in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and in supporting electrolytes. However, a significant increase in corrosion resistance was found for the carbon material treated at a temperature of 2100 °C (corrosion current decreased by 23 times). Comparison of morphological, adsorption, corrosion, and electrochemical characteristics of the tested activated carbon, its applicability as an electrode material in electrical energy storage devices, and materials for adsorptive removal of organic compounds from wastewater or as a sensor in electrochemical determination of organic compounds was discussed.
Micronized Rose Petal Powder: A Valuable Edible Floral Food Ingredient Containing Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Różyło Renata , Amarowicz Ryszard , Janiak Michał Adam , Domin Marek , Różyło Igor , Rząd Klaudia , Matwijczuk Arkadiusz , Rusinek Robert , Gancarz Marek
Published: October 2024

Flower petals, as byproducts, provide significant health benefits and can be used in food production. In this study, the impact of the micronization process using a ball mill on the properties of micronized powders derived from wild rose petals of the rugosa variety (Rosa rugosa Thunb.) was examined. The micronized rose powders were subjected to an investigation regarding their particle size, color, molecular characterization (FTIR), electronic nose procedure and antioxidant potential. The study found that micronization considerably reduced d50 particle dimensions from 98.6 µm to 39.9 µm. An FTIR analysis revealed the presence of characteristic (2980, 1340, and 1225 cm−1) bands. The hydrolysable tannins are the most abundant polyphenolic chemicals in rose powders, followed by anthocyanins. Rose powders are an extremely valuable antioxidant raw material due to their high total phenol content (71.8 mg GAE/g), which increased by approximately 26% after micronization. The antioxidant activity, as determined by ABTS•+, DPPH• and FRAP, is likewise very high. The intensity of volatile chemicals decreased in powders after micronization.
Macronutrients in Human Milk and Early Childhood Growth—Is Protein the Main Driver?
Authors: Ma Jie , Palmer Debra J. , Lai Ching Tat , Prescott Susan L. , D’Vaz Nina , Vlaskovsky Philip , Stinson Lisa F. , Gridneva Zoya , Geddes Donna T.
Published: October 2024

Background: Infant growth trajectories reflect current health status and may predict future obesity and metabolic diseases. Human milk is tailored to support optimal infant growth. However, nutrient intake rather than milk composition more accurately predicts growth outcomes. Although the role of protein leverage in infant growth is unclear, protein intake is important for early infancy growth. Materials and methods: This study of exclusively breastfeeding mothers with allergies (n = 161) from the Infant Fish Oil Supplementation Study assessed relationships between intake of human milk macronutrients and infant growth. Human milk fat, protein and lactose concentrations were measured at 3 months postpartum, and infant daily intakes were estimated using an average milk intake of 800 mL/day. Results: Higher human milk protein:energy ratio was associated with higher weight-for-age z-score at 2.5 years compared to 3 months and higher body mass index-for-age z-score change (6 months to 1 year compared to 3–6 months). Maternal atopy and birth season (summer) were negatively associated with human milk lactose concentration. Passive smoke exposure was associated with reduced energy and fat concentrations and increased lactose:energy ratio. Conclusions: Our results indicate that intake of human milk macronutrients may impact early childhood growth.
Personalized Nutrition in the Pediatric ICU: Steering the Shift from Acute Stress to Metabolic Recovery and Rehabilitation
Authors: Briassoulis George , Ilia Stavroula , Briassouli Efrossini
Published: October 2024

Background: Nutrition significantly impacts the outcomes of critically ill children in intensive care units (ICUs). Due to the evolving metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immunological disorders associated with severe illness or trauma, there are dynamically changing phases of energy needs requiring tailored macronutrient intake. Objectives: This study aims to assess the changing dietary needs from the acute phase through recovery, provide recommendations for implementing evidence-based strategies to ensure adequate energy and nutrient provision in pediatric ICUs, and optimize patient outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive search of the MEDLINE-PubMed database was conducted, focusing on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews related to the nutrition of critically ill children. The study highlights recent guidelines using the GRADE approach, supplemented by relevant adult studies, current clinical practices, challenges, gaps in knowledge, and future directions for research aimed at improving nutritional interventions. Results: Early personalized, incremental enteral feeding helps mitigate the negative energy balance during the acute phase, aids organ function restoration in the stabilization phase, and supports growth during the recovery phase and beyond. Conversely, early full nutritional support, high protein doses, or isolated micronutrient administration have not demonstrated benefits due to anabolic resistance in these patients. Moreover, early parenteral nutrition during the acute phase may suppress autophagy and lead to worse outcomes. Accurate assessment of nutritional status and monitoring of daily energy and protein needs are crucial. Conclusions: Strong evidence supports the establishment of a dedicated nutritional team and the implementation of individualized nutritional protocols in the ICU to reduce morbidity and mortality in critically ill children.
Exome Sequence Data of Eight SLC Transporters Reveal That SLC22A1 and SLC22A3 Variants Alter Metformin Pharmacokinetics and Glycemic Control
Authors: Morales-Rivera Monserrat I. , Alemón-Medina Radamés , Martínez-Hernández Angélica , Contreras-Cubas Cecilia , Altamirano-Bustamante Nelly F. , Gómez-Garduño Josefina , Mendoza-Caamal Elvia C. , Nuñez-González J. Orlando , García-Álvarez Raquel , Revilla-Monsalve Cristina , Valcarcel-Gamiño José Antonio , Villafan-Bernal José Rafael , Centeno-Cruz Federico , García-Ortiz Humberto , Barajas-Olmos Francisco , Orozco Lorena
Published: October 2024

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the leading causes of mortality and is a public health challenge worldwide. Metformin is the first-choice treatment for T2D; its pharmacokinetics (PK) is facilitated by members of the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily of transporters, it is not metabolized, and it is excreted by the kidney. Although interindividual variability in metformin pharmacokinetics is documented in the Mexican population, its pharmacogenomics is still underexplored. We aimed to identify variants in metformin SLC transporter genes associated with metformin PK and response in Mexican patients. Methods: Using exome data from 2217 Mexican adults, we identified 86 biallelic SNVs in the eight known genes encoding SLC transporters, with a minor allele frequency ≥ 1%, which were analyzed in an inadequate glycemic control (IGC) association study in T2D metformin treated patients. Metformin PK was evaluated in a pediatric cohort and the effect of associated SNVs was correlated. Results: Functional annotation classified two SNVs as pathogenic. The association study revealed two blocks associated with IGC. These haplotypes comprise rs622591, rs4646272, rs4646273, and rs4646276 in SLC22A1; and rs1810126 and rs668871 in SLC22A3. PK profiles revealed that homozygotes of the SLC22A1 haplotype reached lower plasma metformin concentrations 2 h post administration than the other groups. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the potential of pharmacogenomics studies to enhance precision medicine, which may involve dosage adjustments or the exploration of alternative therapeutic options. These hold significant implications for public health, particularly in populations with a high susceptibility to develop metabolic diseases, such as Latin Americans.
Innovations in Nanoemulsion Technology: Enhancing Drug Delivery for Oral, Parenteral, and Ophthalmic Applications
Authors: Jacob Shery , Kather Fathima Sheik , Boddu Sai H. S. , Shah Jigar , Nair Anroop B.
Published: October 2024

Nanoemulsions (NEs) are submicron-sized heterogeneous biphasic liquid systems stabilized by surfactants. They are physically transparent or translucent, optically isotropic, and kinetically stable, with droplet sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm. Their unique properties, such as high surface area, small droplet size, enhanced bioavailability, excellent physical stability, and rapid digestibility, make them ideal for encapsulating various active substances. This review focuses on recent advancements, future prospects, and challenges in the field of NEs, particularly in oral, parenteral, and ophthalmic delivery. It also discusses recent clinical trials and patents. Different types of in vitro and in vivo NE characterization techniques are summarized. High-energy and low-energy preparation methods are briefly described with diagrams. Formulation considerations and commonly used excipients for oral, ocular, and ophthalmic drug delivery are presented. The review emphasizes the need for new functional excipients to improve the permeation of large molecular weight unstable proteins, oligonucleotides, and hydrophilic drugs to advance drug delivery rapidly.
Building Bridges: The Influence of the Islamic Religious Community on North Macedonia’s Interfaith and Socio-Political Dynamics
Authors: Ali Muhamed , Idriz Mesut , AbdelRahman AbdelRahman Ahmed , Islami Islam , Farzana Kazi Fahmida
Published: October 2024

This article critically examines the Islamic Religious Community (IRC) in North Macedonia, focusing on its significant role in influencing religious practices, socio-political dynamics, and interfaith relations within the country. Since its inception following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the IRC has been central to redefining the public role of Islam, advocating for religious freedoms, and supporting the development of democratic values. Through a mixed-methods approach, this research traces the historical evolution of the IRC, analyzes its constitutional and legal framework, and assesses its impact on North Macedonia’s multi-ethnic and multi-religious society. While the IRC’s contributions to promoting interfaith understanding and national stability are highlighted, the study also critically engages with the institution’s shortcomings, particularly the controversies related to its leadership and the challenges posed by its political entanglements. These issues have, at times, compromised the IRC’s efforts in fostering social cohesion and interfaith harmony. The findings provide valuable insights into the complex role of religious institutions in enhancing social stability and democratic governance in diverse societies, positioning the IRC as a significant case study with implications for similar contexts globally.
The State of the Art in Philippians Scholarship: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Blois Isaac Douglas , Lamb Gregory E.
Published: October 2024

This current volume reflects recent research from a wide spectrum of varying perspectives and approaches to Philippians from senior and early career Pauline scholars across the globe [...]
Deep-Learning for Change Detection Using Multi-Modal Fusion of Remote Sensing Images: A Review
Authors: Saidi Souad , Idbraim Soufiane , Karmoude Younes , Masse Antoine , Arbelo Manuel
Published: October 2024

Remote sensing images provide a valuable way to observe the Earth’s surface and identify objects from a satellite or airborne perspective. Researchers can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the Earth’s surface by using a variety of heterogeneous data sources, including multispectral, hyperspectral, radar, and multitemporal imagery. This abundance of different information over a specified area offers an opportunity to significantly improve change detection tasks by merging or fusing these sources. This review explores the application of deep learning for change detection in remote sensing imagery, encompassing both homogeneous and heterogeneous scenes. It delves into publicly available datasets specifically designed for this task, analyzes selected deep learning models employed for change detection, and explores current challenges and trends in the field, concluding with a look towards potential future developments.
Research on Forage–Livestock Balance in the Three-River-Source Region Based on Improved CASA Model
Authors: Hu Chenlu , Tian Yichen , Yin Kai , Huang Huiping , Li Liping , Chen Qiang
Published: October 2024

As an important ecological barrier and a crucial base for animal husbandry in China, the forage–livestock balance in the Three-River-Source Region (TRSR) directly impacts both the degradation and recovery of grassland. This study examines the forage–livestock balance in the TRSR over the past 13 years (2010–2022) by calculating both the theoretical and actual livestock carrying capacity, thereby providing a scientific basis for regional animal husbandry policies. Firstly, the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) model was improved to fit the specific characteristics of alpine grassland ecosystem in the TRSR. This enhanced model was subsequently used to calculate the net primary productivity (NPP) of the grassland, from which the regional grassland yield and theoretical livestock carrying capacity were derived. Secondly, the actual livestock carrying capacity was calculated and spatialized based on the number of regional year-end livestock. Finally, the livestock carrying pressure index was determined using both the theoretical and actual livestock carrying capacity. The results revealed several key findings: (1) The average grassland NPP in the TRSR was 145.44 gC/m2, the average grassland yield was 922.7 kg/hm2, and the average theoretical livestock carrying capacity was 0.55 SU/hm2 from 2010 to 2022. Notably, all three metrics showed an increasing trend over the past 13 years, which indicates the rise in grassland vegetation activities. (2) The average actual livestock carrying capacity over the 13-year period was 0.46 SU/hm2, showing a decreasing trend on the whole. The spatial distribution displayed a pattern of higher capacity in the east and lower in the west. (3) Throughout the 13 years, the TRSR generally maintained a forage–livestock balance, with an average livestock carrying pressure index of 0.96 (insufficient). However, the trend of livestock carrying pressure is on the rise, with serious overloading observed in the western part of Qumalai County and the northern part of Tongde County. Slight overloading was also noted in Zhiduo, Maduo, and Zeku Counties. Notably, Tanggulashan Town, Zhiduo, Qumalai, and Maduo Counties showed significant increases in livestock carrying pressure, while Zaduo County and the eastern regions experienced significant decreases. In conclusion, this study not only provides feasible technical methods for assessing and managing the forage–livestock balance in the TRSR but also contributes significantly to the sustainable development of the region’s grassland ecosystem and animal husbandry industry.