bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antipodean Myths Transformed: The Evolution of Australian Identity
Authors: Arthur Paul
Published: August 2007

Australia and the South Pacific held a special status in the eighteenth century: this was the farthest region from Europe and the last part of the earth remaining for Europeans to explore and chart. In the context of European nations’ own histories of discovering and exploring the world beyond Europe's borders, this region is unique in the sense that no other part of the earth had such a substantial and well‐documented body of European thought devoted to it over such a long period of time prior to its physical discovery. The ‘antipodes’ existed in the European imagination for approximately two thousand years before Europeans set foot on antipodean lands. Myths inspired explorers to go searching for the genuine antipodes, and voyages were often undertaken with the specific aim of finding the uncharted places that punctuated otherwise formless maps. Rival European nations, with different aims and agendas, each had their own specific visions of the antipodes that they sought to fulfil through exploration and conquest. Myths of the antipodes had an important role to play in this. Not only did they have the effect of fuelling the desire to find the antipodes, but they also formed a strong foundation for justifying colonisation, on moral and religious grounds. This article outlines a history of antipodean mythology, tracing its representation in European literature and cartography from the classical period to the nineteenth century. The discussion then investigates how these long established mythologies were transformed to produce a prototypical Australian identity in the early colonial period from Australia's British settlement in 1788 to the 1850s. The article concludes by reflecting on continuities of antipodean imagery in perceptions of Oceania today.
A STUDY OF VACUOLARIA VIRESCENS CIENKOWSKI1
Authors: Spencer Lorraine B.
Published: August 2007

Good collections of Vacuolaria virescens Cienkowski made from a pond in Forsyth County, North Carolina, marks the first recorded appearance of large numbers of this rare genus in the United States. The abundance of this material permitted a careful study of the gross morphology, nuclear structure, organelles, reproduction, and cyst formation, as well as of the ecology of the flagellates. Definitive descriptions of Vacuolaria virescens and V. viridis (Dang.) Senn by European authors are inconsistent and contradictory. Characteristics earlier attributed to each of these species have been found in the American, taxon. Indications are that the taxa described belong to the same species, V. virescens.
THE NUCLEAR CYTOLOGY OF SIROGONIUM1,2
Authors: Wells Charles V. , Hoshaw Robert W.
Published: August 2007

The nuclear cytology of 9 strains of Sirogonium is described. The interphase nucleus contains 1–3 nucleoli, a nucleolar‐organizing track, and many (>100) chromocenters. During the division cycle the nucleoli are transformed into a nucleolar substance which becomes associated with the chromosome and is transported through mitosis on the chromosomes. All strains possess minute dot chromosomes varying in length at metaphase from 0.5 to 1.5 μ; satellite chromosomes are 2.5–3.5 μ long. The number of chromosomes varies from 48 ± 2 to 100 ± 2. No evidence of centromeric activity was observed.
CONJUGATION IN SPIROGYRA1
Authors: Fowke Larry C. , Pickett‐Heaps Jeremy D.
Published: August 2007

Conjugating filaments of Spirogyra were examined with both light and electron microscopes. Initially 2 or more filaments of Spirogyra were attached by mucilagenous material. Papillae appeared first in one filament and then in adjacent positions on the other filament. Subsequent growth of papillae separated the conjugating filaments; wall microtubules disappeared in papillae as they elongated. Golgi activity then increased markedly only in the male filament; mucilage production by these Golgi coincided with contraction of the male gamete from its cell wall and may be responsible for its subsequent migration. The end walls separating papillae dissolved to form the conjugation tube, allowing gamete union. The male protoplast then migrated through the tube and further cytoplasmic condensation formed an elliptical‐shaped zygote. During the migration phase, zygote wall formation was initiated and numerous active Golgi apparently contributed material to it. Early zygote maturation was characterized by rapid wall formation and an increase in lipid droplets.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF PIKEA CALIFORNICA HARV.1
Authors: Scott Joseph L. , Dixon Peter S.
Published: August 2007

Controlled environment culture studies have disclosed that Pikea californica has a life history with morphologically dissimilar gametangial and tetrasporangial phases. The effects of light intensity and photoperiod on tetrasporogenesis, cell division, and, cell elongation in the tetrasporangial phase of P. californica are discussed.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATION OF CROSSWALLS IN THE BLUE‐GREEN ALGA SPIRULINA MAJOR1,2
Authors: Holmgren Paul R. , Hosteller H. P. , Scholes Vernon E.
Published: August 2007

Spirulina major Kütz. was observed with the electron microscope and compared at the ultrastructural level with a species of Arthrospira. The presence, of crosswalls which develop by progressive ingrowth from peripheral walls was demonstrated in S. major. Since cellular septation is not consistent with the generally accepted characters of the genus Spirulina, a taxonomic shift may be indicated.
CARBON, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS AND THE EUTROPHICATION OF FRESHWATER LAKES1
Authors: Schindler D. W.
Published: August 2007

The question of nutrients responsible for eutrophication of freshwater lakes is reviewed, and recent additions to the literature on nutrient limitation are discussed.

The paper by Lange is criticized on several grounds, including the facts that utilization of HCO3− by phytoplankton and the invasion of lake waters by atmospheric CO2 are ignored as sources of photosynthetic carbon. The phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations used in Lange's experiments are far higher than values published by others for Lakes Erie and Ontario.

Preliminary results of fertilizing a small oligotrophic lake with nitrogen and phosphorus are described. The standing crop of phytoplankton increased by 30–50 ×, while the P:N:C ratio in seston did not change from ratios found in unfertilized lakes. Other experiments done in water columns isolated with polyethylene film showed that addition of carbon did not increase the phytoplankton standing crop. Since the fertilized lake was initially lower in total CO2 than any other recorded in the literature, it is concluded that carbon is unlikely to limit the standing crop of phytoplankton in almost any situation.

Measurements of invasion of atmospheric gases to the fertilized lake by the Rn222 technique were compared with phytoplankton production measurements, revealing that atmospheric invasion of CO2 is sufficient to support the high phytoplankton standing crop in the epilimnion of the lake.

Possible errors in interpretation of culture and bottle‐bioassay experiments with respect to eutrophication are discussed.
GROWTH AND THE PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR SUBSTANCES BY TWO STRAINS OF PHAEOCYSTIS POUCHETI1,2
Authors: Guillard R. R. L. , Hellebust Johan A.
Published: August 2007

Clones of Phaeocystis were isolated from winter surface waters off Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and from the tropical Atlantic near Surinam, South America. Northern strains survived only up to 14 C, while the tropical strain survived only as low as 17 C. Colony shapes of the northern and tropical clones differed somewhat, but the motile and non‐motile single cells of both strains seemed identical in the light microscope. By current taxonomic criteria both strains belong to the species P. poucheti (Hariot) Lagerheim.

When growing in the form of colonies, both strains excreted 16–64% of their photoassimilated carbon into the medium, mainly as carbohydrates of varying molecular weights. However, cultures predominantly in the form of single cells released only about 3% of their photoassimilated carbon. The qualitative composition of the carbohydrates released is similar for the 2 strains, consisting of some 8 sugars or sugar derivatives with glucose, mannose, and rhamnose as the dominant components. The production of acrylic acid was confirmed. We estimate that as much as 7 μg/liter of acrylic acid, and at least 0.3 mg/liter of polysaccharides can be liberated in a Phaeocystis bloom.
THE CULTURE COLLECTION OF ALGAE AT INDIANA UNIVERSITY–ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTION JULY 1966–JULY 19711
Authors: Starr Richard C.
Published: August 2007

Over 250 new strains of algae have been added to the Collection since the latest supplementary list was published in 1966. The formulae for additional maintenance media and for useful experimental media are included. Reprints of this supplementary list and both previous listings are available without charge from the Collection.
OBSERVATIONS ON SNOW ALGAE IN CALIFORNIA1,2
Authors: Thomas William H.
Published: August 2007

Algae that impart a red color to snowfields are rather common in California. Red snow occurs mainly in the Sierra Nevada at altitudes of 10,000–12,000 ft (3050–3600 in) and can occur at high altitudes where snow persists in other parts of the state. The distribution in the Sierra was similar in 1969 and 1970, contrasting snowfall years. Colored snow was found from May to October in old, wet snow‐fields. The predominant color was red and occurred as surface patches in depressions in the snow. The color could extend as deep as 30 cm below the snow surface.

Algae in the snowfields of the Tioga Pass area (Sierra Nevada) were large, red, spherical cells of Chlamydomonas nivalis. No other algae were seen. Their distribution, as measured by cell numbers and chlorophyll a, was patchy. Algal cells and chlorophyll a were mainly distributed at or near the snow surface but extended down to a depth of 10 cm. Light intensity was greatly attenuated by snow, but enough light for photosynthesis was found at 50 cm below the surface. Nutrient content of one snow sample was very low. The populations were very actively photosynthetic and took up as much as 65% of added 14CO2 in only 3 hr. It was tentatively concluded that CO2 limits in situ photosynthesis. Photosynthesis was inhibited by melting snow samples. Rough calculations of the growth rate suggested in situ generation times of only a few days for these algae.
A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF PLASTOQUINONE A IN TWO THERMOPHILIC BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE1
Authors: Sheridan Richard P.
Published: August 2007

The thermophilic blue‐green alga Synechococcus lividus strain Y52 was shown to have plastoquinone (PQ) types A, B, and C. The values PQA per cell and chlorophyll a per cell are presented with the changes in the ratio of PQA to chlorophyll a for cells grown at different light intensities.
COMPARATIVE CYTOLOGY OF ULOTHRIX AND STIGEOCLONIUM1
Authors: Floyd Gary L. , Stewart Kenneth D. , Mattox Karl R.
Published: August 2007

This investigation describes the cytology of the ulotrichalean genera Ulothrix and Stigeoclonium. Cellular organization is similar to the degree that interphase cells of the 2 genera cannot be distinguished with certainly. In Stigeoclonium, the nuclear envelope becomes disrupted at the end of prophase, and centrioles enter the nucleoplasm. At metaphase the nuclear envelope is again intact, and some of the spindle tubules appear to be contiguous with the nuclear envelope. The spindle in Ulothrix is essentially open with, no attachment of spindle tubules to the nuclear envelope and with, centrioles on the spindle‐cytoplasm interface at the spindle poles. Spindle poles are blunt in Stigeoclonium and pointed in Ulothrix. Cytokinesis is by cell plate formation in both genera, but there is no phragmoplast.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF BROWN ALGAE ON THE ATLANTIC COAST OF VIRGINIA. I. PORTERINEMA FLUVIATILE (PORTER) WAERN1,2
Authors: Rhodes Russell G.
Published: August 2007

Porterinema fluviatile (Porter) Waern has been found, as a microscopic filament on a culm of Spartina from a tidal marsh on the Atlantic coast of Virginia. This represents the first report for Porterinema from a marine site in North, America.
VIRUSLIKE PARTICLES IN THE MARINE ALGA CHORDA TOMENTOSA LYNGBYE (PHAEOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Toth Ronald , Wilce R. T.
Published: August 2007

Polyhedral viruslike particles 170 nm in diameter were found in 3‐day‐old spores of the brown alga Chorda tomentosa Lyngbye grown in unsterilized seawater. In sterile seawater, spores of the same species were free of these particles and cell wall development around naked settled, zoospores and subsequent spore germination proceeded, normally. Spores containing the putative virus particles did not develop cell walls or show signs of germination. Severe lysis of cell organelles always accompanied, the presence of these particles.
THE CELL WALL OFCOSMARIUM BOTRYTIS12
Authors: Lott John N. A. , Harris Graham P. , Turner Christine D.
Published: August 2007

The cell wall ofCosmarium botrytiswas studied through the use of the freeze‐etch technique. The cell wall consists of many thin layers. Fracturing along one layer reveals the positioning of the wall sculpturing, wall pores, and wall microfibrils. The individual microfibrils are grouped together in bands of parallel oriented fibrils. The different bands of parallel microfibrils were apparently arranged at random angles with regard to each other. Small particles may also be present in the cell walls.

The cell wall pore unit ofCosmarium botrytiswas studied through the use of scanning, freeze‐etching, and thin sectioning techniques. The pore sheaths, on the outside of the cell wall, form a collar around the mouth of each pore. The pore sheath is composed of needle‐like fibrils radiating outward from the pore. A pore channel traverses the cell wall and leads to a complex pore bulb region between the cell wall and the plasmalemma. The pore bulb contains many small fibrils which radiate toward the plasmalemma from a number of net‐like fibril layers which in turn merge into a very electron dense region near the base of the pore.
ENDOGENOUS LEVELS OF INDOLE‐3‐ACETIC ACID IN SYNCHRONOUS CULTURES OF CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA12
Authors: Grotbeck Larry , Vance B. Dwain
Published: August 2007

Endogenous levels of indole‐3‐acetic acid were mesaured in synchronous cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (TX‐7‐11‐05). The cultures were synchronized by alternating light:dark periods of 15:9 hr at a temperature of 40 ± 1 C. After 2 synchronous cycles the cultures were exposed to a low light treatment of 350 ± 100 ft‐c. The time to incipient cell division under these conditions was 6 hr and 15 min. Samples were taken at 3 sampling periods during the low light treatment period:low light 0 hr (LL0); low light 3 hr (LL3); and low light 6:15 hr (LL6:15). The algal extracts were analyzed by a fluorometric procedure which measured the indole‐α‐pyrone product formed by the action of the trifluoracetic acid‐acetic anhydride reagent with IAA.

The IAA levels increased gradually from the autospore stage (5.19 μg × 10−4/mg dry wt) to the adolescent stage (7.13 μg × 10−4/mg dry wt) and more rapidly when approaching the ripened adult stage (14.55 μg × 10−4/mg dry wt). The mean percentage increase from autospore to adolescent was 36.9%, and from adolescent to ripened adult 104.6%. The total percentage increase from autospore to adult was 180.3%. Levels of IAA were 2 times higher just prior to division than in the autospore stage.
SCHIZOMERIS—A GROWTH FORM OF STIGEOCLONIUM TENUE (CHLOROPHYTA:CHAETOPHORACEAE)1
Authors: Campbell Ella O. , Sarafis V.
Published: August 2007

Schizomeris leibleinii Kütz. was found as an ecophene of Stigeoclonium tenue (Ag.) Kütz. in Centennial Lake, Palmerston North, New Zealand. The Schizomeris form occurred in autumn when the water was polluted by a large number of ducks. Sampling of the plant population of the lake and culture work showed that S. tenue has a high degree of polymorphism. Other forms of it which developed both in the lake and in culture were indistinguishable from Protoderma Kütz. emend. Borzi, from Uronema Lagerheim, or from Pearsoniella Fritsch and Rich, respectively.
l‐THREONINE DEAMINASE IN MARINE PLANKTONIC ALGAE. II. DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUP REQUIREMENTS OF ENZYME ACTIVITY IN TWO CRYPTOPHYTES1
Authors: Antia Naval J. , Kripps Robert S. , Desai Indrajit D.
Published: August 2007

The “biosynthetic”l threonine (deaminating) dehydratase of 2 cryptophytes (Chroomonas salina and Hemiselmis virescens) showed sensitive inhibition from all thiols tested (dithiothreitol, cysteine, etc.) but no effect from ascorbic acid or reduced NAD. By contrast, the enzyme activities from 5 noncryptophyceaen unicellular algae (2 cyanophytes, 1 rhodophyte, 1 diatom, 1 chlorophyte) were generally not affected by any of these reagents. The thiol reagent inhibition of the cryptophyte enzymes (1) achieved saturation with 60–70% reduction in activity, (2) was considerably reduced by pretreatment of the enzymes with l‐threonine and l‐isoleucine, and (3) was partially reversed by subsequent treatment with arsenite and exposure to air. It was deduced that such inhibitions were caused by thiol‐specific reduction of enzyme‐protein disulfide groups essential for the full expression of activity and that these groups were susceptible to ready reductive cleavage and oxidative restoration. This disulfide requirement, unique to the cryptophytes, may be the first recorded case of such a property of threonine dehydratase from all forms of life hitherto studied. The additional activity requirement of the cryptophyte enzymes for sulfhydryl groups (which requirement was common to all the algal enzymes) was confirmed (1) by the study of their sensitivity to inhibition from mercurials and disulfide‐sulfhydryl exchanging reagents, and (2) by the partial reversal of these inhibitions from subsequent treatment with dithio‐threitol. Both cryptophyte enzymes were densitized to feedback inhibition from l‐isoleucine by prior exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of HgCl2 or dithiodipyridine.
ASEXUAL DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS OF THE DIATOM STAURONEIS ANCEPS IN CULTURE123
Authors: Hostetter H. P. , Hoshaw Robert W.
Published: August 2007

During several months under controlled growth conditions, cell division in the diatom Stauroneis anceps resulted in a gradual decrease in length as predicted by the Macdonald‐Pfitzer hypothesis. Cells of a clone decreased in average length from 35 to 17 μ. The smallest cell observed measured 12 μ. Cells longer than 26 μ typically had capitate ends. As the cells became shorter, there was a gradual decrease in this capitate configuration with the smallest cells being oval in outline. The estimated increment of size reduction due to cell division in the clone was 0.1 μ per division. This value is dependent on the assumption of random division. Populations with cells less than 28 μ in length showed an increase in valve aberrations, but these cells continued to reproduce. A cell 13 μ long and similar to the smallest specimen of the clone was observed from a core sample with fossil specimens of S. anceps.
TOXICITY OF COPPER TO THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA IN UNENRICHED INSHORE SEAWATER1
Authors: Erickson Stanton J.
Published: August 2007

Toxicity of copper to T. pseudonana (formerly Cyclotella nana, clone 13‐1) wax examined in inshore seawater using a 96‐hr bioassay method. Raw unenriched seawater wax filtered through a 0.22‐μ membrane filter and then pasteurized, for 30 min at 60 C. Following this treatment, samples contained 0.68–1.14 μg Cu/liter. Copper was added as the chloride in 5‐μg increments over the range of 5 to 30 μg/liter (about 0.1–0.5 μM). Population densities, mean cell, volume, and 14C bicarbonate uptake were measured.

Population growth, and 14C uptake by T. pseudonana displayed inhibition over the entire range of added copper. Growth rate constant (k) of T. pseudonana decreased with increasing copper concentration and during the course of growth at each concentration. Correspondingly, mean cell volumes increased with copper concentration and time. Copper toxicity varied in different water samples. The presence of decomposed natural plankton and detritus decreased toxicity. In the absence of enrichment, bacteria had little effect on copper toxicity. H exults were influenced by glassware treatment, collection and storage of seawater, and absence of enrichments.
CELL DIVISION IN COSMARIUM BOTRYTIS1
Authors: Pickett‐Heaps Jeremy
Published: August 2007

Cell division in Cosmarium is described. Premitotic cells are very dense; the semicells, previously appressed to one another, separate slightly during entry into prophase. This separation coincides with deposition of a girdle of new wall material around the isthmus, where the 2 semicells are joined. Micro‐tubules, abundant around the isthmus wall during interphase, all disappear during prophase; meanwhile, other microtubules proliferate outside the nuclear envelope. By metaphase, the nucleolus has dispersed, although remnants of it persist. The nuclear envelope breaks up, but some membranes coat metaphase chromosomes. The spindle, while being typical, is somewhat multipolar; microtubules, usually associated with elements of endoplasmic reticulum, are oriented toward numerous regions in the poles. During anaphase and telophase, these spindle tubules become increasingly directed toward a few discrete foci, and they persist after telophase. Meanwhile, the septum grows from the girdle of wall material to bisect the cell.

After cytokinesis, some microtubules reappear near the isthmus, but only adjacent to the older, non‐expanding semicell wall. Cell expansion then takes place, during which the nucleus, ensheathed in a complex microtubular system, moves into the forming semicell. Later, the chloroplast follows the nucleus and its 2 pyrenoids elongate and divide. When semicell expansion is complete, the chloroplast cleaves adjacent to the isthmus. The nucleus, now apparently not associated with microtubules, concurrently moves back into the isthmus.

Continuous deposition of primary wall material accompanies cell expansion. Wall materials are apparently secreted as aggregates (perhaps derived from the contents of vesicles) adjacent to the plasmalemma, whose fibrous components become increasingly oriented in the outer layers of the wall by stretching. Late in semicell formation, this deposition ceases and during further expansion, the semi‐cell develops a pattern of warts and ridges. Secondary wall deposition under the primary wall then follows, matching this pattern of ornamentation. In addition, numerous plugs of amorphous material capped by specialized regions of the plasmalemma, traverse the entire thickness of the secondary wall which becomes further thickened at these particular sites. The amorphous plugs presumably are eroded away later to form the mucilage pores of the vegetative cells. The wall microtubules gradually become more symmetrically arrayed around the isthmus as this new secondary wall thickens.

These observations are discussed in comparison with other work on morphogenesis in desmids.
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH ILLUMINATION ON THE PIGMENTATION OF A MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE12
Authors: Mandelli Enrique F.
Published: August 2007

Amphidinium klebsii cultures grown under different light intensities exhibited similar chlorophyll a content per cell.

Among the accessory pigments, chlorophyll c concentration decreased slightly in cells exposed to increasing light intensities up to 0.129 ly/min. The concentration of the 2 major xanthophylls present in A. klebsii cells–peridinin and diadinoxanthin–however, varied according to the light background of the cells. Some biochemical pathways in the formation of peridinin in dinoflagellates are discussed.
THE ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES OF THE MARINE ALGA STICHOCHRYSIS IMMOBILIS (CHRYSOPHYTA)12
Authors: Berland Berigitte R. , Bonin Daniel J. , Cornu Alain L. , Maestrini Serge Y. , Marino Jean‐Paul
Published: August 2007

Two substances with antibacterial activity have been concentrated from the culture medium of Stichochrysis immobilis before senescence occurred, and purified, by a Sephadex G‐25 filtration followed by 2‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatography on Merck F‐254 silica gel plates. One of the substances is obviously a peptide; 11 different amino acids are linked in a 30 amino acid molecule (MW 3400). It was not possible to assign a chemical group to the second substance (MW ≃ 2600); it may be related to “humic acids” (Kalle's gelbstoff). Growth of the most sensitive bacteria was completely inhibited by 20‐fold, or higher, concentrations of substances from the algal culture filtrate (assuming no loss of substances during the concentration processes). The 54 strains of test bacteria were of various origins, though mostly isolated from algal cultures or obtained directly from the marine environment.
INHIBITION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ALGAE BY DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE1
Authors: Cheng K. H. , Grodzinski B. , Colman Brian
Published: August 2007

Photosynthetic oxygen evolution and 14CO2 fixation by 3 blue‐green algae, Anabaena flos‐aquae, Oscillatoria sp., and Anacystis nidulans, and 1 green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, were: inhibited by dimethyl sulfoxide at concentrations above 1%.
VIRUS‐LIKE PARTICLES AND NUCLEAR INCLUSIONS IN THE RED ALGA PORPHYRIDIUM PURPUREUM (BORY) DREW ET ROSS1
Authors: Chapman Russell L. , Lang Norma J.
Published: August 2007

Ultrastructural examination of the unicellular red alga Porphyridium purpureum has revealed cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions termed concentrosomes. These bodies are morphologically distinct from the irregular membranous inclusions previously reported by others as concentric bodies. In thin section, the morphology of concentrosomes varies from a simple set of 3 or 4 (or rarely 5) concentrically arranged, electron‐opaque, circular profiles to elongate, sinuous forms and particulate aggregations, the majority clearly within the nucleus but separated front the nucleoplasm by what appears to be the nuclear envelope. Although simple concentrosomes may be observed in either the cytoplasm or the nuclei, the more elaborate forms occur only in nuclei. In addition to the concentrosomes, subspherical to polygonal virus‐like particles of approximately 40 nm diameter have been observed in P. purpureum. These particles are characterized by an electron‐opaque perimeter that, in approximately equal numbers, surrounds an “empty” or an opaque core. Dense arrays of the virus‐like particles appear in the cytoplasm but not in the nuclei. Similarities between certain forms of the concentrosomes and the virus‐like particles are suggestive of an ontogenetic relationship. The infrequency with which either the concentrosomes or the virus‐like particles are observed has hampered attempts to verify a developmental sequence or to establish unequivocally the infectious nature of the virus‐like particles.
ALGAL EXCRETION OF 14C‐LABELED COMPOUNDS AND MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS IN CYANIDIUM CALDARIUM MATS1
Authors: Belly R. T. , Tansey M. R. , Brock T. D.
Published: August 2007

Acid spring effluents are often covered with mats of the eucaryotic phycocyanin‐containing alga. Cyanidium caldarium. The primary bacterial component of such mats is an acidophilic strain of Bacillus coagulans, and the primary fungal component is Dactylaria gallopava. Because of the limited species diversity, C. caldarium mats appeared to be an excellent system for studying algal excretion and various microbial interactions in nature. From 2 to 6% of the NaH14CO3 taken up by natural or laboratory populations of the alga was excreted as 14C‐labeled materials. The maximum excretion occurred at temperature, light, and pH values optimum for NaH14CO3 uptake. However, when excretion was expressed as a percentage of NaH14CO3 uptake, a higher percentage of the radioactivity was excreted at nonoptimal conditions for NaH14CO3 uptake. Fungal biomass was directly proportional to algal density, but bacterial numbers varied widely and did not correlate with algal numbers. The bacterial and fungal components could be grown in mixed culture with either growing C. caldarium cultures or in an extract prepared, by healing algal cells.
MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS, THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMODESMATA, AND OTHER CYTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE ULOTRICHALES, ULVALES, AND CHAETOPHORALES: PHYLOGENETIC AND TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS1
Authors: Stewart Kenneth D. , Mattox Karl R. , Floyd Gary L.
Published: August 2007

The results of previous research and a present survey of some of the cytological characteristics of 18 additional genera and 34 additional species are presented and discussed from the viewpoint of phylogenetic and taxonomic significance. A preliminary attempt is made to place these, algae, in 4 orders on the basis of comparative cytology, and in particular on the basis of variation in mitosis and cytokinesis and the distribution of plasmodesmata. Consideration is given to the evolution of the phragmoplast and to the hypothesis that the Chaetophorales are related to the ancestry of land plants.
PHYCOLOGICAL NOTES. H. EUGLENA MYXOCYLINDRACEA SP. NOV.12
Authors: Bold Harold C. , Frank J. MacEntee S. J.
Published: August 2007

A previously undescribed species of Euglena, E. myxocylindracea, sp. nov., is described from soil in a garden and in a while pine woods in Pike County, Pa. In addition to the, type, an organism (No. 457) in the Culture Collection of Algae. Indiana University, hitherto designated E. viridis var. terricola. is transferred to E. myxocylindracea as var. terricola. Differences such as the usual absence of an emergent flagellum, or the presence of an extremely short one (ca. 3.5–4 μ), and the dominance of a palmelloid state in a variety of liquid and solid culture media in which the cells secrete dichotomously branching slimy cylinders distinguish the new species from E. viridis.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF GAMETOGENESIS IN LAMINARIA SACCHARINA. IV. IN SITU DEVELOPMENT OF GAMETOPHYTES AND YOUNG SPOROPHYTES1,2
Authors: Hsiao Stephen I. C. , Druehl Louis D.
Published: August 2007

Meiospores of Laminaria saccharina labeled with a fluorescent stain were put into the sea and recovered at frequent intervals. They developed into gametophytes which produced gametes throughout the year. Antheridia were produced earlier than oogonia. Gametogenesis was slowest during the late autumn and early winter. On the basis of nutritional studies and the seasonal distribution of nutrients, it was concluded that the rate of gametogenesis was not due to nutrient deficiency but most likely to light.

Production of macroscopic sporophytes appeared to be limited by survival of microscopic sporophytes rather than gametogenesis. Macroscopic sporophytes became evident during the late winter and autumn. The greater light and perhaps higher temperatures of summer were suggested as agents limiting macroscopic sporophyte production during this period.
A DESCRIPTION OF HAPLOZOON AXIOTHELLAE N. SP., AN ENDOSYMBIONT OF THE POLYCHAETE AXIOTHELLA RUBROCINCTA12
Authors: Siebert Arthur E.
Published: August 2007

A new parasitic dinoflagellate, Haplozoon axiothellae sp. nov., is described from the intestine of the marine polychaete Axiothella rubrocincta. The parasites are 40–175 μm long with 2–26 cells arranged in single or double rows. Two cytoplasmic inclusions previously unknown in this genus are described. The first is globular and varies in size, while the second is approximately 2 μm long and peanut‐shaped. The function and composition of the inclusions are unknown. Nuclear structure and karyokinesis are apparently different from those of typical dinoflagellates.
TWO MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES OF PARTICULATE INCLUSIONS IN MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES12
Authors: Pokorny Kathryn Stein , Gold Kenneth
Published: August 2007

Two species of laboratory‐reared nonbioluminescent dinoflagellates, Gymnodinium splendens (photo‐synthetic) and Crypthecodinium cohnii (hetero‐trophic), were observed to posses abundant quantities of randomly moving structures, which are contained in vacuoles. When viewed with the electron microscope, 2 shapes of regular, geometric particles, here termed particulate inclusions, were observed. The morphology of the particulate inclusions is described.
KINETICS OF SILICON‐LIMITED GROWTH IN THE MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA HASLE AND HEIMDAL (=CYCLOTELLA NANA HUSTEDT)1,2
Authors: Guillard Robert R. L. , Kilham Peter , Jackson Togwell A.
Published: August 2007

The half‐saturation constant (K8) for growth and the maximum growth rate (μmax) were determined for 2 clones of Thalassiosira pseudonana (=Cyclotella nana) under conditions in which external silicon concentrations controlled growth. The estuarine clone (3H) had a higher half‐saturation constant and maximum growth rate (K8= 0.98 μM Si; μmax= 3.6 divisions/day) than the clone from the Sargasso Sea (K8= 0.19 μM Si; μmax= 2.1 divisions/day). The K8 values for each clone are such that the silicate levels found at certain times in both the Sargasso Sea and the coastal regions are rate limiting to growth, hence can be of significance to plant production and to species succession. The yield data are consistent with the concept that growth rate and cellular silicon content vary together in silicon‐limited cultures.
DIATOM ASSOCIATIONS IN YAQUINA ESTUARY, OREGON: A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS1
Authors: McIntire C. David
Published: August 2007

A cluster analysis and a principal components analysis were performed to examine the degree to which the diatom flora of Yaquina estuary can be partitioned into discrete associations and to relate the composition of the flora to selected physical properties of the estuary. The species composition of the diatom flora during the winter was more closely associated with salinity and intertidal exposure them in the summer. A cluster of freshwater taxa obtained for the winter data was the most conspicuous diatom association defined by the cluster analysis. Although taxa within a cluster had more similar distributions than taxa from different clusters, there was considerable variation in the distributions of marine and brackish water taxa within a multispecies cluster.
SOME THOUGHTS ON NUTRIENT LIMITATION IN ALGAE1
Authors: Droop M. R.
Published: August 2007

An empirical relation relating specific growth, rate in steady state systems to nutrient status with respect to more than one nutrient simultaneously is proposed, based on 3 experimentally verifiable postulates: (1) that uptake depends on the external substrate concentration; (2) that growth depends on the interval substrate concentration; and (3) in a steady state system specific rate of uptake (in the absence of significant, excretion) is necessarily the product of the specific growth rate and internal substrate concentration. The implications of this model are discussed in particular in respect to the concept of luxury consumption and Liebig's law of minimum. Some aspects of uptake in transient situations are also discussed.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ZOIDOGENESIS IN UNILOCULAR ZOIDOCYSTS OF SEVERAL BROWN ALGAE1
Authors: Loiseaux S.
Published: August 2007

Several different stages of the development of unilocular zoidocysts of small brown algae—Elachista fucicola, Hecatonema streblonematoides, Pylaiella littoralis—are observed by electron microscopy.

1. A slow growing phase is seen, during which nuclei and pheoplasts become associated by pairs and divide together, vacuoles and physodes are excreted through the plasmalemma, and Golgi bodies liberate vesicles with fibrillar material identical to the growing cell wall fibers. Mitochondria and Golgi bodies are concentrated under the very sinuous plasmalemma.

2. A very short spatial reorganization phase follows, during which organelles disperse between the nuclei‐pheoplast pairs, cleavage vesicles appear, and flagella start developing. New pyrenoids formde novo.

3. The latter phase is followed by a longer maturation phase. Cleavage vesicles fuse and separate zoids grow as flagella. Mastigonemes formed in the endoplasmic reticulum are finally found in vesicles of a special Golgi body at the base of the anterior flagellum. They are liberated in parallel rows at the base of the already developed flagella by these Golgi's vesicles, and attach, on the flagella by an unknown process. Excretion of a mucilaginous substance takes place as the stigmas formde novo.

4. The ripe, swollen zoidocysts burst open, liberating the whole gelatinous mass. Naked zoids swim and settle on a substrate, retracting their flagella before excreting a new cell wall.
FERTILIZATION IN OEDOGONIUM. II. POLYSPERMY1
Authors: Hoffman Larry R.
Published: August 2007

This paper presents the first description of polyspermy in Oedogonium. It has been observed twice, in living material; in each, case it occurred when a pair of haploid spermatozoids initiated plasmogamy in rapid succession with, a single haploid egg. Supportive evidence for polyspermy has also been obtained ultrastructurally. Polyspermy in Oedogonium is anomalous; ordinarily it appears to be prevented by some mechanism initiated at the time of gametic fusion. The present study not only supports the existence of such a mechanism, but calls attention to the fact that further knowledge of its operation may only be possible through experimental studies designed to selectively impair the mechanism.
MODIFICATIONS IN FILTRATION METHODS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF INORGANIC 14C UPTAKE BY PHOTOSYNTHESIZING ALGAE1
Authors: Berman Thomas
Published: August 2007

In the course, of routine primary productivity experiments with phytoplankton, the filtration step may introduce errors into the determination of inorganic 14C uptake into particulate and filtrate organic fractions. However, when ultrafine glass fiber filters, low filtration pressures, and fuming over HC1 were used, and corrections made for nonbiological adsorption of radioactivity on filters, no significant changes of cpm retained on filters per milliliter of filtration volume were found in tests with various algal populations. Cultures of Lauderia sp. and Gonyaulax polyedra, when photosynthesizing in 1 compartment of a 2‐chambered diffusion apparatus, released similar amounts of radioactive dissolved organic compounds measured after diffusion or upon filtration. Under our conditions, only negligible amounts of dissolved organic compounds were retained by fillers. For many natural waters, therefore, these filtration techniques permit adequate accuracy for primary productivity measurements.
WATER STATUS AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF CYANIDIUM CALDARIUM IN SOIL1
Authors: Smith David W. , Brock Thomas D.
Published: August 2007

The size and photosynthetic ability of Cyanidium caldarium populations in soil were related to the water status of the soil, welter soil, areas having larger populations and more extensive photosynthesis. The application of the direct methods used to the study of other soil algae, mosses, and lichens is discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF BACTERIA ON THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF OEDOGONIUM CARDIACUM1
Authors: Machlis Leonard
Published: August 2007

Isolates of male and female Oedogonium cardiacum for which defined media had been established were subsequently found to be contaminated with a species of Corynebacterium which failed to grow in the nutrient broth used, to test for contamination. After the cultures were rendered, axenic through treatment with, penicillin G, they failed to develop oogonia or sperm except occasionally at a very low level. The addition of small amounts of the bacterium increased the development of the reproductive structures; however a much more striking increase was obtained by constantly infecting the algal cultures with Pseudomonas putida. Neither of the bacteria increased growth as measured by dry weight; however the P. putida resulted, in the growth of very long filaments in contrast to the short filaments characteristic of both the axenic cultures and those infected with Corynebacterium sp.
Early Nineteenth‐Century Readers of Jane Austen
Authors: Bautz Annika
Published: August 2007

Studies of the reception of a literary work have traditionally relied mainly on the evidence of printed reviews. However, reviewing is a public activity, and does not represent readers’ private opinions, especially in the case of novels because of their low status. Also, reviewing was a male‐dominated field, so that it does not give conclusions to women's reactions to Austen's novels. This survey of informal comments made by early nineteenth‐century male and female readers in diaries and letters reveals ways in which readers responded to Austen's texts. Among the social classes that could comment in writing, the remarks are by those readers who were driven to record their thoughts. Whether a passing observation, sincere criticism, a recommendation to get hold of and read a novel, a request to a publisher to send another Austen novel as soon as possible or instructions as to where to send it to, these comments show the active nature of private readers’ physical and textual engagement with Austen's novels.
Buddhism, Politics, and Nationalism in the Twentieth and Twenty‐first Centuries
Authors: Borchert Thomas
Published: August 2007

Buddhism is widely understood as a religion with a global scope. Particularly from the end of the twentieth century, the widespread growth of Buddhism internationally, and the extensive ties between Buddhists institutions, leave the impression of unity within contemporary Buddhism. Nevertheless, in this article, I argue that Buddhism cannot be understood outside of a national context. Although international ties between Buddhists are real and important, Sanghas generally remain under the governance by national governments and monks and nuns remain citizens of particular nation‐states. As a result, contemporary Buddhism is marked by a tension between the transnational and the national.
Modeling Relative Importance of Design Criteria With a Modified Pareto Preference
Authors: Hunt Brian J. , Blouin Vincent Y. , Wiecek Margaret M.
Published: August 2007

Engineering design problems are studied within a multicriteria optimization and decision-making framework. A methodology is developed that modifies the traditional Pareto preference to model designer’s preferences reflected in the relative importance of criteria. The intent is to reduce the number of candidate designs to facilitate the selection of a preferred design. The versatility of this preference model allows it to be incorporated into the problem solution process either a priori, a posteriori, or iteratively, each offering different advantages. In the a priori approach, all Pareto efficient designs that do not satisfy the designer’s preferences are never computed. In the a posteriori approach, a set of Pareto efficient designs is computed and then easily reduced based on the designer’s preferences. Finally, the iterative approach offers the ability to adjust the designer’s preferences by exploring their impact on the reduction of the Pareto efficient design set. The methodology is based on the concepts of convex cones and allowable tradeoff values between criteria. The theoretical foundation of the preference model is presented in the context of engineering design and the methodology is illustrated using a bi-criteria structural design problem and a tri-criteria vehicle dynamics design problem.
Kinematic Mapping Based Assembly Mode Evaluation of Planar Four-Bar Mechanisms
Authors: Schröcker Hans-Peter , Husty Manfred L. , McCarthy J. Michael
Published: August 2007

This paper presents a new method to determine if two task positions used to design a four-bar linkage lie on separate assembly modes (circuits) of a coupler curve, known as an “assembly mode defect.” The proposed approach uses the image space of a kinematic mapping to provide a geometric environment for both the synthesis and analysis of four-bar linkages. The devised algorithm allows assembly mode decisions at an early design stage without resorting to the mechanism dimensions. The numerical effort is low compared to existing solutions.
Conditions for Self-Locking in Planetary Gear Trains
Authors: Salgado David R. , del Castillo J. M.
Published: August 2007

The objective of the present work is to determine the conditions that have to be satisfied for a planetary gear train of one degree of freedom to be self-locking. All planetary gear trains of up to six members are considered. As a result, we show the constructional solutions of planetary gear trains exhibiting self-locking. Unlike other studies, the self-locking conditions are obtained systematically from the analytical expression for the product of the efficiency of a given train by the efficiency of the train resulting from interchanging its input and output axes. Finally, a proof is given of an approximate relationship between these two efficiencies.
The Establishment of the Canonical Perimeter Topological Graph of Kinematic Chains and Isomorphism Identification
Authors: Ding Huafeng , Huang Zhen
Published: August 2007

Some new concepts, such as the perimeter loop, the maximum perimeter degree-sequence, and the perimeter topological graph, are first presented in this paper, and the method for obtaining the perimeter loop is also involved. Then, based on the perimeter topological graph and some rules for relabeling its vertices canonically, a one-to-one descriptive method, the canonical adjacency matrix set of kinematic chains, is proposed. Another very important characteristic of the descriptive method is that in the canonical adjacency matrix set the element number is reduced dramatically, usually to only one. After that, an effective method to identify isomorphism of kinematic chains is given. Finally, some typical examples of isomorphism identification including two 28-vertex topological graphs are presented in this paper.
The Synthesis of an N-Lobe Noncircular Gear Using Bézier and B-Spline Nonparametric Curves in the Design of Its Displacement Law
Authors: Quintero Riaza Héctor Fabio , Foix Salvador Cardona , Nebot Lluïsa Jordi
Published: August 2007

This paper presents a method for defining the relationship between the angular coordinates of N-lobe noncircular gear wheels using Bézier and B-spline nonparametric curves. After designing the displacement law, conjugate pitch curves are obtained using an analytical method that takes the driver angular coordinate as an input variable. With N-lobe noncircular gears, the number of speed cycles per revolution can be increased. In addition, N-lobe noncircular gears are well balanced because they rotate around their geometric center. Bézier nonparametric curves and B-spline nonparametric curves are used to obtain the displacement laws of an N-lobe noncircular gear. Using these functions, an N-lobe noncircular gear that satisfies a given relationship between the rotation angles of the driving and driven wheels can be designed or a given transmission ratio can be obtained.
A New Approach to Shape Optimization for Closed Path Synthesis of Planar Mechanisms
Authors: Smaili Ahmad , Diab Nadim
Published: August 2007

A method for the synthesis of four-bar mechanisms to generate closed paths through shape optimization is herein introduced. The objective function is not based on Fourier descriptors, but rather on the cyclic angular deviation (CAD) vector associated with a set of desired points on the curve. A simple method is introduced to account for the starting point shift between the desired CAD and the generated one. Following shape optimization, a simple mathematical approach is devised to properly scale, rotate, and translate the mechanism to the desired configuration. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.