bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Categorical Interoception
Authors: Petersen Sibylle , Schroijen Mathias , Mölders Christina , Zenker Sebastian , Van den Bergh Omer
Published: February 2014

Adequate perception of bodily sensations is essential to protect health. However, misinterpretation of signals from within the body is common and can be fatal, for example, in asthma or cardiovascular disease. We suggest that placing interoceptive stimuli into interoceptive categories (e.g., the category of symptoms vs. the category of benign sensations) leads to perceptual generalization effects that may underlie misinterpretation. In two studies, we presented stimuli inducing respiratory effort (respiratory loads) either organized into categories or located on a continuous dimension. We found pervasive effects of categorization on magnitude estimations, affective stimulus evaluations, stimulus recognition, and breathing behavior. These findings indicate the need for broadening perspectives on interoception to include basal processes of stimulus organization, in order for interoceptive bias to be understood. The results are relevant to a wide range of interoception-related phenomena, from emotion to symptom perception.
Inferring Character From Faces
Authors: Cogsdill Emily J. , Todorov Alexander T. , Spelke Elizabeth S. , Banaji Mahzarin R.
Published: February 2014

Human adults attribute character traits to faces readily and with high consensus. In two experiments investigating the development of face-to-trait inference, adults and children ages 3 through 10 attributed trustworthiness, dominance, and competence to pairs of faces. In Experiment 1, the attributions of 3- to 4-year-olds converged with those of adults, and 5- to 6-year-olds’ attributions were at adult levels of consistency. Children ages 3 and above consistently attributed the basic mean/nice evaluation not only to faces varying in trustworthiness (Experiment 1) but also to faces varying in dominance and competence (Experiment 2). This research suggests that the predisposition to judge others using scant facial information appears in adultlike forms early in childhood and does not require prolonged social experience.
The importance of implementing proper selection of excipients in lupus clinical trials
Authors: Muller S , Wallace DJ
Published: February 2014

Peptide therapeutics hold attractive potential. However, the proper stabilization of such therapeutics remains a major challenge. Some peptides are marginally stable and are prone to degradation. Therefore, in addition to chemical modifications that can be introduced in their sequence, a wide variety of excipients are added in the formulation to stabilize them, as is also done routinely for protein therapeutics. These substances are supposed to suppress peptide/protein aggregation and surface adsorption, facilitate their dispersion and additionally to provide physiological osmolality. Particular attention has to be paid to the choice of such excipients. Here we highlight the observation that in certain clinical situations, an excipient that is not totally inert can play a highly damaging role and mask (or even reverse) the beneficial effect of a molecule in clinical evaluation. This is the case, for instance, of trehalose, a normally safe excipient, which notably has proven to act as an activator of autophagy. This excipient, although used efficiently in several therapeutics, adversely impacted a phase IIb clinical trial for human and murine lupus, a systemic autoimmune disease in which it has been recently discovered that at the base line, autophagy is already abnormally enhanced in lymphocytes. Thus, in this particular pathology, while the peptide that was tested was active in lupus patients when formulated in mannitol, it was not efficient when formulated in trehalose. This observation is important, since autophagy is enhanced in a variety of pathological situations, such as obesity, diabetes, certain neurological diseases, and cancer.
When Grief Turns Into Love
Authors: Vega Paula , Rivera Maria Soledad , González Rina
Published: February 2014

A child’s death caused by cancer generates a deep impact on his/her parents, who can be affected by serious health problems due to an impairment of their lifestyle. Notwithstanding their suffering, some parents manage to overcome it and discover a new meaning for their lives. The goal of this phenomenological study is to understand the lived experiences that help parents to revive after the death of their child due to cancer. The participants were fathers and mothers who believe that they have elaborated their mourning. Their lived experiences were collected in interviews they had previously agreed to give. The question that steered the interview was: “What is the experience you went through that helped you to revive after your child died due to cancer?” Data were analyzed using Streubert’s method. Analyzing the interviews of the participants, 3 interweaved essences were detected: transition from surviving to reviving themselves; ascribing a sense and meaning to the life, agony, and death of a child; and helping other parents through one’s own experience.
Caregivers’ Perception of Drug Administration Safety for Pediatric Oncology Patients
Authors: Harris Nariman , Badr Lina Kurdahi , Saab Raya , Khalidi Aziza
Published: February 2014

Medication errors (MEs) are reported to be between 1.5% and 90% depending on many factors, such as type of the institution where data were collected and the method to identify the errors. More significantly, the risk for errors with potential for harm is 3 times higher for children, especially those receiving chemotherapy. Few studies have been published on averting such errors with children and none on how caregivers perceive their role in preventing such errors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate pediatric oncology patient’s caregivers’ perception of drug administration safety and their willingness to be involved in averting such errors. A cross-sectional design was used to study a nonrandomized sample of 100 caregivers of pediatric oncology patients. Ninety-six of the caregivers surveyed were well informed about the medications their children receive and were ready to participate in error prevention strategies. However, an underestimation of potential errors uncovered a high level of “trust” for the staff. Caregivers echoed their apprehension for being responsible for potential errors. Caregivers are a valuable resource to intercept medication errors. However, caregivers may be hesitant to actively communicate their fears with health professionals. Interventions that aim at encouraging caregivers to engage in the safety of their children are recommended.
Heart Disease and Depression
Authors: Gholizadeh Leila , Davidson Patricia M. , Heydari Mehrdad , Salamonson Yenna
Published: February 2014

Purpose: This article seeks to review and discuss the evidence linking depression, coronary heart disease (CHD), and culture. Method: PsychInfo, CINAHL, PubMed, and Google were searched for pertinent evidence linking depression, culture, and CHD, and retrieved articles were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Findings: Identified themes were the followings: depression is a factor in development and prognosis of CHD and affects the capacity to self-manage and adhere to treatment recommendations; culture mediates mental health/illness representations and treatment-seeking behaviors; screening and assessment of depression can be affected by cultural factors; and there is a need for culturally appropriate screening and therapeutic strategies. Discussion and Conclusions: As depression is a predictor and moderating variable in the genesis and progression of CHD, understanding how factors such as culture affect screening and management of the disease is important to inform the development of culturally and linguistically competent strategies that ensure accurate screening, detection, and treatment of depression in cardiac patients in clinical practice.
Individual Factors Predicting Mental Health Court Diversion Outcome
Authors: Verhaaff Ashley , Scott Hannah
Published: February 2014

Objective:

This study examined which individual factors predict mental health court diversion outcome among a sample of persons with mental illness participating in a postcharge diversion program.

Method:

The study employed secondary analysis of existing program records for 419 persons with mental illness in a court diversion program.

Results:

Analysis revealed that unemployment was a significant predictor of program completion. Employment and symptom severity were predictive of partial program completion, while participants who did not complete programming were more likely to have a concurrent disorder and were more likely to be residentially unstable than participants who did complete programming.

Conclusion:

These findings discuss characteristics of persons with mental illness, as they relate to the likelihood of completing diversion programming.
Experiential Learning and Its Impact on Students’ Attitudes Toward Youth With Disabilities
Authors: Wozencroft Angela J. , Pate Joshua R. , Griffiths Haley K.
Published: February 2014

This research uses contact theory to examine the impact of a service learning class on college students’ attitudes toward people with disabilities. Students were involved in both lecture material and working directly with people with disabilities in a therapeutic camp environment. Eighty-four students responded to the questionnaires at three time periods over the course of the semester. One-way repeated measures ANOVA and mixed-model ANOVA were performed to study the changes in students’ attitudes. The results indicate that there was a change in attitudes after 12 weeks of course instruction and between the beginning of class and after the camp experience. Also, gender and academic major were found to have had little impact on students’ attitudes toward people with disabilities. Implications and limitations of this research are discussed and thoughts for future research are addressed.
The Perceived Political Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form (PPSE-S)
Authors: Vecchione Michele , Caprara Gian Vittorio , Caprara Maria Giovanna , Alessandri Guido , Tabernero Carmen , González-Castro José Luis
Published: February 2014

The present study aims to develop a short form of the Perceived Political Self-Efficacy scale (PPSE-S). The psychometric properties of the short form were first investigated in an Italian sample ( n = 697), and compared with those of the extended version. The cross-cultural replicability of the short form was then investigated in Spain ( n = 354), and Greece ( n = 270). Finally, the relations between the PPSE-S and several indicators of political participation were assessed in each country. Results from confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) supported the unidimensionality of the PPSE-S. Reliability and criterion validity of the short- and the full-length scales were found to be substantially equivalent. Multigroup CFA provided evidence of measurement invariance across Italy, Spain, and Greece. Perceived political efficacy was positively related to political engagement in a stable and consistent way across the three countries. In light of these results, the usefulness and applicability of the PPSE-S for large-scale surveys were discussed.
Thrombophilic Mutations as Risk Factor for Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Russo Patrizia Dello , Damante Giuseppe , Pasca Samantha , Turello Marina , Barillari Giovanni
Published: February 2014

Background:

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common retinal vein disease and an important cause of blindness and visual morbidity. Many conditions are associated with RVO but the real role of the thrombophilic mutations is still unclear.

Aim:

To evaluate the potential role of thrombophilic mutations in RVO.

Methods:

We have evaluated 113 patients with RVO and compared with 104 volunteer controls. The controls were all healthy blood donors without previous venous thromboembolism episode or arterial thromboembolism episode. All patients were tested for 5 gene variants (here all named as mutations): factor V ( FV) Leiden (G1691A), factor II ( FII; G20210A), 5,1-methylenetetra-hydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR; C677T), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 ( PAI-1; 4G/5G), and angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE; Del/Ins). Statistical analysis were performed by the 2-tailed chi-square test.

Results:

Statistical test showed that TT homozygous patients of the MTHFR C677T mutation ( P = .017) and heterozygous GA patients of the FII G20210A mutation ( P = .018) were significantly higher than that in controls. For FV Leiden, even if the values were higher in patients than in controls, P value was not statistically significant. Conversely, for the ACE (Ins/Del) and PAI-1 (4G/5G) mutations, no difference was observed among genotypes of patients with RVO and control participants.

Conclusions:

In our study, the FII G20210A and the MTHFR C677T mutations resulted significantly higher in patients than in controls; in contrast, thrombophilic mutation of FV, ACE, and PAI-1 genes was not statistically correlated with RVO. In spite of having found an association between some thrombophilic mutations and RVO, more studies with a major number of patients are necessary to determine the final role of these gene variants.
Hepcidin is Linked to Hypoferremia in Patients With Rheumatic Valve Disease
Authors: Akçay Murat , Yeter Ekrem , Ayhan Hüseyin , Durmaz Tahir , Keleş Telat , Kasapkara Hacı Ahmet , Bilen Emine , Bozkurt Engin
Published: February 2014

Background and Aim:

Hepcidin has been shown to be an acute phase reactant, induced by infection and inflammation. Ongoing inflammation was shown in rheumatic valve disease (RVD). In this study we want to investigate whether there is a relationship between inflammation and impaired iron metabolism and the role of hepcidin on serum iron levels.

Methods and Results:

Fourty-six patients with RVD and 34 healthy individuals were included in the study. Serum hepcidin, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), hemoglobin, hematocrit, iron, iron-binding capacity, ferritin levels were measured. Serum hepcidin levels were significantly increased in patients with RVD than in control group (316 ± 121 ng/mL vs 435 ± 126 ng/mL; P < .001). Serum hs-CRP levels were no significantly higher in the patient group in than in the control group (3.9 ± 3.6 mg/L vs 3.5 ± 3.7 mg/L; P = .521).

Conclusion:

Hepcidin levels are decreased independently from hs-CRP levels as a compensatory mechanism to increase the iron absorption in response to decreased serum iron levels in patients with RVD.
Group training in interpersonal problem-solving skills for workplace adaptation of adolescents and adults with Asperger syndrome: A preliminary study
Authors: Bonete Saray , Calero María Dolores , Fernández-Parra Antonio
Published: February 2014

Adults with Asperger syndrome show persistent difficulties in social situations which psychosocial treatments may address. Despite the multiple studies focusing on social skills interventions, only some have focused specifically on problem-solving skills and have not targeted workplace adaptation training in the adult population. This study describes preliminary data from a group format manual-based intervention, the Interpersonal Problem-Solving for Workplace Adaptation Programme, aimed at improving the cognitive and metacognitive process of social problem-solving skills focusing on typical social situations in the workplace based on mediation as the main strategy. A total of 50 adults with Asperger syndrome received the programme and were compared with a control group of typical development. The feasibility and effectiveness of the treatment were explored. Participants were assessed at pre-treatment and post-treatment on a task of social problem-solving skills and two secondary measures of socialisation and work profile using self- and caregiver-report. Using a variety of methods, the results showed that scores were significantly higher at post-treatment in the social problem-solving task and socialisation skills based on reports by parents. Differences in comparison to the control group had decreased after treatment. The treatment was acceptable to families and subject adherence was high. The Interpersonal Problem-Solving for Workplace Adaptation Programme appears to be a feasible training programme.
Homosocial intimacy among Australian undergraduate men
Authors: Drummond Murray J.N. , Filiault Shaun M. , Anderson Eric , Jeffries David
Published: February 2014

Homophobia and the avoidance of same-sex intimacy have traditionally been considered defining characteristics of heterosexual masculinity. They have not only subjugated gay men, but have maintained negative health implications for heterosexual men as well. However, in response to decreasing homohysteria, researchers from the United Kingdom found that 89% of British undergraduate heterosexual men have engaged in a particular type of same-sex kiss. This research seeks to examine whether this cultural shift, and corresponding homosocial intimacy, is evident among Australian undergraduate men. Among the 90 heterosexual men interviewed, 29% report having engaged in at least one same-sex kiss. Results indicate a changing relationship between the construction of Australian heteromasculinity and the avoidance of same-sex behaviours.
A meta-analysis to determine the effect of pre-injury warfarin on mortality in trauma patients
Authors: Batchelor John S , Ahmed Shariq
Published: February 2014

The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the effect and magnitude of effect of pre-injury warfarin on trauma patients. Studies comparing all trauma patients (nb. not head injury patients only) on pre-injury warfarin to all trauma patients not on pre-injury warfarin were included in the meta-analysis. The search was performed using Medline via the PubMed interface; no limits were placed on the language. Ten papers were found to be suitable for the meta-analysis. There were two case control studies and eight retrospective cohort (nested case control) studies. Significant heterogeneity was present as measured by the Q test (Q value = 126.366 df = 9, p = 0.000) and also the I2 test (I2 = 92.878). The preferred model for this meta-analysis was considered to be the Fixed effect model which produced a common OR 1.952 (95% CI; 1.888–2.018, p = 0.000). The results of this meta-analysis show that pre-injury warfarin does increase mortality in trauma patients by an odds ratio of nearly two.
Enterprise success and entrepreneur’s personality traits: An analysis of micro- and small-scale women-owned enterprises in Uganda’s tourism industry
Authors: Katongole Celestine , Ahebwa Wilber Manyisa , Kawere Richard
Published: February 2014

This study focuses on the concept of business enterprise success and the role of personality traits towards success of women entrepreneurs in business. We show that women entrepreneurs have capacity to start and sustain business enterprises as more than 80% of them were able keep their enterprises up and running for more than 10 years. We also find that women are capable of increasing the capital stock in their enterprises by big proportions even if their enterprises remain micro. We find that even small enterprises can be successful and note that women define success both in terms of economic and non-economic measures, in almost equal proportions. We find that conscientiousness (reliability, hard work and perseverance) and extraversion (being talkative, outgoing and social) are very strongly associated with success in business. These traits are learnable and appear the most significant to women success in business than other traits.
Respecting the culture: undertaking focus groups in Oman
Authors: Ryan Jane , Al Sheedi Yahya Mohammed , White Gillian , Watkins Dianne
Published: February 2014

Theorizing about how culture influences planned group formation and interaction can be tested through using focus groups as a research method. This article is not about the Omani population, but in higher education, it is useful to depict evaluative research as being cosmopolitan in its approach. Data obtained from eleven focus groups conducted in Oman with nurses assisted the authors of this paper to embrace what it means to respect another culture and enable understanding of that culture. The premise about reflexive methods is to promote the voices of the research team and by reporting a team approach a broader voice can be heard. This paper aims to inform an international audience that taking a traditional perspective when using focus groups can be stereotyped by cultural assumptions. Such stereotypical assumptions did not represent the reality of the design; the study was structured to be culturally sensitive and fit for purpose. Such assumptions can be dismissed if participants are given a choice within the study.
Hannah Arendt on the principles of political action
Authors: Cane Lucy
Published: February 2014

Hannah Arendt’s conception of politics has long invited criticism for potentially turning political action into an exercise in hollow dramatics, both ethically unrestrained and restricted in its practical import. This essay offers a new response to these criticisms while attempting to honor Arendt’s commitment to a form of theorizing that engages politics on its own terms instead of legislating for politics from a perspective of moral philosophy. It does so by explicating an underappreciated aspect of Arendt’s political theory: her claim that action is always inspired and guided by “principles.” Although Arendt fails to offer a sustained account of the significance of principles for politics, I argue that her numerous shorter discussions of principles together yield a robust political ethics and a more nuanced conception of action than many readings of her thought allow. Having reconstructed a fuller account of Arendt’s principles of action, I then examine how she understands these principles to be historically regenerated.
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis infection augments innate immune responses following intestinal epithelial injury
Authors: Johnson Charles , Wannemuehler Michael , Hostetter Jesse
Published: February 2014

We wanted to determine if augmented innate immune activation is associated with lesion development in a mycobacterial enhanced intestinal injury model. We evaluated the local immune response in a Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis + dextran sulfate sodium ( Map + DSS) model using BALB/c and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Map + DSS BALB/c and SCID mice displayed a similar disease phenotype. Moreover, Map + DSS SCID mice had increased expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increased numbers of F4/80 positive cells. Additionally, Map antigen is co-localized with iNOS and IL-1β positive cells. This suggests that subclinical Map infection promotes innate immune activation following injury to the intestinal epithelium.
Birds of a Feather or Fish Out of Water? Policewomen Taking Rape Reports
Authors: Rich Karen , Seffrin Patrick
Published: February 2014

Police departments and victim advocacy organizations are gendered institutions. In addition, rape is a gendered crime with most victims being female and most perpetrators male. On the job, female officers may experience harassment, discrimination, and pressure to conform. Rape cases may present unique challenges for them given these dynamics. A total of 429 police officers were quantitatively surveyed on colleagues’ comments about rape victims, utilization of victim advocates, perceptions of rape-related training, and inclination to encourage loved ones to make reports. Significant gender differences were identified in most areas. Results are discussed in relation to previous research on gender and police work.
Challenges to Identifying and Prosecuting Sex Trafficking Cases in the Midwest United States
Authors: Nichols Andrea J. , Heil Erin C.
Published: February 2014

Drawing from 12 in-depth interviews and two focus groups with prosecutors, attorneys, victim advocates, social service providers, and police in an urban Midwestern city, challenges to identifying and prosecuting sex trafficking cases are examined. Challenges to identification included trafficking techniques such as coercion, online solicitation, hidden venues, and interstate movement, as well as issues with police reporting and investigation. Challenges to prosecution involved police reporting errors and evidentiary requirements, the statute of limitations, overlapping jurisdictions, and issues with victim testimony. The aim in highlighting such obstacles is to emphasize the dynamics that may contribute to lowered numbers of identified and prosecuted cases, and consequent underestimation of sex trafficking prevalence. Implications for policy and practice are drawn from these findings.
Views on children's media use in Indonesia: Parents, children, and teachers
Authors: Hendriyani  , Hollander Ed , d'Haenens Leen , Beentjes Johannes
Published: February 2014

This article describes the views of parents, children, and teachers concerning media use by Indonesian children. Survey data of parents ( N = 462), children ( N = 589), and teachers ( N = 104) show that children see themselves as more advanced users of new media than their parents. Their perception of their media experiences is also markedly different from that of their parents, while teachers' views are comparable to those of the parents. The latter claim to have established media use rules, which children tend to view as guidelines subject to debate rather than binding instructions. There is different use of old versus new media, parents show little awareness of or involvement with newer media.
Preaching, community, and convergence: Use of old and new media by progressive Indonesian Islamic leaders
Authors: Muchtar Nurhaya , Ritchey Jeffrey A
Published: February 2014

The role of religious leaders in countries with very large Muslim populations such as Indonesia continues to attract world attention. However, mainstream media often focus on fundamentalist Muslim clerics. What seems to be missing from these narratives is efforts by moderate Muslim leaders to thwart fundamentalism by improving their communication style and their use of media and technology in order to reach young people as well as the wider community. This article explores the communication approaches and methods favored by Indonesian Islamic leaders—including use of both conventional and cutting-edge technology—to communicate with their followers. Interviews with 10 Muslim leaders were conducted in order to better understand their rich experiences. Findings suggest that Islamic preachers have embraced new technology and new media to communicate with their followers and attract a younger audience.
Supraretinacular endoscopic carpal tunnel release: surgical technique with prospective case series
Authors: Ecker J. , Perera N. , Ebert J.
Published: February 2014

Current techniques for endoscopic carpal tunnel release use an infraretinacular approach, inserting the endoscope deep to the flexor retinaculum. We present a supraretinacular endoscopic carpal tunnel release technique in which a dissecting endoscope is inserted superficial to the flexor retinaculum, which improves vision and the ability to dissect and manipulate the median nerve and tendons during surgery. The motor branch of the median nerve and connections between the median and ulnar nerve can be identified and dissected. Because the endoscope is inserted superficial to the flexor retinaculum, the median nerve is not compressed before division of the retinaculum and, as a result, we have observed no cases of the transient median nerve deficits that have been reported using infraretinacular endoscopic techniques.

Level of evidence: IV.
Chronic cough in children
Authors: Smith Helen , Aiyer Rohit
Published: February 2014

Respiratory symptoms such as cough, wheeze and stridor frequently occur in children and may persist for a long time. Determining the underlying cause of these chronic symptoms can be difficult as they may be due to a series of unrelated respiratory infections occurring in close succession or there may be one discrete underlying infection or condition. A chronic cough can generate anxiety in both children and their carers and ignoring it could lead to diagnostic delay or progression of a serious underlying respiratory disease. Cough guidelines and clinical pathways for a chronic cough in children vary and are not evidence based, so decisions regarding the investigation and treatment of the child with a chronic cough need to be made on an individual basis. This article provides a structured approach to managing the presentation of a chronic cough in children in general practice.
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in the Athlete
Authors: Tietze David C. , Borchers James
Published: February 2014

Context:

Exertional rhabdomyolysis is a relatively uncommon but potentially fatal condition affecting athletes that requires prompt recognition and appropriate management.

Evidence Acquisition:

A search of the PubMed database from 2003 to 2013 using the term exertional rhabdomyolysis was performed. Further evaluation of the bibliographies of articles expanded the evidence.

Study Design:

Clinical review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3.

Results:

Exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) is a relatively uncommon condition with an incidence of approximately 29.9 per 100,000 patient years but can have very serious consequences of muscle ischemia, cardiac arrhythmia, and death. The athlete will have pain, weakness, and swelling in the muscles affected as well as significantly elevated levels of creatine kinase (CK). Hydration is the foundation for any athlete with ER; management can also include dialysis or surgery. Stratifying the athlete into high- or low-risk categories can determine if further workup is warranted.

Conclusion:

Exertional rhabdomyolysis evaluation requires a history, physical examination, and serology for definitive diagnosis. Treatment modalities should include rest and hydration. Return to play and future workup should be determined by the risk stratification of the athlete.

Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT):

C.
Gabapentin pharmacotherapy for antipsychotic-induced akathisia: single-patient experiment and case report
Authors: Sullivan Maria A. , Wilbur Robert
Published: February 2014

This clinical study reports upon the efficacy of gabapentin (Neurontin) for treating severe akathisia (3 on the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale) in two patients receiving quetiapine (Seroquel), one of whom also received olanzapine (Zyprexa) for a short period. The first patient participated in an open-label experiment in which the bedtime dose of gabapentin was discontinued three times at intervals 1 week apart, resulting in severe akathisia which was quickly terminated by taking his usual 1200 mg gabapentin dose. This patient was also taking high doses of two benzodiazepines and a beta blocker, without therapeutic effect upon his akathisia; only gabapentin was efficacious. The second case is a report of a woman taking a high dose of quetiapine for anxiety who experienced severe akathisia which was relieved by taking 1200 mg of gabapentin. Possible mechanisms of action of gabapentin are discussed. Particular attention is drawn to the difference between neuroleptic-induced akathisia and the neurological condition of restless legs syndrome.
Pulmonary intimal sarcoma: a rare differential diagnosis for arterial filling defects on a chest CT
Authors: Ebner Lukas , Huber Adrian , Ott Daniel , Christe Andreas
Published: February 2014

We present a rare case of pulmonary intimal sarcoma mimicking pulmonary embolism in a 40-year-old woman. Although extremely rare, these tumors must be considered in patients who present inappropriate imaging findings that suggest embolism. Chest computed tomography is the modality of choice to determine the extent of the tumor. We present a female patient with suspected embolism that was in fact found to be an endothelial sarcoma of the pulmonary arteries.
Biodegradable poly(glycerol sebacate)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-TiO2 nanocomposites: fabrication and characterisation
Authors: Roether J. A. , Rai R. , Wolf R. , Tallawi M. , Boccaccini A. R.
Published: February 2014

Novel Nanocomposite films containing TiO2 nanoparticles incorporated in blend matrices of biocompatible and bioresorbable polymers, namely poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) P(3HB), were developed. The samples were fabricated via a sequential step of solvent casting followed by cross-linking. PGS/P(3HB) blends (controls) were fabricated in two different ratios, i.e. 7∶1 and 8∶1. Varying amounts of TiO2 nanoparticles (1 and 2 vol.-) were incorporated into the matrices. SEM studies revealed that the TiO2 particles were distributed both within the matrix and on the surface of the films thus imparting surface nanotopography and increasing the surface roughness. These microstructural features combined with the cumulative effect of blending of the two polymeric systems influenced the wettability, chemical and mechanical properties of the films. In vitro degradation of the fabricated matrices in PBS medium over a 30 day period confirmed that the composites undergo weight loss and mechanical, chemical and surface topography changes. The nanocomposites constitute model biodegradable organic–inorganic systems suitable for tissue engineering applications.
Biodegradable Mg and Mg based alloys for biomedical implants
Authors: Manivasagam G. , Suwas S.
Published: February 2014

Mg and its alloys become natural biomaterials as the elemental Mg is found in the human body in abundance and their mechanical properties being akin to the natural bone as well as due to their inherent bioabsorbable/bioresorbable property. This paper discusses the development of new Mg alloys and their corrosion characteristics in detail. The latest advancements in coating of Mg alloys to control their degradation rate are also reviewed along with the future challenges that need to be addressed.
Experimental and numerical investigation on ductile fracture mechanism of aluminium alloy using new modified model
Authors: Zhao R. , Zhao S. , Guo J. , Zhong B. , Li J.
Published: February 2014

In the present paper, the ductile fracture of aluminium alloy 5052P-H34 is studied by experiments and simulations. Then, the extension of the damage growth model, which captures both tension as well as shear, was employed in the present paper, and a modified Rousselier model was proposed. A stress integration algorithm based on the general backward Euler return algorithm was developed and implemented into finite element (FE) models in the ABAQUS/Explicit platform. The shear coefficient was calibrated by a FE analysis based on an inverse calibration procedure combined with the physical experiments. The predictive capability of this model was studied by comparing the experiments with the simulations, and the validity of this model was verified. The results show that the modified Rousselier model can give more accurate results for both tension and shear failure.
Influences of simple strain path changes on mechanical behaviours of pearlitic steel wire
Authors: Zhao T. Z. , Zhang G. L. , Song H. W. , Cheng M. , Zhang S. H.
Published: February 2014

The mechanical behaviours of the pearlitic steel wires under simple strain path changes (SSPCs) are investigated, including monotonic, cross and reversal loadings. Both the cross and reversal loadings lead to an apparent softening. Especially during the whole reversal loading, the stress is much lower than before unloading. And it is a function of the pre-strain. Additionally, it is found that the maximum strain increases significantly in reversal loading. The microstructures under different SSPCs are investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with an aim to reveal the micro-mechanisms of the SSPC effects on the mechanical behaviours.
Comparison of thermomechanical stresses produced in work rolls during hot and cold rolling of Cartridge Brass 1101
Authors: Qayyum F. , Shah M. , Manzoor S. , Abbas M.
Published: February 2014

Thermomechanical stresses play an important role in defining the life of the work roll used in hot rolling process. In this research temperature dependent mechanical properties of cartridge brass are determined experimentally using high temperature compression tests at different temperatures and strain rates. Real life measurements are made from a brass rolling mill as input data for the simulation boundary conditions. Hot rolls are made of AISI H11 hot work tool steel. Temperature dependent mechanical properties of AISI H11 steel are used. Thermal and mechanical stresses produced in the work rolls during hot rolling process are predicted using a thermoplastic finite element approach in the ABAQUS Standard software. Hot rolling is compared with cold rolling to determine the effects produced on the work rolls. A criterion is introduced to compare the severity of stresses produced on the rolling surfaces in case of hot rolling and cold rolling based on the yield stress of the roller material for different temperatures. A method for separating thermal and mechanical stresses in the simulation is also described.
Novel anti–B-cell maturation antigen antibody-drug conjugate (GSK2857916) selectively induces killing of multiple myeloma
Authors: Tai Yu-Tzu , Mayes Patrick A. , Acharya Chirag , Zhong Mike Y. , Cea Michele , Cagnetta Antonia , Craigen Jenny , Yates John , Gliddon Louise , Fieles William , Hoang Bao , Tunstead James , Christie Amanda L. , Kung Andrew L. , Richardson Paul , Munshi Nikhil C. , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: February 2014

Key Points

Selective myeloma cell killing and enhanced effector function of a novel anti-BCMA antibody conjugated with MMAF via noncleavable linker. Specific multiple myeloma antigen for monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy.
Seed/catalyst-free vertical growth of high-density electrodeposited zinc oxide nanostructures on a single-layer graphene
Authors: Aziz Nur Suhaili Abd , Mahmood Mohamad Rusop , Yasui Kanji , Hashim Abdul Manaf
Published: February 2014

We report the seed/catalyst-free vertical growth of high-density electrodeposited ZnO nanostructures on a single-layer graphene. The absence of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and heat has resulted in the formation of nanoflake-like ZnO structure. The results show that HMTA and heat are needed to promote the formation of hexagonal ZnO nanostructures. The applied current density plays important role in inducing the growth of ZnO on graphene as well as in controlling the shape, size, and density of ZnO nanostructures. High density of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods comparable to other methods was obtained. The quality of the ZnO nanostructures also depended strongly on the applied current density. The growth mechanism was proposed. According to the growth timing chart, the growth seems to involve two stages which are the formation of ZnO nucleation and the enhancement of the vertical growth of nanorods. ZnO/graphene hybrid structure provides several potential applications in electronics and optoelectronics such as photovoltaic devices, sensing devices, optical devices, and photodetectors.
HIV-1 induces cytoskeletal alterations and Rac1 activation during monocyte-blood–brain barrier interactions: modulatory role of CCR5
Authors: Woollard Shawna M , Li Hong , Singh Sangya , Yu Fang , Kanmogne Georgette D
Published: February 2014

Background

Most HIV strains that enter the brain are macrophage-tropic and use the CCR5 receptor to bind and infect target cells. Because the cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments involved in cellular movement and migration, we investigated whether CCR5 and the cytoskeleton are involved in endothelial-mononuclear phagocytes interactions, adhesion, and HIV-1 infection.

Results

Using a cytoskeleton phospho-antibody microarray, we showed that after co-culture with human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), HIV-1 infected monocytes increased expression and activation of cytoskeleton-associated proteins, including Rac1/cdc42 and cortactin, compared to non-infected monocytes co-cultured with HBMEC. Analysis of brain tissues from HIV-1-infected patients validated these findings, and showed transcriptional upregulation of Rac1 and cortactin, as well as increased activation of Rac1 in brain tissues of HIV-1-infected humans, compared to seronegative individuals and subjects with HIV-1-encephalitis. Confocal imaging showed that brain cells expressing phosphorylated Rac1 were mostly macrophages and blood vessels. CCR5 antagonists TAK-799 and maraviroc prevented HIV-induced upregulation and phosphorylation of cytoskeleton-associated proteins, prevented HIV-1 infection of macrophages, and diminished viral-induced adhesion of monocytes to HBMEC. Ingenuity pathway analysis suggests that during monocyte-endothelial interactions, HIV-1 alters protein expression and phosphorylation associated with integrin signaling, cellular morphology and cell movement, cellular assembly and organization, and post-translational modifications in monocytes. CCR5 antagonists prevented these HIV-1-induced alterations.

Conclusions

HIV-1 activates cytoskeletal proteins during monocyte-endothelial interactions and increase transcription and activation of Rac1 in brain tissues. In addition to preventing macrophage infection, CCR5 antagonists could diminish viral-induced alteration and phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins, monocyte adhesion to the brain endothelium and viral entry into the central nervous system.
Integrated genomic and prospective clinical studies show the importance of modular pleiotropy for disease susceptibility, diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Gustafsson Mika , Edström Måns , Gawel Danuta , Nestor Colm E , Wang Hui , Zhang Huan , Barrenäs Fredrik , Tojo James , Kockum Ingrid , Olsson Tomas , Serra-Musach Jordi , Bonifaci Núria , Pujana Miguel Angel , Ernerudh Jan , Benson Mikael
Published: February 2014

Background

Translational research typically aims to identify and functionally validate individual, disease-specific genes. However, reaching this aim is complicated by the involvement of thousands of genes in common diseases, and that many of those genes are pleiotropic, that is, shared by several diseases.

Methods

We integrated genomic meta-analyses with prospective clinical studies to systematically investigate the pathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic roles of pleiotropic genes. In a novel approach, we first used pathway analysis of all published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to find a cell type common to many diseases.

Results

The analysis showed over-representation of the T helper cell differentiation pathway, which is expressed in T cells. This led us to focus on expression profiling of CD4+ T cells from highly diverse inflammatory and malignant diseases. We found that pleiotropic genes were highly interconnected and formed a pleiotropic module, which was enriched for inflammatory, metabolic and proliferative pathways. The general relevance of this module was supported by highly significant enrichment of genetic variants identified by all GWAS and cancer studies, as well as known diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Prospective clinical studies of multiple sclerosis and allergy showed the importance of both pleiotropic and disease specific modules for clinical stratification.

Conclusions

In summary, this translational genomics study identified a pleiotropic module, which has key pathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic roles.
Novel 3D micro- and nanofabrication method using thermally activated selective topography equilibration (TASTE) of polymers
Authors: Schleunitz Arne , Guzenko Vitaliy A , Messerschmidt Martin , Atasoy Hakan , Kirchner Robert , Schift Helmut
Published: February 2014

Micro- and nanostructures with three-dimensional (3D) shapes are needed for a variety of applications in optics and fluidics where structures with both smooth and sharp features enhance the performance and functionality. We present a novel method for the generation of true 3D surfaces based on thermally activated selective topography equilibration (TASTE). This technique allows generating almost arbitrary sloped, convex and concave profiles in the same polymer film with dimensions in micro- and nanometer scale. We describe its principal mechanism exemplified by pre-patterned poly (methyl methacrylate) resist which is exposed to high energy electrons prior to a thermal annealing step enabling the selective transformation of stepped contours into smooth surfaces. From this we conclude, that TASTE not only offers an enormous degree of freedom for future process variations, but also will advance the patterning capabilities of current standard 3D micro- and nanofabrication methods.
mTOR limits the recruitment of CD11b+Gr1+Ly6Chigh myeloid-derived suppressor cells in protecting against murine immunological hepatic injury
Authors: Zhang Yan , Bi Yujing , Yang Hui , Chen Xi , Liu Huanrong , Lu Yun , Zhang Zhengguo , Liao Jiongbo , Yang Shan , Chu Yiwei , Yang Ruifu , Liu Guangwei
Published: February 2014

The mTOR pathway integrates diverse environmental inputs, including immune signals and metabolic cues, to direct the innate and adaptive immune responses. MDSCs are a heterogeneous cell population that plays a crucial regulatory effect in immune-related diseases. However, whether mTOR signaling affects the functions of MDSCs remains largely unknown. Here, we show that mTOR signaling is a pivotal negative determinant of MDSC recruitment in IMH disease. In the context of IMH, inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin in CD11b+Gr1+ MDSCs mediates protection against IMH and serves as a functional, suppressive immune modulator that results in increased CD11b+Gr1+Ly6Chigh MDSC recruitment to inflammatory sites. In agreement with this, mTOR down-regulation promotes CD11b+Gr1+Ly6Chigh MDSC migration in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, mTOR activity down-regulation in MDSCs induced iNOS expression and NO production. Pharmacologic inhibition of iNOS completely eliminated MDSC recruitment. This study identifies MDSCs as an essential component for protection against IMH following rapamycin treatment. Rapamycin treatment or mTOR inhibition promotes CD11b+Gr1+Ly6Chigh MDSC recruitment and is critically required for protection against hepatic injury. This study further validates the targeting of mTOR signaling as a potential therapeutic approach to IMH-related diseases.