bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on Store Image Attributes and Loyalty Behaviour
Authors: Perumal Selvan
Published: August 2020

This study investigates the relationship between store image and store loyalty behaviour for supermarket stores. The study also determines the major attributes in the store image dimensions. The research survey involved a field study using the questionnaire survey method. A total of 204 customers of three supermarkets provided the input for this study. The survey identified five major components of store image attributes, namely, store convenience, conducive atmosphere, value price, employee service and product assortments. The findings of this study revealed a positive relationship between store image attributes and store loyalty behaviour. Analysis of the demographic variables indicated that there is no significant difference among the age groups, genders and income levels for store loyalty behaviour. There are however, some significant differences in store loyalty behaviour among respondents who are married and those with higher education, suggesting that store managers should focus on the needs of these groups.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF COURTS IN ENSURING COMPLIANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPEACHMENT IN NIGERIA
Authors: Sani Abdulahi , Md. Ismail Che Thalbi , A. Rahman Aspalela
Published: August 2020

The constitution confers on the legislative arm of government impeachment power and prescribes when and how it should be exercised. Disputes arising from the exercise of this power are submitted to the courts for adjudication in line with their inherent powers. The issue of compliance with these constitutional requirements is a cause for concern as most of the impeachment proceedings conducted so far in Nigeria had been challenged in court for noncompliance. The question is, could this role played by the Nigerian courts ensure compliance? The objective of this paper is, therefore, to determine whether the courts could ensure compliance with the constitutional requirement for impeachment. In order to achieve the objective of this paper, doctrinal methodology is used whereby relevant materials were analyzed and conclusion made. The result showed that the role played by the courts cannot ensure compliance with the constitutional requirements because the courts only intervene after the conclusion of the exercise due to disrespect to court orders from the legislature. This is largely due to lack of specific role conferred on the courts in impeachment proceedings. It is, therefore, recommended that the constitution be amended to vest on the Supreme Court the specific role of ensuring that all the constitutional requirements for impeachment have been duly complied with before a public officer is removed.
SHAREHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN ANNUAL GENERAL MEETINGS UNDER NIGERIAN CORPORATE LAW: PHILOSOPHY, PRACTICE AND THE ROLE OF SHAREHOLDER ASSOCIATIONS
Authors: Magaji Shamsuddeen , Yaacob Nurli , Mohamed Yusoff Zuryati
Published: August 2020

Shareholders and board of directors in an annual general meeting (AGM) are the two organs of a company. Shareholders are legally empowered to participate in the AGM to meet directors and know about the performance of the company. Despite various philosophies (theories) and legal provisions on shareholder participation in AGMs, shareholders are still facing some challenges. Moreover, available literature in this area is limited in Nigeria. Therefore, this study seeks to examine various philosophies (theories), the law, cases and opinions of experts on shareholder participation, practices and the role of shareholder associations in protecting the rights of shareholders. The study adopted two methods of data collection. The first method was doctrinal legal research (library based) which mainly concerned statutory provisions under the Companies and Allied Matters Act 1990 (CAMA) and decisions of the court. The second method of data collection consisted of qualitative interviews with seventeen respondents regarding the theories, practices and role of shareholder associations in protecting the rights of shareholder participation in AGMs. The findings showed that shareholder participation can be supported by various theories including corporate personality theory; agency theory; contract theory; shareholder primacy; and corporate governance. The finding equally indicated that shareholders in Nigeria received notices of AGMs late, due to postal inefficiency and lack of recognition of ICT under the CAMA. Similarly, both regulators and shareholder associations have not done enough to protect shareholders and to improve their participation in AGMs. In view of this, there is a need for proactive measures to improve the participation of shareholders in AGMs. This is by amending the CAMA to incorporate provisions that will facilitate the effective service of notices of AGMs. Similarly, shareholder associations and regulators must take the responsibility of enlightening shareholders on their right of participation as well as how to enforce their rights in AGMs.
THE INTRODUCTION OF BIOTERRORISM IN MALAYSIA: A LEGAL APPROACH
Authors: Abdul Rahim Rohani , Abdullah Nor Anita
Published: August 2020

The deliberate use of biological agents and the emergence of infectious diseases which can produce harm to human health and give effects to the public health and security are well recognised. A few years back, an attack of biological agents would be the most unthinkable situation to happen. However, the threat of bioterrorism is real and it is growing. It continues to be a major challenge today and the possibility of bioterrorism is undeniable as it is increasingly defined globally as ‘not if, but when’. Therefore, this paper attempts to give a brief explanation on the threat of bioterrorism as to the emergence of infectious diseases and the legal history of international law on bioterrorism. The main objective of this paper is to find out the need for bioterrorism law in Malaysian i.e. a legal approach. The study is a social legal research, which uses a qualitative approach. Thus, due to lack of materials and publications in Malaysia, in order to achieve the objectives, the methodology used was based on a semi structured interviews conducted with three respected experts in public health and security to explore the real situation in Malaysia. The authors found out that the finding of this study had established that an outbreak of infectious diseases can now be viewed as a threat that may result to bioterrorism if there is no preparation to handle it. Keywords: Bioterrorism, biological agents, infectious diseases, legal and preparedness
TRANSFORMATION OF ISLAMIC LAW ON THE NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIAN CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Hoesein Zainal Arifin
Published: August 2020

Law is the accumulation of rational ideas in response to community development that was born based on the idea of universality and morality. The idea of universality provides a justification for the enactment of basic human freedoms and recognition of basic human rights in the life of the country. Similarly, the idea of morality is that moral principles are general and can be analyzed by human reason. The second idea is the essence of it is used as a basic idea about the nature of the formulation of law and justice as a legal the flow law functional purpose in looking at the law more focused on the facts of a field, social, cultural, political, and religion as factors that need to be a consideration in seeking legal solutions. Both streams are still evolving and are applied in various countries around the world. With regard to the transformation of Islamic law in national legal systems, it cannot be separated from these two streams of law that is through a systems approach and the approach to legislation. Keyword: Transformation of the law, politics of law, national legal system, System of national law
PRINSIP KEADILAN ASASI DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG BERKAITAN PROSEDUR PERBICARAAN TATATERTIB DI JABATAN POLIS: SUATU ANALISA
Authors: Romli Fariza , Md Dahlan Nuarrual Hilal , Ahmad Rusniah
Published: August 2020

Prinsip keadilan asasi adalah merupakan syarat minima dalam membuat keputusan adil dan saksama yang dikenakan oleh undang-undang terhadap orang atau badan bertugas khususnya yang bertindak secara kehakiman, termasuklah tribunal-tribunal dan juga mana-mana Lembaga Tatatertib Jabatan. Tiada sebarang definisi atau penjelasan yang khusus mengenai prinsip keadilan asasi di dalam mana-mana akta atau peraturan yang melibatkan prosedur tatatertib penjawat awam, tetapi prinsip ini diguna pakai dengan meluas dan merupakan syarat bagi menjamin prosedur perbicaraan adil dalam setiap perbicaraan. Pematuhan terhadap prinsip keadilan asasi ini amat penting dan sebarang perlanggaran boleh menyebabkan kes-kes tersebut boleh dirujuk di mahkamah untuk dibuat semakan semula atas keputusan yang diambil. Justeru, artikel ini akan melihat apakah peruntukan-peruntukan mengenai prinsip keadilan asasi yang terdapat di dalam undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan prosedur perbicaraan tatatertib di jabatan polis. Antara isu-isu yang dibincangkan ialah sejauhmana peruntukan-peruntukkan tersebut terpakai dan juga mengenai kekangan dalam pelaksanaan prinsip tersebut. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah berdasarkan kajian perpustakaan berpandukan kepada analisa undang-undang terhadap akta-akta, peraturan-peraturan dan kes undang-undang yang terpakai ke atas Jabatan Polis. Diharap perbincangan dalam artikel ini dapat membantu memantapkan lagi undang-undang mengenai pengurusan tatatertib yang terpakai sekarang khususnya di jabatan polis bagi menjamin agar setiap pegawai yang dituduh berpeluang mendapat satu perbicaraan yang adil dan saksama.
PENGIKLANAN BIDANG KEPAKARAN PEGUAM: KEPERLUANNYA DALAM MEMBANTU BAKAL KLIEN MEMILIH PEGUAM
Authors: Mohamed On Harlina
Published: August 2020

Dalam konteks pengiklanan oleh peguam, menjadi kewajipan profesion guaman untuk mendidik masyarakat, khususnya mereka yang berpendapatan sederhana dan rendah, mengenai kewujudan dan kesediaan perkhidmatan guaman dalam membantu mereka menyelesaikan sesuatu masalah perundangan. Lantaran itu, iklan mengenai perkhidmatan guaman wajar mengandungi maklumat yang relevan untuk diketahui umum. Walau bagaimanapun, melihat kepada kaedah publisiti yang mengawal profesion guaman Malaysia, maklumat yang boleh diiklankan sebahagian besarnya terbatas kepada biodata peguam serta butiran mengenai firma dan rakan kongsi peguam. Maklumat lain yang lebih penting untuk diketahui awam, yang boleh membantu mereka untuk membandingkan perkhidmatan yang wujud di pasaran, serta memilih perkhidmatan peguam mana yang bersesuaian dengan keperluannya, tidak boleh diiklankan. Salah satunya ialah maklumat mengenai bidang kepakaran peguam. Berdasarkan metod analisis kandungan, kertas kerja ini membincangkan tentang sekatan untuk mengiklankan bidang kepakaran seperti yang terkandung dalam kaedah publisiti yang mengawal profesion guaman Malaysia, serta membuat perbandingan dengan peraturan yang dikuatkuasakan di Amerika Syarikat, United Kingdom (England & Wales) dan Australia (New South Wales). Berdasarkan pensampelan mudah, soal selidik untuk meninjau persepsi awam dan peguam berhubung isu ini turut diedarkan dan dapatannya dipersembahkan secara deskriptif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa majoriti pihak peguam dan awam mempunyai persepsi bahawa maklumat mengenai bidang kepakaran adalah maklumat yang sesuai untuk diiklankan oleh peguam.
Does Ownership Structure Matter For Publicly Listed Companies Performance In Malaysia?
Authors: Arshad Rozita
Published: August 2020

The word of corporate governance has become a very important concept that requires many countries around the world to concentrate on its reformation. Globalisation of markets, open markets competition, and international business has generated awareness about the importance of improving corporate governance practices. Protecting shareholders and other stakeholders are also being attentive agenda and play important roles in corporate governance reforms due to ensure their value creation and their right as the owner of the shares. This article attempts to address this issue by examining the relationship between ownership structure and firm performance. The hypothesis is tested by assessing the impact of the structure of ownership on firm performance, using data for 237 Malaysia Public Listed Companies (PLCs). Therefore, this paper will provide an insight into further understanding on the issue of the relationship between ownership structure and firm performance Keywords: Corporate governance, ownership structure, shareholders, firm performance
The Impact Of International Terrorism On The Right To Personal Security In Iraq After 2003
Authors: Amin Ayub Zainal , Masum Ahmad , Salman Mohamed
Published: August 2020

Hardly a day passes by without news of a terrorist bombing, kidnapping, or assassination somewhere in the world especially in Iraq. Terrorism has become a cancer and it is not in the interest of the nations, because it takes away their right to personal security. Following the event of September 11, there have been violations of international conventions and usages, human rights, which prompted countries globally to come up with laws to protect civil freedoms. In the context of Iraq, the Government came up with the Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Act No.13 of 2005 and the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 to address the issue of terrorism. The aim of this paper is to address the impact of international terrorism on the right to personal security in Iraq after 2003. The methodology adopted in this paper is a doctrinal legal research, focusing namely on primary and secondary data. This paper concludes that international terrorism has indeed affected the Iraqis right to personal security after 2003. Hence, there is a need to protect this fundamental right by re-looking into the Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Act No.13 of 2005. For instance, under the Act there is no clear definition of the terms “terrorism” and “terrorist act”. This has led to serious problems in the enforcement of the Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Act No. 13 of 2005 such as the abuse of the right to personal security where innocent Iraqis are deprived to enjoy this fundamental right at the disguise of fighting terrorism by the state, which is not even clearly defined under the Act.  Key words: International terrorism, Iraqi Constitution of 2005, Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Act No.13 of 2005, right  to personal security.
The Asean Charter: An Analysis
Authors: Ahmad Abdul Razak
Published: August 2020

The adoption of the ASEAN Charter in 2007 was believed to have transformed ASEAN to become a more institutional organisation with a profound framework and inclusive principles that act as a guideline to assist the process of disputes settlement and decision-making between the member countries. When the Eminent Persons Group (EPG) representing each of the countries addressed two main issues related to the recommendations to reform the norm and principles of ASEAN as well as the rights of the member countries to be put into the Charter, the ASEAN leader were not very receptive with the concept of using consensus decision-making process to impose sanctions and changes. Therefore, a watered-down ASEAN Charter was adopted portraying the un-readiness of the member countries to diverge away from the ‘ASEAN Way’ that had been implemented for the past 40 years. Despite the addition of two new principles that touches on the collective responsibility and enhancing consultation, the ASEAN Charter still does not exhibit the transformation of ASEAN as crafted by the EPG. The Charter also fails to provide pertinent mechanisms to address certain issues such as security and safety disputes. Hence, this article is written to confer the weaknesses of the ASEAN Charter and how important it is for ASEAN to move away for the usual norm of the ‘ASEAN Way’ in order to become a puissant organisation. Keywords: ASEAN Charter, EPG
Domestic Violence Court: A New Model To Combat Domestic Violence Against Women In Malaysia
Authors: Mahdzir Nazli , Rahman Aspalella A , Abdul Rahim Asmar , Md Ismail Che Thalbi
Published: August 2020

Domestic violence is a social epidemic in Malaysia. To combat this, the Domestic Violence Act 1994 and the Domestic Violence (Amendment) Act 2012 has set up a mechanism via the Malaysian criminal justice system to investigate reports, prosecute the perpetrators and protect the victims of domestic violence. Unfortunately, the mechanism has been viewed with disfavor by many. This paper attempts to critically appraise the effectiveness of the mechanism and subsequently propose an alternative method to better deal with domestic violence cases. Applying a descriptive and analytical approach in data analysis, the paper concluded that the mechanism currently being implemented in dealing with domestic violence cases is ineffective and ineffectual. Therefore a specialized court (instead of the current criminal court) which deals specifically with domestic violence is suggested. Keywords: Domestic violence; women;  domestic violence court
The UCP 600 Rules In Letter Of Credit (LC): Selected Issues
Authors: Che Hasyim Rosmawani
Published: August 2020

The Uniform Customs and Practice (UCP) is the primary source for letter of credit (LC) transaction. Prior to the publication of the UCP, the rules in LC originating from trade customs and practices were not unanimously applied by traders. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) whose function is to harmonize the various trade customs practiced in  LC, had initiated to compile those rules and published them under one specific reference and named it as the UCP. The UCP is always been updated in order to serve current market needs in regards to LC issues.  Thus far, there is no specific statute regulated for LC. The UCP, though customary in nature and has no legal effect, has been adopted by more than 175 countries. Currently, it is unlikely to find the LC transactions, which is not governed by the UCP. Compared to the previous versions, the latest version of the UCP 600 is claimed to be comprehensive and offers modification to the preceding LC rules.  This paper discusses the rules provided by the latest UCP 600 focusing on the significant issues in LC such as bankers’ autonomy, revocable and irrevocable LC, strict compliance, notice of refusal and fraud. Comparisons are scrutinized with the previous versions of the UCP and reviews are highlighted wherever necessary. In addition, reference is sought to case-law to illustrate certain issues. Furthermore, this paper examines the improvements contributed by these latest rules. Last but not least, it seeks to submit proposals for future improvement of the current UCP 600. Keywords: UCP 600; Letter of Credit; autonomy; strict compliance; notice of refusal, fraud.
Enforceability Of International Humanitarian Law In Armed Conflict at Present
Authors: Hastuti Lina
Published: August 2020

The tendency of the current conflict is a new type of conflict, which is not regulated by international humanitarian law. After World War II, in any war, emphasize the protection of victims of war and an obligation to be responsible for violations of international law or international humanitarian law. The purpose this research is to explore the theories or the law resources in International Humanitarian Law to facing a new type of armed conflict.  It is also significant to know where the discovered principles international humanitarian law about the problem. Based on Martens Clause and 1977 Additional Protocol I and II or Si Omnes Clause and Common Articles 2 Geneva Conventions 1949 can applied in new type of armed conflicts. As the development of international humanitarian law which always follow the development of the international community, to address issues related to a new type of armed conflict, it can be back to the theories and legal resources in international humanitarian law. Keywords: Armed Conflict, International Humanitarian Law
Doctrine Of Condonation: Challenges In The Management Of Disciplinary Cases In Public University
Authors: Md Dahlan Nuarrual Hilal , Romli Fariza , Ahmad Rusniah
Published: August 2020

The disciplinary committee in public university carry a huge responsibilities to uphold justice to the employer as well as to the employee in handling the disciplinary cases. One of the hindrance faced by the committee is the issue on doctrine of condonation as a waiver. Thus, it is important to understand what is doctrine of condonation in order to identify, prevent, control and deal with it when used as a defense by the employee to prevent him from being punished by the authorities. Therefore, this paper will examine the definition of the doctrine of condonation, explain the protection under Statutory Bodies (Discipline and Surcharge) Act 2000 [Act 605] with regards to condonation, identifies the elements of a waiver by looking at the application of the doctrine by the court and the implications of the doctrine as a challenge in disciplinary cases in public universities. The methodology used is based on library research with an analysis of the legal acts, regulations and case law. The author found that the disciplinary action should be done effectively by the authorities to make sure that action is taken within reasonable time. Lack of certain rules or procedure can cause detriment in handling the issues on condonation. Keywords: doctrine of condonation, termination of service, public university, Malaysia.
LEGAL REGIME FOR THE PROTECTION OF BANKING CONSUMERS IN NIGERIA: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Malami Salisu , Mohamed Yusoff Zuryati
Published: August 2020

Abstract: Bank customers/consumers are the drivers of the banking industry. Their protection should be a priority. This is because consumer protection boosts consumer confidence and enhances banking quality. This may be the reason the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) made consumer protection part of its reform policies in the banking industry. This paper examined the legal regime on banking regulation and consumer protection. The banking sector regulatory laws were critically examined. These included the Consumer Protection Council Act, 1992, the Banking Act 1969, and the Central Bank of Nigeria Act 2007, etc. The analysis revealed that the banking laws and the regulatory institutions provide inadequate protection for the banking consumer. This is a cause for concern to the banking consumers in the country. This state of things could be considered as the contributory fact or for growing consumer rights abuses and humiliation in the Nigerian banking industry. Keywords: Consumer abuses, Legal regime, Central Bank, Regulatory, Nigeria.   Abstrak: Pelanggan bank/pengguna merupakan  penggerak kepada industri perbankan. Perlindungan kepada mereka sepatutnya menjadi keutamaan. Ini adalah kerana perlindungan kepada pengguna akan menggalakkan keyakinan pengguna dan meningkatkan lagi kualiti perbankan. Perkara ini mungkin menjadi alasan Bank Negara Nigeria menjadikan perlindungan pengguna sebahagian daripada polisi pembaharuannya dalam industri perbankan. Artikel ini mengupas rejim perundangan berkaitan peraturan perbankan dan perlindungan pengguna. Undang-undang perintah sektor perbankan dikaji secara kritikal. Undang-undang ini termasuklah Consumer Protection Council Act 1992, Banking Act 1969, Central Bank of Nigeria Act 2007 dan lain-lain. Analisis telah menunjukkan bahawa undang-undang perbankan dan institusi-institusi berkaitan menyediakan perlindungan yang tidak mencukupi kepada pelanggan bank. Ini merupakan sebab utama kepada keprihatinan terhadap pengguna-pengguna perbankan di negara ini. Keadaan ini boleh dianggap sebagai fakta penyumbang kepada peningkatan penyalahgunaan hak-hak pengguna dan penindasan dalam industri perbankan di Nigeria.   Kata kunci: Penindasan pengguna, Rejim undang-undang, Central Bank, Peraturan, Nigeria.
SEJARAH PELAKSANAAN HAK PEWARISAN PUSAKA DI ZAMAN JAHILIYYAH DAN ZAMAN PASCA ISLAM: KAJIAN PERBANDINGAN
Authors: Ahmad Faridah , Mohd. Noor Fauziah , Azhar Alias
Published: August 2020

Abstrak: Artikel ini membincangkan perbezaan hak pewarisan pusaka antara zaman Jahiliah dengan zaman pasca-Islam. Metodologi pengkajian dalam bentuk perbandingan. Kajian bertujuan untuk memahami secara menyeluruh dari aspek sejarah pelaksanaan hak pewarisan pusaka pada zaman Jahiliah dan zaman pasca-Islam dan mengukuhkan pembangunan maklumat tersebut secara sistematik dan objektif. Bentuk kajian menggunakan kaedah kualitatif iaitu mengkaji fenomena masa lampau yang berlaku pada zaman Jahiliah dan zaman pasca-Islam dari aspek kaedah pelaksanaan hak pewarisan pusaka. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa hak pewarisan pusaka yang dilaksanakan selepas zaman pasca- Islam lebih menepati keadilan dan kesaksamaan berbanding zaman Jahiliah yang lebih berbentuk diskriminasi terutamanya dari aspek nasab dan hubungan melalui perkahwinan. Situasi yang berlaku antara dua zaman itu menunjukkan jurang pemisah yang amat ketara apabila ketetapan hak pewarisan pusaka zaman pasca-Islam yang lebih adil, lengkap dan sempurna sementara zaman Jahiliah berdasarkan akal fikiran yang terbatas dan tuntutan nafsu semata- mata menyebabkan berlaku kezaliman terutamanya golongan perempuan dan kanak-kanak. Kata kunci: Pusaka, Sejarah, Zaman Jahiliah pasca-Islam.   Abstract: This article  discusses  about  the  difference  between  the inheritance rights of heirs during the period of Jahiliah and after Islam. The study aims to comprehensively understand and    to systematically and objectively strengthen the development of information about the historical perspective of the implementation of inheritance rights of heirs during the period of Jahiliah (before Islam) and post-Islamic era. The study employs qualitative method by  exploring  the  old-time  phenomena  that  happened  during  the period of Jahiliah and after Islam in the implementation of inheritance rights. The research outcome shows that implementation of inheritance rights during the post-Islamic era brings more justice than during the period of Jahiliah which are more discriminative  in nature especially from the espect of marriage relationship. The situations happened during these two eras indicate the wide gap between them where the determination of inheritance rights during the post-Islamic era is more just and complete where as during the period of Jahiliah such determination was based on limited human thinking and desire which has led to injustise especially towards women and children.   Keywords: Inheritance, After Islam, History, The period of Jahiliah (before Islam).
THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL RANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS ON SUCCESSION PLANNING PROGRAMS IN THE MALAYSIAN PUBLIC SECTOR
Authors: Ahmad Rohana
Published: August 2020

Grooming successful leaders is more important now than ever for the public sector. Thus, to groom potential future leaders, the organization not only needs a succession planning program, but also commitment from the leaders. This paper analyzes the influence of leadership style characteristics on preparing future leaders through succession planning programs in Malaysia’s public sector. Four dimensions of transformational leadership styles were used which included idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation. This study employed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and the effective Succession Planning and Management Questionnaire which were administered to 394 public servants from Malaysia’s public sector. Data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The results of the multiple regression analysis demonstrated that individualized influence was the main predictor of succession planning programs. Therefore, it is crucial for leaders to continue observing and modifying their leadership style(s) and behavior to be effective leaders.
Water-paraffin dispersion systems: manufacturing and application
Authors: Yovchenko Alla , Bespalko Sergii , Tryhub Oksana , Poliakov Sviatoslav , Baret Guy , Miranda Alberto Munoz
Published: August 2020

The paper presents the study results of the stability and heat storage capacity of paraffin-in-water phase change suspensions (PCSs) obtained by the homogenization of paraffin and water in the developed rotary hydrodynamic homogenizer. The optimal concentration of components for obtaining stable paraffin-in-water suspensions is found. It is shown that the stable PCSs in the form of pastes, gels, and liquids can be obtained depending on the concentration of water, paraffin, and the surface active agent (SAA) as well as its type.
In addition, the scheme of the solar heating system with the heat storage tank where the PCS functions both as the heat transfer fluid and the heat storage media is presented. It is shown that the use of PCS in the domestic solar heating system allowed the heat storage capacity of the storage tank to be increased by 25% as a result of the high fusion heat of paraffin and the high value of the water specific heat capacity. The estimation of the saving rate from applying fluid PCS as a heat storage medium is also presented and discussed.
“Karlson” – A Stasi “Kontakt Person”. An episode of Iceland’s Cold War legacy
Authors: Guðmundsson Birgir , Meckl Markus
Published: August 2020

Iceland’s geographical position gave this small nation a special strategic importance in the political and military chess game between East and West during the Cold War era. Iceland constituted an important post for the NATO defence forces and surveillance activities. The military base and the NATO alignment created stark divisions among the population. The political discussion was framed in terms of the Cold War and the press in Iceland continuously suggested that the political motives of their opponents were conspicuously linked to or derived from either the interests of Soviet or Eastern European communism or US capitalist imperialism. It was in this circumstances that in the fifties and sixties young left wing people sought to undertake their university education in the Eastern block. The legacy of heated feelings of the Cold War has in many ways survived the Cold War itself. This article wants to contribute to the objectification of the debate by presenting the files from the archives of the East German secret service on one Icelandic student cooperating with it while studying in East Germany.
Beyond Subjectivity. Levinas, Kierkegaard and the Absolute Other
Authors: Ferro Floriana
Published: August 2020

The relation between Levinas and Kierkegaard is controversial. In his writings, especially Difficult Freedom and Proper Names, the former strongly criticizes the latter: he goes against the submission of ethics to religion of Fear and Trembling and the view of subjectivity coming out from the Concluding Unscientific Postscript. Singularity and relation to God are then the principal points of collision between the two philosophers. Since Kierkegaard, for chronological reasons, has never replied to Levinas, one only knows the opinion of the latter. One will never know what the former would have said on his own behalf. Maybe he would have exacerbated the debate or maybe he would have tried to solve it. Perhaps he would have done both with two different pseudonyms, ironically making a fool of Levinas.
The Peace System – As a Self-referential Communication System
Authors: Harste Gorm
Published: August 2020

Peace communication as diplomatic communication is an often neglected phenomenon in social and political theory that concerns problems of international order, justice and peace. Political philosophy seldom embarks on the theme with more than a few comments. Yet, throughout history, diplomacy has a strong record not only for negotiations but also for social learning processes about communication codes. Many codes of respect, trust, expression and listening have a top-down history from aristocratic circles to broader social layers. However, the article argues that communication codes of peace developed in opposition to violence and war exactly when they transgress dividing lines allow for cross-cultural and even cross-stratified communication. The article’s main point is to describe how such communication codes about peace and diplomacy can be described in recent social theory of communication, and to get some added value in this respect Niklas Luhmann’s theory of self-referential communication systems has been applied.
Responsibility to Nature? Hans Jonas and Environmental Ethics
Authors: Wolsing Peter
Published: August 2020

This paper presents the philosopher Hans Jonas’s idea of an environmental ethics. Through an outline of the development of man’s relation to nature from Greek antiquity to the present it is argued that science and technology in modernity favour a relation of exploitation which is partly the cause of fatal climate changes. Through Jonas’s philosophical notion of an ontology of man as an alternative to classical dualism and by means of a turn to an ontological interpretation of Kant’s categorical imperative, it is argued that mankind has a responsibility to both coming generations and to the biosphere as a whole. Not only does this ontological shift from philosophy of mind to an ontology of man transcend dualism in philosophy, it throws a new critical light on the technological development and suggests a new way of considering man’s place in the cosmos.
Human Rights, State Violence and Political Resistance
Authors: Larsen Signe
Published: August 2020

This article investigates Hannah Arendt’s and Giorgio Agamben’s critiques of human rights and argues that the two thinkers share a blind spot with regard to the radical potentials of human rights. The problem is that they do not break with two fixed imaginaries which still haunt liberal democracies: (1) the historical essentialist understanding of human rights and (2) nation-states and individuals as the principal loci for political rights, power, and action. Based on the work of Jacques Rancière, Costas Douzinas, and Étienne Balibar this article argues that human rights can be thought of as a constituent part of a radical political praxis and resistance movement. If human rights are thought of as a praxis of “right-ing” (Douzinas) or a “dissensus” (Rancière), which both contest the current “distribution of the sensible,” a new “cosmopolitics of human rights” can be imagined where human rights are conceived as a borderline concept (Balibar).
PROFINET实时通信控制技术的应用研究
Authors: 王 赛
Published: August 2020

通过对PROFINET概念及通信协议的介绍，对实时通信方案的研究，特别对RT和IRT的深入分析，以PROFINET IO系统案例为例，深入研究了RT数据的最大传输时间，从而正确设置组态参数，避免由于扫描时间设置不当而导致通信数据的丢失。
BIM技术在建筑工程施工管理中的应用
Authors: 王 功祯
Published: August 2020

近年来，在多方面利好因素的影响下，使得我国社会经济水平得到了显著的提升，从而促进了民众生活水平的提升，在这种形势下人们对生活环境的需求也在逐渐的提升。建筑工程涉及到的施工工作量较为巨大，具有非常明显的复杂性，并且工程整体成本较大，施工持续较长，施工人员人数众多，这些因素都对工程施工管理工作的实施造成了诸多的阻碍。所以，为了从根本上对建筑工程施工质量加以保证，那么最为重要的就是需要从不同的角度入手来提升施工管理工作的力度，提高建筑工程能施工管理工作整体水平。将BIM技术引用到建筑工程施工管理工作之中，对于保证各项施工建设工作的有序开展能够起到积极的推动作用，确保建筑工程施工安全和质量。
铝合金焊接技术的研究现状与展望
Authors: 刘 春涛
Published: August 2020

在最近的几年时间里，我国社会经济得到了飞速的发展，从而为各个领域的发展壮大带来了良好的机遇。在工业生产行业稳步发展的过程中，使得生产工作对铝合金焊接结构部件的需求量在逐渐的提升，铝合金这类材料具有良好的优越性，所以被人们大范围的运用到了多个领域之中。与钢铁材料相对比来说，铝合金材料焊接技术相对更加的复杂，焊接工艺的水平往往与铝合金的运用效果存在密切的关联，为了保证焊接工艺能够达到良好的效果，我们需要针对焊接技术进行更深入的分析研究，这样才能推动铝合金焊接技术的稳步健康发展。
浅谈建筑工程造价中预结算与建筑施工成本管理的关系
Authors: 陈 晓杨 , 许 童
Published: August 2020

近年来，在多方面利好因素的影响下，使得我国社会综合国力得到了全面的提升，从而为各个领域的发展壮大创造了良好的基础，这样也为社会经济和科学技术的发展起到了积极的推动作用，在这种形势下，尽管使得各个行业发展十分的迅速，但是也加剧了各个行业内部的竞争。尤其是建筑工程行业内部竞争形势越发的严峻，建筑工程单位要想在当前激烈的竞争中长期处在不败的境地，那么最为重要的就是从多个方面入手来提升自身的综合实力，保证自身持续健康发展。要想实现上述目标，我们需要利用有效的方式方法来对建筑项目工程施工成本进行合理的控制。建筑项目工程成本涉及到的方面有：项目建造费用，施工材料以及机械设备的采购费用，员工成本，工程项目税款等等，这些都是建筑工程项目涉及到的主要费用。所以，我们要在开展工程建造工作的过程中，从各个细节入手来提升项目费用的使用效率，针对项目建设资金使用情况进行全面的监控，这样才能尽可能的提升项目资金的利用效率，促使建筑工程施工单位能够获得更加丰厚的经济和社会效益。
市政公路桥梁设计中安全性和耐久性的探讨
Authors: 杨 迪
Published: August 2020

近年来，我国加大了改革开放的力度，从而推动了我国社会经济水平的显著提升，为我国城市化建设工作的实施带来了良好的机遇，尤其是最近的几年时间里，我国很多地区都建造了大量的公路桥梁工程，有效的推动了地区经济的发展。虽然我国公路桥梁行业发展十分迅猛，但是就当前实际情况来说，公路桥梁的安全性和和耐久性设计方面还存在很多的问题，如果不能切实的将这些问题加以解决，那么必然会对我国公路桥梁工程行业的稳步健康发展造成一定的阻碍。
综合性植物景观的营造模式探索
Authors: 孟 庆芳
Published: August 2020

以项目地主要限制因素及园林博览会设计目标为出发点，综合考虑植物的生态性、人文性、地域特色的表达，种植形态的设计语言等设计因子；以"重林繁花迎复兴，青茵芳草润邯郸"为植物主题，以模块化的设计手法，营造大型水生植物污水净化节点清渠如许、基本农田大型观赏花海、矿坑花园生态修复群落、特色花径等多种种植形式，打造有颜值有内涵的近自然森林公园，探索综合性项目种植设计的营造模式。
炼铁冶金环保与节能技术
Authors: 刘 春涛
Published: August 2020

在当前时期，我们国家的生铁产量是非常高的，在全球各个国家中排在首位，然而从工艺技术来看，存在的问题是较多的，这对钢铁冶金环境造成的影响是非常大的。炼铁行业对环境造成的破坏是较大的，排放的废气、废水会对周边环境产生直接影响。现阶段，环境保护的受关注程度提高了很多，若想使得人类社会能够保持稳定发展，必须要对环境保护予以重视，炼铁企业应该针对环保节能技术展开深入探析，以期使得污染物排放能够切实减少。
公路工程设计中的路线布设及路基设计
Authors: 戚 翠华
Published: August 2020

近年来，我国社会经济水平在多方面利好因素的带动下，得到了显著的提升，从而为各个领域的发展壮大带来了良好的给予。公路工程牵涉到的内容较多，并且道路线路设计以及路基设计是较为关键的两个方面内容，路线布设以及路基设计整体效果往往都会对公路工程施工质量造成一定的影响，所以工程施工单位务必要对公路工程线路布设以及路基设计工作给予重点关注，在正式开展工作之前，需要对工程所处地区地质结构情况以及环境情况加以考察，结合各方面实际情况来制定设计方案，这样才能为各项施工工作的实施给予规范性指导，从根本上对公路工程质量加以保证。
公路沥青路面病害成因及养护措施探究
Authors: 李 淑明
Published: August 2020

我国道路桥梁工程建设技术具备世界领先水平，公路是道路工程中占比最大的一类路面形式，城市建设中离不开对沥青路面的公路使用，该种路面施工技术凭借其建成后路面平整、较耐摩擦、养护简便等特点，而受到了广泛使用。文章对我国某公路沥青路面的工程概况做出辩证讨论，由路面裂缝、车辙痕迹、结构松散、路面泛油、路面沉陷、路面积水等病害形式，分析其病害成因，并给予针对性养护措施方案，为我国公路建设提供理论支持。
基于BIM的绿色建筑施工流程优化
Authors: 吴 金锁
Published: August 2020

经济发展不断进步，社会现代化发展对生态环境的保护愈发重视，建筑行业的发展日新月异，促进了绿色建筑产业的转型和发展。绿色建筑逐渐成为建筑行业的新潮流，绿色建筑设计与以往传统建筑相比更加注重环保，尤其在节约能源、节约耗材等方面。在建筑行业中BIM技术发展和作用突出显著，配合绿色建筑设计进行施工，能够大大提高绿色建筑设计的效率与品质。文章以BIM技术为切入点，对绿色建筑施工流程优化进行研究与论述。
路桥施工中大体积混凝土裂缝成因与防治措施
Authors: 陈 培根
Published: August 2020

近年来，在各方面利好因素的带动下，使得我国综合国力得到了显著的提升，从而为我国城市化建设工作的全面推进打下了坚实的基础。在城市化建设中，路桥工程是其中最为重要的一个部分，而在路桥工程施工中使用最为频繁的就是混凝土物料。混凝土结构因为施工材料自身具有一定的特殊性，所以极易受到外界各种不良因素的影响，在浇筑硬化之后往往会在结构中产生诸多的气孔或者是微裂缝，如果这些问题不能有效的加以解决，那么必然会对混凝土结构质量造成严重的损害。在实施路桥工程施工工作的时候，如果存在原材料质量不达标，混凝土浇筑流程不合理，后期养护工作不充分等诸多问题，那么都会对大体积混凝土结构质量造成严重的损害，甚至会引发质量事故的发生，所以一线工程施工工作人员需要拥有良好的质量安全责任理念，严格遵照规范标准落实各项施工工作，确切的保证工程施工质量和效果。
铁路无缝线路的养护维修
Authors: 尹 宝锋
Published: August 2020

众所周知，无缝铁路工程呈现出明显的复杂性，在展开施工时必须要保证既定方案得到有效落实，使用的零件结构不能出现任何问题，如此方可保证工程质量达到标准要求，无缝铁路具有的优势可以切实展现出来。外部因素对无缝铁路产生的影响是较大的，如果昼夜温差过大的话，铁路发生故障的几率就会大幅增加。为了能够将故障控制在最小的范围内，保证无缝铁路线路能够保持正常运行，一定要将养护维修工作做到位。文章即对无缝铁路养护维修过程中可以采用的相关措施展开深入探析。
房屋建筑施工中钢筋混凝土结构施工技术的应用
Authors: 刘 贤贤
Published: August 2020

近年来，我国加大了改革开放的力度，从而推动了社会经济的发展，促进了各个领域的发展壮大，在这种形势下也使得建筑工程行业内部的竞争形势越发的严峻。建筑施工单位要想保证自身在激烈的竞争中长期处在不败的境地，那么最为重要的就是加强对建筑施工技术的完善和创新。在建筑工程中，钢筋混凝土物料是使用最为频繁的一种材料，在科学技术飞速发展的带动下，使得钢筋混凝土结构施工技术整体水平得到了显著的提升，从而有效的提高了建筑工程结构的载荷能力。综合各方面实际情况对钢筋混凝土施工技术进行深入分析研究，在工程施工过程中将其作用充分的发挥出来，这样才能促进工程施工质量和效率的提升，为社会和谐稳定发展创造良好的基础。
试论计算机网络技术在通信工程项目管理中的应用
Authors: 孔 青
Published: August 2020

"互联网+"时代背景下，计算机网络技术蓬勃发展，为通信工程提供了强有力的技术支持，通过高效的网络技术，有效提升了通信工程项目管理质量。基于此，文章阐述了通信工程项目管理在信息时代下面临的挑战，并分析计算机网络技术在通信工程项目管理中的应用，确保提升通信工程项目经济效益。
THE ROLE OF THE DEFENSE INSTITUTIONS IN HANDLING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Sari Marina Ika , Sulistyani Yuli Ari , Pertiwi Andhini Citra
Published: August 2020

The involvement of the military in the global health crisis has begun since the COVID-19 outbreak broke out in Indonesia, starting from the implementation of Large-Scale Social Distancing to the implementation of the new normal adaptation phase. However, the involvement has received mixed responses. Some parties consider it as natural, while others question the urgency of the military involvement. This study focuses on the role of two defense institutions, namely the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense in handling the COVID-19. It employs a qualitative research method and the theory of role, the concept of national defense, and the concept of Pandemic Management to analyze the problem. This study finds that the Indonesian National Armed Forces has a strategic role in several fields such as health, security and socio-economic as part of the efforts to contain COVID-19. The Ministry of Defense also plays a strategic role both internally and externally, by cooperating with other ministries, domestic private companies, state-owned enterprises in the defense industry sector, and with other countries in containing the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords: role, defense, military, pandemic, COVID-19.
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY OF THE NATIONAL COUNTER TERRORISM AGENCY IN THE DERADICALIZATION PROGRAM IN INDONESIA
Authors: Sugiarto Sugiarto
Published: August 2020

The National Counter Terrorism Agency (BNPT) said that until the end of 2018 the success rate of the deradicalization program reached one hundred percent. The deradicalization program has already been attended by 800 people; 325 former terrorism inmates and the rest of the families of terrorist prisoners. None of the 325 ex-terrorist inmates who participated in the deradicalization program resumed acts of terror. One aspect that supports the success of the deradicalization program in Indonesia is the communication aspect. The purpose of this study is to elaborate aspects of communication, especially BNPT communication strategies in the deradicalization program. The author uses qualitative research methods in this study. The conclusion of the research shows that BNPT utilizes the communication strategy as one of the successes of the success of the deradicalization program even though the communication strategy used by the BNPT is not written and detailed.

Keywords: communication, a former terrorist convict, strategy, deradicalization, terrorism.
Sonography of Palpable Breast Lumps in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in Nepal
Authors: Jha Anamika , Lohani Benu
Published: August 2020

Background: With a palpable lesion in the breast, the goal is to diagnose malignancy at the earliest. Ultrasonography is used for evaluating symptomatic patients especially those with dense breasts where mammography gives limited information. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sonographic pattern of the palpable breast lumps and correlate with the final pathological diagnosis.Methods: This was a retrospective study done at our tertiary health care center, from July 2016 to March 2017, including 121 patients presenting to the ultrasound department with complaint of palpable breast lump and whose pathological reports could be followed up. Various sonographic features were studied, sonography and final diagnosis compared.Results: On sonography, about 46% of the cases were benign, 35 % malignant and 18 % indeterminate while tissue diagnosis revealed 63% to be benign, 34% malignant. The most common lesions in each group and sonographic characteristics were evaluated. Of the benign lesions, fibroadenoma was the most common. Most of the indeterminate lesions on sonography were histologically mastitis. We found nearly 58% of the malignant lesions had microlobulated margins. The sensitivity of sonography was 92.9% and specificity 97.5% with diagnostic accuracy 94.8%.Conclusions: Most of the palpable lumps were benign in our study, most common being fibroadenoma. We had a relatively higher percentage of malignancy which may be due to patients with obviously benign lesions not undergoing tissue diagnosis in our setting. The sonographic features and diagnosis correlated well with the histological diagnosis.Keywords: Breast cancer; lumps; ultrasonography.
Analgesic Effect of Caudal Bupivacaine with or without Clonidine in Pediatric Patient
Authors: Khakurel Sharad , Sapkota Shanta , Karki Anuj Jung
Published: August 2020

Background: Caudal analgesia has long been the cornerstone to successful pain management in children undergoing abdominal and lower limb surgeries. Its analgesic duration with single shot injection is however limited. So adjuvants are used with local anesthetics in an attempt to increase the duration of caudal analgesia. This study aims to investigate the duration of analgesia provided by Clonidine when added to caudal Bupivacaine.Methods: A randomized, double blinded, comparative study was conducted on 64 patients, aged two to seven years, scheduled for unilateral inguinal hernia repair. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups of 32 each, with group A receiving bupivacaine two milligram/kilogram and group B receiving bupivacaine two milligram/kilogram with one microgram/kilogramclonidine, (total volume of injectate was one milliliter/kilogram). Duration of analgesia, hemodynamic response and adverse effects, if any were noted.Results: Mean duration of analgesia in group A was 264.12 ± 68.77 minutes and in group B was 520 ± 57.37 minutes, p-value <0.001.Incidence of vomiting was 9% in group A compared to 6% in group B.Conclusions: Clonidineas an adjuvant to caudal bupivacaine prolongs the duration of analgesia without increasing the adverse effects.Keywords: Bupivacaine; caudal analgesia; clonidine;pediatric.
PCR-RFLP: a targeted method to reveal host specific malacosporean infection profiles (Cnidaria: Myxozoa: Malacosporea)
Authors: Ruggeri P , Naldoni J , Hartikainen H , Okamura B
Published: August 2020

Malacosporeans are a group of endoparasitic cnidarians (Myxozoa) that use freshwater bryozoans and fish as final and intermediate hosts, respectively. The malacosporean Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae causes proliferative kidney disease (PKD), an emerging disease in aquaculture and wild fish populations, including threatened salmonids in Europe and the USA. Mixed infections of malacosporeans are often encountered, and a monitoring tool for screening of multiple malacosporean species in either their fish or bryozoan hosts is therefore desirable. We describe an inexpensive method that combines PCR amplification of the partial 18S rRNA gene (~260 bp) and a single-step restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method for identification of 10 malacosporean lineages and species. We demonstrate and test this methodology on a set of DNA extracted from malacosporeans infecting fish kidney and tissues sampled from bryozoan colonies and compare the results with Sanger sequencing of the same parasite DNA isolates. The PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing methods agreed in 100% of cases. The PCR-RFLP method offers a number of opportunities, including screening large panels of host tissue samples to gain insights into infection patterns, characterizing mixed infections, and confirming highly pathogenic T. bryosalmonae infections. The method can also be further refined as new sequence data become available for malacosporeans.
Evidence of unidentified «aeroplanes» in Viciebsk guberniya in 1914–1915: a look through the prism of the era
Authors: Butov Ilya S.
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the Belarusian anti-aeroplane campaign of 1914–1915, i. e. to counteract the speculation that rapidly spread across the provinces about the appearance of enemy aeroplanes and airships behind the front line. Documents and materials from the National Historical Archive of Belarus, State Archive of Russian Federation and State Archive of Pskov Region funds concerning the verification of reports about aeroplanes in the Viciebsk guberniya are reviewed and analyzed. It is noted that the mass appearance of rumors about airplanes took place in the Viciebsk guberniya in several stages: at first, according to the descriptions of eyewitnesses, they were only a shapeless flying mass, and later information about them became more specific and even reports about their descent were checked. All this led to a serious problem – under the influence of panic, cases of superstitious soldiers firing at their own planes became more frequent, which could directly affect the course of military operations, in particular, the supply of advanced weapons and the latest intelligence. It is also important to consider the impact of the issue on the rear, which resulted primarily in the population fanning rumors directed against rich landowners, and the growth of social tension as a result. It is shown that the local anti-aeroplane campaign had a Baltic and Pskov «scurf», naturally complementing the actions of local authorities and the population. It is concluded that most of the reports from the Viciebsk guberniya and its borders, cited in the documents, do not describe observations of real combat or reconnaissance aircraft of the enemy, but only give an incorrect interpretation by eyewitnesses of any natural or astronomical phenomena as well as your own aeroplanes that occurred due to phobic images of new equipment in the eyes of the local population, reinforced by military hysteria and militaristic psychosis.