bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Small T Antigen Targets the NEMO Adaptor Protein To Disrupt Inflammatory Signaling
Authors: Griffiths David A. , Abdul-Sada Hussein , Knight Laura M. , Jackson Brian R. , Richards Kathryn , Prescott Emma L. , Peach A. Howard S. , Blair G. Eric , Macdonald Andrew , Whitehouse Adrian
Published: October 2013

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive nonmelanoma skin cancer arising from epidermal mechanoreceptor Merkel cells. In 2008, a novel human polyomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), was identified and is strongly implicated in MCC pathogenesis. Currently, little is known regarding the virus-host cell interactions which support virus replication and virus-induced mechanisms in cellular transformation and metastasis. Here we identify a new function of MCPyV small T antigen (ST) as an inhibitor of NF-κB-mediated transcription. This effect is due to an interaction between MCPyV ST and the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) adaptor protein. MCPyV ST expression inhibits IκB kinase α (IKKα)/IKKβ-mediated IκB phosphorylation, which limits translocation of the NF-κB heterodimer to the nucleus. Regulation of this process involves a previously undescribed interaction between MCPyV ST and the cellular phosphatase subunits, protein phosphatase 4C (PP4C) and/or protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) Aβ, but not PP2A Aα. Together, these results highlight a novel function of MCPyV ST to subvert the innate immune response, allowing establishment of early or persistent infection within the host cell.
The Cytoprotective Enzyme Heme Oxygenase-1 Suppresses Ebola Virus Replication
Authors: Hill-Batorski Lindsay , Halfmann Peter , Neumann Gabriele , Kawaoka Yoshihiro
Published: October 2013

Ebola virus (EBOV) is the causative agent of a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with reported case fatality rates as high as 90%. There are currently no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapeutics to combat EBOV infections. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in heme degradation, has antioxidative properties and protects cells from various stresses. Activated HO-1 was recently shown to have antiviral activity, potently inhibiting the replication of viruses such as hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. However, the effect of HO-1 activation on EBOV replication remains unknown. To determine whether the upregulation of HO-1 attenuates EBOV replication, we treated cells with cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), a selective HO-1 inducer, and assessed its effects on EBOV replication. We found that CoPP treatment, pre- and postinfection, significantly suppressed EBOV replication in a manner dependent upon HO-1 upregulation and activity. In addition, stable overexpression of HO-1 significantly attenuated EBOV growth. Although the exact mechanism behind the antiviral properties of HO-1 remains to be elucidated, our data show that HO-1 upregulation does not attenuate EBOV entry or budding but specifically targets EBOV transcription/replication. Therefore, modulation of the cellular enzyme HO-1 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy against EBOV infection.
Fatal Measles Virus Infection Prevented by Brain-Penetrant Fusion Inhibitors
Authors: Welsch Jeremy C. , Talekar Aparna , Mathieu Cyrille , Pessi Antonello , Moscona Anne , Horvat Branka , Porotto Matteo
Published: October 2013

Measles virus (MV) infection causes an acute childhood disease that can include infection of the central nervous system and can rarely progress to severe neurological disease for which there is no specific treatment. We generated potent antiviral peptide inhibitors of MV entry and spreading and MV-induced cell fusion. Dimers of MV-specific peptides derived from the C-terminal heptad repeat region of the MV fusion protein, conjugated to cholesterol, efficiently protect SLAM transgenic mice from fatal MV infection. Fusion inhibitors hold promise for the prophylaxis of MV infection in unvaccinated and immunocompromised people, as well as potential for the treatment of grave neurological complications of measles.
NFX1-123 and Human Papillomavirus 16E6 Increase Notch Expression in Keratinocytes
Authors: Vliet-Gregg Portia A. , Hamilton Jennifer R. , Katzenellenbogen Rachel A.
Published: October 2013

The high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) E6 oncoprotein binds host cell proteins to dysregulate multiple regulatory pathways, including apoptosis and senescence. HR HPV16 E6 (16E6) interacts with the cellular protein NFX1-123, and together they posttranscriptionally increase hTERT expression, the catalytic subunit of telomerase. NFX1-123 interacts with hTERT mRNA and stabilizes it, leading to greater telomerase activity and the avoidance of cellular senescence. Little is known regarding what other transcripts are dependent on or augmented by the association of NFX1-123 with 16E6. Microarray analysis revealed enhanced expression of Notch1 mRNA in 16E6-expressing keratinocytes when NFX1-123 was overexpressed. A moderate increase in Notch1 mRNA was seen with overexpression of NFX1-123 alone, but with 16E6 coexpression the increase in Notch1 was enhanced. The PAM2 motif and R3H protein domains in NFX1-123, which were important for increased hTERT expression, were also important in the augmentation of Notch1 expression by 16E6. These findings identify a second gene coregulated by 16E6 and NFX1-123 and the protein motifs in NFX1-123 that are important for this effect.
Human Coronavirus OC43 Nucleocapsid Protein Binds MicroRNA 9 and Potentiates NF-κB Activation
Authors: Lai Frances W. , Stephenson Kyle B. , Mahony James , Lichty Brian D.
Published: October 2013

The human coronavirus OC43 is a major contributor to the common cold worldwide, though due to its low mortality rate, little research has focused on this human pathogen. The nucleocapsid is an essential structural protein with conserved functions across the coronavirus family. While a multitude of studies have examined nucleocapsid function, none have described the effects of OC43 nucleocapsid on the transcription factor NF-κB. We report that the nucleocapsid protein of OC43 causes potentiation of NF-κB activation. This prolonged activation is the direct result of the ability of the nucleocapsid to bind RNA, specifically microRNA 9 (miR-9), which is a negative regulator of NF-κB. This previously undescribed interaction between virus and host is a potential mechanism of immune evasion in RNA viruses.
Reversible Inactivation and Desiccation Tolerance of Silicified Viruses
Authors: Laidler James R. , Shugart Jessica A. , Cady Sherry L. , Bahjat Keith S. , Stedman Kenneth M.
Published: October 2013

Long-distance host-independent virus dispersal is poorly understood, especially for viruses found in isolated ecosystems. To demonstrate a possible dispersal mechanism, we show that bacteriophage T4, archaeal virus
Sulfolobus
spindle-shaped virus Kamchatka, and vaccinia virus are reversibly inactivated by mineralization in silica under conditions similar to volcanic hot springs. In contrast, bacteriophage PRD1 is not silicified. Moreover, silicification provides viruses with remarkable desiccation resistance, which could allow extensive aerial dispersal.
Prevention and management of non-communicable disease: the IOC consensus statement, Lausanne 2013
Authors: Matheson Gordon O , Klügl Martin , Engebretsen Lars , Bendiksen Fredrik , Blair Steven N , Börjesson Mats , Budgett Richard , Derman Wayne , Erdener Uğur , Ioannidis John P A , Khan Karim M , Martinez Rodrigo , Van Mechelen Willem , Mountjoy Margo , Sallis Robert E , Schwellnus Martin , Shultz Rebecca , Soligard Torbjørn , Steffen Kathrin , Sundberg Carl Johan , Weiler Richard , Ljungqvist Arne
Published: October 2013

Morbidity and mortality from preventable, non-communicable chronic disease (NCD) threatens the health of our populations and our economies. The accumulation of vast amounts of scientific knowledge has done little to change this. New and innovative thinking is essential to foster new creative approaches that leverage and integrate evidence through the support of big data, technology and design thinking. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the results of a consensus meeting on NCD prevention sponsored by the IOC in April 2013. Within the context of advocacy for multifaceted systems change, the IOC's focus is to create solutions that gain traction within healthcare systems. The group of participants attending the meeting achieved consensus on a strategy for the prevention and management of chronic disease that includes the following: (1) Focus on behavioural change as the core component of all clinical programmes for the prevention and management of chronic disease. (2) Establish actual centres to design, implement, study and improve preventive programmes for chronic disease. (3) Use human-centred design in the creation of prevention programmes with an inclination to action, rapid prototyping and multiple iterations. (4) Extend the knowledge and skills of Sports and Exercise Medicine (SEM) professionals to build new programmes for the prevention and treatment of chronic disease focused on physical activity, diet and lifestyle. (5) Mobilise resources and leverage networks to scale and distribute programmes of prevention. True innovation lies in the ability to align thinking around these core strategies to ensure successful implementation of NCD prevention and management programmes within healthcare. The IOC and SEM community are in an ideal position to lead this disruptive change. The outcome of the consensus meeting was the creation of the IOC Non-Communicable Diseases ad hoc Working Group charged with the responsibility of moving this agenda forward.
Risk of fatal unintentional injuries in children by migration status: a nationwide cohort study with 46 years’ follow-up
Authors: Karimi Najmeh , Beiki Omid , Mohammadi Reza
Published: October 2013

Background

Injuries are responsible for much child and adolescent mortality in the world.

Objective

To study the effect of parental birth country on the risk of fatal unintentional injuries.

Methods

We established a cohort by linkages between Swedish national registers through personal identification number. The main variable was country of birth of parents. Children with both parents born in Sweden were the reference group. The cohort was followed up from the starting date of the study (1 January 1961) or date of birth, whichever occurred last, until the exit date, which was death due to unintentional injury, first emigration or end of the follow-up (31 December 2007), whichever came first. We calculated HRs with 95% CIs adjusted for age at exit, parental education and calendar period of birth by Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

We found a significantly higher risk of fatal unintentional injuries among children with a foreign background than among native children. We found a higher risk of fatal transportation-related injuries and drowning among boys with a foreign background and a higher risk of fatal burns/fire and falls among girls with a foreign background than among same sex native children. We also found a higher risk of fatal unintentional injuries among children with a foreign background at older ages than among native children at the same ages.

Conclusions

Injury prevention work against unintentional injuries among children of foreign origin is more complex than that among native children. We recommend designing specific studies to find out the factors responsible and planning preventive interventions aiming at this particular group of children with a foreign background.
Four cases of solitary fibrous tumour of the eye and orbit: one with sarcomatous transformation after radiotherapy and one in a 5-year-old child’s eyelid
Authors: Blandamura Stella , Alaggio Rita , Bettini Giordana , Guzzardo Vincenza , Valentini Elisa , Bedogni Alberto
Published: October 2013

Background

Solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) is quite a rare neoplasm involving the eye and the orbit. It is described as showing benign behaviour in adults, but malignant cases are exceptionally reported in this location. This report describes four new cases of SFT/giant cell angiofibroma (GCA) of the eyelid and orbit, one in a 5-year-old child, and one with sarcomatous dedifferentiated transformation occurring 9 years after radiotherapy.

Methods

Four cases of ocular SFT/GCA were retrieved from the database of the Pathological Anatomy Unit, University of Padova; immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to identify COL1A1—PDBGF fusion gene transcripts in all cases.

Results

In case 1, late relapse 9 years later was characterised by abrupt transition into a high-grade component, associated with a non-distinctive high-grade sarcomatous area. The latter component was CD34, CD99 and Bcl2 negative and smooth muscle actin positive. Molecular characterisation showed the absence of COL1A1-PDGFB fusion transcripts in cases 1, 3 and 4, excluded diagnosis of giant cell fibroblastoma in all cases. Analysis could not be performed in case 2.

Conclusions

An eyelid SFT/GCA in a 5-year-old child is the youngest case reported in the literature, indicating that the tumour is not exclusive to adults. The case with sarcomatous transformation, with dedifferentiated features occurring 9 years after radiotherapy, raises some questions about the choice of treatment for ocular SFT, in which excision is sometimes difficult without devastating surgery.
Overlooked biological and economic implications of within-season fishery dynamics
Authors: Liu Xiaozi , Heino Mikko
Published: October 2013

Catch equations relate fisheries catch to initial fish abundance and the applied fishing pressure. The Baranov catch equation, often simply referred to as the catch equation, is the commonest one. However, there are exactly three ways of describing seasonal progression of fishing parsimoniously with a single parameter: assume catch rate, fishing effort, or fishing mortality is constant, the last being the assumption underlying the Baranov catch equation. These assumptions imply different dynamics, and only in special cases two of these assumptions can hold true simultaneously. Whether this happens is dictated by the concentration profile (i.e., the dependence of mean fish density where fishing takes place on total stock abundance). We show that the assumed seasonal progression of fishing and the type of the concentration profile have major implications for fishery dynamics as well as biological and economic consequences of fishing, calling for increased awareness of these overlooked assumptions of fishery dynamics. However, in many cases the Baranov catch equation serves as a good approximation, even when its assumption of constant fishing mortality is violated.
Elasticity of demand for Canadian logs and lumber in China and Japan
Authors: Niquidet Kurt , Tang Jingwen
Published: October 2013

Over the past decade, Chinese demand for forest products has increased substantially. While domestic production has risen, this increased demand has been met mostly by imports. The boom has been a welcome benefit to large forest products exporting countries such as Canada, especially in light of the weakened demand that occurred in the United States (US) following the financial crisis. While estimates of demand parameters for the US are vast, little is known about Canada’s other two leading markets: China and Japan. Furthermore, many existing trade models assume that logs and lumber are homogenous, perfectly substitutable regardless of their origin. In this note, we apply a source-differentiated Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model to Chinese and Japanese log and lumber imports, with an emphasis on imports originating from Canada. Results indicate that the price elasticity of demand for Canadian lumber and logs in China is elastic. In contrast, in Japan, the price elasticity of demand for Canadian lumber is inelastic, but like China, demand for Canadian log imports is elastic. Expenditure elasticities suggest that Canadian wood products are expected to be favoured relative to other countries as demand in China grows; this finding may be attributed to marketing programs.
The superparticle on the surface S2
Authors: McKeon D.G.C.
Published: October 2013

A superparticle action that is globally supersymmetric in the target space is proposed. The supersymmetry is the supersymmetric extension of the rotation group O(3).
Molecular mechanism of 17α-ethinylestradiol cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes
Authors: Wan Luke , O’Brien Peter
Published: October 2013

17α-Ethinylestradiol (17-EE) is used in formulations of contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy because it is an estradiol derivative. However, it has been associated with an increase in the risk of liver cancers and injury. The carcinogenic properties of 17-EE are similar to that of other estrogens, but the molecular mechanism of liver injury is still unclear. It is important to identify any secondary toxic mechanisms that can be used to prevent or treat the toxicity. The LC50 of 17-EE toward isolated rat hepatocytes was determined to be 150 ± 8 μmol/L. Accelerated cytotoxicity mechanism screening (ACMS) techniques using isolated rat hepatocytes showed that CYP1A inhibitors decreased cytotoxicity, whereas tyrosinase increased toxicity; this suggests that the toxic mechanism involved is the oxidation of 17-EE. A hepatocyte inflammation model also increased 17-EE-induced mitochondrial toxicity, as well as the formation of ROS and H2O2. Cytotoxicity was increased when inhibitors of quinone reduction, catechol-O-methylation, glucuronidation, glutathione conjugation, and sulfation were co-incubated with 17-EE. The hepatocytes could be rescued with antioxidants and quinone trapping agents, thereby suggesting a role for quinoid moiety induced oxidative stress in 17-EE induced cytotoxicity. These mechanisms for 17-EE hepatotoxicity could provide a new perspective for the treating 17-EE-induced liver injury.
FLAVORED DARK MATTER: A REVIEW
Authors: KILE JENNIFER
Published: October 2013

The current status of flavored dark matter (DM) is reviewed. We discuss the main experimental constraints on models of flavored DM and survey some possible considerations which are relevant for the constructions of models. We then review the application of existing flavor principles to DM, with an emphasis on minimal flavor violation, and discuss implications of flavored DM on collider phenomenology.
COMMON ORIGIN OF BARYON ASYMMETRY AND PROTON DECAY
Authors: GU PEI-HONG , SARKAR UTPAL
Published: October 2013

A successful baryogenesis theory requires a baryon-minus-lepton number violation if it works before the electroweak phase transition. The leading dimension-6 baryon number violating interactions conserve baryon-minus-lepton number, which dissociated baryogenesis from baryon number violation. We show that in some models, in which the baryon-minus-lepton number is violated in the proton and neutron decays, the baryogenesis and the nucleon decay could have a common origin. We extend the canonical seesaw model with an isotriplet leptoquark scalar and two isotriplet Higgs scalars and allow the Higgs triplet to have a quartic coupling with three leptoquark triplets and a cubic coupling with two Higgs doublets. The decays of the Higgs triplets can thus generate a baryon-minus-lepton asymmetry. The tiny vacuum expectation values of the Higgs triplets can naturally induce a testable proton decay even if the leptoquark is around the TeV scale. The leptoquark associated with any flavor neutrinos can mediate a neutrinoless double beta decay.
ALL-DIELECTRIC PERIODIC MEDIA ENGINEERED FOR SLOW LIGHT STUDIES
Authors: KURT H.
Published: October 2013

The paper presents various novel approaches to implementing slow light media by manipulating the group velocity via dispersion engineering of guided modes. Light is confined and then linked with a low group velocity inside a photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) and at the PC-air interface. We discuss both basic and engineered slow light waveguide structures. The structural changes in PCs greatly modify the spectral characteristics of the dispersion curves. The search for flat bands gives rise to various strategies for slowing the optical pulses. An appropriate and commonly adopted figure of merit (FOM) is accepted to quantify and characterize the performance of the designed slow light devices. The trade-off relationship between the group index and the bandwidth is highlighted. Efficient excitation of slow modes demands the design of additional interfaces as couplers between the input waveguide and slow mode guide structure. Other challenges of slow light studies, such as various loss sources, are mentioned. Finally, the potential applications of slow light are outlined, and remarks on future directions are presented.
ADAPTIVE SYNCHRONIZATION OF A NOVEL HYPERCHAOTIC SYSTEM WITH FULLY UNKNOWN PARAMETERS
Authors: WANG XING-YUAN , JIANG SI-HUI , LUO CHAO
Published: October 2013

In this paper, a chaotic synchronization scheme is proposed to achieve adaptive synchronization between a novel hyperchaotic system and the hyperchaotic Chen system with fully unknown parameters. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, an adaptive controller and parameter updating law are presented to synchronize the above two hyperchaotic systems. The corresponding theoretical proof is given and numerical simulations are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
THE SOL–GEL SYNTHESIS OF RARE-EARTH IONS SUBSTITUTED BARIUM HEXAFERRITES AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Authors: CAI S. , XIN P. H. , WANG P. F. , ZHANG B. B. , HAN Y. B. , PENG X. L. , HONG B. , JIN H. X. , GONG J. , JIN D. F. , GE H. L. , WANG X. Q. , ZHANG J.
Published: October 2013

In this paper, a series of rare-earth-doped barium hexaferrite powders ( Ba 0.95 Re 0.05- Fe 12 O 19 and Ba 0.95 Re 0.05 M 0.05 Fe 11.95 O 19: Re = La , Pr , Sm , Nd , Gd , Dy , Yb ; M = Zn 2+, Mn 2+, [Formula: see text]) were synthesized by the sol–gel self-combustion technology. The phase composition and the magnetic properties of the as-prepared barium hexaferrites were characterized and discussed with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results showed that the barium hexaferrites exhibited the magnetoplumbite phase structure with the average diameter of 45 nm. Magnetic properties study revealed that the variation of the saturation magnetization (Ms) was similar with the change of the rare-earth ions radius, but the change of Ms was low. This indicated that the magnetic moments of rare-earth ions could not affect Ms. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy field mainly influenced the anisotropism of hexaferrites, and the coercivity (Hc) of the rare-earth ions doped barium hexaferrites basically decreased with the increasing orbital quantum numbers (except Sm 3+ and Gd 3+). Further study showed the co-addition of Zn 2+ and Mn 2+ did not change the trend of Ms and Hc. Thus, it is concluded that the rare-earth ions played an important role for the anisotropy field of barium hexaferrites.
FURTHER RESULTS ON THE CONTINUOUS REPRESENTABILITY OF SEMIORDERS
Authors: ESTEVAN A. , GUTIÉRREZ GARCÍA J. , INDURÁIN E.
Published: October 2013

We study necessary and sufficient conditions for the continuous Scott-Suppes representability of a semiorder through a continuous real-valued map and a strictly positive threshold. In the general case of a semiorder defined on topological space, we find several necessary conditions for the continuous representability. These necessary conditions are not sufficient, in general. As a matter of fact, the analogous of the classical Debreu's lemma for the continuous representability of total preorders is no longer valid for semiorders. However, and in a positive direction, we show that if the set is finite those conditions are indeed sufficient. In particular, we characterize the continuous Scott-Suppes representability of semiorders defined on a finite set endowed with a topology.
SOME INDUCED UNCERTAIN GEOMETRIC AGGREGATION OPERATORS WITH PURE LINGUISTIC INFORMATION AND THEIR APPLICATION TO GROUP DECISION MAKING
Authors: PENG BO , YE CHUNMING
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we develop some new aggregation operators with pure linguistic information including the uncertain pure linguistic weighted geometric mean (UPLWGM) operator, the induced uncertain pure linguistic ordered weighted geometric mean (IUPLOWGM) operator, and the induced uncertain pure linguistic hybrid geometric mean (IUPLHGM) operator. These developed aggregation operators are very suitable to deal with the situation where the input arguments are represented in uncertain pure linguistic variables. Also, as a more general type of aggregation operator, the IUPLHGM operator is based on the UPLWGM and IUPLOWGM operators, and it can reflect the importance degrees of both the given uncertain linguistic variables and their ordered positions. Moreover, in the situations where the information about all the attribute weights, the attribute values and the expert weights are expressed in the form of linguistic labels variables, we develop an approach based on the IUPLHGM operator for multiple attribute group decision making with pure linguistic information. Finally, an application of the developed approach to group decision making problem regarding the selection of investments is given. Also, we present a comparative analysis with other related decision making methods to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed approach.
HOW TO TRANSFORM AGRICULTURE UNDER THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL WARMING: A REVIEW OF KEY DEVELOPMENT AND TRADE ISSUES
Authors: HOFFMANN ULRICH
Published: October 2013

The problems of climate change, hunger and poverty, economic, social and gender inequity, poor health and nutrition, and environmental sustainability are inter-related and need to be solved by leveraging agriculture's multi-functionality. Against this background, this paper analyzes various aspects of the fundamental transformation of agricultural production methods and systems required for dealing with the serious challenges that arise from global warming. It also discusses the trade-offs to be made in enhancing the mitigation and adaptation potential of agriculture as part and parcel of a pro-poor development approach in agriculture, which will also have to include a modification of international trade rules.
WHY ARE THE G-20 DATA GAPS INITIATIVE AND THE SDDS PLUS RELEVANT FOR FINANCIAL STABILITY ANALYSIS?
Authors: HEATH ROBERT
Published: October 2013

In the wake of the recent global crisis, the international community is giving an increased focus on stability of the financial system. With the increasing need for data sets to undertake this analysis, the question naturally arises as to what types of data are needed? While various data initiatives are underway, two initiatives at the forefront are: (1) the International Monetary Fund/Financial Stability Board Group of Twenty (IMF/FSB G-20) Data Gaps Initiative (DGI) which is endorsed by the G-20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors as well as the IMF's International Monetary and Financial Committee and (2) the new Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) Plus, aimed particularly at economies with systemically important financial sectors. This paper explains the relevance of the DGI for financial stability analysis and the close link with the SDDS Plus.
Comparison of Novel Anode Materials for the Production of Hydrogen Using CuCl/HCl Electrolyzers
Authors: Edge Patrick S. R. , Easton E. Bradley
Published: October 2013

Ceramic carbon electrodes (CCE) were prepared via the sol-gel method using Vulcan XC-72 carbon black and N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (2N). Each 2N-based CCE was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was determined that increasing the loading of 2N-silane leads to an increase in both ionic conductivity as well as the electrochemically available surface area. However, highest CuCl/HCl electrolysis performance was achieved at lower 2N-silane loading, indicating that electrode pore structure may play a vital role in electrolysis performance.
Study of Bilayer Porous Structure for Efficient Light Absorption
Authors: Wang M. C. , Ge D. H. , Wang J. J. , Jiao J. W.
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we present a novel structure for bio-inspired photochemical light absorption based on porous silicon formation technology. Macro- and microporous samples were obtained by anodic etching on highly-doped n-type silicon substrate. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol-gel hydrolyzing method by immersing the samples in the precursor. After rinse and calcinations, light absorption effects were characterized by the reflective spectrums. It can be easily found that the two samples play different roles in the light absorption by comparing the spectrums before and after TiO2 synthesization which can enhance the efficiency of energy transformation.
Diagnosis and Modeling of the CuCl Electrolyzer Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Khurana Sanchit , Hall Derek , Schatz Rich , Lvov Serguei N.
Published: October 2013

A CuCl/HCl electrolytic cell was operated at different temperatures to quantify the effect of temperature on the overall performance. Polarization curves and EIS data were taken at 40, 60 and 80 °C to observe the changes in ohmic, charge-transfer and interfacial resistance. Our research showed a significant increase in the cell performance as the temperature was increased from 40 to 80 °C. While the polarization data were used to observe the overall increase in the current density in a specific range of applied potential, the corresponding EIS data showed a decrease in the ohmic and charge transfer resistance. It was also observed that pressure applied on the end plates during cell assembly has a significant effect on the ohmic resistance. An optimum pressure of 6.3 psi (bolt torque: 20 Nm) showed the best performance. This paper demonstrates how changes in the signature of EIS spectra with temperature reflect the cell performance.
Steam Electrolysis in Reversibly Operated SOFC: Long-Term Cell Testing Beyond 1000 h
Authors: Schefold Josef , Brisse Annabelle
Published: October 2013

Long-term operation of both electrolyte and (hydrogen) electrode supported solid oxide cells as steam electrolyser is reported. The electrode supported cell was operated during 6100 h under a current density of j = -0.75 Acm-2 at 778-780°C, the electrolyte supported cell during 2200 h under j = -0.5 Acm-2 at 834°C. Steam conversion was 40 %. Cell voltages were in the range of 1.0 to 1.1 V during the entire tests, largely below those of alkaline or polymer electrolyte membrane cells. Voltage degradation was below 1 %/1000 h (<13 mV/1000 h) in both tests, which is sufficient for practical application. Periodically taken OCVs remained constant, i.e. there was no increase in non-ionic electrolyte conduction. Impedance spectroscopic measurements showed that the increase in the cell resistance with time was both due to increasing ohmic and reactive terms at the electrode supported cell. At the electrolyte supported cell the ohmic rise prevailed.
Thermally Stabilized Nickel Electro-Catalyst Introduced by Infiltration for High Temperature Electrochemical Energy Conversion
Authors: Driscoll David , Hunt Clay , Muretta Julie , Sofie Stephen W.
Published: October 2013

This report examines the use of aluminum titanate (ALT) as a means of stabilizing nickel electro-catalyst networks against thermally-induced coarsening. While this novel technology has potentially widespread application, focus is placed on the stabilization of nano-nickel particulate introduced by infiltration techniques into YSZ scaffolds for SOFCs. Here, the implementation of ALT is applied specifically through infiltration in the same manner as the nickel catalyst. The efficacy of this system is quantified through high-temperature conductivity testing of nickel networks supported through modeling and electrochemical tests which include an investigation of varied nickel loading within the SOFC anode. The ALT anchoring system continues to show great promise with degradation significantly impeded when compared to non-anchored samples.
MBE Growth and Structural and Electrochemical Characterization of Tin Oxide and Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Grown on Silicon for Li-ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Osiak Michal , Armstrong Eileen , Kennedy Tadhg , Sotomayor Torres Clivia M , Ryan Kevin , O'Dwyer Colm
Published: October 2013

Tin oxide (SnO2) is considered a very promising material as a high capacity Li-ion battery anode. Typically, the electrochemical performance of tin oxide based anodes is dependent on various factors such as their size and composition. Here, we demonstrate how defined dispersion of nanostructures can improve the understanding of the relationship between the electrode performance and its architecture. Two different types of well-defined hierarchical Sn@SnO2 core-shell nanoparticle dispersions were prepared by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on silicon, composed of either amorphous or polycrystalline SnO2 shells. Sn doped In2O3 (ITO) NP dispersions are also demonstrated from MBE nanoparticle growth. Preparation of SnO2 and related materials by highly defined MBE growth as a model system allows a detailed examination of the influence of material dispersion or nanoarchitecture on the performance of active electrode materials.
Architecture Options for Carbon Nanotube Papers
Authors: Haas David J. , Firsich David W.
Published: October 2013

This report discusses nonwoven papermaking as a method for producing varieties of binderless, free-standing carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets. Examples portray how papers may be prepared from mixtures of different nanotube types to tailor them for use in specific energy storage applications. The technique’s ability to craft sheets for composition, air flow, density, etc. will only expand as more nanomaterials become commercially available. The advantages and limitations of the method are offered, and a pilot production process that can continuously produce 12” wide sheet stock is described.
Exploring the Interaction between Lithium Ion and Defective Graphene Surface Using Dispersion Corrected DFT Studies
Authors: Murugesan Vijayakumar , Hu Jianzhi
Published: October 2013

To analyze the lithium ion interaction with realistic graphene surfaces, we carried out dispersion corrected DFT-D3 studies on graphene with common point defects and chemisorbed oxygen containing functional groups along with defect free graphene surface. Our study reveals that, the interaction between lithium ion (Li+) and graphene is mainly through the delocalized π electron of pure graphene layer. However, the oxygen containing functional groups pose high adsorption energy for lithium ion due to the Li-O ionic bond formation. Similarly, the point defect groups interact with lithium ion through possible carbon dangling bonds and/or cation-π type interactions. Overall these defect sites render a preferential site for lithium ions compared with pure graphene layer. Based on these findings, the role of graphene surface defects in lithium battery performance were discussed.
Comparative Study on Electrical Properties of Three Different Types of Graphene-Based Thin Films
Authors: Wang Xiaoxia , Yu Jianhua , Dong Hongzhou , Jiang Fengjuan , Zhu Qianqian , Xu Lili , Dong Lifeng
Published: October 2013

It is necessary to develop methods to study sheet resistances of graphene-based thin films in order to facilitate future electronic devices. In this article, compact, smooth and uniform graphene-based thin films were fabricated by blade coating process with strong adhesion to glass substrates. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was employed as a surfactant for aqueous graphene dispersion, and water soluble acrylic resin and silane coupling agent were used to strengthen the connection among graphene sheets and the adhesion of graphene onto the substrates. In addition, sheet resistances of graphene-based thin films obtained by different synthesis strategies are compared and discussed. The result indicates the morphology of graphene has significant effects on its sheet resistances.
Fabrication and Characterization of Graphene and Its Use in Formation of Graphene Ring Microelectrodes (GRiMEs)
Authors: Dickinson James William , Andrieux Fabrice P.L. , Boxall Colin , Ferrerhuerta Miriam
Published: October 2013

We report the fabrication, characterisation and use of graphene for the fabrication of Graphene Ring Microelectrodes (GRiMEs). Graphene was fabricated using a modified Hummers method and optimised hydrazine-thermal reduction procedure. So-formed graphene was characterised using measurement of light transmittance, sheet resistivity, droplet contact angle and AFM. GRiMEs were formed by dip coating fibre optics with GO followed by reduction to graphene. The behavior of the so-formed GRiMEs was studied using the probe redox system ferricyanide and electrode thicknesses assessed by physical methods using AFM operating in contact, lateral force and current sensing modes. Using 220 µm dia. fibre optics, ring electrode thicknesses ranging from 73.8 nm – 18 nm were obtained. The fabricated GRiMEs are highly reliable (i-v response invariant over >300 scans), the microring design allowing for efficient use of electrochemically active graphene edge sites. Further, the associated nA scale currents neatly obviate issues relating to the high resistivity of undoped graphene. Thus, the use of graphene in ring microelectrodes improves the reliability of existing microelectrode designs and expands the range of use of graphene-based electrochemical devices.
Development and Characterization of Highly Efficient Integrated Electrocatalytic Systems Utilizing Nanostructured Catalysts and Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Zoladek Sylwia , Rutkowska Iwona Agnieszka , Skorupska Katarzyna , Wadas Anna , Gierwatowska M. , Kulesza Pawel J.
Published: October 2013

In the present work we explore the phosphododecamolybdate heteropolyblue-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles, acting as a new generation electrocatalytic system exhibiting appreciable activity toward reduction of carbon oxide (IV) and reduction of oxygen (after combining with Co-porphyrin). We explore the ability of highly-concentrated Keggin-type phosphomolybdates to attach within the plain gold surfaces to achieve the highly shape-selective synthesis of approximately spherical or anisotropic Au nanostructures of controlled sizes. The tunable concentrations of reducing (and stabilizing) agent H3[H4P(MoV)4(MoVI)8O40] allowed us to produce a wide range of nanostructured gold with specific sizes and shapes. The aim of this work was to study the applicability of phosphomolybdate-protected gold nanoparticles to create microporous matrix for reduction of carbon dioxide and the active support for the Co-porphyrin catalytic centers towards reduction of oxygen. Keggin-type structures-stabilizing gold nanoparticles were expected to provide electrons and mobile protons to the vicinity of Co-porphyrin, while gold nanoparticles were responsible for high electronic conductivity combined with electrocatalytic activity towards CO2 and H2O2 reduction. The hybrid catalyst based on of Co-porphyrin and phosphomolybdate-protected gold nanoparticles led to synergistic effect that was evident from some positive shift of the oxygen reduction voltammetric potentials and significant increase of the voltammetric currents in all case.
Selectiveness of Copper and Polypyrrole Modified Copper Electrodes for Nitrate Electroreduction: A Comparative Study and Application in Ground Water
Authors: Nguyen Thoa T.P. , Do Bao K. D. , Bui Nguyen Nhat , Pham Minh Anh , Nguyen Thinh Viet
Published: October 2013

Nitrate and nitrite electroreduction was carried out for simulated and real groundwater samples by the chronoamperometric technique, using copper (Cu) and polypyrrole modified copper (Ppy/Cu) electrodes. The Ppy/Cu electrodes were prepared on copper substrate by electrochemical oxidation of pyrrole in salicylic acid and salicylate buffer solutions. The copper electrode showed the best catalytic activity for nitrate reduction, however with a large amount of unwanted nitrite by-product, compared to Ppy/Cu electrodes. The electroreduction of nitrate and nitrite compounds in the groundwater samples using Ppy/Cu electrodes was effectively with a considerable low formation of unwanted nitrite and ammonium products. The modified copper electrodes perform selective and stable catalytic effect on the nitrite reduction. The modification conditions affect the performance of the electrodes. The catalytic performance of Cu and Ppy/Cu electrodes for nitrate reduction was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Nitrate, nitrite and ammonium contamination in groundwater at six polluted areas in Ho Chi Minh City was analyzed, following the AOAC, ASTM, NIOSH standards by photometric and ion-chromatographic methods (NIOSH 6015, NIOSH 6014/ASTM 1607, ASTMD 1426, ASTM 3867).
ZnO Nanogenerator as a Wind Speed Sensor for Human Respiration Detector
Authors: Lin Hung-I , Horng Ray-Hua , Wuu Dong-Sing
Published: October 2013

A ZnO nanogenerator of thickness 12.5 μm has been fabricated in this study. The ZnO nanogenerator is composed of ZnO nanowires embedded in PDMS layer, which is highly flexible and lightweight can be vibrate by wind force at the air flow rate of 0.5 ms-1. Thus, the ZnO nanogenerator can be a wind speed sensor for human respiration detector. The open-circuit voltage is about 41mV for a normal human respiration at rest with the tidal volume of 500 mL and the air flow rate of 2.0 ms-1. The open-circuit voltage and closed-circuit current-density reached the highest value at the air flow rate of 5.0 ms-1, 61.2 mV and 7.12 nAcm-2, respectively. With increasing tidal volume and an air flow rate of 2.0 ms-1, the electrical performance of the ZnO nanogenerator was 81.3 mV and 11.4 nAcm-2, respectively.
Health and Environmental Applications of Integrating Low Power Sensors with Wireless Technology
Authors: Stetter Joseph R. , Shirke Amol G. , Meulendyk Bennett J. , Patel Vinay , O'Toole Gavin , Carter Michael T
Published: October 2013

This work describes a platform technology being developed with the integration of low-power, miniature sensors with wireless technology to enable independent living by enhancing health and environmental monitoring and communication for seniors, allowing them to lead a high quality life while maintaining their independence. The technology can help improve safety, productivity, and social integration along with reduced senior care costs associated with assisted living centers and hospitals.
Investigating Electromagnetic Properties of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) for Wireless Gas Sensor Applications
Authors: Sekhar Praveen K. , Subramaniyam Kumar , Karacolak Tutku , Asili Mustafa , Seran Santosh
Published: October 2013

The article describes the investigation of electromagnetic properties of YSZ for wireless gas sensor applications. In particular, the dielectric properties of YSZ were found with a view to implement on-chip antennas. Agilent Dielectric Probe Kit and network analyzer were used for dielectric constant and dielectric loss measurements. The dielectric properties were measured as a function of YSZ sintering temperature. The average dielectric constant (over frequency) of YSZ was seen to increase with an increase in sintering temperature. The average loss tangent (over frequency) was seen to decrease with an increase in sintering temperature. Substrates based on the dielectric ceramic materials such as YSZ, Al2O3, and Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic are promising candidates for antenna miniaturization because of their high permittivity, low loss, light weight, low cost, and market availability.
Green Electrodeposition Trends in Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Shalyt Eugene , Pavlov Michael , Bai Chuannan
Published: October 2013

Electrodeposition in all industries switches to less hazardous components in compliance to regulations. Unique trend of semiconductor industry includes emphasize on process control w.hich enables extension of electrolyte life time and decrease of bleed and feed ratio.
Re-Crystallization of CZTS Solar Cell Materials Prepared by Galvanostat Electro-Deposition
Authors: Yeh Min Yen , Liao Yu Jheng , Wuu Dong-Sing
Published: October 2013

Quaternary Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) films were successfully obtained on Mo/(soda lime glass) substrates by one-step electro-deposition. The process was more efficient than other electro-deposit processes. Electrolytic aqueous was prepared using CuSO4, ZnSO4, SnSO4 and Na2S2O3 mixing solution. A galvanostat was applied for the deposition using a double-electrode scheme. The as-deposited CZTS was re-crystallized and then treated with sulfurization. Kesterite-type CZTS with nano-particle sizes ~17 nm on Mo/SLG were identified by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Different CZTS granules with sizes of 0.5 ~ 5 um were aggregated on surface morphologies as analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CZTS crystallinity was improved through the re-crystallization process. The absorption coefficients are over 1x104 cm-1 in the visible range. The spectrum of square absorption coefficient versus photon energy spectra depicts that the obtained CZTS has a band gap energy of ~1.25 eV. The optical band gap depicts that the obtained CZTS is suitable for thin film solar cell application.
Characterization of Black Chrome Films in the Presence and Absence of Graphite Encapsulated FeCo Nanoparticles Prepared by Electrodeposition Technique for Solar Thermal Applications
Authors: Usmani Belal , Seshadri Harinipriya
Published: October 2013

The surface, thermal and corrosion properties of black chrome – graphite encapsulated FeCo nanoparticle composite films prepared by electrochemical bath were characterized. The composite films were deposited on Copper and nickel coated copper substrates by electrodeposition technique. Electrodeposition was done in the presence of three different weight proportions of graphite encapsulated FeCo nanoparticles such as 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 added to the electrolyte bath. The surface morphology and thermal analysis of the films were investigated by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Simultaneous Thermal Analyser, respectively. The chemical composition of prepared films was determined by energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS). From the SEM analysis, it was found that prepared films were porous, with micro sized grains and after electrochemical treatment in 3.5% NaCl became denser with nano size grains. The Tafel results show that in both cases chrome is the main chemical component in the films. The films prepared on copper have better thermal properties than the films prepared on nickel coated copper substrates. The thermal stability increased upto 600°C for black chrome- graphite encapsulated FeCo nanoparticles composite (0.05 weight percentage of nanoparticles) in nitrogen atmosphere and paves way for the future utilization of the black chrome coatings in high temperature applications including concentrated solar power receivers like parabolic trough.
Electrochemical Recovery of Metals in Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Mendes Tiago , Nano Giuseppe , Magagnin Luca
Published: October 2013

Ionic liquids have been subject of many researches in the electrodeposition area in the last decades. It is known that this kind of liquids show some advantages when compared to the traditional aqueous media. The electroplating industry traditionally uses aqueous solutions, because of the high solubility of metal salts, resulting in highly conducting solutions. In hydrometallurgy, aqueous acids or alkalis are predominantly used to dissolve the metal oxides, sulphides, or silicates and further metal recovery processes require strong compounds which can be hazardous for the environment. This work will discuss the use of ionic liquids as deep eutectic solvents as solution for metal recovery and how such solvents can be used for different metals from their mineral matrix.