bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerrados amazônicos: fósseis vivos? Algumas reflexões
Authors: Carneiro Filho Arnaldo
Published: November 2013

Como noutras regiões sul-americanas, mosaicos floresta-cerrado são também comuns na Amazônia, cobrindo extensas áreas. Permanecem inexplicadas as possíveis causas associadas à origem e distribuição destes tipos vegetais. Argumentos como fogo, oligotrofismo, alumínio, toxicidade e dinâmica de água nos solos foram amplamente utilizados como geradores de ambientes de cerrado. Da mesma forma os efeitos paleoclimáticos foram também considerados. Já é deveras conhecido o fato de que as mudanças climáticas, ocorridas ao longo do Quaternário, promoveram da mesma forma alterações nos tecidos ecológicos. Biogeógrafos têm acumulado evidências sobre os cenários atuais e pretéritos na Amazônia, corroborando o fato de que floresta e cerrado disputaram os espaços geográficos, por ocasião das mudanças climáticas. O presente estudo pretende incrementar a hipótese paleoclimática, através do estudo dos solos e paisagem. Parece evidente que a distribuição de floresta e cerrado em Roraima não possui qualquer correlação com aspectos físico-químicos dos solos e paisagem. Ademais, diversas feições, herdadas e todavia registradas nos solos e paisagem, tornam a situação ainda mais intrigante: (1) couraças lateríticas em diversos compartimentos da paisagem; (2) superfícies erosivas, recobertas por pavimento de laterita e quartzo leitoso, recobrindo tanto os solos sob cerrado como sob floresta; (3) perfis poligenéticos marcados por linhas de pedra e (4) solos similares sob floresta e cerrado. A presente distribuição de cada um dos citados elementos permite identificar duas situações: a) floresta atualmente ocupando antigos espaços de cerrado e b) cerrados ocupando espaços outrora recobertos por florestas
Parent and Professional Collaboration in the Assessment Process
Authors: Squires Jane , Waddell Misti , Funk Kristin , Macy Marisa
Published: November 2013

Partnering with families to administer and interpret assessments for preschool children with disabilities is a cornerstone of effective early childhood practice. Parent-professional partnership in the assessment process encourages effective intervention practices, including targeting of appropriate goals and using strategies based on family cultural and daily practices. An assessment approach that focuses on collaborative practices between professionals and parents of young children with cognitive and other developmental delays is presented. Two strategies shown to provide a common language for parent and professional communication and facilitate cooperation between professionals and parents are described. Parent-completed developmental screening tests and parent assistance with completion of curriculum-based assessments are also discussed in the context of a tiered approach to intervention. A case study is presented to illustrate these strategies in practice.
Transitions vers le post obligatoire. Différences de genre entre groupes ethniques par rapport à la norme scolaire
Authors: Latina Joëlle , Ramirez José V.
Published: November 2013

Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à l’assimilation des filles et garçons de nationalité étrangère dans le système scolaire suisse, en nous concentrant sur la transition en fin de scolarité obligatoire. Nous examinons empiriquement les effets de la vague migratoire, de l’âge d’arrivée et de la cohorte sur les différences de genre, en exploitant une base de données administrative du canton de Genève couvrant quinze cohortes d’élèves (1993-2007). Nos résultats montrent des écarts importants entre les différents sous-groupes de la population scolaire, indépendamment du statut socioéconomique des parents. En particulier, plus les enfants migrants arrivent tôt au sein du système scolaire, plus leur comportement de genre au moment de la transition dépend de leur appartenance ethnique ; un résultat compatible avec l’idée d’une assimilation caractérisée par une acculturation sélective.
Developmental lineage priming in Dictyostelium by heterogeneous Ras activation
Authors: Chattwood Alex , Nagayama Koki , Bolourani Parvin , Harkin Lauren , Kamjoo Marzieh , Weeks Gerald , Thompson Christopher RL
Published: November 2013

In cell culture, genetically identical cells often exhibit heterogeneous behavior, with only ‘lineage primed’ cells responding to differentiation inducing signals. It has recently been proposed that such heterogeneity exists during normal embryonic development to allow position independent patterning based on ‘salt and pepper’ differentiation and sorting out. However, the molecular basis of lineage priming and how it leads to reproducible cell type proportioning are poorly understood. To address this, we employed a novel forward genetic approach in the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum. These studies reveal that the Ras-GTPase regulator gefE is required for normal lineage priming and salt and pepper differentiation. This is because Ras-GTPase activity sets the intrinsic response threshold to lineage specific differentiation signals. Importantly, we show that although gefE expression is uniform, transcription of its target, rasD, is both heterogeneous and dynamic, thus providing a novel mechanism for heterogeneity generation and position-independent differentiation.
Massive endocytosis triggered by surface membrane palmitoylation under mitochondrial control in BHK fibroblasts
Authors: Hilgemann Donald W , Fine Michael , Linder Maurine E , Jennings Benjamin C , Lin Mei-Jung
Published: November 2013

Large Ca transients cause massive endocytosis (MEND) in BHK fibroblasts by nonclassical mechanisms. We present evidence that MEND depends on mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) openings, followed by coenzyme A (CoA) release, acyl CoA synthesis, and membrane protein palmitoylation. MEND is blocked by inhibiting mitochondrial Ca uptake or PTP openings, depleting fatty acids, blocking acyl CoA synthesis, metabolizing CoA, or inhibiting palmitoylation. It is triggered by depolarizing mitochondria or promoting PTP openings. After mitochondrial MEND blockade, MEND is restored by cytoplasmic acyl CoA or CoA. MEND is blocked by siRNA knockdown of the plasmalemmal acyl transferase, DHHC5. When acyl CoA is abundant, transient H2O2 oxidative stress or PKC activation initiates MEND, but the immediate presence of H2O2 prevents MEND. The PTP inhibitor, NIM811, significantly increases plasmalemma in normally growing cells. Thus, the MEND pathway may contribute to constitutive as well as pathological plasmalemma turnover in dependence on mitochondrial stress signaling.
Knowledge Level of Library Deans and Directors in Copyright Law
Authors: Eye John
Published: November 2013

INTRODUCTION Copyright law is an increasingly important aspect of managing an academic library. This study investigated the copyright knowledge level of academic library deans and directors and their perceptions of how it affects their abilities to oversee the development and enforcement of copyright-related library policies. The perceived adequacy of the copyright training currently available in library schools was also examined. METHODS A random sample of academic library deans and directors was asked to complete a web-based survey articulating their level of copyright knowledge and perceptions associated with how they are able to apply it toward their work with policies. RESULTS Respondents scored a mean of 77.49% on ten questions of basic copyright law concepts. A majority of deans and directors indicated they believe their knowledge, as well as that of those working under their supervision, is adequate to make informed decisions. However, almost 90% of the respondents were either neutral or disagreed that library school programs are providing adequate training in copyright law to academic librarians. DISCUSSION The evidence from this study reveals that library deans and directors have a basic knowledge of copyright law concepts; however, it is unclear as to whether their understanding is sufficient to provide a sound basis for developing and sustaining operational policies and strategic directions for their libraries. It is clear that participants acknowledged the need for more training in copyright law as part of basic preparation for librarianship. CONCLUSION Deans and directors of academic libraries have a working knowledge of copyright law but more training is needed to provide library professionals with the tools necessary to carry out the work of effectively managing collections and services, especially in this new and emerging digital environment.
n+1: The Temple University Libraries Interview
Authors: Rowland Fred , Roth Marco , Gessen Keith , Lopez Andrew
Published: November 2013

At Temple University Libraries (TUL), librarian Fred Rowland began conducting interviews and sharing them as streaming audio through TUL’s website around the year 2007. Content includes interviews with students and scholars working in a wide range of areas from archaeology, the classics, digital humanities, and physics, to religious studies, tuna in America, and urban planning. Rowland’s interviews offer valuable insights into the latest chapters of the human record. This interview, with two of the founding editors of the noteworthy journal n+1 (Couch, 2008), provides a unique perspective into a growing area of involvement for libraries: publishing.
Earth Sciences and Societal Needs Explored at National Research Council Meeting
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2013

“It is increasingly incumbent on all of us as Earth scientists to help make the connection between scientific data and decision makers,” Kathryn Sullivan, acting administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), stated during a keynote address at an 18 November meeting of the U.S. National Research Council's Board on Earth Sciences and Resources (BESR).
New Capabilities for Arctic Research Through the Use of Unmanned Aircraft
Authors: Desilets Darin , Zak Bernard D. , Ivey Mark D.
Published: November 2013

Airborne measurements are crucial to observing and understanding atmospheric climate processes. Starting in the early 1990s, the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring (ARM) program pushed the frontiers of atmospheric research with aerial campaigns in Oklahoma and later on the North Slope of Alaska. That work addressed a long‐standing priority of the program, namely, improving the representation of clouds in climate models.
Ethics Workshop at 2013 AGU Fall Meeting
Authors: Townsend Randy , Williams Billy
Published: November 2013

Many important questions surround the topic of scientific integrity and professional ethics for AGU members and all Earth and space scientists, including the following:
Fall Meeting Virtual Options: Expanded Access to Fall Meeting Content
Authors: Weaver Brenda
Published: November 2013

This year, AGU will offer more ways than ever before to interact with Fall Meeting authors, attendees, and content through an initiative to use technology to extend the Fall Meeting experience beyond the walls of the Moscone Center.
Early geodynamo could have been driven by magma in lower mantle
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2013

A new study suggesting that early in Earth's history the magnetic field may have been generated not in the core but by a magma ocean at the base of the lower mantle could change scientists' understanding of the magnetic history of Earth.
Comment on “Annual cycles of ecological disturbance and recovery underlying the subarctic Atlantic spring plankton bloom”
Authors: Chiswell Stephen M.
Published: November 2013

Key Points

The Dilution‐Recoupling Theory (DRT) computes biomass accumulation rates from depth‐integrated biomass in autumn and winter but from surface concentration in spring

This formulation is valid during autumn and winter. Hence the DRT provides a useful explanation of winter ecosystem functioning

This formulation is invalid during spring. As a consequence, the DRT does not provide an explanation for the evolution of the spring bloom.
Evaluating the role of sediment‐bacteria interactions on Escherichia coli concentrations at beaches in southern Lake Michigan
Authors: Thupaki Pramod , Phanikumar Mantha S. , Schwab David J. , Nevers Meredith B. , Whitman Richard L.
Published: November 2013

Association of bacteria with suspended sediment in the water column complicates the assessment and prediction of nearshore water quality. We examine the impact of sediment‐bacteria interactions on Escherichia coli (EC) levels at beaches in southern Lake Michigan using three‐dimensional EC fate and transport models with and without explicit descriptions of sediment‐bacteria interactions. We simulate hydrodynamics using a nested‐grid numerical model and use a semiparametric wave model to compute wave heights and net bottom shear stress. The attachment‐detachment dynamics of bacteria in the water column are modeled using a linear partition coefficient. The numerical models were tested against data, collected in summer 2008, which included measurements of EC at three beaches and multiple ADCP deployments for currents and waves. Our results indicate that the model that accounts for sediment‐bacteria interactions describes the observed data significantly better and that sediment, directly and indirectly, interacts with bacteria to influence their fate and transport. The improvement results from the model's ability to describe the multiple short‐duration, low‐intensity resuspension events at our sampling sites. A major resuspension event was noted during the simulation period but the sampling frequency during the event was inadequate to resolve the details of the peak. Using the linear isotherm model to simulate attachment‐detachment dynamics of bacteria in the water column, we found that the fraction of bacteria attached to suspended sediment particles in the water column is highly variable in the vertical at offshore locations but nearly constant closer to the shore.
Revisiting the relationship between Loop Current rings and Florida Current transport variability
Authors: Mildner Tanja C. , Eden Carsten , Czeschel Lars
Published: November 2013

It is suggested that internal ocean variability plays a significant role in Florida Current transport variability on interannual time scales. A clear relationship is found between different stages within a ring shedding cycle of the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico and minima in the Florida Current transport in mesoscale eddy‐permitting ocean model simulations. Available observations are generally in agreement with such a relation but too sparse to give full evidence. Before the Loop Current intrudes far into the Gulf of Mexico a coherent eddy within the Loop Current partly blocks the inflow from the Caribbean Sea through Yucatan Channel leading to a minimum in the Florida Current transport. Such a blocking situation typically occurs over a period of 1–2 months. The irregular blocking leads to interannual variability explaining large parts of the variability of the Florida Current transport in the model simulations, even exceeding atmospheric forcing variability on the considered time scales. Model simulations without ring shedding produce significantly less variability in Florida Current transport. Simulations without interannual variability in the surface forcing show almost as large (or even larger) interannual Florida Current transport changes as without forcing variability. Adding a seasonal cycle can lead to a beat frequency which might be important for the decadal variability.
An exchange flow between the Okhotsk Sea and the North Pacific driven by the East Kamchatka Current
Authors: Kida Shinichiro , Qiu Bo
Published: November 2013

A new mechanism for driving the water mass exchange between the Okhotsk Sea and the North Pacific is presented. This exchange flow originates from the East Kamchatka Current (EKC), a western boundary current of the subpolar gyre, and occurs through the two deepest straits of the Kuril island chain, the Kruzenshtern and Bussol straits. An inflow toward the Okhotsk Sea occurs at the northern Kruzenshtern strait and an outflow toward the North Pacific occurs at the southern Bussol strait. By using the Kelvin's Circulation theorem around the island between the two straits, we show that the transport of the exchange flow entering the Okhotsk Sea is determined such that the frictional stresses around the island exerted by the bifurcated EKC integrate to zero. This forcing mechanism is different from the dynamical framework of the widely used “Island rule.” Both an analytical analysis and 1.5‐layer model experiments demonstrate that the strait width, lateral viscosity, and island geometry are controlling parameters for the exchange flow transport because they affect the magnitude and length scales of the frictional stresses. Inertia of the EKC decreases the exchange flow by enhancing the frictional stress along the northern coast of the Kuril island. Model experiments with realistic topography further reveal that while the steep continental slopes have minor impact on the exchange flow transport, the subsurface peninsula located east of the Kuril island works to decrease the exchange flow by altering the length scale of the frictional stresses and enabling the EKC to flow past the island.
A modified moist potential vorticity, its properties, and application
Authors: Peng Jun , Zhang Lifeng , Zhang Yun , Zhu Juan
Published: November 2013

A modified moist potential vorticity (MMPV) and its tendency equation are derived in terms of modified potential temperature and the specific volume of dry air. MMPV holds not only the simplicity of virtual potential vorticity but also the conservation, impermeability, and invertibility principles of potential vorticity under certain conditions. More importantly, the effects of various nonconservative processes are explicitly included in its tendency equation. It can be seen from the MMPV tendency equation that contributions of moist species (water vapor and hydrometeors) to moist potential vorticity anomalies are twofolds: (i) the latent heating and the mass forcing of water vapor associated with moist microphysical processes and (ii) the solenoidal terms associated with the nonuniform distribution of moist species. Thus, we believe that it will be convenient to use MMPV in investigating the impact of diabatic processes and moist species gradients on the evolution of weather systems. A case study indicates that the MMPV does show strong signals aligned with the horizontal distribution of precipitation, suggesting its potential use as an accurate diagnostic variable. Since the MMPV tendency equation is derived from fully compressible and nonhydrostatic moist atmosphere system, the MMPV will also be a valid tool for evaluating and improving mesoscale numerical models such as the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model.
Impact of the November/December Arctic Oscillation on the following January temperature in East Asia
Authors: He Shengping , Wang Huijun
Published: November 2013

We investigated the impacts of the preceding Arctic Oscillation (AO) on winter East Asian temperature (TEA) and the possible mechanisms. It was found that the correlation of the November AO (Nov AO) with the following January TEA is more significant than that with the following December and February TEA. Moreover, the January TEA is also closely related to the preceding December AO (Dec AO). Further analysis revealed that a Rossby wave associated with the Nov AO is confined to high latitudes in December but shifts southeastward to East Asia in January. Similarly, the Dec AO‐related wave activities propagating southeastward to East Asia could persist into the following January. Consequently, the signals of the Nov/Dec AO could be transmitted to the following January. Besides, an air‐sea interaction might exist over the North Pacific (NP). The sea surface temperature (SST) over the central subtropical NP (west coast of North America) often rapidly rises (drops) a month later and peaks in the following January when the preceding Nov/Dec AO is in positive phase, causing horseshoe SST anomalies (SSTAs) to form in the NP, with positive SSTAs located in the central subtropical NP and surrounded by negative ones. Such a horseshoe SSTA could lead to a strengthening of the air temperature gradient in the north and a weakening in the south due to effective turbulent mixing in the boundary layer. A huge anomalous anticyclone therefore emerges in the NP and favors a weaker East Asian winter monsoon. Warmer January TEA is eventually generated.
Material ejection by the cold jets and temperature evolution of the south seasonal polar cap of Mars from THEMIS/CRISM observations and implications for surface properties
Authors: Pilorget C. , Edwards C. S. , Ehlmann B. L. , Forget F. , Millour E.
Published: November 2013

As the seasonal CO2 ice polar caps of Mars retreat during spring, dark spots appear on the ice in some specific regions. These features are thought to result from basal sublimation of the transparent CO2 ice followed by ejection of regolith‐type material, which then covers the ice. We have used Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) reflectance data, Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) visible images, and THEMIS‐derived temperature retrievals along with a thermal numerical model to constrain the physical and compositional characteristics of the seasonal cap for several areas exhibiting dark spots at both high spatial and temporal resolutions. Data analysis suggests an active period of material ejection (before solar longitude (Ls) 200), accumulation around the ejection points, and spreading of part of the ejected material over the whole area, followed by a period where no significant amount of material is ejected, followed by complete defrosting (≈ Ls 245). Dark material thickness on top of the CO2 ice is estimated to range from a few hundreds of microns to a few millimeters in the warmest spots, based on numerical modeling combined with the observed temperature evolution. The nature of the venting process and the amount of material that is moved lead to the conclusion that it could have an important impact on the surface physical properties.
New antenna layout for a SuperDARN HF radar
Authors: Custovic Edhem , McDonald Andrew J. , Whittington James , Elton Darrell , Kane Thomas A. , Devlin John C.
Published: November 2013

A new antenna layout for a Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radar has been developed. The new layout utilizes two auxiliary arrays; one behind and one in front of the main array, rather than the single auxiliary array that existing radars use. The rear auxiliary array consists of three antennas providing beam‐steering capability while the front auxiliary array consists of a single antenna. This layout is expected to greatly improve the calculation of elevation angle of arrival. Simulations presented show the advantages and disadvantages of using twin‐terminated folded dipole (TTFD) antennas and log‐periodic dipole arrays in standard and modified SuperDARN array configurations. TTFD antennas are shown to have superior front‐to‐back ratio and beam‐steering capability but suffer from shadowing effects due to the presence of corner reflectors. Impedance‐matching techniques used in SuperDARN radars are discussed, and the results of a new matching method, exhibiting a superior voltage standing‐wave ratio over the SuperDARN frequency band, are presented. Shadowing of the main array by the front auxiliary array is investigated, and it is shown that the impact of the front array on the main array gain pattern is significantly less for the case of a single front antenna than for a four‐antenna front array. Radar phase calibration techniques are discussed, and it is proposed that the additional single‐antenna front array be used for system‐wide radar phase calibration. An algorithm for the determination of elevation angle of arrival using the new layout is also given.
ALDH2 is associated to alcohol dependence and is the major genetic determinant of “daily maximum drinks” in a GWAS study of an isolated rural chinese sample
Authors: Quillen Ellen E. , Chen Xiang‐Ding , Almasy Laura , Yang Fang , He Hao , Li Xi , Wang Xu‐Yi , Liu Tie‐Qiao , Hao Wei , Deng Hong‐Wen , Kranzler Henry R. , Gelernter Joel
Published: November 2013

Alcohol dependence (AD) is a moderately heritable phenotype with a small number of known risk genes mapped via linkage or candidate gene studies. We considered 313 males from among 595 members of documented, extended pedigrees in which AD segregates collected in Northern Hunan Province, China. A joint analysis of both males and females could not be performed as the difference in alcohol consumption variance was too large. Genome‐wide association analyses were performed for approximately 300,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Significant associations found in the ALDH2 region for AD (minimum P = 4.73 × 10−8) and two AD‐related phenotypes: flushing response (minimum P = 4.75 × 10−26) and maximum drinks in a 24‐hr period (minimum P = 1.54 × 10−16). Association of previous candidate SNP, rs10774610 in CCDC63, was confirmed but resulted from linkage disequilibrium with ALDH2. ALDH2 is strongly associated with flushing response, AD, and maximum drinks in males, with nonsynonymous SNP rs671 explaining 29.2%, 7.9%, and 22.9% of phenotypic variation, respectively, in this sample. When rs671 was considered as a candidate SNP in females, it explained 23.6% of the variation in flushing response, but alcohol consumption rates were too low among females—despite familial enrichment for AD—for an adequate test of association for either AD or maximum drinks. These results support a mediating effect of aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency on alcohol consumption in males and a secondary, culturally mediated limitation on alcohol consumption by females that should be appropriately modeled in future studies of alcohol consumption in populations where this may be a factor. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of energetic and psychosocial stressors on glucocorticoids in mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata)
Authors: Gómez‐Espinosa Erendira , Rangel‐Negrín Ariadna , Chavira Roberto , Canales‐Espinosa Domingo , Dias Pedro Américo D.
Published: November 2013

The proximate causes of variation in glucocorticoids (GCs) of many free‐ranging primates are still unclear, and in some cases, the available evidence is contradictory. Such is the case of mantled howler monkeys. In the present study, we tested whether variation in GC levels in this species could be predicted by energetic challenges or by psychosocial stressors. We focused on two groups living in Los Tuxtlas (Veracruz, Mexico) that differed in a number of parameters including: group size, habitat size, number of groups, and solitary males within the same habitat. Furthermore, one of the groups experienced changes in composition during our observations. From March to December 2009 we determined food availability in each group's habitat, studied the behavior of all adult individuals (N = 17), including, feeding, time budgets, ranging, and social interactions (N = 426.6 h), and measured weekly GCs in fecal samples (N = 160 individual/weeks) of both females and males. We found that participation in agonistic interactions, which were more frequent in the group that lived in the smaller habitat, was associated with increased weekly GCs, particularly in pregnant and lactating females. During the dry season weekly GCs were also higher in the group that lived in the smaller habitat. Although in this group individuals significantly increased travel time during the dry season, weekly GC levels were unrelated to time‐budgets or ranging distances, contrasting with previous findings on mantled howler monkeys' GC response. We found no evidence that weekly variation in GC levels between groups resulted from differences in food availability. Our results indicate that mantled howler monkey GC levels respond to the effects of agonism, reproductive state, and the influence of a seasonal stressor, which may be attributable to anthropogenic disturbance. We conclude that psychosocial stressors affect the GC response of mantled howler monkeys, and that this response is modulated by reproductive state. Am. J. Primatol. 76:362–373, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frontiers in Rotational Spectroscopy: Shapes and Tunneling Dynamics of the Four Conformers of the Acrylic Acid—Difluoroacetic Acid Adduct
Authors: Feng Gang , Gou Qian , Evangelisti Luca , Caminati Walther
Published: November 2013

The rotational spectra of four conformers of the acrylic acid—difluoroacetic acid adduct (CH2=CHCOOH–CHF2COOH, AA‐DFA) are reported and information on their internal dynamics is supplied. This represents an unprecedented result for the conformational analysis, with microwave spectroscopy, of such a heavy molecular adduct.
Synthese eines DNA‐Promotorsegments mit allen vier epigenetischen Nukleosiden: 5‐Methyl‐, 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐, 5‐Formyl‐ und 5‐Carboxy‐2′‐Desoxycytidin
Authors: Schröder Arne S. , Steinbacher Jessica , Steigenberger Barbara , Gnerlich Felix A. , Schiesser Stefan , Pfaffeneder Toni , Carell Thomas
Published: November 2013

Ein 5‐Formyl‐2′‐desoxycytidin(fdC)‐Phosphoramidit‐Baustein wurde entwickelt, der die Synthese fdC‐haltiger DNA in ausgezeichneter Reinheit und Ausbeute ermöglicht. In Kombination mit Phosphoramiditen für 5‐Methyl‐dC, 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐dC und 5‐Carboxy‐dC gelang die Herstellung eines Segments des OCT4‐Promotors, das alle vier epigenetischen Basen enthält. Aufgrund des großen Interesses an diesen neuen epigenetischen Basen sollte die Fähigkeit, alle vier von ihnen in DNA einzubringen, von besonderer Bedeutung sein.
Magnetogenesis in Water Induced by a Chemical Analyte
Authors: Hasserodt Jens , Kolanowski Jacek Lukasz , Touti Faycal
Published: November 2013

This Minireview aims to shed light on the emergent field of inducing a change in the magnetic properties of a solution‐phase sample by exposing it to a chemical analyte. A considerable body of knowledge exists on materials that alter their magnetic characteristics after a change in the surrounding physical conditions and a number of cases even exist of solution‐phase samples that do so under these same circumstances. However, examples of dissolved molecules or particles that react in this fashion under constant conditions and in response to an analyte are limited. Although some cases in organic solvents are discussed, the emphasis of this Minireview is on water. Our aim is to provide the reader with guidelines for designing new magnetogenic probes for the detection of the desired chemical analyte.
Highly Efficient CH Hydroxylation of Carbonyl Compounds with Oxygen under Mild Conditions
Authors: Liang Yu‐Feng , Jiao Ning
Published: November 2013

A transition‐metal‐free Cs2CO3‐catalyzed α‐hydroxylation of carbonyl compounds with O2 as the oxygen source is described. This reaction provides an efficient approach to tertiary α‐hydroxycarbonyl compounds, which are highly valued chemicals and widely used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. The simple conditions and the use of molecular oxygen as both the oxidant and the oxygen source make this protocol very environmentally friendly and practical. This transformation is highly efficient and highly selective for tertiary C(sp3)H bond cleavage.
Visible‐Light Sensitization of Vinyl Azides by Transition‐Metal Photocatalysis
Authors: Farney Elliot P. , Yoon Tehshik P.
Published: November 2013

Irradiation of vinyl and aryl azides with visible light in the presence of Ru photocatalysts results in the formation of reactive nitrenes, which can undergo a variety of CN bond‐forming reactions. The ability to use low‐energy visible light instead of UV in the photochemical activation of azides avoids competitive photodecomposition processes that have long been a significant limitation on the synthetic use of these reactions.
Heterophase polymerization of different methacrylates: Effect of alkyl ester group on kinetics and colloidal behavior
Authors: Ovando‐Medina Víctor M. , Corona‐Rivera Miguel A. , Márquez‐Herrera Alfredo , Lara‐Ceniceros Tania E. , Manríquez‐González Ricardo , Peralta René D.
Published: November 2013

In this article, methyl‐ (MMA), ethyl‐ (EMA), n‐butyl‐ (BMA), n‐hexyl (HMA), and 2‐ethyl hexyl (2‐EHMA) methacrylates were homopolymerized in heterophase at 60°C using sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant and potassium persulfate as initiator. The effects of monomer content in the reaction mixture (2.5 and 3.5 wt %) and the alkyl ester groups of the methacrylates on the kinetics, average particle diameter (Dp), molar masses, tacticity, and glass transition temperature (Tg) were studied. The final weight average molecular weights were in the range of 4.53 × 105 to 2.78 × 106 g/mol with polydispersities between 1.7 and 3.1 for different methacrylates. For 2.5 wt % of monomer concentration, the order of increase in polymerization rate was RpHMA > RpBMA > Rp2‐EHMA > RpEMA > RpMMA, whereas for 3.5 wt % of monomer concentration was RpBMA > RpHMA > Rp2‐EHMA > RpEMA > RpMMA. This behavior was ascribed to the differences in the water solubility, monomer partitioning between the different phases, and monomers reactivity. The Dp values varied between 42 and 65 nm, increasing according to the hydrophobicity of each monomer. 13C‐NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and differential scanning calorimetry analysis demonstrated that 79–87% of syndiotactic configuration was obtained for the different polymers. The steric effect of the alkyl ester length in the methacrylates contributed directly to promote the syndiotactic configuration. Nevertheless, Tg values (between −7 and 120°C) for these polymers decreased when the alkyl ester length increased. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40191.
Preparation and properties of a polyether‐based polycarboxylate as an antiscalant for gypsum
Authors: Cao Ke , Zhou Yuming , Liu Guangqing , Wang Huchuan , Sun Wei
Published: November 2013

A polyether‐based copolymer of acrylic acid‐allylpolyethoxy maleic carboxylate (AA‐APEY) was prepared by copolymerization of allylpolyethoxy carboxylate (APEY) and acrylic acid (AA) at different mole ratios. The main aim of this work was to investigate the influence of AA‐to‐APEY mole ratios on the copolymer properties and scale inhibition performance for gypsum. The synthesized copolymer was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) and further conformed by 1H NMR. The effect of AA‐APEY on controlling calcium sulfate deposits was studied through static scale inhibition tests under standard solution conditions. And the result was compared with that of other polycarboxylates, which are similar to AA‐APEY in structure. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis were carried out to study the morphology and structure changes of calcium sulfate crystals in the presence of AA‐APEY. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40193.
Masked Thiol Sugars: Chemical Behavior and Synthetic Applications of S‐Glycopyranosyl‐N‐monoalkyl Dithiocarbamates
Authors: Megia‐Fernandez Alicia , de la Torre‐Gonzalez Diego , Parada‐Aliste Jose , Lopez‐Jaramillo Francisco Javier , Hernandez‐Mateo Fernando , Santoyo‐Gonzalez Francisco
Published: November 2013

The chemical behavior of S‐glycopyranosyl‐N‐monoalkyl dithiocarbamates (DTCs) as masked 1‐glycosyl thiols, easily prepared by the nucleophilic displacement of 1‐halo sugars with dithiocarbamate salts of primary amines, has been studied and synthetically exploited. This behavior relies on the abstraction of the proton of the carbamate functionality that allows controlled access to thiolate sugar intermediates. The basic character of the DTC salts used as reagents leads to thiolates that evolve in situ to symmetrical diglycosyldisulfides (DGDSs) when long reaction times are allowed. Alternatively, controlled unmasking of the thiolate function can be efficiently attained by treatment with an external base of isolated anomeric glycosyl DTCs, the formation of which is prevalent when using short reaction times. In this manner, a second methodology for the preparation of symmetrical DGDSs and a chemical protocol for the S‐glycosylation of any electrophilic substrate are established. The applications of this last strategy for the preparation of thioglycosyl vinyl sulfones, thiodisaccharides, and S‐linked homo‐ and heterodivalent neoglycoconjugates are described as a proof‐of‐concept of the great potential of the sugar DTCs in any chemical scenario in which the covalent attachment of a thiol sugar is required. The evaluation of the biological functionality of some divalent sulfurated sugar systems is also described.
Randomized clinical trial of perioperative omega-3 fatty acid supplements in elective colorectal cancer surgery
Authors: Sorensen L S , Thorlacius-Ussing O , Schmidt E B , Rasmussen H H , Lundbye-Christensen S , Calder P C , Lindorff-Larsen K
Published: November 2013

Background

Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) may have beneficial clinical effects, and n-3 FA supplements may improve outcome after surgery.

Methods

In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in single centre, patients referred for elective colorectal cancer surgery received either an n-3 FA-enriched oral nutritional supplement (ONS) (Supportan®, 200 ml twice daily) providing 2·0 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1·0 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day, or a standard isocaloric and isonitrogenous ONS, for 7 days before and 7 days after surgery. The primary endpoint was infectious and non-infectious complications within 30 days of surgery. Secondary endpoints were length of hospital stay, intensive care unit admission, readmissions, and concentrations of marine n-3 FAs and arachidonic acid in granulocyte membranes.

Results

Some 148 consecutive patients (68 women, 80 men; mean age 71 (range 41–89) years) were randomized. There was no significant difference between groups in infectious or non-infectious postoperative complications (P = 1·000). Granulocyte levels of EPA, DHA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were significantly higher in the n-3 FA-enriched supplement group compared with the control group (P < 0·001). The arachidonic acid level in granulocytes was significantly lower in the enriched group than in the control group (P < 0·001).

Conclusion

EPA, DHA and DPA were incorporated into granulocytes in patients receiving n-3 FAs, but this was not associated with improved postoperative outcomes. Registration number: NCT00488904 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Streaming 3D deforming surfaces with dynamic resolution control
Authors: Zhang Lin , Dou Fei , Zhou Zhong , Wu Wei
Published: November 2013

Real‐time streaming of shape deformations in a shared distributed virtual environment is a challenging task due to the difficulty of transmitting large amounts of 3D animation data to multiple receiving parties at a high frame rate. In this paper, we present a framework for streaming 3D shape deformations, which allows shapes with multi‐resolutions to share the same deformations simultaneously in real time. The geometry and motion of deforming mesh or point‐sampled surfaces are compactly encoded, transmitted, and reconstructed using the spectra of the manifold harmonics. A receiver‐based multi‐resolution surface reconstruction approach is introduced, which allows deforming shapes to switch smoothly between continuous multi‐resolutions. On the basis of this dynamic reconstruction scheme, a frame rate control algorithm is further proposed to achieve rendering at interactive rates. We also demonstrate an efficient interpolation‐based strategy to reduce computing of deformation. The experiments conducted on both mesh and point‐sampled surfaces show that our approach achieves efficient performance even if deformations of complex 3D surfaces are streamed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical solutions for tree‐like structure modelling using subdivision surfaces
Authors: Zhu Xiaoqiang , Jin Xiaogang , You Lihua
Published: November 2013

We present a novel approach to efficiently modelling branch structures with high‐quality meshes. Our approach has the following advantages. First, the limit surface can fit the target skeleton models as tightly as possible by reversely calculating the control vertices of subdivision surfaces. Second, high performance is achieved through our proposed analytical solutions and the parallel subdivision scheme on a graphics processing unit. Third, a smooth manifold quad‐only mesh is produced from the adopted Catmull–Clark scheme. A number of examples are given to demonstrate applications of our approach in various branch structures, such as tree branches, animal torsos, and vasculatures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensing during In Situ Growth of Mn‐Doped ZnS QDs: A Phosphorescent Sensor for Detection of H2S in Biological Samples
Authors: Wu Peng , Zhang Jinyi , Wang Shanlin , Zhu Airu , Hou Xiandeng
Published: November 2013

Monitoring the in situ growth of Mn‐doped ZnS quantum dots is shown to be a route to selectively detect H2S, an important endogenously produced signalling molecule. The use of Mn2+ as a dopant resulted in orange phosphorescence, making it possible to avoid the background fluorescence from biological surroundings that can occur at other wavelengths. The choice of ZnS QDs as the host material ensured selectivity, since only sulfide can precipitate Zn2+ and Mn2+ from aqueous solution.
Nonparametric cure rate estimation with covariates
Authors: Xu Jianfeng , Peng Yingwei
Published: November 2013

We propose a nonparametric method to assess the effects of one or more covariates on the cure rate for survival data with a cure fraction. The method extends the existing work on single sample and multiple sample cases and also allows for a continuous covariate. The proposed estimator is shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. A simulation study shows that the proposed method estimates the covariate effect on cure rate with smaller biases than the existing semi‐parametric cure models, particularly when the semi‐parametric cure models mis‐specify the effect. The proposed method is applied to a study for leukaemia patients to assess the effect of age on the chance of being cured after bone marrow transplantation. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 42: 1–17; 2014 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
Robust small area estimation under semi‐parametric mixed models
Authors: Rao Jon N. K. , Sinha Sanjoy K. , Dumitrescu Laura
Published: November 2013

Small area estimation has been extensively studied under unit level linear mixed models. In particular, empirical best linear unbiased predictors (EBLUPs) of small area means and associated estimators of mean squared prediction error (MSPE) that are unbiased to second order have been developed. However, EBLUP can be sensitive to outliers. Sinha & Rao (2009) developed a robust EBLUP method and demonstrated its advantages over the EBLUP in the presence of outliers in the random small area effects and/or unit level errors in the model. A bootstrap method for estimating MSPE of the robust EBLUP was also proposed. In this paper, we relax the assumption of linear regression for the fixed part of the model and we replace it by a weaker assumption of a semi‐parametric regression. By approximating the semi‐parametric mixed model by a penalized spline mixed model, we develop robust EBLUPs of small area means and bootstrap estimators of MSPE. Results of a simulation study are also presented. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 42: 126–141; 2014 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
Studies on the MxiH Protein in T3SS Needles Using DNP‐Enhanced ssNMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Fricke Pascal , Demers Jean‐Philippe , Becker Stefan , Lange Adam
Published: November 2013

Bacterial T3SS needles formed by the protein MxiH are studied using DNP‐enhanced ssNMR spectroscopy at 14.1 T (600 MHz). This technique provides spectra of good resolution, allowing us to draw conclusions about the protein dynamics. With the obtained signal enhancement, samples of limited quantity now get within reach of ssNMR studies.
The performance of uplink LDPC‐coded multirelay cooperation based on virtual V‐BLAST processing
Authors: Tang Lei , Yang Fengfan , Zhang Shunwai , Luo Lin
Published: November 2013

This paper proposes an efficient uplink low‐density parity‐check (LDPC)‐coded multirelay cooperation architecture based on virtual Vertical‐Bell Labs Layered Space–Time (V‐BLAST) processing over a Rayleigh fading channel, where minimum mean square error in combination with a successive interference canceller and belief propagation‐based joint iterative decoder based on the introduced multilayer Tanner graph are effectively designed to detect and decode the corrupted received sequence at the destination. By introducing V‐BLAST transmission to coded multirelay cooperation, relays send their symbol streams simultaneously, which significantly reduce the transmission delay and provide higher transmission efficiency. The theoretical analysis and numerical results show that the proposed LDPC‐coded cooperation scheme outperforms the coded noncooperation under the same code rate and achieves a better compromise, with respect to the performance, signal delay, and encoding complexity associated to the number of relays, than the conventional LDPC‐coded cooperations without V‐BLAST transmission. This performance gain can be credited to the proposed V‐BLAST processing architecture and belief propagation‐based joint iterative decoding by the introduced multilayer Tanner graph at a receiver side. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Machine‐to‐machine communications infrastructure for smart electric vehicle charging in private parking lots
Authors: López Gregorio , Custodio Víctor , Herrera Francisco J. , Moreno José Ignacio
Published: November 2013

The great concern about climate change and fossil fuel dependency is strongly encouraging the development and use of electric vehicles. However, the wide adoption of such vehicles is not possible without the deployment of charging infrastructures capable of integrating them into current and future electricity grids. There are many on‐going research efforts and even products that propose different solutions to this problem. Standing out among them is the Spanish research project DOMOCELL, which aims at designing and developing a smart charging infrastructure for private parking lots. In this paper, we present its communications architecture, designed under the guidelines of efficiency, reliability, and scalability. In addition, we describe, supported by some practical use cases and emulations, how user authentication and authorization, as well as accounting and billing of power consumption, are performed even in roaming scenarios. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deceptive single‐locus taxonomy and phylogeography: Wolbachia‐associated divergence in mitochondrial DNA is not reflected in morphology and nuclear markers in a butterfly species
Authors: Kodandaramaiah Ullasa , Simonsen Thomas J. , Bromilow Sean , Wahlberg Niklas , Sperling Felix
Published: November 2013

The satyrine butterfly Coenonympha tullia (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) displays a deep split between two mitochondrial clades, one restricted to northern Alberta, Canada, and the other found throughout Alberta and across North America. We confirm this deep divide and test hypotheses explaining its phylogeographic structure. Neither genitalia morphology nor nuclear gene sequence supports cryptic species as an explanation, instead indicating differences between nuclear and mitochondrial genome histories. Sex‐biased dispersal is unlikely to cause such mito‐nuclear differences; however, selective sweeps by reproductive parasites could have led to this conflict. About half of the tested samples were infected by Wolbachia bacteria. Using multilocus strain typing for three Wolbachia genes, we show that the divergent mitochondrial clades are associated with two different Wolbachia strains, supporting the hypothesis that the mito‐nuclear differences resulted from selection on the mitochondrial genome due to selective sweeps by Wolbachia strains.