bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America
Authors: Laluk Nicholas C. , Montgomery Lindsay M. , Tsosie Rebecca , McCleave Christine , Miron Rose , Carroll Stephanie Russo , Aguilar Joseph , Thompson Ashleigh Big Wolf , Nelson Peter , Sunseri Jun , Trujillo Isabel , DeAntoni GeorgeAnn M. , Castro Greg , Schneider Tsim D.
Published: August 2022

Over the past 20 years, collaboration has become an essential aspect of archaeological practice in North America. In paying increased attention to the voices of descendant and local communities, archaeologists have become aware of the persistent injustices these often marginalized groups face. Building on growing calls for a responsive and engaged cultural heritage praxis, this forum article brings together a group of Native and non-Native scholars working at the nexus of history, ethnography, archaeology, and law in order to grapple with the role of archaeology in advancing social justice. Contributors to this article touch on a diverse range of critical issues facing Indigenous communities in the United States, including heritage law, decolonization, foodways, community-based participatory research, and pedagogy. Uniting these commentaries is a shared emphasis on research practices that promote Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination. In drawing these case studies together, we articulate a sovereignty-based model of social justice that facilitates Indigenous control over cultural heritage in ways that address their contemporary needs and goals.
A Practice-based Account of The Truth Norm of Belief
Authors: Wei Xintong
Published: August 2022

It is a platitude that belief is subject to a standard of correctness: a belief is correct if and only if it is true. But not all standards of correctness are authoritative or binding. Some standards of correctness may be arbitrary, unjustified or outrightly wrong. Given this, one challenge to proponents of the truth norm of belief, is to answer what Korsgaard (1996) calls ‘the normative question’. Is the truth norm of belief authoritative or binding regarding what one ought to or may believe? If so, what grounds its authority? The aim of this paper is to offer a novel answer to the grounding challenge on a reason-based normative framework. I develop and defend a practice-based account of the truth norm, according to which, the authority of the truth norm of belief is grounded in what I call the T-practice, a justified social practice that functions to facilitate knowledge production, maintenance, and social cooperation.
Gendering Cabinet Reshuffles in France and Spain
Authors: Beckwith Karen , Franceschet Susan
Published: August 2022

Presidents and prime ministers who form gender-parity cabinets receive positive news coverage and public praise. Cabinet reshuffles, with less attention, may offer scope to decrease the numbers of female ministers. Although research on the gendered impact of reshuffles is sparse, some studies suggest that women's presence declines during reshuffles. This article explores the gendered dynamics of reshuffles that follow initial gender-parity cabinets, asking whether the reshuffle context affects the proportions of men and women in reorganized cabinet teams. Employing a comparative case study approach, the article analyses initial gender-parity cabinets and subsequent reshuffled cabinets in France and Spain across three different presidents and prime ministers. We find that gender parity functions as a concrete floor, sustained in cabinet reshuffles, unaffected by political shocks and party system changes, and without consequence for women's appointments to high-prestige ministerships.
The appropriateness of the decision to quarantine healthcare workers exposed to a severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–positive coworker based on national guidelines
Authors: Mark Eyal , Saidel-Odes Lisa , Borer Abraham , Nativ Ronit , Sterer Batya , Yarmitsky Suzana , Dreiher Jacob
Published: August 2022

Objective:

To examine the appropriateness of the decision to quarantine healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

A tertiary-care medical center in Israel.

Participants:

HCWs exposed to a coworker infected with severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Methods:

Quarantined and nonquarantined HCWs were followed for up to 1 month following exposure and their COVID-19 status was determined. The validity of the decision to quarantine was assessed.

Results:

In total, 2,595 HCWs exposed to 419 confirmed index cases were studied. Of the contact cases, 752 HCWs were quarantined and 1,843 HCWs were not. Of those quarantined, 36 became SARS-CoV-2 positive (4.7%). Among those who were not quarantined, only 13 (0.7%) became SARS-CoV-2 positive, which translated to a sensitivity of 73.5% and a specificity of 71.9% for the decision to quarantine (positive and negative predictive values: 4.7% and 99.3%, respectively). Controlling for confounders, the decision to quarantine the HCW by the Israeli Ministry of Health guidelines was associated with a significant risk of becoming SARS-CoV-2 positive (RR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.98–7.36; P = .001). If a nonselective policy was used, 11,700 working days would have been lost (902 working days lost per positive case).

Conclusions:

An efficient and tight system of HCW contact investigations served its purpose in our hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was based on HCW reports and reported adherence to safety regulations, and these findings are relevant to the massive pandemic waves due to the SARS-CoV-2 α (alpha) variant. These Methods demonstrate an effective way of handling risk without causing damage due to arbitrary risk-control measures.
ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE SHADOW OF THE ZIGGURAT: INITIAL RESULTS OF A COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMME AT UR
Authors: Al-Hamdani Abdulameer , Van de Ven Annelies
Published: August 2022

The region of ancient Mesopotamia has long been a focal point for archaeological investigations. Since the early explorations of the nineteenth century, the discipline has been transformed along with the region, witnessing colonialism and independence, as well as coups and conflicts. At the end of the twentieth century, international archaeological investment experienced a significant decline in this region, due to ongoing war and embargoes. In the wake of the Iraq War, foreign archaeological teams have begun flooding back into the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the southern governorates. However, the approach to excavations has changed a great deal since the fall of the Ba'ath government. Where once there was a strict policy of segregation between foreign and local archaeologists, collaborations are now encouraged. The difficulty now has become finding how to build and sustain these relationships, re-opening lines of exchange and learning. This article approaches this question with the case study of the 2017 excavations at Ur in the Dhi Qar governorate in the south of Iraq.
Reconstruction of cyclic Mesozoic–Cenozoic stress development in SE Germany using fault-slip and stylolite inversion
Authors: Köhler Saskia , Duschl Florian , Fazlikhani Hamed , Koehn Daniel , Stephan Tobias , Stollhofen Harald
Published: August 2022

The Franconian Platform of SE Germany and the underlying Permian and Triassic rocks that developed from latest Permian to Triassic time were affected by multiple compressional and extensional events that created a complex fracture, fault and stylolite network. We reconstructed the spatio-temporal variations of post-Triassic palaeostress fields in the Franconian Platform and Triassic strata using fault-slip and tectonic stylolite inversion. Our highly resolved stress inversion enables us to demonstrate a cyclic stress evolution from the stress regime of normal faulting to thrusting, strike-slip and back to normal faulting. Five main stress fields correlating with two stress cycles are determined for Late Jurassic to Cenozoic time. The first cycle consists of: (SF1) an initially NE–SW-directed horizontal extension during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time; (SF2) NNE–SSW-directed horizontal compression with an early set of tectonic stylolites prior to the development of reverse and thrust faults; and (SF3) a strike-slip-dominated setting with (N)NE–(S)SW horizontal compression representing a first relaxation. The second cycle comprises (SF4) NW–SE-directed horizontal extension during Oligocene–Miocene time; and (SF5) a second strike-slip-dominated regime with WNW–ESE to NW–SE horizontal compression during the Alpine shortening, creating the youngest set of tectonic stylolites. In addition, we consider the transitional stages between thrusting and a strike-slip regime as a snapshot in the process of intraplate tectonics.
Endoparasite community of anurans from an altitudinal rainforest enclave in a Brazilian semiarid area
Authors: de Oliveira C.R. , Mascarenhas W. , Batista-Oliveira D. , de Castro Araújo K. , Ávila R.W. , Borges-Nojosa D.M.
Published: August 2022

In the present study, we aimed to describe the composition of endoparasites associated with anurans from an altitudinal rainforest enclave in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, we tested if microhabitat use influences endoparasite abundance and richness, as well as the hypothesis that larger frogs tend to be more parasitized. We sampled 306 individuals from 25 anuran species that were necropsied and analysed using a stereomicroscope. The total endoparasite prevalence was 79.08%, with a parasitic community consisting of 46 taxa. Overall, we found the common pattern described for Neotropical amphibians, which is the predominance of generalist and direct-cycle parasites. Twenty new host records and two possible new parasite species were found, highlighting the importance of this type of inventory. We also observed that microhabitat use was associated with a significant difference in parasite richness between groups, in which arboreal and terrestrial species, and aquatic and arboreal species contributed to these differences. Moreover, larger frogs tended to be more parasitized regarding only an interspecific view. Our results suggest that parasite richness is directly related to infection cycle and how the host exploits its habitat.
Annual incidence of substance-induced psychoses in Scandinavia from 2000 to 2016
Authors: Rognli Eline Borger , Taipale Heidi , Hjorthøj Carsten , Mittendorfer-Rutz Ellenor , Bramness Jørgen G. , Heiberg Ina H. , Niemelä Solja
Published: August 2022

Background

Substance-induced psychosis (SIP) is a serious condition and may predispose for schizophrenia. We know too little about SIP incidence over time and across countries, including substance-specific SIPs. We estimated annual incidence rate of SIP in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden according to substance, age, gender, and socioeconomic background.

Methods

Data were drawn from registries covering the whole adult population in the countries. Annual incidence rate per 100 000 persons of SIPs was estimated for Denmark and Sweden from 2000 to 2016 and for Norway from 2010 to 2015.

Results

The annual incidence rate of any SIP fluctuated between 9.3 and 14.1. The most commonly occurring SIPs were those induced by alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, and multiple substances. There was a steady decrease in the incidence rate of alcohol-induced psychosis from the first to the last year of the observation period in Denmark (from 4.9 to 1.5) and Sweden (from 4.5 to 2.2). The incidence rate of cannabis-induced psychosis increased in all countries, from 2.6 to 5.6 in Denmark, from 0.8 to 2.7 in Sweden, and from 1.8 to 3.0 in Norway. Median age of any SIP decreased in Denmark (from 36 to 29 years) and Sweden (from 41 to 31 years). Incidence rates were higher in men and in individuals on disability pension, and increased more among those with high parental education.

Conclusions

We found similar and stable incidence rates of any SIP in all Scandinavian countries through the observation period. The incidence of alcohol-induced psychosis decreased. The incidence of cannabis-induced psychosis increased.
Dissociated modulations of intranasal vasopressin on prosocial learning between reward-seeking and punishment-avoidance
Authors: Deng Guangzhi , Ai Hui , Qin Lili , Xu Jie , Feng Chunliang , Xu Pengfei
Published: August 2022

Background

As an integral ingredient of human sociality, prosocial behavior requires learning what acts can benefit or harm others. However, it remains unknown how individuals adjust prosocial learning to avoid punishment or to pursue reward. Given that arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neuropeptide that has been involved in modulating various social behaviors in mammals, it could be a crucial neurochemical facilitator that supports prosocial learning.

Methods

In 50 placebo controls and 54 participants with AVP administration, we examined the modulation of AVP on the prosocial learning characterized by reward and punishment framework, as well as its underlying neurocomputational mechanisms combining computational modeling, event-related potentials and oscillations.

Results

We found a self-bias that individuals learn to avoid punishment asymmetrically more severely than reward-seeking. Importantly, AVP increased behavioral performances and learning rates when making decisions to avoid losses for others and to obtain gains for self. These behavioral effects were underpinned by larger responses of stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) to anticipation, as well as higher punishment-related feedback-related negativity (FRN) for prosocial learning and reward-related P300 for proself benefits, while FRN and P300 neural processes were integrated into theta (4–7 Hz) oscillation at the outcome evaluation stage.

Conclusions

These results suggest that AVP context-dependently up-regulates altruism for concerning others' losses and reward-seeking for self-oriented benefits. Our findings provide insight into the selectively modulatory roles of AVP in prosocial behaviors depending on learning contexts between proself reward-seeking and prosocial punishment-avoidance.
Variability in caregiver attention bias to threat: A Goldilocks effect in infant emotional development?
Authors: Gunther Kelley E. , Anaya Berenice , Myruski Sarah , Burris Jessica L. , LoBue Vanessa , Buss Kristin A. , Pérez-Edgar Koraly
Published: August 2022

Attention biases to threat are considered part of the etiology of anxiety disorders. Attention bias variability (ABV) quantifies intraindividual fluctuations in attention biases and may better capture the relation between attention biases and psychopathology risk versus mean levels of attention bias. ABV to threat has been associated with attentional control and emotion regulation, which may impact how caregivers interact with their child. In a relatively diverse sample of infants (50% White, 50.7% female), we asked how caregiver ABV to threat related to trajectories of infant negative affect across the first 2 years of life. Families were part of a multi-site longitudinal study, and data were collected from 4 to 24 months of age. Multilevel modeling examined the effect of average caregiver attention biases on changes in negative affect. We found a significant interaction between infant age and caregiver ABV to threat. Probing this interaction revealed that infants of caregivers with high ABV showed decreases in negative affect over time, while infants of caregivers with low-to-average ABV showed potentiated increases in negative affect. We discuss how both high andextremepatterns of ABV may relate to deviations in developmental trajectories.
Understanding the prospective associations between neuro-developmental problems, bullying victimization, and mental health: Lessons from a longitudinal study of institutional deprivation
Authors: Rizeq Jala , Kennedy Mark , Kreppner Jana , Maughan Barbara , Sonuga-Barke Edmund
Published: August 2022

Studies suggest that children who have experienced neglect are at risk for bullying which in turn increases the risk for poor mental health. Here we extend this research by examining whether this risk extends to the neglect associated with severe institutional deprivation and then testing the extent to which these effects are mediated by prior deprivation-related neuro-developmental problems such as symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and autism. Data were collected at ages 6, 11, 15, and young adulthood (22–25 years) from 165 adoptees who experienced up to 43 months of deprivation in Romanian Orphanages in 1980s and 52 non-deprived UK adoptees (N = 217; 50.23% females). Deprivation was associated with elevated levels of bullying and neuro-developmental symptoms at ages 6 through 15 and young adult depression and anxiety. Paths from deprivation to poor adult mental health were mediated via cross-lagged effects from earlier neuro-developmental problems to later bullying. Findings evidence how deep-seated neuro-developmental impacts of institutional deprivation can cascade across development to impact social functioning and mental health. These results elucidate cascade timing and the association between early deprivation and later bullying victimization across childhood and adolescence.
A note on contraception, social norms, and growth
Authors: Cavalcanti Tiago , Kocharkov Georgi , Santos Cezar
Published: August 2022

We introduce contraceptives and social norms in an overlapping generations growth model of fertility and human capital. Parents can use costly modern contraceptives to control their family size, and each household’s fertility decision is influenced by the decisions made by others. Given the number of children born, parents decide how much education to provide and how much to save out of their income. We characterize the local dynamics of a stable steady-state equilibrium. Around this steady state, family planning interventions, which reduce the price of modern contraceptives, decrease fertility and increase human and physical capital. The effects of family planning interventions are larger when reproductive externalities are stronger.
Positive effects of COVID-19 on food preparation and expenditure habits: a comparative study across three countries
Authors: Özen Asli Emine , Kartarı Asker , Correia Antonia , Wen Jun , Kozak Metin
Published: August 2022

Objective:

This study seeks to empirically investigate how the changing eating habits affect health habits within three countries with entirely different cultures and diets to understand to what extent the pandemic may be responsible for these changes.

Design:

Specifically, a questionnaire was conducted in China, Portugal and Turkey in early 2021. A series of statistical analyses were performed to identify how changes in individuals’ eating habits have influenced their diets, considering the pandemic context and the varying cultural contexts where this research was performed.

Setting:

A structured questionnaire form was developed and uploaded to an online platform with unique links for automatic distribution to respondents in each country. Data for the main survey were gathered between 3 January and 1 February 2021.

Participants:

Using snowball sampling, the authors leveraged their social networks by asking friends and colleagues to distribute the survey to potentially interested individuals. This distribution was stratified accordingly to the distribution of the population. The authors ultimately collected 319 useable surveys from China, 351 from Portugal and 449 from Turkey.

Results:

The pandemic inspired healthier food habits, mostly because people have additional time to cook, shop differently for food and spend more money on groceries.

Conclusions:

The study suggests that aside from cultural values and dietary habits, the available time and the fear of the pandemic most explained the new eating habits. Several implications are provided for researchers and overall society in these three countries.
Users’ Perspectives on Crisis Helplines in Relation to Professional Mental Health Services
Authors: Iversen Clara , Westerlund Michael
Published: August 2022

Abstract: Background: Crisis helplines aim to provide a short-term intervention or guide users to professional mental health services, but many users return to helplines despite having professional mental health contacts. Aims: To contribute knowledge on users’ perspectives on the role of crisis helplines in relation to their professional mental health contacts, we aimed to investigate how online helpline users describe such services. Methods: We used thematic analysis of 100 naturally occurring interactions from a Swedish online crisis helpline. Results: The users viewed the helpline as a safe space, a partner, or an alternative to bad professional services. Users oriented to ongoing helpline usage as crucial for their well-being while they described using professional mental health services to be able to stay alive. Limitations: The findings are limited to the nature of the different themes. Conclusion: The view on crisis helplines as a short-term intervention relies on an idealized view on crisis intervention that does not represent users’ views. User control is at the core of the appeal of helplines, but it is also a key challenge for organizations and volunteers.
Broad Elastic Softening of (Mg,Fe)O Ferropericlase Across the Iron Spin Crossover and a Mixed‐Spin Lower Mantle
Authors: Méndez A. S. J. , Stackhouse S. , Trautner V. , Wang B. , Satta N. , Kurnosov A. , Husband R. J. , Glazyrin K. , Liermann H.‐P. , Marquardt H.
Published: August 2022

The elastic bulk modulus softening of (Mg,Fe)O ferropericlase across the iron spin crossover induces dramatic changes in its physical properties, including seismic P‐velocities and viscosity. Here, we performed compression of powders of (Mg0.8‐0.9Fe0.2‐0.1)O in a piezo‐driven dynamic Diamond Anvil Cell (dDAC) and derive the bulk modulus by differentiation of pressure and volume data, providing first data on the broadness of the elastic softening for ferropericlase with mantle‐relevant compositions. We complement our experimental results with theoretical calculations that extend previous studies by considering multiple random configurations of iron, and going beyond treating high‐ and low‐spin iron as an ideal solution. Both experiments and computations show a broad and asymmetric softening of the bulk modulus, and suggest that the softening is sensitive to the distribution of iron in the ferropericlase structure. Our high‐temperature calculations show that mixed‐spin (Mg,Fe)O dominates the lower mantle at all depths below 1,000 km. In contrast to most previous works, we find that ferropericlase will not exist in pure low‐spin state along a typical mantle geotherm. Based on our model, the physical properties of ferropericlase will show significant lateral variation at depths below 1,400 km, with the strongest effects expected between 2,000 and 2,600 km.
A New Look at Preindustrial Carbon Release from the Deep Ocean
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: August 2022

New research could help inform future studies of how the release of carbon dioxide from the Southern Ocean might affect global climate change.
Nonlinear Thermal Responses Outweigh Water Limitation in the Attenuated Effect of Climatic Warming on Photosynthesis in Northern Ecosystems
Authors: Yin Gaofei , Verger Aleixandre , Descals Adrià , Filella Iolanda , Peñuelas Josep
Published: August 2022

Plant photosynthesis is strongly limited by temperature at high northern latitudes. The temperature sensitivity of plant photosynthesis in scenarios of future climatic warming, however, is highly uncertain. We used sun‐induced fluorescence—a satellite proxy for plant photosynthesis—to analyze the spatiotemporal response of photosynthesis to temperature at high northern latitudes. We detected a widespread decline in the sensitivity of photosynthesis to temperature during the last two decades: 3.25 versus 2.19%/°C, in the 2000s and 2010s, respectively. We used methods of machine learning and temporal composition to characterize the contribution of nonlinear thermal responses and water limitation. Both methods consistently identified the nonlinear thermal responses as the main driver of the attenuated positive warming effect. We highlighted the traditionally temperature‐limited ecosystems at high northern latitudes may be approaching the temperature tipping point, beyond which the warming effect on plant photosynthesis would transition from positive to negative.
On the Effect of Historical SST Patterns on Radiative Feedback
Authors: Andrews Timothy , Bodas‐Salcedo Alejandro , Gregory Jonathan M. , Dong Yue , Armour Kyle C. , Paynter David , Lin Pu , Modak Angshuman , Mauritsen Thorsten , Cole Jason N. S. , Medeiros Brian , Benedict James J. , Douville Hervé , Roehrig Romain , Koshiro Tsuyoshi , Kawai Hideaki , Ogura Tomoo , Dufresne Jean‐Louis , Allan Richard P. , Liu Chunlei
Published: August 2022

We investigate the dependence of radiative feedback on the pattern of sea‐surface temperature (SST) change in 14 Atmospheric General Circulation Models (AGCMs) forced with observed variations in SST and sea‐ice over the historical record from 1871 to near‐present. We find that over 1871–1980, the Earth warmed with feedbacks largely consistent and strongly correlated with long‐term climate sensitivity feedbacks (diagnosed from corresponding atmosphere‐ocean GCM abrupt‐4xCO2 simulations). Post 1980, however, the Earth warmed with unusual trends in tropical Pacific SSTs (enhanced warming in the west, cooling in the east) and cooling in the Southern Ocean that drove climate feedback to be uncorrelated with—and indicating much lower climate sensitivity than—that expected for long‐term CO2 increase. We show that these conclusions are not strongly dependent on the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) II SST data set used to force the AGCMs, though the magnitude of feedback post 1980 is generally smaller in nine AGCMs forced with alternative HadISST1 SST boundary conditions. We quantify a “pattern effect” (defined as the difference between historical and long‐term CO2 feedback) equal to 0.48 ± 0.47 [5%–95%] W m−2 K−1 for the time‐period 1871–2010 when the AGCMs are forced with HadISST1 SSTs, or 0.70 ± 0.47 [5%–95%] W m−2 K−1 when forced with AMIP II SSTs. Assessed changes in the Earth's historical energy budget agree with the AGCM feedback estimates. Furthermore satellite observations of changes in top‐of‐atmosphere radiative fluxes since 1985 suggest that the pattern effect was particularly strong over recent decades but may be waning post 2014.
A New Perspective on the Development of the Great Arctic Cyclone in August 2012
Authors: Chen L. J. , Fu G. , Li P. Y.
Published: August 2022

The evolutionary process of “The Great Arctic Cyclone (AC) of August 2012” (hereafter named as AC2) was investigated by using the Arctic System Reanalysis version 2 data, from a new perspective of two cyclones' merging. The evolution of AC2 was affected by the merging process with a pre‐existing AC (hereafter named as AC1) at lower‐levels, and the impact of the two tropopause polar vortices (TPVs). The AC2's development showed a slowdown at the early stage of merging (before 00 UTC 5), and a rapid intensification at the later stage (after 00 UTC 5). The diagnostic results based on Zwack‐Okossi equation showed that, at the early stage of merging when two TPVs had not merged, despite AC2's intensification was favored by vorticity advection provided by the upper‐level jet stream, the warm advection supporting AC2's development, which was prevented by TPV2. AC2 weakened due to the joint influences of cold advection induced by the cold core beneath the TPV2 and AC1's cyclonic circulation at lower‐levels. At the later stage of merging, AC2 rapidly intensified due to the joint influences of warm advection produced by the warm air advected from warm core above the merged TPV by the upper‐level jet stream, and the warm advection induced by enhanced lower‐level baroclinicity near the warm front. Diabatic heating near the upper‐ and lower‐level fronts also played an important role in promoting AC2's development through its whole time.
Cenozoic Antarctic Peninsula Temperatures and Glacial Erosion Signals From a Multi‐Proxy Biomarker Study
Authors: Tibbett Emily J. , Warny Sophie , Tierney Jessica E. , Wellner Julia S. , Feakins Sarah J.
Published: August 2022

Terrestrial climate records for Antarctica, beyond the age limit of ice cores, are restricted to the few unglaciated areas with exposed rock outcrops. Marine sediments on Antarctica's continental shelves contain records of past oceanic and terrestrial environments that can provide important insights into Antarctic climate evolution. The SHALDRIL II (Shallow Drilling on the Antarctic Continental Margin) expedition recovered sedimentary sequences from the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula of late Eocene, Oligocene, middle Miocene, and early Pliocene age that provides insights into Cenozoic Antarctic climate and ice sheet development. Here, we use biomarker data to assess atmospheric and oceanic temperatures and glacial reworking from the late Eocene to the early Pliocene. Analyses of hopanes and n‐alkanes indicate increased erosion of mature (thermally altered) soil biomarker components reworked by glacial erosion. Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers from soil bacteria suggest similar air temperatures of 12°C ± 1°C (1σ, n = 46) for months above freezing for Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene timeslices but much colder (and likely shorter) periods of thaw during the Pliocene (5°C ± 1°C, n = 4) on the Antarctic Peninsula. TEX86‐based (Tetraether index of 86 carbons) sea surface temperature estimates indicate ocean cooling from 7°C ± 3°C (n = 10) in the Miocene to 3°C ± 1°C (n = 3) in the Pliocene, consistent with deep ocean cooling. Resulting temperature records provide useful constraints for ice sheet and climate model simulations seeking to improve understanding of ice sheet response under a range of climate conditions.
20 Years with SGBS cells - a versatile in vitro model of human adipocyte biology
Authors: Tews Daniel , Brenner Rolf E. , Siebert Reiner , Debatin Klaus-Michael , Fischer-Posovszky Pamela , Wabitsch Martin
Published: August 2022

20 years ago, we described a human cell strain derived from subcutaneous adipose tissue of an infant supposed to have Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS), thus called “SGBS cells”. Since then, these cells have emerged as the most commonly used cell model for human adipogenesis and human adipocyte biology. Although these adipocyte derived stem cells have not been genetically manipulated for transformation or immortalization, SGBS cells retain their capacity to proliferate and to differentiate into adipocytes for more than 50 population doublings, providing an almost unlimited source of human adipocyte progenitor cells. Original data obtained with SGBS cells led to more than 200 peer reviewed publications comprising investigations on adipogenesis and browning, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory response, adipokine production, as well as co-culture models and cell-cell communication. In this article, we provide an update on the characterization of SGBS cells, present basic methods for their application and summarize results of a systematic literature search on original data obtained with this cell strain.
Pulmonary immune profiling of SIDS: impaired immune maturation and age-related cytokine imbalance
Authors: Qu Dong , Engelmann Theresa A. , Preuss Vanessa , Hagemeier Lars , Radomsky Lena , Beushausen Kerstin , Keil Jana , Vennemann Benedikt , Falk Christine S. , Klintschar Michael
Published: August 2022

Background

For sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), an impaired immunocompetence has been discussed for a long time. Cytokines and chemokines are soluble immune mediators (SIM) whose balance is essential for the immune status. We hypothesized that an imbalanced immune response might contribute to the etiology of SIDS.

Methods

We investigated 27 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in protein lysates of lungs derived from 29 SIDS cases and 15 control children deceased for other reasons.

Results

Except for the CCL5, no significant differences were detected in the lungs between SIDS cases with and without mild upper respiratory tract infections. In contrast, IL-1RA, IL-7, IL-13, and G-CSF were decreased in the merged SIDS cases compared to control cases without evidence of infection. Plotting SIM concentrations against infant age resulted in increasing concentrations in control but not in SIDS lungs, indicating a disturbed immune maturation. Moreover, an age-dependent shift towards a Th2-related pattern was observed in SIDS.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that an impaired maturation of the immune system, an insufficient response to respiratory pathogens, and an immune response modulated by Th1/Th2 imbalance might play a possible role in triggering SIDS. These findings might in part be explained by chronic stress.

Impact

Maturation of the cytokine and chemokine network may be impaired in SIDS.

An imbalance between Th1- and Th2-related cytokines, which may reflect a state of chronic stress causing a more Th2 shift.

An impaired immune maturation, an insufficient response to respiratory pathogens, and an immune response modulated by Th1/Th2 imbalance might play a possible role in SIDS.
Precision oncology for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in clinical practice
Authors: Tomczak Aurelie , Springfeld Christoph , Dill Michael T. , Chang De-Hua , Kazdal Daniel , Wagner Ursula , Mehrabi Arianeb , Brockschmidt Antje , Luedde Tom , Naumann Patrick , Stenzinger Albrecht , Schirmacher Peter , Longerich Thomas
Published: August 2022

Background

Advanced cholangiocarcinoma has a poor prognosis. Molecular targeted approaches have been proposed for patients after progression under first-line chemotherapy treatment. Here, molecular profiling of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in combination with a comprehensive umbrella concept was applied in a real-world setting.

Methods

In total, 101 patients received molecular profiling and matched treatment based on interdisciplinary tumour board decisions in a tertiary care setting. Parallel DNA and RNA sequencing of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumour tissue was performed using large panels.

Results

Genetic alterations were detected in 77% of patients and included gene fusions in 21 patients. The latter recurrently involved the FGFR2 and the NRG1 gene loci. The most commonly altered genes were BAP1, ARID1A, FGFR2, IDH1, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, PIK3CA, TP53, ATM, IDH2, BRAF, SMARCA4 and FGFR3. Molecular targets were detected in 59% of patients. Of these, 32% received targeted therapy. The most relevant reason for not initiating therapy was the deterioration of performance status. Patients receiving a molecular-matched therapy showed a significantly higher survival probability compared to patients receiving conventional chemotherapy only (HR: 2.059, 95% CI: 0.9817–4.320, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Molecular profiling can be successfully translated into clinical treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients and is associated with prolonged survival of patients receiving a molecular-matched treatment.
METTL3 promotes prostatic hyperplasia by regulating PTEN expression in an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner
Authors: Li Jiaren , Yao Hanyu , Huang Jin , Li Chao , Zhang Yichuan , Xu Ran , Wang Zhenting , Long Zhi , Tang Jin , Wang Long
Published: August 2022

Uncontrolled epithelial cell proliferation in the prostate transition zone and the hyper-accumulation of mesenchymal-like cells derived from the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of prostatic epithelium are two key processes in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). m6A RNA modification affects multiple cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. In this study, the aberrant up-regulation of methylase METTL3 in BPH samples suggests its potential role in BPH development. Elevated m6A modification in the prostate of the BPH rat was partially reduced by METTL3 knockdown. METTL3 knockdown also partially reduced the prostatic epithelial thickness and prostate weight, significantly improved the histological features of the prostate, inhibited epithelial proliferation and EMT, and promoted apoptosis. In vitro, METTL3 knockdown decreased TGF-β-stimulated BPH-1 cell proliferation, m6A modification, and EMT, whereas promoted cell apoptosis. METTL3 increased the m6A modification of PTEN and inhibited its expression through the reading protein YTHDF2. PTEN knockdown aggravated the molecular, cellular, and pathological alterations in the prostate of BPH rats and amplified TGF-β-induced changes in BPH-1 cells. More importantly, PTEN knockdown partially abolished the improving effects of METTL3 knockdown both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, the level of m6A modification is elevated in BPH; the METTL3/YTHDF2/PTEN axis disturbs the balance between epithelial proliferation and apoptosis, promotes EMT, and accelerates BPH development in an m6A modification-related manner.
Ultralong organic phosphorescence from isolated molecules with repulsive interactions for multifunctional applications
Authors: Yao Xiaokang , Ma Huili , Wang Xiao , Wang He , Wang Qian , Zou Xin , Song Zhicheng , Jia Wenyong , Li Yuxin , Mao Yufeng , Singh Manjeet , Ye Wenpeng , Liang Jian , Zhang Yanyun , Liu Zhuang , He Yixiao , Li Jingjie , Zhou Zixing , Zhao Zhu , Zhang Yuan , Niu Guowei , Yin Chengzhu , Zhang Shasha , Shi Huifang , Huang Wei , An Zhongfu
Published: August 2022

Intermolecular interactions, including attractive and repulsive interactions, play a vital role in manipulating functionalization of the materials from micro to macro dimensions. Despite great success in generation of ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP) by suppressing non-radiative transitions through attractive interactions recently, there is still no consideration of repulsive interactions on UOP. Herein, we proposed a feasible approach by introducing carboxyl groups into organic phosphors, enabling formation of the intense repulsive interactions between the isolated molecules and the matrix in rigid environment. Our experimental results show a phosphor with a record lifetime and quantum efficiency up to 3.16 s and 50.0% simultaneously in film under ambient conditions. Considering the multiple functions of the flexible films, the potential applications in anti-counterfeiting, afterglow display and visual frequency indicators were demonstrated. This finding not only outlines a fundamental principle to achieve bright organic phosphorescence in film, but also expands the potential applications of UOP materials.
Room-temperature electrical control of polarization and emission angle in a cavity-integrated 2D pulsed LED
Authors: Gonzalez Marin Juan Francisco , Unuchek Dmitrii , Sun Zhe , Cheon Cheol Yeon , Tagarelli Fedele , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Kis Andras
Published: August 2022

Devices based on two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors hold promise for the realization of compact and versatile on-chip interconnects between electrical and optical signals. Although light emitting diodes (LEDs) are fundamental building blocks for integrated photonics, the fabrication of light sources made of bulk materials on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits is challenging. While LEDs based on van der Waals heterostructures have been realized, the control of the emission properties necessary for information processing remains limited. Here, we show room-temperature electrical control of the location, directionality and polarization of light emitted from a 2D LED operating at MHz frequencies. We integrate the LED in a planar cavity to couple the polariton emission angle and polarization to the in-plane exciton momentum, controlled by a lateral voltage. These findings demonstrate the potential of TMDCs as fast, compact and tunable light sources, promising for the realization of electrically driven polariton lasers.
SARS CoV-2 mRNA vaccination exposes latent HIV to Nef-specific CD8+ T-cells
Authors: Stevenson Eva M. , Terry Sandra , Copertino Dennis , Leyre Louise , Danesh Ali , Weiler Jared , Ward Adam R. , Khadka Pragya , McNeil Evan , Bernard Kevin , Miller Itzayana G. , Ellsworth Grant B. , Johnston Carrie D. , Finkelsztein Eli J. , Zumbo Paul , Betel Doron , Dündar Friederike , Duncan Maggie C. , Lapointe Hope R. , Speckmaier Sarah , Moran-Garcia Nadia , Papa Michelle Premazzi , Nicholes Samuel , Stover Carissa J. , Lynch Rebecca M. , Caskey Marina , Gaebler Christian , Chun Tae-Wook , Bosque Alberto , Wilkin Timothy J. , Lee Guinevere Q. , Brumme Zabrina L. , Jones R. Brad
Published: August 2022

Efforts to cure HIV have focused on reactivating latent proviruses to enable elimination by CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. Clinical studies of latency reversing agents (LRA) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated individuals have shown increases in HIV transcription, but without reductions in virologic measures, or evidence that HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells were productively engaged. Here, we show that the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 activates the RIG-I/TLR – TNF – NFκb axis, resulting in transcription of HIV proviruses with minimal perturbations of T-cell activation and host transcription. T-cells specific for the early gene-product HIV-Nef uniquely increased in frequency and acquired effector function (granzyme-B) in ART-treated individuals following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. These parameters of CD8+ T-cell induction correlated with significant decreases in cell-associated HIV mRNA, suggesting killing or suppression of cells transcribing HIV. Thus, we report the observation of an intervention-induced reduction in a measure of HIV persistence, accompanied by precise immune correlates, in ART-suppressed individuals. However, we did not observe significant depletions of intact proviruses, underscoring challenges to achieving (or measuring) HIV reservoir reductions. Overall, our results support prioritizing the measurement of granzyme-B-producing Nef-specific responses in latency reversal studies and add impetus to developing HIV-targeted mRNA therapeutic vaccines that leverage built-in LRA activity.
Temporally restricted activation of IFNβ signaling underlies response to immune checkpoint therapy in mice
Authors: Zemek Rachael M. , Chin Wee Loong , Fear Vanessa S. , Wylie Ben , Casey Thomas H. , Forbes Cath , Tilsed Caitlin M. , Boon Louis , Guo Belinda B. , Bosco Anthony , Forrest Alistair R. R. , Millward Michael J. , Nowak Anna K. , Lake Richard A. , Lassmann Timo , Lesterhuis W. Joost
Published: August 2022

The biological determinants of the response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in cancer remain incompletely understood. Little is known about dynamic biological events that underpin therapeutic efficacy due to the inability to frequently sample tumours in patients. Here, we map the transcriptional profiles of 144 responding and non-responding tumours within two mouse models at four time points during ICB. We find that responding tumours display on/fast-off kinetics of type-I-interferon (IFN) signaling. Phenocopying of this kinetics using time-dependent sequential dosing of recombinant IFNs and neutralizing antibodies markedly improves ICB efficacy, but only when IFNβ is targeted, not IFNα. We identify Ly6C+/CD11b+ inflammatory monocytes as the primary source of IFNβ and find that active type-I-IFN signaling in tumour-infiltrating inflammatory monocytes is associated with T cell expansion in patients treated with ICB. Together, our results suggest that on/fast-off modulation of IFNβ signaling is critical to the therapeutic response to ICB, which can be exploited to drive clinical outcomes towards response.
In situ structure and dynamics of an alphacoronavirus spike protein by cryo-ET and cryo-EM
Authors: Huang Cheng-Yu , Draczkowski Piotr , Wang Yong-Sheng , Chang Chia-Yu , Chien Yu-Chun , Cheng Yun-Han , Wu Yi-Min , Wang Chun-Hsiung , Chang Yuan-Chih , Chang Yen-Chen , Yang Tzu-Jing , Tsai Yu-Xi , Khoo Kay-Hooi , Chang Hui-Wen , Hsu Shang-Te Danny
Published: August 2022

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious swine disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). PED causes enteric disorders with an exceptionally high fatality in neonates, bringing substantial economic losses in the pork industry. The trimeric spike (S) glycoprotein of PEDV is responsible for virus-host recognition, membrane fusion, and is the main target for vaccine development and antigenic analysis. The atomic structures of the recombinant PEDV S proteins of two different strains have been reported, but they reveal distinct N-terminal domain 0 (D0) architectures that may correspond to different functional states. The existence of the D0 is a unique feature of alphacoronavirus. Here we combined cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to demonstrate in situ the asynchronous S protein D0 motions on intact viral particles of a highly virulent PEDV Pintung 52 strain. We further determined the cryo-EM structure of the recombinant S protein derived from a porcine cell line, which revealed additional domain motions likely associated with receptor binding. By integrating mass spectrometry and cryo-EM, we delineated the complex compositions and spatial distribution of the PEDV S protein N-glycans, and demonstrated the functional role of a key N-glycan in modulating the D0 conformation.
Multifunctional graphene heterogeneous nanochannel with voltage-tunable ion selectivity
Authors: Su Shihao , Zhang Yifan , Peng Shengyuan , Guo Linxin , Liu Yong , Fu Engang , Yao Huijun , Du Jinlong , Du Guanghua , Xue Jianming
Published: August 2022

Ion-selective nanoporous two-dimensional (2D) materials have shown extraordinary potential in energy conversion, ion separation, and nanofluidic devices; however, different applications require diverse nanochannel devices with different ion selectivity, which is limited by sample preparation and experimental techniques. Herein, we develop a heterogeneous graphene-based polyethylene terephthalate nanochannel (GPETNC) with controllable ion sieving to overcome those difficulties. Simply by adjusting the applied voltage, ion selectivity among K+, Na+, Li+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ of the GPETNC can be immediately tuned. At negative voltages, the GPETNC serves as a mono/divalent ion selective device by impeding most divalent cations to transport through; at positive voltages, it mimics a biological K+ nanochannel, which conducts K+ much more rapidly than the other ions with K+/ions selectivity up to about 4.6. Besides, the GPETNC also exhibits the promise as a cation-responsive nanofluidic diode with the ability to rectify ion currents. Theoretical calculations indicate that the voltage-dependent ion enrichment/depletion inside the GPETNC affects the effective surface charge density of the utilized graphene subnanopores and thus leads to the electrically controllable ion sieving. This work provides ways to develop heterogeneous nanochannels with tunable ion selectivity toward broad applications.
Toward a BT.2020 green emitter through a combined multiple resonance effect and multi-lock strategy
Authors: Liu Junyuan , Zhu Yunhui , Tsuboi Taiju , Deng Chao , Lou Weiwei , Wang Dan , Liu Tiangeng , Zhang Qisheng
Published: August 2022

Color-saturated green-emitting molecules with high Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIE) y values have great potential applications for displays and imaging. Here, we linked the outer phenyl groups in multiple-resonance (MR)-type blue-emitting B (boron)-N (nitrogen) molecules through bonding and spiro-carbon bridges, resulting in rigid green emitters with thermally activated delayed fluorescence. The MR effect and multiple interlocking strategy greatly suppressed the high-frequency vibrations in the molecules, which emit green light with a full-width at half-maximum of 14 nm and a CIE y value of 0.77 in cyclohexane. These were the purest green molecules with quantum efficiency and color purity that were comparable with current best quantum dots. Doping these emitters into a traditional green-emitting phosphorescence organic light-emitting diode (OLED) endowed the device with a Broadcast Service Television 2020 color-gamut, 50% improved external quantum efficiency, and an extremely high luminescence of 5.1 × 105 cd/m2, making it the greenest and brightest OLED ever reported.