bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Konsensualne sposoby zakończenia procesu w sprawach o wykroczenia
Authors: Liżyńska Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

Consensual ways of terminating trials in the cases regarding petty offencesThe noticeable increase in the importance of consensus in criminal proceedings including cases of petty offences, prompted reflection on the institutions allowing legal proceedings to be terminated without full evidence investigation. Undoubtedly, this simplification affects the pace of legal proceedings, and hence their economy. However, we cannot also overlook its influence on the more efficient implementation of the compensation function of a trial, as well as the greater subjective acceptability of the judicial decision by the parties of legal proceedings. The author of the following paper analyzes institutions of consensual resolving of disputes in legal proceedings concerning petty offences, pointing to the pros and cons of applying such a solution.
Distinction criteria for fiscal torts
Authors: Łucarz Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

The author considers the issue of differentiation of fiscal torts. The author pays particular attention to the criterion of statutory threshold and an act of lesser significance. During the detailed analysis of both definitions, the author indicates deficits and drawbacks in terms of their statutory regulations. The critical comments allow the author to formulate proposals of changes in this normative area.
Reguły Nelsona Mandeli
Authors: Mrozek Kamila
Published: March 2020

Nelson Mandela RulesThe publication is entirely devoted to the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners from 2015. However, due to their large size, this work focuses solely on the comparison of the presently valid rules with those from the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners from 2015 accepted in Geneva in 1955. The changes have been discussed one by one. The work also explains the evaluation of the legal status of the UN Nelson Mandela Rules because as a recommendation they lack the binding legal provisions. Nevertheless, they should become not only the generally accepted standard of prisoner protection against maltreatment, but even more so the model of penitentiary influence on convicts.
„Mój dom moją twierdzą”. Rozważania na tle regulacji art. 25 § 2a k.k.
Authors: Kania Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

“My home is my castle”. Reflection on the regulation of the article 25 § 2a of the Penal CodeThe purpose of the article is to discuss the latest change that has been introduced into the legislation regulating the right of necessary self-defence. The result of the said amendment is adding a new editing unit to the content of article 25 of the Penal Code, i.e. § 2a, which provides for impunity of a person excessively exercising the right of necessary self-defence in a situation where crossing the limits of necessary self-defence occurs when countering an attack involving forced entry into a flat, premises, house or an adjacent fenced area, or where crossing the limits of necessary self-defence occurs when countering an attack preceded by forced entry into these places. This study presents not only arguments of the drafters which they used to prove the validity of the analysed solution, but also points out some doubts that might occur in the practical application of this regulation.
Forensic examination of anonymous handwritten documents in order to obtain data on the identity of their author and performer
Authors: Bakhteev Dmitry V. , Antropov Alexey V.
Published: March 2020

The anonymous document as an object of forensic research has an information field that is subject to study by three groups of scientific disciplines: handwriting, technical re­search of documents and forensic linguistics. Stability and reproducibility characteristics of handwriting and written speech allows us to identify the author and performer of an anonymous message, as demonstrated by the example of the authorsʼ practice.
Using gelatin dactyloscopic foils and computer program Adobe Photoshop in expert analysis of crossed lines
Authors: Busarčević Miroslav , Simonović Branislav
Published: March 2020

This paper presents the method of crossed lines expert analysis developed and ap­plied in Serbia and other countries in the region by Miroslav Busarčević, a court expert with a degree in physical chemistry and MSc in criminalistics. The authors of the paper explain the procedure of lifting the prints of crossed lines using gelatin dactyloscopic foils, the scanning and visualization of the obtained print in the Adobe Photoshop com­puter program; presentation and interpretation of the results.
Document examinations in Malta
Authors: Calafato Trevor
Published: March 2020

The forensics of documents in Malta is constantly increasing in demand. This need is a reaction to the control of human trafficking and the international threat of terrorism, amongst other crimes in Malta and Europe. Besides the constant updates in the Criminal Code, document fraud analysts are increasingly in demand to ensure a more thorough and scientific analysis of forgeries of documents, stamps, seals and private writings.
X-marks: Too simple to be useful?
Authors: Marquis Raymond , Mazzella Williams David , Hicks Tacha
Published: March 2020

This paper presents a case illustrating the value that can be elicited from simple handwritten entries such as X-marks. An experimental study was carried out for the case needs, where X-marks were collected from a population of 52 writers and classified ac­cording to the stroke direction. To fulfil the recommendations of the ENFSI guideline on evaluative reporting in forensic science, the results of this study were used to quantita­tively assess handedness of the writer of the questioned X-mark.
Artykuł 59a k.k. — sukces czy porażka ustawodawcy
Authors: Myrna Bogdan
Published: March 2020

Article 59a of the Criminal Code — a success or a failure of the legislatorThe article focuses on the now repealed measure of discontinuance of criminal proceedings under Article 59a of the Criminal Code following a request of the injured arty in case of damage redress or compensation for the injury caused by the crime. In the article the author criticises the measure in question on many levels, also analysing the grounds for and the mode of discontinuance.
Society seen as a victim — how it may affect criminal law
Authors: Hryniewicz-Lach Elżbieta
Published: March 2020

Crimes committed against individual victims quite often affect the whole of society or a certain community as well. Therefore society should be seen as a relevant subject on the victim’s side, and not only as a potential offender or a neutral third party providing certain services for individual victims. Regarding society as a kind of a victim enables us to see crime and criminal reaction in a broader context going beyond the interests of individuals and creating a counterweight to them. For this reason it is important to see in which way society can be victimised, what are its preventive and compensatory interests and how they can be satisfied with the instruments of criminal law.
A few remarks on state compensation to victims of crime
Authors: Muszyńska Anna
Published: March 2020

This article presents selected issues concerning state compensation to victims of certain offences. The fundamental principles underlying the system of assistance provided to the victims of prohibited acts were discussed, as well as amendments made thereto. Attention was primarily focused on the amendments introduced by the Amending Act of 5 August 2015. These concerned aspects such as persons eligible, scope of compensation and procedures for application review, which were analysed both by legal scholars and practitioners. It has been concluded that the amendments to a large extent eliminated the weaknesses of the previously existing regulations and thus created conditions for basic victim support.
Zbieranie danych o nieletnim w praktyce polskich sądów
Authors: Włodarczyk-Madejska Justyna
Published: March 2020

Collecting data on juvenile delinquency in the practice of Polish courtsThe model of proceeding with juveniles applicable in Poland assumes an in-depth knowledge of a juvenile. Knowing this allows us to make an accurate diagnosis, and thus to react in the right way. How does the court get to know a juvenile? How often do supporting institutions engage in this process? How does he assess evidence in the form of an environmental interview or a diagnostic opinion, and which one is used in the process of adjudication? I provide answers to these questions in this article. The basis for their granting were the results of my own research carried out in 2015–2016 at two institutions: Department of Criminology, Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Justice. These were both the research of juvenile case files and surveys of representatives of the judiciary — a nationwide survey and individual semi-structured qualitative interviews.
Psychologiczne i prawne aspekty kontaktów osadzonych ojców z dziećmi
Authors: Jadach Katarzyna , Sadowska Magdalena
Published: March 2020

Psychological and legal aspects of contacts between incarcerated fathers and their childrenThe institution of parent–child contact is a parental right, characterized by a variety of forms of its implementation. It is to be, in addition to constitutional provisions, a normative guarantee for the protection of family ties and family life, regardless of the nature of the relationship between the child’s parents, their parental attributes, and their place of residence. One of the circumstances that can affect the quality of contacts in a special way is the fact that a parent is detained in prison. Therefore, the question arises as to the shape of the provisions of the executive criminal law and the actual activities undertaken in the penitentiary, aimed at protecting such family relations.
Trauma of the Polish March
Authors: Chmielewska Katarzyna , Żukowski Tomasz
Published: March 2020

The events of March 1968 are usually shown as a type of cataclysm, affecting the whole society, caused by a single agent — the Communist authorities — without the participation of this society. At the same time, it is a founding cataclysm, as it is the starting point of the history of the Polish opposition and the universal resistance against the authorities. The word “trauma” becomes the key word for the description of the events of March, as it is used not so much in the context of the experience of those facing repression and their relatives, but the entire society. The abundance of the trauma discourse prompts its perception as a symptom and raises questions about the hidden Real, i.e. about who suffered the trauma and what this trauma consists in. We propose an analysis of the trauma discourse that takes into consideration the image of the social field created by this discourse. We want to describe games between the individual actors of the events as well as the emerging tensions and stakes in these games. We analyze the image conveyed by the historical discourse about March 1968, established after the Turn of 1989.
Resisting Invisible Women of Solidarity: Gender in American and Polish Oral History, Life Writing, Visual Arts and Film. Part I
Authors: Klimek-Dominiak Elżbieta
Published: March 2020

Unlike American historians challenging the marginalization of women since the 1970s and theorizing usefulness of gender for history, the majority of Polish historians have been rather reluctant to ad­dress gender differences. The collapse of communism and transatlantic interest in retraditionalization stimulated interdisciplinary engendering of Solidarity. This article examines how significant, though strategically invisible, Solidarity women activists of the 1980s have been represented in oral history, art, and film as well as dialogical genres such as auto/biography and a relational memoir. Questioning of mythical visions of Solidarity, focused on men and class, has initially been resisted, but encouraged a debate about gender stereotypes in Poland. The early “archive fever” followed by a recent surge in transgenerational life writing on women oppositionists exploring gender along with ethnicity, class, and age has helped to construct multi-layered portraits of anti-communist resistance. The analysis of the award-winning documentary, several Solidarity women evaluate critically their complicity with the posttotalitarian system, may also complicate ultranationalist narratives and fill gaps in postcolonial studies of Central Europe.
Be yourself… but don’t be a wimp! Advice Literature in the USSR and Gender Roles in Contemporary Ukrainian Books for Girls and Boys
Authors: Świetlicki Mateusz
Published: March 2020

Be yourself… but don’t be a wimp! Advice Literature in the USSR and Gender Roles in Contemporary Ukrainian Books for Girls and Boys. Even though advice literature for children has a long history in Western Europe and the USA, it became popular in all post-Soviet states only in the late 1980s. Still, advice literature for adults played an important role in the formation of gender stereotypes in the USSR. After the collapse of communism manuals for different age groups including advice on etiquette, manners, sex, and looks flooded book­stores and libraries in all post-Soviet states. The essay examines Ukrainian advice literature for boys and girls and the influence gender stereotypes it promotes have on children. Comparing two popular sets of contemporary handbooks for boys and girls, the author shows that they reinforce hegemonic patriarchal gender roles based on inequality and sexism.Будьте собой… только не будьте слабаками! Гендерные стереотипы в украинской справоч­ной литературе для девочек и мальчиков. Эссе включает в себя изучение стереотипного описа­ния гендерных ролей в украинской литературе. Материалом для исследования послужили четыре книги, опубликованные за последние пять лет. Рассматривая нормы и модели поведения, пред­ставленные в этих книгах, автор показывает роль таких книг в постсоветском возрождении па­триархальных норм. Автор демонстрирует, что в украинских справочниках для мальчиков и де­вочек дети представлены как товар, на который может возрастать или падать спрос в обществе.
Rozkład świata na miarę człowieka: współczesność z perspektywy słoweńskiego dramatopisarstwa
Authors: Kozak Krištof Jacek
Published: March 2020

The layout of the world tailored to the human. Contemporary world in Slovenian drama.This paper deals with the present-day Slovenian dramatic works facing the challenges of the contemporary world on the one hand and the consequent changes our society has been subject to on the other. Particular attention is paid to three main topics: discarded human beings or G. Agamben’s homines sacri, globalization or, in other words, “liquidity” of the modern world cf. Z. Bauman’s infamous definition, and the devolution of both Christian as well as Enlightenment values and norms. By way of an in-depth analysis, the paper will bring into picture sociological, anthropological, political, economic and other perspectives in the newest Slovenian drama. The paper’s central argument will be the present-day emptiness of norms such as the Decalogue or Kant’s categorical imperative. Such an up-to-date account of the dramatic endeavours in Slovenia necessarily paints a rather morbid picture of our contemporary world. Načrt sveta, narejenega po človekovi meri: sodobna slovenska drama tika.Pričujoči članek se ukvarja s sodobnimi slovenskimi dramskimi deli, ki se spopadajo z izzivi današnjega sveta z ene in posledičnimi spremem­bami naše družbe z druge strani. Posebno pozornost posveča trem osrednjim temam: odpisanim človeškim bitjem oziroma Agambenovim homines sacri, globalizaciji ali, z drugimi besedami, „tekočosti“ sodobnega sveta prim. neslavno definicijo Z. Baumana in razkroju tako krščanskih kot razsvetljenskih vrednot in norm. S pomočjo poglobljene analize osvetli članek sociološke, antropološke, politične, ekonomske in druge perspektive v najnovejših slovenskih dramah. Osrednji argument v članku je sodobna izpraznjenost norm, kot je na primer deset božjih zapovedi ali Kantov kategorični imperativ. Takšno posodobljeno poročilo o slovenskih dramskih prizadevanjih nujno kažejo precej morbidno sliko našega današnjega sveta.
Pokoleniowe różnice w artystycznym obrazowaniu doświadczenia totalitarnej przeszłości w czeskim teatrze najnowszym
Authors: Czachór Sylwia
Published: March 2020

Generational differences in artistic representations of the experience of totalitarian past in the new Czech theatre. The article presents an analysis of a number of Czech performances from the years 2007–2013 on the topic of the communist era and reflecting on the changes that have occurred over the past 25 years. Selected directors belong to three generations of artists: the ones already creating in the 1960s, the ones debuting just before or just after the Velvet Revolution and the ones beginning their career in 2000. The comparison of performances produced within a short time clearly shows the differences, both aesthetic and ideological, in the method of recognizing similar issues by the authors growing up in a completely different socio-political conditions. Works of the oldest generation, using conventional theatrical means, reveal the strongest judgmental tendencies, the need to show the ambiguous choices in black and white colors. The average generation contend with the legend of past years, asking difficult questions about the impact of the past on the shape of collective identity. The youngest generation, however, intentionally emphasize that their knowledge about communism is mediated, which encourages them to analyze the history and memory of their families in search of their own roots.Generační rozdíly v uměleckém zobrazování zkušenosti totalitární minulosti v nejnovějším českém divadle. Příspěvek obsahuje analýzu několika českých představení z let 2007–2013, jejichž tématem se stalo období komunismu a reflexe nad proměnami posledních 25 let. Vybraní režiséři patří ke třem generacím umělců:  jedni inscenovali dlouho před rokem 1989, druzí debutovali krátce po sametové revoluci, zatímco třetí zahájili kariéru v roce 2000. Soubor představení vzniklých v malém časovém rozpětí výrazně ukazuje jak estetické, tak světonázorové rozdíly ve způsobu uchopení podobné tematiky autory, kteří vyrůstali ve zcela odlišných společensko-politických podmínkách. Díla nejstarší generace pomocí konvenčních divadelních prostředků projevují nejsilnější tendence posuzovat a odsuzovat, nutnost ukázat nejednoznačné volby v černo-bílých barvách. Střední generace se poměřuje s legendami mi­nulých dob, pokládá obtížné otázky po vlivu minulosti na podobu kolektivní identity. Nejmladší tvůrci pak vědomě zdůrazňují, že jejich znalost komunismu je zprostředkovaná, což je vede k analyzování historie a rodinné paměti při hledání vlastních kořenů.
Współczesny teatr ukraiński: między dyskursem posttotalitarnym a postkolonialnym
Authors: Harbuziuk Maja
Published: March 2020

Ukrainian modern theatre: Between post-totalitarian and post-colonial discourse. The attempt to divide into periods the activity of Ukrainian theatre in the era of Independence is made. The main features of these periods are revealed and the regional differences indicated. Attention is paid to the influence of crisis phenomena in social and political life of the post-totalitarian and post-colonial society on the development of theatrical art. Constructive changes in the progress of Ukrainian stage in the period of 1986–1991 are underlined, for example: lifting the censorship, opening acces to forbidden national anti-totalitarian and anti-colonial drama and others. The emphasis is put on the problems of the loss of continuity of generations of directors, reduction of positive phenomena, artificial creation of Ukrainian culture, the complex of “being secondary” in the next period. Manifestations of a new, in both form and meaning, theatre are related to the emergence of a new generation of directors and playwrights that began to explore the themes of contemporary private life and modern forms of dramatic writing.Український сучасний театр: між посттоталітарним та постколоніальним дискурсами. Історію українського театру періоду Незалежності можна поділити на три періоди. Перший — це злам 1980–1990-х років, коли було скасовано цензуру і відкрито доступ до заборонених раніше п’єс репресованих тоталітарною системою авторів, а також до всього корпусу західноєвропейської, насамперед екзистенціальної, драматургії. Також в цей час виникло понад сто пошукових театрів-студій завдяки чому інтенсифікувався процес деконструкції ментальних стереотипів доби соцреалізму. Однак наступні двадцять років трансформації України, позначені поглибленням кризи у політичному, суспільному та економічному житті країни, призвели до сповільнення та зупинки тенденцій поступу, притаманних першим рокам Незалежності. Тому можна сказати, що в останні роки ХХ–перше десятиліття ХХІ століття театр живився інерцією попереднього вибуху зламу 1980–1990-х років, обравши стратегії самозбереження: як через естетизацію та інтелектуалізацію, так і через комерціалізацію театру. Цей період – на відміну від попереднього — дав невелику кількість нових цікавих постатей режисерів та драматургів. У свою чергу останні 5–6 років стали часом розвитку нових творчих тенденцій та явищ, коли театр дедалі частіше центром своєї уваги обирає приватну людину та її мікросвіт. Це пов’язано, зокрема, із появою нового покоління митців тридцятилітніх-сорокалітніх, тобто народжених або сформованих у Незалежній Україні, котрі надзвичайно послідовно прагнуть відкривати нову для української сцени проблематику: суспільства доби постколоніального та посттоталітарного переходу.
Women’s narratives of displacement and their afterlife
Authors: Mitriou Simona , Adam Elena
Published: March 2020

Women’s Narratives of Displacement and their AfterlifeThis paper focuses on the connection between life writ­ing and postmemory. The case of Anița Nandriș-Cudla’s life writing is presented based on its unique status: women’s testimonies are rare in Romanian memory discourse, and when present, they are lim­ited to known intellectual figures. Moreover, the displacement narratives occupy a small place in Ro­mania’s post-1989 collective memory discourse and, as survivors of deportation inexorably pass away, life writing becomes increasingly important in the transmission of memory. This paper argues that increasing attention to the narratives of the past traumas can develop the intergenerational transmission of memory and knowledge. The process of coming to terms with the past must offer space to alternative memories and narratives with which, the research shows, second or third generations can relate, based on similarities and resemblance, and in this way develop an empathic understanding of current events.Женские свидетельства о переселениях лиц и их жизнь после смерти В данной статье основное внима­ние уделяется связи между биографическими писаниями и записями о прошедших событиях postmemory. Писания о жизни Аниты Нандрис Кудла представлены здесь благодаря иx уни­кальному статусу, так как женские свидетельские показания очень редки в румынских произ­ведениях и записях, связанных с историческими событиями и, даже если они присутсвуют, они ограничиваются показаниями известных интеллектуальных личностей. Кроме того, записи о переселениях занимают небольшое место в писаниях коллективной памяти Румынии после 1989-го года и, вместе со смертью тех, кто остался в живых после депортаций, писание о их жизни становится все более важным в процессе передачи памяти. В данной работе утверждается, что повышенное внимание к прошлым травмам способствует передаче воспоминаний и знаний следующим поколениям. Восприятие прошлого должно также оставить место для альтернативных воспоминаний и записей, в которых, как показывают исследования, вторые и третьи поколения могут найти много общего и таким образом развивать в себе способность эмпатически понимать текущие события.
Strategie oswajania rzeczy na „Ziemiach Odzyskanych” ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przestrzeni prywatnej
Authors: Praczyk Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

Strategies of the Familiarization of Things in Polish Regained Territories with the Special Attention to the Private Space This article discusses the presence of things and their modes of functioning in the private and, to some extent, also public spaces of the Recovered Territories in Poland after the Second World War. In this article, things are perceived as active agents, crucial for developing many different social relations that have to be created anew in the unknown cultural and material environment. New things that people come across are also treated here as objects that can reveal traumatic tensions caused by the necessity of the existence in the unfamiliar space that was left behind by the war enemies. This new private space that the Polish people have to live in needs to be domesticated and treated as a part of the everyday life. Strategies that are used to familiarize the former German cultural heritage are the main focus of this article.Cтратегии освaивания вещей на воссоединённых землях Польши особенно в личном пространствеВ этой ста­тье представлена проблема присудствия вещей и способа их функционирования особенно в личном пространстве на воссоединённых землях Польши после второй мировой войны. Bещи выступают здесь как активные актёры многих разнообразных общественных соотношений, которые надо создать заново в незнакомой материальной и культурнoй среде. Oдновременно новонайденные предметы могут вызывать травматические реакции у переселенцев, которые возникают как результат необходимости жизни в домах покиданных врагом. Это новое про­странство должно быть освоенное новыми жителями. Metoды ведущие к этой цели являются темой представленного здесь анализa.
Kontrrewolucyjna idea Europy. Rozważania Edmunda Burke’a o tożsamości europejskiej
Authors: Rydz Romuald
Published: March 2020

1 listopada 1790 r. w Londynie został opublikowany jeden z najważniejszych tek­stów osiemnastowiecznej brytyjskiej myśli politycznej. Autorem dzieła znanego pod skróconym ty­tułem jako Rozważania o rewolucji we Francji był Edmund Burke — jeden z najbardziej znanych wigowskich posłów zasiadających w Izbie Gmin. Choć Burke w Rozważaniach występował przede wszystkim jako obrońca brytyjskiego porządku i zwyczaju politycznego, to zarówno w tym dziele, jak i wielu następnych tekstach można zauważyć, że przedmiotem jego troski była także wspólnota europejska. Wydaje się, że autor Rozważań jako je­den z pierwszych przedstawicieli ówczesnego świata polityki dostrzegł w rewolucyjnej gorączce roz­przestrzeniającej się z Paryża groźbę dla całej Europy. Owo niebezpieczeństwo Burke porównywał, z jednej strony, do fali barbarzyństwa, która zalała Rzym i zniszczyła cywilizację antyczną w okresie wędrówki ludów, z drugiej zaś — przypisywał mu cechy rewolucji religijnej, podobnej do tej, któ-ra podzieliła kontynent w XVI i XVII stuleciu. Było to więc w jego opinii podwójne zagrożenie, które mogło zniszczyć zarówno podstawy materialne Europy, jak i jej kościec kulturowy.A counter-revolutionary idea of Europe. Edmund Burke’s reflections on European identityOn 1st November 1790, one of the most important texts of the 18th century British political thought was published in London. The author of the work, known under the shortened title as Reflections on the Revolution in France, was Edmund Burke, one of the best-known Whigs sitting in the House of Commons. Although in Reflections Burke was above all a defender of the British order and political custom, it can be noticed, both in this work and many subsequent texts, that he was also concerned for Euro­pean community. It seems that the author of Reflections was among the first representatives of the world of politics at that time who viewed the revolutionary fever that was spreading from Paris as a threat to the whole Europe. Burke compared this danger, on the one hand, to the Barbarian wave that had flooded Rome and destroyed the antique civilisation in the Migrations Period, while on the other hand he ascribed it characteristics of a religious revolution, similar to the one that divided the continent in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thus, it was, in his opinion, a double threat. It could destroy both the material foundations of Europe and its cultural core.
Rola NATO w regulacji światowego porządku. Wyzwania i zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa w XXI wieku
Authors: Kosta Raul Andrzej
Published: March 2020

Wojny w Afganistanie czy Iraku to etapy większego zjawiska, którym jest wojna z terroryzmem. Wymaga ona cierpliwości, porozumienia i dialogu międzycywilizacyjnego, lecz nie wąsko pojętego w ujęciu Huntingtona, tylko szeroko rozumianego dialogu cywilizacji ludzkiej. Każda wojna jest do wygrania, jeżeli priorytetem w niej nie jest dążenie do hegemonii w świecie, ale do bezpieczeństwa własnych obywateli. Dlatego by możliwe było stworzenie nowego systemu bezpieczeństwa światowego, który poprzez sieć systemów regionalnych utworzyłby pewnego rodzaju zaporę chroniącą przed terrorystami, równocześnie ze stabilizacją należy prowadzić dialog ze społecznością muzułmańską i nie tylko. Stworzenie takiego systemu musi być priorytetem dla polityków i państw, które reprezentują. Polityk jak każdy człowiek ma prawo do błędnej decyzji. Jednakże przy jej podejmowaniu musi liczyć się z konsekwencjami. Tym większymi, im ranga decyzji jest wyższa, albowiem decyzja o wojnie jest jedną z najbardziej brzemiennych w skutki. NATO’s role in regulating the world order. Challenges and threats to security in the 21st centuryThe wars in Afghanistan or in Iraq are just stages of a wider phenomenon of war against terrorism. War requires patience, understanding, dialogue within a civilization, but not the one narrowly understood as Huntington sees it, but general human civilization. Each war can be won if its priority is not to try to conquer the world but to win security for the inhabitants of a state. Therefore, stabilization should be accompanied by dialogue with the Muslim community, but not only with that community if a new system of world security is to be created. A network of regional systems that would form a kind of anti-terrorist dam should be created. The appropriate formation of such a system must be a priority for politicians and the states they represent. Like any other man, a politician can sometimes make a wrong decision. However, he or she must be aware of its consequences when taking it. The more serious the consequences, the higher the rank of the decision. The decision to wage war is, however, the most burdened with consequences of all decisions.
Adverbial clauses in Veracruz Huasteca Nahuatl from a functional-typological approach
Authors: Olguín-Martínez Jesus Francisco , Estrada-Fernandez Zarina
Published: March 2020

This paper analyses adverbial clauses in Veracruz Huasteca Nahuatl (vhn), a Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Mexico. We argue that the formal properties of adverbial clauses in vhn are motivated by general functional principles, particularly, their semantic values. We address seven semantic relations: temporal precedence, temporal subsequence, temporal simultaneity, cause/reason, purpose, result, and spatial relations. We support the analysis not only with evidence from vhn, but also from other languages of the world where two morphosyntactic devices are important: adverbial conjunctions and tam morphology.  Our main claim is that the different semantic relations encoded within adverbial clauses take on specific formal mechanisms to express those particular communicative situations.
Sediaan Ekstrak Air Daun Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa) Memiliki Potensi Memperbaiki Kulit yang Terpapar Sinar Ultraviolet
Authors: Sari Destria Indah , Rahmawanty Dina , Jultan Yunita , Naba Siti Sumiati
Published: March 2020

ABSTRAK Sinar ultraviolet dapat memberikan dampak yang merugikan terhadap kulit. Meskipun sinar ultraviolet juga memberikan manfaat seperti memediasi sintesis vitamin D, namun paparan berlebih sinar ultraviolet dapat menyebabkan kelainan kulit dan dapat menimbulkan resiko kesehatan, seperti atropi, perubahan pigmen, keriput, dan malignancy (keganasan). Reaksi tersebut timbul karena pembentukan radikal bebas dan untuk mengatasinya diperlukan antioksidan. Ekstrak daun Aquilaria microcarpa diketahui mengandung flavanoid, yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antioksidan. Pemanfaatan ekstrak daun Aquilaria microcarpa dalam bentuk sediaan merupakan langkah untuk meningkatkan kenyamanan pemakaian dan memaksimalkan manfaat ekstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kemampuan sediaan ekstrak daun Aquilaria microcarpa dalam memperbaiki kulit yang terpapar sinar matahari. Kulit yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah kulit mencit dewasa galur Balb/C yang telah diberi perlakuan selama 8 hari.  Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap lapisan epidermis dan dermis terhadap masing-masing ketebalan dan jumlah melanosit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sediaan ekstrak daun Aquilaria microcarpa memiliki potensi memperbaiki kulit yang terpapar sinar ultraviolet. Kata Kunci: paparan sinar ultraviolet, Aquilaria microcarpa,   ABSTRACT Ultraviolet rays could give negative effect to skin. Although ultraviolet rays also give benefit, for example, catalyzing vitamin D synthesis, but excessive exposure of ultraviolet rays may cause skin disorders, such as atropy, pigment changes, wrinkles, and malignancy. Those reactions caused by free radicals formation and need antioxidant to reduce them. Aquilaria microcarpa leaves extract were revealed to have flavanoid, which can be used as antioxidant. Its usage as dosage form was a step to increase acceptability and to maximize benefit of the extract. This research was aimed to determined Aquilaria microcarpa leaves extract ability to recover skin-previously exposed to ultraviolet rays. Skin used in this research were full grown mice Balb/C whom treated after 8 days. Epidermis thickness and melanocyte cell numbers were counted and compared with UV group and control group. The result showed Aquilaria microcarpa leaves extract as dosage form has potency to recover skin which exposure to ultraviolet rays. Keywords: ultraviolet rays exposure, Aquilaria microcarpa
Analisis Cost Of Illness Drug Reaction With Eosinophilia Systemic Symptoms Di RSUP Dr.Sardjito Yogyakarta
Authors: Halid Vicryanto , Perwitasari Dyah Aryani , Febriana Sri Awalia
Published: March 2020

ABSTRAK Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptom (DRESS) adalah reaksi alergi kulit dengan demam, kenaikan eosinofil darah dan komplikasi organ. Sulitnya diagnosa dan lama terapi serta berpotensi kekambuhan membuat DRESS menjadi masalah karena mempengaruhi ekonomi. Cost of illness (COI) merupakan analisis menentukan beban ekonomi penyakit yang terdiri dari beberapa perspektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui total COI dari perspektif Rumah sakit berdasarkan jenis DRESS, jenis obat, dan jumlah obat penyebab DRESS. Penelitian non-experimental dengan desain cross-sectional retrospektif. Subyek penelitian 21 pasien. Parameter biaya komponen biaya medis langsung yaitu biaya instalasi gawat darurat, pengobatan, monitoring, penunjang dan rawat jalan. Hasil analisis data berupa median (range). Median total COI DRESS dengan komplikasi organ adalah Rp.13.194.963 dan Rp.10.123.495 untuk pasien DRESS tanpa komplikasi organ. Antibiotik menjadi obat penyebab DRESS terbanyak (55,55%) dengan range total biaya tertingginya Rp.53.576.350. Kesimpulan: Total COI DRESS di RSUP Dr.Sardjito tahun 2014-2018 satu pasien adalah Rp.13.546.700.Kata Kunci: Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptom, Cost OF illness, biaya medis langsung, komplikasi organ, perspektif Rumah sakit.  ABSTRACT Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptom (DRESS) are allergic skin reactions with fever, elevated blood eosinophils and organ complications. Difficult diagnosis and duration of therapy and potential recurrence make DRESS a problem because it affects the economy. Cost of illness (COI) is an analysis determining the economic burden of a disease consisting of several perspectives. This study aims to determine the total COI from the perspective of the hospital based on the type of DRESS, the amount and type of causative drug of DRESS. Non-experimental research with a retrospective cross-sectional design. Study subjects 21 patients. The cost parameters of the direct medical component costs are the costs of the emergency department, treatment, monitoring, support and outpatient care. The results of data analysis are in the form of a median (range). Results: The total median of COI DRESS with organ complications was Rp.13,194,963 and Rp.10,123,495 for DRESS patients without organ complications. Antibiotics became the most common drug causing DRESS (55.55%) with the highest total cost range of Rp.53,576,350. Conclusion: Total COI DRESS at Dr.Sardjito General Hospital in 2014-2018 one patient was Rp.13,546,700. Keywords: Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptom, Cost of Illness, direct medical costs, organ complications, perspective of the hospital.
Karakteristik Fisika Sediaan Suspensi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) dengan Variasi Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium (CMC-Na)
Authors: Fitriana Mia , Halwany Wawan , Anwar Khoerul , Triyasmono Liling , Rahmanto Beny , Andriani Susy , Ainah Nur
Published: March 2020

ABSTRAK Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) merupakan salah satu hasil hutan yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Ekstrak etanol daun A. microcarpa terbukti memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tergolong sangat aktif. Ekstrak etanol daun A. microcarpa kemudian dibuat menjadi sediaan suspensi dengan variasi CMC-Na sebagai agen pengsuspensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh konsentrasi CMC-Na terhadap karakteristik fisik suspensi ekstrak etanol daun A.microcarpa. Suspensi dibuat dengan variasi CMC-Na pada F1 (0,5% CMC-Na), F2 (1% CMC-Na) dan F3 (1,5% CMC-Na). Evaluasi sediaan suspensi meliputi organoleptis, uji viskositas, uji pH, uji homogenitas serta uji berat jenis suspensi. Nilai evaluasi suspensi dianalisis secara statistik dengan software SPSS 21. Hasil evaluasi fisik menunjukkan bahwa penambahan  konsentrasi CMC-Na akan meningkatkan nilai viskositas dan berat jenis sediaan. Kesimpulan dari pengujian ini adalah variasi konsentrasi CMC-Na mempengaruhi hasil viskositas, serta berat jenis suspensi (p<0,05) dan tidak mempengaruhi hasil organoleptis, homogenitas dan pH suspensi.  Kata kunci: Gaharu, suspensi, CMC-Na  ABSTRACT Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) is one of the Borneo’s forest products that has antioxidant activity. Ethanol extract of A. microcarpa folium has been shown to have antioxidant activity that is classified as very active. The ethanol extract of A. microcarpa folium was then made into a suspension preparation with variations of sodium CMC as a suspending agent. This study aimed to determine the effect of sodium CMC concentration on the physical characteristics of the ethanol extract of A.microcarpa folium. Suspension was made with variations of sodium CMC in F1 (0.5% sodium CMC), F2 (1% sodium CMC) and F3 (1.5% sodium CMC). Evaluation of suspension preparations included organoleptic, viscosity test, pH test, homogeneity test and suspension specific gravity test. The suspension evaluation data were analyzed statistically with SPSS 21 Software.  The physical evaluation results showed that the addition of sodium CMC concentration would increase the viscosity and specific gravity of the preparation. The conclusion of this test was that variations in the concentration of sodium CMC affected the results of viscosity and suspension specific gravity (p <0.05) and did not affect the organoleptic yield, homogeneity and pH of the suspension. Keywords: Gaharu, suspension,
ANALISIS KINERJA TURBIN UAP BERDASARKAN PERFORMANCE TEST PLTU PT. INDOCEMENT P-12 TARJUN
Authors: Apriandi Riyki , Mursadin Aqli
Published: March 2020

This study aims to determine the performance of steam turbine PT. Indocement Tarjun Plant 12 by comparing the results of data obtained during each performance test in 1999, 2016, 2017, and 2018. This research data is taken from the control room of PT. Indocement Tarjun, variable data obtained in the form of load, main inlet steam temperature, main inlet steam pressure, HP heater feed outlet temperature, HP heater feed outlet pressure, main steam flow, and turbine by pass flow. The data is processed to get the turbine heat rate and the efficiency per time of each performance test and then averaging the data results over time, then comparing the turbine heat rate and the average efficiency of each performance test. The calculation of turbine heat rate using heat & mass balance method, turbine efficiency is obtained by comparing the energy of 1 kW with turbine heat rate and multiplying 100%. The result of the average heat turbine calculation per performance test ie August 1999 is 2.546, April 2016 2,537, June 2017 2.56, and May 2018 2.67. The average value of turbine efficiency in August 1999 was 39.30%, April 2016 39.43%, June 2017 39.07%, May 2018 37.46%. Turbine power plant performance of PT Indocement Tarjun Plant 12 decreased from 1999 to 2018 by 1.84%.
PENGARUH PERLAKUAN ALKALISASI DAN VARIASI FRAKSI VOLUME KOMPOSIT POLYESTER SERAT BEMBAN (Donax Canniformis) TERHADAP KEKUATAN IMPAK
Authors: Wahyudi Akhmad , Syarief Akhmad
Published: March 2020

The Indonesian state is rich in natural resources, the various benefits of natural resources are useful for human survival. Various kinds of plants in Indonesia are useful as technical material.One of the engineering materials is Composite. Composite is a material formed from a combination of two or more matrials that have stronger mechanical properties than the material forming. The composite consists of two parts: a matrix as a binder or a composite protector and a filler as a composite filler. Natural fiber is an alternative filler, and bemban fiber (Donax Canniformis) is one of the many natural fibers grown in the Hulu Sungai Selatan area of South Kalimantan. From the research result, the influence of volume fraction on composite fiber bemban has the most optimum strength that is on variation 60% fiber bemban 40% Polyester with no alkalization that has absorption energy 13.23 joule and the impact price of 0.067 joule / mm².
PERMODELAN ANALISIS PENGARUH TINGGI MAIN ROLL HOOP TERHADAP TEGANGAN DAN DISPLACEMENT PADA MOBIL FORMULA STUDENT AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING
Authors: Isworo Hajar
Published: March 2020

The instability in the student formula vehicle during high-speed race requires car designers to make chassis models that are resistant to shocks, besides that the F1 student engineering drawing section is limited by rules in determining the dimensions of the chassis. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of roll hope height on the strength of the deflection. Hope roll height variations are 518 mm, 525 mm, 532 mm. The methods used include making chassis design, determining roll height height variations, determining free body chassis diagrams, calculating using software, analyzing the results of deflection after loading. The results were the largest deflection of 20.37 mm (hope roll height of 532 mm), 14.94 mm (hope roll height of 525 mm), 14.16 mm (hope roll height of 518 mm). The conclusion is that the higher the roll hope, the higher the deflection will be.
ANALISIS PENGARUH BERBAGAI MACAM MERK OLI TERHADAP TEMPERATUR MESIN YAMAHA VIXION 150CC
Authors: Perlindungan Aris Budi , Mursadin Aqli
Published: March 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of various brands of oil against temperature, exhaust emissions, and performance on the engine yamaha vixion 150cc. This study was conducted by taking temperature data, exhaust emissions, and engine performance yamaha vixion 150cc. This research uses three different types of oil, namely super yamalube sport oil, ax7 advanced shell, and pertamina enduro. Temperature testing is performed at engine speed of 1,500 rpm, 4000 rpm and 10,500 rpm using neutral gear, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Performance tests are performed using a dyno test for one test of each type of oil. Once the data in can and in the past compared the results of temperature data, exhaust emissions, and the performance of each type of oil. The best oil temperature test result is using yamalube oil. Testing the lowest exhaust gas emission gas emissions are advanced Ax7 shell oil. Ax7 shell oil produces the lowest exhaust emissions among other oils while enduro oil exceeds the standard exhaust emission limits of CO at 10,500 rpm to 5.42% while the standard is 4.50%. Testing the best performance is using enduro oil because enduro oil can produce the greatest power 13.55 Hp.
PEMBUATAN BIOETANOL BERBAHAN BAKU KULIT SINGKONG DAN KULIT NANAS DENGAN VARIASI MASSA RAGI
Authors: Subagyo Rachmat , Saga Imam Ahdi
Published: March 2020

This study aims to determine the best bioethanol levels from a combination of cassava and pineapple peels mixture with variations of yeast mass as much as 11 grams, 13 grams, 15 grams and 72 hours fermentation time, to determine the optimal yeast mass and determine ethanol levels according to SNI. This research was carried out by hydrolysis using distilled water for 30 minutes, then fermentation using yeast and distillation process, then tested with a Refractometer Pen. Selected samples will be tested for ethanol content using the Gas Chromatography tool. The highest ethanol content of ethanol making with a combination of cassava and pineapple peels is for a combination of 75% cassava peel - 25% pineapple peel 88.6% in a 15 gram yeast mass, a combination of 50% cassava peel - 50% pineapple peel 89.3% in 15 gram yeast mass. So it can be concluded that the ethanol content of the combination of cassava and pineapple peels is not included in the category of Indonesian national standards (SNI).
KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET LIMBAH TONGKOL JAGUNG DENGAN PEREKAT TEPUNG BIJI NANGKA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF
Authors: Hasan Ibrahim , Ghofur Abdul
Published: March 2020

Briquette is one of the alternative energy sources as a satisfactory substitute for fossil fuels in which the availability decreases every single day. The main materials of briquettes can be biomass. Biomass is an organic material produced by photosynthetic process, the materials may be product, remnant or waste. One of the potentially great biomass to be used as the main ingredient of briquettes is corncob. This study aims to (1) know the characteristics of corncob briquettes with adhesive jackfruit seed flour including moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and calorific value, (2) know the characteristics of the best corncob briquettes based on SNI standard. Corn cobs were converted first to charcoal with carbonization process, and then the charcoal was mixed with adhesive derived from jackfruit seed flour. In this study, variations of corncob to jackfruit seeds ratios were 90%: 10%, 85%: 15% and 80%: 20%, respectively. Then a mixture of charcoal and flour was molded with a molding pressure variation of 100 kg/cm2 and 120 kg/cm2. The parameters of briquette characteristics based on SNI 01-6235-2000 are moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and calorific value. The results show that the best characteristic briquettes is briquettes with sample code of B1 with charcoal to jackfruit flour ratio of 90% to 10% and printing pressure of 120 kg/cm2. The briquettes have water content characteristics of 7,0073%, ash content of 6,8876%, volatile matter of 17,8983% and calorific value of 6241,8137 cal/gram. But overall, the briquettes have not met the SNI 01-6235-2000 standards because the level of volatile matter in the briquettes exceed the maximum limit that has been determined i.e. 15%.