bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding student variances in learning outcomes and task interpretations from multimedia presentations
Authors: Dai Yun , Liu Ang
Published: November 2018

This paper challenges a static view of the multimedia presentation as merely a final product for grading, and discusses how to elicit evidence‐based understandings about student learning from such a presentation. We present a micro‐ethnographic study investigating students’ learning outcomes and task interpretations from multimedia presentations. The study was situated in a global technology‐enabled course, in which three groups of students delivered three different presentations, ie, a theatrical play, a short movie and a PowerPoint slideshow, for the same assignment. With video transcriptions and student interviews, we identified different degrees of learning outcomes achieved by the three groups at the collective level, and explained their variances in task interpretations behind the respective outcomes. Based on the findings, we further discussed the learning gap, task clarity, cultural difference and workload in relation to the presentations, along with implications for instructional practice and future research.

Practitioner Notes

What is already know about this topic

The multimedia presentation has been widely used by students to report group work.

The student presentation is often viewed as merely a final product for grading, while few studies have discussed how to elicit learning evidence from it.

In examining student presentations, it is important to go beyond grading and understand the student interpretation regarding the task.

What this paper adds

The paper situated a multimedia presentation in an intertextual chain and proposed an empirical approach to examine the presentation.

The study identified that the three groups of students achieved different degrees of learning outcomes at the collective level.

The study found that the three groups’ different learning outcomes were associated with their different interpretations of the task description.

Implications for practice

Instructors can adopt the micro‐ethnographic approach as an instructional tool to assess student learning in multiple dimensions from multimedia presentations.

In designing a learning assignment, instructors should explicitly outline the rationale, expectation, and procedure in doing the assignment.
What affects learner engagement in flipped learning and what predicts its outcomes?
Authors: Lee Jihyun , Park Taejung , Davis Robert Otto
Published: November 2018

The current popularity of flipped learning may be attributed to its reported successes in bringing about enhanced learner engagement and positive learning outcomes. This study aims to improve our understanding of flipped learning (FL) outcomes by examining factors of learner engagement, academic capability, and epistemological beliefs. Data were collected and statistically analyzed from 231 undergraduate students enrolled in a general biology or general chemistry course at a Korean university implemented with the FL model. The results indicated that learners’ epistemological beliefs influenced neither pre‐class nor in‐class engagement, but that academic capability did affect both pre‐class and in‐class engagement. Only content/learning‐related outcomes, not generic competencies or satisfaction, were affected by both academic capability and epistemological beliefs. Both pre‐class and in‐class engagement levels affected most types of FL outcomes except generic competencies, which were only affected by the extent of in‐class engagement. Learners’ affective engagement was not influenced by epistemological beliefs, but directly and indirectly affected FL outcomes via behavioral and cognitive engagement. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed along with recommendations.
Acute stress responses after indirect exposure to the MH17 airplane crash
Authors: Jeronimus Bertus F. , Snippe Evelien , Emerencia Ando C. , de Jonge Peter , Bos Elisabeth H.
Published: November 2018

People can experience disasters vicariously (indirectly) via conversation, social media, radio, and television, even when not directly involved in a disaster. This study examined whether vicarious exposure to the MH17‐airplane crash in Ukraine, with 196 Dutch victims, elicited affective and somatic responses in Dutch adults about 2,600 km away, who happened to participate in an ongoing diary study. Participants (n = 141) filled out a diary three times a day for 30 days on their smartphones. Within‐person changes in positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) and somatic symptoms after the crash were studied. Additionally, we tested whether between‐person differences in response could be explained by age, baseline personality (NEO‐FFI‐3), and media exposure. The MH17 crash elicited a small within‐person decrease in PA and an increase in NA and somatic symptoms. This response waned after 3 days and returned to baseline at day four. The decrease in PA was larger in more extraverted participants but smaller in those higher on neuroticism or conscientiousness. The NA response was smaller in elderly. Personality did not seem to moderate the NA and somatic response, and neither did media exposure. Dutch participants showed small acute somatic and affective responses up till 3 days to a disaster that they had not directly witnessed. Vicariously experienced disasters can thus elicit affective‐visceral responses indicative of acute stress reactions. Personality and age explained some of the individual differences in this reaction.
Modularity is the mother of invention: a review of polymorphism in bryozoans
Authors: Schack Carolann R. , Gordon Dennis P. , Ryan Ken G.
Published: November 2018

Modularity is a fundamental concept in biology. Most taxa within the colonial invertebrate phylum Bryozoa have achieved division of labour through the development of specialized modules (polymorphs), and this group is perhaps the most outstanding exemplar of the phenomenon. We provide a comprehensive description of the diversity, morphology and function of these polymorphs and the significance of modularity to the evolutionary success of the phylum, which has >21000 described fossil and living species. Modular diversity likely arose from heterogeneous microenvironmental conditions, and cormidia (repeated clusters of associated modules) are an emergent property of the cue thresholds governing zooid plasticity. Polymorphs in a colony have, during phylogeny, transitioned into associated non‐zooidal structures (appendages), increasing colonial integration. While the level of module compartmentalization is important for the evolution of bryozoan polymorphism, it may be less influential for other colonial invertebrates.
Processed science
Authors: Farris James S.
Published: November 2018

Although promoted as a sociological history of then‐recent systematics, David L. Hull's () Science as a Process was, in fact, heavily fictionalized, particularly in its treatment of debates between pheneticists and cladists. Hull routinely suppressed or modified information unfavourable to pheneticists, so presenting a misleading portrayal of social interactions and even of the scientific content of published discussions.
Schneiderian membrane perforation via transcrestal sinus floor elevation: A randomized ex vivo study with endoscopic validation
Authors: Gargallo‐Albiol Jordi , Tattan Mustafa , Sinjab Khaled H. , Chan Hsun‐Liang , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: November 2018

Objective

To endoscopically determine the incidence of Schneiderian membrane perforation during transcrestal maxillary sinus floor elevation (SFE), in relation to the bone preparation technique, amount of bone graft, membrane elevation height and different surgical steps.

Materials and methods

Seven cadaver heads corresponding to 12 maxillary sinuses were used to perform three SFE via transcrestal approach per sinus (36 elevations). Each sinus was randomly assigned to either the Sinus Crestal Approach (SCA) drill kit technique (experimental group) or the conventional osteotome technique (control group). During all phases of the surgery, the integrity of the sinus membrane was monitored through endoscopic examination.

Results

A significant difference was found in the incidence of perforation (p = 0.007) and vertical elevation height (p < 0.001) between the study groups, favoring the experimental group. A safety elevation threshold of 5 mm without bone graft and implant placement was estimated. A significant correlation was observed between the residual ridge height and the incidence of perforation (p < 0.001; OR = 0.51).

Conclusion

The SCA drill kit may demonstrate superior osteotomy preparation and membrane elevation capabilities to the osteotome technique, and significantly when a 6‐mm SFE is indicated. Residual ridge height and vertical elevation height are risk determinant factors.
Lateral knowledge: shifting expertise for disaster management in Chile
Authors: Tironi Manuel , Manríquez Tania
Published: November 2018

Deemed as technocratic and exclusionary, disaster management has failed in its promise of knowing, let alone controlling, catastrophic events. Consequently, disaster managers are searching outside of science for sense‐making analytics. This paper analyses the emergent narratives articulated by disaster managers in Chile to cope with the uncertain nature of their object of intervention. It explores how knowledge of disasters is modified and enriched by disaster managers in what is termed here as ‘lateral knowledge’: the epistemic adjustment by which practitioners revalidate their expert status by expanding key assumptions about disaster risk reduction. The study, which draws on in‐depth interviews with disaster managers in Chile, suggests that lateral knowledge is established both through the increasing validation of community knowledge and the recognition of politics as a critical mediator in the practice of disaster management. The paper concludes by making the larger point that public understanding of science scholars should pay more attention to the adapting capacities of expertise.
Elevated urinary orosomucoid excretion as a novel biomarker in Crohn’s disease
Authors: Szirmay Balázs , Tárnok András , Sarlós Patrícia , Szigeti Nóra , Ludány Andrea , Kustán Péter , Horváth‐Szalai Zoltán , Miseta Attila , Kőszegi Tamás
Published: November 2018

Background

Laboratory markers are essential tools in the follow‐up of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Our aim was to investigate urinary concentrations of orosomucoid in relation to the inflammatory activity of CD and to compare it with clinical indices and conventional laboratory parameters.

Materials and methods

Blood and urine samples of 86 patients (55 adults and 31 children) with CD and 68 healthy individuals (38 adults and 30 children) as controls were analysed. Patients were categorized according to their clinical scores (Harvey‐Bradshaw Index [HBI] or Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index [PCDAI]). Urinary orosomucoid (u‐ORM) was determined by automated immune turbidimetric assay, and values were referred to urinary creatinine (u‐ORM/u‐CREAT, mg/mmol).

Results

U‐ORM/u‐CREAT values were seven times higher in children with active CD (0.50 vs 0.07 mg/mmol, P < 0.001) and two times higher in adults (0.32 vs 0.14 mg/mmol, P = 0.01) compared with patients with inactive disease. U‐ORM/u‐CREAT showed good correlation with conventional inflammatory markers (hs‐CRP, serum ORM; P < 0.01) and activity indices (HBI, P = 0.018; PCDAI, P < 0.001). U‐ORM/u‐CREAT had similar discriminative performance to hs‐CRP and serum ORM in the differentiation of active from inactive paediatric CD patients.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that u‐ORM/u‐CREAT might serve as a valuable additional marker in the follow‐up of CD patients, especially in children for whom the non‐invasive sampling is a further advantage.
Total intravenous anaesthesia with ketamine, medetomidine and guaifenesin compared with ketamine, medetomidine and midazolam in young horses anaesthetised for computerised tomography
Authors: Pratt S. , Cunneen A. , Perkins N. , Farry T. , Kidd L. , McEwen M. , Rainger J. , Truchetti G. , Goodwin W.
Published: November 2018

Background

There is no information directly comparing midazolam with guaifenesin when used in combination with an alpha‐2 agonist and ketamine to maintain anaesthesia via i.v. infusion in horses.

Objectives

To compare ketamine–medetomidine–guaifenesin with ketamine–medetomidine–midazolam for total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in young horses anaesthetised for computerised tomography.

Study design

Prospective, randomised, blinded, crossover trial.

Methods

Fourteen weanlings received medetomidine 7 μg/kg bwt i.v. and anaesthesia was induced with ketamine 2.2 mg/kg bwt i.v. On two separate occasions horses each received infusions of ketamine 3 mg/kg bwt/h, medetomidine 5 μg/kg bwt/h, guaifenesin 100 mg/kg bwt/h (KMG) or ketamine 3 mg/kg bwt/h, medetomidine 5 μg/kg bwt/h, midazolam 0.1 mg/kg bwt/h (KMM) for 50 min. Cardiorespiratory variables and anaesthetic depth were assessed every 5–10 min. Recovery times after the infusions ceased were recorded and recovery quality was assessed using a composite score system (CSS), simple descriptive scale (SDS) and visual analogue scale (VAS). Multivariable models were used to generate mean recovery scores for each treatment and each recovery score system and provide P‐values comparing treatment groups.

Results

Anaesthesia was uneventful with no difference in additional anaesthetic requirements and little clinically relevant differences in cardiopulmonary variables between groups. All horses recovered without incident with no significant difference in recovery times. Quality of the anaesthetic recovery was significantly better for the KMM group compared with the KMG group using the CSS (P<0.001), SDS (P<0.001) and VAS (P<0.001).

Main limitations

No surgical stimulus was applied and study animals may not represent general horse population.

Conclusion

Midazolam is a suitable alternative to guaifenesin when co‐infused with ketamine and medetomidine for anaesthesia in young horses undergoing noninvasive procedures. Both infusions produce a clinically comparable quality of anaesthesia; however, recovery from anaesthesia is of a better quality following an infusion of ketamine–medetomidine–midazolam.
Glimepiride prevents paraquat‐induced Parkinsonism in mice: involvement of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation
Authors: Ishola Ismail O. , Akataobi Onyinyechi E. , Alade Azeez A. , Adeyemi Olufunmilayo O.
Published: November 2018

There is a growing number of epidemiological and molecular studies which suggest that diabetes is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Hence, in this study, the effect of glimepiride (GPD), a sulphonylurea (antidiabetic) on paraquat (PQT)‐induced Parkinsonism was evaluated in mice. Thirty‐six mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6) and treated orally for 21 consecutive days as follows: Group 1: vehicle (10 mL/kg), Group 2: PQT (10 mg/kg, i.p., twice per week for 3 weeks), Group 3–5: GPD (1, 2 or 4 mg/kg) + PQT (10 mg/kg, i.p., twice per week for 3 weeks), Group 6: GPD (4 mg/kg, p.o.). The effects of the treatment on motor coordination were evaluated using the rotarod performance, bar and open field tests while working memory was assayed using Y‐maze test. Paraquat injection induced significant decrease in falling time, number of crosses and percentage alternation behaviour with a concomitant increase in the duration of cataleptic behaviour in the rotarod, open field, Y‐maze and bar tests, respectively, which was ameliorated by GPD treatment. PQT also increased lipid peroxidation, peroxynitrite and TNF‐α generations as well as deficit in superoxide dismutase and GSH activities in the midbrain. PQT‐induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation was attenuated by GPD treatment. Findings from this study showed that GPD prevents PQT‐induced motor dysfunction, memory impairment, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation through enhancement of antioxidant defense system and inhibition of pro‐inflammatory cytokine release. Thus, GPD could be a potential adjunct in the management of Parkinsonism.
Cryo‐EM is uncovering the mechanism of eukaryotic protein N‐glycosylation
Authors: Bai Lin , Li Huilin
Published: November 2018

N‐glycosylation is one of the predominant modifications of eukaryotic proteins. It is catalyzed by oligosaccharyl transferase (OST), an eight‐subunit protein complex in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. OST transfers the oligosaccharide from a lipid‐linked donor (LLO) to the Asn‐Xaa‐Ser/Thr sequon of nascent polypeptide, usually cotranslationally by partnering with the ribosome and the translocon. We and two other groups have recently determined high‐resolution cryo‐EM structures of the yeast and mammalian OST complexes. In this Structural Snapshot, we describe the molecular mechanism of eukaryotic OST and its interaction with the translocon.
Explicit Modeling of Radon‐222 in HydroGeoSphere During Steady State and Dynamic Transient Storage
Authors: Gilfedder B.S. , Cartwright I. , Hofmann H. , Frei S.
Published: November 2018

Transient storage zones (TSZs) are located at the interface of rivers and their abutting aquifers and play an important role in hydrological and biogeochemical functioning of rivers. The natural radioactive tracer 222Rn is a particularly well‐suited tracer for studying TSZ water exchange and age. Although 222Rn measurement techniques have developed rapidly, there has been less progress in modeling 222Rn activities. Here, we combine field measurements with the numerical model HydroGeoSphere (HGS) to simulate 222Rn emanation, decay and transport during steady state (riffle‐pool sequence) and transient (bank storage) conditions. Comparing the HGS mean water ages with the conventional 222Rn apparent ages during steady state showed a systemic underestimation of apparent age with increasing dispersion and especially where large concentration gradients exist within the subsurface. A large underestimation of apparent water age was also observed at the advective front during bank storage where regional high 222Rn groundwater mixes with newly infiltrated surface water. The explicit modeling of radiogenic tracers such as 222Rn offers a physical interpretation of this data as well as a useful way to test simplified apparent age models.
Gabapentin and Tricyclics in the Treatment of Post‐Concussive Headache, a Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Cushman Daniel M. , Borowski Lauren , Hansen Colby , Hendrick John , Bushman Troy , Teramoto Masaru
Published: November 2018

Objective

To examine the association of commonly prescribed post‐concussive medications, namely gabapentin and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), with symptom reduction after concussion.

Background

Concussion is a common diagnosis in modern medicine. Many providers use medication to target the residual symptoms of a concussion, with little evidence supporting their efficacy.

Design

Retrospective study with longitudinal analysis using mixed‐effects and piecewise regression analyses of 277 patients presenting to an academic sports medicine clinic, all of whom were clinically diagnosed with a concussion. Main outcomes were patient‐reported headache score (quantitative variable; 0–6) and combined symptom score (quantitative variable; 0–132) from the Post‐Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS).

Methods

Patients self‐reported their symptom scores on the PCSS at the time of each clinic visit. Gabapentin or TCAs were prescribed to some patients during their follow‐ups for headache treatment, based on physician judgment. Patients were classified into 3 groups: (1) no medication; (2) gabapentin; or (3) TCAs. Follow‐up data were evaluated over 1 year. A mixed‐effects and piecewise regression analysis were performed to assess long‐ and short‐term effects of medication status.

Results

The mixed‐effects analysis showed a significant decrease in both headache and symptom scores over time in each medication group and in those not receiving medication (P ≤ .014 for all scenarios, B = −0.005 and −0.08, respectively). Although patients in the 2 medication groups showed significantly higher headache and symptom scores (P < .001), neither medication had a significant effect on longitudinal improvements in the outcome scores. The piecewise regression, however, showed short‐term improvements with gabapentin (1.3 points, P = .004) and more sustained improvements with TCAs (3.5 points, P = .006).

Conclusions

Patients recover from a concussion with time, regardless of medication. Gabapentin and TCAs appear to have immediate effects on improving symptom burden, but long‐term outcomes show similar improvement compared to those who are not prescribed medication. More rigorous prospective studies are required to better elucidate their efficacy.
Does evaluation of tumour budding in diagnostic biopsies have a clinical relevance? A systematic review
Authors: Almangush Alhadi , Youssef Omar , Pirinen Matti , Sundström Jari , Leivo Ilmo , Mäkitie Antti A
Published: November 2018

Tumour budding has emerged as a promising prognostic marker in many cancers. We systematically reviewed all studies that evaluated tumour budding in diagnostic biopsies. We conducted a systematic review of PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane library for all articles that have assessed tumour budding in diagnostic (i.e. pretreatment or pre‐operative) biopsies of any tumour type. Two independent researchers screened the retrieved studies, removed duplicates, excluded irrelevant studies and extracted data from the eligible studies. A total of 13 reports comprising 11 cohorts were found to have studied tumour budding in diagnostic biopsies. All these reports showed that evaluation of tumour budding in diagnostic biopsies was easily applicable. A strong association was observed between tumour budding score in diagnostic biopsies and corresponding surgical samples. Evaluation of tumour budding in diagnostic biopsies had a significant prognostic value for lymph node metastasis and patient survival. In all studies, tumour budding was a valuable marker of tumour aggressiveness and can be evaluated in technically satisfactory diagnostic biopsies. Thus, the assessment of tumour budding seems to identify the behaviour of cancer, and therefore to facilitate treatment planning.
Three variations on the Australian supported playgroup model
Authors: Wright Amy Conley , Warren Jane , Burriel Kristen , Sinnott Lynda
Published: November 2018

The supported playgroup model has widespread popularity in Australia, though its informality may work against building the evidence base needed to sustain governmental funding. The wide uptake of the supported playgroup service model among community organisations in Australia demonstrates its potential and popularity. This article discusses the Families New South Wales (NSW) supported playgroup model and demonstrates how it can be adapted to meet the needs of a variety of target populations. Three programmes utilising the supported playgroup model are described, serving parents and carers living in areas of economic disadvantage, mothers living with mental illness and parents and carers of children with disabilities. Each case study highlights how the programme operationalises the Families NSW supported playgroup model. The article provides a conceptual framework, drawing on relevant social theory about potential impacts at the levels of policy, organisations, community and parent−child relationships, with recommendations for future research.

Key Practitioner Message: •The Australian supported playgroup model combines parent peer support, child opportunities for play and referrals to community services; • This model works with a variety of populations as a prevention strategy and soft entry point for community services; • Theory supports potential outcomes at different ecological levels.
Refugees, not Economic Migrants ‐ Why do Asylum‐Seekers Register in Hungary?
Authors: Tétényi András , Barczikay Tamás , Szent‐Iványi Balázs
Published: November 2018

The article analyses why asylum‐seekers choose Hungary as an entry point to the European Union. Among the Central and Eastern European countries Hungary has been by far the most popular choice for asylum‐seekers between 2002 and 2016, yet surprisingly, it has been neglected by the literature. Using a panel dataset and fixed effects regressions, the article finds that beyond being ‘conveniently’ located on the Balkans migration route, variables related to Hungary's immigration policy are the most significant determinants of asylum‐seeker choices. The article finds no evidence to support recent claims by the Hungarian government that arrivals to the country are actually economic migrants and not asylum‐seekers; quite the contrary, the results indicate that on average asylum‐seekers entering Hungary are fleeing violent conflict in their countries of origin.
Evidence needed to understand gender identity: Commentary on Turban & Ehrensaft (2018)
Authors: Berenbaum Sheri A.
Published: November 2018

Turban and Ehrensaft (2018) have provided a thoughtful review of transgender identity in children and adolescents, emphasizing the benefits of the affirmative approach in maintaining positive psychological health in transgender individuals. The review reveals significant gaps in our understanding of gender identity regarding its nature, development, plasticity, causes, and links with other aspects of gender, and of the long‐term benefits and costs of childhood social transitions. A full understanding of transgender identity requires studying cisgender identity too, and recognition that gender identity is continuous, develops across time and is not synonymous with gender expression or variations in gender‐typed characteristics. Considerable evidence is needed before we can be confident that we are providing optimal treatment for children who are gender variant.
Distance models as a tool for modelling detection probability and density of native bumblebees
Authors: McNeil Darin J. , Otto Clint R. V. , Moser Erin L. , Urban‐Mead Katherine R. , King David E. , Rodewald Amanda D. , Larkin Jeffery L.
Published: November 2018

Effective monitoring of native bee populations requires accurate estimates of population size and relative abundance among habitats. Current bee survey methods, such as netting or pan trapping, may be adequate for a variety of study objectives but are limited by a failure to account for imperfect detection. Biases due to imperfect detection could result in inaccurate abundance estimates or erroneous insights about the response of bees to different environments. To gauge the potential biases of currently employed survey methods, we compared abundance estimates of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) derived from hierarchical distance sampling models (HDS) to bumblebee counts collected from fixed‐area net surveys (“net counts”) and fixed‐width transect counts (“transect counts”) at 47 early‐successional forest patches in Pennsylvania. Our HDS models indicated that detection probabilities of Bombus spp. were imperfect and varied with survey‐ and site‐covariates. Despite being conspicuous, Bombus spp. were not reliably detected beyond 5 m. Habitat associations of Bombus spp. density were similar across methods, but the strength of association with shrub cover differed between HDS and net counts. Additionally, net counts suggested sites with more grass hosted higher Bombus spp. densities whereas HDS suggested that grass cover was associated with higher detection probability but not Bombus spp. density. Density estimates generated from net counts and transect counts were 80%–89% lower than estimates generated from distance sampling. Our findings suggest that distance modelling provides a reliable method to assess Bombus spp. density and habitat associations, while accounting for imperfect detection caused by distance from observer, vegetation structure, and survey covariates. However, detection/non‐detection data collected via point‐counts, line‐transects and distance sampling for Bombus spp. are unlikely to yield species‐specific density estimates unless individuals can be identified by sight, without capture. Our results will be useful for informing the design of monitoring programs for Bombus spp. and other pollinators.
The influence of body mass index on temperature management during general anaesthesia—A prospective observational study
Authors: Groene Philipp , Zeuzem Catharina , Baasner Sandra , Hofmann‐Kiefer Klaus
Published: November 2018

Rationale, aims, and objectives

During general anaesthesia, body core temperature is influenced by several factors that are either anaesthesia‐related (type and duration of anaesthesia and fluid management), surgery‐related (type of surgery and extent of the surgical procedure), or patient‐related (age, gender, body weight, and preoperative body core temperature). Interestingly, data concerning body mass index (BMI) and its influence on patients' temperature are sparse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of BMI on body core temperature under general anaesthesia.

Methods

A single centre, prospective, observational study was conducted at a university hospital. Two cohorts (lower limb surgery and abdominal surgery) were evaluated. Patients were treated according to actual German guidelines for the prevention of hypothermia. Temperature was measured sublingually prior to anaesthesia and during the first 60 minutes of anaesthesia. Each cohort was divided in three subgroups (BMI < 24 kg m−2, BMI 25‐34.9 kg m−2, and BMI > 35 kg m−2) according to body weight.

Results

A total of 206 patients were evaluated. One hundred four underwent lower limb surgery; 102 underwent abdominal surgery. After induction of anaesthesia, temperature dropped in all subgroups, but this decline was more pronounced in patients with lower BMI. Significant differences concerning temperature changes were observed in abdominal surgery between low and high BMI groups. After 60 minutes of anaesthesia, group‐dependent temperature differences had levelled out, and relevant differences compared with preoperative temperatures could no longer be observed in any of the groups.

Conclusion

Current guidelines provide effective protection against perioperative hypothermia. In the current study, this was true for obese as well as normal weight patients.
Effect of Hospitalizations on Physical Activity Patterns in Mobility‐Limited Older Adults
Authors: Wanigatunga Amal A. , Gill Thomas M. , Marsh Anthony P. , Hsu Fang‐Chi , Yaghjyan Lusine , Woods Adam J. , Glynn Nancy W. , King Abby C. , Newton Robert L. , Fielding Roger A. , Pahor Marco , Manini Todd M. ,   for the Lifestyles Intervention and Independence for Elders Study Investigators
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effect of hospitalizations on patterns of sedentary and physical activity time in mobility‐limited older adults randomized to structured physical activity or health education.

DESIGN

Secondary analysis of investigator‐blinded, parallel‐group, randomized trial conducted at 8 U.S. centers between February 2010 and December 2013.

PARTICIPANTS

Sedentary men and women aged 70 to 89 at baseline who wore a hip‐fitted accelerometer 7 consecutive days at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months after randomization (N=1,341).

MEASUREMENTS

Participants were randomized to a physical activity (PA; n = 669) intervention that included aerobic, resistance, and flexibility training or to a health education (HE; n = 672) intervention that consisted of workshops on older adult health and light upper‐extremity stretching. Accelerometer patterns were characterized as bouts of sedentary (<100 counts/min; ≥1, ≥10, ≥30, ≥60 minute lengths) and activity (≥100 counts/min; ≥1, ≥2, ≥5, ≥10 minute lengths) time. Each participant was categorized as having 0, 1 to 3, or 4 or more cumulative hospital days before each accelerometer assessment.

RESULTS

Hospitalization increased sedentary time similarly in both intervention groups (8 min/d for 1–3 cumulative hospital days and 16 min/d for ≥4 cumulative hospital days). Hospitalization was also associated with less physical activity time across all bouts of less than 10 minutes (≥1: −7 min/d for 1–3 cumulative hospital days, –16 min/d for ≥4 cumulative hospital days; ≥2: −5 min/d for 1–3 cumulative hospital days, −11 min/d for ≥4 cumulative hospital days; ≥5: −3 min/d for 1–3 cumulative hospital days, −4 min/d for ≥4 cumulative hospital days). There was no evidence of recovery to prehospitalization levels (time effect p >.41). PA participants had less sedentary time in bouts of less than 30 minutes than HE participants (−8 to −10 min/d) and more total activity (+3 to +6 min/d), although hospital‐related changes were similar between the intervention groups (interaction effect p >.26).

CONCLUSION

Participating in a PA intervention before hospitalization had expected benefits, but participants remained susceptible to hospitalization's detrimental effects on their daily activity levels. There was no evidence of better activity recovery after hospitalization. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:261–268, 2019.
Basic‐leucine zipper 17 and Hmg‐CoA reductase degradation 3A are involved in salt acclimation memory in Arabidopsis
Authors: Tian Lin , Zhang Yan , Kang Erfang , Ma Huifang , Zhao Huan , Yuan Ming , Zhu Lei , Fu Ying
Published: November 2018

Salt acclimation, which is induced by previous salt exposure, increases the resistance of plants to future exposure to salt stress. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism, particularly how plants store the “memory” of salt exposure. In this study, we established a system to study salt acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Following treatment with a low concentration of salt, seedlings were allowed to recover to allow transitory salt responses to subside while maintaining the sustainable effects of salt acclimation. We performed transcriptome profiling analysis of these seedlings to identify genes related to salt acclimation memory. Notably, the expression of Basic‐leucine zipper 17 (bZIP17) and Hmg‐CoA reductase degradation 3A (HRD3A), which are important in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation (ERAD), respectively, increased following treatment with a low concentration of salt and remained at stably high levels after the stimulus was removed, a treatment which improved plant tolerance to future high‐salinity challenge. Our findings suggest that the upregulated expression of important genes involved in the UPR and ERAD represents a “memory” of the history of salt exposure and enables more potent responses to future exposure to salt stress, providing new insights into the mechanisms underlying salt acclimation in plants.
The osmoresponsiveness of oxytocin and vasopressin neurones: Mechanisms, allostasis and evolution
Authors: Leng Gareth , Russell John A.
Published: November 2018

In the rat supraoptic nucleus, every oxytocin cell projects to the posterior pituitary, and is involved both in reflex milk ejection during lactation and in regulating uterine contractions during parturition. All are also osmosensitive, regulating natriuresis. All are also regulated by signals that control appetite, including the neural and hormonal signals that arise from the gut after food intake and from the sites of energy storage. All are also involved in sexual behaviour, anxiety‐related behaviours and social behaviours. The challenge is to understand how a single population of neurones can coherently regulate such a diverse set of functions and adapt to changing physiological states. Their multiple functions arise from complex intrinsic properties that confer sensitivity to a wide range of internal and environmental signals. Many of these properties have a distant evolutionary origin in multifunctional, multisensory neurones ofUrbilateria,the hypothesised common ancestor of vertebrates, insects and worms. Their properties allow different patterns of oxytocin release into the circulation from their axon terminals in the posterior pituitary into other brain areas from axonal projections, as well as independent release from their dendrites.
Priority Topics for Health Education to Support HIV Self‐Management in Limited‐Resource Settings
Authors: Stonbraker Samantha , Richards Sheyla , Halpern Mina , Bakken Suzanne , Schnall Rebecca
Published: November 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the information that persons living with HIV (PLWH) in a limited‐resource setting need to effectively manage their health.

Design and Methods

A data sources triangulation method was used to compare data from three separate sources: (a) 107 interviews with Spanish‐speaking PLWH being seen at a healthcare clinic in the Dominican Republic (DR); (b) 40 interviews with Spanish‐speaking healthcare providers from the same clinic in the DR; and (c) an integrative literature review of English‐ and Spanish‐language articles that assessed the health information needs of PLWH in Latin America and the Caribbean. We compared information needs across sources and developed a prioritized list of the topics important to provide PLWH in a clinical setting.

Findings

Triangulation identified the most important topics for HIV‐related health education for PLWH as medication and adherence, followed by transmission, including risks and prevention strategies, mental health management, and knowledge of HIV in general.

Conclusions

The identification of evidence‐based health education priorities establishes a guide that healthcare providers may use to help PLWH effectively manage their health and creates a foundation from which further studies on improving clinical interactions may be generated.

Clinical Relevance

Using the priorities identified, nurses and other health educators can improve patient education, and consequently self‐management, by making evidence‐based choices about what information to provide to their patients.
Occipital Hairline: A forgotten area
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad , Humayun Mohmand Mohammad
Published: November 2018

Hair restoration surgery is one of the fascinating fields of modern day cosmetic surgery. A good hair transplant is characterized by a naturalness in terms of strategic distribution of hair. A very important point which is very rarely taken care is the “posterior or occipital” hairline. It is formed by the posterior 1 cm of hair which are placed on the vertex or crown and constitute the part which is normally hidden by the long hair. Many surgeons while creating the slits in the recipient area forget this equally important point. And make the slits in the lines. As the care is taken while creating the slits in the anterior hairline, the same enthusiasm is required throughout the procedure especially the posterior part of the recipient area. The slits in the posterior hairline should also be created in a wavy, irregularly irregular fashion. The posterior hairline forms an important part of a hair restoration surgery. It contributes remarkably toward the overall naturalness of the results. A carefully executed posterior hairline reduces the chances of detection by the general public
Syzygium cumini extract induced reactive oxygen species‐mediated apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma cells
Authors: Ezhilarasan Devaraj , Apoorva Velluru S. , Ashok Vardhan Nandhigam
Published: November 2018

Background

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (jambolan) is commonly used in Indian traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases such as obesity, diabetes etc. The cytotoxic potential of S. cumini (SC) against oral cancer cell line remains elusive. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of S. cumini in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line (SCC‐25 cells).

Material and Methods

Oral squamous cell carcinoma cells are treated with different concentrations (10, 20, and 40 μg/mL) of S. cumuni for 24 hours and cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT assay. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using the indicator dye, 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescin diacetate staining. Apoptosis‐related morphological changes were evaluated by dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescent staining and phosphatidylserine externalization was measured by annexin V assays. The protein and gene expression of cadherin‐1 was evaluated by western blotting and PCR analysis.

Results

Syzygium cumini treatments caused cytotoxicity of OSCC cell line and induced intracellular ROS accumulation. This treatment also caused apoptosis‐related morphological changes and externalization of phosphatidylserine in OSCC cells. Further, S. cumini treatments increased protein and gene expression of cadherin‐1.

Conclusion

Syzygium cumini extract inhibits the proliferation of OSCC cells and induces apoptosis through ROS accumulation and therefore, it could be used for the prevention of OSCC.
Cytotaxonomy and geographic distribution of cytotypes of species of the South American genus Chrysolaena (Vernonieae, Asteraceae)
Authors: Via do Pico Gisela M. , Pérez Yanina J. , Angulo María B. , Dematteis Massimiliano
Published: November 2018

Understanding speciation and biodiversity patterns in plants requires knowledge of the general role of climate in allowing polyploids to escape competition and persist with their diploid progenitors. This is a particularly interesting issue in widespread species that present multiple ploidy levels and occur across a heterogeneous environment. Chrysolaena (Vernonieae, Asteraceae) is a cytogenetically very diverse genus, with significant interspecific and intraspecific ploidy level variation and with continuous distribution across South America. No previous studies have summarized chromosome count data of Chrysolaena or addressed the cytogeography of the genus. Ploidy level of Chrysolaena species was determined by chromosome counting during mitosis and/or meiosis; the geographic distribution of cytotypes was examined and the correlations between the distribution of particular cytotypes and current ecological conditions were evaluated. A total of 43 new chromosome counts and five ploidy levels (2x, 4x, 6x, 7x, 8x) were reported. The chromosome number of C. cordifolia (2n = 7x = 70) and a new cytotype for C. propinqua var. canescens (2n = 4x = 40) are reported for the first time. Three geographic areas with high diversity of cytotypes and species were detected. The results obtained do not suggest a clear distribution pattern that depends on climatic factors for Chrysolaena populations. However, a geographic pattern was identified in the distribution of ploidy levels, with diploid species presenting a more restricted distribution than polyploid species.
God, Purpose in Life, and Mental Well‐Being Among Older Adults
Authors: Rainville G. , Mehegan Laura
Published: November 2018

This research note uses mixed methods on data from a nationwide sample of 1,525 Americans age 40 and older to make two theoretical contributions to the literatures on purpose and religion. First, by categorizing open‐ended responses to an item asking “Please describe a few of the things, feelings, ideas, etc. that give you a sense of purpose in your life,” we present a categorization framework to group sources of purpose (SPs) in life. Next, we run multivariate models, using mental well‐being as a dependent measure, which simultaneously enter dummy variables reflecting each of the SPs categories within our framework. We hypothesize no relative differences in the effect that any specific source of purpose category would have on mental well‐being. This prediction is undercut by finding a positive link between mental well‐being and a single SP—citing one's “relationship with God”—although this relationship is noted only among respondents age 60 and older. Beyond this research's theoretical contributions, we offer some practical guidance in arguing that research on SPs, particularly when claiming comprehensiveness or examining mental well‐being, should not preclude religious measures and should consider that SPs may have differing effects between age groups.
Variants of hepatitis B virus surface antigen observed during therapy with nucleic acid polymer REP 2139‐Ca have no influence on treatment outcome and its detection by diagnostic assays
Authors: Mijočević Hrvoje , Karimzadeh Hadi , Seebach Judith , Usman Zainab , Al‐Mahtab Mamun , Bazinet Michel , Vaillant Andrew , Roggendorf Michael
Published: November 2018

The treatment of patients suffering from HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B with REP 2139‐Ca resulted in potent reductions in HBsAg and HBV DNA, seroconversion to anti‐HBs and the establishment of functional control of infection. In this cohort of 12 patients, we investigated whether differences between HBsAg sequences might explain the lack of response to REP 2139‐Ca observed in 3 of 12 patients. We also assessed if the reduction or complete loss of HBsAg in serum observed during therapy were caused by mutations in the “a” determinant preventing the detection of HBsAg by standard diagnostic assays. The complete pre‐S/S open reading frame (ORF) was sequenced and pre‐S1, pre‐S2 and S amino acid sequences were analysed. We found no major differences between pre‐S1, pre‐S2 and S sequences in responders and nonresponders correlated with low reduction in HBsAg. In addition, we found no mutations in the “a” determinant that would significantly affect the reactivity of HBsAg in diagnostic assays. These results demonstrate that the amino acid sequence of complete pre‐S/S ORF has no direct influence on response to REP 2139‐Ca therapy.
Impact of the 2004 tsunami on the macrofauna of the continental slope of the southeast coast of India
Authors: Ajmal Khan Syed , Ravikumar Balusamy , Lyla Somasundharanair , Manokaran Seerangan
Published: November 2018

The Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26, 2004 devastated the southeast and southwest coasts of India. The impact of this tsunami on the macrobenthic communities of the continental slope off the southeast coast of India was assessed using samples collected prior to the tsunami (May–June, 2004), 6 months after the tsunami (June–July, 2005), and 18 months post‐tsunami (May–June, 2006). Samples from three different transects (Chennai, Cuddalore, and Karaikkal) and at three different depths (200 m, 500 m, and 1000 m) revealed the impact very clearly. Sediment granulometry, numerical abundance of macrofauna, number of species, diversity (Shannon–Wiener index and Total taxonomic distinctness index), species richness, species assemblages, and feeding types of macrobenthos showed the impact of the tsunami and the slow recovery thereafter. Our data showed that the macrobenthic community had not returned to the pre‐tsunami state after one and one‐half years.
Tangled banks: A landscape genomic evaluation of Wallace's Riverine barrier hypothesis for three Amazon plant species
Authors: Nazareno Alison G. , Dick Christopher W. , Lohmann Lúcia G.
Published: November 2018

Wallace's Riverine Barrier hypothesis is one of the earliest biogeographic explanations for Amazon speciation, but it has rarely been tested in plants. In this study, we used three woody Amazonian plant species to evaluate Wallace's Hypothesis using tools of landscape genomics. We generated unlinked single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from the nuclear genomes of 234 individuals (78 for each plant species) across 13 sampling sites along the Rio Branco, Brazil, for Amphirrhox longifolia (8,075 SNPs), Psychotria lupulina (9,501 SNPs) and Passiflora spinosa (14,536 SNPs). Although significantly different migration rates were estimated between species, the population structure data do not support the hypothesis that the Rio Branco—an allopatric barrier for primates and birds—is a significant genetic barrier for Amphirrhox longifolia, Passiflora spinosa or Psychotria lupulina. Overall, we demonstrated that medium‐sized rivers in the Amazon Basin, such as the Rio Branco, are permeable barriers to gene flow for animal‐dispersed and animal‐pollinated plant species.