bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional Arrangements for Hemispheric Free Trade
Authors: ATKINS G. POPE
Published: March 2007

Three outcomes of the problem of institutionalizing hemispheric free trade seem possible: (1) a U.S.-centered series of multilateral and bilateral free trade areas in which only the United States enjoys truly hemispheric free trade; (2) a set of integrated subregional free trade agreements, emanating from the North American Free Trade Area if it is completed; or (3) a hemispherewide system coordinated by inter-American agencies—its realization, if it is to be, is a long way away.
The Rise and Fall of American Televangelism
Authors: HADDEN JEFFREY K.
Published: March 2007

Religious broadcasting has been an integral part of American culture since the very beginning of radio. Over the decades, religious broadcasters have periodically generated considerable controversy as they have used the airwaves to transmit unorthodox spiritual and political messages. The decade of the 1980s has been the most tumultuous and political thus far in the history of religious broadcasting. Televangelists forged a coalition that provided critical electoral support for Ronald Reagan and George Bush while also playing a significant role in defining the social agenda of the decade. Toward the end of the decade, however, religious broadcasting appeared to self-destruct in the wake of financial and sexual scandals that rocked several major ministries. Still, religious broadcasting not only persists, but some ministries thrive and some televangelists continue to influence the American political scene. This article examines the rise and fall of televangelism and explores the prospects for the continuing influence of broadcasters in American religion and politics.
The Turbulent Friendship: Black-Jewish Relations in the 1990s
Authors: MORRIS MILTON D. , RUBIN GARY E.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the current state of black-Jewish relations and assesses their prospects. It begins by critically examining the myths of the relationship's past. It then explores current evidence of each community's attitude toward the other, evaluating broad conclusions others have reached and offering a complex reading of mutual attitudes. It then proceeds to examine several factors critical to the relationship: socioeconomic trends, changes in political strength and representation, positions on important domestic and international issues, and developments in each group's culture and internal structure. Strengths and weaknesses in the current relationship are frankly assessed and observations offered on positive and negative developments that could take place in the future. Factors likely to determine future trends are identified. Throughout, a strong effort is made to present the views of both African Americans and Jews, including where they converge or differ and where further clarification and work is needed.
The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and its Variants
Authors: PORTES ALEJANDRO , ZHOU MIN
Published: March 2007

Post-1965 immigration to the United States has given rise to a vigorous literature focused on adult newcomers. There is, however, a growing new second generation whose prospects of adaptation cannot be gleaned from the experience of their parents or from that of children of European immigrants arriving at the turn of the century. We present data on the contemporary second generation and review the challenges that it confronts in seeking adaptation to American society. The concept of segmented assimilation is introduced to describe the diverse possible outcomes of this process of adaptation. The concept of modes of incorporation is used for developing a typology of vulnerability and resources affecting such outcomes. Empirical case studies illustrate the theory and highlight consequences of the different contextual situations facing today's second generation.
Foreign Language Policy in U.S. Secondary Schools: Who Decides?
Authors: MET MYRIAM
Published: March 2007

The United States has no official foreign language policy. In the absence of such a policy, there is a diverse array of decision makers who influence policies related to who takes a foreign language and when, and who determines which languages are taught and how. The decision makers include state legislative bodies, state boards of education, local boards of education, teachers, parents, and even students themselves. Frequently, the policymaking role of these groups is recognized and acknowledged; at other times, these groups subtly shape decisions in ways that may not be immediately apparent. Further, their views and objectives may not always be consistent with one another, leading policy in differing, if not diametrically opposed, directions. In an era that aims toward the restructuring of education and, more specifically, toward instructional improvements in all disciplines, understanding the explicit and implicit roles played by these unofficial policymakers will be important.
Employer Sanctions and the Limits of Negotiation
Authors: PEROTTI ROSANNA
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview and assessment of the implementation of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986, the major U.S. law intended to curb illegal migration. Enforcement of employer sanctions, protection against possible discrimination linked to employer sanctions, and legalization of alien workers are considered. IRCA should be viewed as a first step in coping with illegal immigration, but much more will have to be done to achieve an optimal balance between hospitality and control.
Religion in Canada: A Historical Overview
Authors: RAWLYK GEORGE
Published: March 2007

Christianity has profoundly shaped the contours of Canadian life from the early seventeenth century to the present. By the middle of the nineteenth century, Canadian Catholicism and Protestantism had been more influential in virtually every aspect of Canadian life than they had been in the United States. Throughout the last two centuries in Canada, there has been a growing gap between elite religion and the populist variety. Secularization has not necessarily destroyed Canadian Christianity. Rather, it has helped to de-Christianize the elite but not necessarily the rank and file. Thus secularization has significantly weakened the churches, especially the mainline ones. The last decade of the twentieth century has witnessed a remarkable transformation of Canadian religious life. Not only are more and more Canadians abandoning Christianity altogether, but more are privatizing their faith, and a significant percentage of those who are remaining in the churches are Evangelical. There is, then, a noteworthy residue of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century pietism and orthodoxy still to be found in Canadian Christianity.
Canadian Cities and their Immigrants: New Realities
Authors: MERCER JOHN
Published: March 2007

Following new federal regulations and procedures introduced in the 1960s, the nature of immigrant flows to Canada has changed radically. Over the last two decades, the immigrant population has increasingly become nonwhite and now comes mostly from macroregions other than Europe (including Britain) and the United States—notably, Asia. Thus the new immigrants exhibit greater cultural and racialized diversity than ever before. Most immigrants settle in Canada's cities, principally the leading metropolitan centers. Certain metropolitan areas—especially Toronto—attract large numbers; others participate relatively little in the settlement process. This, together with new social geographies at the municipal and neighborhood scales, has important implications for public debates over immigration and intergovernmental policymaking. The new immigrants have brought about important changes in urban social life, including education, health care, policing, business development, and labor markets. New urban realities challenge Canadian society at a critical period in its statehood.
Modeling Distributive and Integrative Negotiations
Authors: BARTOS OTOMAR J.
Published: March 2007

Two main types of negotiation processes can be distinguished, distributive and integrative. While the distributive process consists primarily of concession making, the integrative process involves both concession making and a search for mutually profitable alternatives. Thus the meaning of “flexibility” is not always the same: in distributive negotiations, it means “readiness to make concessions”; in the integrative negotiations setting, it means in addition “readiness to engage in the search process.” Computer simulations suggest that the distributive process is faster but that the integrative process is potentially more productive in that it can increase the chances of an agreement. In order for integrative negotiation to fulfill its potential, however, the search engaged in must be joint, and during the search, the adversaries must interact face to face. Distributive negotiation can also be made more productive by having the adversaries interact face to face, under conditions that emphasize their similarities.
The Commerce Clause and Federalized Crime: A Tale of Two Thieves
Authors: BRICKEY KATHLEEN F.
Published: March 2007

Crime control has become a federal cause célèbre. With the advent of modern modes of transportation, what had been considered primarily local concerns took on national dimensions. As that phenomenon occurred, Congress increasingly began to rely on the commerce power to enlarge federal criminal jurisdiction. The outer limits of commerce-based jurisdiction were recently tested in the Supreme Court in United States v. Lopez, a challenge to the Gun-Free School Zones Act. For the first time in nearly sixty years, the Court in Lopez held a statute unconstitutional because the regulated activity had an insufficient connection with interstate commerce. This article examines the development of commerce-based criminal jurisdiction from its most rudimentary to its most expansive forms. It then assesses the potential significance of Lopez as a check on seemingly limitless congressional power to federalize crime and explores the implications of the federalization movement itself.
The Interwar Polish Catholic Press on the Jewish Question
Authors: MODRAS RONALD
Published: March 2007

Until the very eve of the Holocaust, the Catholic church was engaged in a struggle against what it termed “liberalism,” namely, modern secular democracy and the separation of church and state. This struggle was framed by Catholic leaders as one of Catholic civilization against a Masonic-Jewish conspiracy to de-Christianize Europe. The charge of a Masonic-Jewish conspiracy was a staple of the Catholic press in interwar Poland. The church's efforts to create a Catholic Poland by overturning so-called liberal or Masonic democracy had patent implications for Jews, who were seen as the primary agents and beneficiaries of secularity. This article provides an overview of what the Catholic press wrote about so-called Jewish-Masonic efforts to create a secular Poland and places those writings within the context of the Vatican's crusade against modern secular liberal democracy, a crusade not officially repudiated until the Second Vatican Council—thirty years too late for Poland's Jews.
Disability as Human Variation: Implications for Policy
Authors: SCOTCH RICHARD K. , SCHRINER KAY
Published: March 2007

The impact of any disability policy depends on the conceptual model of disability upon which that policy rests. For the past quarter century of disability policymaking, culminating in the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the dominant paradigm of disability has been a minority group model. That model identifies discrimination as the primary barrier facing people with disabilities in their desire for full social participation, and it proposes civil rights strategies as the proper policy response to that barrier. An alternative model of disability based on the concept of human variation is proposed that implies additional strategies for achieving the goal of integration of people with disabilities. The utility of a human variation model is illustrated by its application to the issue of access to employment.
NAFTA and the Future of Mexican Higher Education
Authors: DE LOS REYES GUILLERMO
Published: March 2007

Mexican higher education faces profound changes in the next decade. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has made Mexican academics mindful of the fact that U.S. universities in the new economic climate should be regarded as more than teaching institutions—they are a global economic resource that has and will have a profound influence on people who will never visit their campuses. The question of how Mexican researchers and academics are going to come to terms with the situation becomes pressing as NAFTA lowers the protective barriers. The illusion of being an equal partner or of being able to compete in many sectors is dangerous, particularly in the university sector.
Developing Critical Viewing Skills and Media Literacy in Children
Authors: SINGER DOROTHY G. , SINGER JEROME L.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical discussion concerning the meaning of media literacy and the rationale for targeting such a topic to children is presented. Based on the research demonstrating negative effects of television viewing by children, the need for schools to teach critical thinking about popular media is then discussed. Goals of curricula in general are listed, followed by examples of specific projects developed by individuals and organizations in the United States and abroad. Some empirical studies evaluating media literacy curricula are then reviewed. Resources are listed in the appendix for the reader's information.
Occupation-Specific Versus General Education and Training
Authors: BISHOP JOHN
Published: March 2007

In this article, John Bishop summarizes research from many sources concerning the current debate over occupation-specific versus general education and training. He argues against a recommendation made by the Economist magazine that government scale back its support of school-based occupation-specific training and instead focus on academic education. Research shows, to the contrary, that productivity derives directly from social abilities (such as good work habits and people skills) and cognitive skills that are specific to the job and occupation, not from reading, writing, and mathematics skills. Old skills are becoming obsolete more rapidly, so new skills must be learned more frequently. This implies a greater overall need for occupational training, not a reduced need. The rise in job turnover has made employers more reluctant to hire inexperienced workers and provide them skill training, so the need for school-based vocational training has never been greater. Occupational turnover has been declining, so the payback period of occupational skills has been rising.
The Benefits to Bridging Work and School
Authors: SHAPIRO DANIEL , IANNOZZI MARIA
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors use the 1997 National Employer Survey to examine the benefits that result from an improved articulation between the nation's economic and educational systems. Specifically, they demonstrate that there are real and substantial benefits to be gained by individual employers that participate in activities related to school reform and the educational process. While the realization of such rewards does not seem to mitigate the current disconnect between employers and schools, those establishments that do engage in school-relevant activities assess more positively the ability of local secondary schools to prepare students for the world of work.
Loss and Meaning
Authors: DAVIS CHRISTOPHER G. , NOLEN-HOEKSEMA SUSAN
Published: March 2007

People who have lost a loved one often try to make some meaning of their loss. The authors explore the ways people try to make meaning of loss, the factors that predict difficulty in making meaning, and the emotional outcomes of finding meaning. They also contrast the process of finding meaning with finding some benefit in the loss, even if meaning cannot be found. Our discussion centers on a study of 205 bereaved people who were interviewed before their loss and 1, 6, 13, and 18 months after their loss. The authors draw conclusions from this work not only for bereavement theories but also for general theories of adjustment in social and personality psychology.
Hate Crimes Hurt More
Authors: IGANSKI PAUL
Published: March 2007

Constitutional questions about hate crime laws in the United States were settled in the early 1990s. Yet, critics persist in arguing that the laws punish “improper thinking.” In this context, this article addresses the question of the justification of punishing motivation—or bias—behind hate crimes when the type of expression and the thought behind it used to indicate motivation are largely protected. There has been considerable legal scholarship on this question but little empirical investigation of how supporters of legislation respond to the question. The article draws from in-depth interviews carried out with a purposive sample of “elite” informants in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1999. A key theme that emerged was that alleged greater harms inflicted by hate crimes—over and above the harms inflicted by the same underlying but otherwise motivated crimes—justify greater punishment. A conceptualization is provided of alleged harms involved.
5. Public Personnel Selection and Value Theory
Authors: Bingham David A.
Published: March 2007

A positive relation probably holds between tenure and efficacy of public servants, and preferences for non-material values. A test along these lines would provide government service with a screening tool.
Is the Old Survey Order Passing? (Part II
Authors: Harris Louis
Published: March 2007

The second of two articles by the head of a private survey organization, dealing with the contrasts between university research and the new private political research and summing up implications for the future.
Modern Knowledge and the Control of Man
Authors: Padover Saul K.
Published: March 2007

A brief report by the chairman of a fortieth anniversary New School for Social Research conference on the subject of social science and social control.
Educational Publishing
Authors: Bing Alexander
Published: March 2007

A Wall Street analyst provides from a study under way some statistics of the publishing industry. He comments on their significance for what is happening to books in education and how supply and demand are tending at all levels.
The Failure To Teach Political Activity
Authors: Schick Marvin , Somit Albert
Published: March 2007

The results of some research by the authors, members of the faculty at New York University, are unpleasant to the many who believe political activity can be engendered by one or another method of pedagogy.
Psychology and International Relations
Authors: Tedeschi James T. , Malagodi E.F.
Published: March 2007

The relevancy and the adequacy of psychology as applied to the study of international relations is set forth. Problems of generalization from the individual to the nation, laboratory experiments, and psychological reductionism are discussed. The authors, members of the Department of Psychology at the University of Miami, are firm in their belief that psychology has much to contribute to international relations on a variety of levels.
Toward a Science of Environment
Authors: Ventre Francis T.
Published: March 2007

Francis T. Ventre was on the staff of the Center for Planning and Development Research during the early phase of the "Environment and Behavior" project. He holds a Bachelor of Architecture and a Master of City Planning degree and is now on the faculty of the newly-formed School of Architecture and Urban Planning at UCLA.
The Trial System
Authors: Welsh William A.
Published: March 2007

Through proper planning, faculty and students can co operate in building an extensive collection of citations and abstracts for mechanized retrieval and subsequent use in faculty and student research. Dr. William A. Welsh, Assist ant Professor of Political Science at the University of Geor gia and Director of Georgia's Polrtrcal Data Analysis Center, describes the program underway within his department.
Information Handling in the Behavioral Sciences
Authors: Libaw Frieda B.
Published: March 2007

Within the behavioral sciences, a surprising breadth of interest exists in information handling capabilities, as is shown in this report of a conference sponsored by The Galton Institute, Los Angeles. Dr. Frieda Libaw is Executive Director of the Galton Institute, which is devoted to the scientific study and dissemination of information on perceptual-cognitive-creative processes.
Bidap
Authors: Aagaard James S.
Published: March 2007

Keyword indexing has had several different forms and many different applications in the social sciences. The BIDAP computer program generates various forms of indexing and facilitates their applications through great flexibility in accepting input and generating output. Professor James Aagaard is Systems Supervisor, Vogelback Computing Center, Northwestern University.
A Skinnerian Analysis of Conflict Behavior
Authors: Anderson Clifford W. , Nesvold Betty A.
Published: March 2007

Therefore, a prince must not concern himself with the infamy of cruelty when it comes to keeping his subjects united and obedient; for, with just a few displays of cruelty, he will turn out to be more compassionate than those who, through excessive compassion, allow disorders to arise from which spring forth murder and ravaging. Machiavelli, The Prince
The Production of Culture
Authors: Peterson Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Peterson proposes revitalizing the sociology of culture by asking how culture is deliberately produced. Once several inhibitions to comparative analysis are overcome, numerous unexplored communalities in the production of art, science, and religion are revealed. These suggest a genetic theory of the role of culture for society.
Government Patronage of Science and Art in America
Authors: Useem Michael
Published: March 2007

Available evidence marshalled by Useem suggests that natural science, social science, and art have been directly subsidized by the government for quite different reasons. He suggests that the long-term impact of this patronage is to reshape culture production to more nearly fit the needs of government.
Pop Goes Politics
Authors: DIAMOND EDWIN , McKAY MARTHA , SILVERMAN ROBERT
Published: March 2007

The 1992 presidential race saw the candidates, in particular Bill Clinton and Ross Perot, use unorthodox means of reaching and reading the electorate. Not only did they give a high profile to “800” numbers, but the candidates also went hunting for votes through nontraditional forums such as Larry King Live and call-ins on other shows, Arsenio, and MTV news and specials. This article examines what these “soft” formats did to the political discourse and what the discourse did to the formats.
Community Standards for Defining Attempt
Authors: DARLEY JOHN M. , SANDERSON CATHERINE A. , LaMANTIA PETER S.
Published: March 2007

When should taking various steps toward the commission of a crime itself count as a crime? Different legal codes give remarkably different answers: The older common law criminalized individuals' attempts only if the steps had led the individual into dangerous proximity to successfully committing the crime, whereas the current Model Penal Code holds that an individual who has taken any substantial step toward committing a crime is liable. We presented college students and community respondents with a series of scenarios describing different levels of attempt and discovered that their views about liabilities for attempted crimes are better described by the older common law than the Model Penal Code. Further, we asked respondents to tell us how they thought that the various levels of attempt would be treated by the laws of the state in which they resided. They believed that the state law assigned liabilities that matched their own intuitions about appropriate liability judgments. Because they lived in a Model Penal Code state, this indicates that their beliefs about the law were inaccurate in an unfortunate direction: actual attempt liability was incurred far earlier than subjects thought it was. The discussion focuses on the implications of individuals' views about appropriate liability judgments for legal codes.
Telepsychiatry in Appalachia
Authors: GRAHAM M. ANTHONY
Published: March 2007

Access to health care continues to be one of the major challenges to individuals, communities, and policy makers. In rural areas, the challenges are especially acute. This article examines the use of digital technology to provide health care services to underserved communities. An experimental telepsychiatry program is used to illustrate the promise and the obstacles to using technology to link communities to advanced health care services.
Understanding Ethnic Diversity
Authors: PHINNEY JEAN S.
Published: March 2007

Models of minority ethnic identity and White identity development are described, along with examples of ways in which the models can be used as heuristics for helping students to think about their own and others' ethnicity. Ethnic or racial identity formation depends on a process of exploration that includes questioning preexisting ethnic attitudes and searching into the past and present experiences of one's group and its relations with other groups. This process leads ideally to the development of a secure, positive sense of one's identity as a member of an ethnic or racial group, together with an acceptance of other groups. By exploring their own and others' ethnic identity, students can gain insight into the implications of ethnicity in a diverse society.
Getting All Students to Listen
Authors: HIGGINBOTHAM ELIZABETH
Published: March 2007

The new scholarship on race, class, and gender is exciting, but teaching this to students can be a complex process. Faculty can prepare for various reactions from students by thinking about issues of power and privilege as they relate to the selection of course materials that address inequality, the various interactions within the classroom between faculty and students and among students, and establishing a classroom atmosphere that is safe for exploring issues of inequality. Yet there are still students who may initially resist learning new material; these students can be vocal, silent, or absent in their resistance. Various teaching strategies are suggested for responding to resistance in ways that are respectful of students and also promote positive classroom interactions.
Women's Body Image Theory and Research
Authors: WOLSZON LINDA RIDGE
Published: March 2007

Anxiety about body weight and shape, and related attempts to diet, start at an early age for females, and frequently take a serious toll on girls' and women's mental and physical well-being. Psychological research on women and body image has proliferated, yielding data on the prevalence and some of the psychosocial correlates of the phenomenon. This article argues that the existing explanatory theory and empirical research are severely limited in their explanations of the problem, and say even less about how individuals should respond to it. Drawing on feminist and hermeneutic perspectives, the article illustrates (a) how current theory and research is suffused with unacknowledged individualist ideology that leads to conceptual confusions and practical dilemmas and (b) how these approaches deflect attention away from the social, ethical, and political dimensions of the problem. The author argues that a hermeneutic view can help to clarify and deepen understanding of what is involved in women's body image struggles, and to articulate more fully the moral and ethical dimensions of body image struggles and their resolution.
Use of Health Care Services in a Sample of Drug-Involved Offenders
Authors: McCORKEL JILL A. , BUTZIN CLIFFORD A. , MARTIN STEVEN S. , INCIARDI JAMES A.
Published: March 2007

There is evidence to suggest that drug-involved offenders are more likely to have chronic health problems, which would lead to the expectation that this group would be consumers of a disproportionate amount of health care services. However, other characteristics of the group, including higher rates of unemployment and less likelihood of health insurance, suggest that they may consume relatively low amounts of health services. This study reports on a cohort of drug-involved offenders in Delaware who were interviewed just before release from prison and again at several points following release. When compared to age- and gender-corrected norms from the National Health Interview Survey, the use of health services for drug- and alcohol-related conditions as well as for other physical conditions were all substantially higher for this group of offenders. Discussion centers on the role of drug treatment programs in reducing the need for health care services.
Producing a Better World
Authors: LOWE IAN
Published: March 2007

There are always many different futures available, depending on social choices. These choices involve various costs and benefits, so they often have different impacts on different individuals or groups. There will be significant problems in moving from the current development trajectory, which clearly cannot be sustained, toward one that might be sustainable, as the changes will impose differential costs. Futures thinking provides a powerful way of considering our options and improving the chances that we will make rational, considered decisions. In particular, it allows consideration of the needs of those who cannot participate in the normal decision-making process, such as future generations. The use of futures thinking in a range of teaching, research, and consulting activities is described, demonstrating the benefits of the approach.
AIDS Stigma and Sexual Prejudice
Authors: HEREK GREGORY M. , CAPITANIO JOHN P.
Published: March 2007

This article presents national survey data to assess the extent to which AIDS-related stigma remains linked to public attitudes toward homosexuality in the United States. Most heterosexuals continue to associate AIDS primarily with homosexuality or bisexuality, and this association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice (antigay attitudes). Although all people who contract AIDS sexually are assigned blame for their infection, such blame is greater for a gay or bisexual man than for a heterosexual man or woman. A sizable minority of the public equates all male-male sexual behavior with AIDS, even sex between two HIV-negative men. A substantial portion also expresses discomfort about touching an article of clothing or drinking from a sterilized glass used by a person with AIDS (PWA). These misconceptions and discomfort are correlated with sexual prejudice. It is argued that the link between AIDS attitudes and sexual prejudice impedes HIV prevention efforts and threatens civil rights.
Simulation of Business Processes
Authors: PAUL RAY J. , GIAGLIS GEORGE M. , HLUPIC VLATKA
Published: March 2007

Computer-based simulation models of business processes offer a powerful mechanism for modelling organizational structures and arriving at informed recommendations for change and improvement. In this article, the authors review the current status of the business process modelling (BPM) and business process simulation (BPS) domains, discuss some pertinent issues for their successful deployment, and suggest a number of research directions for organizational modelling.
Making It at the Top
Authors: EXUM WILLIAM H. , MENGES ROBERT J. , WATKINS BARI , BERGLUND PATRICIA
Published: March 2007

In this article, we argue that the small number of women and minority faculty in tenured and tenure-track positions in elite research universities is not simply the result of overt racism and sexism. Nor is it simply the result of a relatively small pool of qualified candidates. Rather, significant barriers to women and minority faculty are found in the character of the academic market itself. We focus on the academic market as an internal labor market; the ways in which most faculty jobs are filled in that market; the reliance on custom and precedence in the market; the nature of the competition for faculty in the market; important ignorance problems in the market; the absence of explicit job descriptions and formal evaluation mechanisms; and the ways in which considerations of cost advantages to management and the structure of allocation in the academic internal market may work against women and minority faculty.
Change and Stability in Mental Health Policy
Authors: RICH ROBERT F.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the development of mental health policy in the United States from 1945 to 1985. The mental health system has experienced two major transformations during this period. Data from interviews and records are used to analyze the impact of these changes on the development of policy and on delivery of services at the federal, state, and local levels of government.
Influencing Managers to Change Unpopular Corporate Behavior through Boycotts and Divestitures
Authors: Davidson Wallace N. , Worrell Dan L. , El-Jelly Abuzar
Published: March 2007

In this research, the authors present a model that demonstrates that motivating managers to change unpopular or irresponsible corporate behavior may be required when the stakeholders desire such a change. Using agency theory, they then test part of the model and demonstrate why it may be necessary for an organized protest to impact on share prices before managers choose to change the behavior. Investors' reactions to announcements of product boycotts and stock divestitures made over the 23-year period 1969-1991 were examined. Announcements about boycotts were associated with significant negative market reactions, whereas divestiture announcements resulted in no significant market responses. From a pure stock market perspective, boycotts appear to be a more effective tool in influencing managers to change a company's behavior.
The Filtering Role of the Firm in Corporate Political Involvement
Authors: Schuler Douglas A. , Rehbein Kathleen
Published: March 2007

This article develops a theoretical framework for the analysis of corporate political involvement, as mediated not only by environmental factors but also by characteristics of the firm itself. Consistent with previous research, the authors examine how policy salience and the political, macroeconomic, and industry environments influence the level of a firm's involvement in politics. In addition, the authors' model takes into account such influences as corporate structure, resources, political experience, and stakeholder dependence.
Local Elites and Popular Support for Economic Reform in China and India
Authors: CHHIBBER PRADEEP , ELDERSVELD SAMUEL
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes why it is that China, an authoritarian political system, has managed to generate more popular support for the reform process than India, a democracy. The authors argue that when local politicians and bureaucrats are more supportive of the reform process, there is likely to be greater popular support for economic reform. Local political elite may be more supportive of reform in an authoritarian than in a democratic system because the level of local elite support for the reform process is influenced by the incentives faced by local elite. In China, institutional reform changed the incentives faced by local elite, whereas in India, reforms have not been accompanied by institutional changes that would encourage local elite to support reform to the same extent as in China. The argument is based on local elite and mass surveys conducted in China and India in 1990 and 1996, respectively. A logit model, controlling for a variety of alternative explanations, provides evidence that local elite support is critical for explaining whether reforms are popular.
The Causes of Globalization
Authors: Garrett Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

The most important causes of globalization differ among the three major components of international market integration: trade, multinational production, and international finance. The information technology revolution has made it very difficult for governments to control cross-border capital movements, even if they have political incentives to do so. Governments can still restrict the multinationalization of production, but they have increasingly chosen to liberalize because of the macroeconomic benefits. Although the one-time Ricardian gains from freer trade are clear, whether trade is good for growth in the medium term is less certain. In the case of trade, the increasing interest of exporters in opening up domestic markets has had a powerful impact on the trend to liberalization. Cross-national variations in market integration still endure, but these are more the product of basic economic characteristics (such as country size and level of development) than political factors (such as regime type or the left-right balance of power).
The Danish “Miracle”
Authors: SCHWARTZ HERMAN M.
Published: March 2007

The 1980s and 1990s saw employment “miracles” in Denmark, Australia, and the Netherlands. This article analyzes the dynamics and substance of Danish policy responses to poor export, employment, and fiscal performance to see whether remediation should be attributed to pluck (intentional, strategic remediation of dysfunctional institutions to make them conform with the external environment), luck (environmental change that makes formerly dysfunctional institutions suddenly functional), or just being stuck (endogenous, not entirely strategic change that leaves institutions in conformity with the environment). It addresses these issues to remedy biases in the literature toward Sweden-as-model, toward pessimism about the welfare state's survivability, and toward privileging intentional action. The analysis finds that stuck (endogenous dynamics) probably explains as much as pluck (strategic choice), suggesting only limited transferability for policy lessons from the miracles.
Explaining Party Formation and Nonformation in Russia
Authors: McFAUL MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

A decade after the collapse of communism, Russia still lacks a robust party system. Most institutions of the state are immune from party influence. However parties play a central role in the lower house of parliament, the State Duma. Why? Why have parties been successful in organizing and influencing the work of the State Duma but enjoyed only very limited success elsewhere? This article argues that parties in Russia are weak in general because the most powerful politicians in Russia have made choices to make them weak. Cultural, historical, and socioeconomic factors play a role in impeding party emergence, but individual decisions—especially decisions about institutional design—are the more proximate and more salient causes of poor party development. The privileged position of parties in the State Duma also resulted from individual choices, but those choices had unintended consequences that did not represent the preferences of the most powerful.
A Tool, Not a Master
Authors: SMITHEY SHANNON ISHIYAMA
Published: March 2007

Whereas most scholars approach precedent as an issue of compliance, the author argues that judges rely on precedent because of its utility in cutting information costs, decreasing uncertainty, and providing justification. This article explores the utility that foreign precedent had for high court judges in South Africa and Canada in the periods directly following the adoption of new constitutional protections for civil liberties. The analysis reveals that judges in these countries made significant use of both foreign and domestic precedent when dealing with new and/or highly contentious issues and that reliance on foreign precedent declined over time as judges developed an increasing number of indigenous precedents. This consideration of foreign precedent suggests that judges can be important contributors to the process of globalization in the area of human rights law.
The Dispersion of Charisma
Authors: MADSEN DOUGLAS , SNOW PETER G.
Published: March 2007

This research deals with the evolution of the bond between a charismatic leader and his mass following. Two stages in the evolutionary process are identified and discussed: the development of structure within the movement, and the dispersion of the mass response across that structure and its higher level personnel. In this, the second report from the overall research project, we focus primarily on the second stage of the process. With a mixture of descriptive reports and systematic survey data, we examine the dispersion of charisma in the case of Peronism. After showing empirically that by 1965 there was, as expected, a clear separation between organizational Peronists and their personalist counterparts, we go on to offer differentiating social and psychological profiles of each wing of the movement. Canonical regression is used to compare the causal influence of social structural and psychological factors in producing the split. It is the former which shows much the greater effects.
Bases of Elite Support for a Regime
Authors: HINTZEN PERCY C.
Published: March 2007

The attitudes, patterns of alignments, and composition of the most powerful and influential leaders in Guyana and Trinidad—selected by a two-stage positional-reputational method—are compared and the findings related to the different developmental strategies adopted by the two governments: third world socialism in the case of Guyana, and capitalism in the Trinidadian case. It is shown that clientelistic co-optation and, to a lesser extent, appeals to race can and do overcome ideologically rooted opposition to a ruling party; however, when the regime's ideological position, as reflected in its policies, is compatible with elite interests, the importance of race and clientelism declines, except for co-optation of leaders representing lower class interests. In both countries, the composition of the group of elites shows a proliferation of those representing middle- and upper-class socioeconomic sectors of the society.
The Impact of Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Rule on Economic Growth
Authors: COHEN YOUSSEF
Published: March 2007

The question posed in this article is whether the record of economic growth of Third World countries so far supports the claim that at a certain stage late industrialization is best served by bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes. A multiple interrupted time-series design is used to assess and compare the impact of bureaucratic-authoritarian and democratic regimes on economic growth in South America.
Party Leaders and Election Outcomes in Britain, 1974-1983
Authors: GRAETZ BRIAN , McALLISTER IAN
Published: March 2007

It is often suggested that British general elections are becoming more presidential in character, particularly with the increasing emphasis placed by mass media on the character and activities of party leaders. To date, however, there have been few attempts to estimate how much of an effect leaders have on election outcomes, independently of partisan ties. This article uses multivariate techniques to examine the factors that influence a leader's popularity and estimates the effect of leaders on electoral outcomes in Britain in 1974, 1979, and 1983. The results suggest, first, that the popularity of leaders depends on party attachment, political attitudes, and socioeconomic status. Second, both attitudes and the popularity of leaders are influential in determining whether or not voters will defect, with leaders becoming relatively more important in this regard in the 1983 election. Finally, changes in the popularity of party leaders are capable of influencing an election result by a few percentage points, but in none of the three elections examined here was the magnitude of such changes sufficient to produce a different election outcome.
Value Change and Postmaterialist Politics
Authors: BETZ HANS-GEORG
Published: March 2007

The West German Green party has been the first significant predominantly postmaterialist party in Western Europe. Its voters are young, urban, and highly educated. This has led many observers to conclude that the Greens represent the values of an economically secure and affluent “new middle class.” This article challenges the major assumption underlying this view, namely, that high levels of education automatically correspond with material security. It shows that there is in fact an inverse relationship between material security and support for the Greens. It is argued that despite their material insecurity, Green supporters vote for the party for postmaterialist reasons. Finally it shows that there is a close relationship between the interests of the Green clientele and the party's political program.
Bankers' Alliances and Economic Policy Patterns
Authors: MAXFIELD SYLVIA
Published: March 2007

This article suggests an organizational or institutional explanation of economic policy patterns which differs significantly from state- or society-centered explanations and those based on international factors. Bankers' alliances, defined as interest coalitions of public and private financiers, play an important role in shaping economic policy. The stronger the bankers' alliance, the more likely that long-run economic policy patterns will feature orthodox policies such as tight monetary policy and limited government intervention in financial or foreign exchange markets. The historical organization of state economic agencies, and of capital, create national environments more or less conducive to formation of strong bankers' alliances. The three key variables center on: (a) the timing and actors involved in central bank formation, (b) the relationship between the central bank and other state economic policy-making agencies, and (c) the extent of conglomeration between industrial and financial enterprises and its impact on state control of investment financing. Comparative history of the Mexican and Brazilian cases provides preliminary evidence with which to explore the proposed relationship between organizational features of the state and capital, the political influence of bankers' alliances, and economic policy patterns.
The Causes and Consequences of Feminist Consciousness among Western European Women
Authors: WILCOX CLYDE
Published: March 2007

Using data from the 1983 Euro-Barometer survey, this article examines the extent, determinants, and consequences of feminist consciousness among Western European women. The results indicate a surprising degree of feminist consciousness in Western Europe, with more than a third of women classified as feminists. The extent of feminism varies across countries, with nearly half of women in France and Italy but only a quarter of women in Britain classified as feminists. Age, education, religiosity, and ideology are the strongest predictors of feminism, although there is meaningful cross-national variation in the determinants of feminism. Finally, feminist consciousness is associated with more liberal positions on most political issues, particularly those that involve sympathy for the disadvantaged, and with the willingness to consider supporting a leftist party.
Corporatism in Decline?
Authors: CREPAZ MARKUS M. L.
Published: March 2007

During the 1970s and early 1980s most studies on corporatism indicated that corporatist policies led to lower unemployment and inflation and higher economic growth rates. In the mid- and late 1980s, however, voices claiming that corporatism is in “decline” became more and more frequent although hardly any empirical examinations were undertaken. The purpose of this study is to estimate empirically the influence of corporatist arrangements on macroeconomic performance and industrial disputes in the 1980s as compared with the 1970s and 1960s. This pooled time-series/cross-sectional analysis provides evidence that corporatist policies have not lost their capacity to achieve the desired macroeconomic goals in the 1980s; in addition, corporatism significantly reduces the number of working days lost. However, no evidence was found that corporatism leads to increased economic growth. There is evidence that economic growth is adversely affected by government outlays.