bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The development of an educational workshop to reframe and manage professional conflict via a sex and gender lens
Authors: Thomas Ynhi T. , Chary Anita N. , Suh Michelle I. , Samaei Mehrnoosh , Dobiesz Valerie , Kalantari Annahieta , Buehler Greg , Das Devjani , Wolfe Jeannette
Published: May 2023

Background

Conflict is inevitable in the emergency department, and conflict resolution is an essential skill for emergency providers to master. Effective conflict management can optimize patient care and enhance professional satisfaction. To communicate effectively in high‐stress, high‐impact situations, sex‐ and gender‐based differences need to be considered.

Methods

Nine resident, fellow, junior, and senior faculty members of the Academy for Women in Academic Emergency Medicine collaborated to design a 4‐h workshop. The focus was on professional communication and conflict resolution in emergency medicine (EM), with special attention on how sex and gender can influence these processes.

Results

The final educational workshop utilized a variety of formats focused on communication and effective conflict resolution including: traditional didactics, facilitated small groups with case‐based learning, expert panel discussion, and an experiential learning session. The consideration of how sex‐ and gender‐associated factors might contribute additional complexity or challenges to conflictual interactions were interwoven into each session to highlight alternative vantage points.

Conclusions

Effective conflict resolution is an important skill for success in EM. We developed a workshop that went beyond typical communication‐based programming to consider how sex‐ and gender‐related factors influence communication and conflict resolution.
Bioinformatics pipeline to guide post‐GWAS studies in Alzheimer's: A new catalogue of disease candidate short structural variants
Authors: Lutz Michael W. , Chiba‐Falek Ornit
Published: May 2023

Background

Short structural variants (SSVs), including insertions/deletions (indels), are common in the human genome and impact disease risk. The role of SSVs in late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) has been understudied. In this study, we developed a bioinformatics pipeline of SSVs within LOAD–genome‐wide association study (GWAS) regions to prioritize regulatory SSVs based on the strength of their predicted effect on transcription factor (TF) binding sites.

Methods

The pipeline utilized publicly available functional genomics data sources including candidate cis‐regulatory elements (cCREs) from ENCODE and single‐nucleus (sn)RNA‐seq data from LOAD patient samples.

Results

We catalogued 1581 SSVs in candidate cCREs in LOAD GWAS regions that disrupted 737 TF sites. That included SSVs that disrupted the binding of RUNX3, SPI1, and SMAD3, within the APOE‐TOMM40, SPI1, and MS4A6A LOAD regions.

Conclusions

The pipeline developed here prioritized non‐coding SSVs in cCREs and characterized their putative effects on TF binding. The approach integrates multiomics datasets for validation experiments using disease models.
Single Atom Bi Decorated Copper Alloy Enables C−C Coupling for Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 into C2+ Products**
Authors: Cao Yucheng , Chen Suya , Bo Shuowen , Fan Wenjun , Li Jiangnan , Jia Chunmei , Zhou Zhen , Liu Qinghua , Zheng Lirong , Zhang Fuxiang
Published: May 2023

Single atom alloy (SAA) catalysts have been recently explored for promotion of various heterogeneous catalysis, but it remains unexplored for selective electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) into multi‐carbon (C2+) products involving C−C coupling. Herein we report a single‐atomic Bi decorated Cu alloy (denoted as BiCu‐SAA) electrocatalyst that could effectively modulate selectivity of CO2 reduction into C2+ products instead of previous C1 ones. The BiCu‐SAA catalyst exhibits remarkably superior selectivity of C2+ products with optimal Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 73.4 % compared to the pure copper nanoparticle or Bi nanoparticles‐decorated Cu nanocomposites, and its structure and performance can be well maintained at current density of 400 mA cm−2 under the flow cell system. Based on our in situ characterizations and density functional theory calculations, the BiCu‐SAA is found to favor the activation of CO2 and subsequent C−C coupling during the electrocatalytic reaction, as should be responsible for its extraordinary C2+ selectivity.
An Organodiselenide Comediator to Facilitate Sulfur Redox Kinetics in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with Encapsulating Lithium Polysulfide Electrolyte
Authors: Liu Yiran , Zhao Meng , Hou Li‐Peng , Li Zheng , Bi Chen‐Xi , Chen Zi‐Xian , Cheng Qian , Zhang Xue‐Qiang , Li Bo‐Quan , Kaskel Stefan , Huang Jia‐Qi
Published: May 2023

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are regarded as promising high‐energy‐density energy storage devices. However, the cycling stability of Li–S batteries is restricted by the parasitic reactions between Li metal anodes and soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Encapsulating LiPS electrolyte (EPSE) can efficiently suppress the parasitic reactions but inevitably sacrifices the cathode sulfur redox kinetics. To address the above dilemma, a redox comediation strategy for EPSE is proposed to realize high‐energy‐density and long‐cycling Li–S batteries. Concretely, dimethyl diselenide (DMDSe) is employed as an efficient redox comediator to facilitate the sulfur redox kinetics in Li–S batteries with EPSE. DMDSe enhances the liquid–liquid and liquid–solid conversion kinetics of LiPS in EPSE while maintains the ability to alleviate the anode parasitic reactions from LiPSs. Consequently, a Li–S pouch cell with a high energy density of 359 Wh kg−1 at cell level and stable 37 cycles is realized. This work provides an effective redox comediation strategy for EPSE to simultaneously achieve high energy density and long cycling stability in Li–S batteries and inspires rational integration of multi‐strategies for practical working batteries.
Eine chemisch‐proteomische Strategie identifiziert Inhibitoren der Lipoat‐Wiederverwertung in Bakterien und Parasiten
Authors: Dienemann Jan‐Niklas , Chen Shu‐Yu , Hitzenberger Manuel , Sievert Montana L. , Hacker Stephan M. , Prigge Sean T. , Zacharias Martin , Groll Michael , Sieber Stephan A.
Published: May 2023

Die Entwicklung neuer Antiinfektiva erfordert innovative Strategien zur gezielten Ausnutzung von Stoffwechselwegen in Krankheitserregern, die in menschlichen Zellen abwesend sind. Basierend auf diesem Prinzip haben wir Hemmstoffe der Liponsäure (LA) Wiederverwertung entwickelt, einem entscheidenden Stoffwechselweg für das Überleben von LA‐auxotrophen Bakterien und Parasiten, der jedoch in menschlichen Zellen nicht essentiell ist. Eine auf LA basierende Sonde wurde selektiv über die Lipoatproteinligase (LPL) auf Substratproteine in intakten Zellen übertragen, und ihre Bindungsstellen wurden mittels Massenspektrometrie bestimmt. Die Intensität der Markierung mit der Sonde diente als Maß für die Aktivität von LPL und ermöglichte intrazelluläre Selektion für zellpermeable LPL‐Hemmer. Das Testen einer vorselektierten Substanzbibliothek ergab zwei Substratanaloga (LAMe und C3) als Hemmstoffe, die durch Bindungsstudien und Co‐Kristallographie weiter validiert wurden. Bemerkenswert ist, dass LAMe eine geringe Toxizität in menschlichen Zellen aufwies und eine Abtötung von Plasmodium falciparum in Erythrozyten mit einem EC50‐Wert von 15 μM erreichte, was diesen Stoff zum bisher wirksamsten LPL‐Hemmer macht, der jeher berichtet wurde.
Elongated Bacterial Pili as a Versatile Alignment Medium for NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Nouri Sirine , Boudet Julien , Dreher‐Teo Hiang , Allain Frédéric H.‐T. , Glockshuber Rudi , Salmon Loïc , Giese Christoph
Published: May 2023

In NMR spectroscopy, residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) have emerged as one of the most exquisite probes of biological structure and dynamics. The measurement of RDCs relies on the partial alignment of the molecule of interest, for example by using a liquid crystal as a solvent. Here, we establish bacterial type 1 pili as an alternative liquid‐crystalline alignment medium for the measurement of RDCs. To achieve alignment at pilus concentrations that allow for efficient NMR sample preparation, we elongated wild‐type pili by recombinant overproduction of the main structural pilus subunit. Building on the extraordinary stability of type 1 pili against spontaneous dissociation and unfolding, we show that the medium is compatible with challenging experimental conditions such as high temperature, the presence of detergents, organic solvents or very acidic pH, setting it apart from most established alignment media. Using human ubiquitin, HIV‐1 TAR RNA and camphor as spectroscopic probes, we demonstrate the applicability of the medium for the determination of RDCs of proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules. Our results show that type 1 pili represent a very useful alternative to existing alignment media and may readily assist the characterization of molecular structure and dynamics by NMR.
Strategie zur Beschichtung von hydrophoben Nanopartikeln mit einer Doppelschicht für kolloidale Stabilität, Funktionalität und Oberflächenschutz in biologischen Medien
Authors: Schroter Alexandra , Arnau del Valle Carla , Marín María J. , Hirsch Thomas
Published: May 2023

Die Oberflächenchemie von Nanopartikeln ist ein wichtiger Schritt auf dem Weg vom Partikeldesign zur Anwendung in biologisch relevanten Umgebungen. Hier wird eine auf einer Doppelschicht (Bilayer) basierende Strategie für die Oberflächenmodifikation von hydrophoben Nanopartikeln vorgestellt, die diesen eine ausgezeichnete kolloidale Stabilität in wässriger Umgebung und einen guten Schutz gegen Auflösung verleiht und gleichzeitig eine Oberflächenfunktionalisierung durch einfache Carbodiimid‐Kopplungschemie ermöglicht. Wir haben das herausragende Potenzial dieser Strategie anhand von Upconversion‐Nanopartikeln (UCNPs) demonstriert, die ursprünglich mit Oleat beschichtet und daher nur in organischen Lösungsmitteln dispergierbar waren. Die hydrophobe Oleatbeschichtung bleibt dabei erhalten und bildet nach Zugabe von weiterem Oleat eine Doppelschicht. Dieser Ansatz schützt vor Lumineszenzlöschung durch Wassermoleküle, während der Einbau zusätzlicher Moleküle mit Aminogruppen in die Doppelschicht deren kolloidale Stabilität erhöht und die Funktionalisierbarkeit erleichtert. Die biologische Relevanz des Ansatzes wurde durch die Verwendung von zwei Modellfarbstoffen gezeigt, einem Photosensibilisator und einer Stickoxid‐ (NO−) Sonde, die, wenn sie an die Oberfläche der UCNPs gebunden sind, ihre Funktionalität zur Erzeugung von Singulett‐Sauerstoff bzw. zum Nachweis von intrazellulärem NO beibehalten. Wir stellen eine einfache und schnelle Methode zum Schutz und zur Funktionalisierung von anorganischen Nanopartikeln in biologischen Medien vor, die für die kontrollierte Oberflächengestaltung von Nanomaterialien für theranostische Anwendungen wichtig ist.
Direct Observation of the Ethyl Radical in the Pyrolysis of Ethane
Authors: Genossar‐Dan Nadav , Atlas Sharona , Fux Dana , Har Lavan Shani , Zamir Uri , Rozenberg Illya , Lam Nguyen Thanh , Hemberger Patrick , Baraban Joshua H.
Published: May 2023

We report the first direct detection of ethyl radical in the pyrolysis of ethane. Observation of this vital intermediate was made possible in this extremely reactive environment by the use of a microreactor coupled with synchrotron radiation and photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy, despite its short lifetime and low concentration. Together with ab‐initio master equation‐calculated rates and fully coupled computational fluid dynamics simulations, our measurements show that even under the low pressures and short residence times in our experiment, ethyl formation can only be explained by bimolecular reactions; the most important is the catalytic attack of ethane by H atoms, which are then regenerated by decomposition of the nascent ethyl radicals. Our results complete the observation of all hypothesized intermediates in this industrially important process and highlight the need for further studies under additional conditions using similar methods to improve existing models and optimize process chemistries.
Emergence of a Lanthanide Chalcogenide as an Ideal Scintillator for a Flexible X‐ray Detector
Authors: Yang Liangwei , Li Zhenyu , He Linwei , Sun Jiayu , Wang Junren , Wang Yumin , Li Ming , Zhu Zibin , Dai Xing , Hu Shu‐Xian , Zhai Fuwan , Yang Qian , Tao Ye , Chai Zhifang , Wang Shuao , Wang Yaxing
Published: May 2023

The development of high‐performance X‐ray detectors requires scintillators with fast decay time, high light yield, stability, and X‐ray absorption capacity, which are difficult to achieve in a single material. Here, we present the first example of a lanthanide chalcogenide of LaCsSiS4 : 1 % Ce3+ that simultaneously integrates multiple desirable properties for an ideal scintillator. LaCsSiS4 : 1 % Ce3+ demonstrates a remarkably low detection limit of 43.13 nGyair s−1 and a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 98.24 %, resulting in a high light yield of 50480±1441 photons/MeV. Notably, LaCsSiS4 : 1 % Ce3+ exhibits a fast decay time of only 29.35±0.16 ns, making it one of the fastest scintillators among all lanthanide‐based inorganic scintillators. Furthermore, this material shows robust radiation and moisture resistance, endowing it with suitability for chemical processing under solution conditions. To demonstrate the X‐ray imaging capacity of LaCsSiS4 : 1 % Ce3+, we fabricated a flexible X‐ray detector that achieved a high spatial resolution of 8.2 lp mm−1. This work highlights the potential of lanthanide chalcogenide as a promising candidate for high‐performance scintillators.
NIR Clusteroluminescence of Non‐conjugated Phenolic Resins Enabled by Through‐Space Interactions
Authors: Zhang Ziteng , Zhang Jianyu , Xiong Zuping , Chu Bo , Zhang Chengjian , Sun Jing Zhi , Zhang Haoke , Zhang Xing‐Hong , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: May 2023

Clusteroluminescence (CL) and through‐space interactions (TSIs) of non‐conjugated molecules have drawn more attention due to their unique photophysical behaviors that are different from largely conjugated luminogens. However, achieving red and even near‐infrared (NIR) emission from such systems is still challenging due to the intrinsic drawbacks of non‐conjugated molecules and the lack of theories for structure–property relationships. In this work, six phenolic resins are designed and synthesized based on two molecule‐engineering strategies: increasing the number of TSIs units and introducing electron‐donating/‐withdrawing groups. All phenolic resins are verified as luminogens with CL property (CLgens), and the first example of CLgens with NIR emission (maximum emission wavelength ≥680 nm) and high absolute quantum yield (47 %) is reported. Experiments and theoretical analysis reveal that two TSIs types, through‐space locally excited state and through‐space charge transfer state, play essential roles in achieving CL from these non‐conjugated polymers, which could be manipulated via changing structural conformation and electron density or altering electron transition behaviors. This work not only provides an approach to manipulate TSIs and CL of non‐conjugated polymers but also endows commercially available phenolic resins with high practical value as luminescence materials.
O2 permeability of additively manufactured silicone membranes
Authors: Gort Marcel , Morlec Elodie , Gwerder Damian , Schuetz Philipp , Camenzind Martin , Meboldt Mirko
Published: May 2023

Silicone is already widely used in biomedical applications thanks to its outstanding properties. Now additive manufacturing (AM) of silicone can achieve submillimeter details and is offered by SpectroPlast AG as a service. AM of silicone is particularly interesting for designs with complex internal structures such as bioreactors or oxygenators where oxygen permeability is important. Therefore, the oxygen permeability of additively manufactured silicone membranes made from TrueSil (SpectroPlast AG) is studied. Measurements are performed with two membrane thicknesses (0.5 and 0.8 mm) and four different Shore hardnesses (20A, 35A, 50A, and 60A) at 15, 20, and 25°C. The oxygen increase due to diffusion through the membrane is recorded In a cup sealed by the membrane. The oxygen permeability decreases with increasing Shore hardness. TrueSil 20A is comparable to ELASTOSIL® Film (Wacker Chemie AG) in terms of oxygen permeability. However, there is a percentage difference of approximately 27% between the measured permeability of ELASTOSIL® and the data from the supplier. Membrane thickness does not affect permeability, but the Shore hardness affects the thickness. Membranes with Shore hardness 20A or 35A are manufactured over 0.1 mm thicker than designed, while for Shore hardness 50A and 60A the deviation from the design is less than 0.04 mm.
Educator perspectives on non‐technical, discipline‐independent skill acquisition: An international, qualitative study
Authors: Byram Jessica N. , Van Nuland Sonya E. , Harrell Kelly M. , Mussell Jason C. , Cornwall Jon
Published: May 2023

Gross anatomy education utilizing body donors and human specimens assists the acquisition of non‐traditional, discipline‐independent skills (NTDIS) such as teamwork, communication, and leadership. Alterations to anatomy curricula, such as those resulting from the COVID‐19 pandemic, likely impact NTDIS acquisition, yet how this manifests is unclear. This study, therefore, explored anatomy educator perspectives on NTDIS acquisition as a response to changes in teaching delivery. Gross anatomy educators across different countries were recruited and took part in one‐on‐one, semi‐structured interviews that were audio recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed using the framework method. Basic statistical analyses were performed on demographic and categorical data. Fifteen educators from five continents were interviewed (average length 32.5 min, range 17–51 min). Educator experience ranged from 0–4 years (n = 3) to 20+ years (n = 7). Most taught using dissection (n = 14) with prosection use (n = 13) also common. Themes relating to NTDIS included expected content (respect for donors, teamwork, communication skills, humanistic values), assessable content, assessment challenges, and impact of curriculum changes; NTDIS unique to anatomy education included cultural, ethical, and social considerations around dead bodies, including boundaries, and social norms. Informed by curriculum alterations during the COVID‐19 pandemic, this first empirical study of anatomy educator perspectives on NTDIS highlights the potentially adverse educational impacts of decreased interaction with body donors and human specimens on NTDIS acquisition and difficulties with NTDIS assessment. Findings support gross anatomy education as unique in providing NTDIS that cannot easily be replicated elsewhere. Recommendations around NTDIS‐specific educator competencies and promoting NTDIS are provided.
What People Learn About Drinking Water Disruptions From Local Newspapers
Authors: Otero Catherine E. , Bell Emily V. , Das Sarwari , Mullin Megan
Published: May 2023

Key Takeaways

News coverage is an important avenue for the public to learn about infrastructure vulnerabilities.

Analysis of 10 years of newspaper coverage of disruptions to drinking water service in North Carolina reveals low frequency of reporting about such events and no trend over time.

Hurricanes and weather‐related events accounted for a small portion of reported disruptions.

Newspaper coverage can help build public and political support for actions to reduce water system vulnerability.
Pilot Plant Keeps Aurora Water Ahead of the Curve
Authors: Bourdeau Melina
Published: May 2023

Key Takeaways

No sooner had Aurora (Colo.) Water established its new pilot plant than the COVID‐19 pandemic disrupted its introduction to testing the utility's water treatment processes.

Once put into action, Mini‐Binney, as the pilot plant is called, became an invaluable tool for numerous projects to advance and improve the treatment plant's operations.

The pilot plant allows for research of innovative treatment methods without affecting full‐scale treatment or putting public health at risk.
Cancer incidence among incarcerated and formerly incarcerated individuals: A statewide retrospective cohort study
Authors: Aminawung Jenerius A. , Soulos Pamela R. , Oladeru Oluwadamilola T. , Lin Hsiu‐Ju , Gonsalves Lou , Puglisi Lisa B. , Hassan Sirad , Richman Ilana B. , Wang Emily A. , Gross Cary P.
Published: May 2023

Background

Cancer incidence among individuals with incarceration exposure has been rarely studied due to the absence of linked datasets. This study examined cancer incidence during incarceration and postincarceration compared to the general population using a statewide linked cohort.

Methods

We constructed a retrospective cohort from a linkage of state tumor registry and correctional system data for Connecticut residents from 2005 to 2016, and identified cancers diagnosed during and within 12 months postincarceration. We estimated incidence rates (including for screen‐detectable cancers) and calculated the standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for the incarcerated and recently released populations, relative to the general population. We also examined cancer incidence by race and ethnicity within each group.

Results

Cancer incidence was lower in incarcerated individuals (SIR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.56–0.72), but higher in recently released individuals (SIR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.23–1.47) compared with the general population, and across all race and ethnic strata. Similarly, nonscreen‐detectable cancer incidence was lower in incarcerated and higher in recently released populations compared to the general population. However, non‐Hispanic Black individuals had elevated incidence of screen‐detectable cancers compared with non‐Hispanic White individuals across all three populations (incarcerated, SIR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.03–2.53; recently released, SIR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.32–2.47; and general population, SIR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.16–1.21).

Conclusion

Compared with the general population, incarcerated persons have a lower cancer incidence, whereas recently released persons have a higher cancer incidence. Irrespective of incarceration status, non‐Hispanic Black individuals have a higher incidence of screen‐detectable cancers compared with non‐Hispanic White individuals. Supplemental studies examining cancer screening and diagnoses during incarceration are needed to discern the reasons for observed disparities in incidence.
Direct Alkylative Amination Using 1‐Allylsilatrane**
Authors: Raveenthrarajan David , Satkunarajah Thershan , Kostiuk Brooklyn A. , Adler Marc J.
Published: May 2023

Homoallylic amines prepared via addition of allylsilanes often require preformed imine substrates, metal catalysts, fluoride activators, or use of protected amines. In this metal‐free, air‐ and water‐tolerant procedure, aromatic aldehyde and aniline substrates undergo direct alkylative amination using easily accessible 1‐allylsilatrane.
Oxidative NHC Catalysis: An Unconventional Tool for Macrocyclic Oligoesters Synthesis
Authors: Bottin Marco , Di Carmine Graziano , Bortolini Olga , De Risi Carmela , Bertoldo Monica , Cataldi Tommaso R. I. , Calvano Cosima D. , Massi Alessandro , Ragno Daniele
Published: May 2023

The application of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis under highly diluted oxidative condition to the polycondensation of dialdehydes and diols is herein presented as an alternative, atom‐economical synthetic route to macrocyclic oligoesters (MCOs). The disclosed protocol paves the way to the straightforward access to MCOs, starting from commercial dialdehydes, avoiding the use of toxic diacyl chlorides, commonly employed in traditional MCOs synthetic processes. The method is totally metal‐free, takes place in the green Me‐THF solvent and requires the use of a fully recyclable quinone oxidant. The protocol versatility is confirmed by the employment of fossil‐based and bio‐based monomers such as 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF), 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF), and isomannide, synthesizing a series of novel and known synthetically relevant macrocyclic oligoesters, fully characterized by NMR and MALDI‐TOF MS analysis, with product yields (51–86 %) comparable to those obtained by traditional synthetic routes. Finally, to emphasize the synthetic relevance of the target macrocycles, an entropically‐driven ring opening polymerization (ED‐ROP) key study has been performed, optimizing the organocatalyzed synthesis of poly(2,5‐furan‐dimethylene 2,5 furandicarboxylate) (PBHMF) with number‐average molecular weight up to 8200 g mol−1 and 66 % isolated yield.
A Patent Review on SARS Coronavirus Papain‐Like Protease (PLpro) Inhibitors
Authors: Brian Chia C. S. , Pheng Lim Siew
Published: May 2023

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic is an unprecedented global health emergency causing more than 6.6 million fatalities by 31 December 2022. So far, only three antiviral drugs have been granted emergency use authorisation or approved by the FDA. The SARS‐CoV‐2 papain‐like protease (PLpro) is deemed an attractive drug target as it plays an essential role in viral polyprotein processing and pathogenesis although no inhibitors have yet been approved. This patent review discusses coronavirus PLpro inhibitors reported in patents published between 1 January 2003 to 2 March 2023, giving an overview on the inhibitors that have generated commercial interest, especially amongst drug companies.
Investigating hardware and software aspects in the energy consumption of machine learning: A green AI‐centric analysis
Authors: Yokoyama André M. , Ferro Mariza , de Paula Felipe B. , Vieira Vitor G. , Schulze Bruno
Published: June 2023

Much has been discussed about artificial intelligence's negative environmental impacts due to its power‐hungry Machine Learning algorithms and emissions linked to this. This work discusses three direct impacts of AI on energy consumption associated with computation: the software, the hardware, and the energy source's carbon intensity. We present an up‐to‐date revision of the literature and assess it through experiments. For hardware, we evaluate the use of ARM‐based single‐board computers for training Machine Learning algorithms. An experimental setup was developed training the algorithm XGBoost and its cost‐effectiveness (energy consumption, acquisition cost, and execution time) compared with the X86‐64 and GPU architectures and other algorithms. In addition, the is estimated for these experiments and compared for three energy sources. The results show that this type of architecture can become a viable and greener alternative, not only for inference but also for training these algorithms. Finally, we evaluated low precision for training Random Forest algorithms with different datasets for the software aspect. Results show that is possible energy reduction with no decrease in accuracy.
Closo‐[B12H12]2− Derivatives with Polar Groups As Promising Building Blocks in Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Gas Separation
Authors: Chen Chuanxi , Chen Zhefeng , Zhang Mingzheng , Zheng Shisheng , Zhang Wentao , Li Shunning , Pan Feng
Published: May 2023

Engineering design of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for gas separation applications is nowadays a thriving field of investigation. Based on the recent experimental studies of dodecaborate‐hybrid MOFs as potential materials to separate industry‐relevant gas mixtures, we herein present a systematic theoretical study on the derivatives of the closo‐dodecaborate anion [B12H12]2−, which can serve as building blocks for MOFs. We discover that amino functionalization can impart a greater ability to selectively capture carbon dioxide from its mixtures with other gases such as nitrogen, ethylene and acetylene. The main advantage lies in the polarization effect induced by amino group, which favors the localization of the negative charges on the boron‐cluster anion and offers a nucleophilic anchoring site to accommodate the carbon atom in carbon dioxide. This work suggests an appealing strategy of polar functionalization to optimize the molecule discrimination ability via preferential adsorption.
Automatic generation of macromodels and design equations for application to Op Amp design
Authors: Shi Guoyong
Published: June 2023

Operational amplifier (Op Amp) is a special class of analog integrated circuits. Multiple‐stage Op Amp design is of particular interest recently. However, analysis of this class of circuits has to be done manually and requires advanced skills. Automatic analysis of this class of circuits is studied in this paper, which takes a novel approach by circuit recognition and symbolic generation. Circuit recognition is deterministic, implemented by deterministic circuit partitioning and functional block extraction methods. Symbolic analysis of extracted circuit blocks can subsequently be performed with greatly reduced complexity while generated models and equations bear more useful information for circuit design. Symbolic results so generated can be applied in design space exploration, including tasks like finding the limitation in circuit topology, conducting initial sizing, and determining performance tradeoffs. This paper proposes the key algorithms for realizing the recognition of a few well‐known functional blocks frequently used in CMOS Op Amp circuits and further explores the possibility of using the recognized circuit cells in combination with the gm/ID method for circuit sizing. Preliminary tests show that this approach is a potential candidate for locating the performance boundaries of multiple‐stage Op Amps.
Impact of different destocking strategies on the resilience of dry rangelands
Authors: Vignal Toyo , Baudena Mara , Mayor Angeles Garcia , Sherratt Jonathan A.
Published: May 2023

Half of the world's livestock live in (semi‐)arid regions, where a large proportion of people rely on animal husbandry for their survival. However, overgrazing can lead to land degradation and subsequent socio‐economic crises. Sustainable management of dry rangeland requires suitable stocking strategies and has been the subject of intense debate in the last decades. Our goal is to understand how variations in stocking strategies affect the resilience of dry rangelands. We describe rangeland dynamics through a simple mathematical model consisting of a system of coupled differential equations. In our model, livestock density is limited only by forage availability, which is itself limited by water availability. We model processes typical of dryland vegetation as a strong Allee effect, leading to bistability between a vegetated and a degraded state, even in the absence of herbivores. We study analytically the impact of varying the stocking density and the destocking adaptivity on the resilience of the system to the effects of drought. By using dynamical systems theory, we look at how different measures of resilience are affected by variations in destocking strategies. We find that the following: (1) Increasing stocking density decreases resilience, giving rise to an expected trade‐off between productivity and resilience. (2) There exists a maximal sustainable livestock density above which the system can only be degraded. This carrying capacity is common to all strategies. (3) Higher adaptivity of the destocking rate to available forage makes the system more resilient: the more adaptive a system is, the bigger the losses of vegetation it can recover from, without affecting the long‐term level of productivity. The first two results emphasize the need for suitable dry rangeland management strategies, to prevent degradation resulting from the conflict between profitability and sustainability. The third point offers a theoretical suggestion for such a strategy.
Corridor quality buffers extinction under extreme droughts in experimental metapopulations
Authors: Li Dongbo , Memmott Jane , Clements Christopher F.
Published: June 2023

Corridors with good‐quality habitats maintain the spatial dynamics of metapopulations by promoting dispersal between habitat patches, potentially buffering populations, and communities against continued global change. However, this function is threatened by habitats becoming increasingly fragmented, and habitat matrices becoming increasingly inhospitable, potentially reducing the resilience and persistence of populations. Yet, we lack a clear understanding of how reduced corridor quality interacts with rates of environmental change to destabilize populations. Using laboratory microcosms containing metapopulations of the Collembola Folsomia candida, we investigate the impact of corridor quality on metapopulation persistence under a range of simulated droughts, a key stressor for this species. We manipulated both drought severity and the number of patches affected by drought across landscapes connected by either good‐ or poor‐quality corridors. We measured the time of metapopulation extinction, the maximum rate of metapopulation decline, and the variability of abundance among patches as criteria to evaluate the persistence ability of metapopulations. We show that while drought severity negatively influenced the time of metapopulation extinction and the increase in drought patches caused metapopulation decline, these results were mitigated by good‐quality corridors, which increased metapopulation persistence time and decreased both how fast metapopulations declined and the interpatch variability in abundances. Our results suggest that enhancing corridor quality can increase the persistence of metapopulations, increasing the time available for conservation actions to take effect, and/or for species to adapt or move in the face of continued stress. Given that fragmentation increases the isolation of habitats, improving the quality of habitat corridors may provide a useful strategy to enhance the resistance of spatially structured populations.
Optimal segmentation of Halbach sphere
Authors: Nishimura Kazuhiro
Published: May 2023

The direction of magnetization in which the magnetic field becomes the strongest in the x‐axis direction in the spherical coordinate system is used. Its magnetic field depends on the φ direction in the spherical coordinate system, that is, strongest at the top (φ = 0) and the bottom (φ = π), and the side (φ = π⁄2) becomes the weakest. Therefore, when segmenting, it was divided to include the top and the bottom parts. In addition, in order to make it an optimal segmentation, it is effective to make the range of the top and bottom divisions wide, the sides narrow, and the direction of magnetization close to the top and the bottom directions. By optimizing in this way, the magnetic field is larger than the equal division. For example, it was about 1.09 times stronger in three divisions. This was confirmed by the experiment. However, there is a problem that the demagnetic field in the center becomes strong by optimizing. The type of division which is strong in this problem is also introduced.
Towards multivariate functional trait syndromes: Predicting foliar water uptake in trees
Authors: Chin Alana R. O. , Guzmán‐Delgado Paula , Görlich Anna , HilleRisLambers Janneke
Published: May 2023

Analysis of functional traits is a cornerstone of ecology, yet individual traits seldom explain useful amounts of variation in species distribution or climatic tolerance, and their functional significance is rarely validated experimentally. Multivariate suites of interacting traits could build an understanding of ecological processes and improve our ability to make sound predictions of species success in our rapidly changing world. We use foliar water uptake capacity as a case study because it is increasingly considered to be a key functional trait in plant ecology due to its importance for stress‐tolerance physiology. However, the traits behind the trait, that is, the features of leaves that determine variation in foliar water uptake rates, have not been assembled into a widely applicable framework for uptake prediction. Focusing on trees, we investigated relationships among 25 structural traits, leaf osmotic potential (a source of free energy to draw water into leaves), and foliar water uptake in 10 diverse angiosperm and conifer species. We identified consistent, multitrait “uptake syndromes” for both angiosperm and conifer trees, with differences in key traits revealing suspected differences in the water entry route between these two clades and an evolutionarily significant divergence in the function of homologous structures. A literature review of uptake‐associated functional traits, which largely documents similar univariate relationships, provides additional support for our proposed “uptake syndrome.” Importantly, more than half of shared traits had opposite‐direction influences on the capacity of leaves to absorb water in angiosperms and conifers. Taxonomically targeted multivariate trait syndromes provide a useful tool for trait selection in ecological research, while highlighting the importance of micro‐traits and the physiological verification of their function for advancing trait‐based ecology.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Dearomative 1,4‐Acyl Rearrangement of 2‐Oxypyridines with Hydrazones: Access to N‐Substituted 2‐Pyridones
Authors: Ni Yifeng , Sun Jiangtao
Published: May 2023

A rhodium‐catalyzed dearomative 1,4‐acyl migratory rearrangement reaction of 2‐oxypyridines has been developed for the direct synthesis of 2‐alkylated pyridones under mild reaction conditions. Different with the former reports, in this protocol, readily accessible and bench stable vinyl N‐nosylhydrazones instead of diazoacetates have been used as carbene precursors. As a result, a range of N‐alkylated pyridones have been prepared in acceptable yields with good functional group tolerance.
Impact of near‐peer teaching on medical English learning motivation among medical students and residents
Authors: Hoshina Yoji , Limeisa  , Takaiso Hodaka , Maki Hidenori , Yoshino Toru , Shikino Kiyoshi
Published: May 2023

The study evaluated the effectiveness of near‐peer teaching in medical English education and found that it led to higher levels of motivation, curiosity, initiative, self‐efficacy, learning goals, and psychological safety among participants compared to traditional teacher‐centered approaches. The study also observed behavioral changes and active engagement in English learning among participants. We hope that our activity will inspire other educators to adopt similar approaches in their medical English classes and promote more effective language learning among health professionals.
Necessity for surveillance for hepatocellualr carcinoma in older patients with chronic hepatitis C who achieved sustained virological response
Authors: Ishido Shun , Tamaki Nobuharu , Kurosaki Masayuki , Mori Nami , Tsuji Keiji , Hasebe Chitomi , Mashiba Toshie , Ochi Hironori , Yasui Yutaka , Akahane Takehiro , Furuta Koichiro , Kobashi Haruhiko , Fujii Hideki , Ishii Toru , Marusawa Hiroyuki , Kondo Masahiko , Kusakabe Atsunori , Yoshida Hideo , Uchida Yasushi , Tada Toshifumi , Nakamura Shinichiro , Mitsuda Akari , Ogawa Chikara , Arai Hirotaka , Murohisa Toshimitsu , Uebayashi Minoru , Izumi Namiki
Published: May 2023

Background and Aim

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance in low‐risk patients (annual incidence <1.5%) is not recommended per the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases guidelines. Because patients with chronic hepatitis C with non‐advanced fibrosis who have achieved sustained virological response (SVR) have a low risk of HCC, HCC surveillance is not recommended for them. However, aging is a risk factor for HCC; threfore, the necessity for HCC surveillance in older patients with non‐advanced fibrosis needs to be verified.

Methods

This multicenter, prospective study enrolled 4993 patients with SVR (1998 patients with advanced fibrosis and 2995 patients with non‐advanced fibrosis). The HCC incidence was examined with particular attention to age.

Results

The 3‐year incidence of HCC in patients with advanced and non‐advanced fibrosis was 9.2% (95% CI: 7.8–10.9) and 2.9% (95% CI: 2.1–3.7), respectively. HCC incidence was significantly higher in patients with advanced fibrosis (P < 0.001). HCC incidence stratified by age and sex was investigated in patients with non‐advanced fibrosis. The HCC incidence in the 18–49, 50s, 60s, 70s, and ≥80 age groups were 0.26, 1.3, 1.8, 1.7, and 2.9 per 100 person‐years in men, and 0.00, 0.32, 0.58, 0.49, and 0.57 per 100 person‐years in women, respectively.

Conclusions

Male patients with non‐advanced fibrosis aged ≥60 years have a higher risk of developing HCC and, thus, require HCC surveillance.
Molecular epidemiology and disease severity of influenza virus infection in patients with haematological disorders
Authors: Ünal Silan , Schnitzler Paul , Giesen Nicola , Wedde Marianne , Dürrwald Ralf , Tabatabai Julia
Published: May 2023

Influenza virus infection is a common cause of self‐limiting respiratory tract infection (RTI), however immunocompromised patients are at an increased risk for a severe course of disease or fatal outcome. We therefore aimed to gain a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses from patients with haematological disorders and their impact on the clinical course of disease. Molecular analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of nasopharyngeal swabs was performed for influenza virus in haematological patients at the Heidelberg University Hospital. Clinical data was evaluated to identify associated risk factors. For phylogenetic analysis, the hemagglutinin (HA) gene was sequenced. Out of 159 influenza positive patients, 117 patients developed upper RTI (influenza A: n = 73; influenza B: n = 44). Lower RTI was observed in n = 42 patients (26%), n = 22/42 patients developed severe disease and n = 16/159 (10.1%) patients died. Risk factors for lower RTI were nosocomial infection (p = 0.02), viral shedding for ≥14 days (p = 0.018), IgG levels <6 g/dL (p = 0.046), bacterial/fungal co‐infections (p < 0.001). Risk factors for fatal outcome were age ≥65 years (p = 0.032), bacterial/fungal (p≤0.001) co‐infections and high viral load (p = 0.026). Sequencing of the HA gene (n = 115) revealed subtype A(H3N2) (n = 46), A(H1N1)pdm09 (n = 24), B/Victoria (n = 34), B/Yamagata (n = 11). There was no correlation between influenza (sub)type and lower RTI. Influenza infection in haematological patients is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, the risk for aggravating co‐infections, prolonged viral shedding and nosocomial transmission emphasizing the need for infection control.
A review on analytical models of brushless permanent magnet machines
Authors: Abbas A. , Iqbal A. , Lewicki Arkadiusz , Prathap B. , Mnzool M.
Published: May 2023

This study provides an in‐depth investigation of the use of analytical and numerical methods in analyzing electrical machines. Although numerical models such as the finite‐element method (FEM) can handle complex geometries and saturation effects, they have significant computational burdens, are time‐consuming, and are inflexible when it comes to changing machine geometries or input values. Analytical models based on magnetic equivalent circuits (MEC) or solving Maxwell's equations can be faster and more flexible, but less accurate for complex machine structures. The paper focuses on the recent development of analytical models for brushless permanent‐magnet (PM) machines that have become increasingly popular in low and medium‐power applications. The literature review covers the recent developments in analytical models for PM machines with respect to various machine quantities such as magnetic flux density components, induced voltage, inductances, electromagnetic force/torque, efficiency, or unbalanced magnetic force (UMF). It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of different analytical models such as the zero‐dimensional (0‐D), one‐dimensional (1‐D), two‐dimensional (2‐D), and three‐dimensional (3‐D) analytical methods, as well as the Maxwell and basic mathematical analysis. Although the MEC models are faster than the numerical model, they are not as accurate for various structures of electrical machines including a great magnetic air gap. They also note that the analytical models based on the Maxwell equations are faster than the numerical ones and have the potential to obtain acceptable accuracy similar to the numerical models in electrical machines. Overall, this literature review provides valuable insights for researchers and engineers in selecting appropriate analytical models for PM machines. It highlights the trade‐offs between accuracy and computational efficiency when choosing between numerical and analytical models, and the flexibility of analytical models to address changes in machine geometries or input values. Additionally, this helps researchers save time in determining appropriate references regarding the analytical models of brushless PM machines.
Direct parameter extraction method of EEHEMT nonlinear model for InP HEMT
Authors: Xu Jiahui , Zhang Ao , Gao Jianjun
Published: June 2023

A direct parameter extraction method of EEHEMT nonlinear empirical model is proposed in this paper. An improved DC model is also presented by considering the channel length modulation parameter () as a function of gate‐to‐source voltage. Model verification is carried out by comparison of measured and simulated current–voltage characteristics and S‐parameters. Good agreement is obtained between the measured and modeled results for 2 × 15 μm gatewidth (number of gate fingers × gatewidth) 70‐nm gatelength InP high electron mobility transistors (HEMT). An increased accuracy in modeling the I–V and RF characteristics is also obtained in the proposed model, compared with the conventional one.
Raman spectroscopy investigations of the Martian regolith breccia Northwest Africa 7533: A support to in situ Raman spectroscopy on Mars
Authors: Malarewicz Virgile , Beyssac Olivier , Zanda Brigitte , Hewins Roger , Pont Sylvain , Bouley Sylvain , Bernard Sylvain , Gauthier Michel , Morand Marc , Garino Yiuri , Rosier Philippe
Published: June 2023

Using continuous‐wave and time‐resolved Raman spectroscopy, we investigate and characterize the mineralogy of the NWA 7533 meteorite, a unique Martian regolith breccia. This meteorite is a crucial sample, giving a rare access to the formation and evolution of the primitive Martian crust, with crystallization processes beginning up to ~4.4 Ga years ago. We provide an overview of Raman spectra for feldspar, plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, apatite, merrillite, zircon, pyrite, and various Fe‐Cr‐Ti oxides like magnetite, hematite, ilmenite, and rutile. Most analytical points are paired with previous electron microprobe analyses for deeper interpretation of Raman data. The variability of the silicate minerals composition obtained through microanalysis is traced through variation of the Raman spectra characteristics. No trace of any shock event is observed in the mineral structures. Structural diversity of zircon is linked to various metamictization stages. The luminescence signal of minerals bearing rare earth elements (REE), mainly phosphate and zircon, is documented in detail and discussed. We discuss the presence of at least two generations of phosphate minerals with implications for magmatic petrology. Because NWA 7533 provides a unique sampling of various crustal lithologies of Mars, this spectral dataset could be a reference for Raman instruments presently working on Mars (e.g., NASA Mars2020 Perseverance) or going to this planet or its moon Phobos in the future (e.g., ESA ExoMars, JAXA MMX).
Founder involvement in CEO turnover
Authors: Kowalewski Oskar , Majda‐Kariozen Aleksandra , Socha Błażej
Published: May 2023

We study the role of a company founder in the internal governance of firms. Using a sample of 484 CEO turnovers for 2000–2015, we establish that CEOs are fired for poor performance. However, the likelihood of a poor‐performing founder‐CEO being fired is lower than that of an outsider CEO. Moreover, having a founder as a member of the executive or supervisory board decreases the likelihood that a CEO will be dismissed for poor performance. Similarly, founder ownership may have the same effect on CEO turnover. Finally, being a founder does not guarantee a poor‐performing CEO a chairman position after being fired.