bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mixed behavior of p-phenylenediaminium guest binding with the inverted cucurbit[6]uril host
Authors: Zhang De-Qing , Lin Rui-Lian , Sun Wen-Qi , Tao Zhu , Zhu Qian-Jian , Liu Jing-Xin
Published: June 2015

The binding interaction between inverted cucurbit[6]uril (iQ[6]) and p-phenylenediaminium has been investigated by X-ray crystallography, 1H NMR spectroscopy and ITC. Our data indicate that the host and the guest can form two different types of complexes: one is an inclusion structure and the other is a sandwich structure.
A feasible approach to synthesize Cu2O microcrystals and their enhanced non-enzymatic sensor performance
Authors: Liu Xinmei , Sui Yongming , Yang Xinyi , Jiang Lina , Wang Fei , Wei Yingjin , Zou Bo
Published: June 2015

This work provides a green and feasible approach to obtain a “clean surface” Cu2O with enhanced glucose sensor performance.
F-assisted synthesis of a hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite for methanol to propylene reaction: a b-oriented thinner dimensional morphology
Authors: Zhang Lanlan , Song Yu , Li Guodong , Zhang Qing , Zhang Shaolong , Xu Jun , Deng Feng , Gong Yanjun
Published: June 2015

A hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite with a thinner dimension morphology has been synthesized in fluoride medium, and presents a superior performance in MTP reaction.
Opposite particle size effects on the adsorption kinetics of ZIF-8 for gaseous and solution adsorbates
Authors: Fan Xinxin , Zhou Junwen , Wang Teng , Zheng Jie , Li Xingguo
Published: June 2015

Opposite particle size effect on the adsorption kinetics for H2and I3−of ZIF-8.
Correction: A 3D porous interconnected NaVPO4F/C network: preparation and performance for Na-ion batteries
Authors: Xu Maowen , Cheng Chuan-Jun , Sun Qiang-Qiang , Bao Shu-Juan , Niu Yu-Bin , He Hong , Li Yutao , Song Jie
Published: June 2015

Correction for ‘A 3D porous interconnected NaVPO4F/C network: preparation and performance for Na-ion batteries’ by Maowen Xu et al., RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 40065–40069.
Nano-TaOxNy particles synthesized from oxy-tantalum phthalocyanine: how to prepare precursors to enhance the oxygen reduction reaction activity after ammonia pyrolysis?
Authors: Chisaka M. , Ishihara A. , Uehara N. , Matsumoto M. , Imai H. , Ota K.
Published: June 2015

Nano-TaOxNy oxygen reduction reaction catalysts with a new active site, slightly oxidized-Ta3N5, were synthesized for use in acidic media.
Fast photo-driven electron spin coherence transfer: the effect of electron-nuclear hyperfine coupling on coherence dephasing
Authors: Krzyaniak Matthew D. , Kobr Lukáš , Rugg Brandon K. , Phelan Brian T. , Margulies Eric A. , Nelson Jordan N. , Young Ryan M. , Wasielewski Michael R.
Published: June 2015

A covalently-linked electron donor–acceptor–acceptor molecule was utilized to study the effect of electron-nuclear hyperfine coupling on the dephasing of the zero quantum coherence in spin correlated radical pairs.
Covalent modification of exfoliated fluorographite with nitrogen functionalities
Authors: Bosch-Navarro Concha , Walker Marc , Wilson Neil R. , Rourke Jonathan P.
Published: June 2015

Chemical functionalization of exfoliated fluorographite with amino groups induces a change in the solubility properties and allows further decoration with gold nanoparticles.
Q‐switching and mode‐locking pulse generation with graphene oxide paper‐based saturable absorber
Authors: Harun Sulaiman Wadi , Sabran Muhamad Burhan Shah , Azooz Salam Mahdi , Zulkifli Ahmad Zarif , Ismail Mohd Afiq , Ahmad Harith
Published: June 2015

Q‐switched and mode‐locked erbium‐doped fibre lasers (EDFLs) are demonstrated by using non‐conductive graphene oxide (GO) paper as a saturable absorber (SA). A stable and self‐starting Q‐switched operation was achieved at 1534.4 nm by using a 0.8 m long erbium‐doped fibre (EDF) as a gain medium. The pulse repetition rate changed from 14.3 to 31.5 kHz, whereas the corresponding pulse width decreased from 32.8 to 13.8 µs as the pump power increased from 22 to 50.5 mW. A narrow spacing dual‐wavelength Q‐switched EDFL could also be realised by including a photonics crystal fibre and a tunable Bragg filter in the setup. It can operate at a maximum repetition rate of 31 kHz, with a pulse duration of 7.04 µs and pulse energy of 2.8 nJ. Another GOSA was used to realise mode‐locked EDFL in a different cavity consisting of a 1.6 m long EDF in conjunction with 1480 nm pumping. The laser generated a soliton pulse train with a repetition rate of 15.62 MHz and pulse width of 870 fs. It is observed that the proposed fibre lasers have a low pulsing threshold pump power as well as a low damage threshold.
Cooling-rate dependence of kinetic and mechanical stabilities of simulated glasses
Authors: Staley Hannah , Flenner Elijah , Szamel Grzegorz
Published: June 2015

Glasses created through vapor deposition on a substrate maintained at a proper temperature possess higher kinetic and mechanical stabilities than glasses created by cooling at a constant rate. Molecular dynamics simulations are being increasingly used to understand why vapor deposition improves glasses’ stability. There are, however, few detailed molecular dynamics studies of the dependence of the properties of glasses cooled at a constant rate on the rate of cooling. Thus, there is no clear benchmark for comparing ultrastable simulated glasses to simulated glasses prepared through cooling at a constant rate. Here, we examine the dependence of the properties of simulated glasses on the cooling rate used in their preparation. We examine the kinetic stability by measuring the time it takes for a glass to transform back to a liquid upon heating and heterogeneous dynamics during heating. We also examine properties of the energy landscape, and we evaluate mechanical stability by calculating the shear modulus of the glass. The methods outlined here can be used to assess kinetic and mechanical stabilities of simulated glasses generated using specialized algorithms and provide a benchmark for those algorithms.
Adaptive resolution simulation of polarizable supramolecular coarse-grained water models
Authors: Zavadlav Julija , Melo Manuel N. , Marrink Siewert J. , Praprotnik Matej
Published: June 2015

Multiscale simulations methods, such as adaptive resolution scheme, are becoming increasingly popular due to their significant computational advantages with respect to conventional atomistic simulations. For these kind of simulations, it is essential to develop accurate multiscale water models that can be used to solvate biophysical systems of interest. Recently, a 4-to-1 mapping was used to couple the bundled-simple point charge water with the MARTINI model. Here, we extend the supramolecular mapping to coarse-grained models with explicit charges. In particular, the two tested models are the polarizable water and big multiple water models associated with the MARTINI force field. As corresponding coarse-grained representations consist of several interaction sites, we couple orientational degrees of freedom of the atomistic and coarse-grained representations via a harmonic energy penalty term. This additional energy term aligns the dipole moments of both representations. We test this coupling by studying the system under applied static external electric field. We show that our approach leads to the correct reproduction of the relevant structural and dynamical properties.
Magnetic-field-induced rotation of light with orbital angular momentum
Authors: Shi Shuai , Ding Dong-Sheng , Zhou Zhi-Yuan , Li Yan , Zhang Wei , Shi Bao-Sen
Published: June 2015

Light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) has attractive applications in the fields of precise optical measurements and high capacity optical communications. We study the rotation of a light beam propagating in warm 87Rb atomic vapor using a method based on magnetic-field-induced circular birefringence. The dependence of the rotation angle on the magnetic field makes it appropriate for weak magnetic field measurements. We quote a detailed theoretical description that agrees well with the experimental observations. The experiment shown here provides a method to measure the magnetic field intensity precisely and expands the application of OAM-carrying light. This technique has advantage in measurement of magnetic field weaker than 0.5 G, and the precision we achieved is 0.8 mG.
Changes in characteristics of soils irrigated with processing wastewater from three New Zealand dairy factories
Authors: Sparling G. P. , Littler R. , Schipper L. A. , Stevenson B. , Sherman L. , Russell J. M.
Published: June 2015

Application to land is the preferred method for the treatment of wastewaters in New Zealand. For land treatment to be effective, it is essential that the soils can accept the volumes of wastewater applied and degrade or store the constituents in the wastewater. We report on 14 soil chemical, biochemical and physical characteristics of soils (0–10 cm depth) used for wastewater treatment at the Fonterra dairy factories at Hautapu, Lichfield and Edgecumbe in the North Island of New Zealand. The soils are under grazed pasture for dairying and receive wastewater by spray irrigation. The soils were monitored approximately every 2 years between 1995 and 2005 and at the end of monitoring had been under irrigation for 10–26 years. Matched, non-irrigated pasture soils on adjacent dairy farms were sampled for comparison.
The wastewater composition from the three factories differed, reflecting the products manufactured. Loadings were greatest at the Hautapu factory, which also had the longest history of irrigation (26 years). At all three sites, the physical characteristics of irrigated soils were very similar to their non-irrigated comparisons. A consistent trend was for microbial mass and activity, and particularly nitrogen (N) turnover, to be markedly greater on the irrigated soils. The C (carbon) : N ratios of irrigated and non-irrigated soils at Lichfield and Edgecumbe were similar, but at Hautapu the C : N ratio of irrigated soil was 8.3 and significantly (P < 0.05) lower than non-irrigated soil (11.1), suggesting little further capacity to store additional N as organic matter. Irrigation tended to increase the soil pH at all sites to above neutral even though the wastewater was acidic. We consider that the characteristics of irrigated soils at Edgecumbe and Lichfield factories are generally satisfactory. Fonterra is continuing to reduce loadings in both composition and volumes of wastewater irrigated.
Fault rheology beyond frictional melting
Authors: Lavallée Yan , Hirose Takehiro , Kendrick Jackie E. , Hess Kai-Uwe , Dingwell Donald B.
Published: June 2015

Significance

During an earthquake, the mechanical work of friction along the fault is partly dissipated as heat, which results in rock melting and pseudotachylyte generation along the fault plane. Beyond this point, it is generally believed that Newtonian viscous forces regulate slip. Molten rocks are, however, viscoelastic bodies exhibiting the so-called glass transition of liquid-like to solid-like response to stresses that allows the melt itself to fracture. This simple fact, the significance of which is demonstrated in high-speed frictional melting experiments, redefines fault slip rheology in major earthquakes.
Virtual groundwater transfers from overexploited aquifers in the United States
Authors: Marston Landon , Konar Megan , Cai Ximing , Troy Tara J.
Published: June 2015

Significance

Irrigated agriculture is contributing to the depletion of the Central Valley, High Plains, and Mississippi Embayment aquifer systems. Agricultural production within these aquifer regions comprises a significant portion of the domestic and international cereal supply; thus, potential food security implications arise if production significantly decreases to bring groundwater withdrawals within sustainable limits. For the first time to our knowledge, this study tracks and quantifies the food and embodied groundwater resources from these aquifer systems to their final destination and determines the major US cities, US states, and countries that are currently most reliant upon them. Tracing virtual groundwater transfers highlights the role of distant demands on local groundwater sustainability and the fact that aquifer depletion must be considered within its global context.
PI3K therapy reprograms mitochondrial trafficking to fuel tumor cell invasion
Authors: Caino M. Cecilia , Ghosh Jagadish C. , Chae Young Chan , Vaira Valentina , Rivadeneira Dayana B. , Faversani Alice , Rampini Paolo , Kossenkov Andrew V. , Aird Katherine M. , Zhang Rugang , Webster Marie R. , Weeraratna Ashani T. , Bosari Silvano , Languino Lucia R. , Altieri Dario C.
Published: June 2015

Significance

Despite the promise of personalized cancer medicine, most molecular therapies produce only modest and short-lived patient gains. In addition to drug resistance, it is also possible that tumors adaptively reprogram their signaling pathways to evade therapy-induced “stress” and, in the process, acquire more aggressive disease traits. We show here that small-molecule inhibitors of PI3K, a cancer node and important therapeutic target, induce transcriptional and signaling reprogramming in tumors. This involves the trafficking of energetically active mitochondria to subcellular sites of cell motility, where they provide a potent, “regional” energy source to support tumor cell invasion. Although this response may paradoxically increase the risk of metastasis during PI3K therapy, targeting mitochondrial reprogramming is feasible, and could provide a novel therapeutic strategy.
Neural activity and CaMKII protect mitochondria from fragmentation in aging
Caenorhabditis elegans
neurons
Authors: Jiang Hao-Ching , Hsu Jiun-Min , Yen Chien-Ping , Chao Chi-Chao , Chen Ruey-Hwa , Pan Chun-Liang
Published: June 2015

Significance

Structural and functional deterioration of neurons underlie the progressive decline in cognitive and behavioral functions associated with aging. In this study, we found that progressive fragmentation of mitochondria is a hallmark of neuronal aging in
Caenorhabditis elegans
. Progression of mitochondrial fragmentation is influenced by lifespan and is specifically regulated by neural activity. Loss of sensory-evoked activity worsened age-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation, whereas increased sensory-evoked activity improved it. We showed that sensory-evoked activity maintained mitochondrial morphology by inhibiting the mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin-related protein 1 through phosphorylation at a conserved amino acid residue. These findings contribute to mechanistic understanding of neuronal aging and identify sensory-evoked activity as a critical regulator of neuronal mitochondria during aging.
Highly compacted biodegradable DNA nanoparticles capable of overcoming the mucus barrier for inhaled lung gene therapy
Authors: Mastorakos Panagiotis , da Silva Adriana L. , Chisholm Jane , Song Eric , Choi Won Kyu , Boyle Michael P. , Morales Marcelo M. , Hanes Justin , Suk Jung Soo
Published: June 2015

Significance

Therapeutically relevant lung gene therapy is yet to be achieved. We introduce a highly translatable gene delivery platform for inhaled gene therapy based on state-of-the-art biodegradable polymers, poly(β-amino esters). The newly designed system is capable of overcoming challenging biological barriers, thereby providing robust transgene expression throughout the entire luminal surface of mouse lungs. Moreover, it provides markedly greater overall transgene expression in vivo compared with gold standard platforms, including a clinically tested system. The clinical relevance is further underscored by the excellent safety profile as well as long-term and consistent transgene expression achieved following a single and repeated administrations, respectively.
Nanoscale β-nuclear magnetic resonance depth imaging of topological insulators
Authors: Koumoulis Dimitrios , Morris Gerald D. , He Liang , Kou Xufeng , King Danny , Wang Dong , Hossain Masrur D. , Wang Kang L. , Fiete Gregory A. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. , Bouchard Louis-S.
Published: June 2015

Significance

The surface states of topological insulators (TIs) and magnetically doped TIs exhibit considerable inhomogeneities at the nanoscale. Methods are needed to probe the degree of heterogeneity as a function of depth in nanoscale layers. We present a method that can directly visualize TIs in a depth-resolved manner and report on their electronic and magnetic properties. For example, in epitaxial thin films we demonstrate an increase in the density of states, a weakening of the ferromagnetic order when approaching the TI edges, as detected by measurements of the electron–nuclear hyperfine interaction, the effective
s–d
exchange integral, and local moment density. Depth profiling is expected to help uncover exotic physics of pure and ferromagnetic TIs and TI heterostructures.
Structural asymmetry in a conserved signaling system that regulates division, replication, and virulence of an intracellular pathogen
Authors: Willett Jonathan W. , Herrou Julien , Briegel Ariane , Rotskoff Grant , Crosson Sean
Published: June 2015

Significance

Brucella abortus
is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that inflicts a significant health burden on both humans and their livestock on a global scale. We demonstrate that an essential regulatory system controls the growth and morphology of
B. abortus
, and that this system is required for survival inside mammalian host cells. Using experimental and computational tools of structural biology, we further define how the protein components of this regulatory pathway interact at the atomic scale. Our results provide evidence for multiple, asymmetric modes of binding between essential pathway proteins that control transcription. The multimodal molecular interactions we observe provide evidence for new layers of allosteric control of this conserved gene regulatory system.
Origin and dynamics of admixture in Brazilians and its effect on the pattern of deleterious mutations
Authors: Kehdy Fernanda S. G. , Gouveia Mateus H. , Machado Moara , Magalhães Wagner C. S. , Horimoto Andrea R. , Horta Bernardo L. , Moreira Rennan G. , Leal Thiago P. , Scliar Marilia O. , Soares-Souza Giordano B. , Rodrigues-Soares Fernanda , Araújo Gilderlanio S. , Zamudio Roxana , Sant Anna Hanaisa P. , Santos Hadassa C. , Duarte Nubia E. , Fiaccone Rosemeire L. , Figueiredo Camila A. , Silva Thiago M. , Costa Gustavo N. O. , Beleza Sandra , Berg Douglas E. , Cabrera Lilia , Debortoli Guilherme , Duarte Denise , Ghirotto Silvia , Gilman Robert H. , Gonçalves Vanessa F. , Marrero Andrea R. , Muniz Yara C. , Weissensteiner Hansi , Yeager Meredith , Rodrigues Laura C. , Barreto Mauricio L. , Lima-Costa M. Fernanda , Pereira Alexandre C. , Rodrigues Maíra R. , Tarazona-Santos Eduardo ,   The Brazilian EPIGEN Project Consortium, Alcantara-Neves Neuza , Araújo Nathalia M. , Carvalho Márcio L.B. , Conceição Jackson Santos , Firmo Josélia O.A. , Gigante Denise P. , Meira Lindolfo , Muniz-Queiroz Thais , Oliveira Guilherme C. , Oliveira Isabel O. , Peixoto Sérgio V. , Proietti Fernando A. , Rodrigues Domingos C. , Santolalla Meddly L. , Strina Agostino , Zolini Camila
Published: June 2015

Significance

The EPIGEN Brazil Project is the largest Latin-American initiative to study the genomic diversity of admixed populations and its effect on phenotypes. We studied 6,487 Brazilians from three population-based cohorts with different geographic and demographic backgrounds. We identified ancestry components of these populations at a previously unmatched geographic resolution. We broadened our understanding of the African diaspora, the principal destination of which was Brazil, by revealing an African ancestry component that likely derives from the slave trade from Bantu/eastern African populations. In the context of the current debate about how the pattern of deleterious mutations varies between Africans and Europeans, we use whole-genome data to show that continental admixture is the main and complex determinant of the amount of deleterious genotypes in admixed individuals.
Structural basis for the activation of the
C. elegans
noncanonical cytoplasmic poly(A)-polymerase GLD-2 by GLD-3
Authors: Nakel Katharina , Bonneau Fabien , Eckmann Christian R. , Conti Elena
Published: June 2015

Significance

The efficient translation of the vast majority of eukaryotic mRNAs requires the presence of a poly(A) tail. Although the poly(A) tail was originally thought of as a stable modification, it is now clear that it is much more dynamic. Poly(A) tails can be shortened by deadenylases, leading to mRNA decay or translational repression. The short poly(A) tails of translationally inactive mRNAs can also be reextended by cytoplasmic noncanonical poly(A) polymerases, activating their translation. This mechanism of translational control is found predominantly in metazoan oocytes and neurons and is mediated by germ-line development defective (GLD)-2. Here, we report the molecular mechanism with which
Caenorhabditis elegans
GLD-2 is activated by GLD-3, a homologue of Bicaudal-C, and identify the unusual substrate specificity of this class of noncanonical poly(A) polymerases.
Small GTP-binding protein Ran is regulated by posttranslational lysine acetylation
Authors: de Boor Susanne , Knyphausen Philipp , Kuhlmann Nora , Wroblowski Sarah , Brenig Julian , Scislowski Lukas , Baldus Linda , Nolte Hendrik , Krüger Marcus , Lammers Michael
Published: June 2015

Significance

The small GTPase Ran plays fundamental roles in cellular processes such as nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, mitotic spindle formation, and nuclear envelope assembly. Recently, Ran was found to be lysine acetylated, among others, in functionally important regions such as switch I and switch II. Using the genetic code expansion concept we show that lysine acetylation affects many important aspects of Ran function such as RCC1-catalyzed nucleotide exchange, intrinsic nucleotide hydrolysis, import/export complex formation, and Ran subcellular localization. Finally, we present evidence for a regulation of Ran acetylation by sirtuin deacetylases and lysine acetyltransferases.
CD300f associates with IL-4 receptor α and amplifies IL-4–induced immune cell responses
Authors: Moshkovits Itay , Karo-Atar Danielle , Itan Michal , Reichman Hadar , Rozenberg Perri , Morgenstern-Ben-Baruch Netali , Shik Dana , Ejarque-Ortiz Aroa , Hershko Alon Y. , Tian Linjie , Coligan John E. , Sayós Joan , Munitz Ariel
Published: June 2015

Significance

IL-4 receptor (R) α is a critical component in IL-4– and IL-13–mediated signaling and subsequent effector functions such as those observed in allergy. Thus, it is a primary therapeutic target in diseases such as atopic dermatitis and asthma. Despite extensive studies, it is unknown whether an additional receptor system exists that may act to amplify IL-4Rα signaling and subsequent IL-4/IL-13–induced responses. We now report that CD300f is physically associated with IL-4Rα and potently amplifies IL-4Rα–induced responses in vitro and in vivo. Our results establish CD300f as a previously unidentified IL-4Rα coreceptor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an additional receptor that serves to amplify the IL-4 signaling pathway.
Discovering the first tyrosine kinase
Authors: Hunter Tony
Published: June 2015

In the middle of the 20th century, animal tumor viruses were heralded as possible models for understanding human cancer. By the mid-1970s, the molecular basis by which tumor viruses transform cells into a malignant state was beginning to emerge as the first viral genomic sequences were reported and the proteins encoded by their transforming genes were identified and characterized. This was a time of great excitement and rapid progress. In 1978, prompted by the discovery from Ray Erikson’s group that the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) v-Src–transforming protein had an associated protein kinase activity specific for threonine, my group at the Salk Institute set out to determine whether the polyomavirus middle T-transforming protein had a similar kinase activity. Here, I describe the experiments that led to the identification of a kinase activity associated with middle T antigen and our serendipitous discovery that this activity was specific for tyrosine in vitro, and how this in turn led to the fortuitous observation that the v-Src–associated kinase activity was also specific for tyrosine. Our finding that v-Src increased the level of phosphotyrosine in cellular proteins in RSV-transformed cells confirmed that v-Src is a tyrosine kinase and transforms cells by phosphorylating proteins on tyrosine. My colleague Bart Sefton and I reported these findings in the March issue of PNAS in 1980. Remarkably, all of the experiments in this paper were accomplished in less than one month.
Interventional Radiology Cases
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley P. , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

In 104 cases featuring over 500, high-quality images, Interventional Radiology Cases is a thorough and accessible review of the interventional procedures that radiology residents are expected to be familiar with upon completion of residency and general radiologists need to know for recertification examinations. The cases present both benign and malignant conditions and all pertinent imaging modalities incorporated including: CT, MR, PET, fluoroscopy, and ultrasound. Part of the Cases in Radiology series, this online resource follows the easy-to-use format of question and answer in which the patient history is provided first, and radiologic findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, next steps in management, and suggestions for furthering reading are revealed below.
Case 8
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

This is a case from the Biopsy section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 11
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

This is a case from the Biopsy section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 23
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

This is a case from the Ablation section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 53
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B. , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

This is a case from the Gastrointestinal/Biliary Intervention section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 54
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B. , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

This is a case from the Gastrointestinal/Biliary Intervention section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 60
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B. , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

This is a case from the Gastrointestinal/Biliary Intervention section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 69
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

This is a case from the Venous Intervention section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 72
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

This is a case from the Venous Intervention section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 78
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

This is a case from the Arterial Intervention section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 84
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

This is a case from the Arterial Intervention section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 85
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

This is a case from the Arterial Intervention section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Case 88
Authors: Covey Anne M. , Pua Bradley B , Aguado Allison , Madoff David C.
Published: June 2015

This is a case from the Arterial Intervention section of Interventional Radiology Cases. The specific content of each case and its diagnosis are necessarily hidden from this abstract. Each case contains case history, followed immediately by the diagnosis, which is supported with findings, differential diagnosis, teaching points, management, and further reading suggestions.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for the twenty-first century
Authors: Galloway Robert , Chamberlain Douglas
Published: June 2015

The chapter provides a realistic and relevant overview of the challenges facing the emergency physician dealing with cardiac arrest. It highlights the changing emphases now placed both in the pre-hospital and immediate resuscitation room settings and outlines the most recent key changes to the ALS algorithm.

It examines the evidence base for three clinical questions discussing the need for high-quality chest compressions and the mechanical methods in which these can be delivered. It discusses the role of therapeutic hypothermia in all cases of cardiac arrest and finally the strategies for maximizing care after the return of spontaneous circulation as well as discussing the leadership skills required and certain practical techniques such as bedside echocardiography.
Procedural sedation in the emergency department
Authors: Parker Sophie , Harris Tim
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides an overview of the challenges facing the emergency physician dealing with procedural sedation in the emergency department. It describes an overview of the range of potential sedation agents and the spectrum and depth of potential responses and side effects associated with these agents.

It examines the evidence base for three key clinical questions: a discussion of the need to consider fasting a patient in the emergency department, the role of sedation checklists and the use of end-tidal CO2 monitoring during sedation, and an examination of the safety profile of emergency department physicians using propofol as a sedation agent in the emergency department.
Self-harm
Authors: Cantle Fleur , Cross Sean
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides a discussion of the challenges facing the emergency physician dealing with a patient presenting with deliberate self-harm. It describes an overview of the methods of stratifying a patient’s capacity, risk, and the options for intervention as well as discussing the attitudes of the emergency departemnt staff base towards these service users.

It examines the evidence base for three key clinical questions: examining the methods available for risk assessment; questioning whether a patient who has acutely self-harmed should be allowed to self-discharge from emergency department care; and an analysis of whether emergency department interventions can prevent further episodes occurring.
Right lower quadrant abdominal pain in women: gynaecology or surgery?
Authors: Adenugba Olumayowa , Glucksman Ed , Bew Duncan
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides a discussion of the challenges facing the emergency physician when dealing with a female patient presenting with right sided abdominal pain. The chapter discusses the challenges associated with clinically differentiating between a surgical cause and a gynaecological cause. The Alvarado scoring system is discussed as an aid to risk stratify patients who may have acute appendicitis

It examines the evidence base for three key clinical questions:the clinical features which can help differentiate appendicitis from other pathology; the role of CRP and white cell count in ruling in or excluding appendicitis; and what imaging modality is the most accurate in the diagnostic work-up of women with right-sided abdominal pain. Particular attention is given to the diagnosis and work-up of appendicitis in the pregnant patient
‘Cocaine chest pain’
Authors: Wilson Gavin , Hinchley Geoff
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides a discussion of the increasingly common challenge facing the emergency physician dealing with a patient presenting with cocaine-induced chest pain. It examines the clinical presentations, the ECG changes, and the immediate treatment strategies available in the emergency department. It outlines the key similarities and differences in the management of cocaine and no- drug-induced chest pains.

It examines the evidence base for three key clinical questions: examining the best initial treatment modality comparing GTN and benzodiazepines; considering the role of beta blockers in the treatment strategy; and discussing if whether all self-limiting drug-induced chest pain requires admission and follow-up.
Croup
Authors: Thenabadu Sam , Hanna Sara
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides a discussion of the challenges facing the emergency physician dealing with a child presenting with stridor and likely croup. It examines the approach to stratifying severity of illness, the differential diagnoses of stridor, as well as an overview of treatment options for acute treatment and discharge advice.

It examines the evidence base for three key clinical questions:the use of steam therapy as a pre-hospital recommendation; consideration of whether steroids are required for all cases including those rated mild croup; and an analysis of whether dexamathesone is superior to nebulised budesonide.
Epidemiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: scope of the problem and its determinants
Authors: O’Flaherty Martin , Sans-Menendez Susanna , Capewell Simon , Jørgensen Torben
Published: June 2015

The epidemic of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the twentieth century prompted many population-based surveys. Now, a huge number of epidemiological studies provide a clear picture of the risk for CVD. Approximately 80% of CVD can be explained by smoking, high blood pressure, and deterioration of lipid and glucose metabolism, the two latter mediated through an unhealthy diet (high intake of salt, saturated fat, and refined sugar) and physical inactivity. A causal web for CVD shows that the influence is seen throughout the life course, and that ‘upstream‘ factors like socioeconomic status, health policies, and industrial influences all have a powerful impact on the more downstream parameters like lifestyle and biomarkers. This emphasizes that population-level interventions represent the most effective options for future strategies for the prevention of CVD.
From risk factors to plaque development and plaque destabilization
Authors: Landmesser Ulf , Koenig Wolfgang
Published: June 2015

This chapter begins with a discussion of recent vascular research that has unveiled the complex interaction between exposure to risk factors and pathological changes at the vessel wall. Risk factors such as smoking or hyperlipidaemia first cause a pre-morbid phenotype with reversible dysfunction of flow-mediated vasodilation, known as endothelial dysfunction (ED). If exposure to risk factor(s) does not cease, ED develops into the first morphological vascular changes that finally lead to atherosclerosis. Cholesterol crystals have been shown to lead to pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages. Progression from stable coronary plaques to the plaque rupture that underlies the acute coronary syndrome is discussed in detail. The chapter provides a basic up-to-date concept of the development and progression of atherosclerosis and highlights the stages where preventive measures may still be effective.
Physical activity and inactivity
Authors: Gielen Stephan , Mezzani Alessandro , Pontremoli Paola , Binno Simone , Villani Giovanni Q. , Piepoli Massimo F. , Niebauer Josef , Forman Daniel
Published: June 2015

In this chapter the current evidence for regular aerobic exercise in primary prevention is discussed and recommendations for exercise interventions in the general population are given. Regular physical exercise is an established therapeutic strategy in a number of cardiovascular diseases and with stable chronic heart failure. In these disease entities moderate-intensity aerobic endurance training is the basis of most training programmes. However, high-intensity interval training is more effective in improving cardiovascular exercise capacity without any measurable additional risks. Resistance training can be used as an optional training component in patients with pronounced loss of lean muscle. In recent years new areas for application of exercise-based intervention have been explored: training interventions proved to be safe and effective in pulmonary hypertension, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and compensated subcritical valvular heart disease. However, in contrast to training in coronary artery disease and heart failure, the prognostic benefit is not yet established.
Lipids
Authors: Reiner Željko , Wiklund Olov , Betteridge John
Published: June 2015

Dyslipidaemia, particularly elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Low concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are independently associated with high CVD risk, while moderately elevated triglycerides are considered to be a marker of increased CVD risk. The presence of dyslipidaemias secondary to other conditions must be excluded before beginning treatment. All patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia are at high risk and should be treated by lipid-lowering therapy. Lifestyle changes are the backbone of treatment for dyslipidaemia. Statins are recommended as the first-line drugs for hypercholesterolaemia while fibrates are used primarily to decrease elevated triglycerides. If the treatment targets cannot be reached by monotherapy with lipid-lowering drugs, combination treatment may be needed.
Glucose intolerance and diabetes
Authors: Jarnert Christina , Mellbin Linda , Rydén Lars , Tuomilehto Jaakko
Published: June 2015

Diabetes dramatically increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Diabetes is defined by elevated glucose in blood circulation. The level of glycaemia has a graded relation with CVD risk and diabetes is very frequent in people with CVD. In the general population half of the people with type 2 diabetes are undiagnosed, yet efficient methods for population screening exist. Despite considerable improvements in the management of CVD, patients with disturbed glucose metabolism have not benefited to the same extent as those without diabetes. Primary and secondary prevention of CVD in people with diabetes and other disturbances in glucose metabolism must be multifactorial and treatment targets stricter than for patients without glucose aberrations. Increased collaboration between different therapeutic disciplines including diabetologists, cardiologists, general practitioners, and dieticians is key to improved management for this large and high-risk population. Some important aspects of these issues are presented in this chapter.
Cardioprotective drugs
Authors: Sutter Johan De , Mendes Miguel , Franco Oscar H.
Published: June 2015

Cardioprotective drugs are important in the treatment of patients at risk for or with documented cardiovascular disease. Beta-blockers are indicated after acute coronary syndromes, stable coronary artery disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are important in congestive heart failure, stable angina, post-acute myocardial infarction, and secondary prevention after any event or revascularization. Angiotensin receptor blockers are mainly alternative drugs for the same indications in case of intolerance to ACEi. Calcium channel blockers are first line medication for patients with isolated systolic hypertension, black people, and during pregnancy, in the presence of intermittent claudication, asymptomatic atherosclerosis, or metabolic syndrome. A polypill is a combination pill in which multiple medications effective in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (for example statins, antihypertensives, and aspirin) are put together in a single pill.
Acute care, immediate secondary prevention, and referral
Authors: Corrà Ugo , Rauch Bernhard
Published: June 2015

Preventive cardiology (PC), as performed in various cardiac rehabilitation (CR) settings, is effective in reducing recurrent cardiovascular events after both acute coronary syndromes or myocardial revascularization. However, the need for newly structured PC programmes and processes to provide a continuum of care and surveillance from the acute to post-acute phases is evident. Phase I CR serves as a bridge between acute therapeutic interventions and phase II CR. After clinical stabilization, phase I CR ideally provides a multifaceted and multidisciplinary intervention, including post-acute clinical evaluation and risk assessment, general counselling, supportive counselling, early mobilization, discharge planning, and referral to phase II CR. All these are important and contribute to achieving the preventive target. All the interventions within phase I CR should be supervised and provided in a comprehensive manner involving several healthcare professionals. For explanatory purposes this chapter analyses and describes these components separately.
Evaluation of preventive cardiology
Authors: Kotseva Kornelia , Oldridge Neil , Piepoli Massimo F.
Published: June 2015

The Joint European Societies guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention define lifestyle and risk factor targets for patients with coronary or other atherosclerotic disease and people at high risk of developing CVD. However, several surveys in Europe and the United States showed inadequate lifestyle and risk factor management and under-use of prophylactic drug therapies in primary and secondary CVD prevention. Various professional associations have developed core components, standards, and outcome measures to evaluate quality of care and provide guidelines for identifying opportunities for improvements. Optimal control of cardiovascular risk factors is one of the most effective methods for reducing vascular events in patients with atherosclerotic disease or high cardiovascular risk. Improving treatment adherence is also very important. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is considered as an outcome measure in research studies and in clinical practice. HRQL measures can help in improving patient-clinician communication, screening, monitoring, and continuous assessment of quality of care.
Eye-Head Movements
Authors: Leigh R. John , Zee David S.
Published: June 2015

This chapter reviews the relationship between ocular motor and
cephalomotor systems, summarizing mechanical properties of head and
neck tissues, head stability, and the roles of the cervico-ocular
reflex (COR), vestibulo-collic reflex (VCR), and cervico-collic
reflex. Visual consequences of head translation, and motion parallax,
are discussed. Behavioral properties of eye-head saccades and smooth
eye-head tracking are summarized along with their interactions with
the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The neural substrate for rapid and
smooth eye-head movements is discussed including the nucleus
reticularis gigantocellularis, superior colliculus, cerebellar vermis
and fastigial nucleus. Mathematical models for eye-head behavior are
presented. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of eye-head movements
are outlined, with geometric corrections required during measurement
of eye and head movements. Discussion of the pathophysiology of
abnormal eye-head movements includes vestibular hypofunction,
progressive supranuclear palsy, spasmodic torticollis (cervical
dystonia), spasmus nutans, epilepsy, ocular motor apraxia, and
abnormal smooth eye-head tracking in parkinsonian syndromes and
cerebellar disorders.
Palatial twistor theory and the twistor googly problem
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: June 2015

A key obstruction to the twistor programme has been its so-called ‘googly problem’, unresolved for nearly 40 years, which asks for a twistor description ofright-handed interacting massless fields (positive helicity), using the same twistor conventions that give rise toleft-handed fields (negative helicity) in the standard ‘nonlinear graviton’ and Ward constructions. An explicit proposal for resolving this obstruction—palatial twistor theory—is put forward (illustrated in the case of gravitation). This incorporates the concept of a non-commutative holomorphicquantizedtwistor ‘Heisenberg algebra’, extending the sheaves of holomorphic functions of conventional twistor theory to include the operators of twistor differentiation.
Quantum mechanics, gravity and modified quantization relations
Authors: Calmet Xavier
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we investigate a possible energy scale dependence of the quantization rules and, in particular, from a phenomenological point of view, an energy scale dependence of an effective

(reduced Planck’s constant). We set a bound on the deviation of the value of

at the muon scale from its usual value using measurements of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. Assuming that inflation has taken place, we can conclude that nature is described by a quantum theory at least up to an energy scale of about 10
16
 GeV.