bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Joint inversion of strain and tilt data using the Akaike’s Bayesian information criterion to map detailed slip distributions of short-term slow slip events
Authors: Tsuyuki Takahiro , Kobayashi Akio , Kai Reiko , Kimura Takeshi , Itaba Satoshi
Published: September 2021

Along the Nankai Trough subduction zone, southwest Japan, short-term slow slip events (SSEs) are commonly detected in strain and tilt records. These observational data have been used in rectangular fault models with uniform slip to analyze SSEs; however, the assumption of uniform slip precludes the possibility of mapping the slip distribution in detail. We report here an inversion method, based on the joint use of strain and tilt data and evaluated in terms of the Akaike’s Bayesian information criterion (ABIC), to estimate the slip distributions of short-term SSEs on the plate interface. Tests of this method yield slip distributions with smaller errors than are possible with the use of strain or tilt data alone. This method provides detailed spatial slip distributions of short-term SSEs including probability estimates, enabling improved monitoring of their locations and amounts of slip.
A three-dimensional atmospheric dispersion model for Mars
Authors: Viúdez-Moreiras D.
Published: September 2021

Atmospheric local-to-regional dispersion models are widely used on Earth to predict and study the effects of chemical species emitted into the atmosphere and to contextualize sparse data acquired at particular locations and/or times. However, to date, no local-to-regional dispersion models for Mars have been developed; only mesoscale/microscale meteorological models have some dispersion and chemical capabilities, but they do not offer the versatility of a dedicated atmospheric dispersion model when studying the dispersion of chemical species in the atmosphere, as it is performed on Earth. Here, a new three-dimensional local-to-regional-scale Eulerian atmospheric dispersion model for Mars (DISVERMAR) that can simulate emissions to the Martian atmosphere from particular locations or regions including chemical loss and predefined deposition rates, is presented. The model can deal with topography and non-uniform grids. As a case study, the model is applied to the simulation of methane spikes as detected by NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory (MSL); this choice is made given the strong interest in and controversy regarding the detection and variability of this chemical species on Mars.
Impacts of acquisition and reconstruction parameters on the absolute technetium quantification of the cadmium–zinc–telluride-based SPECT/CT system: a phantom study
Authors: Zhang Ruyi , Wang Miao , Zhou Yaqian , Wang Shen , Shen Yiming , Li Ning , Wang Peng , Tan Jian , Meng Zhaowei , Jia Qiang
Published: September 2021

Background

The digital cadmium–zinc–telluride (CZT)-based SPECT system has many advantages, including better spatial and energy resolution. However, the impacts of different acquisition and reconstruction parameters on CZT SPECT quantification might still need to be validated. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of acquisition parameters (the main energy window and acquisition time per frame) and reconstruction parameters (the number of iterations, subsets in iterative reconstruction, post-filter, and image correction methods) on the technetium quantification of CZT SPECT/CT.

Methods

A phantom (PET NEMA/IEC image quality, USA) was filled with four target-to-background (T/B) ratios (32:1, 16:1, 8:1, and 4:1) of technetium. Mean uptake values (the calculated mean concentrations for spheres) were measured to evaluate the recovery coefficient (RC) changes under different acquisition and reconstruction parameters. The corresponding standard deviations of mean uptake values were also measured to evaluate the quantification error. Image quality was evaluated using the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU 2–2012 standard.

Results

For all T/B ratios, significant correlations were found between iterations and RCs (r = 0.62–0.96 for 1–35 iterations, r = 0.94–0.99 for 35–90 iterations) as well as between the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Gaussian filter and RCs (r = − 0.86 to − 1.00, all P values < 0.05). The regression coefficients of 1–35 iterations were higher than those of 35–90 iterations (0.51–1.60 vs. 0.02–0.19). RCs calculated with AC (attenuation correction) + SC (scatter correction) + RR (resolution recovery correction) combination were more accurate (53.82–106.70%) than those calculated with other combinations (all P values < 0.05). No significant statistical differences (all P values > 0.05) were found between the 15% and 20% energy windows except for the 32:1 T/B ratio (P value = 0.023) or between the 10 s/frame and 120 s/frame acquisition times except for the 4:1 T/B ratio (P value = 0.015) in terms of RCs.

Conclusions

CZT-SPECT/CT of technetium resulted in good quantification accuracy. The favourable acquisition parameters might be a 15% energy window and 40 s/frame of acquisition time. The favourable reconstruction parameters might be 35 iterations, 20 subsets, the AC + SC + RR correction combination, and no filter.
Heart rate and cardiac autonomic responses to concomitant deep breathing, hand grip exercise, and circulatory occlusion in healthy young adult men and women
Authors: Andrade David C. , Melipillan Claudia , Toledo Camilo , Rios-Gallardo Angélica , Marcus Noah J. , Ortiz Fernando C. , Martinez Gonzalo , Muñoz Venturelli Paula , Del Rio Rodrigo
Published: September 2021

Background

Deep breathing (DB) and handgrip (HG) exercise -with and without circulatory occlusion (OC) in muscle-, have been shown to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular function; however, the combination of these maneuvers on heart rate (HR) and cardiac sympathovagal balance have not been previously investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of simultaneous DB, HG, and OC maneuvers on the sympathovagal balance in healthy women and men subjects.

Methods and results

Electrocardiogram and ventilation were measured in 20 healthy subjects (Women: n = 10; age = 27 ± 4 years; weight = 67.1 ± 8.4 kg; and height = 1.6 ± 0.1 m. Men: n = 10; age = 27 ± 3 years; weight = 77.5 ± 10.1 kg; and height = 1.7 ± 0.1 m) at baseline and during DB, DB + HG, or DB + HG + OC protocols. Heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate were continuously recorded, and spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) were calculated to indirectly estimate cardiac autonomic function. Men and women showed similar HR responses to DB, DB + HG and DB + HG + OC. Men exhibited a significant HR decrease following DB + HG + OC protocol which was accompanied by an improvement in cardiac autonomic control evidenced by spectral changes in HRV towards parasympathetic predominance (HRV High frequency: 83.95 ± 1.45 vs. 81.87 ± 1.50 n.u., DB + HG + OC vs. baseline; p < 0.05). In women, there was a marked decrease in HR after completion of both DB + HG and DB + HG + OC tests which was accompanied by a significant increase in cardiac vagal tone (HRV High frequency: 85.29 ± 1.19 vs. 77.93 ± 0.92 n.u., DB + HG vs. baseline; p < 0.05). No adverse effects or discomfort were reported by men or women during experimental procedures. Independent of sex, combination of DB, HG, and OC was tolerable and resulted in decreases in resting HR and elevations in cardiac parasympathetic tone.

Conclusions

These data indicate that combined DB, HG and OC are effective in altering cardiac sympathovagal balance and reducing resting HR in healthy men and women.
Oral microbiota in the oral-genitourinary axis: identifying periodontitis as a potential risk of genitourinary cancers
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Fang Cheng , Leng Wei-Dong , Wu Lan , Li Bing-Hui , Wang Xing-Huan , Hu Hailiang , Zeng Xian-Tao
Published: September 2021

Periodontitis has been proposed as a novel risk factor of genitourinary cancers: although periodontitis and genitourinary cancers are two totally distinct types of disorders, epidemiological and clinical studies, have established associations between them. Dysbiosis of oral microbiota has already been established as a major factor contributing to periodontitis. Recent emerging epidemiological evidence and the detection of oral microbiota in genitourinary organs indicate the presence of an oral-genitourinary axis and oral microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of genitourinary cancers. Therefore, oral microbiota provides the bridge between periodontitis and genitourinary cancers. We have carried out this narrative review which summarizes epidemiological studies exploring the association between periodontitis and genitourinary cancers. We have also highlighted the current evidence demonstrating the capacity of oral microbiota to regulate almost all hallmarks of cancer, and proposed the potential mechanisms of oral microbiota in the development of genitourinary cancers.
Food security and COVID-19 in Afghanistan: a two-sided battlefront
Authors: Ahmadi Attaullah , Gandour Georges , Ghaffari Hujjatullah , Sati Heba , Mrad Anthony Abou , Semaan Serena , Elhadi Yasir Ahmed Mohammed , Mousavi Sayed Hamid , Arif Shamim , Madadi Shekiba , Lucero-Prisno Don Eliseo
Published: September 2021

Food security is a major element for the sustainability, stability and development of a country. However, despite fundamental efforts in fighting poverty, Afghanistan continues to struggle with food insecurity with a large proportion of its population living below the poverty line. With extreme climates, protracted conflict, and now COVID-19, food insecurity has become rampant and is on the rise in the country. Efforts have been reinforced to mitigate this issue, but a spate of obstacles which seems not to come to an end, has contributed to the deterioration of the situation. With the collaboration and efforts of international organizations, there remains a glimmer of hope to potentially reduce the gravity of the food insecurity in the country. This paper aims to highlight the efforts of Afghanistan in alleviating food insecurity with a focus on the impact of COVID-19 on this issue. It also presents recommendations that may help ameliorate the country’s food security status during and after the pandemic.
Measurement properties of brief neuropathy screening items in cancer patients receiving taxanes, platinums, or proteasome inhibitors
Authors: Knoerl Robert , Mazzola Emanuele , Mitchell Sandra A. , Hong Fangxin , Salehi Elahe , McCleary Nadine , Ligibel Jennifer A. , Reyes Kaitlen , Berry Donna L.
Published: September 2021

Background

Timely detection of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is critical to effectively tailor chemotherapy dose levels and offer supportive care. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine the reliability and validity of the two Patient-Reported Outcomes Version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE™) numbness and tingling severity and interference items to screen for CIPN in patients receiving taxanes, platinums, or proteasome inhibitors.

Methods

Participants (N = 142) completed the two PRO-CTCAE items, a 0–10 numerical rating scale of worst CIPN pain intensity, and the Quality of Life Questionnaire–CIPN20 (QLQ-CIPN20) prior to three clinical visits (T1, T2, T3) during neurotoxic chemotherapy. Participants completed the two PRO-CTCAE items again following the T3 clinical visit (T4). In addition, study staff administered the modified Total Neuropathy Score–Clinical Version (TNSc©) at T3. We examined floor (i.e., no CIPN severity or interference) and ceiling effects, test–retest reliability, concurrent validity, longitudinal validity, construct validity of the response categories, and sensitivity and specificity of the two PRO-CTCAE items.

Results

At T3, 29% of participants had PRO-CTCAE severity scores at the floor; 60.1% of participants reported interference item scores at the floor. Agreements between scores reported at T3 and T4 for PRO-CTCAE severity (ICC = 0.79) and interference (ICC = 0.73) were moderate to strong. The PRO-CTCAE severity and interference items correlated moderately-strongly with QLQ-CIPN20 sensory (Spearman’s ρ-range = 0.53–0.72) and motor (Spearman’s ρ-range = 0.50–0.58) subscale scores. The Cohen’s d from T1 to T3 for the PRO-CTCAE items were small (severity: d = 0.32, interference: d = 0.40) and comparable to the effect sizes for change observed with the QLQ-CIPN20. The PRO-CTCAE severity (0–3) and interference (0–2) response categories distinguished respondents with significantly different levels of QLQ-CIPN20 sensory and motor subscale scores (p < 0.001 via Jonckheere-Terpstra tests). The sensitivity and specificity of the PRO-CTCAE severity item (cutoff > 0) to detect probable sensory peripheral neuropathy were 95.83% and 65.22%, while the sensitivity and specificity of the PRO-CTCAE™ interference item (cutoff > 0) were 51.39% and 73.91%.

Conclusion

Preliminary evidence supports the reliability and validity of the PRO-CTCAE numbness and tingling items for CIPN screening, although there may be floor effects and limitations in the capacity of the PRO-CTCAE items to identify the full range of CIPN sensory and motor features beyond numbness and tingling.

Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.Gov, NCT03514680. Registered 21 April 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03514680
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial gastropods in Skikda region (North-East Algeria): correlation with soil physicochemical factors
Authors: Zaidi Nedjoua , Douafer Louiza , Hamdani Amel
Published: September 2021

Background

The inventory process is the first method to protect and safeguard animal biodiversity. This study carries out a quantitative and qualitative inventory of terrestrial gastropods at three sites in Skikda province (north-eastern Algeria). The relationship between terrestrial gastropod diversity and soil physicochemical factors was investigated using statistical analyses.

Results

The inventory data reveals the presence of four families and eight species showing varied predominance rates of Cornu aspersum species according to each site in the city of Skikda (Azzaba 53.88%; Ben-Azzouz 56.12%; El-Hadaiek 37.92%). The maximal specific richness was registered in the El-Hadaiek site (seven species), and the highest mean richness was noted in the Ben-Azzouz site (392 individuals). Of the eight gastropod species identified, three species (Cornu aspersum, Cantareus apertus and Rumina decollate) were classified as constant species. The Shannon–Weaver diversity and equitability indices vary by site.

Conclusion

The presence of certain species in one site and their absence in other sites, as well as the variation in ecological indices, could be attributed to the effect of soil-physicochemical factors.
Enhanced sensory conduction in primary fibromyalgia: a case–control pilot study
Authors: Thabit Mohamed N. , Abdelmomen Mostafa , Aboelfadl Esam , Hadad Saber
Published: September 2021

Background

This study aimed to test the changes in the conduction properties of peripheral nerves in patients with primary fibromyalgia (FM). Thirty patients with FM and sixteen healthy controls participated in this study. Visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain severity, pain duration, Widespread Pain Index (WPI), Symptom Severity (SS) scale, Hamilton depression rating scale, Taylor’s manifest anxiety scale, and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) were used for measurement of psychiatric comorbidities and quality of life for each patient. Routine motor and sensory nerve conduction studies of both median, ulnar, common peroneal, posterior tibial, and sural nerves were measured for all study participants.

Results

We found statistically significant increase in Sensory Conduction Velocity (SCV), Sensory Nerve Action Potential (SNAP) amplitude, and decrease in Sensory Latency (SL) in patients with FM compared to controls. There were no significant changes in motor nerve conduction between patients and controls. Regression analysis showed a significant relation between WPI and both SCV and SL especially in nerves of upper limbs. However, no significant relation between SCV and SL and other presumed predictors including VAS for pain severity, pain duration, SS scale, FIQR, and psychiatric comorbidities. Patients with FM suffered more depression and anxiety than controls.

Conclusions

We found enhanced conductivity of the sensory rather than the motor nerves in patients with FM. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe these sensory changes which may add further evidence of peripheral sensitization in patients with FM.
Iron replacement therapy in heart failure: a literature review
Authors: Ismahel Hassan , Ismahel Nadeen
Published: September 2021

Background

Heart failure (HF) is a major global challenge, emphasised by its designation as the leading cause of hospitalisation in those aged 65 and above. Approximately half of all patients with HF have concurrent iron deficiency (ID) regardless of anaemia status. In HF, iron deficiency is independently associated with higher rates of hospitalisation and death, lower exercise capacity, and poorer quality-of-life than in patients without iron deficiency. With such consequences, several studies have investigated whether correcting ID can improve HF outcomes.

Main body.

As of 1st June 2021, seven randomised controlled trials have explored the use of intravenous (IV) iron in patients with HF and ID, along with various meta-analyses including an individual patient data meta-analysis, all of which are discussed in this review. IV iron was well tolerated, with a comparable frequency of adverse events to placebo. In the context of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), IV iron reduces the risk of hospitalisation for HF, and improves New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, quality-of-life, and exercise capacity (as measured by 6-min walk test (6MWT)) distance and peak oxygen consumption. However, the effect of IV iron on mortality is uncertain. Finally, the evidence for IV iron in patients with acute decompensated heart failure, or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is limited.

Conclusions

IV iron improves some outcomes in patients with HFrEF and ID. Patients with HFrEF should be screened for ID, defined as ferritin < 100 µg/L, or ferritin 100–299 µg/L if transferrin saturation < 20%. If ID is found, IV iron should be considered, although causes of ID other than HF must not be overlooked.
Good soil management can reduce dietary zinc deficiency in Zimbabwe
Authors: Manzeke-Kangara Muneta G. , Joy Edward J. M. , Mtambanengwe Florence , Chopera Prosper , Watts Michael J. , Broadley Martin R. , Mapfumo Paul
Published: September 2021

Background

Dietary zinc (Zn) deficiency is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with adverse impacts on human health. Agronomic biofortification with Zn fertilizers and improved soil fertility management, using mineral and organic nutrient resources, has previously been shown to increase Zn concentration of staple grain crops, including maize. Here, we show the potential of different soil fertility management options on maize crops to reduce dietary Zn deficiency in Zimbabwe using secondary data from a set of surveys and field experiments.

Methods

An ex-ante approach was used, informed by published evidence from studies in three contrasting smallholder production systems in Zimbabwe. To estimate current Zn deficiency in Zimbabwe, data on dietary Zn supply from non-maize sources from the Global Expanded Nutrient Supply (GENuS) data set were linked to maize grain Zn composition observed under typical current soil fertility management scenarios.

Results

A baseline dietary Zn deficiency prevalence of 68% was estimated from a reference maize grain Zn composition value of 16.6 mg kg−1 and an estimated dietary Zn intake of 9.3 mg capita−1 day−1 from all food sources. The potential health benefits of reducing Zn deficiency using different soil fertility management scenarios were quantified within a Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) framework. A scenario using optimal mineral NPK fertilizers and locally available organic nutrient resources (i.e. cattle manure and woodland leaf litter), but without additional soil Zn fertilizer applications, is estimated to increase maize grain Zn concentration to 19.3 mg kg−1. This would reduce the estimated prevalence of dietary Zn deficiency to 55%, potentially saving 2238 DALYs year−1. Universal adoption of optimal fertilizers, to include soil Zn applications and locally available organic leaf litter, is estimated to increase maize grain Zn concentration to 32.4 mg kg−1 and reduce dietary Zn deficiency to 16.7%, potentially saving 9119 DALYs year−1. Potential monetized yield gains from adopting improved soil fertility management range from 49- to 158-fold larger than the potential reduction in DALYs, if the latter are monetized using standard methods.

Conclusion

Farmers should be incentivized to adopt improved soil fertility management to improve both crop yield and quality.
Lithology and sedimentary heterogeneity of Longmaxi shale in the southern Sichuan Basin
Authors: Pu Boling , Dong Dazhong , Ning Xinjun , Wang Shufang , Wang Yuman , Feng Shaoke
Published: September 2021

Producers have always been eager to know the reasons for the difference in the production of different shale gas wells. The Southern Sichuan Basin in China is one of the main production zones of Longmaxi shale gas, whereas the shale gas production is quite different in different shale gas wells. The Longmaxi Formation was deposited in a deepwater shelf that had poor circulation with the open ocean, and it is composed of a variety of facies that are dominated by fine-grained (clay to silt size) particles with varied organic matter distribution, causing heterogeneity of the shale gas concentration. According to the different mother debris and sedimentary environment, we recognized three general sedimentary subfacies and seven lithofacies on the basis of mineralogy, sedimentary texture and structures, biota, and the logging response: (1) There are graptolite-rich shale facies, siliceous shale facies, calcareous shale facies, and a small amount of argillaceous limestone facies in the deepwater shelf of the Weiyuan area and graptolite-rich shale facies and carbonaceous shale facies in the Changning area; (2) there are argillaceous shale facies and argillaceous limestone facies in the semi-deepwater continental shelf of the Weiyuan area and silty shale facies in the Changning area; and (3) argillaceous shale facies mainly developed in the shallow muddy continental shelf of the Weiyuan area, whereas silty shale facies mainly developed in the shallow shelf of the Changning area. Judging from the biostratigraphy of graptolite, the sedimentary environment was different in different stages.
Όψεις και απόψεις για τη νεότερη και σύγχρονη Ιστορία στο εικονογραφημένο παιδικό βιβλίο γνώσεων.
Authors: Αγγελάκη Ρόζη Τριανταφυλλιά
Published: September 2021

Η νεότερη και σύγχρονη Ιστορία της Ελλάδος βρίθει από αναπροσαρμογές αναφορικά με τη συγκρότηση της εθνικής μας ταυτότητας και το «ενθυμείσθαι». Οι αναπροσαρμογές αυτές ερμηνεύονται πολλαπλά και μας υπενθυμίζουν, πέρα από την αφηγηματική γλώσσα της Ιστορίας, την καταλυτική δράση του χρόνου ως προς τη μεταβολή της ατομικής και, κατ’ επέκταση, της συλλογικής μνήμης, καθώς επίσης την προσπάθεια οικοδόμησής της με στοιχεία από διάφορες ιδεολογίες. Εξετάζοντας την πολιτισμική πορεία μας, διαπιστώνουμε πως η στροφή στη νεωτερικότητα διαφοροποίησε την εικόνα των οικονομικο-κοινωνικών, στρατιωτικο-πολιτικών και θρησκευτικών γεγονότων που διαμορφώθηκαν πριν από την Επανάσταση του 1821 και κατά τη διάρκειά της και εντοπίζουμε ολοένα και περισσότερες διαφοροποιημένες ερμηνείες που αφορούν στην εικόνα όσων διαδραμάτισαν σημαντικό ρόλο τόσο κατά τη διάρκεια της Οθωμανικής κυριαρχίας, όσο και στη διάρκεια της προετοιμασίας του απελευθερωτικού Αγώνα. Ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζουν οι «αναπαραστάσεις» που κατασκευάστηκαν, προκειμένου να «απεικονίσουν» τους κλέφτες και τους αρματωλούς: στα ακροβατώντα μεταξύ λογοτεχνικού και ιστορικού είδους Απομνημονεύματα, για παράδειγμα, όπου παρουσιάζεται η προσωπικότητα και εξιστορείται η δράση τους, σημειώνεται πλήθος αντιφάσεων- κυρίως, λόγω ζητημάτων πολιτειακής και οικονομικής φύσεως. Στο παρόν άρθρο θα εξεταστεί πώς η συγγραφέας Γιολάντα Χατζή, με τη συμβολή του εικονογράφου Πέτρου Χριστούλια και της ιστορικού Χριστίνας Κουλούρη, μέσα από το έργο της σειράς Μικρές ελληνικές ιστορίες με τίτλο «Κλέφτες και Αρματωλοί» (Καστανιώτης, 2020), επιχειρεί  να μεταδώσει στα παιδιά πληροφορίες για τον θεσμό των ανδρών που συνέβαλαν στη εκδήλωση των πρότερων επαναστατικών κινημάτων και οδήγησαν στην Επανάσταση του 1821. Επιπλέον, θα εξεταστεί ο τρόπος με τον οποίο αποτυπώνει τις συνθήκες που επικρατούσαν κατά την περίοδο της οθωμανικής κυριαρχίας στον ελλαδικό χώρο. Επιπλέον, στην προσπάθεια να διερευνηθεί η δυναμική των παιδικών βιβλίων γνώσεων που πραγματεύονται το δίπολο ιστορία-Ιστορία, θα εξεταστεί αν προϊδεάζονται οι αναγνώστες μικρής ηλικίας για έννοιες με ποικίλες διαστάσεις, για συλλογικές πολιτισμικές κατασκευές και για τον τρόπο με τον οποίο διαμορφώνονται οι ιστορικές πραγματικότητες. Παράλληλα, θα σχολιαστεί κατά πόσον οι «διχασμένες» εθνικές παραδόσεις και οι διαφορετικές ερμηνείες επιβεβαιώνουν τη σύγκλιση της Ιστορίας με τη Λογοτεχνία.
Recommendations from long-term care reports, commissions, and inquiries in Canada
Authors: Wong Eric K. C. , Thorne Trina , Estabrooks Carole , Straus Sharon E.
Published: September 2021

Background: Multiple long-term care (LTC) reports have issued similar recommendations for improvement across Canadian LTC homes. Our primary objective was to identify the most common recommendations made over the past 10 years. Our secondary objective was to estimate the total cost of studying LTC issues repeatedly from 1998 to 2020.

Methods: The qualitative and cost analyses were conducted in Canada from July to October 2020. Using a list of reports, inquiries and commissions from The Royal Society of Canada Working Group on Long-Term Care, we coded recurrent recommendations in LTC reports. We contacted the sponsoring organizations for a cost estimate, including direct and indirect costs. All costs were adjusted to 2020 Canadian dollar values.

Results: Of the 80 Canadian LTC reports spanning the years of 1998 to 2020, 24 (30%) were based on a national level and 56 (70%) were focused on provinces or municipalities. Report length ranged from 4 to 1491 pages and the median number of contributors was 14 (interquartile range, IQR, 5–26) per report. The most common recommendation was to increase funding to LTC to improve staffing, direct care and capacity (67% of reports). A median of 8 (IQR 3.25–18) recommendations were made per report. The total cost for all 80 reports was estimated to be $23,626,442.78.

Conclusions: Problems in Canadian LTC homes and their solutions have been known for decades. Despite this, governments and non-governmental agencies continue to produce more reports at a monetary and societal cost to Canadians.
Selected school solutions in the field of a healthy lifestyle among children and adolescents
Authors: Rykiel Zuzanna , Pelic Paulina , Południak Natalia , Drzewi Dominik , Szymańska Natalia , Burakowska Justyna , Skrzek Daria , Suchowicz Katarzyna , Chrzanowski Michał , Czerw Piotr , Rejman Aneta
Published: September 2021

Introduction and aim: Lifestyle is the daily behaviors, habits and activities adopted by people. It is one of the factors that largely determines the state of human health. It is important to pay attention to what habits and activities we implement in our lives. The source of behaviors are usually attitudes and values acquired in the family and the nearest social environment. The basic categories of pro-health behaviours are related to physical health, psychosocial health, health prevention and avoiding harmful behaviours, preventing an illness and supporting recovery. Anti-health behaviors contribute to health disorders, negative impacts in emotional, physical and psychosocial sphere. The aim of the study was to present selected school solutions in the field of pro-healthy lifestyle among children and adolescents, the influence of pro-healthy lifestyle and assessment of the implementation of health education at schools. Material and method: 85 children and adolescents in the age range of 10-19+ years participated in the study. Twenty-three students in the age range of 10-12 years, 27 students in the age range of 13-16 years and 35 students in the age range of 17-19+ years were surveyed. Twenty-eight males and 57 females took the survey. Results: Respondents most often engage in physical activity 2-3 times per week. The vast majority of respondents actively participate in physical education classes at school as well as undertake extracurricular physical activity. The most popular activities are cycling and team games. The main source of knowledge about pro-healthy lifestyle among children and adolescents is the Internet and the least popular is the press. Conclusions: The majority of students know what a pro-healthy lifestyle is, while less than half of the respondents have no such knowledge. The researched gain knowledge about the way of promoting pro-healthy lifestyle by school, most often through the organization of "Health Day". The majority of children and adolescents participate in extracurricular physical activity, while the rest of the respondents do not undertake such activity.
Depression among Polish medical students and its lifestyle-linked predictors
Authors: Drożak Paulina , Duda Piotr , Bryliński Łukasz , Augustowska Katarzyna , Drożak Martyna , Bura Agata , Rudnicka-Drożak Ewa
Published: September 2021

Introduction and objective. Depression is a common mental disorder that affects over 264 million people worldwide. Medical students are at a particularly high risk of this disease. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of depression among Polish medical students and to determine predictors of this disease that are related to student’s lifestyle. Material and method. A total of 1023 medical students took part in the study. The research tool included a Polish version of the PHQ-9 questionnaire and author’s questions which concerned sociodemographic characteristics of the investigated group and analyzed factors. Answers were collected in the April of 2020. Results. About a half of the students (51.61%, 95% CI: 48.50 – 54.72) were found to have major depression (PHQ score ≥ 10). 30.21% of the students had mild depressive symptoms, 26.00% – moderate depressive symptoms and 15.05% – moderately severe depressive symptoms. 10.56% of the participants had symptoms of severe depression. A statistically significant relationship was found between major depression and: frequent feelings of loneliness, not doing sports regularly, not getting enough sleep, not participating in social meetings often enough, having problems with maintaining stable body weight, using alcohol in order to relieve stress or negative emotions and being non-religious. Conclusions. Depression among medical students in Poland is common. There are many lifestyle-linked predictors which are associated with this disease in the above-mentioned group. It is crucial to take actions aimed at reducing the high prevalence rates of depression among medical students in Poland, such as introducing routine screening for depression and creating resources that would enable students to obtain help.
Neurobiology of fine motor skills. Up-to-date status
Authors: Khramtsov D. , Stoyanov A. , Starikova N. , Sazonov V.
Published: September 2021

The main goal of the current overview is to assess major trends in studying of fine motor skills neurobiology.Materials and techniques. PubMed (MedLine), Embase databases have been used for Information search. Search depth is 5 years (2016 – 2021). 12 papers that are more relevant to the topic have been chosen from the primary paper array (n=49). MAXQDA (Verbi Software GmbH, Germany) has been used for content analysis.Results and discussion. The current state is characterized by interdisciplinary integration using both complex experimental laboratory models and modern bionic and information technologies.Conclusion. Contemporary trends in the problem studying is the widespread utilization of information technologies and the development of approaches to neurorehabilitation with motor deficiency consideration. Fine motor skills recovery in patients with CNS lesions requires further interdisciplinary integration.
Botox or the new face of the fight against depression - literature review
Authors: Nowińska Martyna , Kozyra Magdalena , Raczkiewicz Przemysław , Kaczerska Marlena , Śmiech Natalia , Milanowska Joanna
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Depression is a common psychiatric disorder leading to high burden especially for some other psychiatric comorbidity. Annually over 43 billion dollars are expended for patients with depression among them 28% are directly for depression and other costs are related to mortality and morbidity due to depression. The aim of the study: Paying attention to new options for treating depression – a disease that affects more and more people.Material and method: The research was done by the usage of the PubMed and Google Scholar articles about the topic of: botulinum toxin; depression; treatment.Description of the state of knowledge: Injecting Botox into the muscles responsible for expression of anguish or sadness may potentially decrease the patients experience of feelings. Botox reversibly blocks acetylcholine release from neuronal axons into the synapse, inhibiting neuromuscular transmission. If the facial feedback hypothesis is correct, by injecting Botox into the corrugator and procerus muscles, it will reversibly inhibit frown facial expressions and have the capability of propagating or enhancing sad and depressed feelings.Summary: The results from all randomized control trials proved that botulinum toxin A injection in the glabellar region was associated with significant improvement mood and may be a safe and effective treatment to reduce symptoms of depression.
Proton pump inhibitors usage and the risk of cancer
Authors: Wróblewski Hubert , Zimna Aleksandra
Published: September 2021

Introduction and purpose of the work:Proton pump inhibitors are used to reduce gastric acidity by irreversibly inhibiting the hydrogen-potassium ATPase present in the parietal cells of the stomach. These drugs are used more and more often, often not in accordance with the recommendations. There are reports suggesting a relationship between chronic PPI use and the occurrence of cancer. The aim of the study is to present information on the relationship between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of developing cancer.State of knowledge:Recent field studies have shown that there is a significant relationship between PPI use and carcinogenesis. One possible mechanism is related to the sustained release of gastrin in large amounts, which in turn stimulates the production of substances with trophic effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa, and cell proliferation over time may lead to cancer formation. The relationship between high gastrin concentration and the formation of gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms, tumors of the liver, pancreas and esophagus has been proven.Summary:Proton pump inhibitors are considered safe drugs. Taking into account the described reports on the increased risk of developing certain cancers, when prescribing PPIs, the risk associated with their use should also be taken into account. However, it seems that the benefits of using these drugs outweigh the risks in most cases.
Education in Poland during Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Gorecka Adrianna , Gorecka Dagmara , Urbańska Katarzyna , Zaremba Bartłomiej , Oszczędłowski Paweł
Published: September 2021

Introduction and purpose. Due to the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic polish government in March 2020 decided to directs students to remote learning. This condition last -with minor exceptions- one and half year.Material and method. The aim of the study was an evaluation of public experience and attitude towards online learning.Results. All the respondents between March and May 2020 learned via online devices. The average note for e-learning was 2,99 in a 5-grade scale, while a score for stationary learning was 3,84. Students motivation, engagement and stress level decreased during remote-learning. 43% students claimed, that their marks improved during that time. The main disadvantages of online school were too much time spent in front of the screen and monotony of the lessons. Among the advantages was for example time for additional hobbies. Realisation of practical activities was more difficult or impossible for 74,9% of the respondents. Almost one quarter of the people did not have adequate home conditions to study online. Practical activities were often difficult or impossible to realise.Conclusions. Online learning was a necessity during the pandemic, however this type or gaining knowledge has both advantages and disadvantages. It influenced not only scientific issues, but also students’ motivation and sociopsychological aspects. To conclude, twice as many students prefer stationary than online learning – respectively 39,7% vs 21,1%.
Treatment of malignant melanoma - a review of the literature
Authors: Kluz Natalia , Klas Jakub
Published: September 2021

Melanoma is caused by genetic mutations in melanocytes, pigment-producing cells found in the skin, eye, inner ear, and soft meninges. Sun exposure, atypical nevi, previous history of melanoma, and the presence of multiple (≥40) common nevi were found to be associated with an increased risk of melanoma detection (OR: 1. 3; 95% CI: 1. 1-1. 6). Its prevalence is highest among light-skinned populations and in regions of lower latitudes. Significance of family history of melanoma and presence of congenital nevi were excluded. For localized primary melanoma, the dominant prognostic factors for survival are lesion thickness, ulceration, and lymph node involvement Understanding the pathogenesis of melanoma has been crucial in developing new therapeutic approaches. The characterization of oncogenic signaling pathways and interactions has made it possible to identify new targets for clinically effective therapies, such as pathway inhibitors and antibodies to immune checkpoints or the use of phototherapy. In this article we describe the  main signaling pathways which are deregulated in melanoma. We also mention how it has become a viable and crucial strategy for melanoma therapy and then thoroughly review the safety, clinical efficacy and progress regarding PDT- promising alternative therapy and the immunotherapies of melanoma in especially advanced metastatic stage basing on published clinical data and registered clinical trials, most of which are in phase III.
Postcovid pulmonary complication
Authors: Korzec Tomasz , Raczkiewicz Przemysław , Kalicka Maria , Kania Konrad , Cyboran Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

Introduction: The World Health Organization in March 2020 announced a pandemic of COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is one of the seven species known to be pathogenic to humans in this group of viruses. The incubation period of the virus is 2-14 days, usually about 5 days.  SARS-CoV-2 uses the ACE2 receptor to enter the host's mucosa and cause an active infection. Symptomatic infection may be complicated by reversible or irreversible changes in the lungs and pulmonary embolism. Method: Recent literature was reviewed based on PubMEd, Google scholar, using   words: covid lung, post covid lung, post covid, covid lung fibrosis, Objective: Systematisation of information on pulmonary postovid complications
Nutrition, physical activity and lifestyle as important indicators for the body mass index in high school students
Authors: Ramaj Lorik , Hasani Sadete
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the problems of underweight, overweight and obesity in young people of high school in Drenas, respectively a sample of 150 adolescents (73 males and 77 females aged 17 years). The research was conducted in the physical education class, initially was performed measurement of weight and height then the questionnaire with 26 questions. Data were collected with the statistical program SPSS version 21.0, descriptive analysis was performed with (Mean and standard deviation), all variables were tested for normality, significant level (significant level p <0.05). Results of anthropometric characteristics, the average age was 17.2 years. Weight / kg for men was 59.4 kg for women 57.3kg the average for both genders was 58.3 (± 6.2) kg. Height / cm  males 1.68cm,  females 1.61cm the average of both genders was 1.64 (± 6.6) cm. BMI body mass index kg / m² in men 21.0, women 22.1, the average of both sexes 21.55 kg / m5. The results show that men have lower BMI (p> 0.05) 21.55 kg / m² than girls with 22.1 kg / m². Data showed underweight males are 12%, and females 10%. BMI Normal male 74%, and female 69%. Overweight males 11%, females 13% while a significant difference was observed between obese boys and girls (obese) males 3% and females 8%. The analysis of the questionnaire showed that small percentages are involved in collective or individual sports, the most pronounced participation in sports was identified: football, volleyball and basketball, and relatively satisfactory were physical activity in household activities. It is recommended to build outdoor fitness and sports gyms, as well as the opening of various sports clubs in this area, and to have more research in this area, to prove the institucions how important are places for sport and physical activities.
The impact of COVID-19 on burnout among healthcare workers - literature review
Authors: Nowińska Martyna , Dziekońska Justyna , Grabowy Paulina , Drożak Martyna , Milanowska Joanna
Published: September 2021

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic broke out in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Coronavirus disease is commonly transmitted through contact transmission and direct contact. Considering the transmission mechanism of the virus, healthcare workers are at high risk of becoming infected. SARS-CoV-2 has became a major stressor for medical staff, that can lead to burnout.The aim of the study: Paying attention to the correlation between COVID-19 pandemic and burnout among healthcare workers.Material and method: The research was done by the usage of the PubMed and Google Scholar articles about the topic of: burnout; healthcare workers, COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, stress.Description of the state of knowledge: According to various studies, the COVID-19 pandemic may have negative impact on the mental health of healthcare workers. Worsening systemic stressors may lead to professional burnout. Latest research has identified associations between burnout and inadequate psychological support, direct contact with infected patients, and working in the nursing profession.Summary: The results from all studies proved that the COVID-19 pandemic has tremendous impact on professional burnout among medical staff. It is essential to pay attention to the psychological wellbeing of healthcare workers.
Safety and Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines
Authors: Mielniczek Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

Introduction: COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The types of COVID-19 vaccines have been distinguished, ie vector viral vaccines, mRNA, subunit vaccines. These include traditional approaches - inactivated, live-attenuated and protein / adjuvant-based, as well as novel, as yet unlicensed - viral vectors and nucleic acids. There are scientific publications showing the safety and possible side effects of vaccines from various companies.

Purpose of the work : Analysis of the safety of COVID-19 vaccines on the basis of scientific publications published on the PubMed scientific platform. Publications have been published in the last 12 months. The safety and adverse effects of vaccines were assessed in the course of clinical trials.

Results: Among the main side effects so far were mild / moderate pain at the injection site, redness, hives and rash. Allergic reactions to vaccines are - apart from pronounced local reactions (> 10 cm) at the injection site - very rare and are usually caused by the vaccine's allergy to the components of the vaccine. In addition, there may be swelling or tenderness of the lymph nodes in the armpit, headache, pain in the muscles and joints, nausea and vomiting.

Conclusions: Regardless of the concern, these vaccines are characterized by similar mild, systemic side effects, which indicates the similarity in the safety of these vaccines. Severe adverse reactions occur in extreme cases. More patients only experienced side effects after the second dose.

Keywords: vaccines; coronavirus; COVID-19; safety of COVID-19 vaccines; side effects
Mechanisms of drug resistance in ovarian cancer
Authors: Żak Klaudia , Piwoński Michał , Stanicki Paweł , Kalicka Karolina , Nowaczek Justyna
Published: September 2021

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer affecting women and the most lethal cancer among the gynecological cancers. Because of the lack of specific symptoms and no special screening tools, it is recognised in an advanced stage. In addition, drug resistance in ovarian cancer is so frequent, that genes and cross-talks between some important pathways are still analysed. In this review, the major and recently identified molecular mechanisms of drug resistance, including platinum, taxane, bevacizumab and PARPi resistance mechanisms in ovarian cancer from relevant literature have been investigated.
Bipolar Androgen Therapy in the management of prostate cancer
Authors: Niedobylski Sylwiusz , Laszczak Katarzyna , Warchoł Konrad , Moqbil Sara , Kalicka Karolina
Published: September 2021

Introduction and purpose: Prostate cancer (PCa) as one of the most frequent neoplasms in men remains a challenge for oncologists. The main strategy of its treatment is the Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) the principle of which is an inducement of hypogonadism. The lack of testosterone is not only a factor greatly contributing to a decrease of quality of life overall, but additionally it increases the odds of the complications, including low libido and erectile disfunction, metabolic abnormalities, high cardiovascular risk, osteoporosis, anaemia, or depression. ADT also has the potential of inducement of castration resistance (CRPC), which significantly worsen patients prognosis. The main purpose of this review is to explore the Bipolar Androgen Therapy (BAT), which has the potential to solve the aforementioned problems.

State of knowledge: The mechanism of BAT action has been described. BAT is effective not only against CRPC, but androgen-dependant PCa as well. BAT reverses the hormone resistance in CRPC, thus allowing the rechallenging of the ADT. It has the direct cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. Additionally BTA increases the exponents of the general quality of life of the patients. There is a number of active clinical trials regarding BAT.

Conclusions: BAT is a safe therapeutic strategy with the high efficacy in reversing hormone resistance in CRPC patients, thus significantly increasing their health prognoses and it allows to alleviate or avoid the adverse effects of ADT.