bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple Factors Act Differently in Decision Making in the East Asian Region: Assessing Methods of Self-Construal Using Classification Tree Analysis
Authors: Kiyama Sachiko , Choung Youngmi , Takiura Masato
Published: November 2019

Cultural resemblance between Japan and Korea has been assumed, because both East Asian cultures are generally characterized by collectivism. However, subsequent investigations suggest a contrast between the two cultures in the decision-making process, concurrent with a growing call for a more elaborate model of self-construal. This study compares the diverse ways of self-construal underlying decisions regarding invitations between Japan and Korea. We conducted a scenario-based questionnaire in which 377 Japanese and Korean college students made decisions regarding whether to invite someone to an activity, to do the activity alone, or to not do the activity. Utilizing classification tree modeling to analyze multivariate categorical data, we examined the participants’ selected actions according to two factors: interpersonal relations (i.e., whether the other was a friend or an unfamiliar but favored classmate) and the locus of interest in a given situation (i.e., whether the event was of interest to the speaker, hearer, or both parties). The results revealed cultural variations in invitations. Japanese students seem to be interdependent, in that they hesitate to invite others unless they have an assured interpersonal relationship, and tend to wait until they are sure of the other’s interest, even when interested themselves. In contrast, Korean students appear more independent in considering the other’s interest and pursuing their own interest. This study highlights the complex ways of self-construal within the alleged collectivist East Asian region, and also demonstrates the applicability of classification tree analysis in differentiating rank orders of multiple factors influencing people’s decision making across cultures.
Theoretical study of building-integrated photovoltaics based on perovskite single junction and perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells
Authors: Gong Xinzhi , Chen Yuting , Liang Miaomeng
Published: November 2019

Considering the perovskite-based building-integrated photovoltaics, we use the single box model of 4 × 4 × 3 m3 to illustrate a promising solution for the zero-energy residential building and the distributed power generators in the Wuhan urban area in China (N30° E114°), where we have the high ratio of façades on the tall buildings. According to our estimation, the energy gains from the solar cells on the façades could be competitive with the ones on the rooftops. In comparison with the perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, the perovskite-based single-junction solar cells could boost the annual energy gains more than 1.5 times on the façades. It is because of the perovskite-based single-junction solar cells being less angle-dependent, even if their efficiencies under the vertical illumination are lower than that of the perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Within the same single box, the energy demands caused by the air-conditioning system are simulated by the program THERB with 100 and 65% solar irradiation; the previous one is the standard case, and the later one assumes that 35% of solar irradiation is converted to the electricity. To control the indoor temperature above 18°C in winter and below 26°C in summer, the single box could achieve zero-energy demand except for January and December. And the annual surplus photovoltaic energy gains of 3071 kW h could be used as the distributed generator for the resident downstairs.
Differential Effects of Video Analysis for Special Educators Related to Intervention Characteristics, Dependent Variables, and Student Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of Single-Case Research
Authors: Morin Kristi L. , Nagro Sarah , Artis Jonet , Haas April , Ganz Jennifer B. , Vannest Kimberly J.
Published: November 2019

Video analysis is effective for changing the instructional practices of a variety of special educators in different settings and contexts; however, questions remain regarding whether (a) intervention characteristics moderate the results, (b) effects are differentiated by type of dependent variable, and (c) student outcomes improve when video analysis is used to improve educators’ skills. This meta-analysis reports the overall impact that video analysis has on student outcomes as well as the differential impact on special educator outcomes by dependent variable and implementation variables (i.e., length of videos, number of intervention videos, primary evaluator, and timing of feedback). A total of 30 publications reported outcomes for special education preservice teachers, in-service teachers, and paraprofessionals; of these, 12 publications reported student outcomes. Results are positive and indicate that video analysis is effective for improving student outcomes and that it can be successfully implemented in a variety of ways.
Twenty-nine years of the BIR Annual Survey part 2: Changing information work
Authors: Tredinnick Luke
Published: November 2019

This article is the second part of a review of the Business Information Review (BIR) Annual Survey, which has been published annually since 1991. The article explores changes to the professional context for information work revealed by the surveys over the course of its publication. It uses a combination of content and thematic analysis to develop key themes, which are discussed by reference to the original surveys: the decline of public library business services, changing budgets, globalization of business information, offshoring and outsourcing of information work, rising up the value chain, changing skills in information work, reliability and accuracy of information and rising up the value chain. The article aims to summarize and consolidate longitudinal trends revealed by the survey, acts as a guide to the rich data contained within the surveys themselves and provides a testament to the wealth of professional experience captured in the BIR Annual Surveys. Its findings relate to the changes in the nature of professional practice and the pressures on professional practice over the past 30 years.
Urinary stone composition analysis of 3684 patients in the eastern Shandong region of China
Authors: Zhang Xuebao , Ma Jiajia , Wang Ning , Lin Chunhua
Published: November 2019

Objective

There has not been a study that analyzed the composition of urinary stones from patients in the eastern Shandong region of China. Thus, we explored the composition of urinary stones in the eastern Shandong region of China and discuss the clinical significance of the findings.

Methods

A total of 3684 urinary calculi from the eastern Shandong region were collected in our study. Compositions of the stones were analyzed using an Automatic Infrared Spectrum Analysis System (type LIIR-20). The results were verified through manual analysis of the spectrograms, which was accompanied by polarizing microscopy and chemical analysis if necessary.

Results

Among the 3684 specimens, there were 1767 single-component stones and 1917 mixed-component stones. According to the main components of the stones, the stones were divided into the following types: calcium oxalate monohydrate stones (1779, 48.3%), anhydrous uric acid stones (1105, 30.0%), carbonate apatite stones (590, 16.0%), ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate stones (143, 3.9%), calcium oxalate dihydrate stones (36, 1.0%), and cystine stones (31, 0.8%).

Conclusions

There was a relatively high rate of uric acid stones in patients from the eastern Shandong region of China.
Prevalence of common causes of neuropathic pain in Korea: population-based observational study
Authors: Bang Seunguk , Kim Yee Suk , Lee Soyeon , Park Uijin , Kim Tae-kwan , Choi Yuna
Published: November 2019

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), trigeminal neuralgia (TN), and diabetic neuropathy (DN), common causes of neuropathic pain encountered in pain clinics.

Methods

We investigated the period prevalence rate of CRPS, PHN, TN, and DN using data from a Korean national electronic database from 2009 to 2013.

Results

The prevalence of CRPS decreased slightly throughout the study period, while the prevalence of PHN increased from 2009 to 2013. The prevalence of TN was reduced over the same period. The prevalence of DN increased from 2009 to 2012 but decreased in 2013. All four neuropathic diseases were more prevalent in individuals aged over 70 years. The prevalence of CRPS, PHN, and TN were more common in women than in men, but DN showed no gender difference.

Conclusion

While the prevalence of CRPS and TN has decreased in Korea, that of PHN and DN has increased. With the exception of DN, the neuropathic diseases were more prevalent in women. Further studies are necessary to investigate the risk factors and socioeconomic burden for each disease, and national efforts are essential to limit the development of these preventable neuropathic diseases.
Forecasting of the unknown end-of-life tire flow for control and decision making in urban solid waste management: A case study
Authors: Bittencourt Euclides Santos , Fontes Cristiano Hora de Oliveira , Moya Rodriguez Jorge Laureano , Filho Salvador Ávila , Ferreira Adonias Magdiel Silva
Published: November 2019

Efficient urban planning requires managers’ experience and knowledge of reverse logistics in solid urban waste processes. Forecasting tools are needed to control, select and manage municipal solid waste. This paper presents the application of dynamic modeling approaches, namely, a linear autoregressive seasonal model, a model based on a FeedForward Artificial Neural Network and a Recurrent Neural Networks model, in order to forecast the unknown flows of end-of-life tires 12 months ahead. The models were identified using a database comprising four years of historical series related to the unknown flows of end-of-life tires. These were obtained through an exploratory analysis based on the annual sales reports of new tires issued by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and reports related to the number of vehicles in circulation issued by Brazil’s National Traffic Department. The results show that the models are able to carry out consistent forecasts over the horizon of a year ahead and the predictions are capable of identifying seasonalities and supporting decision making in urban waste management.
Pediatric Stroke Impairs Theory of Mind Performance
Authors: Lo Warren , Li Xiangrui , Hoskinson Kristen , McNally Kelly , Chung Melissa , Lee JoEllen , Wang Ji , Lu Zhong-Lin , Yeates Keith
Published: November 2019

Aim:

This pilot study explored whether childhood stroke impairs performance on theory of mind (ToM) tasks and whether ToM task performance correlates with resting state connectivity in brain regions linked with social cognition.

Method:

We performed a case-control study of 10 children with stroke and 10 age- and gender-matched controls. They completed 2 ToM tasks, and resting state connectivity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Results:

Children with stroke performed worse than controls on conative ToM tasks. Resting state connectivity in the central executive network was significantly higher and connectivity between right and left inferior parietal lobules was significantly decreased in children with stroke. Resting state activity and ToM performance were not significantly correlated.

Interpretation:

Childhood stroke results in poorer performance on specific ToM tasks. Stroke is associated with changes in resting state connectivity in networks linked with social cognition including ToM. Although the basis for these changes in connectivity is not well understood, these results may provide preliminary insights into potential mechanisms affecting social cognition after stroke. The findings suggest that further study of the effect of childhood stroke on network connectivity may yield insights as to how stroke affects cognitive functions in children.
Serum Biomarkers for Risk Assessment of Intrahospital Transports in Mechanically Ventilated Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Bender Michael , Stein Marco , Kim Seong Woong , Uhl Eberhard , Schöller Karsten
Published: November 2019

Objective:

Intrahospital transports (IHTs) of neurosurgical intensive care unit (NICU) patients can be hazardous. Increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) and/or decreasing cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) as well as cardiopulmonary alterations are common complications of an IHTs, which can lead to secondary brain injury. This study was performed to assess several serum biomarkers concerning their potential to improve safety of IHTs in mechanically ventilated NICU patients.

Methods:

All IHTs of mechanically ventilated and sedated NICU patients from 03/2017 to 01/2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Intracranial pressure and CPP measurements were performed in all patients. Serum hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum sodium were defined as serum biomarkers. Demographic data, computed tomography scan on admission, Simplified Acute Physiology Score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, modified Rankin Scale, indication and consequence of IHTs were analyzed. Alteration of ICP/CPP, hemodynamic and pulmonary events were defined as complications. The study population was stratified into patients with the occurrence of a complication and absence of a complication.

Results:

We analyzed a total number of 184 IHTs in 70 NICU patients with an overall complication rate of 57.6%. Of all, 32.1% IHTs had no direct therapeutic consequence. In patients with higher hemoglobin values prior to IHT less complications occurred, concerning ICP ( P = .001), CPP ( P = .001), hemodynamic ( P = .005), and pulmonary ( P < .0001) events. In addition, complications concerning ICP ( P = .001), CPP ( P = .001), hemodynamic ( P = .005), and pulmonary problems ( P = .002) were significantly lower in patients with higher hematocrit values before IHT.

Conclusion:

Intrahospital transports of mechanically ventilated NICU patients carry a high risk of increased ICP and hemodynamic complications and should be performed restrictively. Higher values of hemoglobin and hematocrit prior to IHT were associated with less complications with regard to ICP, CPP as well as hemodynamic and pulmonary events and could be helpful to assess the potential risk of complications prior to IHTs.
Puzzling Publics: The role of reflexive learning in universal pre-kindergarten (UPK) policy formulation in Canada and the US
Authors: Millar Heather , Davidson Adrienne , White Linda A
Published: November 2019

Building on theories of social learning and policy change, this article argues that reflexive learning provides a causal mechanism for how public engagement in policy formulation can trigger policy innovation. Reflexive learning is a mode of learning that takes place during policy formulation and is most likely to occur in policy areas marked by considerable uncertainty and complexity (low problem tractability) and the participation of a wide range of actors (low actor certification). We contend that reflexive learning processes can restructure policy problems and widen the menu of available policy options and prompt policy elites and citizens to collectively update their beliefs, resulting in policy innovation. We probe the plausibility of this mechanism of policy change through a comparative study of universal pre-kindergarten policy making in the US and Canada. Through two paired comparisons (Florida and California; Ontario and Alberta), we find that policy innovation occurs when publics are engaged in policy formulation through iterative, ongoing public consultation on policy instruments and settings. Reflexive learning among publics and policy elites generates legitimacy, facilitating major policy change.
Design of microcontroller-based decentralized controller board to drive chiller systems using PID and fuzzy logic algorithms
Authors: Isler Yalcin , Sahin Savas , Ekren Orhan , Guzelis Cuneyt
Published: November 2019

This study deals with designing a decentralized multi-input multi-output controller board based on a low-cost microcontroller, which drives both parts of variable-speed scroll compressor and electronic-type expansion valve simultaneously in a chiller system. This study aims to show the applicability of commercial low-cost microcontroller to increase the efficiency of the chiller system, having variable-speed scroll compressor and electronic-type expansion valve with a new electronic card. Moreover, the refrigerant system proposed in this study provides the compactness, mobility, and flexibility, and also a decrease in the controller unit’s budget. The study was tested on a chiller system that consists of an air-cooled condenser, a variable-speed scroll compressor, and a stepper driven electronic-type expansion valve. The R134a was used as a refrigerant fluid and its flow was controlled by electronic-type expansion valve in this setup. Both variable-speed scroll compressor and electronic-type expansion valve were driven by the proposed hardware using either proportional integral derivative or fuzzy logic controller, which defines four distinct controller modes. The experimental results show that fuzzy logic controlled electronic-type expansion valve and proportional integral derivative controlled variable-speed scroll compressor mode give more robustness by considering the response time.
From self-tracking to self-expertise: The production of self-related knowledge by doing personal science
Authors: Heyen Nils B.
Published: November 2019

This article explores the production and type of knowledge acquired in the course of specific digital self-tracking activities that resemble research and are common among followers of the Quantified Self movement. On the basis of interviews with self-trackers, it is shown that this knowledge can be characterised as a verified and practical self-knowledge, and that science in the form of scientific sources, methods and quality criteria plays a key role in its production. It is argued that this self-related knowledge can be conceptualised as self-expertise, and its production as personal science. The article then discusses the implications for the science-society relationship. In contrast to self-tracking data, so far self-knowledge has hardly caused any resonance in science, although science currently appears open to the insights from single subject (N-of-1) research. As a new mode of public engagement with science, personal science instead mainly leads to an individual self-expertisation.
Competencies Gap in Hospital Management in Tehran, Iran: A Cross-sectional Survey
Authors: Kakemam Edris , Dargahi Hossein
Published: November 2019

Competent managers are essential to the efficient, effective and responsive of hospitals. This study aims to determine the competencies gaps in hospital management. This cross-sectional survey was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire among 127 hospital managers in the Iran. The questionnaire included 61 items and 11 dimensions. Participants were completed on a five-point scale ranging the level of importance that each proposed competency had in their job and to indicate their proficiency in each skill. Managers felt most competent in terms of legal and ethical issues, health delivery, planning, change management. People management, leadership and strategic management and problem-solving were rated as being most important for the efficient and effective management of hospitals. The gaps were highest for people management (–0.97), leadership and strategic management (–0.82) and problem-solving (–0.80). The least skill gaps were in the areas of legal and ethical issues (–0.31), health service delivery (–0.32) and change management (–0.43). The findings of this study reflect the reality of the management in Iran and the needs of managers and will be helpful in the conceptualization, design and delivery of hospital management programmes aimed at improving current and future management and management capacity in the hospital in Iran.
Promoting Foreign Direct Investment in the Indo-Pacific Region: Scope and Opportunities
Authors: Kumarasamy Durairaj , De Prabir
Published: November 2019

Indo-Pacific construct has picked up a motivating pace in recent years. Several countries across the world have shown their interest in joining the Indo-Pacific region. Indo-Pacific region has been the world’s leading source and destination of foreign investment. This article analyses the trends in investment, bilateral and multilateral investment engagements and investment barriers and presents a way to promote foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Indo-Pacific region. It also examines India’s investment relations with some of the Indo-Pacific countries. Further, it looks into the inter-linkages between FDI and global value chain, given that multinational firms play a significant role in bringing international sourcing, technology sharing, and production networking across countries.
Development and evaluation of a double-antigen sandwich ELISA to identify Anaplasma marginale–infected and A. centrale–vaccinated cattle
Authors: Sarli Macarena , Thompson Carolina S. , Novoa María B. , Valentini Beatriz S. , Mastropaolo Mariano , Echaide Ignacio E. , de Echaide Susana T. , Primo María E.
Published: November 2019

Bovine anaplasmosis is a worldwide infectious disease caused by the intraerythrocytic bacterium Anaplasma marginale, which is transmitted by ticks and fomites. A. centrale is a less virulent subspecies used as a live vaccine in cohorts of 8- to 10-mo-old calves that did not naturally reach enzootic stability. We developed 3 variants of a double-antigen sandwich ELISA (dasELISA) using a recombinant major surface protein 5 (MSP5) from A. marginale (dasELISAm) or from A. centrale (dasELISAc) or using MSP5 from both organisms (dasELISAmc). Each dasELISA was tested for the detection of antibodies against A. marginale and A. centrale. The tests were validated using serum samples from cattle not infected with Anaplasma spp. ( n = 388), infected with A. marginale ( n = 436), and vaccinated with A. centrale ( n = 358), confirmed by nested PCR. A total of 462 samples were compared with a commercial competitive ELISA (cELISA). For dasELISAm, dasELISAc, and dasELISAmc, specificities were 98.7%, 98.7%, and 97.4%, and overall sensitivities were 92.6%, 85.7%, and 97.4%, respectively. For A. marginale–infected and A. centrale–vaccinated cattle, sensitivities were 97.7% and 86.3% for dasELISAm, and 77.7% and 95.5% for dasELISAc, respectively. Sensitivity of dasELISAmc was similar for both groups (>96%). The agreement rate between dasELISAmc and cELISA was 96.3% (κ = 0.92); the former test allowed earlier detection of seroconversion of vaccinated cattle than did cELISA. Based on these results, the test could be used to 1) determine the enzootic stability or instability of anaplasmosis in calves, 2) conduct epidemiologic studies, and 3) evaluate the immunogenicity of A. centrale live vaccine.
Exploring Quality of Life in End-of-Life Discussions
Authors: Eggenberger Terry , Howard Heather , Prescott Dana , Luck George
Published: November 2019

Advance directives (ADs) allow individuals to legally determine their preferences for end-of-life (EOL) medical treatment and designate a health-care proxy to act on their behalf prior to losing the cognitive ability to make informed decisions for themselves. An interprofessional group of researchers (law, nursing, medicine, and social work) conducted an exploratory study to identify the differences in quality-of-life (QOL) language found within the AD state statutes from 50 US states and the District of Columbia. Data were coded using constant comparative analysis. Identified concepts were grouped into 2 focus areas for EOL discussions: communication/awareness of surroundings and activities of daily living. Language regarding communication/awareness of surroundings was present in the half of the statutes. Activities of daily living were addressed in only 18% of the statutes. Only 3 states (Arkansas, Nevada, and Tennessee) specifically addressed QOL. Patients are best served when professionals, regardless of discipline, can share and transform knowledge for patients in times of crisis and loss in ways that are empathetic and precise. Interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP) comprises multiple health workers from different professional backgrounds working together with patients, families, and communities to deliver the highest quality of care. One of the major competencies of IPCP encompasses values and ethics. Interprofessional collaborative practice is offered as the means to deliver person-centered value-based care when facilitating these crucial dialogs and making recommendations for change.
The More Divided Academy: Did the Fall of the Faculty and the Rise of the All-Administrative University Increase Racial Conflict in Higher Education?
Authors: Woessner Matthew C. , Maranto Robert
Published: November 2019

Despite efforts to redress racial grievances, American’s most progressive institutional sector, higher education, suffers racial incidents with disturbing frequency. We hypothesize that one explanation lies in the bureaucratization of higher education. Various trends have led to what Benjamin Ginsberg calls “the fall of the faculty” and “the all-administrative university.” We hypothesize that insulated from students and responsive to national employment markets, administrators adopt policies promoting the short-term appearance of successful integration, and driven by ideology. Faculty, in contrast, may focus on long-term student well-being, acknowledging policy tradeoffs. Using the North American Academic Survey Study ( n = 1,643 faculty and 808 administrators), we construct statistical models of attitudes toward race-based undergraduate admissions and faculty hiring. Contrary to predictions, both faculty and administrators offer nuanced support for affirmative action acknowledging potential tradeoffs. Further, ideology better explains faculty than administrator support. Implications are discussed.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome as an Organ Phenotype of Vascular Microthrombotic Disease: Based on Hemostatic Theory and Endothelial Molecular Pathogenesis
Authors: Chang Jae C.
Published: November 2019

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening noncardiogenic circulatory disorder of the lungs associated with critical illnesses such as sepsis, trauma, and immune and collagen vascular disease. Its mortality rate is marginally improved with the best supportive care. The demise occurs due to progressive pulmonary hypoxia and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) with severe inflammation. Complement activation is a part of immune response against pathogen or insult in which membrane attack complex (MAC) is formed and eliminates microbes. If complement regulatory protein such as endothelial CD59 is underexpressed, MAC may also cause pulmonary vascular injury to the innocent bystander endothelial cell of host and provokes endotheliopathy that causes inflammation and pulmonary vascular microthrombosis, leading to ARDS. Its pathogenesis is based on a novel “two-path unifying theory” of hemostasis and “two-activation theory of the endothelium” promoting molecular pathogenesis. Endotheliopathy activates two independent molecular pathways: inflammatory and microthrombotic. The former triggers the release inflammatory cytokines and the latter promotes exocytosis of unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers (ULVWF) and platelet activation. Inflammatory pathway initiates inflammation, but microthrombotic pathway more seriously produces “microthrombi strings” composed of platelet-ULVWF complexes, which become anchored on the injured endothelial cells, and causes disseminated intravascular microthrombosis (DIT). DIT is a hemostatic disease due to lone activation of ULVWF path without activated tissue factor path. It leads to endotheliopathy-associated vascular microthrombotic disease (EA-VMTD), which orchestrates consumptive thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and MODS. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)-like syndrome is the hematologic phenotype of EA-VMTD. ARDS is one of organ phenotypes among MODS associated with TTP-like syndrome. The most effective treatment of ARDS can be achieved by counteracting the activated microthrombotic pathway based on two novel hemostatic theories.
Extension–torsion–inflation coupling in compressible electroelastomeric thin tubes
Authors: Saxena Shashank , Barreto Darius Diogo , Kumar Ajeet
Published: November 2019

We present an axisymmetric and axially homogeneous variational formulation to obtain coupled extension–torsion–inflation deformation in compressible electroelastomeric tubes in the presence of axial and radial electric fields. We show that such deformations occur under the following two conditions: (1) only the axial electric field is imposed, with the electric poling direction in the tube (if present) lying in the radial plane; and (2) only the radial electric field is imposed within the tube, with the electric poling direction (if present) also along the radial direction. The poling direction in condition (1) generates helical anisotropy in the tube. We then obtain the governing differential equations necessary to solve the above deformation problem for thick tubes. We further apply the thin tube limit to obtain simplified algebraic equations to solve the same deformation problem. The effect of applied electric field parameters on the extension–inflation coupling and induced internal pressure vs. imposed inflation behavior is finally presented through numerical solution of the above obtained algebraic equations. The study will be useful in designing soft electroelastic tubular actuators.
Daily Intravenous Infusion of Busulfan Impurity 5 for 4 Days Is Not Associated With Toxic Effects in the Rat
Authors: Bothe Melanie K. , Franckenstein Dennis , Cade Didier , Quatresous Emilie , Westphal Martin
Published: November 2019

The alkylating agent busulfan is used in conditioning treatment of chronic myelogenous or granulocytic leukemia prior to stem cell transplantations. Its cytotoxic activity results in primary damage or destruction of hematopoietic cells. While the toxicity of busulfan is well investigated, little is known about the toxic effects of its impurities. In this study, the effect of 4-day intravenous infusion (3 h/d) of 4.8 mg/kg/d busulfan and 0.49, 4.9, and 49 mg/kg/d busulfan impurity 5 (4-((methylsulfonyl)oxy)butyl acetate) was investigated in rats. Whereas busulfan elicited myelotoxic and hepatotoxic effects, no toxic effects were observed in animals receiving the impurity at dosages up to 10 times higher than busulfan. The highest impurity dose of 49 mg/kg/d is therefore considered the no-observed-adverse-effect level of busulfan impurity 5.
Identification of Targetable Pathways in Oral Cancer Patients via Random Forest and Chemical Informatics
Authors: Schomberg John
Published: November 2019

Treatment of head and neck cancer has been slow to change with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, PD1 inhibitors, and taxane-/plant-alkaloid-derived chemotherapies being the only therapies approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the last 10 years for the treatment of head and neck cancers. Head and neck cancer is a relatively rare cancer compared to breast or lung cancers. However, it is possible that existing therapies for more common solid tumors or for the treatment of other diseases could also prove effective against oral cancers. Many therapies have molecular targets that could be appropriate in oral cancer as well as the cancer in which the drug gained initial FDA approval. Also, there may be targets in oral cancer for which existing FDA-approved drugs could be applied. This study describes informatics methods that use machine learning to identify influential gene targets in patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy, non-platinum-based chemotherapy, and genes influential in both groups of patients. This analysis yielded 6 small molecules that had a high Tanimoto similarity (>50%) to ligands binding genes shown to be highly influential in determining treatment response in oral cancer patients. In addition to influencing treatment response, these genes were also found to act as gene hubs connected to more than 100 other genes in pathways enriched with genes determined to be influential in treatment response by a random forest classifier with 20 000 trees trying 320 variables at each tree node. This analysis validates the use of multiple informatics methods to identify small molecules that have a greater likelihood of efficacy in a given cancer of interest.
Mindfulness at work: A critical re-view
Authors: Badham Richard , King Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

This article provides a critical re-view of the literature and studies of mindfulness at work. It offers a constructive and sympathetic yet also reflective and critical problematisation of the field. The re-view documents and examines the contributions of four different orientations towards mindfulness at work. These are as follows: individual mindfulness, collective mindfulness, individual wisdom and collective wisdom. Drawing on these contributions, the article makes the case for an ‘anti-anti mindfulness’. It argues for the self-critical promotion of mindfulness as a vehicle for extending and promoting the insights of organisational studies.
‘How can you not be romantic about baseball?’ Or how we are platonic about data
Authors: Sim Gerald
Published: November 2019

Due to the influence of Michael Lewis’s book and its film adaptation of the same title, ‘Moneyball’ is now a euphemism for using data analytics to generate insights. These texts perform important cultural explications of machine learning. Methodologically informed by critical discourse analysis, film studies, and cultural studies, this essay describes how the 2011 film in particular aestheticizes epistemological notions such as data framing, the semantic gap, and deep learning. Moneyball also proffers a view of analytics as Platonic knowledge, functioning ideologically alongside nerd archetypes and buddy-comedy conventions. The resultant duality between the Platonic and embodied, innervated by relations between visibility and invisibility, typifies the way people relate to Big Data and to the institutions that govern our digital lives in algorithmic culture. Moneyball performs cultural work by encouraging us to embrace data science while remaining alienated from technology and deferential to experts. Calls for technological literacy in the age of Big Data cannot underestimate the importance of cultural literacy.
‘But what about men?’ Gender disquiet in international criminal justice
Authors: Ullrich Leila
Published: November 2019

This article explores the everyday remaking of patriarchy in international criminal justice. Drawing on 63 interviews at the International Criminal Court in The Hague and in Uganda, it argues that a gender backlash has been fomenting in international criminal justice, as practitioners express their disquiet about the ‘ubiquitous gender discourse’. They claim that the Court’s ‘gender agenda’ is in no small part driven from ‘outside’ and lament that it neglects the rape of men. The article traces how patriarchal norms are refashioned in international criminal justice by playing into legal sensibilities that see procedure rather than substantive change as the essence of (criminal) law. Ultimately, the article shows how attempts to foreground victims of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in international criminal justice first failed to include men, and now, in a belated effort to rectify their omission, construct their competitive victimhood in ways that reinforce rather than challenge patriarchal norms.
The nature and extent of prisoners’ social care needs: Do older prisoners require a different service response?
Authors: Tucker Sue , Hargreaves Claire , Cattermull Mark , Roberts Amy , Walker Tammi , Shaw Jennifer , Challis David
Published: November 2019

In light of longstanding concern about the lack of social care in prisons, the 2014 Care Act made local authorities in England responsible for identifying, assessing and meeting prisoners’ social care needs. However, service planning is difficult, for little is known about the level of demand or the extent to which the needs of older and younger prisoners differ. Against this background, face-to-face interviews (including screens for social care needs, substance misuse and mental health problems) were undertaken with a sample of male prisoners in North-West England.

Findings

Three hundred and ninety-nine participants were aged 18–49 and 80 aged 50 plus. Overall, more than a 10th of participants had problems maintaining personal hygiene, dressing and/or getting around the prison safely; a significant minority lacked meaningful occupation; and approaching a sixth acknowledged problems forming/maintaining relationships. Older prisoners were significantly more likely than younger prisoners to need help with personal hygiene, dressing and moving around safely and to identify problems with their physical health and memory.

Applications

The findings highlight the substantial number of older prisoners who could potentially benefit from some form of social care and support if they are to maintain their safety and dignity and make best use of their time in prison. They also underline the need to develop suitable screening and assessment tools for older prisoners, and for further research on the best service models for prisoners requiring intimate personal care.
A quasi-one-dimensional model for an outwardly opening poppet-type direct gas injector for internal combustion engines
Authors: Deshmukh Abhishek Y , Giefer Carsten , Goeb Dominik , Khosravi Maziar , van Bebber David , Pitsch Heinz
Published: November 2019

Direct injection of compressed natural gas in internal combustion engines is a promising technology to achieve high indicated thermal efficiency and, at the same time, reduce harmful exhaust gas emissions using relatively low-cost fuel. However, the design and analysis of direct injection–compressed natural gas systems are challenging due to small injector geometries and high-speed gas flows including shocks and discontinuities. The injector design typically involves either a multi-hole configuration with inwardly opening needle or an outwardly opening poppet-type valve with small geometries, which make accessing the near-nozzle-flow field difficult in experiments. Therefore, predictive simulations can be helpful in the design and development processes. Simulations of the gas injection process are, however, computationally very expensive, as gas passages of the order of micrometers combined with a high Mach number compressible gas flow result in very small simulation time steps of the order of nanoseconds, increasing the overall computational wall time. With substantial differences between in-nozzle and in-cylinder length and velocity scales, simultaneous simulation of both regions becomes computationally expensive. Therefore, in this work, a quasi-one-dimensional nozzle-flow model for an outwardly opening poppet-type injector is developed. The model is validated by comparison with high-fidelity large-eddy simulation results for different nozzle pressure ratios. The quasi-one-dimensional nozzle-flow model is dynamically coupled to a three-dimensional flow solver through source terms in the governing equations, named as dynamically coupled source model. The dynamically coupled source model is then applied to a temporal gas jet evolution case and a cold flow engine case. The results show that the dynamically coupled source model can reasonably predict the gas jet behavior in both cases. All simulations using the new model led to reductions of computational wall time by a factor of 5 or higher.
On the value of economic growth
Authors: Rose Julie L
Published: November 2019

Must a society aim indefinitely for continued economic growth? Proponents of economic growth advance three central challenges to the idea that a society, having attained high levels of income and wealth, may justly cease to pursue further economic growth: if environmentally sustainable and the gains fairly distributed, first, continued economic growth could make everyone within a society and globally, and especially the worst off, progressively better off; second, the pursuit of economic growth spurs ongoing innovation, which enhances people’s opportunities and protects a society against future risks; and third, continued economic growth fosters attitudes of openness, tolerance, and generosity, which are essential to the functioning of a liberal democratic society. This article grants these challenges’ normative foundations, to show that, even if one accepts their underlying premises as requirements of justice, a society may still justly cease to aim for economic growth, so long as it continues to aim for and realize gains on other dimensions. I argue that, while continued economic growth might instrumentally serve valuable ends, it is not necessary for their realization, as a society can achieve these ends through other means.
Understanding Children’s Court Processes and Decisions: Perceptions of Children and Their Families
Authors: Saunders Bernadette J. , Lansdell Gaye , Frederick John
Published: November 2019

This article presents preliminary findings regarding children’s and families’ experiences of Children’s Court proceedings in which they are participants. The findings come from a systematic review of Australian and international qualitative literature in relation to how children and their families perceive and understand these court processes. The review reveals that we know little about children’s and parents’ perspectives. However, their insights are vital so that courts can reasonably address issues and concerns, give effect to obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 1989 and foster a problem-solving, therapeutic court approach.
Professional identity formation: The experience of regulated pharmacy technicians in Ontario
Authors: Gregory Paul , Austin Zubin
Published: November 2019

Background:

Despite being regulated and spoken about as professionals, there is little formal research examining professional identity formation among regulated pharmacy technicians.

Methods:

A semistructured interview protocol was generated, based on Holden et al.’s typology of professional identity formation (PIF). Regulated pharmacy technicians in Ontario with a minimum of 2 years’ experience working a minimum of 32 hours/week were recruited to participate. Interviews were transcribed, coded and analyzed based on professional identity formation.

Results:

A total of 15 regulated pharmacy technicians from southern Ontario participated in this study. Regardless of demographic background, most participants demonstrated identity splinting as the dominant form of professional identity formation. Issues related to social valuing of the role of the technician and environmental opportunities to develop and grow were highlighted as significant barriers.

Interpretation:

These findings suggest regulated pharmacy technicians have incomplete professional identities due in part to reasons linked to pharmacists and the pharmacy profession. The type of professional identity expressed by participants in this study may limit opportunities for full and optimal expression of their role.

Conclusions:

Further work is necessary to better understand the professional identity formation of regulated pharmacy technicians, to help support the evolution of this role. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2020;153:xx-xx.
Addressing Self-Injury in Schools, Part 2: How School Nurses Can Help With Supporting Assessment, Ongoing Care, and Referral for Treatment
Authors: Lloyd-Richardson Elizabeth E. , Hasking Penelope , Lewis Stephen , Hamza Chloe , McAllister Margaret , Baetens Imke , Muehlenkamp Jennifer
Published: November 2019

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as the deliberate, self-inflicted damage of body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially or culturally sanctioned. School nurses are often a first point of contact for young people experiencing mental health challenges, and yet they often report they lack knowledge and training to provide care for persons who engage in NSSI. In the second of two parts, this article offers a strategy for brief assessment of NSSI, as well as reflection on two case studies and how to offer support, ongoing care, and referral for treatment to youth who engage in self-injury.
Echocardiographic estimation of right ventricular wall tension: haemodynamic comparison and long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Annone Umberto , Bocchino Pier P. , Marra Walter G. , D’Ascenzo Fabrizio , Magnino Corrado , Montefusco Antonio , Omedè Pierluigi , Veglio Franco , Milan Alberto , de Ferrari Gaetano M.
Published: November 2019

Prognosis in pulmonary hypertension is strictly linked to right ventricle failure, which results from uncoupling between right ventricle function and its afterload. This study sought to describe how to estimate with echocardiography right ventricular wall tension, its correlation with right ventricle haemodynamics and its prognostic role. A total of 190 patients without overt right ventricle failure but with suspected pulmonary hypertension on a previous echocardiogram underwent right heart catheterization and nearly‐simultaneous echocardiography. Right ventricular wall tension was estimated according to Laplace’s law as right ventricle length × tricuspid regurgitation peak gradient and it was correlated with right ventricle haemodynamic profile; its potential prognostic impact was tested along with canonical right ventricle function parameters. Right ventricular wall tension correlated significantly with invasive estimation of right ventricle end‐diastolic pressure (R: 0.343, p < 0.001) and with several other haemodynamic variables, such as mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery compliance, transpulmonary gradient, pulmonary vascular resistance, right atrial pressure and right ventricle stroke work index (all p < 0.001). At a mean follow‐up of five years and three months, only right ventricular wall tension was associated to all‐cause mortality (p = 0.036), while tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (p = 0.536), right ventricle fractional area change (p = 0.383), right ventricle fractional area change (p = 0.076), tricuspid regurgitation peak gradient (p = 0.107) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/tricuspid regurgitation peak gradient (p = 0.181) could not. We identified a novel bedside echocardiographic predictor of altered right ventricle haemodynamics, which is precociously altered in patients without overt right ventricle failure and is associated to all‐cause mortality at a long‐term follow‐up. Further studies are needed to confirm its role in pulmonary hypertension patients.