bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Geometry of Unanimity Rule
Authors: Colomer Josep M.
Published: March 2007

A spatial analysis of decision-making by unanimity rule shows that outcomes largely depend on the initial state or the status quo. The closer the status quo is to the ideal points of the actors, the more restricted, more biased and likely less socially efficient the set of decisions by unanimity tends to be. Calculations show that any point inside the Pareto-optimum set of alternatives bounded by the actors' ideal points only can be reached from a status quo placed outside an area which is at least eight times larger than the area of the Pareto-optimum set. The social-utility optimum point which minimizes the sum of the squared distances from the actors' ideal points only can be reached from a status quo placed outside an area which is at least three times larger than the Pareto-optimum set. From very unsatisfactory initial states, very satisfactory and stable outcomes are feasible; from more satisfactory initial states, mediocrity tends to endure.
The delayed birth of social experiments
Authors: Brown Robert
Published: March 2007

In the 19th century it was widely believed that scientific experiments on social issues were not, and never would be, feasible. Not only was social behaviour unpredictable in principle, but subjecting people to experimentation would be immoral. Although Comte, J. S. Mill, C. G. Lewis, and Herbert Spencer all argued to this conclusion, they also believed that natural innovations in society provided an adequate sub stitute for planned experiments. The question to be examined here is how such beliefs came to be held and why they were never tested.
Homo economicus in the 20th century: ecriture masculine and women's work
Authors: Still Judith
Published: March 2007

In this article I argue that the dominant discourse of our day is econ omic universalism. This has translated comfortably from modernity to postmodernity. Within this discourse real differences and inequalities are homogenized by narratives such as those of choice and diversity. I shall question this in two ways: first, by borrowing from French post- structuralism to rename the discourse a 'masculine economy', and thus to invoke a 'feminine economy' both as a philosophical structure of difference and as a deliberate introduction of the body; second, by analysing economic narratives concerning women's work which tend to flatten out difference altogether or recast it as (well-advised) choice. Within this economic language game, I shall try to emphasize material differences and inequalities, in other words, I shall borrow from the language of opposition. I claim that only the asymmetrical oscillation between difference and opposition can attempt to prevent either one falling back into some kind of more or less comfortable universalism.
The environmental problems associated with urban development in Mexico City
Authors: Schteingart Martha
Published: March 2007

The environmental problems associated with urban development in Mexico City describes and explains the growth of the City into the world's largest metropolis. It also describes environmental problems: shelter and services; transport; biological and environmental degradation; air pollution; and water problems. The final sections examine government responses and consider the city's future.
Escola Tia Ciata - a school for street children in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Leite Ligia Costa , de Abreu Esteves Martha
Published: March 2007

A school for street children in Rio de Janeiro considers the issue of street children from the perspective of these children's own needs and desires and documents the extent to which these are ignored by Brazilian society. It draws most of its examples from Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city in Brazil. The final section describes a special school for street children which sought to meet their needs and base learning on their experiences and priorities.
Piecing it together: the struggle for the Macarena nature reserve
Authors: Amaya María Teresa
Published: March 2007

Piecing it together: the struggle forthe Macarena nature reserve examines the difficulties in protecting an important gene bank and nature reserve in Colombia while also addressing the needs of local inhabitants. It describes howthe basis for reconciling competing demands was achieved, although the resources needed to implement this are still lacking.
Government-community partnerships in kampung improvement programmes in Surabaya
Authors: Silas Johan
Published: March 2007

Government-community partnerships in kampung improvement programmes in Surabaya describes how the city government worked with low income communities to identify needs and priorities for action. Improvements included roads and footpaths, drains, piped water supplies and improved sanitation and solid waste management.
Eviction trends worldwide and the role of local authorities the right to housing
Authors: Audefroy Joel
Published: March 2007

Eviction trends worldwide and the role of locl authorities in implementing the right to housing is based on the findings of a programe to monitor forced evictions undertaken by the Habitat International Coalitin. It outlines how the right to housing is increasingly explicit in international law and in some countres' constitutions and how few govrern ments act on it. It reviews the 40 cases of eviction one oftrhe most blatant and critical vi-lations of the right to housing which the Coalition documented between 1987 and 1993, and discusses the similarities and differences of these cases and the actors involved.
Psychiatric care in Zaragoza in the eighteenth century
Authors: Fernández-Doctor Asunción , Evans N.J.R.
Published: March 2007

A study is presented of the functioning of the lunatics department as it existed in the Hospital y General de Nuestra Señora De Gracia in Zaragoza in the eighteenth century.
Alcohol and alcohol-related problems in Caraka Samhita
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Winston Mark
Published: March 2007

Alcohol and its effects are well described in ancient Ayurvedic medical texts- Caraka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. As well as describing various types of wine, they describe clear stages of intoxication. The descriptions match the modern symptoms of alcohol intoxication. The emphasis in management was on controlled drinking. The advised approach to drinking and the implications for modern clinical management are discussed further.
Henry Hutchinson Stewart (1798-1879): from page to philanthropist
Authors: Breathnach C.S.
Published: March 2007

Henry Hutchinson Stewart [1798-1879] began life as a page to the Vice-Reine and came to the study of medicine rather belatedly. After some years in general practice he was appointed Governor to the Hospitals of the Houses of Industry in Dublin. In 1856 he was responsible for the removal of forgotten, friendless mental patients from the Houses of Industry to a disused hotel at Lucan outside the city. Later on, when a committee proposed to provide a training institution for the mentally handicapped, he handed over his premises in Lucan to them with its annual income of £1,000 in addition to a donation of £5,000. In his will he bequeathed further substantial sums (£7,000) to the Institution which still bears his name, and money was also made available to the Irish Universities to found valuable scholarships.
Carl Wernicke and the concept of 'elementary symptom'
Authors: Krahl A. , Schifferdecker M.
Published: March 2007

Examination of contemporary medical conference papers reveal that the German clinician, Carl Wernicke, conducted a unique on-going inquiry into psychiatric nosology. Wernicke was searching for what he called the 'elementary symptoms' of mental disorder, or, in other words, the single psychopathological feature, from which all others arose. From 1892 onwards, he postulated a variety of such 'elementary' symptoms. Wernicke's theory makes sense in terms of such categories as 'anxiety-psychosis' and 'hallucinosis'. His work contrasts with that of Kraepelin and also with modern diagnostic criteria. Neither Wernicke nor his followers pursued the theory of 'elementary symptoms', but an examination of his work sheds light on modern ideas about diagnosis.
Essay Review : Demystifying Mentalities by G. E. R. Lloyd
Authors: Simms Norman
Published: March 2007

G. E. R. Lloyd. Demystifying Mentalities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. viii + 174.
Domestic Discord, Rocky Relationships: Semantic Prosodies in Representations of Marital Violence in the O.J. Simpson Trial
Authors: COTTERILL JANET
Published: March 2007

This article addresses one of the central concerns of the forensic linguist: the analysis of courtroom discourse and the identification of potentially discriminatory linguistic practices within the criminal justice system. This critical linguistic analysis examines the semantic prosodies of some of the words and phrases used to describe domestic violence at trial, a key issue in the O.J. Simpson double homicide case. The article considers data from the 100,000-word opening arguments of the criminal trial and contrasts the respective lexical representations of domestic violence in the prosecution and defence arguments. Drawing on data from COBUILD Bank of English, the article studies the prosodies of the constructs presented by both sides in their conflicting representations of domestic violence against women in the courtroom context.
The Representation of Non-Protesters in a Student and Teacher Protest: A Critical Discourse Analysis of News Reporting in a Greek Newspaper
Authors: STAMOU ANASTASIA G.
Published: March 2007

This article examines a rather neglected aspect of the protest script, the news representation of drivers, pedestrians, parents of protesters and other actors - defined here as `non-protesters' - in a student and teacher protest that took place in Greece. The significance of non-protesters is that they may have a considerable impact on people who read about the protest and therefore the readers' reception of that particular protest. In addition, because of the frequent interaction of most non-protesters with protesters themselves, the former contribute to the depiction of the latter. Adhering to the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) paradigm, the analysis of the data indicates that the way non-protesters are portrayed might make readers adopt a negative stance towards the protest, and that protesters' representation is in line with the dominant discourse of protest. In conclusion, the stigmatization of protesters is likely to be more effective when actors who may significantly influence readers are also involved in the process. Although the major part of the analysis is carried out by drawing upon two well-established tools in the area of CDA (transitivity and ergativity), the article also addresses methodological issues, such as compiling a causation scale and considering justification as a mitigating device of negative actions.
When Senators and Publics Meet at the Environmental Protection Subcommittee
Authors: Boynton G. R.
Published: March 2007

The hearings of the Senate Environmental Protection Subcommittee on reauthorizing the Clean Air Act of 1987 are analyzed and contrasted with Senate hearings of other committees to show how these hearings fit into the societal debate on clean air. The discourse of the hearings is analyzed by examining the language of the talk and by analyzing the style of argument. The discourse in these hearings is shown to be distinctive by comparing it with other hearings. The argument of the paper is that this distinctiveness is the result of the type of communication possible in electronic/mass media communication.
Communication Hierarchies in Humour: Gender Differences in the Obstetrical/Gynaecological Setting
Authors: Pizzini Franca
Published: March 2007

This article explores the meaning and use of humorous remarks between doctors and patients in the obstetrical/gynaecological setting. Some elements common to the behaviours analysed can be summarized as follows: humour is used to reinforce existing power relationships in several ways; humour serves different communicative functions: sometimes used to move interview/talk along, sometimes used as comfort, sometimes used to stop patients from rambling on; the women clients use different humour strategies, depending upon whether they are interacting with nurses, midwives or doctors; power relationships shift as gender and institutional roles intersect. The nurses and midwives have more power when the doctors are not there. First we focus on the meaning and effects of this research field on women; we then move on to the social meaning of humour and finally concentrate on two studies carried out in some maternity wards and family health clinics in Italy.
`We are Dealing with People Whose Origins One can Clearly Tell Just by Looking': Critical Discourse Analysis and the Study of Neo-Racism in Contemporary Austria
Authors: Wodak Ruth , Matouschek Bernd
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the discourse of neo-racism towards foreigners in Austria between 1989 and 1991. It summarizes the preliminary results of an ongoing interdisciplinary project, and offers illustrative examples of official discourse (politicians), newspaper texts and anonymous conversations on the street recorded during the Waldheim campaign of 1987 and the Viennese municipal election of 1991. The study suggests that the neo-racist discourse occasioned by the population migrations after the collapse of communist Eastern Europe not only targets the specific Eastern European ethnic outgroups, but is elastic enough to combine these prejudices with those against other existing traditional and functionally determined outgroups. In the example cited, prejudices against Jews, Turks and bicycle riders merge into a generic neo-racist discourse.
Discourse and the Politics of Space in South Africa: The `Squatter Crisis'
Authors: Dixon John A. , Foster Don H. , Durrheim Kevin , Wilbraham Lindy
Published: March 2007

In this study, we analyze a body of discourse concerning the government of space in South Africa, employing the methodological framework developed by Wetherell and Potter (1992). Our data comprised a series of letters submitted to local newspapers by the white residents of a coastal town in the Cape Province. The letters protested, on various grounds, the development of a black `squatter' community within the town's environs. The present research focused upon residents' use of an ecological repertoire to warrant their arguments. In the first stage of analysis, we located several sites of contradiction at which the coherence of such arguments broke down. In the second, we delineated three moments wherein ecological discourse was employed to justify the racist division of space, while concealing overt racism. We conclude by underlining the value of Wetherell and Potter's model, which replaces a priori definitions of the content of racist ideology with a more fluid, contextualized approach.
T-Offenses and Metapragmatic Attacks: Strategies of Interactional Dominance
Authors: Jacquemet Marco
Published: March 2007

Drifting along the imaginary boundary between communication and society, this article deals with communicative practices during criminal trials taking place in Naples, Italy. It describes in detail pronominal violations and metapragmatic attacks used in court in the struggle for hegemony and control over the social construction of credibility. It analyzes the communicative impact that metalinguistic commentaries on pronominal violations have during conflict talk. Reviewing the literature on T/V, it introduces a new understanding of pronominal asymmetries based on the opposition marked/unmarked. Pronominal offenses in a dispute occur when (a) the unmarked address frame has either been disputed or purposefully challenged by one or more participants, and (b) a recipient has metapragmatically called attention, or metapragmatically attacked, the opposing party's choice of a marked code, interpreting the violation as a personal offense.
Sexual Harassment? Cross-Cultural/Cross-Linguistic Perspectives
Authors: Tyler Andrea , Boxer Diana
Published: March 2007

With the increasing numbers of international graduate students and faculty on US university campuses have come increasing reports of communication problems between these instructors and their US students, including accusations of sexual harassment. We investigate here the key role that culture-specific interpretations of verbal and nonverbal behavior play in effectively communicating in the context of the classroom discourse of US higher education. We extend these interpretations to the area of what verbal and nonverbal behavior might have sexual implications and therefore what teacher (and peer) behavior might be perceived as sexual harassment. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out on the reactions of US undergraduates and international teaching assistants (ITAs) to 12 scenarios based on naturally occurring (and potentially problematic) interactions. Results of the study indicate that (1) language and behavior that is perceived as sexual in nature in the US may not be so perceived in other societies; and (2) certain sexually tinged verbal and nonverbal behaviors may be more tolerated in societies other than US society, given the present state of heightened sensitivity to the issue of sexual harassment in the US. We investigate here the dangers that ITAs may face given both these factors.
Women on Welfare: Conversational Sites of Acquiescence and Dissent
Authors: Kingfisher Catherine Pélissier
Published: March 2007

Criticism of the invisibility of women in many studies of political resistance has engendered a broadening of traditional conceptions to include not only overt protest, but also everyday and hidden forms of dissent. Different theories of resistance, however, make different claims about the nature of personhood, power and discourse. In this paper, I explore resistance and its opposite, accommodation, within a poststructuralist problematic. I draw on a 17-month study with two welfare rights groups, during which I tape-recorded, transcribed and then analyzed everyday conversation for expressions of complicity and contestation. Foucault's concept of “reverse” discourse proved particularly useful in analyzing talk that deploys dominant ideologies for subversive purposes. I argue that, while not undermining the value of structuralist analyses of discourse, a poststructuralist approach provides useful insights into the relationship between acquiescence and dissent, as well as into the implications of this relationship for conceptualizations of human agency and intentionality.
In the Light of a Star
Authors: Lamiell James T. , Deutsch Werner
Published: March 2007

This article briefly discusses the historical context and main currents of William Stem's (1871-1938) important but to date little-known contributions to the discourse of theoretical psychology. The sketch of Stem's critical personalism offered here is intended to provide the reader with a conceptual background for the various contributions to the Special Issue.
Self or Selves?
Authors: Oppenheimer Louis
Published: March 2007

Contemporary discussions within the fields of neuroscience (biology), physics and philosophy have provided profound new insights into the architecture of the brain, brain processes and the nature of consciousness. These insights permit the formulation of theoretical models that attempt to describe the organization of the self-system: that is, the way in which knowledge about the self is organized and related with respect to distinct context-related self-representations. During the last decade the issue of `dissociative identity disorder' (DID; previously termed `multiple personality disorder' or MPD) has obtained increasingly greater attention within the fields of psychopathology and psychiatry. The arguments outlined in this paper are based on the assumption that dissociative identity disorder is actually an associative identity disorder. It is the result of deficient integrative and associative processes in the self-system or the use of different ego centers instead of one. Because the inaccessibility of the non-integrated parts of the self (i.e. amnesia) is one of the determining characteristics for the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder, it is argued that this disorder can only manifest itself with individuals showing a high cognitive complexity of organization of self-relevant information. Cognitive complexity of the neurological system may be an endogenous factor affecting the occurrence of associative disorders and in part explain the many instances in which severe childhood abuse (i.e. physical, sexual and! or mental abuse) does not result in any symptoms of failing association.
Strife of Systems Tension between Organismic and Developmental Points of View
Authors: Kaplan Bernard
Published: March 2007

Having worked with Heinz Werner (Werner & Kaplan, 1963/ 1983) to articulate the organismic-developmental approach to psychological phenomena, the author, in this paper, attempts critically to reflect upon the tensions and oppositions between the two components of that ostensibly unitary approach: the organismic-holistic component, which emphasizes the sovereignty and autonomy of sociocultural and, ultimately, individual `entities' in matters of the Good, the True and the Beautiful, and the developmental component, which stresses system (cultural and individual)-transcending norms or standards for the assessment and ranking of diverse `forms of life' or `modes of mentation'. These tensions between immanence and transcendence continue to be manifested in the sometimes violent and virulent oppositions between socioculturalists-historicists-relativists, on the one hand, and objectivists, on the other, and in current intra-societal debates over `multiculturalism', Eurocentrism, rights of self-determination, etc.
Social Theory and Values: A Hermeneutic Perspective
Authors: Richardson Frank C. , Woolfolk Robert L.
Published: March 2007

In a post-positivist era few social scientists defend the complete `value-neutrality' of their theories or research. Confusion remains, however, about the role of cultural and moral values in psychological theory and its applications to human concerns. Some key quandaries concerning values and social theory are sketched against a broad historical and philosophical backdrop. The approach to values and ideological underpinnings of explanatory social science, `descriptivist' approaches and Habermas's critical theory are briefly analyzed. Ways are then explored in which a philosophical hermeneutic perspective like that of Gadamer or Taylor might capture the valid insights and overcome some of the shortcomings of these approaches.
Toward a Wittgensteinian Social Psychology of Human Development
Authors: Jost John T.
Published: March 2007

It has been suggested that Wittgenstein's work on the philosophy of psychology contains the seeds of an anti-individualistic alternative to mentalism and behaviorism. Along these lines, I propose a social psychological reading of Wittgenstein based on Zettel§567 and related remarks. It is argued that Wittgenstein's views are social psychological because he claims that human behavior may be understood only in terms of the background of social practices and group norms, an assumption also shared by the social behaviorists Mead and Dewey. In particular, Wittgenstein emphasizes that psychological concepts, like all concepts, are systems of language-games supported by a complex variety of social practices, which he refers to as a form of life. According to Wittgenstein, people grow into the background assumptions of those around them through a process of socialization. On this view, human development is best understood as a progression through socio cultural sequences of increasingly complicated grammars. Some implications of Wittgenstein's account for contemporary developmental psychology are also discussed.
Are Constructs Personal?
Authors: Wortham Stanton
Published: March 2007

Mancuso (1996) accurately identifies some similarities between personal construct psychology and social constructionism. These two traditions agree that experience is mediated, and that humans have no access to the absolute truth about themselves or the world. Against Mancuso, however, I argue that the two traditions have different accounts of what is constructed and how it is constructed. Mancuso's proposed synthesis stays too close to traditional cognitive psychology, by focusing on individuals' cognitions and by ignoring the social and relational context in which meaning is constructed.
Deconstructing `Paranoia'
Authors: Harper David J.
Published: March 2007

`Paranoia' is a construct which is currently associated with types of `schizophrenia', `personality disorder' and `delusional disorder' in DSM-IV™ (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). In this paper, the concept of paranoia is deconstructed by examining six dominant and six opposed and subjugated presuppositions within both the psychiatric and abnormal psychology literature. In an argument which aims to provide a positive deconstruction, a discursive approach is suggested as a perspective which transforms these oppositions and enables more creative theorizing.
Does Volition Need Social Constructionism?
Authors: Kenwood Christine
Published: March 2007

In his 1993 paper `Finding a Home for a Psychology of Volition' Rick Ansoff claims that social constructionism `has no need for a concept of volition'. It is argued here that this claim is mistaken. Social constructionism necessarily entails such a concept, whether or not it is made explicit in particular social constructionist accounts. It is further argued that social constructionism not only provides a `home' for volition, it offers as well an understanding of the concept that escapes many of the problems associated with traditional accounts. It is thus less a matter of social constructionism's needing volition than it is one of volition's needing social constructionism.
`Loving the Computer'
Authors: Wilson Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

Cognitive psychology has been founded on a model of the mind as an information-processing machine. This paper is not concerned with the arguments for or against modelling the mind on computers, as these arguments are already well rehearsed in the literature. Instead I am interested in what the relation between computer, cognition and the thinking man promises or guarantees. Specifically, I am concerned with how cognition comes to be constituted through certain dominant fantasies of embodiment that the computer metaphor promotes. To what extent does psychology's computational machinery prescribe a disembodied cognition? And in what ways is such a prescription of cognition indebted to the logic of a masculine morphology? The paper draws on Turing's classic essay `Computing Machinery and Intelligence', Atkinson and Shiffrin's early model of human memory, Irigaray's formulation of sexed morphology and Tausk's analysis of the influencing machine in paranoid delusions to argue that at the heart of cognitive theories we find the body of the thinking man.
On the Poly/tics of Postmodern Psychology
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

Deliberation on the political implications of postmodern psychology is essential, and Kendall and Michael (1997) raise a variety of interesting and important issues. Attempting to avoid the culs-de-sac created by their fast and loose characterizations of both positions and politics, I focus chiefly on the forms of theory favored by postmodern psychology. I contrast the political implications of actor-network theory, favored by Kendall and Michael, with efforts of theorists to replace essentialist views of the self with conceptions of socially constituted being. All theory will necessarily bring privileges; reflexivity is no exit from ideology.
The Application of Chaos Theory to Psychology
Authors: Ayers Susan
Published: March 2007

Chaos theory has successfully explained various phenomena in the natural sciences and has subsequently been heralded by some as the new paradigm for science. Chaos and its concepts are beginning to be applied to psychology by researchers from cognitive, developmental and clinical psychology. This paper seeks to provide an overview of this work and evaluate the application of chaos to psychology. Chaos is briefly explained before existing applications of chaos in psychology and possible implications are examined. Finally, problems of applying chaos are evaluated and conclusions drawn regarding the usefulness of chaos in psychology.
Discourse and Social Psychology - Silencing Binaries
Authors: Wetherell Margaret , Potter Jonathan
Published: March 2007

This paper responds to the critical points raised by Morgan (1998) about Discourse and Social Psychology. She suggests that the book is organized around basic binaries (inner/outer, representation/reality, nature/culture) which reflect and reproduce logocentricism and thereby phallogocentricism, and she proposes that the phenomenon of silence is one which is simultaneously of particular concern to women and beyond the limits of a discourse approach. The response takes issue with the philosophical idealism and gender essentialism of these arguments, stressing that binaries are made sexist or progressive in the context of specific ideological practices. We disagree with both her identification of binaries in Discourse and Social Psychology and their claimed consequences. The paper ends by outlining some ways in which silence can be approached from conversation analytic and discourse analytic perspectives, and raising some reflexive questions about Morgan's own construction of gender and silence.
Semiotics and Information Psychology
Authors: Jorna Rene J. , van Heusden Barend
Published: March 2007

In both information science (e.g. learning, networks and interface design) and management science (e.g. knowledge creation and knowledge management) psychology and semiotics are almost absent. In this paper we take this observation as a starting point. From a psychological perspective we will discuss what is missing in the sciences of management and information, and, as a consequence, how this absence could be explained. Then, we do the same from a semiotic perspective. The paper consists of five parts. First, we discuss the absence of psychology in management science and information science. Second, we discuss a starting point in psychology. Third, we go into the details of two important trends in present-day management and information science, that is, (a) knowledge management and knowledge creation and (b) the learning organization. Fourth, we describe our starting points in semiotics, especially in relation to (external) representations and semiosis. Finally, we will argue in favor of a supplementary psychological field: semio-psychology or information psychology.
Multinationals and the Rise of Variable Pay in Germany
Authors: Kurdelbusch Antje
Published: March 2007

This article examines the use of variable pay in large German companies. It is shown that the implementation of contingent pay has increased, in spite of institutional constraints deriving from the German system of industrial relations. The increase can be explained by the growing internationalization of product and capital markets as it is the multinational companies with a high percentage of foreign sales and a strong orientation toward shareholder value that are most likely to use flexible pay. Unions and works councils are not excluded from, but are actively involved in, these changes. Hence, the trend toward decentralization and flexibility of remuneration schemes indicates a change toward a more Anglo-American business system, but also reveals the strong embeddedness of German companies in the German system of industrial relations.
Dutch and Flemish Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice
Authors: Leisink Peter
Published: March 2007

This article presents a comprehensive overview of industrial relations publications which have appeared in the Dutch language over the past 5 to 10 years. On the basis of these publications it outlines recent changes in the industrial relations systems in The Netherlands and Belgium and analyses the debates to which these changes have given rise. Apart from substantive topics such as decentralization, flexibility, internationalization and their effects on the industrial relations practices, attention is given to the different theoretical approaches which are used to analyse these phenomena.
The Transformation of Trade Unionism in the Capitalist and Democratic Restructuring of the Czech Republic
Authors: Pollert Anna
Published: March 2007

This article examines the changing approach of the Czechoslovak (and then Czech) labour movement: from trying to reconcile support for free market reform with the defence of democracy and workers' rights, to a clearer position of workers' interest representation. Union radicalization was spurred first by successes in defending workers' rights at state level immediately after the Velvet Revolution, then increasingly by polarization forced by the entrenchment of a confident right-wing state. While the first five years of post-communist trade unionism produced apparent social consensus and union quiescence, making the Czech Republic an island of `social peace' within a much more turbulent central and eastern Europe, 1995 appeared to mark a turning of the tide towards greater conflict and opposition.
Neither Social Partnership nor Class Struggle: A Plea for New Social Contracts
Authors: Zoll Rainer
Published: March 2007

What scope is there for social regulation that avoids the uniformity of the state and the anarchy of the market? This article argues the need for new forms of `social contract', regulatory processes based on the negotiation of differences through devolved procedures within a `public space'. Collective bargaining is a classic form of such devolution, but there are many others, and the advance of citizenship requires their extension. The construction of new social contracts is the most promising route for the reconstruction of solidarity in an era of increased individualism.
European Works Councils in the Nordic Countries: An Opportunity and a Challenge for Trade Unionism
Authors: Knudsen Herman , Bruun Niklas
Published: March 2007

The Nordic countries have a long tradition of joint consultation and cooperation at workplace and company level. This article presents and compares the findings of studies in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden on the implementation of the EU Directive on European Works Councils. It attempts to explain why in particular a great number of Norwegian and Finnish multinationals have concluded so-called Article 13 agreements. A central focus is on the relations between European Works Councils and trade unions.
Collective Bargaining in the OECD: Developments, Preconditions and Effects
Authors: Traxier Franz
Published: March 2007

This article analyses collective bargaining in 20 OECD countries. The first section examines changes from 1970 to 1990 in the relative importance of multi-employer, single-employer and individual bargaining. It is shown that national patterns have become increasingly polarized. The second section deals with the preconditions for collective bargaining. Empirical findings reveal that supportive institutions provided by the state are the key prerequisite for the viability of collective bargaining in general and multi-employer bargaining in particular. The implications of these findings for the future of collective bargaining are discussed.
Employers' Organizations and Concertation: Internal Dynamics and Institutional Influence
Authors: Vatta Alessia
Published: March 2007

The attitude of employers' organizations towards concertation results from the interaction of two main variables: the industrial structure and the institutional framework. The balance of power within the organizations between large and smaller firms, and the set of rules, legal provisions and representative bodies enforced in each country strongly influence the policy choices. Between the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s different options were adopted in Sweden, Denmark and Austria. This article tries to explain the conduct of employers' organizations in these three countries, and suggests that incentives to concertation can derive from a careful management of constraints and choices related to the two variables.
Cyberspace Time and Infertility
Authors: Menzies Heather
Published: March 2007

This essay uses a personal experience of infertility as a metaphor for a deepening societal alienation, as work and other social activities are increasingly disembodied from grounded, face-to-face contexts into asynchronous bit-actions, the tempo of which is driven by the lightning speed of global digital communication. A history of modern and even postmodern time and its social-conditioning effects, the discourse on technological change (and attendant objective, disembodying language), and new reproductive technologies are discussed, as are possible ways of recovering a sense of time as experience and human memory, and applying this to a renewed social science of implicated participation.
The Coconut-Shell Clock
Authors: Raybeck Douglas
Published: March 2007

Kelantanese peasants of the Malay Peninsula maintain a traditional agrarian culture that treats time inexactly and as of less importance than many social considerations. Kelantanese are conscious of their lax treatment of time compared to western models and this consciousness furthers their awareness of their cultural identity. In addition to the issue of cultural identity, this paper examines those situations in which Kelantanese punctuality and temporal exactitude are regularly subordinated to social concerns, especially those having to do with the avoidance of conflict and the maintenance of village solidarity.
Temporal Experiences and Time Knowledge in Infancy and Early Childhood
Authors: Pouthas Viviane , Droit Sylvie , Jacquet Anne-Yvonne
Published: March 2007

The developmental psychology of time is a vast field, as vast as the complexities of the notion of time itself. No overview can do justice to all areas of exploration. This paper focuses on early temporal experiences and time knowledge. The first section deals with the precursors of some temporal abilities in infancy. Then, three sets of studies are reviewed: studies on the development of representations of temporal structure; studies on transitions over the course of ontogenesis from conditioned responses to time to more cognitively regulated behaviours; and research on the development of children's conceptions of time as a quantifiable dimension.
A Time to be Concerned
Authors: Whipp Richard
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to scrutinize the way time is currently understood and managed by organizations. In particular, the concern is with the claims made by policy makers in this area and the limited conceptions of time employed by the academics involved. After surveying the major themes in the study of time and organizations, the paper seeks to supply a basic conceptual vocabulary relevant to the task of understanding contemporary management. The second half of the paper illustrates how a pluralist conception of time might lead to a fuller appreciation of the continued diversity of time-ordering systems in organizations and their multiple sources and meanings.
Media and Information Technology: The Day Kennedy Died... and After
Authors: Tresilian Nicholas
Published: March 2007

First the industrial revolution mechanized work, then it mechanized leisure. Even more than the factory regime by day, which cast people as the analogues of machines, analogue TV in the home every evening and at weekends synchronized and massified personal time. The assassination of President Kennedy in 1963 registered this phenomenon on a global scale. Still, even as we have been adapting our sense of shared time to the time-compactness of the global village, fissiparous forces have been at work to undermine this new community. Digital technology is the splitting factor, the implications of which are the central concern of this paper.

Digital technology has already changed media production and distribution, prompting the emergence of multinational corporations seeking global market share in both hardware and software, but also allowing a greater diversity of smaller creative organizations into the world marketplace to service the media giants. Digital distribution is now radically altering the nature of media consumption: multiplying the available channels to the consumer, facilitating the targeting of niche markets, and combining video and computer technology in multimedia so as to introduce interactivity. For the consumer, the first effect of the incoming digital technology has been to multiply passive choice - fragmenting the mediasphere, but not yet undermining its mechanistic character. In the longer term, digital technology has the potential to return to the viewer the capability to construct his or her own personal time, primarily through the planning and execution of programmes of personal activity using the same video screen (now with keyboard attached), once the altar of passive media consumption in the home. In the shift from analogue to digital technology in media, we may be seeing a paradigm for a more general shift from the division of labour characteristic of the industrial phase of work to its re-integration in the work of the post-industrial world.
The Life and Times of Community
Authors: Dicks Bella
Published: March 2007

The representation of community entails a particular imagination of time, simultaneously chronological and subjective. The subjective sense of time is a central feature of heritage representational practice, which utilizes reconstruction and spectacle to supplement the chronological time of linear historiography with a plurality of personalized cameos. A particular audio-visual heritage exhibition, Black Gold at the Rhondda Heritage Park, is discussed in terms of its representation of `community time'. This is discussed in relation to Ricoeur's theory of narrative identity, in order to show the dependence of the trope of community on a particular homogenizing concept of time. Some of the reasons why Black Gold imagines community in the particular ways described are suggested, with respect to the dialogic relations between these texts and the world `outside' text in the local `structure of feeling' and socio-economic context.
Gendered Time in Law: Towards a New Concept of the Caring Citizen
Authors: Gunning Marjet
Published: March 2007

Gender and time have been discussed at length from a sociological point of view. Social scientists have pointed out new temporal conditions. Feminist research has indicated the extent to which essentialist paradigms behind notions of time are gendered. Less attention has been paid, however, to the way gender and time are embedded in jurisprudence. For legal theorists, the unequal participation of women in both paid and unpaid work is one of the reasons why women still lack full citizenship. A redistribution of clock-time from the public sphere to the time spent on unpaid work in the private sphere has been put forward by policy-makers as the preferred solution to this problem. In this article I argue that this legal approach to time leaves gendered relationships untouched as it neglects the interrelationship between different kinds of social time.
New Managerialism and Canadian Police Training Reform
Authors: De Lint Willem
Published: March 2007

This paper offers a preliminary exploration of a renewed managerialism (or new man agerialism) in police discourse and police training in Canada. It reviews changes to the conception of discipline in the supervision of the front-line police officer, and explores how a discourse of bureaucratic organization has been replaced by a 'responsibiliza tion' agenda. It follows this movement in the residential training academy, examining how new training or police learning reforms attempt to reconceive the neophyte officer along new managerialist contours. While this reform can be advanced with the goal of supplanting the traditional military ethos of the police culture, it is argued that the reform may not fulfil this promise and could even leave a notoriously intransigent culture in a condition of renewed empowerment.
Rutelli’s Rome: Mayors and Personality Politics in Italy
Authors: McNeill Donald
Published: March 2007

Francesco Rutelli’s period as mayor of Rome was marked by controversy over his relationship with the Vatican, and with the use of the 2000 Holy Year for the replanning and modernization of Rome. His high profile in the 2001 general election demonstrates the growing importance of mayors in Italian political life.
Local Development in Europe
Authors: Garofoli Gioacchino
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with territory and economic development, highlighting the active role of territory in the development process. The main aim of the paper is to draw policy lessons from theoretical analysis and international comparison. After a short analysis of the debate about the literature on local development (industrial districts, endogenous development, regional innovation systems), the paper deals with the concept of ‘local productive system’, determined by a strict interaction between economy, society and territory. Local productive systems, through productive linkages and interaction among local actors, produce external economies (to local firms) and collective efficiency. Success stories of local development are based on the production of specific knowledge and resources, on collective learning. The creation of dynamic competitive advantages is, then, the crucial factor for a sustainable local development. It is possible to argue that a ‘high road to development’, based on quality products and innovation, is the pathway for local and regional development in Europe. Finally, policy lessons for depressed regions are drawn.
New Foods for Old? The Diet of South Asians in the UK
Authors: Joshi Mary Sissons , Lamb Roger
Published: March 2007

South Asians in Britain suffer from a higher rate of coronary heart disease than the indigenous population and it has been suggested that elevated levels of di etary fat play an important role in this disease pattern. Ahmed (1999) has ar gued that these fat levels are primarily due to the traditional South Asian methods of cooking, while McKeigue and Chaturvedi (1996) have additionally implicated Western fast food. A survey was conducted of 149 South Asians residing in and around London to ascertain their dietary beliefs and practices in relation to the percentage of energy derived from dietary fat. Subjects were drawn from two groups in order to investigate the effects of age and acculturation: employees at ICI (mean age 39 years) and students at London University (mean age 21 years). The data showed that both vegetarians/nonvegetarians and younger/older South Asians were consuming far too much fat in their diet. Western fast foods (i.e., potato chips) played a part but the primary factors were curried meat for older nonvegetarians, and butter for everyone else. Despite this high fat content and their awareness of the general relationship between fat and coronary heart dis ease, the subjects erroneously believed that they had a healthy diet. Butter was consumed on toast, sandwiches and potatoes, and the responses of the younger participants revealed that they considered this high fibre food healthy and over looked the amount of fat content in butter. Results are discussed in relation to their implication for health education and concepts of a multicultural diet.