bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Case for Lying, Cheating, and Stealing-Personal Development as Ethical Guidance for Managers
Authors: McSwain Cynthia J. , White Orion F.
Published: March 2007

The interpretivist perspective is rapidly growing in acceptance and influence in the feld of organization and management. This perspective has important implications for the field of administrative ethics that have not yet been sufficiently acknowledged. Traditionally, administrative ethics appears to have assumed an objectivist epistemological and legalistic ethical perspective, and interpretivism seems to imply epistemological subjectivism and ethical relativism as alternatives. Using Jung's theory of the unconscious as a foundation, an ethical perspective is developed indicating that through the vehicle of human relationship one can find stable points of reference for moral action in the requisities of the personal development of the actors involved in the situation, and hence, this perspective avoids the trap of ethical relativism to which interpretivism is vulnerable. Lying, cheating, and stealing are used as examples and the case of the Washington Post reporter Janet Cooke is presented as an illustration of how the approach applies in organizational situations.
The New Deal, Administrative Reform, and the Transcendence of Partisan Politics
Authors: Milkis Sidney M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship between party politics and administrative reform during the 1930s. The basic thesis of this article is that the politics of the Democratic party and the executive department converged in such a way during the genesis of the New Deal so that the presidency is institutionalized and strengthened while the traditional party system is weakened. In effect, Franklin D. Roosevelt's party leadership and the policies that gave shape to the New Deal transformed the Democratic party into a party of administration, which extensively displaced party politics with executive administration. This suggests that the postwar decline of political parties grew out of a party program of administrative reform, which was directed to lessening the importance of traditional party politics in favor of nonpartisan, albeit progressive, administration.
Reframing Health Policy Debate
Authors: Stivers Camilla
Published: March 2007

This article argues that health policy debate is dominated by the language of economics; that this approach makes it difficult to support equity concerns; and that recasting debate in public interest terms would balance equity and efficiency more effectively than "right to health care" claims. The public interest is presented as governmental-therefore binding-action that addresses the common good. Drawing on speech act theory, I suggest that policy language not only describes situations, it also shapes the way we identify and choose solutions to problems. Public interest language may therefore help us deal with tough issues like the growth of for-profit health care so that the pain inherent in societal choice does not fall on those members of society least able to bear it.
What is Bureaucratic Accountability and How can We Measure it?
Authors: O'Loughlin Michael G.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses both the theoretical question of defining accountability relationships in the bureaucratic context and the methodological question of how to describe and measure those relationships. More specifically, a model of accountability is offered, which defines such relationships as influence relationships involving three essential dimensions: (a) effective communication systems through which bureaucratic explanation and justification of actions and decisions to outside actors occurs; (b) outside actor influence over bureaucratic decision making; and (c) the existence of a distinction between discretionary and non-discretionary spheres of decision making. The article then identifies and describes a measurement strategy and social indicators to assess the substance and strength of accountability between bureaucratic agencies and outside public actors. The use of the model and measurement strategy is applied to a case study involving the accountability relationship between an employment and training agency and the chief political officials of a large urban city during the implementation of the 1973 Comprehensive Employment and Training Act and its reauthorization in 1978.
Beyond Markets, Hierarchies, or Clans
Authors: Durant Robertef
Published: March 2007

During the Reagan era, three common remedies for reforming public and private bureaucracies animated popular debate: hierarchies, markets, and clans. This article uses natural resource management as a window for exploring the political economies, consequences, and paradoxes of these reforms as applied during the 1980s. It then offers a fourth alternative to restructuring public agencies that incorporates the virtues of markets, hierarchies, and clans while attenuating their deficiencies. In the process, reform centers on deregulating agency practices while regulating agency incentives. Premised on the need to restructure public agencies for accomplishment rather than control, this alternative has three primary prescriptions: deemphasize the administrative orthodoxy, selectively deregulate agency operations, and restructure units when feasible and appropriate on a flow-of-work or modular basis.
The Implications of Work Force Diversification in the U.S. Forest Service
Authors: Brown Greg , Harris Charles C.
Published: March 2007

Natural resource management agencies, like the U.S. Forest Service, face a formidable challenge today—to develop and implement resource management plans that satisfy diverse and changing social political and economic values. Effective organizations develop strategies, either explicit or implicit, for adapting to changing environments. The Forest Service is currently implementing one such adaptive strategy—a work force diversification program based on affirmative action called "Work Force 1995" whose objectives include the creation of a mix of employees in the agency that better reflects the diverse publics it serves. The premise of the program is that work force diversification will eventually result in land management decisions that better reflect the wants and desires of the American people. Using results from a nationwide study of Forest Service employees, we examined these assumptions with respect to gender and assessed the potential impacts of changes in the work force on agency resource decisions. The authors' results suggest that gender diversification in the Forest Service will have significant impacts on future agency directions in its development and implementation of resource policies. It is argued that the combination of gender and professional diversification in the agency will create an organizational culture very different from the past and that these changes could dramatically impact future resource decisions.
Shared Regulation in the United States Securities Industry
Authors: McCaffrey David P. , Faerman Sue R.
Published: March 2007

The processes determining regulatory impacts are increasingly centered within firms and industries themselves, and in the working relationships among private and public actors. This article examines two aspects of this issue: (a) the effects of economic interdependence on the social control of industry and (b) the emergence and behavior of regulatory professions within the private sector and their collaboration with public regulatory counterparts. We consider how these forces have influenced private regulation in the United States securities industry.
Deming's Total Quality Management Movement and the Baskin Robbins Problem
Authors: White Orion F. , Wolf James F.
Published: March 2007

W. Edwards Deming' philosophy of total quality management (TQM) constitutes more than an approach to management. It is also a full-fledged theory of organization and a theory of society and politics that holds important implications for relations between nation-states in the emerging "new world order." When examined in this light, it appears that TQM is not collectivist or Marxist in the way that it is sometimes understood, but that it does stand in tension with a number of aspects of the traditional liberal American political and social tradition. At the same time, however, it is quite consistent with the revolutionary, antifederalist subtheme that has persisted throughout U.S. history.
Situational Stability and Variability in African American Racial Identity
Authors: Shelton J. Nicole , Sellers Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Using the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity as a conceptual framework, the present research investigated the stable and situational properties of African American racial identity. Study 1 illustrated that although individuals’ racial identity remains the same across situations relative to other individuals, the situation can influence certain dimensions of one’s racial identity in a sample of African American undergraduate students. Study 2 demonstrated that racial identity can influence perceptions of ambiguous events. The findings are discussed with respect to how the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity is a racial identity model for African Americans that addresses the structural processes of racial identity without disregard for the qualitative meaning of what it means to be African American in this society. Implications for research on identity in general and African American racial identity are also discussed.
The Relationships among Racial Identity, Perceived Ethnic Fit, and Organizational Involvement for African American Students at a Predominantly White University
Authors: Chavous Tabbye M.
Published: March 2007

In the present study, the idea of person-environment fit was explored for African American college students in a predominantly White university. The relationships among African American students’demographic backgrounds, beliefs regarding race (racial ideology and racial centrality), and their perceived fit in the college environment due to their ethnicity (PEF) were examined. These factors were used to predict student organizational involvement in race-specific organizations and mainstream campus organizations. Participants were 164 African American students from a predominantly White university. It was found that both the meaning of race (ideology) and the importance of race (centrality) were related to the extent to which students felt comfort in expressing their ethnicity and, subsequently, their social participation in ethnic group affirming activities. The findings suggest the importance of the students’ perceptions of congruence between themselves and their educational environment.
Social Identity and Preferred Ethnic/Racial Labels for Blacks in Canada
Authors: Boatswain Sharon J. , Lalonde Richard N.
Published: March 2007

A number of studies conducted in the United States have found that Black and African American are the preferred labels for ethnic/racial self-designation by Blacks. The purpose of this study was to assess which labels were preferred (and disliked) by a sample of Black Canadian students (N = 101), as well as to uncover the personal meanings of their preferred labels. In addition, the relationships between label preferences and measures of ethnic/racial identity developed in America (African Self-Consciousness Scale, Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale) and Canada (York Ethnic Identification Scale) were examined. Although Black was the most preferred label, the following four types of preferred labels were identified: Black, Africentric, Caribbean, and Canadian. Different label preferences were associated with different measures of social identity. Issues of social identity and ethnic/racial self-designation for Blacks in Canada are discussed.
Prevention Programming for African American Youth: A Review of Strategies in CSAP’s National Cross-Site Evaluation of High-Risk Youth Programs
Authors: Chipungu Sandra S. , Hermann John , Sambrano Soledad , Nistler Mary , Sale Elizabeth , Springer J. Fred
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to add to the knowledge base on prevention programming by explicating the characteristics of 12 programs (out of 47) serving African American youth funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP). Findings show that African American youth exhibit lower use rates than most other ethnic and racial groups, but by the time they reach ages 16 to 18, use is prevalent. Data on correlations of risk and protective factors with substance use reveal a very similar pattern of rank order in the strength of correlations for African American youth with youth who are not African American in the CSAP sample. The African American programs integrated Africentric principles and themes into other prevention strategies: education-and-awareness, risk-andprotection, and positive-alternative-interventions. The analysis shows that Africentric programming contributes to higher rates of satisfaction and perceived program importance to youth participating in the African American programs, compared to African American youth in other programs.
Substance Abuse in African American Women
Authors: Curtis-Boles Harriet , Jenkins-Monroe Valata
Published: March 2007

Limited attention to ethnicity in research on substance abuse and women has resulted in assumptions that may not fit the experience of women of color. This study employed a combined quantitative and qualitative design to investigate substance abuse in African American women ages 21 to 48. Life experiences of women with histories of chemical dependence were compared with women who were maintaining a nonabusing lifestyle. Variables examined were history of parental substance abuse and child abuse, exposure to racism and traumatic events, and social support and spirituality. The substance abusing and nonabusing women were distinguished from each other in the areas of spirituality and family connectedness. Although all participants reported high violence exposure and personal losses, significantly more substance abusing women reported being battered, experiencing homelessness, and more traumatic events. Participants described multiple experiences with racism, though their descriptions of their responses to these experiences suggested different styles of coping. Findings have significant implications for prevention of substance abuse, particularly in the areas of religious involvement, family support, and the development of active problem-solving strategies.
Values for Life: Preliminary Evaluation of the Educational Component
Authors: Taylor Jerome , Tlrner Sekai , Underwood Carrie , Franklin Agnes , Jackson Elsie , Stagg Vaughan
Published: March 2007

The educational component of the Values-for-Life curriculum is designed to help teachers implement instructional routines that enhance the love and respect, learning orientation, self-confidence, self-persistence, self-esteem, and self-reliance of infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and Head Start children. In this report, the development of instructional curriculum is reviewed and methods to evaluate its impact in seven centers are described. In these centers serving inner-city and semirural communities, results indicated that the curriculum was relatively successful in affecting all child outcomes except self-persistence even when different design strategies, demographically diverse samples, varying child ages, contrasting conditions of racial balance, and different measures, raters, settings, and lengths of intervention were used. Implicationsfor theory, research, practice, and policy are examined.
The Relationships Between Skin Color and Self-Perceived Global, Physical, and Sexual Attractiveness, and Self-Esteem for African Americans
Authors: Wade T. Joel
Published: March 2007

Skin color in relation to self-esteem and self-perceived physical, sexual, and global attractiveness was examinedfor a sample of9J African Americans. Based on marketplace theory and prior research, interactions of sex and skin tone were hypothesized. Fair-skinnedfemales were expected to have higherself-esteem and self-ratings of attractiveness than dark-skinned females. Dark-skinned males' ratings were expected to be higher or not different from those of fair-skinned males. Results obtainedpartially supported the hypotheses. Dark-skinned males' self-ratings of sexual attractiveness were higher, whereasfemales'ratings did not difer No significant effects occurred for other types of attractiveness or selfesteem. Results are discussed in terms of marketplace theory, stereotyping, and the exclusion of males from measures/changes designed to address skin-color biases in the Black community and society.
Moving Beyond Resistance: Ebonics and African American Youth
Authors: Smitherman Geneva , Cunningham Sylvia
Published: March 2007

We have had pronouncements on Black speech from the NAACP... from highly publicized scholars... from executives of national corporations... from housewives and community folk. I mean, really, it seem like everybody and they momma done had something to say on the subject!
An Afrocultural Social Ethos: Component Orientations and Some Social Implications
Authors: Jagers Robert J. , Smith Paula , Mock Lynne Owens , Dill Ebony
Published: March 2007

Two studies explored an Afrocultural social ethos: its component orientations of spirituality, affect, and communalism; and their connections with psychosocial functioning among inner-city African American youth in Grades 5 through 7. Positive endorsement and moderate positive correlations among the orientations were found in each study. In Study 1, an Afrocultural social ethos was predictive of more cooperative and more competitive academic attitudes and lower levels of a Machiavellian attitude. When orientations were examined, spirituality emerged as a positive predictor of two academic attitudes. In Study 2, an Afrocultural social ethos was predictive of empathy and a more altruistic view of human nature. At the level of orientations, affect was a unique predictor of these variables. Gender-not cultural ethos or orientations-was predictive of peer-ratedprosocial behaviors. Discussionfocuses on implicationsforfuture research on culture and the social development of African American youth.
Validation of an Adjective Q-Sort as a Measure of the Big Five Personality Structure
Authors: Aguilar Maria L. , Kaiser Robert T. , Murray Carolyn B. , Ozer Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

This study provides a strategy for examining the traits of the Five Factor Model in a situation where no direct measure is available. Big Five wcales were rationally created from the 43-item Adjective Q-Sort adapted from Block 's Self-Descriptive Q-Set (Block & Block 1980). In the first study, expert judges evaluated each of the Q-Sort items on the five personality dimensions to provide conceptual measures of the five factors. Preliminary sets of items were honed using internal consistency criteria. The second study employed these scales in a sample of 112 African American 1Oth-grade students. Results indicated thatfour ofthefive scales demonstrated predictable relations to subscales of a self-concept measure, and allfive exhibited empirical relations to several parent socialization items of the Black Family Process Q-Sort. Theoretical suppositions relating personality traits to parental socialization practices are discussed.
The Empty-Pot Healing Approach: Its Origins, Nature, and Practice
Authors: Oshodi John Egbeazien
Published: March 2007

The Oshodi Empty-Pot Healing Approach (OEPHA) is rooted in African ancient traditions and is characterized by Afrocentric-based psychological theories on therapeutic and personality dimensions. The OEPHA aims to create and fortify processes of optimal balance, vitality, harmony, and an index of achievement-survival motives. Therapy undergoes a circle of therapeutic actions in response to the 11 phases of the OEPHA: Entrustment, Expressivement, Ejectment, Elaboration, Enactment, Embankment, Empowerment, Ensemblement, Encirclement, Enlightenment, and Enrichment. The operationalization of the OEPHA was shown through a case study.
Romanticism and Interpersonal Resource Exchange among African American-Anglo and Other Interracial Couples
Authors: Gaines Stanley O. , Rios Diana I. , Granrose Cherlyn S. , Bledsoe Katrina L. , Farris Karlyn R. , Youn Mary S. Page , Garcia Ben F.
Published: March 2007

The present study examines the extent to which romanticism (i.e., an orientation toward the welfare of one’s romantic relationship dyad) is reflected in patterns of interpersonal resource exchange (i.e., the reciprocity of affection and respect as interpersonal commodities or resources) in a sample of 91 interracial couples. Results indicated that consistent with predictions, (a) men and women in interracial relationships as a whole exchanged affection as well as respect at significant levels; (b) a romantic model of interpersonal resource exchange provided a significantly better fit to data for an African American-Anglo and other interracial couples significantly better than did a core model of interpersonal resource exchange; and (c) means and correlations among romanticism and individuals’ giving of interpersonal resources did not differ significantly across Black male-White female and White male-Black female couples. Implications for the study of personal relationship processes among interracial and intraracial couples are discussed.
Levels and Demographic Correlates of Adolescent Life Satisfaction Reports
Authors: Huebner E. Scott , Drane Wanzer , Valois Robert F.
Published: March 2007

This study assessed the levels and demographic correlates of adolescents' perceptions of their overall life satisfaction and satisfaction with five specific domains of their lives (i.e. family, friends, school, self, living environment). Data were collected from 5545 students in public high schools in South Carolina, USA as part of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey of the Center for Disease Control. Similar to findings in studies of adults, the results revealed that most adolescents reported positive levels of life satisfaction, both with respect to global and domain-specific life satisfaction. Global and family reports were not related to gender, race or grade level. Although not large, some race and gender effects were suggested for the other specific domains. Relative to the other satisfaction domains, these adolescents reported most dissatisfaction with their school experiences. Implications for future research, theory and practice related to adolescent well-being were discussed.
Promoting Early School Achievement in American Indian Children
Authors: Brassard Marla R. , Szaraniec Larry
Published: March 2007

Little is known about educational interventions that will promote early school achievement in American Indian children. This paper reviews what currently exists in the literature relative to enchancing early achievement, provides instances of effective strategies employed with the Ute Indian tribe of Northeastern Utah, and suggests areas in need of additional study and research.
The 'State of States'
Authors: Mcloughlin Caven S. , Guidubaldi John , Lightel Jeanine A.
Published: March 2007

The presidents of state school psychology associations affiliated to the National Association of School Psychologists were canvassed for reflections on five topics: (1) major challenges currently facing school psychologists in their state; (2) major challenges currently facing the state association; (3) state association accomplishments in the previous year; (4) state association priorities for the following year; and (5) state association actions anticipated or planned for the following year. Of the 43 state association presidents 38 responded (88 per cent). Categories of responses to each topic area are presented by state and region. Analyses of consensus responses within and across topic areas are given.
The Relative Effects of Certified Teachers on Their Pupils' Achievement
Authors: El-Tawil Ezzat A.
Published: March 2007

In Egypt there is room for hiring some uncertified teachers to practise teaching, although the general rule in the country is to hire teachers who have received proper certification from colleges of education and/or schools of teaching to work as professional teachers at all levels of education. Whenever there is a shortage of these certified teachers, however, the Ministry of Education meets the need by hiring uncertified teachers and giving them some in-service training. The author conducted the present study to answer the question: Is there a relationship between certification of teachers and the achievement of their pupils? A random sample was taken of 210 teachers in elementary schools. Analysis of data revealed that pupils' achievements were significantly higher when they were taught by certified teachers than when they were taught by noncertified teachers.
Educational Psychology in South Africa
Authors: Kriegler S. M.
Published: March 2007

Psychologists play an extremely limited role in priority decision making and in the promotion of mental health at the community level. In a country characterized by extreme socioeconomic dualism and faced with dramatic political changes and mental-health problems approaching crisis dimensions, psychology in general and educational psychology in particular must make crucial decisions pertaining to an expanded professional role, more appropriate intervention models and statutory reforms.
A Comparative Study of Only Children and Sibling Children in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Meredith William H. , Abbott Douglas A. , Zhu Lu Ting
Published: March 2007

As a result of China's one-child-per-family policy, concern has been expressed in China regarding the effect of that policy on children. One hundred and sixty-four children, aged 11-13 years, in the same grade in an elementary school in Guangzhou, China, completed the Self-Perception Profile for Children. Sociometric measures were also completed by the children and their teachers. Of the 164 children, 51 were from one-child families, while 113 had siblings. No significant differences were found on the six subscales of the Self-Perception Profile. Gender effects were noted, however. Student and teacher evaluations on the sociometric measures tended to favor the only children. The results of the study provide no support for existing stereotypes concerning only-children, one-child families in China.
Children's Books and Films as Media for Moral Education
Authors: Vandenplas-HOLPER Christiane
Published: March 2007

Some experimental studies have shown that story-books for children can enhance their moral development. Moreover cognitive-developmentally orientated teachers have recently discovered literature and fairy-tales as tools for moral education. The author analyses children's media story-books and a film with respect to adult-child relations, sex-role stereotypes, conflict resolution and moral reasoning. Suggestions are also made about how to conduct moral discussions based on the different media presented.
Reducing Child Tantrums through Self-instructional Parent Training Materials
Authors: Endo George T. , Sloane Howard N. , Hawkes Thomas W. , Jenson William R. , Mcloughlin Caven
Published: March 2007

Parents used self-instructional booklets to decrease their children's (aged 3-8) tantrums. In each of the ten families, a multiple-baseline design across three problems, tantrums and two others, was used. Parent data indicate a mean improvement of 14 percent of the maximum possible from baseline means, with six of ten children showing improvement based on mean performance for baseline and treatment. If improvement is measured from the last part of treatment only, all subjects but one show improvement. All parent final consumer ratings were positive. All interobserver reliabilities exceeded 80 percent agreement weighted for occurrence and nonoccurrence. Two sets of correlations between parent recall data and observer data produced median correlations of .69 and .48. Percentage agreement between observer and parent interval data produced a coefficient of 87 percent. Results suggested that parents, using self-instructional materials alone, could reduce children's tantrums.
Listening: The Key to Problem Solving with Angry Parents
Authors: Margolis Howard
Published: March 2007

School personnel must often deal with parents who appear angry and irrational. Dismissing them as such is easy. Listening to them and working together to improve the situation is harder, but potentially more rewarding. Before striving to rectify conflicts, school personnel must understand the real, often unstated problem, from the parents' perspective. This article helps school personnel identify what to listen for, and how to use the information gathered in problem solving.
Incorporating a Brief Social Skills Unit into the Regular Classroom Setting
Authors: Possell Lois E. , Abrams Karen
Published: March 2007

Social skills training provides a cost-effective way to proactively alter the classroom environment. This article describes implementation of a brief social skills unit into two fourth-grade classes. Past research which provided the rationale and theoretical basis for this program, including consideration of subject characteristics, technique effectiveness and methods of implementation, is cited. The article includes a step-by-step description of each session comprising the unit. Perceived benefits for students and the overall development of the school psychologist's role are addressed.
Supporting Emergent Literacy in Print Bereft Rural Communities
Authors: Kriegler Susan , Van Der Ryst Marina , Van Niekerk Karen , Ramarumo Morongwe , Winerc Yvonne
Published: March 2007

This multi-site, multi-method project consisted of a situation analysis in four phases, and culminated in a programme which is an example of the kind of systems-intervention needed to break the illiteracy cycle in a rural print bereft community context. Action research was conducted within a participatory empowering framework, employing qualitative methods underpinned by the epistemological bases of ethnography. The results proved that a programme based on appropriate principles can be effective in establishing and enhancing the emerging literacy behaviours of black nursery-school children. The latter compared favourably with older Grade One children after a 23-week exposure to the programme, implemented by caregivers who, although not fully literate themselves, were empowered by way of in-service training to support emergent literacy.
Intelligence Testing in a Bavarian Comprehensive School
Authors: Perleth Christoph , Hofmann Ursula , Schauer Susanne , Wernberger Hans
Published: March 2007

The comprehensive school in Munich and the University of Munich, Institute of Educational Psychology, are working together on a research project regarding the usefulness of the Kognitiver Fahigkeits-Test KFT 4-13+ (Heller et al., 1985), the German version of the Cognitive Abilities Tests (CAT, Thorndike and Hagen, 1971), for the specific work requirements of the school psychologists at this particular type of school. As comprehensive schools are not common in Bavaria, a short review of the Bavarian school system and the history of comprehensive schools in Bavaria are provided. In the Munich comprehensive school, the fifth, sixth and seventh graders have completed the KFT 4-13+ every year since 1977. The results are used to help the school counselors recommend courses to pupils at different levels. Bringing together theoretical and practical aspects, information is provided about the following topics: changes in intelligence in the school population over the last decade; the stability of the test results in every cohort; the validity of the test for comprehensive schools and its usefulness for school counseling; development of statistical methods; and economic aspects.
The Educational Psychologist as Organization Development Consultant in South African Schools
Authors: Druker Belinda , De Jong Terry
Published: March 2007

South Africa is currently undergoing a process of reconstruction and transformation, and educational changes constitute an integral part of this process. Organization Development (OD), could play a valuable role in such change. OD practices, when located within an ecosystemic framework, represent a departure from certain inadequacies of conventional educational psychology practice in South Africa, such as decontextualization and individualization. This paper is the product of a formative evaluation study and ongoing enquiry into school organization development in South Africa. Such research has indicated that particular issues tend to emerge as 'substantive' in the course of OD practice. The paper outlines and discusses a number of substantive issues and presents a framework for conceptualizing these issues in an integrated fashion. The framework is comprised of three interrelated components, namely the school, the consultant(s) and the interaction between them. These components exist within a particular micro and macro context which needs to be taken into account in any OD intervention. It is hoped that the framework will prove useful to OD practitioners in a variety of different contexts and provide a practical means of conceptualizing their situations.
Encouraging Parents' Involvement in their Children's Literacy Development
Authors: Macleod Flora
Published: March 2007

Research has found that parental involvement can be a cost effective way of raising children's literacy achievements at school (e.g. Tizard et al., 1982). Some researchers have advocated the use of specific training techniques to help parents with this work (e.g. Topping, 1993; Whitehurst et al., 1988). However, there is a lack of consensus about the form such training should take which is related to differing views on teaching and learning particularly with regard to literacy. This article argues that since, in practice, parental involvement normally means mother's involvement much of value can be learnt from research on the social context of young children's development which invariably focuses on mother-child dyads. Knowledge of the crucial role played by the mother in parental involvement also helps alert school personnel to the different conditions under which the work is done at home which, in turn, may have important implications for task selection.
Partnership in Education: Local, National and International Perspective
Authors: Holowinsky Ivan Z.
Published: March 2007

The goal of partnership in education is to enhance learning and educational development as well as to promote international understanding. Partnership in education depending upon local, national, or international setting, reveals different psychological and sociological dynamics. Partnership at a local level focuses upon family, school dynamics and community issues. Partnership at a national level is concerned with such issues as control of education at the local and state level, democratic vs authoritarian philosophy, concern for exceptional learners and minority population. Partnership from an international perspective involves many issues of sociopolitical, economic and philosophical nature. It is clear that the scope of programs available is directly related to the socioeconomic level of the society.
On the Interface between Science and Practice in School Psychology
Authors: Phillips Beeman N.
Published: March 2007

In this article, problems and issues related to the interface of science and practice are discussed, and some suggestions for achieving the promise of the scientist-practitioner model of training and practice are offered. Potential benefits to school psychology of a truer confluence between science and practice also are examined.
Depression, Anxiety and Self-Image among Children and Adolescents
Authors: Kirkcaldy B. , Siefen G.
Published: March 2007

A group of children and adolescents aged between 11 and 17 years were administered four questionnaires, Offer's Self-Image Questionnaire (OSIQ), Kovacs' Children Depression Inventory (CDI), Spielberger's Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and an inventory of items to assess Parental and Educational Attitudes (IPEA). Step-wise multiple regression revealed that trait anxiety was the most potent predictor of trait depression, together with emotionality, low self-confidence, inferior family relationships (parental tension), mental illhealth and impulsivity. Linear discriminant analysis was conducted to determine which Self-image scales were useful determinants of depression in two extreme depression scoring groups. Personality attributes rather than attitudinal dimensions appeared most highly related to depression, and this was not moderated by ethnicity. Adolescents scoring high on the depression scale further differed in their attitudes towards parents, siblings and school. They were more likely to complain about their relationship to their parents (low family involvement and cohesiveness), and to display low achievement motivation and obediency. A 2 x 2 ANOVA-using groups of anxiety/stable and external/internal respondents generated on the basis of their scores on the DIKJ and AS1 Offer scale-showed that although a main effect was found for anxiety (highly anxious respondents were likely to be more depressed) and externality (externals are more susceptible to depression than internals), a significant anxiety x externality interaction term was found: it was the combination of low self-confidence or externality and trait anxiety which seems to determine trait depression.
Sudden Death of a Classmate and Friend
Authors: Dyregrov Atle , Bie Wikander Anne Marie , Vigerust Synne
Published: March 2007

Following the accidental death of an 8th grade student, 26 classmates answered questionnairies after one and nine months. In addition, a qualitative interview was carried out with half the class and six close friends after one month. There was a strong positive endorsement of the school's response following the death. The students valued the opportunity to talk and take part in ritual activities. However, close friends from outside the dead boy's class went largely unnoticed, and assistance based on a better understanding of the grief hierarchy and identification of those who continued to react are recommended in order to counteract long-term problems.
Providing Psychological Services to Racially, Ethnically, Culturally, and Linguistically Diverse Individuals in the Schools
Authors: Rogers Margaret R. , Ingraham Colette L. , Bursztync Alberto , Cajigas-Segredo Nelda , Esquivel Giselle , Hess Robyn , Nahari Sara G. , Lopez Emilia C.
Published: March 2007

Psychologists who work in the schools have an ethical and professional responsibility to become informed about the knowledge base that addresses the delivery of psychological services to children from diverse backgrounds. This article reflects (1) a synthesis of some of the existing knowledge base about how best to promote the educa tional and psychological well-being of diverse students and their fami lies within the school context, and (2) recommendations for practices for psychologists working in the schools. These recommendations for prac tice are intended to address professional issues which, if neglected in service delivery to racially, ethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse populations, can lead to inappropriate referrals for services, misassessments of needs and issues, ineffective interventions and therapeutic approaches, and erroneous research results. Specific professional practices are identified and illustrations of those practices are provided to help guide psychologists' behavior and actions when delivering services to a diverse clientele in the schools.
Doing Cleaning Work 'Scientifically': The Reorganization of Work in the Contract Building Cleaning Industry
Authors: Agular Luis L.M.
Published: March 2007

How is office cleaning work organized? Is cleaning work undergoing changes similar to those in workplaces in other in dustries? This article answers these questions by investigating the building cleaning workplace in Toronto, Canada. It argues that the organization of work has shifted from a 'traditional zone cleaning'approach to one of 'gang cleaning'. The latter stresses the tool of 'sientific management'in the reorganization of the building cleaning labour process. The implication of this change for cleaners is discussed.
Changing Management-Union Relations: Consultation in the UK Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Lloyd Caroline , Newell Helen
Published: March 2007

The revival of interest in workplace consultation in the UK reflects both a managerial drive for improved company performance and trade unions'aspirations that new legal rights may strengthen their role in the workplace. This article probes the links between managerial policy, union organization and activity and the wider product and labour market context through a case study of workplace consultation at a UK pharmaceutical plant. The research finds that both management and unions failed to gain from changes to the consultation process, largely as a result of the lack of strategic management, managerial fears about strengthening employee representation and weak trade unions.
Computerization Taylor's Latest Disguise
Authors: Cooley Mike
Published: March 2007

The computer is increasingly being used as a Trojan Horse for Taylorism. We are now beginning to repeat in the intellectual work environment many of the mistakes already made at such cost in the field of manual work. The division of labour is sweeping through the entire spectrum of white-collar work from routine clerical tasks to some of the highest levels of creative activity such as design. Examples are provided of alternative systems which are human centred and enhancing. Whether such systems are implemented is a question of profound ideological and political significance.
On Industrialization and Labour Market Segmentation in Thailand and Malaysia
Authors: Odhnoff Jan
Published: March 2007

This article compares the results of three surveys among workers at industrial sites in Thailand and Malaysia. An analysis of labour data together with information on ownership and technology of the studied industries indicates how the structure of labour market segmentation changes when local and global production systems integrate.
Unions as Bearers of Industrial Regeneration: Reflections on the Australian Case
Authors: Higgins Winton
Published: March 2007

Under the aegis of one of the West's more successful and enduring social contracts of the postwar period, manufacturing unions and the peak union council in Australia have launched a comprehensive campaign, including targeted industry policy and direct intervention at enterprise level, to rescue and modernize the country's crumbling manufacturing sector. This new unionism confounds industrialrelations theorists' pessimism over the movement's ability to go beyond its craft origins to directly address managerial issues. But beyond this, the movement is demonstrating its comparative advantage over government and corporate management in making and implementing industry policy, given the traditionalism of government organs, corporate particularism, the structural and institutional fragmentation of industry, and the substantive requirements of an effective industry policy. If the union movement does represent the primary bearer of an industrial renaissance in the future, then the latter is likely to imply basic organizational change for industry and the unions themselves, including a radical shift in power to organized labour over strategic decision-making and the production process at enterprise, industry and national levels.
The Role of Cooperative Development Agencies in Developing Worker Cooperatives: Lessons from Philadelphia
Authors: Dickstein Carla
Published: March 2007

Cooperative support organizations have been increasingly recognized as an important part of developing integrated worker cooperative systems. This paper focuses on cooperative development agencies (CDAs), which have received public and private support mainly for the purposes of creating and retaining local jobs through cooperative development. This paper is a case study of two CDAs in Philadelphia, the Philadelphia Association of Cooperative Enterprise (PACE) and the O&O Investment Fund. It examines the context in which they have developed, the interests involved, their structures and financing, and the roles they have undertaken.
Some Thoughts on the Problem of Internal Union Democracy in Japan
Authors: Seifert Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

The essay shows the importance for internal trade union democracy of the common institutional form of Japanese trade unions, the enterprise union. A description of the institutional framework is followed by an analysis of the effects on the scope of union organization on the introduction of new employment categories. Practices undermining formal democratic rules in the electoral process of trade unions are considered in terms of their consequences for leadership-membership relations. The lack of internal democracy in many of the enterprise unions is shown to be an important reason for organizational splits and the subsequent emergence of minority unions. Where the trade union leadership and the majority of the members do not allow expression of a variety of views on policies and strategy within the enterprise union, the minority cannot but build up its own union.
The Politics of New Technology and Job Redesign: A Comparison of Volo and British Leyland
Authors: Pontusson Jonas
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the politics of new technology and job redesaign at the firm level is decisively influenced by 'external' political-economic conditions, and must be analysed from a broad perspective. The article compares the experiences of Volvo, a case of labour inclusion of industrial innovation, and British Leyland, a case of labour exclusion, and shows that the two firms have pursued two very different innovation strategies. Volvo's emphasis on upgrading assembly work reflects union demands, but should first and foremost be seen as a response to Swedish labour market conditions; in particular, high rates of labour turnover due to full employment and solidaristic wage policy. Operating under different labour and market conditions, British Leyland has been under much less pressure to break with traditional assembly-line principles.
Working Daughters: Malaysian Women in Norwegian Industry
Authors: Lie Merete
Published: March 2007

Most studies of women working in foreign-owned industries in Southeast Asia have directed their attention to the transnational corporations (TNCs). Here, rather small Norwegian-owned companies are the focus of study, concentrating on one case in Southern Johor. Asking whether the nationality of the company makes any difference to the workers and whether we can trace a Scandinavian tradition of industrial relations, we found that it is rather the rural location and the local adaptation of the company that makes it different from the TNCs. Focus is on the relation between a foreign company and a rural community, thus on the interplay between different development strategies.