bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening and Molecular Identification of Bacteria from the Midgut of Amphimallon solstitiale Larvae Exhibiting Antagonistic Activity against Bacterial Symbionts of Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Authors: Skowronek Marcin , Sajnaga Ewa , Kazimierczak Waldemar , Lis Magdalena , Wiater Adrian
Published: November 2021

Entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) are a group of organisms capable of infecting larvae of insects living in soil, including representatives of the family Scarabaeidae. Their insecticidal activity is related to the presence of symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. or Photorhabdus spp. in the alimentary tract, which are released into the insect body, leading to its death caused by bacterial toxins and septicemia. Although the antibacterial activities of symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes have been well described, there is insufficient knowledge of the interactions between these bacteria and microorganisms that naturally inhabit the alimentary tract of insects infested by nematodes. In this study, 900 bacterial strains isolated from midgut samples of Amphimallon solstitiale larvae were tested for their antagonistic activity against the selected five Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus species. Cross-streak tests showed significant antibacterial activity of 20 isolates. These bacteria were identified as Bacillus [Brevibacterium] frigoritolerans, Bacillus toyonensis, Bacillus wiedmannii, Chryseobacterium lathyri, Chryseobacterium sp., Citrobacter murliniae, Enterococcus malodoratus, Paenibacillus sp., Serratia marcescens and Serratia sp. Since some representatives of the intestinal microbiota of A. solstitiale are able to inhibit the growth of Xenorhabdus and Photorhrhabdus bacteria in vitro, it can be assumed that this type of bacterial interaction may occur at certain stages of insect infection by Steinernema or Heterorhabditis nematodes.
IL-4 and IL-13 Promote Proliferation of Mammary Epithelial Cells through STAT6 and IRS-1
Authors: Wu Wan-Ju , Wang Sue-Hong , Wu Chun-Chi , Su Yi-An , Chiang Chin-Yin , Lai Ching-Hong , Wang Tsung-Hsiang , Cheng Tsung-Lin , Kuo Jia-Yu , Hsu Tsai-Ching , Lin Ting-Hui , Lee Yi-Ju
Published: November 2021

T helper (Th)2 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 control immune function by acting on leukocytes. They also regulate multiple responses in non-hematopoietic cells. During pregnancy, IL-4 and IL-13 facilitate alveologenesis of mammary glands. This particular morphogenesis generates alveoli from existing ducts and requires substantial cell proliferation. Using 3D cultures of primary mouse mammary epithelial cells, we demonstrate that IL-4 and IL-13 promote cell proliferation, leading to enlargement of mammary acini with partially filled lumens. The mitogenic effects of IL-4 and IL-13 are mediated by STAT6 as inhibition of STAT6 suppresses cell proliferation and improves lumen formation. In addition, IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). Prolonged treatment with these cytokines leads to increased IRS-1 abundance, which, in turn, amplifies IL-4- and IL-13-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Through signaling crosstalk between IL-4/IL-13 and insulin, a hormone routinely included in mammary cultures, IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation is further enhanced. Lowering IRS-1 expression reduces cell proliferation, suggesting that IRS-1 is involved in IL-4- and IL-13-stimulated cell proliferation. Thus, a Th2-dominant cytokine milieu during pregnancy confers mammary gland development by promoting cell proliferation.
Mortars with CDW Recycled Aggregates Submitted to High Levels of CO2
Authors: Infante Gomes Ricardo , Bastos David , Brazão Farinha Catarina , Pederneiras Cinthia Maia , Veiga Rosário , de Brito Jorge , Faria Paulina , Santos Silva António
Published: November 2021

Construction and demolition wastes (CDW) are generated at a large scale and have a diversified potential in the construction sector. The replacement of natural aggregates (NA) with CDW recycled aggregates (RA) in construction materials, such as mortars, has several environmental benefits, such as the reduction in the natural resources used in these products and simultaneous prevention of waste landfill. Complementarily, CDW have the potential to capture CO2 since some of their components may carbonate, which also contributes to a decrease in global warming potential. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the influence of the exposure of CDW RA to CO2 produced in cement factories and its effect on mortars. Several mortars were developed with a volumetric ratio of 1:4 (cement: aggregate), with NA (reference mortar), CDW RA and CDW RA exposed to high levels of CO2 (CRA). The two types of waste aggregate were incorporated, replacing NA at 50% and 100% (in volume). The mortars with NA and non-carbonated RA and CRA from CDW were analysed, accounting for their performance in the fresh and hardened states in terms of workability, mechanical behaviour and water absorption by capillarity. It was concluded that mortars with CDW (both CRA and non-carbonated RA) generally present a good performance for non-structural purposes, although they suffer a moderate decrease in mechanical performance when NA is replaced with RA. Additionally, small improvements were found in the performance of the aggregates and mortars with CRA subjected to a CO2 curing for a short period (5 h), while a long carbonation period (5 d) led to a decrease in performance, contrary to the results obtained in the literature that indicate a significant increase in such characteristics. This difference could be because the literature focused on made-in-laboratory CDW aggregates, while, in this research, the wastes came from real demolition activities, and were thus older and more heterogeneous.
Condition-Specific Competitive Effects of the Invasive Mosquito Aedes albopictus on the Resident Culex pipiens among Different Urban Container Habitats May Explain Their Coexistence in the Field
Authors: Leisnham Paul T. , LaDeau Shannon L. , Saunders Megan E. M. , Villena Oswaldo C.
Published: November 2021

Condition-specific competition, when environmental conditions alter the outcome of competition, can foster the persistence of resident species after the invasion of a competitively superior invader. We test whether condition-specific competition can facilitate the areawide persistence of the resident and principal West Nile virus vector mosquito Culex pipiens with the competitively superior invasive Aedes albopictus in water from different urban container habitats. (2) Methods: We tested the effects of manipulated numbers of A. albopictus on C. pipiens’ survival and development in water collected from common functional and discarded containers in Baltimore, MD, USA. The experiment was conducted with typical numbers of larvae found in field surveys of C. pipiens and A. albopictus and container water quality. (3) Results: We found increased densities of A. albopictus negatively affected the survivorship and development of C. pipiens in water from discarded containers but had little effect in water from functional containers. This finding was driven by water from trash cans, which allowed consistently higher C. pipiens’ survival and development and had greater mean ammonia and nitrate concentrations that can promote microbial food than other container types. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that the contents of different urban containers alter the effects of invasive A. albopictus competition on resident C. pipiens, that trash cans, in particular, facilitate the persistence of C. pipiens, and that there could be implications for West Nile virus risk as a result.
Evaluation of Resistance Development in Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cotton against Different Insecticides
Authors: Khalid Muhammad Zaryab , Ahmed Sohail , Al-Ashkar Ibrahim , EL Sabagh Ayman , Liu Liyun , Zhong Guohua
Published: November 2021

Cotton is a major crop of Pakistan, and Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of cotton. Due to the unwise and indiscriminate use of insecticides, resistance develops more readily in the whitefly. The present study was conducted to evaluate the resistance development in the whitefly against the different insecticides that are still in use. For this purpose, the whitefly population was selected with five concentrations of each insecticide, for five generations. At G1, compared with the laboratory susceptible population, a very low level of resistance was observed against bifenthrin, cypermethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, chlorfenapyr, and buprofezin with a resistance ratio of 3-fold, 2-fold, 1-fold, 4-fold, 3-fold, 3-fold, 3-fold, and 3-fold, respectively. However, the selection for five generations increased the resistance to a very high level against buprofezin (127-fold), and to a high level against imidacloprid (86-fold) compared with the laboratory susceptible population. While, a moderate level of resistance was observed against cypermethrin (34-fold), thiamethoxam (34-fold), nitenpyram (30-fold), chlorfenapyr (29-fold), and acetamiprid (21-fold). On the other hand, the resistance was low against bifenthrin (18-fold) after selection for five generations. A very low level of resistance against the field population of B. tabaci, at G1, showed that these insecticides are still effective, and thus can be used under the field conditions for the management of B. tabaci. However, the proper rotation of insecticides among different groups can help to reduce the development of resistance against insecticides.
Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Cuticular Protein Genes Responding to Different Insecticides in Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Zhu Jia-Ying , Li Lu , Xiao Kai-Ran , He Shu-Qi , Gui Fu-Rong
Published: November 2021

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a serious pest of crucial crops causing great threats to the food security of the world. It has evolved resistance to various insecticides, while the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Cuticular proteins (CPs), as primary components in cuticle, play an important role in insects’ protection against environmental stresses. Few of them have been documented as participating in insecticide resistance in several insect species. In order to explore whether CP genes of the FAW exhibit a functional role in responding to insecticides stress, a total of 206 CPs, classified into eight families, were identified from the genome of the FAW through a homology-based approach coupled with manual efforts. The temporal expression profiles of all identified CP genes across developmental stages and their responses to 23 different insecticides were analyzed using the RNA-seq data. Expression profiling indicated that most of the CP genes displayed stage-specific expression patterns. It was found that the expression of 51 CP genes significantly changed after 48 h exposure to 17 different insecticides. The expression of eight CP genes responding to four insecticides were confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. The results showed that their overall expression profiles were consistent with RNA-seq analysis. The findings provide a basis for further functional investigation of CPs implied in insecticide stress in FAW.
Can Dog-Assisted Intervention Decrease Anxiety Level and Autonomic Agitation in Patients with Anxiety Disorders?
Authors: Wołyńczyk-Gmaj Dorota , Ziółkowska Aleksandra , Rogala Piotr , Ścigała Dawid , Bryła Ludwik , Gmaj Bartłomiej , Wojnar Marcin
Published: November 2021

Few studies have explored the influence of an Animal-Assisted Intervention on patients with mental disorders. We investigated it’s impact on anxiety symptoms. We divided 51 patients with anxiety symptoms into two groups—treatment group, that went for a short 15–20 min’ walk with a dog, his handler and a researcher and control group, that went for a walk only with a researcher. We used State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of fear, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Ford Insomnia Response to Stress (FIRST), Brief symptom Inventory (BSI) and VAS of satisfaction after trial to assess. We also checked the resting blood pressure and resting heart rate before and after performing psychological tests while sitting. We have obtained full data of 21 people from the research group and 26 people from the control group. After the intervention, the treatment group reported lower anxiety levels as a state (Mean (M) = 34.35; Standard Deviation (SD) = 6.9 vs. M = 40.94; SD = 8.6) and fear (M = 1.05; SD = 1.0 vs. M = 2.04; SD = 2.2) than the control group. After a walk with a dog, trait anxiety (M = 34.35; SD = 6.9 vs. M = 46.3; SD = 9.6), state anxiety (M = 48.9; SD = 7.2 vs. M = 53.9; SD = 7.8), fear (M = 1.05; SD= 1.0 vs. M = 2.57; SD = 2.3) and resting heart rate (M = 71.05; SD = 12.3 vs. M = 73.67; SD = 13.1) decreased significantly, while walking without a dog only reduced state anxiety (M = 47.24; SD = 11.0 vs. M = 40.94; SD = 8.6). Multivariate analysis of variance showed that after the walk, state anxiety was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group, F(1.35) = 6.706, p <0.05, η2 = 0.161. Among those who walked with a dog, the intervention also led to significant decreases in fear and resting heart rate, F(1.44) = 11.694, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.210 and F(1.45) = 8.503; p < 0.01; η2 = 0.159, respectively. For anxious patients, a short walk with a dog is more beneficial than a walk without one. We found significant positive effects of a dog’s company on vegetative arousal and mental comfort. This is another study confirming the possible therapeutic effect of the animal on anxiety symptoms. Further research is required, especially in the large groups of patients, as recommendations on the use of Animal Assisted Interventions (AAI) are needed.
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Nodal Status: Where Are We at?
Authors: Ricciardi Sara , Carleo Francesco , Jaus Massimo O. , Di Martino Marco , Carbone Luigi , Ricci Alberto , Cardillo Giuseppe
Published: November 2021

Due to the lack of both prospective trial and high-volume retrospective studies, the management of clinical N+ malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients remains highly debated. Node positive patients show poor survival compared with node-negative ones; thus, lymph node staging appears crucial in determining treatment strategy. Notwithstanding the improvement in pre-treatment staging and the update on lymph node classification in the 8th edition of TNM, several open controversies remain on N parameter. How should we stage suspected N+ patients? How should we treat node positive patients? Which is the definition of a “resectable patient”? Is the site or the number the main prognostic factor for node positive patients? The aim of our narrative review is to analyse the existing relevant literature on lymph node status in MPM.
The Utility of BDNF Detection in Assessing Severity of Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Plinta Klaudia , Plewka Andrzej , Pawlicki Krzysztof , Zmarzły Nikola , Wójcik-Pędziwiatr Magdalena , Rudziński Marcin , Krzak-Kubica Agnieszka , Doręgowska-Stachera Magdalena , Rudzińska-Bar Monika
Published: November 2021

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the survival and maturation of neurons, and also promotes and controls neurogenesis. Its levels are lowered in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington’s disease (HD). Clinical pictures of HD can be very diverse, which makes it difficult to assess its severity; however, molecular markers may be helpful. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between HD severity and the plasma BDNF concentration in HD patients. The study recruited 42 patients with diagnosed and genetically confirmed HD and 40 healthy volunteers. BDNF levels were determined in plasma with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlations between BDNF levels and clinical profiles and HD severity were also investigated. The BDNF level was significantly lower in HD patients compared to the control. There was no correlation between the BDNF level and motor symptoms and cognitive impairment. In the early disease stages, BDNF levels were associated with a better neurological examination, independence, and functional evaluation, in contrast to later HD stages, where the correlations were inverse. Multidirectional correlations between parameters of saccadic disorders and the BDNF level do not allow for drawing a conclusion, whether or not there is a relationship between the severity of saccadic disorders and the BDNF concentration.
Simplified Decision-Tree Algorithm to Predict Falls for Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Makino Keitaro , Lee Sangyoon , Bae Seongryu , Chiba Ippei , Harada Kenji , Katayama Osamu , Tomida Kouki , Morikawa Masanori , Shimada Hiroyuki
Published: November 2021

The present study developed a simplified decision-tree algorithm for fall prediction with easily measurable predictors using data from a longitudinal cohort study: 2520 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older participated. Fall history, age, sex, fear of falling, prescribed medication, knee osteoarthritis, lower limb pain, gait speed, and timed up and go test were assessed in the baseline survey as fall predictors. Moreover, recent falls were assessed in the follow-up survey. We created a fall-prediction algorithm using decision-tree analysis (C5.0) that included 14 nodes with six predictors, and the model could stratify the probabilities of fall incidence ranging from 30.4% to 71.9%. Additionally, the decision-tree model outperformed a logistic regression model with respect to the area under the curve (0.70 vs. 0.64), accuracy (0.65 vs. 0.62), sensitivity (0.62 vs. 0.50), positive predictive value (0.66 vs. 0.65), and negative predictive value (0.64 vs. 0.59). Our decision-tree model consists of common and easily measurable fall predictors, and its white-box algorithm can explain the reasons for risk stratification; therefore, it can be implemented in clinical practices. Our findings provide useful information for the early screening of fall risk and the promotion of timely strategies for fall prevention in community and clinical settings.
Recent Trends in Oceanic Conditions in the Western Part of East/Japan Sea: An Analysis of Climate Regime Shift That Occurred after the Late 1990s
Authors: Jung Hae-Kun , Rahman S. M. Mustafizur , Choi Hee-Chan , Park Joo-Myun , Lee Chung-Il
Published: November 2021

The western part of East/Japan Sea (WES) is an important area for understanding climate change processes and interactions between atmospheric and oceanic conditions. We analyzed the trends in recent oceanic conditions in the WES after the recent climate regime shift (CRS) that occurred in the late 1990s in the North Pacific. We explored the most important climate factors that affect oceanic conditions and determined their responses to changes in climate change. In the CRS that occurred in the late 1980s, changes in oceanic conditions in the WES were influenced by intensity changes in climate factors, and, in the late 1990s, it was by spatial changes in climate factors. The latitudinal shift of the Aleutian low (AL) pressure influences recent changes in oceanic and atmospheric conditions in the WES. The intensity of the Kuroshio Current and the sea level pressure in the Kuroshio extension region associated with the latitudinal shift of the AL pressure affects the volume of transport of the warm and saline water mass that flows into the WES and its atmospheric conditions. In addition, the fluctuations in the oceanic conditions of the WES affect various regions and depth layers differently, and these variations are evident even within the WES.
Corticoreticular Pathway in Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Authors: Ko Sung-Hwa , Kim Taehyung , Min Ji Hong , Kim Musu , Ko Hyun-Yoon , Shin Yong-Il
Published: November 2021

One of the pathophysiologies of post-stroke spasticity (PSS) is the imbalance of the reticulospinal tract (RST) caused by injury to the corticoreticular pathway (CRP) after stroke. We investigated the relationship between injuries of the CRP and PSS using MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The subjects were divided into spasticity and control groups. We measured the ipsilesional fractional anisotropy (iFA) and contralesional fractional anisotropy (cFA) values on the reticular formation (RF) of the CRP were on the DTI images. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 70 patients with ischemic stroke. The cFA values of CRP in the spasticity group were lower than those in the control group (p = 0.04). In the sub-ROI analysis of CRP, the iFA values of pontine RF were lower than the cFA values in both groups (p < 0.05). The cFA values of medullary RF in the spasticity group were lower than the iFA values within groups, and also lower than the cFA values in the control group (p < 0.05). This results showed the CRP injury and that imbalance of RST caused by CRP injury was associated with PSS. DTI analysis of CRP could provide imaging evidence for the pathophysiology of PSS.
SMEs Must Go Online—E-Commerce as an Escape Hatch for Resilience and Survivability
Authors: Costa Joana , Castro Rafael
Published: November 2021

The recent emergence of e-commerce has brought a shifting paradigm into global markets. This revolutionary framework relying upon technological progress has conveyed a new era of commerce. More than ever, businesses are using digital marketplaces to stay relevant and competitive. Suddenly, buying online has become part of their daily routines. Accessibility, flexibility, and convenience make the internet the ideal platform for modern age consumers. Small and medium enterprises predominate in almost every industry generating employment, income, and sustainability. Nonetheless, e-commerce adoption among these organizations is yet to be widely undertaken. This article has a twofold objective: first, it gathers data regarding the emergence of e-commerce adoption by SMEs through a systematic literature review encompassing 32 indexed articles (published between 2003 and 2021). Secondly, it provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis identifying strategic options and guidelines for a smooth digital transition among these players. Lastly, some recommendations to policy makers were clipped to work as facilitators, given SMEs specificities. The future is digital and the struggle for e-commerce adoption and exploitation among these organizations is at the top of the agenda. It is central in maintaining the vibrancy of the business ecosystem, and is therefore a turnkey for economic recovery.
Electrochemical and Structural Modifications of Humic Acids in Aerobically and Anaerobically Incubated Peat
Authors: Bravo Carlo , Toniolo Rosanna , Contin Marco , Nobili Maria De
Published: November 2021

Exposure to oxygen and aerobic biological activity during drought periods alters the availability of terminal electron acceptors (TEA) in the peat catotelm layer. We investigated the changes in the electrochemical and chemical characteristics of humic acids (HA) induced by subjecting air-dried sphagnum peat to biological oxidation or reduction during a 90-day incubation experiment. Structural modifications of HAs from anaerobically (HAred) and aerobically (HAox) incubated peat were investigated by ATR-FTIR, UV–vis, and EEM fluorescence spectroscopy. Number and strength of acid groups were characterized by titration, while changes in redox properties were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and quantified by coulometry with mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO). Exposure to oxygen had small effects, but compared to anaerobic incubation, decreased by 20% the capacity of HA to reduce the radical ion of 2,2′-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS●−), passing from 2.77 ± 0.13 mmole- gHA−1 in HAred to 2.21 ± 0.10 mmole- gHA−1 in HAox. Pseudo-first-order electron transfer kinetic constants were 13.3 ± 1.2 s−1 for HAox and 16.7 ± 1.4 s−1 for HAred. Alterations in the hydrological status of the catotelm have minor effects on the actual in situ availability of organic TEA, but if coupled to intensified biological activity they may result in significant variations of greenhouse gases emissions.
Prediction and Selection of Appropriate Landscape Metrics and Optimal Scale Ranges Based on Multi-Scale Interaction Analysis
Authors: Fu Gang , Wang Wei , Li Junsheng , Xiao Nengwen , Qi Yue
Published: November 2021

Landscape metrics are widely used in landscape planning and land use management. Understanding how landscape metrics respond with scales can provide more accurate prediction information; however, ignoring the interference of multi-scale interaction may lead to a severe systemic bias. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the scaling sensitivity of metrics based on multi-scale interaction and predict their optimal scale ranges. Using a big data method, the multivariate adaptive regression splines model (MARS), and the partial dependence model (PHP), we studied the scaling relationships of metrics to changing scales. The results show that multi-scale interaction commonly exists in most landscape metric scaling responses, making a significant contribution. In general, the scaling effects of the three scales (i.e., spatial extent, spatial resolution, and classification of land use) are often in a different direction, and spatial resolution is the primary driving scale in isolation. The findings show that only a few metrics are highly sensitive to the three scales throughout the whole scale spectrum, while the other metrics are limited within a certain threshold range. This study confirms that the scaling-sensitive scalograms can be used as an application guideline for selecting appropriate landscape metrics and optimal scale ranges.
Evolution of Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations in Relation with Uplift and Fluvial Capture Processes in Central Eastern Sardinia (Italy)
Authors: Demurtas Valentino , Orrù Paolo Emanuele , Deiana Giacomo
Published: November 2021

Connections between Plio-Pleistocenic tectonic activity and geomorphological evolution were studied in the Pardu Valley and Quirra Valley (Ogliastra, East Sardinia). The intensive Quaternary tectonic activity in Sardinia linked to the opening of the Tyrrhenian Basin is known. In Eastern Sardinia, it manifests with an uplift that is recorded by geomorphological indicators, such as deep-seated gravitational slope deformation, fluvial captures, engraved valleys, waterfalls, and heterogeneous water drainage. The Pardu River flows from the NW toward the SE and then abruptly changes direction toward the NE. At this point, a capture elbow adjacent to the current head of the Quirra River is well developed. The Quirra River, in its upstream part, flows at altitudes approximately 200 m higher than the Pardu River. It also shows an oversized and over-flooded valley with respect to the catchment area upstream. This setting indicates that the Pardu River, which previously flowed south along the Quirra River, was captured by the Pelau River. We analyzed long-term landslides with lateral spreading and sackung characteristics, which involve giant carbonate blocks and underlying foliated metamorphites in both valleys. The use of LiDAR, high-resolution uncrewed aerial vehicle digital photogrammetry (UAV-DP), and geological, structural, and geomorphological surveys enabled a depth morphometric analysis and the creation of interpretative 3D models of DGSDs. Space-borne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data using ERS and Sentinel-1 satellites identified downslope movement of up to 20 mm per year in both Pardu Valley flanks. Multi-source and multi-scale data showed that the state of activity of the DGSDs is closely linked to the geomorphological evolution of the catchment areas of the Rio Pardu and Rio Quirra. The intense post-capture erosion acted in the Rio Pardu Valley, giving it morphometric characteristics that were favorable to the current evolution of the DGSDs, while the Rio Quirra Valley presents paleo-DGSDs that have been fossilized by pre-capture terraced alluvial deposits.
Target Nanoparticles against Pancreatic Cancer: Fewer Side Effects in Therapy
Authors: Roacho-Pérez Jorge A. , Garza-Treviño Elsa N. , Delgado-Gonzalez Paulina , G-Buentello Zuca , Delgado-Gallegos Juan Luis , Chapa-Gonzalez Christian , Sánchez-Domínguez Margarita , Sánchez-Domínguez Celia N. , Islas Jose Francisco
Published: November 2021

Pancreatic cancer is the most common lethal tumor in America. This lethality is related to limited treatment options. Conventional treatments involve the non-specific use of chemotherapeutical agents such as 5-FU, capecitabine, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, or irinotecan, which produce several side effects. This review focuses on the use of targeted nanoparticles, such as metallic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, and carbon nanotubes as an alternative to standard treatment for pancreatic cancer. The principal objective of nanoparticles is reduction of the side effects that conventional treatments produce, mostly because of their non-specificity. Several molecular markers of pancreatic cancer cells have been studied to target nanoparticles and improve current treatment. Therefore, properly functionalized nanoparticles with specific aptamers or antibodies can be used to recognize pancreatic cancer cells. Once cancer is recognized, these nanoparticles can attack the tumor by drug delivery, gene therapy, or hyperthermia.
Physicochemical Parameters Limiting Growth of Debaryomyces hansenii in Solutions of Hygroscopic Compounds and Their Effects on the Habitability of Martian Brines
Authors: Heinz Jacob , Rambags Vita , Schulze-Makuch Dirk
Published: November 2021

The availability of liquid water is a prerequisite for all lifeforms on Earth. In hyperarid subzero environments like the Dry Valleys in Antarctica or the near-subsurface of Mars liquid water might be provided temporarily by hygroscopic substances that absorb water from the atmosphere and lower the freezing point of water. To evaluate the potential of hygroscopic compounds to serve as a habitat, it is necessary to explore the microbial tolerances towards these substances and their life-limiting properties. Here we present a study investigating the tolerances of the halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii to various solutes. Growth experiments were conducted via counting colony forming units (CFUs) after inoculation of a liquid growth medium containing a specific solute concentration. The lowest water activities (aw) enabling growth were determined to be ~0.83 in glycerol and fructose-rich media. For all other solutes the growth-enabling aw was higher, due to additional stress factors such as chaotropicity and ionic strength. Additionally, we found that the solute tolerances of D. hansenii correlate with both the eutectic freezing point depressions and the deliquescence relative humidities of the respective solutes. Our findings strongly impact our understanding of the habitability of solute-rich low aw environments on Earth and beyond.
The Role of Logistics in Food Waste Reduction in Wholesalers and Small Retailers of Fruits and Vegetables: A Multiple Case Study
Authors: Guarnieri Patrícia , de Aguiar Raiane C. C. , Thomé Karim M. , Watanabe Eluiza Alberto de Morais
Published: November 2021

Background: There is a lack of studies on the waste of fruits and vegetables covering both distributors and the retail sector. Our study advances from previous ones by proposing the analysis of local retailers of different sizes and wholesalers. Our objective was to analyze the logistical practices to reduce the waste of fruits and vegetables in wholesalers and small retailers in Federal District, Brazil. Methods: A multiple case study was conducted with 19 retailers and eight wholesalers. We administered semi-structured interviews and performed documental analysis and direct observation. Results: The findings demonstrated the leading logistical practices of handling, conservation, management and control, and consumer awareness about food waste. The type of retailer was limited to grocery stores and fruit shops, and the type of food covered only fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, we considered the food waste generated in the logistics processes and not that after consumption. Conclusions: More than a third of the food produced worldwide is lost or wasted. A considerable part of the food waste is associated with the lack of an adequate structure of the logistical processes. The results may contribute to the adoption of practices related to reducing food waste by retailers and wholesalers.
Mapping Relation between Rail and Bridge Deformation Considering Nonlinear Contact of Interlayer
Authors: Nie Leixin , Jiang Lizhong , Zhou Wangbao , Feng Yulin
Published: November 2021

This paper examines the effect of structural deformation on the unit slab-type ballastless track structure of high-speed railway. The principle of stationary potential energy was used to map the relation between girder vertical deformation and rail deformation considering the effect of subgrade boundary conditions and the nonlinear contact of interlayer. The theoretical model was verified by comparing with the finite element analysis and experimental results. The theoretical model was used to analyze the effects of several key parameters on the rail deformation, such as vertical deformation amplitude, elastic modulus of the mortar layer, and vertical stiffness of the fasteners. The results show that the track slabs suffered significant disengagement, which makes the deformation of the track structure at the position of the beam joint tend to be gentle when nonlinear contact between the mortar layer and the track slabs was considered. The track slabs disengagement mainly occurs near the beam joints (the side of the deformed beam). As the deflection amplitude of the girder increases, the track deformation, the fastener forces and the disengagement length of the track slabs are obviously nonlinear. When the vertical stiffness of the fastener and/or the elastic modulus of the mortar layer increase, the fastener force and the track plate disengagement length increase monotonically and nonlinearly, which will adversely affect the life and safety of the track structure.
Gamma-Ray Protection Properties of Bismuth-Silicate Glasses against Some Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Radioisotopes: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: ALMisned Ghada , Zakaly Hesham M. H. , Issa Shams A. M. , Ene Antoaneta , Kilic Gokhan , Bawazeer Omemh , Almatar Albandari , Shamsi Dalal , Rabaa Elaf , Sideig Zuhal , Tekin Huseyin O.
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to perform an investigation for the potential implementation of bismuth silicate glasses as novel shield equipment instead of ordinary shields in nuclear medicine facilities. Accordingly, a group of Bi2O3 reinforced silicate glass system were investigated and compared with ordinary shields in terms of their gamma-ray attenuation properties in diagnostic nuclear medicine radioisotope energies emitted from 99mTc, 111In, 67Ga, 123I, 131I, 81mKr, 201Tl, 133Xe. Mass attenuation coefficient (μm) results for glass samples were calculated comparatively with the XCOM program and MCNPX code. The gamma-ray attenuation parameters such as half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Zeff) were obtained in the diagnostic gamma ray energy range from 75 to 336 keV. To confirm the attenuation performance of superior sample, obtained results were extensively compared with ordinary shielding materials. According to the results obtained, BISI6 glass sample with the highest Bi2O3 additive has an excellent gamma-ray protection.
Effects of He-D Interaction on Irradiation-Induced Swelling in Fe9Cr Alloys
Authors: Wu Haibiao , Wang Zhen , Zhu Te , Xu Qiu , Wang Baoyi , Xiao Detao , Cao Xingzhong
Published: November 2021

The atomic-scale defects such as (deuterium, helium)-vacancy clusters in nuclear energy materials are one of the causes for the deterioration of the macroscopic properties of materials. Unfortunately, they cannot be observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) before they grow to the nanometer scale. Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) has been proven to be sensitive to open-volume defects, and could characterize the evolution of the size and concentration of the vacancy-like nanoclusters. We have investigated the effects of He-D interaction on the formation of nanoscale cavities in Fe9Cr alloys by PAS and TEM. The results show that small-sized bubbles are formed in the specimen irradiated with 5 × 1016 He+/cm2, and the subsequent implanted D-ions contribute to the growth of these helium bubbles. The most likely reason is that helium bubbles previously formed in the sample captured deuterium injected later, causing bubbles to grow. In the lower dose He-irradiated samples, a large number of small dislocations and vacancies are generated and form helium-vacancy clusters with the helium atoms.
The Effect of Excessive Sulfate in the Li-Ion Battery Leachate on the Properties of Resynthesized Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2
Authors: Lee Jimin , Park Sanghyuk , Beak Mincheol , Park Sang Ryul , Lee Ah Reum , Byun Suk Hyun , Song Junho , Sohn Jeong Soo , Kwon Kyungjung
Published: November 2021

In order to examine the effect of excessive sulfate in the leachate of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs), LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (pristine NCM) and sulfate-containing LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCMS) are prepared by a co-precipitation method. The crystal structures, morphology, surface species, and electrochemical performances of both cathode active materials are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and charge-discharge tests. The XRD patterns and XPS results identify the presence of sulfate groups on the surface of NCMS. While pristine NCM exhibits a very dense surface in SEM images, NCMS has a relatively porous surface, which could be attributed to the sulfate impurities that hinder the growth of primary particles. The charge-discharge tests show that discharge capacities of NCMS at C-rates, which range from 0.1 to 5 C, are slightly decreased compared to pristine NCM. In dQ/dV plots, pristine NCM and NCMS have the same redox overvoltage regardless of discharge C-rates. The omnipresent sulfate due to the sulfuric acid leaching of spent LIBs has a minimal effect on resynthesized NCM cathode active materials as long as their precursors are adequately washed.
Microstructure and In Vitro Evaluation of Extruded and Hot Drawn Alloy MgCa0.7 for Biodegradable Surgical Wires
Authors: Milenin Andrij , Wróbel Mirosław , Kustra Piotr , Byrska-Wójcik Dorota , Sulej-Chojnacka Joanna , Płonka Bartłomiej , Łukowicz Krzysztof , Truchan Karolina , Osyczka Anna
Published: November 2021

The MgCa0.7 alloy may be a promising material for biodegradable surgical wires. In this paper, the technology for producing surgical wires from this alloy has been developed, based both on finite element modelling and experimental study. In particular, the extrusion and hot-drawing effects on the mechanical properties, microstructures, in-vitro rates of biocorrosion, and cytotoxicity to human cancer cells (SaOS-2) and healthy (hPDL) ones, have been determined. An approximately 30–40% increase in corrosion rate due to increasing hot-drawing temperature was observed. An effect of hot-drawing temperature on cytotoxicity was also found. Notably, at various stages of the final wires’ production, the MgCa0.7 alloy became toxic to cancer cells. This cytotoxicity depended on the alloys’ processing parameters and was maximal for the as-extruded rod and for the wires immediately after hot drawing at 440 °C. Thus, the careful selection of processing parameters makes it possible to obtain a product that is not only a promising candidate for biodegradable surgical wires, but one which also has intrinsic bioactive properties that produce antitumor activity.
Modeling and Simulation of Human Body Heat Transfer System Based on Air Space Values in 3D Clothing Model
Authors: Mosleh Sara , Abtew Mulat Alubel , Bruniaux Pascal , Tartare Guillaume , Loghin Emil-Constantin , Dulgheriu Ionut
Published: November 2021

Comfort can be considered as subjective feeling, which could be affected by the external ambient, by the physical activity, and by clothing. Considering the human body heat transfer system, it mainly depends on various parameters including clothing materials, external and internal environment, etc. The purpose of the current paper is to study and establish a quantitative relationship between one of the clothing parameters, ease allowance (air gap values) and the heat transfer through the human body to clothing materials and then to the environment. The study considered clothing which is integrated with the 3D ease allowance from the anthropometric and morphological data. Such incorporating of the clothing’s 3D ease control was essential to properly manage the air space between the body and the proposed clothing thermal regulation model. In the context of thermal comfort, a clothing system consisting of the human body, an ease allowance under clothing, a layer of textile materials, and a peripheral layer adjacent to the textile material was used. For the complete system, the heat transfer from the skin to the environment, which is influenced by thermoregulation of the human body, air gap, tissue, and environmental conditions were also considered. To model and predict the heat transfer between the human body and the temperature of skin and clothes, a 3D adaptive garment which could be adjusted with ease allowance was used. In the paper, a thermoregulatory model was developed and proposed to predict the temperature and heat within clothing material, skin, and air space. Based on the result, in general the main difference in the temperature of clothing and skin from segment to segment is due to the uneven distribution of air layers under the clothing.
Random Stiffness Tensor of Particulate Composites with Hyper-Elastic Matrix and Imperfect Interface
Authors: Sokołowski Damian , Kamiński Marcin
Published: November 2021

The main aim of this study is determination of the basic probabilistic characteristics of the effective stiffness for inelastic particulate composites with spherical reinforcement and an uncertain Gaussian volume fraction of the interphase defects. This is determined using a homogenization method with a cubic single-particle representative volume element (RVE) of such a composite and the finite element method solution. A reinforcing particle is spherical, located centrally in the RVE, surrounded by the thin interphase of constant thickness, and remains in an elastic reversible regime opposite to the matrix, which is hyper-elastic. The interphase defects are represented as semi-spherical voids, which are placed on the outer surface of this particle. The interphase is modeled as hyper-elastic and isotropic, whose effective stiffness is calculated by the spatial averaging of hyper-elastic parameters of the matrix and of the defects. A constitutive relation of the matrix is recovered experimentally by its uniaxial stretch. The 3D homogenization problem solution is based upon a numerical determination of strain energy density in the given RVE under specific uniaxial and biaxial stretches as well as under shear deformations. The analytical relation of the effective composite stiffness to the input uncertain parameter is recovered via the response function method, using a polynomial basis and an optimized order. Probabilistic calculations are completed using three concurrent approaches, namely the iterative stochastic finite element method (SFEM), Monte Carlo simulation and by the semi-analytical method. Previous papers consider the composite fully elastic, which limits the applicability of the resulting effective stiffness tensor computed therein. The current study voids this assumption and defines the composite as fully hyper-elastic, thus extending applicability of this tensor to strains up to 0.25. The most important research finding is that (1) the effective stiffness tensor is sensitive to random interface defects in its hyper-elastic range, (2) its resulting randomness is not close to Gaussian, (3) the semi-analytical method is not perfectly suited to stochastic calculations in this region of strains, as opposed to the linear elastic region, and (4) that the increase in random dispersion of defects volume fraction has a much higher effect on the stochastic characteristics of this stiffness tensor than fluctuation of the strain.
Permeability of Ibuprofen in the Form of Free Acid and Salts of L-Valine Alkyl Esters from a Hydrogel Formulation through Strat-M™ Membrane and Human Skin
Authors: Klebeko Joanna , Ossowicz-Rupniewska Paula , Nowak Anna , Janus Ewa , Duchnik Wiktoria , Adamiak-Giera Urszula , Kucharski Łukasz , Prowans Piotr , Petriczko Jan , Czapla Norbert , Bargiel Piotr , Markowska Marta , Klimowicz Adam
Published: November 2021

This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of vehicle and chemical modifications of the structure of active compounds on the skin permeation and accumulation of ibuprofen [IBU]. In vitro permeation experiments were performed using human abdominal skin and Strat-M™ membrane. The HPLC method was used for quantitative determinations. The formulations tested were hydrogels containing IBU and its derivatives and commercial gel with ibuprofen. The results obtained indicate that Celugel® had an enhancing effect on the skin penetration of IBU. The average cumulative mass of [IBU] after 24 h permeation test from Celugel® formulation through human skin was over 3 times higher than for the commercial product. Three ibuprofen derivatives containing [ValOiPr][IBU], [ValOPr][IBU], and [ValOBu][IBU] cation were evaluated as chemical penetration enhancers. The cumulative mass after 24 h of penetration was 790.526 ± 41.426, 682.201 ± 29.910, and 684.538 ± 5.599 μg IBU cm−2, respectively, compared to the formulation containing unmodified IBU-429.672 ± 60.151 μg IBU cm−2. This study demonstrates the perspective of the transdermal hydrogel vehicle in conjunction with the modification of the drug as a potential faster drug delivery system.
Hydrophobic Lightweight Cement with Thermal Shock Resistance and Thermal Insulating Properties for Energy-Storage Geothermal Well Systems
Authors: Sugama Toshifumi , Pyatina Tatiana
Published: November 2021

This study assessed the possibility of using polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS)-treated fly ash cenospheres (FCS) for formulating a thermally insulating and thermal shock (TS)-resistant cementitious blend with calcium aluminate cement. To prevent FCS degradation in an alkaline cement environment at high temperatures, the cenospheres were pre-treated with sodium metasilicate to form silanol and aluminol groups on their surface. These groups participated in a dehydrogenation reaction with the functional ≡Si–H groups within PMHS with the formation of siloxane oxygen-linked M-FCS (M: Al or Si). At high hydrothermal temperatures of 175 and 250 °C, some Si–O–Si and SiCH3 bonds ruptured, causing depolymerization of the polymer at the FCS surface and hydroxylation of the raptured sites with the formation of silanol groups. Repolymerization through self-condensation between the silanol groups followed, resulting in the transformation of siloxane to low crosslinked silicon-like polymer as a repolymerization-induced product (RIP) without carbon. The RIP provided adequate protection of FCS from pozzolanic reactions (PR), which was confirmed by the decline in zeolites as the products of PR of FCS. Cements with PMHS-treated FCS withstood both hydrothermal and thermal temperature of 250 °C in TS tests, and they also showed improved compressive strength, toughness, and water repellency as well as decreased thermal conductivity. The lubricating properties of PMHS increased the fluidity of lightweight slurries.