bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symphonies Of Stone
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair
Published: November 2023

Around 10 000 BC, the glaciers of the Great Ice Age began to retreat from off the face of the continent of Europe. As the land was freed from their grip, people started to move back northward. At first these were small tribes of hunters and gatherers, following the herds, coming together where the hunting was good, breaking apart to search for food where it was not. Slowly these tribes pressed further north and west, finally reaching the natural barriers of the continent: the coast of the North Sea and the Atlantic, and the islands of the sea—Britain and Ireland. There was no further to go. The wanderers settled, beginning to cultivate the land, and raise livestock. As further immigrants arrived, the population began to rise.
The Theban Mysteries
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair
Published: November 2023

During the Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom (1550-1307 BC), the power of the priestly caste began to rise rapidly. This coincided with the removal of the capital of Egypt from Memphis in the north to the southern city of Waset, which the Greeks called Thebes. The greatest temple complex in ancient Egypt was built just north of Thebes—the temple of Amon-Re at Karnak. Originally each temple had been satisfied with a single officiant, a ritual specialist or lector priest, and a few part-time priests to look after less sacred functions. But at Karnak, there were priests ranged in four orders at the head of a vast staff. The temple complex at Karnak consisted of precincts dedicated to the Theban triad, the local god Amon in his aspect as Re the sun-god, Montu the hawk-headed war-god, and Mut the local war-goddess, who usually wore the vulture headdress.
The Thoughts Of Zeus
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair
Published: November 2023

In order to build the life in the sea and the rocks of the Earth’s surface, Zeus had to overcome certain problems. To see what these were, let’s return to our construction of the regular solids in the previous section. We remember that the regular polyhedra were formed in empty space by the random combination of regular polygons, which themselves arose directly from the numbers. Let’s now look in more detail at the process by which the regular polygons lock together.
Apollonius The I Great Geometer
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair
Published: November 2023

Apollonius was born at Perga in Pamphylia, near Antalya in present-day Turkey, around 262 BC. He is believed to have studied at Alexandria, under the famous astronomer Aristarchus of Samos. Whilst studying with Aristarchus, Apollonius was given the nickname ‘Epsilon’, because of his interest in the theory of the Moon, whose crescent looks like that Greek letter. One of the major problems of Greek astronomy was why the planets sometimes appear to move backwards in the sky. For example, Fig. 14.1 shows the backward, or retrograde, motion of the planet Mars.
The Science Of Numbers
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair
Published: November 2023

As we described in ‘A world made of numbers’ (Chapter 7), the Pythagoreans believed that everything which can be known can be described in terms of numbers. In about 450 BC Philolaus, the Pythagorean, wrote: ‘And really everything that is known has a number. For it is impossible that without it anything can be known or understood by reason. The one is the foundation of everything.’
The School Of Alexandria
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair
Published: November 2023

The westernmost branch of the Nile is blocked from exit to the Mediterranean by a narrow limestone ridge running west to east from the Libyan desert. The Nile, diverted eastward along this ridge, forms Lake Mareotis, finally issuing to the sea at Abuqir. Seven miles west of Abuqir lies the small island of Pharos, offering a sheltered harbour from the prevailing northerly winds.
A Saxon mathematician
Authors: Fauvel John
Published: November 2023

August Ferdinand Mifoius was born on 17 November 1790 and died on 26 September 1868. During the course of his lifetime, the pursuit of mathematics in Germany was transformed. In 1790, it would be hard to find one German mathematician of international stature: by the time he died, Germany was the home and training ground of the world’s leading mathematicians, and the mathematics researched and taught there spread and came to influence the higher mathematical activity of the rest of the world. We touch on some of the factors effecting this transformation during the course of this book. The changes were not unrelated to the development of the entire German-speaking world over this period, from a gaggle of fairly independent states, through invasions, wars, revolutions, and other tribulations, to an empire united under the political and military might of Prussia.
The development of topology
Authors: Biggs Norman
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I shall discuss some of Mobius’s contributions to topology, and try to put them in the context of the general history of topological ideas in the nineteenth century. Mobius probably did not think of himself as a topologist, because at that time there was no general subject called topology; nevertheless, his ideas have had a profound influence on the development of the subject. The fascinating properties of the Mobius band are described earlier in the book; apart from that, I assume only a very vague knowledge of what topology is about.
Liquid semiconductors and metal-insulator transitions in liquids
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill
Published: November 2023

Liquid semiconductors were first studied systematically by the Leningrad school (see the review by loffe and Regel (1960) and the books by Gubanov (1963) and Glazov et al. (1969)). Recently many of them have been investigated in several other centres. In our view there is little difference in principle between the theories necessary to treat liquid and solid non-crystalline semiconducting materials, except that any defects (such as dangling bonds and valence alternation pairs described in Chapter 7), which may pin the Fermi energy, will have a concentration which minimizes the free energy and which varies strongly with temperature. Cutler and Rasmolondramanitra (1984) have analysed the properties of non-metallic Se-Te alloys in these terms; neutral and charged dangling bonds (valence alternating pair) may exist, with motion of charge between them (see also Cutler 1977). A main theme in this chapter is the discussion of the liquid divalent metal Hg, and the monovalent metals Cs and Rb, at temperatures and densities near to that at which a metal-insulator transition occurs, this involving work at high temperatures; we also give a short discussion of metal—ammonia solutions, which also show a transition with decreasing concentration of metal. We normally use a pseudogap model, though in some materials it is preferable to assume that defects exist in thermal equilibrium, for instance, as already stated, neutral and charged dangling bonds, so that hopping or unactivated charge transfer can occur.
Super-Real Fields
Authors: Garth Dales H , Hugh Woodin W
Published: November 2023

Super-real fields are a class of large totally ordered fields. These fields are larger than the real line. They arise from quotients of the algebra of continuous functions on a compact space by a prime ideal, and generalize the well-known class of ultrapowers, and indeed the continuous ultrapowers. These fields are of interest in their own right and have many surprising applications, both in analysis and logic. The authors introduce some exciting new fields, including a natural generalization of the real line R, and resolve a number of open problems. The book is intended to be accessible to analysts and logicians. After an exposition of the general theory of ordered fields and a careful proof of some classic theorems, including Kaplansky's embedding theorems , the authors establish important new results in Banach algebra theory, non-standard analysis, an model theory.
The operational calculus and the field R
Authors: Garth Dales H , Hugh Woodin W
Published: November 2023

There have been two major themes in our work so far. The first, discussed in Chapter 4, was to study the relationships between various classes of real-closed η1 -fields, and in particular of super-real 171-fields. A diagram showing the relations that are almost immediately obvious was drawn on page 104.
Examples
Authors: Garth Dales H , Hugh Woodin W
Published: November 2023

So far, we have sought real-closed η1-fields K in particular classes of the classification scheme of Chapter 4 with the property that (with GCH), |K|=N2 and | Γ | = N1 (We explained in Chapter 5 that it is known for each ordered field K not satisfying this condition whether or not K# is normable.)
R as a hyper-real field
Authors: Garth Dales H , Hugh Woodin W
Published: November 2023

At the end of Chapter 6, we left open the question whether or not R, the unique real-closed, Cauchy complete η1-field of weight N1, is a hyper-real field, or even a super-real field. Our main result of the present chapter is that R is indeed a hyper-real field (in the theory ZFC + GCH).
Models and weak Cauchy completeness
Authors: Garth Dales H , Hugh Woodin W
Published: November 2023

Let P be a non-maximal, prime ideal in an algebra C(Ω), where Ω is a compact space, and let Kp be the corresponding super-real field.
Rigid fields and solid structures
Authors: Garth Dales H , Hugh Woodin W
Published: November 2023

The main work of this final chapter will be to show that there are super-real fields Kp of weight N1 for which the associated structures ℕ (P) and {0,1}N  (P) are invariants of the field Kp. Thus any classification of such super-real fields must involve a prior classification of these structures. The basic method will also be used to show, in Theorem 11.49, that it is relatively consistent with ZFC + GCH that there is a prime ideal P with corresponding super-real Kp an ‘Ji-field of weight N1 such that P is both an exponential prime and a cut prime, but such that Kp is not even order-isomorphic to any super-real field of the form KQ, where Q is a prime z-ideal in some C(Ω).
Review of the genera of Mayflies of Panama, with a checklist of Panamanian and Costa Rican species (Ephemeroptera)
Authors: Flowers R Wills
Published: November 2023

The ancient insect order of Ephemeroptera, or mayflies, is a major component of the invertebrate fauna of freshwater habitats. They are found in lakes, ponds, and streams on all continents except Antarctica, as well as on many islands. The aquatic immature stages, or nymphs, play an important role in freshwater ecosystems by feeding on detritus and algae, and by serving as prey for fish and other aquatic animals. Adults are short-lived and frequently swarm at dusk or dawn. During swarming activities they are preyed upon heavily by dragonflies, birds, and bats. Although the importance of mayflies in temperate stream ecology is well documented, a relative lack of studies on tropical aquatic insects has meant that the importance of mayflies in tropical streams has sometimes been under-appreciated. Almost 5 months of field work in Panama (and many more in the United States) have convinced me that Panamanian and North American mayflies have comparable importance in their respective aquatic ecosystems. Figure 4.1 is a diagram of a mayfly adult, or imago, illustrating morphological terms used in this and other taxonomic papers. The genus depicted is North American but the terms apply generally. A nymph of the same genus is shown in Figs 4.2 and 4.3, also labelled. The life cycle of mayflies contains a flying but sexually immature subadult stage called a subimago which is unique to the Ephemeroptera. After a short time, usually within a day, the subimago moults to the fully mature adult or imago stage. Subimagos closely resemble imagos in appearance but can be distinguished by the cloudy appearance of their wings, the presence of a fringe of hair on the hind margins of the wings and, in males, the undeveloped condition of the genitalia. (In a few groups, the female never moults to the imago but completes her reproductive activities as a subimago.) Because the taxonomy of adult mayflies depends heavily on the structure of the male genitalia, female imagos and subimagos of either sex frequently cannot be identified. Nymphs can be identified most reliably when they are mature (almost ready to moult to the subimago stage) but generic identifications can usually be made on nymphs that are half grown or older.
Key to the genera of New World Apicotermitinae(Isoptera: Termitidae)
Authors: Fontes Luiz Roberto
Published: November 2023

The subfamily Apicotermitinae was first proposed by Grasse and Noirot (1954) and our present concept of the subfamily comes from the work of Sands (1972). The taxonomy of the New World Apicotermitinae is poorly known. Until 1976 38 species had been described, in the genera Speculitermes and Anoplotermes; the last species described, dates from 1959. Mathews (1977) concluded that Speculitermes does not occur in the New World and added two new genera, Ruptitermes and Grigiotermes, with five and one species, respectively. Fontes (1986) described Tetimatermes and Aparatermes, both monotypic. The five New World genera comprise a total of 41 species, and the generic assignment of about 30 species (now in Anoplotermes and Ruptitermes) should be re-evaluated. Three facts may have contributed strongly to the scarcity of taxonomic studies on the group. Termite taxonomy is based largely on the soldier caste, with alate and worker castes of the soldierless New World Apicotermitinae being less attractive to termite taxonomists. Most soldierless termites are small and have a subterranean habit, being found in galleries rather diffuse in the soil or inside mounds built by other termites; collection is thus more difficult. Finally, dissection of the worker digestive tube is fundamental for a solid taxonomic study of the group (Sands 1972; Mathews 1977; Fontes 1985, 1986) and the study of this structure is not always easy.
(Psocoptera: Psocidae: Thyrsophorinae)
Authors: Mockford Edward L
Published: November 2023

The thyrsophorine psocids are of unusual interest because of their huge size, extremely long antennae, and the striking coloration seen in some species. These psocids are found throughout much of the American tropics. Although discovered early (Burmeister 1839), they have always been scarce in collections. The collection studied in this paper is the largest that has been reported upon. The thyrsophorine taxon has been treated as a family (Enderlein 1903; Pearman 1936; Badonnel 1951), as a subfamily of the family Psocidae (New 1978), and as a tribe of the family Psocidae, subfamily Psocinae (Roesler 1944). The taxonomic status as designated by New (1978) is followed here, but several characters suggest close proximity to the subfamily Cerastipsocinae of family Psocidae. This work is based on the examination of 118 adult specimens collected in Panama primarily by light trap. Observations for colour descriptions were made with a dissecting microscope and direct illumination of specimens in alcohol, unless otherwise indicated. Body parts were drawn with a drawing tube on a compound microscope from material mounted permanently in Hoyer’s medium. Wing drawings were made with a microprojector. Measurements were made with a filar micrometer; the micrometer unit was 2.63µm. Abbreviations used for structures measured (Table 16.1) are explained as follows: FW = forewing length, HW = hindwing length; F = hind femoral length; T = hind tibial length; t1, t2 = length of hind first and second tarsomeres (also used for these structures in the text); cten = number of ctenidia (comb-based setae) on hind t1; f1, f2 = length of first and second flagellomeres; IO/d = least distance between compound eyes in dorsal view divided by transverse diameter of compound eye in dorsal view. The nomenclature of wing veins and cells (Figs 16.1, 16.2) is standard for the order.
Catalogue of the Short-winged Mould Beetles of Panama (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae)*
Authors: Chandler Donald S
Published: November 2023

The Pselaphidae, or short-winged mould beetles, are a large family whose members are small (usually less than 4mm in length), rather inconspicuously coloured, and thus not easily noticed in their cryptic habitats. Individuals may be found in leaf litter, rotten wood, or under bark, grass sod, rocks, and in ant or termite nests. Most species are associated with leaf litters, and are collected primarily by processing leaf or rotten wood samples in the laboratory with a Berlese funnel. Many tropical species may be most easily collected due to their attraction to ultraviolet light. Pselaphids are predators, and feed on the small worms and arthropods found in their environment. There are currently 173 named species of Pselaphidae known from Panama. A number of additional names are in a published letter of Motschulsky (1855), who collected at Obispo on the road traversing the isthmus. The majority of these names have been ignored by subsequent authors, with twenty of the names now considered valid. These species are impossible to recognize or place in genera due to the brevity of their descriptions and placement in genera that are not neotropical. These names are listed following the catalogue, with their probable tribal placement.
Velvet Ants of Panama: Distribution and systematics (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
Authors: Roberto Cambra T , Arias Diomedes Quintero
Published: November 2023

Velvet ants (Mutillidae) form a diverse, mostly Pantropical group, with some 4200 described species assigned to eight subfamilies. Mutillids were considered members of the Scolioidea by Krombein etal. (1979) and Rasnitsyn (1988) but Genise (1986), following Brothers’ (1975) revision ofthe aculeate classification, grouped the Sapygidae with the Mutillidae to form the Mutilloidea. Their striking sexual dimorphism has led to numerous descriptions of species and genera based on a single sex. We predict that the number of specific names synonymized, once the sexes are correctly associated, will about equal the number of new species that will be described, with the result that the present total number of species for the Americas will remain nearly constant. We expect a significant reduction in genera, of perhaps one-fifth, brought about by future sex associations. The situation for other continents, Africa and Australia in particular, is certainly different (Brothers, personal communication) as very few faunistic studies have been completed in those large geographic areas, and their mutillid diversity is high. Mutillid females, the sex most commonly encountered, are apterous (males are winged), have six abdominal segments (males have seven), and are brightly coloured (males are generally uniformly dark). Females are ant-like (males resemble scoliid wasps) and can inflict repeated painful stings with their strongly decurved stinger, which does not remain in the wound (males lack stingers). Females move very swiftly and hide readily at the slightest disturbance. They are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids of the pupae of some seven families of aculeate Hymenoptera, and generally place a single egg in each pupa. For example, they behave as hyperparasitoids of scoliid and tiphiid wasps, which are parasitoids of ground-dwelling scarabaeid larvae (Coleoptera). They probably do not use prepupae as hosts, but much remains to be learned of their biology. Mutillids rarely have been found as parasitoids outside of the Hymenoptera, the exceptions being a few species of Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera.
A vocal taxonomy of the callitrichids
Authors: Snowdon Charles T
Published: November 2023

Vocal characters have been used to clarify taxonomy in several cases with birds and primates. One of the major sources of vocal characters have been calls used in mate attraction and intergroup dispersal. In birds, song is used for mate attraction and dispersal and can differentiate species that are otherwise difficult to discriminate on the basis of morphological characters (see for example Smith 1966). In primates, the long or loud call serves a similar function (Gautier and Gautier 1977). These calls are quite stereotyped in form, have species-specific structure, and may play a role in reproductive isolation.
Interindividual differences in behaviour and organization of avian mixed-species flocks
Authors: Hino Teruaki
Published: November 2023

Avian flocks often consist not of a single species but of several species. Such flocks are known as mixed-species flocks. The mixed flocks have been studied from two different aspects: that of community ecology and that of behavioural ecology. The community ecological studies have focused on interspecific differences in resource use as a mechanism of coexistence in mixed flocks (Morse 1970, 1978; Nakamura 1970; Alatalo et al, 1985). On the other hand, behavioural ecological studies have tried to show an adaptive significance of mixed flocking from the point of view of the individual (Krebs 1973; Barnard and Thompson 1985). These two types of studies have mainly emphasized two opposite aspects of mixed flocking. The community studies have emphasized a repulsion (competition and/or aggression) among flock members, while the behavioural studies have emphasized an attraction (co-operation and/or cohesion) among flock members. However, these two aspects of interactions are essential components of flocking and, if the organization of mixed-species flocks is to be understood, they cannot be treated separately (Slobodchikoff and Schulz 1988).
Mode of competition and interspecific competitive outcomes
Authors: Fujii Koichi , Toquenaga Yukihiko
Published: November 2023

Competition (both intra- and interspecific) has been one of the most intensively studied subjects in ecological research (Connell 1983; Schoener 1983; Abrams 1988). This is the first and most important step in bridging the gap between community ecology and lower levels of ecological phenomena at the population and individual levels. Several important concepts have led to a better understanding of competition. Nicholson’s dichotomy of contest v. scramble competition (Nicholson 1954) is one of them. It has been used to interpret patterns of intraspecific competition in many areas of ecology. Two kinds of tools have been used to classify populations undergoing either contest or scramble competition. One is the competition curve, in which the number of survivors after competition is plotted as a function of the initial density of competitors. In contest-type competition, the number of survivors rises until competition starts and then it reaches a plateau.
Discussion: understanding indirect effects: is it possible?
Authors: Pimm Stuart L
Published: November 2023

There is little wonder that ecologists find competition fascinating. Rival competitors mutually reduce each other’s growth rates either by direct interference or indirectly via some shared resource. The indirect pathway leads to familiar exploitive competition and immediately to extraordinary potential complexities and subtleties. For example, if two species share one or more predators, there is so-called apparent competition between them (Holt 1977). The growth of one prey species causes an increase in the numbers of predators and so a decrease in the numbers of the other prey species and vice versa (Schoener, this volume, Fig. 23.2). Further complications arise when two putative competitors exploit prey species which themselves compete. The putative competitors may turn out to be indirect mutualists rather than competitors (Schoener, Chapter 23 this volume, Fig. 23.3).The three chapters in this section show how complexities arise from all levels of organization. Real species are embedded in communities more complex and much more structured than the simple examples of my previous paragraph. ltioka (Chapter 10 this volume) investigates a community where scale insects at least potentially compete for resources on the same host plant. Some scales have unique predators, others share predators.
Cost-benefit model for the evolution of symbiosis
Authors: Matsuda Hiroyuki , Shimada Masakazu
Published: November 2023

If two individuals of different species live closely together, such interspecific interaction is called symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships are widely observed and there are a variety of forms of symbiosis (Table 14.1). Symbiotic interactions include parasitic, commensalistic, and mutualistic relationships. Generally, interspecific interactions are divided into four categories.
Species abundances
Authors: Nee Sean , Harvey Paul H , Cotgreave Peter
Published: November 2023

How many individuals of each species are there in a given community, and why? These questions, which lie at the heart of ecology, continue to motivate much ecological research. In this chapter one approach to answering these questions will be considered, i.e. the detection and interpretation of patterns of species abundance that are common to different communities. If the same patterns are found in different communities, it is likely that similar processes are involved. For some years, species abundance data was represented as in Fig. 22.1, plotting the number of species in a sample represented by I, 2, 3, etc. individuals (Williams 1964). These plots typically look like ski slopes, with the number in each abundance class declining precipitously from the class of minimum abundance (one, of course). Then Preston (l 948) had the innovative idea of plotting frequency histograms of the numbers of species in logarithmic abundance classes. In many cases, this transforms the ski slope into a humped distribution, truncated on the left at what Preston called the ‘veil line’ (see Fig. 22.2).
A survey of extant vertebrates
Authors: Janvier Philippe
Published: November 2023

Most extant relatives of the early vertebrates, such as teleosts or tetrapods, have evolved in their own way and are now quite different from their Silurian and Devonian relatives. Recent fishes and amphibians are often referred to as ‘lower vertebrates’, a term inherited from gradistic representation of the history of life. In fact, these ‘lower vertebrates’ branch off in the ‘lower’ part of the cladogram of the vertebrates, but most of them display unique characters that may be extremely complex and ‘advanced’ in evolutionary terms. The ‘tongue’ of lampreys, for example (see p. 49), is certainly more complex than the jaw mechanism of sharks, and many extant teleosts are perhaps much more derived, in terms of number of transformation steps, in relation to the earliest actinopterygians than we are in relation to the earliest amniotes.
Epilogue
Authors: Janvier Philippe
Published: November 2023

Writing a book, in which statements should be as unambiguous as possible, always imposes some self-censorship. I have pointed out, here and there, various facts that may contradict the apparently harmonious hierarchy of characters supporting phylogenies and classifications. These are assessed as homoplasies or simply overlooked, but some of them may be the threads that lead us to challenge current phylogenies. The aim of this epilogue is to point out briefly these inconsistencies and suggest new paths. I am aware that many authors in the past tried to orient research in what they believed to be promising directions, but most of them failed to predict major theoretical changes. Novelties generally come from fields in which they are not expected. In the 1960s, palaeontologists believed that the major theoretical advances in palaeontology would come from evolutionary models based on ammonites or mammals, for example, but it was systematic studies of insects and teleost fishes that prompted the rise of cladistics, and thereby deeply modified the way in which palaeontologists as a whole look at fossils. In some instances, however, it is possible to point out unanswered questions and contradictions that may generate profound changes, at least at the level of phylogeny and systematics. It is also possible simply to indicate where data are lacking and how or where they might be sought.
Volcanic rocks and exhalative ores: the general nature of the ores and their environments
Authors: Stanton R L
Published: November 2023

The first clear recognition that at least some porphyry copper deposits were of a sub-volcanic nature came in 1964 with the discovery of the large Panguna deposit on Bougainville Island, in the south-west Pacific. That many such deposits in older terrains occurred in intrusions of distinctly volcanic context had been known for at least thirty years prior to that, but the now-recognized common close genetic tie between intrusion and intruded volcanic rocks was not widely perceived until the 1970s. The discovery of large numbers of porphyry copper deposits in the western Americas, the western Pacific, and elsewhere since 1970 has, however, revealed a clear tie with young volcanic-arc structures and this, together with an increasing understanding of geochemical and petrological relations between mineralized intrusions and associated volcanic lavas and pyroclastic rocks, has led to the recognition of the comparatively shallow, intrinsically volcanic nature of most porphyry copper deposits and the closely related porphyry gold and molybdenum deposits.
Hydroids, Sea Anemones, Jellyfish, and Comb Jellies
Authors: Cornelius P F S , Manuel, R L , Ryland J S
Published: November 2023

The Cnidaria, formerly combined with the Ctenophora (p. 133) and known as Coelenterata, are most obviously characterized by their radial, or sometimes more strictly biradial, symmetry. The basic structure is sac-like with a single terminal opening, the mouth, which also functions as an anus. The internal space is the coelenteron or gastrovascular cavity, which may be subdivided by radially arranged partitions, the mesenteries or septa. The mouth is surrounded by a circle or circles of tentacles. The body wall consists of only two layers of cells, ectoderm and endoderm, between which is the mesogloea. The mesogloea forms a non-cellular membrane in hydroids, a thick fibrous layer in anemones, and a jelly-like filling in medusae. The musculature, formed from epitheliomuscular cells, may be well developed. All cnidarians are characterized by the presence, especially on the tentacles, of stinging capsules, cnidae or nematocysts, of various types. These capsules are unique to the phylum. Nematocysts consist basically of a capsule with an armed or naked thread coiled inside it. When stimulated the thread is fired by eversion.
Parasitoid communities associated with west African seed-feeding beetles
Authors: Rasp/us Jean-Yves
Published: November 2023

Over the last decades a large amount of biological and taxonomical research has been done on seed-feeding beetles, and especially on bruchids (reviewed by Southgate 1979; Janzen 1980, 1981; Johnson 1981; Borowiec 1987). Studies of the seed predators have been mainly centred on the importance of their impact on the dynamics of the host plant and on the role of secondary compounds (toxins and repellents) concentrated in the seeds. Comparatively little is known about the Hymenoptera parasitizing these beetles, and most of the data are encountered in descriptive catalogues (Cushman 1911; Leonide 1962; DeLuca 1965, 1970, 1977, 1980; Whitehead 1975; Center and Johnson 1976; Steffan 1981; Hetz and Johnson 1988). Little attention has been given to parasitoids other than recording their breeding on a particular host (Southgate 1979). The intensive sampling carried out by Janzen (1980) in Costa Rica strongly suggests that most (59%) of the seed predators within a locality are not parasitized and that parasitoids are rare and mostly polyphagous. Most of the studies on their biology (development, host preferences, etc.) have been conducted under laboratory conditions.
Population dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions
Authors: Jones T H , Hassell M P , May R M
Published: November 2023

Insects exist within a complex web of multispecies interactions of which hosts and their parasitoids are often an integral part. Although some insect species are host to a complex of 20 or more parasitoid species, a large number are attacked by just one or two species (Askew and Shaw 1986; Hawkins and Lawton 1987, 1988). Many parasitoid species are polyphagous to some degree, and their populations are thus buffered from fluctuations in abundance of any one of their host species (Southwood and Comins 1976). In general, it is endophytic hosts that primarily support such generalist parasitoid communities; the parasitoid communities of exophytic hosts tend to be relatively more specialized (Hawkins et al. 1990).
Influence of maternal characteristics and environmental variation on reproduction in Antarctic fur seals
Authors: Lunn N J , Boyd I L
Published: November 2023

Antarctic fur seals breed synchronously in a highly seasonal environment. There is considerable inter-annual variation in food supply, which affects breeding performance. However, food supply may also influence future performance through effects on female ovulation, implantation and/or pregnancy. We used foraging trip duration, pup growth rate and weaning mass as indicators of the food available to females during the pup-rearing period (December-April) and examined relationships between these and pup production and timing of breeding in the following year. Productivity (pup production) was positively correlated with growth rate and weaning mass of both male and female pups in the previous season (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with the variation around the mean birth mass of males (P < 0.05), suggesting that poor feeding conditions one season led to lower production the next. The timing of birth was positively correlated with foraging trip duration (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with the birth and weaning masses of male and female pups, the duration of the perinatal period, growth of male pups, and the variation in the late-season growth (last two months) of male and female pups (P < 0.05 in all cases). This indicates that females give birth later in the season following a year when food resources were scarce.
Introduction: invariants imply deeper symmetries
Authors: Charnov Eric L
Published: November 2023

This book is about invariants, characteristics that do not change, in the life histories of plants and animals. When (population) biologists think of invariance or symmetry, they often think of geometric symmetry such as right-left or radial, the symmetry of repeating units such as coiling in snails or the modular construction of many plants and sessile animals, or the symmetry in gaits of running animals (Stewart and Golubitsky 1992). But symmetry is a much more general concept, meaning that some attributes of an object of interest remain unchanged under specified transformations. Symmetry can have deep mathematical and physical underpinnings, and has proved to be an immensely fruitful approach in physical science (see Pais (1986) for a popular overview of particles and forces).
Population dynamics
Authors: Charnov Eric L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider some general patterns in the dynamics of populations and ask what symmetry or invariance for population size and body size transitions can tell us about them, particularly for organisms with determinate growth. The population size invariants examined are the age at first reproduction α and the adult instantaneous mortality rate M. Of course, a body size invariant is something that does not change with body size (α Wº);the one examined here is the relationship between the net reproductive rate Rº and the relative population size.
Senescence (ageing)
Authors: Charnov Eric L
Published: November 2023

The Medawar-Williams evolutionary theory of senescence (or ageing) (Medawar 1952; Williams 1957) is based on the fundamental observation that an individual’s future reproduction is worth less than its present reproduction simply because the individual is less likely to be alive to receive the future benefits (reviewed by Kirkwood and Rose (1991), Rose (1991), and Stearns (1992)). Of course, this is an asymmetry with respect to time. A useful definition of ageing is ‘a persistent decline in the age specific fitness components of an organism due to internal physiological deterioration’ (Rose 1991). The force of natural selection declines with age (formal arguments are given by Hamilton (1966), Emlen (1970), and Charlesworth (1980).
Reproductive Biology of Conus
Authors: Kohn Alan J , Perron Frank E
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we describe reproductive biology from mating through oviposition, embryonic and larval development, and metamorphosis, with emphasis on generalities applicable to the entire genus. In the course of this discussion, we also introduce questions and hypotheses on which we present relevant evidence in the accounts of particular species in Chapter 3 and a synthesis in Chapter 4.
Relationships Among Aspects of Reproduction and Life History
Authors: Kohn Alan J , Perron Frank E
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses the questions of how the important parameters of reproduction and early life history are interrelated, both within and between species of Conus. They include adult body size, egg size, egg capsule size and number of eggs per capsule, fecundity, developmental mode, and dispersal ability. Here we synthesize and interpret the basic data presented in Chapter 3 and summarized in tabular form in the Appendix.
Relationships of Development and Biogeographic Patterns
Authors: Kohn Alan J , Perron Frank E
Published: November 2023

The Indo-Pacific marine biogeographic realm extends halfway around the world and across 60° of latitude, from the Pitcairn Islands and Hawaii, across the Pacific and Indian Ocean basins, to East Africa and the Red Sea.
Organic-walled microfossils (palynomorphs)
Authors: Jones Robert Wynn
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with organic-walled microfossils or palynomorphs. These range in size from 5-2000 µ,. Preparation of samples for organic-walled microfossil study generally consists of hydrochloric and fuming nitric acid leaching of calcareous material and hydrofluoric acid leaching of siliceous material followed by sieving. Excess amorphous organic material can be removed with Schulze’s solution. The final concentrate is made up into a strew slide for examination under a powerful transmitted light microscope.
Paleodose evaluation
Authors: Aitken M J
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter we have been concerned with the ‘tools of the trade’ required for observation of OSL. We now turn to procedures that have been developed for their utilization in evaluation of paleodose. (For some of these there is need for an additional facility, namely a light source for laboratory bleaching; suitable sources are indicated in Section 6.1.2.)

It will be recalled from Chapter 1 that the paleodose is a measure of the accumulated dosage of radiation that the sample has received since deposition and that the depositional age is derived by dividing the paleodose by the rate at which the sample has received that dosage-evaluated as indicated in Chapter 2. Basically the paleodose is assessed by comparing the natural OSL with the artificial OSL induced in the sample by a known dose of laboratory radiation. One essential is that components unrelated to burial dosage are excluded from the value used for the natural OSL; another is that the natural and the artificial OSL must be ‘cleansed’ of contributions from traps whose electron retention lifetime does not substantially exceed the age-during burial there will have been leakage from such traps. In the present chapter, as well as to some extent in Chapters 6 and 7, the procedural strategies that have been devised to meet these requirements are discussed.
Thermal effects
Authors: Aitken M J
Published: November 2023

As has been indicated in earlier chapters, before dating measurements are made there is the need for preheating, at any rate with most samples. Besides the wanted effects of such preheating there are also unwanted effects which have relevance to the effectiveness of zeroing. These are now documented, prior to discussion of the preheating procedures and of electron-retention lifetimes. Discussion of photo transfer during shine-down is also included (Section 7.2.1) although it is not a thermal effect.

Although OSL can be rapidly bleached to a very low level, this is not the end of the story-as has been mentioned several times earlier. Preheating has the effect of raising the observed OSL above that very low level even though there has been no dosing subsequent to the bleaching; an increase may also occur simply through storage at ambient temperature. Although lying dormant at the immediate conclusion of depositional bleaching this increase is effectively a ‘starting signal’, usually small in absolute terms, which vitiates the ideal of ‘zero OSL for zero age’. Obviously it is important for young samples rather than for old, and unless allowance can be made the evaluated age is liable to be significantly in excess, sometimes substantially; on the other hand for the majority of not-so-young samples it is barely significant. Transfer effects can also occur during bleaching, adversely affecting rapidity.
Morphology of cholinergic projections from the brainstem reticular formation to the lateral geniculate nucleus and other thalamic nuclei in the cat
Authors: Fitzpatrick D , Raczkowski D
Published: November 2023

The dorsal thalamus receives projections from the brainstem reticular formation which are thought to play an important role in regulating its sensitivity to afferent stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation results in changes in thalamic neuronal excitability that mimic those found during arousal from sleep or drowsiness: the spontaneous activity of thalamic neurons is increased and their mode of firing changes from rhythmic bursts to single spike discharges that can faithfully transmit sensory information to the cortex (Singer 1977; Burke and Cole 1978; Steriade and Deschenes 1984; Sherman and Koch 1986; Steriade and Llinas 1988). A variety of evidence suggests that cholinergic mechanisms are at least partly responsible for this state-dependent activation of thalamic neurons. First, the region surrounding the brachium conjunctivum in the midbrain and pons contains a large number of neurons that are immunoreactive for ChAT, the ACh synthesizing enzyme and these neurons are retrogradely labelled following injections of tracers into the thalamus (Armstrong et al. 1983; Mesulam et al. 1983; De Lima and Singer 1987; Hallanger et al. 1987; Smith et al. 1988; Fitzpatrick et al. 1988, 1989). Second, the increased excitability of thalamic neurons produced by reticular formation stimulation is blocked by cholinergic antagonists (Singer 1973; Francesconi et al. 1988). Third, the application of ACh to thalamic neurons in a tissue slice preparation produces a slow depolarization that could shift neurons from the burst firing mode to the single spike mode characteristic of arousal (McCormick and Prince

1987).
Control of the mammillothalamic axis by brainstem cholinergic laterodorsal tegmental afferents: Possible involvement in mnemonic processes
Authors: Pare D , Steriade M
Published: November 2023

Learning is generally thought to involve lasting modifications in the connections between neurons (Squire 1987). Such durable changes in synaptic efficacy were first observed at the level of the synapse between perforant path fibres and dentate granule cells following tetanic stimulation of afferent fibres (Bliss and Lom0 1973; Bliss and Gardner-Medwin 1973). The long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by this procedure lasted for hours and was homosynaptic, that is, it was restricted to the tetanized pathway. More recently, iontophoretically-applied ACh has been shown to produce lasting changes in cellular responsiveness at the cortical level (see Chapter 11 in this book). We now report that stimulation of the brainstem cholinergic laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) nucleus can induce a long-lasting enhancement in the synaptic responsiveness of anterior thalamic (AT) neurons to both cortical and subcortical inputs. Such cholinergic effects and especially those of synapticallyreleased ACh had not been demonstrated previously in the dorsal thalamus. The AT complex is, through the mammillary nuclei (MN), intimately linked to the hippocampal formation, a neuronal structure believed to be critical for memory processes. The first section in this chapter is a brief overview of the connections between the LDT nucleus, the AT nuclear complex, the MN, and the hippocampal formation. The second section summarizes a recent series of experiments designed to study the effects of LDT stimulation on AT neurons. The enhancement in synaptic responsiveness induced by LDT stimulation will be compared to the hippocampal LTP. We then discuss the relevance of these findings for memory processes in the light of the neuropathological studies implicating the medial diencephalon and the hippocampal formation in amnesia.
Familial disorders not due to a single gene
Authors: Nicholas F W
Published: November 2023

Many important disorders are familial-they ‘run in families’, which means that the incidence among relatives of affected animals is greater than the incidence in the population to which they belong. If a disorder is familial, it may be due to shared environment or to shared genes, or to a combination of shared environment and shared genes.
Is it inherited?
Authors: Nicholas F W
Published: November 2023

‘Is it inherited?’ is a common question asked in relation to a wide range of disorders. Unfortunately, the answer for the majority of disorders is ‘we don’t know’, because insufficient data have been collected and analysed to enable a decision to be made.
Hosts, parasites, and pathogens
Authors: Nicholas F W
Published: November 2023

Parasites and pathogens exert a profound influence on animal health and production throughout the world. It is therefore very important that we understand as much as possible about them. Even more importantly, we must understand the implications of attempts by humans to bring them under control.
Genetic and environ mental control of inherited disorders
Authors: Nicholas F W
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 10 we saw that there is genetic variation in hosts for resistance to parasites and pathogens, and we saw how this can be utilized to breed animals with enhanced resistance. It remains for us now to turn our attention to diseases that are not caused by parasites or pathogens, i.e. to inherited disorders. As we saw in Chapter 6, the heritability for liability to any disorder is usually greater than zero; there is usually some genetic variation in liability to any disorder. This raises the possibility of artificial selection for decreased liability as a means of decreasing the incidence of the disorder.
Single genes in animal breeding
Authors: Nicholas F W
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters, we discussed many traits that are determined by a single gene, including blood-cell antigens and a large variety of disorders. There are many other single-gene traits, some of which are of particular importance to animal breeding. The aim of this chapter is to discuss such traits, and to consider some of the practical uses to which they can be put.