bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Drug Resistance Genotype and Distribution in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from a Tertiary-Care Hospital in Guilin, China
Authors: Liu Zhenyu , Chen Huoying , Xiong Lijun , Wang Di , Zeng Guifen , Mo Shan , Wei Chuandong , Hou Xianliang
Published: September 2022

Purpose
To better understand the distribution and drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae and provide a basis for clinical treatment.
Methods
We studied 167 Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical specimens in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University from November 2020 to June 2022. These clinical specimens were isolated from urine, blood, sputum, catheter, pus, drainage fluid, bile, joint fluid, alveolar lavage fluid, and wound/trauma/incision secretions were collected. The drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae and clinical outcomes were analyzed. We designed primers based on relevant resistance genes in The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database, while a part of them also used primer sequences from the relevant literature. We detected the carbapenems gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sent the product to the company for sequencing and homology analysis.
Results
A total of 707 inpatients were recruited and 167 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were obtained. 83 strains from sputum specimens (49.7%), 18 strains from wound/trauma/incision secretion specimens (10.8%), 15 strains from pus specimens (9.0%), and other strains from urine specimens, blood specimens, drainage fluid, bile specimens, bile specimens, catheter specimens, and joint fluid specimens (30.5%). Klebsiella pneumoniae has a high rate of resistance to ampicillin (AMP) (98.2%), tetracycline (TE) (36.5%), piperacillin (PIP) (36.5%), chloramphenicol (CHL) (35.3%), and cefazolin (CFZ) (33.5%). From the analysis of sequencing results, we found that 68 strains were missing membrane pore protein Ompk-35, 3 strains were detected carrying KPC-1/KPC-2 type, 12 strains were missing membrane pore protein Ompk-36, 62 strains were missing membrane pore protein Ompk-37, 1 strain was detected carrying NDM-1, and no VIM-1, IMP-4, OXA-48, SME-2.
Conclusions
Klebsiella pneumoniae mainly causes respiratory tract infections and has a high rate of resistance to cephalosporins, piperacillin, and other antibacterial drugs. The detection rate of missing membrane pore protein ompk-35/ompk-37 is high, and the more drug resistance gene species it carries, the more drug resistant drug species it is.
Comprehensive Effects of Interdecadal Change of Sea-surface Temperature Increase in the Indo-Pacific Ocean on the “Warming-Wetting” of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Dong Na , Xu Xiangde , Cai Wenyue , Zhao Tianliang , Sun Chan
Published: September 2022

The correlation characteristics between anomalous changes in summer precipitation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) and the high-impact areas of global sea-surface temperature (SST) are mainly studied in this paper. The results show that the interdecadal change of the regional “warming-wetting” in China is especially prominent in the northern part of the main body of the QTP, which is therefore identified as the high-value area of precipitation variability. Investigations have revealed that the high-value areas of summer precipitation variability in the northern QTP are significantly correlated with four high-value areas of SST variability, namely the western North Pacific, the western Central Pacific, the Southwest Pacific, and the central Indian Ocean. In these four high-impact areas, a synchronous tendency is found in the SST increase and sea-surface specific humidity. Through the tracking analysis of the correlated vectors of the water vapor source for the warming-wetting of the QTP, it further confirms that the four high-value areas of SST variability in the Indo-Pacific Ocean are the major impact sources of water vapor transport for the warming-wetting of the QTP. Moreover, the characteristics of various interdecadal global water vapor transport circulations are compared, and the results show that from 1991 to 2020, the trans-equatorial water vapor transport from the Southern Hemisphere witnessed a notable increase, which furthermore suggests that the interdecadal change of SST increase in the Southwest Pacific and central Indian Ocean is the key reason for the warming-wetting of the QTP. In addition, a comprehensive image of high-impact marine water vapor sources for modulating the warming-wetting tendency in the QTP is proposed.
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using gamma irradiated of Iranian propolis extract
Authors: Geraili Farimehr Ghanizadeh , Aghamiri Seyed Mahmoud Reza , Heidarieh Marzieh
Published: September 2022

Silver nanoparticles have many applications in medicine, pharmacy, and industry. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles are suitable for medical purposes. In this study, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles by Iranian propolis’ alcoholic extract shows that AgNPs sizes in gamma-irritated group are about 50–90 nm, and 100–580 nm in the non-irradiated group. Moreover, AgNPs in the irritated group are spherical in shape and homogeneous. DPPH analysis shows that antioxidant activity is significantly increased by raising the concentration of alcoholic extracts in both irradiated and non-irradiated states (P < 0.05). Regenerative properties of propolis alcoholic extract at both gamma-irradiated and non-irradiated states against three bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (a Gram-positive round-shaped bacterium and food poisoning agent), E. coli (gram-negative, food poisoning agent) and B. subtilis (gram-positive), were examined. As a result, the AgNPs antioxidant properties in the irradiated group have significantly increased compared to the non-irradiated state. Studies on AgNPs antibacterial activity against Gram-positive B. subtilis and S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli have shown that AgNPs are lethal rather than inhibitory against B. subtilis and S. aureus, and in both irradiated and non-irritated types the rate of MIC and MBC is same against Gram-negative E. coli; hence, due to green synthesis and lack of toxic substances in this method, nanoparticles can be used in medical applications.
Radical debridement and hemipelvis replantation using artificial hemipelvis prosthesis combined with anti-parasite chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced pelvic echinococcosis
Authors: Luan Haopeng , Liu Kai , Tian Qi , Chen Yuanxin , Peng Cong , Sun Xiaoyue , Song Xinghua
Published: September 2022

Purpose:The study aimed to access the clinical efficacy of surgery combined with anti-parasite chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced pelvic echinococcosis.Methods:From March 2005 to December 2018, the medical records and imaging of patients with pelvic echinococcosis were retrospectively evaluated, who were treated with surgery combined with anti-parasitic chemotherapy. The Enneking classification was applied to determine the location of the lesion, and the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score system was used for outcome evaluation.Results:A total of 9 patients who met the criteria were included in this study, with a mean follow-up time of 4.36 ± 3.11 years. All patients were successfully treated by surgery combined with anti-parasite chemotherapy. Three patients with recurrence of pelvic echinococcosis, and the infection was under control after repeated debridement procedures. Superficial wound skin necrosis of surgical incision occurred in one case and recovered after repeated debridement.Conclusion:Surgery combined with anti-parasite chemotherapy was a practical method in the management of advanced pelvic echinococcosis. Standard anti-parasite chemotherapy played an essential role in the whole treatment.
Urease and b-glucosidase activity enhanced the transformation of functional groups of humin amended by straw and straw derived biochar
Authors: Liu Xinwei , An Qi , Song Xiangyun , Hussain Qaiser , Cui Liqiang , Wang Chengji , Wang Yan , Cui Dejie
Published: September 2022

Background Organic materials carbon mainly sequestrated in humin. However, the carbon (C) stability of humin with organic materials amendments in different types of soils is mainly affected by organic materials or soil types as well as the enzymatic reaction is important for understanding the C sequestration mechanism of soil. Results In this study, straw and straw-derived biochar were incorporated into three different types of soils. Using13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the structural composition of humin (Hu) was analyzed, along with the urease and β-glucosidase activities. The results showed that biochar amendment enhanced aryl C to 49.63%-76.55% while straw amendments increased O-alkyl C of Hu to 33.99%-51.70%. Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed significant differences in the impact of soil types and treatments on enzyme activities and functional groups of Hu. The significant positive correlation was found between β-glucosidase activity and O-alkyl C, phenolic C, and methoxyl C of Hu. In addition, urease activity showed a significant positive correlation with alkyl C of Hu. Compared to tobacco straw, tobacco straw-biochar amendment increased β-glucosidase activity for 22.01 mg kg− 1d− 1, 26.01 mg kg− 1d− 1and 14.01 mg kg− 1d− 1in three types of soils, respectively. Conclusions These results showed that β-glucosidase contributed to the transformation of Hu functional groups and was influenced by organic materials and soil types, especially the organic materials types. The findings imply that straw or straw derived biochar application stimulates urease and β-glucosidase activities, which improves the alternation of functional groups of Hu in different types of soil.
Highly efficient and stable wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells via strain management
Authors: Yu Xuegong , Hang Pengjie , Kan Chenxia , Li Biao , Yao Yuxin , Hu Zechen , Zhang Yiqiang , Xie Jiangsheng , Wang Ying , Yang Deren
Published: September 2022

Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high performance and stability are in considerable demand in the photovoltaic market to boost tandem solar cell efficiencies. Perovskite bandgap broadening results in a high barrier for enhancing the efficiency of the PSCs and causes phase segregation in perovskite. In this study, we show that the residual strain is the key factor affecting the WBG perovskite device efficiency and stability. The DMSO addition not only helps lead halide to with opening the vertical layer spacing to form (CsI)0.08(PbI1.4Br0.6) and (CsI0.125Br0.875)0.08(PbI1.2Br0.8) intermediate phases, but also provide more nucleation sites to eliminate lattice mismatch with FAX (X = I, Br or Cl) or MAX, which dominates the strain effects on the WBG perovskite growth in a sequential deposition. By minimizing the strain, 1.67- and 1.77-eV nip devices with record efficiencies of 22.28% and 20.45%, respectively, can be achieved. The greatly enhanced suppression of phase segregation enables the device with retained 90% - 95% of initial efficiency over 4000 h of damp stability and 80% - 90% of initial efficiency over 700 h of maximum-power-point output stability under full-spectrum light without encapsulation. Besides, the 1.67-eV pin devices can achieve a competitive 22.3% efficiency while achieving considerable damp-heat, pre-ultraviolet (pre-UV) aging, and MPP tracking stability as per the tests conducted according to IEC 61215. The final efficiency for the perovskite/Si tandem is more than 28.3 %, which matches the top efficiencies reported to date.
VIRMA Promotes Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Tumorigenesis and Metastasis by Upregulation of E2F7 in an m6A-Dependent Manner
Authors: Zheng Zi-Qi , Huang Zhuo-Hui , Liang Ye-Lin , Zheng Wei-Hong , Xu Cheng , Li Zhi-Xuan , Liu Na , Yang Pan-Yang , Li Ying-Qin , Ma Jun , Sun Ying , Tang Ling-Long , Wei Denghui
Published: September 2022

The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification possesses new and essential roles in tumor initiation and progression by regulating mRNA biology. However, the role of aberrant m6A regulation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. Here, through comprehensive analyses of NPC cohorts from the GEO database (GES12452, GSE12349, and GSE61218) and our internal cohort, we identified that VIRMA, an m6A writer, is significantly upregulated in NPC and plays an essential role in tumorigenesis and metastasis of NPC, both in vitro and in vivo. High VIRMA expression served as a prognostic biomarker and was associated with poor outcomes in patients with NPC. Mechanistically, VIRMA mediated the m6A methylation of E2F7 3′-UTR, then IGF2BP2 bound and maintained the stability of E2F7 mRNA. An integrative high-throughput sequencing approach revealed that E2F7 drives a unique transcriptome distinct from the classical E2F family in NPC, which functioned as an oncogenic transcriptional activator. E2F7 cooperated with CBFB-recruited RUNX1 in a non-canonical manner to transactivate ITGA2, ITGA5, and NTRK1, strengthening Akt signaling-induced tumor-promoting effect. These results together demonstrate the role of VIRMA as an m6A writer that modulates E2F7 expression to control the transcription program of NPC, unveiling an m6A modulator that is essential for NPC tumorigenesis and metastasis.
Identification of a novel ESR1 mutation in a Chinese PCOS woman with estrogen insensitivity in IVF treatment
Authors: Liu Faying , Tian Lifeng , Tan Jun , Li Zengming , Qin Haiyan , Xu Dingfei , Huang Zhihui , Wu Xingwu , Chen Ge , Wu Qiongfang , Zou Yang
Published: September 2022

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex reproductive disorder, affecting approximately 5-10% of women of reproductive age. The complexity of the disease is contributed by genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors. Previous studies emphasized the important roles of estrogen receptors played in the pathogenesis of PCOS.Objective: To assess the possible pathogenic factors of a PCOS sample exhibited estrogen insensitivity during HRT treatment via whole exon sequencing (WES).Methods: Genome sequencing and variant filtering via WES was performed in the patient with PCOS. DNA extraction from 364 unrelated female controls without PCOS was followed by PCR amplification, Sanger sequencing and sequence alignment. Result(s): During controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) regime in IVF cycle, the sample had a markedly prolonged ovarian stimulation period due to poor response to Gn and an elevated serum FSH. A novel ESR1 mutation leading to the replacement of a highly conserved alanine by threonine at the 207th residue was identified in this sample, via whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis. This novel variant was neither identified in 364 unrelated female controls without PCOS, nor in the EXAC and 1,000 genome project.Conclusion(s): We identified a novel heterozygous ESR1 mutation in a Han Chinese PCOS sample exhibiting clinical signs of estrogen insensitivity, for the first time. This study may disclose some new clues for the IVF therapy, especially for those samples who exhibited estrogen insensitivity in IVF cycle.
Effects of wall topology on statistics of cube-roughened wall turbulence
Authors: Li Shilong , Zhou Zhideng , Chen Danyang , Yuan Xianxu , Guo Qilong , Yang Xiaolei
Published: September 2022

In this work, we carried out roughness-resolved direct numerical simulations of cube-roughened turbulent channel flows to investigate the effects of aligned and staggered arrangements, element spacings, and element orientations on the statistics of rough-wall turbulence. The results show that the equivalent sandgrain roughness, Reynolds stresses and dispersive stresses are all affected by element spacings and arrangements, but in different ways depending on the cube orientations. Placing the roughness elements in a staggered way in general increases the equivalent sandgrain roughness, unless when the element-element interaction is insignificant for the cube orientation with wakes of short length. As for the Reynolds normal stresses and the streamwise component of the dispersive stresses (both are normalized by the total friction velocity), placing the cube elements in a staggered way decreases their maximal values when compared with the aligned arrangements. As for the effects of element spacing on the equivalent sandgrain roughness and the maximums of the Reynolds normal stresses, similar trends are observed for different element orientations and arrangements when increasing the element spacing l/r (where r is the cube width) from 2.0 to 2.8. When further increasing the element spacing l/r from 2.8 to 3.5, however, different trends are observed for different element orientations. As for the dispersive stresses, greater maximal values of their streamwise components are observed for larger element spacing for all the considered cube-roughened surfaces. For the turbulence statistics in the wake of the cube element, certain similarities are observed for different element spacings.
The Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Microbiological Specimens
Authors: TUNA Duygu Kubra
Published: September 2022

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Geometric Kinematics for Urban Growth: A Theoretical Vector Field Framework
Authors: Kachroo Pushkin , Bhatia Samarth Y. , Patil Gopal R.
Published: September 2022

This paper presents a new approach and framework for the study of spatio-temporal geometric kinematics for urban growth built on deriving a vector field from the evolution of the shape as an inverse problem for the kinematics. Once we can compute the vector field, then the reason for the growth coming from socioeconomic and other factors can be related to the sources of the fields. This can make this concept very useful from a practical point of view. This paper presents the kinematic evolution of the shape that is derived by solving the inverse evolution problem using computational geometry. The solution of the problem allows for interpolation as well as extrapolation of the evolution. The paper developed the theory and algorithm for the evolution computational geometry and also shows how then various urban growth driving factors can be connected to the evolution parameters. We implemented the new algorithm and framework on a study area from Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) in India where we had data available from three different years using remote sensing for the region growth as well as for urban growth factors from various sources. We solved the inverse computational geometry problem as well as built a relationship between the growth factors and growth rate using regression as demonstration of the concept.
Applications for mixed Chen-Lee-Liu derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation in water wave flumes and optical fibers
Authors: Seadawy Aly R. , Ahmed Sarfaraz , Rizvi T. R. , Nazar Kashif
Published: September 2022

In this work, by applying the symbolic computation with ansatz functions approach and logarithmic transformation , we investigate the analytical rational solitons of the mixed Chen-Lee-Liu derivative nonlinear Schrödinger (MCLLNLS)-equation. We acquire two categories of M-shaped rational solutions and their dynamics are revealed in figures by choosing the proper vales of concerned parameters. Moreover two types of interaction of M-shaped rational solutions with kink wave are computed. Furthermore we evaluate multiwaves solutions, Homoclinic breather, kink cross-rational solutions and periodic cross-rational solutions for governing model. We also investigate the stability property of attained solutions and present in the form of table.
Hydrothermal converting quinonimine dye into pyrrolic-N for sustainable activated carbon regeneration
Authors: Wang Xiaonuan , Qian Yajie , Chen Hong , Li Xiang , Zhang Ai , Chen Changyu , He Yueling , Xue Gang
Published: September 2022

Activated carbon (AC) adsorption is a prevalent method for printing and dyeing wastewater (PDW) treatment, but restricted by adsorption active site depletion. The regeneration by thermal desorption or chemical oxidation is liable to destroy carbon structure as well as consume carbon composition, leading to few service cycles. Herein, we establish a sustainable hydrothermal regeneration for methylene blue (MB) exhausted AC. The absorbed MB was converted to its pyrrolic-N-containing hydrochar attached on regenerated AC, supporting 11 adsorption-regeneration cycles caused by the property shift from physical to chemical adsorption. Meanwhile, pyrrolic-N could reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) over a wide pH range of 3.0-9.0 via direct electron donation, and enabled recycling final regenerated AC once more. This approach is tailored to the dyes with the same quinonimine group as MB. So, the carbon capture for the simultaneous removal of dye and Cr(VI) in PDW can be implemented, while providing a novel green methodology to fabricate pyrrolic-N-loaded carbon material.
Strahlungsinduzierte Schädigung von Diamant und Zirconiumdioxid
Authors:   , Bunk Katja Dorothee
Published: September 2022

Diamant hat besondere physikalische und optische Eigenschaften sowie eine starke Resistenz gegenüber Strahlenschädigung. Diese Eigenschaften ermöglichen eine vielfältige Anwendung von Diamant in Wissenschaft und Technik, wie zum Beispiel als Sensormaterial in Strahlungsdetektoren. Kubisches Zirconiumdioxid (ZrO2) wird aufgrund seiner mechanisch und optisch ähnlichen Eigenschaften unter anderem an Stelle von Diamant eingesetzt. Es ist ebenfalls ein geeignetes Material für viele technische Anwendungen und wird durch seine Strahlenresistenz in Strahlungsumgebungen verwendet. Da beide Materialien in diesem Anwendungsbereich hoher energetischer Strahlung ausgesetzt sind, sind Reaktionen auf die Bestrahlung wie etwa strukturelle Veränderungen oder die Änderungen von Materialeigenschaften von großem Interesse. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Morphologie, Struktur und physikalischen Eigenschaften von Diamant und Yttriumoxid-stabilisiertem kubischem ZrO2 nach der Bestrahlung mit 14 MeV Au-Ionen und 1.6 GeV Au-Ionen untersucht. Die durch die Bestrahlung verursachten Veränderungen der Oberflächen und der bestrahlten Volumina wurden mit diversen komplementären analytischen Methoden charakterisiert, bewertet und für die verschiedenen Materialien und Ionenenergien verglichen. Mittels Röntgenfluoreszenzmessungen wurde die Verteilung und Menge an implantiertem Au semi-quantitativ ermittelt. Die Oberflächen der Proben wurden mit optischer Mikroskopie, Rasterkraftmikroskopie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Röntgenreflektometrie und Elektronenrückstreubeugung untersucht. Strukturelle Veränderungen wurden mit Raman-Spektroskopie analysiert. Der elektrische Widerstand, die Dichte, die Härte sowie das Ätzverhalten der bestrahlten Proben wurden ermittelt und geben Auskunft über die Änderung physikalischer Eigenschaften der Materialien. Diamant und kubisches ZrO2 reagieren sehr unterschiedlich auf die Bestrahlung mit Au-Ionen gleicher Energien und Fluenzen. Die Diamantproben zeigen nach der Bestrahlung mit 14 MeV Au-Ionen deutliche Veränderungen und Schädigungen der Oberfläche sowie des bestrahlten Volumens. Es wird eine Änderung der Struktur, der Dichte, der Härte, des elektrischen Widerstands sowie des Ätzverhaltens der Proben beobachtet, was auf die Amorphisierung von Diamant zurückgeführt wird. Kubisches ZrO2 ist deutlich strahlungsresistenter gegenüber der Bestrahlung mit 14 MeV Au-Ionen. Es werden keine signifikanten strukturellen Änderungen im getesteten Fluenzbereich beobachtet. Die mit 1.6 GeV Au-Ionen bestrahlten Diamanten zeigen nur geringe Schädigungen und keine deutliche Änderung der Struktur oder der physikalischen Eigenschaften. Die kubischen ZrO2 Proben sind als Folge der Bestrahlung mit 1.6 GeV Au-Ionen zerbrochen, was auf hohe interne Spannung durch Defektbildung zurückgeführt wird.
Tomato Transplant Research Workshop Held in Georgia
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , McCarter S. M. , Webb R. E.
Published: September 2022

The Fourth Annual Tomato Transplant Research Workshop was held at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia, on December 1, 1966. The 52 participants came from 11 states and the District of Columbia, and represented various areas of research, production (canning industry and transplant growers), extension, regulatory, and administration. The research participants included horticulturists, plant physiologists, geneticists, plant pathologists, nematologists, soil scientists, and agricultural engineers. The main topics discussed during the workshop were disease and nematode control, and management practices needed to facilitate mechanization of the transplant harvest.
Controlling Peach Yellows in a Peach Breeding Program
Authors: Oberle G. D. , Wingard S. A.
Published: September 2022

Peach yellows, a virus disease of peaches, was recognized as an abnormal condition in this fruit soon after the beginning of peach culture in Massachusetts in 1960 or so, according to Cochran and Reeves (2).
Mineral Composition of Turfgrasses
Authors: Butler J. D. , Hodges T. K.
Published: September 2022

The mineral composition of grasses commonly used for turf has received little study. This is especially so for the micronutrient elements. Some data are available for grasses grown under pasture conditions (7), however, most of these grasses and their method of culture are quite different from turfgrasses. The paucity of information on turfgrasses prompted this survey of the mineral composition of several grasses commonly used for ornamental purposes. The grasses studied were grown in the field under a maintenance program typical of that used for turfgrasses. The results should be of value for future comparisons where nutrient toxicities, deficiencies or imbalances are suspected.
Stereoscan Electron Microscope1: A Useful Tool for Studying Plant Tissues2
Authors: Simons Roy K.
Published: September 2022

Evaluation of plant tissues with anatomical diversity has been a long, tedious process by the conventional methods for anatomical research. Severe treatment by chemicals and heat often destroy or distort the specimen to a point where it is rendered useless. Size and number of specimens to be evaluated has also been a limiting factor for processing in anatomical studies
A Rapid Method for Preparation of Plant Material for Paraffin Embedding1
Authors: Halfacre R. G. , Walton A. M. , Osborne J. C.
Published: September 2022

The standard method of preparing plant material by hand for histological study takes several days (1,2). A procedure is described herein which reduces processing time to 17 hours or less and provides tissues which are completely dehydrated and infiltrated. Up to 100 samples can be prepared within this time period. The method requires a minimum expenditure of time without sacrificing cytological detail.
Vegetable Seed Industry and Government Cooperation in Research in the USA
Authors: Boswell Victor R.
Published: September 2022

We believe it is vital that the scientists of our public research agencies really know and understand at first hand the problems of the seed and vegetable industries they are called upon to serve. We need to visit our seedsmen on their home grounds, and learn of their troubles, their successes, ideas, and practices. It is no less important for our seedsmen to know us, how we work, what we think, and what we can do—or cannot do—in their field of interest. Such mutual understandings have led, over the years, to some highly effective and satisfying cooperative relationships between our government agencies and our vegetable seed industry. Our respective backgrounds and experiences complement each other. We have developed a mutual trust and an appreciation of our interdependence in accomplishing our respective objectives. We, in government, know that industry know-how and collaboration have contributed enormously to the success of our ultimate objectives in research. And we trust that the benefits are mutual.
Vegetable Seed Industry and Government Research Cooperation
Authors: Corbett L. W.
Published: September 2022

We in the American Seed Trade Association have a very excellent relationship with our federal and state research people, and of this we are very proud.
Tomato Seedling Damage Inflicted By Tobacco Flea Beetle Larvae
Authors: Stoner A. K. , Gentile A. G.
Published: September 2022

The trend towards total mechanization of the production of processing tomatoes is creating many new problems. This paper describes one which may become very important as the practice of direct seeding in the field partly replaces the use of transplants.
Withholding Phosphorus as a Conservation Measure for Vegetable Plants
Authors: Kohl Harry C. , Nelson R. L.
Published: September 2022

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that plants in the vegetative state would not succumb as rapidly to low light intensities if they had no phosphorous available as the resulting restriction in growth would permit stored photosynthate to be available for plant maintenance. The first used Peperomia obtusifolia ‘Variegata’ as the test plant. The rooted cuttings were received on December 22, 1965, and potted in propagator’s sand. They were grown in sand cultures to the surface of which a mineral nutrient solution was applied daily with the leachate allowed to drain away. The mineral nutrient solution contained in millimoles per liter, 5, 6, 1, and 1 of Ca(NO3)2, KNO3, KH2PO4, and Mg-SO4, respectively. Two ppm of Fe were added as a chelate (Fe 138) and trace elements were added as usual for a solution culture according to the recipe of Hoagland.
What Accreditation Has Meant to Landscape Architecture
Authors: Osmundson Theodore
Published: September 2022

Eight years ago I became a member of the Committee on Education of the American Society of Landscape Architects which is the accreditating body for the profession of landscape architecture. I served on that Committee for four years and went on a number of accrediting visits to various schools of landscape architecture. During the last four years I have engaged in other activities for the Society, but one of the most important was the study of the Committee on Education itself with a view toward improving its functions and to relieve some of the criticisms which were coming from various schools throughout the country. So I am quite familiar with accreditation in this field and am extremely interested in it. I feel that this is one of the most important activities in which the AS LA is involved today — the improvement of education.
Effect of Cytokinins on Apple Shoot Development from Axillary Buds
Authors: Williams Max W. , Stahly E. A.
Published: September 2022

Cytokinins applied to axillary buds of apple shoots overcame apical dominance. Axillary buds on actively growing apple shoots produced spurs and lateral branches when treated with cytokinins. Buds on shoots that had not received sufficient chilling to break rest were also induced to grow with cytokinins.
The Effect of Depth of Planting on the Survival, Yield, and Spread of the Common Lowbush Blueberry Vacciniiim angnstifolium Ait1
Authors: Aalders Lewis E. , Hall Ivan V.
Published: September 2022

One-year old lowbush blueberryplants from 6 clonal lines were set in the field in May, 1964 at 3 planting depths: shallow (top of pot level with soil), medium (approximately 7 cm deeper than shallow), and deep (approximately 14 cm deeper than shallow). The shallow plants heaved an average of 2.19 cm the first winter, but there was no mortality due to desiccation injury as experienced in previous work. Plants at the medium and deep planting depths heaved very little. Forty-four of 72 plants at the deepest planting depth died as a result of burying. The shallow and medium plants had the greatest spread 2 years after planting, but suffered the most from burn pruning. The deep set plants had the greatest growth increment during the third and fourth years after planting, and as a result, the medium and deep plantings had the greatest spread after 4 years. The shallow and medium plants had the greatest fruit yield in 1965, but in 1967, the medium and deep plants had the greatest fruit yield. It is concluded that the medium planting depth is the most satisfactory of the 3 depths at which to set lowbush blueberries.
Photoperiod, Indolebutyric Acid, and Type of Cutting Wood as Factors in the Rooting of Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vacamum asbei Reade), cv. Woodward1
Authors: Couvillon G. A. , Pokorny F. A.
Published: September 2022

The rabbiteye blueberry, V. ashei, is planted to a limited extent in the Southeast, although it is adapted to an area extending from Virginia to Texas. The difficulty in propagating the species is one factor limiting the planting of improved selections (1). Many factors are known to influence root initiation and development in cuttings of rabbiteve, lowbush, and highbush blueberry species (2,4,5,7,8,9,10), but the effect of extended photoperiods on the rooting of the rabbiteye species is lacking. This study was conducted in 1963 and 1964 to investigate the effect of photoperiod and IBA on the rooting of cuttings of the rabbiteye blueberry, ‘Woodard’.
A Simple Technique for Identification of Floral Development in Tulipa sp1
Authors: De Hertogh A. A. , Aung Louis H.
Published: September 2022

It has been demonstrated that flower induction and differentiation in the tulip occurs long before flowering takes place in the spring (1, 2). In the Northern Hemisphere, the initiation of floral primordia begins soon after the bulbs are harvested from the fields in late June or early July and normally, differentiation of the floral parts is completed by late August or early September. By determining the effect of various post-harvest storage temperatures on the development of the floral parts, Luyten et al. (2) showed that the optimal temperature range for flower initiation and development is 17 to 20°C. During the course of these studies, it was observed that the apical meristem passed through seven well-defined phases of development. They were designated by use of the Roman numerals I through VII. Later, Beyer (3) reclassified these stages using alphabetical letters and subscripts selected to correspond to the morphological stages of development e.g. “P1” to indicate the first outer whorl of perianth. Beyer’s “G” stage is comparable to Blaauw’s stage VII (Figure 1). The two designations have been used interchangeably in the literature.
Effect of Temperature and Seed Coat Treatment on the Germination of Rose Seeds1
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: September 2022

This study was undertaken to find the most suitable treatment to promote germination in seeds from hardy shrub roses used in a breeding program.
Influence of Sodium in Mist Water on Rooting of Chrysanthemums
Authors: Paul J. L. , Leiser A. T.
Published: September 2022

An aspect of mist propagation which may be important in rooting cuttings is the quality of water used in misting. This may be particularly important in arid regions where many waters contain significant concentrations of salts. Although waters have been classified (1) for general irrigation purposes on the basis of total salts, sodium rating, boron concentration, etc., the propagator sometimes overlooks these properties of his mist water.
Characteristics and Propagation of Rootstocks for Deciduous Fruits in the North Central Region, 1966-67
Authors: Simons R. K. , Carlson R. F.
Published: September 2022

The North Central Regional Committee “Stock Scion Relationships in Horticultural Plants” (NC 78) undertook, in 1966-67, a survey of rootstock production of deciduous fruits. The committee representative from each state ! contacted the nurserymen of his own state1. These data have been compiled for the purpose of implementing and coordinating future research concerning the problems of stock-scion relationships such as incompatibilities and failure of anticipated tree and fruit responses under different climatic and environmental conditions.
The Challenging Situation in Developing Superior Fruit Cultivars
Authors: Spangelo Lloyd P. S.
Published: September 2022

It is apparent that many regard fruit crops like the apple, peach, pear, raspberry and strawberry as luxury crops, their value being largely that of providing variety rather than the basic dietary needs. In a period when emphasis is placed on the need for greater production of the basic foods, surely we must be concerned about, and be certain that, our research objectives are realistic.
Breeding for Early Yield in Glasshouse Tomatoes
Authors: Kooistra E.
Published: September 2022

Tomatoes are our most important vegetable crop in the Netherlands. In 1967 production was nearly 350,000 tons and was valued at 280 million guilders ($77 million). The crop is grown entirely under glass.
Collecting Wild Fruits in the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Brooks Howard J.
Published: September 2022

Under the auspices of the Agreement Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Exchanges in the Scientific, Technical, Educational, Cultural, and Other Fields in 1966-67, I collected wild fruits in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the summer of 1967. I travelled with Dr. Willis Skrdla, Research Agronomist, U.S. Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa, who collected seed of legume and forage crops. We arrived in Moscow August 15 and departed October 1.
Vernalization in Easter Lilies ?
Authors: Langhans R. W. , Weiler T. C.
Published: September 2022

Since Derek Smith (23) in 1963 used the term vernalization to describe the cold storage requirement of Easter lilies, the appropriateness of the term periodically has been questioned. Even among those who now accept this terminology, differences of opinion have arisen in interpretation of past and current experimental results. It is with this in mind we wish to clarify our reasons for enthusiastically accepting the vernalization concept for Easter lilies.
Use of Benzimidazoles for Control of Fungi in Peel Cultures of Citrus Fruits1
Authors: Oberbacher M. F. , Brown G. Eldon
Published: September 2022

Growth of fungi from the surface of excised peel taken from Florida citrus fruit interfered with controlled studies on pigment changes of the flavedo. Control of these fungi was not achieved even though whole fruits were dipped in various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite before removing discs of peel for incubation in culture on a defined medium (5). Normally, the presence of fungal growth was evident on all discs of excised peel after 3 to 5 days incubation at 30°C. Development of a technique to control these fungi was necessary to allow longer incubation of discs to observe pigment changes.
Effect of Growth Regulators on Time of Flowering of a Photoperiodic Sensitive Field Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Coyne Dermot P.
Published: September 2022

The effect of CCC, B-9 and Gibberellin A-7 on time of flowering and the node of the first flower of the short-day Great Northern Nebraska No. 1 sel. 27 dry bean line under short and long photoperiods was investigated in the greenhouse. CCC was the only chemical which promoted early flowering under long photoperiods. Under long photoperiods, B-9 caused the first flower to open at higher nodes. The possible usefulness of these findings is discussed.
Control of Vegetative and Reproductive Development in Seed Plants1
Authors: Sachs R. M. , Hackett W. P.
Published: September 2022

Although for an entire plant, vegetative and reproductive development may proceed concurrently, at each shoot apical meristem a transition occurs from leaf production to bract or sepal production at the time of flower initiation. Subsequent stages of reproductive development are equally differentiated from that of vegetative development. Hence, vegetative and reproductive development represent alternative courses of differentiation of apical meristematic tissues.
Hormonal Control of Fruit Ripening
Authors: Dilley David R.
Published: September 2022

Ripening is the process by which physiologically mature fruits are transformed from a relatively unfavorable to a favorable condition with respect to texture, color, flavor, and aroma. In many fruits ripening occurs while the fruit is still attached to the parent plant, while in others such as the avocado, ripening takes place only following harvest. The complex physical and chemical changes of ripening have been studied extensively and techniques of handling and storage have evolved which can be satisfactorily applied to control the rate of ripening in the post-harvest period. While ripening normally occurs in fruit after growth ceases, it is a natural consequence of developmental changes during growth. This is evident from the fact that the time period from bloom to physiological maturity can be manipulated. A fruit is physiologically mature when the stage is set for ripening to ensue. The stage is set by the genetic makeup of the cultivar and the actors are the environmental conditions and chemical stimuli interacting during growth and development. Naturally occurring plant growth substances, their chemical analogs and antidotes, most certainly play a role in growth and development, and therefore must in some way influence the development of ripening capacity. However, the mechanism of their action has not been resolved, but this does not curtail speculation based on numerous observations which have been made. My purpose will be to briefly review the effects of certain plant growth substances on fruit ripening and suggest a possible role they may play in the process.
Determination of Alcohol in Citrus Juice by Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Headspace1
Authors: Davis Paul L. , Chace William G.
Published: September 2022

A gas chromatographic method for the determination of alcohol in citrus juice by analysis of headspace is described. The volume of juice is not critical, but the bath temperature for samples must be constant. Juice samples should be analyzed as soon as possible, or kept refrigerated to avoid alcohol production by contaminating organisms.
Effect of Fungicides on Nutlet Set of Pecans1
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Harmon S. A.
Published: September 2022

Fungicidal applications in 1966 exerted a profound influence on the number of nutlets set in 1967. Nutlet set ranged from practically none without fungicide sprays to 1.34 per terminal where 5 applications of Du-Ter were made at the rate of 0.12 lb per tree. Du-Ter was the most effective fungicide and dodine was next best in their enhancement of nutlet production. Dodine and Du-Ter were also most effective in controlling scab.
Public-Industry Position on Plant Variety Protection1
Authors: Weiss Martin G.
Published: September 2022

The American Seed Trade Association had legislation introduced to the 90th Congress which would have extended the present plant patent provisions for varieties of asexually reproduced plants to include varieties that are reproduced commercially by sexual means.
Approved Common Names for Pesticides1
Authors: Danielson Loran L. , Dallyn Stewart L.
Published: September 2022

Recognizing the need for coined common names for complex organic pesticide chemicals, the Federal Government in 1947 gave the Interdepartmental Committee on Pest Control the responsibility for establishing appropriate names. By 1953 the committee had established common names for 24 pesticides. Beginning in 1954 the American Standards Association (predecessor to the USA Standards Institute), Sectional Committee K62, Common Names for Pest Control Chemicals, was given the responsibility for establishment of common names under the administrative sponsorship of the United States Department of Agriculture. A total of 91 common names was established by these two committees as of May 1, 1968.
Effect of Lime-Sulfur-Oil Sprays on D'Anjou Pear1
Authors: Coyier Duane L. , Mellenthin W. M.
Published: September 2022

Lime-sulfur plus oil, for many years used as a tree fruit fungicide, was first introduced in New York state in 1905 for apple scab control (4). Cordley promoted its use for apple scab control in Oregon (1). It was later adopted as a means of combating pear scab, after Kienholz and Childs (2) demonstrated that overwintering twig lesions of Venturia pyrina Aderh. could be “burned out” by applying lime-sulfur during the delayed dormant state of bud development. They indicated that “lime-sulfur sprays could not be used with safety on Anjou pears in this locality after the bud scales had dropped.” However, they did not indicate the exact nature of the problem with lime-sulfur on this variety. Later they stated “previous evidence had indicated that delayed dormant sprays had no adverse effect upon fruit set” (3). They also showed that wettable sulfur adversely affected fruit production when applied during the growing season. The present study was designed to determine whether or not lime-sulfur plus oil had an effect on fruit set when applied as a spray during the early stages of bud development in D’Anjou pear.
Evidence of Increased Fruit Set in Lowbush Blueberry by Using Honeybees
Authors: Wood G. W.
Published: September 2022

Field trials carried out with honeybees as pollinators of lowbush blueberry in 1968 showed significant increases in per cent fruit set over that obtained by native bees alone. Previous studies with honeybees have given inconsistent results. The high sets obtained in 1968 were attributed to a greater concentration of bees working on blueberry because of a scarcity of floral competition.
Effect of Gibberellins and Cytokinins on Development of Parthenocarpic Apples
Authors: Williams Max W. , Letham D. S.
Published: September 2022

Gibberellins (GA) will stimulate parthenocarpic fruit development in apples (1, 4, 5, 9). Davison (4) found GA3 to increase fruit set in the Red Jersey variety to a greater extent than in Sturmer. Bukovac (1) observed that GA4 was more effective than GA3 in promoting fruit set in the Sops-of-Wine variety. Varga (9) reported that GA1, GA2, GA4, and GA7 promoted parthenocarpic fruit set in the Lombartscal-ville variety but not in the Winston or Golden Delicious varieties.
Polyploid Mutants in Grapes
Authors: Saurer W. , Antcliff A. J.
Published: September 2022

The value of tetraploid plants of Vitis for breeding has been pointed out on a number of occasions (9, 2, 13). Such mutants occur spontaneously in vineyards and are noticeable mainly by enlarged berries, thicker bunch stems, and darker green leaves. Collections have been accumulated either from vines or parts of vines found in the field (10) or from colchicine-induced mutants (2). Such plants are often cytochimaeras (4, 12) and a 2-4 constitution has been most frequently reported. If the inner layer determines behavior in breeding (3) either 2-4 or 4—4 plants could be used for this purpose.
Mushroom Crops from Beds Cased 7 to 42 Days After Spawning
Authors: San Antonio James P.
Published: September 2022

Compost spawned with the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. ‘White’, was cased 7-42 days after spawning. Uncased spawned compost was stored by covering it with polyethylene plastic film. Results indicated that the earlier the beds were cased, the earlier the fruit appeared. The earliest crops tended to yield less than later crops. A 10 to 14-day spawn growth period before casing was optimum. A potential use of plastic film to regulate crop production is discussed.
The Mechanized Growing and Harvesting of Vegetable Crops in the West
Authors: Lorenz Oscar A.
Published: September 2022

I welcome this opportunity to discuss this topic but would preface the discussion by giving some information as to how far along we are in vegetable mechanization. We shall be talking primarily about mechanization at harvest because with all vegetables there is mechanized planting and subsequent culture, but with various degrees of precision, depending upon the crop and its environment
Reaction of Tomato Breeding Lines to Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Stoner A. K. , Mason H. C. , Webb R. E.
Published: September 2022

Mason, Henneberry, and Lehr (1) and Stoner and Mason (2, 3) reported differences in the resistance of tomato varieties to Drosophila melanogaster. They compared varieties representing a wide sample of those developed and grown commercially in the United States in recent years. Their tests included varieties with large and small fruits, round and paste types, those adapted for hand and machine-harvesting, and those used for processing and fresh market.