bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Free Coupling of Phenols and Alcohols with Aryl Halides by a Recyclable Heterogeneous Copper Catalyst.
Authors: Wang Man , Yuan Bizhen , Ma Tongmei , Jiang Huanfeng , Li Yingwei
Published: October 2012

The catalyst can be recovered and reused without any significant loss of activity after three runs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Sulfonylimines Using CeCl3 under Neutral Conditions.
Authors: Zhu Xun , Wei Yunyang
Published: October 2012

Various aromatic aldehydes and ketones are efficiently condensed with aryl sulfonamides under environmentally benign conditions to give N‐sulfonylimines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of (ArCH2)Ti(O‐i‐Pr)3 with Aromatic or Heteroaromatic Bromides.
Authors: Chang Shu‐Ting , Li Qinghan , Chiang Ruei‐Tang , Gau Han‐Mou
Published: October 2012

The novel mild and efficient title reaction is established for a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Olefin Aziridination Using a Newly Designed Ru(CO)(Salen) Complex as the Catalyst.
Authors: Kim Chungsik , Uchida Tatsuya , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: October 2012

The applied catalyst is prepared in 7 steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of N‐Sulfinyltrifluoromethanesulfonamide with Carbodiimides: Formation of N‐Trifluoromethanesulfonyl‐2,4‐dialkyl‐1,2,4‐thiadiazetidin‐3‐imine 1‐Oxides.
Authors: Shainyan Bagrat A. , Tolstikova Ljudmila L.
Published: October 2012

As opposed to the literature data, the title reaction affords thiadiazetidine derivatives (III) by the rearrangement of the initially formed [2π + 2π] cycloadducts via a ring opening—ring closure sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Approaches to the Construction of Substituted 4‐Amino‐1H‐pyrrol‐2(5H)‐ones.
Authors: Zali‐Boeini Hassan , Mobin Mehdi , Hajibabaei Khadijeh , Ghani Maryam
Published: October 2012

The precursors for the title pyrrole derivatives are prepared via simple routes starting from imines, ketones, or α‐bromophenyl acetonitriles and aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Arylation of Tetrazole‐5‐thiones upon Convection Heating and Microwave Activation Conditions.
Authors: Dmitrieva U. N. , Ramsh S. M. , Zevatskii Yu. E. , Artamonova T. V. , Myznikov L. V.
Published: October 2012

Compared to convection heating, microwave activation increases product yields at the same reaction time and simplifies product isolation due to reduced for formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Direct Alkenylation of Nonaromatic Enamides.
Authors: Gigant Nicolas , Gillaizeau Isabelle
Published: October 2012

The Pd‐catalyzed treatment of nonaromatic enamides with activated alkenes allows a new, efficient, regio‐ and stereoselective access to C‐3 functionalized enamides.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Alkene Electrophilic Bromination Initiated ipso‐Bromocyclization for the Synthesis of Functionalized Azaspirocyclohexadienones.
Authors: Yin Qin , You Shu‐Li
Published: October 2012

Oxaspirocyclohexadienones are also available.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of Pyridone Derivatives by Nickel/Lewis Acid Catalysis.
Authors: Tamura Ryuichi , Yamada Yuuya , Nakao Yoshiaki , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: October 2012

The alkylation of a variety of pyridones and pyrimidones with unactivated olefins in the presence of a Ni(0)—NHC—Lewis acid cocatalyst system proceeds with high linear‐to‐branched selectivity and moderate to high regioselectivity (towards position 6 of pyridone).
ChemInform Abstract: Pyridylmagnesiates: Generation by Bromine—Metal Exchange and Enantioselective Addition to Aldehydes.
Authors: Catel Delphine , Payen Olivier , Chevallier Floris , Mongin Florence , Gros Philippe C.
Published: October 2012

This is the first example of enantioselective addition of in situ generated pyridylmagnesiate to carbonyl electrophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines Susceptible to Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer: One‐Pot Synthesis via an Ortoleva—King Reaction.
Authors: Stasyuk Anton J. , Banasiewicz Marzena , Cyranski Michal K. , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: October 2012

Under optimized conditions, aminopyridine (I) and acetophenones or heterocyclic analogues undergo the Ortoleva—King reaction followed by a ring‐closure of the initially formed pyridinium salts in the presence of an excess of NaOH.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiinflammatory Activity of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridinyl/pyrazinyl Benzamides and Acetamides.
Authors: Hemasritlatha S. , Sruthi K. , Manjula A. , Babu V. Harinadha , Rao B. Vittal
Published: October 2012

A wide range of title compounds (III) and (V) is prepared by ring opening of oxazole derivatives (I) with the corresponding azaheterocycle.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed, Substrate‐Directed C—H Borylation Reactions of Benzylic Amines.
Authors: Roering Andrew J. , Hale Lillian V. A. , Squier Phillip A. , Ringgold Marissa A. , Wiederspan Emily R. , Clark Timothy B.
Published: October 2012

Treatment of benzylic amines as well as phenethylamines and imidazolidine derivatives of type (XII) with the boronate (II) results in selective formation of ortho‐borylated products.
ChemInform Abstract: Stability of Some Aryllithiums in the Presence of Cyano Group: Synthesis of Biaromatic Cyanoarylboronic Acids and Silanes.
Authors: Durka Krzysztof , Gontarczyk Krzysztof , Klis Tomasz , Serwatowski Janusz , Wozniak Krzysztof
Published: October 2012

The increase in the number of fluorine atoms stabilizes the ortho‐lithiated species, cf.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Type of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Derived from 2‐(Phosphonomethoxy)propanoic Acid.
Authors: Kaiser Martin Maximilian , Jansa Petr , Dracinsky Martin , Janeba Zlatko
Published: October 2012

A convenient and efficient synthesis of the potentially active title compounds is developed from the suitable compounds (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Rare‐Earth Mononitrides
Authors: Natali F. , Ruck B. J. , Plank N. O. V. , Trodahl H. J. , Granville S. , Meyer C. , Lambrecht W. R. L.
Published: October 2012

Review: 184 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Endohedral Metallofullerene Functionalization
Authors: Maeda Yutaka , Akasaka Takeshi , Nagase Shigeru
Published: October 2012

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel General Halogen‐Free Methodology for the Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds
Authors: Gusarova Nina K. , Arbuzova Svetlana N. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: October 2012

Review: 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure—Activity Studies of Simplified Analogues of Aplysiatoxin with Antiproliferative Activity Like Bryostatin‐1
Authors: Irie Kazuhiro , Kikumori Masayuki , Kamachi Hiroaki , Tanaka Keisuke , Murakami Akira , Yanagita Ryo C. , Tokuda Harukuni , Suzuki Nobutaka , Nagai Hiroshi , Suenaga Kiyotake , et al. et al.
Published: October 2012

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Indigo and Tyrian Purple — From Ancient Natural Dyes to Modern Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Glowacki Eric Daniel , Voss Gundula , Leonat Lucia , Irimia‐Vladu Mihai , Bauer Siegfried , Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar
Published: October 2012

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biochemical and Biosynthetic Preparation of Natural Product Like Cyclic Peptide Libraries
Authors: Bowers Albert A.
Published: October 2012

Review: 148 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: α/β‐Mercaptoalkanoic Acids, Versatile Synthons in the Syntheses of Fused Ring 4‐Thiazolidinones/Thiazolinones/Thiazinanones Ring System(s)
Authors: Chandrasekhar Batchu
Published: October 2012

Review: 272 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mn(III)‐Catalyzed Radical Reactions of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and Cyclopropanols with Vinyl Azides for Divergent Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
Authors: Chiba Shunsuke
Published: October 2012

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Cleavage of 2,2,2‐Trichloroethyl Esters by Titanocene Catalysis
Authors: Gansaeuer Andreas , Dahmen Tobias
Published: October 2012

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Homolytic Reduction of Onium Salts
Authors: Fensterbank Louis , Goddard Jean‐Philippe , Malacria Max , Ollivier Cyril
Published: October 2012

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Development of Organic Super Electron Donors
Authors: Zhou Shengze , Farwaha Hardeep , Murphy John A.
Published: October 2012

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Free Oxidative Coupling Reactions for the Formation of C—C and C—N Bonds Mediated by TEMPO and Its Derivatives
Authors: Murarka Sandip , Wertz Sebastian , Studer Armido
Published: October 2012

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Aspects of the Radical Chemistry of Xanthates
Authors: Quiclet‐Sire Beatrice , Zard Samir Z.
Published: October 2012

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Carbon—Carbon Bond Formations Enabled by Visible Light Active Photocatalysts
Authors: Wallentin Carl‐Johan , Nguyen John D. , Stephenson Corey R. J.
Published: October 2012

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biodiesel Production by Ultrasound‐Assisted Transesterification: State of the Art and the Perspectives
Authors: Veljkovic Vlada B. , Avramovic Jelena M. , Stamenkovic Olivera S.
Published: October 2012

Review: 102 refs.
Directed glia‐assisted angiogenesis in a mature neurosensory structure: Pericytes mediate an adaptive response in human dental pulp that maintains blood‐barrier function
Authors: Farahani Ramin M. , Sarrafpour Babak , Simonian Mary , Li Qing , Hunter Neil
Published: October 2012

The specialized tightly controlled microcirculation of craniofacial neurosensory organs is an essential evolutionary adaptation and yet a dilemma where angiogenic remodeling occurs. Despite extreme plasticity of neurosensory structures, the capacity to reconcile barrier phenotype of the microcirculation with an angiogenic cascade is not known. Here we provide primary evidence for such a response in an elemental neurosensory structure, human dental pulp, following chronic carious insult. In response to hypoxic challenge neurosensory odontoblasts express hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α and notch‐1. Associated radial rearrangement of astrocyte‐like telacytes that communicate through a cell‐poor zone with the microvasculature is observed. Activated pericytes characterized by expression of α‐smooth muscle actin are located adjacent to the telacyte attachment to the vasculature. In this location, endothelial expression of sonic hedgehog parallels expression of notch‐1 by pericytes. The angiogenic response is initiated by pericyte contraction and altered endothelial polarity and proliferation leading to intussusception of endothelial cells and extensive remodeling of basement membrane with upregulation of laminin‐8 and laminin‐5. These responses guide intravascular loop formation that maintains both intact basement membrane and tight junctions. This initial phase is followed by formation of anastomoses that enhance the hemodynamic capacity of the intravascular loops. The formation of anastomoses is mediated by extension of cytonemes from pericytes guided by MHC‐II+/CD‐163+ microglia aligned with the telacytes. The cytonemes seek out pericytes on adjacent intravascular loops to initiate migration of endothelial cells. These findings support a new paradigm for understanding angiogenic capacity of neurosensory structures and aberrations of this response manifest as neurovasculopathies. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3803–3826, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic and environmental influences on thin‐ideal internalization
Authors: Suisman Jessica L. , O'Connor Shannon M. , Sperry Steffanie , Thompson J. Kevin , Keel Pamela K. , Burt S. Alexandra , Neale Michael , Boker Steven , Sisk Cheryl , Klump Kelly L.
Published: October 2012

Objective:

Current research on the etiology of thin‐ideal internalization focuses on psychosocial influences (e.g., media exposure). The possibility that genetic influences also account for variance in thin‐ideal internalization has never been directly examined. This study used a twin design to estimate genetic effects on thin‐ideal internalization and examine if environmental influences are primarily shared or nonshared in origin.

Method:

Participants were 343 postpubertal female twins (ages: 12–22 years; M = 17.61) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Thin‐ideal internalization was assessed using the Sociocultural Attitudes toward Appearance Questionnaire‐3.

Results:

Twin modeling suggested significant additive genetic and nonshared environmental influences on thin‐ideal internalization. Shared environmental influences were small and non‐significant.

Discussion:

Although prior research focused on psychosocial factors, genetic influences on thin‐ideal internalization were significant and moderate in magnitude. Research is needed to investigate possible interplay between genetic and nonshared environmental factors in the development of thin‐ideal internalization. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
The Development of an Aza‐C‐Glycoside Library Based on a Tandem Staudinger/Aza‐Wittig/Ugi Three‐Component Reaction
Authors: Wennekes Tom , Bonger Kimberly M. , Vogel Katrin , van den Berg Richard J. B. H. N. , Strijland Anneke , Donker‐Koopman Wilma E. , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Overkleeft Herman S.
Published: October 2012

We report the tandem Staudinger/aza‐Wittig/Ugi three‐component reaction mediated synthesis of a 64‐member compound library of aza‐C‐glycosides. The library is composed of four pyrrolidine and three piperidine scaffolds, onto which a number of functional groups is grafted to form seven sublibraries. Variation in the library is achieved by transformation of two pentoses and a hexose into the corresponding 4‐azidopentanal and 5‐azidohexanal derivatives as precursors for the Staudinger/aza‐Wittig process. Further variation is achieved by using different isocyanides as well as protective‐ and functional‐group manipulations on the fully protected Ugi‐3CR intermediates. Preliminary biological evaluation of the compound library revealed several low micromolar inhibitors of human acid glucosylceramidase.
Genetic variants of p21 and p27 and hepatocellular cancer risk in a Chinese Han population: A case‐control study
Authors: Liu Fei , Wei Yong‐Gang , Luo Li‐Mei , Wang Wen‐Tao , Yan Lv‐Nan , Wen Tian‐Fu , Xu Ming‐Qing , Yang Jia‐Yin , Li Bo
Published: October 2012

The p21 (Cip1/CDKN1A) and p27 (Kip1/CDKN1B) are members of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors, which can arrest cell proliferation and serve as tumour suppressors. We hypothesized that genetic variants in p21 and p27 may modify individual susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the associations of the polymorphisms of Ser31Arg and C+20T in p21 and C‐79T and Gly109Val in p27, as well as their combinations, with HCC risk in a case‐control study of 476 HCC cases and 526 cancer‐free controls in a Chinese population. The matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionisation time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry method was performed to detect these polymorphisms. We found that the variant genotypes of p21 Ser31Arg and p27 C‐79T were individually associated with a significantly increased risk of HCC, but no associations were observed for other variant genotypes. Moreover, the combined variant genotypes of the four loci were associated with a significantly increased HCC risk (adjusted OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.72, 2.91 among subjects carrying 3 or more variant alleles), especially among HbsAg‐positive individuals (adjusted OR = 3.09, 95% CI = 1.86, 5.14). Furthermore, the combined variant genotypes of the four loci (carrying three or more variant alleles) increased a 1.93‐fold (95% CI = 1.20, 3.09) and 1.76‐fold (95% CI = 1.17, 2.64) risk of HCC among smokers and nonsmokers. The variant genotypes of the two genes in this study have negative correlation with the clinicopathologicals observed. These results suggest that p21 polymorphisms individually or in combination with p27 polymorphisms increases risk of HCC, particularly among HbsAg‐positive individuals.
The risk of Barrett's esophagus associated with abdominal obesity in males and females
Authors: Kendall Bradley J. , Macdonald Graeme A. , Hayward Nicholas K. , Prins Johannes B. , O'Brien Suzanne , Whiteman David C. ,   for the Study of Digestive Health
Published: October 2012

Esophageal adenocarcinoma arises from Barrett's esophagus (BE). Both occur predominantly in males. The role of abdominal obesity in this sex distribution is uncertain. Our study aimed to determine whether there is an association between abdominal obesity and risk of BE and if present was it modified by sex. A structured interview and anthropometric measures were conducted within a population‐based case–control study. We recruited 237 BE cases (70% male) and 247 population controls, frequency matched by age and sex. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression analysis. In the overall group and males, all measures of abdominal obesity [waist circumference (WC), waist–hip ratio (WHR), sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) and waist–height ratio (WHtR)] were strongly associated with risk of BE (Overall: WC OR 2.2 95% CI 1.4–3.5, WHR 1.8 95% CI 1.2–2.9, SAD 2.3 95% CI 1.4–3.7, WHtR 1.9 95% CI 1.2–3.0, males WC 2.5 95% CI 1.4–4.3, WHR 2.4 95% CI 1.3–4.2, SAD 2.5 95% CI 1.4–4.3, WHtR 1.9 95% CI 1.1–3.4). These associations were minimally attenuated by adjusting for ever‐symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GER). These findings suggest in males, non‐GER factors related to abdominal obesity may be important in the development of BE. In females, there was modest association between measures of abdominal obesity and risk of BE but these were all abolished after adjusting for ever‐symptoms of GER. The power to detect differences between sexes in the risk of BE associated with abdominal obesity was limited by the number of females in the study.
The Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory–3 and Stages of Change: A Screening Validity Study
Authors: Laux John M. , Piazza Nick J. , Salyers Kathleen , Roseman Christopher P.
Published: October 2012

The sensitivity of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory—3 (SASSI‐3) was examined among substance‐dependent adults enrolled in a family drug court. The SASSI‐3 had a high sensitivity rate with this population, even across varying levels of motivation to change.
Analysis of Calix[4]arenes Using Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Su Hsiu‐Li , Lee Yi‐Ping , Hung Huan‐Yi , Lee Cheng‐Yu , Chung Wen‐Sheng , Hsieh You‐Zung
Published: October 2012

In nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE), an organic solvent is used in place of an aqueous medium as the background solution to improve the solubility and selectivity for hydrophobic analytes. In this study, we employed NACE with UV detection for the analysis of eight calix[4]arenes. We examined the influence of several parameters—the buffer composition, the nonaqueous solvent‘s composition and proportion, and the concentration of the electrolyte of the nonaqueous buffer—on the efficiency of the electrophoretic separation. The separation was achieved through the analyte's different effective mobility via different degrees of deprotonation on the phenolic OH groups of the calix[4]arene. This deprotonation can further affect the analyte's ability to form a complex with the metal ion. The optimized background electrolyte (BGE), comprising a mixture of N‐methylformamide/acetonitrile (30:70, v/v) and 100 mM AcOH/20 mM NH4OAc, provided rapid (<11 min) separation of the calix[4]arenes with good resolution. The relative standard deviations of the migration times for the eight analytes were all less than 1%. Within the calibration concentration range, the coefficients of determination (R2) were all greater than 0.9914. Thus, the present study demonstrated NACE can provide adequate separation for the analysis of calix[4]arenes.
Purification of transthyretin as nutritional biomarker of selenium status
Authors: Mahn Andrea , Lienqueo María Elena , Quilodrán Claudia , Olivera‐Nappa Alvaro
Published: October 2012

Transthyretin has been proposed as nutritional biomarker of selenium intake. Previous transthyretin purification methods used different procedures to isolate transthyretin either from plasma or from pathological urine of humans. In general, the procedure for purification of transthyretin is laborious and expensive, and extensive sample recycling is necessary for purification in appreciable amounts. This work proposes a new, promissory, and cheap two‐step process to purify transthyretin from blood plasma, composed by a first aqueous two‐phase system fractionation followed by affinity chromatography, using thyroxine‐immobilized on epoxy‐activated Sepharose CL‐6B. The aqueous two‐phase system fractionation was demonstrated to perform better than commercial immunoaffinity‐based kits for albumin depletion in blood plasma samples and is an effective first step for transthyretin purification. Thyroxine affinity chromatography was designed to bind transthyretin with high affinity, and was demonstrated to be useful to purify transthyretin, but was unable to completely resolve transthyretin from thyroxine‐binding globulin and serum albumin, although the relative amount of albumin was lowered in the eluates. This purification process could be used in nutritional diagnosis tools or as a first step in structural and functional studies.
Poly(2‐Oxazoline)s – Are They More Advantageous for Biomedical Applications Than Other Polymers?
Authors: Sedlacek Ondrej , Monnery Bryn D. , Filippov Sergey K. , Hoogenboom Richard , Hruby Martin
Published: October 2012

Poly(2‐alkyl‐2‐oxazoline)s are biocompatible polymers with polypeptide‐isomeric structures that are attracting increasing interest as biomaterials for drug, gene, protein, and radionuclide delivery. They are, however, still relatively new in comparison to other classes of hydrophilic water‐soluble polymers already established for such use, including poly(ethylene oxide), polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polymethacrylamides such as poly[N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]. This feature article critically compares the synthetic aspects and physicochemical and biological properties of poly(2‐alkyl‐2‐oxazoline)s and these commonly studied polymers in terms of their suitability for biomedical applications.
Locus coeruleus neuron density and parkinsonism in older adults without Parkinson's disease
Authors: Buchman Aron S. , Nag Sukriti , Shulman Joshua M. , Lim Andrew S.P. , VanderHorst Veronique G.J.M. , Leurgans Sue E. , Schneider Julie A. , Bennett David A.
Published: October 2012

Previous work has showed that nigral neuron density is related to the severity of parkinsonism proximate to death in older persons without a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We tested the hypothesis that neuron density in other brain stem aminergic nuclei is also related to the severity of parkinsonism. We studied brain autopsies from 125 deceased older adults without PD enrolled in the Memory and Aging Project, a clinicopathologic investigation. Parkinsonism was assessed with a modified version of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). We measured neuron density in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus, and dorsal raphe, along with postmortem indices of Lewy body disease, Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular pathologies. Mean age at death was 88.0 years, and global parkinsonism was 14.8 (SD, 9.50). In a series of regression models that controlled for demographics and neuron density in the substantia nigra, neuron density in the locus coeruleus (estimate, −0.261; SE, 0.117; P = .028) but not in the ventral tegmental area or dorsal raphe was associated with severity of global parkinsonism proximate to death. These findings were unchanged in models that controlled for postmortem interval, whole‐brain weight, and other common neuropathologies including Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body pathology and cerebrovascular vascular pathologies. In older adults without a clinical diagnosis of PD, neuron density in locus coeruleus nuclei is associated with the severity of parkinsonism and may contribute to late‐life motor impairments. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Mit PCR Lebensmittelallergenen auf der Spur
Authors: Liedschulte Vanessa , Krusenbaum Andrea
Published: October 2012

Polymerase‐Kettenreaktion und Mikrochip‐Elektrophorese weisen allergienauslösende Substanzen schnell und präzise nach.
Neue Prioritäten
Authors: Osterath Brigitte
Published: October 2012

Wer junge, talentierte Chemiker an sein Unternehmen binden will, schafft das heutzutage nicht mit Geld allein: Angestellte wollen ihr Privatleben nicht mehr dem Beruf unterordnen. Unternehmen reagieren auf diesen Wertewandel — einige zumindest.
NMR of hyperpolarised probes
Authors: Witte Christopher , Schröder Leif
Published: October 2012

Increasing the sensitivity of NMR experiments is an ongoing field of research to help realise the exquisite molecular specificity of this technique. Hyperpolarisation of various nuclei is a powerful approach that enables the use of NMR for molecular and cellular imaging. Substantial progress has been achieved over recent years in terms of both tracer preparation and detection schemes. This review summarises recent developments in probe design and optimised signal encoding, and promising results in sensitive disease detection and efficient therapeutic monitoring. The different methods have great potential to provide molecular specificity not available by other diagnostic modalities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology study of progesterone polymorphs prepared by polymer‐induced heteronucleation (PIHn)
Authors: Araya‐Sibaja Andrea M. A. , Fandaruff Cinira , Campos Carlos E. M. , Soldi Valdir , Cardoso Simone G. , Cuffini Silvia L.
Published: October 2012

In this article, morphology of progesterone polymorphs prepared by polymer‐induced heteronucleation (PIHn) technique was studied. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC), such as dextran T‐500 and gelatin G‐9382, polyisoprene (PI), and acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer (NBR) were used as substrates. The crystallizations were performed by solvent evaporation at room temperature from 0.5, 10, and 40 mg/ml solutions in chloroform and acetone. Progesterone polymorphs were identified by X‐ray diffraction. Differential scanning calorimetry and total attenuated reflectance infrared spectroscopy were used as complementary techniques in the identification. Depending on the polymeric matrix and the concentration used, form 1, form 2, or mixture of both polymorphs were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy pictures evidenced difference in morphology and in homogeneity of the two progesterone polymorphs. These polymorphs prepared by PIHn, did not present a distinctive morphology that allows identifying polymorph by its crystal habit. Hence, polymeric matrix induced the crystallization, affecting polymorphism and morphology. SCANNING 35:213‐221, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developing analysis and testing plug‐ins for modern IDEs: an experience report
Authors: Zhao Dan , Choudhary Shauvik Roy , Orso Alessandro
Published: October 2012

Plug‐ins have become an important part of today's Integrated Development Environments (IDEs). They are useful not only for extending the IDEs’ functionality but also for customizing the IDEs for different types of projects. In this paper, we discuss some features that IDEs should provide to support the development of a specific kind of plug‐ins—plug‐ins that implement program analysis and software testing techniques. To guide the discussion, we first provide a survey of existing testing and analysis plug‐ins and, for each of these plug‐ins, discuss the details of the IDE support they use. We then present a case study based on our personal experience with building a regression‐testing plug‐in for two different IDEs. Finally, we use our findings to make a generalized discussion on the kind of capabilities a platform should provide to better support the development of program analysis and software testing plug‐ins.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective strategic programming for Java developers
Authors: Balland Emilie , Moreau Pierre‐Etienne , Reilles Antoine
Published: October 2012

In object programming languages, the Visitor design pattern allows separation of algorithms and data structures. When applying this pattern to tree‐like structures, programmers are always confronted with the difficulty of making their code evolve. One reason is that the code implementing the algorithm is interwound with the code implementing the traversal inside the visitor. When implementing algorithms such as data analyses or transformations, encoding the traversal directly into the algorithm turns out to be cumbersome as this type of algorithm only focuses on a small part of the data‐structure model (e.g., program optimization). Unfortunately, typed programming languages like Java do not offer simple solutions for expressing generic traversals. Rewrite‐based languages like ELAN or Stratego have introduced the notion of strategies to express both generic traversal and rule application control in a declarative way. Starting from this approach, our goal was to make the notion of strategic programming available in a widely used language such as Java and thus to offer generic traversals in typed Java structures. In this paper, we present the strategy language SL that provides programming support for strategies in Java. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modern Family: Adoption and Foster Care in Children's Literature
Authors: Meese Ruth Lyn
Published: October 2012

Teachers often have no preparation for handling the questions and conversations that arise in the classroom when discussing literature having adoption or foster care themes. Instead of relying on personal experiences or stereotypes portrayed through the media, teachers are advised to understand the developmental tasks of children from families formed through adoption or foster care. In addition, teachers can use sensitive classroom language and safe options for enrichment or extension assignments whenever using children's literature about adoption or foster care. Finally, teachers must also be prepared to interpret for children the historical context of adoption and foster care in the literature under study. Guidelines are offered to help teachers select and discuss literature about this type of diverse modern family structure.
Shared secrets versus secrets kept private are linked to better adolescent adjustment
Authors: Frijns Tom , Finkenauer Catrin , Keijsers Loes
Published: October 2012

It is a household notion that secrecy is bad while sharing is good. But what about shared secrets? The present research adopts a functional analysis of sharing secrets, arguing that it should negate harmful consequences generally associated with secrecy and serves important interpersonal functions in adolescence. A survey study among 790 Dutch adolescents showed that, in line with hypotheses, shared secrets (1) were kept by more adolescents than private secrets, (2) were not linked to maladjustment and (3) were linked to higher interpersonal functioning. Whereas private secrecy was associated with increased delinquency, physical complaints, depressive mood, loneliness, and with lower quality relationships, shared secrecy was associated only with more interpersonal competence. Moreover, sharing a secret was specifically linked to a higher quality relationship with the confidant, and sharing with parents was linked with less delinquency, whereas sharing with a best friend was linked with less loneliness and more interpersonal competence.
Children and Young People's Experience of the Natural World: Teachers' Perceptions and Observations
Authors: Fägerstam Emilia
Published: October 2012

This study explores the observations and perceptions of environmental education centre officers and teachers regarding children's experiences with nature. The study also explores the officers' and teachers' perceptions of the potential of using nature experiences in environmental education. A thematic analysis of data from interviews with 13 officers and 8 high school teachers in Sydney, Australia, revealed a widely held perception that children and young people have limited experience with natural settings in nature reserves and national parks. The interviewees suggested that although their students were interested in learning in natural settings, many were uncomfortable, afraid, and only had a vicarious understanding of Australian ecology, flora and fauna. The participants' view of the potential of nature experiences was twofold: nature experiences were fundamental for developing a connection with nature and establishing environmental concern, and experiences in nature facilitated ecological knowledge, which was considered to be a component of understanding and developing place identity in the Australian environment.
Howling About Trophic Cascades
Authors: Kowalewski David
Published: October 2012

Following evolutionary theory and an agriculture model, ecosystem research has stressed bottom-up dynamics, implying that top wild predators are epiphenomenal effects of more basic causes. As such, they are assumed expendable. A more modern co-evolutionary and wilderness approach — trophic cascades — instead suggests that top predators, whose effects flow down to fundamental biological processes, are co-equal causes of ecosystem health. Their survival, then, should be supported. This article, based on extensive research including the author's participation in a major field project, provides informational resources for teaching trophic cascades, using wolves as a case study. As charismatic, iconic, thriving but still endangered, well-studied, and terrestrial carnivores, wolves are ideal for enlightening students about what otherwise might be dry abstractions about crucial ecosystem processes. The article ends with student exercises and broader lessons for environmental education.
The Panglima Laot of Aceh: a case study in large-scale community-based marine management after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
Authors: Wilson Crispen , Linkie Matthew
Published: October 2012

Despite dating back over 400 years the relevance of traditional fisheries management in Aceh, Indonesia, still remains high. Aceh was, however, greatly affected by the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that claimed an estimated 167,000 lives, including 14,000 fishermen and 59 of the 193 traditional marine leaders (Panglima Laot). This tragic loss of life was accompanied by a substantial loss of local knowledge, such as the locations of hazardous fishing grounds. In this study we describe an innovative project that sought to rebuild a post-tsunami fisheries sector by re-engaging and empowering the Panglima Laot. During April–June 2008 GPS (global positioning system) sounding devices were installed on 53 local fishing boats and hazardous fishing areas mapped based on local knowledge, and shared amongst fishermen. During July–December 2008 nearly five million GPS data points were collected, from which detailed bathymetric maps were produced and shared between fishermen and Aceh government officials. Significant project outputs included a map of fishing areas over 20,000 km2, which included three new seamounts, one of which expanded Aceh's provincial boundary by > 1.3 million ha, and a Panglima Laot decree that reduced fishing in hazardous areas of high coral density by 23.3%. Our findings have wide applicability. Locally, the introduction of GPS technology and sharing of traditional knowledge resulted in fishermen developing and implementing their own management strategies and demonstrating their ability to stay out of restricted areas. Provincially, this project provided a framework through which government agencies and academic institutions could effectively engage with local customary leaders and their fishing communities.
Reproductive disorders in relation toNeospora caninum, Brucellaspp. and bovine viral diarrhoea virus serostatus in breeding and dairy farms of central and southern Ethiopia
Authors: ASMARE K. , REGASSA F. , ROBERTSON L. J. , MARTIN A. D. , SKJERVE E.
Published: October 2012

Abortion and stillbirth are important reproductive disorders in the dairy industry and are often caused by infectious agents. This study investigated whether bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV),Brucellaspp.,and Neospora caninumare associated with abortion and/or stillbirth in dairy cattle in Ethiopia. Dairy cattle from 99 farms were categorized as cases (n = 134) or controls (n = 268) according to reproductive data. Blood samples were screened for antibodies for these infectious agents. The overall proportion of cattle that were seropositive for BVDV,Brucellaspp., andN. caninumwas 11·7%, 3·2%, and 17·2%, respectively. Seropositivity for BVDV andBrucellaspp. was similar for cases and controls, but significantly more cases were seropositive forN. caninum(29·8%) than controls (10·8%). This is the first report demonstratingN. caninumis common in dairy cattle in Ethiopia, and is probably a greater impediment to reproductive success in Ethiopian dairy farms than either BVDV orBrucellaspp.
Mass-Gathering Medicine: Creation of an Online Event and Patient Registry
Authors: Lund Adam , Turris Sheila A. , Amiri Neda , Lewis Kerrie , Carson Michael
Published: October 2012

Introduction/Problem

A review of the mass-gathering medicine literature confirms that the research community currently lacks a standardized approach to data collection and reporting in relation to large-scale community events. This lack of consistency, particularly with regard to event characteristics, patient characteristics, acuity determination, and reporting of illness and injury rates makes comparisons between and across events difficult. In addition, a lack of access to good data across events makes planning medical support on-site, for transport, and at receiving hospitals, challenging. This report describes the development of an Internet-hosted, secure registry for event and patient data in relation to mass gatherings.

Methods

Descriptive; development and pilot testing of a Web-based event and patient registry.

Results

Several iterations of the registry have resulted in a cross-event platform for standardized data collection at a variety of events. Registry and reporting field descriptions, successes, and challenges are discussed based on pilot testing and early implementation over two years of event enrollment.

Conclusion

The Mass-Gathering Medicine Event and Patient Registry provides an effective tool for recording and reporting both event and patient-related variables in the context of mass-gathering events. Standardizing data collection will serve researchers and policy makers well. The structure of the database permits numerous queries to be written to generate standardized reports of similar and dissimilar events, which supports hypothesis generation and the development of theoretical foundations in mass-gathering medicine.

LundA,TurrisSA,AmiriN,LewisK,CarsonM.Mass-gathering medicine: creation of an online event and patient registry.Prehosp Disaster Med.2012;27(6):1-11.
Problems of the commons: group behavior, cooperation and sanctioning in a two-harbor experiment
Authors: Zhosan Dmytro , Gardner Roy
Published: October 2012

This paper analyzes individual and group behavior in an experimental commons. Different factors that can help avoid the tragedy of the commons are studied in four experimental settings: separation of a larger commons into smaller commons (two harbors), knowledge/experience available to appropriators, communication within appropriator groups and the possibility of formal and informal sanctioning of group members. Subject populations include undergraduate students as well as professionals working in the Maine lobster and groundfish industries. This design enables a behavioral comparison between students and professionals, as well as a comparison between professionals in these two mutually exclusive fisheries. Results show that group size, communication, geographic separation and subjects' ability to solve the coordination game caused by this separation all contribute to appropriation efficiency on the commons.
A review on the spontaneous formation of the building blocks of life and the generation of a set of hypotheses governing universal abiogenesis
Authors: Palmer B. S.
Published: October 2012

There have been a number of hypotheses regarding abiogenesis, the ‘Metabolism First’ model and the ‘RNA World Hypothesis’ are two such examples. All theories on abiogenesis make a set of unstated assumptions with regard to the elemental make up of life or only apply the theory to a primitive earth model. This paper reviews current knowledge from the myriad of observations from a variety of scientific disciplines and applies generally understood thermodynamic reasoning to explain the formation of molecules known to be used by life. These arguments are used in this paper to construct a set of new hypotheses which govern universal abiogenesis. The intention of this paper is to show by the application of our known laws of science that life is the end sequence of events of the fundamental forces which affect the entire universe. From these events a new hypotheses on abiogenesis can be formulated. The hypotheses proposed by this paper are incorporated in many of the current theories of abiogenesis, either assumed or accepted but very rarely stated or explained. The proposed set of five hypotheses are: (1) any celestial mass that has a body of liquid water and therefore has access to energy will form at least the building blocks of life, if not life itself. (2) The major component of any life form anywhere in the universe will be H2O. (3) Any organism, anywhere in the universe, will be carbon-based. (4) All life in the universe will be composed of nucleic acid based molecules as its code for life. (5) The cell is the universal unit of life. Throughout this paper the background to the formulation of these hypotheses is discussed, as is the explanation of why these hypotheses are universal and not limited to an application of a primitive earth model. This set of hypotheses is also testable as any investigation of a celestial body which contains liquid water (e.g. Europa) will quickly provide evidence to prove or refute the proposed theory.
Defining Emissions Entitlements in the Constitution of the EU Emissions Trading System
Authors: Manea Sabina
Published: October 2012

The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the largest mandatory programme of its kind. The entitlements in emissions allowances (emissions entitlements) combine public and private law characteristics: allowances are tradable, commercially valuable regulatory instruments. This dual nature reveals a new interdependency between public and private law mechanisms in the context of climate change policy. This article argues that achieving the requisite level of emissions reductions is contingent on the viability of the emissions market, and that both are dependent on the definition of emissions entitlements. This view is supported by a case study which identifies the practical and serious consequences of the absence of a legal concept of emissions entitlements. The United States (US) Acid Rain Program offers useful lessons on the treatment of emissions entitlements. They can be further defined by analogy with similar rights regimes. Their nature is highly relevant to the emissions market, particularly to the commercial contracts that constitute it.
Familialer Habitus und Inanspruchnahme außerfamilialer Bildungs-, Betreuungs- und Freizeitangebote bei unter dreijährigen Kindern
Authors: Eckhardt Andrea G. , Riedel Birgit
Published: October 2012

Zusammenfassung. Für Deutschland haben verschiedene repräsentative Studien die Abhängigkeit der Inanspruchnahme einer Kindertagesbetreuung von der sozialen Herkunft der Kinder nachgewiesen. Kaum in den Blick genommen wurden jedoch die für die Reproduktion von Bildungsungleichheiten ebenso wichtigen familialen Alltags- und Erziehungspraktiken und das Zusammenspiel familialer und außerfamilialer Bildungsgelegenheiten. Mit dem DJI-Survey AID:A verfügen wir über eine Datenbasis, die es ermöglicht, die Bildungs- und Betreuungsstrategien von Familien in ihrer gesamten Breite zu betrachten. Der Beitrag geht mit Blick auf Kinder unter drei Jahren der Frage nach, inwiefern die Inanspruchnahme außerfamilialer Kindertagesbetreuung und die Nutzung organisierter Freizeitangebote mit familialen Alltagsorientierungen und -praktiken einhergeht, die die entwicklungsförderliche Gestaltung des Aufwachsens von Kindern betonen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Mehrheit der befragten Eltern ihr Erziehungsverhalten an einer Förderung der Kinder orientiert. Zwar sind Merkmale des sozialen Hintergrundes sowohl für die Inanspruchnahme externer Kindertagesbetreuung als auch für die Nutzung organisierter Freizeitangebote der entscheidende Einflussfaktor, dennoch weisen die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass familiale Vorstellungen und Praktiken von Erziehung und Betreuung an der Transmission von Bildungskapital an die jüngeren Generationen beteiligt sind.
An ensemble Kalman filter dual assimilation of thermal infrared and microwave satellite observations of soil moisture into the Noah land surface model
Authors: Hain Christopher R. , Crow Wade T. , Anderson Martha C. , Mecikalski John R.
Published: October 2012

Studies that have assimilated remotely sensed soil moisture (SM) into land surface models (LSMs) have generally focused on retrievals from microwave (MW) sensors. However, retrievals from thermal infrared (TIR) sensors have also been shown to add unique information, especially where MW sensors are not able to provide accurate retrievals (due to, e.g., dense vegetation). In this study, we examine the assimilation of a TIR product based on surface evaporative flux estimates from the Atmosphere Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) model and the MW‐based VU Amsterdam NASA surface SM product generated with the Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM). A set of data assimilation experiments using an ensemble Kalman filter are performed over the contiguous United States to assess the impact of assimilating ALEXI and LPRM SM retrievals in isolation and together in a dual‐assimilation case. The relative skill of each assimilation case is assessed through a data denial approach where a LSM is forced with an inferior precipitation data set. The ability of each assimilation case to correct for precipitation errors is quantified by comparing with a simulation forced with a higher‐quality precipitation data set. All three assimilation cases (ALEXI, LPRM, and Dual assimilation) show relative improvements versus the open loop (i.e., reduced RMSD) for surface and root zone SM. In the surface zone, the dual assimilation case provides the largest improvements, followed by the LPRM case. However, the ALEXI case performs best in the root zone. Results from the data denial experiment are supported by comparisons between assimilation results and ground‐based SM observations from the Soil Climate Analysis Network.
Autonomous underwater gliders monitoring variability at “choke points” in our ocean system: A case study in the Western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Heslop Emma E. , Ruiz Simón , Allen John , López‐Jurado José Luís , Renault Lionel , Tintoré Joaquín
Published: October 2012

Recent data from an autonomous ocean glider in the Ibiza Channel (Western Mediterranean Sea) show variations in the transport volumes of water over timescales of days‐weeks, as large as those previously only identifiable as seasonal or eddy driven. High frequency variation in transports of water masses has critical implications for ocean forecasting. Three potential modes of transport are proposed, which have the potential to simplify the previously observed complex pattern of flows. Restricted ‘choke points’ between ocean basins are critical locations to monitor water transport variability; the Ibiza Channel is one such ‘choke point’, where variation in the transports of water masses are known to affect the spawning grounds of commercially important fish stocks.