bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immobilization of a Water-Soluble Host Molecule by Polyion Complexation with a Polymer
Authors: Tsuge Akihiko , Masumi Keisuke , Moriguchi Tetsuji , Sakata Kazunori
Published: August 2004

Formation of a polyion complex between the cation of a calix[6]arene
ammonium chloride, which has a long alkyl chain, and anionic chondroitin
sulfate results in a precipitate in aqueous solution. After dissolution of the
complex in an organic solvent, evaporation of this solution gives rise to a
water-insoluble transparent film. The film is strong enough for handling and
shows binding of Methyl Orange, indicating that it retains a fundamental
function of the parent host molecule. Immobilization of an anionic sulfonated
calix[6]arene can also be achieved by formation of a polyion complex
with the cation of a poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride). The film prepared
from this complex exhibits the ability to incorporate Phenol Blue; this
suggests that the binding site remains in the polyion complex film.
Synthesis of ω-Hydroxy Quaternary Ammonium Bolaform Surfactants
Authors: Davey Tim W. , Hayman Alan R.
Published: August 2004

Several members of a novel class of w-substituted asymmetric bolaform
surfactants have been synthesized in order to investigate their surfactant and
biological properties. The ω-hydroxy trialkylammonium and pyridinium
surfactants have significant antimicrobial and antifungal activity relative to
their conventional analogues. For conventional quaternary ammonium alkyl
surfactants, increasing the hydrocarbon chain length causes a decrease in the
surfactant monomer solubility and a corresponding decrease in the biological
activity. No such trend is observed for the ω-hydroxy quaternary ammonium
bromide series.
Platinum(II) Template Synthesis of a Pendant-Arm Macrocycle
Authors: Xiao Hong , Lawrance Geoffrey A. , Hambley Trevor W.
Published: August 2004

Platinum(II)-directed condensation of ethane-1,2-diamine with nitroethane and
formaldehyde yields the colourless macrocyclic complex
(trans-6,13-dimethyl-6,13-dinitro-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)plat-
inum(II), [Pt(1)]2+, in good yield. This
parallels chemistry reported earlier around other triad members nickel(II) and
palladium(II). The pendant nitro groups in the major isomer are disposed on
opposite sides of the macrocycle in a trans geometry, as
confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure analysis of [Pt(1)]
(ClO4)2, which crystallizes in the
triclinic space group P-1,
a 8·041(4), b
8·482(4), c 9·443(3) Å, α
69·44(3), β 67·66(4), γ
71·73(4)°,Z1, and was refined to an
R value of 0·027 on 1920 F.
The platinum ion lies in a square planar environment of four nitrogen donors,
with typical Pt–N distances; comparisons between the platinum(II) and
palladium(II) complexes of (1) and its analogue (2), with diammonio groups in
place of dinitro groups, are discussed
Four New Compounds from the Australian Brown Alga Cystophora brownii
Authors: Bian Baohong , Altena Ian A. van
Published: August 2004

Two new steroids,
(20S)-3β,20-dihydroxyergosta-5,24(28)-dien-16-one
(7) and 3β-hydroxyergosta-5,24(28)-dien-16-one (9), and two new
diastereoisomeric meroditerpenes, compounds (10) and (11), † have been
isolated from the brown alga Cystophora brownii
(Cystoseiraceae). Their structures were elucidated by one- and two-dimensional
n.m.r. and other spectrometric and chemical methods.
Preparation of cis- and trans-[OsCl2(Me2SO)4], and X-Ray Crystal Structures of the All-S-Bound Isomers
Authors: McDonagh Andrew M. , Humphrey Mark G. , Hockless David C. R.
Published: August 2004

Efficient syntheses of the cis and
trans isomers of
[OsCl2(Me2SO)4]
are reported. While a structural study of thetrans
isomer confirms the spectroscopically assigned
all-S-bound Me2SO configuration, a
crystallographic determination of the cis isomer reveals
a previously unheralded all-S-bound
Me2SO geometry, in contrast to the spectroscopically
inferred configuration predominant in solution which has one
O-bound ligand.
Fortrans-[OsCl2(Me2SO)4],
crystals are tetragonal, space group I 4/m, with a
9·092(2), c 11·212(3) Å,
Z 2, 566 unique reflections (34 parameters), converging
at R 0·026 and Rw
0·032. For
cis-[OsCl2(Me2SO)4],
crystals are triclinic, space group
P-1, with a
8·193(2), b 8·941(3),
c 13·837(3) Å, α 79·77(2),
β 79·91(2), γ 65·03(2)°, Z 2,
4152 unique reflections (173 parameters), converging at
R 0·021 and Rw
0·018.
The Influence of the Axial Ligand on the Solid-State Structures of Pentacoordinate Manganese Tetraphenylporphyrin Complexes
Authors: Turner Peter , Gunter Maxwell J. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: August 2004

The crystal structures of Mn(tpp)(NCO),
Mn(tpp)(CH3CO2).0·5C7H8,
Mn(tpp)(NCS).0·5C7H8,
Mn(tpp)(Br).C7H8,
Mn(tpp)(I).C7H8 and the previously
reported structures
Mn(tpp)(Cl).(CH3)2CO,
Mn(tpp)(Cl).C7H8,
Mn(tpp)(NO2).C6H6,
Mn(tpp)(NO3).2C6H6,
Mn(tpp)(OSO3H),
Mn(tpp)(H2O).-SO3CF3
and Mn(tpp)(CN).CHCl3 are used to assess the role of the
axial anion in the crystal packing of pentacoordinate manganese
tetraphenylporphyrin complexes. A comparison of the packing strategies adopted
by the toluene solvates suggests that the axial anion can sterically determine
the lattice packing motif. Amongst the structures examined, there appears to
be a hierarchy of packing strategies led by the elegant ‘slot
together’ assembly pattern underpinning the
Mn(tpp)(Br).C7H8 and
Mn(tpp)(Cl).C7H8 lattices. The
metrical parameters that have been used to assess intercomplex interactions in
the solid state are shown to be crystal packing sensitive. This is clearly
evident in the structure of
Mn(tpp)(I).C7H8 which has two
crystallographically independent molecules. The displacement of the metal ion
from the porphyrin core is determined by the axial ligand field; however, this
otherwise intrinsic property is also crystal packing dependent. That is, the
iodo ligand field itself is modulated by crystal packing interactions. The
isomorphous
Mn(tpp)(CH3CO2).0·5C7H8
and Mn(tpp)(NCS).0·5C7H8
structures, which also have two crystallographically independent molecules,
indicate that the axial ligand field strength can influence intercomplex
interactions in the solid state, by moderating charge donation from the
porphyrin to the metal.
Towards the Diastereoselective Functionalization of Non-Racemic Acetal Derivatives of η6-Arylcarbonyl Complexes of Tricarbonylchromium
Authors: Kendall Jackie D. , Woodgate Paul D.
Published: August 2004

(S)-Butane-1,2,4-triol (2) has been investigated as a potential chiral
auxiliary for the formation of non-racemic acetals derived from
η6-arylcarbonyl complexes of tricarbonylchromium.
Predominantly the cis dioxan (5) was formed from
benzaldehyde, leading to preparation of the
η6-Cr(CO)3 complex (16), and
of the derived complexes (23) and (24). Lithiation{electrophile quenching
of these complexes gave a mixture of products arising
fromortho and benzylic functionalization. Reaction of
acetophenone, or of the
η6-Cr(CO)3 complexes (45) or
(46), with either the triol (2) or its tris(silyl) ether (15) under conditions
of kinetic or thermodynamic control gave an inseparable mixture of acetals.
A New Supramolecular Synthon Using N-Methylaniline. The Crystal Structure of the 1 : 1 Adduct of N-Methylaniline with 5-Nitrofuran-2-carboxylic Acid
Authors: Lynch Daniel E. , Thomas Lisa C. , Smith Graham , Byriel Karl A. , Kennard Colin H. L.
Published: August 2004

The crystal structure of the 1 : 1 adduct of
N-methylaniline with 5-nitrofuran-2-carboxylic acid has
been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystals are monoclinic,
space group
P21/c
with Z 4 in a cell of dimensions a
8·467(5), b 6·106(2),
c 23·95(1) Å, β 94·48(3)°.
The molecules associate in a tetrameric, proton-transfer formation which has
potential as a new supramolecular synthon.
Hydride Reductions of 1H-Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-benzodiazepine-5,11-diones: Selective Reduction of Secondary Amides to Carbinolamines
Authors: Katsifis Andrew G. , McPhee Meredith E. , Ridley Damon D.
Published: August 2004

For the syntheses of radiolabelled pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine
antitumour antibiotics we required a method in which the unstable
carbinolamine functionality was introduced prior to the radiolabel. In turn
this required the selective reduction of a secondary amide in the presence of,
inter alia, a tertiary amide. We report methods which
can be used to achieve this outcome in a series of
1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-5,11-diones.
Enolic Ortho Esters. VIII Synthesis of (2S,3S)-2,3-Bis(methoxymethyl)-1,4,6-trioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-ene
Authors: Collins David J. , Crosby Ian T.
Published: August 2004

Enolic ortho ester
(2S,3S)-2,3-bis(methoxymethyl)-1,4,6-trioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-ene
(10b) was synthesized in 65% yield by cycloadditon of acrolein with the
ketene acetal
(4S,5S)-4,5-bis(methoxymethyl)-2-methylidene-1,3-dioxolan
(7), derived by potassium t-butoxide treatment of
(4S,5S)-4,5-bis(methoxy-
methyl)-1,3-dioxolan (4). Lewis acid catalysed reaction
(TiCl4, CH2Cl2, –78°) of
the enolic ortho ester (10b) with the ketene silyl acetal
3-phenylmethyl-2-trimethylsilyloxy-4,5-dihydrofuran (15) afforded the formyl
keto ester
3-[4′,5′-bis(methoxymethyl)-2′-(4′′-oxobutyl)-1′,3′-dioxolan-2′-yl]-3-phenylmethyl-4,5-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one
(16) (39%) with only poor diastereoselectivity.
Attempts to make the bis(phenylmethyl) analogue (10a) of enolic ortho ester
(10b) were thwarted by the finding that the required ketene acetal (9),
analogous to (7), could not be generated by elimination from
(4S,5S)-2-bromomethyl-4,5-bis(phenylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan
(6), or from the derived phenyl selenoxide (8), under a variety of conditions.
Synthetic Routes to Ruthenium(II) Species Containing Carboxylate-Functionalized 2,2′-Bipyridine Ligands
Authors: Patterson Bradley T. , Keene F. Richard
Published: August 2004

Two methods are reported for the incorporation of carboxylate substituents on
polypyridyl ligands coord- inated to ruthenium(II) centres. In the first, a
precursor complex is synthesized with ethoxycarbonyl groups which are
subsequently base-hydrolysed to produce the carboxylate in high yield
(–CO2Et → –CO2H).
In the second method, ruthenyl (RuIV =O) species
were used to chemically catalyse the electochemical oxidation of methyl
substituents on the ligands of a precursor complex to produce the target
carboxylate species (–CH3 →
–CO2H).
Molecular Cocrystals of Carboxylic Acids. XXXIII The Crystal Structure of the 1 : 1 Adduct of Indole-2-carboxylic Acid with 5-Nitroquinoline
Authors: Lynch Daniel E. , Mistry Niraj , Smith Graham , Byriel Karl A. , Kennard Colin H. L.
Published: August 2004

The molecular adducts of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) and indole-2-carboxylic
acid (ica) with 5-nitroquinoline (nq), [(iaa)(nq)2] (1) and
[(ica)(nq)] (2), have been prepared and characterized by X-ray
diffraction and spectroscopic methods. Both examples involve charge transfer
as well as a network of hydrogen-bonding interactions. Thin films of compound
(2), and other similar adduct complexes of ica, can be prepared by thermal
evaporation techniques and in this form exhibit a weak second-order non-linear
optical signal. However, these films display poor optical quality and, without
improvement, are not suitable for any potential non-linear optical
applications.
The Formation and Reactions of Adducts from the Photochemical Reactions of Aromatic Compounds with Tetranitromethane and Other X-NO2 Reagents—Invited Review.
Authors: Eberson Lennart , Hartshorn Michael P.
Published: August 2004

The formation and reactions are reviewed (see Contents below) of adducts from
the photochemical reactions of aromatic compounds with tetranitromethane and
other X-NO2 reagents.
Unexpected Variations in the Reactivities and Selectivities of Acyclic and Cyclic Dehydrodipeptides in Diels-Alder Reactions
Authors: Burkett Brendan A. , Chai Christina L. L. , Hockless David C. R.
Published: August 2004

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. The Diels-Alder reactions
of some acyclic and cyclic dehydrodipeptides have been investigated. Our
studies show that the reactivities of the dehydrodipeptides are sensitive to
the environment of the double bond. In addition,
theexo / endo selectivity of the cycloaddition is
enhanced in the cyclic as compared to the acyclic systems.
Adaptation of pasture legumes to acid, shallow soils in central Victoria
Authors: Lolicato S. J. , Rogers M. E.
Published: August 2004

Summary. From spring 1990 to autumn 1994, 87 species,
cultivars and lines of legumes, including 274 lines of birdsfoot trefoil
(L. corniculatus), were evaluated for production and
persistence at 6 sites on acid soils in the hills of central Victoria. The aim
was to identify productive and persistent perennial genotypes that show high
levels of adaptation to this environment.
Despite its recognised susceptibility to acid soils, lucerne consistently had
the highest number of surviving plants and produced more dry matter than all
other accessions included in the study. Initially several lines of birdsfoot
trefoil (especially cv. San Gabriel) were as productive as lucerne, however,
they failed to persist over the dry summer period. Several other plant
species, including representatives of Lespedeza,
Astragalus and the native perennial legume
Glycine were persistent but less productive than
lucerne. We conclude that no legume species proved to be superior to lucerne
in this environment and that more research is necessary to accurately define
this species’ tolerance and performance in the acid, sedimentary soils
of central Victoria.
Increasing production of an annual medic - wheat rotation by grazing and grass removal with herbicides in the Victorian Mallee
Authors: Latta R. A. , Carter E. D.
Published: August 2004

Summary. The productivity of an annual medic-based
pasture–pasture–wheat rotation in response to chemical grass
control and stocking rate treatments was evaluated over 3 years.
Fluazifop applied in 1991 reduced the annual grass component during the
pasture years (to <2% in 1991 and <5% in 1992) and grass
densities in the 1993 wheat phase. This improved winter herbage production in
1992 (>50%) and the 1993 wheat yield (>40%). Glyphosate
applied during the winter of 1991 reduced the grass component and the winter
and total herbage production in that year, and grass populations in 1992.
Glyphosate applied during the spring of 1991 reduced the medic seed yields and
the grass and medic densities in 1992. There were no pasture or cereal
production benefits measured from the 1991 glyphosate applications. All the
above comparisons were made with no herbicide in 1991 followed by glyphosate
applied during the winter of 1992, a common district practice.
Stocking at twice the district average, over all herbicide treatments, reduced
the 1991 winter herbage production but maintained or improved the 1992 winter
and total herbage production, compared with the district average stocking
rate. The high stocking rate resulted in lower grass densities in the 1993
wheat crop and increased the wheat grain yield by 0.5 t/ha.
Effect of herbicide and application of superphosphate and subterranean clover seed on regeneration of vulpia in pastures
Authors: Dowling P. M. , Leys A. R. , Plater B.
Published: August 2004

Summary. The annual grass vulpia has become one of the
main weed problems in permanent pasture and cropping areas across southern
Australia. The effect of herbicides and management (application of
superphosphate and subterranean clover seed) on regeneration of vulpia in
pasture was evaluated over a 2 year period at 6 sites in central and southern
New South Wales (Beckom, Wagga Wagga, Eugowra, Bathurst, Holbrook and
Millthorpe) during 1989–91. Four herbicide strategies (nil, spraytopping
with paraquat in spring 1989, winter cleaning with simazine in winter 1990,
and spraytopping with paraquat in spring 1989 followed by winter cleaning with
simazine in 1990) were evaluated at a low (no added superphosphate or
subterranean clover seed) and high level (250 kg/ha additional
superphosphate applied in autumn 1989 and again in autumn 1990, plus 10
kg/ha subterranean clover seed broadcast in 1989) of management.
Herbicides decreased the incidence of vulpia (as assessed from seedling
density and pasture composition measurements) at low and high levels of
management, with simazine and the combined paraquat plus simazine treatment
providing more effective control than paraquat. The population of vulpia,
however, increased rapidly on both the simazine and paraquat treatments with
time. On the paraquat plots, this resulted in a similar or greater vulpia
density as the unsprayed control within 2 years of application. The higher
level of management encouraged greater density of subterranean clover and
nitrophilous species (e.g. barley grass where present), resulting in greater
competition against vulpia, and extending the period of control conferred
initially by the herbicides. Control of vulpia over the longer term will
require integration of herbicides with other management strategies (e.g.
superphosphate, additional seed, careful grazing management). Such an approach
needs to be implemented on a more regular basis than is currently practised if
the impact of vulpia in pastures is to be minimised.
Effects of environmental factors on the performance of Digitaria eriantha and Medicago sativa in monoculture and mixture
Authors: Tow P. G. , Lazenby A. , Lovett J. V.
Published: August 2004

Summary. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to test
hypotheses concerning differences in environmental adaptation of
Digitaria eriantha (digitaria) and
Medicago sativa cv. Hunter River (lucerne), and
advantages of growing them in mixture on a solodic soil on the Far North-West
Slopes of New South Wales. The 2 species were grown in monoculture and mixture
in simulated solodic soil profiles, at 2 temperature regimes, 2 levels of
available nitrogen (0 and 0.25 g/container after each harvest), and 3
moisture levels (drought, adequate, flood), thus providing the range of
conditions encountered in the field.
The 2 species differed markedly in their response to temperature, which
explains the complementary seasonal growth patterns in the field. Summer
temperatures favoured digitaria growth while spring temperatures favoured
lucerne growth. At summer temperatures, digitaria outyielded lucerne at all
moisture regimes with applied nitrogen, as well as the flooded treatment
without applied nitrogen. At spring temperatures, lucerne outyielded digitaria
without nitrogen applied, as well as in the adequate moisture regimes with
nitrogen applied.
Yields of each species were reduced by periodic flooding and droughting; at
their respective more favoured temperature regimes for growth, the percentage
reduction in yield at individual harvests was higher in lucerne than in
digitaria, especially for flooding. Flooding at summer temperatures had the
worst effect on lucerne but summer droughting was almost as severe, especially
with continued application of these treatments.
Both species responded to nitrogen, the percentage dry matter increase being
higher at summer than at spring temperatures.
The species responded to temperature, moisture and nitrogen in the same way in
mixture as in monoculture. The yield response of the mixture was dominated by
that of the most responsive species at that regime.
Monocultures rarely outyielded the mixture. The mixture sometimes
significantly outyielded both monocultures, mainly with summer temperature,
adequate moisture and low nitrogen.
Long-term exploitation of the complementary temperature responses of the 2
species and their overall adaptation to the temperature regime of the Far
North-West Slopes may depend on measures to minimise the effects of
intermittent flooding and droughting in summer.
Relationships between a tropical grass and lucerne on a solodic soil in a subhumid, summer - winter rainfall environment
Authors: Tow P. G. , Lazenby A. , Lovett J. V.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Relationships between a tropical grass
(Digitaria eriantha) and lucerne
(Medicago sativa cv. Hunter River) grown in mixture were
studied in a field experiment on a solodic soil on the Far North-West Slopes
of New South Wales and a glasshouse experiment in simulated solodic profiles.
Temperature and moisture conditions covering the range encountered at the
field site were incorporated into the glasshouse study, together with high and
low levels of available nitrogen.
The relative yield ratio and its components, and the relative competition
intensity for each species were used to investigate competitive trends with
time.
Digitaria growing with lucerne commonly showed a trend to smaller reductions
of its yield with time, and eventually higher yields in mixture than in
monoculture. This indicated a transfer of nitrogen from legume to grass. When
such benefits to the grass coincided with only moderate reductions in lucerne
yield, the mixture outyielded both monocultures. This occurred principally in
the absence of applied nitrogen, at summer temperatures and at adequate levels
of soil moisture.
Lucerne was least competitive under very wet or dry conditions at summer
temperatures, a situation aggravated by the dominance of digitaria in summer.
Except in extreme cases, lucerne recovered its competitive strength when
conditions were more favourable, especially in the autumn–spring period.
When the time trend in the relative competition intensity of lucerne was near
parallel to that of digitaria, the relative yield ratio was near constant, a
condition of competitive equilibrium. Such a situation occurred under moderate
temperature and moisture conditions most favourable to lucerne growth.
This study indicates the importance of a high level of adaptation of a legume
to climate and soil, for achieving competitive balance with an associated
grass. It also suggests that management should include appropriate means to
rectify any imbalance caused by deficiencies in legume adaptation, or summer
dominance by the grass.
Production practices for improved grain yield and quality of soft wheats in Western Australia
Authors: Anderson W. K. , Sawkins D.
Published: August 2004

Summary. The aim of our experiments was to determine
whether the soft-grained, club-head wheats used for the Australian Soft grade
(cvv. Tincurrin and Corrigin), required different management to maximise grain
yield and quality than the standard-head wheats used for other grades. Two
series of field experiments were conducted in the 300–500 mm rainfall
zone in the southern wheatbelt of Western Australia between latitudes 32 and
34°S from 1989 to 1993. Agronomic variables examined in the experiments
included sowing time, nitrogen (N) fertiliser and seed rate. Grain yield,
grain protein concentration, hectolitre weight and small grain sievings (below
a 2 mm slotted screen) were measured on the grain samples.
It was concluded that the optimum time for sowing the soft wheats, both of
which are of mid-season maturity, was May. Small grain sievings and grain
proteins of the soft wheats exceeded the receival standards for the grade when
sown outside this period and were more sensitive to earlier or later sowings
in this regard than the other wheats. The soft wheats had smaller kernels and
were more likely than other cultivars to produce grain samples with high
levels of sievings associated with sowing at inappropriate times and the use
of N fertiliser. They had consistently 1–1.5% lower grain protein
concentrations than the other cultivars used in the experiments. Hectolitre
weights seldom fell below the receival standard of 74 kg/hL for any of the
grain samples.
Increasing seed rate did not increase the level of sievings at all sites.
Although sievings were affected by sowing time, N fertiliser and cultivar,
there were large influences associated with site factors that also caused
excessive sievings. Fertile sites where the crop did not respond to N
fertiliser and sites where the crop was infected by leaf rust were associated
with high levels of sievings. Standard-head wheats were less susceptible to
dockages, but lower yielding than the club-head, soft wheats. Seed rates for
the soft wheats should be chosen to maximise yield rather than to attempt to
avoid price dockages at receival.
Factors affecting the early growth of Leucaena leucocephala
Authors: Brandon N. J. , Shelton H. M.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Previous work has shown that slow colonisation
of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may be responsible for the slow
early seedling growth of leucaena in some soils. The aim of the following
experiments was to determine relative population levels of AM fungi in a range
of Australian soils and their effect on the growth and phosphorus nutrition of
the tropical tree legume leucaena
(Leucaena leucocephala), grown in pots and in the field.
Soils chosen were typical of those used for leucaena production in Queensland
and included sites at which previous commercial plantings of leucaena had
failed.
Large differences were found in mycorrhizal population levels between soils
and results of a bioassay ranged from 12 to 52% of leucaena root length
infected. Results of the bioassay were significantly correlated with plant
height of leucaena grown in pots at 28 and 42 days after sowing
(P<0.05) and shoot weight 42 days after sowing
(P<0.05). However, results of the bioassay were not
positively correlated with plant growth of leucaena 63 days after sowing in
pots or at any time in the field. This was because colonisation levels in most
soils had reached levels that were adequate to meet the phosphorus
requirements of the plant.
Low population levels of AM fungi, therefore, do not appear to be a major
long-term limitation to growth of leucaena in most soils. However, at 2 sites
where previous commercial leucaena plantings had failed, other factors became
relatively more important in limiting first season yield. These included poor
soil physical structure, low phosphorus fertility and at 1 site, colonisation
of leucaena roots with root knot nematode, a factor which had not previously
been reported in Australia.
Soil physical, chemical and biological factors, therefore, all need to be
considered in selecting suitable sites for leucaena establishment.
Effects of storage at subambient temperatures on ripening of Australian papaya
Authors: Widjanarko S. B. , Wills R. B. H.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Australian papaya fruit were held at
temperatures from 5 to 15°C for 7–21 days then at ambient
temperature (20°C). No fruit ripened while at subambient temperatures but
all showed a longer total time to ripen than fruit held continuously at
20°C, with the delay in ripening related to the time and extent of
subambient temperature exposure. However, ripe fruit with increasing exposure
to subambient temperature showed decreasing levels of yellow skin colour and
increasing chilling injury symptoms. An increasing proportion of fruit failed
to ripen due to the prior onset of rotting. Fruit stored continuously at
17°C showed delayed ripening over fruit held at 20°C and exhibited
reduced development of yellow skin colour. The results have implications for
the efficient marketing of papaya in southern Australia during the winter.
The quality of sheep milk: a review
Authors: Bencini R. , Pulina G.
Published: August 2004

Summary. The quality of sheep milk is paramount in
controlling the quality of dairy products made from it. We describe the
factors affecting the quality of the milk of sheep milked commercially for
dairy production, with an emphasis on Australia and New Zealand. Some of these
factors, such as the genotype of the sheep, are difficult to control, but
others are environmental factors, such as the nutrition and management of the
milking flock, and can be manipulated by the farmer to produce high quality
milk. To obtain high quality milk, ewes must be milked out regularly and
completely, which implies adopting appropriate milking routines and milking
equipment. It is also important that the ewes are healthy and receive adequate
diets. Physiologically the ewes must be in an appropriate stage of lactation
because at the very beginning and at the end of lactation the milk is of poor
manufacturing quality, even though it has high fat and protein content. These
factors and their influence on milk quality for the processing of milk into
dairy products, especially cheese, are described and critically examined.
Establishment and persistence of palatable taxa of Eragrostis curvula complex in southern New South Wales
Authors: Johnston W. H. , Shoemark V. F.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Spring sowings in cultivated plots at Wagga
Wagga in 1980 and 1982, and Cowra and Colinroobie in 1980 and 1981 examined
the establishment and persistence of Eragrostis curvula
(Schrad.) Nees complex cv. Consol and accession 4660,
Cenchrus ciliaris L. cv. American and
Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirocco.
Cenchrus ciliaris was short-lived and not frost-hardy.
Competition and dry conditions reduced establishment of all species,
nevertheless E. curvula established reliably. In 1
experiment where conditions were not immediately favourable for germination,
E. curvula demonstrated a capacity to delay
establishment until conditions improved. Competition from cool-season plants
reduced persistence, particularly in the first year and when conditions were
dry. Surviving E. curvula plants were generally long
lived. At Cowra, the density of E. curvula was enhanced
by regular mowing, but mowing reduced the density of
P. aquatica. Presence of
Trifolium subterraneum L. reduced the density of
E. curvula while P. aquatica was
unaffected.
A second experiment at Colinroobie, sown in October 1987 examined the effects
of mowing and fertiliser application on establishment and persistence of
E. curvula cv. Consol and accession 4660. Fertiliser
increased competition by cool-season annual species, reducing establishment
and persistence of E. curvula, while regular mowing
improved its persistence. In an experiment sown at Wagga Wagga in October
1989, E. curvula cv. Consol establishment was very low
(<1 plant/m2) in undisturbed annual pasture and
in the absence of cultivation, herbicide (glyphosate at 530 g a.i./ha) and
mowing with herbage removal provided the best conditions for establishment.
Effects of differential grazing of annual pastures in spring and age of sheep on pasture and sheep production
Authors: Thompson A. N. , Hyder M. W. , Doyle P. T.
Published: August 2004

Summary. The effects of controlled grazing through
spring on the production of young (age 1 year; liveweight 38.3 ± 0.09
kg; condition score 3.0 ± 0.03) and mature (age 3 years; liveweight
61.9 ± 0.36 kg; condition score 3.1 ± 0.04) Merino wethers was
examined. The grazing treatments involved adjusting sheep numbers to maintain
green feed on offer near target amounts of 800, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400 and
2800 kg dry matter/ha. Liveweight and wool growth measurements were made
on 8 sheep per plot, with additional animals added or removed as necessary to
maintain pasture near the target feed on offer.
Changes in wool-free liveweight were linear between days 0 and 42 (period 1),
and days 42 and 111 (period 2) for both classes of sheep grazing low feed on
offer treatments. Hoggets lost less liveweight than mature animals while
grazing low feed on offer during period 1 and gained liveweight faster
(P<0.05) than mature animals for any feed on offer
during period 2. Curvilinear relationships existed between feed on offer and
clean wool growth rate and fibre diameter, with feed on offer accounting for
65 and 81% of the variations in wool growth rate, and 65 and 73%
of the variations in fibre diameter, for hogget and mature sheep respectively.
There was no significant difference in wool growth rate between animal
classes. Annual clean wool production, fibre diameter and staple length
increased linearly (P<0.05) with increasing feed on
offer. Staple strength was higher (P<0.05) in mature
sheep compared with hoggets, but was greater than 30 N/ktex for both
classes of sheep irrespective of feed on offer. These results indicate that
intensive grazing in spring to predetermined feed on offer is a useful tactic
for manipulation of wool growth and fibre diameter, but factors other than
feed on offer also contribute to liveweight change and wool growth.
A method for determination of inorganic dust content of grain in the presence of grain dust
Authors: Allen S. E. , Desmarchelier J. M.
Published: August 2004

Summary. A method was developed for the determination of
insecticidal ‘inert dusts’, particularly the diatomaceous earth
product Dryacide, on grain. The method was also evaluated for another physical
insecticide, magnesite, and 2 standard clays, bentonite and kaolin. The method
consists of isolation of dusts (both inert dust and grain dust) from grain,
followed by density centrifugation and ashing of the bottom pellet. The ash
content of the bottom pellet is linearly related to the percentage inorganic
dust in grain dust (w/w). The method can serve 2 functions. First, it can
quantify total inorganic ash. Second, it can quantify the total amount of a
specific inorganic additive, for example, Dryacide, thus enabling studies on
the fate of inorganic additives during grain processing.
Seed-to-seedling transmission of Botrytis cinerea in chickpea and disinfestation of seed with moist heat
Authors: Burgess D. R. , Bretag T. , Keane P. J.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Chickpea crops in south-eastern Australia are
affected in some seasons by poor emergence and seedling soft rot.
Botrytis cinerea was isolated on a semi-selective agar
medium from diseased seedlings and from samples of seed submitted by growers.
The frequency of isolation from seed harvested in 1993–94 ranged from 0
to 95%. Higher isolation rates were associated with reductions in
seedling establishment in 1994 estimated at 30–75%. Surface
sterilisation studies showed that infection was largely external on the seed.
In growth cabinet experiments at 8–18°C, seedlings grown from
infected seed or from seed inoculated with B. cinerea
developed soft rot, and sporulation of the pathogen on the basal stem lesions
was observed. Treatment of moist seed at 50°C for 5 min or storage of seed
at 20°C for 12 months reduced the frequency of isolation of
B. cinerea to 0 and 2%, respectively, with no
adverse effect on germination. Heat treatment of freshly harvested seed
reduced the isolation frequency from 98 to 18%. The applicability of
heat treatment for seed disinfestation by chickpea growers is discussed.
New method for quantitatively assessing susceptibility of citrus fruit to oleocellosis development and some factors that affect its expression
Authors: Wild B. L.
Published: August 2004

Summary. A quantitative laboratory method for
determining the susceptibility of citrus fruit to oleocellosis (rind oil
damage) has been developed. This method allows the evaluation of various
factors which govern the extent of rind oil damage to the rind. By using this
method, it has been established that the development of oleocellosis symptoms
was affected by temperature, with temperatures <10˚C reducing the rate
of development of the disorder. Unfortunately, when the temperature was raised
again after storage, oleocellosis development proceeded as normal. Other
environmental factors such as oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were
also shown to affect the rate and extent of colour development of the rind
blemish. This method of determining sensitivity of citrus peel to rind oil
also established that the degree of surface exposure to sunlight increased the
rind’s susceptibility to the oil. The effects of different coatings and
chemicals which may affect the toxicity of the rind oils were also
investigated, with artificial wax coatings being shown to reduce oil damage by
up to 35%. This finding indicates the importance of thorough wax
application to fruit. The tape method of sensitivity testing, as illustrated
in this paper, also demonstrates that variations in oleocellosis development
are not only due to changes in the pressure required to break the oil glands
but also the ability of the peel to tolerate the released oil.
Effect of preharvest bagging on fruit calcium levels, and storage and ripening characteristics of ‘Sensation’ mangoes
Authors: Shorter A. J. , Beasley D. R. , Joyce D. C.
Published: August 2004

Mango fruit may be bagged during their development on the tree in order to
reduce disease incidence and skin blemish. However, the influence of fruit
bagging on calcium accumulation and their storage and ripening characteristics
has not been reported. ‘Sensation’ mango fruit were bagged with
commercially available plastic or paper bags 7 weeks before normal harvest. No
significant differences in calcium concentrations between bagged (plastic or
paper) and unbagged fruit were recorded for either skin or flesh tissue.
Plastic bags resulted in increased fruit water (weight) loss after harvest.
Softening and colouring of fruit which had been bagged with plastic were both
hastened. Paper bags had no apparent influence, compared with unbagged control
fruit, on weight loss or ripening characteristics of ‘Sensation’
mango fruit.
Amendment of soil with lime or gypsum and its effect on cavity spot disease of carrots (Daucus carota L.) caused by Pythium coloratum
Authors: El-Tarabily K. A. , Hardy G. E. St J. , Sivasithamparam K. , McKay A. G.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Glasshouse trials were conducted to examine the
effect of lime or gypsum amendments on the development of cavity spot disease
of carrots in soil artificially infested with
Pythium coloratum. Each amendment was applied to soil
from the field at 4000 or 8000 kg/ha. Lime at both application rates
significantly (P<0.05) reduced the incidence of the
disease. In contrast, both gypsum treatments had no effect on the incidence of
cavity spot disease. There was no significant
(P>0.05) difference in calcium concentration between
carrot roots grown in unamended, lime- or gypsum-amended soil with or without
the pathogen. Calcium did not appear to play a direct role in the reduction of
cavity spot disease. Under the controlled conditions of this glasshouse trial,
reduction in the incidence of cavity spot appeared to be related to the
increase in soil pH associated with the application of lime. Field trials at
the site of soil collection will confirm whether this mechanism is related to
field reduction of the disease following liming.
Symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii collected from pastures in south-western Victoria
Authors: Quigley P. E. , Cunningham P. J. , Hannah M. , Ward G. N. , Morgan T.
Published: August 2004

Summary. The whole-soil inoculation method was used to
assess the symbiotic effectiveness of rhizobia populations in soils collected
from 18 randomly-selected pastures in south-western Victoria. This was part of
a larger study which described the condition of pasture within this region.
Based on the shoot weights of test subterranean clover plants, cv. Mount
Barker, effectiveness varied from 36 to 94% depending on the site of
rhizobia collection. This range was wider than that found in an earlier survey
of rhizobia effectiveness conducted nearby. WU95, the commercial inoculant for
subterranean clover, was significantly more effective than 9 of the rhizobia
samples. Rhizobia from 2 sites were especially poor and their effectiveness
(37%) was not significantly different from the nil inoculum control
(28%). Symbiotic effectiveness was not related to soil pH, available
sulfur, available phosphorus, total nitrogen or mean annual rainfall for each
site where rhizobia were collected. After pooling data for all sites, the
shoot weights were significantly related to the proportions of plants with
nodules assigned high nodulation scores. In contrast, low scores, within 1 of
6 categories, did not significantly affect shoot weight. The technique of
using mean nodulation score was less capable of discriminating differences in
symbiotic effectiveness, compared with assessment based on test plant weight.
Fibre metrology and physical characteristics of lambskins from large Merino and crossbred lambs
Authors: Holst P. J. , Hegarty R. S. , Fogarty N. M. , Hopkins D. L.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Two hundred and eighty-three lambskins were derived from the progeny
of Merino (M), Texel (T), Poll Dorset (PD) and Border Leicester (BL) sires
individually mated to Merino and Border Leicester × Merino (BLM) ewes
giving 6 genotypes (M × M, T × M, PD × M, BL × M, T
× BLM and PD × BLM). The lambs were shorn at 14 weeks and
slaughtered (about 20 weeks later) at minimum carcass weights of 18 and 22 kg
for ewe and cryptorchid sexes respectively. The ewe lambskins were
fellmongered and the pelts processed to nappa, while the cryptorchids were
processed to wool-on tannage. Comparative information on fibre metrology, skin
mensuration, physical strength of the leather and commercial utility was
collected. Skins from all genotypes had a surface area >0.75
m2 and satisfactory physical properties. Pinhole was
common amongst all genotypes, whereas ribbyness was largely a Merino trait.
Ribbyness was associated with more frequent scarring from shearing damage and
processing, indicating that Merino skins are least desirable for production of
lamb nappa.
The fine diameter and low medullation of Merino wool differed from all the
other genotypes whose wool can be classed as industrial. After trimming to a
25 mm nap, lambskins of all genotypes were suitable for wool-on leather
products. Skins from well managed lambs of all genotypes would be suitable as
wool-on skins.
Identifying suitable temperate forage legume species for saline areas
Authors: Rogers M. E. , Noble C. L. , Pederick R. J.
Published: August 2004

Summary. The salt tolerance of 29 lines of annual and
perennial forage legume species was evaluated in 4 separate experiments over
0–100 mol NaCl/m3 in the greenhouse with the
aim of identifying genetic material that is more salt tolerant than the more
traditionally grown forage legume species.
Several species or lines showed potential as salt-tolerant germplasm including
Trifolium tomentosum, 2 lines of
T. squamosum and T. alexandrinum
cvv. Mescani and Wardan which were all more salt tolerant than
T. subterraneum. Two lines of
Lotus tenuis and 1 line of
L. corniculatus were also relatively salt tolerant. Some
of this material had never been assessed before under saline conditions. In
contrast, several other species (T. arvense,
T. vesiculosum, T. angustifolium
and T. pratense) were found to be extremely salt
sensitive and/or produced very small amounts of dry matter over all NaCl
concentrations.
We believe that further selection and field evaluation (including selection
for increased productivity and salt tolerance over a range of growth stages)
is required for the material that showed potential in order to fully assess
its performance under saline soil conditions.
The use of substitution values for characterising fertiliser performance
Authors: Ratkowsky D. A. , Tennakoon S. B. , Sale P. W. G. , Simpson P. G.
Published: August 2004

Summary. The substitution value, or horizontal
comparison between a fertiliser and some high-performing reference fertiliser,
is shown to be a powerful and effective means of ranking the performance of
various reactive phosphate rock fertilisers relative to a water-soluble
phosphate such as a superphosphate. To take account of the variability due to
random error in fertiliser field trials, the use of a standardised score, one
measuring the relative departure of the substitution value from that expected
for the standard fertiliser, is shown to be a suitable statistic for general
use. Cluster analyses using these z-scores as input data can lead to
appropriate decision making such as, for example, grouping experimental sites
into: (i) those which perform as well as water-soluble phosphate, (ii) those
which are somewhat worse than water-soluble phosphate, and (iii) those which
are much worse than water-soluble phosphate. Substitution values obtained for
different reactive phosphate rocks were compared both within and between
sites, using appropriate statistical tests of significance. This approach
assisted in ranking the performance of the 5 reactive phosphate rocks and the
partially acidulated phosphate rock studied in the National Reactive Phosphate
Rock Project, and helped predict which ones are likely to be suitable for use
in differing environments.
The agronomic effectiveness of reactive phosphate rocks 3. A comparison of application strategies for soluble phosphorus and reactive phosphate rock fertilisers
Authors: Garden D. L. , Ward G. N. , Sale P. W. G. , Tennakoon S. , Hindell R. P. , Gardiner B.
Published: August 2004

Summary. An investigation into the effectiveness of
large (up to 80 kg P/ha), single dressings (capital applications) of
different phosphorus (P) fertilisers, compared with smaller annual
applications, was undertaken in the National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project.
Yield comparisons were made at 23 permanent pasture sites across Australia
using triple superphosphate, the highly reactive North Carolina phosphate rock
and a partially acidulated form of North Carolina rock. Over 4 years, 19 of 23
sites showed no significant reduction in mean annual pasture yield with a
single, large dressing applied in year 1 only, compared with an equivalent
amount of total P applied in 4 annual applications. At a site in North
Queensland, where the initial soil P level was very low, the large year-1
application of each fertiliser resulted in increased pasture production over
that obtained from smaller annual applications because of increased pasture
production in the early years. This amounted to an annual increase of between
1500 and 3000 kg dry matter/ha for the capital application strategy. The
effectiveness of capital applications depended on soil, pasture and climatic
conditions, and on the type of P fertiliser. Soil and environmental factors
which appear to be important in determining the effect of capital applications
are whether soils allow leaching of P (a function of rainfall and texture),
whether they are P-sorbing (a function of clay content and soil mineralogy),
the soil P content and how quickly it is being utilised by the pasture.
Capital applications can be considered where P is not leached from the soil
profile or where P sorption is low, and are most effective where soil P is low
and there is a responsive pasture species present. Capital applications of
water-soluble P fertiliser should not be considered on free-draining, low
P-absorbing soils. Average annual pasture dry matter losses of about 2000
kg/ha occurred with a capital application of triple superphosphate
compared with annual applications, at one such site in Tasmania. North
Carolina phosphate rock was found to be the most effective P fertiliser for
large capital applications, especially on free-draining, low P-absorbing
soils.
Effect of reactive phosphate rocks and water-soluble phosphorus fertilisers on extractable phosphorus concentrations in soil
Authors: Fleming N. K. , Bolland M. D. A. , Gilbert M. A.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Soil samples were collected each year from all
plots at all sites in the National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project and
analysed for bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus (P) using the Colwell procedure
(soil test P). The relationship between soil test P and the level of P applied
was adequately described by a linear equation. The slope coefficient of this
equation provides a measure of the extractability of P from soil treated with
a particular fertiliser and has been termed the ‘extractability’
for that particular fertiliser at that site. Extractability values were used
to estimate phosphate rock effectiveness; this was done by dividing the
extractability for each phosphate rock by the extractability of the reference
water-soluble P fertiliser to provide a relative soil extractability (RSE).
There was a good agreement between the RSE for a phosphate rock and its
substitution value for water-soluble P fertiliser, which is a measure of
fertiliser effectiveness based on pasture yield. Estimates of fertiliser
effectiveness, based on increases in soil test P values, also agreed with
estimates based on pasture yield with respect to the ranking of different P
fertilisers, and the ranking of phosphate rocks in order of their reactivity.
Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify
relationships between a range of soil properties and extractability values
across sites, but no relationships were found.