bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulse Flour Characteristics from a Wheat Flour Miller's Perspective: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Thakur S. , Scanlon M. G. , Tyler R. T. , Milani A. , Paliwal J.
Published: January 2019

Pulses (grain legumes) are increasingly of interest to the food industry as product formulators and consumers seek to exploit their fiber‐rich and protein‐rich reputation in the development of nutritionally attractive new products, particularly in the bakery, gluten‐free, snack, pasta, and noodle categories. The processing of pulses into consistent high‐quality ingredients starts with a well‐defined and controlled milling process. However, in contrast to the extensive body of knowledge on wheat flour milling, the peer‐reviewed literature on pulse flour milling is not as well defined, except for the dehulling process. This review synthesizes information on milling of leguminous commodities such as chickpea (kabuli and desi), lentil (green and red), pea, and bean (adzuki, black, cowpea, kidney, navy, pinto, and mung) from the perspective of a wheat miller to explore the extent to which pulse milling studies have addressed the objectives of wheat flour milling. These objectives are to reduce particle size (so as to facilitate ingredient miscibility), to separate components (so as to improve value and/or functionality), and to effect mechanochemical transformations (for example, to cause starch damage). Current international standards on pulse quality are examined from the perspective of their relationship to the millability of pulses (that is, grain legume properties at mill receival). The effect of pulse flour on the quality of the products they are incorporated in is examined solely from the perspective of flour quality not quantity. Finally, we identify research gaps where critical questions should be answered if pulse milling science and technology are to be established on par with their wheat flour milling counterparts.
DNA metabarcoding as a tool for invertebrate community monitoring: a case study comparison with conventional techniques
Authors: Watts Corinne , Dopheide Andrew , Holdaway Robert , Davis Carina , Wood Jamie , Thornburrow Danny , Dickie Ian A
Published: January 2019

When conserving native biodiversity, it is particularly important to consider invertebrates, a diverse and functionally important component of biodiversity. However, their inclusion in monitoring and conservation planning has lagged behind larger fauna because collecting, sorting and identifying invertebrates using conventional monitoring techniques is often expensive, time consuming and restricted by expertise in diagnostics. Emerging DNA metabarcoding techniques could potentially revolutionise monitoring of invertebrates by providing the ability to characterise entire communities from a single, easily collected environmental sample. We aimed to characterise the invertebrate fauna of an isolated, coastal forest fragment in New Zealand using the same level of financial investment for conventional invertebrate monitoring (pitfall and malaise traps) and a DNA metabarcoding approach applied to two alternative sample types (conventional invertebrate samples and soil samples). The bulk invertebrate and soil DNA metabarcoding methods were able to reproduce ecological patterns observed in the beetle community detected using conventional sampling. The soil DNA metabarcoding method detected a different beetle community and a more diverse array of invertebrate taxa than conventional sampling techniques. DNA metabarcoding offers conservation managers a practical, cost‐effective technique for characterising whole invertebrate communities. However, increasing the taxonomic coverage of reference sequence databases (particularly for New Zealand invertebrates) through DNA barcoding efforts should be the focus of future research as it would improve the utility of metabarcoding methods for invertebrate monitoring, which would complement conventional techniques.
Genome‐wide association studies pathway‐based meta‐analysis for residual feed intake in beef cattle
Authors: Duarte D. A. S. , Newbold C. J. , Detmann E. , Silva F. F. , Freitas P. H. F. , Veroneze R. , Duarte M. S.
Published: January 2019

Genome‐wide association studies (GWASes) have been performed to search for genomic regions associated with residual feed intake (RFI); however inconsistent results have been obtained. A meta‐analysis may improve these results by decreasing the false‐positive rate. Additionally, pathway analysis is a powerful tool that complements GWASes, as it enables identification of gene sets involved in the same pathway that explain the studied phenotype. Because there are no reports on GWAS pathways‐based meta‐analyses for RFI in beef cattle, we used several GWAS results to search for significant pathways that may explain the genetic mechanism underlying this trait. We used an efficient permutation hypothesis test that takes into account the linkage disequilibrium patterns between SNPs and the functional feasibility of the identified genes over the whole genome. One significant pathway (valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation) related to RFI was found. The three genes in this pathway—methylcrotonoyl‐CoA carboxylase 1 (MCCC1), aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) and propionyl‐CoA carboxylase alpha subunit (PCCA)—were found in three different studies. This same pathway was also reported in a transcriptome analysis from two cattle populations divergently selected for high and low RFI. We conclude that a GWAS pathway‐based meta‐analysis can be an appropriate method to uncover biological insights into RFI by combining useful information from different studies.
Mobile health tools for the management of chronic respiratory diseases
Authors: Sleurs Kristien , Seys Sven F. , Bousquet Jean , Fokkens Wytske J. , Gorris Senne , Pugin Benoit , Hellings Peter W.
Published: January 2019

Background

The market of mobile health (mHealth) technology is rapidly evolving, making new mobile technologies potentially available for healthcare systems. Patient empowerment through self‐monitoring of symptoms, shared decision making with the physician, and easily accessible education are important features extending the reach of mHealth technology beyond traditional care.

Methods

Two digital distribution platforms (Apple App Store and Google Play Store) were searched for currently available mobile applications (apps) for patients with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). A new index (score ranging from 0 to 10) was developed to assess the potential of apps as a tool to empower patients through mobile technology (based on self‐monitoring, personalized feedback, and patient education app features).

Results

One hundred and twelve apps were retained for analysis and could be classified in 5 categories: Asthma (n = 71), COPD (n = 15), Asthma and COPD (n = 15), Rhinitis and Asthma (n = 5), and Rhinosinusitis (n = 6). Eighty percent were developed by medical technology companies compared to 18% by medical doctors and 2% by pharmaceutical companies. Two‐thirds of apps allow disease self‐monitoring, whereas over half of apps provide patient feedback through graphs. Sixty percent of apps contain easily accessible patient education material. Only three percent of apps reach a score of ≥7 on the newly designed patient empowerment index.

Conclusions

A variety of apps are available for patients with CRDs of which only few were developed by or jointly with medical doctors. The majority of these apps include self‐monitoring tools, but only few also provide personalized feedback, which is needed to adopt these apps into daily care.
An Intimate Inventory of Race and Waste
Authors: Vasudevan Pavithra
Published: January 2019

This article focuses on Badin, North Carolina, a segregated aluminum company town established in the early 1900s and site of a current environmental justice struggle. Racialised industrial toxicity operates through quotidian relations of care, corporate and state claims to innocence, and perversion of pleasurable environments. This affective and materialist inventory illustrates how race and waste intertwined in Badin to make aluminum vital and valuable. Drawing on critical race and postcolonial studies, feminist geopolitics, and science studies, this paper argues that intimacy is a crucial analytic for understanding racial capitalism as a political and ecological project in multiple spheres including the workplace, the home, the community and the landscape.
Effects of 7S and 11S on the intestine of weaned piglets after injection and oral administration of soybean antigen protein
Authors: Peng Chenglu , Tang Xuebing , Shu Yingshuang , He Mengchu , Xia Xiaodong , Zhang Yu , Cao Chengming , Li Yu , Feng Shibin , Wang Xichun , Wu Jinjie
Published: January 2019

Soybeans are used increasingly in food products because of their health benefits. In this study, we investigated the effect of soybean antigen protein on weaned piglet intestine. Seventy piglets were randomly divided into seven groups with 10 piglets each. At 7 and 14 days of age, groups A–C were injected with saline, and D–G were intramuscularly injected with or orally administered 7S or 11S. Groups B–G were artificially sensitized by dietary 7S or 11S. At 27 days, the small intestinal tissues were collected to determine levels of histamine, sIgA protein, and IgA mRNA. Histamine in B–G was significantly decreased in the duodenum and ileum. Moreover, sIgA expression was higher in all groups than in A, with B/C>D–G and F/G>D/E; the trend in IgA expression was similar. Collectively, these results indicated that soybean antigen protein‐immunizing agents decrease sIgA and IgA levels. Additionally, the effect of injection immunization occurred prior to that of oral immunization.
3‐Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase supports endothelial cell angiogenesis and bioenergetics
Authors: Abdollahi Govar Armita , Törő Gábor , Szaniszlo Peter , Pavlidou Athanasia , Bibli Sofia‐Iris , Thanki Ketan , Resto Vicente A. , Chao Celia , Hellmich Mark R. , Szabo Csaba , Papapetropoulos Andreas , Módis Katalin
Published: January 2019

Background and Purpose

During angiogenesis, quiescent endothelial cells (ECs) are activated by various stimuli to form new blood vessels from pre‐existing ones in physiological and pathological conditions. Many research groups have shown that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the newest member of the gasotransmitter family, acts as a proangiogenic factor. To date, very little is known about the regulatory role of 3‐mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3‐MST), an important H2S‐producing enzyme in ECs. The aim of our study was to explore the potential role of 3‐MST in human EC bioenergetics, metabolism, and angiogenesis.

Experimental Approach

To assess in vitro angiogenic responses, we used EA.hy926 human vascular ECs subjected to shRNA‐mediated 3‐MST attenuation and pharmacological inhibition of proliferation, migration, and tube‐like network formation. To evaluate bioenergetic parameters, cell respiration, glycolysis, glucose uptake, and mitochondrial/glycolytic ATP production were measured. Finally, global metabolomic profiling was performed to determine the level of 669 metabolic compounds.

Key Results

3‐MST‐attenuated ECs subjected to shRNA or pharmacological inhibition of 3‐MST significantly reduced EC proliferation, migration, and tube‐like network formation. 3‐MST silencing also suppressed VEGF‐induced EC migration. From bioenergetic and metabolic standpoints, 3‐MST attenuation decreased mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial ATP production, increased glucose uptake, and perturbed the entire EC metabolome.

Conclusion and Implications

3‐MST regulates bioenergetics and morphological angiogenic functions in human ECs. The data presented in the current report support the view that 3‐MST pathway may be a potential candidate for therapeutic modulation of angiogenesis.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Hydrogen Sulfide in Biology & Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.4/issuetoc
An ecosystem risk assessment of temperate and tropical forests of the Americas with an outlook on future conservation strategies
Authors: Ferrer‐Paris José Rafael , Zager Irene , Keith David A. , Oliveira‐Miranda María A. , Rodríguez Jon Paul , Josse Carmen , González‐Gil Mario , Miller Rebecca M. , Zambrana‐Torrelio Carlos , Barrow Edmund
Published: January 2019

Forests of the Americas and the Caribbean are undergoing rapid change as human populations increase and land use intensifies. We applied the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) criteria and simple cost‐efficiency analyses to provide the first regional perspective on patterns of relative risk integrated across multiple threats. Based on six indicators of ecosystem distribution and function, we find that 80% of the forest types and 85% of the current forest area is potentially threatened based on RLE criteria. Twelve forest types are Critically Endangered due to past or projected future deforestation, and Tropical Dry Forests and Woodland have highest threat scores. To efficiently reduce risks to forest ecosystems at national levels, scenario analyses show that countries would need to combine large forest protection measures with focused actions, tailored to their sociopolitical context, to help restore ecological functions in a selection of threatened forest types.
Involvement of HGF/MET signaling in appendicular muscle development in cartilaginous fish
Authors: Okamoto Eri , Moriyama Yuuta , Kuraku Shigehiro , Kai Kei‐ichi , Tanaka Mikiko
Published: January 2019

In amniotes, limb muscle precursors de‐epithelialize from the ventral dermomyotome and individually migrate into limb buds. In catsharks, Scyliorhinus, fin muscle precursors are also derived from the ventral dermomyotome, but shortly after de‐epithelialization, they reaggregate within the pectoral fin bud and differentiate into fin muscles. Delamination of muscle precursors has been suggested to be controlled by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor (MET) in amniotes. Here, we explore the possibility that HGF/MET signaling regulates the delamination of appendicular muscle precursors in embryos of the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula. Our analysis reveals that Hgf is expressed in pectoral fin buds, whereas c‐Met expression in fin muscle precursors is rapidly downregulated. We propose that alteration of the duration of c‐Met expression in appendicular muscle precursors might underlie the evolution of individually migrating muscle precursors, which leads to the emergence of complex appendicular muscular systems in amniotes.
Development and evolution of color patterns in ladybird beetles: A case study in Harmonia axyridis
Authors: Ando Toshiya , Niimi Teruyuki
Published: January 2019

Many organisms show various geometric color patterns on their bodies, and the developmental, evolutionary, genetic, and ecological bases of these patterns have been intensely studied in various organisms. Ladybird beetles display highly diverse patterns of wing (elytral) color and are one of the most attractive model organisms for studying these characteristics. In this study, we reviewed the genetic history of elytral color patterns in the Asian multicolored ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis from the classical genetic studies led by the pupils of Thomas Hunt Morgan and Theodosius Dobzhansky to recent genomic studies that revealed that a single GATA transcription factor gene, pannier, regulates the highly diverse elytral color patterns in this species. We also reviewed and discussed the developmental and evolutionary mechanisms driven by the pannier locus in H. axyridis. In the development sections, we focused on the following two topics: (a) how the red (carotenoid) and black (melanin) pigmentation of elytra is regulated by the pannier and pigmentation genes and (b) how the diverse color patterns are formed by integrating regulatory inputs from other genes involved in wing development. In the evolution section, we subsequently focused on the highly diversified DNA sequences within the first intron of pannier that are 56–76 kb long and that were generated through recurrent multiple inversions. Furthermore, we discussed how these recurrent inversions have driven the diversification of color patterns throughout evolution.
Preoperative botulinum neurotoxin A for children with bilateral cerebral palsy undergoing major hip surgery: a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Will Elspeth , Magill Nicholas , Arnold Rebecca , Davies Megan , Doherty Gary , Fairhurst Charlie , Roposch Andreas , Lundy Claire , Norman‐Taylor Fabian
Published: January 2019

Aim

To assess whether preoperative botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT‐A) affects pain after major hip surgery for children with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

This was a randomized, parallel arms, placebo‐contolled trial. Children with hypertonic CP aged 2 to 15 years awaiting bony hip surgery at a tertiary hospital were randomized to receive either BoNT‐A or placebo injections into the muscles of the hip on a single occasion immediately before surgery. The primary outcome was the paediatric pain profile (PPP), which was assessed at baseline and weekly for 6 weeks. Treatment allocation was by minimization. Participants, clinicians, and outcome assessors were masked to group assignment.

Results

Twenty‐seven participants (17 males, 10 females; mean 8y 8mo [SD 3y 9mo], range 3y 4mo–15y 10mo) were allocated to BoNT‐A and 27 participants (14 males, 13 females; mean 8y 11mo [SD 3y 5mo], range 4y 1mo–15y 2mo) to placebo. Mean (SD) PPP at 6 weeks for the BoNT‐A group (n=24 followed up) was 10.96 (7.22) and for the placebo group (n=26) was 10.04 (8.54) (p=0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] –4.82, 3.18). There were 16 serious adverse events in total during 6 months of follow‐up (n=6 in BoNT‐A group).

Interpretation

Use of BoNT‐A immediately before bony hip surgery for reducing postoperative pain for children with CP was not supported.

What this paper adds

Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT‐A) does not reduce postoperative pain following bony hip surgery.

BoNT‐A also does not affect postoperative quality of life.
Specialized, multi‐component care for individuals with first‐episode psychosis: Effects on autonomy, competence and relatedness
Authors: Breitborde Nicholas J. K. , Pine Jacob G. , Moe Aubrey M.
Published: January 2019

Aim

Self‐determination theory (SDT) has demonstrated that human well‐being is associated with the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs (ie, autonomy, competence and relatedness)—with more recent research highlighting the applicability of SDT to individuals with first‐episode psychosis (FEP). These findings suggest that satisfaction of basic psychological need may be an important treatment target for specialized clinical programs for FEP.

Methods

We examined the effects of participation in specialized, multi‐component care for FEP on basic psychological need satisfaction.

Results

After 6 months of treatment, individuals with FEP experienced gains in autonomy and relatedness and a near significant improvement in competence.

Conclusions

Although our results should be interpreted cautiously given the uncontrolled study design and small sample size, our data suggest that the benefits of participation in comprehensive, early intervention for psychotic disorders may include increased satisfaction of basic psychological needs.
Dimensional structure of first episode psychosis
Authors: Tonna Matteo , Ossola Paolo , Marchesi Carlo , Bettini Elena , Lasalvia Antonio , Bonetto Chiara , Lenzi Jacopo , Rucci Paola , Iozzino Laura , Cellini Massimo , Comacchio Carla , Cristofalo Doriana , D'Agostino Armando , de Girolamo Giovanni , De Santi Katia , Ghigi Daniela , Leuci Emanuela , Miceli Maurizio , Meneghelli Anna , Pileggi Francesca , Scarone Silvio , Santonastaso Paolo , Torresani Stefano , Tosato Sarah , Veronese Angela , Fioritti Angelo , Ruggeri Mirella ,   the GET UP Group
Published: January 2019

Aim

Current diagnostic systems, DSM‐5 and ICD‐10, still adopt a categorical approach to classify psychotic disorders. The present study was aimed at investigating the structure of psychotic symptomatology in both affective and non‐affective psychosis from a dimensional approach.

Methods

Participants with a first episode psychosis (FEP) were recruited from a cluster‐randomized controlled trial (GET‐UP PIANO TRIAL), offered to all Community Mental Health Centres (CMHCs) located across two northern Italian regions. After clinical stabilization, patients were assessed with a comprehensive set of psychopathological measures including the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Bech‐Rafaelsen Mania Rating Scale. A two‐step cluster analysis was performed.

Results

Overall, 257 FEP patients (male, n = 171, 66.5%; mean age = 24.96 ± 4.56) were included in the study. The cluster analysis revealed a robust four‐cluster solution: delusional‐persecutory (n = 82; 31.9%), depressed (n = 95; 37%), excited (n = 26; 10.1%) and negative‐disorganized (n = 54; 21%), thus suggesting a quadripartite structure with both affective and non‐affective dimensions. Among non‐affective dimensions, negative and disorganization symptoms constituted a unique construct apart from positive symptoms.

Conclusions

Symptom dimensions may represent a useful tool for dissecting the indistinct and non‐specific psychopathology of FEP in order to better target specific interventions.
Ecoacoustics can detect ecosystem responses to environmental water allocations
Authors: Linke Simon , Deretic Jo‐Anne
Published: January 2019

Globally, water abstraction for human consumption and irrigated agriculture leads to significant changes in aquatic ecosystems. To counter these detrimental effects, water releases—often termed environmental water allocations—restore overbank flow or are delivered to artificially disconnected wetlands. While a suite of monitoring methods is available, few programmes track continuous change in biota, mainly because repeated remote site visits can be prohibitively expensive.

In this paper, we propose a new approach to environmental flow monitoring, using ecoacoustic methods. We test acoustic monitoring of frog and waterbird responses to environmental water deliveries in the Goulburn Broken, a valley in the southern Murray–Darling river system. Response to three major environmental water deliveries within 2 years was monitored at four sites along Reedy swamp. Every 2 weeks, 30 s were recorded every 30 min, for a total of 24 hr.

We used two analysis strategies—manual counts of bird calls, as well as ecoacoustic indices, which describe the sonic properties of the acoustic spectrum at a site. Manual counts demonstrated that water‐dependent birds were clearly responding to environmental water deliveries, whereas non‐water‐dependent species did not show any increases in activity. After restricting the analysis to the dawn chorus of birds and frogs, two acoustic indices (the median amplitude and the acoustic complexity index) showed responses to watering events.

Ecoacoustic methods show promise for continuous response monitoring to environmental water allocations. However, the first strategy—manual annotation of calls—might be too labour intensive for standard monitoring programmes. The second strategy—index‐based approaches—can also detect ecological responses, although further investigation using control sites is needed. Automated call classifiers are an alternative that is currently being developed for endangered species. We also encourage simultaneous monitoring of the soundscape above and under water.
Improving reporting of meta‐ethnography: The eMERGe reporting guidance
Authors: France Emma F. , Cunningham Maggie , Ring Nicola , Uny Isabelle , Duncan Edward AS , Jepson Ruth G , Maxwell Margaret , Roberts Rachel J. , Turley Ruth L. , Booth Andrew , Britten Nicky , Flemming Kate , Gallagher Ian , Garside Ruth , Hannes Karin , Lewin Simon , Noblit George W. , Pope Catherine , Thomas James , Vanstone Meredith , Higginbottom Gina M. A. , Noyes Jane
Published: January 2019

Aims

The aim of this study was to provide guidance to improve the completeness and clarity of meta‐ethnography reporting.

Background

Evidence‐based policy and practice require robust evidence syntheses which can further understanding of people's experiences and associated social processes. Meta‐ethnography is a rigorous seven‐phase qualitative evidence synthesis methodology, developed by Noblit and Hare. Meta‐ethnography is used widely in health research, but reporting is often poor quality and this discourages trust in and use of its findings. Meta‐ethnography reporting guidance is needed to improve reporting quality.

Design

The eMERGe study used a rigorous mixed‐methods design and evidence‐based methods to develop the novel reporting guidance and explanatory notes.

Methods

The study, conducted from 2015 ‐ 2017, comprised of: (1) a methodological systematic review of guidance for meta‐ethnography conduct and reporting; (2) a review and audit of published meta‐ethnographies to identify good practice principles; (3) international, multidisciplinary consensus‐building processes to agree guidance content; (4) innovative development of the guidance and explanatory notes.

Findings

Recommendations and good practice for all seven phases of meta‐ethnography conduct and reporting were newly identified leading to 19 reporting criteria and accompanying detailed guidance.

Conclusion

The bespoke eMERGe Reporting Guidance, which incorporates new methodological developments and advances the methodology, can help researchers to report the important aspects of meta‐ethnography. Use of the guidance should raise reporting quality. Better reporting could make assessments of confidence in the findings more robust and increase use of meta‐ethnography outputs to improve practice, policy, and service user outcomes in health and other fields. This is the first tailored reporting guideline for meta‐ethnography. This article is being simultaneously published in the following journals: Journal of Advanced Nursing, Psycho‐oncology, Review of Education, and BMC Medical Research Methodology.
Proposing a policy framework for nursing education for fostering compassion in nursing students: A critical review
Authors: Younas Ahtisham , Maddigan Joy
Published: January 2019

Aims

To propose a policy framework for nursing education to foster compassion in nursing students.

Design

A critical review.

Data sources

Literature was searched in CINAHL, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar and sources published from January 2008 ‐ April 2018 were reviewed.

Review methods

We screened abstracts and full‐texts using specific inclusion criteria, developed summary tables for data extraction and synthesized data logically to develop the framework.

Results

Twenty‐nine sources were reviewed. Recognizing, accepting, and alleviating patients’ suffering are direct indicators of compassionate care. Three policy directions were identified: ensure the nursing curriculum has an appropriate balance of teaching‐learning strategies that target learning in the affective domain, directly promote the use of reflection and the development of reflective thinking in students as an approach to enhance excellence in clinical practice and integrate information and assess students’ understanding and expression of compassion throughout the nursing curriculum.

Conclusion

Compassion is expressed when nurses authentically work to understand patients’ suffering and become sensitive to their experiences. Future research should focus on developing strategies that align with the affective domain and use reflection to optimize nursing students’ experiential learning.

Impact

Policies are needed for cultivating a compassionate care culture and for fostering students’ compassion, but no guidelines exist for nursing institutions. Targeting the affective learning domain, facilitating reflection, and integrating compassionate care indicators in clinical learning experiences can be useful. Therefore, nursing institutions can use these findings to integrate and measure compassionate care in clinical and educational curricula to foster students’ compassion.
A tentative new species Aphanomyces fennicus sp. nov. interferes with molecular diagnostic methods for crayfish plague
Authors: Viljamaa‐Dirks Satu , Heinikainen Sirpa
Published: January 2019

Several isolates of an unknown oomycete resembling the genus Aphanomyces were obtained into laboratory culture from samples of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) in 2016–2017. The crayfish were kept in cages in connection with a study on an eventually persistent crayfish plague infection in a small Finnish lake, following an acute episode of the disease in 2010. Despite the close resemblance of the isolates to the causative agent of crayfish plague, Aphanomyces astaci, and the positive results obtained in OIE recommended A. astaci‐specific ITS‐based conventional PCR and qPCR molecular assays, the isolates can be distinguished from A. astaci by morphological features concerning hyphal structure and chlamydospore formation, as well as using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA‐polymerase chain reaction (RAPD‐PCR) method, microsatellite‐based genotyping, the pathogenicity test and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequencing. The name Aphanomyces fennicus sp. novum is proposed for this close relative of A. astaci. The detection of this tentative novel species giving false‐positive results in existing diagnostic assays for the crayfish plague highlights the importance of careful interpretation of the results from molecular methods, especially concerning crayfish with low‐level infections, excluding the possibility to verify the results from clinical or sequencing data.
Cost‐Benefit Analysis of Hearing Care Services: What Is It Worth to Medicare?
Authors: Willink Amber , Reed Nicholas S. , Lin Frank R.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Hearing care services for older adults with hearing aids are underutilized and are not covered by the Medicare program. Little information exists to the value of hearing care services for older adults with hearing aids. The objective of this analysis is to estimate the potential costs and benefits to the Medicare program of covering hearing care services.

Design

Cross‐sectional analysis using propensity score matching methods to create balanced and comparable groups. We conducted a 1:1 match of older Medicare beneficiaries with hearing aids who self‐reported use of hearing care services in the previous 12 months to those with hearing aids who did not use hearing care services. Groups were balanced on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as well as health status, functional impairment, and trouble hearing. We compared average total Medicare spending per person between matched groups, as well as by service type.

Setting

Nationally representative survey of Medicare beneficiaries in the United States (Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey) 2013.

Participants

Study participants were limited to those in the survey who reported using hearing aids in 2013 (n = 1120).

Results

Average annual Medicare spending was $8196 (95% confidence interval [CI] = $6670‐$9723) among Medicare beneficiaries who used hearing care services and $10,709 (95% CI = $8878‐$12,541) among matched controls who did not use hearing care services. Total spending per person was $2513 (95% CI = $150‐$4876) higher among those who did not use hearing care services, with spending differences driven mostly by higher‐skilled nursing facility (difference = $825; 95% CI = $193‐$1455) and home health (difference = $287; 95% CI = $7‐$568) spending among matched controls.

Conclusion

Utilization of hearing care services among older adults with hearing aids is associated with reduced Medicare spending. Increasing access to hearing care services among Medicare beneficiaries with hearing aids may provide value to the healthcare system and net savings to the Medicare program. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:784–789, 2019.
Contrasting Explicit With Implicit Measures of Children's Representations: The Case of Segmental Phonology
Authors: Ainsworth Steph , Welbourne Stephen , Woollams Anna , Hesketh Anne
Published: January 2019

Current theories of phonological development make contrasting predictions about the role of vocabulary growth and orthographic knowledge in the emergence of segmental phonological representations. Testing these predictions in children is made difficult by the metacognitive nature of tasks used to assess phonological representations. In this study, we used novel tasks to measure the sensitivity of 88 children (3 years 2 months–5 years 7 months) to phonological segments, without requiring them to have any explicit awareness of the sounds in words. We contrasted these measures with measures requiring explicit segmental analysis of word forms. Results showed that, although explicit segmental analysis is related to letter–sound knowledge, tasks measuring implicit segmental sensitivity provide evidence of segmental phonology related to vocabulary growth and not mediated by orthography. Findings highlight the importance of tapping into the structure of children's phonological representations using tasks that minimize the requirement for explicit awareness.
PenSeq: coverage you can count on
Authors: Kale Shiv D.
Published: January 2019

This article is a Commentary on Thilliez et al., 221: 1634–1648 and Jouet et al., 221: 1529–1543.
Relationship between biodiversity and agricultural production
Authors: Brunetti Ilaria , Tidball Mabel , Couvet Denis
Published: January 2019

The intensification of agriculture is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss. We model the interdependent relationship between agriculture and wild biodiversity providing regulating services to agriculture on farmed land. We suppose that while agriculture has a negative impact on wild biodiversity, the latter can increase agricultural production. Farmers act as myopic agents, who maximize their instantaneous profit without considering the negative effects of their practice on the evolution of biodiversity. Two unexpected results arise (a) a tax on inputs can have a positive effect on yield since it can be considered as a social signal helping farmers to avoid myopic behavior concerning the positive effect of biodiversity on yield; (b) increasing biodiversity productivity, a proposal of ecological intensification, affects negatively the level of biodiversity, a counter‐intuitive result; due to the fact that when biodiversity is more productive, farmers can maintain lower biodiversity to get the same yield.

Recommendations for Resource Managers

In this study, we present a model to describe the interdependent relationship between farming activity and biodiversity on farmed land. Besides considering the negative impact of agriculture on biodiversity, models should take into account the fact that biodiversity can increase production.

In contrast to what is generally expected, the tax can have a positive effect on yield because the tax can be considered as a social signal helping farmers to avoid myopic behavior in regard to the positive effect of biodiversity on yield, discounting its future positive effect.

Moreover, increasing the productivity of wild biodiversity, which provides ecosystem services favorable to agriculture, a proposal of ecological intensification, can be detrimental to such biodiversity.
The neurobiology of addiction
Authors: Uhl George R. , Koob George F. , Cable Jennifer
Published: January 2019

Substance and alcohol use disorders impose large health and economic burdens on individuals, families, communities, and society. Neither prevention nor treatment efforts are effective in all individuals. Results are often modest. Advances in neuroscience and addiction research have helped to describe the neurobiological changes that occur when a person transitions from recreational substance use to a substance use disorder or addiction. Understanding both the drivers and consequences of substance use in vulnerable populations, including those whose brains are still maturing, has revealed behavioral and biological characteristics that can increase risks of addiction. These findings are particularly timely, as law‐ and policymakers are tasked to reverse the ongoing opioid epidemic, as more states legalize marijuana, as new products including electronic cigarettes and newly designed abused substances enter the legal and illegal markets, and as “deaths of despair” from alcohol and drug misuse continue.
Species‐specific inhibition of antiviral protein kinase R by capripoxviruses and vaccinia virus
Authors: Park Chorong , Peng Chen , Brennan Greg , Rothenburg Stefan
Published: January 2019

Double‐stranded RNA‐activated protein kinase R (PKR) is an important and rapidly evolving antiviral kinase. Most poxviruses contain two distinct PKR inhibitors, called E3 and K3 in vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototypic orthopoxvirus. E3 prevents PKR homodimerization by binding double‐stranded RNA, while K3 acts as a pseudosubstrate inhibitor by binding directly to activated PKR and thereby inhibiting interaction with its substrate eIF2α. In our study here, we analyzed E3 and K3 orthologs from the phylogenetically distinct capripoxviruses (CaPVs), which include lumpy skin disease virus, sheeppox virus, and goatpox virus. Whereas the sheeppox virus E3 ortholog did not substantially inhibit PKR, all three CaPV K3 orthologs showed species‐specific inhibition of PKR, with strong inhibition of sheep, goat, and human PKR but only weak inhibition of cow and mouse PKR. In contrast, VACV K3 strongly inhibited cow and mouse PKR but not sheep, goat, or human PKR. Infection of cell lines from the respective species with engineered VACV strains that contained different K3 orthologs showed a good correlation of PKR inhibition with virus replication and eIF2α phosphorylation. Our results show that K3 orthologs can have dramatically different effects on PKR of different species and indicate that effective PKR inhibition by K3 orthologs is crucial for virus replication.
Autonomous Local Climate Change Policy: An Analysis of the Effect of Intergovernmental Relations Among Subnational Governments
Authors: Schwartz Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Local governments have emerged as important players in climate change governance, both at home and on the international stage. Likewise, action by states and provinces has been increasingly highlighted, particularly as national actors have moved slowly to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But to what extent do local governments act independently from state and provincial governments in the area of climate change mitigation? Using an explicit process tracing approach, the article tests two hypotheses regarding the influence of upper level subnational governments on local policy. In Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, a city that is a climate change leader, provincial government intervention cannot explain the results of climate change mitigation policy making. This suggests that local governments can exercise an important degree of autonomy over climate change policy, but also implies that where municipalities are less independently committed to climate action, active upper level government intervention will likely be needed.
Donor white‐blood‐cell survival (microchimerism) following red‐blood‐cell transfusion in Australian patients with burn
Authors: Hirani Rena , Taggart Susan , Maitz Peter , Irving David O.
Published: January 2019

Background

Donor white‐blood‐cell (leucocyte) engraftment, also known as transfusion‐associated microchimerism (TAM), remains a potential outcome for some patients who receive a red‐blood‐cell (RBC) transfusion. Australia introduced universal leucocyte filtration of RBC components in October 2008. However, preceding studies in major trauma patients indicate that filtration does not eliminate the potential of TAM following blood transfusion. Any potential for TAM in other patient groups has not been previously characterized. This study aimed to analyse if TAM could be detected in burn patients.

Study design and methods

Australian burn patients were recruited with injury composing of total body surface area (TBSA) ≥15% and who had been transfused with at least one RBC unit between 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2011. The incidence of TAM was determined using a panel of 12 bi‐allelic insertion/deletion polymorphisms.

Results

This patient cohort (n = 8) had median TBSA burn of 34% [15–70%], were transfused with median 9·5 RBC units [1–31] and had median hospital length of stay of 29 days [21–51]. Half of these patients had been transfused with universally leucodepleted RBCs. One patient who received leucodepleted RBC units showed an insertion/deletion pattern indicating the presence of TAM.

Conclusion

The detection of TAM in burn patients has not previously been described. In the cohort studied here, TAM was detected in one of the eight patients analysed. Even though leucodepleted blood products were used in some of the analysed patients, TAM appears to remain a potential transfusion‐related outcome.
An Evaluation of the Interfacial Bond Strength of Kenaf Fibrous Concrete and Plain Concrete Composite
Authors: Ogunbode Ezekiel Babatunde , Jamaludin Mohamad Yatim , Bin Affendi Hazim , Abdul Aziz Azmahani , Ishak Yunus Mohd , Hamid Hazlan Abdul
Published: January 2019

The deterioration of concrete structures is a matter of critical concern as it threatens the durability and strength of concrete structures. Kenaf fibrous concrete composite (KFCC) can be used with advantage in new structures such as precast elements, as well as the strengthening, repair and rehabilitation of old structures to improve their durability properties. These structures are composite components, with parts as Plain concrete (PC) and others as KFCC. This study, therefore, investigated the interfacial bonding behaviour between KFCC and PC. Shear, tensile and compressive tests were carried out to measure the bond strength in shear, direct tension and compression respectively for PC to PC, PC to KFCC and KFCC to KFCC interface. Three different types of concrete grade (25, 35, and 45 MPa) were produced for the KFCC and one type of concrete grade (35 MPa) for the substrate PC. The outcome of the test showed that KFCC had an excellent interlock with the surface of the PC substrate, and thus, gives bond strength greater than the strength of PC. New concrete with the highest concrete grade of 45 MPa ensued in high compressive, tensile and shear bond strength.
Application of direct payment clause 30A.0 of the Asian International Arbitration Centre (AIAC) Standard Form of Contract (with quantities)
Authors: Mustaffa Nur Emma , Tajul Ariffin Hamizah Liyana , Othman Norazam , Shamsudin Shahida Shaima
Published: January 2019

Conditional payment such as “pay when paid” or “pay if paid” can create negative chain effect on the parties in construction projects, resulting in delay on the completion of a project, adversarialism and may affect a contractor’s reputation. Asian International Arbitration Centre (AIAC) has launched a standard form of contract which is Construction Industry Payment Adjudication Act (CIPAA) compliance with the aim to reduce payment issues. The aim of the research is to identify whether the clause for “direct payment under CIPAA 2012” of the new AIAC standard form of contract can facilitate problems in direct payment.  In achieving the aim of the research, five legal cases were analysed and thirty questionnaires forms were distributed. Legal cases analysis findings highlighted that the major reasons of the direct payment issue being referred to court is due to the validity of the direct payment agreement between the disputant’s parties. Based on the cases heard before CIPAA enactment, the findings show that out of the three cases,  the disputants went to litigation because of the legality of direct payment agreements. Most of the agreements were made orally. For cases analysed after CIPAA was enacted, the findings show that the disputant parties do not opt for adjudication and that the main contractors try to mitigate their responsibilities to the employer. The results from the questionnaires distributed established that,  the direct payment clause could be successfully adopted for future use of the industry. Eventhough the AIAC standard form of contract has been formally introduced to the industry, but it is not widely used. From the findings of the questionnaire, it shows that with encouragement and support from the industry, direct payment clause of AIAC standard form of contract have the potential in reducing payment issues in the future. With the remodeling of standard form of contracts that are available in construction industry to be CIPAA compliance ,  it is hoped that this move may scale down the prevalent payment issues in Malaysian construction industry.
La construcción de noticias en comunidades de aprendizaje
Authors: Martín Rocío Belén , Corradini Mariana Carola
Published: January 2019

En este artículo se atiende a la importancia de diseñar y considerar tareas de aprendizaje específicas para la formación periodística. El estudio estuvo conformado por 23 asistentes a un taller de producción gráfica realizado en un contexto universitario. Los datos y materiales de recolección fueron observaciones de clases y el análisis de ocho tareas de aprendizaje. Entre los resultados, encontramos que las tareas de aprendizaje propuestas permitieron el trabajo con problemas de aprendizaje genuinos basados en la construcción de noticias y el desarrollo de competencias y habilidades propias del periodista.
Diferencia y normalidad: producción etnográfica e intervención en escuelas
Authors: Matus Claudia , Rojas-Lasch Carolina , Guerrero-Morales Patricia , Herraz-Mardones Pablo Cristian , Sanyal-Tudela Anita
Published: January 2019

En este artículo presentamos un circuito de indagación etnográfica y de intervención producido en una investigación entre 2013 y 2015 en cinco escuelas en Santiago de Chile, cuyo propósito fue documentar la producción de la normalidad y la diferencia en espacios escolares. Los marcos teóricos y metodológicos contestan la pregunta de cómo se hace etnografía e intervención cuando la pregunta de investigación se sitúa desde la producción de la normalidad. Los resultados muestran cómo los procesos culturales y sociales neutralizados son un espacio productivo para la reflexión necesaria para transformar las prácticas docentes.
Planeación didáctica en educación secundaria: un avance hacia la socioformación
Authors: Brito-Lara Maribel , López-Loya José , Parra-Acosta Haydeé
Published: January 2019

Se presenta un estudio cuantitativo realizado en el ciclo escolar 2015-2016, orientado a identificar las finalidades, enfoques y aspectos que toman en cuenta los profesores de secundaria para elaborar sus planeaciones didácticas. Participaron 433 docentes mexicanos. Los resultados muestran preponderancia de finalidades pedagógicas, si bien las evaluativas tienen importante ponderación; aun cuando el enfoque tradicional está considerablemente presente, se identifica de alguna forma el socioformativo. En este sentido, se concluye que las prácticas tradicionales no se alejan de las escuelas aun cuando hay argumentos en el discurso docente en los aspectos que utilizan en el diseño de la planeación didáctica.