bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classification and Processing of Big Data in Sensor Network Based on Suffix Tree Clustering
Authors: Tian Jun , Huang Lirong
Published: January 2019

Aiming at the perception data acquired by the widely used, fast-developing but still not perfect wireless sensor network system, a relatively complete and universal system for the collection, transmission, storage and cluster analysis of perception data is designed. Perception data is spliced and compressed at the node and reconstructed at the base station, the problem of the acquisition of perception data and energy consumption of transmission is optimized, the distributed storage system is established, and the data reading mechanism and data storage architecture are designed accordingly.The data acquisition protocol and the traditional protocol, the storage system itself and the Oracle database system, and Standard Deviation and Eigensystem Realization Algorithm are respectively adopted for comparison test.Based on Standard Deviation algorithm, the operation of suffix tree clustering is carried out, and the general steps of suffix tree clustering are studied and the structure of perception data and the characteristics of storage are adapted, and the data classification operation based on suffix tree clustering is completed. The results show that proposed Standard Deviationalgorithm algorithm not only inherits the efficiency of the classical algorithm for processing big data, but also has obvious effect on large-scale discrete data processing, and the efficiency is obviously improved compared with the traditional method.
Analytics, Operations Research, and Strategic Decision Making in the Military
Authors: Arnhart Lynette M. B. , King Marvin L.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the operations research techniques employed across the Department of Defense, focusing on how the operations research officers and government civilians contribute to senior leader decisions. There are four general areas that the Department of Defense conducts operations research: assessing strategic goals through a gap determination process; assessing the effectiveness of operations and exercises, wargaming, modeling, and simulation of combat for strategic analysis and acquisition; and personnel analysis across the Joint Force. The authors will describe the management processes and components of military only so far as needed to provide the context and background required to adequately describe the operations research techniques. This chapter will contribute to the overall mission of this book by generalizing the techniques used by the military to demonstrate how analysts can better evaluate proposed and existing programs throughout the government and the public sector.
Future of Jobs and Humans in a Tech-Centric World
Authors: Varanasi Rama Prasad
Published: January 2019

Modern technologies have presented the world with a plethora of new opportunities, from the mundane (reduced input rigor) through to new outcomes that eluded our collective wisdom and knowledge. These changes have confronted organizations with new risk types, spanning the strategic through to operational, resources through to circularity and sustainability. One poignant impact being seen today is the morphing between virtual and physical inputs (tech tools and humans), resulting in a demand for organizations to reinvigorate their business models in a manner that encompasses both types of inputs seamlessly. However, attendant issues with skills, job types, and tasks have come around full circle. One the one end, there is the fear of technology automating humans out of a job altogether (alongside the promise of enhancing individuals to pursue new skills in a cognitive world), while on the other end there are significant socio-economic concerns surrounding job losses and consequential impacts on the consumption-production continuum.
Stasis edema in poorly mobile nursing home patients: A treatment protocol
Authors: Benigni Jean Patrick , Uhl Jean François , Balet Florence , Chahim Maxime
Published: January 2019

Not available
Integration of citizenship education with religious education in Lesotho secondary schools
Authors: Mokotso Rasebate I.
Published: January 2019

The current article fervently acknowledges the general agreement that Lesotho had never experienced a stable democracy ever since the ultimate attainment of political independence in 1966. Among other possible solutions proposed to the problem of Lesotho’s democratic instability, citizenship education dominates government documents and various works regarding the political discourse. Although there is this pervasive recognition of the needed political educational intervention, there is no explicit direction on how to properly introduce the envisaged citizenship education. The article valiantly attempts bridging this visible gap by carefully probing the published literature to propose the meaningful integration of citizenship education with religious education. The discussion was guided by the critical use of the post-secular theoretical framework. The article highlights that, coupled with post-Christianity, post-secular theory undoubtedly provided a workable framework for the meaningful integration of secular (political citizenship) and religious essences for the promotion of democratic stability in Lesotho. The article logically concludes by showing that the proposed integration of citizenship education in religious education is within acceptable philosophical modes of proper education.
Modeling of Particle Behavior in a Wurster Fluidized Bed: Coupling CFD-DEM with Monte Carlo
Authors: Jiang Zhaochen , Rieck Christian , Bück Andreas , Tsotsas Evangelos
Published: January 2019

CFD-DEM approach is applied to investigate circulation motion of particles in a mono-disperse system under both dry and wetting conditions. Good agreement between simulation results and measurement data is observed, in terms of cycle time and residence time in dry condition. The deposition of droplets on the particle surface is modeled by a Monte Carlo approach. The influence of cohesion forces on the macroscopic particle circulation is discussed. In addition, information about coating coverage, the layer thickness and particle size distribution can be predicted by this integrating approach.Keywords: CFD-DEM; Wurster coater; Monte Carlo; cohesion force; residence time.
Robust feedback control of continuously operated convective dryers for particulate materials
Authors: Bück Andreas , Seidel Carsten , Neugebauer Christoph , Dürr Robert
Published: January 2019

Convective drying is a common process for the treatment of particulate solids also operated in continuous mode. Continuous operation is characterised by operation in steady-state with constant product throughput and constant product quality. Due to external influences, i.e. seasonal or local variations in the properties of the initial wet material, deviations in the product quality can result, for example over- or under-drying, or on-set of unwanted reaction. In this contribution a new feedback control concept is developed that is robust with respect to variations and uncertainties in the drying kinetics of the material and can reject and attenuate process disturbances. Keywords: Process control; drying kinetics; robustness; fluidized bed; yeast.
Experimental analysis of particle breakage and powder morphology in foam spray drying
Authors: Jaskulski Maciej , Lewandowski Artur , Zbiciński Ireneusz
Published: January 2019

The paper presents results of experiments of gas admixing foam spray drying of maltodextrin in co-current spray tower. Significant effect of feed foaming on particle sphericity, angle of repose, apparent and bulk density, Hausner ratio and porosity was found. Number of broken particles achieved 60 % for high foaming gas rate (GLR) and inlet air temperature due to particle overheating and bubble expansion. Analysis of the experiments results allowed to determine optimal range of operating conditions to reduce number of damaged particles, to around 15 % for the highest GLR and to minimize product degradation. Keywords: foamed materials, gas admixing, powder properties, powder quality
Preservation of mesophilic mixed culture for anaerobic palm oil mill effluent treatment by convective drying methods
Authors: Chin S. K. , Tan D. T. , Tan H. M. , Poh P. E.
Published: January 2019

While anaerobic digestion is a reliable method that treats the waste and produces renewable biomethane fuel, the necessary sludge in liquid form is difficult to handle due to the constant biogas generation. Therefore, this study investigates the possibility of convective air drying, namely heat pump and hot air circulation oven as preservation methods for anaerobic microbial sludge. Drying was conducted at various temperatures, ranging from 22℃ to 70℃. The study found that heat pump drying at 22℃ resulted in highest COD removal of 55.3% as well as the least log reduction in methanogens and anaerobes at 1.4 and 2.4, respectively.Keywords: Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Heat pump drying; Hot air drying; Log reduction; Methane yield
Moisture diffusion coefficient estimation in peas drying by means of a modified Hawlader and Uddin method
Authors: Martínez-Vera Carlos , Vizcarra-Mendoza Mario
Published: January 2019

The aim of the present work is to determine the moisture diffusion coefficient in peas applying, in a first step, a methodology previously published in the literature by Uddin et al.[1] for determining constant diffusion coefficients taking in account the volume reduction associated to the drying process. Then, in a second step, refine it by means of an optimization step. The optimization step is justified because the methodology of Uddin et al. is based in a solution of the diffusion equation that is not mathematically valid for the drying-shrinking problem. Keywords: : moisture diffusivity; drying-shrinking; peas drying
Encapsulation of krill oil by spray drying
Authors: Shiga Hirokazu , Takashige S. , Hermawan Dwi A. , Sultana A. , Adachi Shuji , Yoshii Hidefumi
Published: January 2019

An oil from Pacific krill (Euphausia pacifica) has a high content of PUFAs and phospholipids. The sediment was formed with homogenization of krill oil and maltodextrin (MD; dextrose equivalent (DE) = 19) solution using sodium caseinate, gum arabic, hydrolyzed whey protein or modified starch as a surfactant. Quillaja saponin could form the emulsion without the sediment. MD (28.5 wt%) was solubilized with distiller water (50 wt%) and mixed with krill oil (20wt%) and Quillaja saponin (1.5 wt%). The homogenized solution was spray-dried using Okawara-L8 spray dryer with a centrifugal atomizer.  Spray-dried powder was evaluated in the oil-droplet size and surface-oil content. Keywords: krill oil, emulsion, Quillaja saponin, spray drying, PUFAs
Ultrasound assisted low temperature drying of food materials
Authors: Sabarez H. T. , Keuhbauch S. , Knoerzer K.
Published: January 2019

An ultrasonic design based on the indirect transmission of ultrasonic energy from the ultrasound emitter through to the material to be dried was investigated to assist in low temperature drying of food materials. The application of the improved design tested in this work was found to enhance the low temperature drying by shortening the overall drying time of up to 45% (i.e., lower energy consumption and may enable better retention of product quality). This offers a promising approach towards a better applicability of ultrasound in industrial operation, since no direct contact between the sample and the ultrasonic emitter is needed. Keywords: ultrasound; drying; low temperature; drying intensification
Microwave assisted convective drying of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. sabellica L.) at stationary and non-stationary conditions
Authors: Mierzwa Dominik , Szadzińska Justyna
Published: January 2019

This paper concerns hybrid drying of kale. Eight different schedules of drying were tested experimentally to find out the influence of microwave enhancement on the kinetics (drying rate and time), energy consumption of convective drying and quality of products. Different power of microwaves and modes of microwave application were tested. Quality of products was assesed through water activity and colour measurements, as well as retention of ascorbic acid. The results obtained in the studies allowed to state that intermittent application of high-power microwave pulses may lead to a meaningful reduction of drying time and high quality of the dry products.Keywords: hybrid drying; intermittent drying; kale; ascorbic acid; colour
New model for the rehydration characteristics of white yam at different temperatures
Authors: Akinola Akinjide A. , Ezeorah S. N. , Nwoko E. P.
Published: January 2019

A new model describing the variation in the rehydration ratio with rehydration time for yam slices is presented here. Also presented, is a new model for the rehydration kinetics of yam slices. Mass and moisture content rehydration data were collected while rehydrating 3.0 mm thick dehydrated yam slices. Regression analysis established that the mass rehydration data better fitted a two-term exponential equation rather than a second-order polynomial equation. Also, for the rehydration kinetics, the moisture content rehydration data was better fitted to a new empirical model rather than the Weibull, Peleg, and Exponential models. Keywords: Rehydration Ratio Models; Rehydration kinetic models; Yam; Weibull, Peleg, and Exponential models.
Intermittent–microwave and convective drying of parsley
Authors: Szadzińska Justyna , Mierzwa Dominik
Published: January 2019

The studies present convective drying of parsley with an intermittent microwave application. Eight different drying programs including convective drying (CV) were carried out in a laboratory-scale hybrid dryer. The influence of intermittent conditions on drying time, drying rate, energy efficiency and product quality was analysed. The results demonstrated that intermittent–microwave convective drying improves the drying kinetics and reduces energy consumption. Moreover, a higher retention of vitamin C, smaller color change and a better ability to rehydration were observed for the parsley samples dried using intermittent drying than for CV.Keywords: intermittent drying, microwaves, energy, vitamin C, rehydration.
Microwave assisted fluidized bed drying of celery
Authors: Kaur Amanat , Gariépy Yvan , Orsat Valérie , Raghavan Vijaya
Published: January 2019

The drying kinetics of celery in a microwave assisted fluidized bed dryer was studied at different drying air temperatures (45°C, 55°C and 65°C) and at different initial microwave power densities (0W/g, 1W/g and 2W/g). Dried product quality, product mass, air temperature, air relative humidity, and electric power consumption were used to monitor the performance of the drying process. The results showed that the Midilli-Kucuk model was best in predicting the moisture ratio as a function of drying time. At any given temperature, the utilization of the microwave energy reduced by more than 50% the drying time. Keywords: drying; celery; MWFBD
Theoretical study and case analysis for a pre-dried pyrolysis coupled lignite-fired power system
Authors: Liu Ming , Liu Rongtang , Yan Junjie
Published: January 2019

Lignite, a kind of low rank coal, has the characteristics of high moisture, high volatile, high ash and low heat value. The low-temperature pyrolysis technology is potential to improve the utilization efficiency of lignite. Therefore, a lignite-based energy system integrated with pre-drying and low-temperature pyrolysis was proposed in this paper. To assess the influence of pre-drying process, theoretical models were developed based on thermodynamics, and a case analysis was then performed to get the quantitative effect of pre-drying on efficiency of energy utilization. Results show that pre-drying on PPPS theoretical model can significantly improve the utilization of lignite by 1.46%.Keywords: Lignite; Pre-drying; Low-temperature pyrolysis; Energy efficiency; Case analysis.
Energy performance of an industrial superheated steam heat pump flash dryer for drying of bio-fuel
Authors: Renström Roger J. I. , Johansson-Cider H. , Brunzell L.
Published: January 2019

Drying is an energy demanding industrial process and methods for reducing the energy consumption of drying is of interest to industry as well as society. This article presents the drying system of a biofuel factory. Steam is used as the refrigerant. Superheated steam is used as drying gas in a flash dryer with 28.8 tons/h dewatering capacity. The system includes an energy recovering water heat pump that receives its heat from the excess drying steam and heats the dryer. The SMER of the drying process ranges between 3 and 4 and the COP of the heat pump process ranges between 4 and 5.5 during one production season of peat drying. Variations in performance can be explained by variations in inlet moisture content and production rate. The example of this drying system shows the feasibility of drying in superheated steam, heat pump drying and water as refrigerant in high-temperature heat pumps. Keywords: steam drying; heat pump process; peat; sawdust; industrial operation
Spray drying of soymilk: evaluation of process yield and product quality
Authors: Kurozawa Louise Emy , Olmos Bruna Delamain Fernandez , Penha Camila Benedetti
Published: January 2019

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of inlet air temperature and gum Arabic concentration on yield of spray drying of soymilk and powder quality (moisture content, water activity and antioxidant capacity). Since soymilk had a significant lipid content, gum Arabic played a significant role as an emulsion stabilizer, improving process yield and preserving antioxidant capacity. However, temperature did not affect antioxidant capacity. The optimal condition to obtain higher antioxidant capacity was: 30% of gum Arabic and 160°C. The powder obtained under optimized condition was characterized regarding to bulk density, particle size distribution and morphology.Keywords: soymilk; spray drying; ferric reduction power FRAP; DPPH scavenging ability; scanning electron microscopy.
Physical properties of commercial infant milk formula products
Authors: Murphy Eoin G , Regost Nicolas E , Roos Yrjo H , Fenelon Mark A
Published: January 2019

The physical properties of 12 commercially available infant milk formula (IMF) and follow-on (FO) powders were assessed. Polarised light micrographs of powders revealed that two types of powders existed: Type I - homogenous mixtures of milk powder particles and Type II – heterogeneous mixtures of milk powder particles and tomahawk-shaped a-lactose monohydrate crystals. Conventionally employed correlations between particle size, flowability and compressibility were found to be highly dependent on the presence of crystalline lactose in powders. Overall, results showed the importance of micro-structural evaluation during analysis of physical properties of dairy powders and, in particular, IMF/FO powders. Keywords: max. Infant formula;  microstructure; physical properties
Influence of intermittent and continuous microwave heating on drying kinetics and wood behavior of Eucalyptus Gomphocephala
Authors: Habouria Mariam , Ouertani Sahbi , Azzouz Soufien , Jomaa Wahbi , Elaib Mohamed Taher , Elcafci Mohamed Afif
Published: January 2019

The aim of this work was to determine the microwave drying kinetics of Eucalyptus Gomphocephala wood  and to investigate the influence of intermittent and continuous heating  processes on the end quality of dreid samples.  The average moisture content evolution and temperature of wood samples under different microwave powers were analyzed in terms of drying time and internal temperature level. Results show that the increase of microwave power level decreses the drying time and increases the internal wood temperature. Based on qualitative observations on the state of dried samples, the intermittent microwave powers intensity process present the optimal processing parameter in microwave drying of  Eucalyptus wood species.Keywords: microwave drying; power; intermittent; continuous; Eucalyptus wood.
Relaxation of ceramic tile stresses generated by fast drying: a kinetic model
Authors: Amorós J. L. , Cantavella V. , Blasco E.
Published: January 2019

Abstract Unfired tile mechanical properties are very important in the ceramic tile manufacturing process. Inadequate mechanical properties lead to rejects (both in unfired and fired tiles). Unfired tile mechanical strength changes significantly after the tiles exit the industrial dryer. This behaviour can be explained by assuming that the fast-drying process generates stresses in the tile, which subsequently relax. A kinetic model has been derived, based on Maxwell’s viscoelastic elements, which explains the development of dried tile mechanical strength. This increases asymptotically when the dried tiles are stored in dry conditions. However, if tiles adsorb humidity (upon exiting the dryer), tile mechanical strength rises and then decreases. This is the result of two opposing phenomena: stress relaxation raises mechanical strength while the concurrent rise in moisture content lowers mechanical strength. The developed model successfully describes this joint mechanical behaviour. Keywords: ceramic tiles, fast drying, stress relaxation, kinetic model
The role of boundary conditions on the dynamics of green coffee beans in a rotated dryer
Authors: Barrozo Marcos A.S. , Machado M.V.C. , Resende I.A. , Lima R.M. , Brandão R.J. , Pivello M.R. , Nascimento S.M. , Duarte C.R.
Published: January 2019

Coffee drying and roasting are usually performed in rotated dryers; therefore, the study of particle dynamics in this equipment is of great relevance to improve their efficiency and hence the quality of the final product. Thus, this work aimed to investigate experimentally and numerically the dynamics of coffee beans in a rotary dryer. The Euler-Euler model was employed to reproduce the particle velocity profile in the rolling regime under different boundary conditions. The results shown that the lower specularity coefficient (0.01), which characterizes the smooth wall and free slip condition, reproduced the bed behavior that most resembled the experimental one. On the other hand, the other coefficients (0.1 and 1.0) showed an increasing deformation in the bed surface, different from the observed experimental behavior. It was also verified that, as the filling degree increases, the bed surface deformation becomes more pronounced. Keywords: coffee; rotated dryer; simulation; specularity coefficient.
Drying of acerola residues in a roto-aerated dryer assisted by infrared heating
Authors: Silva P.B. , Nogueira G. D. R. , Duarte C. R. , Barrozo Marcos A.S.
Published: January 2019

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata D.C.) is a tropical fruit which has attracted recent industrial interest, due to its high levels of bioactive compounds and vitamin C. However, acerola processing generates a substantial amount of wastes, which can represent up to 40% of total processed volume. The drying of acerola residues in a new dryer, developed by our research group, named as roto-aerated dryer, has been investigated. This dryer provides a better fluid-particle contact than the conventional rotatory dryer. A pre-drying system with infrared lamps has been installed in the feed of this new dryer. The effect of the pre-treatment of this fruit residues with ethanol was also investigated. The results shown that the roto-aerated dryer assisted by infrared radiation hybrid combined with a pre-treatment with ethanol is a good alternative for processing fruit residues, aiming their reuse. It was possible to identify conditions under which the phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant capacity presented high levels after drying. The main phenolic compounds were idenfied by HPLC.Keywords: Drying; roto-aerated dryer; infrared; acerola
Effects of Assistance of High Frequency Dielectric and Infrared Heating on Vacuum Freeze Drying Characteristics of Food Model
Authors: Hashimoto Atsushi , Suehara Ken-ichiro , Kameoka Takaharu , Kawamura Kazuhiko
Published: January 2019

By combining vacuum freeze drying combined with high-frequency dielectric and/or infrared heating, the drying time for frozen gels containing 1% agar with sucrose or sodium chloride was successfully shorten, and the drying time was influenced by the heating methods and by the additive component to the sample. Additionally, it was experimentally confirmed that the power consumption for freeze drying combined with electromagnetic wave heating could be reduced because of the shortened drying time. Consequently, this study could be a very important step for designing a vacuum freeze drying process optimally combining electromagnetic wave heating for each sample component.Keywords: freeze drying, electromagnetic wave heating, food model, sucrose, sodium chloride
The intermittent drying of wheat by microwave and fluidized bed drying
Authors: Yüksel Hira , Türkoğlu Tuğçe , Baykal Hale , Çalışkan Koç Gülşah , Dirim Safiye Nur
Published: January 2019

The objective of the study is to investigate the effects of different drying processes (convective hot air, microwave, and fluidized bed drying) and combined drying methods on the drying characteristics and physical properties of the dried wheat and the power consumption of the dryers. The lowest moisture content and water activity values were observed for the 25min of drying in fluidized bed dryer (60°C) and following 16min in microwave dryer (540W). The lowest power consumption was observed in the 60°C-180W fluidized bed-microwave combination (0.77kWh) compared to the other combined trials. Keywords: wheat; convective drying; microwave drying; fluidized bed drying intermittent drying
Drying kinetics of cellulose nanofibers suspensions
Authors: Al Zaitone Belal
Published: January 2019

Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) is used in various pharmaceutical applications due to its unique characteristics i.e., biodegradability, mechanical and biological properties. CNF is often produced by spray drying process, knowledge of the drying kinetics in terms of mass and heat transfer on the scale of single droplet is important for process development and model validation. Acoustic levitator was used to study drying process of CNF suspension at different air temperatures and initial CNF concentrations. The unique property of acoustic levitation to hold single droplet contactless in the air, enables to study particle morphology during drying process, calculate evaporation rate and estimate particle porosity. Results show that packed particles result at lower initial concentration and temperature has a moderate influence on mean porosity of CNF dried particles. Keywords: acoustic levitation; droplet; drying kinetics; Cellulose Nanofibers
Economic feasibility of freeze-drying to obtain powdered fruit
Authors: Martínez-Navarrete Nuria , Camacho María del Mar , Casanova Miguel Ángel , Fenollosa Loreto , Ribal Javier , Martínez-Lahuerta Juan José
Published: January 2019

Fruit is a highly valuable food whose consumption should be encouraged. In addition, it would be desirable to design processes and products to channel the surplus and take advantage of the post-harvest losses that limit its fresh marketing. Freeze-drying is a known industrial process that permits the obtaining of high quality products, despite having always been labeled as very expensive. In this study, the economic feasibility of freeze-drying to obtain powdered fruit has been proven, as it yields a product more than twice as cheap as when obtained by spray-drying, recognized for its low cost. Keywords: freeze-drying; spray-drying; economic profitability; production costs
Influence of freeze-drying conditions on orange powder flowability
Authors: Camacho María del Mar , Usganda Mariana , Silva Andrea , Egas Luis , Martínez-Navarrete Nuria
Published: January 2019

Freeze-drying may be a good alternative to get less perishable fruit products. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of freeze-drying conditions of an orange puree on some flow related and rehydration properties of the obtained powders. The results showed that the application of heat during freeze-drying does not affect the parameters studied. However, the partial dehydration of the initial sample results in a lesser porosity and wettability values. Keywords: freeze-drying; porosity; wettability; angle of repose; particle size distribution
Changing spray-dried lactose-whey protein isolate particle structure with drying conditions
Authors: De Souza Lima Roger , Gutierez Gaëtan , Arlabosse Patricia , Re Maria-Inês
Published: January 2019

Spray drying has become not merely a drying process, but also an important tool for engineering solid structures, specially for multi-component feeds. In that way, it is important to know how the drying conditions and liquid formulations affect the particle final solid structure. In the present study, we investigated the changes on the solid structure of a spray-dried binary mixture of lactose and whey protein isolate under different process and formulation conditions. Particle morphology, diameter, porosity and occluded air were analyzed. Total solid content in the feed was the parameter of highest impact on the spray-dried particle’s occluded air volume.Keywords: spray drying; solid structure; porosity; hollow particless.
Determination of the moisture content of white and yellow corn from ohaji in imo state of nigeria using the dry-weight technique
Authors: Chigozie Offurum Julius , Morgan C.M.
Published: January 2019

The water content determination of two maize species (Yellow corn- and White corn- ) located at Ohaji in Imo State of Nigeria were  considered in this study. This was motivated by the regular reported cases of the seed post-harvest spoilages, especially in the local communities. And the moisture content of a particular seed could vary according to the various location of crop, presumably due to the soil texture. The moisture content of a given crop seed can influence its storage value, as well as its choice of selection during manufacturing processes. It was, thus, necessary to determine the moisture content of the two maize species (white and yellow corn) from Ohaji in Imo State of Nigeria, in order to identify their dispositions, especially during storage. Modified High Constant Temperature Oven method, as prescribed by the International Seed Testing Association (which involves preliminary pre-drying and grinding), was employed, at a temperature of 102oC. This involved the use of dry-weight technique, which is expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the seeds. The procedure for each sampling was replicated accordingly, and the mean value identified as the actual result. The moisture content for Sample A (white corn) was found to be 31.7%, while that of Sample B (yellow corn) was found to be 21.5%, which shows that the yellow corn would always have longer storage value than the white corn. As any change in the seed moisture content has a way of affecting its storage life, it is advisable not to store the white corn longer than it could be applied in the yellow corn for a better storage value.Keywords: Determination, Moisture Content, White Corn, Yellow Corn, Dry-weight Basis
Effect of air drying temperature on phytochemical properties of brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata
Authors: Moreira Ramón , Arufe Santiago Vilas , Sineiro Jorge , Chenlo Francisco
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of convective air-drying at different temperatures (35, 50, 60 and 75°C) on the color of Bifurcaria bifurcata (BB) seaweed powders obtained after milling, the antioxidant activity and polyphenolic and carbohydrate content of the aqueous extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction. BB seaweed powders exhibited significant color differences between powders obtained from BB dried at 35ºC (yellowish-green) and 50–75 °C (brown). High air drying temperature (above 60ºC) significantly reduced the total polyphenolic, carbohydrate content and scavenging activity of aqueous extracts of BB. Keywords: Phaeophyceae Antioxidant activity Carbohydrates Color Polyphenols
Hot air drying characteristics and nutrients of apricot armeniaca vulgaris lam pretreated with Radio Frequency(RF)
Authors: Huang X.L. , Peng M.C. , Liu J.X. , Lei Y. , Yang X.J. , Wu Z.H.
Published: January 2019

Apricot pretreated with RF and then dried with convective hot air at 65℃, 3.0m/s in this research. RF pretreatment time of 20, 30, 40 and 50min were chosen. Results showed that, there is only falling rate period during apricot hot air drying, and the drying rate of apricot is improved significantly; Herdenson and Pabis model is suitable for apricot hot air drying; retentions of flavonoids, polyphenols and Vc in dried apricot were higher than those of fresh apricot; when RF treating time was chosen 30mins, nutrients retentions of Vc, flavonoid and polyphenols were 0.9543mg/100g, 5.4089mg/100g and 7.3382mg/100g, separately.   Keywords: apricot fruit, hot air drying, drying rate, nutrients, radio frequency
Quality analysis of fresh and dried mangoes
Authors: Jodicke K. , Arendt S. , Hofacker W. , Speckle W.
Published: January 2019

Organic acids, sugar and colour define the quality and the taste of mangoes. The quality deteriorates during drying on a single-layer-dryer. Quality losses can be reduced by using drying parameters that influence the quality less. In this research, the contents of ascorbic acid, organic acids and sugar as well as colour changes and shrinkage are analysed. Analyses are carried out at different temperatures, dew point temperatures and air velocities using HPLC, IC and UV/Vis- spectrometry. The quality criteria showed the lowest changes at a temperature of 60°C, dew point temperature of 20°C and an air velocity of 0.9 m/s.Keywords: organic acids; sugars; colour; shrinkage; thin-layer-dryer.
Ambient temperature drying of therapeutic protein solution with use of microwave
Authors: Tsuruta Takaharu , Ogawa Takuma , Abe Ryosuke , Tanigawa Hirofumi
Published: January 2019

High quality drying of therapeutic protein-solution is important in medical and pharmaceutical processing.  Freeze-drying is mostly used, but it takes a long drying-time and causes damages of protein structures.  In order to improve the drying quality, we propose a microwave vacuum drying performed at ambient temperatures under low-pressure conditions.  We are focusing on the Parma-Zyme method for the evaporative drying of protein solutions such as egg white or lysozyme with vitrification. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is used to detect protein conformation changes due to the drying, and it is found that the ambient temperature drying can preserve the protein conformation. Keywords: Microwave vacuum drying; Freeze-drying; Therapeutic protein; Egg white; Lysozyme
Process of parboiling rice by microwave-assisted hot air fluidized bed technique
Authors: Prachayawarakorn Somkiat , Saniso E. , Swasdisewi T. , Soponronnarit S.
Published: January 2019

In this work the new process of producing parboiled rice (PB) by combinatintion of microwave and hot air fluidized bed (MWFB) was proposed and investigated. Results showed that the drying time was shorter with smaller bed depth, higher drying temperature and higher microwave power. The initial grain temperature, drying temperature, bed depth and microwave power strongly affected the gelatinization of rice starch. The PB produced by MWFB caused a very small broken kernel (1-2%). The whiteness was decreased with increase in drying time, initial grain temperature, drying temperature and microwave power. The specific energy consumption was increased with increasing such operating parameters.Keywords: Drying; Parboiled rice; Fluidized bed; Microwave.
Influence of the low temperature drying process on optical alternations of organic apple slices
Authors: Kopp Christian Andre , Bantle M. , Claussen I.C. , Tolstorebrov I.
Published: January 2019

Drying conditions for convective driers are often based on empirical approaches in which the final product quality is evaluated post processing. Modern sensor technology and data processing enable second-by-second quality analyses but conventional systems do not utilize this possibility. An industrial convective drying chamber was modified with a camera system to investigate the product during the drying process. The obtained data was analyzed on color alternation (CIE-L*a*b* color space and Browning Index), shrinkage and deformation. Both, shrinkage and deformation show minor dependence on drying conditons. The investigation shows the time depending optical parameter at different drying conditions. This might offer new "smart" drying programs with focus on improved product quality. Keywords: color alternation; shrinkage; deformation; convective drying; smart drying
Study of the behavior of a multistage dryer provided with downcomer
Authors: Mendoza Mario Vizcarra , Mora Luis Verduzco , Vera Carlos Martínez
Published: January 2019

We study the behavior of a multi-stage fluidized bed dryer operated continuously with dowcomers. With the kinetics of silica gel drying depending on the mass of solids in the dryer and the gas feeding temperature, E = 14.5 KJ/mol, and the distribution of residence times of solids through the dryer, modeling by N tanks agitated in series, the experimental moisture content of the solids coming out of the dryer is compared with the predicted by the Vanecek model. Keywords: fluidization; gel of sílice; continuous multistage dryer.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of spray dryers: transient or steady state simulation?
Authors: Woo M. W. , Afshar S. , Jubaer H. , Chen B. , Xiao J. , Chen X. D.
Published: January 2019

Self-sustained fluctuating airflow behaviour in spray drying chambers is in essence an unsteady phenomenon requiring the transient CFD simulation framework. There is currently, however, a mixture of steady state and transient CFD simulations of spray dryers practised and reported in the literature. The choice between steady state and transient approach significantly affects the computation time of the simulation and subsequently the adoption of this approach by industry. This paper firstly examines in detail the bottleneck in computation time of the transient simulation approach. Based on past reports, this review paper then presents a discussion and provides several recommendations on the use of steady state and transient simulation approach for spray dryers. Keywords: CFD simulation, spray drying, transient, steady state, fluctuation
The infrared radiation and vacuum assisted drying kinetics of flue-cured tobacco leaf and its drying quality analysis
Authors: Zhu Wenkui , Guo Gaofei , Liu Chaoxian , Cheng Liangyuan , Wang Le
Published: January 2019

Dehydration is widely involved in tobacco processing such as tobacco leaf curing, tobacco trip redrying and cut tobacco drying, which plays a key role due to its effect on the physical and chemical quality of tobacco. The current drying methods in tobacco processing mainly use heat conduction, heat convection or their combination to dehydrate tobacco materials. However, radiation heat transfer as one of basic heat transferways has not been investigated in the tobacco drying. In the present work, infrared radiation dryer was designed to explore the tobacco infrared radiation drying characteristics. The effect of radiation heat transfer conditions and vacuum on the drying kinetics and temperature of tobacco leaves was investigated. Diffusion coefficient of middle tobacco leaves C2F is between 0.848×10-10 ~ 1.597×10-10 m2/s. At the same time, the pore structure andpetroleum ether tobacco extracts in dried tobacco were also analyzed in order to explore the different effects of infrared radiation drying and traditional drying technology on tobacco quality.   Keywords: Flue-cured tobacco; Infrared radiation; Vacuum; Dryingkinetics; Tobacco quality
Feasibility of Vis/NIR spectroscopy and image analysis as basis of the development of smart-drying technologies
Authors: Sturm Barbara , Moscetti Roberto , Crichton S.O.J. , Raut Sharvari , Bantle Michael , Massantini Riccardo
Published: January 2019

Drying is a complex, dynamic, unsteady and nonlinear process that, when not optimized on a system level, may be responsible for (1) significant quality degradation and (2) energy wastage. Consequently, new drying technologies must be designed combining non-invasive at-/on-/in-line advanced measurement and control systems with models cross-linking all relevant aspects of product quality changes and heat and mass transfer phenomena. This paper presents preliminary results on the use of RGB imaging, NIR spectroscopy and Vis-NIR hyperspectral imaging for real-time monitoring of physicochemical changes of apples and carrots during drying. Keywords: chemometrics, artificial intelligence, deep learning
Stabilization of Lactobacillus sp. with enhanced thermal resistance by spray-drying
Authors: Rivera Daniel , Valverde Mariana , Valera Ana , Torrejón Ana , Espí Joaquín , Gómez Encarna , Ruiz Begoña
Published: January 2019

Combining biotechnology and encapsulation by spray-drying is possible to obtain microorganisms-based products in powder format without losing viability. A methodology based on the improvement of the thermal stress resistance of selected strains of Lactobacillus sp. and subsequent culture stabilization by spray-drying by optimizing the process parameters and using thermal protectant materials has been developed. The results obtained showed that the final product kept the viability of the initial culture in addition to be a solid, powdery and ease-to-handle product. Keywords: thermal resistance; spray-drying; probiotics; viability; fermentation; encapsulation.
Study on the general dynamic model of biomass drying processes
Authors: Wang Le , Li Xu , Li Qiaoling , Lu Duanfeng , Li Bin , Zhu Wnkui , Zhang Mingjian , Zhang Ke , Deng Nan
Published: January 2019

Nowadays most studies of drying processes dynamics are established on  empirical models without clear physical meanings, which could not predict the drying characteristic on different dryers. In order to describe the change of temperature and water content in the cut tobacco in different dryers, a mathematical model based on heat and mass transfer phenomena was developed, and the model employed the relationship of equilibrium moisture content and air humidity as basis, the difference of moisture between biomass and wet air as mass transfer driver, and the difference of temperature between biomass and wet air as heat transfer driver. The drying experiments under different air temperature and humidity are carried out on the batch rotary dryer, and the variance of temperature and moisture content in the biomass is obtained by using infrared thermometer and oven. The model is validated by two parameters with experiment data under each condition of air temperature and humidity. The results show that the drying dynamic model is well on accuracy and universality, and it could be applied on different drying device to predict the characteristic of kinds of drying processes.Keywords: cut tobacco; drying dynamics; equilibrium moisture content; heat transfer; mass transfer.
A green coffee based product and its comparasion to commercial products regarding the antioxidant capacity
Authors: Nogueira R. I. , Souza F. C. A. , Souza E. F. , Pontes S. M. , Leal Junior W. F. , Freitas-Silva O.
Published: January 2019

Green Coffee Products (GCP) consumption have been increased recently and is justified due its benefits to human health, as the antioxidant activity and thermogenic properties and ant mutagenic and ant carcinogenic capacity and also present alleged weight loss control. The aim this work was to elaborate a GCP with Coffea canephora by spray drying and compare its antioxidant capacity to commercial GCP samples by ORAC methodology. The results presented a range of 33.02 – 2,408.05 µmol Trolox/g for commercial products and 1,861.91 µmol Trolox/g for the product obtained in this work. Keywords: Antioxidant Activity;Green Coffee;Spray Drying;ORAC.
Mathematical relationship between glass transition temperature and water activity of cellular and non-cellular food systems
Authors: Khalloufi Seddik , Nguyen Thanh Khuong , Ratti Cristina
Published: January 2019

Cellular and non-cellular-solid food systems were used to obtain experimental data of aw and Tg as a function of moisture content during drying. GAB, Gordon-Taylor, and Khalloufi-Ratti models were used to obtain the state diagrams of the four food systems investigated. The results suggest that the GAB and Khalloufi-Ratti models can successfully be used to capture the experimental data. In terms of plasticizing effect, it seems that cellular and non-cellular systems have comparable values. Although the number of food samples explored in this study was limited, it is suggested that the chemical composition could have more impact on Tg and stability than the presence of cell structures. Keywords: Isotherms; Glass Transition; Cellular and Non-Cellular Food Systems; Modeling
Modelling the Water Sorption Isotherms of Warionia Saharae and determination of sorption heats and drying kinetics
Authors: Amel Fedol , Cheriti A.
Published: January 2019

The hygroscopic equilibrium of Warionia saharae was studied, which allowed getting an idea of ​​the equilibrium water content relative to a given humidity. The results of this study made it possible to have the sorption curves. The results of this study made it possible to obtain the sorption curves necessary for know the storage conditions of the plant and the study of its drying kinetics. The static gravimetric method was used to determine sorption isotherms of Warionia saharae leaves at 30and 40 ◦C and in the range of water activity varying from 0.063 to 0.898.  The Gab, Peleg models was found to be the most suitable for describing the sorption curves. The isosteric heat calculated by applying the Clausius–Clapeyron equation .The desorption isosteric heat was higher than the isosteric heat of adsorption and both decreased continuously with increasing of the equilibrium moisture content. The experimental results obtained allowed us to determine the temporal evolution of the drying kinetics as a function of the moisture content. The curve of the evolution of the water content as a function of time shows the absence of the phases product temperature and constant drying rate Keywords: Sorption isotherm, isosteric heats, modelling, kinetics, Warionia saharae.
LNT microwave-multiphase transport model for the microwave drying of lignite thin layer
Authors: Fu Bi An , Chen Meiqian , Li Q. H.
Published: January 2019

The LNT microwave-multiphase transport model has been applied to the microwave drying of lignite thin layer. Microwave energy, temperature and moisture distribution were obtained to gain a comprehensive understanding on the heat and mass transfer mechanism of the drying process. The required drying time of experiments decreased by 50, 63, 67, and 83%, respectively, with the power level rising from 119 to 700 W, while that decreased by 60, 72, 76 and 86%, respectively, for simulation results. The temperature values of the corner and edge of the lignite thin layer were higher than that of the center region, which corresponded to the microwave energy distribution. The moisture ratio profiles, temperature profiles and temperature distribution indicated good agreement between the experimental and simulation results, providing conﬁdence in the modeling approach, which made it possible to obtain the moisture distribution successfully via simulation method.Keywords: microwave; lignite; thin layer.