bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origins of Medieval Vessel Turning
Authors: Pugsley Paola
Published: April 2011

Wooden vessels were in widespread use in British households after the tenth century. Most were turned, both inside and out, and bear witness to highly developed lathe techniques. This paper considers the preceding period with a view to finding links with woodworking techniques developed either in antiquity or in the early medieval period. The quest is hampered by the limited quantity of material, as wood does not normally survive in the archaeological record. On the other hand, by taking the largest possible sample (in this case from the whole of western Europe), a scenario for the origin of medieval vessel turning can be proposed.
Notaries and Credit Markets in Nineteenth-Century Mexico
Authors: Levy Juliette
Published: April 2011

Little is known about the logic of lending transactions and the development of credit markets in Mexico, or the rest of Latin America, prior to banks. We know even less about what role financial intermediaries played in these pre-banking markets, or who these intermediaries were. This article analyzes the intermediary role notaries played in the long-term credit market in Yucatan, in southeastern Mexico, in the nineteenth-century. Using a unique dataset of mortgages from the notarial records in the Yucatan state archive, the article shows that, in the absence of banks, notaries facilitated access to credit, and that, in the institutional and political context of Yucatan, both entrepreneurship and monopoly were being fostered.
Introduction
Authors: Hinton Diana Davids
Published: April 2011

This issue brings together five articles on the modern petroleum industry. Two cover the growth of the industry in the early twentieth century: Michael Adamson's study of the development of California's coastal oil region by independent oilman Ralph Lloyd; and the study by Lisa Bud-Frierman, Andrew Godley, and Judith Wale of the British entrepreneur Weetman Pearson's operations in Mexico. Two articles treat the post–World War II period: Nathan Citano looks at the budding interests of U.S. oilmen in the Middle East and Daniele Pozzi traces the transformation of the Italian company ENI into an international oil firm. Finally, Keetie Sluyterman examines the ways in which Royal Dutch Shell handled environmental issues from its inception in 1907 to the present. The issue also contains a survey of recent historiography on the oil industry in Latin America by Marcelo Bucheli and a review essay by James Bamberg on a recent four-volume history of Royal Dutch Shell.
Royal Dutch Shell: Company Strategies for Dealing with Environmental Issues
Authors: Sluyterman Keetie
Published: April 2011

The intricate interplay among environmental pressure groups, oil companies, and governments is revealed from the perspective of the Anglo-Dutch company Royal Dutch Shell. An examination of three environmental issues demonstrates the company's awareness of such problems and describes its efforts to contain potential damage to the degree permitted by existing technological and economic constraints. The industry view is that government measures should create a level playing field and should be effective and economically feasible. While pressure groups are skilled at calling attention to environmental problems, industry highlights the tradeoffs between different societal aims that are entailed in tackling these problems. Governments are left to fi nd the best ways to weigh conflicting interests.
The Role of the Independent: Ralph B. Lloyd and the Development of California's Coastal Oil Region, 1900-1940
Authors: Adamson Michael R.
Published: April 2011

Independents, or nonintegrated companies, played a significant role in finding and producing crude oil in California, just as they had in Texas. They were able to do so because the resources of majors, or integrated firms, were not decisive in the search for oil. As both majors and independents increased in number, the factors of risk and uncertainty persuaded independents and majors to cooperate with each other. The case of Ralph B. Lloyd demonstrates the argument. Lloyd was a forceful individual who used his preeminent leasing position to shape the development of the Ventura Avenue field—the largest in the coastal region—through symbiotic relations with Shell and Associated. Lloyd's role is not captured in the data that scholars often use to demonstrate the dominance of m ajors in the California oil industry.
Reproductive strategies of two sympatric swimming crabs Callinectes danae and Callinectes ornatus (Crustacea: Portunidae) in an estuarine system, south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Keunecke K.A. , D'Incao F. , Verani J.R. , Vianna M.
Published: April 2011

The present study analysed the reproductive biology of Callinectes danae and Callinectes ornatus, which are captured as by-catch from pink-shrimp trawling in Guanabara Bay. The size at gonadal maturity was 79.9 mm and 67.4 mm respectively, for C. danae and C. ornatus. The pattern of reproduction was continuous for both species; however, the gonadosomatic index analyses showed seasonal and alternating reproductive peaks in the bay. While C. danae showed reproductive peaks in the autumn and in the winter, C. ornatus showed an apparent reproductive peak in the summer and probably another in the spring. The sex-ratio of C. danae was significantly skewed in favour of females (3.0:1). However, in C. ornatus, males predominated (1.2:1). This reproductive pattern indicated that possibly the females of C. danae return to the estuary after spawning where trawling takes place, while ovigerous females of C. ornatus migrate to adjacent coastal areas around the bay.
II. The Stanze di Venere at Baia
Authors: Ling Roger
Published: April 2011

Among the remnants of interior decoration in the Roman Imperial palace at Baia are the stuccoed vaults of three rooms, the so-called ‘Stanze di Venere’, which attracted the attention of innumerable travellers and antiquaries during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The first and second rooms, respectively pavilion-vaulted and barrel-vaulted, retain enough of their stucco-work to justify a close study of design and subject-matter; while even in the third room, where only a few fragments survive, some figures and ornaments can be discerned. Further information about the decorations is supplied by unpublished drawings carried out in the early eighteenth century. Dating is difficult, but stylistic evidence suggests that the stucco-work of room 1, which belongs to the original phase of the complex, dates to Augustan times. The other two decorations are later, but no later than the Flavio-Trajanic period, for then or soon afterwards new structures were built at a higher level and the three rooms were turned into cisterns. The decorative programme in both 1 and 2 is primarily Dionysiac but also embodies references to the sports of the palaestra and to bathing, themes which lend weight to the idea that the chambers formed part of a bath-suite.
III. Observations on Chapter V. 31, Britannia, in the Ravenna Cosmography
Authors: Dillemann Louis
Published: April 2011

The Ravenna Cosmography is apparently a valuable work, since it contains a large number of place-names of which many are not known in other sources. Unfortunately its bare enumerations, generally lacking in any significant detail, are often disfigured by serious errors; an over-all view of the work makes these show up more clearly than does any partial study. When the names peculiar to the work really existed, it is possible to find their sense by etymology, and by toponymic study one can locate them on the ground, but then one faces the problem of their provenance, perhaps in some source as yet unexplored or lost, since the Cosmographer was nothing more than a compiler.

Our answer depends on two preliminary definitions, that concerning the date of the Cosmography in relation to that of its possible sources, and the role of the unknown authors cited in Books II–IV. Since Book V, despite its relationship to the previous Books, makes no mention of these, a discussion of this highly controversial matter would be out of place here. It should be noted merely that the coincidence between the information given from unknown sources and the unknown authors has not yet been proved.
IV. The Norman Church and Door at Stillingfleet, North Yorkshire
Authors: Addyman P. V. , Goodall Ian H.
Published: April 2011

The great age and unusual character of the south door of St. Helen's Church, Stillingfleet, now in North Yorkshire but formerly in the East Riding, has engaged the attention of antiquaries since the early days of archaeological study. The door and the fine twelfth-century doorway in which it is set have been recorded repeatedly in drawings, photographs, manuscript notes, and published accounts. The systematic account of the church published by Charles Hodgson Fowler in 1877, on the occasion of his restoration of St. Helen's, together with the plans and elevations preserved with the faculty papers, is the basic point of reference (Fowler, 1877; Borthwick Inst. PR 21 STIL). Nevertheless since Hodgson Fowler's day few scholars concerned either with the historic buildings of the locality, or with the general trends of vernacular art in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, or with church ironwork, or church carpentry, have resisted the temptation to comment on the door. Most agree within relatively narrow limits about the date of the doorway, but opinion has been diverse about the date of the door itself. It is a complex structure evidently comprising much original woodwork with additions and alterations from a number of restorations, and there is various structural and decorative ironwork. Hodgson Fowler seems to have been responsible for a sensitive though far-reaching restoration and he was thus probably in possession of more facts about its construction and character than was any later worker until recently. He seems to have been in no doubt, taking the evidence as a whole, that both doorway and door belong to the twelfth century. Most later commentators have been more impressed by the supposed Scandinavian character of the decorative metalwork, and W. G. Collingwood followed by Talbot Rice, Pevsner, and more recently Baggs have questioned the contemporaneity of door and doorway, suggesting that the door might perhaps belong to the eleventh century, and it is included in Wilson's catalogue of Anglo-Saxon metalwork.
IX. Illustrations of Costume in the Alba Amicorum
Authors: Nevinson J. L.
Published: April 2011

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries small, brightly coloured pictures seldom more than three inches high were often painted in autograph albums (Alba Amicorum). It is here intended to describe those which illustrate the dress of all ranks of society in England, Italy, and France. In England, social historians have occasionally reproduced some of them, French costume historians have made use of them, while the Italian writers on costume prefer the larger and more accurate woodcuts in the contemporary costume books of Cesare Vecellio and others. On the whole they have not attracted the attention they deserve.
VI. The Stained Glass of the Chapel of the Vyne and the Chapel of the Holy Ghost, Basingstoke
Authors: Wayment H. G.
Published: April 2011

Among the few ensembles of stained glass which survive in this country from the early Renaissance the windows of the Chapel of the Vyne, near Sherborne St. John, Hampshire, are one of the most remarkable (pl. XL). Though much smaller in scale and extent than the glass in King's College Chapel, Cambridge, they are no less distinguished in quality, and their state of preservation is almost as good. Moreover, there are still in existence important fragments from a larger but closely related set which formerly stood in the Chapel of the Holy Ghost at Basingstoke. Both sets were evidently commissioned by Sir William, later Baron Sandys, a distinguished soldier and administrator who, without ever reaching the highest levels, served Henry VIII both at home and abroad from the beginning of the reign until his death in 1540. After campaigning in Guienne and Picardy early in the reign he was appointed Treasurer of Calais from 6th October 1517, and spent much of the next nine years there. Meanwhile he had married Margery, the niece and heiress of Sir Reginald Bray, one of Henry VII's most trusted administrators, and begun the reconstruction of the Vyne which had belonged to the Sandys family since the midfourteenth century. There had since the twelfth century been a chapel of the Virgin in the grounds, and this foundation he incorporated into the eastern end of the house itself. Sir William's chapel measures 35 ft. in length, 19 in width, and 25 in height (10·67 × 5·79 × 7·62 m.). The apsidal east end ie three-sided, and in the east wall and the two canted walls are three windows, each consisting of three transomed lights forming an upper and lower register. The lower lights represent donors at prayer supported by their patron saints: King Henry VIII can be recognised in the east window with St. Henry the Emperor; in the north-east Catherine of Aragon with St. Catherine of Alexandria; and in the south-east the king's sister, Margaret, Queen of Scots, with St. Margaret issuing from the dragon. In the upper register three Passion scenes proceed from south to north: in the south-east Christ carries his cross from right to left, assisted by Simon of Cyrene, while St. Veronica, the Virgin Mary and her attendant women move towards him from the left; in the east is a narrative Crucifixion animated by a large number of figures; and in the north-east the resurrected Christ scatters the astonished soldiers to either side.
VIII. Ordnance and the King's Fortifications in 1547–48: Society of Antiquaries MS. 129, Folios 250–374r
Authors: Kenyon J. R.
Published: April 2011

The value of MS. 129 in the library of the Society of Antiquaries of London, bought by the Society in 17902has already been brought to the attention of scholars and students by H. A. Dillon, who published in an earlier volume ofArchaeologiathe inventories of the ordnance, arms and armour at the Tower of London, Westminster and Greenwich (Dillon, 1888). The manuscript is an inventory of the effects of Henry VIII compiled in the reign of his successor, Edward VI. A large section (ff. 250–374r) is concerned with details of the ordnance and other munitions in castles and towns, and the artillery fortifications built by Henry VIII in response to the threat of an invasion by Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France in 1538–39. The English possessions in France are also included. It was originally planned to omit the inventory of the Tower of London from this article, but for the sake of completeness and as there are a few errors in Dillon's transcription it seemed fit to include it.
V.—Enclosed Apses and Edward's Church at Westminster
Authors: Fernie E. C.
Published: April 2011

In the volume ofArchaeologiafor 1910 the Reverend J. A. Robinson published a detailed plan of the Confessor's church at Westminster, illustrating the excavations of 1866, 1909, and 1910 which uncovered three fragmentary bases and some 7 ft. of curved wall to the east of them (fig. 1). On these he based his reconstruction of the choir (fig. 2), giving it two bays, solid walls cutting off the side aisles, and a semicircular apse. The larger size of the eastern base combined with the piece of curved wall makes a length of two bays certain (ignoring the unlikely event that the Norman crossing did not line up with the eastern monastic range), and the evidence for solid walls as opposed to arcades is strong, as the existence of base mouldings only towards the choir suggests there never were independent piers, but only shafts attached to a wall.
I.—The Emperor Maximilian's Gift of Armour to King Henry VIII and the Silvered and Engraved Armour at the Tower of London
Authors: Blair Claude
Published: April 2011

The armour that forms the main subject of this paper is perhaps the best known of the many historical harnesses preserved in the national armoury at the Tower of London (Inv. no. II. 5) (pls. i, ii, viii a, b, xv; figs. 3–10, pp. 45–50). An account of it—which must be the earliest study of a single armour in any European language—was published by Dr. (later Sir) Samuel Rush Meyrick as long ago as 1829, and since then it has figured prominently in many works on arms and armour. Though designed primarily for parade, it is basically a handsome field-armour of the second decade of the sixteenth century, but it is made particularly impressive by its long steel skirt, an imitation of one of the cloth bases worn with both the military and the civil dress of the period, and by the fact that it is completely covered with engraved decoration. Originally its surfaces were also entirely silvered and gilt, but much of the silver and all but a few traces of gold have disappeared.
VI. Excavations at Fountains Abbey, North Yorkshire, 1979–80: the Early Development of the Monastery
Authors: Gilyard-Beer R. , Coppack Glyn
Published: April 2011

The Cistercian abbey of St. Mary of Fountains has been the subject of extensive antiquarian and archaeological study for some two centuries, begining with John Martin's excavation of the chapter house in 1790–91. Three major studies in the nineteenth century, starting with the excavations of 1848–54 overseen by J. R. Walbran, who also began the analysis of the extensive documentary archive relating to the house, enhanced by a remarkably complete survey of the ruins begun in 1873 by J. A. Reeve, and culminating with an authoritative summary by Sir William St. John Hope, established the historical and archaeological development of the abbey and demonstrated the importance of the ruins. More recently, a detailed reappraisal by the first writer and limited excavation by Roger Mercer followed the placing of the ruins into the guardianship of what is now the Department of the Environment in 1966, and it was assumed that there was little more to be learned about the historical development of the house.
VIII. The Arnold Lulls Book of Jewels and the Court Jewellers of Queen Anne of Denmark
Authors: Hayward John
Published: April 2011

While few surviving jewels can be identified with any certainty as English work of the sixteenth or early seventeenth centuries, much descriptive evidence exists in the form of inventories and lists of gifts of jewels and plate exchanged between the sovereign and the courtiers each year on New Year's Day. A further fruitful source of information lies in the many contemporary portraits, those of ladies usually showing them with a lavish display of jewellery. Such jewels cannot, however, be claimed as certainly of English make; jewellery was an article of international commerce and much was imported.
II.—The Aqueduct in the Grounds of the British Embassy in Rome
Authors: Reynolds P. K. Baillie , Bailey T. A.
Published: April 2011

The garden of the British Embassy in Rome is traversed by a stretch of some 400 yards of a Roman aqueduct of the first century A.D. This being an Ancient Monument on British territory, its consolidation and repair were considered in 1957 by the then Minister of Works, now Lord Molson, to be a proper task for the Ancient Monuments division of that ministry, just as the care and maintenance o the embassy itself is the task of another division of the same ministry.
IV.—The Shrine of St. Edward the Confessor
Authors: O'Neilly J. G. , Tanner L. E.
Published: April 2011

On 16th January 1540 the abbot and twenty-four monks assembled in the Chapter House at Westminster in order to sign the deed of surrender of the monastery. To some in that gathering it must have seemed the end, but to others it was but the prelude, as perhaps they already knew, to a new life amid the old familiar surroundings.
IV.—Winchester College Stained Glass
Authors: Harvey John H. , King Dennis G.
Published: April 2011

The original buildings of Winchester College were erected between 1387 and 1394, and among the most important of their fittings was the stained glass of the chapel windows. The general scheme of glazing must have been decided when the college was first designed, and the close iconographical relationship between the Winchester glass and that made for New College, Oxford, carries back the date of the design in outline to about 1380. At Oxford the chapel stood to the west of the hall, with a stone reredos covering the whole of the eastern wall, and a great west window; at Winchester this arrangement was reversed, the blank wall was at the west, while the great window of the chapel was placed in its eastern wall. Both windows consist of seven lights divided into two ranges by a horizontal transom; but the arrangements of mullions and tracery differ. In both cases the main subject of the glazing was a Tree of Jesse: the symbolic Vine springing from Jesse's loins and bearing in its branches a selection, more or less arbitrary, from the Kings of David's Line flanked by Prophets. The chief glass-painter responsible for the production of the glazing at both colleges was Thomas of Oxford, the head of one of the outstanding firms of glaziers working in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century. Master Thomas was already in high standing by 1386 and died about 1427. It is not certain that he was the designer of the glass, and it is evident from the portions of the original glass still extant that he employed a number of painters. This is confirmed by documentary references to his assistants, and for the production of such a large amount of fully painted glass a big firm must be assumed, rather than the small shop of an artist mainly concerned with design.
I.—Maumbury Rings, Dorchester: The Excavations of 1908–1913
Authors: Bradley Richard
Published: April 2011

Maumbury lies a third of a mile (500 m.) SSW. of the county town of Dorset alongside the Roman and modern road from the town to the harbour at Weymouth (SY 691899). The site is now a public park wedged between two railway lines. It lies just below the crest of a low chalk ridge at a height of 260 ft. (78 m.) and overlooks the lower ground to the north east towards the River Frome and areas of the present town (fig. 1).
VI.—Sword Rings and Beads
Authors: Evison Vera I.
Published: April 2011

Alist of ring-swords and beads known to date was published in 1967, and a few more items and observations may now be added. Another jewelled example has just come to my notice in the museum at Laon (Aisne), France (pl. lxiva–c). The basic metal is presumably bronze as it is covered in places with green corrosion products. It is a form which began early, i.e. a triangular middle section with animal head terminals at each end, as in a Snartemo grave. The pommel is hollow and was fastened to the rest of the grip not by lateral rivets, but by the tang of the sword which projects slightly through a hole in the top. Its measurements are 5.1×1.5 cm. and the middle triangular faces are inlaid with garnets in curved cloisons at each corner, and framed in a zigzag border presumably inlaid with silver or niello. From the arced segments each side of this a tongue-shape, also decorated with zigzags, runs up each incurved side towards the apex. At one end is a splayed curved terminal, no longer an animal head but bearing ribbon animal ornament in relief. The corresponding opposite end is not decorated, but on top is a small hollow, and a piece at the extremity is broken off and missing. This end section is a pad for the reception of a missing ring-knob, with the end of the vertical bow fitting into the hollow.
III. Abbot Berkyng's Tapestries and Matthew Paris's Life of St Edward the Confessor
Authors: Binski Paul
Published: April 2011

According to John Flete, the fifteenth-century historian of Westminster Abbey, Abbot Richard de Berkyng (d. 1246) bequeathed to the Abbey two curtains or dorsalia which he had procured for the choir, depicting the story of the Saviour and St Edward. Nothing is known about the appearance of these textiles; but they were presumably of fine quality, befitting the patronage of a Treasurer of England, and were evidently intended to hang in the choir stalls. There they remained until after the Dissolution. According to a sixteenth-century commentary with transcriptions of the original texts in the hangings by Robert Hare, discovered by M. R. James (Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, MS 391 [611], they were of ‘faire arras worke’, and so were tapestries rather than embroideries; they were also described as ‘wrought in the cloth of Arras’ by Weever in 1631. They hung in the church until 1644, whence they were removed to the chamber of the House of Commons in the Palace; according to Brayley ‘a large remnant’ of the scene of the Circumcision was still preserved in the Jerusalem Chamber at the Abbey in the early nineteenth century. The tapestries were one of the most extensive recorded instances of English thirteenth-century textile production. They provide evidence too for a genre of monastic choir decoration analogous to the lost Old Testament narratives in the choir at Bury St Edmund's and the typological pictures formerly adorning the choir-stalls of Peterborough Abbey. Moreover, they anticipate the mixture of purely narrative material in the surviving fourteenth-century paintings above the dossals of the choir stalls of Cologne Cathedral, and especially the tapestries depicting the lives of St Piat and St Eleutherius from the choir of Tournai Cathedral, Arras work dated 1402.
Modeling and solving technical product configuration problems
Authors: Falkner Andreas , Haselböck Alois , Schenner Gottfried , Schreiner Herwig
Published: April 2011

This paper describes and evaluates approaches to model and solve technical product configuration problems using different artificial intelligence methodologies. By means of a typical example, the benefits and limitations of different artificial intelligence methods are discussed and a flexible software architecture for integrating different solvers in a product configurator is proposed.
Product configuration as decision support: The declarative paradigm in practice
Authors: Haag Albert , Riemann Steffen
Published: April 2011

Product configuration is a key technology, which enables businesses to deliver and deploy individualized products. In many cases, finding the optimal configuration solution for the user is a creative process that requires them to decide trade-offs between conflicting goals (multicriteria optimization problem). These problems are best supported by an interactive dialog that is managed by a dedicated software program (the configurator) that provides decision support. We illustrate this using a real example (configuration of a business software system). This productively used application makes the user aware of which choices are available in a given situation, provides assistance in resolving inconsistent choices and defaults, and generates explanations if desired. One of the key configurator components used to manage this is a truth maintenance system. We describe how this component is used and two novel extensions to it: methods for declarative handling of defaults (of varying strength) and the declarative handling of incompleteness. Finally, we summarize our experiences made during the implementation of this application and the pros and cons of declarative versus procedural approaches.
Adaptive attribute selection for configurator design via Shapley value
Authors: Wang Yue , Tseng Mitchell M.
Published: April 2011

Configurators have been generally accepted as important tools to elicit customers' needs and find the matches between customers' requirements and company's offerings. With product configurators, product design is reduced to a series of selections of attribute values. However, it has been acknowledged that customers are not patient enough to configure a long list of attributes. Therefore, making every round of configuring process productive and hence reducing the number of inputs from customers are of substantial interest to academic and industry alike. In this paper, we present an efficient product configuration approach by incorporating Shapley value, which is a concept used in game theory, to estimate the usefulness of each attribute in the configurator design. This new method iteratively selects the most relevant attribute that can contribute most in terms of information content from the remaining pool of unspecified attributes. As a result from product providers' perspective, each round of configuration can best narrow down the choices with given amount of time. The selection of the next round query is based on the customer's decision on the previous rounds. The interactive process thus runs in an adaptive manner that different customers will have different query sequences. The probability ranking principle is also exploited to give product recommendation to truncate the configuration process so that customers will not be burdened with trivial selection of attributes. Analytical results and numerical examples are also used to exemplify and demonstrate the viability of the method.
Colostrum avoidance, prelacteal feeding and late breast-feeding initiation in rural Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Rogers Nikki L , Abdi Jemilla , Moore Dennis , Nd'iangui Sarah , Smith Linda J , Carlson Andrew J , Carlson Dennis
Published: April 2011

Objective

To identify specific cultural and behavioural factors that might be influenced to increase colostrum feeding in a rural village in Northern Ethiopia to improve infant health.

Design

Background interviews were conducted with six community health workers and two traditional birth attendants. A semi-structured tape-recorded interview was conducted with twenty mothers, most with children under the age of 5 years. Variables were: parental age and education; mother's ethnicity; number of live births and children's age; breast-feeding from birth through to weaning; availability and use of formula; and descriptions of colostrum v. other stages of breast milk. Participant interviews were conducted in Amharic and translated into English.

Setting

Kossoye, a rural Amhara village with high prevalence rates of stunting: inappropriate neonatal feeding is thought to be a factor.

Subjects

Women (20–60 years of age) reporting at least one live birth (range: 1–8, mean: ∼4).

Results

Colostrum (inger) and breast milk (yetut wotet) were seen as different substances. Colostrum was said to cause abdominal problems, but discarding a portion was sufficient to mitigate this effect. Almost all (nineteen of twenty) women breast-fed and twelve (63 %) reported ritual prelacteal feeding. A majority (fifteen of nineteen, 79 %) reported discarding colostrum and breast-feeding within 24 h of birth. Prelacteal feeding emerged as an additional factor to be targeted through educational intervention.

Conclusions

To maximize neonatal health and growth, we recommend culturally tailored education delivered by community health advocates and traditional health practitioners that promotes immediate colostrum feeding and discourages prelacteal feeding.
We still have to excavate – but not at any price
Authors: Demoule Jean-Paul
Published: April 2011

We have no choice: we must excavate, first because whole continents are still barely known from an archaeological point of view, and second because thousands of archaeological sites disappear every day as a result of economic development. Rescue or preventive archaeology is thus an ethical duty. Nevertheless, there is a serious risk of a split between academic archaeology, with its wealth of thinking but poverty of funding, and commercial archaeology, where the situation is the opposite and the goal is, above all, financial profit. So the question is not just to know why one excavates, but also how.
Reflections on the archaeology of archaeological excavation
Authors: Carver Geoff
Published: April 2011

The present study adopts a reflexive, critical stance in examining the premises underlying the conference session and, by extension, those underlying archaeology as a discipline. The role played by excavation in archaeology both today and historically underlines a wide variety of and changing perceptions about the goals and even the definition of what ‘archaeology’ is, while bringing our effectiveness at achieving those goals into question.
A new empiricism. Excavating at the start of the 21st century
Authors: Kolen Jan
Published: April 2011

This paper investigates the rationale for excavation against the background of a new trend in archaeology: the renewed interest in the values of experience and empiricism in both archaeological practice and interpretation. It is argued that we should seriously reconsider the principles of archaeological heritage management as it has developed from the 1970s onwards. Reasons for excavating are discussed by referring to three examples: (1) the reconstruction of cultural evolution in the time period roughly between 40,000 and 30,000 B.P., when anatomically modern humans entered Europe but Neanderthals were still there; (2) recent excavations in 20th-century terrorscapes; and (3) public activities, like geocaching, that evoke a kind of ‘archaeological experience’. It is concluded that the time is ripe for a broad empirical and experiential attitude, based on new intellectual orientations like the new empiricism, to return to the archaeological agenda. Excavation may fulfil a vital role in this project.
Why excavate? Triaging the excavation of archaeological sites
Authors: Zubrow Ezra B.W.
Published: April 2011

The issue is not ‘why excavate?’, nor is it whether or not to excavate sites. Nor is it the numerous ancillary considerations mentioned at the round table and in the papers – too many sites, too few resources, too large a backlog of unpublished sites, or saving sites for future techniques. All – excavators, archaeologists, curators and cultural heritage managers – would agree. If there is a unique world-class site that will be destroyed in a few weeks, it should be excavated. One needs to excavate to preserve the heritage, information, artefacts and context.
Processual archaeology and gender politics. The loss of innocence
Authors: Pope Rachel
Published: April 2011

Providing a younger woman's perspective, and born out of the 2006 Cambridge Personal Histories event on 1960s archaeology, this paper struggles to reconcile the panel's characterization of a ‘democratization’ of the field with an apparent absence of women, despite their relative visibility in 1920s–1940s archaeology. Focusing on Cambridge, as the birthplace of processualism, the paper tackles the question ‘where were the women?’ in 1950s–1960s archaeology. A sociohistorical perspective considers the impact of traditional societal views regarding the social role of women; the active gendering of science education; the slow increase of university places for young women; and the ‘marriage bars’ of post-war Britain, crucially restricting women's access to the professions in the era of professionalization, leading to decades of positive discrimination in favour of men. Pointing to the science of male and female archaeologists in 1920s–1930s Cambridge, it challenges ideas of scientific archaeology as a peculiarly post-war (and male) endeavour. The paper concludes that processual archaeology did not seek to democratize the field for women archaeologists.
Gesetzliche Grundlagen und rechtliche Aspekte bei der Fahreignungsabklärung
Authors: Baumgartner Thomas
Published: April 2011

Die Fahreignungsbeurteilung von Führerausweisinhaberinnen und -inhabern wird in Zukunft immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen. Gerade auch die medizinische Fahreignungsüberprüfung der über siebzigjährigen Fahrzeuglenker wird aufgrund der demografischen Entwicklung und der steigenden Lebenserwartung im Zentrum des Interesses stehen. Der behandelnde Arzt bzw. Hausarzt sieht sich somit im Praxisalltag mit der Herausforderung konfrontiert, wie er mit nicht mehr fahrgeeigneten Patienten umgehen soll. Zudem stellt sich für den Arzt die Frage, welche Aufklärungspflichten er gegenüber dem Patienten zu erfüllen hat, und ob er fahrungeeignete Personen der Straßenverkehrsbehörde melden darf oder sogar melden muss.
Calibration for the HIPASS Continuum Catalogue
Authors: Melchiori A. G. , Barnes D. G. , Calabretta M. R. , Webster R. L.
Published: April 2011

We present a new calibration method that has enabled the production of a 1.4 GHz radio continuum survey from existing HI Parkes All Sky Survey (HIPASS) data. The method will allow accurate flux densities and spectral indices to be extracted from the raw HIPASS data set. Since existing Parkes Radio Telescope band‐pass removal software produced flux density and spectral index maps which were not suitable for our catalogue, we develop a new mathematical description for the relationship of the spectral response between the processing software and the band‐pass gain. Together with observations of a well‐known calibration source, we determine the baseline coefficients for each beam and polarization in the Parkes Multibeam system and produce accurate flux density and spectral index maps. Initial results of this method indicate that the flux density of a source is accurate to ±30 mJy and the spectral index of a source, with S ≥ 1 Jy is accurate to ±0.2, a significant reduction in these errors over the standard HIPASS calibration pipeline. The mathematical description of the relationship of the spectral response between the processing software and the band‐pass gain from the Multibeam receiver should be applicable to other single dish telescopes using a Multibeam system, such as ALFA at Arecibo.
A Bayesian network to predict coastal vulnerability to sea level rise
Authors: Gutierrez Benjamin T. , Plant Nathaniel G. , Thieler E. Robert
Published: April 2011

Sea level rise during the 21st century will have a wide range of effects on coastal environments, human development, and infrastructure in coastal areas. The broad range of complex factors influencing coastal systems contributes to large uncertainties in predicting long‐term sea level rise impacts. Here we explore and demonstrate the capabilities of a Bayesian network (BN) to predict long‐term shoreline change associated with sea level rise and make quantitative assessments of prediction uncertainty. A BN is used to define relationships between driving forces, geologic constraints, and coastal response for the U.S. Atlantic coast that include observations of local rates of relative sea level rise, wave height, tide range, geomorphic classification, coastal slope, and shoreline change rate. The BN is used to make probabilistic predictions of shoreline retreat in response to different future sea level rise rates. Results demonstrate that the probability of shoreline retreat increases with higher rates of sea level rise. Where more specific information is included, the probability of shoreline change increases in a number of cases, indicating more confident predictions. A hindcast evaluation of the BN indicates that the network correctly predicts 71% of the cases. Evaluation of the results using Brier skill and log likelihood ratio scores indicates that the network provides shoreline change predictions that are better than the prior probability. Shoreline change outcomes indicating stability (−1 < rate < 1 m/yr) or erosion (rate < −1 m/yr) tend to occur for two sets of input scenarios. Stable shoreline change rates occur mainly for low rates of relative sea level rise and occur in low‐vulnerability geomorphic settings. Rates indicating erosion result for cases where the rate of relative sea level rise is high and moderate‐to‐high vulnerability geomorphic settings occur. In contrast, accretion (rate > 1 m/yr) was not well predicted. We find that BNs can assimilate important factors contributing to coastal change in response to sea level rise and can make quantitative, probabilistic predictions that can be applied to coastal management decisions.
Typology of hydrologic predictability
Authors: Kumar Praveen
Published: April 2011

Prediction problems broadly deal with ascertaining the fate of fluctuations or instabilities through the dynamical system being modeled. Predictability is a measure of our ability to provide knowledge about events that have not yet transpired or phenomena that may be hitherto unobserved or unrecognized. The challenges associated with these two problems, that is, forecasting a future event and identifying a novel phenomenon, are distinctly different. Whereas the prediction of novel phenomena seeks to explore all possible logical space of a model's behavioral response, the prediction of future events seeks to constrain the model response to a specific trajectory of the known history to achieve the least uncertainty for the forecast. Predictability challenges have been categorized as initial value, boundary value, and parameter estimation problems. Here I discuss two additional types of challenges arising from the dynamic changes in the spatial complexity driven by evolving connectivity patterns during an event and cross‐scale interactions in time and space. These latter two are critical elements in the context of human and climate‐driven changes in the hydrologic cycle as they lead to structural change–induced new connectivity and cross‐scale interaction patterns that have no historical precedence. To advance the science of prediction under environmental and human‐induced changes, the critical issues lie in developing models that address these challenges and that are supported by suitable observational systems and diagnostic tools to enable adequate detection and attribution of model errors.
Lgr4 is required for Paneth cell differentiation and maintenance of intestinal stem cells ex vivo
Authors: Mustata Roxana C , Van Loy Tom , Lefort Anne , Libert Frédérick , Strollo Sandra , Vassart Gilbert , Garcia Marie‐Isabelle
Published: April 2011

Gene inactivation of the orphan G protein‐coupled receptor LGR4, a paralogue of the epithelial‐stem‐cell marker LGR5, results in a 50% decrease in epithelial cell proliferation and an 80% reduction in terminal differentiation of Paneth cells in postnatal mouse intestinal crypts. When cultured ex vivo, LGR4‐deficient crypts or progenitors, but not LGR5‐deficient progenitors, die rapidly with marked downregulation of stem‐cell markers and Wnt target genes, including Lgr5. Partial rescue of this phenotype is achieved by addition of LiCl to the culture medium, but not Wnt agonists. Our results identify LGR4 as a permissive factor in the Wnt pathway in the intestine and, as such, as a potential target for intestinal cancer therapy.
Neuron–glia interactions: the roles of Schwann cells in neuromuscular synapse formation and function
Authors: Sugiura Yoshie , Lin Weichun
Published: April 2011

The NMJ (neuromuscular junction) serves as the ultimate output of the motor neurons. The NMJ is composed of a presynaptic nerve terminal, a postsynaptic muscle and perisynaptic glial cells. Emerging evidence has also demonstrated an existence of perisynaptic fibroblast-like cells at the NMJ. In this review, we discuss the importance of Schwann cells, the glial component of the NMJ, in the formation and function of the NMJ. During development, Schwann cells are closely associated with presynaptic nerve terminals and are required for the maintenance of the developing NMJ. After the establishment of the NMJ, Schwann cells actively modulate synaptic activity. Schwann cells also play critical roles in regeneration of the NMJ after nerve injury. Thus, Schwann cells are indispensable for formation and function of the NMJ. Further examination of the interplay among Schwann cells, the nerve and the muscle will provide insights into a better understanding of mechanisms underlying neuromuscular synapse formation and function.
Systematic study of structural, transport, and magnetic properties of Ni52+xMn26−xAl22 (1 ≤ x ≤ 5) melt-spun ribbons
Authors: Srivastava Saurabh Kumar , Srivastava Vijay Kumar , Varga Lajos K. , Khovaylo Vladimir V. , Kainuma Ryousuke , Nagasako Makoto , Chatterjee Ratnamala
Published: April 2011

Structural, magnetic, and transport properties of Ni52+xMn26−xAl22 (1 ≤ x ≤ 5) melt-spun ribbons have been characterized by a variety of experimental techniques. As the composition changed from x = 1 to x = 5, the martensitic transition temperature T0 [ = (Ms + Af)/2] was found to increase from 277 K to 446 K which was attributed to an increase in the valence electron concentration e/a. In the martensitic state, all the samples demonstrate an anomalous semiconducting behavior of electrical resistivity ρ. This uncommon feature of the transport properties has been ascribed to the existence of a gap (Eg ∼ 0.1 eV) at the Fermi level. A crossover from semiconducting to metallic behavior of ρ observed in the martensitic state of Ni57Mn21Al22 is presumably related to a spin-density wave formation at the Neel temperature TN ≈ 300 K. Analysis of a low-temperature (T < 60 K) part of the resistivity curves and comprehensive magnetic measurements of a Ni57Mn21Al22 (x ≤ 5) sample provide grounds for the conclusion that the splitting of zero-field cooling and field cooling magnetization curves observed at low temperatures is due to a spin-glass state that is formed below the freezing temperature Tf.
Variable-range-hopping conduction and low thermal conductivity in chalcogenide spinel CuyFe4Sn12X32 (X = S, Se)
Authors: Suekuni K. , Tsuruta K. , Ariga T. , Koyano M.
Published: April 2011

Low-temperature thermoelectric properties are reported for polycrystalline samples of chalcogenide spinel CuyFe4Sn12X32 (X = S, Se; y = 8.0 to 4.0). For all samples with X = S, the electrical resistivity ρ behaves similarly to that of a doped semiconductor at high temperatures and shows a variable-range-hopping-type (VRH) temperature dependence at low temperatures. The values of ρ and the thermopower S decrease concomitantly with decreasing initial Cu composition y. For y=6.0 of the sample with X = Se, ρ shows VRH behavior in a wide temperature range. Because of the monotonic increase of S as T1/2 and the exponential decrease of ρ with increasing temperature due to the the VRH conduction, the sample with X = Se can be a good high-temperature thermoelectric material. Furthermore, both systems show a low thermal conductivity of 1.5 W/Km because of their complex structures.
Effect of thermoelectric current splitting on the magnetic topology in DIII-D
Authors: Wingen A. , Evans T. E. , Spatschek K. H.
Published: April 2011

An extended model is proposed to describe the magnetic topology during appearance of edge localized modes (ELMs). It is applied to an ELMing H-mode in a lower single null discharge at DIII-D [J. L. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)]. The process of flux tube formation is discussed based on a previously proposed two-step model. Large currents, as found in measurements in DIII-D, are assumed running through newly formed large flux tubes. Two different realizations of the current distribution within the tubes are compared, namely a single filament in each tube and a scenario where the current in each tube is split into subfilaments. The latter scenario is shown to be the more realistic distribution because it leads to much better agreement with infrared camera observations. It is demonstrated that stripe patterns in the divertor heat flux produced by an ELM in the DIII-D tokamak can be reproduced numerically by taking into account the magnetic perturbation caused by the thermoelectric current subfilaments.
Particle-in-cell simulation of ion energy distributions on an electrode by applying tailored bias waveforms in the afterglow of a pulsed plasma
Authors: Diomede Paola , Economou Demetre J. , Donnelly Vincent M.
Published: April 2011

A Particle-in-Cell simulation with Monte Carlo Collisions (PIC-MCC) was conducted of the application of tailored DC voltage steps on an electrode, during the afterglow of a capacitively-coupled pulsed-plasma argon discharge, to control the energy of ions incident on the counter-electrode. Staircase voltage waveforms with selected amplitudes and durations resulted in ion energy distributions (IED) with distinct narrow peaks, with controlled energies and fraction of ions under each peak. Temporary electron heating at the moment of application of a DC voltage step did not influence the electron density decay in the afterglow. The IED peaks were “smeared” by collisions, especially at the higher pressures of the range (10–40 mTorr) investigated.