bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in Automatic EBSP Single Orientation Measurements
Authors: Kunze K. , Wright S. I. , Adams B. L. , Dingley D. J.
Published: April 2008

A completely automated system which couples automatic analysis of electron backscatter diffraction
patterns (EBSPs) with precise movement of the sample in the SEM is described. The Hough
transform is implemented into an existing technique for identifying lattice orientation through
automatic analysis of EBSPs. The ability of the Hough transform approach to correctly identify
diffraction bands is quantitatively compared with the Burns algorithm. Both methods were tested on
1000 EBSPs from well annealed oxygen‐free, electrical grade (OFE) copper, 120 patterns from as‐cast
commercially pure aluminum and 106 patterns from 40% channel‐die compressed aluminum. Only
slight differences were found in the ability of the methods to correctly identify bands in the sample
EBSPs. The three test runs resulted in 95‐99% (OFE Cu), 97.5‐99% (as‐cast AI) and 81‐85%
(deformed AI) correctly determined orientations (less than 5° off the manually determined reference
orientations). The limits in the ability of the band detection algorithms to fix the bands exactly are
discussed. To obtain the orientation which satisfies the detected bands most completely, a method of
averaging solutions obtained from different triplets of bands is introduced.
Local Pole Figures in the Tem— Measurement and ODF Determination
Authors: Weiland Hasso , Panchanadeeswaran S.
Published: April 2008

Techniques for the measurement of local pole figures in the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
are summarized and applications to deformed aluminum are given. Local pole figures are obtained by
measuring the intensity distribution along ring patterns in Selected Area Diffraction (SAD) separately
for various tilts of the specimen with respect to the incident electron beam. The computer control of
the TEM allows a data acquisition in reasonable time. The measured intensities are corrected either
experimentally or analytically for the increase of sampled volume and for the increased absorption
with increasing tilt angle of the specimen. The application of orientation distribution functions (ODF)
using the series expansion technique in conjunction with the positivity method allows a quantitative
texture analysis of the pole figures.
Orientation Characteristics of the Microstructure of Highly Rolled Pure Copper and Phosphorus‐Copper
Authors: Sztwiertnia K. , Haessner F.
Published: April 2008

Orientational aspects of the mutual arrangement of crystallites in a microstructure can be described by
certain distribution functions of orientation or orientation differences. Among these functions the
"principle" distributions are completely determined by the texture, whereas the "partial" distributions
can be used to describe correlations between orientations. The most interesting partial distribution,
the misorientation distribution function (MODF), concerns nearest neighbourhood relations. The
basic source of information about all of these descriptions is the spatial arrangement of orientations in
the sample. In the present case the local orientation arrangement in 95% rolled pure copper and
phosphorus copper was determined in the TEM using Kikuchi‐patterns.

The analysis of the data show that:

(i) the orientational details vary in a smaller lateral scale in phosphorus copper than in pure copper.

(ii) the spatial arrangement of orientations in the sample is by no means random: spatial
orientation "clustering" or "ordering" may occur.

(iii) the MODF, which shows the distribution of orientation differences between neighboured areas
in the microstructure, clearly reveals in both materials a strong preference for ~60°(111) and
~50°(110) relations. These and practically all other orientation differences found in the materials
correspond to the Coincidence Site‐Lattice (CSL) orientation relationships.
The Effect of Texture on Grain Growth: Theoretical Consideration ofGrain Growth in the Presence of Textures
Authors: Zhao X. B.
Published: April 2008

Based on the analysis of grain boundary energy change during the migration of grain boundaries a
statistic model of grain growth was developed in which both specific energy and mobility of a grain
boundary section were considered to be dependent on the grain orientations in both sides of the
boundary. It is shown that the textural effects, i.e. the anisotropy of grain boundary energy and
mobility, on the process of grain growth can be described quantitatively with the integrated partial
diffusivities of each texture component. It is found that the anisotropy of boundary energy causes an
increase on the critical grain size for the minor texture component and a decrease for the major
component. This leads to a texture strengthening, i.e. the increase of the volume percentage of the
major texture component, before a strong texture change occurs. The model predictions agree with
the experimental results well.
Graphical Representation of Grain and Hillock Orientations inAnnealed Al–1%Si Films
Authors: Gerth D. , Schwarzer R. A.
Published: April 2008

The grain‐specific texture of Al–1%Si films on oxidized silicon substrates was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Heat treatments at 400℃ and 550℃ gave rise to the sporadic growth of annealing hillocks. Crystal orientations of individual grains and hillocks were determined by means of on‐line interpretation of Kikuchi patterns. Many hillock orientations differ from the sharp 〈111〉 fibre
texture of the layer. The hillocks are assumed to start growing in layer regions where grain
orientations deviate from the main 〈111〉 fibre texture. Local texture is represented graphically by
orientation images using Miller indices, Euler angles, and Rodrigues vectors as orientation
parameters.
Final Positivity Correction in the Harmonic Method
Authors: Dahms M.
Published: April 2008

Final positivity correction of an ODF containing negative densities can be carried out using a linear variant of the exponential method. The phone‐concept is automatically included. The final positivity correction corrects the truncation error of the harmonic method if the given series coefficients describe a totally positive axis distribution function.
Calculation of Yield Surfaces and Determination of Forming LimitDiagrams of Aluminium Alloys
Authors: Fundenberger J. J. , Philippe M. J. , Esling C. , Lequeu P. , Chenal B.
Published: April 2008

In order to point out the influence of the crystallographic texture on the formability of 2 aluminium
alloys, the orientation distribution function (ODF) will be carried out using the series expansion
method. Combining the ODF with a Taylor plastic deformation model we are able to calculate the
yield loci and to predict the plastic strain ratio which is of high interest in the formability.
Deconvolution of Superposed Pole Figures by Discrete ODF Methods:Comparison of ADC and WIMV for Quartz and Calcite With TrigonalCrystal and Triclinic Specimen Symmetry
Authors: Wenk H. R. , Pawlik K. , Pospiech J. , Kallend J. S.
Published: April 2008

Discrete methods of orientation distribution (ODF) analysis are applied to quartz and calcite rocks with
trigonol crystal and triclinic sample symmetry. ODF’s are calculated from pole figures measured by
neutron diffraction. A particular complication for quartz is the presence of overlapping peaks which
can be separated with the WIMV or ADC algorithms based on diffraction intensity differences. Both
methods provide similar solutions. Characteristic differences are discussed. By comparing ODF’s
obtained from different data subsets (changing number and extent of pole figures) it is concluded that
quantity and quality of data, as well as the texture type, have a crucial influence on resolution. It is
demonstrated that discrete methods provide the possibility to obtain quantitative texture information
from minimal experimental data.
Texture, Piezoelectricity and Ferroelectricity
Authors: Fuentes L. , Raymond O.
Published: April 2008

A Quantitative Texture Analysis approach to polycrystal piezoelectric and ferroelectric phenomena is
given. Monocrystal longitudinal piezoelectric moduli are expanded in Bunge′s symmetry‐ adapted
functional bases. Suitable expansion coefficients are given. Orientation Distribution Function based
algorithms for polycrystal piezo‐moduli prediction are presented. Significant odd‐order expansion terms
are calculated and their relation to ghost phenomena is commented. Polycrystal ferroelectricity is
characterized. Quantitative describers associated to crystallographic and electric orientation distributions
are presented and related. Their evolution during heat and poling processes is discussed. Two computer‐simulated
examples are analyzed: (a) Texture‐modulated longitudinal piezo‐modulus is calculated for
an ideal quartz single‐component texture. (b) Barium titanate fibre texture transformation during a
hypothetical technological process is investigated.
Description of Texture and Yield Locus Evolution Under Different Deformation Paths of Copper Sheet
Authors: Mingolo N. , Vial-Edwards C.
Published: April 2008

The evolution of texture with plastic deformation along different loading paths has been studied for
a commercial DHP copper sheet metal. Two models have been utilized to predict the evolution of
textures: Viscoplastic under Relaxed Constraints conditions (VRC) and a Self Consistent approach (SC) with viscoplastic conditions, where the {111}<110> active slip systems were selected according to a strain rate sensitivity law.

The stress‐strain curves along different loading paths were calculated taking into account the texture evolution predicted by VRC and SC models. Predictions with the SC formulation were very close to experimental results. Texture evolution depended on the deformation path.
Simulating Epitaxial Textures
Authors: Wagner Francis , Lamm Laurence , Deparis Didier
Published: April 2008

The way of calculating the texture of a polycrystalline deposit over a polycrystalline substrate is
considered in this paper. The proposed procedure consists in taking into account the epitaxial
relationships and in defining some kind of selection rules according to the assumed crystallographic
surface state of the substrate. To illustrate the interest of such a procedure, textures are calculated
under various conditions and compared with ‘experimental’ textures for electrodeposited zinc
deposits over steel sheets.
Calculating Deformation Textures for Cubic Polycrystals
Authors: Solovei V. D. , Kolmogorov V. L.
Published: April 2008

The analytical dependences for the components of the additional rotation vector of the grain lattice in a cubic polycrystal on the strain components describing approximately analogous dependences, determined by the Bishop and Hill deformation texture theory (Bishop and Hill, 1951), are proposed.
Calculation of Effective Elastic Moduli of Textured Materials
Authors: Park N. J. , Bunge H. J. , Kiewel H. , Fritsche L.
Published: April 2008

Effective elastic constants of polycrystalline materials were determined with a recently developed method. This method bases on the modelation of the actual material by a cluster of 100 to 500 single crystals. In the present version of the scheme parallelepipeds are used. The ODF was calculated with the series expansion method. The transformation of this ODF into a finite sum of single orientations permits to assign any grain an individual orientation.

Reliable results for the effective elastic moduli of textured materials are reported. They lie always within the bounds of Voigt and Reuss. The very high anisotropic substances, e.g. shape‐memory‐alloys, show a significant deviation from the Hill values.
Microtextural Characterization of a Beryllium Weldment
Authors: Wright Stuart I. , Cotton James D.
Published: April 2008

Local grain orientations in a beryllium weldment have been characterized using an automatic technique
based on computer indexing of electron backscatter diffraction patterns. The results indicate that many
weld grains are epitaxially nucleated from the base metal. The number of grains allowed further growth
is quickly reduced based on their orientations relative to the macroscopic growth direction. Grains with

crystallographic directions parallel to the macroscopic growth direction tend to dominate. Examination
of the spatial distribution of orientation within individual grains shows that, while the macroscopic
growth direction changes during solidification, the crystallographic orientation does not. That
is, substantial deformation of the weld grains does not occur during grain growth. Analyses adjacent
to the centerline fracture indicate that the fracture plane correlates best with {} crystallographic planes.
Model Calculations of the Recrystallization Texture Formatio in α‐Iron
Authors: Köhler U. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

Model calculations of primary recrystallization textures in bcc metals were carried out on the basis of
a model which considers oriented nucleation as well as oriented growth. The influence of the input
parameters, as deformation texture, nucleation distribution and growth law were investigated systematically.
It is shown that the inhomogeneity of the deformed microstructure has to be taken into account. With
this essential assumption the main features of the recrystallization texture formation can be explained
by a growth selection process according to a 27∘ <110> and 84∘ <110> orientation relationship.
Texture Development and Anisotropic Photoelastic Properties in Rolled Silver Chloride
Authors: Dietz P. , Gieleßen H.
Published: April 2008

Experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out in order to relate elastic anisotropy to optical
anisotropy by means of photoelasticity. The fundamentals of anisotropic photoelasticity have been
described. Specimens of monocrystalline and polycrystalline silver chloride have been submitted to
tensile stress and relative retardation and extinction angles observed in polarized monochromatic light
to show conformity to the theories which quantitatively relate the state of stress and optical phenomena.
Textures of cold‐rolled as well as of recrystallized silver chloride specimens were determined with
an X‐ray goniometer. Texture determining parameters such as degree of rolling and recrystallisation
time and temperature have been varied. Textures found in silver chloride after various processing have
been characterized.
Phase Composition, Texture and Current‐Carrying Ability of Ag‐HTSC‐Ag Three‐Layer Conductors
Authors: Perlovich Yu. , Isaenkova M. , Shikov A. , Kalinin N. , Gorshkov T.
Published: April 2008

The regularities of phase changes and texture formation in composite superconductors Ag‐HTSC‐Ag,
produced by electrophoretical deposition, are studied. Depending on phase composition of the initial
ceramic powder, cyclic treatment of the composites, including pressing and annealing, results in different
development of the basal texture, being necessary for attainment of high critical current density.

The basal texture forms primarily in the phase 2212, which prevailed in the initial ceramic powder
and transforms gradually into the phase 2223 during heat treatment. The derivative phase 2223, being
of practical interest, shows either heritage or scattering of the basal texture in accord with the liquid
phase content in the sample under annealing. Mechanisms of texture development in ceramic phases
were proposed.

A diagram for composites Ag‐HTSC‐Ag, connecting their phase composition and texture perfection
with measured critical current density, is constructed.
Some Features of Texture Formation Under Zone Melting of Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Oy Ceramics
Authors: Aksenova T. D. , Bratukhin P. V. , Shavkin S. V. , Komarov A. O. , Voronkov S. A.
Published: April 2008

The crystallographic texture of a zone melted Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Oy high temperature superconductor was
studied by X‐ray diffraction technique. Semi‐quatitative methods were suggested for texture estimation
in this material. Some texture parameters were revealed to describe the texture state of the samples
and to define their superconducting transport properties. A mechanism of the texture formation under
zone melting treatment of the samples and some features of the texture were discussed.
Texture and Properties of α − Al2O3 Substrates
Authors: Böcker A. , Bunge H. J. , Huber J. , Krahn W. , Ruska J.
Published: April 2008

Texture formation in Al2O3 substrates after green forming and sintering was studied. The results can
be well represented in a texture formation diagram in terms of the green texture and a sintering factor.
The sintering factor is related to grain growth. It can be quantified in terms of sintering time and
temperatur with a growth rate factor depending on boundary energy and mobility. Two different regions
of sintering temperatures can be distinguished of which the high‐temperature one is related to liquid
phase sintering.

Mechanical properties of the substrates were also studied, particularly thermal cycling fatigue of copper plated substrates as well as thermal shock resistence and bending fracture strength. These properties
are influenced in different ways by the texture. The properties can be understood taking also the
misorientation distribution of the grain boundaries into account.
Generalized Spherical Harmonics for Cubic‐Triclinic Symmetry
Authors: Morris Peter R.
Published: April 2008

An explicit representation is suggested for orthogonal generalized spherical harmonics with cubic‐crystal and triclinic‐sample symmetries. The representation employs sums and differences of orthogonal generalized spherical harmonics with cubic‐crystal symmetry, previously described by Bunge for
orthorhombic (or higher) sample symmetry, and is illustrated, for , ι = 4, 9, μ = 1, ν = 1 to 5. This representation facilitates crystallite orientation distribution (COD)analysis (aka ODF analysis) for these
symmetries, using the Bunge formalism.
Plane Strain Deformation Textures of β‐Si3N4
Authors: Miller Peter , Collins David , Golinkin Inna , Bowman Keith
Published: April 2008

Several prior investigations have documented deformation‐induced rotation of β‐Si3N4 grains resulting
in texture and property anisotropy. As documented previously for axisymmetric textures, Jeffery‐based
models correlate well with experimental results for a limited range of strains in plane strain deformation.
Comparison to other experimental results and the implications of these results on texture modeling
are discussed.
Texture and Microstructure in Hot‐Pressed Si3N4
Authors: Walker T. , Mattern N. , Herrmann M.
Published: April 2008

The texture formation in hot‐pressed Si3N4‐ceramics was investigated by means of X‐ray diffraction.
A ring‐fibre texture is observed with the basal plane (002) perpendicular to the hot‐pressing axis. The
texture index of hot‐pressed Si3N4 depends on the starting powder mixture and process parameters.
The α → β phase transfomation and the growth of β‐Si3N4 needlelike grains are correlated with the
texture. Measurements of fracture toughness and aspect ratio confirm the correlation with microstructure.
The structure is the result of crystal growth and flow process during hot‐pressing.
Texture Investigations on High Temperature Superconductors
Authors: Schläfer Dietrich , Fischer Klaus , Schubert Margitta , Schlobach Brigitte
Published: April 2008

The formation of a structure with strong crystallographic texture is an important requirement for high
critical current densities at 77 K in high temperature superconductive materials (HTSC). In this work
several methods for texture investigation in the superconductive phase of BiPbSrCaCuO/Ag‐ and
YBaCuO/AgPd‐composite conductors prepared according to the “powder in tube”‐method as well as
in YBaCuO‐thick layers are presented. For the characterisation of the texture development in dependence
on technological steps at the preparation of HTSC‐composite conductors the determination of the halfwidth
FWHM from the psi‐scan or for one‐phase specimens the determination of the Lotgering‐factor
is appropriate, if only a c‐axis exists. The measurement of pole figures is necessary to determine, whether
a rotation symmetry occurs or an orientation of the (a,b)‐directions exists. The use of the omega‐scan
to determine the half‐width is not useful, if the goniometer unit is intended and optimised for phase
analysis and therefore the secondary monochromator cannot be relinquished.
On the Use of Polycrystal and Individual Orientation Texture Analysis Methods for BCC Materials
Authors: Gervasyeva I. V. , Sokolov B. K. , Sbitnev A. K.
Published: April 2008

The reliability of the harmonic method of the ODF calculation from X‐ray pole figures was estimated
for cubic symmetry materials. For this purpose simulated textures with a preset scattering value of the
components were used. Some examples using the Roe method to the study of the secondary
recrystallization process in the Fe‐3% Si alloy are given. The capabilities of the etch‐pits methods as
the simplest discrete method used to determine the orientation density are discussed.
On the Errors of the Experimental Pole Figures
Authors: Luzin V. , Nikolayev D.
Published: April 2008

The present work is devoted to the extraction of pole figures from time‐of‐flight neutron spectra with
different methods. Two aspects are mainly considered. The first one is to give a quantitative estimate
of the errors in the extracted pole figures and to relate the errors of spectra to the errors of the pole
figures. The second aspect is to elaborate criteria to determine the minimal exposure time, which is
necessary to accumulate a spectrum with an acceptable error level.
The Effect of Smoothing on ODF Reproduction
Authors: Nikolayev D. I. , Ullemeyer K.
Published: April 2008

Although the smoothing of experimental pole‐density data modifies the primary data set, the effect
of such a procedure on the Orientation Distribution Function and on the interpretation of the texture
was not considered until recently. The influence of smoothing on texture reproduction will be derived
for the case, that the Orientation Distribution Function is approximated by a linear combination of
normal distributions (ideal orientation components) and smoothing is carried out with normal
distributions, too. The characteristic component parameters are well‐suited to indicate changes of the
Orientation Distribution Function. The observed texture variations as a consequence of smoothing lead
to the conclusion, that moderate smoothing does not falsifythe texture. Several possibilities to control
the effect of smoothing will be discussed. Based on the visual comparison of smoothed and unsmoothed
pole‐figures it is argued, that even extreme smoothing may be useful for some purposes.
A Unified View of Methods to Resolve the Inverse Problem of Texture Goniometry
Authors: Schaeben H.
Published: April 2008

Invariants of the tomographic projection operator of texture goniometry and counterexamples provide
a unified view of existing methods to resolve the corresponding inverse problem and may be instructive
to develop novel approaches.
The Use of the Positivity Method to Approximate the Complete O.D.F.
Authors: Wagner F.
Published: April 2008

The mathematical problems, in the field of texture analysis, which remain still unsolved are briefly
discussed. The importance of the positivity condition and its use in the harmonic method are then
explained.
The Influence of Crystal Symmetry on the Determination of the Orientation of Isolated Texture Components From Pole Figures
Authors: Bukharova T. I.
Published: April 2008

The explicit relationship between the orientation of isolated texture components and peaks in pole
figures is given. With this relationship the influence of triclinic and monoclinic crystal symmetry on
the determination of the of isolated texture components is considered. In the special case that the
problem is not ill‐posed the method of the determination of the orientation of isolated texture components
from pole figures is proposed.
Electroelastic Field Concentration on Elliptical Pores in Textured Media
Authors: Shermergor T. D. , Yakovlev V. B.
Published: April 2008

A method of calculating the tensor operator of the electroelastic field concentration in the vicinity of
two kinds of inhomogeneities (pores and crystalline inclusions) is developed. It is assumed that the
shape of inhomogeneities is an ellipsoid. The materials of the matrix and/or inclusions have
piezoelectric properties. Effective piezoelectric properties of textured polycrystalline media are
calculated by means of the general singularity approximation of the theory of random fields. Methods
for the analysis of the operators of electroelastic field concentration on the surface of the inclusion are
used. The influence of the ellipsoidal pore shape on the tensor operators of electroelastic field
concentration is considered. Data are shown in figures.
Texture and Microstructure of Compressed Copper
Authors: Lee C. S. , Lee C. F. , Smallman R. E.
Published: April 2008

It is shown that the deformation banding tendency in copper increases as deformation temperature
increases. After 70% compression, the average number of deformation bands per grain increases from
16 to 36 as the deformation temperature increases from 25 to 300℃. An orientation dependence of
banding tendency is also observed. Grains with near {110} orientation are found to have the lowest
banding tendency. The textures of samples compressed below 300℃ are similar and consist mainly
of a {110} fibre and a weak {100} fibre. While the {110} component remains when deformation
temperature is increased to 300℃; the {100} component becomes weaker. 300℃ is in fact the temperature at which large scale dynamic recrystallisation occurs. It is suspected that the decay of the
{100} component is due to dynamic recrystallisation which takes place preferentially at thin deformation
bands where most of the {100} oriented material is found.
The Microstructure and Texture of Warm Rolled 3004 Aluminium
Authors: Schumann G. O. , Crosky A. , Hatherly M.
Published: April 2008

The effect of warm/hot rolling temperature on the microstructure and texture of a commercial grade
3004 alloy has been examined for material solution treated at two different temperatures (580° and
400℃). The first of these would be expected to maximise the solute concentration and particle spacing
while the second should result in a dispersion of fine particles. Microstructural heterogeneity was not
observed in material rolled to 75% reduction in a single pass at temperatures > 400℃. This is reflected
in the textures where the ODF′s are flat and the β fibre weak and uniform. In material rolled after
being re‐heated to 200℃ and 300℃ heterogeneity and banded microstructures were observed. This was
less marked for specimens solution treated at 400℃. Shear bands formed only in material solution treated
at 580℃. A strong C component was found only in the texture of specimens solution treated at 400℃
and rolled at 200℃ and 300℃. These effects are believed to have their origin in differences in the
extent of dynamic recovery.
Diffraction Profile Pole Figures Measured with a Position Sensitive Detector
Authors: Wcislak L. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

Pole figures in the classical sense are defined by the integral intensities of Bragg reflections. The conventional technique of pole figure measurement uses a single detector (usually a scintillation counter) with a wide receiving slit where the integral intensity of a given Bragg reflection is obtained directly. The usage of a position sensitive detector instead of a single detector allows to measure whole diffraction profiles simultaneously. Integral intensities of the diffraction peaks can then be obtained mathematically using peak profile analysis both on overlapped (profile deconvolution) and separated (profile fitting) reflections.

The peak profile analysis provides, besides the integral intensity, also several other peak parameters characterizing an individual (hkl)‐reflection. These are the peak maximum intensity, peak position or
peak shift, peak width or peak shape parameters, the local peak background, as well as the fitting error. The availability of all these peak profile parameters in each sample position allows to define and plot new generalized “pole figures”. Besides the texture information contained in the integral intensity pole figures these generalized pole figures contain information about different other microstructural quantities, e.g. particle size, lattice strain, diffuse scattering and amorphous phases. Fitting error pole figures can be interpreted as a measure of the experimental accuracy and profile fitting effectivity.

Some examples of conventional integral intensity pole figures and generalized diffraction profile pole figures in metal and polymer samples are presented.
The Nature of Texture Component Development in BCC Single Crystals
Authors: Divinski S. V. , Dnieprenko V. N.
Published: April 2008

Textural changes occurring in deformed BCC single crystals of (001)[110], (001)[100], and (110)[001]
orientations have been studied by simulation of plastic deformation. It was shown that a correlation
between microstructure and texture must be taken into account to interpret existing experimental data.
Rolling of (001)[100] single crystals give rise to two microstructure types that correspond to different
texture components, {001} <100> and {001}<230>, with the first component accommodating a transition
in orientations between two symmetrical positions of second component. Suggestion that such a
behaviour must be widely observed in other unstable orientations has been put forward. For example,
if a (110)[001]‐oriented crystal does not undergo mechanical twinning and its rolling texture can be
presented as a sum of two components {112}<111> and {110}<001>, we must also expect the presence
of two corresponding structure types. Disclination mechanisms of formation of the transition structure textural
components have been considered.
Formation of Cube Texture in Nominally Pure Aluminum With Fine Particle Dispersion
Authors: Saimoto S. , Li Jian , Langelaan G. , Diak B. J. , Shimizu J.
Published: April 2008

An X‐ray method to observe in‐situ cube grain growth during recrystallization has been devised using
a hot stage to measure the growth kinetics. Complementary studies, using electron channelling contrast,
electron backscattered pattern and X‐ray textural analysis, revealed that specific thermal‐mechanical
history can precipitate out Fe solutes such that the matrix is sufficiently pure to undergo continuous
recrystallization even though a fine distribution of precipitate are initially formed. These precipitates
control via Zener drag the grain size upon complete recrystallization. On the other hand, 2 to 3 ppm
(atomic) of Fe is sufficient to impose discontinuous recrystallization where the final grain size is
controlled by grain impingement. The apparent activation energies for grain growth during recrystallization
can be separated into two categories, the one for continuous recrystallization is smaller than that for
Fe diffusion in Al and the one for discontinuous process is larger. Examination of volume fraction for
each textural component reveals that during recrystallization the amount of cube texture growth
correlates best with the decrease of the brass component. The increase in volume fraction of cube texture
during recrystallization corresponds very well to the hot stage observations of cube grain growth.
Quantification of MicrostructuralEvolution and Texture DevelopmentDuring Recrystallization
Authors: Vandermeer R. A. , Jensen D. Juul
Published: April 2008

During primary recrystallization a population of new grains nucleates and grows within a cold‐deformed
material until the latter is consumed. This process was studied from a combined microstructure, kinetics
and texture viewpoint in commercial aluminum. Experimentally, recrystallization microstructures were
quantified by stereological variables and Cahn‐Hagel growth rates. The orientations of the grains being
measured stereologically were identified and experimentally determined using the back‐scatteredelectron
pattern analysis. A geometrically‐based, statistical mathematical model of recrystallization
kinetics, formulated analytically on nucleation and growth premises, was devised taking into account
both the behavior of individual recrystallization texture components and the complex geometrical
impingement patterns due to recrystallized grains occurring in clusters. By correlating and matching
the experimental stereological measurements with the analytical model, the nucleation behavior and
growth rates during recrystallization were estimated for each texture component. A 3‐D computer
simulation verified the analytically‐deduced microstructural and textural description of recrystallization
and allowed the as‐recrystallized grain sizes and the grain size distributions to be modelled as well.
Using the combined approach, a complete nucleation and growth model for recrystallization of heavily
cold rolled AA1050 was established.
Combined in Situ Sem Annealing and Ebsd of Deformed Materials
Authors: Humphreys F. J. , Ferry M. , Brough I. , Johnson C. P.
Published: April 2008

An SEM heating stage which enables microstructural and crystallographic information to be determined
as a deformed specimen is annealed, is described and the application of the technique to recovery,
recrystallization and grain growth in aluminium alloys is discussed. It is shown that the development
of the recrystallized microstructure and the growth of grains during recrystallization are similar to those
occurring in the interior of a specimen. However, the presence of a free surface influences several aspects
of annealing, including recovery and grain growth. It is found that annealing twins are formed more
frequently at a free surface than in the specimen interior, and the significance of this result is discussed.
Effect of Crystal Rotation on Earing in Cup Drawing of Highly Textured Materials
Authors: Chan K. C.
Published: April 2008

In this paper, a numerical model taking into account of crystal rotation is presented to predict earing
in cup drawing. The model is based on the Continuum Mechanics of Textured Polycrystals and the
assumption of plane strain. Ear profiles have been predicted for some common crystallographic
orientations in face‐centered cubic metals and highly textured sheets. It was shown that the major trends
of the predicted profiles for both the single crystals and highly textured sheets were consistent with
experimental results. The effect of crystal rotation on earing was shown to be insignificant for the
predicted ear profiles. However, a more sophisticated model with the consideration of the changes of
both texture and stress states should be used for more accurate predictions.
Analysis and Prediction of the Earing Behaviour of Low Carbon Steel Sheet
Authors: Schouwenaars Rafael , van Houtte Paul , van Bael Albert , Winters Jan , Mols Koen
Published: April 2008

The earing behaviour during a cup drawing test was studied for a wide range of low carbon steel sheets,
in order to check the validity of an existing model for the earing of anisotropic metal sheets. The
modelling of the anisotropic behaviour of the metal sheet was made using the Taylor theory of
polycrystal plasticity, which was implemented in a simplified cinematic model for the material flow
during a cup‐drawing test.

Both the relaxed constraints and full constraints model were tested and mutually compared. This
evaluation was one of the main goals of the research.

It will be shown that by using the full constraints Taylor theory, a very good correlation can be
found between measured and predicted ear heights after cup drawing. Deviations of the predicted
behaviour can be explained on the basis of literature data about the texture evolution during a cup
drawing test. The model could however not predict the average cup height accurately. This is probably
due to the fact, that the model does not take the ironing effect that takes place during the cup drawing
test into account.
Correlation Between Texture of Hydroxyapatite and Mechanical Anisotropy in Loxodonta Africana Ivory
Authors: Nothnagel G. , Le Roux S. D. , Grotepass W.
Published: April 2008

Samples of Loxodonta africana ivory were subjected to X‐ray diffraction studies which showed that
the hexagonal crystals have a strong preferred orientation with their basal planes perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the tusk. Cylindrical samples were also machined from the tusk with cylinder axes
along and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tusk respectively. Three‐point bending tests were
performed on the cylindrical samples. The results show a clear anisotropy in the bending strength along
the two directions. The sample with cylindrical axis longitudinally aligned shows less bending for the
same applied force. The results verify a correlation between orientation of hydroxyapatite and, among
other things, the mechanical strength. This may be related to the function of the tusk which with normal
usage has to be able to sustain large bending forces in a direction normal to the longitudinal axis.
Analysis of Texture Distribution in NdFeB Hard Magnets by Means of X‐Ray Diffraction in BRAGG‐BRENTANO Geometry
Authors: Schläfer D. , Walker T. , Mattern N. , Grünberger W. , Hinz D.
Published: April 2008

Three different methods are used for the quantitative local texture analysis of fibre textures. Two methods are based upon the evaluation of BRAC‐BRENTANO diffraction diagrams. In the first method relative intensity parameters are calculated, whereas in the second Rietveld preferred orientation factors are determined. The third method uses measured pole figures and the series expansion (Bunge).

The method is applied to hot backward extruded NdFeB ring magnets. A local texture determination dependent on a sample surface distance is possible. The results are compared with magnetic measurements.
The Smoothing of the Orientation Distribution Density Introduced by Calculation Methods
Authors: Pospiech Jan
Published: April 2008

The values of the orientation density distribution function (ODF) depend as a rule on the applied
calculation method. In the series expansion method the calculation result is influenced by truncation
of the series. With decreasing of the expansion order lmax the width of smoothing around the ODF maximum increases and its height decreases.

It is shown that the smoothing of the orientation density caused by series truncation can be described analytically by a Gaussian type function. Disturbing undulations of negative and positive values around ODF maxima characteristic for harmonic expansion can be suppressed by using additional smoothing functions.
Neutron Texture Investigations on Natural Mt. Isa Chalcopyrite Ore – Part II: Preferred Orientation of Chalcopyrite After Different Experimental Deformation Conditions
Authors: Jansen E. M. , Brokmeier H.-G. , Siemes H.
Published: April 2008

Natural chalcopyrite samples from Mt. Isa, Australia were axially shortened at a constant confining
pressure of 300 (400) MPa, at different temperatures from 25–450°C, in the strain rate range of
3 · 10−5 − 6 · 10−8sec−1. Neutron diffraction texture analyses of all deformed samples were carried out and compared to the preferred orientation before the experimental deformation.

The preferred orientation of the experimentally undeformed samples consists of three main orientation components, which become weaker with deformation at temperatures to 200°C. One or two new components (A, B) develop with the c‐axes perpendicular to the principal strain direction. At a deformation temperature of 250°C and to slower strain rates at 200°C the relics of the original components are stronger. After deformation at temperatures of 300°C to 450°C in general two different types of preferred orientation were detected. One type (2NF) shows two different new components (A*, C), the original components are completely dissolved. The other type (IN) shows the original components partially more concentrated, especially to slower strain rates, and shifting into the directions of the new components of the type 2NF.
Effect of Orientation Correlation on the Elastic Constants of Polycrystalline Materials
Authors: Kiewel H. , Bunge H. J. , Fritsche L.
Published: April 2008

The macroscopic elastic properties of a polycrystalline aggregate depend on the elastic anisotropy of
its crystallites and on the texture. Besides that, also geometrical structure parameters have an influence
which is confined within the Voigt‐ and Reuss‐averages as upper and lower bounds. These geometrical
parameters are grain sizes, grain shapes, and mutual arrangement of grains e.g. number of neighbours
and orientation correlation. In the present paper this latter influence, i.e. orientation correlation was
studied by model calculations based on a cluster model described earlier. It was found that “low‐angle‐correlation”
leads to higher elastic stiffness and “high‐angle‐correlation” results in elastically “softer”
materials compared with the uncorrelated arrangement of the same crystal orientations in the aggregate.
Calculating Extrusion Textures of the Alloy Mn‐Al‐C
Authors: Solovei V. D. , Loginov Yu. N.
Published: April 2008

The alloy Mn‐Al‐C (magnetic τ‐phase) has a face‐centered tetragonal lattice with the superstructure
L10 (Shangurov, Gornostyrev, Teitel et al., 1990). The tetragonal crystal axes c (the directions of the
easy magnetization) of the grain lattices of the polycrystal permanent magnet must be preferably
oriented along the magnet axis. In the present paper the forming of the axial extrusion textures in the
alloy Mn‐Al‐C is investigated theoretically. The texture inhomogeneity is taken into account by solving
the boundary value problem of plasticity.
Effect of the Grain Shape on the Elastic Constants of Polycrystalline Materials
Authors: Kiewel H. , Bunge H. J. , Fritsche L.
Published: April 2008

We examine the influence of the grain shape on the effective elastic moduli of polycrystalline materials. For that purpose the real material is simulated by a cluster of Wigner‐Seitz cells. For clarity each aggregate consists of grains with only one type of shape. Therefore we can classify each cluster by the coordination number of its grains. To determine the elastic moduli a homogeneous deformation is subjected to the surface of the cluster. The solution of this boundary value problem yields the average stress and strain governing inside the material whose interconnection by Hooke′s law leads to the sought‐for effective constants.

The most important result is that with increasing coordination number the elastic moduli decrease.
A Metallurgical Approach to the Cracking Resistance of Hot‐Dip Galvanized Zinc Coatings
Authors: Lazik S. , Esling C. , Phillippe M. J. , Wegria J. , Dubois M.
Published: April 2008

The texture of zinc coatings influences to a large extent their formability, due to the anisotropic properties of zinc. The (0002) basal plane is the easiest slip plane in zinc crystal. Its inclination to the deformation axis and direction directly influences the deformation behaviour. This work deals with the effect of the texture and microstructure on the cracking behaviour of zinc coatings. For this purpose, twelve different commercial hot‐dip zinc coatings have been studied.
Surface Representation of Polycrystal Physical Properties: All Crystal Classes, Simple Average Approximation
Authors: Raymond O. , Fuentes L. , Gómez J. I.
Published: April 2008

Algorithms for polycrystal physical properties estimation are presented. Bunge′s spherical harmonics treatment of surface representations, under simple average approximation, is applied. Specific formulae for so‐called longitudinal magnitudes are given. Physical properties associated to tensors of second‐, third‐ and fourth‐rank are considered. All crystal and sample symmetries are covered.
Influence of Texture on Powder Diffraction
Authors: Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

Classical Powder Diffraction usually assumes samples with
completely random orientation distribution of the crystallites. It
can be generalized to non‐random orientation distribution
(texture) by introducing a texture factor which enters the
expression of the integral intensity directly and serves as a
weight function in expressions of peak shift or peak broadening.
Hence, all methods of powder diffraction, for instance, phase
analysis, crystal structure analysis, stress analysis, particles
size analysis, can also be carried out with textured samples.

Textured polycrystalline samples may be considered as being
intermediate between single crystals and random powder samples.
Hence, they contain information about the directions of reciprocal
lattice vectors which are “averaged out” in random polycrystals,
the measured intensities of which depend only on the absolute
values . This information can be used, for instance, to separate overlapped structure factors or to index powder diffraction diagrams.
Generalization of the Concept of Sample Symmetry‐ Fuzzy Symmetry,Symmetroids, Similarity
Authors: Bunge Hans-Joachim , Nielsen Ina
Published: April 2008

The crystal orientation distribution function of polycrystalline materials, i.e. the texture,
may exhibit internal symmetries due to symmetries of the production steps, or more generally,
to the whole materials history. The “sharpness” of such symmetries can be quantified
in terms of various symmetry parameters. If the symmetries of subsequent production
processes are different, e.g. of sheet rolling and deep drawing, then these symmetries may
still be recognized in the final texture. In the same way also similarities of textures and
properties of different materials can be quantified. Symmetry parameters have many
practical applications. Examples of that are the determination of rolling direction corrections,
determination of the “plastic spin”, estimation of coarse‐grained materials, or
finding the “correct” (symmetry adapted) axis system in a material.
Calculation of Texture Volume Fractions by Integration andGaussian Fitting
Authors: Cortie M. B.
Published: April 2008

The concept of texture volume fractions has proved useful in the assessment of the
orientation distributions of polycrystalline samples. Unfortunately, there is more than
one method of calculating volume fractions, and the different techniques may give rather
different answers. The three most commonly used methods appear to be calculation
from the coefficients of the harmonic function, integration over a selected portion of an
orientation distribution function (ODF), or decomposition of an ODF into component
Gaussian ideal textures by a least squares fitting. The integration and Gaussian fitting
methods are examined further here. In particular, the nature of the errors or differences
arising from the method of integration or fitting chosen, the differing interpretations of
the shape and ‘spread’ of the ideal texture, and the effect of neglecting texture components
lying outside of the H0 subspace are considered. Integration of a volume enclosed
by one or more cylinders defined in Eulerian space seems the most robust technique. It is
usually, but not always, acceptable to neglect the effect of texture components lying
outside of H0. However, it is vital that the ‘spread’ of the ideal texture component be
precisely defined, and the texture volume fraction is very sensitive to the magnitude of
the spread as well as to the geometric shape assumed for it.
Non‐Random Orientation Distribution Functions With Random Pole Figures
Authors: Bunge H. J. , Esling C.
Published: April 2008

It is shown, theoretically and with numerical examples, that the orientation distribution function may vary between zero and two or even more times random while a corresponding pole figure is completely random.