bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic plane-strain shear rupture with a slip-weakening friction law calculated by a boundary integral method
Authors: Andrews D. J.
Published: July 2021

A numerical boundary integral method, relating slip and traction on a plane in an elastic medium by convolution with a discretized Green function, can be linked to a slip-dependent friction law on the fault plane. Such a method is developed here in two-dimensional plane-strain geometry. The method is more efficient for a planar source than a finite difference method, and it does not suffer from dispersion of short wavelength components. The solution for a crack growing at constant velocity agrees closely with the analytic solution, and the energy absorbed at the smeared-out crack tip in the numerical calculation agrees with energy absorbed at the analytic singularity. Spontaneous plane-strain shear ruptures can make a transition from sub-Rayleigh to near-P propagation velocity. Results from the boundary integral method agree with earlier results from a finite difference method on the location of this transition in parameter space. The methods differ in their prediction of rupture velocity following the transition. The trailing edge of the cohesive zone propagates at the P-wave velocity after the transition in the boundary integral calculations.
Linear inversion of transmitted acoustic wave fields for three-dimensional modulus and density perturbations using a born-type approximation
Authors: Stauber Douglas A.
Published: July 2021

A Born approximation is used to linearize the relationship, in the horizontal-wavenumber and frequency domains, between lateral perturbations of modulus and density in a layered half-space and the acoustic wave field observed at the surface when a plane wave is incident from below. The resulting equations can be used to perform a linear inversion of observed acoustic wave fields to obtain lateral perturbations in modulus and density. Since modulus and density effects are separated, gravity observations can be included in the inversion procedure without any assumptions about the relationship between density and acoustic velocity. Tests with synthetic data sets reveal that the inversion method gives useful results when the spatial scales of the inhomogeneities are smaller than several acoustic wavelengths. The inclusion of gravity observations in the inversion reduces the strong negative tradeoff between modulus and density perturbations.
Constraints on explosive sources with spall from near-source waveforms
Authors: Stump Brian W.
Published: July 2021

Spall, the tensile failure of a material due to high stress loading, has been observed in a number of contained and surface explosions. The phenomenon results in a repartition of the initial spherical explosion energy source, yielding a second energy source which is cylindrical and delayed in time. Recent spall models by Day et al. (1983) demanding conservation of momentum have shown the phenomenon to have little contribution to 20-sec surface waves. These models are extended to include the effect of the process on near-source seismograms. The spall model is constrained by observations within the nonlinear regime of the source which bound the mass, momentum, and timing of the process. Comparison of these forward models with the inverse vertical point force source inferred from seismic recordings of a bermed surface explosion yields excellent agreement. The spall model developed from the contained explosion, CHEAT, is used to create synthetic seismograms. Comparisons of these waveforms with those from a Mueller-Murphy contained explosion indicate that the waveform contribution from spall is similar in size to the spherical explosion waveform. The complete synthetic composed of the spall and explosion contribution compares favorably with observational data from the CHEAT experiment in both amplitude and energy distribution.
Model calculations of regional network locations for earthquakes in subduction zones
Authors: McLaren James P. , Frohlich Cliff
Published: July 2021

Algorithms for locating earthquakes recorded by local networks commonly assume a flat-layered velocity structure, even in island arc regions where the presence of a dipping lithospheric slab introduces large lateral velocity variations. Moreover, because seismic stations occur along the narrow island arc, the resulting linear network geometry degrades earthquake location. To model this situation, we trace rays in a spherical earth from hypothetical earthquakes through appropriate velocity models to networks of various geometries. To isolate the effect of the slab, most of the velocity models consist simply of a planar-dipping constant velocity region embedded in a sphere with a constant lower seismic velocity. We then use the calculated P and S travel times to relocate the hypothetical earthquakes with a flat-layered velocity structure. We perform calculations of this kind in a variety of models, varying the dip of the slab, the velocity contrast between the slab and the mantle, the station geometry, and the distance between the earthquakes and the slab-mantle boundary. We also perform calculations in more realistic models with geometry closely resembling two seismic networks in Alaska.

These model calculations emphasize the great care that seismologists should exercise when interpreting local network locations in island arc regions. In the present study, all the relocations incorporate P and S arrivals at all stations, and include no random or “picking” errors. Nevertheless, the relocated hypocenters differ from the “actual” model hypocenters by up to 100 km or more and produce significant distortions in the Wadati-Benioff zone. The most prominent spurious feature is a clear increase in the apparent dip of the Wadati-Benioff zone beneath a certain depth. Furthermore, the relocation reduces the width or apparent thickness of the Wadati-Benioff zone, e.g., they produce an apparent thickness of 5 km or smaller for a zone of earthquakes with an “actual” thickness of 20 km. However, if different combinations of stations report different events, it is possible to determine an apparent thickness which exceeds the “actual” thickness.

For local networks near subduction zones, it is useful to estimate the mislocation and rms residual expected for each event recorded and located. This can be accomplished by performing model calculations in a simple model with a constant velocity, dipping slab embedded in a half-space. For such a simple model, there exists only one ray path from each earthquake within the slab to each station, and the travel time for this path can be calculated as a part of the routine network location process. A relocation using the routine network location algorithm and these calculated travel times provides an indication of the expected mislocation and rms residual for the actual recorded event.
Upthrow of objects due to horizontal impulse excitation
Authors: Psycharis Ioannis N. , Jennings Paul C.
Published: July 2021

The phenomenon of upthrow of rigid blocks, excited into motion by horizontal impulses, is examined in this study. A simple foundation model is used, consisting of two sets of springs and dashpots; one set near each corner of the block. Each set consists of vertical and horizontal elements. The vertical springs are not permitted to take tensile forces, so separation of the block from the ground is allowed. The associated horizontal spring separates along with the vertical spring. The response can be separated into three regimes, namely, full contact, partial uplift, and complete separation. Analytical expressions for the response are given for the first two cases; the third case is simply rigid body motion. The overall response is nonlinear and analytical criteria for upthrow were not found. The minimum value of the impulse required for complete separation, expressed as a normalized initial velocity, was determined numerically and a parametric investigation performed. Although the irregularity of the results does not allow many general conclusions to be drawn, it was found that for short blocks, a decrease in the stiffness of the horizontal foundation springs required larger impulses for separation. These effects had mixed results for tall blocks.
Source parameters of the 28 October 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho, earthquake from body wave analysis
Authors: Doser Diane I. , Smith Robert B.
Published: July 2021

Modeling of long-period body waves of the MS = 7.3 Borah Peak, Idaho, earthquake suggests that the earthquake was a simple rupture that nucleated at a depth of about 16 km and propagated unilaterally northwestward toward the surface. The seismic moment tensor obtained from the inversion of teleseismic body wave amplitude data agrees well with the fault plane solution obtained from short-period first motion data (strike, 138 ± 3°; dip, 45 ± 3°; rake, −60 ± 5°) and the observed surface faulting. The scalar double couple moment of 2.1 × 1026 dyne-cm obtained from the inversion is comparable to a moment of 1.4 × 1026 dyne-cm estimated from the observed surface faulting. Estimates of stress drop based on these values for the moment are 17 to 12 bars, respectively.
Frequency-dependent attenuation in the crust beneath Central France fromLgwaves: Data analysis and numerical modeling
Authors: Campillo Michel , Plantet Jean-Louis , Bouchon Michel
Published: July 2021

The quality factor of shear waves in the crust beneath Central France is evaluated by the combined use of data analysis and theoretical modeling. The measurement is made from Lg wave records of 18 earthquakes at 22 short-period vertical seismic stations of the French seismic network. The geometrical attenuation of Lg waves has been calculated through a numerical simulation in a perfectly elastic model. The station responses (including site effects) have been evaluated from Lg waves and from records of the seismic noise. Q has been calculated for a set of 11 frequencies between 0.5 and 10 Hz and has been found to be in the form

Q = 290 * f 0.52

where f is the frequency. The numerical simulation leads to the interpretation of Q of Lg waves as the mean value of Q within the crust. Theoretical and experimental decay of energy with distance are in very good agreement. The Lg waves present a different sensitivity to a low Q zone whether this zone is associated with the sediments or with scattering in the lower crust. The lower crust beneath central France appears from our experimental results to be associated with high values of Q.
Spatial variation of ground motion determined from accelerograms recorded on a highway bridge
Authors: Wilson John C. , Jennings Paul C.
Published: July 2021

A set of time-synchronized strong-motion accelerograms, obtained on the San Juan Bautista 156/101 Separation Bridge in California during the 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake earthquake (ML = 5.9), are used to study the spatial variation of ground motion at the bridge site, including traveling wave effects and the influence of multiple-support excitation. Analysis of the ground motion recorded at the base of two of the bridge supports (32.6 m apart) revealed the presence of a differential support excitation having a period of ≈ 3 sec, much longer than any structural periods of the bridge. This signal also appeared as a noticeable long-period component in the superstructure displacements. Analysis of the vertical and radial components of the 3-sec ground motion indicated that ground displacements were retrograde for the duration of strong shaking, with several cycles exhibiting elliptical particle motions. These findings suggest that long-period differential support motions were induced by phase delays in a Rayleigh wave traveling across the bridge site. Further support to this premise is given by the location of the bridge site near a maxima of the Rayleigh wave radiation pattern for the Coyote Lake earthquake (based on published focal mechanism data). Traveling wave effects were also detected for compressional body waves by a correlation analysis which indicated a time delay of ≈ 7 msec between P-wave arrivals at two of the bridge supports.
Deformation due to a rectangular tension crack in an elastic half-space
Authors: Yang Xue-Min , Davis Paul M.
Published: July 2021

Closed, analytic expressions are given for the displacement fields, their derivatives, and stresses from a rectangular crack in an elastic half-space having Burger's vector normal to its surface. Displacements are found by integration of Volterra's formula over the crack area using Mindlin's (1936) point force solutions for the elastic half-space. Differentiation of the displacement fields yields expressions for calculating stress and strain throughout the medium. Contours of stresses and displacements are given for selected geometries. The expressions for displacements give identical values to those calculated using angular dislocations (Comninou and Dundurs, 1975). All solutions are presented as a FORTRAN subroutine to facilitate practical implementation.
Periodic energy release in the New Madrid seismic zone
Authors: Mento Dean J. , Patrick Ervin C. , McGinnis L. D.
Published: July 2021

The annual release of strain energy by earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone, as represented by the strain factor, is calculated and cumulated. When the main annual energy release, in the form of a linear regression, is subtracted from the data, the residual curve suggests that the energy release rate is cyclical with a period of 30 to 35 yr for earthquakes of magnitude 5.5 or less. Furthermore, the current rate is well below normal and may be expected to significantly increase in the near future. Although the increase may be in the form of several small earthquakes, the historical pattern suggests that at least one earthquake of body-wave magnitude 5.0 to 5.2 may be anticipated.
A fourth-order accurate finite-difference scheme for the computation of elastic waves
Authors: Bayliss A. , Jordan K. E. , LeMesurier B. J. , Turkel E.
Published: July 2021

A finite-difference model for elastic waves is introduced. The model is based on the first-order system of equations for the velocities and stresses. The differencing is fourth-order accurate on the spatial derivatives and second-order accurate in time. The model is tested on a series of examples including the Lamb problem, scattering from a plane interfaces and scattering from a fluid-elastic interface. The scheme is shown to be effective for these problems. The accuracy and stability is insensitive to the Poisson ratio. For the class of problems considered here, we find that the fourth-order scheme requires from two-thirds to one-half the resolution of a typical second-order scheme to give comparable accuracy.
Inferences about the local stress field from focal mechanisms: Applications to earthquakes in the southern Great Basin of Nevada
Authors: Harmsen S. C. , Rogers A. M.
Published: July 2021

Focal mechanisms determined from regional-network earthquake data or aftershock field investigation often contain members ranging from strike slip to normal slip in extensional tectonic environments or from strike slip to thrust slip in compressional environments. Although the coexistence of normal and strike-slip faulting has suggested to some investigators that the maximum and intermediate principal stresses are of approximately equal magnitude, several have asserted that the directions of principle stresses can or must interchange to accommodate both types of mechanisms (Zoback and Zoback 1980b; Vetter and Ryall, 1983). A Coulomb-Navier criterion of slip is invoked to demonstrate that both types of mechanisms, as well as oblique members having preferred nodal-plane dips intermediate between those of the strike-slip and normal mechanisms, may be observed in a region where the stress field, resolved into principal components, is axially symmetric. The proximate coexistence of earthquakes having diverse focal mechanisms could be interpreted as evidence for an approximately axially symmetric stress field in a region where optimally oriented planes of weakness are known to exist in the host rock.
Rupture process of the 1983 Japan Sea (Akita-Oki) earthquake using a waveform inversion method
Authors: Fukuyama Eiichi , Irikura Kojiro
Published: July 2021

The rupture process of the 1983 Japan Sea earthquake (MJMA = 7.7) is determined by applying waveform inversion of displacement-type, strong motion records based on the Bayesian method. The synthesis of the seismic motions from the main shock is made using the records from the two aftershocks (MJMA = 7.1 and MJMA = 6.1) as empirical Green's functions. The main shock fault consists of two subfaults. The aftershock (M = 6.1) occurring south of the main shock fault is used for the southern subfault empirical Green's function and the aftershock (M = 7.1) occurring north of the main shock fault is used for the northern subfault. In this synthesis, it is not necessary to calculate propagation path and local site effects. Therefore, the information about the source process can be extracted from the comparison between observed seismic motions and the synthetic ones without detailed information on the velocity structure along the whole path from the source to each station. The inversion for the rupture process is attempted for both a line source model and an area source model. In both models, the main shock fault surface is divided into several elements whose sizes are determined from the scaling relations between the main shock and its aftershocks. The slip displacement and the rupture starting time on each element are estimated as model parameters in the inversion. A good convergence is obtained after about 10 iteration steps for the line source case and after 5 iteration steps for the area source case. The results are summarized: (1) the average rupture velocity is approximately 2.5 km/sec for the southern subfault and 2.0 km/sec for the northern subfault, and (2) there is a large slip displacement near the rupture initiation point and the north edge of the fault. Thus, there is considerable heterogeneity in rupture propagation and slip distribution over the fault plane.
Long-period surface waves of four western United States earthquakes recorded by the Pasadena strainmeter
Authors: Doser Diane I. , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: July 2021

Long-period surface waves recorded on the north-south Pasadena strainmeter are used to determine the seismic moments and fault parameters of the 19 May 1940 Imperial Valley, California, the 16 December 1954 Dixie Valley and Fairview Peak, Nevada, and the 18 August 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquakes. Synthetic strain seismograms are matched with the observed strainmeter seismograms. Source parameters from the strainmeter modeling are more consistent with source parameters estimated from geodetic and geologic information than parameters estimated from short-period (<15 sec) body wave data. Long-period surface wave moment estimates agree well with geodetic estimates of moment, but are 1.5 to 5 times greater than moments obtained from modeling of teleseismic body waves or geologic information. The Imperial Valley earthquake is best modeled as consisting of 5 point sources along a fault 87.5 km in length with a strike, rake, and dip of 326°, 180°, and 90°. The moment for the earthquake was 4.8 × 1019 N-m. The synthetic seismogram that best models the Fairview Peak and Dixie Valley earthquakes assumes that the Fairview Peak earthquake was twice the size of the Dixie Valley event. Moments of 5.9 to 13 × 1019 and 3 to 6.5 × 1019 N-m are obtained for these events. A moment of 1.5 × 1020 N-m is obtained for the Hebgen Lake earthquake. Love waves of this earthquake are best modeled by a fault striking 102°, although surface faulting produced during the earthquake strikes 130°.
An automatic phase picker for local and teleseismic events
Authors: Baer M. , Kradolfer U.
Published: July 2021

An automatic detection algorithm has been developed which is capable of time P-phase arrivals of both local and teleseismic earthquakes, but rejects noise bursts and transient events. For each signal trace, the envelope function is calculated and passed through a nonlinear amplifier. The resulting signal is then subjected to a statistical analysis to yield arrival time, first motion, and a measure of reliability to be placed on the P-arrival pick. An incorporated dynamic threshold lets the algorithm become very sensitive; thus, even weak signals are timed precisely. During an extended performance evaluation on a data set comprising 789 P phases of local events and 1857 P phases of teleseismic events picked by an analyst, the automatic picker selected 66 per cent of the local phases and 90 per cent of the teleseismic phases. The accuracy of the automatic picks was “ideal” (i.e., could not be improved by the analyst) for 60 per cent of the local events and 63 per cent of the teleseismic events.
Source parameters of the 1949 magnitude 7.1 south Puget Sound, Washington, earthquake as determined from long-period body waves and strong ground motions
Authors: Baker Glenn Eli , Langston Charles A.
Published: July 2021

Teleseismic P, SH, and SV first motions and SH to SV amplitude ratios recorded at eight teleseismic receivers from the 1949 magnitude 7.1 Olympia, Washington, earthquake in combination with data from three stations at regional distances were utilized in a grid testing routine to constrain focal mechanism. Identification of the pP phase places the event at 54 km depth. Distinct pulses, assumed to be source effects, are observed in the far-field waveforms. Analysis of these pulses for directivity made possible discrimination between the fault and auxiliary planes. The plane taken to represent the fault surface strikes east-west ± 15°, dips 45° ± 15° to the north, and has nearly pure left-lateral slip. The preferred source model has an eastward propagation of 40 km. Surface reflections of successive source pulses suggest an upward component of propagation of 5 km. Bounds on the earthquake location and rupture of the 13 April event were determined using depth and source mechanism constraints from the teleseismic study and characteristics of local strong ground motion recordings. The 9-sec S-instrument trigger time seen in the Seattle acceleration recordings places the event at least 60 km from Seattle. Strong motion velocity at the Olympia Highway Test Laboratory is characterized by an impulsive and rectilinear S wave. The low amplitude of the vertical component of initial S motion suggests that either the epicenter is within 5 km of the Olympia Highway Test Laboratory for a pure incident SV wave or located along an azimuth of N159° if the wave is SH. The combined constraint of minimum distance from Seattle and the S polarization angle implied by the teleseismic data focal mechanism places the initiation of rupture 5 to 10 km north to north-northwest of the Olympia Highway Test Laboratory at 47.13°N, 122.95°W. This is approximately 20 km west of previously determined epicenters. The T axis, gently dipping to the southeast, supports other evidence that the Juan de Fuca plate dips to the southeast in a zone between segments of the plate north and south of the event's location. The fault plane's slip is taken to indicate that subduction is still active beneath Washington and that motion of the two segments is probably independent.
Instrumental group delay for high-frequency and teleseismicPwaves
Authors: Buchbinder Goetz G. R.
Published: July 2021

The instrumental group delay dθ/dω is considered here. First, these delays were calculated for three different recording systems that were used in a precise travel-time monitoring experiment where the delays varied between 10 and 40 msec for the high frequencies of the seismograms involved. A technique is demonstrated by which these delays may be readily accounted for and by which instrumental malfunctions can be readily detected.

Second, two of these systems are also currently used for the recording of short-period teleseisms; at the 1-sec period, the group delays are from 0.3 to 0.4 sec, which is significant and must be accounted for. This is particularly important when these systems are used in connection with data from other systems that have different delays, such as the World-Wide Seismograph Station Network and Canadian Seismograph Network stations. Neglecting these delays will create serious problems in seismological tomography and earthquake catalogs.

Third, for long-period phases recorded by the SRO-type instruments, the delays for the 10- to 20-sec periods are 6 to 12 sec; again, these are significant and must be accounted for.
Women’s Experience of Vulnerability in Flood in the context of Northern Region of Bangladesh
Authors: Masud Marjina , Chowdhury Md. Mahabub , Kamal Farhana
Published: July 2021

Flood is one of the most common and devastating disasters in the northern region of Bangladesh. The objective of this research is to investigate how and to what extent flood has been affecting people’s livelihood and how men and women are taking steps to mitigate the impact and cope up with the situation.  The research work was conducted based on a qualitative point of view and the lens of feminist research methodology. This study has revealed that flood-induced vulnerability affects men and women differently. Women experience the severity of the flood and household food insecurity much more than men as women are responsible for maintaining the household, taking care of everyone, and playing the role of buffer and absorber the impact. To mitigate the impact and cope up with the devastating effects of floods, men and women employ different strategies. While men go to nearer or far towns or cities for alternative livelihoods, women remain within the household and try to mitigate the impact. This study is conducted through qualitative research techniques such as semi-structured interview, focus group discussion, case study, and conversational exchange method and aims at contributing to a broader understanding of women’s experience of flood-induced vulnerability in the context of the northern region of Bangladesh.
Çevre Hakkının Dayanışma Hakkı Olarak Gelişimi ve Türkiye Özelinde Analizi
Authors: KANLI İmam Bakır , KÜPELİ İsmail Tarık
Published: July 2021

Kamu yönetimi disiplini bağlamında özellikle çevre politikalarının üretilmesi, uygulanması ve yönetilmesi süreçlerinde, kamu yararı ve kişisel çıkarlar arasındaki mücadele tarih boyunca hep olmuştur. Bu mücadelenin bir yansıması olarak fiziksel çevrenin tahrip edilmesi sadece doğa ya da insanoğlunu olumsuz yönde etkilememiş, aynı zamanda yapılı çevre de bu yıkımdan payını almıştır. Özellikle son elli yıl boyunca, Birleşmiş Milletler öncülüğünde yürütülen çalışmalar göstermiştir ki, çevre sorunlarının çözümünde veya en aza indirgenmesinde, soruna taraf olan paydaşların olabildiğince bir dayanışma ve iş birliği şuuru içinde hareket etmeleri anahtar rol oynamaktadır. Bu yüzdendir ki, bu dayanışmanın çevre hakkı kapsamı içinde “Üçüncü Kuşak Haklar” arasındaki yerini alması, 1982 yılında “Dayanışma Haklarına İlişkin Uluslararası Üçüncü Pakt Ön Tasarısı” ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. İşte bu çalışma, çevre hakkının dayanışma hakkı olarak dünyadaki gelişimini, Türkiye özelindeki yansımalarını ve geçirdiği süreci analiz etmektedir. Makalenin, literatüre yapacağı katkının yanı sıra merkezi ve yerel yönetimlerin ulusal ve uluslararası ölçekte yapacağı çalışmalara veya üretecekleri çevre politikalarına sağlayacağı katkı açısından da önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Çalışma, Birleşmiş Milletler, Fransa ve Türkiye’nin 1970 sonrası çevre hakkı konusundaki politikalarıyla sınırlandırılmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemine dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada; literatür taraması yapılmış, literatür ile birlikte ulusal ve uluslararası kurum ve kuruluşların rapor ve analizlerinden veriler elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler ise doküman analizi tekniği ile değerlendirilmiş ve ulaşılan bulguların değerlendirilmesini müteakip yapılan önerilerle de çalışma sonlandırılmıştır.
The relationship between corporate governance characteristics and agency costs
Authors: Salehi Mahdi , Adibian Mohammad Sadegh , Sadatifar Zakiyeh , Khansalar Ehsan
Published: July 2021

The present study aims to evaluate the contributing factors to agency costs in Iran. In this regard, 112 companies were studied over 2010 - 2016. Since the model is dynamic and the dependent variable suffers from a lag, the generalized method of moments is employed to free the independent variables and the disruptive component. The findings indicate a significant lag in the dependent variable of all three models. An audit committee’s presence significantly affects the decline of agency costs in all three models. Moreover, results suggest that family companies and the state shareholders of all three models have no significant impact on the agency costs. The existence of financial leverage matching with all three models causes the decline of agency costs. In terms of assets, Larger companies based on the three models have more agency costs as well.
Governance and civil and political rights as FDI determinants in transition countries
Authors: Zvezdanović Lobanova Jelena , Lobanov Mikhail , Zvezdanović Milan
Published: July 2021

This paper aimed to investigate the FDI determinants in 27 transition countries within the 2002 – 2018 period by employing system GMM analysis. One of the results of our research is that an uncertain political situation and civil liberties violations have a significant negative impact on foreign investors’ confidence. Generally, the erosion of democratic institutions acts as a deterrent to FDI inflows. Transition countries which experienced prolonged periods of central planning also recorded lower levels of FDI inflows. The results show that creating conditions for stimulating foreign investors through the improvement of institutional quality embodied in the control of corruption and voice and accountability impacted positively on FDI inflows. The interplays between overall institutional quality, voice and accountability, regulatory quality, government effectiveness and GDP growth are positive and significant. Hence, macroeconomic development has an important impact on the marginal effect of institutional quality. Therefore, we concluded that the influence of governance on FDI inflows is conditional on the transition countries’ macroeconomic performance. Our findings also reveal that of the governance dimensions, control of corruption and voice and accountability have a significant influence on the decision of multinationals to undertake investment.
Clinical profile and outcome of children with congenital heart diseases admitted with acute events in a paediatric tertiary care unit in North Karnataka
Authors: Loni Ramaning , Ranganath Pruthvi , Juvekar Manisha , Tikare Nitin , Bidari L. H. , Karva M. M.
Published: July 2021

Background: Congenital heart diseases are the predominant causes of paediatric morbidity and mortality. This study was done to know the clinical profile, various acute presentations, and risk factors for repeated hospitalizations and their outcome in children with congenital heart diseases.Methods: This prospective observational study of children in the age group of 0 hour-12 years, who were previously diagnosed and or newly diagnosed with congenital heart diseases.Results: A total of 102 children were present during the study period. The most common age group for congenital heart disease was infancy with 46.1% (47 cases) of children. Acyanotic heart diseases were observed in 73.5% (75 cases) of the total, followed by cyanotic CHD with 14.7% (15 cases), complex CHD with 9.8% (10 cases), and the least, valvular diseases with 2% (2 cases). The most usual presenting symptoms in children with CHDs were breathlessness with 66.7% (67 cases), followed by fever with 54.9% (56 cases) and cough with 48% (49 cases. In this study, 23.5% (24 cases) of the children were completely immunized. The protein-energy malnutrition was present in 51% of cases (52 cases). The 16.7% of them (17 cases) have got the motor developmental delay predominantly. The dysmorphic features were present in 19 cases (18.6%) of total cases. The chest X-ray findings were abnormal in 58.8% (60 cases). The most common risk factor(co-morbidity) in children with CHD was noticed to be anaemia in 43 cases (42.2%).Conclusions: The infancy and early childhood are the most common age group for the presentation of CHDs. Most of them had the associated risk factors (co-morbid) like nutritional anaemia, pneumonia, and failure to thrive.
Медико-техническая и психолого-педагогическая помощь пациентам с нарушенным слухом в период пандемии
Authors: Зонтова О.В. , Гребенюк И.Э. , Черная Н.В.
Published: July 2021

Цель реабилитации пациентов со сниженным слухом – повышение их реабилитационного потенциала в результате оказываемой им медико-технической и психолого-педагогической помощи. В современных условиях возрастает актуальность дистанционного консультирования и сопровождения пациентов со сниженным слухом всех возрастов. Что помогает продолжать оказывать специализированную помощь в период пандемии короновируса. Для реализации дистанционной медикопедагогической поддержки используются различные средства и формы работы, реализуемые через Интернет. В таком формате работы для детей и взрослых с нарушенным слухом и после кохлеарной имплантации ведут прием врач-сурдолог и сурдопедагог, а также активно подключается семья самого пациента. Преимущества дистанционной поддержки: большая доступность, регулярность и комфортное сопровождение пациента, повышение эффективности и оптимизация отслеживания динамики. Результатом реализации предложенных мер является повышение реабилитационного потенциала пациентов с нарушенным слухом, улучшение их слухоречевых навыков и интеграция в общую среду.
Улыбка как невербальное средство в межкультурном общении
Authors: Ткачёва Р.А. , Мирзоева В.М. , Михайлова Н.Д. , Шоайб А.
Published: July 2021

Статья посвящена улыбке как невербальному средству в межкультурном общении. Авторы рассматривают проблему формирования толерантного сознания у иностранных студентов на основе расширения их коммуникативной компетентности в понимании особенностей национальной культуры разных народов, в том числе русской. В статье отмечается, что в культуре разных народов улыбка имеет свои коммуникативные особенности, возможности и цели. Особое внимание уделяется роли улыбки в профессиональной деятельности врача. В статье обращается внимание на причины бытовой неулыбчивости русского человека, связанные с традициями русской коммуникации и отразившиеся в пословицах и поговорках. Авторы приходят к выводу, что знание особенностей национальной коммуникативной культуры разных народов, в том числе и «использования» улыбки, позволяет лучше понимать собеседника и делать процесс общения более эффективным.
Риски венчурного инвестирования инновационной деятельности: методы оценки и управления
Authors: Третьяков О.В.
Published: July 2021

В статье проводится анализ методов оценки и управления рисками в венчурном финансировании. Отмечается, что венчурное финансирование само по себе предполагает существование риска, однако в современной экономической литературе нет однозначного понимания и классификации рисков, присущих этому способу финансирования инноваций. Кроме того, отсутствует комплексное представление о методах оценки данного способа финансирования проектов. Это становится препятствием для управления рисками в ходе реализации инновационных проектов. Автором проведена классификация рисков в соответствии с взаимодействием инвестиционного и инновационного процессов, рассмотрены и систематизированы существующие методы оценки рисков венчурного финансирования.
Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia with Aggressive Continuous Intravenous Insulin
Authors: Hoff Abigail , Piechowski Kara
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Severe hypertriglyceridemia requiring hospitalization for intravenous insulin to lower triglycerides and prevent complications of pancreatitis is becoming an increasing problem with little consensus treatment evidence. This is the largest case series to date to evaluate this under-studied area of literature. The objective of this study was to determine the average time to triglyceride lowering less than 500 mg/dL. Methods: This was a retrospective case series from March 2018 to March 2020 at a single rural academic medical center. 23 patients were included who received weight-based intravenous insulin at 0.1 units/kg/hour through a hypertriglyceridemia management order-set over a two-year period. Results: The median triglyceride level at initiation of the insulin infusion was 3759 mg/dL with an interquartile range of 5555. The median time to a triglyceride level less than 1000 mg/dL and 500 mg/dL was 45 hours (1.8 days) and 75 hours (3.1 days) respectively. Patients remained on intravenous insulin for a median of 60 hours (2.5 days). Conclusions: In this largest case series to date evaluating the use of intravenous insulin for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia, a weight-based insulin infusion demonstrated reduction of triglyceride levels to less than 1000 mg/dL in approximately 2 days and less than 500 mg/dL in approximately 3 days.
Influence of polypropylene mesh on local and systemic production of cytokines during thoracoplasty in experiment
Authors: Belov Sergei , Grigoryuk Alexander А
Published: July 2021

Introduction. The question of the body's immune reactivity when using mesh implants for plastic surgery of the chest frame remains not fully understood.Aims. The effect of the polypropylene mesh endoprosthesis "Surgipro" on systemic and local cytokine production after reconstruction of the chest frame was evaluated.Materials and methods. The work was performed on male Wistar rats weighing 250 50 grams (n=21). The main group consisted of rats with musculo-aponeurotic plasty (n=9), the comparison group consisted of animals that underwent chest plasty after removal of the posterior segment of the IV rib measuring 1.0 cm and overlapping over the mesh (n=9). Healthy rats without surgery served as control (n=3). The animals were taken out of the experiment on days 1, 10 and 30 after the operation. Determination of cytokines TNF-, IFN- and IL-10 in the blood serum and biopsy of the postoperative scar was performed by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results. It was found that in the experiment, the plastic of the chest frame affects the systemic and local production of cytokines TNF-, IFN- and IL-10. A more intense increase in serum and local anti-inflammatory cytokines was recorded with the use of the implant (p˃0.05). At the same time, the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 was recorded at values below the control (p˃0.05).Conclusions. The conducted experimental study revealed that the use of a mesh endoprosthesis in the restoration of a defect in the thoracic frame causes more pronounced systemic and local production of cytokines TNF-, IFN- and reduces the production of IL-10.
Removal of fibroadenoma of the breast augmentation and breast implants. Analysis of the possibility of simultaneous and delayed execution of these operations
Authors: Dzhuganova Viktoriia , NOVOMLINSKY Valery V. , Sokolov Andrey Petrovich , Lynov Pavel Alekseevich , Sokolova Margarita Gennedievna , Ostroushko Anton Petrovich , Kutsuradis Azariy Falesovich , Chugunova Arina Vladimirovna , Laptiyova Anastasia Yurievna
Published: July 2021

Introduction. Fibroadenomas (FA) are the most common benign breast neoplasms that are diagnosed in 25% of women. Dissatisfaction with the size of the breast and the desire to increase it occurs in 40%. For this reason, in the practice of a plastic surgeon, there are cases when the patient wants to remove fibroadenomas (FA) and increase the size of the breast. In this situation, there are two options for managing the patient- the simultaneous execution of two operations and the delayed one.Aim. To evaluate the possibility of simultaneous FA removal and augmentation mammoplasty, to analyze possible complications and methods of their correction.Materials and methods. We have analyzed the experience of simultaneous interventions of FA removal and augmentation mammoplasty on the example of 10 cases performed in the period from 2014-2019, as well as FA removal after implant placement-3 cases.Results. Performing a simultaneous operation has advantages due to the minimization of injuries (the ability to perform from a single access - submammary or periareolar), reducing psychological stress and better cosmetic effect. Two patients had postoperative complications in the form of capsular contracture, manifested in the asymmetry of the mammary glands, corrected by performing capsulotomy and forming a new submammary fold. When performing invasive diagnostic tests and surgical intervention in three patients after endoprosthesis augmentation mammoplasty, extreme caution was required due to the risk of violating the integrity of the implant. It was found that the incision of the posterior leaf of the MJ capsule with a large number of removed neoplasms in the postoperative period leads to the development of breast asymmetry. The fact of FA recurrence was also confirmed (2 patients), who subsequently underwent repeated surgical intervention.Conclusion. Performing simultaneous operations for benign breast tumors can be surely practiced by plastic surgeons, including as one of the options for simultaneous treatment of breast FA and augmentation mammoplasty. The occurrence of FA in the long-term period after breast augmentation surgery is associated with difficulties in diagnostics (mammography and fine needle aspiration biopsy under the control of ultrasound), as well as in the course of surgery itself, due to the presence of the implant and the risk of violation of its integrity.
sentencia es de quien la trabaja: estructura organizacional y justicia constitucional en México (1996-2005)
Authors: Cortez Salinas Josafat , Saavedra Herrera Camilo
Published: July 2021

¿Qué papel desempeñan las estructuras que organizan el trabajo judicial en la labor de los órganos de justicia constitucional? Este artículo explora esta cuestión analizando la participación de la Unidad de Controversias Constitucionales y Acciones de Inconstitucionalidad (UCCyAI) en la elaboración de sentencias de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación durante el periodo 1996-2005. A nivel teórico, ofrece una clasificación de las estructuras organizacionales de los órganos de justicia constitucional. Permite describir la experiencia mexicana de esos años como un modelo centralizado que dificultó el control de los integrantes del tribunal sobre la conformación de equipos de trabajo y la elaboración de sentencias. En el plano empírico, proponiendo a la UCCyAI como estudio de caso y mediante la sistematización original de más de mil expedientes, se concluye que la delegación en esa estructura fue significativa pues elaboró el 80% de las sentencias aprobadas en el periodo de estudio.
Educación superior, productividad y crecimiento económico en México entre 2004 y 2015
Authors: Mungaray Lagarda Alejandro , Pimienta Gallardo Raúl Barutch , Ocegueda Hernández Marco Tulio
Published: July 2021

El presente estudio parte del supuesto de que la educación superior genera efectos económicos importantes en el mediano y largo plazo en relación con la creación de tecnologías, y el incremento de la productividad y niveles de ingreso. Se trata de un análisis empírico que muestra que la inversión pública en educación superior realizada en México, entre 2004 y 2015, no ha impulsado satisfactoriamente la productividad a fin de alcanzar un mayor crecimiento económico con bienestar social. No obstante, las más altas tasas de cobertura y escolaridad sí han impactado de modo favorable en el crecimiento del ingreso per cápita.
Prevalencia de embarazo en adolescentes y factores asociados en el Hospital Luis F. Martínez. Cañar 2017
Authors: Vázquez Bustos Wilson Patricio , Sempértegui Cárdenas Pablo Xavier , Guamán Vásquez Ana Paulina
Published: July 2021

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de embarazo en adolescentes y factores asociados en el Hospital Luis F. Martínez, de la provincia del Cañar, año 2017. Método y materiales: estudio transversal realizado en 200 adolescentes mujeres. Se utilizó el test del APGAR Familiar y el cuestionario del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. Los datos se recolectaron en una encuesta y se tabularon en Epi Info 7. Se obtuvieron frecuencias, porcentajes, razón de prevalencia con su intervalo de confianza al 95% así como Chi cuadrado con su valor p. Resultados: el promedio de edad fue de 16.9 años; 52.5% fueron mestizas, 41% tuvieron instrucción secundaria incompleta, 51.5% se encontraron en unión libre y eran amas de casa. La prevalencia de embarazo en adolescentes fue del 18%. Los factores asociados a embarazo en la adolescencia fueron: vivienda distante al centro de salud (RP: 1.25, IC95% 1.06-1.14, p=0.004), consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (RP 1.24, IC95% 1.06-1.46, p=0.005), migración de uno de los padres (RP 1.28, IC95% 1.10-1.49, p=0.002), deserción escolar (RP 1.65, IC95% 1.34-2.03, p=0.000) y disfunción familiar (RP 1.66, IC95% 1.5-2.21, p=0.000). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de embarazo en adolescentes en esta localidad es alta y está asociado con edad >15 años, vivienda distante al centro de salud, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, migración de uno de los padres, deserción escolar y disfunción familiar.
Métodos não farmacológicos para alívio da dor no trabalho de parto: oficinas para Enfermagem
Authors: Pinto Daysa Araújo Ferreira , Paula Aline De , Liebl Beatriz Hortz , Coelho Gabriela Augustin , Trigueiro Tatiane Herreira , Souza Silvana Regina Rossi Kissula
Published: July 2021

O objetivo do estudo foi apresentar à equipe de Enfermagem evidências científicas em relação ao uso dos métodos não farmacológicos para alívio da dor no trabalho de parto. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo, realizado em 2017 em uma maternidade pública de risco habitual, com a realização de oficinas com 21 profissionais da equipe de Enfermagem do centro obstétrico, a qual os dados decorrentes foram analisados tematicamente. Emergiram três categorias: “Educação permanente” destacada como deficitária; “Benefícios à parturiente”, com a diminuição das intervenções desnecessárias e “Mudanças na prática cotidiana” que requer atualizações. Constatou-se a necessidade de ampliar as atividades educativas que possibilitem a reflexão teórico-prática, de maneira a integrar o ensino e serviço, melhorando a qualidade da assistência e assegurando os direitos das mulheres.
A construção da paternidade ao nascimento do filho à termo e de risco habitual
Authors: Santos Suzanne Da Silva , Morais Rita de Cássia Melão , Silveira Aline Oliveira , Medeiros Camila Camargo , Franzoi Mariana Andre Honorato
Published: July 2021

Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever a percepção de homens, que vivenciaram o nascimento do filho à termo e de risco habitual, sobre o processo de construção da paternidade. Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa realizado no Alojamento Conjunto de uma maternidade de um hospital público de Brasília. Os participantes do estudo foram 18 pais. A coleta de dados se deu pela entrevista semiestruturada a análise foi temática e emergiu as seguintes unidades temáticas: Planejando ter um filho; Sentimentos aflorados com a paternidade; A paternidade acarreta maturidade e novas responsabilidades; O cuidado do pai ao binômio. Conclui-se que ocorreu a descentralização dos cuidados maternos e a inserção ativa dos homens nos cuidados do seu filho. No entanto, as práticas da enfermagem ainda se mostram centradas nos processos biológicos com pouco alcance das necessidades dos pais/família em constituição. A enfermagem deve exercer o papel de promotora da paternidade positiva.