bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of destruxins on free calcium and hydrogen ions in insect hemocytes
Authors: Chen Xiu‐Run , Hu Qiong‐Bo , Yu Xiao‐Qiang , Ren Shun‐Xiang
Published: March 2013

Destruxins, cyclohexadepsipeptidic mycotoxins isolated from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, inhibit innate insect immunity. However, their mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, the effects of destruxins on changes in free calcium and hydrogen ions in the hemocytes of Exolontha serrulata, Bombyx mori and the Spodoptera litura SL‐1 cell line were detected using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). An instant Ca2+ influx of hemocytes induced by destruxins A and B (DA and DB) was recorded. The DA/DB‐dependent Ca2+ influx was not influenced by the Ca2+ channel inhibitors 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borane (2‐APB) and U73122. It also had an apparently different LSCM profile from that of the ionomycin‐dependent Ca2+ influx. However, the instant Ca2+ influx was not seen in the SL‐1 cells; on the contrary, a slow, moderate enhancement of intracellular Ca2+ was observed. Meanwhile, an instant intracellular free H+ decrease aroused by DA and DB was found. DB at 20 μmol/L and DA at 690 μmol/L significantly reduced intracellular free H+ levels. Furthermore, the vacuolar H+‐ATPase (V‐ATPase) inhibitor bafilomycin A1 had obvious effects on the decreases of intracellular free H+ in hemocytes. These results suggest that the mechanism of DA/DB‐dependent Ca2+ influx is perhaps not related to Ca2+ channels and ionophores; rather, the intracellular free H+ decrease might be due to V‐ATPase inhibition.
Spontaneous abdominopelvic abscess as an initial manifestation of Crohn's disease: A retrospective cohort review
Authors: Law Siu‐Tong , Li Kin Kong , Wong Ho Wing
Published: March 2013

Objective

The study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics of abdominopelvic (AP) abscess in patients with and without newly diagnosed Crohn's disease (CD).

Methods

We investigated 91 consecutive patients with AP abscess (14 newly diagnosed with CD) from January 2001 to December 2010. The clinical, radiological, microbiological and pathological features and patients' outcomes were evaluated.

Results

Patients with newly diagnosed CD were younger (42.5 vs 57.9 years, P = 0.004), more associated with fever (50.0% vs 13.0%, P = 0.004) and weight loss (21.4% vs 3.9%, P = 0.045), and normoglycemic (5.2 mmol/L vs 6.7 mmol/L, P = 0.001). Their abscesses, located predominantly at the paracolic gutter region (P = 0.002) were associated with fistulae (P = 0.001) and caused by transmural bowel wall inflammation. More patients in the CD group required temporarily parenteral nutritional support (P = 0.000) and had a longer hospital stay (P = 0.045) and a higher local recurrent rate (P = 0.000).

Conclusion

AP abscesses associated with newly diagnosed CD display distinct clinical behavior with a high risk of local recurrence.
Metformin inhibits the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype by interfering with IKK/NF‐κB activation
Authors: Moiseeva Olga , Deschênes‐Simard Xavier , St‐Germain Emmanuelle , Igelmann Sebastian , Huot Geneviève , Cadar Alexandra E. , Bourdeau Véronique , Pollak Michael N. , Ferbeyre Gerardo
Published: March 2013

We show that the antidiabetic drug metformin inhibits the expression of genes coding for multiple inflammatory cytokines seen during cellular senescence. Conditioned medium (CM) from senescent cells stimulates the growth of prostate cancer cells but treatment of senescent cells with metformin inhibited this effect. Bioinformatic analysis of genes downregulated by metformin suggests that the drug blocks the activity of the transcription factor NF‐κB. In agreement, metformin prevented the translocation of NF‐κB to the nucleus and inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB and IKKα/β, events required for activation of the NF‐κB pathway. These effects were not dependent on AMPK activation or on the context of cellular senescence, as metformin inhibited the NF‐κB pathway stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in ampk null fibroblasts and in macrophages. Taken together, our results provide a novel mechanism for the antiaging and antineoplastic effects of metformin reported in animal models and in diabetic patients taking this drug.
Chemical genetic screen in fission yeast reveals roles for vacuolar acidification, mitochondrial fission, and cellular GMP levels in lifespan extension
Authors: Stephan Jessica , Franke Jacqueline , Ehrenhofer‐Murray Ann E.
Published: March 2013

The discovery that genetic mutations in several cellular pathways can increase lifespan has lent support to the notion that pharmacological inhibition of aging pathways can be used to extend lifespan and to slow the onset of age‐related diseases. However, so far, only few compounds with such activities have been described. Here, we have conducted a chemical genetic screen for compounds that cause the extension of chronological lifespan of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We have characterized eight natural products with such activities, which has allowed us to uncover so far unknown anti‐aging pathways in S. pombe. The ionophores monensin and nigericin extended lifespan by affecting vacuolar acidification, and this effect depended on the presence of the vacuolar ATPase (V‐ATPase) subunits Vma1 and Vma3. Furthermore, prostaglandin J2 displayed anti‐aging properties due to the inhibition of mitochondrial fission, and its effect on longevity required the mitochondrial fission protein Dnm1 as well as the G‐protein‐coupled glucose receptor Git3. Also, two compounds that inhibit guanosine monophosphate (GMP) synthesis, mycophenolic acid (MPA) and acivicin, caused lifespan extension, indicating that an imbalance in guanine nucleotide levels impinges upon longevity. We furthermore have identified diindolylmethane (DIM), tschimganine, and the compound mixture mangosteen as inhibiting aging. Taken together, these results reveal unanticipated anti‐aging activities for several phytochemicals and open up opportunities for the development of novel anti‐aging therapies.
Declining signal dependence of Nrf2‐MafS‐regulated gene expression correlates with aging phenotypes
Authors: Rahman Mohammed Mahidur , Sykiotis Gerasimos P. , Nishimura Mayuko , Bodmer Rolf , Bohmann Dirk
Published: March 2013

Aging is a degenerative process characterized by declining molecular, cell and organ functions, and accompanied by the progressive accumulation of oxidatively damaged macromolecules. This increased oxidative damage may be causally related to an age‐associated dysfunction of defense mechanisms, which effectively protect young individuals from oxidative insults. Consistently, older organisms are more sensitive to acute oxidative stress exposures than young ones. In studies on the Drosophila Nrf2 transcription factor CncC, we have investigated possible causes for this loss of stress resistance and its connection to the aging process. Nrf2 is a master regulator of antioxidant and stress defense gene expression with established functions in the control of longevity. Here, we show that the expression of protective Nrf2/CncC target genes in unstressed conditions does not generally decrease in older flies. However, aging flies progressively lose the ability to activate Nrf2 targets in response to acute stress exposure. We propose that the resulting inability to dynamically adjust the expression of Nrf2 target genes to the organism's internal and external conditions contributes to age‐related loss of homeostasis and fitness. In support of this hypothesis, we find the Drosophila small Maf protein, MafS, an Nrf2 dimerization partner, to be critical to maintain responsiveness of the Nrf2 system: overexpression of MafS in older flies preserves Nrf2/CncC signaling competence and antagonizes age‐associated functional decline. The maintenance of acute stress resistance, motor function, and heart performance in aging flies overexpressing MafS supports a critical role for signal responsiveness of Nrf2 function in promoting youthful phenotypes.
Rodent species diversity in relation to altitudinal gradient in Northern Serengeti, Tanzania
Authors: Magige Flora J.
Published: March 2013

Rodents are among the successful small mammals in the world. In species richness, rodents outnumber other mammalian orders owing partly to their capability to exploit many different habitats. Their diversities have been influenced by many factors including the altitude. This study assessed rodent diversity across the two altitudinal zones, that is, lowland western zone and highland eastern zone, in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania. Capture‐Mark‐Recapture studies were undertaken in November 2009 and April 2010 using live traps in the ecosystem to compare variations in species diversity of rodents in the two zones of the ecosystem. Eight (8) rodent species were recorded in each zone area. However, species richness was higher in crop land and woodland areas than in grasslands in each zone. The two zones comprised of different species diversities for which Rényi Diversity profiles indicated the higher diversity in the eastern zone than the western zone although the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Differences between the eastern and western zones could be attributed to the altitudinal gradient whereby the east was at a higher elevation than the west. Maintenance and management of wildlife corridors will assist migration of rodents between the two zones and enhance continuous gene flow.
The Market Concept: A Characterization from Institutional and Post‐Keynesian Economics
Authors: Fernández‐Huerga Eduardo
Published: March 2013

The neoclassical concept of the market is built on a number of assumptions that lead one to view it as a type of ether, devoid of any institutional content. In opposition to this point of view, this article proposes an alternative characterization of markets based on the fundamental principles of institutional and post‐Keynesian economics. After reviewing the main features that characterize the behavior of economic agents, we analyze the set of interrelations between these agents within markets and the role of institutions in the regulation of these interrelations. Finally, we discuss some of the consequences generated by the institutional dimensions of markets with regard to their origins and evolution, the justification for their existence, or the evaluation of their results.
Social Network Analysis and the Sociology of Economics: Filling a Blind Spot with the Idea of Social Embeddedness
Authors: Bögenhold Dieter
Published: March 2013

Today, social networks analysis has become a cross‐disciplinary subject with applications in diverse fields of social and economic life. Different network designs provide different opportunities to communicate, to receive information, and to create different structures of cultural capital. Network analysis explores modes and contents of exchanges between different agents when symbols, emotions, or goods and services are exchanged. The message of the article is that social network analysis provides a tool to foster the understanding of social dynamics, which enhances recent debate on a micro‐macro gap and on limitations of the cognitive and explanatory potential of economics.
The Organization, Operation, and Outcomes of Actually Existing Markets: A Suggested Approach for Empirical Analysis
Authors: Chester Lynne
Published: March 2013

Public policies have become embedded with market‐based mechanisms to radically transform essential goods and services markets. This article proposes a framework for empirical analysis of these markets. Key theoretical propositions are distilled to 12 distinctive properties of markets. These properties foreshadow a set of questions to interrogate a market's structure, operation, participants, behaviors, rules, and price setting to generate a substantive, realistic picture of outcomes. This “analytical grid” of questions is applied to four Australian essential goods and services markets. The findings unequivocally demonstrate a very different picture of markets from that promulgated by mainstream neoclassical economics and public policies.
The Economic Deterioration of the Family: Historical Contingencies Preceding the Great Recession
Authors: Gillespie Michael D.
Published: March 2013

The “GreatRecession” in theUnitedStates exposed contradictions between the economic well‐being of families and capital that developed in the decades prior to this latest downturn. Using social structure of accumulation theory, a qualitative institutional analysis, and quantitative time‐series models, this article investigates historically contingent relations between the nature of public assistance, family economic deterioration, and capital accumulation. To sustain the circuit of capital, I argue that the family propped up economic growth first through public cash assistance and then through private expenditures, the latter of which lead to the economic deterioration of families dependent on unprecedented levels of debt.
No End to the Consensus in Macroeconomic Theory? A Methodological Inquiry
Authors: McCombie John , Pike Maureen
Published: March 2013

After the acrimonious debates between the New Classical and New Keynesian economists in the 1980s and 1990s, a consensus developed, namely, the New Neoclassical Synthesis. However, the 2007 credit crunch exposed the severe limitations of this approach. This article presents a methodological analysis of the New Neoclassical Synthesis and how the paradigmatic heuristic of the representative agent, namely, market clearing subject to sticky prices, excluded the Keynesian notion of involuntary unemployment arising from lack of effective demand. It shows these models may be modified to produce Keynesian results, but are ruled out of consideration by proponents of the New Neoclassical approach by weak incommensurability. It concludes that because of this the New Neoclassical Synthesis, in spite of its failure to explain the sub‐prime crisis, is likely to resist successfully the resurgence in Keynesian economics.
Schmoller's Method as a Critique and Alternative to Marginalist Economics: a Comment to Louzek
Authors: D'Ippoliti Carlo
Published: March 2013

This article comments upon Louzek () in this journal, claiming that the analysis of Schmoller's method, as evidenced by his practice, allows us to highlight a few themes that are relevant not only in reconstructing his critique of Menger's methodological proposal but also for an extension of such critique to the current mainstream economics.
Economy as a Social System: Niklas Luhmann's Contribution and its Significance for Economics
Authors: Boldyrev Ivan A.
Published: March 2013

Niklas Luhmann's (1927–1998) ambitious research project was aimed not only at describing society as a global social system, but it also analyzed various subsystems (including an economic one). The article assesses Luhmann's vision of the economy, summarized mainly in his Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft, wherein he addresses basic economic notions: the economic system, money, prices, rationality, and the market. I then interpret his ideas in the context of modern discussions in economics (intersubjective structures, complex systems, and evolutionary modeling). I also propose some heuristics implied by Luhmann's economic ontology, which are potentially interesting for methodological and theoretical strategies of modern economics.
Market Cycles: Bicycles, Riders, Industries, and Environments in France and the United States, 1865–1914
Authors: Burr Thomas
Published: March 2013

Issues of supply and demand are basic to markets, but economic sociologists ignore consumers, while sociologists of consumption rarely treat consumption as demand. I conceptualize markets as cyclic interactions of producers and consumers around a product, each group embedded in different types of macrosocial patterns, with different purposes and structures. I apply this conceptualization to the French and U.S. bicycle markets from 1865 to 1914. The model helps explain differing market trajectories in these cases.
Thyroid Function in Infertile Patients Undergoing Assisted Reproduction
Authors: Fumarola Angela , Grani Giorgio , Romanzi Daniela , Del Sordo Marianna , Bianchini Marta , Aragona Alessia , Tranquilli Daniela , Aragona Cesare
Published: March 2013

Problem

Thyroid disease is one of the most common endocrine conditions affecting women during reproductive age. A link between thyroid and assisted reproduction outcome is debated.

Method of study

Serum TSH levels, number and scoring of oocytes and embryos, and number of clinical pregnancies were retrospectively recorded in 164 women undergoing assisted reproduction technologies (ART) at an University–based fertility center, to evaluate the outcome of the first steps of assisted reproduction (ovarian stimulation, oocyte pickup and fertilization, embryo transfer and implantation) in relation to thyroid function and autoimmunity.

Results

No significant relationship was found between TSH and all parameters, except clinical pregnancy rate (22.3% in TSH ≤ 2.5 group versus 8.9% in TSH > 2.5 mUI/L group; P = 0.045). No pregnancy occurred in women with anti‐thyroperoxidase autoantibodies, while pregnancy occurred in 23.9% of cycles without autoimmunity (P = 0.02).

Conclusion

Further studies must be conducted in order to shed light on the link between infertility and thyroid dysfunction.
HO‐1 As Modulator of the Innate Immune Response in Pregnancy
Authors: Kahlo Kristina , Fill Malfertheiner Sara , Ignatov Tanja , Jensen Federico , Costa Serban‐Dan , Schumacher Anne , Zenclussen Ana C.
Published: March 2013

Problem

The immune modulatory effect of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) is well documented in studies about sepsis and transplantation. This work evaluates the influence of HO‐1 on the innate immune response during pregnancy.

Method of Study

Human first‐trimester trophoblasts derived from normal pregnancies or spontaneous abortions were analyzed for their basal HO‐1, BCL‐associated athanogene‐1 (Bag‐1), and cytokine production before and after LPS treatment. In vivo, pregnant Hmox1+/+ and Hmox1+/− female mice were treated with LPS, and the production of Bag‐1 was evaluated.

Results

Human trophoblasts up‐regulated the expression of both HO‐1 and pro‐inflammatory cytokines after LPS treatment, whereas the basal level of HO‐1 was higher in normal pregnancies. In vivo, HO‐1 deficiency provoked diminished Bag‐1 level upon LPS treatment.

Conclusion

HO‐1 deficiency causes an inflammatory immune reaction and diminished expression of protective molecules in trophoblasts. Thus, HO‐1 emerges as one important modulator of innate immune responses in pregnancy.
Susac syndrome and multifocal motor neuropathy first manifesting in pregnancy
Authors: Ioannides Zara A. , Airey Caroline , Fagermo Narelle , Blum Stefan , McCombe Pamela A. , Henderson Robert J.
Published: March 2013

Susac Syndrome (SS) and multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) are rare autoimmune neurological conditions which can affect women of childbearing years. The effect of pregnancy on these disorders is poorly characterised. We report a case of SS first manifesting in pregnancy with challenges in diagnosis and management and a poor clinical outcome, and a case of MMN manifesting in pregnancy then relapsing in a subsequent pregnancy. A summary of other cases in the literature and the postulated underlying immune mechanisms is presented.
The combined effects of midazolam and propofol sedation on muscle power
Authors: Tomita S. , Matsuura N. , Ichinohe T.
Published: March 2013

We performed a randomised, crossover study to investigate the effects of intravenous sedation on grip strength and bite force. Twenty male volunteers received a bolus intravenous injection of midazolam (0.02 mg.kg−1) together with a 30‐min propofol infusion designed to achieve an effect‐site concentration of 1.0 μg.ml−1. Observed variables included bispectral index, observer's assessment of alertness/sedation, correct answer rate of Stroop colour‐word test, grip strength and bite force. Grip strength decreased from a median (IQR [range]) of 483 (443–517 [380–586]) N to 358 (280–405 [108–580]) N (p < 0.001) during sedation and recovered following flumazenil administration, while bite force increased from 818 (593–1026 [405–1406]) N to 1377 (1243–1585 [836–2357]) N (p < 0.001) during sedation. Although bite force gradually returned to baseline following flumazenil administration, it remained increased throughout the experimental period. We conclude that bite force increased during intravenous sedation and that this may have clinical implications.
Lymph node ratio predicts local recurrence for periampullary tumours
Authors: Lee Sung Ryol , Kim Hyung Ook , Park Yong Lai , Shin Jun Ho
Published: March 2013

Background

To better define the prognostic role of nodal disease, evaluation of metastatic lymph node ratio (MLR) has been performed, and this method has recently gained prominence in various gastrointestinal cancers. The present study attempts to identify prognostic factors and evaluate the independent prognostic influence of MLR in patients who have undergone curative pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Methods

In our institution within the study period, 111 patients received curative pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary cancers. Clinicopathologic data were collected and MLR was calculated for each of the patients. Patients were then divided into four groups based on MLR value: MLR 1 = 0; MLR 2 = 0.01–0.2; MLR 3 0.21–0.4; and MLR 4 >0.4.

Results

Increasing MLR correlates with high recurrence rate and lower overall survival (OS) with significance (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). The recurrent group showed significantly lower OS than the non‐recurrent group (P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis for recurrence, MLR was identified as the only independent prognostic factor (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The simple and easily obtainable MLR is well qualified as a prognostic factor in patients who undergo curatively radical resection for periampullary cancer. Furthermore, MLR can overcome the limitations of evaluation of lymph nodes status, allowing it to be used as a potential prognostic factor.
Education in obstetrical ultrasound – an important factor for increasing the prenatal detection of congenital heart disease
Authors: Asplin Nina , Dellgren Annika , Conner Peter
Published: March 2013

Objective

To evaluate the effects of postgraduate education in obstetrical ultrasound on the prenatal detection rate of congenital heart disease.

Setting

Tertiary care center.

Population

Experienced and less experienced midwives performing ultrasound scans.

Methods

Number of fetuses and live‐born children with severe congenital heart malformations were extracted from patient records. The detection rates of experienced and less experienced midwives were compared following a postgraduate training program in obstetrical ultrasound.

Main outcome measures

The prenatal detection rate of complex congenital heart malformations.

Results

The prenatal detection rate for the entire unit increased significantly during the study period (32 vs. 69%, p < 0.05). Following education, we observed a significant increase in detection rates (21 vs. 67%, p < 0.01) among experienced midwives. In the group of less experienced midwives, we found a positive effect of training with considerably higher detection rates compared with results achieved by their more experienced colleagues before the program (40 vs. 21%).

Conclusion

There is a clear improvement in the prenatal detection rates of complex heart malformations following a postgraduate education in obstetrical ultrasound. Similar training should be offered to both midwives and doctors performing routine scans to increase the standards of antenatal screening for congenital heart disease.
Acute poisoning in children under the age of six: a two‐decade study of hospital admissions and trends
Authors: Hoikka MH , Liisanantti JH , Dunder T
Published: March 2013

Aim

To evaluate the incidence, clinical features and outcome of acute poisoning in children of less than 6 years of age in northern Finland.

Methods

Children hospitalized with acute poisoning at the Oulu University Hospital between 1991 and 2010 were retrospectively evaluated from hospital records.

Results

There were 334 hospital admissions due to acute poisoning during the study period, with an overall incidence rate of 5.2 per 10 000 per year, decreasing slightly from 6.7 in 1991–1995 to 4.5 in 2006–2010. Mean length of a hospital stay was 1.2 (SD ± 1.26) days. The most common substances ingested were terbutaline (12.3%), benzodiazepines (12.0%) and dishwasher powder (9.3%). Almost half of the patients were admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit, but most only required supportive care. Specific antidotes were administered in 16 cases. Three patients suffered from aspiration pneumonia as a result of ingesting poison, but no children died during the study.

Conclusion

Poisoning is a fairly common cause of hospital admission in children under the age of six. In most cases, their clinical condition is good, and they can be discharged after a short surveillance period.
Bacteria isolated from field cases of equine amnionitis and fetal loss
Authors: Todhunter KH , Muscatello G , Blishen AJ , Chicken C , Perkins NR , Gilkerson JR , Begg AP
Published: March 2013

Background

A series of unusual abortions occurred in Thoroughbred and Quarterhorse mares in the Hunter Valley region of New South Wales from mid‐March toNovember 2004. The initial link between early cases was the microbiological culture of atypical environmental coryneforms from the stomach contents and/or lungs of fetuses aborted on different properties.

Methods

The unique pathologic lesions were described with a case definition and the term ‘equine amnionitis and fetal loss’ (EAFL) was established.

Results

The causal factor was the ingestion of the processionary caterpillar (Ochrogaster lunifer). Bacteria from theActinomycetalesorder were isolated from 40% of the combined suspect and confirmedEAFLcases and includedMicrobacterium arborescens, Cellulomonassp.,Arthrobacterspp. andCellulosimicrobiumsp. Other bacteria isolated included various Gram‐negative bacilli and Gram‐positive cocci.

Conclusions

Although the predominant type of bacteria isolated fromEAFLwas environmental coryneforms, it is important to note that a variety of bacteria were associated with the characteristic histopathological changes outlined by the case definition. This highlights the importance of histopathology on both fetal membranes and fetuses, as well as culture to confirmEAFLand to exclude other possible causes of abortion.
Failure of transfer of passive immunity and agammaglobulinaemia in calves in south‐west Victorian dairy herds: prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Vogels Z , Chuck GM , Morton JM
Published: March 2013

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) and agammaglobulinaemia in calves in south‐west Victorian dairy herds and identify associated risk factors for both outcomes.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Serum total protein was measured in 1018 calves from 100 south‐west Victorian dairy herds. The proportions of calves with FTPI and agammaglobulinaemia were determined and logistic regression with random effects used to identify calf‐ and herd‐level variables associated with both conditions.

Results

In total, 38% of calves had FTPI and 8% of calves had agammaglobulinaemia. Two‐thirds of herds had more than 25% of calves with FTPI. Jersey and Jersey‐cross calves were less likely than Holstein‐Friesian calves to have FTPI (odds ratio (OR) 0.53 and 0.57, respectively). Dairy–beef crossbreed calves were more likely to have agammaglobulinaemia than Holstein‐Friesian calves (OR 3.52) and bull calves were more likely to have agammaglobulinaemia than heifer calves (OR 2.22). Removal of calves from the calving area less than twice a day was associated with increased odds of FTPI (OR 1.61) and agammaglobulinaemia (OR 1.97) relative to more frequent removal.

Conclusion

There is considerable potential to improve the transfer of passive immunity in dairy herds in south‐west Victoria. The prevalence of both FTPI and agammaglobulinaemia is likely to be reduced by collecting calves from the calving area twice daily and hand‐feeding them extra colostrum immediately after their removal from the calving area.
Sedation of hyperthyroid cats with subcutaneous administration of a combination of alfaxalone and butorphanol
Authors: Ramoo S , Bradbury LA , Anderson GA , Abraham LA
Published: March 2013

Objective

To evaluate the sedative, respiratory and cardiovascular effects of subcutaneously administered alfaxalone and butorphanol in a group of hyperthyroid cats.

Design

A prospective, single‐centre observational study.

Methods

Client‐owned hyperthyroid cats (n = 20) were examined and sedated with alfaxalone (3 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously. Sedation scores, heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure were measured at 15‐min intervals during the 45‐min observation period and compared with pre‐sedation values. At the end of 45 min, cats were assessed to be adequately sedated for oral administration of iodine‐131 if there was minimal resistance and an intact gag reflex.

Results

The maximum median sedation score was reached 45 min after injection. The lowest mean heart and respiratory rates and blood pressure values occurred 30 min after injection. Significant decreases were noted in respiratory rates at all three time points (P < 0.001). Systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure measurements were also significantly decreased at 15 and 30 min after injection (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Subcutaneously administered alfaxalone and butorphanol can be used for sedation in cats undergoing procedures of short duration. Blood pressure should be monitored because of transient decreases observed in some cats. Further studies are required to determine whether the sedative, respiratory and cardiovascular effects are similar in euthyroid cats.
Spinal RhoA/Rho Kinase Signalling Pathway may Participate in the Development of Bone Cancer Pain
Authors: Hang Li‐Hua , Shao Dong‐Hua , Chen Zheng , Sun Wen‐Jin
Published: March 2013

It has been shown that activation of spinal RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) signalling pathway facilitates nociception in neuropathic and inflammatory pain, but its effects on bone cancer pain (BCP) have not previously been studied. This study was designed to examine the potential role of the spinal RhoA/ROCK signalling pathway in the development of BCP. A model for bone cancer was induced by injecting Walker 256 cells into the tibia of rats. On days 6, 9 and 15 after inoculation, the expression of spinal RhoA and ROCK2 protein levels was higher in the Walker 256 cells injected rats compared to the sham rats. On day 9, intrathecal injection of C3 exoenzyme (a RhoA inhibitor, 10 pg) significantly attenuated BCP behaviour as well as up‐regulation of spinal RhoA and ROCK2 protein levels. These effects were completely abolished by intrathecal pretreatment with U‐46619 (a RhoA agonist, 1.5 pg). These results suggest that the spinal RhoA/ROCK signalling pathway may be involved in the development of BCP. The findings of this study may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for prevention and/or treatment of BCP.
Inflammatory environment induces gingival tissue‐specific mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate towards a pro‐fibrotic phenotype
Authors: Li Nan , Liu Na , Zhou Jun , Tang Liang , Ding Bofu , Duan Yinzhong , Jin Yan
Published: March 2013

Background Information

Human gingival tissues are prone to hyperplasia under inflammatory stimuli. We have identified gingival tissue‐specific mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) and found their functional change being correlated with drug‐induced gingival hyperplasia. However, whether these cells exhibit characteristics of pro‐fibrotic phenotype under inflammatory condition remains unknown.

Results

GMSCs isolated from human normal gingival tissues (N‐GMSC) and inflammatory gingival tissues (I‐GMSC) were cultured in vitro, representative cytokines were added to simulate the in vivo inflammatory environment. Under the influence of the inflammatory cytokines, GMSCs exhibited higher rate of proliferation than those under normal condition, while their potential for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation was suppressed. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐1, MMP‐2, IL‐1, IL‐6, TNF‐α and type 1 collagen was significantly higher in I‐GMSCs than in N‐GMSCs. Furthermore, compared with dental pulp stem cells, GMSCs showed different pattern of gene expression and extracellular matrix formation in inflammatory environment.

Conclusions

Inflammatory microenvironment induces GMSCs to differentiate towards a pro‐fibrotic phenotype, which could underlie the hyperplastic appearance of inflammatory gingiva.
First identification of Ewing's sarcoma‐derived extracellular vesicles and exploration of their biological and potential diagnostic implications
Authors: Miller Isabella V. , Raposo Graca , Welsch Ulrich , Prazeres da Costa Olivia , Thiel Uwe , Lebar Maria , Maurer Martina , Bender Hans‐Ulrich , von Luettichau Irene , Richter Günther H. S. , Burdach Stefan , Grunewald Thomas G. P.
Published: March 2013

Background Information

Exosomes are small RNA‐ and protein‐containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are thought to mediate hetero‐ and homotypic intercellular communication between normal and malignant cells. Tumour‐derived exosomes are believed to promote re‐programming of the tumour‐associated stroma to favour tumour growth and metastasis. Currently, exosomes have been intensively studied in carcinomas. However, little is known about their existence and possible role in sarcomas.

Results

Here, we report on the identification of vesicles with exosomal features derived from Ewing's sarcoma (ES), the second most common soft‐tissue or bone cancer in children and adolescents. ES cell line‐derived EVs have been isolated by ultracentrifugation and analysed by flow‐cytometric assessment of the exosome‐associated proteins CD63 and CD81 as well as by electron microscopy. They proved to contain ES‐specific transcripts including EWS‐FLI1, which were suitable for the sensitive detection of ES cell line‐derived exosomes by qRT‐PCR in a pre‐clinical model for patient plasma. Microarray analysis of ES cell line‐derived exosomes revealed that they share a common transcriptional signature potentially involved in G‐protein‐coupled signalling, neurotransmitter signalling and stemness.

Conclusions

In summary, our results imply that ES‐derived exosomes could eventually serve as biomarkers for minimal residual disease diagnostics in peripheral blood and prompt further investigation of their potential biological role in modification of the ES‐associated microenvironment.
Clusterin Associates Specifically with Aβ40 in Alzheimer's Disease Brain Tissue
Authors: Howlett David R. , Hortobágyi Tibor , Francis Paul T.
Published: March 2013

Genome‐wide association studies have pointed to clusterin (apolipoprotein J) as being linked to the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease (AD); studies have identified the protein as a possible biomarker. The association between clusterin and senile plaques in AD brain is well known, and clusterin levels in AD brain are 40% higher than that in control subjects. The present study investigates, immunohistochemically, the association between clusterin and Aβ peptides in AD and control cortex. A unique and specific association between clusterin and Aβ40 was observed in plaques in the cerebral cortex from AD subjects in that only plaques that contained Aβ40 showed clusterin immunoreactivity, while the many plaques with Aβ42 alone lacked clusterin labeling. Cerebrovascular Aβ in AD brain generally lacked Aβ42 but was positively labeled by both the Aβ40 and the clusterin antibodies. In control subjects, however, Aβ40 was absent from plaques, although very occasional plaques were found to be labeled by both the Aβ42 and the clusterin antibodies. Overall, in AD, but not aged control brain, clusterin was associated specifically with the Aβ40 form of Aβ in the brain. The lack of clusterin in association with Aβ42 may be a significant feature in neuronal loss and neurodegeneration in the disease state.
Microbial‐dominated carbonate platforms during the Ladinian rifting: sequence stratigraphy and evolution of accommodation in a fault‐controlled setting (Catalan Coastal Ranges, NE Spain)
Authors: Mercedes‐Martín R. , Salas R. , Arenas C.
Published: March 2013

The Upper Muschelkalk sedimentary record constitutes a major transgressive pulse of north‐eastern Iberia during the Ladinian. This record is arranged in two transgressive–regressive (T–R) sequences formed by two stepped microbial‐dominated carbonate ramp systems where accommodation was mainly controlled by extensional faults. This study seeks to gain new insights into how the evolution of syn‐rift subsidence controls the creation of accommodation space, the depositional styles and, especially, the palaeogeographical domains where specific microbialites developed (thrombolites and stromatolites). Thrombolite bodies (at least 40 m thick) display two types of architecture, biostromal and mud‐mounded and stromatolite bodies (at least 7 m thick) consist of tabular and domed, head‐shaped morphologies. Domed and mounded forms are usually developed during stages of increasing accommodation rates, low‐to flat‐nelief forms tend to grow in association with periods of low accommodation rates. A sea‐level fall of at least 50 m occurred at the end of the Early Ladinian leaving the platform subaerially exposed. As a result, a prominent karst with significant erosional incisions and profuse collapse breccia fillings was formed in the inner and middle ramp settings. The resultant subaerial unconformity bounds T–R sequences 1 and 2. Subsidence curves display two stages of rapid/decelerated total subsidence, constituting two discrete rift/post‐rift pulses in the large Triassic rifting period: (i) Buntsandstein – Middle Muschelkalk, and (ii) Late Muschelkalk – Imon Formation (Rhaetian). The second pulse is characterized by a rapid syn‐rift subsidence during the Late Muschelkalk, and a decelerated post‐rift subsidence throughout the deposition of Keuper facies and Imon Formation. The Late Muschelkalk rapid syn‐rift pulse of total subsidence produces gains in accommodation, which controls the development of the stromatolites and thrombolites (biostromes and mud‐mounds).
Body size determination in insects: a review and synthesis of size‐ and brain‐dependent and independent mechanisms
Authors: Callier Viviane , Nijhout H. Frederik
Published: March 2013

Body size determination requires a mechanism for sensing size and a mechanism for linking size information to the termination of growth. Although the hormonal mechanisms that terminate growth are well elucidated, the mechanisms by which a body senses its own size are only partially understood; most of this understanding has come from the study of the mechanisms that control insect moulting and metamorphosis. We first review and discuss advances in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which insect larvae sense their size. Second, we present new findings on how larvae in which the size‐sensing mechanism has been disrupted eventually terminate growth (in a size‐independent manner). We synthesize recent insights into the genetic and molecular mechanisms of ecdysteroid regulation in Drosophila melanogaster with developmental physiology findings in Manduca sexta, paving the way for an integrated understanding of the mechanisms of body size regulation.
The bonds of institutional language: A discursive institutionalist approach to the Clerk of the Privy Council's annual report
Authors: Dutil Patrice A. , Ryan Peter Malachy
Published: March 2013

The Clerk of the Privy Council's annual report is seen as an important documentation of the public sector's priorities, but has never been examined. Using a combination of traditional content analysis and digital humanities techniques, this study analyses the first sixteen reports written under the aegis of six clerks, and concludes that they reflect competing priorities and emphases. Yet while the reports are each distinct, they collectively are highly repetitive and remarkably unaffected by either the context in which they were written or the policies pursued by governments. The consistency of the texts over sixteen years of transformation in government indicates that such institutional discourse is slow to change, demonstrating a strong “bond” to what had been reported previously. This article also shows how a mix of methods in dissecting the use of language can contribute to the budding field of discursive institutionalism.
Accountability in a collectivized environment: From Glassco to digital public administration
Authors: Brown David C.G.
Published: March 2013

Building on the 1962 Glassco Commission report, this article argues that the duality of collective and individual ministerial responsibility in the Canadian Westminster model is under‐recognized and remains highly relevant. While reforms since the 1960s favoured individual responsibility, the growing impact of information and communications technologies (ICTs) gives renewed significance to collective responsibility. This article reviews accountability challenges arising from ICT‐influenced changes in the federal government's organization and relationships, including the shift from a traditional vertical departmental model towards an increasingly horizontal one. Accountability for this re‐collectivized environment risks ineffectiveness for two reasons: the prime minister's view of his own role, and Parliament's difficulty in dealing with horizontal issues. If the risks are not recognized, Canadian democracy will be diminished.

Sommaire

En se fondant sur le rapport Glassco de 1962, le présent article soutient que la dualité de la responsabilité ministérielle collective et individuelle dans le modèle de Westminster au Canada n'est pas suffisamment reconnue et demeure hautement pertinente. Alors que, depuis les années 1970, les réformes ont encouragé la responsabilité individuelle, l'incidence croissante des technologies de l'information et des communications (TIC) donne une importance renouvelée à la responsabilité collective. Cet article passe en revue les défis de la responsabilité découlant des changements influencés par les TIC dans l'organisation et les relations du gouvernement fédéral, y compris le glissement d'un modèle ministériel vertical traditionnel vers un modèle de plus en plus horizontal. L'imputabilité pour cet environnement re‐collectivisé risque d'entraîner l'inefficacité pour deux raisons : la perception qu'a le Premier ministre de son propre rôle, et la difficulté qu'a le Parlement à traiter les questions horizontales. Faute de reconnaître les risques, c'est la démocratie canadienne qui sera perdante.
Les pratiques de fonctionnaires canadiens et québécois au chapitre des innovations du travail
Authors: Harrisson Denis , Maltais Daniel , Rinfret Natalie
Published: March 2013

Sommaire

Cette recherche porte sur l'évolution et la transformation de l'organisation du travail et des relations du travail dans la fonction publique québécoise et canadienne. Nous cherchons à connaître la nature des innovations et le niveau de participation des employés dans le processus d'innovation. Une enquête par questionnaire a été effectuée auprès de 2 308 fonctionnaires de six ministères et organismes de la fonction publique québécoise et canadienne. Les résultats montrent que l'autonomie des employés, leur participation et le partage des responsabilités au regard du développement d'innovations, indiquent une transformation importante du milieu de travail. La vigueur de ces innovations est variable en fonction des ministères et organismes où elles sont implantées. Par ailleurs, nos résultats ne nous permettent pas d'analyser le niveau de transformation de la structure organisationnelle découlant des innovations du travail. Enfin, nous montrons que les employés et les gestionnaires sont des acteurs de premier plan dans le processus d'innovation.
Who gets help for pre‐school communication problems? Data from a prospective community study
Authors: Skeat J. , Wake M. , Ukoumunne O. C. , Eadie P. , Bretherton L. , Reilly S.
Published: March 2013

Objective

Pre‐school communication problems are common, with implications for school readiness and educational achievement. Help is available from a variety of community healthcare providers. This study examined the extent to which help is received, and the predictors of service receipt.

Design and setting

Prospective community study, in Melbourne, Victoria.

Participants and method

At age 4 years, we assessed the speech, receptive and expressive language and fluency of 1607 children and gave feedback to their parents. At age 5 years, 983 families provided data on service use for communication problems between and 4 and 5 years. We compared service use between participants with and without impairment, and used logistic regression to estimate the strength of association between potential predictors (gender, socio‐economic status, maternal education, English‐speaking background status, family history of speech and language problems and parent concern) and service use (binary outcome).

Results

Data were available for both communication status and service use for 753 children. Only 44.9% of the 196 children with communication impairment received help from a professional. Furthermore, 7% of the 557 that did not meet criteria for communication impairment nevertheless received help from a professional. Parent concern was the strongest predictor of service use (adjusted odds ratio = 9.0; 95% CI: 5.6–14.8).

Conclusions

Both over‐ and under‐servicing for communication problems were evident. This study shows that accessing help for communication problems requires more than simply informing parents about the problem and having services available; there is a need for systematic support to get the right children to services.
Red to Green or Fast to Slow? Infants' Visual Working Memory for “Just Salient Differences”
Authors: Kaldy Zsuzsa , Blaser Erik
Published: March 2013

In this study, 6‐month‐old infants' visual working memory for a static feature (color) and a dynamic feature (rotational motion) was compared. Comparing infants' use of different features can only be done properly if experimental manipulations to those features are equally salient (Kaldy & Blaser, 2009; Kaldy, Blaser, & Leslie, 2006). The interdimensional salience mapping method was used to find two objects that each were one Just Salient Difference from a common baseline object (N = 16). These calibrated stimuli were then used in a subsequent two‐alternative forced‐choice preferential looking memory test (N = 28). Results showed that infants noted the color change, but not the equally salient change in rotation speed.