bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aplicação do dever de proporcionalidade aos incentivos fiscais concedidos pelos Estados brasileiros
Authors: Carvalho Junior Nilson Elias de
Published: June 2020

O sistema tributário brasileiro, estruturado nas últimas décadas sem mecanismos de planejamento do desenvolvimento econômico nacional, que contemple as peculiaridades de cada Estado, conjugado à ampliação da autonomia dos Estados, fez com que estes entes passassem a disputar a atração de investimentos para seus territórios através da concessão de incentivos fiscais. Isso gerou uma verdadeira guerra fiscal, que contribuiu para uma deterioração ainda maior das finanças dos Estados e à própria perda de atratividade desses benefícios para novos investimentos e até mesmo da capacidade de mantê-los. Diante dessa difícil realidade, este artigo apresenta uma proposta de aplicação do dever de proporcionalidade à concessão de incentivos fiscais, partindo do pressuposto de que uma rígida análise da real necessidade de conceder tais benefícios previamente à sua concessão, bem como uma avaliação sobre a possibilidade adoção de outros instrumentos de fomento à economia, pode proporcionar condições de desenvolvimento dos Estados e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir a higidez das contas públicas no futuro, garantindo assim a existência de recursos mínimos para a aplicação em políticas públicas sociais para as futuras gerações.
Los instrumentos de gestión urbana promotores de los derechos económicos, sociales culturales y ambientales
Authors: Taller Adriana
Published: June 2020

El presente trabajo intenta esbozar el contenido y alcance de los instrumentos de gestión urbana y sus objetivos a los fines de alcanzar el desarrollo urbano territorial respetando sus  componentes población, esto es, la  sociedad con sus necesidades, hábitos y cultura y ambiente, con sus posibilidades geofísica, para satisfacer las necesidades del hombre en sociedad y en un territorio determinado, de manera que se establezca un nivel de equilibrio entre la satisfacción de las necesidades actuales con las necesidades de las futuras de generaciones, en términos del aprovechamiento  sostenible de los recursos; reconociendo a  la urbanización desde una perspectiva holística, como el desarrollo físico y  la construcción de la ciudad, con una mirada social, de respeto y promoción de los derechos humanos fundamentales; analizando la expropiación como el instrumento jurídico de gestión urbana que resulta útil al urbanismo a los fines de procurar la integración socio urbana, a partir de la ley argentina de regulación dominial para la integración socio urbana.
A importância da interpretação das normas disciplinadoras da administração pública para a devida identificação da discricionariedade
Authors: Blanchet Luiz Alberto
Published: June 2020

Despreparados, grande número dos agentes públicos brasileiros desconhecem a distinção entre lei e norma, ignoram as técnicas de interpretação jurídica. Como resultado, são incapazes de identificar a existência da discricionariedade e seus limites. Desprezam as peculiaridades de cada caso concreto (motivo fático da atuação do administrador público) e acabam alargando os limites de uma discricionariedade que em muitas situações nem existe. Porém, não é apenas o despreparo que impede a devida persecução do interesse público pelo agente, há também a imprudência, a precipitação, a indolência, a vaidade pessoal e apego ao poder, a incúria, a avidez, a ganância, e a corrupção. Entre os maus administradores públicos, enfim, exasperadamente disputam espaço os que deixam a população ao total abandono culposamente e os que o fazem dolosamente. O agente da Administração deve saber interpretar a norma, mas também a situação concreta (motivo de fato de sua atuação), sem o que, jamais identificará os reais limites da discricionariedade, a qual, além de ser menor diante do caso concreto, se corporifica de forma distinta conforme as peculiaridades juridicamente relevantes de cada situação a ser atendida.
A incidência do princípio da indisponibilidade do interesse público nas transações judiciais envolvendo a Administração Pública
Authors: Faria Luzardo
Published: June 2020

A indisponibilidade do interesse público é considerado um dos princípios regentes do regime jurídico-administrativo no Brasil. A partir de suas diversas hipóteses de aplicação, difundiu-se a equivocada ideia de que por força desse princípio a Administração Pública não estaria autorizada a realizar transações para evitar ou encerrar litígios judiciais. O artigo objetiva estudar esse tema, focando no movimento da consensualização do Direito Administrativo e defendendo que a indisponibilidade do interesse público não apenas não deve ser encarada como um empecilho à realização desses acordos, como ele inclusive acaba por fomentar, em diversas situações, a solução não-adversarial para os conflitos.
On global and local observability of nonlinear polynomial systems: a decidable criterion
Authors: Gerbet Daniel , Röbenack Klaus
Published: June 2020

It is very difficult to check the observability of nonlinear systems. Even for local observability, the observability rank condition provides only a sufficient condition. Much more difficult is the verification of global observability. This paper deals with the local and global observability analysis of polynomial systems based on algebraic geometry. In particular, we derive a decidable criterion for the verification of global observability of polynomial systems. Our framework can also be employed for local observability analysis.
System Co-Design (SCODE): methodology for the analysis of hybrid systems
Authors: Bitzer Matthias , Herrmann Martin , Mayer-John Eckart
Published: June 2020

The increasing complexity of control engineering functionality and its implementation in software requires a methodology for the systematic integration of control theoretical as well as software engineering approaches. The presented SCODE methodology aims towards a systematic derivation of operational modes and their verification considering all relevant logical relations for the respective functional design. This is done in the sense of an Essential Analysis for mechatronic systems. Apart from guaranteed (logical) completeness and consistency, the benefit of systematic modular structuring results in reduction of complexity as well as improved maintainability and testability. The article discusses the method on the basis of a mechatronic example, demonstrates its advantages, and describes available tool support.
Optimization studies of low-density polyethylene process: effect of different interval numbers
Authors: Azmi Ashraf , Abdul Sata Suhairi , Rohman Fakhrony Sholahudin , Aziz Norashid
Published: June 2020

The highly exothermic nature of the low-density polyethylene (LDPE) polymerization process and the heating-cooling prerequisite in tubular reactor can lead to various problems particularly safety and economic. These issues complicate the monomer conversion maximization approaches. Consequently, the dynamic optimization study to obtain maximum conversion of the LDPE is carried out. A mathematical model has been developed and validated using industrial data. In the dynamic optimization study, maximum monomer conversion (X

M
) is considered as the objective function, whereas the constraint and bound consists of maximum reaction temperature and product melt flow index (MFI). The orthogonal collocation (OC) on finite elements is used to convert the original optimization problems into Nonlinear Programming (NLP) problems, which are then solved using sequential quadratic program (SQP) methods. The result shows that five interval numbers produce better optimization result compared to one and two intervals.
Simulation of CO2 removal from pressurized natural gas stream contains high CO2 concentration by absorption process using membrane contactors
Authors: Ahmed Hamza A. , Mohammed Harith N. , Lateef Omar S. , Abdullah Ghassan H.
Published: June 2020

Despite the importance of natural gas (NG) as an energy source, there is a lot of pressurized landfill gas not exploited so far because it contains high CO2 concentration. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a 2-D mathematical model to simulate CO2 removal from NG stream contains high CO2 concentration up to 70% at high-pressure up to 60 bar using three different dimensions of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane contactors. Aqueous solutions of activated methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) with piperazine (PZ) were adopted. The performance of considered absorbent at high-pressure was evaluated at the non-wetting mode condition of membrane contactor. Moreover, the effect of pressure, contact area, gas flow rate, MDEA concentration into the amine mixture, PZ concentration, temperature and membrane properties were theoretically investigated. The findings stated that activated MDEA had different performance in terms of membrane wetting compared with other amines, which used at high pressure in previous studies. In addition, the simulation results showed that CO2 removal efficiency was significantly enhanced, when the operating pressure, contact area, PZ concentration and temperature were increased. However, increasing gas flow rate leads to reduce CO2 removal efficiency. Furthermore, the CO2 absorption was significantly improved by adding a small amount of PZ to MDEA. The predicted model results showed a good agreement with experimental data obtained from the literature.
Zur Konjunktur des Zählens – oder wie man Quantifizierung quantifiziert. Eine empirische Analyse der Anwendung quantitativer Methoden in der deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft
Authors: Buchner Michael , Jopp Tobias A. , Spoerer Mark , Wehrheim Lino
Published: June 2020

Historiker können heute auf einen gut gefüllten methodischen Werkzeugkasten zurückgreifen. Seit der Etablierung der Sozialgeschichte als „Historische Sozialwissenschaft“ in den 1970er Jahren gehören dazu neben qualitativ-hermeneutischen Ansätzen grundsätzlich auch quantitativ-statistische Methoden. Viele Quellen lassen einen quantitativen Analyseansatz zumindest zu; andere (z. B. Massendaten) sind ohne die Anwendung entsprechender Methoden gar nicht gewinnbringend auswertbar. Doch wie stark ist die Anwendung quantitativer Methoden in der deutschsprachigen Geschichtswissenschaft eigentlich verbreitet (gewesen)? Während der Einsatz statistischer Verfahren seit den Tagen der „Bielefelder Schule“ durch immer leistungsfähigere und zugleich anwenderfreundlichere Software prinzipiell viel einfacher geworden ist, scheinen quantitative Ansätze in nur wenigen historischen Teildisziplinen verbreitet zu sein. Ein Grund könnte die Skepsis gegenüber quantitativen Methoden von Seiten der Vertreter der „Neuen Kulturgeschichte“ sein. Wissenschaftshistorisch-empirisch ist dieser Aspekt jedoch kaum erforscht. Unsere Studie möchte diese Forschungslücke ein Stück weit schließen. Dazu haben wir ein umfangreiches Zeitschriftenkorpus (u. a. die HZ beinhaltend) erhoben, das es uns erlaubt, das Ausmaß quantitativen Arbeitens in der deutschsprachigen Historiographie für den Zeitraum 1951­–2016 näher zu bestimmen. Wir argumentieren sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ und kombinieren dazu einen einfachen „Abzähl-Ansatz“ (Zählung der Tabellen und Grafiken in allen erhobenen Zeitschriften) mit einem komplexeren lexikografischen Ansatz. Unsere Ergebnisse stützen insgesamt die These, dass der cultural turn den aufkommenden Trend zu mehr Quantifizierung in Teilen der Geschichtswissenschaft wieder umkehrte. Die Bestimmung der „Konjunktur der Quantifizierung“ birgt aber auch manche Überraschung.
Knowledge and attitudes of adolescents to e-cigarettes: an international prospective study
Authors: Shilco Phillip , Golshan Taylor , Lande Sarah , Nickfardjam Kaitlyn , Roitblat Yulia , Morgan Antony , Nehuliaieva Liliia , Shterenshis Michael
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The aim of the study was to assess the familiarity of adolescents with e-cigarettes. We performed a survey to investigate the frequency of their contact with e-cigarettes, beliefs about this sort of smoking (vaping), and their real knowledge of its effects.

Methods

The survey was carried out among 1600 high school students in the USA, Israel, Ukraine and Australia. The questionnaire comprised three parts, each with five questions. The first part was designed to assess the frequency of contact with the phenomenon. The second part assessed misconceptions and opinions concerning vaping. The third part questioned the participants’ real knowledge of the subject.

Results

Out of a maximum score of 5, the average score of 4.25 for Part 1 indicated that the participants had frequent contact with e-cigarettes. The score of 3.65 for Part 2 showed that adolescents have both right and wrong beliefs on the subject. Part 3 was completed by 1224 participants (76.5%) while 376 (23.5%) reported a lack of any specific knowledge about vaping. The average score of 3.33 demonstrated that adolescents who completed Part 3 of the survey have incomplete knowledge about e-cigarettes. For the whole cohort of 1600 participants, the average score was 2.80. No significant sex differences were detected. The Ukranian participants had poor knowledge about the dangers of vaping in comparison with the participants in the USA and Australia (p = 0.03).

Conclusion

While the contact of adolescents with e-cigarettes users is extensive, their actual knowledge remains inadequate. Various school-based smoking risk campaigns face a necessity for further adjustments and improvements.
On the steady-states of a two-species non-local cross-diffusion model
Authors: Rodríguez Nancy , Hu Yi
Published: June 2020

We investigate the existence and properties of steady-state solutions to a degenerate, non-local system of partial differential equations
that describe two-species segregation in homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. This is accomplished
via the analysis of the existence and non-existence of global minimizers to the corresponding free energy functional.
We prove that in the spatially homogeneous case global minimizers exist
if and only if the mass of the potential governing the intra-species attraction is sufficiently large and
the support of the potential governing the interspecies repulsion is bounded. Moreover, when they exist they
are such that the two species have disjoint support, leading to complete segregation.
For the heterogeneous environment we show that if a sub-additivity
condition is satisfied then global minimizers exists. We provide an example of an environment that leads to the sub-additivity
condition being satisfied. Finally, we explore the bounded domain case with periodic conditions through the use of numerical simulations.
The certitude of a global sea level acceleration during the satellite altimeter era
Authors: İz H. Bâki , Shum C.K.
Published: June 2020

Recent studies reported a uniform global sea level acceleration during the satellite altimetry era (1993–2017) by analyzing globally averaged satellite altimetry measurements. Here, we discuss potential omission errors that were not thoroughly addressed in detecting and estimating the reported global sea level acceleration in these studies. Our analyses results demonstrate that the declared acceleration in recent studies can also be explained equally well by alternative kinematic models based on previously well-established multi-decadal global mean sea level variations of various origins, which suggests prudence before declaring the presence of an accelerating global mean sea level with confidence during the satellite altimetry era.
Old and Middle English translations of Greek and Semitic words in the Latin version of St John’s Gospel
Authors: Štrmelj Lidija
Published: June 2020

The majority of Greek and Semitic words found in the Latin version of St John’s Gospel express specific biblical terms, closely connected with Jewish and Christian religion and culture, but almost entirely unknown to most of the English population until the evangelisation that took place in the 7th century. The comparison of the Old and Middle English translations of the Latin source text presented here attempts to identify the procedures and methods which both Old and Middle English translators used to make the Latin items understandable to their audience, as well as to explain the reasons for the differences between the translations, where possible.
On-chip scalable mode-selective converter based on asymmetrical micro-racetrack resonators
Authors: Xiao Huifu , Zhang Zhenfu , Yang Junbo , Han Xu , Chen Wenping , Ren Guanghui , Mitchell Arnan , Yang Jianhong , Gao Daqiang , Tian Yonghui
Published: June 2020

Mode division multiplexing (MDM) technology has been well known to researchers for its ability to increase the link capacity of photonic network. While various mode processing devices were demonstrated in recent years, the reconfigurability of multi-mode processing devices, which is vital for large-scale multi-functional networks, is rarely developed. In this paper, we first propose and experimentally demonstrate a scalable mode-selective converter using asymmetrical micro-racetrack resonators (MRRs) for optical network-on-chip. The proposed device, composed of cascaded MRRs, is able to convert the input monochromatic light to an arbitrary supported mode in the output waveguide as required. Thermo-optical effect of silicon waveguides is adopted to tune the working states of the device. To test the utility, a device for proof-of-concept is fabricated and experimentally demonstrated based on silicon-on-insulator substrate. The measured spectra of the device show that the extinction ratios of MRRs are larger than 18 dB, and modal crosstalk for selected modes are all less than −16.5 dB. The switching time of the fabricated device is in the level of about 40 μs. The proposed device is believed to have potential applications in multi-functional and intelligent network-on-chip, especially in reconfigurable MDM networks.
Tunable plasmon-phonon polaritons in anisotropic 2D materials on hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Hajian Hodjat , Rukhlenko Ivan D. , Hanson George W. , Low Tony , Butun Bayram , Ozbay Ekmel
Published: June 2020

Mid-infrared (MIR) plasmon-phonon features of heterostructures composing of a plasmonic anisotropic two-dimensional material (A2DM) on a hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) film are analyzed. We derive the exact dispersion relations of plasmon-phonons supported by the heterostructures and demonstrate the possibility of topological transitions of these modes within the second Reststrahlen band of hBN. The topological transitions lead to enhanced local density of plasmon-phonon states, which intensifies the spontaneous emission rate, if the thickness of the hBN layer is appropriately chosen. We also investigate a lateral junction formed by A2DM/hBN and A2DM, demonstrating that one can realize asymmetric guiding, beaming, and unidirectionality of the hybrid guided modes. Our findings demonstrate potential capabilities of the A2DM/hBN heterostructures for active tunable light–matter interactions and asymmetric in-plane polariton nanophotonics in the MIR range.
Direction control of colloidal quantum dot emission using dielectric metasurfaces
Authors: Park Yeonsang , Kim Hyochul , Lee Jeong-Yub , Ko Woong , Bae Kideock , Cho Kyung-Sang
Published: June 2020

Owing to the recent developments of dielectric metasurfaces, their applications have been expanding from those pertaining to the thickness shrinkage of passive optical elements, such as lenses, polarizers, and quarter-wave plates, to applications pertaining to their integration with active optical devices, such as vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Even though directional lasing and beam shaping of laser emission have been successfully demonstrated, the integration of metasurfaces with random light sources, such as light-emitting diodes, is limited because of function and efficiency issues attributed to the fact that metasurfaces are basically based on the resonance property of the nanostructure. To control the direction of emission from colloidal quantum dots, we present a dielectric metasurface deflector composed of two asymmetric TiO2 nanoposts. TiO2 deflector arrays were fabricated with a dry etching method that is adaptive to mass production and integrated with a colloidal quantum dot resonant cavity formed by sandwiching two distributed Bragg reflectors. To ensure the deflection ability of the fabricated sample, we measured the photoluminescence and far-field patterns of emission from the resonant cavity. From the obtained results, we demonstrated that the colloidal quantum dot emission transmitted through our deflector arrays was deflected by 18°, and the efficiency of deflection was 71% with respect to the emission from the resonant cavity. This integration of dielectric metasurfaces with a resonant cavity shows the possibility of expanding the application of visible metasurfaces in active devices and may help to develop next-generation active devices with novel functions.
Exoskeletons for all: The interplay between exoskeletons, inclusion, gender, and intersectionality
Authors: Søraa Roger Andre , Fosch-Villaronga Eduard
Published: June 2020

In this article, we investigate the relation between gender and exoskeleton development through the lens of intersectionality theory. Exoskeleton users come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and genders. However, it is often the case that wearable robot engineers do not develop such devices primarily on the premise that the product should fit as many end users as possible. Instead, designers tend to use the one-size-fits-all approach – a design choice that seems legitimate from the return of an investment viewpoint but that may not do as much justice to end users. Intended users of exoskeletons have a series of user criteria, including height, weight, and health condition, in the case of rehabilitation. By having rigid inclusion criteria for whom the intended user of the technology can be, the exclusion criteria will grow in parallel. The implications and deep-rootedness of gender and diversity considerations in practices and structural systems have been largely disregarded. Mechanical and robot technology were historically seen as part of a distinct male sphere, and the criteria used today to develop new technology may reflect the biases that existed in another time that should no longer be valid. To make this technology available for all, we suggest some tools to designers and manufacturers to help them think beyond their target market and be more inclusive.
„Man muss sich nicht verstecken oder erklären. Es ist einfach unkompliziert“ – Sporterfahrungen und Motivlagen von Mitgliedern eines queeren (LGBTI*) Sportvereins
Authors: Böhlke Nicola , Müller Johannes
Published: June 2020

Parallel zu einer noch immer weitestgehenden Tabuisierung von Homosexualität und normabweichendem Geschlecht im Leistungssport haben sich im Bereich des Breitensports in der Vergangenheit zahlreiche queere Sportvereine gegründet, die insbesondere homo-, bisexuelle, Trans*- und Inter-*, Non-Binary- bzw. queere Personen zur Zielgruppe haben. Der vorliegende Beitrag basiert auf einer qualitativ angelegten Interviewstudie, in der Mitglieder eines queeren (LGBTI*) Sportvereins zu ihren Sporterfahrungen und Motiven der Partizipation befragt wurden. Die Befunde zeigen, dass nicht nur auf Heteronormativität basierende Negativerfahrungen im herkömmlichen Verein ausschlaggebend sind, sondern auch die Selbstsegregation innerhalb des queeren Vereins eine eigene Anziehungskraft hat. Dabei erweist sich der Verein für die Befragten als Gemeinschafts- und Wohlfühlraum, Kontaktbörse oder auch als mentaler Schutzraum. Im Beitrag werden die Bedeutungsfacetten des queeren Vereins ausdifferenziert beschrieben und kritische Perspektiven hinsichtlich der Teilnahme am queeren Sport aufgezeigt.
Cell population characterization and discovery using single-cell technologies in endocrine systems
Authors: Cheung Leonard Y M , Rizzoti Karine
Published: June 2020

In the last 15 years, single-cell technologies have become robust and indispensable tools to investigate cell heterogeneity. Beyond transcriptomic, genomic and epigenome analyses, technologies are constantly evolving, in particular toward multi-omics, where analyses of different source materials from a single cell are combined, and spatial transcriptomics, where resolution of cellular heterogeneity can be detected in situ. While some of these techniques are still being optimized, single-cell RNAseq has commonly been used because the examination of transcriptomes allows characterization of cell identity and, therefore, unravel previously uncharacterized diversity within cell populations. Most endocrine organs have now been investigated using this technique, and this has given new insights into organ embryonic development, characterization of rare cell types, and disease mechanisms. Here, we highlight recent studies, particularly on the hypothalamus and pituitary, and examine recent findings on the pancreas and reproductive organs where many single-cell experiments have been performed.
Cognitive Approach to Word Formation
Authors: Inčiuraitė Lina
Published: June 2020

Structural approach to word formation in Lithuanian is still dominant, meanwhile cognitive insights have not been applied yet. The object of this paper is the aspects of cognitive grammar to word formation. In the article, cognitive semantic notions and their application to the morphological analysis of cognitive grammar are introduced.In the cognitive theory of grammar, symbolicity plays a significant role. The essence of cognitive grammar is based on the idea that language units are bipolar language signs. A linguistic unit consists of phonological and semantic poles which are linked by a symbolic structure.A category is a network of meanings of a derivational morpheme, which, as in the case of lexical category, is structured in terms of prototype and periphery. The prototype of a category is considered to be the most typical member, whereas other senses of the prototype comprise the periphery.Morphological expressions are closely related to each other and comprise cognitive domains. A domain is perceived as knowledge in terms of which derivational morphemes can be interpreted.Compositionality is a process when the composite structure is determined by the meanings of its constituents. This process plays an integral part in understanding the senses of new morphological expressions. Full and partial compositionality types are typical of morphological expressions. In compounding, full compositionality is endocentric, meanwhile partial compositionality is exocentric.A large number of units are pertinent to each other by schema and instance relations. A schema is defined as a general model made of instances. The schema reflects the general meaning of instances. Due to further elaboration the instance becomes a basis for a new schema and its elaborating elements become new instances.
Horizontal and Vertical Divisibility of Language Continuum: variants of the 21st century discourse from the perspective of an ordinary member of language community
Authors: Aliūkaitė Daiva
Published: June 2020

The paper deals with the representative systems of the Lithuanian language from the perspective of ordinary members of language community. The empirical data includes the names and nominations of the language variants given by ordinary members of language community. The data for the research was collected during the preliminary stage of the implementation of the research project Lithuanian Language: ideals, ideologies and identity shifts focusing on the analysis of prestigious aspects of the varieties of the Lithuanian language, language ideals, language ideologies, etc.The paper is an attempt at the typologization of discourse variants identified by ordinary members of language community by estimating the (lack of) correspondence of the variants with geolinguistic and sociolinguistic language variants offered by scholars within certain scientific paradigms. Geolinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives identify discursive variants according to objective differences and degree of their distinction.The investigation has manifested that the taxonomy of discursive variants suggested by ordinary members of language community helps locate oneself in the holistic space of the national language. The arguments raised in support of the above taxonomy include language facts as well as intuition, or the claim of I think that this is so type. Thus the isoglosses of perception of ordinary members of language community divide the national language continuum into a large number of segments.The respondents tend to give the status of 'variety' to the large, objectively independent representational systems, cf., Highland dialect, Lowland dialect, etc.; and to the representational systems that do not have the value of 'variety' from the perspective of a researcher, cf., regular vs irregular speech, sophisticated speech, etc.When speaking about the horizontal divisibility of language continuum offered by the ordinary members of language community and researchers, the most outstanding difference was that the ordinary members of language community had supplemented the binary dialect classification by two members. The taxonomy of the ordinary members of language community includes the Dzūkai and the Suvalkiečiai dialects alongside with the Highland and the Lowland dialects.When speaking about the vertical divisibility of language, it should be noted that no more such differences between the perspectives of the ordinary members of language community and sociolinguists have been observed; only the isoglosses of perception are much thicker.It should be noted that although the sample of the research is not large, the participation of the ordinary members of language community in the discussion has been definitely beneficial as it brought in the data contributing to the increasing awareness of the boundary problem both in geolinguistics and sociolinguistics.
Naturalistic second language acquisition: a case of adoption in Italy
Authors: Ramonaitė Jogilė Teresa
Published: June 2020

The functional approach to the interlanguage of spontaneous learners of L2 helps identify that from the very beginning without yet possessing many resources of the target language the speaker makes a systemic use of them. When acquiring a language in a natural environment the effectiveness of communication is of vital importance to the speaker because he or she must start interacting without yet having acquired many of the elements of the structure of the target language. A second language learner makes use of the cognitive resources already in possession and therefore when beginning to use the new language invokes the universal pragmatic principles for utterance organization such as word order. A very important step in L2 acquisition is the appearance of the predicate in the interlanguage of the learner because then the utterances of the speaker are constructed following also the semantic-syntactic principles. This variety of the learnerʼs interlanguage, called the basic variety, is in principle sufficient for elementary communication and the development of interlanguage in the morphological perspective for some learners fossilizes in this variety. In due time and given favourable conditions, the interlanguage of the learner can move on to the so-called post-basic variety that sees the formation of a system approaching that of the target language and the principles of utterance organization previously used are gradually replaced by syntactic principles characteristic of the specific target language. The situation of international adoption presents favourable conditions for the language acquisition of younger and also older children. The article offers examples and analysis of the linguistic behaviour of an over 11-year-old Lithuanian girl adopted to Italy. Her linguistic behaviour has been meticulously observed and recorded for a year after the adoption starting from the very first contact with the new language. The analysis shows that the structure of the target language is acquired according to the universal model proceeding from simple to more complex forms. However the situation in which the acquisition takes place determines the rapidity of L2 acquisition and a very advanced level after a year in the new country. The observed girl reaches the basic variety after having spent only a month surrounded by the new language and one month later her interlanguage demonstrates clear signs of morphological sensitivity and the interlanguage system heading towards that of the target language. After a year in the country the entire Italian verb system is in place, including the most complex parts of it. Moreover, the girl makes use of those system elements that are optional, in a way that native speakers are able to do.
Lithuanian language maintenance in the emigrant family: the case of US
Authors: Jakaitė-Bulbukienė Kristina
Published: June 2020

One of today’s most painful problems of the society of Lithuania is massive emigration, which is often heated debated in different circles of the society. One of the aspects of the problem is concerned with the Lithuanian language: whether or not the language should be maintained. Lithuanian emigrants often complain that their children are not willing to talk with their parents in their native/heritage language. On the other hand, there are many examples when after spending long years in emigration, people are still fluent in their native tongue and/or maintain strong national identity. Thus the paper aims at exploring strategies of how Lithuanian emigrant families maintain the Lithuanian language.The paper analyses the US subset of the data collected during the research project “The Language of Emigrants”. The subset consists of three generations of Lithuanian emigrants. The investigation is based on a quantitative survey (n = 438) and qualitative in-depth semi-standardized interviews (n=15) from the USA (most of them recorded in May 2012 in Los Angeles, CA).The results of the research suggest that successful maintenance of the Lithuanian language has been due to a conscious decision by the members of the family to keep the language as a language of communication in the family and to pass it over to the younger generation. Emotional ties with the native/heritage language are also very important. The investigation has identified the prevalence of the authoritarian management model of language maintenance in those families.No less important is the social environment outside the children’s home domain. Formal education and active involvement in the Lithuanian community are considered significant factors contributing to learning/maintaining the Lithuanian language. Regular trips to Lithuania also help strengthen the sense of ethnic identity.
Interpretive Communities: Estonia’s Case Study
Authors: Sibul Karin
Published: June 2020

This paper discusses Stanley Fish’s notion of interpretive communities, based on interviews conducted with interpreters who operated in Estonia from 1944 to 1991 while Estonia was a Soviet republic. 43 semi-structured convergent interviews were conducted: 21 with people who worked as interpreters and 22 with people who recruited interpreters or worked with an interpreter during this period.This study has presented a new perspective for the consideration of interpretive communities as defined by Stanley Fish. It has demonstrated the applicability of the notion on the basis of interviews conducted with interpreters. It is clear that interpreters apply interpretive strategies, depend on reader’s activities and on the structure of the reader’s experience.In analysing the gathered material, I applied a novel approach and extended Stanley Fish’s notion of interpretive communities from readers to interpreters. My conclusion is that Estonia’s post-World War Two interpreter community falls into two interpretive communities, the dividing line being languages used (Russian as the A or B language versus English, German, Swedish, Polish, French or Spanish as the B language, etc.) and experience (local versus international).While this study focused on interpreters in Estonia after World War II, it could be beneficial to compare the findings with other Baltic and East European countries. The analysis of interviews revealed that the interpreters operating in the years reviewed did not always meet the requirements of a professional interpreter. They were all interpreters by chance, however, not professionals.It should be recognized that factors such as the interpreting setting and preparation, as demonstrated in the above examples, played an important role. This research could be taken a step further and interviews conducted with interpreters active since the restoration of independence.
Conceptual metaphors of TIME in translation: The Seasons by Kristijonas Donelaitis
Authors: Vaivadaitė-Kaidi Eglė
Published: June 2020

This research focuses on conceptual TIME metaphors in Kristijonas Donelaitis’s The Seasons in order to supplement a so far scarce research in Lithuania of conceptual metaphors in translation, as time metaphors constitute fundamental aspects of culture and communication (Lakoff, Turner 1989). The present research aims to 1) analyze conceptual time metaphors in The Seasons and systemize them; 2) determine whether the metaphors are preserved in the translations of The Seasons: into Spanish (Caro Dugo 2013), English (Tempest 1985) and German (Passarge 1999).Text fragments were selected from The Seasons with hyponyms of the time concept which were analyzed based on the methodology of conceptual metaphors. Linguistic aspects of conceptual metaphors were compared with the mentioned translations. All the examples were analyzed based on the methodology of translation of linguistic aspects of conceptual metaphors as specified by Kövecses (2005).The following conceptual time metaphors were found in The Seasons: TIME IS OBJECT, TIME IS VOLUME, TIME IS LIMITED RIGHTS, TIME IS PLANT, TIME IS FOOD, TIME IS FESTIVAL, TIME IS MOVING OBJECT, TIME IS CHARACTER, TIME IS HUMAN, TIME IS ANIMAL.By comparing the linguistic aspects of the conceptual time metaphors in The Seasons by Donelaitis and the way they are rendered across several languages, it was determined that most often the conceptual metaphor in translation is preserved, i.e. the conceptual metaphor as well as its literal and figurative meaning are the same in both the original text and the translation. Only one case was found when the literal meaning and the underlying conceptual metaphors were different in the original and all three translations; however, the figurative meaning is maintained. In some cases the conceptual metaphor and its linguistic expression are different in the original text and the translation. Such cases probably occur due to the fact that the translator chooses a different source domain, which changes the conceptual metaphor and the mappings. Another reason could be concerned with the translator’s decision to distance himself/herself from the original due to linguistic and cultural aspects or text-specific factors.
Needs and trends of lexical borrowing in written Lithuanian in 1991-2013
Authors: Vaicekauskienė Loreta
Published: June 2020

The paper introduces available databases of new borrowings into Lithuanian and research into their main features and usage in public written texts, including the Internet, in 1991–2013. The research has shown that new borrowings of the Lithuanian language and the process of borrowing follow the same universal and general patterns noticed in other speech communities. Overall, about 1 500 different new borrowings and borrowed derivatives that have entered the Lithuanian language since early 90ies have been included into the databases. Due to the normative tradition of standard written Lithuanian, in more formal domains there is a tendency to graphically highlight borrowings either by inserting the quotation marks or by writing the borrowings in italics. However, in informal Internet texts (chats, commentaries, etc.) the borrowings are usually not highlighted. The morphological adaptation of most borrowings and orthographical adaptation of a large part of them give a clue to the integration potential of the Lithuanian structural paradigms. The distribution of the new borrowings across the word classes follows the patterns identified in other research: most borrowings are nouns, a much lower number of them are adjectives and verbs and a rather insignificant number are adverbs. Most new borrowings in the studied period include borrowings from English (approx. 70 per cent). Borrowings from other languages are much less numerous: depending on a text type, neo-Latinisms make up 5–8 per cent, words of French origin—3–7 per cent, words of Italian origin—4–5 per cent and Greek borrowings—2–3 per cent. The domains that include most new borrowings are technology and engineering, food, economics and business, also music. As already mentioned, borrowings from English clearly dominate in most domains. However, the semantic field of food seems to be the most diverse in terms of the origin of borrowings: most borrowings are of Italian origin, others come from of English, French, Spanish, Japanese and other languages. French and neoclassical borrowings make up more than 70 per cent of all borrowed law terms and almost 40 per cent of the terms of economics and business. The research of new borrowings into Lithuanian reveals fundamental changes in the socio-cultural development of the society and highlights the potential of the Lithuanian language to adapt to the needs of the speakers and to preserve the marks of ongoing cultural changes.
Social meaning of Vilnius vowel lengthening. The research of pupils’ subconscious attitudes
Authors: Čičirkaitė Ramunė
Published: June 2020

It is not enough just to describe the distribution of linguistic variants in a speech community in order to explain language variation and change in apparent time, it is important to examine what attitudes language users have towards them as well as social meanings ​​attributed to them. To date the social meaning of vowel lengthening as a relevant feature of Vilnius speech has, however, not been studied. In February–March in 2014 speaker evaluation experiment was conducted in two socially and ethnically unmarked schools with Lithuanian as the language of instruction. The schools were ranked in the middle position in the rating of city schools; all of them were located in two socially unmarked boroughs of Vilnius. The experiment aimed at determining the social meanings that vowel lengthening acquires among Vilnius city pupils. A total of 231 senior (9–10) class pupils took part in the study. The experiment has confirmed the hypothesis that vowel lengthening in Vilnius speech is not evaluated ambiguously and has more than one social meaning. It is the articulatory context, in the other words – the cluster of other pronunciation features of a speaker (or stimuli type) that is decisive in which of the meanings is actualized. It has also showed a clear hierarchization of the stimuli types which reveal natural variability of short vowel lengthening in the speech community of Vilnius: 1) Kam+GalLT, 2) Neu, 3) Kam and 4) Kam+GalSL. The study has revealed that if vowel lengthening in the stem of the word and in the inflectional ending occurs in the articulatory context of the speakers of Lithuanian origin, it is perceived as a marker of high social status, power, high professional competence of the speaker as well as representing businessman profession, a speaker who could work as a newsreader, hold leadership positions. Personal traits like „educated“, „wealthy“, „successful“, „managing“, „youthful“, „urban“ and „having a good job“ have mostly been assigned to the latter types of speakers with statistically significant difference. If vowel lengthening occurs in the articulatory context of the speakers of Slavic origin, it is recognized as Slavic and associated with low social status, linked to services and working-class occupations. In addition, all the mentioned personal traits to this type of stimuli have been assigned most rarely by the pupils. Only the stem lengthening articulatory context has been linked to the category of provinciality and this stimuli type representing speakers have been mostly considered to be suitable for service occupations.
Sources of one-word terms used in UK and Lithuanian constitutional law acts
Authors: Mockienė Liudmila , Rackevičienė Sigita
Published: June 2020

The article addresses the issues of formation of legal terminology in Lithuanian and English. The terminology of Lithuanian law started to be formed at the beginning of the 20th century. Its development has been influenced by several political upheavals and has undergone considerable changes. Since new legal terms are constantly created, it is worthwhile to compare and contrast Lithuanian term formation tendencies with term formation traditions in other languages. Contrastive research not only reveals peculiarities of term formation in different languages, but allows researchers to see native terminology in a new light and assessing it more objectively. In this article, the Lithuanian constitutional law terms are compared with the English constitutional law terminology that has a long history dating back to the 13th century. The article analyses the sources and means of formation that have been used for the creation of Lithuanian and UK constitutional law terms and reveals important differences in legal term formation in these two languages. The authors expect that the findings of the research will provide useful information to the developers of Lithuanian legal terminology, as well as to the users of Lithuanian and English legal terms.
A feast of metaphor researchers, or RaAM in Sardinia
Authors: Šeškauskienė Inesa
Published: June 2020

This is an overview of the 10th conference of the Association Researching and Applying Metaphor held in Cagliari, Sardinia, in June 2014.
Anti-alcohol advertisements. Persuasion techniques
Authors: Vilkelytė Rūta Angelė
Published: June 2020

This paper analyses anti-alcohol social advertisements. Assuming that in social advertising both linguistic and visual means of persuasion are used to provoke the addressee’s reaction, the author aims at determining the most dominating and effective linguistic and non-linguistic means of persuasion employed in social advertising. The methods of semiotic analysis and the qualitative target addressees’ interview are combined to achieve this aim. The semiotic analysis is used to determine visual and verbal means of persuasion used in social advertisements, while the qualitative interview is employed to assess their suggestibility. The results suggest that different persuasion techniques are targeted at different age groups. Advertising aimed at young people often portrays famous people of Lithuania. The text of such advertisements is usually written as friendly advice based on the author’s personal experience. The demonstration of solidarity is considered to be an effective technique; therefore, the personal pronouns I, my, you, your are common. In the advertisements aimed at seniors it is common to emphasise death, which is usually expressed by contrasting black and white. Such choice of colours creates a frustrating and inhospitable atmosphere and is effective in reaching persuasion. Slogans are usually short, which allows the addressee to concentrate on the essential elements of the advertisement. In addition, slogans are often impersonal, which creates some distance from the addressee. This sanction has been positively evaluated by the respondents. In advertisements, which intend to affect a large number of the population, the implicit addressee, usually bright colours prevail; however, this sanction disturbs the addressees.
Berlin and love for metaphors and football, or what is new in metaphor research
Authors: Šeškauskienė Inesa
Published: June 2020

This is an overview of the 11th conference of the the Association Researching and Applying Metaphor held in Berlin in July 2016.