bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of Pigment Cell‐Specific Genes in the Ontogenesis of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius
Authors: Ageenko Natalya V. , Kiselev Konstantin V. , Odintsova Nelly A.
Published: July 2011

One of the polyketide compounds, the naphthoquinone pigment echinochrome, is synthesized in sea urchin pigment cells. We analyzed polyketide synthase (pks) and sulfotransferase (sult) gene expression in embryos and larvae of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius from various stages of development and in specific tissues of the adults. We observed the highest level of expression of the pks and sult genes at the gastrula stage. In unfertilized eggs, only trace amounts of the pks and sult transcripts were detected, whereas no transcripts of these genes were observed in spermatozoids. The addition of shikimic acid, a precursor of naphthoquinone pigments, to zygotes and embryos increased the expression of the pks and sult genes. Our findings, including the development of specific conditions to promote pigment cell differentiation of embryonic sea urchin cells in culture, represent a definitive study on the molecular signaling pathways that are involved in the biosynthesis of pigments during sea urchin development.
The Relationship between Scholarships and Student Success: An Art and Design Case Study
Authors: Ganem Natasha M. , Manasse Michelle
Published: July 2011

The majority of studies investigating financial predictors of student success in higher education focus on liberal art schools and have investigated a limited number of conditioning variables in analyses. This study adds to the literature by exploring financial predictors of student success through a unique sample of students from an art and design college and by considering a number of variable interactions. Institutional scholarships emerged as the strongest predictor of student persistence, progression, and timely graduation in all models explored. Standardized test scores interacted with scholarship dollars in unique ways. Findings suggest that high test scorers may be at risk in an art and design institution and that scholarship dollars may mitigate this risk.
Graves' Disease as a Manifestation of Immune Reconstitution in HIV-Infected Individuals after Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Rasul Samad , Delapenha Robert , Farhat Faria , Gajjala Jhansi , Zahra Syeda Mehreen
Published: July 2011

Graves' disease after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in certain HIV-1-infected individuals has been described as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). This phenomenon should be suspected in individuals who present with clinical deterioration and a presentation suggestive of hyperthyroidism despite good virological and immunological response to HAART. Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism may be discrete or overt and typically develop 8–33 months after initiating therapy. One to two percent of HIV-infected patients can present with overt thyroid disease. Relatively few cases of Graves' IRIS have been reported in the literature to date. We describe four cases of Graves' IRIS in HIV-infected patients who were started on HAART therapy.
Lactobacillus paracaseiReduces Intestinal Inflammation in Adoptive Transfer Mouse Model of Experimental Colitis
Authors: Oliveira Manuel , Bosco Nabil , Perruisseau Genevieve , Nicolas Jeanne , Segura-Roggero Iris , Duboux Stéphane , Briand Muriel , Blum Stéphanie , Benyacoub Jalil
Published: July 2011

Studies showed that specific probiotics provide therapeutic benefits in inflammatory bowel disease.In vitroevidence suggested thatLactobacillus paracaseialso called ST11 (CNCM I-2116) is a potent strain with immune modulation properties. However, little is known about its capacity to alleviate inflammatory symptomsin vivoIn this context, the main objective of this study was to investigate the role of ST11 on intestinal inflammation using the adoptive transfer mouse model of experimental colitis. Rag2-/-recipient mice were fed with ST11 (109CFU/day)a month prior toinduce colitis by adoptive transfer of naive T cells. One month later, in clear contrast to nonfed mice, weight loss was significantly reduced by 50% in ST11-fed mice. Further analysis of colon specimens revealed a significant reduction neutrophil infiltration and mucosal expression of IL1β, IL-6, and IL12 proinflammatory cytokines, whereas no consistent differences in expression of antibacterial peptides or tight junction proteins were observed between PBS and ST11-fed mice. All together, our results demonstrate that oral administration of ST11 was safe and had a significant preventive effect on colitis. We conclude that probiotics such asLactobacillus paracaseiharbor worthwhilein vivoimmunomodulatory properties to prevent intestinal inflammation by nutritional approaches.
Factors Affecting Age at Initial Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis in a National Survey
Authors: Rosenberg Rebecca E. , Landa Rebecca , Law J. Kiely , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Law Paul A.
Published: July 2011

Entry into early intervention depends on both age of first parent concern (AOC) and age at initial autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis (AOD). Using data collected from a national online registry from 6214 children diagnosed with an ASD between 1994 and 2010 in the US, we analyzed the effect of individual, family, and geographic covariates on AOC and AOD in a multivariate linear regression model with random effects. Overall, no single modifiable factor associated with AOC or AOD emerged but cumulative variation in certain individual- and family-based features, as well as some geographic factors, all contribute to AOC and AOD variation. A multipronged strategy is needed for targeted education and awareness campaigns to maximize outcomes and decrease disparities in ASD care.
Mutations in Epigenetic Modifiers in Myeloid Malignancies and the Prospect of Novel Epigenetic-Targeted Therapy
Authors: Fathi Amir T. , Abdel-Wahab Omar
Published: July 2011

In the recent years, the discovery of a series of mutations in patients with myeloid malignancies has provided insight into the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Among these alterations have been mutations in genes, such asIDH1/2,TET2,DNMT3A, andEZH2, which appear to affect DNA and/or histone lysine methylation. Large clinical correlative studies are beginning to decipher the clinical importance, prevalence, and potential prognostic significance of these mutations. Additionally, burgeoning insight into the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies has prompted increased interest in development of novel therapies which target DNA and histone posttranslational modifications. DNA demethylating agents have been demonstrated to be clinically active in a subset of patients with MDS and AML and are used extensively. However, newer, more specific agents which alter DNA and histone modification are under preclinical study and development and are likely to expand our therapeutic options for these diseases in the near future. Here, we review the current understanding of the clinical importance of these newly discovered mutations in AML and MDS patients. We also discuss exciting developments in DNA methyltransferase inhibitor strategies and the prospect of novel histone lysine methyltransferase inhibitors.
Effect of Curcumin AgainstProteus mirabilisDuring Crystallization of Struvite from Artificial Urine
Authors: Prywer Jolanta , Torzewska Agnieszka
Published: July 2011

We investigated the activity of curcumin againstProteus mirabilisand the struvite crystallization in relation to urinary stones formation. In order to evaluate an activity of curcumin we performed anin vitroexperiment of struvite growth from artificial urine. The crystallization process was induced byProteus mirabilisto mimic the real urinary tract infection, which usually leads to urinary stone formation. The results demonstrate that curcumin exhibits the effect againstProteus mirabilisinhibiting the activity of urease—an enzyme produced by these microorganisms. Addition of curcumin increases the induction time and decreases the efficiency of growth of struvite compared with the absence of curcumin. Interestingly, the addition of curcumin does not affect the crystal morphology and habit. In conclusion, curcumin has demonstrated its significant potential to be further investigated for its use in the case of struvite crystallization induced for the growth byProteus mirabilisin relation to urinary stone formation.
Birthweight Centile Charts for South Asian Infants Born in the UK
Authors: Seaton Sarah E. , Yadav Kamini D. , Field David J. , Khunti Kamlesh , Manktelow Bradley N.
Published: July 2011

Background: UK-born infants of South Asian ethnic origin are known to have lower birthweights than their White British counterparts. When plotted on currently used birthweight charts they can be misclassified as small for gestational age. Similarly, large for gestational age infants can be missed. This has important clinical implications in their management. Objective: To create birthweight centile charts for the UK-born South Asian infants to identify true small and large for gestational age infants. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of infants born 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2006 was undertaken. The birthweights of the South Asian and White British infants were compared. The LMS method was used to construct centile charts for the South Asian infants. Results: 24,274 White British and 7,190South Asian infants were included in the analysis. Overall, the South Asian males were 9–15% lighter than the White British males and the South Asian females were 9–13% lighter than the White British females. At term, the median birthweight for South Asian males was 329 g lower than that for White British males and for South Asian females 295 g less than the White British females. Conclusion: There are significant differences in the birthweights of White British and UK-born South Asian infants. Hence the standard birthweight centile charts which were designed using the birthweight data of White British infants appear to misclassify a proportion of South Asian infants. Use of ethnic specific birthweight charts would allow better detection of truly growth-restricted and macrosomic South Asian infants.
Partial Deletion of the NR5A1 (SF1) Gene Detected by Synthetic Probe MLPA in a Patient with XY Gonadal Disorder of Sex Development
Authors: Barbaro M. , Cools M. , Looijenga L.H.J. , Drop S.L.S. , Wedell A.
Published: July 2011

Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1, officially NR5A1) is a nuclear receptor involved in adrenal and gonadal development. NR5A1 mutations have been identified in patients with various forms of 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD), including complete gonadal dysgenesis with or without adrenal insufficiency, mild testicular dysgenesis with ambiguous external genitalia or female external genitalia with clitoromegaly, and penoscrotal hypospadias. We developed a synthetic probe set for MLPA analysis of the NR5A1 gene covering its 7 exons and analyzed 20 patients with 46,XY gonadal DSD in whom analyses failed to identify a genetic cause. We identified a partial NR5A1 deletion affecting exons 2 and 3, leading to NR5A1 haploinsufficiency in 1 patient presenting with female external genitalia with clitoromegaly, absence of a uterus, and mildly dysgenetic testes. This is the first partial NR5A1 gene deletion identified by MLPA in a patient with 46,XY gonadal DSD. This finding stresses the importance of investigating copy number changes, even at the exon level, in genes involved in gonadal DSD. As NR5A1 mutations can cause a wide spectrum of DSD with relatively high frequency, the analysis of the NR5A1 gene by MLPA is quite important and should be extended to larger groups of patients.
Consensus Document: Antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary stenting
Authors: Eikelboom John , Berger Peter , Holmes David , Bhatt Deepak , Becker Richard , Angiolill Dominick , Faxon David , Moliterno David
Published: July 2011

The optimal regimen of the anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies in patients with atrial fibrillation who have had a coronary stent is unclear. It is well recognised that “triple therapy” with aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin is associated with an increased risk of bleeding. National guidelines have not made specific recommendations given the lack of adequate data. In choosing the best antithrombotic options for a patient, consideration needs to be given to the risks of stroke, stent thrombosis and major bleeding. This document describes these risks, provides specific recommendations concerning vascular access, stent choice, concomitant use of proton-pump inhibitors and the use and duration of triple therapy following stent placement based upon the risk assessment.
Euphemisms in the Samaritan Targum of the Pentateuch
Authors:   Tal
Published: July 2011

The Samaritan Aramaic version of the Pentateuch in general, and its later manuscripts in particular, are replete with euphemistic expressions of all kinds, seeking to 'purify' the language from embarrassing utterances, especially where the original was too candid in expressing matters in which discreetness is required, according to contemporary standards. This study focuses on four fields in which euphemism is common in the Samaritan Targum: 1. the dignity of the ancestors, 2. taboo expressions, 3. fear of death, 4. abomination and disgust. The means by which euphemism is achieved is also scrutinized.
A New Dictionary of Samaritan Aramaic
Authors: Sokoloff Michael
Published: July 2011

Samaritan Aramaic was the spoken and literary language of the Samaritan community in Eretz Israel in the first millennium C.E. until it was replaced by Arabic. The major literary remains of the dialect are a Targum to the Pentateuch, liturgical poetry, and a collection of midrashim. Tal's dictionary is the first attempt to organize the vocabulary of these texts, and his work should be commended. Unfortunately, in spite of the long period during which it was written, the dictionary suffers from a variety of defects which make its use difficult for the reader: Order of entries by roots; only partial use of English as target language along side Hebrew; inconsistencies in translation of quotations in parallel entries; inordinate number of errors in orthography; insufficient use of existing dictionaries of other Aramaic dialects.
Hexaplaric Materials in Ecclesiastes and the Rôle of the Syro-Hexapla
Authors: Gentry Peter
Published: July 2011

Some marginal notes in the Syro-Hexapla of Ecclesiastes,as represented by the Codex Ambrosianus, indicate that Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion are identical to the text of the Seventy in Origen's Fifth Column. Careful scrutiny reveals that these notes derive from a different manuscript than the one from which the lemma text of the Syro-Hexapla was translated. The evidence also suggests that the term oμoíως is used when identity with the lemma but not the o′ text is in view, and oμoíως τoις o′ when identity not only with the lemma but also the o′ text obtains. This results in a proposed text for α′ σ′ ϑ′ which differs from that given in Field's Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt.
A New Introduction to the Peshitta of the Old Testament
Authors: Koster Marinus
Published: July 2011

The first part of this review article gives a full summary of Michael Weitzman's The Syriac Version of the Old Testament. It is agreed that this book is a masterpiece. Yet, as it will probably serve as the standard introduction to the Peshitta for many years to come, some critical notes are in order. These concern some methodological questions, the evaluation of the 'three-stages model' for the text history of the Peshitta, the precise role of scribes, Weitzman's multidimensional maps, and the overrated position of translation technique as an explanation of differences between the Peshitta and the Masoretic text.
The Relationship of Aquila and Theodotion to the Old Greek of Ecclesiastes in the Marginal Notes of the Syro-Hexapla
Authors: Gentry Peter
Published: July 2011

Careful investigation of the marginal notes in the Syro-Hexapla of Ecclesiastes indicates that the notes originated from a manuscript which did not have a Hexaplaric text. The excerptor was concerned about agreements between the Old Greek Text of Ecclesiastes and the Three and from this perspective, careful scrutiny of the notes indicates the relation between the Old Greek of Ecclesiastes and Theodotion is closer than that between the Old Greek and Aquila.
The So-called Cuthean Words in the Samaritan Aramaic Vocabulary
Authors: Tal Abraham
Published: July 2011

The Samaritan Targum abounds in incomprehensible words, with no reasonable etymology. According to the dysphemistic name given to the new inhabitants of the Northern Kingdom in Rabbinic Judaism, scholars characterized the words in question as 'Cuthean' (cf. 2 Kgs 17). It is argued in this paper that many of these words are intentional changes that emanate from euphemistic reasons. Two ways in which the Samaritan Targum euphemizes are: (1) the use of foreign words, borrowed for this purpose, (2) intentional distortion of embarrassing words. Nevertheless, the term 'Cuthean words' might not have been coined entirely gratuitously: a small number of words might be called 'Mesopotamian', since the corresponding terms occur in Akkadian.
Propaedeutic to a Lexicon of the Three: The Priority of a New Critical Edition of Hexaplaric Fragments
Authors: Gentry Peter
Published: July 2011

This investigation of the marginal notes in the Syro-Hexapla of Ecclesiastes delineates the role of the text history of the O(ld) G(reek) in determining the text of the Three (Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion), the relation of the Three and the Old Latin in the text history of the OG, and the role of the Three in determining the text of the OG. The implications for a new critical edition of the Three are elaborated as well as for the lexicography of the Three.
Notes on a Recently Published Magic Bowl
Authors: Morgenstern Matthew
Published: July 2011

This article presents a new transcription and translation of the Aramaic magic bowl BM 135563, and suggests an interpretation that differs considerably from the previous editions. It is argued that the bowl presents a narrative is that more coherent than has been suggested, and that it is the product of carefully considered literary activity.
Indications of the Faith of the Translator in the Peshitta to the 'Servant Songs' of Deutero-Isaiah
Authors: Greenberg Gillian
Published: July 2011

The Peshitta of Deutero-Isaiah includes several passages relevant to the question of the faith of the translator: Jewish or Christian? There are inconsistencies: some differences between MT and P suggest a Christian or messianic nuance; one blunts an anti-Jewish phrase; in another an opportunity to introduce a Christian theme is resisted. The cumulative weight of examples suggests Christian input. The inconsistency could be explained by postulating a Jewish-Christian translator who attempted to play fair by his Vorlage, putting his own convictions and religious literature to the back of his mind, but occasionally failed.
Inhibition response of Pinus densiflora clones to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus systemic dispersal and their resistance to pine wilt disease
Authors: Togashi Katsumi , Maezono Hiroko , Matsunaga Koji , Tamaki Satoshi
Published: July 2011

To determine the relationship between resistance to pine wilt disease and the inhibition of nematode systemic dispersal in Pinus densiflora, a suspension of 200 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was placed on the upper cut end of 5-cm-long, living or boiled branch sections of 17 clones of pine that had different resistance levels. Significantly more nematodes passed through boiled sections than living sections during 24 h. Living branches of the resistant P. densiflora clone group significantly suppressed the dispersal of B. xylophilus compared with those of the susceptible group, suggesting that the inhibition of nematode systemic dispersal was involved in the resistance mechanism of selected disease-resistant pine clones. However, there was no significant correlation between the resistance class and the mean number of nematodes passing through live branch sections within the resistant clone group. The reason for the lack of correlation is discussed in relation with the resistance mechanism.
Systematic affinity of the sea urchin parasite, Echinomermella matsi Jones & Hagen (Enoplida: Echinomermellidae)
Authors: Poinar George , Lewis Samantha , Hyman Bradley , Hagen Nils
Published: July 2011

Morphological and molecular studies were used to determine the systematic affinity of the sea urchin parasite, Echinomermella matsi. The absence of somatic ornamentation and external openings in the parasitic juveniles and adults, aside from a small non-functional mouth and male reproductive opening, shows a striking degree of morphological reduction in Echinomermella as an adaptation to a parasitic life style. A phylogenetic analysis of E. matsi by the maximum likelihood (ML) and neighbour-joining (NJ) methods places it within the Order Enoplida. This indicates that Echinomermella evolved from free-living marine enoplids and is not closely related to the Mermithidae as previously thought. The absence of a vulva and male genital supplements, coupled with the modified spicule tips, suggest that traumatic insemination is the standard method of mating. The morphological modifications in Echinomermella indicate a long period of co-evolution with sea urchins, possibly extending back to the Palaeozoic.
Targum, Biblia Hebraica Quinta, And Jewish Bible Interpretation
Authors: Hayward Robert
Published: July 2011

Publication of the first fascicle (Megillot) of a new critical edition of the Hebrew Bible, Biblia Hebraica Quinta, invites comment on the use of Targum by its editors. This short survey outlines the contents of BHQ, noting provision of introductions to the ancient versions of each biblical book; along with commentaries on the critical apparatus. Unlike earlier critical editions, BHQ makes extensive use of Targumim of the Megillot: several examples are set out and discussed. Despite some minor weaknesses in the presentation of Targumic material, BHQ represents a major change of attitude towards Targum, which specialists will welcome.
The Aramaic 'Fugitive' Decree: A New Interpretation
Authors: Bhayro Siam
Published: July 2011

This paper presents a new interpretation of the so-called 'Fugitive' Decree, suggesting that it is concerned with setting migrants to work rather than apprehending a miscreant. It is based on an attempt to take into account the underlying Akkadian (Neo-Assyrian) terminology, to appreciate the overall structure and syntax of the text and to reflect the socio-political situation in Babylonia during the Neo-Assyrian period. It also makes a tentative claim that the text's terminology reflects the different settlement patterns of the agriculturalist Chaldeans and pastoralist Aramaeans.
An Analysis of the Dialect and Early Jewish Mystical Lore in a Targumic Tosefta to Ezekiel 1.1 (Ms Gaster 1478)
Authors: Damsma Alinda
Published: July 2011

Codex Manchester Gaster 1478 contains an extensively aggadic Targumic Tosefta to Ezekiel 1:1, the prelude to the prophet's vision of the divine 'throne-chariot'. This study focuses on the unique mystical lore that is preserved in this Targum. It transpires that this material sheds light on a relatively dark chapter in the reception history of early Jewish mysticism, being closely related to Hekhalot literature, and to the Shi'ur Qomah tradition in particular, with implications for the latter's dating. It is furthermore established that the intriguing mixture of Aramaic dialect use that characterizes this Tosefta-Targum bears resemblances with Late Jewish Literary Aramaic.
Non-Active Participles in the Aramaic of Daniel
Authors: Li Tarsee
Published: July 2011

At first sight, Aramaic appears to have two forms to express the passive of the active participle. That is, not only do the active stems possess both an active and a passive participle, but the t-stems, which can express the passive voice, also possess a participle. This article proposes that, at the diachronic stage of the language attested in the Aramaic of Daniel, the so-called passive participle is primarily a verbal adjective that is developing into a resultative participle, whereas t-stem participles are the true passive (and reflexive) counterparts to the active participle.
Sin, Iniquity, Wickedness, and Rebellion in the Peshitta to Isaiah and Jeremiah
Authors: Greenberg Gillian
Published: July 2011

The Peshitta is considered a fairly literal translation. However, the attitude of the translator (using the singular here for simplicity) of Isaiah and Jeremiah to his Hebrew Vorlage was complex: he almost always preserved the original message, but exercised literary initiative, selecting lexical equivalents sometimes inconsistently, sometimes with great precision, sometimes disrupting rhetorical structure, sometimes making additions to render opaque Hebrew clearly. He did not see his text as 'sacred' at any point, nor did later scribes who introduced further small additions and modifications. The range of Syriac vocabulary employed is wide: there is no evidence of poverty.
The Authorial Spirit? Biblical Citations in Jacob of Edessa's Hexaemeron
Authors: Salvesen Alison
Published: July 2011

The Syrian Orthodox bishop and polymath Jacob of Edessa (c. 630–708 CE) produced his own Syriac version of the Old Testament which combined the Peshitta and Greek traditions. Similarly composite citations of Scripture appear in his other works, raising the question of their relationship to his own biblical version. This article analyses some examples of citations of the book of Job that appear in Jacob's first treatise in his Hexaemeron, on the nature of angels.
Redating TR and BTR. The Three Stages at Stake?
Authors: Koster Marinus
Published: July 2011

As the third and final type of text of the Old Testament Peshitta (TR, the later standard text) already appears with an eighth-century author (Theodore bar Koni) and in an eighth-century manuscript (8j1), it did not originate in the ninth, but already in the eighth century. The whole scheme of three consecutive stages in the development of the mainstream of the transmission of the Peshitta text could be moved one century backwards without running the risk of being unsettled. As this scheme is concerned first and foremost with types of text, there is no need to suggest direct (linear) dependence between all manuscripts involved.
A Puzzling Verb in the Syriac Version of Gregory of Nyssa's De Anima et Resurrectione
Authors: McCollum Adam
Published: July 2011

This article examines possible solutions to a passage in the sixth-century Syriac translation of Gregory of Nyssa's De anima et resurrectione, in which the Greek μενει stands behind the Syriac verb. The established meaning of this verb does not match the Syriac context considered in itself, nor the underlying Greek word. The possibility of an Arabic loanword is considered, but the sixth-century date of the translation makes that unlikely, and it is concluded that the original text must have been, which was then miscopied as by a later scribe under Arabic influence.
A Note on Determination and Countability in Targumic Aramaic
Authors: Wesselius Jan-Wim
Published: July 2011

The unexpected occurrence of the determined state (the noun with article in postposition) in the singular in the Aramaic of the classical Targums of Onqelos and Jonathan, as well as the ending -ē to m. pl. nouns, used to be explained from supposed linguistic influence of Eastern Aramaic. It can be observed, however, that in all or nearly all of these cases these endings indicate the non-countedness of the nouns, uniqueness or amorphousness in the singular or collectives in the plural. The picture is especially clear when the noun is found with cardinal numbers. It is proposed that the noun in Targumic Aramaic had, beside absolute, construct, and determined states, a fourth state which can be designated as the uncounted state. This characteristic linguistic trait of the Targumic dialect probably sets it apart from most other Aramaic dialects, also has a number of consequences in the exegetical field, and may explain the origin of certain grammatical characteristics of Eastern Aramaic.
In Search of Late Samaritan Aramaic
Authors: Tal Abraham
Published: July 2011

Although abandoned as vernacular, Aramaic was not completely disregarded by Samaritan writers during the first centuries of Muslim rule in Palestine. Their literary product, poor in style and thematic when compared with the compositions of the Byzantine period, is written in what we may designate as 'Late Samaritan Aramaic'. Leaning on literary patterns borrowed from ancient poetry it is a kind of conventional Aramaic, marked by a rather limited respect for grammatical rules, with heavy traces of Hebrew and, at times, Arabic. In this it resembles the language dominant in Jewish contemporary Aramaic liturgy (except Arabic influence), which also characterizes Zoharic Aramaic.
Women on International Courts: Some Lessons Learned
Authors: Wald Patricia
Published: July 2011

Women have achieved much since the revival of international criminal justice. But much remains to be achieved, both in the number and quality of women judges and in the way that women's concerns are addressed, as the implementation of complementarity shifts humanitarian law from international to national judicial arenas.
Giving Priority to Sex Crime Prosecutions: The Philosophical Foundations of a Feminist Agenda
Authors: deGuzman Margaret
Published: July 2011

In light of serious resource constraints, international criminal courts are required to select a small number of crimes for prosecution, leaving others to national courts or, more often, impunity. In recent years, feminists have advocated that such courts give priority to prosecuting sex crimes even at the expense of other serious crimes, including those involving killing. Many international prosecutors have heeded this call, placing special emphasis on the prosecution of sex crimes. At the same time, empirical evidence shows that many people consider sex crimes less serious than crimes resulting in death. There is thus a need to ground the selection of sex crimes for prosecution in the purposes of international criminal law. This essay examines the four primary philosophical bases advanced for international prosecutions – retribution, deterrence, expressivism, and restorative justice – to determine how they inform decisions whether to give priority to sex crime prosecutions. It concludes that retribution and deterrence support such selections at least some of the time, and expressivism and restorative justice provide an even stronger foundation for giving priority to sex crimes.
Women, Art and Post-Conflict Justice
Authors: Mani Rama
Published: July 2011

This article addresses the creative agency of women within the context of post-conflict or transitional justice (TJ). Specifically it seeks to underscore the diverse ways in which women in societies emerging from violent conflict and its attendant gender-based violations and atrocities use art and creative media to pursue the objectives of justice. The aims of this article are twofold: first, this article draws attention to the need for local stakeholders in war-affected communities and their international supporters to go beyond official mechanisms of transitional justice; to integrate cultural justice by recognising and encouraging aesthetic and creative means of pursuing justice after violent transitions, and women's particular capacities in this domain. Second, alongside the drive to treat women as more than victims by recognising their political agency in shaping peace and justice, this article draws attention to the need to recognise the creative agency of women and its valuable albeit intangible benefits for TJ and peacebuilding.
Maiden Voyage
Authors: De Santis Dario
Published: July 2011

The scientific debate which developed during the eighteenth century, proposed and diffused new theories on the generation not only within the scientific community. Microscopic investigation and various experimental campaigns fostered daring models attempting to unveil the natural phenomena from which life originates. Besides the famous scientific and philosophical works that marked the age, in the second part of the century two pamphlets appeared that well represent the importance of the querelle about embryological systems defining the concept of generation as a voyage within the human body. Lucina sine concubitu and Juno abortans, respectively published in England and in Germany between 1750 and 1760, narrate the odd and imaginary adventures of two doctors who are trying to interrupt and modify the embryos' journey towards the body of the mother.
"Scientific Peep Show" The Human Body in Contemporary Science Museums
Authors: Canadelli Elena
Published: July 2011

The essay focuses on the discourse about the human body developed by contemporary science museums with educational and instructive purposes directed at the general public. These museums aim mostly at mediating concepts such as health and prevention. The current scenario is linked with two examples of past museums: the popular anatomical museums which emerged during the 19th century and the health museums thrived between 1910 and 1940. On the museological path about the human body self-care we went from the emotionally involving anatomical Venuses to the inexpressive Transparent Man, from anatomical specimens of ill organs and deformed subjects to the mechanical and electronic models of the healthy body. Today the body is made transparent by the new medical diagnostics and by the latest discoveries of endoscopy. The way museums and science centers presently display the human body involves computers, 3D animation, digital technologies, hands-on models of large size human parts.
Exploring the Brain, Looking for Thoughts: On Asimov's Second Fantastic Voyage
Authors: Cassou-Nogus Pierre
Published: July 2011

The aim of this paper is to investigate various concerns which appear in Isaac Asimov's Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain. I will disregard his first voyage inside a human body in Fantastic Voyage I, which the author disavows as not being his own work. In contrast, the second voyage is intricate, suggesting problems drawn from a variety of sources. In a nutshell, Asimov's explorers enter the body of a comatose man in order to read his thoughts. The story can be related both to philosophical thought-experiments, such as those of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and of Herbert Feigl, as well as to personal anxieties peculiar to Asimov.
The Body Voyage as Visual Representation and Art Performance
Authors: Olsn Jan Eric
Published: July 2011

This paper looks at the notion of the body as an interior landscape that is made intelligible through visual representation. It discerns the key figure of the inner corporeal voyage, identifies its main elements and examines how contemporary artists working with performances and installations deal with it. A further aim with the paper is to discuss what kind of image of the body that is conveyed through medical visual technologies, such as endoscopy, and relate it to contemporary discussions on embodiment, embodied vision and bodily presence. The paper concludes with a recent exhibition by the French artist Christian Boltanski, which gives a somewhat different meaning to the idea of the body voyage.
A Model for Scale Interaction in the Madden–Julian Oscillation*
Authors: Wang Bin , Liu Fei
Published: July 2011

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is an equatorial planetary-scale circulation system coupled with a multiscale convective complex, and it moves eastward slowly (about 5 m s−1) with a horizontal quadrupole vortex and vertical rearward-tilted structure. The nature and role of scale interaction (SI) is one of the elusive aspects of the MJO dynamics. Here a prototype theoretical model is formulated to advance the current understanding of the nature of SI in MJO dynamics. The model integrates three essential physical elements: (a) large-scale equatorial wave dynamics driven by boundary layer frictional convergence instability (FCI), (b) effects of the upscale eddy momentum transfer (EMT) by vertically tilted synoptic systems resulting from boundary layer convergence and multicloud heating, and (c) interaction between planetary-scale wave motion and synoptic-scale systems (the eastward-propagating super cloud clusters and westward-propagating 2-day waves). It is shown that the EMT mechanism tends to yield a stationary mode with a quadrupole vortex structure (enhanced Rossby wave component), whereas the FCI yields a relatively fast eastward-moving and rearward-tilted Gill-like pattern (enhanced Kelvin wave response). The SI instability stems from corporative FCI or EMT mechanisms, and its property is a mixture of FCI and EMT modes. The properties of the unstable modes depend on the proportion of deep convective versus stratiform/congestus heating or the ratio of deep convective versus total amount of heating. With increasing stratiform/congestus heating, the FCI weakens while the EMT becomes more effective. A growing SI mode has a horizontal quadrupole vortex and rearward-tilted structure and prefers slow eastward propagation, which resembles the observed MJO. The FCI sets the rearward tilt and eastward propagation, while the EMT slows down the propagation speed. The theoretical results presented here point to the need to observe multicloud structure and vertical heating profiles within the MJO convective complex and to improve general circulation models’ capability to reproduce correct partitioning of cloud amounts between deep convective and stratiform/congestus clouds. Limitations and future work are also discussed.
Coupled Air–Mixed Layer Temperature Predictability for Climate Reconstruction
Authors: Pendergrass Angeline G. , Hakim Gregory J. , Battisti David S. , Roe Gerard
Published: July 2011

A central issue for understanding past climates involves the use of sparse time-integrated data to recover the physical properties of the coupled climate system. This issue is explored in a simple model of the midlatitude climate system that has attributes consistent with the observed climate. A quasigeostrophic (QG) model thermally coupled to a slab ocean is used to approximate midlatitude coupled variability, and a variant of the ensemble Kalman filter is used to assimilate time-averaged observations. The dependence of reconstruction skill on coupling and thermal inertia is explored. Results from this model are compared with those for an even simpler two-variable linear stochastic model of midlatitude air–sea interaction, for which the assimilation problem can be solved semianalytically.

Results for the QG model show that skill decreases as the length of time over which observations are averaged increases in both the atmosphere and ocean when normalized against the time-averaged climatological variance. Skill in the ocean increases with slab depth, as expected from thermal inertia arguments, but skill in the atmosphere decreases. An explanation of this counterintuitive result derives from an analytical expression for the forecast error covariance in the two-variable stochastic model, which shows that the ratio of noise to total error increases with slab ocean depth. Essentially, noise becomes trapped in the atmosphere by a thermally stiffer ocean, which dominates the decrease in initial condition error owing to improved skill in the ocean.

Increasing coupling strength in the QG model yields higher skill in the atmosphere and lower skill in the ocean, as the atmosphere accesses the longer ocean memory and the ocean accesses more atmospheric high-frequency “noise.” The two-variable stochastic model fails to capture this effect, showing decreasing skill in both the atmosphere and ocean for increased coupling strength, due to an increase in the ratio of noise to the forecast error variance. Implications for the potential for data assimilation to improve climate reconstructions are discussed.
Habits of the Heart
Authors: Miller Monica R. , Dixon-Roman Ezekiel J.
Published: July 2011

The landscape of youth religious participation is an underengaged area across both the humanities and social science. While the humanities lack empirical data on the changing religious life worlds of youths, existing empirical work in the social sciences suggests that institutional religion buffers criminality and delinquency—a brand of engagement the authors refer to as “buffering transgression.” This is a process that both conceives and privileges religion as an institutional and a moral force responsible for creating prosocial behavior. While empirical studies on youths and religion keep religion arrested to institutional and moral functions, scholars in the humanities work hard to legitimate youth cultural forms, such as hip hop, by conflating its rugged dimensions with a quest (and hope) for democratic sensibilities—a motif the authors suggest is rooted in ideologies of teleological progress. Using the tropes progress, peril, and change, this article explores the utility (and limitations) of empirical work and the often misguided efforts to moralize religion. Here the authors raise queries regarding youth cultural change and religion and quantitatively model youth religious change over 16 years. The implications of these theoretical and empirical interventions point toward future work at the social scientific intersections of religion in culture.
Moral learning in psychiatric rehabilitation
Authors: Sitvast JE , Widdershoven GAM , Abma TA
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this article is to illustrate moral learning in persons with a psychiatric disability who participated in a nursing intervention, called the photo-instrument. This intervention is a form of hermeneutic photography. The findings are based on a multiple case study of 42 patients and additional interviews with eight of them. Photo groups were organized within three settings of psychiatric services: ambulatory as well as clinical, all situated in the Netherlands. Data were analysed according to hermeneutic and semiotic principles. Two cases are presented. Findings show that voice and face are concepts that help to identify elements of moral learning in the rehabilitation process of persons with a psychiatric disability. During the process patients become more aware of their responsibilities towards themselves and others.
Translational Research in Pediatric Extracorporeal Life Support Systems and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Procedures: 2011 Update
Authors: Qiu Feng , Talor Jonathan , Zahn Jeffrey , Pauliks Linda , Kunselman Allen R. , Palanzo David , Baer Larry , Woitas Karl , Wise Robert , McCoach Robert , Weaver Bonnie , Carney Elizabeth , Haines Nikkole , Uluer Mehmet C. , Aran Kiana , Sasso Lawrance A. , Alkan-Bozkaya Tijen , Akcevin Atif , Guan Yulong , Wang Shigang , Aĝirbaşli Mehmet , Clark J. Brian , Myers John L. , Ündar Akif
Published: July 2011

Over the past 6 years at Penn State Hershey, we have established the pediatric cardiovascular research center with a multidisciplinary research team with the goal to improve the outcomes for children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and extracorporeal life support (ECLS). Due to the variety of commercially available pediatric CPB and ECLS devices, both in vitro and in vivo translational research have been conducted to achieve the optimal choice for our patients. By now, every component being used in our clinical settings in Penn State Hershey has been selected based on the results of our translational research. The objective of this review is to summarize our translational research in Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center and to share the latest results with all the interested centers.
Association Between Postoperative Fever and Atelectasis in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Kane Jason M. , Friedman Matthew , Mitchell J. Bryan , Wang Deli , Huang Zhenling , Backer Carl L.
Published: July 2011

Background: Postoperative fever is common after cardiac surgery. In the absence of documented infection, atelectasis is often suggested as a cause of postoperative fever. However, this link is not well supported by pathophysiologic mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an association exists between atelectasis and postoperative fever in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on consecutive pediatric patients who underwent cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass at a single cardiac surgery center from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2009. Postoperative chest radiographs were evaluated and each lung was scored independently for atelectasis. Clinical parameters including the highest daily recorded temperature were noted and compared to atelectasis data. Results: A total of 203 patients were enrolled; 139 patients (68.5%) had fever at least once during the first 3 postoperative days. The incidence of atelectasis on each day was 41%, 57%, and 71%, respectively. There was no association between fever and atelectasis on any postoperative day ( P = .21). Microbiological cultures were performed on 81 patients, and infection was found in 7 patients (3.5%). The frequency of either fever or atelectasis was similar between cyanotic and acyanotic patients. Conclusions: Postoperative fever and atelectasis are both common after pediatric cardiac surgery. In our study, there was no significant association between postoperative fever and atelectasis. In children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, fever in the postoperative period should not be attributed to atelectasis.
Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery: Preoperative Diagnosis and Surgical Planning
Authors: Turner Immanuel I. , Turek Joseph W. , Jaggers James , Herlong J. Rene , Lawson Dale S. , Lodge Andrew J.
Published: July 2011

Background: Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), the anomalous coronary artery arises from an inappropriate coronary sinus and travels between the aorta and pulmonary artery. Proper surgical management depends upon correct diagnosis and accurate characterization of the origin and course of the coronary artery. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has been the mainstay for diagnosis, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) have been increasingly utilized. In this study, we report the largest series of surgically repaired AAOCA and accuracy of preoperative diagnostic studies. Methods: A review of 53 consecutive patients (mean age 13.9 years, range 4-65 years) undergoing repair of an AAOCA from 1995 to 2009 was performed. In all, 40 patients were identified with an anomalous right coronary artery (ARCA) from the left sinus of Valsalva, 13 patients had an anomalous left coronary artery (ALCA) arising from the opposite sinus. Symptoms of angina or syncope were present in 58% and 46% of cases with ARCA and ALCA, respectively. Results of preoperative diagnostic testing were compared to actual surgical findings to determine the accuracy of the tests. Results: Lack of an intramural course was observed intraoperatively in 7 cases (5 ARCA and 2 ALCA). Preoperative TTE accurately predicted whether the AAOCA was intramural or extramural in 49 (92.5%) of 53 cases. Magnetic resonance imaging was predictive in 5 (83.3%) of 6 patients and CTA in 11 (64.7%) of 17. Survival was 100%. Complications occurred in 4 (7.5%) of 53 patients (mean follow-up 29 months). Patency was confirmed in 97.7% with TTE, and 23 (95.8%) of 24 patients had a negative postoperative functional study. Conclusions: Transthoracic echocardiography was found to be very accurate at defining the presence or absence of an intramural course in AAOCA. Both MRI and CTA can provide additional information but may not be as accurate as TTE.