bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
George S. Schuyler and the Appeal of Imperial Ethiopia
Authors: Nurhussein Nadia
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on two of George S. Schuyler's novellas published serially in the African American newspaper called The Pittsburgh. It talks about “The Ethiopian Murder Mystery: A Story of Love and International Intrigue” and “Revolt in Ethiopia: A Tale of Black Insurrection against Italian Imperialism,” which were both written in response to the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. These novellas interact and engage with the newspaper's propagandistic reportage of the war in provocative ways. Schuyler's fiction mimicked the articles formally, encouraging in the newspaper's readers a fluid reading practice transcending the fictional/nonfictional divide. Schuyler in the 1930s was able to assume his readers' intimate familiarity with the contemporary nation and therefore actively manipulate the newspaper's generic features. In his melodramatic Ethiopian stories, Schuyler exploits the public's fascination with monarchy only to expose, in the end, the ironies behind that misguided sympathy.
The Tyranny of Litanies
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu , Monga Célestin
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines some of the policy issues often presented as the causes of poor economic performance and underdevelopment. It identifies the most commonly posited causes such as insufficient physical capital, bad business environment and poor governance, weak human capital and absorptive capacity, low productivity, and bad cultural habits such as laziness. Many of the reasons often put forward in the development literature to justify the poor economic performance of low-income countries are generally symptoms of the problem rather than its root causes. No country begins its process of sustained economic growth with the “appropriate” amount of physical or human capital. Economic take-off and poverty reduction processes have now occurred in countries with widely different cultural backgrounds and political and administrative itineraries. This has led to another line of “prerequisites to economic development” articulated around the notions of institutional and financial development.
The Economics of Chance: Policy Prescriptions as Laundry Lists
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu , Monga Célestin
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the foundations of the most popular policy prescriptions that are offered to developing countries as blueprints for prosperity. It starts by sketching the historical intellectual background that determined economic policies in colonial times. It then reviews the various waves of development thinking that have dominated research and policy making since World War II. It also highlights some issues with the analytics of growth and the random search for binding constraints in developing countries. The chapter concludes with a review of the disappointing results of the lengthy policy prescriptions that developing countries typically receive and adopt. It emphasizes how new approaches should be complemented by more precise policy frameworks to guide government and private sector actions and encourage the process of industrial upgrading and structural change, which is at the core of all successful development strategies.
History, Heresy, Hacking
Authors: Dunbar-Hester Christina
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a historical background of the cultural strands that intertwine to produce diversity advocacy in open-technology. It gives an overview of the history of women in computing, cyberfeminism, and hacking and FLOSS, while challenging conventional accounts of hacking. It also includes critiques to suggest that present-day diversity advocacy needs to be read as a recentering and redefinition of what counts as hacking and by extension, who counts as a hacker or technological agent more generally. National and global economic and labor currents are important contexts for understanding diversity advocacy. So, too, is the underarticulated history of hacking in which peripheral people and practices move to the center of the frame. At present, exhortations to “learn to code” are all but deafening.
The Conscience of a (Feminist) Hacker
Authors: Dunbar-Hester Christina
Published: May 2020

This chapter follows diversity advocacy as it intersects with political stances that relate to but are broader than diversity advocacy. It focuses on social justice activism, antimilitarism, and anticolonialism. It talks about sites where feminist hackers in particular often articulate connections to broader values that can inform hacking, but often stop short of full-throated critique, in part because of the ambiguous relationship of their activities to paid labor. The chapter lays out hacking culture as a medium where diversity advocates' political intentions are being sown. It then talks about the lines of diversity advocacy as they intersect with political stances that relate to diversity advocacy. Some political intentions expressed by diversity advocates are quite at odds with a right or libertarian political slant, which potentially inhibits their likelihood for growth in hacking culture. The unlikely growth of diversity advocates in the hacking medium reflects both an urgent grasping for alternatives and the need to grapple intensely with the threat of recuperation by political agendas with which one does not intend to align.
How the Victorian Novel Became Realistic (in a French Way), Reactionary, and Great
Authors: Freedgood Elaine
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains how a literary-historical undoing can liberate the now-normative nineteenth-century British novel from its heavy centrality in Anglophone novel history. It explores what can be read if it is read against the grain of the entrenched sense of its “realism” and formal coherence. Once Victorian novel is separated from realism, many other nineteenth-century fictions—of the adventure, ghost, “mutiny,” and detective genres, for example—might also productively pull away from the strictures of a kind of novel that doesn't really exist. Examples of realism always seem to arrive with disclaimers, provisos, and qualifications, suggesting that no one can really be responsible for this critical fiction: it “wobbles,” as Fredric Jameson has recently argued, caught between the paradox of affect and plot. It wobbles between the antinomy of fictionality and reference, splitting off a seemingly infinite number of worlds.
Reading and Community as a Support for the New in Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton
Authors: Mack Peter
Published: May 2020

This chapter illustrates Elizabeth Gaskell's originality and success, and shows how she used her understanding of literary tradition to articulate and develop her new female point of view on the new urban poverty caused by industrialization. Her consciousness of isolation in her task led her to draw on both earlier and contemporary writers for support and motivated her to provide her successors and contemporaries with models and encouragement. As the chapter shows, Mary Barton emerged from Gaskell's wide reading, her habit of regular writing, with a Unitarian sense of duty and the obligation to tell the truth. It was also motivated by the hope of distracting herself from the personal tragedy of her baby son Willie's death in 1845. At the same time, Gaskell made tradition part of the subject matter of her novel when she showed Mary Barton throwing off the expectations about female behavior which had constrained her and when she dramatized John Carson's religious obligation to forgive John Barton.
European and African Literary Traditions in Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o’s Wizard of the Crow
Authors: Mack Peter
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o's (1938–) Wizard of the Crow. Combining African and Western traditions to make something new, Ngũgĩ's incorporates Kenyan political history and Gikuyu folktales into the European and international form of the postmodern novel. By writing from a sort of exile to his own people, he also addresses a worldwide audience. The chapter discusses Ngũgĩ's incorporation of African history and traditional stories and storytelling methods into the form of the Western novel. Then it considers the political plot, focusing on the figure of the Ruler. Finally, the chapter turns to the plot of love and resistance, discussing Nyawĩra and Kamĩtĩ in turn.
Serbia
Authors: Harpaz Yossi
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the case of Hungarian dual citizenship in Serbia as a representative case of compensatory citizenship that is created on the basis of coethnic ties. Since 2011, Hungary has offered dual citizenship to cross-border Hungarians living in neighboring countries. However, coethnic dual citizenship has complicated and contradictory effects on Serbia's Hungarian minority. On the one hand, they enjoy access to Europe, as well as elevated social status in Serbia. On the other hand, the proliferation of EU passports makes it easier for young Hungarians to emigrate, shrinking this beleaguered population even further. Meanwhile, thousands of ethnic Serbs have also begun to study the Hungarian language. They hope to take advantage of Hungary's generosity toward Hungarian speakers in order to thereby gain access to the EU.
Israel
Authors: Harpaz Yossi
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyzes EU citizenship in Israel. Israel's high income level and low emigration rate set it apart from Serbia and Mexico and make dual citizenship less obviously useful. EU–Israeli dual citizens rarely refer to themselves as dual citizens, but instead see themselves as “Israelis with a European passport.” The chapter then demonstrates that citizenship applicants are mainly driven by two motivations that were conditioned by Jewish history. The first is the wish to hold an insurance policy against the possibility of Israel being destroyed. The second is the desire for a status symbol that signifies their elitist position in Israel as European-origin Jews. Ironically, the grandchildren of Jews who had left Europe for Israel now look to German or Hungarian passports for security.
Credible Use of Evidence to Inform Patient Care
Authors: Manski Charles F.
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes research on identification, whose aim is credible use of evidence to inform patient care. Methodological research should aim to determine the information relevant to patient care that studies provide, when evidence is combined with credible assumptions. Statistical imprecision and identification problems limit the informativeness of studies. It also stems from small sample size. Identification problems are the difficulties that persist when sample size grows without bound. Statistical imprecision may be vexing, but identification is the more fundamental challenge. As such, this chapter begins by describing common identification problems that arise when studying trial or observational data. The chapter then discusses econometric research that analyzes these problems.
The Whys and Hows of Religious Transmission
Authors: Smith Christian , Ritz Bridget , Rotolo Michael
Published: May 2020

This chapter takes a look at the cultural model that runs in the background of and helps to guide American religious parents' approach to handing on religious faith and practice to their children. This is determined by the content of all of the cultural models examined in the previous chapter. Here, parents do good and well to pass on religious faith and practice to their offspring, because religion can help growing children successfully navigate the journey of life in the world that they will soon face. Life's journey can be a difficult one, and parents' primary job is to prepare and provision their children for safety and success on the road. Religion offers particularly valuable help in the forms of guidance, comfort, and rest stops offering rejuvenation and aid along the way.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Christian , Ritz Bridget , Rotolo Michael
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter reviews, highlights, and elaborates on some key points. Many scholars in the social sciences and the humanities study various aspects of religion. Despite it being a question of huge importance for religion and family life, however, extremely few scholars have studied how and why religious parents raise their children to pass on to them their religious practices and beliefs. This chapter engages this question of intergenerational religious transmission by taking a cultural approach, in the hope of further opening up this area for additional study and providing helpful answers and greater understanding. In the process, the chapter discusses some important things about the nature and workings of culture generally. But it notes that much more research on both religious parenting and cultural models is needed beyond what has been accomplished here.
Becoming the Ars Poetica
Authors: Ferriss-Hill Jennifer
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of Horace's Ars Poetica, a 476-line poem revered for over fifteen hundred years as the indispensable guide for practicing poets. Ars Poetica provided a blueprint for efforts at “updated” rules of literary composition and it inspired numerous famous translators and imitators. Yet this poem has proven hard to love for recent readers. As its ostensible value as “a kind of literary 'Magna Carta'” receded and it ceased to be widely regarded as a document that could ever sincerely aid in literary composition, the Ars Poetica came to develop an entrenched reputation of being tedious and devoid of artistry. This duality is inevitably tied up with the understanding of it as modeled upon earlier Greek works, a relation that both granted the Ars Poetica a greater standing and yet doomed it to be seen as “an anthology of previous ideas, not a system of thought in which each idea has its place as a living and flexible member of an organically unified discourse.” This book then considers the Ars Poetica as a complete and exceptional literary achievement in its own right. It also elucidates the key place of the Ars Poetica in the Horatian corpus.
Changing Places
Authors: MacDonald John , Branas Charles , Stokes Robert
Published: May 2020

The design of every aspect of the urban landscape—from streets and sidewalks to green spaces, mass transit, and housing—fundamentally influences the health and safety of the communities who live there. It can affect people's stress levels and determine whether they walk or drive, the quality of the air they breathe, and how free they are from crime. This book provides a compelling look at the new science and art of urban planning, showing how scientists, planners, and citizens can work together to reshape city life in measurably positive ways. It demonstrates how well-designed changes to place can significantly improve the well-being of large groups of people. The book argues that there is a disconnect between those who implement place-based changes, such as planners and developers, and the urban scientists who are now able to rigorously evaluate these changes through testing and experimentation. It covers a broad range of structural interventions, such as building and housing, land and open space, transportation and street environments, and entertainment and recreation centers. Science shows we can enhance people's health and safety by changing neighborhoods block-by-block. The book explains why planners and developers need to recognize the value of scientific testing, and why scientists need to embrace the indispensable know-how of planners and developers. It reveals how these professionals, working together and with urban residents, can create place-based interventions that are simple, affordable, and scalable to entire cities.
Where Next?
Authors: Macdonald John , Branas Charles , Stokes Robert
Published: May 2020

This epilogue summarizes the agenda for a placemaking initiative guided by scientific inquiry. It reviews a number of the theoretical perspectives, suggests areas that are rich for future investigation, and calls for planners and scientists to work together to make places a central part of the agenda for positively shaping the future health of communities. Indeed, there are several avenues by which scientists at local universities and think tanks can partner with planners when it is time to redesign places and set up a framework for figuring out what works, what does not, and what shows promise. Researchers working in the field with community groups and practicing planners can generate ideas about the design of communities, scientifically evaluate those ideas, and then see which ideas can be expanded to benefit entire communities. Ultimately, once people become more aware of the impact that their surroundings are having on their health, safety, and well-being, they will clamor for more; they will ask for better-designed and more precisely conceived places. Thus, the way people change the elements of places should rely on the scientific process to best fulfill the ultimate promise of providing future humankind with healthy places to live.
Constitution and Consensus
Authors: Carugati Federica
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the constitutional crisis of Athens and the reforms that followed it. After the collapse of democracy four distinct governments—three oligarchic and one democratic—rose and fell in the span of roughly a decade. As the Athenians responded to the failures of these governments, they came to identify, collectively, the basic features that a governmental structure had to display to command their consent. The process of consensus-building revolved around the notion of patrios politeia. The meaning of patrios politeia evolved during the struggles. If under the first oligarchic government the notion expressed a vague connection with Athens' past, by the end of the civil war, it became closely associated with the concept of legality, particularly as embodied by Athens' archaic lawgiver Solon. When the constitutional struggles came to an end, the consensus on Solonian legality inspired a set of reforms, which created a new self-enforcing democratic constitution. The reforms were self-enforcing in the sense that they made both the oligarchs and the democrats better off.
The Paths Not Taken
Authors: Carugati Federica
Published: May 2020

This chapter deploys the available comparative and counterfactual evidence to show that, in the absence of the new constitution, Athens' development in the fourth century would have lagged. It discusses the comparative evidence from the Greek polis of Syracuse in Sicily and from Rome under the Republic. Rome and Syracuse experienced crises similar to that of Athens but responded in different ways. The chapter also counterfactually reconstructs Athens' developmental potential under an alternative constitutional option—namely, oligarchy. It identifies the commercial port of Piraeus as central to Athenian prosperity and it shows that, had Athens been ruled by an oligarchy, Piraeus' potential would not have been fully tapped. The chapter concludes that an oligarchic Athens would have looked a lot like a retrenched state with limited growth potential.
What Makes a Terrorist
Authors: Krueger Alan B.
Published: May 2020

The author of this book was one of the most respected economists of his generation, advising two presidents and helping to instill greater empiricism in economics. In this book, he argues that if we are to correctly assess the root causes of terrorism and successfully address the threat, we must think more like economists do. The book examines the factors that motivate individuals to participate in terrorism, drawing inferences from their economic, social, religious, and political backgrounds. Many popular ideas about terrorists are fueled by falsehoods, misinformation, and fearmongering. This 10th anniversary edition puts the threat squarely into perspective, bringing needed clarity to one of the greatest challenges of our generation.
Where Does Terror Emerge? Economic and Political Conditions and Terrorism
Authors: Krueger Alan B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the macro evidence on terrorism, at the society or country level. It begins by discussing the data that the U.S. government collects on international terrorism. In the course of the chapter's research, it was quickly discovered that there is a burning need for better data on the frequency and lethality of terrorist activity, underscored by the entertaining but ultimately sad anecdote included here. This anecdote recounts how the government bungled the assembly of its most authoritative data on terrorism. The chapter nevertheless analyzes the imperfect data that are available and concludes with a summary of some new evidence on foreign insurgents in Iraq.
Afterword
Authors: Krueger Alan B.
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter returns to the major themes presented in this book. It also addresses some recent studies and analyses on terrorism. In addition to these, the chapter reflects on the question of “what makes a homegrown terrorist.” Next, it considers reviews of this work as a whole and takes a look at the public discourse on terrorism, which it states to be mixed. Despite this, however, the chapter notes that American officials continue to exploit the public's fear of terrorists. It argues that public officials should not raise the specter of terrorist acts occurring within specified time periods unless they have an empirical basis for doing so.
Misdemeanorland
Authors: Kohler-Hausmann Issa
Published: May 2020

In the early 1990s, New York City launched an initiative under the banner of Broken Windows policing to dramatically expand enforcement against low-level offenses. This is the first book to document the fates of the hundreds of thousands of people hauled into lower criminal courts as part of this policing experiment. Drawing on three years of fieldwork inside and outside of the courtroom, in-depth interviews, and analysis of trends in arrests and dispositions of misdemeanors going back three decades, the book shows how the lower reaches of our criminal justice system operate as a form of social control and surveillance, often without adjudicating cases or imposing formal punishment. It describes in harrowing detail how the reach of America's penal state extends well beyond the shocking numbers of people incarcerated in prisons or stigmatized by a felony conviction.
Climbing Mount Laurel
Authors: Massey Douglas S. , Albright Len , Casciano Rebecca , Derickson Elizabeth , Kinsey David N.
Published: May 2020

Under the New Jersey State Constitution as interpreted by the State Supreme Court in 1975 and 1983, municipalities are required to use their zoning authority to create realistic opportunities for a fair share of affordable housing for low- and moderate-income households. Mount Laurel was the town at the center of the court decisions. As a result, Mount Laurel has become synonymous with the debate over affordable housing policy designed to create economically integrated communities. What was the impact of the Mount Laurel decision on those most affected by it? What does the case tell us about economic inequality? This book undertakes a systematic evaluation of the Ethel Lawrence Homes—a housing development produced as a result of the Mount Laurel decision. The book assesses the consequences for the surrounding neighborhoods and their inhabitants, the township of Mount Laurel, and the residents of the Ethel Lawrence Homes. Their analysis reveals what social scientists call neighborhood effects—the notion that neighborhoods can shape the life trajectories of their inhabitants. The book proves that the building of affordable housing projects is an efficacious, cost-effective approach to integration and improving the lives of the poor, with reasonable cost and no drawbacks for the community at large.
Neighborly Concerns
Authors: Massey Douglas S. , Albright Len , Casciano Rebecca , Derickson Elizabeth , Kinsey David N.
Published: May 2020

This chapter evaluates the outcomes that were of such grave concern to local residents and township officials prior to the project's construction, using publicly available data to determine the effects it had on crime rates, tax burdens, and property values. It reveals that white suburban residents generally oppose the location of affordable housing developments within their communities, at least those intended for poor families as opposed to the elderly, and that such opposition is at least partially rooted in racial and class prejudice. Apart from prejudice, however, the chapter also argues that suburbanites have legitimate practical reasons to be skeptical about the influence of “public housing” on their communities, given the lamentable record of the projects built throughout the country during the 1950s and 1960s. Both skepticism and prejudice were evident in the rhetoric employed by Mount Laurel residents in opposing the construction of the Ethel Lawrence Homes in their township. Although it is doubtful that many of these local critics were well grounded in the social science literature, there are nonetheless defensible theoretical and substantive reasons to expect social problems to follow from the insertion of a 100% affordable housing project into a white, affluent suburban setting.
A Prize in ‘Economic Sciences’
Authors: Offer Avner , Söderberg Gabriel
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the significance of a Nobel Prize in economics. In a turbulent world, the prizes that Alfred Nobel endowed in 1895 shine as beacons of enduring value. They signal that effort, integrity, and success in pursuit of truth can earn mighty acclaim. In 1968, the Swedish central bank persuaded the Nobel Foundation to add a prize in economics, identical in all but name to those in science, literature, and peace. For a paltry investment, it extended the aura of Nobel authority to the discipline of economics. It was an entrepreneurial move worthy of Alfred Nobel himself. Like Nobel's invention of dynamite, the economic prize was a force with potential for good but also for harm. But how does one think of economics as science? Specialists in scientific method, practising economists, and Nobel Prize winners tell different stories. This matters when we look to economics for policy advice.
Models into Policy: Assar Lindbeck and Swedish Social Democracy
Authors: Offer Avner , Söderberg Gabriel
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at how Swedish Social Democracy was eventually challenged by the doctrines honoured by the prize it had created. Economists first took their place among the Nobel Prize winners in 1969, at the height of the golden age of Social Democracy in Sweden. The prize was paid by the central bank out of public money. However, a chronic economic crisis in the 1970s drove voters away from Social Democracy and towards a market liberalism which finally prevailed (for a while) in the 1990s. The focus here is on the role of economic theory. For this purpose, the travails of Social Democracy are followed as they affected the public trajectory of Assar Lindbeck (b. 1930), ‘the key figure in Swedish economics’. The discipline of economics in Sweden mostly spoke with one voice in this period, so this method provides for a sharp focus and fewer words.
The Real Crisis: Not Work Incentives but Runaway Credit
Authors: Offer Avner , Söderberg Gabriel
Published: May 2020

This chapter shows that, while economists were fretting over incentives, the real action was taking place unremarked under their noses. When the major crash that Lindbeck predicted finally occurred, it had nothing to do with work incentives or the welfare state. Like the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, of which it might be considered a precursor, the Swedish (and indeed, the wider Nordic) crash originated in finance. Sweden (with the rest of Scandinavia) resisted the lure of financial liberalization until the mid-1980s, and when it succumbed, punishment came quickly. A severe financial crisis in the early 1990s was almost entirely the result of this liberalization, which also became the opportunity for a modest application of the ‘incentives’ agenda, leaving, however, much of the Social Democratic welfare state intact.
Conclusion: Like Physics or like Literature?
Authors: Offer Avner , Söderberg Gabriel
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter explains that the influence of economics is at odds with its shortcomings as a philosophy, as a scientific doctrine, and as a set of policy norms. The invisible hand is magical thinking, and its repeated disconfirmation has had little effect. On the other hand, economics has a set of empirical disciplines and achievements, with enclaves of technical and even scientific credibility. This suggests some downgrading of authority, but not all the way. Economics is not superior to other sources of authority, but is not necessarily inferior to them either; it should be taken as one voice among many. In that respect, it is rather like Social Democracy. The Nobel Prize committee has been able to maintain the credibility of the prize only by acknowledging that economics does not hang together as a single all-encompassing system of thought. Social Democracy provides an alternative that is pragmatically successful, analytically coherent, economically efficient, ethically attractive, and theoretically modest.
The Origins of Happiness
Authors: Clark Andrew , Fléche Sarah , Layard Richard , Powdthavee Nattavudh , Ward George
Published: May 2020

What makes people happy? This book seeks to revolutionize how we think about human priorities and to promote public policy changes that are based on what really matters to people. Drawing on a range of evidence using large-scale data from various countries, the authors consider the key factors that affect human well-being, including income, education, employment, family conflict, health, childcare, and crime. The book offers a new perspective on life satisfaction and well-being over the life course and a new vision for how we might become more healthy, happy, and whole.
Parenting and Parents’ Mental Health
Authors: Clark Andrew E. , Flèche Sarah , Layard Richard , Powdthavee Nattavudh , Ward George
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the character of the parents and how they relate to their child. It considers the emotional health, behavior, and intellectual development of children and the impacts the parents' behavior and mental illness have on these factors. Though the chapter is not comprehensive, it does offer a few conclusions for policy considerations. It reveals that a mother's mental health is critical for the happiness and behavior of her children. It deserves high policy priority, for the sake of both mother and child. Furthermore, aggressive parents produce badly behaved children, while involved parents can help children significantly, especially with their academic development.
Torture
Authors: Hurd Ian
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the legal status of torture, assessing the implications of an international ban on torture that coexists with a nontrivial level of torture in practice. This is not simply a case of torture law being violated. There is wide, perhaps unanimous, agreement that torture is prohibited by international law, and the legitimacy of the ban is rarely contested. The rule is established most directly by the Geneva Conventions and 1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment (CAT), but it is also widely held that torture is outlawed under jus cogens norms intrinsic in the international system. Despite this, many governments engage in practices that seem clearly prohibited by laws against torture. Much of this behavior comes with detailed defense of its legality. Thus, the politics of torture generally address questions of what constitutes torture, not concerns over the ban itself. This is precisely how the Bush administration used anti-torture law: to demonstrate that its actions were not subject to the rules. Officials sought a zone of legally protected irresponsibility. They used international law against torture as tools to legalize torture.
“Moralised Fables”
Authors: Rosenthal Jesse
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter discusses how, over the course of the nineteenth century, an “intuitive” faith in an internalized sense of right and wrong came to take an increasingly prominent, if fraught, place in English moral life. It was “moralistic” figures like George Eliot—that is, novelists—who would provide the most lasting expression of this prominence. The compulsion of narrative, a reader's feeling of being drawn through a text, was a key term in the developing novel art of the nineteenth century. The metaphor of physical motion, which Victorians applied to the reading experience, came to offer a means of describing the movement from what is to what ought to be—or at least the yearning for that movement. At the same time, the moral valence that readers placed on the stories they read came to shape, in terms of both market forces and creative tradition, the principles that now define the well-plotted realist novel. By offering a fuller context for the ethical discourse of the British nineteenth century, this book argues that Victorian formalism was inextricably tied to moral thought. This not only impacts one's reading of Victorian literary and philosophical history but also offers a new perspective on one's own approaches to literature.
What Feels Right: Ethics, Intuition, and the Experience of Narrative
Authors: Rosenthal Jesse
Published: May 2020

This chapter demonstrates how literary theory bears the mark of the ethical debates of the nineteenth century. Through a reading of Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton (1848) and Charles Dickens's Hard Times (1854), as well as a discussion of a number of classic narrative theorists, it shows how narrative theory, underwritten by a principle of forward compulsion through the text, reiterates the position of the intuitionist thinkers of the Victorian period. Both novels are examples of what people have come to call the “industrial novel,” or the “social problem novel”: a set of novels that focus on the condition of the working class. There is a strongly felt, if sometimes vague, ethical message in these novels' focus on the human misery inherent in capitalism: a general sense that it is necessary to treat other humans by some other standard than the bottom line. The chapter then considers the philosophical arguments of Bernard Williams—famous for his use of small narratives as philosophical argument—and suggests how narrative form, having subsumed the tenets of intuitionism, itself became an effective argumentative practice.
Affiliating With George Eliot
Authors: Hack Daniel
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at George Eliot's usage of the “unwitting passing and voluntary racial affiliation” scenario in her works and what it means for African American writers. Virtually no other major British writer ever told it at all. By contrast, a number of nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American writers—most of them African American—constructed this same scenario, almost invariably in stories about African American identity. Within American literary history, such stories are legible as refutations of what has come to be known as the tragic mulatto/a plot. In stories with this plot, the discovery that a character who has believed himself or herself to be white has some African ancestry is cataclysmic, leading directly to enslavement, sexual violation, madness, and/or death.
After Du Bois
Authors: Hack Daniel
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter explores African American literature and print culture in the following century. Here, the prestige and popularity of most Victorian literature—and of Victorian literature as a category—diminished rapidly in the first half of the twentieth century, thanks in good part to the rise of modernism. Moreover, when twentieth-century African American writers looked abroad for cultures that seemed freer from racial prejudice or even the pressures of racialized identity than the United States, their gaze shifted from Britain elsewhere. France in particular took on this role, while also becoming the privileged site of black internationalism, with Paris viewed as “a special space for black transnational interaction, exchange, and dialogue.” Beginning with the Harlem Renaissance, notions of racial authenticity also reinforced this turn away from Victorian literature, not only for its whiteness but also for its association with gentility and middle-class values. Indeed, these same attitudes have shaped the dominant critical reception of the Victorian presence in African American literature and print culture until quite recently.
Keeping It Halal
Authors: O'Brien John
Published: May 2020

This book provides a uniquely personal look at the social worlds of a group of young male friends as they navigate the complexities of growing up Muslim in America. The book offers a compelling portrait of typical Muslim American teenage boys concerned with typical teenage issues—girlfriends, school, parents, being cool—yet who are also expected to be good, practicing Muslims who don't date before marriage, who avoid vulgar popular culture, and who never miss their prayers. Many Americans unfamiliar with Islam or Muslims see young men like these as potential ISIS recruits. But neither militant Islamism nor Islamophobia is the main concern of these boys, who are focused instead on juggling the competing cultural demands that frame their everyday lives. The book illuminates how they work together to manage their “culturally contested lives” through subtle and innovative strategies, such as listening to profane hip-hop music in acceptably “Islamic” ways, professing individualism to cast their participation in communal religious obligations as more acceptably American, dating young Muslim women in ambiguous ways that intentionally complicate adjudications of Islamic permissibility, and presenting a “low-key Islam” in public in order to project a Muslim identity without drawing unwanted attention. Closely following these boys as they move through their teen years together, the book sheds light on their strategic efforts to manage their day-to-day cultural dilemmas as they devise novel and dynamic modes of Muslim American identity in a new and changing America.
“The American Prayer”
Authors: O'Brien John
Published: May 2020

This chapter details the everyday practices used by the Legendz and their friends to manage a specific cultural dilemma faced by Muslim American youth: how to participate in a religious tradition that carries expectations of deference to external religious authority and obligation within a modern American cultural landscape in which personal agency, autonomy, and reflexivity are core social values and widely held behavioral expectations. The Legendz responded to this challenge by engaging in practices associated with one particular cultural rubric (religious Islam) while applying discourses and behavior associated with the other (American individualism). In this way, they attempted to present themselves as agentive, autonomous, and self-reflexive American youth despite their regular fulfillment of externally imposed Islamic obligations. In altering the specifics of prayer through visible temporal delays, the boys attempted to demonstrate an autonomous yet Islamic self to themselves and each other. By invoking the specter of the “extreme Muslim” in conversation, they presented themselves as self-reflexive Islamic individuals—ones not unthinkingly beholden to strict religious requirements—while protecting the autonomy of their peers by displacing religious authority in interaction. In applying the speech patterns of urban braggadocio when recounting their participation in Muslim moral behavior, they attempted to infuse communally rooted norms with a sense of individual agency.
On Being a Muslim in Public
Authors: O'Brien John
Published: May 2020

This chapter demonstrates how two competing methods for the presentation of Muslim identity at a time of potential stigma coexisted and sometimes conflicted at the City Mosque. Such internal cultural friction resulted from the fact that these methods for managing stigma were rooted in two distinct models of public Muslim selfhood, one developed by the Legendz through the in-group processes of their small friendship group, and one constructed by the mosque leadership as their ideal model for Muslim American youth. While the mosque leadership method of presenting young Muslim selves centered on leading with and explaining Islam, demonstrating vulnerability to harassment, and developing concern for non-Muslims' perceptions, the method cultivated by the Legendz prioritized the development of a low-key Islamic self, an emphasis on locally valued American teenage behaviors, and the expression of individual autonomy and self-sufficiency. These differing logics of public identity management represented a significant rift between the Legendz and the leadership and sometimes even undermined the boys' faith and trust in the mosque adults. This development was a surprising and emotionally intense experience for the Legendz.
Global Pharmaceuticals and East Africa
Authors: Chorev Nitsan
Published: May 2020

This chapter traces the shift in the pharmaceutical markets in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda from markets dominated by originator (brand-name) drugs produced by western companies to markets dominated by generic drugs produced in the global South, most prominently, in India. The rise of Indian exports was not simply a consequence of conditions in India, as it is often suggested. In East Africa, it was also a consequence of market liberalization imposed through Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) on the three countries in the 1980s and 1990s. Specifically, the removal of foreign exchange restrictions—combined with inadequate regulation of the pharmaceutical market—allowed an unmonitored entry of drugs into the private market. The chapter then describes the ongoing efforts by multinational pharmaceutical companies to slow down that shift—especially by strengthening intellectual property rights. It also examines why reports on the prevalence of Chinese drugs in East Africa are greatly exaggerated.
Uganda in the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Chorev Nitsan
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains why a local pharmaceutical sector did not emerge in Uganda in the 1980s, and why it was fragile when it ultimately did emerge in the 1990s. Uganda’s political-economic situation during Idi Amin’s military dictatorship between 1971 and 1979, and until the end of the civil war in 1986, was inhospitable for both state-owned and private pharmaceutical manufacturing. Moreover, when Amin expelled Indians in 1972, Ugandan entrepreneurs’ ties abroad were severed, delaying the emergence of a private pharmaceutical sector in the country. A ration kits program was launched in Uganda only in 1986, and it did not have a local component. A pharmaceutical sector cautiously emerged only in the 1990s. The vacuum created during the Amin regime now enabled broader access to the pharmaceutical field, including indigenous Africans on the one hand and non-Ugandans on the other. However, without ties abroad, in addition to lack of state support or foreign assistance, many pharmaceutical firms that opened at the time were quite fragile.
Korngold and Jewish Identity in Concert
Authors: Hirsch Lily E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter navigates Erich Korngold's connections to Jewishness. It also examines the role played by external factors in the political context of his career and the impact of both on his music and musical activities. It highlights in particular a little-known correspondence with musicologist Anneliese Landau, who, in 1942, asked him directly: “How is your approach to the question of a Jewish style in music?” In so doing, the chapter seeks to convey an understanding of Korngold's relationship to Jewish music and his Jewish identity with the nuance that this complex and sometimes contentious issue deserves. It is guided by four pertinent questions, on the matter of Judaism and Jewish culture, on how others regard Korngold's work as Jewish, on how Korngold regards his work as Jewish, and finally, on how the investigator regards his work as Jewish.
Some Experiences in Film Music
Authors: Korngold Erich Wolfgang
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides some insight into the steep learning curve Erich Korngold faced when he first arrived in Hollywood. Korngold points out that, though no one questioned his abilities as a composer for the stage and concert hall, he essentially knew nothing about the integration of music into film from a technical standpoint. He quickly mentions the composer's “most hated rival,” the film's dialogue, as being distracting to the creation of the score, not to mention the sound effects, both of which typically end up dominating the music in traditional Hollywood soundtracks. As a composer of opera and operetta, Korngold had much experience in writing music that would express and articulate drama that was not yet realized. Not so with cinema, in which Korngold received a largely completed record of a performance—the film itself—for which he would have to create a musical illustration of what he saw. No surprise, then, that he extols the virtues of writing music without needing to be tethered constantly to the restrictions of a click track or even the finished film.
Reportes organizacionales no financieros y biocontabilidad: superando la contabilidad ambiental
Authors: Mejía Soto Eutimio
Published: May 2020

El devenir y relación vital, así como la indivisibilidad entre sistemas ecológicos y sistemas socioeconómicos lleva a que las entidades gubernamentales, las privadas y las unidades familiares generen impactos ambientales, sociales y económicos; a pesar de ello, históricamente las organizaciones presentan estados e informes económico-financieros. Desde la década de los setenta los desarrollos académico-institucionales establecen nuevas relaciones del hombre en la naturaleza, las cuales se enmarcan en las alternativas antagónicas del desarrollo sostenible, la sostenibilidad y la sustentabilidad, visiones que, en la mayoría de ocasiones no son conciliables y que han fundamentado el auge de métodos para la preparación y presentación de reportes organizacionales tanto económicos como no económicos. Los modelos de informes/memorias organizacionales ambientales y sociales de mayor aceptación están enfocados a contribuir al crecimiento económico con algún grado de responsabilidad ambiental y social (desarrollo sostenible) o a la pervivencia empresarial (sostenibilidad), ambos enfoques orientados al mantenimiento en el tiempo de las organizaciones a través de la protección de su patrimonio financiero. Este artículo fundamenta un enfoque desde la sustentabilidad para lo cual propone la biocontabilidad entendida como campo del saber que contribuye a la preservación dinámica de las condiciones naturales óptimas para la conservación de la vida en condiciones de dignidad para todas las especies, incluyendo al ser humano como parte de estas.