bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emergency Medicine Pharmacy Practice
Authors: Rudis Maria I. , Attwood Ryan J.
Published: April 2011

Emergency medicine (EM) pharmacy practice has existed for over 30 years. In recent years, however, the specialty has grown significantly. A large number of health care systems have either a dedicated EM pharmacist or other clinical pharmacist presence in the Emergency department (ED). Over the past decade, the role of the EM pharmacist as a critical member of the health care team has expanded significantly and many innovative practices have evolved throughout the country. There is also some heterogeneity between different EM pharmacy practice sites. This article reviews the history and general concepts of EM pharmacy practice as well as illustrate some of the established benefits of an EM pharmacist.
Early Management of Stroke Patients in the Emergency Department
Authors: Woloszyn Amanda V. , Schwarz Michael A.
Published: April 2011

Stroke continues to be one of the leading causes of death and adult disability. Increasing public awareness of stroke has led to a rise in the number of patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) who qualify for emergent and time-sensitive treatments such as t-PA, clot extraction, and surgery. Timely treatment and supportive care of the stroke patient in the ED is crucial for patient outcomes. Emergency medicine (EM) pharmacists are the medication experts and can have a significant impact on the care of a stroke patient. Thus, it is essential for EM pharmacists to have a solid knowledge of the current guidelines and evidence-based literature or lack there of. In this article, we describe the epidemiology of stroke, review the classifications of stroke, and discuss the present treatment strategies for emergent and supportive care.
Using Protection Motivation Theory and Formative Research to Guide an Injury Prevention Intervention: Increasing Adherence to the North American Guidelines for Children’s Agricultural Tasks
Authors: Ashida Sato , Heaney Catherine A. , Kmet Jennifer M. , Wilkins J.R.
Published: April 2011

The North American Guidelines for Children’s Agricultural Tasks (NAGCAT) were developed to reduce childhood agricultural injuries by assisting adults in assigning appropriate chores and providing needed supervision and training. To develop an effective intervention to increase adherence to NAGCAT among farm parents, formative research (focus groups and pilot-testing) was conducted. Protection motivation theory (PMT) was used to guide this research and inform intervention development. Focus group results suggested how PMT constructs might be addressed to increase adherence. A home visit intervention, using a standardized presentation in POWERPoint™, was developed to (a) introduce NAGCAT, (b) increase motivation to use NAGCAT and enhance safe work behaviors, and (c) ultimately reduce agricultural work—related injuries among youth. Process evaluation data suggests that the intervention was well received by farm parents. Conducting theory-guided formative research identified motivational barriers and strategies for overcoming these barriers that might not have been otherwise apparent.
Public Health Tools for Holding Self-Regulators Accountable: Lessons From the Alcohol Experience
Authors: Jernigan David H.
Published: April 2011

Self-regulation is a common strategy used by industries to avoid or supplement statutory health and safety regulation of their products and practices. The public health experience with self-regulation in the alcohol industry provides methods and lessons relevant to health educators and advocates working in other public health fields. Methods for and examples and limitations of monitoring content and placement of marketing messages are described. The alcohol experience shows that, although self-regulation has many drawbacks in terms of protecting the health of the public, there are tools available for valid monitoring of self-regulated activities that, when combined with aggressive dissemination of results to media and policy makers, can make self-regulation more accountable and build an evidence base for effective measures to be taken.
Nanoscale uranium-based cage clusters inspired by uranium mineralogy
Authors: Burns P. C.
Published: April 2011

Taking advantage of the bent uranyl-peroxide-uranyl interaction found in studtite, 26 nanoscale clusters have been synthesized using uranyl hexagonal bipyramids. Sixteen of these clusters are built from uranyl hexagonal bipyramids only. Eight contain pyrophosphate groups that bridge between uranyl polyhedra, and two contain oxalate groups that adopt a similar structural role. These clusters contain from 20 to 60 uranyl polyhedra and have diameters in the range ∼1.5 to 3 nm. All spontaneously selfassemble in aqueous solution under ambient conditions.
Experimental breakdown of staurolite + inclusions of albite and muscovite at 800°C and 0.1 GPa
Authors: Grapes R.
Published: April 2011

Experimental breakdown of staurolite + inclusions of albite and muscovite (representing an aluminous Fe-rich metapelitic composition) occurs within the KNFMASH system at 800°C and 0.1 GPa under fluid-present conditions over periods of 2 days to 8 weeks. The overall melt-producing reaction is staurolite + muscovite + plagioclase + vapour = hercynite + corundum + mullite + quartz + liquid, and involves three reactions; staurolite + vapour = hercynite + corundum + quartz + liquid, albite + vapour = mullite + liquid, and muscovite + vapour = mullite + liquid. Melt (glass) compositions are siliceous (77.2–64.5 wt.% SiO2), peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.5–5.5), and have granite-trondjhemite compositions in terms of normative Ab-Ab-Or contents. Textures indicate that quartz formed later than corundum. The corundum + quartz + hercynite assemblage after staurolite is considered to be metastable and only likely to be found in nature where staurolite-bearing rocks have undergone rapid heating and melting followed by quenching.
Bariopharmacoalumite, a new mineral species from Cap Garonne, France and Mina Grande, Chile
Authors: Mills S. J. , Rumsey M. S. , Favreau G. , Spratt J. , Raudsepp M. , Dini M.
Published: April 2011

Bariopharmacoalumite, ideally Ba0.5Al4(AsO4)3(OH)4·4H2O, is a new mineral from Cap Garonne, France. It occurs in several places within the mine as colourless to pale yellow interpenetrating cubes up to 0.5 mm across. Bariopharmacoalumite is transparent to translucent, with a white streak, has an adamantine lustre and imperfect cleavage on {001}. The Vickers hardness is 234.35 and the Mohs harness is 3.5. Bariopharmacoalumite is isotropic, with n = 1.573 (upper estimate) [calculated from reflectance values at 589 nm using Fresnel Equations]. The empirical formula, based on 20 oxygen atoms, is: (Ba0.54Cu0.03K0.01)Σ0.58(Al3.99Fe0.02)Σ4.01(AsO4)3.00(OH)3.85O0.15·4H2O and the calculated density (on the basis of the empirical formula and single-crystal unit cell) is 2.580 g/cm3. The four strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [dobs(Å), Iobs,(hkl)]: 7.759, 100, (001); 5.485, 27, (011); 3.878, 27, (002); 4.454, 18, (011). Bariopharmacoalumite from Cap Garonne is cubic, space group P4̄3m with a = 7.742(4) Å, V = 464.2(4) Å3 and Z = 1. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.0705 for 215 reflections with I > 4σ(I) and is consistent with members of the pharmacosiderite supergroup. Data are also presented from zoned bariopharmacoalumite–bariopharmacosiderite crystals found at the Mina Grande mine, Chile.
Carbon incorporation in plumbogummite-group minerals
Authors: Grey I. E. , Shanks F. L. , Wilson N. C. , Mumme W. G. , Birch W. D.
Published: April 2011

Non-stoichiometric, carbon-containing crandallite from Guatemala and plumbogummite from Cumbria have been characterized using electron microprobe (EMPA) and wet-chemical analyses, Rietveld analysis of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns, and infrared (IR), Raman and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopies. The samples contain 11.0 and 4.8 wt.% CO2, respectively. The IR spectra for both samples show a doublet in the range 1410–1470 cm–1, corresponding to CO3 vibrations. Direct confirmation of CO3 replacing PO4 was obtained from difference Fourier maps in the Rietveld analysis. Carbonate accounts for 67% of the C in the plumbogummite and 20% of the C in the Guatemalan crandallite, the remainder being present as nano-scale organic carbon. The CO3 substitution for PO4 is manifested in a large contraction of the tetrahedral volume (14–19%) and by a contraction of the a axis, analogous to observations for carbonate-containing fluorapatites. Stoichiometric crandallite from Utah was characterized using the same methods, for comparison with the non-stoichiometric, carbon-bearing phases.
Fluorapatite-hingganite-(Y) coronas as products of fluid-induced xenotime-(Y) breakdown in the Skoddefjellet pegmatite, Svalbard
Authors: Majka J. , Pršek J. , Budzyń B. , Bačík P. , Barker A. K. , Łodziński M.
Published: April 2011

The pre-Caledonian NYF Skoddefjellet pegmatite in Wedel Jarlsberg Land, Svalbard, contains xenotime-(Y) that is partly replaced by fluorapatite-hingganite-(Y) reaction coronas. Hingganite-(Y) contains up to 2.0 wt.% of Gd2O3, 4.7 wt.% of Dy2O3, 3.3 wt.% of Er2O3 and 5.5 wt.% of Yb2O3. Such unusual, previously undescribed, xenotime-(Y) breakdown was caused by Ca- and F-bearing fluids interacting with the pegmatite. The occurrence of hinnganite-(Y) as a breakdown product of xenotime-(Y) implies that a Be-bearing phase (beryl in this case) was also involved in the reaction. There are few Ca-bearing primary phases in the pegmatite, indicating that the source of fluid was probably located in the generally Ca-richer host rocks (metasediments), though the fluid composition was modified during metasomatism of the pegmatite (i.e. beryl dissolution).
Micromorphological instability of a growing face as a source of oscillatory zoning in crystals
Authors: Shtukenberg A. G. , Punin YU. O.
Published: April 2011

Oscillatory zoning in solid solutions of alums ((K,NH4)Al(SO4)2·12H2O, K(Al,Cr)(SO4)2·12H2O, (K,Rb)Al(SO4)2·12H2O) and nitrates of divalent metals ((Sr,Pb)(NO3)2, (Ba,Pb)(NO3)2) grownfrom low-temperature aqueous solutions is considered. The zoning is detected by means of X-ray diffraction topography, crystal optics and electron probe microanalysis and involves variations of the crystal composition and degree of the growth ordering of atoms. The zoning patterns are very different in the predominant ﹛111﹜ and ﹛1̄11﹜ and subordinate ﹛100﹜ and ﹛110﹜ growth sectors. The different types of micromorphological instabilities of a growing face are suggested to explain the origin of the observed zoning.
Variscan progradeP-Tevolution and contact metamorphism in metabasites from the Sowia Dolina, Karkonosze-Izera massif, SW Poland
Authors: Ilnicki S.
Published: April 2011

Several bodies of moderately foliated and porphyroblastic metabasites crop out on the SE side of the metamorphic cover of the Karkonosze granite within metapelites of the Sowia Dolina area (West Sudetes, Saxothuringian zone). Depending on the microstructural setting of the Ca-amphiboles in the rocks, different mineral-chemical trends have been determined for Si,XMg, AlVI,A[Na+K] which serve as semi-quantitative indicators of temperature and pressure changes. Porphyroblasts and prisms oblique to the main foliation in schistose metabasites show zoning from Mg-hornblende and actinolite to tschermakite, and then to Mg-hornblende (or actinolite). Matrix amphiboles and those in pressure shadows around some porphyroblasts have tschermakitic cores and actinolitic rims. Rarely, Ca-amphibole is accompanied in schists by late- to post-tectonic cummingtonite. Thermobarometric calculations involving empirically calibrated amphibole equilibria enable a reconstruction ofP-Tpaths for individual rocks and the unravelling of the metamorphic evolution of the metabasites. Peak metamorphic temperatures of 615–640°C and pressures of 7.3–8.2 kbar were preceded by a variably preserved earlier stage (T = 370–550°C, P = 2.8–6.2 kbar). The final metamorphic episode took place at 450–550°C and 2.5–4.8 kbar and is recorded particularly in rocks close to the Karkonosze pluton. The metabasites shed new light on the history of metamorphism in the Sowia Dolina area. The first two stages ofMP-MTmetamorphism, coeval with Variscan deformation events (continental collision, burial and subsequent exhumation), took place under epidote-amphibolite then amphibolite facies conditions. The last stage partly concurred with the final stages of Variscan deformation and overlapped the onset of thermal activity associated with the Karkonosze granite. This metamorphic event is documented by metabasites (occasionally cummingtonite-bearing) outcropping close to the granite. Finally, a prehnitebearing assemblage reflects retrograde re-equilibration under greenschist/sub-greenschist facies conditions (T<300–350°C,P<2.5–3 kbar), which might also be partly due to hydrothermal activity around the pluton.
Short-range constraints on chemical and structural variations in bavenite
Authors: Lussier A. J. , Hawthorne F. C.
Published: April 2011

Bavenite is an orthorhombic calcium beryllium aluminosilicate, a ≈ 23.2, b ≈ 5.0, c ≈ 19.4 Å, V ≈ 2250 Å3, Z = 4, that crystallizes in the space group Cmcm. The crystal structures of 24 bavenite samples from various localities worldwide were refined to R1 values from 2.4 to 7.5% based on ∼1330 unique reflections collected with Mo-Kα X-radiation on a Bruker P4 CCD single-crystal diffractometer. The composition of each crystal was determined by electron microprobe analysis. There is extensive solid-solution in bavenite according to O(2)OH– + T(4)Si4+ + T(3)Be2+ ⇌ O(2)O2– + T(4)Al3+ + T(3)Si4+, such that the general formula may be written Ca4BexSi9Al4–xO28–x(OH)x, where x ranges from 2.00 to ∼3.00 a.p.f.u. Small amounts of additional Be may be incorporated into bavenite via the substitution T(3)Be + O(2)OH– + Na + T(4)Si2 ⇌ T(3)Si + O(2)O2– + Ca + T(4)Al2. Local (short-range) bond-valence considerations indicate that Short-Range Order (SRO) should be extensive in the bavenite structure, and this is confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the principal OH-stretching region and by 27Al Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy. Short-range bond-valence considerations indicate that the T(3)–T(4)–T(3)–T(4) rings of the framework can incorporate any short-range arrangement of cations consonant with their site populations [T(3) = Be,Si; T(4) = Si,Al], and 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy confirms this, showing the presence of the local clusters T(3)Be–T(4)Al–T(3)Be, T(3)Si–T(4)Al–T(3)Be and T(3)Si–T(4)Al–T(3)Si. Incorporation of Be at the T(3) site is accompanied by local replacement of O2– by (OH)– at the O(2) site and hydrogen bonding to the adjacent O(3) anion; the latter promotes Be → Si substitution at the T(3) tetrahedron adjacent in the b direction. T(3)–T(4)–T(3)–T(4) rings link in the c direction through a T(3)–(1)–(3) linkage [T(1) = Si]. Local bond-valence considerations show that occupancy of both T(3) tetrahedra by Be violates the valence-sum rule, and that the linkage T(3)Be–T(1)Si–T(3)Si provides the constraint whereby Be does not exceed 3 a.p.f.u. in bavenite when incorporated via the substitution O(2)OH– + T(4)Si4+ + T(3)Be2+ ⇌ O(2)O2– + T(4)Al3+ + T(3)Si4+.
Blueschist-facies metamorphism in the Kaczawa Mountains (Sudetes, SW Poland) of the Central-European Variscides: P-T constraints from a jadeite-bearing metatrachyte
Authors: Kryza R. , Willner A. P. , Massonne H.-J. , Muszyński A. , Schertl H.-P.
Published: April 2011

Sodic pyroxene is reported from an Ordovician metatrachyte of the Kaczawa Mountains, SW Poland. Its composition ranges from Jd0.98Ae0.02 to Jd0.15Ae0.85. Relict jadeite and phengite (up to 3.75 Si atoms per fomula unit) belong to the peak-pressure assemblage of an early HP-LT event. Later greenschist-facies stages are represented by riebeckite, biotite, chlorite, low-Si potassic white mica and actinolite. P-T pseudosections calculated for the range 200–450°C, 3–13 kbar allow evaluation of the conditions of formation of jadeite in the metatrachyte and derivaton of a P-T path. Considering the position of prograde, peak and retrograde metamorphic assemblages and respective mineral compositions, we can derive the following equilibration stages: 8.5±0.5 kbar, 270±20°C for the pressure maximum, 6.0±1.0 kbar, 310±20°C for the temperature maximum and 3.5±0.5 kbar, 280±20°C as well as <3.5 kbar, <280°C for the retrograde stages.

The metamorphic gradient for the peak-pressure is estimated at ∼10°C/km, which is typical of a subduction setting involving subducted continental crust, in particular of an exhumation channel within a collision zone of a microplate. Based on earlier structural observations, the ESE-oriented subduction in the NE Bohemian Massif was confined with WNW thrusting and followed by extension and ESE backward normal faulting during Devonian–Early Carboniferous times.
Investigation of the electronic and geometric structures of the (110) surfaces of arsenopyrite (FeAsS) and enargite (Cu3AsS4)
Authors: Corkhill C. L. , Warren M. C. , Vaughan D. J.
Published: April 2011

The (110) surfaces of arsenopyrite (FeAsS) and enargite (Cu3AsS4) have been modelled using a Density Functional Theory (DFT) plane-wave pseudopotential method (CASTEP) in order to better understand aspects of the geometric and electronic structures of these minerals, which have important implications for the release of arsenic in acid mine drainage environments. In this study, bulk calculations of these minerals have been conducted to give consistent geometries for surface models and to establish reference states for changes at the surfaces in these models. Surface structure experimental data for enargite were collected using low-energy electron diffraction which confirmed an unreconstructed 161 (110) lattice, with a and b values of 6.38±0.3 Å and 9.92±0.5 Å, respectively. Surface calculations demonstrate geometric and electronic relaxation of both arsenopyrite and enargite (110) surfaces. Changes in atomic positions, interatomic distances, Mulliken charges and electronic configurations are reported. Enargite has a surface energy of ∼0.02 eV/Å2 compared with arsenopyrite which has a surface energy of ∼0.11 eV/Å2, indicating that the enargite (110) surface is more energetically stable than that of arsenopyrite. The most stable surfaces are those which relax to restore the surface coordination and partial charge balance. For both minerals this is achieved by the formation of covalent bonds. Arsenic has the most positive Mulliken charge of all the surface atoms and is, therefore, predicted to be the most reactive atom at the arsenopyrite and enargite (110) surfaces. This implies that, according to these calculations, arsenic is most likely to react with oxidative species such as O2 and H2O in environments such as those associated with acid mine drainage, potentially releasing oxides and acids of arsenic into the environment.
The crystal chemistry of ‘wheatsheaf’ tourmaline from Mogok, Myanmar
Authors: Lussier A. J. , Hawthorne F. C. , Abdu Y. , Herwig S. , Michaelis V. K. , Aguiar P. M. , Kroeker S.
Published: April 2011

Tourmalines of unusual (mushroom) habit are common in granitic pegmatites of Momeik, northeast of Mogok, Myanmar. Here, we examine a sample of elbaite of significantly different habit, consisting of a series of diverging crystals, resembling a sheaf of wheat and ranging in colour from light purplish-red at the base to dark purplish-red at the tip with a thin green cap at the termination. The crystal structures of eight crystals are refined to R1-indices of ∼2.5% using graphite-monochromated Mo-Kα X-radiation; the same crystals were analysed by electron microprobe. 11B and 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectra were collected on four regions of the wheatsheaf crystal, and show ∼0.3 a.p.f.u. [4]B and <0.1 a.p.f.u. [4]Al in the structure. 57Fe Mössbauerspectr oscopy was done on the dark green rim at the termination of the crystal, showing all Fe in this region (∼0.6 a.p.f.u.) to be Fe2+. Detailed electron-microprobe traverses show that the principal compositional variation involves the substitutions [4]B + YAl → Si + YFe*, where transition metals are present, and [4]B2 + YAl → Si2 + YLi, where transition metals are not present, although several other minor substitutions also affect crystal composition. Successive microscopic bifurcation of crystallites causes divergence of growth directions along the c axis, imparting the overall ‘wheatsheaf’ shape to the crystal aggregate. We suggest that such bifurcation is common in pegmatitic elbaite crystals, resulting in their common divergent habit.
The compositional variability of eudialyte-group minerals
Authors: Schilling J. , Wu F.-Y. , McCammon C. , Wenzel T. , Marks M. A. W. , Pfaff K. , Jacob D. E. , Markl G.
Published: April 2011

Eudialyte-group minerals (EGM) represent the most important index minerals of persodic agpaitic systems. Results are presented here of a combined EPMA, Mössbauer spectroscopy and LA-ICP-MS study and EGM which crystallized in various fractionation stages from different parental melts and mineral assemblages in silica over- and undersaturated systems are compared. Compositional variability is closely related to texture, allowing for reconstruction of locally acting magmatic to hydrothermal processes. Early-magmatic EGM are invariably dominated by Fe whereas hydrothermal EGM can be virtually Fe-free and form pure Mn end-members. Hence the Mn/Fe ratio is the most suitable fractionation indicator, although crystal chemistry effects and co-crystallizing phases play a secondary role in the incorporation of Fe and Mn into EGM. Mössbauer spectroscopy of EGM from three selected occurrences indicates the Fe3+/ΣFe ratio to be governed by the hydration state of EGM rather than by the oxygen fugacity of the coexisting melt. Negative Eu anomalies are restricted to EGM that crystallized from alkali basaltic parental melts while EGM from nephelinitic parental melts invariably lack negative Eu anomalies. Even after extensive differentiation intervals, EGM reflect properties of their respective parental melts and the fractionation of plagioclase and other minerals such as Fe-Ti oxides, amphibole and sulphides.
What Does a Deputy to the National Assembly Owe His Constituents? Coming to an Agreement on the Meaning of Electoral Mandates in July 1789
Authors: Blackman Robert H.
Published: April 2011

A key question concerning the French Revolution is whether it was truly radical and Rousseauistic from the beginning or whether there was a moderate early phase distinguishable from the excesses of the Terror. In this article I examine the debate over “binding” mandates held in the National Assembly on July 3 and 7–8, 1789, to test the claim that the deputies had adopted radical and modern forms of political representation, jettisoning forms inherited from the Old Regime. Evidence suggests that when the deputies ruled out of order a proposal to invalidate binding mandates, they endorsed the right of the assembly to act despite the absence or protests of a minority of its members. They did not, however, break their bonds to their constituents, indicating that they were not ready to embrace a new, radical model of political representation.

Une question clé se pose à propos de la Révolution française: étaitelle strictement radicale ou rousseauiste dès le début ou existaitil d'abord une phase modérée au début de la Révolution qui se distingue de la Terreur? Dans cet article, nous examinerons le débat sur les mandats « impératifs » ayant eu lieu à l'Assemblée nationale les 3, 7 et 8 juillet 1789 afin de vérifier si les députés, en rejetant des formulaires hérités de l'Ancien Régime, avaient déjà adopté des formes de représentation politique radicales et modernes. Lorsque les députés ont déclassé une proposition juridique afin de rendre nuls les mandats « impératifs », ils ont approuvé le droit de l'Assemblée d'agir en dépit de l'absence et des protestations d'une minorité de ses membres. Cependant, ils n'ont pas brisé les liens qui les unissaient à leurs électeurs, indiquant qu'ils n'étaient pas encore prêts à adopter un nouveau modèle radical de représentation politique.
Shades of Whiteness: Petits-Blancs and the Politics of Military Allocations Distribution in World War I Colonial Cochinchina
Authors: Firpo Christina
Published: April 2011

During World War I male French citizens in Cochinchina whom the colonial government had drafted to fight in Europe left their families behind in the colony. Through a complicated subsidies process, the government offered financial assistance to families impoverished by the draftee's departure and the concomitant loss of income. Far from being a monolithic category, the colony's poor white applicants, also known as petits-blancs, received varying government subsidies, depending on their family configurations. This article argues that the military allocations council's judgments correlate with the petits-blancs applicants' relationships to indigenous people and their adherence to traditional gender roles. To guard white prestige, the colonial government effectively penalized petits-blancs applicants who deviated from behavior associated with whiteness.

Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, les citoyens français résidant en Cochinchine appelés sous les drapeaux pour combattre en Europe ont laissé leurs familles dans cette colonie. A travers un système complexe de secours, le gouvernement colonial français en Indochine fournit une aide financière à ces familles qui se retrouvaient dans le besoin par suite de l'absence du chef de famille et de la perte de revenus qui en découlait. Loin d'être considérés comme une catégorie à part entière, les Français pauvres de la colonie—les « petits-blancs »—reçurent du gouvernement des aides de montants variés qui dépendaient de la composition familiale. Cet article avance l'hypothèse selon laquelle les décisions variables du conseil militaire pour ces allocations sont à mettre en relation avec les rapports qu'entretenaient ces « petits-blancs » demandeurs avec les indigènes et leur adhésion à une conception traditionnelle en matière de genre sexuel et de statut. Dans son souci de conserver le prestige blanc, le gouvernement colonial a effectivement pénalisé les « petits-blancs » demandeurs qui s'étaient écartés des comportements prescrits par leur appartenance au monde blanc.
Across the Waves: Philippe Henriot's Radio War with the Free French at the BBC
Authors: Chadwick Kay
Published: April 2011

Philippe Henriot was one of the most powerful personalities in World War II France. His appointment as Vichy's secretary of state for information and propaganda in January 1944 substantially changed the nature of the so-called battle of the airwaves. From then until his death at the end of June, at the hands of the Resistance, he directed an unprecedented, sustained attack at the team of Free French who had broadcast from London since the summer of 1940 and who had thus far encountered no other Vichy propagandist of Henriot's skill. This article examines the essence, strategies, and evolution of their exchanges across the airwaves and explores how the two sides argued the events of the day and sought to influence French opinion in the final months of the Occupation.

Philippe Henriot a été une des personnalités françaises les plus influentes de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. En janvier 1944, sa nomination en tant que secrétaire d'Etat à la Propagande et à l'Information du régime de Vichy a profondément changé la soidisant « guerre des ondes ». Dès lors, et jusqu'à sa mort à la fin de juin, aux mains de la Résistance, il a tout fait pour viser les « Français libres », qui parlaient de Londres depuis juillet 1940, et qui, jusque-là, n'avaient eu à affronter aucun propagandiste de Vichy du même talent. Le présent article se propose d'examiner l'essence, les stratégies et l'évolution de leurs échanges sur les ondes, et d'analyser la manière dont les deux camps ont disputé les événements de la guerre et essayé d'influencer l'opinion française pendant les derniers mois de l'Occupation.
Preparation of Glycopolymer-Modified Gold Nanoparticles and a New Approach for a Lateral Flow Assay
Authors: Ishii Jin , Toyoshima Masayuki , Chikae Miyuki , Takamura Yuzuru , Miura Yoshiko
Published: April 2011

A novel recognition element has been synthesized using glycopolymer-modified gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in sugar ratios of 0, 6, 12, and 50%. The as-synthesized glycopolymer-modified GNPs have been employed in a novel lateral flow assay for the detection of proteins. A test solution of concanavalin A (ConA) at 0.01–100 µg mL−1 was readily detectable with the glycopolymer-modified GNPs with a sugar ratio of 6%. The results were clear enough to be visible with the naked eye, which demonstrates the convenience of this lateral flow assay for performing the detection of Shiga toxins and influenza viruses. Therefore, this lateral flow assay provides an attractive biosensor for the detection of proteins without the handling of toxic reagents, while allowing an easy and rapid procedure.
New Catalytic Performances of Ruthenium and Rhodium Complexes Directed toward Organic Synthesis with High Atom Efficiency
Authors: Kondo Teruyuki
Published: April 2011

Low-valent ruthenium complexes often show intriguing and characteristic catalytic activity for novel organic transformations with high atom efficiency. The design and synthesis of novel low-valent ruthenium complexes having a variety of electron-donating and/or electron-withdrawing ligands is most promising strategy. Several ruthenium catalysts achieved the construction of novel functional organic molecules through cleavage of carbon–carbon single bonds, cocyclization of alkynes, alkenes, and/or carbon monoxide, and co-oligomerization of different alkenes without formation of by-products, which meets green and sustainable requirements for organic synthesis in the 21st century. Note that many findings in ruthenium catalysis have opened the door to a new field of rhodium-catalyzed synthetic organic chemistry, represented by cocyclization of alkynes and heterocumulenes.
Stereoselective One-pot 1,4-Elimination and the [1,2]-Wittig Rearrangement of (E)-δ-(Arylmethoxy or 3-Silyl-2-propynyloxy)-substituted Allylic Sulfones
Authors: Horii Susumu , Ishimaru Isao , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko
Published: April 2011

The successive treatment of (E)-δ-(arylmethoxy)-substituted allylic sulfones with t-BuOK and LDA afforded the corresponding (Z)-2,4-dienyl alcohols with high stereoselectivities via 1,4-elimination and the [1,2]-Wittig rearrangement. The predominant formation of (Z)-isomers, due to “syn-effect” in the elimination step, was further successfully applied to (E)-δ-(3-silyl-2-propynyloxy)-substituted allylic sulfones.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Cubic Perovskite-type BaMoxTi1−xO3 with x ≈ 0.175
Authors: Kataoka Kunimitsu , Kijima Norihito , Hayakawa Hiroshi , Ohshima Ken-ichi , Akimoto Junji
Published: April 2011

Single crystals of a novel solid-solution compound BaMoxTi1−xO3 (x ≈ 0.175) in a BaTiO3 and BaMoO3 system were successfully grown by flux in Ar at 1423 K using the BaCO3–B2O3 system flux. The obtained crystals were black and rectangular with a maximum dimension of 0.2 × 0.2 × 0.3 mm3. The EDX and EPMA analyses confirmed the Mo–Ti solid solution composition. Single-crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed the cubic perovskite structure, space group Pm3m and the lattice parameters of a = 4.0112(6) Å and V = 64.54(3) Å3. The chemical composition and crystal structure were refined by the present structure refinement with the conventional values of R = 1.69% and wR = 1.89% using 156 independent observed reflections.
Confocal Viviperception of a Transparent Medaka Fish (Oryzias latipes) Using Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs)
Authors: Lin Wen-Chi , Chiang Chun-Wei , Hong Chen-Yu , Chen Pei-Jen , Wu Kevin C-W
Published: April 2011

With utilization of a transparent medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) and fluorescent confocal microscopy, essential knowledge about biodistribution of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) within a living organism becomes accessible without tissue dissection. Data evidences bioaccumulation of FITC-MSNs in liver, gill, and intestine after one month’s aqueous exposure. FITC-MSNs were mainly retained in liver for at least a week even after those in intestine had been excreted out.
Self-limiting Deposition of N-(3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic Acid for the Production of Aqueous-stable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Steiner Jason , Esener Sadik
Published: April 2011

This paper presents a novel self-limiting deposition of a carboxysilane functional group to the surface of maghemite iron oxide nanoparticles (IOP). Self-limited deposition of N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid on iron oxide is achieved by rapid injection of the basic silane into acid-stabilized iron oxide. The instant pH shift from 2.3 to 11 through neutral promotes silane deposition on the iron oxide surface but is rapid enough to prevent aggregation and free condensation. Carboxysilane iron oxide particles (CSIOP) are rendered aqueous stable in all pH >5.95. Silane coating is characterized by FTIR, TEM, and DLS.
Tin–Tungsten Mixed Oxide as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Conversion of Saccharides to Furan Derivatives
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazuya , Sakurada Tomoaki , Ogasawara Yoshiyuki , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: April 2011

The Sn–W mixed oxide prepared by calcination of the Sn–W mixed hydroxide precursor with Sn/W molar ratio of 2:1 at 800 °C (Sn–W oxide) acts as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural from various hexoses (including polysaccharides) and pentoses, respectively.
Sources of Variability in Measurements of Cardiac Troponin T in a Community-Based Sample: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Agarwal Sunil K , Avery Christy L , Ballantyne Christie M , Catellier Diane , Nambi Vijay , Saunders Justin , Sharrett A Richey , Coresh Josef , Heiss Gerardo , Hoogeveen Ron C
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND

Application of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) as a marker of myocyte damage requires knowledge of its measurement variability. Using a highly sensitive assay for measurement, we evaluated the long-term storage stability of plasma cTnT at −70 °C and the sources of cTnT variability.

METHODS

Samples from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study collected in 1996–1998 and 2005–2006 were assayed centrally to quantify variability in cTnT attributable to processing (replicates from same blood draw, n = 87), laboratory (replicates after freeze thaw, n = 29), short-term (n = 40) and long-term biological variation (repeat visit, n = 38), and degradation in frozen storage (n = 7677).

RESULTS

Approximately 30% of this population-based cohort had cTnT concentrations below the detection limit (3 ng/L). Reliability coefficients for all paired comparisons exceeded 0.93 except for samples drawn 8 years apart (r = 0.36). Sources of cTnT variation (as CVs) were: laboratory, 2.1% and 11.2% in those with and without heart failure, respectively; processing, 18.3%; biological, 16.6% at 6 weeks and 48.4% at 8 years. The reference change value at 6 weeks (68.5%) indicated that 4 samples are needed to determine a homeostatic set point within ±25%. The estimated cTnT degradation rate over the first year in long-term frozen storage was 0.36 ng/L per year.

CONCLUSIONS

cTnT was detectable in approximately 70% of community-dwelling middle-aged study participants and stable in −70 °C storage. The variability in cTnT attributable to 1 freeze–thaw cycle is of small magnitude. The observed high laboratory and intraindividual (biological) reliability of cTnT support its use for population-based research, and in clinical settings that rely on classification and serial measurements.
Analysis and Prevention of Quenching Failures and Proper Selection of Quenching Media: An Overview
Authors: Luo X. , Totten G. E.
Published: April 2011

Quenching is an essential part of the thermal process used for the manufacture of metallic parts. Quenching involves rapid cooling of a metal from an austenitizing temperature to a lower temperature; usually, but not necessarily, room temperature. The quenching process is typically accompanied by thermal and transformational stresses, which are the main causes for most quenching failures. Any failures or defects during the quenching process result in excessive waste and an often unacceptable increase in the overall production cost. Prevention and elimination of quenching failures are of great significance especially with respect to the rational utilization of energy and resources and the reduction of carbon emissions. Therefore, the quenching method and quenching medium are among the most important factors to be considered in the design of the manufacturing process. The objective of this paper is to discuss quenching failures and to analyze their causes. Counter-measures for prevention of quenching failures and a new criterion for quenchant selection are also suggested.
Cost and Resource Allocation Issues in Managing Hyponatremia: The Pharmacist's Role
Authors: Rhoney Denise H.
Published: April 2011

Hyponatremia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in a wide variety of patients with underlying disease states. Hospital‐associated hyponatremia is a common occurrence, and all forms of hyponatremia are independently associated with heightened resource consumption during hospitalization as well as after discharge to both short‐term and long‐term care facilities. The chronic morbidities of hyponatremia, even when not severe, can have a significant impact on health care costs. Resolving hyponatremia during hospitalization decreases the risk of mortality conferred by the disorder. Patients at risk for hyponatremia may not receive adequate investigation into cause of hyponatremia; thus, increased awareness may result in better identification of patients at risk, and more aggressive monitoring in both the inpatient and outpatient settings may lead to appropriate intervention. In the management of hyponatremia, clinical pharmacists have a key role in identifying the source of the hyponatremia, carefully monitoring serum sodium concentration and symptoms of hyponatremia, and intervening with appropriate therapy including avoidance of interventions that may exacerbate hyponatremia.
Validation of the Effectiveness of a Vancomycin Nomogram in Achieving Target Trough Concentrations of 15–20 mg/L Suggested by the Vancomycin Consensus Guidelines
Authors: Kullar Ravina , Leonard Steven N. , Davis Susan L. , Delgado George , Pogue Jason M. , Wahby Krista A. , Falcione Bonnie , Rybak Michael J.
Published: April 2011

Study Objective. To assess and validate the effectiveness of a newly constructed vancomycin dosing nomogram in achieving target trough serum concentrations of 15–20 mg/L.

Design. Prospective multicenter study.

Setting. Five tertiary care teaching hospitals.

Patients. A total of 200 adults who required vancomycin dosages targeted to attain recommended trough vancomycin serum concentrations of 15–20 mg/L.

Intervention. The new nomogram, which based dosing on weight and renal function, was used to calculate patients' initial vancomycin dosages. Serum trough concentrations were measured before the fourth or fifth dose, and dosages were adjusted as needed.

Measurements and Main Results. Median patient age was 56 years (interquartile range [IQR] 49–65 yrs), median weight was 71.2 kg (IQR 63–85 kg), and median creatinine clearance was 66.5 ml/minute (IQR 52–82 ml/min). The median initial vancomycin trough concentration achieved was 17.5 mg/L (IQR 15.0–20.0 mg/L), with 116 patients (58%) achieving the initial target trough of 15–20 mg/L. The median percent error was 13.6%, and the mean ± SD error for predicted versus actual serum trough concentrations was −0.50 ± 0.021 mg/L. One hundred fifty‐four patients (77%) eventually achieved the trough target concentration within a median of 2 days. One hundred forty patients (70%) achieved initial troughs of 14–21 mg/L and 160 (80%) achieved troughs of 13–22 mg/L. Nine patients (4.5%) experienced nephrotoxicity while receiving vancomycin, which occurred after a median of 8 days of therapy. The median initial vancomycin trough concentration for these patients was 18.5 mg/L (IQR 15.3–19.3 mg/L), with eight of the nine patients having trough concentrations of 15 mg/L or greater.

Conclusion. Fifty‐eight percent of patients achieved the target trough of 15–20 mg/L (median 17.5 mg/L). The performance of the nomogram improved to 80% when the trough range was adjusted to 13–22 mg/L. Caution should be applied when using this nomogram. The nomogram should not replace clinical judgment, and dosage adjustments should be based on pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic targets and clinical response.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Use and Cardiovascular Risks After Coronary Stent Implantation
Authors: Schmidt Morten , Pedersen Lars , Maeng Michael , Lassen Jens F. , Lash Timothy L. , Nielsen Torsten T. , Sørensen Henrik T.
Published: April 2011

Study Objective. To determine whether use of nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2)‐selective inhibitors in patients with coronary stents increased the 3–year rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).

Design. Population‐based cohort study.

Data Sources. The Danish National Patient Registry, the Western Denmark Heart Registry, the Danish Nationwide Prescription Database, the Danish Civil Registration System, and the National Registry of Causes of Deaths.

Patients. A total of 13,001 patients who underwent first‐ever percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation between January 1, 2002, and June 30, 2005.

Measurements and Main Results. All patients were followed for 3 years after stent implantation for MACE, defined as the first occurrence of myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, target‐lesion revascularization, or cardiac death. Patients' comorbidities were identified from the hospital registries; time‐varying use of NSAIDs and concomitant drugs was determined from the Danish Nationwide Prescription Database. For each clinical outcome (MACE), the 3–year risk was computed. We used Cox proportional‐hazards regression analysis to compute hazard ratios (HRs) as a measure of relative risk, controlling for potential confounders. During the follow‐up period, 5407 patients (41.6%) redeemed at least one NSAID prescription. There were 686 hospitalizations for myocardial infarction (5.3% of patients), 146 for stent thrombosis (1.1%), and 1091 for target‐lesion revascularization (8.4%). A total of 1220 patients (9.4%) died during the follow‐up period; 637 (4.9%) died of cardiac causes. Compared with no NSAID use, the adjusted HR for MACE was 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83–1.31) for nonselective NSAID use and 1.00 (95% CI 0.81–1.25) for COX‐2 inhibitor use.

Conclusion. Use of nonselective NSAIDs or COX‐2 inhibitors was not associated with an increased rate of MACE in patients with coronary stents. However, we cannot rule out small risks associated with individual NSAIDs.
Is There a Risk of Bleeding Associated with Standardized Ginkgo bilobaExtract Therapy? A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Kellermann Andrea J. , Kloft Charlotte
Published: April 2011

Study Objective. To determine the effect of standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts (GBE) on outcome parameters of hemostasis associated with risk of bleeding.

Design. Meta‐analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials.

Subjects. A total of 1985 adults were enrolled to receive either GBE or placebo; 87% were patients with dementia, peripheral artery disease, or diabetes mellitus; 13% were healthy volunteers.

Measurements and Main Results. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and SciSearch databases were searched from inception through 2009. The following outcome parameters of hemostasis were assessed: blood flow, blood viscosity, adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (ADP)‐induced platelet aggregation, fibrinogen concentration, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and prothrombin time (PT). Reference parameter values were taken into account when assessing clinical relevance of statistically significant treatment effects. The quality and risk of bias of each study were evaluated by using the Jadad score and Cochrane Collaboration tool, respectively. According to the continuous data, the following statistical methods were used: weighted mean difference (WMD), standardized mean difference (SMD), and generic inverse variance (GIV), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Random‐effects models of effects on baseline change or mean difference showed a positive effect of GBE on blood perfusion, as shown by a significant reduction in blood viscosity (WMD −1.03 mPa•sec, 95% CI −1.29 to −0.78 mPa•sec), but no evidence of any significant effect on ADP‐induced platelet aggregation (WMD −.35%, 95% CI −5.16−4.46%), fibrinogen concentration (GIV −2.45 mg/dl, 95% CI −1.59‐6.70 mg/dl), aPTT (GIV −.42 sec, 95% CI −.97−.12 sec), and PT (SMD 0.00, 95% CI −.09−.09). Subgroup analyses revealed a statistically significant reduction in aPTT for subgroups receiving high‐dose GBE of 240 mg/day or more (GIV −.47 sec, 95% CI −.88 to −.05 sec) and for studies including only patients, not healthy volunteers (GIV −.61 sec, 95% CI −.95 to −.27 sec); however, both findings were not clinically relevant.

Conclusion. Based on meta‐analysis of hemostasis outcomes, comparison of mean difference or baseline change between treatment and placebo groups did not indicate a higher bleeding risk associated with standardized GBE. This finding ultimately contributes to an informed evaluation of GBE use, including patient self‐medication.
Enteral Fish Oil for Treatment of Parenteral Nutrition‐Associated Liver Disease in Six Infants with Short‐Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Tillman Emma M. , Crill Catherine M. , Black Dennis D. , Hak Emily B. , Lazar Linda F. , Christensen Michael L. , Huang Eunice Y. , Helms Richard A.
Published: April 2011

Study Objective. To evaluate the use of enteral fish oil for the treatment of parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease (PNALD).

Design. Retrospective case series.

Setting. Pediatric academic hospital and outpatient clinic.

Patients. Six parenteral nutrition‐dependent infants with short‐bowel syndrome and PNALD.

Measurements and Main Results. The six infants received supplementation with enteral fish oil, and treatment was evaluated over a 12‐week period. The PNALD, as reflected by elevated total bilirubin levels, completely reversed in four of the six infants within a mean ± SD of 5 ± 2.6 weeks (range 2–8 wks) after initiation of the enteral fish oil supplementation. In addition, improvement in enteral feedings occurred after starting enteral fish oil therapy.

Conclusion. Enteral fish oil may be an effective adjunctive treatment option for infants with PNALD, particularly for those infants with PNALD who are tolerating some amount of enteral nutrition as the result of an adequate amount of small bowel.