bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating spatially explicit habitat projections into extinction risk assessments: a reassessment of Amazonian avifauna incorporating projected deforestation
Authors: Bird Jeremy P. , Buchanan Graeme M. , Lees Alexander C. , Clay Rob P. , Develey Pedro F. , Yépez Itala , Butchart Stuart H. M.
Published: September 2011

Aim  We aimed to complete the first systematic assessment of extinction risk based on projected population declines derived from spatially explicit habitat projections for any taxonomic group at a regional scale, to use the outputs to ascertain the efficacy of an existing protected area network in covering species of conservation concern, and identify gaps therein.

Location  This study focused on Amazonia; an area of exceptional biodiversity, currently experiencing the highest absolute rate of forest loss globally but where the proportion of species assessed as ‘threatened’ on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List in the region is below global averages.

Methods  For all forest‐dependent Amazonian bird species (814), we revised extinction risk estimates by combining data from a spatially explicit deforestation model with generation length estimates. By overlaying distribution maps for these revised threatened species, we identified crisis areas (areas of projected deforestation supporting the highest numbers of threatened species), refugia (areas projected to retain forest supporting the highest numbers of threatened species) and areas of high irreplaceability: short‐ and long‐term priorities for new protected areas (PAs).

Results  The number of species qualifying as threatened rose substantially from 24 (3%) to 64–92 (8–11%). Areas of particular concern are the crisis and highly irreplaceable areas within the ‘arc of deforestation’ in the southern Brazilian Amazon states of Rondônia, Mato Grosso and Pará.

Main conclusions  Through a novel application of the IUCN Red List criteria, we present a spatially accurate rendering of the extinction risks of Amazonian birds. Important areas in the Amazon are not secure. We identify priorities for expansion of the PAs network and key locations where protection should be enforced. We recommend a collaborative approach employing our methods to repeat this process for other taxonomic groups.
From lowlands to highlands: searching for elevational patterns of species richness and distribution of scarab beetles in Costa Rica
Authors: García‐López Alejandra , Micó Estefanía , Galante Eduardo
Published: September 2011

Aim  Understanding the heterogeneous distribution of species on mountains is an important aim in ecology. Altitudinal gradients have enormous potential for improving our knowledge of trends in biodiversity and conservation. In this study, we investigated the variation in scarab beetle diversity (Dynastinae, Rutelinae and Melolonthinae) along an elevational tropical forest gradient.

Location  The Atlantic slope of the Guanacaste mountain range in Costa Rica.

Methods  Ultraviolet light traps placed in six forests situated from 100 to 1510 m were used. Changes in species composition and richness among elevations were investigated. Differences in the altitudinal patterns using different groups of species were examined: the whole assemblage, each separate subfamily and two different trophic habits (phytophagous or saproxylic). The effects of temperature, humidity and elevation on scarab distribution were tested using canonical correspondence analyses. The relationship between the community similarity of the studied forests and the altitudinal distance among them was also analysed.

Results  Species composition and richness changed along the gradient. The peak in species richness varied depending on the species group considered and in all cases occurred 500 or 800 m. Forests at these altitudes were also the richest in exclusive species. Species composition turnover among elevations appeared with a clear separation between lowland and highland fauna. The latter was lower in richness but also had exclusive species. Temperature, humidity and altitude affected species distribution, with altitude being the most important factor for all the subfamilies studied.

Main conclusions  Our results showed that species distribution fits a hump‐shaped pattern. The peak of this pattern varied depending on the taxonomic group and mountain analysed, highlighting the importance of evolutionary processes as species distribution drivers. The fact that species richness peaked at elevations where human impact is currently important underlines the value of the development of conservation strategies for these areas.
Kaolinite ingestion facilitates restoration of body energy reserves during refeeding after prolonged fasting
Authors: Reichardt François , Chaumande Bertrand , Habold Caroline , Robin Jean‐Patrice , Ehret‐Sabatier Laurence , Le Maho Yvon , Liewig Nicole , Angel Fabielle , Lignot Jean‐Hervé
Published: September 2011

Clay consumption is a spontaneous behavior currently observed in animals and humans, particularly during undernutrition. Often regarded as intestinal care products, ingested clays also enhance food efficiency, notably by increasing intestinal lipid uptake. Clay complementation could then optimize the reconstitution of energy reserves in animals with low lipid stocks consecutive to intensive fasting. The aim of this study was therefore to observe the effects of voluntarily kaolinite complementation during the refeeding of fasted rats to determine whether body mass, food uptake, lipid and mineral contents as intestinal morphology and protein profile were modified. This study examined two types of refeeding experiments after prolonged fasting. Firstly, rats with ad libitum access to food were compared to rats with ad libitum access to food and kaolinite pellets. Animals were randomly put into the different groups when the third phase of fasting (phase III) reached by each individual was detected. In a second set of experiments, rats starting phase III were refed with free access to food and kaolinite pellets. When animals had regained their body mass prior to fasting, they were euthanized for chemical, morphological, and proteomic analyses. Although kaolinite ingestion did not change the time needed for regaining prefasting body mass, daily food ingestion was seen to decrease by 6.8% compared with normally refed rats, without affecting lipid composition. Along the intestinal lining, enterocytes of complemented animals contained abundant lipid droplets and a structural modification of the brushborder was observed. Moreover, the expression of two apolipoproteins involved in lipid transport and satiety (ApoA‐I and ApoA‐IV) increased in complemented rats. These results suggest that kaolinite complementation favors intestinal nutrient absorption during refeeding despite reduced food uptake. Within the intestinal lumen, clay particles could increase the passive absorption capacity and/or nutrient availability that induce mucosal morphological changes. Therefore, clay ingestion appears to be beneficial for individuals undergoing extreme nutritional conditions such as refeeding and limited food supplies.
Evaluation of the RPC model as a replacement for the spaceborne InSAR phase equation
Authors: Zhang Guo , Fei Wen‐bo , Li Zhen , Liu Zeyu , Li Deren
Published: September 2011

Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) is an alternative to conventional stereoscopic SAR for extracting relative or absolute terrain elevation information. However, for different InSAR data‐sets, the auxiliary parameters are different, which introduces differences in the SAR interferometry rigorous sensor model (RSM). The Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RPC) model is a generalised sensor model which makes full use of the auxiliary parameters of the satellite images, and the coefficients of the model are then solved by fitting the model to the RSM. Some work has been carried out previously to validate its substitutability for the SAR RSM, which is based on the Range–Doppler equations. Further, this paper aims to prove that the RPC model can also be used as a replacement for the InSAR phase equation and can be widely applied on different types of InSAR data‐sets. Based on numerous tests, the modelling error of the RPC is analysed. This study found that the RPC model is suitable for InSAR data‐sets and it can be used as a replacement for the phase equation.
Development of a new laser triangulation system based on an optical frame of reference
Authors: Abzal Ali , Varshosaz Masood , Saadatseresht Mohammad
Published: September 2011

In this paper a new triangulation‐based laser scanner is presented which has a simple, yet strong, flexible and low‐cost structure. A digital camera and three laser line projectors are the main components of the system. One of the laser projectors is positioned vertically, while the other two are horizontal. The former scans the object, whereas the latter two establish an optical frame which is used, in part, to define the plane containing the vertical laser projector at each step of scanning. At each step, an image is taken which includes the object along with the projected laser lines. By intersecting the vertical and horizontal lines a couple of points are formed which, along with the calibration information of the system, enable the extraction of the object coordinates. Results of the tests carried out show that by using an optical frame of this nature, the process of scanning is greatly facilitated. That is, the scanner can easily be used to scan objects of different size and dimensions. Within the current configuration, the system enables measurements with an accuracy of 1/1600. Also, as the system has a rigorous basis, its accuracy can be increased if improved hardware is provided.
Calibration of long focal length cameras in close range photogrammetry
Authors: Stamatopoulos Christos , Fraser Clive S.
Published: September 2011

One of the practical impediments to the adoption of long focal length lenses in close range photogrammetry is the difficulty in network exterior orientation and self‐calibration that can be encountered with the collinearity equation model when the camera field of view is smaller than around 10°. This paper reports on an investigation that examined two different avenues for improving the self‐calibration of long focal length cameras. The first is a re‐examination of the linearisation of the collinearity equations with additional calibration parameters, and especially determination of the coefficients in the design matrix corresponding to the interior orientation elements. The second is a new approach to the calculation of object space coordinates by employing an orthogonal projection model that can be formulated as a bundle adjustment with self‐calibration. Accuracy aspects of both approaches are discussed and test cases employing both zoom and macro lenses are presented.
Individual Differences in Face Processing: Infants’ Scanning Patterns and Pupil Dilations are Influenced by the Distribution of Parental Leave
Authors: Gredebäck Gustaf , Eriksson Malin , Schmitow Clara , Laeng Bruno , Stenberg Gunilla
Published: September 2011

Fourteen‐month‐old infants were presented with static images of happy, neutral, and fearful emotional facial expressions in an eye‐tracking paradigm. The emotions were expressed by the infant’s own parents as well as a male and female stranger (parents of another participating infant). Rather than measuring the duration of gaze in particular areas of interest, we measured number of fixations, distribution of fixations, and pupil diameter to evaluate global scanning patterns and reactions to emotional content. The three measures were differentially sensitive to differences in parental leave, emotional expression, and face familiarity. Infants scanned and processed differently happy, neutral, and fearful faces. In addition, infants cared for by both father and mother (divided parental leave) distributed their gaze more across faces than did infants primarily cared for by one parent (in this study, the mother). Pupil diameter complemented these findings, revealing that infants had larger pupil diameter during observation of neutral emotions expressed by the parent who is not currently the primary caregiver. This study demonstrates how conclusions differ as a function of the particular eye‐tracking measure used and shows that the three measures used here converge on the conclusion that 14‐month‐old infants’ processing of emotional expressions is influenced by infants’ exposure to fathers and mothers.
Let Me Go: The Influences of Crawling Experience and Temperament on the Development of Anger Expression
Authors: Pemberton Roben Caroline K. , Bass Anneliese J. , Moore Ginger A. , Murray‐Kolb Laura , Tan Patricia Z. , Gilmore Rick O. , Buss Kristin A. , Cole Pamela M. , Teti Laureen O.
Published: September 2011

Infants’ emerging ability to move independently by crawling is associated with changes in multiple domains, including an increase in expressions of anger in situations that block infants’ goals, but it is unknown whether increased anger is specifically because of experience with being able to move autonomously or simply related to age. To examine the influence of locomotion on developmental change in anger, infants’ (N = 20) anger expressions during an arm restraint procedure were observed longitudinally at a precrawling baseline assessment and 2 and 6 weeks after the onset of crawling. Infant age at each crawling stage was unrelated to the frequency of anger expressed in response to arm restraint. At 6 weeks postcrawling onset, infants whose mothers rated them as temperamentally higher in distress to limitations, compared with those rated lower, showed a greater increase in the frequency of anger expressed during the arm restraint relative to earlier assessments and took longer to reduce the frequency of anger expressed when no longer restrained. Findings suggest that experience with autonomous crawling has an effect on anger expression, independent of age, and that a temperamental tendency to become distressed by limitations may exacerbate the effect of crawling on anger expression.
Use of an alteplase algorithm for the management of hemodialysis catheter dysfunction
Authors: Abdelmoneim Ahmed S. , Miller Lisa M. , Armstrong Sean , Sood Manish M. , Wazny Lori , Chateau Dan , Vercaigne Lavern M.
Published: September 2011

Hemodialysis (HD) catheter dysfunction compromises HD adequacy and increases the cost of patient care. Repeated administration of alteplase in HD catheters typically produces only short‐term benefits. The purpose of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate the efficacy of an experimental alteplase algorithm to manage HD catheter dysfunction. This was a two‐part prospective nonrandomized study. Baseline data of alteplase use and catheter exchange were collected during part 1 of the study. Part 2 consisted of the alteplase algorithm implementation and repeat collection of catheter data. Rates of alteplase use and catheter exchange per 1000 catheter‐days were the primary and secondary outcomes of the study. One hundred and seventy‐two catheters in 131 patients were followed prospectively during the course of the study. The adjusted relative rate (RR) of alteplase use showed no significant difference between both parts of the study, adjusted RR: 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.73–1.65). Similarly, catheter exchange rates were not significantly different over the duration of the study (1.12 vs. 1.03 per 1000 catheter‐days). However, waiting time for catheter exchange increased from 20.36 ± 14 days in part 1 to 38.42 ± 28 days in part 2 (P < 0.05). The alteplase algorithm did not significantly reduce alteplase use. This may be partially explained by repeated use of alteplase in part 2, due to longer waiting times for catheter exchange procedures.
Ultrastructural differences between diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis
Authors: Faussone‐Pellegrini Maria Simonetta , Grover Madhusudan , Pasricha Pankaj J. , Bernard Cheryl E. , Lurken Matthew S. , Smyrk Thomas C. , Parkman Henry P. , Abell Thomas L. , Snape William J. , Hasler William L. , Ünalp‐Arida Aynur , Nguyen Linda , Koch Kenneth L. , Calles Jorges , Lee Linda , Tonascia James , Hamilton Frank A. , Farrugia Gianrico ,   [for The NIDDK Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium (GpCRC)]
Published: September 2011

The ultrastructural changes in diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis are not well studied and it is not known whether there are different defects in the two disorders. As part of the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium, full thickness gastric body biopsies from 20 diabetic and 20 idiopathic gastroparetics were studied by light microscopy. Abnormalities were found in many (83%) but not all patients. Among the common defects were loss of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and neural abnormalities. No distinguishing features were seen between diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis. Our aim was to provide a detailed description of the ultrastructural abnormalities, compare findings between diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis and determine if patients with apparently normal immunohistological features have ultrastructural abnormalities. Tissues from 40 gastroparetic patients and 24 age‐ and sex‐matched controls were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interstitial cells of Cajal showing changes suggestive of injury, large and empty nerve endings, presence of lipofuscin and lamellar bodies in the smooth muscle cells were found in all patients. However, the ultrastructural changes in ICC and nerves differed between diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis and were more severe in idiopathic gastroparesis. A thickened basal lamina around smooth muscle cells and nerves was characteristic of diabetic gastroparesis whereas idiopathic gastroparetics had fibrosis, especially around the nerves. In conclusion, in all the patients TEM showed abnormalities in ICC, nerves and smooth muscle consistent with the delay in gastric emptying. The significant differences found between diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis offers insight into pathophysiology as well as into potential targeted therapies.
Periodontal disease, tooth loss and incident rheumatoid arthritis: results from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and its epidemiological follow‐up study
Authors: Demmer Ryan T. , Molitor Jerry A. , Jacobs David R. , Michalowicz Bryan S.
Published: September 2011

Aims

Infection may be a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk factor. We examined whether signs of periodontal infection were associated with RA development in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and its epidemiological follow‐up study.

Material and Methods

In 1971–1974, 9702 men and women aged 25–74 were enrolled and surveyed longitudinally (1982, 1986, 1987, 1992). Periodontal infection was defined by baseline tooth loss or clinical evidence of periodontal disease. Baseline (n = 138) and incident (n = 433) RA cases were defined via self‐report physician diagnosis, joint pain/swelling, ICD‐9 codes (714.0–714.9), death certificates and/or RA hospitalization.

Results

Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% CI) for prevalent RA in gingivitis and periodontitis (versus healthy) were 1.09 (0.57, 2.10) and 1.85 (0.95, 3.63); incident RA ORs were 1.32 (0.85, 2.06) and 1.00 (0.68, 1.48). The ORs for prevalent RA among participants missing 5–8, 9–14, 15–31 or 32 teeth (versus 0–4 teeth) were 1.74 (1.03, 2.95), 1.82 (0.81, 4.10), 1.45 (0.62, 3.41) and 1.30 (0.48, 3.53); ORs for incident RA were 1.12 (0.77, 1.64), 1.67 (1.12, 2.48), 1.40 (0.85, 2.33) and 1.22 (0.75, 2.00). Dose‐responsiveness was enhanced among never smokers. The rate of death or loss‐to‐follow‐up after 1982 was two‐ to fourfold higher among participants with periodontitis or missing ≥9 teeth (versus healthy participants).

Conclusions

Although participants with periodontal disease or ≥5 missing teeth experienced higher odds of prevalent/incident RA, most ORs were non‐statistically significant and lacked dose‐responsiveness. Differential RA ascertainment bias complicated the interpretation of these data.
Using optical coherence tomography for the longitudinal non‐invasive evaluation of epidermal thickness in a murine model of chronic skin inflammation
Authors: Silver Rachel , Helms Amy , Fu Wen , Wang Hui , Diaconu Doina , Loyd Candace M. , Rollins Andrew M. , Ward Nicole L.
Published: September 2011

Background

Non‐invasive methods are desirable for longitudinal studies examining drug efficacy and disease resolution defined as decreases in epidermal thickness in mouse models of psoriasiform skin disease. This would eliminate the need for either sacrificing animals or collecting serial skin biopsies to evaluate changes in disease progression during an individual study. The quantitation of epidermal thickness using optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides an alternative to traditional histology techniques.

Methods

Using the KC‐Tie2 doxycycline‐repressible psoriasiform skin disease mouse model, OCT imaging was completed on diseased back skin of adult KC‐Tie2 (n = 3–4) and control (n = 3–4) mice, followed immediately by the surgical excision of the same region for histologic analyses. Animals were then treated with doxycycline to suppress transgene expression and to reverse the skin disease and additional OCT images and tissues were collected 2 and 4 weeks following. Epidermal thickness was measured using OCT and histology.

Results

Optical coherence tomography and histology both demonstrated that KC‐Tie2 mice had significantly thicker epidermis (~4‐fold; P < 0.0001) than control animals. By 2 weeks following gene repression, decreases in epidermal thickness were observed using both OCT and histology, and were sustained through 4 weeks. Correlation analyses between histology and OCT values at all time points and in all animals revealed high significance (R2 = 0.78); with correlation being highest in KC‐Tie2 mice (R2 = 0.92) compared to control animals (R2 = 0.16).

Conclusion

Non‐invasive OCT imaging provided similar values as those collected using standard histologic measures in thick skin of KC‐Tie2 mice but became less reliable in thinner control mouse skin, possibly reflecting limitations in resolution of OCT. Future advances in resolution of OCT may improve and allow greater accuracy of epidermal thickness measurements.
Survival Analysis of Patents in Canada
Authors: Nikzad Rashid
Published: September 2011

This paper studies the life and grant time of patent applications in Canada by using two survival analysis approaches: the Kaplan–Meier estimator and the Cox proportional hazards estimator. The analysis of this paper shows that non‐Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) patent applications and more complex patent applications survive longer and need more time to be granted. Moreover, foreign and small entity patent applications survive longer. Being granted has a very significant impact on survival time. Finally, there is a statistically significant difference among International Patent Classification (IPC) main classes in terms of survival time.
ICSH recommendations for the measurement of Haemoglobin F
Authors: STEPHENS A. D. , ANGASTINIOTIS M. , BAYSAL E. , CHAN V. , DAVIS B. , FUCHAROEN S. , GIORDANO P. C. , HOYER J. D. , MOSCA A. , WILD B. ,   ON BEHALF OF THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE STANDARDISATION OF HAEMATOLOGY (ICSH)
Published: September 2011

Measurement of the Haemoglobin F in red cell haemolysates is important in the diagnosis of δβ thalassaemia, hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH) and in the diagnosis and management of sickle cell disease. The distribution of Hb F in red cells is useful in the diagnosis of HPFH and in the assessment of feto‐maternal haemorrhage. The methods of quantifying Hb F are described together with pitfalls in undertaking these laboratory tests with particular emphasis on automated high‐performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis.
Thelypteris amazonica sp. nov. (Thelypteridaceae) from Amazonian Brazil
Authors: Salino Alexandre , Santos Fernandes Rozijane , Roberto Pietrobom Marcio
Published: September 2011

A new species of Thelypteris subgenus Goniopteris (Thelypteridaceae) is described and illustrated: Thelypteris amazonica Salino & R. S. Fernandes is apparently most similar to Thelypteris anoptera (Kunze) C. Chr. (Brazil‐Bahia) and T. abrupta (Desv.) Proctor (Antilles, Central America, South America), but differs from both by the clavate vein ends, basal vein pairs from adjacent segments not united below the sinuses, and petioles with simple and stellate hairs. Thelypteris amazonica is known only from Amazonian Brazil.
Vascular Compromise Secondary to Acromioclavicular Joint Injury: A Case Report
Authors: Anakwe Raymond E. , Watts Adam C. , McBirnie Julie
Published: September 2011

Acromioclavicular dislocation is a common injury in young males. We present an unusual complication of vascular compromise occurring in a 27-year-old male manual labourer with a grade V acromioclavicular joint dislocation. Following modified Weaver–Dunn reconstruction, the patient had a good outcome, with total relief of symptoms, and returned to his previous occupation.
Inferior Paralabral Cyst Causes Axillary Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Fogerty Simon , Grainger Andrew , Hackney Roger
Published: September 2011

A 41-year-old man was referred for an ultrasound scan to investigate a soft tissue mass in his axilla, considered to be the cause of an axillary vein thrombosis. The scan showed the mass to be a cystic lesion, with a deep extension towards the humeral head. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large paralabral cyst arising from the inferior labrum and extending into the axilla, compressing the axillary vein, and this was considered as the likely cause of the thrombosis. There was associated tearing of the inferior labrum, which was detached from the underlying glenoid. The patient is heterozygous for the factor 2 gene mutation, which predisposes him slightly to thrombosis. In this patient's case, his moderate increased risk of clotting coupled with extrinsic compression of the axillary vein was sufficient to lead to thrombosis. He subsequently underwent arthroscopic drainage of the cyst.
Magnetic Resonance Arthrogram and Arthroscopy of the Shoulder: A Comparative Retrospective Study with Emphasis on Posterior Labral Lesions and Radiologist Locality
Authors: Kalson Nicholas S. , Geoghegan John M. , Funk Lennard
Published: September 2011

Background

Magnetic resonance arthrography(MRA) is a routine diagnostic investigation for glenohumeral lesions; however, diagnostic arthroscopy remains the gold standard. The present study aimed tto investigate the diagnostic accuracy of glenohumeral MRA compared to arthroscopy, with particular interest in previously unreported aspects, such as posterior labral lesions and the locality of the reporting radiologists.

Methods

Ninety-five consecutive patients with pre-operative MRA and subsequent arthroscopy were included. Patients were grouped into MRA reported by specialist radiologists within the specialist shoulder unit ( n = 58) or reported by nonlocal musculoskeletal radiologists ( n = 37).

Results

In the local radiologist group, the sensitivity/specificity for Hill – Sachs lesions was 0.71/0.85, anterior labral tears 0.75/0.73, posterior labral tears 0.50/0.92, superior labral tear from anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions 0.71/0/91 and rotator cuff tears (RCTs) 0.40/0.81. In the nonlocal radiologist group, the sensitivity/specificity for Hill – Sachs lesions was 0.64/0.88, anterior labral tears 0.70/0.79, posterior labral tears 0.40/0.81, SLAP lesions 0.66/0/82 and RCT 0.40/0.81. A nonsignificant trend of lower sensitivity/specificity for lesions reviewed by the nonlocal radiologists was found.

Discussion

MRA is not 100% sensitive or specific and does not negate arthroscopy. There is a lower diagnostic accuracy of posterior compared to anterior labral lesions and improved accuracy of glenohumeral MRA diagnosis may be achieved with the increased experience of radiologists within specialist units and regular surgical feedback of cases.
Survival and bronchial carcinoid tumors: Development of surgical techniques in a 30‐year experience of 82 patients in China
Authors: Wei Sen , Hao Chunfang , Gong Lei , Hu Chengguang , Lian Jianhong , Zhou Qinghua
Published: September 2011

Background:  We aimed to identify the factors determining long‐term survival after surgical management for bronchial typical carcinoid (TC) and atypical carcinoids (AC) and to compare the clinical outcome of the different surgical strategies used in the two periods of 1980–1994 and 1995–2005.

Methods:  Records of 82 patients with an initial pathological diagnosis of bronchial carcinoid tumor who underwent surgical management from January 1980 to December 2009 were reviewed. Tumors were classified as TC or AC using the 2004 World Health Organization criteria.

Results:  There were 60 TC and 22 AC. Surgical procedures included lobectomies, sleeve or bronchoplastic resections, pneumonectomies, wedge resections, and segmental resections. Significantly fewer pneumonectomies and more sleeve and bronchoplastic resections were performed after 1994. The prognosis was more favorable for TC than AC. Comparing lymph node status N0 with N1 + N2, 5‐ and 10‐year survival was 92% and 85% vs. 61% and 41%. No patient with lymph node involvement survived more than 15 years.

Conclusions:  Tumor subtype and lymph node status have the greatest impact on long‐term survival following surgery. AC and/or regional lymph node metastases have the worst prognosis. Formal anatomic and tissue‐saving lung resection plus systematic radical mediastinal lymphadenectomy for TC and AC should be standard.
Toscana Virus (TOSV) exposure is confirmed in blood donors from Central, North and South/Southeast Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Ergunay K. , Aydogan S. , Ilhami Ozcebe O. , Cilek E. E. , Hacioglu S. , Karakaya J. , Ozkul A. , Us D.
Published: September 2011

Summary Toscana virus (TOSV), a sandfly fever virus serotype of medical and public health importance, is a major pathogen involved in aseptic meningtis occurring in Mediterranean countries and poses a threat to the residents as well as travellers. Limited data on TOSV activity are present from Turkey despite being located in the endemic zone. We aimed to identify TOSV exposure in 1115 healthy blood donors at the Hacettepe University Hospital Blood Bank in Ankara, Turkey, using commercial indirect fluorescence assays (IFAs) and virus neutralization test (VNT) for antibody detection and specificity confirmation. A total of 199 samples (17.8%) were positive for anti‐TOSV that include IgG reactivity in 10.4%, IgM reactivity in 8.2% and IgM + IgG reactivity in 0.7% of the sera. Anti‐TOSV specificity could be confirmed via VNT in 56% of the IgG‐ and 43.6% of the IgM‐positive sera, making up a total of 58 samples (5.2%). Risk factors associated with TOSV IgG reactivity were male gender, residing in rural areas, frequent sighting of mosquitoes/sandflies and working outdoors. TOSV‐specific antibody prevalence increased significantly with age. Evidence of exposure to other sandfly fever viruses was noted. These data reveal that mild or asymptomatic infections with TOSV are frequent in central and northern Anatolia. TOSV exposure has also been identified in residents of 9 provinces in southern/southeastern Anatolia for the first time.
Desmitis of the medial tarsal collateral ligament in 7 horses
Authors: Sherlock C. E. , Eggleston R. B. , Peroni J. F. , Parks A. H.
Published: September 2011

Severe lameness, tarsocrural joint effusion and medially focused peritarsal swelling combined with focal pain on palpation are clinical signs suggestive of acute injury to the medial tarsal collateral ligament. Diagnosis can be made on physical examination and ultrasonographic findings; however, magnetic resonance imaging may provide more information especially with subtle injury. Acute exacerbation of the injury during the prolonged convalescence is common. The prognosis for medial tarsal collateral ligament desmitis appears good for survival but fair for return to previous levels of performance and requires prolonged periods of rest and a controlled exercise programme.
Pharmacists' awareness of Australia's health care reforms and their beliefs and attitudes about their current and future roles
Authors: Mak Vivienne S L , Clark Alice , Poulsen Joo H , Udengaard Kimmie U , Gilbert Andrew L
Published: September 2011

Objective

To explore pharmacists' awareness of Australia's health care reforms and their beliefs and attitudes about their current and future roles.

Methods

Four focus groups were conducted with 32 South Australian pharmacists: two groups included community pharmacists and pharmacy owners; one included hospital pharmacists and another, consultant pharmacists.

Key findings

Four themes emerged: (1) poor awareness of health care reform agenda; (2) strong adherence to the supply model; (3) lack of appreciation of alternative models; and (4) communication barriers.

Conclusions

Participants' low awareness of Australia's health care reforms and their expressed beliefs and attitudes to their current role in the health system suggest that they are not well prepared for the potential future roles expected of health professionals in the health care reform agenda.
Comparison of Film Effectiveness and Cooling Uniformity of Conical and Cylindrical-Shaped Film Hole With Coolant-Exit Temperature Correction
Authors: Nguyen Cuong Q. , Johnson Perry L. , Bernier Bryan C. , Ho Son H. , Kapat Jayanta S.
Published: September 2011

Data from conical-shaped film cooling holes are extremely sparse in open literature, especially the cooling uniformity characteristic, an important criterion for evaluating any film cooling design. The authors will compare the performance of conical-shaped holes to cylindrical-shaped holes. Cylindrical-shaped holes are often considered a baseline in terms of film cooling effectiveness and cooling uniformity coefficient. The authors will study two coupons with conical-shaped holes, which have 3° and 6° diffusion angles, named CON3 and CON6, respectively. A conjugate heat transfer computational fluid dynamics model and an experimental wind tunnel will be used to study these coupons. The three configurations: cylindrical baseline, CON3, and CON6, have a single row of holes with an inlet metering diameter of 3 mm, length-to-nominal diameter of 4.3, and an injection angle of 30°. In this study, the authors will also take into account the heat transfer into the coolant flow from the coolant channel. In other words, the coolant temperature at the exit of the coolant hole will be different than that measured at the inlet, and the conjugate heat transfer model will be used to correct for this difference. For the numerical model, the realizable k-ɛ turbulent model will be applied with a second order of discretization and an enhanced wall treatment to provide the highest accuracy available. Grid independent studies for both cylindrical-shaped film cooling holes and conical-shaped holes will be performed, and the results will be compared to data in open literature as well as in-house experimental data. Results show that conical-shaped holes considerably outperform cylindrical-shaped holes in film cooling effectiveness at all blowing ratios. In terms of cooling uniformity, conical-shaped holes perform better than cylindrical-shaped holes for low- and midrange blowing ratios, but not at higher levels.
Grip strength and lower limb extension power in 19–72-year-old Danish men and women: the Health2006 study
Authors: Aadahl Mette , Beyer Nina , Linneberg Allan , Thuesen Betina Heinsbæk , Jørgensen Torben
Published: September 2011

Aim

To assess muscular fitness by hand grip strength (HGS) and lower limb extension power (LEP) and to explore associations with age, leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and body composition.

Study population

A population-based sample of 19–72-year-old men and women were invited to participate in the health survey 'Health2006'. The response rate was 43.8% (N=3471), 55% were women, and the mean age was 49±13 years.

Methods

Height, weight, waist circumference, HGS and LEP were measured and participants answered a self-administered questionnaire. LEP was measured in a subsample of subjects (n=438). Gender-stratified multiple linear regression analyses were carried out. Data were adjusted for age, height and waist circumference.

Results

A large inter-individual variation was found in HGS and LEP. Both measures declined with age and were highly correlated (r=0.75, p<0.0001). LTPA was positively associated with HGS in men (p=0.0002) and women (p<0.0001) in the total sample, but in the subsample was significant in men only (p=0.004); the association between LTPA and LEP was significant in women only (p=0.02).

Conclusion

In this large population-based study sample, muscular fitness declined with age and LTPA was associated with HGS in both genders. The findings emphasise the importance of maintaining a physically active lifestyle at any age.
Can oral history improve healthcare professionals understanding of patients in palliative care?
Authors: Winslow Michelle , Smith Sam , Noble Bill
Published: September 2011

This presentation will consider the potential benefit of oral history in the context of medical and nurse education to aid a deeper understanding between patient and physician. We contend that oral history is a valid source of information for use in educating healthcare professionals through the reproduction of the authentic voice of the interviewee.

An oral history is a deeply personal account that expresses identity and explores meaning. When heard together with a clinical history there is potential for health professionals to gain knowledge of the variety of patients' experiences, deepening and broadening awareness of the process and consequences of disease. This understanding can enhance awareness of psychosocial matters and prepare them for clinical encounters in the future.

In palliative care, health professionals hear the concerns and distress of individual patients and carers by a process of active listening and structured questioning; their knowledge is synthesised from findings arising from population case studies and studies using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. While oral history makes no claim to be generalisable in a scientific sense, like other practices in the humanities, it does seek to describe the human condition. Oral histories are uncluttered by imposed theoretical frameworks or extrinsic interpretations and in this sense the patient has greater agency and the health professional can gain more rounded understandings.

The value of oral history to the health professional is that it allows communication with patients and carers that is unfiltered by a medical agenda. Accounts of patients' experience are put into context in a way that retains their individual voice and agency.
Corneal donation in palliative care: a doctor's perspective
Authors: Al-Qurainy Rasha , Prentice Wendy
Published: September 2011

Introduction

Corneal donation is a possibility for many palliative care patients after death but anecdotal evidence suggests it is seldom done. Previous research in other settings (especially acute medical settings) suggest lack of knowledge and a negative attitude from staff contributing to low donation rates, rather than public refusal.

Aim

To explore palliative care doctors' knowledge and attitudes about corneal donation and to find if any associations with corneal procurement exist.

Methods and results

A postal survey was conducted that tested knowledge of corneal donation and asked about attitude and behaviour (past experiences). A 14 item questionnaire was sent to 427 practising palliative care consultants and associate specialists in the UK. A response rate of 50% was achieved and the findings were analysed using SPSS software and thematic content analysis. The study showed that over half (57%) of doctors had an inadequate level of knowledge about corneal donation but did have a positive personal and professional attitude towards it. There was a statistically significant association between their personal and professional attitude (ie, either both would be positive or both negative) with a significant association between a positive attitude and a higher mean knowledge score. The most common perceived drawback of discussing donation was fear of causing distress (36% of doctors gave this response). In practice, causing distress was reported by 4.8% of the doctors.

Conclusion

The study found an association between palliative care doctors' knowledge and attitude with procurement behaviour. Those that viewed donation positively had a greater amount of knowledge. Doctors tended to have the same professional view as their personal view. This could suggest that doctors bring their personal opinions into the work place and exhibit gate-keeping behaviour which could have implications for practice. The study also highlighted the differences between doctors' perceptions and actual experiences.
Gaining ‘real-time’ feedback to influence patient and family care
Authors: Horne Gillian , Biggs Jane
Published: September 2011

Introduction

Gaining meaningful feedback about service user experience when patients are at the end of life can be difficult. The hospice through its relationship with the local primary care trust won a competition hosted by Picker Institute Europe and Fr3dom Health Solutions. The award enabled the development of patient, relative and public experience surveys.

Aims

To design specific user experience surveys which are easy to administer, would provide meaningful feedback to enhance quality of care and inform future service developments.

Methods

Five surveys were designed by clinical teams with the help of Picker Institute Europe. Surveys were designed to be relevant to each clinical area. Hospice volunteers were trained in administering the electronic surveys. A survey about the inpatient discharge process was administered through SMS text messaging. The community survey was administered in written format with an option to complete on-line.

Results

Results are providing useful feedback on inpatient and family experience of involvement in decisions about care, dignity, choice in food and help in eating, cleanliness and noise of the environment. Community survey results are providing us with feedback on patient experience on the effectiveness of symptom management and public surveys have provided peoples views on access to and knowledge of the hospice. The informal verbal comments given to volunteers are helpful in seeking to meet needs not picked up by the survey.

Discussion

Results are providing useful information about different aspects of our service, which may not have been possible using standard written surveys. Staff and patients have commented on the ‘professionalism’ of the volunteers in administering the surveys and volunteers have enjoyed being involved in this project.

Conclusion

The use of bespoke surveys using electronic devices, administered by trained volunteers, is an effective way of gaining feedback from a variety of service users.
£30 m investment in children and young people's palliative care – taking up the challenge
Authors: McNamara Katrina
Published: September 2011

In 2007, Professor Sir Alan Craft led an independent review that identified variation in the availability of children's palliative care services and issues around their sustainability. In June 2010, Department of Health (DH) announced the availability of up to £30 million is being made available to help children's hospices, networks and other providers develop local children's palliative care projects and help to address the key issues set out in the Craft report.

This presentation aims to set out the developments achieved by ACT, the UK children's palliative care organisation following the successful application to the DH in England for funding.

Over 400 projects were successful in their bids for funding. ACT's successful bids included:

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Extubation care pathway and parents' critical care leaflet

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Symptom control manual and formulary

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Children's palliative care handbook for GPs

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Family Companion update and film.

ACT has also worked in partnership with BLISS to further work on neonatal activity and with Children's Hospice UK to roll-out a programme of Square Table events to facilitate local debates about key issues in children's palliative care.
'A foot in the door' – an introductory programme for patients with early stage motor neuron disease
Authors: Stananought Nicola , Greene Marie , Sutherland Jane , Midgley Corinna , Asiam Evelyn
Published: September 2011

Introduction

Patients with MND are usually referred to palliative care services late in their disease progression. Reasons for this appear to centre on patients being so distressed at the prospect of palliative care services involvement, that they delay referral for as long as possible. Having identified this as a problem, the hospice embarked on a joint venture with the Motor Neurone Disease Association. The premise of such joint working was to develop an outreach project for local patients with early stage MND. A grant was successfully secured from the DH (project 64 grant).

Aims

The aims of the project were to introduce this cohort of patients/carers to palliative care services at a much earlier stage in their illness and to decrease levels of distress/anxiety associated with a referral. It was also to give the opportunity for patients/carers to meet others in a similar situation and to provide them with information about common problems.

Methods

Two programmes were devised, each of 10 sessions, with a different theme per session. Each programme was devised to support 10 new patients/carers, with sessions taking place in the day hospice (hence the title ‘a foot in the door’).

Results

During the first and final sessions of each programme, patients/carers were asked to anonymously score a series of statements concerning their confidence in (and experience in accessing) care, their concerns for the future and feelings about hospice services. Results show that a positive change in all domains occurred.

Conclusion

This outreach project had a positive impact on MND patients/carers. The project format can be replicated by other palliative care providers.

A DVD further detailing the project is being made in order to help other palliative care providers develop similar work.
Improving end of life care on the front line
Authors: Scates Caroline
Published: September 2011

Emergency Care Practitioners (ECPs) are often asked to respond to 999 calls from patients that are dying at home. If relatives caring for loved ones at the end of life suddenly become afraid or anxious, or if new symptoms develop, then the ECPs are often called and have to make quick assessments and judgements about the situation. This project is about enhancing the skills and knowledge of the ECPs to enable them in decision making, and recognising some of the complications and complexities at the end of life. The ultimate aim is to keep patients in their preferred place of care.

Aim

To provide 5 days of training to ECPs from the East of England on end of life care, including what palliative care emergencies are, what the end of life care tools are and an introduction to the drugs available in emergency boxes.

Methods

Between November 2010 and March 2011 we welcomed over 30 ECPs on five study days on end of life care. Each delegate attended the same programme and had the opportunity to discuss the most difficult aspects of attending palliative care patients.

Results

Our initial feedback from the evaluation forms was encouraging. For many delegates, this was the first training that they had received on end of life care.

Discussion

The initial feedback received and the links that we have now built with the ambulance service, are certainly encouraging. We have been given some anecdotal evidence from the local end of life care facilitator who has already seen positive results in practice.

Conclusion

By September, we will have further feedback from the ECPs as we plan to wait until they have had an opportunity to put what they have learned into practice before assessing how this training has influenced practice and what needs to develop further.