bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Limited Reach of Russia's Party System: Underinstitutionalization in Dual Transitions
Authors: STONER-WEISS KATHRYN
Published: March 2007

While Russian political parties appear to be institutionalizing to some degree at the national level, they are surprisingly absent at the regional level. This is a result of the dynamics of Russia's dual economic and political transition. Regional elites prefer a “partial reform equilibrium” in political institutional development so that they can avoid widening the sphere of accountability for their decisions in order to protect the gains they have made in the early stage of the economic transition. Strong political institutions—like competitive political parties that penetrate the periphery—would render transitional winners more broadly accountable to wider societal interests as well as to national political actors. The argument suggests that the territorial penetration and further institutionalization of Russia's party system are not necessarily inevitable. Under the conditions of dual, simultaneous economic and political transitions, elites may prefer an equilibrium of political underinstitutionalization to preserve their early winnings from the economic transition.
The Coevolution of Institutions, Organizations, and Ideology: The Longlake Experience of Property Rights Transformation
Authors: WANG NING
Published: March 2007

This article examines the transformation of property rights over fishery resources in Longlake, China, where a gradual evolutionary process from a common property regime to a state property regime occurred between the late 1970s and the late 1980s. It explores the active role played by economic actors as well as the underlying economic, political, and sociocultural forces in transforming both formal and informal property rules. Stressing the different ways formal and informal property rules change, this article contributes to our understanding of property rights transformation and institutional change in general.
Problems of Communicative Syllabuses
Authors: Fish Harold , Dudley-Evans Tony
Published: March 2007

An examination of textbooks based on a 'Grammatical Syllabus' would reveal considerable consensus about order and contents. An examination of textbooks following a 'communica tive' approach however, does not reveal any comparable con sensus about what should be included in a communicative sylla bus. Certain functions do tend to appear, for example 'requesting,' 'apologising' and 'suggesting' but there is no agreed order of presentation. This is probably because the courses were originally designed for a variety of different situations.

This article suggests that there is perhaps greater potential in basing communicative syllabuses on a common core of 'notions' (Wilkins semantico-grammatical categories) such as 'location,' 'cause and effect' and 'quantity.' Such notions have a more predictable relationship with sentence grammar than, say, func tions which are essentially features of discourse and should be treated as such. A communicative syllabus cannot just be an inventory of notions and their formal representations. A com municative syllabus must include methodological guidelines that avoid any contradiction between the aims of the syllabus and the means by which these aims are achieved. Suggestions are made as to the type of communicative methodology that can be ex ploited even from the earliest stages.
Teaching Proununciation from the Top Down
Authors: Pennington Martha C.
Published: March 2007

Pronunciation is re-examined from a "top-down" perspective which shifts the focus of attention in language instruction from individual phonemes to suprasegmentals and other features of the larger con text of utterances. These include prosody, phonological fluency, voice quality, and gestures. A basis is provided for instruction and student practice of the entire communicational complex in which pronunciation is situated.
Communication Failure in the Language Classroom: an Exploration of Causes
Authors: Lai Cecilia
Published: March 2007

A great deal of current theory and research stresses the importance of providing learners with opportunities for real and meaningful communication in second language acquisition. The Hong Kong secondary school English syllabus reflects the influence of such thinking. This study aims to investigate the following issues: first, whether or not the provision of opportunities for meaningful communication in the English classroom, as advocated in the syllabus, is manifested in the secondary-level English classrooms in Hong Kong; second, what the level of learners' confidence is in using English in class communication; and third, what factors account for different confidence levels in class communication. With regard to these questions, a questionnaire was administered to 487 Form Four students of eleven local schools.

The results of the study indicate, first, the persistence of non- interactive patterns of communication in the English classroom, where learners' opportunities for participating in classroom communication are limited. Second, a majority of the learners are not confident in communicating in English in the classroom. Finally, three main factors contributing to learners' confidence levels for participating in classroom communication are identified. They are a self-esteem factor, a language anxiety factor, and a factor of non-favourable patterns and opportunities for classroom communication. Within these factors, the learners' perceptions of their poor English standards and the teachers' attitude towards the learners' performance in class were found to be particularly important.
Religious Education and National Identity
Authors: MacNEILL Dominique
Published: March 2007

The author analyses the place and role of religious education in British, French and German state schools since the Second World War. She shows that changes brought to syllabi with regard to the teaching of religion are linked to the prevailing political atmosphere and the relationship between state and church in each of the countries considered. Major events in these societies in the late 1980s—the 1980 (Scottish) and the 1988 (England and Wales) Education Acts, the Affaire du Foulard in France (1989) and the unification of Germany in 1990—have led to a reconsideration of religion as a school topic, and to a revision of the educational policies that regulate it. Finally, is the place given to religious education in state schools symptomatic of political agendas, and is religion used as a tool for building national identity?
Attitudes sécularistes et fondamentalistes en France et dans divers pays occidentaux
Authors: LAMBERT Yves
Published: March 2007

A number of questions in the 1991 and 1998 ISSP surveys make it possible to identify attitudes which can be characterized as “fundamentalist” or “secular” in relation to the interpretation of the Bible or the direct influence of religion upon social life. In the western countries surveyed (with the exception of Russia, Poland, Ireland and the United States), the secular core emerges as clearly more important than the fundamentalist one. Older, less educated, more traditionalist, fundamentalists appear more as a rear-guard. France proves to be the most secular country, due perhaps to its formal separation of church and state (laïcité). In any case this separation at the level of the school system is widely accepted in its current form, including by Catholics. Those who support its reinforcement are significantly more numerous than those who wish to make it more flexible or to abandon it altogether.
Christian Consecrated Life in Sub-Saharan Africa: Past and Present Challenges
Authors: ONYEJEKWE Marcellinus C.
Published: March 2007

Inculturation is currently gaining ground in almost all aspects of the Church's life and teaching. It enables each people to read, interpret and live out the gospel and its charismas, like the consecrated life, in accordance with their cultural ways of being and acting without undermining their essentials. From this background, the author reflects on the Christian consecrated life with reference to Black Africans in general and the Igbos of Nigeria in particular. This article discusses some of the anomalies, practical problems and challenges existing in Igbo-Africa, which justify the call for dialogue and search for solutions from the gospel and cultural contexts for the well-being and authenticity of the indigenous religious.
Sociologie de la paroisse comme Assemblée eucharistique
Authors: Houtart Fr.
Published: March 2007

The first part sets out the bases of social study of the parish. This would seem to start from three lines of thought: the deeper study of certain fundamental sociological concepts; the sociological examination of parishes in their factual reality; the developing of sociological thought in line with the implications of theology.

The author treats this third point in the second part of the article. Here he directs our attention on the one hand to the theological status of the parish as the place of the eucharistic assembly, and on the other to the remaining significant elements of the parochial institution.
Quelques aspects sociologiques de la Franc-maçonnerie
Authors: Groenman S.
Published: March 2007

The sociological analysis of Freemasonry is rendered difficult by the fact that it is impossible to estimate exactly its social significance and its influence, since it has no definite ideology. The author indicates, nevertheless, the conditions and lines on which a com bined study could be made.
Le problème des vocations religieuses en Pologne
Authors: Zdaniewicz Witold
Published: March 2007

In the first two parts of his work, the author devotes himself to a statistical study of changes in the personnel of convents in Poland between 1945 and 1958 (number of postulants, number of professed, number leaving the religious life, lay brothers and clerics).

It would appear that the number of vocations among brothers in particular is diminishing, that twice as many leave as enter and that the brothers who leave outnumber the professed threefold.

In a third part, the sociological analysis attempts to grasp, at a conscious level, the motivation of vocations:

for priests, it is the desire for the apostolic life which predominates; for brothers, it is of a more monastic nature: to serve God.

The enquiry also reveals the social factors under the influence of which monks become aware of their vocations. The more noticeable features are:

the importance of the years of primary education,

the importance of the liturgy,

personal example and the activity of the Church,

the reputation of the chosen community.

Finally, enquiry at an individual level attempts to discover the way in which vocations arise: their difficulties, the cause of 'crises'. 46 % of clerics and 43% of brothers go through a crisis in the course of their lives.

The cause is to be looked for in the increasing influence of 'secular' life on the convents; this influence has a profound effect on the activity

and spirituality of religious, (the practice of obedience in particular). In conclusion:

1. The statistics create the impression not so much of 'crisis' as of modification in the recruitment of religious orders, (nuns are not taken into account in this study).

2. As for spiritual 'crises': these will find no solution unless the structures of the religious life adapt and accept postulants as they are, with all the implications of their modern mentality.
Immigrant Sect Development in Britain: A Case of Status Deprivation ?
Authors: Hill Clifford
Published: March 2007

L'auteur analyse la formation et l'extension rapide de sectes religieuses (surtout pentecôtistes), qui se recrutent parmi des noirs antillais récemment immigrés en Angleterre; le phéno mène est mis en perspective avec les tensions sociales, et en particulier celles qu'a provoqué l'immigration noire en Grande- Bretagne. La plus importante de ces sectes sert de cas d'ana lyse et sa croissance est interprétée à partir du concept d'anomie.

Les Antillais immigrés en Grande-Bretagne ne souffrent pas de dépossession économique, mais de l'infériorité de leur race et de leur statut, et cela est devenu particulièrement sensible depuis que, pour la première fois, le problème racial est devenu un enjeu électoral. L'analyse montre que les adhé sions à la secte se font plus nombreuses à mesure que s'accroît ce problème. L'auteur conclut à l'existence d'un lien entre l'anomie et la croissance des sectes religieuses de noirs en Grande-Bretagne.
Les superstitions, mystification des relations quotidiennes (*)
Authors: Tazhurizina Z.A.
Published: March 2007

The author shows that the Russian Orthodox Church throughout the centuries has combatted superstition on theo logical grounds. Nonetheless, many Orthodox parishoners, and to some extent the clergy themselves, manifest elements of superstition. In the popular mind, and to most Soviet scholars, Baptism takes a more consistently conscious and rational approach to religious faith. Baptism, too, is firmly against superstition, but many Baptists are superstitious. Even non-believing members of the Soviet intelligentsia are not immune. The author analyzes the nature of superstition both in theory and in fact (on the basis of field work).
Pédagogie institutionnelle et groupes religieux
Authors: Servais Emile , Hiernaux Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2007

The authors of this article present their conception of a type of group intervention which they call " institution learning." After explaining its theoretical bases and showing certain concrete problems arising from it, they outline the interest that such an approach could have for religious groups.
Religion and Rights : A Dissenting Minority as a Social Movement in Romania
Authors: King Arthur
Published: March 2007

Un «Comité de Défense Chrétienne pour la Liberté de Reli gion et de Conscience» (A. L. R. C.) fut fondé en 1978 en Rouma nie par un groupe comprenant de nombreuses dénominations, avec une majorité de Baptistes.
The Wood and the Trees
Authors: Bourdin Alain , Sain-Cricq Mireille , Hirschhorn Monique
Published: March 2007

Les représentations sociales associées à l'électricité et à l'éner gie nucléaire manifestent-elles un retour du sacré?

Si l'on en tend par sacré la référence au tout autre, l'existence d'un sens donné, les résultats de /'enquête ne semblent pas confir mer cette hypothèse. A travers les discours s'exprime au contraire un mode de pensée non dualiste qui conduit à une éthique de la responsabilité. La disparition de la garantie métaphysique entraine ainsi la recherche d'autresformes de sécurité. Parler hâti vement de retour du sacré serait occulter la mutation qui s'ébau che.
Le champignon, le masque et le miroir: la définition de la religion en anthropologie
Authors: Morales Federico Garcia
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the problems which arise in defining religion, and considers certain propositions which have recently gained in importance in the field of religious anthropology, and more particularly those which are related to the problem of mea ning and ideology.
Conservative Protestantism on the American Scene
Authors: Hunter James Davison
Published: March 2007

La survivance du protestantisme conservateur dans la société moderne n'avait pas été prévue par de nombreux spécialistes des sciences sociales au cours des cent dernières années. Toutefois, aux États Unis, le «Mouvement Évangélique» ne se contente pas de survivre. Il se caractérise au contraire par une vigueur intense. C'est ce dont témoignent la croissance des affiliations au sein des dénominations conservatrices, l'expansion du réseau de base des moyens de communication de masse des «évangéliques» et la rée mergence d'une ostensible et puissante coalition politique entre eux. Dans ces conditions, la survivance du protestantisme conser vateur n'est toutefois pas séparable de son côté équivoque. La rationalité moderne, le pluralisme culturel et structurel (la dicho tomisation de l'existence entre spheres privée et publique) impo sent des contraintes à ce système de croyance et le force dans une certaine mesure à l'adaptation. Cette adaptation rend la foi évan gélique plus ou moins soutenable pour le croyant moderne.
From Revival to Restoration : the Emergence of Britain's New Classical Pentecostalism
Authors: Walker Andrew
Published: March 2007

Cet article décrit les différents groupements au sein du phé nomène souvent (mais incorrectement) appelé «house church movement» en Grande Bretagne. Les rapports existants entre ce mouvement et différentes formes du pentecôtisme classique sont discutés. On y fait le point à propos du réalignement de ce mouve ment à l'intérieur du protestantisme conservateur. On observe dans ce mouvement un mécontentement à l'égard des autres Égli ses protestantes conservatrices plutôt qu'à l'égard du monde sécu larisé qui a engendré les groupements ayant de la sympathie pour une restauration. L'article s'achève en montrant que le mouve ment représente une réponse à la modernité, qu'il est en train de devenir sectaire et que ce sectarisme est peut-être la seule défense possible à l'égard de la sécularisation.
The Sacredness of the Cow in India
Authors: Batra S.M.
Published: March 2007

Cet article traite d'un aspect souvent négligé par les études consacrées au caractère sacré de la vache en Inde. Ces études, sou vent polémiques, se sont préoccupées d'aspects techniques et envi ronnementaux et n'ont pratiquement rien apporté quant à la compréhension de la logique culturelle contenue dans le caractère sacré de cet animal.

Basé sur I 'étude de textes sacrés, sur des observations empiri ques dans le Nord du Pays et sur des travaux d'anthropologues dans d'autres régions, cet article jette une lumière sur le caractère sacré de la vache dans l'Inde ancienne, sur les processus histori ques qui ont abouti à l'émergence des tabous concernant la con sommation du boeuf, sur les mythes et rites qui accompagnent ce phénomène, sur ses significations culturelles dans la société indienne. L'auteur estime que l'interprétation métaphorique technico-environnementale de Harris à propos du caractère sacré de la vache ne rend pas compte de manière adéquate du maintien de ce modèle culturel en Inde. L'idéologie religieuse indienne explique mieux cette persistance car la sacralité de la vache est un reflet d'actes symboliques ayant un caractère expressif et une fin en soi qui dépassent les simples considérations rationnelles.
The Role of Religion in the Definition of a Symbolic Conflict. Religion and the Basque Problem
Authors: Pérez-Agote Alfonso
Published: March 2007

Le conflit symbolique et politique entre le Pays Basque et 1'Etat Espagnol est loin d'être résolu. Pendant la période fran quiste, un processus d'extension (dans différents secteurs géogra phiques et sociaux) et de radicalisation politique de la conscience nationaliste s'est produit. Ce que signifie une perte progressive de la légitimation politique de I'Etat à rintérieur du Pays Basque. Dans cet article, l'auteur analyse les différents aspects du rôle joué par la religion et l'Eglise catholiques dans ce processus.
The Process of Secularization. A Neglected Issue in Finnish Sociology
Authors: Sundback Susan
Published: March 2007

Cet article a un triple objet: expliquer le manque à peu près total d'intérêt pour le problème de la sécularisation de la part des sociologues finlandais; plaider en faveur d'une telle recherche sociologique; suggérer quelques observations importantes à faire au début d'une telle recherche en Finlande.
Mauss et Durkheim: un désaccord sur la question du sacré et une perspective relationnelle sur Simmel et la société post-moderne
Authors: MARTELLI Stephano
Published: March 2007

We can profit from the disagreement between Mauss and Durkheim over two questions concerning Durkheim's theory of religion. (a) Durkheim's reflections on religion arrive at an ontology of the sacred (“virage essentialiste”). Mauss, on the contrary, believes that the mana is a more comprehensive category than the sacred, and more useful for the study of non-semitic religions (such as the Chinese). (b) Does a religious feeling exist? Durkheim, who follows William James's psychological theory, thinks so. Mauss, however, believes that religious feeling does not exist as such, but comprises collective and immanent feelings only. The consequence of this is to displace Durkheim's theory of the sacred. Mauss's disagreement with Durkheim about those two central points was not open, so the theory of the sacred became the “normal paradigm” (in Thomas Kuhn's sense) of the sociology of religion. This “normal paradigm” (socio-religion, in José A. Prades's term) is more suited to an explanation of the religious phenomena of traditional society than it is able to define the specific concerns of postmodern society. Between Mauss and Durkhem, who is right? Georg Simmel proposes a relational sociology - not a relativistic one - which offers new and interesting insights concerning many phenomena of the modern and postmodern society: from money to fashion; from the urban way of life to the arts; from group dynamics to social conflicts. A relational sociology of religion may be the starting-point for a profitable analysis of religious phenomena in postmodern society.
Les conditions de production et la formation à la recherche en contexte techno-bureaucratique
Authors: TURCOTTE Paul-André
Published: March 2007

The widening and diversification of science's range has made the rationalization of the way work is done and researchers trained as essential to the sociology of religion as it is to other university disciplines. This rationalization, based on a model drawn from business and industry, focuses on the management of the details of a project, its division into sections, and the quantification used to measure the results. These points, among others, are in conflict with the artisan style of proceeding which is oriented toward the production of a personal, largely autonomous work that integrates whatever techniques are of help in its creation. The conflict between the personal emphasis and the programmed approach is just as evident in the training of researchers in the sociology of religion. University departments easily relegate this discipline to the rank of matters of secondary importance. However, when we look carefully at the study of sociology as it applies to religious phenomena, we see that it is far from ready to let itself be confined within the barriers controlled by the secular and ecclesiastical bureaucracies. In other words, the system spawns its own contradictions and setbacks.
Dispositions culturelles, dynamique affective et changement de sens: une analyse sociologique de la pédagogie de la pastorale de la terre au Brésil
Authors: GAIGER Luiz Inácio
Published: March 2007

The pedagogy of adult education set up by the religious agents in charge of the pastoral accompaniment of members of the Movement of Landless Rural Labourers in Southern Brazil, is the subject of this article. This analysis of pastoral pedagogy is engendered and oriented by a theoretical concern: the need to surmount the exteriority of sociological approaches to social mobilization in relation to lived experience and intentional action, by integrating the subject's role into the field of analysis. This implies relativizing the explanation based on “objective” social conditions and centring the approach on mechanisms producing meaning, evaluation and individual decision making. In the analysis in question, the cultural dispositions of the landless peasants and the emotional dynamics, as lived by these actors within the context of land disputes, constitute the analytical fields permitting us to grasp the interaction between agents and peasants in its complexity and to discern the reasons involved in the performance of the pastoral pedagogy. This breaks down into six pedagogical strategies, whose major advantage is the capacity for providing the emotional impulse necessary for the shifting of meaning and, above all, for involvement in collective protest action.
La transmission religieuse en modernité: éléments pour la construction d'un objet de recherche
Authors: HERVIEU-LEGER Danièle
Published: March 2007

Religion, as a specific mode of believing, is characterized by a permanent reference to the continuity of a tradition that forms a “line of believers”. It does not mean that religion does not change: it means that religious change itself is religiously interpreted within a constant call for continuity, which induces a conception of religious socialization as a linear process. Modern societies, however, are dominated by the imperative of change and mobility. In this context, social identities are less and less inherited from one generation to another: they are built out from the diversity of the social and personal experiences in which individuals are involved. After exploring this contradiction, the author proposes a theoretical framework with view to identifying the different ways of restructuring religious identification, beginning by reconfiguring and combining the various dimensions—communitarian, cultural, ethical, emotional—of the “line of believers”.
The Netherlands as an Experimental Garden of Religiosity
Authors: JANSSEN Jacques
Published: March 2007

The religious condition of The Netherlands is the result of an encounter between general processes of European change on the one hand—characterized by individualization, humanization and abstraction—and a historical process peculiar to The Netherlands on the other. Here, the general trend of secularization hides the development of a veritable garden of new and interesting religiosities. Church membership is falling, yet the number of religious groupings is growing. A large part of the population is still tied to traditional religion. Yet many in The Netherlands have a real interest in general religious questions and share through discussion and active practice in New Age orientations. The most astonishing development is that Dutch society, historically a society of minorities, has produced a majority religious orientation which is no longer part of the traditional ideological “pillars”, and that for the first time a nationally common morality is being sought out.
Ethnic Distance and Religious Convergence: Shango, Spiritual Baptist, and Kali Mai Traditions in Trinidad
Authors: VERTOVEC Steven
Published: March 2007

Trinidad has been the setting for several important studies of both ethnic differentiation and religious syncretism. Rarely, however, have these topics been related to each other. This article explores ways in which perceived forms of convergence in belief and practice have developed among certain ethnically specific traditions: Shango and the Spiritual Baptist faith among Africans and Kali Mai puja among Hindu Indians. Factors contributing to this process include: common approaches to, and beliefs about, a localized supernatural world; parallel features surrounding ceremonial spirit possession; and among religious leaders, modes of competition to demonstrate a wide range of spiritual competence. Such forms of perceived convergence (often mis-attributed to genuine syncretism), it is argued, are largely made possible by the considerable social distance between Africans and Indians in Trinidad.
Pentecostalism in Latin America: Characteristics and Controversies
Authors: FRESTON Paul
Published: March 2007

Now nearly 90 years old, Latin American Pentecostalism has become a mass phenomenon. Academic interest in religion, previously focused on progressive Catholicism, has turned to the Pentecostals. Pentecostalism has become a new form of popular religiosity and has an uneasy relationship with parts of academia, which is reflected in academic work. After presenting its main characteristics, the author surveys some key controversies: the extent of foreign influence; explanations for growth; the contrasting fortunes of Pentecostal churches and base communities; the role of the media; implications for women and for indigenous peoples; economic effects; and the aptness of characterizing Latin American Pentecostalism as “Protestant”. He reminds readers of the importance of including Brazil in research because of its richness in autochthonous processes which may emerge later in other parts of the region.
“Us and Them”: Religious Diversity in an Urban District Context
Authors: AMEIGEIRAS Aldo Rubén
Published: March 2007

Through an exploratory study in Greater Buenos Aires, the author, by means of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, provides a knowledge and understanding of the attitudes shown by “us” (local residents who might or might not be involved in religious organizations), towards “them” (believers, or those with some commitment, who come into the area to participate in religious activities or otherwise demonstrate their faith). The perception and assessment of these incomers by residents to a large extent determines the former's admittance, conditional acceptance or rejection by the host society, for such impressions are based upon prejudices which generate intolerance, or conversely which promote the establishment of tolerant, pluralist attitudes. The author suggests that closed or open religious organizations mirror the predominance of attitudes of exclusion or of openness and acceptance of diversity, respectively.
The Status of the Individual in Japanese Religions: Implications for Japan's Collectivistic Social Values
Authors: ITO Masayuki
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to explore one of the basic reasons why the Japanese do not appreciate the ideal of individualism even after achieving a high level of industrialization. The author argues, by exploring the weakness of individualistic value orientations in modernized Japan, that Japanese religions provide a major clue. His examination of the status of the individual in Japanese religious values and beliefs in contrast with Christianity reveals that none of the Japanese religious traditions—Buddhism, Confucianism, or Shinto—ultimately legitimates the status of the individual; rather, these religions encourage the submersion of individual identity. He concludes that individualism might be a distinctive social value flourishing only in the West where Christianity upholds the virtue of individualism as an ultimate goal.
La protestation sociale dans la première lettre de Pierre
Authors: MILLER Larry
Published: March 2007

Interpreters of the Prima Petri describe in divergent ways the historical relations between the letter's correspondents—the recipients and the author—and the established social order. According to some scholars, the text bears witness to a socially conformist Christianity in the context of Anatolian society, protesting only in the religious sphere. For others, the letter reveals a Christian movement deeply critical of the dominant social system. The continuing disagreement between scholars on this point is an invitation to reconsider the problem. We do so in this article primarily using the concepts of “voluntary utopian group” and “implicit social protest” as developed by French sociologist Jean Séguy.
Critical Moments: Choice, Chance and Opportunity in Young People's Narratives of Transition
Authors: Thomson Rachel , Bell Robert , Holland Janet , Henderson Sheila , McGrellis Sheena , Sharpe Sue
Published: March 2007

The `Inventing Adulthoods' study seeks to document transitions to adulthood reported by over 100 young people living in five contrasting communities in the UK over a five-year period. A principal aim of the study is to identify `critical moments' in young people's biographies and to explore how these moments are implicated in processes of social inclusion and exclusion. This article reports on an analysis of the first of three rounds of one-to-one interviews. We begin by mapping young people's critical moments, exploring the relationship between the social and geographical location in which they live and the kinds of events that they report as having particular biographical significance. We suggest that the character of these `critical moments' is socially structured, as are young people's responses to them. The argument is illustrated by case studies that show the interaction of choice, chance and opportunity in three young people's lives.
Women's Political Rights: Islam, Status and Networks in Kuwait
Authors: Rizzo Helen , Meyer Katherine , Ali Yousef
Published: March 2007

During the last decade, there have been signs of increased democratization in the Middle East. Yet women's political rights remain limited. In this article we focus on Kuwait, a country representative of how citizenship rights have been gendered in the Middle East. Some Kuwaiti women's groups support expanding women's political rights. This article seeks to determine if they have potential allies in the general population. Using survey data from 1500 Kuwaiti citizens in 1994, we identify potential advocates for extending women's rights by examining social status, social networks, religious identity and Gulf War experiences. We found that organized women's groups have potential allies in Sunni young people and men who belong to voluntary organizations, and Shia young men, older women and those who backed Islamic movements abroad. These groups form a basis for developing a broad base of popular support for expanding the citizenship rights of women.
Water-Resistant, Water Vapor Permeable Cotton Fabrics1
Authors: Fourt Lyman , Quinn Frank
Published: March 2007

The water vapor transmission property of the cotton fiber is used to greatest advantage in plastic-coated, water-resistant fabrics when the coatings are relatively light, and are as much as possible located inside the fabric structure, with cotton exposed on each surface. "Hill and valley" structured fabrics such as narrow wale pique, poplins, drills and twills with prominent twill lines, and napped or pile fabrics, such as suedes or velvets with a substantial backing portion of the fabric, are ad vantageous. However, light coatings on 80 X 80 print cloth, well scraped into the surface, can also show favorable combinations of relatively low vapor resistance and relatively high hydrostatic resistance.

A plasticized resin latex with a substantial proportion of water-soluble thickener tends to give more porous films than the films produced by plastisols, but each ap proach can give a wide range of combinations of properties.

White the fabrics do show vapor and water resistances which compare favorably with commercial "breathable vinyl" upholstery fabrics, the appearance and feel are different. Many factors in addition to water vapor permeability and hydrostatic resistance need to be considered in commercial fabrics.
The Gravimetric Estimation of Medulla in Wool
Authors: Ross D.A. , Speakman J.B.
Published: March 2007

A gravimetric estimation of the amount of medulla in wool can be made by determining the amount of residue left after samples of known dry weight have been treated with a 1.6% solution of peracetic acid for 48 hr. at 25° C, followed by a 1.0 N solution of am monia for 24 hr. at 25° C. A correction must be applied for the amount of residue given by nonmedullated wools, which is approximately the same for Merino and crossbred wools. Samples which are to be used for analysts should not be dried at a high tempera ture before use. because the amount of residue increases with increasing temperature of drying, especially when the moisture content of the wool is high, owing to the formation of resistant cross-linkages between the peptide chains.
The SRRL Integrated System for Opening and Cleaning Cotton—the Opener-Cleaner
Authors: Rusca R.A. , Young R.C.
Published: March 2007

An integrated system for cleaning cotton at textile mills is under development at the Southern Regional Research Laboratory. The theory and general design of the system and of one of its component machines, the Opener-Cleaner, are discussed.

The results of laboratory evaluations, usitig tivr commercial varieties of cotton, are presented. Comparisons of the processing performance of a conventtonat opening-picking line and an experimental line w ith the Opener-Cleaner are favorable to the experimental line. The Opener-Cleaner, alone, provides 35% cleaning efficiency and 0.3% lint loss at 1500 lb./hr. production.
New Fibers in Tire Cords
Authors: Mallory G.D.
Published: March 2007

Cotton, rayon, nylon, and steel have been used to make satisfactory tires. These four fibers vary widely in appearance and characteristics. They were used successfully in spite of these differences where many other fibers were inadequate. The most critical factors are cost per pound per unit of strength as built in the tire and fatigue life for reversing loads at operational temperatures.

New fibers should have enough of the basic requirements, a feature quality for some needed and spectacular performance, and a price such that our customers will buy our tires.
Combed Roving Twist Formula
Authors: Simpson Jack , Corley James R. , Schnabel Gerald G.
Published: March 2007

This study revealed that the twist required in rovings of combed cottons for good processing and drafting qualities varies directly with the hank roving, fiber fineness (Micronaire), and the variation of fiber length (both the uniformity ratio from the Fibrograph and per cent coefficient of variation from the Suter Webb Sorter). The twist varies inversely with the per cent noils removed and fiber length (Classer's staple length and upper half mean from the Fibrograph).

Four of these variables were incorporated into a formula, and a correction method was devised for the fifth variable. A nomograph based on this formula was constructed. It enables rapid determination of the twist required in rovings ranging from 0.25-10.0 hank, using combed cottons varying widely in fiber fineness, staple length, and per cent noils removed.
Compressional and Absorptive Behavior of Bulk Fiber Systems
Authors: Gotttieb Irvin M. , Wakeham Helmut , Virgin Hester M.
Published: March 2007

Methods are presented for the determination of (a) the interfiber volume of fibers in bulk form when immersed under pressure in water, and (b) the volume of water which can be absorbed by systems of initially dry fibers at various pressures. Data are given for acetate, Acrilan, cotton, Dacron4, glass, Fortisan, nylon, Orlon4, ramie, silk, Vicara, vicuna, and viscose rayon.'
Empirical Relations of Crease Recovery and Time
Authors: Wilkinson P.R. , Stanley H.E.
Published: March 2007

A technique for measuring short-time crease recovery is described. Data from this method and from the standard Monsanto method were used to establish several empiri cal relationships between crease recovery and time which give linear plots and which permit extrapolation to very short and very long times. One of these relationships gives a linear plot over the time range of 5 sec. to several days. These relationships lead to several new parameters for characterizing fabric recovery : very short time crease recovery, rate of delayed recovery, and recovery after infinite time. These parameters depend primarily on fiber type and to a much lesser extent on fabric construction.
The Mothproofing of Wool with Dieldrin
Authors: Lipson M. , McPhee J.R.
Published: March 2007

Dieldrin does not react with wool but, during treatment in aqueous emulsions, some of the insecticide penetrates the fibers. This small amount, sufficient to mothproof the wool, is not removed by the usual drycleaning solvents which do not cause swelling, but can be extracted completely by hot methanol or acetone. Dieldrin is gradually lost when treated wool is washed in soap solutions, but an initial application of 0.05% on the weight of wool gives a mothproofing effect which withstands machine washing for 3 hr. ASTM Standard Tests have been applied to wool containing 0.05% Dieldrin, and the insectproofing effect found to be fast (Class 3) to laundering, dry and wet cleaning, hot pressing, sea water, acid and alkaline perspiration, light, and rubbing.

Dieldrin has been applied to large amounts of wool at various stages of processing: the results of these industrial trials are given. Treatment should preferably be in the final wet process, since some of the insecticide is removed by subsequent dyeing, bleaching, or milling. Application is preferred from the dyebath when dyeing is the final wet process.
Feminist Theory and the Media Representation of a Woman-of-Color Superintendent
Authors: Nozaki Yoshiko
Published: March 2007

In this piece, the author discusses recent feminist theory, in particular feminist theory of cyborg identity, and examines some media representations of a woman-of-color superintendent. It is suggested that the cyborg image offers alternative ways to consider the issue of diversity and educational leadership, including the superintendency.
The Black College and the Quest for Educational Opportunity
Authors: Brown M. Christopher , Donahoo Saran , Bertrand Ronyelle D.
Published: March 2007

As remnants of a period in America’s past that some would like pretend did not exist, Black colleges have frequently been devalued and misconstrued. In a time when affirmative action programs are constantly being questioned, these institutions continue to be accused of promoting segregation. However, those who make such claims do so in direct opposition to the history that led to the development of these institutions. Although it is not often discussed, Black colleges have a long-standing tradition of preparing their students for economic, political, and social success. The purpose of this article is to provide an accurate historical and contemporary view of these institutions. Much can be learned from these institutions which have creatively combined academic instruction, cultural edification, and social uplift to generate a program that has been successfully preparing students for more than 100 years.
Interaction between Preservice Teachers and School Social Work Interns in an Urban School Setting
Authors: Kransdorf Martha , Doster Brenda , Alvarez Antonio
Published: March 2007

This study examined the results of a year of collaboration and interactions between preservice teachers and social work interns in joint seminars and field-based activities in four urban elementary schools. The program purposely structured formal and informal opportunities for meaningful partnerships between preservice teachers and social work interns to solve problems and challenges unique to urban schools. The findings revealed that overall, students found the collaboration to be a positive experience that provided a larger support system for addressing their needs.
Teacher Mobility and Productivity in a Metropolitan Area
Authors: Anderson Barry D. , Mark Jonathan
Published: March 2007

Past trends and future problems.
Becoming "We" Instead of "They"
Authors: McKim Judith L. , Davison Victoria F. , Shannon Lyle W.
Published: March 2007

"Melting pot" or not, attitudes of members of subcultures do tend to converge.
Toward a Definition of an Urban University
Authors: Spaights Ernest
Published: March 2007

Urban universities should be unlike others.
Student Characteristics and Achievement in Desegregated Schools
Authors: Griffore Robert J. , Parsons Margaret A.
Published: March 2007

Aspiration and self-concept are consistently linked; other links are erratic or change over time.
Politics and Precursors
Authors: Wallace Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2007

Both political power and an educational innovation were key ingredients in establishing compensatory higher education programs in New York State.
What Attitudes Do Educators Have about Student and Teacher Civil Rights?
Authors: Menacker Julius , Pascarella Ernest T.
Published: March 2007

Educators are as liberal as the courts-about themselves. They are less liberal about students.
School Desegregation Policy for the Next Thirty Years
Authors: Hentschke Guilbert C. , Lowe William T. , Royster Eugene C.
Published: March 2007

New strategies will be necessary to extend school desegregation.
Urban School Enrollment at the Turn of the Century
Authors: Rury John L.
Published: March 2007

In 1900, boys 'and girls' patterns of school leaving were influenced by differing factors.
Parent Choice and Empowerment
Authors: Jackson Barbara L. , Cooper Bruce S.
Published: March 2007

Schools and parents together will be far better at educating than the schools by themselves. In New York City, "PIP," "POP," and "PLAN" assure joint efforts.
Students as Volunteers
Authors: Serow Robert C. , Ciechalski Joseph , Daye Curtis
Published: March 2007

Volunteers' personal goals seem to outweigh their social concerns.
Race, Urban Politics, and Educational Policy-Making in Washington, D.C.
Authors: Hayes Floyd W.
Published: March 2007

In the District of Columbia, emphasis on desegregation was expensive in quality of schooling.
Dropping out and its Ultimate Consequence
Authors: Stephens Robert T. , Repa J. Theodore
Published: March 2007

In a New York state prison, 79% of convicted malefelons are high school dropouts.
Immigrant Students in New York City Schools
Authors: Tanners Lisa
Published: March 2007

The immigrant population residing in New York City has expanded enormously in recent years and profoundly affected the public school system. As significant as the expansion of immigrant students enrolled in New York City public schools has been, even more remarkable is the diversity in the countries of origin of the new students. This article looks at some of the problems faced by the New York City public schools in absorbing and educating a surge of immigrant children. Insight into the educational problems encountered by immigrant students is provided through student and teacher interviews.
Schooling and Delinquency among White and African American Adolescents
Authors: Voelkl Kristin E. , Welte John W. , Wieczorek William F.
Published: March 2007

Adolescent delinquency may be a likely consequence of negative school experiences, including poor academic performance, low class attendance, and dropping out. Given disparate experiences that African American and White students often encounter in school, this investigation examined the link between delinquency and school behaviors separately for White and African American males at risk for delinquency. In addition, it asked whether school experiences are equally related to both minor and more severe forms of criminal behavior. Results indicated that class attendance was related to higher incidence of both minor and serious delinquency. For African American adolescents, poor school grades and dropping out of school were predictive of both types of delinquency. The insignificant relationship between delinquency and school failure for White adolescents may be partially attributed to an economic safety net that provides assistance for White students who fall from the educational system. The importance of succeeding and persisting in school is highlighted for African American adolescents.
Gender Differences in Adolescents' Possible Selves
Authors: KNOX MICHELE , FUNK JEANNE , ELLIOTT ROBERT , BUSH ELLEN GREENE
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to better understand gender differences in global self-esteem at adolescence by examining the content of and gender differences within adolescents' “possible selves.” Possible selves are self-conceptions about both what an individual hopes to become and fears becoming. Results support the hypothesis that adolescents are able to access and report a vast array of possible selves. As hypothesized, female adolescents rated feared possible selves as more likely than boys. Girls accessed more feared possible selves related to relational functioning, whereas boys generated more feared possible selves related to occupation, general failure, and inferiority. No gender differences in likelihood or content of hoped-for possible selves were demonstrated. Results indicate that differences in boys' and girls' self-views may be rooted in the experienced importance and likelihood of feared selves. Implications for assessment and treatment addressing adolescent self-esteem are discussed.