bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphogenic Light Reflected to Developing Cotton Leaves Affects Insect‐Attracting Terpene Concentrations
Authors: Kasperbauer Michael J. , Loughrin John H.
Published: April 2016

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves accumulate volatile terpenes that have been implicated in the attraction of both insect pests and the arthropods which prey on them. Our objective was to determine if altering the light environment of developing cotton leaves could affect the accumulation of these attractants. Plants were grown in drip‐irrigated plots over colored polyethylene soil covers that reflected various combinations and intensities of red (R), far‐red (FR), blue (BL), and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). Individual terpenes were quantified by gas chromatography and identified by mass spectroscopy. Leaves exposed to a low amount of reflected BL and a FR/R ratio higher than that of incoming sunlight were thinner than leaves exposed to high amounts of reflected BL and PPF during development. Increasing the FR/R ratio while decreasing the amount of BL reflected to developing cotton leaves increased the leaf content of insect‐attracting terpenes such as α‐pinene and β‐pinene on both leaf area and fresh weight bases. We conclude that altering the color of light reflected to developing cotton leaves can affect leaf content of insect attractants.
Comparison of Laboratory and Quick‐Test Methods for Forage Nitrate
Authors: C. T. MacKown , J. C. Weik
Published: April 2016

Nitrate contained in forage may pose performance and health risks to ruminants. With timely and accurate assessment of forage nitrate levels, steps to reduce the risks of excessive nitrate intake by livestock can be applied. Traditionally, plant nitrate is measured in the laboratory from finely ground oven‐dried tissue, which is slower than nitrate quick‐test assays of plant sap. However, use of plant sap nitrate requires calibration to nitrate in dried samples. Winter wheat forage (Triticum aestivum L.) collected at jointing and heading from fields fertilized with 56 to 235 kg N ha−1 was used to compare a laboratory flow injection analysis (FIA) method (Cu‐Cd reduction column) with nontraditional laboratory microplate (M‐NaR) and field‐test (F‐NaR) enzyme linked kits (nitrate reductase, E.C. 1.6.6.1), and two hand‐held quick‐test nitrate assays using a card mounted ion specific electrode (ISE‐card) and test strip reflectance meter (TSR). Hot‐water extracts of oven‐dried samples and fresh samples macerated in propanol solution with a high‐speed hand‐held blender were prepared. Compared with FIA, mean differences in tissue nitrate were nearly always greater (13–66%, P = 0.05) with the other methods. For dried samples, these differences were due partially to extract interferences that suppressed detection of nitrate with FIA and falsely elevated nitrate detection with the ISE‐card. Interferences caused only a slight underestimation of forage nitrate with TSR, and were nearly absent with the M‐NaR assay. The ISE‐card was the most variable and deviated the most from the FIA. Nitrate extraction over a nearly four‐fold range was 18% less from fresh than oven‐dried tissue. The quick‐test consumable cost per nitrate assay was similar for F‐NaR and TSR methods, but the TSR was easier to use. Because a hand‐held meter is not required with F‐NaR, initial startup cost can be reduced. Both TSR and F‐NaR performed well for quick‐tests of tissue nitrate.
Genomic Polymorphism Identifies a Subtilisin‐Like Protease near the Rhg4 Locus in Soybean
Authors: Nelsen Naoma S. , Li Zhigang , Warner April L. , Matthews Benjamin F. , Knap Halina T.
Published: April 2016

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm PI 437654 exhibits broad resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, SCN). Probes derived from PI 437654 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone 15G19 at the Rhg4 locus detected a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) between resistant and susceptible germplasms. Detailed RFLP analysis using restriction fragments from BAC clone 15G19 associated the polymorphism with an 8‐kb BamHI fragment containing the promoter region and partial coding sequence of a novel soybean subtilisin‐like protease, GmSUB1 Complete sequence of GmSUB1 was determined (GenBank AY277949). Regulatory elements for root gene expression, pathogen response, coordinated multiple‐gene expression, and a novel 90‐bp direct repeat were identified. GmSUB1 shows 74% similarity to Arabidopsis thaliana AIR3. Hybridization analyses indicate that PI 437654 contains only full‐length copies of GmSUB1, whereas susceptible germplasm ‘Williams 82’ contains both full‐length and truncated copies of the gene. A 4‐fold increase in GmSUB1 copy number, and a corresponding 2‐ to 3‐fold increase in steady state GmSUB1 mRNA levels, was observed in PI 437654 compared with Williams 82. Localization and polymorphism of GmSUB1 within the Rhg4 resistance region, and increases in GmSUB1 gene copy number and expression in PI 437654 compared with Williams 82 infers a functional role in the pathogen response. GmSUB1 is believed to be secreted into the extracellular matrix, and may function in reorganization of cell wall components during plant development and in the defense response.
Rapid novel test for the determination of biofouling potential on reverse osmosis membranes
Authors: Manalo Cervinia V. , Ohno Masaki , Okuda Tetsuji , Nakai Satoshi , Nishijima Wataru
Published: April 2016

A novel method was proposed to determine biofouling potential by direct analysis of a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane through fluorescence intensity analysis of biofilm formed on the membrane surface, thereby incorporating fouling tendencies of both feedwater and membrane. Evaluation of the biofouling potential on the RO membrane was done by accelerated biofilm formation through soaking of membranes in high biofouling potential waters obtained by adding microorganisms and glucose in test waters. The biofilm formed on the soaked membrane was quantified by fluorescence intensity microplate analysis. The soaking method's capability in detecting biofilm formation was confirmed when percentage coverage obtained through fluorescence microscopy and intensity values exhibited a linear correlation (R2 = 0.96). Continuous cross-flow experiments confirmed the ability and reliability of the soaking method in giving biofouling potential on RO membranes when a good correlation (R2 = 0.87) between intensity values of biofilms formed on the membrane during soaking and filtration conditions was obtained. Applicability of the test developed was shown when three commercially available polyamide (PA) RO membranes were assessed for biofouling potential. This new method can also be applied for the determination of biofouling potential in water with more than 3.6 mg L−1 easily degradable organic carbon.
Effects of three additives on the removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by coagulation using ferric chloride or aluminum sulfate
Authors: Kishimoto Naoyuki , Kobayashi Masanori
Published: April 2016

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and its salts (PFOS) are emerging contaminants with long half-lives in water and human bodies. Accordingly, PFOS removal from water streams is required for controlling the PFOS pollution. To provide a simple PFOS separation technology, effects of three additives, powdered activated carbon (PAC), gelatin, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), on the PFOS removal by coagulation with ferric chloride or aluminum sulfate were investigated in this study. As a result, coagulation with PAC or CTAB addition was effective in the PFOS removal, though the conventional coagulation and coagulation with gelatin addition were ineffective. A PFOS removal efficiency of over 90% was observed for the CTAB dose of over 1.6 μM (0.58 mg/L) and for the PAC dose of over 40 mg/L, and that of over 95% was achieved by the CTAB dose of over 2.4 μM (0.87 mg/L), when the initial PFOS concentration was 1.84 μM. The positive effect of CTAB would be caused by micelle formation, which was enhanced by both the association of hydrophobic tails and the electrostatic attraction of hydrophilic heads of PFOS and CTAB. Thus, a linear cationic surfactant of CTAB was concluded to be an effective additive for the PFOS removal by coagulation.
Sequential UASB and dual media packed-bed reactors for domestic wastewater treatment – experiment and simulation
Authors: Rodríguez-Gómez Raúl , Renman Gunno
Published: April 2016

A wastewater treatment system composed of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by a packed-bed reactor (PBR) filled with Sorbulite® and Polonite® filter material was tested in a laboratory bench-scale experiment. The system was operated for 50 weeks and achieved very efficient total phosphorus (P) removal (99%), 7-day biochemical oxygen demand removal (99%) and pathogenic bacteria reduction (99%). However, total nitrogen was only moderately reduced in the system (40%). A model focusing on simulation of organic material, solids and size of granules was then implemented and validated for the UASB reactor. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results demonstrated the capacity of the model to predict the behaviour of solids and chemical oxygen demand, which is critical for successful P removal and recovery in the PBR.
Modeling of Drug Delivery by A Pump Driven Micro-Needle Array System
Authors: Chen Kai , Pan Min , Feng Zhi-Gang
Published: April 2016

Background:

Micro-needles were proposed as one of the alternatives to deliver drugs painlessly passing through stratum corneum in recent years. In this work, a mathematical model is presented to characterize the in fusion flow of a hollow micro-needle array driven by a micro-pump.

Methods:

By assuming the injection of each micro-needle undergoes a spherical expansion and diffusion, the model is able to calculate the time-varying expansion radius, and the diffusion boundary, provided that the material properties and the micro-needle system parameters are known.

Results and Conclusion:

The calculation results show that the expansion caused by the infusion of micro-needles stops and the flow rate drops to zero in a short time. However, the diffusion boundary is much bigger than the expansion and the infusion continues if the surrounding material is absorptive. The experimental results of jet infusion through a single needle in silicon rubber and polyacrylamide gel agree with the calculation results qualitatively.
Study on Three Dimensional Modeling and Visualization in Geology
Authors: Xikui Lv , Yongfa Li , Peipei Sun
Published: April 2016

The display of three dimensional geological body can visually describe the complex subsurface geological structure, effectively improve the engineer's space imagination and intuitively understand the geological spatial relationship. Through analysis of commonly used three dimensional geological data model and considered the impact of faults. The paper establishes a generalized triangular prism (GTP) element model, and achieves a three dimensional geological modeling method based on GTP. The paper proposes the error correction technology based on virtual drilling, which allows designers combine their experience to appropriately amend the unknown region of stratum, it contributes to improve the accuracy of 3D geological model. Finally, the paper achieves a 3D geological drilling, borehole cross section, visual information query and geological visualization technology such as virtual drilling, cutting, layering display based on 3D spatial analysis techniques and graphics.
Slope Stability Analysis Under Combined Failure Criteria
Authors: Su Kai , Li Yin , Cheng Dan
Published: April 2016

Strength reduction finite element method (SRFEM) has been widely used to analyze the slope stability. Strength Reduction Factor (SRF) is yielded as the slope Factor Of Safety (FOS) when a running-though shear failure zone comes into being, in which the Plastic Element EQuivalent strain (PEEQ) is employed as the judgment of shear failure initiation in this paper. Moreover, the filed variable is set as same as SRF along the solution processing, FOS can be directly determined as the cor-responding value of field variable when the shear failure zone goes through. Three typical slopes with varying foot gradients of 26.6, 45 and 78.7 in degree are analyzed and fantastic results have been yielded, well agreeing with the Spencer’s results, when the linear Mohr-coulomb failure criterion is employed. However, during the solution process, tensile failure zone initiates at the slope top while the plastic failure zone initiates at the slope toe and this indicates that the failure mode of slope is combined. The results show that the combined failure zone with plastic failure and tensile failure appears much earlier than the unique plastic failure zone, which indicates that the traditional analytic method and SRFEM based on the unique linear Mohr-coulomb plasticity criteria overestimated the slope stability factor.
Research and Simulation on Solids-Conveyance Law of the Shale Shaker
Authors: Zhou S.Z. , Zhang S. , Lv Z.P. , Qin L.
Published: April 2016

This work presents a numerical study on the solid particles conveyance behavior of a shale shaker used in oil production. The particle flow is simulated by discrete element method based on Soft-Sphere model and Hertz-Mindlin contact model. Two important factors, conveyance velocity and filter ratio, are selected to describe the working performance of shale shaker. The influences on that of three important working parameters, vibration frequency, excitation directions, screen slope, are studied. The results show that conveyance velocity is approximately linearly related to the three factors. In addition, particle size has a great influence on conveyance velocity as well. Filter ratio decreases with the increase in vibration frequency, while the two other factors have little influence on it. So appropriately increasing vibration frequency on the premise of satisfying the structural strength of shale shaker can not only increase movement speed, but also reduce the filtering ratio.
Relationship Between Shyness and Loneliness Among Chinese Adolescents: Social Support As Mediator
Authors: Tan Jianfeng , Ai Yingtong , Wen Xiang , Wu Yang , Wang Wenna
Published: April 2016

We examined the mediating role of social support in the relationship between shyness and loneliness among 618 Chinese adolescents, by administering the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3). The
results showed that a higher level of shyness was associated with a lower level of social support and a higher level of loneliness, and loneliness was negatively correlated with social support. The mediation analysis result indicated that social support partially mediated the relationship
between shyness and loneliness. Thus, reducing shy feelings and enhancing social support may be preventive measures to help relieve adolescents' feelings of loneliness.
Personal Resources Influence Job Demands, Resources, and Burnout: A One-year, Three-wave Longitudinal Study
Authors: Wang Yansong , Huang Jie , You Xuqun
Published: April 2016

Our purpose in this 1-year, 3-wave longitudinal study was to investigate the relationships among job demands, job resources, personal resources, and job burnout in a group of 263 Chinese employees. Specifically, we examined the mediating role of personal resources in the relationships
between job resources and job burnout, and between job demands and job burnout, as well as the reversed effect of job burnout on job demands and job resources. The results showed that job demands positively affected job burnout, whereas job and personal resources negatively affected job burnout
over a 6-month period. Further, personal resources mediated the relationship between job resources and job burnout, but not that between job demands and job burnout. In addition, job burnout had a reversed effect on job demands and job resources. Implications are discussed in relation to balancing
job demands and resources, and avoiding job burnout by utilizing personal resources.
Mineralogy and crystallochemical characteristics of HEU-type minerals from zeolitic tuff deposits of Serbia
Authors: Kasic Vladan , Simic Vladimir , Zivotic Dragana , Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic Ana , Stojanovic Jovica
Published: April 2016

The results of perennial research of several Serbian zeolitic tuffs enriched
with HEU-type minerals are presented in this paper. There are several
recognized zeolitic tuff deposits containing HEU-type minerals: Zlatokop,
Igros, Beocin, Toponica, Slanci, but their comparative mineralogical and
crystallochemical features have not been studied in detail so far. These
zeolitic tuff deposits are spatially and genetically connected to volcanic
and pyroclastic rocks of marine and lake environments of Senonian and Eocene,
and Neogene age, respectively. As a result of devitrification and diagenesis
process of volcanic glass within zeolitic tuffs hypocrystalline porphiry and
vitroclastic textures occur. The studied zeolitic tuffs are mainly composed
of heulandite occuring in a form of needle- to plate-like crystals of 0,1 do
100 ?m in length, associated with other silicates. Depending on the type and
content of exchangeable cations as well as the thermal stability of these raw
materials, 24 clinoptilolite-Ca and heulandite-Ca can be distinguished. The
values of cation exchange capacity and surface area capacity range from 96 to
166 meq/100 g, and from 8,0 to 10,5 meq/100 g, respectively. HEU-type
minerals can be distinguished either by a Si/Al ratio or arrangement of extra
framework cations within the crystal structure of these minerals.
Predictors of employees’ psychophysical health and sickness absenteeism: Modelling based on REBT framework
Authors: Popov Boris , Majstorovic Nebojsa , Matanovic Jelena , Jelic Dragana , Rakovic Sara
Published: April 2016

The main objective of the study was to examine whether negative experiences
at work, irrational beliefs, alone and in interaction, and negative
affectivity as a mediator, could predict psychosomatic complaints and
frequency of sickness absenteeism. The hypothesized model showed acceptable
fit to the data, suggesting that negative affectivity mediates the
relationship between negative experiences and irrational beliefs on the one
hand, and psychosomatic complaints on the other. The results also revealed no
significant effect of interaction between negative experiences and irrational
beliefs, while fatigue and physical symptoms have a significant and direct
effect on the number of days of absence. It was concluded that the lack of an
effect of psychological symptoms on absenteeism may indicate that employees
in Serbia do not see them as a sufficient reason for sick leave. The results
are discussed within frameworks of Rational-emotive behaviour therapy and
strategic stress management approach.
Decision-making in adolescent females who deliberately self-harm
Authors: Rigler Tristan , Gosar David , Modic David
Published: April 2016

Self-harming behaviour most commonly begins in adolescence and is more
frequent among adolescent females. We explored the hypothesis that adolescent
females who deliberately selfharm were more likely to perform worse on a
decision-making task. Previous research in adolescents who self-harm reported
impaired decision-making. However, research put little emphasis on older
adolescents and the emotional learning. In our research, we presented the
Iowa Gambling Task to 35 adolescent females who self-harmed and were treated
at a psychiatric clinic, and to 35 healthy female controls. Our results show
that in comparison to the control group the adolescents who self-harm took
more risky decisions and were less concerned about the outcome. In addition,
the clinical group also focused more on immediate gains and showed a reduced
ability to learn from poor decisions in the past. Further research is
suggested to explore the potential neurological correlates of decision-making
and selfharming behaviour.
The Effect of Client Lies on Auditor Memory Resistance and False Memory Acceptance
Authors: Brewster Billy E.
Published: April 2016

In this study, I examine the conditions that moderate auditor resistance toward and susceptibility to believing client-provided lies. In particular, I predict that auditors who cannot directly refute incorrect management explanations with their own evidence-related memories are susceptible to the misinformation effect. This effect describes a phenomenon where an individual recalls false memories, based on client lies, instead of his/her own real memories. I use a laboratory experiment involving professional auditors who must compile industry-related evidence to corroborate an invalid management explanation. As expected, I find that auditors with better-developed evidence memories provide lower evaluations of management credibility and explanation sufficiency when presented with a blatantly incorrect explanation. When subsequently prompted to access the related information, auditors with poorly developed evidence memories give responses that are consistent with management-provided false memories instead of their own previously gathered evidence memories. Auditors identifying the incorrect explanation did not succumb to the misinformation effect and exhibited recall more consistent with their own evidence memories. Overall, results show that client discussion can produce a delayed effect by inducing a form of memory error when the auditors subsequently retrieve evidence stored in their memory.

Data Availability: Contact the author for data availability.
Standards of Innovation in Auditing
Authors: Curtis Emer , Humphrey Christopher , Turley W. Stuart
Published: April 2016

This paper examines the impact of the development of Business Risk Auditing (BRA) on international audit standard setting and the implications regarding the potential for innovation in auditing practice. BRA was an audit methodology development promoted by the large international audit firms in the late 1990s as a significant innovation but, ultimately, it did not have the degree of impact on practice initially promised. Our analysis demonstrates that professional and regulatory priorities at the time interacted in ways that led to the most innovative elements of BRA not being advanced for inclusion in formal standards. Intriguingly this outcome was clear well before the critical attention given to auditing following Enron, which was the explanation offered for the fate of BRA in previous studies. We conclude that the capacity for innovative ideas to have a substantive influence on audit practice is highly dependent on interactions between a shifting mix of professional and regulatory interests and preferences. The BRA case illustrates how lasting innovation requires a willingness and commitment both to develop the scope of the audit and to accept variations in aspects of its execution. This will not happen if standardization per se is seen as an essential validation of successful innovation.
Experienced Executives' Views of the Effects of R&D Capitalization on Reputation-Driven Real Earnings Management: A Replication of Survey Data from Seybert (2010)
Authors: Seybert Nicholas
Published: April 2016

This paper replicates the results of the survey of experienced executives reported in Section IV of Seybert (2010). The survey data from the originally published article were retracted due to concerns about the source of the data (see Seybert 2015). I survey 79 experienced executives to elicit their beliefs about reputation-driven real earnings management. Participants indicate that a manager would be more likely to continue a failing project, and that project abandonment would have a greater negative impact on the manager's reputation concerns and future prospects at the firm, when R&D is capitalized. Consistent with capital market pressures identified in prior research, executives believe that abandoning a failing project would have a greater negative impact on stock price when R&D is capitalized, and they personally recommend continuing such a project in order to avoid missing the consensus analysts' forecast. These findings complement the experimental results in Seybert (2010), and while they replicate the survey results contained therein, they are not an endorsement of the veracity of the original survey data.
Laser-based manufacturing of components using materials with high cracking susceptibility
Authors: Brueckner Frank , Seidel André , Straubel Ariane , Willner Robin , Leyens Christoph , Beyer Eckhard
Published: April 2016

Laser metal deposition has been already introduced in various industrial branches, as aviation, energy, medical technology, or tooling. Depending on process conditions of the specific application, powder, wire, or even strips can be used as filler material to coat, and to refurbish as well as to manufacture parts and functional components. Independent from the chosen type of filler material, the deposition has to be in line with specific requirements such as the allowed appearance of porosity, delamination, dilution, or cracking. The latter often becomes rather challenging due to high thermal gradients caused by typical laser-related high energy densities. Relief can be found by hybrid processing as well as suited process regimes yielding in suitable tailored temperature states and crack-free material deposition. Within this paper, such tailored solutions for the manufacturing and processing of materials with a high hot and cold cracking susceptibility such as nickel-based superalloys and alloys based on titanium aluminides are presented. Critical impacts like heating and cooling based on the analysis of melt pool flow and the morphology of solidification are considered. The authors present possibilities to influence, control, and monitor the process. The mechanical properties of corresponding additive manufactured demonstrators will be validated on the basis of destructive and nondestructive testing.
Finite element modeling of an alternating current electromagnetic weld pool support in full penetration laser beam welding of thick duplex stainless steel plates
Authors: Bachmann Marcel , Kunze Richard , Avilov Vjaceslav , Rethmeier Michael
Published: April 2016

An electromagnetic weld pool support system for 20 mm thick duplex stainless steel AISI 2205 was investigated numerically and compared to experiments. In our former publications, it was shown how an alternating current (AC) magnetic field below the process zone directed perpendicular to the welding direction can induce vertically directed Lorentz forces. These can counteract the gravitational forces and allow for a suppression of material drop-out for austenitic stainless steels and aluminum alloys. In this investigation, we additionally adopted a steady-state complex magnetic permeability model for the consideration of the magnetic hysteresis behavior due to the ferritic characteristics of the material. The model was calibrated against the Jiles–Atherton model. The material model was also successfully tested against an experimental configuration before welding with a 30 mm diameter cylinder of austenitic stainless steel surrounded by duplex stainless steel. Thereby, the effects of the Curie temperature on the magnetic characteristics in the vicinity of the later welding zone were simulated. The welding process was modeled with a three-dimensional turbulent steady-state model including heat transfer and fluid dynamics as well as the electromagnetic field equations. Main physical effects, the thermo-capillary (Marangoni) convection at the weld pool boundaries, the natural convection due to gravity as well as latent heat of solid–liquid phase transitions at the phase boundaries were accounted for in the model. The feedback of the electromagnetic forces on the weld pool was described in terms of the electromagnetic-induced pressure. The finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2 was used in this investigation. It is shown that the gravity drop-out associated with the welding of 20 mm thick duplex stainless steel plates due to the hydrostatic pressure can be prevented by the application of AC magnetic fields between around 70 and 90 mT. The corresponding oscillation frequencies were between 1 and 10 kHz and the electromagnetic AC powers were between 1 and 2.3 kW. In the experiments, values of the electromagnetic AC power between 1.6 and 2.4 kW at oscillation frequencies between 1.2 and 2.5 kHz were found to be optimal to avoid melt sagging or drop-out of melt in single pass full-penetration laser beam welding of 15 and 20 mm thick AISI 2205.
Laser beam welding of electrical contacts for the application in stationary energy storage devices
Authors: Schmidt Philipp A. , Schmitz Patrick , Zaeh Michael F.
Published: April 2016

The energy sector has been changing in the past few years, driven by the transition toward renewable energy. This affects the technologies, as well as the structure of energy production by means of a decentralized and time-dependent energy generation. The resulting effects on the power grid require local storage systems to store the surplus energy and to limit the feed-in power. For these energy storage systems, the use of commercial 26650 LiFePO4 battery cells is highly promising. Since the capacity of these cells is comparatively low, a large quantity of cells is needed to match the storage requirements. For this reason, the interconnection between individual battery cells is the basic prerequisite for the production of energy storage systems. Recent research has shown that laser beam welding is suitable for the welding of small electrical contacts. However, the welding process of 26650 cells with contacts made of nickel plated steel is very complex. The requirements regarding the heat input during the joining process are high due to a low thickness of the case in the range of a few hundredth of a millimeter and a high temperature sensitivity of the battery materials. Within this work, experiments on laser beam welding of nickel-plated DC04 steel on copper, aluminum, and steel were carried out. The electrical and mechanical properties of the connection joints were evaluated within a comparative study. For the investigation of the heat input during the welding process, the change of temperature inside the battery case was measured. The results presented in this paper show that laser beam welding with continuous wave radiation is a suitable joining process for the electrical connection of 26650 battery cells, while avoiding a critical temperature change within the cells. Electrical joints with a low contact resistance and a high mechanical strength can be achieved. Furthermore, a clamping device for battery modules consisting of 24 battery cells is presented and the application of the welding process for a large scale production of energy storage systems is demonstrated.
Comparison of processing window and porosity distribution in laser welding of 10 mm thick 30CrMnSiA ultrahigh strength between flat (1G) and horizontal (2G) positions
Authors: Shen Xianfeng , Li Lin , Guo Wei , Teng Wenhua , He Wenpei
Published: April 2016

With the development of high brightness and high power laser, it is possible to weld thick sections using single pass autogenous laser welding. However, it often suffers from very narrow processing parameter windows when welding thick sections. Furthermore, porosity, back sagging, and undercut are the main defects for laser welding of thick section high strength steel plates. A comparison of flat welding position (1G) and horizontal welding position (2G) in laser welded 10 mm thick 30CrMnSiA high strength steel plates was investigated in this paper. The results show that the 1G position has a very narrow processing window, while the 2G position has a much wider processing window. The porosity in the 2G position laser welded joint distributed in the upper part of welds, while that in the 1G position laser welded joint was distributed along the weld center. Welded joints with acceptable porosity in the 2G position laser welding can be obtained for an X-shaped weld profile and wider weld bead. The peak longitudinal residual stresses of the 2G position laser welded 30CrMnSiA steel were located in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the lower residual stresses were presented in the weld center. The peak transverse residual stress was presented in the weld center with the lower stresses located in the two sides HAZ.
Evaluation of the laser assisted double wire with nontransferred arc surfacing process for cladding
Authors: Barroi Alexander , Zimmermann Florian , Hermsdorf Jörg , Kaierle Stefan , Wesling Volker , Overmeyer Ludger
Published: April 2016

Results of the novel laser assisted double wire with nontransferred arc surfacing process will be presented. The process is able to combine high deposition rates of 7.5 kg/h with low dilutions of <5%. Corrosion resistant stainless steel has been welded on a mild steel surface. The coating was tested in order to detect pores and lack of fusion. There were no pores, but small regions with lack of fusion were found between the seams and the intersection of the layers. Due to the size and the position, these weld defects have no relevance in the aimed industrial applications. In order to prove the quality of the welded bonds, tensile tests have been performed. The fracture has always occurred in the mild steel base material and the weld has always stayed intact. Furthermore, the corrosion resistance of the coating was tested using a salt water spray test based on DIN EN ISO 9227. The surface of the tested specimen did not exhibit signs of corrosion. The overall rating for the process performed by the industrial project partner was excellent, with respect to the novelty of the process. With some further developments, the process will be able to save time and expensive welding consumables. All needed components for the process are yet available.
Experimental investigation of direct diamond laser cladding in combination with high speed camera based process monitoring
Authors: Scheitler C. , Hugger F. , Hofmann K. , Hentschel O. , Baetzler T. , Roth S. , Schmidt M.
Published: April 2016

Laser cladding is an established coating technology which is established as emerging technology for repair applications and for the fabrication of near net shape geometries. Within the scope of coating, repair and additive manufacturing applications single weld tracks are generated on a metal substrate by a laser beam and simultaneously injected metal powder. For coating applications, such as wear-resistant coatings, single weld tracks are positioned next to each other in order to form a continuous surface layer. Coatings against heavy abrasive wear often contain additional particles like tungsten carbide or diamond particles. However, by embedding wear-resistant particles like tungsten or diamond particles, varying applications can be addressed. For example, the cutting ability of industrial tools can be enhanced by embedding diamonds into a coating. In this paper, a novel approach, the direct embedding of diamonds without using a metal matrix during laser cladding is experimentally investigated. As diamonds are susceptible to heat, varying strategies for thermal energy input in the first place different laser modes of operations (continuous wave and pulsed) are investigated for direct diamond laser cladding. Major objectives of the presented research work are homogeneous diamond distribution on the surface of the sheet metal samples, low number of metal covered diamonds, and minor thermal damage to the embedded diamonds. Based on metallographic analyses, the generated samples are evaluated with respect to the previously stated objectives. During direct diamond laser cladding different phenomena like increasing width of a single weld track during one transit and varying penetration depths can be observed. In order to understand and explain these phenomena, a high speed camera is used for process monitoring. For the detection of these process irregularities, cross sections and the data gathered via process monitoring are analyzed. The results which are presented in this paper allow conclusions to be drawn about the laser diamond interaction mechanisms and about processing parameters for embedding diamonds without a metal matrix.
Microstructural and mechanical characterization of aluminum-lithium alloy 2060 welded by fiber laser
Authors: Tao Wang , Han Bing , Chen Yanbin
Published: April 2016

In this study, with constant welding parameters, butt joints consisting of 2.0 mm thick 2060-T8 Al-Li alloy have been fabricated by laser beam welding. A fiber laser using eutectic alloy AA4047 filler wire was employed. The joints' microstructural evolution and the effects of strain rates on the joints' mechanical behaviors were researched. Standard tensile specimens extracted from the welded plates were tested at room temperature with strain rates ranging from 10−4 to 10−1 s−1. Extensive microhardness measurements were also conducted to investigate the relationships between strain rates and microhardness distributions after fractured. It was found that solute segregations of Si and Cu occurred in the grain boundaries in the heat affected zone and fusion zone. Mechanical properties and fracture morphology showed close relationships with the tensile strain rate. The nondendritic equiaxed zone was the minimum hardness and weakest region on the whole joint.
Thermomechanical analysis of the formation of hot cracks in remote laser welded aluminium fillet welds
Authors: Langrieger Hans , Krafft Frank , Mensinger Martin , Oefele Florian
Published: April 2016

Remote laser welding of high strength aluminum alloys is still a field of extensive research due to the hot cracking phenomena. Recent research activities have been focused on center-line hot cracks in welds that are located close to the edge of the material. To avoid this type of crack from occurring, a fillet weld joint design could be utilized. However, within the fillet welds there are still transverse hot cracks present on a microscopic scale. This paper presents a thermomechanical analysis of the formation of transverse hot cracks in EN AW-6082 alloy fillet welds. In order to calculate the local deformation near the mush zone, a welding simulation based on the finite element method was created. The simulation was able to depict different settings for the welding speed, laser power, beam position, protruding length of the lower sheet, and the sheet thickness. For this purpose, an automated method for heat source calibration was developed based on image processing of polish of cross sections of different weld seams. As a result, it was possible to investigate the influencing factors on the formation of local strain and strain rate during the hot crack sensitive temperature range. It was found that the welding speed and laser power significantly increased the strain rate, but had no effect on the strain. In addition, it was determined that the position of the laser beam caused a major difference in the formation of strain and strain rate if weld seams changed from partial penetration to full penetration. Full penetration welds had lower strain and strain rate. The protruding length of the lower sheet and the sheet thickness had a minor impact on strain and strain rate. By linking the computerized results of strain and strain rate with data obtained from experiments on the hot crack susceptibility, a hot cracking criteria based on strain rate was found.
Phenomenological model for prediction of complex ablation geometries in metal films using ultrashort laser pulses
Authors: Suttmann Oliver , Duesing Jan , Overmeyer Ludger
Published: April 2016

Ablation of thin metal films with laser pulses having a pulse duration shorter than the electron-phonon relaxation time, so called ultrashort laser pulses, enables melt-free patterning of arbitrary geometries. Ablation with ultrashort laser pulses is an emerging process and is currently used in the field of microelectronics for the repair of photolithography masks and in the photovoltaic industry for patterning of indium tin oxide (ITO). Another current field of investigation is the patterning of thin film strain sensors. In order to achieve the desired ablation quality, a multipulse irradiation is often required. Currently, there is no “simple” model to predict line and more complex ablation geometries created by multipulse irradiation. Within this paper, an incubation threshold is introduced to enhance an existing incubation model, which is restricted to the prediction of point ablations. The resulting phenomenological model is experimentally verified on thin NiCr films using 10 ps laser pulses. The usability of the derived model is significantly higher than other existing models due to concentrating on the relevant criterion for patterning of electronic circuits: the removal threshold as well as an easy to handle procedure to determine the model parameters, which can be determined on a machining setup in industrial conditions.
Optimizing the processing of sapphire with ultrashort laser pulses
Authors: Lott Geoffrey , Falletto Nicolas , Devilder Pierre-Jean , Kling Rainer
Published: April 2016

The ability to rapidly and precisely generate high-quality features with small dimensions in sapphire is paramount for broadening its appeal and expanding its utilization for consumer electronics applications. Intrinsic properties of sapphire, including high scratch resistance, make it an attractive option for these purposes, but the ability to machine fine features in sapphire substrates with common mechanical and laser-based methods has proved elusive to this point. In this study, we present results from a series of systematic trials to determine the optimum laser processing parameters for drilling 400 μm diameter holes with no cracks or chips and <5° taper in 430 μm thick sapphire wafers with a 0.8 ps 1030 nm source. Holes are drilled at repetition rates from 21 to 1042 kHz, overlaps from 70% to 98%, and translation of the beam waist through the sample at rates from 10 to 200 μm/s. We present qualitative and quantitative results generated from laser scanning microscopy demonstrating that holes with <5° taper and no cracks or chips can be drilled at repetition rates of 260 kHz with 90% and 95% overlap and 521 kHz with 95% overlap. We find that the optimum processing parameters for drilling holes with <5° taper correlates well with the conditions necessary for avoiding chipping, cracking, and back-side damage rings. Holes with <5° taper can be drilled in as short as 4–6 s per holes, and holes with <2° taper can be drilled in 10–12 s per hole.
Cauda Equina Compression in the Absence of Neurologic Signs
Authors: Buzzell Bethany , Sheets Charles , Bagley Carlos A.
Published: April 2016

The patient was a 45-year-old man with a 4-year history of chronic low back pain, intensifying insidiously over the previous 8 months. On physical examination, generalized, severe low back pain was increased with all motions, with no abnormal neurologic signs. The initial physical therapy diagnosis was nonspecific low back pain; however, when the patient reported worsening symptoms at 2-week follow-up, he was advised to complete his previously scheduled magnetic resonance imaging and physician follow-up before further physical therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass at L5 consistent with benign nerve sheath tumor.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(4):312. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0405
The effect of migration within the European Union/European Economic Area on the distribution of tuberculosis, 2007 to 2013
Authors: Hollo Vahur , Kotila Saara Magdalena , Ködmön Csaba , Zucs Phillip , van der Werf Marieke Johanna
Published: April 2016

Immigration from tuberculosis (TB) high-incidence countries is known to contribute notably to the TB burden in low-incidence countries. However, the effect of migration enabled by the free movement of persons within the European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) on TB notification has not been analysed. We analysed TB surveillance data from 29 EU/EEA countries submitted for the years 2007–2013 to The European Surveillance System. We used place of birth and nationality as proxy indicators for native, other EU/EEA and non-EU/EEA origin of the TB cases and analysed the characteristics of the subgroups by origin. From 2007–2013, a total of 527,467 TB cases were reported, of which 129,781 (24.6%) were of foreign origin including 12,566 (2.4%) originating from EU/EEA countries other than the reporting country. The countries reporting most TB cases originating from other EU/EEA countries were Germany and Italy, and the largest proportion of TB cases in individuals came from Poland (n=1,562) and Romania (n=6,285). At EU/EEA level only a small proportion of foreign TB cases originated from other EU/EEA countries, however, the uneven distribution of this presumed importation may pose a challenge to TB programmes in some countries.
Dark Humour and Moral Sense Theory: Or, How Swift Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Evil
Authors: Herron Shane
Published: April 2016

This article examines points of agreement between Jonathan Swift’s satire, in such works as Gulliver’s Travels (1726) and A Modest Proposal (1729), and the moral sense philosophy of Francis Hutcheson, as represented in, for example, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725). I argue that Swift’s satirical representations of evil rely on a construct similar to what Hutcheson calls “disinterested malice,” a deliberate delight in cruelty for its own sake. Hutcheson suggests that disinterested malice is imaginable but not possible: although it is conceivable to choose malicious conduct purely for its own sake, in practice real individuals will always be subject to partial interests, biases, and prejudices. Swift’s satire functions by restoring this ethical potential lost in the actualization. It attacks the target by remaining faithful to it on its own terms, demon strating that the impossible ideal that evil espouses is both more repellant and more ethical than the quotidian forms of selfishness or malice that proxy it.
“Set the winter at defiance”: Emily Montague’s Weather Reports and Political Sensibility
Authors: Vanek Morgan
Published: April 2016

This article examines the political significance of the detailed descriptions of Canada’s very cold weather in Frances Brooke’s epistolary novel, The History of Emily Montague (1769). In 1769, public sphere debate about Canada was focused on the difficulty of displacing French Catholic loyalties among new British subjects. By using the same terms to describe the effects of the weather on her British protagonists and the effects of French Catholic influence on the new subjects these travellers hope to convert to British values, Brooke identifies French Catholic “coldness of character” as a serious threat to the British project to cultivate affection in these colonists. By the novel’s end, however, Brooke’s protagonists also model a willingness to enjoy the weather’s influence that aligns assimilating to British values with improvements in sensibility, rather than conflict. I conclude that tracking this change in Brooke’s characters’ writing about the weather casts new light on Emily Montague’s contribution to an important mid-century debate about how Britain would imagine and manage the increasingly diverse environments of its empire.