bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Lambert Cameron T , Sandesara Pratik , Isiadinso Ijeoma , Gongora Maria Carolina , Eapen Danny , Bhatia Neal , Baer Jefferson T , Sperling Laurence ,   Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US,   Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US,   Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US,   Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US,   Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US,   Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US,   Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US,   Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, NE, Building A, Suite 2200, Atlanta, GA, 30322, US. E: lsperli@emory.edu
Published: May 2015

Familial hypercholesterolaemia is an autosomal-dominant disorder associated with mutations in the LDL receptor gene resulting in markedly elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. FH is significantly underrecognised with as many as 1 in 300 having the heterozygous form and 1 in 1 million having the homozygous form of the disease. Early diagnosis and treatment of FH is paramount to reduce the risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and death. The goal of treatment is to reduce LDL-C by 50 % from baseline levels with lifestyle modification, pharmacologic lipid-lowering therapy, LDL apheresis and in rare cases, liver transplantation. Pharmacologic treatment ranges from statin medications to newer agents such as lomitapide, mipomersin and PCSK9 inhibitors. Combination therapy is frequently required to achieve goal lipoprotein level reductions and prevent complications.
Weed Seed Banks Are More Dynamic in a Sod-Based, Than in a Conventional, Peanut–Cotton Rotation
Authors: Leon Ramon G. , Wright David L. , Marois James J.
Published: May 2015

Crop rotation promotes productivity, nutrient cycling, and effective pest management. However, in row-crop systems, rotation is frequently limited to two crops. Adding a third crop, especially a perennial crop, might increase crop-rotation benefits, but concerns about disruption of agricultural and ecological processes preclude grower adoption of a three-crop rotation. The objective of the present research was to determine whether weed seed banks differ between a sod-based rotation (bahiagrass–bahiagrass–peanut–cotton) and a conventional peanut–cotton rotation (peanut–cotton–cotton) and the importance of crop phase in weed seed-bank dynamics in a long-term experiment initiated in 1999 in Florida. Extractable (ESB) and germinable (GSB) seed banks were evaluated at the end of each crop phase in 2012 and 2013, and total weed seed or seedling number, Shannon-Weiner's diversity (H′), richness, and evenness were determined. ESB increased in H′ (36%), richness (29%), and total number of weed seeds (40%) for sod-based compared with conventional rotation, whereas GSB increased 32% in H′, 27% in richness, and 177% in total number of weed seedlings. Crop phase was a determinant factor in the differences between crop rotations. The first year of bahiagrass (B1) exhibited increases in weed seed and seedling number, H′, and richness and had the highest values observed in the sod-based rotation. These increases were transient, and in the second year of bahiagrass (B2), weed numbers and H′ decreased and reached levels equivalent to those in the conventional peanut–cotton rotation. The B1 phase increased the germinable fraction of the seed bank, compared with the other crop phases, but not the total number of weed seeds as determined by ESB. The increases in H′ and richness in bahiagrass phases were mainly due to grass weed species. However, these grass weed species were not associated with peanut and cotton phases of the sod-based rotation. The results of the present study demonstrated that including bahiagrass as a third crop in a peanut–cotton rotation could increase weed community diversity, mainly by favoring increases in richness and diversity, but the structure and characteristics of the rotation would prevent continuous increases in the weed seed bank that could affect the peanut and cotton phases.
El estudio de la distribución espacial en la biodiversidad : concepto y métodos
Authors: Nogués Bravo D.
Published: May 2015

La biodiversidad es un recurso con importantes valores ecológicos, económicos y estéticos y está siendo amenazada por la continua presión sobre los ecosistemas terrestres y marinos. Su distribución espacial depende de factores de diversa índole que abarcan escalas espaciales y temporales muy distintas, desde las globales hasta las locales. El interés por crear herramientas para la gestión y conservación de los recursos biológicos, plantea la necesidad de desarrollar una teoría general sobre la biodiversidad y su distribución espacial. Para tal fin, se deben integrar las distintas visiones parciales, de la Biogeografía a la Ecología, y de sus escalas de trabajo sobre el problema de estudio, a través de la recuperación de conceptos eminentemente geográficos: jerarquía de escalas, síntesis regional, etc. Por otro lado, estos conceptos han de implementarse en marcos metodológicos y técnicos adecuados. El presente artículo tiene por objeto (1) sintetizar las diferentes aproximaciones conceptuales y subrayar soluciones posibles para la unificación de un marco teórico desde la Geografía y (2) exponer metodologías estadísticas dirigidas al desarrollo de modelos predictivos y explicativos, escasamente usados hasta el momento por los biogeógrafos españoles.
Las cuencas experimentales de Arnás y San Salvador en el Pirineo Central español : escorrentía y transporte de sedimento
Authors: García Ruiz J. M. , Marti-Bono C. , Arnáez Vadillo J. , Beguería Portugués S. , Lorente Grima A. , Seeger M.
Published: May 2015

Las cuencas experimentales de Arnás y San Salvador, localizadas en la cuenca alta del río Aragón, han sido equipadas con estación meteorológica completa, flume e instrumentos para la medición continua del caudal y del sedimentos transportado (en solución y en suspensión). Una trampa de sedimento a la entrada del flume permite controlar periódicamente la carga de fondo. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la existencia de grandes diferencias en la respuesta hidrológica y el transporte de sedimento entre la cuenca forestal (San Salvador) y la cuenca de campos abandonados (Arnás). La primera muestra una respuesta mucho más moderada debido básicamente a los procesos de interceptación y a la mayor profundidad de los suelos. Las relaciones entre precipitación y pico de caudal, así como entre este último y la concentración de sedimento en suspensión son muy bajas, aumentando notablemente si se contemplan por separado las crecidas de estación fría. La escorrentía se genera sobre todo por procesos de saturación. Las fuentes de sedimento se localizan en el cauce y sus proximidades.
La cuenca experimental de Rambla Salada (Murcia) : investigaciones hidrogeomorfológicas
Authors: López Bermúdez F. , Conesa García C. , Alonso Sarria F. , Belmonte Serrato F.
Published: May 2015

Clima y acción antrópica son los responsables principales de la erosión del suelo y del riesgo de desertificación que puede registrar un territorio. La estimación cuantitativa de algunos procesos hidrológicos y erosivos, bajo condiciones semiáridas mediterráneas extremadas, se realiza en la cuenca experimental de Rambla Salada, situada en el centro de la Región de Murcia, sobre substrato de margas neógenas y sedimentos cuaternarios. Los usos del suelo dominantes son los de la agricultura de secano, mayoritariamente dedicada al cultivo del almendro y una cubierta vegetal, muy abierta, de especies esteparias que protegen mal al suelo. Durante el corto período de observación (1996-2000), las respuestas geomorfológicas e hidrológicas han sido modestas debido a la sequía dominante. Bajas tasas de erosión y algunos episodios lluviosos que originaron súbitas avenidas. Un dispositivo instrumental de registro de datos a dos escalas diferentes, la utilización de un modelo digital del terreno y la integración en un entorno SIG, permite conocer y evaluar, en primera aproximación, los más destacados mecanismos geomorfológicos e hidrológicos, que operan a escalas de parcela y cuenca.
Geochemical behaviour of catchments with different land cover : effect of land abandonment
Authors: Nadal J. , Soriano J. M. , Saldaña J.
Published: May 2015

The characteristics of water geochemistry of several catchments in the San Llorenç National Park have been studied. These catchments are occupied by different plant covers and subject to different land-uses. The statistical analysis shows that the most natural catchments behave in a very different way than those affected by human activities.
Climate change and water resources in Ireland : initial investigation using downscaled GCMS and hydrological modelling techniques
Authors: Charlton R. , Moore S. , Sweeney J. , Fealy R.
Published: May 2015

Predictions are made of changes in effective runoff at a high spatial resolution for the island of Ireland under different climate change scenarios. Although previous studies have examined the response of selected Irish catchments to future climate scenarios this is the first time that the whole area of the island has been considered. This paper discusses the initial investigation that has been carried out and outlines research currently in progress. Polynomial regression techniques are used to derive a baseline climatology for Ireland. Downscaled precipitation and evaporation data from the United Kingdom Climate Program (UKCIP) for the Medium-low 2080 scenario is used together with the baseline data for the initial investigation. The precipitation and potential evaporation (PE) data are converted to a suitable form for input to HYSIM. Two sets of simulations are carried out for 825 10 x 10 km grid squares covering the land area of the island of Ireland for the baseline period and the 2080 scenario. The hydrological parameters for each of these squares are considered to be identical for this initial investigation. The results of this investigation are presented. Future work is considered, focusing on the parameterisation of HYSIM for individual grid cells. The initial investigation demonstrates that the representation of storage is of particular importance. Parameter values are derived for each square using data from the Soil Survey of Ireland, the CORINE land use database and information on major aquifers provided by the Geological Survey of Ireland. The flexible data requirements of HYSIM allow some representation of the diverse hydrological conditions found within Ireland. For example, approximately 40% of Ireland is underlain by limestones, many of which are karstified. These karst aquifers are an important water resource and can respond very rapidly to precipitation inputs. There are also extensive areas of lakes and wetlands. The land area is divided into broad hydrological zones to provide some representation of this variability
The effect of Atlantic and Pacific sea surface temperatures on the mid-summer drought of Costa Rica
Authors: Waylen P. , Quesada M.
Published: May 2015

The mid-summer drought of Central America is an important feature of the regional precipitation regime within the Pacific drainage ranging from Mexico to Panama. The drought is less severe when the Atlantic is warmer. Cooler temperatures in the tropical Atlantic signify a strengthening of the North Atlantic anticyclone and the alisos. When combined with warmer than usual temperatures (lower atmospheric pressures) in the eastern equatorial pacific, the pressure gradient across the isthmous increases and the orographic effects of the Cordillera are emphasized. When the Atlantic is warmer, the resultant reduction in the strength of the alisos reduces rainfall over most of the country.
Uranium contamination of fluvial systems. Mechanisms and processes. Part III : diurnal and event-related fluctuations of stream chemistry. Pitfalls from mining affected streams in South Africa, Germany and Australia
Authors: Winde F.
Published: May 2015

Once dissolved uranium from tailings deposits has entered the stream downstream-transport depends not only on the flow conditions in the streams but also on the rate of immobilisation. The latter comprises all hydrochemical processes in which dissolved uranium turns into solid phases, which can accumulate in the stream channel. It includes adsorption onto sediments and suspended solids, as well as precipitation or co-precipitation as insoluble compounds. While immobilisation removes dissolved uranium from the water column, it simultaneously leads to the contamination of the sediments in which the radionuclide is retained. The rate of immobilisation of metals in aquatic environments is strongly controlled by their speciation. This in turn largely depends on the pH and redox-potential of the system. Independently from the climatic region in all studied streams, pronounced diurnal fluctuations of both parameters were found. However, the amplitude of the daily oscillation and the covered range of the pH differs remarkably. While photosynthesis based shifts of the calciumcarbonate-carbondioxide-equilibrium are the main cause of the fluctuations, also impacts of the geology, the season and meteorological parameters were found. With changes of the pH of up to two logarithmic units per day, these processes are likely to have profound effects on the rate of immobilisation and thus the downstream transport of dissolved uranium. Interactions and dependencies between the fluctuations of various parameters are analysed and their implications for the uranium behaviour in the system is discussed. Apart from diurnal fluctuations, also event-related changes of the stream chemistry, like sudden drops of the pH in response to acid rain fall, were observed. Their impacts of the remobilization of uranium and other heavy metals from sediments, which might resulting in short duration peaks of pollution, are also analysed.
Respuesta hidrológica de una cuenca forestal en la montaña media pirenaica : el caso de San Salvador
Authors: Serrano Muela M. P. , Regüés D. , Latrón J. , Martí Bono C. , Lana-Renault N. , Nadal Romero E.
Published: May 2015

This paper studies the main hydrological characteristics of the San Salvador experimental catchment, a representative area in the middle mountain of the Pyrenees, scarcely affected by human activities. The basin is characterized by the presence of a dense forest cover that conditions the hydrological response against any rainstorm event. The San Salvador catchment has been monitored since 1999 by means of a gauging station and a weather station, to quantify the runoff and sediment yield. 40 floods have been considered for the study, between September, 1999 and June, 2005. They have been used to analyse the principal hydrological patterns of the catchment and to rank the factors that better explain the hydrological response. The results show the existence of differences in comparison with environments much more affected by human disturbances, especially due to the importance of antecedent wetness conditions. The intensity and volume of rainfalls have a no relevant role to explain the characteristics of the hydrological response.
Impactos ambientales asociados a la construcción de obras de corrección hidrológica en la cuenca del río Quipar (Sureste de España) : apertura de caminos de acceso
Authors: Belmonte Serrato F. , Romero Díaz A. , Martínez Lloris M.
Published: May 2015

In this paper the environmental consequences derived from the construction of retention sediments dikes in the basin of the Quipar river are studied. The approach roads to the point of construction of the dikes have an environmental cost that, in some cases, is opposite to the purpose of the above mentioned constructions and that doesn't justifies their construction because the scanty capacity of accumulation of sediments of the dike in question, or small rate the erosion of the ravine where it is constructed. The study realized in 6 ravines of the basin of the Quipar river, indicates that the relation between the mobilized soil in the approach roads and the retained soil by the dikes is 10 %, though the range of this one is between 7 % and 36 %. On the other hand, the plowed surface with bushes and pines elimination is of 40 hectares in the six studied ravines (0.7 hectares for dike), being to 1.6 hectares in one of the ravines.
Factores en la variabilidad espacial de los cambios de cubierta vegetal en el Pirineo
Authors: Lasanta T. , Vicente-Serrano S. M.
Published: May 2015

Mediterranean mountain areas show during the twentieth century intense revegetation processes, mainly characterised by the advance of forests and shrubs. This is explained by land abandonment and the noticeable decrease of the livestock pressure on the pastures. This paper analyses the influence of some physical and human factors on the intensity and spatial patterns of the revegetation processes in the Borau valley (Central Spanish Pyrenees) between 1957 and 2000. About 45% of the study area showed important modifications in the vegetation cover. The succession processes toward more mature vegetation stages are dominant (41.5%). On the contrary, the retreat toward less mature vegetation stages affects small sectors (3.5%). Low and middle slopes covered by abandoned fields were the areas in which the main changes were observed. Nevertheless, the advance towards more mature vegetation stages was moderate, since the 25.8% of the area only advanced one stage, the 14.3% showed an advance of two stages and only the 1,4% of the territory showed an advance of more than two stages. Livestock pressure and terrain exposure, which determine the solar incoming radiation, were the most important factors to explain the spatial differences in the land cover change. On the contrary, other topographic variables play a secondary role, although other studies have shown their important influence at more detailed spatial scales.
Circulación atmosférica y variabilidad vegetal en Siberia Central (1982-2001)
Authors: Vicente Serrano S. M. , Grippa M. , Delbart N. , Toan T. L. , Kergoat L.
Published: May 2015

This paper analyses the spatial distribution of the inter-annual variability of vegetation activity in central Siberia and its relationship with atmospheric circulation variability. We used NOAA-AVHRR NDVI series from Pathfinder Land Data Set at 1 degree of spatial resolution, and we calculated the annual vegetation activity in each pixel (aNDVI) from 1982 to 2001. Principal Component Analysis was used to determine the general spatial patterns of interannual variability of vegetation activity. We identified three main modes, which explain more than 50 % of total variance, each corresponding to a large region. By means of surface pressure grids we analysed the main patterns of the seasonal atmospheric circulation in the study area. We investigated the effect of seasonal atmospheric circulation patterns on the inter-annual variation of vegetation activity. In general, the strongest relationships between the atmospheric circulation variability, climate and the aNDVI variability were found in areas where the climatic characteristics are more limiting for the vegetation development, such as the northern regions. This may be explained by the fact that in these areas the variability of atmospheric circulation modes determines summer temperatures, which have a direct impact on vegetation activity.
Un nuevo algoritmo para la cartografía de áreas quemadas a partir de imágenes AWiFS y MODIS
Authors: González-Alonso F. , Merino de Miguel S. , Cuevas Gozalo J. M.
Published: May 2015

This paper presents a new algorithm that synergistically combines data from three different parts of the spectrum (near-, shortwave- and thermalinfrared) to produce reliable burned area maps. It is based on the use of a variation of the BAIM (Burned Area Index) together with hotspot information. In particular, the study presented herein uses an image from the AWiFS (Advanced Wide Field Sensor) sensor dated on the 21st of August 2006, MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer) hotspot detected during the first twenty days of August as well as ancillary maps and information. Developed methodology was tested in Galicia (North-West Spain) where hundreds of forest fires occurred during the first twenty days of August 2006. Burned area maps and results were validated using fire statistics from both the Spanish Ministry of Environment and the Galician Forest Service. Reached results showed that this method would be of great interest at regional to national scales, since it was proved to be quick, accurate and cost-effective.
Estudio de los procesos de regeneración vegetal postincendio en parcelas experimentales mediante radiometría de campo
Authors: Montorio R. , Pérez Cabello F. , García Martín A. , Riva J. de la
Published: May 2015

Vegetation is one of the components of the ecosystems more affected by the fire and its destruction is, indeed, the most immediate and visible of its effects. In the same way, vegetal regeneration processes are a clear sign of the ecosystems recovery. These vegetal regeneration processes depends on the interaction of multiple factors (biotic and abiotic) which take place in different intensity/severity fire scenes. In this context, this work has as objective to study vegetal regeneration processes in two climatically contrasted environments (semiarid and subatlantic). It presents a methodology based on the controlled burning of experimental plots and on the capture of spectral information by means of a field spectro-radiometer during a period of two years. Collected data have shown important differences in the behavior of the two experimental stations, differences which can be summarize in the presence of quick vegetal regeneration processes in the subatlantic environment and their absence in the semiarid one. The low influence shown by some analyzed variables such as prefire vegetation level or immediate severity level allows concluding that, in these vegetal communities, the climatic variable is the one which influences vegetal regeneration processes.
Impacto de los incendios forestales en comunidades vegetales sub-mediterráneas : evaluación multitemporal de la diversidad del paisaje utilizando imágenes Landsat TM
Authors: Pérez-Cabello F. , Ibarra P. , Riva J. de la , Echeverría M. T. , Montorio R. , García-Martín A.
Published: May 2015

The impact and the evolution of the structure of the landscape in a forest fire of the PrePyrenees of Aragón using a set of 6 Landsat 5 TM images is analyzed, identifying the relationships between the space heterogeneity values and the vegetation types. NDVI values are extracted, obtaining the Shannon Index and performing its yearly cartography. Three representative components of the values of diversity are defined (prefire, short- and mid-term). It is concluded that at plant-community level the fire has generated an increase of the internal diversity. Nevertheless, in the mid-term and at a global scale the fire
produces the landscape homogenization, as different authors describe using sources of similar information.
Nieves, hielos y aguas en los paisajes de Sierra Nevada : el interés de la información gráfica de los libros de época
Authors: Gómez Ortiz A. , Milheiro Santos B. , Serrano Giné D.
Published: May 2015

The graphical documentation from ancient books is valuable in the landscape’s geographical interpretation of Spanish Sierra Nevada. Water, snow and ice are fundamental in the reconstruction and scientific explanation of the Little Ice Age. The ideas and interpretations that are included in the paper (centuries XVII-XIX) stress the gradual progress of the cartography and emphasize the advance of the scientific knowledge of Sierra Nevada summit landscape.
Variación temporal de la erosión por cárcavas en los fondos de valle bajo explotación de dehesa
Authors: Gómez Gutiérrez A. , Schnabel S. , Sanjosé Blasco J. J.
Published: May 2015

This paper analyzes gully erosion in valley bottoms of rangelands with a disperse tree cover in SW Spain (dehesas) and its relation with hydrology and land use. The study was carried out in a small catchment (99.5 ha). Two different approaches were used; i) first, gullying was determined by means of a repeated survey of topographic cross sections and discharge and rainfall were monitored continuously since 2001, ii) secondly, the evolution of the gully and land use was analyzed using maps elaborated from aerial orthophotographs for the period from 1945 to 2006. Sediment losses present strong temporal variation. Although data indicate a relation between discharge and gullying, no simple relationship exists. Different erosion processes operating in the channel add to the complexity, varying in space and seasonally, indicating the importance of the water content of the gully banks and sediment availability. Regarding the area affected by gullying, the analysis of the aerial orthophotographs shows an increase from 695 m2 in 1945 to 1009 m2 in 2006, reaching a maximum of 1560 m2 in 1956. This gullied area is closely related with land use, especially with the amount of cultivated areas within the catchment, with a similar evolution during the study period.
Temporal changes in small scale snowpack surface roughness length for sublimation estimates in hydrological modelling
Authors: Fassnacht S. R.
Published: May 2015

Snowpack aerodynamic surface roughness length (zo) is a critical variable in estimating heat transfers to and from a snow surface and thus sublimation rates. This variable has been shown to be site specific. To illustrate a temporal variation in zo, laboratory experiments were performed using a small evaporation pan sitting on a load cell with a constant wind flow over the snow surface. Comparing multi-layer meteorological data above the pan to sublimation measured from mass change showed a decrease in the snowpack surface roughness length as the snow metamorphosed. The sensitivity of snowpack zo changes over time in modeling of sublimation was examined using hourly meteorological data for the winter of 2000-2001 at Syracuse, New York and Leadville Colorado for several scenarios, including increasing or decreasing zo after a snowfall event, considering directionality of zo as a function of the wind direction, and a ratio of latent heat to momentum roughness lengths. The base case used a constant zo of 0.01 metres. The modeled differences were a function of the values of zo, which varied with the frequency of occurrence of fresh snow and the distribution of wind from various directions. The temporal and spatial variability in surface roughness is crucial in computing the energy and mass balance of a snowpack.
Dinámica actual de los nichos de nivación del Alto Sil (Cordillera Cantábrica)
Authors: Santos González J. , Redondo Vega J. M. , Gómez Villar A. , González Gutiérrez R. B.
Published: May 2015

From 2003 to 2009 it has been tracked snowpatches in Alto Sil, in the Cantabrian Mountains. This work allowed us to locate 8 nivation hollows in this area. Currently 6 of them could be considered as active and 2 of them as inactive. A more detail study around Joyas del Nevadín and Valdeiglesia nivation hollows, allowed us to check the snow erosion activity. It was observed an strong relation between the quantity of snow and the dinamic of the nivation hollow. The snow sliding provokes nival striae and clast displacements. Besides, the erosion of rock outcrops is intense in this area. In these locations, it has also been analyzed teh duration of the snow cover which seems to be reduced in the last 20-30 years, probably due to a decrease in the snow volume in these mountains and to changes on land uses.
The snowmelt period in a Mediterranean High Mountain Catchment : runoff and sediment transport
Authors: Lana-Renault N. , Alvera B. , García Ruiz J. M.
Published: May 2015

Runoff and sediment transport during the snowmelt period (May June, 2004) in the Izas catchment (Central Pyrenees) were studied to obtain a sediment balance and to assess the relative importance of sediment transport during that period. The results demonstrated the importance of the snowmelt period and showed that most sediment was exported in the form of solutes (76% of the total for the May-June time span); 24% was exported as suspended sediment and no bedload was recorded. Suspended sediment mostly occurred during the second phase of the snowmelt period, when an expanding area of the catchment was free of snow. Sediment transport during the snowmelt period represented 43% of the annual sediment yield.
Piping as a process of gully erosion in small-format aerial pothography : A short note
Authors: Marzolff I. , Ries J. B.
Published: May 2015

No abstract available.
Efectos geomorfológicos de fuertes vientos sobre playas : El caso de la playa de Pehuen Co, Argentina
Authors: Bustos M. L. , Perillo G. M. E. , Píccolo M. C.
Published: May 2015

The effect of strong winds on the erosion and geomorphological changes in Pehuen Co beach (Buenos Aires, Argentina) were analyzed. Although four different sectors of the coast with variable orientations were identified, in all cases the beach is dissipative with two or three parallel bars. The West Zone (ZW) is an extensive beach composed of medium to fine sand, backed by dunes covered with tamarisx gallica and a coastal road that artificially modified the dunes resulting in a cliffy backshore. The Center Zone (ZC), more urbanized, has beach less extense and dominated by fine sand; dunes covered with tamarisx gallica. The East Zone (ZE) has the widest beaches and medium sand; it coincides with the end of the urbanization. Finally the Reserve Zone (ZR), where there are trace fossils, is the most extensive and widest beach with fine sand and dunes naturally vegetated; it has no roads or infrastructure. Wind data from a meteorological station located on the coast and related to the monthly beach profiles during the period 2007-2009 were analyzed. The events offshore winds (SE and SW quadrants) were identified. It was determined that 40 km h-1 is threshold of wind speed and durations greater than 6 h are required to significantly affect coastal geomorphology. The results showed that different wind directions generate erosion and/or accretion in each sector. 91 events were recorded, most of the SW quadrant. The West and Central zones were the most vulnerable to events from SW quadrant. The East zones were eroded (13 m3) by the winds from the SE quadrant. Based on this analysis, a map of coastal vulnerability was developed showing that the western and central zones were the most vulnerable. The other two zones had a middle and lower vulnerability most likely due their natural stages not affected anthropogenic factors.
Caracterización térmica de la capa activa de un glaciar rocoso en medio periglaciar de alta montaña mediterránea : El ejemplo del Corral del Veleta (Sierra Nevada, España)
Authors: Salvador Franch F. , Gómez Ortiz A. , Salvà Catarineu M. , Palacios Estremera D.
Published: May 2015

Se analizan los datos de la temperatura del interior del suelo (capa activa) del periodo 1998-99/2008-09 de un glaciar rocoso incipiente en el Corral del Veleta (Sierra Nevada) con masas heladas en su interior en proceso de degradación. El control térmico alcanza los 150 cm y corresponde a los niveles de -5, -20, -50, -100 y -150 cm. Los registros obtenidos, una vez depurados y tratados estadísticamente, vienen a señalar un comportamiento de las temperaturas que sigue el siguiente patrón: un periodo frío muy largo (invierno) de valores negativos, un periodo relativamente corto de temperaturas moderadas (verano) y otros dos episodios muy cortos distanciados en el tiempo en los que la temperatura cambia de signo: de positiva a negativa (otoño) y de negativa a positiva (verano). El régimen térmico del verano, que propicia la llegada de la onda expansiva externa al techo de las masas heladas subyacentes, facilita la degradación de éstas y, al tiempo, colapsos del manto detrítico.
Dinámica, evolución y estructura de los glaciares rocosos de los Pirineos
Authors: Serrano E. , González Trueba J. J. , Sanjosé J.J.
Published: May 2015

The paper analyzes the fourteen rock glaciers inventoried in the Pyrenees. The genesis, surface morphology, internal structure, surface dynamics and morphostratigraphical characters are analysed according to studies made on different rock glaciers. The Pyrenean rock glaciers are included in two genetic typologies as talus rock glacier with periglacial origin, and debris-glacier rock glacier, of glaciogenetic origin. Both types are related to different surface shapes and internal structures. The internal structure shows a great diversity, with different structures for each of the four rock glaciers studied. Rock glaciers show a wide range of horizontal displacements, although the displacements are moderate in all cases, except the Argualas rock glacier, with displacements similar to the most frequents alpine ones. In all cases rock glaciers show a trend toward thinning. The study of horizontal and vertical displacement has permitted us to establish two different dynamic models: “pushing rock glaciers”, the most dynamic ones, and “attenuated rock glaciers”, characterized by the melt processes at the frontal area. Finally, the rock glaciers are linked to two chronological periods, those generated during the Holocene, and those developed during the Little Ice Age. Pyrenean rock glaciers are located in marginal environments where the topoclimate conditions are favourable to rock glaciers develop and conservation. The rock glaciers are very good geoindicators of permafrost and changes related to cold environments in the high mountain of the Pyrenees.
Cultivos herbáceos, viñedos y olivares : el manejo tradicional del suelo y sus consecuencias en la erosión hídrica
Authors: Bienes R. , Marqués M. J. , Ruíz-Colmenero M.
Published: May 2015

The loss of productivity and the frequent use of fertilizers and pesticides in Spanish agricultural fields makes us reflect on the adequacy of the soil management used in our land. Soil erosion is one of the processes involved in this loss of productivity, showing the need/importance to evaluate its severity. Such an evaluation is essential for decision-making by society, consumers and/or farmers, and to guide the competent authorities to implement suitable measures. During the last 16 years we have been studying soil loss in the main crops in Spain (cereal, olive groves and vineyards) using different techniques. So, we can know the impact of different land management in our agricultural lands and whether the erosion rate is tolerable or not by today’s standards. It has been tested in different settings that the managements with bare soil, such as tilling and/or the use of herbicides, threatens the soil conservation with average erosion rates up to 20 t ha-1 yr-1. These erosion rates vary from 1.3 t ha-1 yr-1 with rains of low erosivity, to 93.5 t ha-1 that can be produced in a single storm event highly erosive. In the case of woody crops (olives and grapes), we have studied different soil managements. The spontaneous vegetation reduced vineyard erosion rates to 1.76 t ha-1 yr-1, value limit of what is considered admissible in our circumstances. The soil managements more effective to control erosion were permanent grass cover and mown cereal cover, with soil losses of 0.24 and 0.32 t ha-1 yr-1 respectively. Thus, we recommend the use of groundcovers, the management of which will vary depending on the characteristics of the area.
Multi-temporal analysis of sediment yield caused by hydric erosion in a basin of the Anoia-Penedès vineyard region (NE Spain)
Authors: Martínez-Casasnovas J. A. , Guevara Bonilla M. , Ramos M. C.
Published: May 2015

The aim of the present work was to analyse the multitemporal variability of sediment yield in an agro-forestry system of the Penedès region (NE Spain). In this area high erodible soil parent materials, frequent high intensity rainfall, as well as other external factor such as land use management changes and abandonment of traditional soil conservation measures, favor erosion processes. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to estimate runoff and soil erosion at basin scale during the decade 2001-2010, using detailed soil, land use and relief data. Important differences of runoff and sediment yield along the analyzed years were found. Forest and natural vegetated areas were the responsible for 48.8% of the sediments exported from the basin, being 82.0% of these sediments generated in the bare gully sidewalls of these areas. Agricultural lands produced the rest 51.2% of the total soil losses. In these lands, particularly in vineyards, traditional agricultural practices were removed during past land transformations and the soil is maintained bare most of the year. The selected decade (2001-2010) represent an example of the situation that more and more frequently are observed in the area under the climate change conditions.
Respuesta eco-hidrológica de los suelos en campos abandonados (sur de España)
Authors: Ruiz Sinoga José-Damián , Martínez Murillo Juan Francisco
Published: May 2015

The process of field abandonment in marginal areas by the entry of agricultural activity, and of the “agricultural natural economy” crisis, has been a real change of land use on a large scale. The effects of the abandonment of the field about the quality of the land vary widely, depending on weather conditions and the state of soils, highly variable from the spatio-temporal standpoint. Thus, soils under favourable climatic conditions, with vegetation cover, can regenerate over time by the accumulation of organic material and increase their biological activity and fauna, improving its structure, increasing infiltration of water and, therefore, decreasing the potential water erosion. The purpose of this work was to characterize the vegetation pattern of several abandoned fields for more than 50 years, located in the internal Bethics mountain ranges on lithology of metamorphic reliefs, as well as the hydrological response from their soils by tracking spatio-temporal of the soil moisture and the application of simulated rain, with special emphasis on the effect caused by their surface conditions. The results have shown as surface conditions from their soils are indicating different stages in the evolution of these after the abandonment of agricultural activity: the fields with more abundant rains have struck a balance between their conditions climatic, topographical and erosive, while those who are in most semi-arid conditions still are at an earlier stage where water erosion can present a high activity during rare rain events.
Evolución sedimentaria del lago kárstico de La Parra (Cuenca) durante los últimos 1600 años: paleohidrología, clima e impacto humano
Authors: Barreiro-Lostres Fernando , Moreno A. , Giralt S. , Valero-Garcés Blas Lorenzo
Published: May 2015

La laguna de La Parra (39º 50’, 1º 52’, 1014 m) es un lago pequeño (1 ha), relativamente profundo (Zmax = 17.5 m) de agua dulce (TDS = 356 mg/L), monomíctico y con morfología circular (116 m diámetro), formado en una dolina que interceptó el acuífero regional del Jurásico y Cretácico Medio. Forma parte del complejo kárstico de las Torcas de Cañada del Hoyo constituido por siete lagos y situado en la Cordillera Ibérica (Cuenca, Este de España). La secuencia sedimentaria del lago se ha estudiado mediante técnicas sedimentológicas, microscópicas, geoquímicas y físicas aplicadas a sondeos de gravedad cortos y a un sondeo largo (6.93 m) que registra la evolución del lago desde su inicio, La secuencia está caracterizada por una gran variabilidad de facies clásticas carbonatadas, controladas principalmente por fluctuaciones en la entrada de aportes detríticos al lago y variaciones en el balance hídrico. La cronología está basada en 7 dataciones de 14C AMS. Los cambios en los ambientes de depósito de La Parra reflejan una amplia variabilidad hidrológica durante los últimos 1600 años. Con anterioridad a la época romana, la dolina de La Parra era una torca seca, y la laguna sólo se desarrolló a partir del siglo IV de nuestra era. La reconstrucción paleohidrológica y paleoambiental muestra una fase árida durante la Anomalía Climática Medieval (ACM) y otra más húmeda durante la Pequeña Edad del Hielo (PEH). La principal afección antrópica en el lago y su entorno se produjo durante la Edad Media (500-1400 DC) y los siglos XVIII- mitad del siglo XX relacionada con cambios en el uso del suelo (trashumancia, deforestación, agricultura) y se refleja en cambios en la tasa de sedimentación y la composición de los sedimentos.
Estimación de la erosión y aterramientos de embalses en la cuenca hidrográfica del río Segura
Authors: López Bermúdez F. , Gutiérrez Escudero J. D.
Published: May 2015

Se estima la intensidad de la erosión en la cuenca del río Segura a partir del volumen de aterramiento de los embalses y se compara con datos obtenidos por otros métodos (índice de agresividad del clima y ecuación universal de predicción de la erosión). Los autores demuestran la fiabilidad del método utilizado y cuantifican la pérdida anual de capacidad de los embalses.
Tendencias actuales en la dinamica del relieve rumano
Authors: Ichim Ionita
Published: May 2015

En el presente trabajo tratamos de identificar, de acuerdo con experimentos de campo, algunas tendencias actuales en la dinámica del relieve de Rumania. Con este fin señalamos brevemente las condícíones presentes de la morfogénesis, las vías de análisis y las principales conclusiones relacionadas con la erosión mecánica y química y el balance morfodinámico en grandes regiones morfológicas.
Datos cuantitativos de los procesos geomorfológicos fluviales actuales en la cuenca de la Riera de Fuirosos (Montnegre, Macizo Litoral catalán)
Authors: Sala María
Published: May 2015

In this work, are exposed the results of four years measurements of fluvial geomorphic activity in a little catchment. This activity is the most effective process in the evolution of the basin. Nevertheless, its action varies notably as much in the space as in the time; in the jirst case, this is due to the geomorphic properties of the studied section; in the second, it is due, to the characteristics ofmeteorological events. Here the erosion rates of stream bank are higher than in the temparate countries, and lower than in the semi-arid zone, but they are within the expected rates. The observed ejfective processes have been the standard for this climatic area
La experimentación periglacial en la alta montaña mediterránea : El caso de las microfiguraciones geométricas
Authors: Gómez Ortiz A.
Published: May 2015

El presente esctito desarrolla parte de los trabajos experimentales que sobre dinámica periglacial se están llevando a efecto en los niveles supraforestales del macizo de Calmquerdóa en el Pirineo Oriental. El trabajo se efectúa sobre el denominado nivel erosivo subsomital, en una zona acotada de 340 m5, a 2.170 m. de altitud. La experimentación se ocupa de detectar la movilidad de los clastos que configuran determinadas microfiguraciones periglaciales, círculos de piedras y suelos estriados, principalmente. Los tres años de observaciones sistemáticas han permitido confirmar la formación de figuras geométricas de tamaño decimétrico, a partir de la cota de los 2.170 m., siempre que unos determinados parámetros (fracción mineral, pendiente, cobertura vegetal, ciclos de hielo-deshielo, etc.), sean los adecuados.
El Cuaternario en La Rioja Alta
Authors: Pérez Lorente Félix
Published: May 2015

Se completa con este trabajo la cartografía del cuaternario de La Rioja en la Depresión del Ebro, ya iniciada en 1979, y se extraen algunas conclusiones de la distribución, evolución e interacción entre los diferentes niveles de erosión y depósito recientes.
Fallas cuaternarias en las proximidades de Alcanadre y en La Rioja Baja
Authors: Atarés del Campo Ana , Ortega-Lozano Antonio , Pérez-Lorente Félix
Published: May 2015

Los autores señalan la existencia de fallas cuaternarias dentro de la Depresión del Ebro, causantes de deformaciones en terrazas fluviales, hasta ahora atribuidas a movimientos halocinéticos
La erosión por arroyada en una estación experimental (Requena, Valencia)
Authors: La-Roca Cervigon Neus
Published: May 2015

Se pretende establecer las tasas de erosión en tres laderas de diferente exposición y grado de cobertura vegetal, en un ambiente de clima mediterráneo seco utilizando el método de las cajas Gerlach. Análisis complementarios detallados de las laderas en estudio y análisis texturales del suelo de las mismas y de los sedimentos recogidos nos permiten extraer conclusiones acerca del mecanismo de dichos procesos. Por último se hace una pequeña crítica sobre la adaptabilidad del método de Gerlach a nuestro ambiente mediterráneo.
Procesos actuales en el escarpe de yesos de Remolinos
Authors: Pellicer F. , Echeverría M. T. , Ibáñez M. J.
Published: May 2015

Entre los fenómenos funcionales que condicionan la evolución del escarpe de yesos de Remolinos (margen izquierda del Ebro) hemos seleccionado los movimientos en masa, destacando los ligados a desplazamientos con desplomes (slumps), favorecidos por la existencia de planos de fisuración paralelos al escarpe y por la eficacia de los procesos de disolución sobre los yesos.
Análisis geomecánico y evolución de las vertientes en el curso alto del río Pas (Cantabria)
Authors: Sopeña Velasco Javier , Foyo Marcos Alberto
Published: May 2015

Como consecuencia del análisis de las características morfológicas y de los resultados de los ensayos de clasificación geomecánica de los materiales constituyentes de las distintas formaciones superficiales que ocupan la cuenca alta del río Pas, en el ámbito de influencia de la futura presa y embalse, se ha llegado a elaborar una clasificación que permite acercarnos a la evolución futura de estas formaciones frente a las solicitaciones a las que, en este caso, serán sometidas.
Precipitaciones de agosto de 1983 en la cuencia del río Oka (ría de Mundaka-Vizcaya) : repercusiones geomorfológicas
Authors: Ugarte Félix Mª , González Juan A.
Published: May 2015

Se trata en este trabajo de definir y explicar algunos casos de morfogénesis habidos en el País Vasco-Cantábrico, a raíz de las precipitaciones torrenCiales de Agosto-83 y contrastar información geomorfológica (sedimentológica) que puede ser útil en el futuro para entender procesos de este tipo.
Pulsación diaria de la carga suspendida y disuelta en la escorrentía de fusión nival
Authors: Alvera Bernardo , Puigdefábregas Juan
Published: May 2015

Se analiza el comportamiento de la carga suspendida y disuelta en una pequeña cuenca pirenaica (0,4 Km2) sobre flysch eoceno, a 1.800 m. s/M, frente a las fluctuaciones diarias de! caudal de fusión. Durante cinco días despejados, representativos de la estación innivada, se recogieron muestras de agua en varios puntos de la cuenca, para determinar un conjunto de variables físicas y químicas. Los resultados muestran que el pulso diario dobla e! caudal de base. La carga suspendida varfa de forma paralela al caudal, la disuelta, la conductividad, el calcio, el sodio y los nitratos lo hacen de forma inversa, mientras que el potasio y el fósforo total disuelto presentan un comportamiento variable. El sector inferior, cóncavo, de la cuenca se convierte en la principal fuente de sedimentos gracias a la saturación producida por el flujo hipodérmico
Características de las avenidas en los cursos de la cuenca del río Besós
Authors: Corominas Dulcet Jordi
Published: May 2015

La cuenca del río Besos presenta un típico clima mediterráneo presentando periódicamente bruscas avenidas. La configuración geográfica de la cuenca da lugar a que se registren tiempos de concentración y de respuesta muy breves, influenciados además por la corta duración y alta intensidad de los aguaceros. No es aconsejable la correlación sencilla entre el caudal y la lluvia de una sola estación pluviométrica por la falta de representatividad respecto a la lluvia caída en toda la cuenca. La correlación simultánea con dos o más estaciones proporciona un mejor ajuste y en ella se evidencia una mejor correlación con las lluvias de corta duración (menos de 6 horas) más que con las recogidas en 24 horas.