bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenolsulfonphthalein pharmacokinetics and renal morphologic changes in adult pony mares with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis
Authors: Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , McGuirk Sheila M. , MacWilliams Peter S. , Cooley A. J.
Published: February 2025

Changes in renal function, determined by pharmacokinetics of phenolsulfonphthalein (psp), and renal morphologic features were examined in adult pony mares given 20 mg of gentamicin sulfate/kg of body weight, iv, q 8 h (group A) n = 7 or isotonic saline solution, iv, q 8 h, n = 5 (group B) for 14 days. Susceptibility of ponies to gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis was varied. Two group-A ponies developed acute renal failure and were euthanatized before treatment day 14, whereas 5 group- A ponies did not develop physical or behavioral abnormalities after 14 days of gentamicin administration. All group-A ponies but none of group-B ponies developed ultrastructural abnormalities of the proximal tubular epithelium, consistent with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were not detected in pharmacokinetic values of either group. Clearance of psp was reduced in 4 group-A ponies that developed the most severe gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis. Changes in clearance of psp were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with changes in the serum creatinine concentration.
Effects of fenoldopam on cecal blood flow and mechanical activity in horses
Authors: Clark E. Susan , Moore James N.
Published: February 2025

Lateral cecal arterial blood flow, carotid arterial pressure, heart rate, and mechanical activity in the duodenum, right ventral colon, cecal body, and cecal apex were measured in 6 conscious healthy horses for 60 minutes durng and for 120 minutes after iv infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution (control) or fenoldopam. There were no significant changes in these measurements during or after infusion of 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution. Fenoldopam, a selective dopamine-1 receptor agonist, was administered in saline solution at dosages of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 μg/kg/ min. Intravenous infusion of fenoldopam at 0.01 μg/kg/ min significantly increased heart rate, but did not change average carotid arterial pressure or lateral cecal arterial blood flow. Intravenous infusion of fenoldopam at both 0.05 and 0.1 μg/kg/min significantly increased heart rate, significantly decreased average carotid arterial pressure, and significantly increased lateral cecal arterial blood flow. Intravenous infusion of fenoldopam at 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 μg/kg/min did not significantly change the mechanical activity measured by the area under the strain gauge deflection curve for the duodenum, right ventral colon, cecal body, or cecal apex. These results suggest that dopaminergic-1 receptors are present on the colonic vascu-lature of horses. There was no evidence, however, that dopaminergic-1 receptors exist on the visceral smooth muscle of the duodenum, right ventral colon, cecal body, or cecal apex of horses.
Anaplasma marginale in tick cell culture
Authors: Hidalgo Richard J. , Jones E. Wynn , Brown Jesse E. , Ainsworth A. Jerald
Published: February 2025

Anaplasma marginale was propagated in a tick cell line derived from Dermacentor variabilis embryos. The rickettsial organism was identified and monitored in culture by transmission electron microscopy and the indirect immunofluorescence technique, using specific monoclonal antibodies. Inoculation of the embryonic tick cell line with midguts of infected adult ticks (culture 1), nymphal ticks (culture 2) and adult ticks that were infected as nymphs and dissected as adults (culture 3) resulted in 3 continuous cultures of A marginale. Culture 1 had been maintained through 22 passages over a 11-month period; cultures 2 and 3 had been maintained for 18 passages over a 9-month period.

Growth of A marginale in the cell line began in the area of the nuclear membrane at approximately 4 days after inoculation or transfer. Thereafter, the organisms were observed in inclusions scattered throughout the cytoplasm of the host cells. Maximal growth of the organism occurred at 7 to 14 days, after which numbers of inclusions rapidly decreased to minimal or undetectable levels. The organism began new cycles of growth with each 1:5 to 1:10 split and transfer of the host cells. Electron microscopy of recently infected cells revealed a morphology of the organism that closely resembled that observed in marginal bodies of infected erythrocytes. After several passages, A marginale organisms had a varied morphology and resembled the organism described in midgut cells of naturally infected ticks.

Substitution of adult bovine serum for fetal bovine serum and adjustment of the pH of the medium from 6.9 to 7.4 resulted in several-fold increases in amount of growth and reduced the period required to reach maximal growth to a predictable time of 5 to 7 days. The importance and potential of this method of continuous laboratory propagation of A marginale are discussed.
Cytologic and bacteriologic evaluation of tracheobronchial aspirates from clinically normal foals
Authors: Crane Susan A. , Ziemer Ellen L. , Sweeney Corinne R.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-eight tracheobronchial aspirates (tba) were collected from twenty 1 to 6-month-old foals, which were free of clinical signs of respiratory tract or other infectious disease. We collected tba from 9 of the foals 3 times when they were approximately 8, 16, and 24 weeks old. Aspirates were examined cytologically after staining with modified Wright-Giemsa, Gram, toluidine blue, and prussian blue stains. Aerobic bacterial culturing was performed on all aspirates. Of the 20 initial tba, 4 (20%) were normal cytologically on the basis of previously defined criteria for tba from clinically normal horses, 6 (30%) had a high percentage of eosinophils (> 5%), 8 (40%) were classified as indicative of subacute inflammation, and 2 (10%) were classified as indicative of acute inflammation. Nine (45%) were positive for mast cells and none were positive for hemosiderin-laden macrophages (hemosiderophages). Of the 9 foals from which samples were collected at 16 and 24 weeks of age, results were similar, except for an increase in the number of tba classified as indicative of chronic inflammation (33% and 22% respectively) and the number positive for hemosiderophages (33% and 88%, respectively). One tba was considered nondiagnostic because of pharyngeal contamination. Culturing of 12 of the 37 aspirates (32%) yielded a potential microbial pathogen. Only 2 were positive cultures from the same foal. The following organisms were isolated: β-hemolytic Streptococci spp (4), Actinobacillus/Pasteurella spp (4), Rhodococcus equi (2), unidentified nonenteric Gramnegative rod (1), and Escherichia coli (1). Thirty-four of the 37 aspirates (92%) yielded light growth of various organisms considered to be nonpathogenic and normal inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract.

It was concluded that the presence of inflammatory cells, eosinophils, and mast cells in the tracheobronchial aspirates from clinically normal foals is a common finding. These cytologic findings were consistent in the samples collected from foals at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age. It was also concluded that bacteria with recognized pathogenicity can be isolated from tba from clinically normal foals and were most frequently isolated from 1- to 2-month-old foals or those with cytologic evidence of inflammation, even in the absence of clinical signs of respiratory tract disease.
Concentration and degree of polymerization of hyaluronate in equine synovial fluid
Authors: Saari Herkko , Konttinen Yrjö T. , Tulamo Riitta-Mari , Antti-Poika Ilkka , Honkanen Visa
Published: February 2025

In addition to its well-known physicochemical properties, hyaluronate (ha) has recently been shown to have important biological and pathophysiologic regulatory effects on granulocytes, monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, as well as on the healing of wounds and various joint disorders. Many of these effects depend on or are reflected in the concentration and degree of polymerization of ha. Therefore high-performance liquid chromatography with size-exclusion column was used to characterize the concentration and degree of polymerization of ha in equine synovial fluid (sf). The mean (± sd) ha concentration was 0.47 ± 0.19 mg/ml and there was no difference between control joints and those with positive response to local anesthetic administration (0.61 ± 0.20 mg/ml vs 0.42 ± 0.17 mg/ml), suggesting that in horses with acute traumatic synovitis causing lameness, ha concentration in sf cannot be used as a marker for the condition. High-performance liquid chromatograms disclosed considerable variation between horses in the degree of polymerization reflected in the peak area to height ratio (mean ± sd, 3.207 ± 0.447; range, 2.229 to 3.915), indicating differences in local synthesis, degradation, or mobilization into lymph of sf ha. In addition, the correlation between sf ha concentration and degree of polymerization was 0.760 (P < 0.01; linear regression analysis), suggesting that ha concentration and chain length are independently regulated.
Effects of ivermectin on control of gastrointestinal nematodes and weight gain in weaner-yearling beef cattle
Authors: Williams J. C. , Knox J. W. , Marbury K. S. , Kimball M. D. , Willis R. E.
Published: February 2025

Four groups of 16 crossbred beef calves were used in evaluating different anthelmintic treatment schedules: group 1 was given ivermectin (ivm) at weaning only (October 31) and grazed on initially safe pasture; group 2 was given ivm at weaning, on January 28, and on April 22, and grazed on contaminated pasture; and group 3 was given ivm at weaning and on April 22, and grazed on contaminated pasture; and group-4 was group treated with fenbendazole (fbz) at weaning only, with provision for individual salvage treatment, and grazed on contaminated pasture. The investigation was from Oct 31, 1984, to Oct 9, 1985. Initially high fecal egg counts at weaning were more effectively reduced by ivm than by fbz, and the effect of safe pasture was evident in minimal worm burdens in tracer calves grazed with group-1 cattle during November and least amount of weight loss in group-1 yearlings during winter. Fecal egg counts, pasture larval counts, and plasma pepsinogen concentrations remained low in group 2 after the January treatment. Fecal egg counts of the other groups increased substantially during late winter and spring, but pasture larval counts increased only on group-1 and group-4 pastures. During spring, highest worm burdens were found in group-1 and group-4 tracer calves (grazed in April) and in group-3 and group-4 yearlings (slaughtered in early April). Six cattle of group 4 were salvage treated with fbz in February and April. Greatest gains were observed from March through June, with group-2 and group-1 cattle gaining the most. Little gain advantage was observed for any group after June; group-3 cattle lost weight in the last month, presumably because of increased pasture infectivity in July and September. Although group plasma pepsinogen averages remained low in the last few months, highest individual values were observed in group 4. Final mean weights in October were 336 kg for group 2, 322 kg for group 1, 312 kg for group 3, and 300 kg for group 4. Group-4 final weights differed significantly (P < 0.05) only from those of group 2. Worm counts from representative yearling cattle slaughtered in October indicated only minimal numbers of worms in group-2 and group-3 cattle. Greatest numbers of worms were found in group 1 and Ostertagia ostertagi and Trichostrongylus axei were most prevalent in this group and in group 4.
In vitro transport of l-alanine by equine cecal mucosa
Authors: Freeman David E. , Kleinzeller Arnost , Donawick William J. , Topkis Virginia A.
Published: February 2025

When sheets of mucosa from the cecum of clinically normal horses were incubated in vitro with radiolabeled l-alanine, they could accumulate this amino acid against an apparent concentration gradient after 60 to 150 minutes of incubation. The active transport system for l-alanine was on the serosal surface of the mucosal sheet only. l-Alanine accumulation at 60 minutes was partly inhibited by 20 mM glycine (P < 0.01), 0.5 mM ouabain (P < 0.05), and Na deprivation (P < 0.02). Anoxia for 60 minutes increased l-alanine accumulation, but had adverse effects on cell structure and intracellular cation distributions. Transmucosal fluxes induced a small, but significant (P < 0.05), net secretion of l-alanine, and the mean (± sem) transmucosal potential difference was 7.3 ± 0.7 mV over the period of flux measurement. It was concluded that l-alanine was accumulated by the serosal surface of the cecal mucosa, possibly to provide substrate for tissue metabolism. There was no evidence that the cecal mucosa could actively transport this amino acid from the luminal bathing medium.
Prevention of leucaena toxicosis of cattle in Florida by ruminal inoculation with 3-hydroxy-4-(1H)-pyridone-degrading bacteria
Authors: Hammond Andrew C. , Allison Milton J. , Williams Mimi J. , Prine Gordon M. , Bates Douglas B.
Published: February 2025

Ruminal microorganisms in cattle at a Florida agriculture research station did not have the ability to detoxify leucaena by degradation of 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone (3,4,-dhp), but a dhp isomer (2,3-dhp) was degraded in some cattle. Cattle with microorganisms that degraded 2,3-dhp were mostly Senepol cattle imported from St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, where leucaena is an indigenous species. Hereford cattle at the research station in Florida generally did not degrade 3,4-dhp or 2,3-dhp. An experiment was conducted in which a pure culture of 3,4-dhp-degrading bacteria was inoculated into Hereford cattle (with ruminal fistula) grazing leucaena. The bacteria successfully colonized the rumen of recipient cattle and persisted through the following winter when there was no leucaena in the diet.
Equine upper airway laser surgery generates plumes containing hazardous components
Authors: Sholty Kelsea A. , Hecobian Arsineh , Sullivan Amy P. , Collett Jeffrey L. , Koch Drew W. , Hackett Eileen S.
Published: February 2025

Objective

To evaluate plume composition during simulated diode laser equine upper airway surgery.

Methods

A 980-nm diode laser fiber was applied in continuous-wave mode in contact with laryngeal and pharyngeal tissues of 6 equine cadaver heads, and resultant plumes were collected for analysis. Measured parameters included the real-time concentration of particulate matter under the size of 2.5 μm (PM2.5), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Results

Visible smoke was encountered during surgical laser application and plume collection. Diode laser median activation time was 326 seconds (IQR, 116 to 387 seconds), and median energy was 8,099 J (IQR, 2,721 to 9,110 J). Mean real-time PM2.5 concentrations during laser procedures exceeded 5 mg/m3 throughout. Organic carbon concentrations were much higher than EC concentrations in the surgical plume, with a median OC/EC ratio of 422. Fifty-five individual VOCs were identified. All measured surgical plume components were higher than control samples.

Conclusions

The evaluation of surgical plumes collected during simulated upper airway diode laser surgery revealed high levels of harmful fine particulate matter PM2.5 exceeding Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards. Increased OC and OC/EC ratio were also observed. Surgical plumes contained VOCs, including the known carcinogenic compounds benzene and toluene.

Clinical Relevance

These data suggest the need for mitigation strategies, such as specialized masks or local exhaust ventilation, to decrease the exposure of personnel to plumes generated during equine upper airway laser surgery.
Biomechanical comparison of standard-of-care endoprosthesis limb-sparing technique to a gap group with stainless steel plates and no endoprostheses in the distal radial site of dogs
Authors: Aisa Josep , Johnson James W. , Wustefeld-Janssens Brandan G.
Published: February 2025

Objective

To compare the biomechanical properties of standard-of-care limb salvage stainless steel plates with metal endoprosthesis constructs to constructs without endoprosthesis.

Methods

This was a cadaveric biomechanical study including 5 pairs of normal canine thoracic limbs randomly allocated into 2 groups: limbs with a second-generation, 11.5-mm Veterinary Orthopedic Implants stainless steel plate and a 122-mm stainless steel with endoprosthesis (SS-E) and limbs without endoprostheses or stainless steel with a gap (SS-G). Standard limb-spare surgery was performed and reconstructed with or without endoprostheses (ie, gap). Limbs were tested in axial loading until failure, and load-deformation curves were used to determine the biomechanical properties of the constructs, compared using a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Failure modes were compared descriptively.

Results

Yield load (644 ± 523 N and 288 ± 153 N), yield energy absorbed (1,126 ± 1,695 N/mm and 239 ± 251 N/mm), and ultimate energy absorbed (39,732 ± 11,679 N/mm and 5,175 ± 878 N/mm) were significantly different between the SS-E and SS-G groups, respectively. Stiffness (360 ± 64 N/mm and 180 ± 50 N/mm) and ultimate load (3,385 ± 512 N and 747 ± 98 N) were not. The mode of failure varied between groups, with 2 SS-E constructs failing by humeral fracture and 3 by plate bending at the most distal radial or radiocarpal screw holes, whereas all SS-G constructs failed by plate bending midgap.

Conclusions

Limbs incorporating endoprosthesis were biomechanically superior to limbs reconstructed with a gap.

Clinical Relevance

Limbs reconstructed with locking 11.5-mm Veterinary Orthopedic Implants plates without endoprosthesis may fail at physiological forces during trot or run.
Papillomatosis of Conjunctiva and Adnexa in Dogs
Authors: Bonney Charles H. , Koch Seth A. , Dice Paul F. , Confer Anthony W.
Published: February 2025

Ocular or periocular papillomatosis was diagnosed in seven dogs. The periocular tumors (in 4 dogs) were located on the eyelids or the mucocutaneous junctions of the eyelids. Six of the tumors were removed surgically, using either superficial keratectomy and conjunctival dissection or lid resection techniques; the seventh was biopsied but not removed. In all cases, confirmation of the clinical diagnosis was made by light microscopy. The differential clinical considerations included squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, histiocytoma, and mastocytoma. In all cases of surgical removal, the dogs were free of recurrence 6 months following surgery.
Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Renal Disease in Small Animals
Authors: Cartee Robert E. , Selcer B. A. , Patton Clark S.
Published: February 2025

Real-time ultrasonography was found to be useful in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis, renal calculi, and renal neoplasia in the dog and cat.

One dog with hydronephrosis, one with renal calculi, and a cat with a renal neoplasm were scanned with a real-time ultrasonic scanner. Abnormal enlargement due to fluid accumulation was determined by ultrasonographic imaging in the case of hydronephrosis. The location and mobility of the renal calculus were observed during ultrasonography. An uneven contour and parenchymal masses in the neoplastic kidney were detected by ultrasonographic imaging of the cat. The findings were confirmed either by radiography or by postmortem examination.

Previously, hydronephrosis could be diagnosed only by radiography, especially by excretory urography. Ultrasonography offers a noninvasive method for diagnosis of hydronephrosis. Localization of a urinary calculus at either the proximal end of the ureter or within the renal pelvis may be difficult by radiography. The ability of real-time ultrasonography to detect motion of the calculi within the pelvis offers an improved diagnostic capability to the veterinarian. The inability of radiography to determine the cause of renal enlargement is contrasted with the ability of ultrasonography to detect changes in tissue density that might be compatible with renal neoplasms.
Evaluation of Concentrated Solutions of Guaifenesin for Equine Anesthesia
Authors: Grandy J. L. , McDonell W. N.
Published: February 2025

The pH, osmolality, stability, and bacteriostatic characteristics of 5%, 10%, and 15% solutions of guaifenesin were studied. In vitro and in vivo experiments were done to determine the hemolytic potential of the more concentrated solutions on equine blood, as compared with the recommended 5% solution. The primary objective was to determine whether more concentrated solutions could be used clinically. The secondary objective was to determine the optimal diluent (water, 0.9% saline, or 5% dextrose). It was concluded that a 10% solution of guaifenesin made in sterile distilled water was most suitable for clinical equine anesthesia. Such a preparation has reasonable storage qualities and does not induce clinically significant hemolysis.
Pharmacotherapeutics of Newer Penicillins and Cephalosporins
Authors: Powers Thomas E. , Garg Ramesh C.
Published: February 2025

The β-lactam group of compounds includes a large number of biologically active substances. Some are important as antibiotics (penicillin and cephalosporins) or antibiotic precursors (6-aminopenicillanic acid) and some are important due to their inhibitory action on several β-lactamases. The pharmacologic features of these compounds are discussed on the basis of their structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutics, toxicologic properties, interaction, and incompatibilities.
Pharmacotherapeutics of Drugs Used in Treatment of Anaplasmosis and Babesiosis
Authors: Kuttler K. L.
Published: February 2025

Treatment of anaplasmosis and babesiosis in cattle is practical and effective when given early in the course of infection, before the onset of severe anemia or neurologic disorders.

The tetracyclines (usually oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline) are the only effective specific compounds approved for use against anaplasmosis in the United States. Oxytetracycline, at the rate of 6.6 to 11 mg/kg of body weight given one to three times im or iv, effectively moderates the course of infection. Chlortetracycline administered orally in dosages as small as 1.1 mg/kg will prevent infection and in dosages ranging from 2.2 to 11 mg/kg for 30 to 90 days will eliminate carrier infection.

Babesiosis in cattle is effectively treated by a large number of babesiacidal compounds, but in practice, diminazene aceturate (3 to 5 mg/kg, im), amicarbalide (5 to 10 mg/kg, im), and imidocarb (1 to 3 mg/kg, im) are most often used. However, none of these compounds is approved for use in treating babesiosis in cattle in the United States. Larger amounts of these compounds are usually required for the treatment of babesiosis in the horse and in the dog, and the elimination of babesiosis in these species is much more difficult than it is for babesiosis in cattle.
Experiences and Problems Associated with Usage of Prostaglandins in Countries Other than the United States
Authors: Schultz R. H.
Published: February 2025

The prostaglandins have entered into commercial use with few complaints of problems resulting from action of the drug. Disappointments in the results obtained from their use have stemmed mainly from a lack of understanding or a lack of appreciation of their limitations. Before full realization of their potential benefit as a tool to aid in breeding management is gained, considerable education of the veterinary profession, artificial insemination personnel, extension reproductive advisors, and animal owners must be accomplished.
Values and Limitations of Pet Ownership
Authors: Selby Lloyd A. , Rhoades John D. , Irvin James A. , Carey Gerald E. , Wade Ronald G.
Published: February 2025

A questionnaire was used to collect information concerning the values and limitations of pet ownership. The major reasons given for nonownership were housing limitations, emotional dissatisfaction with animals, destructive habits of pets, and a transient household status. Various stages of the family's “life cycle” had a role in determining pet ownership. The pet's agreeable temperament (eg, intelligence, gentleness, and playfulness) was considered to be the major advantages of pet ownership. The major negative characteristics of pet ownership were the destructiveness and overaggressiveness of the pet.
Efficacy of Albendazole for Prevention of Fascioliasis in Sheep
Authors: Rew Robert S. , Knight Robert A.
Published: February 2025

Daily doses of albendazole administered as a premix in the feed for 35 days were effective in preventing Fasciola hepatica infections in 17 sheep in three groups: 5 mg/kg/day (6 sheep) was 100% effective; 3 mg/kg/day (5 sheep) was 98% effective; and 1 mg/kg/day (6 sheep) was 42% effective.

Infective cysts were given daily for 5 days during the first week of treatment, treatment was continued an additional 28 days, and sheep were necropsied 14 weeks after final cyst inoculation. There were no visible lesions in any livers of sheep given albendazole at the rate of 5 mg/kg/day or in three of five livers of sheep dosed at the rate of 3 mg/kg/day.

Sheep treated with albendazole had a mean weight gain of 2.7 kg, 4.0 kg, and 4.0 kg greater than the controls for the dosages of 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively. Determination of bile duct damage by measurement of serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity at 9 weeks after final cyst inoculation revealed increases of 3.0X, 1.0X, and 1.1X for the dosages of 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively, and 2.3X for the control, as compared with 7 weeks after final cyst inoculation.
Effects of Radiographic Contrast Media on Results of Urinalysis, with Emphasis on Alteration in Specific Gravity
Authors: Feeney D. A. , Osborne C. A. , Jessen C. R.
Published: February 2025

The effect of radiographic contrast medium on the urine specific gravity of ten clinically normal dogs was evaluated. Urinary excretion of different dosages of intravenously administered triiodinated contrast medium caused significant alterations of urine specific gravity. The magnitude of change was related primarily to preinjection urine specific gravity values rather than dosage of contrast medium. In general, preinjection urine specific gravities < 1.040 were increased 15 minutes after injection of contrast material, whereas preinjection urine specific gravities > 1.040 were decreased 15 minutes after injection of contrast medium.

A linear relationship was identified between the concentration of radiographic contrast medium in either distilled water or urine and the specific gravity of these mixtures. This simulated the effects of radiologic contrast medium on urine specific gravity when used for retrograde urethrocystography.

Results of the investigation indicated that urinary excretion of radiographic contrast media significantly alters urine specific gravity values in normal dogs and renders postinjection urine samples unsuitable for diagnostic evaluation of renal tubular concentrating capacity. In addition, previously reported errors in urine protein, glucose, and sediment evaluations attributed to radiographic contrast media were reviewed.
Control of Internal Parasites in Dairy Replacement Heifers by Two Treatments in the Spring
Authors: Herd R. P. , Heider L. E.
Published: February 2025

Eleven dairy replacement heifers (mean body weight, 262.0 kg) were given two treatments with levamisole in the spring to reduce worm egg output and consequent pasture contamination with infective nematode larvae during the summer/autumn grazing season. The treatments were given 3 weeks and 6 weeks after the heifers were moved from confinement to permanent pastures in May 1979, at which time they were 5 to 12 months old.

Treated heifers gained significantly (P<0.01) more weight than a group of 11 control heifers (mean body weight, 262.4 kg) and outweighed them by mean values of 9.2, 19.7, 31.0, and 39.5 kg at the end of July, August, September, and October, respectively. Control heifers had highest egg counts (47–51 eggs/g) from July to September, but there was a 2-month delay before treated heifers attained peak concentrations (42 eggs/g). This delay occurred at a critical time of the year (July, August), when environmental conditions were favorable for the rapid development of eggs to infective larvae. When the egg count for treated heifers peaked at the end of September, environmental conditions were no longer favorable for optimal development of free-living stages.
Evaluation of Diagnostic Techniques for Canine Prostatic Diseases
Authors: Barsanti J. A. , Shotts E. B. , Prasse K. , Crowell W.
Published: February 2025

Ejaculation, prostatic massage, prostatic aspiration biopsy, and prostatic punch biopsy were performed in adult male dogs. The dogs had no abnormalities, as determined by physical examination, cbc, urinalysis, and urine culture.

In 7 of 18 dogs, results of bacterial culture of an ejaculate were negative. Bacteria of several species, but primarily gram-positive cocci, were isolated from ejaculates from the remaining 11 dogs. The concentration of bacteria varied from 550/ml to greater than 100,000/ml (1 dog). More than one genus of bacteria was isolated from 8 of the 11 dogs with positive culture results. These organisms were attributed to urethral or preputial contamination during collection. The large numbers of organisms isolated from a few dogs indicated the results of culture of ejaculates must be interpreted cautiously when trying to determine whether prostatic infection is present. Low numbers of neutrophils and occasional squamous cells were found in 66% and 50% of semen samples, respectively, but their presence did not correlate with positive culture results.

Massaging the prostate was not associated with recovery of cells or bacteria from proximal urethral washes.

An adequate specimen of prostatic tissue for microscopic examination was obtained in 8 of 17 dogs by aspiration and in 8 of 12 dogs by punch biopsy. Bacteria were not isolated from 15 of the 16 samples. Small, focal lesions in the prostate were not detected by aspiration or biopsy. Hematuria of less than 4 days' duration and mild periprostatic hemorrhage were the only complications of aspiration or punch biopsy.
Limitations in Equine Fetal Electrocardiography
Authors: Buss Daryl D. , Asbury A. C. , Chevalier Linda
Published: February 2025

Technical and interpretive limitations of equine fetal electrocardiography were evaluated in recordings obtained from 45 pregnant mares. Technical limitations were related to the small amplitude of the fetal electrocardiogram and to the variability in the lead configuration providing the best recording. It was found that recording the fetal electrocardiogram at high sensitivity and high base-line fidelity in several different leads was necessary to obtain satisfactory tracings. Interpretive limitations were related in part to the small amplitude of the fetal electrocardiogram and to the marked variability in heart rate between fetuses. The great variability in normal fetal heart rate makes a diagnosis of fetal tachycardia or distress difficult unless serial tracings are available.
Hyperthermic Treatment of Superficial Tumors in Cats and Dogs
Authors: Grier R. L. , Brewer W. G. , Theilen G. H.
Published: February 2025

Local current field radiofrequency hyperthermia was applied to 33 superficial tumors in 11 cats and 5 dogs. Squamous cell carcinoma (scc) in the cat was the most frequent tumor treated. Of 19 sec in cats, 13 (68%) were reduced completely; combining complete and partial tumor reduction, there was an 89% favorable response to hyperthermia for scc. A small number of other tumors such as fibrosarcoma in the cat and perianal tumors in the dog were favorably responsive.

Local current field hyperthermia (50 C for 30 sec) resulted in destruction of tumor tissue as well as normal tissue. However, tissue destruction did not extend more than 2 to 3 mm from the electrodes. Ulcerative superficial tumors exposed to air rapidly reduced in size, and a dry eschar that developed fell off at 17 to 25 days.
Cryoneurectomy in the Horse
Authors: Tate Lloyd P. , Evans Loren H.
Published: February 2025

Cryoneurectomy was performed experimentally on 10 digital plantar nerves of normal horses. All nerves were frozen to − 30 C, using a double freezethaw cycle. Nerves were harvested at 10 days and at 4, 12, 16, and 24 weeks and were examined histologically for evidence of regeneration. The terminal portion of the transected nerves treated with cryosurgery did not have any signs of regeneration or neuroma formation at these periods.

Cryoneurectomy was performed on 101 nerves of 32 horses with diseases requiring neurectomy. Twenty-seven of these nerves had been subjected to previous neurectomy, and painful neuromas had developed. After cryoneurectomy, painful neuroma formation was 15% in this group and was 4% in the nerves that had not had a neurectomy prior to cryoneurectomy. Neuritis lasting 10 days developed in 1 horse.
Poxvirus and Multiple Tumors in an Eastern Gray Squirrel
Authors: O’Connor D. J. , Diters R. W. , Nielsen S. W.
Published: February 2025

A moribund juvenile gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) with numerous skin fibromas was submitted to the Northeastern Research Center for Wildlife Diseases. Necropsy revealed multiple firm white nodules in the lungs. On histologic examination, in addition to the skin lesions, fibromatous proliferations were seen in the wall of the alimentary tract, in 1 mesenteric lymph node, and in the myocardium. Tubular adenomas were seen in the renal cortex, and the lung nodules were bronchoalveolar adenomas. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic poxvirus inclusion bodies were seen in both the mesenchymal and epithelial tumors.
Necrotizing Mycotic Dermatitis in Snakes: Clinical and Pathologic Features
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R.
Published: February 2025

Necrotizing mycotic dermatitis was diagnosed in 6 snakes. Cutaneous lesions involved ventral and lateral scales. Each clinical diagnosis was confirmed by fungal culture and light microscopic evaluation of biopsied scales. The differential clinical considerations included contact dermatitis and bacterial dermatitis.
Prevalence and Persistence of Brucella abortus Strain 19 Infections and Prevalence of Other Biotypes in Vaccinated Adult Dairy Cattle
Authors: Nicoletti Paul
Published: February 2025

The prevalence and persistence of Brucella abortus strain 19 shedding from the udder were studied in adult cattle in infected dairy herds that were vaccinated by 4 methods. Specimens were cultured from 1,736 cows in 55 vaccinated herds. Of the 744 brucella isolates, 98 were strain 19 and were from cattle in 25 of the herds. Shedding was highest among conjunctival vaccinates (1.4%) and higher in those given the standard subcutaneous dose (0.83%) than in those given a reduced subcutaneous dose (0.45%). Isolations were not made from intradermally vaccinated cattle.

The persistence of strain 19 shedding was related to the length of time after the initial isolation. Approximately 20% of the shedders that remained in the herds were seropositive 13–18 months later.

Cattle were selected for bacteriologic studies largely on positive results of rivanol or complement-fixation tests inasmuch as the card and tube agglutination tests were unreliable.

Of the 646 field strain isolates, 95.8% were biotype 1, 2.5% were biotype 2, and 1.7% were biotype 4.
Radiographic Detection and Characterization of Palmar Lesions in the Equine Fetlock Joint
Authors: O'Brien Timothy R. , Hornof William J. , Meagher Dennis M.
Published: February 2025

Subchondral lesions were identified in the distal palmar region of the third metacarpus in 21 fetlock joints of 15 Thoroughbred horses. The lesions were more commonly identified on the lateromedial and flexed lateral projection, with the flexed lateral projection permitting optimal visualization of the lesion. Lesions appeared as poorly marginated, radiolucent defects and were located at the level of the base of the proximal sesamoid bones. The shape and distribution of the radiolucent defects were: crescent, 4; flattened, 4; shallow concavity, 5; deep concavity, 3; oval, 3; and circular, 2. Secondary joint disease was commonly identified in joints with these lesions and was more severe when the lesions increased in size and were irregular at the subchondral bony surface.

Three horses with the palmar lesions were rested and re-examined after 16, 40, or 56 weeks. The lesions appeared smaller and less distinct on a subsequent examination for 2 horses, but the degree of secondary joint disease had increased in all 3 horses.

Identification of palmar lesions when small seems important for the successful return of the Thoroughbred to racing soundness.
Evaluation of an Intravenous Catheter for Use in the Horse
Authors: Gulick Bonnie A. , Meagher Dennis M.
Published: February 2025

A commercially available polyvinyl chloride intravenous catheter was studied in 9 horses for 3 to 10 days to evaluate the catheter's suitability for use in the horse, to develop a new insertion technique, and to establish a protocol for catheter care. Seven of the animals were clinically normal horses receiving parenteral nutrition; one was a horse with hypocalcemia receiving frequent intravenous injections of calcium gluconate, and one was a clinically normal horse receiving no infusions. The catheter dressings were changed every 48 hours, and an aspirate from the catheter and the catheter tip was cultured at the time of catheter removal. One catheter became infected following a break in the protocol.

It was concluded that the polyvinyl catheter is suitable for use in the horse and that the proposed protocol for catheter insertion and maintenance may reduce the likelihood of complications such as catheter sepsis, thrombophlebitis, and embolism.
A Randomized Trial for Evaluation of Bandaging Sole Abscesses in Cattle
Authors: White Maurice E. , Glickman Lawrence T. , Embree I. Craig , Powers Pamela M. , Pearson Erwin G.
Published: February 2025

A randomized clinical trial of treatment of sole abscess in cattle was conducted to determine whether bandaging a foot after debridement of an abscess improved outcome. Sixty-six feet from 63 cows were randomly allocated to bandaged or unbandaged groups, and clinical recovery was graded by comparison of lameness at initial examination and at 2 follow-up examinations. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups at entry into the trial or at 1 month after treatment. Unbandaged feet were significantly less lame 1 week after treatment, and this difference was attributed to rapid healing of small lesions in feet of cows in stanchion and tie-stall barns. There was no group in which bandaging improved outcome.
Use of Cystine, Lactose, Electrolyte-Deficient Medium for Isolation and Identification of Bacteria and Yeasts from the Skin and Ears of Dogs
Authors: McKeever Patrick J. , Ward Gilbert E.
Published: February 2025

Cystine, lactose, electrolyte-deficient (cled) medium, a culture medium used for isolation and identification of bacteria from the urinary tract of human beings, was evaluated in a clinical setting for isolation and identification of bacteria and yeasts from the skin and ears of dogs. Staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas sp, Proteus sp, and Candida sp were isolated in cases of secondary pyoderma, otitis, demodectic mange, and folliculitis in 50 dogs. Proteus sp was found along with other organisms in 5 cases. Spreading of Proteus sp was prevented by the cled medium, permitting isolation of the other pathogenic organisms. Observations of growth characteristics on cled medium and use of 4 additional simple laboratory procedures permitted correct identification of 90.3% of the isolates.
Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis: Clinical Features and Presence of Antibody in Selected Goat Populations
Authors: Crawford T. B. , Adams D. S.
Published: February 2025

Features of caprine arthritis-encephalitis, a retrovirus disease of domestic goats, were studied in 60 goats over a 10-year period. The rate of progression and the severity of the disease process were highly variable within and among animals, but the most salient features were chronically swollen joints and bursae, lameness, weight loss, poor coat, mineralization of soft tissue, and death. Of 1,160 goat serum samples from 24 states tested by the immunodiffusion technique, 81% were positive for antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus antigens.
Comparison of Sperm-Rich Fractions of Boar Semen Collected by Electroejaculation and the Gloved-Hand Technique
Authors: Basurto-Kuba V. M. , Evans L. E.
Published: February 2025

Semen was collected from 8 yearling boars, using electroejaculation and the gloved-hand technique. Four semen samples were collected from each boar by each technique, on an alternating schedule, with a 72-hour interval between collections. Comparison of the volume, motility, live-dead ratio, sperm concentration, and spermatozoal conformation of the sperm-rich fractions showed that there were no significant differences between the 2 techniques for any factor evaluated.
Prevalence of Chronic Teat-End Lesions and Their Relationship to Intramammary Infection in 22 Herds of Dairy Cattle
Authors: Sieber R. L. , Farnsworth R. J.
Published: February 2025

A held study that involved 22 herds of dairy cattle (1,055 lactating cows, 126 nonlactating cows, and 32 heifers) was done to determine the prevalence of teat-end lesions and their relationship to intramammary infection. Teats were grouped into 4 general categories; normal teat ends; smooth, chronic ring lesions; rough, chronic ring lesions; and acute teat-end lesions. Only 15.8% of the teats could be classified as normal; 63.1% had smooth, chronic ring lesions, 13.8% had rough, chronic ring lesions, 0.3% had acute teat-end lesions, and 7% could not be classified.

The level of intramammary infection was determined for each teat-end classification. Milk samples were obtained from each mammary gland of all lactating cows. The prevalence of intramammary infection in glands with normal teat ends and in those with chronic ring lesions was not significantly different. Glands with acute teat-end lesions and those in cows in which the teat had been traumatized or leaked milk had higher rates of infection.
Echocardiographic Features of Pericardial Effusion in Dogs
Authors: Bonagura John D. , Pipers Frank S.
Published: February 2025

In a review of case records of pericardial effusion in dogs, detected by means of M-mode echocardiography, echocardiographic findings were similar to those described for other species. In each of 3 cases analyzed, the abnormalities were echo-free separation of the visceral and parietal pericardium, dampening of parietal pericardial motion, exaggerated or paradoxic motion of intracardiac structures, and thickened epicardial echos. Echocardiographic changes compatible with constriction of the pericardium were found in one case.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: Antithrombin, Plasminogen, and Coagulation Abnormalities in 41 Dogs
Authors: Feldman B. F. , Madewell B. R. , O'Neill S.
Published: February 2025

An analysis was made of 41 cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs, with the objective of evaluating routine and nonroutine laboratory tests used in making the diagnosis. The dogs were grouped on the basis of underlying disease, which included neoplasia (39%), pancreatitis (30%), chronic active hepatitis (15%), heat stroke (12%), and sepsis (4%). Of the diagnostic tests evaluated, those for determination of activated partial thromboplastin time, antithrombin III activity, prothrombin time, and the platelet count were the most valuable. Of the clotting factors, factor V activity was decreased more frequently than the activity of factor VIII:C (factor VIII:procoagulant). The factor VIII:C activity was in conflict with prevailing dogma that reflects depression of this factor in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Factor VIII:C activity was decreased in only 29% of dogs studied. Activation of the fibrinolytic system was manifested by decreased plasminogen activity in 49% of the dogs studied. Sixty-one percent of the dogs had increased amounts of fibrin(ogen) degradation products.
Clinical Features of Inherited Cerebellar Degeneration in Gordon Setters
Authors: Steinberg H. Steven , Troncoso Juan C. , Cork Linda C. , Price Donald L.
Published: February 2025

We evaluated a kindred of Gordon Setters affected with inherited ataxia. Six adults and 4 pups clinically affected by the disease were examined. Pathologic studies were performed on a 3-year-old affected female dog and on a 2-month-old pup born to affected parents. The dogs were normal at birth; the 1st signs of neurologic dysfunction (wide-based stance and hypermetria) appeared between 6 and 10 months of age. As the disease progressed, increased tone of the extensor musculature, truncal ataxia, and nystagmus were noted. The disease had a slowly progressive course. The pathologic abnormalities were limited to the cortex of the cerebellum. There was atrophy with loss of Purkinje cells and granule cells affecting predominantly the vermis and paravermian regions of lobules IV, V, and VI. The study of the pedigree and our observations of the progeny of 2 affected dogs indicated that the mode of inheritance of this ataxia is compatible with an autosomal recessive trait.
Malignant Hyperthermia in a Halothane-Anesthetized Horse
Authors: Waldron-Mease Eleanor , Klein Lin V. , Rosenberg Henry , Leitch Midge
Published: February 2025

Malignant hyperthermia developed in a 4-year-old Thoroughbred horse following 3 hours and 15 minutes of halothane anesthesia, with supplementary succinylcholine. Clinical signs included fever, sweating, hyperventilation, tachycardia, and decreased blood pressure followed by a rapid increase in blood pressure. Biochemical aberrations included hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, myoglobinuria, and high creatine phosphokinase and ornithine carbamyl transferase activities.

Treatment consisted initially of surface cooling with cold water, alcohol and ice, iv administration of cooled balanced electrolyte solutions and sodium bicarbonate, and removal from the anesthetic and rebreathing circuit. Oxygen was given by endotracheal insufflation. The rectum was then packed with ice, the horse was moved to a recovery raft and pool, and his body was packed in ice. Xylazine and dantrolene were given during recovery from anesthesia. Following recovery, treatment consisted of administration of balanced electrolyte solutions, calcium borogluconate, potassium penicillin, meperidine, and additional dantrolene.

Muscle biopsy demonstrated exaggerated contracture responses to halothane and caffeine, confirming a diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia.

The horse was returned to training following a routine postsurgical convalescent period.
A Safe Method for Repeatedly Immobilizing Seals
Authors: Geraci Joseph R. , Skirnisson Karl , St. Aubin David J.
Published: February 2025

Phocid seals were immobilized safely and repeatedly, using a combination of ketamine and diazepam at mean im or iv dosages of 1.5 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. Induction and recovery were smoother than with ketamine used alone. Experimentally induced pneumonia did not alter the effects of the drugs, thus attesting to the safety of the ketamine-diazepam combination.
Observations on the Immunopathology and Therapy of Canine Pemphigus and Pemphigoid
Authors: Scott D. W. , Manning T. O. , Smith C. A. , Lewis R. M.
Published: February 2025

Immunopathologic evaluation of 27 dogs with pemphigus and pemphigoid demonstrated that direct immunofluorescence testing was vastly superior to indirect immunofluorescence testing for diagnosis. Therapeutic studies in 31 dogs with pemphigus and pemphigoid demonstrated that glucocorticoids given for systemic effect were unsatisfactory as the sole form of treatment because of lack of efficacy or unacceptable side effects, or both, in over 50% of the cases.