bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemodynamics in fetal arrhythmia
Authors: Sonesson Sven‐Erik , Acharya Ganesh
Published: December 2015

Fetal arrhythmias are among the few conditions that can be managed in utero. However, accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate management. Ultrasound‐based imaging methods can be used to study fetal heart structure and function noninvasively and help to understand fetal cardiovascular pathophysiology, and they remain the mainstay of evaluating fetuses with arrhythmias in clinical settings. Hemodynamic evaluation using Doppler echocardiography allows the elucidation of the electrophysiological mechanism and helps to make an accurate diagnosis. It can also be used as a tool to understand fetal cardiac pathophysiology, for assessing fetal condition and monitoring the effect of antiarrhythmic treatment. This narrative review describes Doppler techniques that are useful for evaluating fetal cardiac rhythms to refine diagnosis and provides an overview of hemodynamic changes observed in different types of fetal arrhythmia.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of γ‐hydroxybutyrate in healthy subjects
Authors: Liechti Matthias E. , Quednow Boris B. , Liakoni Evangelia , Dornbierer Dario , von Rotz Robin , Gachet Maria Salomé , Gertsch Jürg , Seifritz Erich , Bosch Oliver G.
Published: December 2015

Aims

γ‐Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is used as a treatment for narcolepsy and alcohol withdrawal and as a recreational substance. Nevertheless, there are limited data on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic relationships of GHB in humans. We characterized the pharmacokinetic profile and exposure‐psychotropic effect relationship of GHB in humans.

Methods

Two oral doses of GHB (25 and 35 mg kg−1) were administered to 32 healthy male subjects (16 for each dose) using a randomized, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over design.

Results

Maximal concentrations of GHB were (geometric mean and 95% CI): 218 (176–270) nmol ml−1 and 453 (374–549) nmol ml−1 for the 25 and 35 mg kg−1 GHB doses, respectively. The elimination half‐lives (mean ± SD) were 36 ± 9 and 39 ± 7 min and the AUC∞ values (geometric mean and 95% CI) were 15 747 (12 854–19 290) and 40 113 (33 093–48 622) nmol∙min ml−1 for the 20 and 35 mg kg−1 GHB doses, respectively. Thus, plasma GHB exposure (AUC0‐∞) rose disproportionally (+40%) with the higher dose. γ‐Hydroxybutyrate produced mixed stimulant‐sedative effects, with a dose‐dependent increase in sedation and dizziness. It did not alter heart rate or blood pressure. A close relationship between plasma GHB exposure and its psychotropic effects was found, with higher GHB concentrations associated with higher subjective stimulation, sedation, and dizziness. No clockwise hysteresis was observed in the GHB concentration effect plot over time (i.e., no acute pharmacological tolerance).

Conclusion

Evidence was found of a nonlinear dose‐exposure relationship (i.e., no dose proportionality) at moderate doses of GHB. The effects of GHB on consciousness were closely linked to its plasma exposure and exhibited no acute tolerance.
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Voltage‐gated ion channels
Authors: Alexander Stephen PH , Catterall William A , Kelly Eamonn , Marrion Neil , Peters John A , Benson Helen E , Faccenda Elena , Pawson Adam J , Sharman Joanna L , Southan Christopher , Davies Jamie A ,   CGTP Collaborators
Published: December 2015

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.13350/full. Voltage‐gated ion channels are one of the eight major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein‐coupled receptors, ligand‐gated ion channels, other ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The Concise Guide is published in landscape format in order to facilitate comparison of related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2015, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in the previous Guides to Receptors & Channels and the Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14. It is produced in conjunction with NC‐IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR‐DB and GRAC and provides a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates.
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Transporters
Authors: Alexander Stephen PH , Kelly Eamonn , Marrion Neil , Peters John A , Benson Helen E , Faccenda Elena , Pawson Adam J , Sharman Joanna L , Southan Christopher , Davies Jamie A ,   CGTP Collaborators
Published: December 2015

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.13355/full. G protein‐coupled receptors are one of the eight major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein‐coupled receptors, ligand‐gated ion channels, voltage‐gated ion channels, other ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The Concise Guide is published in landscape format in order to facilitate comparison of related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2015, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in the previous Guides to Receptors & Channels and the Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14. It is produced in conjunction with NC‐IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR‐DB and GRAC and provides a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates.
Homozygous FIBP nonsense variant responsible of syndromic overgrowth, with overgrowth, macrocephaly, retinal coloboma and learning disabilities
Authors: Thauvin‐Robinet C. , Duplomb‐Jego L. , Limoge F. , Picot D. , Masurel A. , Terriat B. , Champilou C. , Minot D. , St‐Onge J. , Kuentz P. , Duffourd Y. , Thevenon J. , Rivière J.‐B. , Faivre L.
Published: December 2015

The acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) intracellular binding protein (FIBP) interacts directly with the fibroblast growth factor FGF1. Although FIBP is known to be implicated in the FGF signaling pathway, its precise function remains unclear. Gain‐of‐function variants in several FGF receptors (FGFRs) are implicated in a wide spectrum of growth disorders from achondroplasia to overgrowth syndromes. In a unique case from a consanguineous union presenting with overgrowth, macrocephaly, retinal coloboma, large thumbs, severe varicose veins and learning disabilities, exome sequencing identified a homozygous nonsense FIBP variant. The patient's fibroblasts exhibit FIBP cDNA degradation and an increased proliferation capacity compared with controls. The phenotype defines a new multiple congenital abnormalities (MCA) syndrome, overlapping with the heterogeneous group of overgrowth syndromes with macrocephaly. The different clinical features can be explained by the alteration of the FGFR pathway. Taken together, these results suggest the implication of FIBP in a new autosomal recessive MCA.
Primary lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma: analysis of prognostic factors using surveillance, epidemiology and end results program
Authors: Komiya Takefumi , Perez Raymond P. , Yamamoto Satomi , Neupane Prakash
Published: December 2015

Introduction

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) primarily occurs in salivary glands, but can also arise in other organs; however, the impact of primary location on patient prognosis is largely unknown.

Methods

Using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER) data we investigated whether the clinical and prognostic features of MEC differed among multiple organ sites. The SEER‐18 dataset from 18 cancer registries in the US between 1972 and 2012 was chosen. The common organ sites with 100 or more cases were further analyzed. Survival analysis included Log‐rank tests of Kaplan–Meier curves and univariate/multivariate proportional hazard analysis.

Results

A total of 7,191 MEC cases with survival data were identified in the SEER data. Major salivary gland (MSG) was the primary site in 52.9% of cases, followed by gum and other mouth (23.6%), lung (5.9%), tongue (3.4%) and others. Compared to MSG‐MEC, primary lung MEC had significantly more patients with age <=70, diagnosis in 2002 and earlier, distant stage, undetermined grade and nonsurgical treatment. Primary lung MEC, older age, male gender, early year of diagnosis, distant stage, high histologic grade and radiation alone were significantly associated with poor 5‐year disease‐specific survival rate. Among patients with primary lung MEC, univariate analysis demonstrated that those with main bronchus or upper lobe primary sites had significantly decreased 5‐year disease‐specific survival rate.

Conclusions

This study suggests that there is a major difference in prognosis of MEC among primary sites. Primary lung MEC might have poor prognosis over MSG‐MEC.
Improvement in glycated haemoglobin evaluated by baseline body mass index: a meta‐analysis of the liraglutide phase III clinical trial programme
Authors: Montanya E. , Fonseca V. , Colagiuri S. , Blonde L. , Donsmark M. , Nauck M. A.
Published: December 2015

In the liraglutide clinical trial programme, liraglutide 1.2 and 1.8 mg were found to effectively lower glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is unknown whether baseline body mass index (BMI) is a predictor of change in HbA1c observed during a clinical trial with liraglutide or placebo treatment. The present meta‐analysis of patient‐level data, using pooled data from seven phase III trials [LEAD‐1–6 and the liraglutide versus sitagliptin trial (LIRA–DPP‐4)] for liraglutide 1.2, 1.8 mg and placebo (n = 3222), identified no significant correlation between baseline BMI (<20 kg/m2 up to 45 kg/m2) and HbA1c reduction for placebo or liraglutide 1.2 mg, and a modest, clinically non‐relevant, association for liraglutide 1.8 mg [−0.010 (95% confidence interval −0.020, −0.001)], whereby a 10 kg/m2 increase in baseline BMI corresponded to 0.10%‐point (1.1 mmol/mol) greater HbA1c reduction. In summary, reductions in HbA1c obtained during clinical trials with liraglutide or placebo treatment were independent of baseline BMI.
An evaluation of the state of spatial point pattern analysis in ecology
Authors: Velázquez Eduardo , Martínez Isabel , Getzin Stephan , Moloney Kirk A. , Wiegand Thorsten
Published: December 2015

Over the last two decades spatial point pattern analysis (SPPA) has become increasingly popular in ecological research. To direct future work in this area we review studies using SPPA techniques in ecology and related disciplines. We first summarize the key elements of SPPA in ecology (i.e. data types, summary statistics and their estimation, null models, comparison of data and models, and consideration of heterogeneity); second, we review how ecologists have used these key elements; and finally, we identify practical difficulties that are still commonly encountered and point to new methods that allow current key questions in ecology to be effectively addressed.

Our review of 308 articles published over the period 1992–2012 reveals that a standard canon of SPPA techniques in ecology has been largely identified and that most of the earlier technical issues that occupied ecologists, such as edge correction, have been solved. However, the majority of studies underused the methodological potential offered by modern SPPA. More advanced techniques of SPPA offer the potential to address a variety of highly relevant ecological questions. For example, inhomogeneous summary statistics can quantify the impact of heterogeneous environments, mark correlation functions can include trait and phylogenetic information in the analysis of multivariate spatial patterns, and more refined point process models can be used to realistically characterize the structure of a wide range of patterns. Additionally, recent advances in fitting spatially‐explicit simulation models of community dynamics to point pattern summary statistics hold the promise for solving the longstanding problem of linking pattern to process. All these newer developments allow ecologists to keep up with the increasing availability of spatial data sets provided by newer technologies, which allow point patterns and environmental variables to be mapped over large spatial extents at increasingly higher image resolutions.
Combined transcranial alternating current stimulation and continuous theta burst stimulation: a novel approach for neuroplasticity induction
Authors: Goldsworthy Mitchell R. , Vallence Ann‐Maree , Yang Ruiting , Pitcher Julia B. , Ridding Michael C.
Published: December 2015

Non‐invasive brain stimulation can induce functionally relevant plasticity in the human cortex, making it potentially useful as a therapeutic tool. However, the induced changes are highly variable between individuals, potentially limiting research and clinical utility. One factor that might contribute to this variability is the level of cortical inhibition at the time of stimulation. The alpha rhythm (~ 8–13 Hz) recorded with electroencephalography (EEG) is thought to reflect pulsatile cortical inhibition; therefore, targeting non‐invasive brain stimulation to particular phases of the alpha rhythm may provide an approach to enhance plasticity induction. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been shown to entrain cortical oscillations in a frequency‐specific manner. We investigated whether the neuroplastic response to continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) was enhanced by timing bursts of stimuli to the peak or the trough of a tACS‐imposed alpha rhythm. While motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were unaffected when cTBS was applied in‐phase with the peak of the tACS‐imposed oscillation, MEP depression was enhanced when cTBS was applied in‐phase with the trough. This enhanced MEP depression was dependent on the individual peak frequency of the endogenous alpha rhythm recorded with EEG prior to stimulation, and was strongest in those participants classified as non‐responders to standard cTBS. These findings suggest that tACS may be used in combination with cTBS to enhance the plasticity response. Furthermore, the peak frequency of endogenous alpha, as measured with EEG, may be used as a simple marker to pre‐select those individuals likely to benefit from this approach.
Hierarchical axon targeting of Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons specified by the proneural transcription factors Atonal and Amos
Authors: Okumura Misako , Kato Tomoko , Miura Masayuki , Chihara Takahiro
Published: December 2015

Sensory information is spatially represented in the brain to form a neural map. It has been suggested that axon–axon interactions are important for neural map formation; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We used the Drosophila antennal lobe, the first olfactory center in the brain, as a model for studying neural map formation. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) expressing the same odorant receptor target their axons to a single glomerulus out of approximately 50 glomeruli in the antennal lobe. Previous studies have showed that the axons of Atonal ORNs, specified by Atonal, a basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor, pioneer antennal lobe formation; however, the details remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that genetic ablation of Atonal ORNs affects antennal lobe structure and axon targeting of Amos ORNs, another type of ORN specified by the bHLH transcription factor Amos. During development, Atonal ORNs reach the antennal lobe and form the axon commissure before Amos ORNs. We also found that N‐cadherin knockdown specifically in Atonal ORNs disrupts the glomerular boundary in the whole antennal lobe. Our results suggest that Atonal ORNs function as pioneer axons. Thus, correct axon targeting of Atonal ORNs is essential for formation of the whole antennal lobe.
Liver stiffness‐spleen size‐to‐platelet ratio risk score identifies esophageal varices in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Shibata Soichiro , Umemura Takeji , Yamazaki Tomoo , Fujimori Naoyuki , Ichikawa Yuki , Kimura Takefumi , Joshita Satoru , Komatsu Michiharu , Matsumoto Akihiro , Tanaka Eiji
Published: December 2015

Aim

Non‐invasive methods are needed to identify esophageal varices (EV) in patients with chronic liver disease. To this end, we evaluated liver stiffness (LS)‐spleen diameter‐to‐platelet ratio risk score (LSPS) in predicting EV among Japanese chronic hepatitis C patients.

Methods

A total of 99 patients with chronic hepatitis C who had undergone endoscopy, LS measurement and ultrasonography between 2013 and 2014 were enrolled. Clinical data were compared with those for other non‐invasive markers (platelet count, aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio, FIB‐4 index and platelet‐to‐spleen ratio), spleen size, LS and controlled attenuation parameter. Diagnostic applicability was assessed by the area under the receiver–operator curve (AUC) and predictive values along with multivariate logistic regression.

Results

LSPS was significantly correlated to the grade of EV (ρ = 0.617, P < 0.001) and was superior to the other non‐invasive indices for determination of EV. LSPS was independently associated with EV by multivariate logistic regression analysis (odds ratio, 3.079; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.137–4.438; P < 0.001). The cut‐off value of LSPS for EV was 0.7, for which the AUC, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 0.928 (95% CI, 0.876–0.980), 86.3%, 89.6%, 70.4%, 95.8% and 88.9%, respectively.

Conclusion

LSPS may also identify EV in patients with chronic hepatitis C in Japan. The clinical values of LSPS for EV risk merit further validation in larger prospective studies.
Exploring the association between maternal prenatal multivitamin use and early infant growth: The Healthy Start Study
Authors: Sauder K. A. , Starling A. P. , Shapiro A. L. , Kaar J. L. , Ringham B. M. , Glueck D. H. , Dabelea D.
Published: December 2015

Background

Prenatal multivitamin supplementation is recommended to improve offspring outcomes, but effects on early infant growth are unknown.

Objectives

We examined whether multivitamin supplementation in the year before delivery predicts offspring mass, body composition and early infant growth.

Methods

Multivitamin use was assessed longitudinally in 626 women from the Healthy Start Study. Offspring body size and composition was measured with air displacement plethysmography at birth (<3 days) and postnatally (median 5.2 months). Separate multiple linear regressions assessed the relationship of weeks of daily multivitamin use with offspring mass, body composition and postnatal growth, after adjustment for potential confounders (maternal age, race, pre‐pregnant body mass index; offspring gestational age at birth, sex; breastfeeding exclusivity).

Results

Maternal multivitamin use was not related to offspring mass or body composition at birth, or rate of change in total or fat‐free mass in the first 5 months. Multivitamin use was inversely associated with average monthly growth in offspring percent fat mass (β = −0.009, p = 0.049) between birth and postnatal exam. Offspring of non‐users had a monthly increase in percent fat mass of 3.45%, while offspring at the top quartile of multivitamin users had a monthly increase in percent fat mass of 3.06%. This association was not modified by exclusive breastfeeding.

Conclusions

Increased multivitamin use in the pre‐conception and prenatal periods was associated with a slower rate of growth in offspring percent fat mass in the first 5 months of life. This study provides further evidence that in utero nutrient exposures may affect offspring adiposity beyond birth.
Prevalence of childhood obesity in the state of Kuwait
Authors: Elkum N. , Al‐Arouj M. , Sharifi M. , Shaltout A. , Bennakhi A.
Published: December 2015

Background

Overweight and obesity have reached an epidemic in Kuwait, with the highest rate of adult obesity in the region. National estimates of childhood obesity in Kuwait are scarce. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children in Kuwait.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study of a representative sample of 6–18 years old school children, randomly selected from 244 schools in Kuwait. Anthropometric data was measured from 6574 students in September 2012–June 2013. Overweight and obesity have been defined in accordance with the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and World Health Organization (WHO) 2007 criteria.

Results

The prevalence estimate overweight was based on the three different systems (CDC = 17.7%, IOTF = 23.3%, WHO = 21.6%). The prevalence of obesity was (CDC = 33.9%, IOTF = 28.2%, WHO = 30.5%). Boys had a higher percentage of obesity regardless of the classification system used.

Conclusions

The prevalence of childhood obesity is alarmingly high in the State of Kuwait and exceeds the prevalence rates reported from neighbouring countries and from North America.
Assessing value‐based health care delivery for haemodialysis
Authors: Parra Eduardo , Arenas María Dolores , Alonso Manuel , Martínez María Fernanda , Gamen Ángel , Aguarón Juan , Escobar María Teresa , Moreno‐Jiménez José María , Alvarez‐Ude Fernando
Published: December 2015

Rationale, aims and objectives

Disparities in haemodialysis outcomes among centres have been well‐documented. Besides, attempts to assess haemodialysis results have been based on non‐comprehensive methodologies. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive methodology for assessing haemodialysis centres, based on the value of health care. The value of health care is defined as the patient benefit from a specific medical intervention per monetary unit invested (Value = Patient Benefit/Cost). This study assessed the value of health care and ranked different haemodialysis centres.

Method

A nephrology quality management group identified the criteria for the assessment. An expert group composed of stakeholders (patients, clinicians and managers) agreed on the weighting of each variable, considering values and preferences. Multi‐criteria methodology was used to analyse the data. Four criteria and their weights were identified: evidence‐based clinical performance measures = 43 points; yearly mortality = 27 points; patient satisfaction = 13 points; and health‐related quality of life = 17 points (100‐point scale). Evidence‐based clinical performance measures included five sub‐criteria, with respective weights, including: dialysis adequacy; haemoglobin concentration; mineral and bone disorders; type of vascular access; and hospitalization rate. The patient benefit was determined from co‐morbidity–adjusted results and corresponding weights. The cost of each centre was calculated as the average amount expended per patient per year.

Results

The study was conducted in five centres (1–5). After adjusting for co‐morbidity, value of health care was calculated, and the centres were ranked. A multi‐way sensitivity analysis that considered different weights (10–60% changes) and costs (changes of 10% in direct and 30% in allocated costs) showed that the methodology was robust. The rankings: 4‐5‐3‐2‐1 and 4‐3‐5‐2‐1 were observed in 62.21% and 21.55%, respectively, of simulations, when weights were varied by 60%.

Conclusions

Value assessments may integrate divergent stakeholder perceptions, create a context for improvement and aid in policy‐making decisions.
Measuring interdependence in ambulatory care
Authors: Katerndahl David , Wood Robert , Jaen Carlos R.
Published: December 2015

Rationale, aims and objectives

Complex systems differ from complicated systems in that they are nonlinear, unpredictable and lacking clear cause‐and‐effect relationships, largely due to the interdependence of their components (effects of interconnectedness on system behaviour and consequences). The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the potential for network density to serve as a measure of interdependence, assess its concurrent validity and test whether the use of valued or binary ties yields better results.

Method

This secondary analysis used the 2010 National Ambulatory Care Medical Survey to assess interdependence of ‘top 20’ diagnoses seen and medications prescribed for 14 specialties. The degree of interdependence was measured as the level of association between diagnoses and drug interactions among medications. Both valued and binary network densities were computed for each specialty. To assess concurrent validity, these measures were correlated with previously‐derived valid measures of complexity of care using the same database, adjusting for diagnosis and medication diversity.

Results

Partial correlations between diagnosis density, and both diagnosis and total input complexity, were significant, as were those between medication density and both medication and total output complexity; for both diagnosis and medication densities, adjusted correlations were higher for binary rather than valued densities.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the feasibility and validity of using network density as a measure of interdependence. When adjusted for measure diversity, density‐complexity correlations were significant and higher for binary than valued density. This approach complements other methods of estimating complexity of care and may be applicable to unique settings.
Multiplex‐PCR Assay for Simultaneous Identification of Lamb, Beef and Duck in Raw and Heat‐Treated Meat Mixtures
Authors: Qin Pei , Hong Yeun , Kim Hae‐Yeong
Published: December 2015

A multiplex PCR technique was applied for the simultaneous identification of duck, beef and lamb meats in meat mixtures. To simulate food adulteration, lamb and duck meat (10–0.5% each) were mixed into beef (80–99%) and beef and duck meat (10–0.5% each) were mixed into lamb (80–99%). Species‐specific primer sets were designed from the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA. A universal 18S rRNA primer set was also applied as a positive control in the PCR reaction. The sizes of the PCR products for eukaryotes, lamb, beef and duck were 99, 133, 166 and 204 bp, respectively. All primer sets showed specificity in the PCR reactions using template DNAs from 16 animal species. The sensitivity for both single and multiplex PCR was 0.005 ng. The detection limit for target species in raw and heat‐treated (100, 121 and 200C for 20 min) meat mixtures was 1%. This multiplex PCR method successfully discriminated raw and cooked lamb, beef and duck meat samples.

Practical Applications

In most food fraud incidents related to lamb and beef, duck meat was used as a contaminant. Validation of the stability of PCR detection after the heat‐treatment of meat samples is important when the method is applied to analyze processed meat products or to monitor meat products in the market. The multiplex PCR assay developed in this study is a rapid and sensitive detection method for the simultaneous identification of lamb, beef and duck meats in both raw and heat‐treated meat mixtures.
The Increasing Convex Order and the Trade–off of Size for Risk
Authors: Liu Liqun , Meyer Jack
Published: December 2015

One random variable is larger than another in the increasing convex order if that random variable is preferred or indifferent to the other by all decision makers with increasing and convex utility functions. Decision makers in this set prefer larger random variables and are risk loving. When a decision maker whose utility function is increasing and concave is indifferent between such a pair of random variables, a trade‐off of size for risk is revealed, and this information can be used to make comparative static predictions concerning the choices of other decision makers. Specifically, the choices of all those who are strongly more (or less) risk averse than the reference decision maker can be predicted. Thus, the increasing convex order, together with Ross's (1981) definition of strongly more risk averse, can provide additional comparative static findings in a variety of decision problems. The analysis here discusses the decisions to self‐protect and to purchase insurance.
Sexual traits plasticity of the potentially invasive limpet Bostrycapulus odites (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae) within its natural distribution in South America
Authors: Cledón Maximiliano , Nuñez Jesús Darío , Ocampo Emiliano Hernán , Sigwart Julia D.
Published: December 2015

The slipper limpet Bostrycapulus odites has recently been reported as an introduced species on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Another species in the family Calyptraeidae, Crepidula fornicata, is a problematic invasive species in the Northeast Atlantic, which makes the closely related Bostrycapulus introduction a matter of concern. Information on the biology of B. odites in its natural environment can facilitate predictions on where the species could find favourable conditions for settlement and expansion. Size and sex were recorded for individuals in four populations over 2600 km of the Southwestern Atlantic shoreline, in Argentina and Brazil, covering the whole native latitudinal range of this widely distributed species. Animals were collected by hand in the intertidal or by SCUBA in subtidal locations; specimens were examined to determine shell length, sex, and the presence and number of brooded egg capsules in females. Mean shell length for the whole population did not differ significantly among populations. However, this species experiences sequential hermaphroditism (protandrism), and the size at sexual maturity (minimum male size) increased significantly with latitude. The fecundity of females at all sites increased with size, and the number of brooded egg capsules as well as the average size of capsules was larger in bigger individual females; however, mean fecundity varied among sites independent of mean female body size. This limpet species modifies its reproductive traits with local conditions, and sexual characters develop earlier in more temperate localities.
The ‘Continuous Exposition’ and the Concept of Subordinate Theme
Authors: Caplin William E. , Martin Nathan John
Published: December 2015

James Hepokoski and Warren Darcy's Sonata Theory promotes a fundamental distinction between sonata expositions that are eithertwo‐partorcontinuous. We contend that this binary opposition misconstrues the commonality of formal procedures operative in Classical sonata form. Advocating a form‐functional approach, we hold that all sonata expositions contain a subordinate theme (or at least sufficient functional elements of such a theme), even if the boundary between the transition and subordinate theme is obscured. We illustrate three categories of such a blurred boundary: (1) the transition lacks a functional ending but the subordinate theme still brings an initiating function of some kind; (2) the transition ends normally but the subordinate theme lacks a clear beginning; and (3) the transition lacks an ending and the subordinate theme lacks a beginning, thus effecting a completefusionof these thematic functions. We extend these considerations to another formal type – minuet form – in order to place the technique of fusion as it arises in sonata‐form expositions in a broader perspective. In further comparing a theory of formal functions to Sonata Theory, we invoke the ‘sonata clock’ metaphor, first introduced by Hepokoski and Darcy, and show that our respective clocks have different ‘hour’ markers and run at different speeds. We conclude by examining some of the main conceptual differences that account for the divergent views of expositional structures offered by Sonata Theory and a theory of formal functions, arguing against the former's claim that themedial caesurais a necessary condition for the appearance of a subordinate theme.
Factors predicting clinical nurses' willingness to care for Ebola virus disease‐infected patients: A cross‐sectional, descriptive survey
Authors: Kim Ji Soo , Choi Jeong Sil
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study was to identify factors predicting clinical nurses' willingness to care for Ebola virus disease (EVD)‐infected patients. Data were collected from 179 nurses employed at 10 hospitals in Korea using self‐reporting questionnaires. Only 26.8% of the participants were willing to care for EVD‐infected patients. Factors predicting their willingness to provide care were their belief in public service, risk perception, and age. Nurses' willingness to provide care was high when their belief in public service was high, low when their risk perception was high, and low as their age increased. In order to strengthen nurses' willingness to care for EVD‐infected patients, education that targets the enhancement of belief in public service should be included in nurse training. Efforts should be directed toward lowering EVD risk perception and developing systematic responses through government‐led organized support.
Heme acquisition mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis – strategies used in a polymicrobial community in a heme‐limited host environment
Authors: Smalley J.W. , Olczak T.
Published: December 2015

Porphyromonas gingivalis, a main etiologic agent and key pathogen responsible for initiation and progression of chronic periodontitis requires heme as a source of iron and protoporphyrin IX for its survival and the ability to establish an infection. Porphyromonas gingivalis is able to accumulate a defensive cell‐surface heme‐containing pigment in the form of μ‐oxo bisheme. The main sources of heme for P. gingivalis in vivo are hemoproteins present in saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and erythrocytes. To acquire heme, P. gingivalis uses several mechanisms. Among them, the best characterized are those employing hemagglutinins, hemolysins, and gingipains (Kgp, RgpA, RgpB), TonB‐dependent outer‐membrane receptors (HmuR, HusB, IhtA), and hemophore‐like proteins (HmuY, HusA). Proteins involved in intracellular heme transport, storage, and processing are less well characterized (e.g. PgDps). Importantly, P. gingivalis may also use the heme acquisition systems of other bacteria to fulfill its own heme requirements. Porphyromonas gingivalis displays a novel paradigm for heme acquisition from hemoglobin, whereby the Fe(II)‐containing oxyhemoglobin molecule must first be oxidized to methemoglobin to facilitate heme release. This process not only involves P. gingivalis arginine‐ and lysine‐specific gingipains, but other proteases (e.g. interpain A from Prevotella intermedia) or pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Porphyromonas gingivalis is then able to fully proteolyze the more susceptible methemoglobin substrate to release free heme or to wrest heme from it directly through the use of the HmuY hemophore.
Patient satisfaction after sclerotherapy of venous malformations in children
Authors: Nakahata Kengo , Uehara Shuichiro , Zenitani Masahiro , Nakamura Masahisa , Osuga Keigo , Okuyama Hiroomi
Published: December 2015

Background

We have introduced and performed percutaneous sclerotherapy on pediatric patients, and information regarding the mid‐ and long‐term results after percutaneous treatment of peripheral venous malformations is necessary to counsel patients and their parents about the outcome of the therapy. This study was designed to retrospectively evaluate the long‐term satisfaction of pediatric patients following percutaneous sclerotherapy for venous malformations (VMs).

Methods

A total of 53 children younger than 16 years of age with VMs who underwent sclerotherapy were included in this study. Self‐assessment questionnaires regarding the treatment effectiveness and patients' satisfaction were sent to 50 of 53 patients. Sclerotherapy was performed using 3% polidocanol, absolute ethanol, or 5% ethanolamine oleate (EO).

Results

The median numbers of sessions per patient was 2.0 (range, 1‐12), and the median follow‐up time was 1.8 years (range, 6months‐8.3years). Forty‐two patients (84%) returned the questionnaire. The most frequent symptom was swelling (95%, 40/42) before sclerotherapy. After treatment, patients felt less pain (82%, 23/28), functional limitation (78%, 14/18), swelling (70%, 28/40), and cosmetic disfigurement (59%, 13/22). None of the patients responded “worse” for any symptoms, and 30 patients (71%) reported being “very satisfied” or “satisfied” with the treatment.

Conclusion

Percutaneous sclerotherapy of VMs was safe and effective for relieving symptoms in our pediatric patients, and many of them were satisfied with the outcomes.
Exploring the gaps in the evidence‐based application of narrowbandUVBfor the treatment of vitiligo
Authors: Madigan Lauren M. , Al‐Jamal Mohammed , Hamzavi Iltefat
Published: December 2015

While narrowband ultraviolet light B (NB‐UVB) has become integral to the treatment of diffuse vitiligo, evidence‐based guidelines have been lacking with regard to dosing and administration. This is largely the result of heterogeneous study designs, ambiguous methodologies, disparate dosing strategies, and the use of varied, and somewhat arbitrary, outcome measures. In the absence of prospective trials to address each of these concerns, the available literature regarding the application ofNB‐UVBfor vitiligo was reviewed and the authors now pose a set of questions to the phototherapy community in an attempt to highlight gaps within our understanding. We aim to stimulate discussion, elicit expert opinion, and identify areas for future research to move toward a unified and safe treatment guideline for patients afflicted by this disease.
The gender differences in the inhibitory action of UVB‐induced melanocyte activation by the administration of tranexamic acid
Authors: Hiramoto Keiichi , Yamate Yurika , Sugiyama Daijiro , Takahashi Yumi , Mafune Eiichi
Published: December 2015

Background

Tranexamic acid has an inhibitory action on ultraviolet (UV) B‐induced melanocyte activation. This study examined the sex differences in the inhibitory action of tranexamic acid on UVB‐induced melanocyte activation.

Methods

We irradiated the eye and ear of male and female mice with UVB at a dose of 1.0 kJ/m2 using a 20SE sunlamp. We orally administered tranexamic acid (750 mg/kg/day) at 30 min before UVB exposure.

Results

Tranexamic acid inhibited the UVB‐induced epidermal melanocyte activation, and the effect was more remarkable under UVB eye irradiation than under UVB ear irradiation. Furthermore, the melanocyte activity suppression effect was stronger in female mice than in male mice. Following the administration of tranexamic acid, the female displayed increased blood levels of β‐endorphin and μ‐opioid receptor and estradiol receptor β expression in comparison with the male. Furthermore, the effect of melanocyte activity suppression in the female mice was decreased by the administration of tamoxifen (antagonist of estrogen receptor) or naltrexone (antagonist of μ‐opioid receptor).

Conclusions

These results suggest that the suppression by tranexamic acid of the UVB‐induced melanocyte activation (UVB sensitivity) is stronger in female mice than in male mice and that female hormones and β‐endorphin play an important role in this sex difference.
Molecular and biological characterization of Potato mop‐top virus (PMTV, Pomovirus) isolates from the potato‐growing regions of Colombia
Authors: Gil J. F. , Adams I. , Boonham N. , Nielsen S. L. , Nicolaisen M.
Published: December 2015

Potato mop‐top virus (PMTV) causes necrotic flecks inside and on tubers in temperate countries. In South America, these symptoms have not been observed, although the presence of the virus has been confirmed in the Andes and in Central America. To characterize PMTV isolates from the Andes, soil samples were taken from the main potato‐producing regions in Colombia and virus was recovered by planting Nicotiana benthamiana as bait plants. The complete genomes of five isolates were sequenced and three of the isolates were inoculated to four different indicator plants. Based on sequence comparisons, three types of RNA‐CP (RNA2) and RNA‐TGB (RNA3) were found. The isolates from the centre of the country (CO3 and CO4) were similar to isolates from Europe. The genomes of CO1, CO2 and CO5 differ from other PMTV isolates, placing them in a separate clade in phylogenetic trees. The three Colombian isolates (CO1, CO2 and CO5) only induced slightly different symptoms in the indicator plants. However, the isolate from the northwest of the country (CO1) induced stronger symptoms in N. benthamiana including severe stunting. A correlation between the genotype of the isolates and the symptoms they induced on indicator plants was not found.
On the Concept and Definition of Terrorism Risk
Authors: Aven Terje , Guikema Seth
Published: December 2015

In this article, we provide some reflections on how to define and understand the concept of terrorism risk in a professional risk assessment context. As a basis for this discussion we introduce a set of criteria that we believe should apply to any conceptualization of terrorism risk. These criteria are based on both criteria used in other areas of risk analysis and our experience with terrorism risk analysis. That is, these criteria offer our perspective. We show that several of the suggested perspectives and definitions have weaknesses in relation to these criteria. A main problem identified is the idea that terrorism risk can be conceptualized as a function of probability and consequence, not as a function of the interactions between adaptive individuals and organizations. We argue that perspectives based solely on probability and consequence should be used cautiously or not at all because they fail to reflect the essential features of the concept of terrorism risk, the threats and attacks, their consequences, and the uncertainties, all in the context of adaptation by the adversaries. These three elements should in our view constitute the main pillars of the terrorism risk concept. From this concept we can develop methods for assessing the risk by identifying a set of threats, attacks, and consequence measures associated with the possible outcome scenarios together with a description of the uncertainties and interactions between the adversaries.
A Theory of Soft Capture
Authors: Agrell Per J. , Gautier Axel
Published: December 2015

In this paper, we propose an alternative model for capture that is based not on reciprocity but on congruence of interests between the firm and the regulator. A regulator is charged by a political principal to provide an imperfect signal for the type of a regulated firm. Only the firm can observe its type, and the production of a signal is costly. The firm can provide a costless alternative signal of lower accuracy to the regulator. In a self‐enforcing equilibrium, the regulator transmits the firm‐produced signal and saves information‐gathering costs, and the firm enjoys higher information rents.
The Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary at Gorgonilla Island, Colombia, South America
Authors: Bermúdez Hermann D. , García Jenny , Stinnesbeck Wolfgang , Keller Gerta , Rodríguez José Vicente , Hanel Michael , Hopp Jens , Schwarz Winfried H. , Trieloff Mario , Bolívar Liliana , Vega Francisco J.
Published: December 2015

The discovery of a new Cretaceous/Palaeogene (K/Pg) bathyal marine sequence on Gorgonilla Island, SW Colombia, extends the presence of Chicxulub impact spherule deposits to the Pacific region of northern South America and to the Eastern Pacific Ocean. The Gorgonilla spherule layer is approximately 20 mm thick and consists of extraordinarily well‐preserved glass spherules up to 1.1 mm in diameter. About 70–90% of the spherules are vitrified, and their chemical composition is consistent with Haiti (Beloc) impact glass spherules. Normal size‐grading, delicate spherule textures, welded melt components and an absence of bioturbation or traction transport suggest that the Gorgonilla spherule layer represents an almost undisturbed settling deposit.
Assessing the accuracy of a point‐of‐care analyzer for hyperlipidaemia in western Kenya
Authors: Park Paul H. , Chege Patrick , Hagedorn Isabel C. , Kwena Arthur , Bloomfield Gerald S. , Pastakia Sonak D.
Published: December 2015

Objectives

The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia, along with other non‐communicable diseases, is on the rise in low‐ and middle‐income countries. CardioChek PA is a point‐of‐care lipid measuring device, which seeks to overcome laboratory‐based diagnostic barriers by providing immediate results without dependency on significant laboratory infrastructure. However, it has not been validated in Kenya. In this study, we assess the accuracy of CardioChek PA with respect to the gold standard laboratory‐based testing.

Methods

In Webuye, Kenya, two blood samples were collected from 246 subjects to simultaneously measure the lipid levels via both CardioChek PA and the gold standard. All subjects were adults, and geographic stratified sampling methods were applied. Statistical analysis of the device's accuracy was based on per cent bias parameters, as established by the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NIH recommends that per cent bias be ≤±3% for low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, ≤±5% for high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, ≤±5% for total cholesterol (TC) and ≤±4% for triglycerides (TG). Risk group misclassification rates were also analysed.

Results

The CardioChek PA analyzer was substantially inaccurate for LDL cholesterol (−25.9% bias), HDL cholesterol (−8.2% bias) and TC (−15.9% bias). Moreover, those patients at higher risk of complications from hyperlipidaemia were most likely to be misclassified into a lower risk category.

Conclusion

CardioChek PA is inaccurate and not suitable for our clinical setting. Furthermore, our findings highlight the need to validate new diagnostic tools in the appropriate setting prior to scale up regardless of their potential for novel utility.
Premediation and white affect: climate change and migration in critical perspective
Authors: Baldwin Andrew
Published: December 2015

This paper extends existing debate about the relationship between climate change and migration by locating this debate within the registers of race and difference. The paper argues that the discourse on climate change and migration generates a particular racial orientation to climate change called ‘white affect’. To make this argument, the paper connects up two related phenomena: racial neoliberalism and the relationship between affect and biopower. The white affect of climate change and migration discourse is here understood to be an ‘object‐target’ of biopolitics. White affect thus becomes an important concept for understanding how racial neoliberalism functions through affective proxy.