bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Basis of Hepatitis B
Authors: Pervaiz Saima , Cheema Sara Masood
Published: May 2024

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a serious global health problem affecting
millions worldwide. Chronic HBV infection can lead to liver cirrhosis and
hepatocellular carcinoma, making it a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The
molecular basis of HBV infection and pathogenesis is complex and involves multiple
interactions between the virus and the host immune system. HBV is a partially doublestranded DNA virus replicating through reverse RNA intermediate transcription. The
virus has several proteins, including the envelope protein (HBsAg), core protein
(HBcAg), and polymerase (HBp), that play critical roles in virus entry, replication, and
assembly. The viral genome is organized into four overlapping open reading frames
(ORFs), each encoding a different viral protein. During HBV infection, the virus
initially binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface, followed by binding
to specific receptors, such as the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide
(NTCP). The virus then enters the cell through endocytosis, where it is uncoated and
releases the viral DNA into the nucleus. The viral DNA is then transcribed by the host
RNA polymerase II, producing viral mRNAs translated into viral proteins. One key
factor determining the outcome of HBV infection is the host's immune response. The
innate immune response plays an important role in controlling the initial phase of HBV
infection, while the adaptive immune response, particularly the CD8+ T cell response,
is critical for the clearance of the virus. However, in some cases, the immune response
cannot clear the virus, leading to chronic infection. Understanding the molecular basis
of HBV infection and pathogenesis is critical for developing effective treatments and
vaccines. Current treatments for chronic HBV infection include nucleoside/nucleotide
analogs and interferon-based therapies, which can suppress viral replication and reduce
liver damage. However, these treatments are not curative and can have significant side
effects. Vaccination against HBV is highly effective in preventing infection and is
recommended for all individuals at risk of HBV infection.
Molecular Mechanisms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Resistance to Antiretroviral
Authors: Pervaiz Saima , Awan Shehryar
Published: May 2024

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed the treatment of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, improving life expectancy and quality of life
for millions worldwide. However, the emergence of drug-resistant HIV strains poses a
significant challenge to the effectiveness of ART. The molecular mechanisms
underlying HIV resistance to antiretroviral drugs involve multiple genetic changes in
the viral genome that reduce drug susceptibility, often through alterations in the viral
enzymes targeted by the drugs. The primary targets of ART are the viral reverse
transcriptase (RT), protease (PR), and integrase (IN) enzymes, which are essential for
HIV replication. Resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
results from mutations in the viral RT enzyme that reduce drug incorporation into the
viral DNA chain. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) bind to a
hydrophobic pocket near the RT active site, and resistance to these drugs arises from
mutations that alter the binding pocket conformation. Protease inhibitors (PIs) bind to
the viral PR enzyme, and resistance results from mutations that alter the enzyme's
conformation, reducing drug binding affinity. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors
(INSTIs) bind to the viral IN enzyme, and resistance arises from mutations that affect
drug binding or alter the IN active site. The emergence of drug-resistant HIV strains
can also result from poor adherence to ART, leading to the selection of pre-existing
resistant viruses or the development of new resistance mutations. In addition, the
genetic diversity of HIV and the high viral replication and mutation rate contribute to
the rapid evolution and emergence of drug-resistant strains.
An integrative review on middle-aged men's andropause
Authors:   Department of Nursing, Sahmyook Health University, Seoul, South Korea, Lim Young Sook , Park Sun Jung ,   Department of Nursing, Sahmyook Health University, Seoul, South Korea
Published: May 2024

This paper aims to explore how middle-aged men manage andropause. It draws on extensive research to provide essential information for developing a management program to support them. The study involved searching electronic databases with keywords like 'male,' 'andropause,' 'male andropause,' and 'mediation' to locate relevant research. From January 2002 to January 2022, 11 studies were selected after reviewing the complete texts of articles published in international academic journals. These studies comprised 8 on individual coping strategies and 3 on group coping strategies for andropause. The subjects included 6 men undergoing hormone therapy, 2 with hormone deficiency, 2 on antidepressants, and 1 with type 2 diabetes. The assessment tools in these studies primarily focused on hormones, hormone deficiency, and diabetes. The results suggest that coping strategies for andropause can significantly enhance nursing care, indicating that effective use of these strategies by nurses could improve nursing outcomes.
Understanding the rise of teenage depression in Malaysia: Trends, causes, and societal impact
Authors:   Department of Al-Quran and Al-Hadith, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Zulkipli Shahril Nizam ,   Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia, Suliaman Ishak ,   Department of Al-Quran and Al-Hadith, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Abidin Mohd Syukri Zainal ,   Department of Aqidah and Islamic Thought, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Anas Norazmi ,   Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia, Mohamad Mohd Afifuddin ,   Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Ahmat Amin Che ,   Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Tapah Campus, Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia, Jamil Wan Kamal Nadzif Wan ,   Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Seri Iskandar Campus, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
Published: May 2024

Teenage depression involves feelings of sadness, gloom, regret, unhappiness, suffering, and a diminished interest in many activities, which can lead to a decrease in an individual's potential. This condition can result in inconsistent behavior and negatively impact an individual's quality of life and health, potentially leading to thoughts of suicide. Therefore, this study focuses on the severe impact of teenage depression on young people in Malaysia to increase societal awareness of the seriousness of the issue. The research method employed is a qualitative analysis of existing documents conducted through library research to examine the background and trends of teenage depression in Malaysia. The findings reveal a rise in cases of teenage depression from 2006 to the current period, driven by various factors that urgently require attention from all stakeholders to improve and ensure a more harmonious life.
Organization of Effective Interaction Between the Employer and the Educational Organization in the Professional Training of Engineers
Authors: Konovalova L. I. , Semenova L. A.
Published: May 2024

The development of modern industry actualizes the issues of organizing interaction with educational organizations that conduct professional training of engineers, because the "personnel shortage" is obvious. On the other hand, educational organizations cannot carry out professional training without focusing on the requirements of industry, and without fulfilling the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard 3++ in terms of practical training. Thus, the organization of effective interaction between the employer and the educational organization is necessary for both sides of the process.

The authors of the article highlighted the conditions for the organization of interaction between an employer and an educational organization, compliance with which will help bring the professional training of engineering personnel to a qualitatively new level and make it the most effective. These authors include: taking into account and using the historically established experience of Russian and Soviet vocational education; application of the practice of interaction of foreign educational organizations; application of the principles of continuity, continuity; the intersection of the educational space of the educational organization and the internal environment of the enterprise; creation of a regional sectoral integration educational space.

The purpose of the article is to describe the conditions for effective interaction between an employer and an educational organization. The authors give examples of foreign and domestic pedagogical experience that can be used in the practice of vocational training.

Within the framework of this study, the following methods were used: the method of historical and pedagogical research was used to study foreign and domestic pedagogical experience. The conclusions were formulated through the use of the method of observation of the educational process and the analysis of pedagogical experience.

The authors come to the conclusion that compliance with the conditions described in the publication is important and can be used to create a pedagogical system of professional training of engineers.
Some Peculiarities of Translation of Medical Texts (on the Example of Cardiological Material)
Authors: Korogodina S. V. , Vlasenko N. I.
Published: May 2024

Medicine is one of the most dynamically developing fields, requiring from translators not only specialised skills, but also basic knowledge of medicine. The present study is devoted to the study of specific features of medical texts and ways of their translation from English into Russian. The aim of the study is to identify the most overlooked problems that may be encountered when translating medical texts and to provide solutions to them. The subject of the study was the peculiarities encountered during the translation from English into Russian of the original practical manual on electrocardiography. The methodological basis of this study was formed by the solid sampling method, descriptive method and method of linguocultural analysis of linguistic material. As a result of the study, a number of features is identified that require increased attention when working with medical texts: borrowing words from Latin and Greek, the use of complex abbreviations and acronyms, the transition to gender-neutral pronouns, the translation of mnemonics, differences in classifications and health care systems. The ways of their translation are also analysed, and appropriate equivalents are selected. The methods of their translation are also analyzed and the appropriate equivalents are selected. General recommendations for overcoming the highlighted translation difficulties are given. Knowledge of morphemes of Greek and Latin origin, the ability to adapt the translation to the realities of another country, continuous professional development will help to overcome difficulties in translation. The skills of working with dictionaries and handbooks play an important role in the translation of a professionally-oriented vocabulary layer and the choice of expressions suitable for the meaning. In conclusion, the competencies that a translator in the medical field should possess in order to perform a high-quality adequate translation of medical texts are given.
Mechanisms of Laser Acupuncture – Hypotheses and Evidence
Authors: Litscher Gerhard
Published: May 2024

Laser acupuncture, a rising complementary therapy, applies a low-intensity laser to acupuncture points, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Proposed hypotheses include modulation of cellular signaling, tissue repair, and immune modulation. Laser acupuncture may stimulate energy flow, neurotransmitter release, cellular changes, immune regulation, and neuroendocrine activity. Additionally, the biophoton theory suggests an involvement of ultra-weak photon radiation from cells. Litscher et al. explore these mechanisms through neurophysiological analysis, biochemical measurements, imaging techniques, and clinical trials. They documented subtle human brain responses following laser stimulation, potentially modulating the ascending reticular activating system. However, further research is needed to validate and expand these findings for broader clinical application of laser acupuncture.
Public Perceptions and Discussions of the US Food and Drug Administration's JUUL Ban Policy on Twitter: Observational Study
Authors: Liu Pinxin , Lou Xubin , Xie Zidian , Shang Ce , Li Dongmei
Published: May 2024

Background

On June 23, 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration announced a JUUL ban policy, to ban all vaping and electronic cigarette products sold by Juul Labs.

Objective

This study aims to understand public perceptions and discussions of this policy using Twitter (subsequently rebranded as X) data.

Methods

Using the Twitter streaming application programming interface, 17,007 tweets potentially related to the JUUL ban policy were collected between June 22, 2022, and July 25, 2022. Based on 2600 hand-coded tweets, a deep learning model (RoBERTa) was trained to classify all tweets into propolicy, antipolicy, neutral, and irrelevant categories. A deep learning model (M3 model) was used to estimate basic demographics (such as age and gender) of Twitter users. Furthermore, major topics were identified using latent Dirichlet allocation modeling. A logistic regression model was used to examine the association of different Twitter users with their attitudes toward the policy.

Results

Among 10,480 tweets related to the JUUL ban policy, there were similar proportions of propolicy and antipolicy tweets (n=2777, 26.5% vs n=2666, 25.44%). Major propolicy topics included “JUUL causes youth addition,” “market surge of JUUL,” and “health effects of JUUL.” In contrast, major antipolicy topics included “cigarette should be banned instead of JUUL,” “against the irrational policy,” and “emotional catharsis.” Twitter users older than 29 years were more likely to be propolicy (have a positive attitude toward the JUUL ban policy) than those younger than 29 years.

Conclusions

Our study showed that the public showed different responses to the JUUL ban policy, which varies depending on the demographic characteristics of Twitter users. Our findings could provide valuable information to the Food and Drug Administration for future electronic cigarette and other tobacco product regulations.
Association Between Gestational Weeks, Initial Maternal Perception of Fetal Movement, and Individual Interoceptive Differences in Pregnant Women: Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Furusho Miku , Noda Minami , Sato Yoko , Suetsugu Yoshiko , Morokuma Seiichi
Published: May 2024

Background

Interoception encompasses the conscious awareness of homeostasis in the body. Given that fetal movement awareness is a component of interoception in pregnant women, the timing of initial detection of fetal movement may indicate individual differences in interoceptive sensitivity.

Objective

The aim of this study is to determine whether the association between the gestational week of initial movement awareness and interoception can be a convenient evaluation index for interoception in pregnant women.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 32 pregnant women aged 20 years or older at 22-29 weeks of gestation with stable hemodynamics in the Obstetric Outpatient Department. Interoception was assessed using the heartbeat-counting task, with gestational weeks at the first awareness of fetal movement recorded via a questionnaire. Spearman rank correlation was used to compare the gestational weeks at the first awareness of fetal movement and heartbeat-counting task scores.

Results

A significant negative correlation was found between the gestational weeks at the first fetal movement awareness and heartbeat-counting task performance among all participants (r=–0.43, P=.01) and among primiparous women (r=–0.53, P=.03) but not among multiparous women.

Conclusions

Individual differences in interoception appear to correlate with the differences observed in the timing of the first awareness of fetal movement.
An Internet-Based Intervention to Increase the Ability of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People to Cope With Adverse Events: Single-Group Feasibility Study (Preprint)
Authors: Isbășoiu Andreea Bogdana , Sava Florin Alin , Larsen Torill M B , Anderssen Norman , Rotaru Tudor-Stefan , Rusu Andrei , Sălăgean Nastasia , Tulbure Bogdan Tudor
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) people are at higher risk of mental health problems due to widespread hetero- and cisnormativity, including negative public attitudes toward the LGBTQ+ community. In addition to combating social exclusion at the societal level, strengthening the coping abilities of young LGBTQ+ people is an important goal.

OBJECTIVE

In this transdiagnostic feasibility study, we tested a 6-week internet intervention program designed to increase the ability of nonclinical LGBTQ+ participants to cope with adverse events in their daily lives. The program was based on acceptance and commitment therapy principles.

METHODS

The program consists of 6 web-based modules and low-intensity assistance for homework provided by a single care provider asynchronously. The design was a single-group assignment of 15 self-identified LGB community members who agreed to participate in an open trial with a single group (pre- and postintervention design).

RESULTS

Before starting the program, participants found the intervention credible and expressed high satisfaction at the end of the intervention. Treatment adherence, operationalized by the percentage of completed homework assignments (32/36, 88%) was also high. When we compared participants’ pre- and postintervention scores, we found a significant decrease in clinical symptoms of depression (Cohen d=0.44, 90% CI 0.09-0.80), social phobia (d=0.39, 90% CI 0.07-0.72), and posttraumatic stress disorder (d=0.30, 90% CI 0.04-0.55). There was also a significant improvement in the level of self-acceptance and behavioral effectiveness (d=0.64, 90% CI 0.28-0.99) and a significant decrease in the tendency to avoid negative internal experiences (d=0.38, 90% CI 0.09-0.66). The level of general anxiety disorder (P=.11; d=0.29, 90% CI –0.10 to 0.68) and alcohol consumption (P=.35; d=–0.06, 90% CI –0.31 to 0.19) were the only 2 outcomes for which the results were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed web-based acceptance and commitment therapy program, designed to help LGBTQ+ participants better manage emotional difficulties and become more resilient, represents a promising therapeutic tool. The program could be further tested with more participants to ensure its efficacy and effectiveness.

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05514964; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05514964
Utilizing coal combustion bottom ash as a sustainable alternative to natural aggregate in eco-friendly building bricks
Authors: Huynh Trong Phuoc , Ngo Si Huy , Nguyen Van-Dung
Published: May 2024

As a substitute for fried clay and stone powder-cement bricks, this study developed novel green bricks based on coal-combustion bottom ash (CCBA) obtained from a thermal power plant in Vietnam. By using varied replacement amounts of stone powder at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% in weight, ten brick compositions with water-to-binder (w/b) ratios of 0.35 and 0.40 were developed. Testing was done on the bricks' characteristics, such as compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption, water permeability, electrical resistance, and thermal conductivity. The findings showed that increasing CCBA content or w/b ratio has a negative impact on the characteristics of unburnt bricks. However, all the brick samples made for this investigation performed exceptionally well when compared to the requirements of the national Vietnamese standard. The brick samples produced in this study are recommended to apply in real practice.
Erosion in the coastal areas of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Current challenges and solutions
Authors: Le Anh Tuan
Published: May 2024

Coastal erosion is one of the types of geological disasters that is occurring quite commonly and seriously in the Mekong Delta. The problem of landslides and erosions is one of the major concerns for coastal stability. Currently, along 9 coastal provinces, there are over 115 serious erosion and landslide points; each year, a total of 300 –500 hectares of coastal land can be lost. Erosion and landslides narrow the area of mangrove forests, residential land, and aquaculture land of local people.
The Mekong Delta has to spend billions of VND yearly to build breakwaters and sea dikes and restore mangrove forests. Many structural and non-structural measures have been implemented to reduce the risk of erosion over the past two decades. However, there is not much assessment of the sustainability of landslide prevention projects. The research question is what are the challenges and difficulties in the ongoing fight against erosion in the coastal plain. Through a practical approach from surveying works in coastal areas, the results show that choosing an effective solution depends mainly on the cost factor and the terrain of the ground. Water resource management policy on the Mekong River system is difficult to find a satisfactory answer.
Investigation on manhole sludge in Can Tho City
Authors: Pham Huu Ha Giang , Le Gia Linh , Tran Duc Khanh , Vo Kim Ngan , Phan Thanh Ngoc Phuong , Nguyen My Phuong , Dien Thanh Binh , Ho Quoc Phong
Published: May 2024

During the rainy season, Can Tho city frequently faces severe flooding on its streets. In this study, the investigation is carried out on 30 streets and 10 canals nearby the streets in the center of Can Tho city. The results indicate that the surveyed manholes contain a lot of sludge with an average volume percent of 39.29%. In the food service areas, the average volume percent of sludge in manholes is found more than 70%. In the concentrated residential areas, the amount of sludge is less, but still at a relatively high rate (over 50%). In addition, the results show that the studied canals in the inner city are polluted due to waste directly from the drainage system. These issues have an effect on the drainage capacity of the roads. Some discussion on sand also shows that the sand shortage has reached an alarming level, which is the main factor leading to slow progress of some road projects. The sand reserves in the Mekong Delta region decrease sharply and the scarcity of sand causes sand prices to skyrocket, which is a difficult problem for this area. The development of mobile sludge treatment technology to produce a replacement material suitable for levelling and fertilizer purposes can be a potential topic for future research.
Development and Validation of KRT Knowledge Instrument
Authors: Shukla Ashutosh M. , Visconti Brian , Pearce Kailyn , Orozco Tatiana , Hale-Gallardo Jennifer , Subhash Shobha , Freytes I. Magaly , Jia Huanguang , Romero Sergio , Guo Yi
Published: May 2024

Key Points

KRT awareness is important for informed choice and use of dialysis modalities, but we lack validated instruments capable of measuring such awareness.

We present a newly developed KRT Knowledge instrument, which can be used to evaluate the kidney failure and KRT awareness among patients with CKD.

Our results show that KRT awareness is different and significantly lower than CKD awareness among patients with advanced CKD.

Background

Awareness of KRTs is associated with greater home dialysis use. However, validated instruments evaluating patient knowledge and awareness of various KRTs are currently lacking and are critical for informed decision making.

Methods

We developed a 24-item KRT knowledge instrument (Know-KRT) encompassing three domains of General, Technical, and Correlative information critical for informed dialysis decision making. We conducted a cross-sectional study among Veterans with advanced CKD to determine its reliability, dimensionality, and validity.

Results

The Know-KRT instrument dimensionality was acceptable with a root mean squared error of approximation of 0.095 for the conceptual three-domain model fit (χ2=824.6, P < 0.001). Corrected Item-Total Correlation indices were excellent (>0.4) for all individual items. Internal consistency was excellent for the full instrument, Cronbach's alpha, α=0.95, with α=0.86, 0.91, and 0.79 for the General, Technical, and Correlative domains, respectively. The Know-KRT score correlated strongly with the CKD knowledge score (r=0.68, P < 0.001). KRT awareness was low, with an ease index of 0.181 for the full instrument. The General, Technical, and Correlative domain scores demonstrated strong correlations with the Know-KRT total score (r=0.68, 0.61, and 0.48, respectively, P < 0.001) and CKD instrument score (r=0.95, 0.93, and 0.77, respectively, P < 0.001). KRT and CKD awareness correlated negatively with age and positively with health literacy, employment status, hypertension, and quality of nephrology care.

Conclusions

We report a newly developed Know-KRT instrument with three domains having acceptable internal consistency, reliability, and validity. We show that patients with advanced CKD have low awareness of KRTs, even for items related to basic descriptions of modalities, highlighting the need for targeted patient education efforts.

Clinical Trial registration number:

NCT04064086.

Podcast

This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2024_08_01_CJASNJuly197812024.mp3
Краткая история формирования калмыцкого фонда Восточного отдела Научной библиотеки Санкт-Петербургского университета
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Uspensky Vladimir L.
Published: May 2024

Introduction. The collection of manuscripts and printed books in the Oirat Сlear Script, stored at St. Petersburg State University, is of great importance for the study of the history and culture of the Oirats, especially the Kalmyks. Although the collection of books on “clear Script”, stored at St. Petersburg State University, is one of the best in the world, the history of its formation and composition has never been the subject of special research. Meanwhile, this collection was collected by outstanding orientalists of the 19th century, and although the origin of some manuscripts is obscure, this fact does not make them less valuable. Therefore, the main purpose of this article was to find out the history of the formation of the collection to give an overview of the materials contained in it. Results. This collection brought together in the 19th century by the efforts of such outstanding Russian Mongolologists as A. V. Popov, V. P. Vasiliev, K. F. Golstunsky and A. M. Pozdneev. The collection mainly contains Buddhist books. The manuscripts collected by V. P. Vasiliev belonged to the seventeenth son of the Kangxi Emperor (reigned 1661–1722) Yunli (1697–1738) and are mostly unique or very rare. In 1860, K. F. Golstunsky handed over to the university library the manuscript of the “Biography” of Zaya Pandita (Calm C 20), written in gold on dark paper, which became a “calling card” of the Kalmyk Foundation. An important place in the collection is occupied by personal archival materials of scholars G. S. Lytkin and N. A. Lebedev. G. S. Lytkin stayed in the Kalmyk Steppe in 1859–1860 and during this time collected extensive historical and ethnographic materials. N. A. Lebedev was a translator in the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and translated medical writings into Kalmyk from Russian, as well as laws and educational books. Conclusions. The collection of books in Clear Script, kept at St. Petersburg State University, is a collection of the most valuable sources for studying the history of the Kalmyks and their spiritual culture. Buddhist writings make up the bulk of the collection. Russian and Kalmyk parallel texts, as well as Russian texts with Kalmyk translations of separate words and expressions, are valuable sources for studying the vocabulary of the Kalmyk language. Many texts are valuable legal documents date back to the first half of the 19th century.
La justicia especializada como camino entre lo universal y lo particular a la luz del caso chileno
Authors: Castillo Ara Alejandra
Published: May 2024

The aim of this paper is to highlight the need to establish a specialised justice system for vulnerable groups. The Chilean experience in this area is used as a reference point. Questions are raised as to which groups deserve special attention and how specialisation can be achieved without compromising the neutrality of the law, which also aims at universality, at least at the local level. The idea that this differentiated consideration is a necessity is addressed, and its basis is essentially based on two things: an understanding of the right of access to justice as an autonomous right, and the principle of relative equality as material equality. Although it does not deal with practical implementation, it offers indicative guidelines that would allow for the optimisation of procedural and substantive legal instruments, thereby improving access to justice for vulnerable groups. In order to outline the path towards specialisation, key issues such as the definition of vulnerable groups and the debate on whether a procedural solution is sufficient or whether a correction of substantive criminal law is necessary are addressed. Finally, it discusses the insufficiency of a purely administrative solution and the feasibility of judicial specialisation, considering the possibility that the neutrality and objectivity of criminal law and criminal procedure may ultimately be violated. Finally, the question is raised as to whether specialised justice is a more empathetic than legal solution, which tends to undermine social solutions over individual ones.
Reflexões sobre a preclusão do direito de provar no processo penal brasileiro
Authors: Oliveira Gisele Mara de , Bonavides Samia Saad Gallotti , Ferraço Luiz Gustavo Giuriatto
Published: May 2024

The article deals with the preclusion on the parties' evidentiary activity in criminal proceedings, in order to answer the following research problem: how can preclusion affect the parties' evidentiary activity in criminal proceedings? As a hypothesis, it was established that the principle of the presumption of innocence and the right to a broad defense can rule out the rules of preclusion applicable to the evidentiary activity carried out by the accused in criminal proceedings. The research was carried out in three stages, based on the constitutional and infra-constitutional rules applicable to the parties' evidentiary activity in criminal proceedings. Firstly, the study dealt with the preclusion in relation to the right to evidence. Secondly, it described the possible hypotheses of preclusion related to the parties' evidentiary activity in criminal proceedings. Finally, it sought to verify the possibility of preclusion occurring in criminal proceedings and in relation to the probative activity of the accused. Adopting the guidelines of the hypothetical-deductive method and explanatory approach, and based on the theoretical knowledge already published about the subject, the research led to the conclusion that the principle of the presumption of innocence and the right to a broad defense point to the inapplicability of preclusion in relation to the evidential activity carried out by the accused in criminal proceedings.
Design and Development of a Manual Briquette Making Machine
Authors: Vanalkar Dr. A. V.
Published: May 2024

Abstract: This research paper presents a detailed investigation into the design and development of a manual briquette making machine. With the escalating environmental concerns and the necessity for sustainable energy solutions, briquettes have emerged as a viable alternative to traditional fuels. The manual briquette making machine offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution for producing biomass briquettes. Through meticulous design considerations, material selection, and performance optimization, this paper provides insights into the engineering principles underlying the development of such a machine.
Evaluating the Microhardness Profiles in Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Alloys
Authors: Shafi Shahid
Published: May 2024

Abstract: Friction stir Welding (FSW) advancement is used generally in the utilization of present-day flying and vehicle industry for predominant fundamental mentioning. Such a joining technique is displayed to avoid serious twists and the made excess weights are exhibited as low when it is stood out from the traditional welding structure. In this research, focus on to identify the parameters that will provide the dissimiliar alloys of aluminium AA6061 and AA8011 with good microhardness properties. From the current study microhardness strength of dissimiliar alloys of aluminium varies with the rpm, feed rate and shoulder diameter of the tool. At 2000 rpm and 15mm/min welding speed strength of joints is low and at high rpm 2400 and welding speed 20mm/min micro hardness strength is always low but at a rotation speed of 2200 rpm and welding speed 20 mm/min maximum strength of the weld joint . Hence at high rotational speed rise in the temperature occurs and cause dissolution of precipitates which lowers the hardness and at low rotational speed less heat generation at the tool workpiece interface causing less refinement of grains which lower the hardness value. During tensile strength test fracture and cracks occurs at weld center line.
Control failure of deltamethrin in Colombian populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)
Authors: Ramírez-Cabrera Carlos , López-Díaz Gheraldin , Canal Nelson A. , Bacca Tito
Published: May 2024

Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) is a major pest in stored cereals in Colombia, which causes significant lossesin production. Chemical control is the main tool used in the country, and despite the common use ofinsecticides such as deltamethrin, resistance has been observed in some Colombian populations but isa worldwide problem. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of deltamethrin and thecombination of deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide in Colombian populations of R. dominica. Failureto control and survival tests showed that the recommended doses on product labels were insufficient toprotect the grain from this pest. Failure control demonstrated that mortality did not exceed 80 percent inthe populations studied. Differences in susceptibility were observed between populations, with El Espinaland Neiva highlighted as less susceptible and Pore as the most sensitive to the action of insecticides.The combination of deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide reduced insect survival but did not effectivelycontrol it (0–20%). These results suggest that R. dominica may be developing resistance to insecticides,as has been found in other countries. This underscores the importance of conducting toxicological studies and the need to investigate molecules with diverse modes of action, contributing to the strengthening ofchemical management strategies. To achieve effective control, it is necessary to implement IntegratedPest Management (IPM) with a focus on alternative methods to chemical control.
The New Book of Humankind: Commentary in the Age of Wikipedia
Authors:   Journal Novyi mir, Gubailovsky Vladimir A.
Published: May 2024

The article examines the use of the online information gathered in the free open encyclopedia Wikipedia when commenting literary works. As an example of online research, the article analyzes the paradox connected with Pushkin’s date of birth: Pushkin said he was born on May 26th (in the Julian calendar) but the parish register of the Church in Elokhovo records another date — May 27th. The author considers Russian calendars of the 18th c. and rules of record maintenance together with other possible sources that allow to clarify Pushkin’s date of birth. Commenting is considered as the solution to an “inverse problem”, i.e. as a research that starts from a given text and moves on to find its real and literary sources. This kind of research needs a wide context that neither a single researcher nor a group of philologists can possess because of the natural limits of knowledge; that is why it is necessary to draw in “popular” literary studies that can be organized by Wikipedia principles. The article analyze the reliability of the information given by different language segments of Wikipedia (English, Russian, French and German) on the base of Wikipedia rules of writing/editing and change control. The article considers the main principles of Wikipedia, such as “good” sources only (preferably articles and other works published in reviewed magazines), neutrality (i.e. reflecting all points of view and advertising ban) and ban upon original researches (“Wikipedia is not as composition, it is a summary”). In conclusion, the author considers the possibility of creating a specific open multilingual Wikipedia, Wiki-Dostoevsky, together with some speculations about making and using specific encyclopedias of this kind.
The Inevitability of the Commentary: a Translator’s “Blind Spots”
Authors:   Center of European Culture “Dante”, Mazzola Elena
Published: May 2024

This article deals with problems occurring in the process of translating literature. They concern more or less justified losses of meaning and the identification of the cases in which the translator’s commentary is necessary. It is supported the thesis that commenting can play a fundamental role in expressing some untranslatable meanings. However, it is also stated that the translator should to do all that is possible in order for the reader of his translation to listen to the voice of the original text: he shall not explain the text and/or present his own interpretation and should instead keep safe all the complexity of the original text, finding a way to put the reader in front of all questions that the text generates. By means of several examples it is shown that at a first level translators’ commentaries usually deal with explaining realia or hidden quotes: this sort of commentaries is typical of footnotes and notes in general. Such commentaries can interfere with understanding the text’s meaning as sometimes even readers’ ignorance is used by the author: possible lacunas in understanding can grow to become part of the text itself. Through several examples it is proved that the problem of translators’ commenting concerns the deepest level of meaning of literary texts and it is claimed that the most serious difficulties which translators must face concern understanding, that is to say finding the way to achieve the fullest possible vision of the text in its integrity. In the end, the supported argument states that understanding the original text by means of tools of philological analysis comes before both interpretation and the attention to the style and beauty of the arrival language.
The Author’s Biography as a Necessary Source of Commentary for F.M. Dostoevsky’s Novel The Brothers Karamazov
Authors:   A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Stepanian Karen A.
Published: May 2024

The article examines Dostoevsky’s creative method, showing how the meaning of its works assumes a strong connection with his biography. When this connection is not considered, our understanding of Dostoevsky’s texts may be incomplete or even mistaken. Commentaries usually list a variety of external stimuli (literary, artistic, Biblical, philosophic, et al.), thus leading the reader to think that Dostoevsky either took an utterly pluralistic stance or was engaged in constant selfobjection, as he always shows each worldview thoroughly and in detail. The personal experience of the author, who covered the life path of each of his characters, cement the entire work into a unified statement. However, Dostoevsky never transposes it directly into his novels and he never entrusts it directly to one character. His experience is always reinterpreted, and only understanding the author’s position towards it in the moment of writing the novel we can properly comprehend the authorial intentions and ideas. This rule can be applied both to real-life experiences, and the experiences he gained by reading and interpreting authors who were of crucial importance for him and whose works can be regarded as elements of his biography (for instance, Belinsky’s correspondence with Gogol or Schiller’s works). This feature of Dostoevsky’s creative method is particularly evident in his final work, The Brothers Karamazov.
Hidden Meanings of Children’s Literature: Andersen, Travers, Lagin
Authors: Dais Ekaterina A.
Published: May 2024

This article is devoted to the culturological analysis of key texts of children’s literature. It is divided into three parts, in each of which there is a speech about Pamela Travers’s texts (a cycle about the magic nurse Mary Poppins), fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen and the cult Soviet book by Lazar Lagin about the magic assistant Old Man Khottabych, who served to the Solomon King. All these works, despite their differences, are united by the general idea put in them by authors. They bear young and older readers the esoteric meanings available to the few, but perceived by the majority. Here it is about the concept of “big and small tradition of the European culture” offered by the author at the beginning of the 2000th. Based on this concept, becomes possible to decipher fairy tales with the aid of the alchemical conceptual system. Reading them at mature age we can see in the texts, known from our childhood, references to Ancient Greek myths, esoteric doctrines and various philosophical systems. In the works of Hans Christian Andersen, Pamela Travers and Lazar Lagin a large role plays so called “small tradition of the European culture”. It is connected with the fact that mystics, esoterics, carriers of secret knowledge try to influence the future through new generations. The fact that the small tradition has survived, remaining a secret throughout centuries, is a result of its provident look forward, its attention to children. The rational view of the world which gives secondary education, thus, is balanced with the mysticism going from fairy tales and children’s books. Combining emotionality and rationality, the child gets chance to grow the harmonious personality capable to choose different types of reactions to the world, from archaic to modern.
Commentary and Interpretation of Esoteric Texts
Authors: Butuzov Gleb A.
Published: May 2024

This article examines the concept of the esoteric and related phenomena in the field of text interpretation and semiotics. Due to false ideas that have developed among the general public in the period starting from mid-19th century when the fashion for occult literature emerged in Europe (from where it later spread overseas), the esoteric now is most often perceived as a property of text, and therefore can be explicated or “translated” into the realm of the evident. The article makes an attempt to define the esoteric as a semantic layer accessible to a special form of intellect that can be rationalized only to a very little extent. In addition, this study contains a brief overview of the traditional carriers of the esoteric such as symbol and linguistic games designed not to conceal (as it is commonly believed), but to effectively transfer knowledge to a reader who is capable of using these tools. The article also gives some examples of transfer of the esoteric content, borrowed from the classical texts of the European hermetic tradition and accompanying illustrations. Among other things, these examples serve as a proof of the key idea expressed in this work according to which in case the esoteric is present, interpretation of the text becomes an integral part of reading, and commenting becomes a form of translation that helps the hidden semantic layer to remain relevant and suitable for assimilation in a new temporal and cultural framework.
Detection of Human Herpesvirus-6A and B in infertile men and the relationship with altered seminal parameters
Authors: Biganzoli Patricia , Ferreyra Leonardo , Mosmann Jessica , Pavan Jorge , Cuffini Cecilia
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of HHV-6 A and
HHV-6 B in genital samples of infertile men, relating these findings to
alterations of normal seminal parameters, considering only those samples
in which there was no co-infection with other frequent genital tract
microorganisms such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Human Papillomavirus, and
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2. For these assays, were processed 105 semen
and urethral swab samples from men with a diagnosis of infertility.
Seminal parameters were determined for each of them and subsequently
molecular biology tests were performed to detect DNA for HHV-6 A, HHV-6
B, HSV, HPV, and Chlamydia trachomatis Of the total samples processed,
28.5% (30/105) were positive for HHV-6 A/B of which 23.3% (7/30)
corresponded to HHV-6 A and 76.7% (23/30) corresponded to HHV-6 B. No
HHV-6 A and B coinfection was detected. HHV-6A co-infected with any of
the pathogens studied in 14.2% samples (1/7) while HHV-6B co-infected
in 26.1% samples (6/23). The odds ratio obtained was 1.44, reflecting a
positive association. Statistically significant differences were
observed between HHV-6 A and B when volume and morphology parameters
were analyzed. Both HHV-6A and HHV-6B are associated with alterations in
sperm volume, concentration, motility, mortality and morphology. The
presence of HHV-6B in genital samples would be associated with
alterations in sperm volume and morphology, but their true pathological
role, still remains to be answered.