bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Public Life and Death of a Propertied, but Artificial Person
Authors: Pettigrew William A.
Published: February 2019

This chapter uses the divestment of the Royal African Company (1747–1752) to shed light on a central question posed by Paul Langford’s work: how did the eighteenth-century British Parliament reconcile its primacy within the British state’s regulatory apparatus with its role as the upholder of the sanctity of property? Between 1747 and 1752, a series of statutes dissolved the Royal African Company, divested it of its African properties (including forts and enslaved people) and transferred these assets to a new (non-corporate) body. Parliament distributed £112,142 of public funds to compensate the Company’s creditors (including several of its former officers) and proprietors. The chapter explores the distinctive challenges posed to the legislature of corporate property. It places the African Company divestment into the larger history of corporate dissolution across the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and the ways in which constitutional changes altered that process. It uses the African Company case to challenge those who have depicted Parliament’s actions in undermining private property as compulsory. The chapter instead emphasizes the negotiations and compromises and the wilful leadership the Company took in the process of ending its life. The chapter offers a full prosopographical analysis of the recipients of compensation. The importance of former officers of the African Company in the list of major recipients confirms that public concern about Britain’s prestige on the African coast proved crucial to the passing of this legislation.
Parliament Observed
Authors: Seaward Paul
Published: February 2019

Visitors to the British Parliament, particularly to the House of Commons, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century were tolerated under the name of ‘strangers’. Most of them were accommodated in the gallery of the House, a notoriously crowded and uncomfortable space. This chapter discusses the experience and impressions of various visitors, including women, during the period. It reassesses the ‘removal’ of women as spectators in 1778, and considers how their presence in apparently increasing numbers from the 1760s was a sign of a more general and growing interest in watching politics as entertainment, with the chamber being commonly likened to a theatre.
British Imperial Policy and the American Revolution
Authors: O’Shaughnessy Andrew Jackson
Published: February 2019

In the 1760s and early 1770s, British policy towards America was similar to a series of parallel initiatives throughout the British Empire. There was a concerted attempt by the home government to reform the empire, increase revenues, regulate trade, improve colonial defence, incorporate native populations, and strengthen metropolitan control which also resembled similar reforms in the empires of France and Spain. The chapter contends that the causes and aims of those policies are more comprehensible when understood in the broader imperial context which illuminates the origins of the American Revolution. It traces and explains a shift in policy towards more direct metropolitan rule that increasingly involved intervention in colonial affairs by Parliament. The chapter shows that the implications of these novel policies made colonial fears far from groundless even if overstated in the Whig conspiracy theory of a deliberate plan of tyranny by George III and Lord North. Nevertheless, it was one of the ironies of the revolution that the newly independent nation felt obligated to adopt many of the earlier imperial reforms including a more central form of government with the power to tax.
Referential null subjects in Old English
Authors: Rusten Kristian A.
Published: February 2019

Chapter 2 investigates the question of whether Old English was a canonical pro-drop language. It does so by giving tabulated contrastive overviews of the occurrence of null subjects in 181 Old English prose and verse texts. It is demonstrated that null subjects occur extremely rarely in Old English prose, but that they are much more frequent in the verse. On the basis of this, the chapter argues that Old English was not a canonical pro-drop language. Instead, it is suggested that null subjects may represent linguistic ‘residue’. It is acknowledged that the view that Old English is a canonical pro-drop language is understandable in light of the higher proportions of null subjects in the poetry, but the case is made that evidence from the poetry cannot be taken to be syntactically representative of Old English, either quantitatively or qualitatively.
The human immune responses to pertussis and pertussis vaccines
Authors: Mascart Françoise , Dirix Violette , Locht Camille
Published: February 2019

Two types of pertussis vaccines are currently available: the first-generation, whole-cell (wP) and more recent, acellular (aP) vaccines. The aP vaccine has replaced the wP vaccine in most industrialized countries, based on an improved safety profile and comparable efficacy of the former compared to the latter. As both vaccines, as well as prior infection, protect well against whooping cough disease, albeit by different mechanisms, the human immune responses to natural infection and vaccination have been extensively studied over the last decades. Shortly after the discovery of the causative agent Bordetella pertussis, both agglutinating antibodies and complement-binding antibodies have been identified in the serum of convalescent patients. However, how much they contribute to protection against disease or infection is still not known. Nevertheless, passive transfer of convalescent serum can significantly attenuate the disease and placental transfer of maternal antibodies induced by vaccination during pregnancy has recently been shown to provide strong protection against severe disease in the offspring. Natural infection and wP vaccination have both been shown to induce a strong Th-1-oriented T-cell response, whereas administration of aP vaccine shifts the response to a Th-2 profile, which may be a reason for the fast waning of immunity upon aP vaccination, compared to wP vaccination and natural infection. None of the current vaccines induce sterilizing immunity and limit circulation of B. pertussis. Therefore, new vaccines are needed that protect both against disease and infection. One such candidate, live attenuated BPZE1, designed to prevent B. pertussis infection, is currently in clinical development.
Citizenship, Religious Rights, and State Identity in Arab Constitutions
Authors: Brown Nathan J.
Published: February 2019

Arab constitutions contain some clauses that guarantee religious freedom but others that seem to allow state authorities to determine the way that religion is practised. Such apparently contradictory constitutional clauses are products of a set of historical circumstances and political realities that render their overall effect very coherent. Religious freedom is guaranteed but also circumscribed by the interests of community, official religion, and state—each of which is seen as having its own claims and rights. Understanding the outcome as one of the pull of various actors with rights—and seeing the constitutional text as the place where those rights are specified—helps us to understand how the definition of religious rights does the precise opposite of separating religion and state. Instead, guaranteeing the rights of various actors thoroughly enmeshes religion and state to the extent that they can become difficult to separate even for analytical, much less normative, purposes.
Too Much Secularism? Religious Freedom in European History and the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Moyn Samuel
Published: February 2019

This chapter reinterprets contemporary European Court of Human Rights religious freedom jurisprudence in historical perspective, arguing that the decisions upholding headscarf and related bans do not flow from principles that have been connected to an exclusionary secularism for long. Looking back to early modern origins, the chapter first shows that it is mistaken to assume a long-term alliance between religious freedom and ‘secularism’. The chapter then turns to a closer analysis of the 1940s, when religious freedom was internationalized. As in its earliest origins, so also in its mid-twentieth century iteration, religious freedom was not part of a secularist enterprise. On the contrary, religious freedom was historically a principle that was most often intended to marginalize secularism. The Muslim of contemporary jurisprudence has taken the place of the communist.
Getting Started on Two Big Problems
Authors: Fields Gary S.
Published: February 2019

The world faces many economic problems. This is one reason that economics is often called “the dismal science”. Of all the economic problems in the world, two form the basis for the collection of papers in this volume.

One is the extent of global poverty. According to the best estimates available (Chen and Ravallion, 2013), 1.3 billion people in the world live on less than $1.25 per day in Purchasing Power Parity-adjusted dollars and another 1.7 billion live on between $1.25 and $2.50. Three billion poor people are nearly half of humanity; the global poverty problem is huge....
The Absolute Poverty Approach
Authors: Fields Gary S.
Published: February 2019

“Poverty” has been defined as the inability of an individual or a family to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. The workman who, in Adam Smith’s day, could not appear in public wearing a proper linen shirt, was ipso facto poor, not only to Smith but to Amartya Sen who, commenting on Smith’s observation, wrote: “On the space of the capabilities themselves – the direct constituent of the standard of living – escape from poverty has an absolute requirement, to wit, avoidance of this type of shame. Not so much having equal shame as others, but just not being ashamed, absolutely” (Sen 1984, p. 335). Over time, the poverty line needs to be adjusted for changes in the cost of acquiring the basket of basic needs. When the poverty line is adjusted for inflation and only for inflation, the line defines “absolute poverty.”
Earnings Mobility, Inequality,and Economic Growth in Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela
Authors: Fields Gary S.
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines changes in individual earnings during positive and negative growth periods in three Latin American economies: Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela. We ask two major questions. First, do panel income changes favor the income recipients who started at the top of the income distribution (“divergent mobility”) or those who started at the bottom (“convergent mobility”)? And second, are the groups that are found to gain the most when the economy is growing those that are found to lose the most when the economy is contracting (“symmetry of mobility”) or is the pattern asymmetric in the sense that the same groups do best both in times of economic growth and in times of economic decline? We find support for the divergent mobility hypothesis only in scattered years in the cases of Mexico and Venezuela and no support at all in the case of Argentina. Rather, earnings mobility is most frequently convergent or neutral in all three countries. As for the symmetry of mobility hypothesis, we find that it is rejected in nearly all cases; rather, those groups that gain the most when the economy is growing are also the ones that gain the most or lose the least when the economy is contracting. Furthermore, we discuss how the absence of divergence reconciles with rising inequality in the countries under study.
Pre-commitment and interventions in risk behavior
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka , Babor Thomas F. , Cisneros Örnberg Jenny , Egerer Michael , Hellman Matilda , Livingstone Charles , Marionneau Virve , Nikkinen Janne , Orford Jim , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: February 2019

The hope for the winning line and excitement about the result are the key factors that seduce players, some occasionally and others habitually, to continue the game beyond their resources in time and especially money. The impulse to continue can be restrained by pre-commitments that set an advance limit to amounts of time and money to be spent on the game. The studies reviewed in this chapter indicate that some pre-commitment strategies can be effective if properly managed. Such programs are likely to have an optimal effect when the warnings are dynamic and combined with personalized information collected through player tracking, when the programs are made mandatory and non-selective; when providers take responsibility for product safety, consumer protection, and harm avoidance (e.g., by way of proactive interventions); and when there are restrictions on what types of games operators are actually allowed to provide and under what conditions.
Treatment and early intervention services
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka , Babor Thomas F. , Cisneros Örnberg Jenny , Egerer Michael , Hellman Matilda , Livingstone Charles , Marionneau Virve , Nikkinen Janne , Orford Jim , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: February 2019

This chapter looks at the treatment, intervention, and support services for problem gamblers and their families. Research indicates that such gambling disorder is treatable.The role played by the mutual-help organization, Gamblers Anonymous, the importance of help for family members affected by their relatives’ excessive gambling, and the existence of medications that have been used in the treatment of gambling disorder, need to be investigated more systematically. Help for gambling problems may be sparse or non-existent, and even in better resourced countries, treatment availability is patchy and engagement in treatment is low, probably in part due to the secrecy and stigma associated with gambling problems. Gambling treatment services, if properly organized and funded, could make a contribution to reducing gambling-related mental disorder, crime, and the consequent damage to family life.
Remembering Christian Humility
Authors: Dunnington Kent
Published: February 2019

Augustine’s Confessions is a locus classicus for early Christian privileging of the virtue of humility. This chapter shows that the contemporary “memory” of Christian humility fails to capture what Augustine took humility to be in the Confessions. Augustine had all the marks of the contemporary memory of “Christian humility,” yet still took himself to lack the humility of Jesus. The chapter then tries to supply an account of Augustinian humility. Augustinian humility is best understood as the virtue opposed to the Roman valorization of self-sufficiency and immortality. The chapter concludes by trying to relate Augustinian humility to the most prevalent contemporary accounts of humility, low concern and limitations-owning. Neither of those accounts can be assimilated to an Augustinian account of humility.
Love Letters
Authors: Holloway Sally
Published: February 2019

This chapter considers how letters worked to move a relationship forward and facilitate greater emotional intimacy between writers. The chapter evaluates the role of the love letter on the path to matrimony using the correspondences of eight couples of varied social rank. Letter-writing is presented as a distinct stage of courtship, during which couples negotiated, tested, and cemented a marital bond. Men and women adopted particular gendered strategies, with women demonstrating their virtue, modesty, and self-doubt to suitors, who in return emphasized their sincerity, and—with increasing frequency over the century—rhapsodized about their depth of feeling. Engagement to marry was not a single moment but a lengthy process, becoming more assured as greater numbers of letters were exchanged. The chapter demonstrates the emotional value of missives as ‘thoughts’ or ‘favours’ sent by loved ones, which were treated as treasured possessions and praised as sources of pleasure that could even transcend death itself.
Love Tokens
Authors: Holloway Sally
Published: February 2019

This chapter uses sensory interaction with love tokens to explore the process of falling in love. It brings together gifts typically selected by courting men, such as garters, rings, and stay busks, with those characteristically chosen by women, such as violets and hair-work tokens, plus letters, locks of hair, silhouettes, and miniature portraits exchanged by both sexes. The chapter reveals how highly ritualized ways of gazing at, touching, and smelling these items both created and expedited the experience of love. As the nun Héloïse wrote to her tutor Abelard, in the absence of a lover the power of imagination could make pictures ‘grow the more finish’d, and acquire a greater Resemblance’, while letters could fire the passions ‘as if the Persons themselves were present’. By considering how individuals collected and interacted with gifts, the chapter responds to Monique Scheer’s call for historians of the emotions to think ‘harder about what people are doing’ by looking at the ‘bodies and artifacts of the past’.
Romantic Suffering
Authors: Holloway Sally
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the cultural codes of romantic suffering, beginning with an analysis of how men and women engaging in troubled relationships conceptualized their turmoil using the language of the heart. It considers the cultural influence of archetypal heroines such as Armida, Queen Dido, and Ophelia, as women’s suffering from love assumed an increasingly dominant role in popular culture from mid-century. The cult of sensibility transformed women in love into objects of sympathy, whose misfortunes were caused by their tender and feeling hearts. This redefinition of gender roles transformed the suicidal lover from a female to a male figure—exemplified by Goethe’s Werther—with eighteenth-century men committing heroic acts of passion whilst their sweethearts languished away. The chapter closes by tracing the disintegration of relationships through objects, revealing how it was imperative for lovers to return letters and romantic gifts with the utmost urgency in order formally to terminate an engagement.
Breach of Promise
Authors: Holloway Sally
Published: February 2019

This chapter analyses the legal consequences of broken relationships using ninety breach of promise cases under the common law. It unpicks the nature of the suit including the verdicts, gender balance, damages awarded, age, occupation, and social status of plaintiffs and defendants. The chapter reveals that while women brought 80 per cent of cases, they were also more likely to win. It show how the action changed in response to the emotional shifts outlined in Chapter 5, as by the 1790s, romantic hurt was presented in court as a uniquely female grievance. Cases increasingly came to rely upon demonstrating the hurt feelings of spurned lovers, where a man was not thought to suffer as equally as a woman. Finally, the chapter reveals how objects such as love letters, wedding licences, wedding clothes, and furniture for the marital home were crucial in providing material evidence of proximity to marriage.
Civic Republican Political Theory and Labour Law
Authors: Cabrelli David , Zahn Rebecca
Published: February 2019

Several justifications are cited in the academic literature in favour of common law and statutory intervention in the field of labour law. However, these justifications have been criticised for ignoring the realities of the contemporary labour market and for even bothering to undertake such an exercise as attempting to identify a theoretical explanation for the discipline in the first place. One must therefore ask to what extent traditional justifications for the legal regulation of the employment relationship have become frayed at the edges as a result of changes in underlying political, social, economic. and industrial conditions over the past half century. This chapter seeks to contribute to this debate by demonstrating how an account of justice based on ‘non-domination’ grounded in contemporary civic republican political theory can prove helpful in shedding new light on the rationales for labour law intervention in the twenty-first century.
Social Inclusion for Labour Law: Meeting Particular Scales of Justice
Authors: Albin Einat
Published: February 2019

Social inclusion is argued to be a central foundation of labour law. However, scholarly contributions referring to this notion have not yet questioned what the normative account of social inclusion as a foundation of labour law should be. They base their arguments on various normative accounts—some on the account of minimum welfare; others on broader accounts that include voice and personal fulfilment—without seriously addressing the question at hand. But this question is highly pressing, given that numerous workers who are socially excluded according to socio-economic parameters are also located outside the confines of labour law or experience what Sen has termed as ‘unfavourable inclusion’. This chapter offers an account of social inclusion based on Nancy Fraser’s Scales of Justice, claiming that it should entail recognition, fair redistribution, and meaningful representation. It stresses that this account is in line with both social inclusion theory and with labour law, and shows how it captures the lives of various workers, including those who are in most need of such inclusion.
Conclusion
Authors: Questier Michael
Published: February 2019

Historians have often seen the advent of the personal rule of Charles I as the product of failure, and a harbinger of bad things to come. But it was equally possible for contemporaries to argue that things were the other way around and that the move towards an assured succession in the direct line, on the basis of alliance with a major European power, was the best way to guarantee civil peace, a peace which could not in the end be secured by the cause of pan-European Protestantism or by anything that looked like puritan zeal. Of course, such a view was brought into radical question during the civil wars of the mid-seventeenth century. At the very least, however, this adds a new dimension to the discussion of the causes of that conflict and for an analysis of the politics of the Interregnum and the Restoration.
Non-Traditional Trademarks and the Dilemma of Aesthetic Functionality
Authors: Hughes Justin
Published: February 2019

As American trademark law has expanded to cover non-traditional designators, the law’s “functionality” doctrine has arguably become the most important bulwark against overly broad trademark rights in the U.S. While the law has a stable analytic framework for “utilitarian” functionality, the same cannot be said of “aesthetic functionality,” i.e., the notion that some product features are so aesthetically pleasing or trigger such specific mental responses among consumers that those features should not be monopolized by one competitor through trademark rights. This chapter explores the aesthetic functionality doctrine in American trademark law, proposing that the most convincing cases for aesthetic functionality are really about consumers’ cognitive and psychological responses, not aesthetics. The chapter proposes that aesthetic functionality should bar trademark protection only for product features related to specific cognitive, perceptual, or aesthetic biases that were widespread among consumers before the trademark owner began its own marketing efforts.
Non-Traditional Trademarks in the Pharmaceutical Sector
Authors: Scaria Arul George , Mammen Kavya Susan
Published: February 2019

Over the years, many pharmaceutical companies have sought trademark protection for non-traditional aspects of their products. However, the potential consequences of granting such protection to pharmaceutical products have not received due attention from policymakers. In this context, this chapter examines the question of whether protection for non-traditional marks could adversely affect access to medicine/health. The chapter analyzes the potential consequences from a law and economics perspective. The chapter shows that protection for non-traditional marks in the pharmaceutical sector could pose significant barriers to access to medicine, particularly by increasing transaction costs and creating new barriers to generic entry. The study recommends that policymakers should take into account these public health aspects while framing policies with regard to non-traditional marks. The study recommends more rigorous use of traditional trademark doctrines like functionality to prevent the rise of non-traditional barriers to access to medicine.
Forgiveness and the Limits of Ethics
Authors: Stern Robert
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on Chapter 12 of The Ethical Demand, while offering a concluding interpretation of the book as a whole. In Chapter 12, Løgstrup returns to the proclamation of Jesus, and what it is that makes his proclamation a religious matter, not a merely secular one. Løgstrup suggests that Jesus proclaims God’s forgiveness for failing to meet the demand, and so speaks on divine authority. He also suggests that such forgiveness can only come from God, as human beings are all equally prone to failure and so are not in a position to forgive each other, as they are not in a position to blame them either. Thus, whereas the demand is comprehensible in strictly human terms, divine forgiveness belongs to the unforeseen part of Jesus’s proclamation, but not in a way that jeopardizes Løgstrup’s claim to have made the ethical demand itself comprehensible from a human standpoint.
Prologue
Authors: Bowles Hugo
Published: February 2019

… it is highly desirable—above all things—that you should now get to the Short Hand. If you can begin with me here at 10 tomorrow morning, do.

Letter to Arthur Stone, 20 November 18591

1
Letters, IX, 173.

On 18 November 1859, Charles Dickens met the illustrator Frank Stone in Tavistock Square. Frank, his friend and neighbour, was suffering from a heart condition. After he had ‘walked about with him for a little while at a snail’s pace, cheering him up’,...
Despotic reading
Authors: Bowles Hugo
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on the reading of the ‘despotic’ Gurney script, which was so different from the Roman script that Dickens was used to decoding (section 3.1). It explores how Dickens was able to emerge from his initial state of bewilderment, described in David Copperfield as a ‘sea of perplexity’, by training himself in visualizing its character shapes (section 3.2), sounding out the missing vowel sounds in the Gurney script (section 3.3), and inferencing their meaning (section 3.4). The process of decoding Gurney is then compared to episodes from Dickens’s own childhood reading at home and at school (section 3.5). The chapter argues that the Gurney system’s extra level of coding, which involved the graphic representation of letters rather than sounds, drastically diminished its learnability. Dickens’s undeciphered shorthand letters are used to illustrate these difficulties.
Childhood (c.100–c.88)
Authors: Treggiari Susan
Published: February 2019

Stories about the Younger Cato as a child may give some insight into the childhood of his older half-sister, Servilia. She grew up in a rich household, the headquarters of her uncle M. Drusus’s intense political activity. Her academic and social education will have been given by slaves, freedmen, and male and female relations. Drusus, who was trying to enfranchise the Italians, was murdered in his home. Servilia’s father Q. Caepio was killed in war. Servilia and her siblings were left probably to the care of a grandmother, Cornelia. A circle of kin, especially women, was available to provide support, role models, and an involvement with politics.
Adolescence and Marriage to Brutus (c.88–78)
Authors: Treggiari Susan
Published: February 2019

Matchmaking was the art of the possible. It was desirable for upper-class girls to be married soon after the onset of puberty. Though of plebeian noble family, M. Iunius Brutus did not come close to the ideal. Troubled times may have narrowed Servilia’s chances, though she was a desirable bride. She probably married between 87 (before puberty?) and early 85 (when she was about 15, a normal age by aristocratic standards); Brutus was about seventeen years older. Her son was born in 85, in early winter 85/84. Her husband was tribune 83, which meant that Sulla excluded him from further office. In 78 he joined the rebellion of Lepidus and was killed by Pompey. Servilia in her early twenties was left a widow with a son to rear.
The Iuniae (?c.75–49)
Authors: Treggiari Susan
Published: February 2019

Servilia is likely to have taken the lead in arranging her daughters’ marriages, all of which were distinguished. One Iunia was married ?c.61 to the much older P. Servilius Isauricus, cos. 48, 41; they had a son, Publius (c.55–AD 35) cos. 25, and a presumed daughter, who married her first cousin, M. Lepidus, and died, like him, in 30. Another Iunia was married (?late 60s/early 50s) to M. Aemilius Lepidus; they had two sons, Marcus and Quintus. She was still alive in 30. The other daughter (died AD 22) married C. Cassius pr. 44. His parents are unknown. If he had no prior wife, Iunia probably married him by 59 and bore a son (known to have become adult 15 March 44) c.58. In 49–48 Cassius was a Pompeian admiral, but Caesar forgave him. He was a man of warmth and charm.
Notes on the Ancient Reception of Sappho
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: February 2019

The absence and presence of Sappho in ancient literary criticism is telling of her reception, not least in the Roman context, as this chapter shows. It argues that through various approaches to Sappho we can observe the dynamics of ancient literary theory, where inter alia the contrastive concepts of ἀλλότριον‎ (‘what belongs to someone else’) and οἰκεῖον‎ (‘what is one’s own’) prove productive for enhancing our understanding of categories such as gender, translation, and—more broadly—reception in the ancient world. The chapter covers reflections on literature in ancient literary critics, combined with analyses of passages from the poetry of Sappho and Roman poets such as Lucretius, Catullus, Horace, and Ovid.
Lucretius and Sapphic uoluptas
Authors: Fulkerson Laurel
Published: February 2019

The philosophical aspects of Sappho’s poetry are well established, as are those of Lucretius. This chapter makes the case for a number of Sapphic allusions in Lucretius, and thus strengthens the possibility for seeing theoretical points of contact between the poetic projects of the Greek and Roman poet, which are normally regarded as incompatible. The argument emerges from the close reading of Lucretius in dialogue with Sappho 1, frr. 31 and 55, and reflects on poetic and philosophical imagery of flowers, honey, and, more generally, ancient concepts of gratification. In this way the chapter outlines a common ground between Sappho and Lucretius in their poetic-philosophical concept of pleasure.
As Important as Callimachus?
Authors: Thorsen Thea S.
Published: February 2019

This chapter departs from the fact that Sappho is a case in point for many kinds of translations in Roman culture, notably from Greek to Latin, female to male, and from one poetic form to another. By looking at Sappho and Callimachus as two sides of Catullus’ translational technique, this chapter proposes that Sappho can be regarded to be at least as important as Callimachus in the case of Catullus. Catullus, possibly inspired by an existing Hellenistic tradition, thus seems to introduce a model for pairing Sappho with another Greek, male poet, which proves productive in later Roman poets such as Horace, Propertius, Ovid, and Martial.
Odi et amo
Authors: Gram Lars Morten
Published: February 2019

This chapter departs from the fact that Sappho was from Lesbos, and the name of Catullus’ beloved ‘Lesbia’ implies the same. Through an extensive analysis of the name of Lesbia in Catullus, in which the reference to the Lesbian Sappho is important, this chapter shows how the insoluble tensions embedded in ‘Lesbia’ appear as a perfect embodiment of the poetic programme of Catullus. In addition to the Catullan poems where the figure of Lesbia occurs, this chapter investigates the phenomenon of fellatio, linked to λεσβιάζειν‎ and hence potentially to ‘Lesbia’ in the ancient sources, as well as passages from Homer, Hesiod, Alcaeus and Aristophanes, Horace’s Epodes, a large number of epigrams from the Anthologia Palatina, as well as Ausonius’ epigram 71.
Sapphic Echoes in Catullus 1–14
Authors: Thévenaz Olivier
Published: February 2019

This chapter argues that a pattern of Sapphic allusions in the first fourteen poems of Catullus’ poetry book constitute a hitherto neglected unity similar to that which scholarship now recognizes as a group of allusions to the Greek epigrammatist Meleager in the same Catullan corpus. This Sapphic pattern, inter alia, confirms the importance of Sappho as a model author for Catullus. The argument emerges from a close examination of Catullus’ first fourteen poems, particularly poems 2, 3, 6, 8, and 11, as well as Catullus’ epithalamial poem 62, in comparison with Sappho poem 1, her fragments 105b (Voigt), and 137, whose metrical form of Alcaics (uniquely among extant Sapphic fragments) paves the way for an investigation into the institution of ancient symposia and the theme of friendship in Greek and Roman poetry.
Sappho and Latin Poetry
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: February 2019

This chapter presents an important study of Sappho in the context of her Roman reception with regard to ancient literary theory. As in Chapter 2, also by Richard Hunter, a metaliterary pair of concepts appears central, but this time it is the pair of γλαφυρά‎ (‘smooth’) versus αὐστηρά‎ (‘harsh’, ‘rough’, ‘bitter’) that is at the centre of attention. The chapter shows how this pair helps to understand Sappho and how she was perceived in ancient Rome. While gauging various concepts of ancient literary style, this chapter explores passages from Hellenistic and Roman literary critics and poets, all against the background of a number of Sapphic fragments.
Vates Lesbia
Authors: Ingleheart Jennifer
Published: February 2019

This chapter argues that the representation of Sappho the poet appears as a coherent portrait in the poetry of Ovid, and that this portrait closely resembles that of Ovid himself. This is so even when Heroides 15, also known as Epistula Sapphus, where Sappho as poet is centre stage, is set aside. The argument emerges from close readings of passages from the earliest of Ovid’s poetic career, such as the Amores, Ars amatoria (Book 3), and Remedia amoris, and also deals with some of his latest poetry in the Tristia, written in exile, all in the context of passages in Sappho and other Latin poetry and prose.
The Tractatus’ Philosophy of Logic and the Logocentric Predicament
Authors: Kuusela Oskari
Published: February 2019

This chapter explains how Wittgenstein’s early philosophy of logic resolves problems that arise for Frege’s and Russell’s philosophies of logic, relating to the status of logic, its apriority, bindingness, and justification of inferences. Relatedly, I discuss how Wittgenstein’s modifies Russell’s account of generality in logic with the purpose of addressing problems that arise for Frege’s and Russell’s views about logic as a substantial science, and how Wittgenstein replaces their accounts of logic as a science with a view of logic as an explicatory discipline the purpose of which is to clarify what thinkers and language users already know in the capacity of thinkers and language users. The chapter shows how Wittgenstein argues from within Frege’s and Russell’s accounts of logic, resolving tensions therein, rather than arguing dogmatically from the point of view of his own picture theory of language. Against a widely assumed view in the historiography of logic, I explain how metatheoretical considerations are possible from the point of view of Wittgenstein’s universalist account of logic, and how the so-called paradox of the Tractatus is resolved.
Data Analysis and Presentation
Authors: Lighton John R. B.
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses ways of analyzing and presenting metabolic data while avoiding common mistakes. Topics covered include vital information often omitted from manuscripts; how to analyze the allometry of metabolic rate on mass; the mistake of reporting mass-specific or “mass-independent” metabolic rates; methods for quantifying differences between treatment groups by analysis of covariance; the importance of phylogeny in interspecific comparisons; the importance of the temperature at which measurements are made, including mammals (the thermal neutral zone); the necessity of leaving an “audit trail” from raw data through to final analysis; analyzing temperature effects such as Q10 correctly; and the proper selection of metabolic data.
The Varieties of Activity Detectors
Authors: Lighton John R. B.
Published: February 2019

Metabolic measurements are sensitive to the activity level of the animal being measured. This chapter describes the various technologies available for recording the activity level of a study organism in synchrony with metabolic data, usually obtained using a flow-through system. These technologies include optical activity detection, in which information is extracted from fluctuations in light intensity; video activity detection; magnetic activity detection; capacitive activity detection; passive far-infrared activity detection; mechanical activity detection, often using a center of gravity sensor below a cage or chamber; and microwave reflectance activity detection.
Acquiring Useful Tools and Skills
Authors: Lighton John R. B.
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses useful skills and tools that can extend and amplify the reach of innovative researchers. These include programming languages; statistical packages; microcontrollers and single board computers; researcher-friendly electronic resources; circuit capture and printed circuit design packages and resources; 3D design and printing packages and resources; and laser-cutting resources. The emphasis is on open source solutions applicable to scientific research.
Introduction
Authors: Forter Greg
Published: February 2019

The Introduction lays the theoretical groundwork and historical frame for the main chapters. It engages debates on materialist vs. poststructuralist approaches to postcolonial studies; on the utopian imagination; on expanding the black Atlantic frame of reference to include the Indian Ocean; on the Anglophone biases of postcolonial studies and how these implicate the discipline in contemporary capitalism; on the genesis of the historical novel in the nineteenth century; and on the cycles of finance capital to which the postcolonial inflection of historical fiction is a response. Theorists discussed include Giovanni Arrighi, Ian Baucom, Walter Benjamin, Dipesh Chakrabarty, Frederic Jameson, and Georg Lukács.
The Political Economy of Crisis Responses
Authors: Helgason Agnar Freyr
Published: February 2019

Chapter 3, by Agnar Freyr Helgason, offers a review of political economy theories of crises responses. He starts by explaining the broad perspectives of the Keynesian and Austrian schools and then probes more deeply into recent work on government policy responses to economic crises, with a focus on the economic welfare of populations or households. The role of the welfare state and its importance during periods of crisis is considered, as well as the role of government policy more broadly, either that directed at the economy generally or at specific population groups. Key policy debates are covered, for example austerity versus stimulus, as well as mixed approaches.
Norway
Authors: Dølvik Jon Erik , Oldervoll Johannes
Published: February 2019

In this chapter, Jon Erik Dølvik and Johannes Oldervoll review how recurrent crises since the 1980s have taught Norwegian policymakers to stabilize a crisis-prone petroleum economy through comprehensive macroeconomic policy coordination. While regaining monetary policy autonomy and establishing fiscal policy rules that enable countercyclical use of petroleum revenues, Norway has drawn on reinvigorated wage coordination and welfare state expansion to cushion joblessness and financial hardship in turbulent times. This coordination from the top has been successful in tackling economic volatility but has failed to stem widening wage and wealth gaps during recent years’ affluence and rise in cross-border labour mobility and immigration. Although seemingly robust in the face of periodic shocks, and helping Norway to avert increased financial hardship during the Great Recession, the Norwegian policy regime appears to have lost some of its capacity to balance equity and efficiency.
How Institutional Environments and Policies Impacted Hardship
Authors: Ólafsson Stefán , Helgason Agnar Freyr , Stefánsson Kolbeinn
Published: February 2019

This chapter, by Ólafsson, Helgason, and Stefánsson, assesses the overall effects of the institutional environment, societal conditions, and policy reactions on welfare outcomes, along with the direct effects of the economic contraction. They do this by undertaking a statistical analysis of similarities between various background factors and financial hardship experiences in 30 European countries. The analyses demonstrate the importance of welfare state structures and varying policy priorities on the differential welfare outcomes of the population in these countries. Even though the depth of the crisis had a pivotal role in shaping welfare outcomes, the authors find independent welfare state structures and policy priorities had significant effects on the financial hardship consequences of the Great Recession.
Game Theory, Diplomatic History and Security Studies
Authors: Zagare Frank C.
Published: February 2019

The main purpose of this book is to demonstrate, by way of example, the several advantages of using a formal game-theoretic framework to explain complex events, diplomatic history, and contentious interstate relationships, via causal mechanisms and rationality. Chapter 1 lays out the broad parameters and major concepts of the mathematical theory of games and its applications in the security studies literature. Chapter 2 explores a number of issues connected with the use of game-theoretic models to organize analytic narratives, both generally and specifically. Chapter 3 interprets the Moroccan crisis of 1905–6 in the context of an incomplete information game model. Chapter 4 surveys and evaluates several prominent attempts to use game theory to explain the strategic dynamic of the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. Chapter 5 offers a general explanation that answers all of the foundational questions associated with the Cuban crisis within the confines of a single, integrated, game-theoretic model with incomplete information. Chapter 6 uses the same game form to develop a logically consistent and empirically plausible explanation of the outbreak of war in Europe in early August 1914. Chapter 7 introduces perfect deterrence theory and contrasts it with the prevailing realist theory of interstate war prevention, and classical deterrence theory. Chapter 8 addresses the charge made by some behavioral economists (and many strategic analysts) that game theory is of limited utility for understanding interstate conflict behavior.
Game Theory and Security Studies
Authors: Zagare Frank C.
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes the basic assumptions of game theory and illustrates its major concepts, using examples drawn from the security studies literature. An arms race game is used as an example of a strategic form game, illustrating the meaning of an equilibrium outcome and the definition of a dominant strategy. Backward induction and the definition of subgame perfection are explained in the context of an extensive form game that features threats. Nash equilibrium and the Bayesian equilibrium are discussed, and a short review of the many applications of game theory in international politics is provided. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the usefulness of game theory in generating insights about deterrence.
A Game-Theoretic History of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Authors: Zagare Frank C.
Published: February 2019

This chapter surveys and evaluates previous attempts to use game theory to explain the strategic dynamic of the Cuban missile crisis of 1962, including, but not limited to, explanations developed in the style of Thomas Schelling, Nigel Howard, and Steven Brams. All of these explanations are judged to be either incomplete or deficient in some way. Schelling’s explanation is both empirically and theoretically inconsistent with the consensus interpretation of the crisis; Howard’s metagame theory is at odds with the contemporary understanding of rational strategic behavior; and Brams’s theory of moves explanation is inconsistent with the full sweep of the events that define the crisis. As game theory has evolved, so have the explanations fashioned by its practitioners. An additional purpose of this chapter is to trace these explanatory refinements, using the Cuban crisis as a mooring.
Explaining the 1914 War in Europe
Authors: Zagare Frank C.
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on the outbreak of World War I, which remains one of the most perplexing events of international history. It should be no surprise that rationalist interpretations of the July Crisis are a diverse lot, ranging from the sinister to the benign. This chapter constructs a theoretically rigorous rationalist explanation of World War I, the 1914 European war that involved Austria–Hungary, Germany, Russia, and France. On the one hand, this chapter confirms the view that one does not have to take a particularly dark view of German intentions to explain the onset of war in 1914; on the other hand, it also calls into question the “accidental war” thesis. A number of related questions about the Great War are addressed in the context of a generic game-theoretic escalation model with incomplete information.
Explaining the Long Peace
Authors: Zagare Frank C.
Published: February 2019

This chapter addresses the charge made by some behavioral economists (and many strategic analysts) that game theory is of limited utility for understanding interstate conflict behavior. Using one of perfect deterrence theory’s constituent models, a logically consistent game-theoretic explanation for the absence of a superpower conflict during the Cold War era is provided. As well, the chapter discusses a prescription based on an incorrect prediction attributed to John von Neumann, one of the cofounders of game theory. It also examines a logically inconsistent explanation of the long peace offered by Thomas Schelling, the game theorist many consider the most important strategic thinker in the field of security studies. The argument is made that a predictively inaccurate or logically inconsistent game model in no way undermines the utility of game theory as a potentially powerful methodological tool.
Desire, Disgust, Democracy
Authors: Wolff Nathan
Published: February 2019

This chapter argues that Henry Adams’s Democracy: An American Novel (1880) offers a complex meditation on disgust’s capacity either to squelch or to express a desire for the political. Initially, Adams evokes an atmosphere of disgust in order to cultivate in his reader a shared repulsion toward antidemocratic seductions of intimacy, friendship, and attraction. This approach reflects Adams’s advocacy for competency exams, the cornerstone of the civil service reform movement’s bureaucratic effort to take feeling out of political decision-making. By Democracy’s close, however, “disgust” looks like one of the only emotional resources available for combating an apathetic acceptance of democracy’s failings, suggesting that repulsion is desire’s near relation—not its opposite. The chapter thus challenges political philosophers, such as Martha Nussbaum, who repudiate disgust; it also revisits a related strain of literary criticism, focused on Walt Whitman, that uncritically celebrates the suppression of disgust as a necessarily democratic act.