bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adult Domestic Violence in Cases of International Parental Child Abduction
Authors: Shetty Sudha , Edleson Jeffrey L.
Published: December 2004

This article discusses the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and its impact on battered mothers and their children seeking safety in the United States. We discuss relevant articles of the convention, the extent to which adult domestic violence is present in cases of international parental abduction, and cases in which battered mothers have contested the forced return of their children to an abusive partner. We conclude with recommended steps needed in research, training, and legislation that may increase the likelihood of safe outcomes for battered mothers and their children.
The Mediational Role of Relationship Efficacy and Resource Utilization in the Link Between Physical and Psychological Abuse and Relationship Termination
Authors: Raghavan Chitra , Swan Suzanne C. , Snow David L. , Mazure Carolyn M.
Published: December 2004

This study examines the roles of physical and emotional abuse and resource utilization, relationship efficacy, and childhood abuse on relationship status (together or separated) in a sample of 69 low-income, nonsheltered battered women. Separate path models were conducted for physical and psychological abuse. Increased physical abuse was related to separated status, increased resource utilization, and decreased efficacy. The effect of physical abuse on status was mediated by resource utilization and efficacy, whereas the effect of psychological abuse on status was partially mediated only by utilization. Increased childhood abuse was associated with together status. Baseline psychological but not physical abuse predicted a longer term separated status thereby suggesting that the effects of psychological abuse may be enduring.
Actual Purchase as a Proxy for Share of Wallet
Authors: Perkins-Munn Tiffany , Aksoy Lerzan , Keiningham Timothy L. , Estrin Demitry
Published: December 2004

Share of wallet is a concept that is growing in popularity among satisfaction researchers. There is no empirical research, however, examining the relationship between satisfaction, retention, and share of wallet. This is largely the result of the inherent difficulty collecting true share of wallet information in most business categories. If the impact of satisfaction on share of wallet is the same as satisfaction on retention, then managers can simply substitute more easily obtainable retention data. Therefore, this research examines the appropriateness of using actual purchase as a proxy for the more difficult to attain share of wallet in two distinct industries, Class 8 trucks and pharmaceuticals. The findings indicate that the top performance attributes in terms of predictive ability are the same and in the same order for each outcome, suggesting that for some firms, actual purchase may represent an acceptable proxy for share of wallet when deriving opportunities for service improvement.
Mobilizing the Brand
Authors: Nysveen Herbjørn , Pedersen Per E. , Thorbjørnsen Helge , Berthon Pierre
Published: December 2004

Mobile devices and services are proposed to be powerful channels for both distribution and marketing communication. In this article, the authors study the effects of mobile channel additions on consumer-brand relationship dimensions. Surveys of three different brands reveal positive effects of mobile channel addition (SMS/MMS) usage on brand satisfaction, direct relationship investments, indirect relationship investments, and main channel usage. The results suggest that SMS channel additions are perceived as complements to the brands’ main channel, whereas MMS channel additions today primarily are perceived as supplementary channels. Moreover, the findings suggest that a promising strategy for increasing consumption of the brand’s main channel is facilitation of the consumers’ direct relationship investment in the mobile services. Implication for service researchers and industry players are discussed.
Measuring Internal Market Orientation
Authors: Lings Ian N. , Greenley Gordon E.
Published: December 2004

Internal marketing has been discussed in the management and academic literature for more than three decades, yet it remains ill defined and poorly operationalized. This article responds to calls to develop a single, clear understanding of the construct, to develop an instrument to measure it, and for empirical evidence of its impact. Existing conceptualization of internal marketing are explored, and a new, multidimensional construct, internal market orientation (IMO), is developed. IMO represents the adaptation of market orientation to the context of employer-employee exchanges in the internal market. The article describes the development of a measure of IMO in a retail services context. Five dimensions of IMO are identified and confirmed. These describe different managerial behaviors associated with internal marketing. The impact of IMO on important organizational factors is also explored. Results indicate positive consequences for customer satisfaction, relative competitive position, staff attitudes, staff retention and staff compliance.
Social Control and the Management of “Personal” Space in Shopping Malls
Authors: Manzo John
Published: December 2004

This study concerns behaviors of persons in planned spaces, namely, enclosed shopping malls, with particular interest in practices conducive to social control in those settings. As an ethnomethodological investigation, it addresses lived social experiences of actors in these sites and not only the deliberate agendas of security firms. Its focus is how persons orient to design elements of shopping malls—corridors, furniture, and flooring—and how these design features are construable as “players” in those contexts. The author examines how design can militate techniques of social-interactional management produced by actors themselves, sometimes unforeseen in architects’ or designers’ plans. This research suggests a broadening of the notion of social control beyond formal and informal human sources to include the physical features of spaces, spaces like shopping malls, and not only of prisons or similar institutions. This study advises that inanimate objects and the spaces that comprise them are informative for and relevant to behaviors of human interactants.
Human Resource Development Measurement and Evaluation: Looking Back and Moving Forward
Authors: Wang Greg G. , Spitzer Dean R.
Published: December 2004

The problem and the solution. During the past half-century, we have witnessed the initiation and flourishing of measurement and evaluation (M&E) in human resource development (HRD). Today, there appear to be more questions than answers to the challenges and opportunities concerning M&E in the field of HRD. The M&E research and practice is at a crossroads. In this article, the authors delineate M&E development into three stages, discuss the relative features in each stage, and propose an integrated approach for researchers and practitioners working together to further advance M&E in HRD. To this end, this issue is dedicated to addressing a gap in the HRD M&E literature by presenting a set of theories, models, and practical approaches as a starting point of the third stage of M&E development for HRD research and practices.
Human Resource Development Evaluation: Emerging Market, Barriers, and Theory Building
Authors: Wang Greg G. , Wang Jia
Published: December 2004

The problem and the solution. Measurement and evaluation (M&E) to support HRD interventions and relevant decisionmaking processes is an emerging market that has a surging demand. But the market is currently suffering from a limited supply of methodologies and techniques to address business needs. Given its distinctive nature, this market relies heavily on research to provide an array of diverse measurement theories and models that can be transformed into evaluation services for businesses. To address the limited supply of methodologies and techniques, we must conquer three barriers: the analytical barrier, the business barrier, and the technical barrier. Sprouting from an analysis of HRD systems interactions, we propose a systems approach to tackle these three barriers. This article also discusses the role of theory building and market trends in HRD M&E.
Learning Effectiveness Measurement: A New Approach for Measuring and Managing Learning to Achieve Business Results
Authors: Spitzer Dean R.
Published: December 2004

The problem and the solution.One of the major challenges facing human resource development is how to achieve organizational impact through the use of learning interventions. So much has been written about the importance of achieving results from learning, but even practitioners who advocate results-oriented measurements tend to default back to low-level (attendance, satisfaction, and learning) measures in actual practice. This article describes the Learning Effectiveness Measurement (LEM) methodology, which was developed to address the challenge of providing a credible results-oriented learning measurement that would not only help evaluate learning interventions but also increase their effectiveness. The article begins by identifying some of the major limitations of existing learning measurement approaches, and then, it describes the LEM methodology in detail, provides an example of LEM in use, and concludes by showing how LEM addresses the limitations discussed at the beginning of the article.
Using the Critical Outcome Technique to Demonstrate Financial and Organizational Performance Results
Authors: Mattson Brent W.
Published: December 2004

The problem and the solution. It has been shown that managers prefer results-type evaluation when making decisions about how to invest in human resource development (HRD) activities. Unfortunately, in the absence of using rigorous, front-end performance analysis to identify outcomes for evaluation, most practitioners are faced with a complex array of tools and techniques to perform post-hoc analyses of their HRD efforts. This article demonstrates how Critical Outcome Technique can be used as a simple and effective way to demonstrate the effectiveness of HRD programs. Of importance in program evaluation are the constructs of the evaluation process, organizational culture, evaluation context, and decision-maker perceptions of the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of evaluation reports.
From Return on Investment to Added Value Evaluation: The Foundation for Organizational Learning
Authors: Kearns Paul
Published: December 2004

The problem and the solution. References to training evaluation typically center around the four-level evaluation framework and a return on investment calculation. However, from a practical perspective, there are still issues to be addressed, such as where the evaluation should start, how effect should be measured, and what influence, if any, evaluation should bring to bear on the learning process itself. This article argues that a complete reappraisal of Kirkpatrick is required because the ultimate level for evaluation must be a clear measure of tangible, added value, in monetary terms. Moreover, a determined search for real added value turns a simple evaluation model into a practical tool for organizational transformation through learning.
Drive for Show and Putt for Dough?
Authors: Alexander Donald L. , Kern William
Published: December 2004

This article examines the determinants of the earnings of PGA Tour golfers from the period 1992-2001. Our goal is to determine whether the returns to various golf skills have changed over time. In recent years, golf analysts have claimed that driving distance has become the preeminent skill in professional golf, and thus they believe that the old adage “drive for show and putt for dough” no longer holds true in professional golf. Our results lend some limited support for this view because we find that the return to driving distance has increased relative to that of putting ability. Nonetheless, it still remains true that putting ability is still by far the single most important determinant of earnings.
Television and Minor League Baseball
Authors: Surdam David G.
Published: December 2004

Minor league baseball flourished in the aftermath of World War II. However, a new technology, television, threatened to broadcast major league games across America. The minor leagues contracted by over a third between 1949 and 1953. Was television the culprit as baseball historians suggest? The diffusion of television does not perfectly match the contraction of the minor leagues. Statistical analysis of television’s effects on minor league teams’ survivability and on surviving teams’ attendance provides mixed support for the historians’ thesis. Instead, the minor leagues over expanded into small towns incapable of sustaining professional baseball when the boom ended.
Baicalein, a component of Scutellaria radix from Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT), leads to suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human myeloma cells
Authors: Ma Zi , Otsuyama Ken-ichiro , Liu Shangqin , Abroun Saeid , Ishikawa Hideaki , Tsuyama Naohiro , Obata Masanori , Li Fu-Jun , Zheng Xu , Maki Yasuko , Miyamoto Koji , Kawano Michio M.
Published: December 2004

In the search for a more effective adjuvant therapy to treat multiple myeloma (MM), we investigated the effects of the traditional Chinese herbal medicines Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT), Gui-Zhi-Fu-Ling-Wan (GZFLW), and Huang-Lian-Tang (HLT) on the proliferation and apoptosis of myeloma cells. HLJDT inhibited the proliferation of myeloma cell lines and the survival of primary myeloma cells, especially MPC-1- immature myeloma cells, and induced apoptosis in myeloma cell lines via a mitochondria-mediated pathway by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential and activating caspase-9 and caspase-3. Further experiments confirmed that Scutellaria radix was responsible for the suppressive effect of HLJDT on myeloma cell proliferation, and the baicalein in Scutellaria radix showed strong growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in comparison with baicalin or wogonin. Baicalein as well as baicalin suppressed the survival in vitro of MPC-1- immature myeloma cells rather than MPC-1+ myeloma cells from myeloma patients. Baicalein inhibited the phosphorylation of IkB-α, which was followed by decreased expression of the IL-6 and XIAP genes and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Therefore, HLJDT and Scutellaria radix have an antiproliferative effect on myeloma cells, especially MPC-1- immature myeloma cells, and baicalein may be responsible for the suppressive effect of Scutellaria radix by blocking IkB-α degradation. (Blood. 2005;105:3312-3318)
Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy in BRCA Mutation Carriers: Role of Serial Sectioning in the Detection of Occult Malignancy
Authors: Powell C. Bethan , Kenley Eric , Chen Lee-may , Crawford Beth , McLennan Jane , Zaloudek Charles , Komaromy Miriam , Beattie Mary , Ziegler John
Published: December 2004

Purpose

Women who carry deleterious mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes have up to a 54% lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer. After childbearing, women at high risk increasingly choose bilateral risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO). Two recent studies of BRCA mutation carriers reported occult malignancy in 2.5% of women undergoing RRSO. This study aimed to increase this detection rate using a protocol.

Methods

In 1996, the University of California San Francisco Gynecologic Oncology Program instituted a surgical-pathologic RRSO protocol that was composed of complete removal and serial sectioning of both ovaries and fallopian tubes, peritoneal and omental biopsies, and collection of peritoneal washings for cytology. We report the pathologic findings in 67 BRCA mutation carriers according to the degree of adherence to this protocol.

Results

Of the 67 procedures, the protocol was followed completely or partially in 41 (61%). Seven occult malignancies were discovered, four in the fallopian tube and three in the ovaries. Six of these were microscopic, and all seven (17%) were found in specimens from complete or partial protocol procedures as opposed to standard procedures (P = .026). Other variables such as age, parity, BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, or type of surgery did not alter the strong effect of protocol procedure on the cancer detection rate.

Conclusion

A rigorous operative and pathologic protocol for RRSO increases the detection rate of occult ovarian malignancy in BRCA mutation carriers nearly seven-fold. If confirmed, this finding will alter postoperative management because additional staging, chemotherapy, and follow-up may be necessary in affected women.
Malignant Breast Tumors After Radiotherapy for a First Cancer During Childhood
Authors: Guibout Catherine , Adjadj Elisabeth , Rubino Carole , Shamsaldin Akthar , Grimaud Emmanuel , Hawkins Mike , Mathieu Marie-Christine , Oberlin Odile , Zucker Jean-Michel , Panis Xavier , Lagrange Jean-Léon , Daly-Schveitzer Nicolas , Chavaudra Jean , de Vathaire Florent
Published: December 2004

Purpose

To assess the specific role of treatment and type of first cancer (FC) in the risk of long-term subsequent breast cancer (BC) among childhood cancer survivors.

Patients and Methods

In a cohort of 1,814 3-year female survivors treated between 1946 and 1986 in eight French and English centers, data on chemotherapy and radiotherapy were collected. Individual estimation of radiation dose to each breast was performed for the 1,258 patients treated by external radiotherapy; mean dose to breast was 5.06 Gy (range, 0.0 to 88.0 Gy) delivered in 20 fractions (mean).

Results

Mean follow-up was 16 years; 16 patients developed a clinical BC, 13 after radiotherapy. The cumulative incidence of BC was 2.8% (95% CI, 1.0% to 4.5%) 30 years after the FC and 5.1% (95% CI, 2.1% to 8.2%) at the age of 40 years. The annual excess incidence increased as age increased, whereas the standardized incidence ratio decreased. On average, each Gray unit received by any breast increased the excess relative risk of BC by 0.13 (< 0.0 to 0.75). After stratification on castration and attained age, and adjusting for radiation dose, FC type, and chemotherapy, a higher risk of a subsequent BC was associated with Hodgkin’s disease (relative risk, 7.0; 95% CI, 1.4 to 30.9).

Conclusion

The reported high risk of BC after childhood Hodgkin’s disease treatment seems to be due not only to a higher radiation dose to the breasts, but also to a specific susceptibility.
Gene Expression Profiling in Seminoma and Nonseminoma
Authors: Port M. , Schmelz H.U. , Stockinger M. , Sparwasser C. , Albers P. , Pottek T. , Abend M.
Published: December 2004

Purpose

Gene expression profiles of seminoma were compared with nonseminoma to get insights into tumorigenesis.

Materials and Methods

Eleven testicular tumor biopsies (five pure seminoma, six nonseminoma; pT1N0M0 to pT2N2M1) and biopsies from unaffected sites were analyzed once per patient using a macroarray (1,176 genes). On the same patients, six genes were validated using real-time quantitative (RTQ) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, in a separate cohort of 19 patients, 24 genes selected from the macroarray were measured using RTQ-PCR.

Results

(1) The agreement in gene expression was 94% between the two methods and two different patient cohorts. (2) Two features in gene expression were independent of the tumor entity: Most changes of gene expression occurred in five functional groups like “cell cycle” and “apoptosis.” Genes within these groups were almost similarly (> 80%) up- or downregulated. (3) Nonseminoma were characterized by downregulated genes (75%), but in seminoma, upregulated genes (64%) prevailed. Furthermore, 64.4% of those genes that were differentially expressed in both tumor entities were usually upregulated in seminoma but downregulated in nonseminoma. A reverse pattern was found in 24.4% of such genes. Eleven percent of these genes showed a similar up- or downregulation in gene expression in both tumor entities.

Conclusion

Seminoma in this preliminary study can be differentiated from nonseminoma due to almost opposing gene expression profiles (89% of the significantly differentially expressed genes) and are in line with the histological discrimination of both tumor entities. Underlying mechanisms and implications regarding the origin and tumor progression of both entities are discussed.
Practical aspects of the mathematical modeling of fermentation processes as a method of description, simulation, identification and optimization
Authors: Votruba J.
Published: December 2004

Most mathematical models for describing the physiological state in fermentations lead to solutions of the so‐called “stiff differential systems” during simulation on a digital computer

There is no suitable conventional software for solving these systems

As a result of a relatively extensive screening of suitable methods for the solution of “stiff” differential systems (about 200 methods) it may be concluded that the semiimplicit RUNGE‐KUTTA‐formulas of the ROSENBROCKtype, which constitute a part of the collection of programmes STIFFSOLVER‐80, are optimal for the simulation of fermentation processes

For determining kinetic parameters from integral data the authors use the system of programmes BIOKIN

Their practical application is discussed for 3 examples:

Growth of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand changes in the content of specific compounds (proteins and ergosterol)

Quantitative evaluation of “;direct oxygen transfer” in the submerged culture.

Biosynthesis of a new antibiotic substance mucidin

.
Factors affecting growth and cellulose hydrolysis by the thermotolerant aspergillus nidulans from composts
Authors: Ogundero V. W.
Published: December 2004

The ability of Aspergillus nidulans (EIDAM) WINT to grow and sporulate at various temperatures and to degrade soluble and insoluble forms of cellulose were studied. A. nidulans was found to grow and sporulate best at 37°C in continuous light and alternating light‐darkness respectively. The fungus was able to cause losses in the dry weights of filter papers on incubation and made appreciable growth on CMC and hemicellulose. The culture filtrates contained cellulases which hydrolysed filter papers and CMC to reducing sugars, and were only able to produce these enzymes in the presence of cellulose or its derivatives in the growth medium. The CM‐cellulases had peak activity at pH 5.2 and at 50°C while optimal FP‐activity occurred at a pH of 5.5 and at 45°C. The participatory role of A. nidulans in composting is discussed.
Electrophysical methods of monitoring biosynthesis
Authors: Sedykh N. V. , Chirkov I. M.
Published: December 2004

Electrophysical devices with standard sensors were used for measuring the principal electrophysical parameters of raw materials, microbiological suspension and biopreparations: their dielectric constant, tangent of dielectric loss angle, specific conductivity and duration of dielectric relaxation of the medium. The obtained characteristics proved ot be rather informative for monitoring different technological parameters of the biosynthesis. The applicability of electrophysical methods in monitoring the process of biosynthesis was substantiated with examples.

The electrophysical methods provide a simple and reliable way of monitoring the technological parameters in technical microbiology.
New developments in the field of protein enrichment of foods and feeds (P.E.F.F)
Authors: Senez J. C.
Published: December 2004

Up to the year 2000 the total demand of protein for animal feeding will rise by 146%. This demand can not be covered by agriculture alone. According to FAO data it will be an expected deficit of some 400 million tons of cereals at this time all over the world. Therefore the large scale industrial production of SCP from alkanes, methanol and other raw materials will undoubtely become soon an absolute necessity. On the other hand, a new process of solid state fermentation (ORSTOM/IRCHA process) having special interest for the developing countries has been recently set‐up in France.

Based on dried and crushed potatoes or cassava (manioc or tapioca) protein enrichment by fermentation of feeds of foods (PEFF) in a simple manner without aseptic conditions with the filamentous fungus Aspergillus hennebergii is carried out. The process is presently optimized and scaled‐up to the size of a 700 kg (dry weight) fermenter.

Nutrititional and toxicological assays have demonstrated complete safety and excellent nutrititional value of the product, which is applicable as a feedstuff for breading of e.g. pigs or chickens.
Stirrer and peristaltic pump agitated fermenter
Authors: Nikolajewski H. E. , Meineke L. , Wettig G.
Published: December 2004

A fermenter has been designed for aerobic cultivation processes with stirrer and external peristaltic pump to provide high oxygen transfer rate along with low foam formation. Aerobic growth experiments conducted with E. coli gave an oxygen transfer to ensure a maximum growth rate of about 9 g dry weight/l h. In all tests performed foam never reached a critical level.
Zum Einfluß der physikalischen Struktur des Substrates auf die Hydrolyse von Cellulose durch verschiedene Enzymsysteme und Enzymkomponenten
Authors: Philipp B. , Dan D. C. , Fink H.‐P. , Eriksson K.‐E. , Pettersson B.
Published: December 2004

Starting from cellulose samples prepared from cotton lintes and differing in lattice type, crystallinity and fibrillar morphology, enzymatic hydrolysis of fibre cellulose has been studied employing complete enzyme systems from Trichoderma, Sporotrichum, Gliocladium and Penicillium as well as isolated endo‐ and exo‐1,4‐β‐glucanases from Trichoderma reesei and Sporotorichum pulverulentum. The effect of hydrolysis was characterized by content of reducing sugars (RS) and of glucose in the hydrolyzate as well as by DP and X‐ray diffraction pattern of the residues. With all the complete enzyme systems investigated about the same order of degradability was found with a series of substrates differing in physical structure. The hydrolysis effect of cellulase from S. pulverulentum proved to be sensitive to the gas atmosphere above the system (N2 or O2), probably due to the interaction of an O2‐atmosphere with the activity of the cellubiose‐oxydase existent in the system. Isolated endoglucanase from S. pulverulentum and T.reesei still led to a considerable formation of RS and glucose, a corrosion of the fibre surface and a significant descrease in DP. Influence of substrate physical structure was rather small with regard to RS, but still considerable with regard to residue‐DP.

The effect of isolated exoglucanases depends largely on the chemical structure of the cellobiohydrolase in question, as demonstrated with the two samples “CBH I” and “CBH II” from T. reesei. With CBH I, rather resembling endo‐glucanase behaviour, a considerable formation of RS and a significant corrosion of the fibre surface has been observed. On the other hand, only negligibly small amounts of RS were formed by CBH II.

Results are discussed with regard to the complex mechanism of cellulase action on fibrous cellulose and with regard to the relevance of different parameters of physical structure of cellulose in connection with enzymatic hydrolysis. A remarkable acceleration of the Cellulose III → Cellulose I lattice transition due to chain fragmentations in the presence of cellulase can be concluded the experiments.
The optimization of L‐lysine fermentation and a mass transfer model
Authors: Hilliger M. , Möckel H.‐O. , Forberg W.
Published: December 2004

The efficiency of L‐lysine biosynthesis is essentially determined by the power input and aeration ratio in the stirred fermenter.

A mass transfer model was developed by means of the results of lysine fermentations in four geometrically similar fermenters with working volumes of 10 1, 50 1, 100 1 and 2500 1 which allows the optimization of lysine fermentation from the energetical point of view. The usefullness of this kLa‐model is demonstrated with an example where the power input for an unknown fermenter is calculated.
Experimentelle Untersuchung, Modellierung und optimale Berechnung eines mehrstufigen Säulenfermentors. I. Theoretische Analyse und Synthese des mathematischen Modells
Authors: Kafarov V. V. , Vinarov A. J. , Gordeev L. S. , Semenova E. A.
Published: December 2004

A model of the process of aerobic fermentation in a tower fermenter devided in sections was established and examined by experiments.

In this part data for the concentration of biomass, substrate and oxygen in the sections of the bioreactor at countercurrent moving of the phases were characterized.
Horseradish peroxidase based bienzyme elctrode for isocitrate
Authors: Schubert F. , Kirstein D. , Abraham M. , Scheller F. , Boross L.
Published: December 2004

Coimmobilized horseradish peroxidase and D‐isocitrate dehydrogenase were fixed to an oxygen electrode to assemble a bienzyme electrode for isocitrate determination. The linear measuring range for isocitrate of the sensor is between 0.1 and 2.0 mmol. I−1, the coefficient of variation (20 measurements) is 3.6%. 8 samples per hour can be assayed. With one sensor preparation 140 measurements can be carried out.
Klonierung von RSV‐cDNS (Respiratiorisches Syncytial Virus) und erste Charakterisierung der Rekombinanten
Authors: Prösch S. , Seidel W. , Döhner L. , Liebscher D. H.
Published: December 2004

Genomic RNA of the Respiratory syntical virus (RS‐virus) was used as a template to synthesize calfthymus DNA‐primed cDNAs. These cDNAs were subsequently cloned into the E. coli plasmid pBR 322 at the PstI‐site. By hybridization 6 recombinants with virusspecific cDNAs representing 10% of the whole genome could be isolated.
Der Einfluß der Prozeßparameter auf die Ethanolausbeute in Batchprozessen bei Verwendung von Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Becker U. , Richter K. , Nickel A.
Published: December 2004

The production costs of ethanol are dependent on the efficiency of the substrate‐ethanol conversion to a high degree. The more the substrate used during the fermentation is converted into alcohol the better is the economy of the process.

Therefore the ethanol yield Y SP is an important object of the process optimization.

In batch fermentation processes the most essential influence factors are the initial biomass concentration X0, the initial substrate concentration S0, the temperature T, and the pH‐value.

A model reflecting the complex relationships between these influence factors and the ethanol yield could be obtained by regression. It allows an exact valuation of these optimum process parameters which are necessary for realizing high ethanol yields in the batch fermentation.

For the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sc 5 used in this research was found an ethanol yield maximum YSP = 0˙5384 at the parameters
X0 = 64.61 g/l
S0 = 82.91 g/l
T = 36.45°C
pH = 6.54.
Biological method for ethanol determination
Authors: Blumbergs J. E.
Published: December 2004

It has been demonstrated that on an alkaline medium starving yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14 oxidizes ethanol to acetate at a very high rate, consuming oxygen in stoichiometric ratios. This phenomenon can well be used for ethanol determination. This method is advantageous for its simplicity, cheapness and responsiveness.
Untersuchungen zur Sauerstoffdiffusion in wäßrigen Xanthanlösungen
Authors: Stottmeister U.
Published: December 2004

The determination of oxygen diffusion coefficients was carried out by a modified chronoamperometric method using a stationary platinum electrode.

The determined diffusion coefficients are related to approximated η0‐values.

It was shown a relation of Di and η0 according to the HAYDUK‐CHENG‐potential equation.

That means a strong relative lowering of oxygen diffusion coefficients already by low viscosities, but a little influence at high viscosities.

A simple laboratory thin film reactor is described, in which the oxygen supply is maintained by diffusion. This reactor is suitable very well for fermentations of viscous fluids.
Experimentelle Untersuchung, Modellierung und optimale Berechnung eines mehrstufigen Säulenfermentors II. Experimentelle Bestimmung der Parameter und Koeffizienten des mathematischen Modells
Authors: Kafarov V. V. , Vinarov A. J. , Gordeev L. S. , Semenova E. A.
Published: December 2004

Using a system analysis for the investigation of all processes which occur in a biochemical reactor on the micro and macro level, a mathematical model was worked out. It characterizes the model of the kinetics and stoichiometry of the growth of microorganisms and the rules of hydrodynamics and mass transfer in form of blocks. Relating to the discussed mathematical total model [11], experimental data on which the calculation of the model parameters is based are described in this second part of the paper. They were determined not only directly from the cultivation process, but also from experiments with model media.
Ein neues System von Begasungsbrutschränken für die Biotechnologie
Authors: Beckmann D. , Metze J.
Published: December 2004

The experiences in the production of CO2‐incubators [1] have been the basis for the development of a system of gassing incubation cabinets, which, starting from a basic structure with temperature and humidity control (climatic test cabinets), consist of modular built up devices with regulating circuits for carbon dioxide and oxygen content of the incubation room atmosphere. The performance of the system is considerably extended by the equipment of the devices with a microcomputer system, by which the dynamic control of the parameters of the incubation room atmosphere is possible the first time.

Essential mark of the system is further the standardized structural module for all devices and the flexibility in the equipment of the incubation room according to the demands of special tests.
Optimal production of cellulolytic enzymes and their location in trichoderma pseudokonigii
Authors: Kalra M. K. , Sandhu D. K.
Published: December 2004

The maximum production of cellulose enzymes (FPactivity, CMcellulase and β‐glucosidase) in the culture filtrate was observed at 27°C and pH 5.0, except for β‐glucosidase, being at 6.0. The levels of extracellular enzymes in shake and stationary culture conditions was almost equal although they reached their maxima earlier in the former. The distribution of the three enzymes in extracellular, cytosol and cell debris fractions revealed most of the FPactivity and CMcellulase occurring extracellulary. More than 50% of the β‐glucosidase was present in the cell debris fraction.
Production, characterization and use of expendable kefir starter culture in the kefir production process
Authors: Kramkowska A. , Fesnak D. , Kornacki K. , Bauman B.
Published: December 2004

Upon sterilization, freeze‐dried kefir grains are to be supplemented with yeast preparation, yeast showing the lowest survival in the course of freeze drying.

A mixture of 20% sucrose solution and starch appeared to be the most efficient dispersing agent to protect yeast in the freeze‐drying process.

A starter which is produced with the kefir starter culture, does not differ in its microbiological, biochemical and organoleptic properties from a starter as obtained with kefir grains in the same time, such starter shows a better consistency.

The preparation of such starters is less laborious and less complicated than the preparation of starters using kefir grains.
Mechanismen des Wassertransportes bei der Getreideweiche
Authors: Mohr K.‐H.
Published: December 2004

A simple method for the investigation of the water transport velocity in cereal kernel is described. The mechanism of the water transport is discussed. It is explained that data, place and strength of the effect of hydrolytic enzymes can be determined on the basis of the changed transport resistance from the temporal change of the different diffusion coefficient. The fundamentals of the modelling of steeping processes are given.
Inhibitory effects of ethanol in alcoholic fermentation
Authors: Richter K.
Published: December 2004

The ethanol tolerance behaviour of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sc 5 regarding the growth is characterized by a threshold ethanol inhibitory concentration (P1' = 42.5 g/l) and a linear relationship between the specific growth rate and the ethanol concentration within the limits P1' < P < P′. The maximum ethanol concentration for growth amounts to P′ = 84 g/l.

A general model for the inhibition of growth and alcohol production, respectively, caused by ethanol, is deduced from experimental and bibliographical data:

If the inhibitory effects are linear, the exponents b, b' become 1.
Formation and release of β‐glucosidase by aspergillus niger zimet 43 746 in correlation to process operations
Authors: Kerns G. , Dalchow E. , Klappach G. , Meyer D.
Published: December 2004

The total formation of β‐glucosidase by the wild strain of Aspergillus niger ZIMET 43 746 is non‐growth‐associated. In discontinuous culture the total β‐glucosidase activity related to the mycelium is incresing with the age of the mycelium. The complete release of the remaining mycelial‐associated β‐glucosidase is dependent on the structure of the mycelium. In the cases of the mycelium forms pellets throughout the growth phase than the release of β‐glucosidase is accelerated compared to the release from loosly branched mycelium. Incresing shear stress caused by increasing of the impeller speed promotes the formation of pellets.
Zur mixotrophen Kultivation von Chlorella vulgaris in homokontinuerlicher Chemostatkultur
Authors: Roth P. , Bürger S.
Published: December 2004

Cells of Chlorella vulgaris, BEIJ. Greifswald 9, were grown on autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions using glucose and acetate as organic substrates. It was shown that these C‐sources applicated in a suitable range of concentrations increase the growth rate and the productivity of the algal cultures. The cells grown on mixotrophic conditions have a higher total pigment content and exhibit variations in the ratio chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b.

In addition the contents of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids of the biomass were shown to be dependent on the kind of the organic substrate used.
Assimilation of methanol by Yeasts
Authors: Jwanny E. W. , Rashad M. M.
Published: December 2004

Candida lipolytica was cultured on a methanol containing medium as the only C source. The influence of different concentrations of methanol and ammonium sulphate and the effect of addition of some biological active materials to the methanol containing medium were studied.

Dry cell yield of C. lipolytica and protein content were determined to be 23.1 g of cells/100 g of methanol added and 40.2%, respectively. Total lipids, phospholipids, keto acid and amino acid composition were estimated. The amino acid composition of the protein was comparable to the composition of the other reported single cell proteins (SCP). These results indicate that C. lipolytica is potentially important for fodder use.
Abhängigkeit der dimensionslosen Mischgeschwindigkeit (n/K) von der Re‐Zahl bei einem dreistufigen Rührersystem
Authors: K.‐H. Wolf , Stiebitz O. , Venus J.
Published: December 2004

The mixing‐time characteristic in the three‐stage stirrer system is analyzed for the range of 6 ˙ 104 ≦ Re ≦ 3.2 ˙ 105 using the pH‐method. Different from the one‐stage systems, for the baffled reactor (BW = 0.8) it was estimated that the homogenized number increases with cH ∼ Rem (m = 0.77). Obviously, between two stirrers it exists a kernel sphere with a delay mass transfer in consequence of low axial current components.

The measurements can be described with high significance by the model for dimensionsless “mixing‐rate number” of KHANG and LEVENSPIEL.
Continuous Fermentation in high flow rate fermenter systems
Authors: Richter K. , Becker U. , Meyer D.
Published: December 2004

In commercial batch processes the productivity of product formation is low. But a significant increase of productivity can be achieved in continuous fermentations. By using high flow rate fermenter systems characterized by a relatively long retention time of biomass in comparison with the retention time of the liquid we can realize a high‐performance fermentation. The problem of holding back the biomass within the reactor could be solved by means of membranes being impenetrable to the cells, but permeable to the hydraulic phase. Such a process technology was successfully tested for its applicability in alcoholic and lactic acid fermentations. The maximum productivities obtained on this way were ṗ = 120 g/l. · h for ethanol production and ṗ = 51 g/l. h for lactic acid fermentation, respectively.
Untersuchung von Bestandteilen der Zuckerrübenmelasse, die auf Aspergillus niger bei der Citronensäureproduktion toxisch wirken
Authors: Druri M. , Żakowska Z.
Published: December 2004

Several fractions of ether extracts of beet molasses separated by chemical and chromatographic methods were found to be toxic for Aspergillus niger. Addition of these fractions to growth medium caused sinking of the mycelium in the culture broth and irregular growing of the test strains. Fermentation tests carried out on molasses media in the presence of the toxic fractions showed a different susceptibility depending on the used strain. From one fraction n‐alkanes with 16 to 36 carbon atoms were isolated by thin‐layer chromatography and identified using IR and GC methods. These compounds originated in molasses probably from chemical additives used in the sugar manufacture plant.
Eiweißbiosynthese aus Lignozellulose enthaltenden Rohstoffen
Authors: Ilnicka‐Olejnickzak O. , Czajkowska D. , Targonski Z.
Published: December 2004

The object of the presented studies was to determine the conditions of protein biosynthesis from lignocellulosic raw material using filamentous fungi.

It was found that on beet pulp + 50% wheat straw, strain A. niger (A.n./61) shows the highest effectivity of protein biosynthesis. Using this strain, after 48‐hour incubation the following results were obtained: increase in protein 4.43 g/100 g˙DM, daily protein increase coeffizient 2.22 g/100 g DM x 24 h, protein yield (based on the decrease in dry matter) 22.3% and cellulose utilization 37%.

Upon use of a new strain CEL 2 and milled wheat straw as the substrate, the best results obtained after 74‐hour incubation were as follows: increase in protein 1.82 g/100 g DM, daily protein increase coefficient 0.61 g/100 g DM x 24 h, protein yield 15,8% and cellulose utilization 22.0%.

For rape straw and strain Sporotrichum pulverulentum, after 192‐hour cultivation the following results were obtained: increase in protein 5.4 g/100 g DM, daily protein increase coefficient 0.68 g/100 g DM x 24 h, protein yield 14% and cellulose utilization 50.2%.
Bioakkumulation und Biosorption zur Detoxifikation und Entfernung von Metallen
Authors: Glombitza F. , Iske U.
Published: December 2004

Growing and resting cells of microorganisms are able to accumulate metal ions.

These reactions are based on a storage within the cells as well as sorption at the cell wall.

The intracellular storage takes place preferably by growing cells.

The stored amounts of metals by resting cells depend on the concentration of metal ions in the aqueous phase, the pH‐value, and, in some cases on the temperature.

Maximum concentrations for some metals and strains of microorganisms are given.

The representation of the uptake reaction as an adsorption process using a FREUNDLICH‐Isotherm demonstrates straight lines with different clopes.

The removal of the metals from the biomass by a desorption reaction is possible in some cases, other possibilities are a reducing process or the formation of an ash of the biomss containing compounds of metals.

These reactions may be used simultaneously for detoxification and removal of metals from waste water.
Conversion of lactose to methane by defined bacterial cocultures
Authors: Schug A. , Schoberth S. M. , Sahm H.
Published: December 2004

The conversion of lactose — the main constituent of whey — to methane and carbon dioxide was studied using different defined constructed cultures, imploying strains of Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanobacterium bryantii, Escherichia coli, Acetobacterium woodii, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus plantarum. The following combinations of strains (food chains) were studied with respect to efficiency and yield of lactose conversion (methane yield in parentheses): E. coli and M. barkeri (4.5–7.6%), E. coli and M. bryantii (13.3%),E. coli, M. barkeri and M. bryantii (54%), L. casei, A. woodii and M. barkeri (93.3%). These conversions were carried out in pH controlled batch fermentations. A very efficient coculture was a combination of L. plantarum with A. woodii and M. barkeri: in chemostat cultures lactose was converted to methane and carbon dioxide with a yield of about 90%, at dilution rates of 0.27 d‐1to 0.37 d‐1.
Direction of the sustained oscillation trajectory in the cell‐product phase plane describing product inhibition on continuous fermentation systems
Authors: Lenbury Y. , Chiaranai Ch.
Published: December 2004

A criterion for the direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) of the limit cycle in the cell massproduct phase plane is developed for a product inhibition model of a continuous microbial culture. It is then hypothesized that the model will not admit clockwise oscillations.
In situ – Phaseolotoxinproduktion durch permeabilisierte und immobilisierte Zellen von Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola
Authors: Schluttig A. , Teicher R. , Fritsche W.
Published: December 2004

Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the causal agent of halo blight disease of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) produces Phaseolotoxin (Nδ‐(N′‐sulpho‐diaminophosphinyl)‐L‐ornithyl‐alanyl‐homoarginine) — a phytotoxic secondary metabolite — under laboratory conditions in a synthetic medium. Permeabilized (EDTA‐treatment) and immobilized (Agar Agar) cells of the bacterium are capable of producing Phaseolotoxin.

Therefore an “in situ” production of this microbial phytoeffective compound using immobilized and permeabilized cells of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola is possible.
Aspekte der Situationserkennung an Fermentationsprozessen
Authors: Pohl H.‐D. , Knorre W. A.
Published: December 2004

The establishment of an on‐ or off‐line‐optimal‐controlled fermentation process requires a system of situation identification — process rearrangement. The choice of the structure and the mathematical model of the situation is difficult. To characterize the situation it is necessary to determine the process‐specific vector which regards the major features of the processes. The determination of the structur and the vector which regards the major features of the fermentation process has been demonstrated by several examples.
Monitoring microbial product synthesis by measurement of the dehydrogenase activity
Authors: Gründig B. , Behrens U. , Kerns G. , Thiersch A.
Published: December 2004

A method for the photometric measurement of dehydrogenase activities with the redox dye phenazine methosulphate at a fixed biomass concentration was applied for the investigation of idiophasic product synthesis. It was found that in citric acid fermentation by Yarrowia lipolytica which is characterized by a well defined separation into tropho‐and idiophase the magnitude of product synthesis rates corresponds to the level of dehydrogenase activity at the end of the trophophase. In cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei the tropho‐and idiophase are not well defined but a rise of dehydrogenase activity in the course of the idiophase is likely to correspond to an increase of the cellulase formating rate. The significance of the relation of dehydrogenase activity to production rates for monitoring industrial fermentations is discussed.