bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small-size temperature/high-pressure integrated sensor via flip-chip method
Authors: Huang Mimi , Wu Xiaoyu , Zhao Libo , Han Xiangguang , Xia Yong , Gao Yi , Cui Zeyu , Zhang Cheng , Yang Xiaokai , Qiao Zhixia , Li Zhikang , Han Feng , Yang Ping , Jiang Zhuangde
Published: July 2024

Hydraulic technology with smaller sizes and higher reliability trends, including fault prediction and intelligent control, requires high-performance temperature and pressure-integrated sensors. Current designs rely on planar wafer- or chip-level integration, which is limited by pressure range, chip size, and low reliability. We propose a small-size temperature/high-pressure integrated sensor via the flip-chip technique. The pressure and temperature units are arranged vertically, and the sensing signals of the two units are integrated into one plane through silicon vias and gold–gold bonding, reducing the lateral size and improving the efficiency of signal transmission. The flip-chip technique ensures a reliable electrical connection. A square diaphragm with rounded corners is designed and optimised with simulation to sense high pressure based on the piezoresistive effect. The temperature sensing unit with a thin-film platinum resistor measures temperature and provides back-end high-precision compensation, which will improve the precision of the pressure unit. The integrated chip is fabricated by MEMS technology and packaged to fabricate the extremely small integrated sensor. The integrated sensor is characterised, and the pressure sensor exhibits a sensitivity and sensitivity drift of 7.97 mV/MPa and −0.19% FS in the range of 0–20 MPa and −40 to 120 °C. The linearity, hysteresis, repeatability, accuracy, basic error, and zero-time drift are 0.16% FS, 0.04% FS, 0.06% FS, 0.18% FS, ±0.23% FS and 0.04% FS, respectively. The measurement error of the temperature sensor and temperature coefficient of resistance is less than ±1 °C and 3142.997 ppm/°C, respectively. The integrated sensor has broad applicability in fault diagnosis and safety monitoring of high-end equipment such as automobile detection, industrial equipment, and oil drilling platforms.
Clinical features associated with poor response and early relapse following BCMA-directed therapies in multiple myeloma
Authors: Rees Matthew J. , Mammadzadeh Aytaj , Bolarinwa Abiola , Elhaj Mohammed E. , Bohra Arwa , Bansal Radhika , Ailawadhi Sikander , Parrondo Ricardo , Chhabra Saurabh , Khot Amit , Hayman Suzanne , Dispenzieri Angela , Buadi Francis , Dingli David , Warsame Rahma , Kapoor Prashant , Gertz Morie A. , Muchtar Eli , Kourelis Taxiarchis , Gonsalves Wilson , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Lin Yi , Kumar Shaji
Published: July 2024

Three classes of BCMA-directed therapy (BDT) exist: antibody drug-conjugates (ADCs), CAR-T, and T-cell engagers (TCEs), each with distinct strengths and weaknesses. To aid clinicians in selecting between BDTs, we reviewed myeloma patients treated at Mayo Clinic with commercial or investigational BDT between 2018-2023. We identified 339 individuals (1-exposure = 297, 2-exposures = 38, 3-exposures = 4) who received 385 BDTs (ADC = 59, TCE = 134, CAR-T = 192), with median follow-up of 21-months. ADC recipients were older, with more lines of therapy (LOT), and penta-refractory disease. Compared to ADCs, CAR-T (aHR = 0.29, 95%CI = 0.20–0.43) and TCEs (aHR = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.43–0.91) had better progression-free survival (PFS) on analysis adjusted for age, the presence of extramedullary (EMD), penta-refractory disease, multi-hit high-risk cytogenetics, prior BDT, and the number of LOT in the preceding 1-year. Likewise, compared to ADCs, CAR-T (aHR = 0.28, 95%CI = 0.18–0.44) and TCEs (aHR = 0.60, 95%CI = 0.39–0.93) had superior overall survival. Prior BDT exposure negatively impacted all classes but was most striking in CAR-T, ORR 86% vs. 50% and median PFS 13-months vs. 3-months. Of relapses, 54% were extramedullary in nature, and a quarter of these cases had no history of EMD. CAR-T demonstrates superior efficacy and where feasible, should be the initial BDT. However, for patients with prior BDT or rapidly progressive disease, an alternative approach may be preferable.
The membrane insertion of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax is a Tom22-dependent multi-step process: a study in nanodiscs
Authors: Rouchidane Eyitayo Akandé , Daury Laetitia , Priault Muriel , Manon Stéphen
Published: July 2024

Membrane insertion of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax was investigated by setting up cell-free synthesis of full-length Bax in the presence of pre-formed nanodiscs. While Bax was spontaneously poorly inserted in nanodiscs, co-synthesis with the mitochondrial receptor Tom22 stimulated Bax membrane insertion. The initial interaction of Bax with the lipid bilayer exposed the hydrophobic GALLL motif in Hα1 leading to Bax precipitation through hydrophobic interactions. The same motif was recognized by Tom22, triggering conformational changes leading to the extrusion and the ensuing membrane insertion of the C-terminal hydrophobic Hα9. Tom22 was also required for Bax-membrane insertion after Bax was activated either by BH3-activators or by its release from Bcl-xL by WEHI-539. The effect of Tom22 was impaired by D154Y substitution in Bax-Hα7 and T174P substitution in Bax-Hα9, which are found in several tumors. Conversely, a R9E substitution promoted a spontaneous insertion of Bax in nanodiscs, in the absence of Tom22. Both Tom22-activated Bax and BaxR9E alone permeabilized liposomes to dextran-10kDa and formed ~5-nm-diameter pores in nanodiscs. The concerted regulation of Bax membrane insertion by Tom22 and BH3-activators is discussed.
Home blood pressure-lowering effect of a non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, esaxerenone, versus trichlormethiazide for uncontrolled hypertension: the EXCITE-HT randomized controlled study
Authors: Kario Kazuomi , Ohbayashi Hiroyuki , Hashimoto Masami , Itabashi Naoki , Kato Mitsutoshi , Uchiyama Kazuaki , Hirano Kunio , Nakamura Noriko , Miyamoto Takahide , Nagashima Hirotaka , Kajiyama Shizuo , Ishida Hidenori , Imai Enyu , Ebe Yusuke , Ohishi Mitsuru , Katsuya Tomohiro , Taguchi Takashi , Tanabe Ayumi , Shimosawa Tatsuo ,   on behalf of the EXCITE-HT investigators
Published: July 2024

The EXCITE-HT study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of esaxerenone versus thiazide diuretics (trichlormethiazide) as second-line treatment for Japanese patients with uncontrolled essential hypertension. This was a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group study. The non-inferiority of esaxerenone to trichlormethiazide was confirmed if the upper limit of the two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) change between groups was below 3.9/2.1 mmHg. A total of 295 and 290 patients were included in the esaxerenone and trichlormethiazide groups, respectively. The non-inferiority of esaxerenone to trichlormethiazide was demonstrated: least squares mean change differences in morning home SBP/DBP at end of treatment (EOT) were −2.2 (95% CI, −3.6, −0.8) mmHg for SBP/−0.6 (−1.4, 0.2) mmHg for DBP. Morning home, bedtime home, and office BP significantly decreased (all p < 0.001) from baseline to EOT in both groups. The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level decreased from baseline to Week 12 in both groups, with no notable intergroup difference. Serum potassium elevations occurred more frequently with esaxerenone, while serum potassium reductions occurred more with trichlormethiazide. Uric acid elevations were observed in both groups, but more frequently with trichlormethiazide than esaxerenone. No cases of gout occurred in this study. Reductions in estimated glomerular filtration rate were similarly observed in both groups. EXCITE-HT is the first randomized controlled study to demonstrate evidence that esaxerenone is non-inferior to trichlormethiazide as second-line treatment for Japanese patients with uncontrolled essential hypertension, with no new safety concerns.
PARP10 promotes the repair of nascent strand DNA gaps through RAD18 mediated translesion synthesis
Authors: Khatib Jude B. , Dhoonmoon Ashna , Moldovan George-Lucian , Nicolae Claudia M.
Published: July 2024

Replication stress compromises genomic integrity. Fork blocking lesions such as those induced by cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic agents arrest replication forks. Repriming downstream of these lesions represents an important mechanism of replication restart, however the single stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps left behind, unless efficiently filled, can serve as entry point for nucleases. Nascent strand gaps can be repaired by BRCA-mediated homology repair. Alternatively, gaps can also be filled by translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases. How these events are regulated is still not clear. Here, we show that PARP10, a poorly-characterized mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase, is recruited to nascent strand gaps to promote their repair. PARP10 interacts with the ubiquitin ligase RAD18 and recruits it to these structures, resulting in the ubiquitination of the replication factor PCNA. PCNA ubiquitination, in turn, recruits the TLS polymerase REV1 for gap filling. We show that PARP10 recruitment to gaps and the subsequent REV1-mediated gap filling requires both the catalytic activity of PARP10, and its ability to interact with PCNA. We moreover show that PARP10 is hyperactive in BRCA-deficient cells, and its inactivation potentiates gap accumulations and cytotoxicity in these cells. Our work uncovers PARP10 as a regulator of ssDNA gap filling, which promotes genomic stability in BRCA-deficient cells.
Metal-organic framework derived crystalline nanocarbon for Fenton-like reaction
Authors: Lian Tingting , Xu Li , Piankova Diana , Yang Jin-Lin , Tarakina Nadezda V. , Wang Yang , Antonietti Markus
Published: July 2024

Nanoporous carbons with tailorable nanoscale texture and long-range ordered structure are promising candidates for energy, environmental and catalytic applications, while the current synthetic methods do not allow elaborate control of local structure. Here we report a salt-assisted strategy to obtain crystalline nanocarbon from direct carbonization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The crystalline product maintains a highly ordered two-dimensional (2D) stacking mode and substantially differs from the traditional weakly ordered patterns of nanoporous carbons upon high-temperature pyrolysis. The MOF-derived crystalline nanocarbon (MCC) comes with a high level of nitrogen and oxygen terminating the 2D layers and shows an impressive performance as a carbocatalyst in Fenton-like reaction for water purification. The successful preparation of MCC illustrates the possibility to discover other crystalline heteroatom-doped carbon phases starting from correctly designed organic precursors and appropriate templating reactions.
Aqueous alternating electrolysis prolongs electrode lifespans under harsh operation conditions
Authors: Liang Jie , Li Jun , Dong Hongliang , Li Zixiaozi , He Xun , Wang Yan , Yao Yongchao , Ren Yuchun , Sun Shengjun , Luo Yongsong , Zheng Dongdong , Li Jiong , Liu Qian , Luo Fengming , Wu Tongwei , Chen Guang , Sun Xuping , Tang Bo
Published: July 2024

It is vital to explore effective ways for prolonging electrode lifespans under harsh electrolysis conditions, such as high current densities, acid environment, and impure water source. Here we report alternating electrolysis approaches that realize promptly and regularly repair/maintenance and concurrent bubble evolution. Electrode lifespans are improved by co-action of Fe group elemental ions and alkali metal cations, especially a unique Co2+-Na+ combo. A commercial Ni foam sustains ampere-level current densities alternatingly during continuous electrolysis for 93.8 h in an acidic solution, whereas such a Ni foam is completely dissolved in ~2 h for conventional electrolysis conditions. The work not only explores an alternating electrolysis-based system, alkali metal cation-based catalytic systems, and alkali metal cation-based electrodeposition techniques, and beyond, but demonstrates the possibility of prolonged electrolysis by repeated deposition-dissolution processes. With enough adjustable experimental variables, the upper improvement limit in the electrode lifespan would be high.
Membrane remodeling by FAM92A1 during brain development regulates neuronal morphology, synaptic function, and cognition
Authors: Wang Liang , Yang Ziyun , Satoshi Fudo , Prasanna Xavier , Yan Ziyi , Vihinen Helena , Chen Yaxing , Zhao Yue , He Xiumei , Bu Qian , Li Hongchun , Zhao Ying , Jiang Linhong , Qin Feng , Dai Yanping , Zhang Ni , Qin Meng , Kuang Weihong , Zhao Yinglan , Jokitalo Eija , Vattulainen Ilpo , Kajander Tommi , Zhao Hongxia , Cen Xiaobo
Published: July 2024

The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain protein FAM92A1 is a multifunctional protein engaged in regulating mitochondrial ultrastructure and ciliogenesis, but its physiological role in the brain remains unclear. Here, we show that FAM92A1 is expressed in neurons starting from embryonic development. FAM92A1 knockout in mice results in altered brain morphology and age-associated cognitive deficits, potentially due to neuronal degeneration and disrupted synaptic plasticity. Specifically, FAM92A1 deficiency impairs diverse neuronal membrane morphology, including the mitochondrial inner membrane, myelin sheath, and synapses, indicating its roles in membrane remodeling and maintenance. By determining the crystal structure of the FAM92A1 BAR domain, combined with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we uncover that FAM92A1 interacts with phosphoinositide- and cardiolipin-containing membranes to induce lipid-clustering and membrane curvature. Altogether, these findings reveal the physiological role of FAM92A1 in the brain, highlighting its impact on synaptic plasticity and neural function through the regulation of membrane remodeling and endocytic processes.
Long-term risk of autoimmune diseases after mRNA-based SARS-CoV2 vaccination in a Korean, nationwide, population-based cohort study
Authors: Jung Seung-Won , Jeon Jae Joon , Kim You Hyun , Choe Sung Jay , Lee Solam
Published: July 2024

The long-term association between mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and the development of autoimmune connective tissue diseases (AI-CTDs) remains unclear. In this nationwide, population-based cohort study involving 9,258,803 individuals, we aim to determine whether the incidence of AI-CTDs is associated with mRNA vaccination. The study spans over 1 year of observation and further analyses the risk of AI-CTDs by stratifying demographics and vaccination profiles and treating booster vaccination as time-varying covariate. We report that the risk of developing most AI-CTDs did not increase following mRNA vaccination, except for systemic lupus erythematosus with a 1.16-fold risk in vaccinated individuals relative to controls. Comparable results were reported in the stratified analyses for age, sex, mRNA vaccine type, and prior history of non-mRNA vaccination. However, a booster vaccination was associated with an increased risk of some AI-CTDs including alopecia areata, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, we conclude that mRNA-based vaccinations are not associated with an increased risk of most AI-CTDs, although further research is needed regarding its potential association with certain conditions.
A possible path to persistent re-entry waves at the outlet of the left pulmonary vein
Authors: Jæger Karoline Horgmo , Tveito Aslak
Published: July 2024

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common form of cardiac arrhythmia, often evolving from paroxysmal episodes to persistent stages over an extended timeframe. While various factors contribute to this progression, the precise biophysical mechanisms driving it remain unclear. Here we explore how rapid firing of cardiomyocytes at the outlet of the pulmonary vein of the left atria can create a substrate for a persistent re-entry wave. This is grounded in a recently formulated mathematical model of the regulation of calcium ion channel density by intracellular calcium concentration. According to the model, the number of calcium channels is controlled by the intracellular calcium concentration. In particular, if the concentration increases above a certain target level, the calcium current is weakened to restore the target level of calcium. During rapid pacing, the intracellular calcium concentration of the cardiomyocytes increases leading to a substantial reduction of the calcium current across the membrane of the myocytes, which again reduces the action potential duration. In a spatially resolved cell-based model of the outlet of the pulmonary vein of the left atria, we show that the reduced action potential duration can lead to re-entry. Initiated by rapid pacing, often stemming from paroxysmal AF episodes lasting several days, the reduction in calcium current is a critical factor. Our findings illustrate how such episodes can foster a conducive environment for persistent AF through electrical remodeling, characterized by diminished calcium currents. This underscores the importance of promptly addressing early AF episodes to prevent their progression to chronic stages.
Effects of brief remote high ventilation breathwork with retention on mental health and wellbeing: a randomised placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Fincham Guy W. , Epel Elissa , Colasanti Alessandro , Strauss Clara , Cavanagh Kate
Published: July 2024

High ventilation breathwork with retention (HVBR) has been growing in popularity over the past decade and might be beneficial for mental and physical health. However, little research has explored the potential therapeutic effects of brief, remotely delivered HVBR and the tolerability profile of this technique. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of a fully-automated HVBR protocol, along with its tolerability, when delivered remotely in a brief format. This study (NCT06064474) was the largest blinded randomised-controlled trial on HVBR to date in which 200 young, healthy adults balanced for gender were randomly allocated in blocks of 2 by remote software to 3 weeks of 20 min daily HVBR (fast breathing with long breath holds) or a placebo HVBR comparator (15 breaths/min with short breath holds). The trial was concealed as a ‘fast breathwork’ study wherein both intervention and comparator were masked, and only ~ 40% guessed their group assignment with no difference in accuracy between groups. Both groups reported analogous credibility and expectancy of benefit, subjective adherence, positive sentiment, along with short- and long-term tolerability. At post-intervention (primary timepoint) for stress level (primary outcome), we found no significant group × time interaction, F(1,180) = 1.98, p = 0.16, ηp2 = 0.01, d = 0.21), nor main effect of group, (F = 0.35, p = 0.55, ηp2 < 0.01) but we did find a significant main effect of time, (F = 13.0, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.07). There was a significant improvement in stress pre-post-intervention in both groups, however there was no significant difference in such improvement between groups. In addition to stress at follow-up, we found no significant group x time interactions for secondary trait outcomes of anxiety, depression, mental wellbeing, and sleep-related impairment. This was also the case for state positive and negative affect after the first session of breathwork and at post-intervention. Brief remote HVBR therefore may not be more efficacious at improving mental health than a well-designed active comparator in otherwise healthy, young adults.
Target control of linear directed networks based on the path cover problem
Authors: Someya Wataru , Akutsu Tatsuya , Nacher Jose C.
Published: July 2024

Securing complete control of complex systems comprised of tens of thousands of interconnected nodes holds immense significance across various fields, spanning from cell biology and brain science to human-engineered systems. However, depending on specific functional requirements, it can be more practical and efficient to focus on a pre-defined subset of nodes for control, a concept known as target control. While some methods have been proposed to find the smallest driver node set for target control, they either rely on heuristic approaches based on k-walk theory, lacking a guarantee of optimal solutions, or they are overly complex and challenging to implement in real-world networks. To address this challenge, we introduce a simple and elegant algorithm, inspired by the path cover problem, which efficiently identifies the nodes required to control a target node set within polynomial time. To practically apply the algorithm in real-world systems, we have selected several networks in which a specific set of nodes with functional significance can be designated as a target control set. The analysed systems include the complete connectome of the nematode worm C. elegans, the recently disclosed connectome of the Drosophila larval brain, as well as dozens of genome-wide metabolic networks spanning major plant lineages. The target control analysis shed light on distinctions between neural systems in nematode worms and larval brain insects, particularly concerning the number of nodes necessary to regulate specific functional systems. Furthermore, our analysis uncovers evolutionary trends within plant lineages, notably when examining the proportion of nodes required to control functional pathways.
Anthropogenic effects on tropical cyclones near Western Europe
Authors: Wang Shuai , Murakami Hiroyuki , Cooke William
Published: July 2024

There is less consensus on whether human activities have significantly altered tropical cyclone (TC) statistics, given the relatively short duration of reliable observed records. Understanding and projecting TC frequency change is more challenging in certain coastal regions with lower TC activity yet high exposure, such as Western Europe. Here, we show, with large-ensemble simulations, that the observed increase in TC frequency near Western Europe from 1966 to 2020 is likely linked to the anthropogenic aerosol effect. Under a future scenario featuring regionally controlled aerosol emissions and substantially increased greenhouse gas concentrations (Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5-85), our simulations show a potential decrease in TC frequency near Western Europe by the end of the 21st century. These contrasting trends in historical and future TC frequencies are primarily due to the rise for 1966–2020 and potentially subsequent fall for 2030–2100 in TC genesis frequency in the North Atlantic. The response of large-scale environmental conditions to anthropogenic forcing is found to be crucial in explaining the historical and future changes in TC frequency near Western Europe.
Secrets of DNA-PKcs beyond DNA repair
Authors: Camfield Sydney , Chakraborty Sayan , Dwivedi Shailendra Kumar Dhar , Pramanik Pijush Kanti , Mukherjee Priyabrata , Bhattacharya Resham
Published: July 2024

The canonical role of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) in repairing DNA double-strand breaks combined with its reported dysregulation in several malignancies has driven the development of DNA-PKcs inhibitors as therapeutics. However, until recently the relationship between DNA-PKcs and tumorigenesis has been primarily investigated with regard to its role in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair. Emerging research has uncovered non-canonical DNA-PKcs functions involved with transcriptional regulation, telomere maintenance, metabolic regulation, and immune signaling all of which may also impinge on tumorigenesis. This review mainly discusses these non-canonical roles of DNA-PKcs in cellular biology and their potential contribution to tumorigenesis, as well as evaluating the implications of targeting DNA-PKcs for cancer therapy.
Ultrahigh-nickel layered cathode with cycling stability for sustainable lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Yang Tonghuan , Zhang Kun , Zuo Yuxuan , Song Jin , Yang Yali , Gao Chuan , Chen Tao , Wang Hangchao , Xiao Wukun , Jiang Zewen , Xia Dingguo
Published: July 2024

Nickel-rich layered transition metal oxides are leading cathode candidates for lithium-ion batteries due to their increased capacity, low cost and enhanced environmental sustainability compared to cobalt formulations. However, the nickel enrichment comes with larger volume change during cycling as well as reduced oxygen stability, which can both incur performance degradation. Here we show an ultrahigh-nickel cathode, LiNi0.94Co0.05Te0.01O2, that addresses all of these critical issues by introducing high valent tellurium cations (Te6+). The as-prepared material exhibits an initial capacity of up to 239 milliampere-hours (mAh) per gram and an impressive capacity retention of 94.5% after 200 cycles. The resulting Ah-level lithium metal battery with silicon-carbon anode achieves an extraordinary monomer energy density of 404 watt-hours (Wh) per kilogram with retention of 91.2% after 300 cycles. Advanced characterizations and theoretical calculations show that the introduction of tellurium serves to engineer the particle morphology for a microstructure to better accommodate the lattice strain and enable an intralayer Te–Ni–Ni–Te ordered superstructure, which effectively tunes the ligand energy-level structure and suppresses lattice oxygen loss. This work not only advances the energy density of nickel-based lithium-ion batteries into the realm of 400 Wh kg−1 but suggests new opportunities in structure design for cathode materials without trade-off between performance and sustainability.
Mediodorsal thalamus and ventral pallidum contribute to subcortical regulation of the default mode network
Authors: Zhao Yilei , Kirschenhofer Tobias , Harvey Michael , Rainer Gregor
Published: July 2024

Humans and other animals readily transition from externally to internally focused attention, and these transitions are accompanied by activation of the default mode network (DMN). The DMN was considered a cortical network, yet recent evidence suggests subcortical structures are also involved. We investigated the role of ventral pallidum (VP) and mediodorsal thalamus (MD) in DMN regulation in tree shrew, a close relative of primates. Electrophysiology and deep learning-based classification of behavioral states revealed gamma oscillations in VP and MD coordinated with gamma in anterior cingulate (AC) cortex during DMN states. Cross-frequency coupling between gamma and delta oscillations was higher during DMN than other behaviors, underscoring the engagement of MD, VP and AC. Our findings highlight the importance of VP and MD in DMN regulation, extend homologies in DMN regulation among mammals, and underline the importance of thalamus and basal forebrain to the regulation of DMN.
DNA language model GROVER learns sequence context in the human genome
Authors: Sanabria Melissa , Hirsch Jonas , Joubert Pierre M. , Poetsch Anna R.
Published: July 2024

Deep-learning models that learn a sense of language on DNA have achieved a high level of performance on genome biological tasks. Genome sequences follow rules similar to natural language but are distinct in the absence of a concept of words. We established byte-pair encoding on the human genome and trained a foundation language model called GROVER (Genome Rules Obtained Via Extracted Representations) with the vocabulary selected via a custom task, next-k-mer prediction. The defined dictionary of tokens in the human genome carries best the information content for GROVER. Analysing learned representations, we observed that trained token embeddings primarily encode information related to frequency, sequence content and length. Some tokens are primarily localized in repeats, whereas the majority widely distribute over the genome. GROVER also learns context and lexical ambiguity. Average trained embeddings of genomic regions relate to functional genomics annotation and thus indicate learning of these structures purely from the contextual relationships of tokens. This highlights the extent of information content encoded by the sequence that can be grasped by GROVER. On fine-tuning tasks addressing genome biology with questions of genome element identification and protein–DNA binding, GROVER exceeds other models’ performance. GROVER learns sequence context, a sense for structure and language rules. Extracting this knowledge can be used to compose a grammar book for the code of life.
Tracking the dynamics of catalytic Pt/CeO2 active sites during water-gas-shift reaction
Authors: Li Gengnan , Zakharov Dmitri N. , Hu Tianhao , Yu Youngseok , Waluyo Iradwikanari , Hunt Adrian , Head Ashley R. , Boscoboinik Jorge Anibal
Published: July 2024

Understanding the atomistic structure of the active site during catalytic reactions is of paramount importance in both fundamental studies and practical applications, but such studies are challenging due to the complexity of heterogeneous systems. Here, we use Pt/CeO2 as an example to study the dynamic nature of active sites during the water-gas-shift reaction (WGSR) by combining multiple in situ characterization tools. We show that the different concentrations of interfacial Ptδ+ – O – Ce4+ moieties at Pt/CeO2 interfaces are responsible for the rank of catalytic performance of Pt/CeO2 catalysts: Pt/CeO2-rod > Pt/CeO2-cube > Pt/CeO2-oct. For all the catalysts, metallic Pt is formed during the WGSR, leading to the transformation of the active sites to Pt0 – Ov – Ce3+ and interface reconstruction. These findings shed light on the nature of the active site for the WGSR on Pt/CeO2 and highlight the importance of combining complementary in situ techniques for establishing structure-performance relationships.
The increasing water stress projected for China could shift the agriculture and manufacturing industry geographically
Authors: Liu Mengyu , Zhou Xiong , Huang Guohe , Li Yongping
Published: July 2024

The sustainable development of China has been challenged by the misalignment of water demand and supply across regions under varying climate change scenarios. Here we develop a water stress prediction index using a fuzzy decision-making approach, which analyzes spatiotemporal variations of water stress and concomitant effects on the populace within China. Our results indicate that water stress will increase from 2020 to 2099 under both low and high emission scenarios, primarily due to decreased water supplies like surface runoff and snow water content. Seasonal analysis reveals that annual fluctuations in water stress are mainly driven by changes in spring and autumn. Water stress is projected to be considerably lower in southeastern provinces compared to northwestern ones, where, on average, over 20% of the Chinese population could be severely impacted. These changes in water stress could lead to the north-to-south migration of the agriculture sector, manufacturing sector, and human population.
Alpine wetlands degradation leads to soil nutrient imbalances that affect plant growth and microbial diversity
Authors: Xu Ganjun , Kang Xiaoming , Wang Fei , Zhuang Weirong , Yan Wende , Zhang Kerou
Published: July 2024

Alpine wetlands degrade rapidly due to climate change and human activities. Studying degradation effects on flora, soil, and microbes, and their mechanisms, can aid wetland management and global carbon dynamic insights. Here, we conducted transect surveys across various levels of degradation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, ranging from non-degraded to severely degraded alpine wetlands. Severe degradation reduced aboveground biomass by 72.5%. As degradation intensified, the abundance of high-quality forage plants, especially Cyperaceae, gradually declined. Degradation resulted in soil nutrient deficiencies and stoichiometric imbalances, which significantly affected plant growth and soil microbial diversity. These changes ultimately led to a decline in carbon sequestration. The diversity of microbial and plant communities’ response to degradation aligned with the “intermediate interference hypothesis.” The altered bacterial community composition, which favors oligotrophic dominance, and its nonlinear response to soil stoichiometry and pH, could explain the maintenance of diversity and species richness of microbial communities under intermediate disturbance.
Do climate acts of EU countries enable the most vulnerable to participate in climate policymaking?
Authors: Honkonen Tuula
Published: July 2024

One way to give recognition to and account for vulnerability in climate policymaking is enhanced public participation. This study examines national climate acts across the EU Member States from this perspective, paying particular attention to those members of the public who are considered most climate vulnerable. The analysis finds that few of the acts address public participation, and none of the acts examined directly provides for the participation of specified groups of people based on their presumed vulnerability to climate change impacts. There are, however, participation mechanisms that take into account climate vulnerable groups. Yet, many states have not regarded the national climate act as the legal instrument of choice for regulating public participation in climate policymaking. However, this paper argues that the institutionalization of public participation in the national climate acts would have added value.
Deciphering 2D perovskite's role in perovskite solar cells via intact 3D/2D junctions
Authors: Lee Seungmin , Cho Hyeonah , Kang Sohyun , Oh Oui Jin , Kim Dong Hyun , Noh Jun Hong
Published: July 2024

Heterojunction analysis using an intact 3D/2D bilayer shows that the work function of 2D perovskites can influence both the magnitude and the distribution of the built-in potential within the device.
A candidate reference measurement procedure for the quantification of α-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid using an SI traceable primary calibrator and multiple reaction monitoring
Authors: Zhang Leran , Illes-Toth Eva , Cryar Adam , Drinkwater Giles , Di Vagno Lucia , Pons Marie-Laure , Mateyka Julia , McCullough Bryan , Achtar Eli , Clarkson Cailean , Göschel Laura , Körtvélyessy Peter , Mussell Chris , Hopley Christopher J. , Flöel Agnes , Hirtz Christophe , Lehmann Sylvain , Quaglia Milena
Published: July 2024

An SI traceable primary calibrator was used for the development of a reference measurement procedure for α-synuclein. A targeted proteomics workflow allowed for the SI traceable quantification of α-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid.
Cytosolic delivery of cytochrome c conjugates induces apoptosis at nanomolar levels through a caspase-3-dependent pathway
Authors: Wang Jian , Jiang Wei , Liu Wenjuan , Xu Tingting , Xu Wenqian , Sheng Hongyang , Badaila Raman , Ma Mingming , Zhang Ning
Published: July 2024

Cytochrome c (CytC) is conjugated with a small molecule TG6 to give TG6–CytC, which is delivered into cytosol, triggering the release of endogenous CytC from mitochondria, and inducing a caspase-3-dependent apoptosis with an IC50 down to 2.4 nM.
Facile fabrication in coordination networks: an in situ sequential replacement of linkers by successive SC–SC transformations via core@shell crystals
Authors: Ebrahimi Bahare , Notash Behrouz
Published: July 2024

A facile and in situ successive linker exchange through SC–SC transformation via core–shell pathway in cadmium coordination networks based on 3,6-bis(pyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine and 4,4′-bipyridine linkers at room temperature has been reported.
Electronic properties of pristine and doped graphitic germanium carbide nanomeshes
Authors: Gamal Sarah , Nashaat M. , Salah Lobna M. , Allam Nageh K. , Maarouf Ahmed A.
Published: July 2024

Graphitic germanium carbide (g-GeC) nanomesh is a novel semiconducting material with an energy gap that depends on pore passivation.
An investigation into transition states of cyclic tetra-atomic silicon and germanium interstellar dust compounds: SixC4−x, GexC4−x, and GexSi4−x (x ∈ {1,2,3})
Authors: Flowers A. Mackenzie , Brown Alex , Klobukowski Mariusz
Published: July 2024

There is likely no interconversion between isomers of the tetra-atomic silicon carbide or germanium carbide/silicide species occurring in the interstellar medium.
Highly efficient catalytic conversion of polysulfides: iron-based oxides
Authors: Zhou Longyang , Wu Chuanhuang , Guo Daying , Zhu Yuchuang , Wang Cong , Chen Xi'an , Wang Shun
Published: July 2024

This review presents recent progress in the study of iron-containing oxide-based catalysts for accelerating the catalytic conversion of polysulfides in lithium–sulfur batteries.
Enhanced polysulfide trapping in Li–S batteries by dipole alignment in ferroelectric BaTiO3
Authors: Jiang Jinglin , Ontaneda Jorge , Pal Subhajit , Guo Zhenyu , Forrester Chloe , Zheng Kaitian , Wang Mengnan , Briscoe Joe , Titirici Maria-Magdalena , Au Heather
Published: July 2024

Aligning dipoles in ferroelectric BaTiO3 (BTO) nanoparticles enhances Li–S cathode performance by improving polysulfide adsorption.
Low-entropy amorphous dielectric polymers for high-temperature capacitive energy storage
Authors: Zhang Qiyan , Li Dongmou , Zhong Yueqi , Hu Yuna , Huang Shuangwu , Dong Shuxiang , Zhang Q. M.
Published: July 2024

A short-range ordered, long-range disordered structure in a low-entropy amorphous polymer, with locally extended polymer chains, inhibits electron transport in dielectric polymers, enhancing capacitive performance at elevated temperatures.
Uniform chi-squared model probabilities in NMR crystallography
Authors: Mueller Leonard J.
Published: July 2024

The UC model assigns likelihoods to candidate structures in NMR crystallography based on a hierarchical Bayesian framework.
Design, synthesis and characterization of indolo[3,2-a]carbazole-based low molecular mass organogelators as hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells
Authors: Raghavan Haritha Jalaja , Perumbalathodi Nideesh , Tom Lincy , Kannankutty Kala , Jayaraj Madambi Kunjukuttan Ezhuthachan , Manoj Narayanapillai , Wei Tzu-Chien
Published: July 2024

Low-molecular-mass indolocarbazole-based HTMs (CRICs), with hydrophobicity, water gelation properties, and suitable electronic structures, were developed as alternatives to the expensive benchmark HTM spiro-OMeTAD for PSC devices.
Soft colloidal monolayers with reflection symmetry through confined drying
Authors: Majumder Sanjib , Basavaraj Madivala G. , Satapathy Dillip K.
Published: July 2024

Monolayer deposits of soft colloids with reflection symmetry via confined drying.
Synthesis of chiral graphene structures and their comprehensive applications: a critical review
Authors: Sinha Animesh , So Hongyun
Published: July 2024

Chiral graphene, a “superlattice structure,” effectively engages with target substances. Its superconductivity, tunable electronic structure, and topological states could significantly contribute to advanced materials science technologies.
Ab initio study of pesticides interacting with graphene layer
Authors: Pereira de Oliveira Andreik , González-Durruthy Michael , Guerini Silvete
Published: July 2024

Pesticides are extensively employed worldwide, particularly in less developed countries. This study shows that graphene is a viable candidate for use as a filter for the pesticides.
Facile roll-to-roll production of nanoporous fiber coatings for advanced wound care sutures
Authors: Walsh Tavia , Hadisi Zhina , Dabiri Seyed Mohammad Hossein , Hasanpour Sadegh , Samimi Sadaf , Azimzadeh Mostafa , Akbari Mohsen
Published: July 2024

A novel electrospinning technique for fast and cost-effective roll-to-roll production of nanofiber-coated sutures with smart drug-releasing capability is introduced, enabling advanced wound care.
Theoretical calculations and simulations power the design of inorganic solid-state electrolytes
Authors: Xia Lirong , Liu Hengzhi , Pei Yong
Published: July 2024

With increasing computational capabilities and ongoing methodological innovations, theoretical calculation and simulations will play a more significant role in the design and development of high-performance energy storage materials.
Ditopic ligand effects on solution structure and redox chemistry in discrete [Cu12S6] clusters with labile Cu–S bonds
Authors: Trenerry Michael J. , Bailey Gwendolyn A.
Published: July 2024

Ligand coordination modes dictate solution structure of [Cu12S6] clusters.
Skeletal editing of benzodithiol-3-ones for the assembly of benzo[d][1,3]oxathiin-4-ones
Authors: Lv Wenxin , Kong Xuan , Qing Yushang , Zheng Jing , Yin Yuan , Zhou Yao , Wang Dunjia
Published: July 2024

A novel skeletal editing of benzodithiol-3-ones via swapping from S atom to C–O entities is developed herein, which provides a robust route to assemble benzo[d][1,3]oxathiin-4-ones in decent yields by utilizing aldehydes as cyclization partners.
Reductive activation of arenes by potassium metal with potassium salts
Authors: Nocera Giuseppe , Robb Iain , Clark Kenneth F. , McGuire Thomas M. , Evans Laura , Chiba Shunsuke , Murphy John A.
Published: July 2024

Reaction of benzene with potassium metal + potassium salts leads to formation of biphenyl and dihydrobiphenyls via dimerization of arene radical anions. Sodium salts are much less effective.
Isolation and purification of carbohydrate components in functional food: a review
Authors: Ji Chao , Ma Ying , Xie Yuxin , Guo Junli , Ba Haoran , Zhou Zheng , Zhao Kongxiang , Yang Min , He Xiahong , Zheng Wenjie
Published: July 2024

The workflow for carbohydrate extraction, separation and detection steps.
CTAB-induced synthesis of two-dimensional copper oxalate particles: using l-ascorbic acid as the source of oxalate ligand
Authors: Shen Bo , Chen Zhengqiu , Mao Huaming , Yin Jungang , Ren Yu , Dai Wei , Zhao Shuanglong , Yang Hongwei
Published: July 2024

We report a new green synthesis of copper oxalate, CTAB induced three-dimensional to two-dimensional sheet transformation.
Computational study of the dimerization of glyphosate: mechanism and effect of solvent
Authors: Meddeb-Limem Sondes , Ben Fredj Arij
Published: July 2024

The dimerization process of Glyph appears to be exergonic in the gas phase and in solution. The mechanism of dimerization, in water, could be described by a set of equilibria including proton transfer paths between zwitterionic dimer tautomers.
Predicting the chemical composition of biocrude from hydrothermal liquefaction of biomasses using a multivariate statistical approach
Authors: Jensen Maja Skou , Madsen René Bjerregaard , Salionov Daniil , Glasius Marianne
Published: July 2024

The effects of hydrothermal liquefaction process conditions and biochemical composition of feedstock on biocrude yield and major compound classes were investigated using regression models and machine learning.
Material design and application progress of flexible chemiresistive gas sensors
Authors: Kou Yajie , Hua Li , Chen Wei-Jing , Xu Xiaoxu , Song Lizhi , Yu Shangjie , Lu Zhaoqing
Published: July 2024

This review summarizes the gas sensing mechanisms, structural design and application progress of flexible chemiresistive gas sensors.
“All-organic” electrode materials toward high-performing rigid to flexible supercapacitor devices
Authors: Sachan Pradeep , Makkar Priyanka , Malik Ankur , Mondal Prakash Chandra
Published: July 2024

Perylene diimide-2-amino benzimidazole, a donor–acceptor π-conjugated organic molecule, is utilized in fabricating rigid to flexible hybrid symmetric supercapacitor devices which exhibit nearly 96% retention of capacitance even after 2000 cycles.
Resilient microgrid formation considering communication interruptions
Authors: Zhong Jian , Chen Chen , Kim Young‐Jin , Huang Yuxiong , Teng Mengjie , Bian Yiheng , Bie Zhaohong
Published: July 2024

Distribution system (DS) communication failures following extreme events often degrade monitoring and control functions, thus preventing the acquisition of complete global DS component state information, on which existing post‐disaster DS restoration methods are based. This paper proposes methods of inferring the states of DS components in the case of incomplete component state information. By using the known DS information, the operating states of unobservable DS branches and buses can be inferred, providing complete information for DS performance restoration before full communication recovery.
Unambiguous acquisition algorithm based on sub‐correlation functions combination for semi‐integer CPM signals
Authors: Xie Mingming , Xue Rui
Published: July 2024

Due to the nonlinear nature of continuous phase modulation (CPM), most existing unambiguous acquisition algorithms are ineffective in eliminating the ambiguity threat faced by semi‐integer CPM signals. To address this issue, this letter proposes an unambiguous acquisition algorithm based on sub‐correlation functions combination (SCFC). The main idea of this algorithm is to decompose the first pulse amplitude modulation waveform derived from the Laurent decomposition into sub‐signal waveforms that are appropriate for CPM signals. The final unambiguous function is obtained by combining the autocorrelation function of the received CPM signal with the sub‐correlation functions derived from the sub‐signal waveforms and the received CPM signal. Simulation results demonstrate that the SCFC algorithm can eliminate the ambiguity threat of semi‐integer CPM signals with relatively minor detection loss. Moreover, the proposed algorithm successfully retains a narrow main peak and exhibits superior multipath resistance.
Reinforcement learning layout‐based optimal energy management in smart home: AI‐based approach
Authors: Afroosheh Sajjad , Esapour Khodakhast , Khorram‐Nia Reza , Karimi Mazaher
Published: July 2024

This research addresses the pressing need for enhanced energy management in smart homes, motivated by the inefficiencies of current methods in balancing power usage optimization with user comfort. By integrating reinforcement learning and a unique column‐and‐constraint generation strategy, the study aims to fill this gap and offer a comprehensive solution. Furthermore, the increasing adoption of renewable energy sources like solar panels underscores the importance of developing advanced energy management techniques, driving the exploration of innovative approaches such as the one proposed herein. The constraint coordination game (CCG) method is designed to efficiently manage the power usage of each appliance, including the charging and discharging of the energy storage system. Additionally, a deep learning model, specifically a deep neural network, is employed to forecast indoor temperatures, which significantly influence the energy demands of the air conditioning system. The synergistic combination of the CCG method with deep learning‐based indoor temperature forecasting promises significant reductions in homeowner energy expenses while maintaining optimal appliance performance and user satisfaction. Testing conducted in simulated environments demonstrates promising results, showcasing a 12% reduction in energy costs compared to conventional energy management strategies.
Mutual inductance parameter measurement and experimental research of double circuit based on different frequency method
Authors: Lei Zeyang , Zhang Xiaojun , Zhuang Wenbing , Liu Wei , Wu Suzhou , Qi Siyi
Published: July 2024

In order to improve the measurement accuracy of mutual inductance parameters of transmission lines in the environment of double circuit power lines without power outage, this paper establishes simulation models for measuring mutual inductance parameters of transmission lines using the different frequency method in two modes: equal and unequal zero sequence self‐parameters of two circuit lines, using a parallel zero sequence coupling model of double circuit power lines. In the article, simulation analysis is conducted on the line parameters with a coupling coefficient between 0.4 and 0.6 and a line length of 20–50 km. In order to further verify the correctness of the simulation model and measurement methods, a test bench was established based on the principle of line mutual inductance parameter testing in a laboratory dual circuit line without a power outage environment for experimental testing. By comparing the test values under experimental conditions with the standard values, it has been proven that the model and method can meet the actual measurement requirements of engineering.