bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of pressure drop, mass flow distribution and flow asymmetry in three‐dimensional branching networks based on model human bronchial tree
Authors: Pradhan Kaustav , Guha Abhijit , Halder Prodosh Kumar
Published: June 2020

The complex flow field in the three‐dimensional internal passages of a model human bronchial tree is studied computationally. Up to five generations of branches, both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane configurations, two velocity profiles and varying inlet Reynolds number are considered. There exists substantial non‐uniformity of the fluid dynamic features (e.g. velocity field, pressure field, mass flow distribution or viscous dissipation) over any longitudinal plane or cross‐sectional plane of a particular branch as well as that between different branches of any generation. The flow asymmetry is explained here by attributing the fluid dynamics to three important features ‐ curvature of flow path, flow division at bifurcations and inertia of the flow. A synthesis of the present comprehensive study leads to the generalization that the out‐of‐plane configuration fosters greater degree of uniformity in the mass flow distributions in the various branches of any generation, but gives rise to greater flow non‐uniformity on any particular cross‐sectional plane as compared to the in‐plane configuration. The out‐of‐plane configuration also causes greater secondary flow and greater loss in total pressure in the network. The effectiveness of previously developed modular computational approaches is assessed through separate simulations for networks comprising two, three, four and five generations (containing 3, 7, 15 and 31 branches respectively). The inadequacy of Hagen‐Poiseuille type 1D model is demonstrated ‐ it can neither predict the flow asymmetry (captured by the 3D computations) nor determine the overall magnitude of loss in total pressure.
Coupled compression and bending of piezoelectric semiconductor fibers with imperfection
Authors: Yang Wanli , Yang Jiashi
Published: June 2020

We study piezoelectric semiconductor fibers under axially‐compressive loads. The fibers have some initial geometric imperfections, modeled as initial deflections in the paper, and undergo coupled axial compression and bending. A one‐dimensional nonlinear model is derived from the three‐dimensional phenomenological theory of piezoelectric semiconductors. A theoretical analysis is performed and an analytical solution is obtained for a simply‐supported fiber. Numerical results are presented, showing the effects of the geometric imperfection on coupled bending and compression as well as charge distribution.
Testing moduli and flavon dynamics with neutrino oscillations
Authors: Ding Gui-Jun , Feruglio Ferruccio
Published: June 2020

Abstract

We study scalar Non-Standard Neutrino Interactions (NSI) induced by moduli or flavon exchange between electrons and neutrinos. In a region with non-vanishing electron number density, they are known to determine a shift of the neutrino mass matrix. We review and extend the relevant formalism, and we update the existing limits on electron and neutrino scalar couplings. We explore the observability of scalar NSI in models of lepton masses based on flavour symmetries. We analyze models where the scalar couplings are constrained either by abelian symmetries or by modular invariance. We highlight regions of the parameter space where observable effects can occur.
Connecting between inflation and dark matter in models with gauged Z3 symmetry
Authors: Choi Soo-Min , Kim Jinsu , Lee Hyun Min , Zhu Bin
Published: June 2020

Abstract

We investigate the possibility of unifying the inflation and dark matter physics in the minimal model for a complex scalar dark matter with gauged Z
3 symmetry. The dark local U(1) symmetry is broken spontaneously into the Z
3 symmetry by the dark Higgs mechanism. As compared to dark matter models with Z
2 parity, the dark matter cubic self-interaction restricts the inflation with non-minimal couplings to take place beyond the pure dark matter direction and plays an important role in the loop corrections for the inflationary predictions as well as determining the correct dark matter relic density. Considering either of 2 → 2, 3 → 2 or forbidden channels to be a dominant production mechanism for dark matter, we show the viable parameter space of the model that is consistent with the theoretical and phenomenological constraints combined from inflation and dark matter.
Proof of dispersion relations for the amplitude in theories with a compactified space dimension
Authors: Maharana Jnanadeva
Published: June 2020

Abstract

The analyticity properties of the scattering amplitude in the nonforward direction are investigated for a field theory in the manifold R
3,1 ⨂ S
1. The theory is obtained from a massive, neutral scalar field theory of mass m
0 defined in flat five dimensional spacetime upon compactification on a circle, S
1. The resulting theory is endowed with a massive scalar field which has the lowest mass, m
0, as of the original five dimensional theory and a tower of massive Kaluza-Klein states. We derive nonforward dispersion relations for scattering of the excited Kaluza-Klein states in the Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmermann formulation of the theory. In order to accomplish this object, first we generalize the Jost-Lehmann-Dyson theorem for a relativistic field theory with a compact spatial dimension. Next, we show the existence of the Lehmann-Martin ellipse inside which the partial wave expansion converges. The scattering amplitude satisfies fixed-t dispersion relations when |t| lies within the Lehmann-Martin ellipse.
Non-relativistic gravity and its coupling to matter
Authors: Hansen Dennis , Hartong Jelle , Obers Niels A.
Published: June 2020

Abstract

We study the non-relativistic expansion of general relativity coupled to matter. This is done by expanding the metric and matter fields analytically in powers of 1/c
2 where c is the speed of light. In order to perform this expansion it is shown to be very convenient to rewrite general relativity in terms of a timelike vielbein and a spatial metric. This expansion can be performed covariantly and off shell. We study the expansion of the Einstein-Hilbert action up to next-to-next-to-leading order. We couple this to different forms of matter: point particles, perfect fluids, scalar fields (including an off-shell derivation of the Schrödinger-Newton equation) and electrodynamics (both its electric and magnetic limits). We find that the role of matter is crucial in order to understand the properties of the Newton-Cartan geometry that emerges from the expansion of the metric. It turns out to be the matter that decides what type of clock form is allowed, i.e. whether we have absolute time or a global foliation of constant time hypersurfaces. We end by studying a variety of solutions of non-relativistic gravity coupled to perfect fluids. This includes the Schwarzschild geometry, the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff solution for a fluid star, the FLRW cosmological solutions and anti-de Sitter spacetimes.
A simplified approach to detect a significant carbon dioxide reduction by phytoplankton in lakes and rivers on a regional and global scale
Authors: Engel Fabian , Attermeyer Katrin , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A.
Published: June 2020

Carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by phytoplankton can significantly reduce the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in lakes and rivers, and thereby CO2 emissions. Presently, it is not known in which inland waters on Earth a significant pCO2 reduction by phytoplankton is likely. Since detailed, comparable carbon budgets are currently not available for most inland waters, we modified a proxy to assess the pCO2 reduction by phytoplankton, originally developed for boreal lakes, for application on a global scale. Using data from 61 rivers and 125 lakes distributed over five continents, we show that a significant pCO2 reduction by phytoplankton is widespread across the temperate and sub-/tropical region, but absent in the cold regions on Earth. More specifically, we found that a significant pCO2 reduction by phytoplankton might occur in 24% of the lakes in the temperate region, and 39% of the lakes in the sub-/tropical region. We also showed that such a reduction might occur in 21% of the rivers in the temperate region, and 5% of the rivers in the sub-/tropical region. Our results indicate that CO2 uptake by phytoplankton is a relevant flux in regional and global carbon budgets. This highlights the need for more accurate approaches to quantify CO2 uptake by primary producers in inland waters, particularly in the temperate and sub-/tropical region.
Meilensteine der Entwicklung Künstlicher Intelligenz
Authors: Teich Irene
Published: June 2020

Künstliche Intelligenz wird aktuell auf vielen Ebenen diskutiert. Neu ist nur die heute massenhafte Verbreitung. In individuellen Unternehmensanwendungen wird seit über 50 Jahren daran entwickelt und geforscht. Wichtige Meilensteine sind die erste Idee, die Pause auf Grund von Enttäuschung überzogener Erwartungen und das Comeback. In unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten entwickelten sich die Technologien dahinter – die heute in menschenähnlich aussehenden Fußballrobotern zusammenfließen, die in nicht allzu ferner Zukunft eine Chance gegen ein menschliches Weltmeisterteam haben sollen. Jetzt werden wichtige Weichen gestellt, an denen jeder von uns mitwirken sollte.
Synthesis and structure of temperature-sensitive nanocapsules
Authors: Brugnoni Monia , Fink Fabian , Scotti Andrea , Richtering Walter
Published: June 2020

The transport and systematic release of functional agents at specific areas are key challenges in various application fields. These make the development of micro- and nanocapsules, which allow for uptake, storage, and triggered release, of high interest. Hollow thermoresponsive microgels, cross-linked polymer networks with a solvent-filled cavity in their center, are promising candidates as triggerable nanocapsules, as they can adapt their size and shape to the environment. Their shell permeability can be controlled by temperature, while the cavity can serve as a storage place for guest species. Here, we present the synthesis and structural characterization of temperature-responsive microgels, which are deswollen at room temperature and swell upon moderate cooling, to facilitate potential encapsulation experiments. We present microgels made from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-diacetone acrylamide), p(NIPAM-co-DAAM), possessing a volume phase transition temperature below room temperature. Their colloidal stability in the deswollen state can be enhanced by adding a swollen polymer shell made of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), pNIPAM, as periphery. The synthesis of hollow double-shell microgels comprising a cavity surrounded by an inner p(NIPAM-co-DAAM) shell and an outer pNIPAM shell is established. The inner network enables the control of the shell permeability: the network is deswollen at room temperature and swells upon moderate cooling. The outer network guarantees for steric stability at room temperature. Light scattering techniques are employed for the characterization of the microgels. Form factor analysis reveals that the cavity of the nanocapsules persists at all swelling states, making it an ideal site for the storage of guest species.
Modeling regional precipitation over the Indus River basin of Pakistan using statistical downscaling
Authors: Pomee Muhammad Saleem , Ashfaq Moetasim , Ahmad Bashir , Hertig Elke
Published: June 2020

Complex processes govern spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation within the high-mountainous headwater regions (commonly known as the upper Indus basin (UIB)), of the Indus River basin of Pakistan. Reliable precipitation simulations particularly over the UIB present a major scientific challenge due to regional complexity and inadequate observational coverage. Here, we present a statistical downscaling approach to model observed precipitation of the entire Indus basin, with a focus on UIB within available data constraints. Taking advantage of recent high altitude (HA) observatories, we perform precipitation regionalization using K-means cluster analysis to demonstrate effectiveness of low-altitude stations to provide useful precipitation inferences over more uncertain and hydrologically important HA of the UIB. We further employ generalized linear models (GLM) with gamma and Tweedie distributions to identify major dynamic and thermodynamic drivers from a reanalysis dataset within a robust cross-validation framework that explain observed spatiotemporal precipitation patterns across the Indus basin. Final statistical models demonstrate higher predictability to resolve precipitation variability over wetter southern Himalayans and different lower Indus regions, by mainly using different dynamic predictors. The modeling framework also shows an adequate performance over more complex and uncertain trans-Himalayans and the northwestern regions of the UIB, particularly during the seasons dominated by the westerly circulations. However, the cryosphere-dominated trans-Himalayan regions, which largely govern the basin hydrology, require relatively complex models that contain dynamic and thermodynamic circulations. We also analyzed relevant atmospheric circulations during precipitation anomalies over the UIB, to evaluate physical consistency of the statistical models, as an additional measure of reliability. Overall, our results suggest that such circulation-based statistical downscaling has the potential to improve our understanding towards distinct features of the regional-scale precipitation across the upper and lower Indus basin. Such understanding should help to assess the response of this complex, data-scarce, and climate-sensitive river basin amid future climatic changes, to serve communal and scientific interests.
Purinergic signaling as a basis of acupuncture-induced analgesia
Authors: He Jin-Rong , Yu Shu-Guang , Tang Yong , Illes Peter
Published: June 2020

This review summarizes experimental evidence indicating that purinergic mechanisms are causally involved in acupuncture (AP)-induced analgesia. Electroacupuncture (EAP) and manual AP release at pain-relevant acupoints ATP which may activate purinergic P2X receptors (Rs) especially of the P2X3 type situated at local sensory nerve endings (peripheral terminals of dorsal root ganglion [DRG] neurons); the central processes of these neurons are thought to inhibit via collaterals of ascending dorsal horn spinal cord neurons, pain-relevant pathways projecting to higher centers of the brain. In addition, during AP/EAP non-neuronal P2X4 and/or P2X7Rs localized at microglial cells of the CNS become activated at the spinal or supraspinal levels. In consequence, these microglia secrete bioactive compounds such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species, which modulate the ascending neuronal pathways conducting painful stimuli. Alternatively, ATP released at acupoints by AP/EAP may be enzymatically degraded to adenosine, stimulating in loco presynaptic A1Rs exerting an inhibitory influence on the primary afferent fibers (the above mentioned pain-sensing peripheral terminals of DRG neurons) which thereby fail to conduct action potentials to the spinal cord dorsal horn. The net effect of the stimulation of P2X3, P2X4, P2X7, and A1Rs by the AP/EAP-induced release of ATP/adenosine at certain acupoints will be analgesia.
Defect minimized Ag-ZnO microneedles for photocatalysis
Authors: Ullattil Sanjay Gopal , Jabeen Fatima M. J. , Abdel-Wahab Ahmed
Published: June 2020

A facile solution processing strategy has been developed for the formation of Ag-modified ZnO microneedles at various calcination temperatures such as 300, 500, and 700 °C (AZ3, AZ5, and AZ7 respectively). Due to the heavy doping of AgNO3, Ag+ ions have been incorporated in to the crystal lattice of ZnO in all the Ag-ZnO samples, which facilitated the formation of Ag-ZnO microneedle morphology with minimized defect states, and obviously, the plasmon peaks were observed due to Ag modification. These Ag-ZnO microneedle structures have been evaluated for their photocatalytic performance using methylene blue as model target contaminant and their activity was compared with the commercially available titania P25 photocatalyst. The photoactivity of all the Ag-ZnO microneedle structures was significantly higher than that of the commercially available P25 photocatalyst with the most active Ag-ZnO material having a photocatalytic activity ~ 1.4 times greater than that of P25 titania.
Firebug! Dissociative Identity Disorder? Malingering? Or …? An Intensive Case Study of an Arsonist
Authors: Loewenstein Richard J.
Published: June 2020

Courts struggle with questions of how to assess competency to stand trial (CTS) and not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) in dissociative identity disorder (DID). Concerns about CTS include dissociative amnesia and unpredictable switching behaviors that could cause inconsistent information transfer across self states, with the defendant unable to access important legal information about his/her defense and to collaborate with his/her attorney; DID defendants could not conform their conduct to the law or know right from wrong due to dissociative amnesia, the seemingly independent actions of self states, and the disruption of reality testing by switching. The author presents the case of a woman charged with both a witnessed and an unwitnessed burglary and arson, the latter at the home of her former therapist. The author was the fourth forensic evaluator in the case. Disagreements included whether the defendant met diagnostic criteria for DID or was malingering, and whether she was CTS and/or NGRI. In clinical work with DID, “the whole human being” is held responsible for all behavior, despite reported amnesia or lack of subjective agency. The Discrete Behavioral States (DBS) model of DID avoids reification of the DID self states and their conflation as separate “people.” This model supports evaluating the defendant at the level of specific self states, the self-state system, and that of the whole human being. The author concluded that the defendant met diagnostic criteria for DID and also was malingering its severity. She was competent to stand trial and legally sane.
Problem-driven innovation models for emerging technologies
Authors: Soliman Erfan , Mogefors Daniel , Bergmann Jeroen H. M.
Published: June 2020

As a fundamentally resource-intensive endeavour, healthcare innovation can benefit from a problem-based approach. This kind of methodology needs to define the problem by applying a range of well-established techniques, such as ethnographic research, market analysis, and stakeholder exploration. However, no in-depth investigation has taken place on how these techniques interact and relate to one another. As such, an overarching methodology is needed in order to represent, critically assess, and evolve problem-driven, or need-led, innovation approaches. Graph theory provides a useful way by which this can be done. This paper exemplifies how different elements of a problem-first approach to innovation can be graphically represented within a system, in order to provide insights into the processes that support real-world impact for new technologies. By providing a more refined description of the need-led innovation methodology, it is hoped that these models can drive a more evidence-based and empirical mindset within the field to ultimately drive valuable innovations with increased efficiency.
Degradation of crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solutions using ozone, peroxone, electroperoxone, and electrolysis processes: a comparison study
Authors: Abdi Mastaneh , Balagabri Mona , Karimi Hazhir , Hossini Hooshyar , Rastegar Seyed Omid
Published: June 2020

In this study, the degradation of crystal violet (CV) was investigated by different oxidation processes; ozone (OZ), peroxone (PO), electrolysis (E), electrolysis/H2O2(ECP), electroperoxone (EPO), and electrolysis/peroxene/H2O2(EPOP). Main parameters including contact time, pH, CV concentration, and effect of scavengers were studied. The results showed that all processes were capable of CV decolorization. Among these processes, peroxone and electrolysis/peroxene/H2O2with efficiency about > 90% were more effective than other ones. A significant decrease in oxidation rate of CV was observed by adding scavengers. This fact was due to higher affinity to react with free radicals. To confirm degradation of CV, FTIR spectra and nitrate ion level were taken. Also, to recognize toxicity the treated wastewater was tested againstcoliform bacteria. Growths ofEscherichia coliin EMB medium were observed. As a result, it confirms that the treated effluent can be discharged to environment.
The Psychology of Food Cravings: the Role of Food Deprivation
Authors: Meule Adrian
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

Dieting is often blamed for causing food cravings. Such diet-induced cravings may be mediated by physiological (e.g., nutritional deprivation) or psychological (e.g., ironic effects of food thought suppression) mechanisms. However, this notion is often based on cross-sectional findings and, thus, the causal role of food deprivation on food cravings is unclear.

Recent Findings

Experimental studies suggest that a short-term, selective food deprivation seems to indeed increase cravings for the avoided foods. However, experimental studies also show that food craving can be understood as a conditioned response that, therefore, can also be unlearned. This is supported by intervention studies which indicate that long-term energy restriction results in a reduction of food cravings in overweight adults.

Dieting’s bad reputation for increasing food cravings is only partially true as the relationship between food restriction and craving is more complex. While short-term, selective food deprivation may indeed increase food cravings, long-term energy restriction seems to decrease food cravings, suggesting that food deprivation can also facilitate extinction of conditioned food craving responses.
Will the COVID-19 pandemic slow down in the Northern hemisphere by the onset of summer? An epidemiological hypothesis
Authors: Dzien Alexander , Dzien-Bischinger Christine , Lechleitner Monika , Winner Hannes , Weiss Günter
Published: June 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected most countries of the world. As corona viruses are highly prevalent in the cold season, the question remains whether or not the pandemic will improve with increasing temperatures in the Northern hemisphere. We use data from a primary care registry of almost 15,000 patients over 20 years to retrieve information on viral respiratory infection outbreaks. Our analysis suggests that the severity of the pandemic will be softened by the seasonal change to summer.
Biologic therapies versus surgical management for aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease: A review of preliminary data, efficacy, and cost
Authors: Workman Alan D. , Bleier Benjamin S.
Published: June 2020

Aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) patients with CRSwNP suffer from reduced quality of life, reduced economic productivity, and higher risk of depression and sleep dysfunction. These patients often require frequent medical and surgical therapy, including functional endoscopic sinus surgery for recalcitrant disease. Given this severity, anti‐type 2 biologic treatments are being investigated for use in this subgroup of patients with CRSwNP, including Omalizumab and Dupilumab. Preliminary data suggests that SNOT‐22 related quality of life improvements following treatment with biologics are comparable to the current standard of care in the short term, but there is a lack of long‐term data and standardized regimen that makes direct comparison difficult. Biologic therapies additionally require continuous use to avoid recurrence, and currently cost many times more than existing medical or surgical therapies.
Exchange Rates in South America's Emerging Markets
Authors: Sosa Luis Molinas , Pereira Caio Vigo
Published: June 2020

Since Meese and Rogoff (1983) results showed that no model could outperform a random walk in predicting exchange rates. Many papers have tried to find a forecasting methodology that could beat the random walk, at least for certain forecasting periods. This Element compares the Purchasing Power Parity, the Uncovered Interest Rate, the Sticky Price, the Bayesian Model Averaging, and the Bayesian Vector Autoregression models to the random walk benchmark in forecasting exchange rates between most South American currencies and the US Dollar, and between the Paraguayan Guarani and the Brazilian Real and the Argentinian Peso. Forecasts are evaluated under the criteria of Root Mean Square Error, Direction of Change, and the Diebold-Mariano statistic. The results indicate that the two Bayesian models have greater forecasting power and that there is little evidence in favor of using the other three fundamentals models, except Purchasing Power Parity at longer forecasting horizons.
Unintended consequences of a reflex urine culture order set on appropriate antibiotic use
Authors: Klein Corinne N. , Elman Miriam R. , Townes John M. , Lewis James S. , McGregor Jessina C.
Published: June 2020

We evaluated the impact of reflex urine culture screen results on antibiotic initiation. More patients with positive urine screen but negative culture received antibiotics than those with a negative screen (30.5 vs 7.1%). Urine screen results may inappropriately influence antibiotic initiation in patients with a low likelihood of infection.
Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Shanahan Lilly , Steinhoff Annekatrin , Bechtiger Laura , Murray Aja L. , Nivette Amy , Hepp Urs , Ribeaud Denis , Eisner Manuel
Published: June 2020

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated lockdown could be considered a ‘perfect storm’ for increases in emotional distress. Such increases can only be identified by studies that use data collected before and during the pandemic. Longitudinal data are also needed to examine (1) the roles of previous distress and stressors in emotional distress during the pandemic and (2) how COVID-19-related stressors and coping strategies are associated with emotional distress when pre-pandemic distress is accounted for.

Methods

Data came from a cohort study (N = 768). Emotional distress (perceived stress, internalizing symptoms, and anger), COVID-19-related stressors, and coping strategies were measured during the pandemic/lockdown when participants were aged 22. Previous distress and stressors were measured before COVID-19 (at age 20).

Results

On average, participants showed increased levels of perceived stress and anger (but not internalizing symptoms) during the pandemic compared to before. Pre-COVID-19 emotional distress was the strongest predictor of during-pandemic emotional distress, followed by during-pandemic economic and psychosocial stressors (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions) and hopelessness, and pre-pandemic social stressors (e.g. bullying victimization and stressful life events). Most health risks to self or loved ones due to COVID-19 were not uniquely associated with emotional distress in final models. Coping strategies associated with reduced distress included keeping a daily routine, physical activity, and positive reappraisal/reframing.

Conclusions

In our community sample, pre-pandemic distress, secondary consequences of the pandemic (e.g. lifestyle and economic disruptions), and pre-pandemic social stressors were more consistently associated with young adults' emotional distress than COVID-19-related health risk exposures.
Historical Cultures Under Conditions of Deindustrialization Working Group Report
Authors: Jaramillo George Steve , Harlov-Csortán Melinda , Moitra Stefan , Garruccio Roberta
Published: June 2020

Crumbling smokestacks, shuttered furnaces, and abandoned quarries are all striking representations of deindustrialization. These and other images construct a discourse whose ideological undertones, far from confining them to the realm of symbolic nostalgia, have profound effects on contemporary societies. In 2015, within the European Labor History Network (ELHN), a working group on historical cultures of labor under conditions of deindustrialization (working group) began to critically study and reflect on this nascent theme. It grew from a small group of researchers to a network of academics across Europe and beyond. Though the study of deindustrialization is not new, contemporary work offers insights into the continuing struggle over the meaning of classical industrial work and its loss, revealing unresolved social, cultural, and political tensions. Yet, existing representations of deindustrialization have been criticized as “smokestack nostalgia.” In order to chart how we understand contemporary industrial decay in our political, cultural, and economic climate, the working group explores representations and more-than representations of loss and regeneration in deindustrialized regions, primarily in Europe but widening to include a growing global network.
NASH EQUILIBRIUM STRATEGIES REVISITED IN SOFTWARE RELEASE GAMES
Authors: Saito Yasuhiro , Dohi Tadashi
Published: June 2020

A software release game was formulated by Zeephongsekul and Chiera [Zeephongsekul, P. & Chiera, C. (1995). Optimal software release policy based on a two-person game of timing. Journal of Applied Probability 32: 470–481] and was reconsidered by Dohi et al. [Dohi, T., Teraoka, Y., & Osaki, S. (2000). Software release games. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 105(2): 325–346] in a framework of two-person nonzero-sum games. In this paper, we further point out the faults in the above literature and revisit the Nash equilibrium strategies in the software release games from the viewpoints of both silent and noisy type of games. It is shown that the Nash equilibrium strategies in the silent and noisy of software release games exist under some parametric conditions.
Causal Factors and Symptoms of Task-Related Human Fatigue in Vessel Traffic Service: A Task-Driven Approach
Authors: Li Fan , Chen Chun-Hsien , Xu Gangyan , Chang Danni , Khoo Li Pheng
Published: June 2020

Human fatigue is a major risk factor in transportation that contributes, directly or indirectly, to a large number of traffic accidents. Though many studies have investigated fatigue-inducing factors in transportation to manage human fatigue more efficiently, there are limited studies related to vessel traffic service (VTS). To fill this gap, this work aims to determine the key causal factors and symptoms of human fatigue with a focus on VTS operations. Achieving this aim is hindered by the problems of no standard definition of task-related fatigue and limited data sources. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a novel definition of task-related human fatigue, a task-driven approach for identifying causal factors and a causal network-based approach for selecting key causal factors. Twelve key causal factors of human fatigue in VTS were identified and analysed. In addition, it was found that VTS operators suffered from multidimensional fatigue, especially physical fatigue. The results provide a foundation and future directions for designing interventions to manage human fatigue.
The final reason paediatric Cardiac ICU patients require care prior to discharge to the floor: a single-centre survey
Authors: Winder Melissa M. , Ou Zhining , Presson Angela P. , Witte Madolin K. , Ware Adam L. , Marietta Jennifer , Ward J.J. , Bailly David K.
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To determine the Final ICU Need in the 24 hours prior to ICU discharge for children with cardiac disease by utilising a single-centre survey.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was utilised to determine Final ICU Need, which was categorised as “Cardiovascular”, “Respiratory”, “Feeding”, “Sedation”, “Systems Issue”, or “Other” for each encounter. Survey responses were obtained from attending physicians who discharged children (≤18 years of age with ICU length of stay >24 hours) from the Cardiac ICU between April 2016 and July 2018.

Measurements and results:

Survey response rate was 99% (n = 1073), with 667 encounters eligible for analysis. “Cardiovascular” (61%) and “Respiratory” (26%) were the most frequently chosen Final ICU Needs. From a multivariable mixed effects logistic regression model fitted to “Cardiovascular” and “Respiratory”, operations with significantly reduced odds of having “Cardiovascular” Final ICU Need included Glenn palliation (p = 0.003), total anomalous pulmonary venous connection repair (p = 0.024), truncus arteriosus repair (p = 0.044), and vascular ring repair (p < 0.001). Short lengths of stay (<7.9 days) had significantly higher odds of “Cardiovascular” Final ICU Need (p < 0.001). “Cardiovascular” and “Respiratory” Final ICU Needs were also associated with provider and ICU discharge season.

Conclusions:

Final ICU Need is a novel metric to identify variations in Cardiac ICU utilisation and clinical trajectories. Final ICU Need was significantly influenced by benchmark operation, length of stay, provider, and season. Future applications of Final ICU Need include targeting quality and research initiatives, calibrating provider and family expectations, and identifying provider-level variability in care processes and mental models.
Health-related quality of life in adult CHD surgical patients in a low middle-income country: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Ladak Laila A. , Gallagher Robyn , Hasan Babar S. , Awais Khadija , Abdullah Ahmed , Gullick Janice
Published: June 2020

Background and objectives:

This mixed-methods study aimed to assess health-related quality of life in young adults with CHD following surgery in a low middle-income country, Pakistan. Despite the knowledge that geographic, cultural and socio-economic factors may shape the way health and illness is experienced and managed and consequently determine a person’s health-related quality of life, few health-related quality of life studies are conducted in low middle-income countries. This deficit is pronounced in CHD, so there is little guidance for patient care.

Methods:

The study utilised concurrent, mixed methods. Adults with CHD (n = 59) completed health-related quality of life surveys (PedsQLTM4.0 Generic Core Scale, PedsQLTMCognitive Functioning Scale and PedsQLTM3.0 Cardiac Module). Semi-structured interview data were collected from a nested sub-sample of 17 participants and analysed using qualitative content analysis, guided by the revised Wilson–Cleary model of health-related quality of life.

Results:

The lowest health-related quality of life domain was emotional with the mean score (71.61 ± 20.6), followed by physical (78.81 ± 21.18) and heart problem (79.41 ± 18.05). There was no statistical difference in general or cardiac-specific health-related quality of life between mild, moderate or complex CHD. Qualitative findings suggested low health-related quality of life arose from a reduced capacity to contribute to family life including family income and gender. A sense of reduced marriageability and fear of dependency were important socio-cultural considerations.

Conclusions:

CHD surgical patients in this low-income country experience poor health-related quality of life, and contributing factors differ to those reported for high-income countries. Socio-cultural understandings should underpin assessment, management and care-partnering with young adults with CHD following surgical correction.
The aortic arch in tetralogy of Fallot: types of branching and clinical implications
Authors: Prabhu Sudesh , Kasturi Srikanth , Mehra Siddhant , Tiwari Rishi , Joshi Abhijit , John Colin , Karl Tom R.
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common form of cyanotic CHD, with an incidence of 421 cases per million live births, constituting around 10% of CHD. Variations in aortic arch anatomy associated with tetralogy of Fallot, other than the incidence of right aortic arch (13–34%), are not frequently reported. A comprehensive analysis of a large number of tetralogy of Fallot cases is required to arrive at a compendious description of aortic arch anatomy.

Materials and methods:

All patients with a diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot who had CT or MRI either pre or post procedures between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019 at our hospital were included in the study. Using radiology consultants’ reports and analysis of individual images, we identified the various morphological patterns of aortic arches prevalent in these patients.

Result:

Out of 2684 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 1983 patients had left aortic arch (73.9%), 688 patients had right aortic arch (25.7%), four patients had cervical aortic arch (0.15%), eight patients had double aortic arch (0.3%), one patient had an aorto-pulmonary window (0.04%), and none of the patients had interrupted aortic arch. Sub-classification and clinical implications of the arch variations are described.

Conclusion:

Up to 10% of tetralogy of Fallot patients may have significant anatomical variations of aortic arch that would necessitate changes or additional steps in their surgical or interventional procedures.
Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on haemodynamics and gas exchange in children after having undergone cardiac surgery utilising cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Villarreal Enrique G. , Aiello Salvatore , Evey Lee W. , Flores Saul , Loomba Rohit S.
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

For CHD patients undergoing corrective surgery utilising cardiopulmonary bypass, post-operative inhaled nitric oxide has been administered to alleviate pulmonary hypertension. We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses to determine the effect of inhaled nitric oxide on haemodynamics, gas exchange, and hospitalisation characteristics in children immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Materials and methods:

A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify full-text manuscripts in English. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane databases were queried. Once manuscripts were identified for inclusion, a list of all the endpoints in each manuscript was created. Endpoints with data present from two or more studies were then kept for pooled analyses. All endpoints included were continuous variables and so mean and standard deviation were utilised as the effect data for comparison.

Results:

A total of eight studies were deemed appropriate for inclusion. There were significant differences with decreases in mean pulmonary artery pressure of −6.82 mmHg, left atrial pressure of −1.16 mmHg, arteriovenous oxygen difference of −1.63, arterial carbon dioxide concentration of −2.41 mmHg, mechanical ventilation duration of −8.56 hours, and length of cardiac ICU stay duration of −0.91 days. All significant variables achieved p < 0.001.

Conclusion:

Inhaled nitric oxide in children immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass decreases mean pulmonary artery pressure significantly and decreases the arterial carbon dioxide concentration significantly without significantly altering other haemodynamic parameters. This results in a statistically shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and cardiac ICU length of stay without altering overall hospital length of stay.
Mainstream Fringes or Fringe Mainstream? An Assessment of Radical Right (Re)Alignments in the European Parliament after the 2014 and 2019 Elections
Authors: Ivănescu Mihaela , Filimon Luiza-Maria
Published: June 2020

The 2014 European Parliament (EP) elections witnessed an unprecedented wave of radical right parties (RRPs) not only enter the EP, but even outperform the centre-right and centre-left parties in several Member States (MSs). With few exceptions, the 2019 EP elections reconfirmed this state of affairs, although this time around Liberal and Green parties also made inroads into the EP. Despite these results, the performance of the RRPs tends to be taken with a grain of salt since EP elections are generally considered Second Order Elections (SOEs). Yet the electoral consolidation witnessed by these parties in various Member States indicates that their performance is more than a fluke and that therefore it should not be treated as an outlier that is going to be course-corrected by the next election cycle. The 2019 EP election showed that this was not the case. In this regard, this paper examines the notion of radical right mainstreaming by tracking how, at the EU level, RRPs vacillate between pursuing forms of respectable cohabitation in EP groups such as the European Conservatives and Reformists Group (ECR) or, as was the case in 2019, they are embracing policy congruent schemes (see the Identity and Democracy Group).
Deficit schizophrenia and its features are associated with PON1 Q192R genotypes and lowered paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzymatic activity: effects on bacterial translocation
Authors: Matsumoto Andressa K. , Maes Michael , Supasitthumrong Thitiporn , Maes Annabel , Michelin Ana P. , de Oliveira Semeão Laura , de Lima Pedrão João V. , Moreira Estefania G. , Kanchanatawan Buranee , Barbosa Decio S.
Published: June 2020

Background

Primary deficit schizophrenia (DS) is characterized by enduring negative symptoms and represents a qualitatively different disease entity with respect to non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS). No studies investigated the association between the enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and DS and its phenomenology.

Methods

In this case-control study, Thai women and men, aged 18 to 65 years, were divided in DS (n = 40) and NDS (n = 40) and were compared to controls (n = 40). PON1 activities against 4-(chloromethyl)phenyl acetate (CMPA) and phenylacetate were determined. Moreover, subjects were genotyped for their PON1 Q192R polymorphism and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels responses directed to Gram-negative bacteria were measured.

Results

DS is significantly associated with the QQ genotype and the Q allele as compared with NDS and controls. PON1 activities are significantly and inversely associated with negative symptoms, formal thought disorders, psychomotor retardation, excitation and DS. The presence of the Q allele is associated with increased IgA responses toPseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii,andPseudomonas putidaas compared with RR carriers.

Conclusions

The PON1 Q allele and lower PON1 activities especially against CMPA are associated with DS, indicating lowered quorum quenching abilities as well as lowered defenses against lipoperoxidation and immune activation. It is suggested that lowered PON1 activity in DS constitutes an impairment in the innate immune system which together with lowered natural IgM may cause lower immune regulation thereby predisposing toward greater neurotoxic effects of immune-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative pathways and Gram-negative microbiota.
Health care cost of overweight-related diseases in Bangladesh
Authors: Hoque Mohammad E , Molla Azaher A , Hoque Dewan ME , Long Kurt Z , Mamun Abdullah A
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To estimate the economic burden of overweight in Bangladesh.

Design:

We used data from Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2010. A prevalence-based approach was used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF) for diseases attributable to overweight. Cost of illness methodology was used to calculate annual out of pocket (OOP) expenditure for each disease using nationally representative survey data. The cost attributable to overweight for each disease was estimated by multiplying the PAF by annual OOP expenditure. The total cost of overweight was estimated by adding PAF-weighted costs of treating the diseases.

Setting:

Nationwide, covering the whole of Bangladesh.

Participants:

Individuals whose BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2.

Results:

The total cost attributable to overweight in Bangladesh in 2010 was estimated at US$147·38 million. This represented about 0·13 % of Bangladesh’s Gross Domestic Product and 3·69 % of total health care expenditure in 2010. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the total cost could be as high as US$334 million or as low as US$71 million.

Conclusions:

A substantial amount of health care resource is devoted to the treatment of overweight-related diseases in Bangladesh. Effective national strategies for overweight prevention programme should be established and implemented.
An evaluation of the clinical microsystems approach in general practice quality improvement
Authors: Abrahamson Vanessa , Jaswal Sabrena , Wilson Patricia M.
Published: June 2020

Background:

Changes to the general practice (GP) contract in England (April 2019) introduced a new quality improvement (QI) domain. The clinical microsystems programme is an approach to QI with limited evidence in primary care.

Aim:

To explore experiences of GP staff participating in a clinical microsystems programme.

Design and setting:

GPs within one clinical commissioning group (CCG) in South East England. Normalisation process theory informed qualitative approach.

Method:

Review of all CCG clinical microsystems projects using pre-existing data. The Diffusion of Innovation Cycle was used to inform the sampling frame and GPs were invited to participate in interviews or focus groups. Ten practices participated; 11 coaches and 16 staff were interviewed.

Results:

The majority of projects wereprocess-drivenactivities related to administrative systems. Projects directly related tohealth outputswere fewer and related to externally imposed targets. Four key elements facilitated practices to engage: feeling in control; receiving enhanced service payment; having a senior staff member championing the approach; and good practice–coach relationship. There appeared to be three key benefits in addition to project-specific ones: improved working relationships between CCG and practice; more cohesive practice team; and time to reflect.

Conclusion:

Small projects with clear parameters were more successful than larger ones or those spanning organisations. However, there was little evidence suggesting the key benefits were unique attributes of the microsystems approach and sustainability was problematic. Future research should focus on cross-organisational approaches to QI and identify what, if any, added value the approach provides.
Artificial versus biological intelligence in the Cosmos: clues from a stochastic analysis of the Drake equation
Authors: De Visscher Alex
Published: June 2020

The Drake equation has been used many times to estimate the number of observable civilizations in the galaxy. However, the uncertainty of the outcome is so great that any individual result is of limited use, as predictions can range from a handful of observable civilizations in the observable universe to tens of millions per Milky Way-sized galaxy. A statistical investigation shows that the Drake equation, despite its uncertainties, delivers robust predictions of the likelihood that the prevalent form of intelligence in the universe is artificial rather than biological. The likelihood of artificial intelligence far exceeds the likelihood of biological intelligence in all cases investigated. This conclusion is contingent upon a limited number of plausible assumptions. The significance of this outcome for the Fermi paradox is discussed.
Goals of care and COVID-19: A GOOD framework for dealing with uncertainty
Authors: Petriceks Aldis H. , Schwartz Andrea Wershof
Published: June 2020

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, more patients will require palliative and end-of-life care. In order to ensure goal-concordant-care when possible, clinicians should initiate goals-of-care conversations among our most vulnerable patients and, ideally, among all patients. However, many non-palliative care clinicians face deep uncertainty in planning, conducting, and evaluating such interactions. We believe that specialists within palliative care are aptly positioned to address such uncertainties, and in this article offer a relevant update to a concise framework for clinicians to plan, conduct, and evaluate goals-of-care conversations: the GOOD framework. Once familiar with this framework, palliative care clinicians may use it to educate their non-palliative care colleagues about a timely and critical component of care, now and beyond the COVID-19 era.