bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Resistance Pathways Induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by Hypovirulent Rhizoctonia spp. Isolates
Authors: Sharon Michal , Freeman Stanley , Sneh Baruch
Published: March 2011

Certain hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates effectively protect plants against well-known important pathogens among Rhizoctonia isolates as well as against other pathogens. The modes of action involved in this protection include resistance induced in plants by colonization with hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates. The qualifications of hypovirulent isolates (efficient protection, rapid growth, effective colonization of the plants, and easy application in the field) provide a significant potential for the development of a commercial microbial preparation for application as biological control agents. Understanding of the modes of action involved in protection is important for improving the various aspects of development and application of such preparations. The hypothesis of the present study is that resistance pathways such as systemic acquired resistance (SAR), induced systemic resistance (ISR), and phytoalexins are induced in plants colonized by the protective hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates and are involved in the protection of these plants against pathogenic Rhizoctonia. Changes in protection levels of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants defective in defense-related genes (npr1-1, npr1-2, ndr1-1, npr1-2/ndr1-1, cim6, wrky70.1, snc1, and pbs3-1) and colonized with the hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates compared with that of the wild type (wt) plants colonized with the same isolates confirmed the involvement of induced resistance in the protection of the plants against pathogenic Rhizoctonia spp., although protection levels of mutants constantly expressing SAR genes (snc1 and cim6) were lower than that of wt plants. Plant colonization by hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates induced elevated expression levels of the following genes: PR5 (SAR), PDF1.2, LOX2, LOX1, CORI3 (ISR), and PAD3 (phytoalexin production), which indicated that all of these pathways were induced in the hypovirulent-colonized plants. When SAR or ISR were induced separately in plants after application of the chemical inducers Bion and methyl jasmonate, respectively, only ISR activation resulted in a higher protection level against the pathogen, although the protection was minor. In conclusion, plant colonization with the protective hypovirulent Rhizoctonia isolates significantly induced genes involved in the SAR, ISR, and phytoalexin production pathways. In the studied system, SAR probably did not play a major role in the mode of protection against pathogenic Rhizoctonia spp.; however, it may play a more significant role in protection against other pathogens.
Injury and Liability Associated with Cervical Procedures for Chronic Pain
Authors: Rathmell James P. , Michna Edward , Fitzgibbon Dermot R. , Stephens Linda S. , Posner Karen L. , Domino Karen B.
Published: March 2011

Background

Prompted by an increase in interventional pain treatments performed at the level of the cervical spine, we investigated the characteristics and patterns of injury in malpractice claims collected from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2008.

Methods

We compared claims arising from cervical pain treatments with all other chronic pain claims collected from the American Society of Anesthesiologists' closed claims database between 2005 and 2008. Claims for spinal cord injury underwent in-depth analysis for mechanisms of injury and use of sedation during the procedure.

Results

Claims related to cervical interventions represented 22% (64/294) of chronic pain treatment claims. Patients who underwent cervical procedures were healthier (American Society of Anesthesiologists' score, 1-2; P < 0.001) and were more often women (P = 0.011). Of the patients who underwent a cervical procedure, 59% experienced spinal cord damage compared with 11% of patients with other chronic pain (P < 0.001), with direct needle trauma as the predominant cause (31%). General anesthesia or sedation was used in 67% of cervical procedure claims associated with spinal cord injuries but in only 19% of cervical procedure claims not associated with spinal cord injuries (P < 0.001). Of the patients who underwent cervical procedures and had spinal cord injuries, 25% were nonresponsive during the procedure compared with 5% of the patients who underwent cervical procedures and did not have spinal cord injuries (P < 0.05, κ = 0.52).

Conclusions

Injuries related to cervical interventional pain treatment were often severe and related to direct needle trauma to the spinal cord. Traumatic spinal cord injury was more common in patients who received sedation or general anesthesia and in those who were unresponsive during the procedure. Further studies are crucial to define the usefulness of cervical interventions and to improve their safety.
Some aspects of aerodynamic flow control using synthetic-jet actuation
Authors: Glezer Ari
Published: March 2011

Aerodynamic flow control effected by interactions of surface-mounted synthetic (zero net mass flux) jet actuators with a local cross flow is reviewed. These jets are formed by the advection and interactions of trains of discrete vortical structures that are formed entirely from the fluid of the embedding flow system, and thus transfer momentum to the cross flow without net mass injection across the flow boundary. Traditional approaches to active flow control have focused, to a large extent, on control of separation on stalled aerofoils by means of quasi-steady actuation within two distinct regimes that are characterized by the actuation time scales. When the characteristic actuation period is commensurate with the time scale of the inherent instabilities of the base flow, the jets can effect significant quasi-steady global modifications on spatial scales that are one to two orders of magnitude larger than the scale of the jets. However, when the actuation frequency is sufficiently high to be decoupled from global instabilities of the base flow, changes in the aerodynamic forces are attained by leveraging the generation and regulation of ‘trapped’ vorticity concentrations near the surface to alter its aerodynamic shape. Some examples of the utility of this approach for aerodynamic flow control of separated flows on bluff bodies and fully attached flows on lifting surfaces are also discussed.
Recurrence, submicroscopic complexity, and potential clinical relevance of copy gains detected by array CGH that are shown to be unbalanced insertions by FISH
Authors: Neill Nicholas J. , Ballif Blake C. , Lamb Allen N. , Parikh Sumit , Ravnan J. Britt , Schultz Roger A. , Torchia Beth S. , Rosenfeld Jill A. , Shaffer Lisa G.
Published: March 2011

Insertions occur when a segment of one chromosome is translocated and inserted into a new region of the same chromosome or a non-homologous chromosome. We report 71 cases with unbalanced insertions identified using array CGH and FISH in 4909 cases referred to our laboratory for array CGH and found to have copy-number abnormalities. Although the majority of insertions were non-recurrent, several recurrent unbalanced insertions were detected, including three der(Y)ins(Y;18)(q?11.2;p11.32p11.32)pat inherited from parents carrying an unbalanced insertion. The clinical significance of these recurrent rearrangements is unclear, although the small size, limited gene content, and inheritance pattern of each suggests that the phenotypic consequences may be benign. Cryptic, submicroscopic duplications were observed at or near the insertion sites in two patients, further confounding the clinical interpretation of these insertions. Using FISH, linear amplification, and array CGH, we identified a 126-kb duplicated region from 19p13.3 inserted into MECP2 at Xq28 in a patient with symptoms of Rett syndrome. Our results demonstrate that although the interpretation of most non-recurrent insertions is unclear without high-resolution insertion site characterization, the potential for an otherwise benign duplication to result in a clinically relevant outcome through the disruption of a gene necessitates the use of FISH to determine whether copy-number gains detected by array CGH represent tandem duplications or unbalanced insertions. Further follow-up testing using techniques such as linear amplification or sequencing should be used to determine gene involvement at the insertion site after FISH has identified the presence of an insertion.
Altered xanthine oxidase and N‐acetyltransferase activity in obese children
Authors: Chiney Manoj S. , Schwarzenberg Sarah J. , Johnson L'Aurelle A.
Published: March 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• It has been well established that obese adults exhibit differences in expression and regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes as compared with healthy‐weight adults. However, as obesity is becoming a more prevalent problem in children, little, if any, information is available that specifically addresses the consequences of obesity on drug metabolism in this population.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• This is the first study that provides evidence for elevated levels of xanthine oxidase and N‐acetyltransferase 2 enzyme activity in children who are obese. This new knowledge may provide insight into improving dosing strategies in obese children with concomitant diseases who are treated with therapeutic agents that are metabolized by these enzymes.

AIMS It is well established that oxidative and conjugative enzyme activity differs between obese and healthy‐weight adults. However, the effect of obesity on drug metabolism in children has not been studied extensively. This study examined whether obese and healthy‐weight children vary with respect to oxidative enzyme activity of CYP1A2, xanthine oxidase (XO) and conjugative enzyme activity of N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2).

METHODS In vivo CYP1A2, XO and NAT2 activity was assessed in obese (n= 9) and lean (n= 16) children between the ages of 6–10 years using caffeine (118.3 ml Coca Cola®) as probe. Urine samples were collected in 2‐h increments over 8 h. Caffeine and metabolites were measured using LC/MS, and urinary metabolic ratios were determined based on reported methods.

RESULTS Sixteen healthy‐weight and nine obese children were evaluated. XO activity was elevated in paediatric obese volunteers compared with non‐obese paediatric volunteers (XO metabolic ratio of 0.7 ± 0.06 vs. 0.6 ± 0.06, respectively, 95% CI 0.046, 0.154, P < 0.001). NAT2 activity was fivefold higher in the obese (1 ± 0.4) as compared with non‐obese children (0.2 ± 0.1), 95% CI 0.26, 1.34, P < 0.05. However, no difference was observed in CYP1A2 activity between the groups (95% CI −2.72, 0.12, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that obese children have elevated XO and NAT2 enzyme activity when compared with healthy‐weight controls. Further studies are needed to determine how this may impact the efficacy of therapeutic agents that may undergo metabolism by these enzymes.
Bortezomib interacts synergistically with belinostat in human acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells in association with perturbations in NF‐κB and Bim
Authors: Dai Yun , Chen Shuang , Wang Li , Pei Xin‐Yan , Kramer Lora B. , Dent Paul , Grant Steven
Published: March 2011

Interactions between the histone deacetylase inhibitor belinostat and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib were investigated in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) cells. Co‐administration of sub‐micromolar concentrations of belinostat with low nanomolar concentrations of bortezomib sharply increased apoptosis in both AML and ALL cell lines and primary blasts. Synergistic interactions were associated with interruption of both canonical and non‐canonical nuclear factor (NF)‐κB signalling pathways, e.g. accumulation of the phosphorylated (S32/S36) form of IκBα, diminished belinostat‐mediated RelA/p65 hyperacetylation (K310), and reduced processing of p100 into p52. These events were accompanied by down‐regulation of NF‐κB‐dependent pro‐survival proteins (e.g. XIAP, Bcl‐xL). Moreover, belinostat/bortezomib co‐exposure induced up‐regulation of the BH3‐only pro‐death protein Bim. Significantly, shRNA knock‐down of Bim substantially reduced the lethality of belinostat/bortezomib regimens. Administration of belinostat ± bortezomib also induced hyperacetylation (K40) of α‐tubulin, indicating histone deacetylase inhibitor 6 inhibition. Finally, in contrast to the pronounced lethality of belinostat/bortezomib toward primary leukaemia blasts, equivalent treatment was relatively non‐toxic to normal CD34+ cells. Together, these findings indicate that belinostat and bortezomib interact synergistically in both cultured and primary AML and ALL cells, and raise the possibilities that up‐regulation of Bim and interference with NF‐κB pathways contribute to this phenomenon. They also suggest that combined belinostat/bortezomib regimens warrant further attention in acute leukaemias.
Unrelated donor peripheral blood stem cell transplants incorporating pre‐transplant in‐vivo Alemtuzumab are not associated with any increased risk of significant acute or chronic graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Shaw Bronwen E. , Apperley Jane F. , Russell Nigel H. , Craddock Charles , Liakopoulou Effie , Potter Michael N. , Wynn Robert , Gibson Brenda , Pearce Rachel M. , Kirkland Keiren , Lee Julia , Madrigal J. Alejandro , Cook Gordon , Byrne Jennifer L.
Published: March 2011

There is little information published comparing peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) with bone marrow (BM) as the stem cell source in the long‐term outcome in recipients of T‐cell depleted (TCD) unrelated donor (UD) transplants. We present retrospective outcome data on 306 recipients of myeloablative, human leucocyte antigen‐matched UD allografts using pre‐transplant in‐vivo Alemtuzumab. Transplants were performed between 2000 and 2007 for chronic myeloid leukaemia in first chronic phase and acute leukaemia in first or second complete remission; 184 patients received BM and 122 PBSC. The median age was 28·9 years (<1–58) and the median follow‐up was 48 months. Overall survival at 8 years was 53%. The incidence of acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) was significantly higher in PBSC (65%) than BM recipients (49%; P = 0·012). This represented only grade 1 GvHD with no difference in grade II–IV aGvHD (BM 23% PBSC 24%). The incidence of chronic GvHD, either overall (BM 47%, PBSC 49%) or extensive (BM 15%, PBSC 13%) was not increased with PBSC. The incidence of relapse, non‐relapse mortality and survival were not significantly different. Whilst accepting the limitations of retrospective analyses, we suggest the increased risk of GvHD in recipients of PBSC in T‐replete transplants is offset by in‐vivo Alemtuzumab, and that either stem cell source can be used with good outcomes in this setting.
The dose rate debate: does the risk of fungicide resistance increase or decrease with dose?
Authors: van den Bosch F. , Paveley N. , Shaw M. , Hobbelen P. , Oliver R.
Published: March 2011

This paper reviews the evidence relating to the question: does the risk of fungicide resistance increase or decrease with dose? The development of fungicide resistance progresses through three key phases. During the ‘emergence phase’ the resistant strain has to arise through mutation and invasion. During the subsequent ‘selection phase’, the resistant strain is present in the pathogen population and the fraction of the pathogen population carrying the resistance increases due to the selection pressure caused by the fungicide. During the final phase of ‘adjustment’, the dose or choice of fungicide may need to be changed to maintain effective control over a pathogen population where resistance has developed to intermediate levels. Emergence phase: no experimental publications and only one model study report on the emergence phase, and we conclude that work in this area is needed. Selection phase: all the published experimental work, and virtually all model studies, relate to the selection phase. Seven peer reviewed and four non‐peer reviewed publications report experimental evidence. All show increased selection for fungicide resistance with increased fungicide dose, except for one peer reviewed publication that does not detect any selection irrespective of dose and one conference proceedings publication which claims evidence for increased selection at a lower dose. In the mathematical models published, no evidence has been found that a lower dose could lead to a higher risk of fungicide resistance selection. We discuss areas of the dose rate debate that need further study. These include further work on pathogen‐fungicide combinations where the pathogen develops partial resistance to the fungicide and work on the emergence phase.
Long‐lasting intracontinental strike‐slip faulting: new evidence from the Karakorum shear zone in the Himalayas
Authors: Leloup Philippe H. , Boutonnet Emmanuelle , Davis William J. , Hattori Keiko
Published: March 2011

Terra Nova, 23, 92–99, 2011

Zircon crystallization ages for a syntectonic granite and an associated dyke along the Tangtse strand of the Karakorum fault are 18.5 ± 0.2 and 18.6 ± 0.2 Ma, respectively. A dyke cross‐cutting the foliation in the Karakorum shear zone (Ksz) yielded an age of 16.0 ± 0.6 Ma. These data show that the Ksz was associated with significant granitic magmatism and was active before 16 Ma, since at least c. 18.5 Ma. Consideration of other data along the Karakorum fault suggests that the fault has most likely been active since c. 22.7–25 Ma at a rate of 8–13 mm a−1. This study conducted in the frontal part of the Himalayan orogen shows that large continental strike‐slip faults can be linked with magmatism and be stable for more than 20 Ma, even in the hottest part of the orogen where strain localization is supposed to be at a minimum.
Early exposure to nonlethal predation risk by size‐selective predators increases somatic growth and decreases size at adulthood in threespined sticklebacks
Authors: BELL A. M. , DINGEMANSE N. J. , HANKISON S. J. , LANGENHOF M. B. W. , ROLLINS K.
Published: March 2011

Predation has an important influence on life history traits in many organisms, especially when they are young. When cues of trout were present, juvenile sticklebacks grew faster. The increase in body size as a result of exposure to cues of predators was adaptive because larger individuals were more likely to survive predation. However, sticklebacks that had been exposed to cues of predators were smaller at adulthood. This result is consistent with some life history theory. However, these results prompt an alternative hypothesis, which is that the decreased size at adulthood reflects a deferred cost of early rapid growth. Compared to males, females were more likely to survive predation, but female size at adulthood was more affected by cues of predators than male size at adulthood, suggesting that size at adulthood might be more important to male fitness than to female fitness.
Adaptation ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeto saline stress through laboratory evolution
Authors: DHAR R. , SÄGESSER R. , WEIKERT C. , YUAN J. , WAGNER A.
Published: March 2011

Most laboratory evolution studies that characterize evolutionary adaptation genomically focus on genetically simple traits that can be altered by one or few mutations. Such traits are important, but they are few compared with complex, polygenic traits influenced by many genes. We know much less about complex traits, and about the changes that occur in the genome and in gene expression during their evolutionary adaptation. Salt stress tolerance is such a trait. It is especially attractive for evolutionary studies, because the physiological response to salt stress is well‐characterized on the molecular and transcriptome level. This provides a unique opportunity to compare evolutionary adaptation and physiological adaptation to salt stress. The yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaeis a good model system to study salt stress tolerance, because it contains several highly conserved pathways that mediate the salt stress response. We evolved three replicate lines of yeast under continuous salt (NaCl) stress for 300 generations. All three lines evolved faster growth rate in high salt conditions than their ancestor. In these lines, we studied gene expression changes through microarray analysis and genetic changes through next generation population sequencing. We found two principal kinds of gene expression changes, changes in basal expression (82 genes) and changes in regulation (62 genes). The genes that change their expression involve several well‐known physiological stress‐response genes, includingCTT1, MSN4andHLR1. Next generation sequencing revealed only one high‐frequency single‐nucleotide change, in the geneMOT2, that caused increased fitness when introduced into the ancestral strain. Analysis of DNA content per cell revealed ploidy increases in all the three lines. Our observations suggest that evolutionary adaptation of yeast to salt stress is associated with genome size increase and modest expression changes in several genes.
Endophytic colonisation of Bacillus subtilis in the roots of Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Authors: Huang B. , Lv C. , Zhuang P. , Zhang H. , Fan L.
Published: March 2011

The endophytic colonisation of Bacillus subtilis strain GXJM08, isolated from roots of Podocarpus imbricatus B1. Enum. P1. Jav., in roots of the leguminous plant Robinia pseudoacacia L. was investigated. Ultrastructure observations showed that B. subtilis caused morphological changes in the root hair and colonised the plant through infected root hairs. The structure of the infection thread was similar to that of rhizobia, but the structure of infected cells was different. B. subtilis is also different from rhizobia and plant pathogens in terms of the formation of a peribacteroid membrane and the mode of penetration through the host cell wall. Our results provide a basis for studying development of the mutualistic symbiotic relationship between B. subtilis and plants, and a basis for studying the mechanism of the B. subtilis–plant interaction.
Molecular Cloning of Sheep and Cashmere Goat Pdia3 and Localization in Sheep Testis
Authors: Lv LX , Ujisguleng B , Orhontana B , Lian WB , Xing WJ
Published: March 2011

Contents

Protein disulphide isomerase family A3 (PDIA3) is a member of the protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) family and is multifunctional in many processes. Recently, it has been confirmed as a sperm membrane component and is implicated in sperm–egg fusion under which the molecular mechanism is still obscure. Protein disulphide isomerase family A3 cDNA has been cloned in several mammals; however, goat and sheep counterparts have not been identified. To facilitate the studies on the potential function of PDIA3 protein in sperm–egg fusion in sheep and goat, we cloned the cDNA encoding for Pdia3 of sheep (Ovis aries) and cashmere goat (Capra hircus) and studied its transcript and protein localization in sheep testis. The cloned sheep and cashmere goat Pdia3 cDNA are 1660 bp and 1591 bp, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that sheep and goat Pdia3 cDNA both have a coding region of 1518 bp with the same nucleotides encoding the same 505 amino acids. The predicted peptide, with two typical motifs of Trp‐Cys‐Gly‐His‐Cys‐Lys (WCGHCK) which is a hallmark of the PDI family, has high homology to that of bovine (99.21%), human (95.05%), rat (89.50%) and mouse (90.89%). Protein disulphide isomerase family A3 protein was observed in cells of various stages of spermatogenesis, from the primary spermatocyte to spermatozoa phases, as well as in the Leydig cells. It was observed in the entire sheep spermatozoa and mostly at the equatorial segment and the forepart of the flagellum. The Pdia3 mRNA was detected over the seminiferous epithelium in all stages of spermatogenesis.
Calcinosis cutis following contact with calcium chloride solution
Authors: Lim Penny PL , Kossard Steven , Stapleton Karen
Published: March 2011

Calcinosis cutis is the deposition of insoluble calcium in the cutaneous tissue. Calcinosis cutis can be classified as metastatic, dystrophic, idiopathic or exogenous. We report a 48‐year‐old white man who was dismantling a portable ice skating rink when calcium chloride solution from the pipes spilt onto his clothing. Several days later, he started to develop mildly pruritic erythematous papules, some studded with white deposits and some with umbilication over the exposed areas corresponding to the spillage of the calcium chloride solution. Histological features revealed interstitial fibrohistiocytic reaction with calcium‐encrusted degenerated collagen bundles in the dermis which was further confirmed by von Kossa stain. He was commenced on topical corticosteroid cream twice daily and the lesions cleared completely between 6 to 10 weeks.
Octreotide lessens peritoneal injury in experimental encapsulated peritoneal sclerosis model
Authors: ERTILAV MUHITTIN , HUR ENDER , BOZKURT DEVRIM , SIPAHI SAVAS , TIMUR OZGE , SARSIK BANU , AKCICEK FEHMI , DUMAN SONER
Published: March 2011

Aim:  Encapsulated peritoneal sclerosis is characterized by neoangiogenesis and fibrosis. Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue is a well‐known antifibrotic, antiproliferative and anti‐angiogenic agent. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of octreotide in encapsulated peritoneal sclerosis‐induced neoangiogenesis and fibrosis and compare the results with resting.

Methods:  Non‐uraemic Wistar‐Albino male rats (n = 35) were divided into four groups. Group I, control rats, received 2 mL isotonic saline i.p. daily for 3 weeks. Group II, received daily i.p. 2 mL/200 g injection of chlorhexidine gluconate (0.1%) and ethanol (%15) dissolved in saline for 3 weeks. Group III, chlorhexidine gluconate for 3 weeks plus an additional 3 weeks without any treatment (rest), to a total of 6 weeks. Group IV, chlorhexidine gluconate for 3 weeks plus an additional 3 weeks octreotide, 50 mcg/kg bodyweight s.c., for a total of 6 weeks.

Results:  Octreotide significantly reversed ultrafiltration capacity of peritoneum with decreasing inflammation, neoangiogenesis and fibrosis compared to the resting group. Octreotide also caused inhibition of dialysate transforming growth factor‐β1, vascular endothelial growth factor and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 activity and improved mesothelial cell cytokeratin expression. Peritoneal resting has no beneficial effects on peritoneum.

Conclusion:  In conclusion, octreotide may have a therapeutic value in peritoneal dialysis patients who suffer from encapsulated peritoneal sclerosis.
Treefall gaps required for establishment, but not survival, of invasive Rubus phoenicolasius in deciduous forest, Maryland, USA
Authors: GORCHOV DAVID L. , THOMPSON EMILY , O'NEILL JAY , WHIGHAM DENNIS , NOE DOUGLAS A.
Published: March 2011

Although plant invasions are often associated with disturbance, localized disturbances can promote invasion either by: (i) creating sites where individuals establish; or (ii) enabling an invader to colonize the entire stand. The former is expected when both establishment and survival to reproductive age require disturbed conditions, whereas the latter should occur in systems when either establishment or survival are limited to disturbed sites. We investigated the role of localized disturbance, specifically treefalls, in the invasion of the Asian Rubus phoenicolasius in a deciduous forest in Maryland, USA. We investigated the density and demography of R. phoenicolasius in treefall gaps of various sizes, but identical age to non‐gap areas, using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses to identify the most important predictors. To explore how the demography of established individuals responds to disturbed versus undisturbed conditions, we carried out a garden experiment with three different levels of shade (5, 12 and 22% full sun). We found vegetative and sexual reproduction, and seedling establishment, to be limited to large gaps in an old stand, but not in a stand in an earlier age of succession. However, in the garden experiment, established plants were able to survive and grow under all shade treatments. These findings indicate that R. phoenicolasius requires disturbances such as treefalls to establish in forests, but established plants will survive canopy closure, leading to stand‐wide invasion. Managers should be able to prevent invasion, however, by inspecting large gaps for new recruits every 3 years.
Maternal antenatal body mass index gains as predictors of large‐for‐gestational‐age infants and cesarean deliveries in Japanese singleton pregnancies
Authors: Takimoto Hidemi , Sugiyama Takashi , Nozue Miho , Kusama Kaoru , Fukuoka Hideoki , Kato Noriko , Yoshiike Nobuo
Published: March 2011

Aim:  Greater antenatal weight or body mass index (BMI) gains may lead to larger fetuses and thus increase the risk for operative deliveries, such as cesarean deliveries. In order to examine the effect of weekly maternal weight and BMI changes on large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) infants and cesarean delivery, delivery records from overall healthy women were analyzed.

Materials and Methods:  Singleton, term delivery records from January to December 2003, at three obstetric departments (urban, suburban, rural) in Japan (1617 records) were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied in order to estimate the effect of maternal pre‐pregnancy body size, higher maternal weight or BMI gains by calculating the odds ratios for LGA infants and cesarean deliveries.

Results:  Maternal pre‐pregnancy overweight, primiparity, and BMI gains of more than 0.13 per week were independent factors positively related to LGA, and maternal underweight was negatively related. Urban hospital setting, maternal age 35 years or older, primiparity, and BMI gains of more than 0.13 per week independently increased the odds ratios for cesarean delivery. Weight or BMI gains between two‐week intervals (26–28 weeks, 32–34 weeks) were not useful for predicting either LGA or cesarean delivery. LGA was unrelated to cesarean delivery risk.

Conclusions:  Applying BMI gains per week enables target weight gains to be set according to the mother's height, which may be useful in reducing risks for LGA and cesarean delivery, especially in shorter women. Further investigation may be needed to explore the practicality and effectiveness of advising women to gain weight according to their body height.
Lost in Translation? Try Second Language Learning: Understanding Movements of Ideas and Practices across Time and Space
Authors: DEMIR IPEK
Published: March 2011

This article considers interaction, negotiation and exchange across the borders of systems of knowledge, be they disciplines, moral frameworks, cultures or ideologies, by focusing on “translation” and “second language learning” as epistemic tools. It does this by first elaborating the incommensurability thesis which is centred on the notion of untranslatability. The article then proposes an alternative “epistemology of interaction”, namely the “second language learning thesis” as more suitable for describing the movement of ideas and practices across space and time. It argues that whilst translation is embedded in difficulties of one‐to‐one mappability, and at times ignorant of its role in facilitating power relations, “the second language learning thesis” aims to (1) capture the socially constituted nature of borders, interactions, transgressions, exchanges (and raids); (2) draw attention to the different types and layers of second language learning (from “pidgins” to bilingualisms) and (3) lay bare, where possible, the asymmetric nature of interactions, including epistemological and linguistic hegemony. In so doing, it turns attention to “strategies of exclusion” and “strategies of inclusion” in the policing of borders between cultures and disciplines, whether they are separated temporally or spatially.
Tocqueville, Beaumont and the Silences in Histories of the United States: An Interdisciplinary Endeavour across Literature and Sociology
Authors: MARGREE VICTORIA , BHAMBRA GURMINDER K
Published: March 2011

Taking the example of the intermittent presence and absence of narratives of slavery, colonialism, and race within standard accounts of the US, we examine how Tocqueville's sociological account of the emergence of democracy in America is transformed when read together with the novel, Marie, written by his friend and travel companion, Beaumont, which addresses issues of American slavery and racism. Our interdisciplinary project proceeds by considering the possible contributions to historical sociology of analysis of literary narratives, and by exploring the translation of social realities into fiction. These interdisciplinary translations, we argue, highlight the specific issue of silences within mainstream narratives about American democracy and enable us to reassess the significance of silences within historiographies of modernity. In particular, the neglect of Beaumont's contribution has given rise to an appropriation of Tocqueville to a largely celebratory account of American democracy and has elided his concern with the lasting consequences of slavery and racism.
Global Rebalancing: Crisis and the East–South Turn
Authors: Pieterse Jan Nederveen
Published: March 2011

This article argues that the rise of emerging societies is a major turn in globalization and holds significant emancipatory potential. North–South relations have been dominant for 200 years and now an East–South turn is taking shape. The 2008 economic crisis is part of a global rebalancing process. Ongoing developments can be read in two ways: towards recalibrating the old order, or towards the emergence of new logics, which can be simplified as a tale of two scripts. One is global plutocracy with Anglo‐American capitalism and financial markets in the West back in the lead and emerging markets joining the club. An instrument for achieving this is the hegemonic ideology of ‘global rebalancing’. On the other end of the continuum is the script of emancipatory multipolarity, considering that countries representing the majority of the world population have joined the global head table. This essay discusses global rebalancing, global plutocracy and emancipatory multipolarity, before taking on the conceptual question of capitalism or capitalisms. Ultimately, the author concludes that developments are layered and that elements of both scripts are combining.
How Michael Foot Won the Labour Party Leadership
Authors: HEPPELL TIM , CRINES ANDREW
Published: March 2011

This paper examines the voting motivations of Labour parliamentarians in the final parliamentary ballot of the Labour party leadership election of 1980. By constructing a data set of the voting behaviour of Labour parliamentarians and by determining the ideological disposition of the 1980 parliamentary Labour party (PLP) this paper examines the ideological disposition of the candidates' vis‐à‐vis their electorate, and offers a challenge to traditional interpretations of how and why Foot was elected. The traditional interpretation has sought for explanations as to how a right‐wing dominated PLP elected a left‐wing candidate. Whilst citing the traditional interpretations of the impact of the impending Electoral College, mandatory reselection and the assumed weaknesses of the Healey campaign, this paper argues that there was considerably more left‐wing sentiment within the 1980 PLP in terms of economic management, defence and the Common Market, than previously considered. As such this paper suggests that, taken with the impact of the other factors, the victory of Foot should not be seen as that surprising.
UNDERSTANDING LOCAL GOVERNANCE: INSTITUTIONAL FORMS OF COLLABORATION
Authors: RØISELAND ASBJØRN
Published: March 2011

The article discusses institutional forms of governance, understanding governance as hybrid forms of collaboration, involving government, market actors and/or civil society actors. By utilizing data from a study made of three Norwegian cities, six collaborative efforts are presented, and discussed in relation to analytical characteristics derived from both network theory and organizational theory. This analysis illustrates that these collaboration efforts can, on the one hand, be understood as something located between networks and organizations. On the other hand, one may argue they belong to none of the two theoretical categories, implying the need for new theories regarding collaboration. These observations are followed by some theoretical reflections about how democratic governments can influence collaborations, and ensure that the common will can actually become real.
Retracted: Mice lacking the Raf‐1 kinase inhibitor protein exhibit exaggerated hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Morecroft I , Doyle B , Nilsen M , Kolch W , Mair K , MacLean MR
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Increased pulmonary vascular remodelling, pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance characterize the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Activation of the Raf/mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 is thought to play an important role in PAH and Raf‐1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), negatively regulates this pathway. This study investigated whether genetic deletion of RKIP (and hence ERK1/2 up‐regulation) resulted in a pulmonary hypertensive phenotype in mice and investigated a role for RKIP in mitogen‐regulated proliferative responses in lung fibroblasts.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pulmonary vascular haemodynamics and remodelling were assessed in mice genetically deficient in RKIP (RKIP−/−) after 2 weeks of either normoxia or hypoxia. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used to examine phosphorylation of Raf‐1, RKIP and ERK1/2 in mouse pulmonary arteries. In vitro, RKIP inhibition of mitogen signalling was analysed in CCL39 hamster lung fibroblasts.

KEY RESULTS RKIP−/− mice demonstrated elevated indices of PAH and ERK1/2 phosphorylation compared with wild‐type (WT) mice. Hypoxic RKIP−/− mice exhibited exaggerated PAH indices. Hypoxia increased phosphorylation of Raf‐1, RKIP and ERK1/2 in WT mouse pulmonary arteries and Raf‐1 phosphorylation in RKIP−/− mouse pulmonary arteries. In CCL39 cells, inhibition of RKIP potentiated mitogen‐induced proliferation and phosphorylation of RKIP, and Raf‐1.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The lack of RKIP protein resulted in a pulmonary hypertensive phenotype, exaggerated in hypoxia. Hypoxia induced phosphorylation of RKIP signalling elements in WT pulmonary arteries. RKIP inhibition potentiated mitogen‐induced proliferation in lung fibroblasts. These results provide evidence for the involvement of RKIP in suppressing the development of hypoxia‐induced PAH in mice.
Milrinone attenuates thromboxane receptor‐mediated hyperresponsiveness in hypoxic pulmonary arterial myocytes
Authors: Santhosh KT , Elkhateeb O , Nolette N , Outbih O , Halayko AJ , Dakshinamurti S
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neonatal pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) is characterized by pulmonary vasoconstriction, due in part to dysregulation of the thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptor. Hypoxia induces TP receptor–mediated hyperresponsiveness, whereas serine phosphorylation mediates desensitization of TP receptors. We hypothesized that prostacyclin (IP) receptor activity induces TP receptor phosphorylation and decreases ligand affinity; that TP receptor sensitization in hypoxic myocytes is due to IP receptor inactivation; and that this would be reversible by the cAMP‐specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor milrinone.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined functional regulation of TP receptors by serine phosphorylation and effects of IP receptor stimulation and protein kinase A (PKA) activity on TP receptor sensitivity in myocytes from neonatal porcine resistance pulmonary arteries after 72 h hypoxia in vitro. Ca2+ response curves to U46619 (TP receptor agonist) were determined in hypoxic and normoxic myocytes incubated with or without iloprost (IP receptor agonist), forskolin (adenylyl cyclase activator), H8 (PKA inhibitor) or milrinone. TP and IP receptor saturation binding kinetics were measured in presence of iloprost or 8‐bromo‐cAMP.

KEY RESULTS Ligand affinity for TP receptors was normalized in vitro by IP receptor signalling intermediates. However, IP receptor affinity was compromised in hypoxic myocytes, decreasing cAMP production. Milrinone normalized TP receptor sensitivity in hypoxic myocytes by restoring PKA‐mediated regulatory TP receptor phosphorylation.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TP receptor sensitivity and EC50 for TP receptor agonists was regulated by PKA, as TP receptor serine phosphorylation by PKA down‐regulated Ca2+ mobilization. Hypoxia decreased IP receptor activity and cAMP generation, inducing TP receptor hyperresponsiveness, which was reversed by milrinone.
On Elevating Strategic Design Research*
Authors: Noble Charles H.
Published: March 2011

While the popular understanding of the influence of design is growing, academic research has largely been restricted to considering consumer‐level responses to design elements. This paper reviews this past work and proposes a more strategic research agenda for the field, with the potential to explicate linkages between design elements and strategies and outcomes related to innovation and corporate performance.
Sustainable Design: Beyond the Innovation‐Driven Business Model
Authors: Esslinger Hartmut
Published: March 2011

This essay discusses an evolving business model, the sustainability‐driven business model, that designers are especially well suited to implement and promote. Designers have a responsibility to connect and coordinate human needs and dreams with new opportunities and inspirations from science, technology, and business in order for products and their usage to be culturally relevant, economically productive, politically beneficial, and ecologically sustainable.
The Design Research Society and Emerging Themes in Design Research*
Authors: Roworth‐Stokes Seymour
Published: March 2011

This paper outlines the role of the Design Research Society (DRS) and explores some of the emerging trends in design research as a field of academic inquiry through its biennial conferences. In doing so it gives some insight into the areas of research which might inform future studies from a perspective of an organization that seeks to support the peer review process both directly and indirectly through conferences and events, journal editing, and as a nominating body for national and international research evaluation panels.
Legitimizing Academic Research in Design: Lessons from Research on New Product Development and Innovation
Authors: Griffin Abbie
Published: March 2011

This article traces how academic research in the domain of new product development and innovation has become “legitimized” over the last several decades and makes three suggestions for how academics in the research domain of design can pursue a similar legitimization process. Specifically, academics researching design issues should: (1) partner with a professional design association; (2) develop a high‐quality peer‐reviewed journal focusing on design issues; and (3) organize an A‐level association design special‐interest group.
War in Christ's World: Bonhoeffer and Just Peacemaking on War and Christology
Authors: Werntz Myles
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  In this paper, I apply Dietrich Bonhoeffer's exposition of the nature of war as found in his unfinished magnum opus, Ethics, to the contemporary peacemaking movement known as “just peacemaking.” Using Bonhoeffer, I argue that the just‐peacemaking approach accomplishes tactical peace, but only by undermining its stated purposes of bringing theology to bear on war. By assuming theological reasoning as secondary to historical conditions, just peacemaking has, by Bonhoeffer's logic, already abandoned the world to itself and severed it from theological resources.
Beyond Metaphors: New Research on Agendas in the Policy Process1
Authors: Pump Barry
Published: March 2011

Research on agenda setting seems to have arrived at a second stage in its development. In recent years, it has moved beyond both metaphors and popular units of analysis to study the mechanisms and dynamics of agenda setting in the public policy process. This essay synthesizes the last two years of research on agenda setting. It classifies the divergent work into three broad categories. The first focuses on information processing and punctuated equilibrium processes. The second addresses the attempts by scholars to move beyond subsystems as a unit of analysis. The third addresses the role of the bureaucracy in agenda setting, particularly during crises. The final section of the essay concludes by discussing future directions for research.
Maya Mobile Medicine in Guatemala: The “Other” Public Health
Authors: Harvey T. S.
Published: March 2011

Maya mobile medical providers in highland Guatemala and the goods and services that they offer from “soapboxes” on street corners, local markets, and on buses exemplify an important yet underinvestigated domain of localized health care, one that I refer to as the “other” public health. This medical and linguistic examination of traveling medical salespeople calls for a reconsideration (on a global scale) of what has come to be understood as “public health,” arguing that “othered,” local forms of public health that are often overlooked by anthropologists as “nontraditional” and delegitimized by bio‐medicine as nonscientific merit serious consideration and investigation. This ethnography of marginalized forms of public health offers global insights into emerging heterodoxical forms of public health care that contest bio‐medical authority and challenge our preexisting definitions of what counts as “access,” wellness seeking, and even health care itself.
Intravital Macrozoom Imaging and Automated Analysis of Endothelial Cell Calcium Signals Coincident with Arteriolar Dilation in Cx40BAC‐GCaMP2 Transgenic Mice
Authors: BAGHER POONEH , DAVIS MICHAEL J. , SEGAL STEVEN S.
Published: March 2011

Please cite this paper as: Bagher, Davis and Segal (2011). Intravital Macrozoom Imaging and Automated Analysis of Endothelial Cell Calcium Signals Coincident with Arteriolar Dilation in Cx40BAC‐GCaMP2 Transgenic Mice. Microcirculation 18(4), 331–338.

Objective:  Calcium signaling is integral to endothelium‐dependent vasodilation. Our goal was to develop methods enabling automated analyses for accurately and objectively determining the dynamic relationship between EC Ca2+ responses and arteriolar diameter in vivo.

Methods:  User‐friendly software (DiaFluor) written in LabView was applied to images acquired at 15 fps with a custom macrozoom intravital microscope to evaluate changes in EC Ca2+ concomitant with arteriolar diameter. Transgenic Cx40BAC‐GCaMP2 mice expressing a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator molecule in arteriolar ECs enabled resolution of EC Ca2+ signaling in response to ACh microiontophoresis (500 nA, 100–1000 msec pulse) from a micropipette (1 μm tip) positioned adjacent to an arteriole in the superfused cremaster muscle preparation.

Results:  A 100‐msec pulse of ACh (1 M) had little effect on EC Ca2+ or arteriolar diameter. As pulse duration increased, vasodilation increased with fluorescence intensity (p < 0.01). Based upon fluorescence responses (F/Fo), the effective diffusion distance of ACh along arterioles increased from ∼100 μm (250 msec pulse) to ∼200 μm (1000 msec pulse) with a peak velocity of ∼150 μm/sec.

Conclusions:  The novel imaging and software presented here are the first to enable automated simultaneous evaluation of EC Ca2+ signaling and endothelium‐dependent vasodilation in vivo.