bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Different Surface Pretreatments on Shear Bond Strength of an Adhesive Resin Cement to Various Zirconia Ceramics
Authors: Colombo Marco , Gallo Simone , Padovan Sara , Chiesa Marco , Poggio Claudio , Scribante Andrea
Published: February 2020

The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the influence of surface pretreatment on shear bond strength (SBS) of an adhesive resin cement (G-CEM Link Force TM, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) to three different yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ceramics: (1) Copran Zirconia Monolith HT, COP; (2) Katana ML Zirconia, KAT; and (3) Metoxit Z-CAD HTL Zirconia, MET. In total, 45 cylinders (5 mm in diameter, 1 mm height) for each type of zirconia ceramic were prepared used a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) machine (software CEREC 4.2). Each type of zirconia was subdivided into three groups and each group received a different surface pretreatment; 15 samples were not conditioned as control (groups COP 1, KAT 1, MET 1), 15 samples were air-borne particle abraded with aluminum dioxide particles of 50-μm size at 0.3 MPa for 20 s (groups COP 2, KAT 2, MET 2), and 15 samples were hot-etched with a solution of hydrochloric acid and ferric chloride (groups COP 3, KAT 3, MET 3). After specimen fabrication, the adhesive cement–ceramic interface was analyzed using an SBS test. Subsequently, the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was measured. Data were submitted to statistical analysis. Air-borne particle abraded specimens showed the highest SBS values for COP and KAT groups. For MET, no significant difference was reported between air-borne particle abraded specimens and untreated controls. The lowest values were detected for acid-etched groups. A higher frequency of ARI = “1” and ARI = “2” was reported in control and air-borne particle abraded groups, whereas ARI = “3” was detected in hot-etched groups. No correlation was found between ARI score and shear bond strength. Air-borne particle abrasion is considered the best treatment for Zirconia Copran and Zirconia Katana ML, if it is followed by using dual-curing resin cement.
Preparation of Composite Monolith Supercapacitor Electrode Made from Textile-Grade Polyacrylonitrile Fibers and Phenolic Resin
Authors: Nabil Karim , Abdelmonem Nabil , Nogami Masanobu , Ismail Ibrahim
Published: February 2020

In this work a composite monolith was prepared from widely available and cost effective raw materials, textile-grade polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers and phenolic resin. Two activation procedures (physical and chemical) were used to increase the surface area of the produced carbon electrode. Characterization of the thermally stabilized fibers produced was made using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen(CHN) elemental analysis, in order to choose the optimum conditions of producing the stabilized fibers. Characterization of the produced composite monolith electrode was performed using physical adsorption of nitrogen at 77 °K, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrical resistivity in order to evaluate its performance. All the electrodes prepared had a mixture of micropores and mesopores. Pressing the green monolith during the curing process was found to reduce largely the specific surface area and to some degree the electrical resistivity of the chemically activated composite electrode. Physical activation was more suitable than chemical activation, where it resulted in an electrode with specific capacity 29 F/g, good capacitive behavior and the stability of the electrical resistivity over the temperature range −130 to 80 °C. Chemical activation resulted in a very poor electrode with resistive rather than capacitive properties.
Chemical and Physical Properties of the BLT4 Ultra Capacitor—A Suitable Material for Ultracapacitors
Authors: Wodecka-Duś B. , Adamczyk-Habrajska M. , Goryczka T. , Bochenek D.
Published: February 2020

This paper describes the properties of a lead-free ceramic material based on barium titanate, designed for the construction of ultracapacitors and sensors used in mechatronic systems. The admixture of lanthanum (La3+) served as a modifier. The ceramic powders were obtained by the solid phase reaction method (conventional method—mixed oxides method—MOM). Technological conditions of the synthesis process were determined on the basis of thermal analysis. The obtained samples are characterized, at room temperature (Tr < TC), by a single-phase tetragonal structure and a P4mm space group. Properly developed large grains (d = 5 µm) contributed to the increase in electric permittivity, the maximum value of which is at the level of εm ≈ 112,000, as well as to a strong decrease in specific resistance in the ferroelectric phase, whereas above the Curie temperature, by creating a potential barrier at their boundaries, there was a a rapid increase in resistivity. The temperature coefficient of resistance of the obtained posistor is 10.53%/K. The electrical properties of the obtained ceramics were examined using impedance spectroscopy. In order to analyze the obtained results, a method of comparing the behavior of the real object and its replacement system in a specific frequency region was used, whereas the Kramer–-Kroning (K–K) test was used to determine the consistency of the measured data. The proper selection of the stoichiometry and synthesis conditions resulted in the creation of an appropriate concentration of donor levels and oxygen gaps, which in turn resulted in a significant increase in the value of electrical permittivity, with small values of the angle of dielectric loss tangent. This fact predisposes the discussed material for certain applications (in the construction of ultracapacitors, among others).
Microwave Absorption Ability of Steel Slag and Road Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating Steel Slag
Authors: Lou Baowen , Liu Zhuangzhuang , Sha Aimin , Jia Meng , Li Yupeng
Published: February 2020

Excessive usage of non-renewable natural resources and massive construction wastes put pressure on the environment. Steel slags, the main waste material from the metal industry, are normally added in asphalt concrete to replace traditional aggregate. In addition, as a typical microwave absorber, steel slag has the potential to transfer microwave energy into heat, thus increasing the limited self-healing ability of asphalt mixture. This paper aims to investigate the microwave absorption potentials of steel slag and the effect of its addition on road performance. The magnetic parameters obtained from a microwave vector network analyzer were used to estimate the potential use of steel slag as microwave absorber to heal cracks. Meanwhile, the initial self-healing temperature was further discussed according to the frequency sweeping results. The obvious porous structure of steel slag observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) had important impacts on the road performance of asphalt mixtures. Steel slag presented a worse effect on low-temperature crack resistance and water stability, while high-temperature stability can be remarkably enhanced when the substitution of steel slag was 60% by volume with the particle size of 4.75–9.5 mm. Overall, the sustainability of asphalt mixtures incorporating steel slag can be promoted due to its excellent mechanical and microwave absorption properties.
Preparation of Green Low Strength Mixture for Foundation Reinforcement Treatment by Using Fly Ash and Waste Coal Gangue
Authors: Li Linhao , Long Guangcheng , Ma Kunlin , Ma Hongwei , Wang Wenbing , Zhang Cheng , Xie Youjun
Published: February 2020

Effective foundation reinforcement treatment is essential for modern large and complex infrastructure, while it is significant for developing new green high-performance materials for foundation reinforcement. This study investigates a new green concrete by using high volume fly-ash and coal gangue aggregates, which is expected to apply for foundation treatment of modern infrastructure with high loading-bear ability. In this experiment, 12 mix proportions of fly ash coal gangue mixture (the material name, abbreviated FGM) were designed, and its mechanical properties and durability performance were investigated. The mechanical properties of FGM include compressive strength, dynamic elastic modulus, dynamic shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and the stress–strain behaviors. The durability performance was evaluated by the parameters of acid resistance, which simulated an acid circumstance. After that, the environmental effects about carbon emission of this material were also investigated. Results show that the FGM with 84.6% wastes utilizing rate is a cost-effective material for foundation reinforcing treatment. Its compressive strength at 28 days and 60 days can reach more than 8 MPa and 10 MPa, respectively. After being immersed in the acid environment for 140 days, the mass loss (%) of the material could be under 3.5%. The greenness shows that the e-CO2 indices of FGM are lower than 20 kg/MPa·m3, and the e-energy indices are at below 150 MJ/MPa·m3. FGM has the advantages of acid resistance, waste recycling, and lower carbon emissions than the previous methods for foundation improvement.
Recent Trends in the Use of Pectin from Agro-Waste Residues as a Natural-Based Biopolymer for Food Packaging Applications
Authors: Mellinas Cristina , Ramos Marina , Jiménez Alfonso , Garrigós María Carmen
Published: February 2020

Regardless of the considerable progress in properties and versatility of synthetic polymers, their low biodegradability and lack of environmentally-friendly character remains a critical issue. Pectin is a natural-based polysaccharide contained in the cell walls of many plants allowing their growth and cell extension. This biopolymer can be extracted from plants and isolated as a bioplastic material with different applications, including food packaging. This review aims to present the latest research results regarding pectin, including the structure, different types, natural sources and potential use in several sectors, particularly in food packaging materials. Many researchers are currently working on a multitude of food and beverage industry applications related to pectin as well as combinations with other biopolymers to improve some key properties, such as antioxidant/antimicrobial performance and flexibility to obtain films. All these advances are covered in this review.
Experimental Identification of Statistical Correlation between Mechanical Properties of FRP Composite
Authors: Zhang Shufeng , Xing Tongzhen , Zhu Haibin , Chen Xun
Published: February 2020

Recent prediction on the heavy statistical correlation between the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composite (FRP) raises new concerns on the accurate reliability evaluation of composite structures, but such statistical correlation still lacks experimental verification. In this work, an experimental methodology is proposed to determine the statistical correlation between mechanical properties of unidirectional FRP composite. A rectangular shaped carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) specimen with a circular hole is loaded by tension, and 3D digital image correlation (DIC) is employed to characterize the heterogeneous strain field around the hole. Virtual field method (VFM) is used to derive E11, E22, ν12, and G12 of specimens. Specimen configuration considering fiber angle and hole diameter is optimized to achieve accurate determination of correlation coefficients. Experimental results on the linear correlation coefficients between E11, E22, ν12, and G12 agree well with previous theoretical predictions.
Effect of Synthetic Fibers and Hydrated Lime in Porous Asphalt Mixture Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques
Authors: Slebi-Acevedo Carlos J. , Lastra-González Pedro , Calzada-Pérez Miguel A. , Castro-Fresno Daniel
Published: February 2020

Porous asphalt is a type of mixture characterized by having high air void percentages that offers multiple benefits when used in wearing courses in terms of driving safety, water flow management, and noise reduction. However, the durability of porous asphalt (PA) mixtures is significantly shorter when compared to dense-graded asphalt mixtures. This study investigated the impact of polyolefin–aramid fibers and hydrated lime in the functional and mechanical performance of porous asphalt mixtures. A parametric study based on the concept of design of experiments was carried out through the Taguchi methodology. Accordingly, an experimental design was conducted based on the L18 full factorial orthogonal array. Three control factors—fiber content, binder content, and filler type—were included at various levels, and multiple responses including total air voids, interconnected air voids, particle loss in dry conditions, particle loss in wet conditions, and binder drainage were assessed experimentally. Signal-to-noise ratios were calculated to determine the optimal solution levels for each control factor for the multiple responses. In the second phase of the research, multi-criteria decision-making techniques—namely, criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation and weighted aggregated sum product assessment—were used to transform the multiple-response optimization problem into a single-unique optimization problem and to elaborate a preference ranking among all the mixture designs. The most significant levels for acquiring the optimum overall response value were found to be 0.05% for fiber content and 5.00% for binder content and mixed filler with hydrated lime.
Optimization and Modeling of Process Parameters in Multi-Hole Simultaneous Drilling Using Taguchi Method and Fuzzy Logic Approach
Authors: Aamir Muhammad , Tu Shanshan , Tolouei-Rad Majid , Giasin Khaled , Vafadar Ana
Published: February 2020

In industries such as aerospace and automotive, drilling many holes is commonly required to assemble different structures where machined holes need to comply with tight geometric tolerances. Multi-spindle drilling using a poly-drill head is an industrial hole-making approach that allows drilling several holes simultaneously. Optimizing process parameters also improves machining processes. This work focuses on the optimization of drilling parameters and two drilling processes—namely, one-shot drilling and multi-hole drilling—using the Taguchi method. Analysis of variance and regression analysis was implemented to indicate the significance of drilling parameters and their impact on the measured responses i.e., surface roughness and hole size. From the Taguchi optimization, optimal drilling parameters were found to occur at a low cutting speed and feed rate using a poly-drill head. Furthermore, a fuzzy logic approach was employed to predict the surface roughness and hole size. It was found that the fuzzy measured values were in good agreement with the experimental values; therefore, the developed models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness and hole size in multi-hole drilling. Moreover, confirmation tests were performed to validate that the Taguchi optimized levels and fuzzy developed models effectively represent the surface roughness and hole size.
Strong Solutions of the Incompressible Navier–Stokes–Voigt Model
Authors: Baranovskii Evgenii S.
Published: February 2020

This paper deals with an initial-boundary value problem for the Navier–Stokes–Voigt equations describing unsteady flows of an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid. We give the strong formulation of this problem as a nonlinear evolutionary equation in Sobolev spaces. Using the Faedo–Galerkin method with a special basis of eigenfunctions of the Stokes operator, we construct a global-in-time strong solution, which is unique in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional domains. We also study the long-time asymptotic behavior of the velocity field under the assumption that the external forces field is conservative.
A Short Review on Welding and Joining of High Entropy Alloys
Authors: Lopes João G. , Oliveira João Pedro
Published: February 2020

High entropy alloys are one of the most exciting developments conceived in the materials science field in the last years. These novel advanced engineering alloys exhibit a unique set of properties, which include, among others, good mechanical performance under severe conditions in a wide temperature range and high microstructural stability over long time periods. Owing to the remarkable properties of these alloys, they can become expedite solutions for multiple structural and functional applications. Nevertheless, like any other key engineering alloy, their capacity to be welded, and thus become a permanent feature of a component or structure, is a fundamental issue that needs to be addressed to further expand these alloys’ potential applications. In fact, welding of high entropy alloys has attracted some interest recently. Therefore, it is important to compile the available knowledge on the current state of the art on this topic in order to establish a starting point for the further development of these alloys. In this article, an effort is made to acquire a comprehensive knowledge on the overall progress on welding of different high entropy alloy systems through a systematic review of both fusion-based and solid-state welding techniques. From the current literature review, it can be perceived that welding of high entropy alloys is currently gaining more interest. Several high entropy alloy systems have already been successfully welded. However, most research works focus on the well-known CoCrFeMnNi. For this specific system, both fusion and solid-state welding have been used, with no significant degradation of the joints’ mechanical properties. Among the different welding techniques already employed, laser welding is predominant, potentially due to the small size of its heat source. Overall, welding of high entropy alloys is still in its infancy, though good perspectives are foreseen for the use of welded joints based on these materials in structural applications.
Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA1050-H14 and AA5083-H111 Joint: Sampling Aspect
Authors: Msomi Velaphi , Mbana Nontle
Published: February 2020

Welding of dissimilar aluminium alloys has been a challenge for a long period until the discovery of the solid-state welding technique called friction stir welding (FSW). The discovery of this technique encouraged different research interests revolving around the optimization of this technique. This involves the welding parameters optimization and this optimization is categorized into two classes, i.e., similar alloys and dissimilar alloys. This paper reports about the mechanical properties of the friction stir welded dissimilar AA1050-H14 and AA5083-H111 joint. The main focus is to compare the mechanical properties of specimens extracted from different locations of the welds, i.e., the beginning, middle, and the end of the weld. The specimen extracted at the beginning of the weld showed low tensile properties compared to specimens extracted from different locations of the weld. There was no certain trend noted through the bending results. All three specimens showed dimpled fracture, which is the characterization of the ductile fracture.
Metabolomic Profiling of Wildtype and Transgenic Giardia lamblia Strains by 1H HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Müller Joachim , Vermathen Martina , Leitsch David , Vermathen Peter , Müller Norbert
Published: February 2020

Giardia lamblia, a causative agent of persistent diarrhea in humans, domestic animals, and cattle, is usually treated with nitro compounds. Consequently, enzymes involved in anaerobic nitro reduction have been investigated in detail as potential targets. Their role within the normal metabolic context is, however, not understood. Using 1H high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR spectroscopy, we analyzed the metabolomes of G. lamblia trophozoites overexpressing three nitroreductases (NR1–NR3) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), most likely a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, as suggested by the results published in this study. We compared the patterns to convenient controls and to the situation in the nitro drug resistant strain C4 where NR1 is downregulated. We identified 27 metabolites in G. lamblia trophozoites. Excluding metabolites of high variability among different wildtype populations, only trophozoites overexpressing NR1 presented a distinct pattern of nine metabolites, in particular arginine catabolites, differing from the respective controls. This pattern matched a differential pattern between wildtype and strain C4. This suggests that NR1 interferes with arginine and thus energy metabolism. The exact metabolic function of NR1 (and the other nitroreductases) remains to be elucidated.
Microlens Fabrication by Replica Molding of Electro-Hydrodynamic Printing Liquid Mold
Authors: Fang Feiyu , Tao Xulei , Chen Xun , Wang Han , Wu Peixuan , Zhang Jiarong , Zeng Jun , Zhu Zimin , Liu Zhen
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we synergistically combine electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing and replica molding for the fabrication of microlenses. Glycerol solution microdroplets was sprayed onto the ITO glass to form liquid mold by an EHD printing process. The liquid mold is used as a master to fabricate a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold. Finally, the desired micro-optical device can be fabricated on any substrate using a PDMS soft lithography mold. We demonstrate our strategy by generating microlenses of photocurable polymers and by characterizing their optical properties. It is a new method to rapidly and cost-effectively fabricate molds with small diameters by exploiting the advantages of EHD printing, while maintaining the parallel nature of soft-lithography.
Characterization of Staphylococcus intermedius Group Isolates Associated with Animals from Antarctica and Emended Description of Staphylococcus delphini
Authors: Vrbovská Veronika , Sedláček Ivo , Zeman Michal , Švec Pavel , Kovařovic Vojtěch , Šedo Ondrej , Laichmanová Monika , Doškař Jiří , Pantůček Roman
Published: February 2020

Members of the genus Staphylococcus are widespread in nature and occupy a variety of niches, however, staphylococcal colonization of animals in the Antarctic environment has not been adequately studied. Here, we describe the first isolation and characterization of two Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) members, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, in Antarctic wildlife. Staphylococcus delphini were found exclusively in Adélie penguins. The report of S. pseudintermedius from Weddell seals confirmed its occurrence in all families of the suborder Caniformia. Partial RNA polymerase beta-subunit (rpoB) gene sequencing, repetitive PCR fingerprinting with the (GTG)5 primer, and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry gave consistent identification results and proved to be suitable for identifying SIG members. Comparative genomics of S. delphini isolates revealed variable genomic elements, including new prophages, a novel phage-inducible chromosomal island, and numerous putative virulence factors. Surface and extracellular protein distribution were compared between genomes and showed strain-specific profiles. The pathogenic potential of S. delphini was enhanced by a novel type of exfoliative toxin, trypsin-like serine protease cluster, and enterotoxin C. Detailed analysis of phenotypic characteristics performed on six Antarctic isolates of S. delphini and eight reference strains from different animal sources enabled us to emend the species description of S. delphini.
Aquatic Thermal Reservoirs of Microbial Life in a Remote and Extreme High Andean Hydrothermal System
Authors: Pérez Vilma , Cortés Johanna , Marchant Francisca , Dorador Cristina , Molina Verónica , Cornejo-D’Ottone Marcela , Hernández Klaudia , Jeffrey Wade , Barahona Sergio , Hengst Martha B.
Published: February 2020

Hydrothermal systems are ideal to understand how microbial communities cope with challenging conditions. Lirima, our study site, is a polyextreme, high-altitude, hydrothermal ecosystem located in the Chilean Andean highlands. Herein, we analyze the benthic communities of three nearby springs in a gradient of temperature (42–72 °C represented by stations P42, P53, and P72) and pH, and we characterize their microbial diversity by using bacteria 16S rRNA (V4) gene metabarcoding and 16S rRNA gene clone libraries (bacteria and archaea). Bacterial clone libraries of P42 and P53 springs showed that the community composition was mainly represented by phototrophic bacteria (Chlorobia, 3%, Cyanobacteria 3%, at P42; Chlorobia 5%, and Chloroflexi 5% at P53), Firmicutes (32% at P42 and 43% at P53) and Gammaproteobacteria (13% at P42 and 29% at P53). Furthermore, bacterial communities that were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding were characterized by an overall predominance of Chloroflexi in springs with lower temperatures (33% at P42), followed by Firmicutes in hotter springs (50% at P72). The archaeal diversity of P42 and P53 were represented by taxa belonging to Crenarchaeota, Diapherotrites, Nanoarchaeota, Hadesarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, and Euryarchaeota. The microbial diversity of the Lirima hydrothermal system is represented by groups from deep branches of the tree of life, suggesting this ecosystem as a reservoir of primitive life and a key system to study the processes that shaped the evolution of the biosphere.
Editorial for Special Issue “Modeling, Design and Optimization of Multiphase Systems in Minerals Processing”
Authors: Cisternas Luis A.
Published: February 2020

The exploitation of mining resources has been fundamental for the development of humanity since before industrialization [...]
Pleiotropic Biological Effects of Dietary Phenolic Compounds and their Metabolites on Energy Metabolism, Inflammation and Aging
Authors: Villegas-Aguilar María del Carmen , Fernández-Ochoa Álvaro , Cádiz-Gurrea María de la Luz , Pimentel-Moral Sandra , Lozano-Sánchez Jesús , Arráez-Román David , Segura-Carretero Antonio
Published: February 2020

Dietary phenolic compounds are considered as bioactive compounds that have effects in different chronic disorders related to oxidative stress, inflammation process, or aging. These compounds, coming from a wide range of natural sources, have shown a pleiotropic behavior on key proteins that act as regulators. In this sense, this review aims to compile information on the effect exerted by the phenolic compounds and their metabolites on the main metabolic pathways involved in energy metabolism, inflammatory response, aging and their relationship with the biological properties reported in high prevalence chronic diseases. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated their pleiotropic molecular mechanisms of action and these findings raise the possibility that phenolic compounds have a wide variety of roles in different targets.
A Self-Healing Polymer with Fast Elastic Recovery upon Stretching
Authors: Zhao Pei-Chen , Li Wen , Huang Wei , Li Cheng-Hui
Published: February 2020

The design of polymers that exhibit both good elasticity and self-healing properties is a highly challenging task. In spite of this, the literature reports highly stretchable self-healing polymers, but most of them exhibit slow elastic recovery behavior, i.e., they can only recover to their original length upon relaxation for a long time after stretching. Herein, a self-healing polymer with a fast elastic recovery property is demonstrated. We used 4-[tris(4-formylphenyl)methyl]benzaldehyde (TFPM) as a tetratopic linker to crosslink a poly(dimethylsiloxane) backbone, and obtained a self-healing polymer with high stretchability and fast elastic recovery upon stretching. The strain at break of the as-prepared polymer is observed at about 1400%. The polymer can immediately recover to its original length after being stretched. The damaged sample can be healed at room temperature with a healing efficiency up to 93% within 1 h. Such a polymer can be used for various applications, such as functioning as substrates or matrixes in soft actuators, electronic skins, biochips, and biosensors with prolonged lifetimes.
Measurements of Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution for Organic Solutes in the Ionic Liquids N-Ethyl- and N-Octyl-N-methylmorpholinium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. A Useful Tool for Solvent Selection
Authors: Marcinkowski Łukasz , Eichenlaub Joachim , Ghasemi Elham , Polkowska Żaneta , Kloskowski Adam
Published: February 2020

In recent years, many papers describing ionic liquids (IL) as promising solvents in separation techniques have been published. The conscious choice of appropriate ionic liquid as absorption media in effective extraction of selected types of analytes requires deeper understanding of the analyte−IL interactions. Therefore, intensive research is conducted to determine the values of activity coefficient at infinite dilution, which allows us to characterize the nature of these interactions. Based on the inverse gas chromatography retention data, activity coefficients at infinite dilution γ 13 ∞ of 48 different organic compounds in the ionic liquids N-ethyl-N-methylmorpholinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C2C1Mor][TFSI] and N-octyl-N-methylmorpholinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C8C1Mor][TFSI] were determined. The measurements covered a broad range of volatile organic compounds, including n-alkanes, n-alkenes, n-alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatic compounds and common polar solvents, representing different types of interactions. Activity coefficients at infinite dilution were measured in the temperature range from 313.15 to 363.15 K. The excess partial molar enthalpies and entropies at infinite dilution were determined. Selectivity at infinite dilution was also calculated for exemplary separation processes in the hexane/benzene system. The obtained results were analyzed and compared with literature data for ionic liquids containing the same anion [TFSI]¯ and different cations. The study results indicate that some potential applications of the investigated ionic liquids in separation problems exist.
Atomic Layer Deposition for Preparing Isolated Co Sites on SiO2 for Ethane Dehydrogenation Catalysis
Authors: Huang Renjing , Cheng Yuan , Ji Yichen , Gorte Raymond J.
Published: February 2020

Unlike Co clusters, isolated Co atoms have been shown to be selective for catalytic dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene; however, preparation of isolated Co sites requires special preparation procedures. Here, we demonstrate that Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)cobalt(III) (Co(TMHD)3) on silica and other supports is effective in producing these isolated species. Silica-supported catalysts prepared with one ALD cycle showed ethylene selectivities greater than 96% at 923 K and were stable when CO2 was co-fed with the ethane. Co catalysts prepared by impregnation formed clusters that were significantly less active, selective, and stable. Rates and selectivities also decreased for catalysts with multiple ALD cycles. Isolated Co catalysts prepared on Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 showed reasonable selectivity for ethane dehydrogenation but were not as effective as their silica counterpart.
Novel Unsaturated Polyester Nanocomposites via Hybrid 3D POSS-Modified Graphene Oxide Reinforcement: Electro-Technical Application Perspective
Authors: Divakaran Nidhin , Kale Manoj B. , Senthil T. , Mubarak Suhail , Dhamodharan Duraisami , Wu Lixin , Wang Jianlei
Published: February 2020

The latest trends in technologies has shifted the focus to developing innovative methods for comprehensive property enhancement of the polymer composites with facile and undemanding experimental techniques. This work reports an elementary technique to fabricate high-performance unsaturated polyester-based nanocomposites. It focuses on the interactive effect of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS)-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) within the unsaturated polymermatrix. The hybrid framework of POSS-functionalized graphene oxide has been configured via peptide bonding between the aminopropyl isobutyl POSS and graphene oxide. The synergistic effect of POSS and graphene oxide paved the way for a mechanism to inculcate a hybrid framework within the unsaturated polyester (UP) via in situ polymerization to develop UP/GO-POSS nanocomposites. The surface-appended POSS within the graphene oxide boosted its dispersion in the UP matrix, furnishing an enhancement in tensile strength of the UP/GO-POSS composites by 61.9%, thermal decomposition temperature (10% mass loss) by 69.8 °C and electrical conductivity by 108 S/m, in contrast to pure UP. In particular, the homogenous influence of the POSS-modified GO could be vindicated in the surging of the limiting oxygen index (%) in the as-prepared nanocomposites. The inclusive property amelioration vindicates the use of fabricated nanocomposites as high-performance nanomaterials in electrotechnical applications.
Potency Assessment of CBD Oils by Their Effects on Cell Signaling Pathways
Authors: Urasaki Yasuyo , Beaumont Cody , Workman Michelle , Talbot Jeffery N. , Hill David K. , Le Thuc T.
Published: February 2020

This study used nanofluidic protein posttranslational modification (PTM) profiling to measure the effects of six cannabidiol (CBD) oils and isolated CBD on the signaling pathways of a cultured SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line. Chemical composition analysis revealed that all CBD oils met the label claims and legal regulatory limit regarding the CBD and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contents, respectively. Isolated CBD was cytotoxic, with an effective concentration (EC50) of 40 µM. In contrast, the CBD oils had no effect on cell viability at CBD concentrations exceeding 1.2 mM. Interestingly, only an unadulterated CBD oil had strong and statistically significant suppressive effects on the pI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway with an EC50 value of 143 µM and a slow-acting timescale requiring hours. Systematic profiling of twenty-six proteins, which served as biomarkers for nine signaling pathways, revealed that the unadulterated CBD oil downregulated seven signaling pathways but had no measurable effect on the other two signaling pathways. The remaining CBD oils, which were adulterated, and isolated CBD had weak, variable, or undetectable effects on neuronal signaling pathways. Our data clearly showed that adulteration diminished the biological activities of CBD oils. In addition, nanofluidic protein PTM profiling provided a robust means for potency assessment of CBD oils.
Molecules Produced by Probiotics and Intestinal Microorganisms with Immunomodulatory Activity
Authors: Delgado Susana , Sánchez Borja , Margolles Abelardo , Ruas-Madiedo Patricia , Ruiz Lorena
Published: February 2020

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. The probiotic microorganisms most commonly used in the food and pharmacy industry belong to Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and several strains of these genera have demonstrated beneficial attributes. In addition, some other intestinal bacteria inhabiting the human microbiota, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila, have recently been discovered and are able to display health-promoting effects in animal and human trials. The beneficial properties of probiotics have been known for a long time, although little is known about the molecular mechanisms and the molecules responsible for their effects. However, in recent years, advances in microbiome studies, and the use of novel analytical and molecular techniques have allowed a deeper insight into their effects at the molecular level. This review summarizes the current knowledge of some of the molecules of probiotics and other intestinal commensal bacteria responsible for their immunomodulatory effect, focusing on those with more solid scientific evidence.
Contribution of Milk Beverages to Nutrient Adequacy of Young Children and Preschool Children in the Philippines
Authors: Mak Tsz-Ning , Angeles-Agdeppa Imelda , Tassy Marie , Capanzana Mario V. , Offord Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2020

Malnutrition is a major public health concern in the Philippines. Milk and dairy products are important sources of energy, protein, and micronutrients for normal growth and development in children. This study aims to assess the contribution of different types of milk to nutrient intakes and nutrient adequacy among young and preschool children in the Philippines. Filipino children aged one to four years (n = 2992) were analysed while using dietary intake data from the 8th National Nutrition Survey 2013. Children were stratified by age (one to two years and three to four years) and by milk beverage consumption type: young children milk (YCM) and preschool children milk (PCM), other milks (mostly powdered milk with different degrees of fortification of micronutrients), and non-dairy consumers (no milks or dairy products). The mean nutrient intakes and the odds of meeting nutrient adequacy by consumer groups were compared, percentage of children with inadequate intakes were calculated. Half (51%) of Filipino children (all ages) did not consume any dairy on a given day, 15% consumed YCM or PCM, and 34% consumed other milks. Among children one to two years, those who consumed YCM had higher mean intakes of iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc, B vitamins, folate, and vitamins C, D, and E (all p < 0.001) when compared to other milk consumers. Non-dairy consumers had mean intakes of energy, total fat, fibre, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, zinc, folate, and vitamins D and E that were far below the recommendations. Children who consumed YCM or PCM had the highest odds in meeting adequacy of iron, zinc, thiamin, vitamin B6, folate, and vitamins C, D, and E as compared to other milks or non-dairy consumers, after adjusting for covariates. This study supports the hypothesis that dairy consumers had higher intakes of micronutrients and higher nutrient adequacy than children who consumed no milk or dairy products. Secondly, YCM or PCM have demonstrated to be good dairy options to achieve nutrient adequacy in Filipino children.
Impending Low Intake Dehydration at Admission to A Geriatric Ward- Prevalence and Correlates in a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Wojszel Zyta Beata
Published: February 2020

Dehydration risk increases with frailty and functional dependency, but a limited number of studies have evaluated this association in hospitalized geriatric patients. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of dehydration in patients admitted to the geriatric ward. Dehydration was diagnosed when calculated osmolarity was above 295 mMol/L. Logistic regression analyses (direct and stepwise backward) were used to assess determinants of impending dehydration. 358 of 416 hospitalized patients (86.1%) were included: 274 (76.5%) women, and 309 (86.4%) 75+ year-old. Dehydration was diagnosed in 209 (58.4%) cases. Significantly higher odds for impending dehydration were observed only for chronic kidney disease with trends for diabetes and procognitive medication when controlling for several health, biochemical, and nutritional parameters and medications. After adjusting for “dementia” the negative effect of “taking procognitive medications” became a significant one. Chronic kidney disease, diabetes, taking procognitive medications and hypertension were the main variables for the outcome prediction according to the stepwise backward regression analysis. This may indicate an additional benefit of reducing the risk of dehydration when using procognitive drugs in older patients with dementia.
Polyphenol-Rich Foods for Human Health and Disease
Authors: García-Conesa María-Teresa , Larrosa Mar
Published: February 2020

Polyphenols are a class of well-known bioactive compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom and abundant in plant foods and derived food products [...]
Reply: “Comment on Search and Selection of Probiotics that Improve Mucositis Symptoms in Oncologic Patients. A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2322”
Authors: Picó-Monllor José Antonio , Mingot-Ascencao José Manuel
Published: February 2020

In the article, “Search and Selection of Probiotics That Improve Mucositis Symptoms in Oncologic Patients [...]
Witch Hazel Significantly Improves the Efficacy of Commercially Available Teat Dips
Authors: Rasooly Reuven , Molnar Adel , Do Paula , Morroni Gianluca , Brescini Lucia , Cirioni Oscar , Giacometti Andrea , Apostolidis Emmanouil
Published: February 2020

Bovine intramammary infections (IMIs) are the main cause of economic loss in milk production. Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating infections due to antimicrobial resistance and the formation of bacterial biofilms that enhance bacterial survival and persistence. Teat dips containing germicides are recommended to prevent new IMIs and improve udder health and milk quality. IMIs are often caused by staphylococci, which are Gram-positive bacteria that become pathogenic by forming biofilms and producing toxins. As a model for a teat dip (DIP), the BacStop iodine-based teat dip (DIP) was used. Witch hazel extract (whISOBAX (WH)) was tested because it contains a high concentration of the anti-biofilm/anti-toxin phenolic compound hamamelitannin. We found that the minimal inhibitory or bactericidal concentrations of DIP against planktonic S. epidermidis cells increased up to 160-fold in the presence of WH, and that DIP was 10-fold less effective against biofilm cells. While both DIP and WH are effective in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus, only WH inhibits toxin production (tested for enterotoxin-A). Importantly, WH also significantly enhances the antibacterial effect of DIP against Gram-negative bacteria that can cause IMIs, like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Put together, these results suggest that the antibacterial activity of DIP combined with WH is significantly higher, and thus have potential in eradicating bacterial infections, both in acute (planktonic-associated) and in chronic (biofilm-associated) conditions.
A Rare Cause of a Scrotal Abscess due to the Symbiotic Infection of Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia in an Adult Male
Authors: Bekasiak Anthony , Dammann Fabian , Nader Claudia
Published: February 2020

Gardnerella vaginalis (G. vaginalis) is the major bacteria detected in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV). Prevotella bivia (P. bivia) has been demonstrated to show a symbiotic relationship with G. vaginalis. Some men have been shown to be colonized with G. vaginalis in their urogenital or anorectal tracts, however genitourinary infections in males, including balanitis and urethritis, due to this organism appear to be much less common. In this report, we summarize previous cases of men with G. vaginalis infection, and we present a rare and unusual case of a unilateral scrotal abscess caused by G. vaginalis in co-infection with P. bivia.
Selective Laser Sintering 3D Printing of Orally Disintegrating Printlets Containing Ondansetron
Authors: Allahham Nour , Fina Fabrizio , Marcuta Carmen , Kraschew Lilia , Mohr Wolfgang , Gaisford Simon , Basit Abdul W. , Goyanes Alvaro
Published: February 2020

The aim of this work was to explore the feasibility of using selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing (3DP) to fabricate orodispersable printlets (ODPs) containing ondansetron. Ondansetron was first incorporated into drug-cyclodextrin complexes and then combined with the filler mannitol. Two 3D printed formulations with different levels of mannitol were prepared and tested, and a commercial ondansetron orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) product (Vonau® Flash) was also investigated for comparison. Both 3D printed formulations disintegrated at ~15 s and released more than 90% of the drug within 5 min independent of the mannitol content; these results were comparable to those obtained with the commercial product. This work demonstrates the potential of SLS 3DP to fabricate orodispersible printlets with characteristics similar to a commercial ODT, but with the added benefit of using a manufacturing technology able to prepare medicines individualized to the patient.
Pulmonary Metabolism of Substrates for Key Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes by Human Alveolar Type II Cells, Human and Rat Lung Microsomes, and the Isolated Perfused Rat Lung Model
Authors: Rubin Katarina , Ewing Pär , Bäckström Erica , Abrahamsson Anna , Bonn Britta , Kamata Satoshi , Grime Ken
Published: February 2020

Significant pulmonary metabolism of inhaled drugs could have drug safety implications or influence pharmacological effectiveness. To study this in vitro, lung microsomes or S9 are often employed. Here, we have determined if rat and human lung microsomes are fit for purpose or whether it is better to use specific cells where drug-metabolizing enzymes are concentrated, such as alveolar type II (ATII) cells. Activities for major hepatic and pulmonary human drug-metabolizing enzymes are assessed and the data contextualized towards an in vivo setting using an ex vivo isolated perfused rat lung model. Very low rates of metabolism are observed in incubations with human ATII cells when compared to isolated hepatocytes and fewer of the substrates are found to be metabolized when compared to human lung microsomal incubations. Reactions selective for flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs), CYP1B1, CYP2C9, CYP2J2, and CYP3A4 all show significant rates in human lung microsomal incubations, but all activities are higher when rat lung microsomes are used. The work also demonstrates that a lung microsomal intrinsic clearance value towards the lower limit of detection for this parameter (3 µL/min/mg protein) results in a very low level of pulmonary metabolic clearance during the absorption period, for a drug dosed into the lung in vivo.
Physiological and Anatomical Differences and Differentially Expressed Genes Reveal Yellow Leaf Coloration in Shumard Oak
Authors: Dong Xiaoyun , Huang Libin , Chen Qingsheng , Lv Yunzhou , Sun Hainan , Liang Zhenhai
Published: February 2020

Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii Buckley) is a traditional foliage plant, but little is known about its regulatory mechanism of yellow leaf coloration. Here, the yellow leaf variety of Q. shumardii named ‘Zhongshan Hongjincai’ (identified as ‘ZH’ throughout this work) and a green leaf variety named ‘Shumard oak No. 23’ (identified as ‘SO’ throughout this work) were compared. ‘ZH’ had lower chlorophyll content and higher carotenoid content; photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were also lower. Moreover, the mesophyll cells of ‘ZH’ showed reduced number of chloroplasts and some structural damage. In addition, transcriptomic analysis identified 39,962 differentially expressed genes, and their expression levels were randomly verified. Expressions of chlorophyll biosynthesis-related glumly-tRNA reductase gene and Mg-chelatase gene were decreased, while pheophorbide a oxygenase gene associated with chlorophyll degradation was up-regulated in ‘ZH’. Simultaneously, carotenoid isomerase gene, z-carotene desaturase gene, violaxanthin de-epoxidase gene and zeaxanthin epoxidase gene involved in carotenoid biosynthesis were up-regulated in ‘ZH’. These gene expression changes were accompanied by decreased chlorophyll content and enhanced carotenoid accumulation in ‘ZH’. Consequently, changes in the ratio of carotenoids to chlorophyll could be driving the yellow leaf coloration in Q. shumardii.