bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective and stable base pairing by alkynylated nucleosides featuring a spatially-separated recognition interface
Authors: Okamura Hidenori , Trinh Giang Hoang , Dong Zhuoxin , Masaki Yoshiaki , Seio Kohji , Nagatsugi Fumi
Published: February 2022

Unnatural base pairs (UBPs) which exhibit a selectivity against pairing with canonical nucleobases provide a powerful tool for the development of nucleic acid-based technologies. As an alternative strategy to the conventional UBP designs, which involve utility of different recognition modes at the Watson–Crick interface, we now report that the exclusive base pairing can be achieved through the spatial separation of recognition units. The design concept was demonstrated with the alkynylated purine (NPu, OPu) and pyridazine (NPz, OPz) nucleosides endowed with nucleobase-like 2-aminopyrimidine or 2-pyridone (‘pseudo-nucleobases’) on their major groove side. These alkynylated purines and pyridazines exhibited exclusive and stable pairing properties by the formation of complementary hydrogen bonds between the pseudo-nucleobases in the DNA major groove as revealed by comprehensive Tm measurements, 2D-NMR analyses, and MD simulations. Moreover, the alkynylated purine-pyridazine pairs enabled dramatic stabilization of the DNA duplex upon consecutive incorporation while maintaining a high sequence-specificity. The present study showcases the separation of the recognition interface as a promising strategy for developing new types of UBPs.
An Examination of Perceptions of Similarity to Cigarettes, Health Risk Perceptions, and Willingness to Try Across Nicotine Vaping Products
Authors: Berry Christopher , Burton Scot
Published: February 2022

Introduction

This brief report examines how e-cigarette form affects perceptions of cigarette similarity, health risk evaluations, and willingness to try the product. The mediating roles of product form similarity to combustible cigarettes and perceived health risk across vapers and non-vapers are also assessed.

Aims and Methods

A between-subjects experiment examines the effects of four product forms (a cigalike, a vape pen, a tank, and a pod/Juul) for 443 nonsmokers who are either current vapers or non-vapers. Multi-item measures are used to assess the mediating and outcome-dependent measures.

Results

Results show that the product form affects similarity, and there are differences between vapers and non-vapers for all outcomes. Moderated mediation results show that (1) form similarity mediates the effects on health perceptions and differs between vapers and non-vapers and (2) there are serial mediation effects of form on willingness to try the different products.

Conclusions

Electronic nicotine delivery systems product form matters. Similarity to combustible cigarettes influences health risk perceptions, and, in turn, there are effects on willingness to try the product. There are differences in mediation effects across current vapers and non-vapers. These results contribute to understanding reasons why the public health community should monitor and consider how manipulations in product form can affect and reduce health risk perceptions.

Implications

Electronic nicotine delivery systems have evolved since their introduction to the market and are now comprised of product types that vary substantially in design and appearance. By changing form and reducing resemblance to cigarettes, these differences in product form are shown to have downstream consequences on health risk perceptions and willingness to try the product. The public health community needs to consider unconventional ways in which companies may reduce risk perceptions of youthful users and nonusers, even when there are no objective differences in risk across product types.
Turkey and Russia
Authors: Balta Evren , Çelikpala Mitat
Published: February 2022

Turkish-Russian relations have had a tumultuous history characterized by periods of tensions and conflicts but also intense cooperation. This chapter uses a theoretically guided narrative of Turkish-Russian relations to trace how different factors have combined to yield particular foreign policies and changing patterns of bilateral relations. It argues that despite periods of intense cooperation between the two countries, bilateral relations lack institutionalization and an ability to develop a stable and common perspective on regional and global matters. Consequently, the fate of bilateral relations depends on short-term definitions of the national interest and forces the two countries into a fragile cooperation vulnerable to sudden domestic and geopolitical shifts.
Symbolic Politics and Contention in the Turkish Republic
Authors: Aslan Senem
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines how different state actors in Turkey have used symbolic practices to govern and transform society. Based on examples largely drawn from the single party era (1923–1950) and the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government, it discusses three separate functions that symbolic practices serve. First, it analyzes the relationship between symbolic politics and legitimation of state authority and ideology. Second, it focuses on how symbolic politics can be used for coercive purposes, signaling state power and omnipresence. Finally, it examines the state’s efforts to use symbolism for cooptation purposes, communicating the material benefits that it provides to citizens in exchange for political support. Calling attention to unintended consequences, the chapter underlines how symbols usually generate contention and become a means of struggle between the state and dissident political movements. In the Turkish context, extensive use of symbolic politics has created hardened political identities, curtailing meaningful deliberation and undermining common norms. The Turkish example shows that symbolic politics can exacerbate political polarization by sharpening cultural contestation and invoking strong emotions in society.
Dramaturgical Traditions
Authors: Scott Susie
Published: February 2022

This chapter considers the ways in which social actors construct, display, and perform the scenes in which they appear. Together, they cooperate to define situations with an interpretative frame, drawing upon shared repertoires of tacit knowledge. Focusing on Goffman’s dramaturgy as a branch of symbolic interactionism, the chapter begins with the metaphor of the theatre as a representation of social life. Individuals perform situation-based roles as if they were characters, scripted and rehearsed to meet the normative demands of each context and audience. This self-presentation involves techniques of impression management, such as facework, concealment, dramaturgical circumspection, and movement between the frontstage and backstage regions. Identity performances can therefore seem relatively sincere (authentic) or cynical (contrived). Collectively, dramaturgical loyalty is practiced through social processes of teamwork, supportive interchange, and remedial ritual. These mechanisms contribute to the display of normal appearances that serves to uphold the interaction order.
Biological Contributions to PTSD
Authors: Tappenden Peter , Pratchett Laura , Yehuda Rachel
Published: February 2022

Although the majority of the world’s population will be exposed to trauma, only a small minority will subsequently develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Efforts to distinguish those at risk for long-term symptoms have identified several neuroanatomical and biological characteristics as well as peritraumatic responses as candidate indicators. Recent advances in analyzing molecular and genetic contributions to risk and data from prospective longitudinal cohort studies have further contributed to our evolving understanding of risk factors for the development of PTSD and longer-term outcomes. This chapter will discuss key findings from research on pre-, peri-, and posttrauma exposure biological contributions to PTSD.
Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments
Authors: Brown Lily A. , Foa Edna B.
Published: February 2022

A large body of evidence supports the efficacy of exposure therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter discusses prolonged exposure therapy (PE), a structured treatment program that uses in vivo exposure and imaginal exposure/processing as the core treatment elements. The chapter provides a description of the treatment program. It also discusses emotional processing theory (EPT) and underlying mechanisms of PE, including fear activation and modification of dysfunctional beliefs. The chapter then reviews empirical studies that demonstrated the efficacy of PE across trauma types, treatment settings, and cultures. Finally, limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Prevention and Early Intervention Programs for Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Cardeli Emma , Davis Seethalakshmi , Ellis B. Heidi
Published: February 2022

Vulnerable populations have unique issues that need to be considered in the development and delivery of prevention and early intervention models. For these individuals, social context or stressors and support within their social environments may be particularly critical to consider in the wake of a traumatic exposure. In this chapter, the authors use a socioecological model based on Bronfennbrenner’s ecology of human development, dividing an individual’s environment into progressively broader levels, here focusing primarily on the microsystem. They discuss some of the environmental factors that are important to consider when planning and implementing prevention and early-intervention programs for vulnerable populations, including an exploration of these factors in the case of refugee children.
Intellectual Disability and the Dimensions of
Belonging
Authors: Carey Allison C.
Published: February 2022

A complex web of social structures enforces the exclusion of people with intellectual disabilities, and, if radically transformed, could instead foster belonging. In this chapter, we examine four structural dimensions of belonging, including legal rights, culture, and the accordance of moral value, power, and access. For each dimension, we examine how exclusion is enacted via informal social patterns and formal policy, and we offer examples of potential avenues to creating and embracing a broad sense of belonging that includes people with intellectual disabilities. Only a multifaceted approach to belonging can dissemble the complex structural factors that continue to enforce exclusion.
Metaskepticism
Authors: Sommers Tamler
Published: February 2022

Theories of moral responsibility have two features in common. First, they posit conditions or criteria for moral responsibility that are meant to apply universally, for all agents, for all societies. Second, they appeal to intuitions to justify these conditions. The theories therefore rely at least implicitly on empirical assumptions concerning the universality of certain attitudes and intuitions. This chapter outlines an empirical and philosophical challenge (drawn from Sommers 2012) to these assumptions. It offers evidence of radical differences in attitudes and intuitions about moral responsibility across cultures and throughout history. And it argues that the variation cannot be explained away as the product of irrationality or disagreement over non-moral facts. The chapter concludes that we have no principled way of establishing universally true conditions of moral responsibility, and that the compatibility question has no objectively correct answer. This position is labeled “metaskepticism” about moral responsibility, because it undermines both positive theories of responsibility and skeptical or hard incompatibilist theories which argue that human beings everywhere cannot deserve praise or blame for their actions.
Blame and Holding Responsible
Authors: Smith Angela M.
Published: February 2022

This article discusses recent accounts of the nature of blame and of holding persons (morally) responsible for their activities. It focuses on four general approaches to the nature of blame: the appraisal view, Strawson’s reactive attitude view, the hybrid view, and the functional view, arguing that each account has certain strengths and weaknesses. It also discusses recent debates over “the ethics of blame,” including questions about who has “standing” to blame and what considerations might be relevant to determining whether one “ought” to blame in particular circumstances. The article highlights and discusses several of the key outstanding controversies over these issues in the field today.
Responsibility, Punishment, and Predominant Retributivism
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: February 2022

Punishment combines blame and sanction. This chapter contrasts forward-looking and backward-looking rationales for punishment, arguing that punishment presupposes the backward-looking principle that its target is responsible for wrongdoing and deserving of blame and sanction. If so, retributivism must be at least part of the truth about punishment. Some form of retributivism is defensible, once we clarify misconceptions about retributivism. This leaves a choice between pure retributivism and a mixed conception that includes retributive elements. That choice is best resolved in favor of a mixed conception in which retributive elements predominate.
Reconciliation and the End of Responsibility
Authors: Radzik Linda
Published: February 2022

Reconciliation brings responsibility to an end. It involves a relenting in the means by which parties hold themselves and others responsible for past behavior, such as guilt, resentment, social withdrawal, and punishment. For this reason, those who advocate reconciliation are often accused of condoning wrongdoing and undermining accountability. This chapter draws on the moral, legal, and political literature on the aftermath of wrongdoing in order to distinguish reconciliation from condonation. Properly understood, reconciliation is a valuable part of our practices of accountability.
Reasons-Responsiveness, Frankfurt Examples, and the Free Will Ability
Authors: McKenna Michael
Published: February 2022

Reasons-responsive theories explain the free will ability in terms of an agent’s responsiveness to reasons. An agent acts freely on such a view just in case she is responsive to a suitable range of potential reasons for acting as she does or for acting other than as she does. One key question for any such view concerns the spectrum of reasons to which an agent must be suitably responsive in order for her to act freely. Another is whether any such theory of freedom can be fitted for the lessons that some take from Frankfurt’s argument. In the sort of example figuring in this argument, an agent cannot do otherwise because an intervener would force her to do what he would have her do on her own were she to be about to do otherwise. But then how can an agent be responsive to reasons to do otherwise in the context of a Frankfurt example? If different reasons were present, she would not do otherwise due to the intervener. Some reasons-responsive theorists address this by rejecting Frankfurt’s argument. Others try to show that an agent can retain the relevant kind of responsiveness when she acts freely on the context of a Frankfurt example. This issue aside, a further one has to do with whether the disposition to respond differently to a range of reasons supplies a reductive analysis of the free will ability. Either option encounters problems. This chapter explores these issues.
Responsibility, Personal Relationships, and the Significance of the Reactive Attitudes
Authors: Shabo Seth
Published: February 2022

P. F. Strawson held that relinquishing moral blame and punishment isn’t a real possibility for us, given our commitment to ordinary interpersonal relationships. In Strawson’s view, this is because these practices are at root expressions of resentment, moral indignation, and guilt, and because our proneness to these reactive attitudes is inseparable from the emotional involvement on which such relationships depend. If Strawson is right, denying these attitudes a prominent place in human affairs isn’t a credible aim of social policy, despite what some theorists have maintained. Focusing on resentment, this chapter distinguishes two ways of fleshing out Strawson’s reasoning, both of which are adumbrated in his landmark essay. According to the Constitutive Expectations Argument, we cannot strive to supplant resentment because it’s a response to violations of the normative expectations that partly constitute such relationships. According to the Psychological Nexus Argument, the obstacle to supplanting resentment lies in other, reinforcing emotional responses, especially feeling hurt and feeling aggrieved, the presence of which makes resentment harder to sincerely disavow and set aside than it would otherwise be. It will be argued that the Psychological Nexus Argument has advantages over the Constitutive Expectations Argument, as can be seen by examining the conditions for sincerely disavowing unavoidable resentment. For the idea is, it’s often the case that people cannot reasonably be expected to sincerely disavow their putatively appropriate resentment when these reinforcing responses are present.
Illusionism
Authors: Smilansky Saul
Published: February 2022

Illusionism about free will and moral responsibility is broadly the view that illusion is central and, in many ways, positive in the context of the free will problem. The chapter begins by explaining what Illusionism is, the forms it may take, and the reasons for holding it. Then it explores Illusionism’s relations to other views on the free will problem; and the question of the role of illusion concerning free will and moral responsibility as compared to other contexts. Finally, it discusses objections to Illusionism, concluding with reflections on why the position is not more widely held, and its future prospects. Illusionism naturally invites skepticism, indeed incredulity, and perhaps even hostility. Yet the philosophical case for it is strong, assuming the absence of robust libertarian free will. The claims of Illusionism are that free will illusions are central, life-enabling, and morality-enabling features of the human condition. Whether as a pragmatic “buffer” or as an inherent or existential necessity, illusion is seen to be central and indispensable. Humanity is fortunately mistaken and deceived on the free will issue, and this seems to be a condition of respect for persons, civilized morality, and a personal sense of value and meaning.
Latinx Conversions to Islam
Authors: Morales Harold
Published: February 2022

This chapter shows that Latinx conversion to Islam dates back to the early twentieth century and has increased at the dawn of the twenty-first century as part of an exodus from the Catholic Church in the United States. This chapter draws on quantitative research and examines popular hypotheses attempting to explain why Latinxs leave Christianity to embrace Islam, including those regarding marriage, prison, and mass media. Additionally, this chapter draws on discursive analysis of reversion stories and ethnographic research to shed light on Latinx conversion to Islam as diverse, complex, and fluid processes. By examining how marginalized communities such as Latinx Muslims reinscribe reductive practices, and how these practices are shaped in large measure by broader historical contexts, we can begin to lay the groundwork for more nuanced engagements with Latinx conversion processes.
Prosperity Gospel and Latinos/as
Authors: Tian-Ren Lin Tony
Published: February 2022

This chapter is an overview of the ways Prosperity Gospel, in its many manifestations, shapes Latino immigrant communities. The chapter offers an overview of Prosperity Gospel as a religious movement and a description of its core beliefs. The focus of the chapter is on first-generation immigrant Prosperity Gospel Latinos and their social and cultural ramifications. While only one-third of all Latinos are foreign born, they are overrepresented in this faith tradition. Prosperity Gospel is a totalizing religion that redefines private lives, daily behavior, concepts of the good, and ultimately the individuals themselves. It is an American creation at its core. Inadvertently, the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment in Prosperity Gospel results in the adoption of middle-class, white, American norms.
Ethics, Theology, and Mestizaje
Authors: Medina Néstor
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines the historical usage of the category of mestizaje by scholars, arguing that it continues to be a useful theological category, because it elucidates the divine dismantling of structures of racialized, cultural, and religious power. Mestizaje constitutes an ethical praxis and ethos unwilling to succumb to easy recipes of “inclusion,” “unity,” and “hospitality.” The concept of mestizaje remains useful as it is used to celebrate and wrestle with complex and fluid multicultural, multilingual, and multinational history and ancestral lines for which it is a cipher. The crucial insight gleaned from mestizaje is its open-endedness; it thrives on diversity and heterogeneity while subverting false notions of purity, homogeneity, unity, and whiteness. Mestizaje is an attempt to actively reject social, cultural, and economic structures of discrimination, racism, and marginalization. This chapter argues that it also rejects intellectual frames which undermine the rich cultural, contextual, and experiential component of lived faith experiences as part of human activity and struggles for justice.
Introduction
Authors: Nabhan-Warren Kristy
Published: February 2022

This chapter presents an overview of the history of Latina/x/o religious studies and focuses on the particular history of Latina/x/o Christian studies. The chapter offers a genealogy of scholarship on US Latina/x/o from the 1960s to the present. Scholarship from the 1960s and 1970s on US Latina/x/o mostly omitted religion, while scholarship of the 1980s and 1990s tended to focus on institutional Christianity and the various denomination leaders. More recent scholarship of US Latina/x/o attempts to offer a more balanced approach, focusing on institutional as well as more popular, “lived” manifestations of Christianity. Moreover, recent scholarship addresses religion as an integral component of the broader histories of US Latina/x/o. Current scholarship on US Latina/x/o Christianity seeks to address the intersectionalities of ethnicity, migration, religion, and gender.
Latina/o Pentecostalism
Authors: Barba Lloyd
Published: February 2022

That Pentecostalism stands out as among the fastest growing religious movements of the twentieth century in the United States and Latin America is a well-documented fact among scholars. Not until recently, however, scholars started to critically examine the rise of Latino Pentecostalism within the United States, a phenomenon that has been in the making for over a century. To better understand the historical development of Latino Pentecostalism in the United States, this chapter offers a three-part periodization: (1) Foundation: 1906–1929; (2) Building: 1930–1965; and (3) Expansion: 1966–2006. The conclusion then takes stock of the movement from 2006 to 2020, examining the sociopolitical climate in which Pentecostalism continues to flourish. Within these periods, this chapter traces broader cultural, organizational, and educational contours of denominations as they developed within the context of three macro-forces fundamental in the shaping of Latinidad in the United States: shifting racial sensibilities, immigration policies, and labor market demands.
Eighteenth-Century Joseon Confucian Readings on Jesus
Authors: Yang Guen Seok
Published: February 2022

It is not easy to imagine the establishment of a Christian Church without the initiative of the Western missionaries on non-Christian continents. But the birth of the Korean Christian Church, at the end of the eighteenth century, is a unique exception to the general pattern. It was established by the theological volition of Korean Confucians prior to any intervention of foreign missionaries. This chapter examines Korean Confucian biblical readings by which the voluntary formation of Christianity in Joseon Korea was realized. Their readings were active intertextual interactions between the Christian Bible and Confucian scriptures. These readings resulted in both anti- and pro-Christian writings. They show the hermeneutical goals and the distinctive characteristics of intertextual readings. Their early historical and hermeneutical initiative is a model for today’s Korean or Asian contextual readings of the Bible.
United yet Divided
Authors: Hong Koog P.
Published: February 2022

Context matters. The Korean reading of the Bible must be different from others in that their lived experiences pose new questions to the text. Unique to the Korean context is the division of North and South. A people united for more than a millennium have been severed into two independent, hostile, political entities. The people of two Koreas continue to live through a complexity of division in unity. How does this Korean context help us better understand the complexity of the north-south relations in the Hebrew Bible? Informed by the Korean context, this chapter stresses the duality inherent in Judah’s relations with Israel. It is critical to distinguish the ideal of unity from the reality of division.
“Forever Strangers at the Margin” in the Context of the United States
Authors: Kim Hyun Chul Paul
Published: February 2022

This chapter reads the Abraham story from the perspective of Korean American immigrants. Attending to select plots and motifs, as well as addressing sociological and historical relocation, trauma, minority identity, and interethnic relations, this hermeneutic compares and contrasts the stories of Abraham, Sarah, and others in Genesis 12–25 with the experience of Korean Americans. It illustrates parallel narratives—one ancient, another current. The Abrahamic and Korean American stories share the intersectional characteristics of life at the margin. They contrast experiences of hostility and hospitality. They struggle to survive and build solidarity in the complex milieu of new multiethnic societies.
Reception of the Bible during the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Park In Hee
Published: February 2022

The scholarly examination of the significance of the first Korean Christian community founded by Confucian scholars sheds new light for both interreligious dialogue and biblical studies. This chapter demonstrates that the development of early Christian communities, which started in the eighteenth century, is a result of these scholarly endeavors to seek an alternative to feudal society. It reveals how biblical concepts like the Children of God contributed to transforming Confucian concepts such as filial piety and the Will of Heaven to create a more equal society through a sociopolitical impact. This chapter also highlights how the first Korean Gospel, Sung-kyung-jik-hae-gwang-ik (The Interpretation of the Bible and Its Meaning), was formed by these scholars. It empowered laypeople, who suffered cruel persecutions over many decades, to foster a compassionate and egalitarian Christian society known as the “Village of Friends.”
Industrial Dynamics
Authors: Carlsson Bo
Published: February 2022

Industrial Dynamics is a counterpoint to the dominance in economics of Industrial Organization (IO), which focuses on an industry’s market structure and performance. Industrial Dynamics (ID), in contrast, provides a framework for analyses of the dynamics and evolution of industries, particularly the role of entrepreneurial activity and technological and institutional change. ID asserts that industry transformation can only be understood by looking at processes both beyond and within specific industries, especially at changes in innovation systems that cut across industries and at firm-level innovative activities. Research themes in ID include the causes of industry transformation and economic growth, the nature of economic activity in the firm, firm boundaries and interdependence, technological change and its institutional framework, and related public policy. Since the 1980s, the dynamics of industry transformation has been established as a research domain, but institutionalizing Industrial Dynamics as a distinct and recognized subfield of economics remains an ongoing project.
Early Encounters with Shakespeare Music
Authors: Smith Simon
Published: February 2022

For many early modern playgoers, music was not a peripheral feature of commercial drama, but a chief attraction of the theatres—sometimes even the primary motivation for playgoing. This chapter explores early evidence of musically interested playgoers and their engagements with practical musical performance at venues like the Globe and Blackfriars. It works with a range of examples before taking The Merchant of Venice as an extended test case in the early modern relationship between drama and music. Through these materials, the chapter offers three core propositions about playhouse engagements with music during Shakespeare’s working life. The first is that musical experience was in itself a significant and widely acknowledged incentive for playgoing that can be traced across the textual record. The second is that playgoers regularly encountered music as an integral element of a play’s dramaturgy, and so their musical experiences need to be understood in the context of their wider engagements with drama. The final suggestion is that playwrights like Shakespeare anticipated the overlap of musical and dramatic experience in playhouse performance by embedding music into their dramaturgical designs, using playhouse responses to music to shape dramatic meaning.
Soundscapes of the Outdoor Playhouses, 1567‒1608
Authors: Munro Lucy
Published: February 2022

While Shakespeare’s uses of music at the Theatre and Globe playhouses have been the subject of a good deal of scholarly attention, the soundscapes of other outdoor playhouses such as the Curtain, Rose, Boar’s Head, Fortune, and Red Bull have been largely dismissed or ignored. Yet from Robert Greene in the late 1580s and early 1590s, to plays written specifically for the outdoor playhouses in the 1620s, to Richard Brome at the Globe and Red Bull in the 1630s, the outdoor playhouses presented varied and often markedly experimental soundscapes. This chapter examines the musical traditions of the outdoor playhouses in detail for the first time, offering a new perspective on Shakespeare’s musical practice. It surveys the period between the construction of the outdoor Red Lion playhouse in 1567 and the acquisition of the indoor Blackfriars by Shakespeare’s company, the King’s Men, paying particular attention to the late 1580s and 1590s, the years during which Shakespeare established himself as a dramatist. Looking at song and instrumental music, it draws on the histories of the playhouses, playing companies and individual actor-musicians, contemporary commentaries, and a range of plays and jigs, paying particular attention to the work of Robert Wilson, Robert Greene, Thomas Dekker, and William Kemp. It argues first that Shakespeare’s early musical practices are in line with those of other playwrights working for outdoor playhouses, and second that the musical traditions of those playhouses are more wide-ranging, original, and inventive than scholars have generally recognized.
Musical Response to Shakespeare in Greater China
Authors: Wong Katrine K.
Published: February 2022

Shakespeare and his works began making their way to Asia through diplomatic and missionary channels some two centuries after the Bard’s death. Through translations and adaptations, Asian countries began to learn about his works and what they represent (culture, lifestyle, ideology), and such activities soon began to interact with local cultures and practices of musical performances: Chinese operatic Shakespeare, Japanese Nō Shakespeare, Korean shamanistic Shakespeare, to name but a few. With a focus on Shakespeare in China, this chapter begins with a summary of the history of Chinese perceptions, responses, and (re)creations of Shakespeare. The introductory overview serves as a socio-historical context for a discussion of mass-market musical responses to Shakespeare and his works in contemporary China. The author investigates how popular musical forms and modes, in particular Mandopop and Cantopop, have embraced and given new shape and voice to Shakespearean works.
Dramaturgy of the Shakespearean Libretto
Authors: Drábek Pavel
Published: February 2022

From the late seventeenth century (Purcell’s The Fairy-Queen, 1692), Shakespeare’s plays have entered the realm of music theatre and opera, inspiring both composers and their librettists. Operas on Shakespearean themes have played a seminal role in the repertoire and continue to do so—just as Shakespeare’s own plays have done in the spoken theatre. This chapter analyses examples of libretti that adapt and translate Shakespeare’s plays into the operatic genre. Special attention is paid to dramatic situations, character construction, performative poetry and the role of music—the very making of musical theatre (or the melodramatic arts) that librettists and composers undertake in developing the potential and inspiration from Shakespeare. Rather than being exhaustive and extensive in mapping the wide field of Shakespearean opera, this chapter offers a detailed analysis of different types of dramaturgy and libretto, relating them to the cultural moments in which the works were created and revived, forming musical variants of the Shakespearean canon. The case studies of the libretti’s melodramatic imagination are Henry Purcell’s The Fairy-Queen (1692), Jiří Antonín Benda and Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter’s Romeo und Julie (1779), Antonio Salieri and Carlo Prospero Defranceschi’s Falstaff, o le tre burle (1799), Carl Maria von Weber and James Robinson Planché’s Oberon, or The Elf King’s Oath (1826), and Thomas Adès and Meredith Oakes’ The Tempest (2004).
Shakespeare and the Nineteenth-Century Italian Operatic Stage
Authors: Germano William
Published: February 2022

At least a dozen of Shakespeare’s plays provided the basis for nineteenth-century Italian operas. Poets and composers took on the double project of transforming the playwright’s work into a text suitable for musical setting, and then producing a work of dramatic vocal music that could succeed in the fertile and competitive world of nineteenth-century opera. The century’s operatic output is marked by monumental gateposts—Rossini’s groundbreaking Otello (1816) and Verdi’s final stage works, Otello (1887) and Falstaff (1893)—but many other significant Italian composers, including Pacini, Piccinni, Vaccai, Bellini, Mercadante, Marchetti, and Faccio (whose recently recovered Amleto is of special interest) would contribute interpretations of Henry IV, Henry V, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Hamlet. Even non-Italian composers, such as Halévy and Balfe, composed Italian-language operas based on Shakespearean subjects. These operas also mark at least two trajectories of interest to Shakespeareans. First, the development of a Shakespearean ‘voice’—the movement from a vocal world dominated by tenors and women’s voices to what we view today as the more ‘realistic’ distribution of gendered sounds heard in Verdi’s musical Cyprus and Windsor. Second is the recovery of the Shakespearean text—the movement from fanciful or surgically expedient versions of Shakespeare to linguistically and poetically attentive settings of Shakespeare’s dramas. Such developments connect opera, the most extravagant of theatrical forms, to the literary history of a translated, internationalized, and now fully musical Shakespeare.
Sonic Spectacle in Erich Wolfgang Korngold’s Score to Max Reinhardt’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1935)
Authors: Penner Nina
Published: February 2022

Max Reinhardt’s productions of A Midsummer Night’s Dream (dozens of stage productions, beginning in 1905, culminating in a 1935 film) were notable for their privileging of the forest realm over Athens. Although much has been written about the spectacular visual effects that brought about this bias in the film, little attention has been paid to the role of music, since the film does not have an original score. Erich Wolfgang Korngold arranged its score from Mendelssohn’s incidental music as well as various other works by the composer. Most discussions of Korngold’s work on the film emphasize his fidelity to Mendelssohn. However, attempting to following the soundtrack with Mendelssohn’s scores reveals few direct quotations. Like the sleight of hand of a magician, Korngold creates the illusion that one is hearing Mendelssohn unadulterated, yet, a Mendelssohn one has never heard before. Instead of merely selecting bolts of music of the requisite lengths, he wove together his own fabric from an array of musical-thematic threads, all the while adorning it with glamorous modern accoutrements all his own. This chapter shows how Korngold brought skills he acquired on the operatic stage to his glamorization of Mendelssohn, and how the sonic spectacle he created contributed to the foregrounding of the forest.
‘More hits than you can possibly imagine’
Authors: Butler Jan
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the role of music as a tool both to interpret Shakespeare for a modern young audience and to balance the conflicting demands and mythic tensions generated by creating a Hollywood version of Romeo and Juliet in Baz Luhrmann’s William Shakespeare’s Romeo + Juliet (1996). Although much of the focus on this film has been on the inclusion of pop music, the film soundtrack consists of a varied mixture of pre-existing and commissioned orchestral music and popular songs, crossing a wide range of genres and mixed in innovative ways; the big hits, when they came, mostly occurred after the film was released. The chapter analyses how Luhrmann and his team attempt to ‘translate’ the text through the use of music, arguing that Luhrmann uses familiar musical structures and rhythms to support the language and drama of the play for an audience new to the language of Shakespeare, while also drawing on the cultural connotations and flexibility of the musical score to interpret the text and play with the possibility of a Hollywood-style happy ending.
Tangled Relations
Authors: Isenberg Nancy
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the complex, reciprocal influences that weave back and forth through the performance histories of Shakespeare and of ballet, tracing their concerted force in shaping and reshaping commonplaces in Shakespeare, ballet, and the world at large. It offers a preliminary sketch of the historical landscape in which Shakespeare-ballet connections reside, laying out routes across time, and signalling landmarks both past and present that figure importantly in the development and our understanding of these connections. It analyses the pivotal role of Romeo and Juliet ballets danced to Prokofiev’s score, as Shakespeare ballets became prominent in this landscape in the mid-twentieth century. The mediation involving three voices and languages—verbal, corporeal, and musical—plays a central role in this discussion which includes first-hand accounts from present-day choreographers, composers, and dancers. Throughout, the chapter offers observations, reflections, and questions aimed at moving the young but burgeoning field of Shakespeare-and-Ballet forwards, pushing its boundaries and signalling new intersections. The larger aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the full measure of Shakespeare-ballet connections and their value in even wider cultural contexts than Shakespeare studies and dance studies.
Shakespeare’s Musical Time Signatures
Authors: Ortiz Joseph M.
Published: February 2022

This chapter considers the ways in which Shakespeare incorporates a sense of musical time into his plays and poetry. While scholars have often considered how poetic ideas might inform Shakespeare’s deployment of music in his works, less attention has been given to the possibility that musical conventions also inform Shakespeare’s experiments with verse. Unlike poetic verse, musical time structures do not easily accommodate pentameter or the metric irregularities that Shakespeare and his contemporaries liked to create in poetry. However, musical time does allow for the possibility of measurable, meaningful silence. Renaissance music theorists in particular were concerned with notational systems that could reliably indicate intervals of performed silence. This chapter first considers how Renaissance musicians such as Morley and Dowland theorized and defined the musical ‘rest’. It then considers Shakespeare’s prosodic experiments in Richard II and Hamlet, arguing that Shakespeare attempts to incorporate intentional, measured silence by alluding to musical terms and taking advantage of metric irregularities. By applying musical rules to printed verse, Shakespeare effectively prompts his audience to hear silence not as meaningful, but as scripted.
‘A noise of thunder’
Authors: Hampton-Reeves Stuart
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on several key moments when the history of jazz intersected with Shakespeare. It discusses, analyses, and contextualizes the three most significant jazz suites composed with a Shakespearean theme: Duke Ellington’s Shakespeare-inspired Such Sweet Thunder (1957), George Russell’s Othello Ballet Suite (1968), and Shakespeare Songs by Guillaume de Chassy and Christophe Marguet (2016). Shakespeare’s connection with jazz dates right back to the music’s early years, when both the word and the music were synonymous with modernity, youth, and Americanization. After several early attempts to set Shakespeare’s words to music, Ellington’s Such Sweet Thunder (written with Billy Strayhorn) was the first significant jazz composition to engage with Shakespeare in a creative and non-verbal way, blending swing harmonies with European atonal ideas. Russell’s experimental interpretation of Othello went even further in fragmenting the text into repeated motifs and polytonal soundscapes. The chapter concludes with a study of a recent Shakespeare suite, de Chassy and Marguet’s set of compositions inspired by lines in Shakespeare. For all these musicians, the plays are a starting point for musical creations which draw on the signature sounds of jazz and twentieth-century experiments in atonal and polytonal music.
Minority Representation
Authors: Park Kyungmee
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses gender, migrants, and generational representations in South Korean politics. Minority representation has been not debated in the political realm in earnest. Therefore, political minorities continue to serve minor roles in the National Assembly. Although the gender quota system has significantly contributed to the improvement of gender representation, the percentage of female incumbents in the National Assembly is lower than the critical point required to fundamentally transform the political realm. Migrant representation exists at a symbolic level and is yet to be addressed sufficiently. Generational representation has emerged in recent discussions. This is because political parties tend to consider gender, migrants, and generation to be representing marginal groups. This study shows that the improvement of minority representation depends on how political parties nominate their electoral candidates to receive increased seats.
Interest Group Politics
Authors: Lim Yoojin , Lee Yeonho
Published: February 2022

Interest groups are organized in order to influence public policy by sharing common interests. This chapter aims to examine the most representative and well-known interest groups in South Korea, then historically analyses the changes in interest group politics within the context of democratization. In South Korea, interest group politics originally had responsive dependence on state power under the authoritarian regime. However, it has developed to competitive pluralism enough to check and supplement state power since the democratization of 1987 and has been characterized by conflictual pluralism since the 2010s. Finally, the chapter suggests the development for interest group politics in further pursuit of democracy in South Korea.
The Internet and Social Media
Authors: Jin Dal Yong
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines the close relationships between the growth of new media technologies, including the internet, social media, and smartphones, and Korean politics. It analyses how the internet and social media have been influencing political messaging, voter behaviour, and the circulation of ideas in Korea, in which traditional media such as broadcasting and newspapers have played a major role in national politics, since the early 2000s onwards. It also explores how internet portals such as Naver and Daum (now Kakao) and mobile messaging services, such as KakaoTalk and Line, which account for over 70 per cent and 90 per cent of their respective markets, shape the political conversation and can act as gatekeepers for the circulation of ideas. Finally, it investigates whether the growth of these new media technologies has influenced people’s perceptions of politics and elections, which means that it discusses people’s use of new media technologies in their political practices.
Helenuctism and Leningrad’s Unofficial Culture
Authors: Savickij Stanislav
Published: February 2022

This chapter presents Leningrad’s Khelenukty group, a literary association from the second half of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, in the context of the late Soviet underground. Khelenuktism is described in a framework of traditions from avantgarde and absurdist literature. The chapter brings to light both futurist and OBERIU sources of Khelenukt aesthetics, as well as connections to works created in the circle of A. K. Tolstoy and the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers under the name of Kozma Prutkov and influences from older neo-avantgarde contemporaries (the Verpa group and writers in their orbit). Khelenuktism’s aesthetic foundations are reconstructed to correlate with the group’s active practice of the art of living. Artists’ behavior, which had evolved in post-Romantic tradition, Symbolism, and the avantgarde into a full-fledged artistic experiment, was implemented in “dramagedies,” an experimental genre invented by the Khelenukty. Members of the group followed in the footsteps of futurism to create an absurdist theater of everyday life at the same time as artists elsewhere were elaborating the aesthetics of the “happening” (without, by the way, any direct links) and managed to free themselves and other participants from the regulatory framework circumscribing Soviet life.
Arkady Dragomoshchenko and Leningrad Cultural Underground
Authors: Pavlov Evgeny , Ioffe Dennis
Published: February 2022

This chapter considers the place in the Leningrad Cultural Underground of the poet Arkady Dragomoshchenko (1946–2012), one of the most important Russian poets of the post-war generation and, arguably, Russia’s most important global poet of the post-Soviet age. Although an essential presence in the Leningrad cultural avant-garde of the 1970s and 1980s, he was never part of any schools or movements. While his work transcended the generic, formal, and thematic boundaries of what was written by his peers at the time, it also transcended the boundaries of the Russian poetic tradition. The chapter examines Dragomoshchenko’s lifelong preoccupation with the groundless foundations of language as it situates his unique poetics in the context of his close engagement with literary, musical, and visual experiments of the Leningrad underground and identifies the roots of his interest in global poetics.