bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunomagnetic Separation and Coagglutination of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
with Anti-Flagellar Protein Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Datta S. , Janes M. E. , Simonson J. G.
Published: August 2008

Mice were immunized by injection of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
ATCC 17802 polar flagellin in order to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs were analyzed by anti-H enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using
V. parahaemolyticus
polar flagellar cores. The mAb exhibiting the highest anti-H titer was coated onto Cowan I
Staphylococcus aureus
cells at a concentration of 75 μg/ml cell suspension and used for slide coagglutination. Of 41 isolates identified genetically as
V. parahaemolyticus
, 100% coagglutinated with the anti-H mAb within 30 s, and the mAb did not react with 30 isolates identified as
Vibrio vulnificus
. A strong coagglutination reaction with
V. parahaemolyticus
ATCC 17802 was still observed when the
S. aureus
cells were armed with as little as 15 μg of mAb/ml
S. aureus
cell suspension. At this concentration, the mAb cross-reacted with three other
Vibrio
species, suggesting that they share an identical H antigen or antigens. The anti-H mAb was then used to optimize an immunomagnetic separation protocol which exhibited from 35% to about 45% binding of 10
2
to 10
3
V. parahaemolyticus
cells in phosphate-buffered saline. The mAb would be useful for the rapid and selective isolation, concentration, and detection of
V. parahaemolyticus
cells from environmental sources.
Molecular Typing of
Treponema pallidum
Clinical Strains from Lisbon, Portugal
Authors: Florindo C. , Reigado V. , Gomes J. P. , Azevedo J. , Santo I. , Borrego M. J.
Published: August 2008

A molecular system was used to subtype Portuguese
Treponema pallidum
clinical strains isolated from both skin lesions and blood. The study with this system constitutes the first typing study in a European country. Three
T. pallidum
subtypes were found: subtypes 14a (50%), 14d (45.2%), and 14f (4.8%). Further studies are needed to better characterize the isolates involved in syphilis outbreaks.
Identification and Evaluation of New Target Sequences for Specific Detection of
Bordetella pertussis
by Real-Time PCR
Authors: Probert William S. , Ely Janet , Schrader Kimmi , Atwell Jessica , Nossoff Angela , Kwan Stanley
Published: August 2008

A comparative analysis of the
Bordetella pertussis
,
B. bronchiseptica
, and
B. parapertussis
genome assemblies permitted the identification of regions with significant sequence divergence and the design of two new real-time PCR assays, BP283 and BP485, for the specific detection of
B. pertussis
. The performance characteristics of these two assays were evaluated and compared to those of culture and an existing real-time PCR assay targeting the repetitive element IS
481
. The testing of 324 nasopharyngeal specimens indicated that, compared to culture, the BP283 assay had a sensitivity and specificity of 100 and 96.8% and the BP485 assay had a sensitivity and specificity of 92.3 and 97.1%. Notably,
B. holmesii
was isolated from two specimens that were positive by the IS
481
assay but negative by the BP283 and BP485 assays. These two assays represent an improvement in specificity over those of PCR assays targeting only IS
481
and may be duplexed or used in conjunction with existing PCR assays to improve the molecular detection of
B. pertussis
.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Beijing Genotype in Russia: in Search of Informative Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Loci
Authors: Mokrousov Igor , Narvskaya Olga , Vyazovaya Anna , Millet Julie , Otten Tatiana , Vishnevsky Boris , Rastogi Nalin
Published: August 2008

The Beijing genotype is a globally spread lineage of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. In Russia, these strains constitute half of the local population of
M. tuberculosis
; they are associated with multidrug resistance and show increased transmissibility. Here, we analyzed traditional and new markers for the rapid and simple genotyping of the Beijing strains. A representative sample of 120 Beijing genotype strains was selected from a local IS
6110
-restriction fragment length (RFLP) database at the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute. These strains were subjected to variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) typing using 24 loci of a newly proposed format and three hypervariable (HV) loci (QUB-3232, VNTR-3820, and VNTR-4120). Ten of the 27 VNTR loci were monomorphic, while five loci, MIRU26, QUB-26, QUB-3232, VNTR-3820, and VNTR-4120, were the most polymorphic (Hunter Gaston index, >0.5). VNTR typing allowed us to differentiate between two large IS
6110
-RFLP clusters known to be prevalent across the entire country (clusters B0/W148 and A0) and identified in 27 and 23% of strains, respectively, in the Beijing genotype database. The B0/W148 strains were grouped closely in the VNTR dendrogram and could be distinguished by a characteristic signature of the loci MIRU26 and QUB-26. Consequently, this clinically important IS
6110
-RFLP variant, B0/W148, likely presents a successful clonal group within the
M. tuberculosis
Beijing lineage that is widespread in Russia. To conclude, the IS
6110
-RFLP method and VNTR typing using a reduced set of the most polymorphic loci complement each other for the high-resolution epidemiological typing of the
M. tuberculosis
Beijing genotype strains circulating in or imported from Russia.
Urinary Tract Infections in a South American Population: Dynamic Spread of Class 1 Integrons and Multidrug Resistance by Homologous and Site-Specific Recombination
Authors: Márquez Carolina , Labbate Maurizio , Raymondo Claudia , Fernández Jimena , Gestal Alicia M. , Holley Marita , Borthagaray Graciela , Stokes H. W.
Published: August 2008

One hundred four bacterial strains mediating urinary tract infections in separate individuals from a Uruguayan community were isolated. Forty-six strains conferred a multidrug resistance phenotype. All 104 strains were examined for the presence of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons. Class 1 integrons were found in 21 isolates across four distinct bacterial genera. A large class 1 integron in aKlebsiella pneumoniaestrain was fully sequenced and was 29,093 bp in length. This integron probably arose by homologous recombination since it was embedded in a hybrid Tn21-like transposon backbone which comprised a Tn5036-liketnptransposition module at the IRi integron end and a Tn21 mermodule at the IRt integron end. The parent integron/transposon that contributed the Tn5036module was not related to Tn1696since the integron insertion points in the transposon backbones were 16 bases apart. Examination of the other 20 class 1 integron-containing strains revealed further evidence of genetic exchange. This included a strain that possessed a Tn5036module at the IRt end but not at the IRi end and another that possessed atnpmodule beyond IRi that was a hybrid of Tn21and Tn5051and that is presumed to have arisen by site-specific recombination. This study highlights the ability of different genetic elements to act cooperatively to spread and rearrange antibiotic resistance in a community.
Pyrazinamide Resistance among South African Multidrug-Resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Isolates
Authors: Mphahlele Matsie , Syre Heidi , Valvatne Håvard , Stavrum Ruth , Mannsåker Turid , Muthivhi Tshilidzi , Weyer Karin , Fourie P. Bernard , Grewal Harleen M. S.
Published: August 2008

Pyrazinamide is important in tuberculosis treatment, as it is bactericidal to semidormant mycobacteria not killed by other antituberculosis drugs. Pyrazinamide is also one of the cornerstone drugs retained in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). However, due to technical difficulties, routine drug susceptibility testing of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
for pyrazinamide is, in many laboratories, not performed. The objective of our study was to generate information on pyrazinamide susceptibility among South African MDR and susceptible
M. tuberculosis
isolates from pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Seventy-one MDR and 59 fully susceptible
M. tuberculosis
isolates collected during the national surveillance study (2001 to 2002, by the Medical Research Council, South Africa) were examined for pyrazinamide susceptibility by the radiometric Bactec 460 TB system, pyrazinamidase activity (by Wayne's assay), and sequencing of the
pncA
gene. The frequency of pyrazinamide resistance (by the Bactec system) among the MDR
M. tuberculosis
isolates was 37 of 71 (52.1%) and 6 of 59 (10.2%) among fully sensitive isolates. A total of 25 unique mutations in the
pncA
gene were detected. The majority of these were point mutations that resulted in amino acid substitutions. Twenty-eight isolates had identical mutations in the
pncA
gene, but could be differentiated from each other by a combination of the spoligotype patterns and 12 mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit loci. A high proportion of South African MDR
M. tuberculosis
isolates were resistant to pyrazinamide, suggesting an evaluation of its role in patients treated previously for tuberculosis as well as its role in the treatment of MDR-TB.
Sequential Priming with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) DNA Vaccines, with or without Encoded Cytokines, and a Replicating Adenovirus-SIV Recombinant Followed by Protein Boosting Does Not Control a Pathogenic SIVmac251Mucosal Challenge
Authors: Demberg Thorsten , Boyer Jean D. , Malkevich Nina , Patterson L. Jean , Venzon David , Summers Ebonita L. , Kalisz Irene , Kalyanaraman V. S. , Lee Eun Mi , Weiner David B. , Robert-Guroff Marjorie
Published: August 2008

Previously, combination DNA/nonreplicating adenovirus (Ad)- or poxvirus-vectored vaccines have strongly protected against SHIV89.6P, DNAs expressing cytokines have modulated immunity elicited by DNA vaccines, and replication-competent Ad-recombinant priming and protein boosting has strongly protected against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge. Here we evaluated a vaccine strategy composed of these promising components. Seven rhesus macaques per group were primed twice with multigenic SIV plasmid DNA with or without interleukin-12 (IL-12) DNA or IL-15 DNA. After a multigenic replicating Ad-SIV immunization, all groups received two booster immunizations with SIV gp140 and SIV Nef protein. Four control macaques received control DNA plasmids, empty Ad vector, and adjuvant. All vaccine components were immunogenic, but the cytokine DNAs had little effect. Macaques that received IL-15-DNA exhibited higher peak anti-Nef titers, a more rapid anti-Nef anamnestic response postchallenge, and expanded CD8CMT cells 2 weeks postchallenge compared to the DNA-only group. Other immune responses were indistinguishable between groups. Overall, no protection against intrarectal challenge with SIVmac251was observed, although immunized non-Mamu-A*01 macaques as a group exhibited a statistically significant 1-log decline in acute viremia compared to non-Mamu-A*01 controls. Possible factors contributing to the poor outcome include administration of cytokine DNAs to sites different from the Ad recombinants (intramuscular and intratracheal, respectively), too few DNA priming immunizations, a suboptimal DNA delivery method, failure to ensure delivery of SIV and cytokine plasmids to the same cell, and instability and short half-life of the IL-15 component. Future experiments should address these issues to determine if this combination approach is able to control a virulent SIV challenge.
Region between the Canine Distemper Virus M and F Genes Modulates Virulence by Controlling Fusion Protein Expression
Authors: Anderson Danielle E. , von Messling Veronika
Published: August 2008

Morbilliviruses, including measles and canine distemper virus (CDV), are nonsegmented, negative-stranded RNA viruses that cause severe diseases in humans and animals. The transcriptional units in their genomes are separated by untranslated regions (UTRs), which contain essential transcription and translation signals. Due to its increased length, the region between the matrix (M) protein and fusion (F) protein open reading frames is of particular interest. In measles virus, the entire F 5′ region is untranslated, while several start codons are found in most other morbilliviruses, resulting in a long F protein signal peptide (Fsp). To characterize the role of this region in morbillivirus pathogenesis, we constructed recombinant CDVs, in which either the M-F UTR was replaced with that between the nucleocapsid (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes, or 106 Fsp residues were deleted. The Fsp deletion alone had no effect in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, substitution of the UTR was associated with a slight increase in F gene and protein expression. Animals infected with this virus either recovered completely or experienced prolonged disease and death due to neuroinvasion. The combination of both changes resulted in a virus with strongly increased F gene and protein expression and complete attenuation. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the region between the morbillivirus M and F genes modulates virulence through transcriptional control of the F gene expression.
The E8
∧
E2 Gene Product of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Represses Early Transcription and Replication but Is Dispensable for Viral Plasmid Persistence in Keratinocytes
Authors: Lace Michael J. , Anson James R. , Thomas Gregory S. , Turek Lubomir P. , Haugen Thomas H.
Published: August 2008

A conserved E8
∧
E2 spliced mRNA is detected in keratinocytes transfected with human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) plasmid DNA. Expression of HPV-16 E8
∧
E2 (16-E8
∧
E2) is independent of the major early promoter, P97, and is modulated by both specific splicing events and conserved
cis
elements in the upstream regulatory region in a manner that differs from transcriptional regulation of other early viral genes. Mutations that disrupt the predicted 16-E8
∧
E2 message also increase initial HPV-16 plasmid amplification 8- to 15-fold and major early gene (P97) transcription 4- to 5-fold over those of the wild type (wt). Expressing the 16-E8
∧
E2 gene product from the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter represses HPV-16 early gene transcription from P97 in a dose-dependent manner, as detected by RNase protection assays. When expressed from the CMV promoter, 16-E8
∧
E2 also inhibits the amplification of an HPV-16 plasmid and a heterologous simian virus 40 (SV40)
ori
plasmid that contains E2 binding sites in
cis
. In contrast, cotransfections with HPV-16 wt genomes that express physiologic levels of 16-E8
∧
E2 are sufficient to repress HPV-16 plasmid amplification but are limiting and insufficient for the repression of SV40 amplification. 16-E8
∧
E2-dependent repression of HPV-16 E1 expression is sufficient to account for this observed inhibition of initial HPV-16 plasmid amplification. Unlike with other papillomaviruses, primary human keratinocytes immortalized by the HPV-16 E8 mutant genome contain more than eightfold-higher levels of unintegrated plasmid than the wt, demonstrating that 16-E8
∧
E2 limits the viral copy number but is not required for plasmid persistence and maintenance.
A NEW CERATOCYSTIS AND ITS VERTICICLADIELLA IMPERFECT STATE ASSOCIATED WITH THE BARK BEETLE DRYOCOETES CONFUSUS ON ABIES LASIOCARPA
Authors: Kendrick W. Bryce , Molnar A. C.
Published: August 2008

A new Ceratocystis and its Verticicladiella conidial state are described and illustrated. This fungus has been frequently isolated from necrotic lesions associated with attacks by the bark beetle Dryocoetes confusus on Abies lasiocarpa, and is believed to be an important pathogen.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE OIL CONTENT AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE OILS FROM SEVERAL OIL SEED CROPS
Authors: Canvin David T.
Published: August 2008

Plants of rape, safflower, sunflower, flax, and castor bean were grown at temperatures of 10, 16, 21, and 26.5 °C for the period of seed development. Oil content of sunflower, safflower, and castor bean was not affected by temperature. Highest oil content in rape and flax was found at the lowest temperature and a continual decrease was observed with increases in temperature. Fatty acid composition of the oil from safflower and castor bean was not affected by a change in temperature. In the other three species the amount of the more highly unsaturated fatty acids decreased as the temperature was increased. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in oleic acid. The levels of saturated fatty acids in all of the species were not affected by changes in temperature.
SOME RECENT RESULTS IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOSPHORYLATION
Authors: Whatley F. R.
Published: August 2008

not available
ULTRAVIOLET-ABSORBING SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH LIGHT-INDUCED SPORULATION IN FUNGI
Authors: Leach Charles M.
Published: August 2008

An unidentified substance(s), provisionally named P310, is produced in mycelia of Alternaria chrysanthemi, Ascochyta pisi, Ophiobolus graminis, Pleospora herbarum, and Pyronema omphalodes when sporulation has been induced with near-ultraviolet radiation. This same substance is absent in non-sporulating colonies grown in darkness. It is, however, present in unexposed colonies of A. pisi grown on media which are able to support sporulation in the absence of light. P310is extractable with cold absolute ethanol, is water-soluble, passes through a dialysis membrane, is retained on a cation exchange resin, and appears to be composed of at least four possibly related substances. Maximum absorption of P310is between 260 and 340 mμ (310 mμ maximum) and below 250 mμ. P310may exist in an oxidized state for when reduced electrolytically, absorption between 260 and 340 mμ is lost. P310can be detected spectrophotometrically in extracts of colonies exposed to 6 hours of near-ultraviolet radiation, but not after a 1 hour exposure. Conidiospores of A. pisi contain P310, which may be a "sporulating factor" associated with these spores. The rate of P310production in irradiated colonies appears to be related to length of exposure, yet this substance can be produced in darkness for a limited period following stimulation of colonies by near-ultraviolet radiation. Neither the identity nor the modus operandi of P310has yet been demonstrated.
FLUORESCENT METABOLITES IN VIRUS- OR RUST-INFECTED BEAN LEAVES
Authors: Gill C. C.
Published: August 2008

The fluorescent substances in un-infected and virus- or rust-infected primary bean leaves were examined by paper chromatography 11 to 20 days after seeding.A relatively constant total of 17 fluorescent materials was recorded in normal leaves. For local, necrotic virus infections, totals of 20 additional fluorescent materials were recorded between [Formula: see text] and 7 days after inoculation for tobacco necrosis (TNV) and 15 between [Formula: see text] and 9 days for tobacco mosaic (TMV). Thirteen of the new materials in TMV infections appeared to be the same as some of those from TNV infections, but were quantitatively greater for the more extensively necrotic TNV lesions. One of the most prominent metabolites associated with the hypersensitive virus infections was occasionally present in trace amounts following mild leaf abrasion.Only eight materials additional to those in healthy leaves were detected in extracts from non-necrotic rusted tissue between 1 and 6 days after inoculation. Five of these were tentatively identified as common to both TNV and TMV infections and a sixth as common to TNV infections. No abnormal fluorescent materials were recorded from inoculated leaves bearing symptomless 3-day-old infections of bean strain of TMV and only a trace of one 8 days after inoculation. A rough correlation was apparent between the degree of necrosis and formation of new fluorescent compounds.Abnormal fluorescent materials were also detected in cowpea leaves bearing local lesion infections of TNV. Many of these were different from those of TNV-infected bean. The appearance of abnormal fluorescent compounds coincided with incipient virus lesion formation on bean and cowpea.Six fluorescent materials in healthy bean were tentatively identified as derivatives of caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, or quercetin. Six major abnormal fluorescent metabolites in bean showed evidence of phenolic nature.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEED CONE OF DOUGLAS-FIR FOLLOWING DORMANCY
Authors: Owens John N. , Smith Frank H.
Published: August 2008

Development of the megasporangiate cone during the period of enlargement and maturation following dormancy is described in detail. This work, in conjunction with the early development previously described, provides a complete description of the 17 month developmental cycle. Growth of the megasporangiate cone is resumed in early March near Corvallis, Oregon, and the cone buds burst about 1 month later. The cone elongates rapidly by intercalary growth. Bracts enlarge but the shape of the bract established prior to dormancy is essentially maintained. The scale assumes a spoon-shaped appearance as a result of a form of marginal growth. Vascularization, and development of other tissues within the bract and scale, indicates that bracts are homologous to leaves and basically similar in structure, but scales are highly modified fertile lateral shoots. Each bract is supplied by a single leaf trace and each scale by two separate branch traces. The seed wings differentiate from adaxial surface layers of each scale. A large zone of macrosclereids differentiates in the basal abaxial portion of the scale. The cone reaches its maximum size early in July and maturation of tissues occurs in July and August, and is generally complete early in September. Cone opening results from drying and shrinkage of the macrosclereids at the base of the scale.
XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI VAR. FUSCANS (BURKH.) STARR & BURKH. ON FIELD BEAN IN ONTARIO
Authors: Wallen V. R. , Sutton M. D.
Published: August 2008

Fuscous blight (Xanthomonas phaseoli var. fuscans), a new disease of field beans in Canada, was found to be present in a high proportion of bean seed samples from southwestern Ontario. Although symptoms of the disease are similar to those of common blight (Xanthomonas phaseoli), a greater intensity in color is apparent on infected seed and more hypertrophy, especially of nodal tissues, is caused by fuscous blight than by common blight. In epidemiological studies in the field, it was found that seed infection as low as 0.5% could cause a serious epiphytotic in the resulting crop. This points out the necessity of a zero tolerance for fuscous blight in valuable seed stocks. Furthermore the rapid phage plaque method can be used to determine zero tolerance. Garden varieties were generally more susceptible to the pathogen than field varieties. Great Northern showed the highest degree of resistance to the disease of all the varieties tested.An agar plating technique was developed whereby the organism can be isolated and identified in infected bean seed by the production of a brown diffusible pigment on nutrient agar. A bacteriophage spot test is also described which can also be used to identify the pathogen from infected bean seed. By means of phage typing, the relationship of X. phaseoli var. fuscans, X. phaseoli, and intermediate strains is shown.
A MILD CHLOROSIS VIRUS OF PHYSALIS FLORIDANA FOUND IN A TURNIP LATENT VIRUS COMPLEX
Authors: MacKinnon J. P.
Published: August 2008

Myzus persicae (Sulz.) transmitted a new virus to healthy Physalis floridana Rydb. from other P. floridana infected with a turnip latent virus complex. Symptoms were characterized by a chlorosis and sometimes cupping of only the lower leaves with slight stunting of plants. These symptoms could easily be mistaken for those incited by potato leaf roll virus but they were strikingly different from the yellow netting of plants infected with the turnip latent virus complex.In virus–vector studies with the new virus and M. persicae, an occasional aphid acquired the virus in 2 hours and 14% of infective insects transmitted it in 30 minutes. When acquisition and inoculation feedings were each increased to 48 hours, transmissions by single aphids of 70% and more were common. A few aphids transmitted the virus in a total transmission time of 30 hours, but most required 72 hours or longer to acquire, become infective, and transmit it.In comparative tests between the new virus and either potato leaf roll or the turnip latent complex, the new virus and potato leaf roll were recovered from plants 3 days after inoculation but the complex was not recovered for 14 days or longer. Of five aphid species tested, M. persicae was an efficient vector of all three viruses and the only species to transmit the new virus and the turnip latent complex. Plants infected with the new virus and showing symptoms were as easily infected with potato leaf roll as were comparable controls, but fewer of them became infected with the complex. The new virus and the complex were quite similar in host range, and susceptible plants were found in the Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cruciferae, and Solanaceae.The new virus is called mild chlorosis virus of P. floridana.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL ON WEED VEGETATION ON A DRAINED RIVER MILLPOND. II
Authors: Dale Hugh M.
Published: August 2008

After 7 months under 2 to 4 ft of water, the river bed when redrained developed the same four communities as on a previous occasion. These were again associated with specific substrates, soil textures and quantity of organic matter being most significant. Stands of one community covered larger areas at the expense of the other three types.
THE ANATOMY OF HAUSTORIA AND RELATED ORGANS OF GAIADENDRON (LORANTHACEAE)
Authors: Kuijt Job
Published: August 2008

The internal organization of the radicle, tuber, secondary roots, and haustoria is described for Gaiadendron punctatum (Ruíz & Pavon) G. Don. The root is characterized by a distinct root cap, an endodermis, and a tetrarch vascular pattern which is to some degree perpetuated after secondary growth sets in. Root hairs are absent from radicle and secondary roots. Haustoria are of the santalaceous type although a "gland" has not yet been found. Anatomical features confirm a close relationship of the genus with Atkinsonia and Nuytsia and emphasize the primitive position of these three genera within Loranthaceae–Loranthoideae.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF AN UNKNOWN TETRAPLOID BROMUS, SECTION BROMOPSIS
Authors: Wilton A. C.
Published: August 2008

A previously unreported member of the section Bromopsis, having taxonomic similarities to B. pumpellianus and B. pacificus, was recently found in westcentral Alaska. Its relationship to these species and to B. inermis and B. ciliatus has been investigated. Both this unreported member (Bromus X) and B. pacificus were shown for the first time to be tetraploids (2n = 28); forms of B. ciliatus originating in Russia and North America were diploids (2n = 14); and a number of Alaskan B. pumpellianus were octoploids (2n = 56). Chromosomes with large satellites were found in Bromus X, B. pumpellianus, and a tetraploid form of B. inermis but not in B. pacificus or B. ciliatus. Seed was produced and hybrids resulted from crosses of Bromus X with B. pumpellianus and tetraploid B. inermis but no seed developed from crosses with B. pacificus and B. ciliatus. A relatively high frequency of stainable pollen among the hybrids suggested that they were partially fertile. It was concluded that Bromus X was a very close relative of B. pumpellianus and B. inermis but was not closely related to B. pacificus or B. ciliatus.
BRANCH CANKER AND DIEBACK OF QUERCUS PRINUS L. CAUSED BY A SPECIES OF BOTRYODIPLODIA
Authors: Schmidt Robert A. , Fergus Charles L.
Published: August 2008

An extensive dieback and canker disease of chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) in Pennsylvania was proved to be caused by Botryodiplodia sp. Isolations from infected stems, branches, buds, and petioles, many of which displayed stromata of Botryodiplodia sp., yielded cultures of this fungus. Inoculations of chestnut oak seedlings and saplings with Botryodiplodia sp. induced symptoms identical with those observed in nature. The fungus was subsequently reisolated from the inoculated diseased tissues. Symptoms occurring in nature were foliar blight, branch dieback, and branch canker. Extensive foliar symptoms, which appeared in late spring and early summer, probably resulted from infections which took place late in the previous summer or fall. Frequent association of a scale insect, Asterolecanium sp., with the disease implicated it as a contributing factor in the disease cycle. Maximum radial growth of the fungus on cornmeal and Bacto yeast nitrogen base agar occurred at 20 and 25 °C, respectively. Light was necessary for the production of stromata and conidia in culture. Microtome sections of petri dish cultures and diseased twigs showed that the fruiting structures of the pathogen were uni- or multi-locule pycnidial stromata. The stromata averaged 400–500 μ. in cross section and contained conidia which at maturity were brown, one-septate, and measured 13 × 27 μ.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN DARK-GROWN BEAN LEAVES
Authors: Racusen David , Foote Murray
Published: August 2008

RuDP carboxylase was present in 4-day-old, dark-grown bean leaves. The enzyme increased during subsequent dark growth and in 11 days reached one-third of the specific activity of a light-grown control. Preparative disc electrophoresis of the soluble protein revealed a zone symmetrical with RuDP carboxylase. Increases in RuDP carboxylase during dark growth were matched by corresponding increases in this protein zone. The correlation indicated that the enzyme accounted for 45% of the soluble protein in 11-day-old, light-grown leaves. The formation of peroxidase and catalase was much slower than the formation of RuDP carboxylase during dark growth.
FERTILIZATION AND SEED DEVELOPMENT IN SAXIFRAGA INTEGRIFOLIA HOOK.
Authors: Beamish Katherine I. , Lin Shu Chang
Published: August 2008

Fertilization and seed development in Saxifraga integrifolia were studied to establish the presence or absence of apomixis. The observations provide strong evidence for sexual reproduction but several anomalies were found. The anomalies are such that they suggest the unlikely possibility that the egg degenerates and that the embryo is formed from a cell of a diploid endosperm. However, the occurrence of endospermal embryos has never been established, though suggested several times in other genera. The situation in S. integrifolia is therefore interpreted as sexual reproduction with several unusual features. Further evidence, especially chromosome counts in endosperm cells, will be sought to prove the interpretation right or wrong.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL WALL OF AMOEBIDIUM PARASITICUM
Authors: Trotter M. Jean , Whisler Howard C.
Published: August 2008

The cell wall of Amoebidium parasiticum Cienk. has been investigated by staining techniques and a chemical analysis of isolated wall preparations. The wall, prepared by mechanical rupture in a Virtis homogenizer, was hydrolyzed with various acids and the components of the hydrolysate qualitatively determined by chromatography with known standards. Quantitative results suggest that the wall contains 30% galactosamine, 10% galactose, 3% xylose, 30% protein, and 4% ash. The protein estimate is based on the assumption that the nitrogen not bound in galactosamine is protein nitrogen. No evidence for the presence of chitin or cellulose was found.
SOME INOCULUM FACTORS IN PATHOGENICITY STUDIES OF HYPOXYLON PRUINATUM (KLOTZSCHE) CKE. ON POPULUS TREMULOIDES MICHX.
Authors: Bier John E.
Published: August 2008

Inoculum type was an important factor in pathogenicity studies of Hypoxylon pruinatum (Klotzsche) Cke. on Populus tremuloides Michx. The percentages of infection from bark meal and mycelial inocula were superior to that from agar plug inoculum, irrespective of whether the bark wounds were superficial or exposed the cambium and xylem. In experiments with mycelial inoculum it was demonstrated that autoclaved and living bark without inhibiting microorganisms were favorable to the growth of the pathogen. However, mycelial growth and infection were prevented when an abundance of bark saprophytes was applied to the host before inoculation. It appeared that the susceptibility or resistance of living bark to infection may have been more closely related to microbiological than chemical factors of the host tissues.
PRECOCIOUS FLOWERING OF ARIZONA CYPRESS WITH GIBBERELLIN
Authors: Pharis Richard P. , Ruddat Manfred D. E. , Phillips Cornell C. , Heftmann Erich
Published: August 2008

Extremely early flowering (production of staminate strobili 88 days from germination) of Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica Greene) was obtained with foliar application of gibberellin A3 commencing at age 55 days. Trials with differing concentrations of gibberellin at various ages indicated that flower bud differentiation depends on both age and gibberellin concentration, younger seedlings requiring more exogenous gibberellin. Simultaneous application of two growth retardants (AMO-1618 and B-995) had no effect upon the number of flowers, but flower size was increased where B-995 and gibberellin were given together. The period of time between initial spraying and first visible appearance of staminate strobili is 23 to 25 days. On most plants 60 to 80% of the growing vegetative meristems are changed into flower buds within 60 days of the initial treatment, often resulting in over 500 flower buds on one plant. The pollen is viable.
NEW SPECIES AND NEW COMBINATIONS OF MARINE ALGAE FROM THE REGION OF MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA
Authors: Hollenberg George J. , Abbott Isabella A.
Published: August 2008

Eight new species of marine algae, and one new variety, are described from the region of Monterey, California. One of them is a brown alga; the rest are red algae. New species are added to the genera Coilodesme, Peyssonelia, Rhodophysema, Halymenia, Kallymenia, Rhodymenia, Nitophyllum, and Laurencia. A new variety of Botryoglossum is proposed. Three of the new species are intertidal and the remaining species are subtidal. New combinations are made in the genera Pseudogloiophloea, Gelidium, and Iridaea.
A NEW ELYMORDEUM HYBRID FROM ALASKA
Authors: Hodgson H. J. , Mitchell W. W.
Published: August 2008

A number of unusual grass plants were discovered in the fall of 1964 along Cottonwood Creek in the Cook Inlet area of south central Alaska. The occurrence, morphology, and sterility of these plants suggest that they are hybrids between Elymus mollis Trin. and Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski. Meiotic irregularities were adequate to explain the complete sterility observed. The name × Elymordeum littorale Hodgson and Mitchell was proposed for this heretofore undescribed hybrid.
A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE GENUS HEDOPHYLLUM SETCHELL
Authors: Widdowson Thomas B.
Published: August 2008

The genus Hedophyllum Setchell consists of one variable species, H. sessile (C. Ag.) Setchell. Field observations and experiments show that H. subsessile Setchell was based upon a form characteristic of the type species in the second summer of its life. H. spirale Yendo is reduced to synonymy with Laminaria bongardiana P. et R., and H. kuroshioense Segawa is transferred to the genus Laminaria.Observations of the genus in the field throughout most of its range in the northeast Pacific indicate morphological differences between populations in the areas east and west of Yakutat, in the Gulf of Alaska. These differences appear to be related to sea temperature.Morphological variations in populations of Hedophyllum studied along Juan de Fuca Strait appear to be caused by exposure to sunlight and the mechanical effects of wave action.
PHYTOPHTHORA SPECIES INCITING ROOT ROT OF CHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA AND OTHER ORNAMENTALS IN COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Atkinson R. G.
Published: August 2008

In the south coastal region of British Columbia about two-thirds of the Phytophthora isolates from Chamaecyparis lawsoniana affected with root rot were P. lateralis, and the remaining third comprised P. cinnamomi and an unidentified Phytophthora sp. P. cinnamomi was isolated infrequently from Taxus baccata L., T. cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc., and Rhododendron ponticum L. New host records of P. cinnamomi, in experimental infections, are Chamaecyparis pisifera Sieb. & Zucc. var. filifera nana aurea and Cornus nuttallii Aud. The unidentified Phytophthora sp. experimentally infected C. lawsoniana var. ellwoodii, C. pisifera var. filifera nana aurea, R. ponticum, R. obtusum Planch var. Hinodegiri, and C. nuttallii.
EFFECTS OF CERTAIN TOXIC CHEMICALS AND MUTAGENS ON THE GROWTH OF THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA ANACYSTIS NIDULANS
Authors: Kumar H. D.
Published: August 2008

The blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans was treated with different concentrations of colchicine, sulfanilamide, hydroxylamine, and diethyl sulfate. Its growth was inhibited by relatively low concentrations of hydroxylamine and diethyl sulfate but not by those of colchicine. Colchicine stimulated the algal growth at a concentration of 1000 mg/l and inhibited it at a concentration of 5000 mg/l.Strains of the alga that are resistant to high concentrations of sulfanilamide were produced by subculturing it in increasing concentrations of the drug. These were found to be fully cross-resistant to the same concentrations of sulfaguanidine but not to sulfathiazole. Repeated subculture of the alga in an hydroxylamine medium failed to increase materially its resistance to hydroxylamine.Treatment of Anacystis nidulans with the mutagen diethyl sulfate failed to induce any streptomycin-resistant mutants.
THE ORIGIN OF THE PECTIC LAYER OF THE CELL WALL OF SCENEDESMUS QUADRICAUDA
Authors: Bisalputra T.
Published: August 2008

The origin of the pectic layer of the cell wall of Scenedesmus quadricauda can be related to the activity of the nuclear envelope. During the four-nucleate stage, dense vesicles are formed by budding off from the outer nuclear membrane. These vesicles then migrate toward the plasma membrane and their contents are released from the cytoplasm by the process of reverse pinocytosis. From the released matrix the props and the net are organized; they become the easily recognized basic structure of the pectic layer of the cell wall.
THE TYPE SPECIES OF ASCOCONIDIUM
Authors: Funk A.
Published: August 2008

The type species of Ascoconidium Seaver is redescribed and illustrated. Relationship to other phialosporous fungi is discussed.
THE CYTOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF DRYOPTERIS SPECIES IN ONTARIO
Authors: Britton Donald M. , Soper James H.
Published: August 2008

The cytology and distribution, together with some morphological notes and a key, are given for nine species of Dryopteris (wood ferns) in Ontario. The cytological determinations were made on 239 plants of nine species, considered as five diploid species (x = 41) (D. marginalis, D. fragrans, D. goldiana, D. dilatata, and D. intermedia), three tetraploids (n = 82) (D. spinulosa, D. cristata, and D. filix-mas), and one hexaploid (n = 123) (D. clintoniana).
RELATION OF EARLY CAMBIAL ACTIVITY IN WHITE ELM AND INFECTION BY CERATOCYSTIS ULMI (BUIS.) C. MOREAU
Authors: Pomerleau René
Published: August 2008

not available
PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF SCLEROTINIA BOREALIS, A HIGHLY PSYCHROPHILIC FUNGUS
Authors: Ward E. W. B.
Published: August 2008

A study was made of the influence of temperature on growth and oxygen uptake by Sclerotinia borealis Bub. and Vleug. Growth was measured as the increase in diameter of colonies on agar media and oxygen uptake, by conventional manometric procedures with cells removed from shake cultures incubated at 0 °C.The results indicated that the fungus is highly psychrophilic with an optimum temperature for growth at 0 °C, a maximum at approximately 15 °C, and a minimum below −5 °C. Cultures grown at 0 °C ceased to grow when transferred to temperatures above 15 °C but, within limits, resumed growth again after a lag when returned to 0 °C. The length of the lag period was proportional to both the degree and the duration of the temperature elevation.The optimum temperature for oxygen uptake was 25 °C, the rate remaining linear at this temperature during a 6-hour incubation period. The rate at 25 °C declined slowly over a period of 4 days but the rate at 1 °C declined to a similar degree. The Q10for oxygen uptake was very low, the rate at 25 °C being only double that at 1 °C.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF THE FAMILY CRUCIFERAE. III
Authors: Mulligan Gerald A.
Published: August 2008

Chromosome numbers are given for a number of North American species in the genera Draba, Erophila, and Erysimum. New basic chromosome numbers are suggested for North American species of Draba and Erysimum and it is suggested that Erysimum inconspicuum reproduces by agamospermy.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS IN ONTARIO WOODLANDS
Authors: Sparling J. H. , Alt M.
Published: August 2008

Carbon dioxide concentrations were measured in a number of Ontario woodlands with an infrared gas analyzer. Little evidence of season variation in the concentration of carbon dioxide was obtained. Measurements over 24-hour periods revealed the existence of high concentrations, frequently exceeding 500 p.p.m. at night during midsummer. The high concentrations dropped rapidly at sunrise.The existence of extreme stratification of carbon dioxide which had been reported by earlier workers was not confirmed.
STUDIES IN THE ARUNDINELLEAE (GRAMINEAE): IV. CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF 23 SPECIES
Authors: Li Y. H. , Lubke R. A. , Phipps J. B.
Published: August 2008

The chromosome numbers of 23 species of the Arundinelleae (Gramineae) are recorded. In the present study 40 new counts are given, together with the 28 obtained from the literature. A discussion of the cytological variability of the tribe points out factors relevant to the latest classification of the group.
THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF LEAF SURFACES PRESERVED IN PEAT
Authors: Stewart John M. , Follett Edward A. C.
Published: August 2008

Phragmites communis, Eriophorum vaginatum, Calluna vulgaris, and Sphagnum palustre are representative of plants whose remains are frequently encountered in Scottish peat deposits. The effects of preservation in peat on the surface features of their leaves were followed by electron microscopy. Wax projections were observed on the surfaces of mature living leaves of Phragmites and Eriophorum but not on Calluna or Sphagnum. Details of cell wall outlines and stomata (or pores) were clearly defined in Phragmites, Eriophorum, and Sphagnum, but obscured in Calluna. The previous year's leaves differed by displaying a general absence of wax projections, an erosion of the cuticular surface, which took the form of either a loss in definition of the cell wall outlines or a definite etching of the surface, and the presence of numerous microorganisms. The surface features of preserved leaves exhibited to a greater degree this erosion of cell wall outline and cuticular surface. This preliminary study has indicated that major alterations in the submicroscopic features of cuticularized leaf surfaces occur at the leaf litter stage. The primary agents responsible for this degradation would appear to be microorganisms in conjunction with the physical and chemical processes of peat formation.
PATTERNS IN GROWTH OF EARLYWOOD, LATEWOOD, AND PERCENTAGE LATEWOOD DETERMINED BY COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF 18 DOUGLAS-FIR TREES
Authors: Smith J. H. G. , Heger L. , Hejjas J.
Published: August 2008

Widths of earlywood and latewood in each annual ring, measured on an average radius on a disk taken halfway between each branch whorl, were analyzed to define their variation in 18 Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Distribution of ring width and percentage latewood also was investigated in these trees which had from 20 to 50 whorls above stump height. Multiple regression and correlation analyses showed that number of rings from pith, and its reciprocal, square, or logarithm accounted for most of the variation in radial growth. Number of rings from pith influenced thickness of both earlywood and latewood much more than the climatic differences reflected by variations in annual height growth and in widths of earlywood and latewood formed at breast height in the same calendar year. Since earlywood and latewood are distributed differently and controlled by different factors, they should be studied separately within annual rings. The statistical methods used in this study provide a simple, efficient, and comprehensive basis for thoroughly describing growth patterns, and for objectively analyzing factors that govern growth.
THE GROWTH AND DIVISION OF CELLS IN RELATION TO MORPHOGENESIS IN FERN GAMETOPHYTES: I. PHOTOMORPHOGENETIC STUDIES IN PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM
Authors: Sobota A. E. , Partanen C. R.
Published: August 2008

The development of the fern gametophyte is affected by a number of rather diverse treatments. In particular the spectral quality of light has a strong influence on the change in form of the gametophyte. It was reconfirmed that in the developing fern gametophyte red light promotes elongation whereas in blue light the magnitude of elongation is greatly reduced. A correlation between rate of cell division and two-dimensional form was found. A high rate of cell division promotes the formation of a gametophyte that is increasing both in length and in width while a low rate of division promotes the formation of a gametophyte that is increasing primarily in length. On the basis of this observation the change in the form of the gametophyte is interpreted to be directly related to the rate of cell division, which in turn influences the plane of division. This interpretation is also applied to the transition from unidimensional to two-dimensional growth in the developing gametophyte.
SIZES, DISTRIBUTIONS, AND NUMBERS OF VERTICAL RESIN DUCTS IN LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Reid R. W. , Watson J. A.
Published: August 2008

Methods are described for easy detection of vertical resin ducts in Pinns contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm. Also a photographic method for determining the area and circumference of growth rings is described. The time of vertical resin duct formation was the same in both slow- and fast-growing trees. Vertical ducts seldom occurred in radial alignment in consecutive years. The diameters of vertical ducts varied from 60 to 105 μ and were least near the pith; lengths ranged from 3.8 to 43.2 cm in a 75-year-old tree and 1.2 to 12.0 cm in a 30-year-old tree. Wide variations occurred in the abundance of vertical ducts between years. Their presence in large numbers in one year appeared to influence their abundance in the following year. The fluctuations in number occurred simultaneously in all trees examined. Radial growth was not associated with these fluctuations. There was circumstantial evidence for a direct relation between high summer temperatures, large cone crops, and large numbers of vertical ducts.
VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF BLACK SPRUCE (PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) BSP.) AT CHALK RIVER, ONTARIO, CANADA
Authors: Fraser D. A.
Published: August 2008

Apical growth of the leader and lateral branches, as well as radial increment at the top and bottom of the trunk, were studied in two black spruce trees during 1960–63. The study complemented that of the developmental anatomy of shoot tips from adjacent trees during the period 1955–62. Time of initiation of apical growth varied from the third week of May in 1960, 1962, and 1963 to early June in 1961. The termination period of apical growth extended from early July in the lower branches, until about 2 weeks later in the upper branches and leader. Radial increment in the trunk started at about the same time as bud swelling and continued into August. A temporary mid-summer cessation of radial increment occurred at the top of the tree in two consecutive years. The response to artificially induced short and long days from May to August in 12-year-old saplings indicated that initiation of apical growth is not affected by photoperiod. Short days were associated with a reduction in apical extension, needle length, and growth period.Reproductive buds could be recognized by early August, but the formation of ovuliferous scales or pollen sacs did not occur until several weeks later. The male cones differentiated about 1 week before the female ones. The consistent production of flower buds in black spruce compared to the sporadic formation in white spruce is partly attributed to the difference in time of initiation of apical growth. In black spruce the development of buds occurs about 2 weeks later, usually during a warmer part of the summer when conditions are considered more conducive to reproductive growth.