bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of Change
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

European broadcast policy is rooted in two traditions, both interventionist in nature. One originates in the general treatment of telecommunications, which in turn dates back to the sixteenth century and the establishment of highly profitable state postal monopolies (Noam, 1991). The other stems from the treatment of print publications, with its checkered history of liberalization and restriction.
National Culture and the Iron Law of Hollywood Dominance: An Economic Critique
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Traditionally, an important issue in European media debates is the impact of the liberalization of television on national culture. Critics of change frequently postulate an “iron law” of television, according to which a liberalized television environment would invariably lead to a flood of low-quality imports, typically American. Bad imported programs would drive out good domestic programs. If this were indeed true, one might consider it to be merely a case where the demand for a product is better satisfied by foreign suppliers. But such a conclusion would be mildly subversive to many defenders of the monopoly system, because it suggests that domestic programs are watched only by the grace of some form of cultural protectionism. Hence, a “scientific” argument is usually added to show that it is not the content of imported programs that undermines domestic ones, but some underlying economic logic, an “iron law” leading to inevitable decline of domestic production absent structural policies.
A Model for the Analysis of Broadcast Structures
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Given the heated rhetoric surrounding broadcasting and new electronic media, it is surprising how few analytic tools exist for an evaluation of media structure and its change. A television set is enshrined in almost every home, and households allocate extraordinary portions of their disposable time to its viewing. Few disagree that television is a major factor in modern society, with a pervasive influence on politics, culture, economics, and social affairs. Economists, however, have taken little interest in the study of the medium, particularly in the more theoretical aspects of program choice.
United Kingdom
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

For more than thirty years Britain had a stable and effective broadcast duopoly. One of its elements was the accomplished BBC, arguably the world’s flagship of public broadcasting. The other was a cartel of commercial firms providing independent television, often also of high quality. To be admitted to broadcasting, these private companies had to overcome high political barriers that kept subsequent entrants out. This system of profitable inside status for a few privileged firms was untenable in the long term. But because private television in Britain preceded that of most of the rest of Europe by a generation, pressures for change were less insistent; there was, after all, commercial television to serve the center and lower ends of the taste distribution, and the BBC itself was subject to daily rivalry that enhanced its responsiveness and sharpened its independence from a government that had kept elements of content control. Eventually, however, the limited television system was challenged from several directions: by the government’s technology policy encouraging cable television and DBS; by the emergence of London as the European center for program supply; and by the aspirations .of the free-market wing of the Conservative party for a more competitive economy. Britain moved, as the first European country after Italy, to the next stage in the opening of television.
Luxembourg
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Operating since 1924, Radio Luxembourg soon established a popular music program format in several languages and became known as the “station of the stars.” Its emergence was strenuously resisted by monopoly broadcasters, especially the BBC, as well as many publishers. It was denied a long-wave frequency, but went on the air anyway (see the discussion on early U.K. broadcasting). With the ascendence of the National Socialists in Germany, Radio Luxembourg became a source of independent news. After the outbreak of World War II, however, the Luxembourg government ordered the station to stop broadcasting; it was soon taken over by the Germans, who used it for their own propaganda. Following the war, advertising income was initially so low that the station almost went bankrupt, and its recovery began with an international bank loan.
Austria
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Austria, among several other countries, claims to be the site of the world’s first radio transmission, an experimental broadcast that took place in Graz in 1904 (Signitzer and Luger, 1984). In 1924, radio broadcasting was begun by the concessionary monopoly Radio-Verkehrs Aktien Gesellschaft (RAVAG), a collaboration between government and private industry that joined the Ministry of Commerce and Transportation with banks, advertising companies, and radio set manufacturers (Fabris et al., 1982). Though intended to be nonpartisan, RAVAG became an instrument of the government in its disputes with the left and extreme right during the first Austrian Republic. It was opposed by an active workers radio listeners movement, which promoted greater freedom of radio. RAVAG supported the government in its 1934 suppression of the Social Democrats, a lesson not forgotten. When Austria was absorbed by Germany in 1938, RAVAG was acquired by the German state broadcasting system RRG and the German Reichspost.
Greece
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Greek modem history has been convulsed by dictatorships, wars, occupation, and a civil war. As a society, Greece is characterized by strong political divisions between the left and the right. Partly in consequence, the common thread in broadcast policy running throughout this tumultuous period has been government use of broadcasting in a highly partisan fashion. The broadcast monopolist has been subservient to whomever happened to be in power. About one half of the population at any given time considers public television to be the despised mouthpiece of its opponents, whereas the other half is likely to see it as a valuable, though not necessarily respected, political tool. Thus, the credibility of Greece’s public broadcast system is low. Throughout West Europe, it is difficult to find a state broadcasting system more discredited, which helps explain the changes toward private television after 1987.
Introduction
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

In the winter of 1929-30, the Soviet regime launched a drive for all-out collectivization of peasant agriculture. There was little support for this in the village (do peasants ever actively support programs of radical change advocated by the state?), but in any case the regime did not seem overly concerned about securing peasant support. The drive to collectivize came not from within the village, but from without. The state was the initiator of the collectivization drive, and the new collective farms were organized at village level by outsiders-Soviet rural officials, supplemented by tens of thousands of urban Communists, workers, and students whom the regime sent out into the countryside for the purpose. In the spirit of the Cultural Revolution then in progress, many of these urban outsiders were imbued with a militant zeal for change and contempt for peasant backwardness. This led them to interpret their mission of socialist modernization in the most extreme terms, with the result that the establishment of a kolkhoz was often accompanied by forcible closing of the village church and public destruction of icons.
A Second Serfdom?
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

Stalin had a picture of the Soviet kolkhoz as a large-scale, modern, mechanized farm that was economically and socially light years ahead of the back-ward, small-scale farming of the Russian peasant.1 This was the image propagated by Soviet publicists and accepted by many outside observers. Reading the Soviet press of the 1930s, it is hard to catch any glimpses of the real Russian village behind the Potemkin facade. This is not only because of the shameless exaggeration and deception that became a standard feature of Soviet writing about agriculture during collectivization, but also because a whole new language was invented to describe peasant farming in its collective guise. One of the effects of the new language (if not one of its purposes) was to obscure continuities with the past. Who could guess, on the basis of knowledge of Russian peasant farming before collectivization, what real-life institutions and practices lay behind such terms as “laborday” (trudoden’), “auditing
The Establishment of the PTT System
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

The key institutions of European telecommunications are the PTTs-the government administrations of posts, telephone, and telegraph. These formidable organizations did not emerge overnight, but are the result of centuries of struggle. Most Europeans are not aware of the historical background that led to the formation of a monopoly system and to its institutions that are part of their environment. Pressures for liberalization of the monopoly system are not a recent phenomenon. The history of postal monopoly from the Middle Ages onward has been one of the efforts to establish and defend monopolies against the competition of private services and rival governments. These drawn-out rivalries put into question the assertion that postal service-and later telecommunications, which were usually merged into the postal system-is a “natural monopoly” whose economic and technical characteristics secure it from competitors. It was only in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that governments had finally successfully suppressed attempts at rival service and consolidated postal powers in an enforceable fashion.
Defense of the Telecommunications Monopoly
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

As telecommunications moved in new directions, the PTTs were increasingly faced with the task of justifying the existence of a rigid monopoly in essentially market-oriented economies, delivering a service that could be provided by the private sector. This is not, after all, a situation where the public subsidizes unprofitable but socially desirable enterprises such as railroads. The arguments in favor of the traditional system will be discussed in what follows.
Policy Directions
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

Under corporatization, the status of telecommunications operation is transformed from a state administration (i.e., part of the civil service) into a publicly owned corporation. Such a course is usually advocated to encourage efficiency and flexibility. The monopoly status is not touched by corporatization as such, though once the close link to the government is severed, a process is set in motion that makes further changes more likely. Sometimes the corporatized entity is described as a “private” firm, in the sense that it may be organized under private law provisions (which determine its status in, for example, contract and labor law), but that description confuses legal detail with the reality of control, which is still governmental. Corporatization is usually accompanied by the creation of a regulatory mechanism of government, typically as part of the PTT ministry.
The Emergence of Postwar Subcontracting, 1945–1960
Authors: Nishiguchi Toshihiro
Published: November 2023

The following two chapters will cover the forty-five years after World War II in Japan, a time that may be described as epoch making, because it produced a profusion of new subcontracting institutions in Japanese manufacturing industries. The institutions rapidly evolved, building on one form after another and constantly adapting to radical external changes. The end result is something beyond what traditional accounts usually discuss.
Innovation and Institutions: Notes on the Japanese Paradigm
Authors: Lifson Thomas B
Published: November 2023

Trends in technology compel us to seek more effective institutional means for producing knowledge in our industrial sectors. In the 1990s, strategists guiding America’s major manufacturers through the tangle of issues surrounding technological change and human resources will have to take account of Japan. In many consumer, intermediate, and capital goods industries and segments, Japanese companies either set the competitive pace in product improvement or threaten to do so in the future. In addition, they are continually upgrading their manufacturing technologies, thereby lowering costs, improving quality, shortening cycle times, and otherwise enhancing competitiveness. This pattern is based on a complex organizational system able to sustain near-continuous improvement in both product and manufacturing technologies.
Effects Of Executive Team Demography On Organizational Change
Authors: Ill Charles A O’Reilly , Snyder Richard C , Boothee Joan N
Published: November 2023

Why are executive teams important? Why should we focus on the demographic homogeneity of these teams, rather than on the average skills and abilities of the team members? How does demographic homogeneity affect organizational change through the dynamics of the executive team? In this chapter, O’Reilly, Snyder, and Boothe effectively address these three questions. The answers they provide are interesting to both academics and practicing managers because the authors cogently summarize and interpret a stream of research and case examples in rich, theoretical explanations with obvious practical implications. The chapter is enhanced by O’Reilly’s substantial research experience on team demography and his familiarity with many of the key firms and players in the electronics industry that the team studied.
A Learning Model for a Parametric Theory in Phonology
Authors: Dresher B Elan
Published: November 2023

These questions were put at the centre of linguistic theory by Noam Chomsky, who also proposed a general framework for answering them. The answer to (1), for any particular language, L, will be a specification of the grammar, G, of that language. Since languages differ, there will be many different Gs.
Are Emotions Universal or Culture-Specific?
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

As pointed out in a recent article by Ben Blount (1984:130), “The past decade has witnessed, in contrast to earlier periods, an efflorescence of interest in emotions”. Some scholars proclaim the birth of a new science, a science of emotions (cf., for example, Izard’s statements quoted in Trotter 1983). One of the most interesting and provocative ideas that have been put forward in the relevant literature is that it is possible to identify a set of fundamental human emotions, universal, discrete, and presumably innate; and that in fact a set of this kind has already been identified.
Courage, Bravery, Recklessness
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

What is courage? What does it mean to be brave or to be a coward? Questions such as these have been pursued in European thought at least since the time of Socrates, and it is astonishing to see how little progress has been made in defining concepts of this kind. Despite all the efforts of philosophers and of lexicographers, dictionaries still content themselves to say, in essence, that courageous means brave and that brave means courageous.
Titles and Other Forms of Address
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

Questions of this kind have hardly ever been raised in semantic literature, presumably because it is usually taken for granted that differences of this kind are ‘sociolinguistic’ or ‘pragmatic’ rather than ‘semantic’, and ‘sociolinguistic’ or ‘pragmatic’ differences can be talked about but cannot be defined. (For excellent discussions from a sociolinguistic point of view, see, in particular, Brown and Gilman 1960; Brown and Ford 1964; and Ervin-Tripp 1974.)
What Signals Govern The Cardiovascular Responses To Exercise? Reflexes From Active Muscles
Authors: Rowell Loring B
Published: November 2023

This chapter asks if the control of the cardiovascular system during exercise is governed by reflexes arising from active muscles. Two reflexes are considered: (1) chemorefiexes caused by chemical stimulation of small sensory fibers originating in the muscles, and (2) mechanorefiexes caused by mechanical stimulation of muscle afferent fibers. Emphasis is directed mainly to the the former because more is known about them and they appear to be the more important; but mechanoreflexes may also play a role and cannot be ignored.
Methods and Data for Studying the Life Story
Authors: Linde Charlotte
Published: November 2023

As we have defined it, the life story is a temporally discontinuous unit told over many occasions and altered to fit the specific occasions of speaking, as well as specific addressees, and to reflect changes in the speaker’s long-term situation, values, understanding, and (consequently) discursive practices. Studying a unit of this sort poses substantial problems. Obtaining the text of an entire life story would require recording all the talk ever produced by a given speaker. In principle this is possible, but both practically and ethically it is not. However, obtaining part of the life story is sufficient to indicate the nature of this open unit and the principles of its construction; so we need not be concerned with the entire volume of a lifetime’s worth of talk, but only with a selection from it. Let us now consider how such a selection should be made.
Narrative and the Iconicity of the Self
Authors: Linde Charlotte
Published: November 2023

Thus far, we have looked at the life story as a common notion in our culture, and we have defined it as a technical term. Subsequently, we considered theories and methods for studying language at the discourse level and for eliciting and studying this particular discourse unit. This preliminary work has laid the foundation for investigating the main issues of this study, which are the questions of how people formulate their life stories in an acceptably coherent way and why the establishment of such coherence is so important. In this chapter, we will discuss the function of narrative in the establishment of the self, laying out the properties of the self that are constructed by various aspects of narrative structure and by the social process of narrative exchange.
Coherence Principles: Causality and Continuity
Authors: Linde Charlotte
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 demonstrated that temporal order of main clauses-that is, narrative order—represents one of the most fundamental principles for creating English texts. Narrative order is the basis for the two major coherence principles of life stories: causality and continuity. As discussed in Chapter 4, we tend to read causality into the narrative sequence of clauses. There are, of course, other lexical devices for establishing causality-for example, formal markers such as because, since, therefore, and the reason that. Indeed, English makes it very easy for speakers to set up and for hearers to draw causal inferences. But the morphological/ syntactic structure of narrative order is the most basic and pervasive of these resources. We move now from these lexical and syntactic resources, which permit the inference of causality, to the social practice of establishing that the events of one’s life have been motivated by adequate causality. We will first examine the issue of adequate causality for a single professional choice. We will then discuss the management of a sequence of more than one profession, a pattern that involves the adequacy of both the causality of the choice of each profession and the continuity between the choices.
The Rise and Fall of the State Hospital
Authors: Breakey William R
Published: November 2023

The history of how mentally ill people have been cared for in America reflects not only changes in the scientific understanding of mental disorder, but also the political, social, and economic philosophies of the times (Grob, 1973). The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries viewed insanity as a problem with social, or spiritual, rather than medical implications, having much in common with other disruptive conditions such as criminality and pauperism. It was handled within the family or local community; as a last resort, an insane person could be confined in a jail or almshouse. In the nineteenth century, the concept of madness as illness began to be accepted, so that insanity came under the purview of physicians and the insane were treated in hospitals. However, the lack of real progress through science, and the abuses of hospitals in the twentieth century led to disillusionment with medical models and even to the idea on the part of some radicals that mental illness is a myth, developed for purposes of social control, and that mental patients should not be confined against their will (Foucault, 1971; Szasz, 1961). At the end of the twentieth century, science is at last beginning to unravel the biological and psychological bases of mental illness, and few people now believe that mental illness is a myth, although libertarian ideas continue to contribute to the movement away from institutional care in favor of less restrictive alternatives.
The Catchment Area
Authors: Breakey William R
Published: November 2023

Long before community-based service systems were established under state and federal policies, Adolf Meyer articulated the concept of mental health services closely identified with a particular community, staffed by professionals who are intimately familiar with the district and closely linked with its institutions. This principle was also strongly emphasized more recently as a basic premise of deinstitutionalization, that patients would be better when responsibility was transferred from large, impersonal state institutions to local community-based organizations that can be responsive to their communities and accountable for the provision of services. This concept is embodied in the term catchment area. This term was borrowed from hydrology. It referred originally to the area or terrain from which rainfall or surface water drains into a river system, lake, or reservoir. The drainage of water is a passive process, and the usage of the term in mental health services has been justly criticized because participation in mental health services should certainly not be passive.
Partial Hospitalization
Authors: Nestadt Gerald
Published: November 2023

Compared to the psychiatric hospital, with its long and varied history, partial hospitalization is a relatively recent development in psychiatric care. The first day hospitals were established a half-century ago, but despite its 50-year lifespan, partial hospitalization remains remarkably unfamiliar to many in the psychiatric community. Partial hospital services have had a checkered history and at various times and places have developed in differing incarnations. The principles, philosophies, and methods of care have been affected by competing needs and changing therapeutic strategies reflecting developments in the practice of psychiatry. Because partial hospitals have remained peripheral to the mainstream of psychiatric practice, they have been influenced more by individual innovators than by traditions encompassing psychiatry in general. This has resulted in the scope and focus of these services remaining relatively broadly defined and often vague in conception. Furthermore, most programmatic developments have occurred locally rather than nationally. Nevertheless, efforts have been made to develop a coherent framework for this treatment approach.
Housing
Authors: Lehman Anthony F , Newman Sandra J
Published: November 2023

The essence of the major transition in the care afforded persons with severe mental illnesses in the United States over the past 40 years has been the change in where they live. For the first half of the twentieth century the majority of these persons lived predominantly in large public hospitals. Since then there has been a steady effort, largely successful, to shift the residences of these persons from long-term care hospitals to community-based settings. Today persons with severe mental illnesses live in a wide variety of housing settings in the community, ranging from such community institutions as nursing homes and locked care facilities to “mainstream” settings including independent housing and the homes of their families.
Putting It All Together
Authors: McMillan John
Published: November 2023

If This Book has been successful, it has persuaded you that game theory is a useful tool for thinking about business situations. It is of course a limited tool. It cannot provide all the answers. The world is !fire complicated than any game-theoretic model. No real-life decisions can safely be left to game theory to answer. But game-theoretic analysis can be a useful tool, along with other kinds of analysis, in the decision process. Game theory is a tool for thinking about interactive situations, where what one person should do depends on what others do, and no one individual controls the outcome. Thinking strategically involves recognizing the way in which the your decisions interact with the other players’ decisions. It means looking ahead, anticipating the others’ plans. And it requires facing up to uncertainty, taking actions before you know all you might want to know about what the consequences of your action will be. Deciding your best action, as we have seen, involves putting yourself in the others’ shoes: you must predict the others’ actions before you can make an intelligent decision on what action to take.
Suppliers} Process Innovation: Understated Aspects of Japanese Industrial Sourcing
Authors: Nishiguchi Toshihiro , Ikeda Masayoshi
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is straightforward: to describe a hitherto-ignored aspect of suppliers’ contributions to process innovation and to demonstrate the importance of the supplier network in kindling such innovation. We draw on our original case study of Japanese auto components suppliers.
The Servant Girl’s Baby
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

MiYan had been in the goal hospital for the two days since her arrest. I should have interrogated her earlier, but I had no idea of what to ask her or what to say. Yet I knew I could not just leave her sitting there in custody, hospital though it was, until some formal legal processes were pursued. As I rode my bicycle to the hospital, I found myself anxiously trying out sentences in my head. I wanted to gain a sense of MiYan as a person to see if I could begin to understand why she had let her child die.
Testing Romantic Love Victorian Courtship Rituals and the Dramas of Private Life
Authors: Lystra Karen
Published: November 2023

Under The Entry On courtship in a nineteenth-century Dictionary of Love, a pseudonymous Theocritus, Jr., observed the predictable contrast between courtship, “the most tremulously delightful season of the tender passion,” and marriage, which he described as “sober, philosophical, meditative, and sets itself, with good intent to the stern practical du ties of life.” He continued, “But, in courtship, it is all romance, excitement, hope, desire, expectation, sweet dreams etc.....” While not without some basis in fact, Theocritus, Jr., missed a serious dimension of nineteenth-century courtship. Caught between the lower expectations for marital happiness in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and the increasing acceptability of divorce in the twentieth, nineteenth-century middle-class suitors were forced to cope with the soaring emotional expectations of marriage and the still socially tainted prospect of divorce.
The National System of Innovation: Italy
Authors: Malerba Franco
Published: November 2023

Italy represents one of the success stories of postwar economic growth. Over the past 40 years, GNP growth has been higher in Italy than in most other industrialized countries. Similarly, productivity and income per capita have risen rapidly and manufacturing exports have increased considerably. In a relatively short period of time Italy has been transformed from an agricultural and semi-industrialized country to an advanced industrial economy. In addition, during the 1980s Italy experienced high growth rates in R&D, although Italian international specialization remains mainly in traditional products such as textile and shoes, as well as in mechanics and industrial equipment.
The Australian Innovation System
Authors: Gregory Robert G
Published: November 2023

The distinctive characteristics of the Australian national innovation system are a low level of science and technology expenditure, a high level of government involvement in financing and undertaking research, a low level of private sector research and development, and exceptionally high dependence on foreign technology. The system has evolved in response to three dominant structural features of the economy, which can be detected very early in Australian history and have changed little.
“What Is to Be Done?”
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

The reduction of racial disparities in the criminal justice system is well within our power. There need be no trade-offs between racial justice and public safety. The program that an honest politician would follow-were visions of Willie Horton-style sloganeering not lurking-is straightforward. First, think about the foreseeable effects of crime control policy decisions on members of minority groups; when policies are likely to burden members of minority groups disproportionately, reconsider the policies. Second, to guard against racial bias in sentencing and against unjustly severe penalties in general, establish systems of presumptive sentencing guidelines for ordinary cases that set maximum penalties, scaled to the severity of offenders’ crimes. Third, recognize the prudence and compassion of our predecessors, and throughout the justice system reestablish presumptions that the least punitive and least restrictive appropriate punishment should be imposed in every case. Fourth, empower judges at sentencing to mitigate sentences for all defendants, irrespective of race, ethnicity, or sex, to take account of individual circumstances. Fifth, celebrate the decent instincts of our predecessors, and reinvest in corrections programs that can help offenders rebuild their lives and enhance their own and their children’s life chances. Sixth, most important of all, be honest; for as long as cynical and disingenuous appeals continue to be made by politicians to the deepest fears and basest instincts of the American people, the prospects of reducing racial disparities in the justice system will remain small.
Disruptive Selection and Population Segmentation: Interpopulation Competition as a Segregating Process
Authors: Amburgey Terry L , Dacin Tina , Kelly Dawn
Published: November 2023

“Why are there so many kinds of organizations?” Hannan and Freeman (1977:936) posed this question in their seminal article on population ecology. Essentially they are asking why we observe variability among organizations. At first, the answer to this question appears obvious: Organizations have different purposes, goals, building blocks, and so on. But this response is incomplete-it does not explain the causal mechanism underlying the process of organizational heterogeneity. To understand organizational heterogeneity fully, two additional components need to be introduced: the assertion of organizational evolution and the theory of natural selection. We refer to organizational evolution as an assertion because it is essentially a descriptive statement about change at multiple levels. Organizations are assumed to come from a common “pool”; over time they “descend with modifications.” Consequently, we see changes occur within populations of organizations (microevolution), or the emergence of different and distinct sub-groups of organizations (speciation), or the evolution of entire populations (macroevolution).1 While evolutionary change is a useful framework, it does not address how the process occurs-for that we need the theory of natural selection.
Strategic Human Resource Management in Mexican Maquiladoras: The Competitive Edge
Authors: Teagarden Mary B , Butler Mark C , Glinow Mary Ann Von
Published: November 2023

One reality of the dynamic, interdependent global economy is that manufacturing costs are higher in some countries than in others. In an effort to seek a competitive edge, firms in industrialized countries frequently look offshore for a way to reduce labor and other factor costs, such as energy or plant and equipment expenses. Historically, the “little dragons”—Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, and Hong Kong—were the preferred low-cost off-shore manufacturing sites. But as wages and other costs rose in those countries, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and (to a lesser extent) Vietnam became increasingly attractive choices.
Small and Midsize Enterprises in the United States and East-Central Europe: Common Challenges in the 1990s
Authors: Mann Catherine L
Published: November 2023

The proposition that small to midsize enterprises in one of the largest industrial market economies and those in countries making the transition to a market economy have something in common does not seem likely at first glance. Moreover, the notion that successful performance of these firms is the key to domestic economic growth also seems far fetched. However, there are several interesting parallels.
International Diversification
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A
Published: November 2023

The strategy of the Sara Lee Corporation calls for obtaining the highest possible market share in nondurable product lines in global markets. Sara Lee is accomplishing this goal largely through acquisitions of firms in other countries. In recent years it has acquired businesses operating in seven different countries with more than $ billion in annual sales. Most of these acquisitions were in nondurable product lines outside the food business. Sara Lee continues to negotiate for businesses in Italy and Mexico and to search for opportunities in the former Soviet Union. Sara Lee is admired by Wall Street analysts for its global perspective; CEO John H. Bryan foresees the possibility of 4 billion new customers entering the international marketplace and is positioning Sara Lee to service these new customers.
Harnessing the Spirit
Authors: Campbell James T
Published: November 2023

Over the course of the nineteenth century, the small seed of religious independence sown by Richard Allen and his comrades in Philadelphia blossomed into a great institution. By the time of Allen’s death in 1831, the AME Church boasted congregations in every northern state and several southern ones, with a total membership of more than ten thousand. By the beginning of the Civil War, membership exceeded fifty thousand. In 1896, when the South African AME Church was established, African Methodists numbered nearly half a million, thanks to a vast infusion of southern freedpeople after the Civil War. As the twentieth century dawned, few disputed the assessment of the young W. E. B. Du Bois, whose epochal The Souls of Black Folk characterized the AME Church as “the greatest Negro organization in the world.”

Success, however, carried costs. The dramatic increase in scale wrought profound changes in African Methodism. Inevitably, the church became more structured and hierarchical, as leaders struggled to accommodate tens of thou sands of new members. These changes, in turn, posed fundamental questions about the church’s character and mission—questions that pitted leaders against laity, the learned against the “ignorant,” the free-born against the freed. If we are to understand how the AME Church came to be in South Africa, and what happened to it after it arrived, we need first to understand these transformations and struggles.
The World That Cotton Made
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

The end of the War of 1812 precipitated one of the great migrations of American history. White settlers eagerly took advantage of Andrew Jackson’s expropriation of 14 million acres from the Creeks. Shortly after signing the Treaty of Fort Jackson, the general sent his topographical engineer to report on the condition of the Alabama River valley. Along his route, Major Howell Tatum could observe farms with all their improvements that had been abandoned by the dispossessed natives (many of whom, ironically, had been Jackson’s allies in the war). The officer concluded in his report that the land was “capable of producing, in great abundance, every article necessary to the sustenance of man or beast.” Jackson encouraged white squatters to move onto the lands immediately, without waiting for survey or legal authorization. In December 1815, President Madison ordered them evicted, but his proclamation proved impossible to enforce. When the army moved people off, they came back again as soon as the soldiers had left.
Harvard’s Transformation
Authors: LaPiana William P
Published: November 2023

The outlines of the new model law school that Charles William Eliot and Christopher Columbus Langdell created at Harvard are familiar to us today. The ideal institution selects its students through rigorous entrance standards and teaches them using the case method in a graded curriculum that features yearly examinations in each course. Perhaps most important, Langdell’s and Eliot’s new model school claimed to provide the only true method for training future members of the profession. A system of apprenticeship dominated by active members of the profession gave way to academic training dominated by a new division of the profession-full-time teachers of law.
A New Legal Science
Authors: LaPiana William P
Published: November 2023

Langdell was not alone in thinking about legal science. Langdell’s construct was only one current in a broad stream of change. Even as the new dean was settling into his work in Dane Hall, a small group of young men in the Boston area had been investigating legal science for some years, discussing their findings in a group that would later be known as the Metaphysical Club and publishing some of their work in the American Law Review. Of this group, the most important were Nicholas St. John Green and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. They based their conception of law on the facts of the decided cases, yet they found Langdell’s work unsatisfactory. Holmes’s thought, of course, is often contrasted with Langdell’s to the latter’s detriment. Even so, the three men were closer intellectual companions than generally has been realized. The similarities highlight the importance of the belief in the case as the source of law for understanding nineteenth-century American jurisprudence. The founding generation of case method teachers at Harvard all shared that belief.
Correlation Analysis Between Structural Elements of the Hybrid Model
Authors: Itagaki Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines correlation among the data obtained for each of the target plants. Specifically, attention will focus upon correlation among the degrees of application for the 23 items composing the hybrid analysis, and between the degree of application for each item and the managerial environment in which the target plants exist. The first step in carrying out this type of analysis is to determine the difference between the item correlation that is expected for the successful international transfer of Japanese management, and the actual item correlation found among the various elements at the local plants. Second, this gap between expected and actual relationships will provide clues for determining which items constitute a bottleneck or hindrance for the transfer of the Japanese system. Third, the same gap will provide material for reexamining and verifying the hybrid model and its underlying assumptions. And fourth, while focusing on the degree of application correlation, it will be possible to define standards for industry and company descriptions, by which to obtain a clearer understanding of the types of enterprises that become established overseas.
Moral Demands in Nonideal Theory
Authors: Murphy Liam B
Published: November 2023

Is there a limit to the legitimate demands of morality? In particular, is there a limit to people’s responsibility to promote the well-being of others, either directly or via social institutions? Utilitarianism admits no such limit, and is for that reason often said to be an unacceptably demanding moral and political view. In this original new study, Murphy argues that the charge of excessive demands amounts to little more than an affirmation of the status quo. The real problem with utilitarianism is that it makes unfair demands on people who comply with it in our world of non-ideal compliance. Murphy shows that this unfairness does not arise on a collective understanding of our responsibility for others’ well being. Thus, according to Murphy, while there is no general problem to be raised about the extent of moral demands, there is a pressing need to acknowledge the collective nature of the demands of beneficence.
In the Beginning: Traditions of the Naval World
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

On a lonely ship in the middle of the Pacific Ocean on November 17, 1901, an obscure commander in the American Navy was taking the chance of his life. He was writing a letter to the president of the United States, reporting what he considered to be the gross inefficiency of the country’s warships and crews. A friend wrote later, “It amount[ed] in effect to reporting everyone in Washington for neglect of duty.”1 Yet the outspoken commander felt that “things were in such a state that . . . I was persuaded that no military reform would be made without outside pressure.” So he sent the letter to the newly installed occupant of the White House, Theodore Roosevelt. The president’s background and his well-known ambition to greatly·increase the size and efficiency of the American Navy ensured that the letter would receive the chief executive’s close attention. What he read was hardly reassuring: “I have ... been forced to the very serious conclusion that the protection and armament of even our most recent battleships are so glaringly inferior ... that our marksmanship is so crushingly inferior ... that one or more of our ships would, in their present condition, inevitably suffer humiliating defeat at the hands of equal numbers of an enemy’g;vessels.
The Evil Below and Above
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

Heresy lurked beneath the waves. Traditional naval belief was founded on a profound misperception of water, upon which all else rested. Unlike land-based cathedrals, it was the battleship’s misfortune to float in a physical medium even less substantial than the body of belief that had brought it into existence. Despite all assertions to the contrary, there was simply no such thing as an unsinkable ship. But the ocean’s eternal willingness to swallow leaky ships was strangely contradicted by its remarkable noncompressibility when subjected to sudden stress. This quirk of physics was the fatal flaw in the logical structure that supported the surface vessel. Because of the immense inertial resistance exerted by water, the entire force of a submerged explosion next to a ship will be drawn inward through the hull (which after all is filled with very compressible air), along the line of least resistance. Seen in this light, a battleship was, not the impregnable floating fortress perceived by Mahan’s followers, but basically a bubble clad in a thin layer of steel. To compound matters, water was capable of being used as a medium of transport to great depths, making it possible to approach and attack a surface vessel from below.
Fractal Growth
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Humans have but 100,000 genes made up from about 109 pairs of bases (purines or pyrimidines) in DNA. There are about 250 different cell types in the body and each has a multitude of enzymes and structural proteins. The numbers of cells in the body is beyond counting. The numbers of structural elements in a small organ exceeds the numbers of genes; the heart has about 10 million capillary tissue units, each composed of endothelial cells, myocytes, fibroblasts, and neurons. The lung has even more. Consequently, the genes, the instruction set, must command the growth of cells and structures most parsimoniously, and end up with functioning structures that last for decades.
Core Capabilities and Core Rigidities
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

By now you’ve heard it countless times-that American companies are strong in design but weak in manufacturing. This imbalance, industry soothsayers have said over and over, must be rectified if the United States is to become a stronger competitor in the international marketplace.
The Promissive Future and the Conjunctive in Coptic
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

The n=f-sotm pattern is not the only Coptic verb form called “conjunctive.”84 In Ludwig Stern’s monumental Coptic grammar, the conjugation basis tare bears the name conjunctivus futuri “conjunctive of the future” or “future conjunctive.”85 Stern even refers to tare as the “second conjunctive.”
Expressions of Contiguity in the Story of Sinuhe
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

Few literary narratives have been preserved in Middle Egyptian. The longest and best known is the Story of Sinuhe. The text abounds with narrative verb forms. Two general observations have been made regarding those verb forms.
The Dangers of Incentives to Increase Services and the Ineffectiveness of Current Responses
Authors: Rodwin Marc A
Published: November 2023

proponents of the six activities discussed in Chapter 3 say that these serve some useful and legitimate functions. They also think that any negative side effects are negligible and can be dealt with by existing peer review and regulation. These claims are mistaken. Each of the financial arrangements discussed creates conflicts of interest that divide the physician’s loyalty between patients and other parties. Each is also expendable or can be severely curtailed, with a net gain for patients, as well as for the practice of medicine.
Incentives To Decrease Services In Hmos And Hospitals
Authors: Rodwin Marc A
Published: November 2023

Many policies that give physicians incentives to withhold services originate from private institutions and government agencies as responses to the distortions of fee-for-service medical practice. A simple syllogism has governed policy: giving physicians incentives to perform services produces undesirable effects. Ergo, eliminate these problems by giving physicians incentives to refrain from performing services. Only one thing was overlooked: rewarding physicians for using resources frugally does not eliminate financial conflicts of interest. It creates new conflicts with different effects.
What Needs To Be Done?
Authors: Rodwin Marc A
Published: November 2023

The medical profession and the country must rethink the ways they deal with physicians’ conflicts of interest. The problem is long standing and systematically impairs medicine. Chapter 7 examined the diverse measures developed to address conflicts of other professionals. This chapter considers what should be done. It starts by considering two misguided remedies: relying on disclosure of conflicts and using state employment of doctors. Then it reviews recommendations for addressing the seven kinds of conflict of interest this book examined. It also proposes various institutional means to bring about needed changes and concludes with reflections on the relations between incentives, ethics, law, and social policy.