bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 3Rs in Experimental Liver Disease
Authors: Martinez-Lopez Sebastian , Angel-Gomis Enrique , Sanchez-Ardid Elisabet , Pastor-Campos Alberto , Picó Joanna , Gomez-Hurtado Isabel
Published: July 2023

Patients with cirrhosis present multiple physiological and immunological alterations that play a very important role in the development of clinically relevant secondary complications to the disease. Experimentation in animal models is essential to understand the pathogenesis of human diseases and, considering the high prevalence of liver disease worldwide, to understand the pathophysiology of disease progression and the molecular pathways involved, due to the complexity of the liver as an organ and its relationship with the rest of the organism. However, today there is a growing awareness about the sensitivity and suffering of animals, causing opposition to animal research among a minority in society and some scientists, but also about the attention to the welfare of laboratory animals since this has been built into regulations in most nations that conduct animal research. In 1959, Russell and Burch published the book “The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique”, proposing that in those experiments where animals were necessary, everything possible should be done to try to replace them with non-sentient alternatives, to reduce to a minimum their number, and to refine experiments that are essential so that they caused the least amount of pain and distress. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the most widely used techniques to replace, reduce, and refine in experimental liver research is offered, to assess the advantages and weaknesses of available experimental liver disease models for researchers who are planning to perform animal studies in the near future.
A Deficiency of the Weighted Sample Average Approximation (wSAA) Framework: Unveiling the Gap between Data-Driven Policies and Oracles
Authors: Wang Shuaian , Tian Xuecheng
Published: July 2023

This paper critically examines the weighted sample average approximation (wSAA) framework, a widely used approach in prescriptive analytics for managing uncertain optimization problems featuring non-linear objectives. Our research pinpoints a key deficiency of the wSAA framework: when data samples are limited, the minimum relative regret—the discrepancy between the expected optimal profit realized by an oracle aware of the genuine distribution, and the maximum expected out-of-sample profit garnered by the data-driven policy, normalized by the former profit—can approach towards one. To validate this assertion, we scrutinize two distinct contextual stochastic optimization problems—the production decision-making problem and the ship maintenance optimization problem—within the wSAA framework. Our study exposes a potential deficiency of the wSAA framework: its decision performance markedly deviates from the full-information optimal solution under limited data samples. This finding offers valuable insights to both researchers and practitioners employing the wSAA framework.
Identifying Health-Related Conditions Associated with Tinnitus in Young Adults
Authors: Bhatt Ishan Sunilkumar , Washnik Nilesh J. , Kingsbury Sarah , Deshpande Aniruddha K. , Kingsbury Hailey , Bhagavan Srividya Grama , Michel Klayre , Dias Raquel , Torkamani Ali
Published: July 2023

Objective: The present study investigated the epidemic of tinnitus in college-aged young adults. Our first objective was to identify health conditions associated with tinnitus in young adults. The second objective was to evaluate the predictive utility of some known risk factors. Study design: A cross-sectional design was used to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for tinnitus. Setting: A questionnaire was distributed, reaching out to a large college-aged population. A total of 2258 young adults aged 18–30 years were recruited from April 2021 to February 2022. Interventions: A questionnaire was administered to investigate the epidemiology of tinnitus in a population of college-aged young adults. Results: About 17.7% of young adults reported bothersome tinnitus perception lasting for ≥5 min in the last 12 months. The prevalence of chronic tinnitus (bothersome tinnitus for ≥1 year) and acute tinnitus (bothersome tinnitus for <1 year) was 10.6% and 7.1%, respectively. About 19% of the study sample reported at least one health condition. Individuals reporting head injury, hypertension, heart disease, scarlet fever, and malaria showed significantly higher odds of reporting chronic tinnitus. Meningitis and self-reported hearing loss showed significant associations with bothersome tinnitus. The prevalence of chronic tinnitus was significantly higher in males reporting high noise exposure, a positive history of reoccurring ear infections, European ethnic background, and a positive health history. Risk modeling showed that noise exposure was the most important risk factor for chronic tinnitus, followed by sex, reoccurring ear infections, and a history of any health condition. A positive history of COVID-19 and self-reported severity showed no association with tinnitus. Individuals reporting reoccurring ear infections showed a significantly higher prevalence of COVID-19. Conclusions: While young adults with health conditions are at a higher risk of reporting tinnitus, the predictive utility of a positive health history remains relatively low, possibly due to weak associations between health conditions and tinnitus. Noise, male sex, reoccurring ear infections, European ethnicity, and a positive health history revealed higher odds of reporting chronic tinnitus than their counterparts. These risk factors collectively explained about 16% variability in chronic tinnitus, which highlights the need for identifying other risk factors for chronic tinnitus in young adults.
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Molecularly Imprinted Nanoprobes as an Ultralow Detection Nanosensing Tool for Protein Contaminants
Authors: Bossi Alessandra Maria , Marinangeli Alice , Quaranta Alberto , Pancheri Lucio , Maniglio Devid
Published: July 2023

Currently, optical sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been attracting significant interest. MIP sensing relies on the combination of the MIP’s selective capability, which is conveyed to the polymeric material by a template-assisted synthesis, with optical techniques that offer exquisite sensitivity. In this work, we devised an MIP nanoparticle optical sensor for the ultralow detection of serum albumin through time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The Fluo-nanoMIPs (∅~120 nm) were synthetized using fluorescein-O-methacrylate (0.1×, 1×, 10× mol:mol versus template) as an organic fluorescent reporter. The ability of 0.1× and 1×Fluo-nanoMIPs to bind albumin (15 fM–150 nM) was confirmed by fluorescence intensity analyses and isothermal titration calorimetry. The apparent dissociation constant (Kapp) was 30 pM. Conversely, the 10× fluorophore content did not enable monitoring binding. Then, the time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of the nanosensors was studied. The 1×Fluo-nanoMIPs showed a decrease in fluorescence lifetime upon binding to albumin (100 fM–150 nM), Kapp = 28 pM, linear dynamic range 3.0–83.5 pM, limit of detection (LOD) 1.26 pM. Selectivity was confirmed testing 1×Fluo-nanoMIPs against competitor proteins. Finally, as a proof of concept, the nanosensors demonstrated detection of the albumin (1.5 nM) spiked in wine samples, suggesting a possible scaling up of the method in monitoring allergens in wines.
The Effect of Magnitude Mw and Distance Rrup on the Fragility Assessment of a Multistory RC Frame Due to Earthquake-Induced Structural Pounding
Authors: Flenga Maria G. , Favvata Maria J.
Published: July 2023

The effect of an intensity measure’s (IM’s) sufficiency property on the probabilistic assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) structures due to floor-to-floor structural pounding conditions is examined. In the first part of this investigation, efficiency and sufficiency properties of 23 scalar IMs are verified. Then, the magnitude Mw and the distance Rrup are examined as elements in a vector with an efficient scalar IM to evaluate whether they have any significant effect on the structural response. Subsequently, probabilistic seismic demand models (PSDMs) are developed using linear regression analyses based on a scalar IM and a vector-valued IM. Fragility curves are developed based on these PSDMs, and the influence of Mw and Rrup on the evaluation of the minimum required separation gap distance dg,min due to the pounding effect is examined. More than two hundred nonlinear time history analyses are performed based on the Cloud Analysis method. Seismic displacement demands that control of the global state of the structure, as well as the probability of structural pounding, are examined. The results of this research indicate that once Mw or Rrup is increased, fragility curves are shifted to greater values of IM, and the probability of the exceedance of a certain performance level is reduced. Also, the predictive power of Rrup seems to be greater than the one of Mw. On the other hand, it is revealed that Mw and Rrup induce variabilities in the demand solutions for adequate separation gap distance between the adjacent structures. Therefore, variation in Mw or Rrup may lead, in some cases, to unacceptable evaluations of the pounding effect in the capacity levels of structures.
ÖNORM B 2203-1 as a Supplement to FIDIC Emerald Book in Conventional Tunnel Construction
Authors: Melnyk Oleksandr , Raab Jacqueline , Lulei Frank
Published: July 2023

This paper explores how the ÖNORM B 2203-1 model can complement the FIDIC Emerald Book contracts in conventional tunnel construction projects, specifically focusing on cooperation, project management, reimbursement, and dispute resolution. The complex technical nature of such projects requires collaborative stakeholder engagement, efficient project management, and effective dispute resolution mechanisms. This article enhances the current body of literature by undertaking a qualitative comparative analysis of the FIDIC Emerald Book and the ÖNORM B 2203-1 model within the specific context of conventional tunnel construction projects. The findings demonstrate that specific areas in the FIDIC Emerald Book exist where supplementary guidance is required. Compared to the FIDIC Emerald Book, the ÖNORM model offers a more extensive range of project management aspects, reimbursement guidelines, dispute resolution provisions, and comprehensive technical specifications, all supported by contractual provisions. The major limitation of this study is its focus on a literature review. Thus, including the qualitative analysis in an actual project and applying the study results would be advantageous for verifying the findings.
Role of a Novel Heparanase Inhibitor on the Balance between Apoptosis and Autophagy in U87 Human Glioblastoma Cells
Authors: Manganelli Valeria , Misasi Roberta , Riitano Gloria , Capozzi Antonella , Mattei Vincenzo , Caglar Tuba Rana , Ialongo Davide , Madia Valentina Noemi , Messore Antonella , Costi Roberta , Di Santo Roberto , Sorice Maurizio , Garofalo Tina
Published: July 2023

Background: Heparanase (HPSE) is an endo-β-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate side chains, leading to the disassembly of the extracellular matrix, facilitating cell invasion and metastasis dissemination. In this research, we investigated the role of a new HPSE inhibitor, RDS 3337, in the regulation of the autophagic process and the balance between apoptosis and autophagy in U87 glioblastoma cells. Methods: After treatment with RDS 3337, cell lysates were analyzed for autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins by Western blot. Results: We observed, firstly, that LC3II expression increased in U87 cells incubated with RDS 3337, together with a significant increase of p62/SQSTM1 levels, indicating that RDS 3337 could act through the inhibition of autophagic-lysosomal flux of LC3-II, thereby leading to accumulation of lipidated LC3-II form. Conversely, the suppression of autophagic flux could activate apoptosis mechanisms, as revealed by the activation of caspase 3, the increased level of cleaved Parp1, and DNA fragmentation. Conclusions: These findings support the notion that HPSE promotes autophagy, providing evidence that RDS 3337 blocks autophagic flux. It indicates a role for HPSE inhibitors in the balance between apoptosis and autophagy in U87 human glioblastoma cells, suggesting a potential role for this new class of compounds in the control of tumor growth progression.
A Shiga Toxin B-Subunit-Based Lectibody Boosts T Cell Cytotoxicity towards Gb3-Positive Cancer Cells
Authors: Tomisch Jana , Busse Vincent , Rosato Francesca , Makshakova Olga , Salavei Pavel , Kittel Anna-Sophia , Gillon Emilie , Lataster Levin , Imberty Anne , Meléndez Ana , Römer Winfried
Published: July 2023

Aberrant glycosylation plays a crucial role in tumour progression and invasiveness. Tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) represent a valuable set of targets for immunotherapeutic approaches. The poor immunogenicity of glycan structures, however, requires a more effective and well-directed way of targeting TACAs on the surface of cancer cells than antibodies. The glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) is a well-established TACA present in a multitude of cancer types. Its overexpression has been linked to metastasis, invasiveness, and multidrug resistance. In the present study, we propose to use a dimeric fragment of the Shiga toxin B-subunit (StxB) to selectively target Gb3-positive cancer cells in a StxB-scFv UCHT1 lectibody. The lectibody, comprised of a lectin and the UCHT1 antibody fragment, was produced in E. coli and purified via Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Specificity of the lectibody towards Gb3-positive cancer cell lines and specificity towards the CD3 receptor on T cells, was assessed using flow cytometry. We evaluated the efficacy of the lectibody in redirecting T cell cytotoxicity towards Gb3-overexpressing cancer cells in luciferase-based cytotoxicity in vitro assays. The StxB-scFv UCHT1 lectibody has proven specific for Gb3 and could induce the killing of up to 80% of Gb3-overexpressing cancer cells in haemorrhagic and solid tumours. The lectibody developed in this study, therefore, highlights the potential that lectibodies and lectins in general have for usage in immunotherapeutic approaches to boost the efficacy of established cancer treatments.
Heterostructures Based on Noble Metal Films with Ag and Au Nanoparticles: Fabrication, Study of In Vivo Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Dorovskikh Svetlana , Vikulova Evgeniia , Sergeevichev David , Guselnikova Tatiana , Korolkov Ilya , Fedorenko Anastasiya , Nasimov Dmitriy , Vasilieva Maria , Chepeleva Elena , Zherikova Kseniya , Basova Tamara , Morozova Natalya
Published: July 2023

In this work, approaches to the formation of multifunctional film heterostructures based on noble metals for the modification of the surface of implant materials (titanium alloy TiAl6V4 and carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone CFR-PEEK) are developed. Such heterostructures consist of continuous layers of platinum (Pt) or iridium (Ir) and antibacterial components on their surface, namely silver (nanoparticles or discontinuous films) and gold (nanoparticles). Chemical or physical gas-phase deposition methods were used for their preparation. The influence of the concentration and form of the antibacterial component on the antibacterial activity and in vivo biocompatibility of the film structures was evaluated for the first time. Differences in the dynamics of silver dissolution depending on Ag concentration in the sample and the type of bottom surface (the noble metal layer = Ir, Pt or TiAl6V4) surfaces allowed us to better understand the nature of the antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (S. aureus and P. aeruginosa) of Ag/M heterostructures. From in vivo histological studies using rats, the best biocompatibility was shown by the Ag/M heterostructure with a prolonged release of the low fraction of antibacterial component (Ag).
Transparent Self-Cleaning Coatings: A Review
Authors: Wu Pengyuan , Xue Zhuanzhuan , Yu Tianxiang , Penkov Oleksiy
Published: July 2023

Advanced coatings are essential to modern technologies as they optimise surface characteristics for different application scenarios. Transparent and self-cleaning coatings are increasingly used as protective coatings for various applications, such as foldable touchscreens, windows, and solar panels. Moreover, incorporating other functionalities such as high hardness, wear resistance, and flexibility into transparent and self-cleaning coatings is important for broadening the use cases. Although many kinds of multifunctional coatings have been developed, it is still difficult to embody several properties in one coating adequately as some properties, such as hardness and flexibility, are inherently contrastive. This review first describes basic principles, including wettability, photocatalytic reactions, photo-induced hydrophilic phenomena, and the implication of self-cleaning. The desired properties of multifunctional coatings are then listed and the methods for evaluating different properties are used. Recent progress in various preparation methods for multifunctional coatings, including the sol–gel, dip/spin, and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) methods, are also presented. Magnetron sputtering (MS) technology is widely used in coating preparation. Compared with chemosynthesis and CVD, MS is time-saving, suitable for industrial production, and environmentally friendly. Coatings prepared by MS usually possess excellent mechanical properties. Thus, we highlight the current research status of MS technology in multifunctional coating preparation. Moreover, according to the multilayer design structure of coatings, their optical and mechanical properties and self-cleaning ability can be controlled by combining the characteristics of different materials. Finally, combining photocatalytic materials such as TiO2 with other materials through a multilayer structure to obtain a multifunctional coating with excellent overall properties is discussed.
Biodiversity of Marine Interstitial Ciliates in the Intertidal Zone of the White Sea: A Dataset from the Chernaya River Estuary, Kandalaksha Gulf
Authors: Li Xiaolei , Esaulov Anton S. , Burkovsky Igor V. , Saldaev Damir A. , Mazei Yuri A.
Published: July 2023

(1) Background: An estuary is a zone in which sea and river waters mix. It is a specific area with a very non-stable environment and salinity gradient. However, little is known about the diversity of ciliate communities in estuarine benthic ecosystems in the Arctic. The aim of this paper is to describe the diversity of intertidal ciliates in the Chernaya river estuary (Kandalaksha Gulf, White Sea), which is characterized by a pronounced salinity gradient (0–22‰), on the basis of a recently published dataset. (2) Methods: We conducted our own investigations during the summer periods of 1998–2000. Material was collected at five permanent stations along the salinity gradient (0–22%) of the estuary. For each observation, the coordinates of the sampling sites, the number of individuals observed and the sampling date were recorded. The total effort comprised 35 sampling days, with five sampling sites at each date. (3) Results: The dataset contains 4270 unique occurrences of 119 ciliates taxa (109 species, 8 unidentified species of the genus level and 2 unidentified species on the family level). The total number of specimens represented is 64,475. (4) Conclusions: The largest classes in terms of species diversity are Hypotrichea (27 species), Gymnostomatea (26 species), Oligohymenophorea (17 species) and Karyorelictea (16 species).
Ultrasound Is Beneficial to Determine Lymphadenopathy in Oral Cancer Patients after Radiotherapy
Authors: Cheng Ping-Chia , Chang Chih-Ming , Liao Li-Jen , Hsieh Chen-Hsi , Shueng Pei-Wei , Cheng Po-Wen , Lo Wu-Chia
Published: July 2023

The present study aimed to investigate whether the addition of ultrasound (US) +/− fine needle aspiration (FNA) to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) improves the diagnostic accuracy in assessing neck lymphadenopathy in oral cancer patients after neck irradiation. We retrospectively reviewed oral cancer patients who had neck lymphadenopathy after radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiation therapy (CRT) from February 2008 to November 2019. The following diagnostic modalities were assessed: (1) MRI/CT, (2) MRI/CT with a post-RT US predictive model, and (3) MRI/CT with US + FNA. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the diagnostic performance. A total of 104 irradiation-treated oral cancer patients who subsequently had neck lymphadenopathy were recruited and analyzed. Finally, there were 68 (65%) malignant and 36 (35%) benign lymphadenopathies. In terms of the diagnostic performance, the area under the ROC curves (C-statistics) was 0.983, 0.920, and 0.828 for MRI/CT with US + FNA, MRI/CT with a post-RT US predictive model, and MRI/CT, respectively. The addition of US to MRI/CT to evaluate cervical lymphadenopathy could achieve a better diagnostic accuracy than MRI/CT alone in oral cancer patients after neck irradiation.
Optical Biosensors for the Diagnosis of COVID-19 and Other Viruses—A Review
Authors: John Pauline , Vasa Nilesh J. , Zam Azhar
Published: July 2023

The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a huge concern globally because of the astounding increase in mortality rates worldwide. The medical imaging computed tomography technique, whole-genome sequencing, and electron microscopy are the methods generally used for the screening and identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The main aim of this review is to emphasize the capabilities of various optical techniques to facilitate not only the timely and effective diagnosis of the virus but also to apply its potential toward therapy in the field of virology. This review paper categorizes the potential optical biosensors into the three main categories, spectroscopic-, nanomaterial-, and interferometry-based approaches, used for detecting various types of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Various classifications of spectroscopic techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy are discussed in the first part. The second aspect highlights advances related to nanomaterial-based optical biosensors, while the third part describes various optical interferometric biosensors used for the detection of viruses. The tremendous progress made by lab-on-a-chip technology in conjunction with smartphones for improving the point-of-care and portability features of the optical biosensors is also discussed. Finally, the review discusses the emergence of artificial intelligence and its applications in the field of bio-photonics and medical imaging for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The review concludes by providing insights into the future perspectives of optical techniques in the effective diagnosis of viruses.
Receptivity and Remating Propensity in Female Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) after Mating with an Irradiated Male or Its F1 Male Progeny
Authors: Angmo Nilza , Sengupta Madhumita , Vimal Neha , Seth Rakesh Kumar
Published: July 2023

The ‘Inherited or F1 sterility technique’ (IS), using sub-sterilized male moths, is a widely proposed pest management tool for Lepidoptera pests in general, and the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) in particular. However, the multiple mating tendency of female moths and the ejaculate quality of male moths might influence the efficiency of this technique. Reduced ejaculate quality was observed in irradiated males, as evidenced by radiation’s impact on certain bio-parameters, such as the weight of the spermatophores and their protein content, sperm count, the molecular expression of the sex peptide receptor (SPR) and egg fertility, with a greater impact in F1 male progeny. During the remating of females with untreated males, irrespective of the irradiation status of the first male, there was an increase in calling behavior, remating propensity and fertility in females, with a larger time gap between consecutive matings. The ability of F1 male progeny to check remating propensity in females 24 h after the initial mating was lower than that of unirradiated males. Partially sterile (130 Gy) males were as successful as unirradiated males in inducing the level of mating refractoriness in females. Decreased ejaculate quality in F1 male progeny could be associated with increased female receptivity during remating. Understanding the influence of male moth irradiation, insemination quality and post (initial)-mating intervals on the remating behavior of normal female moths and induced sterility might help in simulation modeling and optimizing IS insect programs.
A Method for Rotor Speed Measurement and Operating State Identification of Hydro-Generator Units Based on YOLOv5
Authors: Liu Jiajun , Xiong Lei , Sun Ji , Liu Yue , Zhang Rui , Lin Haokun
Published: July 2023

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, machine vision and other information technologies in the construction of smart power plants, the requirements of power plants for the state monitoring of hydro-generator units (HGU) are becoming higher and higher. Based on this, this paper applies YOLOv5 to the state monitoring scenario of HGU, and proposes a method for rotor speed measurement (RSM) and operating state identification (OSI) of HGUs based on the YOLOv5. The proposed method is applied to the actual RSM and OSI of HGUs. The experimental results show that the Precision and Recall of the proposed method for rotor image are 99.5% and 100%, respectively. Compared with the traditional methods, the online image monitoring based on machine vision not only realizes high-precision RSM and the real-time and accurate determination of operating states, but also realizes video image monitoring of the rotor, the operation trend prediction of the rotor and the early warning of abnormal operating states, so that staff can find the hidden dangers in time and ensure the safe operation of the HGU.
Enhancing Polysulfone Mixed-Matrix Membranes with Amine-Functionalized Graphene Oxide for Air Dehumidification and Water Treatment
Authors: Abdalla Omnya , Rehman Abdul , Nabeeh Ahmed , Wahab Md A. , Abdel-Wahab Ahmed , Abdala Ahmed
Published: July 2023

Porous low-pressure membranes have been used as active membranes in water treatment and as support for thin-film composite membranes used in water desalination and gas separation applications. In this article, microfiltration polysulfone (PSf)mixed-matrix membranes (MMM) containing amine-functionalized graphene oxide (GO-NH2) were fabricated via a phase inversion process and characterized using XPS, SEM, AFM, DMA, XRD, and contact angle measurements. The effect of GO-NH2 concentration on membrane morphology, hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, and oil–water separation performance was analyzed. Significant enhancements in membrane hydrophilicity, porosity, mechanical properties, permeability, and selectivity were achieved at very low GO-NH2 concentrations (0.05–0.2 wt.%). In particular, the water permeability of the membrane containing 0.2 wt.% GO-NH2 was 92% higher than the pure PSf membrane, and the oil rejection reached 95.6% compared to 91.7% for the pure PSf membrane. The membrane stiffness was also increased by 98% compared to the pure PSf membrane. Importantly, the antifouling characteristics of the PSf-GO-NH2 MMMs were significantly improved. When filtering 100 ppm bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution, the PSf-GO-NH2 MMMs demonstrated a slower flux decline and an impressive flux recovery after washing. Notably, the control membrane showed a flux recovery of only 69%, while the membrane with 0.2 wt.% GO-NH2 demonstrated an exceptional flux recovery of 88%. Furthermore, the membranes exhibited enhanced humidity removal performance, with a permeance increase from 13,710 to 16,408. These results indicate that the PSf-GO-NH2 MMM is an excellent candidate for reliable oil–water separation and humidity control applications, with notable improvements in antifouling performance.
Surface Engineering of Metals: Techniques, Characterizations and Applications
Authors: Ramezani Maziar , Mohd Ripin Zaidi , Pasang Tim , Jiang Cho-Pei
Published: July 2023

This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in surface engineering of metals, encompassing techniques, characterization methods and applications. The study emphasizes the significance of surface engineering in enhancing the performance and functionality of metallic materials in various industries. The paper discusses the different techniques employed in surface engineering, including physical techniques such as thermal spray coatings and chemical techniques such as electroplating. It also explores characterization methods used to assess the microstructural, topographical, and mechanical properties of engineered surfaces. Furthermore, the paper highlights recent advancements in the field, focusing on nanostructured coatings, surface modification for corrosion protection, biomedical applications, and energy-related surface functionalization. It discusses the improved mechanical and tribological properties of nanostructured coatings, as well as the development of corrosion-resistant coatings and bioactive surface treatments for medical implants. The applications of surface engineering in industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and healthcare are presented, showcasing the use of surface engineering techniques to enhance components, provide wear resistance, and improve corrosion protection. The paper concludes by discussing the challenges and future directions in surface engineering, highlighting the need for further research and development to address limitations and exploit emerging trends. The findings of this review contribute to advancing the understanding of surface engineering and its applications in various sectors, paving the way for future innovations and advancements.
Effects of Heat-Moisture-Treated High-Amylose Rice Flour on Body Weight, Lipid Metabolism, and Gut Microbiome Composition in Obese Rats
Authors: Ma Sihui , Takasugi Sae , Sugawara Masayoshi , Saito Kenji , Jia Huijuan , Kato Hisanori
Published: July 2023

The rising prevalence of lifestyle diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome, has increased the need for effective dietary interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of heat-moisture-treated high-amylose rice (HA-HMT) on body weight, lipid metabolism, and gut microbiome composition in a rat model of obesity. Starch digestibility—specifically, resistant starch—has been shown to provide various health benefits, including improved metabolic health and gut microbiome composition. We employed a sequential approach: firstly, utilizing diet-induced obesity rat models fed with HMT-processed and HMT-non-processed low- or high-amylose rice to investigate the potential of amylose content or HMT to alter phenotypic characteristics and lipid metabolism; and secondly, using the optimal rice flour identified in the previous step to explore the underlying mechanisms. Our findings indicate that heat-moisture treatment, rather than the level of the amylose content of the rice, contributes to the observed anti-obesity and cholesterol-lowering effects. We identified candidate genes contributing to the cholesterol-regulating potential and demonstrated that HMT rice flour could influence the gut microbiome, particularly the Ruminococcus taxa. This study provides valuable insights into the health benefits of HA-HMT rice and supports its potential as a functional food ingredient in the management of obesity and cholesterol-related disorders.
Comparative Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Lawsone Methyl Ether and Lawsone in Nicotinamide-Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Khan Muhammad , Shah Muhammad Ajmal , Kamal Mustafa , Ola Mohammad Shamsul , Ali Mehboob , Panichayupakaranant Pharkphoom
Published: July 2023

Our previous study uncovered potent inhibitory effects of two naphthoquinones from Impatiens balsamina, namely lawsone methyl ether (2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, LME) and lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), against α-glucosidase. This gave us the insight to compare the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of LME and lawsone in high-fat/high-fructose-diet- and nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 28 days. LME and lawsone at the doses of 15, 30, and 45 mg/kg, respectively, produced a substantial and dose-dependent reduction in the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, and food/water intake while boosting the insulin levels and body weights of diabetic rats. Additionally, the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in diabetic rats were significantly normalized by LME and lawsone, without affecting the normal rats. LME at a dose of 45 mg/kg exhibited the most potent antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects, which were significantly comparable to glibenclamide but higher than those of lawsone. Furthermore, the toxicity evaluation indicated that both naphthoquinones were entirely safe for use in rodent models at doses ≤ 50 mg/kg. Therefore, the remarkable antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic potentials of LME make it a promising option for future drug development.
Mass Spectrometry Detects Sphingolipid Metabolites for Discovery of New Strategy for Cancer Therapy from the Aspect of Programmed Cell Death
Authors: Shi Ming , Tang Chao , Wu Jia-xing , Ji Bao-wei , Gong Bao-ming , Wu Xiao-hui , Wang Xue
Published: July 2023

Sphingolipids, a type of bioactive lipid, play crucial roles within cells, serving as integral components of membranes and exhibiting strong signaling properties that have potential therapeutic implications in anti-cancer treatments. However, due to the diverse group of lipids and intricate mechanisms, sphingolipids still face challenges in enhancing the efficacy of different therapy approaches. In recent decades, mass spectrometry has made significant advancements in uncovering sphingolipid biomarkers and elucidating their impact on cancer development, progression, and resistance. Primary sphingolipids, such as ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate, exhibit contrasting roles in regulating cancer cell death and survival. The evasion of cell death is a characteristic hallmark of cancer cells, leading to treatment failure and a poor prognosis. The escape initiates with long-established apoptosis and extends to other programmed cell death (PCD) forms when patients experience chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or immunotherapy. Gradually, supportive evidence has uncovered the fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying various forms of PCD leading to the development of innovative molecular, genetic, and pharmacological tools that specifically target sphingolipid signaling nodes. In this study, we provide a comprehensive overview of the sphingolipid biomarkers revealed through mass spectrometry in recent decades, as well as an in-depth analysis of the six main forms of PCD (apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis) in aspects of tumorigenesis, metastasis, and tumor response to treatments. We review the corresponding small-molecule compounds associated with these processes and their potential implications in cancer therapy.
The INOVMineral Project’s Contribution to Mineral Exploration—A WebGIS Integration and Visualization of Spectral and Geophysical Properties of the Aldeia LCT Pegmatite Spodumene Deposit
Authors: Cardoso-Fernandes Joana , Santos Douglas , Almeida Cátia Rodrigues de , Vasques Julia Tucker , Mendes Ariane , Ribeiro Ricardo , Azzalini Antonio , Duarte Lia , Moura Rui , Lima Alexandre , Teodoro Ana C.
Published: July 2023

Due to the current energetic transition, new geological exploration technologies are needed to discover mineral deposits containing critical materials such as lithium (Li). The vast majority of European Li deposits are related to Li–Cs–Ta (LCT) pegmatites. A review of the literature indicates that conventional exploration campaigns are dominated by geochemical surveys and related exploration tools. However, other exploration techniques must be evaluated, namely, remote sensing (RS) and geophysics. This work presents the results of the INOVMINERAL4.0 project obtained through alternative approaches to traditional geochemistry that were gathered and integrated into a webGIS application. The specific objectives were to: (i) assess the potential of high-resolution elevation data; (ii) evaluate geophysical methods, particularly radiometry; (iii) establish a methodology for spectral data acquisition and build a spectral library; (iv) compare obtained spectra with Landsat 9 data for pegmatite identification; and (v) implement a user-friendly webGIS platform for data integration and visualization. Radiometric data acquisition using geophysical techniques effectively discriminated pegmatites from host rocks. The developed spectral library provides valuable insights for space-based exploration. Landsat 9 data accurately identified known LCT pegmatite targets compared with Landsat 8. The user-friendly webGIS platform facilitates data integration, visualization, and sharing, supporting potential users in similar exploration approaches.
The Potential Role of Timosaponin-AIII in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Liu Zhaowen , Cao Yifan , Guo Xiaohua , Chen Zhixi
Published: July 2023

Cancer, as one of the leading causes of death worldwide, has challenged current chemotherapy drugs. Considering that treatments are expensive, alongside the resistance of tumor cells to anticancer drugs, the development of alternative medicines is necessary. Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, a recognized and well-known medicinal plant for more than two thousand years, has demonstrated its effectiveness against cancer. Timosaponin-AIII (TSAIII), as a bioactive steroid saponin isolated from A. asphodeloides, has shown multiple pharmacological activities and has been developed as an anticancer agent. However, the molecular mechanisms of TSAIII in protecting against cancer development are still unclear. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the anticancer effects of TSAIII, including proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, autophagy mediation, migration and invasion suppression, anti-angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant effects. The pharmacokinetic profiles of TSAII are also discussed. TSAIII exhibits efficacy against cancer development. However, hydrophobicity and low bioavailability may limit the application of TSAIII. Effective delivery systems, particularly those with tissue/cell-targeted properties, can also significantly improve the anticancer effects of TSAIII.
Exploring Exogenous Indole-3-acetic Acid’s Effect on the Growth and Biochemical Profiles of Synechocystis sp. PAK13 and Chlorella variabilis
Authors: Fathy Wael A. , AbdElgawad Hamada , Hashem Amr H. , Essawy Ehab , Tawfik Eman , Al-Askar Abdulaziz A. , Abdelhameed Mohamed S. , Hammouda Ola , Elsayed Khaled N. M.
Published: July 2023

Microalgae have garnered scientific interest for their potential to produce bioactive compounds. However, the large-scale industrial utilization of microalgae faces challenges related to production costs and achieving optimal growth conditions. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential role of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) application in improving the growth and production of bioactive metabolites in microalgae. To this end, the study employed different concentrations of exogenously administered IAA ranging from 0.36 µM to 5.69 µM to assess its influence on the growth and biochemical composition of Synechocystis and Chlorella. IAA exposure significantly increased IAA levels in both strains. Consequentially, improved biomass accumulation in parallel with increased total pigment content by approximately eleven-fold in both strains was observed. Furthermore, the application of IAA stimulated the accumulation of primary metabolites. Sugar levels were augmented, providing a carbon source that facilitated amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis. As a result, amino acid levels were enhanced as well, leading to a 1.55-fold increase in total amino acid content in Synechocystis and a 1.42-fold increase in Chlorella. Total fatty acids content increased by 1.92-fold in Synechocystis and by 2.16-fold in Chlorella. Overall, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of exogenously adding IAA as a strategy for enhancing the accumulation of microalgae biomass and biomolecules. These findings contribute to the advancement of microalgae-based technologies, opening new avenues to produce economically important compounds derived from microalgae.
Pharmacoinformatics-Based Approach for Uncovering the Quorum-Quenching Activity of Phytocompounds against the Oral Pathogen, Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Marimuthu Shakti Chandra Vadhana , Murugesan Jayaprabhakaran , Babkiewicz Ewa , Maszczyk Piotr , Sankaranarayanan Murugesan , Thangamariappan Esakkimuthu , Rosy Joseph Christina , Ram Kumar Pandian Sureshbabu , Kunjiappan Selvaraj , Balakrishnan Vanavil , Sundar Krishnan
Published: July 2023

Streptococcus mutans, a gram-positive oral pathogen, is the primary causative agent of dental caries. Biofilm formation, a critical characteristic of S. mutans, is regulated by quorum sensing (QS). This study aimed to utilize pharmacoinformatics techniques to screen and identify effective phytochemicals that can target specific proteins involved in the quorum sensing pathway of S. mutans. A computational approach involving homology modeling, model validation, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was employed. The 3D structures of the quorum sensing target proteins, namely SecA, SMU1784c, OppC, YidC2, CiaR, SpaR, and LepC, were modeled using SWISS-MODEL and validated using a Ramachandran plot. Metabolites from Azadirachta indica (Neem), Morinda citrifolia (Noni), and Salvadora persica (Miswak) were docked against these proteins using AutoDockTools. MD simulations were conducted to assess stable interactions between the highest-scoring ligands and the target proteins. Additionally, the ADMET properties of the ligands were evaluated using SwissADME and pkCSM tools. The results demonstrated that campesterol, meliantrol, stigmasterol, isofucosterol, and ursolic acid exhibited the strongest binding affinity for CiaR, LepC, OppC, SpaR, and Yidc2, respectively. Furthermore, citrostadienol showed the highest binding affinity for both SMU1784c and SecA. Notably, specific amino acid residues, including ASP86, ARG182, ILE179, GLU143, ASP237, PRO101, and VAL84 from CiaR, LepC, OppC, SecA, SMU1784c, SpaR, and YidC2, respectively, exhibited significant interactions with their respective ligands. While the docking study indicated favorable binding energies, the MD simulations and ADMET studies underscored the substantial binding affinity and stability of the ligands with the target proteins. However, further in vitro studies are necessary to validate the efficacy of these top hits against S. mutans.
Synthesis and Applications of Supramolecular Flame Retardants: A Review
Authors: Xiang Simeng , Feng Jiao , Yang Hongyu , Feng Xiaming
Published: July 2023

The development of different efficient flame retardants (FRs) to improve the fire safety of polymers has been a hot research topic. As the concept of green sustainability has gradually been raised to the attention of the whole world, it has even dominated the research direction of all walks of life. Therefore, there is an urgent calling to explore the green and simple preparation methods of FRs. The development of supramolecular chemistry in the field of flame retardancy is expanding gradually. It is worth noting that the synthesis of supramolecular flame retardants (SFRs) based on non-covalent bonds is in line with the current concepts of environmental protection and multi-functionality. This paper introduces the types of SFRs with different dimensions. SFRs were applied to typical polymers to improve their flame retardancy. The influence on mechanical properties and other material properties under the premise of flame retardancy was also summarized.
H2O Derivatives Mediate CO Activation in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: A Review
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Wang Kangzhou , He Fugui , Gao Xinhua , Fan Subing , Ma Qingxiang , Zhao Tiansheng , Zhang Jianli
Published: July 2023

The process of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is commonly described as a series of reactions in which CO and H2 are dissociated and adsorbed on the metals and then rearranged to produce hydrocarbons and H2O. However, CO dissociation adsorption is regarded as the initial stage of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and an essential factor in the control of catalytic activity. Several pathways have been proposed to activate CO, namely direct CO dissociation, activation hydrogenation, and activation by insertion into growing chains. In addition, H2O is considered an important by-product of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis reactions and has been shown to play a key role in regulating the distribution of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis products. The presence of H2O may influence the reaction rate, the product distribution, and the deactivation rate. Focus on H2O molecules and H2O-derivatives (H*, OH* and O*) can assist CO activation hydrogenation on Fe- and Co-based catalysts. In this work, the intermediates (C*, O*, HCO*, COH*, COH*, CH*, etc.) and reaction pathways were analyzed, and the H2O and H2O derivatives (H*, OH* and O*) on Fe- and Co-based catalysts and their role in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis reaction process were reviewed.
Protaetia brevitarsis Extract Attenuates RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by Inhibiting the JNK/NF-κB/PLCγ2 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Jang Hye-Yeon , Kim Jeong-Mi , Kim Jong-Suk , Kim Byeong-Soo , Lee Young-Rae , Bae Jun Sang
Published: July 2023

Protaetia brevitarsis (PB)-derived bioactive substances have been used as food and medicine in many Asian countries because of their antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-cancer, and hepatoprotective properties. However, the effect of PB extracts (PBE) on osteoclast differentiation is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of PBE on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). To investigate the cytotoxicity of PBE, the viability of BMMs was confirmed via MTT assay. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and pit assays were performed to confirm the inhibitory effect of PBE on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. The expression levels of osteoclast differentiation-related genes and proteins were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. PBE attenuated osteoclastogenesis in BMMs in TRAP and pit assays without cytotoxicity. The expression levels of osteoclast marker genes and proteins induced by RANKL were decreased after PBE treatment. PBE suppressed osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting the RANKL-induced activated JNK/NF-κB/PLCγ2 signaling pathway and the expression of NFATc1 and c-Fos. Collectively, these results suggest that PBE could be a potential therapeutic strategy or functional product for osteoclast-related bone disease.