bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lanreotide inhibits human jejunal secretion induced by prostaglandin El in healthy volunteers
Authors: SOBHANI IRADJ , RENÉ AKLI RAMDANI EMMANUEL , BAYOD FAYSEL , SABBAGH LUIS C. , THOMAS FRANÇOIS , MIGNON MICHEL
Published: October 2008

1 Somatostatin inhibits hormonal secretions in the gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin analogues are used in the treatment of VIPome‐related watery diarrhoea. In addition, more than 10% of patients with AIDS suffer from diarrhoea likely due to the increased intestinal secretion of water and ions. However, the direct effect of somatostatin on the flux of water and ions in the intestine has not been, so far, analyzed in vivo. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of lanreotide, a somatostatin analogue, on the movements of water and ions in the jejunum in man.

2 Accordingly, 10 healthy volunteers (age 18–35 years, mean 27) and two patients with AIDS (26 and 33 years) suffering from water diarrhoea (> 800 ml day‐1) underwent intestinal perfusion using a four lumen tube with proximal occluding balloon. The segment tested was 25 cm long. The jejunum was infused by an isotonic control saline solution containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as non‐absorbable marker. Basal jejunal secretions were measured in all subjects. Prostaglandin El (PGE1) was administered intraluminally to stimulate jejunal secretion in healthy volunteers. The effect of intravenous lanreotide on the jejunal PGE1‐induced secretions of water and electrolytes was analysed in healthy subjects and on the basal secretions in AIDS patients. Each period was analyzed on the basis of three (10 min) successive intestinal juice collections after 20–30 min equilibration time. The antisecretory effect of lanreotide was evaluated in each subject as the difference between fluxes compared to the control period.

3 In healthy volunteers, PGE1 induced secretion of H2O, Na+, K+ and C1‐ in the jejunum and lanreotide reduced significantly PGE1‐induced response. In both AIDS patients basal fluxes of water and ions were reduced by lanreotide in a dose‐dependent manner.

4 Somatostatin can reduce stimulated‐jejunal secretion of ions and water in normal subjects and may improve water diarrhoea in AIDS patients.
A comparative study of adverse drug reactions reported through hospital and private medicine
Authors: LEMOZIT J. P. , DE LA RHODIERE G. PETIT , LAPEYRE‐MESTRE M. , BAGHERI H. , MONTASTRUC J. L.
Published: October 2008

Adverse drug reactions spontaneously reported by physicians in the hospital and the private practice were compared. All reports were sent to a French Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre over the period of 1 year (1992). Hospital‐based physicians reported more adverse reactions and more serious reactions than physicians in private medicine. For both groups of reporters, the skin, central nervous system and digestive tract were the body systems most commonly involved. There were significant differences between the hospital and private practice reports as regards the drugs most frequently involved in adverse drug reactions.
Hydroxychloroquine relative bioavailability: within subject reproducibility
Authors: TETT SUSAN , DAY RICHARD , CUTLER DAVID
Published: October 2008

Six healthy volunteers received hydroxychloroquine sulphate 200 mg orally on four occasions (three tablets, one solution). Maximum hydroxychloroquine blood concentration (Cmax; range 135–422 ng ml‐1) and time to maximum (tmax; range 1.5–7.0 h) for the three tablet doses showed significant differences between subjects (P < 0.009; between subject coefficients of variation (CVs) 34% and 27%, respectively). There were no within subject differences in Cmax (P= 0.32; mean within subject CV 11%), Cmax corrected for weight (P= 0.28) or tmax (P= 0.35; mean within subject CV 16%). Truncated areas under the hydroxychloroquine blood concentration‐time curve of the three tablets were different between (P= 0.0001) but not within subjects (P= 0.13). Again, between subject CV (38%) was more than three times the mean within subject CV (12%). Bioavailability was not limited by tablet formulation. The significant variability in relative bioavailability between but not within individuals indicated that individualising dosing to target concentrations associated with optimal outcomes may minimise variability in response.
THE MEASUREMENT OF STRAIN IN TUNNEL LININGS USING THE VIBRATING‐WIRE TECHNIQUE
Authors: THOMAS H. S. H.
Published: October 2008

The article shows how the innate qualities of the vibrating‐wire strain gauge: cheapness, long term stability and tolerance to electrical troubles make it particularly suitable for experiments in tunnels. A basic type of gauge is described and its working explained. Its application is then extended to use in concrete, wet situations, the use of large numbers of gauges and the measurement of bending. Finally, practical advice is given on the assembly and tuning of this kind of gauge.
A SCATTERED LIGHT PHOTOELASTIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TEMPERED STRESSES IN AIRCRAFT WINDSHIELDS
Authors: CHENG Y. F.
Published: October 2008

Numerous attempts have been made in the past to determine nondestructively the stresses in tempered glass plates. This paper briefly reviews earlier methods, which only determine the surface stress or the stress at the middle plane, and describes a new scattered light photoelastic technique for determining the stress distribution across the thickness of tempered glass plates. The theory of this new method is developed, and experimental apparatus as well as techniques are described. Experiments were made with an aircraft windshield sample having a three‐layer (glass‐vinyl‐glass) sandwich structure. Photographs of fringe patterns in scattered light are shown and the stress distribution across the thickness of the glass layer is determined.
SOME MEASUREMENTS OF FOUNDATION BEARING PRESSURES
Authors: SHEPHERD R.
Published: October 2008

The construction of vibrating wire soil pressure plates and their installation beneath an eight storey building in Christchurch, New Zealand, is described.

The reading procedure is outlined and the results obtained throughout the construction period are presented.
CALIBRATION AND INSTRUMENTATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR STRAIN GAUGES
Authors: PARKINS J. R.
Published: October 2008

Characteristics of semiconductor strain gauges are explored experimentally and a procedure is given for calculating the gauge factor for strain measurement on a given test material at a known temperature. Results of experiments on suitable instrumentation are presented.
PHOTOELASTIC BRIDGES AND THEIR USES
Authors: BLUM A. E.
Published: October 2008

Photoelastic strips bridge a local gap between two bolted or otherwise joined components and the relative displacement between the joint faces is indicated by reflection polariscope.
MODEL MATERIALS FOR THREE‐DIMENSIONAL PHOTOELASTICITY
Authors: BALL C. J.
Published: October 2008

Three epoxy resin materials, CT200/PA, CT200/ HHPA and RXE 11, are assessed for their relative merits as model materials for three‐dimensional photo‐elasticity. The method of casting each material is specified and the results of tests to determine the relevant physical constants and the effects of the glass/rubber transition are given.
COMPACT LOADING SHACKLES FOR TENSILE TESTING OF FLAT PLATES
Authors: FESSLER H. , MUSSON J. K.
Published: October 2008

A design of loading shackles for a tensile testing machine is described, that distributes the concentrated force of the machine uniformly over 6‐in width. Each shackle consists of two 6‐in beams connected to the loading points by tensile strips of different cross‐sections so that the loading points carry equal forces and remain at the same level relative to each other.
MEASURING STRAINS UNDER WELDS BY THE MOIRÉ FRINGE TECHNIQUE
Authors: CARGILL J.
Published: October 2008

A method of measuring strains very close to weld deposits has been developed using moiré fringe technique and mismatch gratings. It is necessary to compromise between accuracy and gauge length, but an accuracy of 100μin/in (‐10‐4) can be achieved with a gauge length of 0.2 in (5mm). Strains parallel to the weld deposit can be measured right up to the fusion line, but in the direction normal to the weld deposit the first strain reading is controlled by the gauge length, as defined by the distance between successive fringes.
THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS, CAMBRIDGE 6–10 APRIL, 1970
Authors: MEYER M. L.
Published: October 2008

A short survey of the history and organisation of the series of international conferences on experimental stress analysis is given together with abstracts of all papers to be presented in April, 1970, and a summary subject index for these papers.
TECHNIQUES FOR APPLYING THE MOIRÉ METHOD TO LARGE SPECIMENS AND WELDED JOINTS
Authors: HARDY A. K.
Published: October 2008

Simple practical techniques are described and some results are discussed.
IZOD IMPACT MACHINE FOR A WIDE RANGE OF SINGLE AND REPEATED IMPACT TESTS
Authors: BUTLER J. D. , BROWN H.
Published: October 2008

A pneumatically operated lifting mechanism and a fluidic control system have been added to an Izod impact testing machine for automatic repetition and counting of impacts from an adjustable preset striking height of the pendulum hammer and for automatic stopping of the machine on failure of the specimen.
THE EFFECT OF CROSS‐SENSITIVITY ON THE DETERMINATION OF STRESS BY STRAIN GAUGES
Authors: BEANEY E. M.
Published: October 2008

Some free‐filament wire strain gauges used at high temperatures have a higher than normal cross‐sensitivity so that errors in the principal stress calculated by standard formulae may be significant. The magnitude of the error is shown and the formulae are modified to obtain true principal stresses. As the modifications are simple, all results obtained from electrical resistance strain gauges can be corrected similarly.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENTS BY X‐RAY DIFFRACTOMETRY
Authors: KIRK D.
Published: October 2008

This paper is the first in a series of three covering (1) theoretical considerations, (2) experimental features, and (J) practical applications of X‐ray diffractometer techniques to the accurate determination of residual macrostresses.
MEASUREMENT OF THERMALLY INDUCED PRELOADS IN BEARINGS
Authors: Carmichael G. D. T. , Davies P. B.
Published: October 2008

Strain gauge bridges and thermocouples on a waisted section of the shaft, with heated potted amplifiers rotating with the shaft, measure changes in preload due to bearing temperature changes in an experimental simplified mainspindle assembly.
A CHEAP AND EASILY USED PHOTOELASTIC COMPENSATOR
Authors: HILBORNE G. L. , SHARPLES K.
Published: October 2008

A simple compensator for photoelastic work not requiring partial fringe determination may be made from urethane rubber (1) which is extremely sensitive to the photoelastic effect.
Structural analogue for determination of post–tensioning forces in a cable stayed bridge
Authors: LAZAR B. E.
Published: October 2008

Structural model investigations require fewer simplifying assumptions and can thus be a more realistic aid to design than computations. A suitable model investigation is described and results are compared with computation.
A note on Perspex in structural instability investigations
Authors: DICKIE J. F. , BROUGHTON P.
Published: October 2008

The effect of creep of Perspex on its elastic modulus and on the critical load for snap–through buckling of a shallow circular arch is investigated and a comparison with elastic theory is given.
Strain gauge installation in a civil engineering site
Authors: ELMS D. G. , JOHNSTONE P. G.
Published: October 2008

Installurion of resistance strain gauges is described for field tests under conditions of high humidity and in water in the intake area of a water power plant in New Zealand.
The heating effect of strain gauges on Araldite models
Authors: WILSON J. D.
Published: October 2008

The rise in temperature was measured in the locality of an excited electrical resistance strain gauge fixed to the edge of unloaded Araldite plates, during a period of 30 min. The tests were carried out in air, in transformer oil and also when the gauge was encapsulated in the Araldite.
Application of a digital computer in the processing and presentation of tensile test results
Authors: FITZGEORGE D. , ROWLANDS A. R.
Published: October 2008

A computer program has been prepared to receive the longitudinal and lateral strain readings taken during tensile tests on cast irons and to compute from them the longitudinal and lateral moduli of elasticity and Poisson's ratio. The results are presented as mathematical functions of stress.
A modification of the moireA fringes technique for the analysis of moments and deflexions in a laterally loaded plate
Authors: WOOD A. A. , AHMAD A. H.
Published: October 2008

This paper describes an adaptation of the moire fringes method for the analysis of uniformly laterally loaded plates with various edge conditions. In this technique the deflected specimen is composed of two parallel transparent sheets forming walls of a sealed water–filled cell. Under pressure, the cell acts as a lens and interference fringes are produced by photographing a ruled screen through it. A method of analysis using thin lens theory is presented and experimental results are compared with figures obtained by a finite differences solution. Good agreement is found between the result of the two alternative analyses.
Equipment for highly accurate and repeatable strain gauge factor determination
Authors: BERGQVIST B.
Published: October 2008

Special beams for gauge–factor calibration are bent under four–point loading in a rig with less than ±0–02% asymmetry and less than 0–1 µmUm/m strain perturbation. Inductive extensometers with spherically pointed pins at 10 mm (0.394 in) gauge length, calibrated under test conditions by laser interferometry, are placed next to the gauge to eliminate the effect of variations in the value of Young's modulus along the beam. Careful determination of the 2S (two standard deviations) values for the accidental errors of all the quantities affecting the measured gauge factor shows that the sum of the 2S–values is ±0.35%, perhaps ±0.25%, whereas the corresponding RMS value is ±0.15%, perhaps ±0.10%. A method is shown to account for the systematic errors.
A non–stroboscopic system for examining high speed rotating objects
Authors: WADDELL P. , SMART B.
Published: October 2008

A non–stroboscopic system for freezing high speed rotational motion has been developed by WaddelI. The system depends on the fact that the image of a stationary object (e.g., turbine disc, crankshaft, grinding wheel) can be made to rotate accurately about one axis only (i.e., no oscillation which will blur the image) when the image is passed through a certain prism. The image of the object will rotate twice for one revolution of the prism. If the object now rotates, and a fixed velocity ratio is maintained between the object and the prism, the rotating image of the object is rendered optically stationary by the prism. The image is rendered stationary through 360 degrees of object rotation. A novel and inexpensive synchronising system has been evolved by Waddell to maintain a stationary image of the object for long periods and over a large range of speeds and to maintain that static image despite transients in the speed of the object.
Cyclic load behaviour of reinforcing steel
Authors: KENT D. C. , PARK R.
Published: October 2008

The stress–strain behaviour of mild steel under cyclic loading is examined. The results of tests are described in which a variety of loadings were applied to reinforcing bars to study a range of initial strains and loading and unloading sequences from tension and compression. The tests emphasize that when postelastic stress reversals take place the stress–strain relationship for steel becomes non–linear over much of the loading range owing to the Bauschinger effect. It is found that a Ramberg–Osgood type function gives good agreement with the loading portions of the experimental curves except at very large strains. The empirical constants in the function were determined from the experimental results by least squares analyses and were found to depend on the plastic strain in the previous loading run and the number of previous loading runs.
Nine–gauges device for strain measurements inside concrete
Authors: BRANDT A. M.
Published: October 2008

Surface strain measurements of bulk concrete structures such as dams provide insufficient information and embedded strain measuring devices are necessary. For complete analysis six strain measurements are required. The device described indicates nine independent readings from which not only is a complete analysis possible by solution of the strain matrix constructed from these readings, but gross errors in individual readings may be identified and these readings discarded. An evaluation may be made of the errors in the results determined from the remaining gauges.
Cable identification in strain gauge installations
Authors: LIVINGSTONE W. F.
Published: October 2008

A non‐destructive method of checking cable identity and continuity in strain gauge installations is described. It is particularly applicable to completed systems having a large number of remote gauges.
Creep strain measurements by foil gauges on aluminium alloys at 150C to 210C
Authors: FAIRBAIRN J.
Published: October 2008

The use of foil gauges bonded with epoxy resin cements for the measurement of creep strains on aluminium alloy components at about 200C was investigated experimentally. Creep strains were measured on tubes in bending and sheet specimens in tension, both by strain gauges and also by proven extensometry and the results were compared. The response of the strain gauges was found to be satisfactory for continuous use at temperature to maximum times of about 500 hours.
Calibrations for the electrical potential method of crack growth measurement by a direct electrical analogy
Authors: SMITH R. A.
Published: October 2008

A direct analogue method is introduced for obtaining calibration curves relating increase in voltage and crack length for the electrical potential method of measuring crack growth. The numerical results obtained from the analogue are justified by comparison with theoretical predictions. The method is compared with other techniques for obtaining calibrations. Finally, results are presented for plate specimens with various central notches, the S.E.N. bend specimen and the C.K.S. fracture toughness specimen.
Bearing tests of prestress wire on various steels
Authors: SIDWELL E. H. , RAJNARINE R. R.
Published: October 2008

An account is given of an experimental investigation to find a steel suitable for bearing pressures from 70 to 100 tonf/in2 (1 081 to 1544 MN/m2) in order to use it for the anchorages of an energised (prestressed) beam. This beam and other structural elements employ a new concept involving compressed wires reacting on the anchorages thus producing high bearing stresses.

Various groupings of 0–276 in (7 mm) diameter wires are employed. It is shown that mild steel is unsuitable for such an anchorage.
The torsional stiffness of a shaft with an elongated slot
Authors: MUSCATI A. A. M. , GROOTENHUIS P.
Published: October 2008

An analysis is given for estimating the torsional stiffness of a circular shaft with an elongated slot symmetrical about its centre line. The solution for the stress function is by a finite difference approach and because of symmetry, only one quarter of the cross–section is considered. A non–dimensional graph is presented of the ratio of the stiffness of a slotted shaft to that of a similar solid shaft, for different values of slot width to shaft diameter ratio. The effects of the stress distribution around the ends of the slot have been neglected and the graph gives a lower bound value for the stiffness ratio. Experiments have been carried out to verify the computation and to investigate the end effects.
A speckle interferometric method for the determination of time–dependent displacements and strains
Authors: HUDSON R. R. , SETOPOULOS D. P.
Published: October 2008

A simplified theory of speckle interferometry as a means of measuring localised displacement, is presented. In a simple experiment good correlation was obtained between strains determined by this method and strain gauge readings. A special automated camera capable of monitoring a continuously varying displacement is described.
The effect of a sliding load on strain gauges embedded under the contact surface
Authors: BERME N. , MENGI Y. , TARHAN. A.
Published: October 2008

Strain gauges embedded in plastic models can be used in three dimensional stress analysis. When gauges are located immediately below a surface subjected to the tangential traction of a sliding load, unexpected values are recorded. This phenomenon was investigated by suitably loading a semi–infinite solid with normal and shear stresses and comparing theoretical strain values with the experimental results. The comparison showed that strain gauges embedded in epoxy can be successfully used under sliding loads provided that the gauge depth below the contact surface is greater than a critical value.
Measurement of bearing reactions in small‐scale bridge slabs
Authors: TOOTH A. S. , COULL A. , PERCY I. P.
Published: October 2008

An experimental technique is described for the measurement of bearing reactions in small‐scale bridge slabs. The reactions are determined implicitly by direct measurement of the frictional forces between the slab and its supporting abutment, using thin pull‐out steel strips
Measurement of long‐term dimensional stability with electrical resistance strain gauges
Authors: MARSCHALL C. W. , HELD P. R.
Published: October 2008

Sheet materials with low thermal expansion are employed in the construction of certain precision components and must display excellent dimensional stability. Measurement of small dimensional changes in sheet materials over long periods of time (of the order of two parts per million per year) poses severe experimental problems when conventional measuring techniques such as interferometry are used. To avoid these difficulties, experiments were conducted to explore the usefulness of bonded electrical resistance strain gauges for measuring the dimensional stability of sheet specimens. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the strain gauge method is capable of detecting gradual length changes as small as about 1 or 2 parts per million over time periods approaching one year.
An experimental‐numerical hybrid technique for two‐dimensional stress analysis
Authors: CHANDRASHEKHARA K. , JACOB K. ABRAHAM
Published: October 2008

A numerical procedure for obtaining the stress components in the interior of a two‐dimensional body from the values of stresses measured along the boundary, is presented. In this method the two‐dimensional elasticity equations are re‐written in a convenient form and solved using the finite difference technique along with the boundary stress values. The application of the method is illustrated with examples.
Tension relaxation of composite flat belt drive materials under simulated drive conditions
Authors: PALMER R. S. J. , JARVIS J. L.
Published: October 2008

Tension relaxation tests are made on composite flat belt drive materials under simulated drive conditions. A non‐linear equation is obtained relating belt tension at time t to the initial tension at time t=0. The parameters in the equation are evaluated using a non‐linear estimation computer program. Differentiation of the equation enables the time to be predicted when the rate of change of relaxation of the material becomes insignificant.
Some factors affecting long‐term stability of strain measurements using metal foil gauges
Authors: POPLE J.
Published: October 2008

The stability of long‐term strain measurements is very much dependent on the correct selection of techniques, materials and equipment for the conditions under which the measurements are to be taken.

Temperature effects are also a major factor. Temperature‐induced changes in resistance of the Wheat‐stone bridge completion and balancing components can result in an output signal indistinguishable from that produced by change of gauge resistance due to surface strain. The signal conditioning and readout equipment can also be affected by temperature and become an additional source of instability.

The term ‘instability’, in strain gauging, generally refers to ‘zero drift’ and random deviations of readings when the loading conditions are stationary. In particular it refers to those situations where a measurement system has been balanced and measurements have been taken with a particular load condition which cannot be repeated to re‐check the original zero.

In this paper the major sources of instability are identified and recommendations are made as to how best to obtain long‐term stability of strain measurements using metal foil gauges.

Information on principal error sources in strain measurement systems using metal foil gauges is included for completeness and because an appreciation of these sources is also vitally important.
A qualitative investigation of holographic interferometry techniques applied to the measurement of the general displacement field
Authors: MILLMORE S. , ALLSOPP J. A.
Published: October 2008

A qualitative assessment of the performance of several holographic interferometry techniques for the formation of full field fringe patterns representative of individual displacement components is made. Typical interferograms obtained from surfaces undergoing various types of displacements are shown and discussed. Areas where practical problems exist are indicated and an estimation of the accuracies of the techniques given.
A transducer for determining dynamic drag and lift coefficients in wind tunnels
Authors: Kanda J. , Royles R.
Published: October 2008

A transducer is described capable of determining dynamic drag and lift coefficient for bluff bodies in air flow. Such factors and their frequency dependence are becoming increasingly important in the wind excitation of structures.

The device incorporates facilities for varying the angle of attack on the model structure surface and although developed for studies on bluff bodies it can be adapted readily to other bodies of uniform section including aerofoil, circular cylindrical, and more general shapes.

Dynamic output is derived from electric foil strain gauges and circuitry yielding measurements of good linearity, repeatability and stability.
Interactive control for an automatic polariscope
Authors: ALLISON I. M. , NURSE P.
Published: October 2008

The problems of interpreting and analysing photo‐elastic data have deterred non‐specialists from making use of this technique when undertaking detailed design studies. Practical difficulties in understanding complex fringe patterns and in making the necessary optical measurements with sufficient precision have implied that considerable experience is necessary to obtain reliable stress values at internal points or across critical sections.

By interconnecting two minicomputers it has been possible to develop an interactive polariscope control system which will allow the design engineer, with minimal prior knowledge of photoelastic techniques, to employ relatively sophisticated methods for evaluating the stresses in both two and three dimensional models. The data acquisition sequence involves new procedures for determining both the isoclinic angle and the isochromatic fringe number, and the interactive nature of the control system allows the desired analysis to proceed in response to the replies to a series of simple questions posed by the machine.

The application of the system will be illustrated by examples of its use to determine boundary stresses at critical locations, where the high stress gradient presents problems, and in evaluating the separate stress components across the critical section of a grooved cylindrical rod.
An image‐Moiré method for the direct determination of partial slopes in fixed plates
Authors: SUBRAMAIMIAN G. , KUTTY K. GEORGE
Published: October 2008

A new image‐Moiré method yielding directly the partial slope distribution in bent plates is proposed. The fringes are formed by the interference between the grating on the front face of a transparent plate with its reflected image through it on the other face. In illustration of the applicability of the method, results for a centrally loaded simply supported circular plate are presented.
A technique to determine the load distribution in human feet*
Authors: MORETON D. N. , MAXTED M. J.
Published: October 2008

The human foot supports the body weight at 11 points on the foot, namely the five toes, the five metatarsal heads and the heel. The need arose to determine the load carried by each of the 10 load bearing points on the forefoot. A rig developed to satisfy this need is described, together with typical results obtained. The load distributions of a total of 44 ‘clinically normal’ feet were obtained and a statistical presentation is given which results in the definition of a ‘normal’ load distribution.
Simplification of the axisymmetric photoelastic problem
Authors: DOYLE JAMES F.
Published: October 2008

The axisymmetric photoelastic problem is reformulated in such a way that data taken from only the meridional plane is sufficient to obtain a solution.
Measuring and calculating GTOD and the J‐integral with a double clip gauge
Authors: ZHIH‐SHEN DENG , CHYUN‐HUA CHANG , TE‐KEN WANG
Published: October 2008

This paper describes a technique for measuring and calculating CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) arid the J‐integral with double clip gauge. CTOD (or δ) and the rotation factor (r), the relation between δ and J‐integral, as well as the R‐curves δ ‐ Δa and J. Δa are discussed. From the measurements with double clip gauge, one can calculate CTOD and J througout the entire loading process. The present technique seems to be a better approach than DD19, in which r is taken as a constant (r = 1/3).
Abstract
Authors: Tooth Alwyn S. , Wilson John D.
Published: October 2008

A study of the saddle stresses arising from the support of a cylindrical vessel
An acoustic tensile load cell able to operate under high water pressures
Authors: BUTLER J. E.
Published: October 2008

The principles of operation and the experimental equipment used during an investigation into the role of percolating water within concrete and rock, have been outlined. Attention has been drawn to a problem of measuring a friction force which, if not resolved, would have compromised the investigation. The design requirements of a simple acoustic tensile load cell, capable of resolving the problem, are listed with details of its design, construction and satisfactory performance.
Recent applications of slip ring assemblies
Authors: GALL M. H. W.
Published: October 2008

Packaged slip ring and complete slip ring transducer assemblies are described with information about several practical applications especially to motor car testing. Typical electrical specifications are given with illustrations of different types of slip ring, lead connections and measuring equipment.
Whole‐field strain determination for plates in bending
Authors: DOYLE J. F.
Published: October 2008

Holographic and shadow Moiré displacement data are used as the experimental input to a computer programme, which smooths and differentiates it, to obtain whole‐field strain distributions. The choice of curve fitting functions is treated in detail, and applications to the flexure of composite plates demonstrated.
Developments in the measurement of reinforcement strain distributions in reinforced concrete members
Authors: SCOTT R. H. , GILL P. A. T.
Published: October 2008

A technique is described for measuring in detail the longitudinal strain distribution along the reinforcement of reinforced concrete members by means of strain gauges installed in a central duct within the reinforcement. Results of a preliminary test are given.
A non‐destructive method to determine stresses in a three‐dimensional photoelastic model using a transmission polariscope
Authors: Keshavan S. Y.
Published: October 2008

The determination of stresses within a loaded three dimensional photoelastic model without cutting it into slices has been the ultimate aim of many investigators. The standard methods using a transmission polariscope do not yield much information. Scattered light methods no doubt enable one to completely determine the state of stress at a point within the body. However, the methods proposed up to now necessitate the use of an arrangement where both the body under test and the sensing unit which picks up the scattered light or both will have to be rotated. This leads to a complicated experimental set‐up and increases the possibility of making errors, especially while rotating the model. In the proposed method, most of the information needed to determine the state of stress at a point within the body is obtained using the transmission polariscope set‐up. The model and the direction of observation of scattered light are fixed. This allows observations to be made in test models which have at least one flat face without using a liquid with matched refractive index and increases the accuracy of measurements. The method is an almost purely transmission polariscope type of method and where space permits tests can be done using ‘live’ loading without having to use the stress freezing technique.
Some aspects of clip gauge design
Authors: Fleck N. A.
Published: October 2008

Measurements show that simple beam theory accurately models the performance of clip gauge transducers. Assuming typical dimensions for the single and twin cantilever gauge it is found that the single cantilever gauge possesses about four times the sensitivity of the twin cantilever gauge, for the same stiffness. Design rules are specified by which gauges of high sensitivity and low stiffness may be constructed. A simple and reliable technique for fastening clip gauges to a test piece is introduced.
Rayleigh wave interaction with inhomogeneities—Part II: The buried cavity and inclusion
Authors: Rossmanith H. P. , Dally J. W.
Published: October 2008

The elastodynamic interaction between an explosively generated Rayleigh pulse and a buried imperfection such as a cavity or an inclusion in a half plane is investigated. Dynamic photoelasticity was employed to obtain full field information for data analysis. Measurements of the stress distribution along the free boundary of the half plane and the cavity and along the cavity/inclusion interface have been made. Results show that fractures occur for shallow as well as for deeper burial depths initiating from the cavity boundary.
Eye strain and stress arising from VDU usage
Authors: Reed Miles
Published: October 2008

Operator fatigue and eyestrain arising from prolonged use of a computer or other visual display unit (VDU) can be eliminated by fitting a circular polarising filter over the screen.
An image‐shearing Moiré method to record partial slopes of flexed plates
Authors: Subramanian G. , Krishnakumar S.
Published: October 2008

A new Moiré method is proposed to map partial slope contours of laterally loaded reflective plate models. The beam of light reflected by the plate is collected by a field lens and is optically sheared by a thin glass plate at the focus to produce slope modulated gratings at the image plane. No real grating is used. Sensitivities an order higher than those of classical Moiré methods are obtained.
Experimental evaluation of a method for separating axial and bending stresses from strain gauge measurements taken on one surface by three‐element rosettes
Authors: SWAN J. W.
Published: October 2008

A method is described and results presented for the separation of axial and bending components of stress taken on one surface of a structure with a two‐tier, three‐element rosette assembly.
An improved back computation procedure for the parting‐out step of a destructive method for measuring residual stresses in pipes
Authors: SHEALY W. S. , SHADLEY J. R. , RYBICKI E. F.
Published: October 2008

One method for measuring through the thickness residual stress distributions in welded pipes involves a destructive, three step laboratory procedure consisting of parting out, splitting, and layer removal operations. In the parting out step, a coupon of material is removed from the wall of the pipe while strain gauges on the inner and outer surfaces are monitored. In back computing the through the thickness residual stresses from the parting‐out strain gauge data, it is generally assumed that stress changes through the thickness of the coupon vary as a straight line. If the circumferential dimension of the coupon is large compared to the thickness, this assumption is valid. However, in the case of a pipe, the circumferential dimension is usually limited to reduce curvature effects during the subsequent splitting and layer removal steps. If this dimension is too small, the assumption of straight line stress changes through the thickness can lead to serious inaccuracies. In this paper, the validity of the straight line assumption is examined over a range of conditions. To handle cases where the straight line assumption is not valid, a modified back computation procedure for the analysis of parting‐out strain gauge data is developed and presented with numerical results.
The role of the British Society for Strain Measurement and in particular the Product Quality and Reliability Testing Group in enhancement of the Nation's quality and reliability initiative*
Authors: Chalmers G. F.
Published: October 2008

This paper reviews the very important role of the BSSM in contributing to the wide understanding and application of experimental stress analysis in product design evaluation and testing.

The paper presents the benefits of strain measurement techniques and a number of initiatives which have been taken by the BSSM in relation to quality and reliability which have included meetings held in conjunction with other organisations, the BSSM Certificate Scheme and involvement in standards for strain gauge measurements.

The paper concludes with some facts and figures related to Quality Assurance, and costs of failure and fracture, from authoritative published sources in the UK and USA.
Telemetry applied to strain gauging
Authors: Phillips K. J.
Published: October 2008

An insight into strain gauge telemetry techniques explaining why telemetry can offer interesting advantages over conventional strain gauge systems. The difference between a.c. strain gauge measurements and analogue to digital conversion followed by a.c. transmission is discussed together with the importance of a.c. transmission in the avoidance of drifts and parasitic effects applicable to d.c. systems.

A comparison between frequency modulation (FM) and time or pulse duration modulation (PDM) explains why PDM can offer significant advantages.
Practical strain extensometry for biaxial cruciform specimens—Part 1
Authors: Smith E. W. , Pascoe K. J.
Published: October 2008

Of a number of methods for testing materials under biaxial stress conditions, the cruciform specimen with tension/compression loading of the arms allows exploration of the whole in‐plane failure envelope. This paper highlights the problems arising in the measuring, monitoring and control of strains in cruciform specimens subject to static and cyclic biaxial loading. Three extensometers are described which have been used respectively for testing high strain fatigue in steels, fatigue crack propagation in steels and fatigue and fracture of a glass reinforced polyester composite. Each extensometer uses a full bridge resistance strain gauge circuit; two are based on bending of a beam and the third on deformation of a thin ring. Examples are shown of stress/strain loops for equibiaxial and shear conditions from fatigue tests on a steel and g.r.p.
Engineering metrology—a measure of progress
Authors: Poulter K. F.
Published: October 2008

In 1952 Mr F. H. Rolt, one of the pioneers of engineering metrology, who had worked at NPL for over 40 years reviewed the progress in this area during the first half of the 20th century. He concluded his lecture by identifying eight topics on which progress could be expected.

This paper considers each of these areas and identifies where progress has occurred. The paper concludes with a few new predictions for the next decade or so.
Microcomputer system for logging vibrating wire gauges
Authors: Ewins A. J.
Published: October 2008

A microcomputer controlled logger for controlling and monitoring up to 256 vibrating wire strain gauges is described. Sophisticated data loggers have been developed for use with various sensors producing voltage outputs. The logger described here is capable of handling VWGs in a similar manner enabling long term monitoring to be carried out without operator intervention but with a high degree of confidence in the results obtained. The system represents a low‐cost solution to the intelligent logging of VWGs.
Comparison of techniques for residual stress determination in a bead on plate titanium sample
Authors: Brown D. K. , Owens A.
Published: October 2008

Residual stress determination has been carried out on production welds to provide engineering data.

A parting out technique has been used in which a strain gauged through thickness slug of material is removed from the weld area.

The centre hole technique has been used with the blind hole in the weld material.

There were differences between the results from the two techniques and a fully penetrant bead on plate fatigue sample with the bead running axially was used in order to compare the two techniques in more detail.

After parting out, the layer removal technique was carried out in order to provide a relatively detailed through thickness residual stress distribution in order to explain the differences between the results from the centre hole and parting out techniques.
Birefringent coating and timing belt performance
Authors: Richards J. , Jarvis J. L. , Meduoye G. O.
Published: October 2008

Using a birefringent coating technique, stress separation is carried out on a tooth of a timing belt by two approaches to the shear difference method. The analysis is performed by approximating the composite belt to a non‐homogeneous body made up of two distinctly different homogeneous isotropic materials. The results from the two approaches are found to be in very close agreement.
Application of resistance strain gauges on a wet surface
Authors: Kohlbeck F. , Semerad E. , Scholze P.
Published: October 2008

The application of strain gauges to determine the stress on wet and porous media such as rock has been examined. Weldable strain gauges have not been considered. Special consideration has been. given to different methods of water protection. For unbonded strain gauges tested under water a logarithmic dependence between time and resistivity has been found. Several kinds of moisture protection have been tried on the material side as well as on the back side of selected strain gauges. The bonding and the stability of the gauges under load in water has been examined.
The measurement of the distribution of residual stresses through the thickness of a welded joint
Authors: Ritchie D. , Leggatt R. H.
Published: October 2008

A new method for the measurement of residual stresses in welded joints of complex cross section is described. The method involves the measurement of strain changes in the body as a narrow slot is cut in the plane of interest, in small increments of depth. A finite element model of the cross section is used to relate the strain changes at the measurement points to the residual stresses across the slot plane.

The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by using it to measure a known residual stress field in a cold bent bar. The method has been used in combination with a block removal technique to measure the through wall distribution of axial residual stresses at a circumferential butt weld in a cylinder with a protruding root bead. It could also be applied to the measurement of residual stresses in other joint configurations, such as fillet welds or T‐butt welds.
Strain distribution along lapped joints in reinforced concrete
Authors: Judge R. C. B. , Scott R. H. , Gill P. A. T.
Published: October 2008

Strain measurements along lapped joints in reinforced concrete tension members were obtained using a method of internally strain gauging the reinforcing rods. Strain concentration gauges, installed at the lap ends of some specimens, demonstrated the localised nature of force transfer prior to crack formation.

Results from ten test specimens of varying lap length and rod diameter have been produced. The changes observed in the longitudinal strain distributions, and the associated bond and concrete stresses as cracks developed are presented.
Two neighbouring quasi‐trapezoidal holes in discs with minimum s.c.f.
Authors: Naik N. K.
Published: October 2008

Using a two dimensional photoelastic technique, hole shapes have been optimised in diametrically loaded circular discs with two neighbouring holes leading to minimum stress concentration factor (s.c.f.). Two neighbouring holes symmetrically located side by side with the load axis perpendicular to the line joining the centres of the holes are considered. Results are given for a range of disc diameter/hole diameter ratios (11.44≥D/d≥4.16). Optimised quasi‐trapezoidal hole geometries, stress distributions around these holes and the effect of tilting the load direction are presented. In comparison with circular holes, the s.c.fs. have been reduced up to about 14% with quasi‐trapezoidal holes at regions of peak stresses and up to 23% at peak tensile stress regions.
An alternative determination of unmodified temperature T1 for eliminating thermal strain during load testing of engineering structures
Authors: Hsiang‐Te Tu
Published: October 2008

A method of determining the unmodified temperature, T1, for elimination of thermal strain from the load testing is presented. It is based on the fact that the intersection point of two T–ε lines for a test point shows zero stress (or strain) and coincides with the known zero stress at the neutral axis of the structure, if the test point is set at the axis. The abscissa of this intersection point indicates the unmodified temperature T1. The method has been applied to the load test on a suspect beam in a 4‐storey building. The conclusion was reached that although the suspect beam was weaker than normal, it could take the assigned load without any remedial measures. This conclusion was verified by the practical evidence of normal service for more than five years.

The method is applicable to certain types of structures at the moment.
Three dimensional displacement measurement using Moiré interferometry
Authors: Asundi A. , Cheung M. T.
Published: October 2008

Moiré interferometry is used to simultaneously measure the in plane and out of plane displacement components. The high sensitivity of displacement measurement is maintained and high contrast fringes are obtained without recourse to additional filtering.
technical note Linear variable differential transformers — Practical hints
Authors: Collins S.J.
Published: October 2008

Some years ago, a requirement existed for the development of a transducer of the LVDT type having the greatest possible sensitivity and of the smallest possible size. It was developed by a purely intuitive process and resulted in a series of devices having a variety of practical applications. In particular, its use as an extensometer could be of interest in the field of strain measurement.
The automated load testing of pallet rack connections
Authors: Lewis G.M. , Cooper R.A. , Freeman M.D.T.
Published: October 2008

As the amount of test data required by companies to present to external checking authorities increases, automated methods of routine testing are becoming important. This paper outlines one such procedure adopted for the testing of a semi‐rigid joint used extensively in the storage and materials handling industry.