bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel doubly perforated broadband microstrip branch‐line couplers
Authors: Kurgan P. , Kitliński M.
Published: June 2009

Two broadband compact doubly perforated hybrid couplers have been designed, manufactured, and measured. To improve frequency characteristics and to reduce circuit dimensions, two kinds of perforations have been introduced: the defected ground structures in the ground plane metallization and photonic bandgap cells in the strip metallization. Measurement results show essential miniaturization (∼39% and ∼36%) and enhancement of the bandwidth (∼47% and ∼75 %). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2149–2152, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24566
Compact ultra‐wide band microwave filter utilizing quarter‐wave length short‐circuited stubs with reduced number of vias
Authors: Razalli Mohammad Shahrazel , Ismail Alyani , Adzir Mahdi Mohd , Hamidon Mohd Nizar
Published: June 2009

We present here a novel pattern with compact size of ultra‐wide band microstrip filter. The filter is originally modeled from five poles quarter‐wavelength short‐circuited stubs. It is then, transformed into a new compact butterfly‐like pattern. This new “butterfly‐shaped” pattern consists of three vias instead of five vias from its original design. The prototype has shown an improvement in scattering parameters measurement compared with its original model. It delivers 112% of fractional bandwidth, magnitude of insertion loss better than 1.6 dB and return loss lower than −8 dB. It is fabricated on RT Duroid 5880 with 2.2 dielectric constant, 0.508 mm of substrate thickness and 35 μm copper thickness. The overall dimension of the filter is 20.7 × 15.8 mm2. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2116–2119, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24568
Ultrawideband printed patch antenna in notch
Authors: Lin Shun‐Yun , Ke Bi‐Jin
Published: June 2009

This article firstly introduces a compact printed patch antenna with ultrawide bandwidth. The performance is achieved by placing the radiating patch above a rectangular notch cut in the finite ground plane edge. This fabrication provides an ultrawide impedance bandwidth and reduced antenna dimension by suitable separations of the patch from the notch edges. A practical design and experimental results for the requirement of WiMax 802.16e are presented. Moreover, using the proposed antenna as the complementary elements, a dual‐polarization ultrawideband antenna design is implemented and studied. The experimental results indicate that not only the original characteristics are preserved from the dual‐polarized integration but also a larger than 25‐dB isolation is achieved throughout the operating band. In addition, omni‐directional radiations in the azimuthal plane are achieved to make the proposed dual‐polarization antenna more suitable for mobile communications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2080–2084, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24570
Directive emission based on a new type of metamaterial
Authors: Zhu Fang‐Ming , Wang Zhi‐Yu , Jiang Tao , Shen Lin‐Fang , Ran Li‐Xin
Published: June 2009

In this article, the highly directive emission based on a new type of metamaterial has been demonstrated. A structure of crossed metallic strips with slots is designed. By embedding the source inside a slab of such material, the emitted energy is concentrated around the normal of the slab based on the zero refraction principle. An antenna is constructed, and the simulation has been done on it. The results show that highly directive property is achieved. An experimental verification of this effect is given in the microwave domain, and the results agree well with the simulations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2178–2180, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24576
Design of CPW‐fed cavity‐backed slot antennas operating at 30 GHz
Authors: Guo Jian , Xu Zhengbin , Qian Cheng , Dou Wenbin
Published: June 2009

This article describes a cavity‐backed slot antenna fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW). The designed antenna operates at 30 GHz and uses an inverted configuration with the CPW feed line on the top of the substrate and the slot facing toward the metallic cavity. Both simulated and measured results for the antenna's return loss and radiation patterns are presented and they are in good agreement. This slot antenna of a very compact size and good radiation characteristics should be very useful for many communication systems at 8 mm band. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2143–2145, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24578
Harmonic suppressed and size‐reduced bandstop and bandpass filters
Authors: Alkanhal Majeed A. S. , Mohra Ashraf S.
Published: June 2009

New bandstop/bandpass microstrip structures with harmonic suppression are presented in this article. By replacing the series quarter‐wavelength connecting lines of conventional open‐stub bandpass/bandstop filters with the equivalent Π‐shaped line section, compact open‐stub bandstop/bandpass filters with second harmonic suppression are achieved. Transmission‐line theory is used to derive the design equations of the equivalent Π‐shaped lines. Simulation and experiments have also been done to validate the proposed design concept. When compared with the conventional open‐stub Bandpass/Bandstop filters, the second harmonic is suppressed and size reduction is achieved in both the Bandstop/bandpass structures. Moreover, results confirm that the proposed shaped bandpass filter achieves a further third harmonic rejection. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2109–2114, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24580
Erratum: Tunable bandstop filter‐based defected ground structure using a metal plate
Authors: Sung Youngje
Published: June 2009

Originally published Microwave Opt Tech Lett 51:160–163, 2009 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2254–2255, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24589
Numerical modeling of creep and creep damage in thin plates of arbitrary shape from materials with different behavior in tension and compression under plane stress conditions
Authors: Zolochevsky A. , Sklepus S. , Hyde T. H. , Becker A. A. , Peravali S.
Published: June 2009

A constitutive model for describing the creep and creep damage in initially isotropic materials with characteristics dependent on the loading type, such as tension, compression and shear, has been applied to the numerical modeling of creep deformation and creep damage growth in thin plates under plane stress conditions. The variational approach of establishing the basic equations of the plane stress problem under consideration has been introduced. For the solution of two‐dimensional creep problems, the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta–Merson's method of time integration, combined with the Ritz method and R‐functions theory, has been used. Numerical solutions to various problems have been obtained, and the processes of creep deformation and creep damage growth in thin plates of arbitrary shape have been investigated. The influence of tension–compression asymmetry on the stress–strain state and damage evolution, with time, in thin plates of arbitrary shape, has been discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bi‐criteria optimal control of redundant robot manipulators using LVI‐based primal‐dual neural network
Authors: Cai Binghuang , Zhang Yunong
Published: June 2009

In this paper, a bi‐criteria weighting scheme is proposed for the optimal motion control of redundant robot manipulators. To diminish the discontinuity phenomenon of pure infinity‐norm velocity minimization (INVM) scheme, the proposed bi‐criteria redundancy‐resolution scheme combines the minimum kinetic energy scheme and the INVM scheme via a weighting factor. Joint physical limits such as joint limits and joint‐velocity limits could also be incorporated simultaneously into the scheme formulation. The optimal kinematic control scheme can be reformulated finally as a quadratic programming (QP) problem. As the real‐time QP solver, a primal‐dual neural network (PDNN) based on linear variational inequalities (LVI) is developed as well with a simple piecewise‐linear structure and global exponential convergence to optimal solutions. Since the LVI‐based PDNN is matrix‐inversion free, it has higher computational efficiency in comparison with dual neural networks.
Computer simulations performed based on the PUMA560 manipulator illustrate the validity and advantages of such a bi‐criteria neural optimal motion‐control scheme for redundant robots. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing a novel alkaline anion exchange membrane derived from poly(ether‐imide) for improved ionic conductivity
Authors: Wang Guigui , Weng Yiming , Zhao Jun , Chu Deryn , Xie Dong , Chen Rongrong
Published: June 2009

We have developed a novel alkaline anion exchange membrane derived from poly(ether‐imide) for improved ionic conductivity. The effects of several important parameters on the chloromethylation of the membrane were investigated. These parameters included reaction temperature, reaction time, concentration of chloromethylation agent, concentration of polymer, and the amount of catalyst. The quaternization of the synthesized chloromethylated polymer was studied as well. The results show that all the studied parameters exhibited significant impacts on chloromethylation. Among them, the concentration of the chloromethylation agent played a key role in increasing the chloromethyl functional group attachment onto the polymer. It was found that the gelation could be avoided if these reaction parameters were controlled. It was also found that using an appropriate quaternization approach could significantly improve the ionic conductivity and optimize the conductivity of the membrane even though the functional chloromethyl groups attached to the polymer are limited. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal and mechanical evaluation of cyanate ester resin modified with bismaleimide and diallyl phthalate
Authors: He Shaobo , Liang Guozheng , Yan Hongxia , Wang Jinhe , Yang Lianli
Published: June 2009

Cyanate ester resins have excellent dielectric, mechanical, and thermal properties; however, their major drawback is their brittleness. A high performance matrix blend was developed using bisphenol A dicyanate (BADCy), bismaleimide (BMI) and diallyl phthalate (DAP), and Cobalt (III) acetylacetonate dissolved in nonyl phenol (NP) as a complex catalyst system for BADCy. The properties of the BADCy/BMI/DAP blends, such as thermal and mechanical properties, were investigated in detail by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mechanical measurement. The results show that the addition of the appropriate amount of DAP and BMI can improve the impact strength and the flexural strength and this possibly comes from forming an interpenetrating polymer network in the systems. However, the thermal stability of the blends was found to be lower than that of the unmodified BADCy resin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Be precise! The need to consider the mechanisms for CEP17 copy number changes in breast cancer
Authors: Viale Giuseppe
Published: June 2009

A recent paper by Marchiò and colleagues indicated that true polysomy of chromosome 17 is rare and that coincident CEP 17 centromere amplification may account for its overestimation in FISH testing for HER2 amplification, with a treat/not treat decision as the final important readout. Here the importance of relating HER2 copy number to cell count rather than a ratio with CEP17 is emphasized. This is central to ensuring that all who may respond to potentially life‐saving treatment with herceptin/lapatininib are not denied these drugs. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buffering of sublimation loss of subsurface ice by percolating snowmelt: a theoretical analysis
Authors: Schorghofer Norbert
Published: June 2009

Subsurface ice in cold hyperarid conditions retreats by sublimation and diffusion through the overlying soil layer. Here, it is shown that percolating meltwater, if present, can counterbalance sublimation loss effectively and thus increase the persistence time of subsurface ice. Time averaging of transport equations is used to evaluate the significance of percolation in an otherwise complex dynamical system. The reduction in sublimation loss is approximately given by the amount of meltwater multiplied by the percolation depth and divided by the depth to the ice table. It is plausible that percolation is even more effective during a warmer, wetter climate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanocrystalline Transition Metal Oxides as Catalysts in the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate
Authors: Kapoor Inder Pal Singh , Srivastava Pratibha , Singh Gurdip
Published: June 2009

Nanocrystalline transition metal oxides (NTMOs) have been successfully prepared by three different methods: novel quick precipitation method (Cr2O3 and Fe2O3); surfactant mediated method (CuO), and reduction of metal complexes with hydrazine as reducing agent (Mn2O3). The nano particles have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) which shows an average particle diameter of 35–54 nm. Their catalytic activity was measured in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). AP decomposition undergoes a two step process where the addition of metal oxide nanocrystals led to a shifting of the high temperature decomposition peak toward lower temperature. The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of AP and catalyzed AP has also been evaluated using model fitting and isoconversional method.
Increasing protein stability by improving beta‐turns
Authors: Fu Hailong , Grimsley Gerald R. , Razvi Abbas , Scholtz J. Martin , Pace C. Nick
Published: June 2009

Our goal was to gain a better understanding of how protein stability can be increased by improving β‐turns. We studied 22 β‐turns in nine proteins with 66–370 residues by replacing other residues with proline and glycine and measuring the stability. These two residues are statistically preferred in some β‐turn positions. We studied: Cold shock protein B (CspB), Histidine‐containing phosphocarrier protein, Ubiquitin, Ribonucleases Sa2, Sa3, T1, and HI, Tryptophan synthetase α‐subunit, and Maltose binding protein. Of the 15 single proline mutations, 11 increased stability (Average = 0.8 ± 0.3; Range = 0.3–1.5 kcal/mol), and the stabilizing effect of double proline mutants was additive. On the basis of this and our previous work, we conclude that proteins can generally be stabilized by replacing nonproline residues with proline residues at thei+ 1 position of Type I and II β‐turns and at theiposition in Type II β‐turns. Other turn positions can sometimes be used if the φ angle is near −60° for the residue replaced. It is important that the side chain of the residue replaced is less than 50% buried. Identical substitutions in β‐turns in related proteins give similar results. Proline substitutions increase stability mainly by decreasing the entropy of the denatured state. In contrast, the large, diverse group of proteins considered here had almost no residues in β‐turns that could be replaced by Gly to increase protein stability. Improving β‐turns by substituting Pro residues is a generally useful way of increasing protein stability. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal structure of a ferredoxin reductase for the CYP199A2 system from Rhodopseudomonas palustris
Authors: Xu Feng , Bell Stephen G. , Peng Ying , Johnson Eachan O.D. , Bartlam Mark , Rao Zihe , Wong Luet‐Lok
Published: June 2009

Cytochrome P450‐199A2 from Rhodopseudomonas palustris oxidizes para‐substituted benzoic acids and may play a role in lignin and aromatic acid degradation pathways in the bacterium. CYP199A2 has an associated [2Fe‐2S] ferredoxin, palustrisredoxin (Pux) but not a ferredoxin reductase. A genome search identified the palustrisredoxin reductase (PuR) gene. PuR was produced in Escherichia coli and shown to be a flavin‐dependent protein that supports efficient electron transfer from NADH to Pux, thus reconstituting CYP199A2 monooxygenase activity (kcat = 37.9 s–1 with 4‐methoxybenzoic acid). The reduction of Pux by PuR shows Km = 4.2 μM and kcat = 262 s–1 in 50 mM Tris, pH 7.4. Km is increased to 154 μM in the presence of 200 mM KCl, indicating the importance of ionic interactions in PuR/Pux binding. The crystal structure of PuR has been determined at 2.2 Å resolution and found to be closely related to that of other oxygenase‐coupled NADH‐dependent ferredoxin reductases. Residues on the surface that had been proposed to be involved in ferredoxin reductase‐ferredoxin binding are conserved in PuR. However, Lys328 in PuR lies over the FAD isoalloxazine ring and, together with His11 and Gln41, render the electrostatic potential of the surface more positive and may account for the greater involvement of electrostatic interactions in ferredoxin binding by PuR. Consistent with these observations the K328G mutation weakened Pux binding and virtually eliminated the dependence of PuR/Pux binding on salt concentration, thus confirming that the FAD si side surface in the vicinity of Lys328 is the ferredoxin binding site. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robustness and generalization of structure‐based models for protein folding and function
Authors: Lammert Heiko , Schug Alexander , Onuchic José N.
Published: June 2009

Functional dynamics of native proteins share the energy landscape that guides folding into the native state. Folding simulations of structure‐based protein models, using an minimally frustrated energy landscape dominated by native interactions, can describe the geometrical aspects of the folding mechanism. Technical limitations imposed by the fixed shape of conventional contact potentials are a key obstacle toward advanced applications of structure‐based models like allostery or ligand binding, which require multiple stable conformations. Generalizations of existing models, commonly using Lennard‐Jones‐like potentials, lead to inevitable clashes between their repulsive branches. To resolve these challenges, a new contact potential is developed that combines an attractive part based on Gaussians with a separate repulsive term allowing flexibility for adjustments of the potential shape. With this new model multiple minima for studies of functional transitions can be introduced easily and consistently. A sensitivity analysis for five small proteins confirms the robust behavior of structure‐based models with our adaptable potential and explores their capacity for quantitative adjustment of the folding thermodynamics. We demonstrate its ability to incorporate alternative contact distances in simulations of structural transitions for the well‐studied ROP dimer. Individual contact pairs can switch between distinct states to match the competing syn and anti structures. The flexibility of the new potential facilitates advanced uses of structure‐based models. Depending on the application, features can be chosen from physical considerations or to match experiments. Generalized models can be built from multiple structures to study structural transitions or effects of disorder. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
De novo generation of antimicrobial LK peptides with a single tryptophan at the critical amphipathic interface
Authors: Kang Su‐Jin , Won Hyung‐Sik , Choi Wahn‐Soo , Lee Bong‐Jin
Published: June 2009

De novo design of amphipathic model peptides has been successful for generating many antimicrobial peptides with various lengths and amino acid compositions. Here, we suggest a very simple strategy to design antimicrobial peptides with a short length and a simple amino acid composition. Amphipathic helical properties were conferred by using only leucines and lysines and a single tryptophan was positioned at the critical amphipathic interface between the hydrophilic ending side and the hydrophobic starting side, in the helical wheel projection. According to this rule, the model peptides with 7 to 13 residues exhibited antimicrobial activity. Among them, the most potent activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, covering all of the nine bacterial strains tested in this study, was found for the 11‐mer sequences having a 1:1 (L5K5W6) or a 3:2 (L6K4W6) ratio of leucines to lysines. In particular, the former peptide L5K5W6 could be evaluated as the most useful agent, as it showed no significant hemolytic activity with a broad‐spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New capability indices for evaluating the performance of multivariate manufacturing processes
Authors: Pan Jeh‐Nan , Lee Chun‐Yi
Published: June 2009

Generally, an industrial product has more than one quality characteristic. In order to establish performance measures for evaluating the capability of a multivariate manufacturing process, several multivariate process capability indices have been developed in the past few years. Among them, Taam's MCp and MCpm indices have the drawback of overestimation and Hubele's three‐component capability vector lacks simplicity in practice. In this article, taking the correlation among multiple quality characteristics into account, we develop two novel indices; NMCp and NMCpm. Using two numerical examples we demonstrate that the true performance of multivariate processes are accurately reflected in our NMCp and NMCpm indices and in their associated interval estimates. Finally, simulation results show that our indices outperform both those of Taam and Hubele. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconciling theory and practise: The role of stream ecology
Authors: Thompson Ross M. , Lake P. Sam
Published: June 2009

Stream ecology has played an important role in advancing general ecological theory. As an integrating element in complex landscapes, our understanding of ecological indicators, the movement of energy and materials across ecosystems and the pervasive importance of disturbance and dynamics has been critically informed by our study of streams. Faced with increases in the demands for water and changes in the patterns of rainfall and evaporation due to climate change, the need to apply ecological theory to management practice has become all the more immediate. This will involve not only restoration, but reconstruction and engineering of whole ecosystems. We review the key areas of theory that have been informed by stream ecology, and lay down a challenge to the next generation of stream ecologists, to drive ahead theory while applying it to real challenges. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Birth of Parthenote Mice Directly from Parthenogenetic Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Chen Zhisheng , Liu Zhong , Huang Junjiu , Amano Tomokazu , Li Chao , Cao Shanbo , Wu Chao , Liu Bodu , Zhou Lingjun , Carter Mark G. , Keefe David L. , Yang Xiangzhong , Liu Lin
Published: June 2009

Mammalian parthenogenetic embryos are not viable and die because of defects in placental development and genomic imprinting. Parthenogenetic ESCs (pESCs) derived from parthenogenetic embryos might advance regenerative medicine by avoiding immuno-rejection. However, previous reports suggest that pESCs may fail to differentiate and contribute to some organs in chimeras, including muscle and pancreas, and it remains unclear whether pESCs themselves can form all tissue types in the body. We found that derivation of pESCs is more efficient than of ESCs derived from fertilized embryos, in association with reduced mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in parthenogenetic embryos and their inner cell mass outgrowth. Furthermore, in vitro culture modifies the expression of imprinted genes in pESCs, and these cells, being functionally indistinguishable from fertilized embryo-derived ESCs, can contribute to all organs in chimeras. Even more surprisingly, our study shows that live parthenote pups were produced from pESCs through tetraploid embryo complementation, which contributes to placenta development. This is the first demonstration that pESCs are capable of full-term development and can differentiate into all cell types and functional organs in the body.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Crocodile Attacks in Australia: Challenges for Injury Prevention and Trauma Care
Authors: Gruen Russell L.
Published: June 2009

Introduction

Saltwater crocodiles are formidable predators in northern Australia, and crocodile attacks on humans are not rare. With recent deaths highlighting this as a public health issue, an evidence‐based discourse about effective methods of minimizing the danger to humans is needed.

Methods

Using the Haddon Matrix for injury prevention, approaches to minimizing crocodile associated death and injury were sought.

Results

Possibilities for harm minimization before, during and after a crocodile attack are identified, and their merits appriased. The importance of excellent prehospital and surgical and critical care is emphasized.

Conclusions

A combination of behavior adaptation, mutual respect, and minimizing contact will be the key to minimizing the harm from attacks, and excellent medical and surgical care will always be necessary for those unfortunate to be victims but fortunate to survive.
An unusual genetic variant in the MOCS1 gene leads to complete missplicing of an alternatively spliced exon in a patient with molybdenum cofactor deficiency
Authors: Arenas M. , Fairbanks L. D. , Vijayakumar K. , Carr L. , Escuredo E. , Marinaki A. M.
Published: June 2009

Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MOCOD) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder resulting in the combined deficiency of aldehyde oxidase (AO, EC 1.2.3.1), xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.1.1.204), and sulfite oxidase (SUOX, EC 1.8.3.1). The majority of patients typically present soon after birth with intractable seizures, developmental delay and lens dislocation and do not survive early childhood. Milder cases have been reported. We report an unusual mutation in the MOCS1 gene associated with a relatively mild clinical phenotype, in a patient who presented with normal uric acid (UA) levels in plasma. We also report a new MOCS1 mRNA splice variant in the 5′ region of the gene. MOCS1 genomic DNA and cDNA from peripheral blood leukocytes were sequenced. MOCS1 mRNA splice variants were amplified with fluorescently labelled primers and quantitated. A novel homozygous mutation MOCS1c.1165+6T > C in intron 9 resulting in miss‐splicing of exon 9 was found. Multiple alternatively spliced MOCS1 transcripts have been previously reported. A new MOCS1 transcript in the 5′ – exon 1 region was identified in both patient and controls. This new transcript derived from the Larin variant and lacked exon 1 d.
Ensuring Positiveness of the Scaled Difference Chi-square Test Statistic
Authors: Satorra Albert , Bentler Peter M.
Published: June 2009

A scaled difference test statistic
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that can be computed from standard software of structural equation models (SEM) by hand calculations was proposed in Satorra and Bentler (Psychometrika 66:507–514, 2001). The statistic
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is asymptotically equivalent to the scaled difference test statistic
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introduced in Satorra (Innovations in Multivariate Statistical Analysis: A Festschrift for Heinz Neudecker, pp. 233–247, 2000), which requires more involved computations beyond standard output of SEM software. The test statistic
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has been widely used in practice, but in some applications it is negative due to negativity of its associated scaling correction. Using the implicit function theorem, this note develops an improved scaling correction leading to a new scaled difference statistic
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that avoids negative chi-square values.
The yeast Cdc8 exhibits both deoxythymidine monophosphate and diphosphate kinase activities
Authors: Chien Chia-Yi , Chen Bo-Ruei , Chou Chen-Kung , Sclafani Robert A. , Su Jin-Yuan
Published: June 2009

The existence of multifunctional enzymes in the nucleotide biosynthesis pathways is believed to be one of the important mechanisms to facilitate the synthesis and the efficient supply of deoxyribonucleotides for DNA replication. Here, we used the bacterially expressed yeast thymidylate kinase (encoded by the CDC8 gene) to demonstrate that the purified Cdc8 protein possessed thymidylate‐specific nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity in addition to thymidylate kinase activity. The yeast endogenous nucleoside diphosphate kinase is encoded by YNK1, which appears to be non‐essential. Our results suggest that Cdc8 has dual enzyme activities and could duplicate the function of Ynk1 in thymidylate synthesis. We also discuss the importance of the coordinated expression of CDC8 during the cell cycle progression in yeast.
Evidence for a degradosome‐like complex in the mitochondria of Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Mattiacio Jonelle L. , Read Laurie K.
Published: June 2009

MINT‐7188074: SUV3 (genbank_protein_gi:XP_844349) physically interacts (MI:0914) with DSS1 (uniprotkb:Q38EM3) by anti tag co‐immunoprecipitation (MI:0007)
A role of complexin–lipid interactions in membrane fusion
Authors: Seiler Florian , Malsam Jörg , Krause Jean Michel , Söllner Thomas H.
Published: June 2009

Complexins (Cpxs) and synaptotagmins regulate calcium‐dependent exocytosis. A central helix in Cpx confers specific binding to the soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor‐attachment protein receptor (SNARE) fusion machinery. An accessory helix in the amino‐terminal region inhibits membrane fusion by blocking SNAREpin zippering. We now show that an amphipathic helix in the carboxy‐terminal region of CpxI binds lipid bilayers and affects SNARE‐mediated lipid mixing in a liposome fusion assay. The substitution of a hydrophobic amino acid within the helix by a charged residue abolishes the lipid interaction and the stimulatory effect of CpxI in liposome fusion. In contrast, the introduction of the bulky hydrophobic amino acid tryptophan stimulates lipid binding and liposome fusion. This data shows that local Cpx–lipid interactions can play a role in membrane fusion.
Rights to emergency contraception
Authors: Weisberg Edith , Fraser Ian S.
Published: June 2009

Emergency contraception (EC) provides women with a safe means of preventing pregnancy following unprotected sexual intercourse or potential contraceptive failure, and is accepted as a legitimate method of fertility control. The right of women to access EC, along with other contraceptive methods, needs to be affirmed. The consequences of unintended pregnancy are serious, imposing appreciable burdens on children, women, men, and families. Every child has the right to be a wanted child and not enter this world because its mother was denied access to EC. For maximum effectiveness, barriers to access must be removed. It is essential that EC pills are available over‐the‐counter with no minimum age for access. There is a tension between the rights of women to access EC without medical or legal intervention and the rights of providers who have a conscientious objection to provision on religious or moral grounds. The principles of autonomy, non‐maleficence, and beneficence all weigh in favor of the rights of a woman faced with the possibility of an unintended pregnancy to unrestricted access to EC against providers whose religious views are opposed to this.
Migration and women's health
Authors: Adanu Richard M.K. , Johnson Timothy R.B.
Published: June 2009

Women have been migrating at similar rates to men for the past 40 years, and comprised about half of all migrants in 2005. Women and children are most affected by displacement as a result of wars and human trafficking. In some cases, the health of female migrants is improved via integration into better health systems in the host country. More often, however, the health of female migrants is affected negatively. Women are doubly disadvantaged because they are discriminated against as women and as migrants. Female migrants are also highly vulnerable to acts of sexual abuse, rape, and violence. This is especially true for women in refugee camps, whose reproductive health needs are often overlooked. To improve the health of female migrants it is important to develop and implement policies that recognize and insist on the respect of the rights of migrants.
Women's groups and professional organizations in advocacy for sexual and reproductive health and rights
Authors: Germain Adrienne , Liljestrand Jerker
Published: June 2009

After the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in 1994 and the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995, sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) have improved in many countries, and been supported by awareness raised by women's health advocates, increasingly by youth groups, and also by organizations of health professionals. In the HIV/AIDS area, involvement of organizations of people living with HIV/AIDS is crucial to improve prevention and care. However, after victories during the 1990s, combating opposition by social and political conservatives has taken up much energy in recent years. Continuous advocacy to broaden acceptance of the fundamental importance of SRHR, their role in meeting the Millennium Development Goals, and the imperative to increase funding, is essential.
A new approach to pleural effusion in cats: Markers for distinguishing transudates from exudates
Authors: Zoia Andrea , Slater Linda A. , Heller Jane , Connolly David J. , Church David B.
Published: June 2009

Classification of pleural effusion (PE) is central to diagnosis. Traditional veterinary classification has distinguished between transudates, modified transudates and exudates. In human medicine PEs are divided into only two categories: transudates and exudates. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in 20 cats presented with PE, paired samples of serum and pleural fluid for the following parameters: Light's criteria (pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase concentration (LDHp), pleural fluid/serum LDH ratio, pleural fluid/serum total protein ratio (TPr)), pleural fluid total protein, pleural fluid cholesterol concentration, pleural fluid/serum cholesterol ratio (CHOLr), serum-effusion cholesterol gradient (serum cholesterol minus PE cholesterol concentration (CHOLg)), PE total nucleated cells count (TNCCp) and pleural fluid glucose (GLUp). LDHp and TPr were found most reliable when distinguishing between transudates and exudates, with sensitivity of 100% and 91% and specificity of 100%, respectively. When conflict between the clinical picture and laboratory results exists, calculation of CHOLr, CHOLg and TNCCp measurement may help in the classification of the effusion. Measurement of serum albumin (in the case of a transudate) may provide additional information regarding the pathogenesis of the effusion.
Concentration of D-dimers in healthy cats and sick cats with and without disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Authors: Tholen Inger , Weingart Christiane , Kohn Barbara
Published: June 2009

The objective of this prospective study was to measure concentrations of D-dimers in 48 cats with various diseases and in 20 healthy cats to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity for D-dimers to diagnose disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The cats were classified as having DIC if an underlying disease and at least three of the following criteria were present: thrombocytopenia, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time or thrombin time, schistocytes and/or a reduced antithrombin activity. D-dimer concentrations were measured using a semi-quantitative latex agglutination (LA) test (Accuclot D-Dimer, Sigma Diagnostics). The D-dimer test was positive for 8/12 cats with DIC and for 16/36 sick cats without DIC. D-dimers were negative for all healthy control cats. The comparison of the sick cats with DIC and those without DIC revealed a specificity and sensitivity of the D-dimer test of 56% and 67%; a comparison of the results for healthy cats and cats with DIC revealed a specificity and sensitivity of 100% and 67%, respectively. The D-dimer LA test is only of limited value for the diagnosis of DIC in cats.
Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Cats with Glargine Insulin Improves Glycaemic Control and Results in Higher Probability of Remission than Protamine Zinc and Lente Insulins
Authors: Marshall R.D. , Rand J.S. , Morton J.M.
Published: June 2009

Glycaemic control and remission probabilities were compared in 24 newly diagnosed diabetic cats treated twice daily with either glargine, protamine zinc (PZI) or lente insulin and fed a low carbohydrate diet. After day 17, the probability of remission was substantially higher for cats with lower mean 12 h blood glucose concentrations on day 17, irrespective of insulin type. Glargine-treated cats had lower mean 12 h blood glucose concentrations on day 17 than PZI- or lente-treated cats, and all eight glargine-treated cats achieved remission compared to three PZI- and two lente-treated cats. The probability of remission was greater for cats treated with glargine than cats treated with PZI or lente insulin. In newly diagnosed diabetic cats, twice daily treatment with glargine provides better glycaemic control and higher probability of remission compared to twice daily treatment with PZI or lente insulin. Good glycaemic control soon after diagnosis is associated with increased probability of remission and should be the goal of insulin therapy.
The impact of supply chain integration on performance: A contingency and configuration approach
Authors: Flynn Barbara B. , Huo Baofeng , Zhao Xiande
Published: June 2009

This study extends the developing body of literature on supply chain integration (SCI), which is the degree to which a manufacturer strategically collaborates with its supply chain partners and collaboratively manages intra‐ and inter‐organizational processes, in order to achieve effective and efficient flows of products and services, information, money and decisions, to provide maximum value to the customer. The previous research is inconsistent in its findings about the relationship between SCI and performance. We attribute this inconsistency to incomplete definitions of SCI, in particular, the tendency to focus on customer and supplier integration only, excluding the important central link of internal integration. We study the relationship between three dimensions of SCI, operational and business performance, from both a contingency and a configuration perspective. In applying the contingency approach, hierarchical regression was used to determine the impact of individual SCI dimensions (customer, supplier and internal integration) and their interactions on performance. In the configuration approach, cluster analysis was used to develop patterns of SCI, which were analyzed in terms of SCI strength and balance. Analysis of variance was used to examine the relationship between SCI pattern and performance. The findings of both the contingency and configuration approach indicated that SCI was related to both operational and business performance. Furthermore, the results indicated that internal and customer integration were more strongly related to improving performance than supplier integration.
Insights into Wasatch fault vertical slip rates using the age of sediments in Timpanogos Cave, Utah
Authors: Mayo Alan L. , Bruthans Jiri , Tingey David , Kadlec Jaroslav , Nelson Steve
Published: June 2009

Timpanogos Cave, located near the Wasatch fault, is about 357 m above the American Fork River. Fluvial cave sediments and an interbedded carbonate flowstone yield a paleomagnetic and U–Th depositional age of 350 to 780 ka. Fault vertical slip rates, inferred from calculated river downcutting rates, range between 1.02 and 0.46 mm yr− 1. These slip rates are in the range of the 0–12 Ma Wasatch Range exhumation rate (∼ 0.5–0.7 mm yr− 1), suggesting that the long-term vertical slip rate remained stable through mid-Pleistocene time. However, the late Pleistocene (0–250 ka) decelerated slip rate (∼ 0.2–0.3 mm yr− 1) and the accelerated Holocene slip rate (∼ 1.2 mm yr− 1) are consistent with episodic fault activity. Assuming that the late Pleistocene vertical slip rate represents an episodic slowing of fault movement and the long-term (0–12 Ma) average vertical slip rate, including the late Pleistocene and Holocene, should be ∼ 0.6 mm yr− 1, there is a net late Pleistocene vertical slip deficit of ∼ 50–75 m. The Holocene and late Pleistocene slip rates may be typical for episodes of accelerated and slowed fault movement, respectively. The calculated late Pleistocene slip deficit may mean that the current accelerated Wasatch fault slip rate will extend well into the future.
SHARPNESS OF SOME PROPERTIES OF WIENER AMALGAM AND MODULATION SPACES
Authors: CORDERO ELENA , NICOLA FABIO
Published: June 2009

We prove sharp estimates for the dilation operator f(x)⟼f(λx), when acting on Wiener amalgam spaces W(Lp,Lq). Scaling arguments are also used to prove the sharpness of the known convolution and pointwise relations for modulation spaces Mp,q, as well as the optimality of an estimate for the Schrödinger propagator on modulation spaces.
ON AN IMPLICIT HIERARCHICAL FIXED POINT APPROACH TO VARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES
Authors: CIANCIARUSO FILOMENA , COLAO VITTORIO , MUGLIA LUIGI , XU HONG-KUN
Published: June 2009

Moudafi and Maingé [Towards viscosity approximations of hierarchical fixed-point problems, Fixed Point Theory Appl. (2006), Art. ID 95453, 10pp] and Xu [Viscosity method for hierarchical fixed point approach to variational inequalities, Taiwanese J. Math.13(6) (2009)] studied an implicit viscosity method for approximating solutions of variational inequalities by solving hierarchical fixed point problems. The approximate solutions are a net (xs,t) of two parameters s,t∈(0,1), and under certain conditions, the iterated lim t→0lim s→0xs,t exists in the norm topology. Moudafi, Maingé and Xu stated the problem of convergence of (xs,t) as (s,t)→(0,0) jointly in the norm topology. In this paper we further study the behaviour of the net (xs,t); in particular, we give a negative answer to this problem.
ANNIHILATORS OF POWER VALUES OF GENERALIZED DERIVATIONS ON MULTILINEAR POLYNOMIALS
Authors: DE FILIPPIS VINCENZO
Published: June 2009

Let R be a noncommutative prime ring of characteristic different from 2 with Utumi quotient ring U and extended centroid C, I a nonzero right ideal of R. Let f(x1,…,xn) be a noncentral multilinear polynomial over C, m≥1 a fixed integer, a a fixed element of R, g a generalized derivation of R. If ag(f(r1,…,rn))m=0 for all r1,…,rn∈I, then one of the following holds:

(1)

aI=ag(I)=(0);

(2)

g(x)=qx, for some q∈U and aqI=0;

(3)

[f(x1,…,xn),xn+1]xn+2 is an identity for I;

(4)

g(x)=cx+[q,x] for all x∈R, where c,q∈U such that cI=0 and [q,I]I=0.
DISCRETENESS CRITERIA FOR MÖBIUS GROUPS ACTING ON II
Authors: LI LIU-LAN , WANG XIAN-TAO
Published: June 2009

Jørgensen’s famous inequality gives a necessary condition for a subgroup of PSL(2,ℂ) to be discrete. It is also true that if Jørgensen’s inequality holds for every nonelementary two-generator subgroup, the group is discrete. The sufficient condition has been generalized to many settings. In this paper, we continue the work of Wang, Li and Cao (‘Discreteness criteria for Möbius groups acting on $\overline {\mathbb {R}}^n$’, Israel J. Math.150 (2005), 357–368) and find three more (infinite) discreteness criteria for groups acting on $\overline {\mathbb {R}}^n$; we also correct a linguistic ambiguity of their Theorem 3.3 where one of the necessary conditions might be vacuously fulfilled. The results of this paper are obtained by using known results regarding two-generator subgroups and a careful analysis of the relation among the fixed point sets of various elements of the group.
The effect of different meals on the absorption of stable isotope-labelled phylloquinone
Authors: Jones Kerry S. , Bluck Les J. C. , Wang Laura Y. , Stephen Alison M. , Prynne Celia J. , Coward W. Andy
Published: June 2009

Few studies have investigated the absorption of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). We recruited twelve healthy, non-obese adults. On each study day, fasted subjects took a capsule containing 20 μg of13C-labelled phylloquinone with one of three meals, defined as convenience, cosmopolitan and animal-oriented, in a three-way crossover design. The meals were formulated from the characteristics of clusters identified in dietary pattern analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2000–1. Plasma phylloquinone concentration and isotopic enrichment were measured over 8 h. Significantly more phylloquinone tracer was absorbed when consumed with the cosmopolitan and animal-oriented meals than with the convenience meal (P = 0·001 and 0·035, respectively). Estimates of the relative availability of phylloquinone from the meals were: convenience meal = 1·00; cosmopolitan meal = 0·31; animal-oriented meal = 0·23. Combining the tracer data with availability estimates for phylloquinone from the meals provides overall relative bioavailability values of convenience = 1·00, cosmopolitan = 0·46 and animal-oriented = 0·29. Stable isotopes provide a useful tool to investigate further the bioavailability of low doses of phylloquinone. Different meals can affect the absorption of free phylloquinone. The meal-based study design used in the present work provides an approach that reflects more closely the way foods are eaten in a free-living population.
Nonlinear Thomson backscattering of intense laser pulses by electrons trapped in plasma-vacuum boundary
Authors: Liu Jiansheng , Xia Changquan , Liu Li , Li Ruxin , Xu Zhizhan
Published: June 2009

We present the idea of intensified attosecond X-ray generation based on nonlinear Thomson backscattering of an intense laser pulse by electrons trapped in plasma-vacuum boundary. Two frequency up-conversions due to the relativistic Doppler effect and longitudinal γ-spike effect are analyzed, respectively, where γ is the relativistic factor of the plasma surface. Relativistic resonance heating conditions should be used as a criterion for the experimental design to obtain efficient high-order harmonics and energetic electrons' generation at relatively low laser intensities. Shaping the laser field by proposing a detuned second-harmonic can generate a single attosecond pulse without spectral filtering.