bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Jamie J.
Published: December 2022

What are the impacts of pressuring authoritarian regimes over their treatment of human rights? When does pressure work and when does it backfire? This chapter argues that to fully answer this question, one needs to look beyond elites and international politics, to how this pressure affects the regime’s relationship with its citizens. It is almost a tautology that dictators abhor criticism and want to prevent their citizens from hearing about their abuses of human rights. Yet the Chinese Communist Party chooses to proactively pass a great deal of foreign pressure on its human rights violations onto its citizens, and despite this, those citizens overwhelmingly say that the party respects human rights and democracy. This chapter introduces that puzzle and concludes with a summary of the book’s main arguments and structure.
Experimental Activism
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Jamie J.
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines the impact of international pressure on women’s rights in China. It discusses the rise of foreign activism over foot-binding in China in the nineteenth century and again recently in response to crackdowns on Chinese women’s rights campaigners. The chapter then uses nationwide survey experiments to examine how different forms of foreign pressure on women’s rights affect Chinese citizens’ attitudes and support for domestic activism. The experiments shows that when Chinese citizens read about news of pressure from the United States, they become significantly less concerned about the state of women’s rights in their country and significantly less willing to support online activism, in particular when the pressure addresses issues linked to Tibet. When pressure comes from a neutral source or is explicitly directed against Communist Party leaders, this “backfire” disappears.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in Canada
Authors: Anglin James P. , Saint-Girons Marie , Trocmé Nico
Published: December 2022

The authors of this chapter stress a felt need to address both historical and contemporary abuse and neglect of Indigenous children and youth within the residential sector. To support this and related reform efforts, the authors document the need for consistent and centralized data collection across all provinces and territories relating to the needs and characteristics of children coming into care, the nature and quality of placements, and the outcomes achieved. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the volume, including the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, present strengths and challenges, and gaps in the implementation of evidence-based practices.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in the United States
Authors: Lee Bethany R. , Bellonci Christopher
Published: December 2022

U.S. reports show a decreasing preference for residential care placements within child welfare: In the past five years there has been a 25% decline. Child welfare utilization rates for residential care are comparatively low, but data gaps exist for private placements and those in mental health and behavioral health residential settings. Recent national child welfare reform legislation (Family First) sets out standards and requirements for a class of short-term, treatment-focused residential treatment programs with strict standards for use. The chapter concludes with a standardized matrix that provides information on the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in Finland
Authors: Timonen-Kallio Eeva
Published: December 2022

This chapter describes the basic principle of Finland’s Child Welfare Act of 2007: If it becomes necessary to intervene in a family’s affairs, the mildest possible means will be used. This act and the Social Reform Act of 2015 worked to redirect operating practices toward prevention and early support. Implications for the remaining residential care sector are explored, and the increasing privatization of all forms of substitute care is noted. The problem of staff turnover and the need for more comprehensive national monitoring and identification of the core aspects of residential care work are also noted. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information about the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Realism, International Relations, and the World Today
Authors: James Patrick
Published: December 2022

Chapter 1 asserts that political realism, by far the most time-honored idea in the study of international relations (IR), must enter into compliance with scientific principles. The focal point for reassessment will be respective theories of war in the era following on from classical realism, which provides the foundation for research that continues to this day. The chapter identifies a graphic turn in communication as essential for realism to obtain scientific viability as it continues to investigate the causes of war and other empirical problems. This chapter also includes an outline of the rest of the volume, which consists of a vision of progress, a metatheory directed toward achievement of that goal, identification of realism as a research enterprise based on a combination of inductive and deductive criteria, graphic representation and evaluation of respective realist theories about war, comparative analysis of these frameworks with each other, and an overall assessment of realism today.
Introducing Components
Authors: James Patrick
Published: December 2022

Chapter 3 provides an overview of the three essential components for a metatheory of scientific progress—knowledge, units, and methods. These components refer to long-standing concepts within philosophy. Given the complexity of elements within each component of the metatheory, the overview from Chapter 3 is reproduced here in abbreviated form, followed by outlines of the separate chapters devoted to knowledge, units, and methods in turn (i.e., Chapters 4 through 6). Knowledge encompasses three elements: (1) scientific realism, (2) analytic eclecticism, and (3) a model of cognition. Units of analysis identified for the metatheory are (1) rational actors and (2) systems of explanation. Instrumental rationality provides the baseline of expectations for human behavior. Methods include (1) identification of axioms for a research enterprise, the preferred type of system of explanation; and (2) systemism, a technique for rigorous graphic display of cause and effect.
Structural Realism
Authors: James Patrick
Published: December 2022

Chapter 12 conveys structural realism. Structural realism focuses on how the distribution of capabilities at the level of the international system impacts its propensity for conflict. States face a situation of self-help and can be expected to engage in power balancing for their own protection. The principal idea about war put forward by structural realism is that bipolarity is better than multipolarity. A system with two leading states, as opposed to three or more, will be less prone to break down into highly destructive conflict. Under bipolarity, the two leading states can be expected to match and monitor the efforts of each other. Thus war becomes less likely than in the relatively more chaotic world of multipolarity. Two structural realist theories are identified: an initial version and one that focuses on hegemonic stability.
Deploying Feminism
Authors: von Hlatky Stéfanie
Published: December 2022

Deploying Feminism tells the story of how the military has been delegated authority to advance gender equality while tackling increasingly complex threats. NATO, the world’s foremost alliance, has embedded these ideas in the planning and execution of its missions. Indeed, Women, Peace and Security norms are being integrated into military processes but not necessarily as intended. Armed forces value one thing above all else: operational effectiveness. They are trained to stay focused on mission objectives and lines of efforts. For troops deployed on NATO missions, this often means seeking out women in their operating area to improve intelligence gathering activities. This helps the mission, surely, but are the women better off? Through military implementation, the focus on gender equality fades, leading to a consistent distortion of Women, Peace and Security norms. Based on fieldwork in Iraq, Kosovo, and the Baltics, this book details why and how these norms are militarized and put at the service of NATO’s operational effectiveness.
A Brief Medical History
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza
Published: December 2022

The first chapter sets the scene by providing a brief, easy-to-read overview of the medical history of congenital cardiology. This provides a broader context for readers to further understand this novel “collective story” while recognizing the huge variation in congenital heart conditions, treatments, complications, and resulting lived experiences. In addition to acknowledging the “medical successes” and significant advances that have gifted life to many, the chapter also introduces the challenges that people living with a congenital heart condition can face from infancy. Such adversities can include a focus on survival with limited understanding and support for the psychological impact, the challenges of navigating transition from childhood to adult healthcare, the challenges accessing adult healthcare provision, and dependence on lifelong pioneering medical treatment. The growing need to address the psychological and social impact of congenital heart conditions is noted, including an interview with Paula Miller, the Adult Congenital Heart Association’s senior education manager.
Self-Care and Stress Management Toolkit
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza
Published: December 2022

The focus of Chapter 5 is to develop the reader’s toolkit of strategies to proactively optimize self-care, build resilience, and reduce baseline stress. Self-care is encouraged and multiple suggestions are given. The importance of sleep, a healthy diet, physical exercise (and barriers to this), and scheduling relaxation and pleasant events are explored. The concept of sleep hygiene is outlined, and recommendations are made. Readers are also provided with general lifestyle suggestions and techniques to improve overall mental health and wellness, including breathing techniques, progressive muscle relaxation, mindfulness, meditation, distraction, and somatic exercises. Anger management strategies, guided visualization, assigned “worry-time” and therapeutic letter writing are also described.
Managing Uncomfortable Feelings
Authors: Livecchi Tracy , Morton Liza
Published: December 2022

The focus of Chapter 6 is managing uncomfortable feelings. It encourages readers to use their emotions as a guide as they give us important messages about what we need. Healthy emotional regulation, learning to accept uncertainty, and tips to label and express difficult emotions are reviewed. A wide range of techniques for managing overwhelming feelings and increasing psychological safety are provided. Some examples include how to identify trigger responses, emotional labeling, emotional release, distress tolerance, positive affirmations, grounding exercises, visualization, the divers’ response, pelvic floor exercises and somatic exercises. Tips for recognizing and managing anger are reviewed. A therapeutic letter writing exercise is outlined.
Bases in Motion
Authors: Kim Claudia Junghyun
Published: December 2022

This chapter shows how anti-base activists take advantage of volatility, rather than stasis, in the local life surrounding U.S. military bases. It is not the unvarying presence of military bases, but rather major disruptions to the status quo at long-standing bases, that sparks mobilization. When major changes occur to long-standing bases, such as expansion, relocation, reduction, and closure, the American military monolith—as well as the quotidian life built around it—is suddenly rendered fluid. For base opponents, this sudden volatility presents both a threat that disrupts the normality in base towns and opportunities for oppositional mobilization. As the disruption of normality begins, activists are able to exploit a window of opportunity before the disruption becomes a possible new normal. During this transitory period, anti-base mobilization peaks. Notable cases include Camp Humphreys in Korea and Camp Schwab in Japan.
Monitoring and Counteracting Dissent in Bulgaria, 1944–1958
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K.
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines the initial efforts to build a communist information state after the gradual takeover of power in Bulgaria in 1944–1949. Three groups had to be monitored: elites; the masses; and members of the ethnic minorities. The information necessary to assess overt discontent within these groups was collected primarily by the state security apparatus and by the party. The communist government was able to repurpose the pre-existing intelligence-gathering institutions and to capitalize on the fact that no significant structural constraints to information collection existed in Bulgaria. Although the emphasis during the initial years of communist rule was on involuntary extraction, this chapter discusses efforts to track latent discontent through the voluntary provision of information in the form of citizen complaints. Notwithstanding, the dominant governance mechanism was repression, rather than welfare provision. Minority penetration was poor and would remain a blind spot throughout the entirety of communist rule.
Monitoring and Counteracting Dissent in China, 1949–1958
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K.
Published: December 2022

This chapter reviews the extraordinary structural constraints to be overcome in China when creating institutions for the collection of information after the communist seizure of power in 1949. The chapter further investigates whether prerevolutionary legacies of information gathering mitigated these constraints. Remarkably, the new regime rapidly improved its capacity to identify and subsequently repress enemies in the 1950s. However, the party’s record of assessing and satisfying the welfare needs of the population was less compelling, due to the limited voluntary transmission of information about consumption preferences in the 1950s. The chapter also discusses the question of the blind spot of minority penetration, which is analyzed mostly through the case of Tibet prior to the 1959 Uprising. A surprising conclusion that emerges from the chapter is that a general trend toward rationalization and creating functioning institutions of an information state was underway during the initial decade of communist rule in China.
Bread and Circuses
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K.
Published: December 2022

By the late 1950s, all preconditions for a radical revision of threat perceptions were present in Bulgaria: the elite challenges had been neutralized; organized mass discontent had been extinguished; and individual acts of overt opposition to the system were declining. This allowed the information-gathering institutions to gradually re-orient from engaging in reactive ex-post governance (which involved responding to overt dissatisfaction) to practicing anticipatory (ex-ante) rule, which focused on assessing and counteracting latent popular discontent prior to its transformation into overt challenges to the regime. Anticipatory governance was premised on a novel conceptualization of external ideological subversion as the main vector that stimulated changes in the level of latent discontent. Counteracting ideological subversion necessitated a coordinated strategy that relied on three pillars: repression, bread (material concessions), and circuses (promoting indigenous cultural consumption). Though it failed for the ethnoreligious minorities, the strategy of co-optation was successful for the ethnic majority until 1985.
Continuity and Change
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K.
Published: December 2022

The three decades that separate 1959 from 1988 allow us to analyze how periods of profound stress impacted the information-gathering infrastructure in China. Importantly, information collection was challenging but did not stop during the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. Furthermore, institution building took place after the death of Mao, though the emphasis in the 1980s remained on developing new mechanisms for involuntary extraction, such as the creation of the Ministry of State Security, to counteract Western ideological subversion and to protect cultural security. Reflecting the lack of European-style welfare commitments on the part of the state, voluntary provision stayed very limited. Nevertheless, the meting out of violence became more discriminate due to the improved quality of information about regime enemies. Reductions in frequency and severity, however, never brought repression to levels as low as those in Eastern Europe, further disincentivizing voluntary provision through welfare-related letters and visits pre-1989.
Information-Gathering Institutions in China, 1989–2019
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K.
Published: December 2022

This chapter analyzes the development and evolution of information-gathering institutions in China during the three decades that separate the Tiananmen Massacre from the arrival of COVID-19. The entire 1989–2019 period was marked by a singular focus on gathering information that was necessary to maintain social and political stability. The collection mechanisms were continuously upgraded and became increasingly more technologically sophisticated. Yet, artificial intelligence (AI) and smart policing did not displace traditional human intelligence collection. Informants persisted and even increased in number in the 2010s. In the months prior to the arrival of COVID-19, China had both the most technologically sophisticated counterintelligence infrastructure and the highest penetration, with visible and covert informants, of any communist regime ever extant. No effort was spared to ensure stability, which directly contributed to resilience, according to internal regime understandings. Despite these achievements, two lacunae remained: low voluntary provision through complaints and poor minority penetration.
Conclusion
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K.
Published: December 2022

The chapter offers some concluding reflections. This book is fundamentally interested in the relationship between information and authoritarian resilience, which involves regime capacity to survive a shock and implement adaptive institutional changes because of learning. Surviving a shock requires the deployment of brute repression; this type of response does not necessitate detailed information. However, resilience cannot rest on a high level of repression. The book indicates that two models are possible. One is a classic communist welfare state, and the other is a market welfare state. Neither model can ensure indefinite survival, even if the market model reduces some of the pressure on the party-state to engage in redistributive spending. In both models, the capacity to respond to information may diminish over time. When this occurs, overt opposition to the system increases and the likelihood of regime breakdown is greater. This argument has specific implications for the future of China.
Hyper Class Inequality, 1993–2022
Authors: Kriesberg Louis
Published: December 2022

America had reached relatively extreme and increasing income and wealth inequality by 2020. People who are extremely wealthy can use their wealth to get even more money. The people who are relatively worse off have difficulty pushing back and find themselves even more relatively disadvantaged. Relatively low intergenerational mobility compared to other developed economies is examined. This chapter discusses implications of these developments as well as the overt and hidden ways the relevant conflicts are pursued. The interplay between governmental and nongovernmental actors and the uses of misinformation and distraction are discussed. The period discussed in this chapter is between the election of Bill Clinton and the aftermath of Donald J. Trump’s election and defeat. The discussion in the previous chapter of various American actors relating to fights about rising economic disparities provides the context for the struggles in this period.
What Happens During Stop & Frisk?
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 4 examines the experiences of the targets of stop & frisk. A survey measured the frequency of stops, what happened to city residents who were swept up in them, how well stop & frisks matched principles that officers had been trained in, and the impact of their experiences on trust in the Chicago police. The survey found that, during 2014–2015, 22 percent of all adults reported being involved in an unwarranted stop & frisk in a year. African Americans and Hispanics bore the brunt of these often aggressive stops, leading to serious equity issues. The chapter then turns to an assessment of the quality of stop & frisks, using as a standard the procedural justice approaches that Chicago officers had been trained in. There was a great deal of variation in how well officers hewed to those principles. African Americans and Hispanics were more likely to think they were treated disrespectfully and unfairly by the police. In turn, the experiences of Chicagoans at the hands of the police affected their trust in the police as an institution and as a local resource for addressing neighborhood problems. Good practice helped grow trust, bad practice undermined it, and bad practice was largely concentrated in African American neighborhoods. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the roots of support for a “law-and-order backlash” that animated perhaps 20 percent of the city’s adult population.
The Collapse of Stop & Frisk
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 6 details a dramatic period in the city’s history—the collapse of its stop & frisk regime during the waning months of 2015. The number of stop & frisks dropped by 85 percent in two months and stayed down for several years. The collapse came on the heels of scandal. A previously concealed video came to light that graphically documented a horrific episode of police violence. The unraveling of the cover-up of this event set loose a cascade of political events. The chief of police was driven from office, followed quickly by the head of the city’s civilian police review agency. Her political party abandoned the local prosecutor, who was defeated for re-nomination by a reformer just two months later. Investigations of the Chicago police were launched in short order by an independent local commission and by the U.S. Justice Department. The tsunami of press coverage generated put intense pressure on local leaders regarding police reform. The crisis was reflected in local opinion polls documenting new and widespread skepticism of the mayor and the police among White voters, as well as a continued erosion of support among Black and Brown Chicagoans. At the same moment, earlier agreements between the city and the local chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union, plus new rules regulating stop & frisk from the Illinois State Legislature, came into effect. These imposed further restrictions on local policing practices. In the face of all this, stop & frisk collapsed.
The Long Journey to Affirmative Action
Authors: Bollinger Lee C. , Stone Geoffrey R.
Published: December 2022

The U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education is analyzed in depth before pivoting to an examination of American society’s varied responses to the decision, from expected outcomes such as southern resistance to integration to unanticipated developments, such as white flight from cities. After Brown, civil rights advocates sought to dismantle de jure discrimination and de facto discrimination. But friction arose between those who believed the nation was not doing enough to redress past wrongs and those who believed the nation was overcorrecting. By the mid-1970s, public and private colleges and universities across America, frustrated by the continued lack of presence of Black students in their classrooms and libraries, enacted affirmative action policies to increase minority representation in their institutions. The chapter examines how this opened the next contentious chapter in the story: the ongoing debate, and litigation, over college and university admissions practices.
Affirmative Action
Authors: Bollinger Lee C. , Stone Geoffrey R.
Published: December 2022

The chapter presents a history of legal rulings and discusses the extent to which they either advanced or slowed efforts to promote racial equity in America. A key case examined in this chapter is University of California v. Bakke (1978), which shaped the contours of private attitudes, public discourse, and the Court’s affirmative action decision making for the next four decades. The centerpiece of the chapter is the Grutter v. Bollinger decision (2003), which became the landmark decision on affirmative action in higher education—the first case in which a majority of the Court adopted a unified position holding affirmative action constitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. But the outcome of this case—and other Supreme Court cases that followed—were qualified victories for affirmative action’s proponents.
Self-understandings and the Limits of Revisionism
Authors: Dickson Julie
Published: December 2022

This chapter continues the project of developing and defending the author’s distinctive approach to the methodology of legal philosophy: indirectly evaluative legal philosophy (IELP). It considers the character and consequences of a point frequently emphasized by legal philosophers: that law is a concept embedded in the self-understandings of those subject to and administering it. That is to say: those living under law refer to, use, and frame things in terms of, the concept of law (and related concepts) when they talk about, think about, and engage with aspects of their lives in society. The chapter examines the character of these self-understandings and argues that they impose certain constraints on legal philosophers seeking to understand aspects of law’s nature. It engages critically with the views of Mark Greenberg, who takes the view that a theory of law’s nature is free to be significantly revisionist in character. The chapter argues, contra Greenberg, that theories of law are constrained in how revisionist they can be, because of the character of law, and because of the self-understandings in terms of law held by those living under it.
The Export of UK Policing
Authors: Sinclair Georgina
Published: December 2022

This chapter provides an introduction to the core concepts within the book related to UK international policing. It sets out the historical framework charting the overseas deployment of UK police as part of the evolution and journey of the UK policing brand. It explains the development of UK policing through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, exploring how the processes of internationalization have impacted the UK policing brand in the contemporary era. The chapter provides an overview of the research methodology and data sources used to outline the export of UK policing as part of a lengthy historical process, and explores the use of police narratives to explore the post-1989 history of international policing through wide-ranging primary interviews.
The Rise of Police and Security Contracting
Authors: Sinclair Georgina
Published: December 2022

This chapter considers the rise of the corporate security sector including former UK police and police organizations who increasingly provided a range of services within fragile and conflict-affected states and across the developing world—‘entrepreneurial policing’: individual police retirees, private security consultancies, and police organizations staffed by serving officers. Private security and police contracting would become the major conduit for the UK policing brand and an integral part of the ongoing commercialization of public policing. The corporate security sector encroached upon UK serving personnel in several conflict arenas (Afghanistan, Iraq) promoting the RUC–PSNI facets of the UK policing brand, a familiarity with hostile environment policing (semi-military), hard security approaches, counterterrorism, and intelligence management. UK police retirees have increasingly provided mentoring and advising internationally including as embedded police advisers to overseas governments as illustrated in the case study of the United Arab Emirates. The growth in the private security industry has promoted a modicum of self-regulation through licensing and accreditation where government has failed to provide an official legislative framework. However, industry self-regulation may be perceived with a degree of scepticism when considering media and government concerns relating to policing expertise provided to countries with poor human rights track records and, the need for additional scrutiny and official regulation.
Postscript
Authors: Sinclair Georgina
Published: December 2022

This postscript outlines the changing global context following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. It reflects further on the challenges faced by UK policing, and the future of international policing including broader Western-led security and policing interventions.
Towards a Reconstruction of Ostracism in Athens
Authors: Węcowski Marek
Published: December 2022

Chapter Three attempts to reconstruct the procedure of Athenian ostracism, to study its topography, and to reassess the course of Athenian ostrakophoriai (including the much-debated quorum of the final vote, the issue of the historicity of ineffective votes, the topographical setting of the ostrakophoriai on the Agora of Athens, and the hypothetical ‘representation’ of the count of ostraka-votes on a red-figured vase by the Pan Painter). Preliminarily, a crucial testimony of Philochorus’ fragment 20 is thoroughly interpreted in order to reconstruct the original form of its underlying text, an entry in Theophrastus’ treatise On Laws. In this chapter, particular importance is attached to the opening vote in the Popular Assembly (epicheirotonia), whereby the Athenians decided whether to hold ostracism in a given year or not. To account for the original purpose of ostracism one must begin by studying the logic of this two-stage procedure, which allowed for up to two months between the initial and the final vote of ostracism. This delay is startling when one realises that a positive initial vote was bound to trigger a long period of intensified internal political strife between the potential ‘candidates’ for exile. The Athenians must have had good reasons to keep this institution working in this manner despite this obvious danger. Additionally, two much-debated procedural issues of Athenian ostracism are briefly discussed in this chapter, namely that of the duration of the exile of those ostracised and of the residential restrictions imposed on them.
Four personal narratives of restorative justice practices following sexual violence
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle
Published: December 2022

This chapter is based on four narratives in the words of different stakeholders about the restorative journey that was undertaken allowing to put into context and illustrating some of the earlier findings discussed in the book. The first of the narratives is an English case told by the facilitator who organised the meeting between an adult woman who had been raped and her offender, a young man. The second one is from the Netherlands and is told by the victim, a man who had been abused by two priests when he was a child, and by a representative of the church. The third one is from Ireland and is told by a woman who was raped as a child and who undertook a restorative journey as an adult. The final one is from Rwanda and is in the words of the victim of a rape during the genocide and her meeting through the Gacaca courts with her offender. These are all very different but equally important stories which give meaning and help to understand the topics addressed in this book.
Introduction
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C.
Published: December 2022

The Introduction outlines what The Tangle of Science aims to do and describes how the contents of the book serve those aims. It explains that the central question the book addresses is ‘Why can we rely on the products of science to do the jobs we expect of them?’ It identifies ‘scientific method’, ‘rigour’, and ‘objectivity’ as the usual answers, which in Part I of the book we argue are not up to the job. It then introduces the central claim of the book: the reliability of any one product of science rests on a vast, amorphous network of other heterogeneous scientific products. This is ‘the tangle of science’, which is explained in detail in Part II.
Scientific Method
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C.
Published: December 2022

In this chapter we explain and defend three objections to scientific method. Objection (1): Any characterisation that is broad enough to cover everything that reasonably gets counted as science, from gravitational wave theory to thermometry to Covid-19 vaccine research to measures of democracy to the theory of gender performativity and so much more, will be so general as to lack content. Objection (2): Using the term ‘scientific method’ is dangerous. Privileging methods narrows the scope of what science is up to and of what is needed to evaluate it. Objection (3): Scientific method is too bound up with the attempt to establish scientific knowledge—true claims and explanations. But that leaves out the bulk of what science produces. For that the focus should be on reliability, and that requires a whole new research orientation in methodology and philosophy of science. This is key to our approach in this book.
The Tangled Principle of the Democratic Peace
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C.
Published: December 2022

This chapter puts the concept of the tangle to work, showing how it can be used to solve an ongoing debate in political science. Here we show how the theory of the democratic peace, an agreed-upon principle without a broadly agreed-upon explanation, is constrained by the way that its underpinning products interact under the tangle. These constraints, both divergent and convergent, create a single, overdetermined, version of the democratic peace principle—the democratic peace by anybody’s book. This new version of the democratic peace principle can support predictions about a smaller range of cases than most others. But, we claim, these predictions are likely to be more reliable. That’s because the principle has a far richer tangle backing it up.
A Cautionary Lesson
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C.
Published: December 2022

This chapter provides a final caution: a virtuous tangle doesn’t ensure a scientific product is reliable. Using the example of gravitational wave energy we show how two scientific accounts, aimed at explaining the same phenomenon for the same purpose, can both have overwhelmingly virtuous tangles and yet be incompatible. So one must be giving the wrong answer, despite looking like a good account according to our theory of scientific reliability. The tangle, then, is a guide to reliability, rather than a guarantor.
EU Fiscal Capacity
Authors: Fabbrini Federico
Published: December 2022

This book purports to analyse how the Covid-19 pandemic, and now the war in Ukraine, have affected the euro, and the European Union (EU) constitutional architecture of economic governance—what is technically known as Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Taking an EU law and policy perspective, the book focuses specifically on fiscal capacity, that is, a centralized budget, funded by own resources, to undertake counter-cyclical policies in case of asymmetric economic shocks. The book explores how the pandemic led to the emergence of an infant EU fiscal capacity, via the Next Generation EU (NGEU) Recovery Fund, and reflects on the possibilities of retaining it as a permanent feature of EMU in the future. The book argues positively that NGEU constitutes for all practical purposes a fiscal capacity for the EU, which goes a long way towards overcoming the original asymmetry of EMU—as it had long been called before the pandemic. Nevertheless, the book also argues normatively that the EU needs a permanent fiscal capacity beyond the pandemic—particularly in light now of the explosion of the war in Ukraine. On the basis of a comparison with the fiscal federalism system of the United States, the book underlines the paradigm change brought about in EMU by NGEU, but also makes the case to retain a fiscal capacity as a permanent feature of the EU, and to back it up with proper constitutional reforms, as recently also recommended by the Conference on the Future of Europe.
EMU before Covid-19
Authors: Fabbrini Federico
Published: December 2022

Chapter 2 outlines the state of economic and monetary union (EMU) before Covid-19. It overviews the original settlement of EMU and its subsequent developments, emphasizing the initial absence of a fiscal capacity, and the failure to establish one—even in the aftermath of the euro-crisis. At the same time, this chapter summarizes a number of high-level proposals in favour of setting up a fiscal capacity for EMU, put forward between 2012 and early 2020 by technical groups, the European Commission, the European Parliament, and several Member States. It contrasts these alternative plans, and considers them through a constitutional prism, including their proposed legal basis, funding, and governance and accountability mechanisms. As the chapter points out, the initiatives advanced before the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic revealed growing awareness of the importance of a fiscal capacity for the proper functioning of EMU, but were often sub-optimally designed—and were ultimately not accepted due to political opposition.
EMU beyond Covid-19
Authors: Fabbrini Federico
Published: December 2022

Chapter 5 assesses the operation of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) beyond Covid-19. It examines the management of ‘Next Generation European Union’ (NGEU) at the European Union (EU) level, its implementation at the national level, and its possible retention after the pandemic. As the chapter highlights, the management of NGEU raises issues of governance, values, and funding, which will need to be monitored. At the same time, the execution of NGEU requires attention. In this respect, the chapter focuses on the Italian national recovery and resilience plan (NRRP), exploring its context, content, and challenges. Because Italy receives €191.5 billion at current prices from NGEU, which is almost one-third of the entire NGEU envelope, the Italian NRRP represents the most relevant case study to analyse the implementation of NGEU and a test case to evaluate its success. As the chapter claims, the Government led by Mario Draghi designed an ambitious NRRP. But challenges lie ahead, including forthcoming elections, and this will test the success of NGEU, and thus the prospect to retain it as a part of an overhauled EMU.
Minority Pasts
Authors: Khan Razak
Published: December 2022

This book explores the diversity of the histories and identities of Muslims in Rampur—the last Muslim-ruled princely state in colonial United Provinces and a city that today is pejoratively labelled as the centre of “Muslim votebank” politics in contemporary Uttar Pradesh. The book traces minority pasts of Muslims within the locality and public culture of Rampur revealing diverse histories, politics, and identifications. It highlights the importance of locality and emotions to understand Muslim identities, politics, and belonging in Rampur. The book shows that we need to move beyond such homogeneous categories of nation and region, and attempt to comprehend local dynamics that allow a better and closer understanding of the of historical re-negotiations of politics and identities by Muslims in South Asia.
Oasis in the Desert
Authors: Khan Razak
Published: December 2022

Chapter 1 begins with the historical production of Rampur as a princely locality under the post-1857 colonial policy of paramountcy. It examines both continuity and change from the tradition of Mughal-Awadh sovereignty to the policy of princely patronage to argue the case for “Poetic Sovereignty” in Rampur under Nawab Kalb-e-Ali Khan. The chapter focuses on patron, poets, and poetic texts to understand the discourse of Rampur as “Arampur” or the place of comfort in post-1857 times of great turbulence. In its focus on poetry as an affective archive for understanding the Mughalai-Awadhi and Rohilla traditions, the chapter demonstrates both the persistence and transformation of patronage culture and the role of poetry as well as piety in Muslim princely politics.
Bureaucracies in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Vogler Jan P.
Published: December 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the historical development of modern bureaucracies and their impact on socioeconomic structures. After introducing these systems’ key features, the chapter discusses several prominent classification schemes that allow for further conceptual differentiation. Then it examines the historical context in which modern bureaucracies emerged and the factors that influenced their organizational structures. Furthermore, the analysis considers the effects that public administrative systems had on their environment throughout history, emphasizing their impact on economies, but also discussing society and politics as additional dimensions.
The Historical Political Economy of Education
Authors: Paglayan Agustina S.
Published: December 2022

Although primary education systems are a central feature of modern states, many students are not acquiring basic skills that improve productivity and social mobility. Looking at history can help explain this disconnection between schooling and learning. Social scientists have disagreed on whether education systems emerged mostly to promote skills or to mold political values and behaviors. They have also disagreed on whether educational expansion was a consequence of democratization and mass demand for social mobility, or an elite-driven process to advance industrialization, nation-building, or state-building goals. This chapter synthesizes recent historical political economy (HPE) studies on the origins, centralization, and expansion of primary education systems, and finds greater empirical support for nation- and state-building theories than for democratization or industrialization theories. While today education systems seek to promote skills for social mobility and economic growth, they are often constrained by institutional foundations that never intended to promote these goals.
A mini-TGA protein modulates gene expression through heterogeneous association with transcription factors
Authors: Tomaž Špela , Petek Marko , Lukan Tjaša , Pogačar Karmen , Stare Katja , Teixeira Prates Erica , Jacobson Daniel A , Zrimec Jan , Bajc Gregor , Butala Matej , Pompe Novak Maruša , Dudley Quentin , Patron Nicola , Taler-Verčič Ajda , Usenik Aleksandra , Turk Dušan , Prat Salomé , Coll Anna , Gruden Kristina
Published: December 2022

TGA (TGACG-binding) transcription factors, which bind their target DNA through a conserved basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) domain, are vital regulators of gene expression in salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant immunity. Here, we investigated the role of StTGA2.1, a potato (Solanum tuberosum) TGA lacking the full bZIP, which we named a mini-TGA. Such truncated proteins have been widely assigned as loss-of-function mutants. We, however, confirmed that StTGA2.1 overexpression compensates for SA-deficiency, indicating a distinct mechanism of action compared with model plant species. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we showed that StTGA2.1 can physically interact with StTGA2.2 and StTGA2.3, while its interaction with DNA was not detected. We investigated the changes in transcriptional regulation due to StTGA2.1 overexpression, identifying direct and indirect target genes. Using in planta transactivation assays, we confirmed that StTGA2.1 interacts with StTGA2.3 to activate StPRX07, a member of class III peroxidases (StPRX), which are known to play role in immune response. Finally, via structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, we hypothesized that the compact molecular architecture of StTGA2.1 distorts DNA conformation upon heterodimer binding to enable transcriptional activation. This study demonstrates how protein truncation can lead to distinct functions and that such events should be studied carefully in other protein families.
Wearing an eye mask during overnight sleep improves episodic learning and alertness
Authors: Greco Viviana , Bergamo Damiana , Cuoccio Paola , Konkoly Karen R , Muñoz Lombardo Kike , Lewis Penelope A
Published: December 2022

Ambient light can influence sleep structure and timing. We explored how wearing an eye mask to block light during overnight sleep impacts memory and alertness, changes that could benefit everyday tasks like studying or driving. In Experiment 1, ninety-four 18–35-year-olds wore an eye mask while they slept every night for a week and underwent a control condition in which light was not blocked for another week. Five habituation nights were followed by a cognitive battery on the sixth and seventh days. This revealed superior episodic encoding and an improvement on alertness when using the mask. In Experiment 2, thirty-five 18–35-year-olds used a wearable device to monitor sleep with and without the mask. This replicated the encoding benefit and showed that it was predicted by time spent in slow-wave sleep. Our findings suggest that wearing an eye mask during overnight sleep can improve episodic encoding and alertness the next day.
Workers, Neighbours, or Something Else? Local Policies and Policy Narratives of Technical Intern Training Program Participants
Authors: TIAN Yunchen
Published: December 2022

Local governments at the prefectural and municipal levels across Japan have begun to allocate discretionary public funds to educate employers about the recruitment process for foreign Technical Training Internship Program (TITP) workers and subsidize the paperwork fees associated with it. This article investigates this phenomenon by drawing upon data collected from correspondence with municipal officials and analysis of policy documents, as well as a broader mailed survey of municipal governments conducted in 2019–2020. This article introduces two broad types of local-level policies towards TITP employers and workers, employment-supporting and social-supporting policies. Using a policy narrative framework, the article moves on to discuss how local governments position their policies to supplement the TITP migration regime. The language used reveals competing, sometimes seemingly contradictory, narratives of who TITP workers are and what they offer to local communities across Japan. These narratives are reflected in the different approaches to local policymaking regarding the TITP, from subsidizing local employers to creating cultural spaces and resources for TITP workers.