bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond self-criticism and dependency: structural functioning of depressive patients and its treatment
Authors: De la Parra Guillermo , Dagnino Paula , ValdÃ©s Camila , Krause Mariane
Published: April 2017

Van Praag states that the underlying psychic dysfunctions in psychopathology must be evaluated (and treated) in patient-centered treatments. In line with this idea, Blatt and colleagues propose the concept of self-critical (introjective) and dependent (anaclitic) functioning. The research program Millennium Initiative has studied self-critical and dependent functioning from different perspectives. The general aim of this paper is to share the results of the program that have contributed to clinical psychotherapeutic thinking. Its first specific aim is to summarize results reported elsewhere that support the predictive value of introjective and anaclitic functioning (Part I), while its second specific aim is to report original data that account for the structural functioning of personality underlying these two constructs (Part II). The results (Part I) show that self-critical functioning is associated with greater reactivity to stress (according to cortisol level in stress tasks) and less subjective awareness of stress, reduced performance in general tasks, and lower mentalization (errors in reading faces); also, patients with introjective (self-critical) depression receiving psychotherapy have more symptoms at onset, higher dropout rates, and poorer response to interventions than anaclitic (dependent) patients. Higher self-criticism was associated with higher depression scores; also, when comparing clinical and nonclinical samples, the latter showed less self-criticism. Therefore, self-critical functioning represents a challenge for researchers and clinicians. The evaluation of the structural functioning of personality showed (Part II) that self-critical functioning is associated with less integrated levels of structure and more depressive symptoms. This functioning is underlain by vulnerabilities in the abilities regulating object relationships and attachments to internal objects. Dependent functioning is associated with vulnerabilities in self-perception, self-regulation, and attachments to external objects. The psychotherapeutic implications of these results are discussed, paying special attention to aspects connected with structure-oriented psychotherapy.
Patient related factors influencing the quality of paediatric chest radiographs
Authors: Strasheim Eben A.
Published: April 2017

No abstract available.
Nasopharyngeal aspirate & blood cytokine profile in infants hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis
Authors: Natarajan Suresh , Ramasamy Ganesh , Kumar N. Pavan , Babu S. Subash , Janakiraman Lalitha
Published: April 2017

Background & objectives:

Following a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis, only some infants develop serious illness, and a proportion of them develop recurrent wheeze subsequently. Studies have revealed that cytokine expression following RSV infection may influence the severity and also the risk for subsequent reactive airway disease. This present study was conducted to determine the blood, and nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) cytokine profile among infants admitted for RSV bronchiolitis.

Methods:

In this prospective pilot study, a sample size of 15 cases and 15 controls was included. Detailed history, physical examination, blood sample and NPA collection were done. Cytokines (IFNγ and IL-4) estimation was done in the blood and NPA samples of cases and blood samples of controls.

Results:

The mean levels of interferon gamma in controls (blood) and cases (NPA and blood) were 5.95, 9.54 and 32.02 pg/ml, respectively. The mean levels of interleukin-4 in controls (blood), and cases (NPA and blood) were 1280.77, 956.08 and 692.37 pg/ml, respectively (P<0.05).

Interpretation & conclusions:

Our study showed that infants with RSV bronchiolitis evoked a Th1 response in both blood and NPA. Large multicentre studies are needed to validate our findings.
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia as a non-invasive index of ‘brain-heart’ interaction in stress
Authors: Tonhajzerova Ingrid , Mestanik Michal , Mestanikova Andrea , Jurko Alexander
Published: April 2017

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is accepted as a peripheral marker of cardiac-linked parasympathetic regulation. According to polyvagal theory, the RSA is also considered as the index of emotion regulation. The neurovisceral integration model posits that parasympathetic modulation of the heart marked by RSA is related to complex nervous regulation associated with emotional and cognitive processing. From this perspective, high resting RSA amplitude associated with a greater withdrawal during stressors and subsequent recovery could represent a flexible and adaptive physiological response system to a challenge. Conversely, low resting RSA accompanied by an inadequate reactivity to stress might reflect maladaptive regulatory mechanisms. The RSA reactivity is different with various types of stressors: while the RSA decreases to cognitive tasks indicating a vagal withdrawal, the RSA magnitude increases to emotional challenge indicating an effective cognitive processing of emotional stimuli. The RSA reactivity to stress could have important implications for several mental disorders, e.g. depressive or anxiety disorder. It seems that the study of the RSA, as a non-invasive index of ‘brain-heart’ communication, could provide important information on the pathway linked to mental and physical health.
Diagnostic & prognostic role of microRNAs in paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Bakhshi Sameer
Published: April 2017

Dysregulation in microRNAs (miRNAs) expression has been observed in distinct acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) subtypes, and their potential as an effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarker is slowly being realized. Certain miRNAs have been found to be associated with various cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities of prognostic significance in AML. Experimental evidences have indicated the potential of modulating miRNA expression as an effective antileukaemic strategy. This has opened a new window for miRNAs-based targeted therapies. In this review, we present results of some studies analyzing the dysregulation in miRNAs expression pattern in paediatric AML and also discuss their use as diagnostic and prognostic markers.
Number of decidual natural killer cells & macrophages in pre-eclampsia
Authors: Milosevic-Stevanovic Jelena , Krstic Miljan , Radovic-Janosevic Dragana , Popovic Jasmina , Tasic Marija , Stojnev Slavica
Published: April 2017

Background & objectives:

The process of human placentation is complex and still not well understood. This study was aimed to examine the relationship between clinical features of pre-eclampsia and degree of trophoblastic invasion after its immunohistochemical visualization in the context of possible alterations in the number of natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages in the decidua.

Methods:

This prospective study included a study group comprising 30 pregnant women with pre-eclampsia delivered by caesarean section and a control group comprising 20 healthy pregnant women also delivered by caesarean section. Samples of placental bed obtained during caesarean section were analyzed after immunohistochemical labelling CD56+ NK cells, CD68+ macrophages and cytokeratin 7 trophoblastic cells.

Results:

In pre-eclampsia, there was a significantly lower number of CD56+ NK cells in the decidua (P<0.001) and a higher number of CD68+ macrophages (P<0.001) compared to control group. In the subgroup of pre-eclampsia with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), a significantly greater number of NK cells (P<0.05) was recorded, as well as an increased number of macrophages, but not significantly compared to pre-eclampsia without IUGR. There was no significant difference in the distribution of these cells in the decidua in relation to the severity of pre-eclampsia. CD56+ NK cells were significantly less (P<0.05) and macrophages were more (P<0.05) in the group with poor trophoblastic invasion.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Alterations in the number of immune cells in relation to the degree of trophoblastic invasion indicated their role in aetiopathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, while the direct association between their number and severity of pre-eclampsia was not confirmed.
El museo ubicuo de las colecciones reales. ¿VR? Virtualidad Real
Authors: Cantero García-Moncó Mariana
Published: April 2017

Una fotografía de la sala superior del Museo de las Colecciones Reales da pie a una curiosa disertación acerca de lo virtual y lo real. El reflejo anaranjado que emula el hormigón cuando el sol de poniente se filtra en invierno a través de los vanos, sugiere la hipótesis de ser obra de un artista conceptual contemporáneo. Dos exposiciones: “Sin principio sin final” de Ignasi Aballí y “Meeting” de James Turrell son confrontadas con la “sala de hormigón virtual” del museo para averiguar si dicha obra no-real puede ser considerada arquitectura, y si el museo pertenece o no al s. XXI.
Casa en Hachikenya
Authors: Fujimoto Kazunori , Hogaki Tomoyasu
Published: April 2017

Arquitectos / Architects: Kazunori Fujimoto Architect & Associates. Kazunori Fujimoto (principal responsable / principal-in-charge), Tomoyasu Hogaki. · Localización / Location: Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan · Redacción de proyecto / Project Planning: 2004-2005 · Período de construcción / Construction term: 2006 · Superficie de la parcela / Site area: 671.52 m2 · Superficie del edificio / Building area: 125.67 m2 · Ocupación en planta / Total floor area: 120.19 m2 · Ingeniero estructural / Structural engineer: Ike Structural Consultants · Dirección de obra / Construction Team: Inoue Corporation · Fotografía / Photography: Kazunori Fujimoto
Análisis de la implementación de un modelo hidrodinámico tridimensional al flujo de un cauce natural
Authors: Ochoa García Santiago Aurelio , Reyna Teresa , García Marcelo , Herrero Horacio , Díaz Jose Manuel , Heredia Ana
Published: April 2017

En el análisis de la hidrodinámica fluvial están presentes una gran cantidad de variables, que al ser consideradas en la solución de las ecuaciones de estado describen el comportamiento del flujo. En este trabajo, se presenta la solución tridimensional de las ecuaciones de Navier Stokes promediadas por Reynolds con un modelo de cierre para la turbulencia K–ξ; solución aplicada en el flujo del río Tercero o Ctalamochita de la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. La herramienta de cálculo para la solución de las ecuaciones de estado es el modelo SSIIM, un software libre orientado a la mecánica de fluidos computacional desarrollado en la Universidad Noruega de Ciencia y Tecnología. La importancia de analizar el flujo en forma tridimensional contrasta con la dificultad de su solución numérica, por lo que se ha descrito el algoritmo SIMPLE aplicado en este trabajo para la solución de las ecuaciones de estado.
The short-term combined effects of temperature and organic matter
enrichment on permeable coral reef carbonat sediment metabolism and dissolution
Authors: Lantz Coulson A. , Schulz Kai G. , Stoltenberg Laura , Eyre Bradley D.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Rates of gross primary production (GPP), respiration (R), and net calcification (Gnet) in coral reef sediments are expected to change in response to global warming (and the consequent increase in sea surface temperature) and coastal eutrophication (and the subsequent increase in the concentration of organic matter (OM) being filtered by permeable coral reef carbonate sediments). To date, no studies have examined the combined effect of seawater warming and OM enrichment on coral reef carbonate sediment metabolism and dissolution. This study used 22-hour in situ benthic chamber incubations to examine the combined effect of temperature (T) and OM, in the form of coral mucus and phytodetritus, on GPP, R, and Gnet in the permeable coral reef carbonate sediments of Heron Island lagoon, Australia. Compared to control incubations, both warming (+2.4 ºC) and OM increased R and GPP. Under warmed conditions, R was enhanced to a greater extent than GPP, resulting in a shift to net heterotrophy and net dissolution. Under both phytodetritus and coral mucus treatments, GPP was enhanced to a greater extent than R, resulting in a net increase in GPP/R and Gnet. The combined effect of warming and OM enhanced R and GPP, but the net effect on GPP/R and Gnet was not significantly different from control incubations. These findings show that a shift to net heterotrophy and dissolution due to short-term increases in seawater warming may be countered by a net increase GPP/R and Gnet due to short-term increases in nutrient release from OM.
Regression-based season-ahead drought prediction for southern Peru
conditioned on large-scale climate variables
Authors: Mortensen Eric , Wu Shu , Notaro Michael , Vavrus Steven , Montgomery Rob , De Piérola José , Sánchez Carlos , Block Paul
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Located at a complex topographic, climatic, and hydrologic crossroads, southern Peru is a semi-arid region that exhibits high spatiotemporal variability in precipitation. The economic viability of the region hinges on this water, yet southern Peru is prone to water scarcity caused by seasonal drought. Droughts here are often triggered during El Niño episodes; however, other large-scale climate mechanisms also play a noteworthy role in controlling the region’s hydrologic cycle. An extensive season-ahead drought prediction model is developed to help bolster existing capacity of stakeholders to plan for and mitigate the deleterious impacts of this hydrologic extreme. In addition to existing climate indices, large-scale climatic variables, such as sea surface temperature, are investigated to identify potential drought predictors. A principal component regression framework is applied to eleven potential predictors to produce an ensemble forecast of January-March precipitation. Model hindcasts of 51 years, compared to climatology and another model conditioned solely on an El Niño-Southern Oscillation index, achieve notable skill and perform better for several metrics, including ranked probability skill score and a hit-miss statistic. Extending the lead time and spatially disaggregating precipitation predictions to the local level may further assist regional stakeholders and policymakers preparing for drought.
Feasibility of intravitreal injections and ophthalmic safety assessment in marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) monkeys
Authors: Korbmacher Birgit , Atorf Jenny , Fridrichs-Gromoll Stephanie , Hill Marilyn , Korte Sven , Kremers Jan , Mansfield Keith , Mecklenburg Lars , Pilling Andrew , Wiederhold Andreas
Published: April 2017

Abstract. To safeguard patients, regulatory authorities require that new drugs that are to be given by the intravitreal (IVT) route are assessed for their safety in a laboratory species using the same route of administration. Due to the high similarity of ocular morphology and physiology between humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) and due to the species specificity of many biotherapeutics, the monkey is often the only appropriate model. To this end, intravitreal administration and assessment of ocular toxicity are well established in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). In contrast, the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) is not a standard model for ocular toxicity studies due to its general sensitivity to laboratory investigations and small eye size. It was the purpose of the present work to study whether the marmoset is a useful alternative to the cynomolgus monkey for use in intravitreal toxicological studies. Six marmoset monkeys received repeated (every 2 weeks for a total of four doses) intravitreal injections of 10 or 20 µL of a placebo. The animals were assessed for measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP), standard ophthalmological investigations and electroretinography (ERG). At the end of the dosing period, the animals were sacrificed and the eyes were evaluated histologically. ERG revealed similar results when comparing predose to end-of-study data, and there was no difference between the two dose volumes. A transient increase in the IOP was seen immediately after dosing, which was more pronounced after dosing of 20 µL compared to 10 µL. Ophthalmologic and microscopic observations did not show any significant changes. Therefore, it can be concluded that 10 µL as well as 20 µL intravitreal injections of a placebo are well tolerated in the marmoset. These results demonstrate that the common marmoset is an alternative to the cynomolgus monkey for intravitreal toxicity testing.
Después de la cop21, las ambiciones climáticas de la Unión Europea y la cuestión de la justicia social en la lucha contra el cambio climático
Authors: Borrell José , Huertas Cristina
Published: April 2017

En este artículo se hace un balance de los resultados de la COP21 de Paris (Vigésimo primera Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático). Se analizan los objetivos de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero establecidos por la Unión Europea (UE) y las dificultades para materializar en la práctica esa ambición climática tantas veces declarada. Y, finalmente, se considera la cuestión de la justicia social en la lucha contra el cambio climático, dada la diferente responsabilidad de los distintos países en la generación de un problema que afecta a toda la Humanidad y cuya solución solo podrá venir de un reparto equitativo de los esfuerzos necesarios para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.
Erasmus programme effects: a Spanish case
Authors: Urquía-Grande Elena , Del Campo Cristina
Published: April 2017

The internationalisation of Higher Education (HE), as part of the European integration programs, has become a priority not only for governments but also for universities. The Faculty of Economics and Business (Complutense University of Madrid) has promoted the European mobility as part of the internationalisation strategy through the Erasmus programs for students' mobility since its beginning. However continuous endeavour must be made. The objective of the present research is to study the internationalisation of HE. For this purpose a survey was designed to measure the degree of outgoing Erasmus students’ satisfaction. Multivariate statistic techniques were run to observe that variables such as academic and cultural experiences in the host Universities determine the students´ overall satisfaction. Multiple maps of relationships within variables were found demonstrating that students perceive as most important they develop academic and socio-cultural competences together with linguistic skills when studying abroad.
A Cross-sectional Analysis of Minimum USMLE Step 1 and 2 Criteria Used by Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs in Screening Residency Applications
Authors: Schrock John B. , Kraeutler Matthew J. , Dayton Michael R. , McCarty Eric C.
Published: April 2017

Introduction:

The purpose of this study was to analyze how program directors (PDs) of orthopaedic surgery residency programs use United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and 2 scores in screening residency applicants.

Methods:

A survey was sent to each allopathic orthopaedic surgery residency PD. PDs were asked if they currently use minimum Step 1 and/or 2 scores in screening residency applicants and if these criteria have changed in recent years.

Results:

Responses were received from 113 of 151 PDs (75%). One program did not have the requested information and five declined participation, leaving 107 responses analyzed. Eighty-nine programs used a minimum USMLE Step 1 score (83%). Eighty-three programs (78%) required a Step 1 score ≥210, 80 (75%) required a score ≥220, 57 (53%) required a score ≥230, and 22 (21%) required a score ≥240. Multiple PDs mentioned the high volume of applications as a reason for using a minimum score and for increasing the minimum score in recent years.

Discussion:

A large proportion of orthopaedic surgery residency PDs use a USMLE Step 1 minimum score when screening applications in an effort to reduce the number of applications to be reviewed.
Quality-Improving Strategies of College English Teaching Based on Microlesson and Flipped Classroom
Authors: Zhang Fan
Published: April 2017

Microlesson and flipped classroom, which incorporate the educational information technologies, are a new trend of college English teaching. Exploration on how the flipped classroom and microlesson promote innovation and application of educational information technology are of great significance. According to a survey among teachers, strategies that can improve the quality of college English teaching may include: strengthening teacher training; reforming the previous teaching evaluation system; managing the pre-class and classroom time; correctly understanding the role of modern education technology in college English teaching; paying attention to convergence between teaching materials and teaching software; implementing a variety of teaching methods, and strengthening the interaction inside and outside of the classroom.
Performance Evaluation in the Brazilian Public Sector
Authors: Lacerda Rogerio Tadeu de Oliveira , Ensslin Leonardo , Krueger Anna , Ensslin Sandra Rolim
Published: April 2017

The Brazilian Public Sector is being pressured by society to provide more and better services to citizens. Thus, this research is motivated by the need to provide management tools to improve the performance of public administration for better use of public resources. The research explores a constructivist methodology of performance evaluation as a tool for decision aiding in a Brazilian public organization. It highlights propositions identified in qualified literature to justify the use of constructivist approach in public management, as the need manager actively participate in the model of construction in order to expand his/her knowledge about the context and the need to recognize the uniqueness of the resources and moment instead of seeking generic models of evaluation. The development of the model itself, provided a detailed overview of the aspects understood as needed and sufficient by the decision-maker. It was able to disclosure the uniqueness of the context, the objectives of the sector and the construction of indicators for the performance evaluation of aspects understood as important to the public manager. It was observed the theoretical contributions to the area of public management knowledge, especially the key role of public manager to build evaluation models, recognition of limited rationality in decision making and uniqueness as a major element in the decision within the public administration.
Association Between Deep Sedation from Continuous Intravenous Sedatives and Extubation Failures in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Schultheis Jennifer M. , Heath Travis S. , Turner David A.
Published: April 2017

OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to determine whether an association exists between deep sedation from continuous infusion sedatives and extubation failures in mechanically ventilated children. Secondary outcomes evaluated risk factors associated with deep sedation.

METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study conducted between January 1, 2009, and October 31, 2012, in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at Duke Children's Hospital. Patients were included in the study if they had been admitted to the PICU, had been mechanically ventilated for ≥48 hours, and had received at least one continuous infusion benzodiazepine and/or opioid infusion for ≥24 hours. Patients were separated into 2 groups: those deeply sedated and those not deeply sedated. Deep sedation was defined as having at least one documented State Behavioral Scale (SBS) of −3 or −2 within 72 hours prior to planned extubation.

RESULTS A total of 108 patients were included in the analysis. Both groups were well matched with regard to baseline characteristics. For the primary outcome, there was no difference in extubation failures in those who were deeply sedated compared to those not deeply sedated (14 patients [22.6%] versus 7 patients [15.2%], respectively; p = 0.33). After adjusting for potential risk factors, patients with a higher weight percentile for age (odds ratio [OR] 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.03), lower Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) score prior to intubation (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.74–0.97), and larger maximum benzodiazepine dose (OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.01–3.71) were associated with greater odds of deep sedation. A higher GCS prior to intubation was significantly associated with increased odds of extubation failure (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.02–1.39).

CONCLUSIONS While there was no statistically significant difference in extubation failures between the 2 groups included in this study, considering the severe consequences of extubation failure, the numerical difference reported may be clinically important.
Desarrollo de competencias emocionales en pre-adolescentes: el papel de padres y docentes
Authors: Márquez Cervantes Ma. Concepción , Gaeta González Martha Leticia
Published: April 2017

En el campo de la psicología educacional, actualmente se busca responder a las necesidades sociales y afectivas no atendidas por la educación académica tradicional, a través de la educación emocional, la cual se considera necesaria para un desarrollo emocionalmente saludable; con vínculos afectivos y estados mentales sanos, que permitan enfrentar un mundo más complejo y competitivo con mejores oportunidades de obtener un bienestar general. De ahí la importancia de desarrollar competencias emocionales desde edades tempranas, tanto en el aula como en el seno familiar, a fin de que los niños cuenten con más herramientas para afrontar las múltiples situaciones que se presenten a lo largo de la vida. En este contexto, el final de la infancia constituye una verdadera oportunidad para asimilar las competencias emocionales que permitan a niños y niñas tomar decisiones responsables, solucionar problemas y enfrentar situaciones de riesgo. De ahí que, el interés de este trabajo es reflexionar, desde una perspectiva teórica, sobre el desarrollo de competencias emocionales en los pre-adolescentes, observando la implicación docente y de los padres de familia en este proceso.
Las WebQuests y los MOOCs en la enseñanza de las Ciencias Sociales y la formación del profesorado de Educación Primaria.
Authors: Ortega Sánchez Delfín , Gómez Trigueros Isabel Mª
Published: April 2017

Este artículo analiza las experiencias y concepciones metodológicas del profesorado en formación de Educación Primaria sobre el aprendizaje colaborativo con WebQuests y MOOCs en el área curricular de Ciencias Sociales. El estudio centra su interés en la vinculación de estas dos herramientas didácticas a la adquisición de competencias básicas y su potencial para la capacitación en Conocimiento Didáctico del Contenido. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la necesidad educativa de transferir e integrar, de forma operativa y funcional, el avance y generalización de las Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación en los planes de estudio de formación del profesorado.
Formación del profesorado de historia y ficción televisiva: el aprovechamiento didáctico de las series históricas en educación secundaria
Authors: Sáiz Serrano Jorge , Parra Monserrat David
Published: April 2017

Este artículo aborda la capacidad de aprovechamiento didáctico mostrada por 72 estudiantes universitarios procedentes del Máster de Profesorado de Educación Secundaria (especialidad de Geografía e Historia) en relación con las series de televisión de temática histórica. Para ello, se ha diseñado un instrumento (un cuestionario abierto sobre ficción televisiva) orientado a examinar, por un lado, la alfabetización mediática de los futuros docentes y, por otro, su capacidad de impugnar la representación del pasado histórico nacional ofrecida por muchas de estas series y de plantear alternativas desde la óptica de una didáctica crítica. Los primeros resultados del estudio ponen de relieve la necesidad de mejorar la alfabetización audiovisual y la formación epistemológica del futuro profesorado para que sea capaz de aprovechar todo el potencial educativo de estos formatos y sus narrativas.
Interculturality as an expression of humanist perspective: The young students’ ideas about the Conquest of America from Altan’s historical graphic narratives and Julierme’s History textbook
Authors: Fronza Marcelo
Published: April 2017

This research is linked to the projects “Textbooks and how to learn and teach the history of conflicts in different spaces and times” and “Youth and the ideas of historical truth and intersubjectivity in relation to visual historical narratives”. I investigate the ideas of Brazilian graduate young students about conflicts between Europeans and Indians during the conquest of America, which took place around 1492 and 1550. I produce a research instrument based on methodological criteria of qualitative research (LESSARD-HÉBERT, GOYETTE & BOUTIN, 2005). This research tool contains open questions concerning the confrontation of two fragments in history comic books. The first historical graphic narrative, version A, called “Conquest and the colonization of America” is a chapter of the textbook organized as historical comic book “General History: History for modern school” (CASTRO & ZALLA, 1971). The second historical graphic narrative presented in the research instrument, the version B, called “Colombo” (ALTAN, 1989). In conclusion, it can verify that these young students understand some of the fundamental elements of these artifacts of historical culture greatly facilitate the apprehension of historical knowledge elaborated in an intersubjective and humanistic way. 
Les enjeux de la recherche concernant l’enfance et la famille autochtones
Authors: Sébastien Grammond  , Christiane Guay
Published: April 2017

Cet article fait le point sur les politiques coloniales qui ont eu des impacts dévastateurs sur les enfants et les familles autochtones, dont la politique des pensionnats autochtones et l’application des régimes de protection de la jeunesse. Il examine les efforts qui sont déployés depuis une quarantaine d’années pour adapter les institutions étatiques qui affectent les enfants et les jeunes autochtones. Enfin, il donne un aperçu des enjeux culturels et identitaires auxquels font face les enfants, les jeunes et les familles autochtones, notamment concernant le territoire, les conceptions de la famille élargie et les pratiques parentales. Il poursuit par une réflexion sur la nécessaire autodétermination des peuples autochtones dans les domaines liés à l’enfance et à la famille.
Pensionnats autochtones : impact intergénérationnel
Authors: Jacinthe Dion  , Jennifer Hains  , Amélie Ross  , Delphine Collin-Vézina
Published: April 2017

Les pensionnats autochtones sont des institutions ayant été en activité de la fin du 19e siècle à la fin du 20e siècle, que des enfants autochtones ont été forcés de fréquenter au Canada. Des enquêtes ont démontré que plusieurs jeunes fréquentant ces institutions y ont été victimes de négligence et de mauvais traitements. Les conséquences négatives découlant des mauvais traitements durant l’enfance ont été amplement documentées, notamment à travers les travaux de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada. Néanmoins, très peu d’études quantitatives ont été réalisées à ce sujet. L’objectif de cette recherche est de documenter, chez une population autochtone du Québec, les impacts associés à la fréquentation des pensionnats chez les survivants, mais également chez leurs enfants devenus adultes. Au total, 301 participants autochtones ont été rencontrés. Parmi les participants, 26,9 % ont fréquenté les pensionnats et 45,5 % ont un parent qui les a fréquentés. Les résultats indiquent que la fréquentation des pensionnats est associée à une probabilité plus élevée d’avoir vécu des traumas (agression sexuelle, agression physique, violence conjugale, etc.) dans l’enfance ou à l’âge adulte. Les résultats révèlent également que la fréquentation des pensionnats est associée à plusieurs difficultés, notamment à la consommation problématique d’alcool ou de drogues, au jeu problématique et à la détresse psychologique. Les résultats de cette étude soulignent l’importance de tenir compte des conséquences des traumatismes historiques et intergénérationnels liés aux pensionnats dans notre compréhension de la situation actuelle des peuples autochtones du Canada.
Regard sur l’interaction de l’urbanisation, du traumatisme historique et de l’identité culturelle parmi la jeunesse autochtone au Canada
Authors: Elizabeth Fast  , Jennifer Nutton  , Mireille De La Sablonnière-Griffin  , Anna Kozlowski  , Nahka Bertrand  , Swaneige Bertrand  , Jennifer Mitchell
Published: April 2017

L’urbanisation est une forme de colonisation actuelle des peuples autochtones (Taylor et Bell, 2004). Elle est, d’une part, une conséquence d’un traumatisme historique, soit l’aboutissement des pertes subies par les peuples autochtones au Canada en raison du colonialisme, qui s’est traduit par des manifestations comprenant une incidence accrue de dépendances, de troubles de santé mentale et de violence familiale (Code Criminel (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46); Brave Heart, 1998; Evans-Campbell, 2008; Wesley-Esquimaux et Smolewski, 2004). D’autre part, elle est une manifestation des conditions colonialistes actuelles, comme le manque d’infrastructures permettant aux gens de demeurer dans leur communauté pour travailler, suivre un enseignement supérieur ou, dans de nombreux cas, recevoir des soins médicaux vitaux. À l’aide d’entrevues réalisées dans le cadre d’une étude plus vaste qui explorait l’identité culturelle de la jeunesse autochtone urbaine à Montréal, nous montrerons comment l’urbanisation, le traumatisme historique et l’identité culturelle interagissent dans la vie des jeunes rencontrés. L’étude a mis en œuvre les principes de propriété, de contrôle, d’accès et de possession (PCAP ®1) en se dotant d’un comité composé de jeunes autochtones urbains qui surveillait tous les aspects du processus de recherche (CPN, 2007). L’analyse a mené à la formulation de quatre grands thèmes reliant entre eux l’urbanisation, le traumatisme historique et l’identité culturelle. Les participants ont d’abord défini la manière dont le traumatisme historique a touché leur vie. Le discours convergent des jeunes a permis de caractériser l’urbanisation comme une forme actuelle de politique coloniale ainsi qu’une forme de traumatisme historique. Enfin, les jeunes ont partagé leur expérience du racisme et des stéréotypes en milieu urbain de même que l’impact de ceux-ci sur leur sens de l’identité culturelle. Nous montrerons comment l’urbanisation, le traumatisme historique et l’identité culturelle interagissent dans la vie de ces jeunes.
De la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse au Système d’intervention d’autorité atikamekw (SIAA)-La prise en charge d’une nation pour assurer le bien-être de ses enfants
Authors: Anne Fournier
Published: April 2017

Cet article porte sur l’application de la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse en milieux autochtones au Québec et plus particulièrement sur l’initiative de la nation atikamekw en cette matière. Il situe d’abord le régime général de protection de la jeunesse dans le contexte de son adoption à la fin des années 1970 et fait état des difficultés de son application en milieux autochtones au Québec. Il précise le contexte dans lequel est intervenue la prise en charge des services sociaux par les Atikamekw et leurs efforts pour créer, puis pour expérimenter, un régime particulier de protection de la jeunesse applicable à leurs membres. Ce régime particulier est à l’origine de l’inclusion de l’article 37.5, de droit nouveau, dans la loi, lequel permet désormais au gouvernement du Québec de conclure une entente avec une nation, une communauté ou d’autres groupes autochtones afin d’appliquer un régime particulier de protection de la jeunesse sur un territoire déterminé. Le Système d’intervention d’autorité atikamekw (SIAA) constitue le régime particulier qui s’applique aux Atikamekw issus des communautés de Manawan et de Wemotaci depuis un peu plus de 15 ans. Le SIAA évolue aux côtés du régime étatique. Il comporte ses propres acteurs et son propre fonctionnement, lesquels seront décrits. Les points de convergence et de divergence entre le régime général et le régime particulier de protection de la jeunesse seront exposés et l’article sera complété par le partage de quelques résultats découlant de l’application du SIAA.
L’éducation scolaire et l’éducation mapuche : points de vue des parents mapuches
Authors: Daniel Quilaqueo  , Héctor Torres  , Segundo Quintriqueo
Published: April 2017

Cet article est le résultat d’une recherche portant sur une critique épistémologique des principales caractéristiques de l’éducation scolaire et de l’éducation mapuche, selon une approche basée sur les sciences de l’éducation et le raisonnement épistémique des parents de famille mapuches de la région de l’Araucanie au Chili. Dans le contexte actuel de la réforme du système scolaire chilien, il s’avère nécessaire de contribuer aux débats sur les façons de penser, d’imaginer et de critiquer l’éducation scolaire donnée à la population mapuche. Pour ce faire, il est particulièrement fécond de prendre en compte la double immersion éducative reçue par les Mapuches (éducation mapuche et éducation scolaire). Sur la base d’une recherche qualitative réalisée auprès de parents mapuches et de kimches (savants mapuches), nous identifions, dans leurs discours sur l’école, les aspects d’ordre colonial – aspects construits à travers la scolarisation des élèves dans les écoles situées dans des contextes de vie mapuches. Cependant, la réforme mise en œuvre par l’État chilien, visant à instaurer une éducation interculturelle bilingue, veut intégrer des contenus éducatifs mapuches au sein du programme scolaire. Nous concluons que les contenus éducatifs mentionnés dans les discours des parents peuvent contribuer à transformer le modèle hégémonique et asymétrique que l’on retrouve encore dans l’éducation interculturelle bilingue proposée par l’État. Il s’agit de repenser l’école afin de l’adapter aux relations interethniques présentes dans le contexte de vie des familles mapuches et non mapuches du Chili.
Être bien attaché à la vie : sécurité routière dans les familles anicinabek
Authors: Stéphane Grenier  , Laurence Hamel-Charest  , Suzanne McMurphy  , G. Brent Angell
Published: April 2017

La sous-utilisation des sièges d’auto pour enfants par les Autochtones du Canada pourrait nous laisser penser que les parents autochtones se préoccupent peu de la sécurité de leurs enfants. Nous déconstruisons cette hypothèse en analysant la constitution de programmes d’intervention visant l’amélioration de la sécurité routière dans deux communautés anicinabek du Québec, Lac-Simon et Kitcisakik. Les préoccupations des membres de ces communautés et les angles d’intervention qu’ils désiraient privilégier afin de réduire les risques de blessures causées par des accidents de véhicules motorisés montrent que les enfants occupent un espace symbolique important. Plutôt qu’un résultat de la négligence parentale, la sous-utilisation de sièges d’auto pour enfants semble notamment due à la pauvreté dans laquelle vivent plusieurs familles autochtones. De plus, la sécurité de la jeunesse semble être une motivation amenant les communautés et leurs membres vers un processus de transformation. Cet article nous renseigne aussi sur le type d’éducation ainsi que sur la conception de la famille privilégiée par les Anicinabek. Tenir compte de ces éléments culturels dans le développement des programmes d’intervention permet d’adapter l’action au contexte local.
La conjugalité contemporaine, une nouvelle façon de penser le lien
Authors: Gérard Neyrand
Published: April 2017

La conjugalité est au cœur du processus de transformation des relations privées, qui s’organise autour d’une « démocratisation » de la famille, d’une égalisation des rôles de sexe et d’une promotion des individualités. Mais ce processus mobilise des dimensions multiples, s’appuyant sur l’évolution des normes d’interaction, de leur transcription dans un imaginaire social en mouvement et dans la configuration des identités personnelles. L’article, après avoir rendu compte des logiques globales qui président à ces évolutions, s’attache à décrire leurs effets sur la conjugalité et les différentes fonctions de la vie en couple : expressivité réciproque, refuge identitaire, partage d’une normativité, qui sont interrogées dans leurs multiples rapports. Sur la base de la reconfiguration de la normativité conjugale et de l’affirmation de la dimension identitaire de la conjugalité, on assiste à une métamorphose des liens conjugaux traditionnels que le développement des nouveaux modes de rencontre et l’affirmation de nouvelles valeurs et de nouvelles pratiques contribuent à redéfinir, dans une tension entre hédonisation des relations et responsabilisation des personnes.
Les associations des enfants et jeunes travailleurs du Burkina Faso comme espace d’expression de la capacité d’action des enfants ?
Authors: Joséphine Wouango
Published: April 2017

Depuis l’adoption de la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant par les Nations Unies en 1989, la prise en compte du point de vue des enfants dans les décisions qui les concernent (article 12 de la Convention) est une approche de plus en plus plébiscitée. C’est dans ce contexte qu’ont émergé en Asie, en Amérique latine et en Afrique des mouvements d’enfants et de jeunes qui veulent se faire entendre dans le domaine de la lutte contre le travail des enfants.

Les associations des enfants et jeunes travailleurs du Burkina Faso (AEJT/BF) qui sont étudiées dans cet article sont une représentation nationale du mouvement africain des enfants et jeunes travailleurs (MAEJT) créé à la fin des années 1980. Le mouvement est fondé sur deux grands principes : d’une part sur les 12 droits prioritaires des enfants et des jeunes travailleurs, d’autre part sur le principe du « protagonisme » (l’enfant-travailleur comme acteur capable, à la différence de l’enfant-travailleur comme « victime » d’exploitation que prônent les normes internationales.

Cet article présente et analyse le fonctionnement de ce mouvement au Burkina Faso, les changements qu’il a contribué à apporter à la question sociale du travail des enfants et les résultats de la mise en application des principes annoncés. S’appuyant sur une enquête ethnographique, le texte offre des données inédites sur les réalités d’un acteur collectif qui, en utilisant à son avantage la rhétorique de la « participation » prônée par la Convention des droits de l’enfant, a réussi à s’insérer dans l’arène nationale de la protection de l’enfance. Toutefois, la question de la place et du rôle des enfants ainsi que celle du « vieillissement » des membres sont quelques-uns des défis auxquels la section burkinabè du mouvement doit faire face.
The MBD7 complex promotes expression of methylated transgenes without significantly altering their methylation status
Authors: Li Dongming , Palanca Ana Marie S , Won So Youn , Gao Lei , Feng Ying , Vashisht Ajay A , Liu Li , Zhao Yuanyuan , Liu Xigang , Wu Xiuyun , Li Shaofang , Le Brandon , Kim Yun Ju , Yang Guodong , Li Shengben , Liu Jinyuan , Wohlschlegel James A , Guo Hongwei , Mo Beixin , Chen Xuemei , Law Julie A
Published: April 2017

DNA methylation is associated with gene silencing in eukaryotic organisms. Although pathways controlling the establishment, maintenance and removal of DNA methylation are known, relatively little is understood about how DNA methylation influences gene expression. Here we identified a METHYL-CpG-BINDING DOMAIN 7 (MBD7) complex in Arabidopsis thaliana that suppresses the transcriptional silencing of two LUCIFERASE (LUC) reporters via a mechanism that is largely downstream of DNA methylation. Although mutations in components of the MBD7 complex resulted in modest increases in DNA methylation concomitant with decreased LUC expression, we found that these hyper-methylation and gene expression phenotypes can be genetically uncoupled. This finding, along with genome-wide profiling experiments showing minimal changes in DNA methylation upon disruption of the MBD7 complex, places the MBD7 complex amongst a small number of factors acting downstream of DNA methylation. This complex, however, is unique as it functions to suppress, rather than enforce, DNA methylation-mediated gene silencing.
The importance and challenge of hyporheic mixing
Authors: Hester Erich T. , Cardenas M. Bayani , Haggerty Roy , Apte Sourabh V.
Published: April 2017

The hyporheic zone is the interface beneath and adjacent to streams and rivers where surface water and groundwater interact. The hyporheic zone presents unique conditions for reaction of solutes from both surface water and groundwater, including reactions which depend upon mixing of source waters. Some models assume that hyporheic zones are well‐mixed and conceptualize the hyporheic zone as a surface water‐groundwater mixing zone. But what are the controls on and effects of hyporheic mixing? What specific mechanisms cause the relatively large (>∼1 m) mixing zones suggested by subsurface solute measurements? In this commentary, we explore the various processes that might enhance mixing in the hyporheic zone relative to deeper groundwater, and pose the question whether the substantial mixing suggested by field studies may be due to the combination of fluctuating boundary conditions and multiscale physical and chemical spatial heterogeneity. We encourage investigation of hyporheic mixing using numerical modeling and laboratory experiments to ultimately inform field investigations.
Climate‐driven exceedance of total (wet + dry) nitrogen (N) + sulfur (S) deposition to forest soil over the conterminous U.S
Authors: Sun Jian , Fu Joshua S. , Lynch Jason A. , Huang Kan , Gao Yang
Published: April 2017

Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) depositions are much mitigated over the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) but deposition exceedance still exists on forest soil. In addition, the empirical approach is usually used but only provides a spatially constant critical load (CL). Therefore, the CL derived from steady‐state mass balance equation is used to study the CL exceedance on forest soil over the CONUS. The multimodel mean (MMM) of global climate‐chemistry models in 2000s indicates that total (wet + dry) N deposition alone over 10.32% of forest soil exceeds the CL, but a higher percent (30.16%) is observed by the N + S deposition, which highlights the necessity of considering S deposition. In 2050s, less CL‐exceeded forest soil is projected and the exceedance amount is lower as well, mainly attributed to the strong reduction of projected NOX and SO2 emissions. By first projecting the future CL due to the climate change, the CL exceedance could further decrease as the air temperature is projected to increase rapidly and lead to higher CL in the future. The CL exceedance by N deposition alone is likely to be dominated by NOy in 2000s but NHX in 2050s because of the enhanced NH3 emission. Moreover, both in 2000s and 2050s, using the CL generated by different aggregation methods can cause up to 33 times difference between the corresponding CL exceedance. This suggests that several regions are under the marginal threat of either N or N + S deposition and different CL can influence the results significantly.