bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Self‐Assembly of Ditopic and Tetratopic Cavitand Complexes
Authors: Menozzi Edoardo , Busi Marco , Ramingo Romina , Campagnolo Mara , Geremia Silvano , Dalcanale Enrico
Published: March 2005

The self‐assembly of open ditopic and tetratopic cavitand complexes has been investigated by using monofunctionalized cavitand ligands and suitable metal precursors. In the case of ditopic complexes, self‐assembly protocols, leading exclusively to the formation of both thermodynamically stable cis‐Pt square‐planar complexes 8 and 9 and the kinetically inert fac‐Re octahedral complex 14, have been elaborated. The use of cis‐[Pt(CH3CN)2Cl2] as metal precursor led to the formation of monotopic trans‐10 and ditopic trans‐11 cavitand complexes, while cis‐[Pt(dmso)2Cl2] afforded both cis‐13 and trans‐11 isomers. The self‐assembly of tetratopic cavitand complexes has been achieved by using mononuclear [Pd(CH3CN)4(BF4)2] and dinuclear [M2(tppb)(OTf)4] (19: M=Pt; 20: M=Pd) metal precursors. Only the tetratopic dinuclear complexes 21 and 22 were stable. The ligand configuration with two phosphorus and two cavitand ligands at the metal centers is the most appropriate to build tetratopic cavitand complexes with sufficient kinetic stability.
An ‘ever closer union’ of national policy? The convergence of national environmental policy in the European Union
Authors: Liefferink Duncan , Jordan Andrew
Published: March 2005

This article examines how far the EU has succeeded in encouraging the content, structure and style of national environmental policies to converge. Using fresh empirical evidence collected from 10 national environmental policies, it presents a very mixed pattern of change, with some elements of national policy converging more rapidly (and through different causal pathways) than others. These findings are viewed through the lens of popular theories of structural convergence, integration and Europeanization respectively, to reach a fuller understanding of the pathways and outcomes of change in an enlarging EU. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Biosci. 3/2005
Authors: Normi Yahaya M. , Hiraishi Tomohiro , Taguchi Seiichi , Abe Hideki , Sudesh Kumar , Najimudin Nazalan , Doi Yoshiharu
Published: March 2005

Cover: An evolved PHA synthase enzyme from Ralstonia eutropha (termed G4D), exhibiting enhanced enzyme concentration in vivo, was successfully generated by suppression‐type mutagenesis (via the in vitro evolution method). Higher PHB accumulation could be achieved as a result of the high in vivo concentration of the G4D synthase enzyme. Further amino acid substitutions at the G4 position mostly generated similar results. The G4 mutant enzymes are promising basic‐type enzymes for highly effective PHB production in vivo.

Further details can be found in the Full Paper by Y. M. Normi, T. Hiraishi,* S. Taguchi, H. Abe, K. Sudesh, N. Najimudin, and Y. Doi on page 197.
Preparation and Structure of Porous Silk Sericin Materials
Authors: Tao Wei , Li Mingzhong , Xie Ruijuan
Published: March 2005

Summary: Porous materials of Bombyx mori silk sericin were prepared by freeze‐drying. The effects of concentration of the sericin solution and that of freezing temperature on the structure and properties of materials were investigated. The results indicated that porous sericin materials, with average pore radius between 60 and 90 μm and porosity between 75 and 85%, could be prepared by freeze‐drying. Thicker solution and lower freezing temperature resulted in smaller pore radius and porosity and moreover, bigger pore density. The condensed structure of interior sericin was mainly amorphous, and contained some crystal structure. Compared to the non‐crosslinked porous sericin materials, the content of the β‐sheet structure of the sericin materials, cross‐linked by poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether, increased to some extent.

Cross section SEM photograph of the porous sericin material.

magnified image

Cross section SEM photograph of the porous sericin material.
Multiplet luminescence of sulfur implanted silica – SiO2:S
Authors: Salh Roushdey , Schmidt B. , Fitting H.‐J.
Published: March 2005

Thermally wet oxidized SiO2 layers of 500 nm thickness have been implanted by sulfur ions of energy 150 keV and a dose 5 × 1016 ions/cm2 leading to an atomic dopant fraction of 4 at% at a mean depth of 190 nm. The cathodoluminescence spectra of these sulfur implanted SiO2 layers show besides a characteristic violet band at 405 nm a sharp and intensive multiplet structure beginning in the green region at 500 nm over the yellow‐red region and extending to the near IR measured up to 820 nm. The energy step differences of the sublevels amount in average to 120 meV and indicate vibration associated electronic states, probably, of unsaturated sulfur radicals ≡ Si–S• or ≡ Si–O–S• substituting the former non‐bridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) ≡ Si–O• as an intrinsic defect of the pure SiO2. After 1 min electron beam irradiation with a dose of 0.3 As/cm2 the spectral multiplet structure is nearly lost but the NBOHC red band R (660 nm) remains. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of ab initio absolute Raman excitation profiles using linear response theory
Authors: Vidal Luciano N. , Vazquez Pedro A. M.
Published: March 2005

A study of the computational requirements for the calculation of Raman‐related properties is presented, and the importance of the inclusion of electronic correlation and basis sets on the convergence of absolute Raman intensities and depolarization ratios for a set of small polyatomic systems (H2O, NH3, CH4, and C2H2) is discussed. These properties are derived from the geometric gradients of the dynamic polarizabilities evaluated with linear response equations. The Complete Active Space Self‐Consistent Field (CASSCF) static correlation effects as well as the effects of dynamic electronic correlation at the Møller‐Plesset Second‐Order Perturbation Theory (MP2), approximate Coupled Cluster Singles and Doubles (CC2), and Coupled Cluster Singles and Doubles (CCSD) levels on these properties were investigated and are presented. Basis set convergence for the series aug‐cc‐pV(D,T,Q)Z were analyzed. The results obtained using Sadlej's polarizability basis set are also presented. While the MP2 level produces good relative Raman intensities, it is shown that accurate absolute intensities require high‐level correlated wave functions (CCSD). The importance of static correlation effects for the Raman intensities is assessed. Large basis sets are required to predict Raman intensities accurately (aug‐cc‐pVTZ), but Sadlej's basis set is shown to be the best choice to compute these properties for large molecules. Depolarization ratios showed little dependency on the basis set and the theoretical level. It was determined that the correlation effects on geometric gradients of polarizabilities are associated mainly with molecular polarizabilities, and not with normal coordinates. The optimal size of the atomic displacements used to compute numerical derivatives of polarizabilities without influencing the Raman properties derived from them was ascertained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Analysis of dichloroacetic acid in rat blood and tissues by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Delinsky Amy D. , Delinsky David C. , Muralidhara S. , Fisher Jeffrey W. , Bruckner James V. , Bartlett Michael G.
Published: March 2005

Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is a compound found in chlorinated drinking water. In addition, the compound is a metabolite of several halogenated solvents, including trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE). Exposure to DCA is of concern because high doses of the compound have been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Dosages of TCE administered to animals in cancer studies are designed to elicit maximal DCA formation in vivo, whereas levels of DCA to which individuals are exposed in drinking water are very low. Analysis of DCA in biological samples has been quite challenging. Derivatizing reagents commonly used to convert DCA into a more volatile form for analysis by gas chromatography (GC) have been found to convert trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a major metabolite of TCE and PCE, into DCA. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis does not require derivatization of DCA and can thus avoid this problem. However, the most popular stationary phases in HPLC columns do not retain small, polar compounds such as DCA well. The liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method described in this paper uses hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), a type of chromatography that is able to retain these small, polar compounds. Method validation was performed using the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and International Conference on Harmonziation (ICH) Guidance for Industry: Bioanalytical Method Validation as a guide. Levels of DCA found in rats dosed with 2 g/kg TCE were 17.2 ng/mL (liver), 262.4 ng/mL (kidney), 175.1 ng/mL (lung), and 39.5 ng/mL (blood). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trace elements in the teeth of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from the North Pacific
Authors: Ando Noriko , Isono Takeomi , Sakurai Yasunori
Published: March 2005

The occurrence of trace elements in the teeth of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) collected from the North Pacific from 1968 to 1999 is described. Using particle‐induced X‐ray emission analysis, we detected eight trace elements: Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr and Pb. We used a general linear model to evaluate long‐term trends of trace element accumulation. Zn (Zn/Ca) and Fe (Fe/Ca) levels both varied during the last three decades, and showed significant differences between animals of different age (Fe/Ca), season (Zn/Ca and Fe/Ca), and sex (Zn/Ca); both Zn/Ca and Fe/Ca ratios were higher in young males than older males. Pb was detected in 39% of the samples from Hokkaido (Japan) and 22% of those from Alaska. The high levels of Pb recorded in 1975 were thought to be related to the use of leaded gasoline during the 1970s. Our results indicate that the levels of trace elements in the teeth of Steller sea lions can be used as indicators of temporal and spatial variations of trace element pollution.
A tool for assessing ‘readiness’ in emergency obstetric care: The room‐by‐room ‘walk‐through’
Authors: Gill Z. , Bailey P. , Waxman R. , Smith J.B.
Published: March 2005

This article presents a tool that can be used to assess the readiness of a health facility to provide emergency obstetric care. The ‘walk‐through’ tool is a checklist that follows the physical path that a woman and her caregivers might follow. The items on the checklist are critical to an enabling environment in which skilled providers can save lives. The article explains how the tool can be used and by whom, and it describes several experiences in the field.
Executive function in Tourette's syndrome and obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: WATKINS LAURA H. , SAHAKIAN BARBARA J. , ROBERTSON MARY M. , VEALE DAVID M. , ROGERS ROBERT D. , PICKARD KATHRYN M. , AITKEN MICHAEL R. F. , ROBBINS TREVOR W.
Published: March 2005

Background. Cognitive performance was compared in the genetically and neurobiologically related disorders of Tourette's syndrome (TS) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), in three domains of executive function: planning, decision-making and inhibitory response control.

Method. Twenty TS patients, twenty OCD patients and a group of age- and IQ-matched normal controls completed psychometric and computerized cognitive tests and psychiatric rating scales. The cognitive tests were well-characterized in terms of their sensitivity to other fronto-striatal disorders, and included pattern and spatial recognition memory, attentional set-shifting, and a Go/No-go set-shifting task, planning, and decision-making.

Results. Compared to controls, OCD patients showed selective deficits in pattern recognition memory and slower responding in both pattern and spatial recognition, impaired extra-dimensional shifting on the set-shifting test and impaired reversal of response set on the Go/No-go test. In contrast, TS patients were impaired in spatial recognition memory, extra-dimensional set-shifting, and decision-making. Neither group was impaired in planning. Direct comparisons between the TS and OCD groups revealed significantly different greater deficits for recognition memory latency and Go/No-go reversal for the OCD group, and quality of decision-making for the TS group.

Conclusions. TS and OCD show both differences (recognition memory, decision-making) and similarities (set-shifting) in selective profiles of cognitive function. Specific set-shifting deficits in the OCD group contrasted with their intact performance on other tests of executive function, such as planning and decision-making, and suggested only limited involvement of frontal lobe dysfunction, possibly consistent with OCD symptomatology.
Relationship of homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 with depression in a middle-aged community sample
Authors: SACHDEV PERMINDER S. , PARSLOW RUTH A. , LUX ORA , SALONIKAS CHRIS , WEN WEI , NAIDOO DAYA , CHRISTENSEN HELEN , JORM ANTHONY F.
Published: March 2005

Background. Case control studies have supported a relationship between low folic acid and vitamin B12 and high homocysteine levels as possible predictors of depression. The results from epidemiological studies are mixed and largely from elderly populations.

Method. A random subsample of 412 persons aged 60–64 years from a larger community sample underwent psychiatric and physical assessments, and brain MRI scans. Subjects were assessed using the PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire for syndromal depression and severity of depressive symptoms. Blood measures included serum folic acid, vitamin B12, homocysteine and creatinine levels, and total antioxidant capacity. MRI scans were quantified for brain atrophy, subcortical atrophy, and periventricular and deep white-matter hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging.

Results. Being in the lowest quartile of homocysteine was associated with fewer depressive symptoms, after adjusting for sex, physical health, smoking, creatinine, folic acid and B12 levels. Being in the lowest quartile of folic acid was associated with increased depressive symptoms, after adjusting for confounding factors, but adjustment for homocysteine reduced the incidence rate ratio for folic acid to a marginal level. Vitamin B12 levels did not have a significant association with depressive symptoms. While white-matter hyperintensities had significant correlations with both homocysteine and depressive symptoms, the brain measures and total antioxidant capacity did not emerge as significant mediating variables.

Conclusions. Low folic acid and high homocysteine, but not low vitamin B12 levels, are correlates of depressive symptoms in community-dwelling middle-aged individuals. The effects of folic acid and homocysteine are overlapping but distinct.
Dimensions and classes of psychosis in a population cohort: a four-class, four-dimension model of schizophrenia and affective psychoses
Authors: MURRAY V. , McKEE I. , MILLER P. M. , YOUNG D. , MUIR W. J. , PELOSI A. J. , BLACKWOOD D. H. R.
Published: March 2005

Background. Classification of psychosis lacks a biological basis and current diagnostic categories may obscure underlying continuities. Data reduction methods of symptom profiles within a population-based cohort of people with a wide range of affective and non-affective psychoses may permit an empirical classification of psychosis.

Method. OPCRIT (operational criteria) analysis was performed on 387 adults aged 18–65 years in an attempted ascertainment of all patients with psychosis from a geographical area with a stable population. The data were analysed firstly using principal components analysis with varimax rotation to identify factors, and secondly to establish latent classes. Information relating to key variables known to be of relevance in schizophrenia was coded blind to the establishment of the classes and dimensions.

Results. Striking correspondence was obtained between the two methods. The four dimensions emerging were labelled ‘depression’, ‘reality distortion’, ‘mania’ and ‘disorganization’. Latent classes identified were ‘depression’, ‘bipolar’, ‘reality distortion/depression’ and ‘disorganization’. The latent classes corresponded well with DSM-III-R diagnoses, but also revealed groupings usually obscured by diagnostic boundaries. The latent classes differed on gender ratio, fertility, age of onset and self-harming behaviour, but not on substance misuse or season of birth.

Conclusions. Both dimensional and categorical approaches are useful in tapping the latent constructs underlying psychosis. Broad agreement with other similar studies suggests such findings could represent discrete pathological conditions. The four classes described appear meaningful, and suggest that the term non-affective psychosis should be reserved for the disorganization class, which represents only a subgroup of those with schizophrenia.
Beyond major depression
Authors: PARKER GORDON
Published: March 2005

Background. The DSM concept of ‘major depression’ has accrued increased status but demonstrated limited utility since inception.

Method. An historical overview of models of depression and the initially perceived advantages presented by the concept of ‘major depression’ are presented before detailing its limitations in application.

Results. Challenges to the utility of ‘major depression’ are provided by examining its conceptual model, its validity, its utility and the limited information generated in aetiological and treatment efficacy studies.

Conclusion. It is argued that the concept of ‘major depression’ has led to sterility in depression research and clinical practice, and that there is a need for a paradigm shift in modelling and classifying the depressive disorders.
Promoting Good Practice in Cognitive-Behavioural Psychotherapies
Authors: Salkovskis Paul
Published: March 2005

The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for anxiety (Panic and Generalized Anxiety Disorder) and depression were finally launched in December 2004, after much delay (see www.nice.org.uk). Given that these were such important documents, it might seem surprising that the launch went almost entirely unnoticed. Why was it surprising? Because the recommendations were ground breaking. CBT was identified as the first line treatment pretty much across the board, with huge resource implications. It is not the business of NICE to comment on resources (or the lack of these). However, it was noted in the anxiety guidelines that CBT should be available promptly from appropriately trained and supervised therapists. In many (if not most) areas, this strongly implies a huge change in emphasis in the delivery of psychological therapies. The (implicit) implications are staggering. With the honourable exception of Interpersonal Therapy in depression, other psychological therapies were not advocated – at all. In anxiety, combination treatment (medication and CBT) was not recommended as a first or second line treatment. Some medication (antipsychotic) was ruled out. Guided self-help (based on CBT principles) was “third choice”. So the explicit recommendation is that good quality, empirically grounded psychotherapies (CBT, CBT and IPT in depression) should be widely and promptly available, whereas therapies without an empirical basis were not recommended.
Solvent Free Rapid Synthesis of 3-Alkoxycyclohex-2-en-1-one from 1,3-Cyclohexanedione Promoted by Indium(III) Chloride/Silica Gel
Authors: Murugan R. , Kamakshi R. , Reddy Boreddy S. R.
Published: March 2005

A convenient and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of 3-alkoxycyclohex-2-en-1-one 1 from cyclohexane-1,3-dione on the surface of silica gel impregnated with indium(iii) chloride under microwave irradiation without any solvent has been reported.
Crystal Structure of Cs2Zn(NO2)4: Influence of Steric Crowding on Nitrite Coordination
Authors: Oates Susan G. , Hitchman Michael A. , Skelton Brian W. , Stranger Robert , Stratemeier Horst , White Allan H.
Published: March 2005

The crystal structure of Cs2[Zn(NO2)4] has been determined by X-ray diffraction. Each nitrite ion in the Zn(NO2)42− group forms one short [2.080(3) Å] and one long [2.516(3) Å] Zn–O bond, the metal–ligand interaction being intermediate between symmetrical chelation and syn-unidentate nitrito coordination. It seems likely that this unsymmetrical geometry is adopted in order to minimize ligand–ligand repulsions, though density functional theory calculations suggest a very shallow potential energy curve for the complex.
The Synthesis of Various 1,6-Disulfide-Bridged D-Hexopyranoses
Authors: Goddard-Borger Ethan D. , Stick Robert V.
Published: March 2005

1,6-Disulfide-bridged derivatives have been prepared for d-gluco-, d-manno-, d-allo-, d-galacto-, and d-talo-pyranose, in the main by the nucleophilic attack of a C6 thiolate onto an anomeric thiosulfonate. The d-gluco disulfide, ‘angyalosan’, was successfully oxidized to a single thiosulfinate.
Stochastic simulations of the origins and implications of long-tailed distributions in gene expression
Authors: Krishna Sandeep , Banerjee Bidisha , Ramakrishnan T. V. , Shivashankar G. V.
Published: March 2005

Gene expression noise results in protein number distributions ranging from long-tailed to Gaussian. We show how long-tailed distributions arise from a stochastic model of the constituent chemical reactions and suggest that, in conjunction with cooperative switches, they lead to more sensitive selection of a subpopulation of cells with high protein number than is possible with Gaussian distributions. Single-cell-tracking experiments are presented to validate some of the assumptions of the stochastic simulations. We also examine the effect of DNA looping on the shape of protein distributions. We further show that when switches are incorporated in the regulation of a gene via a feedback loop, the distributions can become bimodal. This might explain the bimodal distribution of certain morphogens during early embryogenesis.
T cell receptor binding kinetics required for T cell activation depend on the density of cognate ligand on the antigen-presenting cell
Authors: González Pablo A. , Carreño Leandro J. , Coombs Daniel , Mora Jorge E. , Palmieri Edith , Goldstein Byron , Nathenson Stanley G. , Kalergis Alexis M.
Published: March 2005

CD8+T cells recognize peptides of eight to nine amino acid residues long in the context of MHC class I molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This recognition event is highly sensitive, as evidenced by the fact that T cells can be activated by cognate peptide/MHC complex (pMHC) at extremely low densities (1-50 molecules). High sensitivity is particularly valuable for detection of antigens at low density, such as those derived from tumor cells and intracellular pathogens, which can down-modulate cognate pMHCs from the surface of APCs to evade recognition by the adaptive immune system. T cell activation is only triggered in response to interactions between the T cell receptor (TCR) and the pMHC ligand that reach a specific half-life threshold. However, interactions with excessively long half-lives result in impaired T cell activation. Thus, efficient T cell activation by pMHC on the surface of APCs requires an optimal dwell time of TCR-pMHC interaction. Here, we show that, although this is a requirement at low cognate pMHC density on the APC surface, at high epitope density there is no impairment of T cell activation by extended TCR-pMHC dwell times. This observation was predicted by mathematical simulations for T cell activation by pMHC at different densities and supported by experiments performed on APCs selected for varied expression of cognate pMHC. According to these results, effective T cell activation depends on a complex interplay between inherent TCR-pMHC binding kinetics and the epitope density on the APC.
The Unique N-Terminus of R-Ras Is Required for Rac Activation and Precise Regulation of Cell Migration
Authors: Holly Stephen P. , Larson Mark K. , Parise Leslie V.
Published: March 2005

The Ras family GTPase, R-Ras, elicits important integrin-dependent cellular behaviors such as adhesion, spreading and migration. While oncogenic Ras GTPases and R-Ras share extensive sequence homology, R-Ras induces a distinct set of cellular behaviors. To explore the structural basis for these differences, we asked whether the unique N-terminal 26 amino acid extension of R-Ras was responsible for R-Ras–specific signaling events. Using a 32D mouse myeloid cell line, we show that full-length R-Ras activates Rac and induces Rac-dependent cell spreading. In contrast, truncated R-Ras lacking its first 26 amino acids fails to activate Rac, resulting in reduced cell spreading. Truncated R-Ras also stimulates more β3 integrin-dependent cell migration than full-length R-Ras, suggesting that the N-terminus may negatively regulate cell movement. However, neither the subcellular localization of R-Ras nor its effects on cell adhesion are affected by the presence or absence of the N-terminus. These results indicate that the N-terminus of R-Ras positively regulates specific R-Ras functions such as Rac activation and cell spreading but negatively regulates R-Ras–mediated cell migration.
Ionizing Radiation–dependent γ-H2AX Focus Formation Requires Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated and Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated and Rad3-related
Authors: Friesner Joanna D. , Liu Bo , Culligan Kevin , Britt Anne B.
Published: March 2005

The histone variant H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated at the sites of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). This phosphorylated H2AX (γ-H2AX) is involved in the retention of repair and signaling factor complexes at sites of DNA damage. The dependency of this phosphorylation on the various PI3K-related protein kinases (in mammals, ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related [ATR], ataxia telangiectasia mutated [ATM], and DNA-PKCs) has been a subject of debate; it has been suggested that ATM is required for the induction of foci at DSBs, whereas ATR is involved in the recognition of stalled replication forks. In this study, using Arabidopsis as a model system, we investigated the ATR and ATM dependency of the formation of γ-H2AX foci in M-phase cells exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). We find that although the majority of these foci are ATM-dependent, ∼10% of IR-induced γ-H2AX foci require, instead, functional ATR. This indicates that even in the absence of DNA replication, a distinct subset of IR-induced damage is recognized by ATR. In addition, we find that in plants, γ-H2AX foci are induced at only one-third the rate observed in yeasts and mammals. This result may partly account for the relatively high radioresistance of plants versus yeast and mammals.
Cell Cycle-regulated Trafficking of Chs2 Controls Actomyosin Ring Stability during Cytokinesis
Authors: VerPlank Lynn , Li Rong
Published: March 2005

Cytokinesis requires the coordination of many cellular complexes, particularly those involved in the constriction and reconstruction of the plasma membrane in the cleavage furrow. We have investigated the regulation and function of vesicle transport and fusion during cytokinesis in budding yeast. By using time-lapse confocal microscopy, we show that post-Golgi vesicles, as well as the exocyst, a complex required for the tethering and fusion of these vesicles, localize to the bud neck at a precise time just before spindle disassembly and actomyosin ring contraction. Using mutants affecting cyclin degradation and the mitotic exit network, we found that targeted secretion, in contrast to contractile ring activation, requires cyclin degradation but not the mitotic exit network. Analysis of cells in late anaphase bearing exocyst and myosin V mutations show that both vesicle transport and fusion machineries are required for the completion of cytokinesis, but this is not due to a delay in mitotic exit or assembly of the contractile ring. Further investigation of the dynamics of contractile rings in exocyst mutants shows these cells may be able to initiate contraction but often fail to complete the contraction due to premature disassembly during the contraction phase. This phenotype led us to identify Chs2, a transmembrane protein targeted to the bud neck through the exocytic pathway, as necessary for actomyosin ring stability during contraction. Chs2, as the chitin synthase that produces the primary septum, thus couples the assembly of the extracellular matrix with the dynamics of the contractile ring during cytokinesis.
Living with Nietzsche
Authors: Solomon Robert C.
Published: March 2005

This is a different kind of book about Nietzsche. It is about Nietzsche as a personal role model and a guide to a “rich inner life” and focuses neither on Nietzsche’s biography nor on the usual scholarly questions about “what Nietzsche really meant” but on Nietzsche’s effects on his readers and students. Nietzsche is an example as well as a promulgator of “passionate inwardness,” a life distinguished by its rich passions, deep emotions, exquisite taste, and a sense of personal elegance and excellence. He urges us to embrace an unusually powerful sense of personal virtue and integrity, like that of Socrates and the ancient Stoics, who also focused their attention on that “health of the soul” that was more or less independent of external forces and fortune. But where the Stoics identified virtue and the health of the soul with a sort of peace of mind (ataraxia), Nietzsche rather urges us toward an energetic “Dionysian” life, filled with enthusiasm. A virtuous life is a creative life, a life of exquisite good taste. Since our modern world so celebrates the very opposite, “celebrity,” fame and public display, vulgarity, and mass culture, many of Nietzsche’s efforts make him seem like a snob, an elitist. But this is to misunderstand him.
Nietzsche's Virtues
Authors: Solomon Robert C.
Published: March 2005

Nietzsche is a “virtue ethicist,” like Aristotle, though his virtues are obviously very different. I discuss both Nietzsche’s Aristotelian virtues, and others that are not Aristotelian at all. In the first group are courage, generosity, temperance, truthfulness, honor, justice, pride, and friendship. In the second are such virtues as exuberance, “style,”“depth,” taking risks, fatalism, aestheticism, playfulness, and solitude. I also discuss health, strength, egoism, and responsibility as virtues. Finally, I come back to the Ubermensch as a projection of our ideals.
Landfall
Authors: Gatta John
Published: March 2005

During the colonial era, British settlers only gradually allowed North America’s actual physical environment to shape their idea of the New World they inhabited. Although New England Puritans were generally fearful of unsettled land, they were also disposed to regard the wild continent as uncorrupted space—and even, on occasion, as a sacred site of regeneration by contrast with the rejected Catholic emphasis on locally consecrated church edifices. That distrust toward the American environment shown, for example, in writing by Governor William Bradford must be understood in its proper historical and religious context. Bradford’s Puritan theology thus proves to be no less ecologically benign than the neopagan, naturalistic religion that informs the writing of Thomas Morton, whose famous maypole at Ma-re Mount disturbed the peace of nearby Plymouth. By the third-generation era of Cotton Mather, Puritan New Englanders had become all the more willing to envision the continent itself as a sanctified geophysical place that could be compared through biblical typology with the land of Israel.
Towards a Respatialized Marxism: Lefebvre, Harvey, and Castells
Authors: Katznelson Ira
Published: March 2005

The most important urban studies within Marxism since the 1960s are examined by looking at the work of Henri Lefebvre, David Harvey, and Manuel Castells, the three most influential recent students of Marxism and the city, who, through the study of the city, have introduced space into the core of one or more of Marxism's three projects. By examining their work, it is possible to assess the current status of the respatialized Marxism they have tried to fashion, and this post‐1960s Marxism of the city has shown how Marxist social theory can powerfully illuminate things urban, and also how an explicitly urban focus can strengthen Marxism as social and empirical theory. The work accomplished in the past quarter‐century has treated Marx's project of understanding epochal change mainly as background to more current events, although it has successfully elaborated and deepened his project of the analysis of capitalism as an economic system. However, in spite of much effort, it has contributed only unsteadily to Marx's project of a social theory for capitalist societies. The limitations of these Marxist urban studies are identified as being due principally to a certain narrowness of subject matter, a lack of engagement with history, and a restrictive treatment of the issues central to, but difficult for, Marxist social theory: base and superstructure, structure and agency, and causal determination, which neither Harvey nor Castells tackled persuasively in their later work in the 1980s.
Kant's Transcendental Deduction as a Regressive Argument
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: March 2005

Presents the original version of a regressive reading of Kant’s transcendental deduction of the categories on the basis of a detailed analysis of the B edition version and a critique of influential non-regressive interpretations by Wolff, Strawson, and Bennett. It stresses difficulties in using the deduction directly to meet traditional empiricist concerns about skepticism, and it also argues that the concluding stages of Kant’s argument are not easily separated from substantive aspects of his notions of space and time as ideal forms. This essay is influenced by the early work of Dieter Henrich, and it discusses how his stress on the ‘two part’ structure of the deduction bears on important ways in which Kant’s argument is closely related to the form and content of the Transcendental Aesthetic as well.
Order and Disorder in World Politics
Authors: Bleiker Roland
Published: March 2005

In this final chapter of Part Two, the author addresses arguably the central stumbling block for those who would enlarge international society to incorporate elements of world society, alternative levels of analysis, and subject matters: namely, the problem of order. He argues that a concern with order, in its methodological, theoretical, and empirical guises, is the principal feature of the understanding of international society by the English School of International Relations. While order may endorse methodological pluralism, the author argues that the approach does not embrace it and has powerful canons that structure its work, one being the requirement that to count as valid knowledge about international society, a piece of work must begin by referring to the established fathers of the tradition. This preoccupation with order carries over into the empirical and theoretical work conducted by those associated with the School, and the author attempts to critique this by challenging the assumption, central to English School theorizing since Henry Bull, that a degree of order is necessary for the achievement of social goods. Instead, he argues that an over‐preoccupation with order can serve the cause of oppression, and therefore insists that progressive change tends to come about through periods of disorder.
Violence, Order, and Terror
Authors: Devetak Richard
Published: March 2005

In his chapter on the rise of terrorism, the author points to two principal challenges to international society: first, terrorism challenges the state's monopoly of legitimate violence (which is also being eroded in a number of other ways); and second, the reaction that Al‐Qaeda has drawn from the USA threatens to create as significant a problem for international society as terrorism itself. The author opens his discussion with a brief survey of the nature of terrorism and the position it has held in the thought of the English School of International Relations: with only one or two minor exceptions, English School writers tended not to incorporate terrorism into their study despite the proliferation of terrorist incidents in the 1970s, and Hedley Bull identified terrorism as simply one of several types of ‘private international violence’. The author suggests two reasons for this apparent oversight: the School's state‐centrism and its resistance to presentism. After discussing the changing nature of terrorism in both its non‐state and state varieties, he moves on to address how terrorism poses a threat to contemporary international order, focusing in particular on terrorism as a breakdown of the state's monopoly on legitimate violence that is essential for the proper functioning of international society. The last part of the chapter describes the rise of the ‘new terrorism’ – which is characterized by religious motivation, greater lethality of attacks, greater technological and operational competence, and the desire to obtain weapons of mass destruction – and its impact on international society, and concludes by arguing that US attempts to tackle terrorism by undermining the basic principles of international society may only help to exacerbate the problem by casting further doubt on the relevance and legitimacy of international order.
Ezra Redefines ‘All Israel’ as Judah
Authors: Douglas Mary
Published: March 2005

The central argument of this chapter is that is that the priestly editors of Leviticus and Numbers (writing primarily for the guidance of fellow priests) were compiling the law of Moses to confound government opponents – specifically, the exclusionary and separatist policies of Ezra, who, supported by the returnees from exile, defined ‘All Israel’ as Judah. However, since their opinions were dangerous both for themselves and for the faithful, they wrapped their offerings in elegant literary conventions. They also had only a limited objective: they were not trying to cover all aspects of religious law, but to offer simple and direct teaching about confession and reconciliation, being obliged to omit sensitive matters such as marriage, or matters that did not relate specifically to the agenda concerned. In addition, they aimed to emasculate the concept of impurity as support for exclusionary policies. The different sections of the chapter address: the exclusionist debate; the tensions resulting from the homecoming of exiles; Ezra's myth of Israel, concept of foreigners, and use of the law of Moses as justification for his separatist claims; the variance of the laws of purity expounded in Leviticus and Numbers to those in other antique religions, where impurity has an important social function; the social context of marriage to ‘foreign’ wives by returning the exiles, and Ezra's edict forbidding such marriages; and the subversive position of the priestly editors and their consequent responses, including an insistence of protected status for the foreigner.
Moral Animals
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: March 2005

Moral Animals offers a set of anthropological and conceptual foundations for moral theory before turning to the problem of overdemandingness or exigency as it afflicts contemporary egalitarianism. The first half of the book is devoted to a discussion of the bearing of evolutionary theory on ethics and metaethics. After arguing that morality presupposes and compensates for asymmetrical relations of advantage and social power, the author addresses the problem of objectivity, showing in what sense moral judgements are susceptible of confirmation, whether or not moral realism is tenable. In the second half of the book, a number of vexed issues in the theory of social justice, including the problems of affluence and the subordination of women, are examined. Taking the fair division of the co‐operative surplus as the basic problem of distributive justice, the author shows how most co‐operation between human beings fails to allocate goods to individuals and groups according to appropriate standards of need and merit. It is shown that neither the special nature of the first‐person standpoint, nor the importance of non‐moral projects and ambitions, nor the different needs, social understandings, competencies, and emotions of different persons and groups pose a serious challenge to the view that greater global equality in levels of well‐being, as well as greater equality between the sexes, is not only morally desirable but morally required.
The Role of a Merit Principle in Distributive Justice
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: March 2005

An objection to egalitarianism is that social dominance and variance in well‐being are not arbitrary and unjust insofar as they flow from differences in merit, understood as competence and performance at socially‐valued tasks, between persons and groups. More meritorious persons, on a view implied by F.A. Hayek and developed by David Gauthier, are entitled to have better lives. Chapter 7 seeks to weaken this objection to egalitarianism, by challenging the connection between perceived merit and desert. Statistical equality of outcomes amongst groups of persons with respect to enjoyment of all three tiers of well‐being, is defended as an appropriate test of the moral soundness of a set of social institutions.
Covert Context-Sensitivity: The Problems of Underdetermination, Inappropriateness, and Indeterminacy
Authors: Borg Emma
Published: March 2005

This chapter looks at a currently very popular argument for dual pragmatic theories, turning on so-called ‘unarticulated constituents’ or ‘hidden indexicals’. These are elements that do not figure at the syntactic level but are supposedly required to arrive at the truth-conditions of many natural language sentences. The precise form of this argument is explored and three different versions enumerated. However I argue that in none of its forms is this argument against formal semantics compelling.
Mild Contraction
Authors: Levi Isaac
Published: March 2005

This book is a continuation of Isaac Levi’s work on formal epistemology, focusing on the problem of contraction. It argues that the problem of how to contract is essential both to an account of justified or legitimate belief change, and to modal judgment conditional on a supposition. It presents a formal characterization of mild contraction, which is similar to what Pagnucco and Rott called “severe withdrawal”. This difference in terminology reflects a difference in philosophical perspective that is explained by the author.
Contraction, Rational Choice and Economy 5
Authors: Levi Isaac
Published: March 2005

The author considers the answers he favours over those of Rott and Pagnucco to two questions: what is to be required of a decision-theoretic rationale for a change in state of full belief? and should enquirers contemplating a contraction seek to minimize losses of informational value, or seek the most plausible contraction? It is explained how the author’s views differ from those of Rott and Pagnucco on the ground of deep disagreements about the aims of enquiry, and their use of the idea of plausibility is discussed and argued against. The philosophical motivation for preferring the terminology of mild contraction over that of severe withdrawal, which Rott and Pagnucco use, is set out. The implications of the author’s views for suppositional or conditional reasoning, incorrigibility, and indeterminacy are discussed.
13 Conclusions: Divine Command Morality in a Pluralistic Society
Authors: Evans C. Stephen
Published: March 2005

This chapter responds to three objections to divine command theory: that it violates human autonomy, could justify evil actions such as child sacrifice, and would lead to sectarian strife. Divine command theory views human beings as responsible choosers and respects the right kind of autonomy. Looking at the case of Abraham and Issac, this chapter argues that only a good and loving God deserves to be obeyed, and God cannot command what is truly bad, though he can and does issue commands that conflict with accepted moral convictions. Such an ethic is not sectarian in any harmful sense, because it rejects the use of coercion and cannot sanction the privileging of any religious view by use of state power. Such an ethic contributes to a truly humane society by requiring us to recognize that we are all neighbours and that no human society or institution can rightly ask for that unconditional devotion that should be offered to God alone.
Ancient Ethics, the Heroic Code, and the Morality of Sophocles’ AJAX
Authors: Lawrence Stuart
Published: March 2005

While modern ethical philosophy has tended to proceed in an impersonal manner by addressing moral problems from a deontological or consequentialist (or broadly utilitarian) standpoint, ancient ethics was based on character and the development of a virtuous disposition. For Plato at Republic 441d-444e, for example, the ideal was a psuche that balanced the three functions of reason, thumos, and appetite and from which virtuous actions would flow automatically, while for Aristotle in the Nicomachean Ethics (e.g. 2.1, 6.2, 6.5, 6.13) the object was to develop, in part through the exercise of practical intelligence (phronesis), an increasingly refined disposition (hexis) to perform virtuous acts. The focus was on the virtuous intention rather than on the moral quality of the result - a point brought out with striking clarity in the Stoic idea that virtue consisted as it were in the correct aim, whereas the actual hitting of the target was morally irrelevant.
‘Candidatus Borrelia texasensis’, from the American dog tick Dermacentor variabilis
Authors: Lin Tao , Gao Lihui , Seyfang Andreas , Oliver James H.
Published: March 2005

TXW-1, aBorreliastrain isolated in March 1998 from an adult maleDermacentor variabilistick feeding on a coyote from Webb county, Texas, USA, was characterized by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, RFLP and sequence analysis offlaBandrrs(16S rRNA gene), DNA–DNA hybridization analysis, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with mAbs. It shows different banding patterns in RFLP analysis offlaBand forms distinct branches in phylogenetic analysis derived fromflaBandrrsgenes. It differs from other borreliae based on the banding patterns obtained by RAPD analysis. This strain contains a small, 38-kDa endoflagellar protein. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments revealed that the levels of DNA reassociation between TXW-1 and previously described relapsing fever borreliae were 38·64 % (Borrelia turicatae), 38·40 % (Borrelia parkeri), 7·39 % (Borrelia hermsii) and 18·30 % (Borrelia coriaceae). However, the level of DNA relatedness betweenB. parkeriandB. turicataewas 78·78 %. Sequence analyses offlaBandrrsgenes indicate that the similarities of nucleotide sequences among TXW-1 andB. turicataeorB. parkeriare less than that betweenB. turicataeandB. parkeri, and that the genetic distances among TXW-1 andB. turicataeorB. parkeriare greater than that betweenB. turicataeandB. parkeri. TXW-1 lacks anospCgene. Electron microscope observations showed that this spirochaete had different morphological structures compared to previously described relapsing fever borreliae. All the results obtained from the above-mentioned analyses indicate that TXW-1 is different from other describedBorreliaspecies and that it represents a novel species ofBorrelia. We have been unable to revive frozen cultures and so can not meet the requirements of the Bacteriological Code to deposit viable type material at two different culture collections. Therefore we use theCandidatusdesignation; based on these results, the species ‘CandidatusBorrelia texasensis' is proposed.