bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Hyperimmune Antiserum Concentrates in Experimental Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: de Boer Carl J. , Cadilek Arthur E. , Walters Shirley R.
Published: January 2023

Curves of virus multiplication after peripheral infection of hamsters with western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) are presented. Satisfactory WEE immune serum concentrate can be prepared by the sodium sulfate precipitation and the alcohol fractionation methods. Administration of immune serum concentrate to hamsters infected intraperitoneally had definite protective properties as late as two days following infection. Administration later than two days prolonged the average survival time but did not prevent the disease. However, as late as three days after intradermal infection, some beneficial effects are realized. The significance of these findings and the possible implications are discussed.
Studies on the Cellular Transfer of Tuberculin Sensitivity in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Metaxas M. N. , Metaxas-Buehler M.
Published: January 2023

The following evidence is presented to show that tuberculin sensitivity passively induced in normal guinea pigs by means of peritoneal exudate cells from donors sensitized with BCG in Freund's adjuvants is not preceded by a latent period. In animals given cells intravenously and tested at the same time by the intradermal, intracorneal, or intraperitoneal injection of tuberculin, typical local or systemic reactions are produced. The same is true when cells and tuberculin are mixed and injected into the skin, or when cells are administered by the intraperitoneal route and the recipients are simultaneously tested by systemic tuberculin injection. Typical local reactions can also be induced by “reverse transfer”, i.e., by injecting cells intravenously into animals skin-tested 3 to 24 hours earlier. By contrast, cutaneous reactivity in guinea pigs which have received cells intraperitoneally is not established until about 20 hours after cell transfer.

Minimal and maximal skin reactivity are induced, under the conditions of these experiments, by the intravenous injection of about 0.05 and 0.3 ml moist packed cells, respectively. In animals given equivalent amounts of cells intravenously, the reactions to multiple intradermal test doses of tuberculin are markedly weaker than the reaction to a single dose, a phenomenon that has been previously described by others in passively induced Arthus reactivity.

In corroboration of the results reported by other workers, it has been observed that transferred tuberculin sensitivity does not last longer than a few days and that, after freezing or heating, cells lose their capacity for passive sensitization.

The bearing of these findings on the possible mechanism of the tuberculin reaction is discussed, and it is suggested that the response of passively sensitized animals is brought about by a direct interaction between tuberculin and transferred cells.
An Evaluation of the Roller-Tube Tissue Culture for the Isolation of Poliomyelitis Viruses from Feces
Authors: Kibrick Sidney , Enders John F. , Robbins Frederick C. , Chang Yinette
Published: January 2023

Single fecal specimens from 216 patients were examined for the presence of poliomyelitis viruses by means of the roller-tube tissue culture technique employing mostly human tissues. Twenty-five additional specimens had previously been found positive for virus by an alternate technique. Specimens from which no virus was obtained at first were re-examined by modified procedures permitting the use of large quantities of material as inocula. A comparison of the efficiency of the various procedures for isolation of these agents is given and the results correlated with the clinical diagnoses. Virus was recovered from 96% of patients diagnosed as paralytic poliomyelitis, thus attesting to the sensitivity of the procedures. In contrast, these agents were obtained from only 43% of subjects diagnosed as nonparalytic poliomyelitis. A number of unidentified viruses were also recovered.

A comparison of the sensitivity of various human tissues in the detection of poliomyelitis virus is also presented along with similar data for monkey and human kidney tissues.

Application of the techniques that have been described may be expected to result in a high incidence of virus recoveries from feces of patients with poliomyelitis.

The antigenic type of each of the poliomyelitis viruses isolated has been determined. No difference in the distribution of viral types between paralytic and nonparalytic cases of the disease was observed.
Studies of Antibodies to Strains of Influenza Virus in Persons of Different Ages in Sera Collected in a Postepidemic Period
Authors: Hennessy A. V. , Davenport F. M. , Francis T. , Fabisch Phyllis
Published: January 2023

Comparison of antibody content of pre- and postepidemic collections of sera pooled by ages showed an increase in the average antibody level of the population in the postepidemic period. Increase in antibody was most marked in the childhood age range when it was measured with recent A-prime isolates. This correlates with the known high incidence of influenza in childhood. Reinforcement of antibody to older strains, i.e., PR8 and swine virus, was demonstrated in adults. These results were in accordance with the concept that the initial infections of childhood orient the antibody-forming mechanism, so that experience later in life to antigenically similar strains confers progressive reinforcement of the primary antibody, which then characterizes that part of the population throughout life.

The findings taken in conjunction with an analysis of antibody content of individual sera collected from consecutive age groups in a post-epidemic period demonstrated that with experience not only is the antibody mechanism oriented by the initial infections of childhood, but that, with experience, antibody reacting with successively prevalent strains is added. This results in a continuing broadening of the antibody spectrum with age which confers the immunity of the older age groups in the population.

The analysis of the antibody levels of individual sera showed a few individuals in childhood and adolescence also to have antibody against major antigens of viruses which are no longer prevalent. This indicates that strains with major antigens of older viruses have had a limited circulation in recent years.

The age at which antibody against older prototype strains appears and the age range at which antibody is present in greatest amount, as well as the general configuration of patterns of antibody distribution in the population, as shown in this study with pools of human sera and with groups of individual sera, are very similar results to those of the previous study (1). Three independent samples, then, demonstrated the serological recapitulation of the history of the experience with variants of influenza virus.
Suppression of Influenza Viral Pneumonia in Mice by the Non-Specific Action of Xerosin
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S.
Published: January 2023

After intranasal inoculation of 108.0 E.I.D. or more of CAM virus into mice, the acid precipitable material, Xerosin, from culture filtrates of Achromobacter Xerosis, n.sp. limited the development of pneumonia but did not alter the formation of non-infectious viral particles. Xerosin, however, did not diminish the lethal effects of Newcastle disease virus infection of chick embryos, nor did it inhibit the severe damage inflicted by this agent upon Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. In the mouse lung Xerosin suppressed lesions produced by chemical irritants in a manner similar to its inhibitory action upon viral pneumonia in mice. The action of Xerosin was shown not to be the result of a cortisone-like activity. Histologic studies indicated that Xerosin did not act to prevent damage of the specific host cells of influenza viruses, namely, the epithelial cells lining bronchi and bronchioles, but rather inhibited secondary reactions which lead to edema, hemorrhage and cellular infiltration manifested as pneumonia.
The Recovery of Tetanus Antitoxin from Toxin-Antitoxin Precipitates
Authors: Bolyn A. E. , Moskowitz M.
Published: January 2023

Various factors affecting the recovery of tetanus antitoxin from toxin-antitoxin floccules by proteolytic enzyme action have been studied to determine the optimum conditions for the reaction. The highest recovery of antitoxin was obtained by treating floccules obtained from an over-neutralized concentrated toxin-antitoxin mixture with pepsin at pH 3.0 and in the absence of electrolyte.

Evidence is presented which possibly explains why antitoxin can be recovered from toxin-antitoxin floccules and not from toxoid-antitoxin floccules by the action of pepsin.
The Hemagglutinins of Semliki Forest and Bunyamwera Viruses, Their Demonstration and Use
Authors: Clarke D. H. , Theiler M.
Published: January 2023

A technique is described for the preparation of hemagglutinins for Semliki Forest and Bunyam wera viruses from infected suckling mouse serum. The titer of hemagglutinin appeared to be related to the infective titer of the serum. No hemagglutinin could be demonstrated for either virus in suckling mouse brain despite a high infective virus titer.

Specificity tests with homologous and heterologous immune mouse sera demonstrated the relative specificity of the Semliki antigen and the absolute specificity of the Bunyamwera in HI tests.

HI tests were carried out with selected human sera previously studied by neutralization test with the two viruses. Correlation between the two types of test was obtained with 73% of the sera for Semliki and 87% of the sera for Bunyamwera.

It is suggested that the antigens are of value for preliminary survey purposes and perhaps for diagnosis of recent infection. The technique of antigen production should be useful for the identification of these viruses as well as being applicable to other viruses.
Cytopathogenic Effect of Antiserum to Human Malignant Epithelial Cells (Strain HeLa) on HeLa Cell Culture
Authors: Mountain Isabel Morgan
Published: January 2023

Rabbits were immunized by repeated intravenous injections of culture fluid in which HeLa cells had been grown and ruptured. No anaphylactic reactions were observed with the schedule followed. The serum of the rabbits before immunization showed no untoward effect on HeLa cells in stationary tube culture. After immunization the rabbits' serum developed the capacity to agglutinate and lyse HeLa cells in culture. In contrast, serum of rabbits immunized with maintenance solution without cellular antigens did not affect HeLa cells in culture.

The anti-HeLa effect could be demonstrated inmedium containing either horse serum or human serum. The anti-HeLa property of antiserum could be removed by adsorption with HeLa cell suspension. The reaction on six other tissues of human origin cultured on glass have been tested, but the specificity of the reaction needs further study.

The “antibody” responsible was resistant to exposure to 56°C for one-half hour, or for two weeks at 4°C. The anti-HeLa effect was not found to be enhanced by the presence of fresh normal guinea pig serum at 1:15 or 1:20 final dilution. However, in the presence of 1:4 dilution of normal guinea pig serum a predominantly lytic effect occurred when the serum was fresh, in contrast to the agglutination reaction observed in inactivated serum.

The possibility of such an anti-tissue reaction should be considered when attempting to produce antisera to agents growing in tissue culture. The reaction may prove useful for releasing parasitic organisms from the intracellular position in tissue culture. It may also serve in studies of host-parasite relationships by employing antibodies to antigens of cellular as well as of parasitic origin.
The Demonstration of an Antibody against Complement
Authors: McKee Albert P. , Jeter W. S.
Published: January 2023

A method for the preparation of antibody against several complements has been described. This is a true antibody and not what is ordinarily understood as anticomplementary activity for the following reasons: The antibody gives a classical primary and secondary immune response to parenterally injected complement.It reacts with its homologous complement, fixing heterologous complement, to produce a positive complement-fixation test.It is inhibited by unheated homologous complement but not to any extent by heated homologous complement.It can be removed by adsorption with homologous complement.

Varying degrees of cross-reaction were shown to exist between the anticomplements and heterologous complements tested.
Incorporation of Glycine-2-C14 into Homologous Antibody by Rabbit Tissue Slices
Authors: Keston Albert S. , Katchen Bernard
Published: January 2023

A controlled system has been designed for the in vitro study of antibody synthesis. To avoid difficulties in interpretation, coprecipitation of radioactive impurities has been controlled by comparison of the radioactivity in a homologous specific precipitate to that in a closely related heterologous specific precipitate made in the same medium.

Animals exhibiting the anamnestic response were superior for the in vitro study of antibody synthesis.

Synthesis of radioactive antibody was demonstrated in isolated rabbit spleen, lymph node, lung and liver slices.

Production of radioactive antibody in each organ studied is in accord with the concentration and distribution of cell types believed to be responsible for antibody synthesis.
Studies on the Antigenicity of Modified Fluid Gelatin
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Lebovitz H.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that modified fluid gelation (MFG) was antigenic in the rabbit only upon injection in a water-in-oil emulsion. MFG was not antigenic in man upon 5 intramuscular injections. Further studies with MFG are indicated before definite conclusions are reached as to its antigenicity in man. It appears that a great part of the serological specificity of the antibodies to MFG is directed against the succinyl groupings. The effect of various acids on the solubility of the MFG-anti-MFG precipitates has been presented.
Non-Specific Viral Inactivating Substance (Vis) in Human and Mammalian Sera
Authors: Karzon David T.
Published: January 2023

The heat-labile viral inactivating substance (VIS) against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was studied in human and rabbit sera.

Four procedures for the inhibition of VIS were demonstrated, namely treatment with 1) trypsin, 2) streptokinase, 3) ethylenediamine-tetraacetate, and 4) tissues. The inhibition of VIS by streptokinase appeared to be effected by the conversion of plasminogen to its active form, plasmin. The temperature sensitivity of VIS and the enzymatic destruction of VIS by trypsin and streptokinase indicate that VIS activity depends upon the integrity of a labile serum protein. Tissue inhibition of VIS was greatest in the kidney, moderate in spleen, brain, lung, liver and chick embryo, less in muscle, and minimal or entirely absent in red blood cells and extraembryonic fluids of the chick embryo. The VIS inhibitor in tissues was found associated with the nuclear, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions.

Destruction of VIS by the above inhibitors failed to release infectious virus after the VIS-virus union had taken place. Also, dilution of a “neutral” mixture of virus and VIS, or addition thereto of large amounts of inactive virus, failed to reactivate virus in either instance. Thus the present data indicate that the virus is irreversibly inactivated by VIS. In this respect, the union of NDV with VIS appears to be fundamentally different from the binding of NDV by specific antibody. Serum VIS directed against NDV was further found to differ significantly from another nonspecific viral inhibitor, the β inhibitor of influenzal infectivity.

Based upon the existence of circulating VIS, serum proteases which potentially may alter the level of VIS, and an intracellular inhibitor of VIS, a system of “species” or “natural” resistance to NDV is postulated.
Use of Fallopian Tube As Source of Tissue in the Cultivation of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Pizarro Enriqueta , Pérez-Rebelo Rodolfo
Published: January 2023

The use of the fallopian tube as a source of tissue for the cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses is suggested. This tissue supports the growth of the virus and shows the typical cytopathogenic effect. The fallopian tube can be used advantageously as it is a good source of sterile tissue, is easily obtained, and grows faster than other mature tissues.
Studies of Chemotaxis in a Simple Chamber Including Observations Using Cells from Allergic Human Subjects and Their Allergens
Authors: Smith Jeanne Montgomery
Published: January 2023

A relatively simple method of observing granulocyte migration and chemotactic activity is described. It is a modification of the technique of Martin et al. (1) and it makes possible a permanent preparation for the observation of chemotaxis and the phenomena occurring when polymorphonuclear leukocytes meet bacteria or other objects placed in their path.

Observations with this preparation are described.

The response of the leukocytes to a strain of S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and C. albicans were the same in bloods from all the subjects studied. This was true irrespective of positive or negative delayed skin reaction to the organism used in the preparations.

With the strains of streptococcus and pneumococcus, observations were less constant.

A halo appearance seen in some preparations but not others when chicken blood was used with fragments of Rous sarcoma is illustrated.
Antigenic Studies on the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Venereum Group of Viruses
Authors: Benedict Albert A. , McFarland Clarence
Published: January 2023

The time of onset of cutaneous hypersensitivity in chickens infected with ornithosis virus was related to the LD50 used for infection. Hypersensitivity developed within 4 weeks of infection and was detected for 1 year after infection. Complement-fixation inhibition antibody appeared earlier in the infection than detectable allergy, although after 7 weeks of infection the serological and skin-test methods agreed in approximately 80% of the infected chickens. The skin-test antigen was resistant to periodate, trypsin, desoxyribonuclease, and exposure to 90°C. The complement-fixing and allergenic activities were separated by ultracentrifugal sedimentation of the complement-fixing antigen. The skin-test antigen was standardized on a nitrogen basis in guinea pigs and chickens.
Vaccination Against Smallpox
Authors: Elisberg Bennett L. , McCown Jack M. , Smadel Joseph E.
Published: January 2023

In the United States vaccination against smallpox usually is accomplished by percutaneous inoculation of calf lymph employing the multiple pressure technique. This method is time consuming; moreover, success or failure in eliciting a vaccinial reaction depends largely on the skill of the vaccinator. Because of these drawbacks another method was sought which might be more suitable for the rapid immunization of large groups of people by relatively untrained personnel. The use of a jet injection apparatus for inoculating vaccinia virus appeared to be worth investigating for a number of reasons. A known quantity of material is introduced into the recipient, a portion of which lodges intradermally while the majority reaches the subcutaneous tissues forming a cone shaped pattern with the apex at the point of entrance (1). Since no needle is used, contamination of the instrument by such blood-borne microbial agents as malaria or serum hepatitis is avoided and frequent sterilization of the jet injection apparatus is unnecessary.
Heterogeneity in Extent of the Combining Regions of Human Antidextran
Authors: Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

As inhibitors of the dextran-human 1 → 6 antidextran system on a molar basis, the series isomaltohexaose τ; isomaltopentaose τ; isomaltotetraose > isomaltotriose was found. The ratio of inhibiting power of these oligosaccharides to one another varied in the serum of different individuals, but remained quite constant in serum samples obtained from a given individual without further immunization over a 3-year period. The data are best interpreted as indicating that the antidextran combining sites produced by a single individual are not homogeneous with respect to the extent of their complementary areas but range in dimensions from sites complementary to a trisaccharide or tetrasaccharide to those complementary at least to a hexasaccharide. The significance of these findings in relation to specificity and cross reactions is discussed.
A “Hemolysin” Associated with Leptospirae
Authors: Russell Catherine M.
Published: January 2023

Of 11 species of Leptospira, 5 produce hemolysin for sheep red blood cells. L. pomona produces the greatest amount of hemolysin; smaller amounts are produced by L. autumnalis, L. australis, L. canicola, and L. grippotyphosa. Hemolysin of L. pomona exhibits strong activity against sheep erythrocytes, slight activity on human and rabbit erythrocytes, and little or no activity on guinea pig erythrocytes. The hemolysin is heat labile but is not altered by repeated freezing and thawing. Hemolysin is neutralized by antiserum from immunized rabbits.
Studies on the Role of Histamine in the Increased Susceptibility to Bacterial Endotoxins Induced by Pertussis Vaccine
Authors: Abernathy Robert S. , Spink Wesley W.
Published: January 2023

The injection of Hemophilus pertussis vaccine increased the susceptibility to histamine in Swiss-Webster mice but not in ABC mice. Injections of intact brucella cells or of brucella endotoxin did not increase susceptibility to histamine in either Swiss-Webster or ABC mice. Both Swiss-Webster and ABC mice demonstrated an increased susceptibility to bacterial endotoxins after pertussis vaccine. Pertussis vaccination did not alter the susceptibility of Swiss-Webster mice to the histamine-releasing agent, 48/80. Pertussis vaccination abolished the protective action of chlorpromazine against endotoxin but did not alter the protection afforded by adrenocorticosteroids. The relationship between susceptibility to endotoxin and susceptibility to histamine following pertussis vaccine is discussed.
Effect of 500 r Whole Body Irradiation on the Cellular Composition of the Peritoneal Fluid Following an Intraperitoneal Injection of Antigen in Mice
Authors: Speirs R. S. , Jansen V. , Speirs E. E.
Published: January 2023

The effect of 500 r whole body irradiation on the cellular composition of peritoneal fluid prior to and following an intraperitoneal injection of fluid tetanus toxoid was studied. It was noted that: Irradiation given prior to antigen injection greatly reduced the number of eosinophil and mononuclear cells in the peritoneal fluid and prevented the increase of these cells in response to the antigen in both immunized and nonimmunized mice. The inhibitory effect was marked for 14 days and was still evident on the 42nd day after irradiation.Irradiation given at various times after the antigen injection also reduced the concentration of mononuclear cells in the peritoneal fluid and consistently inhibited the mononuclear response to the antigen injection in both immunized and nonimmunized mice.Irradiation given after the antigen injection varied in its effect upon the concentration of eosinophil cells depending upon the immunity of the animal to the toxoid and the time of irradiation relative to the injection. In nonimmunized animals irradiation had an inhibitory effect on the number of eosinophils. In immunized animals, irradiation 24 or 72 hr after the challenging injection did not inhibit the 4-day eosinophil response, and in some animals an increased concentration of eosinophils occurred. By the 7th day there was a significant decrease in the concentration of eosinophils as compared to the nonirradiated mice.The relation of mononuclear and eosinophil cells to immune responses was discussed. It was noted that there did not appear to be a correlation between the effects of irradiation on the mononuclear cell response and the ability of the animal to produce antitoxins. On the other hand there did appear to be a correlation between the effects of irradiation on the eosinophil response and on the ability of the mice to produce antitoxins. It was suggested that eosinophils are part of the antibody forming mechanism and may form the enzymatic template which is phagocytized and utilized by the mononuclear cells to form antibody.
Quantitative Studies of Lipid-Soluble Tissue Antigens as Exemplified by the Wassermann Antigen-Antibody System
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Knipp Eleanor A.
Published: January 2023

The specificities of beef heart, human heart, human liver and wheat germ cardiolipins were studied by means of quantitative precipitin and C′-fixation experiments. The mammalian antigens exhibit a marked degree of similarity in their reaction with the Wassermann antibody obtained by humans with syphilis, biologic false positive sera, or from rabbits with experimentally induced syphilitic infections. Likewise, the sera of rabbits immunized with beef or human cardiolipins fail to demonstrate any significant degree of immunologic specificity among the mammalian cardiolipins. The wheat germ cardiolipin can be differentiated by immunologic analysis.

The antigenic properties of natural beef heart lecithin and two synthetic preparations, L-a-(dimyristoyl) and L-a-(dioleyl) lecithins, are also evaluated.
Behavior of Monkeys after Inoculation of Virus Derived from Patients with Measles and Propagated in Tissue Culture Together with Observations on Spontaneous Infections of These Animals by an Agent Exhibiting Similar Antigenic Properties
Authors: Peebles Thomas C. , McCarthy Kevin , Enders John F. , Holloway Ann
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Viruses originally isolated from the blood of patients with typical signs of measles and which exhibit similar cytopathogenic and antigenic properties have been propagated serially in cultures of human renal cells (1). Inoculation of the cultured virus of the first, second, and twenty-third tissue-culture passages into cynomolgus monkeys that did not originally possess circulating antibodies capable of reacting with the virus was followed by one or more manifestations of an infection resembling measles in man. When all were present, these manifestations consisted of a definite period of incubation, viremia, exanthem, leukopenia and the development of specific complement-fixing and virus-neutralizing antibodies. Virus recovered from the blood of monkeys during the acute phase could not be distinguished from the virus that was inoculated.

Complement-fixing and virus-neutralizing antibodies capable of reacting with the cultured virus have been demonstrated in the sera of a large majority of rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys that had been held in captivity for some time. Such antibodies were not found in the sera of 31 cynomolgus monkeys shortly after capture. Spontaneous infection of 5 cynomolgus monkeys with an agent that gave rise to antibodies reacting specifically with the cultured virus was observed while the animals were in our possession.

On the basis of these findings and of others previously reported, it is concluded that: Characteristic agents isolated from the blood and throat washings of human patients with measles and shown to be capable of unlimited multiplication in cultures of human cells are members of the viral species responsible for this disease.Cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys frequently incur spontaneous infections with this virus or a closely related agent.Only monkeys without serologic evidence of such infection may be expected to develop signs of measles after experimental inoculation of the virus.
Antiviral Activity of Dicarbonyls and Related Compounds in Embryonated Eggs
Authors: McLimans William F. , Underwood G. E. , Slater E. A. , Davis E. V. , Siem R. A.
Published: January 2023

A variety of compounds containing a terminal α-ketoaldehyde or α-hydroxyaldehyde grouping showed marked activity against influenza A (PR-8) and Newcastle disease (NJ-KD) viruses in embryonated eggs. One of these compounds, β-ethoxy-α-ketobutyraldehyde hydrate (Kethoxal) appeared to be at least as active as any of the other compounds and the following results were obtained in detailed studies with this compound: Kethoxal was active in eggs when given 24 hr before experimental infection or 6 hr after infection with NJ-KD virus.Kethoxal at the maximum tolerated dose was able to protect eggs against as much as 4 × 106 LD50 of NJ-KD virus, and as little as 24 μg of Kethoxal were effective against low levels of virus.Kethoxal in eggs was active also against vaccinia virus, the GB strain of Newcastle, the London strain, of influenza A′, and against mumps virus.Kethoxal was a potent inactivating agent in vitro against NJ-KD and PR-8 viruses.The probable mode of antiviral activity in eggs was concluded to be through a direct virucidal action on extracellular virus.
Effects of Roentgen Radiation and Cortisone on Susceptibility of Mice to Candida Albicans
Authors: Roth F. J. , Friedman Jack , Syverton J. T.
Published: January 2023

Pretreatment of adult Swiss albino mice with cortisone and roentgen radiation, either singly or in combination, reduced inherent resistance to experimental infection with Candida albicans. In the dosage range tested, x-radiation enhanced susceptibility more effectively than did cortisone. Since the depressive action upon host resistance of cortisone and radiation in combination exceeds that exerted by any dose of either agent singly, or the additive effects of both agents, the combined action was interpreted as synergistic in nature. Mice pretreated provide animals for diagnostic and experimental studies of moniliasis.
Localizing Properties of Anti-Placenta Serum
Authors: Pressman David , Korngold Leonhard
Published: January 2023

Antisera prepared against placenta are known to be cytotoxic (1–5). Dobrowolski (1) in 1903 showed that specific anti-placenta sera interrupted pregnancy in guinea pigs and rabbits. Seegal et al. (2–3) found that antisera prepared in rabbits against rat placenta when injected into rats cause interruption of pregnancy and also nephritis. Rabbit anti-dog-placenta serum produced nephritis in dogs but not abortion (4–5). Assuming that cytotoxic antibodies must localize in the tissue affected, one would expect accumulation of anti-placenta antibody in the kidney and placenta of rats injected with antiplacenta antiserum. Therefore, we made a study in pregnant and nonpregnant rats of the localizing properties of a known cytotoxic rabbit anti-rat-placenta sera and the results are reported here. We also compared the localization of antibodies from anti-rat-kidney serum with those of anti-placenta serum. It was found that the anti-placenta serum and the anti-kidney serum each contained antibodies capable of localizing in both the kidneys and the placenta.
The Effect of the Antigen's Molecular Weight on the Curvature of the Precipitin Line in the Ouchterlony Technic
Authors: Korngold Leonhard , Van Leeuwen Gerda
Published: January 2023

Seven highly purified antigens of known molecular weights ranging from 30,000 to 2,000,000 were studied by the Ouchterlony gel diffusion technique. It was found that the curvature of the precipitin line is related to the molecular weight of the antigen, i.e., a straight line is obtained when the antigen has approximately the same molecular weight as the antibody; if the line curves away from the antibody reservoir, the antigen is heavier than antibody; if it curves towards the antibody reservoir, the antigen is lighter than antibody. The theoretical and practical aspects of these findings are discussed.
Antibody Formation After Injection of Heterologous Immune Globulin
Authors: Adler Frank L.
Published: January 2023

In continuation of a previous study on antibody production against rabbit serum immune globulin (RIGl) in guinea pigs it has been established that the observed inhibition results from competition of antigens. In addition, data have been presented which show that the degree of suppression of antibody formation against RIGl is related to the intensity of the antibody response against an arbitrarily selected competing antigen (hemocyanin). The effective amount of competing antigen depends not only on the amount of RIGl with which it is injected, but also on the previous history of the test animal. When the animal reacts anamnestically to the competing antigen, it produces little antibody against RIGl in response to the injection of RIGl contaminated with an otherwise ineffective amount of competing antigen. Conversely, prior sensitization to RIGl renders the animal refractory to the suppressive action of competing antigen injected together with RIGl.
Hemagglutinins in Extracts of Israeli Plants
Authors: Bachrach U. , Gurevitch J. , Zaitschek D.
Published: January 2023

Extracts of 27 Israeli plants were examined for hemagglutinins. Of these 12 were inactive and 12 extracts agglutinated red cells of all blood groups. One extract lysed red cells of all blood groups. Two extracts showed a specific activity: Crotalaria aegyptiaca was active against A1 and A2 cells. Tetragonolobus palaestinus agglutinated O cells only. Extracts of Datura metel, Tetragonolobus palaestinus and Crotalaria aegyptiaca contained a protein active in hemagglutination. These three extracts varied in their sensitivity to heat and had a different optimal temperature for agglutination. A method for concentration of the hemagglutinating substances of Datura metel is described.
The Antibody-Antigen Reaction
Authors: Rappaport Irving
Published: January 2023

An hypothesis to account for the large changes in the antibody-antigen ratios observed in a number of precipitating systems has been presented. Although the hypothesis was derived from an analysis of precipitin and inactivation data obtained with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), it may find application to other immune systems as well. The basic assumption of the hypothesis is that all antigenic valences are not combined throughout the entire region of antibody excess, but rather that the number of such combinations decreases towards equivalence. In general the fraction of antigenic sites remaining uncombined at equivalence may become larger for antigens of increasing size. The inactivation experiments suggest that the fraction of sites combined with antibody decreases exponentially with increasing antigen concentration. When this exponential function (which is a measure of the changing “effective antigen valence”) is incorporated into the Heidelberger-Kendall equation, a general relationship is obtained, capable of describing a wider variety of data. The equation presented is . The implications and significance of the hypothesis were discussed.
The Kinetics of Antibody Inactivation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Rappaport Irving
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

Because of the present limitation of the TMV assay, inactivation studies are restricted to a competing bimolecular reaction range, a range which is dependent upon the concentrations of both antibody and virus molecules. At these concentrations virus-antibody aggregates are known to occur (1). Within these aggregates some virus valences may remain uncombined and inaccessible to free antibody. Under the circumstances, a kinetic analysis of events is exceedingly difficult. By proper adjustment of the antibody-virus concentrations, the initial reaction of B + V → BV, has been studied. The analysis was reduced to its simplest form by measuring only Vactive → Vinactive. This reaction may be considered pseudomonomolecular, and as the data suggest, it approaches first order kinetics.

The analysis of the reaction kinetics in terms of the Michaelis-Menten equation is one of convenience only. No suggestion to the effect that inactivation is enzymic in nature is intended. The approach is useful however, in affording an additional and precise means for studying virus inactivation. The lack of a lag period observed in any of the kinetic experiments suggests that inactivation is accomplished by a single event, and that if there are a number of critical sites present on the virus particle, covering any one of them by a single antibody molecule effectively prevents the virus from reproducing itself.
Starch Block Electrophoresis of Ragweed Pollen Antigens
Authors: Cebra John J.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

It has been shown that a complex mixture of antigens occurring in dialyzed aqueous extract of ragweed pollen can be separated by starch block electrophoresis to yield one apparently isolated antigenic component and simplified groupings of antigenic components. This separation is evidently possible owing to differences in net electrical charge among the components or among charged complexes that they might form.

Separated material was found to repeat its migration when subjected to a second electrophoresis under unchanged conditions. Further purification of components should be possible by repeated rerunning of selected material.

The practical application of the serologic technique of double diffusion as a method of piloting separation has been shown.
Studies of Anti-Horse Crystalbumin Sera
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. , Adair M. E.
Published: January 2023

The homologous optimal ratios and flocculation times of 12 anti-horse crystalbumin sera have been determined before and after absorption with one or both of the two heterologous antigens, human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin. Such absorption did not lengthen the homologous flocculation time out of proportion to the change in optimal ratio. The optimal ratios and flocculation times with a heterologous antigen of anti-horse crystalbumin sera have been determined before and after absorption with the second heterologous antigen. That there are antibodies of different specificity in a single antiserum is suggested by the following observations: a) At a dilution of 1:2, an antiserum which had been absorbed with human albumin and thereafter gave negative ring tests with human albumin contained a higher concentration of homologous antibody than an unabsorbed sample of the same antiserum at a dilution of 1:10 which reacted rapidly with human albumin. b) Certain antisera formed a precipitate with human albumin after absorption with bovine albumin and also with bovine albumin after absorption with human albumin.
Further Studies on Antigenic Heterogeneity in Bacteriophage
Authors: Fodor Andrew R.
Published: January 2023

The antigenic multiplicity of the salmonella phage PB receptor sites has been established by neutralization reactions with anti-PB serum absorbed with coliphage T5 and with the heterologously reacting anti-T5 serum. The random distribution of the PB and T5-1ike antigenic structures on the phage receptor sites appears to contribute materially to the heterogeneity of a PB phage population with respect to neutralization by antiserum. The nature of these antigens is genetically controlled, and their spatial distribution in any phage particle appears to be a matter of chance.

It has been demonstrated that particles of a T5-PB phage hybrid which survive treatment with absorbed anti-T5 serum are inactivated by the absorbed anti-PB serum at the same rate as an untreated population. It appears that the resistant state is not acquired by spatial interference of antibodies attached to adjacent sites.
Challenge of Monkeys with Japanese B Virus after Immunization by West Nile Infection Plus Japanese B Vaccine
Authors: Imam Imam Z. E. , Hammon W. McD.
Published: January 2023

Treatment of monkeys with various doses of cortisone followed by subcutaneous inoculation of JBE virus led to viremia in each instance but not to clinical disease. Monkeys inoculated with a dose of 0.1 ml of a 10-1 dilution of WN virus for immunization showed viremia within the first 3 days. Neutralizing antibodies to WN virus frequently developed by the 7th day after inoculation and reached their maximum titer in the 2nd and 3rd week. The injection of potent JBE vaccine in WN immune animals had a booster effect on WN neutralizing antibodies. There was a significant rise in JBE neutralizing antibodies in these stone animals after the JBE vaccine inoculation, and 2 out of 3 also developed CF antibodies.

Monkeys thus immunized basically with WN virus infection and supplemented with one injection of potent JBE vaccine developed either a questionable degree of viremia or none when inoculated with JBE virus after cortisone treatment. On the other hand, monkeys immunized with one injection of potent JBE vaccine only, or with WN virus only, had a consistent and prolonged viremia. The combined WN and JBE vaccine immunization appeared to prevent infection entirely, since this group of animals showed no serological rises following virus challenge.

It is concluded that this evidence, supplementing that obtained with hamsters, recommends this method of immunization for human trial, providing that a safe strain of WN virus for human use is found.
Some Effects of Nonreacting Substances in the Quantitative Application of Gel Diffusion Techniques
Authors: Preer John R. , Telfer William H.
Published: January 2023

In Oudin's gel diffusion technique, the rate of advance, k, of the zone of precipitation may be used to determine the concentration of antigen or antibodies. Substantial errors can result, however, from the fact that nonreacting contaminants of the antigen or antibody layer can also affect k. Nonreacting contaminants were observed to affect k by three mechanisms: their influence on convection currents in the antigen layer, their contribution to the viscosity of the antiserum layer, and a third mechanism which is effective when the distribution of the contaminant between the two layers is grossly unequal (e.g., greater than 0.2 M sucrose). The reliability of gel diffusion techniques for quantitative work is greatly improved if these effects are controlled by the methods recommended.
The Influence of Reciprocal Immunity on Eastern and Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Infection in Horses and English Sparrows
Authors: Stamm D. D. , Kissling R. E.
Published: January 2023

Twelve previously uninoculated and 15 WEE-immune English sparrows were inoculated with EEE virus. The average level and duration of viremia did not differ significantly between groups. The control group suffered 50 per cent mortality due to EEE infection, while no deaths occurred in the WEE-immune group.

Nine previously uninoculated and 8 EEE-immune English sparrows were inoculated with WEE virus. WEE viremia was of shorter duration and reached lower maximum levels in EEE-immune birds than in the control birds.

In three horses previously infected with WEE, infection with EEE did not produce central nervous system symptoms nor deaths.

The possible influence of these factors on the epidemiology and geographic distribution of clinical disease produced by these viruses is discussed.
Observations on Induced Chronic Plasmodium Berghei Infections in White Mice
Authors: Cox Herbert W.
Published: January 2023

The results of these experiments have established that chronic Plasmodium berghei infections can be induced in mice by interfering with the course of infection with Atabrine. It has been shown that these infections will persist in mice for as long as 100 days and that fatal, or non-fatal relapses may occur. Mice with chronic P. berghei infections are resistant to reinfection.
A Serum Albumin Medium for the Cultivation of Human Epithelial-Like Cells
Authors: Chang R. Shihman , Geyer Robert P. , Smith Charlotte , Liepins Helen
Published: January 2023

Human and equine albumin, prepared as described, diluted in Eagle's basal medium plus inositol sustained satisfactorily the in vitro multiplication of the conjunctival, liver, appendix, HeLa, HEP, KB, Detroit-6, fresh human kidney and amnion cells.

Sera from 10 out of 14 horses tested were inhibitory in varying degrees to type I poliovirus and/or type 3 adenovirus. The inhibitory property was stable to heating at 56°C for 30 min. None was inhibitory to Coxsackie virus, group B, type 1. Albumin fractionated from the same sera were found free of inhibitors.

Results of comparative virus titrations suggest that the albumin medium may be more suitable than the whole serum medium in certain primary virus isolation procedures using human cells.
Mechanism of Antibody Formation
Authors: Koshland Marian Elliott
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The decay of circulating diphtheria antitoxin in the guinea pig was determined from measurements of the loss of passively transferred homologous antibody. The experiments were carried out in normal guinea pigs of different strains and ages and in irradiated animals. The disappearance of the antitoxin was followed by either immunological titration of Lr units or radioactivity determinations of antitoxin trace-labeled with I131.

Essentially identical rates of antitoxin elimination were observed under the various experimental conditions tested and with both methods of measurement. The average value obtained for the biological half-life of diphtheria antitoxin was 5.9 ±0.2 days. This result indicated that antitoxin, like homologous γ globulin, is catabolized at a relatively slow rate in the guinea pig.

The use of the decay data in the kinetic analysis of antitoxin formation in the guinea pig is discussed.
Kinetics of Human Complement
Authors: Leon Myron A.
Published: January 2023

Human complement reacts with sensitized erythrocytes in the presence of Ca++ and Mg++ to form a complex showing C′1, C′2 and C′4 activity. This complex is converted by human C′3 in the absence of divalent cations to an activated cell E*. The conversion of E* to ghosts in the human complement system is a slow process as compared to the formation of E*.
Toxicity and Immunochemical Properties of I131 Trace Labeled Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Masouredis S. P. , Ferguson Elizabeth , Norwall Faye
Published: January 2023

Diphtheria toxin was labeled with I131 by methods currently in use. Trace iodination was found to induce changes in the properties of diphtheria toxin. These changes were due to at least two factors: introduction of large quantities of iodine into the toxin or to the method by which toxin was labeled. Methods of iodination which exposed the toxin to extremes of pH, either acid or alkaline, were found to be as significant as overiodination in altering diphtheria toxin. Loss of toxicity for guinea pigs was found to be the most sensitive index for studying the effects of trace iodination and flocculation the least sensitive. The use of the tri-iodide method at pH 7.5 with about one mole of iodine per mole of toxin was effective in labeling diphtheria toxin with I131 with no significant loss or alteration in toxicity or immunochemical behavior.
Hereditary Blood Qualities: Statistical Considerations
Authors: Ottenberg Reuben
Published: January 2023

In the original publication of von Dungern and Hirschfeld, and in my recent articles on the subject, there is sufficient evidence to prove the Mendelian nature of the inheritance of the human blood groups and to demonstrate the mechanism as depending on the dominance of agglutinogen B over absent B and of agglutinogen A over absent A.

For this reason, and in order to make my former presentations as simple as possible, I there omitted the comparison of the percentages of different groups actually found with the percentages to be expected from the mendelian law. However, as this comparison, though not essential, is of some value as additional evidence, and as so little is yet known about the inheritance of any normal human characters, I wish to set forth this comparison with regard to the 255 persons presented in my article.