bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract A67: Dietary xanthones for prostate cancer chemoprevention: From fruit extract to structure activity relationship studies
Authors: Johnson Jeremy J. , Syed Deeba N. , Adhami Vaqar M. , Siddiqui Imtiaz A. , Rasmussen John T. , Handa Harleen , Mukhtar Hasan
Published: May 2012

The purple mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana) is native to southeast Asia and has been reported to contain a variety of health promoting properties that include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anit-microbial and anti-diabetic properties. The principle constituents isolated from the mangosteen fruit are the xanthones with well over 50 unique entities isolated to date. Here we report on the properties of dietary xanthones for cancer chemoprevention using prostate cancer (PCa) as a model disease. Using a mangosteen fruit extract (MFE) standardized to alpha-mangostin (40%) and three other xanthones a significant decrease in cell viability was observed against four different prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, CWR22, PC3, DU145). Next, using an athymic nude mouse model implanted with CWR22Rv1 cells we randomized mice to receive intraperitoneally the standardized mangosteen fruit extract (MFE) or placebo two times weekly with tumors measured twice weekly once tumors reached a volume of 200 mm3. At the conclusion of the study the treatment group had a significantly smaller tumor with an average tumor volume of (143 mm3) compared to the placebo group (1135 mm3) representing an 87.5% smaller tumor in the treatment group. To gain an understanding of the pharmacology we selected alpha-mangostin as the lead compound and evaluated alpha-mangostin against fifty different protein kinases deregulated in cancer with 11 unique kinase targets identified. The three kinases displaying the most inhibition by alpha-mangostin included cyclinD1/CDK4, cyclinA1/CDK2, and Mek1. Using two different cells lines (LNCaP and DU145) we have evidence suggesting alpha-mangostin promoted G1 cell cycle arrest by flow cytometry and western blot analysis of cyclins and CDKs with observed effects in the range of 5–10 µM. A preliminary pharmacokinetic analysis of mice administered 1 mg of alpha-mangostin intraperitoneally resulted in a plasma concentration of 7.3 µM - within the concentration of in vitro mechanistic studies. Next, using an athymic nude mouse model implanted with CWR22Rv1 cells we randomized mice to receive intraperitoneally the alpha-mangostin (>95%) or placebo two times weekly with tumors measured twice weekly. At the conclusion of the study the treatment group had a significantly smaller tumor with an average tumor volume of (400 mm3) compared to the placebo group (1225 mm3) representing a 69% smaller tumor in the treatment group. Based on these promising results we used purified xanthones from the mangosteen fruit and selected 9 xanthones for structure activity relationship studies against cyclinD1/CDK4 and CyclinA1/CDK2 using cell free biochemical assays and molecular modeling. Collectively these data indicate that alpha-mangostin could be a promising agent for PCa prevention.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A67.
Abstract A69: High-throughput library screening identifies phytochemical inducers of phase II metabolism enzymes GSTP1 and NQO1 in human lung cells
Authors: Tan Xiang-Lin , Shi Miao , Massimi Aldo B. , Han Weiguo , Spivack Simon D.
Published: May 2012

Many phytochemicals possess cancer-preventive properties, some putatively through phase II metabolism-mediated mutagen/oxidant quenching. However, in studies to date, most candidate agents are not active in human lung cells. In vitro and in vivo screening studies for discovery are clearly needed for new, more potent chemopreventive agents for lung cancer. Here we applied a gene expression-based high-throughput screening approach to identify phytochemical inducers of phase II metabolism enzymes GSTP1 and NQO1 in primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC). We have screened 800 compounds in the MicroSource Natural Products Library for inducers of GSTP1 and NQO1 expression, and identified 2, 3-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-4′-ethoxybenzophenone, triacetylresveratrol, ivermectin, sanguinarine sulfate, and daunorubicin as new inducers for GSTP1 and NQO1 mRNA expression. Consistent with this effect, the induction of NQO1 protein expression by immunoblot was found for all these agents in both HBEC and NHBE cells at the same concentration (1.0 µM, final concentration) that induced NQO1 mRNA expression. However, GSTP1 protein expression did not significantly change with any selected agents. Proliferation/viability assays showed that HBEC and NHBE were significantly inhibited by ivermectin, sanguinarine sulfate, and daunorubicin. These data demonstrate the feasibility of high-throughput screening for inducers of NQO1. Moreover, the data identify 2, 3-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-4′-ethoxybenzophenone and triacetylresveratrol as most potent and low toxicity inducers [12-fold, and 10-fold, respectively, at the protein level], implying they are potential new agents for further in vitro and preclinical in vivo testing for prevention of tobacco-related lung cancer.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A69.
Abstract A71: Isolation of aglycons and glycosides from Scutellaria baicalensis and exploration of responsible constituents on human breast cancer chemoprevention
Authors: Wang Chong-Zhi , Yuan Chun-Su
Published: May 2012

Numerous effective anticancer drugs have been developed from botanical sources. Although the anticancer properties of Scutellaria baicalensis extract (SbE) have been reported, in some of our studies, SbE did not inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells significantly. In certain concentrations, it increased cancer cell growth. To identify the active anticancer constituents in SbE, we isolated a baicalin-knockout fraction (SbF1) and a baicalin-fraction (SbF3). We evaluated the anti-breast cancer activities of the fractions and their constituents on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Using a Waters 2960 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument and a Phenomenex Prodigy ODS(2) column, we determined the contents in the extract and fractions: scutellarin, baicalin, baicalein and wogonin. The antiproliferative effects were assayed using the modified trichrome stain (MTS) method. The active properties of the fraction/constituents on the cancer cell cycle and on apoptosis were evaluated using a BD FACScan flow cytometer. A one-way ANOVA was used to measure statistical significance. HPLC data showed that the content of scutellarin, baicalin, baicalein and wogonin in SbE were 0.03, 15.67, 5.19 and 1.42%, respectively. The major constituents of SbF1 are the aglycons, baicalein (40.54%) and wogonin (12.35%). SbF3 contains only the glycoside baicalin (16.68%). SbF1 showed a significant antiproliferative effect. Treatment with 100 g/ml of SbF1 for 72 h inhibited MCF-7 cell growth by 81.6% (P<0.01); at the same treatment concentration, SbF3 increased cell growth by 22.6% (P<0.01). Therefore, SbF1 is the active fraction of SbE. Compared to control (48% of G1-phase, 33% of M-phase, and 10% of G2/M-phase), after treatment with 50 g/mL of SbF1 for 72 h, 27% of cells were in G-phase, 41% of cells were in M-phase, and 23% of cells were in G2/M-phase. SbF1 increased the S- and G2/M-phases in MCF-7 cells. After treatment for 48 h, the percentage of early apoptotic cells induced by 50 g/mL of SbF1 was 12.4%; by 100 g/mL, the percentage was 24.2%. SbF1 significantly increased induction of cell apoptosis compared to control, 6.7%. Studying the effects of four flavonoids in SbE, two glycosides (scutellarin and baicalin) and two aglycons (baicalein and wogonin), on MCF-7 cell proliferation showed that baicalein and wogonin significantly inhibited MCF-7 cell growth at 10–100 µM. In contrast, at certain concentrations (5–50 µM), the glycosides scutellarin and baicalin increased cancer cell growth. These phytochemical and biological data suggest that the active anticancer constituents in SbE are flavonoid aglycons. Since the two glycosides promoted MCF-7 cells at certain concentrations, these compounds should be removed from the S. baicalensis extract to ensure chemopreventive activities.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A71.
Abstract A78: A randomized phase II presurgical trial of weekly tamoxifen versus raloxifene versus placebo in premenopausal women with breast cancer
Authors: Serrano Davide , Lazzeroni Matteo , Gandini Sara , Pagani Gianmatteo , Johansson Harriet , Pelosi Giuseppe , Mora Serena , Gonzaga Aliana Guerrieri , De Censi Andrea , Bonanni Bernardo
Published: May 2012

Background: The presurgical model is a useful tool to test drug activity on surrogate biomarkers of breast cancer, including proliferation measured by Ki-67. We previously demonstrated that 1 or 5 mg/per day of tamoxifen (T) given for 4 weeks before surgery reduced Ki-67 to the same extent than the standard 20 mg/d. Given the long half-life of T and its metabolites, a weekly dose (10 mg/w) may be worth testing. Raloxifene (R), another SERM, has been shown to reduce Ki-67 in a preoperative setting and to be an effective breast cancer (BC) preventive agent in postmenopausal women.

Methods: 125 premenopausal estrogen receptor positive BC patients were randomly assigned to either T 10mg/w or R 60 mg/d or placebo (P) for 6 weeks before surgery in a 2:2:1 ratio. The primary endpoint was tissue change of Ki67. Secondary endpoints were other tissue and circulating biomarkers.

Results: The median age was 44, 46, 44 and the median BMI was 23, 22, 22 in the P, R and T group, respectively. Tissue biomarkers (Ki-67, ER, PgR) were not significantly modulated by treatment. Only PgR was modestly down regulated by T and more by R but with not statistically significance. More evident were the effects on the circulating biomarkers. Both SERMs significantly reduced IGF-I/BP-3 ratio (mean change P:0; T:-0.01; R:-0.02; p=0.007) and cholesterol (mean change P: 13.73; T: -10.82; R: -8.96; p<.0001) with no difference between the two drugs. Both T and R modulated significantly fibrinogen level (mean change P: 9.3; T: -14.24; R: -35.88 p=0.002) and in particular R was more effective than T (p=0.034). Antithrombin III showed a significant reduction by treatment vs. placebo (mean change P: -2.28; T: -6.19; R: -6.85; P=0.04). SHBG levels were positively influenced by both T and R (mean change P: -10.21; T: 5.95; R: 6.2; p=0.002). Overall compliance measured with pill count was above 80%. No severe adverse events occurred.

Conclusions: Our findings show a lack of effect of both SERMs on breast cancer cells proliferation, possibly due to insufficient doses in premenopausal women with elevated estrogen levels. In contrast, both T at very low dose and R at the standard dose were effective on circulating biomarkers. Interestingly, R was more active than T in reducing fibrinogen level, in line with its safer vascular profile.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A78.
Abstract A82: Role of curcumin as an adjuvant in cervical cancer therapeutics
Authors: Banerjee Ayan , Das Prasenjit , Palanichamy Jayanth Kumar , Jain Sunesh Kumar , Rath Goura Kishore , Julka Pramod Kumar , Singh Neeta
Published: May 2012

Introduction: Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a causative factor in the genesis of cervical cancer. Curcumin can act as an adjuvant in cancer therapy with essentially no side effects. In this study, we elucidated the role of curcumin as an adjuvant to chemo and radiotherapy in patients suffering from cervical cancer.

Experimental Design: This was a pilot study of a Phase III, randomized control, double blind clinical trial. Forty five histopathologically confirmed patients of cervical cancer (stage IIb to IIIb) were enrolled. The patients were randomized into Group A/Group B and given curcumin (4gm/day for 3 months)/placebo along with chemo and radiotherapy. Cervical scrapes / pap smears were collected at baseline, 1 month (1st follow up) and 6 months (2nd follow up) post treatment. HPV status, viral load, PCNA and P16INK4A protein expression were investigated. CT scan was done at 6 months to see the final outcome of treatment.

Results: A significant drop in the viral load post treatment was seen in both groups but not between the groups. A non significant decrease in PCNA was seen at 1st follow up which increased at 2nd follow up in both the groups. Increased P16INK4A expression was seen at 1st follow up that decreased at 2nd follow up, similarly in both groups, but was not significant. No significant difference in outcome between both the groups was observed at 6 months post treatment.

Conclusion: Group A patients received curcumin and Group B received placebo. This is the first clinical trial with curcumin in advanced cases of cervical cancer. Curcumin was well tolerated. No significant difference was found between the two groups which could be due to the small sample size or short duration of follow up. No correlation was found between HPV viral load, PCNA and P16INK4A protein expression.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A82.
Abstract A85: Moving to centralized follow-up from a site-based model in a large cancer prevention study
Authors: Goodman Phyllis J. , Hartline Jo Ann , Lippman Scott M. , Klein Eric A.
Published: May 2012

The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) is a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled prostate cancer prevention study of 35,533 men from 427 study sites in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico. Men were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatment groups (vitamin E + placebo, selenium + placebo, vitamin E + selenium, placebo + placebo) between August 2001 and June 2004. Men were seen at their study site every 6 months for evaluation of medical events, ascertainment of endpoints and dispensing of study supplements.

On September 15, 2008, the Independent Data and Safety Monitoring Committee recommended the discontinuation of study supplements because the alternative hypothesis of no evidence of benefit from either study agent was convincingly demonstrated (p <.0001) and there was no possibility of a benefit to the planned degree with additional supplementation.

In order to refine the estimate of prostate cancer incidence in the 4 arms and to assess the long term effects of the supplements, participants on the trial will continue to be followed. This allows us to complete the previously approved ancillary studies and maintain the cohort for future research. Follow-up will transition from in-person study site visits to an annual questionnaire sent by the SELECT Coordinating (previously Statistical) Center. With participant consent, the Coordinating Center will obtain detailed participant contact information for mailing the questionnaire as well as the SELECT newsletters. Medical releases will be obtained to collect additional data on specific endpoints. With approved funding, additional questions may be added to the annual form.

The decision to centralize the follow-up was due to efficiency of scale and because participants no longer need to be seen to assess acute toxicities or dispense study supplements.

With the change in the follow-up procedures, many tasks needed to be accomplished in a short amount of time. These included revising the study protocol; development and Coordinating Center IRB approval of a new Informed Consent; defining activities for the final participant visit and training of the local staff for implementation; development of new forms and procedures with a direct participant focus; development of computer applications that move data collection from a web-based model to a paper-based model with scannable forms augmented with a web-based option.

One of the major challenges has been the approval of local IRBs of the protocol amendment and revised Informed Consent allowing the Coordinating Center to directly contact participants. Additional challenges are the loss of experienced trained study site staff with longstanding relationships with participants, training Coordinating Center staff for direct participant contact for answering questions and collecting data via telephone for non-responders to the questionnaire.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A85.
Abstract A87: Correlation between microsatellite instability and clinical characteristics and outcome of colorectal cancer in an Iranian population
Authors: Khatami Fatemeh , Fatemi Seyed Reza , Malek Fatemeh Nemat , Molaee Mahsa , Shivarani Sepideh , Zali Mohammad R.
Published: May 2012

Widespread microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs in nearly 15% of sporadic colorectal cancers. Large bowel carcinomas with high-frequency MSI (MSI-H) (instability at > or = 30% of microsatellite loci) are believed to display distinctive pathologic features and to behave less aggressively than microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors and carcinomas with low-frequency MSI (MSI-L) (instability at < 30% of microsatellite loci). In this study we would like to show the impression of MSI on clinical condition and outcome of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Methods: MSI status was evaluated in 600 large bowel adenocarcinomas using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Tumors that showed instability with at least two microsatellite markers were classified as MSI-H, whereas the other tumors were classified as MSI-L (instability at one locus) or MSS (no instability).

Results: MSI-H was detected in 51.6% of CRC patients. The prevalence of proximal lesions in the MSI-H group (38.7%) was higher than in the MSS group (27.4%). The percentage of moderately differentiated tumors was slightly lower in the MSI-H group (16.3%) when compared to the MSS group. Eight mutations were detected in five patients with 32 MSI-H.

Conclusion: Assessment of MSI status is an essential step in discovering genetic characterizations of large bowel carcinomas and identifies a subset of tumors with distinct clinical, pathologic, and biologic features.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A87.
Abstract A88: Cancer awareness through close circle experience of the disease: An increasing trend
Authors: Eisinger Francois , Pivot Xavier , Coscas Yvan , Viguier Jerôme , Calazel-Benque Anne , Blay Jean-Yves , Roussel Claire , Morère Jean-François
Published: May 2012

In a Cartesian perspective, knowing a threat is the first mandatory step for risk management. Cancer awareness is a strong momentum for risk mitigation. We have used the EDIFICE program, an iterative nationwide survey collecting data on people use of cancer screening procedures and its explicative factors, to analyze the trend for cancer awareness and its impact on cancer screening.

Materials and Methods: Two nationwide observational studies were carried out in France: EDIFICE 1 was conducted from 18 January 2005 to 2 February 2005 among a representative sample of 1504 subjects aged between 40 and 75 years. EDIFICE 2 was conducted from 12 December 2007 to 7 January 2008 among a representative sample of 1802 subjects aged between 40 and 75 years. Two questions focused on awareness/experiential perspectives. Do you know someone affected with a cancer in your close circle of friends and family? Which location?

Results: In 2005, 67% (993/1482) of people interviewed declared having someone in their close circle affected with a cancer. In 2008, the figure was 80% (1158/1454). Interestingly the increasing awareness is much more important for the close circle of friends and colleagues rising from 24% to 42% rather than for relatives (from 56% to 61%). The OR for close circle of friends is 2.3 (IC95% 2.0–2.7) and for relatives 1.2 (IC95% 1.1–1.4)

With regard to location, three types of cancer exhibit a significant increase: breast from 25% in 2005 to 36% in 2008, prostate from 6% to 13% and colorectal from 7% to 12%, while for other locations (as a whole) no change occurred: 31% in 2005 and 30% in 2008.

In our survey, having someone in its close circle affected with a cancer does not increase the rate of screening for breast cancer (already high at above 80%). Nevertheless, it does increase the rate of screening for colorectal cancer OR=2.3 (IC95% 1.6–3.3) and prostate cancer OR=2.2 (IC95% 1.4–3.5). The increase is more important for specific location (prostate cancer in its close circle increases prostate cancer screening), but it is also significant without taking into account the anatomical location of affected people in their close circle.

For breast cancer, the mean age for the 1st mammogram carried out is 45.6 years (sd:9.6) for women with no one affected in their close circle of friends and family compared to 43.4 years (sd=9.2) for women with at least one known case p<0.05

Comment and Conclusion: We observed a significant increase in awareness through experience of cancer in close circle, probably related to less social stigma on cancer. This increased awareness through experience impacts on cancer screening behaviors with a higher rate of declared attendance.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A88.
Abstract A93: The convergence of lung cancer rates between blacks and whites under age 40, United States
Authors: Jemal Ahmedin , Center Melissa , Ward Elizabeth
Published: May 2012

Lung cancer rates in the U.S. have been consistently higher in blacks than whites at all ages in men and at younger ages in women. However, since 1970s, smoking initiation decreased more rapidly among blacks than whites. We examined trends in lung cancer rates for white and black young adults (age 20–39) from 1992–2006 using joinpoint models and black-to-white rate ratios by sex. Lung cancer death rates in 20–39 year olds significantly decreased in all groups but much steeper for blacks than for whites. From 1992–94 to 2004–06, the black-to-white mortality rate ratio (95% CI) decreased from 2.16 (1.90–2.44) to 1.28 (1.05–1.55) for men and from 1.47 (1.25–1.71) to 0.97 (0.78–1.19) for women. Similar convergence was observed in the lung cancer incidence rates. These findings suggest that if current smoking trends in the young continue, racial differences in overall lung cancer rates in men will be eliminated in the next 40–50 years.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A93.
Abstract A96: Correlates of prostate cancer testing among African American men
Authors: Williams-Brown Shanita D. , Ross Louie E. , Hinton Lisa
Published: May 2012

Introduction: The major risk factors for developing prostate cancer are age, African American (AA) race, and family history. AA men have greater burden of incidence and mortality from this disease. The purpose of the study was to examine factors associated with recent prostate cancer screening using DRE and PSA among a sample of AA men.

Methods: Data were collected on AA men, age 40 or older, living in the Southeastern U.S. (n=448). The study used a convenience sample. Men were asked questions about their knowledge, awareness, and attitudes regarding prostate cancer and prostate cancer screening using DRE and PSA. Data were self-reported survey responses and analyzed using SAS.

Results: Most study participants were married (52%) and had some college or technical training (78%). The percentage of AA men who had undergone PSA testing or a DRE in the past two years (recent) was 41% and 39% respectively. Factors associated with a recent screening test with PSA and DRE were doctor recommendation, older age, and having some type of health insurance. An additional factors associated with a recent screening with DRE was self-reporting excellent health.

Conclusions: The percentage of AA men who reported either PSA or DRE appears to be lower than found in other studies. However, doctor recommendation and health insurance were the most important modifiable correlates for screening compliance. Getting men to go to the doctor and having meaningful discussions about prostate cancer may help men as they make decisions about prostate cancer screening. Further studies are needed to further explore how health insurance status may modify the relationship between doctor recommendation and prostate cancer screening.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A96.
Abstract A99: Early colorectal cancer in an inner city hospital: Is the current guideline detecting preneoplastic lesions early enough?
Authors: Ong Kian Koc Jean Bernadette U. , Chua Eduardo A. , Katz Philip O.
Published: May 2012

Background: Early colorectal cancer refers to cancer diagnosed prior to the screening age of 50 years old or before the age of 55. Each patient's risk for the development of colorectal cancer is influenced by age and race. Previous studies showed evidence that there is a higher burden of colorectal adenoma and possibly colorectal cancer in young African Americans more than 45 years old which may indicate that onset of this cancer maybe younger in this population group. The Committee of Minority Affairs and Cultural Diversity of the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) recommends screening of African Americans at the age of 45, however, current clinical practice makes no distinction as to race. The objective of the study is to determine if race has an effect on the age and location of colorectal cancer on diagnosis. This study aims to provide supporting data in customizing screening practices in the African American population.

Methods: The study is a retrospective review of records of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer before 55 years old at the Cancer Institute Tumor Registry from 2000–2008 at Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia. The populations being compared were age and risk matched. Patients with risk factors for colorectal cancer or with metastatic cancer to the colon will be excluded from the study. Descriptive statistics and frequency distribution were used to categorize the characteristics of the subjects. Chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis. Logistic regression will be used for multivariate analysis.

Results: A total of 196 colorectal cancer patients were diagnosed before the age of 55 years old from 2000–2008. 116 (59.2%) were Caucasian, 54 (27.6%) were African American, 7 (3.6%) were Asian and 17 (8.7%) were from other racial groups. 106 (54.1%) were males while 90 (45.9%) were females. The mean age of diagnosis for African Americans was 48.07, SD 6.475 and Caucasians was 47.58, SD 6.740. Majority of the cancers were in the distal part of the colon (73.3% - African Americans; 61.1% - Caucasians). For both groups, majority of the cases were diagnosed at an advanced stage (41.4% stage 3 and 35% stage 4). Using chi square analysis, there is no significant difference between the age of diagnosis (p=0.188) and location (p=0.640) of colorectal cancer among African Americans and Caucasians.

Conclusion: There was no disparity in the diagnosis of early colorectal cancer among African Americans and Caucasians in terms of age of diagnosis, stage and location. These patients usually present with cancer at an advanced stage and are commonly found in the distal parts of the colon. The data suggests that early cancers may be less influenced by race as previously described and that screening at age 45 for the entire population is reasonable.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A99.
Abstract B101: Phytoestrogen intake in relation to prostate cancer incidence and survival
Authors: Kasperzyk Julie L. , Håkansson Niclas , Fall Katja , Andersson Swen-Olof , Johansson Jan-Erik , Stampfer Meir J. , Wolk Alicja , Andrén Ove
Published: May 2012

Background: Phytoestrogens are plant-based compounds derived mainly from soy, oilseeds, legumes, and grains. Several studies support an inverse association between soy intake and prostate cancer risk, though few have investigated phytoestrogens from dietary sources that are more common to Western diet patterns.

Purpose: The objective was to assess whether dietary intake of phytoestrogens was associated with prostate cancer risk and survival in a large, prospective cohort study in Sweden.

Design: The Cohort of Swedish Men is a prospective study of 45,906 men from central Sweden, born 1918–1948. During enrollment in 1997, 44,974 (98%) participants completed a self-administered food frequency questionnaire, and we calculated energy-adjusted dietary intakes of lignans (secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, lariciresinol, pinoresinol, syringaresinol, and medioresinol) and isoflavonoids (genistein and diadzein). Incident prostate cancer was histologically confirmed in 2721 participants from 1997–2008, and 215 prostate cancer-specific deaths were identified using the Swedish Death Registry. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate multivariable hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results: Mean intake was 2295 µg/day for total lignans and 10.2 µg/day for total isoflavonoids. Neither total lignan nor total isoflavonoid intake was associated with risk of prostate cancer. The HRs for increasing quintiles of total lignans were all 1.0, p-trend=0.72; for total isoflavonoids, the HRs were 1.0 (referent), 1.1, 1.1, 1.0 and 1.0, p-trend=0.75, adjusting for age at entry and total energy intake. Results were similarly null for the individual phytoestrogen subtypes and prostate cancer incidence. However, we found a weak positive association between the newly-identified lignan, medioresinol, and prostate cancer-specific death, with HRs of 1.0 (referent), 1.5, 1.5, 1.7, and 1.7 for increasing quintiles of intake (p-trend=0.03). The estimates were similar (p-trend=0.04) after further adjustment for alcohol intake and clinical measures. Dietary intakes of the remaining phytoestrogen subtypes were not associated with prostate cancer survival.

Conclusions: In this large, prospective study, our findings do not support a major role for dietary phytoestrogens in the incidence or progression of prostate cancer. As phytoestrogen intake is relatively low in the Swedish population, we do not exclude the possibility of significant associations at higher levels of intake.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B101.
Abstract B102: Plasma vitamin B6 and the risk of colorectal cancer in three large prospective cohorts
Authors: Wei Esther K. , Lee Jung Eun , Giovannucci Edward , Fuchs Charles , Selhub Jacob , Hankinson Susan E. , Stampfer Meir , Willett Walter , Ma Jing
Published: May 2012

Recent prospective evidence suggests that vitamin B6, which is involved in DNA synthesis and methylation, may influence the risk of colorectal neoplasia. We examined the association between plasma vitamin B6 (pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, PLP) and colorectal cancer risk in a female cohort, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), and two male cohorts, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), and the Physicians' Health Study (PHS). A total of 570 cases were identified up through 2000 (2004 for HPFS) and individually matched to two controls. Multivariable adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using conditional logistic regression. Men had higher plasma PLP levels compared to the women (geometric mean in controls (pmol/ml): HPFS: 98; PHS: 70; NHS: 53). In the HPFS, we observed a non-linear reduction in risk; relative risks (RR) and 95% CIs for increasing levels of plasma PLP from quartile 1 to 4 were: 1.00 (ref), 0.81 (0.47–1.40), 0.57 (0.32–1.02), and 1.04 (0.60–1.79; median 203 pmol/ml). The association in women tended to be more linear; women in quartile 4 (median 131 pmol/ml) versus quartile 1 had a RR of 0.56 (0.31–1.01; previously published). The strongest inverse association was observed in the PHS with an apparent threshold effect starting at the median level; the RR for Q4 vs Q1 was 0.52 (0.29–0.93; previously published). We pooled the results from the three cohorts using meta-analytic techniques and the relative risks were 0.84 (0.62–1.14), 0.60 (0.41–0.88), and 0.68 (0.44–1.06) across the quartiles. Our results strongly suggest that low vitamin B6 levels are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, there may be a threshold level above which additional plasma levels of PLP has marginal, if any, benefit.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B102.
Abstract B103: Quantity and variety of vegetable and fruit consumption and the risk of bladder cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)
Authors: Büchner Frederike L. , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. Bas , Ros Martine M. , Kampman Ellen , Kiemeney Bart
Published: May 2012

Recent research does not show an association between fruit and vegetable consumption and bladder cancer risk. None of these studies looked at the variety in fruit and vegetable consumption, which may capture different aspects of fruit and vegetable consumption. We investigated whether the quantity and the variety in vegetable and fruit consumption are associated with bladder cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study.

Data on usual food consumption and complete follow-up for cancer occurrence was available for 478,533 participants, who were recruited in 10 European countries. A calibration study was conducted in an 8% representative subsample. After a mean follow-up of 8.7 years, 1015 participants were diagnosed with bladder cancer. Diet Diversity Scores (DDSs) were used to quantify the variety in fruit and/or vegetable consumption by counting the number of different fruit and vegetable products eaten at least every two weeks. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the effect of fruit and vegetable consumption and DDSs on the risk of bladder cancer.

Increments of 100 gram/day in fruit and vegetable consumption did not affect bladder cancer risk (calibrated hazard ratio (HR) 0.98; 95%CI: 0.95–1.01). A slightly stronger, although statistically non-significant, inverse association was observed among never smokers (calibrated HR=0.92; 95%CI: 0.79–1.06 with increments of 100 g/day). Unexpectedly, more variety in fruit and vegetable products consumed increased bladder cancer risk (HR=1.30 95%CI=1.00–1.69 comparing the highest with the lowest tertile; p-trend=0.05), which was strongest among never smokers (HR=1.72; 95%CI: 1.00–2.97). Continuous risk estimates did not reach statistical significance (HR for whole cohort 1.02 (95%CI 0.99–1.06 per 2 products increment); HR in never smokers 1.04 (95%CI 0.98–1.11 per 2 products increment)). The quantity and variety of fruit or vegetable consumption separately were not associated with bladder cancer risk.

We conclude that in EPIC quantity and variety of vegetable and fruit consumption is not associated with bladder cancer risk. Increased categorical risks for variety in vegetables and fruits without statistical significant findings in the continuous analyses may be due to chance. Our results provide further evidence that fruit and vegetable consumption does not strongly alter bladder cancer risk.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B103.
Abstract B105: Intake of heterocyclic aromatic amines and the risk of prostate cancer in the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort
Authors: Rohrmann Sabine , Sander Anja , Linseisen Jakob
Published: May 2012

Background: Heterocyclic amines are mutagens formed in meat prepared at high temperatures. These compounds are associated with prostate cancer risk in animal models. Because of mostly inconsistent results of the published studies it was the aim of this study to examine the association between intake of heterocyclic amines and the risk of prostate cancer in the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort study.

Methods: Within the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort, detailed information on diet, anthropometry, and lifestyle was assessed between 1994 and 1998. Dietary HCA intake was assessed using information on amount of meat consumption, cooking methods, and degree of browing. After excluding men with prevalent cancer or with missing information on food preparation methods and preferred degree of browning our study population comprises a total of 9578 men (80.2% of the total cohort). Until July 31, 2009, 337 incident cases of prostate cancer have been identified. One-hundred twenty-three advanced prostate cancer cases, defined as Gleason sum score equal or higher than 7, TNM staging score of T3/T4, N1–N3, or M1 or prostate cancer as the underlying cause of death, were identified. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between intake of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2-amino-3,4,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and prostate cancer risk taking into account age, smoking status, participation in prostate cancer screening, family history of prostate cancer, and intake of milk and milk products.

Results: Men in the highest quartiles of PhIP, MeIQx, and DiMeIQx intake, respectively, did not have an increased risk of prostate cancer compared with men in the lowest quartiles (HR=0.89, 95% CI 0.66–1.22 [PhIP]; 1.06, 0.77–1.45 [MeIQx]; 0.98, 0.72–1.34 [DiMeIQx]). There were also no indications of positive associations between HCA intake and risk of advanced prostate cancer (HR=0.89, 95% CI 0.51–1.56 [PhIP]; 0.91, 0.53–1.57 [MeIQx];1.05, 0.61–1.82 [DiMeIQx]). Further adjustment for other potential confounders did not materially modify these associations. In addition to HCAs, we also observed no association between high consumption of strongly browned meat and prostate cancer.

Conclusions: Previous epidemiological studies on the association between HCA intake and prostate cancer risk have led to inconclusive results. Our data do not support the hypothesis that HCA intake as consumed in a regular diet is a risk factor for prostate cancer.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B105.
Abstract B108: Dietary intake of calcium and distal colorectal adenomatous polyps in Korean adults
Authors: Lee Cheolmin , Tae Kwon Hyuk
Published: May 2012

Background: Colorectal cancer is fourth in prevalence of carcinoma and fourth most cause of death from malignant neoplasm, which has been increasing in Korea. In this study, we tried to investigate the association of dietary intake of calcium and distal colorectal adenomatous polyps known as precursors of colorectal cancer.

Methods: A total of 2,456 subjects who visited a health promotion center in one university hospital in Seoul, Korea, from June 2003 to June 2006 underwent sigmoidoscopy and completed a 24-hour dietary recall.

Results: Among the selected 2,408 subjects, the prevalence of distal colorectal adenoma found in sigmoidoscopy was 12.54%. After adjusting for age and total serum cholesterol by multiple logistic regression, the odds ratio of the male subjects who had the highest quintile of dietary intake of calcium was 0.512 (95% CI: 0.305–0.859; P = 0.011) compared with the lowest. Conclusion: In male subjects with the highest quintile of dietary calcium density was associated with a low risk of distal colorectal adenomatous polyps.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B108.
Abstract B109: Tea and coffee consumption, DNA repair, and lung cancer risk
Authors: Forman Michele R. , Fujiwara Atsuko , Wei Qingyi , Dong Yong Q. , Mahabir Somdat , Roberts Robert E. , Barrera Stephanie L. , Spitz Margaret R.
Published: May 2012

Tea, the major source of flavonol in the U.S. diet, has demonstrated chemopreventive capacity in animal and in vitro research. We examined the associations between tea/coffee and lung cancer risk by specific type of and preparation method of the beverage, stage and histology as well as the joint effect of DNA repair capacity (DRC) and beverage on cancer risk. In a case-control study conducted by the Department of Epidemiology of the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1,088 lung cancer patients were recruited along with 1,127 controls who were frequency matched to cases by age (± 5 y), gender, ethnicity and smoking status (never, former, current). Using logistic regression analysis to adjust for recognized covariates including smoking status and pack-years smoked, the odds ratios (OR) for lung cancer among individuals who drank more than a cup/week of the following were: OR =0.44; 95% CI = 0.31–0.64 for green tea; OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.45–0.90 for decaffeinated black tea, when compared with non-drinkers and those who drank less than a cup a week of other beverages. In contrast, those who drank more than 3 cups/day of regular coffee had a 30% higher odds of lung cancer (OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.01–1.09). No association was found for regular black tea and decaffeinated coffee consumption. Similar findings appeared by stage and among adenocarcinomas and squamous cell cancers of the lung. When drinkers of other tea/coffee beverages were excluded from each model, all findings remained significant except for regular coffee. Compared to green tea drinkers who were proficient in DRC or not proficient, green tea drinkers had an almost threefold higher OR of lung cancer. In conclusion, we report the potential chemopreventive effects of drinking more than a cup a week of green tea and decaffeinated black tea on lung cancer. Our findings need replication in a prospective analysis

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B109.
Abstract B11: Racial differences in prostate cancer caregivers' social support and coping
Authors: Vines Anissa I. , Demissie Zewditu
Published: May 2012

Objective: Over 40 million Americans provide informal caregiving to adults, which can negatively impact their personal life and their physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to describe social support and coping strategies among prostate cancer family caregivers and to assess for racial/ethnic differences.

Methods: Secondary data analysis of baseline data from the Managing Uncertainty in Stage B Prostate Cancer Study was conducted. This longitudinal randomized experimental intervention study enrolled Caucasian and African-American men with localized prostate cancer and their primary family caregivers residing in North Carolina from 1993–1998. 120 Caucasian and 49 African-American female family caregivers of prostate cancer patients were included in the analysis. We compared means of social support amount and satisfaction and utilization of coping strategies by race/ethnicity group.

Results: Racial/ethnic differences exist in the amount of social support received and some coping methods. However, there was no variation in satisfaction with social support by race or ethnicity.

Conclusions: Results suggest that though Caucasian and African-American female family caregivers differ in the amount of social support received, the level of satisfaction with the support tends to be consistent across race/ethnic groups. Racial/ethnic differences in coping methods need to be elucidated since the way of coping may reflect important sociocultural factors.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B11.
Abstract B112: Metabolic syndrome and risk of colon adenomas
Authors: Ortiz-Martinez Ana P. , Thompson Cheryl L. , Berger Nathan , Li Li
Published: May 2012

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is characterized by central obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, that may lead to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This syndrome has also been associated with risk of colorectal neoplasia. Even though colon adenomas are the main precursor lesions for colorectal cancer, few studies have examined the relationship between MetSyn and adenomatous polyps. Thus, we aimed to determine the association between the MetSyn and adenomatous polyps in a population of adults in the United States.

Methods: In an ongoing screening colonoscopy-based study, we have prospectively collected data (lifestyle risk factors and fasting blood samples) from 323 incident polyp cases (26.2%) and 910 (73.8%) controls at the University Hospitals of Cleveland; as part of the Case Transdisciplinary Research in Cancer and Energetics (TREC) Colon Polyps Study. Information on relevant covariates was collected through a computer-assisted interview. Height, weight, waist and hip measurements, as well as blood collection was obtained just prior to their colonoscopy by a research nurse. The MetSyn was determined by the use of both the criteria of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute (AHA/NHLBI) revised definition of the NCEP-ATP III report and the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Descriptive statistics and unconditional logistic regression models were used to assess the association between the MetSyn and likelihood of being diagnosed with adenomatous polyps, with each of the two MetSyn definitions.

Results: Our study population included 469 women (38%) and 764 men (62%). The mean age of participants was 55.4±8.9 years, 473 (38%) of participants classified themselves as African American and 760 (62%) as Caucasian. For both criteria used, the prevalence of the MetSyn was higher in cases (NCEP-ATPIII=48.3%, IDF=58.4%) than controls (NCEP-ATPIII=41.2%, IDF=49.9%) (p<0.05). After adjusting for age, race, cigarette consumption, NSAID use and family history of colorectal cancer, persons with MetSyn according to the IDF criteria, were 41% more likely to have polyps (OR=1.41, 95% CI= 1.07–1.86, p=0.0140) as compared to those without the MetSyn. Analysis using the ATP-III criteria showed that persons with MetSyn were 24% more likely to have polyps (OR=1.24, 95% CI=0.95–1.63), although this association was not statistically significant (p=0.1149).

Conclusions: The MetSyn appears to be an independent risk factor of polyps; particularly when the IDF criteria are used. These results suggest that patients with the MetSyn are potentially at increased risk for colorectal cancer. Thus, colorectal cancer screening should be emphasized in patients with the MetSyn, and individuals at high risk of colon cancer should be encouraged to reduce their MetSyn factors.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B112.