bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of subtitles in cross‐cultural television commercials
Authors: Raedts Mariet , Roozen Irene , De Weerdt Emmy
Published: August 2019

Little is known about the effectiveness of subtitles in cross‐cultural advertising messages. In an experimental study, we analyzed the advertising effectiveness of (non‐)subtitled English‐only TV commercials for different global brands. Advertising effectiveness was measured in two ways: communication effectiveness (that is, perceived and actual comprehension of the advertising message and attitude towards the use of English in the commercial) and marketing effectiveness (attitude towards the commercial, the product and purchase intention). In addition, we took into account the verbal complexity of the commercials. We ran the experiment in two Belgian teenagers’ samples: a Dutch‐speaking sample (subtitling region) and a French‐speaking sample (dubbing region). We found that subtitles positively influence the communication effectiveness of English‐only commercials containing words that transcend the language level of elementary English learners. Subtitles also boost the marketing effectiveness of commercials with a significant number of words and expressions at (upper) intermediate learner's level.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Gibbs Nikki
Published: August 2019

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 5Ali Massoud, Sohag University, EgyptAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelAyoub Taha Sidahmed, SIU, SudanDyah Wulan Sari, Airlangga University, IndonesiaFarhat Iqbal, University of Balochistan, PakistanGetamesay Bekele Meshesha, Debre Berhan University, EthiopiaHedieh Shadmani, Fairfield University, USAIan McFarlane, University of Reading, UKIulia Lupu, Victor Slavescu” Centre for Financial and Monetary Research, Romanian Academy, RomaniaKembo Bwana, College of Business Education, TanzaniaMagdalena Radulescu, University of Pitesti, RomaniaMagdalena Zioło, University of Szczecin, PolandMahmoud Mohammed Sabra, Al Azhar University-Gaza, PalestineMamdouh Abdelmoula M. Abdelsalam, Minufiya University, EgyptMarco Mele, University of Teramo, ItalyMarco Muscettola, Independent Researcher-Credit Risk Manager, ItalyNicolas Afflatet, University of the Federal Armed Forces, GermanyOltiana Muharremi Pelari, University of Vlora, AlbaniaPatrycja Kowalczyk-Rolczynska, Wroclaw University of Economics, PolandPayal Chadha, University of Wales Prifysgol Cymru, KuwaitRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRichard Nguyen, Alliant International University, USARomeo Victor Ionescu, Dunarea de Jos University, RomaniaSebastian Schich, Organisation for Economic Coopertaion and Development (OECD), FranceSzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, GuatemalaWoodrow Clark II, Clark Strategic Partners, United States, USAY. Saidi, M’sila University, AlgeriaZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USAZuzana Janko, San Francisco State University, USA  Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Young James
Published: August 2019

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 5Abdul Azim Akhtar, Independent Academic & Researcher, Delhi, IndiaAnastasia Panagakos, Cosumnes River College, USAAntónio Calha, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, PortugalAslan,Yasin, Sinop University, TurkeyBegoña Montero-Fleta, Universitat Politécnica de València, SpainBo Li, St Ambrose University, USAE.Ozan Aksoz, Anadolu University, TurkeyEmilio Greco, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyFroilan Mobo, Philippine Merchant Marine Academy, PhilippinesJehu Onyekwere Nnaji, University of Naples II,Italy and Globe Visions Network Italy, ItalyJuanita GOICOVICI, University Babeș-Bolyai of Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaJulia M. Mack, Gannon University, USAKatja Eman, Univerza v Mariboru, SloveniaLaura Diaconu Maxim, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" of Iasi, RomaniaMei-Ling Lin, National Open University, TaiwanMichael Brooks, North Carolina A&T State University, USAMohamed Mehdi Jelassi, IHEC Carthage, TunisiaNadarajah Pushparajah, University of Jaffna, Sri LankaOzgur Demirtas, Inonu University, TurkeyRonaldo R. Larioque, NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, PhilippinesYanzhe Zhang, Jilin University, China , China/Australia  James YoungEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://ijsss.redfame.com
Eradication goal splits malaria community
Authors: Enserink Martin
Published: August 2019

A
Lancet
panel wants to end the disease by 2050. A WHO panel says that's not realistic.
Modified CRISPR cuts and splices whole genomes
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: August 2019

New tools bring editing to synthetic biology.
Science diplomacy leverages alliances to build global bridges
Authors: Hoy Anne Q.
Published: August 2019

History of U.S. and Soviet scientific research collaborations and exchanges offers lessons for today
Interactive early education builds STEM literacy in children
Authors: Korte Andrea
Published: August 2019

AAAS programs introduce STEM careers through hands-on activities and interaction with scientists
The immunological code of pregnancy
Authors: Colucci Francesco
Published: August 2019

Maternal immune cells interact with the placenta and influence pregnancy complications
Microbial metabolites control the thymic development of mucosal-associated invariant T cells
Authors: Legoux François , Bellet Déborah , Daviaud Celine , El Morr Yara , Darbois Aurelie , Niort Kristina , Procopio Emanuele , Salou Marion , Gilet Jules , Ryffel Bernhard , Balvay Aurélie , Foussier Anne , Sarkis Manal , El Marjou Ahmed , Schmidt Frederic , Rabot Sylvie , Lantz Olivier
Published: August 2019

Commensals rule the MAITrix

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play an important role in mucosal homeostasis. MAIT cells recognize microbial small molecules presented by the major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecule MR1. MAIT cells are absent in germ-free mice, and the mechanisms by which microbiota control MAIT cell development are unknown (see the Perspective by Oh and Unutmaz). Legoux
et al.
show that, in mice, development of MAIT cells within the thymus is governed by the bacterial product 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-
d
-ribitylaminouracil, which rapidly traffics from the mucosa to the thymus, where it is captured by MR1 and presented to developing MAIT cells. Constantinides
et al.
report that MAIT cell induction only occurs during a limited, early-life window and requires exposure to defined microbes that produce riboflavin derivatives. Continual interactions between MAIT cells and commensals in the skin modulates tissue repair functions. Together, these papers highlight how the microbiota can direct immune cell development and subsequent function at mucosal sites by secreting compounds that act like self-antigens.

Science
, this issue p.
494
, p.
eaax6624
; see also p.
419
Maleness-on-the-Y
(
MoY
) orchestrates male sex determination in major agricultural fruit fly pests
Authors: Meccariello Angela , Salvemini Marco , Primo Pasquale , Hall Brantley , Koskinioti Panagiota , Dalíková Martina , Gravina Andrea , Gucciardino Michela Anna , Forlenza Federica , Gregoriou Maria-Eleni , Ippolito Domenica , Monti Simona Maria , Petrella Valeria , Perrotta Maryanna Martina , Schmeing Stephan , Ruggiero Alessia , Scolari Francesca , Giordano Ennio , Tsoumani Konstantina T. , Marec František , Windbichler Nikolai , Arunkumar Kallare P. , Bourtzis Kostas , Mathiopoulos Kostas D. , Ragoussis Jiannis , Vitagliano Luigi , Tu Zhijian , Papathanos Philippos Aris , Robinson Mark D. , Saccone Giuseppe
Published: August 2019

Making males in a fruit fly pest

The Mediterranean fruit fly or Medfly (
Ceratitis capitata
) is a global and highly destructive fruit pest. Meccariello
et al.
identified the master gene for male sex determination on the Y chromosome of Medfly and named it
Maleness-on-the-Y
(
MoY
) (see the Perspective by Makki and Meller). Flies of each sex were transformed into the other sex by genetic manipulation, and crosses of transformed files generated male and female progeny.
MoY
is functionally conserved in the olive fruit fly and in the invasive oriental fruit fly. This discovery has potential for insect genetic control based on mass release of sterile males and future strategies based on gene drive.

Science
, this issue p.
1457
; see also p.
1380
Redox-neutral organocatalytic Mitsunobu reactions
Authors: Beddoe Rhydian H. , Andrews Keith G. , Magné Valentin , Cuthbertson James D. , Saska Jan , Shannon-Little Andrew L. , Shanahan Stephen E. , Sneddon Helen F. , Denton Ross M.
Published: August 2019

Displacing OH groups catalytically

The Mitsunobu reaction is widely used to invert the configuration of alcohols. However, its major drawback is the need to activate the alcohol with a full equivalent of phosphine, thereby generating a phosphine oxide co-product. Beddoe
et al.
report a phosphine oxide compound that achieves the same result catalytically (see the Perspective by Longwitz and Werner). The key is a phenol substituent that can reversibly bond through its oxygen to phosphorus, forming a ring that the alcohol opens. The phosphorus thus remains in the +5 oxidation state throughout the reaction, and water is the only by-product.

Science
, this issue p.
910
; see also p.
866
Deep magma ocean formation set the oxidation state of Earth’s mantle
Authors: Armstrong Katherine , Frost Daniel J. , McCammon Catherine A. , Rubie David C. , Boffa Ballaran Tiziana
Published: August 2019

Deep divide in fate of iron

A large component of Earth's atmosphere comes from the interior, where the gas species are dictated by the redox state of the mantle. After formation of Earth's iron core, the mantle became several orders of magnitude more oxidized. Armstrong
et al.
conducted a set of experiments looking at the redox state of silicate melt representative of Earth's early magma oceans. They found that at some depth, iron oxide disproportionates into iron(III) oxide and metallic iron. The reduced iron sinks to the core, leaving an oxidized rocky mantle that emits carbon dioxide and water instead of more reduced species.

Science
, this issue p.
903
Discovery and Characterization of NativeDeinococcus radioduransPromoters for Tunable Gene Expression
Authors: Chen Angela , Sherman Mark W. , Chu Cynthia , Gonzalez Natalia , Patel Tulshi , Contreras Lydia M.
Published: August 2019

The tolerance of the extremophile,Deinococcus radiodurans, to numerous oxidative stresses makes it ideal for bioremediation applications, but many of the tools necessary for metabolic engineering are lacking in this organism compared to model bacteria. Although native and engineered promoters have been used to drive gene expression for protein production inD. radiodurans, very few have been well characterized. Informed by bioinformatics, this study expands the repertoire of well-characterized promoters forD. radioduransvia thorough characterization of eight putative promoters with various strengths. These results will help facilitate tunable gene expression, since these promoters demonstrate strong and consistent performance compared to the current standard,PgroES. This study also provides a methodology for high-throughput promoter identification and characterization using fluorescence inD. radiodurans. The promoters identified in this study will facilitate metabolic engineering ofD. radioduransand enable its use in biotechnological applications ranging from bioremediation to synthesis of commodity chemicals.
RNase E Promotes Expression of Type III Secretion System Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Sharp Josh S. , Rietsch Arne , Dove Simon L.
Published: August 2019

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a protein complex produced by many Gram-negative pathogens. It is capable of injecting effector proteins into host cells that can manipulate cell metabolism and have toxic effects. Understanding how the T3SS is regulated is important in understanding the pathogenesis of bacteria with such systems. Here, we show that RNase E, which is typically thought of as a global regulator of RNA stability, plays a role in regulating the T3SS in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. Depleting RNase E results in the loss of T3SS gene expression as well as a concomitant increase in biofilm formation. These observations are reminiscent of the phenotypes associated with the loss of activity of the posttranscriptional regulator RsmA. However, RNase E-mediated regulation of these systems does not involve changes in the abundance of RsmA and is independent of the known small regulatory RNAs that modulate RsmA activity.
A Membrane-Anchored Short-Peptide Fusion Inhibitor Fully Protects Target Cells from Infections of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Tang Xiaoran , Jin Hongliang , Chen Yue , Li Li , Zhu Yuanmei , Chong Huihui , He Yuxian
Published: August 2019

Antiretroviral therapy with multiple drugs in combination can efficiently suppress HIV replication and dramatically reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with AIDS-related illness; however, antiretroviral therapy cannot eradiate the HIV reservoirs, and lifelong treatment is required, which often results in cumulative toxicities, drug resistance, and a multitude of complications, thus necessitating the development of sterilizing-cure or functional-cure strategies. Here, we report that genetically anchoring the short-peptide fusion inhibitor 2P23 to the cell membrane can fully prevent infections from divergent HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV isolates as well as a panel of enfuvirtide-resistant mutants. Membrane-bound 2P23 also effectively blocks HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-cell fusion and cell-associated virion-mediated cell-cell transmission, renders CD4+T cells nonpermissive to infection, and confers a robust survival advantage over unmodified cells. Thus, our studies verify a powerful strategy to generate resistant cells for gene therapy of both the HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections.
Circa 2.5 Ga granitoids in the eastern North China craton: Melting from ca. 2.7 Ga accretionary crust
Authors: Li Yilong , Zheng Jianping , Xiao Wenjiao , Wang Guoqing , Brouwer Fraukje M.
Published: August 2019

The Neoarchean crust-mantle interaction and crustal evolution of the North China craton are controversial and are instructive of the processes of continental crust growth and cratonic evolution. We present here a systematic study of the petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of Neoarchean granitoids from the eastern North China craton to elucidate their petrogenesis and tectonic setting. The rocks were collected from the Jielingkou, Anziling, and Qinhuangdao plutons, and an amphibole-monzoporphyry dike in the Qinhuangdao pluton. Samples from the Jielingkou pluton, consisting dominantly of monzodiorite and diorite with minor monzonite and granodiorite, contain 52.2–64.4 wt% SiO2, 2.46–4.52 wt% MgO (Mg# = 0.41–0.54), 3.76–5.77 wt% Na2O, and K2O/Na2O ratios of 0.29–0.71. The Anziling pluton samples, comprising syenite and monzonite, display slightly higher SiO2 (60.9–66.7 wt%) and K2O/Na2O ratios (0.70–1.11), but lower MgO (1.54–2.33 wt%) and Mg# (0.40–0.47) values, compared to the Jielingkou rocks. The Qinhuangdao pluton samples, consisting mainly of granite and minor syenite and granodiorite, with some diorite and monzoporphyry dikes, are characterized by the highest SiO2 values (75.7–76.9 wt%) and K2O/Na2O ratios (0.73–1.41) and lowest MgO content (0.14–0.32 wt%) among the studied samples. The amphibole-monzoporphyry dike has intermediate SiO2 (56.3 wt%), high MgO (3.79 wt%), Na2O (5.55 wt%), and Mg# (0.45), and low K2O/Na2O ratio (0.66). Zircon U-Pb laser-ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry dating showed that all plutons have a ca. 2.5 Ga crystallization age. Zircon crystals have mildly positive εHf(t) values (+0.24 to +5.45) and a depleted mantle model age (TDM1) of ca. 2.7 Ga. We interpret the granitoid rocks as sanukitoid-related, Closepet-type granites, potassium-rich adakites, and potassium-rich granitoid rocks that crystallized in the late Neoarchean (2.5 Ga) and were derived from partial melting of mantle peridotite that was metasomatized with the addition of slab melt, thickened alkali-rich juvenile lower crust and juvenile metamorphosed tonalitic rocks. Mantle plume activity ca. 2.7 Ga is thought to have been responsible for the early Neoarchean tectono-thermal event in the eastern North China craton. This activity resulted in a major crustal accretion period in the craton, with subordinate crustal reworking at its margins. A steep subduction regime between ca. 2.55 Ga and ca. 2.48 Ga led to the remelting of older crustal material, with subordinate crustal accretion by magma upwelling from a depleted mantle source resulting in late Neoarchean underplating. This crustal reworking and underplating resulted in the widespread ca. 2.5 Ga plutons in the eastern North China craton. Continental crust growth in the North China craton thus occurred in multiple stages, in response to mantle plume activity, as well as protracted subduction-related granitoid magmatism during the Neoarchean.
Deep infection withMycobacterium marinum: successful treatment of a frequently misdiagnosed disease
Authors: Pop Roxana , Estermann Lea , Schulthess Bettina , Eberhard Nadia
Published: August 2019

We report a rare yet typical presentation of a severe infection withMycobacterium marinumthat affected the deep structure of the hand and wrist of a 43-old fish breeder. A combination therapy of surgical debridement and antibiotic treatment with clarithromycin and ethambutol for 6 months led to a total resolution of the symptoms. Intensive rehabilitation completely restored the function of the hand.
The curious case of biliary emesis and bowel obstruction from Bouveret syndrome
Authors: Chow Bing Lun , Zia Khawaja , Scott Stuart , Pathmarajah Mariasoosai
Published: August 2019

Bouveret syndrome is a rare complication of biliary lithiasis. This sequela is caused by the passage of the gallstone via a bilioenteric fistula, resulting in an impacted gallstone in the duodenum or stomach. The common presentation of non-specific symptoms contributes to the diagnostic uncertainty and delay, which is strongly associated with adverse outcomes. We report an uncomplicated stone extraction via open gastrotomy in an elderly man afflicted with bowel obstruction and biliary vomit secondary to Bouveret syndrome.
Congenital sigmoid mesocolic defect as a cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction
Authors: Sharma Kanika , Dhua Anjan , Thomas Deena , Sankar Mari Jeeva
Published: August 2019

Internal herniation through congenital sigmoid mesocolic defect as a cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction is rarely reported. Clinical judgement combined with judicious use of investigations and prompt exploration is essential to provide immediate relief of the obstruction and salvage the herniated loop of bowel, which otherwise might lead to morbidity and even death. We present a neonate with internal herniation of the ileum through a congenital mesocolic defect which was diagnosed by a prompt abdominal exploration in view of persistent clinical signs of intestinal obstruction. The relevant literature is also discussed highlighting the rarity of neonatal presentation of sigmoid mesocolic defect.
Nivolumab-induced hypothyroidism followed by isolated ACTH deficiency
Authors: Martins Machado Catarina , Almeida Santos Lúcia , Barroso Ana , Oliveira Maria João
Published: August 2019

Cancer immunotherapy has been used in several malignancies with clinical benefit. Despite the clinical success, immune-related adverse events are frequent and endocrinopathies can be particularly severe. We report a 55-year-old male patient with stage IV pulmonary carcinoma treated with nivolumab who presented with thyroid dysfunction after the sixth administration of the drug. One year after thyroid dysfunction, the patient complained of severe fatigue, asthenia and weight loss. Laboratory testing showed low morning cortisol with undetected adrenocorticotropic hormone; other pituitary hormones were normal and MRI showed homogeneous enhancement of the pituitary gland and no space-occupying lesions. The diagnosis of nivolumab-induced hypophysitis was made and replacement treatment with hydrocortisone was started with clinical improvement. This case demonstrates that patients under immunotherapy are at risk for a large spectrum of endocrine dysfunctions that may worsen their prognosis. Close monitoring of these patients is warranted.
Few training sessions between return to play and first match appearance are associated with an increased propensity for injury: a prospective cohort study of male professional football players during 16 consecutive seasons
Authors: Bengtsson Håkan , Ekstrand Jan , Waldén Markus , Hägglund Martin
Published: August 2019

Background

It has been hypothesised that injury risk after return to play following an injury absence is influenced by the amount of training completed before return to competition.

Aim

To analyse if the number of completed training sessions between return to play and the first subsequent match appearance was associated with the odds of injury in men’s professional football.

Methods

From a cohort study, including 303 637 individual matches, 4805 first match appearances after return to play following moderate to severe injuries (≥8 days absence) were analysed. Rate ratios (RRs) were used to compare injury rates in the first match appearances with the average seasonal match injury rate. Odds ratios (ORs) were used to analyse associations between the number of completed training sessions and general (all injuries), muscle, and non-muscle injury odds.

Results

Injury rate in the first match after return to play was increased by 87% compared with the average seasonal match injury rate (46.9 vs 25.0/1000 hours, RR=1.87; 95% CI 1.64 to 2.14). The odds of injury dropped 7% with each training session before the first match (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.87 to 0.98). The same association was found for muscle injuries (OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.79 to 0.95) but not for non-muscle injuries (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.91 to 1.07).

Conclusions

Injury rates in the first match after injury are higher than the average seasonal match injury rate, but the propensity for player injury is decreased when players complete more training sessions before their first match.
Local ownership of health policy and systems research in low-income and middle-income countries: a missing element in the uptake debate
Authors: Vanyoro Kudakwashe Paul , Hawkins Kate , Greenall Matthew , Parry Helen , Keeru Lynda
Published: August 2019

Health policy and systems researchers (HPSRs) in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) aim to influence health systems planning, costing, policy and implementation. Yet, there is still much that we do not know about the types of health systems evidence that are most compelling and impactful to policymakers and community groups, the factors that facilitate the research to decision-making process and the real-world challenges faced when translating research findings into practice in different contexts. Drawing on an analysis of HPSR from LMICs presented at the Fifth Global Symposium on Health Systems Research (HSR 2018), we argue that while there is a recognition in policy studies more broadly about the role of co-production, collective ownership and the value of localised HPSR in the evidence-to-policy discussion, ‘ownership’ of research at country level is a research uptake catalyst that needs to be further emphasised, particularly in the HPSR context. We consider embedded research, participatory or community-initiated research and emergent/responsive research processes, all of which are ‘owned’ by policymakers, healthcare practitioners/managers or community members. We embrace the view that ownership of HPSR by people directly affected by health problems connects research and decision-making in a tangible way, creating pathways to impact.
Relationships between the clinical phenotypes and genetic variants associated with the immunological mechanism in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: protocol for a prospective observational single-centre cohort study
Authors: Chan Han , Lee Hao , Yang Xia , Wang Jingzhi , Yang Xueying , Gan Chun , Xiao Han , Li Qianqian , Jiao Jia , Wu Daoqi , Zhang Gaofu , Wang Mo , Yang Haiping , Li Qiu
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is the most common glomerulopathy that results in childhood chronic kidney disease in China, but the relationships between different clinical phenotypes and immunological genetic variants observed in patients with INS are ambiguous and have not been well studied. A cohort study combined with whole exome sequencing might further identify the effects of immunological genetic variants on clinical phenotypes and treatment outcomes.

Methods and analysis

We describe a 3 year prospective observational single-centre cohort study to be conducted in the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University in China. This study will recruit and investigate 336 patients with childhood-onset INS presenting with different clinical phenotypes. Whole exome sequencing will be conducted when patients progress to a confirmed clinical phenotype during follow-up. Relevant clinical and epidemiological data, as well as conventional specimens, will be collected at study entry and 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 3 years after disease onset. After this cohort is generated, the immunological genetic variants of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome without frequent relapse, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and steroid-dependent/frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome will be evaluated.

Ethics and dissemination

The study protocol is approved by Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (reference number 2018–140). The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations.

Trial registration number

ChiCTR1800019795
Using electronic health record data to establish a chronic kidney disease surveillance system in China: protocol for the China Kidney Disease Network (CK-NET)-Yinzhou Study
Authors: Wang Jinwei , Bao Beiyan , Shen Peng , Kong Guilan , Yang Yu , Sun Xiaoyu , Ding Guohui , Gao Bixia , Yang Chao , Zhao Minghui , Lin Hongbo , Zhang Luxia
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important public health problem worldwide. However, there are few active disease surveillance systems for it. The China Kidney Disease Network (CK-NET) was established as a comprehensive surveillance system for CKD using various data sources. As part of this, the proposed CK-NET-Yinzhou study aims to build a regional surveillance system in a developed coastal area in China to obtain detailed dynamic information about kidney disease and to improve the ability to manage the disease effectively.

Methods and analysis

Yinzhou is a district of Ningbo city, Zhejiang province. The district has a population of more than 1 million. By 2016, 98% were registered in a regional health information system that started in 2009. This system includes administrative databases containing general demographic characteristics, health check information, inpatient and outpatient electronic medical records, health insurance information, disease surveillance and management information, and death certificates. We will use longitudinal individual electronic health record data to identify people with CKD by repeated laboratory measurements and diagnostic codes. We will also evaluate the associated risk factors, prognosis and disease management. An intelligent clinical decision support system (CDSS) will be developed based on clinical guidelines, domain expert knowledge and real-world data, and will be integrated into the hospital information system.

Ethics and dissemination

The CK-NET-Yinzhou study has been reviewed and approved by the Peking University First Hospital Ethics Committee. Privacy of local residents registered with the health information system will be tightly protected through the study process. The findings of the study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal articles, posters and presentations in national and international scientific conferences, as well as among local practitioners through the CDSS.
Modern contraceptive use among sexually active women aged 15–19 years in North-Western Tanzania: results from the Adolescent 360 (A360) baseline survey
Authors: Nsanya Mussa Kelvin , Atchison Christina J , Bottomley Christian , Doyle Aoife Margaret , Kapiga Saidi H
Published: August 2019

Objectives

To describe differences in modern contraceptive use among adolescent women aged 15–19 years according to their marital status and to determine factors associated with modern contraceptive use among sexually active women in this population.

Design

Cross-sectional analysis of Adolescent 360 evaluation baseline survey.

Setting

The 15 urban and semiurban wards of Ilemela district, Mwanza region, North-Western Tanzania.

Participants

Adolescent women aged 15–19 years who were living in the study site from August 2017 to February 2018 and who provided informed consent. Women were classified as married if they had a husband or were living as married. Unmarried women were classified as sexually active if they reported having sexual intercourse in the last 12 months.

Outcome measure

Prevalence of modern contraceptive among adolescent women aged 15–19 years.

Results

Data were available for 3511 women aged 15–19 years, of which 201 (5.7%) were married and 744 (22.5%) were unmarried-sexually active. We found strong evidence of differences in use of modern contraceptive methods according to marital status of adolescent women. Determinants of modern contraception use among unmarried-sexually active women were increasing age, increasing level of education, being in education, hearing of modern contraception from interpersonal sources or in the media in the last 12 months, perceiving partner and/or friends support for contraceptive use, as well as higher knowledge and self efficacy for contraception.

Conclusions

Sexual and reproductive health programmes aiming to increase uptake of modern contraceptives in this population of adolescent women should consider the importance of girl’s education and social support for contraceptive use particularly among unmarried-sexually active women.
Semistructured interviews regarding patients’ perceptions of Choosing Wisely and shared decision-making: an Australian study
Authors: Allen Jacqueline , King Richard , Goergen Stacy K , Melder Angela , Neeman Naama , Hadley Annemarie , Hutchinson Alison M
Published: August 2019

Objectives

This study aimed to examine how patients perceive shared decision-making regarding CT scan referral and use of the five Choosing Wisely questions with their general practitioner (GP).

Design

This is a qualitative exploratory study using semistructured interviews.

Setting

This study was conducted in a large metropolitan public healthcare organisation in urban Australia.

Participants

Following purposive sampling, 20 patients and 2 carers participated. Patient participants aged 18 years or older were eligible if they were attending the healthcare organisation for a CT scan and referred by their GP. Carers/family were eligible to participate when they were in the role of an unpaid carer and were aged 18 years or older. Participants were required to speak English sufficiently to provide informed consent. Participants with cognitive impairment were excluded.

Findings

Eighteen interviews were conducted with the patient only. Two interviews were conducted with the patient and the patient’s carer. Fourteen participants were female. Five themes resulted from the thematic analysis: (1) needing to know, (2) questioning doctors is not necessary, (3) discussing scans is not required, (4) uncertainty about questioning and (5) valuing the Choosing Wisely questions. Participants reported that they presented to their GP with a health problem that they needed to understand and address. Participants accepted their GPs decision to prescribe a CT scan to identify the nature of their problem. They reported ambivalence about engaging in shared decision-making with their doctor, although many participants reported valuing the Choosing Wisely questions.

Conclusions

Shared decision-making is an important principle underpinning Choosing Wisely. Practice implementation requires understanding patients’ motivations to engage in shared decision-making with a focus on attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and emotions. Systems-level support and education for healthcare practitioners in effective communication is important. However, this needs to emphasise communication with patients who have varying degrees of motivation to engage in shared decision-making and Choosing Wisely.
General practice physicians’ and nurses’ self-reported multidisciplinary end-of-life care: a systematic review
Authors: Senior Hugh , Grant Matthew , Rhee Joel J , Aubin Michèle , McVey Peta , Johnson Claire , Monterosso Leanne , Nwachukwu Harriet , Fallon-Ferguson Julia , Yates Patsy , Williams Briony , Mitchell Geoffrey
Published: August 2019

Background

General practitioners (GPs) and general practice nurses (GPNs) face increasing demands to provide end-of-life care (EoLC) as the population ages. To enhance primary palliative care (PC), the care they provide needs to be understood to inform best practice models of care.

Objective

To provide a comprehensive description of the self-reported role and performance of GPs and GPNs in (1) specific medical/nursing roles, (2) communication, (3) care co-ordination, (4) access and out-of-hours care, and (5) multidisciplinary care.

Method

Systematic literature review. Data included papers (2000 to 2017) sought from Medline, Psychinfo, Embase, Joanna Briggs Institute and Cochrane databases.

Results

From 6209 journal articles, 29 reviewed papers reported the GPs’ and GPNs’ role in EoLC or PC practice. GPs report a central role in symptom management, treatment withdrawal, non-malignant disease management and terminal sedation. Information provision included breaking bad news, prognosis and place of death. Psychosocial concerns were often addressed. Quality of communication depended on GP–patient relationships and GP skills. Challenges were unrealistic patient and family expectations, family conflict and lack of advance care planning. GPs often delayed end-of-life discussions until 3 months before death. Home visits were common, but less so for urban, female and part-time GPs. GPs co-ordinated care with secondary care, but in some cases parallel care occurred. Trust in, and availability of, the GP was critical for shared care. There was minimal reference to GPNs’ roles.

Conclusions

GPs play a critical role in palliative care. More work is required on the role of GPNs, case finding and models to promote shared care, home visits and out-of-hours services.
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia from alfentanil
Authors: Virani Farzana , Miller Mary , Gilmour Jeffrey
Published: August 2019

There remains uncertainty regarding the existence, mechanism and frequency of opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Literature to date has been dominated by the phenanthrene opioids, fentanyl and remifentanil. This case draws attention to alfentanil as an additional contributor. In this report, suspected OIH and subsequent reduction in opioid dose led to a dramatic diminution of pain. Omission of such a differential may have led to detrimental consequences. Underlying dementia heightened his vulnerability and illustrates the necessity of clinical expertise in the diagnosis and management of OIH, particularly when diagnostic criteria are lacking. The case demonstrates the need to include OIH as a plausible differential diagnosis in escalating pain where opioid tolerance, disease progression and non-opioid sensitive pain are excluded.
Sex differences in left ventricular remodelling, myocardial fibrosis and mortality after aortic valve replacement
Authors: Singh Anvesha , Musa Tarique Al , Treibel Thomas A , Vassiliou Vassiliou S , Captur Gabriella , Chin Calvin , Dobson Laura E , Pica Silvia , Loudon Margaret , Malley Tamir , Rigolli Marzia , Foley James Robert John , Bijsterveld Petra , Law Graham R , Dweck Marc Richard , Myerson Saul G , Prasad Sanjay K , Moon James C , Greenwood John P , McCann Gerry P
Published: August 2019

Objectives

To investigate sex differences in left ventricular remodelling and outcome in patients undergoing surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (SAVR/TAVR).

Methods

In this multicentre, observational, outcome study with imaging core-lab analysis, patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) listed for intervention at one of six UK centres were prospectively recruited and underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality and secondary endpoint was cardiovascular mortality.

Results

674 patients (425 men, 249 women, age 75±14 years) were included: 399 SAVR, 275 TAVR. Women were older, had higher surgical risk scores and underwent TAVR more frequently (53% vs 33.6%, p<0.001). More men had bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs) (26.7% vs 14.9%, p<0.001) and demonstrated more advanced remodelling than women. During a median follow-up of 3.6 years, 145 (21.5%) patients died, with no significant sex difference in all-cause mortality (23.3% vs 20.5%, p=0.114), but higher cardiovascular mortality in women (13.7% vs 8.5%, p=0.012). There were no significant sex-related differences in outcome in the SAVR or TAVR subgroups, or after excluding those with BAV. Factors independently associated with all-cause mortality were age, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), BAV (better) and myocardial fibrosis detected with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in men, and age, LVEF and LGE in women. Age and LGE were independently associated with cardiovascular mortality in both sexes.

Conclusions

Men demonstrate more advanced remodelling in response to a similar severity of AS. The higher cardiovascular mortality observed in women following AVR is accounted for by women having less BAV and higher risk scores resulting in more TAVR. LGE is associated with a worse prognosis in both sexes.
A cohort study comparing rate of repeat testing for sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections between clients of an internet-based testing programme and of sexually transmitted infection clinics in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Gilbert Mark , Salway Travis , Haag Devon , Elliot Elizabeth , Fairley Christopher , Krajden Mel , Grennan Troy , Shoveller Jean , Ogilvie Gina Suzanne
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Internet-based sexually transmitted and blood-borne infection (STBBI) testing services reduce testing barriers through bypassing face-to-face clinical encounters, potentially enabling clients at ongoing sexual risk to test more frequently. To our knowledge, this hypothesis has not been previously tested. We compared the frequency of repeat testing between Vancouver-based clients ofGetCheckedOnline(GCO)—an internet-based STBBI testing service in British Columbia, Canada—and clients of three sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics in Vancouver for 29 months after GCO launched.

Methods

An administrative data cohort (n=19 497) was assembled using GCO, clinical and laboratory databases. We included all individuals who tested for HIV, gonorrhoea/chlamydia, syphilis or hepatitis C at three STI clinics or using GCO, between September 2014 and February 2017. The rate of repeat testing (>30 days after first episode) was compared between clients who used GCO at least once and those who tested only in STI clinics. Poisson regression was used to generate relative rate (RR) for repeat testing, with adjustment for age, gender/sexual orientation, risk factors (eg, history of STI diagnosis) and rate of testing before GCO launched.

Results

1093 GCO clients were identified, of whom 434 (40%) had repeat test episodes; 8200/18 404 (45%) of clinic clients tested more than once. During the 29-month analysis period, GCO clients repeat tested 1.87 times per person-year, whereas clinic clients repeat tested 1.53 times per person-year, resulting in a crude RR of 1.22 (95% CI: 1.14 to 1.31). Adjustment for covariates increased the RR to 1.26 (95% CI: 1.15 to 1.37).

Conclusions

In this cohort, individuals using internet-based STBBI testing had a rate of repeat testing 22% greater than clinic-based clients. This effect was increased after adjusting for characteristics associated with higher test frequency. The online interface of GCO may facilitate more frequent testing and may therefore contribute to earlier STBBI diagnosis.
Modeling, Analyses, and Optimization of Planar Active Frame Structures Composed of Piezoelectric Beams
Authors: Wu Ke , Fang Houfei , Yang Bingen
Published: August 2019

Frame structures are widely used in engineering applications, especially in space structures. For special use such as shape and vibration control of such structures, piezoelectric patches are usually placed on the beam surfaces to form active frame structures. To perform shape control or vibration control tasks, modeling methods for the formed active frame structures need to be studied. This paper develops a new distributed model of an active frame structure composed of multilayer piezoelectric beam components. First, the governing equations of a beam, bonded with piezoelectric patches, are developed via the generalized Hamilton principle, by considering the transverse shear strain. Then, the analytical solutions of the governing equations and the generalized element stiffness matrix are derived through the distributed transfer function formulation. Finally, the analytical solution of the entire system is obtained by the technique for assembling element stiffness matrix. In numerical simulations, buckling and vibration of an active frame structure are both studied. In addition, a novel Improved Ant Lion algorithm is proposed for optimal design of the frame structures. The optimization examples confirm that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than other existing popular algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Lion Optimization (ALO) algorithm.
AREES at 50: A Semicentennial Celebration
Authors: Futuyma Douglas J.
Published: August 2019

I survey the 50-year history of the Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, retitled Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics in 2003. An overview of reviews up through 2009 portrays much of the history of the series’ subject areas, revealing both lasting themes and great changes in emphasis, theory, evidence, and understanding. Much of the progress has resulted from conceptual innovation and from momentous advances in computation, data analysis, and molecular methodology, some of which have been reviewed in these volumes. Some of the most significant changes entail intercourse between formerly separate realms of study. If the remarkably long citation life of many reviews is any indication, contributions to this series have helped to shape research questions and conceptual development in ecology, evolution, and systematics and their applications to social concerns that range from antibiotic resistance to the ecological consequences of human actions.
Evolutionary and Ecological Consequences of Gut Microbial Communities
Authors: Moran Nancy A. , Ochman Howard , Hammer Tobin J.
Published: August 2019

Animals are distinguished by having guts—organs that must extract nutrients from food yet also bar invasion by pathogens. Most guts are colonized by nonpathogenic microorganisms, but the functions of these microbes, or even the reasons why they occur in the gut, vary widely among animals. Sometimes these microorganisms have codiversified with hosts; sometimes they live mostly elsewhere in the environment. Either way, gut microorganisms often benefit hosts. Benefits may reflect evolutionary addiction, whereby hosts incorporate gut microorganisms into normal developmental processes. But benefits often include novel ecological capabilities; for example, many metazoan clades exist by virtue of gut communities enabling new dietary niches. Animals vary immensely in their dependence on gut microorganisms, from lacking them entirely to using them as food or to obligate dependence for development, nutrition, or protection. Many consequences of gut microorganisms for hosts can be ascribed to microbial community processes and the host's ability to shape these processes.
Salix babylonica L. as a Natural Anticoccidial Alternative in Growing Rabbits
Authors: Rivero-Perez Nallely , Hernández-Alvarado Jerelly L. , Valladares-Carranza Benjamín , Delgadillo-Ruiz Lucía , Ojeda-Ramírez Deyanira , Sosa-Gutiérrez Carolina G. , Morales-Ubaldo Ana L. , Vega-Sanchez Vicente , Zaragoza-Bastida Adrian
Published: August 2019

Coccidiosis in rabbit production is responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. The use of natural antimicrobial substances in rabbits represents a promising way to improve their health and production. The aim of the present study was to assess the activity of Salix babylonica hydroalcoholic extract (SBHE) on the elimination of Eimeria spp. in rabbits. The phytochemical compounds and chemical composition of SBHE were determined. The cytotoxicity of SBHE was determined by a microwell assay using Artemia salina. Twenty-five New Zealand rabbits, 28 days old and 872 ± 171 g body weight (BW), were used in a completely randomized design. The rabbits were assigned to five groups of five rabbits, control group (A) received only basal diet (BD), B group received BD + 25 mg/kg BW of SBHE, C group received BD + 50 mg/kg BW of SBHE, D group received BD + 100 mg/kg BW of SBHE, and E group received BD + coccidiostat Baycox® (75 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. Feces samples were collected at days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28; morphological and morphometric identifications of Eimeria were carried out by the flotation technique and counting of oocysts by the McMaster technique. The rabbits were found naturally infected with Eimeria spp. The SBHE present phytochemicals with anticoccidial activity, and the cytotoxicity test indicate that this extract is nontoxic. This study demonstrates that oral administration of SBHE at 25 and 50 mg/kg BW reduced the release of oocysts per gram of feces. This effect was observed at day 14 and had the most significant effect at day 28 for both concentrations. The results indicate that SBHE could be a natural alternative for the control of coccidiosis in rabbit production.