bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracing Selection Effects in Three Non-Probability Samples
Authors: Barendregt Cas , van der Poel Agnes , van de Mheen Dike
Published: June 2005

Snowball sampling and targeted sampling are widely applied techniques to recruit samples from hidden populations, such as problematic drug users. The disadvantage is that they yield non-probability samples which cannot be generalised to the population. Despite thorough preparatory mapping procedures, selection effects continue to occur. This paper proposes an interpretation frame that allows estimating the direction of selection bias after data collection. Critical examination of the recruitment procedure and comparison with statistical and non-statistical external data sources are the core features of the interpretation frame. Applying the interpretation frame increases insight into the reliability of the results and allows to estimate where selection bias may have occurred.
Alcoholic Case of Central Pontine Myelinolysis with Mainly Cerebellar Signs
Authors: Ozgur-Ilhan Inci , Demirbas Hatice , Yalcın Gulumser Asena , Yucesan Canan , Dogan Yildirim Beyatli
Published: June 2005

The etiology of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is usually related to rapid correction of hyponatremia and alcoholism. Here a case with CPM predominated by cerebellar signs is described, and the neuropsychological assessment of the case is presented as well. Blood biochemistry revealed a normal sodium level and neuropsychological examination revealed impairment in attention and concentration, reduced immediate memory span, and impaired delayed recall. Further studies are needed to discover whether these neuropsychological signs are specific for CPM or due to alcoholism in general.
Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect and of Conditioning
Authors: Haour France
Published: June 2005

A placebo is a sham treatment, such as a pill, liquid, or injection without biological activity, used in pharmacology to control for the activity of a drug. However, in many cases this placebo induces biological or psychological effects in the human. Two theories have been proposed to explain the placebo effect: the conditioning theory, which states that the placebo effect is a conditioned response, and the mentalistic theory, which sees the patient’s expectation as the primary cause of the placebo effect. The mechanisms involved in these processes are beginning to be understood through new techniques of investigation in neuroscience. Dopamine and the endorphins have been clearly shown to be mediators of placebo effects. Brain imaging has demonstrated that placebos can mimic the effect of the active drugs and activate the same brain areas. This is the case for placebo-dopamine in Parkinson’s disease, for placebo-analgesics or antidepressants, and for placebo-caffeine in the healthy subject. It remains to be understood how conditioning and expectation are able to activate memory loops in the brain that reproduce the expected biological responses.
CD30 Antigen and Multiple Sclerosis: CD30, an Important Costimulatory Molecule and Marker of a Regulatory Subpopulation of Dendritic Cells, Is Involved in the Maintenance of the Physiological Balance between TH1/TH2 Immune Responses and Tolerance
Authors: Pellegrini Patrizia , Totaro Rocco , Contasta Ida , Berghella Anna Maria , Carolei Antonio , Adorno Domenico
Published: June 2005

Objectives: The immunological effect of CD30 on dendritic cells (DCs) was examined in a comparative study of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of interferon (IFN)β-1a treatment: IFNβ-1a-treated patients and untreated patients. We have already shown that CD30 is a marker of cells involved in the regulation of the balance between TH1 and TH2 immune responses and so the aim of this study was to confirm this role in DCs and, consequently, to clarify the immunopathological mechanisms of MS and the causes of immunosuppressive drug failure. Methods: We studied network interactions between soluble (s) CD30 and TH1/TH2 cytokines in the supernatants of CD14+-derived immature DC (IDC) and DC cultures from treated and untreated patients. Network interactions between the sCD30 and cytokines in IDC and DC supernatants were also evaluated in relation to TH1/TH2 cytokine serum levels. Results: Our overall results show that CD30 is expressed on IDCs and DCs, indicating an immunological role in resting and activated physiological conditions. This role would appear to be the regulation of the resting and activated physiological balance between the TH1/TH2 immune functions as abnormal increases in sCD30 levels result in impaired regulation. Further studies are undoubtedly required to clarify this situation. IFNβ-1a treatment was found to determine a fall in sCD30 levels, leading to the restoration of the normal functional selection of IDCs from progenitor cells and the regulation of the TH1/TH2 network balance. However, IFNβ-1a treatment may also be responsible for the in vivo suppression of CD30-mediated TH1-DC functions in immune activation. TH1-DC functions are involved in the induction of T-regulatory cells for the physiological deletion of self-aggressive cells. Conclusion: We conclude that CD30 is an important costimulatory molecule and marker of a regulatory subpopulation of DCs which induces and modulates immune cells involved in the maintenance of the physiological balance between TH1/TH2 immune responses and tolerance. Elucidating the mechanisms restoring DC and T-regulatory cell function could lead to more effective therapy and strategies for the prevention and treatment of immunopathological conditions such as autoimmunity, transplant rejection, allergy and tumors.
Cultured Human Adult Microglia from Different Donors Display Stable Cytokine, Chemokine and Growth Factor Gene Profiles but Respond Differently to a Pro-Inflammatory Stimulus
Authors: Meeuwsen Sonja , Bsibsi Malika , Persoon-Deen Carla , Ravid Rivka , van Noort Johannes M.
Published: June 2005

Objectives: Brain microglia are highly responsive cells in the central nervous system that exert key functions in host defense as well as in neuroprotection and regeneration. In this study the gene expression profiles for 268 cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and their receptors were examined in cultures of purified human adult microglia, using cDNA array profiling. Methods: Microglia from 9 different donors were compared, also following challenge of such microglia with the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ. Results: A stable pattern was observed of genes abundantly expressed in the different cultures under standard conditions. Genes abundantly expressed in all microglia cultures include CCL2 (MCP-1), thymosin β-10, migration-inhibitory factor-related protein 8 (MRP8), MRP14, corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 and endothelin 2. Abundant gene products novel to microglia were neuromodulin (GAP43) and Flt3 ligand. Yet, treatment with TNF-α and IFN-γ led to widely different response profiles among the different cultures. Conclusion: These data show a surprising level of heterogeneity among human adult microglia cultures in their response to a pro-inflammatory stimulus despite the standardized methodology to examine this response.
Evaluation of Nasal Mucociliary Functions with Rhinoscintigraphy in Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis
Authors: Peksoy Irfan , Ugur Mehmet Birol , Altin Remzi , Cinar Fikret , Uzun Lokman , Cabuk Mehmet , Kart Levent
Published: June 2005

Objective: To compare nasal mucociliary clearance (NMC) functions in coal workers with pneumoconiosis, coal workers without pneumoconiosis and healthy controls by using technetium-99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin rhinoscintigraphy. Methods: Sixty-five of the 86 coal workers were clinically documented as suffering from coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP group). CWP workers were divided into two groups according to smoking status: 44 smokers (CWP-S) and 21 nonsmokers (CWP-NS). Twenty-one workers without pneumoconiosis (NCWP group) were similarly divided into two groups: 12 smokers (NCWP-S) and 9 nonsmokers (NCWP-NS). Thirty-three healthy male volunteers were selected for the control group [15 smokers (control-S), 18 nonsmokers (control-NS)]. The half-time (t½) value for the clearance of the radiopharmaceutical was calculated for each patient. Results: Mean t½ values for CWP-S, CWP-NS, NCWP-S, NCWP-NS, control-S and control-NS were 25.10 ± 7.75, 10.97 ± 3.24, 14.68 ± 4.98, 9.17 ± 3.71, 19.15 ± 5.04 and 15.08 ± 5.11, respectively (p < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis). Further, mean t½ values of smokers versus nonsmokers in CWP, NCWP and control groups were compared, and it was found that although smoking prolonged nasal transport time in all three groups, the difference was significant only in the CWP group (p < 0.001, p < 0.023 and p < 0.027, respectively, Bonferroni-adjusted Mann-Whitney test). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated a synergistic detrimental effect of smoking with coal dust exposure on nasal transport time.
Rate of Admission and Long-Term Prognosis among Patients with Acute Chest Pain in the 1990s Compared with the 1980s
Authors: Herlitz Johan , Karlson Björn W. , Karlsson Thomas , Stensdotter Lillemor , Sjölin Margareta
Published: June 2005

We describe the incidence of acute chest pain (requiring admission to the emergency department) and the prognosis during two time periods in all patients admitted to the emergency department at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Göteborg, Sweden, with acute chest pain 1986 and 1987 (period 1) and 1996 and 1997 (period 2). The rate of admission for chest pain/100,000 inhabitants was 4.7/day during period 1 and 5.0/day during period 2. The risk ratio for death adjusted for eight risk factors during period 2 in relation to period 1 was 0.88 (95% CI 0.79–0.97). There was a significant interaction between time period and the severity of the final diagnosis (p = 0.02), indicating a greater reduction in mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Altered Postural Control during the Luteal Phase in Women with Premenstrual Symptoms
Authors: Fridén Cecilia , Ramsey Dan K. , Bäckström Torbjörn , Benoit Daniel L. , Saartok Tönu , Lindén Hirschberg Angelica
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate postural control in women with and without premenstrual symptoms (PMS) in three hormonally verified phases of the menstrual cycle. Thirty-two women were recruited to participate in the study and 25 of these women were included in the results. Menstrual cycle phases were determined by sex hormone analyses in serum and LH detection in urine. A prospective rating of PMS was used to divide the subjects into two groups: one with PMS (cyclic) and one without (non-cyclic). For measurement of postural control, subjects stood on a force platform (AMTI®) in two-legged stance (eyes open and closed) and one-legged stance (eyes open and closed). There were no significant differences in the two-legged stance between the phases of the menstrual cycle or between groups. In one-legged stance with eyes open, there was a significant increase in postural displacement in the mid-luteal phase in the cyclic group, but no differences were detected between phases in the non-cyclic group. These findings may be related to the previously reported increased injury rate and psychomotor slowing in the luteal phase in women with PMS.
Growth Hormone Treatment of Short Stature: Status of the Quality of Life Rationale
Authors: Sandberg David E. , Colsman Melissa
Published: June 2005

The unlimited availability of biosynthetic human growth hormone (rhGH) has contributed to the disassociation of the treatment of short stature from its causes. The rationale for treatment has traditionally rested upon the assumption that short stature, in the extreme, may constitute a physical disability, and otherwise represents a significant psychosocial burden for the individual. This review summarizes what is known about the psychosocial aspects of short stature and the quality of life benefits of rhGH treatment. Stereotypes and assumptions about short stature are evaluated in light of empirical findings. Problems of psychosocial adjustment are relatively common in the general population. Because of the salience of short stature, and its potential to serve as a lightning rod to divert attention from other factors interfering with a healthy psychological adaptation, the clinician must be watchful of misattributions for ongoing problems, or unrealistic predictions of the benefits of taller stature. For these reasons, the clinician should consider incorporating a psychosocial component in the diagnostic evaluation to broaden potential treatment recommendations. Finally, studies of factors influencing family decisions regarding factors for and against rhGH therapy provide important clues to how clinicians might enhance the informed consent process.
Influence of the Cyto-Protective Agent Amifostine on the Pharmacokinetics of Low-Dose Paclitaxel
Authors: Juan Oscar , Rocher Amparo , Sánchez Agustín , Sánchez José Javier , Alberola Vicente
Published: June 2005

Background: Pharmacokinetic parameters (PHK) of low-dose weekly paclitaxel (PAC) are not well known, particularly when administered with the cytoprotective agent amifostine (AMI). Methods: Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) received PAC alone or PAC + AMI. Blood samples were drawn at the end of the infusion at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h for the measurement of plasma PAC using HPLC. Area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), the peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and the residence time of paclitaxel in plasma at concentrations >0.1 µM (TPP ≧0.1) and >0.05 µM (TPP ≧0.05) were calculated using a two-compartmental model. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results: Pharmacokinetic studies were completed for 43 doses among 11 patients receiving PAC alone and for 26 doses among 8 patients receiving the combination AMI + PAC (from the first to the fifth week). Statistically significant differences in all parameters except AUC were observed between the 2 treatment groups. A significantly higher Cmax was observed for patients receiving PAC + AMI versus PAC alone. Both TPP ≧0.1 and TPP ≧0.05 were also more prolonged in AMI + PAC cycles. Conclusion: AMI produces a prolongation in PAC plasma circulation time. Further specifically designed studies are needed to quantify the resultant effects on PAC’s efficacy and toxicity.
TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Human Vascular Endothelium Is Regulated by Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt through the Short Form of Cellular FLIP and Bcl-2
Authors: Alladina Salima J. , Song Jin H. , Davidge Sandra T. , Hao Chunhai , Easton Alexander S.
Published: June 2005

Background: Apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells plays a central role in angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms of endothelial apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) following inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). It examines downstream regulation and activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Methods and Results: By flow cytometry, TRAIL receptors 2 and 3 were present to a greater extent than receptors 1 and 4. TRAIL reduced cell numbers in combination with the PI3K inhibitor LY 294002. TRAIL (100 ng/ml) with LY 294002 (20 µmol/l) activated the extrinsic pathway, causing progressive cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-3. Activation of the intrinsic pathway proceeded by release of mitochondrial factors Smac/DIABLO and cytochrome c, and caspase-9 cleavage. LY 294002 reduced phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), with early loss of the short form of cellular FLIP (c-FLIPS) and concurrent reduction of Bcl-2. Treatment with small interfering RNA against PI3K also reduced c-FLIPS and Bcl-2, and cotreatment with TRAIL triggered caspase-3 cleavage. Conclusions: This study details the molecular regulation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in vascular endothelium. Inhibition of PI3K reduces p-Akt, with concurrent reductions in c-FLIPS and Bcl-2, and so renders endothelium sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
The Differential Effect of Skin Color on Attractiveness, Personality Evaluations, and Perceived Life Success of African Americans
Authors: Wade T. Joel , Bielitz Sara
Published: June 2005

Skin color in relation to perceived attractiveness, personality ratings, and perceived life success of African Americans was investigated in a 2 (sex of participant) 2 (skin color of stimulus person) 2 (sex of stimulus person) design. Based on prior research, Skin Color Sex of Stimulus Person and Sex of Participant Skin Color interactions were hypothesized. Lighter skinned African American women and dark-skinned African American men were expected to receive higher attractiveness, personality, and life success ratings from White participants. In addition, women were expected to rate dark-skinned individuals higher. The results obtained supported the hypotheses for perceived life success only. African American women with fair skin were rated higher than fair-skinned African American men on intelligence and parenting skills. In addition, women rated dark-skinned individuals higher than men did on intelligence. Women also rated the dark-skinned individuals higher than fair-skinned individuals on enthusiasm. Findings are discussed in terms of marketplace theory.!
Attracting Supermarkets to Inner-City Neighborhoods: Economic Development Outside the Box
Authors: Pothukuchi Kameshwari
Published: June 2005

The paucity of accessible supermarkets is a continuing concern in inner-city communities. Based on a survey of planners in 32 communities, this article examines initiatives to encourage grocery retail investment, reasons for the existence or absence of initiatives, and factors in successful developments. This research shows that systematic, citywide grocery initiatives are rare, with such efforts limited to particular sites or developments. Reliance on private initiatives, absence of grassroots requests for action, and assignment of lower priority to grocery stores in commercial revitalization programs explain planner inaction. Successful initiatives are characterized by political leadership, competent public agency participation, and, often, partnerships with nonprofit agencies. This article also presents recommendations for community and economic development planners to increase grocery investment in underserved areas.
Perceived Barriers to Career Development in the Context of Social Cognitive Career Theory
Authors: Lindley Lori D.
Published: June 2005

Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) is a complex and extensively researched theory of career choice and performance. Relationships among several key variables of SCCT, including self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and perceived barriers, and their relationships to career choice were investigated. Contrary to prediction, outcome expectations for careers in several Holland themes were positively related to perceived career and educational barriers for women. Self-efficacy for careers in various Holland themes was more strongly associated with beliefs about coping with barriers for men than for women. In support of one of the major predictions of SCCT, high rates of correspondence were found between participants’ career choices and their highest self-efficacy and outcome expectation scores. Explanations for unexpected findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Career Decision Self-Efficacy, Career Barriers, and College Women’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Albaugh Lisa M. , Nauta Margaret M.
Published: June 2005

Relationships between college women’s experiences of violence from intimate partners, career decision self-efficacy, and perceived career barriers were assessed using social cognitive career theory as a theoretical guide. Among 129 students, sexual coercion was negatively associated with three aspects of career decision self-efficacy (self-appraisal, goal-selection, and problem solving) after adjustment for symptoms of depression, whereas negotiation (a positive conflict tactic) was positively associated with goal-selection self-efficacy. Psychological aggression, physical assault, and injury were not uniquely associated with career decision self-efficacy. Intimate partner abuse was generally unrelated to perceived barriers, with the exception of disability/health concerns, which were negatively related to psychological aggression, sexual coercion, and negotiation. Ideas for future research and implications for career counselors who work with female college students are presented.
Examining Contextual Factors in the Career Decision Status of African American Adolescents
Authors: Constantine Madonna G. , Wallace Barbara C. , Kindaichi Mai M.
Published: June 2005

This study examined the extent to which perceived occupational barriers and perceived parental support predicted career certainty and career indecision in a sample of African American adolescents. Perceived occupational barriers were positively predictive of career indecision, and perceived parental support was positively associated with career certainty. The results provided support for the importance of considering contextual variables, such as perceived occupational barriers and perceived parental support, in the career decision-making processes of African American adolescents. The results also highlighted the salience of social cognitive career theory in conceptualizing career-related issues in African American high school students. Future research directions are discussed.
Dharma and Interest-Occupation Congruence in Asian Indian College Students
Authors: Gupta Saurabh , Tracey Terence J. G.
Published: June 2005

Interest-occupation congruence and career exploration behaviors were examined in a sample of 107 White and 83 Asian Indian American college students. It was hypothesized that there would be both intergroup differences and intragroup differences. Asian Indians were expected to evidence less congruence and career exploration than Whites. The specific intragroup differences examined were the endorsement of Dharmic values (an Indian value of tradition and duty), which was hypothesized to be related to lower congruence and less career exploration. Results of hierarchical regressions demonstrated that the hypotheses were supported with respect to congruence but not career exploration. Results are discussed with respect to the importance of duty in the career selection process and Asian Indians in particular.
Comparing the Distortionary Effects of Alternative Intergovernmental Transfers
Authors: Jack William
Published: June 2005

This article compares the distortions associated with alternative intergovernmental allocation rules when a central authority provides inputs for the provision of social services by local governments, as well as when local governments differ in their needs. Under a quantity-based mechanism, the input choices of high-need localities will tend to be distorted downward. To convince the center of their higher needs, these communities signal their status by spending too little. However, under an expenditure-based mechanism, the direction of distortion of the input choices of high-need localities depends on the price elasticity of demand for the local input. When demand is inelastic (elastic), to signal their high needs, high-need localities spend too much (little) on local inputs. If social services have positive interjurisdictional externalities, expenditure-based mechanisms are preferred, at least in the case of inelastic demand.
Mosaicism of NK cells in a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Authors: Lutskiy Maxim I. , Beardsley Diana S. , Rosen Fred S. , Remold-O'Donnell Eileen
Published: June 2005

Rare cases of somatic mosaicism resulting from reversion of inherited mutations can lead to the attenuation of blood-cell disorders, including Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS). The impact of the revertant hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, particularly their representation in blood-cell populations, is of interest because it predicts the outcome of gene therapy. Here we report an 8-year-old patient with WAS caused by a single nucleotide insertion in the WASP gene that abrogates protein expression. The patient nonetheless had mild disease. We found reversion of the mutation in a fraction of patient lymphocytes. Forty percent of natural killer (NK) cells expressed Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), and NK cells contained both mutated and revertant (normal) sequences. WASP was not expressed in patient T or B cells; T cells contained only the mutated sequence. The selective advantage of WASP+ NK cells was also demonstrated for carrier females. The enrichment of WASP+-revertant NK cells indicates that WASP provides a selective advantage in this lineage and predicts the success of gene therapy for reconstituting the NK-cell compartment. The importance of reconstituting the NK-cell lineage is discussed. (Blood. 2005;106:2815-2817)
Transcription profiling of C/EBP targets identifies Per2 as a gene implicated in myeloid leukemia
Authors: Gery Sigal , Gombart Adrian F. , Yi William S. , Koeffler Chloe , Hofmann Wolf-K. , Koeffler H. Phillip
Published: June 2005

CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate cell growth and differentiation in numerous cell types. To identify novel C/EBP-target genes, we performed transcriptional profiling using inducible NIH 3T3 cell lines expressing 1 of 4 members of the C/EBP family. Functional analysis revealed a previously unknown link between C/EBP proteins and circadian clock genes. Our microarray data showed that the expression levels of 2 core components of the circadian network, Per2 and Rev-Erbα, were significantly altered by C/EBPs. Recent studies suggested that Per2 behaves as a tumor suppressor gene in mice. Therefore, we focused our additional studies on Per2. We showed that Per2 expression is up-regulated by C/EBPα and C/EBPϵ. Per2 levels were reduced in lymphoma cell lines and in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient samples. In addition, we generated stable K562 cells that expressed an inducible Per2 gene. Induction of Per2 expression resulted in growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and loss of clonogenic ability. These results suggest that Per2 is a downstream C/EBPα-target gene involved in AML, and its disruption might be involved in initiation and/or progression of AML. (Blood. 2005; 106:2827-2836)
Hemolysis-associated priapism in sickle cell disease
Authors: Nolan Vikki G. , Wyszynski Diego F. , Farrer Lindsay A. , Steinberg Martin H.
Published: June 2005

Priapism, although uncommon in the general population, is one of the many serious complications associated with sickle cell disease (SCD). Few studies have described the clinical and hematologic characteristics of individuals with priapism and SCD. Using data from the Cooperative Study for Sickle Cell Disease, we assembled 273 case subjects with priapism and 979 control subjects. Case subjects, compared with control subjects, had significantly lower levels of hemoglobin; higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, and aspartate aminotransferase; and higher reticulocyte, white blood cell, and platelet counts. These findings suggest an association of priapism with increased hemolysis. Hemolysis decreases the availability of circulating nitric oxide, which plays an important role in erectile function.
Green tea polyphenol extract attenuates lung injury in experimental model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy in mice
Authors: Di Paola Rosanna , Mazzon Emanuela , Muià Carmelo , Genovese Tiziana , Menegazzi Marta , Zaffini Raffaela , Suzuki Hisanory , Cuzzocrea Salvatore
Published: June 2005

Here we investigate the effects of the green tea extract in an animal model of acute inflammation, carrageenan-induced pleurisy. We report here that green tea extract (given at 25 mg/kg i.p. bolus 1 h prior to carrageenan), exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects in an animal model of acute inflammation in vivo.

Injection of carrageenan (2%) into the pleural cavity of mice elicited an acute inflammatory response characterized by fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity that contained many neutrophils (PMNs), an infiltration of PMNs in lung tissues and increased production of nitrite/nitrate, tumour necrosis factor alpha. All parameters of inflammation were attenuated by green tea extract treatment. Furthermore, carrageenan induced an up-regulation of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1, as well as nitrotyrosine and poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS) formation, as determined by immunohistochemical analysis of lung tissues. Staining for the ICAM-1, nitrotyrosine, and PARS was reduced by green tea extract.

Our results clearly demonstrate that treatment with green tea extract exerts a protective effect and offers a novel therapeutic approach for the management of lung injury.
FACT – a framework for the functional interpretation of high-throughput experiments
Authors: Kokocinski Felix , Delhomme Nicolas , Wrobel Gunnar , Hummerich Lars , Toedt Grischa , Lichter Peter
Published: June 2005

Background

Interpreting the results of high-throughput experiments, such as those obtained from DNA-microarrays, is an often time-consuming task due to the high number of data-points that need to be analyzed in parallel. It is usually a matter of extensive testing and unknown beforehand, which of the possible approaches for the functional analysis will be the most informative

Results

To address this problem, we have developed the Flexible Annotation and Correlation Tool (FACT). FACT allows for detection of important patterns in large data sets by simplifying the integration of heterogeneous data sources and the subsequent application of different algorithms for statistical evaluation or visualization of the annotated data. The system is constantly extended to include additional annotation data and comparison methods.

Conclusion

FACT serves as a highly flexible framework for the explorative analysis of large genomic and proteomic result sets. The program can be used online; open source code and supplementary information are available at http://www.factweb.de.
Dynamic assembly, localization and proteolysis of the Bacillus subtilis SMC complex
Authors: Mascarenhas Judita , Volkov Arsen V , Rinn Cornelia , Schiener Jens , Guckenberger Reinhard , Graumann Peter L
Published: June 2005

Background

SMC proteins are key components of several protein complexes that perform vital tasks in different chromosome dynamics. Bacterial SMC forms a complex with ScpA and ScpB that is essential for chromosome arrangement and segregation. The complex localizes to discrete centres on the nucleoids that during most of the time of the cell cycle localize in a bipolar manner. The complex binds to DNA and condenses DNA in an as yet unknown manner.

Results

We show that in vitro, ScpA and ScpB form different complexes with each other, among which the level of the putative 2 ScpA/4 ScpB complex showed a pronounced decrease in level upon addition of SMC protein. Different mutations of the ATPase-binding pocket of SMC reduced, but did not abolish interaction of mutant SMC with ScpA and ScpB. The loss of SMC ATPase activity led to a loss of function in vivo, and abolished proper localization of the SMC complex. The formation of bipolar SMC centres was also lost after repression of gyrase activity, and was abnormal during inhibition of replication, resulting in single central clusters. Resumption of replication quickly re-established bipolar SMC centres, showing that proper localization depends on ongoing replication. We also found that the SMC protein is subject to induced proteolysis, most strikingly as cells enter stationary phase, which is partly achieved by ClpX and LonA proteases. Atomic force microscopy revealed the existence of high order rosette-like SMC structures in vitro, which might explain the formation of the SMC centres in vivo.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that a ScpA/ScpB sub-complex is directly recruited into the SMC complex. This process does not require SMC ATPase activity, which, however, appears to facilitate loading of ScpA and ScpB. Thus, the activity of SMC could be regulated through binding and release of ScpA and ScpB, which has been shown to affect SMC ATPase activity. The proper bipolar localization of the SMC complex depends on a variety of physiological aspects: ongoing replication, ATPase activity and chromosome supercoiling. Because the cellular concentration of SMC protein is also regulated at the posttranscriptional level, the activity of SMC is apparently regulated at multiple levels.
Genes involved in Drosophilaglutamate receptor expression and localization
Authors: Liebl Faith LW , Featherstone David E
Published: June 2005

Background

A clear picture of the mechanisms controlling glutamate receptor expression, localization, and stability remains elusive, possibly due to an incomplete understanding of the proteins involved. We screened transposon mutants generated by the ongoing Drosophila Gene Disruption Project in an effort to identify the different types of genes required for glutamate receptor cluster development.

Results

To enrich for non-silent insertions with severe disruptions in glutamate receptor clustering, we identified and focused on homozygous lethal mutants in a collection of 2185 BG and KG transposon mutants generated by the BDGP Gene Disruption Project. 202 lethal mutant lines were individually dissected to expose glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions, stained using antibodies that recognize neuronal membrane and the glutamate receptor subunit GluRIIA, and viewed using laser-scanning confocal microscopy. We identified 57 mutants with qualitative differences in GluRIIA expression and/or localization. 84% of mutants showed loss of receptors and/or clusters; 16% of mutants showed an increase in receptors. Insertion loci encode a variety of protein types, including cytoskeleton proteins and regulators, kinases, phosphatases, ubiquitin ligases, mucins, cell adhesion proteins, transporters, proteins controlling gene expression and protein translation, and proteins of unknown/novel function. Expression pattern analyses and complementation tests, however, suggest that any single mutant – even if a mutant gene is uniquely tagged – must be interpreted with caution until the mutation is validated genetically and phenotypically.

Conclusion

Our study identified 57 transposon mutants with qualitative differences in glutamate receptor expression and localization. Despite transposon tagging of every insertion locus, extensive validation is needed before one can have confidence in the role of any individual gene. Alternatively, one can focus on the types of genes identified, rather than the identities of individual genes. This genomic approach, which circumvents many technical caveats in favor of a wider perspective, suggests that glutamate receptor cluster formation involves many cellular processes, including: 1) cell adhesion and signaling, 2) extensive and relatively specific regulation of gene expression and RNA, 3) the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and 4) many novel/unexplored processes, such as those involving mucin/polycystin-like proteins and proteins of unknown function.
Transmission dynamics of rabies virus in Thailand: Implications for disease control
Authors: Denduangboripant Jessada , Wacharapluesadee Supaporn , Lumlertdacha Boonlert , Ruankaew Nipada , Hoonsuwan Wirongrong , Puanghat Apirom , Hemachudha Thiravat
Published: June 2005

Background

In Thailand, rabies remains a neglected disease with authorities continuing to rely on human death statistics while ignoring the financial burden resulting from an enormous increase in post-exposure prophylaxis. Past attempts to conduct a mass dog vaccination and sterilization program have been limited to Bangkok city and have not been successful. We have used molecular epidemiology to define geographic localization of rabies virus phylogroups and their pattern of spread in Thailand.

Methods

We analyzed 239 nucleoprotein gene sequences from animal and human brain samples collected from all over Thailand between 1998 and 2002. We then reconstructed a phylogenetic tree correlating these data with geographical information.

Results

All sequences formed a monophyletic tree of 2 distinct phylogroups, TH1 and TH2. Three subgroups were identified in the TH1 subgroup and were distributed in the middle region of the country. Eight subgroups of TH2 viruses were identified widely distributed throughout the country overlapping the TH1 territory. There was a correlation between human-dependent transportation routes and the distribution of virus.

Conclusion

Inter-regional migration paths of the viruses might be correlated with translocation of dogs associated with humans. Interconnecting factors between human socioeconomic and population density might determine the transmission dynamics of virus in a rural-to-urban polarity. The presence of 2 or more rabies virus groups in a location might be indicative of a gene flow, reflecting a translocation of dogs within such region and adjacent areas. Different approaches may be required for rabies control based on the homo- or heterogeneity of the virus. Areas containing homogeneous virus populations should be targeted first. Control of dog movement associated with humans is essential.
Household cost-benefit equations and sustainable universal childhood immunisation: a randomised cluster controlled trial in south Pakistan [ISRCTN12421731]
Authors: Andersson Neil , Cockcroft Anne , Ansari Noor , Omer Khalid , Losos Joe , Ledogar Robert J , Tugwell Peter , Shea Beverley
Published: June 2005

Background

Household decision-makers decide about service use based largely on the costs and perceived benefits of health interventions. Very often this leads to different decisions than those imagined by health planners, resulting in under-utilisation of public services like immunisation. In the case of Lasbela district in the south of Pakistan, only one in every ten children is immunised despite free immunisation offers by government health services.

Methods/design

In 32 communities representative of Lasbela district, 3344 households participated in a baseline survey on early child health. In the 18 randomly selected intervention communities, we will stimulate discussions on the household cost-benefit equation, as measured in the baseline. The reference (control) communities will also participate in the three annual follow-up surveys, feedback of the general survey results and the usual health promotion activities relating to immunisation, but without focussed discussion on the household cost-benefit equations.

Discussion

This project proposes knowledge translation as a two-way communication that can be augmented by local and international evidence. We will document cultural and contextual barriers to immunisation in the context of household cost-benefit equations. The project makes this information accessible to health managers, and reciprocally, makes information on immunisation effects and side effects available to communities. We will measure the impact of this two-way knowledge translation on immunisation uptake.
Immunologic testing of xeno-derived osteochondral grafts using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy human donors
Authors: Hetherington Vincent J , Kawalec Jill S , Dockery Douglas S , Targoni Oleg S , Lehmann Paul V , Nadler Daniel
Published: June 2005

Background

One means of treating osteoarthritis is with autologous or allogeneic osteochondral grafts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the innate immunological response in humans toward xeno-derived osteochondral grafts that have been partially or entirely treated by the photooxidation process.

Methods

The antigens tested included bovine, porcine, ovine and equine osteochondral samples that have been treated in successive steps of photooxidation. ELISPOT assays were used to evaluate the production of IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α by human monocytes in response to the antigens.

Results

Results indicated vigorous production of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in response to untreated bovine, porcine and equine specimens. This indicates that these samples are perceived as foreign, or stimulatory, by the human monocytes. There was no induction of IL-4 or IL-12, which is required for Th2 and Th1 immunity, respectively. In contrast, the processed bovine, porcine and equine samples did not induce significant activation of cells of the innate immune system. This occurred after the first step in processing (after cleaning in increasing strengths of ethanol). This suggests that the processing steps dramatically, if not completely, negated the immunostimulatory properties of the test sample. The results for the ovine samples indicate a reverse response.

Conclusion

The findings of the study suggest that photooxidized bovine, porcine or equine samples have the potential to be used as an osteochondral graft. Although the first step in processing reduced the immunological response, photooxidation is still necessary to retain the structure and mechanical integrity of the cartilage, which would allow for immediate joint resurfacing.
Electronic learning can facilitate student performance in undergraduate surgical education: a prospective observational study
Authors: Healy David Gerard , Fleming Fergal J , Gilhooley David , Felle Patrick , Wood Alfred Edward , Gorey Thomas , McDermott Enda W , Fitzpatrick John M , O'Higgins Niall J , Hill Arnold DK
Published: June 2005

Background

Our institution recently introduced a novel internet accessible computer aided learning (iCAL) programme to complement existing surgical undergraduate teaching methods. On graduation of the first full cycle of undergraduate students to whom this resource was available we assessed the utility of this new teaching facility.

Method

The computer programme prospectively records usage of the system on an individual user basis. We evaluated the utilisation of the web-based programme and its impact on class ranking changes from an entry-test evaluation to an exit examination in surgery.

Results

74.4% of students were able to access iCAL from off-campus internet access. The majority of iCAL usage (64.6%) took place during working hours (08:00–18:00) with little usage on the weekend (21.1%). Working hours usage was positively associated with improvement in class rank (P = 0.025, n = 148) but out-of hours usage was not (P = 0.306). Usage during weekdays was associated with improved rank (P = 0.04), whereas weekend usage was not (P = 0.504). There were no significant differences in usage between genders (P = 0.3). Usage of the iCAL system was positively correlated with improvement in class rank from the entry to the exit examination (P = 0.046). Students with lower ranks on entry examination, were found to use the computer system more frequently (P = 0.01).

Conclusion

Electronic learning complements traditional teaching methods in undergraduate surgical teaching. Its is more frequently used by students achieving lower class ranking with traditional teaching methods, and this usage is associated with improvements in class ranking.
The central role of vascular extracellular matrix and basement membrane remodeling in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: the matrix preloaded
Authors: Hayden Melvin R , Sowers James R , Tyagi Suresh C
Published: June 2005

The vascular endothelial basement membrane and extra cellular matrix is a compilation of different macromolecules organized by physical entanglements, opposing ionic charges, chemical covalent bonding, and cross-linking into a biomechanically active polymer. These matrices provide a gel-like form and scaffolding structure with regional tensile strength provided by collagens, elasticity by elastins, adhesiveness by structural glycoproteins, compressibility by proteoglycans – hyaluronans, and communicability by a family of integrins, which exchanges information between cells and between cells and the extracellular matrix of vascular tissues.

Each component of the extracellular matrix and specifically the capillary basement membrane possesses unique structural properties and interactions with one another, which determine the separate and combined roles in the multiple diabetic complications or diabetic opathies.

Metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and their parallel companion (atheroscleropathy) are associated with multiple metabolic toxicities and chronic injurious stimuli. The adaptable quality of a matrix or form genetically preloaded with the necessary information to communicate and respond to an ever-changing environment, which supports the interstitium, capillary and arterial vessel wall is individually examined.
Interaction of silver nanoparticles with HIV-1
Authors: Elechiguerra Jose Luis , Burt Justin L , Morones Jose R , Camacho-Bragado Alejandra , Gao Xiaoxia , Lara Humberto H , Yacaman Miguel Jose
Published: June 2005

The interaction of nanoparticles with biomolecules and microorganisms is an expanding field of research. Within this field, an area that has been largely unexplored is the interaction of metal nanoparticles with viruses. In this work, we demonstrate that silver nanoparticles undergo a size-dependent interaction with HIV-1, with nanoparticles exclusively in the range of 1–10 nm attached to the virus. The regular spatial arrangement of the attached nanoparticles, the center-to-center distance between nanoparticles, and the fact that the exposed sulfur-bearing residues of the glycoprotein knobs would be attractive sites for nanoparticle interaction suggest that silver nanoparticles interact with the HIV-1 virus via preferential binding to the gp120 glycoprotein knobs. Due to this interaction, silver nanoparticles inhibit the virus from binding to host cells, as demonstrated in vitro.
The evolutionary origins and significance of drug addiction
Authors: Saah Tammy
Published: June 2005

By looking at drug addiction from an evolutionary perspective, we may understand its underlying significance and evaluate its three-fold nature: biology, psychology, and social influences. In this investigation it is important to delve into the co-evolution of mammalian brains and ancient psychotropic plants. Gaining an understanding of the implications of ancient psychotropic substance use in altering mammalian brains will assist in assessing the causes and effects of addiction in a modern-day context. By exploring addiction in this manner, we may move towards more effective treatment early prevention, treating the root of the issue rather than the symptoms.
Case report: late perianal mucinous adenocarcinoma after Crohn's disease proctectomy: an oncological rarity
Authors: Keese Michael , Back Walter , Dinter Dietmar , Gladisch Rainer , Joos Andreas , Palma Pablo
Published: June 2005

Background

As in ulcerative colitis, there is an increased incidence of colorectal carcinoma in Crohn's disease. While carcinoma formation originating from ano-rectal fistulas is generally considered as a rare event there are different publications reporting on mucinous adenocarcinoma formation in association with a neovagina and rectovaginal fistulas. To the best of our knowledge this is the first description of a perianal mucinous adenocarcinoma arising in a patient after Crohn's disease proctocolectomy.

Case presentation

We report the case of a 50-year old female with a mucinous adenocarcinoma forming in the perineum eleven years after proctocolectomy for Crohn's disease. The patient was readmitted with perineal pain, leucocytosis and a perineal mass highly suspicious of abscess formation in the MRI-Scan. Histological examination revealed a mucinous adenocarcinoma. Exenteration including vagina, uterus and ovaries together with the coccygeal-bone was performed.

Conclusion

Mucinous adenocarcinoma formation is a rare complication of Crohn's disease and so far unreported after proctocolectomy.