bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combinatorial Optimization of Ba/Fe-cordierite Solid Solution (Ba0.05Fe0.1Mg)2Al4Si5O18 for High Infrared Radiance Materials
Authors: Tang Fu-han , Zhuang Jian-dong , Fei Fan , Liu Qian
Published: July 2012

A combinatorial chemistry method was employed to screen the Ba2+ and Fe3+ incorporated into cordierite structure (Ba0.05Fe0.1Mg)2Al4Si5O18 for exploring of high infrared radiance materials. A series of square-type sample array that consists of 7×7 compositions was synthesized by ink-jetting nitrate solutions into micro-reactor wells in a ceramic plate and then heat-treated at high temperatures. X-ray diffraction and infrared thermograph were used to analyze the effects of Ba2+/Fe3+ incorporating on the lattice distortion of cordierite and resultant changes in infrared radiance properties. Based on the results of X-ray phase analysis and radiance measurement of the scale-up prepared samples, the optimal Ba2+ and Fe3+ co-adding amount was determined to be 5%Ba2+ plus 10%Fe3+. Moreover, the infrared emissivity of the optimal composition at 100 °C was found to be higher than 0.8 in a wide wavelength range of 5–24 μm. The research work demonstrates a promising application of Ba2+/Fe3+ cordierite solid solution as a kind of infrared heating materials for energy saving.
Single DNA Condensation Induced by Hexammine Cobalt with Molecular Combing
Authors: Hu Gao-ming , Lin Yu , Ran Shi-yong , Wang Yan-wei , Yang Guang-can
Published: July 2012

We investigated the interaction between DNA and hexammine cobalt III [Co(NH3)6]3+ by a simple molecular combing method and dynamic light scattering. The average extension of λ-DNA-YOYO-1 complex is found to be 20.9 μm, about 30% longer than the contour length of the DNA in TE buffer (10 mmol/L Tris, 1 mmol/L EDTA, pH=8.0), due to bis-intercalation of YOYO-1. A multivalent cation, hexammine cobalt, is used for DNA condensation. We find that the length of DNA-[Co(NH3)6]3+ complexes decrease from 20.9 μ to 5.9 μ as the concentration of the [Co(NH3)6]3+ vary from 0 to 3 μmol/L. This observation provides a direct visualization of single DNA condensation induced by hexammine cobalt. The results from the molecular combing studies are supported by dynamic light scattering investigation, where the average hydrodynamic radius of the DNA complex decreases from 203.8 nm to 39.26 nm under the same conditions. It shows that the molecular combing method is feasible for quantitative conformation characterization of single bio-macromolecules.
Intracranial abscesses
Authors: Lawrence T P , Kerr R S C
Published: July 2012

The incidence of intracranial abscess is low in countries where antimicrobial treatment for infections is widespread (e.g. 2–3 per million in the United Kingdom), but they remain frequent causes of space-occupying masses in developing countries.

Aetiology—abscesses may be classified by (1) Route of transmission, including (a) direct—from a local source of infection, e.g. otitis media; (b) haematogenous—from a distant source, e.g. endocarditis, bronchiectasis, other septic lung conditions; or (c) following cranial surgery or fracture. (2) Microbiology—the commonest organisms are aerobic, anaerobic and micro-aerophilic streptococci, ...
Cancer: clinical features and management
Authors: Souhami R. L.
Published: July 2012

Cancer is common and will be the cause of death of about 20% of the population of developed countries. Every clinician should be aware of the many ways in which it presents. Delay in diagnosis may diminish the chances of successful treatment and always creates anxiety for the patient. Expert advice, immediate investigation, and definitive biopsy diagnosis should be obtained speedily....
Epstein–Barr virus
Authors: Epstein M.A. , Rickinson A.B.
Published: July 2012

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus with a linear double-stranded DNA genome that is carried asymptomatically by most people. Symptomless primary infection is usual in childhood, establishing a lifelong carrier state where the virus persists as a latent infection of circulating B cells. The virus replicates recurrently in oropharyngeal epithelial cells, with consequent shedding of virus in saliva transmitting infection....
Anaerobic bacteria
Authors: Venugopal Anilrudh A. , Hecht David W.
Published: July 2012

Anaerobic bacteria will not grow when incubated with 10% CO2 in room air, but vary in their tolerance of different levels of oxygen. They are important commensal flora of the skin and oral, intestinal, and pelvic mucosae, and are classified according to their Gram staining characteristics and ability to produce spores: (1) Gram positive—cocci, non-spore-forming bacilli, and spore-forming bacilli (notably clostridium); (2) Gram negative—cocci and bacilli. Many anaerobic bacteria possess virulence factors that facilitate their pathogenicity, e.g. histiolytic enzymes and various toxins....
Palliation of head and neck cancer
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: July 2012

This chapter covers the basic epidemiology and pathology of head and neck cancer, the patient with head and neck cancer, tumour treatment, specific tumours with emphasis on advanced disease, pain, mouth problems in head and neck cancer, tracheostomy, swallowing problems, gastrostomies, speech problems, infection and fistulae, emergencies, tracheostomy tube obstruction, quality of life, body image and sexuality, and general medical problems in patients with head and neck cancer.
Psychiatric symptoms in palliative care
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: July 2012

This chapter covers adjustment disorders, anxiety, depression, confusional states, delirium and confusion, psychostimulants, and restlessness/ anguish.
Palliative care in non-malignant disease
Authors: Watson Max , Lucas Caroline , Hoy Andrew , Wells Jo
Published: July 2012

This chapter provides a brief introduction to palliative care in non-malignant disease.
Clinical approach
Authors: Forsyth Rob , Newton Richard
Published: July 2012

The consultation 2

What, where, and when 4

History taking 6

Examination 8

Higher cognitive function 13

Cranial nerves 16

Peripheral nervous system 25

Neonatal neurological examination 41

Real world examination sequences 45

Synthesis 49

‘I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel.’ ...
Signs and symptoms
Authors: Forsyth Rob , Newton Richard
Published: July 2012

Agitation and confusion 104

Back pain 106

Behaviour disorders 107

Developmental impairment 109

Exercise limitation and muscle pain 117

Eye movement abnormalities 119

Facial movement abnormalities 126

Facial sensation abnormalities 130

The floppy infant 132

Foot deformities 135

Funny turns: episodic events 136

Funny turns: likely epilepsy? ...
Emergencies
Authors: Forsyth Rob , Newton Richard
Published: July 2012

Acute agitation 534

Emergency management of coma 536

Traumatic coma 541

Status epilepticus 544

Status dystonicus 551

Sudden onset visual loss 558

The child who suddenly stops walking 559

Acute ataxia 572

In nearly all situations, environmental, rather than pharmacological, management of acute agitation or psychosis is to be preferred....
HvWRKY10, HvWRKY19, and HvWRKY28 Regulate Mla-Triggered Immunity and Basal Defense to Barley Powdery Mildew
Authors: Meng Yan , Wise Roger P.
Published: July 2012

WRKY proteins represent a large family of transcription factors (TF), involved in plant development and defense. In all, 60 unique barley TF have been annotated that contain the WRKY domain; 26 of these are represented on the Barley1 GeneChip. Time-course expression profiles of these 26 HvWRKY TF were analyzed to investigate their role in mildew locus a (Mla)-mediated immunity to Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, causal agent of powdery mildew disease. Inoculation-responsive, Mla-specified interactions with B. graminis f. sp. hordei revealed that 12 HvWRKY were differentially expressed: 10 highly upregulated and two significantly downregulated. Barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing of HvWRKY10, HvWRKY19, and HvWRKY28 compromised resistance-gene-mediated defense to powdery mildew in genotypes harboring both Rar1-dependent and Rar1-independent Mla alleles, indicating that these WRKY TF play key roles in effector-triggered immunity. Comprehensive yeast two-hybrid analyses, however, did not reveal a direct interaction between these three nuclear-localized WRKY TF and MLA. Transient overexpression of all three WRKY TF in single cells expressing Mlo, which encodes a negative regulator of penetration resistance, significantly decreased susceptibility. Taken together, these loss- and gain-of-function studies demonstrate that HvWRKY10, HvWRKY19, and HvWRKY28 positively regulate the barley transcriptome in response to invasion by B. graminis f. sp. hordei.
John Riley Holt. 15 February 1918 — 6 January 2009
Authors: Court Geoffrey , Dainton John , Sloan Terry
Published: July 2012

John Riley Holt was an experimental physicist who dedicated his working life to research in nuclear and particle physics at the University of Liverpool. He was born in 1918 in Runcorn, Cheshire, and in 1938 was awarded a first-class honours degree in physics at Liverpool University. He obtained his PhD in 1941 and became a member of Sir James Chadwick’s team working on the UK atomic weapon project. After the war he developed several new experimental techniques, which he used to make a systematic study of the deuteron stripping process with the use of the Liverpool cyclotron. After the Liverpool synchro-cyclotron became operational in 1954 he initiated a programme of precision measurements of cross-sections for proton–proton and pion–proton scattering. After the first observation of parity violation in 1957, his group completed an important experiment that observed parity violation in muon decay. When the construction of an electron synchrotron (NIN A, at the Daresbury Laboratory) was proposed, he became leader of the magnet design team. As NIN A became operational in 1966, John established a group to measure the cross-sections for the photoproduction of neutral and charged pions. The group then developed a collaboration with colleagues in other universities to measure the spin dependence of cross-sections for meson photoproduction by using a polarized photon beam and a polarized proton target. Before his retirement he contributed to the design of the experiment to determine the spin structure of the proton, performed by the European Muon Collaboration.
Arthur Kornberg. 3 March 1918 — 26 October 2007
Authors: Lehman I. Robert
Published: July 2012

With the death of Arthur Kornberg on 26 October 2007, one of the giants of twentieth-century biochemistry was lost. Arthur Kornberg was born in Brooklyn, New York, on 3 March 1918. The son of Joseph and Lena Kornberg, both Eastern European immigrants, he grew up in Brooklyn and attended the City College of New York (CCNY), which was then—and still is—tuition free, and can count several Nobel laureates among its graduates.
Functional Characterization of the GATA Transcription Factors GNC and CGA1 Reveals Their Key Role in Chloroplast Development, Growth, and Division in Arabidopsis
Authors: Chiang Yi-Hsuan , Zubo Yan O. , Tapken Wiebke , Kim Hyo Jung , Lavanway Ann M. , Howard Louisa , Pilon Marinus , Kieber Joseph J. , Schaller G. Eric
Published: July 2012

Chloroplasts develop from proplastids in a process that requires the interplay of nuclear and chloroplast genomes, but key steps in this developmental process have yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that the nucleus-localized transcription factors GATA NITRATE-INDUCIBLE CARBON-METABOLISM-INVOLVED (GNC) and CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA1 (CGA1) regulate chloroplast development, growth, and division in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). GNC and CGA1 are highly expressed in green tissues, and the phytohormone cytokinin regulates their expression. A gnc cga1 mutant exhibits a reduction in overall chlorophyll levels as well as in chloroplast size in the hypocotyl. Ectopic overexpression of either GNC or CGA1 promotes chloroplast biogenesis in hypocotyl cortex and root pericycle cells, based on increases in the number and size of the chloroplasts, and also results in expanded zones of chloroplast production into the epidermis of hypocotyls and cotyledons and into the cortex of roots. Ectopic overexpression also promotes the development of etioplasts from proplastids in dark-grown seedlings, subsequently enhancing the deetiolation process. Inducible expression of GNC demonstrates that GNC-mediated chloroplast biogenesis can be regulated postembryonically, notably so for chloroplast production in cotyledon epidermal cells. Analysis of the gnc cga1 loss-of-function and overexpression lines supports a role for these transcription factors in regulating the effects of cytokinin on chloroplast division. These data support a model in which GNC and CGA1 serve as two of the master transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis, acting downstream of cytokinin and mediating the development of chloroplasts from proplastids and enhancing chloroplast growth and division in specific tissues.
Availability of Rubisco Small Subunit Up-Regulates the Transcript Levels of Large Subunit for Stoichiometric Assembly of Its Holoenzyme in Rice
Authors: Suzuki Yuji , Makino Amane
Published: July 2012

Rubisco is composed of eight small subunits coded for by the nuclear RBCS multigene family and eight large subunits coded for by the rbcL gene in the plastome. For synthesis of the Rubisco holoenzyme, both genes need to be expressed coordinately. To investigate this molecular mechanism, the protein synthesis of two subunits of Rubisco was characterized in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) plants with overexpression or antisense suppression of the RBCS gene. Total RBCS and rbcL messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and RBCS and RbcL synthesis simultaneously increased in RBCS-sense plants, although the increase in total RBCS mRNA level was greater. In RBCS-antisense plants, the levels of these mRNAs and the synthesis of the corresponding proteins declined to a similar extent. The amount of RBCS synthesized was tightly correlated with rbcL mRNA level among genotypes but not associated with changes in mRNA levels of other major chloroplast-encoded photosynthetic genes. The level of rbcL mRNA, in turn, was tightly correlated with the amount of RbcL synthesized, the molar ratio of RBCS synthesis to RbcL synthesis being identical irrespective of genotype. Polysome loading of rbcL mRNA was not changed. These results demonstrate that the availability of RBCS protein up-regulates the gene expression of rbcL primarily at the transcript level in a quantitative manner for stoichiometric assembly of Rubisco holoenzyme.
Serum B‐cell maturation antigen is elevated in multiple myeloma and correlates with disease status and survival
Authors: Sanchez Eric , Li Mingjie , Kitto Alex , Li Jennifer , Wang Cathy S. , Kirk Dylan T. , Yellin Ori , Nichols Cydney M. , Dreyer Marissa P. , Ahles Cameryn P. , Robinson Austin , Madden Erik , Waterman Gabriel N. , Swift Regina A. , Bonavida Benjamin , Boccia Ralph , Vescio Robert A. , Crowley John , Chen Haiming , Berenson James R.
Published: July 2012

Although TNFRSF17 (also designated as B‐cell maturation antigen (BCMA)) is expressed on tumour cells in B‐cell malignancies, it has not been found in serum. The present study found that BCMA concentrations were higher in the supernatants of cultured bone marrow mononuclear cells from multiple myeloma (MM) patients than in healthy subjects. Serum BCMA levels were measured in samples from MM patients (n = 209), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) individuals (n = 23) and age‐matched controls (n = 40). BCMA was detected in the serum of untreated MM patients (n = 50) and levels were higher than in MGUS patients (P = 0·0157) and healthy subjects (P < 0·0001). Serum BCMA levels were higher among patients with progressive disease (n = 80) compared to those with responsive disease (n = 79; P = 0·0038). Among all MM patients, overall survival was shorter among patients whose serum BCMA levels were above the median (P = 0·001). We also demonstrated that sera from mice with human MM xenografts contained human BCMA, and levels correlated with the change in tumour volume in response to melphalan or cyclophosphamide with bortezomib. These results suggest that serum BCMA levels may be a new biomarker for monitoring disease status and overall survival of MM patients.
Fine needle aspiration of non‐small cell lung cancer: current state and future perspective
Authors: Fassina A. , Cappellesso R. , Simonato F. , Lanza C. , Marzari A. , Fassan M.
Published: July 2012

A. Fassina, R. Cappellesso, F. Simonato, C. Lanza, A. Marzari and M. Fassan

Fine needle aspiration of non‐small cell lung cancer: current state and future perspective

The emerging treatment revolution determined by the advent of new targeted therapies requires accurate tumour subtyping as a mandatory step in the clinical workup of patients with non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). As a result of advanced and inoperable disease or poor performance status, in many patients, minimally invasive procedures must be employed to obtain diagnostic material. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a valid and widely employed alternative to either tru‐cut or open‐sky biopsy. Indeed, cytological specimens are suitable for techniques such as immunocytochemistry, mutation and microRNA analysis, and may present advantages over small biopsies especially if cell blocks are prepared and attention is paid to cytomorphology and pre‐analytic management of specimens at the time they are collected. These will allow the adequate stratification of patients into different diagnostic and prognostic classes.
A species‐level model for metabolic scaling in trees I. Exploring boundaries to scaling space within and across species
Authors: Sperry John S. , Smith Duncan D. , Savage Van M. , Enquist Brian J. , McCulloh Katherine A. , Reich Peter B. , Bentley Lisa P. , von Allmen Erica I.
Published: July 2012

Metabolic scaling theory predicts how tree water flow rate (Q) scales with tree mass (M) and assumes identical scaling for biomass growth rate (G) withM. Analytic models have derived general scaling expectations from proposed optima in the rate of axial xylem conduit taper (taper function) and the allocation of wood space to water conduction (packing function). Recent predictions suggestGandQscale withMto the ≈ 0·7 power with 0·75 as an upper bound.

We complement thisa priorioptimization approach with a numerical model that incorporates species‐specific taper and packing functions, plus additional empirical inputs essential for predictingQ(effects of gravity, tree size, heartwood, bark, and hydraulic resistance of leaf, root and interconduit pits). Traits are analysed individually, and in ensemble across tree types, to define a 2D ‘scaling space’ of absoluteQvs. its scaling exponent with tree size.

ll traits influencedQand many affected its scaling withM. Constraints driving the optimization of taper or packing functions, or any other trait, can be relaxed via compensatory changes in other traits.

The scaling space of temperate trees overlapped despite diverse anatomy and winter‐adaptive strategies. More conducting space in conifer wood compensated for narrow tracheids; extensive sapwood in diffuse‐porous trees compensated for narrow vessels; and limited sapwood in ring‐porous trees negated the effect of large vessels. Tropical trees, however, achieved the greatestQand steepest size‐scaling by pairing large vessels with extensive sapwood, a combination compatible with minimal water stress and no freezing‐stress.

Intraspecific scaling across all types averagedQ∝M0·63(maximum = Q∝M0·71) for size‐invariant root–shoot ratio. Scaling reachedQ∝M0·75only if conductance increased faster in roots than in shoots with size. Interspecific scaling could reachQ∝M0·75, but this may require the evolution of size‐biased allometries rather than arising directly from biophysical constraints.

Our species‐level model is more realistic than its analytical predecessors and provides a tool for interpreting the adaptive significance of functional trait diversification in relation to whole‐tree water use and consequent metabolic scaling.
Networking: a community approach to invaders and their parasites
Authors: Roy Helen E. , Lawson Handley Lori‐Jayne
Published: July 2012

There are a number of theories and processes relating to invasive alien species (IAS) and their interactions with natural enemies (predators, parasites and pathogens), including the enemy release hypothesis, spillover and spillback.

Most empirical studies focus on pairwise interactions and are limited to the population‐level avoiding the complexities of a community approach. Oversimplified studies could result in misleading conclusions because of the importance of positive and negative feedback mechanisms, mediated by parasites, throughout communities and beyond.

Recent advances in ecological networks analysis (ENA) provide a powerful framework to investigate the complexity of interactions within ecological communities and response to disturbance, such as the arrival of an IAS. Molecular data, from either standard PCR or next‐generation approaches, can be incorporated into ecological networks to enable the number and strength of interactions to be quantified; however, this has rarely been performed so far.

In this paper, we explore the contribution of parasite interactions, in the context of community ecology, to the success of invasive alien predatory insects with specific reference to the harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis. We begin by defining the main theories and processes relating to parasite–host interactions in the context of invasion biology, before exploring the advantages of a community ecology approach, and particularly ENA, for revealing dominant mechanisms in determining the success of invasion.
Induction of nuclear factor‐κB responses by the S100A9 protein is Toll‐like receptor‐4‐dependent
Authors: Riva Matteo , Källberg Eva , Björk Per , Hancz Dora , Vogl Thomas , Roth Johannes , Ivars Fredrik , Leanderson Tomas
Published: July 2012

Interactions between danger‐associated molecular patterns (DAMP) and pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and pattern recognition receptors such as Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are critical for the regulation of the inflammatory process via activation of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and cytokine secretion. In this report, we investigated the capacity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ‐free S100A9 (DAMP) protein to activate human and mouse cells compared with lipoprotein‐free LPS (PAMP). First, we showed that LPS and S100A9 were able to increase NF‐κB activity followed by increased cytokine and nitric oxide (NO) secretion both in human THP‐1 cells and in mouse bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells. Surprisingly, although S100A9 triggered a weaker cytokine response than LPS, we found that S100A9 more potently induced IκBα degradation and hence NF‐κB activation. Both the S100A9‐induced response and the LPS‐induced response were completely absent in TLR4 knockout mice, whereas it was only slightly affected in RAGE knockout mice. Also, we showed that LPS and S100A9 NF‐κB induction were strongly reduced in the presence of specific inhibitors of TLR‐signalling. Chloroquine reduced S100A9 but not LPS signalling, indicating that S100A9 may need to be internalized to be fully active as a TLR4 inducer. This was confirmed using A488‐labelled S100A9 that was internalized in THP‐1 cells, showing a raise in fluorescence after 30 min at 37°. Chloroquine treatment significantly reduced the fluorescence. In summary, our data indicate that both human and mouse S100A9 are TLR4 agonists. Importantly, S100A9 induced stronger NF‐κB activation albeit weaker cytokine secretion than LPS, suggesting that S100A9 and LPS activated NF‐κB in a qualitatively distinct manner.
Structural changes under low evolutionary constraint may decrease the affinity of dibenzoylhydrazine insecticides for the ecdysone receptor in non‐lepidopteran insects
Authors: Zotti M. J. , Christiaens O. , Rougé P. , Grutzmacher A. D. , Zimmer P. D. , Smagghe G.
Published: July 2012

Understanding how variations in genetic sequences are conveyed into structural and biochemical properties is of increasing interest in the field of molecular evolution. In order to gain insight into this process, we studied the ecdysone receptor (EcR), a transcription factor that controls moulting and metamorphosis in arthropods. Using an in silico homology model, we identified a region in the lepidopteran EcR that has no direct interaction with the natural hormone but is under strong evolutionary constraint. This region causes a small indentation in the three‐dimensional structure of the protein which facilitates the binding of tebufenozide. Non‐Mecopterida are considered much older, evolutionarily, than Lepidoptera and they do not have this extended cavity. This location shows differences in evolutionary constraint between Lepidoptera and other insects, where a much lower constraint is observed compared with the Lepidoptera. It is possible that the higher flexibility seen in the EcR of Lepidoptera is an entirely new trait and the higher constraint could then be an indication that this region does have another important function. Finally, we suggest that Try123, which is evolutionarily constrained and is up to now exclusively present in Lepidoptera EcRs, could play a critical role in discriminating between steroidal and non‐steroidal ligands.
Histopathological analysis of cellular localization of cathepsins in abdominal aortic aneurysm wall
Authors: Lohoefer Fabian , Reeps Christian , Lipp Christina , Rudelius Martina , Zimmermann Alexander , Ockert Stefan , Eckstein Hans‐Henning , Pelisek Jaroslav
Published: July 2012

An important feature of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is the destruction of vessel wall, especially elastin and collagen. Besides matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins are the most potent elastolytic enzymes. The expression of cathepsins with known elastolytic and collagenolytic activities in the individual cells within AAA has not yet been determined. The vessel wall of 32 AAA patients and 10 organ donors was analysed by immunohistochemistry for expression of cathepsins B, D, K, L and S, and cystatin C in all cells localized within AAA. Luminal endothelial cells (ECs) of AAA were positive for cathepsin D and partially for cathepsins B, K and S. Endothelial cells of the neovessels and smooth muscle cells in the media were positive for all cathepsins tested, especially for cathepsin B. In the inflammatory infiltrate all cathepsins were expressed in the following pattern: B > D = S > K = L. Macrophages showed the highest staining intensity for all cathepsins. Furthermore, weak overall expression of cystatin C was observed in all the cells localized in the AAA with the exception of the ECs. There is markedly increased expression of the various cathepsins within the AAA wall compared to healthy aorta. Our data are broadly consistent with a role for cathepsins in AAA; and demonstrate expression of cathepsins D, B and S in phagocytic cells in the inflammatory infiltrate; and also may reveal a role for cathepsin B in lymphocytes.
Intraepithelial lymphocytes, goblet cells and VIP‐IR submucosal neurons of jejunum rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Sant’Ana Débora M. G. , Góis Marcelo B. , Zanoni Jacqueline N. , da Silva Aristeu V. , da Silva Cleverton J. T. , Araújo Eduardo J. A.
Published: July 2012

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) crosses the intestinal barrier in oral infections and can lead to changes in different cell types, including the neurons located there. In the gastrointestinal system, the autonomous nervous system component that regulate blood flow and mucous secretion is the submucosal plexus. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of T. gondii infection on intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), goblet cells and submucosal neurons that are immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP‐IR) of rat jejunum. Twenty male rats distributed as a control group (CG) and an infected group (IG), which received a suspension with 500 parasite oocysts (strain ME‐49, genotype II) orally, were assessed. Routine histological sections were used to quantify IELs and to detect mucins secreted by goblet cells. Whole mounts including the submucosal layer were examined using immunofluorescence to detect the VIP neurotransmitter. Quantitative alterations in IELs were not observed. However, the reduction (P < 0.05) in the number of goblet cells that produce neutral mucins (PAS+) and sulphomucins (AB pH 1.0) and the maintenance of sialomucin‐secreting cells (AB pH 2.5) resulting in a more fluid mucous were observed. Concerning the VIP‐IR submucosal neurons, an increase in fluorescence on IG animals was observed. There was a reduction (P < 0.05) in the number of VIP‐IR submucosal neurons and atrophy of their cell bodies in IG rats. Infection with T. gondii caused alterations in the chemical composition of the intestinal mucous and reduction in the neuron number and atrophy of the remaining neurons in this cell subpopulation.
Probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from fermented Malaysian food or milk products
Authors: Ramasamy Kalavathy , Rahman Nor Zaihana Abdul , Chin Sieo Chin , Alitheen Nur Jahan , Abdullah Norhani , Wan Ho Yin
Published: July 2012

This study investigated the probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from 14 Malaysian fermented food or milk products. In total, 22.3% (121 of 542) of the LAB isolated from the local fermented products exhibited antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus. Twelve LAB that demonstrated better antibacterial activity against M. luteus as compared to a commercial strain Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LABPC) were selected for further characterisation. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence, the LAB were identified as pediococci (seven) and lactobacilli (five). All 12 LAB showed bile tolerance, but only eight were acid tolerant at pH ≥ 3.0. The highest level of adhesion to HT‐29 cells was observed among the Lactobacillus sp. LAB 1 and 10. The LAB also showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus through the production of organic acids. LAB isolated from Malaysian fermented food and milk products, especially fermented tapioca, contains potential probiotic candidates.
Physical properties and sensory acceptability of cookies made from chickpea addition to white wheat or whole wheat flour compared to gluten‐free amaranth or buckwheat flour
Authors: Yamsaengsung Ram , Berghofer Emmerich , Schoenlechner Regine
Published: July 2012

The effects of chickpea addition (0–100%) on the physical properties and sensory attributes of cookies based on white or whole wheat compared to gluten‐free amaranth or buckwheat flour were studied. The physical properties determined were spread factor, colour and hardness. Sensory evaluation was conducted for colour, taste, texture and overall impression. Chickpea addition decreased the lightness in white wheat cookies while increasing it in whole wheat and amaranth cookies and it significantly increased yellowness in all cookies. Spread factor of the gluten‐free cookies was reduced by chickpea addition and hardness was increased in white wheat and buckwheat cookies, and decreased in whole wheat and amaranth cookies. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that chickpea addition increased the acceptability of all cookies, in particular of the gluten‐free cookies. Optimal levels of chickpea addition were 20–40% in wheat cookies and 60–80% for amaranth and buckwheat cookies.
Isolation and partial characterization of a new reovirus in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis H Milne Edwards
Authors: Zhang S , Bonami J‐R
Published: July 2012

A second type of freshwater crab reovirus has been isolated from Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards, in China; we named it E. sinensis reovirus (EsRV816). The negatively stained virion is a non‐enveloped icosahedral particle, 60 ± 5 nm in diameter. Its genome is composed of 10 dsRNA linear pieces exhibiting an electrophoretic pattern of 5/3/2. The largest segment (RNA‐1) was cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence, corresponding to the RdRp of the virus, showed 26% identity with the RdRp of Operophtera brumata (L.) cypovirus 19 in the genus Cypovirus and 24% identity with RdRp of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) reovirus in the genus Fijivirus. On the basis of its ultrastructure and physicochemical properties, this virus is quite different from other crab reoviruses, and particularly with another freshwater crab reovirus EsRV905, recently classified in a new genus Cardoreovirus. This virus (EsRV816) possesses all the characters of the members of the reoviridae family and could represent a new genus.
Specific primer sets used to amplify by PCR the hepatitis B virus overlapping S/Pol region select different viral variants
Authors: Cuestas M. L. , Mathet V. L. , Oubiña J. R.
Published: July 2012

Summary.  PCR detection of viral genomes has provided new insights into viral diagnosis. Nowadays, it is the most frequently used nucleic acid testing (qualitative and quantitative) technique. The aim of this study was to analyse the major circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants PCR‐amplified by three sets of primers in a patient infected with genotype E. The HBV S/Pol overlapping genomic region was amplified from the serum of an infected child using three primer sets previously described. Sequence analysis corresponding to the HBV S/Pol region revealed the presence of different viral populations depending on the set of primers used. D144A S‐escape mutant was detected with two of the primer sets, while the rtL217R mutant within the Pol – conferring resistance to Adefovir – could be picked up with a different pair of primer sets. This study undoubtedly implies that the description of viral polymorphisms should be stated together with the sequence of the primers used for PCR amplification when studies of escape and/or antiviral‐resistant HBV mutants are carried out.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Fail to Alleviate Experimental Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease in Rats Transplanted with Major Histocompatibility Complex‐Mismatched Bone Marrow
Authors: Zinöcker S. , Wang M. ‐Y. , Rolstad B. , Vaage J. T.
Published: July 2012

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) can be used to treat graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) caused by allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT). The effectiveness of this therapy has been variable in clinical trials and in experimental animal models. In this study, we investigated the ability of bone marrow (BM)‐derived MSC to alleviate GVHD in an experimental rat model of allo‐SCT using two different combinations of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatch with survival as the primary endpoint. Recipient rats received total body irradiation and a transplant of T cell‐depleted donor BM cells with either a full [PVG.7B → BN] or a partial MHC mismatch [PVG.1U → PVG.R23] restricted to the class II and non‐classical class I sub‐regions (RT1‐B/D‐CE/N/M). GVHD was invoked by infusion of graded doses of donor leukocytes 2 weeks after allo‐SCT. Weekly doses of MSC were injected starting on the day of donor leukocyte infusion. No significant overall improvement of mortality and morbidity was observed in the two transplantation settings. Stimulation of MSC with exogenous tumor necrosis factor α and interferon (IFN)γ prior to infusion could not rescue BM‐transplanted rats from lethal acute GVHD. In conclusion, repeated administrations of MSC failed to alleviate GVHD after fully or partially MHC‐mismatched allo‐SCT in the rat.
Case cluster shifting and contaminant source as determinants of melioidosis in Taiwan
Authors: Dai Dajun , Chen Yao‐Shen , Chen Pei‐Shih , Chen Ya‐Lei
Published: July 2012

Objectives  To assess the geographical distribution of melioidosis contamination sources and the association between the location of melioidosis cases and positive sampling sites for Burkholderia pseudomallei in Taiwan.

Methods  Data on the location of melioidosis cases from 2002 to 2011 were combined with the geographical distribution of B. pseudomallei as indicated by the detection of specific flagella gene products measured from 2005 to 2011. Temporal and spatial analyses were used to determine the incidence, cluster shifts and associations between the two datasets.

Results  Melioidosis cases clustered in two ‘hot‐spot’ areas with incidence rates that were significantly higher than in neighbouring towns. The incidence rates in the northern area gradually decreased, while the rates in the southern area increased and were temporally associated with the appearance of B. pseudomallei‐specific flagella genes in water samples.

Conclusions  Melioidosis hot‐spot areas were present in Taiwan. Water contaminated with B. pseudomallei serves as a potential transmission vehicle and is correlated with an increase in melioidosis cases; this correlation was stronger than that for B. pseudomallei‐contaminated soil.
Mapping the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research: a systematic review
Authors: Brett Jo , Staniszewska Sophie , Mockford Carole , Herron‐Marx Sandra , Hughes John , Tysall Colin , Suleman Rashida
Published: July 2012

Background

There is an increasing international interest in patient and public involvement (PPI) in research, yet relatively little robust evidence exists about its impact on health and social care research.

Objective

To identify the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research.

Design

A systematic search of electronic databases and health libraries was undertaken from 1995 to 2009. Data were extracted and quality assessed utilizing the guidelines of the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination 2009 and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). Grey literature was assessed using the Dixon‐Woods et al. (2005) checklist.

Inclusion criteria

All study types that reported the impact PPI had on the health and/or social care research study.

Main results

A total of 66 studies reporting the impact of PPI on health and social care research were included. The positive impacts identified enhanced the quality and appropriateness of research. Impacts were reported for all stages of research, including the development of user‐focused research objectives, development of user‐relevant research questions, development of user‐friendly information, questionnaires and interview schedules, more appropriate recruitment strategies for studies, consumer‐focused interpretation of data and enhanced implementation and dissemination of study results. Some challenging impacts were also identified.

Conclusion

This study provides the first international evidence of PPI impact that has emerged at all key stages of the research process. However, much of the evidence base concerning impact remains weak and needs significant enhancement in the next decade.
Trust in government and support for governmental regulation: the case of electronic health records
Authors: Herian Mitchel N. , Shank Nancy C. , Abdel‐Monem Tarik L.
Published: July 2012

Background

This paper presents results from a public engagement effort in Nebraska, USA, which measured public opinions about governmental involvement in encouraging the use of electronic health records (EHRs).

Objective

We examine the role of trust in government in contributing to public support for government involvement in the development of EHR technologies. We hypothesize that trust in government will lead to support for federal and state governmental encouragement of the use of EHRs among doctors and insurance companies. Further, because individual experiences with health‐care professionals will reduce perceptions of risk, we expect that support for governmental involvement will be tempered by greater personal experience with the health‐care industry.

Design and Results

Examining a small survey of individuals on the issue, we find general support for both of our hypotheses. The findings suggest that trust in government does have a positive relationship with support for government involvement in the policy domain, but that the frequency of personal experiences with health‐care providers reduces the extent to which the public supports governmental involvement in the development of EHR technology.

Discussion and Conclusion

This inquiry contributes to our understanding of public attitudes towards government involvement in EHRs in the United States specifically and contributes to social science examining links between trust in government and support for governmental activity in the emerging policy domain regarding electronic health records systems.
Killer immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) and their HLA‐ligands in Italian paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) patients
Authors: Cosentini E. , Gargiulo L. , Bruno P. , Lastraioli S. , Risitano A. , Camerlingo R. , Luongo V. , Serra M. , Sica M. , Garzillo C. , Giani U. , Notaro R. , Alfinito F. , Ruggiero G. , Terrazzano G.
Published: July 2012

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is a haematopoietic disorder characterized by expansion of phosphatidylinositol glycan‐A‐defective progenitor(s). Immune‐dependent mechanisms, likely involving a deranged T cell‐dependent autoimmune response, have been consistently associated with the selection/dominance of PNH precursors. Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes might participate in PNH pathogenesis, but their role is still controversial. NK activity is dependent on the balance between activating and inhibiting signals. Key component in such regulatory network is represented by killer immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR). KIR are also involved in the regulation of adaptive cytotoxic T cell response and associated with autoimmunity. This study investigated on the frequency of KIR genes and their known human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands in 53 PNH Italian patients. We observed increased frequency of genotypes characterized by ≤2 activating KIR as well as by the presence of an inhibitory/activating gene ratio ≥3.5. In addition, an increased matching between KIR–3DL1 and its ligand HLA‐Bw4 was found. These genotypes might be associated with lower NK‐dependent recognition of stress‐related self molecules; this is conceivable with the hypothesis that an increased availability of specific T cell targets, not cleared by NK cells, could be involved in PNH pathogenesis. These data may provide new insights into autoimmune PNH pathogenesis.
Relationships among initial hospital triage, disease progression and mortality in community‐acquired pneumonia
Authors: BROWN SAMUEL M. , JONES JASON P. , ARONSKY DOMINIK , JONES BARBARA E. , LANSPA MICHAEL J. , DEAN NATHAN C.
Published: July 2012

Background and objective:  Appropriate triage of patients with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) may improve morbidity, mortality and use of hospital resources. Worse outcomes from delayed intensive care unit (ICU) admission have long been suspected but have not been verified.

Methods:  In a retrospective study of consecutive patients with CAP admitted from 1996–2006 to the ICUs of a tertiary care hospital, we measured serial severity scores, intensive therapies received, ICU‐free days, and 30‐day mortality. Primary outcome was mortality. We developed a regression model of mortality with ward triage (and subsequent ICU transfer within 72 h) as the predictor, controlled by propensity for ward triage and radiographic progression.

Results:  Of 1059 hospital‐admitted patients, 269 (25%) were admitted to the ICU during hospitalization. Of those, 167 were directly admitted to the ICU without current requirement for life support, while 61 (23%) were initially admitted to the hospital ward, 50 of those undergoing ICU transfer within 72 h. Ward triage was associated with increased mortality (OR 2.6, P = 0.056) after propensity adjustment. The effect was less (OR 2.2, P = 0.12) after controlling for radiographic progression. The effect probably increased (OR 4.1, P = 0.07) among patients with ≥ 3 severity predictors at admission.

Conclusions:  Initial ward triage among patients transferred to the ICU is associated with twofold higher 30‐day mortality. This effect is most apparent among patients with ≥ 3 severity predictors at admission and is attenuated by controlling for radiographic progression. Intensive monitoring of ward‐admitted patients with CAP seems warranted. Further research is needed to optimize triage in CAP.
Evaluation of the Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for the identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
Authors: YIN YU‐DONG , ZHAO FEI , REN LI‐LI , SONG SHU‐FAN , LIU YING‐MEI , ZHANG JIAN‐ZHONG , CAO BIN
Published: July 2012

Background and objective:  Community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the major causative pathogens of CAP. Early diagnosis of M. pneumoniae pneumonia is crucial for initiating appropriate antibiotic therapy. The aim of this study was to determine whether the Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS) guidelines on CAP are effective for diagnosing M. pneumoniae pneumonia.

Methods:  Between August 2008 and July 2009, adult outpatients with CAP were consecutively enrolled. The aetiology of CAP was determined by culture and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods to detect M. pneumoniae, urine antigen tests to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumoniae, blood and sputum culture for bacteria and real‐time PCR for eight common respiratory viruses. The predictive value of the JRS guidelines for differentiating M. pneumoniae pneumonia from typical bacterial and viral pneumonias was determined.

Results:  Data from 215 adult CAP outpatients was analyzed. An aetiological diagnosis was made for 105 patients (48.8%), including 62 patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia, 17 patients with typical bacterial pneumonia and 23 patients with viral pneumonia. According to the JRS criteria for differential diagnosis of atypical pneumonia, 55 of 62 patients were correctly diagnosed with M. pneumoniae pneumonia (sensitivity 88.7%), and 31 of 40 patients with bacterial and viral pneumonia were correctly excluded (specificity 77.5%).

Conclusions:  The JRS guidelines on CAP provide a useful tool for the identification of M. pneumoniae pneumonia cases and differentiating these from cases of typical bacterial or viral pneumonia.