bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATION STATES OF COPPER DURING REDUCTION OF CUPRIC OXIDE IN METHANOL CATALYSTS
Authors: HIMELFARB P. B. , WAWNER F. E. JUN. , BIESER A. JUN. , VINES S. N.
Published: May 2016

In situ‐XRD‐Untersuchungen an CuO/ZnO/AJ2O3 (60/30/10‐Gew.‐%)‐ und CuO/ ZnO(67/33)‐Katalysatoren zeigen, daß die H2‐Reduktion des CuO über eine intermediäre CuO‐Phase abläuft.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION PROCESS OF ZIRCONIUM TETRACHLORIDE WITH AMMONIA IN THE VAPOR PHASE AND PROPERTIES OF THE ZIRCONIUM NITRIDE FORMED
Authors: YAJIMA A. , SEGAWA Y. , MATSUZAKI R. , SAEKI Y.
Published: May 2016

Aus detaillierten Untersuchungen der Produkte der Reaktion von gasförmigem ZrCl4 mit NH3 im Temp.‐Bereich 300 bis 1400°C geht hervor, daß die Umsetzung bei 300°C zu ZrCl4 ‐ 2 NH3 führt, das oberhalb ca. 330°C mit weiterem NH3 unter Bildung von ZrClN reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: NITROGEN BRIDGEHEAD COMPOUNDS. PART 32. ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION AND CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF 6‐METHYLTETRAHYDRO‐4H‐PYRIDO(1,2‐A)PYRIMIDIN‐4‐ONES
Authors: HERMECZ I. , SURJAN P. R. , BREINING T. , SIMON K. , HORVATH G. , MESZAROS Z. , KAJTAR M. , TOTH G.
Published: May 2016

Aus (+)‐(lb) wurde das Amin (III) dargestellt, das in der Raumgruppe P2,2,2,.
ChemInform Abstract: ORTHO SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS IN AMIDE HYDROLYSIS OF MALEANILIC ACID DERIVATIVES. STABILIZATION OF POSITIVE CHARGE DEVELOPED IN THE TRANSITION STATE
Authors: SUH J. , KIM M. J. , KIM C. B.
Published: May 2016

Die Hydrolyse von Maleinamidsäure‐Derivaten wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATIVE CYCLIZATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS WITH LEAD TETRAACETATE
Authors: HASHMI M. , KHAN M. , AHMAD M. S. JUN. , AHMAD F. , OSMAN S. M. , JAOCS J.
Published: May 2016

Die Oxidation der ungesättigten Carbonsäuren (I), (V) und (VIII) mit Bleitetraacetat (II) A wird untersucht und führt zu den im Formelschema angegebenen Verbindungen (III), (IV) bzw. (VI), (VII) bzw. (IX), (X), deren Struktur insbesondere durch genaue Analyse der Massenspektren gesichert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN MICELLES AS A MODEL FOR THE IN VIVO PHOTOTOXICITY OF CHLORPROMAZINE
Authors: EPLING G. A. , BLACK C. , RAWAL V.
Published: May 2016

Um die unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen von Chlorpromazin (I) bei Einwirkung von Sonnenlicht zu ergründen, wird (l)in wäßriger Lösung zu Promazin (II) und dem Hydroxylderivat (III) photolysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: METHYL‐TRANSFER REACTIONS. 7. SYSTEMS WITH MEOSO+ INTERMEDIATE
Authors: CHRISTIE J. J. , LEWIS E. S. , CASSERLY E. F.
Published: May 2016

Methyl‐ chlorsulfit (I) reagiert zum Salz (‐II), das ein starkes Methylierungsmittel darstellt.
ChemInform Abstract: BENZENESULFENANILIDYL RADICALS. PART 2. SUBSTITUENT AND SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE REACTIVITY OF 4′‐SUBSTITUTED BENZENESULFENANILIDYL RADICALS PRODUCED BY OXIDATION WITH LEAD DIOXIDE OF THE CORRESPONDING BENZENESULFENANILIDES
Authors: BALBONI C. , BENATI L. , MONTEVECCHI P. C. , SPAGNOLO P.
Published: May 2016

Die‐ Oxidation der Benzolsulfenanilide (Ia)‐(Ic) mit PbO2 in Benzol liefert die Hauptprodukte (IV), deren Bildungsmechanismus eingehend diskutiert wird [Verlauf über entsprechende Radikale (II)].
ChemInform Abstract: INTRA‐ AND EXTRADIOL OXYGENATIONS OF 3,5‐DI‐TERT‐BUTYLCATECHOL CATALYZED BY BIPYRIDINE‐PYRIDINE‐IRON(III) COMPLEX
Authors: FUNABIKI T. , MIZOGUCHI A. , SUGIMOTO T. , YOSHIDA S.
Published: May 2016

Bei der Oxidation des Brenzcatechins (I) mit Sauerstoff (II) in Gegenwart eines aus Eisentrichlorid (III), 2,2′‐Bipyridin (IV) und Pyridin (V) in situ gebildeten Komplexes werden die Verbindungen (VI)‐(XIII) erhalten, deren Bildungsweise diskutiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTION OF BICYCLO(3.2.0)HEPT‐2‐EN‐6‐ONE WITH DEHYDROGENASE ENZYMES IN WHOLE CELL PREPARATIONS OF SOME FUNGI AND YEASTS
Authors: DAWSON M. J. , LAWRENCE G. C. , LILLEY G. , TODD M. , NOBLE D. , GREEN S. M. , ROBERTS S. M. , WALLACE T. W. , NEWTON R. F. , CARTER M. C. , HALLETT P. , PATON J. , REYNOLDS D. P. , YOUNG S.
Published: May 2016

Während racemisches Keton (I) und (II) durch Bäckerhefe zu einem 7 : 3‐Gemisch des endo‐ bzw. exo‐Alkohols (III) bzw. (IV) reduziert wird, ergibt die Anwendung von Mortierella ramanniana oder Curvularia lunata die spezifische Produktion von (III), wobei im ersteren Fall über 22 h ein gleichmäßiger, im letzteren nach 6 h kein weiterer Umsatz erfolgt.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMOSELECTIVE REDUCTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS INTO ALCOHOLS USING N,N‐DIMETHYLCHLOROMETHYLENIMINIUM CHLORIDE AND SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE
Authors: FUJISAWA T. , MORI T. , SATO T.
Published: May 2016

Durch Umsetzung mit dem lminium‐Salz (II) und Natriumboranat lassen sich Carbonsäuren (I) auch in Gegenwart einer Reihe anderer funktioneller Gruppen selektiv zu den Alkoholen (III) reduzieren.
ChemInform Abstract: REMARKABLY SELECTIVE CHLORINATION OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE AND ITS MONOCHLORINATED DERIVATIVES
Authors: VERBICKY J. W. JUN. , WILLIAMS L.
Published: May 2016

Phthalsäureanhydrid (I) wird in Gegenwart von Eisenchlorid bei hohen Temperaturen zu den Monochlorverbindungen (II) und (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON NITROSOCHLORINATION OF OLEFINIC FATTY ACIDS: I
Authors: HASAN S. Q. , AHMAD I. , AHMAD F. , OSMAN S. M. , JAOCS J.
Published: May 2016

Die Umsetzung der ungesättigten Ester (I), (V) bzw. (IX) mit aus Isoamylnitrit und‐HCI erzeugtem Nitrosylchlorid (II) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLATION OF CYCLIC 1,3‐DIKETONES BY α,Ω‐DIBROMIDES
Authors: ZEFIROV N. S. , KUZNETSOVA T. S. , KOZHUSHKOV S. I.
Published: May 2016

Unteisucht wird die A1‐ kylierung der Diketone Dimedon (II) bzw. lndan‐l ,3‐dion (IX) durch die agw‐Dibromide (I) bzw. (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: ALKOXYPENTAFLUOROACETONES
Authors: BLOSHCHITSA F. A. , BURMAKOV A. I. , KUNSHENKO B. V. , ALEKSEEVA L. A. , YAGUPOL'SKII L. M.
Published: May 2016

Die nach Literaturverfahren erhaltenen 2‐Oxotrifluorpropansäureester (I) werden mit SP4 umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE OLIGOMERS. PART 2. SOME REACTIONS OF 4,4,5,5,5‐PENTAFLUORO‐3‐PENTAFLUOROETHYL‐3‐TRIFLUOROMETHYLPENTANOIC ACID (PENTAMER ACID) AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: COE P. L. , SELLERS S. F. , TATLOW J. C. , FIELDING H. C. , WHITTAKER G.
Published: May 2016

Durch basische Hydrolyse des Tetrafluorethenpentamers (I) wird die Titelverbindung (II) erhalten und in der Reihe von Reaktionen eingesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF α‐NITROXY ACIDS BY THE REACTION OF α‐OLEFINS WITH LIQUID NITROGEN TETROXIDE. I. SYNTHESIS OF α‐NITROXY ACIDS NOT BRANCHED D IN THE α‐POSITION
Authors: PODGORNOVA V. A. , RUSAKOVA M. S. , GOROKHOVA T. G. , SMURYGINA N. N. , TYURINA N. D. , USTAVSHCHIKOV B. F.
Published: May 2016

′K? l0 nsäuren Synthese von α‐Nitroxycarbonsäuren durch Reaktion von α‐Olefinen mit flüssigem ′ Stickstofftetroxid.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON DEIODO‐SULFINATION. PART I. STUDIES ON THE DEIODO‐SULFINATION OF PERFLUOROALKYL IODIDES
Authors: HUANG W.‐Y. , HUANG B.‐N. , HU C.‐M.
Published: May 2016

Durch die Umsetzung der Iod‐sulfonylfluorid‐Derivat‐e (I) mit Alkalimetallsulfit (II) in.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF METHYL(2,2‐DIHALOCYCLOPROPYL)‐N‐NITROAMINES WITH LITHIUM TETRAHYDROALUMINATE
Authors: IVSHIN V. P. , KOMELIN M. S.
Published: May 2016

Das Dibromcyclopropan (I) wird mit LiAlH4 reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATIVE DISPLACEMENT OF HALOGEN FROM ALKYL HALIDES BY PHENYLIODINE(III) DICARBOXYLATES
Authors: GALLOS J. , VARVOGLIS A.
Published: May 2016

Die Iodide (II) reagieren mit den Arylioddiestern (I) unter Substitution von lod durch die Estergruppe zu den Estern (III) als Hauptprodukten.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF THE REACTION OF TRIALKYLBORANES WITH α‐AZIDOSTYRENE
Authors: BAMFORD A. F. , COOK M. D. , ROBERTS B. P.
Published: May 2016

Borane (I) addieren an Azido‐styrol (II) zu den Iminoboranen (III), die zu den Ketonen (IV) verseift werden.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYMER‐BOUND CHIRAL TARTRATE ESTERS FOR THE ASYMMETRIC EPOXIDATION OF ALLYLIC ALCOHOLS. I
Authors: FARRALL M. J. , ALEXIS M. , TRECARTEN M.
Published: May 2016

Die aus L‐Weinsäureestern hergestellten polymergebundenen chiralen Ester (II) werden als chirale Hilfsstoffe bei der Sharpless‐Oxidation von Allylalkoholen benutzt.
ChemInform Abstract: SOLID/LIQUID PHASE‐TRANSFER SYNTHESIS OF 3‐METHYLENE‐2‐AZETIDINONES AND PREPARATION OF THEIR THIOXO ANALOGS
Authors: COMMERCON A. , PONSINET G.
Published: May 2016

Aus Bis‐brommethyl‐acetylchlorid (Ia) entstehen die Amide (Ib); die mit KOH zu den Methylenverbindungen (II) und weiter zu den Methylen‐azetidinonen (III) führen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF FUNCTIONALLY SUBSTITUTED 2‐THIOPHENETHIOL DERIVATIVES
Authors: SADYKHOV K. I. , SEIDOV M. M. , ALIEV S. M.
Published: May 2016

Durch Umsetzen von 2‐Mercaptothiophen (I) bzw. seinem Natriumsalz mit Verbindungen mit substitu‐ ierbaren Halogenatomen, wie z.B. die Verbindungen (II), mit Maleinsäure (VII) bzw. mit Maleinaten (IX) werden die durch funktionelle Gruppen substituierten Thiophenthiole (III), (IV), (VIII) und (X) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL RING‐OPENING OF A 2‐ALKYL‐5‐IMINO‐4‐NITRO‐2,5‐DIHYDROISOTHIAZOLE BY CYANIDE ION
Authors: RAJAPPA S. , ADVANI B. G. , KARTHA G. , HARTLOFF H.
Published: May 2016

Die Behandlung des Isothiazols (I) mit Cyanidionen führt unter Abspaltung des Schwefels zu dem Pyrrolderivat (II), dessen Konfiguration durch Hydrolyse zu (III) bzw. durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse (RG: P2, /A; Z=4‐) bestätigt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF ETHYL 4‐BROMOACETOACETATE WITH CARBON DISULFIDE AND ACTIVE METHYLENE COMPOUNDS
Authors: CHIBA T. , SATO H. , KATO T.
Published: May 2016

Bei der Alkylierung der aus den CH‐aciden Verbindungen (I) und (′S2 im basischen Medium erhaltenen Salze mit Bromacetessigsäureethylester (II) werden die Dithiolane (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW ROUTE IN THE SEQUENTIAL TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF COMPACTIN
Authors: GIROTRA N. N. , WENDLER N. L.
Published: May 2016

Die Synthese von Compactin (V) aus (Ia) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFICIENT SYNTHESES OF THE COUMARINS, NORDENTATIN, DENTATIN AND CLAUSARIN
Authors: MURRAY R. D. H. , JORGE Z. D.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Pyranocumarin (Ia) erhält man durch Umlagerung des Ethers (Ib) das Acetat (IIa), das nach Hydrolyse zu (IIb) bei der Lactonring‐Isomerisierung zum Nordentatin (IIIa) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYHETEROPOLYCYCLIC RING SYSTEMS: PART XIX: SYNTHESIS OF STEROID‐TYPE COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM 2H‐4‐OXO‐3,4‐DIHYDRO‐5‐METHYL‐8‐PHENYL‐1‐THIOPYRANO(2,3‐E)BENZOFURAN AND 2H,5H‐4‐OXO‐5‐METHYL‐3,4‐DIHYDROINDENO(1,2‐B)THIOPYRAN
Authors: RAMADAS S. R. , KRISHNA M. V.
Published: May 2016

Auf den im Formelschema angegebenen Reaktionswegen werden die Helerocyclen (VII) und (XIII) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW MODES OF THERMAL REACTIONS OF CYCLIC SULFUR YLIDES. SOLVENT UPTAKE AND SPIRO‐COMPOUND FORMATION
Authors: HORI M. , KATAOKA T. , SHIMIZU H. , KATAOKA M. , TOMOTO A. , KISHIDA M.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Sulfoxiden ( l) entstehen mit Trifluoracetanhydrid die Tetrahydro‐2‐thianaphthaline (II), die in Gegenwart von Silbersalzen zu (III) alkyliert und basisch in die Schwefel‐Ylide (IV) umgewandelt werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: A VERSATILE NEW SYNTHESIS OF QUINOLINES AND RELATED FUSED PYRIDINES. PART 11. ONVERSION OF ACYLANILIDES INTO α‐AMINOPYRIDINES
Authors: METH‐COHN O. , WESTWOOD K. T.
Published: May 2016

Die aus den Acetaniliden (I) durch Dimerisation der intermediären Imidoylchloride (II) erhaltenen Enamidine (III) lassen sich unter den Bedingungen einer Vilsmeier‐Formylierung zu den Iminopyridinen (IV) cyclisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3‐ACYLPYRIDINES UTILIZING A FRIEDEL‐CRAFTS REACTION
Authors: COMINS D. L. , MANTLO N. B.
Published: May 2016

Die aus (I) zugänglichen l ,4‐Dihydropyridine (IV) werden in 3‐Stellung nach Friedel‐Crafts zu (VI) acyliert und dann mit Schwefel in Naphthalin zu den 3‐Acyl‐pyridinen (VII) dehydriert.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON 4(1H)‐QUINAZOLINONES. III. SOME DERIVATIZATIONS OF 2‐ETHOXYCARBONYLALKYL‐1‐SUBSTITUTED‐4(1H)‐QUINAZOLINONES
Authors: OZAKI K. , YAMADA Y. , OINE T.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Anthranilsäureamiden (I) und den Säurechloriden (II) werden die Chinazolinone (III) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES. VI. SYNTHESIS OF 2‐(1‐PIPERAZINYL)‐5,6‐POLYMETHYLENEPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES AND DETERMINATION OF THEIR HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY
Authors: SEKIYA T. , HIRANUMA H. , KANAYAMA T. , HATA S. , YAMADA S.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Diketonen (I) werden mit Harnstoff (II) die Pyrimidinone (III) erhalten, aus denen über die Stufe der Chloride (IV) die Piperazinyl‐Derivate (VI) hergestellt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐6H‐THIAZINES 2‐SUBSTITUTED BY A LABILE GROUP, AN AMBIDENT ELECTROPHILE
Authors: TEA‐GOKOU C. , PRADERE J. P. , VILLIERAS J. , QUINIOU H.
Published: May 2016

Das Thiazin (I) reagiert mit Wasser bzw. Schwefelwasserstoff (II) zu den Substitutionsprodukten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF BIGUANIDES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. XV. CYCLIZATIONS OF ARYLBIGUANIDES AND 2‐GUANIDINOBENZIMIDAZOLE WITH BIFUNCTIONAL UNSATURATED DICARBOXYLATES TO S‐TRIAZINES AND IMIDAZOLINES
Authors: FURUKAWA M. , KAWANABE K. , YOSHIMI A. , OKAWARA T. , NOGUCHI Y.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Biguanidinen (I) und den ungesättigten Estern (II) bzw. (IV) werden die ′l"riazine (III) bzw. die Imidazoline (V) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW MODELS OF POLYSILICONS FROM INDOLES, BENZOTHIOPHENE AND BENZOFURAN
Authors: BIRAN C. , EFENDENE B. , DUNOGUES J.
Published: May 2016

Die Silylierung der Heteroaromaten (I) mit Trimethylchlorsilan (II) und Lithium (III) führt, teilweise unter Ringöffnung, zu den Verbindungen (IV) bis (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS. PART 105. SYNTHESIS OF CHIRAL AND ACHIRAL DITERTIARY 1‐PHOSPHINO‐2‐AMINOETHANE DERIVATIVES (.LTBBRAC..HIVIN.P‐CH2‐CHR‐.HIVIN.N.RTBBRAC.) AND SOME APPLICATIONS
Authors: HORNER L. , DICKERHOF K.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Vinylphosphonium‐Salzen (I) erhält man durch Anlagerung der Amine (II) die β‐Aminophosphonium‐Salze (III).
ChemInform Abstract: USE OF CARBOHYDRATE DERIVATIVES FOR STUDIES OF PHOSPHORUS STEREOCHEMISTRY. PART 8. PREPARATION AND SOME REACTIONS OF 1,3,2‐OXAZAPHOSPHOLIDINE‐2‐ONES AND ‐2‐THIONES DERIVED FROM 2‐DEOXY‐3,4,6‐TRI‐O‐METHYL‐2‐METHYLAMINO‐D‐GLUCOPYRANOSE
Authors: HALL C. R. , INCH T. D. , POTTAGE C. , WILLIAMS N. E. , CAMPBELL M. M. , KERR P. F.
Published: May 2016

Die Reaktion der Titelverbindung (I) mit Methylthiophosphonsäuredichlorid liefert ein Gemisch der vier cyclischen P‐Ester (oz‐II) und (β‐II).
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF TETRASODIUM TETRAMETHOXYOCTAMOLYBDATE‐METHANOL COMPLEX (NA4(MO8O24(OCH3)4).8MEOH): A NOVEL ISOPOLYMOLYBDATE THAT DECOMPOSES WITH THE LOSS OF FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: MCCARRON E. M. III , HARLOW R. L. I.
Published: May 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) entsteht beim Rückflußkochen von M003′ 2 H2O in überschüssigem Methanol über einem 4Ä‐Molekularsieb neben dem kristallinen Hauptprodukt Mo2O5(OMe)2 und wird durch Einengen des Filtrats isoliert (keine Ausb‐Angabe).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF M‐M TRIPLE BONDS WITH CARBON‐NITROGEN TRIPLE BONDS: ADDUCT FORMATION (M = MOLYBDENUM) AND METATHESIS (M = TUNGSTEN) AS SEEN IN THE REACTIONS BETWEEN DIMETHYLCYANAMIDE AND HEXAALKOXIDES OF DIMOLYBDENUM AND DITUNGSTEN
Authors: CHISHOLM M. H. , HUFFMAN J. C. , MARCHANT N. S.
Published: May 2016

Das Diwolframhexaalkoxid (I) reagiert mit dem Cyanamid (II) zu dem linearen Polymeren (III) und dem analysenrein isolierbaren, schwach assoziierten Dimeren des Carbin‐Komplexes (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTION‐OXIDATION PROPERTIES OF ORGANOTRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES. PART 17. THE REACTION OF (RH(CO)(PPH3)(η‐C5H5)) WITH ONE‐ELECTRON OXIDANTS: FULVALENE COMPLEX AND SILVER ADDUCT FORMATION, AND THE X‐RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BIS(CARBONYL‐η‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)RHODIO)SILVER HEXAFLUROPHOSPHATE‐TOLUENE (1/1)
Authors: CONNELLY N. G. , LUCY A. R. , PAYNE J. D. , GALAS A. M. R. , GEIGER W. E.
Published: May 2016

Cyclisch voltammetrische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß sich der Rh(I)‐Komplex einer irreversiblen Einelektronenoxidation unterwirft unter Bildung des kurzlebigen Radikalkations (II).
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISTIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF TRANSITION‐METAL β‐DIKETONATE COMPLEXES. 4. PHOTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION F TRANS‐TRIS(1,1,1‐TRIFLUORO‐2,4‐PENTANEDIONATO)RHODIUM(III) IN THE GAS PHASE
Authors: YANG X. , KUTAL C.
Published: May 2016

Bei Bestrahlung bei 366 nm und 150°C erleidet der Titelkomplex im Vakuum, unter einer N2‐Atmosphäre oder in Gegenwart von Benzoldampf sowohl eine Zers. als auch eine geometrische Isomerisierung.
ChemInform Abstract: THE STRUCTURE OF HALLEROL, A BOAT‐BOAT GERMACRANE LACTOL
Authors: CALLERI M. , CHIARI G. , VITERBO D.
Published: May 2016

Durch Röntgenanalyse wird die Kristallstruktur der Titelverbindung (I) ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTIVE ELIMINATION OF VICINAL OXYGEN FUNCTIONS WITH PALLADIUM(0). APPLICATIONS IN THE WITHANOLIDE SERIES
Authors: KEINAN E. , SAHAI M. , KIRSON I.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Epoxid (I) erhält man mit Pd‐Katalysatoren das Umlagerungsprodukt (ll).
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Synthesis of Some Mono‐ and Digalactosyl O‐Glycopeptides. 13C NMR Spectroscopy, a Useful Tool to Determine the Enantiomeric Purity of Synthetic Threonine‐Containing Glycopeptides. Spectra of Diastereoisomeric α‐ und β‐D‐Ga‐lactopyranosyl‐L‐ and ‐D‐threonine and L‐ and ‐D‐Allothreonine.
Authors: LACOMBE J. M. , PAVIA A. A.
Published: May 2016

Aus den stereoisomeren p‐Nitrophenylestern (Ia) und (Ib) entstehen mit (II) die Dipeptide (III), die zu (IV) hydrogenolysiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHORUS ANALOGS OF AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES. IX. PHOSPHONATE ANALOGS OF AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES: SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHONATE ANALOGS OF DEPSIPEPTIDES BY THE PASSERINI REACTION
Authors: RACHON J.
Published: May 2016

Durch Kondensation des Isonitrils (III) mit den Aldehyden (II) und den Aminosäurederivaten (I‐) werden die Depsipeptide (lV‐) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE LIGNANS. APPLICATION OF THE α‐HYDROXYALKYLATION OF β‐BENZYL‐Γ‐BUTYROLACTONES TO THE PREPARATION OF PHENYLTETRALIN AND BISBENZOCYCLOOCTADIENE SKELETONS. 4. TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐STEGANONE AND ITS CONGENERS AND SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐STEGANE
Authors: DHAL R. , BROWN E. , ROBIN J.‐P.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend von der Biphenylverbindung (I) wird über die Gemische der Alkohole (IIJ/(III), der Verbindungen (IV)/(V) [(V) nicht isolierbar wegen seiner spontanen Isomerisierung zu (IV)] und der Säuren (VI)/(VII) die Titelverbindung (i) (VIII) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE LIGNANS. APPLICATION OF THE α‐HYDROXYALKYLATION OF β‐BENZYL‐Γ‐BUTYROLACTONES TO THE PREPARATION OF PHENYLTETRALIN AND BISBENZOCYCLOOCTADIENE SKELETONS. 5. TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐ATTENUOL
Authors: LORIOT M. , BROWN E. , ROBIN J.‐P.
Published: May 2016

Die Titelverbindung (i)‐(V), deren (‐)‐Isomeres bereits aus Knema attenuata (Wall.) Warb.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES RELATED TO PENICILLINS. PART 22. MECHANISTIC ASPECTS OF β‐ELIMINATION REACTIONS INVOLVING PENICILLANATE 1,1‐DIOXIDES
Authors: STEELE J. , STOODLEY R. J.
Published: May 2016

Das Penicillanat‐SS‐dioxid (Ia) setzt sich in Gegenwart von DBN und D2O zur Sulfinsäure (II) und den dideuterierten Produkten (IIIa)+(IIIb) um.
ChemInform Abstract: RUTHENIUM‐CATALYZED OXIDATIONS WITH IODOSYLBENZENE DERIVATIVES. SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS ON SELECTIVITY IN OXIDATION OF SULFIDES AND ALCOHOLS
Authors: MUELLER P. + , GODOY J.
Published: May 2016

Iodosylbenzol oxidiert die Sulfide (l) unspezifisch zu Gemischen der Sulfone (III) mit den Sulfoxiden (II), in denen je nach dem Verhältnis Reagenz : Sulfid die Sulfone oder die Sulfoxide überwiegen.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVERSION OF BICYCLO(3.2.0)HEPT‐2‐EN‐6‐ONE INTO CYCLOPENTADIENYLACETIC ACID DERIVATIVES
Authors: WALLQUIST O. , REY M. , DREIDING A. S.
Published: May 2016

Das (nicht auftrennbare) Gemisch der Brom‐bicycloheptanone (II) und (III) reagiert mit Nucleophilen unter Bildung eines Cyclopentadienyl‐essigsaurederivats, das sich rasch durch Protonenverschiebung am Ring isomerisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐HALO KETONES. 10. REGIOSPECIFIC HOMOLOGATION OF UNSYMMETRICAL KETONES
Authors: DAVE V. , WARNHOFF E. W.
Published: May 2016

Ein Verfahren zur Homologisierting von Ketonen wird beschrieben, bei dem ein Keton wie (I) zunächst in α‐Stellung halogeniert, dann mit Diazoessigsäureester in Gegenwart von BF3 umgesetzt, mit Znk reduziert und dann zu einem Gemisch aus 2.B. (II) und (III) verseift und decarboxyliert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHEMISTRY OF 1H‐CYCLOBUTA(DE)NAPHTHALENES, 1‐ALKYLIDENE‐1H‐CYCLOBUTA(DE)NAPHTHALENES, AND 1H‐CYCLOBUTA(DE)NAPHTHALEN‐1‐ONE
Authors: CARD P. J. , FRIEDLI F. E. , SHECHTER H.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend vom Brom‐cyclobtitanaphthalin (Ia) werden durch zahlreiche entsprechende Reaktionen bzw. Folgereaktionen die Derivate (Ib) (If) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ENANTIOMERICALLY PURE (S)‐(+)‐3‐HYDROXYTETRAHYDROFURAN, AND ITS (R)‐ENANTIOMER, FROM MALIC OR TARTARIC ACID
Authors: TANDON V. K. , VAN LEUSEN A. M. , WYNBERG H.
Published: May 2016

Die Optisch aktiven Äpfelsätareester (Ib) werden mit Alanat zu den optisch aktiven Butantriolcn (II) reduziert und dann zu den Antipoden des 3‐Hydroxy‐tetrahydrofiaruns (III) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMICAL REACTIVITY AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIP OF HIGHLY STRAINED CAGE OXETANES
Authors: HARANO K. , OKAMOTO Y. , YASUDA M. , UEYAMA K. , KANEMATSU K.
Published: May 2016

Die Strukturen der Oxetane (12) sowie Reaktionen, 2.B. zu (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐ARYL‐3‐(4‐SUBSTITUTED AMINOSULFONYL)PHENYLAZO‐ AND PHENYLHYDRAZINOINDOLES
Authors: SRIVASTAVA N. , SENGUPTA A. K.
Published: May 2016

Die lndole (I) werden mit den diatzotierten Sulfonanliden (II) zu den Azoverbindungen (III) gekuppelt, deren Reduktion die llydrazoverbindungen (IV) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: INDOLES AS DIPOLAROPHILES TOWARDS 3,5‐DICHLORO‐2,4,6‐TRIMETHYLBENZONITRILE OXIDE
Authors: BRUCHE L. , ZECCHI G.
Published: May 2016

3,S‐Dichlor‐Z.4ger trin1ethy′l‐benzonitriloxid (I) reagiert mit den lndolcn (II) zu den Adduktcn (III) (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3‐HYDROXY‐2‐(SUBSTITUTED THIAZOLYL)‐4‐THIAZOLIDINONES
Authors: MANE R. A. , INGLE D. B.
Published: May 2016

Die aus den Thiohurnstoffen (I) und dem Diketon (II) zugänglichen Acclyl‐thiazolc (III‐a) werden über die Oximc (IIIb) in die ThiazolyI‐thiazolidinonc (V) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3‐(4‐PIPERIDYLIDENE)‐1,3‐DIHYDRO‐2H‐INDOL‐2‐ONE DERIVATIVES
Authors: OBASE H. , NAKAMIZO N. , TAKAI H. , TERANISHI M.
Published: May 2016

Die Zielverbindungen (VI) werden ausgehend von dem geschützten Piperidon (I) und dem Indolon (II), wie im Formelschema angegeben, synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SURFACTANTS WITH NEW STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: WEBER E.
Published: May 2016

Die Kronenether (I) sind in polaren Lösungsmitteln unerwartet gut löslich.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminophosphonic Acids. Part 17. Syntheses and Properties of N‐Acyl‐1‐aminoalkanephosphonic Acid 2‐Cyanoethyl Esters.
Authors: SZEWCZYK J. , RACHON J. , WASIELEWSKI C.
Published: May 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (II) werden durch Kondensationsreaktionen der Phosphonsäuren (I) mit 2‐Cyanoethanol unter Verwendung von Trichloracetonitril als Kondensationsmittel synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHORUS‐CARBON‐HALOGEN COMPOUNDS. 34. ATTEMPTS AT THE SYNTHESIS OF METHYLENEPHOSPHONIUM CATIONS FROM P‐CHLOROMETHYLENEPHOSPHORANES
Authors: APPEL R. , SCHMITZ R.
Published: May 2016

Die P‐Chloro‐methylenphosphorane (I) unterwerfen sich einem Chloridentzug durch AlCla oder AgBF4 unter Bildung der Methylenphosphonium‐Ionen (II), die durch 1H‐ und 31P‐NMR‐ spektroskopische Untersuchungen in den eingeengten Reaktionslösungen charakterisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: FACILE SYNTHESIS OF CP2MO2(μ‐SH)2(μ‐S)2 AND ITS USE IN HETEROBIMETALLIC CLUSTER SYNTHESIS
Authors: CURTIS M. D. , WILLIAMS P. D.
Published: May 2016

I)ie Reduktion des leicht zugänglichen polymeren Sulfids (I) mit dem Li‐borat in THF bei anschließender Löschung mit Wasser stellt eine äußerst leichte Synthese des Hydrosultids (II) dar.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HEXAKIS(ALKYL ISOCYANIDE) AND HEXAKIS(ARYL ISOCYANIDE) COMPLEXES OF TECHNETIUM(I)
Authors: ABRAMS M. J. , DAVISON A. , JONES A. G. , COSTELLO C. E. , PANG H.
Published: May 2016

Die Titelkomplexe (I) werden durch Reduktion von Ammoniumpertechnetat in ethanolisch‐wät?riger Base mit Na2S2O4 in Gegenwart von Isocyanid‐Liganden erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSITION METAL HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY. 7. STABILIZATION OF AN α‐DIAZO O THIOKETONE (A NEW CLASS OF COMPOUND) BY A UNIQUE LINEAR TRIIRON CLUSTER
Authors: PANNELL K. H. , MAYR A. J. , VANDERVEER D.
Published: May 2016

Die Reak‐ tion von 1,2,3‐Benzotlnadiazol (I) mit Nonacarbonyldieisen führt unter Spaltung der S" N‐Bindung des Thiadiazols zu dem l. linearen Dreikernkomplex (II) und einem durch Komplexbildung stabilisierten α‐Diazothioketon.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMISTRY IN LIQUID SULFUR DIOXIDE. 4. ELECTROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF HIGHLY OXIDIZED FORMS OF FERROCENE, DECAMETHYLFERROCENE AND IRON BIS(TRIS(1‐PYRAZOLYL)BORATE)
Authors: SHARP P. R. , BARD A. J.
Published: May 2016

Die Elektrochemie der durch lodoxidation der Grundkörper erhaltenen Spezies (Ib) und (IIb) in flüssigem SO2 wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF PYRROCORPHINS: CARBON METHYLATION OF PYRROCORPHINATES ON THE LIGAND PERIPHERY
Authors: WADITSCHATKA R. , DIENER E. , ESCHENMOSER A.
Published: May 2016

Der Magnesium‐Komplex des Octaethylpyrrocorphins (I) wird durch Methyliodid selektiv an der Ligandenperipherie zu Monomethylverbindungen des Typs (ll)‐( IV) methyliert.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW CARBONYL COMPOUNDS IN THE HIGH‐BOILING FRACTION OF LAVENDER OIL. 2ND COMMUNICATION
Authors: KAISER R. , LAMPARSKY D.
Published: May 2016

Bei gründlicher Untersuchung der hochsiedenden Fraktion von Lavendelöl lassen sich neben den von den Autoren bereits identifizierten und veröffentlichten Bestandteilen weiterhin die z.T. noch unbekannten Verbindungen (l )‐A‐(XX) (Ausb. maximal 1%) isolieren.
ChemInform Abstract: DIASTEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF C‐GLYCOPYRANOSIDES
Authors: GIESE B. , DUPUIS J.
Published: May 2016

Die radikalische Verknüpfung der Acetobromglucose (I) mit Acrylonitril (II) in Gegenwart von Tributylzinnhydrid führt mit hoher Selektivität zum α‐C‐Glucosid (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A BIOGENETIC‐LIKE SYNTHESIS OF PERLOLINE, 6‐(3,4‐DIMETHOXYPHENYL)‐5‐HYDROXY‐5,6‐DIHYDROBENZO(C)(2,7)NAPHTHYRIDIN‐4(3H)‐ONE
Authors: DUONG THACH DUONG THACH , PRAGER R. H. , WERE S. T.
Published: May 2016

Das literaturbekannte lndenopyridindion (IV), das nach einem verbesserten Verfahren dargestellt wird, reagiert mit 3,4‐Dimethoxyphenyllithium, einem literaturbekannten Reagenz,2u dem Ketoalkohol (V), der mit NaN3/PPA durch Schmidt‐Reaktion in das Naphthyridinon (VI) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐VERBASCENINE
Authors: WASSERMAN H. H. , ROBINSON R. P.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem makroeyclisehen Lactam (I) werden die Lactimether (II) hergestellt, die mit 4‐Phenyl‐2‐azetidinon (III) über ein Kondensationsprodukt (IV) zu dem kondensierten TetraIrydropyrimidirxon (Va) führen.
Bubble growth from first principles
Authors: Saengow Chaimongkol , Giacomin A. Jeffrey , Wú Xiànghóng , Kolitawong Chanyut , Aumnate Chuanchom , Mix Adam W.
Published: May 2016

We consider the simplest relevant problem in the foaming of molten plastics: the growth of a single bubble in a highly viscous Newtonian fluid without interference from other bubbles. This problem has defied accurate solution from first principles. Classical approaches from first principles have neglected the temperature rise in the surrounding fluid, and we find that this oversimplification greatly accelerates growth prediction. We use transport phenomena to analyze the growth of a solitary bubble, expanding under its own pressure. We consider a bubble of ideal gas growing without the accelerating contribution from mass transfer into the bubble. We find that bubble growth depends upon nucleus radius and nucleus pressure. We begin with a detailed examination of the classical approaches. Our failure to fit data with these approaches sets up the second part of our paper, a novel exploration of the essential decelerating role of viscous heating. We explore both isothermal and adiabatic expansions, and also the decelerating role of surface tension. The adiabatic analysis accounts for the slight deceleration due to the cooling of the expanding gas, which depends on gas polyatomicity. We explore the pressure profile, and the components of the extra stress tensor, in the surrounding fluid. These stresses can be frozen into foamed plastics. We find that our new theory compares well with measured size, when the nucleus radius, nucleus pressure, and melt viscosity are fitted. We include a detailed dimensional worked example to help process engineers with foam design.
Capacity assessment and potential for reuse of calcined Bofe bentonitic clay for adsorption of nickel
Authors: Vieira Melissa Gurgel Adeodato , de Almeida Neto Ambrósio Florêncio , Gimenes Marcelino Luis , da Silva Meuris Gurgel Carlos
Published: May 2016

This work aims to evaluate different eluents in cycles of nickel adsorption/desorption on calcined Bofe clay. The following eluents were used sequentially for nickel desorption: H2SO4 0.25 mol/L, NaCl 1.0 mol/L, CaCl2 0.10 mol/L, and EDTA 0.10 mol/L. Physical‐chemical characterization analyses of Bofe clay samples were carried out under different conditions to evaluate the effect of the remaining metal on the adsorbent submitted to adsorption/desorption cycles. The adsorbent material was characterized by the following techniques: energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and N2 physisorption (BET). Statistica 5.0 was used as a computational tool to adjust the rate quasi‐chemical solution to the experimental data of the breakthrough curves. From the new function obtained, breakthrough curves for different bed heights could be also simulated. An increase of the clay surface area and a reduction of real density after the passage of the four eluents were observed. Among the tested eluents, NaCl (1 mol/L) presented the highest percentage of desorption (88.08  %). The nickel adsorption/desorption cycles study showed that Bofe clay retains the same nickel adsorption capacity throughout the four evaluated cycles.
Bioelectronic Interface Connecting Reversible Logic Gates Based on Enzyme and DNA Reactions
Authors: Guz Nataliia , Fedotova Tatiana A. , Fratto Brian E. , Schlesinger Orr , Alfonta Lital , Kolpashchikov Dmitry M. , Katz Evgeny
Published: May 2016

It is believed that connecting biomolecular computation elements in complex networks of communicating molecules may eventually lead to a biocomputer that can be used for diagnostics and/or the cure of physiological and genetic disorders. Here, a bioelectronic interface based on biomolecule‐modified electrodes has been designed to bridge reversible enzymatic logic gates with reversible DNA‐based logic gates. The enzyme‐based Fredkin gate with three input and three output signals was connected to the DNA‐based Feynman gate with two input and two output signals—both representing logically reversible computing elements. In the reversible Fredkin gate, the routing of two data signals between two output channels was controlled by the control signal (third channel). The two data output signals generated by the Fredkin gate were directed toward two electrochemical flow cells, responding to the output signals by releasing DNA molecules that serve as the input signals for the next Feynman logic gate based on the DNA reacting cascade, producing, in turn, two final output signals. The Feynman gate operated as the controlled NOT gate (CNOT), where one of the input channels controlled a NOT operation on another channel. Both logic gates represented a highly sophisticated combination of input‐controlled signal‐routing logic operations, resulting in redirecting chemical signals in different channels and performing orchestrated computing processes. The biomolecular reaction cascade responsible for the signal processing was realized by moving the solution from one reacting cell to another, including the reacting flow cells and electrochemical flow cells, which were organized in a specific network mimicking electronic computing circuitries. The designed system represents the first example of high complexity biocomputing processes integrating enzyme and DNA reactions and performing logically reversible signal processing.
Antinociceptive Activity of an Ethanol Extract of Justicia spicigera
Authors: Zapata‐Morales Juan Ramón , Alonso‐Castro Angel Josabad , Domínguez Fabiola , Carranza‐Álvarez Candy , Castellanos Luis Manuel Orozco , Martínez‐Medina Rosa María , Pérez‐Urizar José
Published: May 2016

Preclinical Research

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and sedative activity of an ethanol extract of Justicia spicigera an evergreen used in Mexican traditional medicine for the relief of pain, wounds, fever and inflammation. At 200 mg/kg po, the maximum dose examined, the ethanol extract of J. spicigera (JSE) had analgesic activity in mice in the acetic acid writhing test, the second phase of the formalin test and the tail flick test that was similar in efficacy to the NSAID, naproxen (150 mg/kg po). JSE was inactive in the hot plate test and and the ketamine‐induced sleeping time test; it had no sedative effects. These results show that the ethanol extract from the leaves of J. spicigera has antinociceptive effects in mice without inducing sedation. Drug Dev Res 77 : 180–186, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemostratigraphy of the Upper Albian to mid‐Turonian Natih Formation (Oman) – how authigenic carbonate changes a global pattern
Authors: Wohlwend Stephan , Hart Malcolm , Weissert Helmut
Published: May 2016

The Oman Mountains preserve a Cretaceous continental margin transect with the proximal Arabian carbonate shelf and the adjacent deep Hawasina Basin. Today, the sediments from the Arabian Platform outcrop in the Oman Mountains (Jabal Akdhar and Saih Hatat) and in the Adam Foothills. The western part of the Adam Foothills provides insight into the evolution of a Late Cretaceous intra‐platform basin with organic‐rich sediments in the central part of this basin. The aims of this study are (a) to establish a biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of the Natih Formation and (b) to reconstruct depositional conditions of organic‐rich sediments in an intra‐platform basin during Cenomanian–Turonian times. The hypothesis that local black shale formation is an expression of global perturbations of the global carbon cycle will be tested. Reconstruction of the depositional history of the Arabian Platform and its intra‐platform basin within a global palaeoclimatic framework requires an accurate time frame. The Upper Albian to mid‐Turonian biostratigraphy of the Natih Formation has resulted in controversial age models that will be integrated into a solid chemostratigraphic framework with additional biostratigraphic data. A major positive δ13C excursion (+4·6‰) has been identified as of Middle Cenomanian age, which is confirmed by an ammonite datum. A second positive δ13C excursion (+4·5‰) following a major negative excursion (−1·0‰) confirms the existence of the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary Event. The accurate chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy confirms that major source rocks in the Mishrif‐Natih Basin precede OAE2. Low δ13C values measured in the sediments of the Natih B member are considered a consequence of diagenetic alteration. Elevated organic carbon contents and argillaceous sediments alternating with limestones resulted in diagenetic conditions favouring formation of authigenic calcite depleted in C‐13.
Spelling Errors in French‐speaking Children with Dyslexia: Phonology May Not Provide the Best Evidence
Authors: Daigle Daniel , Costerg Agnès , Plisson Anne , Ruberto Noémia , Varin Joëlle
Published: May 2016

For children with dyslexia, learning to write constitutes a great challenge. There has been consensus that the explanation for these learners' delay is related to a phonological deficit. Results from studies designed to describe dyslexic children's spelling errors are not always as clear concerning the role of phonological processes as those found in reading studies. In irregular languages like French, spelling abilities involve other processes than phonological processes. The main goal of this study was to describe the relative contribution of these other processes in dyslexic children's spelling ability. In total, 32 francophone dyslexic children with a mean age of 11.4 years were compared with 24 reading‐age matched controls (RA) and 24 chronological‐age matched controls (CA). All had to write a text that was analysed at the graphemic level. All errors were classified as either phonological, morphological, visual‐orthographic or lexical. Results indicated that dyslexic children's spelling ability lagged behind not only that of the CA group but also of the RA group. Because the majority of errors, in all groups, could not be explained by inefficiency of phonological processing, the importance of visual knowledge/processes will be discussed as a complementary explanation of dyslexic children's delay in writing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Word Learning, Reading Difficulties, and Phonological Processing Skills
Authors: Kalashnikova Marina , Burnham Denis
Published: May 2016

Visual–verbal paired associate learning (PAL) refers to the ability to establish an arbitrary association between a visual referent and an unfamiliar label. It is now established that this ability is impaired in children with dyslexia, but the source of this deficit is yet to be specified. This study assesses PAL performance in children with reading difficulties using a modified version of the PAL paradigm, comprising a comprehension and a production phase, to determine whether the PAL deficit lies in children's ability to establish and retain novel object–novel word associations or their ability to retrieve the learned novel labels for production. Results showed that while children with reading difficulties required significantly more trials to learn the object–word associations, when they were required to use these associations in a comprehension‐referent selection task, their accuracy and speed did not differ from controls. Nevertheless, children with reading difficulties were significantly less successful when they were required to produce the learned novel labels in response to the visual stimuli. Thus, these results indicate that while children with reading difficulties are successful at establishing visual–verbal associations, they have a deficit in the verbal production component of PAL tasks, which may relate to a more general underlying impairment in auditory or phonological processing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aging alters interspecific competition between two sympatric insect–parasitic nematode species
Authors: Bashey Farrah , Sarin Tara , Lively Curtis M.
Published: May 2016

Interspecific competition can vary depending on the stage, age, or physiological state of the competitors. Competitive ability often increases with age or size; alternatively, senescence can lead to a loss of viability and reduced competitive success. Differences between species in their age‐specific competitive abilities can promote coexistence in the face of substantial niche overlap.

We examined two sympatric species of nematodes (genus Steinernema) to determine whether their competitive relationship changes as a function of age. These obligately killing insect parasites are known for their broad host ranges and are transmitted from insect to insect via a juvenile stage propagule that is free‐living in the soil. Here, we tested whether the two species differed in the effects of age by examining the mortality of insect hosts infected with young or old transmission stage nematodes of each species. We also performed mixed infections, where an equal ratio of both species was simultaneously exposed to a host, to determine the effect of age on competitiveness.

One species showed reduced performance with age, as older propagules were slower at inducing host mortality. In contrast, the other species increased in killing speed with age. In competition, insect mortality rate was predictive of competitive outcome, such that if one species induced considerably faster host death in a single‐species infection, it was competitively dominant in the coinfection. Accordingly, we found a shift in the competitive relationship between the two species with age.

Our work demonstrates that species differences in the effects of aging can lead to dramatic shifts in reproductive success. As these effects are realized solely in a competitive environment, both spatial patchiness and temporal niche partitioning may be important for promoting coexistence.
Adaptional evolution of trichome in Caragana korshinskii to natural drought stress on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Ning Pengbo , Wang Junhui , Zhou Yulu , Gao Lifang , Wang Jun , Gong Chunmei
Published: May 2016

Caragana korshinskii is commonly employed to improve drought ecosystems on the Loess Plateau, although the molecular mechanism at work is poorly understood, particularly in terms of the plant's ability to tolerate drought stress. Water is the most severe limiting factor for plant growth on the Loess Plateau. The trichome is known to play an efficient role in reducing water loss through decreasing the rate of transpiration, so in this study, we focused on the trichome‐related gene expression of ecological adaptation in C. korshinskii under low precipitation conditions. In order to explore the responses of trichomes to drought, we selected two experimental sites from wet to dry along the Loess Plateau latitude gradient for observation. Micro‐phenomena through which trichomes grew denser and larger under reduced precipitation were observed using a scanning electron microscope; de novo transcriptomes and quantitative PCR were then used to explore and verify gene expression patterns of C. korshinskii trichomes. Results showed that GIS2, TTG1, and GL2 were upregulated (as key positive‐regulated genes on trichome development), while CPC was downregulated (negative‐regulated gene). Taken together, our data indicate that downstream genes of gibberellin and cytokinin signaling pathways, alongside several cytoskeleton‐related genes, contribute to modulating trichome development to enhance transpiration resistance ability and increase the resistance to drought stress in C. korshinskii.
Modelling interception loss using the revised Gash model: a case study in a mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forest in China
Authors: Su Lei , Zhao Changming , Xu Wenting , Xie Zongqiang
Published: May 2016

Interception loss accounts for a substantial portion of incident precipitation and evapotranspiration in forest ecosystems. Hence, identifying its magnitude is crucial for our understanding of biogeochemical cycling and related hydrological processes. In this study, gross rainfall partitioning into interception loss, throughfall and stemflow were measured and modelled using the revised Gash model for a mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forest over the 2014 growing season. Field survey results revealed that interception loss accounted for 14.3% of gross rainfall, while understory rainfall was 84.8% throughfall and 0.9% stemflow. The revised Gash model produced a fairly good agreement between observed and estimated rainfall partitioning. The model underestimated interception loss by only 6.6%, while throughfall and stemflow were also slightly misestimated. Hence the interception loss predictions from the model were robust and reliable for this mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forest. As quantified by the model, the vast majority of interception loss occurred as evaporation from the canopy under saturated conditions: 54.9% evaporated during rainfall events, and 38.3% after rainfall ceased. The sensitivity analysis indicated that predictions from the revised Gash model were most affected by changes in canopy storage capacity (S), followed by the mean evaporation rate (Ē) during rainfall events, the mean rainfall rate (
) and last canopy cover (c). Model predictions were least sensitive to trunk parameters (St and pt). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relatively stable response of fruiting stage to warming and cooling relative to other phenological events
Authors: Jiang L. L. , Wang S. P. , Meng F. D. , Duan J. C. , Niu H. S. , Xu G. P. , Zhu X. X. , Zhang Z. H. , Luo C. Y. , Cui S. J. , Li Y. M. , Li X. E. , Wang Q. , Zhou Y. , Bao X. Y. , Li Y. N. , Dorji T. , Piao S. L. , Ciais P. , Peñuelas J. , Du M. Y. , Zhao X. Q. , Zhao L. , Zhang F. W. , Wang G. J.
Published: May 2016

The timing of the fruit‐set stage (i.e., start and end of fruit set) is crucial in a plant's life cycle, but its response to temperature change is still unclear. We investigated the timing of seven phenological events, including fruit‐set dates during 3 yr for six alpine plants transplanted to warmer (approximately +3.5°C in soils) and cooler (approximately −3.5°C in soils) locations along an altitudinal gradient in the Tibetan area. We found that fruit‐set dates remained relatively stable under both warming and cooling during the 3‐yr transplant experiment. Three earlier phenological events (emergence of first leaf, first bud set, and first flowering) and two later phenological events (first leaf coloring and complete leaf coloring) were earlier by 4.8–8.2 d/°C and later by 3.2–7.1 d/°C in response to warming. Conversely, cooling delayed the three earlier events by 3.8–6.9 d/°C and advanced the two later events by 3.2–8.1 d/°C for all plant species. The timing of the first and/or last fruit‐set dates, however, did not change significantly compared to earlier and later phenological events. Statistical analyses also showed that the dates of fruit set were not significantly correlated or had lower correlations with changes of soil temperature relative to the earlier and later phenological events. Alpine plants may thus acclimate to changes in temperature for their fruiting function by maintaining relatively stable timings of fruit set compared with other phenological events to maximize the success of seed maturation and dispersal in response to short‐term warming or cooling.
Density‐dependent resource selection by a terrestrial herbivore in response to sea‐to‐land nutrient transfer by seals
Authors: McLoughlin Philip D. , Lysak Kenton , Debeffe Lucie , Perry Thomas , Hobson Keith A.
Published: May 2016

Sea‐to‐land nutrient transfers can connect marine food webs to those on land, creating a dependence on marine webs by opportunistic species. We show how nitrogen, imported by gray seals,Halichoerus grypus, and traced through stable isotope (δ15N) measurements in marram grass, Ammophila breviligulata, significantly alters foraging behavior of a free‐roaming megaherbivore (feral horses,Equus ferus caballus) on Sable Island, Canada. Values of δ15N correlated with protein content of marram and strongly related to pupping‐seal densities, and positively influenced selective foraging by horses. The latter was density dependent, consistent with optimal foraging theory. We present the first demonstration of how sea‐to‐land nutrient transfers can affect the behavioral process of resource selection (resource use relative to availability) of terrestrial consumers. We hypothesize that persistence of horses on Sable Island is being facilitated by N subsidies. Our results have relevance to advancing theory on trophic dynamics in island biogeography and metaecosystem ecology.