bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urinary markers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and dysbiosis in paediatric tuberculous meningitis cases undergoing treatment
Authors: Isaiah Simon , Loots Du Toit , van Furth A. Marceline Tutu , Davoren Elmarie , van Elsland Sabine , Solomons Regan , van der Kuip Martijn , Mason Shayne
Published: March 2024

Background

The pathogenesis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) involves infection byMycobacterium tuberculosisin the meninges and brain. However, recent studies have shown that the immune response and inflammatory processes triggered by TBM can have significant effects on gut microbiota. Disruptions in the gut microbiome have been linked to various systemic consequences, including altered immunity and metabolic dysregulation. Inflammation caused by TBM, antibiotic treatment, and changes in host immunity can all influence the composition of gut microbes. This complex relationship between TBM and the gut microbiome is of great importance in clinical settings. To gain a deeper understanding of the intricate interactions between TBM and the gut microbiome, we report innovative insights into the development of the disease in response to treatment. Ultimately, this could lead to improved outcomes, management strategies and quality of life for individuals affected by TBM.

Method

We used a targeted liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach to investigate metabolites associated with gut metabolism in paediatric participants by analysing the urine samples collected from a control group (n = 40), and an experimental group (n = 35) with confirmed TBM, which were subdivided into TBM stage 1 (n = 8), stage 2 (n = 11) and stage 3 (n = 16).

Findings

Our metabolomics investigation showed that, of the 78 initially selected compounds of microbiome origin, eight unique urinary metabolites were identified: 2-methylbutyrlglycine, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 3-methylcrotonylglycine, 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid, isobutyrylglycine, and phenylacetylglutamine as urinary markers of dysbiosis in TBM.

Conclusion

These results – which are supported by previous urinary studies of tuberculosis – highlight the importance of gut metabolism and of identifying corresponding microbial metabolites as novel points for the foundation of improved management of TBM patients.
Cryopreserved cGMP-compliant human pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic progenitors rescue mice from acute liver failure through rapid paracrine effects on liver cells
Authors: Gantier Malika , Rispal Raphaël , Fourrier Angélique , Ménoret Séverine , Delbos Frédéric , Anegon Ignacio , Nguyen Tuan Huy
Published: March 2024

Background

Liver transplantation remains the only curative treatment for end-stage liver diseases. Unfortunately, there is a drastic organ donor shortage. Hepatocyte transplantation emerged as a viable alternative to liver transplantation. Considering their unique expansion capabilities and their potency to be driven toward a chosen cell fate, pluripotent stem cells are extensively studied as an unlimited cell source of hepatocytes for cell therapy. It has been previously shown that freshly prepared hepatocyte-like cells can cure mice from acute and chronic liver failure and restore liver function.

Methods

Human PSC-derived immature hepatic progenitors (GStemHep) were generated using a new protocol with current good manufacturing practice compliant conditions from PSC amplification and hepatic differentiation to cell cryopreservation. The therapeutic potential of these cryopreserved cells was assessed in two clinically relevant models of acute liver failure, and the mode of action was studied by several analytical methods, including unbiased proteomic analyses.

Results

GStemHep cells present an immature hepatic phenotype (alpha-fetoprotein positive, albumin negative), secrete hepatocyte growth factor and do not express major histocompatibility complex. A single dose of thawed GStemHep rescue mice from sudden death caused by acetaminophen and thioacetamide-induced acute liver failure, both in immunodeficient and immunocompetent animals in the absence of immunosuppression. Therapeutic biological effects were observed as soon as 3 h post-cell transplantation with a reduction in serum transaminases and in liver necrosis. The swiftness of the therapeutic effect suggests a paracrine mechanism of action of GStemHep leading to a rapid reduction of inflammation as well as a rapid cytoprotective effect with as a result a proteome reprograming of the host hepatocytes. The mode of action of GStemHep relie on the alleviation of inhibitory factors of liver regeneration, an increase in proliferation-promoting factors and a decrease in liver inflammation.

Conclusions

We generated cryopreserved and current good manufacturing practice-compliant human pluripotent stem cell-derived immature hepatic progenitors that were highly effective in treating acute liver failure through rapid paracrine effects reprogramming endogenous hepatocytes. This is also the first report highlighting that human allogeneic cells could be used as cryopreserved cells and in the absence of immunosuppression for human PSC-based regenerative medicine for acute liver failure.
Systematic analysis, aggregation and visualisation of interaction fingerprints for molecular dynamics simulation data
Authors: Jaeger-Honz Sabrina , Klein Karsten , Schreiber Falk
Published: March 2024

Computational methods such as molecular docking or molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been developed to simulate and explore the interactions between biomolecules. However, the interactions obtained using these methods are difficult to analyse and evaluate. Interaction fingerprints (IFPs) have been proposed to derive interactions from static 3D coordinates and transform them into 1D bit vectors. More recently, the concept has been applied to derive IFPs from MD simulations, which adds a layer of complexity by adding the temporal motion and dynamics of a system. As a result, many IFPs are obtained from one MD simulation, resulting in a large number of individual IFPs that are difficult to analyse compared to IFPs derived from static 3D structures. Scientific contribution: We introduce a new method to systematically aggregate IFPs derived from MD simulation data. In addition, we propose visualisations to effectively analyse and compare IFPs derived from MD simulation data to account for the temporal evolution of interactions and to compare IFPs across different MD simulations. This has been implemented as a freely available Python library and can therefore be easily adopted by other researchers and to different MD simulation datasets.
A global analysis of the introduction pathways and characteristics associated with non-native fish species introduction, establishment, and impacts
Authors: Bernery Camille , Bellard Céline , Courchamp Franck , Brosse Sébastien , Leroy Boris
Published: March 2024

Background

The invasion success of introduced freshwater fishes is influenced by many factors, including ecological, species, and socioeconomic characteristics. Most studies that document the importance of these characteristics are conducted at local scales and/or focus on a single step of the invasion process. In this study, we aim to determine the species characteristics, ecological characteristics, and socioeconomic characteristics of non-native freshwater fish invasions. Our assessment was done at the global scale and considers all three steps of the invasion (i.e., introduction, establishment, and impact). For this purpose, we applied generalized linear models to 20 variables collected for 307 non-native species and modeled them as a function of ecological characteristics (i.e., environmental features), species traits (i.e., functional and morphological), and socioeconomic characteristics (i.e., human use and introduction pathways). We considered the number of countries in which each species was introduced, established, or had ecological impacts as a proxy of invasion step success. We also explored the specifics of species introduced through the aquaculture and the ornamental fish trade pathways.

Results

We found that non-native freshwater fishes with broad diets, high parental care, and multiple introduction pathways are the most widely introduced and established worldwide. The number of countries with impacts reported was best explained by the type of introduction pathway (i.e., aquaculture or fisheries). Moreover, among non-native species introduced through aquaculture, those belonging to Cypriniformes and having broad diets were the most widely introduced and established species. In contrast, the species introduced through the ornamental fish trade pathway belonged to various taxonomic orders but were mainly native to tropical regions.

Conclusions

Considering several types of factors is important when analyzing the invasion success of freshwater fish and disentangling the different invasion steps. These findings have strong implications for anticipating the profile of species with a high potential to invade many countries.
Carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent ST23 Klebsiella pneumoniae with a highly transmissible dual-carbapenemase plasmid in Chile
Authors: Gálvez-Silva Matías , Arros Patricio , Berríos-Pastén Camilo , Villamil Aura , Rodas Paula I. , Araya Ingrid , Iglesias Rodrigo , Araya Pamela , Hormazábal Juan C. , Bohle Constanza , Chen Yahua , Gan Yunn-Hwen , Chávez Francisco P. , Lagos Rosalba , Marcoleta Andrés E.
Published: March 2024

Background

The convergence of hypervirulence and carbapenem resistance in the bacterial pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae represents a critical global health concern. Hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) strains, frequently from sequence type 23 (ST23) and having a K1 capsule, have been associated with severe community-acquired invasive infections. Although hvKp were initially restricted to Southeast Asia and primarily antibiotic-sensitive, carbapenem-resistant hvKp infections are reported worldwide. Here, within the carbapenemase production Enterobacterales surveillance system headed by the Chilean Public Health Institute, we describe the isolation in Chile of a high-risk ST23 dual-carbapenemase-producing hvKp strain, which carbapenemase genes are encoded in a single conjugative plasmid.

Results

Phenotypic and molecular tests of this strain revealed an extensive resistance to at least 15 antibiotic classes and the production of KPC-2 and VIM-1 carbapenemases. Unexpectedly, this isolate lacked hypermucoviscosity, challenging this commonly used hvKp identification criteria. Complete genome sequencing and analysis confirmed the K1 capsular type, the KpVP-1 virulence plasmid, and the GIE492 and ICEKp10 genomic islands carrying virulence factors strongly associated with hvKp. Although this isolate belonged to the globally disseminated hvKp clonal group CG23-I, it is unique, as it formed a clade apart from a previously reported Chilean ST23 hvKp isolate and acquired an IncN KPC-2 plasmid highly disseminated in South America (absent in other hvKp genomes), but now including a class-I integron carrying blaVIM−1 and other resistance genes. Notably, this isolate was able to conjugate the double carbapenemase plasmid to an E. coli recipient, conferring resistance to 1st -5th generation cephalosporins (including combinations with beta-lactamase inhibitors), penicillins, monobactams, and carbapenems.

Conclusions

We reported the isolation in Chile of high-risk carbapenem-resistant hvKp carrying a highly transmissible conjugative plasmid encoding KPC-2 and VIM-1 carbapenemases, conferring resistance to most beta-lactams. Furthermore, the lack of hypermucoviscosity argues against this trait as a reliable hvKp marker. These findings highlight the rapid evolution towards multi-drug resistance of hvKp in Chile and globally, as well as the importance of conjugative plasmids and other mobile genetic elements in this convergence. In this regard, genomic approaches provide valuable support to monitor and obtain essential information on these priority pathogens and mobile elements.
Interdisciplinary all-on-four® concept for mandibular jaw in dental education - do students benefit from individual 3d printed models from real patient cases?
Authors: Bjelopavlovic Monika , Goetze Elisabeth , Kämmerer Peer W , Scheller Herbert
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Digitalization is assuming increasing significance in dental education, as dental students are increasingly exposed to digital implant planning and contemporary technologies such as 3D printing. In this study, we present a cohort analysis aimed at assessing the potential benefits derived from the utilization of 3D prints to seamlessly translate planned procedures into real-life applications.

Methods

21 dental students participated in a virtual planning and hands-on course across two cohorts (C1: n = 10, C2: n = 11). The virtual implant planning phase involved the placement of four implants on an atrophic lower jaw model. Subsequently, Cohort 1 (C1) executed the implantation procedure on a prefabricated hands-on model, while Cohort 2 (C2) engaged with 3D prints representing their individual implant planning during the hands-on session. Subjective assessments of knowledge, skills, and the perceived utility of 3D prints were conducted through pre- and post-course questionnaires, utilizing a 5-point scale.

Results

In the subjective evaluation, 17 out of 21 participants expressed a positive appraisal of the use of personalized models. Notably, there was no statistically significant improvement in overall knowledge scores; however, there was a discernible increase of 0.5 points in the ratings related to perceived expertise and procedural abilities.

Conclusion

While there was a notable increase in the subjective ratings of knowledge and abilities, no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups. The consensus among dental students is that individually planned and printed implant models serve as a valuable and effective tool in hands-on courses.
Modeling, design and optimization of integrated renewable energy systems for electrification in remote communities
Authors: Qiu Kuanrong , Entchev Evgueniy
Published: March 2024

Integrated renewable energy systems are becoming a promising option for electrification in remote communities. Integrating multiple renewable energy sources allows the communities to counteract the weaknesses of one renewable energy source with the strengths of another. This study aims to model, design and optimize integrated renewable energy systems consisting of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, a biomass power generator, and storage batteries for applications in remote communities in Canada. Biomass is used as a fuel to produce electricity during periods when solar power and wind power are not capable of meeting the power demand. A methodology is developed to optimize the integrated renewable energy systems design, with the aim of minimizing the net present cost (NPC) and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the energy systems. Results show that the NPC is $3.61 M and the LCOE is $0.255/kWh for an optimized integrated renewable energy system in a sample remote community that has a peak power consumption of 238.7 kW and an average load demand of 2230 kWh/day. Through the present research, the integrated energy systems are evidenced to be an effective option for electrification in remote communities.
Exploring the nutritional landscape and emerging trends in kidney stone research: visualization and bibliometric analysis
Authors: Zyoud Sa’ed H. , Abushamma Faris , Salameh Husam , Abushanab Amani S. , Koni Amer , Abu Taha Adham , Al-Jabi Samah W. , Shahwan Moyad , Jairoun Ammar A. , Shakhshir Muna H.
Published: March 2024

Background

Kidney stones, or renal nephrolithiasis, are common and dangerous, increasing the risk of chronic kidney disease. Dietary manipulation is essential for the prevention and recurrence of kidney stones. Research into nutrition and kidney stones lacks library analysis, making it difficult to identify new trends. This bibliometric study was conducted to explore the current landscape of research on nutrition and kidney stones worldwide. This paper also emphasizes significant research trends in this area over the past two decades, aiming to assist researchers in understanding the current research status and identifying potential future directions.

Methods

The scholarly literature pertaining to diet and kidney stones was systematically explored utilizing SciVerse Scopus to identify pertinent research articles released from 2003 to 2022. The examination encompassed an assessment of publication patterns, key contributors, focal areas of research, prevalent themes, influential articles, and emerging research avenues. Following data extraction to Excel, analyses, including frequencies, percentages, and linear regression, were conducted. Visual exploration was facilitated through the use of the VOSviewer program version 1.6.19.

Results

Between 2003 and 2022, 697 publications on nutrition and kidney stones were identified. There were 478 original articles (68.58%), 120 reviews (17.22%) and 99 other types of publications (14.20%). The United States is the most productive country, with significant growth in research in the fields of nutrition and kidney stones. The United States has demonstrated the strongest partnerships between researchers’ networks from various countries. Cluster analysis revealed three major research themes: sex differences in kidney stone disease, the correlation between increased dietary acid consumption and calcium oxide kidney stones, and nephrolithiasis associated with a ketogenic diet.

Conclusions

This study offers a thorough examination of nutrition and kidney stone research, encompassing key research domains, collaborative networks, and emerging patterns. The findings can aid researchers in gaining insight into the present landscape of the discipline and determining future research directions.
A Case of Metastatic Choriocarcinoma-Related Paraneoplastic Thyroid Storm
Authors: Gupta Nidhi , Graham Lauren , Carpenter Matthew , Gandhi Gunjan Y
Published: March 2024

Thyroid storm due to gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) with metastatic choriocarcinoma is a rare but potentially life-threatening endocrine emergency. We report on a woman with molar pregnancy and metastatic choriocarcinoma who presented with thyroid storm (Burch-Wartofsky point scale of 45) a few weeks after the evacuation of GTD. She was initially managed with intravenous hydrocortisone, oral propylthiouracil (PTU), and esmolol infusion. After stabilization in the intensive care unit, 10 cycles of chemotherapy with etoposide, methotrexate, leucovorin, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (EMA-CO) were initiated for stage 4 choriocarcinoma with brain and lung metastases. She underwent a hysterectomy soon after completing chemotherapy and received an additional 3 cycles of chemotherapy after the hysterectomy. As human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels normalized, thyroid function reverted to normal as well. At the last follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic, euthyroid (without antithyroid medication), had a normal hCG titer of 1.7 mIU/mL (normal nonpregnant reference is < 5 mIU/mL), and the lung and brain lesions had resolved entirely. Management of thyroid storm in the presence of untreated metastatic choriocarcinoma requires a high index of suspicion and a multidisciplinary team approach to prevent complications and improve survival.
Efficacy of Oral Cinacalcet in Non-PTH Nonmalignant Hypercalcemia from Excess 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
Authors: Mohan Sneha , Sheehan Michael , Tebben Peter , Wermers Robert
Published: March 2024

Elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) is a rare cause of non–parathyroid hormone (PTH)–mediated hypercalcemia seen in granulomatous disease, malignancy (most often lymphoma), or genetic mutations. Therapeutic options are limited. We report the case of a 67-year-old White man with nonmalignant, nongranulomatous, 1,25(OH)2D-mediated hypercalcemia treated successfully with cinacalcet. At presentation, he had hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria with recurrent nephrolithiasis, low PTH, elevated 1,25(OH)2D, and normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The 1,25(OH)2D levels were inappropriate in the setting of hypercalcemia with low PTH. Evaluations for sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, and malignancy were negative. Genetic testing showed biallelic variants in the CYP24A1 gene. Cinacalcet was trialed and showed normalization of calcium levels. On cinacalcet, biochemical indices showed a slight increase in 1,25(OH)2D and 24-hour urine calcium and mild decrease in PTH. He briefly experienced symptomatic hypocalcemia that resolved after reducing cinacalcet dose. Due to limited symptomatic benefit, he opted to stop cinacalcet. Additional follow-up showed intermittently elevated serum calcium levels after stopping cinacalcet, most recently 10.3 mg/dL. Cinacalcet may be a therapeutic option in nonmalignant, 1,25(OH)2D-mediated hypercalcemia. Further study is necessary to confirm efficacy, understand risks and benefits, and elucidate mechanism(s) of action.
Bone Density in Transgender Youth on Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy
Authors: Roy Micaela K , Bothwell Samantha , Kelsey Megan M , Ma Nina S , Moreau Kerrie L , Nadeau Kristen J , Rothman Micol S , Nokoff Natalie J
Published: March 2024

Some transgender youth are treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) followed by testosterone or estradiol, which may impact bone mineral density (BMD). This cross-sectional study of transgender youth (n = 56, aged 10.4-19.8 years, 53% assigned female at birth [AFAB]) utilized total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to evaluate BMD Z-scores, and associations between GnRHa duration, body mass index (BMI), and BMD. Participants on GnRHa alone (n = 19, 14 assigned male at birth [AMAB], 5 AFAB) at the time of the study visit were 13.8 [12.8, 15.3] (median [IQR]) years old, had been on GnRHa for 10 [5.5, 19.5] months, and began GnRHa at age 12 [10.4, 12.6] years. Total body BMD Z-score for individuals on GnRHa monotherapy was −0.10 [−0.8, 0.4] (AFAB, female norms) and −0.65 [−1.4, 0.22] (AMAB, male norms). AFAB participants (n = 21) on testosterone were age 16.7 [15.9, 17.8] years, had been on testosterone for 11 [7.3, 14.5] months, and started testosterone at age 16 [14.8, 16.8] years; total body BMD Z-score −0.2 [−0.5, 0] (male norms) and 0.4 [−0.2, 0.7] (female norms). AMAB participants (n = 16) were age 16.2 [15.1, 17.4] years, had been on estradiol for 11 [5.6, 13.7] months, and started estradiol at age 16 [14.4, 16.7] years; total body BMD Z-score −0.4 [−1.1, 0.3] (male norms) and −0.2 [−0.7, 0.6] (female norms). BMD Z-score was negatively correlated with GnRHa duration (male norms: r = −0.5, P = .005; female norms: r = −0.4, P = .029) and positively correlated with BMI (male norms: r = 0.4, P = .003; female norms: r = 0.4, P = .004). In this cross-sectional cohort, total body BMD Z-scores were slightly below average, but lowest in the AMAB group on GnRHa monotherapy.
A Fracture Liaison Service to Address Vitamin D Deficiency for Patients Hospitalized for Osteoporotic Fracture
Authors: Sun Xiaoxu , Leder Benjamin Z , Bolster Marcy B , Ly Thuan V , Franco-Garcia Esteban , Pu Charles T , Fan WuQiang
Published: March 2024

Context

Addressing vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is important for fracture secondary prevention.

Objectives

To explore the function of a fracture liaison service (FLS) to address VDD.

Design, Setting and Patients

An observational study of patients admitted to the Massachusetts General Hospital with fractures between January 1, 2016, and October 31, 2023, cared for by the FLS.

Intervention

Ergocalciferol 50 000 international units (50ku-D2) oral daily for 3 to 7 days.

Main Outcomes Measures

VDD prevalence. Efficacy of inpatient daily 50ku-D2 in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels.

Results

Of the 2951 consecutive patients, 724 (24.53%) had VDD (defined by 25OHD ≤ 19 ng/mL). Men (252/897, or 28.09%) were more likely than women (472/2054, or 22.98%) to have VDD (P = .003). VDD was seen in 41.79% (117/280), 24.41% (332/1360), and 20.98% (275/1311) of patients of aged ≤59, 60 to 79, and ≥80 years, respectively (P < .00001). Of the 1303 patients with hip fractures, 327 (25.09%) had VDD, which was associated with a longer length of stay (8.37 ± 7.35 vs 7.23 ± 4.78 days, P = .009) and higher trend of 30-day-readmission rate (13.63% vs 18.35%, P = .037). In a cohort of 32 patients with complete data, each dose of 50ku-D2 increased serum 25OHD by 3.62 ± 2.35 ng/mL without affecting serum calcium or creatinine levels.

Conclusion

VDD was seen in nearly 25% of Massachusetts General Hospital FLS patients and more prevalent in male and younger patients. VDD was associated with longer length of stay and higher 30-day-readmission risk in patients with hip fracture. Daily 50ku-D2 appeared to be a practical way to quickly replete vitamin D in the inpatient setting.
Barriers and facilitators to health insurance enrolment among people working in the informal sector in Morogoro, Tanzania
Authors: Abraham Elisante , Gray Cindy , Fagbamigbe Adeniyi F. , Tediosi Fabrizio , Otesinky Brianna , Haafkens Joke , Mhalu Grace , Mtenga Sally
Published: March 2024

Background Health insurance is a crucial pathway towards the achievement of universal health coverage. In Tanzania, health-financing reforms are underway to speed up universal health coverage in the informal sector. Despite improved Community Health Fund (iCHF) rollout, iCHF enrolment remains a challenge in the informal sector. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of local women food vendors (LWFV) and Bodaboda (motorcycle taxi) drivers on factors that challenge and facilitate their enrolment in iCHF. Methods A qualitative study was conducted in Morogoro Municipality through in-depth interviews with LWFV (n=24) and Bodaboda drivers (n=26), and two focus group discussions with LWFV (n=8) and Bodaboda drivers (n=8). Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control) provided a framework for the study and informed a thematic analysis focusing on the barriers and facilitators of iCHF enrolment. Results The views of LWFV and Bodaboda drivers on factors that influence iCHF enrolment converged. Three main barriers emerged: lack of knowledge about the iCHF (attitude); negative views from friends and families (subjective norms); and inability to overcome challenges, such as the quality and range of health services available to iCHF members and iCHF not being accepted at non-government facilities (perceived control). A number of facilitators were identified, including opinions that enrolling to iCHF made good financial sense (attitude), encouragement from already-enrolled friends and relatives (subjective norms) and the belief that enrolment payment is affordable (perceived control). Conclusions Results suggest that positive attitudes supported by perceived control and encouragement from significant others could potentially motivate LWFV and Bodaboda drivers to enroll in iCHF. However, more targeted information about the scheme is needed for individuals in the informal sector. There is also a need to ensure that quality health services are available, including coverage for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and that non-government facilities accept iCHF.
COVID-19 and older people’s wellbeing in northern KwaZulu-Natal – the importance of relationships
Authors: Manyaapelo Thabang , Edwards Anita , Mpanza Nondumiso , Nxumalo Samukelisiwe , Nxumalo Zama , Gumede Ntombizonke , Ngwenya Nothando , Seeley Janet
Published: March 2024

Background The COVID-19 pandemic and the non-pharmacological prevention methods have affected the wellbeing of older people. In this paper we focus on the wellbeing, and vulnerability, of older people in rural northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa during the first year of the pandemic. Methods We conducted monthly in-depth interviews for up to four months with 26 people aged 60 years and older. A total of 87 interviews were conducted by telephone, because of restrictions on face-to-face contact, and digitally recorded. After transcription and translation, the data were coded thematically, with analysis guided by a wellbeing theoretical framework. Results Having access to food, to healthcare and to somewhere they felt safe to stay, was essential for everyone. For many managing expenses became more of a struggle as adult children who had lost their source of employment came home to stay. However, despite the shortages of money, the importance of relationships, whether they are familial or the close community of neighbours, was highlighted in the accounts of many participants. Older people not only got help with day-to-day life from others, but also found solace in the company of others. The sense of community, from family and neighbours, helped to ease some of the stress experienced because of the lockdowns. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions imposed to limit the spread of the virus impacted the wellbeing of older adults in rural KwaZulu-Natal. Our findings show how the importance of relationships with family and friends contributed to nurturing wellbeing for older people.
Antoni Florian Zieliński – zesłaniec i autor opisu Kaukazu
Authors: Furier Andrzej
Published: March 2024

Artykuł poświęcony mało znanemu uczestnikowi konspiracji Szymona Konarskiego, zesłanemu do odbycia służby wojskowej na Kaukazie – Antoniemu Zielińskiemu, który w literaturze przedmiotu występuje pod imieniem Florian. Celem są krytyczne zweryfikowanie dotychczasowego stanu wiedzy o tym pomijanym przez badaczy członku tzw. grupy poetów kaukaskich i przypomnienie przechowywanego przez Ossolineum rękopisu Zielińskiego, poświęconego zwyczajom mieszkańców Kaukazu Północnego.
Efficacy and safety assessment of different electrode placements during electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of depression: a comparison of bitemporal, bifrontal and unilateral right-sided stimulation - a narrative review
Authors: Wingralek Zuzanna , Nowak Katarzyna , Banaszek2 Agnieszka , Jagodowski Piotr , Próchnicki Michał , Karakuła-Juchnowicz Hanna
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Consequences of depressive syndrome are changes in central nervous system, especially the reduction in volume and disturbances in neuronal metabolism. There are disturbances in cerebral blood flow, in areas responsible for concentration, memory and regulation of behaviour and emotions. ECT method has shown considerable effectiveness in treatment of depression.
It has invariably remained effective as a form of treatment in psychiatry for many years. The way in which the method itself is applied and location of stimulation electrodes remains controversial. In clinical practice, bitemporal, bilateral or right unilateral applications are used, each of which activates slightly different regions in brain, resulting in different therapeutic effects.
Methods: A review of available literature was performed by searching PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using the following keywords: bifrontal ECT, bitemporal ECT, right unilateral ECT, cognitive function for original papers, meta-analyses and review papers in Polish and English published from 1990 to 2022. The SANRA scale was used to maintain the high quality of the narrative review.
Results: All three methods are effective in treating depressive disorders, but differ in impact on cognitive function. Bi-frontal stimulation is the most effective in emergencies, however related to a higher risk of cognitive impairment. Milder cognitive impairment, with similar therapeutic efficacy, is observed with bitemporal and unilateral placement.
Conclusions: Individualised selection of ECT method is recommended, depending on patients' needs and clinical condition. The importance of individualising the dose, location of electrodes, and monitoring of cognitive function is emphasised in order to increase the effectiveness and minimise side effects.

Keywords: bifrontal ECT, bitemporal ECT, right unilateral ECT, cognitive function
Pioneering Safety, Marking the Future
Authors: Bøgesvang Basse Henrik
Published: March 2024

From a simple idea to a fundamental road safety tool, road markings continue to play a pivotal role in ensuring safer and smarter roads around the world
Low Cost ANPR
Authors: Schmitt Jan-Erik
Published: March 2024

Carrida Technologies’ ANPR solutions, including software, smart traffic sensors and a new and affordable camera with onboard data processing, can help cities tackle congestion and better manage resources and space
Saving Lives
Authors: Baldacci Jean-Paul
Published: March 2024

Multifunctional automated traffic enforcement systems can influence driving behaviours and improve road safety
Providing Precision Weighing in France
Authors: Osman Sukaina
Published: March 2024

Haenni Instruments discusses the growing challenge of heavy load vehicles on aging infrastructure and shares details on a recent project in France which required meticulous weight control measures
The Future is Now
Authors: Heese Maxi
Published: March 2024

Navigating the transition to ticketless parking solutions using a flexible approach to entry, exit and payment by Designa
STAMPS OF GENDER OPPRESSION: SYMBOLS AND MOTIFS IN THE SCARLET LETTER
Authors: AŞKAROĞLU Vedi
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT: In almost all areas of social life, people seem to be constrained by something, due to their class, gender, group, ethnicity, education etc. Although it is not easy as an individual to fight against the restrictive mechanisms regulated by some official or social bodies, the very existence of human is a force that tends to resist any kind of oppression. In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the female protagonist, Hester Prynne, is depicted both as the object of oppression and subject of resistance in the Puritan society. In the novel, the reader is exposed to themes related to power relations among the members of the society through the extensive use of symbols. The excessive use of symbols seems to create a bridge between the fanaticism exerted in the Puritan society and the reader led to question the gender roles violently and strictly stipulated by the same members of the society, both females and males. In this study, the signs, symbols and motifs that can be associated with the oppressive authority in The Scarlet Letter, shedding light upon the psychology and intellect of Hester Prynne are examined.
A Q&A with Steven Duval and Marina McDougall
Authors: Duval Steven , McDougall Marina
Published: March 2024

Abstract: The following exchange took place during the Question and Answer period following Steven Duval (SD) and Marina McDougall’s (MM) talk, “Art’s Ecosophical Imperative.” The talk was given digitally on 7 February 2022 as part of Relative Time/Little Time , a speaker series designed collaboratively by Dutch artist duo Bik Van der Pol and Mosaic . The Question and Answer session was moderated by Mosaic Editor Shepherd Steiner (SS).
Othello and the Formalism of Compulsion
Authors: Passannante Gerard
Published: March 2024

Abstract: I use the term “formalism” to name the tendency of compulsion to reduce experience, through repetition, to a simple shape, rhythm, and intensity. This essay shows how compulsion’s reduction of the self to just a few characteristics enables—even solicits—analogy across different contexts. Focusing on Othello , I consider several aspects of Shakespeare’s staging of compulsion: the two-way traffic between religious and secular domains; the splitting of the self, which often entails the projection of the self onto others; and the role of such splitting in the representation of racialized violence.
Light-field photography using differential high-speed aperture coding
Authors: Huang Suyi , Yang Qin , Deng Zihao , Yao Manhong , Zhang Zibang , Liu Xiaoli , Li Jianping , Peng Junzheng , Zhong Jingang
Published: March 2024

Programmable aperture light-field photography enables the acquisition of angular information without compromising spatial resolution. However, direct current (DC) background noise is unavoidable in images recorded by programmable aperture light-field photography, leading to reducing the contrast of reconstructed images. In addition, it requires sacrificing temporal resolution to obtain angular information, making it a challenge to capture dynamic scenes. In this paper, we propose programmable aperture light-field photography using differential high-speed aperture coding. This method effectively reduces DC noise and produces high-contrast refocused images. Furthermore, we build a light-field camera based on a 1250 Hz spatial light modulator and a 1250 fps high-speed camera, achieving dynamic light-field photography at 1110(H)×800(V) resolution and 24 fps. Our results demonstrate significant improvements in image contrast and exhibit considerable promise for diverse applications.
Alternating projection combined with fast gradient projection (FGP-AP) method for intensity-only measurement optical diffraction tomography in LED array microscopy
Authors: Yang Zewen , Zhang Lu , Liu Tong , Wang Huijun , Tang Zhiyuan , Zhao Hong , Yuan Li , Zhang Zhenxi , Liu Xiaolong
Published: March 2024

Optical diffraction tomography (ODT) is a powerful label-free measurement tool that can quantitatively image the three-dimensional (3D) refractive index (RI) distribution of samples. However, the inherent "missing cone problem," limited illumination angles, and dependence on intensity-only measurements in a simplified imaging setup can all lead to insufficient information mapping in the Fourier domain, affecting 3D reconstruction results. In this paper, we propose the alternating projection combined with the fast gradient projection (FGP-AP) method to compensate for the above problem, which effectively reconstructs the 3D RI distribution of samples using intensity-only images captured from LED array microscopy. The FGP-AP method employs the alternating projection (AP) algorithm for gradient descent and the fast gradient projection (FGP) algorithm for regularization constraints. This approach is equivalent to incorporating prior knowledge of sample non-negativity and smoothness into the 3D reconstruction process. Simulations demonstrate that the FGP-AP method improves reconstruction quality compared to the original AP method, particularly in the presence of noise. Experimental results, obtained from mouse kidney cells and label-free blood cells, further affirm the superior 3D imaging efficacy of the FGP-AP method.
Intent-based AI system in packet-optical networks towards 6G [Invited]
Authors: Iovanna Paola , Puleri Marzio , Bottari Giulio , Cavaliere Fabio
Published: March 2024

This paper presents an intelligent dynamic network optimization system for packet-optical transport networks as the industry moves towards 6G. Such a system leverages specific artificial intelligence techniques to dynamically manage the transport network, optimize resource allocation, and guarantee quality of services. A predictive and adaptive Markov decision process is defined by exploiting an ad hoc model of optical-packet nodes and network representation used for the environment description. Comparison of statistical and neural network-based approaches is done for traffic forecasting. QL, DQL, and PPO are compared to solve the reinforcement learning problem. Challenges and opportunities of applying this system in various scenarios are discussed, and assessment is done by simulations that showed advantages in the following aspects: minimization of bandwidth usage guaranteeing quality of services with respect to a conventional system, improvement of optical offload improvement to reduce power consumption and packet processing, and efficient load balancing.
High spatial resolution diffuse optical tomography based on cross-correlation of chaotic light
Authors: Li Jia , Yang Lingzhen , Hao Yueling , Feng Hanlu , Ding Weijie , Wang Juanfen , Shang Huifeng , Ti Gang
Published: March 2024

A diffuse optical tomography system with chaotic laser is proposed for the three-dimensional optical phantom. The high signal-to-noise ratio is beneficial to improve the spatial resolution of diffuse optical tomography. It is essential to drive the chaotic laser as the incident light into the optical phantom. The transmitted light emitted from phantom as the detection light and a part of the incident light as the reference light to carry out cross-correlation analysis. The high-density source-detector configuration in parallel plate structure is designed for detecting targets in the phantom. The propagation of chaotic laser in the phantom is studied theoretically and experimentally based on the diffusion equation. Image reconstruction is achieved by the cross-correlation analysis of chaotic laser and the Newton-Raphson nonlinear algorithm. The performance of the proposed system has been assessed by reconstruction localization accuracy and contrast-noise-ratio. The results show that the spatial resolution of the proposed system can reach 1.5 mm and the localization error is less than 1 mm.
Automated brightfield layerwise evaluation in three-dimensional micropatterning via two-photon polymerization
Authors: Sun Jieliyue , Howes Andrew M. , Jia Sixian , Burrow Joshua A. , Felzenszwalb Pedro F. , Dawson Michelle R. , Shao Chenhui , Toussaint Kimani C.
Published: March 2024

Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is an advanced 3D fabrication technique capable of creating features with submicron precision. A primary challenge in TPP lies in the facile and accurate characterization of fabrication quality, particularly for structures possessing complex internal features. In this study, we introduce an automated brightfield layerwise evaluation technique that enables a simple-to-implement approach for in situ monitoring and quality assessment of TPP-fabricated structures. Our approach relies on sequentially acquired brightfield images during the TPP writing process and using background subtraction and image processing to extract layered spatial features. We experimentally validate our method by printing a fibrous tissue scaffold and successfully achieve an overall system-adjusted fidelity of 87.5% in situ. Our method is readily adaptable in most TPP systems and can potentially facilitate high-quality TPP manufacturing of sophisticated microstructures.
Spatiotemporal cascading of dielectric waveguides [Invited]
Authors: Pacheco-Peña Victor , Engheta Nader
Published: March 2024

Photonic time interfaces, as the temporal analogue of spatial interfaces between two media, consist of a rapid change of the electromagnetic properties of a material (such as permittivity, ε, and permeability, μ) while the wave is present in the material. Here we exploit cascading of such time interfaces in spatially cascaded guided-wave structures such as slab waveguides and ring resonators by considering that the relative permittivity of the cladding of dielectric waveguides is rapidly changed at different moments of time from εclad_1 to εclad_2, while the material of the core remains unchanged in time. It is shown how such time-dependent cladding can enable frequency conversion within the space-time dielectric ring resonator and slab waveguides due to an induced modification of the effective refractive index of the mode propagating within such photonic device. Cascaded frequency conversion is achieved in such cascaded space-time dielectric waveguides and ring resonators, showing how the combination of space and time interfaces can offer further opportunities for manipulation of light-matter interaction using four-dimensional (4D) photonic structures.
Depth-dependent scaling of axial distances in light microscopy
Authors: Loginov S. V. , Boltje D. B. , Hensgens M. N. F. , Hoogenboom J. P. , van der Wee E. B.
Published: March 2024

In volume fluorescence microscopy, refractive index matching is essential to minimize aberrations. There are, however, common imaging scenarios where a refractive index mismatch (RIM) between immersion and a sample medium cannot be avoided. This RIM leads to an axial deformation in the acquired image data. Over the years, different axial scaling factors have been proposed to correct for this deformation. While some reports have suggested a depth-dependent axial deformation, so far none of the scaling theories has accounted for a depth-dependent, non-linear scaling. Here, we derive an analytical theory based on determining the leading constructive interference band in the objective lens pupil under RIM. We then use this to calculate a depth-dependent re-scaling factor as a function of the numerical aperture (NA), the refractive indices n1 and n2, and the wavelength λ. We compare our theoretical results with wave-optics calculations and experimental results obtained using a measurement scheme for different values of NA and RIM. As a benchmark, we recorded multiple datasets in different RIM conditions, and corrected these using our depth-dependent axial scaling theory. Finally, we present an online web applet that visualizes the depth-dependent axial re-scaling for specific optical setups. In addition, we provide software that will help microscopists to correctly re-scale the axial dimension in their imaging data when working under RIM.
Public interest trends for COVID-19 and pandemic trajectory: A time-series analysis of US state-level data
Authors: Ziakas Panayiotis D. , Mylonakis Eleftherios
Published: March 2024

Google Trends provides spatiotemporal data for user-specific terms scaled from less than 1 (lowest relative popularity) to 100 (highest relative popularity) as a proxy for the public interest. Here we use US state-level data for COVID-19 to examine popularity trends during the pandemic evolution. We used "coronavirus" and "covid" search terms and set the period up from January 1st, 2020, to November 12, 2022. We measured the agreement on web rankings between states using the nonparametric Kendall’s W (0 for no concordance to 1 for perfect agreement). We compiled state-level weekly data on COVID-19 incidence and mortality and scaled state curves from 0 to 100 through a min-max normalization process. We used a dynamic time-warping algorithm to calculate similarities between the popularity, mortality, and incidence of COVID-19. The methodology is a pattern recognition process between time series by distance optimization. The similarity was mapped from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating perfect similarity and 0 indicating no similarity. The peak in popularity was in March 2020, succeeded by a decline and a prolonged period of fluctuation around 20%. Public interest rose briefly at the end of 2021, to fall to a low activity of around 10%. This pattern was remarkably consistent across states (Kendal’s W 0.94, p < 0.001). Web search trends were an impression of contagion growth: Overall, popularity-mortality trajectories yielded higher similarity indices (median 0.78; interquartile range 0.75–0.82) compared to popularity-incidence trajectories (median 0.74; interquartile range 0.72–0.76, Wilcoxon’s exact p<0.001). The popularity-mortality trajectories had a very strong similarity (>0.80) in 19/51 (37%) regions, as opposed to only 4/51 (8%) for popularity-incidence trajectories. State-level data show a fading public concern about COVID-19, and web-search popularity patterns may reflect the COVID-19 trajectory in terms of cases and mortality.