bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) population identity in the western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Castellote Manuel , Clark Christopher W. , Lammers Marc O.
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Archival bottom‐mounted audio recorders were deployed in nine different areas of the western Mediterranean Sea, Strait of Gibraltar, and adjacent North Atlantic waters during 2006–2009 to study fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) seasonal presence and population structure. Analysis of 29,822 recording hours revealed typical long, patterned sequences of 20 Hz notes (here called “song”), back‐beats, 135–140 Hz notes, and downsweeps. Acoustic parameters (internote interval, note duration, frequency range, center and peak frequencies) were statistically compared among songs and song notes recorded in all areas. Fin whale singers producing songs attributable to the northeastern North Atlantic subpopulation were detected crossing the Strait of Gibraltar and wintering in the southwestern Mediterranean Sea (Alboran basin), while songs attributed to the Mediterranean were detected in the northwest Mediterranean basin. These results suggest that the northeastern North Atlantic fin whale distribution extends into the southwest Mediterranean basin, and spatial and temporal overlap may exist between this subpopulation and the Mediterranean subpopulation. This new interpretation of the fin whale population structure in the western Mediterranean Sea has important ecological and conservation implications. The conventionally accepted distribution ranges of northeastern North Atlantic and Mediterranean fin whale subpopulations should be reconsidered in light of the results from this study.
Unemployment and widespread influenza in America, 1999–2010
Authors: Cornwell Benjamin
Published: July 2011

Please cite this paper as: Cornwell B. (2012) Unemployment and widespread influenza in America, 1999–2010. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(1), 63–70.

Background  Research shows that unemployment reduces access to health care and vaccines and increases financial difficulty, family conflict, and other sources of stress that are known to suppress immune function. In addition, seasonal unemployment rates parallel seasonal influenza activity. Following a theory that argues that macroeconomic conditions affect population health, this paper examines whether there is an association between monthly unemployment rates and influenza activity.

Methods  Data from influenza activity surveillance reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are combined with information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics on state‐level unemployment rates in the U.S. for the flu seasons between 1999 and 2010. Pooled time‐series cross‐section logistic regression analyses are conducted to examine the effect of the unemployment rate on the likelihood of widespread and/or regional influenza activity in the 48 contiguous states throughout this period. A total of 3712 state‐month observations are examined.

Results  Net of other factors included in the multivariate regression analysis, a one‐percentage‐point increment in the unemployment rate is associated with between a 7·1% and 37·0% increment in the odds of widespread influenza (Odds ratio = 1·21). Likewise, a one‐percentage‐point increment in the unemployment rate is associated with between a 17·1% and 44·7% increment in the odds of at least regional influenza (Odds ratio = 1·30). Results hold regardless of whether time‐varying state‐level characteristics are included.

Conclusions  Higher state‐level unemployment increases the likelihood of regional and widespread influenza activity.
Group programmes in early intervention services
Authors: Cotton Sue M. , Luxmoore Marni , Woodhead Gina , Albiston Dianne D. , Gleeson John F.M. , McGorry Patrick D.
Published: July 2011

Aim: Group interventions can be a developmentally appropriate treatment option for young people with mental illness; however, there is a paucity of research into these programmes. This study had three aims: (i) to document and compare both clinicians' and clients' reasons for referral to the Orygen Youth Health Recovery Group Program (RGP); (ii) to describe demographic characteristics of patients referred to the RGP; and (iii) to delineate and differentiate characteristics of clients who do and do not engage with the RGP's activities.

Methods: Referral and assessment data from 212 clients referred to the RGP between July 2001 and November 2003 were collated and analysed.

Results: Main reasons for referral to the programme were relationships followed by vocational/educational issues. Similarly, the most common goals identified by clients were around relationships, followed by time use and vocational issues. Clients referred to the RGP but who did not attend were more likely to have a psychotic disorder, to be older, unemployed and have difficulties with time management and substance use.

Conclusions: Social functioning and vocation are important considerations in facilitating young people's recovery from mental illness. Such issues can be addressed within the context of psychosocial recovery group programmes. Further research is needed not only to address problems regarding client engagement but also to evaluate outcomes from participation in such programmes.
Effects of incisions made with electrocautery and scalpel on upper lip length: a pilot study
Authors: Parente E. , Coser R. , Passeado Branco Ribeiro D. , José Medeiros P. , de Moraes M. , Ritto F.
Published: July 2011

Aim:  To compare the changes in the upper lip (UL) length after performing incisions with scalpel and electrocautery for maxillary impaction.

Patients and methods:  Patients submitted to maxillary superior repositioning greater than 3 mm were randomly assigned to two groups. Only cases with a smaller maxillary advancement were included. Incisions were made with scalpel in Group 1 and with electrocautery in Group 2. Pre‐ and post‐operative lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to calculate the changes in the UL length (subnasal and stomium superior), and superior movement of the UL relative to maxillary impaction.

Results:  Sixteen patients that underwent maxillary impaction were evaluated. Four patients were previously excluded. The mean maxillary impaction was 4.85 mm and the mean advancement was 1.87 mm. The mean UL shortening was 0.53 mm, and the mean UL superior movement relative to maxillary impaction was 11.88%. In the five patients of Group 1, the mean lip shortening was 0.32 mm and superior movement of the UL relative to maxillary impaction was 10.91% on average. The seven patients of Group 2 presented a mean lip shortening of 0.68 mm, and superior movement of the UL relative to maxillary impaction was 15.41% on average.

Conclusion:  Although Group 2 showed greater UL shortening than Group 1, it was not statistically significant.
Antidiabetic activity of gossypin, a pentahydroxyflavone glucoside, in streptozotocin‐induced experimental diabetes in rats
Authors: VENKATESAN Thamizhiniyan , SORIMUTHU PILLAI Subramanian
Published: July 2011

Background:  Most of the currently available oral hypoglycemic drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus elicit detrimental side effects. Hence, the search for plant‐derived products for the treatment of diabetes continues. Gossypin, a pentahydroxy flavone glucoside found in the flowers of Hibiscus vitifolius, has many biological properties, including as an antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and anticancer agent. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of gossypin in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced experimental diabetes in rats.

Methods:  Diabetic rats were administered 20 mg/kg per day gossypin orally for 30 days. On the 28th day, rats were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test. In addition, blood glucose, plasma insulin, hemoglobin, and HbA1c levels were determined, as was the glycogen content of the liver and muscles. Plasma protein and blood urea were also estimated.

Results:  Oral administration of gossypin to diabetic rats resulted in improved glucose tolerance. Increased blood glucose and HbA1c levels and the reduced plasma insulin and hemoglobin levels in diabetic rats were significantly reversed to near normal after oral administration of gossypin. Furthermore, the glycogen content of the liver and muscles was significantly improved after gossypin treatment of diabetic rats, and plasma protein and blood urea levels were almost normalized. The data obtained in gossypin‐treated rats were comparable with those obtained following gliclazide treatment of rats, a standard reference drug for diabetes.

Conclusions:  The results of the present study indicate that gossypin has potent antidiabetic activity in STZ‐induced experimental diabetes in rats.
Is It Cost‐Effective To Increase Aspirin Use in Outpatient Settings for Primary or Secondary Prevention? Simulation Data from the REACH Registry Australian Cohort
Authors: Ademi Zanfina , Liew Danny , Hollingsworth Bruce , Steg Ph.Gabriel , Bhatt Deepak L. , Reid Christopher M. ,   on behalf of the REACH Registry Investigators
Published: July 2011

Aims: To describe aspirin use in primary and secondary prevention and to determine the incremental costs‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) per life year gain (LYG) of aspirin use among subjects with, or at high risk of atherothrombotic disease. Design and Subjects: To project the cost‐effectiveness of aspirin over 5 years of follow‐up, a Markov state transition model was developed with yearly cycles and the following health states: “Alive” (post‐CAD) and “Dead.” The model compared current coverage observed among 2361 subjects using the prospective Australian subset of Reduction of Atherothrombosis for continued Health (REACH) registry, and hypothetical situation whereby all subjects assumed to be treated. Costs were calculated based on the Australian government reimbursed data for 2010. Main outcome measures: ICER per LYG for increased use of aspirin. Results: The use of aspirin in current group varied from 67% to 70%. The base‐case analysis showed that increasing aspirin use among subjects with existing CAD in outpatient settings was cost saving, while increasing use of aspirin in primary prevention equated to an ICER of AUD 7126 per LYG. Conclusion: Among subjects with existing CAD aspirin use was shown to be a dominant choice of treatment. However, among patients without existing cardiovascular disease (primary prevention), increased uptake of aspirin was cost effective but with uncertain benefit, with two hemorrhagic bleeding events occurring for every life saved.
Isolation of Succinivibrionaceae Implicated in Low Methane Emissions from Tammar Wallabies
Authors: Pope P. B. , Smith W. , Denman S. E. , Tringe S. G. , Barry K. , Hugenholtz P. , McSweeney C. S. , McHardy A. C. , Morrison M.
Published: July 2011

Metagenome sequence predicted the culture conditions required for successful isolation of a marsupial gut bacterium.
Structural Basis for Tail-Anchored Membrane Protein Biogenesis by the Get3-Receptor Complex
Authors: Stefer Susanne , Reitz Simon , Wang Fei , Wild Klemens , Pang Yin-Yuin , Schwarz Daniel , Bomke Jörg , Hein Christopher , Löhr Frank , Bernhard Frank , Denic Vladimir , Dötsch Volker , Sinning Irmgard
Published: July 2011

Docking of cytoplasmic and membrane receptors facilitates conformational changes that drive protein insertion.
Chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution as a key step in the enantioselective synthesis of (S)-salbutamol
Authors: Träff Annika , Solarte Carmen E. , Bäckvall Jan-E.
Published: July 2011

The synthesis of (S)-salbutamol is described. By utilizing DKR in the enantiodetermining step, employing Burkholderia cepacia lipase (PS-IM), (S)-acetate ((S)-6) was obtained in excellent enantiomeric excess (98%). The subsequent transformations yielded the salt of (S)-salbutamol with retained stereochemistry.
Photoredox catalysis by [Ru(bpy)3]2+ to trigger transformations of organic molecules. Organic synthesis using visible-light photocatalysis and its 20th century roots
Authors: Teplý Filip
Published: July 2011

Reactions triggered by light constitute a treasure trove of unique synthetic methods that are available to chemists. Photoinduced redox processes using visible light in conjunction with sensitizing dyes offer a great variety of catalytic transformations useful in the realm of organic synthesis. The recent literature amply shows that this preparative toolbox is expanding substantially. This review discusses historical and contemporary work in the area of photoredox catalysis with [Ru(bpy)3]2+. Elegant examples from the most recent literature document the importance of this fast developing area of research. The photoredox chemistry has also emerged as a promising bond-making and bond-breaking tool for chemical biology and materials chemistry. A review with 96 references.
Systematic kidney disease management in a population with diabetes mellitus: turning the tide of kidney failure
Authors: Rayner Hugh C , Hollingworth Lee , Higgins Robert , Dodds Simon
Published: July 2011

Problem

A significant proportion of patients with diabetes mellitus do not get the benefit of treatment that would reduce their risk of progressive kidney disease and reach a nephrologist once significant loss of kidney function has already occurred.

Design

Systematic disease management of patients with diabetes and kidney disease.

Setting

Diverse population (approximately 800 000) in and around Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.

Key measures for improvement

Number of outpatient appointments, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at first contact with nephrologist, number of patients starting kidney replacement therapy (KRT) and mode of KRT at start.

Strategy for change

Identification of patients with low or deteriorating trend in eGFR from weekly database review, specialist diabetes–kidney clinic, self-management of blood pressure and transfer to multidisciplinary clinic >12 months before end-stage kidney disease.

Effects of change

New patients increased from 62 in 2003 to 132 in 2010; follow-ups fell from 251 to 174. Median eGFR at first clinic visit increased from 28.8 ml/min/1.73 m2(range 6.1–67.0) in 2000/2001 to 35.0 (11.1–147.5) in 2010 (p<0.006). In 2010, the number of patients starting KRT fell 30% below the projected activity using 1993–2003 data as baseline (p<0.003). The proportion starting KRT with either a kidney transplant, peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis via an arteriovenous fistula increased from 26% in 2000 to 55% in 2010.

Lessons learned

Systematic disease management across a large population significantly improves patient outcomes, increases the productivity of a specialist service and could reduce healthcare costs compared with the current model of care.
Exposure to wood smoke particles produces inflammation in healthy volunteers
Authors: Ghio Andrew J , Soukup Joleen M , Case Martin , Dailey Lisa A , Richards Judy , Berntsen Jon , Devlin Robert B , Stone Susan , Rappold Ana
Published: July 2011

Objectives

Human exposure to wood smoke particles (WSP) impacts on human health through changes in indoor air quality, exposures from wild fires, burning of biomass and air pollution. This investigation tested the postulate that healthy volunteers exposed to WSP would demonstrate evidence of both pulmonary and systemic inflammation.

Methods

Ten volunteers were exposed to filtered air and, 3 weeks or more later, WSP. Each exposure included alternating 15 min of exercise and 15 min of rest for a total duration of 2 h. Wood smoke was generated by heating an oak log on an electric element and then delivered to the exposure chamber. Endpoints measured in the volunteers included symptoms, pulmonary function tests, measures of heart rate variability and repolarisation, blood indices and analysis of cells and fluid obtained during bronchoalveolar lavage.

Results

Mean particle mass for the 10 exposures to air and WSP was measured using the mass of particles collected on filters and found to be below the detectable limit and 485±84 μg/m3, respectively (mean±SD). There was no change in either symptom prevalence or pulmonary function with exposure to WSP. At 20 h after wood smoke exposure, blood tests demonstrated an increased percentage of neutrophils, and bronchial and bronchoalveolar lavage revealed a neutrophilic influx.

Conclusions

We conclude that exposure of healthy volunteers to WSP may be associated with evidence of both systemic and pulmonary inflammation.
Smoking cessation medications and cigarettes in Guatemala pharmacies
Authors: Viteri Ernesto , Barnoya Joaquin , Hudmon Karen Suchanek , Solorzano Pedro J
Published: July 2011

Background

Guatemala, a party to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), is obliged to promote the wider availability of smoking cessation treatment and to restrict tobacco advertising. Pharmacies are fundamental in providing smoking cessation medications but also might increase the availability of cigarettes.

Purpose

To assess availability of cessation medications and cigarettes and their corresponding advertising in Guatemala pharmacies.

Methods

In Guatemala City a representative sample was selected from a list of registered pharmacies classified by type (non-profit, chain, independent). In addition, all pharmacies in the neighbouring town of Antigua were included for comparison. Trained surveyors used a checklist to characterise each pharmacy with respect to availability and advertising of cessation medications and cigarettes.

Results

A total of 505 pharmacies were evaluated. Cessation medications were available in 115 (22.8%), while cigarettes were available in 29 (5.7%) pharmacies. When available, medications were advertised in 1.7% (2) and cigarettes in 72.4% (21) of pharmacies. Chain pharmacies were significantly more likely to sell cessation medications and cigarettes, and to advertise cigarettes than were non-profit and independent pharmacies.

Conclusion

Most pharmacies in Guatemala do not stock cessation medications or cigarettes. Cigarette advertising was more prevalent than advertising for cessation medications. FCTC provisions have not been implemented in Guatemala pharmacies.
ANALYSIS OF THE FREQUENCY SHIFT AND THE LINEWIDTH AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE IN SOLID NITROGEN
Authors: KURT M. , YURTSEVEN H.
Published: July 2011

The temperature dependence of the frequency shift and the linewidth is studied using the expressions derived from the anharmonic self-energy. The functional form of the frequency shift is fitted in this study to the experimental data for the R 1 fluorescence line of ruby sample as a function temperature at zero pressure, instead of using empirical ν–P and ν–T relations in the ruby fluorescence method as given in the literature, in particular, for the solid nitrogen. We also demonstrate in this study the temperature dependence of the Eg librational frequency and its linewidth by fitting the functional forms of both frequency shift and the linewidth to the experimental data for the α phase of solid nitrogen.
STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF NONCLASSIC SOLITONIC STRUCTURES-BEARING DNA SYSTEM
Authors: NDJOKO PAUL B. , KOFANE TIMOLEON C. , BILBAULT JEAN-MARIE
Published: July 2011

We theoretically investigate the thermodynamic properties of modified oscillator chain proposed by Peyrard and Bishop. This model obtained by adding the quartic anharmonicity term to the coupling in the Peyrard–Bishop model is useful to model the coexistence of various phases of the molecule during the denaturation phenomenon. Within the model, the negative anharmonicity is responsible for the sharpness of calculated melting curves. We perform the transfer integral calculations to demonstrate that the model leads to a good agreement with known experimental results for DNA.
Aggregation of sulfonated free-base phthalocyanine on gold as a function of solution pH
Authors: Nishida Krista R.A. , Wiggins Bryan C. , Hipps K.W. , Mazur Ursula
Published: July 2011

Aggregates of tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)phthalocyanine were deposited on Au(111) from solutions of varying pH. The resulting surface species were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ambient and ultra high vacuum conditions. The pH of the solution from which the TSPc is deposited has profound effects on the adsorbed structures. We observed a diversity of surface structures. At low pH web like aggregates composed of vertically stacked coherent columnar assemblies averaging five molecules per stack were observed. Basic solutions yielded dense molecular monolayers.
NUMERICAL STUDIES ON VERTICAL TUBULAR GENERATOR IN VAPOR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
Authors: BALAMURUGAN PASUPATHY , MANI ANNAMALAI
Published: July 2011

A model has been developed based on Colburn–Drew type formulation to analyze a vertical tube in tube stainless steel generator with forced convective boiling. Desorption of refrigerant vapor from refrigerant–absorbent solution takes place in the inner tube of the generator, when hot water through the annulus is used as heating medium. Simultaneous heat and mass transfer phenomena of desorption are described mathematically using the mass and energy balances, considering the heat and mass transfer resistances in liquid as well as vapor phases. Model equations are solved simultaneously by means of initial value problem solvers using explicit Runge–Kutta method with 4th order accuracy. A computer code has been developed in MATLAB to obtain the results. A parametric analysis has also been performed to study the effect of various parameters on the performance of the generator.
VAPOR–LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM MODELING FOR MIXTURES OF HFC-32 + ISOBUTANE AND HFC-32 + HFO-1234ze(E)
Authors: AKASAKA RYO
Published: July 2011

Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) have been successfully modeled for the binary mixtures of difluoromethane (HFC-32) + isobutane and difluoromethane + trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze(E)). These mixtures are considered as possible replacements for conventional refrigerants far from negligible global warming potential (GWP). A multifluid approach explicit in the Helmholtz free energy forms the basis of the model. The independent variables are the temperature, density, and composition. Accurate published equations of state for pure HFC-32, isobutane, and HFO-1234ze(E) are incorporated to calculate the Helmholtz free energy of each component. Typical uncertainties of bubble- and dew-point pressures calculated using the model are within 2%. Although adjustable parameters of the model are determined only from experimental VLE data, it is highly probable that the model reasonably predicts other thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy and heat capacities. Therefore, the model allows practical design and simulation of refrigeration systems using the mixtures as a working fluid.
About this title ‐ The Life and Work of Professor J. W. Gregory FRS (1864–1932): Geologist, Writer and Explorer
Authors: Leake B. E.
Published: July 2011

Gregory's remarkable career and his scientific work are detailed and critically assessed. Accounts of his heroic 1893 expedition to the Rift Valley (a term he coined) in Kenya (now the Gregory Rift), his first crossing of Spitzbergen, and his resignation as Leader of the first British Antarctic Expedition of 1901, when racing to the Pole under Scott became the priority, draw on unpublished letters. While in Melbourne he published on mining geology and a series of geography textbooks. His 1901 Lake Eyre expedition in Central Australia initiated the phrase ‘The Dead Heart of Australia’ and controversy over the source of artesian water. In the Chair of Geology in Glasgow from 1904, he built up the largest first-year geology class in the UK, over 400 students. He worked in every field of geology and every continent except Antarctica. He was also involved with the search for a ‘homeland’ for the Jews in Libya and Angola. He shrewdly realized that Wegener's Continental Drift Theory erroneously supposed that the Pacific Ocean was wider than now before the Atlantic opened. This led to his influential rejection of Continental Drift. He drowned in Peru traversing the Andes having published over 30 books and nearly 400 articles.
Ostα depletion protects liver from oral bile acid load
Authors: Soroka Carol J. , Velazquez Heino , Mennone Albert , Ballatori Nazzareno , Boyer James L.
Published: July 2011

Bile acid homeostasis is tightly maintained through interactions between the liver, intestine, and kidney. During cholestasis, the liver is incapable of properly clearing bile acids from the circulation, and alternative excretory pathways are utilized. In obstructive cholestasis, urinary elimination is often increased, and this pathway is further enhanced after bile duct ligation in mice that are genetically deficient in the heteromeric, basolateral organic solute transporter alpha-beta (Ostα-Ostβ). In this study, we examined renal and intestinal function in Ostα-deficient and wild-type mice in a model of bile acid overload. After 1% cholic acid feeding, Ostα-deficient mice had significantly lower serum ALT levels compared with wild-type controls, indicating partial protection from liver injury. Urinary clearance of bile acids, but not clearance of [3H]inulin, was significantly higher in cholic acid-fed Ostα-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice but was not sufficient to account for the protection. Fecal excretion of bile acids over the 5 days of cholic acid feeding was responsible for almost all of the bile acid loss in Ostα-deficient mice, suggesting that intestinal losses of bile acids accounted for the protection from liver injury. Thus fecal loss of bile acids after bile acid overload reduced the need for the kidney to filter and excrete the excess bile acids. In conclusion, Ostα-deficient mice efficiently eliminate excess bile acids via the feces. Inhibition of intestinal bile acid absorption might be an effective therapeutic target in early stages of cholestasis when bile acids are still excreted into bile.
Acid secretion-associated translocation of KCNJ15 in gastric parietal cells
Authors: He Wenjun , Liu Wensheng , Chew Catherine S. , Baker Susan S. , Baker Robert D. , Forte John G. , Zhu Lixin
Published: July 2011

Potassium ions are required for gastric acid secretion. Several potassium channels have been implicated in providing K+at the apical membrane of parietal cells. In examining the mRNA expression levels between gastric mucosa and liver tissue, KCNJ15 stood out as the most highly specific K+channel in the gastric mucosa. Western blot analysis confirmed that KCNJ15 is abundant in the stomach. Immunofluorescence staining of isolated gastric glands indicated that KCNJ15 was expressed in parietal cells and chief cells, but not in mucous neck cells. In resting parietal cells, KCNJ15 was mainly found in puncta throughout the cytoplasm but was distinct from H+-K+-ATPase. Upon stimulation, KCNJ15 and H+-K+-ATPase become colocalized on the apical membranes, as suggested by immunofluorescence staining. Western blot analysis of the resting and the stimulated membrane fractions confirmed this observation. From nonsecreting preparations, KCNJ15-containing vesicles sedimented after a 4-h centrifugation at 100,000 g, but not after a 30-min spin, which did sediment most of the H+-K+-ATPase-containing tubulovesicles. Most of the KCNJ15 containing small vesicle population was depleted upon stimulation of parietal cells, as indicated by the fact that the KCNJ15 signal was shifted to a large membrane fraction that sedimented at 4,000 g. Our results demonstrate that, in nonsecreting parietal cells, KCNJ15 is stored in vesicles distinct from the H+-K+-ATPase-enriched tubulovesicles. Furthermore, upon stimulation, KCNJ15 and H+-K+-ATPase both translocate to the apical membrane for active acid secretion. Thus KCNJ15 can be added to the family of apical K+channels in gastric parietal cells.
Cardiovascular changes during underwater static and dynamic breath-hold dives in trained divers
Authors: Breskovic Toni , Uglesic Lovro , Zubin Petra , Kuch Benjamin , Kraljevic Jasenka , Zanchi Jaksa , Ljubkovic Marko , Sieber Arne , Dujic Zeljko
Published: July 2011

Limited information exists concerning arterial blood pressure (BP) changes in underwater breath-hold diving. Simulated chamber dives to 50 m of freshwater (mfw) reported very high levels of invasive BP in two divers during static apnea (SA), whereas a recent study using a noninvasive subaquatic sphygmomanometer reported unchanged or mildly increased values at 10 m SA dive. In this study we investigated underwater BP changes during not only SA but, for the first time, dynamic apnea (DA) and shortened (SHT) DA in 16 trained breath-hold divers. Measurements included BP (subaquatic sphygmomanometer), ECG, and pulse oxymetry (arterial oxygen saturation, SpO2, and heart rate). BP was measured during dry conditions, at surface fully immersed (SA), and at 2 mfw (DA and SHT DA), whereas ECG and pulse oxymetry were measured continuously. We have found significantly higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) values in SA (∼40%) vs. SHT DA (∼30%). Postapneic recovery of BP was slightly slower after SHT DA. Significantly higher BP gain (mmHg/duration of apnea in s) was found in SHT DA vs. SA. Furthermore, DA attempts resulted in faster desaturation vs. SA. In conclusion, we have found moderate increases in BP during SA, DA, and SHT DA. These cardiovascular changes during immersed SA and DA are in agreement with those reported for dry SA and DA.
Depressed contractile performance and reduced fatigue resistance in single skinned fibers of soleus muscle after long-term disuse in rats
Authors: Udaka Jun , Terui Takako , Ohtsuki Iwao , Marumo Keishi , Ishiwata Shin'ichi , Kurihara Satoshi , Fukuda Norio
Published: July 2011

Long-term disuse results in atrophy in skeletal muscle, which is characterized by reduced functional capability, impaired locomotor condition, and reduced resistance to fatigue. Here we show how long-term disuse affects contractility and fatigue resistance in single fibers of soleus muscle taken from the hindlimb immobilization model of the rat. We found that long-term disuse results in depression of caffeine-induced transient contractions in saponin-treated single fibers. However, when normalized to maximal Ca2+-activated force, the magnitude of the transient contractions became similar to that in control fibers. Control experiments indicated that the active force depression in disused muscle is not coupled with isoform switching of myosin heavy chain or troponin, or with disruptions of sarcomere structure or excessive internal sarcomere shortening during contraction. In contrast, our electronmicroscopic observation supported our earlier observation that interfilament lattice spacing is expanded after disuse. Then, to investigate the molecular mechanism of the reduced fatigue resistance in disused muscle, we compared the inhibitory effects of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on maximal Ca2+-activated force in control vs. disused fibers. The effect of Pi was more pronounced in disused fibers, and it approached that observed in control fibers after osmotic compression. These results suggest that contractile depression in disuse results from the lowering of myofibrillar force-generating capacity, rather than from defective Ca2+mobilization, and the reduced resistance to fatigue is from an enhanced inhibitory effect of Pi coupled with a decrease in the number of attached cross bridges, presumably due to lattice spacing expansion.
Blood pressure changes alter tracheobronchial cough: computational model of the respiratory-cough network and in vivo experiments in anesthetized cats
Authors: Poliacek Ivan , Morris Kendall F. , Lindsey Bruce G. , Segers Lauren S. , Rose Melanie J. , Corrie Lu Wen-Chi , Wang Cheng , Pitts Teresa E. , Davenport Paul W. , Bolser Donald C.
Published: July 2011

We tested the hypothesis, motivated in part by a coordinated computational cough network model, that alterations of mean systemic arterial blood pressure (BP) influence the excitability and motor pattern of cough. Model simulations predicted suppression of coughing by stimulation of arterial baroreceptors. In vivo experiments were conducted on anesthetized spontaneously breathing cats. Cough was elicited by mechanical stimulation of the intrathoracic airways. Electromyograms (EMG) of inspiratory parasternal, expiratory abdominal, laryngeal posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), and thyroarytenoid muscles along with esophageal pressure (EP) and BP were recorded. Transiently elevated BP significantly reduced cough number, cough-related inspiratory, and expiratory amplitudes of EP, peak parasternal and abdominal EMG, and maximum of PCA EMG during the expulsive phase of cough, and prolonged the cough inspiratory and expiratory phases as well as cough cycle duration compared with control coughs. Latencies from the beginning of stimulation to the onset of cough-related diaphragm and abdominal activities were increased. Increases in BP also elicited bradycardia and isocapnic bradypnea. Reductions in BP increased cough number; elevated inspiratory EP amplitude and parasternal, abdominal, and inspiratory PCA EMG amplitudes; decreased total cough cycle duration; shortened the durations of the cough expiratory phase and cough-related abdominal discharge; and shortened cough latency compared with control coughs. Reduced BP also produced tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypocapnic hyperventilation. These effects of BP on coughing likely originate from interactions between barosensitive and respiratory brainstem neuronal networks, particularly by modulation of respiratory neurons within multiple respiration/cough-related brainstem areas by baroreceptor input.
Airway epithelial wounds in rhesus monkey generate ionic currents that guide cell migration to promote healing
Authors: Sun Yao-Hui , Reid Brian , Fontaine Justin H. , Miller Lisa A. , Hyde Dallas M. , Mogilner Alex , Zhao Min
Published: July 2011

Damage to the respiratory epithelium is one of the most critical steps to many life-threatening diseases, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The mechanisms underlying repair of the damaged epithelium have not yet been fully elucidated. Here we provide experimental evidence suggesting a novel mechanism for wound repair: endogenous electric currents. It is known that the airway epithelium maintains a voltage difference referred to as the transepithelial potential. Using a noninvasive vibrating probe, we demonstrate that wounds in the epithelium of trachea from rhesus monkeys generate significant outward electric currents. A small slit wound produced an outward current (1.59 μA/cm2), which could be enhanced (nearly doubled) by the ion transport stimulator aminophylline. In addition, inhibiting cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) with CFTR(Inh)-172 significantly reduced wound currents (0.17 μA/cm2), implicating an important role of ion transporters in wound induced electric potentials. Time-lapse video microscopy showed that applied electric fields (EFs) induced robust directional migration of primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells from rhesus monkeys, towards the cathode, with a threshold of <23 mV/mm. Reversal of the field polarity induced cell migration towards the new cathode. We further demonstrate that application of an EF promoted wound healing in a monolayer wound healing assay. Our results suggest that endogenous electric currents at sites of tracheal epithelial injury may direct cell migration, which could benefit restitution of damaged airway mucosa. Manipulation of ion transport may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to repair damaged respiratory epithelium.
Influence of tongue muscle contraction and transmural pressure on nasopharyngeal geometry in the rat
Authors: Fregosi Ralph F.
Published: July 2011

The mammalian pharynx is a hollow muscular tube that participates in ingestion and respiration, and its size, shape, and stiffness can be altered by contraction of skeletal muscles that lie inside or outside of its walls. MRI was used to determine the interaction between pharyngeal pressure and selective stimulation of extrinsic tongue muscles on the shape of the rat nasopharynx. Pressure (−9, −6, −3, 3, 6, and 9 cmH2O) was applied randomly to the isolated pharyngeal airway of anesthetized rats that were positioned in a 4.7-T MRI scanner. The anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral diameters of the nasopharynx were measured in eight axial slices at each level of pressure, with and without bilateral hypoglossal nerve stimulation (0.1-ms pulse, 1/3 maximal force, 80 Hz). The rat nasopharynx is nearly circular, and positive pharyngeal pressure caused similar expansion of AP and lateral diameters; as a result, airway shape (ratio of lateral to AP diameter) remained constant. Negative pressure did not change AP or lateral diameter significantly, suggesting that a negative pressure reflex activated the tongue or other pharyngeal muscles. Stimulation of tongue protrudor muscles alone or coactivation of protrudor and retractor muscles caused greater AP than lateral expansion, making the nasopharynx slightly more elliptical, with the long axis in the AP direction. These effects tended to be more pronounced at negative pharyngeal pressures and greater in the caudal than rostral nasopharynx. These data show that stimulation of rodent tongue muscles can adjust pharyngeal shape, extending previous work showing that tongue muscle contraction alters pharyngeal compliance and volume, and provide physiological insight that can be applied to the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.
Quality of Dementia Diagnostic Evaluation for Ethnic Minority Patients: A Nationwide Study
Authors: Nielsen T. Rune , Andersen Birgitte Bo , Kastrup Marianne , Phung Thien Kieu Thi , Waldemar Gunhild
Published: July 2011

Background/Aims: Diagnostic evaluation of dementia for ethnic minority patients may be challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of diagnostic evaluation of dementia for patients from ethnic minorities in Denmark. Methods: The Danish national hospital registers were used to identify patients from the main ethnic minority groups in Denmark, who were diagnosed with dementia in the period 2005–2007. Three raters independently reviewed the patients’ medical records. Data were compared to data from a previous similar study in the general Danish population. Results: Fifty-seven medical records were reviewed. An acceptable diagnostic workup was documented in only 23% of the patients. Dementia diagnosis was confirmed in 35%. Significant differences in the quality of the diagnostic evaluation were found between patients from ethnic minorities and the general population. Conclusion: There are significant ethnic disparities in the quality of diagnostic evaluations and outcome of dementia in the secondary healthcare sector.
Peripheral Control of Inflammatory but Not Neuropathic Pain by Endogenous Cholinergic System
Authors: Motta Patrícia G. , Perez Andrea C. , Alves Daniela P. , Duarte Igor D.G.
Published: July 2011

This study investigated the role of the cholinergic system in the modulation of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The paw pressure test was used with inflammatory pain induced by intraplantar injection of carrageenan and neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve constriction. All drugs were locally administered into the right hindpaw of rats. Neostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (2, 4, 8 or 16 µg), inhibited the inflammatory pain induced by carrageenan (250 µg/paw), but not the hyperalgesia induced by prostaglandin E2 (2 µg/paw). Neostigmine (8 µg) increased the nociceptive threshold only in the treated paw, suggesting only a local effect. The muscarinic antagonist atropine (150, 300 and 600 µg) caused a reduction in the nociceptive threshold induced by carrageenan (125 µg/paw), but not by prostaglandin E2 (1 µg/paw). Atropine significantly decreased the nociceptive threshold only in the treated paw. On the other hand, in the presence of neuropathic pain, atropine (300 µg) did not alter the nociceptive threshold induced by constriction of the sciatic nerve. This study suggests that a peripheral endogenous cholinergic system involving muscarinic receptors may be activated during inflammation as a modulatory negative feedback control of inflammatory pain.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma after Curative Surgery
Authors: Koo Dong Hoe , Yun Sung-Cheol , Hong Yong Sang , Ryu Min-Hee , Lee Jae-Lyun , Chang Heung-Moon , Kang Yoon-Koo , Kim Song-Cheol , Han Duck-Jong , Lee Young-Joo , Kim Tae Won
Published: July 2011

Objectives: We evaluated prognostic factors affecting relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS), and investigated the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA). Methods: Data from 52 patients with SBA who underwent curative surgery at the Asan Medical Center between January 1989 and December 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups: those who did (n = 23) and did not (n = 29) receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Results: At a median follow-up of 32.2 months (range, 5.5–212.2 months), relapses had occurred in 17 patients (32.7%), with a 5-year RFS rate of 52.9% (95% CI, 39.3–66.5%), and 19 patients (36.5%) had died, with a 5-year OS rate of 59.0% (95% CI, 45.6–72.4%). The most frequent sites of relapse were the peritoneum and liver. Multivariate analysis showed that lymph node involvement was the only factor independently associated with poor RFS and OS. After inverse probability of treatment weighting adjustment, adjuvant chemotherapy did not enhance RFS [hazard ratio (HR), 1.399; 95% CI, 0.498–3.933] or OS (HR 0.797; 95% CI, 0.307–2.068). Conclusions: Lymph node involvement is a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with SBA who undergo curative surgery.
Comparative Analysis of Skin Surface Lipids of the Labia Majora, Inner Thigh, and Forearm
Authors: Warren R. , Wertz P.W. , Kirkbride T. , Brunner M. , Gross M.C.
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop a procedure for the collection of skin surface corneocyte lipids from the semioccluded and intimate regions of the labia majora and inner thigh of women, to evaluate the polar and nonpolar composition, and to compare the distribution of the lipid classes relative to a collection of lipids from the forearm. The solvent system of ethanol-cyclohexane was well tolerated across all sites. While the yield of polar lipids was similar across all 3 sites, there were only marginal differences in the relative abundance of ceramides, a class of lipids closely associated with skin barrier activity. The yield of neutral lipids was significantly less for the labia majora and was associated with a reduced yield of wax esters, triglycerides and free fatty acids, likely associated with reduced sebaceous gland activity. Factors that may contribute to an inferior skin barrier activity for the labia majora are discussed and suggest a possible deficiency of ω–6 fatty acid linked to the sphingosine base of ceramide EOS.
HTDP-2, a New Synthetic Compound, Inhibits Glutamate Release through Reduction of Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Influx in Rat Cerebral Cortex Nerve Terminals
Authors: Lin Tzu-Yu , Lu Cheng-Wei , Huang Shu-Kuei , Chou Shang-Shing Peter , Kuo Yuh-Chi , Chou Shiu-Huey , Tzeng Woan-Fang , Leu Chieh-Yih , Huang Rwei-Fen S. , Liew Yih-Fong , Wang Su-Jane
Published: July 2011

Aim: The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of trans-6-(4-chlorobutyl)-5-hydroxy-4-(phenylthio)-1-tosyl-5,6-dihydropyridine-2(1H)-one (HTDP-2), a novel synthetic compound, on the release of endogenous glutamate in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes) and exploring the possible mechanism. Methods: The release of glutamate was evoked by the K+ channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and measured by an on-line enzyme-coupled fluorimetric assay. We also used a membrane potential-sensitive dye to assay nerve terminal excitability and depolarization, and a Ca2+ indicator, Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester, to monitor cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]c). Results: HTDP-2 inhibited the release of glutamate evoked by 4-AP in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of glutamate release by HTDP-2 was prevented by the chelating intraterminal Ca2+ ions, and by the vesicular transporter inhibitor bafilomycin A1, but was insensitive to the glutamate transporter inhibitor DL-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate. HTDP-2 did not alter the resting synaptosomal membrane potential or 4-AP-mediated depolarization whereas it decreased the 4-AP-induced increase in [Ca2+]c. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of HTDP-2 on the evoked glutamate release was abolished by the N-, and P/Q-type Ca2+ channel blocker ω-conotoxin MVIIC, but not by the ryanodine receptor blocker dantrolene, or the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger blocker CGP37157. Conclusion: Based on these results, we suggest that, in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals, HTDP-2 decreases voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel activity and, in so doing, inhibits the evoked glutamate release.
Evaluating the Influence of Quality Control Decisions and Software Algorithms on SNP Calling for the Affymetrix 6.0 SNP Array Platform
Authors: de Andrade Mariza , Atkinson Elizabeth J. , Bamlet William R. , Matsumoto Martha E. , Maharjan Sooraj , Slager Susan L. , Vachon Celine M. , Cunningham Julie M. , Kardia Sharon L.R.
Published: July 2011

Objective: Our goal was to evaluate the influence of quality control (QC) decisions using two genotype calling algorithms, CRLMM and Birdseed, designed for the Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0. Methods: Various QC options were tried using the two algorithms and comparisons were made on subject and call rate and on association results using two data sets. Results: For Birdseed, we recommend using the contrast QC instead of QC call rate for sample QC. For CRLMM, we recommend using the signal-to-noise rate ≧4 for sample QC and a posterior probability of 90% for genotype accuracy. For both algorithms, we recommend calling the genotype separately for each plate, and dropping SNPs with a lower call rate (<95%) before evaluating samples with lower call rates. To investigate whether the genotype calls from the two algorithms impacted the genome-wide association results, we performed association analysis using data from the GENOA cohort; we observed that the number of significant SNPs were similar using either CRLMM or Birdseed. Conclusions: Using our suggested workflow both algorithms performed similarly; however, fewer samples were removed and CRLMM took half the time to run our 854 study samples (4.2 h) compared to Birdseed (8.4 h).