bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Transcriptional Profiling of Contrasting Rice Genotypes Shows Expression Differences during Arsenic Stress
Authors: Rai Arti , Bhardwaj Archana , Misra Prashant , Bag Sumit K. , Adhikari Bijan , Tripathi Rudra D. , Trivedi Prabodh K. , Chakrabarty Debasis
Published: October 2015

Accumulation of arsenic (As) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain is a serious concern worldwide. Long‐term exposure to As affects nutritional status in rice grain and is associated with higher rates of skin, bladder, and lung cancers, and heart disease. Genotypic variations in rice for As accumulation or tolerance are prevalent and are regulated by genetic and environmental factors. To understand molecular networks involved in As accumulation, genome‐wide expression analysis was performed in roots of low‐ and high‐As accumulating rice genotypes (LARGs and HARGs). Six rice genotypes with contrasting As accumulation potential and tolerance were used in this study. Genome‐wide expression analysis suggested their differential response against As stress. This study suggests up‐ and downregulation of a number of unique genes involved in various pathways and biological processes in response to As stress in rice genotypes. A comparison of gene expression profiles, principal component analysis, and K‐means clustering suggests that an independent pathway is operating during As stress tolerance or accumulation in contrasting genotypes. It was also observed that the differential behavior of aus genotype, Nayanmoni, from other LARGs might be due to its different genetic background. Cis‐motif profiling of As‐induced coexpressed genes in diverse rice genotypes led to the identification of unique cis‐motifs present in differentially expressed genes. This study suggests that the genetic mechanism regulating the differential As accumulation in different genotypes may not be dependent on gene expression at the transcriptional level. However, many genes identified in this study can be analyzed and used for marker–trait associations related to As accumulation in diverse genotypes around the world.
SimpleMap: A Pipeline to Streamline High‐Density Linkage Map Construction
Authors: Jighly Abdulqader , Joukhadar Reem , Alagu Manickavelu
Published: October 2015

The recent development in high‐throughput genotyping techniques requires new statistical methods to analyze large datasets. The current available linkage mapping software are time consuming and limited in terms of the maximum number of markers that can be mapped on a single linkage group. In this paper, we propose the Perl pipeline, SimpleMap. This tool can significantly improve the speed of currently available linkage mapping software with minimal impact on marker order and map length by limiting the consideration of duplicated and tightly linked molecular markers during linkage group development. SimpleMap works with the following three main steps: (i) generating a subset of markers for which each pair has a number of recombinants higher than a threshold determined by the user (the repulsion threshold), (ii) mapping this subset with any external mapping tool, and (iii) intersecting the remaining unmapped markers to the constructed map. The script was tested on 15 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) linkage groups derived from two different crosses. In 13 genetic groups, the computational time was reduced from ∼8 h to ∼8 min, while it was impossible to map the remaining two linkage groups without applying SimpleMap first. SimpleMap is a very time‐efficient tool, and considering a repulsion threshold equivalent to 1 cM results in a number of markers similar to map lengths that can be analyzed on a simple personal computer. SimpleMap can be downloaded from http://simplemap‐aj.sourceforge.net/.
Natural Antisense Transcripts Associated with Salinity Response in Alfalfa
Authors: Postnikova O. A. , Nemchinov L. G.
Published: October 2015

Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) are long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) complementary to the messenger (sense) RNA (Wang et al., 2014). Many of them are involved in regulation of their own sense transcripts thus playing pivotal biological roles in all processes of organismal development and responses to the environment. In our previous study, we have identified a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa L.) subjected to salinity stress (Postnikova et al., 2013). In this work, we selected several experimentally validated DEGs identified in response to salt and analyzed them for the presence of NAT pairs. The majority of the examined DEGs encoded NATs. Expression of some NAT pairs changed in response to salinity, suggesting their involvement in regulating the responses of alfalfa to salt.
Genome‐Wide Association Study of Agronomic Traits in Common Bean
Authors: Kamfwa Kelvin , Cichy Karen A. , Kelly James D.
Published: October 2015

A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) using a global Andean diversity panel (ADP) of 237 genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was conducted to gain insight into the genetic architecture of phenology, biomass, yield components, and seed yield traits. The panel was evaluated for 2 yr in field trials in Michigan and genotyped with 5398 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. After correcting for population structure and cryptic relatedness, significant SNP markers associated with several agronomic traits were identified. Positional candidate genes, including Phvul.001G221100 on P. vulgaris (Pv) chromosome 01, associated with days to flowering and maturity were identified. Significant SNPs for seed yield were identified on Pv03 and Pv09 and colocalized with quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yield from previous studies conducted in several environments and contrasting genetic backgrounds. The majority of germplasm carrying the alleles with positive effects on seed yield was of African origin and largely underutilized in US breeding programs. The study provided insights into the genetic architecture of agronomic traits in Andean beans.
Discovery of Conservation and Diversification of miR171 Genes by Phylogenetic Analysis based on Global Genomes
Authors: Zhu Xudong , Leng Xiangpeng , Sun Xin , Mu Qian , Wang Baoju , Li Xiaopeng , Wang Chen , Fang Jinggui
Published: October 2015

The microRNA171 (miR171) family is widely distributed and highly conserved in a range of species and plays critical roles in regulating plant growth and development through repressing expression of SCARECROW‐LIKE (SCL) transcription factors. However, information on the evolutionary conservation and functional diversification of the miRNA171 family members remains scanty. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among miR171 precursor and mature sequences so as to investigate the extent and degree of evolutionary conservation of miR171 in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (ath), grape (Vitis vinifera L.) (vvi), poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A.Gray ex Hook.) (ptc), and rice (Oryza sativa L.) (osa). Despite strong conservation of over 80%, some mature miR171 sequences, such as ptc‐miR171j ‐l, and ‐m and osa‐miR171g, ‐h, and ‐i, have undergone critical sequence variation, leading to functional diversification, since they target non‐SCL gene transcript(s). Phylogenetic analyses revealed a combination of old ancestral relationships and recent lineage‐specific diversification in the miR171 family within the four model plants. The cis‐regulatory motifs on the upstream promoter sequences of miR171 genes were highly divergent and shared some similar elements, indicating their possible contribution to the functional variation observed within the miR171 family. This study will buttress our understanding of the functional differentiation of miRNAs and the relationships of miRNA–target pairs based on the evolutionary history of miRNA genes.
Marker Imputation Before Genomewide Selection in Biparental Maize Populations
Authors: Jacobson Amy , Lian Lian , Zhong Shengqiang , Bernardo Rex
Published: October 2015

Marker imputation can be used to increase the number of markers in genomewide selection. Our objectives were to determine (i) if marker imputation increases the response to selection (R) and prediction accuracy (rMP) among the progeny of two maize (Zea mays L.) parental inbreds (A and B); (ii) the number of imputed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers needed to reach a plateau in rMP for grain yield, moisture, and test weight; and (iii) the lowest number of assayed SNP markers that can be used for imputation without a significant decrease in rMP. The progeny of 27 biparental crosses between A and B (A/B) were assayed with 49 to 100 SNP markers, and imputation was conducted to increase the number of markers to 2911. For each A/B test population, the training population in the general combining ability (GCA) model consisted of 4 to 26 maize crosses with A and B as one of the parents, whereas the training population in the A/B model was the A/B population itself. Marker imputation made the GCA model as good as or better than the A/B model in terms of R and rMP for all traits. The rMP values did not increase significantly beyond 500 imputed markers for grain yield and beyond 1000 imputed markers for moisture and test weight. We recommend that maize breeders assay an elite biparental cross with only around 50 polymorphic SNP markers, increase marker coverage to around 1000 markers by imputation, and use the GCA model with imputed markers for genomewide selection within the cross.
Association Mapping for Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Chinese Asparagus Bean Germplasm
Authors: Wu Xinyi , Wu Xiaohua , Xu Pei , Wang Baogen , Lu Zhongfu , Li Guojing
Published: October 2015

Fusarium wilt (FW) is an important vascular disease attacking asparagus bean [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Sesquipedalis Group] in China. The level and genetic variability of FW resistance in the Chinese asparagus bean germplasm remains elusive. In the current study, FW resistance was assessed across a natural population consisting of 95 asparagus bean and four African cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Unguiculata Group] accessions. The disease index (DI) based on the severity of leaf damage (LFD) and vascular discoloration (VD) varied highly across the population and the highly resistant varieties used for vegetable are very limited. Genome‐wide association study identified 11 and seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with LFD and VD traits, respectively. These SNPs were distributed on nine linkage groups of the asparagus bean genome and each accounted for less than 5% of the phenotypic variation. Overall, the nonstandard vegetable (NSV) subgene pool harbors favorable alleles in a higher frequency than the standard vegetable (SV) subgene pool. Individual NSV‐type accessions tend to possess a greater number of favorable alleles than the SV‐type ones. A SNP marker 1_0981 was converted to a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) marker to facilitate future breeding. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an association mapping (AM) study in asparagus bean. The results obtained suggests that resources for FW resistance is relatively limited in the SV subgene pool; hence, introducing resistant alleles from the NSV accessions into currently leading SV cultivars will be important to improve FW resistance of the latter.
Genome‐Wide Association Mapping for Leaf Tip Necrosis and Pseudo‐black Chaff in Relation to Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat
Authors: Juliana Philomin , Rutkoski Jessica E. , Poland Jesse A. , Singh Ravi P. , Murugasamy Sivasamy , Natesan Senthil , Barbier Hugues , Sorrells Mark E.
Published: October 2015

The partial rust resistance genes Lr34 and Sr2 have been used extensively in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improvement, as they confer exceptional durability. Interestingly, the resistance of Lr34 is associated with the expression of leaf tip necrosis (LTN) and Sr2 with pseudo‐black chaff (PBC). Genome‐wide association mapping using CIMMYT's stem rust resistance screening nursery (SRRSN) wheat lines was done to identify genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) markers linked to LTN and PBC. Phenotyping for these traits was done in Ithaca, New York (fall 2011); Njoro, Kenya (main and off‐seasons, 2012), and Wellington, India (winter, 2013). Using the mixed linear model (MLM), 18 GBS markers were significantly associated with LTN. While some markers were linked to loci where the durable leaf rust resistance genes Lr34 (7DS), Lr46 (1BL), and Lr68 (7BL) were mapped, significant associations were also detected with other loci on 2BL, 5B, 3BS, 4BS, and 7BS. Twelve GBS markers linked to the Sr2 locus (3BS) and loci on 2DS, 4AL, and 7DS were significantly associated with PBC. This study provides insight into the complex genetic control of LTN and PBC. Further efforts to validate and study these loci might aid in determining the nature of their association with durable resistance.
Continuer à « faire France »
Authors: Chevènement Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2015

Le texte de Jean-Pierre Chevènement qu’on lira ci-dessous discute le Rapport au Premier ministre sur la refondation des politiques d’intégration rédigé par Thierry Tuot en 2013. Celui-ci expose parallèlement la philosophie qui a inspiré son rapport. Nous juxtaposons les deux textes ; ils ne dialoguent pas. Nous publierons dans notre prochain numéro un échange entre les auteurs à partir de ces réflexions préliminaires.
Le double corps (textuel) de Lacan (entre évolutionnisme et structuralisme)
Authors: Zafiropoulos Markos
Published: October 2015

Le champ freudien d’aujourd’hui se trouve profondément divisé entre l’option évolutionniste dominante qui promeut une théorie de l’émergence d’une nouvelle économie psychique trouvant sa causalité dans le déclin du père et le retour du matriarcat, contre le point de vue structuraliste apercevant dans le variations de l’enveloppe formelle du symptôme autant d’actualisations des structures psychiques découvertes par Freud (névrose, psychose, perversion). Contre l’idée de la sortie de l’âge du père, le structuralisme fait valoir le point de vue selon lequel le père est un «  signifiant insignifiant » et qu’il est d’autant plus fécond qu’il est mort. L’ampleur des enjeux de ce débat dont dépend l’avenir clinique et politique de la psychanalyse exigeait qu’il soit clairement explicité comme structurant le champ freudien et qu’en soit restitué la généalogie dont nous apercevons la cellule souche dans ce qui reste ignoré de la rupture historique entre le jeune Lacan sociologue et celui du transfert à Lévi-Strauss qui fit retour à Freud pour refonder la psychanalyse. De là une sorte de diplopie laissant apercevoir le double corps textuel de Lacan.
Nouvelles remarques sur la loi d’interdit de l’inceste
Authors: Chaboudez Gisèle
Published: October 2015

Lacan a déchiffré la métaphore de la Genèse, où Dieu soustrait une part d’Adam, comme une traduction de la soustraction phallique qui régule le rapport sexuel, sur quoi s’est construite la loi sexuelle comme lien social des sexes. Quoiqu’à peine évoquée, cette interprétation est lisible, éclairante, et pleine de conséquences. On peut sur cette base relire Totem et tabou au-delà du meurtre du Père. Et de là, questionner d’une manière nouvelle l’origine de l’interdit de l’inceste.
D’un certain style de malaise de la modernité dénommé borderline : une lecture freudienne
Authors: Assoun Paul-Laurent
Published: October 2015

Il s’agit ici d’interroger le mode de « co-incidence » entre symptôme et culture dans la condition contemporaine, afin d’y situer la position précise de la psychanalyse sur la dialectique de l’actuel et du structurel. Dans ce contexte, le dit « borderline » s’impose comme l’exemple même, dans la mesure où un discours prolixe l’accrédite comme catégorie psychopathologique, qui exige une analyse métapsychologique. L’examen de la genèse et la déconstruction de l’entité « état-limite », factice au plan psychopathologique, reviennent à le rendre à sa fonction effective de symptôme contemporain et y reconnaître décrit un certain « style borderline  » du malaise et de la « nervosité contemporaine ».
Regards sur la violence
Authors: Le Goaziou Véronique
Published: October 2015

Alors que sur le long terme les violences interpersonnelles ont reculé, ou au moins stagné, d’où vient que nous pensons vivre aujourd’hui dans des sociétés plus violentes que par le passé ? Tel est le paradoxe que cet article tente de décrire et d’élucider. Quelles forces ont contribué à l’adoucissement des mœurs et à la vie dans un monde sans peur ? Quels moyens ont-ils été utilisés pour y parvenir ? Et quelles conséquences ce lent mouvement de transformation des sensibilités a-t-il sur nos vies ?
La science et la procréation
Authors: Mathelin Catherine
Published: October 2015

Grâce aux progrès de la science, des bébés peuvent aujourd’hui être conçus et maintenus en vie de différentes façons. Procréation et sexualité peuvent être dissociées. Ces méthodes médicales sophistiquées questionnent les médecins et notre société toute entière. Les nouvelles façons de naître bousculent nos repères et obligent les psychanalystes à trouver de nouveaux outils et à penser autrement non seulement les naissances, mais aussi les familles. Le bébé à « tout prix » étant aujourd’hui avant tout objet de la médecine, qu’en sera-t-il de ses possibilités de subjectivation ?
Maternité et perversion, le cas Joëlle
Authors: Guillamet Isabelle
Published: October 2015

Contrairement aux théories de la dyade mère-bébé fondées sur l’idée d’une relation d’objet pleine, fermée et achevée et qui prônent le modèle d’un système harmonieux idéal et parfait entre la mère et l’enfant, Lacan met au cœur de la problématique analytique le manque comme constitutif du désir. Ainsi, en montrant que « l’enfant ne se trouve pas seul en face de la mère, mais qu’en face de la mère, il y a le signifiant de son désir, à savoir le phallus » , il apporte un éclairage clinique et théorique considérable à la question du désir et des jouissances fétichistes maternelles.
Critique de la notion de psychose ordinaire
Authors: Lippi Silvia
Published: October 2015

Le terme de « psychose ordinaire » vient indiquer une nouvelle façon de penser la clinique de la psychose et le lien social dans le monde contemporain. L’expression, souvent associée à celle de « forclusion généralisée », laisse entendre qu’il y aurait une extension de la psychose aujourd’hui. Est-ce le cas, ou s’agit-il d’une nouvelle lecture des symptômes, à la lumière du dernier enseignement de Lacan ? Et qu’en est-il de la structure ? Est-elle encore d’actualité après la trouvaille de la formalisation borroméenne ?
La psychanalyse, inactuelle et contemporaine
Authors: Toboul Bernard
Published: October 2015

L’invention freudienne de l’inconscient est « inactuelle » (terme de Nietzsche) parce qu’elle est contraire au sens commun. Cet héritage freudien est repris par Lacan. Ses concepts de jouissance, de pas-tout et de lalangue permettent de formuler, avec la psychanalyse, les questions contemporaines de la culture.
L’image et la représentation dans le cinéma
Authors: Micheli-Rechtman Vannina
Published: October 2015

L’image occupe aujourd’hui une place centrale dans notre modernité. La psychanalyse freudienne puis lacanienne nous permet de penser cette question de l’image autrement que la philosophie puisque la psychanalyse différencie la vision et le regard. Le regard est en effet un objet de la pulsion scopique, ainsi le sujet est affecté par le regard en tant qu’objet. Le cinéma est d’une grande richesse et produit des outils comme le montage qui est l’écriture d’un film. Le cinéma et la psychanalyse se conjuguent très bien pour appréhender de notre modernité.
Quelle est la propension des entreprises à coopérer pour innover et à quelles échelles spatiales ? Une analyse des entreprises agroalimentaires françaises sur la période 2006-2008
Authors: Tanguy Corinne , Gallaud Delphine , Martin Michel , Reboud Sophie
Published: October 2015

Depuis les travaux de KLINE et ROSENBERG (1986), l’innovation est considérée comme un processus interactif avec des interactions facilitées quand elles se produisent entre des acteurs localisés à proximité. À partir de données originales, les données de l’enquête innovation CIS 8 (COMMUNITY INNOVATION SURVEY, 2006-2008), notre objectif dans cet article est d’analyser la propension des entreprises agroalimentaires à coopérer pour innover en produit ou en procédé et la géographie de ces partenariats, sans postulat a priori de leur caractère local. Nos résultats montrent que les entreprises agroalimentaires coopèrent de façon conséquente pour innover en procédé et faiblement pour l’innovation produit. D’autre part, les réseaux d’innovation ne sont principalement régionaux que pour une minorité d’entreprises, le niveau national semblant être privilégié. Enfin, la détention d’un potentiel de R & D et l’appartenance à un groupe sont deux variables majeures intervenant dans l’étendue de l’échelle géographique de coopération.
L’émergence des politiques de transports urbains durables : le changement en question dans les villes européennes
Authors: Chabanet Didier , Coissard Steven , Lacheret Arnaud
Published: October 2015

Depuis les années 1990, les villes européennes manifestent un intérêt croissant pour la question du développement durable, notamment dans le domaine des transports. Grâce au soutien de l’Union européenne, plusieurs réseaux de villes se sont ainsi structurés autour de cet enjeu. Les efforts restent cependant très inégaux et sont surtout le fait de villes de taille moyenne. Par ailleurs, un clivage se dessine entre des villes pour qui la durabilité des transports correspond plutôt à une opération marketing et celles qui sont mues par des convictions environnementales profondes. Au niveau local, c’est dans le fonctionnement des régimes urbains qu’il faut chercher les clés explicatives à la mise en œuvre de ces politiques. Le rôle des élus, leur capacité à trouver un point d’équilibre entre un projet écologique et des intérêts économiques, mais aussi l’influence de certains segments de la société civile sont autant de facteurs déterminants.
La dictature à l’époque moderne. La fascination pour une incompréhensible vertu
Authors: Saint-Bonnet François
Published: October 2015

La dictature fascine les auteurs de l’époque moderne parce qu’elle est difficilement compréhensible : le fait que le dictateur n’abuse pas du pouvoir, qu’il soit pauvre et vertueux est en contradiction avec leur anthropologie pessimiste. Par-delà cette incompréhension, la dictature est utilisée comme preuve de la nécessité de la monarchie : puisqu’il faut concentrer le pouvoir exceptionnellement en république pour en corriger les défauts, il vaut mieux anticiper et opter pour le pouvoir d’un seul.
Le droit romain dans l’argumentation des premiers constitutionnalistes américains
Authors: Reiplinger Charles
Published: October 2015

Aux États-Unis, la rédaction et l’adoption de la Constitution fédérale s’accompagnent de l’émergence d’une doctrine constitutionnelle. Les auteurs du Fédéraliste, des professeurs comme James Wilson, des magistrats comme Joseph Story, sont les premières autorités doctrinales en droit constitutionnel, dans leur pays et même au-delà. Loin des bibliothèques européennes, de tradition anglo-saxonne, ces auteurs n’en furent pas moins connaisseurs de la culture juridique des romains, qu’ils citent souvent à l’appui de leurs analyses juridiques. Les références au droit romain servent alors essentiellement un double propos : donner une légitimité scientifique, technique, à une argumentation d’ordre juridique ; à l’inverse, servir de contre-exemple dans le domaine des valeurs politiques. Rome reste admirée pour sa science, mais rejetée pour ses Empereurs, et même ses patriciens.
La doctrine publiciste et les divisions du droit romain
Authors: Baldovini Maud
Published: October 2015

La doctrine publiciste a puisé dans le droit romain les voies d’élaboration d’une science du droit administratif. Tandis que la division du ius privativum et du ius publicum devait lui tracer une voie d’élaboration en marge du droit privé, la division tripartite des Institutes de Gaius devait, paradoxalement, livrer un principe d’organisation des « matières administratives ». La notion de personne juridique, composante de cette tripartition, jouera un rôle majeur dans l’achèvement de la systématisation du droit administratif. En particulier chez Hauriou qui se fait l’apôtre des catégories juridiques classiques.
Le modèle romain du corps de droit administratif dans la pensée de Maurice Hauriou
Authors: Cornu-Thénard Nicolas
Published: October 2015

Romaniste de formation, Maurice Hauriou était naturellement incité, pour nourrir ses réflexions, à interroger le fonds juridique romain. Aussi son interprétation du droit administratif est-elle façonnée, à bien des égards, par les textes compilés à l’époque de Justinien. Hauriou y découvre à la fois un modèle pour dessiner l’histoire de sa discipline, des outils pour en exposer la substance et des raisonnements pour vivifier son argumentation.
Le problème de l’intérêt général dans la pensée d’Alain : un utilitariste libéral au pays de Rousseau ?
Authors: Perrier Jérôme
Published: October 2015

Le philosophe Alain est rarement considéré comme un penseur politique de premier plan. À tort. Ses réflexions en la matière, nombreuses, sont beaucoup plus profondes et plus originales qu’on ne le croit généralement. Rien ne le montre mieux que la conception que l’auteur des Propos se fait de l’intérêt général : une conception libérale, profondément minoritaire au pays de Rousseau (ce qui n’est sans doute pas sans rapport avec le large oubli dans lequel ses écrits politiques sont tombés), mais dont l’analyse approfondie est riche d’enseignements sur les idiosyncrasies de la culture politique française – dont Alain prend, à cette occasion, le contre-pied.
L’entreprise et ses actionnaires
Authors: François Pierre , Lemercier Claire , Reverdy Thomas
Published: October 2015

Nous proposons ici une revue de littérature portant sur la grande entreprise en nous interrogeant sur les conditions de possibilité et les incarnations historiques de ce qui la fonde, l’investissement capitalistique. Nous abordons deux périodes cruciales pour cette forme organisationnelle : la mise en place de la grande entreprise intégrée à la fin du XIX e siècle et la révolution actionnariale à la fin du XX e siècle. Tout en évoquant notamment la mise au point des supports juridiques de l’investissement capitalistique et les conséquences pour les salariés de l’adoption de la valeur actionnariale, nous nous concentrons sur la question des relations entre actionnaires et managers.
L’adoption simple en France : le renouveau d’une institution ancienne (1804-2007)
Authors: Mignot Jean-François
Published: October 2015

Parallèlement à l’adoption dite « plénière », il existe en France une adoption « simple », qui ajoute au lien de filiation de l’adopté avec sa famille d’origine un nouveau lien, supplémentaire. De nos jours, cette adoption consiste le plus souvent, pour un beau-parent sans enfant, à adopter son bel-enfant majeur, auquel il est attaché, pour lui transmettre son patrimoine. Or, cette adoption simple, mal connue des sociologues de la famille, est aujourd’hui plus fréquente que l’adoption plénière. En utilisant les statistiques historiques du ministère de la Justice sur l’adoption simple depuis le XIX e siècle, nous retraçons l’histoire de cette institution depuis son introduction en droit français en 1804. L’objectif est de mieux connaître ce qu’est l’adoption simple, mais aussi de comprendre les raisons de son essor depuis les années 1970 et ce que cela révèle des transformations sociodémographiques et culturelles de la famille sur le long terme.
Les enquêtés mentent-ils ? Incohérences de réponse et illusion biographique dans une enquête longitudinale sur les loisirs des adolescents
Authors: Mercklé Pierre , Octobre Sylvie
Published: October 2015

Il est d’usage de considérer que les enquêtes longitudinales permettent de réduire, dans la saisie des transformations des pratiques et des représentations à l’échelle des biographies individuelles, les biais liés aux difficultés de remémoration et à « l’illusion biographique » auxquelles exposeraient les enquêtes rétrospectives. Dans cet article, nous proposons de prendre ces biais comme objets de recherche à part entière, et d’engager une discussion des apports et des limites des approches longitudinales, sur la base des résultats de l’enquête « Univers culturels des enfants et des adolescents » (Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, 2002-2008), à partir d’une analyse des « incohérences » des réponses successives données par les adolescents aux questions sur leurs sorties culturelles. Souvent traitées comme des erreurs à corriger, ces « incohérences » sont pourtant pleinement redevables d’une analyse sociologique, qui permet de montrer comment elles s’inscrivent au cœur des processus de construction des biographies individuelles.
Strategic and Tactical Business-IT Alignment Barriers in Organizations Acting in Sweden
Authors: El-Mekawy Mohamed , Rusu Lazar , Perjons Erik , Sedvall Karl-Johan , Ekici Murat
Published: October 2015

In research, many barriers to BITA are presented based on different theoretical frameworks. However, these barriers are studied either from a pure theoretical perspective or with limited empirical scope. This consequently hinders the achievement of BITA in organizations. In this article the practitioners view of barriers to BITA are investigated aiming at producing a list of barriers which practitioners can use as a ground for better achievement of BITA. The list of barriers was identified by conducting three in-depth case studies on multinational organizations acting in Sweden along with two focused group discussions of researchers, and followed by a survey on 74 large and medium sized organizations on the Swedish market. The result of this study is a list of 45 barriers to BITA from the perspectives of business and IT practitioners.
Overcoming Barriers to Palliative Care Consultation
Authors: Perrin Kathleen Ouimet , Kazanowski Mary
Published: October 2015

Palliative care consultations for patients with life-threatening illnesses provide benefits for the patients and their families as well as for the health care team. Patients have better quality of life and live longer but cost the health care system less. Still, many patients are not offered the opportunity to receive a palliative care consultation. Barriers to palliative care consultation for patients in critical care units include misunderstandings about palliative care and not having agreed upon criteria for referral. Critical care nurses can assist in overcoming these barriers.
Authentic GITR Signaling Fails To Induce Tumor Regression unless Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Are Depleted
Authors: Kim Young H. , Shin Su M. , Choi Beom K. , Oh Ho S. , Kim Chang H. , Lee Seung J. , Kim Kwang H. , Lee Don G. , Park Sang H. , Kwon Byoung S.
Published: October 2015

The glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family–related protein (GITR, TNFRSF18, CD357) is expressed on effector and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Previous studies demonstrated that GITR triggering by anti-GITR mAb enhanced T and B cell–mediated immune responses. GITR-deficient T cells, however, also proliferate more than normal T cells, and this effect is unexplained. Because the activities of mAbs are controlled by their Fc regions, the true effect of GITR signaling needs to be determined by examining its interaction with authentic ligand. Therefore, we generated a pentamerized form of the GITRL extracellular domain (pGITRL) for ligation to GITR and compared its effect on T cells with that of anti-GITR mAb. The pGITRL was more effective than anti-GITR mAb in enhancing the proliferation of effector and regulatory cells in vitro and in vivo. Nonetheless, the growth of MC38 adenocarcinoma cells in vivo was only suppressed for initial 15 d by pGITRL, whereas it was suppressed indefinitely by anti-GITR mAb. Detailed analysis revealed that pGITRL induced extensive proliferation of Foxp3+CD4+ Treg cells and led to the accumulation of activated Treg cells in tumor tissue and draining lymph nodes. Because GITR signaling could not neutralize the suppressive activity of activated Treg cells, pGITRL seems to lose its adjuvant effect when sufficient activated Treg cells have accumulated in the lymph nodes and tumor tissue. Indeed, the antitumor effects of pGITRL were markedly enhanced by depleting CD4+ cells. These results suggest that GITR signaling has stimulatory effects on effector T cells and inhibitory effects through Treg cells.
Immunosuppression and Aberrant T Cell Development in the Absence of N-Myristoylation
Authors: Rampoldi Francesca , Bonrouhi Mahnaz , Boehm Martin E. , Lehmann Wolf D. , Popovic Zoran V. , Kaden Sylvia , Federico Giuseppina , Brunk Fabian , Gröne Hermann-Josef , Porubsky Stefan
Published: October 2015

N-myristoylation refers to the attachment of myristic acid to the N-terminal glycine of proteins and substantially affects their intracellular targeting and functions. The thymus represents an organ with a prominent N-myristoylation activity. To elucidate the role of protein N-myristoylation for thymocyte development, we generated mice with a T cell lineage–specific deficiency in N-myristoyl transferase (Nmt)1 and 2. Depletion of Nmt activity in T cells led to a defective transmission of TCR signals, a developmental blockage of thymocytes at the transition from double-negative 3 to 4 stages, and a reduction of all the following stages. We could demonstrate that Lck and myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, two main myristoylated kinases in T cells, were mislocalized in the absence of Nmt activity. N-myristoylation was also indispensable for early and distal TCR signaling events such as CD3ζ, Zap70, and Erk activation and for release of cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-2. As a consequence, the initiation and propagation of the TCR signaling cascade was severely impaired. Furthermore, we showed that the absence of myristoylation had an immunosuppressive effect on T cells in vivo after treatment with CpG and stimulation of the TCR with the staphylococcal enterotoxin B superantigen. Therefore, protein myristoylation is indispensable in T cell development and activation and its inhibition might offer a novel strategy to achieve immunosuppression.
A Pilot Study of the Creation and Implementation of a Teaching Development Assessment Tool
Authors: O'Toole Jennifer K. , Klein Melissa D. , McLinden Daniel , Sucharew Heidi , DeWitt Thomas G.
Published: October 2015

Background

The importance of effective clinical teaching skills is well established in the literature. However, reliable tools with validity evidence that are able to measure the development of these skills and can effectively be used by nonphysician raters do not exist.

Objective

Our initiative had 2 aims: (1) to develop a teaching development assessment tool (TDAT) that allows skill assessment along a continuum, and (2) to determine if trained nonphysicians can assess clinical teachers with this tool.

Methods

We describe the development of the TDAT, including identification of 6 global teaching domains and observable teaching behaviors along a 3-level continuum (novice/beginner, competent/proficient, expert) and an iterative revision process involving local and national content experts. The TDAT was studied with attending physicians during inpatient rounds with trained physician and nonphysician observers over 6 months.

Results

The TDAT showed emerging evidence of content, construct, and viable validity (the degree to which an assessment tool is practical, affordable, suitable, evaluable, and helpful in the real world) for the evaluation of attending physicians on inpatient rounds. Moderate to near perfect interrater reliability was seen between physician and nonphysician raters for the domains of promotion of clinical reasoning, control of the learning environment, ability to teach to multiple levels of learners, and provision of feedback.

Conclusions

The TDAT holds potential as a valid and reliable assessment tool for clinical teachers to track the development of each individual's teaching skills along the continuum from early development to mastery.
Development and Validation of an Assessment Tool for Competency in Critical Care Ultrasound
Authors: Patrawalla Paru , Eisen Lewis Ari , Shiloh Ariel , Shah Brijen J. , Savenkov Oleksandr , Wise Wendy , Evans Laura , Mayo Paul , Szyld Demian
Published: October 2015

Background

Point-of-care ultrasound is an emerging technology in critical care medicine. Despite requirements for critical care medicine fellowship programs to demonstrate knowledge and competency in point-of-care ultrasound, tools to guide competency-based training are lacking.

Objective

We describe the development and validity arguments of a competency assessment tool for critical care ultrasound.

Methods

A modified Delphi method was used to develop behaviorally anchored checklists for 2 ultrasound applications: “Perform deep venous thrombosis study (DVT)” and “Qualify left ventricular function using parasternal long axis and parasternal short axis views (Echo).” One live rater and 1 video rater evaluated performance of 28 fellows. A second video rater evaluated a subset of 10 fellows. Validity evidence for content, response process, and internal consistency was assessed.

Results

An expert panel finalized checklists after 2 rounds of a modified Delphi method. The DVT checklist consisted of 13 items, including 1.00 global rating step (GRS). The Echo checklist consisted of 14 items, and included 1.00 GRS for each of 2 views. Interrater reliability evaluated with a Cohen kappa between the live and video rater was 1.00 for the DVT GRS, 0.44 for the PSLA GRS, and 0.58 for the PSSA GRS. Cronbach α was 0.85 for DVT and 0.92 for Echo.

Conclusions

The findings offer preliminary evidence for the validity of competency assessment tools for 2 applications of critical care ultrasound and data on live versus video raters.
A Systematic Review and Qualitative Analysis to Determine Quality Indicators forHealth Professions Education Blogs and Podcasts
Authors: Paterson Quinten S. , Thoma Brent , Milne W. Kenneth , Lin Michelle , Chan Teresa M.
Published: October 2015

Background

Historically, trainees in undergraduate and graduate health professions education have relied on secondary resources, such as textbooks and lectures, for core learning activities. Recently, blogs and podcasts have entered into mainstream usage, especially for residents and educators. These low-cost, widely available resources have many characteristics of disruptive innovations and, if they continue to improve in quality, have the potential to reinvigorate health professions education. One potential limitation of further growth in the use of these resources is the lack of information on their quality and effectiveness.

Objective

To identify quality indicators for secondary resources that are described in the literature, which might be applicable to blogs and podcasts.

Methods

Using a blended research methodology, we performed a systematic literature review using Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and ERIC to identify quality indicators for secondary resources. A qualitative analysis of these indicators resulted in the organization of this information into themes and subthemes. Expert focus groups were convened to triangulate these findings and ensure that no relevant quality indicators were missed.

Results

The literature search identified 4530 abstracts, and quality indicators were extracted from 157 articles. The qualitative analysis produced 3 themes (credibility, content, and design), 13 subthemes, and 151 quality indicators.

Conclusions

The list of quality indicators resulting from our analysis can be used by stakeholders, including learners, educators, academic leaders, and blog/podcast producers. Further studies are being conducted, which will refine the list into a form that is more structured and stratified for use by these stakeholders.
Career Choice and Primary Care in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Schiess Nicoline , Ibrahim Halah , Shaban Sami , Perez Maria Nichole , Nair Satish Chandrasekhar
Published: October 2015

Background 

The low number of medical trainees entering primary care is contributing to the lack of access to primary care services in many countries. Despite the need for primary care physicians in the Middle East, there is limited information regarding trainees' career choices, a critical determinant in the supply of primary care physicians.

Objective 

We analyzed the career choices of medical students in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with a larger goal of reforming postgraduate training in the region and enhancing the focus on primary care.

Methods 

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of applicants to a large established internal medicine residency program in the UAE. We calculated data for demographics, subspecialty choice, and factors affecting subspecialty choice, and we also reported descriptive statistics.

Results 

Our response rate was 86% (183 of 212). Only 25% of applicants (n = 46) were interested in general internal medicine. The majority of respondents (n = 126, 69%) indicated a desire to pursue subspecialty training, and the remainder chose careers in research or administration. A majority of respondents (73%) were women, unmarried, and childless. Educational debt or lifestyle were not indicated as important factors in career choice.

Conclusions 

Low interest in primary care was similar to that in many Western countries, despite a much higher percentage of female applicants and a reduced emphasis on lifestyle or income factors in career decisions. Reasons for the reduced interest in primary care deserve further exploration, as do tests of interventions to increase interest, such as improving the primary care clerkship experience.
On the locally functionally countable subalgebra of C(X) on locally functionally countable subalgebra of C(X)
Authors: Karamzadeh O. A. S. , Namdari M. , Soltanpour S.
Published: October 2015

Let $C_c(X)=\{f\in C(X) : |f(X)|\leq \aleph_0\}$, $C^F(X)=\{f\in C(X): |f(X)|<\infty\}$, and $L_c(X)=\{f\in C(X) : \overline{C_f}=X\}$, where $C_f$ is the union of all open subsets $U\subseteq X$ such that $|f(U)|\leq\aleph_0$, and $C_F(X)$ be the socle of $C(X)$ (i.e., the sum of minimal ideals of $C(X)$). It is shown that if $X$ is a locally compact space, then $L_c(X)=C(X)$ if and only if $X$ is locally scattered.
We observe that $L_c(X)$ enjoys most of the important properties which are shared by $C(X)$ and $C_c(X)$.
 Spaces $X$ such that $L_c(X)$ is regular (von Neumann) are characterized. Similarly to $C(X)$ and $C_c(X)$, it is shown that $L_c(X)$ is a regular ring if and only if it is $\aleph_0$-selfinjective.
We also determine spaces $X$ such that ${\rm Soc}{\big(}L_c(X){\big)}=C_F(X)$ (resp., ${\rm Soc}{\big(}L_c(X){\big)}={\rm Soc}{\big(}C_c(X){\big)}$). It is proved that if $C_F(X)$ is a maximal ideal in $L_c(X)$, then $C_c(X)=C^F(X)=L_c(X)\cong \prod\limits_{i=1}^n R_i$, where $R_i=\mathbb R$ for each $i$, and $X$ has a unique infinite clopen connected subset. The converse of the latter result is also given. The spaces $X$ for which $C_F(X)$ is a prime ideal in $L_c(X)$
are characterized and consequently for these spaces, we infer that $L_c(X)$ can not be isomorphic to any $C(Y)$.
Encapsulation of NaVO3 as Corrosion Inhibitor into Microparticles and its Active Corrosion Protection for AA2024 Based Upon Inhibitor Control Release
Authors: Guo Xiaolei , Hurley Belinda , Buchheit Rudolph G.
Published: October 2015

The present work provides a one-step method of encapsulating a corrosion inhibitor, NaVO3, relevant to protection of AA2024-T3, into hollow microparticles. By dispersing these microparticles into a PVB coating, the encapsulated NaVO3 may be continuously released into the electrolyte and heal the corroded sites spontaneously. The improvement of corrosion inhibition by NaVO3 microencapsulation described herein was validated by electrochemical methods and salt spray/immersion test.
Identifying climatic drivers of tropical forest dynamics
Authors: Aubry-Kientz M. , Rossi V. , Wagner F. , Hérault B.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. In the context of climate change, identifying and then predicting the impacts of climatic drivers on tropical forest dynamics is becoming a matter of urgency. To look at these climate impacts, we used a coupled model of tropical tree growth and mortality, calibrated with forest dynamic data from the 20-year study site of Paracou, French Guiana, in order to introduce and test a set of climatic variables. Three major climatic drivers were identified through the variable selection procedure: drought, water saturation and temperature. Drought decreased annual growth and mortality rates, high precipitation increased mortality rates and high temperature decreased growth. Interactions between key functional traits, stature and climatic variables were investigated, showing best resistance to drought for trees with high wood density and for trees with small current diameters. Our results highlighted strong long-term impacts of climate variables on tropical forest dynamics, suggesting potential deep impacts of climate changes during the next century.
Validation of the ALARO-0 model within the EURO-CORDEX framework
Authors: Giot O. , Termonia P. , Degrauwe D. , De Troch R. , Caluwaerts S. , Smet G. , Berckmans J. , Deckmyn A. , De Cruz L. , De Meutter P. , Duerinckx A. , Gerard L. , Hamdi R. , Van den Bergh J. , Van Ginderachter M. , Van Schaeybroeck B.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Using the regional climate model ALARO-0 the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium has performed two simulations of the past observed climate within the framework of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX). The ERA-Interim reanalysis was used to drive the model for the period 1979–2010 on the EURO-CORDEX domain with two horizontal resolutions, 0.11 and 0.44 °. ALARO-0 is characterised by the new microphysics scheme 3MT, which allows for a better representation of convective precipitation. In Kotlarski et al. (2014) several metrics assessing the performance in representing seasonal mean near-surface air temperature and precipitation are defined and the corresponding scores are calculated for an ensemble of models for different regions and seasons for the period 1989–2008. Of special interest within this ensemble is the ARPEGE model by the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM), which shares a large amount of core code with ALARO-0. Results show that ALARO-0 is capable of representing the European climate in an acceptable way as most of the ALARO-0 scores lie within the existing ensemble. However, for near-surface air temperature some large biases, which are often also found in the ARPEGE results, persist. For precipitation, on the other hand, the ALARO-0 model produces some of the best scores within the ensemble and no clear resemblance to ARPEGE is found, which is attributed to the inclusion of 3MT. Additionally, a jackknife procedure is applied to the ALARO-0 results in order to test whether the scores are robust, by which we mean independent of the period used to calculate them. Periods of 20 years are sampled from the 32 year simulation and used to construct the 95 % confidence interval for each score. For most scores these intervals are very small compared to the total ensemble spread, implying that model differences in the scores are significant.