bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cosmic star formation history with tomographic cosmic infrared background-galaxy cross-correlation
Authors: Yan Ziang , van Waerbeke Ludovic , Wright Angus H. , Bilicki Maciej , Gu Shiming , Hildebrandt Hendrik , Maniyar Abhishek S. , Tröster Tilman
Published: June 2022

In this work we present a new method for probing the star formation history of the Universe, namely tomographic cross-correlation between the cosmic infrared background (CIB) and galaxy samples. The galaxy samples are from the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS), while the CIB maps are made from Planck sky maps at 353, 545, and 857 GHz. We measure the cross-correlation in harmonic space within 100 < ℓ < 2000 with a significance of 43σ. We model the cross-correlation with a halo model, which links CIB anisotropies to star formation rates (SFRs) and galaxy abundance. We assume that the SFR has a lognormal dependence on halo mass and that the galaxy abundance follows the halo occupation distribution (HOD) model. The cross-correlations give a best-fit maximum star formation efficiency of ηmax = 0.41−0.14+0.09 at a halo mass log10(Mpeak/M⊙) = 12.14 ± 0.36. The derived star formation rate density (SFRD) is well constrained up to z ∼ 1.5. The constraining power at high redshift is mainly limited by the KiDS survey depth. We also show that the constraint is robust to uncertainties in the estimated redshift distributions of the galaxy sample. A combination with external SFRD measurements from previous studies gives log10(Mpeak/M⊙) = 12.42−0.19+0.35. This tightens the SFRD constraint up to z = 4, yielding a peak SFRD of 0.09−0.004+0.003 M⊙ yr−1 Mpc−3 at z = 1.74−0.02+0.06, corresponding to a lookback time of 10.05−0.03+0.12 Gyr. Both constraints are consistent, and the derived SFRD agrees with previous studies and simulations. This validates the use of CIB tomography as an independent probe of the star formation history of the Universe. Additionally, we estimate the galaxy bias, b, of KiDS galaxies from the constrained HOD parameters and obtain an increasing bias from b = 1.1−0.31+0.17 at z = 0 to b = 1.96−0.64+0.18 at z = 1.5, which highlights the potential of this method as a probe of galaxy abundance. Finally, we provide a forecast for future galaxy surveys and conclude that, due to their considerable depth, future surveys will yield a much tighter constraint on the evolution of the SFRD.
The change in Beethoven’s music composition: Is there a role of his mental distress?
Authors: Jusot Jean-François
Published: June 2022

Background: During his life, Beethoven faced a lot of personal problems and diseases that could lead to a prolonged period of serious mental disorder. The aim of this work is to study the link between the distribution of pitch frequencies observed in 101 movements of 32 sonatas and four periods of his compositional style. Methods: The 32 sonatas for piano were chosen because they were composed during the three periods usually considered to reflect Beethoven’s career. A hierarchical generalized additive model was performed to regress the frequency of pitches with Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) pitches, periods of composition, degrees, rests, and length of the sonata’s movements. Results: The median frequency of pitches was higher during Beethoven’s time of mental distress. This period appeared as transitory between the bright Promethean period and the fullness of the final Ethereal period. This change in the expression of Beethoven’s creativity could well have played the role of a self-therapy. Conclusion: From this singular account of Beethoven’s history of mental problems and his way of dealing with them, it could be concluded that the stimulation of their musical creativity could be beneficial for psychiatrically patients with mental health issues. It also suggests that some mechanisms such as the application of hysteresis to cognitive function at a time of mental distress, may indicate new research avenues in the treatment of mental diseases.
Microstructure analysis and mechanical characterisation of NiWCrBSi coatings produced by flame spraying
Authors: Idir Abdelhek , Delloro Francesco , Younes Rassim , Bradai Mohand Amokrane , Sadeddine Abdelhamid , Benabbas Abderrahim
Published: June 2022

This work presents microstructure and mechanical properties of NiWCrBSi coatings produced onto mild steel substrate by oxyacetylene flame spraying, using two different stoichiometries. Coatings were analysed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Microhardness tests were carried out using a micro-hardness tester operating with Vickers indenter and the load being 3N. Results showed that both coating microstructures were of lamellar/stratified type, containing several inhomogeneities such as unmelted particles and pores. Coatings consisted mainly of a solid solution (Ni, Cr and Fe), containing two different phases of hexagonal structure, namely WC and Ni31Si12. The presence of WC hard particles contributed to the high coating hardness. Oxidizing flame conditions showed a potential interest for tribological applications, because of a reduced porosity and an increased coating hardness.
Les analystes vidéo du football de haut niveau français ; une néo-profession innovante en quête de légitimité
Authors: Desfontaine Pierrick , Isserte Simon , Cavaillès Olivier
Published: June 2022

Cette étude exploratoire analyse l’activité d’un groupe professionnel récent : les analystes vidéo au sein du football français. Ils interagissent au quotidien avec les footballeurs et les autres membres du staff, en premier lieu le coach. Si la place des analystes dans la recherche de performance est désormais reconnue dans les discours, l’enquête de terrain dévoile l’ampleur de leur travail de l’ombre et la difficile quête de légitimité dans des staffs soumis aux exigences de résultats et à des luttes de pouvoir. L’immersion ethnographique et les entretiens menés auprès d’analystes et d’entraîneurs issus de contextes variés montrent que le développement de cette profession est intimement lié à la capacité du néo-professionnel à fournir au staff et aux joueurs une expertise numérique articulée aux compétences sportives et sociales. Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives pour mieux penser l’ingénierie de formation des parcours axés sur l’apprentissage de l’analyse de la performance et illustrent les écueils à éviter pour s’insérer durablement dans un club professionnel.
The probabilistic solar particle event forecasting (PROSPER) model
Authors: Papaioannou Athanasios , Vainio Rami , Raukunen Osku , Jiggens Piers , Aran Angels , Dierckxsens Mark , Mallios Sotirios A. , Paassilta Miikka , Anastasiadis Anastasios
Published: June 2022

The Probabilistic Solar Particle Event foRecasting (PROSPER) model predicts the probability of occurrence and the expected peak flux of solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Predictions are derived for a set of integral proton energies (i.e., E > 10, > 30, and > 100 MeV) from characteristics of solar flares (longitude, magnitude), coronal mass ejections (width, speed), and combinations of both. Herein the PROSPER model methodology for deriving the SEP event forecasts is described, and the validation of the model, based on archived data, is presented for a set of case studies. The PROSPER model has been incorporated into the new operational advanced solar particle event casting system (ASPECS) tool to provide nowcasting (short term forecasting) of SEP events as part of ESA’s future SEP advanced warning system (SAWS). ASPECS also provides the capability to interrogate PROSPER for historical cases via a run-on-demand functionality.
Winners and runners-up alike?—a comparison between awardees and special mention recipients of the most reputable science award in Colombia via a composite citation indicator
Authors: Cortés Julián D. , Andrade Daniel A.
Published: June 2022

The research agenda on global academic elites (e.g., those awarded the Nobel Prize) has overlooked academic awards and elites from developing countries and the public symbolic recognition of scientific elites by research awards. In this study, we examine the bibliometric features of individual researcher profiles of those participants who received a special mention in Colombia’s most prestigious prize in the sciences: the Alejandro Ángel Escobar Prize (AAEP). First, we chart the citation per article trend of Colombia’s most prolific researchers before and after receiving the special mention and the AAEP. We then compare the special mention group with those awarded the AAEP, using a composite citation indicator of six scientific impact and productivity indices to estimate (1) bulk impact (number of citations and h index) and (2) authorship order adjusted impact (Schreiber hm index; total citations for articles of which the scientist is the single author; total citations for articles of which the scientist is the single or first author; and total citations for articles of which the scientist is the single, first, or last author). Results show that there is no overall halo effect in citation per article after receiving the special mention or the AAEP. Such recognition comes after an academically productive career marked by multiple citations per article peaks. There is no clear-cut division between the composite citation indicator of those awarded a special mention and those awarded the AAEP. Findings place the profile of local authors in an adjusted and inclusive framework that takes full cognisance of the scientific elites in developing countries.
Optical microphones measure speech through masks
Authors: Piccone Ashley
Published: June 2022

The sensors perform better than traditional microphones at long distances and loud background noise levels.
Entropies of the microcanonical ensemble
Authors: Park Hyogeon , Kim Yong Woon , Yi Juyeon
Published: June 2022

We revisit the Boltzmann entropy and the Gibbs entropy, two entropy definitions of the microcanonical ensemble, and discuss their respective weakness, incompatible with our traditional understanding of thermodynamic entropy. For the microcanonical ensemble specified at energy E, the Boltzmann entropy is determined by the density of states at E, whereas the Gibbs entropy is given by the total number of states having energies not greater than E. The Boltzmann entropy violates the fundamental relations in thermodynamics, and the degree of the violation is of the order of a finite size correction, usually negligible for large systems. Regardless of system size, the Gibbs entropy complies with the thermodynamic relations but breaks the additive property that the thermodynamic entropy of a large system of weakly coupled subparts should equal the sum of thermodynamic entropies of the subparts. We show that, for a traditional setup where a total system consists of a small subsystem and a bath, the additivity breaking is determined by the difference between two temperatures derived from the Boltzmann entropy and the Gibbs entropy. For systems with bound energy spectra and decreasing density of states, the additivity of the Gibbs entropy does not hold even in the thermodynamic limit.
High-precision real-space simulation of electrostatically confined few-electron states
Authors: Anderson Christopher R. , Gyure Mark F. , Quinn Sam , Pan Andrew , Ross Richard S. , Kiselev Andrey A.
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we present a computational procedure that utilizes real-space grids to obtain high precision approximations of electrostatically confined few-electron states such as those that arise in gated semiconductor quantum dots. We use the full configuration interaction method with a continuously adapted orthonormal orbital basis to approximate the ground and excited states of such systems. We also introduce a benchmark problem based on a realistic analytical electrostatic potential for quantum dot devices. We show that our approach leads to highly precise computed energies and energy differences over a wide range of model parameters. The analytic definition of the benchmark allows for a collection of tests that are easily replicated, thus facilitating comparisons with other computational approaches.
Optical trapping and manipulation of nanowires using multi-hotspot dielectric nanononamers
Authors: Li Rengang , Zhao Yaqian , Ge Yuan , Xu Zhe
Published: June 2022

Semiconductor nanowires have demonstrated great potential in all-photonic integrated circuit applications. However, the development of a controllable multidimensional nanowire assembly technique is still arguably in its infancy. Here, we numerically demonstrate the optical trapping and manipulation of cylindrical zinc oxide nanowires using an all-dielectric silicon nanononamer for designing programmable nanolasers. The nanononamer is composed of nine identical silicon nanocylinders arranged in a square grid on top of a glass substrate. This is a suitable choice, as optical trapping with the proposed silicon nanononamer is envisioned as an effective technique for the contactless manipulation of suspended nanowires with multiple hotspots and with negligible heating generation. We determine optical forces and torques applied to nanowires using the Maxwell stress tensor method. We investigate the influence of light polarization on the field confining and laser tweezing properties. For this work, the simple nanowire-based silicon photonic platform is compatible with the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology, which allows low-cost fabrication of such structures and the integration with other on-chip optical components.
Research on the life-limiting sputtering mechanism of 30 cm ion thruster
Authors: Chen Juanjuan , Li Juan , Wang Yanlong , Yang Hao , Guo Dezhou , Zhang Tao
Published: June 2022

“Pits-and-grooves” patterns on the downstream accelerator grid surface had a severe effect on the thruster life; however, the sputtering patterns on the decelerator grid upstream surface were also observed after the thruster worked for over 3000 h. Reduction of the thruster diameter was adapted to prevent the erosion rate at the decelerator grid, but it decreased the thruster performance. Therefore, balancing the lifetime and performance was so critical for the optimization design of ion thruster. A three-dimension numerical model was established, and a Particle-In Cell-Monte-Carlo-Collision method was applied to investigating the hitting process and sputtering mechanism of a 30 cm ion thruster. Based on the experimental beam ion density profile in the plume, ion optics was divided into three regions, where the center region accounted for 73.3% of the effective extraction diameter of 30 cm. Beam ions in the center and the center-edge region were focused very well, and no ions striked directly on any grid surface, whereas ions at the edge were under-focused and had a cross-over interception. Decreasing the screen grid diameter from 13 to 12 could reduce the maximum erosion depth of the decelerator grid from 1.0 × 10−3 to 9.0 × 10−4, which only resulted in a 0.03% decrease of thruster performance. The maximum erosion depth of the accelerator grid caused by charge exchange xenon ion bombardment was 1.0 × 10−3 locating in the center region, which was twice that of 9.0 × 10−4. Improving the flatness was the way to extend the thruster lifetime. The maximum error of simulation was about 4.38%. The simulation results can provide technical reference for the optimization design of the ion thruster.
Impact of Faddeeva–Voigt broadening on line-shape analysis at critical points of dielectric functions
Authors: Alomar Abdulazeez S.
Published: June 2022

Faddeeva–Voigt broadening (FVB) couples the physical characteristics of both Lorentzian and Gaussian profiles as a combined analytic function shaping the dielectric response. Accurate extraction of the Gaussian and Lorentzian broadening contents in line-shape analysis is essential for reliable optical characterization of semiconductors and dielectrics. By adding the Gaussian-broadening width to each Lorentzian width, we investigate how FVB affects critical-point (CP) analysis. We revisit a selection of earlier work based on classical Lorentz broadening in modulation spectroscopy and spectral ellipsometry. To generalize CP analysis, we derive the FVB’s analytical representation in terms of fractional derivatives of the Faddeeva function and apply the twenty-pole Martin–Donoso–Zamudio approximation for its precise and efficient computation of the FVB of model dielectric functions and derivatives. We investigate the FVB of the electroreflectance line shape of HgCdTe for three-dimensional M0 transitions and of the photoreflectance line shape of InP excitonic E0 transitions. Furthermore, we explore how FVB affects the dielectric functions of three-dimensional excitonic and two-dimensional M0 transitions vs Tanguy’s analytical two-dimensional exciton E1 and E1+Δ1 fits of GaAs to the second-order derivatives. We use the Akaike information criterion to quantitatively estimate the goodness of fit that statistically penalizes overfitting due to extraneous parameters. By consolidating both Gaussian and Lorentzian broadenings, the FVB significantly affects the CP analysis of modulation-spectroscopy line shapes and second-order derivatives of the dielectric function.
Investigation of nonlocal data-driven methods for subgrid-scale stress modeling in large eddy simulation
Authors: Liu Bo , Yu Huiyang , Huang Haibo , Liu Nansheng , Lu Xiyun
Published: June 2022

A nonlocal subgrid-scale stress (SGS) model is developed based on the convolution neural network (CNN), which is a powerful supervised data-driven method and also an ideal approach to naturally consider spatial information due to its wide receptive field. The CNN-based models used in this study take primitive flow variables as input only, and then, the flow features are automatically extracted without any a priori guidance. The nonlocal models trained by direct numerical simulation (DNS) data of a turbulent channel flow at Reτ = 178 are accessed in both the a priori and a posteriori tests, providing reasonable flow statistics (such as mean velocity and velocity fluctuations) close to the DNS results even when extrapolating to a higher Reynolds number Reτ = 600. It is identified that the nonlocal models outperform local data-driven models, such as the artificial neural network, and some typical SGS models (e.g., the dynamic Smagorinsky model) in large eddy simulation (LES). The model is also robust with stable numerical simulation since the solutions can be well obtained when examining the grid resolution from one-half to double of the spatial resolution used in training. We also investigate the influence of receptive fields and propose using the two-point correlation analysis as a quantitative method to guide the design of nonlocal physical models. The present study provides effective data-driven nonlocal methods for SGS modeling in LES of complex anisotropic turbulent flows.
Classification of ternary data using the ternary Allen–Cahn system for small datasets
Authors: Lee Donghun , Kim Sangkwon , Lee Hyun Geun , Kwak Soobin , Wang Jian , Kim Junseok
Published: June 2022

In this study, we present a classification method for ternary small data using the modified ternary Allen–Cahn (tAC) system. The governing system is the tAC equation with the fidelity term, which keeps the solution as close as possible to the given data. To solve the tAC system with the fidelity term, we apply an operator splitting method. We use an implicit-explicit finite difference method for solving the split equations. To validate the robust and superior performance of the proposed numerical algorithm, we perform the comparison tests with other widely used classifiers such as logistic regression, decision tree, support vector machine, random forest, and artificial neural network for small datasets.
Analyzing the effects of entrenched grammatical constructions on translation
Authors: Heilmann Arndt , Freiwald Jonas , Neumann Stella , Miljanović Zoë
Published: June 2022

This study analyzes translation behaviour with respect to the salience of two grammatical constructions that
differ in frequency. We assumed that a more frequent construction is also more entrenched in the translator’s mind and that as a
result different translation solutions are more readily available. For this reason, we expected that a more frequent construction
is translated more quickly than a less frequent construction, resulting in lower reading and typing-related measures of cognitive
effort during the translation process. A translation experiment was designed to test this assumption. We triangulated keystroke
logging and eye tracking data from 11 professional translators and tested the results using linear mixed regression modelling,
controlling for, among others, lexically-based effects of salience. While we did not find statistically significant evidence of a
facilitation effect regarding the entrenchment of (partially) abstract grammatical structures (of-NPs), we did find salience
effects from lexical sources such as cross-linguistic structural priming and words with typical translation solutions. Lexical
effects of salience on the translation process were shown to be more reliable indicators of facilitation in translation than the
salience of more abstract linguistic structures – at least if the effect is a result of salience that stems from entrenchment.
Since one limitation of our study is its necessarily small sample size, we draw methodological conclusions for improving
experimental designs that will be useful for researchers in empirical translation studies.
Management options for the unfavorable nutrient balance of recreational fishing in Lake Balaton (Hungary)
Authors: Boros Gergely , Mozsár Attila , Specziár András
Published: June 2022

Various types of ground baits are loaded to lakes by anglers, but the ecological role of these materials is often overlooked. Thus, the aims of this study were to conduct a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the baits used by anglers in the largest lake of Central-Europe (Lake Balaton, Hungary), estimate the annual nutrient balance of recreational fishing, and relate the nutrient loading from this source to the total external load. Our study demonstrated that popular angler baits varied substantially in their nutrient contents and in their molar nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) ratios. The net nutrient balance of recreational fishing was +19.3 t total N year
−1
and +5.2 t total P year
−1
, equivalent to 0.7% and 3.2% of the estimated total annual N and P loads, respectively. The rate of nutrient loading may be doubled if the present trends continue: anglers will use 20% more bait with an even higher nutrient content and will also show higher propensity to release the fish after catching. In turn, sustainable nutrient balance of fisheries management could be achieved by limiting the anglers’ bait use to 1.5 kg day
−1
and restricting baits to those which have relatively low P (<0.3%) and N (<1.5%) contents.
Optical pumping and relaxation of atomic population in assorted conditions
Authors: Chowdhury Saptarshi Roy , Pradhan Swarupananda
Published: June 2022

Precise control and knowledge over atomic dynamics is central to the advancement of quantum technology. The different experimental conditions namely, atoms in a vacuum, antirelaxation coated and buffer gas filled atomic cells provide complementary platforms for such investigations. The extent of changes in optical pumping, velocity changing collision and hyperfine changing collision rates associated with these conditions are discussed. There is a phenomenal change in the optical density by a factor of >25 times in the presence of a control field in a buffer gas environment. We found confinement induced enhanced optical pumping as the mechanism behind the observed transparency in buffer gas cell. The diffusive velocity of atoms were measured to be ∼25 ± 12 m s−1 and ⩽8 ± 4 m s−1 for antirelaxation coated and buffer gas filled cells respectively. The measurements were carried out for 85Rb atoms in natural isotopic composition using pump–probe spectroscopy. The studies will have useful application in measurements of relaxation rates, quantum memory, quantum repeaters and atomic devices.
Efficient electron extraction by CoS2 loaded onto anatase TiO2 for improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Sudrajat Hanggara , Susanti Ari , Hartuti Sri
Published: June 2022

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a benchmark photocatalyst has been attracting attention due to its photocatalytic activity combined with photochemical stability. In particular, TiO2 with anatase polymorph holds promise for driving reduction reactions, such as proton reduction to evolve H2 via photocatalysis. In this study, anatase TiO2 is loaded with CoS2 through the hydrothermal route to form a CoS2@TiO2 photocatalyst system. X-ray absorption near edge structure confirms the +2-oxidation state of the Co cation, while extended x-ray absorption fine structure shows that each Co2+ cation is primarily coordinated to six S− anions forming a CoS2-like species. A small fraction of the Co2+ species is also coordinated to O2− anions forming Co
x
O
y
species and substitutionally resides at the Ti4+-sites. Further investigations with steady-state IR absorption induced by UV-light and time-resolved microwave conductivity suggest an efficient electron transfer from the conduction band of TiO2 to the surface-loaded CoS2 which acts as a metallic material with no bandgap. The CoS2 shallowly traps electrons at the host surface and facilitates proton reduction. An appreciably enhanced H2 evolution rate (8 times) is recognised upon the CoS2 loading. The CoS2 is here proposed to function as a proton reduction cocatalyst, which can potentially be an alternative to noble metals.
Redundant object detection method for civil aircraft assembly based on machine vision and smart glasses
Authors: Zhao Qijie , Kong Yaohui , Sheng Shaojie , Zhu Junjun
Published: June 2022

Slow detection of redundant objects and low accuracy in assembly lines, particularly in the setting of civil aircraft assembly, are tough and challenging problems. To address these issues, a redundant object detection method based on computer vision and augmented reality (AR) smart glasses is proposed in this paper. The method uses AR glasses as the image collection hardware and takes the live image collected by the camera as the input of the proposed deep learning machine vision model. The proposed model, the Feature Pyramid Networks-CenterNet, is inspired by CenterNet and combined with multi-scale feature fusion to solve the problem of low detection accuracy of small-scale redundant targets. The weight factor of the loss function was set according to the proportion of small targets in the dataset, which solves the problem of an unbalanced proportion of large and small targets in the training samples. The proposed network model was validated on the PASCAL Visual Object Classes public dataset and the self-built redundant object dataset. The results showed that the new method can detect seven redundant objects with a mean accuracy of 74.49% within the visible range of smart glasses within 200 ms. The research provides a new reference for the quality process management of civil aircraft assembly.
Lung area estimation using functional tidal electrical impedance variation images and active contouring
Authors: Borgmann Silke , Linz Kim , Braun Christian , Dzierzawski Patryk , Spassov Sashko , Wenzel Christin , Schumann Stefan
Published: June 2022

Objective. Electrical impedance tomography is a valuable tool for monitoring global and regional lung mechanics. To evaluate the recorded data, an accurate estimate of the lung area is crucial. Approach. We present two novel methods for estimating the lung area using functional tidal images or active contouring methods. A convolutional neural network was trained to determine, whether or not the heart region was visible within tidal images. In addition, the effects of lung area mirroring were investigated. The performance of the methods and the effects of mirroring were evaluated via a score based on the impedance magnitudes and their standard deviations in functional tidal images. Main results. Our analyses showed that the method based on functional tidal images provided the best estimate of the lung area. Mirroring of the lung area had an impact on the accuracy of area estimation for both methods. The achieved accuracy of the neural network’s classification was 94%. For images without a visible heart area, the subtraction of a heart template proved to be a pragmatic approach with good results. Significance. In summary, we developed a routine for estimation of the lung area combined with estimation of the heart area in electrical impedance tomography images.
Electrically tunable metasurfaces: from direct to indirect mechanisms
Authors: Jeon Nara , Noh Jaebum , Jung Chunghwan , Rho Junsuk
Published: June 2022

Intensive development of nanofabrication processes has opened a new window to control electromagnetic waves using subwavelength nanostructures array, named metasurfaces. Although the metasurfaces have succeeded in achieving unprecedented functionality by arranging various shapes of nanostructures to modulate the properties of the incident light, inherent passive characteristics make it impossible to alter the engraved functions after it is fabricated. To give tunability to metasurfaces, various methods have been proposed by using a thermal, chemical, optical and physical stimulus. In particular, electrically tunable metasurfaces are attractive in that they are easy to control precisely and could be integrated into electronic devices. In this review, we categorize the representative electrical tuning mechanisms and research into three; voltage-operated modulation, electrochemical-driven modulation, and externally mediated modulation. Voltage-operated modulation uses materials that could be directly reorganized by an electric field, including liquid crystals and Drude materials. Electrochemical-driven modulation adjusts the optical properties of metasurfaces through electrochemical responses such as electrochromism and electrodeposition. Lastly, externally mediated modulation causes a change in the geometric parameters of metasurfaces or in the phase of the constituent materials by converting electrical energy into thermal or mechanical stimulation. This paper concludes after explaining the pros and cons of each mechanism and the new possibilities which electrically-responsive metasurfaces could bring about.
Boosting Jittering Jets by Neutrino Heating in Core Collapse Supernovae
Authors: Soker Noam
Published: June 2022

I estimate the energy that neutrino heating adds to the outflow that jets induce in the collapsing core material in core collapse supernovae (CCSNe), and find that this energy crudely doubles the energy that the jets deposit into the outer core. I consider the jittering jets explosion mechanism where there are several stochastic jet-launching episodes, each lasting for about 0.01–0.1 s. The collapsing core material passes through the stalled shock at about 100 km and then slowly flows onto the proto-neutron star (NS). I assume that the proto-NS launches jittering jets, and that the jets break out from the stalled shock. I examine the boosting process by which the high-pressure gas inside the stalled shock, the gain region material, expands alongside the jets and does work on the material that the jets shock, the cocoon. This work is crudely equal to the energy that the original jets carry. I argue that the coupling between instabilities, stochastic rotation, magnetic fields, and jittering jets leads to most CCSN explosions. In other cases, the pre-collapse core is rapidly rotating and therefore ordered rotation replaces stochastic rotation and fixed jets replace jittering jets.
Chronic recording of the vagus nerve to analyze modulations by the light–dark cycle
Authors: Smets Hugo , Stumpp Lars , Chavez Javier , Cury Joaquin , Vande Perre Louis , Doguet Pascal , Vanhoestenberghe Anne , Delbeke Jean , El Tahry Riëm , Nonclercq Antoine
Published: June 2022

Objective. The vagus nerve is considered to play a key role in the circadian rhythm. Chronic continuous analysis of the vagus nerve activity could contribute to a better understanding of the role of the vagus nerve in light–dark modulations. This paper presents a continuous analysis of spontaneous vagus nerve activity performed in four rats. Approach. We analyzed the vagus electroneurogram (VENG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) over a recording period of 28 d. Spike activity and heart rate estimation were derived from the VENG, and slow-wave activity was derived from the EEG. The presence of repetitive patterns was investigated with periodograms, cosinor fitting, autocorrelation, and statistical tests. The light–dark variations derived from the VENG spikes were compared with EEG slow waves, an established metric in circadian studies. Results. Our results demonstrate that light–dark variations can be detected in long-term vagus nerve activity monitoring. A recording period of about 7 d is required to characterize accurately the VENG light–dark variations. Significance. As a major outcome of this study, vagus nerve recordings hold the promise to help understand circadian regulation.
Assessment of technical state of power transformers based on dissolved gas chromatographic analysis in oil
Authors: Nazarov O A , Yusupov D T , Yunusov R F , Shoyusupov Sh A , Tolipov Q S
Published: June 2022

The work is devoted to the study of a power transformer based on chromatographic analysis of dissolved gases in oil. Data were obtained on dissolved gases (hydrogen, methane, ethane, methylene, acetylene) of power oil transformers of various brands with operation for more than 30 years. Particular attention is paid to the graphical presentation of the results of chromatographic analysis of the oil. As a result, the probable expected defects of power transformers were determined. Studies have shown that power transformers need immediate repair based on their assessment. Timely repair of power oil transformers allows increasing their durability and reliability of power supply to consumers.
Evolutionary trends in improving radio interfaces on GERAN/UTRAN/E-UTRAN networks
Authors: Alpeisov A T , Malsagov B S
Published: June 2022

Mobile communications are the modern drivers of the rapid development of information communication technologies. This development is provided by the expansion of the range of user services and an increase in the volume of transmitted traffic. Mobile radio-access technologies, services, standards with different types of radio interfaces are used worldwide nowadays. The article discusses the important features of the functioning of such interfaces, presents data on functional characteristics. This research also shows the main directions of development of radio interfaces intended for use in mobile communication systems.
Integration methods of a vehicles emergency response system based on navigational units
Authors: Kholikova N , Ismailova Z , Rustamov A , Khakimov B , Mustafoeva D , Razikov N
Published: June 2022

Studying the state of the art of current integration methods of a car engine with the automobile mechatronic system by using neural networks to orchestrate the methods of integration of a car engine with the automobile mechatronic system by using algorithmic electronic control based on new neural networks; to formulate the methodology of electronic model control of an engine with a mechatronic adapter; to design a model enabling calculation of input-output data; to analyze results of cold and hot tests of an engine, develop methods improving tests with the help of mechatronic adapter; to reason power and torque of an engine integrated with the mechatronic adapter; conceptualize the method of assessing fuel economy and environmental performances of an engine; put forward a guidance on research application and estimate economic efficiency. The article discusses the topic of improving the safety of transportation by introducing the latest capabilities of advanced technologies. The proposed solution uses the composition of engineering networks to expand such networks as ERA-GLONASS and e Call, which allows not only to transmit additional information, but also to combine information to determine the necessary means of emergency assistance and coordinate the entire emergency response operation. The key concept of the approach is to model the cyber-physical components of the human device using collections of resources that reflect them. Services have the ability to self-regulate, which allows them to independently adapt their behavior to the context of the vehicle driver's environment.
Development of WIPO-based experimental model of radio monitoring of earth soil
Authors: Rakhimov N R , Mukhametshin V Sh , Rakhimov B N , Mirsagdiev O A , Berdiev A A , Kobishcha D I
Published: June 2022

The paper considers the methods, equipment and results of landslide monitoring. Monitoring systems, covering early warning of a landslide threat that may trigger an emergency, are based on registration, analysis and processing of versatile information, including geophysical surveys, regime geotechnical, hydrometeorological and seismic observations. In the monitoring process, the technology and equipment used to obtain the above-mentioned data play an important role.
Application of regenerative braking on electric rolling stock
Authors: Konstantinova M V , Varavin V I , Dagaev R R
Published: June 2022

This article provides an overview of ways to improve the efficiency of regenerative braking on electric rolling stock. The advantages and disadvantages of this type of braking are considered. The requirements for the electric braking system are listed. Some analysis of the work of JSC Russian Railways on the implementation of the Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency Program is presented.
Robotic control system for lower limb rehabilitation with force feedback
Authors: Khalapyan S Y , Rybak L A , Rashoyan G V , Mamaev V A , Virabyan L G
Published: June 2022

The paper proposes the structure of the robotic system (RS) control system with and without the patient’s force feedback, describes the conditions for using each of them. The method for improving data reliability on applied forces using strain gauge readings in the absence of patient activity was developed. The method of motivating a patient to perform “correct” movements thus “assisting” the mechanism, which consists in changing the speed of movement to create an impression that the mechanism moves due to patient’s efforts was developed. Mathematical RS model was constructed, graphs reflecting the accuracy of the specified trajectory were obtained.
Study of sensitivity and interference protection of various bearing diagnostics methods
Authors: Sergeev K O , Volkova T P
Published: June 2022

Due to the widespread use of bearing units with rolling bearings in ship equipment, the question of using diagnostics-in-place methods to determine their technical condition is relevant. For diagnostics, various methods of different sensitivity and interference protection can be applied. These qualities are of particular importance for diagnosing the bearing units of ship’s gearboxes access to which can be difficult, and the units themselves include several different types of bearings. The article provides materials on comparing the sensitivity and reliability of two methods for diagnosing rolling bearings: the diagnostic method based on the analysis of the envelope spectrum and diagnostic method based on shock pulses. Measurements were taken by these methods at different points of the bearing unit on the special bench, equipped with two different bearings. Previously, defects on the ring were artificially created on one of the bearings of the unit. Measurements have shown that the shock pulse method provides acceptable results only when a sensor is located directly at the point adjacent to the outer ring of the bearing. At the control points distant from the bearing location, the defect was diagnosed with an error, but the presence of a defect, nevertheless, could be determined by applying monitoring at a specific point of control. The method of analyzing the envelope allows secure detecting and identifying the defect even when a sensor is installed at a considerable distance from the bearing. The influence of the interference generated by the mounted lubrication pump is considered. The envelope spectra and the nature of their changes are provided.
Automatic technical systems for forecasting the safety level of traffic trains
Authors: Olentsevich V A , Konovalova T G , Izotova I I
Published: June 2022

The need to strengthen the role of JSC Russian Railways in the processes of ensuring transport accessibility of the main energy deposits and energy platforms, including on the Arctic, Sakhalin and Caspian shelves. The industrial development of the Arctic involves the intensive exploitation of hydrocarbon resources, the extraction of biological resources and, as a consequence, the development of transport and transport infrastructure. The possibility of further economic growth in the northern territories is determined by such sustainability criteria as the economic growth of territorial economic systems and the system of indicators characterizing the concept of sustainability of economic growth in the production sector, in the financial, social and transport spheres. The article presents a forecast of multilateral accounting for the East Siberian Railway, when developing probabilistic scenarios for regional development, it implies a constant expansion and improvement of forecasting tools.
Kelvin equation-based scaling model for pore-size estimation in mesoporous materials
Authors: Valeev A A , Morozova E V
Published: June 2022

In this paper we consider the phase equilibrium state of a fluid confined within a mesoporous controlled cylindrical pore medium. We begin with finding a meniscus shape in the limit of the smoothest curvature variation, for which the curvature radius is the only parameter to define the meniscus dimensions. Then the scaling law is established connecting the meniscus curvature and the pore radius, thus allowing us to create a one-parameter model for finding a pore radius when a meniscus curvature radius is known. Simultaneous use of the model with our previously developed one makes it possible to calculate the pore size on the basis of P/P
0 information from the adsorption isotherm.
Corrosion cracking under main pipelines stress
Authors: Khasanova A R
Published: June 2022

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) or stress corrosion is one of the most dangerous types of damage in chemical, oil and gas industry, as well as in processing, nuclear, heat and power, metallurgical, shipbuilding and other industries. Corrosion cracking of pipelines under stress (stress corrosion) is the main source of emergency incidents (emergencies) mainly in gas main pipelines. This type of corrosion is widely known and very dangerous.
Study of machining accuracy in ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting of alloyed iron alloy carbon with a germanium
Authors: Tursunbaev S , Umarova D , Kuchkorova M , Baydullaev A
Published: June 2022

Engineering materials refers to the group of materials that are used in the construction of manmade structures and components. The primary function of an engineering material is to withstand applied loading without breaking and without exhibiting excessive deflection. The major classifications of engineering materials include metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. The germanium is an excellent material for infrared optical devices, whereas ultraprecision micro-machining of the germanium is difficult due to its brittleness. In Uzbekistan, alloyed engineering materials are mainly produced by the “Almalyk” plant and “Navoi” plant. Mechanical processing of these materials is one of the problems of today. The article analyzes the process of ultrasonic vibration treatment of an alloyed iron alloy carbon with a germanium alloy. Experiments were carried out in the mechanical processing departments of the plant "Almalyk". Graphs are given based on the results obtained. Based on the results of the experiment, the conclusion was given.
Method for determining and refining the interval of data collection of gas-dynamic processes by safety criterion
Authors: Bosikov I I , Labazanova S H , Malozyomov B V
Published: June 2022

To solve the problems of controlling the gas-dynamic processes of production areas and air distribution in the ventilation network, their mathematical description is required, which can be obtained only on the basis of a detailed study and determination of the parameters and characteristics of gas-dynamic processes and regularities of air distribution. The mathematical description of the production ventilation system is complicated by the fact that the variables that determine the state of the control system are random functions of time. Therefore, the main attention should be paid to determining the probabilities of the characteristics of aerogasdynamic processes. The mathematical description of the ventilation of the production area into static and dynamic characteristics was the basis for the development of an optimal control algorithm for the production area. The control algorithm for the ventilation of the mining area consists of subalgorithms for controlling the parameters of the mine atmosphere, primary processing of the received information, and generating control actions. Their development is possible on the basis of research and mathematical description of gas-dynamic processes and methods for controlling the parameters of the mine atmosphere. Effective control of gas-dynamic processes in production areas is possible only when considering the entire ventilation system, due to the interconnectedness of aerodynamic parameters. The task of optimal air distribution control in the network is to ensure the required airflow rates for ventilation, determined as a result of solving the first problem with minimal energy costs for ventilation.
Visualization of a Small Jet Synthetic Using a Particle Image Velocimetry and Background-Oriented Schlieren Techniques
Authors: Faruoli M , Abbruzzese G , Di Tommaso RM , Nino E
Published: June 2022

This work reports the results of experimental investigations carried out on a submerged synthetic jet obtained through the use of a headset speaker piloted with an appropriate sinusoidal signal at a frequency of 380 Hz. The study begins with the construction of a device that, exploiting the well-known transport properties of impacting jets, was able to improve local ventilation and the removal of excess moisture, due to the natural transpiration of human skin in people forced to assume the same position for prolonged periods such as professional drivers; bedridden patients; etc… Subjects are substantially forced to have parts of their own body in contact with fabrics and coverings that hinder the normal conditions of skin transpiration. The experimental activity was first based on the study of the structure of the synthetic jets, then moving on to the creation of a sponge mat equipped with 80 individual jets. On this sponge mat, semi-empirical tests were carried out in order to remove moisture from a fabric soaked in distilled water. The experimental investigations were first carried out using the PIV technique, and, subsequently, the synthetic jet was visualized using the Background-Oriented Schlieren (BOS) technique which allowed to test the presence of the jets, installed directly on the mattress, in a relatively simple and fast way, requiring a very simplified set-up.