bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Areas, Disciplines, and the Goals of Inquiry
Authors: Pollock Sheldon
Published: October 2016

From our present-day vantage point, the founding era of South Asian studies at Chicago looks like an age of unalloyed conceptual and political innocence. Area identities were given, disciplinary formations were unquestioned, the purposes of scholarship were self-evident, and the future was roseate. Half a century later, common sense on all these questions has vanished, and where we go from here is an entirely open question, requiring open and sustained discussion.
Temporomandibular disorder in otolaryngology: systematic review
Authors: Stepan L , Shaw C-K L , Oue S
Published: October 2016

Background:

Temporomandibular disorder poses a diagnostic challenge to otolaryngologists as orofacial pain, headache and otology symptoms are very common in temporomandibular disorder, and mimic a number of otolaryngological conditions. Missed diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder can lead to unnecessary investigation and treatment, resulting in further patient suffering.

Objectives:

To review the current literature and propose management pathways for otolaryngologists to correctly differentiate temporomandibular disorder from other otolaryngological conditions, and to initiate effective treatment for temporomandibular disorder in collaboration with other health professionals.

Method:

A systematic review using PubMed and Medline databases was conducted, and data on temporomandibular disorder in conjunction with otolaryngological symptoms were collected for analysis.

Results:

Of 4155 potential studies, 33 were retrieved for detailed evaluation and 12 met the study criteria. There are questionnaires, examination techniques and radiological investigations presented in the literature to assist with distinguishing between otolaryngological causes of symptoms and temporomandibular disorder. Simple treatment can be initiated by the otolaryngologist.

Conclusion:

Initial temporomandibular disorder treatment steps can be undertaken by the otolaryngologist, with consideration of referral to dentists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, or physiotherapists if simple pharmacological treatment or temporomandibular disorder exercise fails.
The central Arctic Ocean-preventing another tragedy of the commons
Authors: Norris Andrew J. , McKinley Patrick
Published: October 2016

Arctic sea ice is melting, slowly but inexorably. As the ice disappears, mankind will be afforded access to regions and activities, including commercial fishing, that have been inaccessible for our entire recorded history. There is currently no regulatory body or mechanism in the high seas Arctic (also referred to as the central Arctic Ocean) to conserve and manage fish stocks, the distribution and concentration of which are poorly understood, and that might be the target of commercial fisheries. This article examines the extent and nature of ice recession in the Arctic, and its likely effect on the accessibility of central Arctic ocean fisheries to commercial exploitation. It then discusses what is known of Arctic fish stocks, both those already extant, and those that might become established or enhanced as a result of changing environmental conditions. It examines international regimes for managing fish stocks that exist either in whole or in part in global maritime commons, and existing fisheries governance mechanisms in the Arctic, and finds them to be lacking. Finally, using the Bering Sea Arctic pollock stock collapse case study as a historical analogue, this article contends that the time is now for putting in place a regional fisheries management organisation to manage and conserve central Arctic Ocean fish stocks.
The Cultural Revolution as a Crisis of Representation
Authors: Thornton Patricia M.
Published: October 2016

The May 16 Notification, which set the agenda for the Cultural Revolution, named the movement's key targets as those “representatives of the bourgeoisie who have sneaked into the Party, the government, the army, and all spheres of culture.” The ensuing uprising of students and workers, many of whom claimed to be the loyal “representatives” of revolutionary and radical forces at the grassroots of society, exposed the fulminating crisis of political representation under CCP rule. This article considers the Cultural Revolution as a manifestation of a continuing crisis of representation within revolutionary socialism that remains unresolved to the present day, as demonstrated by the tepid popular response to Jiang Zemin's “three represents” and widespread contemporary concerns about the Party's “representativeness” (daibiaoxing代表性) in the wake of market reform. Although the Cultural Revolution enabled both public debate of and political experimentation with new forms of representative politics, the movement failed to resolve the crisis. The Party's lingering disquiet regarding issues of representation thus remains one legacy of the Cultural Revolution.
Multiple solutions for a critical fractional elliptic system involving concave–convex nonlinearities
Authors: Chen Wenjing , Deng Shengbing
Published: October 2016

We are concerned with the multiplicity of solutions to the system driven by a fractional operator with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. Namely, using fibering maps and the Nehari manifold, we obtain multiple solutions to the following fractional elliptic system:

where Ω is a smooth bounded set in ℝn, n > 2s, with s ∈ (0, 1); (–Δ)s is the fractional Laplace operator;, λ, μ > 0 are two parameters; the exponent n/(n – 2s) ⩽ q < 2; α > 1, β > 1 satisfy is the fractional critical Sobolev exponent.
How can UNESCO World Heritage Criteria be applied to the “Windows to the Universe” Sites?
Authors: Cotte Michel
Published: October 2016

This communication proposes a methodical approach trying to link the concept of “Windows to the Universe” to the uses of the Criteria defined by the World Heritage Convention (UNESCO 1972). The first issue is well advanced today after more than 10 years of active studies and preservation projects such as “Starlight Reserves” by specialists of astronomy, archaeoastronomy and environmental sciences. The second issue is related to a UNESCO Convention ruled by the WH Committee that has led to the recognition of around 1000 World Heritage sites over 40 years. The official booklet Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (latest edition 2015) (UNESCO 2015) summarizes conceptual ideas and methodological recommendations for WH nominations. In practice the WH Committee's decisions rely on the scientific and professional evaluation of each site by UNESCO's advisory bodies: ICOMOS for cultural heritage and IUCN for natural heritage.

The first goal of this presentation is to establish appropriate understanding of a very specific conceptual approach (Windows to the Universe) in the context of a very large UN Convention (the World Heritage List) related both to cultural and natural heritage in general. The second goal is to give a readable understanding of the WH requirements coming from the strict evaluation of the “Outstanding Universal Value” (OUV) of a given place, including the choice of WH Criteria expressing OUV with respect to the format of the Guidelines. Furthermore, and due to concepts coming from two very different fields, the communication aims to present a practical methodology in the case of a possible WH nomination: how to understand relationships between different classes of value and how to demonstrate OUV and justify the choice of Criteria for the place. Beyond potential WH projects, obviously limited in number, the communication tries to propose an efficient and general methodology for assessing the value and creating understanding of places having a “Windows to the Universe” facet.
Astronomical Heritage and Aboriginal People: Conflicts and Possibilities
Authors: López Alejandro Martín
Published: October 2016

In this presentation we address issues relating to the astronomical heritage of contemporary aboriginal groups and other minorities. We deal specially with intangible astronomical heritage and its particularities. Also, we study (from ethnographic experience with Aboriginal groups, Creoles and Europeans in the Argentine Chaco) the conflicts referring to the different ways in which the natives' knowledge and practice are categorized by the natives themselves, by scientists, state politicians, professional artists and NGOs. Furthermore, we address several cases that illustrate these kinds of conflicts. We aim to analyze the complexities of patrimonial policies when they are applied to practices and representations of contemporary communities involved in power relations with national states and the global system. The essentialization of identities, the folklorization of representations and practices, and the fossilization of aboriginal peoples are some of the risks of applying the label “cultural heritage” without a careful consideration of each specific case.

In particular we suggest possible ways in which the international scientific community could collaborate to improve the agenda of national states instead of reproducing colonial prejudices. In this way, we aim to contribute to the promotion of respect for ethnic and religious minorities.
Evolution of Scholarly Publishing and Library Services in Astronomy Its Impact, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Wesley Hema , Sheshadri Geetha
Published: October 2016

Scholarly publishing and its procedures have evolved rapidly, forcefully, and incredibly. Technical advances in the production and promotion of science content have dramatically augmented the visibility and reach, deepened the impact and intensified the thrust of science journal content. These changes range from checking text on perforated tapes to pit stop; from hot metal types to CTP; and from Gutenberg to colour digital printers. Intrinsic and inextricable to this revolutionary aspect of evolution in scholarly publishing is the evolution of library services in astronomy which catapulted library resources from preprints on shelves to customised digital repositories and from communicating observational data through postal telegrams to Tablets. What impact does this unique blend of revolutionary advances have on science and society, what are the consequent challenges, and what are the opportunities that can metamorphose from challenges inherent in the power and potential of the ‘published word’?

The perspectives expressed in this paper stem from learning experiences of the authors at the Indian Academy of Sciences, publishers of ten science journals including the Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, and at the Raman Research Institute Library (in which Astronomy is one of the core subjects for research)
Carbonaceous Material in Extra-terrestrial Matter
Authors: Martins Zita
Published: October 2016

Comets, asteroids, meteorites, micrometeorites, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), and ultra-carbonaceous Antarctic micrometeorites (UCAMMs) may contain carbonaceous material, which was exogenously delivered to the early Earth. Carbonaceous chondrites have an enormous variety of extra-terrestrial compounds, including all the key compounds important in terrestrial biochemistry. Comets contain several carbon-rich species and, in addition, the hypervelocity impact-shock of a comet can produce several α-amino acids. The analysis of the carbonaceous content of extra-terrestrial matter provides a window into the resources delivered to the early Earth, which may have been used by the first living organisms.
The molecular universe: from observations to laboratory and back
Authors: van Dishoeck Ewine F.
Published: October 2016

This brief overview stresses the importance of molecular processes in modern astrophysics and provides examples where the availability of new laboratory or theoretical data proved crucial in the analysis. This includes basic data such as spectroscopy and collisional rate coefficients, but also an improved understanding of reactions and photoprocesses in the gaseous and solid state. In spite of many lingering uncertainties, the future of molecular astrophysics is bright with new facilities such as ALMA, JWST and ELTs on the horizon. Together, they will allow increased understanding of the journey of gas and solids from clouds to stars and planets, and back to the interstellar medium.
Divisions Panel Discussion: Astronomy for Development
Authors: Govender Kevin , Hemenway Mary Kay , Wolter Anna , Haghighipour Nader , Yan Yihua , van Dishoeck E.F. , Silva David , Guinan Edward
Published: October 2016

The main purpose of this panel discussion was to encourage conversation around potential collaborations between the IAU Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD) and IAU Divisions. The discussion was facilitated by the OAD and the conversation revolved mainly around two questions: (i) What should the OAD be doing to enhance the work of the Divisions? (ii) What could the Divisions (both members and respective scientific discipline in general) contribute towards the implementation of the IAU strategic plan?
Session 21.2 – Measurement of Light at Night
Authors: Wainscoat Richard J.
Published: October 2016

The introduction of the mercury vapor lamp for general lighting in the 1930s probably marked the beginning of significant light pollution. Lighting levels have increased slowly, year-to-year, with sky brightness levels increasing only slowly on timescales of a year; no measurement protocols or instruments existed to quantify this increase. However, on timescales of 10--20 years, or on generational timescales, the increases in night sky levels, particularly in urban areas, have been dramatic. Younger people speak with their parents or grandparents who remark how beautiful the sky used to be, and how many stars they could see when they when they were younger. Older people can themselves remember how many stars were visible in the sky when they were younger. Whole generations of children now grow up without ever seeing the Milky Way.

Society has not had tools to easily measure sky brightness, and monitoring from space has only recently become available. A subtle increase of 10% sky brightness per year, for example, is not noticeable to the human eye on the time scale of a year, and has been tolerated by society. But such an increase compounds to an increase of a factor 2.6 in 10 years, 6.7 in 20 years, and a factor 45 in 40 years, corresponding to a dramatic increase in sky brightness, an almost complete loss in ability to see faint objects in the night sky, and rendering the sky unusable for most forms of astronomy. The most striking examples are the urban observatories found in many major cities that can no longer be used.

Session 2 was primarily focused on measurement of light at night, with an emphasis on measurement of light pollution. It comprised of 6 papers that are summarized below. Over the last decade, our ability to measure light pollution has grown tremendously, and the instrumentation needed to produce reliable quantitative measurements has become much more affordable, and now includes consumer grade digital cameras and even smart phones. During this same time period, light pollution has continued to grow. The widespread changes from mostly high-pressure sodium lighting to LED lighting that are now occurring make continued monitoring and measurement of light pollution particularly important into the future.

Complete presentations may be viewed at: http://www.noao.edu/education/IAUGA2015FM21
Extended halos and intracluster light using Planetary Nebulae as tracers in nearby clusters
Authors: Arnaboldi Magda
Published: October 2016

Since the first detection of intracluster planetary nebulae in 1996, imaging and spectroscopic surveys identified such stars to trace the radial extent and the kinematics of diffuse light in clusters. This topic of research is tightly linked with the studies of galaxy formation and evolution in dense environment, as the spatial distribution and kinematics of planetary nebulae in the outermost regions of galaxies and in the cluster cores is relevant for setting constraints on cosmological simulations. In this sense, extragalactic planetary nebulae play a very important role in the near-field cosmology, in order to measure the integrated mass as function of radius and the orbital distribution of stars in structures placed in the densest regions of the nearby universe.
Time dependent chemistry in Planck clouds?
Authors: Berczik Peter , Bertsyk Peter , Fehér Orsolya , Harju Jorma , Onishi Toshykazu , Tóth László Viktor
Published: October 2016

We present a set of time dependent chemical evolution models (based on the UMIST† astrochemistry 2012 code, McElroy et al. (2013) for a range of initial physical cloud parameters: 10 K < T < 20 K; 103 cm−3 < n(H2) < 5 ⋅ 104 cm−3; 1 < AV < 10 and with estimated values of scaled interstellar ultraviolet radiation field. We compare our chemical model results with the relative abundances of: CO, CH, OH, HCO+, HCN, HNC, NH3, N2H+ and H2CO molecules. We find significant time dependent variations of the chemical ratios of: X(NH3/H2); X(HCO+/H2) and X(HCO+/NH3). The input physical conditions were taken from Fehér O. et al. (2015) at 16 positions along the TMC-1 dark cloud. The NH3 and HCO+ relative densities based on the observations of Fehér O. et al. (2015) help to find the “chemical age” of the given position in the evolution curves.
Large-area measurements of CIB power spectra with Planck HFI maps
Authors: Mak D. S. Y. , Challinor A. , Efstathiou G. , Lagache G.
Published: October 2016

We present new measurements of the power spectra of the cosmic infrared background (CIB) anisotropies using the Planck 2015 full-mission HFI data at 353, 545, and 857 GHz over 20 000 square degrees. Unlike previous Planck measurements of the CIB power spectra, we do not rely on external HI data to remove Galactic dust emission from the Planck maps. Instead, we model the Galactic emission at the level of the power spectra, using templates constructed directly from the Planck data by exploiting the statistical isotropy of all extragalactic emission components. This allows us to work at the full resolution of Planck over large sky areas. We construct a likelihood based on the measured spectra (for multipoles 50 ≤ ℓ ≤ 2500) using analytic covariance matrices that account for masking and the realistic instrumental noise properties. The results of an MCMC exploration of this likelihood are presented, based on simple parameterised models of the CIB power that arises from clustering of infrared galaxies. We explore simultaneously the parameters describing the clustered power, the Poisson power levels, and the amplitudes of the Galactic power spectrum templates across the six frequency (cross-)spectra. The best-fit model provides a good fit to all spectra. As an example, Fig. 1 compares the measured auto spectra at 353, 545, and 857 GHz over 40% of the sky to the power in the best-fit model. We find that the power in the CIB anisotropies from galaxy clustering is roughly equal to the Poisson power at multipoles ℓ =2000 (the clustered power dominates on larger scales), and that our dust-cleaned CIB spectra are in good agreement with previous Planck and Herschel measurements. A key feature of our analysis is that it allows one to make many internal consistency tests. We show that our results are stable to data selection and choice of survey area, demonstrating both our ability to remove Galactic dust power to high accuracy and the statistical isotropy of the CIB signal.
Kinematics of Selected Planck Galactic Cold Clumps
Authors: Varga-Verebélyi E. , Tóth L. V. , Marton G. , Marshall D. , Dobashi K. , Shimoikura T.
Published: October 2016

We have completed a kinematical analysis of 184 selected Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (PGCC) (Planck Collaboration, 2015) in order to understand better the stability of molecular clouds and the induced star formations. Most of our clumps are in the second quadrant of the Galaxy. For the investigation we used 12CO, 13CO, C18O line observations which covered the 184 PGCC fully or partially. The majority of the data were observed with the Osaka 1.85 m telescope in Japan (Nishimura et al. 2015) and we also have some observations with the KOSMA 3 m telescope, from Switzerland (Kramer et al. 2000) and with the IRAM 30 m telescope, Spain (www.iram-institute.org).
A correlation between SN II metal line strength and host H ii region oxygen abundance
Authors: Anderson Joseph P. , Gutiérrez Claudia P. , Dessart Luc
Published: October 2016

Dessart et al., demonstrated that type II supernova (SN II) model spectra present increasing metal line strength with increasing progenitor metallicity. To confront these models with observations, we obtained a large sample of SN II host H ii region emission line spectroscopy. We show that inferred SN II host H ii region metallicities have a statistically significant correlation with the strength of SN II metal lines, specifically Fe ii 5018Å.
Massive Black Holes in Merging Galaxies
Authors: Volonteri Marta , Bogdanović Tamara , Dotti Massimo , Colpi Monica
Published: October 2016

The dynamics of massive black holes (BHs) in galaxy mergers is a rich field of research that has seen much progress in recent years. In this contribution we briefly review the processes describing the journey of BHs during mergers, from the cosmic context all the way to when BHs coalesce. If two galaxies each hosting a central BH merge, the BHs would be dragged towards the center of the newly formed galaxy. If/when the holes get sufficiently close, they coalesce via the emission of gravitational waves. How often two BHs are involved in galaxy mergers depends crucially on how many galaxies host BHs and on the galaxy merger history. It is therefore necessary to start with full cosmological models including BH physics and a careful dynamical treatment. After galaxies have merged, however, the BHs still have a long journey until they touch and coalesce. Their dynamical evolution is radically different in gas-rich and gas-poor galaxies, leading to a sort of “dichotomy” between high-redshift and low-redshift galaxies, and late-type and early-type, typically more massive galaxies.
Modeling the Observability of Recoiling Black Holes as Offset Quasars
Authors: Blecha Laura , Torrey Paul , Vogelsberger Mark , Genel Shy , Springel Volker , Sijacki Debora , Snyder Gregory , Bird Simeon , Nelson Dylan , Xu Dandan , Hernquist Lars
Published: October 2016

The merger of two supermassive black holes (SMBHs) imparts a gravitational-wave (GW) recoil kick to the remnant SMBH, which can even eject the SMBH from its host galaxy. An actively-accreting, recoiling SMBH may be observable as an offset quasar. Prior to the advent of a space-based GW observatory, detections of these offset quasars may offer the best chance for identifying recent SMBH mergers. Indeed, observational searches for recoiling quasars have already identified several promising candidates. However, systematic searches for recoils are currently hampered by large uncertainties regarding how often offset quasars should be observable and where they are most likely to be found. Motivated by this, we have developed a model for recoiling quasars in a cosmological framework, utilizing information about the progenitor galaxies from the Illustris cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. For the first time, we model the effects of BH spin alignment and recoil dynamics based on the gas-richness of host galaxies. We predict that if BH spins are not highly aligned, seeing-limited observations could resolve offset AGN, making them promising targets for all-sky surveys. The rarity of large broad-line offsets among SDSS quasars is likely due in part to selection effects but suggests that spin alignment plays a role in suppressing recoils. Nonetheless, in our most physically motivated model where alignment occurs only in gas-rich mergers, hundreds of offset AGN should be found in all-sky surveys. Our findings strongly motivate a dedicated search for recoiling AGN.
Formation, destruction and chemical influences of water ice: A review of recent laboratory results
Authors: Öberg Karin I.
Published: October 2016

Water ice is the dominant constituent of icy grain mantles in the interstellar medium, and as such one of the most abundant species during all stages of star and planet formation. Its formation through atom addition reactions on grain surfaces, its destruction through different desorption channels, and its influence on the chemistry and desorption efficiencies of other species in icy grain mantles have all been the objects of intense study. This contribution reviews our current understanding of these processes, and the laboratory experiments that have been instrumental in establishing the existing paradigm.
Water in small bodies of the Solar System
Authors: Bockelee-Morvan Dominique
Published: October 2016

Water in form of ice or vapour is observed in comets, transneptunian objects and icy satellites formed in the outer regions of the Solar System, as well as in objects orbiting in the inner Solar System, such as dwarf planet Ceres. I will present an overview of the water content and properties in these objects and the implications in terms of solar system formation and evolution.
Internal sources of water on Earth
Authors: Elkins-Tanton Linda T.
Published: October 2016

Rocky planets are built through a series of highly energetic accretionary impacts. The accreting bodies are thought to carry small amounts of water to the growing planet, but it is debated whether the planet can retain this water through the accretionary process, or if water needs to be added largely after the planet is complete and cooled. Most of the relatively few measurements of deuterium to hydrogen in cometary water do not match Earths water, though the single example of 103P/Hartley 2 is a good match (Mumma & Charnley 2011, Hartogh et al. 2011). Alexander et al. (2012) point out, however, that organic materials in comets have far higher D/H than does their water, so in bulk no comet matches Earths D/H ratio, not even comet Hartley. Meteorites provide evidence that the material that built planets had small but sufficient amounts of water, and analysis of its isotopic composition demonstrates that water from rocky material, and not comets, provided water to the Earth (Alexander et al. 2012). This current evidence that Earths water came from rocky asteroidal material does not solve the question of whether this material was the accreting material that built the planet, or if it was added later. Mission data from the Moon and Mercury demonstrates that those bodies are not completely devoid of volatiles (McCubbin et al. 2010, Saal et al. 2008, Peplowski et al. 2011). The Moon, in particularly, has small amounts of internal water that survived its energetic origins (Hauri et al. 2011). Thus, the giant accretionary impacts that build planets do not completely dry them, and the water from their initial building blocks can be retained. If volatiles are delivered and partly retained during accretion, then the initial habitability of a young planet may be set by degassing of a magma ocean. Models predict that cooling can result in liquid water oceans within ten or tens of millions of years (Abe and Matsui 1986, Elkins-Tanton 2011). Thus, rocky planets in solar systems similarly composed to our own have a good chance of forming with water oceans, and of being habitable, at least for some period of time.
Calculating Pre-SN Mass-Loss Histories from Post-Explosion Observations and the Special Case of SN 2006gy
Authors: Fox Ori D.
Published: October 2016

A growing number of SNe now show evidence for significant interaction between the forward shock and a pre-existing circumstellar medium (CSM) formed by the pre-SN mass-loss. The SN community likes to argue that it can indirectly constrain the progenitor systems for these SNe by measuring the wind speeds, densities, compositions, and asymmetries of the CSM. The measurements, however, rely on a number of assumptions and can result in degeneracies that straddle the divide between RSGs and more massive stars. Furthermore, the implications of the measured properties may sometimes be simplified to fit a SN expert's relatively basic understanding of stellar wind parameters. Given the opportunity to have experts in massive stars, cool stars, and supernovae together in the same room, I thought it would be a good opportunity to review the different methods employed by the SN community to measure mass-loss rates. I will then provide an update from a recent Spitzer survey on the measured CSM properties from different subclasses of SNe with known shock interaction (including SLSNe, SNe II, IIn, Ibc, and even Ia-CSM). Finally, I will present new HST data on the SLSN Type IIn SN 2006gy and discuss the implications on the progenitor system and pre-SN mass-loss.
Combined stellar evolution and spectroscopic modeling of massive stars
Authors: Groh Jose H.
Published: October 2016

The morphological appearance of massive stars during their evolution and at the pre-SN stage is very uncertain, both from theoretical and observational perspectives. We recently developed coupled stellar evolution and atmospheric modeling of stars done with the Geneva and CMFGEN codes, for initial masses between 9 and 120 M⊙. We are able to predict the observables such as the high-resolution spectrum and broadband photometry. Here I discuss how the spectrum of a massive star changes across its evolution and before death. Our models allow, for the first time, direct comparison between predictions from stellar evolution models and observations of SN progenitors.
Revealing the true face of the behemoths
Authors: Ohnaka Keiichi
Published: October 2016

To improve our understanding of the mass loss in red supergiants (RSGs), it is of paramount importance to observe the wind acceleration region close to the star with high spatial resolution. I review the recent progress in milliarcsecond-resolution imaging of the surface and atmosphere of RSGs with optical and infrared long-baseline interferometers. The high resolution images of RSGs have revealed the true face of these behemoths, which have turned out to be very complex.
Asteroseismology of exoplanet host stars
Authors: Huber Daniel
Published: October 2016

Asteroseismology is among the most powerful observational tools to determine fundamental properties of stars. Space-based photometry has recently enabled the systematic detection of oscillations in exoplanet host stars, allowing a combination of asteroseismology with transit and radial-velocity measurements to characterize planetary systems. In this contribution I will review the key synergies between asteroseismology and exoplanet science such as the precise determination of radii and ages of exoplanet host stars, as well as applications of asteroseismology to measure spin-orbit inclinations in multiplanet systems and orbital eccentricities of small planets. Finally I will give a brief outlook on asteroseismic studies of exoplanet hosts with current and future space-based missions such as K2 and TESS.
Das Kommunikationskompetenz-Inventar für Schulleitungen (KKI-SL)
Authors: Hertzsch Helen
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Studien ist die Konstruktion und Validierung eines deutschsprachigen Inventars zur Erfassung des Konstrukts Kommunikationskompetenz von Schulleitungen (KKI-SL). Kommunikationskompetenz wird als dreidimensionales Konstrukt (Wissen, Fähigkeiten, Motivation) konzeptualisiert und in ein theoretisches Rahmenmodell eingebettet. Fünf Studien wurden mit deutschen Lehrkräften aller Schularten durchgeführt: Selektion und Kategorisierung der Items via Experten-Rating sowie Exploration der Dimensionalität (N = 169), Kreuzvalidierung der gefundenen Faktorenstruktur (N = 1 354), Test-Retest-Reliabilität (N = 126), konvergente und diskriminante Validität (N = 331) und Kriterienrelevanz (N = 1 023). Itemanalysen und Maximum Likelihood-Faktorenanalysen führten zu einer 3-Faktoren-Lösung (Alterzentrismus, Kommunikationswissen und -bereitschaft, Selbstregulationsfähigkeit) mit guten internen Konsistenzen. Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen bestätigten die Struktur mit 14 Items. Die psychometrischen Kennwerte des Inventars waren durchweg gut. Beziehungen zu korrespondierenden Konstrukten belegen die konvergente und divergente Validität des Instruments. Als weiterer Validitätshinweis konnten Zusammenhänge mit relevanten Ergebniskriterien (z. B. Arbeitszufriedenheit) nachgewiesen werden.
Mitochondrial function controls intestinal epithelial stemness and proliferation
Authors: Berger Emanuel , Rath Eva , Yuan Detian , Waldschmitt Nadine , Khaloian Sevana , Allgäuer Michael , Staszewski Ori , Lobner Elena M. , Schöttl Theresa , Giesbertz Pieter , Coleman Olivia I. , Prinz Marco , Weber Achim , Gerhard Markus , Klingenspor Martin , Janssen Klaus-Peter , Heikenwalder Mathias , Haller Dirk
Published: October 2016

Control of intestinal epithelial stemness is crucial for tissue homeostasis. Disturbances in epithelial function are implicated in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Here we report that mitochondrial function plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal stemness and homeostasis. Using intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific mouse models, we show that loss of HSP60, a mitochondrial chaperone, activates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (MT-UPR) and results in mitochondrial dysfunction. HSP60-deficient crypts display loss of stemness and cell proliferation, accompanied by epithelial release of WNT10A and RSPO1. Sporadic failure of Cre-mediated Hsp60 deletion gives rise to hyperproliferative crypt foci originating from OLFM4+ stem cells. These effects are independent of the MT-UPR-associated transcription factor CHOP. In conclusion, compensatory hyperproliferation of HSP60+ escaper stem cells suggests paracrine release of WNT-related factors from HSP60-deficient, functionally impaired IEC to be pivotal in the control of the proliferative capacity of the stem cell niche.
Cell-type-specific modulation of targets and distractors by dopamine D1 receptors in primate prefrontal cortex
Authors: Jacob Simon N. , Stalter Maximilian , Nieder Andreas
Published: October 2016

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is crucial for maintaining relevant information in working memory and resisting interference. PFC neurons are strongly regulated by dopamine, but it is unknown whether dopamine receptors are involved in protecting target memories from distracting stimuli. We investigated the prefrontal circuit dynamics and dopaminergic modulation of targets and distractors in monkeys trained to ignore interfering stimuli in a delayed-match-to-numerosity task. We found that dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) modulate the recovery of task-relevant information following a distracting stimulus. The direction of modulation is cell-type-specific: in putative pyramidal neurons, D1R inhibition enhances and D1R stimulation attenuates coding of the target stimulus after the interference, while the opposite pattern is observed in putative interneurons. Our results suggest that dopaminergic neuromodulation of PFC circuits regulates mental representations of behaviourally relevant stimuli that compete with task-irrelevant input and could play a central role for cognitive functioning in health and disease.
Evaluating frequency and quality of pathogen-specific T cells
Authors: Anikeeva Nadia , Grosso Dolores , Flomenberg Neal , Sykulev Yuri
Published: October 2016

It is generally accepted that enumeration and characterization of antigen-specific T cells provide essential information about potency of the immune response. Here, we report a new technique to determine the frequency and potency of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. The assay measures changes of intracellular Ca2+ in real time by fluorescent microscopy in individual CD8 T cells responding to cognate peptides. The T cells form continuous monolayer, enabling the cells to present the peptides to each other. This approach allows us to evaluate the kinetics of intracellular Ca2+ signalling that characterizes the quality of T cell response. We demonstrate the usefulness of the assay examining the frequency and quality of cytomegalovirus-specific CD8 T cells from healthy donor and patient after haploidentical stem cell transplantation. The new assay has a potential to provide essential information determining the status of the immune system, disease morbidity, potency of therapeutic intervention and vaccine efficacy.
Ranking factors involved in diabetes remission after bariatric surgery using machine-learning integrating clinical and genomic biomarkers
Authors: Pedersen Helle Krogh , Gudmundsdottir Valborg , Pedersen Mette Krogh , Brorsson Caroline , Brunak Søren , Gupta Ramneek
Published: October 2016

As weight-loss surgery is an effective treatment for the glycaemic control of type 2 diabetes in obese patients, yet not all patients benefit, it is valuable to find predictive factors for this diabetic remission. This will help elucidating possible mechanistic insights and form the basis for prioritising obese patients with dysregulated diabetes for surgery where diabetes remission is of interest. In this study, we combine both clinical and genomic factors using heuristic methods, informed by prior biological knowledge in order to rank factors that would have a role in predicting diabetes remission, and indeed in identifying patients who may have low likelihood in responding to bariatric surgery for improved glycaemic control. Genetic variants from the Illumina CardioMetaboChip were prioritised through single-association tests and then seeded a larger selection from protein–protein interaction networks. Artificial neural networks allowing nonlinear correlations were trained to discriminate patients with and without surgery-induced diabetes remission, and the importance of each clinical and genetic parameter was evaluated. The approach highlighted insulin treatment, baseline HbA1c levels, use of insulin-sensitising agents and baseline serum insulin levels, as the most informative variables with a decent internal validation performance (74% accuracy, area under the curve (AUC) 0.81). Adding information for the eight top-ranked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly boosted classification performance to 84% accuracy (AUC 0.92). The eight SNPs mapped to eight genes — ABCA1, ARHGEF12, CTNNBL1, GLI3, PROK2, RYBP, SMUG1 and STXBP5 — three of which are known to have a role in insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity or obesity, but have not been indicated for diabetes remission after bariatric surgery before.
A Reduction-Based Sensor for Acrolein Conjugates with the Inexpensive Nitrobenzene as an Alternative to Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Takamatsu Masayuki , Fukase Koichi , Oka Ritsuko , Kitazume Shinobu , Taniguchi Naoyuki , Tanaka Katsunori
Published: October 2016

Acrolein, a highly toxic α, β–unsaturated aldehyde, has been a longstanding key biomarker associated with a range of disorders related to oxidative stresses. One of the most promising methods for detecting acrolein involves the use of antibodies that can recognize the acrolein–lysine conjugate, 3-formyl-3, 4-dehydropiperidines (FDP), within oxidatively stressed cells and tissues from various disease states. We have uncovered here that FDP could reduce nitroarenes in high yields at 100 °C in the presence of excess CaCl2 as a Lewis acid promoter. This unique transformation allowed for the development of a de novo method for detecting levels of FDPs generated from proteins in urine or blood serum samples. Thus we successfully converted a non-fluorescent and inexpensive 4-nitrophthalonitrile probe to the corresponding fluorescent aniline, thereby constituting the concept of fluorescent switching. Its sensitivity level (0.84 nmol/mL) is more than that of ELISA assays (3.13 nmol/mL) and is already equally reliable and reproducible at this early stage of development. More importantly, this method is cost effective and simple to operate, requiring only mixing of samples with a kit solution. Our method thus possesses potential as a future alternative to the more costly and operatively encumbered conventional antibody-based methods.
An inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) promotes late-stage terminal differentiation from NGN3+ pancreatic endocrine progenitors
Authors: Yamashita-Sugahara Yzumi , Matsumoto Masahito , Ohtaka Manami , Nishimura Ken , Nakanishi Mahito , Mitani Kohnosuke , Okazaki Yasushi
Published: October 2016

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide a potential resource for regenerative medicine. To identify the signalling pathway(s) contributing to the development of functional β cells, we established a tracing model consisting of dual knock-in hiPSCs (INS-Venus/NGN3-mCherry) (hIveNry) expressing the fluorescent proteins Venus and mCherry under the control of intrinsic insulin (INS) and neurogenin 3 (NGN3) promoters, respectively. hIveNry iPSCs differentiated into NGN3- and mCherry-positive endocrine progenitors and then into Venus-positive β cells expressing INS, PDX1, NKX6.1, and glucokinase (GCK). Using these cells, we conducted high-throughput screening of chemicals and identified a specific kinase inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) that acted in a stage-dependent manner to promote the terminal differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cells, including β cells, from the intermediate stage of pancreatic endocrine progenitors while blocking the early development of pancreatic progenitors. This FGFR1 inhibitor augmented the expression of functional β cell markers (SLC30A8 and ABCC8) and improved glucose-stimulated INS secretion. Our findings indicate that the hIveNry model could provide further insights into the mechanisms of hiPS-derived β cell differentiation controlled by FGFR1-mediated regulatory pathways in a temporal-dependent fashion.
A novel screen for genes associated with pheromone-induced sterility
Authors: Camiletti Alison L. , Percival-Smith Anthony , Croft Justin R. , Thompson Graham J.
Published: October 2016

For honey bee and other social insect colonies the ‘queen substance’ regulates colony reproduction rendering workers functionally sterile. The evolution of worker reproductive altruism is explained by inclusive fitness theory, but little is known of the genes involved or how they regulate the phenotypic expression of altruism. We previously showed that application of honeybee queen pheromone to virgin fruit flies suppresses fecundity. Here we exploit this finding to identify genes associated with the perception of an ovary-inhibiting social pheromone. Mutational and RNAi approaches in Drosophila reveal that the olfactory co-factor Orco together with receptors Or49b, Or56a and Or98a are potentially involved in the perception of queen pheromone and the suppression of fecundity. One of these, Or98a, is known to mediate female fly mating behaviour, and its predicted ligand is structurally similar to a methyl component of the queen pheromone. Our novel approach to finding genes associated with pheromone-induced sterility implies conserved reproductive regulation between social and pre-social orders, and further helps to identify candidate orthologues from the pheromone-responsive pathway that may regulate honeybee worker sterility.
Comparative proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles isolated from porcine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells
Authors: Eirin Alfonso , Zhu Xiang-Yang , Puranik Amrutesh S. , Woollard John R. , Tang Hui , Dasari Surendra , Lerman Amir , van Wijnen Andre J. , Lerman Lilach O.
Published: October 2016

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) contribute to recovery of damaged tissue. We have previously shown that porcine MSC-derived EVs transport mRNA and miRNA capable of modulating cellular pathways in recipient cells. To identify candidate factors that contribute to the therapeutic effects of porcine MSC-derived EVs, we characterized their protein cargo using proteomics. Porcine MSCs were cultured from abdominal fat, and EVs characterized for expression of typical MSC and EV markers. LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis was performed and proteins classified. Functional pathway analysis was performed and five candidate proteins were validated by western blot. Proteomics analysis identified 5,469 distinct proteins in MSCs and 4,937 in EVs. The average protein expression was higher in MSCs vs. EVs. Differential expression analysis revealed 128 proteins that are selectively enriched in EVs versus MSCs, whereas 563 proteins were excluded from EVs. Proteins enriched in EVs are linked to a broad range of biological functions, including angiogenesis, blood coagulation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and regulation of inflammation. Excluded are mostly nuclear proteins, like proteins involved in nucleotide binding and RNA splicing. EVs have a selectively-enriched protein cargo with a specific biological signature that MSCs may employ for intercellular communication to facilitate tissue repair.
Synchronization in flickering of three-coupled candle flames
Authors: Okamoto Keiko , Kijima Akifumi , Umeno Yoshitaka , Shima Hiroyuki
Published: October 2016

When two or more candle flames are fused by approaching them together, the resulting large flame often exhibits flickering, i.e., prolonged high-frequency oscillation in its size and luminance. In the present work, we investigate the collective behaviour of three-coupled candle flame oscillators in a triangular arrangement. The system showed four distinct types of syncronised modes as a consequence of spontaneous symmetry breaking. The modes obtained include the in-phase mode, the partial in-phase mode, the rotation mode, and an anomalous one called the “death” mode that causes a sudden stop of the flame oscillation followed by self-sustained stable combustion. We also clarified the correlation between the inter-flame distance and the frequency with which the modes occur.
HCV core protein inhibits polarization and activity of both M1 and M2 macrophages through the TLR2 signaling pathway
Authors: Zhang Qianqian , Wang Yang , Zhai Naicui , Song Hongxiao , Li Haijun , Yang Yang , Li Tianyang , Guo Xiaolin , Chi Baorong , Niu Junqi , Crispe Ian Nicholas , Su Lishan , Tu Zhengkun
Published: October 2016

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) establishes persistent infection in most infected patients, and eventually causes chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in some patients. Monocytes and macrophages provide the first line of defense against pathogens, but their roles in HCV infection remains unclear. We have reported that HCV core protein (HCVc) manipulates human blood-derived dendritic cell development. In the present study, we tested whether HCVc affects human blood-derived monocyte differentiating into macrophages. Results showed that HCVc inhibits monocyte differentiation to either M1 or M2 macrophages through TLR2, associated with impaired STATs signaling pathway. Moreover, HCVc inhibits phagocytosis activity of M1 and M2 macrophages, M1 macrophage-induced autologous and allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation, but promotes M2 macrophage-induced autologous and allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation. In conclusion, HCVc inhibits monocyte-derived macrophage polarization via TLR2 signaling, leading to dysfunctions of both M1 and M2 macrophages in chronic HCV infected patients. This may contribute to the mechanism of HCV persistent infection, and suggest that blockade of HCVc might be a novel therapeutic approach to treating HCV infection.