bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Status Quo of Enforcing Commercial Arbitral Awards in the Peoples Republic of China: An Empirical Study of the Enforcement Practices in Chinas Two Economically Less-Developed Regions
Authors: Qu Mingji
Published: March 2022

This article gives some insights into the practices for enforcing commercial arbitral awards in China’s two anonymized economically less-developed regions. By virtue of the empirical and qualitative data contributed by empirical research, this article depicts this theme from three aspects, namely, the general sociocultural environment for enforcement; practitioners’ perceptions; and the enforcement status of arbitral awards, highlighting the gaps between legislative perceptions and real-life practices. This article concludes that China’s current sociocultural environment is suitable for accommodating the rapid growth of commercial arbitration, which indicates that the collision between modern arbitration practice and the sociocultural environment is unlikely to constitute a cause of difficulty in the China-seated enforcement of arbitral awards. This article also notes an innate scepticism towards the country’s arbitration practice among Chinese practitioners, which could affect their perceptions towards the development prospect of commercial arbitration and the enforceability of arbitral awards, despite the pro-arbitration attitude shared by Chinese judicial organs. Meanwhile, the article observes preliminary evidence showing the impact of Chinese culture on the country’s enforcement practices. Finally, the article statistically portrays the enforcement status of arbitral awards in the concerned regions, showing the regionally differentiated enforcement rates, competence of Chinese courts and other issues involved.
What Are the Arbitral Tribunal's Powers in Default Proceedings?
Authors: Betancourt Julio César
Published: March 2022

When the claimant serves on the defendant a notice in connection with the initiation of arbitral proceedings pursuant to an arbitration agreement, there is a legitimate expectation that both parties will actively participate in those proceedings and forcefully argue against one another in order to persuade the arbitral tribunal of the merits of the case in question. This expectation is generally met. However, there are cases in which the respondent decides not to take part in the proceedings, with the result that the arbitral tribunal is left with no option but to proceed on an ex parte basis. These types of cases have received relatively scant attention within the international arbitration literature. Nonetheless, the problem of default proceedings remains a matter of practical importance. This article is intended to fill this gap. It provides a practical insight into the arbitral tribunal’s powers in these kinds of proceedings (whether ad hoc or institutional), particularly, in the context of an international arbitration seated in London
How to Obtain Evidence from Third Parties: A Comparative View
Authors: Bradshaw Robert
Published: March 2022

Obtaining evidence from third parties poses a unique problem in international arbitration. Unlike litigation, the consensual and private nature of arbitration means that tribunals lack the authority to compel third-party disclosure given to many State courts. Yet even if they are not subject to the tribunal’s jurisdiction, third parties to the proceedings may still possess valuable evidence.

This article considers the practical options for obtaining evidence from third parties, whether through requests by the arbitral tribunal itself or judicial assistance from State courts. In the latter case, national laws must balance the interest of supporting arbitration against the risks of judicial interference and the potential burden of disclosure on third parties, and resolve this dilemma in very different ways. Given the lack of uniformity on judicial assistance, and the fact that evidence is frequently located in a different jurisdiction to the arbitral seat, practitioners may make strategic use of procedures such as those under US federal law to gain the benefit of third-party evidence
Sociology of Commercial Arbitration: Tools for the New Times
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Michal , Lam Joanna
Published: March 2022

In this study, the authors argue for a more refined methodology in research on commercial arbitration. Drawing on new developments in international commercial arbitration, they seek to create a typology of various aspects of legal conflict resolution and, as a consequence, to increase the relevance of empirical work on this topic. The article identifies three key areas of tensions, which generate new developments in commercial arbitration and cannot be addressed from the perspective of the existing sociological paradigms. First, the tension between procedural formality and flexibility can be observed, as reflected in the well-established judicialization trend, combined with a recent renewed interest in mediation and ‘soft’ hybrid procedures. Second, the confluence of global and local factors (as seen in the American and Asian ‘waves’ in arbitration) affects, inter alia, the professional culture of arbitration practitioners. Finally, the tension between public and private interests and values, which influences procedural preferences and solutions in the field of commercial arbitration, can be identified.
Revisiting Disqualification of Arbitrators During Arbitral Proceedings: A Critique of Toyoshima & Co., Ltd. v. Gaomi Luyuan Textile Co., Ltd.
Authors: Zhang Beibei
Published: March 2022

Entering into an arbitration agreement means that the parties forfeit their right to sue before a national court if disputes that fall within the scope of the arbitration agreement arise. This nevertheless does not deprive the parties of the protections universally recognized as fundamental human rights. Therefore, a challenge to the arbitrator during the arbitral proceedings is possible when the integrity of the proceedings and that of the final award would otherwise be compromised. As a result of the influence of the pro-arbitration policy, domestic courts are usually biased towards not disqualifying arbitrators after the commencement of the procedures, especially when the enforcement of the award is governed by the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. This is consistent with the Convention’s purpose to facilitate the cross-border enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, as well as global trade activities. In some cases, however, it is worth discussing whether the national courts have gone too far in this direction. Toyoshima & Co., Ltd. v. Gaomi Luyuan Textile Co., Ltd. before the Chinese courts illustrates this concern well.

Arbitration, disqualification of arbitrator, procedural integrity, the standard for disqualification
The Termination Agreement of Intra-EU Bilateral Investment Treaties: A Spaghetti-Bowl with Fewer Ingredients and More Questions
Authors: Guarín Duque Gustavo
Published: March 2022

This article deals with the issue of the implementation of the Achmea judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) through the Termination Agreement of Bilateral Investment Treaties (‘Termination Agreement’, TA) between some Member States of the European Union (EU). The article focuses on the analysis of the TA provisions that terminate Bilateral Investment Treaties (‘intra-EU BITs’) and investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) among EU Members. It also describes TA provisions regulating concluded, new, and pending arbitration proceedings having as a reference the date the CJEU issued the Achmea judgment. Also, it examines how the TA regulates pending arbitration proceedings and discusses how TA Members are allowed to resort to transitional measures to resolve their dispute, throughout an amicable resolution proceeding, if they fulfil some conditions. Further, the article analyses some systemic issues of the TA, some related to the EU investment protection regime, others regarding the legal implications for intra-EU BIT provisions for EU Member States which did not sign the TA. Further, the article examines some possible issues related to the legal nature of the TA under international law and EU law.
Return to Reason: Reigning in Runaway Due Process Claims
Authors: Bao Chiann
Published: March 2022

Abuse, Article 18, China Jaguar, Due Process, Full Opportunity, International Arbitration Act, Reasonable Opportunity, Singapore Menon, UNCITRAL Model Law, UNCITRAL Model Rules
Rand Investments v. Republic of Serbia: Transparency and the Limits of Consent
Authors: Banerjee Arpan , Murthy Ashwin
Published: March 2022

International investment law has consistently grappled with the issue of transparency. While the need for increased transparency in the practice of investment tribunals is generally recognized in principle, in practice the application of transparency norms often raises contentious issues. One common issue is the appropriateness of transparent proceedings where the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) governing the dispute is silent on the matter. A further, more vexed question arises when claimants proceed under multiple BITs with disparate transparency obligations. This situation arose in Rand Investments v. Republic of Serbia, where the claimants instituted an arbitration under both the Canada-Serbia and the Cyprus- Serbia BITs. Noting that the Cyprus-Serbia BIT was silent on the question of transparency, the Majority held that the transparency provisions of the Canada-Serbia BIT could be applied to the entire arbitration on grounds of procedural efficiency. However, the respondent’s arbitrator dissented, finding that the Majority’s approach violated Serbia’s consent and sovereignty. Upon examining the dichotomous approaches adopted by the Majority and the Dissenting Arbitrator, this case comment offers an insight into the potential implications of the case on future investment arbitrations involving multiple BITs with disparate transparency obligations.

investment arbitration, dissenting opinion, transparency, Lotus principle, Effet Utile, procedural efficiency, Eurogas v Slovakia, duty of arbitrator, state consent, residual powers of the tribunal, confidentiality.
Article 5 of the Model Law: Protector of the Arbitral Process?
Authors: Garnett Richard
Published: March 2022

The question of judicial intervention remains highly significant in international commercial arbitration. Article 5 of the Model Law was included in the text both to identify those matters in which intervention is permitted and to define the nature and manner of such intervention. While Article 5 has been largely effective in regulating judicial intervention in matters expressly governed by the Model Law, the issue of abuse of process raised by the presence of concurrent court and arbitration proceedings has been more contentious. This article contends that this issue should also fall within the scope of the Model Law as a matter concerning court intervention in arbitral jurisdiction. While Article 5 does not directly apply to foreign-seated arbitrations, the policies of limited court intervention and respect for arbitral jurisdiction should still be influential.

arbitration, judicial intervention, UNCITRAL Model Law, Article 5, abuse of process, anti-suit injunction, anti-arbitration injunction
The Evolution of Brazilian CFIAs from 2015 to 2020: Like Wine, Does It Get Better with Time?
Authors: Rais Samy , Duggal Kabir
Published: March 2022

This article undertakes an in-depth analysis of the evolution of Brazil’s Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements (CFIAs) since the publication of the Brazilian Model CFIA in 2015. It studies the tumultuous history of investment treaties in Brazil and how it may have shaped Brazil’s response to the investor-State arbitration regime through the current model CFIA. It assesses how the reception of Brazil’s Model CFIA among Brazilian stakeholders and commentators may have influenced the trends and evolutions of the fourteen CFIAs signed by Brazil from 2015 to 2020. It argues that the Brazilian CFIAs have improved with time through the progressive narrowing and strengthening of their jurisdictional, substantial, public policy and dispute resolution clauses. At the same time, they may not have fully implemented the criticisms and comments of academia and Brazilian civil society, and some provisions remain to be clarified in the future.

Bilateral Investment Agreement, Brazil, Model BIT, Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements, Investment arbitration reform
Remote Hearings (2020 Survey): A Spectrum of Preferences
Authors: Born Gary , Day Anneliese , Virjee Hafez
Published: March 2022

A detailed survey of users’ experience of remote hearings shows that, as of July 2020, in-house and external counsel, and arbitrators and tribunal secretaries, were generally enthusiastic about fully remote hearings, but more nuanced when it came to breaking down their preferences according to the amount in dispute and the number of witnesses and experts to be examined: for short hearings and meetings, users will very likely prefer a videoconference over meeting in person or conducting the proceeding by telephone, whereas for merits hearings and hearings dealing with major procedural issues, preferences hinge primarily on the value of the case and secondly on the number of witnesses and experts to be examined. Where parties are in disagreement as to how to hold the hearing, tribunals are likely to factor into their decision any flexibility around the hearing dates, cost considerations and the number of time-zones that need to be accommodated.

The article also discusses the survey results relating to the benefits and challenges of fully remote hearings, the rate of objections to fully remote hearings and how tribunals dealt with them, and provides additional insight into the profile of fully remote hearings resulting from the pandemic.
Property Rights in Treaty Cases: Lessons for Investor-State Arbitration from Case A15 (II:A) of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
Authors: Zielinski Laura Yvonne
Published: March 2022

On 10 March 2020, the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal (IUSCT) rendered its partial award No. 604-A15 (II:A)/A26 (IV)/B43-FT in Case No. A15 (II:A), ordering the United States to pay Iran over USD 29 million in damages, including decades of interest, and to return several properties that had been frozen during the 1979 hostage crisis.

In deciding which properties had to be transferred by the United States to Iran, the Tribunal – having concluded that there are no public international law rules on property – struggled to identify the law applicable to property rights in the context of an inter-state arbitration based on a treaty.

While the majority applied international private law principles to determine the domestic law applicable to questions of ownership, several of the dissenting arbitrators expressed the view that the nature of the dispute, as a treaty case, required the exclusive application of public international law.

These two diverging approaches offer an interesting perspective on recent investor-state decisions, which also present conflicting views on the role that should be attributed to domestic law in determining the contours of those property rights, which are the subject of treaty violations and the corresponding compensation of investors.

property, international law, public international law, private international law, domestic law, applicable law, Iran-US Claims Tribunal, investor-state dispute settlement, investor-state arbitration, choice of law
The 1933 Directives on Arbitration of the German Reich: Echoes of the Past?
Authors: Born Gary
Published: March 2022

In 1933, the National Socialist government of the German Reich issued a collection of directives regarding the use of arbitration to resolve disputes, focused specifically on disputes between the Reich and private parties. The 1933 Directives made a number of general criticisms of the arbitral process as a means of adjudication, and relied upon these criticisms to significantly restrict the use of arbitration to resolve disputes with German state entities. The Reich Directives provide a neglected, but instructive, historical perspective on arbitration law and practice in Germany, both in the 1930s and before. At the same time, parts of the 1933 Directives also have unmistakable parallels to current debates about investor-state and commercial arbitration. Among other things, the Directives contain recommendations regarding the drafting of arbitration agreements and the conduct of arbitral proceedings which, while in some areas out-dated, could in other respects be mistaken for current discussions regarding best practices in international commercial and investment arbitration. More importantly, the Directives’ criticisms of the arbitral process, and the National Socialists’ rationales for those criticisms, have striking analogues to aspects of contemporary debates about investment arbitration and proposals to abandon or restrict investment arbitration. Those parallels raise important, if uncomfortable, questions about these contemporary critiques and proposals for reform.

investor-state, arbitration, ISDS, criticism, Achmea, directives, Germany, National Socialism, history
Recent Efforts to Curb Investment Treaty Shopping: How Effective Are They?
Authors: Böhme Bianca
Published: March 2022

In recent years it can be observed that states increasingly introduce explicit limitations to the practice of treaty shopping in their investment agreements. Accordingly, substantive ratione personae requirements, denial of benefits clauses, and anti-circumvention clauses are often included in newly signed investment treaties. In addition to these new drafting trends, arbitral tribunals have developed an implicit limitation in the form of the abuse of process doctrine to sanction the most egregious forms of treaty shopping. While these drafting trends as well as arbitral practice can curb undesired treaty shopping to a certain extent, this article argues that only a multilateral reform effort is able to truly prevent this practice from occurring.

Treaty Shopping, Nationality Planning, Corporate Structuring, ISDS Reform, UNCITRAL, Ratione Personae Requirements, Denial of Benefits Clauses, Abuse of Process
Global Telecom Holding v. Canada: Interpreting and Applying Reservations and Carve-Outs in Investment Treaties
Authors: Paine Joshua
Published: March 2022

Within investment treaties, reservations and carve-outs perform a crucial role in balancing investment protection and liberalization with competing regulatory interests of States. While carve-outs for taxation matters have been interpreted and applied by a significant number of investment treaty tribunals, carve-outs concerning other issues and reservations have been adjudicated much less frequently. The recent Award in Global Telecom Holding v. Canada raises several key questions of treaty interpretation concerning a reservation by Canada in the Canada–Egypt Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), and a carve-out, which removed from investor-State arbitration decisions by either Party not to permit the establishment or acquisition of a business enterprise. This case comment critically analyses the approach to interpreting reservations and carve-outs adopted in the Award and the associated Dissenting Opinion. I suggest that it is through the application of the ordinary rules of treaty interpretation that adjudicators will locate the appropriate limits of reservations and carve-outs, and there is little justification for adopting a restrictive interpretation of such provisions. The case also demonstrates that interpretative inferences based on one treaty party’s other investment treaties must be approached with care.

reservations, carve-outs, exceptions, treaty interpretation, national treatment, national security
Relationship of Brand Credibility with Brand Loyalty
Authors: Ul Haq M. Ikram , Safdar Sofia , Zulqarnain Muhammad , Mukhtar Jawairia
Published: March 2022

Globalization has turned the world into a small village, giving access to everyone for everything. World is now becoming brand less as organizations are facing the problem of brand loyalty throughout the world. Pakistan being a developing country who is also facing the same problem. This research aims to address the issue of brand loyalty while identifying its potential predictor. Along with the relationship attitude towards brand and brand loyalty. Attitude towards brand plays its role as an independent variable and brand loyalty consider as dependent variable. Simple random sampling technique is used for gathering the data from 220 respondents of Samsung Pakistan from Lahore. Reliable and valid scales have been used for measuring the attitude towards and brand loyalty. Results indicate that brand credibility has significant impact on brand loyalty. For generalizing the result, current research can also be extended to customers of other users of products like FMCGs, luxury items and even for industrial products in which effect of brand credibility and attitude towards brand may be even more prominent in enhancing the level of brand loyalty. This research explains how attitude towards Samsung mobiles shape the brand loyalty and marketers can boost the level of brand loyalty by incorporating the better policies about attitude toward brand. For the practical point of view this research describes that attitude towards brand is important in shaping thebrand loyalty.
Violence Against Women in English Press of Pakistan; A Content Analysis of Daily Dawn Newspaper
Authors: Lakho Qurat ul Ain , Lakho Tooba Ismail , Jamali Murk
Published: March 2022

Women have always been victims of male dominant society and are being represented in media throughout the globe. The representation style and policy in global media is different in that every country has its own media laws concerning the representation of issues in the media – print, electronic and so forth. Thus, this research is aimed atinvestigating the news coverage about the issue of women violence in daily Dawn – an elite newspaper of Pakistan. Also, this study is conducted to analyses the representation of violence against women in the newspaper. To attain these objectives, content analysis method was employed to analysis and to investigate to know how this issue is being represented. November 2019 edition was selected to observe the issue. The units of analysis observed in this study were; frequency, placement, violence reason, violence place, violence type, and violence method. The frequency of news reported throughout the month was 18. Majority of the news were reported from Punjab – a province of Pakistan. The type of violence reported to have done to women was mostly gang rape. Few of the units could not be observed because the news reported were too shortly that could not fulfil the need of this study and it is a common adage; “a little knowledge is a dangerous thing” and this style of too short coverage is not coping with what the theory of uses and gratification was developed for The newspaper has not picked any singly issue befallen Sindh and the issues have largely been bang up to date in Sindh province. The newspaper should revise its coverage policyand style of representation.
South Asian Microfinance Outreach: An Economic Context
Authors: Memon Ainan , Akram Waqar , Yasmin Iram , Abbas Ghulam
Published: March 2022

This study analyses the breadth and depth of outreach of microfinance institutions (MFIs) from the economic perspective, considering both open and close economic indicators.  Additionally, this study differentiates the impact of the welfare variable (human development) on breadth and depth of outreach of microfinance institutions in the South Asian region. We use Market-Mix data from the year 1999 to 2017. For analysis, we employed a fixed-effect model based on the Hausman test. Additionally, two-stage least squares used to identify the endogeneity problem. The results illustrate the positive impact of welfare indicator (Human development) and closed economic factors (Economic growth, private credit, labor force participation) on the depth of outreach except for the inflation and interest rate that are negatively impacted. Whereas, open economic factor (Foreign investment) does not impact on the depth of outreach. However, all sets of open, close, and welfare economic indicators positively impact on the breadth of outreach except the interest rate and inflation rate. It is concluded from the results that macroeconomic variables affect the depth of outreach of microfinance institutions. The government and microfinance policymakers can use economic indicators to increase further microfinance outreach that further helps in alleviating poverty from the region.
Relationship of Personal Resilience and Job Satisfaction Through The Lens of Employee Engagement
Authors: Bilal Rafi Ullah , Yawar Rao Bakhat , Zaman Hafiz Muhammad Fakhar
Published: March 2022

Aim of current study is to find the relationship of personal resilience, employee engagement and job satisfaction. This is quantitative research and date is collected from 220 employees. Simple random sampling technique is used for data collection for selecting the banks of Lahore Pakistan. Three of the hypotheses are about direct relationships and one is about the mediation effect of employee engagement for the for the relationship of personal resilience and job satisfaction. Results revealed that hypotheses about direct relations are accepted. Furthermore, employee engagement emerges as partial mediator for relationship of personal resilience with job satisfaction. In future, these types of studies may also conduct on other sectors like hotel industry, telecom, nursing sector and education sector. In future research, results of public and private banks will also compare this will provide the valuable insights. For generalizing the results data will be collected from banks of other cities like Islamabad, Karachi and Faisalabad.
Effect of molecular subtypes on radiotherapy response in patients with breast cancer brain metastasis
Authors: AY EREN Ayfer , EREN Mehmet Fuat
Published: March 2022

Objective: This study aimed to investigate survival and the response to radiotherapy (RT) among patients with molecular subtypes of breast cancer brain metastases. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 139 breast cancer patients with brain metastases treated with wholebrain radiotherapy (WBRT) or focal brain treatment (FBT) between 2006 and 2019. Overall survival (OS) and brain metastasis progression-free survival (BMPFS) were calculated from the first RT until death or the last follow-up. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Prognostic factors were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazard model. Results: Twenty three (16.5%), 77 (55.4%), 14 (10.1%), and 25 (18%) patients were diagnosed with triple-negative, HER-2 (+), luminal-like A, and luminal-like B breast cancer, respectively. Of 139 patients, 66 (47.8%) underwent FBT, and 73 (52.5%) underwent WBRT. While the most preferred fraction was 10*300 Gy in WBRT, doses of 15-25 Gy in 1-5 fractions were preferred in local RT. We observed that age, Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) score, initial RT technique, extracranial disease, number of brain metastases impacted OS and BMPFS. Conclusion: Breast cancer brain metastasis is a different, complex, and challenging disease based on the molecular subtype of the tumor, despite various local treatments. Therefore, appropriate and tailored treatment approaches should be considered for the different molecular subtypes.
El Acuerdo de Oslo: un estudio del proceso de paz del conflicto árabe-israelí
Authors: Mirza Latafat
Published: March 2022

Resumen

El Acuerdo de Oslo es uno de los procesos de paz más importantes entre Israel y los palestinos destinado a resolver el conflicto imperante. Aunque este acuerdo puede verse como un proceso en curso, el conflicto sigue siendo el tema más preocupante en el Medio Oriente. Este artículo describe la identificación de conflictos y la revisión de la literatura relacionada con la Declaración de Principios sobre los Acuerdos Provisionales de Autogobierno (DOP) y el proceso de formalización del Acuerdo de Oslo. La conversación entre las dos partes involucró, entre otros, la interpretación de derechos, linderos, vivienda y otros. Hay diferentes perspectivas y puntos de vista con respecto a este acuerdo. En cambio, este artículo analiza los Acuerdos de Oslo, incluidos Oslo I y II, que se firmaron en 1993 y 1995 para lograr la seguridad en el Medio Oriente.
When European tenants’ unions meet
Authors: Stringer Jacob
Published: March 2022

Tenants’ unions from across Europe met in Barcelona in May 2019 to exchange information, ideas and tactics. They are organizing in the face of housing crises in their home countries and often face similar challenges. The series of workshops looked at how the organizations are structured, how they organize, what their tactics are and how they cope with limited resources. The scale of the challenge facing tenants’ unions across Europe means many organizations are trying to build at scale, and the problems of doing this were discussed extensively. There are plans for the tenants’ unions to meet again.
Rent-striking the REIT: Reflections on tenant organizing against financialized rental housing in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Power Emily , Skærlund Risager Bjarke
Published: March 2022

In 2018, a group of tenants from four high-rise apartment buildings in East Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, launched a seven-month rent strike against their landlord, a real estate investment trust (REIT). The tenants protested a proposed steep rent increase and demanded long-standing repairs to their apartments. While some repairs were done, and the strike involved other successful moments, the rent increase was not fought off. Written from the perspective of the Hamilton Tenants Solidarity Network (HTSN), the group that helped organizing the rent strike, this article has two aims. First, we analyse the strategy and tactics of the REIT in the context of deindustrialization and financialization in Hamilton. We break up this financialized landlord’s ‘repositioning’ strategy into five predatory tactics: cutting, squeezing, greening, rent increasing, and bullying and bribing. Second, we reflect on the experiences, successes, and failures of HTSN. Our successes include organizing tenants and training tenants as organizers; having well-executed legal, fundraising, and media strategies; making social events and political actions integral to the strike; and relying on and forging further ties with comrades and supporters. Our challenges and failures concern all the tenants we didn’t manage to involve or involve in an active way; divergent tenant strategies; relationships between tenants and organizers and within HTSN; and underestimating the stakes of going up against a REIT. We conclude by reflecting on the potential for collective organizing in the face of financialized landlords today.
A STUDY ON DIGITAL PAYMENT SYSTEM IN INDIA
Authors:   MIT World Peace University, Nishad Gauresh
Published: March 2022

India used to be predominantly a cash-based economy, but in recent years, the digital payments industry in India has seen a shift as a result of increased technology innovation and an emphasis on digitalization. Consumers take advantage of digital's convenience and speed payments. This does not imply that cash transactions are completely absent from economic contexts, but rather that the total amount of cash payments is kept to a bare minimum An electronic payment system, also a cashless economy or environment is one in which a society has little or no currency and must rely on electronic channels such as debit cards, online banking, multifunctional ATMs, mobile payments, and electronic funds transfer internet banking to conduct transactions. A cashless environment does not imply a disregard for money; rather, it refers to a society in which people perform transactions on the internet. In today's economy, money is transferred electronically. The growth of e-payment culture, as well as the expansion of infrastructural facilities, are essential to attain the goal. In this project, the topics that are covered Overview of global payment system, India's digital payment system, varieties of digital payment systems in India, advantages and disadvantages, RBI initiative on digital payment and fraud in digital payment, and India's payment system moving ahead A comparison of banking cards, UPI, NEFT, RTGS, IMPS, and mobile wallets is also included. Keywords: Digital Banking, Internet Banking, Digital Payments, Mobile Payments, Digital Economy, Demonetization, Mobile Wallets.
Dietary intake of pregnant women attending a rural primary health centre in Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka state in India
Authors:   Dept. of Community Medicine, BPS Govt. Medical College for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Haryana, India. 131305, Majra JP , Arpita Gur , Akshaya KM , Pal Akshaya
Published: March 2022

Nutrition and health status of pregnant women is important both for quality of their lives and for survival and healthy development of their children. 40 pregnant women with gestational age of 12 weeks or more attending an ante-natal clinic in a rural Primary Health Centre in Dakshina Kannada District in Karnataka state in India participated in this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake was assessed using 24 hours recall method. Haemoglobin level was estimated by acid haematin method and WHO Criteria for anaemia was applied. Among the 40 antenatal women assessed 23(58%) consumed diets deficient in calories by more than 10% of RDA. 14(60.9%) of these 23 respondents who consumed inadequate diet lived in nuclear families, 21(91.3%) had education below intermediate level and 9(39.1%) were unskilled workers and 10(43.4%) were house wives. 36(90%) of the respondents were anaemic. 30(75%) of the respondents had awareness about the Anganwadi Nutrition Programme for pregnant women. Keywords: Dietary intake, Pregnant Women, rural, primary health centre
Child labour and its relationship to Body Mass Index (BMI), school attendance and academic marks
Authors:   Department of Community Medicine, Melmaruvathur Adhi Parasakthi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Pondicherry – 605005, India, Devi K , Roy Gautam
Published: March 2022

To determine the relationship between work and the BMI, average attendance and marks obtained by school children in rural and urban areas of Pondicherry. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the schools situated in the service areas of Jawaharlal Institute Rural Health Center (JIRHC) and Jawaharlal Institute Urban Health Center (JIUHC) of JIPMER, Pondicherry. In all the classes studied, working children in the urban area scored slightly lower marks. In the urban area the average attendance at school among the working children was found to be slightly, but not significantly, lower compared to the non-working children. In rural areas compared to the non-working children, the average BMI of the working children was slightly lower in classes VIII and IX. The average BMI of the working children in the urban area was slightly lower in all the classes compared to the not working children. Key words: Child labour, Body mass index, school attendance, Academic marks, Pondicherry
Ciência e educação ambiental: uma análise foucaultiana arqueológica dos discursos de professores/as de ciências
Authors: Inocêncio Adalberto
Published: March 2022

Esta obra analisa a relação ser-saber no domínio discursivo de docentes, com ênfase na problematização dos saberes que orientam suas compreensões de ciência e crise ambiental, identificando práticas possíveis em Educação Ambiental (EA). Essas práticas são entendidas como resultado de certos elementos discursivos aos quais os docentes têm acesso em detrimento do que é apagado, em termos de discurso. Para a análise dos discursos desses docentes, foi utilizado o método arqueológico teorizado por Michel Foucault, apresentando-os em focos. Como resultado desta análise, pode-se notar a prevalência de compreensões mais “abertas” de ciência — paradigmas emergentes. Em relação à crise ambiental, os resultados apontam discursos naturalizados e, portanto, hegemônicos, acompanhados da crença de que sua solução será orientada por apelos técnico-científicos. Entre os docentes há, ainda, a crença em ideais do projeto de Modernidade, ao mesmo tempo em que há discursos que situam a ciência em um campo ainda incerto, destituído de políticas claramente estabelecidas.
THE EFFECT OF MARRIAGE ANXIETY ON PRE-PREGNANCY FEAR OF BIRTH IN SINGLE WOMEN
Authors: ÜNAL Esra , AĞRALI Cansu , TİMUR TAŞHAN Sermin
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of marriage anxiety on pre-pregnancy fear of childbirth in single women. There search is descriptive and relationship-seeking type. The sample of the study consisted of 343 single women. In the study, data were collected online via google form, using personal information form, Marriage Anxiety Scale and Pre-Pregnancy Fear of Birth Scale. The data were evaluated with descriptive statistics such as number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, as well as t test, anova, pearson correlation analysis, Cronbach's alpha analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. In the study, it was determined that there was a significant relationship between women's employment status, income level and presence of partners and the total score of the marriage anxiety scale(p<0.05). A moderately significant positive correlation was found between the Marriage Anxiety Scale of single women and the total mean score of the Pre-Pregnancy Fear of Birth Scale (r=0.302; p<0.001). It was determined that there was no significant relationship between the women's age, education level, duration of partner partnership, parental relationship status, knowledge about birth and future birth style preference and the total score of the marriage anxiety scale (p>0.05). As a result of the regression analysis, it was determined that the presence of a partner and the pre-pregnancy fear of childbirth scale score were important predictive variable for marriage anxiety. In the study, it was determined that not having a partner and having a high fear of childbirth negatively affect marriage anxiety.
Educación, tolerancia y humanidades: una lectura vivencial
Authors: Ruiz Erly J.
Published: March 2022

Resumen en español Desde su fundación el Estado venezolano ha comprendido la importancia de la educación para el desarrollo del país a través de la formalización y obligatoriedad de la instrucción. Con el objetivo de reducir las desigualdades y contribuir al fortalecimiento de la economía, la instrucción básica recibió en su origen un acertado temperamento técnico y epistemológico. No obstante, considerando la existencia finita como un asunto que va más allá del trato con las cosas, es preciso que la educación tome en cuenta tanto la vivencia, como su relación e inmersión en la otredad y no sólo en la naturaleza. El objetivo del siguiente artículo es explorar la importancia de las humanidades en la educación venezolana como medio para fomentar la tolerancia a través de una metodología documental desde una perspectiva filosófica-sociológica. Se inicia abordando la vinculación de las instituciones religiosas a la educación desde lo más general hasta el contexto nacional. Seguidamente se enlaza problemáticamente la tolerancia a la noción contemporánea de cultura con miras a la inspección de la presencia de las humanidades en la educación venezolana durante la “revolución bolivariana”. Por último, se formula una concepción de educación como proceso la cual, sustentada en la tolerancia y la diversidad (cualidades constituyentes de las humanidades), expresa su importante y necesario talante democrático.
Pengaruh Pemberian Vitamin D Terhadap Perbaikan Gejala Klinis Pada Penderita Dermatitis Atopik Di Poliklinik Kulit Kelamin RSUD Dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh Tahun 2018: Uji Klinis Ketersamaran Ganda
Authors: X Nanda Earlia , X Mimi Maulida , X Arie Hidayati , X Rovy Pratama
Published: March 2022

Dermatitis atopik (DA) merupakan masalah yang sering muncul pada negara berkembang dan sedang berkembang. DA merupakan penyakit inflamasi kronik pada kulit yang terjadi pada 15% sampai 25% pada anak dan 3% pada dewasa. Penyakit ini menyebabkan morbiditas dan memiliki efek pada kualitas hidup. Tujuan utama dilakukann penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek vitamin D pada derajat keparahan DA pada anak. Penelitian dilakukan di poliklinik kesehatan kulit dan kelamin rumah sakit umum daerah dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh selama 4 bulan dimulai sejak 15 Mei hingga 15 september 2018. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian uji klinis desain paralel. Sebanyak 68 pederita DA terlibat dalam penelitian ini dan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok yang mendapat vitamin D  600 IU selama 28 hari dan kelompok tanpa suplementasi vitamin D dengan jumlah masing – masing kelompok 34 orang. Seluruh pasien yang terlibat mendapatkan terapi standar berupa steroid topikal dan antihistamin secara oral. Tingkat keparahan gejala klinis sebelum dan setelah pengobatan diukur menggunakan Scoring Dermaitis Atopic (SCORAD). Data hasil penelitian dianalisis menggunakan analisis statistik tidak berpasangan dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. SCORAD penderita DA yang mendapat suplementasi vitamin D selama 28 hari dengan terapi standar (13,8 ± 6,39) lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang tidak mendapat vitamin D 20,6 ± 7,94 dengan tingkat kemaknaan p < 0,001. Vitamin D merupakan prohormon yang memiliki fungsi utama mengatur keseimbangan kalsium tubuh. Sebagai imunoregulasi, vitamin D memiliki dua fungsi penting sebagai hormon sekosteroid pada regulasi hemostasis kalsium pada tubuh dan sebagai zat esensial organik yang sangat penting terhadap respons imun. Suplementasi vitamin D selama 28 hari lebih efektif menurunkan derajat keparahan DA pada anak dibandingkan terapi standar.
Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy, and the Effects of Genetic Polymorphisms on Its Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Usman Halima , Ghaffar Amama
Published: March 2022

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) continues to be a significant health burden worldwide as the global population is getting older and health care costs are escalating. AD is a heterogeneous condition having diverse phenotypes and genotypes, which is a major challenge in understanding disease etiopathogenesis. The difficulty in understanding the intricacies of the disease has led to recurrent failure of therapeutic agents in clinical trials resulting in an extremely slow and low success in the new drug discovery process for the AD. Currently approved agents for AD therapy are acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (AchEIs) (donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine) and n-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist (memantine) that provide symptomatic relief only. However, extensive inter-individual variability in drug responsiveness is observed. ‘Pharmacogenomics’ which refers to how the genome of a patient might affect the treatment response to a drug, appears to play an important role in this inter-individual variability. By bringing pharmacogenomics profile of patients on AD therapy into consideration, it might be possible to gain maximum benefits from available treatments in terms of safety, therapeutic optimization and minimizing adverse effects. The purpose of this review is to provide better understanding of AD pathogenesis, challenges of current AD therapy and insight into the role of genetic polymorphism in drug response with focus on available therapeutic options in AD.
Kompetensi Guru Berdasarkan Qs. Al-Jumuah Ayat 2
Authors: Rizka_Saomi Muhamad
Published: March 2022

Al-Quran merupakan sumber kehidupan yang berlaku pada masa dahulu, sekarang dan yang akan datang. Di dalamnya terdapat ide-ide ilmiah untuk mengatur segala kebutuhan hidup manusia, termasuk salah satunya mengenai kompetensi guru seperti di dalam al-Quran surat al-Jumuah ayat 2. Kompetensi guru merupakan suatu hal yang perlu diperhatikan oleh seorang pendidik dalam rangka menciptakan proses pendidikan yang baik dan bermutu, yakni proses belajar mengajar yang efektif dan kondusif dengan melahirkan anak didik yang mempunyai ilmu pengetahuan dan intelektual yang cerdas serta berakhlak yang baik. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kompetensi guru berdasarkan al-Quran surat al-Jumuah ayat 2 dengan menggunakan pendekatan ilmu pendidikan Islam sebagai analisisnya.
MÔ PHỎNG DIỄN BIẾN XÓI LỞ BỜ BIỂN NHA TRANG DO TÁC ĐỘNG CỦA BÃO DAMREY
Authors: Bùi Văn Chanh, Cấn Thu Văn
Published: March 2022

Xói lở ven bờ Nha Trang trong những năm gần đây diễn biến phức tạp, trong đó, tác động của bão gây ra xói lở rất nghiêm trọng và làm hư hại nhiều công trình, nhà cửa. Nghiên cứu này đã ứng dụng mô hình Mike 21 để mô phỏng xói lở, bồi tụ trong vịnh Nha Trang do sóng lớn, nước dâng, triều cường trong cơn bão Damrey. Bản đồ địa hình, địa mạo trong vịnh Nha Trang và số liệu khí tượng, thủy văn, hải văn của tỉnh Khánh Hòa được thu thập để thiết lập mô hình Mike 21. Ngoài ra, đầu ra của các mô hình Mike 11, ROMs, Mike 21 Toolbox được kết nối với mô hình Mike 21 để tăng khả năng mô phỏng. Kết quả của nghiên cứu đã xác định được mức độ xói lở ven bờ vịnh Nha Trang; trong đó, khu vực xói lở mạnh được xác định từ công viên Yến Phi đến khách sạn Yasaka và từ cảng Vinpearl cũ đến dinh Bảo Đại.
Interaction of Underground Cavities with Stabilized Urban Excavation by Nailing and Anchorage
Authors:   Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Tehran Province, AREEO, Tehran,Iran, Sharifi Rahman
Published: March 2022

One of the most important geotechnical issues is the stabilization and deep excavation of the city, which many research has been done about it., especially in recent decades. One thing that adds to the complexity and challenge of such projects is the existence of cavities and empty spaces in the vicinity of the excavation. Therefore, careful study and in-depth analysis play a crucial role in such projects. In this research, we try to examine this issue from different aspects and its practical result use in future projects. Due to the fact that the two methods of anchorage and nailing are the most widely used methods in strengthening and stabilizing the excavations, these two methods were selected also interaction of excavation-underground cavities were investigated. parameters such as the cavity depth, the distance of the cavity from the excavation, the diameter of the cavity, and the thickness of the cavity cover, have been investigated in this research. In this research, for analysis and modeling, PLAXIS 2D finite element software has been used with the assumption of plain strain and hardening soil model which is suitable for drilling. The results of the analysis showed that the horizontal displacement of the excavation increases due to the presence of cavities and the sensitivity of the cavities stabilized with the anchorage method is greater than the nailing method. The greatest effect of the cavity on the behavior of excavation, on the one hand, is special critical distances and depths. Studies have also shown that the field of soil deformation changes despite the cavity, but it will not have a significant effect on the forces created in consolidating elements. On the other hand, drilling operations near cavities can lead to changes in the internal stresses of the cavity covering elements that must be considered in the design.
Majors About the New Symmetry of a Nonlinear Acoustics Model
Authors:   School of Mathematics, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak-16, Tehran, I.R. Iran, Nadjafikhah Mehdi
Published: March 2022

The Lie symmetry group of the Zabolotskaya-Khokhlov equation has been seriously studied, earlier than this. Eventually, it has been endowed with a general model by N.J.C. Ndogmo, in 2008. This research is devoted to introducing the algebra, the group, and the reductions of a new symmetry which is an exception of that model.