bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Co‐ and Ni‐Free P2/O3 Biphasic Lithium Stabilized Layered Oxide for Sodium‐Ion Batteries and its Cycling Behavior
Authors: Yang Liangtao , del Amo Juan Miguel López , Shadike Zulipiya , Bak Seong‐Min , Bonilla Francisco , Galceran Montserrat , Nayak Prasant Kumar , Buchheim Johannes Rolf , Yang Xiao‐Qing , Rojo Teófilo , Adelhelm Philipp
Published: August 2020

Cobalt‐ and nickel‐free cathode materials are desirable for developing low‐cost sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Compared to the single P‐type and O‐type structures, biphasic P/O structures become a topic of interest thanks to improved performance. However, the added complexity complicates the understanding of the storage mechanism and the phase behavior is still unclear, especially over consecutive cycling. Here, the properties of biphasic P2(34%)/O3(60%) Na0.8Li0.2Fe0.2Mn0.6O2and its behavior at different states of charge/discharge are reported on. The material is composed of single phase O3 and P2/O3 biphasic particles. Sodium occupies the alkali layers, whereas lithium predominantly (95%) is located in the transition metal layer. An initial reversible capacity of 174 mAh g‐1is delivered with a retention of 82% dominated by Fe3+/Fe4+along with contributions from oxygen and partial Mn3+/4+redox. Cycling leads to complex phase transitions and ion migration. The biphasic nature is nevertheless preserved, with lithium acting as the structure stabilizer.
Conjugated Acetylenic Polymers Grafted Cuprous Oxide as an Efficient Z‐Scheme Heterojunction for Photoelectrochemical Water Reduction
Authors: Sun Hanjun , Dong Changlin , Liu Qinglei , Yuan Yang , Zhang Tao , Zhang Jian , Hou Yang , Zhang Di , Feng Xinliang
Published: August 2020

As attractive materials for photoeletrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (PEC HER), conjugated polymers (e.g., conjugated acetylenic polymers [CAPs]) still show poor PEC HER performance due to the associated serious recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. Herein, taking advantage of the in situ conversion of nanocopper into Cu2O on copper cellulose paper during catalyzing of the Glaser coupling reaction, a general strategy for the construction of a CAPs/Cu2O Z‐scheme heterojunction for PEC water reduction is demonstrated. The as‐fabricated poly(2,5‐diethynylthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene) (pDET)/Cu2O Z‐scheme heterojunction exhibits a carrier separation efficiency of 16.1% at 0.3 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is 6.7 and 1.4‐times higher respectively than those for pDET and Cu2O under AM 1.5G irradiation (100 mW cm−2) in the 0.1 m Na2SO4 aqueous solution. Consequently, the photocurrent of the pDET/Cu2O Z‐scheme heterojunction reaches ≈520 µA cm−2 at 0.3 V versus RHE, which is much higher than pDET (≈80 µA cm−2), Cu2O (≈100 µA cm−2), and the state‐of‐the‐art cocatalyst‐free organic or organic‐semiconductor‐based heterojunctions/homojunctions photocathodes (1–370 µA cm−2). This work advances the design of polymer‐based Z‐scheme heterojunctions and high‐performance organic photoelectrodes.
Overview on the Recent Progress on Electrofluorochromic Materials and Devices: A Critical Synopsis
Authors: Corrente Giuseppina Anna , Beneduci Amerigo
Published: August 2020

The phenomenon of electrofluorochromism occurs whenever the fluorescence of a material can be reversibly modulated, both in terms of intensity and color change, through the application of an electrical stimulus. Electrofluorochromic (EFC) materials have gained a great interest in the last decade, since they offer access to the development of different optoelectronic devices. Great efforts have been made to achieve highly performing EFC materials either as small organic molecules or as polymers. A critical overview of the most recent materials progress development is presented here, trying to guide the reader toward the most remarkable advancements in this field in the last years. This synoptic frame is completed by the recognition of the weak progress done on the development of the related EFC devices, which cannot be achieved without the identification of the most interesting applications. Among the many issues that are still open, it is necessary to correctly define the performance metrics for a suitable characterization of EFC materials and devices. Indeed, most of the published data are not homogeneous and the lack of standardized procedures really hampers a performance comparison among the various systems. Thus, standardized procedures are desirable and would allow for an easier transfer of this technology.
Advances in Oxosulfonylation Reaction
Authors: Ghosh Sumit , Samanta Sadhanendu , Ghosh Asim Kumar , Neogi Sukanya , Hajra Alakananda
Published: August 2020

Oxosulfonylation is a difunctionalization protocol where oxo and sulfonyl groups are introduced in one step to construct ketosulfones and N‐acylsulfonamides from simple and readily accessible reagents. The development of oxosulfonylation methods has gained significant attention due to their importance in organic and medicinal chemistry. This review article provides a brief and concise overview of the current status and latest methodologies using green oxidant and sulfonyl sources for oxosulfonylation reactions developed in the last two decades.

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Cavin1 Deficiency Causes Disorder of Hepatic Glycogen Metabolism and Neonatal Death by Impacting Fenestrations in Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells
Authors: Wei Zhuang , Lei Jigang , Shen Feng , Dai Yuxiang , Sun Yan , Liu Yilian , Dai Yan , Jian Zhijie , Wang Shilong , Chen Zhengjun , Liao Kan , Hong Shangyu
Published: August 2020

It has been reported that Cavin1 deficiency causes lipodystrophy in both humans and mice by affecting lipid metabolism. The ablation of Cavin1 in rodents also causes a significant deviation from Mendelian ratio at weaning in a background‐dependent manner, suggesting the presence of undiscovered functions of Cavin1. In the current study, the results show that Cavin1 deficiency causes neonatal death in C57BL/6J mice by dampening the storage and mobilization of glycogen in the liver, which leads to lethal neonatal hypoglycemia. Further investigation by electron microscopy reveals that Cavin1 deficiency impairs the fenestration in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and impacts the permeability of endothelial barrier in the liver. Mechanistically, Cavin1 deficiency inhibits the RhoA‐Rho‐associated protein kinase 2‐LIM domain kinase‐Cofilin signaling pathway and suppresses the dynamics of the cytoskeleton, and eventually causes the reduction of fenestrae in LSECs. In addition, the defect of fenestration in LSECs caused by Cavin1 deficiency can be rescued by treatment with the F‐actin depolymerization reagent latrunculin A. In summary, the current study reveals a novel function of Cavin1 on fenestrae formation in LSECs and liver glycogen metabolism, which provide an explanation for the neonatal death of Cavin1 null mice and a potential mechanism for metabolic disorders in patients with Cavin1 mutation.
Clinical and genetic characteristics of 10 Japanese patients with PROM1‐associated retinal disorder: A report of the phenotype spectrum and a literature review in the Japanese population
Authors: Fujinami Kaoru , Oishi Akio , Yang Lizhu , Arno Gavin , Pontikos Nikolas , Yoshitake Kazutoshi , Fujinami‐Yokokawa Yu , Liu Xiao , Hayashi Takaaki , Katagiri Satoshi , Mizobuchi Kei , Mizota Atsushi , Shinoda Kei , Nakamura Natsuko , Kurihara Toshihide , Tsubota Kazuo , Miyake Yozo , Iwata Takeshi , Tsujikawa Akitaka , Tsunoda Kazushige ,   Japan Eye Genetics Consortium study group
Published: August 2020

Variants in the PROM1 gene are associated with cone (−rod) dystrophy, macular dystrophy, and other phenotypes. We describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of 10 patients from eight Japanese families with PROM1‐associated retinal disorder (PROM1‐RD) in a nationwide cohort. A literature review of PROM1‐RD in the Japanese population was also performed. The median age at onset/examination of 10 patients was 31.0 (range, 10–45)/44.5 (22–73) years. All 10 patients showed atrophic macular changes. Seven patients (70.0%) had spared fovea to various degrees, approximately half of whom had maintained visual acuity. Generalized cone (−rod) dysfunction was demonstrated in all nine subjects with available electrophysiological data. Three PROM1 variants were identified in this study: one recurrent disease‐causing variant (p.Arg373Cys), one novel putative disease‐causing variant (p.Cys112Arg), and one novel variant of uncertain significance (VUS; p.Gly53Asp). Characteristic features of macular atrophy with generalized cone‐dominated retinal dysfunction were shared among all 10 subjects with PROM1‐RD, and the presence of foveal sparing was crucial in maintaining visual acuity. Together with the three previously reported variants [p.R373C, c.1551+1G>A (pathogenic), p.Asn580His (likely benign)] in the literature of Japanese patients, one prevalent missense variant (p.Arg373Cys, 6/9 families, 66.7%) detected in multiple studies was determined in the Japanese population, which was also frequently detected in the European population.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric C(sp2)−H Allylic Alkylation: Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Allenoates
Authors: Hu Yimin , Shi Wangyu , Zheng Bing , Liao Jianning , Wang Wei , Wu Yongjun , Guo Hongchao
Published: August 2020

Herein we describe the first organocatalytic asymmetric C(sp2)−H allylation of racemic trisubstituted allenoates with Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) carbonates to access axially chiral tetrasubstituted allenoates. Various trisubstituted allenoates and MBH carbonates were well tolerated under mild reaction conditions, providing novel chiral tetrasubstituted allenoates with adjacent axial chirality and tertiary carbon stereocenters in high yields with good to excellent diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities.
Chemical Vapor Deposition for Atomically Dispersed and Nitrogen Coordinated Single Metal Site Catalysts
Authors: Liu Shengwen , Wang Maoyu , Yang Xiaoxuan , Shi Qiurong , Qiao Zhi , Lucero Marcos , Ma Qing , More Karren L. , Cullen David A. , Feng Zhenxing , Wu Gang
Published: August 2020

Atomically dispersed and nitrogen coordinated single metal sites (M‐N‐C, M=Fe, Co, Ni, Mn) are the popular platinum group‐metal (PGM)‐free catalysts for many electrochemical reactions. Traditional wet‐chemistry catalyst synthesis often requires complex procedures with unsatisfied reproducibility and scalability. Here, we report a facile chemical vapor deposition (CVD) strategy to synthesize the promising M‐N‐C catalysts. The deposition of gaseous 2‐methylimidazole onto M‐doped ZnO substrates, followed by an in situ thermal activation, effectively generated single metal sites well dispersed into porous carbon. In particular, an optimal CVD‐derived Fe‐N‐C catalyst exclusively contains atomically dispersed FeN4 sites with increased Fe loading relative to other catalysts from wet‐chemistry synthesis. The catalyst exhibited outstanding oxygen‐reduction activity in acidic electrolytes, which was further studied in proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells with encouraging performance.
Evolution of the film properties of 3‐methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane containing waterborne acrylic coatings during storage
Authors: Barquero Aitor , Leiza Jose Ramon
Published: August 2020

The use of alkoxysilane monomers is one of the most attractive methods to obtain one‐pot self‐crosslinkable latexes for coating applications. The copolymerization kinetics shows that the alkoxysilane monomer is effectively incorporated into the copolymer. However, the hydrolysis and condensation reactions that give the latex the self‐crosslinking ability can also prematurely happen. As a result, the microstructure of the latex, and consequently of the dried polymer film, will change during the storage. Herein, the evolution of key film properties, such as, water uptake and tensile strength as a function of the storage time of latexes with different alkoxysilane monomer loadings is presented. As storage time increases, there is an improvement on the mechanical properties, obtaining a harder polymer as the result of the development of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions during the first 4 weeks. However, for more extended storage periods (17 weeks) there is a significant decrease in the mechanical performance, because the crosslinking in the latex has developed enough to hinder the film formation.
Facile fabrication of elongated polymer micro/nano discs and their surface adhesiveness
Authors: Tuntanatewin Waranyou , Mekwatanakarn Pinyo , Zhang Hong , Okamura Yosuke
Published: August 2020

The key factor of polymer particles using as a drug carrier is the ability to adhere to the surface of the target sites in order to optimize the drug delivery efficiency. To this end, shape of the particles is one of the essential parameters since nonspherical particles such as discs theoretically have more contact surface area than spherical particles. We herein propose a facile method to fabricate elongated polymer micro/nano discs by combining phase separation and a roll‐to‐roll coating process with a stretching method. By roll‐to‐roll coating, biodegradable poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) discs formed on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film can be instantly stretched by uniaxial stretcher. The effect of stretching temperature and percentage of film elongation on the particle morphology was studied. The results showed that the PLGA discs can be elongated and the aspect ratio of 2.3 can be achieved with 600% elongation at 80°C, reflecting the increase of estimated contact surface area by 1.8 times. The adhesion efficiency of these elongated discs was compared with discs before stretching, spheres, and elongated spheres by using the water‐dropping test. The elongated discs showed the best result among these particles and their adhesion efficiency are strongly related to estimated contact surface area.
Thin Ag films adhesive onto flexible substrates with excellent properties for multi‐application
Authors: Chen Dexin , Kang Zhixin , Li Wei
Published: August 2020

Here, thin Ag films with excellent properties were successfully prepared on flexible substrates through surface grafting and assembling followed by simple spray‐assisted deposition process. The constructed molecule brushes provide the interfacial adhesion for Ag layers onto polymer substrates. The mechanical and electrical properties of the conductive Ag coated PET could be tuned by changing the spraying passes. As the electromagnetic interference shielding material, the composite PET possesses a highest shielding efficiency of 45 dB. In addition, the Ag coated PET with the thickness of 0.1 mm would maintain the 72% electrical conductivity even been folded even at a minimum diameter of 0.2 mm. It was demonstrated that uniform and fine cracks would generate when the Ag coated PET was stretching, but Ag films still retain continuous networks to maintain the high electronic conductivity even stretching to 100%. Simple finite element modeling results prove that the stress by stretching would concentrate in corner of the crack and the deformation is mainly at stress side. The Ag layers were also produced on TPU substrates to detect the stretching, showing its potential applications for strain sensors and health monitoring systems.
Polluting SMEs and the construction of their environmental behaviours: Evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Hasan Md Nazmul , Anastasiadis Stephanos , Spence Laura J.
Published: August 2020

This paper investigates how and under what conditions polluting SMEs (small‐scale firms that produce or deal with environmentally sensitive goods such as plastics, hazardous chemicals, textiles, and rawhides) in developing countries address the environmental issues related to their activities—a broadly neglected and under‐studied research agenda. Utilising extensive qualitative data drawn from SMEs operating in two of the most polluting industries in Bangladesh—leather tanning and textile dyeing—and a contextual lens from a developing country perspective, this paper provides insights into the construction of the environmental behaviours enacted by polluting SMEs. The analysis suggests that such behaviours are constructed under a number of micro‐, meso‐, and macro‐level socio‐economic conditions that act as either enablers of or barriers to responsible environmental behaviours, depending on the circumstances. The overall findings show that SMEs address the relevant environmental issues in a complex fashion, and may provide policymakers with support in the design of environmental policies tailored to the practical needs of small‐scale polluting firms.
Efficient production of an ezetimibe intermediate using carbonyl reductase coupled with glucose dehydrogenase
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Jian , Zhou Rong , Wu Di , Tang Ya‐Qun , Wang Meng‐Ying , Liu Zhi‐Qiang , Zheng Yu‐Guo
Published: August 2020

Ezetimibe is a top‐selling hypolipidemic drug for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Biosynthesis of (4S)‐3‐[(5S)‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐5‐hydroxypentanoyl]‐4‐phenyl‐1,3‐oxazolidin‐2‐one ((S)‐ET‐5) using carbonyl reductase has shown advantages including high catalytic efficiency, excellent stereoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, and environmental friendness, and was considered as the key step for ezetimibe production. The regeneration efficiency of the cofactor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) is one of the main restricted factor. Recombinant Escherichia coli strain (smCR125) coexpressing carbonyl reductase (CR125) and glucose dehydrogenase were successfully constructed and applied for the production of (S)‐ET‐5 for the first time. Without extra addition of the coenzyme NADPH, the yield of 99.8% and the enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of 99.9% were achieved under ET‐4 concentration of 200 g/L. Using a substrate fed‐batch strategy, under the optimal conditions, the substrate ET‐4 concentration was increased to 250 g/L with the yield of 98.9% and the e.e. of 99.9% after 12 hr reaction. The space–time yield of 494.5 g L−1 d−1 and the space–time yield per gram biocatalyst of 24.7 g L−1 d−1 g−1 DCW were achieved, which were higher than ever reported for the biosynthesis of the ezetimibe intermediate.
Construction and application of SPOC‐based flipped classroom teaching mode in Installation Engineering Cost curriculum based on OBE concept
Authors: Zhang Lei , Xuan Yueqing , Zhang Huimin
Published: August 2020

The combination of the outcome‐based education (OBE) concept and the emerging engineering education is a developing trend of the joint effect of discipline development and social needs. From the perspective of reforming teaching practice, a small private online course (SPOC)‐based flipped classroom teaching mode of Installation Engineering Cost in Hebei Agricultural University based on the OBE concept was built, following the basic process of teaching goals–teaching activities–learning evaluation. These teaching activities including pre‐class, in‐class, and after‐class steps had run for 2 school years on big and small class scales. A questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze the teaching effect after 2 school years of teaching practice. The results showed that through the SPOC‐based flipped classroom teaching mode, final exam scores of students in the Urban and Rural Construction Institute were, on average, 11.11 points higher than those in the Modern Science and Technology Institute in 2017–2018 school year, and 8.32 points higher than those from traditional classroom teaching, indicating that the SPOC‐based flipped classroom teaching on the small class scale had a positive effect on mastery of knowledge. Questionnaire results showed that students' awareness, participation, and satisfaction in flipped classrooms were higher than in traditional classrooms. Compared to the big class teaching, the implementation of small class teaching was more conducive to the cultivation of students' comprehensive abilities. The SPOC‐based flipped classroom teaching mode provides a reference for blended teaching in the future.
A retrospective observational study of intraductal breast papilloma and its coexisting lesions: A real‐world experience
Authors: Li Xiaona , Wang Huan , Sun Zhe , Fan Chuifeng , Jin Feng , Mao Xiaoyun
Published: August 2020

Background

Breast intraductal papilloma is a heterogeneous group. The aim of the study is to investigate the intraductal breast papilloma and its coexisting lesions retrospectively in real‐world practice.

Methods

We retrospectively identified 4450 intraductal breast papilloma and its coexisting lesions.

Results

About 18.36% of intraductal papilloma coexisted with malignant lesions of the breast, 37.33% coexisted with atypia hyperplasia (AH), 25.24% coexisted with benign lesions, and only 19.10% coexisted without concomitant lesions. In addition, 36.80% of intraductal breast papilloma had nipple discharge, 51.46% had a palpable breast mass, and 16.45% had both nipple discharge and a palpable breast mass. About 28.18% experienced discomfort or were asymptomatic. Furthermore, 98.99% had ultrasound abnormalities, and 53.06% had intraductal hypoechogenicity upon ultrasound. 31.89% had mammographic distortion, and 14.45% had microcalcification upon mammography. Intraductal breast papilloma with malignancy had significant correlations with clinical manifestations.

Conclusion

Coexisting malignancy was also related to ultrasound abnormality (BIRADS 4C and 5), mammographic distortion, and microcalcification upon mammography but was not related to the intraductal hypoechoic upon ultrasound. Coexisting atypical hyperplasia correlated with nipple discharge but not palpable mass, mammographic distortion, or intraductal hypoechoic upon ultrasound. The coexisting AH was also related to abnormality upon ultrasound or microcalcification compared with the benign lesions. The intraductal papilloma coexists with malignancy or AH accounted for more than 50%, and the clinical information on papilloma and its coexisting lesions is nonspecific. We recommended surgical treatment for benign intraductal papillary lesions.
Dehydrogenation of bioethanol using Cu nanoparticles supported on N‐doped ordered mesoporous carbon
Authors: Pulikkal Thumbayil Rouzana , Christensen David Benjamin , Mielby Jerrik , Kegnæs Søren
Published: August 2020

Carbon supported Cu nanoparticles have a remarkable selectivity towards the catalytic dehydrogenation of bioethanol to acetaldehyde, which is an interesting alternative to the preparation from ethylene. In this work, we prepared a series of catalysts comprised of Cu nanoparticles supported on N‐doped ordered mesoporous carbons to investigate the catalytic effect of nitrogen content. Our study shows that N‐doping has a significant effect on the dispersion of Cu nanoparticles and that the highest content of N results in the highest activity. Furthermore, we show that the combined effects of strong metal‐support interactions and nano‐confinement is an effective method to prevent thermal and steam induced sintering. In contrast, we find no evidence that N‐doping activates the substrate or change the rate‐determining step. At 260 °C, the best catalyst results in >99 % selectivity and a site‐time yield of 175 molacetaldehyde/molCu/h. Under these conditions, the catalysts are stable for more than 12 h using an aqueous solution of 10 % ethanol as feed.
Exploring local spatial features in hyperspectral images
Authors: Ahmad Mohamad , Vitale Raffaele , Silva Carolina S. , Ruckebusch Cyril , Cocchi Marina
Published: August 2020

We propose a methodological framework to extract spatial features in hyperspectral imaging data and establish a link between these features and the spectral regions, capturing the observed structural patterns. The proposed approach consists of five main steps: (i) two‐dimensional stationary wavelet transform (2D‐SWT) is applied to a hyperspectral data cube, decomposing each single‐channel image with a selected wavelet filter up to the maximum decomposition level; (ii) a gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix is calculated for every 2D‐SWT image resulting from stage (i); (iii) distinctive spatial features are determined by computing morphological descriptors from each gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix; (iv) the morphological descriptors are rearranged in a two‐dimensional data array; and (v) this data matrix is subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for exploring the variability of the aforementioned descriptors across spectral channels. As a result, groups of spectral wavelengths associated to specific spatial features can be pointed out yielding a better understanding and interpretation of the data. In principle, this information can also be further exploited, for example, to improve the separation of pure spectral profiles in a multivariate curve resolution context.
A Mechanistic Study of the Multiple Roles of Oleic Acid in the Oil‐Phase Synthesis of Pt Nanocrystals
Authors: Xie Minghao , Lyu Zhiheng , Chen Ruhui , Xia Younan
Published: August 2020

Oleic acid (OAc) is commonly used as a surfactant and/or solvent for the oil‐phase synthesis of metal nanocrystals but its explicit roles are yet to be resolved. Here, we report a systematic study of this problem by focusing on a synthesis that simply involves heating of Pt(acac)2 in OAc for the generation of Pt nanocrystals. When heated at 80 °C, the ligand exchange between Pt(acac)2 and OAc leads to the formation of a PtII–oleate complex that serves as the actual precursor to Pt atoms. Upon increasing the temperature to 120 °C, the decarbonylation of OAc produces CO, which can act as a reducing agent for the generation of Pt atoms and thus formation of nuclei. Afterwards, several catalytic reactions can take place on the surface of the Pt nuclei to produce more CO, which also serves as a capping agent for the formation of Pt nanocrystals enclosed by {100} facets. The emergence of Pt nanocrystals further promotes the autocatalytic surface reduction of PtII precursor to enable the continuation of growth. This work not only elucidates the critical roles of OAc at different stages in a synthesis of Pt nanocrystals, but also represents a pivotal step forward toward the rational synthesis of metal nanocrystals.
Biosimilarity Assessment of 2 Filgrastim Therapeutics in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Khandoozi Seyed Reza , Shahbazi Majid , Amini Hossein
Published: August 2020

This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety profiles of a proposed biosimilar and innovator filgrastim therapeutics in healthy volunteers. In a crossover design, 23 subjects received a single subcutaneous injection of 300‐µg filgrastim, followed by a 7‐day washout period. Assessed pharmacokinetic parameters were the maximum observed filgrastim serum concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (tmax), the area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC), and elimination half‐life. Pharmacodynamics were assessed by the maximum observed absolute neutrophil count effect (Emax), tmax,E (time to reach Emax), and the area under the effect of the absolute neutrophil count –time curve. The test/reference ratio (90% confidence intervals) of Cmax of 0.992 (0.860‐1.143), AUC0–inf of 0.995 (0.891‐1.111), Emax of 0.952 (0.841, 1.078), and area under the effect of the absolute neutrophil count –time curve from time zero to 96 hours of 0.939 (0.854‐1.032), were all well within the predefined equivalence boundaries of 80% and 125%. Obtained values for tmax (∼4 hours), tmax,E (∼15 hours), and elimination half‐life (∼3.5 hours) were comparable between 2 treatment groups. The local tolerability and incidence of adverse events were comparable, with no clinically meaningful difference between biosimilar and innovator products. Altogether, the results suggested a high similarity of the proposed biosimilar to the innovator filgrastim in healthy volunteers.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aqueous N−O Bond Cleavage of 2‐Oxa‐3‐Azabicyclo Compounds to Cyclic cis‐1,4‐Amino Alcohols
Authors: Yasukawa Naoki , Miki Yuya , Kuwata Marina , Sajiki Hironao , Sawama Yoshinari
Published: August 2020

The N−O bond cleavage of 2‐oxa‐3‐azabicyclo substrates, which are readily prepared by the hetero Diels‐Alder reaction between nitroso dienophiles and cyclic 1,3‐dienes, was effectively catalyzed by heterogeneous copper‐on‐carbon (Cu/C) under aqueous conditions to give the corresponding cyclic cis‐1,4‐amino alcohol derivatives. The present method was applied to the direct incorporation of the hydroxy and amino groups derived from a nitroso substrate into cyclic 1,3‐dienes with cis‐selectivity by the combination of the in situ formation of 2‐oxa‐3‐azabicyclo compounds and following Cu/C‐catalyzed N−O bond cleavage. The obtained cis‐4‐aminocyclohexenols, derived from cyclohexadiene as a cyclic 1,3‐diene, could be selectively oxidized by using the ruthenium‐on‐carbon (Ru/C) catalyst under oxygen atmosphere to the corresponding 4‐aminocyclohexenones at 50–65 °C or para‐iminoquinones at 100–110 °C as useful reactive synthetic precursors.
Mask requirements in the face of uncertain disability rights law
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: August 2020

As schools resume on‐campus instruction, many may require students, faculty, and staff to wear masks or face coverings in public areas, classrooms, and residence halls to help limit the spread of COVID‐19. Inevitably, some students will object to wearing a mask on disability‐related grounds, whether because of respiratory impairments or other physical or psychological impairments. Other students with hearing impairments who rely on lip reading or interpreters may object to instructors and interpreters wearing masks that conceal their faces.
Understand practice, compliance issues of pandemic‐driven telework environment
Authors: Porter Michael
Published: August 2020

As institutions phase into the next academic year, ongoing telework arrangements and employment laws are likely to become more prominent administration challenges and legal risk areas.
Abolish barriers to a diverse campus by removing GRE, GMAT requirements
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: August 2020

Guillermo Prado, Ph.D., is not only the Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs and Dean of the Graduate School at the University of Miami, he is also a double graduate of that institution, having earned his master's degree and doctoral degree from it. It's an experience that helped Prado gain particular insight into the needs of the students and faculty he now serves.
On‐site cytological diagnosis of cylindroma: A case report
Authors: Tummidi Santosh , Nagiredla Puneeta
Published: August 2020

A 70‐year‐old female presented with a swelling in the right auricle for 6 months. Rapid onsite stain and routine cytology revealed clusters of small, round to oval cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli, and scant cytoplasm. The background had basement membrane type material and appeared dark magenta colored pinkish globular material. Hence a cytological diagnosis of skin adnexal tumor possibly cylindroma was made. The excision of the lesion also showed features of cylindroma. Rapid onsite staining and cytology of subcutaneous location of the tumor in the absence of primary salivary gland tumors may help to diagnose such rare cases.
Temperature dependency of predation: Increased killing rates and prey mass consumption by predators with warming
Authors: Walker Ryan , Wilder Shawn M. , González Angélica L.
Published: August 2020

Temperature dependency of consumer–resource interactions is fundamentally important for understanding and predicting the responses of food webs to climate change. Previous studies have shown temperature‐driven shifts in herbivore consumption rates and resource preference, but these effects remain poorly understood for predatory arthropods. Here, we investigate how predator killing rates, prey mass consumption, and macronutrient intake respond to increased temperatures using a laboratory and a field reciprocal transplant experiment. Ectothermic predators, wolf spiders (Pardosa sp.), in the lab experiment, were exposed to increased temperatures and different prey macronutrient content (high lipid/low protein and low lipid/high protein) to assess changes in their killing rates and nutritional demands. Additionally, we investigate prey mass and lipid consumption by spiders under contrasting temperatures, along an elevation gradient. We used a field reciprocal transplant experiment between low (420 masl; 26°C) and high (2,100 masl; 15°C) elevations in the Ecuadorian Andes, using wild populations of two common orb‐weaver spider species (Leucauge sp. and Cyclosa sp.) present along the elevation gradient. We found that killing rates of wolf spiders increased with warmer temperatures but were not significantly affected by prey macronutrient content, although spiders consumed significantly more lipids from lipid‐rich prey. The field reciprocal transplant experiment showed no consistent predator responses to changes in temperature along the elevational gradient. Transplanting Cyclosa sp. spiders to low‐ or high‐elevation sites did not affect their prey mass or lipid consumption rate, whereas Leucauge sp. individuals increased prey mass consumption when transplanted from the high to the low warm elevation. Our findings show that increases in temperature intensify predator killing rates, prey consumption, and lipid intake, but the responses to temperature vary between species, which may be a result of species‐specific differences in their hunting behavior and sensitivity to temperature.
Female zebra finches prefer the songs of males who quickly solve a novel foraging task to the songs of males unable to solve the task
Authors: Howell Clara , Anderson Rindy , Derryberry Elizabeth P.
Published: August 2020

Correlative evidence suggests that high problem‐solving and foraging abilities in a mate are associated with direct fitness advantages, so it would benefit females to prefer problem‐solving males. Recent work has also shown that females of several bird species who directly observe males prefer those that can solve a novel foraging task over those that cannot. In addition to or instead of direct observation of cognitive skills, many species utilize assessment signals when choosing a mate. Here, we test whether females can select a problem‐solving male over a non‐solving male when presented only with a signal known to be used in mate assessment: song. Using an operant conditioning assay, we compared female zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) preference for the songs of males that could quickly solve a novel foraging task to the songs of males that could not solve the task. Females were never housed with the test subject males whose song they heard, and the only information provided about the males was their song. We found that females elicited more songs of problem‐solving males than of non‐solvers, indicating that song may contain information about a male’s ability to solve a novel foraging task and that naïve females prefer the songs of problem‐solving males.
Domestication of international norms for sustainable resource governance: Elite capture in Peru
Authors: Gustafsson Maria‐Therese , Merino Roger , Scurrah Martin
Published: August 2020

In recent years, international actors have promoted international norms related to sustainable and inclusive resource governance. However, we know little about how such attempts are contested and adapted in domestic reform processes. Drawing on insights from norm diffusion and institutionalist theories, this article traces how first bilateral aid agencies and then OECD have influenced the institutionalisation of a contested land‐use planning (LUP) reform in Peru from 1990 until 2017. Based on 145 interviews and written primary sources, we demonstrate that aid agencies have partially empowered policy coalitions (e.g., civil society and subnational actors) in favour of LUP, whereas OECD's interventions have favoured national elites opposed to LUP. In both cases, we argue that by failing to foresee the political resistance among economic actors and national elites, international actors have contributed to the weakening and elite capture of LUP. Hence, our analysis represents a case of weakly institutionalized norms. The findings extend the existing literature on extractive governance by providing a fine‐grained analysis of the process in which national elites and societal coalitions domesticate the institutionalisation of international norms for sustainable and inclusive resource governance. Our findings have broader implications for debates about extractive governance as well as policy strategies for promoting institutional change in resource‐rich middle‐income countries.
Fabrication of Sensitive Membrane Electrodes and their Application in Electrochemical Quantification of Ibandronate in Dosage Form
Authors: Abdel‐Gawad Sherif A. , Alamri Mubarak A.
Published: August 2020

A new, highly selective, simple and accurate method was adopted and validated for the direct quantification of ibandronate sodium monohydrate (IBN) in tablets using sensitive polyvinyl chloride membrane electrodes. Three membranes were fabricated using dibutyl sebacate, nitrophenyl octyl ether and dioctyl phthalate. The fabricated electrodes showed fast response, capability of application in wide pH range and direct determination of IBN in turbid solutions. The most important advantage of the proposed analytical method is that it successfully allows direct determination of IBN in dosage form. The proposed analytical methodology can be applied for the direct quantification of IBN in pharmaceutical formulations.
Low‐Cost Raw Materials Synthesized Na2.9375PS3.9375Cl0.0625 Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Wang Yu , Yang Nachuan , Shuai Yi , Chen Kanghua
Published: August 2020

Na3PS4‐based materials, which have relatively high conductivities, make promising Na‐ion solid electrolytes for realizing all‐solid‐state sodium batteries. Herein, Na2.9375PS3.9375Cl0.0625 solid electrolytes’ power is prepared by a mechanical ball milling process and subsequent heat treatment process using low‐cost Na, NaCl, P2S5, and S as raw materials. In addition, its electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance by compounding with polyethylene oxide–NaClO4 are studied. The results show that Na2.9375PS3.9375Cl0.0625 solid electrolyte heated at 550 °C with polyethylene oxide–NaClO4 exhibits Na‐ion conductivity of 8.75 × 10−4 S cm−1. The pragmatic and cost‐effective raw materials grant the solid electrolyte with high‐performance and higher practical value.
Runoff‐generated debris flows: Observation of initiation conditions and erosion–deposition dynamics along the channel at Cancia (eastern Italian Alps)
Authors: Simoni Alessandro , Bernard Martino , Berti Matteo , Boreggio Mauro , Lanzoni Stefano , Stancanelli Laura Maria , Gregoretti Carlo
Published: August 2020

In the Dolomitic region, abundant coarse hillslope sediment is commonly found at the toe of rocky cliffs. Ephemeral channels originate where lower permeability bedrock surfaces concentrate surface runoff. Debris flows initiate along such channels following intense rainfall and determine the progressive erosion and deepening of the channels. Sediment recharge mechanisms include rock fall, dry ravel processes and channel‐bank failures. Here we document debris flow activity that took place in an active debris flow basin during the year 2015. The Cancia basin is located on the southwestern slope of Mount Antelao (3264 m a.s.l.) in the dolomitic region of the eastern Italian Alps. The 2.5 km2 basin is incised in dolomitic limestone rocks. The data consist of repeated topographic surveys, distributed rainfall measurements, time‐lapse (2 s) videos of two events and pore pressure measurements in the channel bed. During July and August 2015, two debris flow events occurred, following similarly intense rainstorms. We compared rainfall data to existing rainfall triggering thresholds and simulated the hydrological response of the headwater catchment with a distributed model in order to estimate the total and peak water discharge. Our data clearly illustrate how debris entrainment along the channel is the main contributor to the overall mobilized volume and that erosion is dominant when the channel slope exceeds 16°. Further downstream, sediment accumulation and depletion occurred alternately for the two successive events, indicating that sediment availability along the channel also influences the flow behaviour along the prevailing‐transport reach. The comparison between monitoring data, topographical analysis and hydrological simulation allows the estimation of the average solid concentration of the two events and suggests that debris availability has a significant influence on the debris flow volume. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sum‐rate maximization in uplink cell‐free massive multiinput multioutput system with jamming
Authors: Zhang Yao , Zhou Meng , Cao Haotong , Yang Longxiang , Zhu Hongbo
Published: August 2020

This article takes the first look at jamming attacks on both uplink training and data transmission phases in uplink cell‐free massive multi‐input multi‐output systems. Closed‐form rate expressions for that system are derived, which provide us with the opportunities to analyze the achievable rate in the presence of jamming. To compensate for the sum‐rate degradation caused by jamming, we propose an iterative sum‐rate maximization power control algorithm without redesigning the estimator and receiver. Specifically, by virtue of the Lagrange multiplier methodology, the proposed algorithm can determine the closed‐form solution to each iteration and thus, benefiting from less runtime. Simulation results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Assessment of genotype‐trait interaction in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids using GGT biplot analysis
Authors: Shojaei Seyed Habib , Mostafavi Khodadad , Khosroshahli Mahmoud , Reza Bihamta Mohammad , Ramshini Hossein
Published: August 2020

In order to investigate the interaction of genotype × trait and relationships among agronomic traits on 12 maize hybrids, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates in four regions of Karaj, Birjand, Shiraz, and Arak. Results of analysis of variance indicated that most of the genotypes were significantly different in terms of agronomic traits. Mean comparison by Duncan's method showed that KSC705 genotype was more favorable than other genotypes in all studied regions. SC604 genotype in Birjand and Karaj regions and KSC707 genotype in Shiraz region have higher rank than other genotypes. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationships between traits. In most of the studied regions, traits of number of grains in row and number of rows per ear were positively and significantly correlated with grain width and grain weight with grain yield. Graphical analysis was used to further investigate. Genotypes–trait interaction graph explained 59.27%, 61.22%, 59.17%, and 61.95% of total variance in Karaj, Birjand, Shiraz, and Arak, respectively. Based on the multivariate graph, KSC705, KSC706, and SC647 genotypes were identified as superior genotypes in all studied regions and KSC400 genotype did not show much response to change in traits. Correlation between grain width and number of rows in ear, plant height and grain length, one thousand grain weight and grain thickness, and ear diameter with number of grains in row was positive and significant. The results of classification graph of genotypes also divided the cultivars in to three groups as follows: KSC703, KSC400, and KSC706 genotypes in the first group; DC370, SC604, and SC301 in the second group; and KSC260, KSC704, KSC707, and SC301 in the third group.
Neural representational similarity between L1 and L2 in spoken and written language processing
Authors: Kim Say Young , Liu Lanfang , Liu Li , Cao Fan
Published: August 2020

Despite substantial research on the brain mechanisms of L1 and L2 processing in bilinguals, it is still unknown whether language modality (i.e., visual vs. auditory) plays a role in determining whether L1 and L2 are processed similarly. Therefore, we examined the neural representational similarity in neural networks between L1 and L2 in spoken and written word processing in Korean–English–Chinese trilinguals. Participants performed both visual and auditory rhyming judgments in the three languages: Korean, English, and Chinese. The results showed greater similarity among the three languages in the auditory modality than in the visual modality, suggesting more differentiated networks for written word processing in the three languages than spoken word processing. In addition, there was less similarity between spoken and written word processing in L1 than the L2s, suggesting a more specialized network for each modality in L1 than L2s. Finally, the similarity between the two L2s (i.e., Chinese and English) was greater than that between each L2 and L1 after task performance was regressed out, especially in the visual modality, suggesting that L2s are processed similarly. These findings provide important insights about spoken and written language processing in the bilingual brain.
Decreased cortical thickness mediates the relationship between premature birth and cognitive performance in adulthood
Authors: Schmitz‐Koep Benita , Bäuml Josef G. , Menegaux Aurore , Nuttall Rachel , Zimmermann Juliana , Schneider Sebastian C. , Daamen Marcel , Scheef Lukas , Boecker Henning , Zimmer Claus , Gaser Christian , Wolke Dieter , Bartmann Peter , Sorg Christian , Hedderich Dennis M.
Published: August 2020

Cortical thickness (CTh) reflects cortical properties such as dendritic complexity and synaptic density, which are not only vulnerable to developmental disturbances caused by premature birth but also highly relevant for cognitive performance. We tested the hypotheses whether CTh in young adults is altered after premature birth and whether these aberrations are relevant for general cognitive abilities. We investigated CTh based on brain structural magnetic resonance imaging and surface‐based morphometry in a large and prospectively collected cohort of 101 very premature‐born adults (<32 weeks of gestation and/or birth weight [BW] below 1,500 g) and 111 full‐term controls at 26 years of age. Cognitive performance was assessed by full‐scale intelligence quotient (IQ) using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. CTh was reduced in frontal, parietal, and temporal associative cortices predominantly in the left hemisphere in premature‐born adults compared to controls. We found a significant positive association of CTh with both gestational age and BW, particularly in the left hemisphere, and a significant negative association between CTh and intensity of neonatal treatment within limited regions bilaterally. Full‐scale IQ and CTh in the left hemisphere were positively correlated. Furthermore, CTh in the left hemisphere acted as a mediator on the association between premature birth and full‐scale IQ. Results provide evidence that premature born adults have widespread reduced CTh that is relevant for their general cognitive performance. Data suggest lasting reductions in cortical microstructure subserving CTh after premature birth.