bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Workaholism versus work engagement and job crafting: What is the role of self‐management strategies?
Authors: Zeijen Marijntje E.L. , Peeters Maria C.W. , Hakanen Jari J.
Published: March 2018

Job crafting refers to the proactive actions employees take to redesign their jobs in order to get a better fit with their competencies, expectations, and wishes. So far, little is known about job crafting's underlying mechanisms. In this study, we examine how two different states of affective well‐being (workaholism and work engagement) relate to job crafting 3 months later and how these well‐being states steer different self‐management behaviours, which ultimately lead to job crafting. Structural equation modelling on a heterogeneous sample (N = 287) revealed that work engagement and workaholism both relate to expansive job crafting through different self‐management strategies. Work engagement relates to challenge and resource seeking via self‐goal setting and self‐observation strategies, whereas workaholism associates with challenge and resource seeking only through self‐goal setting. In addition, the results show a strong relationship between workaholism and self‐punishment. Altogether, the findings suggest that self‐management strategies can function as an explanatory mechanism for different job crafting behaviours.
Role of circulating tumor DNA in the management of early‐stage lung cancer
Authors: Zhao Heng , Chen Ke‐Zhong , Hui Ben‐Gang , Zhang Kai , Yang Fan , Wang Jun
Published: March 2018

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and the predominant cause of cancer‐related death in the world. The low accuracy of early detection techniques and high risk of relapse greatly contribute to poor prognosis. An accurate clinical tool that can assist in diagnosis and surveillance is urgently needed. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is free DNA shed from tumor cells and isolated from peripheral blood. The genomic profiles of ctDNA have been shown to closely match those of the corresponding tumors. With the development of approaches with high sensitivity and specificity, ctDNA plays a vital role in the management of lung cancer as a result of its reproducible, non‐invasive, and easy‐to‐obtain characteristics. However, most previous studies have focused on advanced lung cancer. Few studies have investigated ctDNA in the early stages of the disease. In this review, we focus on ctDNA obtained from patients in the early stage of lung cancer, provide a summary of the related literature to date, and describe the main approaches to ctDNA and the clinical applications.
Growth, development, and biomass partitioning of the perennial grain crop Thinopyrum intermedium
Authors: Jungers J.M. , Frahm C.S. , Tautges N.E. , Ehlke N.J. , Wells M.S. , Wyse D.L. , Sheaffer C.C.
Published: March 2018

Intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) is a perennial grass that is being domesticated and improved for use as a grain crop. As a perennial grain crop, intermediate wheatgrass has the potential to produce economically viable, food‐grade grain while providing environmental benefits such as reduced erosion and nitrate leaching. To guide agronomic activities for this new crop, more information on intermediate wheatgrass growth and development is needed. We sampled plants every 3–5 days throughout the growing season at three environments to measure growth and development in response to accumulating growing degree days (GDD). A numerical growth index was used to quantify morphological development. Growth index, plant height, biomass, height of the tallest node, and biomass partitioning to leaf, stem, and inflorescence were modelled as a function of GDD. We predicted dates (in GDD and day of the year) for critical morphological events as they relate to grain crop production using model equations. The fraction of total biomass allocated to leaves decreased and stems increased in response to GDD, and both components represented equal proportions of aboveground biomass at plant maturity. Growth and development was similar across environments, but variation in yield components (e.g., 50 seed weight, seed mass inflorescence−1) was observed. Our results provide the first quantification of growth and development of intermediate wheatgrass, and have application to growers seeking to determine optimal timing of agronomic practices, as well as crop modellers working to integrate new crops into simulation models. As intermediate wheatgrass expands as a perennial grain crop, growth and development should be measured in a broader range of temperature and precipitation conditions.
The relationship between pre‐operative hypertension and intra‐operative haemodynamic changes known to be associated with postoperative morbidity
Authors: Crowther M. , van der Spuy K. , Roodt F. , Nejthardt M. B. , Davids J. G. , Roos J. , Cloete E. , Pretorius T. , Davies G. L. , van der Walt J. G. , van der Westhuizen C. , Flint M. , Swanevelder J. L. C. , Biccard B. M.
Published: March 2018

Hypertension is not consistently associated with postoperative cardiovascular morbidity and is therefore not considered a major peri‐operative risk factor. However, hypertension may predispose to peri‐operative haemodynamic changes known to be associated with peri‐operative morbidity and mortality, such as intra‐operative hypotension and tachycardia. The objective of this study was to determine whether pre‐operative hypertension was independently associated with haemodynamic changes known to be associated with adverse peri‐operative outcomes. We performed a five‐day multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study which included all adult inpatients undergoing elective, non‐cardiac, non‐obstetric surgery. We recruited 343 patients of whom 164 (47.8%) were hypertensive. An intra‐operative mean arterial pressure of < 55 mmHg occurred in 59 (18.2%) patients, of which 25 (42.4%) were hypertensive. Intra‐operative tachycardia (heart rate> 100 beats.min−1) occurred in 126 (38.9%) patients, of whom 61 (48.4%) were hypertensive. Multivariable logistic regression did not show an independent association between the stage of hypertension and either clinically significant hypotension or tachycardia, when controlled for ASA physical status, functional status, major surgery, duration of surgery or blood transfusion. There was no association between pre‐operative hypertension and peri‐operative haemodynamic changes known to be associated with major morbidity and mortality. These data, therefore, support the recommendation of the Joint Guidelines of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI) and the British Hypertension Society to proceed with elective surgery if a patient's blood pressure is < 180/110 mmHg.
Lung ultrasound compared with chest X‐ray in diagnosing postoperative pulmonary complications following cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective observational study
Authors: Touw H. R. , Parlevliet K. L. , Beerepoot M. , Schober P. , Vonk A. , Twisk J. W. , Elbers P. W. , Boer C. , Tuinman P. R.
Published: March 2018

Postoperative pulmonary complications are common after cardiothoracic surgery and are associated with adverse outcomes. The ability to detect postoperative pulmonary complications using chest X‐rays is limited, and this technique requires radiation exposure. Little is known about the diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound for the detection of postoperative pulmonary complications after cardiothoracic surgery, and we therefore aimed to compare lung ultrasound with chest X‐ray to detect postoperative pulmonary complications in this group of patients. We performed this prospective, observational, single‐centre study in a tertiary intensive care unit treating adult patients who had undergone cardiothoracic surgery. We recorded chest X‐ray findings upon admission and on postoperative days 2 and 3, as well as rates of postoperative pulmonary complications and clinically‐relevant postoperative pulmonary complications that required therapy according to the treating physician as part of their standard clinical practice. Lung ultrasound was performed by an independent researcher at the time of chest X‐ray. We compared lung ultrasound with chest X‐ray for the detection of postoperative pulmonary complications and clinically‐relevant postoperative pulmonary complications. We also assessed inter‐observer agreement for lung ultrasound, and the time to perform both imaging techniques. Subgroup analyses were performed to compare the time to detection of clinically‐relevant postoperative pulmonary complications by both modalities. We recruited a total of 177 patients in whom both lung ultrasound and chest X‐ray imaging were performed. Lung ultrasound identified 159 (90%) postoperative pulmonary complications on the day of admission compared with 107 (61%) identified with chest X‐ray (p < 0.001). Lung ultrasound identified 11 out of 17 patients (65%) and chest X‐ray 7 out of 17 patients (41%) with clinically‐relevant postoperative pulmonary complications (p < 0.001). The clinically‐relevant postoperative pulmonary complications were detected earlier using lung ultrasound compared with chest X‐ray (p = 0.024). Overall inter‐observer agreement for lung ultrasound was excellent (κ = 0.907, p < 0.001). Following cardiothoracic surgery, lung ultrasound detected more postoperative pulmonary complications and clinically‐relevant postoperative pulmonary complications than chest X‐ray, and at an earlier time‐point. Our results suggest lung ultrasound may be used as the primary imaging technique to search for postoperative pulmonary complications after cardiothoracic surgery, and will enhance bedside decision making.
A REVIEW OF THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE ON FARMER COOPERATIVES: PERFORMANCE, OWNERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE, FINANCE, AND MEMBER ATTITUDE
Authors: GRASHUIS Jasper , SU Ye
Published: March 2018

The empirical literature on farmer cooperatives is now fast emerging and developing in the areas of performance, ownership and governance, finance, and member attitude. We discuss 56 peer‐reviewed publications to illustrate the main findings and conclusions while outlining challenges and opportunities for future research. Generally, cooperative membership is found to positively impact price, yield, input adoption, income, and other indicators of member performance, yet there is growing evidence of an uneven distribution of benefits for small and large producers. In terms of structure, evidence of a causal relationship of ownership and governance to performance has been elusive, yet there are now many findings of inherent equity and long‐term debt constraints, often in the context of consolidation to drive scale and scope economies. Further inefficiency is observed to be driven by increased heterogeneity in member attitudes and objectives, in particular in terms of commitment and participation. Thus, overall, empirical work portrays farmer cooperatives as flawed and complex business organizations which nonetheless have a strong positive impact on its members. While applied research may progress in various directions, a general improvement in empirical methodologies is needed to allow robust analysis of mixed objectives in dynamic environments.
Speaking in riddles: The Panama Papers and the global financial services sector
Authors: Cloke Jonathan , Brown Ed
Published: March 2018

In 2007, on the cusp of the economic crisis, a paper was published in Growth and Change (June 2007) entitled “Shadow Europe: alternative European financial geographies,” which began to tackle the idea of shadow finance in Europe and the size and inseparability of what was regarded as “shadow” from “normal” financial flows. A number of the observations made have proved remarkably prescient and one particular phrase stands out in the light of the recent revelations about the so‐called Panama Papers in 2016: “Strategically important flows of capital derived from complex underground production systems that have seldom been analyzed in detail move through the European financial networks that connect to offshore tax havens (Christensen, 2003). These havens are not a separate and distinct entity from the financial networks that connect world cities but rather a vital counterpart on which the functioning of the cities connected via those networks depends” (2007, p. 319). The revelation of the Panama Papers constitutes a new critical juncture from which to re‐visit that 2007 paper and to re‐examine the state of knowledge on shadow and formal financial flows.
Trends in Use of Paracetamol in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Wastesson Jonas W. , Martikainen Jaana E. , Zoëga Helga , Schmidt Morten , Karlstad Øystein , Pottegård Anton
Published: March 2018

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is one of the most commonly used analgesics in Europe; however, both the safety and efficacy of paracetamol have recently been questioned. Little is known about cross‐national differences in the sales of paracetamol. Using national wholesale statistics and nationwide prescription drug registers, we investigated trends in total and prescribed use of paracetamol in the Nordic countries. The total sales of paracetamol (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system code: N02BE01) measured as defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants/day, and the sales by prescription (users per 1000 inhabitants/year), increased in the Nordic countries from 2000 to 2015. The total sales were highest in Denmark throughout the period, with 65 DDD per 1000 inhabitants/day and lowest in Iceland with 30 DDD per 1000 inhabitants/day in 2015. The cross‐national difference in total sales of paracetamol was smaller in 2015 than in 2000. The proportion of paracetamol (DDD per 1000 inhabitants/day) sold by prescription was also highest in Denmark (78%), compared with 75% in Finland, 69% in Sweden, 61% in Norway and 38% in Iceland. Paracetamol by prescription was more common at older ages and among women. Total and prescribed sales of paracetamol have increased in all five Nordic countries over time. Cross‐national differences exist, with highest sales per capita in Denmark throughout the period.
The Coping with Unusual Experiences for Children Study (CUES): A pilot randomized controlled evaluation of the acceptability and potential clinical utility of a cognitive behavioural intervention package for young people aged 8–14 years with unusual experiences and emotional symptoms
Authors: Jolley Suzanne , Kuipers Elizabeth , Stewart Catherine , Browning Sophie , Bracegirdle Karen , Basit Nedah , Gin Kimberley , Hirsch Colette , Corrigall Richard , Banerjea Partha , Turley Grainne , Stahl Daniel , Laurens Kristin R.
Published: March 2018

Objectives

Health care guidelines recommend psychological interventions for childhood unusual experiences that are associated with distress or adverse functional impact (UEDs), based on adult, rather than child‐specific, evidence. We report the first randomized controlled evaluation of the acceptability and potential clinical utility of cognitive behavioural therapy for childhood UEDs (CBT‐UED).

Design

Pilot randomized controlled trial.

Methods

Participants aged 8–14 years were recruited from referrals to community services for children with emotional/behavioural problems and screened for self‐reported UEDs.

Results

Of around 1,000 referrals over 36 months, 304 (30%) were identified to the research team, 174 (57%) were successfully contacted, 110 (63%) consented to screening, 96 (87%) attended a screening assessment, and 51 (53%) reported UEDs. Forty‐nine (96%) consented to randomization to either CBT‐UED (9–12 weekly sessions of 40–50 min, adjunctive to usual care, n = 24) or treatment‐as‐usual/waitlist control (TAU/WL, n = 25). Childhood internalizing emotional symptoms (e.g., feeling ‘nervous’/'scared’/’tearful’/’worried’/'sick’; proposed primary outcome), UEDs, depression, anxiety, and childhood psychopathology (secondary outcomes) were measured at baseline, at 12 weeks, and, where therapy was ongoing but incomplete (<12 sessions) at 12 weeks, at end‐of‐treatment (EOT). Twenty‐two CBT‐UED participants (92%) attended ≥5 sessions. Forty‐four participants (90%) completed 12‐week assessments (CBT‐UED, n = 21/24, 88%; TAU/WL, n = 23/25, 92%). Preliminary findings were encouraging for emotional symptoms and UEDs, but otherwise mixed.

Conclusions

Retention, screening, and consent rates were as anticipated; recruitment took longer than planned. Trial procedures were acceptable to young people, their families, and clinicians. Therapy exceeded 12 weeks, but was well‐received, with no serious adverse events attributed to participation. Further evaluation is needed.

Practitioner points

Around half of 8‐ to 14‐year‐olds in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services reported distressing unusual experiences.

An age‐adapted cognitive behavioural intervention appears feasible, and safe to deliver, with the potential to augment standard care.

This is a pilot study, and further evaluation is needed.

Longer term outcomes should be a focus of future evaluation.
Cross‐talk between ovarian cancer cells and macrophages through periostin promotes macrophage recruitment
Authors: Tang Meng , Liu Bingji , Bu Xiaocui , Zhao Peng
Published: March 2018

Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to tumor progression, but it is not clear how they are recruited to tumor sites. Here we showed that periostin (POSTN) was present at high levels in ovarian cancer ascetic fluids and was correlated with CD163+ TAMs. The high POSTN level and macrophage infiltration were inversely associated with relapse‐free survival for ovarian cancer patients. In vitro studies showed that coculture with macrophages significantly increased POSTN production in ovarian cancer cells. Further investigation found that POSTN production in ovarian cancer cells was promoted by transforming growth factor‐β generated by macrophages. Moreover, siRNA of POSTN and POSTN neutralizing antibody treatment showed that ovarian cancer cell‐derived POSTN promoted the recruitment of macrophages and modulated their cytokine secretion profile. Collectively, these data indicated that POSTN was an important factor for macrophage recruitment in the tumor microenvironment and is involved in the interactions between macrophages and ovarian cancer cells.
A Path Analysis of Nutrition, Stimulation, and Child Development Among Young Children in Bihar, India
Authors: Larson Leila M. , Martorell Reynaldo , Bauer Patricia J.
Published: March 2018

Nutrition plays an important role in the development of a child, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries where malnutrition is often widespread. The relation between diet, hemoglobin, nutritional status, motor development, stimulation and mental development was examined in a cross‐sectional sample of 1,079 children 12–18 months of age living in rural Bihar, India. Path analysis revealed associations between (a) length‐for‐agez‐scores and motor development, standardized β (β) = .285,p < .001, and (b) motor and all mental development outcomes (language: β = .422; personal‐social: β = .490; memory: β = .139; and executive function: β = .072, allp < .001). Additionally, stimulation was significantly associated with language scores and hemoglobin concentration with memory. These findings inform interventions aimed at improving child development in Northern India.
Mental Transformation Skill in Young Children: The Role of Concrete and Abstract Motor Training
Authors: Levine Susan C. , Goldin‐Meadow Susan , Carlson Matthew T. , Hemani‐Lopez Naureen
Published: March 2018

We examined the effects of three different training conditions, all of which involve the motor system, on kindergarteners’ mental transformation skill. We focused on three main questions. First, we asked whether training that involves making a motor movement that is relevant to the mental transformation—either concretely through action (action training) or more abstractly through gestural movements that represent the action (move‐gesture training)—resulted in greater gains than training using motor movements irrelevant to the mental transformation (point‐gesture training). We tested children prior to training, immediately after training (posttest), and 1 week after training (retest), and we found greater improvement in mental transformation skill in both the action and move‐gesture training conditions than in the point‐gesture condition, at both posttest and retest. Second, we asked whether the total gain made by retest differed depending on the abstractness of the movement‐relevant training (action vs. move‐gesture), and we found that it did not. Finally, we asked whether the time course of improvement differed for the two movement‐relevant conditions, and we found that it did—gains in the action condition were realized immediately at posttest, with no further gains at retest; gains in the move‐gesture condition were realized throughout, with comparable gains from pretest‐to‐posttest and from posttest‐to‐retest. Training that involves movement, whether concrete or abstract, can thus benefit children's mental transformation skill. However, the benefits unfold differently over time—the benefits of concrete training unfold immediately after training (online learning); the benefits of more abstract training unfold in equal steps immediately after training (online learning) and during the intervening week with no additional training (offline learning). These findings have implications for the kinds of instruction that can best support spatial learning.
Filter‐dispersal assembly of lowland Neotropical rainforests across the Andes
Authors: Bemmels Jordan B. , Wright S. Joseph , Garwood Nancy C. , Queenborough Simon A. , Valencia Renato , Dick Christopher W.
Published: March 2018

Numerous Neotropical rainforest species are distributed in both Amazonia and Central America, reflecting a rich history of biotic interchange between regions. However, some plant lineages are endemic to one region, due in part to the dispersal barrier posed by the Northern Andean Cordilleras and adjacent savannas. To investigate the role of biogeographic filtering across the northern Andes in regional community assembly, we examined environmental tolerances, functional traits, and biogeographic distributions of >1000 woody plant species (trees, shrubs, lianas) locally co‐occurring in forest plots in lowland Panama (542 species) and Amazonian Ecuador (667 species). High regional abundance was strongly predictive of the probability of being geographically widespread (i.e. present on both sides of the Andes). However, we also found that species with broad environmental tolerances (those that are able to inhabit high elevations and areas of low mean annual precipitation) were more likely to have a cross‐Andean distribution even after accounting for regional abundance, suggesting that biogeographic filtering for these traits has mediated cross‐Andean dispersal. Regional abundance and environmental tolerances were additionally associated with a suite of life‐history traits related to high dispersal–colonization ability, but most traits reflecting dispersal–colonization ability were not predictive of biogeographic distribution. Our results highlight how the process of biogeographic filtering, based primarily on environmental tolerances, has mediated regional‐scale floristic assembly of Neotropical rainforests. The impacts of this process, which we term filter‐dispersal assembly, are likely to be especially important to forests in Central America, where biotic interchange with Amazonia has heavily influenced regional community composition.
Programme fidelity of specialized early intervention in Denmark
Authors: Melau Marianne , Albert Nikolai , Nordentoft Merete
Published: March 2018

Aim

Specialized early intervention (SEI) treatment in meta‐analysis has proven to be effective, compared to usual treatment, in treating first‐episode psychosis, and the dissemination of SEI services is increasing. A prerequisite for upholding positive effects is to ensure fidelity to the treatment concept once tested. The aim of this study was to map programme fidelity of SEI teams in Denmark by testing a newly developed fidelity scale.

Methods

The 18‐item SEI fidelity scale was assessed by visiting SEI teams in person. The scale is divided into 2 dimensions: one concerning the structure and the other concerning the character and content of the treatment. Interviews were conducted with team leaders, patients and members of the staff, and team conferences were observed. Satisfactory fidelity can be obtained at 2 levels: an elite level and an adequate level.

Results

In total, 96% (n = 22) of the Danish SEI teams participated in the fidelity study. An elite fidelity score was achieved by 32% of the teams, scoring 15 or 16 on the 18‐point scale; 27% reached adequate level. With regard to the structural domain of the scale, we found variation among the teams.

Conclusions

The multimodal approach was found to be very efficient in evaluating elements critical to SEI teams in Denmark. A low score on the structural domain could, in the long term, lead to an inability to maintain a well‐functioning team and provide high‐quality treatment.
Shaping the vision for service‐learning in language education
Authors: Palpacuer Lee Christelle , Curtis Jessie H. , Curran Mary E.
Published: March 2018

Language education has mobilized community‐based service‐learning's (CBSL) experiential paradigm in the United States and in international settings over the past 20 years, with the goal of enhancing the linguistic and communicative competence of language learners and advancing the intercultural competence that is necessary for global citizens to engage with a diverse world. This integration of language learning with local and online community projects has become an area of innovation that critically and reflectively engages diverse language speakers through collaboration. In this article, we take a holistic and critical approach to advance a language education agenda that emphasizes reflective capacity and translingual and transcultural competence, ultimately to build relationships. We begin by contextualizing this progression within the traditions of communal activity and activism for language rights. Since language use is increasingly intertwined with and shaped by migration and immigration, as well as the availability of technology, we also highlight new possibilities for community engagement through language. We discuss these implementations of CBSL, their convergences with ACTFL initiatives for prioritizing language education, and future directions for research.
THE AUTHOR AND HIS CORPSE: GERMAN CLASSICAL CULTURE IN THE NATIONAL CINEMA OF OCCUPIED GERMANY
Authors: Wolpert Daniel Jonah
Published: March 2018

The status of German high culture and that of German national identity have historically been bound up with each other in a unique way, setting the German national project apart in Europe as what Friedrich Meinecke, among others, described as a ‘Kulturnation’. With the appearance of his work Die deutsche Katastrophe in 1946, Meinecke sought to revisit his discussion of Germany as a nation defined by his earlier conception of cultural value as a means to recover moral standing for a defeated and shamed nation, thereby challenging the Allied occupiers’ disparagement of Germany as barbarous and foolish. By examining two films, Georg Klaren's 1947 Soviet Zone adaptation of Georg Büchner's Woyzeck and Karl‐Heinz Stroux's 1949 filming of Goethe's Werther, produced in the Tri‐Zone just before the founding of the Federal Republic, this article casts new light on this dilemma of cultural self‐definition through the popular medium of cinema. Both films feature the authors themselves as diegetic mediators for the adaptations of their work. The article examines the choices of Büchner and Goethe as authors for the screen and looks at the role they fulfil in a project to recuperate German cultural and national identity under Allied occupation.
FOUR ILLUSTRATED NEWS MAGAZINES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CULTURAL INTERACTIONS IN POST‐WAR GERMANY
Authors: Knowles Christopher , Vossen Julia
Published: March 2018

Newspapers and magazines are cultural products and can therefore be considered as works of fiction as well as fact. This article discusses the creation of the news magazine Der Spiegel as an example of cultural transfer, providing an insight into the diverse origins of Der Spiegel, the influence of the magazine on post‐war German journalism, and the adoption of British and American models by much of the German press. The origins, format, content, and writing style of four magazines published in the US, Britain, and Germany are analysed and compared: the US magazine Time, the British weekly magazine News Review, Diese Woche, the immediate precursor to Der Spiegel, and Heute, an illustrated feature magazine published in the US Zone of Germany. All four magazines used colourful language and stylistic devices to interpret the news as well as report it and sometimes peddled a fiction of objectivity that was in fact highly opinionated. Diese Woche was no different in this respect from Time and News Review. The idea that British and American news reporting was accurate and truthful and never mixed fact and opinion, whereas it was only the German press that mixed information with tendentious comment, was one of many myths circulated in post‐war Germany.
The Prevalence and Impact of Migraine and Severe Headache in the United States: Figures and Trends From Government Health Studies
Authors: Burch Rebecca , Rizzoli Paul , Loder Elizabeth
Published: March 2018

Background and Objectives

In this targeted systematic review, we aimed to identify up‐to‐date prevalence estimates of migraine and severe headache in adults from population‐based US government surveys. Our goal was to assess the stability of prevalence estimates over time, and to identify additional information pertinent to the burden and treatment of migraine and other severe headache conditions.

Methods

We searched for the most current publicly available summary statistics from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). We extracted and summarized data from each study over time and as a function of demographic variables.

Results

The prevalence and burden of self‐reported migraine and severe headache in the US adult population is high, affecting roughly 1 out of every 6 American and 1 in 5 women over a 3‐month period (15.3% overall [95% CI 14.75‐15.85], 9.7% of males [95% CI 9.05‐10.35] and 20.7% of females [95% CI 19.84‐21.56]). The prevalence has been remarkably stable over a period of 19 years. The prevalence of migraine or severe headache in 2015 was highest in American Indian or Alaska Natives (18.4%) compared with whites, blacks, or Hispanics, with the lowest prevalence in Asians (11.3%). There is a higher burden of migraine in those aged 18‐44 (17.9%), people who are unemployed (21.4%), those with family income less than $35,000 per year (19.9%), and the elderly and disabled (16.4%). Headache is consistently the fourth or fifth most common reason for visits to the emergency department, accounting for roughly 3% of all emergency department visits annually. In reproductive aged women, headache is the third leading cause of emergency department visits.

Conclusions

Severe headache and migraine remain important public health problems that are more common and burdensome for women, particularly women of childbearing age, and other historically disadvantaged segments of the population. These inequities could be exacerbated if new high‐cost treatments are inaccessible to those who need them most.
Oxidation resistance of SiC nanowires reinforced SiC coating prepared by a CVD process on SiC‐coated C/C composites
Authors: Qiang Xinfa , Li Hejun , Zhang Nan , Liu Yunfan , Tian Song
Published: March 2018

Oxidation protective SiC nanowires‐reinforced SiC (SiCNWs‐SiC) coating was prepared on pack cementation (PC) SiC‐coated carbon/carbon (C/C) composites by a simple chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. This double‐layer SiCNWs‐SiC/PC SiC‐coating system on C/C composites not only has the advantages of SiC buffer layer but also has the toughening effects of SiCNWs. The microstructure and phase composition of the nanowires and the coatings were examined by SEM, TEM, and XRD. The single‐crystalline β‐SiC nanowires with twins and stacking faults were deposited uniformly and oriented randomly with diameter of 50‐200 nm and length ranging from several to tens micrometers. The dense SiCNWs‐SiC coating with some closed pores was obtained by SiC nanocrystals stacked tightly with each other on the surface of SiCNWs. After introducing SiCNWs in the coating system, the oxidation resistance is effectively improved. The oxidation test results showed that the weight loss of the SiCNWs‐SiC/PC SiC‐coated samples was 4.91% and 1.61% after oxidation at 1073 K for 8 hours and at 1473 K for 276 hours, respectively. No matter oxidation at which temperature, the SiCNWs‐SiC/PC SiC‐coating system has better anti‐oxidation property than the single‐layer PC SiC coating or the double‐layer CVD SiC/PC SiC coating without SiCNWs.
Effects of interface bonding properties on cyclic tensile behavior of unidirectional C/Si3N4 and SiC/Si3N4 composites
Authors: Li Longbiao , Reynaud Pascal , Fantozzi Gilbert
Published: March 2018

In this paper, the effect of fiber/matrix interface bonding properties on the cyclic loading/unloading tensile stress−strain hysteresis loops of 2 different ceramic‐matrix composites (CMCs), ie, C/Si3N4 and SiC/Si3N4, has been investigated using micromechanical approach. The relationships between the damage mechanisms (ie, matrix multicracking saturation, fiber/matrix interface debonding and fibers failure), hysteresis dissipated energy and internal frictional damage parameter have been established. The damage evolution processes under cyclic loading/unloading tensile of C/Si3N4 and SiC/Si3N4 composites corresponding to different fiber/matrix interface bonding properties have been analyzed through damage models and interface frictional damage parameter. For the C/Si3N4 composite with the weakest fiber/matrix interface bonding, the composite possesses the lowest tensile strength and the highest failure strain; the hysteresis dissipated energy increases at low peak stress, and the stress−strain hysteresis loops correspond to the interface partially and completely debonding. However, for the SiC/Si3N4 composite with weak interface bonding, the composite possesses the highest tensile strength and intermediate failure strain; and the hysteresis dissipated energy increases faster and approaches to a higher value than that of composite with the strong interface bonding.
Quality, sensory and volatile profiles of fresh‐cut big top nectarines cold stored in air or modified atmosphere packaging
Authors: Cozzolino Rosaria , Cefola Maria , Pace Bernardo , Malorni Livia , Martignetti Antonella , Montemurro Nicola , Pellicano Mario Paolo
Published: March 2018

Solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) GC‐MS was used to investigate the volatile organic compound (VOC) profile of fresh‐cut ‘Big Top’ nectarine samples, stored in unsealed bags (AIR) or packed in active modified atmosphere (MAP) after 8 days of cold storage. Nectarine slices were also subjected to sensory and quality analysis after harvest and at the end of the storage. MAP preserved the overall quality, the appearance and the olfactory properties of nectarine slices during storage, while AIR samples showed symptoms of dehydration and browning. Sixty VOCs were identified in total in the headspace of the fresh nectarines and cold‐stored fruit slices samples. Principal component analysis performed on VOCs allowed to differentiate fresh nectarines from cold‐stored samples, with lactones and terpenes mainly related to fresh samples, and ester compounds positively correlated to AIR or MAP samples. Partial least square regression models allowed to identify a pool of VOC predictors of olfactory sensory descriptors.
Classification of wooden breast myopathy in chicken pectoralis major by a standardised method and association with conventional quality assessments
Authors: Dalgaard Line B. , Rasmussen Martin Krøyer , Bertram Hanne C. , Jensen Jens A. , Møller Hanne S. , Aaslyng Margit D. , Hejbøl Eva K. , Pedersen Jacob R. , Elsser‐Gravesen Dieter , Young Jette F.
Published: March 2018

Wooden breast (WB) abnormalities of broilers compromise the quality of fresh and processed meat. Yet, no standardised classification method for evaluating WB currently exists. We here provide a novel classification method to determine the severity of WB by palpation. Data were evaluated by one‐way anova. The classification method proved robust and reliable to classify broiler filets into three distinct categories (no, moderate and severe WB). This was supported by histological findings, demonstrating less muscle tissue in WB‐affected samples. Moreover, moisture content, resistance to compression, mobile water fraction, drip loss and cooking loss, as well as intramuscular and surface pH also increased with WB. Using the classification method, we demonstrated that severe WB increased the diversity of the endogenous microflora and promoted growth of Enterobacteriaceae. In conclusion, the presented classification method correlates with known meat quality traits and will be a valuable tool for future studies on WB.
Edible foxtail millet flour stabilises and retain the in vitro activity of blueberry bioactive components
Authors: Mak Kit‐Kay , Rathinasabapathy Thirumurugan , Sankaran Shanta , Kandasamy Murugesh , Ling Elaine Chan Wan , Balijepalli Madhu Katyayani , Sagineedu Sreenivasa Rao , Pichika Mallikarjuna Rao
Published: March 2018

Blueberries, a functional food, are rich in bioactive polyphenols and anthocyanins. However, the shelf life is short and requires cold storage. This study provides evidence that edible foxtail millet flour (FMF) efficiently sorbs only blueberry bioactive components (polyphenols and anthocyanins) but not sugars, improves their stability and retains the activity. The concentration of blueberry polyphenols and anthocyanins sorbed to FMF ranged from 6 to 113 and 4 to 41 mg g−1, respectively. The concentration of bioactive components in one serving of blueberries (73 g) is equivalent to those present in 1.2 g of blueberry‐enriched foxtail millet flour (BFMF). The blueberry bioactive sorbed onto FMF remained stable for at least 16 weeks at 40 °C. BFMF eluates inhibited α‐glucosidase enzyme activity and scavenged the free radicals conferring that blueberry bioactive components in BFMF retained the activity. The sorption process described here provides a practical way of creating low glycemic protein‐rich edible flour enriched with plant bioactive compounds without sugars.
A Closed Immigration Country: Revisiting Japan as a Negative Case
Authors: Komine Ayako
Published: March 2018

The Japanese government maintains that the country admits only skilled economic migrants. Its statistics tell a different story. Skilled and low‐skilled economic migrants are admitted in equal measure. The aim of this article is to explain the dissonance between the government's policy rhetoric and policy outcome by turning to policy output. To this end, I quantitatively analyse immigration admission channels for economic migrants, using Ruhs' Openness and Rights Indicators (2013). The main findings not only go against much of what we believe about Japan but helps us reach a more nuanced understanding of its immigration policies. I demonstrate that Japanese immigration admission policies have become more open towards de facto low‐skilled economic migrants over time and are more open to de facto low‐skilled economic migrants than to de jure skilled economic migrants. Instead of openness, the gains made by certain groups of de jure skilled economic migrants have been exclusive immigration privileges related to permanent residence and family sponsorship.
Impact of left atrial volume, sphericity, and fibrosis on the outcome of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation
Authors: den Uijl Dennis W. , Cabanelas Nuno , Benito Eva M. , Figueras Rosa , Alarcón Francisco , Borràs Roger , Prat Susanna , Guasch Eduard , Perea Rosario , Sitges Marta , Brugada Josep , Berruezo Antonio , Mont Lluís
Published: March 2018

Introduction

To investigate the relation between left atrial (LA) volume, sphericity, and fibrotic content derived from contrast‐enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CE‐CMR) and their impact on the outcome of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods and results

In 83 patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF, CE‐CMR was used to assess LA volume, sphericity, and fibrosis. There was a significant correlation between LA volume and sphericity (R  =  0.535, P < 0.001) and between LA volume and fibrosis (R  =  0.241, P  =  0.029). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that LA volume was the strongest independent predictor of AF recurrence after catheter ablation (1.019, P  =  0.018).

Conclusion

LA volume, sphericity, and fibrosis were closely related; however, LA volume was the strongest predictor of AF recurrence after catheter ablation.
COMPETITION AND MERGER ACTIVITY IN THE U.S. TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY
Authors: Okoeguale Kevin , Loveland Robert
Published: March 2018

In this article we examine the U.S. telecommunications industry during a period of rapid deregulation to determine the effects of a deregulatory shock on industry competition and merger activity. We show that merger activity exhibits a clear wave‐like pattern, regardless of the listing status of the participants. Increased competition and IPO activity following deregulation increased cash‐flow volatility and probability of exit while the introduction of new technology increased dispersion of economic efficiency across the industry. These changes resulted in a significant increase in merger activity. Competition also played an important role in shaping “who buys whom?”
THE EFFECTS OF MUTUAL FUNDS ON M&A COMPENSATION
Authors: Bick Patty , Crook Matthew D.
Published: March 2018

Motivated by shareholders’ interest in combating executive wealth expropriation through the merger and acqusition (M&A) process, we study how mutual funds influence firm behavior around an acquisition through votes against management proposals. We find that mutual funds reduce the chief executive officer's ability to extract rents during the M&A process by voting against management‐sponsored compensation proposals after the acquisition, thus lowering both excess compensation and increasing pay‐for‐performance sensitivity. Furthermore, mutual fund voting magnifies the impact on negatively performing firms and firms with a larger amount of the mutual fund's holdings in the firm.
Effects of Caps on Cost Sharing for Skilled Nursing Facility Services in Medicare Advantage Plans
Authors: Keohane Laura M. , Rahman Momotazur , Thomas Kali S. , Trivedi Amal N.
Published: March 2018

Objectives

To evaluate a federal regulation effective in 2011 that limited how much that Medicare Advantage (MA) plans could charge for the first 20 days of care in a skilled nursing facility (SNF).

Design

Difference‐in‐differences retrospective analysis comparing SNF utilization trends from 2008–2012.

Setting

Select MA plans.

Participants

Members of 27 plans with mandatory cost sharing reductions (n=132,000) and members of 21 plans without such reductions (n=138,846).

Measurements

Mean monthly number of SNF admissions and days per 1,000 members; annual proportion of MA enrollees exiting the plan.

Results

In plans with mandated cost sharing reductions, cost sharing for the first 20 days of SNF care decreased from an average of $2,039 in 2010 to $992 in 2011. In adjusted analyses, plans with mandated cost‐sharing reductions averaged 158.1 SNF days (95% confidence interval (CI)=153.2–163.1 days) per 1,000 members per month before the cost sharing cap. This measure increased by 14.3 days (95% CI=3.8–24.8 days, p=0.009) in the 2 years after cap implementation. However, increases in SNF utilization did not significantly differ between plans with and without mandated cost‐sharing reductions (adjusted between‐group difference: 7.1 days per 1,000 members, 95% CI=–6.5–20.8, p=.30). Disenrollment patterns did not change after the cap took effect.

Conclusions

When a federal regulation designed to protect MA members from high out‐of‐pocket costs for postacute care took effect, the use of SNF services did not change.
Determination of nursing students’ attitudes towards the use of technology
Authors: Terkes Nurten , Celik Ferya , Bektas Hicran
Published: March 2018

Aim

The use of technology is increasingly important in nursing education and practice. For this reason, it is necessary to determine the attitudes of nursing students towards technology.

Methods

This study was conducted with 508 nursing students. A personal information form that was prepared by the researchers and the Attitudes Toward Technology Scale were used as the data collection tools.

Results

The mean score that was obtained by the nursing students from the Attitudes Toward Technology Scale was 61.53 ± 1.13. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found to be 0.90. There was a statistically significant difference between the sexes, using a computer, tablet, or laptop, using technology to reach health‐related information, and for professional development, using mobile applications related to drug information. There was also a statistical difference between using the Periscope and Scorpio accounts from social media and using Excel and PowerPoint from Microsoft programs.

Conclusion

Nursing students are capable of technology‐based teaching, which can be expanded as a result.
Dispossession by neglect: Agricultural land sales in Southern India
Authors: Vijayabaskar M. , Menon Ajit
Published: March 2018

Active land markets in the periphery of Chennai have resulted in large tracts of agricultural land being bought by non‐agricultural actors seeking returns primarily from speculation. We argue in this paper that the financialization of land and consequent spurt of agricultural land sales are central to what scholars have termed land grab. Recent literature on land grabs has focused primarily on processes of accumulation by dispossession and the coercive role of the state. Our contention is that land grabs more commonly occur due to the state underinvesting in agriculture, resulting in “dispossession by neglect” of especially marginal and small farmers. Dispossession by neglect better captures the fluid boundary between the coercive and voluntary in contemporary land grabs.