bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weakened purifying selection leads to elevated mutation load under environmental sex determination
Authors: Freedberg S. , Debenport S. J.
Published: February 2014

In many gonochoristic taxa, sex is influenced by developmental environment, a system that can lead to temporal fluctuations in offspring sex ratio. Demographic models suggest that only short‐lived species with environmental sex determination (ESD) are negatively impacted by sex‐ratio fluctuations, yet these models fail to account for the potential mutation load associated with reductions in genetically effective population sizes. In this study, we developed a series of individual‐based simulation models that explore the fixation rates of mildly deleterious alleles under different sex‐determining systems and examine the impacts of variation in lifespan and offspring sex ratio. Populations with ESD exhibited increases in fixation rates in both short‐ and long‐lived populations, but substantial increases were limited to populations characterized by a combination of high sex‐ratio variation and short lifespan. Fixation rates were negatively associated with effective population size, indicating that purifying selection operates less efficiently under ESD relative to genotypic sex determination. Reductions in effective population size could be attributed to both intragenerational forces (unequal sex ratio) and intergenerational forces (variable census population sizes). Levels of temporal sex‐ratio variation calculated from wild populations of ESD species were capable of yielding large increases in fixation rates, although this relationship was strongly mediated by lifespan. Our results may help to explain the limited phylogenetic distribution of ESD in short‐lived taxa.
Air breathing in Magadi tilapia Alcolapia grahami, under normoxic and hyperoxic conditions, and the association with sunlight and reactive oxygen species
Authors: Johannsson O. E. , Bergman H. L. , Wood C. M. , Laurent P. , Kavembe D. G. , Bianchini A. , Maina J. N. , Chevalier C. , Bianchini L. F. , Papah M. B. , Ojoo R. O.
Published: February 2014

Observations of the Magadi tilapia Alcolapia grahami in hot, highly alkaline Lake Magadi revealed that they air breathe not only during hypoxia, as described previously, but also during normoxia and hyperoxia. Air breathing under these latter conditions occurred within distinct groupings of fish (pods) and involved only a small proportion of the population. Air breathing properties (duration and frequency) were quantified from video footage. Air breathing within the population followed a diel pattern with the maximum extent of pod formation occurring in early afternoon. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the water may be an irritant that encourages the air‐breathing behaviour. The diel pattern of air breathing in the field and in experiments followed the diel pattern of ROS concentrations in the water which are amongst the highest reported in the literature (maximum daytime values of 2·53–8·10 µM H2O2). Interlamellar cell masses (ILCM) occurred between the gill lamellae of fish from the lagoon with highest ROS and highest oxygen levels, while fish from a normoxic lagoon with one third the ROS had little or no ILCM. This is the first record of air breathing in a facultative air‐breathing fish in hyperoxic conditions and the first record of an ILCM in a cichlid species.
Soybean Grain Storage Adversely Affects Grain Testa Color, Texture and Cooking Quality
Authors: Yousif Adel M.
Published: February 2014

This article determines the effect of postharvest storage time and conditions on soybean rehydration, cooking (texture) quality and testa color. Soybean (Glycine max L.) samples were stored for 12 months (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) at three moisture contents (MC) (9, 11 and 13%) and at three temperatures (10, 20 and 30C). Soybeans were measured for rehydration, cooked bean texture and testa color. Soybeans stored at increasing MC and temperature, especially at MC 13%, 30C, exhibited increased hydration after 6 h of soaking, increased cooked bean texture strength, reduced L*, increased a*, reduced b* color values and increased ΔE*ab color difference. This effect increased with increased storage time. Soybean storage at high MC and temperature for extended periods resulted in reduced cooked bean cooking quality and darkening of the soybean testa. This is expected to have a negative effect on soybean processing quality, sensory acceptability and economic value.

Practical Applications

This work elucidates the effect of soybean storage for extended periods of time under varying temperatures and MC. Such storage may lead to detrimental changes in the soybean technological and physical properties; the major changes being testa darkening, reduced hydration and loss of cooking quality. Unfavorable soybean storage and related loss of quality will result in lower commercial value and reduced acceptability of soybeans by food processors and consumers. As a consequence, this work will provide information relevant to the formulation of appropriate soybean storage conditions for maintaining good soybean processing quality.
Poultry Food Safety Control Interventions in the Domestic Kitchen
Authors: Bolton D. , Meredith H. , Walsh D. , McDowell D.
Published: February 2014

Research was undertaken to investigate cross‐contamination of the domestic kitchen environment during poultry fillet preparation using a streptomycin‐resistant strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens as a model organism. The potential role of a cook‐in‐the‐bag technology to control this cross‐contamination was also investigated. Poultry fillets were inoculated with P. fluorescens (6.06 log10 CFU/cm2). Six people were challenged to unpack, defrost, cut and cook without contaminating the preparation environment. After preparation, the chopping board, knife blade, dishcloth, refrigerator handle, oven handle, oven buttons, draining board, tap, microwave handle, microwave buttons, plate, tinfoil and press handle were tested for the presence of the P. fluorescens strain, before and after washing. The experiment was then repeated with a precut cook‐in‐the‐bag product. In a separate experiment, the effect of freezing and frozen storage (−20C) on Campylobacter and the sensory attributes of chicken fillets were investigated. The cook‐in‐the‐bag approach considerably reduced the incidence and levels of cross‐contamination in the domestic kitchen. Freezing significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the Campylobacter counts on inoculated fillets after 7 days at −20C (1.73 log10 CFU/g). While there was no adverse effect on taste, fillets that had been frozen were significantly more “firm” and “less moist” as compared with fresh product.

Practical Applications

It was concluded that using cook‐in‐the‐pack technologies would reduced cross‐contamination of the domestic kitchen during poultry preparation and Campylobacter could be specifically targeted using freezing/frozen storage.
Survival of Microorganisms in Galactooligosaccharide Stored at Various Temperatures
Authors: Bang Jihyun , Choi Seonyeong , Kim Hoikyung , Ryu Jee‐Hoon
Published: February 2014

Food‐grade galactooligosaccharide (GOS) has a low water activity (aw). We investigated the survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in GOS as affected by inoculum levels and storage temperatures. The five bacteria (inoculated at 3 or 6 log cfu/g), and the fungus A. flavus (3 log cfu/g) and S. cerevisiae (3 log cfu/g), were inoculated into GOS and the material stored at 4, 22 or 50C for 28 days. When ca. 6 log cfu/g of microorganisms were inoculated into GOS, the final numbers of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus (thus after 28 days of storage) were higher than those of E. coli, Salmonella spp. and P. aeruginosa, at all storage temperatures tested. In GOS inoculated with ca. 3 log cfu/g of microorganisms, A. flavus numbers were the highest after 28 days. S. cerevisiae levels were lower than those of gram‐positive but higher than those of gram‐negative bacteria. The overall level of survival by temperature was 4C > 22C > 50C, regardless of inoculum level. Thus, microbial survival in low‐aw GOS was affected by temperature and inoculum level but the microorganisms did not grow during the storage.

Practical Applications

This study showed that survival of microorganisms in GOS was affected by storage temperature and inoculum level. Microorganisms did not grow in GOS at all temperatures tested, but they still survived in GOS for up to 28 days upon storage temperature. This information will be useful in development of effective microbiological safety strategies to be incorporated in preparation or storage of low‐aw food and food ingredients.
In vitro Study of the Potential Protective Role of Lactobacillus Strains by Acrylamide Binding
Authors: Serrano‐Niño J.C. , Cavazos‐Garduño A. , González‐Córdova A.F. , Vallejo‐Cordoba B. , Hernández‐Mendoza A. , García H.S.
Published: February 2014

Acrylamide is a chemical naturally formed in certain foods during processing and/or cooking at high temperatures. Scientific studies have indicated that significant dietary exposure to acrylamide poses a risk for several types of cancer and may have harmful effects to the nervous system in humans. Hence, methods that can contribute to reduce acrylamide exposure in foods are needed. Considering that specific lactic acid bacteria are able to remove a variety of foodborne mutagens, namely heterocyclic amines, lead, cadmium and aflatoxin B1 by a binding mechanism, the aim of the present study was to assess the ability of fourteen lactic acid strains to remove acrylamide in vitro. Acrylamide binding ability ranged from 11.89 to 29.12%, and it was found to be both concentration‐ and strain‐dependent. Lactobacillus reuteri Northern Regional Research Laboratory 14171 (USDA‐ARS) and Lactobacillus casei Shirota were the most efficient binders (24.01 and 24.95%, respectively) after 12 h of incubation using an acrylamide concentration of 5 μg/mL. Acrylamide binding was also pH‐dependent, and the bacterial–toxin complex exhibited high stability assessed by repeated washings. The results of this work proposes for the first time the acrylamide binding ability in vitro of selected lactic acid bacteria, which suggest their potential for detoxification of the food contaminant acrylamide.

Practical Applications

All bacteria tested proved capable to bind acrylamide efficiently and rapidly in phosphate buffer saline; hence, these bacteria could be an effective decontamination mechanism against foodborne acrylamide along the gastrointestinal tract. It is reasonable to believe that during the first contact of acrylamide‐contaminated food with lactic acid bacteria in the mouth, the place where digestion starts and the pH is favorable for the toxin–bacteria interaction, a portion of acrylamide may be bound by the bacteria. Moreover, as both toxin and bacteria navigate through the digestive tract, the variations in pH may cause mutagen binding at different extents until it reaches the small intestine (alkaline pH), the site where absorption of food components is the highest, and the pH value is favorable. Therefore, this kind of bacteria could play a protective role by reducing the bioavailability of foodborne acrylamide.
Effect of energy density and delay time on the degree of conversion and Knoop microhardness of a dual resin cement
Authors: Mainardi Maria do Carmo A. J. , Giorgi Maria Cecília C. , Lima Débora A. N. L. , Marchi Giselle M. , Ambrosano Gláucia M. , Paulillo Luiz A. M. S. , Aguiar Flávio H. B.
Published: February 2014

Aim

In the present study, we evaluated the influence of the photo‐curing delay time and energy density on the degree of conversion and the Knoop microhardness of a resin cement.

Methods

Seventy‐eight samples were assigned to 13 groups (n = 6), one of which received no light curing (control). The samples were made of a dual‐cured resin cement (RelyX ARC) with the aid of a Teflon matrix, submitted to one of the following energy densities (J/cm²): 7, 14, 20, and 28. Delay times were immediate (0), 1 min, or 2 min. After 24 h, the degree of conversion and microhardness were measured at three segments: cervical, medium, and apical. Data were submitted to three‐way anova and Tukey's and Dunnett's tests, the latest of which was used to compare the control to the experimental groups.

Results

No interaction was observed between delay time and energy density regarding the degree of conversion. The cervical segment showed the highest values, while the apical showed the lowest. Microhardness values concerning the cervical segment in all groups were statistically different from that obtained for the control.

Conclusion

A high‐irradiance light‐curing unit allows for a reduced irradiation exposure time with a short delay time, aimed at tooth restorations using a dual‐cured resin cement.
Inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase stimulates autophagy flux in neurons
Authors: Shen Wei , Henry Anastasia G. , Paumier Katrina L. , Li Li , Mou Kewa , Dunlop John , Berger Zdenek , Hirst Warren D.
Published: February 2014

Aggregate‐prone mutant proteins, such as α‐synuclein and huntingtin, play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders; thus, it has been hypothesized that reducing the aggregate‐prone proteins may be a beneficial therapeutic strategy for these neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we identified two previously described glucosylceramide (GlcCer) synthase inhibitors, DL‐threo‐1‐Phenyl‐2‐palmitoylamino‐3‐morpholino‐1‐propanol and Genz‐123346(Genz), as enhancers of autophagy flux. We also demonstrate that GlcCer synthase inhibitors exert their effects on autophagy by inhibiting AKT‐mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. More importantly, siRNA knock down of GlcCer synthase had the similar effect as pharmacological inhibition, confirming the on‐target effect. In addition, we discovered that inhibition of GlcCer synthase increased the number and size of lysosomal/late endosomal structures. Although inhibition of GlcCer synthase decreases levels of mutant α‐synuclein in neurons, it does so, according to our data, through autophagy‐independent mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate a direct link between glycosphingolipid biosynthesis and autophagy in primary neurons, which may represent a novel pathway with potential therapeutic value for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

image

Inhibition of GlcCer synthase enhances autophagy by inhibiting AKT‐mTOR signaling, and increases the number and size of lysosomal/late endosomal structures. Furthermore, inhibition of GlcCer synthase decreased levels of mutant α‐synuclein in neurons, which may represent a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.
How clinical nurse and midwifery consultants optimise patient care in a tertiary referral hospital
Authors: Atsalos Christine , Biggs Karen , Boensch Sabine , Gavegan Fiona Lee , Heath Susan , Payk Marlene , Trapolini Grace
Published: February 2014

Aims and objectives

To develop new insights into the phenomenon of clinical nurse/midwifery consultant clinical effectiveness in a tertiary referral hospital.

Background

International studies identify the pivotal role clinical nurse/midwifery consultants play in patient outcomes. There remains, however, a significant deficit in our knowledge of how these, or other advanced practice nurses and midwives, apply their extensive experience, ontological understandings and tacit knowledge to the enhancement of patient outcomes in complex healthcare environments.

Design

This study was underpinned by the principles of Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology.

Methods

Recruitment involved expressions of interest distributed hospital‐wide to clinical nurse/midwifery consultants. Inclusion criteria specified a minimum of three years’ experience. Fifteen clinical nurse/midwifery consultants, representing a broad range of specialties, were interviewed. Preliminary descriptive analysis of transcribed data was followed by in‐depth hermeneutic analysis.

Results

The findings comprise four themes: walking beside the patient, anticipating the unexpected, pushing through barriers and leading within a complex system. These themes highlight how clinical nurse/midwifery consultants significantly influence pre‐existing trajectories of patient care delivery through context‐appropriate strategies.

Conclusion

This study introduces new insights into the meanings advanced practice nurses and midwives develop from their engagements with patients and how these meanings inform clinical decisions. The paper accomplishes this by drawing on Heideggerian philosophical concepts such as ontological understandings, authenticity and care. It also casts light on the participants’ shared understandings of how to synergise expectations within the team.

Relevance to clinical practice

The significance of this paper lies in the uncovering of ontological understandings and tacit knowledge of how consultant nurses and midwives optimise patient care delivery in challenging situations. The findings indicate, however, that the value of these internationally established roles is yet to be fully realised. The paper concludes by recommending strategies to assist newly appointed clinical nurse/midwifery consultants transition into these demanding autonomous roles.
Allergic Reaction to Titanium‐Made Fixed Dental Restorations: A Clinical Report
Authors: Ko Nagakazu , Mine Atsushi , Egusa Hiroshi , Shimazu Tsunetoshi , Ko Rieko , Nakano Tamaki , Yatani Hirofumi
Published: February 2014

From the mid 1980s (approximately 10 years after titanium was first used as a medical metal), reports of suspected Ti sensitization began to emerge. In the present report, a 33‐year‐old Japanese woman presented with pruritus of the fingers and a specific reaction to mercury, nickel, and silver on lymphocyte stimulation testing (LST). Her condition improved after 17 restorations containing Hg or Ag were removed. Titanium and composite resin, both of which had no reaction on LST, were used in replacements of the intraoral restoration after the pruritus improved; however, cervical eczema emerged after 9 months, and repeat LST showed a specific reaction to Ti. The eczema improved after removal of the titanium. It is therefore likely that Ti allergy provoked the eczema. This report suggests that clinicians should be aware of the possibility of a titanium allergy from a dental restoration.
Fracture Strength and Nanoleakage of Weakened Roots Reconstructed Using Relined Glass Fiber–Reinforced Dowels Combined with a Novel Prefabricated Core System
Authors: Amin Rania A. , Mandour Mona H. , Abd El‐Ghany Ossama Saleh
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate fracture strength and nanoleakage of endodontically treated weakened teeth after being restored with relined glass fiber–reinforced dowels and two types of cores.

Materials and Methods

Sixty sound human decoronated and endodontically treated teeth were embedded in epoxy resin blocks, then divided into three groups (n = 20) according to the method of root reconstruction. Group 1 (control): nonweakened roots were restored with glass fiber–reinforced dowels (UNIC); group 2: weakened roots restored with glass fiber–reinforced dowels relined with composite resin; group 3: weakened roots restored with glass fiber–reinforced dowels and a thick layer of luting cement. Dowels were cemented using Corposit, a dual‐cured adhesive resin cement, then each group was assigned into two subgroups (n = 10) according to the type of core used; subgroup a: custom‐made core using the same luting cement, subgroup b: prefabricated glass fiber–reinforced core (UNIC). Half the specimens of each subgroup were individually mounted at 45° angles and statically compressed until fracture at a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed with a 5 kN load cell. The type of failure was assessed using a magnification lens. The other half of the specimens were removed from the block, placed in silver nitrate solution for 24 hours followed by photo developer for 8 hours, then examined using environmental scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive analytical X‐ray for nanoleakage evaluation. Data were statistically analyzed.

Results

The nonweakened group recorded the highest fracture strength values. The composite relined group showed significantly higher fracture strength values than the cement group. The prefabricated core yielded higher fracture strength values than the custom‐made core. All groups showed a degree of nanoleakage, with higher scores recorded for the composite group.

Conclusions

The fracture resistance of wide root canals can be improved by using glass fiber–reinforced dowels relined with composite resin as an alternative to increasing the thickness of luting cement; however, the percentage nanoleakage would increase. On the other hand, the recently introduced prefabricated glass fiber–reinforced core can be considered a promising technique, but further investigations are necessary.
Influence of animal age on body concentrations of minerals in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Authors: Sales J. , Skřivan M. , Englmaierová M.
Published: February 2014

Mathematical modelling of the relationships between mineral inputs and outputs would enable the prediction of mineral requirements of poultry under a wide range of conditions. To establish the feasibility of possible modelling of mineral requirements, the current study aimed to describe the individual mineral concentrations of whole bodies of quail over the life cycle from hatching to 70 days of age. Quail were reared indoors without any restrictions that could limit growth. Sampling of birds (n = 6–18) was carried out at 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 35, 49 and 70 days after hatching. Freeze‐dried samples of whole bodies (digestive contents removed) were analysed for ash, and macrominerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium) and microminerals (copper, iron, manganese, nickel, selenium, zinc). Ash concentration followed a curvilinear trend, with a maximum of 101.7 g/kg dry matter at 32.77 days. Individual mineral concentrations, expressed as a proportion of ash, were fluctuating over time, with the most prominent changes at 3 days and again at either 14 or 21 days. Dissimilar patterns in individual mineral concentrations resulted that ratios between minerals followed inconsistent patterns over time. Although mineral contents in absolute quantities can be described through modelling over the entire life cycle of the bird, it can be concluded that variable concentrations of individual minerals could complicate further model development.
Phototrophic pigment production with microalgae: biological constraints and opportunities
Authors: Mulders Kim J. M. , Lamers Packo P. , Martens Dirk E. , Wijffels René H.
Published: February 2014

There is increasing interest in naturally produced colorants, and microalgae represent a bio‐technologically interesting source due to their wide range of colored pigments, including chlorophylls (green), carotenoids (red, orange and yellow), and phycobiliproteins (red and blue). However, the concentration of these pigments, under optimal growth conditions, is often too low to make microalgal‐based pigment production economically feasible. In some Chlorophyta (green algae), specific process conditions such as oversaturating light intensities or a high salt concentration induce the overproduction of secondary carotenoids (β‐carotene in Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodoresco and astaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis (Flotow)). Overproduction of all other pigments (including lutein, fucoxanthin, and phycocyanin) requires modification in gene expression or enzyme activity, most likely combined with the creation of storage space outside of the photosystems. The success of such modification strategies depends on an adequate understanding of the metabolic pathways and the functional roles of all the pigments involved. In this review, the distribution of commercially interesting pigments across the most common microalgal groups, the roles of these pigments in vivo and their biosynthesis routes are reviewed, and constraints and opportunities for overproduction of both primary and secondary pigments are presented.
Feline blood genotyping versus phenotyping, and detection of non‐AB blood type incompatibilities in UK cats
Authors: Tasker S. , Barker E. N. , Day M. J. , Helps C. R.
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between AB blood phenotyping and genotyping and determine whether non‐AB blood type incompatibilities exist in UK cats.

METHODS

Blood samples underwent phenotyping (A, B or AB) using microplate agglutination, and genotyping (AA, Ab or bb) using pyrosequencing of a fragment of the cytidine monophospho‐N‐acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene. Non‐AB blood type incompatibilities were investigated by cross‐matching against reference blood of the same phenotype.

RESULTS

Of 112 cats tested, 86 (77%) were blood phenotype A, 19 (17%) type B and 7 (6%) type AB. Genotype and initial phenotype agreed in 96% (107 of 112) of cats, but 5 were discordant; these were all B phenotype with either AA (n=2) or Ab (n=3) genotype. Two of the five cats had repeat blood samples tested: one was reclassified as phenotype A; the other remained phenotype B. Two cats had incompatibilities on minor cross‐match, but these were attributed to phenotyping errors.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Unknown mutation(s) associated with phenotype B, resulting in false AA or Ab genotyping, were evident in a small number of cases in this study. No conclusive evidence for non‐AB blood type incompatibilities was found.
Bronchial stent placement in a dog with bronchomalacia and left atrial enlargement
Authors: Dengate A. , Culvenor J. A. , Graham K. , Braddock J. A. , Churcher R. K.
Published: February 2014

A 13‐year‐old neutered male Maltese was referred for paroxysms of coughing and cyanosis, with radiographic evidence of bronchial disease and cardiomegaly. Investigation with echocardiography, bronchoscopy, fluoroscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage led to a diagnosis of myxomatous mitral valve degeneration with insufficiency, ISACHC class II heart failure and bronchomalacia with severe left mainstem bronchial collapse. Persistence of intractable cough despite medical therapy prompted placement of a stent in the left mainstem bronchus. Immediately after stent placement, severe pulmonary oedema developed, thought to be due to compression of the left atrium by the stent or acute lung injury related to stent placement. The dog recovered over a 3‐day period with diuretic therapy and positive end expiratory pressure ventilation. Subsequently, the dog died from congestive heart failure 102 days after stent placement, during which time occasional, self limiting coughing episodes occurred.
Left atrial size, atrial function and left ventricular diastolic function in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Linney C. J. , Dukes‐McEwan J. , Stephenson H. M. , López‐Alvarez J. , Fonfara S.
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVES

To describe left atrial size, left atrial volume, left atrial function and left ventricular diastolic function in healthy cats and those with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without and with congestive heart failure.

METHODS

A retrospective study of 61 client‐owned, 21 healthy, 21 asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 19 with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure cats. Data were retrieved from clinical records and echocardiography archives. Left atrial diameter and volumes were measured. Left atrial function was investigated using changes in diameter (fractional shortening) and volume (Simpson's method; left atrial ejection fraction). Conventional echocardiographic indices of left ventricular diastolic function were recorded.

RESULTS

Left atrial diameter and left atrial volume measurements were significantly higher in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure cats compared with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and healthy cats (P < 0 · 001). Left atrial passive, active and complete ejection fraction distinguished between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (P < 0 · 001). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure cats had significantly lower mitral A wave velocity (P = 0 · 016) and atrial complete emptying based on diameter and volume measurements (P = 0 · 008 and P < 0 · 001, respectively) compared with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cats.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Left atrial volume is obtainable by echocardiography in cats. Left atrial volume and atrial function may indicate chronicity and severity of diastolic dysfunction associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Left atrial function was reduced in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure compared with healthy and asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy groups.
Flow Cytometric Characterization and Clinical Outcome of CD4+ T‐Cell Lymphoma in Dogs: 67 Cases
Authors: Avery P.R. , Burton J. , Bromberek J.L. , Seelig D.M. , Elmslie R. , Correa S. , Ehrhart E.J. , Morley P.S. , Avery A.C.
Published: February 2014

Background

Canine T‐cell lymphoma (TCL) is conventionally considered an aggressive disease, but some forms are histologically and clinically indolent. CD4 TCL is reported to be the most common subtype of TCL. We assessed flow cytometric characteristics, histologic features when available, and clinical outcomes of CD4+ TCL to determine if flow cytometry can be used to subclassify this group of lymphomas.

Objective

To test the hypothesis that canine CD4+ T‐cell lymphoma (TCL) is a homogeneous group of lymphomas with an aggressive clinical course.

Animals

Sixty‐seven dogs diagnosed with CD4+ TCL by flow cytometry and treated at 1 of 3 oncology referral clinics.

Methods

Retrospective multivariable analysis of outcome in canine CD4+ TCL including patient characteristics, treatment, and flow cytometric features.

Results

The majority of CD4+ TCL were CD45+, expressed low class II MHC, and exhibited an aggressive clinical course independent of treatment regimen (median survival, 159 days). Histologically, CD4+ TCL were classified as lymphoblastic or peripheral T cell. Size of the neoplastic lymphocytes had a modest effect on both PFI and survival in this group. A small number of CD4+ TCL were CD45− and class II MHC high, and exhibited an apparently more indolent clinical course (median survival not yet reached).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Although the majority of CD4+ TCL in dogs had uniform clinical and flow cytometric features and an aggressive clinical course, a subset had a unique immunophenotype that predicts significantly longer survival. This finding strengthens the utility of flow cytometry to aid in the stratification of canine lymphoma.
Assessment of the Efficacy and Potential Complications of Transjugular Liver Biopsy in Canine Cadavers
Authors: Levien A.S. , Weisse C. , Donovan T.A. , Berent A.C.
Published: February 2014

Background

Transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) is used in humans at risk of bleeding. There are no reports of its use in veterinary medicine.

Objective

To assess the efficacy and potential complications ofTJLBin canine cadavers, and compare with samples obtained via needle liver biopsy (NLB) and surgical liver biopsy (SLB).

Animals

Twenty‐five medium and large breed canine cadavers.

Methods

Prospective study.TJLBs were procured through the right jugular vein. After biopsy, intravenous contrast and gross inspection were used to assess the biopsy site. Minor and major complications were recorded.NLBs andSLBswere then obtained. Histopathology was performed, andTJLBandNLBwere compared for number of complete portal tracts (CPTs), length, and fragmentation. Pathologic process and autolysis were assessed in all samples.

Results

AllTJLBs yielded liver tissue. The proportion of minor complications was 12/25 (48%), and major complications 16/25 (64%); 13/16 (81%) of the major complications were liver capsule perforation. In 21/25 (84%), the histopathology in theSLBwas reflected in theTJLBs. For cases with minimal autolysis, median number ofCPTs inTJLBs was 7.5, compared with 4 inNLBs (P = .018). Median length ofTJLBspecimen was 28 mm compared to 22 mm inNLBs (P = .007). Fragmentation rate was median of 1.25 forTJLBcompared to 1.50 inNLBs (P = .11).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

TJLBis technically feasible and achieves comparable results toNLBandSLB. The number of complications, in particular liver capsule perforation, was greater than expected. Further studies are indicated before clinical use is recommended.
Relationship among Insulin Resistance, Growth Hormone, and Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Concentrations in Diestrous Swedish Elkhounds
Authors: Strage E.M. , Lewitt M.S. , Hanson J.M. , Olsson U. , Norrvik F. , Lilliehöök I. , Holst B.S. , Fall T.
Published: February 2014

Background

In the dog, the normal estrous cycle includes a prolonged luteal phase. Progesterone stimulates local canine mammary growth hormone (GH) production, which may act systemically and contribute to insulin resistance. Swedish Elkhounds are predisposed to progesterone‐related diabetes mellitus, and the relationship among insulin resistance, GH, and insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) is of particular interest.

Objective

To study insulin resistance in relation to GH and IGF‐I in nondiabetic Swedish Elkhounds during diestrus. We also assessed whether alterations in these hormones could predict diestrus‐linked diseases and all‐cause mortality.

Animals

Eighty‐four privately owned female intact Swedish Elkhounds >4 years of age.

Methods

Blood sampling and clinical examination during luteal phase, with a follow‐up questionnaire after 20 months. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐IR).

Results

In multivariable regression analysis, GH was positively associated with HOMA‐IR (P = .009). An increase in GH of 1 ng/mL was associated with a 12.7% increase in HOMA‐IR. Moreover, C‐peptide was positively associated with IGF‐I (P = .04), and an increase in C‐peptide of 0.1 ng/mL was associated with a 6.9% increase in IGF‐I. Structural equation modeling supported these results. Twenty‐three animals were found to have previously unrecognized mammary masses and had higher GH (P < .0001) and IGF‐I (P = .007) than dogs without mammary masses (n = 61). There was no association between high GH and IGF‐I concentrations at sampling and future mammary masses.

Conclusion

We showed that GH was strongly associated with insulin resistance in older Swedish Elkhounds during diestrus.
Longitudinal Electrocardiographic Evaluation of Dogs with Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease
Authors: López‐Alvarez J. , Boswood A. , Moonarmart W. , Hezzell M.J. , Lotter N. , Elliott J.
Published: February 2014

Background

Increased heart rate (HR) and decreased heart rate variability (HRV) are evident in some dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD).

Objectives

Evaluation of the factors influencing HR and HRV (assessed by the vasovagal tonus index; VVTI) and their change over time in dogs with DMVD.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs (n = 257) with DMVD recruited from first opinion practice.

Methods

Prospective longitudinal follow‐up at six‐monthly intervals of dogs with DMVD. Dogs followed up for at least 18 months (n = 102) were grouped according to their outcome as dogs dying/euthanized because of cardiac disease (n = 28; Group 1), noncardiac disease (n = 40; Group 2) and dogs alive (n = 34; Group 3). HR and VVTI were measured on 1‐minute ECG recordings. Repeated measures linear models were constructed to investigate the factors that influence HR and VVTI and their changes over time.

Results

Heart rate and VVTI were affected by disease severity and were different in Cavaliers compared to other breeds. Group 1 and Group 2 dogs underwent an increase in HR and decrease in VVTI, evident at least 18 months before death. Group 1 had a further decrease in VVTI followed by an increase in HR approximately 1 year and 6 months before death, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Dogs with DMVD have an increase in HR and decrease in HRV over a year before death, with greater changes in those dogs dying/euthanized because of cardiac disease. Both HR and VVTI can potentially be regarded as biomarkers for all‐cause mortality.
Recent novel approaches for population genomics data analysis
Authors: Andrews Kimberly R. , Luikart Gordon
Published: February 2014

Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technology is revolutionizing the fields of population genetics, molecular ecology and conservation biology. But it can be challenging for researchers to learn the new and rapidly evolving techniques required to use NGS data. A recent workshop entitled ‘Population Genomic Data Analysis’ was held to provide training in conceptual and practical aspects of data production and analysis for population genomics, with an emphasis on NGS data analysis. This workshop brought together 16 instructors who were experts in the field of population genomics and 31 student participants. Instructors provided helpful and often entertaining advice regarding how to choose and use a NGS method for a given research question, and regarding critical aspects of NGS data production and analysis such as library preparation, filtering to remove sequencing errors and outlier loci, and genotype calling. In addition, instructors provided general advice about how to approach population genomics data analysis and how to build a career in science. The overarching messages of the workshop were that NGS data analysis should be approached with a keen understanding of the theoretical models underlying the analyses, and with analyses tailored to each research question and project. When analysed carefully, NGS data provide extremely powerful tools for answering crucial questions in disciplines ranging from evolution and ecology to conservation and agriculture, including questions that could not be answered prior to the development of NGS technology.
Applying Projection‐Based Methods to the Asymmetric Traffic Assignment Problem
Authors: Sancho Esteve Codina , Ibáñez Marí Gemma , Bugeda Jaume Barceló
Published: February 2014

This article examines the application of a path‐based algorithm to the static and fixed demand asymmetric traffic assignment problem. The algorithm is of the simplicial decomposition type and it solves the equilibration or master problem step by means of five existing projection methods for variational inequality problems to evaluate their performance on real traffic networks. The projection methods evaluated are: (1) a cost approximation‐based method for minimizing the Fukushima's gap function, (2) the modified descent method of Zhu and Marcotte (), (3) the double projection method of Khobotov () and three of its recently developed variants (Nadezhkina and Takahashi, ; Wang et al., ; and He et al., 2012); (4) the method of Solodov and Svaiter (); and (5) the method of Solodov and Tseng (). These projection methods do not require evaluation of the Jacobians of the path cost functions. The source for asymmetries are link costs with interactions, as in the case of priority ruled junctions. The path‐based algorithm has been computationally tested using the previous projection methods on three medium to large networks under different levels of congestion and the computational results are presented and discussed. Comparisons are also made with the basic projection algorithm for the fixed demand asymmetric traffic assignment problem. Despite the lack of monotonicity properties of the test problems, the only method that failed to converge under heavy congestion levels was the basic projection algorithm. The fastest convergence was obtained in all cases solving the master problem step using the method of He et al. (2012), which is a variant of Khobotov's method.
Evidential Constraints on Singular Thought
Authors: GENONE JAMES
Published: February 2014

In this article, I argue that in typical cases of singular thought, a thinker stands in an evidential relation to the object of thought suitable for providing knowledge of the object's existence. Furthermore, a thinker may generate representations that purport to refer to particular objects in response to appropriate, though defeasible, evidence of the existence of such an object. I motivate these constraints by considering a number of examples introduced by Robin Jeshion in support of a view she calls ‘cognitivism’ (Jeshion, 2010b). Although I agree with Jeshion thatacquaintanceis not required for all cases of singular thought, I argue that her account doesn't go far enough in rejectingsemantic instrumentalism, the view that we can generate singular thoughts arbitrarily, by manipulating the mechanisms of direct reference.
The Erotetic Theory of Attention: Questions, Focus and Distraction
Authors: KORALUS PHILIPP
Published: February 2014

Attention has a role in much of perception, thought, and action. On the erotetic theory, the functional role of attention is a matter of the relationship between questions and what counts as answers to those questions. Questions encode the completion conditions of tasks for cognitive control purposes, and degrees of attention are degrees of sensitivity to the occurrence of answers. Questions and answers are representational contents given precise characterizations using tools from formal semantics, though attention does not depend on language. The erotetic theory proposes an integrated account of attention in cognitive control and of attentional focus in perception. The functional role of attentional focus on objects, properties, and locations has to do with picking out something that corresponds to what a task is ‘about’. The erotetic theory of attention opens new avenues in theorizing about the relationship between attention, representational content, phenomenal character, and practical reason. A novel representationalist account of salience is proposed. The theory also provides an account of distraction that suggests when distraction is a defect in practical reasoning.
Normativity in Action: How to Explain the Knobe Effect and its Relatives
Authors: HINDRIKS FRANK
Published: February 2014

Intuitions about intentional action have turned out to be sensitive to normative factors: most people say that an indifferent agent brings about an effect of her action intentionally when it is harmful, but unintentionally when it is beneficial. Joshua Knobe explains this asymmetry, which is known as ‘the Knobe effect’, in terms of the moral valence of the effect, arguing that this explanation generalizes to other asymmetries concerning notions as diverse as deciding and being free. I present an alternative explanation of the Knobe effect in terms of normative reasons. This explanation generalizes to other folk psychological notions such as deciding, but not to such notions as being free. I go on to argue, against Knobe, that offering a unified explanation of all the asymmetries he discusses is in fact undesirable.
Disassembly of the divisome in Escherichia coli: evidence that FtsZ dissociates before compartmentalization
Authors: Söderström Bill , Skoog Karl , Blom Hans , Weiss David S. , von Heijne Gunnar , Daley Daniel O.
Published: February 2014

In most bacteria cell division is mediated by a protein super‐complex called the divisome that co‐ordinates the constriction and scission of the cell envelope. FtsZ is the first of the divisome proteins to accumulate at the division site and is widely thought to function as a force generator that constricts the cell envelope. In this study we have used a combination of confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to determine if divisome proteins are present at the septum at the time of cytoplasmic compartmentalization in Escherichia coli. Our data suggest that many are, but that FtsZ and ZapA disassemble before the cytoplasm is sealed by constriction of the inner membrane. This observation implies that FtsZ cannot be a force generator during the final stage(s) of envelope constriction in E. coli.
How weeds emerge: a taxonomic and trait‐based examination using United States data
Authors: Kuester Adam , Conner Jeffrey K. , Culley Theresa , Baucom Regina S.
Published: February 2014

Weeds can cause great economic and ecological harm to ecosystems. Despite their importance, comparisons of the taxonomy and traits of successful weeds often focus on a few specific comparisons – for example, introduced versus native weeds.

We used publicly available inventories of US plant species to make comprehensive comparisons of the factors that underlie weediness. We quantitatively examined taxonomy to determine if certain genera are overrepresented by introduced, weedy or herbicide‐resistant species, and we compared phenotypic traits of weeds to those of nonweeds, whether introduced or native.

We uncovered genera that have more weeds and introduced species than expected by chance and plant families that have more herbicide‐resistant species than expected by chance. Certain traits, generally related to fast reproduction, were more likely to be associated with weedy plants regardless of species' origins. We also found stress tolerance traits associated with either native or introduced weeds compared with native or introduced nonweeds. Weeds and introduced species have significantly smaller genomes than nonweeds and native species.

These results support trends for weedy plants reported from other floras, suggest that native and introduced weeds have different stress adaptations, and provide a comprehensive survey of trends across weeds within the USA.
Azolla domestication towards a biobased economy?
Authors: Brouwer Paul , Bräutigam Andrea , Külahoglu Canan , Tazelaar Anne O. E. , Kurz Samantha , Nierop Klaas G. J. , van der Werf Adrie , Weber Andreas P. M. , Schluepmann Henriette
Published: February 2014

Due to its phenomenal growth requiring neither nitrogen fertilizer nor arable land and its biomass composition, the mosquito fern Azolla is a candidate crop to yield food, fuels and chemicals sustainably. To advance Azolla domestication, we research its dissemination, storage and transcriptome.

Methods for dissemination, cross‐fertilization and cryopreservation of the symbiosis Azolla filiculoides–Nostoc azollae are tested based on the fern spores. To study molecular processes in Azolla including spore induction, a database of 37 649 unigenes from RNAseq of microsporocarps, megasporocarps and sporophytes was assembled, then validated.

Spores obtained year‐round germinated in vitro within 26 d. In vitro fertilization rates reached 25%. Cryopreservation permitted storage for at least 7 months. The unigene database entirely covered central metabolism and to a large degree covered cellular processes and regulatory networks. Analysis of genes engaged in transition to sexual reproduction revealed a FLOWERING LOCUS T‐like protein in ferns with special features induced in sporulating Azolla fronds.

Although domestication of a fern–cyanobacteria symbiosis may seem a daunting task, we conclude that the time is ripe and that results generated will serve to more widely access biochemicals in fern biomass for a biobased economy.