bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fickleness of Princes
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: December 2021

Herbert returned home from Paris in 1621 to recuperate following illness and near bankruptcy and found Parliament engaged in attacks upon Buckingham and James I resisting pressure to intervene militarily in Europe to support his dethroned daughter and son-in-law. Chapter 8 explores Herbert’s unexpectedly warm reception at the English court and his return to France as ambassador at the end of 1622. It examines his role in James I’s attempts to persuade Louis XIII to provide support and assistance to the elector palatine; his continuing, though more restrained, support for French Protestants; and his reports on the unorthodox diplomatic mission undertaken by Charles, prince of Wales, and Buckingham to complete negotiations for the Spanish match. Having accurately forecast that the Spanish infanta would marry a Catholic kinsman and personally promoted the advantages of a French bride for the prince, Herbert was devastated when he was recalled to allow ambassadors more acceptable to Louis XIII to negotiate a French match. The chapter ends with a review of his diplomatic career, set within the wider context of James I’s treatment of ambassadors. It emphasizes the accuracy of Herbert’s diplomatic predictions about Spanish and French priorities and intentions, and debunks the view that Herbert returned to England in disgrace in either 1621 or 1624.
Epilogue
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: December 2021

The epilogue assesses Herbert’s legacy and reputation. It examines his testamentary dispositions, the descent and extinction of his direct family line, the transfer of his title and estates, and his failure to secure a funerary monument. It analyses his enduring chivalric reputation, his allegiance to the Stuart dynasty, and the posthumous reception of his philosophical, historical, and autobiographical writings. It argues that Herbert’s reputation has been adversely and unfairly shaped by his retrospective adoption as a deist and the unhistorical treatment of his autobiography and that his contributions to English diplomacy as ambassador to the court of Louis XIII during the early years of the Thirty Years War, the advances made in English philosophy during the early seventeenth century as author of De veritate, and the development of historical method as author of The Life and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth have been undervalued. It concludes that his unique life, multiple careers, and significant intellectual achievements merit greater celebration.
Social Cognitive Studies, Sociological Theory, and International Law
Authors: Hirsch Moshe
Published: December 2021

The image of international legal decision-makers emerging from socio-cognitive studies is significantly different from the prevalent view among diverse actors operating in this field. The socio-cognitive perspective of international law underlines that sensory objects are not ‘objectives’ or self-evident, and that their internalization in legal decision-makers’ minds always involves intermediating mental processes. The increasing awareness of the constraining influence of default socio-cognitive systems on individuals tends to diminish the significance of human agency in real-life social situations. On the theoretical level, the latter tendency in socio-cognitive literature supports a shift towards the structural pole of the agency–structure continuum. Equipped with insights drawn from socio-cognitive and sociological theoretical literatures, the last section of this chapter focuses on international criminal law, emphasizing its intensified multi-cognitive character and the significant effects of socio-mental patterns on defendants and additional actors (such as adjudicators and prosecutorial staff).
Cognitive Biases and International Law: What’s the Point of Critique?
Authors: Venzke Ingo
Published: December 2021

One of the main aims of critique is to work towards progressive change. What are critical scholarship’s assumptions about how that change should happen? And do they hold? In the present chapter, I focus on three characteristic traits of critique: seeing law as part of the problem; emphasizing law’s relative indeterminacy; and carving out contingencies in the law’s past. Critique has exposed and countered several dynamics that render the present state of affairs more natural, necessary, and just. Social psychological research has notably drawn attention to people’s longing to live in a world that they consider just—which is a world in which things appear to happen for a reason. Research has further drawn attention to the bias of hindsight and dynamics of ex post rationalization. In short, there are many concerns, tropes, and even vocabularies that are shared between critical legal scholarship and social psychological research. Yet, divides between the two still remain deep.
Institutionally Embodied Law: Cognitive Linguistics and the Making of International Law
Authors: Slosser Jacob Livingston , Madsen Mikael Rask
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines language’s role in the formation of legal categories. It holds that they are not just subject to whims of negotiated power dynamics but also to the dynamics of how human beings involved in the legal process operationalize underlying cognitive processes. We focus on the process of law-making by cognitive category-making. We promote a methodological intervention to examine the processes of meaning-making in legal principles to explore the politics of legal practice in action as, in part, an embodied cognitive process. Although public hearings, consultation, and deliberation are all part of the legal process, we focus on how law is performed as a written exercise with the goal of understanding the law through its use of linguistic choices. The result is an exploration of how language displays the cognitive underpinnings of legal category making and the development of legal institutions, legal rules and, the law itself.
A Worldly Law in a Legal World
Authors: d’Aspremont Jean
Published: December 2021

Most of international legal thought and practice rests on a distinction between international law and the world to which international law applies. It is informed, in this sense, by what is called here a form of ontological dualism whereby the actuality, historicity, and materiality of international law is distinct from the actuality, historicity, and materiality of the world to which international law applies. This chapter questions the ontological dualism that dominates international law and shows that, notwithstanding this common ontological dualism, international law and the world to which it applies are better construed as having no distinct actuality, historicity, and materiality. It argues that international law exists nowhere else than in the world to which it applies and the world to which international law applies exists nowhere else than in international law.
The Invisible Frames Affecting Wartime Investigations
Authors: Krebs Shiri
Published: December 2021

What are the invisible frames affecting fact-finding processes during armed conflicts? In this chapter I examine normative, cognitive, and legal frames shaping the outcomes of wartime investigations. First, I examine the reliance on the fog of war metaphor to justify practices of unknowing. Secondly, I analyse the role of legal ontology and epistemology in shaping the narrative of military actions. Thirdly, I survey cognitive and motivational biases influencing the collection and construction of facts during armed conflicts. Based on this interdisciplinary framework, I analyse data from the Israeli investigation of the targeted killing of Hamas Leader Salah Shehadeh. The analysis suggests that the combination of future-focused legal epistemology, cognitive and motivational biases, and the fog of war metaphor, generates law-fulfilling prophecies: a decision-making dynamic producing normative evaluations that are consistent with the legal requirements. The outcome is legitimization of otherwise unlawful actions, and perpetuation of faulty processes and human insecurity.
Knowledge Production in International Law: Forces and Processes
Authors: Bianchi Andrea
Published: December 2021

How knowledge of international law is produced, by what forces and processes it is shaped, how one can determine what issues are deemed relevant to the field, what questions can be competently raised by the members of the profession and the discipline, and who has the authority to provide them with an answer, are all issues that lie at the heart of this chapter. Particular attention will be paid to the concepts of both epistemic communities and discursive policies. In light of the interaction of the different forces and actors at play in the production of knowledge, an attempt will be made to sketch out the main trends of the contemporary episteme of international law. The final part of the chapter tackles the issue of how to bring to light and make visible the invisible frames of knowledge production in international law, by using critical theory and the power of legal imagination.
The Discipline as a Field of Struggle
Authors: Rasulov Akbar
Published: December 2021

This chapter is an inquiry into the discipline of international law as a social form. What is that content which is contained within this form? What sort of social structure does it presume and enable? Taking as its point of departure the concept of knowledge production, this chapter develops a critical account of international law as a field of theoretical labour and ideological contestation. How is the process of knowledge-production in international law today actually set up? What are those basic products which it produces? What kind of added value does it add to them and how is this value extracted and appropriated in practice? This chapter seeks to explain the disciplinary politic that surrounds these and other related issues as a reflection of discursively sublimated inter-group conflicts, the ultimate object of which is the internal distribution of resources and the power to decide the intra-disciplinary division of labour.
Metaphors of International Law
Authors: Cohen Harlan Grant
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores international law in search of its hidden and not-so-hidden metaphors. Along the way, it discovers a world inhabited by states, where rules are picked when ripe, where trade keeps boats forever afloat on rising tides. But it also unveils a world in which voices are silenced, inequality ignored, and hands washed of responsibility. Part of a shared cognitive system, metaphors provide a language to describe the law’s operation, help international lawyers identify legal subjects and doctrinal categories, and provide normative justifications for the law. Exploring metaphors’ operation at these levels, this chapter describes how metaphors help construct a shared, tangible universe of legal meaning. But it also reveals how metaphors help hide international law’s dark side, blind international lawyers to alternative worlds, and prejudge legal outcomes. Metaphors, key, nearly invisible building blocks of the international law we know, become key also to its demolition, restoration, or remodelling.
Revisiting the Memory of Solferino: Knowledge Production and the Laws of War
Authors: Benvenisti Eyal , Lustig Doreen
Published: December 2021

During the course of the second half of the 19th century, the rules regulating the conduct of armies during hostilities were internationally codified for the first time. The conventional narrative attributes the codification of the laws of war to the campaign of civil society, especially that of the founders of the Red Cross—Henry Dunant and Gustav Moynier. In what follows, we problematize this narrative and trace the construction of this knowledge. We explore how the leading figures of the Red Cross, who were aware of the shortcomings of their project, were nonetheless invested in narrating its history as a history of success. Their struggle to control the narrative would eventually confer the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) with considerable interpretive and agenda-setting authority in the realm of the laws of war. We dwell on the meaning of this conscious exercise in knowledge production and its normative ramifications.
Knowledge Production, Big Data, and Data-driven Customary International Law
Authors: Megiddo Tamar
Published: December 2021

This chapter investigates the role of ‘Data-Driven Customary International Law’ in shifting power relations with respect to the identification of customary international norms. Evidence of states’ practice and legal positions is required to determine that a new norm of customary international law has crystallized. And yet, international courts have often settled for anecdotal evidence and impressionistic analysis. However, recent academic works have crowd-sourced data collection, compiled big datasets, and applied computerized analysis methods to make comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the development of customary norms. I argue that this new mode of knowledge production may democratize both the data collected (giving greater weight to smaller states from the global periphery) and the potential contributors to the production process (including lawyers from different countries and language capabilities). Nevertheless, such production requires scientific sophistication and resources, which once more give actors from rich, developed countries a greater role in developing the law.
Going by the Book: What International Law Textbooks Teach Us Not to Know
Authors: Bernardino Ana Luísa
Published: December 2021

International law textbooks are one of the most powerful invisible frames of our discipline. This chapter analyses some of the most influential international law textbooks as important objects of study that shed light on both processes of social cognition and knowledge production. It examines international law textbooks as engines of sociomental control that delimit the realm of the ‘relevant’ in international law. It also highlights how textbooks’ unarticulated assumptions, silences, and implicit messages help to constitute the discipline of international law, not only in the sense of influencing what counts as international law, but also what one thinks about and what one does as an international lawyer.
Catching-up and Leapfrogging in Key Manufacturing Sectors
Authors: Lee Keun
Published: December 2021

Chapter 6 assesses China’s catching-up and leapfrogging in key manufacturing sectors compared with the Korean experience. It explains the varying records of market catch-up by referring to diverse aspects of technological and market regimes, such as modularity, degrees of embodied technical change, tacitness of knowledge, knowledge accessibility, and frequency of innovations. Easy access to foreign technologies from developed countries (mobile phones vs. semiconductors), high degree of modularity (mobile phones vs. automobiles and semiconductors), and frequent changes in the generations of technologies or short cycle times of technologies (mobile phones and telecommunications systems vs. automobiles) generally help latecomers catch up. More importantly, sectors with a high degree of tacit knowledge (e.g., automobiles) tend to show a slower speed of catch-up than the manufacturers of telecommunications equipment with a high degree of explicit knowledge. Whether markets feature segmentation (or the existence of low-end niche segments for Chinese latecomers) seems to play an important role in the market regimes. Chinese firms manage to achieve initial success from a low-end market in segmented market conditions (e.g., telecommunications equipment and mobile phones) or markets protected by the government (e.g., telecommunications equipment). Conversely, they face high entry barriers in markets with no such segmentation (e.g., memory chips), which is one of the reasons for their slow progress in the memory chip sector (see also Chapter 4). These cases also suggest that technological regimes are not the only paramount determining factor; the outcomes are affected by the roles of actors, including firms and governments.
State Intervention in Collective Action
Authors: Hummel Calla
Published: December 2021

Chapter 2 develops a theory of state intervention in collective action. It argues that as unorganized people create negative externalities, officials increasingly have an incentive to encourage people who organize self-regulating organizations. When officials intervene with cash, licenses, and access to the bureaucracy, they lower the barriers that kept people from organizing on their own. Once informal workers take these incentives and start organizations, officials can bargain over regulation and enforcement with representatives instead of a mass of individuals. The theory builds on contributions from Olson (1965), Ostrom (1990), and Holland (2017). The theory is formalized in a game theoretic model to show that officials and informal workers are strategically linked. The chapter uses the model to demonstrate the exact conditions under which we can expect informal workers’ organizations as a result of officials’ encouragement. The model produces multiple equilibria that reflect the different levels of organization that we observe in informal sectors around the world. The equilibrium conditions generate clear expectations for the patterns that we should see in the empirical chapters if the theory is correct.
Informal Work in Numbers
Authors: Hummel Calla
Published: December 2021

Chapter 3 introduces survey data from around the world and establishes broad trends in informal work and civil society participation. Descriptive statistics show that informal workers organize in nearly every country in the sample and extensively organize in many. I estimate a data set of informal workers using survey data from the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) and a machine learning algorithm. Regressions on the estimated data set, a data set of known informal workers, and a data set of self-employed workers suggest that informal workers are more likely to organize in low-capacity countries. The chapter then turns to survey data from the 42 countries around the world in the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) database and find similar patterns between informal work, state capacity, and political participation. The quantitative analyses point to cases to examine in more depth. Two cities in the La Paz department of Bolivia, La Paz and El Alto were selected, to see how informal workers interact with officials with lower enforcement capacity, as well as two districts in São Paulo, Brazil, to understand how informal workers interact with officials with higher enforcement capacity.
Managing Contentious Collective Action
Authors: Hummel Calla
Published: December 2021

Chapter 5 develops an ethnography of street vendors, their organizations, and the city officials who they interact with in the city of La Paz, Bolivia. The chapter is based on 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork in the city over four research trips in 2012, 2014 to 2015, 2018, and 2019 as well as administrative data on 31,906 street vending licenses in the city. Fieldwork included interviews, participant observation at dozens of meetings between bureaucrats and organized vendors, ride-alongs with the Municipal Guard, a street vendor survey, working as a street vendor in a clothing market, and selling wedding services with a street vendor cooperative. The theory’s observable implications are illustrated with ethnographic evidence, survey results, and license data from La Paz. I discuss how street vending has changed in the city and how officials have intervened in collective action decisions as the informal sector grew. The chapter demonstrates that officials increased benefits to organized vendors as the costs of regulating markets increased. Additionally, the leaders that take advantage of these offers tend to have more resources than their colleagues, and as the offers increased, so did the level of organization among the city’s street vendors. The chapter also discusses the many trade-offs that officials make in implementing different policies, and how officials manage the often combative organizations that they encourage.
Conclusion
Authors: Hummel Calla
Published: December 2021

Chapter 7 discusses the broader implications of the argument for the world’s two billion informal workers. The chapter advances the theoretical claim that when individuals break the law, they can paradoxically get help from officials to organize. It elaborates implications for effective formalization policies, using the mixed success example of a tax reform in Bolivia. It also draw parallels to policing and enforcement trends in the United States. The chapter carefully summarizes the material covered in the preceding chapters. The chapter concludes the book with implications for state intervention in civil society, as well as contentious politics, enforcement, and state building.
The Value Gap
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni
Published: December 2021

Evaluations about what is good (period) and what is good for someone shape much of ethics. The two value notions ‘good’ and ‘good for’ mark the deep-rooted divide between the impersonally and personally valuable—the value divide on which The Value Gap centres. Past and contemporary philosophers have argued it is a mistake to believe that these two value notions give rise to unresolvable value conflicts. This book argues that they are wrong. Part I considers two views to that effect, which share the idea that one of the two value notions is either flawed or at best conceptually dependent on the other notion. The views disagree, however, about whether it is good or good-for that is the flawed concept. These approaches deny the central idea of this work, namely that goodness and goodness-for are independent value notions that cannot be fully understood in terms of one another. Part II provides an analysis of impersonal and personal goodness in terms of a fitting-attitude analysis. By elaborating a more nuanced understanding of the analysis’ key elements—reasons and pro- and con-attitudes—the book challenges a common idea, namely that our beliefs about practical and moral dilemmas can be dismissed as being conceptually confused. The gap between favouring what is good and what is good for someone appears insurmountable.
Challenging Mooreanism
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni
Published: December 2021

‘Challenging Mooreanism’ puts forward some arguments against Mooreanism, the formal view that either final good-for is an incoherent value notion or, ultimately, at best a disguised reference to what is finally good. The chapter concludes that Mooreans bar us from making some evaluations, which, in principle, we should be able to endorse or reject on substantive grounds. Mooreanism is therefore in at least some respects, inferior to value dualism. The arguments focus on the so-called ‘localisation manoeuvre’, which Mooreans tend to employ in order to argue that they can in fact make sense of some uses of ‘good for someone’. The general idea behind this manoeuvre is to reduce claims such as ‘x is good for a’ to claims about non-relational goodness located in a, or at least related to a in some relevant way. Mooreans will not insist that this is always possible. Sometimes people are linguistically confused when they maintain that something is finally good for someone. However, sometimes speakers make sense even if they express themselves in terms of what is finally good for a person, and when that happens, they locate a non-relational good to the person. Or so the Mooreans argue. The arguments against Mooreanism turn on some evaluations referring to overall and pro tanto values that Mooreanism qua formal value theory should be able to analyse. However, it is argued that the localisation manoeuvre cannot be applied to these evaluations.
Challenging Good-For Monism
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni
Published: December 2021

‘Challenging Good-For Monism’ takes on the good-for monist, who maintains that both value dualism and Mooreanism get things wrong. For the good-for monist there is one fundamental final value, and it is final goodness-for. The first challenge to this kind of monism concerns value aggregation. It is showed why value dualism has an advantage over good-for monism when dualism explains why we should favour what common sense dictates in certain cases involving aggregation. A second challenge concerns good-for monism’s understanding of certain thick value concepts. The argument here is simple, but it nonetheless requires some unravelling. The point is that to be appropriately analysed, certain thick value concepts require impersonal goodness or at least impersonal normativity. Finally, the chapter considers whether good-for monism is able to avoid some of its problems by endorsing a popular subjectivist strategy for analysing good-for. This strategy fails, however. To conclude, good-for monism fails to provide us the tools with which to understand a common response to core issues in normative ethics. It also bars us from making some evaluations involving thick evaluative terms, which, in principle, we should be able to endorse or reject on substantive grounds.
Good-For Unitarianism
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni
Published: December 2021

The background of ‘Good-For Unitarianism’ is the following: It has been suggested that the author’s analysis of good-for from 2011 introduced a new sense of the expression ‘good for’ and that ‘good for’ accordingly is an ambiguous expression. This suggestion is by no means far-fetched. However, there are also reasons, as this chapter will evince, to question that the author’s proposal turns ‘good for’ into a strict ambiguous term. Good-for unitarianism is the view that final goodness-for can be given a single unambiguous conceptual analysis. Good-for disunitarians hold that non-instrumental good-for comes in two (or more) varieties. The chapter outlines some arguments in favour of disunitarianism, but concludes that these arguments fail to show that unitarianism is false. A distinction is next made between narrow and wide unitarianism. According to an influential kind of narrow unitarianism, there is an analytic connection between well-being and good-for. Wide unitarianism is open to there being very different kinds of bearers of good-for. The narrow version is rejected. The chapter thereafter presents some possible scenarios that support wide unitarianism and its core idea that good-for conceptually admits of more value bearers than what is bearing well-being.
The Logical Consequence of Fitting Attitudes
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni
Published: December 2021

Any fitting-attitude (FA) analysis which understands value ultimately in terms of reasons and pro- and con-attitudes will have limited wiggle room if it is to respect the kind of radical division between good and good-for that earlier chapters have outlined. Essentially, its proponents can either introduce two different normative notions, one relating to good and the other to good-for, or distinguish two kinds of attitude, one corresponding to the analysis of good and the other corresponding to the analysis of good-for. ‘The Logical Consequence of Fitting Attitudes’ outlines why the latter, ‘attitudinal’ approach is preferable. Unfortunately, the attitudinal approach faces a challenging problem: the logical consequence argument. According to it, the attitudinal approach has the unwelcome consequence that whatever is good for someone is also, necessarily, non-relationally good. That is bad news—especially if you are a value dualist. The next chapter (Chap. 8) is devoted to resolving this issue.
Mind The Value Gap
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni
Published: December 2021

In ‘Mind the Value Gap’, the author takes the liberty of assuming that his main points and arguments in the book are correct. This allows him to address in a more direct fashion certain issues that would arise if there were a value divide with cracks extending far and wide into our evaluative and normative notions. The discussion paints a somewhat bleak picture of our relation to values and reasons. Whatever it is that we do, and that calls for justification, we find ourselves stuck with a split vision of our deliberative opportunities. We can start from what is either good or good for us or someone. The reasons belonging to the impersonal side of the gap do not affect the reasons on the personal side, and vice versa. In this, the book’s final chapter, the author voices some thoughts about whether, and to what extent, we should mind the value gap. Several approaches to the value gap are considered.
Hermeneutic Dissection in the Lyric
Authors: Hegele Arden
Published: December 2021

This chapter charts developments in anatomy in the wake of the French Revolution, and shows how Romantic lyrics model a reading practice informed by anatomical medicine. Surgical tropes from the advances in morbid anatomy, for example, inform William Wordsworth’s most important poems. Referring to medical advances in battlefield dissection and autopsy that occurred during the French Revolution, Wordsworth turns from social analysis to self-critique as he performs his retrospective analyses of the “growth of the poet’s mind” and the “spots of time.” Responding to Wordsworth’s model of interpretation, the critic Francis Jeffrey and the poet John Keats developed a practice of dissective reading, an influential protocol that crossed between literature and medicine in the Romantic period. Dissective reading anticipates symptomatic close reading through a segmentation of surface and underlying structures, and invokes dismemberment as a tool for converting critical reading into authorial auto-exegesis. Examples drawn from Wordsworth and Keats reveal how Romantic lyrics offer up the poet’s own body as the subject of surgical (and critical) analysis, treating critical readings as diagnoses of the poets themselves.
Postmortem, Elegy, and Genius
Authors: Hegele Arden
Published: December 2021

This chapter turns to the medical field of pathology, sketching out a new theory of how discursive practices of medicine might be dependent on literary models by examining the history of the postmortem report in relation to the Romantic elegy. It explores a brief moment in the early nineteenth century when medical postmortem reports became widely available to the reading public. Using commemorative responses to the death of John Keats as the central example, but also reading the widely published postmortem reports of the deaths of Napoleon Bonaparte, Lord Byron, and Ludwig van Beethoven, which afforded readers an unexpected degree of closeness with the metaphorically charged bodies of the departed, the chapter focuses on how the postmortem report provides a protocol for interpreting mortality across a range of memorial genres in medical and literary fields. The postmortem report is shown to adopt certain generic qualities of earlier epitaphs, while later elegies by Percy Shelley and Alfred Tennyson continue to display the medical genre’s influence. The postmortem report is revealed to participate in a mutual exchange with literary conventions, as it first appropriates generic conventions from epitaphic literature, and then asserts a scientific protocol of taxonomical classification within humanistic discourse. When used in this commemorative field, reading bodily symptomology becomes a hermeneutics of consolation that brings its readers into intimacy with figures of genius.
Coda
Authors: Hegele Arden
Published: December 2021

The coda extends the relationship between nineteenth-century techniques of medico-literary exegesis to reading practices in the present day. The four mobile protocols discussed in the book—dissective reading, the postmortem, free indirect style, and semiological diagnostics—offer a new portrait of the cultural interchange between Romantic literary and medical fields. They also set the stage for contemporary reading practices, especially symptomatic reading. The coda argues that the much-maligned practice of symptomatic reading might be rehabilitated through a reconsideration of the history of its origins in Romantic protocols of diagnosis, which anticipate present-day debates in literary analysis about the ethics of critique. In dialogue with the medical and health humanities, the coda offers an optimistic reconsideration of symptomatic reading as a rich, transhistorical instance of how literary scholarship might draw on and inform the medical sciences.
Sisters and Sisterhood
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey
Published: December 2021

This is a book about the possibilities for, and experiences of, working-class women in the militant suffrage movement. It uses the Kenney family as a case study through which to understand who these women were, what they wanted, and what the vote meant to them. It identifies why they became politically active, their experiences as activists, and the benefits they gained from their political work. It stresses the need to see working-class women as significant actors and autonomous agents in the suffrage campaign. It shows why and how some women became politicized, why they prioritized the vote above all else, and how this campaign came to dominate their lives. It also places the suffrage campaign within the broader trajectory of their lives in order to stress how far the personal and political were intertwined for these women. It addresses questions of class and gender, politics and activism, and agency and identity in the early twentieth century, engaging with recent historiographical research around politicization, networks, and transnationalism. It is a history of education, faith, and social mobility as well of suffrage, and of teachers, theosophists, political activists, social reforms, friends and sisters, as well as suffragettes.
Introduction
Authors: Cochrane Tom
Published: December 2021

This Introduction sets the scene for the rest of the book by raising the problem of evil; a problem that for theist and atheist alike, makes us doubt the value of the world. To value the world requires that we find something of final positive value. When we experience final positive value we feel pleasure, however the intrinsic reward of pleasure cannot always satisfy us. We must find a value that works even when our lives are going badly. It is proposed that, while the quest for moral value cannot satisfy this requirement, aesthetic value can.
The Beautiful
Authors: Cochrane Tom
Published: December 2021

This chapter links the value we take in beauty with our practical drive for knowledge. The contemporary ‘processing fluency’ account of aesthetic pleasure is examined and rejected. Instead, it is claimed that beautiful objects appear to be perfectly fitting together, which stimulates a rewarding sense that knowledge of the object is highly accessible. The nature of ugliness is then considered. On the face of it, ugliness presents a significant problem for Aestheticism, for how can everything be aesthetically valuable if some of it is ugly? As an initial response, the notion of ‘difficult beauty’ is appealed to.
The Dramatic
Authors: Cochrane Tom
Published: December 2021

This chapter presents an analysis of dramatic value. Dramatic value is identified in three major forms: dramatic narratives, musical dramas, and dramatic appearances. It is observed that dramatic objects typically possess attention-absorbing intensities. This leads to a discussion of the rich experience account of aesthetic value; however it is argued that rich experience is not a distinct aesthetic value. Instead it is argued that the aesthetic value of drama lies in the exciting sense of an agent’s capacities being stretched. It is also possible to experience dramatic value with respect to our own activities. It is claimed that experiencing dramatic value, especially with respect to our own lives, is an important way to embrace struggle.
The Tragic
Authors: Cochrane Tom
Published: December 2021

The paradox of tragedy is introduced in this chapter. It is noted that it is harder to value real-life tragedies or suffering than artistic tragedies. Accounts attempting to reconcile us with tragedy by means of the overall beauty of the world are too distanced and callous. An account of the value of tragedy that is simultaneously ethically appropriate is required. It is argued that tragic works of art are ethically appropriate when they properly acknowledge suffering. The same is possible for real-life tragedy. Meanwhile, tragic works of art help us to see that we can positively value individuals for their own sake—described as sympathetic value—even while we do not value those individuals’ suffering. Sympathetic value is also applicable to bad people. Finally the possibility of sympathetic objects is introduced, and connected with the Japanese aesthetic concept of ‘wabi’.
The Comic
Authors: Cochrane Tom
Published: December 2021

An account of comic value is presented in this chapter that refines the traditional ‘incongruity’ theory of comedy. It is argued that humorous objects are regarded as norm-violating (by failing, exceeding, or deliberately breaking a norm). In addition, these violations are regarded as ‘non-serious’ in the sense that we discern no pragmatic pull to correct, avoid, or imitate the norm-violation. These conditions are further refined by a consideration of timing in comedy and the humour of persona-based stand-up. The reward of comedy is then analysed as a kind of pleasurable release or relief from demands to uphold norms. Finally the chapter considers whether comic value can reconcile us with the absurdity of our lives.
In Defence of Aestheticism
Authors: Cochrane Tom
Published: December 2021

This chapter draws together the various sources of aesthetic value presented in earlier chapters of the book and articulates how together they allow us to experience the entire world as aesthetically valuable. This chapter is intended as a consolidated defence of the core aestheticist position, and can be read relatively independently of the rest of the book. Comparisons are made to historical defences of Aestheticism from Saint Augustine and Nietzsche. Various criticisms of Aestheticism that have come up over the course of the book are addressed, including the ethical objection that we ought not to aesthetically appreciate certain things; the objection that some things are ugly; and the objection that aesthetic value is too subjective. In addition to the intrinsic benefits of Aestheticism, it is then noted that the pursuit of aesthetic value has practical benefits. Most of all, it motivates us to understand the world better. In this way, Aestheticism is an important stimulus to science and philosophy.
a plea for new international laws
Authors: Simpson Gerry
Published: December 2021

This chapter sets out the preoccupations of the book and is organised around a series of questions. Are we at the point where enunciating our collective tragedy in the language of international law risks a degree of bathos or absurdity? Is international law—as a prescription for a good life—no longer compatible with living well, or has it become/has it always been a cluster of promises that obscure and inhibit the conditions for flourishing? After offering up a series of definitions of international law, the chapter then goes on to sketch the dangers of relevance and the prospects for a playfully serious way of thinking about international law through literature, through civility and through sentimentality.
an uncertain style: after method in international legal history
Authors: Simpson Gerry
Published: December 2021

This chapter reflects on an encounter between two disciplines: (global) history and (international) law. The chapter takes stock of this encounter and suggests that the methodological stakes have been overstated. Instead, it argues that something more instinctive—perhaps inexpressible—is happening when we read a piece of historical or legal-historical work and that this instinctive response is entangled with our experience of this reading as literary rather than methodological. So, this chapter is a very indirect intervention into the continuing debates about how to conduct oneself in the field of global legal history and especially how to think about doing history in the aftermath of these debates. It argues, too, that this moment of self-consciousness offers an opportunity for international lawyers to maintain or consolidate a sensibility about the world that the chapter considers literary rather than technical.
a declaration on friendly relations
Authors: Simpson Gerry
Published: December 2021

This chapter reconstructs, in a descriptive and aspirational mode, lawful friendship through an encounter between the literary figure of ‘the friend’ and an international law of friendly and unfriendly relations. It begins with a gesture of elegiac friendship before locating friendship in an international law of enemies, criminals, pirates and neutrals. It finishes by elaborating a politics of international legal friendship and makes a plea for a tentative, careful friendliness suggested by friendships found in Montaigne, Nietzsche and Derrida, and in three moments of friendship set in the Cold War: one literary (the depiction of friendship in John Adams’ opera, Nixon in China), one an unlikely performance of anti-imperial friendly relations (the friendship between Nehru and Tito, begun in Belgrade) and one epistolary (a letter sent by Nikita Khrushchev to Fidel Castro in the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis). Each represents in its rudimentary way a ‘lawful friendship’, a declaration on friendly relations.
gardening, instead, or, of pastoral international law
Authors: Simpson Gerry
Published: December 2021

This final substantive chapter proposes gardening as a sentimental—and not entirely allegorical—response to the badgering calls for normativity or reform in international law. It approaches the subject of gardening via a more general plea for an international legal imagination, prior to offering some vignettes that seek to illustrate the possibilities of a pastoral international law of defiant, world-weary worldliness (Voltaire) of ironic, hopeful disengagement (Woolf), of indignant, recuperative, celebratory engagement (West) and of meandering, subtle legal diplomacy (Khrushchev); an international law of sardonic lightness and nuance, not oppressive solemnity, and one that renounces the dead hand of relevance while keeping at bay the cynicism that sometimes threatens to engulf our best selves.
Introduction
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict
Published: December 2021

Relationships between popes and kings have often been seen, first, as feudo-vassalic, and secondly as part of a general attempt by medieval popes to elevate themselves to world rulership. This introduction outlines the historiographical background and the broader implications of this book’s argument. In general, the emphasis on petitions as the driver of papal government—a central part of this book—has much in common with recent approaches to pre-modern government more generally. The interest now is in what subjects are able to get out of central governments, why and how subjects approach governments, and what effect this has on the authority of the ruler.
Investiture
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict
Published: December 2021

In the eleventh century, the language and forms of papal–royal relationships were not abstractly theorized, nor were the consequences and implications of the language considered. As arguments about royal investiture of bishops became more important in the later eleventh century, papal investiture of secular rulers—hitherto unproblematic—fell out of fashion. If kings should not invest bishops, then why should popes invest princes? Kings who had been invested in the eleventh century, such as the Norman rulers of Sicily and southern Italy, would instead, in the twelfth century, be crowned by an archbishop. Rulers who received their realms ‘from the pope’s hand’, such as the kings of Aragon, would not do so after 1122.
Wardship
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict
Published: December 2021

In the first decades of the thirteenth century, Popes Innocent III and Honorius III found themselves bound to support the succession of three young kings—Henry III of England, James I of Aragon, and Frederick II of Sicily. Although a supposed feudal right of wardship has often been supposed to have motivated the popes, actually, papal letters changed and altered their justifications for papal solicitude depending on the circumstances of the time. In practice, papal involvement in these royal minorities was reactive: the pope replied to petitions he received. Consequently, papal mandates and instructions were often variable and even contradictory. Papal instructions—rather than being a medium for a centralized papal will to be expressed—were more often the means through which local power struggles were fought.
Confiscation
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict
Published: December 2021

Alongside the new terminology of fiefs and vassals, the thirteenth century saw the arrival of a new idea: that the pope might be able to depose vassal-kings by virtue of his authority as the kings’ temporal lord. Such an idea lurked behind the arras during the disputes between Emperor Frederick II and Popes Gregory IX and Innocent IV, and was then formalized when the kingdom of Sicily was given to Charles of Anjou. This right of confiscation was, however, never exercised, indicating the unwillingness of the papacy to use the coercive power supposedly given to it through feudal relationships with secular rulers.
Epilogue
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict
Published: December 2021

Papal overlordship of rulers continued to have importance in the later thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and even up to the eighteenth century. Papal authority, papal lordship, was always most useful as a tool; as a tool to legitimize the conquest of the New World in the fifteenth century; as a tool to legitimize the conquest of the Canary Islands in the fourteenth century. Throughout this book, the recurring theme has been that petitioners—especially kings—got the most out of papal lordship because, through such lordship, they were able to instrumentalize and weaponize papal authority. The relationships between popes and kings were built and constructed mutually, not imposed by an over-mighty papal monarchy.
Prologue
Authors: Clements Ashley
Published: December 2021

The prologue issues a challenge to all interested in the Classics to address the questions ‘Why does Classics matter now?’ and ‘What should it hope to contribute to the vital issues of our present?’ by exploring how the Classics have always been embroiled in anthropological conversations about our place in relation to others. The aim of the book they frame, they assert, is to highlight—ultimately in positive terms—the contingency of the Classics’ most profound (and often disastrous) conceptual heritage to us. The historical story of the place of the Classical tradition and Classics in anthropology, it claims, enlivens us to the real contribution the Classics might make now beyond the history of Classical reception and enjoins direct engagement with the question of why we need Classics now. This book’s story of the history of anthropology, it argues, tells us this: we need to do it in order to think beyond it.