bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metal‐Catalyzed Baeyer—Villiger Reactions
Authors: Bolm Carsten , Palazzi Chiara , Beckmann Oliver
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Allylic Oxidations: Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Oxidation of Olefins
Authors: Grennberg Helena , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterogeneous Hydrogenation: A Valuable Tool for the Synthetic Chemist
Authors: Blaser Hans‐Ulrich , Steiner Heinz , Studer Martin
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Reduction of C=N Bonds and Enamines with Hydrogen
Authors: Spindler Felix , Blaser Hans‐Ulrich
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design, Synthesis, and Application of Azabicyclo[X.Y.O]alkanone Amino Acids as Constrained Dipeptide Surrogates and Peptide Mimics
Authors: Cluzeau Jerome , Lubell William D.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Post‐Synthetic Functionalization of Triple Helix‐Forming Oligonucleotides
Authors: Boutorine Alexandre S. , Sun Jian‐Sheng
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemical Methods for Peptide—Oligonucleotide Conjugate Synthesis
Authors: Stetsenko Dmitry A. , Gait Michael J.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Base‐Modified Oligonucleotides with Increased Duplex Stability. Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines Replacing Purines
Authors: Seela Frank , He Yang , He Junlin , Becher Georg , Kroeschel Rita , Zulauf Matthias , Leonard Peter
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Route to Designer Antibiotics
Authors: Khosla Chaitan , Tang Yi
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluorous Protecting Groups and Tags
Authors: Zhang Wei
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recyclable Oxidation Reagents
Authors: Crich David , Zou Yekui
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Approaches to the Fluorous Mitsunobu Reaction
Authors: Dembinski Roman
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Resolution of Enantiomers by Non‐Conventional Methods
Authors: Fogassy Elemer , Nogradi Mihaly , Palovics Emese , Schindler Jozsef
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Power of Cooperativity: Lewis Acid—Lewis Base Bifunctional Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Kanai Motomu , Kato Nobuki , Ichikawa Eiko , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regio‐ and Stereocontrolled Palladium‐ or Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylation
Authors: Miyabe Hideto , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Structural Revelations, Target Identifications, and Therapeutic Inspirations
Authors: Jensen Anders A. , Froelund Bente , Liljefors Tommy , Krogsgaard‐Larsen Povl
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Epoxidation of Olefins with Chiral Metalloporphyrin Catalysts
Authors: Rose Eric , Andrioletti Bruno , Zrig Samia , Quelquejeu‐Etheve Melanie
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Evolving Anticancer Drug Valproic Acid: Insights into the Mechanism and Clinical Studies
Authors: Blaheta Roman A. , Michaelis Martin , Driever Pablo Hernaiz , Cinatl Jindrich Jr.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure—Activity Relationships of Inverse Agonists for G‐Protein‐Couplet Receptors
Authors: Soudijn Willem , van Wijngaarden Ineke , Ijzerman Adriaan P.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design of Translactam HCMV Protease Inhibitors as Potent Antivirals
Authors: Borthwick Alan D.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Development of Metathesis Reaction Using Metal Carbene Complexes
Authors: Mori Miwako
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Synthesis Using Organic Superbase
Authors: Kondo Yoshinori , Ueno Masahiro , Tanaka Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Studies on Solid Acid Catalysis and Solid Base Catalysis for Fine Chemicals Synthesis
Authors: Onaka Makoto , Seki Tsunetake , Masui Yoich
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acceleration of Reaction by Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Tokuyama Hidetoshi , Nakamura Masaharu
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Measuring and modelling the performance of a parallel ODMG compliant object database server
Authors: Sampaio Sandra de F. Mendes , Paton Norman W. , Smith Jim , Watson Paul
Published: September 2005

Object database management systems (ODBMSs) are now established as the database management technology of choice for a range of challenging data intensive applications. Furthermore, the applications associated with object databases typically have stringent performance requirements, and some are associated with very large data sets. An important feature for the performance of object databases is the speed at which relationships can be explored. In queries, this depends on the effectiveness of different join algorithms into which queries that follow relationships can be compiled. This paper presents a performance evaluation of the Polar parallel object database system, focusing in particular on the performance of parallel join algorithms. Polar is a parallel, shared‐nothing implementation of the Object Database Management Group (ODMG) standard for object databases. The paper presents an empirical evaluation of queries expressed in the ODMG Query Language (OQL), as well as a cost model for the parallel algebra that is used to evaluate OQL queries. The cost model is validated against the empirical results for a collection of queries using four different join algorithms, one that is value based and three that are pointer based. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The performance of parallel matrix algorithms on a broadcast‐based architecture
Authors: Katsinis Constantine , Hecht Diana , Zhu Ming , Narravula Harsha
Published: September 2005

Due to advances in fiber‐optics and very large scale integration (VLSI) technology, interconnection networks which allow multiple simultaneous broadcasts are becoming feasible. This paper summarizes one such multiprocessor architecture called the Simultaneous Optical Multiprocessor Exchange Bus (SOME‐Bus). It also presents enhancements to the network interface and the cache and directory controllers which support cache block combining, capture and prefetch, and allow complete overlap of processing time with the communication time due to compulsory misses. The paper uses two fundamental matrix algorithms to characterize the impact of each enhancement on performance. Cache miss analysis and results from the execution of these programs on a SOME‐Bus simulator show that block capture and prefetch combined with an effective block replacement policy succeed in significantly reducing the miss rate due to compulsory misses as the cache size increases, while a similar increase of cache size in traditional architectures leaves the miss rate due to compulsory misses unaffected. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic load‐balancing mechanism for distributed Java applications
Authors: Felea Violeta , Toursel Bernard
Published: September 2005

Program environments or operating systems generally leave the decision on the allocation of program entities to the developer, offering either placement directives, or tools available through the manipulation of a graphical interface. These approaches cannot always take into account the dynamic behavior of applications, dynamicity in the execution environment or the heterogeneity of the execution platform. Transparent deployment algorithms are necessary for automizing and optimizing application distribution. The Adaptive Distributed Applications in Java (ADAJ) project deals with placement and migration of Java objects. It automatically deploys parallel Java applications on a cluster of workstations using monitoring information about the application behavior. The transparency obtained through the integration of these tools in the middleware makes such an environment easy to use and improves efficiency. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust monitor construct with runtime fault detection
Authors: Cao Jiannong , Chan Alvin T. S. , Chan Stephen C. F. , Cheung Nick K. C.
Published: September 2005

The monitor concept provides a structured and flexible high‐level programming construct to control concurrent accesses to shared resources. It has been widely used in a concurrent programming environment for implicitly ensuring mutual exclusion and explicitly achieving process synchronization. This paper proposes an extension to the monitor construct for detecting runtime errors in monitor operations. Monitors are studied and classified according to their functional characteristics. A taxonomy of concurrency control faults over a monitor is then defined. The concepts of a monitor event sequence and a monitor state sequence provide a uniform approach to history information recording and fault detection. Rules for detecting various types of faults are defined. Based on these rules, fault‐detection algorithms are developed. A prototypical implementation of the proposed monitor construct with runtime fault detection mechanisms has been developed in Java. We shall briefly report our experience with and the evaluation of the robust monitor prototype. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of Concurrent Hydride Migration Processes in a Triruthenium Cluster Capped by a Phenylphosphinidene (PPh) Ligand
Authors: Deeming Antony J. , Forth Caroline S. , Hyder Md. Iqbal , Kabir Shariff E. , Nordlander Ebbe , Rodgers Fiona , Ullmann Bettina
Published: September 2005

Two methods were used to synthesise [Ru3(μ‐H)2(μ3‐PPh)(CO)7(μ‐dppm)] (3) (dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2), the subject of this paper. Treatment of [Ru3(CO)10(μ‐dppm)] (1) with phenylphosphane in refluxing THF gave both [Ru3(μ‐H)(μ‐PHPh)(CO)8(μ‐dppm)] (2) and [Ru3(μ‐H)2(μ3‐PPh)(CO)7(μ‐dppm)] (3). Cluster 2 converts to 3 in refluxing THF. Alternatively the phenylphosphinidene cluster [Ru3(μ‐H)2(μ3‐PPh)(CO)9] (4), prepared by the reported method of treating [Ru3(CO)12] with phenylphosphane, reacts with dppm to produce cluster 3. The single‐crystal X‐ray structures of 2 and 3 are reported. Hydride mobility in [Ru3(μ‐H)2(μ3‐PPh)(CO)7(μ‐dppm)] (3) was analysed by variable‐temperature 1H and 31P{1H} NMR methods. The variations in the spectra with temperature could not be interpreted by a single process, several of which were explored and which gave inadequately matching computed and experimental spectra. However, the spectra were successfully analysed by two concurrent processes, both involving the migration of hydride ligands between Ru–Ru edges. The faster process leads to the exchange of the non‐equivalent phosphorus nuclei but not hydride exchange, whereas the hydrides are also exchanged in the slower process. Both processes require hydride ligand migration from one Ru–Ru edge to a vacant one. The hydride ligand bridging the same pair of ruthenium atoms as the dppm ligand is the slower to migrate. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Self‐Assembly and Fluorescent Modification of Hydroxyapatite Nanoribbon Spherulites
Authors: Liu Jinku , Wu Qingsheng , Ding Yaping
Published: September 2005

Hydroxyapatite nanoribbon spherulites have been successfully synthesized, with the bioactive eggshell membrane as directing template and in the presence of ethylenediamine, in a one‐step reaction under mild conditions. The spherulites are about 2.5 μm in diameter and the extended nanoribbon about 1.1 μm long. The spherulites were modified with fluorescein to obtain a fluorescent probe material with strong luminescence. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Guanidinate Complexes of Heavier Alkaline‐Earth Metals (Ca, Sr): Syntheses, Structures, Styrene Polymerization and Unexpected Reaction Behaviour
Authors: Feil Florian , Harder Sjoerd
Published: September 2005

The guanidinate complex [Ca{(Cy)N–C{N(SiMe3)2}–N(Cy)}2] can be prepared in good yields and in crystalline purity by two different routes: 1) addition of [Ca{N(SiMe3)2}2] to (Cy)N=C=N(Cy) or 2) addition of KN(SiMe3)2 to (Cy)N=C=N(Cy) followed by a metathesis reaction of the obtained potassium guanidinate complex with CaI2. Crystallization from Et2O yielded [Ca{(Cy)N–C[N(SiMe3)2]–N(Cy)}2·(Et2O)] (1), which shows a C2‐symmetric structure in the crystal. A Sr analogue could be prepared likewise and also crystallizes as the mono‐etherate [Sr{(Cy)N–C{N(SiMe3)2}–N(Cy)}2·(Et2O)] (2) with a very similar crystal structure. The Schlenk equilibrium between (1) and [Ca{α‐(Me3Si)‐o‐(Me2N)‐benzyl}2·(THF)2] (3) in benzene is not completely on the heteroleptic side; however, an excess of (1) yields predominantly the heteroleptic benzylcalcium complex [Ca{(Cy)N–C{N(SiMe3)2}–N(Cy)}{α‐(Me3Si)‐o‐(Me2N)‐benzyl}] (4). Styrene polymerization with this mixture results largely in atactic polystyrene of which the molecular weight distribution shows a tailing in the lower range. This could be due to decomposition of the guanidinate ligand under the given polymerization conditions. It is shown that heating a mixture of 1 and 3 gives the crystalline decomposition product [Ca{(Cy)N–C{N(SiMe3)2}–N(Cy)}{(Cy)(TMS)N}] (5), which crystallizes as a dimer with bridging amide ligands. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Strategy for Controlling the Central Torsion Angle in Biphenyl‐Based Molecular‐Scale Bridges
Authors: Benniston Andrew C. , Harriman Anthony , Patel Pritesh V. , Sams Craig A.
Published: September 2005

The synthesis of a series of crown ether ligands (C4–C6) based upon the 2,2′‐biphenyl unit is described. In the series, the length of the polyether chain connecting the two oxygen atoms increases progressively. These polyethers are moderately fluorescent in acetonitrile solution, but this emission is partially quenched upon the addition of various alkali metal cations. Spectrofluorimetric titrations performed with MClO4 (M = Li+, Na+) or KPF6 show that binding to crown ethers C4–C6 involves the formation of a 1:1 cation/ligand complex. The geometry of the resultant complex depends on the nature of the bound cation and also on ionic strength. In particular, the photophysical properties of the polyether are sensitive to the torsion angle around the central connector in the biphenyl group. This approach, therefore, could be used to systematically vary the dihedral angle for biphenyl‐based molecular‐scale bridges. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Age‐related morphology trends of cortical sulci
Authors: Kochunov Peter , Mangin Jean‐François , Coyle Thomas , Lancaster Jack , Thompson Paul , Rivière Dennis , Cointepas Yann , Régis Jean , Schlosser Anita , Royall Don R. , Zilles Karl , Mazziotta John , Toga Arthur , Fox Peter T.
Published: September 2005

The age‐related trends of the width and the depth of major cortical sulci were studied in normal adults. Ninety healthy subjects (47 males, 43 females) age 20–82 years were evaluated. Measurements of average sulcal width and depth in 14 prominent sulcal structures per hemisphere were performed with high‐resolution anatomical MRI. The average sulcal width increased at a rate of about 0.7 mm/decade, while the average sulcal depth decreased at a rate of about 0.4 mm/decade. Sulcal age‐related trends were found to be highly influenced by gender in the superior temporal, collateral, and cingulate sulci (P < 0.05), with males showing more pronounced age‐related change in sulcal width than females. Sulcal structures located in multimodal cortical areas showed more profound age‐related changes than sulcal structures in unimodal cortical areas (P < 0.05). Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen receptor polymorphisms and endometrial cancer risk
Authors: McGrath Monica , Lee I‐Min , Hankinson Susan E. , Kraft Peter , Hunter David J. , Buring Julie , De Vivo Immaculata
Published: September 2005

The androgen receptor (AR) gene is a transcription factor responsible for mediating the physiological effects of androgens. Evidence suggests that androgens and the androgen receptor are involved in uterine cell proliferation. A polymorphic CAG repeat in exon 1 of the AR gene encodes a polyglutamine tract that is inversely correlated with the transcriptional activity of this gene. We assessed the association between the functional CAG repeat polymorphism and AR haplotypes and the risk of endometrial cancer in two nested case‐control studies within the Nurses' Health Study (n = 222 cases, 666 controls) and the Women's Health Study (n = 137 cases, 411 controls) using conditional and unconditional logistic regression. Associations between AR CAG repeat polymorphism and endometrial cancer risk were similar in the 2 case‐control studies. In the pooled analysis, women with an average repeat allele ≥22 repeats compared to <22 repeats were at a statistically significant decreased risk of endometrial cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.59–0.98). Women with one or two long alleles (≥27 repeats) compared to both alleles <22 repeats were also at a statistically significant decreased risk (OR = 0.60; 95% CI, 0.36–0.99). We observed a modest yet statistically significant association for each one unit increase in the average repeat length and endometrial cancer risk (OR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88–1.00). Associations for the AR CAG average repeat length and endometrial cancer risk differed by menopausal status (p = 0.02). No significant associations between the AR haplotypes and endometrial cancer risk were observed. Our findings suggest that an increasing number of functional CAG repeats may be associated with endometrial carcinogenesis because of AR's reduced ability to recruit coregulators and other transcriptional components. (supplementary material for this article can be found on the International Journal of Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0020‐7136/suppmat/index.html). © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chondroconductive potential of tantalum trabecular metal
Authors: Gordon Wanda J. , Conzemius Michael G. , Birdsall Elizabeth , Wannemuehler Yvonne , Mallapragada Surya , Lewallen David G. , Yaszemski Michael J. , O'Driscoll Shawn W. D.
Published: September 2005

Mesenchymal stem cells or chondrocytes have been implanted into joints in biodegradable matrices in order to improve the quality of healing cartilage defects; however, insufficient biomechanical strength of the construct at implantation is a limiting factor for clinical application. Logically, a construct with better biomechanical characteristics would provide better results. Tantalum trabecular metal (TTM) is osteoconductive and mechanically similar to subchondral bone. The objective of this pilot study was to determine if TTM is also chondroconductive. Small sections of TTM were cultured with emu and canine chondrocytes in static and dynamic culture environments. The sections cultured in dynamic bioreactors were diffusely covered with a cartilaginous matrix. Sections cultured in static conditions had no growth. Histologic evaluation from emu and canine dynamic cultures showed tissue that was heavily populated with mesenchymal cells that resembled chondrocytes, and glycosaminoglycan staining that was distributed throughout the matrix. Type II collagen content in the canine dynamic culture was 84% by SDS‐PAGE. Tantalum trabecular metal is chondroconductivein vitroin a dynamic environment when cultured with adult canine or emu chondrocytes. This technology could be expanded to determine if cartilaginous–metallic constructs may be used for joint resurfacing of osteoarthritic joints. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
In vivo strain measurements from hardware and lamina during spine fusion
Authors: Szivek John A. , Roberto Rolando F. , Margolis David S.
Published: September 2005

Currently, spine fusion is determined using radiography and clinical evaluation. There are discrepancies between radiographic evidence and direct measurements of fusion, such as operative exploration and biomechanical or histological measurements. In order to facilitate the rapid return of patients to normal activities, a monitoring technique to accurately detect fusion in vivo and to prevent overload during the postoperative period would be useful. The objectives of this study were to develop an implantable monitoring system consisting of CPC‐coated strain gauges and a radio transmitter to detect the onset of fusion and measure strain during postsurgical activities. A patient underwent anterior release and fusion, followed by posterior instrumentation and fusion with segmental spinal instrumentation. Four strain gauges were placed during surgery. One was attached to the left‐side rod and one to each of the lamina at T9, T10, and T11. An externally powered implanted radio transmitter attached to the gauges was placed in a subcutaneous pouch. Strains were monitored weekly and tabulated during various activities for 7 months. Peak strains during twisting and bending were tabulated to detect the onset of fusion. Strains were also recorded during activities such as climbing off an examination table, rising from a chair, and climbing stairs. Strains collected from the left rod indicated that, immediately postoperatively, it was loaded at acceptable levels. The largest and most consistent strain changes measured from the lamina were recorded during twisting. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Assembly of bone marrow stromal cell sheets with knitted poly (L‐lactide) scaffold for engineering ligament analogs
Authors: Ouyang Hong Wei , Toh Siew Lok , Goh James , Tay Tong Earn , Moe Kyaw
Published: September 2005

The current cell seeding technique has several disadvantages, such as low efficiency of cell attachment to scaffolds and the limited strength of cell–gel composite adhesion to scaffold. These problems warrant further study to improve the assembly of cell to scaffold. Therefore this study aims to fabricate a bone marrow stromal cells (bMSCs) sheet and assemble it on a knitted poly (L‐lactide) (PLLA) scaffold for engineering ligament analogs. bMSCs were cultured to form a cell sheet in the presence of ascorbic acid. Once a sheet of bMSCs was obtained, it was assembled onto the knitted scaffold by a wrapping technique. Then the assembled structure was held in place in a spinner flask for 4 weeks. The macromorphology, histology, and biomechanics of the grafts were evaluated. The composite of cell sheet/PLLA scaffold constructs had transformed into tissuelike ligament analogs. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the components of the analogs were similar to that of ligament tissues, consisting primarily of collagen type I and small amount of collagen type III and tenascin. The failure force of the cell/scaffold assembly under tension (46.68 ± 2.29 N) was higher than that of the scaffold group (43.58 ± 2.41 N; p < 0.05), but tensile stiffness of the cell/scaffold group (20.6 ± 1.417 N/mm) was significantly lower than that of the scaffold group (27.6 ± 1.449 N/mm; p < 0.05). These data showed that the incorporation of bMSCs sheet onto the PLLA scaffold could make the analog stronger and more stretchable. Therefore the approach of assembling bMSCs sheet onto knitted PLLA scaffold is promising for producing tissuelike and functional ligament analogs under dynamic fluid situation for the purpose of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Evaluation of bone healing enhancement by lyophilized bone grafts supplemented with platelet gel: A standardized methodology in patients with tibial osteotomy for genu varus
Authors: Savarino L. , Cenni E. , Tarabusi C. , Dallari D. , Stagni C. , Cenacchi A. , Fornasari P. M. , Giunti A. , Baldini N.
Published: September 2005

Orthopedic practice may be adversely affected by an inadequate bone repair that might compromise the success of surgery. In recent years, new approaches have been sought to improve bone healing by accelerating the rate of new bone formation and the maturation of the matrix. There is currently great interest in procedures involving the use of platelet gel (PG) to improve tissue healing, with satisfactory results both in vitro and in maxillofacial surgery. Otherwise, to our knowledge, only a preliminary clinical study was undertaken in the orthopedic field [Kitoh et al., Bone 2004;35:892–898] and the efficacy of PG is still controversial. Our paper focuses on the effect on bone regeneration by adding PG to lyophilized bone chips used for orthopedic applications. The clinical model and the laboratory methodology were standardized. As a clinical model, we employed the first series of patients of a randomized case‐control study undergoing high tibial osteotomy (HTO) for genu varus. Ten subjects were enrolled: in 5 patients lyophilized bone chips supplemented with PG were inserted during tibial osteotomy (group A); 5 patients were used as a control (group B) and lyophilized bone chips without gel were applied. Forty‐five days after surgery, computed tomography scan guided biopsies of grafted areas were obtained and the bone maturation was evaluated by a standardized methodology: the osteogenic and angiogenic processes were semi‐quantitatively characterized by using histomorphometry, and the mineral component of the lyophilized and host bone was analyzed by using X‐ray diffraction technique with sample microfocusing and microradiography. Lyophilized bone with PG seems to accelerate the healing process, as shown by new vessel formation and deposition of newly formed bone, with no evidence of inflammatory cell infiltrate, when compared with lyophilized bone without gel. On the contrary, lyophilized bone undergo a resorption process, and a fibrous tissue often fills the spaces between chips. A histiocytic/giant‐cell reaction is sometimes present. Otherwise, no differences have been found concerning microstructure. Our findings show the reliability of the methodology used to monitor early bone repair. The completion of the study and the evaluation of the ultimate clinical outcome are necessary in order to verify PG in vivo effects in orthopedic surgery. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Maximizing the experiences of an extrarelational affair: An unconventional approach to a common social convention
Authors: Linquist Luann , Negy Charles
Published: September 2005

Extrarelational affairs persist throughout the United States despite prevailing social proscriptions against them. In this article, we argue that psychotherapy stands to benefit from its neighboring discipline, anthropology, by adopting a nonjudgmental, neutral position toward this ubiquitous human phenomenon. Two case studies are presented that exemplify how affairs can occur while minimizing the harm done to the marital couple and maximizing the benefits to the extrarelational couple. We consider the conceptualization of the couples' motives for pursuing an affair, as well as the challenges, treatment directions, and the outcome of the affair. We advocate that clients would be better served by therapists maintaining a relatively objective, neutral stance toward client behavior, rather than judging them in accordance with moral values that may not be shared by the clients. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 61: 1421–1428, 2005.
Origination and innovation in the vertebrate limb skeleton: an epigenetic perspective
Authors: Newman Stuart A. , Müller Gerd B.
Published: September 2005

The vertebrate limb has provided evolutionary and developmental biologists with grist for theory and experiment for at least a century. Its most salient features are its pattern of discrete skeletal elements, the general proximodistal increase in element number as development proceeds, and the individualization of size and shape of the elements in line with functional requirements. Despite increased knowledge of molecular changes during limb development, however, the mechanisms for origination and innovation of the vertebrate limb pattern are still uncertain. We suggest that the bauplan of the limb is based on an interplay of genetic and epigenetic processes; in particular, the self‐organizing properties of precartilage mesenchymal tissue are proposed to provide the basis for its ability to generate regularly spaced nodules and rods of cartilage. We provide an experimentally based “core” set of cellular and molecular processes in limb mesenchyme that, under realistic conditions, exhibit the requisite self‐organizing behavior for pattern origination. We describe simulations that show that under limb bud‐like geometries the core mechanism gives rise to skeletons with authentic proximodistal spatiotemporal organization. Finally, we propose that evolution refines skeletal templates generated by this process by mobilizing accessory molecular and biomechanical regulatory processes to shape the developing limb and its individual elements. Morphological innovation may take place when such modulatory processes exceed a threshold defined by the dynamics of the skeletogenic system and elements are added or lost.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolutionary innovations in the fossil record: the intersection of ecology, development, and macroevolution
Authors: Jablonski David
Published: September 2005

The origins of evolutionary innovations have been intensively studied, but relatively little is known about their large‐scale ecological patterns. For post‐Paleozoic benthic marine invertebrates, which have the richest and most densely sampled fossil record, order‐level taxa tend to appear first in onshore, disturbed habitats, even in groups that are now exclusively deep‐water (so that present‐day distributions are not reliable indicators of original environments). New results presented here show that the onshore‐origination pattern is robust to shifts in taxonomic methods and to new paleontological discoveries, and the few available studies suggest that this pattern can also be seen in terms of excursions in morphospace or the acquisition of derived character states, without reference to taxonomic categories. The environmental pattern at high levels contrasts significantly with the origin of low‐level novelties (such as defined genera and families) in crinoids, echinoids, and bryozoans, where first appearances tend to conform to their clade‐specific bathymetric diversity gradients. This discordance seems to eliminate potential driving mechanisms that simply scale up within‐population genetic or ecological processes. Little is known about the factors that promote the onshore–offshore expansion of orders across the continental shelf, or that drive some clades to abandon ancestral habitats for an exclusively deep‐water distribution. The origin of evolutionary innovation must ultimately reside in developmental changes, but the onshore‐origination bias could emerge from two different dynamics: the pattern could be primarily genetic and developmental, i.e., innovations truly arise onshore; or primarily ecological, i.e., innovations arise randomly but preferentially survive onshore. Whatever the ultimate driving mechanisms, these macroevolutionary patterns show that theories of large‐scale evolutionary novelty must include an ecological dimension.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localized COSY and DQF‐COSY 1H‐MRS sequences for investigating human tibial bone marrow in vivo and initial application to patients with acute leukemia
Authors: Prescot Andrew P. , Dzik‐ Jurasz Andrzej S.K. , Leach Martin O. , Sirohi Bhawna , Powles Ray , Collins David J.
Published: September 2005

Purpose

To develop 2D 1H‐MRS measurement sequences for the evaluation of bone marrow lipids, and to assess these measurement sequences in healthy and diseased bone marrow.

Materials and Methods

Single‐voxel localized variants of COSY and DQF‐COSY 2D 1H‐MRS sequences were developed for use at 1.5 T to investigate the biochemical composition of human bone marrow in vivo. The performance of each sequence was initially tested in vitro using lipid phantoms. An unsaturated lipid proton index was developed to interrogate the degree of unsaturation within the triacylglyceride (TAG) acyl chains. Localized 2D 1H‐MRS data were obtained from the bone marrow of healthy controls (N = 6), patients presenting with acute leukemia (N = 6) and patients with acute leukemia in remission (N = 4).

Results

The COSY and DQF‐COSY data recorded from all subject cohorts were similar, and the unsaturated lipid proton index did not reveal significant differences between patient groups. Variations in water content and measured relaxation times showed minor differences between the measurement groups.

Conclusions

No significant differences were observed in the spectra obtained from bone marrow using the 2D 1H‐MRS sequences. A novel unsaturated lipid proton index was developed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI findings in Dyggve‐Melchior‐Clausen syndrome, a rare spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia
Authors: Carbonell Pedro Gutiérrez , Fernández Pedro Doménech , Vicente‐Franqueira Javier Roca
Published: September 2005

We present the case of an 8‐year‐old female patient with bone dysplasia as part of Dyggve‐Melchior‐Clausen syndrome (DMCS). MRI was used to evaluate the case. In the spine, odontoid apophysis aplasia was found with no ossification nucleus, vertebrae with central hump, disk protrusions, hypertrophy of the posterior common vertebral ligament, and hidden spina bifida at the S4 level. Morphological anomalies were found in the hips both in the proximal femoral epiphysis, which was located excentrically and laterally to the femoral neck, and in the Y‐cartilage, which was greatly enlarged. In the knees, anterior crossed ligaments were not seen, although there were some indirect signs that indicated congenital absence, including hypoplasia of the femoral trochlea and the intercondylar notch. There was bilateral medial patellar plicae and asymmetry in the height of the distal femoral and proximal tibial physes, as well as dysplasia of the facets of the patella. In comparison with radiography, MRI provides a much clearer definition of the aspects of bone dysplasia that are related to DMCS, including morphological changes in the soft tissue and cartilage of the spine, hips, and knees. MRI can enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis and evolution of deformities. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grading of CNS neoplasms using continuous arterial spin labeled perfusion MR imaging at 3 Tesla
Authors: Wolf Ronald L. , Wang Jiongjiong , Wang Sumei , Melhem Elias R. , O'Rourke Donald M. , Judy Kevin D. , Detre John A.
Published: September 2005

Purpose

To differentiate glioma grade based on blood flow measured using continuous arterial spin labeled (CASL) perfusion MRI, implemented at 3 Tesla for improved signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and spin labeling effect.

Materials and Methods

CASL perfusion images were obtained preoperatively in 26 patients with brain neoplasms (19 high‐grade gliomas (HGGs; WHO grades 3 and 4) and seven low‐grade gliomas (LGGs; WHO grades 1 and 2)). The mean and maximum tumor blood flow (TBF and TBFmax) were calculated in the neoplasm, including surrounding infiltrating tumor vs. edema. Measures normalized to global CBF (nTBF and nTBFmax) were also obtained.

Results

Normalized measures of TBFmax provided the best distinction between HGG and LGG groups (Wilcoxon rank sum test, P = 0.01). Seventeen of 19 HGGs showed nTBFmax > 1.0, and 15 of 19 showed nTBFmax > 1.3. Four of seven LGGs showed nTBFmax < 1.0, and six of seven showed nTBFmax < 1.3. Absolute TBFmax also differed significantly between the HGG and LGG groups (P = 0.04). TBFmax in 11 of 17 HGGs was >50 mL/100 g/min (mean ± SD = 94.9 ± 71.7 mL/100 g/min). All but one LGGs showed TBFmax ≤ 50 mL/100 g/min (mean ± SD = 42.8 ± 22.0 mL/100 g/min).

Conclusion

CASL perfusion MRI provides a quantitative, noninvasive alternative to dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MR methods for evaluating gliomas. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison between blood oxygenation level‐dependent and cerebral blood volume contrast in the rat cerebral and cerebellar somatosensoric cortex during electrical paw stimulation
Authors: Van Camp Nadja , Peeters Ronald R. , Van der Linden Annemie
Published: September 2005

Purpose

To implement and optimize cerebral blood volume (CBV)‐weighted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the rat cerebral and cerebellar cortex during electrical paw stimulation.

Materials and Methods

fMRI of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex was performed during electrical paw stimulation on a 7‐T MRI system (MRRS, Guilford, UK) comparing the blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) and CBV‐weighted contrast with different ultrasmall particles of iron oxide (USPIO) contrast doses (NC100150, 30 mg Fe/mL; Amersham Health, Oslo, Norway) and different TE.

Results

Doses of 15 and 20 mg/kg USPIO at TE = T or TE = 14 msec almost doubled the contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) of the activated areas in the cerebral cortex without affecting the overall signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) or the incidence of activation (100%). In the cerebellum the SNR decreased significantly with an increasing contrast dose. At a dose of 15 mg/kg, the CNR was slightly smaller than the CNR measured in the BOLD images, but the activation incidence seemed to be doubled. At 20 mg/kg, the CNR was slightly increased, but the activation incidence was lower. At both contrast doses the venous artifacts disappeared.

Conclusion

A USPIO contrast dose of 20 mg/kg proved to be beneficial for fMRI in the rat, even though it affected the CNR and SNR in the cerebral and the cerebellar cortex differentially. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progression of multiple system atrophy (MSA): A prospective natural history study by the European MSA Study Group (EMSA SG)
Authors: Geser Felix , Wenning Gregor K. , Seppi Klaus , Stampfer‐Kountchev Michaela , Scherfler Christoph , Sawires Martin , Frick Carolin , Ndayisaba Jean‐Pierre , Ulmer Hanno , Pellecchia Maria T. , Barone Paolo , Kim Hee T. , Hooker Juzar , Quinn Niall P. , Cardozo Adriana , Tolosa Eduardo , Abele Michael , Klockgether Thomas , Østergaard Karen , Dupont Erik , Schimke Nicole , Eggert Karla M. , Oertel Wolfgang , Djaldetti Ruth , Poewe Werner ,   the European MSA Study Group
Published: September 2005

The disease‐specific Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS) has been developed recently and validated for assessing disease severity in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Here, we aimed at (1) assessing rates of disease progression in MSA and (2) validating UMSARS for sensitivity to change over time. Impairment was assessed at two time points 12 months apart using UMSARS Part I (historical review), UMSARS Part II (motor examination), as well as measures of global disease severity, including UMSARS Part IV, Hoehn and Yahr (HY) Parkinson's disease staging, Schwab England Activities of Daily Living (SE ADL), and a three‐point global Severity Scale (SS3). Fifty patients (male:female ratio, 1:0.9; possible MSA, 16%; probable MSA, 84%; MSA‐parkinsonian, 58%; MSA‐cerebellar, 42%) were assessed twice with an interval of 12.3 months. UMSARS II scores progressed by 57.3% (P < 0.0001) and UMSARS I scores by 35.6% (P < 0.0001) in relation to the respective baseline scores with no differences between motor subtypes, diagnostic categories and gender. Significant inverse correlations between (1) UMSARS I or UMSARS II progression and (2) baseline disability measures (i.e., the respective UMSARS or SS3 scores) and disease duration were found. Furthermore, the increases in HY staging, SE ADL and SS3 correlated significantly with UMSARS I, UMSARS II, and UMSARS IV progression. This report is the first prospective study showing rapid annual UMSARS rates of decline in MSA. Our data contribute to the ongoing validation process of UMSARS, and they facilitate the planning and implementation of future neuroprotective intervention trials. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Co‐occurrence of restless legs syndrome and Parkin mutations in two families
Authors: Adel Susanna , Djarmati Ana , Kabakci Kemal , Pichler Irene , Eskelson Cordula , Lohnau Thora , Kock Norman , Hagenah Johann , Hedrich Katja , Schwinger Eberhard , Kramer Patricia L. , Pramstaller Peter P. , Klein Christine
Published: September 2005

Recent studies have suggested an association between restless legs syndrome (RLS) and Parkinson's disease (PD). We present a large multigenerational family and a smaller family with RLS. A Parkin mutation was found in 10 of 20 patients from both families with idiopathic RLS but was not considered causative. The clinical phenotype did not differ between RLS patients with and without a Parkin mutation. Inheritance of RLS was consistent with autosomal dominant transmission, and linkage analysis excluded all three known loci for RLS. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Sporadic rapid‐onset dystonia–parkinsonism presenting as Parkinson's disease
Authors: Kamphuis Daan J. , Koelman Hans , Lees Andrew J. , Tijssen Marina A.J.
Published: September 2005

We report on a 38‐year‐old patient with rapid‐onset dystonia–parkinsonism (RDP) with a missense mutation in the Na/K‐ATPase α3 subunit (ATP1A3). Asymmetrical parkinsonian symptoms evolved over a year. After a stable episode of another 2.5 years, overnight he developed oromandibular dystonia and more severe parkinsonian symptoms. We conclude that RDP should be considered as a rare cause of levodopa‐unresponsive parkinsonism even if there is no family history and the classic presentation is lacking. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Posturographic analysis of balance control in patients with essential tremor
Authors: Bove Marco , Marinelli Lucio , Avanzino Laura , Marchese Roberta , Abbruzzese Giovanni
Published: September 2005

Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder causing an important functional disability. ET is generally regarded as a monosymptomatic disorder, but additional signs may be present. We analyzed postural sway in 19 patients with classic ET and in 19 sex‐ and age‐matched normal controls (NC) to uncover possible abnormalities of balance control. Static posturography was performed with eyes open (EO) and closed during quiet stance and during performance of mental calculation or motor sequence of thumb opposition to the other fingers. No significant differences of center of foot pressure (COP) parameters were observed between patients and controls during quiet standing. Visual deprivation induced a similar worsening of postural sway in both groups. Concomitant performance of a cognitive or motor task did not affect COP area, whereas COP path was significantly modified by the cognitive task in both groups. In all EO conditions, the COP path was significantly lower in NC than in ET, but such offset was related only to the group of ET patients with head tremor. This study demonstrates that balance control is only minimally affected in ET, although patients with head involvement and longer disease duration tend to present a reduced postural stability. The “dual‐task effect” is less important in ET than in Parkinson's disease patients. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Global versus factor‐related impression of severity in Parkinson's disease: A new clinimetric index (CISI‐PD)
Authors: Martínez‐Martín Pablo , Forjaz M. João , Cubo Esther , Frades Belén , de Pedro Cuesta Jesús ,   the ELEP Project Members
Published: September 2005

In Parkinson's disease (PD), the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGIS) is often used as an additional outcome in clinical trials. It is hypothesized that this measure summarizes clinical assessment and is mainly influenced by the rating of four domains, namely, motor signs, disability, motor complications, and cognitive impairment. Ratings of these four factors were combined to form a new Clinical Impression of Severity Index for Parkinson's Disease (CISI‐PD). A sample of 150 PD patients was evaluated using the following scales: Hoehn and Yahr staging, Schwab and England scale, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease–Motor Scale, CGIS, and CISI‐PD. The results show that the CGIS is closely related to the above‐mentioned measures (r = 0.49–0.89). CISI‐PD correlation with these scales was very similar (r = 0.55–0.91), to the extent that the difference between corresponding coefficients was systematically less than 0.10. A multiple regression model showed that 92% of the CIGS variance was explained by the four CISI‐PD items. Finally, the CISI‐PD displayed adequate psychometric properties, with satisfactory internal consistency (α = 0.90) and convergent (r > 0.75) and known‐groups validity. The CISI‐PD is a valid and reliable measure that expands the information obtained via the CGIS. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Long‐term follow‐up and adult outcome of 6‐pyruvoyl‐tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency
Authors: Roze Emmanuel , Vidailhet Marie , Blau Nenad , Moller Lisbeth Birk , Doummar Diane , de Villemeur Thierry Billette , Roubergue Anne
Published: September 2005

Little information is available on the long‐term course and adult outcome of patients with 6‐pyruvoyl‐tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency. We describe the course of a 32‐year‐old woman with hypotonia, dystonia, choreoathetosis, mental retardation, behavioral disturbances, and incomplete puberty due to PTPS deficiency. From the age of 6 months she developed progressive hypotonia and choreoathtetoid movements despite good control of hyperphenylalaninemia. Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency was diagnosed at age 3 years. She had a dramatic response to L‐dopa, which persisted at a stable dose for 29 years. Reducing the L‐dopa dose led to severe axial hypotonia and limb dystonia, and increasing it led to florid abnormal movements and behavioral disorders. This report illustrates the role of dopamine modulation in motor, psychiatric, and endocrine functions. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Visual rating of white matter hyperintensities in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Beyer Mona K. , Aarsland Dag , Greve Ole Jacob , Larsen Jan P.
Published: September 2005

Dementia is a common complication of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the cause is incompletely understood. In previous studies, dementia has been associated with an increase in hyperintense lesions in the cerebral white matter. The aim of this study was to explore whether white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are associated with dementia in PD. For this study, 35 patients with PD, 16 with dementia (PDD) and 19 without (PDND), and 20 control subjects were recruited. MRI scans of patients and controls were rated for WMH, blind to diagnosis, using the Scheltens visual rating scale. Both bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were carried out. Cerebrovascular risk factors, education, gender, or age were similar across groups. Compared with the PDND group, the PDD group had significantly higher level of WMH in the deep white matter and in the periventricular areas. WMH in the deep white matter was the only variable that was associated significantly with Mini‐Mental State Examination score and explained 38% of the variance in the multivariate linear regression analysis. Our findings suggest that WMH in the deep white matter may contribute to dementia in PD. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society