bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Welfare State Regime Life Courses: The Development of Western European Welfare State Regimes and Age-Related Patterns of Educational Inequalities in Self-Reported Health
Authors: Bambra Clare , Netuveli Gopalakrishnan , Eikemo Terje A.
Published: June 2010

This article uses data from three waves of the European Social Survey (2002, 2004, 2006) to compare educational inequalities in self-reported health (good vs. bad) and limiting longstanding illness in six age groups based on decade of birth (1930s–1980s) in 17 countries, categorized into four welfare state regimes (Anglo-Saxon, Bismarckian, Scandinavian, Southern). The authors hypothesized that health inequalities in these age groups would vary because of their different welfare state experiences—welfare state regime life courses—both temporally, in terms of different phases of welfare state development (inequalities smaller among older people), and spatially, in terms of welfare state regime type (inequalities smaller among older Scandinavians). The findings are that inequalities in health tended to increase, not decrease, with age. Similarly, inequalities in health were not smallest in the Scandinavian regime or among the older Scandinavian cohorts. In keeping with the rest of the literature, the Bismarckian and Southern regimes had smaller educational inequalities in health. Longitudinal analysis that integrates wider public health factors or makes smaller comparisons may be a more productive way of analyzing cross-national variations in health inequalities and their relationship to welfare state life courses.
A European Perspective on Medical Tourism: The Need for a Knowledge Base
Authors: Carrera Percivil , Lunt Neil
Published: June 2010

Since the early 1990s, medical tourism, whereby individuals choose to travel across national borders or overseas to receive treatments, has been increasingly recognized in the United States and Asia. This article highlights the emergence of medical tourism in the European context. It examines the drivers for such developments and situates medical tourism within the broader context of health globalization and forms of patient mobility in the European Union. In outlining the developments of medical tourism in Europe, the authors distinguish between two types of medical tourist: the citizen and the consumer. The discussion explores the need for greater empirical research on medical tourism in Europe and argues that such research will contribute toward knowledge of patient mobility and the broader theorization of medical tourism. The authors make suggestions about the content of this research agenda, including understanding the development of medical tourist markets, the nature of choice, equity implications, the role of brokers and intermediaries, and general issues for health management.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Partnered Research: Revisiting the Sequestration Thesis and the Role of Universities in Promoting Social Justice
Authors: Yassi Annalee , Dharamsi Shafik , Spiegel Jerry , Rojas Alejandro , Dean Elizabeth , Woollard Robert
Published: June 2010

As universities increasingly rely on external sources of research funding, researchers worldwide are realizing that if their work is financially supported by organizations with distinct political or financial interests, they risk their careers if their results deviate from the interests of their funding partners. This article presents a case that illustrates how ugly this situation can become. Reviewing the literature on the advantages and dangers of partnered research, the historical role of universities, funding trends, and university mission statements, the authors contend that universities must engage in service learning and participatory action research, but must ensure that faculty members engaging in academic activity with partners—whether industry, hospitals, governments, nongovernmental organizations, or communities—have their professional integrity protected. If doubt exists about whether the partner can or will honor these principles or the mission of universities for social good, universities should avoid granting joint or affiliate appointments or accepting funds or favors of any kind. Universities also need formal structures to ensure ethical application of innovation and principled partnership engagement. In becoming servants of government or corporatism, universities have become less vital to society and are failing in their mission to promote social justice and sustainability. Strong measures are needed to restore public trust.
Factors that Explain the Poorer Mental Health of Caregivers: Results from a Community Survey of Older Australians
Authors: Butterworth Peter , Pymont Carly , Rodgers Bryan , Windsor Tim D. , Anstey Kaarin J.
Published: June 2010

Objectives: To contrast the level of anxiety and depression reported by older Australians providing assistance to someone who is ill, disabled or elderly with that of non-caregivers; and to identify secondary stressors and mediating factors which explain caregivers’ poorer mental health.

Method: Analysis of data from wave 2 of the PATH Through Life Study, a community survey of 2,222 adults aged 64–69 years conducted in Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia. Mental health was assessed using the Goldberg depression and anxiety scales. Analyses focused on those who identified themselves as a primary carer and/or reported providing care for more than 5 hours per week. Analyses evaluated whether the association between caregiver status and mental health was mediated by financial factors, role strain, physical health, and social support and conflict with family and friends after adjusting for demographics.

Results: Caregivers reported significantly poorer mental health than non-caregivers, and also reported poorer physical health, greater financial stress, greater responsibility for household tasks, and more conflict and less social support from their family and spouse. Mediation analysis showed that the poorer mental health of caregivers reflected elevated rates of their own physical impairment, a lack of social support and greater conflict.

Conclusions: The relationship between caregiving and mental health was largely explained by social support and levels of conflict within the family, which are modifiable and potentially amenable to change through policy and intervention. Research such as this can assist the development of appropriate interventions to improve the circumstances of informal caregivers in Australia.
Do Antisocial Females Exhibit Poor Outcomes in Adulthood? An Australian Cohort Study
Authors: Bor William , McGee Tara Renae , Hayatbakhsh Reza , Dean Angela , Najman Jake M.
Published: June 2010

Objective: Antisocial behaviour in young people is common and associated with adverse effects in adulthood. The question whether these effects are observed in both genders remains controversial. A typology of antisocial behaviour that captures childhood limited (CL), adolescent onset (AO) and life course persistent behaviour (LCP) through both developmental stages is utilized to examine young adult outcomes in both sexes.

Methods: The Mater–University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) data set is a longitudinal study following up a cohort of 7223 infants and mothers from antenatal care to the child's 21st year. Data on child antisocial behaviour was collected at ages 5 and 14 years. At the 21-year follow up, self-reported outcomes were collected on antisocial behaviour, use of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis, physical and mental health functioning. The relationship between the three antisocial sub-types and negative young adult outcomes was examined for both males and females using a series of logistic regressions.

Results: Complete data across 21 years was available for 3173 participants. Males experienced higher levels of antisocial behaviour. In both males and females, AO and LCP groups exhibited elevated risk of negative outcomes including continuing antisocial behaviour, cannabis use, general health problems and depression/anxiety symptoms. The CL group exhibited poorer outcomes in physical and mental health but not in other domains.

Conclusion: Both males and females exhibiting AO and LCP antisocial behaviour are at increased risk of serious adverse outcomes in young adulthood. The significant loss to follow up of high-risk groups suggests the important relationship between early antisocial behaviour and problems in adulthood have been underestimated. Further research is required to understand antisocial behaviour in adolescence, identify factors that reinforce its continuity into adulthood, and identify interventions which are able to modify adult outcomes.
Psychosocial Factors Associated with Parent and Teacher Reports of Aggression in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Connolly Amanda , Vance Alasdair
Published: June 2010

Objective: The prognosis for individuals diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid aggression is substantially worse than for those with ADHD alone. This study investigates the contribution of key psychosocial factors to both parent and teacher reports of aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. It was hypothesized that greater impairment in each would be associated with higher levels of both parent-rated and teacher-rated aggression.

Method: Information collected during semi-structured clinical interviews from 676 boys and girls aged 6 to 16 and diagnosed with ADHD was analysed. Measures of potential psychosocial factors including parental psychopathology, family functioning, marital relationship quality and child interpersonal relationship status were administered. Ratings of aggression were obtained from both parents and teachers, and the association of psychosocial measures for each were separately analysed.

Results: Correlation and multiple regression analyses revealed significant associations between parent-rated aggression and measures of increased parent psychopathology, decreased family function and deficient child interpersonal relationships. Teacher-rated aggression was only associated with deficient child interpersonal relationships.

Conclusion: The findings highlight important differences in the psychosocial factors that contribute to parent and teacher ratings of aggression in the context of ADHD. The implications of these findings for both the clinician and researcher are discussed.
Wheat Genetic Resources in Nepal
Authors: Joshi BK , Mudwari A , Bhatta MR
Published: June 2010

Genetic diversity must be maintained and utilized for sustainable agriculture development. Theamount of genetic diversity in the country depends on the number and diversity of the originalancestors involved in the creation of a germplasm pool, wild relatives and existing landraces.The objective of this research was to study the diversity of wheat gene pool present in theNepalese bread wheat cultivars and landraces that could help for developing conservation andutilization strategy effectively. We examined the pedigrees of 35 Nepalese wheat cultivars andsurveyed the literature for distribution of landraces and wild relatives of wheat. Cultivatedlandraces of spring and winter type, wild landraces and diploid species of wheat are found inNepal. There are 35 improved wheat cultivars, 540 landraces and 10 wild relatives of wheat.Crosses between winter and spring wheat gene pools are far more common and offer a newsource of diversity. Mexico, India and Nepal are the origin countries for 35 cultivars. In Nepalfour cultivars were bred and developed using foreign landraces and maximum number ofcultivars was developed in Mexico. Lerma 52, first improved cereal variety to be released in thehistory of cereal breeding in Nepal was released in 1960. A total of 89 ancestors originated in 22different countries were used to develop these cultivars. Highest number of ancestors was fromIndia. Ancestors of both aestivum and durum species having winter, spring and intermediategrowth habit indicated the collection of wide gene pool. Most of the ancestors were aestivum(76.40%) and spring growth habit (57.31%). Modern varieties are replacing the landraces andimproved old varieties resulted in the genetic erosion. Therefore, in situ, on farm and ex situconservations are necessary for maintaining these genetic variations. Unutilization of locallandraces in breeding program may be the major factor that causes to accelerate the geneticerosion. Gene pool from these landraces along with international gene pool could make towardssuccess in developing high yielding cultivars with wide adaptability. In this study, cultivars andlandraces surveyed represent a wide range of variation for different areas of origin andadaptation.Key words: Ancestor; landrace; origin; wheat gene poolDOI: 10.3126/narj.v7i0.1859Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.7 2006 pp.1-10
Evaluation of Different Vaireties of Onion and their Transplanting Times for Off-season Production in Mid Hills of Nepal
Authors: Gautam IP , Khatri B , Paudel GP
Published: June 2010

A field experiment was conducted at the agro-ecological research site (AER site) of the RegionalAgriculture Regional Station, Lumle, at Deurali in Palpa (1200 masl) during rainy season of2004 and 2005. The main objective of the experiment was to evaluate the different varieties ofonion and their transplanting time for off-season production in mid hill conditions. Treatmentswere four onion varieties, namely LR-241, N-53, Nasik Red and Red Creole and four transplantingdates as 25 July, 5 August, 15 August, and 25 August. The trial was conducted in RCBD withfactorial arrangement of treatments and replicated three times considering farmer as a replication.The plot size was maintained 1.4 m2 (1.4 x 1 m2). Observation was recorded on plant height, plantstand at maturity, diameter and length of bulbs, neck thickness and yield of green bulbs and greentops. The varieties showed a significant different only on the fresh bulb production. Transplantingdates showed a significant difference on the plant height, plant stand at maturity and marketablebulb production. The highest fresh bulb yield (16.63 t ha-1) observed on the variety N-53. Similarly,August 15 transplanting date produced the highest bulb yield (15.31 t ha-1) among four transplantingdates. This novel technology for off-season onion bulb production through seedlings would be goodopportunity for increasing the income of many hill farmers which have no access to low land andirrigation facility during normal onion production season. The production of green tops in this periodis consumable and easily saleable in the local market. So farmers get extra income from thistechnology.Key words: Bulb yield; off-season onion; transplanting date; varietiesDOI: 10.3126/narj.v7i0.1862Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.7 2006 pp.21-26
Effect of Harvesting Method and Calcium on Post Harvest Physiology of Tomato
Authors: Bhattarai DR , Gautam DM
Published: June 2010

An experiment was conducted in Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur, Chitwanduring 2003 to find out the effect of harvesting method and calcium chloride treatment on postharvestphysiology of tomato. Tomato (Hybrid Gootya) fruits with stalk and without stalk wereharvested at breaker stage and dipped in distilled water and different concentrations of calciumchloride viz. 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1% for fifteen minutes. Fruit were then air-dried andstored at ambient condition (24 ± 3°C and 70 ± 5 % RH). Among the tested treatments the leastcumulative physiological weight loss (12.14%) was exhibited by 1% calcium chloride. The shelflife of tomato fruits was significantly affected by harvesting method and calcium treatment.Tomato fruit harvested with stalk had higher shelf-life (15 days) as compared to those harvestedwithout stalk (12.93 days) irrespective to calcium chloride application. The maximum shelf lifewas noticed in 1% calcium chloride treated fruits (16.50 days) followed by 0.75% calciumchloride treated fruits (16.17 days).Key words: Calcium chloride; physiological weight loss; shell life; tomatoDOI: 10.3126/narj.v7i0.1864Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.7 2006 pp.37-41
City Waste Compost and Sustainability of Rice-Wheat Cropping System
Authors: Karki KB
Published: June 2010

An experiment was conducted on Rhodic Ustochrept soil in Central Hill of Nepal growingwheat-mungbean-rice in rotation. Grain yields as affected by 28 t ha-1 a of town compost werecompared with the same amount of farmyard manure and N:P:K (120:60:40). NPK producedsignificantly higher wheat grain (3897 t ha-1). Other yield results were at par with one another.NPK produced lowest mungbean yield. After growing second crop fertility seems to beexhausted thus rice yield indicated no notable residual fertilising effect. FYM and town compostleft noteworthy amounts of P, Ca, Mg and K even after rice harvest.Key words: Organic manure; plant nutrients; sustainabilityDOI: 10.3126/narj.v7i0.1868Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.7 2006 pp.49-53
Determinants of home delivery in a semi urban setting of Nepal
Authors: Tuladhar Heera
Published: June 2010

Aim: To study the effect of various determinants of home delivery in Nepal.Methods: Prospective descriptive study among women who after being delivered at home were admitted inNepal Medical College Teaching Hospital (NMCTH), a tertiary care hospital situated at suburban area ofKathmanduResults: Of 114 women, majority were between the ages of 20-24 yrs. Most of the women were multipara(64%). Majority had no formal education accounting for 68.4 %. Lasheta (Lama, Sherpa , Tamang) was themost common ethnic group. Most (30.1%) of their spouses also were illiterate or had only primary leveleducation. Majority of the husbands of the respondents were laborers (63.2%). Regarding attendance ofantenatal care (ANC); at least 84 (73.7%) women had attended ANC once and half of the women hadattended 4 more visits. Home delivery was planned by 67 (58.8%) women; whereas only 47 (41.2%) hadchosen hospital delivery and delivered at home due to various reasons. Financial problem was the mostcommon reason followed by ignorance and transportation problem. Among all the women, only 5.3% wereattended to by a professionally trained provider (doctor, nurse, and midwife). A disturbingly high proportionof women (87.6%) were attended by an untrained family member, friend or neighbor, and 7% of womendelivered completely unattended. Women were brought to the hospital by family member 59.6% other thanhusband and 8.8% were accompanied by neighbors/friends. Most of these women were brought with retainedplacenta, primary post partum hemorrhage.Conclusion: In this study area, usage of the antenatal care was high, but the opportunity to deliver athospital was not fully utilized. This study has highlighted some of the factors affecting the choice of place ofdelivery among mothers in a semi urban settlement in Nepal namely mothers educational level, husband'seducation and occupation, financial constraints, lack of transportation and ignorance. Majority of thedeliveries took place at home and unsupervised by a skilled attendant thus aggravating the risk of the highperinatal and maternal morbidities and mortalities in the study area.Key words: Home delivery; determinants; antenatal care; delivery attendanceDOI: 10.3126/njog.v4i1.3329Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology June-July 2009; 4(1): 30-37
Cyclical menouria syndrome following mid trimester abortion: a case report
Authors: Gupta Pratiksha , Huria Anju , Mehra Reeti , Dalal Usha
Published: June 2010

Menouia is terminology used for the passage of menstrual blood only in the urine and results from supraisthmicuterovesical fistula. Report here, for the first time is a case of cyclical menouria, that developed afterinduced mid trimester abortion in a 26 yrs, P2L2A1 which was diagnosed relatively with ease from history,simple selected investigations who underwent successful surgical repair meaning complete resolution ofcyclic haematuria.Key words: Menouria; uterovesical fistula; induced abortionDOI: 10.3126/njog.v4i1.3333Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology June-July 2009; 4(1): 49-51
Steroid cell ovarian tumor: A case report of an unusual condition
Authors: Sharma Paban Kumar , Joshi Sujan
Published: June 2010

A young girl presented with a solid pelvic tumor, was found to be steroid cell tumor of ovary, is described herebecause of its rarity and its association with unexplained anemia which was spontaneously corrected after thetumor removal.Ovarian steroid cell tumor is known to account for approximately 0.1% of all ovarian neoplasms and isunfortunately seen to exerts malignant potentials although its association with multiple different endocrine orparaneoplastic changes are the main issues with affection to women of young as well.Key words: Steroid cell tumor; lipoid tumor.DOI: 10.3126/njog.v4i1.3334Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology June-July 2009; 4(1): 52-54
Uterine torsion: A case report
Authors: Prabhakar Sonil , Gupta Pratiksha
Published: June 2010

In uterine torsion, the uterus twists more than 45 degrees around its long axis at the junction between thecervix and the corpus. Probably due to rarity only few cases are reported where detorsion was either notpossible or posterior uterine wall opening, more tactfully incisions inflicted transversely, have been the onlyway out.Reported herewith is a 26 yr, third gravida at 38 weeks pregnancy, with previous caesarean in early labourand underwent cesarean for rupture of the membrane, was realized to have an incision inflicted in theposterior wall of the uterus, 3 cm above the disposition of uterosacral ligament amidst severe torsion of theuterus that was successfully detorted avoiding hysterectomy, in view of the young age.Key words: uterine torsion; term pregnancy complication; uterine rotation.DOI: 10.3126/njog.v4i1.3335Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology June-July 2009; 4(1): 55-57
PREFERENCE, PLURALISM, AND PROPORTIONALITY
Authors: Chapman Bruce
Published: June 2010

Inspired by Michael Trebilcock's commitment to pluralism, this essay analyses the balancing and accommodating of competing values, often a central task in the making of legal judgments. Part i shows why it is so difficult to resist being utilitarian in one's approach to this problem. Using the methods of social choice theory, the author shows that some seemingly reasonable conditions ineluctably lead to the utilitarian result where the different values are suitably weighted and summed. However, Part ii demonstrates that the utilitarian approach is less compelling than it appears. An alternative method for the aggregation of values, namely, the product rule proposed by John Nash, is also available. The product rule recommends different results than the utilitarian summation rule, and does so in a way that does less violence to the genuine pluralism of very different values. Part iii relates these different results to the law's commitment to proportionality and to sequenced and bilateral processes of adjudication.
REGIONAL COMPETITION LAW AGREEMENTS: AN IMPORTANT STEP FOR ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT
Authors: Gal Michal S.
Published: June 2010

This essay argues that regional competition law agreements on joint enforcement and advocacy (rjcas) hold an important potential to solve many of the enforcement problems that small and developing jurisdictions face and can provide additional benefits that go beyond such solutions. It also argues that the costs involved in such agreements are not prohibitive and that many of these costs can be overcome by structuring appropriate solutions. Accordingly, rjcas have the potential to create Pareto superior solutions to enforcement problems relative to unilateral enforcement. The essay then broadens the analysis to the potential effects of rjcas on non-member states. It is argued that such agreements create much lower negative externalities for non-member states and for international coordination efforts than regional trade agreements. On the contrary, they often create positive externalities for non-member jurisdictions. Accordingly, they offer important potential for strengthening competition law enforcement and should generally be encouraged. In addition, as the article shows, rjcas can further international efforts for coordination and cooperation in competition law.
BILATERALISM VERSUS MULTILATERALISM IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW: APPLYING THE PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY
Authors: Reich Arie
Published: June 2010

This article proposes a different perspective on the problem of bilateralism versus multilateralism than has been offered in the literature to date. The author proposes to look at the problem through the prism of the subsidiarity principle. While this principle has mainly been used in the context of allocation of authority between various levels of government in federal or quasi-federal systems of government, it is here proposed to use it in the analysis of the various layers of international economic law and in relation to the choice of bilateral, regional, or plurilateral regimes over multilateral ones. Such an analysis can provide both a normative criterion and an explanatory tool in relation to the reality of booming bilateralism. The objective of the article is to develop parameters analogous to those used in the federalist discourse but adapted to the subject matter of international economic law. These parameters incorporate both the efficiency and the political/ethical rationales of the subsidiarity principle, which dictates, in particular, that actions should be taken on less centralized levels, closer to the point of action, where measures more precisely targeted and more closely attuned to the need of the parties involved may be undertaken. Through this perspective, just as well-functioning provincial and local governments may serve as building blocks for a leaner, better functioning, and more democratic central government, bilateral and regional regimes may serve as important building blocks for a leaner, better functioning, and more democratic multilateral organization.
BEYOND THE COUNTERTRADE TABOO: WHY THE WTO SHOULD TAKE ANOTHER LOOK AT BARTER AND COUNTERTRADE
Authors: Howse Robert
Published: June 2010

Associated during the Cold War with currency controls, unreal exchange rates, administratively managed trade, and other pathologies of command economies, barter and other forms of countertrade such as counterpurchase have more than survived the end of Communism. In official trade-policy circles, however, there is a marked and long-standing distaste for countertrade, stemming from their strong association with the dysfunctions of command economies. In this essay I explore the emergence of the prejudice against barter and countertrade in the gatt era during the 1980s; I then draw on a body of economic literature that applies transaction costs theory to international barter and countertrade transactions to suggest why these transactions may have ‘legitimate’ economic rationales rather than being attributable to pathologies such as corruption, cronyism, wasteful subsidization, and currency manipulation. In light of this analysis, I then proceed to examine relevant provisions of the wto treaties, in order to assess the extent to which these disciplines may limit the scope of countertrade between wto members.
FREEING MIGRATION FROM THE STATE: MICHAEL TREBILCOCK ON MIGRATION POLICY
Authors: Macklin Audrey
Published: June 2010

Michael Trebilcock's The Law and Economics of Immigration Policy sets out a broad prescriptive model for migration policy. It is informed by a classically liberal endorsement of free movement of labour, a commitment to efficiency, and a preference for market over state regulation. Trebilcock claims that his policy proposal will significantly liberalize immigration in prosperous liberal democratic states and be politically palatable. The key lies in pre-empting the objection that increased levels of immigration will impose or exacerbate the negative fiscal impact of immigrants on receiving states. Trebilcock would privatize selection by delegating it entirely to the market (employers) or the family (relatives), and institute a mandatory private insurance scheme payable by sponsors to insure against the risk that an immigrant will impose fiscal burdens on the state in the period leading up to eligibility for citizenship. While applauding the objective animating this proposal, the author relies partly on Ninette Kelley and Michael Trebilcock's historical account in The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy to challenge its viability. First, the author suggests that Trebilcock's claim that his model is politically pragmatic is predicated on a contestable understanding of the nature of political opposition to immigration. Second, it is not obvious that Trebilcock's model, on its own terms, would actually liberalize immigration across the range of states where he would seek to implement it. The author concludes by reflecting on the capacity of broadly conceived, transnational policy prescriptions to grapple with the complexity of migration as a global phenomenon, the specificity of national contexts, and the limits on state actors' ability to socially engineer the character of present and future generations through immigrant selection. Where the vast majority of immigrants are admitted on the basis of ascriptive kinship criteria, family matters – and will continue to matter – in the future direction of immigration.
IDEAS, INTERESTS, AND INSTITUTIONS: CONCEDING CITIZENSHIP IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Kelley Ninette
Published: June 2010

For close to forty years, tens of thousands of Urdu speakers in Bangladesh did not exercise their rights as citizens, which they held in law but which were not recognized in practice. The roots of their marginalization were deep, stretching back to Indian independence and the creation of East and West Pakistan in 1947 and specifically to the divisions within Pakistan that existed at that time and were hardened during the Bangladesh struggle for independence in subsequent years. From the creation of the state of Bangladesh in 1971, this community lived in camps and settlements, without a legal identity and the associated rights to be educated, to work, and to participate in public life. The recognition by the government of Bangladesh in 2008 of their right to be registered as citizens was a significant human rights achievement. This essay tells the story behind this remarkable development and, using the framework for analysing the determinants of public choices advanced by Michael Trebilcock, examines the role that ideas, interests, and institutions played in this dramatic reversal of a long-standing public policy.
LEGAL UNIVERSALISM: PERSISTENT OBJECTIONS
Authors: Davis Kevin E.
Published: June 2010

This essay addresses the question of whether there is any set of legal institutions that invariably promotes development. ‘Universalistic’ arguments answer this question in the affirmative. The essay begins by rehearsing classic objections to legal universalism. It then shows how those objections apply to even relatively sophisticated examples of legal universalism that can be derived from the Legal Origins school of thought, the Doing Business project, and advocacy of greater reliance on randomized controlled trials.
THE PARADOX OF RULE OF LAW REFORMS: HOW EARLY REFORMS CAN CREATE OBSTACLES TO FUTURE ONES
Authors: Prado Mariana Mota
Published: June 2010

In their most recent book, Rule of Law Reform and Development: Charting the Fragile Path of Progress, Michael Trebilcock and Ron Daniels show how rule of law reforms have a mixed – not to say disappointing – track record of successes. Their diagnosis is that social–historical–cultural factors and resistance from interest groups are two of the main obstacles to reform. This essay explores these two obstacles in greater depth. With respect to social–historical–cultural factors, my main argument is that early rule of law reforms can create values, practices, and attitudes that may become impediments to future reforms. On the political economy front, these early reforms can strengthen interest groups that will block future reforms. As a consequence, policy makers face a paradox: robust rule of law reforms early on may undermine broader reform efforts by reducing the possibility of other necessary reforms down the road, creating a reform trap. I illustrate the paradox with a Brazilian case study and discuss possible strategies to address this challenge.
Spirituality and Theology in Scotland's Modern Land Reform
Authors: Henneman Rutger
Published: June 2010

In the past, land agitations have had a clear spiritual and theological dimension. The morality of ownership over land itself is often questioned. Many see land as a community resource, and community ownership is an emergent 'model' of land tenure, both in word and in practice. This project on the role of spirituality and theology in Scotland's modern land reform is linked to research into the spirituality of community regeneration, supported by WWF International in Geneva. The findings show that for contemporary Scottish land reformers spiritual and theological dimensions are very important.
Museum Europe
Authors: Macdonald Sharon
Published: June 2010

This article is concerned with some of the implications of the fact that Europe is so widely seen as a place replete with heritage, museums and memory, and also with the continuing expansion in numbers and types of heritage, museums and memory. It seeks to explore some of the ways in which heritage, in particular, is understood (including what it calls 'sticky heritage'), and especially the cultural and social work that it is often seen as able to do. To this end, the article reviews a number of trends in heritage developments, especially the diversification of what it calls 'Museum Europe' (e.g. in the establishment of museums or exhibitions about migration) and the kinds of citizenship that this mobilises. Some of the dilemmas as well as capacities of these developments are discussed. At the same time, the article reviews some of the directions in heritage research and the implications of this, and of 'Museum Europe' itself, for anthropology, ethnology and related disciplines.
Book Reviews
Authors: Kaul Adam R. , Salis Loredana , Craith Mairead Nic , Handler Stefan
Published: June 2010

Coleman, S. and P. Collins (2007) (eds), Locating the Field, Space, Place and Context in Anthropology (Oxford: Berg), 256 pp., Pb: £19.99, ISBN-13: 978-1845204037.

Screeton, P. (2008), Mars Bars and Mushy Peas: Urban Legend and the Cult of Celebrity (Loughborough: Heart of Albion), 184 pp., Pb: £14.95, ISBN-13: 978-1-905646-11-1.

Smith, L, and A. Natsuko (2009) (eds), Intangible Heritage (London and New York: Routledge) 312 pp., Pb: £23.99, Hb: £70.00, ISBN-13: 978-0-415-47396-5.

Tiesler, N. C. (2006), Muslime in Europa: Religion und Identitätspolitiken unter veränderten gesellschaftlichen Verhältnissen (Münster: LIT), 240 pp., Pb: €24.90, ISBN-13: 978-3-8258-9490-0.
Post-socialism Meets Postcolonialism
Authors: Bondarenko Dmitri M. , Googueva Elena A. , Serov Sergey N. , Shakhbazyan Ekaterina V.
Published: June 2010

While Western Europe has a long history of facing and studying the issues of immigration, this phenomenon is still recent for the ex-socialist states and has not been studied sufficiently yet. At the same time, the 'closed' nature of the socialist societies and the difficulties of the 'transitional period' of the 1990s predetermine the problems in communication between the migrants and the population majority, the specific features of the forming diasporas and of their probable position in the receiving societies. The study of African migrants in Russia (particularly in Moscow) recently launched by the present authors consists of two interrelated parts: the sociocultural adaptation of migrants from Africa in Russia on the one hand, and the way they are perceived in Russia on the other. One of the key points of the study is the formation or non-formation of diasporas as network communities, as a means of both more successful adaptation and identity support.
On Memory Work in Post-communist Europe
Authors: Anton Lorena
Published: June 2010

Taking the memory of pronatalism in contemporary Romania as a case study, this article is an attempt to view the national politics of memory of contemporary Europe with regard to its communist past from an anthropological perspective. From 1966 to 1989, the communist regime imposed extreme policies of controlled demography in Romania, as it was imputed, for 'the good of the socialist nation'. Profamily measures were developed in parallel to the banning of abortion on request and the making of contraception almost inaccessible. The social remembering of such a difficult past is still a taboo in contemporary Romanian society. This general lack of public remembering, which is still playing a role in the current situation of Romania's reproductive health, is influenced by the interrelations between the different forms of pronatalist memory. The analysis is based on oral history fieldwork conducted between 2003 and 2008, and is theoretically informed by the interdisciplinary field of Memory Studies.
Migration in German Textbooks
Authors: Christophe Barbara
Published: June 2010

This article raises the question of how German textbooks should deal with issues of migration as one of the main challenges in a globalizing age. In order to prepare the ground for a well-founded answer it follows a twofold agenda. In a rst step, previous attempts at analyzing textbook representations of migration are critically scrutinized and read against the background of current debates on methodological approaches to textbook research. In a second step, anthropological research on the structure of public German discourses on migration is cited as a key to developing a truly multiperspectival mode of representing it. Ultimately, the article demonstrates that education alone cannot be given the responsibility of clarifying questions that politics have failed to articulate and that pupils must be taught to participate competently in the discourse on migration policy. They should be familiarized with the various positions advocated in the political sphere, and simultaneously equipped with the necessary tools for critical re ection.
European Identity and External Others in History Textbooks (1950-2005)
Authors: Challand Benoît
Published: June 2010

This article argues that the symbolic borders of Europe and the existence of external Others have been at times more important than Europe's center or its actual physical boundaries, especially during the first decades after the foundation of the European Communities. Analyzing textual and visual sources taken from some ninety French, Italian, and German history textbooks published between 1950 and 2005, the various sequences in which European integration has been constructed are highlighted. Communism, the first external Other, provided the first minimum common denominator for a nascent political Europe. It was not until the end of the Cold War that a projection of a distinct European identity appeared. Nevertheless, the role of new external Other(s) remains important for the evolution of the discourse of a European identity. This article draws attention to the Others, seeking to embed the Others' perspective in narratives of Europe.
Internalizing Europe
Authors: Brisku Adrian
Published: June 2010

This article argues that post-socialist Albanian myths and images surrounding the concept of Europe need to be considered from a triadic dimension of (geo)politics, modernities, and cultural identity as well as within a larger historical perspective of the modern Albanian political and intellectual landscape. Seen from a perspective stretching from the late nineteenth century to the present, a triadic Europe appears pluralistic with continuous as well as contested images and narratives. Yet, behind these images and narratives stands one constant understanding of the continent: a political and military power and prosperously untamed marketplace through which Albanians have attempted to navigate their modern existence.
How Do Students Rate Textbooks?
Authors: Knecht Petr , Najvarová Veronika
Published: June 2010

This article argues in favor of including students in textbook research. As teachers decide which textbooks to use in their classrooms, they are the ones who influence textbook development. The article presents a research review of students' evaluations of textbooks, demonstrating that inviting students into the debate may result in interesting stimuli for improving textbooks. The article also discusses suggestions based on student feedback.
Imagining the Textbook
Authors: Klerides Eleftherios
Published: June 2010

This article examines textbooks, especially history textbooks, seeking to contribute to an emerging body of scholarship that endeavors to understand the nature, specific properties, and characteristics of this medium. Using systemic functional linguistics and a context-based perspective of language as its theoretical point of departure, it argues for a dual imagining of the textbook as discourse and genre. In imagining the textbook, the article calls for a rethinking of comparative textbook research in the future, based on a novel cluster of conceptual priorities deriving from postmodern thought.
Narrative Strategies Regarding Japanese Ethnic Origins and Cultural Identities in Japanese Middle-School History Textbooks
Authors: Nishino Ryôta
Published: June 2010

This article examines how middle school history textbooks published between 1951 and 1995 explain the origins of the Japanese as an ethnic group (minzoku). The analysis shows that despite the relatively long period from which the sample of textbooks was taken, these texts continue to emphasize two categories of Japanese identity: a biologically heterogeneous people through prehistoric immigration and a unified language. Building on the latter theme, the textbooks continued to treat the innovation of the kana as a quintessential development underlying the Japanese cultural achievement. The analysis reveals that the narrative tone shifted from being emotive in the early 1950s texts to somewhat muted in later decades.
INVESTIGATION INTO EMISSIONS OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS DURING SEWAGE SLUDGE COMPOSTING WITH WOOD WASTE
Authors: Zigmontienė Aušra , Zuokaitė Eglė
Published: June 2010

The main environmental problem of sewage sludge treatment and storing processes is unpleasant smell caused by emitted gases, such as NH3, H2S etc.; which are released during organic matter decomposition process. The second environmental problem is that during sewage sludge composting process global warming gases, such as CO2, CH4, and N2O are emitted, the emissions of these gases can be reduced by creating optimal composting conditions (C:N, aeration, pH and humidity) and by adding some additives (wood cuttings, shavings, zeolites, peat etc.) into sewage sludge. In our study we analyse the experimental results on CH4, NH3, H2S and VOC emissions during sewage sludge composting process. For this experiment, centrifuge‐dried sewage sludge from Vilnius City Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant were used. Used Ashen bark, oaken cuttings, aspen shavings, shredded deciduous tree branches. The composting process was performed in a compost site‐simulating facilities. Santrauka Nuoteku valymas, nuoteku dumblo apdorojimas ir saugojimas neišvengiamai kelia išsiskiriančiu duju, nemaloniu kvapu problema. Yrant organinems medžiagoms išsiskiria nemalonaus kvapo dujos (NH3, H2S ir kt.) ir šiltnamio efekta sukeliančios dujos (CO2, CH4, N2O). Biodegradacijos procesai vyksta gamtoje ir natūraliai, ir dirbtinai ‐ kompostuojant. Sudarant optimalias kompostavimo salygas (C:N, aeravimas, pH ir dregnis) bei naudojant priedus (medžio pjuvenas, drožles, ceolita, durpes ir kt.) galima mažinti dujiniu teršalu emisijas i aplinka. Nagrinejami nuoteku dumblo kompostavimo eksperimentu rezultatai tiriant CH4, NH3, H2S ir LOJ emisijas. Eksperimentui naudotas perteklinis Vilniaus komunaliniu nuoteku valymo irenginiu nuoteku dumblas, nusausintas centrifugomis. Kaip papildomos medžiagos ‐ uosio žieve, ažuolo pjuvenos, drebules drožles, smulkios lapuočiu medžiu šakos. Kompostuota kompostavimo aikštele imituojančiuose “irenginiuose”. Резюме Oчисткa сточных вод, а также дальнейшая обработка накапливаемого осадка связаны с выбросами газов с неприятным запахом. Газы, образующиеся в процессе деградации органических веществ, не только обладают специфическим запахом (NH3, H2S и др.), но и вызывают парниковый эффект (CO2, CH4, NOx). Известно, что процесс биодеградации может происходить как в естественных, так и в искусственных условиях, например, при компостировании. Используя примеси (опилки, щепки, цеолит, торф и др.), а также подбирая оптимальные условия для компостирования – C:N, аэрация, рН, влага, можно снизить выбросы газов в окружающую среду. В статье проанализированы результаты газовых выбросов – CH4, NH3, H2S, ЛОС – при компостировании осадков сточных вод. В эксперименте был использован избыточный осадок из очистных сооружений города Вильнюса после обработки на центрифугах. В качестве дополнительного материала (примесей) в процессе компостирования были использованы кора, опилки дуба, стружка осины, небольшие измельченные веточки. Процесс компостирования был имитирован в лабораторных условиях.
Heme Impairs Prostaglandin E2 and TGF-β Production by Human Mononuclear Cells via Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase: Insight into the Pathogenesis of Severe Malaria
Authors: Andrade Bruno B. , Araújo-Santos Théo , Luz Nívea F. , Khouri Ricardo , Bozza Marcelo T. , Camargo Luís M. A. , Barral Aldina , Borges Valéria M. , Barral-Netto Manoel
Published: June 2010

In many hemolytic disorders, such as malaria, the release of free heme has been involved in the triggering of oxidative stress and tissue damage. Patients presenting with severe forms of malaria commonly have impaired regulatory responses. Although intriguing, there is scarce data about the involvement of heme on the regulation of immune responses. In this study, we investigated the relation of free heme and the suppression of anti-inflammatory mediators such as PGE2 and TGF-β in human vivax malaria. Patients with severe disease presented higher hemolysis and higher plasma concentrations of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and lower concentrations of PGE2 and TGF-β than those with mild disease. In addition, there was a positive correlation between SOD-1 concentrations and plasma levels of TNF-α. During antimalaria treatment, the concentrations of plasma SOD-1 reduced whereas PGE2 and TGF-β increased in the individuals severely ill. Using an in vitro model with human mononuclear cells, we demonstrated that the heme effect on the impairment of the production of PGE2 and TGF-β partially involves heme binding to CD14 and depends on the production of SOD-1. Aside from furthering the current knowledge about the pathogenesis of vivax malaria, the present results may represent a general mechanism for hemolytic diseases and could be useful for future studies of therapeutic approaches.
Direct CD4 Help Provision following Interaction of Memory CD4 and CD8 T Cells with Distinct Antigen-Presenting Dendritic Cells
Authors: de Goër de Herve Marie-Ghislaine , Dembele Bamory , Vallée Mélissa , Herr Florence , Cariou Anne , Taoufik Yassine
Published: June 2010

Accumulating evidence suggests that CD4 help is needed at the memory stage to mount effective secondary CD8 T cell responses. In this paper, we report that memory CD4 T cells can provide efficient help to memory CD8 T cells after interaction of the two lymphocytes with distinct dendritic cells. Provision of help to CD8 T cells required direct cell–cell contact and involved both IL-2 and CD40 ligation, within a CD4–CD8 T cell synapse. Thus, following antigenic interaction with APCs, activated memory CD4 and CD8 T cells appear to separate from their respective APCs before meeting each other for help provision, regardless of their Ag specificity. CD4 help for memory CD8 T cells therefore appears to be conditioned primarily not by Ag specificity but by activation status.