bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Framing the First Amendment
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines how the members of the First Congress debated the terms of the First Amendment against the backdrop of a well-known political, legal, and religious landscape of religious establishment. James Madison, who shepherded the provision to ratification, had been at the forefront of disestablishment in Virginia and had already produced some of the most wide-ranging arguments in favor of disestablishment of anyone before or since. Having won his seat in the First Congress, Madison drafted a proposed Bill of Rights. Among his proposals were several amendments addressing religious liberty. The members were also sensitive to the fact that many states had not yet shelved their religious establishments, and some were eager to keep them in place. The result was a provision that at once forbade the federal government from establishing a national religion and guaranteed that it had no power to interfere with a state establishment.
Disestablishment in the States
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2023

This chapter investigates the debates over disestablishment that took place in the states, which offer the best evidence of what the founding era meant by “establishment of religion.” The process of disestablishment was different in every state, but by the end of the first third of the nineteenth century, the states that had inherited a religious establishment from the colonial era had repealed those laws. State disestablishment provisions clarify the sort of laws the Establishment Clause prohibited the federal government from enacting: laws conditioning civil or political privileges on religious belief or affiliation; laws compelling church attendance or tithes; laws interfering with church doctrine, governance, or administration; and laws authorizing a religious group to perform vital civic functions for the state. The First Amendment placed such laws beyond the federal government’s reach from the beginning. It took another constitutional amendment to place them beyond the reach of the states too.
Accommodation of Religious Exercise
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the accommodation of religious exercise. Throughout history, courts have struggled to decide whether the principle of free exercise of religion entails the right to an exemption from a general law that would otherwise require believers to violate contrary religious commands—a right enforceable in court. The most conspicuous accommodation claims in the past ten years have involved religious traditionalists who seek to avoid compulsory support for abortion, contraception, same-sex marriage, and similar progressive causes. Opponents of these accommodations have advanced a novel argument against them: Accommodations of religion violate the Establishment Clause if they have the effect of imposing more than minimal harm on nonbeneficiaries. This can be called the third-party harm argument. In light of the long-standing practice and precedent, it is generally permissible for governments to accommodate religious exercise, even when the accommodation is not required by the Free Exercise Clause, and even when it imposes some burdens on third parties. Efforts to invalidate religious accommodations in the name of the Establishment Clause have been almost uniformly rejected, and this has been a good thing for religious freedom and diversity.
No-Aid Separation, Neutrality, and Religious Schools
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2023

This chapter recounts the history of public education in the United States, then considers the Supreme Court’s decisions in cases about government funding of religious schools. The first controversies about such funding arose from a mid-nineteenth century culture war between Protestants, who sought to teach the basics of Protestant piety in “nonsectarian” government schools, and Catholics, who sought equal funding for their own schools. The Supreme Court’s approach to school-funding cases has changed dramatically from a strict no-aid approach during the 1970s, to a permissive approach beginning in the 1990s, to the current approach that requires governments to treat religious schools the same as nonreligious private schools. The chapter argues that the current doctrine, in which neutrality is the reigning principle and religious diversity is facilitated, is truer to the history and theory of disestablishment in America.
Vengeance Is Mine
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Jones Brown Barbara
Published: May 2023

Published by Oxford University Press in 2008, Massacre at Mountain Meadows relied on new and exhaustive research to tell the story of one of the grimmest episodes in Latter-day Saint history. On September 11, 1857, southern Utah settlers slaughtered more than 100 emigrants of a California-bound wagon train. In this much-anticipated sequel, Richard E. Turley Jr. and Barbara Jones Brown follow up that volume with an examination of the aftermath of the atrocity. In greater detail than ever before, Vengeance Is Mine documents southern Utah leaders’ attempts to cover up their crime by silencing witnesses and spreading lies about the victims and perpetrators of the crime. Investigations by both governmental and church bodies were stymied by stonewalling and political wrangling. While nine men were eventually indicted, five were captured and only one, John D. Lee, was executed. The book examines the maneuvering of the defense and prosecution in Lee’s two trials, the second ending in Lee’s conviction. It examines the fraught relationship between Lee and church president Brigham Young, including what Young knew of the crime and when he knew it. The book also tells the story of the seventeen young children who survived the massacre and their later return to Arkansas, from where the ill-fated wagon train originated. It traces the fate of the perpetrators to the end of their lives, including the harrowing demise of Nephi Johnson, who screamed, “Blood! Blood! Blood!” in the delirium of his death bed more than sixty years after the massacre.
Too Late
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

A cattle raid of a California-bound wagon train goes awry in Southern Utah’s Mountain Meadows, where more than a hundred men, women, and children are massacred on September 11, 1857. Southern Utah leaders William H. Dame and Isaac Haight visit the Meadows the following morning, where they are horrified by the carnage that their armchair orders—to massacre these emigrants because they had learned of white Mormons’ involvement in the supposedly all-Indian cattle raiding—caused. Only seventeen children aged six and under—considered too young to “tell tales”—were spared. As the reality of what they’ve ordered hits them, Dame and Haight argue over who is responsible for the horrid crime and how they will report the massacre to Brigham Young, still serving as Utah’s governor and as president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Forget Everything
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

As the massacre perpetrators return to their respective homes in southern Utah, some, including one ringleader named John D. Lee, are proud of what they’ve done and even boast about it. Their experiences in being driven from Missouri and Illinois in recent years has made them fear and even hate outsiders they call “gentiles.” Everyone’s tune changes when an express letter from Brigham Young to Isaac Haight arrives in Cedar City, where many of the massacre participants came from. In response to a September 7 letter Haight had sent to Young asking what should be done with the group of emigrants under siege at the Mountain Meadows, Young wrote Haight to “let them go in peace.” Haight laments that Young’s letter came “too late.” From that time on, massacre leaders seek to cover up their crime by blaming the massacre solely on Indians and silencing those who knew better.
Hostile to All Strangers
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

An Indian agent in Provo, George Armstrong, sends a letter to Brigham Young about what he’s heard about the massacre, and it seems to back up John D. Lee’s report. Between Lee and Armstrong, Young has now heard terrible falsehoods about the slain emigrants and that Indians carried out the massacre on their own. In early October, after the U.S. troops ignore Young’s warning and martial law declaration and continue to advance towards Utah’s settlements, Mormon militiamen accost and burn dozens of army supply wagons. Almost simultaneously, hundreds of miles south in the environs outside of Las Vegas, Indians and their Mormon Indian interpreters steal the cattle herd of the California-bound Turner-Dukes-Collins train.
Fearful Calamities
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Word spreads through Arkansas about the massacre of the emigrant companies via stories printed in California newspapers. Slain emigrants are identified by name, including the families of John T. Baker, Charles Mitchell, Alexander Fancher, Milum Jones, William Cameron, Peter Huff, and others. Aggrieved citizens of Carroll County and Newton County, Arkansas, where many of the slain emigrants were from, hold public meetings and petition the federal government to retrieve and return the young children rumored to have survived. Meanwhile in the West, Shoshone and Bannock Indians attack a Mormon settlement called Fort Limhi, and Thomas L. Kane arrives in Salt Lake City to meet with Brigham Young and other Mormon leaders. On the same day, Congress denies funding to President Buchanan to increase the number of troops. Instead, as urged by Senator Sam Houston of Texas, Congress urges the president to seek a diplomatic solution in Utah.
Join the Know Nothings
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Upon news of the army’s peacefully passing through Salt Lake City and peace having been achieved, thousands of Latter-day Saints return from their makeshift camps in Utah Valley to their homes in the settlements further north. The army cavalcade simultaneously headed south to Cedar Valley, west of Lehi, Utah, where they established Camp Floyd. With an army now occupying Utah, Brigham Young fears for his safety, remembering the fate of his predecessor, Joseph Smith. In southern Utah, John D. Lee, William Dame, and Isaac Haight meet, probably to discuss the fact that U.S. troops were soon expected to head to southern Utah to establish posts there. They are likely also aware that Indian Affairs superintendent Jacob Forney will soon head south to investigate the Mountain Meadows Massacre and to retrieve the surviving children. The massacre leaders remind the people of southern Utah to keep quiet about the crime.
Nothing but Evasive Replies
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Judge John Cradlebaugh becomes frustrated when his grand jury returns no murder indictments for several incidences that occurred in his second judicial district over the past few years, including the Parrish murders. The people of Provo and Spanish Fork submit petitions to Utah governor Alfred Cumming, complaining about the seventy troops that have been stationed outside the courthouse and within city limits. Some prosecution witnesses, however, are fearful for their safety and grateful for the troops’ presence. One of these witnesses is former Cedar City resident Henry Higgins, who testifies that he saw two wagonfuls of Cedar City men, including John M. Higbee, heading for the Mountain Meadows shortly before the massacre. The wagons return not long after, carrying plunder. In a church meeting two weeks later, Isaac Haight publicly “dismissed” Higgins as the city’s herdsman. Higgins later went to Camp Floyd with his story.
Diligent Inquiry
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Superintendent Jacob Forney investigates the Mountain Meadows Massacre as he travels to and throughout southern Utah, enlisting Deputy William H. Rogers as his assistant. They rule out rumors that the slain emigrants poisoned the cattle and springs at Corn Creek before the massacre, determining that would have been impossible. A modern assessment of the descriptions of the death and sickness that occurred near Corn Creek indicates that they were likely caused by anthrax. Forney and Rogers describe the horrific scene of skeletal and other remains they encounter strewn across the Mountain Meadows. At the Santa Clara Fort, they retrieve thirteen of the surviving children, in good spirits though poorly clad like the other local people due to poverty. At Fort Harmony, Forney and Jacob Hamblin interview John D. Lee, who gives a rambling account against the federal government and the troops occupying Utah.
Approach of the Troops
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

In his interview with Superintendent Jacob Forney at Fort Harmony, John D. Lee tells the same lies about the massacre that he had earlier shared with Brigham Young. As Forney’s wagon party travels from Harmony to Cedar City with Lee to continue Forney’s investigation, Lee hurries his horse ahead of the group, and Forney never sees him again. At Cedar City, Forney interviews massacre ringleaders Isaac Haight and John M. Higbee, who, like Lee, deny participation in the crime. In Cedar, Forney also retrieves three more survivors, bringing the total to sixteen. As Forney and his party return north, local Indians tell his party that there are two more survivors. Forney deems this rumor important enough to investigate, and sends Deputy William Rogers back to seek additional survivors. Rogers travels with Judge John Cradlebaugh, who is heading south with an army contingent to conduct his own massacre investigation.
Coerce Me to Make a Statement
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

John D. Lee is transported to the Salt Lake penitentiary to await his second trial. William Dame is moved from the penitentiary to Beaver’s Fort Cameron to await his trial but is eventually returned to the penitentiary without trial. Lee is pressured by prosecutor William Carey to testify against Brigham Young and George A. Smith. But George A. Smith dies, and Lee refuses to lie about Young, believing that bearing false witness will damn him eternally. Deputy William Stokes nearly catches Isaac Haight, John Higbee, William Stewart, and Ellott Willden. George W. Adair is finally arrested. Congress refuses to disfranchise the Latter-day Saints, despite efforts from Robert Baskin and others. Officers responsible for holding and prosecuting Lee are replaced. William Nelson replaces George Maxwell as marshal. Prosecutor William Carey is sacked, to be replaced by Sumner Howard. Dame is released.
A Fine Romance
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: May 2023

Central to A Fine Romance: Adapting Broadway to Hollywood in the Studio System Era is the symbiotic relationship between a dozen Broadway musicals and their Hollywood film adaptations spanning nearly a half century (1927–1972). The romance begins with the stage version of Show Boat and ends with Bob Fosse’s cinematic 1972 re-envisioning of Cabaret. Between these are chapters on The Cat and the Fiddle, Roberta, Cabin in the Sky, Oklahoma!, On the Town, Brigadoon, Call Me Madam, Silk Stockings, West Side Story, and Flower Drum Song. Each chapter addresses the symbiosis between Broadway and Hollywood by examining one to three significant stage musicals and their film adaptation, considering the following questions: How are the two versions similar and different? What motivated decisions to alter or preserve stage elements in the transfer to film? What are the dramatic and musical consequences of these commercial and artistic choices and can they be considered successful? The discussion of these shows and films focuses on the connections between song and story, but the book also addresses questions related to the business underpinnings of Broadway and Hollywood, how the relationship between these rival yet collaborative entities evolved, and how the differing commercial and aesthetic models and goals of Broadway and Hollywood created both conflict and harmony. Although the emphasis is on aesthetic and critical issues, the book also engages crucial social issues such as race and ethnicity, class, gender, and sexual identity.
The Hollywood Studio System and a Brief Survey of Film Adaptations from Show Boat to Cabaret
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: May 2023

The first part of chapter 1 explains the organizational structure and goals of the Hollywood studio system from the first sound films in the late 1920s to its gradual but eventual collapse in the late 1950s and 1970s when it was largely replaced by independent filmmakers. Throughout this discussion, the chapter shows how the needs of the studio system were at first incompatible with those of Broadway, which resulted in deliberately unfaithful adaptations, but that in the 1950s, fidelity became profitable as well as critically highly regarded—in short, a Golden Age of film adaptation. The second part of the chapter summarizes the main themes of future chapters, especially the ways the twelve stage musicals and film adaptations are both similar and different, explains why this is so, and describes how each chapter will critically examine and compare the relative merits of these similarities and differences.
1940s Stage Musicals and Their Screen Adaptations
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on three stage musicals from the 1940s and their screen adaptations in the 1940s and 1950s. Cabin in the Sky (stage 1940; film 1943) was the first major film musical to be adapted from an all-Black stage show and only the fourth all-Black major studio film (MGM) of any type. In contrast to the largely forgotten stage version of Cabin, including the virtual disappearance of Katherine Dunham’s choreography, Brigadoon (stage 1947; film 1954) and Oklahoma! (stage 1943; film 1955) were stage hits in the 1940s and have remained popular. Of particular interest are the aesthetic consequences of the decision in the film adaptation of Brigadoon to cast the original singing leads with star dancers (Gene Kelly and Cyd Charisse), while eliminating most of Agnes de Mille’s choreography and much of the stage score, and the contrasting decision in the film adaptation of Oklahoma! to retain nearly the entire stage score and choreography, also by de Mille.
Needs, Networks, and Narratives
Authors: Dagher Munqith , Kaltenthaler Karl , Gelfand Michele J. , Kruglanski Arie W. , McCulloh Ian
Published: May 2023

Several existing explanations of the factors that lead some to support or participate in violent extremism provide parts of a useful framework yet do not sufficiently integrate the major causal variables into a truly workable theory of what drives certain individuals toward the violent extremist cause. The 3 Ns theory used here argues that individuals will support or participate in violent extremist groups if the organizations’ goals and activities are expected to help meet personal needs. Individuals are most likely to become ideologically committed to the extremist cause because of its promise to meet their psychological need for significance. But in contexts of armed conflict, extremist groups may be sympathized with or attract active support because they are also the best option for meeting security and sustenance needs. But only meeting physical needs does not draw the same ideological commitment that meeting the need for significance does.
Introduction
Authors: Barber-Rioja Virginia , Anderson George
Published: May 2023

This chapter begins with a description of the jail setting and a review of its unique challenges when compared with other correctional settings such as prisons (e.g., rapid turnover, unknown release dates, high rates of serious mental illness and suicide). The chapter follows with a review of the historical context of the modern American jail system and the factors that led to the overrepresentation of people with mental illness in jails across the country. Finally, the chapter explains the purpose of the handbook (i.e., to advance knowledge on the area of correctional mental health applied to the jail setting and to serve as a call to action for researchers and practitioners to continue developing a scientific base for jail correctional mental health) and provides a short description of all chapters in the handbook.
Identification of Mental Illness in Jails
Authors: Barber-Rioja Virginia , Garcia-Mansilla Alexandra , Rodriguez Elizabeth
Published: May 2023

Accurately identifying mental illness for people entering the jail system is important for guiding treatment and management, determining level of care needed, and implementing appropriate reentry plans. However, the process of screening and assessment in jails is challenging, and the stress of the jail environment can make application of diagnostic criteria complicated. A large number of people entering detention have recently used substances, and rates of prior trauma and mental illnesses including personality disorders are elevated. Due to limited resources, mental health staff conducting screening and assessment and assigning diagnoses in jails may not have the required training or experience. This chapter will review best practices for mental health screening and assessment in correctional settings, including use of psychological testing. Finally, the chapter will explore the different motivations to exaggerate, feign, or minimize psychiatric symptoms in jail settings and will provide recommendations for assessment of symptom validity.
Assessment, Treatment, and Management of Individuals With Severe Violence or Behavioral Issues
Authors: Galietta Michele , Garcia-Mansilla Alexandra
Published: May 2023

Violence risk assessment and management is perhaps one of the most important areas of focus in a jail setting. Many detained individuals have histories of violence, and others may be more at risk of engaging in aggressive and disruptive behaviors due to the jail environment and court process. This chapter reviews jail-based risk factors, environmental reinforcers, and the functions that violence can serve in jails. The authors discuss security approaches to managing violence and associated pitfalls. The chapter highlights the use of behavioral interventions and associated challenges including difficulty establishing realistic and appropriate reinforcers and collaborating with non–mental health partners. The authors describe a dialectical behavioral therapy–informed specialized treatment unit for patients with complex needs who engage in violence and other disruptive or harmful behaviors (e.g., self-injury). This chapter emphasizes the importance of the treatment and security teams working together to optimize interventions, prevent burnout, and increase safety.
Psychopharmacology in the Jail Setting
Authors: Kushner Danielle B. , Stossel Lauren M. , Khan M. A. “Omar”
Published: May 2023

Psychotropic medications are an important part of mental health treatment in the jail setting. Together with other therapeutic modalities, medications can help relieve newly identified, ongoing or worsening psychiatric symptoms, which may be exacerbated by the stress of incarceration. The jail environment presents particular challenges to diagnosis and medication treatment, including environmental factors, risk for diversion and abuse, formulary limitations, and thus psychiatric prescribers may need to modify community recommendations. Recognition of the limitations of psychopharmacology in this setting and avoidance of polypharmacy is also important with this challenging patient population. This chapter offers guidance on procedural and specific medication-related concerns for psychiatric prescribing in jails.
Multicultural Considerations
Authors: Oryema Nadia , Subedi Bipin , Barber-Rioja Virginia
Published: May 2023

The provision of mental health services in American jails requires a working understanding of the societal forces that shape the American criminal legal system and the culture and experiences of those who are incarcerated. Structural inequities that exist in American society have led to the overrepresentation of certain racial and sexual minorities in the criminal legal system, which, in turn, can impact clinical presentations and decision-making by correctional health care staff. This chapter will provide an overview of the relationship between race, sexual and gender identity, and jail incarceration in the United States. It will apply this information to the correctional clinical setting and provide guidance and tools to help mental health clinicians working in jails deliver clinical care that is culturally and structurally informed.
Jail Reentry and Diversion
Authors: Foellmi Melodie , Rotter Merrill
Published: May 2023

Jail-based treatment is both constitutionally guaranteed and necessary for the safety and stability of incarcerated persons. While most states provide discharge planning, the scope of services varies. At the systems level, jail-based discharge planning may be challenged by lack of adequate jail-based resources, lack of connection with the community providers, and an uncertain and short length of stay in jail. At the individual level, discharge planning may be challenged by loss of community supports and client refusal. This chapter describes best practice models and standards for discharge planning from jail and associated predictors of successful community reintegration for clients returning as part of a court-based diversion or reentering the community without a mandate, with a particular focus on the role of jail-based staff.
Beyond the Meridian
Authors: Freedman Samuel G.
Published: May 2023

This chapter elaborates on the childhood of Hubert Humphrey. It starts with Kentucky resisting granting equal rights and equal protection across the color line. In a community that venerated farmers and hunters, Humphrey was more of an indoor creature, a prodigy in his grade school class, and the adoring son of a bookish father who ran the local drugstore. The chapter elaborates on Humphrey’s school life at Donald High School. After dropping out of college, Humphrey joined his father and brother in Huron, but they were back to the ninety-eighth meridian and the straitened circumstances it marked as he and his brother slept in the basement of the Huron store.
The Silken Curtain and the Silver Shirt
Authors: Freedman Samuel G.
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the experience of living in Jewish Minneapolis. It tackles the rally sponsored by a homegrown fascist group called the Silver Legion of America (also known as the Silver Shirts), which was known to be composed of upstanding people. The fascist group demanded returning American Blacks to slavery and disenfranchising, segregating, and finally sterilizing American Jews. The chapter looks into the rising number of Eastern European Jews in Minneapolis’s Jewish population after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia. It discusses how the Journal categorized Jews as a race, a term that implicitly and immutably separated the group of people from the white Christian mainstream.
“We Are Looking in the Mirror”
Authors: Freedman Samuel G.
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the aftermath of Hubert Humphrey’s electoral victory in Minneapolis. It details the law barring discrimination based on race, religion, or national origin proposed by Humphrey. However, the city council committee proceeded to humiliate the mayor publicly and kicked the proposed ordinance over to the municipal attorney to study its legality. The chapter notes how Humphrey welcomed to his mayoral office a deliberately chosen clergyman, the Reverend Reuben Youngdahl. It discusses Humphrey’s attendance in the U.S. Capitol as part of Congress to testify in favor of a proposed federal law on fair employment. Similar to his discrimination law proposal, Humphrey faced a hostile political atmosphere in Congress.
Inside Agitator
Authors: Freedman Samuel G.
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the Democratic National Convention. Historians and journalists drew parallels between the 1948 convention and two past Democratic disasters, both of which resulted in seismic rifts within the party. Black witnesses and several others voiced arguments ranging from the moral to the pragmatic, and from the domestic to the geopolitical, for the Democratic Party to solidify and specify its commitment to civil rights. The chapter explains Hubert Humphrey’s losing battle with the Platform Committee, which resulted in Humphrey being diagnosed with a double hernia following weeks of endless meetings and unrelenting stress. According to the NAACP, the passage of the civil rights plank was the greatest turning point for the South and America since the Civil War.
Epilogue
Authors: Freedman Samuel G.
Published: May 2023

This chapter cites the aftermath of Harry Truman’s election win. It starts with Truman’s speech in Harlem, which was known as the symbolic capital of Black America. Black support for Truman proved that the Democratic Party could win nationally without the “Solid South,” which had been the argument of the New Deal coalition that was composed of an illogical alliance between labor, liberals, and white supremacists. According to respected historian Harvard Stikoff, the 1948 election legitimized the issue of civil rights. The chapter explains Hubert Humphrey winning a seat in the U.S. Senate. It acknowledges Humphrey’s work for the national endeavor to achieve a full, inclusive democracy through cycles of oppression, resistance, liberation, reformation, and retaliation.
How Trash Became Art
Authors: Tochka Nicholas
Published: May 2023

Debates about “mass culture” during the Fifties united both liberal and conservative postwar critics in decrying the numbing, stultifying effects of popular culture, and especially commercial music, on American consumers. Yet from the late Fifties to the mid-Sixties, a remarkable shift occurred: rock ’n’ roll became rock, and teen idols became spokespersons for a generation. This chapter outlines the mainstream case against rock ’n’ roll as a form of mass culture, examining how the critical reception of Bob Dylan (and “folk rock”) and the Beatles (and their artistic pretensions) enabled commentators to replace this model with a new approach that foregrounded the political significance of rock musicians as social commentators.
How Songwriters Revealed Our Inner Truth
Authors: Tochka Nicholas
Published: May 2023

In the early Seventies, many rock musicians turned inward, crafting intimate, confessional work exploring a politics of the personal. The singer-songwriter movement, the emergence of a “soft rock” format, and the seeming waning of the rock counterculture’s revolutionary moment gave rise to competing diagnoses. This chapter examines these phenomena, as well as debates about the meaning of this shift. Some critics saw this as the music’s maturation; others viewed it as a symptom of a liberal malaise infecting “the Me Generation.” Yet as the immediacy of the rock counterculture faded into history, an important new way of narrating the political meaning of rock emerged: as a force that had changed Americans’ heads, and a form of political expression bearing mainstream values related to liberal democracy, especially as embodied within the Democratic Party.
Epilogue: Rocking in the Free World
Authors: Tochka Nicholas
Published: May 2023

This short epilogue examines the political-economic shifts that allowed Americans to believe that rock music could make you free. It traces the curious motion of two major trends: the postwar emergence of economic conditions that enabled certain kinds of music consumed by particular young people to assume immense cultural and symbolic power by the Sixties, followed by the erosion of these conditions from the Seventies; and the continued strengthening of narratives linking popular music to ideals of democracy, freedom, and personal liberation over the same period. It concludes that by holding these two contradictory trends in tension, we might be inspired to craft new narratives about not only the potentials of popular music as an agent of change—but also the limits.
Understanding the Role of Positive Emotions in Wellbeing Through Psychological, Biological, Sociocultural, and Environmental Lenses
Authors: Waugh Christian
Published: May 2023

To understand wellbeing, one must understand the positive emotions that are one of its primary ingredients. Positive emotions occur when people perceive evolutionarily important stimuli that signal opportunities to maintain or grow wellbeing, and make positive appraisals of those stimuli in terms of the relationship between the stimuli and the self. These positive appraisals then lead to action tendencies that evolved to improve wellbeing and evolutionary fitness, as well as to the bodily responses that support these action tendencies. People are also sometimes motivated to regulate their positive emotions to achieve their goals. In this chapter, I review each of these processes involved in positive emotion, and integrate theory and findings across biological, psychological, sociocultural, and environmental lenses.
Integrating Across Diverse Perspectives to Improve Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Dugdale Paul , Rieger Elizabeth , Dyball Robert
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on obesity to exemplify the broader need for a more thoroughgoing integrative approach to health. The authors begin by sampling some of the key adverse consequences of obesity at the biological, psychological, and societal levels. Since an awareness of such costs can degenerate into a blaming response toward higher-weight people, the authors then address the pernicious issue of weight stigma and highlight its erroneous suppositions by drawing attention to the complex (and still inadequately understood) drivers of obesity that operate at the environmental level in interaction with individual vulnerability factors. The discussion then moves on to examine obesity intervention approaches across the various psychological, medical, and societal scales. The authors conclude by offering an integrated model for understanding obesity that can inform coordinated policy and action.
Wellbeing and Personal Safety
Authors: Gruen Russell L. , Gupta Amit , Roy Nobhojit
Published: May 2023

Subjective wellbeing is affected by perceived personal safety, which is a consequence of various types of threats, their mitigation, and the way risk is portrayed. Using road transport injury in a civilian setting, the authors of this chapter show how injury prevention policies and organised systems of care improve health outcomes and quality of life in a community. The media plays crucial roles in the introduction of new laws and services and in shaping public perceptions. Valid instruments to measure community health and wellbeing are needed to guide the introduction of safety systems throughout the world.
An Integrative Perspective on Positive Ageing in Later Life
Authors: Solly Kane , Pachana Nancy A.
Published: May 2023

The decade 2021–2030 has been declared the Decade of Healthy Ageing by the United Nations, and there is a renewed focus on the part of individuals, communities, services, and governments toward ageing well. Positive ageing has focused on wellbeing in later life, the ability of the older person to pursue goals with meaning and live life on their terms. But this requires efforts to build and maintain the intrinsic capacity of individuals as well as create environments which allow older individuals to flourish. A holistic, integrative approach to positive ageing incorporates many perspectives, including cultural, and many contexts, including the natural world. The increased voice of older person’s themselves in how systems can be structured to maintain and encourage positive ageing is perhaps the most important piece of an integrative approach to wellbeing in later life.
Wellbeing Frameworks
Authors: Schirmer Jacki , Tanton Robert , Goss John
Published: May 2023

Worldwide, a growing number of societal wellbeing frameworks are being developed and used to provide measures of progress that go beyond economic growth. The emergence of these frameworks highlights both the opportunities and challenges of reconceptualising social progress and its measurement around the concept of wellbeing. This chapter provides a brief history of the evolution of societal wellbeing frameworks and common challenges in their development, such as how best to determine what to include, how to integrate measures of wellbeing that are typically drawn from a diverse range of disciplines, and, increasingly, how to include both objective and subjective measures. It examines the key need for the ongoing development of an integrated science of wellbeing that can continue to build the validity, utility, and implementation of these frameworks.
“An opportunity to really make a difference”: The Value of Service Providers
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 11 focuses on service providers’ work with youth aging out. Using stories and descriptions of service providers’ efforts, the chapter describes how service providers support youth, help youth develop life skills and problem-solve, advocate for youth, and make referrals. The chapter explores how service providers with strong relationships with youth hold them accountable and have high standards for youth. It concludes with explaining that service providers are often poorly compensated for their demanding work, but most providers are not in their positions for a paycheck. Service providers serve youth aging out of a commitment to help youth. They seek to make a difference.
“Be Loyal to the Story”
Authors: Andrews Molly
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the challenges of narrating a crisis while living in its midst; the struggle to say what is, much less to interpret experiences of which one only has fragmentary knowledge; and why our survival depends on these efforts to communicate no matter how fraught they may be. Drawing on Hannah Arendt’s work on the importance of truth telling, the author examines the often-cited alignment between loss and story based on the premise that the very act of narration involves sense-making, a putting together of different pieces and creating the linkages between them. The chapter questions whether there might be moments in people’s lives which simply lie outside of their interpretive reach and explores the preconditions for people to embark on interpreting their lives and the world around them. What happens when the interpretive frameworks that people have developed in the course of their lives cannot accommodate the violent ruptures which come their way?
Queer Perspectives on Narrative Practices in Asylum Politics
Authors: Schwanck Ada
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the uses and abuses of narratives in asylum politics and practices and their political and ethical implications. The author discusses how Western hegemonic narratives and identity categories render women and queer asylum seekers vulnerable to intrusive questioning and deportation. In addition, the author explores the potential of nonviolent narrative practices as an ethical and compassionate way of encountering asylum narratives, arguing that narrative hermeneutics allows theorizing narratives in their complexity, analyzing both their oppressive and transformative power. By bringing together queer migration studies and narrative hermeneutics, the author analyzes the uses of narrative practices in asylum politics from two interrelated perspectives: seeing narratives as socially and culturally conditioned performative practices that enable one to identify and dismantle hegemonic asylum narratives, and seeing narratives as non-subsumptive practices that enable one to imagine nonviolent narrative practices for interpreting queer asylum narratives, in both research and asylum hearings.
Age of Emergency
Authors: Linstrum Erik
Published: May 2023

When uprisings against colonial rule broke out across the world after 1945, Britain responded with overwhelming and brutal force. What did people in Britain know about the use of torture, summary executions, collective punishments, and other ruthless methods? How did they learn about the violence committed in Britain’s name? And how did they learn to live with it? The brutality of counterinsurgencies in Malaya, Kenya, and Cyprus rippled through British society, molding a home front defined not by the mobilization of resources, but by moral uneasiness and the justifications they generated in response. Age of Emergency traces facts and feelings about atrocity as they moved through activist campaigns, soldiers’ letters, missionary networks, newspaper stories, sermons, novels, plays, and television dramas. While many Britons voiced opposition to colonial violence, an array of tactics employed to undermine dissent proved decisive. Some contemporaries cast doubt on facts about brutality. Others stressed the unanticipated consequences of intervening to stop it. Still others celebrated visions of racial struggle or aestheticized the grim fatalism of dirty wars. Accommodating violence at once remote and inescapable, existential and futile, unsettling and unstoppable, was central to the British experience of decolonization.
Violence without Limits
Authors: Linstrum Erik
Published: May 2023

The officials running Britain’s colonial wars worked to keep unsettling details about violence out of sight. But the suppression of information operated in tandem with another tactic: the open justification of brutality. Illiberal militarism was a set of attitudes that chafed at legal and moral restraints on soldiers in the field, cast debate and dissent at home as treachery, and elevated national greatness and racial prestige above other values. It found support from elements of the political, military, and media elite; some ordinary Britons; and a resurgent far-right movement. Even as radicalization went further in rhetoric than in practice, fantasies of unlimited violence and absolute destruction created a context for the abuses that did take place, making them easier to imagine and to defend.
Antecedents
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: May 2023

By his late teens, Gerry Mulligan was already arranging music and playing the saxophone, working with Elliot Lawrence and then touring nationally with Gene Krupa, for whom he wrote the hit “Disc Jockey Jump.” From there he went to New York, and played and arranged for Claude Thornhill’s orchestra, as a result of which he started to cooperate with several of the musicians who would go on to work in Miles Davis’s “Birth of the Cool” nonet. Mulligan himself was to arrange half the material that this group recorded for Capitol, including “Jeru” and “Venus De Milo,” which were central to its repertoire, along with arrangements by Gil Evans, John Lewis, and John Carisi. He made his first recordings as a leader for the Prestige label, both the extended “Mulligan’s Too” (his longest ever solo) and a group of arrangements for ten-piece band. His early arrangements and autograph scores are discussed.
The First Quartet
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: May 2023

After hitchhiking to Los Angeles from New York, Mulligan began arranging for Stan Kenton, before forming his pianoless quartet with Chet Baker at the Haig Club. They began recording for Richard Bock’s new Pacific Jazz label with such pieces as “Bernie’s Tune” and “Walkin’ Shoes.” Exchanging club residencies with Dave Brubeck, they traveled to San Francisco and recorded for Fantasy including their famous “My Funny Valentine.” Mulligan also honed his arranger’s skills by writing for a Tentette that recorded for Capitol under the aegis of Gene Norman. The quartet continued to record, including sessions with guest saxophonist Lee Konitz, until Mulligan was imprisoned in 1953 for heroin offenses, and the band broke up.
The Second Quartet
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: May 2023

Valve trombonist Bob Brookmeyer became Mulligan’s new frontline partner in 1954, and after crossing the United States to the East Coast, the band left for Paris to play a week of concerts at the Salle Pleyel in June 1954. At this point Brookmeyer quit and was eventually replaced by Jon Eardley. The quartet was expanded by early 1956 on some concerts into a sextet with Brookmeyer and Zoot Sims, and this band toured and recorded, with drummer Dave Bailey beginning a long association with Mulligan. Bassist Peck Morrison was replaced by Bill Crow, who became another long-term colleague. The chapter explores how the Sextet recordings relate to the quartet repertoire, and also examines the 1956 Storyville Club quartet records from Boston, including Brookmeyer’s composition Open Country.
Reconstruction
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: May 2023

Reconstruction, this chapter demonstrates, had a double-edged impact on Chinese immigrants. They gained new rights under civil rights laws and the Fourteenth Amendment, which extended citizenship to all persons born in the United States and guaranteed due process and equal protection to aliens as well as citizens. The Burlingame-Seward Treaty (1868) allowed free migrants to move back and forth between China and the United States, though not to naturalize as citizens. Yet the Chinese also faced a racist backlash, with restrictionists demanding their exclusion on the grounds that they were inherently unfree. The Naturalization Act of 1870 extended the right to naturalize to people of African descent but maintained the ban on Chinese immigrants becoming citizens. With state laws subject to review by the Supreme Court, restrictionists realized that the expanded national government created by Reconstruction could exclude the Chinese much more effectively and called on Congress to act. The Page Act of 1875, directed primarily at Chinee prostitutes, marked a decisive step in the transition to federal control over immigration.
Our System of Care
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the system of care that affects youth across various spectrums. Common treatment settings for youth include outpatient counseling, inpatient counseling, residential treatment, and juvenile justice. Within each of these systems, the authors discuss barriers that might affect clinicians working with youth and families. Defining care for youth is crucial for all clinicians if they are to know what the system of care currently looks like. The authors highlight where the system of care may fail youth and the potential efforts for providing effective services. Effective services for youth include delivering evidence-based treatment, taking a culturally responsive approach to treatment, and following an integrative approach to care. Last, the authors discuss advocacy related to systemic mental healthcare.
Addressing Youth Interventions in Schools
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M
Published: May 2023

This chapter highlights the role of schools in addressing mental health among youth. Schools and community agencies struggle to keep up with the growth of mental health issues among youth, which has created a gap between those who need mental health services and the ability to provide adequate resources. Out of 56.6 million students who attend K-12 schools in the United States, almost 3.5 million struggle with anxiety, depression, or a behavior disorder. This chapter discusses the purpose of the schools in monitoring public health, the policies and limitations of addressing issues affecting youth, and the need to revise policies and processes to ensure the health and overall well-being of youth.