bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and evaluation of dose management system for paediatric image-guided radiotherapy
Authors: Lee B. , Oh G. , Lee J. , Kim H. , Seo J. , Han M.J. , Kang S.W. , Kim J.S. , Chung J.B.
Published: February 2025

Paediatric patients exhibit highened sensitivity to
radiation compared to adults during image-guided radiation therapy,
underscring the need for careful dose management, even for minimal
exposures. This study aims to develop and evaluate a system for
efficiently recording and managing imaging doses. Monte Carlo (MC)
simulations were employed to accurately model the radiation dose
from the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) system utilized in
this study. Additionally, a custom detector was designed for image
processing. The full-pan mode was chosen to reconstruct images for
paediatric patients from data acquired through a 200∘ rotation. In
the dosimetric analysis, the tissue-absorbed doses were calculated
using MC simulations within a computerizsed anatomical phantom
tailored for paediatric use. The study utilized hybrid
anthropomorphic phantom representing ages 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 30
years to compute and record organ doses. The developed system
accounted for offsets generated during the image verification after
patient examinations and treatments, applying these adjustments to
image dose calculations. Finalized results were stored on a server,
maintaining a record of daily imaging doses for each patient. The
simulation process required approximately 20 hours per inspection,
with results converted to the Digital Imaging and Communications in
Medicine (DICOM) format and analysed using the Eclipse treatment
planning system. Among all age groups, the 0-year-old phantom
received the highest radiation doses across all organs due to
minimal attenuation before reaching the target organs. The greatest
dose variation based on rotation angle was observed in the eyes and
lens. This study successfully developed and evaluated a
retrospective system for managing and optimizing CBCT image doses in
paediatric radiotherapy, demonstrating its potential for improving
radiation safety and dose tracking in young patients.
Numerical and experimental study on surface topography of spur gear generated by double-roller gear ultrasonic rolling
Authors: Shi Zhengyu , Shao Wen , Tang Jinyuan , Shi Yu , Lv Liangliang , Chen Jiling , Feng Guoxi
Published: February 2025

Compared with shot peening, the Double-roller Gear Ultrasonic Rolling (DGUR) process not only improves gear fatigue properties but also effectively reduces surface roughness. However, there is a lack of surface topography modeling methods for this process. Based on the Hertzian contact theory, this paper introduces a numerical model for the DGUR process that incorporates initial residual stress and the surface topography of the sample gear. Subsequently, DGUR experiments were conducted with four different processing parameters. The experimental and simulated results are consistent for both gear surface topography and two-dimensional gear face profiles, and the relative errors of 3D roughness parameters Sa and Sq were less than 5%, confirming the model’s validity. Based on this model, we investigated the relationship between the DGUR process and the Sa, Sq parameters. The experimental outcomes indicated that the DGUR treatment considerably improved the gear tooth surface roughness, decreasing Sa from an initial 0.497 μm to 0.144 μm and Sq from 0.595 μm to 0.203 μm, thereby significantly improving gear tooth surface roughness.
Optimizing CdS/Sb2S3 Solar Cells for Enhanced Performance: Reaching 26.83% Efficiency
Authors: Treviño-Yarce Leticia , Rosendo Andrés Enrique , ZEPEDA MEDINA JOSE CARLOS , Robles-Aguila Maria Josefina , Morales Ruíz Crisoforo , Galeazzi Isasmendi Reina , Coyopol Solís Antonio , García Salgado Godofredo
Published: February 2025

This study, developed a CdS/Sb2S3-based solar cell structure using Sb2S3 as the absorber material and CdS as the window layer. The performance of the ITO/CdS/Sb2S3/Pt heterostructure was numerically analyzed using SCAPS-1D software. The investigation focused on the impact of the back contact's work function, where platinum yielded the best results. Furthermore, the effects of absorber and window layer thickness, series and parallel resistances, total defect density, acceptor concentration, and operating temperature on Voc, Jsc, FF, and overall solar cell efficiency were systematically examined. The evolution of peak power conversion efficiencies under AM1.5 conditions, as represented in the NREL efficiency chart, serves as a key benchmark for evaluating and comparing the performance of different photovoltaic technologies. Thin-film solar cells have achieved a maximum reported efficiency of 23.6% according to this standard. However, the structure proposed in this study achieves a remarkable efficiency of 26.83% under the AM1.5 G illumination spectrum. This result highlights the potential of the developed technology for high-performance solar energy conversion applications. Additionally, when the operating temperature varied from 10°C to 60°C, the efficiency decreased by only 2%, demonstrating the structure’s high thermal stability.
From fibers to fuel cells: advanced nanofiber innovations and perovskite strategies for enhanced SOFC efficiency and stability
Authors: Zhu Yaojie , Hanif Muhammad Bilal , Li Wenlu , Li Cheng-Xin , Wang Shimin
Published: February 2025

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising electrochemical conversion devices due to their high efficiency, wide fuel selection, and potential solutions for environmental problems associated with fuel scarcity and combustion. Over the past decade, extensive research has focused on improving the comprehensive performance of SOFCs in the intermediate temperature range to facilitate their commercialization. The nanoscale microstructure offers promising opportunities for the further development of SOFCs. Besides component optimization, one-dimensional fibrous structured electrodes exhibit outstanding performance, providing new ideas for developing electrode materials suitable for medium to low temperatures. In this review, different nanofibrous structures (simple nanofiber, simple hollow nanofiber, core-shell nanofiber, heterogeneous nanofiber, core-shell hollow nanofiber) are classified, and the effects of these structures on cathode are discussed in detail. Additionally, we present novel modification strategies for the unique fibrous cathode and electrolyte interface, which ensure the durability of the single cell. The current development of nanofibrous cathodes and the interfacial issues between the cathode and electrolyte are also discussed, highlighting the need for careful consideration when applying fibrous cathodes in the future.
Efficacy of Five 14α-Demethylation Inhibitors and Four Biorational Fungicides Against Geotrichum candidum and Sour Rot of Peach
Authors: Zhao Bingyu , Gelain Jhulia , Luo Chao-Xi , Schnabel Guido
Published: February 2025

Sour rot, caused by Geotrichum candidum Link (1809), is a postharvest disease of stone fruits, including peaches. The 14α-demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicide propiconazole has been used for postharvest sour rot management. Still, the recent emergence of reduced-sensitive and resistant G. candidum isolates has compromised its efficacy in South Carolina packinghouses. In this study, the efficacy of four additional DMI fungicides (tebuconazole, difenoconazole, fenbuconazole, and mefentrifluconazole) and four biorational fungicides (natamycin, polyoxin-D, Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain AFS009, and Bacillus subtilis strain AFS032321) was evaluated for mycelium growth (with exception of the P. chlororaphis and B. subtilis products) and disease inhibition of G. candidum isolates with varying sensitivity to propiconazole. Mycelium growth inhibition assays revealed mean EC50 values for tebuconazole of 1.7 µg/ml for propiconazole-sensitive, 90.5 µg/ml for propiconazole-reduced-sensitive, and 567.8 µg/ml for propiconazole-resistant isolates. For difenoconazole, the values were 12.4 µg/ml, 558.5 µg/ml, and 587.3 µg/ml, respectively. Fenbuconazole and mefentrifluconazole exhibited no or minimal inhibitory effects in vitro at concentrations up to 1,000 µg/ml for any of the G. candidum isolates tested. The EC50 values for natamycin for all isolates ranged from 2.63 to 3.66 µg/ml, while polyoxin-D had no effect against G. candidum in vitro. Detached fruit assays designed to assess efficacy against sour rot disease development showed that only label rates of formulated propiconazole suppressed sour rot caused by propiconazole-sensitive and propiconazole-reduced-sensitive isolates. Formulated products of all other DMIs and the four biorational fungicides were ineffective.
ICU Patient-to-Pharmacist Ratios: A Prospective, Multicenter Time-Motion Study
Authors: Buckley Mitchell S. , Smith Susan E. , Birriel Barbara , Radosevich John J. , Dzierba Amy L. , Roberts Russel J. , Barletta Jeffrey F. , Gershengorn Hayley B. , Sikora Andrea , Peterson Lars-Kristofer , Bodkin Ryan , Kaufman David , Ardiles Thomas , Uppalapu Suresh , Tompeck Allison J. , Dabrowski Paul , Close Letitia , Brewer Heidi , Jontz Ashlee , Downs Brenda , Cox Lori A. , Alexander Sheila A. , Harrison Katherine , MacLaren Robert ,   on behalf of the Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Practice Advancement Committee
Published: February 2025

Objectives:

To evaluate the relationship among ICU patient-to-pharmacist ratio, perceived quality of patient care, and pharmacist burnout.

Design:

A prospective, multicenter, time-motion study conducted over a 10-month period (from May 1, 2022, to February 28, 2023).

Setting:

Adult ICU, PICU, or neonatal ICU.

SUBJECTS:

ICU clinical pharmacists

Interventions:

None.

Measurements and Main Results:

Overall, 128 ICU pharmacists completed 703 unique time-motion observation days and recorded their time associated with direct/indirect patient care activities, Maslach Burnout Inventor survey scores, and perceived quality of patient care provided (5-point Likert scale). Total pharmacist time on direct and indirect patient care activities were 5.9 ± 1.9 and 3.3 ± 1.7 hours per shift, respectively. The number of assigned patients in the ICU and overall (ICU and non-ICU) per shift was 19.3 ± 12.9 and 23.4 ± 17.9, respectively. The overall frequency of pharmacist burnout was 38.1%. Burnout was associated with incremental increases in the number of assigned total patients (odds ratio [OR], 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.05) and overtime worked (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03–1.35). Higher compared with lower perceived quality of patient care was associated with significantly smaller assigned ICU patients (17.0 ± 7.4 vs. 30.6 ± 23.8, respectively; p < 0.001). Additional direct patient care time allocated per patient was predictive of a high quality of care perception (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.03–2.05). Burnout was inversely associated with high quality of care (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.36–0.96). The ICU patient-to-pharmacist ratio between 16:1 and 19:1 was associated with the highest perceived quality of patient care and comprehensive patient assessment completion rates.

Conclusions:

Critical care pharmacist practice models across healthcare institutions are inconsistent regarding patient assignments and time allocated toward direct and indirect patient care activities. The ICU patient-to-pharmacist ratio range between 16:1 and 19:1 may optimize quality of care and burnout risk at large academic institutions.
AHA “Life’s Essential 8” metrics and prognosis in patients with renal insufficiency: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2018
Authors: Chen Weihua , Xiao Guitao , Ding Shan , Shi Shanshan , Pan Yuxiong , Tu Jiabin , Zhang Yanbin , Liao Ying , Chen Liling , Chen Kaihong , Huang Rongchong
Published: February 2025

Background:

The benefits of ideal cardiovascular-health metrics (ICVHMs) in patients with renal insufficiency remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate ICVHM associations with prognosis in a renal insufficiency population.

Methods:

The trial enrolled 29,682 participants from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007–2018, with mortality follow-up through December 31, 2019. Participants were divided into three groups based on estimated glomerular filtration rates. Cardiovascular health was assessed using new “Life’s Essential 8” metrics. Cox regression analyses based on NHANES data were used to determine the associations between ICVHMs and cardiovascular mortality in patients with renal insufficiency.

Results:

During a mean follow-up of 6.58 years, ideal cardiovascular health (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.25–0.70) and ideal health behavior (HR = 0.53; 95% CI; 0.39–0.73) reduced cardiovascular mortality in participants with renal insufficiency. For each one ICVHM increment, a 25% reduction in cardiovascular mortality was recorded (95% CI; 0.69–0.82). When compared with participants with normal renal function, for those with mild renal insufficiency, the HR for cardiovascular mortality gradually decreased from 1.47 (95% CI; 0.85–2.52) in those who had ≤1 ICVHMs to 0.30 (95% CI; 0.12–0.77) in participants who had >6 ICVHMs.

Conclusions:

From an ICVHM perspective, enhanced cardiovascular benefits were observed in individuals with renal insufficiency, coupled with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality. Furthermore, when compared with individuals with normal renal function, increased ICVHMs can mitigate adverse risks associated with renal impairment.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Associated With Severe Sensory Neuronopathy: Case Series
Authors: Oliveira Santos Miguel , Pinto Susana , Silveira Fernando , Gromicho Marta , Alves Inês , Castro José , Castro Isabel , de Carvalho Mamede
Published: February 2025

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting primarily the motor system. However, an association with sensory neuronopathy has been scarcely described. We described 3 unrelated patients (2 males) with sporadic spinal-onset ALS and sensory neuronopathy. Mean onset age was 63.7 years and mean Revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale at diagnosis was 42. Sensory disturbances emerged before or overlap with motor symptoms in the same onset region and followed the same pattern of lower motor neuron involvement over disease progression. Two patients have also bilateral trigeminal sensory fibers affection. None had cognitive abnormalities. Genetic testing for the most common ALS-associated genes was unrevealing. Mean disease duration and ALS functional rating scale-revised at last visit was 47 months and 27, respectively. One patient is still alive, dependent on nocturnal noninvasive ventilation. Motor neuron disease is now considered a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder, and sensory neuronopathy, although very rare, should not be neglected as a possible part of the disease spectrum.
Minimizing Palato/velar Fistulas: A New Anatomic Perspective on Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Schmidt Gül , Hofmann Elena , Mrosk Friedrich , Franczyk Maria , Bestendonk Carolin , Koch Hubertus , Heiland Max , Matuschek Carsten
Published: February 2025

Background:

Unilateral cleft lip and palates present unique anatomy at the palato-velar-vomerine junction. This region can be the widest and most challenging part of the cleft, where functional fistulas may occur. In 2017, an approach concentrating on the nasal part was implemented, which rendered the repair of this transition zone less challenging. This study detailed this surgical modification, which allows easy and effective palate repair and thereby reduces fistula rates.

Methods:

This study included 71 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palates who underwent 1-stage palatal repair using the same technique at the age of less than 1 year between 2017 and 2019 and were followed up until 2022. The surgical technique involved the incorporation of the unconnected vomer at the palato-velar-vomerine junction. Anatomical and speech assessments were performed during the annual follow-up period.

Results:

None of the patients developed fistulas. The rate of hypernasality was 11.9%.

Conclusions:

This study described a reliable technique to reduce fistula formation at the palato/velar junction during unilateral cleft lip and palate repair.
Information overload, financial constraints, and psychological burdens are among the barriers faced by marginalized groups seeking curative treatments for HCC
Authors: Nephew Lauren D. , Moore Courtney , Garcia Nicole , Parks Lisa , McKay Allison , Strauss Alexandra T. , Wiehe Sara , Chalasani Naga , Hughes-Wegner Alexandra T. , Rawl Susan M.
Published: February 2025

Background:

Patients with HCC face numerous barriers to curative therapies, particularly Black patients and those impacted by adverse social determinants of health (SDOH). This study aimed to identify patient-reported barriers and facilitators to curative therapies, to inform interventions that improve equitable access to care.

Methods:

We conducted 2 qualitative sessions with Black participants and participants experiencing adverse SDOH with HCC referred for liver transplant (LT) or resection. We also conducted one-on-one interviews with participants from sessions that underwent LT (n=2). Human-centered design methods, including journey mapping and group ideation, were used to identify challenges and solutions at various stages in the care pathway. Data were analyzed to identify key themes and to compare the experiences of Black patients with those experiencing adverse SDOH.

Results:

Both groups faced significant barriers, particularly related to information overload, communication gaps with health care providers, and the complexity of navigating the LT pathway. However, Black patients reported additional challenges related to the psychological burden of the diagnosis and distrust in the health care system, while those with adverse SDOH frequently cited financial instability, lack of social support, and challenges in coordinating care between multiple health systems. Despite these differences, common facilitators included compassionate health care teams and strong personal support networks. Both groups suggested solutions such as improvements in education timing and delivery, better communication pathways, and peer support groups to improve preparedness for treatment and recovery.

Conclusions:

While Black patients and those with adverse SDOH experience unique barriers, common threads—such as information gaps and desire for peer support suggest shared opportunities for interventions.
IL-8–NF-κB–ALDH1A1 loop promotes the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Song Yinghui , Li Yufeng , Zhou Jia , Yu Jianfeng , Hu Qianwei , Yang Feicheng , Yin Zexi , Wang Yizhi , Wang Yueren , Zhang Xinling , Tao Yuewei , Peng Chuang , Liu Sulai
Published: February 2025

Background:

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a poor prognosis of malignant cancer with high lymph node metastasis and resistance to systemic therapies. Recent studies suggested that the involvement of IL-8 could promote ICC metastasis through epithelial–mesenchymal transition while the ICC-ALDH1A1high subtype is clarified by multi-omics study. The correlation between ALDH1A1 and IL-8 in ICC remains elusive. This study aims to further explore the roles and regulatory mechanisms of ALDH1A1 and IL-8 in ICC.

Methods:

We analyzed IL-8 and ALDH1A1 expression in ICC patients and cells. CXCR2 inhibitor (SB225002) was applied to inhibit the function of IL-8, and JSH-23 was applied to inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway. We examined the effects of IL-8 inhibition on NF-κB, ALDH1A1 expression, and cell growth, migration, invasion, and stemness. Moreover, we examined the effects of ALDH1A1 on NF-κB, IL-8 expression, and cell growth, migration, invasion, and stemness. The effects of IL-8 and ALDH1A1 on tumor growth and NF-κB expression were validated using subcutaneous tumors in nude mice.

Results:

IL-8-derived tumor cells could promote ICC progression. The high expression of IL-8 in serum was associated with lymph node metastasis. IL-8 could upregulate ALDH1A1 expression by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, promoting tumor progression. Upregulation of ALDH1A1 could activate NF-κB to promote IL-8 secretion, forming a positive feedback loop to promote tumor invasiveness and cell stemness in ICC.

Conclusions:

IL-8-derived tumor cells could upregulate ALDH1A1 expression by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, promoting tumor progression. Upregulation of ALDH1A1 could activate NF-κB to promote IL-8 secretion, forming a positive feedback loop to promote tumor invasiveness and cell stemness in ICC.
Blood glucose management in hospitalized patients: a review of current literature
Authors: Patel Siddharth , Reddy Amogh , Antony McAnto , Thiriveedi Mrudula , Pathak Prutha , Baddam Sujatha , Rathi Hinal
Published: February 2025

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic medical condition which affects millions of adults worldwide. It can result in various complications and is associated with a higher rate of hospitalizations. Blood glucose management in hospitalized patients is a critical aspect of care, which is important for preventing complications, improving patient outcomes, and reducing the length of hospital stay. Blood glucose control is difficult to achieve secondary to multiple factors involved in its regulation (e.g. type of medical illness, corticosteroid use, and enteral feeding) as well as varying evidence to determine different aspects of it. Our goal is to summarize the existing evidence from observational studies, clinical trials, and various society guidelines on blood glucose management in the hospitalized setting.
The effect of peppermint essential oil on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain in rhinoplasty patients: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Parvizi Arman , Pour Mohammad Reza , Haddadi Soudabeh , Kia Shaghayegh Rezaei , Akbari Maryam , Yazdanipour Mohammad Ali
Published: February 2025

Background:

The present study aims to determine the effect of peppermint essential oil on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain in rhinoplasty patients.

Materials and methods:

This randomized clinical trial included 80 patients aged 18–65 randomly assigned to either the peppermint or the control group. The peppermint group received 20 oral drops of 2% peppermint essence 30 minutes before surgery, while the control group received an equal amount of distilled water. Blinding was maintained for recovery staff and patients. Nausea, vomiting, and pain were assessed at three intervals: upon entry into the recovery room, upon ward admission, and one-hour post-admission, using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and observational methods.

Results:

The evaluation of pain and vomiting in patients during recovery, upon ward admission, and one-hour post-admission did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the two intervention groups (those administered with peppermint essence and the control group) (P > 0.05). However, a statistically significant association was observed between nausea at different measurement times and the groups under study (P < 0.001). Specifically, at all three measurement times, the incidence of nausea was significantly lower in patients who were administered mint compared to those in the control group. Nevertheless, intra-group comparisons did not reveal a significant difference in the occurrence of nausea across different measurement times (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

The application of peppermint essential oil is efficacious in mitigating postoperative nausea following rhinoplasty. Consequently, peppermint can be considered a safe and effective antiemetic intervention in the surgical setting.
Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) and constipation in children: a multifaceted approach (literature review)
Authors: Habib Ashna , Idrees Muhammad , Shivananda Deepak B. , Lalwani Nandini , Singh Pranjal Kumar , Hurjkaliani Sonia , Abdullah XXX , Kunwar Digbijay , Akbar Anum
Published: February 2025

Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is estimated to affect approximately 25 per 100 000 live births. Despite advancements in medical knowledge and technology, the persistence of this issue is attributed to challenges in early detection and limited awareness, often resulting in undiagnosed cases until adulthood. Constipation serves as a noteworthy symptom in children with TCS, yet it frequently goes unnoticed or is ascribed to other causes, leading to delayed diagnosis and negatively impacting a child’s quality of life. The aim of this manuscript is to explore the relationship between TCS and constipation in children, focusing on the prevalence, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and existing treatment methods by synthesizing information from relevant literature. Ultimately, the goal is to shed light on the multifaceted aspects of TCS and its connection to constipation, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to effectively manage this condition in children. Notably, nerve dysfunction that affects bowel motions is often the cause of constipation in children with TCS. A multimodal strategy that includes pharmaceutical treatments, dietary changes, and novel techniques, like neuromodulation and biofeedback therapy, is required for effective management. Given its safety and tolerance in children, key findings emphasize the effectiveness of osmotic laxatives, especially polyethylene glycol (PEG), as a first-line treatment for chronic constipation. Physical therapies, such as pelvic floor physiotherapy and biofeedback, show promise in enhancing rectal sensation and bowel coordination. Bowel function is typically improved with neurosurgical intervention to reduce spinal cord tethering, although there are risks, including re-tethering. Minimally invasive surgical techniques are promising, but more research is needed. Social and intellectual developments are negatively impacted by psychological effects, which are common and include anxiety and depression associated with chronic gastrointestinal problems. In conclusion, addressing constipation in children with TCS necessitates a multimodal strategy and collaborative efforts across different disciplines for optimal management.
Monkeypox: an in-depth examination of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and global public health implications
Authors: Moghib Khaled , Asim Awaish , Salomon Izere , Ghanm Thoria I. , Shivashankar Trisha
Published: February 2025

Background:

Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) within the Orthopoxvirus genus. Following the cessation of smallpox vaccination, mpox has re-emerged as a significant public health concern, exacerbated by global outbreaks in non-endemic regions.

Objectives:

This narrative review aims to explore the epidemiology, transmission patterns, clinical manifestations, treatment options, and public health implications of mpox. It seeks to identify research gaps and propose strategies for prevention and management.

Methodology:

A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted using scientific databases and credible health organization reports. Inclusion criteria focused on studies addressing mpox epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and treatment strategies published up to 2024.

Results:

Mpox has transitioned from zoonotic origins to significant human-to-human transmission, particularly via sexual contact. Outbreaks have highlighted diverse clinical presentations, including dermatological, respiratory, and systemic symptoms, with immunocompromised individuals disproportionately affected. Tecovirimat and JYNNEOS vaccines show promise, but challenges in vaccine distribution and underreporting persist. Public health responses remain uneven, with significant disparities in low-resource settings.

Conclusion:

Mpox remains a pressing global health concern requiring robust surveillance, equitable vaccine access, and community-centered awareness campaigns. Research priorities include genomic studies, improved diagnostics, and targeted therapeutic approaches to mitigate future outbreaks and their socioeconomic impact.
People with four-class drug-resistant HIV-1 may have low levels of intact DNA
Authors: Muccini Camilla , Spagnuolo Vincenzo , Zazzi Maurizio , Castagna Antonella , Cesana Daniela ,   the PRESTIGIO Study Group
Published: February 2025

We evaluated the HIV-1 reservoir in people with four-class drug-resistant (4DR) virus compared with those without drug resistance. Using the intact proviral DNA assay, we found that both groups had similar levels of intact HIV-1 DNA, suggesting that multidrug-resistant HIV does not significantly alter the size of the reservoir. These findings are a first step in studying the HIV-1 reservoir in the population with multidrug-resistant virus, and further studies are needed to confirm our results.
Long-term Sequelae of Pediatric Maxillofacial Fractures
Authors: Chang Xinnan , Li Maoye , Yan Kaixin , Jiang Linli , Li Hui , Liu Lei
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to investigate the long-term sequelae of pediatric maxillofacial fractures and further analyze the causes of these sequelae. A case series study was conducted on children with long-term sequelae after maxillofacial fractures treated between January 2015 and December 2020 in our institution. Relevant preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up data were collected and analyzed. A total of 25 patients were included. The long-term sequelae of pediatric maxillofacial fractures included temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (12/25), facial deformity (5/25), blindness (5/25), temporomandibular joint ankylosis (3/25), visual impairment (2/25), and permanent facial nerve injury (1/25). All cases of temporomandibular joint ankylosis involved concurrent fractures of the mandibular body and condyle, and all patients received conservative treatment. Preoperative CT scans showed lateral dislocation of the ramus stump and reduced joint space in all patients. All patients with facial deformities exhibited severely displaced fractures and had undergone inadequate fracture reductions. As a conclusion, surgical intervention should be considered for pediatric maxillofacial fractures when CT scans reveal lateral dislocation of the ramus stump and diminished joint space. For severely displaced pediatric maxillofacial fractures, anatomic reduction should be achieved during surgery to prevent facial deformities.
Digitally Designed Decompression Device for Treatment of Odontogenic Cysts: Technical Note
Authors: Bitto Marco , Marcianò Antonia , Pagliaro Antonio , Cavallo Leonardo , Cicciù Marco , Oteri Giacomo
Published: February 2025

The aim of the work is to describe the technical procedures adopted to realize a custom-made clinical device, designed through a digital workflow, to improve the decompression of odontogenic cysts. After an incisional biopsy to confirm the histologic nature of the osteolytic jaw lesion, a digital impression of the dental arches, obtained by intraoral scanner, and a CBCT of the jaws, were acquired. The STL (Standard tessellation language) and DICOM files were matched and the decompression device was designed by the use of CAD software (Exocad, 3.1). The 3D-printed resin replica was obtained and cast with a surgical alloy. The delivered device proved to be safe and effective in decompressing the osteolytic lesions.
Giant Vascular Malformation of the Face and Scalp: Resection and Innovative Reconstruction
Authors: Horta Ricardo , Markevičiūtė Medeinė Šilenė , Morgado Lisandra , Mendes Margarida
Published: February 2025

Vascular malformations are very difficult to treat and usually require a multidisciplinary approach. We report a case of a giant facial and scalp vascular malformation resection and large defect reconstruction with the use of artificial dermis and hair follicle transplantation. In total, 3 surgeries were performed with in-between periods of 6 weeks. Firstly, the giant malformation was resected, and the defect was reconstructed using a dermal matrix and expander implantation. During the second surgery, expander was reintroduced, skin flaps were readvanced and hair follicle transplantation to the dermal matrix zone was performed for enhancing reepithelization and wound contraction by second-intention healing. During the third surgery the tissue expander was removed and skin grafts were placed in small non-transplanted areas. This strategy resulted in complete defect reepithelization without the need of skin grafting and a good aesthetic (with hair growth) and functional results were obtained, however, further studies are necessary.
Isolation and characterization of Novosphingobium aquae sp. nov. and Novosphingobium anseongense sp. nov., isolated from freshwater
Authors: Hong Ju-Young , Jo Jung-Hun , Chun Se-Yoon , Im Wan-Taek
Published: February 2025

Two novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic, non-motile bacterial strains, designated as AS3R-12T and PS1R-30T, were isolated from freshwater in South Korea. To determine their taxonomic positions, the strains were thoroughly characterized. Genomic analyses, based on 16S rRNA gene and draft genome sequence data, revealed that the two novel isolates, AS3R-12T and PS1R-30T, belonged to the genus Novosphingobium. AS3R-12T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity (97.7%) with Novosphingobium flavum UCT-28T. In addition, PS1R-30T showed 97.9% 16S rRNA gene similarity with Novosphingobium lentum NBRC 107847T. The draft genome of strains AS3R-12T and PS1R-30T consisted of 4 149 275 and 4 969 838 bps, with DNA G+C content of 63.1 and 66.1 mol%, respectively. The average nucleotide identity between two strains and other related species was below 76.2%, and the digital DNA–DNA hybridization values with closely related species were below 20.8%, both lower than the species delineation threshold. Strains AS3R-12T and PS1R-30T contained the ubiquinone Q-10 as the major quinone and displayed a polyamine pattern with spermidine as the predominant polyamine. Additionally, their major fatty acids were characterized by C16:1
 ω7c/C16:1
 ω6c (summed feature 3) and C18:1
 ω7c/C18:1
 ω6c (summed feature 8). The major polar lipids of AS3R-12T and PS1R-30T were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), sphingoglycolipid (SGL) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Moreover, physiological and biochemical results allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strains AS3R-12T and PS1R-30T from their closest and other species of the genus Novosphingobium with validly published names. Therefore, AS3R-12T and PS1R-30T represented novel species of the genus Novosphingobium, for which the names Novosphingobium aquae sp. nov. (type strain AS3R-12T=KACC 23096T=LMG 32950T) and Novosphingobium anseongense sp. nov. (type strain PS1R-30T=KACC 23097T=LMG 32951T) are proposed.
Endothelial-leukocyte interaction in CAR T cell neurotoxicity
Authors: Park Lina , Tsai Yu-Tung , Lim Hyun-Kyoung , Faulhaber Lila D. , Burleigh Katelyn , Faulhaber Eli M. , Bose Mahashweta , Shih Andy Y. , Hirayama Alexandre V. , Turtle Cameron J. , Annesley Colleen E. , Gardner Rebecca A. , Gustafson Heather H. , Gust Juliane
Published: February 2025

CD19-directed CAR T cells treat cancer, but also cause immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Despite strong epidemiologic links between cytokine release syndrome and ICANS, it is uncertain how elevated systemic cytokines and activated immune cells cause brain dysfunction. We previously showed that leukocytes plug brain capillaries in an immunocompetent mouse model of CD19-CAR neurotoxicity. Here, we used the same model to explore how integrin activation and endothelial adhesion molecule expression contribute to capillary plugging. In vivo two-photon imaging revealed increased expression of ICAM-1 on brain capillaries, with spatially restricted VCAM-1 increases. TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-1β at concentrations equivalent to CAR T cell patient blood levels upregulated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in brain microendothelial cells. In mice, CAR T cells strongly upregulated VLA-4 (integrin α4β1) affinity to VCAM-1, but not affinity of LFA-1 (integrin αLβ2) to ICAM-1. Blocking integrin α4 but not integrin αL improved ICANS behavior in mice. In human CAR T cell patients, increased soluble ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are associated with ICANS, and integrin α4 but not integrin αL is upregulated in CAR T cells after infusion. Our study highlights that cytokine-driven upregulation of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion may be sufficient to induce neurovascular dysfunction in CAR T cell patients.
Analysing diffusion limited processes in a cylinder using pair-correlation functions
Authors: Binder Benjamin
Published: February 2025

Diffusion-limited processes (DLP) are found in various physical, biological, and engineering sys- tems, yet their quantification within complex spatial domains remains a challenge. In this study, we develop novel one-dimensional non-periodic and periodic pair-correlation functions (PCF) to assess the spatial patterns of DLP within a cylindrical domain. By refining previous PCF formulations, we introduce an efficient binning-based approach that significantly reduces computational costs, making the method feasible for large-scale simulations. Our analysis provides a comprehensive examina- tion of PCF variability, distinguishing between global deviations from complete spatial randomness state and sampling-induced variation. We demonstrate the utility of periodic PCFs in capturing key spatial correlations, particularly in azimuthal and Cartesian projections, while highlighting the conditions under which non-periodic PCFs remain preferable. The model successfully reproduces self-organised patterns reminiscent of classical DLP studies, aligning with fractal-like aggregation behaviours. Our findings underscore the potential of PCFs as robust summary statistics for com- plex spatial models, with applications ranging from microbial colony formation and blood clotting dynamics to image analysis and classification algorithms.
Radiation damage to a three-dimensional hydrogel model of the brain perivascular niche
Authors: Ivanova Yoanna I , Nunes Alison C , Cruz Val , Selting Kimberly A , Harley Brendan A.C.
Published: February 2025

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and recurrent brain cancer characterized by diffuse metastasis at the tumor margins. Radiation therapy is a standard component of current treatment and offers potential for improved patient outcomes. While radiation therapy targets GBM cells in the tumor margins, it may also significantly damage adjacent non-cancerous tissues, leading to reduced quality of life and potentially creating a tumor-supportive microenvironment. The perivascular niche (PVN) in the tumor margins is believed to play a significant role in regulating the glioblastoma stem cell subpopulation as well as serving as a site for cancer recurrence and migration. Understanding the impact of radiation on the PVN can better inform radiation schemes and improve our understanding of GBM recurrence, but is difficult in vivo. Here we adapt a previously developed three-dimensional hydrogel model of the brain perivascular niche to investigate the impact of radiation dosage and delivery rate on perivascular niche properties in vitro. Effects of radiation on vessel architecture can be measured in this hydrogel-based model, suggesting an approach that can provide insight into the effects of radiation on a shorter time scale relative to in vivo experiments.
ETP-Specific Knockout Mice Reveal Endotrophin as a Key Regulator of Kidney Fibrosis in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Models
Authors: Kim Dae-Seok , Funcke Jan-Bernd , Chen Shiuhwei , Min Kyounghee , Onodera Toshiharu , Kim Min , Velasco Joselin , Virostek Megan , Walendzik Katarzyna , Scherer Philipp E.
Published: February 2025

Endotrophin (ETP), a cleavage product of the C5 domain of collagen VI α3 (COL6A3), plays a crucial role in extracellular matrix remodeling. Previously established Col6a3 knockout (KO) mouse models primarily reflect the consequences of COL6A3 loss rather than the specific effects of ETP depletion, making it challenging to directly assess ETP's function. These models either disrupt COL6A3 along with ETP production or express functionally defective COL6A3 while maintaining ETP production. To address this limitation, we developed and validated a novel ETP knockout (ETPKO) mouse model that selectively ablates ETP while preserving Col6a3 expression. To generate the ETPKO model, we introduced lox2272 sites and a fluorescent mCherry-CAAX reporter into the Col6a3 locus, ensuring that ETP expression is turned off and reporter expression is turned on upon Cre-mediated recombination. Crossing the Col6a3-Etp+mCherry-CAAX mouse line with CMV-Cre mice yielded ETPKO mice, in which successful ETP deletion was confirmed by genomic DNA sequencing and mCherry expression. Using this model, we investigated ETP's role in kidney fibrosis. ETPKO mice subjected to unilateral or bilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) exhibited complete Etp mRNA ablation with only a partial reduction in Col6a3 mRNA. Notably, ETP depletion significantly attenuated fibrosis progression, demonstrating its critical role in the pathogenesis of kidney fibrosis. The ETPKO mouse model provides a targeted and specific approach for studying ETP function independently of Col6a3 expression. These findings establish ETP as a key driver of fibrosis and position ETPKO mice as a valuable tool for elucidating ETP-mediated mechanisms in preclinical disease models.
A TNL receptor mediates microbiome feedbacks in Arabidopsis
Authors: Janse van Rensburg Henry , Schandry Niklas , Waelchli Jan , Stengele Katja , Cadot Selma , Jandrasits Katharina , Becker Claude , Schlaeppi Klaus
Published: February 2025

Plant performance depends on the soil microbiome. While microbiome feedbacks are well documented, the mechanisms by which plants perceive and mediate these feedbacks remain unclear. We established a framework using two distinct microbiomes in the same soil that differently affect plant growth. Screening 410Arabidopsis thalianaaccessions revealed substantial variation in growth feedbacks, which we used for genome-wide association mapping to identify Mediator of Microbiome Feedback 1 (MMF1), an immune receptor. Characterisation in the reference accession Col-0 revealed thatmmf1mutants lack the differential growth feedbacks, have an altered root bacterial community, and fail to induce a defence-related transcriptional response observed in wild-type plants. The discovery of MMF1 implies that integration of microbial effector signals optimises host microbiome composition and immune status to enhance growth.
The Kinesin-14 Tail: Dual microtubule binding domains drive spindle morphogenesis through tight microtubule cross-linking and robust sliding
Authors: Ems-McClung Stephanie C , Cassity Mackenzie , Prasannajith Anjaly , Walczak Claire E
Published: February 2025

Proper spindle assembly requires the Kinesin-14 family of motors to organize microtubules (MTs) into the bipolar spindle by cross-linking and sliding anti-parallel and parallel MTs through their motor and tail domains. How they mediate these different activities is unclear. We identified two MT binding domains (MBD1 and MBD2) within the Xenopus Kinesin-14 XCTK2 tail and found that MBD1 MT affinity was weaker than MBD2. Comparable to full-length GFP-XCTK2 wild-type protein (GX-WT), GFP-XCTK2 containing the MBD1 mutations (GX-MBD1mut) stimulated spindle assembly, localized well on the spindle, and formed narrow spindles. In contrast, GX-MBD2mut only partially stimulated spindle assembly, localized weakly on the spindle, and formed shorter spindles. Biochemical reconstitution of MT cross-linking and sliding demonstrated that GX-MBD2mut slid anti-parallel MTs faster than GX-WT and GX-MBD1mut. However, GX-WT and GX-MBD1mut statically cross-linked the majority of parallel MTs, whereas GX-MBD2mut equally slid and statically cross-linked parallel MTs without affecting their sliding velocity. These results provide a mechanism by which the two different MT binding domains in the Kinesin-14 tail balance anti-parallel MT sliding velocity (MBD1) and tight parallel MT cross-linking (MBD2), which are important for spindle assembly and localization, and provide a basis for characterizing how molecular motors organize MTs within the spindle.
Decays of the light hybrid meson
1−+
Authors: Esmer G. Daylan , Azizi K. , Sundu H. , Türkmen S.
Published: February 2025

The full width of the light isovector hybrid meson HV with spin-parities 1−+ and content (u¯gu−d¯gd)/2 is evaluated by considering the decays HV→ρ±π∓, b1±π∓, f1(1285)π, f1(1420)π, ηπ, and η′π. To calculate the partial widths of these channels, we use the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) three-point sum rule method which is necessary to determine strong couplings at the corresponding hybrid-meson-meson vertices. It turns out that the main contribution to the full width Γ[HV]=(109.7±16.0)  MeV of the hybrid meson comes from the processes HV→ρ±π∓ partial width of which amounts to ≈67  MeV. The effects of the decays HV→b1π and HV→f1π,f1′π are also sizeable: Their partial widths are equal to 13 MeV and 20 MeV, respectively. The decays to ηπ and η′π mesons are subdominant reactions, nevertheless they form ≈9% of the full width Γ[HV]. Results obtained in this work may be interesting to unravel the tangle of predictions about HV existing in the literature, as well as useful in analyses of different resonances.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Social network heterogeneity promotes depolarization of multidimensional correlated opinions
Authors: Ojer Jaume , Starnini Michele , Pastor-Satorras Romualdo
Published: February 2025

Understanding the mechanisms to mitigate opinion polarization in our society is crucial to minimizing social division and ultimately strengthening democracy. Due to the challenge of collecting long-term reliable empirical data, researchers have been mostly focused on a theoretical understanding of the process of opinion depolarization. To this aim, realistic yet simple models prove valuable, especially when multiple topics are discussed at the same time, which may result in entangled opinion dynamics. In this paper, we propose the multidimensional social compass model, based on two competing key ingredients: DeGroot learning, driven by the social influence exerted across multiple topics, and the preference of individuals to maintain their initial opinions. The interplay between these two mechanisms triggers a phase transition from polarization to consensus, determined by a threshold value of social influence. We analytically study the nature of the depolarization transition and its threshold, depending on the number of topics discussed, the possible correlations between initial opinions, the topology of the underlying social networks, and the correlations between the initial opinion distribution and the network's structure. Theoretical predictions are validated by running numerical simulations on both synthetic and real social networks. We rely on several simplifying assumptions to explore different scenarios, such as a mean-field approximation for high dimension or orthogonal initial orientations. We uncover an upper critical dimension (Dc=5 topics) for uncorrelated initial opinions, distinguishing between discontinuous and continuous phase transitions. For the simplest D=2 case and correlated initial opinions, we found that the depolarization threshold can vanish if the underlying connectivity is heterogeneous, as predicted by perturbation theory. Such an effect is due to the presence of hubs, which promote consensus in the population. We test this hypothesis by designing a rewiring algorithm that increases the structural heterogeneity of the underlying network, showing that the depolarization threshold decreases. Finally, we demonstrate that if hubs share the same initial opinion, the depolarization dynamics is significantly hindered. Our findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms to mitigate polarization in real-world scenarios, suggesting which settings can promote the depolarization process. The presence of very popular individuals on online social networks and the alignment of their opinions, in particular, may play a pivotal role in the multidimensional depolarization dynamics.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025