bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Show us a behaviour without a cognition and we'll show you a rock rolling down a hill
Authors: Carey Timothy A. , Mansell Warren
Published: October 2009

Dismantling studies are used in psychotherapy in order to understand the important components of treatment. Typically, this has occurred so that people could understand the unique contributions provided by cognitiveversusbehavioural techniques. Recently, mindfulness-based approaches have apparently added a third dimension to the dismantling enterprise. Dismantling is seen as an important way of understanding the change process in psychotherapy and, therefore, clarifying how we might most effectively promote change. The way in which an entity is dismantled, however, exposes assumptions about the nature of the entity and its organization. In this paper we argue that dismantling studies in psychotherapy have perhaps generated more confusion than consensus and have provided little practical benefit for clinicians. We suggest that the phenomenon of control might provide a unifying perspective from which to approach the integration of behavioural, cognitive, and mindfulness approaches. In one sense all these seemingly different approaches are doing the same thing and it is this ‘thing’ we highlight in this paper.
Effect of bandwidth on seismic imaging of rotating stratified turbulence surrounding an anticyclonic eddy from field data and numerical simulations
Authors: Ménesguen C. , Hua B. L. , Papenberg C. , Klaeschen D. , Géli L. , Hobbs R.
Published: October 2009

The fine resolution of long geoseismic sections should permit the characterization of oceanic turbulence properties over several decades of horizontal scales. The range of horizontal scales actually probed by three different acoustic sources is found to be directly linked to their frequency content. The horizontal inertial range with a spectral slope of kh−5/3 extend up to 3 km wavelength for the most intense acoustic reflectors which surround strong anticyclonic eddies. The in situ data analysis is confirmed by high resolution numerical simulations of oceanic anticyclonic vortices, in a rotating temperature‐stratified fluid (no salt), which show the spontaneous emergence of a concentration of acoustic reflectors above and below the eddy. These show an anisotropy and a spectral slope consistent with the framework of stratified turbulence, which differs from that of Garret and Munk for internal waves. The implications are that a direct energy cascade to smaller spatial scales is occurring at the boundaries of energetic oceanic vortices and may provide a mechanism to drive mixing in the ocean interior.
Stability of liquid saline water on present day Mars
Authors: Zorzano M.‐P. , Mateo‐Martí E. , Prieto‐Ballesteros O. , Osuna S. , Renno N.
Published: October 2009

Perchlorate salts (mostly magnesium and sodium perchlorate) have been detected on Mars' arctic soil by the Phoenix lander, furthermore chloride salts have been found on the Meridiani and Gusev sites and on widespread deposits on the southern Martian hemisphere. The presence of these salts on the surface is not only relevant because of their ability to lower the freezing point of water, but also because they can absorb water vapor and form a liquid solution (deliquesce). We show experimentally that small amounts of sodium perchlorate (∼ 1 mg), at Mars atmospheric conditions, spontaneously absorb moisture and melt into a liquid solution growing into ∼ 1 mm liquid spheroids at temperatures as low as 225 K. Also mixtures of water ice and sodium perchlorate melt into a liquid at this temperature. Our results indicate that salty environments make liquid water to be locally and sporadically stable on present day Mars.
Dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment on E. coli: Influence of CH4/N2, O2, N2/O2, N2, and Ar gases
Authors: Majumdar Abhijit , Singh Rajesh Kumar , Palm Gottfried J. , Hippler Rainer
Published: October 2009

Atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma has been employed on Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli BL21. Treatment was carried out using plasma generated with different compositions of gases: CH4/N2 (1:2), O2, N2/O2 (1:1), N2, and Ar, and by varying plasma power and treatment time. E. coli cells were exposed under the DBD plasma in triplicates, and their surviving numbers were observed in terms of colony forming units. It has been observed that the CH4/N2 plasma exhibits relatively higher sterilization property toward E. coli compared to plasma generated by using O2, N2/O2, N2, and Ar gas mixtures. The time to kill up to 90% of the initial population of the E. coli cells was found to be about 2–3 min for CH4/N2 and O2 gas mixture DBD plasma. A prolongation of treatment time and an increase in the dissipated power significantly improved the E. coli killing efficiency of the atmospheric pressure DBD plasma.
Synthesis and electrical characterization of n-type carbon nanowalls
Authors: Teii Kungen , Shimada Shozaburo , Nakashima Masahiro , Chuang Alfred T. H.
Published: October 2009

Nitrogen-incorporated carbon nanowalls are prepared by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition using acetylene and methane. n-type conduction in the nanowalls is confirmed by Hall- and Seebeck-effect measurements. We show that increasing the amount of C2 radicals by adding Ar enables catalyst-free growth of nanowalls at a high rate up to about 1 μm/min and reduces the deposition temperature (TD) down to around 650 °C. A substrate pretreatment using diamond powder results in a composite of nanowalls and nanocrystalline diamond films, suggesting that the nanowall growth is limited by gas-phase conditions rather than surface conditions. The low conductivity nanowalls for low TD exhibit thermal activation in the Arrhenius plot, indicative of semiconducting conduction, while the high conductivity nanowalls for high TD are almost temperature independent, indicative of quasimetallic conduction. The high conductivity is attributed to a global increase in the sp2 cluster size and crystallinity, which is responsible for increasing delocalization of defect states associated with π bonding and, hence, quasimetallic character.
Microstructure and photovoltaic performance of polycrystalline silicon thin films on temperature-stable ZnO:Al layers
Authors: Becker C. , Ruske F. , Sontheimer T. , Gorka B. , Bloeck U. , Gall S. , Rech B.
Published: October 2009

Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin films have been prepared by electron-beam evaporation and thermal annealing for the development of thin-film solar cells on glass coated with ZnO:Al as a transparent, conductive layer. The poly-Si microstructure and photovoltaic performance were investigated as functions of the deposition temperature by Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopies including defect analysis, x-ray diffraction, external quantum efficiency, and open circuit measurements. It is found that two temperature regimes can be distinguished: Poly-Si films fabricated by deposition at low temperatures (Tdep<400 °C) and a subsequent thermal solid phase crystallization step exhibit 1–3 μm large, randomly oriented grains, but a quite poor photovoltaic performance. However, silicon films deposited at higher temperatures (Tdep>400 °C) directly in crystalline phase reveal columnar, up to 300 nm big crystals with a strong ⟨110⟩ orientation and much better solar cell parameters. It can be concluded from the results that the electrical quality of the material, reflected by the open circuit voltage of the solar cell, only marginally depends on crystal size and shape but rather on the intragrain properties of the material. The carrier collection, described by the short circuit current of the cell, seems to be positively influenced by preferential ⟨110⟩ orientation of the grains. The correlation between experimental, microstructural, and photovoltaic parameters will be discussed in detail.
Mechanism of carrier injection in (Ni/Au)/p-AlxGa1−xN:Mg(≤x<0.1) Ohmic contacts
Authors: Nikishin S. , Chary I. , Borisov B. , Kuryatkov V. , Kudryavtsev Yu. , Asomoza R. , Karpov S. Yu. , Holtz M.
Published: October 2009

We report the mechanism of current injection in (Ni/Au)/p-AlxGa1−xN:Mg(0≤x<0.1) Ohmic contacts based on the temperature dependence of hole concentrations (p) and specific contact resistance (ρc). The injection mechanism is found to be thermionic emission in all cases. A model is developed to describe the temperature dependences of p and ρc for Mg concentrations from 1019 to 1020 cm−3. The model takes into account splitting in the valence band structure, hole activation energy, and Schottky barrier height. For GaN (AlGaN) these are found to be 132–140 (135–150) meV and 66–88 (84–93) meV, respectively.
Time-reversal frameness and superselection
Authors: Gour Gilad , Sanders Barry C. , Turner Peter S.
Published: October 2009

We show that appropriate superpositions of motional states are a reference frame resource that enables breaking of time-reversal superselection so that two parties lacking knowledge about the other’s direction of time can still communicate. We identify the time-reversal reference frame resource states and determine the corresponding frameness monotone, which connects time-reversal frameness to entanglement. In contradistinction to other studies of reference frame quantum resources, this is the first analysis that involves an antiunitary rather than unitary representation.
A multispectral and polarization-selective surface-plasmon resonant midinfrared detector
Authors: Rosenberg Jessie , Shenoi Rajeev V. , Vandervelde Thomas E. , Krishna Sanjay , Painter Oskar
Published: October 2009

We demonstrate a multispectral polarization sensitive midinfrared dots-in-a-well photodetector utilizing surface-plasmonic resonant elements, with tailorable frequency response and polarization selectivity. The resonant responsivity of the surface-plasmon detector shows an enhancement of up to five times that of an unpatterned control detector. As the plasmonic resonator involves only surface patterning of the top metal contact, this method is independent of light-absorbing material and can easily be integrated with current focal plane array processing for imaging applications.
Rouse modes of self-avoiding flexible polymers
Authors: Panja Debabrata , Barkema Gerard T.
Published: October 2009

Using a lattice-based Monte Carlo code for simulating self-avoiding flexible polymers in three dimensions in the absence of explicit hydrodynamics, we study their Rouse modes. For self-avoiding polymers, the Rouse modes are not expected to be statistically independent; nevertheless, we demonstrate that numerically these modes maintain a high degree of statistical independence. Based on high-precision simulation data we put forward an approximate analytical expression for the mode amplitude correlation functions for long polymers. From this, we derive analytically and confirm numerically several scaling properties for self-avoiding flexible polymers, such as (i) the real-space end-to-end distance, (ii) the end-to-end vector correlation function, (iii) the correlation function of the small spatial vector connecting two nearby monomers at the middle of a polymer, and (iv) the anomalous dynamics of the middle monomer. Importantly, expanding on our recent work on the theory of polymer translocation, we also demonstrate that the anomalous dynamics of the middle monomer can be obtained from the forces it experiences, by the use of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem.
Current voltage relation of amorphous materials based pn diodes—the effect of degeneracy in organic polymers/molecules
Authors: Vaynzof Yana , Preezant Yevgeni , Tessler Nir
Published: October 2009

A general representation of the current in an amorphous semiconductor pn diode is developed. This expression is applied to examples of density of states functions (exponential, Gaussian, and Gaussian with exponential tail) commonly found in conjugated molecules and other amorphous materials. We find that the ideality factor could be voltage dependent and that its functional form is closely related to the shape of the density of states.
Electrical triggering of metal-insulator transition in nanoscale vanadium oxide junctions
Authors: Ruzmetov Dmitry , Gopalakrishnan Gokul , Deng Jiangdong , Narayanamurti Venkatesh , Ramanathan Shriram
Published: October 2009

200 nm diameter Au contacts were fabricated by e-beam lithography on sputtered thin film vanadium oxide grown on conducting substrates and current perpendicular to plane electron transport measurements were performed with a conducting tip atomic force microscope. Sharp jumps in electric current were observed in the I-V characteristics of the nano-VO2 junctions and were attributed to the manifestation of the metal-insulator transition. The critical field and dielectric constant were estimated from quantitative analysis of the current-voltage relationship and compared with reported values on micrometer and larger size scale devices. These results are of potential relevance to novel oxide electronics utilizing metal-insulator transitions.
Interfacial thermal transport between nanotubes
Authors: Kumar S. , Murthy J. Y.
Published: October 2009

There has been a significant amount of research in analyzing the thermal, electrical, and other physical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). However, the energy transport mechanism at the contact of two CNTs is still not well understood. This study investigates the interfacial thermal interaction between two CNTs using molecular dynamics simulation and wavelet methods. We place the tubes in a crossed configuration and pass a high temperature pulse along one of the CNTs, while keeping other ends fixed, and analyze the interaction of this pulse with the other nanotube. We apply this technique to nanotubes of chirality ranging from (5,0) to (10,0) to observe the response of tubes with changing diameter. This thermal pulse analysis shows that the coupling between the two tubes is very weak and may be dominated by slow-moving phonon modes with high energy. We perform a wavelet analysis of thermal pulse propagation along a CNT and its impact on another CNT in cross contact. Wavelet transformations of the heat pulse show how different phonon modes are excited and how they evolve and propagate along the tube axis depending on its chirality.
Electrostatic-discharge-induced degradation of 1.3μm AlGaInAs∕InP buried heterostructure laser diodes
Authors: Ichikawa Hiroyuki , Matsukawa Shinji , Hamada Kotaro , Ikoma Nobuyuki , Nakabayashi Takashi
Published: October 2009

Degradation of 1.3μm AlGaInAs buried heterostructure laser diodes due to electrostatic discharge (ESD) is studied. The degradation mechanism of this material has not previously been clear and so the ESD tolerance was evaluated. Degradation occurred at 0.5 and 2.5kV for forward and reverse polarities, respectively. Because that ESD tolerance for forward polarity is insufficient for practical applications, we focused on it in analyzing the degradation mechanism. Elliptically shaped melted regions are observed in the active layer of the facet. Such regions developed inside a cavity under the application of ESD pulses. These results indicate that degradation is caused by melting due to optical absorption.
Multimode simulation of dimer absorption spectra from first principles calculations: Application to the 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide dimer
Authors: Guthmuller Julien , Zutterman Freddy , Champagne Benoît
Published: October 2009

First principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) have been combined with the multimode vibronic theory of coupled identical monomers to simulate the absorption spectra of dimers. In comparison to our previous study [J. Guthmuller et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 4, 2094 (2008)], where the vibrational excitations strictly accompany the electronic excitations, the vibronic model has been generalized so that the vibronic basis set contains vibrational excitations for both the ground and the excited electronic states. As a matter of illustration, this approach has been applied to a perylenetetracarboxylic diimide dimer employing a fixed dimer geometry. The exciton coupling energy is evaluated with time dependent DFT and random phase approximation calculations and by describing the effects of the solvent with the polarizable continuum model. First, the simulated monomer absorption spectrum is found to be in excellent agreement with experiment. Then, the simulated dimer absorption spectrum presents a strong dependency on the exciton coupling energy and on the inclusion of ground state vibrational excitations in the basis set. It is further shown that considering only fundamental vibrational excitations for the ground electronic state provides almost converged spectra and can therefore be used as a good first approximation. Moreover, the comparison with experiment demonstrates that the dimer absorption spectrum can be successfully reproduced by employing the exciton coupling energy determined at the time dependent DFT level provided that the effects of the solvent are included.
Photoinduced charge-transfer process in rubidium manganese hexacyanoferrate probed by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Fukaya R. , Nakajima M. , Tokoro H. , Ohkoshi S. , Suemoto T.
Published: October 2009

The photoinduced charge-transfer process in Rb0.94Mn[Fe(CN)6]0.98⋅0.2H2O is investigated by observing the valence states of the metal ions by Raman spectroscopy. The sample in the high-temperature phase is irradiated at the ligand to metal, CN−→Fe(III) and charge-transfer band (λ=395 nm). The Fe(III)–CN–Mn(II) pair valence state corresponding to the high-temperature configuration is totally depleted after prolonged irradiation, and the Fe(II)–CN–Mn(III) pair valence state corresponding to the low-temperature configuration appears. In addition, two kinds of CN stretching modes, ascribed to Fe(II)–CN–Mn(II) and Fe(III)–CN–Mn(III) pair valence states, are found. The photoproduction process of each pair valence states is well reproduced by a kinetic model assuming a charge transfer from Mn(II) to Fe(III). During irradiation, continuous shifts of the Raman peaks are found and ascribed to a release of the strain due to the lattice mismatching between the high-temperature and the photoinduced phases. This behavior indicates that the photoinduced phase created locally in the high-temperature-phase lattice grows up to a photoinduced phase domain. The conversion efficiency is lowered with decreasing temperature, indicating the existence of an energy barrier. We propose a model, which can explain the existence of an energy barrier in the electronic excited state.
Photodissociation of the geometric isomers of 1,2-dibromoethylene
Authors: Shi Weiping , Staroverov Viktor N. , Lipson R. H.
Published: October 2009

Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectra of 1,2-dibromoethylene (C2H2Br2) obtained using ultraviolet fundamental wavelengths between 280 and 312.5 nm and monitoring Br+ fragments in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer are found to differ dramatically from those reported in the literature by detecting C2H2+. Laser power plots suggest that the initial excitation process is (2+1) REMPI, which accesses parent excited states between 156.25 and 140.84 nm. Unlike the spectra obtained by monitoring C2H2+, the spectra obtained by monitoring Br+ appear to be identical regardless of which parent isomer (cis or trans) is excited. Based on energetics, it is proposed that Br+ ions are formed by excitation and fragmentation of a ground-state 2-bromovinyl radical intermediate (CHBr=CH⋅) generated by the rapid excited-state dissociation of the parent molecules. Density-functional theory calculations using the hybrid Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE1PBE) functional and the 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis set confirm that the barrier to isomerization for the 2-bromovinyl radicals formed from the cis- and trans-1,2-dibromoethylenes is low, which explains why the resultant REMPI spectra cannot be distinguished based on their isomeric origin. Electronic spectra calculated for the 2-bromovinyl radical using the long-range-corrected hybrid PBE functional (LC-ωPBE) are in qualitative agreement with experimental results.
Ion-specific thermodynamics of multicomponent electrolytes: A hybrid HNC/MD approach
Authors: Vrbka Luboš , Lund Mikael , Kalcher Immanuel , Dzubiella Joachim , Netz Roland R. , Kunz Werner
Published: October 2009

Using effective infinite dilution ion-ion interaction potentials derived from explicit-water molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations in the hypernetted-chain (HNC) integral equation theory we calculate the liquid structure and thermodynamic properties, namely, the activity and osmotic coefficients of various multicomponent aqueous electrolyte mixtures. The electrolyte structure expressed by the ion-ion radial distribution functions is for most ions in excellent agreement with MD and implicit solvent Monte Carlo (MC) simulation results. Calculated thermodynamic properties are also represented consistently among these three methods. Our versatile HNC/MD hybrid method allows for a quick prediction of the thermodynamics of multicomponent electrolyte solutions for a wide range of concentrations and an efficient assessment of the validity of the employed MD force-fields with possible implications in the development of thermodynamically consistent parameter sets.
The glass transition of thin polymer films in relation to the interfacial dynamics
Authors: Serghei A. , Tress M. , Kremer F.
Published: October 2009

As opposed to measurements on the glass transition of a polymer in the bulk, measurements of thin polymer layers reflect—due to the alterations of the glassy dynamics at the confining interfaces—several contributions acting together to give the net response of a polymer film. This fundamental difference is exemplified in detail for the particular case of broadband dielectric spectroscopy, an experimental tool extensively employed to investigate the glassy dynamics of polymers under condition of geometrical confinement.
Nucleation threshold and deactivation mechanisms of nanoscopic cavitation nuclei
Authors: Borkent Bram M. , Gekle Stephan , Prosperetti Andrea , Lohse Detlef
Published: October 2009

The acoustic nucleation threshold for bubbles trapped in cavities has theoretically been predicted within the crevice theory by Atchley and Prosperetti [“The crevice model of bubble nucleation,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1065 (1989)]. Here, we determine this threshold experimentally, by applying a single pressure pulse to bubbles trapped in cylindrical nanoscopic pits (“artificial crevices”) with radii down to 50 nm. By decreasing the minimum pressure stepwise, we observe the threshold for which the bubbles start to nucleate. The experimental results are quantitatively in good agreement with the theoretical predictions of Atchley and Prosperetti. In addition, we provide the mechanism which explains the deactivation of cavitation nuclei: gas diffusion together with an aspherical bubble collapse. Finally, we present superhydrophobic nuclei which cannot be deactivated, unless with a high-speed liquid jet directed into the pit.
Translational, rotational and internal dynamics of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ40 and Aβ42) from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Bora Ram Prasad , Prabhakar Rajeev
Published: October 2009

In this study, diffusion constants [translational (DT) and rotational (DR)], correlation times [rotational (τrot) and internal (τint)], and the intramolecular order parameters (S2) of the Alzheimer amyloid-β peptides Aβ40 and Aβ42 have been calculated from 150 ns molecular dynamics simulations in aqueous solution. The computed parameters have been compared with the experimentally measured values. The calculated DT of 1.61×10−6 cm2/s and 1.43×10−6 cm2/s for Aβ40 and Aβ42, respectively, at 300 K was found to follow the correct trend defined by the Debye–Stokes–Einstein relation that its value should decrease with the increase in the molecular weight. The estimated DR for Aβ40 and Aβ42 at 300 K are 0.085 and 0.071 ns−1, respectively. The rotational (Crot(t)) and internal (Cint(t)) correlation functions of Aβ40 and Aβ42 were observed to decay at nano- and picosecond time scales, respectively. The significantly different time decays of these functions validate the factorization of the total correlation function (Ctot(t)) of Aβ peptides into Crot(t) and Cint(t). At both short and long time scales, the Clore–Szabo model that was used as Cint(t) provided the best behavior of Ctot(t) for both Aβ40 and Aβ42. In addition, an effective rotational correlation time of Aβ40 is also computed at 18 °C and the computed value (2.30 ns) is in close agreement with the experimental value of 2.45 ns. The computed S2 parameters for the central hydrophobic core, the loop region, and C-terminal domains of Aβ40 and Aβ42 are in accord with the previous studies.
Reliability properties of metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors using LaAlO3 high-k dielectric
Authors: Yeh Lingyen , Chang Ingram Yin-Ku , Chen Chun-Heng , Lee Joseph Ya-Min
Published: October 2009

In this study, metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors with high dielectric constant LaAlO3 film were fabricated. Furthermore, the characteristic time-to-breakdown, TBD, of the MOS capacitors was investigated. The TBD was measured and the corresponding Weibull slopes, β, of the MOS capacitors with various LaAlO3 thicknesses were calculated. In addition, a modified percolation model was proposed to consider the extrinsic factors of breakdown. These extrinsic factors were described by an equivalent reduction of the path-to-breakdown, tex, in the model. Using this model, the calculated tex of the MOS capacitor was 5.8 nm.
Design and optimization of a double-enzyme glucose assay in microfluidic lab-on-a-chip
Authors: Atalay Yegermal Tesfaw , Witters Daan , Vermeir Steven , Vergauwe Nicolas , Verboven Pieter , Nicolaï Bart , Lammertyn Jeroen
Published: October 2009

An electrokinetic driven microfluidic lab-on-a-chip was developed for glucose quantification using double-enzyme assay. The enzymatic glucose assay involves the two-step oxidation of glucose, which was catalyzed by hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, with the concomitant reduction of NADP+ to NADPH. A fluorescence microscopy setup was used to monitor the different processes (fluid flow and enzymatic reaction) in the microfluidic chip. A two-dimensional finite element model was applied to understand the different aspects of design and to improve the performance of the device without extensive prototyping. To our knowledge this is the first work to exploit numerical simulation for understanding a multisubstrate double-enzyme on-chip assay. The assay is very complex to implement in electrokinetically driven continuous system due to the involvement of many species, which has different transport velocity. With the help of numerical simulation, the design parameters, flow rate, enzyme concentration, and reactor length, were optimized. The results from the simulation were in close agreement with the experimental results. A linear relation exists for glucose concentrations from 0.01 to 0.10 g l−1. The reaction time and the amount of enzymes required were drastically reduced compared to off-chip microplate analysis.
Diasporic Indigeneity: Place and the Articulation of Ainu Identity in Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Watson Mark K
Published: October 2009

Representations of Indigenous people as rooted and sedentary reinforce ideas of their presence in cities as strange and out of place. This is problematic. In a world where an increasing number if not majority of Indigenous people live in urban or metropolitan areas, cities are now critical sites of Indigenous negotiation, appropriation, marginalization, and emplacement. This paper opens up the analysis of urban Indigenous life from the perspective of place and its role in the articulation of urban Indigenous identities. It takes as a case study the situation of indigenous Ainu in and around Tokyo. The interrogation of place highlights how Ainu are socially active in the city and critiques the regionalization of Ainu affairs to northern Japan.
Just Add Water: Colonisation, Water Governance, and the Australian Inland
Authors: Gibbs Leah M
Published: October 2009

Water has played a key role in the development of the Australian inland and the nation. For European colonists, the dry and variable landscape challenged ideas about nature imported from northern temperate regions. I argue first, that colonists brought with them ideas for ordering nature and tools for transforming landscapes that led to inappropriate and destructive water management and the silencing of local voices and knowledge systems. Secondly, colonial patterns of ordering and transforming landscapes are ongoing, but new ways of governing water, which challenge colonialism, are emerging. In the first section of the paper I discuss colonial relationships with water; in particular the methods of irrigation, river diversion, and bore drilling. In the second section I consider contemporary manifestations of colonial relationships between humans and water, focusing on the bureaucratic separation of land and water, the problematic definition of a river, and the ongoing desire to drought-proof the inland. In the third section I examine emerging ways of governing Australian water, which emphasise knowledge and interconnection, and in so doing challenge ongoing colonial relationships. I describe these two ways of governing water as existing in tension; a tension between engineering-based and knowledge-based approaches to water governance.
Trading Trash in the Transition: Economic Restructuring, Urban Spatial Transformation, and the Boom and Bust of Hanoi's Informal Waste Trade
Authors: Mitchell Carrie L
Published: October 2009

In this paper I explore how one particular segment of the informal waste-recovery trade, waste intermediaries, is impacted by Hanoi's rapid urban economic and spatial change. Using survey and interview data I demonstrate: (1) waste intermediaries simultaneously gain and lose as a result of Hanoi's urban transition; and (2) the underlying forces of urban spatial change in different areas of the city are quite distinct, which will have a unique impact on the future of informal waste-recovery in Hanoi.
Street Trees and Equity: Evaluating the Spatial Distribution of an Urban Amenity
Authors: Landry Shawn M , Chakraborty Jayajit
Published: October 2009

While urban disamenities and pollution sources have received considerable attention in environmental justice research, few studies have examined sociospatial inequities associated with the distribution of desirable land uses. In this paper we focus on addressing this limitation by investigating the environmental equity implications of street trees—an important publicly financed amenity that provides several direct and indirect benefits to urban residents. The specific objective was to determine if the spatial distribution of public right-of-way trees is equitable with respect to race and ethnicity, income, and housing tenure in the city of Tampa, Florida, USA. We seek to extend research on equity analysis of urban amenities through several methodological innovations, including: (a) accounting for the heterogeneity of urban land use; (b) utilizing high-resolution remote sensing techniques to quantify parcel-specific tree cover; and (c) using multivariate regression models that control for spatial dependence within the data. The results support the inequity hypothesis by indicating a significantly lower proportion of tree cover on public right-of-way in neighborhoods containing a higher proportion of African-Americans, low-income residents, and renters. These findings have important implications for local public investment and policy strategies.
‘Failing on Deaf Ears’: A Postphenomenology of Sonorous Presence
Authors: Simpson Paul
Published: October 2009

In this paper I engage with how we attend to sound in terms of musical performance, but also more generally. Whilst recent work in geography has begun to approach the significance of practices of listening, particularly in terms of its performance, its interpretative role, and its cultural politics, I want to approach the act of listening itself and sound itself. In doing this I take inspiration from the recent work of Nancy and particularly his rethinking of ontology as being-with. More specifically, I will focus on three themes central to his general philosophical project, namely sense, the subject, the body, and, further, his conceptions of sonorous presence, resonance, rhythm, and timbre which relate more specifically to his work on listening. The discussion decentres the role of interpretation, or as Nancy suggests ‘hearing’, in academic and geographic accounts of listening and calls for a greater understanding of the resonance produced when sound impacts upon the body when we ‘listen’. In turn, this contributes to the development of a postphenomenology through its critique of the intentional subject in understanding the subject as resonant, always still to come, folding and unfolded, echoing in its being-with sound. This also develops understandings of the nonrepresentational in its affirmation of a finite thinking of the singular-plural. I take as a lens into this discussion a recent experiment undertaken by the Washington Post where the world-renowned, virtuoso violinist Joshua Bell busked at a Washington Underground station, and, apparently, fell on a thousand pairs of ‘deaf ears’.
From the Barrel of the Gun: Policy Incursions, Land, and Aboriginal Peoples in Australia
Authors: Gulson Kalervo N , Parkes Robert J
Published: October 2009

This paper focuses on the enduring traces of colonialism within the Australian nation-state and the ongoing challenges to Aboriginal peoples' rights, especially land rights. We try to make sense of contemporary federal government and New South Wales state, or provincial, government policy changes which connect land use, access and ownership to social welfare, and which target Aboriginal peoples in remote, or outback, areas and the inner city. We connect these two policy initiatives by pointing to the tension between social and planning policies, conceptions of landownership, and the notion of Aboriginal self-determination. We try to understand the rationale and enactment of these policies through the idea of policy incursions. We argue that policy incursions represent a constellation of settler nationalism, the enactment of a white national imaginary, and the exploitation of crisis that reinscribe Aboriginal people in 21st-century Australia as objects of state policy, while marginalising them as subjects of the state.
Normalizing ‘Solutions’ to ‘Government Failure’: Media Representations of Habitat for Humanity
Authors: Hackworth Jason
Published: October 2009

The notion of ‘government failure’ is central to theories of neoliberal normativity. Rather than focusing on ‘market failures’ and their correctives, neoliberalism aims to demonstrate ways that government ‘incompetence’, ‘inefficiency’, and ‘graft’ pollute or completely block the provision of adequate public services. Little work has been done, however, to determine the extent to which this notion has been accepted within the political mainstream, or the ways in which examples have been deployed to highlight or solve ‘government failure’. This study considers the way that one such example, the organization Habitat for Humanity, has been deployed as a challenge to interventionist government and, as such, as an alternative to ‘government failure’. A qualitative and quantitative content analysis of 1427 news articles that included ‘Habitat for Humanity’ from six North American newspapers was conducted to determine the extent to which the organization has become normalized as a viable alternative to state-delivered housing in particular, and Keynesian welfarism in general. The paper adds to the argument that neoliberal assumptions, once the purview of a small cadre of right-wing political economists, have permeated mainstream assumptions about the role of government in the provision of public goods.
Turning Feral Spaces into Trendy Places: A Coffee House in Every Park?
Authors: Perkins Harold A
Published: October 2009

Dynamic modes of political economic regulation impact provision for the parks system in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Green spaces during Milwaukee's first liberal era consisted mostly of private properties accessible only to the city's elite and/or to those willing to pay a fee to drink in its boisterous bier gartens. Collective open space investment at the turn of the 19th century signaled the beginning of a second, decades-long era of Keynesian state provision for parks. A steady decline in that investment for Milwaukee's parks since the 1980s has provided the context for a set of new, yet seemingly liberalized governance experiments to emerge from the now defunct managerialist system. In this paper I employ regulation and regime theories in conjunction with thirty-six in-depth interviews to argue that these new parks experiments hail the beginning of a third era in parks provision. The new era is marked by an apparently neoliberal shift in regulation for open space on the basis of state actions to market public parks provision to a multiplicity of private actors. It is different from the first liberal era because the state withdraws its fiscal commitment to parks but still employs them to continue its active role in environmental and—by extension—social regulation. A multiplicity of local parks governances are promoted in the name of environmental citizenship but are problematic because they form new and localized geographies of social reproductive discipline in the benevolent rhetoric of responsibility, choice, and empowerment.
Blog Links as Pipelines to Buzz Elsewhere: The Case of New York Theater Blogs
Authors: Jones Brant W , Spigel Ben , Malecki Edward J
Published: October 2009

The concept of buzz is both new and heavily contested. One of the strongest debates about buzz is the possibility of ‘virtual buzz’ or buzz that takes place online. At the heart of this debate is the importance of real-time, face-to-face contact. To investigate virtual buzz we present a study of a network of weblogs, or blogs, which share a topical focus on the New York City theater scene. Using social network analysis we find that these blogs exhibit a dense network of interlinkages between each other, with no dominant blog controlling the discourse. We believe this to be indicative of a buzz-like environment. We conclude by discussing the advantages that the study of blogs has for the field of economic geography.
Evaluating the Impact of Progressive Beer Duty on Small Breweries: A Case Study of Tax Breaks to Promote Smes
Authors: Wyld John , Pugh Geoff , Tyrrall David
Published: October 2009

We examine whether the 2002 introduction of progressive beer duty (PBD) in the UK has had its desired or predicted effects. The purpose of the new tax relief was, in the words of the then Chancellor of the Exchequer, to “encourage one group of small businesses: the nation's small brewers”. A dataset has been created of all small breweries in the United Kingdom from 1988 to 2008, recording the dates of their creation, progression, and, where relevant, extinction. We find no evidence of a change in survivorship consequent upon the introduction of PBD. However, there is some evidence of an increase in the rate of formation of small breweries. These findings are consistent with predictions from standard economic theory and thus may be relevant to wider policy debate on the use of targeted tax breaks to support small and medium enterprises.
Re-inventing model-based decision support with Australian dryland farmers. 2. Pragmatic provision of soil information for paddock-specific simulation and farmer decision making
Authors: Dalgliesh N. P. , Foale M. A. , McCown R. L.
Published: October 2009

Economic and climatic pressures are forcing many Australian dryland farmers to reassess their management of soil resources and climatic risk. FARMSCAPE intervention has offered enhanced soil characterisation and monitoring as a contribution to soil water and nitrogen inventory, and simulation as a contribution to interpretation of locally measured environmental data in stochastic production terms. This paper relates the journey taken by the farmers, their consultants, and the researchers as they worked together to assess the value to farming and consulting practice of these scientific tools and techniques.
Ten years after FARMSCAPE interactions commenced, a sample of participant farmers and consultants was interviewed to evaluate effects on thinking and practice. Understandings and concepts gained in FARMSCAPE continued to guide thinking and action. Early simulations in response to ‘what if…?’ enquiries of strategic importance, such as crop sequencing and rotation choice, were still referred to as learnings of continuing value. However, techniques and practices varied markedly between individuals and organisations. Monitoring of soil resources varied from continued use of the relatively complex tools and techniques provided by the researchers through to the use of much-simplified techniques that provided adequate information to satisfy the conceptual models. Methods for interpreting soil water ranged from use of the simulator, APSIM, to simple water-use efficiency ‘rules of thumb’.
Re-inventing model-based decision support with Australian dryland farmers. 4. Yield Prophet® helps farmers monitor and manage crops in a variable climate
Authors: Hochman Z. , van Rees H. , Carberry P. S. , Hunt J. R. , McCown R. L. , Gartmann A. , Holzworth D. , van Rees S. , Dalgliesh N. P. , Long W. , Peake A. S. , Poulton P. L. , McClelland T.
Published: October 2009

In Australia, a land subject to high annual variation in grain yields, farmers find it challenging to adjust crop production inputs to yield prospects. Scientists have responded to this problem by developing Decision Support Systems, yet the scientists’ enthusiasm for developing these tools has not been reciprocated by farm managers or their advisers, who mostly continue to avoid their use.
Preceding papers in this series described the FARMSCAPE intervention: a new paradigm for decision support that had significant effects on farmers and their advisers. These effects were achieved in large measure because of the intensive effort which scientists invested in engaging with their clients. However, such intensive effort is time consuming and economically unsustainable and there remained a need for a more cost-effective tool. In this paper, we report on the evolution, structure, and performance of Yield Prophet®: an internet service designed to move on from the FARMSCAPE model to a less intensive, yet high quality, service to reduce farmer uncertainty about yield prospects and the potential effects of alternative management practices on crop production and income.
Compared with conventional Decision Support Systems, Yield Prophet offers flexibility in problem definition and allows farmers to more realistically specify the problems in their fields. Yield Prophet also uniquely provides a means for virtual monitoring of the progress of a crop throughout the season. This is particularly important for in-season decision support and for frequent reviewing, in real time, of the consequences of past decisions and past events on likely future outcomes.
The Yield Prophet approach to decision support is consistent with two important, but often ignored, lessons from decision science: that managers make their decisions by satisficing rather than optimising and that managers’ fluid approach to decision making requires ongoing monitoring of the consequences of past decisions.
Cohesin SMC1β protects telomeres in meiocytes
Authors: Adelfalk Caroline , Janschek Johannes , Revenkova Ekaterina , Blei Cornelia , Liebe Bodo , Göb Eva , Alsheimer Manfred , Benavente Ricardo , de Boer Esther , Novak Ivana , Höög Christer , Scherthan Harry , Jessberger Rolf
Published: October 2009

Meiosis-specific mammalian cohesin SMC1β is required for complete sister chromatid cohesion and proper axes/loop structure of axial elements (AEs) and synaptonemal complexes (SCs). During prophase I, telomeres attach to the nuclear envelope (NE), but in Smc1β−/− meiocytes, one fifth of their telomeres fail to attach. This study reveals that SMC1β serves a specific role at telomeres, which is independent of its role in determining AE/SC length and loop extension. SMC1β is necessary to prevent telomere shortening, and SMC3, present in all known cohesin complexes, properly localizes to telomeres only if SMC1β is present. Very prominently, telomeres in Smc1β−/− spermatocytes and oocytes loose their structural integrity and suffer a range of abnormalities. These include disconnection from SCs and formation of large telomeric protein–DNA extensions, extended telomere bridges between SCs, ring-like chromosomes, intrachromosomal telomeric repeats, and a reduction of SUN1 foci in the NE. We suggest that a telomere structure protected from DNA rearrangements depends on SMC1β.
PIKfyve regulates CaV1.2 degradation and prevents excitotoxic cell death
Authors: Tsuruta Fuminori , Green Eric M. , Rousset Matthieu , Dolmetsch Ricardo E.
Published: October 2009

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) play a key role in neuronal signaling but can also contribute to cellular dysfunction and death under pathological conditions such as stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. We report that activation of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors causes internalization and degradation of CaV1.2 channels, resulting in decreased Ca2+ entry and reduced toxicity. CaV1.2 internalization and degradation requires binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase (PIKfyve), a lipid kinase which generates phosphatidylinositol (3,5)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) and regulates endosome and lysosome function. Sustained activation of glutamate receptors recruits PIKfyve to CaV1.2 channels, increases cellular levels of PtdIns(3,5)P2, and promotes targeting of CaV1.2 to lysosomes. Knockdown of PIKfyve prevents CaV1.2 degradation and increases neuronal susceptibility to excitotoxicity. These experiments identify a novel mechanism by which neurons are protected from excitotoxicity and provide a possible explanation for neuronal death in diseases caused by mutations that affect PtdIns(3,5)P2 regulation.
Block-structured adaptive meshes and reduced grids for atmospheric general circulation models
Authors: Jablonowski Christiane , Oehmke Robert C. , Stout Quentin F.
Published: October 2009

Adaptive mesh refinement techniques offer a flexible framework for future variable-resolution climate and weather models since they can focus their computational mesh on certain geographical areas or atmospheric events. Adaptive meshes can also be used to coarsen a latitude–longitude grid in polar regions. This allows for the so-called reduced grid setups.

A spherical, block-structured adaptive grid technique is applied to the Lin–Rood finite-volume dynamical core for weather and climate research. This hydrostatic dynamics package is based on a conservative and monotonic finite-volume discretization in flux form with vertically floating Lagrangian layers. The adaptive dynamical core is built upon a flexible latitude–longitude computational grid and tested in two- and three-dimensional model configurations. The discussion is focused on static mesh adaptations and reduced grids. The two-dimensional shallow water setup serves as an ideal testbed and allows the use of shallow water test cases like the advection of a cosine bell, moving vortices, a steady-state flow, the Rossby–Haurwitz wave or cross-polar flows. It is shown that reduced grid configurations are viable candidates for pure advection applications but should be used moderately in nonlinear simulations. In addition, static grid adaptations can be successfully used to resolve three-dimensional baroclinic waves in the storm-track region.