bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeding habits of Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in a Mexican Pacific reef
Authors: Maya-Alvarado Brenda , Calva-Benítez Laura-Georgina , Granja-Fernández Rebeca , Pérez-López Jessica , López-Pérez Andrés
Published: April 2021

Introduction: The importance of holothuroids in marine ecosystems is related to their feeding activities, which have been little studied in the eastern Pacific. Objective: To describe the feeding habits of the sea cucumber Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea and their bioturbation potential in La Entrega reef, México. Methods: The population size of H. (Stauropora) fuscocinerea was determined by means of four 20 x 4 m (320 m2) band transects, while the available sediment for the sea cucumbers and their feces were characterized in three stations (A-C) via granulometry and quantification of organic carbon and organic matter. Excretion rate was determined every 4 hr over a 24 hr period and the relationship between sea cucumber length and biomass and the excretion rate evaluated. Results: According to non-parametric permutation, ordination and percentage similarity analyses, sea cucumber feces mostly comprised a large proportion of small grains compared to the available sediment, indicating that H. (Stauropora) fuscocinerea is selective on grain size. Preliminary bioturbation potential of the species may reach up to 8.71 ± 0.17 kg day of sediment in the study area. Conclusion: The spatial distribution of H. (Stauropora) fuscocinerea in the study area is a product of its selective feeding activity, evidencing the preliminary importance of the species in the trophic dynamics of La Entrega reef.
Primer registro del género Leptopentacta (Cucumariidae: Colochirinae) en el Caribe nicaragüense
Authors: Solís-Marín Francisco-Alonso , Sandino Osmar-Benito ,  Conejeros-Vargas Carlos-Andrés ,  Caballero-Ochoa Andrea-Alejandra
Published: April 2021

Introducción: El género Leptopentacta solo ha sido reportado previamente en Florida, Cuba, Colombia, Costa Rica y Surinam. Objetivo: Presentar el primer registro del género para Nicaragua. Métodos: Los caracteres morfológicos del material nicaragüense del Smithsonian Institution (USNM 1014529), fueron corroborados con la descripción original. Resultados: Los cinco especímenes recolectados en el Caribe nicaragüense coinciden con el género. Conclusiones: Leptopentacta se reporta por primera vez en el Mar Caribe de Nicaragua. Esto aumenta el número de equinodermos nicaragüenses a 194 especies.
Taxonomy of family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: De los Palos-Peña Magdalena , Solís-Marín Francisco-Alonso , Laguarda-Figueras Alfredo
Published: April 2021

Introduction: The family Benthopectinidae is composed of deep-sea sea stars distributed in eight genera and approximately 70 valid species. So far, only five species of this family have been reported for the Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Objective: To provide an updated local taxonomy of this family. Methods: A total of 566 specimens deposited in the Echinoderm National Collection, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, collected from 1952 to 2015, were taxonomically examined. Results: We present descriptions, photographs, and an illustrated dichotomous key for Benthopecten simplex simplex, Cheiraster (Barbadosaster) echinulatus, Cheiraster (Cheiraster) planus, Cheiraster (Christopheraster) blakei, and Cheiraster (Christopheraster) mirabilis in the region. Conclusions: The five studied species represent 6 % of the world biodiversity of the family and can now be identified with the illustrated key.
Reproduction of the sea urchin Tripneustes depressus (Camarodonta: Toxopneustidae) in Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Authors: Vives Ailet , Rubilar Tamara , Herrero-Pérezrul María-Dinorah , Ceballos-Vázquez Bertha-Patricia
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Sea urchin gonads (roe or uni) are considered a culinary delicacy worldwide. However, only a few species are considered edible and commercialized. The sea urchin Tripneustes depressus has generated the interest of producers in Baja California Sur, Mexico, due to the quality of its gonads. A biological basis for designing a management strategy is key to consider its commercial exploitation. Objective: To determine the reproductive season of T. depressus through description of the gonad stages and reproductive cycle, and to establish its relationship with environmental factors. Methods: We collected monthly samples (October 2016-September 2017), recording in-situ temperature and photoperiod. We evaluated a sample of 1 055 specimens for demographic characteristics, using total weight (g) and test diameter (cm). We also did a histological analysis of gonads from 178 individuals. Results: Average test diameter was 9.70 ± 0.03 cm (5-12.50 cm). Based on the proportion into the gonad of sexual (gametes) and somatic (nutritive phagocytes) cells, we propose five gonad stages (growing, premature, mature, spawning, and intergametic) for both sexes. There were two times of the year when gonads were heaviest and closely corresponded to the growing stage, coinciding with the highest proportions of nutritive phagocytes. Gonad development (growing and premature stages) peaks in the months with the longest daylight periods, with spawning in the shortest daylight periods. Conclusions: Gonad wet weight and adjusted gonad weight are good indicators of the reproductive season of T. depressus. The lowest gonad wet weights were matched the spawning peak in the shortest daylight period (January and March).
Annotated checklist for the Gorgonocephalidae family (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the National Echinoderm Collection “Dra. Ma. E. Caso M.” of the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, UNAM
Authors: Ramírez-Moreno Frida-Jacqueline , Solís-Marín Francisco-Alonso , Laguarda-Figueras Alfredo
Published: April 2021

Introduction: The order Euryalida is represented by fragile ophiuroids with long and slender arms that can be ramified. Species within the family Gorgonocephalidae are characterized by the presence of tiny hooklets on the dorsal aspect of their arms. There are very few published studies referring to species of the family Gorgonocephalidae inhabiting Mexican waters. Objective: To review the taxonomic status of the species belonging to this taxonomic family, identifying their diagnostic taxonomic characteristics to create an illustrated guide of species kept at the CNE, UNAM. Methods: Specialized bibliography of the Gorgonocephalidae family was gathered. Subsequently, all the specimens from the CNE were photographed using Scanning Electron and Multifocal Microscopy photography, to show the structures of taxonomic relevance. Results: A total of 193 specimens corresponding to eight genera and nine species were reviewed. The genus Astrocaneum presented the highest species richness. Conclusions: For the species identified in this study and for the sake of accurate identification, morphological characters such as the shape of hooklets and arm plates were highlighted.
Nuevos registros de la familia Cucumariidae (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) en el Pacífico mexicano
Authors: Sánchez-Alonzo Daniel-M. , Solís-Marín Francisco-A. , Conejeros-Vargas Carlos-A.
Published: April 2021

Introducción: Los cucumáridos son un grupo cosmopolita de pepinos de mar que habitan en sedimentos rocosos-arenosos, desde la zona intermareal hasta la zona abisal. Objetivo: Presentar nuevos registros para el Pacífico mexicano. Métodos: Se utilizó estereoscopio y microscopía electrónica de barrido para mostrar la morfología externa e interna de especímenes de la colección de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Resultados: Presentamos una sinopsis taxonómica de cucumáridos en el Pacífico mexicano y revisamos su taxonomía en las espículas. Se confirma la identidad taxonómica de Pseudocnus curatus, Pseudocnus dubiosus y Pseudocnus lubricus y se descarta la presencia de Trachythyone peruana. Conclusiones: Se presentan cuatro nuevos registros para el Pacífico mexicano: Leptopentacta nina, Pseudocnus curatus, Pseudocnus dubiosus y Pseudocnus lubricus.
Morfología y crecimiento relativo en Clypeaster europacificus (Clypeasteroida: Clypeasteridae) del Golfo de California
Authors: Conejeros-Vargas Carlos-Andrés , Sanvicente-Añorve Laura , Solís-Marín Francisco-Alonso , Caballero-Ochoa Andrea-Alejandra , Laguarda-Figueras Alfredo
Published: April 2021

Introducción: Clypeaster europacificus es una especie de galleta de mar que se distribuye de 0 a 200 m en el Golfo de California. Objetivo: Describir la morfología y el crecimiento relativo en la testa de C. europacificus. Métodos: Medimos 1 846 especímenes de museo de C. europacificus (N = 1 846) y analizamos el patrón de crecimiento en 32 especímenes de Baja California Sur, México (64 m de profundidad). Estudiamos cinco variables: radio mayor (R) (variable independiente), radio menor (r), longitud del pétalo anterior (LP), área total de prueba (A) y peso seco (P). Resultados: El área de cobertura del petaloide y el contorno de la testa son los caracteres taxonómicos importantes para C. europacificus: los especímenes van desde casi redondos en especímenes pequeños (≤ 3 cm de radio) a ondulados, enfatizando un contorno pentagonal, en organismos más grandes (≥ 3,1 cm de radio). Conclusiones: Existe un crecimiento alométrico negativo en las relaciones R vs. r, R vs. A y R vs. P; mientras que la relación R vs. LP tiene un crecimiento alométrico positivo.
Evolution of folate content during barley malt production
Authors: Koren D. , Hegyesné Vecseri B. , Kun-Farkas G.
Published: April 2021

The aim of this research was to study the effect of micro- and industrial scale malting on the folate content of barley. Two malting barley varieties (one spring and one winter) were studied, applying the same technology. Furthermore, a roasting experiment was carried out at given temperatures for different time periods. The total folate content was determined by microbiological method. The folate content of the barleys was between 10.1 and 23.4 µg/100 g dry matter. For micro- and industrial scale, malting folate content increased 6.5–8-fold and 4–7-fold, respectively, during the malting process. An unexpected result was observed during industrial malting: the folate content increased during kilning by 18–35%, unlike micro scale malting, where a 15–20% decrease was observed. Results obtained during roasting showed that folic acid content did not decrease when roasted for 20 min at 100 °C, but it decreased linearly with increasing temperature. Folate is completely degraded in 20 min at 200 °C. It can be stated that barley malt can serve as a relatively good source of folate, but barley variety and malting technology have significant impact on it.
Вибір переохолоджувача конденсату парокомпресорної холодильної машини
Authors: Двойнос Я.Г. , Італьянцев О.І.
Published: April 2021

Зменшення питомих енерговитрат парокомпресорної холодильної машини шляхом встановлення внутрішнього теплообмінника переохолодження конденсату дозволяє отримати економію енергоресурсів протягом тривалого періоду експлуатації, і разом з цим, збільшує вартість обладнання, тому уточнення розрахунку переохолоджувача і аналіз його роботи важливі. Роботу присвячено аналізу існуючих конструкцій переохолоджувача, вибору критеріїв оцінки ефективності встановлення даного теплообмінного обладнання. Розраховано для умов числового експерименту значення теоретичного коефіцієнта термодинамічної ефективності циклу. З використанням програмного забезпечення «EmersonClimate Technologies SELECT 7 (V.7.0)» отримано значення коефіцієнта термодинамічної ефективності циклу з переохолоджувачем, наближені до реального процесу з врахуванням витрат при роботі компресора. Оцінено втрати роботи компресора на подолання гідравлічного опору теплообмінника переохолодження конденсату та отримано локальні значення прогнозованого коефіцієн­та термодинамічної ефективності роботи парокомпресорної холодильної машини в залежності від питомої теплової потужності переохолоджувача. Для умов числового експерименту обрано конструкцію переохолоджувача – пластинчастий теплообмінник з гладкою поверхнею пластин, гідродинамічний режим та визначальні розміри (зазор між пластинами), зроблено припущення та проведено серію числових експериментів з розрахунку локальних значень прогнозованого коефіцієнта термодинамічної ефективності від довжини каналів по паровій фазі. Аналіз результатів дозволив визначити оптимальну довжину теплообмінника, якій відповідає максимальне значення прогнозованого коефіцієнта термодинамічної ефективності. Подальше зростання довжини теплообмінника-пере­охолоджувача призводить до зростання витрат компресора на подолання його гідравлічного опору і прогнозована ефективність машини зменшується. Результати роботи можуть бути використані при проектуванні нового холодильного обладнання, або модернізації існуючого для визначення геомет­ричних розмірів та гідродинамічних режимів теплообмінника-переохолоджувача конденсату
Розробка абсорбційних холодильних агрегатів на низькопотенційних джерелах теплової енергії
Authors: Біленко Н.О. , Тітлов О.С.
Published: April 2021

Показано, що одним з відомих напрямків часткової компенсації дефіциту води можуть бути системи отримання води з атмосферного повітря, в яких холодильні машини або агрегати забезпечують температуру нижче температури точки роси. При виборі типів холодильних машин або агрегатів для цих систем перспективним може бути використання сонячної енергії, зокрема, сонячних колекторів, широко використовуваних в світі для опалення в холодний і перехідний період року, а також для господарських і санітарно-гігієнічних потреб. Тут великі перспективи мають абсорбційні водоаміачні системи, які на відміну від бромістолітієвих аналогів мають можливість працювати з повітряним охолодженням теплорозсіювальних елементів. У той же час використання абсорбційних водоаміачних холодильних систем в системах отримання води з атмосферного повітря утруднено через недостатній рівень температур джерела сонячної енергії. Об'єктом досліджень є модернізований абсорбційний холодильний агрегат (АХА), в якому проводиться додаткове очищення слабкого водоаміачного розчину (ВАР) шляхом випаровування частини аміаку в парогазову суміш. Розроблено методику розрахунку для визначення питомих теплових навантажень на елементи конструкції при заданих параметрах робочого тіла в характерних точках (вхід-вихід елементів) з подальшим визначенням енергетичної ефективності холодильного циклу АХА. Було показано, що склад інертного газу не впливає на ефективність циклу. Заміна водню гелієм призводить лише до зростання кількості циркулюючого газу в 2 рази, що ускладнює роботу контуру природної циркуляції між абсорбером і випарниками аміаку і розчину. Максимальну ефективність має АХА, що працює в діапазоні температур охолодження – від -18 до +12 °С. При цьому визначальний вплив на енергетичну ефективність надає температура кінця випаровування. Результати енергетичного аналізу АХА дозволили сформулювати ряд рекомендацій для розробників. Відзначено, що необхідні для розрахунку випарника розчину вихідні дані можна отримати в результаті моделювання процесів тепломасообміну в наближенні адіабатності процесів
“Russian History Should Be Written by Russians, Why Are Hungarians Interfering?”: A Microhistoriographical Study
Authors: Szvák Gyula
Published: April 2021

This article is based on the discussion (mock defense) of Key Issues of Russia’s Annexation of Siberia in the Late 16th – 17th Centuries in Russian and Soviet Historiography (The Development of the Concept of the Trans-Urals’ Entry into the Muscovy State), the PhD thesis by Sándor Szili, a young Hungarian historian (supervised by R. G. Skrynnikov). The discussion took place at the department of Russian history at St Petersburg State University in the summer of 1992 and resulted in a devastating critique of the dissertation. This ordinary event is presented and analysed in the broad context of the global political changes associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the socialist camp. The author recreates the atmosphere of uncertainty, deprivation, loss of life guidelines, and radical change in values that dominated both in Hungary and in post-Soviet Russia. The destruction of the habitual way of life of tens of millions of people and the catastrophic breakdown on a geopolitical scale could not but affect the state of historical studies. The theoretical and methodological vacuum formed as a result of the collapse of Marxist-Leninist ideology and the feeling of catastrophe, the death of the nation and the state, caused a reaction among some historians in the form of a bizarre mixture of neo-imperial, radical communist, and xenophobic views on the historical process and their awareness of Russia’s role and place in that process. The author demonstrates that the bearers of such views set the tone for the discussion of the dissertation. Even though it is not devoid of many shortcomings, at another time and in another place the dissertation could have well been presented for defense. This is evinced by very calm and constructive external feedback received from well-known specialists who were not members of the department. But in the process of public discussion the scholarly debate turned into politicised criticism from the very beginning, and the PhD candidate had no allies. The situation took on a paradoxical character: having got rid of the shackles of the dominant ideology, the participants in the discussion behaved much more harshly and irreconcilably than during the Soviet “stagnation”. The story described in the article is a vivid concrete manifestation of the crisis of Russian historical studies, which had to be overcome between the late 1980s and 1990s.
The Role of the Cultural Context in the Russian Military Revolution
Authors: Olzacka Elżbieta
Published: April 2021

This article examines military transformations in Russia between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries within the framework of the Military Revolution concept. This concept, introduced by the British historian Michael Roberts in 1955, was originally used to link changes in the purely military sphere (the introduction of gunpowder and the increased number of troops) with changes in state structures in western European countries. However, the concept can also be used to describe modernisation processes in non-European countries. Some historians have pointed out that military reforms often led to a holistic transformation of the socio-economic system. Others, including those dealing with the Military Revolution in Russia, focus primarily on the role of economic, social, and educational backwardness, which resulted in the construction of a modern military system and state different from that found in the West. This article attempts to complement this historical perspective by highlighting the importance of the cultural context in Russia’s military modernisation. It explores the traditional cultural narrative – rooted in Orthodoxy and a patrimonial socio-political system – which resulted in the emergence of specific beliefs about waging war and achieving victory, as well as practices which differed from those in the West. As a result, it is argued that the introduction of similar technological and organisational solutions in the state of the tsars was accompanied not only by different political and socioeconomic conditions, but also by different values, which were reflected in the various ways of reforming the troops and their subsequent use on the battlefield.
Bolshevism and Religion in Italian Travelogues about Soviet Russia from the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Golubtsova Anastasia
Published: April 2021

This article analyses religious themes and motifs in travelogues by Italian authors who visited the USSR between the 1920s and 1930s. Their writings deal with religion from two different points of view: first, the authors use religious images and allusions to the Bible and other Christian texts as a common cultural code, which helps them comprehend various phenomena of Soviet reality; second, they explore different ways in which religion is present in Soviet society, which was (as the Italian authors saw it) simultaneously strictly atheistic and permeated with religious spirit. The analysis of these two aspects allows the author to point out some important features of the Italian reception of the Soviet Union and to study the influence of fascist propaganda and the European “Russian myth” on the image of the USSR in Italy. This can help us understand the mechanisms underlying the formation of the image of the “other” in intercultural contacts between Russia and the West. The research is based on studying the travelogues by the Italian writers Curzio Malaparte, Vincenzo Cardarelli, and Corrado Alvaro, who visited the Soviet Union between the 1920s and 1930s when political, economic, and cultural contacts between the USSR and other countries were expanding rapidly after the Civil War. Among other testimonies of the Italian “guests” in the Soviet Union, travelogues created by prose writers and poets are of particular interest as an example of how reality is transformed by literary imagination. These sources are mostly unknown in Russia and have not attracted the attention of researchers. However, they have been studied abroad from the 1980s in several articles and monographs dealing with the image of the USSR in Western culture; recent years have witnessed the publication of several works especially dedicated to Italian writers travelling to the Soviet Union. However, non-Russian researchers mostly regard these texts as historical sources without considering their literary structure: a “philological” approach is crucial for an adequate understanding of such a complex of both fictional and documentary sources. In the long run, the results of this research may contribute to the development of new efficient strategies for intercultural communication in the modern world.
Georgian Society in the Nineteenth Century: Features of Integration into the Space of the Russian Empire
Authors: Urushadze Amiran , Shcherbakov Vyacheslav
Published: April 2021

This review examines a monograph by Philipp Ammon that considers the history of the entry and integration of the territories of historical Georgia into the space of the Russian Empire. In his book, the German historian focuses on finding the roots and forerunners of modern Russian – Georgian political conflicts. The author consistently describes the events of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Ammon shows the circumstances of the conclusion of the Treaty of Georgievsk in 1783 and the proclamation of the manifesto on the accession of East Georgia on 12 September 1801. At the same time, he refers to the entry of Eastern Georgia into the administrative and political space of the Russian Empire as an occupation and considers the Russian authorities’ subsequent policies to be Russification. These provisions are substantiated by well-known scholarly literature, but, according to the reviewers, the author does not use archival and published documentary evidence systematically. According to Ammon, the repressive policy of the Russian state is proved by armed protests and political conspiracies that took place on the southern periphery of the empire in the first half of the nineteenth century. The historian briefly notes the other side of imperial policy, such as the establishment of an educational system, cultural initiatives, and social transformations. However, according to Ammon, all these are also integral elements of Russification. The review criticises some of the book’s provisions.
Phase II validation study of the rK39 ELISA prototype for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil
Authors: Medeiros Fernanda Alvarenga Cardoso , Souza Filho Job Alves de , Barbosa José Ronaldo , Donato Lucas Edel , Figueiredo Fabiano Borges , Werneck Guilherme Loureiro , Paz Gustavo Fontes , Thompson Mayerson , Marcelino Andreza Pain
Published: April 2021

Abstract: Dogs are the main reservoirs in the domestic transmission cycle of visceral leishmaniasis, and the diagnosis is essential for the effectiveness of the control measures recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. We assessed the diagnostic performance of the ELISA-Vetlisa/BIOCLIN prototype with serum samples from 200 dogs, in triplicate, including symptomatic, oligosymptomatic, asymptomatic, and healthy dogs, originated by two distinct panels (A and B) characterized by parasitological tests as the reference standard. In this study, the prototype kit showed a 99% sensitivity (95%CI: 94.5-100.0) and a 100% specificity (95%CI: 96.4-100.0). The sensitivity of the prototype kit did not vary significantly with the clinical status of the dogs. Considering the final result classification (positive or negative), agreement between the results of repeated tests was almost perfect (kappa = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.98-1.00). ELISA-Vetlisa/BIOCLIN is a promising option for the serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.
A interação entre humanos e não humanos nas relações de cuidado em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica
Authors: Tanabe Roberta Falcão , Moreira Martha Cristina Nunes
Published: April 2021

Resumo: A tecnologia é um elemento instrumental central no cuidado dos pacientes na terapia intensiva. O objetivo do artigo foi explorar as interpretações das interações entre os atores humanos e não humanos na produção do cuidado das crianças com condições crônicas complexas na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Secundariamente foi discutido o segredo como uma das dimensões das interações ligadas ao ambiente intensivo. De base etnográfica, com observação participante e registros em diário de campo, a pesquisa dialoga com a Teoria Ator-Rede para discutir o papel da tecnologia nas interações sociais no contexto de cuidado complexo em UTI pediátrica. Crianças, familiares e profissionais atribuíram novos sentidos e funcionalidades à tecnologia no curso da internação prolongada na UTI, ressignificando o seu papel no cuidado e assumindo-a como uma importante mediadora das interações sociais entre a vida dentro e fora do hospital. A incorporação tecnológica reconfigurou os limites da vida, os espaços físicos e simbólicos envolvendo o cuidado, e tensionou os limites entre o que é público e privado durante a internação. O segredo nesse ambiente foi atravessado pela mediação tecnológica que acrescentou novos ingredientes às relações de sociabilidade. Essa nova ordem que se instala, vinculada à interação entre humanos e não humanos, desafia as instituições de saúde e seus profissionais a repensarem seus valores, procedimentos e forma de interação para a qualificação do cuidado, que tem na incorporação tecnológica uma realidade definitiva e inovadora, nisto que podemos denominar digitalização da vida e do cuidado.
Gasto em atenção primária à saúde em dois governos do Chile pós-ditadura
Authors: Moraga-Cortés Fabián , Bahia Thereza Christina , Prada Clara Aleida
Published: April 2021

Desde a Declaração de Alma-Ata, em 1978, a atenção primária à saúde (APS) é considerada componente essencial dos sistemas de saúde. No caso chileno, a gestão da atenção primária foi municipalizada durante a ditadura e mantida pelos governos posteriores, com algumas reformas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar e analisar o gasto em APS no Chile, durante os governos de Sebastián Piñera e Michelle Bachelet. A coleta dos dados financeiros foi orientada pelo Modelo de Contas Nacionais em Saúde (CNS) e, posteriormente, os valores foram deflacionados segundo o Índice de Preços do Consumidor (IPC). A principal fonte das informações foi o Sistema Nacional de Informação Municipal (SINIM). Os resultados mostram que no período houve aumento permanente do gasto em APS, entretanto, a média de variação percentual foi um pouco maior no primeiro governo do que no segundo. A porcentagem do gasto em APS em relação ao gasto público com saúde foi de 21,4% para os oito anos, tendo poucas variações. Indicadores mostram que a desigualdade entre as regiões administrativas e de saúde está ampliando progressivamente. Por tanto, os repasses destinados a financiar os serviços oferecidos na atenção primária, se bem que crescentes, possivelmente estão sendo mal distribuídos. Isso, junto com outros problemas, como a mercantilização dos serviços e a desintegração da rede, prejudicam a consolidação da APS, sobretudo tratando-se de um sistema de saúde baseado em seguros contributivos como o chileno.
Fatores associados ao aumento do consumo de cigarros durante a pandemia da COVID-19 na população brasileira
Authors: Malta Deborah Carvalho , Gomes Crizian Saar , Souza Júnior Paulo Roberto Borges de , Szwarcwald Celia Landmann , Barros Marilisa Berti de Azevedo , Machado Ísis Eloah , Romero Dalia Elena , Lima Margareth Guimarães , Silva Alanna Gomes da , Prates Elton Junio Sady , Cardoso Laís Santos de Magalhães , Damacena Giseli Nogueira , Werneck André Oliveira , Silva Danilo Rodrigues Pereira da , Azevedo Luiz Otávio
Published: April 2021

Medidas de distanciamento social adotadas em diversos países para mitigar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 podem acarretar efeitos indesejáveis sobre a saúde e o comportamento das populações. Este estudo objetivou investigar o comportamento de fumar na população adulta brasileira durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e analisar os fatores associados ao aumento do consumo de cigarro. Foi realizado um inquérito virtual e a amostra final correspondeu a 45.160 indivíduos. Foram utilizados pesos de pós-estratificação e calculadas as razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas por sexo, idade e escolaridade, e os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Modelos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foram aplicados para a análise de associação entre o aumento do consumo de cigarros e as variáveis sociodemográficas e as relativas à adesão ao distanciamento social, qualidade do sono, estado de ânimo, alteração no trabalho e nos rendimentos. A prevalência de fumantes foi de 12% (IC95%: 11,1-12,9), dos quais 34% relataram aumento no consumo de cigarros. Esse aumento foi maior entre as mulheres (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,01-1,59) e entre indivíduos com o Ensino Médio incompleto (RP = 1,35; IC95%: 1,02-1,79). O aumento do consumo de cigarros esteve associado à piora da qualidade do sono, sentir-se isolado dos familiares, triste ou deprimido, ansioso, ficar sem rendimentos e pior avaliação do estado de saúde. Estratégias de promoção da saúde, de prevenção do uso e de incentivo à cessação do consumo de cigarros, bem como intervenções em saúde mental, devem ser continuadas e reforçadas no contexto de distanciamento social durante a pandemia de COVID-19.
PERCEPTIONS OF THE MULTI-PROFESSIONAL TEAM GIVEN THE LEGAL INTERRUPTION OF PREGNANCY DUE TO SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Authors: Silveira Jéssica Rodrigues , Lima Margarete Maria de , Costa Roberta , Baigorria Judizeli
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the feelings and coping strategies used by the multi-professional team in relation to cases of legal interruption of pregnancy. Method: a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study, conducted with 21 professionals in a hospital in the Southern Region of Brazil in September and October 2018. The participants were selected by the snowball technique and answered semi-structured individual interviews. The data were analyzed according to Minayo's operative proposal. Results: two thematic categories were unveiled: feelings related to participation in the process of legal interruption of pregnancy and ways of coping and support service of the institution. The participants revealed feelings ranging from indifference to empathy, and that their main ways of coping are the search for specialized services, conversation groups, family and religion. Conclusion: it was observed that the cases assisted give rise to diverse feelings in the professionals and, according to reports, they do not receive any form of support from the institution to deal with them.
Mentoria é uma arte, não um ofício
Authors: Teixeira Luciana de Almeida Silva
Published: April 2021

Resumo: Introdução: Programas de mentoria têm se mostrado estratégias para o aprimoramento da formação dos futuros médicos, com alcance em aspectos pouco contemplados nos currículos formais. Este relato discute a experiência docente do exercício da mentoria para uma turma de graduação em Medicina, durante o período de seis anos (de 2014 a 2020). Relato de experiência: As ações da mentoria foram planejadas semestralmente, em reuniões entre mentor e mentorados. As temáticas elegíveis foram escolhidas por meio de tempestade de ideias para convergir nas principais demandas coletivas. Abordaram-se os seguintes assuntos: visão do paciente ante a interação com estudantes das profissões da saúde, futuro dos médicos recém-formados, matriz de competências essenciais para a formação do médico, entre outros. Utilizaram-se mais frequentemente as seguintes ferramentas: rodas de conversa, atividades baseadas em metodologias ativas em pequenos e grandes grupos, encontros informais com a turma, encontros individuais, e espaços formais e informais de tecnologia da informação. As ações foram realizadas, ao longo dos seis anos, pelo mesmo docente, o que permitiu a construção e consolidação do vínculo entre mentor e mentorados. Discussão: Assim, a mentoria se configurou como uma potente estratégia, conduzida com flexibilidade para permear as necessidades dos educandos, direcionando-as para o desenvolvimento individual e coletivo de profissionalismo. Entre os ganhos paralelos, destaca-se o estímulo ao desenvolvimento docente, condição que exigiu receptividade à interação e reconhecimento dos saberes dos aprendizes. Conclusão: Por meio desta experiência, foi possível compreender que a essência da mentoria está relacionada ao vínculo e ao preparo de seres humanos para lidar com seres humanos, independentemente do papel social que estejam ocupando.
Promovendo equidade de gênero nas especialidades cirúrgicas: experiência de programa de mentoria na América Latina
Authors: Nascimento Maria Eduarda de Freitas Mesquita do , Niquen-Jimenez Milagros , Campos Letícia Nunes , Ribeiro Lucas Loiola Ponte Albuquerque , Gois Aécio Flávio Teixeira
Published: April 2021

Resumo: Introdução: Cirurgia global é uma área que advoga por melhores desfechos e equidade para todos que demandam assistência cirúrgica, anestésica e obstétrica. No Brasil, embora as mulheres componham 46,6% da demografia médica em 2020, inequidades de gênero persistem nas especialidades cirúrgicas. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar a experiência do programa de mentoria do Gender Equity Initiative in Global Surgery como mecanismo de promoção de equidade de gênero. Relato de experiência: O programa almeja capacitar, empoderar e amplificar vozes de minorias de gênero, sendo voluntário e sem fins lucrativos. Baseia-se na criação de pequenos grupos heterogêneos, com diferentes graus de experiência acadêmica e pessoal. As inscrições ocorrem por formulário on-line, com perguntas relacionadas à identidade, a interesses e expectativas dos aplicantes, sendo os grupos organizados de acordo com essas informações. Os mentores são selecionados com base em: nível de treinamento, especialidade, identidade de gênero e expectativas. Realizam-se três acompanhamentos por preenchimento de questionário pelos participantes. Discussão: A necessidade de programas como este durante a pandemia é evidente, mostrando-se como uma iniciativa positiva para desenvolver estratégias de enfrentamento dos desafios vivenciados. Este relato fornece uma visão geral de como um programa de mentoria pode contribuir para que mais estudantes de Medicina sejam incentivados a seguir carreiras em cirurgia, anestesia e obstetrícia, de modo a promover equidade de gênero para além da perspectiva binária, e discute as principais dificuldades em se estabelecerem programas como esse na América Latina. Conclusão: É preciso reforçar que não basta apenas dar suporte a mulheres (cis e trans) e pessoas de gênero não binário, mas também educar a sociedade para compreender identidades de gênero além da perspectiva binária, reconhecendo os impactos nas relações de trabalho e perspectivas de carreira, especialmente dentro do campo cirúrgico.
An exogenous cytokinin supply in the ornamental fern Asplenium nidus L. induces an unusual post-transplant biomass accumulation
Authors: Pagani Alberto , Carnelos Danilo , Molinari Jorge , Giardina Ernesto , Benedetto Adalberto Di
Published: April 2021

Abstract Ferns are ornamental plants with a low relative growth rate and long production cycles, which are grown at small pot volumes to optimize the commercial space for sale. However, the root restriction effects under this plant management can limit biomass accumulation and frond area. Since an exogenous spray with cytokinin (6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP)) has been suggested as a tool to override the root restriction in plants grown in pots, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different BAP doses (5, 50, 100 or 200 mg L-1) once (7 days after transplant), twice (7 and 30 days after transplant) or three times (7, 30, and 60 days after transplant), on plant growth and frond area development in spore-propagated Asplenium nidus fern plants grown in pots. Both increasing the BAP doses and number of applications led to an unusual response: an excessive decrease in the frond plastochron and a significant increase in the frond number initiated at the apical shoot meristem. This large frond number was not sustained due to the low net photosynthetic rate of the younger fronds and significantly limited outward appearance.
6-Benzylamino purine outperforms Kinetin and Thidiazuron in ameliorating flower longevity in Calendula officinalis L. by orchestrating physiological and biochemical responses
Authors: Lone Mohammad Lateef , Farooq Sumira , ul haq Aehsan , Parveen Shazia , Tahir Inayatullah
Published: April 2021

Abstract In view of extending the relatively brief postharvest life of flowers by a range of technologies, the present study elucidates the implication of 6-benzylamino purine (BAP), kinetin (KN) and thidiazuron (TDZ) on postharvest performance and flower longevity of isolated flowers of Calendula officinalis. BAP and KN belong to adenine group cytokinins while as TDZ is a diphenyl urea compound having cytokinin like activity. The harvested flowers were supplemented with BAP, KN and TDZ at various concentrations viz., 25, 50, 75 and 100 µM at one day before anthesis (cup shaped) stage. The control was designated by a distinct set of flowers held in distilled water (DW). Our findings revealed substantial enhancement in flower longevity by application of various growth regulators as compared to the control. Vase solutions containing BAP and KN at 50 µM and TDZ at 75 µM (individually) were most effective in improving the longevity of cut Calendula flowers. Improvement in flower longevity was primarily associated with high membrane stability index (MSI), upregulated activities of various antioxidant enzymes viz., catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), besides an attenuated lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in the petals. As compared to control, the treated flowers exhibited higher values of soluble proteins, total phenols and total sugars, besides lower α-amino acid content in the petal tissues. However, BAP outplayed TDZ and KN in improving the flower longevity of Calendula officinalis by maintaining higher physiological and biochemical stability in petals.
History, landscape, and botanical report of a centenary square in Brazil
Authors: Toledo Jayça Amate Marim , Pereira Bárbara Cristina Vido , Mattiuz Cláudia Fabrino Machado , Ambrosano Marcelo Nalin , Cásares María Carolina , Silva Angelo Gabriel Trevisoli , Ferraz Marcos Vieira
Published: April 2021

Abstract Historical research of public spaces provides a better understanding of the social formation and preserve cultural and landscaping heritage. José Bonifácio Square, located in Picacicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, is an important public space. We carried out a historical survey in the archives of municipal public institutions and a landscape record was done by identifying tree species implanted in the square. We verified a strong church influence in the development of the square landscape project. The first landscaping work occurred in 1885, and it became known as City Public Garden. It presented naturalistic features, using exotic and native species, mainly trees, for landscaping composition. Several modifications and reforms were made from 1885 to 2005. José Bonifácio Square was considered highly diverse (H’ = 3.18) with 151 individuals, distributed in 36 species belonging to 14 botanical families. The native species from Atlantic Forest represented 82.6% of Bignoniaceae, Arecaceae, and Fabaceae species. The high diversity of native species found in José Bonifácio Square allowed us to infer a lower ecological fragility and a higher environmental balance than other Brazilian squares. The analysis of historical information from the years 1885 to 2019 and the analysis of the square’s floristic composition in contemporary times demonstrated José Bonifácio Square’s relevance in forming and conserving Piracicaba’s urban identity.
The role of semiotics in health, safety, and environment communication in South African mining and its influence on organizational culture
Authors: Scott L. , Goncalves M.A.
Published: April 2021

Effective communication is a sought-after non-technical skill in the health, safety, and environmental (HSE) function and is fundamental in achieving an organization's safety objectives. While different channels are used to communicate HSE matters, many organizations employ posters, videos, and/ or signs containing images to convey information. Communication through signage and graphical hazard symbols has been regulated in standards, but vast sections of HSE communication are bespoke communications and exist outside the sphere of standards. Effective HSE communication through images requires an understanding of the organizational culture in which the images will be used, as well as an understanding of the semiotics of the images themselves. Creative interpretation within HSE communication can create situations where the message that was received is not the message that was intended, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. This paper is aimed at elucidating the semiotics of South African HSE visual content. It was found that the indexical mode of images was most preferred in visual communication, and text-only designs the least preferred. Senders and receivers of messages differ in their opinions on the complexity of HSE communication.
Bleeding disorders in girls and women: setting the scene
Authors: Skouw-Rasmussen Naja , Lavin Michelle , Ven Minette van der
Published: April 2021

The prevalence and impact of bleeding disorders in women is not sufficiently acknowledged, with the organisation of care traditionally biased towards boys and men with haemophilia. In 2017, the European Haemophilia Consortium surveyed women with bleeding disorders, national member organisations (NMOs) and treatment centres to assess the impact of bleeding disorders in women in four domains: physical activity, active life, romantic and social life, and reproductive life. Most women had von Willebrand disease (VWD) or described themselves as a carrier. All reported a negative impact on physical activity, active life and romantic and social life. Up to 70% of women in all groups reported that their bleeding disorder had a significant impact on their ability or willingness to have children, or prevented it. Heavy menstrual bleeding was reported as the having the most significant impact on daily life. Women face barriers to diagnosis and care, including difficulty obtaining a referral and lack of knowledge among general practitioners and gynaecologists. While bleeding disorders share many symptoms, including bleeding after minor injury and trauma, the link between heavy menstrual bleeding and a bleeding disorder often goes unrecognised and its severity is underestimated. Screening is not offered to all eligible women despite the availability of long-established management guidelines; clinical tools to estimate severity may be unreliable. Failure to recognise a bleeding disorder in a woman is a multifactorial problem that is partly due to cultural reluctance to discuss menstruation. Public awareness campaigns are seeking to correct this, and many NMOs involve women in their initiatives and provide women-centred activities. However, a transformation in diagnosis is needed to shift the focus of treatment centres beyond boys and men with haemophilia, and to acknowledge the prevalence and severity of bleeding disorders in women.
Genetics 101: understanding transmission and genetic testing of inherited bleeding disorders
Authors: Biguzzi Eugenia , Galen Karin van , Kadir Rezan A
Published: April 2021

Haemophilia is an X-linked inherited disorder that affects males and females, though the bleeding risk in girls and women has traditionally been under-recognised. About one third of haemophilia cases occur in individuals where there is no known family history. The gene mutations for rare bleeding disorders are not carried on the X chromosome and are therefore not sex-linked; however, the risk of passing on the condition is greatly increased for consanguineous parents where both parents may carry a copy of the fault in the genetic code which causes the condition. Genetic testing should be offered to every prospective mother, ideally before conception. This should be supported by counselling as the implications for family planning are profound.

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) has an important role in primary and secondary haemostasis. Loss of function or low levels of VWF are associated with spontaneous bleeding causing nosebleeds, heavy periods and bruising as well as jpost-surgical bleeding. Joint bleeding and intracranial haemorrhage can also occur in those with a severe type of VWF. Diagnosis depends on bleeding assessment, family history and measurement of VWF. There are three types of VWD: Types 1 and 3 are caused by low or absent levels of VWD; Type 2 is caused by loss of function. Of these, Type 3 VWD is associated with the most severe bleeding risk but there is wide variation in bleeding phenotype among the other sub-types. The correlation between genetic mutation and bleeding phenotype is weak in VWD; therefore genetic testing is mainly useful for interpreting the risk when planning a family and to allow prenatal diagnosis in severe bleeding disorders.

Genetic testing is essential for prospective parents to make fully informed decisions about having a family and how or whether to proceed with a pregnancy. The rationale for prenatal testing is to determine the bleeding status of the foetus and to inform decisions about managing delivery. Women may choose to terminate a pregnancy to avoid having a child with severe haemophilia. For some couples the option of adoption or not having children may be explored. Options for prenatal diagnostic testing include non-invasive methods, e.g. assessment of free foetal DNA in maternal plasma to determine the sex of a baby from 10 weeks in pregnancy, and invasive methods, e.g. chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, to determine the inheritance of the genetic mutation. Invasive methods are associated with a very small increased risk of pregnancy loss or early labour, which many couples feel is an unacceptable risk. Advanced techniques such as preimplantation screening also available, but require a huge commitment as this involves an IVF technique.