bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Segmentation of the iliac crest from CT-data for virtual surgical planning of facial reconstruction surgery using deep learning
Authors: Raith Stefan , Pankert Tobias , de Souza Nascimento Jônatas , Jaganathan Srikrishna , Peters Florian , Wien Mathias , Hölzle Frank , Modabber Ali
Published: January 2025

Background and objectives: For the planning of surgical procedures involving the bony reconstruction of the mandible, the autologous iliac crest graft, along with the fibula graft, has become established as a preferred donor region. While computer-assisted planning methods are increasingly gaining importance, the necessary preparation of geometric data based on CT imaging remains largely a manual process. The aim of this work was to develop and test a method for the automated segmentation of the iliac crest for subsequent reconstruction planning. Methods: A total of 1,398 datasets with manual segmentations were obtained as ground truth, with a subset of 400 datasets used for training and validation of the Neural Networks and another subset of 177 datasets used solely for testing. A deep Convolutional Neural Network implemented in a 3D U-Net architecture using Tensorflow was employed to provide a pipeline for automatic segmentation. Transfer learning was applied for model training optimization. Evaluation metrics included the Dice Similarity Coefficient, Symmetrical Average Surface Distance, and a modified 95% Hausdorff Distance focusing on regions relevant for transplantation. Results: The automated segmentation achieved high accuracy, with qualitative and quantitative assessments demonstrating predictions closely aligned with ground truths. Quantitative evaluation of the correspondence yielded values for geometric agreement in the transplant-relevant area of 92% +/- 7% (Dice coefficient) and average surface deviations of 0.605 +/- 0.41 mm. In all cases, the bones were identified as contiguous objects in the correct spatial orientation. The geometries of the iliac crests were consistently and completely recognized on both sides without any gaps. Conclusions: The method was successfully used to extract the individual geometries of the iliac crest from CT data. Thus, it has the potential to serve as an essential starting point in a digitized planning process and to provide data for subsequent surgical planning. The complete automation of this step allows for efficient and reliable preparation of anatomical data for reconstructive surgeries.
Modelling hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment phenotype to evaluate drug efficacy
Authors: Cherradi Sara , Roux Salomé , Dupuy Marie , Tabone-Eglinger Séverine , Tuaillon Edouard , Ziol Marianne , Assenat Eric , Duong Hong Tuan
Published: January 2025

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Treating HCC is challenging because of the poor drug effectiveness and the lack of tools to predict patient responses. To resolve these issues, we established a patient-centric spheroid model using HepG2, TWNT-1, and THP-1 co-culture, that mimics HCC phenotype. We developed a target-independent cell killing (TICK) exclusion strategy to monitor the therapeutic response. We demonstrated that our model reproduced the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) molecular classification, displayed known alterations of epigenetic players, and responded to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as sorafenib, cabozantinib, and lenvatinib in a patient-dependent manner. Importantly, we reported for the first time that our model correctly predicted 34 clinical outcomes to TKIs out of 37 case studies on 32 HCC patients confirming that patient-centric spheroids, combined with our TICK exclusion strategy, are valuable models for drug discovery and opening a near perspective to personalized care.
Kinematics of balance controls in people with chronic ankle instability during unilateral stance on a moving platform
Authors: Xu Xiaohan , Bowtell Joanna , Fong Daniel T. P. , Young William R. , Williams Genevieve K. R.
Published: January 2025

Balance control deficits resulting from ankle sprains are central to chronic ankle instability (CAI) and its persistent symptoms. This study aimed to identify differences in balance control between individuals with CAI and healthy controls (HC) using challenging single-leg balance tasks. Twenty-three CAI and 23 HC participants performed balance tasks on a force plate that either remained static or moved mediolaterally. Force and kinematic data were recorded to measure balance and joint movements. The CAI group showed significantly shorter time-to-boundary during static conditions but no significant differences during moving conditions compared to HC. During moving conditions, CAIs exhibited greater proximal compensations, with greater range of motion and higher angular velocity in the knee, hip, and torso. while no significant differences were observed in these parameters during static conditions. Principal component analysis indicated specific kinetic chain in CAI during one-leg balance under both static and moving conditions compared to HC. These findings suggest an altered movement strategy in CAI, that ankle injuries impair the ability to stabilize both distal and proximal joints, and an altered kinetic chain from ankle to torso. Rehabilitation programs for CAI might benefit from considering the integration of the entire kinetic chain, addressing both distal and proximal joint dynamics to support effective recovery and prevent secondary injuries.
New fruit waste-derived activated carbons of high adsorption performance towards metal, metalloid, and polymer species in multicomponent systems
Authors: Kukowska Sylwia , Nowicki Piotr , Szewczuk-Karpisz Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

The main aim of the study was to develop new fruit waste-derived activated carbons of high adsorption performance towards metals, metalloids, and polymers by the use of carbon dioxide (CO2)-consuming, microwave-assisted activation. The authors compared morphology, surface chemistry, textural parameters, and elemental composition of precursors (chokeberry seeds, black currant seeds, orange peels), as well as biochars (BCs) and activated carbons (ACs) obtained from them. The adsorption mechanisms of metals (copper, cadmium), metalloids (arsenic, selenium), and macromolecular compounds (bacterial exopolysaccharide, ionic polyacrylamides) on the surface of selected materials were investigated in one- and two-component systems. Consequently, the capacities of BCs and ACs prepared through direct/indirect physical activation, using conventional/microwave heating were determined. It was noted that microwave heating favoured surface development and thus enhanced adsorbent ability to bind ions or macromolecules. Direct biomass activation led to higher microporosity compared to indirect (two-stage) one, whilst CO2-consuming activation increased aromaticity and hydrophobicity of the solids. In the two-component systems, polymers could favour metal/metalloid adsorption based on complexation phenomena. However, the most efficient and environmentally safe activated carbon turned out to be the one obtained from orange peels by microwave-assisted, direct activation at 800 °C in the CO2 atmosphere.
Magnetic tweezers to capture the fast-folding λ6-85 in slow motion
Authors: Quintana-Cataño César Augusto , Mukhortava Ann , Boukhet Mordjane A. , Hartmann Andreas , Schumann Karl-Ludwig , Schlierf Michael
Published: January 2025

Force spectroscopy gives access to the underlying free energy landscape of protein folding. Proteins exhibit folding rates between microseconds and hours. To access slow folding rates, magnetic tweezers have shown to be a promising tool, yet it remained unclear if magnetic tweezers capture kinetics of ultra-fast folding proteins. Here, we study the folding mechanics and kinetics of λ6-85; a five-helix bundle protein with fast ~20 µs folding time in the thermal denaturation midpoint. We observed two-state folding of λ6-85 at ~ 6.2 pN and ~ 250 ms folding time in the mechanical midpoint. With optical tweezers, we found that λ6-85 folds at the mechanical midpoint with ~ 15 ms, 16-fold faster than in magnetic tweezers. To resolve the discrepancy between magnetic and optical tweezers, we developed a physics-based model taking into account the constant force condition of magnetic tweezers and the spacer mechanics. Using this model, we reach agreement between magnetic tweezers, optical tweezers and thermal denaturation experiments. In summary, we show that magnetic tweezers capture kinetics of ultrafast conformational changes, even at low forces. The model for extrapolation of the kinetics to force-free conditions provides opportunities of comparability for the growing community of magnetic tweezers force spectroscopy.
Generating multi-scale Li-ion battery cathode particles with radial grain architectures using stereological generative adversarial networks
Authors: Fuchs Lukas , Furat Orkun , Finegan Donal P. , Allen Jeffery , Usseglio-Viretta Francois L. E. , Ozdogru Bertan , Weddle Peter J. , Smith Kandler , Schmidt Volker
Published: January 2025

Understanding structure-property relationships of Li-ion battery cathodes is crucial for optimizing rate-performance and cycle-life resilience. However, correlating the morphology of cathode particles, such as in LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811), and their inner grain architecture with electrode performance is challenging, particularly, due to the significant length-scale difference between grain and particle sizes. Experimentally, it is not feasible to image such a high number of particles with full granular detail. A second challenge is that sufficiently high-resolution 3D imaging techniques remain expensive and are sparsely available at research institutions. Here, we present a stereological generative adversarial network-based model fitting approach to tackle this, that generates representative 3D information from 2D data, enabling characterization of materials in 3D using cost-effective 2D data. Once calibrated, this multi-scale model can rapidly generate virtual cathode particles that are statistically similar to experimental data, and thus is suitable for virtual characterization and materials testing through numerical simulations. A large dataset of simulated particles with inner grain architecture has been made publicly available.
PlomBOX: a low cost bioassay for the sensitive detection of lead in drinking water
Authors: Dias A. , Alvarez M. , Gándola Y. , Deisting A. , Alba Posse E. , Arnaldi H. , Asorey H. , Bertou X. , Colque A. , Favela-Pérez F. , Gasulla J. , Gómez Berisso M. , Guerra-Pulido J. O. , Lipovetzky J. , Lobera J. , Lovino M. B. , Marpegan L. , Martín D. , Mejía Muñoz S. , Monroe J. , Nadra A. D. , Pregliasco R. , Rumi G. , Rossen A. , Tallis M. , Thompson A. , Triana M. , Vazquez Miranda M. L.
Published: January 2025

This paper reports the design of a biosensor for sensitive, low-cost measurement of lead in drinking water. The biosensor uses a genetically-modified strain of Escherichia coli, which serves as both signal amplifier and reporter of lead in water, measured via colour change. We developed the PlomBOX measurement platform to image this colour change and we demonstrate its capability to detect concentrations as low as the World Health Organisation upper limit for drinking water of 10 ppb. Our approach does not require expensive infrastructure or expert operators, and its automated sensing, detection and result visualisation platform is user-friendly and robust compared to existing lead biosensors—critical features to enable measurement by non-experts at the point of use.
AlGaN/AlN heterostructures: an emerging platform for integrated photonics
Authors: Gündoğdu Sinan , Pazzagli Sofia , Pregnolato Tommaso , Kolbe Tim , Hagedorn Sylvia , Weyers Markus , Schröder Tim
Published: January 2025

We introduce a novel material for integrated photonics and investigate aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) on aluminum nitride (AlN) templates as a platform for developing reconfigurable and on-chip nonlinear optical devices. AlGaN combines compatibility with standard photonic fabrication technologies and high electro-optic modulation capabilities with low loss over a broad spectral range, from UVC to long-wave infrared, making it a viable material for complex photonic applications. In this work, we design and grow AlGaN/AlN heterostructures and integrate several photonic components. In particular, we fabricate edge couplers, low-loss waveguides, directional couplers, and tunable high-quality factor ring resonators. These devices will enable nonlinear light-matter interaction and quantum functionality. The comprehensive platform we present in this work paves the way for photon-pair generation applications, on-chip quantum frequency conversion, and fast electro-optic modulation for switching and routing classical and quantum light fields.
Covalent organic frameworks and their composites as enhanced energy storage materials
Authors: Divya Divya , Mishra Harshit , Jangir Ritambhara
Published: January 2025

Fabrication, and preparation methods of COFs along with a complete review of the last one decade's progress in the field of energy storage and conversion devices, notably batteries, capacitors and fuel cells, has been presented.
Monitoring technology for Cr(vi) adsorption and reduction by operando NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Zhou Hang , You Xiao-Meng , Wang Xue-Lu , Yao Ye-Feng
Published: January 2025

This study employs a low-field NMR (LF-NMR) method to investigate Cr(vi) adsorption and reduction in solid–liquid systems, focusing on three cellulose-based amine adsorbents.
A non-interpenetrated mesoporous hydrogen-bonded organic framework constructed with 1,3,5-tri(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene
Authors: Cui Peng , Zhang Hanyu
Published: January 2025

1,3,5-Tri(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene was first crystallized as a non-interpenetrated hydrogen-bonded organic framework. The desolvated structure can maintain the non-interpenetrated and mesoporous skeleton which is stable for molecule adsorption.
Three-step click assembly using trivalent platforms bearing azido, ethynyl, and fluorosulfonyl groups
Authors: Yasuda Takahiro , Orimoto Gaku , Yoshida Suguru
Published: January 2025

Divergent synthesis of triazoles was achieved using newly designed platform molecules. Triple-click assembly of easily accessible modules led to the facile synthesis of middle-molecular-weight triazoles.
C
3 symmetric Ru(N^N)3-metalloligand functionalized Zr6-organic frameworks for photocatalytic sulfide and amine oxidation
Authors: Hou Si-Min , Li Ai-Juan , Huang Sheng-Li
Published: January 2025

The linkage of Zr6 clusters and an Ru(N^N)3 metalloligand produced a photosensitizing network with excellent photocatalytic activity for sulfide and amine oxidation.
CTAB assisted hydrothermal synthesis of oxygen vacancy enriched BiVO4 for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production
Authors: Sun Qingan , Qiao Fen , Zhou Taihang
Published: January 2025

BiVO4 containing oxygen vacancies (OVs) was synthesized using CTAB assisted hydrothermal method for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. The photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of BiVO4 containing OVs is 26 times higher than pure BiVO4.
Steroids and steroid-like compounds alter the ion permeability of phospholipid bilayers via distinct interactions with lipids and interfacial water
Authors: Larder Morgan , Crowley Jackson , Hossain Sheikh I. , Deplazes Evelyne
Published: January 2025

Steroids with short C17 tails and C3 keto groups increase membrane permeability. Steroids with long C17 tails have the opposite effect. The structure–activity relationship does not translate to steroid-like compounds enoxolone and carbenoxolone.
Designing Anti-bacterial Supramolecular Gels from Primary Ammonium Dicarboxylate (PAD) salts for Self-Delivery Applications
Authors: Roy Nabanita , Ghosh Subhajit , Dutta Abhishek , Dastidar Parthasarathi
Published: January 2025

Primary ammonium dicarboxylate (PAD) salts often display 2D columnar hydrogen bonded networks known as PAD supramolecular synthon in the context of crystal engineering. PAD synthon is known to play an...
Advances in bio-based wearable flexible sensors
Authors: Zhang Ziwen , Feng Baofang , Yan Jipeng , Zhao Weidong , Sun Jian
Published: January 2025

This review summarizes the progress in bio-based wearable flexible sensors, including materials, preparation methods and applications, highlighting key scenarios that exemplify the cutting-edge advancements.
A reflection on ‘Controlled synthesis of conjugated random copolymers in a droplet-based microreactor’
Authors: Heeney Martin , de Mello John C.
Published: January 2025

Heeney et al. reflect on one of their first Materials Horizons papers (Mater. Horiz., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1039/C3MH00066D) published in the journal and discuss how their work may have influenced the research field.
Solvent-free zinc-mediated Béchamp reduction using mechanochemistry
Authors: Kubota Koji , Nagao Asahi , Ito Hajime
Published: January 2025

A simple mechanochemical protocol has been developed for the efficient and rapid solvent-free Zn-based Béchamp reduction without the use of bulk solvents or a complicated reaction setup involving inert gases.
Colloidal semiconductor quantum shells for solution-processed laser applications
Authors: Nazar Divesh , Waters Amelia Dawn , Kannen Maxwell Marshal , Harankahage Dulanjan , Huang Jiamin , Zamkov Mikhail
Published: January 2025

Laser diodes based on solution-processed semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) present an economical and color-tunable alternative to traditional epitaxial lasers.
Stereoselective 1,1′-glycosylation via reactivity tuning with protecting groups
Authors: Zucchetta Daniele , Hofbauer Karin , Zamyatina Alla
Published: January 2025

The stereoselective synthesis of non-reducing disaccharides is achieved by tailoring the choice of protecting groups to adjust the nucleophilicity and anomeric configuration of the lactol acceptor and the reactivity of the matching glycosyl donor.
Key degradation mechanisms of perovskite solar cells and strategies for enhanced stability: issues and prospects
Authors: Miah Md. Helal , Rahman Md. Bulu , Nur-E-Alam Mohammad , Islam Mohammad Aminul , Shahinuzzaman M. , Rahman Md. Rezaur , Ullah Md. Habib , Khandaker Mayeen Uddin
Published: January 2025

Insights into the factors and mechanisms of degradation, along with potential solutions.
Electrolyte design weakens lithium-ion solvation for a fast-charging and long-cycling Si anode
Authors: Li Min , Li Shuai , Yan Dong , Ma Yuhao , Niu Xiaobin , Wang Liping
Published: January 2025

Introducing low-binding-energy and moderate-dielectric-constant solvents (FEA/FEC) into a weak solvation electrolyte results in a high tLi+, low Ea, and stable LiF-rich SEI, enhancing the fast-charging capability and cycling lifespan of Si anodes.
Correction: Radical ligand transfer: mechanism and reactivity governed by three-component thermodynamics
Authors: Wojdyla Zuzanna , Srnec Martin
Published: January 2025

Correction for ‘Radical ligand transfer: mechanism and reactivity governed by three-component thermodynamics’ by Zuzanna Wojdyla et al., Chem. Sci., 2024, 15, 8459–8471, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SC01507J.
Exploiting photopolymerization to modulate liquid crystalline network actuation
Authors: Turriani Marco , Cosottini Niccolò , Fuochi Neri , Wiersma Diederik S. , Martella Daniele , Parmeggiani Camilla
Published: January 2025

Liquid crystalline networks able to work as photoresponsive actuators were prepared by different photopolymerization approaches. This work shows how the macromolecular structure influences the performances during both thermal and light stimulation.
CO2 conversion to CO by reverse water gas shift and dry reforming using chemical looping
Authors: Kang Keke , Sampei Hiroshi , Sekine Yasushi
Published: January 2025

Chemical looping technology provides an efficient means of sustainable CO2 conversion to the important chemical intermediate of CO or syngas by changing conventional co-feeding of reactant into alternating feeding.
Theoretical guidance for targeted modulation of metal–nitrogen single atom active sites on 3D porous carbon to optimize electrocatalytic performance in energy conversion applications
Authors: Yang Tianxiang , Zhang Yongwei , Shi Jing , Yang Guangping , Dang Jiaoe , Sun Menglong , Arshad Asim , Zafar Nosheen , Yun Sining
Published: January 2025

Functionalized carbon-based single atom catalysts M/Ni–NDPC (M = Fe, Cu, and Mo) were designed by using DFT as a guide. Fe/Ni–NDPC and Mo/Ni–NDPC exhibited optimal catalytic performance in the IRR for solar cells and the HER for water splitting.
A supramolecular assembly of a novel green fluorescent protein chromophore-based analogue and its application in fluorescence anti-counterfeiting
Authors: Ren Yifei , Huang Chusen
Published: January 2025

A new supramolecular assembly of a novel green fluorescent protein chromophore-based analogue and CB[7] was developed for using in fluorescence anti-counterfeiting.
MMSE‐based passive beamforming for reconfigurable intelligent surface aided millimeter wave MIMO
Authors: Gautam Prabhat Raj , Zhang Li , Fan Pingzhi
Published: January 2025

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have emerged as propitious solution to configure random wireless channel into suitable propagation environment by adjusting a large number of low‐cost passive reflecting elements. It is considered that narrowband downlink millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) communication is aided by deploying an RIS. Large antenna arrays are used to counter the huge propagation loss suffered by the mmWave signals. Hybrid precoding in which precoding is performed in digital and analog domains is employed to reduce the number of costly and power‐consuming radio frequency (RF) chains. Passive beamforming at RIS is designed together with precoder and combiner through joint optimization problem to minimize the mean square error between the transmit signal and the estimate of signal at the receiver. The optimization problem is solved by an iterative procedure in which solution to the non‐convex reflecting coefficients design problem is approximated by extracting the phases of the solution to unconstrained problem without unit amplitude constraint of the reflecting elements. It is shown that the proposed design principle also applies to the wideband channel. Simulation results show that the proposed design delivers performance better than existing state‐of‐the‐art solutions, but at lower complexity.
Digital shadow of an electric vehicle‐permanent magnet synchronous motor drive for real‐time performance monitoring
Authors: Ibrahim Mahmoud , Rjabtšikov Viktor , Rassõlkin Anton
Published: January 2025

Digital twin (DT) technology has been utilised in many applications including electric vehicles (EVs). A DT is a virtual representation of a physical object, enabled through real‐time data integration, simulation, and optimisation tools. Unlike conventional simulations, which are typically offline and lack real‐time interaction, a DT continuously synchronises with the physical system, enabling dynamic performance monitoring and predictive analytics. Achieving a full DT involves progressive stages, with the digital shadow (DS) being the final step before realising a bidirectional DT. Building a DS provides a scalable real‐time performance monitoring and fault detection framework, enabling proactive decision‐making in EV operations. This study introduces a DS system specifically designed to monitor the performance of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system in EVs, marking a critical phase towards a complete DT. The methodology for creating the DS is detailed, including the establishment of a comprehensive test bench for the EV powertrain as the physical reference model. The mathematical model of the EV‐PMSM was formulated, and an advanced estimation model utilising the extended Kalman filter (EKF) was implemented. MATLAB/Simulink was employed to develop the motor’s digital model. Real‐time data acquisition from the physical model was facilitated through a data acquisition system (DAS) equipped with a controller area network (CAN) communication interface. The digital model underwent thorough validation against sensory data collected from the test bench. The motor digital model was deployed to a DS framework enabled through real‐time data flow from the actual EV during real‐world driving conditions. The results demonstrated a high accuracy of 97% between the DS predictions and the corresponding EV data, confirming the DS’s reliability. These findings pave the way for future advancements, including bidirectional interaction and the realisation of a full DT.
Identification of optical fibres in a passive optical network using highly temperature insensitive filters and reflectors
Authors: Bally Stephanie R. , Horsley Ian E. , Minoughan Sophie , Poustie Alistair J.
Published: January 2025

The authors demonstrate the use of highly temperature insensitive dense wavelength division multiplexing filters combined with optical reflectors and optical time domain reflectometry to uniquely identify specific optical fibres beyond the optical splitter in an optical access passive optical network (PON). The very low wavelength shift (∼0.1 pm/°C) of the filters over the full industrial temperature range facilitates the future field deployment of these components in the PON without the requirement for complex and expensive wavelength tracking at the optical line terminal.
Delay‐dependent small‐signal stability analysis of inverter‐based islanded microgrids
Authors: Hassan Chaudhry Talha , Mahmood Jadoon Tariq , Arif Anmar
Published: January 2025

The stability of an inverter‐based hierarchical microgrid is challenged by inverter controls, network dynamics, load models and communication delays among the interacting agents. Moreover, the adoption of non‐dispatchable grid‐following (GFL) inverters further lowers the system inertia in islanded Microgrids (MGs). Therefore, both grid‐forming (GFM) and GFL inverters shall coordinate to perform frequency/voltage regulation through their grid‐support function. This paper investigates the role of GFM‐GFL coordination on the operational stability of real‐world Microgrids (MGs) with communication delays. A complete non‐linear state‐space model is derived for the MG. The time‐delayed system model is discretised in a system of ordinary differential equations to determine delay margins using spectral analysis. Later, the same model is linearised around an operating point to determine delay margins using time‐domain analysis. The equilibrium point is disturbed by load perturbation and the system response is observed for different values of communication delays and control topology. The delay margins estimated theoretically are validated using the time‐domain simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results are compared to determine the efficacy of grid‐support function in improving operational stability of islanded MGs. The developed evaluation scheme is tested on a multi‐inverter islanded power system.
Resolution enhancement methods in optical microscopy for dimensional optical metrology
Authors: Nouri Mohammad , Olivero Paolo , Kroker Stefanie , Käseberg Tim , Ruo-Berchera Ivano , Bodermann Bernd , Tyagi Himanshu , Roy Deb , Mukherjee Deshabrato , Siefke Thomas , Hansen Poul Erik , Rømer Astrid Tranum , Valtr Miroslav , Aprà Pietro , Petrik Peter
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we discuss several enhancement approaches to increase the resolution and sensitivity of optical microscopy as a tool for dimensional nanometrology. Firstly, we discuss a newly developed through-focus microscopy technique providing additional phase information from the afocal images to increase the nanoscale sensitivity of classical microscopy. We also explore different routes to label-free or semiconductor compatible labelling super-resolution microscopy suitable for a broad range of technical applications. We present initial results from, a new wide-field super-resolution imaging technique enabled by Raman scattering. In addition, we discuss super-resolution imaging using NV centres in nano-diamonds as labels and their application in future reference standards.
Inverse Sturm-Liouville Problems with a Class of Non-Self-Adjoint Boundary Conditions Containing the Spectral Parameter
Authors: ZHANG Liang , AO Jijun , LÜ Wenyan
Published: January 2025

The inverse spectral theory of a class of Atkinson-type Sturm-Liouville problems with non-self-adjoint boundary conditions containing the spectral parameter is investigated. Based on the so-called matrix representations of such problems and a special class of inverse matrix eigenvalue problems, some of the coefficient functions of the corresponding Sturm-Liouville problems are constructed by using priori known two sets of complex numbers satisfying certain conditions. To best understand the result, an algorithm and some examples are posted.
Symmetries of Fractional Constrained Hamiltonian System Described by the Singular Lagrangian
Authors: WANG Cai , SONG Chuanjing
Published: January 2025

Singular systems within combined fractional derivatives are established. Firstly, the fractional Lagrange equation is analyzed. Secondly, the fractional primary constraint is given. Thirdly, the Noether and Lie symmetry methods of fractional constrained Hamiltonian system are studied. Finally, the obtained results are illustrated with an example.
Adaptive Control Strategy for Inertia and Damping of Virtual Synchronous Generator Based on CNN-LSTM Data-Driven Model
Authors: LUAN Xiyu , ZENG Guohui , ZHAO Jinbin , TIAN Jiangbin , ZHANG Zhenhua , LIU Jin
Published: January 2025

With the application of distributed power sources, the stability of the power system has been dramatically affected. Therefore, scholars have proposed the concept of a virtual synchronous generator (VSG). However, after the system is disturbed, how to make it respond quickly and effectively to maintain the stability of the system becomes a complex problem.To address this problem, a frequency prediction component is incorporated into the control module of the VSG to enhance its performance. The Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) model is used for frequency prediction, ensuring that the maximum energy capacity released by the storage system is maintained. Additionally, it guarantees that the inverter's output power does not exceed its rated capacity, based on the predicted frequency limit after the system experiences a disturbance. The advantage of real-time adjustment of inverter parameters is that the setting intervals for inertia and damping can be increased. The selection criteria for inertia and damping can be derived from the power angle oscillation curve of the synchronous generator. Consequently, an adaptive control strategy for VSG parameters is implemented to enhance the system's frequency restoration following disturbances. The validity and effectiveness of the model are verified through simulations in Matlab/Simulink.
Explicit symmetry breaking and effective spin models for four-component interacting Fermi gases in lattice potentials
Authors: Unukovych Vladyslav , Litvinova Stanislava , Sotnikov Andrii
Published: January 2025

We study low-temperature properties of the four-component Fermi gas of neutral atoms in optical lattice for several cases of explicit breaking of the SU(4) pseudospin symmetry in the framework of the Fermi–Hubbard model. For a reduced two-site system, we analyze the energy states and effective magnetic couplings in cases, where four interacting spin flavors in the Hubbard Hamiltonian form the symmetry subgroups of the type “three by one” or “two by two” according to their tunneling and interaction amplitudes, independently, and study behavior of the corresponding effective Heisenberg models in the limit of strong interaction. We also obtain and analyze the spatial density distributions of spin components in a harmonic optical trap for each case of explicit symmetry breaking.
About influence of conformational degrees of freedom on spectra of collective excitations in disordered superfluid A-phase of 3He
Authors: Kovalevsky M. Yu. , Rozhkov A. A.
Published: January 2025

The dynamic equations of Fermi superfluid with conformational degrees of freedom are considered, which generalize description of nonequilibrium processes of disordered A-phase of 3He to states with an arbitrary spatial part of order parameter. The spectra of collective excitations are found taking into account elasticity of Fermi superfluid with these degrees of freedom, and their spatial anisotropy have been analyzed. It is shown that such degrees of freedom lead to positive anisotropic corrections in acoustic spectra of the first and second sounds, for which their angular dependence is established. It was found appearance of anisotropic third and fifth sounds, which are caused by liquid crystalline degrees of freedom in disordered superfluid A-phase of 3He.
Longitudinal losses from a mirror trap: When neither kinetic nor collisional
Authors: Skovorodin D. I. , Beklemishev A. D.
Published: January 2025

Steady-state losses of a plasma from a mirror trap in an L∼λ/R regime existing between the kinetic and collisional extremities have been explored (λ is the mean free path; L is the trap length, R is the mirror ratio). A numerical scheme has been developed to treat the kinetic equation. The self-consistent ambipolar plasma potential has been calculated by an iteration procedure. The L∼λ/R regime, in which the ions escaping from the trap form a relatively narrow “beam” in velocity space, has been explored. A self-consistent analytical solution for point mirrors has been derived. Suppression of longitudinal ion losses using an ambipolar mirror has been modeled. It has been shown that once that “beamed” regime has settled in, losses can be substantially suppressed even when the ambipolar barrier is not too high.
Optimization control method of dual channel hydrogen production system for multi-power scenarios based on MOPSO-EEMD
Authors: Han Xiaojuan , Zhang Zhewen , Lv Zhiheng , Liu Muran
Published: January 2025

In response to the adverse effects of the volatility and randomness of wind and photovoltaic resources on the stable and efficient operation of hydrogen production systems, an optimization control method for multi-power scenario dual channel hydrogen production systems based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) is proposed in this paper. A hybrid hydrogen production system consisting of alkaline electrolysis cells, proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells (PEM), and fuel cells is constructed based on the differences in adaptability of different hydrogen production equipment to fluctuating inputs, the EEMD is used to decompose the initial wind and photovoltaic output power, and the initial power of electrolysis cells is allocated by Petri net-based start stop rule correction method. An optimization control model of dual channel electrolysis cells based on multi-objective optimization is established with the goals of wind and photovoltaic energy conversion efficiency and unit hydrogen production cost, and the power distribution between alkaline electrolysis cells and PEM electrolysis cells is achieved by optimizing the intrinsic mode component reconstruction using the MOPSO algorithm. The effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper is verified through simulation examples of actual operating data at a certain wind and photovoltaic power station. The analysis results of the example show that compared to single channel hydrogen production, the optimized control of the dual channel hydrogen production system has achieved significant improvements in economy and energy utilization efficiency.
Stem cell mechanoadaptation. I. Effect of microtubule stabilization and volume changing stresses on cytoskeletal remodeling
Authors: Putra Vina D. L. , Kilian Kristopher A. , Knothe Tate Melissa L.
Published: January 2025

Here, we report on the first part of a two-part experimental series to elucidate spatiotemporal cytoskeletal remodeling, which underpins the evolution of stem cell shape and fate, and the emergence of tissue structure and function. In Part I of these studies, we first develop protocols to stabilize microtubules exogenously using paclitaxel (PAX) in a standardized model murine embryonic stem cell line (C3H/10T1/2) to maximize comparability with previously published studies. We then probe native and microtubule-stabilized stem cells' capacity to adapt to volume changing stresses effected by seeding at increasing cell densities, which emulates local compression and tissue template formation during development. Within the concentration range of 1–100 nM, microtubule-stabilized stem cells maintain viability and reduce proliferation. PAX stabilization of microtubules is associated with increased cell volume as well as flattening of the cell and nucleus. Compared to control cells, microtubule-stabilized cells exhibit thick, bundled microtubules and highly aligned, thicker and longer F-actin fibers, corresponding to an increase in the Young's modulus of the cell. Both F-actin and microtubule concentration increase with increasing PAX concentration, whereby the increase in F-actin is more prominent in the basal region of the cell. The corresponding increase in microtubule is observed more globally across the apical and basal region of the cell. Seeding at increasing target densities induces local compression on cells. This increase in local compression modulates cell volume and concomitant increases in F-actin and microtubule concentration to a greater degree than microtubule stabilization via PAX. Cells seeded at high density exhibit higher bulk modulus than corresponding cells seeded at low density. These data demonstrate the capacity of stem cells to adapt to an interplay of mechanical and chemical cues, i.e., respective compression and exogenous microtubule stabilization; the resulting cytoskeletal remodeling manifests as evolution of mechanical properties relevant to development of multicellular tissue constructs.
The nonstationary solution for temperature spatial distribution in a substance heated by fast ion stream and the contrast of temperature “Bragg-Peak”
Authors: Gus'kov S. Yu.
Published: January 2025

An analytical solution describing the temperature space-time evolution in a substance heated by monoenergetic fast-ion bunch of an arbitrary duration is obtained. The temperature peak and coordinate of its position are determined in real conditions of ion stopping, when as a result of decrease in ion energy, on the one hand, and an increase in the substance temperature, on the other hand, the Bragg law of stopping power ceases to operate. The dependences of these characteristics on ion-bunch flux density and duration as well as on the initial ion energy are discussed in relation to the medical applications and inertial confinement fusion.
Experimental study on the collapse of partially immersed axisymmetric granular columns
Authors: Wen Yonghao , Wei Yingjie , Wang Cong , Wang Fuchen , Wang Yulin
Published: January 2025

An experimental study on the collapse of partially immersed granular columns is investigated, mainly considering the effects of aspect ratio and water depth on the granular dynamic and final deposit. According to the dimensionless time of collapse, two asymptotic regimes of the partially immersed granular column collapse were found, which are a regime similar to the free fall flow regime and a regime similar to the completely immersed inertial flow regime. Due to the incomplete impregnation of the granular materials and the evolution of the free fluid surface, the fluid resistance generated by the fluid covering the granular materials surface was discovered, which led to the difference between the partially immersed case and the completely dry or immersed case. In addition, we analyze the effect of water depth on the dynamics of granular collapse and deposit properties. Finally, a prediction model for the final runout distance of partially immersed granular collapse in relation to the water depth and aspect ratio was established and validated with the experimental data.
Evolution of particle cloud after being impacted by a planar shock: Particle-resolved simulation and theoretical model
Authors: Yu Zi-Zhao , Ren Yi , Shen Yi , Lin Jian-Yu , Ding Hang
Published: January 2025

Interaction between shock and particle cloud is numerically investigated by using a conservative sharp interface method. At the early stage of the interaction, reflected shock waves at the upstream of the particle cloud merge into a shock front, accompanied by local compression of the particle cloud. When high-speed flow passes through the particle cloud, the particles effectively serve as connected Laval nozzles. Consequently, rarefaction waves and shocklets are formed among the particles. Particularly, supersonic expansion occurs at the downstream of the particle cloud, which is partly responsible for the diffusion of the particle cloud at the late stage of the interaction. To quantitatively analyze the evolution of the flow field in the particle cloud, we calculate the spanwise average of flow quantities as well as the local volume fraction of the particles. The effect of the particle cloud on the evolution of the flow field is then approximated by a one-dimensional variable cross section pipe model, especially when the particle structure remains more or less the same as the initial arrangement. The model takes the initial particle arrangement and the Mach number of incident shock into account and also estimates the pressure drop across the particle cloud based on fractal theory. Furthermore, the macroscopic deformation (such as compression and diffusion) of the particle cloud is evaluated based on a semi-permeable approximation of and the estimation of pressure drop across the particle cloud. The theoretical prediction of the models is compared against the numerical results, and good agreement is achieved.
Numerical simulation of aerodynamic noise characteristics of square-wave cylinder at Reynolds number 3900
Authors: Liu Hanfeng , Yan Jia , Chen Binnian , Tan Zhaoguang , Yang Xiaoquan
Published: January 2025

Control of noise generated by flow around cylinders is of significant importance in various engineering applications. This paper analyzes the flow and acoustic fields of cylinders with square-wave profiles based on computational fluid dynamics, acoustic analogy, and vortex dynamics theory. To address noise reduction for cylinders, a hybrid aerodynamic noise numerical simulation method combining improved delayed detached eddy simulation with the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings integral equation is employed. Refined numerical simulations of the flow characteristics, near-field sound sources, and far-field noise radiation characteristics of square-wave cylinders are conducted, elucidating the noise reduction mechanisms. The results indicate that square-wave cylinders contribute to reducing drag coefficient and effectively suppressing fluctuating lift coefficient, thereby significantly reducing overall noise. The optimal noise reduction performance for square-wave cylinders occurs at a crest-to-trough length ratio of 50%, achieving approximately 22 dB suppression of tonal noise at low frequencies and around 15 dB suppression of broad-spectrum noise at mid-to-high frequencies. Tonal noise is markedly suppressed or even eliminated. To explore potential noise suppression mechanisms, the study meticulously examines the deformation process of near-field vorticity around square-wave cylinders. The presence of square wave elongates vortex structures in the wake, suppressing the periodic shedding of cylinder vortices, altering lift coefficient fluctuation, pressure fluctuation fields, and changing the directivity of far-field noise radiation.
Polariton spectra under the collective coupling regime. I. Efficient simulation of linear spectra and quantum dynamics
Authors: Mondal M. Elious , Vamivakas A. Nickolas , Cundiff Steven T. , Krauss Todd D. , Huo Pengfei
Published: January 2025

We outline two general theoretical techniques to simulate polariton quantum dynamics and optical spectra under the collective coupling regimes described by a Holstein–Tavis–Cummings (HTC) model Hamiltonian. The first one takes advantage of sparsity of the HTC Hamiltonian, which allows one to reduce the cost of acting polariton Hamiltonian onto a state vector to the linear order of the number of states, instead of the quadratic order. The second one is applying the well-known Chebyshev series expansion approach for quantum dynamics propagation and to simulate the polariton dynamics in the HTC system; this approach allows us to use a much larger time step for propagation and only requires a few recursive operations of the polariton Hamiltonian acting on state vectors. These two theoretical approaches are general and can be applied to any trajectory-based non-adiabatic quantum dynamics methods. We apply these two techniques with our previously developed Lindblad-partially linearized density matrix approach to simulate the linear absorption spectra of the HTC model system, with both inhomogeneous site energy disorders and dipolar orientational disorders. Our numerical results agree well with the previous analytic and numerical work.
Vortex-induced vibration characteristics of twin-box girder section in long-span bridge: A numerical evaluation method
Authors: Duan Qingsong , Shang Jingmiao , Ma Cunming , Li Zhiguo
Published: January 2025

The vortex-induced vibration (VIV) characteristics of twin-box girders are critical in the design of long-span bridges. This study aims to investigate the VIV behavior of a twin-box girder section and to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms underlying VIV. A numerical approach that integrates both free and forced vibration analyses is developed to predict VIV performance. The VIV amplitude is evaluated using the free vibration method within the wind speed range identified by the forced vibration method. Comparisons with wind tunnel test results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. Meanwhile, flow structure and aerodynamic characteristics of the twin-box girder were analyzed in relation to the VIV mechanism. The results show that flow restrictor plate could effectively suppress vertical VIV at a wind attack angle 0° and reduce the VIV amplitude by 50% at +3°wind attack angle. The central opening slot is identified as a significant factor in inducing VIV, as the upper and lower vortices interact with the airflow passing through the respective sections of the slot. The flow restrictor plates positioned at the upper section of the opening slot cause most upper vortices to shift downstream at wind attack angles of 0° and +3°. This shift results in minimal airflow reflux at the slot, which is crucial for optimizing VIV performance. At a wind attack angle of +3°, the vortices at the lower part of the slot persist, albeit with reduced size. These changes in vortex behavior underscore the sensitivity of vortex formation to variations in wind attack angles.