bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confidence and willingness among laypersons in the UK to act in a head injury situation: a qualitative focus group study
Authors: Kulnik Stefan Tino , Halter Mary , Hilton Ann , Baron Aidan , Garner Stuart , Jarman Heather , Klaassen Barry , Oliver Emily
Published: November 2019

Objectives

To explore factors influencing confidence and willingness among laypersons in the UK to act in a head injury situation, in order to inform first aid education offered by the British Red Cross.

Design

Qualitative focus group study.

Setting

South East England.

Participants

Forty-four laypersons (37 women, 7 men) were purposively recruited from the general public using snowball sampling, into one focus group each for six population groups: parents of young children (n=8), informal carers of older adults (n=7), school staff (n=7), sports coaches (n=2), young adults (n=9) and ‘other’ adults (n=11). The median (range) age group across the sample was 25–34 years (18–24, 84–95). Participants were from Asian (n=6), Black (n=6), Mixed (n=2) and White (n=30) ethnic backgrounds.

Results

The majority of participants described being confident and willing to act in a head injury scenario if that meant calling for assistance, but did not feel sufficiently confident or knowledgeable to assist or make decisions in a more involved way. Individuals’ confidence and willingness presented as fluid and dependent on an interplay of situational and contextual considerations, which strongly impacted decision-making: prior knowledge and experience, characteristics of the injured person, un/observed head injury, and location and environment. These considerations may be framed as enablers or barriers to helping behaviour, impacting decision-making to the same extent as—or even more so than—the clinical signs and symptoms of head injury. An individual conceptual model is proposed to illustrate inter-relationships between these factors.

Conclusions

Our findings show that confidence and willingness to act in a head injury scenario are dependent on several contextual and situational factors. It is important to address such factors, in addition to knowledge of clinical signs and symptoms, in first aid education and training to improve confidence and willingness to act.
Obstetric violence criminalised in Mexico: a comparative analysis of hospital complaints filed with the Medical Arbitration Commission
Authors: Calvo Aguilar Omar , Torres Falcón Marta , Valdez Santiago Rosario
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Disrespect and abuse during childbirth have been reported by numerous countries around the world. One of their principal manifestations is the performance of invasive or surgical procedures without the informed consent of women. Non-dignified treatment is the second most common form of this conduct. Five Mexican states have classified obstetric violence as a crime: Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Guerrero, the State of Mexico and Veracruz. The others have not yet done so although it is provided for in their civil and administrative regulations.

Objective

To analyse whether criminalising obstetric violence has been conducive to the recognition and observance of the reproductive rights of women, based on the records of poor health care complaints filed by women with the Medical Arbitration Commissions (CAMs by their Spanish initials) in two Mexican states.

Materials and methods

We conducted an observational qualitative study using a phenomenological approach. Analysis included two states with similar partner demographic and maternal health indicators but different legal classifications of obstetric violence: the Chiapas has criminalized this form of violence while Oaxaca has not. We reviewed the records of obstetric care complaints filed with CAMs in both states from 2011 to 2015, all of them concluded and including full information.

Results

Differences were observed regarding the contents of complaints, specifically in the categories of abuse, discrimination and neglect during childbirth. The narratives in the other complaint categories were similar between states.

Conclusion

After analysing the records of malpractice complaints in Chiapas and Oaxaca, we conclude that the differentiated legal status of obstetric violence has not influenced recognition or observance of the reproductive rights of women. Criminalising obstetric violence has not improved care provided by health personnel.
Acute coffee ingestion with and without medium-chain triglycerides decreases blood oxidative stress markers and increases ketone levels
Authors: McAllister Matthew J. , Waldman Hunter S. , Rentería Liliana I. , Gonzalez Andrew E. , Butawan Matthew B. , Bloomer Richard J.
Published: November 2019

Ingestion of ketone supplements, caffeine, and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) may all be effective strategies to increase blood levels of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (D-BHB). However, acute ingestion of a bolus of lipids may increase oxidative stress (OS). The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of adding varying amounts of MCTs to coffee on blood levels of D-BHB and markers of OS. Ten college-aged men ingested coffee with 0, 28, and 42 g of MCT in a randomized order. Blood samples were collected pre- as well as 2 and 4 h postprandial and analyzed for D-BHB, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), glucose, triglycerides (TAG), insulin, and OS markers: advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). All three treatments resulted in a significant increase in D-BHB, HDL-c, and TC as well as a significant decrease in TAG, MDA, H2O2, and insulin. The 42 g treatment was associated with significantly higher levels of AOPP and MDA. Acute ingestion of coffee results in favorable changes to markers of cardiometabolic health that were not impacted by the addition of 28 g of MCT. However, 42 g of MCT caused significantly greater OS.
Evolution of sub-spaces at high and low energies
Authors: Popov Arkady A. , Rubin Sergey G.
Published: November 2019

The evolution of sub-spaces in the framework of gravity with higher derivatives is studied. Numerical solutions to exact differential equations are found. It is shown that the initial conditions play crucial role in the space dynamic. Appropriate metrics describing an expanding and a stationary sub-space shed light on the well-known question: why our 3-dim space is large but an extra space is small and stable (if exists)? It is assumed that the values of parameters at high energies strongly depend on uncontrolled quantum corrections and, hence, are not equal to their values at low energies. Therefore, there is no way to trace solutions throughout the energy range, and we restrict ourselves to the sub-Planckian and the inflationary energies.
A FRACTAL PERMEABILITY MODEL FOR REAL GAS IN SHALE RESERVOIRS COUPLED WITH KNUDSEN DIFFUSION AND SURFACE DIFFUSION EFFECTS
Authors: WU TAO , WANG SHIFANG
Published: November 2019

A better comprehension of the behavior of shale gas transport in shale gas reservoirs will aid in predicting shale gas production rates. In this paper, an analytical apparent permeability expression for real gas is derived on the basis of the fractal theory and Fick’s law, with adequate consideration of the effects of Knudsen diffusion, surface diffusion and flexible pore shape. The gas apparent permeability model is found to be a function of microstructural parameters of shale reservoirs, gas property, Langmuir pressure, shale reservoir temperature and pressure. The results show that the apparent permeability increases with the increase of pore area fractal dimension and the maximum effective pore radius and decreases with an increase of the tortuosity fractal dimension; the effects of Knudsen diffusion and surface diffusion on the total apparent permeability cannot be ignored under high-temperature and low-pressure circumstances. These findings can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of gas transport in shale reservoirs.
GENERALIZED h-CONVEXITY ON FRACTAL SETS AND SOME GENERALIZED HADAMARD-TYPE INEQUALITIES
Authors: SUN WENBING
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we introduce the [Formula: see text]-type concept of generalized [Formula: see text]-convex function on real linear fractal sets [Formula: see text], from which the known definitions of generalized convex functions and generalized [Formula: see text]-convex functions are derived, and from this, we obtain generalized Godunova–Levin functions and generalized [Formula: see text]-functions. Some properties of generalized [Formula: see text]-convex functions are discussed. Lastly, some generalized Hadamard-type inequalities of these classes functions are given.
WADA FRACTAL BASINS OF ATTRACTION IN A ZERO-STIFFNESS VIBRATION ISOLATION SYSTEM
Authors: ZHANG FANHUI , ZHANG YONGXIANG
Published: November 2019

A fractal basin boundary is a Wada fractal basin boundary if it contains at least three different basins. The corresponding basin is called a Wada fractal basin. Previous results show that some oscillators possess Wada fractal basins with common basin boundaries. Here we find that a nonlinear vibration isolation system can possess abundant coexisting basins and every basin is a Wada fractal basin. These Wada fractal basin boundaries separate different basins in the different regions. A proper classification of these Wada fractal basins is provided according to the order of saddles and Wada numbers. Basin organization is systematic and all basins spiral outward toward the infinity. The entangled basin boundaries are described by the manifolds of saddles and basins (tongues) accumulation.
Small Informational Size and Interim Cores of Large Quasilinear Economies
Authors: Kamishiro Yusuke , Serrano Roberto
Published: November 2019

This paper provides nonemptiness results of approximate interim cores with endogenous communication in large quasilinear economies, where every agent’s informational size is small. We offer results for both replica and more general sequences of economies.
Technical Perspective
Authors: Cormode Graham
Published: November 2019

When was the last time that you wrote code to implement a join algorithm? Chances are, it was during an undergraduate database class - if at all. The wide availability of database management systems in all their manifestations (admitting a wide definition, to encompass performing look-ups in a spreadsheet) mean that we do not have to (re)implement common operations over and over again. This brings many advantages. We benefit from time savings, both in development time, and also in execution time: we can expect that optimized professional code will outperform our ad-hoc efforts. Moreover, we expect such code to be robust, and less prone to crashing on unexpected inputs. It should produce results that can be relied on to be correct, and handle errors gracefully.
Efficient Query Processing for Dynamically Changing Datasets
Authors: Idris Muhammad , Ugarte Martín , Vansummeren Stijn , Voigt Hannes , Lehner Wolfgang
Published: November 2019

The ability to efficiently analyze changing data is a key requirement of many real-time analytics applications. Traditional approaches to this problem were developed around the notion of Incremental View Maintenance (IVM), and are based either on the materialization of subresults (to avoid their recomputation) or on the recomputation of subresults (to avoid the space overhead of materialization). Both techniques are suboptimal: instead of materializing results and subresults, one may also maintain a data structure that supports efficient maintenance under updates and from which the full query result can quickly be enumerated. In two previous articles, we have presented algorithms for dynamically evaluating queries that are easy to implement, efficient, and can be naturally extended to evaluate queries from a wide range of application domains. In this paper, we discuss our algorithm and its complexity, explaining the main components behind its efficiency. Finally, we show experiments that compare our algorithm to a state-of-the-art (Higher-order) IVM engine, as well as to a prominent complex event recognition engine. Our approach outperforms the competitor systems by up to two orders of magnitude in processing time, and one order in memory consumption.
Technical Perspective
Authors: Ives Zachary G.
Published: November 2019

When problems are scaled to "big data," researchers must often come up with new solutions, leveraging ideas from multiple research areas - as we frequently witness in today's big data techniques and tools for machine learning, bioinformatics, and data visualization. Beyond these heavily studied topics, there exist other classes of general problems that need to be rethought at scale. One such problem is that of large-scale signal reconstruction [4]: taking a set of observations of relatively low dimensionality, and using them to reconstruct a high-dimensional, unknown signal. This class of problems arises when we can only observe a subset of a complex environment that we are seeking to model - for instance, placing a few sensors and using their readings to reconstruct an environment's temperature, or monitoring multiple points in a network and using the readings to estimate end-to-end network traffic, or using 2D slices to reconstruct a 3D image.
Technical Perspective
Authors: Jagadish H. V.
Published: November 2019

We all structure information in our brains: without structure, we would not be able to deal with the huge quantities of highly heterogenous information we process. However, each of us structures this information slightly differently, often leading to misunderstandings or requiring additional rounds of dialog to clarify. Database schema are also designed by humans. The structure imposed on the information by the schema reflects the human designers' perspective on the world, even if mediated through formal design techniques or computer software. Therefore, the structured data querying task can be viewed as having a schema mapping problem at its core: mapping between the "schema" the human has in her brain and the schema used to organize the database.
Technical Perspective for
Authors: Suciu Dan
Published: November 2019

The main processing paradigm in data management is bulk processing. As introduced by Codd in the early 70's, under this paradigm relations are processed in bulk, one operator at a time. When applied to relations, this paradigm leads to relational algebra, and its variants, relational calculus, and SQL. Over the years, data management was faced with the challenge of extending bulk processing operators to new kinds of data, and/or new kinds of queries: nested relations, semistructured data, recursive queries. Each such extension requires significant systems development, which should be accompanied, in fact preceded, by a careful study of the expressive power of the new language. Is it as expressive, more expressive, or less expressive than relational algebra? The answer to this question has profound implications on the ability of data processing engines to optimize, compute, distribute, reuse queries in that language. For example, extending relational algebra with nested relations does not increase its expressive power, while extending it with fixpoint does, explaining why modern query engines have an easier time supporting JSON than recursion.
Technical Perspective
Authors: Idreos Stratos
Published: November 2019

Data structures that filter data for point or range queries are prevalent across all data-driven applications, from analytics to transactions, and modern machine learning applications. The primary objective is simple: find whether one or more data items exist in the database. Yet, this simple task is exceptionally hard to perform efficiently, and surprisingly critical for the overall properties of the dataintensive applications that rely on filtering.
New educators wednesday roundtable at SIGCSE 2020
Authors: Dodds Zachary , Horton Diane
Published: November 2019

A successful career as an educator involves more than a deep understanding of a research area. Even so, many new CS educators experience relatively little training as educators, and face more questions than answers, e.g., what career-paths do CS educators pursue? How do I choose a career path and institution that is right for me? How can I balance teaching, research, service, and a life beyond all those things? What are the balancing acts involved in working effectively with colleagues and managing the advancement and tenure process? What tips could help me organize a course, scaffold engaging experiences, and build lasting relationships with students?
SIGCSE special projects grants awards
Authors: Sheard Judith
Published: November 2019

Special Project Grants of up to US$5000 are available to SIGCSE members to support projects that will bring some clear benefit to the computing education community in the form of new knowledge, a resource, or good practice in learning, teaching, or assessment.
New Therapies for Emerging Endotypes of Asthma
Authors: Chupp Geoffrey Lowell , Kaur Ravdeep , Mainardi Anne
Published: November 2019

The presentation, pathobiology, and prognosis of asthma are highly heterogeneous and challenging for clinicians to diagnose and treat. In addition to the adaptive immune response that underlies allergic inflammation, innate immune mechanisms are increasingly recognized to be critical mediators of the eosinophilic airway inflammation present in most patients with asthma. Efforts to classify patients by severity and immune response have identified a number of different clinical and immune phenotypes, indicating that the innate and adaptive immune responses are differentially active among patients with the disease. Advances in the detection of these subgroups using clinical characteristics and biomarkers have led to the successful development of targeted biologics. This has moved us to a more personalized approach to managing asthma. Here we review the emerging endotypes of asthma and the biologics that have been developed to treat them.
A Comparative Study of Void Distribution Pattern on the Strength Development between OPC-Based and Geopolymer Concrete
Authors: Nazari Ali , Bagheri Ali , Sanjayan Jay , Yadav Parth N. J. A. , Tariq Hasnat
Published: November 2019

The correlation between the void structure, as a representative of bleeding behaviour, and the strength of concrete is investigated in the current article. Early age cracking, due to dry shrinkage, can negatively influence the durability of pavement structures. Also, dry shrinkage of concrete is directly proportional to the bleeding rate. Thus, modifying the bleeding rate reduces the early cracking that happens in hardened concrete. Geopolymer concrete is presented as a suitable material for the replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Geopolymers have shown superior bleeding behaviour to that of OPC concrete and can be substituted for paving by means of increasing the durability. This research has used section image analysis and rebound hammer techniques to create a relationship between the void structure and the strength of concrete. Mixtures are prepared by 10% substitution of the iron-making slag to study the effects of slag on the bleeding rate. Also, the influence of water-to-binder ratio on the void structure and strength development is studied. The results indicate that the void volume has an indirect correlation to the strength development of normal concrete, while the addition of slag makes it reverse. Geopolymer concrete shows less bleeding than OPC concrete, making it a suitable alternative for pavement. It is also concluded that the replacement of slag in concrete enhances the bleeding rate and durability.
Aversion for Avulsion: A Case of Delayed Diagnosis of Traumatic Tricuspid Rupture
Authors: Bernstein Wendy K. , Goehner Nicholas
Published: November 2019

Tricuspid rupture secondary to blunt force trauma is a rare diagnosis. However, the incidence of this injury is rising due to the improved initial treatment of complex trauma patients as well as enhanced early detection methods through the use of cardiac ultrasound. We report the case of an otherwise healthy 42 year old male who sustained significant blunt force trauma after a single motor vehicle accident. The diagnosis of traumatic papillary rupture and disruption of the valve apparatus was made on the day of admission after perioperative hemodynamic compromise and the use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. However, treatment was delayed due to concerns of systemic anticoagulation leading to his eventual demise.
Implant-Supported Rehabilitation Using GBR Combined with Bone Graft on a Reconstructed Maxilla with the Fibula Free Flap
Authors: Di Carlo S. , Valentini V. , Grasso E. , De Angelis F. , Piccoli L. , Quarato A. , Jamshir S. , Brauner E.
Published: November 2019

Alveolar ridge augmentation procedures allow restoring jaw defects due to teeth extractions, periodontal diseases, trauma, or outcomes from a previous surgery. This case report describes a patient suffering from Fibrous Dysplasia of the right upper maxilla surgically reconstructed by fibula free flap. In 2003, four dental implants were placed in the 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, and 1.6 areas. Twelve years later, the onset of peri-implantitis led to the failure of osseointegration with consequent thinning of the fibula flap. To avoid the risk of fracture and to restore the bone volumes necessary for a new implant-prosthetic rehabilitation, we used heterologous biomaterials in combination with a non-reabsorbable membrane, according to the Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) technique. GBR was performed using the Equimatrix® natural bone mineral matrix, Cytoplast™ Ti-150, a non-reabsorbable titanium-reinforced membrane, and four fastening screws to pin the membrane. After six months, the membrane was removed and two Zimmer® implants 3.7×13 mm were placed in the 1.1 and 1.2 areas. A fixed implant-supported prosthesis with a custom-milled titanium bar screwed to the implants was made. Computed tomography (CT) six months after GBR showed a good bone regeneration of 1.5 cm mesiodistal (MD), 1.8 cm buccopalatal (BP), and 2.8 cm in height. The main difficulty of this clinical case concerns the low predictability of success of GBR on a maxillary reconstructed area with a free fibula flap: there is no previous evidence in the literature. Clinical and radiographic exams nowadays show that there is no macroscopic bone reabsorption; however, further research is needed to obtain more information.
Incipient Diabetes Treated with Long-Term Classical Prescription
Authors: Wei Xiuxiu , Tian Jiaxing , Wang Xinmiao , Wu Haoran , Zhang Haiyu , Tong Xiaolin
Published: November 2019

Background. Diabetes mellitus (DM) belongs to the progressive and irreversible disease. With the development of the disease, the function of beta cells declines significantly. Current treatments cannot reverse the course of the disease. The role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the DM treatment has been recognized widely, while there are few long-term observation reports. In this study, we introduced a case of DM treated by classical prescription alone for 10 years, which would provide the reference for clinical practice. Case Presentation. A 64-year-old male complained of a 2-month history of dry mouth, frequent urination, and blurred vision and found increased blood glucose for 3 days. The patient’s glycated hemoglobin was 14.2%, fasting plasma glucose fluctuated at 12-15 mmol/L, and urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) was 32.9 μg/min. The male was treated with 10 years of continuous classical prescription alone. After 3 months of TCM treatment, the patient’s blood glucose level decreased significantly and blurred vision symptoms improved. With continued TCM treatment, his UAER normalized. Subsequently, he continued outpatient consultation, and his TCM prescription was adjusted according to clinical symptoms. After 10 years of continuous TCM treatment, his blood glucose remained stable, urinary microalbumin quantitation showed no abnormalities, and blurred vision disappeared. Conclusions. This case provides specific treatment plans and effective references for long-term control of blood glucose, prevention and treatment of diabetes complications, delay of disease progression, and protection of impaired islet function in the treatment of diabetes with TCM. TCM may become a meaningful alternative DM treatment in the future.
Peritoneal Tuberculosis: A Forsaken Yet Misleading Diagnosis
Authors: Kattan Joseph , Haddad Fady Gh. , Menassa-Moussa Lina , Kesrouani Carole , Daccache Stephanie , Haddad Fady G. , Atallah David
Published: November 2019

In women presenting with an abdominal mass and ascites, the first diagnosis to consider is ovarian cancer. However, clinicians should always consider alternative differentials, namely, peritoneal tuberculosis, especially in the presence of respiratory symptoms and with the increasing prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Peritoneal tuberculosis can mimic the clinical presentation of ovarian cancer, and on imaging, it can show similar features of peritoneal carcinomatosis and nodules. Tumor markers can also be elevated in the absence of malignancy. We present the case of a 44-year-old woman with abdominal distension and ascites. Imaging with CT scan, MRI, and PET scan were inconclusive, showing peritoneal nodules. Cytology of ascites was negative. Laparoscopy was done showing Koch bacilli followed by pulmonary sampling showing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The patient was treated with quadritherapy with resolution of symptoms.
Diagenetic Processes and Reservoir Heterogeneity in Salt-Encased Microbial Carbonate Reservoirs (Late Neoproterozoic, Oman)
Authors: Becker Stephan , Reuning Lars , Amthor Joachim E. , Kukla Peter A.
Published: November 2019

A common problem in dolomite reservoirs is the heterogeneous distribution of porosity-reducing diagenetic phases. The intrasalt carbonates of the Ediacaran-Early Cambrian Ara Group in the South Oman Salt Basin represent a self-sourcing petroleum system. Depositional facies and carbonate/evaporite platform architecture are well understood, but original reservoir properties have been modified by diagenesis. Some of the carbonate reservoirs failed to produce hydrocarbons at acceptable rates, which triggered this study. The extent of primary porosity reduction by diagenetic phases was quantified using point counting. To visualize the distribution of diagenetic phases on a field scale, we constructed 2D interpolation diagenesis maps to identify patterns in cementation. The relative timing of diagenetic events was constrained based on thin-section observations and stable isotope analyses. Near-surface diagenesis is dominated by reflux-related processes, leading to porosity inversion in initial highly porous facies and a patchy distribution of early cements. This strong diagenetic overprint of primary and early diagenetic porosity by reflux-related cements leads to a reduction of stratigraphic and facies control on porosity. Calcite was identified as a burial-related cement phase that leads to an almost complete loss of intercrystalline porosity and permeability. Bitumen is an important pore-occluding phase and time marker of the deep-burial realm. The stratigraphic position of the dolomite reservoirs embedded at the base of a salt diapir had a strong impact on its diagenetic development. The salt isolated the dolomites from external fluids, leading to a closed system diagenesis and the buildup of near lithostatic fluid pressures. In combination, these processes decreased the impact of further burial diagenetic processes. The study highlights that cement distribution in salt-encased carbonate reservoirs is mainly related to early diagenetic processes but can be very heterogeneous on a field scale. Further work is needed to implement these heterogeneities in an integrated numerical reservoir model.
Superior Sagittal Sinus Tumor Eroding through the Skull: An Unfamiliar Presentation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Literature Review
Authors: Sadik K. W. , Dayoub H. , Bonatti H.
Published: November 2019

Background. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) most commonly develops in patients with liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C and B virus. HCC is the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis. The lungs, bone, and lymph nodes are frequent sites of metastasis of HCC.Patients and Methods. We present a case of solitary skull metastasis as the first symptom of HCC. A literature review with regard to HCC skull metastasis was undertaken.Results. This patient had HCC based on chronic hepatitis C. He presented with an erosive lesion masquerading as a scalp lipoma resulting in hepatocellular carcinoma with retrograde reflux and sinus metastases. The lesion was ultimately resected, but the patient died within one week from liver failure. Seventeen similar cases were found in the literature. Median age of the patients was 58 years with 95% being male and 35% having viral hepatitis. Surgery was the preferred treatment with chemotherapy and radiation being other options. Outcome was acceptable but baseline liver disease is a limiting factor.Discussion. Cranial metastases of HCC are rare but should be considered in patients with chronic hepatitis C presenting with scalp skin lesions.
Identification of Key Transcription Factors AP-1 and AP-1-Dependent miRNAs Forming a Co-Regulatory Network Controlling PTEN in Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Zhong Yiming , Zhu Youwei , Dong Junfeng , Zhou Wei , Xiong Cheng , Xue Meilin , Shi Minmin , Chen Hao
Published: November 2019

Liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a complex and common clinical disease with limited therapeutic options. The aim of our study was to discover the candidate target genes in liver I/R injury and to further elucidate the potential regulatory mechanisms, especially the ones involving transcription factors and miRNAs. The analysis of mouse data set GSE10657 from Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO) revealed 203 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 19 transcription factors (TFs). Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were conducted to explore their biological functions. We further obtained the targets of TFs and miRNAs, to form our TF-mRNA/TF-miRNA-mRNA co-regulatory network. In our network, we found that the important subunits of activator protein 1 (AP-1) including JUN, FOS and ATF3, were hub genes in liver I/R injury. AP-1 target genes were activated in our mouse models. AP-1 could transcriptionally activate phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) while AP-1-dependent miRNAs countered this effect. In conclusion, this study suggested that AP-1, together with AP-1-dependent miRNAs formed a co-regulatory network enabling AP-1 target genes to be tightly controlled, which will complete the mechanism of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury and provide direction for finding potential therapeutic targets.
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Metformin, Glyburide, and Insulin in Treating Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Guo Lanlan , Ma Jing , Tang Jia , Hu Dingyao , Zhang Wei , Zhao Xue
Published: November 2019

To compare the efficacy and safety of metformin, glyburide, and insulin in treating gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library to November 13, 2018, were searched for RCT adjusted estimates of the efficacy and safety of metformin, glyburide, and insulin treatments in GDM patients. There were 41 studies involving 7703 GDM patients which were included in this meta-analysis; 12 primary outcomes and 24 secondary outcomes were detected and analyzed. Compared with metformin, insulin had a significant increase in the risk of preeclampsia (RR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.72; P<0.001), NICU admission (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.87; P<0.001), neonatal hypoglycemia (RR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.66; P<0.001), and macrosomia (RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.86; P<0.05). To the outcomes of birth weight and gestational age at delivery, insulin had a significant increase when compared with metformin (MD, 114.48; 95% CI, 37.32 to 191.64; P<0.01; MD, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.34; P<0.001; respectively). Of the two groups between glyburide and metformin, metformin had lower gestational weight gain compared with glyburide (MD, 1.67; 95% CI, 0.26 to 3.07; P<0.05). Glyburide had a higher risk of neonatal hypoglycemia compared with insulin (RR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.32 to 2.36; P<0.001). This meta-analysis found that metformin could be a safe and effective treatment for GDM. However, clinicians should pay attention on the long-term offspring outcomes of the relative data with GDM patients treated with metformin. Compared with insulin, glyburide had a higher increase of neonatal hypoglycemia. The use of glyburide in pregnancy for GDM women appears to be unclear.
Organoids Reveal That Inherent Radiosensitivity of Small and Large Intestinal Stem Cells Determines Organ Sensitivity
Authors: Martin Maria Laura , Adileh Mohammad , Hsu Kuo-Shun , Hua Guoqiang , Lee Sang Gyu , Li Christy , Fuller John D. , Rotolo Jimmy A. , Bodo Sahra , Klingler Stefan , Haimovitz-Friedman Adriana , Deasy Joseph O. , Fuks Zvi , Paty Philip B. , Kolesnick Richard N.
Published: November 2019

Tissue survival responses to ionizing radiation are nonlinear with dose, rather yielding tissue-specific descending curves that impede straightforward analysis of biologic effects. Apoptotic cell death often occurs at low doses, while at clinically relevant intermediate doses, double-strand break misrepair yields mitotic death that determines outcome. As researchers frequently use a single low dose for experimentation, such strategies may inaccurately depict inherent tissue responses. Cutting edge radiobiology has adopted full dose survival profiling and devised mathematical algorithms to fit curves to observed data to generate highly reproducible numerical data that accurately define clinically relevant inherent radiosensitivities. Here, we established a protocol for irradiating organoids that delivers radiation profiles simulating the organ of origin. This technique yielded highly similar dose–survival curves of small and large intestinal crypts in vivo and their cognate organoids analyzed by the single-hit multi-target (SHMT) algorithm, outcomes reflecting the inherent radiation profile of their respective Lgr5+ stem cell populations. As this technological advance is quantitative, it will be useful for accurate evaluation of intestinal (patho)physiology and drug screening.

Significance:

These findings establish standards for irradiating organoids that deliver radiation profiles that phenocopy the organ of origin.

See related commentary by Muschel et al., p. 927
Influence of Guidelines in Endovascular Therapy Decision Making in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Kashani Nima , Ospel Johanna M. , Menon Bijoy K. , Saposnik Gustavo , Almekhlafi Mohammed , Sylaja Pillai N. , Campbell Bruce C.V. , Heo Ji-Hoe , Mitchell Peter J. , Cherian Mathew , Turjman Francis , Kim Byungmoon , Fischer Urs , Wilson Alexis T. , Baxter Blaise , Rabinstein Alejandro , Yoshimura Shinichi , Hill Michael D. , Goyal Mayank
Published: November 2019

Background and Purpose—

The American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association guidelines for early management of patients with ischemic stroke offer guidance to physicians involved in acute stroke care and clarify endovascular treatment indications. The purpose of this study was to assess concordance of physicians’ endovascular treatment decision-making with current American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association stroke treatment guidelines using a survey-approach and to explore how decision-making in the absence of guideline recommendations is approached.

Methods—

In an international cross-sectional survey (UNMASK-EVT), physicians were randomly assigned 10 of 22 case scenarios (8 constructed with level 1A and 11 with level 2B evidence for endovascular treatment and 3 scenarios without guideline coverage) and asked to declare their treatment approach (1) under their current local resources and (2) assuming there were no external constraints. The proportion of physicians offering endovascular therapy (EVT) was calculated. Subgroup analysis was performed for different specialties, geographic regions, with regard to physicians’ age, endovascular, and general stroke treatment experience.

Results—

When facing level 1A evidence, participants decided in favor of EVT in 86.8% under current local resources and in 90.6% under assumed ideal conditions, that is, 9.4% decided against EVT even under assumed ideal conditions. In case scenarios with level 2B evidence, 66.3% decided to proceed with EVT under current local resources and 69.7% under assumed ideal conditions.

Conclusions—

There is potential for improving thinking around the decision to offer endovascular treatment, since physicians did not offer EVT even under assumed ideal conditions in 9.4% despite facing level 1A evidence. A majority of physicians would offer EVT even for level 2B evidence cases.
The identity of Doronicum calotum (Asteraceae, Senecioneae)

Authors: FEI WEN-QUN , WU XING , REN CHEN , CHEN YOU-SHENG
Published: November 2019

Doronicum calotum is revealed to be conspecific with D. gansuense and is an earlier name for the taxon. Doronicum gansuense is thus reduced to synonymy. Lectotype is designated for D. calotum.
Paguroids (Decapoda: Anomura: Diogenidae and Paguridae) of the remote oceanic Archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, off southeast Brazil, with new records, description of three new species and zoogeographical notes
Authors: LIMA DANIEL , TAVARES MARCOS , DE MENDONÇA JOEL BRAGA  JR.
Published: November 2019

Trindade and Martin Vaz (TMV) is a highly isolated, oceanic volcanic archipelago located some 1200 km off the Brazilian coast and about 4200 km away from the nearest African coast. For almost 100 years Calcinus tibicen (Herbst, 1791) was the only hermit crab species known from TMV. From 2012 to 2018, 263 daytime SCUBA diving and intertidal samplings conducted at TMV yielded 1075 paguroid specimens in 10 species, three of which are established herein as new species: Iridopagurus martinvaz sp. nov., Nematopagurus micheleae sp. nov., and Pagurus carmineus sp. nov. Iridopagurus margaritensis García-Gómez, 1983, and Phimochirus leurocarpus McLaughlin, 1981, both only known from the northern hemisphere, are recorded for the first time from the southwestern Atlantic. Opportunity was taken herein to include hitherto unreported or little known specimens from along the Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain, namely, Dardanus venosus H. Milne Edwards, 1848, Nematopaguroides pusillus Forest & de Saint Laurent, 1968, Pagurus provenzanoi Forest & de Saint Laurent, 1968, and Phimochirus holthuisi (Provenzano, 1961). The lectotype of Pagurus venosus H. Milne Edwards, 1848 is designated as the neotype for the obscure Pagurus arrosor divergens Moreira, 1905, which thus becomes an objective junior synonym of the former. A list of all paguroid species known from the tropical southern-central Atlantic oceanic archipelagoes and islands (Ascension, Cape Verde, Fernando de Noronha, Gulf of Guinea, Rocas Atoll, Saint Helena, Trindade and Martin Vaz) with their gross distribution in the Atlantic Ocean is provided. Investigation on the existence of patterns of geographic distribution for the paguroid fauna of the tropical southern-central Atlantic oceanic islands showed that 70% percent of the paguroids from TMV are western Atlantic in origin and 30% endemic. No amphi-Atlantic paguroid species are known from TMV. Conversely, the affinity of Ascension’s (33%) and Saint Helena’s (50%) paguroids is with the eastern Atlantic; no western Atlantic paguroids have been reported from these two islands so far. Exploration on the existence of trends of correlation between islands area and species richness through the Spearman’s coefficient of correlation showed that the patterns in the number of paguroid species cannot be explained by variation in island area alone (rs = 0.4728; p = 0.28571).
A new species of the coral associated barnacle (Thoracica: Pyrgomatidae: Pyrgoma) from a deep-sea oculinid coral in New Caledonian waters
Authors: KIM HYUN KYONG , CHAN BENNY K.K. , CORBARI LAURE , MORENO PAULA A. RODRIGUEZ , ACHITUV YAIR , KIM WON
Published: November 2019

The present study describes a new species of Pyrgoma Leach, 1817, a coral associated barnacle attached to Tubastrea, from the south of New Caledonia. Pyrgoma spurtruncata sp. nov. is morphologically close to P. cancellatum Leach, 1818, P. japonica Weltner, 1897 and P. kuri Hoek, 1913 in the absence of extended tergal muscle crests. Pyrgoma cancellatum and P. kuri have a shallow, fully open, medial furrow of the tergal spur, whereas in P. spurtruncata sp. nov. the medial furrow is deeper and closed. Pyrgoma spurtruncata sp. nov. differs from P. japonica Weltner, 1897 in the width of the tergal spur and the length of the rostral tooth of the scutum. Phylogenetic analyses based on two mitochondrial markers, 12S rDNA and COI, confirm a unique, distinct clade of P. spurtruncata sp. nov. among the current available molecular information regarding Pyrgoma species.
Two new taxa of Plebejus Kluk, 1780 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Gobi desert, Mongolia
Authors: CHURKIN SERGEI V. , KOLESNICHENKO KIRILL A. , YAKOVLEV ROMAN V.
Published: November 2019

Plebejus chrisreai sp. n. and P. anikini azhbogdo ssp. n. are described from the Dzhungarian Gobi desert and the Transaltajan Gobi desert respectively. External distinctions as well as distinctions of the male genitalia are given for the new taxa and two related species known from Mongolia: Plebejus anikini Yakovlev, 2012 and P. germani Yakovlev, 2012. Genitalia of all the taxa mentioned are illustrated, the aedeagus and valva bear the most valuable taxonomic characters. Females of the new species have an unusual whitish colour of the upperside not known for the christophi species complex before. The distribution of Mongolian taxa and relatives from East Kazakhstan is discussed.
Design and Simulation of Cloud Computing Intelligent Routing Algorithms Based on Optical Network
Authors: Tan Jing
Published: November 2019

In the current communication technology, optical technology has been applied to the network to obtain optical network technology. Among them, optical network technology is optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), which can play a larger transmission capacity under lower energy
consumption. Further breakthroughs in intelligent optical networks require improvements in routing issues. In this study, firstly, the optical network architecture is analyzed, including wavelength division multiplexing optical network and elastic optical network. Then, the routing problem
in optical networks is analyzed, and the main factors affecting the routing problem are extracted. On the basis of studying the energy consumption characteristics of data centers and WDM optical networks, and considering the characteristics of cloud service configuration, evolutionary game
theory and optical bypass theory are introduced to obtain an intelligent routing algorithm for cloud computing based on optical networks, and energy consumption tests are carried out on data transmission and processing. In order to reduce the overall energy consumption, the use of IP routers
is reduced, and the idle data servers are shut down. Then, it is found that the total energy consumption increases slowly at different times. The energy consumption of evolutionary game theory is compared. Compared with non-evolutionary game theory, the optimized intelligent routing algorithm
makes the energy consumption more stable, while reducing the use of servers can further reduce the good expenditure. The proposed algorithm is oriented to optical network, which solves the problem of low overall utilization of network resources and improves the service quality of cloud services.
Improved Sensitivity of Indirect Organic X-ray Detector Using Ag Nanoparticles Blended in Bulk-Heterojunction Active Layer
Authors: Kang Hyunki , Kim Saehong , Kang Jungwon
Published: November 2019

Blending effect of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) in bulk-heterojunction P3HT:PC70BM layer was studied to improve the sensitivity of indirect X-ray detector. Scintillator-decoupled detectors with different contents (1, 3, 5 and 7 wt%) of Ag NPs were fabricated and tested using a
solar simulator. Compared with the detector having pristine P3HT:PC70BM layer, the detector with 3 wt% Ag NPs blended in the P3HT:PC70BM layer showed 26% higher PCE and 19% higher Jsc. CsI(Tl) scintillator-coupled detectors were then tested under irradiation
of X-ray source. The detector with 3 wt% Ag NPs-blended P3HT:PC70BM layer showed the highest CCD of 350.51 nA/cm2 and the highest sensitivity of 2.20 mA/Gy · cm2. At optimal Ag NPs blending condition, Ag NPs in the P3HT:PC70BM layer can enhance
charge-generation by improving absorption of visible-photons and charge-extraction by improving carrier-mobility while lowering resistance.
Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Cu Core Solder Ball (CCSB) Compared with SAC305 Solder for 2.5D and 3D Structure Package (PKG)
Authors: Son Jae-Yeol , Jeong Haksan , Lee Seulgi , Lee Yeongwoo , Jung Seung-Boo
Published: November 2019

Package structures are continually becoming more complicated to achieve high-performance devices. Thus, the 2D structure of package needs to be modified to a 2.5D or 3D structure. Therefore, standoff properties at the solder joint are required to prevent Si chip damage and electrical
shorts when the solder joint is located between the substrate and interposer. Cu-core solder balls (CCSB) are the most popular interconnection choice for a 2.5D package because they have better standoff properties than the general SAC solder. The mechanical properties of CCSBs were evaluated
by ball shear tests and measuring bump height as compared with Sn–3.0 wt.%Ag–0.5 wt.% Cu solder. The bump heights of CCSBs and Sn–3.0 wt.%Ag–0.5 wt.% Cu were measured under several compressive pressure conditions at room temperature, 175 °C and 235 °C. The stand-off
height of the CCSBs dramatically better than that of Sn–3.0 wt.%Ag–0.5 wt.% Cu solder under high pressure and temperature. The shear strength of the CCSBs was stronger than that of SAC solder at all multiple reflows due to the finer microstructure and higher stacking of dislocations
at the interface of the Cu core ball surface.
Evaluation of Argon as a Carrier Gas of Liquid Material Vaporization During the Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) Silicon Oxide Process
Authors: Ryu Cheong-Il , Choa Sung-Hoon
Published: November 2019

This paper investigated the potential use of argon (Ar) as an alternative carrier gas to helium (He) during the tetraethyl orthosilicate–silicon dioxide (TEOS–SiO2) process using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system. Due to the shortage or
depletion of conventional He gas, it is important to find alternative gases. This study investigated the effects of the Ar carrier gas on the vaporization efficiency and properties of SiO2 film in the PECVD TEOS–SiO2 process for different process conditions, such
as flow rate and plasma power. Ar showed a much higher vaporization efficiency and faster deposition rate than He due to its higher molecular weight and plasma density, indicating that SiO2 film can be deposited considerably faster with less Ar gas. While changes in the film density
and residual film stress were also noted depending on the types of carrier gas and amounts or types of plasma power, these changes were insignificant and within the controllable process range during the PECVD process. Therefore, the use of Ar gas can reduce costs and contribute to improvements
in productivity without affecting the quality of SiO2 film.