bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Tempering on Bendability and Impact Property of Hot Rolled Low-Carbon Martensitic Steel
Authors: Kim Sung Il , Seo Seok Jong , Suh In Shik
Published: December 2018

We examined the effects of tempering process and alloying elements on the microstucture, tensile properties, bendability and impact property of direct quenched (DQ), and re-austenitizing and quenched (RQ) low-carbon martensitic steels. For this purpose, four low carbon martensitic steels (Fe-0.07C-1.8Mn-Cr-Nb-Ti-B) were selected. We have investigated the effects of tempering temperature and alloying elements of chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti) and niobium (Nb) on mechanical properties and microstructures. Mechanical properties and microstructures were analyzed as well using tensile test, V-bending test, charpy V-notched impact test and electron microscopy for DQ, DQ and tempered (DQ-T), RQ and RQ and tempered (RQ-T) low-carbon martensitic steels. It has been found that the as-quenched microstructures of the DQ and RQ specimens were fully martensitic structure. Prior austenite grain size and effective grain size after quenching were larger in the case of RQ steel. In both cases, tempering made the needle-shaped carbides. It is shown that the strength decreased when the tempering temperature increased. The strengths of the DQ and DQ-T steels were 30~50MPa higher than those of the RQ and RQ-T steels. Despite the higher strength of the DQ and DQ-T states, both had similar impact properties with the RQ and RQ-T states. However, the impact properties of the Nb added RQ and RQ-T steels with fine martensite morphology exhibited higher than those of DQ and DQ-T steels.
An Application of Jominy Test Results in Computer Simulation of Steel Quenching
Authors: Smoljan Božo , Iljkić Dario , Hanza Smokvina Sunčana , Gržinić Luciano , Jokić Milenko , Štic Lovro
Published: December 2018

The research purpose is to upgrade the mathematical modelling and computer simulation of quenching of steel. Based on theoretical analyze of physical processes which exist in quenching systems the mathematical model for steel quenching is established and computer software is developed. The mathematical model of steel quenching is focused on physical phenomena such as heat transfer, phase transformations, mechanical properties and generation of stresses and distortions. Physical properties that were included in the model, such as heat conductivity coefficient, heat capacity and surface heat transfer coefficient were obtained by the inversion method based on Jominy test results. The numerical procedure is based on finite volume method. By the developed algorithm, 3D situation problems such as the quenching of complex cylinders, cones, spheres, etc., can be simulated. The established model of steel quenching can be successfully applied in the practical usage of quenching.
Bendability of Shot Blasted Ultrahigh-Strength Steels
Authors: Kaijalainen Antti , Kesti Vili , Heikkala Jouko , Ruoppa Raimo , Porter David A. , Kömi Jukka I.
Published: December 2018

The effect of shot blasting on the bendability of two tempered trial ultrahigh-strength steels has been studied by comparing the bending behaviour of otherwise identical plates with and without shot blasting. The yield strength of the studied 10 mm thick trial steel was 700 MPa and 7.5 mm trial steel 1100 MPa. The local microstructures below the different surfaces were characterized using laser scanning confocal microscopy and FESEM. Microhardness profiles and surface roughness (Ra and Rz) were measured and bendability was determined using three-point brake press bending. Shot blasting was found to decrease the bendability of both steels. For the 700 MPa steel shot blasting increased the surface roughness metric Ra substantially from 7.4 μm with the normal scale surface to 12.6 μm, and for the 1100 MPa steel from 2.8 μm to 6.8 μm. For the 700 MPa steel with the bend axis parallel to rolling direction, the minimum usable punch radius for defect-free bends with normal scale surfaces was 13 mm (1.3 x thickness) and for the 1100 MPa steel, 14 mm (1.9 x thickness), while for shot blasted surfaces corresponding values were respectively 20 mm (2.0 x thickness) and 18 mm (2.4 x thickness). All of these values are excellent considering the strength levels involved. Shot blasting increased the subsurface hardness and introduced work hardening of surface layers. Possible explanations for the observed effects of shot blasting on the bendability are discussed.
Reheat Furnace Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Combustion Considerations for TMCP Processing
Authors: Jansto Steven G.
Published: December 2018

The reheat furnace process step has a profound effect on the TMCP performance, final hot rolled steel quality and mechanical property consistency during the production of hot rolled steels. The uniformity of heating applied across the entire width and length of the slab or billet is critical in the achievement of customer properties regardless of the chemistry. The resultant ferrite grain size in the final hot rolled product is significantly governed by the initial prior austenite grain size. Numerous reheat furnace process metallurgy and combustion parameters in actual operation affect mill productivity, microstructure, austenite grain size, scrap rate and diverts. This reheating step in the steelmaking process often receives low priority in the evaluation of product quality and mechanical property performance, especially the toughness through the plate thickness. Heat transfer conditions of radiation, convection and conduction affect furnace heating efficiency. In laboratory studies, the furnace heating step is typically quite uniform resulting in a homogeneous and fine prior austenite grain size. During production, it is much more difficult to control the uniformity of heating and heat transfer consistency along the entire length and through the thickness of the work piece. The furnace conditions are correlated to product quality via furnace process variables such as the air to gas ratio, furnace burner condition, furnace pressure, energy efficiency, adiabatic flame temperature (AFT) and furnace refractory condition. Operational practice recommendations are presented to minimize inhomogeneous heating which results in inferior product quality, hot rolling model anomalies and toughness variations in the through-thickness-direction.
Supply Chain Quality Management of Magnesium Components: Concept, Examples and Recommendations
Authors: Kawalla Claudia , Höck Michael , Ligarski Mariusz
Published: December 2018

Magnesium components offer an enormous potential to achieve considerable weight savings in the automotive industry. As with any innovative construction material, (e.g. carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer, ultra-high-strength steel) a rigid quality management system needs to be established along the supply chain. For this purpose, the concept of the supply chain quality management is to be introduced for the special case of magnesium components, using the example of the magnesium strip production. By the implementation of the widespread ISO 9001 norm, opportunities can be leveraged by both the creation of upstream, downstream linkages and the defined internal processes to achieve the required and stable quality for the automotive industry. The paper suggests procedures and instructions for process control during the magnesium strip production according to the twin-roll casting technology, giving feedback to the respective production system to avoid insufficient quality. The results serve as a basis for the development of all stages up to the assembly of magnesium components. The individual process stages dependent on the manufacturer should be considered during the procedure.
Hot Cracking Susceptibility in Duplex Stainless Steel Welds
Authors: Saida Kazuyoshi , Ogura Tomo
Published: December 2018

The hot cracking (solidification cracking) susceptibility in the weld metals of duplex stainless steels were quantitatively evaluated by Transverse-Varestraint test with gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and laser beam welding (LBW). Three kinds of duplex stainless steels (lean, standard and super duplex stainless steels) were used for evaluation. The solidification brittle temperature ranges (BTR) of duplex stainless steels were 58K, 60K and 76K for standard, lean and super duplex stainless steels, respectively, and were comparable to those of austenitic stainless steels with FA solidification mode. The BTRs in LBW were 10-15K lower than those in GTAW for any steels. In order to clarify the governing factors of solidification cracking in duplex stainless steels, the solidification segregation behaviours of alloying and impurity elements were numerically analysed during GTAW and LBW. Although the harmful elements to solidification cracking such as P, S and C were segregated in the residual liquid phase in any joints, the solidification segregation of P, S and C in LBW was inhibited compared with GTAW due to the rapid cooling rate in LBW. It followed that the decreased solidification cracking susceptibility of duplex stainless steels in LBW would be mainly attributed to the suppression of solidification segregation of P, S and C.
Impact of L12-Ordered Precipitation on the Strength of Alumina-Forming Austenitic Heat-Resistant Steels
Authors: Zhao Bing Bing , Dong Xian Ping , Sun Feng , Zhang Lan Ting
Published: December 2018

Alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) heat-resistance steels firstly developed by Yamamoto et al. at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have been reported as a new promising class of steels with potential for use in high temperature applications in recent years. The creep resistance of AFA steels is improved mainly by precipitation strengthening. Besides modifying the typical existing precipitates, i.e. MC and M23C6 type carbides, B2-NiAl and Fe2Nb-type Laves phase, introduction of coherent L12-ordered precipitate is highly desired. L12-ordered phase gamma prime (γ’) is the most important precipitate for high-temperature strengthening in Ni-based superalloys. In the present work, we demonstrate that addition of 2.8 wt. % Cu to an AFA steel promotes the formation of an L12-ordered phase with the dominating elements Ni, Cu and Al. TEM characterization after slow rate tensile tests indicated there were the different precipitation behaviours at 700°C and 750°C. It was revealed that the occurrence of L12-ordered Ni-Cu-Al phase depends on temperature and Ni content. This opens up new opportunities to promote the formation of L12-ordered phase in Fe-based austenitic heat-resistance steels and benefit high-temperature mechanical properties.
An Integrated Model for Rolling Schedule Design of Microalloyed Steels
Authors: Guo Zhan Li , Saunders Nigel , Schillé Jean Philippe
Published: December 2018

Processing parameters have direct impacts on the quality of the steels produced. This is particularly true for microalloyed steels, the production of which involves a thermomechanical controlled rolling process, which combines multi-pass hot rolling with accelerated cooling. On one hand, hot rolling may finish below A3 temperature when austenite starts to transform to ferrite. On the other hand, controlled cooling is applied to obtain the desired microstructure from austenite decomposition. To optimise the TMCP parameters of such alloys, not only a clear understanding of each metallurgical phenomenon involved is required, but also the interactions among them. This paper reports our recent work on modelling of microstructural evolution and deformation resistance during multi-pass hot rolling of steels. The model considers the following metallurgical phenomena as well as their interactions: - Precipitation of MX type carbides, nitrides or carbonitrides. - Interactions between precipitation and recrystallisation and their effects on grain refinement. - Effect of grain size and cooling path on transformations from austenite to ferrite, pearlite, bainite and martensite. - Effect of rolling parameters, recrystallisation and microstructure on the deformation resistance of the alloy. The model predicts the evolution of microstructural features such as precipitate size and amount, recrystallisation fraction and effective strain, grain size, and austenite decomposition, as well as the alloy’s deformation resistance during hot rolling. It has been applied to a wide range of steels and demonstrated good agreement with experimental observations. Therefore, it has the great potential to be implemented in a production line to help optimise the rolling schedule for both C-Mn and microalloyed steels.
Technical Advancement in Fabricating Dispersion Strengthened Copper Alloys by Mechanical Alloying and Hot Isostatic Pressing for Application to Divertors of Fusion Reactors
Authors: Muroga Takeo , Noto Hiroyuki , Hishinuma Yoshimitsu , Huang Bo
Published: December 2018

National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS) launched in 2014 a research program for developing Dispersion Strengthened (DS) Cu alloys for application to the heat sink materials of divertors of fusion reactors, using newly installed ball-milling, encapsulation, and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) facilities. A unique feature of these facilities is that the entire process can be performed without exposing the materials to air, enabling precise impurity control. Cu-Al, Cu-Zr and Cu-Y alloys have been produced in this program. Various technological advancement has been made for the fabrication, such as suppression of powder adhesion to the wall of containers during the ball milling, and encapsulation technology including development of small volume tubular capsules.
Strengthening of Magnesium Alloy WE43 by Rotary Swaging
Authors: Martynenko Natalia , Lukyanova Elena , Gorshenkov Mikhail , Morozov Mikhail , Yusupov Vladimir , Birbilis Nick , Dobatkin Sergey , Estrin Yuri
Published: December 2018

The article presents the results of an investigation of microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy WE43 processed by rotary swaging. The resulting microstructure is characterized by an average size of structural elements of 0.5 – 0.8 μm. The grain refinement leads to an increase in the strength of the alloy to 393 – 416 MPa while the tensile elongation stays at a level of 7 – 12.5%. The microstructure produced by rotary swaging does not lead to deterioration of the resistance of the alloy to electrochemical and chemical corrosion.
Laser Welding of Titanium Alloys with an Yb: YAG Disk Source
Authors: Beguin Jean Denis , Gazagne Valentin , Balcaen Yannick , Alexis Joel , Andrieu Eric
Published: December 2018

In this paper, the laser welding of thin titanium sheet in a butt joint configuration are investigated using a continuous Yb: YAG disk source, with high beam quality and a particular fiber configuration, enable to provide a broad range of beam diameters with different intensity distribution. The thermal efficiency of the laser process is discussed as a function of the fiber type. The weldability results for the CP Ti grade 2 and the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy are expressed in terms of full penetration, and correct bead geometry (NF L06-395-2000). Full penetration welds are easily achieved with the core fiber, but the outer fiber produces welds with limited geometric defects. Butt joints microstructure consists of an acicular α phase in the fusion zone for CP Ti, and a martensitic α’ phase for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Tensile test results confirm a similar or slightly higher joint strength for the full penetration welds, compared with the parent metal.
Unique Effect of Carbon Addition on Development of Deformation and Recrystallization Textures in Heavily Cold-Rolled Fe-3%Si Alloys
Authors: Takenaka Masanori , Hayakawa Yasuyuki , Tsuji Nobuhiro
Published: December 2018

This study investigated the effects of carbon addition on the development of deformation and recrystallization textures in 3 mass% Si steels cold-rolled by 95% reduction in thickness. A 3% Si steel with 0.016 mass% carbon developed RD // <110> (α-fiber) cold-rolling texture to a much greater extent than a 3% Si steel containing carbon less than 0.0005 mass%, whereas it is well known that the development of α-fiber rolling texture is suppressed by the addition of carbon in steels without silicon. This unique effect of carbon addition in the 3% Si steel appeared to be originated from a change in active slip systems. Straight slip bands were observed in the specimen without carbon, and the active slip plane was identified as {110}. On the other hand, wavy slip bands were observed in the steel containing carbon resulted from the activation of {112} and {123} slip planes in addition to {110}. It was also observed that {411}<148> recrystallization texture developed in the carbon-bearing 3% Si steel. Since the recrystallized grains with {411}<148> orientation preferentially nucleated in the vicinity of highly-strained deformation bands formed in deformed grains having α-fiber orientations, it is concluded that the development of {411}<148> recrystallization texture was resulted from the formation of the α-fiber texture after heavy cold-rolling in the carbon-bearing 3% Si steel.
Extended Application of Hardness Prediction System for Temper Bead Welding of A533B Steel to Various Low-Alloy Steels
Authors: Yu Li Na , Saida Kazuyoshi , Nishimoto Kazutoshi
Published: December 2018

Temper bead welding is one of effective repair welding methods in case that post weld heat treatment is not easily applied. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of temper bead welding, hardness in HAZ becomes important factor. The neural network-based hardness prediction system of HAZ in temper bead welding for A533B low-alloy steel has been constructed by the authors in the previous study. However, for HAZ hardness prediction of other steels, it is necessary to obtain hardness database for each steel which is time-cost consuming, if the same method is used. The present study has been conducted to develop the generalized hardness prediction method applicable for other steels by utilizing the hardness data-base of A533B steel assuming that the hardness in HAZ of steels after tempering have a linear relationship with LMP (Larson-Miller parameter). On using the newly proposed extended method, only a few hardness data-base for the other steels is needed to obtain. Hardness distribution in HAZ of temper bead welding for other steels was calculated by using the extended hardness prediction system. The thermal cycles used for calculation were numerically obtained by a finite element method. The experimental results have shown that the predicted hardness is in good accordance with the measured one for steels without secondary hardening. It follows that the currently proposed extended method is effective for estimating the tempering effect during temper bead welding for the steels without secondary hardening.
Use of Novel Welding Technologies for High-Entropy Alloys Joining
Authors: Zherebtsov Sergey , Stepanov Nikita , Shaysultanov Dmitry , Malopheyev Sergey , Vysotskiy Igor , Sanin Vladimir , Kashaev Nikolai , Kaibyshev Rustam
Published: December 2018

Laser beam welding and friction stir welding of high entropy alloys (HEA) of the CoCrFeNiMn system were studied. The HEAs were produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Along with the principal elements, Al, C, S, and Si impurities were detected in the composition of the alloys. The as-cast alloys consisted of columnar fcc grains with coarse precipitates of MnS and fine Cr-rich M23C6 carbides. Laser beam welding resulted in the formation of a defect-free weld joint. Precipitation of nanoscale B2 phase particles in the weld zone leaded to a pronounced increase in microhardness from ~150 HV of the base material to ~220 HV in the fusion zone. Friction stir welding (FSW) of a recrystallized state of the HEA with the average grain size of 3-5 μm resulted in the formation of a fine microstructure with a grain size of ~1.5 μm in the most strained area. Noticeable rise in strength and some decrease in ductility of the processed alloy in comparison with the initial condition can be associated with the formation of nanosized M23C6 carbides.
Assessment of Agricultural Extension Students’ Interest in Providing Private Extension Services in Nigeria
Authors: Adesoji S. A. , Famakinwa M. , Eghosa A. E.
Published: December 2018

Purpose: Agricultural extension graduates do not get jobs and farmers are not getting agricultural extension services, and therefore, both the  farmers and agricultural graduates do not receive benefits.  The study assessed the interest of agricultural extension students in providing private extension services to farmers, examined their perception towards private extension services and identified extension skills possessed by the students.Research Method: The study comprised all the final year students in the Universities in Osun State.  A two – stage sampling procedure was used to select the respondents. One university was selected from each category of federal, state and private.  A total of 68 respondents were selected and interviewed. Data collected were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: The results show that the mean age, mean years of formal education of the respondents were 23.75 ± 2.02 and 17.40 ± 1.16, respectively. About half (51.5%) of the respondents had positive perception towards the  private extension service while 57 percent had high interest in providing private extension services. Majority of them possessed teaching skills (97.1%), innovation dissemination skills (95.5%) and communication skills (88.2%). Also, sources of agricultural information available (χ2=22.448), types of sponsors (χ2=6.102) and marital status (χ2=16.535) had a significant association with respondents’ interest in providing private agricultural extension services.Research Limitation: The study focuses on the interest of agricultural extension graduates to provide private extension services; however, these graduates may have an interest in other areas that have not been  investigated.Original Value: The study provides an insight to show the interest and capability of agricultural students to be engaged in private extension services as a livelihood.
Enamel Demineralization Adjacent to Orthodontic Brackets Bonded with ACTIVA BioACTIVE-RESTORATIVE
Authors: Saunders Kristin G. , Mattevi Gianina , Donly Kevin J. , Anthony Ravikumar
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets has been shown to be a consequence during orthodontic treatment. Fluoride-releasing resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs) have been shown to protect the enamel from white spot lesions, but their bond strength has been proven inadequate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ACTIVA BioACTIVE-RESTORATIVE, a bioactive material with strength superior to RMGICs, for inhibition of enamel demineralization surrounding orthodontic brackets.

Materials and Methods

Fifteen human teeth were sectioned and divided into two groups. One group was the control and had orthodontic brackets bonded with Transbond XT, while the second group had orthodontic brackets bonded with ACTIVA. The teeth were varnished within 2 mm of the bracket margins and immersed in an artificial caries solution for 3 days to create carious lesions. The teeth were sectioned and viewed under polarized light microscopy for the detection of enamel demineralization adjacent to the bracket, and then, the lesion areas were measured with a computer imaging system.

Results

There was a statistically significant difference (P≤ 0.001) that ACTIVA had less enamel demineralization adjacent to the bracket when compared to the control group.

Conclusions

The results of this study have demonstrated that ACTIVA, a fluoride-releasing bioactive restorative material, inhibits demineralization of enamel adjacent to orthodontic brackets when compared to a nonfluoride-releasing control.
Orthodontic Finishing: Ten Steps to Success*
Authors: Mucha Jose Nelson
Published: December 2018

An excellent orthodontic finishing is essential and involves a series of procedures such as a good diagnosis, appropriate treatment plan, and implementing the treatment plan. However, the most critical phase corresponds to finish properly or closely to the appliance removal. It is not enough only to say that it was a good finish. Specifically why, or what details are needed to be observed and obtained, and in what order to conclude that a great orthodontic finishing was done. In this article, I intend to discuss and propose procedures considered indispensable for the excellence in orthodontic finish. The goals are results with excellent oral health; facial, dental and smile harmony; functional occlusion; and especially long-term stability. In this matter, it is important to follow a series of procedures that can be summarized in 10 steps: (1) define clearly your goals; (2) have a checklist; (3) improve bracket placement; (4) repositioning of brackets; (5) make adjustments in the archwires; (6) look at the face, teeth and smile, not the appliance; (7) improve the functional occlusion; (8) reshape teeth anatomically; (9) plan the retention; and (10) plan the appliance removal. The conclusions are that following this steps and keeping in mind that in clinical orthodontic practice is necessary to clearly define the objectives, to know the basic and have technical domain; the result will be inevitable: Success.
Adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards in Public Sector of Developing Economies -Analysis of Five South Asian Countries
Authors: Miraj Javed , Wang Zhuquan
Published: December 2018

We examined the extent of adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in South Asia and the challenges that are decelerating this process. The moderating organization, International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSAB), instituted IPSAS in an effort to improve financial reporting by public sector organizations and for comparability purposes. The aims of this research were to establish to what extent the IPSAS has been adopted in South Asia and determine the drawbacks contributing to its slow adoption process. To answer the study questions a literature review of the South Asian countries that have adopted the IPSAS was conducted. The study findings show that most of the South Asian nations have adopted the IPSASs though to different extents. Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka have implemented the IPSAS but taking different approaches and directions, while India still uses the cash based accounting system. The key barriers include; lack of experienced staff, delay in provision of information by the public entities, and lack of a defined implementation timeframe which seem to cut across these countries.
Renteclausules in consumentenovereenkomsten: a pound of flesh
Authors: Spanjaard J.H.M.
Published: December 2018

Renteclausules in consumentenovereenkomsten: a pound of flesh

In dit artikel wordt de omgang in de rechtspraak met rentebedingen in consumentenovereenkomsten besproken. Onevenredig hoge rentes worden ambtshalve vernietigd. In het Rapport Ambtshalve Toetsing III geeft de rechtspraak aan dat rentes boven de wettelijke handelsrente onevenredig hoog worden geacht. De vraag die resteert is of na vernietiging van de contractuele rente kan worden teruggevallen op de wettelijke rente, mits subsidiair gevorderd. Aan de hand van een arrest van het HvJ EU van 7 augustus 2018 wordt betoogd dat dat niet het geval kan zijn.
Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography
Authors: Koromyslova Anna V. , Taylor Paul D. , Martha Silviu O. , Riley Matthew
Published: December 2018

Species commonly assigned to the cheilostome bryozoan genus Onychocella Jullien, 1882 are numerous in deposits of Late Cretaceous age. Among these are 15 species with wide stratigraphical and geographical distributions that are better placed in the genus Rhagasostoma Koschinsky, 1885. These are used here to show similarities between Late Cretaceous bryozoan associations from Western Europe and Central Asia. Type and additional material was examined of several species from the Turonian to the Maastrichtian of Western Europe, including material studied by R.M. Brydone, E. Voigt and T.A. Favorskaya and undescribed material from the Campanian and Maastrichtian of several localities in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The new species Rhagasostoma brydonei sp. nov., R. aralense sp. nov. and R. operculatum sp. nov. are introduced. New and published data on the morphology and the stratigraphical and geographical distributions of R. inelegans (Lonsdale, 1850), R. gibbosum (Marsson, 1887), R. gibbosulum Brydone, 1936, R. rowei (Brydone, 1906) and R. mimosa (Brydone, 1930) is presented.
A Sea of Voices: Performance, Relations, and Belonging in Saltwater Places
Authors: Diettrich Brian
Published: December 2018

A faint early morning glow lit the horizon across the sea. Poised on the calm ocean waters, a dozen sails began their approach to shore (see Figure 1). It was just before dawn on Sunday, 22 May 2016, at Paseo de Susana Park in Hagåtña, the capital of the island of Guam (Guåhån). That morning I joined thousands of residents and international visitors for the dawn arrival of the canoes, an event that began the 12thFestival of Pacific Arts, held on the island. Some of the sea vessels were from Guam, while others had travelled north across the familiar ocean routes of the Caroline Islands from as far west as the islands of Palau and from the atoll islands of Lamotrek and Polowat (see Figure 2). The dawn event emphasized Indigenous movement, knowledge, and skill on the sea, but it also projected a means of belonging in and reconnecting to the maritime world, embodied through sounding voices and moving bodies. Cultural leader Leonard Iriarte, who holds the title of Master of Chamorro Chant, recited a welcome that was played over loudspeakers and emanated from the shore out across the incoming waves. As each sailing canoe approached the land, crewmembers sounded shell trumpets and broke out into spontaneous song and dance on the decks—rhythms that combined with those of the incoming swell below.
Violencia de género y efectividad de los derechos sociales. Posible protección a través de las políticas de rentas mínimas lato sensu | Gender Violence and Social Rights Effectiveness. Protection through Minimum Income Policies Lato Sensu in Spain
Authors: Vila Viñas David
Published: December 2018

Resumen: El derecho a una vida libre de violencia ha alcanzado importancia en la consideración jurídica de la violencia de género, al ajustarse mejor a las dinámicas de violencia de género. Desde este enfoque se pone la atención sobre qué protecciones materiales pueden ser factores preventivos de la violencia. En particular se exploran las vías de protección frente a la violencia desde las políticas de rentas mínimas lato sensu desde las Comunidades Autónomas. A pesar de la renovada importancia de estas políticas desde 2015, las reformas no han tenido en cuenta su capacidad para prevenir la violencia de género.
Abstract: Through the relations between gender violence y socioeconomic risk factor, this paper analyzes if minimum income policies are able to contribute to gender violence prevention and to the effectiveness of the right to a life free of violence. After the affirmation of this possibility, the paper considers characteristics that this policies from Autonomous Communities should have in order to achieve these goals.
El concepto de dignidad en la teoria de las capacidades de Martha Nussbaum | The Concept of Human Dignity according to Martha Nussbaum’s capability approach theory
Authors: Bohorques Marchori Lupe
Published: December 2018

Resumen: La doctrina filosófica y política de derechos humanos, afirma que todos los hombres son iguales en dignidad y derechos. Sin embargo, el concepto de dignidad sigue siendo objeto de importantes debates filosóficos y jurídicos, ya que, si algunos pensadores y juristas sostienen que se trata de un criterio ético fundamental, otros se muestran escépticos y lo consideran un término vacío de contenido e incluso inútil. La vaguedad del concepto y el alcance de su significado ocupa un lugar relevante en el ámbito de la filosofía del derecho, tratándose de una noción que merece ser revisada. El presente artículo pretende esclarecer cuál es el significado que Marta Nussbaum otorga al concepto de dignidad humana en la teoría del enfoque de las capacidades, cuáles han sido las fuentes filosóficas de las que ha bebido para elaborar este concepto, y si el significado que Nussbaum otorga al concepto de dignidad arroja claridad al concepto actual y permite una aplicación “erga omnes” coherente con su proyecto cosmopolita
Abstract: The concept of human dignity has been and is still a matter of some legal and philosophical debates of great transcendence. The vagueness of the concept and the scope of its meaning occupies an important place in the field of the philosophy of law, in the case of a notion that deserves to be reviewed and clarified, since, if some thinkers and lawyers argue that it is a fundamental ethical criterion, others are skeptical and consider it a term "empty of content" and even "useless". This articleaimsto clarifywhatisthemeaningthatMartaNussbaumgivestothe conceptofhumandignityinthetheoryof the approachofcapacities,whichhavebeenthephilosophicalsourcestoelaboratethisconcept,andifthemeaningthatNussbaumgivestotheconceptofdignitysheds clarityandallowsanapplication"ergaomens", according to her cosmopolitan project.
Rivaya García, Benjamín. Filosofía anarquista del Derecho. Un estudio de la idea, Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2018.
Authors: Pascual Matellán Laura
Published: December 2018

Se trata de una reseña de la obra "Filosofía anarquista del Derecho. Un estudio de la idea" publicada en 2018 y cuya autoría corresponde a Benjamín Rivaya García (catedrático de Filosofía del Derecho de la Universidad de Oviedo). En ella se realiza un detenido análisis de lo que el autor denomina "el iusnaturalismo radical anarquista".
Reflexiones sobre el Anteproyecto de reforma de la legislación civil española en materia de capacidad jurídica de las personas con discapacidad | Reflections on the preliminary Draft Law of the Spanish civil legislation regarding the legal capacity of persons with disabilities
Authors: Cuenca Gómez Patricia
Published: December 2018

Resumen: El presente trabajo se centra en el análisis del Anteproyecto de reforma de la legislación civil española en materia de capacidad jurídica de las personas con discapacidad publicado recientemente por el Gobierno español. Su objetivo consiste en determinar la adecuación de las principales modificaciones planteadas en este anteproyecto a las exigencias del artículo 12 de la Convención Internacional sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad tal y como han sido interpretadas por su Comité en la Observación General Nº1
Abstract: This paper focuses on the analysis of the prelimimary Draf Law of reform of the Spanish civil legislation on legal capacity of persons with disabilities, published by the Spanish Government on September 26th 2018. Its aim is to determine the conformity of the main modifications proposed in this preliminary Draft to the requirements of article 12 of the Conventionon the Rights of Persons with Disabilitiesas interpreted by its Committee in the General Comment Nº 1.
Artificial Unintelligence
Authors: Broussard Meredith
Published: December 2018

A guide to understanding the inner workings and outer limits of technology and why we should never assume that computers always get it right.

In Artificial Unintelligence, Meredith Broussard argues that our collective enthusiasm for applying computer technology to every aspect of life has resulted in a tremendous amount of poorly designed systems. We are so eager to do everything digitally—hiring, driving, paying bills, even choosing romantic partners—that we have stopped demanding that our technology actually work. Broussard, a software developer and journalist, reminds us that there are fundamental limits to what we can (and should) do with technology. With this book, she offers a guide to understanding the inner workings and outer limits of technology—and issues a warning that we should never assume that computers always get things right.

Making a case against technochauvinism—the belief that technology is always the solution—Broussard argues that it's just not true that social problems would inevitably retreat before a digitally enabled Utopia. To prove her point, she undertakes a series of adventures in computer programming. She goes for an alarming ride in a driverless car, concluding “the cyborg future is not coming any time soon”; uses artificial intelligence to investigate why students can't pass standardized tests; deploys machine learning to predict which passengers survived the Titanic disaster; and attempts to repair the U.S. campaign finance system by building AI software. If we understand the limits of what we can do with technology, Broussard tells us, we can make better choices about what we should do with it to make the world better for everyone.
Fighting Corruption Is Dangerous
Authors: Okonjo-Iweala Ngozi
Published: December 2018

A frontline account of how to fight corruption, from Nigeria's former finance minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala.

In Fighting Corruption Is Dangerous, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala has written a primer for those working to root out corruption and disrupt vested interests. Drawing on her experience as Nigeria's finance minister and that of her team, she describes dangers, pitfalls, and successes in fighting corruption. She provides practical lessons learned and tells how anti-corruption advocates need to equip themselves. Okonjo-Iweala details the numerous ways in which corruption can divert resources away from development, rewarding the unscrupulous and depriving poor people of services.

Okonjo-Iweala discovered just how dangerous fighting corruption could be when her 83-year-old mother was kidnapped in 2012 by forces who objected to some of the government's efforts at reforms led by Okonjo-Iweala—in particular a crackdown on fraudulent claims for oil subsidy payments, a huge drain on the country's finances. The kidnappers' first demand was that Okonjo-Iweala resign from her position on live television and leave the country. Okonjo-Iweala did not resign, her mother escaped, and the program of economic reforms continued. “Telling my story is risky,” Okonjo-Iweala writes. “But not telling it is also dangerous.” Her book ultimately leaves us with hope, showing that victories are possible in the fight against corruption.
Conceptual Spaces
Authors: Gärdenfors Peter
Published: December 2018

Within cognitive science, two approaches currently dominate the problem of modeling representations. The symbolic approach views cognition as computation involving symbolic manipulation. Connectionism, a special case of associationism, models associations using artificial neuron networks. Peter Gärdenfors offers his theory of conceptual representations as a bridge between the symbolic and connectionist approaches.

Symbolic representation is particularly weak at modeling concept learning, which is paramount for understanding many cognitive phenomena. Concept learning is closely tied to the notion of similarity, which is also poorly served by the symbolic approach. Gärdenfors's theory of conceptual spaces presents a framework for representing information on the conceptual level. A conceptual space is built up from geometrical structures based on a number of quality dimensions. The main applications of the theory are on the constructive side of cognitive science: as a constructive model the theory can be applied to the development of artificial systems capable of solving cognitive tasks. Gärdenfors also shows how conceptual spaces can serve as an explanatory framework for a number of empirical theories, in particular those concerning concept formation, induction, and semantics. His aim is to present a coherent research program that can be used as a basis for more detailed investigations.

Bradford Books imprint
Filling the Ranks
Authors: Williams Cindy
Published: December 2018

The war in Iraq and the problematic military occupation of that country have called into question the adequacy of America's all-volunteer force. Politicians and others have expressed doubts about its equity and capability; some have called for the reinstatement of the draft. Yet over the past twenty years the all-volunteer military has become a technologically advanced force that has contributed to America's overall military advantage. This book analyzes current military pay and personnel policies and identifies changes needed to maintain and improve America's all-volunteer force.

Filling the Ranks argues that to attract qualified and motivated volunteers, the armed forces need to offer better tangible inducements—pay, benefits, and training—to accompany such intangible rewards as pride in serving one's country. Many of the policies related to tangible rewards were established shortly after World War II and are no longer effective. Filling the Ranks presents detailed assessments of US military pay and personnel policies in light of the strategic, demographic, economic, and labor realities of the future. It identifies specific problems that today's military career patterns, training, pay, and benefits pose for officers and enlisted men and women in both active duty and reserve forces, discussing such issues as competition with the private sector for talent, the need to restructure compensation, and provision of family support. It offers recommendations for more flexible, adaptive, and effective policies and a blueprint for achieving them.
Knowledge Engineering and Management
Authors: Schreiber Guus , Akkermans Hans , Anjewierden Anjo , de Hoog Robert , Shadbolt Nigel R. , Van de Velde Walter , Wielinga B. J.
Published: December 2018

The book covers in an integrated fashion the complete route from corporate knowledge management, through knowledge analysis andengineering, to the design and implementation of knowledge-intensiveinformation systems.

The disciplines of knowledge engineering and knowledge management are closely tied. Knowledge engineering deals with the development of information systems in which knowledge and reasoning play pivotal roles. Knowledge management, a newly developed field at the intersection of computer science and management, deals with knowledge as a key resource in modern organizations. Managing knowledge within an organization is inconceivable without the use of advanced information systems; the design and implementation of such systems pose great organization as well as technical challenges. The book covers in an integrated fashion the complete route from corporate knowledge management, through knowledge analysis and engineering, to the design and implementation of knowledge-intensive information systems. The CommonKADS methodology, developed over the last decade by an industry-university consortium led by the authors, is used throughout the book. CommonKADS makes as much use as possible of the new UML notation standard. Beyond information systems applications, all software engineering and computer systems projects in which knowledge plays an important role stand to benefit from the CommonKADS methodology.
Parts and Places
Authors: Casati Roberto , Varzi Achille C.
Published: December 2018

Thinking about space is thinking about spatial things. The table is on the carpet; hence the carpet is under the table. The vase is in the box; hence the box is not in the vase. But what does it mean for an object to be somewhere? How are objects tied to the space they occupy? In this book Roberto Casati and Achille C. Varzi address some of the fundamental issues in the philosophy of spatial representation. Their starting point is an analysis of the interplay between mereology (the study of part/whole relations), topology (the study of spatial continuity and compactness), and the theory of spatial location proper. This leads to a unified framework for spatial representation understood quite broadly as a theory of the representation of spatial entities. The framework is then tested against some classical metaphysical questions such as: Are parts essential to their wholes? Is spatial co-location a sufficient criterion of identity? What (if anything) distinguishes material objects from events and other spatial entities? The concluding chapters deal with applications to topics as diverse as the logical analysis of movement and the semantics of maps.

Bradford Books imprint
Warming the World
Authors: Nordhaus William D. , Boyer Joseph
Published: December 2018

This book presents in detail a pair of models of the economics of climate change. The models, called RICE-99 (for the Regional Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy) and DICE-99 (for the Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy) build on the authors' earlier work, particularly their RICE and DICE models of the early 1990s.

Humanity is risking the health of the natural environment through a myriad of interventions, including the atmospheric emission of trace gases such as carbon dioxide, the use of ozone-depleting chemicals, the engineering of massive land-use changes, and the destruction of the habitats of many species. It is imperative that we learn to protect our common geophysical and biological resources. Although scientists have studied greenhouse warming for decades, it is only recently that society has begun to consider the economic, political, and institutional aspects of environmental intervention. To do so raises formidable challenges of data modeling, uncertainty, international coordination, and institutional design.

Attempts to deal with complex scientific and economic issues have increasingly involved the use of models to help analysts and decision makers understand likely future outcomes as well as the implications of alternative policies. This book presents in detail a pair of models of the economics of climate change. The models, called RICE-99 (for the Regional Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy) and DICE-99 (for the Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy) build on the authors' earlier work, particularly their RICE and DICE models of the early 1990s. They can help policy makers design better economic and environmental policies.
The Enclave Economy
Authors: Gallagher Kevin P. , Zarsky Lyuba
Published: December 2018

Analyzes the extent to which foreign investment in Mexico's information technology sector brought economic, social, and environmental benefits to Guadalajara.

Foreign investment has been widely perceived as a panacea for developing countries—as a way to reduce poverty and kick-start sustainable modern industries. The Enclave Economy calls this prescription into question, showing that Mexico's post-NAFTA experience of foreign direct investment in its information technology sector, particularly in the Guadalajara region, did not result in the expected benefits. Charting the rise and fall of Mexico's “Silicon Valley,” the authors explore issues that resonate through much of Latin America and the developing world: the social, economic, and environmental effects of market-driven globalization. In the 1990s, Mexico was a poster child for globalization, throwing open its borders to trade and foreign investment, embracing NAFTA, and ending the government's role in strengthening domestic industry. But The Enclave Economy shows that although Mexico was initially successful in attracting multinational corporations, foreign investments waned in the absence of active government support and as China became increasingly competitive. Moreover, the authors find that foreign investment created an “enclave economy” the benefits of which were confined to an international sector not connected to the wider Mexican economy. In fact, foreign investment put many local IT firms out of business and transferred only limited amounts of environmentally sound technology. The authors suggest policies and strategies that will enable Mexico and other developing countries to foster foreign investment for sustainable development in the future.