bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neues zum Mamma-, Ösophagus- und Prostatakarzinom: ASCO 2010 – aus Berliner Sicht
Authors: Bubenzer Rainer
Published: March 2018

Auf einem Pressegespräch wurden einige Themen der mehr als 4500 Vorträge und Poster auf der ASCO-Jahresversammlung 2010 durch ärztliche ASCO-Teilnehmer der Berliner Charité vorgestellt.
Der Riesenzelltumor des Knochens
Authors: Sanner B. , Kurth A. A.
Published: March 2018

Der Riesenzelltumor ist einer der häufigeren benignen Tumoren des Skelettsystems. Der Tumor ist sehr gut definiert anhand der konventionellen Radiologie, des histologischen Bilds, und der spezifischen anatomischen Lokalisationen in der Epiphyse langer Röhrenknochen. Trotz seiner histologischen benignen Morphologie hat er ein lokal aggressives destruierendes Verhalten mit einer hohen Lokalrezidivrate nach chirurgischer Therapie. In seltenen Fällen kommt es auch zu maligner Entartungen, die bis zum Tod führen kann. Die intraläsionale oder En-bloc-Resektion des Tumors ist die Standardtherapie. Neben dem konsequenten chirurgischen Vorgehen werden seit Neuestem auch systemische und tumorspezifische lokale Verfahren überprüft, um die Rezidivrate zu verringern.
Schmerztherapie – Spargebot provoziert Mehrkosten: Ein Opioid-Austausch ist eine Neueinstellung
Authors: Reisdorf Simone
Published: March 2018

Stark wirksame Opioide sollten von der Austauschpflicht für Arzneimittel ausgenommen werden. Dies forderte die „Koalition gegen den Schmerz“ bei einem Pressegespräch. „Der Austausch eines Opioid-Analgetikums kommt einer Neueinstellung gleich“, betonte Dr. Gerhard Müller-Schwefe, Göppingen, Präsident der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Schmerztherapie.
Ein halbes Jahr Krebsberatungsstelle Marburg: Anneliese Pohl-Psychosoziale Krebsberatungsstelle zieht positive Bilanz
Authors: Henning Peter
Published: March 2018

Die im Februar 2010 eröffnete Anneliese Pohl-Psychosoziale Krebsberatungsstelle Marburg konnte in den vergangenen Monaten bereits vielen Menschen mit fachkundigem Rat zur Seite stehen. Krebserkrankte und ihre Angehörigen erhalten in allen Phasen der Erkrankung ein professionelles Informations- und Beratungsangebot, das kurzfristig zur Verfügung steht und kostenfrei nutzbar ist. Beginnend mit der Diagnose Krebs werden Ratsuchende auf ihrem Weg psychosozial begleitet. Bereits vier Wo-chen nach der Eröffnung wurden mehr als 40 Beratungsgespräche monatlich geführt. Diese Zahl bestätigt die rasche und erfolgreiche Etablierung der Anneliese Pohl-Psychosozialen Krebsberatungsstelle Marburg.
Pankreaskarzinom: Erstmals Überlebensvorteil durch Erlotinib
Authors: Bischof Angelika
Published: March 2018

Beim Pankreaskarzinom steigt die Inzidenz seit den 1980er-Jahren stetig an. Die Sterbe rate liegt ebenso hoch wie die Neuerkrankungsrate und hat in gleichem Tempo wie diese zugenommen. Die erste Kombinationstherapie, die im Vergleich zur Gemcitabin-Monotherapie das Überleben signifikant verlängerte, war die Kombination Gemcitabin-Erlotinib, so Prof. Frank Kullmann, Weiden auf der DGVS-Jahrestagung.
Bronchialkarzinome: Welches Potenzial hat die Protonen-Scanning-Bestrahlung?
Authors: Rinecker Hans
Published: March 2018

Die hohe Malignität des klinischen Spontanverlaufs pulmonaler Malignome steht außer Frage. Überdies werden die beiden kurativen Therapiemethoden, Operation und Bestrahlung von zwei verfahrenstypischen Problemen in Indikation und Erfolg eingeengt: Die Zugangswege durch den knöchernen Thorax bzw. die niedrige Strahlentoleranz gesunden Lungengewebes.
The feline humerus
Authors: Straw M. , Langley-Hobbs S. J.
Published: March 2018

The humeri of eleven feline cadavers were dissected and safe anatomical areas for placing external skeletal fixator pins were determined. Relevant measurements taken of the humeral condyle enabled a determination of a safe pin diameter range of 1.5 to 2.2 mm for transcondylar pins. Further anatomical measurements allowed recommendations to be made to angle pins in the distal humerus in a distolateral proximomedial direction so that the ESF pin penetrates the far cortex at least 20 mm proximal to the medial epicondyle in order to avoid pin penetration of the supracondylar foramen. Cross sections taken of the distal humerus revealed that passage of an IM pin into the medial aspect of the humeral condyle was possible in less than half the cases.
The effect of pelvic osteotomy plate type on axial rotation of the acetabular segment in the triple pelvic osteotomy
Authors: Wallace L. J. , Pacchiana P. , Clark B.
Published: March 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the changes in structural anatomy of cadaver pelves, with specific emphasis on axial rotation, resulting from the application of TPO plates differing by type, angle and orientation. Sample population: Nine cadaver pelves procedure: The degree of axial rotation was determined for three different pelvic osteotomy plate types, four different plate angles and two different orientations of the same plate. Results: The observed degree of axial rotation was significantly different than the degree of axial rotation predicted by the plate angle for each group except the Rooks pelvic osteotomy plate. Conclusions/ clinical relevance: In the triple pelvic osteotomy the final degree of axial rotation may be significantly different than the predetermined plate angle.
Bioartificial bone grafting:Tarsal joint fusion in a dog using a bioartificial composite bone graft consisting of β-tricalciumphosphate and platelet rich plasma – A case report
Authors: Merten H.-A. , Bader A. , Uhr G. , Deivick A. , Meyer-Lindenberg A. , Fehr M. , Hauschild G.
Published: March 2018

Grafting of large bone defects caused by trauma or tumor resection still remains a problem to solve. In experimental studies as well as in human dentistry, osteoconduction and biodegradation of the β-tricalciumphosphate Cerasorb® as well as osteoinductive capabilities of platelet rich plasma have been proven. In case of luxation of the right tarsal joint, including a compressive fracture of the forth tarsal bone, the recommended use of autologous cancellous bone to support osseous fusion was replaced by the use of a bioartificial bone graft. Biodegradation of the bone graft was proven clinically and radiographically. Complete osseous fusion of the intertarsal joint occurred. The use of the β-tricalciumphosphate Cerasorb in combination with platelet rich plasma to support a partial arthrodesis of the tarsal joint in a dog did not impede the healing process but led to full recovery of the patient, indicating that this concept of bioartificial bone grafting could support bone healing.
A biomechanical investigation of the static stabilisers of the glenohumeral joint in the dog
Authors: Lambrechts N. E. , Maritz N. G. J. , Joubert K. E. , Gray M. J.
Published: March 2018

The aim was to determine the relative contribution of the glenohumeral ligaments/joint capsule complex and the limited joint volume/adhesion-cohesion (LJV/AC) mechanisms to the static stability of the canine glenohumeral joint (GHJ). The GHJ of 32 complete cadaver specimens were manipulated to determine the presence of gross laxity (>2mm translation) at joint angles of 150°, 135° and 90°. Following the removal of the peri-articular muscles, laxity was measured by applying a 15N force to the scapula in a variety of directions whilst the humerus was fixed to a jig. This was repeated for the abovementioned angles in intact joints and after venting and flushing to eliminate the LJV/AC mechanisms. Results of clinical palpation and biomechanical studies were compared. Manipulation revealed a marked variation between joints although there was a tendency for progressive laxity as the joint was flexed. This finding was supported by the biomechanical study that also demonstrated no significant difference between intact and vented joints except in a cranio-caudal direction at 135° and 90°, and in a medial/lateral direction at 135°. Static stabilisers permitted a wide range of motion. Individual clinical palpations did not correlate well with biomechanical findings. Manipulation was difficult to perform and is unlikely to be a reliable method for determining subtle joint laxity. The static stabilisers do not appear to play a significant role in providing joint constraint during normal range of motion (except extension). Diagnoses of pathological laxity attributable to the static stabilisers should be made with caution and surgical treatments should take cognizance of the above-mentioned biomechanical features.
Fibrosarcoma over the tarsal groove of a 14-month-old Quarter horse
Authors: Story M. R. , Andrews G. A. , Balch S. , Gaughan E. M.
Published: March 2018

A 14-month-old male Quarter horse was presented for evaluation of a grade 3 out of 5 (grade 0=sound; grade 5=non-weight bearing) right rear lameness. A firm, 8 x 16 cm mass was palpable at the caudal medial aspect of the distal tibia and proximal tarsal region of the right hind limb. A percutaneous needle aspirate contained mesenchymal cells that were moderate to large in size with single, oblong nuclei. Differential diagnoses included fibrous hyperplasia, fibroma, or well-differentiated fibrosarcoma. Excisional biopsy for both definitive diagnosis and treatment was offered and selected by the owner. A fibrosarcoma was confirmed by histological examination of the mass. One and a half years after resection signs of lameness or evidence of regrowth of the mass were not evident.
Effect of starting distance on vertical ground reaction forces in the normal dog
Authors: DuLaney D. , Purinton T. , Dookwah H. , Budsberg S.
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of starting distance on the peak vertical force (PVF) and associated vertical impulses (VI) of normal dogs. Five dogs of similar weight and body type were trotted at a velocity of 1.6–2.2 m/s from each of three starting distances; 2, 4, and 6 m, from the first plate in a two plate test field. A total of ten trials were recorded from each starting distance, five left first contacts and five right first contacts. Each ground reaction force (GRF) of interest was evaluated both within and between the three starting distances using a complete block ANOVA. There was not any significant effect of distance found on peak vertical forces in our study. However, distance did affect VI. Forelimb VI generated at a 2 m trot was significantly less than VI generated at a 6 m trot. Neither extreme distance was found to be significantly different than the 4 m VI. The VI of the hind limb was not significantly affected.
Multiple cartilaginous exostosis in a Golden Retriever cross-bred puppy
Authors: Font J. , Ramis A. , Lafuente P. , Fontecha P. , Cairó J. , Franch J.
Published: March 2018

Multiple cartilaginous exostosis was diagnosed in a sixmonth-old Golden Retriever cross-bred male with a history of forelimb lameness and isolated, but very painful, acute episodes. Physical examination revealed a right forelimb lameness with a firm, painful palpable mass on the cranial aspect of the forearm. The radiological examination showed the presence of bony masses at the humerus and radius as well as several masses in the ribs and spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae. Based on the history and radiographic findings, multiple cartilaginous exostosis was diagnosed. Treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was commenced for two weeks without any effect. Due to the lack of a response to the treatment as well as to the progressive physical deterioration of the animal, the owners requested euthanasia of the dog. Histology of the different exostoses demonstrated the presence of a hyaline cartilage cup surrounding a central area, formed mainly by bone and cartilage trabecullae. Signs of malignancy were not observed. Back-scattered scanning electron microscopy (BEI-SEM) study revealed well ordered and progressively calcified cartilage trabecullae present underneath the non-calcified cartilage cap. At a greater depth, those cartilage trabecullae became osteochondral trabecullae, and the innermost were formed exclusively by woven and lamellar bone. The histological and back-scattered electron scanning microscopy results conclude that it was a well-arranged normal endochondral ossification process that followed a centripetal pattern inside the bony mass, confirming the diagnoses of multiple cartilaginous exostoses.
Locking Compression Plate fixation of radial and tibial fractures in a young dog
Authors: Montavon P. M. , Schwandt C. S.
Published: March 2018

A six-month-old, male Bernese Mountain Dog in which radius-ulna and tibia-fibula concomitant fractures were treated each with a 3.5 mm Locking Compression Plate (LCP) is presented. Both fractures were approached and plated medially. The tibial fracture had to be revised with a 4.5 mm intramedullary nail and a new 3.5 mm LCP at the second post-operative day because of fixation breakdown. The follow-up radiographs taken at days 14 and 53 revealed uneventful healing of both fractures. Implants were removed 53 days after surgery.
Evaluation of healing in feline femoral defects filled with cancellous autograft, cancellous allograft or Bioglass
Authors: Dorea H. C. , Cantwell H. D. , Read R. , Armbrust L. , Pool R. , Roush J. K. , Boyle C. , McLaughlin R. M.
Published: March 2018

Cancellous bone grafting is a widely accepted technique in human and veterinary orthopaedic surgery. However, the use of autogenous bone graft is limited by the additional surgical time required to harvest the graft, the morbidity associated with the donor site, and the limited availability of cancellous bone, especially in feline patients. Various allografts and bone graft substitutes are available commercially but have not been fully evaluated for efficacy in the cat. The purpose of this study was to compare the incorporation of autogenous and allogenous cancellous bone graft and Bioglass®, a synthetic bone graft substitute, in femoral defects in cats. Four (4.0 mm diameter) defects were created in the lateral diaphyseal cortex of the left femur with an orthopaedic drill. In each femur, one of the cortical defects was filled with autogenous cancellous graft (harvested from the tibia), one was filled with allogenic cancellous graft, and one was filled with Bioglass. The fourth defect remained unfilled. Graft incorporation within the femoral defects was evaluated by radiographic evaluation every two weeks. Six weeks after the grafting procedure, the cats were euthanatized and high detailed radiography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), histopathology and histomorphometry of the defects were performed. Satisfactory bone healing was observed within all of the defects.
Effects of three intramedullary pinning techniques on pin location and articular damage in the canine humerus
Authors: Jones E. , Langley-Hobbs S. J. , Sissener T. R.
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare the pin location and articular damage for intramedullary (IM) pins inserted into the humerus in a directed retrograde, non-directed retrograde, and normograde fashion. Proximal pin positioning in the humerus was significantly more cranial (p<0.05) using both retrograde techniques when compared to the normograde technique, although this did not cause significant interference with anatomical structures. The distance to the biceps tendon, transverse humeral ligament, and the distal pin location was similar with all insertion techniques, however two of ten pins passed in a non-directed retrograde fashion penetrated the shoulder joint. The results of this study suggest that although non-directed retrograde pinning cannot be recommended, either normograde or retrograde pins directed craniolaterally provide acceptable techniques for insertion of IM pins during distal humeral fracture repair.
Interlocking nail treatment of long-bone fractures in cats: 33 cases (1995–2004)
Authors: Díaz-Bertrana M. C. , Puchol J. L. , Sánchez A. , Franch J. , Durall I.
Published: March 2018

A retrospective study between 1995 and 2004 of fracture repair in cats (n=46) using interlocking nails (ILN) was made. Only the cases in which clinical and radiographic examination of bone healing were available are included. Five humeral and twenty eight femoral fractures were reviewed. Multiple-hole interlocking nails (MH-ILN) were used in 22 fractures, with the four-hole model (FH-ILN) in the remaining cases. In three of the cases, the FH-ILN was transformed to a three-hole model by cutting the nail between the two most distal holes. The average length of humeral ILN was 78.8 mm, and the femoral ILN was 97.2 mm. Static fixation was performed in 27 cases, with dynamic fixation in the remaining. The medullary canal filling was 100% in both radiographic views in 16 cases. Intra-operative complications were encountered in two cases. A total number of 76 screws were inserted, with 5.26% of them being malpositioned. Malunion, in a deformed femur, and partial unscrewing of one screw were the only radiographic complications observed at the time of follow-up. The clinical outcome, as well as fracture healing, were excellent in all of the cases. The results of this study indicate that the 4.0 and 5.0 mm MH-ILN and FH-ILN can be used to repair simple or comminuted humeral and femoral fractures in cats.
A comparison of palpation guided and ultrasound guided percutaneous biceps brachii tenotomy in dogs
Authors: Esterline M. L. , Armbrust L. , Roush J. K.
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare palpation guided and ultrasound guided techniques for biceps brachii tenotomy in dogs. The differences between the two tenotomy procedures in muscle incision length, confidence level of tenotomy, percentage tendon transection, difficulty of tendon location or transection, or amount of haemorrhage, were not significant. The ultrasound guided tenotomy procedure took significantly longer to perform and required a longer skin incision, but these differences were not considered to be clinically important. With palpation guided tenotomy, several surrounding muscular and tendinous structures were damaged. We concluded that ultrasound guided tenotomy is an accurate method of tendon identification because it allowed for complete transection in 10 out of 11 tendons, and provides a method for checking completeness of tendon transection after the procedure.
Feline cranial cruciate rupture
Authors: Harasen G. L. G.
Published: March 2018

Seventeen cases of feline cranial cruciate ligament rupture are presented. The cases are divided into two groups: those with traumatic multiligamentous damage, and those with isolated cranial cruciate ligament rupture without a history of trauma. The cats that had suffered cruciate ligament rupture were heavier than the general population of cats and there is evidence reported that this injury parallels the degenerative cranial cruciate ruptures seen in overweight small breed dogs. The limited literature on this subject is reviewed including approaches to treatment.
Review of the literature
Authors: Van Ryssen B. , Gielen I. , Walschot N. , van Bree H. , Samoy Y.
Published: March 2018

Elbow incongruity is the term to describe bad alignment of the joint surfaces of the elbow. Two features illustrate incongruity of the elbow: an abnormal shape of the ulnar trochlear notch and a step between the radius and ulna, caused by either a short radius or a short ulna. It has been suggested that both an elliptical notch, and a step, can cause increased local pressure within the joint, resulting in loose fragments at different locations: ununited anconeal process (UAP), fragmented coronoid process (FCP), osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral condyle (OCD). These lesions are grouped under the term ‘elbow dysplasia’ and are the most frequent causes of front leg lameness in the dog. Although several radiographic features to diagnose incongruity have been described, the ‘scoring’ of incongruity is subjective because there is currently no objective method to measure the degree of incongruity. Because superimposition is avoided, CT is suggested as a standard technique to measure incongruity. Arthroscopy on the other hand, allows the direct visualisation of the intra-articular structures and their abnormalities. Information on both techniques are still relatively new. Several surgical techniques have been proposed to restore joint congruity; the one most frequently used is an ulnar osteotomy. But because of possible complications, other techniques are being developed. Reports evaluating the results of the different techniques are not yet available.
Clinical application of intraoperative skeletal traction in the dog
Authors: Margini A. , Cappellari F. , Peirone B. , Rovesti G. L.
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of a method for pre-operative and intra-operative traction for reduction of fractures of the appendicular skeleton. Traction was used in 24 diaphyseal fractures in 21 dogs. For each dog, the data pertaining to signalment, limb circumference, fracture type, interval between fracture and surgery, and the traction modalities were recorded. In patients with a latency between trauma and surgery of less than three days, the duration of traction required to realign the bone segments was shorter than that required for older fractures (P = 0.02). Intraoperative malalignments were corrected by manoeuvres performed with the traction stand. Once realigned, fracture segments were kept stable for prolonged periods, without the need for a surgical assistant. Postoperative radiographs were evaluated for fracture reduction and axial alignment. Postoperative alignment was judged excellent in 21 fractures and good in three fractures. Fractures were stabilized using external skeletal fixation (n=10), plates (n=11) or locked nails (n=3), depending on the fracture type. The use of the technique was straightforward and easily applied in a surgical setting. However, its use requires careful application because of the potential for iatrogenic tissue damage.
Trabecular anisotropy and collagen fibre orientation in the mandibular condyle following experimental functional appliance treatment using sheep
Authors: Ma B. , Wiebkin O. W. , Wilson D. F. , Fazzalari N. L. , Sampson W. J.
Published: March 2018

In order to study the modifying effects of functional appliances on the mechanical environment of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), we characterised the structure of the mandibular condyle subsequent to an experimental functional appliance intervention. Eight, four-month-old, castrated male Merino sheep, were randomly allocated to experimental and control groups (n = 4 in each group). Forward mandibular displacement was induced with an intraoral appliance. The study period was 15 weeks, during which time fluorochromes were administered to all of the animals. Midsagittal sections of the TMJ were selected for analysis and trabecular anisotropy was estimated using bone histomorphometry. Only the experimental group demonstrated that the trabecular bone in the central condylar region was less anisotropic when compared to the subchondral region. Also, the variation in trabecular anisotropy of the central condylar region was found to be smaller in the experimental group. The collagen fibre orientation was analysed under polarised light as the proportion of the dark or bright fibres observed in regions which existed before, and regions which formed during the experiment, as determined by the fluorochrome labels. In the experimental group, more bright collagen fibres were found in the most superior region of the mandibular condyle when compared with the controls. These results suggested that the experimental functional appliances changed the orientation and pattern of the mechanical forces acting on the mandibular condyle, and possibly increased the magnitude of the lateral functional forces applied to the most superior part of the condyle during such treatments.
Ventral fixation in atlantoaxial instability with axial fracture in a dog
Authors: Besalti O. , Pekcan Z. , Eminaga S. , Ozak A.
Published: March 2018

This study reports the diagnosis and the surgical management of atlanto-axial instability with an oblique axial fracture in a dog. The fracture was diagnosed by radiography and Computed Tomography (CT). In the CT views, the appearance of the distortion of the atlantoaxial articular surface was interpreted as instability. The stabilization was achieved with the cancellous screws. Following the surgery, the neurological status improved and the dog no longer had marked neurological deficits.
A Comparison of Four Different Methods of Fixation of Osteochondral Fragments
Authors: Vasseur P. B. , Rodrigo J.J. , Johnson W. , Kass P. H. , Van Vechten B. J.
Published: March 2018

Fixation methods for osteochondral shell grafts were studied using replace-ment of a femoral trochlear autograft in rabbits as the model. Twenty skeletally mature rabbits were divided into four groups with five rabbits in each. The articular cartilage of the femoral trochlea, including 2.0 mm of subchondral bone, was removed using a sagittal bone saw. The grafts were immediately reattached using either small Kirschner pins (K-pins), polydioxanone pins (PDP), polydioxanone suture (PDS), or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement. Six months postoperatively the rabbits were killed and the graft sites compared to the contralateral control using radiography, gross examination, Safranin-O and H & E staining, and sulphate-35 radioactive uptake. Mild degenerative joint changes were evident radio-graphically in all of the operated joints. Articular surface defects at the graft sites were common and included small craters and erosions; a few had larger areas devoid of cartilage. Defects associated with the pin entrance sites were common in the K-pin and PD P groups. The PDS group had the least number of animals with articular surface defects. Safranin-O staining was complete in the PDS group, partial or complete in the K-pin and PD P groups, and partial in all of the joints in the PMM A group. H & E preparations of the cartilage sections were graded from 1 (normal cartilage) to 5 (multiple fissures, severe degradation). The PDS group had a mean (SD) score of 1.8 (0.8), the PD P group 2.4 (1.1), the K-pin group 2.5 (1.3), and the PMM A group 4.6 (0.6). The scores for the PMM A group were significantly greater then the scores for the other groups (p <0.05). The mean (SD) for radioactive counts per minute/mg tissue in treated graft sites as a percent of control was PDS: 130 (83); PDP : 115 (14); K-pins: 92 (42); PMMA : 91 (29). The relative percentages for radioactive uptake were not significantly different (P >0.05). Graft fixation using PDS, PDP, or K-pins was technically easy to perform and the results were generally satisfactory. Fixation using PMM A was technically demanding and histological evidence of moderate to severe cartilage degradation was present in all treated joints.

Femoral trochlear autografts in rabbits were used to study fixation methods for osteochondral graft fragments. Six months after the operations the graft sites were evaluated using radiographs, gross examination, Safranin-O and H & E staining, and sulphate-35 radioactive uptake. Grafts stabilized using polydioxanone suture had the least number of articular surface defects and the most complete Safranin-O staining.
An Experimental Study of Compression of Femoral Fractures by an Interlocking Intramedullary Pin
Authors: Diaz M. C. , Morales I. , Durall I.
Published: March 2018

Return of function and callus healing were investigated in a group of ten dogs after osteotomy of the femur treated by application of a pin, perfo-rated by threaded openings, through which a metal bar could be introduced into the trochanteric fossa. A jig, indicating the position of the openings, was attached and the distal fragment fixed with three screws into the pin; the fracture was then compressed by means of a compressor travelling from the base of the jig to rest against the bar inserted into the trochanteric fossa, approximating the proximal fragment to the distal one. Two screws were then inserted into the proximal fragment. The results revealed a full return of limb function between four and 16 days and consolidation of the callus between eight and 16 weeks.

Femoral osteotomy was performed in a group of ten mongrel dogs weighing between 16 and 32 kg and stabilised with a pin, fixed with screws, which compressed the fracture. The results revealed return of normal limb function between four and 16 days later; consolidation of the callus was complete between eight and 16 weeks.
Biceps Tenosynovitis in the Dog: Radiographic and Sonographic Findings
Authors: Wallace L. , Johnston G. R. , Rivers B.
Published: March 2018

Ultrasonography of the biceps brachii tendon was prospectively evaluated as an ancillary diagnostic technique in comparison to arthrography in canine biceps tenosynovitis, in a series of six cases with surgical and histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis. Arthrographic findings, compatible with the disease, were present in all six cases, and correlated well with surgical findings. Significant differences were not found in the sonographic appearance of the affected versus the contralateral unaffected biceps brachii tendon proper. In two cases, sonography demonstrated a sonolucency surrounding the affected tendon; in one of these cases effusion within the biceps tendon sheath was noted at operation. In a third case, sonographic findings correlated with the presence of periosteal proliferation within the intertubercular groove noted on survey radio-graphs. Based on these six cases, arthrography appears to be a more sensitive ancillary diagnostic technique in this disorder than ultrasonography of the biceps brachii tendon.

Ultrasonography was prospectively evaluated in comparison to arthrography as an ancillary diagnostic technique in six cases of canine biceps tenosynovitis with surgical and histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis. Results obtained indicate arthrography appears to be a more sensitive ancillary diagnostic technique than ultra-sonography in this disorder.
Recommendations for Intensive Care Management in Small Animals Following Anaesthesia
Authors: Mathews Karol , Dyson Doris
Published: March 2018

Intensive care management can be provided in a small animal facility by centralisation of emergency and monitoring equipment. Good communication between all personnel involved in the case ensures that staff are prepared for complications that could arise related to recovery from anaesthesia.
Biomechanical Comparison of Three Repair Methods for Proximal Femoral Physeal Fractures in Shear and Tension
Authors: Roush J. K. , McLaughlin R. M. , Gaughan E. M. , DeBowes R. M. , Tillson D. M.
Published: March 2018

Proximal femoral physeal fractures were created in femora harvested from 64 immature dogs and repaired with one of three repair techniques. Techniques used included a single lag screw placed distal to the trochanter, three divergent pins from below the trochanter, and two screws placed from the articular surface of the femoral head. The re-paired fractures were tested in tension and shear for strength and stiffness. The strength and stiffness were recorded by a hydraulic testing machine and the mode of failure was determined by visual inspection. Fractures repaired with a single lag screw and with the two screws were significantly stronger in tension than those repaired with multiple pins. Significant differences were not found between the repair techniques for shear strength or stiffness in neither tension nor shear. The modes of failure differed between the repair techniques.

Three techniques of proximal femoral physeal fracture repair; a single screw from below the greater trochanter, three divergent pins, and two screws placed from the articular sur-face, were tested in tension and shear. Fractures, created on in vitro femora, repaired with a single lag screw and the two screws, were significantly stronger in tension than those repaired with multiple pins. Significant differences were not found between the repair techniques for shear strength or stiffness in neither tension nor shear.
Traumatic Fracture of the Medial Coronoid Process in Two Dogs
Authors: Yovich J. C. , Read R. A.
Published: March 2018

Acute traumatic fracture of the me-dial coronoid process occurred in two adult dogs. The fracture was the sole injury in one dog, but was associated with further elbow trauma in the other. Surgical removal of the fractured portion of medial coronoid process resulted in a rapid return to normal elbow function which was sustained on long-term follow-up. Radiographs showed some osteophyte formation within the elbow joints at one year postoperatively. Two years later, repeat radiography of the elbow of one of the dogs did not show any further osteophyte production. In contrast, the surgical removal of fragmented coronoid processes frequently results in continuing lameness, reduced range of elbow movement and progressive osteoarthritis.

Removal of a traumatically fractured portion of the medial coronoid process in two adult dogs resulted in a rapid return to soundness. Elbow function in both dogs remained normal on long-term follow-up.
Comparison of Stifle Biomechanics after Two Different Techniques of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair
Authors: Bauer M.S. , Aiken S.W. , Toombs J.P. , Prostredny J.M. , Davidson Jacqueline
Published: March 2018

Stifle joint biomechanics were evaluated by analysis of instant centre of motion, after cranial cruciate ligament transection and after stifle joint stabilization, using either the fibular head transposition or the under-and-over fascial strip technique. The instant centres of motion and resulting velocity vectors were determined by radiographic evaluation of the stifle of twelve fresh cadavers before and after cranial cruciate ligament transection, and after stabilization of the stifle joint by either the fibular head transposition or the under-and-over fascial strip technique. All 12 stifles had normal instant centres of motion before transection of the cranial cruciate ligament, and 10 of 12 were normal after transection. All six stifles repaired by fibular head transposition retained normal instant centre of motion. Abnormal instant centres of motion were present in three of six stifles repaired by the under-and-over technique. These differences were not statistically significant.

Stifle joint biomechanics were evaluated by analysis of instant centre of motion after cranial cruciate ligament transection and after stifle joint stabilization using either the fibular head transposition or the underand-over fascial strip technique. Neither surgical technique consistently resulted in abnormal instant centres of motion.
Femoral Head Excision Arthroplasty Using the Vascularised Rectus Femoris Muscle Sling
Authors: Clayton Hilary , Skuba Elizabeth , Remedios Audrey
Published: March 2018

Rectus femoris muscle slings were transposed over femoral head ostectomy sites in four large breed dogs, while in three other dogs, standard femoral head and neck excision arthroplasty was performed. After the operation two dogs, with rectus femoris muscle slings, showed transient swelling of the operated limb and remained weight bearing minimally throughout the 28-day study period. In the two remaining dogs with muscle transposition, the surgical sites were normal, but decreased weight bearing and marked lameness were apparent. The dogs with standard femoral head excisions did not have any postoperative problems with the surgical sites and were weight bearing, with slight to moderate gait abnormalities, after the operation. All of the dogs showed decreases in coxofemoral range of motion, standing hip angle and limb length of the operated leg but postoperative differences between the two treatment groups were not significant. Thigh muscle circumference was significantly less in dogs with rectus femoris muscle slings than those with standard femoral head excision. Extensive perfusion of transposed slings was apparent on angiographic studies. Histopathology of muscle slings showed focal inflammation, muscle fibre atrophy and fibrosis with intact neurovascular supply.

Femoral head excisional arthroplasty was performed in seven large breed dogs, four of which had adjunctive rectus femoris muscle slings trans-posed over ostectomy sites. Although the rectus femoris muscle sling remained vascular and was associated with minimal immediate postoperative complications, dogs with muscle transposition showed decreased weight bearing, more obvious lameness and a slower return to function, than dogs with standard femoral head and neck excision. Dogs with rectus femoris muscle slings did not show any improvement in coxofemoral range of motion, standing hip angle or limb length, rather more thigh muscle atrophy was evident on day 28 after surgery.
Evaluation of N-Butyl 2-Cyanoacrylate for the Fixation of Osteochondral Fractures
Authors: Aron D. N. , Rowland G. N. , Purinton P. T. , Roberts R. E. , Gorse Mary Jean
Published: March 2018

Unstable osteochondral fractures were created on one medial femoral condyle of 39 adult rabbits. The fractures were repaired with n-butyl cyanoacrylate adhesive in 21 rabbits. The remaining fractures were not repaired. Radiographs were made at frequent intervals. The rabbits were euthanatized at 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after surgery. The alignment and stability of the osteochondral fragments were assessed, followed by collection of sections of the medial femoral condyles for histological evaluation. Radiologically, the adhesive repaired fractures healed by primary bone union. The adhesive repaired fractures were significantly (p <0.05) better aligned and more stable than the non-repaired fractures at necropsy. Histologically, there was healing of the subchondral fracture lines of adhesive repaired fractures. The articular cartilage overlying the healing fragments was normal or had only minor surface irregularities.
Effect of Suture Type on Stifle Joint Biomechanics After Extra-Articular Repair of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection in the Dog
Authors: Bauer M. S. , Blevins W. E. , Widmer W. R. , Davidson Jaqueline , Aiken S. W. , Toombs J. P. , Prostredny J. M.
Published: March 2018

The effect of two suture types, monofilament polybutester and braided polyester, on stifle joint biomechanics after extra-articular repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture was evaluated by analysis of the instant centre of motion. The instant centres of motion and resulting velocity vectors were determined radiographically on both stifles of eight fresh canine cadavers before and after cranial cruciate ligament transection. After ligament transection, all 16 stifles were repaired with an extra-articular technique utilizing a double strand of suture placed between the lateral fabella and the tibial tuberosity. One stifle on each cadaver was repaired with each suture type. The instant centres of motion and resulting velocity vectors were re-evaluated post repair. All stifles had normal instant centres of motion prior to transection of the cranial cruciate ligament. Neither ligament transection nor extra-articular repair with either suture type resulted in an abnormal change in the instant centre of motion.
Subjektive und objektive kognitive Störung im Prädemenzstadium der Alzheimer-Krankheit
Authors: Jessen F.
Published: March 2018

Subjektive und objektive kognitive Störungen treten bei der Alzheimer-Erkrankung im Vorfeld der Demenz auf. Diese Beeinträchtigungen können genutzt werden, um Personen mit erhöhtem Demenzrisiko zu erkennen. Die leichte kognitive Störung (mild cognitive impairment, MCI) ist gekennzeichnet durch Beeinträchtigungen in kognitiven Tests. Insbesondere unterdurchschnittliche Leistungen in Gedächtnistests mit verzögertem Abruf sind prädiktiv für eine zukünftige Alzheimer-Demenz. Die Gedächtnisbeeinträchtigung mit der höchsten Spezifität für die Alzheimer-Erkrankung ist der Abruf unter Zuhilfenahme von Schlüsselreizen (cued recall). In jüngerer Zeit wurden die subjektiven kognitiven Störungen, die möglicherweise vor einer objektivierbaren Leistungseinbuße bei der AlzheimerErkrankung auftreten, untersucht. Zunehmend weisen Studien auf das gehäufte Vorliegen von Alzheimer-typischen Biomarkerveränderungen bei Personen mit subjektiven Gedächtnisstörungen hin. Zukünftige Standardisierung der Erfassung von subjektiven kognitiven Störungen bei älteren Menschen werden dazu beitragen, die prädiktive Rolle dieser diskreten frühen Veränderungen im Rahmen der Alzheimer-Erkrankung zu definieren.
Epilepsiebedingte Verletzungen und Unfälle
Authors: Hermsen A. , Oertel W. H. , Knake S. , Rosenow F. , Hamer H. M. , Strzelczyk A.
Published: March 2018

Die Epilepsien sind mit einer erhöhten Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten von Verletzungen und Unfällen vergesellschaftet. Ziel der Erhebung war die Erfassung der Häufigkeit epilepsiebedingter Verletzungen und Unfällen an einem Kollektiv von 276 Patienten sowie die Darstellung von Risikofaktoren. Insgesamt gaben 50 Patienten (18,1%) an, sich aufgrund eines epileptischen Anfalles oder von Nebenwirkungen antiepileptischer Medikation in einem Zeitraum von drei Monaten verletzt zu haben. Neben Platzwunden (n = 28; 10,1%) sowie Schürfwunden und Prellungen (n = 17; 6,2%) kam es zu Frakturen (n = 8; 2,9%), Verbrennungen bzw. Verbrühungen (n = 2) und einem Verkehrsunfall. Das Auftreten von epilepsieassoziierten Verletzungen und Unfällen war höher bei einer aktiven Epilepsie, bei Auftreten von generalisiert tonisch-klonischen Anfällen, bei einem therapierefraktären Erkrankungsverlauf sowie bei in der Anamnese berichteten anfallsbedingten Stürzen und einem iktalen Bewusstseinsverlust.
Präklinisches Management und Therapie des epileptischen Anfalls und des Status epilepticus
Authors: Schmitt F. C. , Knieß T.
Published: March 2018

Epilepsie ist eine der häufigsten neurologischen Erkrankungen im Erwachsenenalter und eine der häufigsten Diagnosen in neurologischen Kliniken. Im Rettungswesen werden epileptische Anfälle oder klinisch ähnlich suspekte Ereignisse, die nicht zwingend epileptisch sein müssen, unter der Meldediagnose “Krampfanfall” geführt. Eine sichere diagnostische Einschätzung am Notfallort ist für die Mitarbeiter der Rettungsteams oft erschwert, da Patienten im oder nach einem Anfall oft noch verwirrt sein können, oder zum Ereignis eine Amnesie zeigen. Fehldiagnosen liegen bei ca. 30%. Folge kann eine Überoder Unterversorgung der Betroffenen sein, die im ungünstigsten Fall eine erhöhte Morbidität oder Mortalität nach sich ziehen kann. Eine verbesserte präklinische diagnostische Einschätzung kann das weitere therapeutische Prozedere steuern. Neben einer medikamentösen Notfalltherapie kommt der Ersten Hilfe und den Basismaßnahmen durch Laienhilfe oder Rettungsdienste eine wichtige Rolle zu.
Bioinformatics: Towards New Directions for Public Health
Authors: Martin-Sanchez F. , Maojo V.
Published: March 2018

Objectives:
Epidemiologists are reformulating their classical approaches to diseases by considering various issues associated to “omics” areas and technologies. Traditional differences between epidemiology and genetics include background, training, terminologies, study designs and others. Public health and epidemiology are increasingly looking forward to using methodologies and informatics tools, facilitated by the Bioinformatics community, for managing genomic information. Our aim is to describe which are the most important implications related with the increasing use of genomic information for public health practice, research and education. To review the contribution of bioinformatics to these issues, in terms of providing the methods and tools needed for processing genetic information from pathogens and patients. To analyze the research challenges in biomedical informatics related with the need of integration of clinical, environmental and genetic data and the new scenarios arisen in public health.

Methods:
Review of the literature, Internet resources and material and reports generated by internal and external research projects.

Results:
New developments are needed to advance in the study of the interactions between environmental agents and genetic factors involved in the development of diseases. The use of biomarkers, biobanks, and integrated genomic/clinical databases poses serious challenges for informaticians in order to extract useful information and knowledge for public health, biomedical research and healthcare.

Conclusions:
From an informatics perspective, integrated medical/biological ontologies and new semantic-based models for managing information provide new challenges for research in areas such as genetic epidemiology and the “omics” disciplines, among others. In this regard, there are various ethical, privacy, informed consent and social implications, that should be carefully addressed by researchers, practitioners and policy makers.
Future Directions in Evaluation Research: People, Organizational, and Social Issues
Authors: Shaw N. T. , Kaplan B.
Published: March 2018

Objective:
To review evaluation literature concerning people, organizational, and social issues and provide recommendations for future research.

Method:
Analyze this research and make recommendations.

Results and Conclusions:
Evaluation research is key in identifying how people, organizational, and social issues – all crucial to system design, development, implementation, and use – interplay with informatics projects. Building on a long history of contributions and using a variety of methods, researchers continue developing evaluation theories and methods while producing significant interesting studies. We recommend that future research:

1) Address concerns of the many individuals involved in or affected by informatics applications.

2) Conduct studies in different type and size sites, and with different scopes of systems and different groups of users. Do multi-site or multi-system comparative studies.

3) Incorporate evaluation into all phases of a project.

4) Study failures, partial successes, and changes in project definition or outcome.

5) Employ evaluation approaches that take account of the shifting nature of health care and project environments, and do formative evaluations.

6) Incorporate people, social, organizational, cultural, and concomitant ethical issues into the mainstream of medical informatics.

7) Diversify research approaches and continue to develop new approaches.

8) Conduct investigations at different levels of analysis.

9) Integrate findings from different applications and contextual settings, different areas of health care, studies in other disciplines, and also work that is not published in traditional research outlets.

10) Develop and test theory to inform both further evaluation research and informatics practice.
Encrypted Storage of Medical Data on a Grid
Authors: Pierson J.-M. , Brunie L. , Seitz L.
Published: March 2018

Objectives:
In this article we present grids as an architecture for medical image processing and health-care networks. We argue that confidential patient data should not be stored unprotected on a grid and explain why access control systems alone do not offer sufficient protection. The objective of our work is to propose a method that complements access control systems on a grid architecture and thus makes the storage of confidential data more secure.

Methods:
Effective protection can be achieved by storing confidential data in encrypted form. This raises the problem of how authorized users get access to the data, since they need to have the decryption keys.

Results:
Our proposal details a key management architecture, that allows encrypted storage and still enables users to access decryption keys for data they are authorized to see. To achieve this functionality we use distributed keyservers storing redundant shares of the keys.

Conclusions:
The resulting architecture achieves our primary objective of making the storage of confidential data more secure without loosing the data sharing properties of the grid architecture. Furthermore our architecture is robust against breakdowns and denial of service attacks. It scales well with the number of users and does not introduce a single point of failure into the system.