bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Surrounding Regions of Iran and the Regionalism in Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Sardashti Fahimeh , Ahmadi Hamid
Published: March 2016

In addition to internal conditions, surrounding environment of any country provide opportunities as well as limitations within the process of policy making particularly in terms of foreign policy. It seems axiomatic that overlooking the surrounding regions within the process of policy making can lead to irrecoverable damages on the country’s interests. In the present study it has been attempted to examine the features and abilities of surrounding regions of Iran as well as answering the question that which regions have advantage and priority to provide national goals and foreign policy of Iran has been presented at the conclusion of the hypothesis that Northern and Eastern regions surrounding the country (ECO zone) because of the presence cultural, language and religious similarities hold higher rate of capacity in order to provide foreign policy goals.
Local Examination and Research and Their Role in Iran Procedures
Authors: Eslamifar Behrooz , Asadi Habib
Published: March 2016

Subject dictum time of its implementation should be notified to the parties and the absence of any of the parties to prevent the implementation of the dictum examination and research not local. If this dictum will be issued directly by the court or prosecutor's dictum to the plaintiffs in the case claim the cost of implementing each of the parties, the applicant is responsible. Dictum examination of the dictum of numbers. Namely the implementation of this dictum, the case will be ready and the court judgment cannot deviate from it. This dictum in legal proceedings (civil) real estate is noticed. However, sometimes the difference in movable property may also dictum examination of the issue. Tribunal to issue dictum examination site are free, and with the implementation of this dictum to obtain documentary evidence that a vote will be taken. Research and examination should be subject local place as soon as possible. The signs may be eliminated or reduced by intervening factors is access to witnesses. For research and examination local view must be subject to objective and precise touch and understand that if the meeting informed the parties that have signed and the judge and questioning is set. This dictum with which the parties have been notified of their appointment and the dictum to be implemented. It should be noted that in civil and criminal cases this has worked and convincing grounds for the prosecutor and the judge acquires and could make the dictum is the fact that the decision in this regard without any fact that it is right for violation.
An Overview of Anti-Competitive Conditions in America
Authors: Naghdi Ashkan , Gharibeh Ali
Published: March 2016

Influential branch of public law, competition law and encompasses a series of positive and negative regulation of the market that are aimed at controlling entity into existence. A great scholar of Rights and the science of economics politicians in explored this is a complex issue yet have important principles and it works its growth strategies and behaviors and avoid imposing hundreds competitive review.it can be another success in various fields such as political, military, and...and competitive.... Its goal is to compete at a high level stable investments.
Sustainable Development: Through Micro Hydro-Power Projects in Uttarakhand
Authors: Gupta Kartikey Hari
Published: March 2016

The above mentioned article indicates that the concept of micro hydro projects for remote area electrification in the State of Uttarakhand is completely sustainable as well as having minimal or no impact on the surrounding natural habitat. It is a self-sustaining Green Power Supply model possible only through the concept of Micro Hydro Projects.
The Future of Statehood in East Africa
Authors: Shuriye Abdi O. , Ajala Mosud T.
Published: March 2016

With the deterioration of political and security situations in Somalia and Kenya’s involvement in the war against al-shabaab as well as its political miscalculation and the lack of exit plan, add to this, the fading democratic conditions in Eritrea, accompanied by the political uncertainties in Ethiopia, since the demise Meles Zenawi Asres and the extermination of the opponents, as shown in last general election, as well as the one-man-show political scenario in Uganda and the likely disintegration of Tanzania into Zanzibar and Tanganyika, indicated by the ongoing elections; the political future of East African governments is predictably taking erroneous turns. It seems therefore, God forbids, there is a political catastrophe in the making as far as the state as an authoritative institution is concerned in East Africa.
One observes that the social fabric of these states, take Kenya, which used to be a solid in its social and political values, as an example, is drastically changing into a pattern-of-Somali-like tribal syndrome. The expiration of the government institutions, civil societies, law and order in Eritrea, the austere political future of Djibouti, the irrepressible and incurable wounds of Burundi and Rwanda are shrilling pointers of such fear.
Not to forget, the strained Muslim-Christian relations, which is now deeply rooted in these communities and states, the thick-headedness of most East Africa’s political leaders and the rapid increase of the youth population as well as the proxy war in business between China and the West on the region. These factors are the core indicators of the future of state and strong government in East Africa. The study covers several nations in East Africa including Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Determinants of Smallholder Farmers’ Participation in Zambian Dairy Sector’s Interlocked Contractual Arrangements
Authors: Kiwanuka Rebecca N. L. , Machethe Charles
Published: March 2016

Linking smallholder farmers to modern value chains through contract agriculture (CA) is one of the rural development strategies being promoted to address the challenge of smallholders’ integration in markets. However, the conditions under which CA enhances smallholders’ prospects for inclusion in modern value chains is still debatable. This paper examines the determinants of smallholders’ participation in Zambian dairy markets through interlocked contractual arrangements (ICAs). A multi-stage sampling design was used to select 266 households from milk shed areas from three districts in Lusaka and Central provinces of Zambia. A double-hurdle model was estimated from data collected through semi-structured questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Key determinants of smallholders’ participation in ICAs included ownership of improved breed animals, MCC milk price, access to dairy marketing information, income from other sources and landholding size. While most of these factors also affected the proportion of milk sold, the following were also important: household head education level, cattle rearing culture, extent of supplier’s dependency on buyer and trust in the exchange relationship. To enhance smallholders’ market participation, there is need to facilitate their access to extension services, infrastructure (breeding centres, MCCs and water) and affordable stock feed, and to offer them an effective milk price that is higher than the spot market price. Promotion efforts should target smallholders that are literate, from a cattle rearing culture, and particularly encourage youth and women participation. There is also need for building trust in the exchange relationship and judicious use of power by processors.
Medical ethnobotany of herbal practitioners in the Turkestan Range, southwestern Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Pawera Lukas , Verner Vladimir , Termote Celine , Sodombekov Ishenbay , Kandakov Alexander , Karabaev Nurudin , Skalicky Milan , Polesny Zbynek
Published: March 2016

This study recorded and analyzed traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in the Turkestan Range in southwestern Kyrgyzstan, where ethnobotanical knowledge has been largely under-documented to date. Data was collected through participant observation and both semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 10 herbal specialists. A total of 50 medicinal plant taxa were documented, distributed among 46 genera and 27 botanical families. In folk medicine they are applied in 75 different formulations, which cure 63 human and three animal ailments. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices were calculated to analyze traditional knowledge of the informants and to determine the cultural importance of particular medicinal plants. Ziziphora pamiroalaica, Peganum harmala, and Inula orientalis obtained the highest use value (UV). The best-represented and culturally important families were Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Apiaceae. Gastro-intestinal system disorders was the most prevalent ailment category. Most medicinal plants were gathered from nearby environments, however, species with a higher cultural value occurred at distant rather than nearby collection sites. The findings of this study proved the gap in documentation of traditional knowledge in Kyrgyzstan, indicating that further studies on the traditional use of wild plant resources could bring important insights into ecosystems’ diversity with implications to human ecology and bio-cultural diversity conservation in Central Asia.
Pluralismo religioso na Lusofonia: uma questão de Liberdade
Authors: Mónico Lisete S. Mendes
Published: March 2016

O presente artigo pretende contribuir com uma reflexão acerca do pluralismo religioso e da liberdade religiosa na Lusofonia. Revivendo excertos da História desde o século XV até à atualidade pós-colonial da sociedade portuguesa, analisa-se a Lusofonia em duas perspetivas complementares: a do povo colonizador e a dos povos colonizados. Evangelização, colonização e Lusofonia são, e serão sempre, indissociáveis. Para além da uniformização linguística, a Lusofonia imprimiu o seu carácter distintivo nos aspetos de aculturação, miscigenação, plasticidade e política de cristianização. Recorrendo aos dados dos censos nas décadas de 90, 2000 e 2010, adotando uma metodologia documental, estabelece-se um panorama geral da pertença religiosa na Lusofonia. Passando de uma fé de obrigação para uma fé de convicção, a Lusofonia caracteriza-se hoje por uma posição pluralista em matérias religiosas. Analisa-se a situação atual da liberdade religiosa a partir do Relatório da AIS e dos índices GRI (Government restriction index) e SHI (social hostilities involving religion). Do multiculturalismo à aculturação, a plasticidade, o ecletismo e o sincretismo religiosos funcionaram como moderadores face à imposição de um novo credo. O artigo conclui apelando à inclusão da liberdade religiosa nas agendas políticas, com vista à defesa dos direitos humanos e à paz no mundo.

 
Antônio Vieira: o império do outro mundo e o império deste mundo
Authors: Cordeiro André Rocha
Published: March 2016

RESENHA:

MENEZES, Sezinando Luiz. Antônio Vieira: o império do outro mundo e o império deste mundo. Maringá: Eduem, 2015, 131p
Revisitando a Conquista Espiritual da América Latina
Authors: Brito Ênio José da Costa
Published: March 2016

RESENHA:

DOMEZI, Maria Cecilia. Deus em guerra e pacto na América Latina colonial. São Paulo: Idéias & Letras, 2015.

A autora revisita a Conquista Espiritual sob a ótica da luta dos deuses no continente Latino Americana.
Neraca kehidupan kutukebul Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) pada tanaman cabai dan gulma babadotan pada suhu 25 °C dan 29 °C
Authors: Subagyo Vani Nur Oktaviany , Hidayat Purnama
Published: March 2016

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) merupakan hama penting pada tanaman hortikultura. Selain dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan langsung pada tanaman, B. tabaci juga berperan sebagai vektor virus tanaman yang menyebabkan penyakit keriting kuning pada tanaman cabai. B. tabaci juga dapat menyerang gulma yang tumbuh di sekitar pertanaman cabai, diantaranya adalah Ageratum conyzoides atau gulma babadotan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari neraca kehidupan B. tabaci pada tanaman cabai dan gulma babadotan. Percobaan dilakukan dengan mengamati 50 telur yang dipelihara pada masing-masing tanaman uji (3 ulangan). Tanaman ditumbuhkan pada suhu 25 °C dan 29 °C di dalam growth chamber dengan pencahayaan 12 jam terang dan 12 jam gelap (L : D = 12 : 12). Hasil analisis neraca kehidupan pada suhu 25 °C dan 29 °C menunjukkan bahwa B. tabaci memiliki laju reproduksi bersih (R0), laju pertambahan intrinsik (r) dan keperidian lebih tinggi pada gulma babadotan dibandingkan dengan tanaman cabai. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan gulma babadotan di sekitar pertanaman cabai perlu diwaspadai, karena dapat menjadi inang yang baik bagi perkembangan B. tabaci.
Pengendalian Aphis craccivora Koch. dengan kitosan dan pengaruhnya terhadap penularan Bean common mosaic virus strain Black eye cowpea (BCMV-BlC) pada kacang panjang
Authors: Megasari Dita , Damayanti Tri Asmira , Santoso Sugeng
Published: March 2016

Aphis craccivora merupakan salah satu hama penting pada kacang panjang. Selain menimbulkan kerugian bagi tanaman, A.craccivora juga berperan penting sebagai vektor Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) di lapangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas kitosan terhadap perkembangan populasi dan preferensi makan A. craccivora dan kemampuan A. craccivora dalam menularkan BCMV. Kitosan diaplikasikan dengan cara penyemprotan pada daun pada konsentrasi antara 0,1-1%. Pengujian perkembangan populasi dan preferensi makan kutudaun dilakukan pada tanaman dan daun kacang panjang yang diberi perlakuan kitosan. Tanaman kontrol tidak diberi perlakuan kitosan. Penularan BCMV dilakukan dengan menggunakan tiga imago A. craccivora yang mengandung BCMV per tanaman. Perlakuan kitosan mampu menekan perkembangan populasi dan mengurangi preferensi makan A. craccivora secara nyata dibandingkan dengan kontrol pada semua perlakuan. Selain itu, perlakuan kitosan dapat menekan penularan BCMV melalui A. craccivora yang ditunjukkan oleh kejadian dan titer BCMV yang nyata lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Penekanan populasi dan preferensi makan kutudaun serta infeksi BCMV diduga berhubungan dengan kemampuan kitosan sebagai penghambat makan (anti-feedant) A. craccivora. Penekanan infeksi BCMV melalui kutudaun yang ditunjukkan dengan penekanan insidensi, keparahan dan titer BCMV secara nyata dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Di antara konsentrasi kitosan yang diuji, konsentrasi 0,9% merupakan konsentrasi kitosan yang paling efektif dalam menekan A. craccivora dan BCMV.
Budget impact analysis of the use of daclatasvir in Italy for the treatment of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotype 3 patients
Authors: Restelli Umberto , Alberti Alfredo , Lazzarin Adriano , Bonfanti Marzia , Nappi Carmela , Croce Davide
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection represents a global health problem, leading to chronic cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatic decompensation and liver transplant. The aim of the study was the evaluation of the impact on the budget of the Italian National Health Service (INHS) of the use of Daclatasvir (DCV) for the treatment of HCV genotype 3 in patients with advanced fibrosis.METHODS: An analytical decision model with a five year time horizon was implemented. Two scenarios were considered: a. 100% of market share for Interferon (INF-α)+Ribavirin (RBV)+Sofosbuvir (SOF) for 12 weeks; b. SOF+DCV+RBV for 24 weeks with annual market shares of 50% in 2015 and 2016, 55% in 2017 and 2018, 60% in 2019, and INF-α+RBV+SOF for 12 weeks with the remaining market shares. Every annual cycle a percentage of patients equal to the effectiveness of the antiviral treatment reach a sustained virologic response and during the first year of treatment patients may experience treatment related adverse events. The costs considered (2015) are those of the antiviral therapy, and direct medical costs for health state and adverse events management. Univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses were performed.RESULTS: DCV would lead to an increase of the costs for the INHS (year 1 +21.31 millions, year 2 +21.35 millions, year 3 + 23.37 millions, year 4 + 23.26 millions and year 5 +16.37 millions). The sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results.CONCLUSIONS: The use of DCV is likely to have a short term impact on the INHS budget increasing resources use compared to the sole use of INF-α+RBV+SOF. However, a trend of reduction of the costs increase is observed due to the management of health states and adverse events which may lead to the possibility to reduce costs in the long term.
[Budget impact analysis of delayed-release dimethyl-fumarate in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Italy]
Authors: Furneri Gianluca , Marchesi Chiara , Santoni Laura
Published: March 2016

INTRODUCTION: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a condition with a significant economic and social burden that affects young adults, in their active working phase. The most recent evaluations show an annual average social cost of € 38-39 thousand per patient. Today the approval of the new oral therapies allows physicians to select further options that can meet patients’ clinical unmet needs.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the economic impact of a recently approved therapy, delayed-release dimethyl-fumarate (DMF; also known as gastro-resistant DMF), on the overall management costs of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in Italy.METHODS: A budget impact model, adopting the perspective of the Italian National Healthcare Service (NHS), was used to compare healthcare costs of two different treatment scenarios: a) base-case, where DMF is not available for RRMS patients (Scenario A), vs. b) alternative-case, where DMF is available for RRMS patients (Scenario B). Healthcare costs sustained by the Italian NHS to manage the RRMS population (drug treatment, administration, therapy and disease monitoring, relapse management, treatment-related adverse events) have been calculated over 3 years and compared for the two scenarios. Impact of relapses for the disease modifying therapies (DMTs) included in the analysis was estimated using an elaboration of the results from published mixed treatment comparison. RRMS population treated with DMTs was estimated using Italian prevalence and incidence data. According to these estimates, the number of treated patients amounted to 36,078 at Year 1, 38,832 at Year 2, and 40,673 at Year 3.RESULTS: According to the current price and to the assumptions reported in the methodology section, it was estimated that the introduction of DMF (Scenario B) determines a decrease of the budget impact, if compared with the base case (Scenario A) in the perspective of Italian NHS. Over three years, the budget impact would be € 1,376 mln in the Scenario A and € 1,354 mln in the Scenario B (-22.18 mln €; -1.61% relative budget variation). The main drivers for cost-saving were pharmacological treatment costs and reduced burden of relapses (corresponding to more than 1,800 avoided relapses).CONCLUSIONS: At the current cost conditions applied in Italy and according to the described assumptions, the use of DMF is economically sustainable for the Italian NHS. Plausibly, the introduction and usage of this new therapy in RRMS patients will ensure clinical benefits for patients without resulting in additional costs for the Italian NHS.[In Italian]
Includere ed escludere nella famiglia: il ruolo del padre
Authors: Joye Silvie
Published: March 2016

Under investigation are the debated issues related to homeland power in late antiquity. In particular, the aim is to study convergences and differences in behavior and laws, the acceptance of the newborn, the education and the transmission of the name.
La formazione dell’architetto in età protobizantina: il caso degli Isidori
Authors: Marsili Giulia
Published: March 2016

Many passages from ancient literary sources notice the theoretical and practical training process requested for architects and engineers in Late Antiquity and Early Byzantium. In this paper, firstly we try to explain how Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus the Elder, the famous architects of Saint Sofia in Constantinople, fully embody the pattern outlined by the sources. Furthermore, through the case of the two Isidores, we verify in which terms family relationships affect the transmission of technical and artisanal skills.
Eccrine Syringofibroadenomatosis of the Soles
Authors: Polat Muhterem , Üstün Hüseyin
Published: March 2016

Eccrine syringofibroadenoma is a rare adnexal tumor with acrosyringeal differentiation. It was first described by Mascaro in 1963. Its clinical presentation varies from a solitary nodule, keratotic papule, verrucous plaque, or palmoplantar keratoderma to multiple lesions with linear or diffuse distributions. Age at onset ranges from 16 to 80 years. Lesion distribution is wide and includes the face, back, abdomen, buttocks, extremities, and, rarely, nails. There are five subtypes of eccrine syringofibroadenoma. Histologically, eccrine syringofibroadenoma, independent of the subtype, is characterized by anastomosing cords of acrosyringeal cells forming ductal structures in a fibrovascular stroma and attached to the undersurface of the epidermis in multiple foci. In this article, we describe a 51-year-old woman diagnosed as having eccrine syringofibroadenomatosis.
Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Lower Extremity Caused by Serratia marcescens
Authors: Heigh Evelyn G. , Maletta-Bailey April , Haight John , Landis Gregg S.
Published: March 2016

Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare and potentially fatal infection, with mortality of up to 30%. This case report describes a patient recovering from a laryngectomy for laryngeal squamous cell cancer who developed nosocomial necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity due to Serratia marcescens. Only eight cases of necrotizing fasciitis exclusive to the lower extremity due to S marcescens have been previously reported. Patients with S marcescens necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity often have multiple comorbidities, are frequently immunosuppressed, and have a strikingly high mortality rate.
Characterisation ofSchizosaccharomyces pombe α-actinin
Authors: Addario Barbara , Sandblad Linda , Persson Karina , Backman Lars
Published: March 2016

The actin cytoskeleton plays a fundamental role in eukaryotic cells. Its reorganization is regulated by a plethora of actin-modulating proteins, such as a-actinin. In higher organisms,α-actinin is characterized by the presence of three distinct structural domains: an N-terminal actin-binding domain and a C-terminal region with EF-hand motif separated by a central rod domain with four spectrin repeats. Sequence analysis has revealed that the central rod domain ofα-actinin from the fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombeconsists of only two spectrin repeats. To obtain a firmer understanding of the structure and function of this unconventionalα-actinin, we have cloned and characterized each structural domain. Our results show that this a-actinin isoform is capable of forming dimers and that the rod domain is required for this. However, its actin-binding and cross-linking activity appears less efficient compared to conventionalα-actinins. The solved crystal structure of the actin-binding domain indicates that the closed state is stabilised by hydrogen bonds and a salt bridge not present in otherα-actinins, which may reduce the affinity for actin.
Sub-milliSievert ultralow-dose CT colonography with iterative model reconstruction technique
Authors: Lambert Lukas , Ourednicek Petr , Briza Jan , Giepmans Walter , Jahoda Jiri , Hruska Lukas , Danes Jan
Published: March 2016

Purpose.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical and diagnostic performance of sub-milliSievert ultralow-dose (ULD) CT colonograpy (CTC) in the detection of colonic and extracolonic lesions.

Materials and Methods.CTC with standard dose (SD) and ULD acquisitions of 64 matched patients, half of them with colonic findings, were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP), hybrid (HIR) and iterative model reconstruction techniques (IMR). Image noise in six colonic segments, in the left psoas muscle and aorta were measured. Image quality of the left adrenal gland and of the colon in the endoscopic and 2D view was rated on a five point Likert scale by two observers, who also completed the reading of CTC for colonic and extracolonic findings.

Results.The mean radiation dose estimate was 4.1 ± 1.4 mSv for SD and 0.86 ± 0.17 mSv for ULD for both positions (p< 0.0001). In ULD-IMR, SD-IMR and SD-HIR, the endoluminal noise was decreased in all colonic segments compared to SD-FBP (p< 0.001). There were 27 small (6–9 mm) and 17 large (≥10 mm) colonic lesions that were classified as sessile polyps (n= 38), flat lesions (n= 3), or as a mass (n= 3). Per patient sensitivity and specificity were 0.82 and 0.93 for ULD-FBP, 0.97 and 0.97 for ULD-HIR, 0.97 and 1.0 for ULD-IMR. Per polyp sensitivity was 0.84 for ULD-FBP, 0.98 for ULD-HIR, 0.98 for ULD-IMR. Significantly less extracolonic findings were detected in ULD-FBP and ULD-HIR, but in the E4 category by C-RADS (potentially important findings), the detection was similar.

Conclusion.Both HIR and IMR are suitable for sub-milliSievert ULD CTC without sacrificing diagnostic performance of the study.
Spillover of a biological control agent (Chrysolina quadrigemina) onto native St. Johnswort (Hypericum punctatum)
Authors: Tingle Jessica L. , Cook-Patton Susan C. , Agrawal Anurag A.
Published: March 2016

Biological control agents may have unintended effects on native biota, particularly species that are closely related to the target invader. Here, we explored howChrysolina quadrigemina, a beetle introduced to control the invasive weedHypericum perforatum, impacts nativeH. punctatumin Tompkins County, New York, USA. Using a suite of complementary field surveys and experimental manipulations, we examined beetle preference for native and exoticHypericumspecies and whether beetle herbivory influences the spatial distribution ofH. punctatum. We found that the introduced beetle readily consumes nativeH. punctatumin addition to its intended target, and thatH. punctatumat our field sites generally occurs along forest edges despite higher performance of experimental plants in more open habitats. However, we found no evidence that the beetle limitsH. punctatumto forest edge habitats.
People with gambling disorder and risky alcohol habits benefit more from motivational interviewing than from cognitive behavioral group therapy
Authors: Josephson Henrik , Carlbring Per , Forsberg Lars , Rosendahl Ingvar
Published: March 2016

Background. Effective psychological treatment, including cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing (MI), is available for people with problematic gambling behaviors. To advance the development of treatment for gambling disorder, it is critical to further investigate how comorbidity impacts different types of treatments. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether screening for risky alcohol habits can provide guidance on whether people with gambling disorder should be recommended cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) or MI.

Methods.The present study is a secondary analysis of a previous randomized controlled trial that compared the effects of CBGT, MI and a waitlist control group in the treatment of disordered gambling. Assessment and treatment was conducted at an outpatient dependency clinic in Stockholm, Sweden, where 53 trial participants with gambling disorder began treatment. A modified version of the National Opinion Research Centre DSM-IV Screen for gambling problems was used to assess gambling disorder. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to screen for risky alcohol habits.

Results.The interaction between treatment and alcohol habits was significant and suggests that patients with gambling disorder and risky alcohol habits were better helped by MI, while those without risky alcohol habits were better helped by CBGT.

Conclusions.The results support a screening procedure including the AUDIT prior to starting treatment for gambling disorder because the result of the screening can provide guidance in the choice of treatment. Patients with gambling disorder and risky alcohol habits are likely to be best helped if they are referred to MI, while those without risky alcohol habits are likely to be best helped if they are referred to CBGT.
Nitrogen trace gas fluxes from a semiarid subtropical savanna under woody legume encroachment
Authors: Soper Fiona M. , Boutton Thomas W. , Groffman Peter M. , Sparks Jed P.
Published: March 2016

Savanna ecosystems are a major source of nitrogen (N) trace gases that influence air quality and climate. These systems are experiencing widespread encroachment by woody plants, frequently associated with large increases in soil N, with no consensus on implications for trace gas emissions. We investigated the impact of encroachment by N‐fixing tree Prosopis glandulosa on total reactive N gas flux (Nt = NO + N2O + NOy + NH3) from south Texas savanna soils over 2 years. Contrary to expectations, upland Prosopis groves did not have greater Nt fluxes than adjacent unencroached grasslands. However, abiotic conditions (temperature, rainfall, and topography) were strong drivers. Emissions from moist, low‐lying Prosopis playas were up to 3 times higher than from Prosopis uplands. Though NO dominated emissions, NH3 and NOy (non‐NO oxidized N) comprised 12–16% of the total summer N flux (up to 7.9 µg N m−2 h−1). Flux responses to soil wetting were temperature dependent for NO, NH3, and NOy: a 15 mm rainfall event increased flux 3‐fold to 22‐fold after 24 h in summer but had no effect in winter. Repeated soil wetting reduced N flux responses, indicating substrate depletion as a likely control. Rapid (<1 min) increases in NO emissions following wetting of dry soils suggested that abiotic chemodenitrification contributes to pulse emissions. We conclude that temperature and wetting dynamics, rather than encroachment, are primary drivers of N flux from these upland savannas, with implications for future emission patterns under altered precipitation regimes.
The importance of base flow in sustaining surface water flow in the Upper Colorado River Basin
Authors: Miller Matthew P. , Buto Susan G. , Susong David D. , Rumsey Christine A.
Published: March 2016

The Colorado River has been identified as the most overallocated river in the world. Considering predicted future imbalances between water supply and demand and the growing recognition that base flow (a proxy for groundwater discharge to streams) is critical for sustaining flow in streams and rivers, there is a need to develop methods to better quantify present‐day base flow across large regions. We adapted and applied the spatially referenced regression on watershed attributes (SPARROW) water quality model to assess the spatial distribution of base flow, the fraction of streamflow supported by base flow, and estimates of and potential processes contributing to the amount of base flow that is lost during in‐stream transport in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). On average, 56% of the streamflow in the UCRB originated as base flow, and precipitation was identified as the dominant driver of spatial variability in base flow at the scale of the UCRB, with the majority of base flow discharge to streams occurring in upper elevation watersheds. The model estimates an average of 1.8 × 1010 m3/yr of base flow in the UCRB; greater than 80% of which is lost during in‐stream transport to the Lower Colorado River Basin via processes including evapotranspiration and water diversion for irrigation. Our results indicate that surface waters in the Colorado River Basin are dependent on base flow, and that management approaches that consider groundwater and surface water as a joint resource will be needed to effectively manage current and future water resources in the Basin.
Mesoporous Silica Particles as a Multifunctional Delivery System for Pain Relief in Experimental Neuropathy
Authors: Xie Junran , Xiao Dongju , Zhao Jinning , Hu Nianqiang , Bao Qi , Jiang Li , Yu Lina
Published: March 2016

The long‐term use of potent analgesics is often needed to treat chronic pain. However, it has been greatly hindered by their side effects such as addiction and withdrawal reactions. The study seeks to circumvent these drawbacks by taking advantage of a multifunctional delivery system based on nanoparticles to target on pathological neuroinflammation. A drug delivery system is designed and generated using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) that are loaded with Δ9‐THC (Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, a cannabinoid) and ARA290 (an erythropoietin‐derived polypeptide), both of which possess analgesic and anti‐inflammatory functions. The actions of such THC‐MSN‐ARA290 nanocomplexes depend on the enhanced permeability and retention of THC through nanosized carriers, and a redox‐sensitive release of conjugated ARA290 peptide into the local inflammatory milieu. The biosafety and anti‐inflammatory effects of the nanocomplexes are first evaluated in primary microglia in vitro, and further in a mouse model of chronic constriction injury. It is found that the nanocomplexes attenuate in vitro and in vivo inflammation, and achieve a sustained relief of neuropathic pain in injured animals induced by both thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. Thus, a nanoparticle‐based carrier system can be useful for the amelioration of chronic neuropathic pain through combinatorial drug delivery.
Agger‐bullar classification (ABC) of the frontal sinus drainage pathway: validation in a preclinical setting
Authors: Pianta Luca , Ferrari Marco , Schreiber Alberto , Mattavelli Davide , Lancini Davide , Bottazzoli Marco , Maroldi Roberto , Rodella Luigi Fabrizio , Ravanelli Marco , Nicolai Piero
Published: March 2016

Background

The anatomy of structures surrounding the frontal sinus drainage pathway (FSDP) is extremely complex and challenging for endoscopic sinus surgeons. The anatomical nomenclature of this area reflects this complexity and lack of agreement regarding anatomical variants of this region is present in the literature. This work presents a new classification system of the air spaces surrounding the FSDP, called the agger‐bullar classification (ABC), and compares it with the most widely used anatomical classification of the frontoethmoidal region, the modified Bent and Kuhn classification (MBKC).

Methods

Fourteen human heads underwent cone beam computed tomography (CT) scan and subsequently endoscopic dissection. Anatomical data were collected by 2 radiologists in consensus, an expert surgeon, and a novice surgeon. The radiologists filled the anatomical report after examining the CT scan, and the expert surgeon had both CT scan and endoscopic dissection available. A record of the dissection was obtained to allow the novice surgeon to compile the report. Interrater agreement regarding each variable of the classification systems was estimated through Cohen's kappa value. Cohen's kappa values of variables referring to the same anatomical subunit were matched to compare ABC with MBKC.

Results

For both air spaces in front and behind the FSDP, interrater agreement values of the variables of the ABC were significantly higher than the corresponding variables of the MBKC.

Conclusion

This preclinical study demonstrates the potential of the ABC system. Although the ABC may improve preoperative anatomical assessment of the frontoethmoidal area, validation in a clinical setting is required.
Robust Flight Control Using Nonsmooth Optimization for a Tandem Ducted Fan Vehicle
Authors: Xiang Changle , Wang Yang , Ma Yue , Xu Bin
Published: March 2016

This work addresses the aerodynamic modeling and near‐hover‐flight control design for an unconventional aerial robot of the tandem ducted fan configuration, which is intended to be prototypical of a flight service vehicle. The main model elements of this novel unmanned vehicle, which exhibit highly nonlinear and unstable open‐loop modes, are presented. A frequency‐domain controllability analysis concerning the plant's behavior around the hovering flight condition is then adopted to determine the expected control performance, which is of important practical significance to controllability improvement through vehicle design changes. A robust controller that stabilizes the unmanned vehicle under wind disturbances is designed using a newly developed nonsmooth optimization algorithm, which rigorously and efficiently tunes the arbitrarily predefined structured controller against multiple control requirements. A successive two‐loop architecture is employed in the designed controller. In this architecture, the inner loop provides stability augmentation and decoupling, and the outer loop guarantees the desired velocity tracking performance. Simulation results under stochastic wind gusts are presented to verify the performance of the proposed controllers. Preliminary flight tests are also carried out to demonstrate the performance of the system.
Characterizing, measuring, and managing transit service quality
Authors: Barabino Benedetto , Di Francesco Massimo
Published: March 2016

Recent studies to evaluate the quality of transit service are generating a good amount of renewed interest in an old idea, the passenger's perspective; this new interest stems from recognizing that transit service quality should be characterised, measured, and managed by parameters capturing both passenger and transit operator perspectives. However, although the selected parameters are user‐oriented in their input, the output may not be as user‐oriented as considered, and the number or the percentage of passengers is often neglected. As a result, the findings are often misleading because the perspectives of transit operators dominate. Therefore, academics and practitioners must rethink their strategies of quality analysis of public transportation by stressing more on the role of passengers. These challenges are addressed in this paper with a practical, simple, and holistic framework, for Transit Quality (TRANSQUAL). This framework provides for the involvement of all stakeholders in the characterisation, measurement, and management of the stages of quality monitoring, which is jointly analyzed at different planning levels. In the characterization stage, the framework supports the selection of parameters to be monitored. The measurement stage sets and measures four quality areas in terms of percentage of passengers who expect a predefined level of service, for whom the service is designed, who receive the planned service, and who perceive the service as delivered. The management stage computes the differences between these percentages, points out criticalities, and recommends corrective actions. These stages are investigated in‐depth, integrated, and discussed in a real‐life case study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF OXYGENATED RADICALS IN THE GAS PHASE. II. REACTIONS OF PERACETYL L RADICALS AND BUTENES
Authors: SELBY KEITH , WADDINGTON DAVID J.
Published: March 2016

Die Kooxidation von Butenen und Acetaldehyd durch Peressigsäure in der Gasphase wird im Temperaturbereich 356‐5 l0 Kmit Buten‐(1), 2‐Methyl‐propen sowie cis‐ und trans‐Buten‐(2) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF 2‐HYDROXY‐3‐CYANOTHIOPHENES
Authors: GEWALD K. , JABLOKOFF H. , HENTSCHEL M.
Published: March 2016

Beim Erhitzen der Thienylcarbonsäureester (I) mit Na‐äthylat bilden sich die nicht faßbaren ′y‐Mercaptonitrile (II), die unter Thiolacton‐Cyclisierung die Thiophene (III) geben, von denen einige in Substanz als tautomere A3‐Thiolenone‐(2) vorliegen.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION, TAUTOMERISM, AND HYDROGEN BONDING OF 2‐HETEROARYLAMINOTHIAZOLES
Authors: BOEDEKER J. , PRIES H. , ROESCH D. , MALEWSKI G.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (III), deren Tautomerieverhalten untersucht wird, lassen sich nach der Methode von Hantzsch aus den Thioharnstoffen (I) mit dem Aldehyd (II) darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC APPLICATION OF LITHIATION REACTIONS, VIII. A NEW SYNTHESIS OF NAPHTHO(1,8‐BC)PYRAN
Authors: NARASIMHAN N. S. , MALI R. S.
Published: March 2016

1‐Methoxynaphthalin (I) wird mit n‐Butyllithium metalliert und mit N‐Methylformanilid (II) zu einem Gemisch aus 2‐ (III) und 8‐Formyl‐1‐methoxynaphthalin (IV) umgesetzt, von denen das letztere in einer Wittig‐Olefinierung in Methylvinyläther (VI) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 5H‐(1,2)‐BENZISOTHIAZOLO(2,3‐A)QUINAZOLIN‐5‐ONE
Authors: PALAZZO S. , GIANNOLA L. I. , NERI M.
Published: March 2016

Aus (I) und Anthranilsäureamid (II) erhält man neben (III), (IV) und (VI) die gesuchte Verbindung (V).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHINIDENES AND RELATED INTERMEDIATES. IV. REACTIONS OF PHOSPHINOTHIOYLIDENES WITH CIS‐ AND TRANS‐STILBENE OXIDES
Authors: NAKAYAMA SHIGENOBU , YOSHIFUJI MASAAKI , OKAZAKI RENJI , INAMOTO NAOKI
Published: March 2016

Phosphinothioylidene werden durch Reaktion von Thiophosphonsäuredichloriden wie (I) mit Mg gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: FERROCENE POLYMERS. SYNTHESIS AND THERMAL POLYMERIZATION OF α‐CHLORO‐β‐FORMYL‐P‐FERROCENYLSTYRENE
Authors: SIMIONESCU C. , LIXANDRU T. , TATARU L. , MAZILU I. , COCIRLA I.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktivität bei der Polymerisation des aus (I) in einer Vielsmeier‐Reaktion dargestellten (II) wird durch Vergleich von experimentellen und Hückel‐MO‐Ergebnissen diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND X‐RAY STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF THE PHOTOPRODUCTS OF A‐HOMOCHOLESTAN‐3‐ONE
Authors: AKIYAMA T. , PEDDER D. , SILVERTON J. V. , SEEMAN J. I. , ZIFFER H.
Published: March 2016

Aus dem A‐Homo‐cholestan‐3‐on (I) erhält man bei der Photolyse die Umlagerungsprodukte (II), die zu (III) hydriert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMODYNAMICS OF SILVER SULFATE SOLUBILITIES IN AQUEOUS SULFURIC ACID AND SODIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS, 0‐60.DEG.C
Authors: MARSHALL WILLIAM L. , SLUSHER RUTH
Published: March 2016

Die in weiten Konzentrationsbereichen der H2SO4‐Lösungen (0‐5m) sowie der NaNO3‐Lösungen (0‐1m) bestimmten Löslichkeitsdaten werden mit Literaturwerten verglichen.
ChemInform Abstract: HIGH RESOLUTION PMR OF SEVERAL ISOPOLYTUNGSTATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: LAUNAY JEAN‐PIERRE , BOYER MICHEL , CHAUVEAU FRANCOISE
Published: March 2016

Mit Hilfe der 1H‐NMR in D2 Owird die Zahl der nichtaustauschbaren Protonen in den Strukturen einiger Isopolywolframate und verwandten Verbindungen bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ENDO PRODUCT SELECTIVITY IN THE DIELS‐ALDER REACTION
Authors: SEGUCHI KAZUYOSHI , SERA AKIRA , OTSUKI YOSHINOBU , MARUYAMA KAZUHIRO
Published: March 2016

Die Diels‐ Alder‐Reaktionen der Cyclopentadiene (I) mit entsprechenden Dienophilen (II) [sowie die von (Ia) mit N‐Phenylmaleinsäureimid bzw. Maleinsäureanhydrid] werden hinsichtlich der Kinetik und der von ihr beeinflußten exo‐(III)/endo‐(IV)‐Produktverteilung untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD OF FLUORENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Authors: KOROL'CHENKO A. YA. , IVANOV A. V. , ARISTOVA E. M.
Published: March 2016

Flammpunkt und Zündtemperatur von Fluoren und 2‐substituierten Fluorenen sowie 2‐substituierten Fluorenonen werden an Staub‐Luft‐Gemischen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIVITY OF 2‐AMINO‐1,3,4‐THIADIAZOLES. METHYLATION REACTIONS OF SOME 2‐AMINO‐5‐BENZOYL‐1,3,4‐THIADIAZOLES
Authors: WERBER G. , BUCCHERI F. , VIVONA N.
Published: March 2016

Die Amino‐thiadiazole (IIa) und (IIb) werden durch Methyljodid zu den Methylderivaten (Ia) und (Ib) methyliert.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOTRICYCLOHEXA(OCTA)SILOXANES
Authors: ANDRIANOV K. A. , MAKAROVA N. N. , CHIZHOVA N. V.
Published: March 2016

1 ,3,5 ,7‐Te trahydroxy‐1 ,3,5 ,7‐tetraphenyl‐cyclotetrasiloxan (I) läßt sich in Cyclohexan in Gegenwart von HCl‐Akzeptoren mit Alkyl‐chlorsilanen (II) zu substituierten Tricyclo‐hexasiloxanen (III) kondensieren.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLIC ANIONS CONTAINING ISOCYANIDE LIGANDS. III. SYNTHESIS AND REACTION CHEMISTRY OF METHYL ISOCYANIDE DERIVATIVES OF THE CYCLOPENTADIENYLMOLYBDENUM TRICARBONYL ANION
Authors: ADAMS RICHARD D.
Published: March 2016

Die Reduktionen der aus Chlorocyclopentadienyltricarbonyl‐ Mo und Methylisocyanid gewonnenen Isocyanid‐Derivate (Ia) und (Ib) mit N α‐ama1‐ gam führen zu den Anionen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION OF PERFLUORO(FLUOROOXY) COMPOUNDS TO UNACTIVATED DOUBLE BONDS
Authors: BARTON DEREK H. R. , DAANKS LESLIE J. , GANGULY ASHIT K. , HESSE ROBERT H. , TARZIA GIORGIO , PECHET MAURICE M.
Published: March 2016

Während die Steroide (I), (IVa) und (VIa), die nichtaktivierte Doppelbindungen aufweisen, sich mit dem Fluorierungsreagenz (II) jeweils zu komplexen Produktgemischen umsetzen [Isolierung der Verbindung (III) im Falle von (I) ], reagieren allylische Alkohole wie (IVb) und Acetate wie (VIb) oder (VIII) unter gleichen Bedingungen jeweils zu 2 Addukten [(Va) und (Vb); (VIIa) und (VIIb); (IXa) und (IXb)].
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE MECHANISM OF THE REACTION OF 1,6‐METHANO‐(10)ANNULENE WITH ELECTROPHILES
Authors: EFFENBERGER FRANZ , KLENK HERBERT
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) reagiert mit dem Isocyanat (II) ausschließlich unter Bildung des Substitutionsproduktes (III); ein Cycloadditionsprodukt ist nicht nachweisbar.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROPHILIC ALKYLATION OF FLUORINE‐CONTAINING ETHYLENES BY POLYFLUOROPROPENES
Authors: BELEN'KII G. G. , LUR'E E. P. , GERMAN L. S.
Published: March 2016

Beim EF wärmen von Perfluorpropylen (I) und Tetra‐ bzw. Trifluoräthylen (II) in Gegenwart von Antimonpentafluorid wird trans‐Perfluor‐2‐penten (IIIa) bzw. trans‐2H‐Perfluorpenten (IIIb) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF CARBORANYLPHOSPHONITES WITH CHLORAL
Authors: GODOVIKOV N. N. , DEGTYAREV A. N. , BREGADZE V. I. , KABACHNIK M. I.
Published: March 2016

Die Carboranyl‐phosphonigsäure‐diäthylester (I) bilden mit Chloral (II) O‐Äthylcarboranyl‐phosphonsäure‐2,2‐ dichlorvinylester (III).
ChemInform Abstract: TRIALKYL(TRIORGANYLSILYLACYLOXY)STANNANES
Authors: VORONKOV M. G. , MIRSKOV R. G. , ISHCHENKO O. S. , SITNIKOVA S. P.
Published: March 2016

Durch Anlagerung der Silane (I) an die Silylester der Acryl‐ und Methacrylsäure (IIa) und (IIb) erhält man die Silyl‐acyloxysilane (III).
ChemInform Abstract: IONIC HYDROGENATION OF KETONE, ALCOHOL, AND VINYL GROUPS IN DISUBSTITUTED HETEROANNULAR FERROCENES
Authors: NESMEYANOV A. N. , SHUL'PIN G. B. , RYBINSKAYA M. I.
Published: March 2016

Die α‐Hydroxy‐alkylierten Ferrocene (I) lassen sich in der 320‐fachen Menge Trifluoressigsäure mit Triäthylsilan bei 20°C in kurzer Zeit zu Dialkyl‐ferrocenen (II) reduzieren.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF ε‐CAPROLACTAM AND ε‐THIOCAPROLACTAM PLATINUM(II) AND RHODIUM(III) COMPLEXES
Authors: DINI P. , BART J. C. J. , SANTORO E. , CUM G. , GIORDANO N.
Published: March 2016

PtClz bzw. RhCla ‐ 3 H2O reagieren mit den Liganden zu den neutralen und kationischen Komplexen (I) bis (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF DISULFUR DICHLORIDE WITH AQUEOUS AMMONIA‐ A SIMPLE ROUTE TO TETRASULFUR DINITRIDE
Authors: NIINISTOE LAURI , LAITINEN RISTO
Published: March 2016

Die optimalen Bedingungen für die Synthese von S4N2, bei der S2 C12 unter Rühren in wäßrige NH3‐Lösung gegeben wird und die Reaktionsprodukte mit CS2 ausgeschüttelt und durch Gelpermeationschromatographie (gepackte Polystyrolsäule) getrennt werden, sind 5°C und eine NH3‐Konzentration von 10 mol/1.
ChemInform Abstract: ATTEMPTS AT DETERMINING THE SITE OF PROTONATION IN BENZYLHYDRAZINES
Authors: DELES JADWIGA
Published: March 2016

Es werden außer der Stammverbindung auch das p‐Chlor‐, p‐Methoxy‐ und p‐Nitro‐Derivat untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: PIVALOYLNITRENE. REACTIONS WITH OLEFINS AND DICHLOROMETHANE SOLVENT EFFECT
Authors: FELT G. R. , LWOWSKI W.
Published: March 2016

Pivaloylazid (I) liefert photolytisch das Pivaloylnitren (II), das bei Wasserstoffabstrahierung das Amid (III) gibt.
ChemInform Abstract: CHLORINATION WITH SULFURYL CHLOROFLUORIDE AND MECHANISM OF THE CHLORINATION OF CYCLOHEX‐2‐ENONES WITH SULFURYL CHLORIDE
Authors: GRENIER‐LOUSTALOT M. F. , IRATCABAL P. , METRAS F. , PETRISSANS J.
Published: March 2016

Die Chlorierung von Cyclohex‐2‐enonen (I) mit Sulfurylchlorid führt zu einem Gemisch aus 2‐Chlor‐cyclohexenon (II), 2,2,3‐Trichlor‐ (III) und 2,3,6‐Trichlorcyclohexanon (IV).