bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relevance of Base Rates to the Validity of a Psychological Test of Brain Damage (M.W.-L.T.)
Authors: Walton Donald
Published: August 2008

In a recent paper by Meehl and Rosen (1955) several important criticisms are made against the majority of diagnostic psychological instruments reported in the literature. Some of these criticisms are well known, for example absence of cross-validation data, not stating the type of population most suited for the particular psychometric device, etc. The main purpose of the present paper is to try to meet, with respect to the M.W.-L.T. (Walton and Black, 1957), one of their other major criticisms namely, that “Base rates are virtually never reported. It is, therefore, difficult to determine whether or not a given device results in a greater number of correct decisions than would be possible solely on the basis of the rates from previous experience. When, however, the base rates can be estimated, the reported claims of efficiency of psychometric instruments are often seen to be without foundation.”
Frequency of Blood Types in a Homogeneous Group of Manic-Depressive Patients
Authors: Parker Joseph B. , Theilie Alberta , Spielberger Charles D.
Published: August 2008

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of selected blood types in a homogeneously diagnosed group of manic-depressive patients as compared to the incidence of these blood types in a control group and in reported figures for the general population. This interest in the blood characteristics of manic-depressive subjects was stimulated by the finding of a relatively high incidence of active duodenal ulcer or medically and roentgenographically confirmed duodenal ulcer histories in manic-depressive patients (16 per cent.) (12) as contrasted with the reported incidence of duodenal ulcer in the general population (5-10 per cent.) (4). The specific association of duodenal ulcer with O-type blood has been reported by several investigators (1, 2). Although the reported relationships between blood type and specific disease entities have been critically questioned in a recent review, the reviewer concluded that the evidence “tends to suggest that a relationship between duodenal ulcer and group O blood actually exists” (10). The known and suspected relationships of blood types with various disease processes have been summarized by established investigators in the field of blood grouping and classification (14).
Neurological Changes Associated with P.A.S. and I.N.A.H. Therapy
Authors: Adams B. G. , Davies B. M.
Published: August 2008

Shortly after isoniazid (I.N.A.H.) was first used in the treatment of tuberculosis, it became apparent that side-effects were not uncommon. Thompson (1952) lists euphoria, hyperreflexia, vertigo, muscular twitching, insomnia, paraesthesiae and transient loss of memory among the reactions observed. These were noted to be mild and reversible but did suggest involvement of the nervous system.
Group Adjustment at the South Pole
Authors: McGuire Frederick , Tolchin Sidney , Eysenck H. J. , Willett R. A.
Published: August 2008

Antarctica is the southern end of Earth, a continent surrounded by oceans. It is a land of extreme cold and it has been estimated that it contains over 85 per cent. of all the world's ice. It is larger than the United States and Europe combined but contains practically no vegetation or wildlife except along its coasts. The coldest temperature ever recorded anywhere in the world was noted here (minus 109 · 6 degrees Fahrenheit) and temperatures rarely go above freezing. The wind blows almost constantly, including 200 m.p.h. blizzards. In appearance, it is like a great white desert and it includes a cap of ice that in some places is 100,000 feet think.
The Measurement of Motivation through the use of Objective Indices
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Willett R. A.
Published: August 2008

While abilities and attitudes are frequently subjected to measurement, motivation has largely escaped the attention of experimental psychologists and psycho-metrists. Attempts to use subjective and interpretive techniques have not met with any notable success, and it would seem that this whole area represents one of the most neglected fields of psychology, in spite of its obvious major importance both from the fundamental and from the applied points of view. We would argue that the objective measurement of motivation or drive in human beings is an essential requirement for clinical psychology, and we would further suggest that such objective measurement can only be accomplished in terms of some theoretical system in which drive has a recognized place and mode of interaction with measurable variables. It has been suggested by Eysenck and Maxwell (1961) that only the Hullian system provides such an account, and some evidence is to hand (Kimble, 1950; Wasserman, 1951; Claridge, 1960; Eysenck and Maxwell, 1961) to reinforce the view that deductions can be made from this system which will generate testable hypotheses relating to the measurement of motivation.
Association, Agnosia, and Intellect
Authors: Bowsher David
Published: August 2008

“O the mind, mind has mountains; cliffs of fall, Frightful, sheer, no-man-fathomed.”

The importance of the anatomical basis of the simpler motor and sensory functions of the central nervous system, and their disorders, has been recognized for over a century (Brown-Séquard, 1855). But that more complex intellectual functions and their disorders should also have a relevant anatomical substrate is only slowly coming into recognition. Indeed, a still-fashionable theory of mental function, originating in Vienna towards the end of the last century, regards the study of brain structure as unnecessary and beneath contempt—for all that its founder began as a neuro-anatomist.
Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Thorpe J. G.
Published: August 2008

Exploratory experimental work into the effects of sensory deprivation on human subjects has developed rapidly during the past decade and many reports have been published. It would appear to be necessary, however, to pause for a moment and to review the work which has so far been executed with a view to facilitating the systematic investigation of this phenomenon.
Relationship of Body Image to Social Desirability
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Colbert John
Published: August 2008

Recent research has suggested that the social desirability factor may be considered both as a response set, which exerts a contaminating influence on personality tests (Edwards, 1957), and as a measure of pathology. With respect to the latter, Tolor and Boitano (1960) found that increased severity of psycho-pathology tends to be associated with a decreased ability to make socially acceptable choices on a check list consisting of an equal number of socially approved and socially disapproved items. Moreover, Fordyce (1956) pointed out that the “psychotic factor” resembles a definition of social undesirability. The present study represented an attempt to focus attention on the possible meaning of differences in social desirability in terms of differences in degree of ego-strengths of subjects. The purpose, therefore, was to determine the relationship between one aspect of ego strength, namely, the body image as reflected in the figure drawings, and the social desirability variable, as measured by a check list.
Severe Psychiatric Disturbances in the Post-Operative Period—A Five-Year Survey of Belfast Hospitals
Authors: Knox S. J.
Published: August 2008

There are few incidents more calculated to disturb the well-ordered routine of a surgical unit than when a patient develops a severe psychiatric disorder in the post-operative period. Such episodes may occur suddenly after an interval of seemingly uneventful recovery and in some instances may be of such severity as to result in an appreciable and even dangerous deterioration in the patient's physical state. The impact on relatives must also be considered, for it is easy to understand the dismay which they must experience on observing the patient pass from a state of apparent composure into one of hyperkinetic excitement, panic, or confusion.
Masturbatory Insanity: the History of an Idea
Authors: Hare E. H.
Published: August 2008

A hundred years ago it was generally believed by the medical profession, and particularly by alienists, that masturbation was an important and frequent cause of mental disorder. Today no one believes this; and the masturbatory hypothesis (as we may call it) has in all probability been finally abandoned. If we enquire into the history of this change we find, somewhat surprisingly, that medical references to the harmfulness of masturbation are vanishingly rare before the 18th century. For practical purposes, the whole history of the masturbatory hypothesis is contained within the last 250 years. This history is not one in which the present-day psychiatrist is apt to feel much pride. Yet it is worth studying, not only for its own sake (and the history of psychiatric ideas is a much neglected subject), but also for the light it throws on the peculiar difficulty of refuting causal hypotheses in psychiatry. The aim of the present essay is, first, to give a short history of the idea that masturbation is an important cause of mental disorder and, second, to examine some of the reasons for the rise and fall of this idea and why it persisted for so long (1).
Recent Critical Trends in Mental Hospital Admissions in the Oxford Region
Authors: Barr A. , Golding D. , Parnell R. W.
Published: August 2008

The statistics on mental hospitals published by the Ministry of Health (1957) show that the average length of stay for admissions to mental hospitals decreased in the period 1952–1956. According to the Registrar-General's Mental Health Supplement (1961) there was an average saving, between 1951 and 1958, of sixteen days for men and thirteen days for women, among patients staying less than one year. But these figures for stay only relate to the patients discharged each year, irrespective of the year of their admission, and furthermore we do not know what happens to particular groups such, for example, as schizophrenics. Although remarkable changes are occurring at the present time, study of them is hampered by lack of appropriate and up-to-date information.
Criteria for Admission of the Elderly to Geriatric and Psychiatric Units
Authors: Kedd Cecil B.
Published: August 2008

Advances in hospital care of the elderly have led to an urgent demand on these services, and Cosin (2) has pointed out that it has often been necessary to provide them before their most practical uses have been evaluated. As Townsend (11) observes, some beds are occupied by patients who should have been in a different hospital unit more fitting to their particular type of disability.
Serum Enzyme Activity in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Antebi R. N. , King J.
Published: August 2008

In recent years an ever-increasing interest has been taken in the possible use of serum enzyme investigations in clinical diagnosis, prognosis and therapy control. That clinical abnormalities are accompanied or even induced by biochemical aberrations is accepted. That the serum enzyme pattern may show consequent abnormality before the signs and symptoms familiar to the physician appear, has been also demonstrated in several disease states, such as caeruloplasmin in Wilson's disease (Scheinberg and Gitlin, 1952) and the transaminases in infective hepatitis (Wroblewski, 1957).
Phenothiazines in Urine
Authors: Gold S. , Griffiths P. D. , Huntsman R. G.
Published: August 2008

Patients in the care of the Department of Psychological Medicine, Guy's Hospital, who are receiving moderate and large doses of phenothiazine drugs are regularly tested for evidence of hepatic or haematological disturbance. In the course of such an investigation, when the urine of a schizophrenic patient was tested with modified Ehrlich's reagent for urobilinogen, it was remarked that a deep blue colour was produced. The patient had been receiving 600 mg. of chloropromazine daily in divided doses for the previous 10 days, and as no other cause for this unusual result could be found, the phenothiazine was considered to be responsible.
Effects of LSD-25 on Relatives of Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Anastasopoulos George , Photiades Harry
Published: August 2008

Schizophrenic patients given LSD-25 show an increase of psychopathological phenomena and a regression to the prime stage of their psychosis, the manifestations of which seem to be more directly related to the life history of the patients.∗ It has also been observed that some “normal” experimental subjects show various paranoid symptoms with the same drug, but whether these are in any way determined by heredity is not known.
Mental Illness Among Formosan Aborigines As Compared with the Chinese in Taiwan
Authors: Rin Hsien , Lin Tsung-Yi
Published: August 2008

Following the socio-psychiatric surveys on the Chinese population in three communities from 1946 to 1948 (Lin, 1953), similar studies were carried out in Taiwan (Formosa) from 1949 to 1953 on four aboriginal tribes. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the characteristic features of mental disorders among the aborigines and the relationship of the occurrence of mental illness to their differential levels of social development. The present paper reports the main results of the comparative psychiatric surveys on 11,442 aborigines distributed among tribal groups of different levels of acculturation.
Neurosis in Hospital and General Practice
Authors: Kessel Neil , Shepherd Michael
Published: August 2008

Although there is general agreement that the neuroses constitute a major public health problem there is little reliable information about their distribution. The difficulty is largely one of definition. As most people experience emotional conflict of some sort, the concept of neurosis can be widened so readily as to rob it of much value for medical purposes. Epidemiological enquiries have been hampered by disagreement about the nature of neurosis and by the lack of screening techniques (Shepherd, 1960). In consequence formal morbidity surveys have proved difficult to conduct and their results still harder to interpret.
Psychiatric Referrals from Medical and Surgical Wards
Authors: Fleminger J. J. , Mallett B. L.
Published: August 2008

The practice of psychiatry in general hospitals is increasing and some of the problems it raises have been widely discussed. Many administrative questions have received close attention (Bennettet al., 1956; Smith, 1961) and the advantage to psychiatric patients of having readily available medical, surgical and laboratory facilities has been clearly seen (Gillies, 1959). It has been shown, too, that patients with mental illness can be admitted to beds in medical wards and be treated there successfully (Brook and Stafford-Clark, 1961). On the other hand, much less attention has been given to the psychiatric requirements of the general hospital itself, and there is very little information about the use that physicians, surgeons and specialists are likely to make of a psychiatric service for their own in-patients. Studies of psychiatric morbidity among general ward patients (Mittelmannet al., 1945; Zwerlinget al., 1955) are of great interest, but they tend to shed an artificial light on the problems of practical needs and probable demands. Shepherd, Davies and Culpan (1960) have provided the most useful report so far, on the incidence of psychiatric referrals by physicians and surgeons and the clinical conditions encountered. This was the result of a one-year work-study specially set up for the purpose of investigating these questions at a general hospital in London. However, there appears to have been no account of findings based on the routine work of a hospital where a psychiatric unit has been well established.
The use of “Emotive Imagery” in the Treatment of Children's Phobias
Authors: Lazarus Arnold A. , Abramovitz Arnold
Published: August 2008

Some of the earliest objective approaches to the removal of specific anxieties and fears in children were based on the fact that neurotic (learned, unadaptive) responses can be eliminated by the repeated and simultaneous evocation of stronger incompatible responses. An early and well-known example of this approach was the experiment of Jones (1) in which a child's fear of rabbits was gradually eliminated by introducing a “pleasant stimulus” i.e., food (thus evoking the anxiety-inhibiting response of eating) in the presence of the rabbit. The general method of “gradual habituation” was advocated by Jersild and Holmes (2) as being superior to all others in the elimination of children's fears. This rationale was crystallized in Wolpe's (3) formulation of the Reciprocal inhibition Principle, which deserves the closest possible study:

“If a response antagonistic to anxiety can be made to occur in the presence of anxietyevoking stimuli so that is accompanied by a complete or partial suppression of the anxiety responses, the bond between these stimuli and the anxiety responses will be weakened.”
Induction of Illusory and Hallucinatory Voices with Considerations of Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Oswald Ian
Published: August 2008

In recent years interest has attached to the fact that experiences allied to those described by patients during acute schizophrenic illnesses can be induced in normal people by the use of certain drugs, sometimes called “hallucinogens”. In so far as these drugs have caused hallucinations, however, they have induced predominantly visual hallucinations, whereas in schizophrenia the outstanding hallucinations are auditory ones, of voices—often making remarks in the third person singular, sometimes making apparently senseless or absurd remarks. In this paper, attention is drawn to means whereby non-schizophrenic persons can be caused to experience hallucinatory and illusory voices by primarily psychological and not pharmacological techniques. These techniques are also applicable to normal volunteers, but this paper will deal with first experiences of them during the treatment of some sexual deviants and alcohol addicts.
A Trial of Tetrabenazine (‘Nitoman’) in Disturbed Mentally Subnormal Patients
Authors: Kanjilal G. C. , Matheson B.
Published: August 2008

In this country reserpine is not used extensively as a tranquillizer for disturbed mentally subnormal patients, and a phenothiazine is usually the first drug of choice. This is probably due to the undesirable side-effects of reserpine, of which lethargy, depression, hypotension and Parkinsonism are the most important. However, a number of hyperactive and disturbed patients have in our experience responded better to reserpine than to a phenothiazine. Consequently, when a compound said to have an essentially similar action but to be free of these side-effects became available, we felt that a clinical evaluation should be undertaken.
Leucotomy in Britain Today
Authors: Pippard John
Published: August 2008

Is leucotomy “one of the best treatments we have” or is it “sheer unadulterated barbarism”? These are two of the many points of view expressed to me whilst I was collecting material for this paper.
Malignant Anxiety
Authors: Lambo T. Adeoye
Published: August 2008

This is an attempt to describe a clinical syndrome which has hitherto received very little attention. It is widespread in Africa and has important medicolegal implications.
Neurosis in Fifty Married Couples
Authors: Ryle Anthony , Hamilton Madge
Published: August 2008

This paper, by a general practitioner and a psychiatric social worker, is based upon an investigation, at present in progress, into the influence of the family upon children's achievement and emotional adjustment, which is supported by the Mental Health Research Fund and supervised by Dr. D. A. Pond. In the present paper we are reporting on some of the data collected from part of the population being investigated. The main survey will include all families registered with the general practitioner (A.R.) where the head of the household is in Social Class III, IV or V, in which there are children born between 1949 and 1954, and from which at least one parent is also registered. From the first 70 families visited in this survey 50 couples, including those who cohabit but are not legally married, have been selected for the present study. The 20 excluded families consist of five where only one parent is registered with the G.P., four where the mother is separated or divorced, three unmarried mothers, and two families where one parent has died. Failure to co-operate fully, which seems more common in families known by the G.P. to be disturbed, led to the exclusion of six further families.
A Psycho-Analytic Approach to the Diagnosis of Schizophrenic Reactions
Authors: Freeman Thomas
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to describe the manner in which psycho-analytical concepts and theory may contribute to the difficult problem of diagnosis in schizophrenic reactions. At the present time there is an increasing realization that the criteria which are used in the diagnosis of these conditions are unsatisfactory, not only because they have a low prognostic significance but also because they fail to provide the research worker with discrete clinical concepts which he can use in physiological or psychological investigations. As Stengel (1960) has pointed out, the criteria employed in the diagnosis can vary extensively within the same hospital quite apart from the inevitable differences which exist within the one country and from country to country. It is the wide variation in what is called schizophrenia which has vitiated so much important and worthwhile research in clinical psychiatry.
The Employability of Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Wadsworth W. V. , Scott R. F. , Wells B. W. P.
Published: August 2008

A comparative study of the work performance of normal and schizophrenic workers was undertaken in the Rehabilitation Unit of Cheadle Royal Hospital. (Wadsworth, Scott and Wells, 1961). A group of 12 long-stay schizophrenics with a mean duration of hospitalization of 17 years, ±12·3 were matched with 12 normal subjects recruited to perform a normal industrial task. The task studied was the assembly, by gluing, of crepe to board; one of the initial stages in the manufacture of a carnival hat. The purpose of the study was to obtain comparative data that would help one to produce indices of employability, rather than to make evaluative statements which would relate only to mental hospital standards.
Psychiatric Orientation: a Study of Attitudes Among Psychiatrists
Authors: Kreitman Norman
Published: August 2008

Over the past few years, workers in many diverse fields have become interested in the framework of the psychiatrist-patient relationship as a matter for study in its own right. Yet the pattern of professional opinions, conveniently subsumed under the term “orientation”, which the psychiatrist brings with him to the clinical situation, has received very little attention. In this paper an attempt will be described to measure certain aspects of psychiatric orientation, and to explore how these may be correlated with other variables.
A Short Battery of Simple Tests for Measuring Overinclusive Thinking
Authors: Payne R. W. , Friedlander D.
Published: August 2008

Overinclusive thinking has been regarded by some authorities as an important aspect of the thought disorder found in schizophrenic patients (8). Norman Cameron (2, 3, 4, 5), who performed the pioneer studies in this field, defined overinclusive thinking as the inability to preserve conceptual boundaries, as a result of which distantly associated and even irrelevant ideas come to be regarded as essential parts of a concept. This abnormality necessarily makes thought more abstract and less precise. Furthermore, it can lead to overlapping concepts which share elements in common, when, normally, they should be mutually exclusive, a situation which allows the thought-disordered person to entertain two mutually incompatible ideas at the same time without recognizing the contradiction.
A Quantification of Diagnostic Differentiae
Authors: Foulds G. A.
Published: August 2008

The more recent and better designed studies of the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis (Schmidt and Fonda, 1956; Norris, 1959; Kreitman, 1961; Kreitman et al. 1961) suggest that the earlier pessimism may not be entirely justified. At the present time it seems safest to conclude that there are some states that some psychiatrists can diagnose reasonably reliably under some conditions. Nevertheless, even if psychiatrists could be shown to be highly reliable under optimal conditions, their diagnoses could only serve as the criterion by which to develop some more objective, public and quantitative means of classification, since the optimal conditions cannot readily be met in routine practice. It is desirable that any such quantitative scale should be reasonably compatible with existing psychiatric classification. As Eysenck (1960) has argued, “the degree of correspondence observed is of some interest in making possible the translation of experimental findings from one field to the other…. Even if there were no correspondence at all with psychiatric diagnostic classifications, this would not in any way invalidate the empirical findings”.
Use of Chi-Square in Simple Crossover Designs
Authors: Fisher Seymour
Published: August 2008

In the clinical evaluation of new drugs, many investigators employ a simple crossover design, where half of the patients first receive the active drug for a given period of time, followed by a switch to an inert placebo for a similar period of time; the other half of the patients begin the trial on placebo, and are subsequently switched to the active drug. When the criterion measure consists of an over-all rating of, say, “Improved” or “Non-Improved”, the data lend themselves to a chi-square analysis. It is clear, however, that in many clinical circles, this analytic technique is being consistently misused, despite the fact that the various pitfalls and underlying assumptions have been widely emphasized (Lewis and Burke, 3). The purpose of this brief note is to demonstrate the proper use of chi-square, and also to show that, when incorrectly used, the clinical research investigator may increase the probability of prematurely discarding an effective drug.
The Androgyny of Mongols
Authors: Dutton Gordon
Published: August 2008

It is now accepted that the underlying cause of mongolism is a trisomy of the 21st chromosome (Denver classification). This finding has given a new impetus to research into this condition. It is hoped by investigating these people to be able to find out what genetic information is carried on this extra chromosome, this would be of great interest to all students of human biology, as well as being of use in the more general field of human medicine. It is very unlikely that the extra chromosome in every case will carry the same genetic information, and this would account for the within species differences in the syndrome of mongolism.
Existentialism and Psychiatry
Authors: Ledermann E. K.
Published: August 2008

Frank Fish's paper, published in The Journal of Mental Science in September 1961, pp. 978–985, deals with issues which are fundamental for psychiatry. He examines the different approaches used in existential psychology and especially the philosophical basis of existential psychiatry. In his conclusion, he denies its value. His paper demands a reply, since it contains misrepresentations.
Korsakov's psychosis precipitated by convulsive seizures in chronic alcoholics
Authors: Walsh P. J. F.
Published: August 2008

Dementia, of several types, has long been known as one of the possible fates of the alcoholic. Since Gigon and Odermatt (1925) and Shattuck (1928) called attention to the likeness between alcoholic polyneuritis and that found in beriberi evidence has accumulated of the part played by lack of B vitamins. It is now accepted that Wernicke's encephalopathy is identical with cerebral beriberi (de Wardener and Lennox, 1947) and results primarily from a deficiency of thiamine. The same brain lesions are found in Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakov's psychosis, allowing for the length of the illness (e.g., Victoret al., 1952; Malamud and Skillicorn, 1956) and Victor and Adams (1961) consider that Korsakov's psychosis in alcoholics is the psychic manifestation of Wernicke's encephalopathy.
Autonomic function in depression: A modified methacholine test
Authors: Rose J. T.
Published: August 2008

In 1948, Funkenstein, Greenblatt and Solomon reported on a test of autonomic function which is clearly a combination of tests used by earlier workers (McWilliam, 1925; Sachs, 1936; Myerson et al., 1937; Gold, 1943; Altman, 1943). They reported a relationship between the changes in systolic blood pressure induced by injected adrenaline and methacholine and the clinical course, after electro-convulsive treatment in a group of psychiatric patients. This was followed by a considerable volume of work, published by Funkenstein and his colleagues, on the prognostic, diagnostic and other aspects of a test (the adrenaline-methacholine or Funkenstein test) which has aroused steadily increasing interest. The number of papers published has grown continually, and great variation exists in the techniques adopted and the scoring methods used. Some workers have confirmed the original findings whilst others have not. Thus the subsequent literature on the test has shown a pattern not unfamiliar in medicine; enthusiastic first publications followed by reports less satisfactory and more critical, and attempts to carry out a proper evaluation, producing many contradictory results.
Psychological practice in geriatric problems
Authors: Inglis James
Published: August 2008

The argument to be put forward in this paper is that the way in which psychometric tests are often employed in geriatric problems may be less useful and, indeed, less sensible than is generally supposed. This applies to straightforward “intelligence testing” as well as to so-called “diagnostic testing”. It is recommended that the principles and practices of experimental psychology should be applied to these problems instead.
Experiences with group hypnosis on schizophrenics
Authors: Illovsky J.
Published: August 2008

Eighty chronic schizophrenic women hospitalized for an average of 6·8 years received group hypnotherapy twice weekly in addition to tranquillizers. After four months, 42 per cent. were discharged on convalescent leave; by the end of a year, a total of 48 patients (60 per cent.) had been released. All discharged patients—except four who required rehospitalization —made a satisfactory adjustment to their family and social responsibilities during the one-year follow-up period.
Imipramine with electrical treatment in depression—A controlled trial
Authors: Seager C. P. , Bird R. L.
Published: August 2008

Since the introduction of anti-depressant drugs into general use in the psychiatric field, there have been several statements to the effect that such a drug administered concurrently with electrical treatment reduces the number of shocks required to achieve a satisfactory response. This has been claimed by Sargant (1961) but without experimental support. Dunlop (1960) has published a comparison between the number of electrical treatments given with the anti-depressant drug during a particular attack, and the number of treatments without the aid of a drug in an earlier attack in the same patient: however, comparison of treatments in the same group of patients at different times is unreliable because there may be other factors to account for the differences noted. A controlled trial is necessary to ensure that all factors are constant other than the one under consideration.
Pre-morbid personality in the functional psychoses of the senium. A comparison of ex-patients with healthy controls
Authors: Vispo Raul H.
Published: August 2008

In the last few years many studies have appeared relating directly or indirectly to the role of adjustment in the ageing process. What factors influence the adaptability of the elderly person to his or her own disability, isolation or approaching death? In general the studies done by sociologists stress the importance of the social situation in which these persons find themselves. P. Townsend's book “The Family Life of Old People” (1957), the articles of Havighurst (1958) and his group in Chicago, and of Post (1958) are examples of this view. In what may be regarded in some way as a reaction to this tendency, we have the theory of disengagement of Cumming et al. (1960), in which “ageing is seen as an inevitable mental withdrawal or disengagement resulting in decreased interaction between the ageing person and others in the social system to which they belong”. But it is Irving Rosow (1960) who emphasizes this point more clearly. After critically reviewing diverse approaches, he states (and I quote from different paragraphs throughout his paper), “The root of the problem lies in regarding adjustment as a state or a condition at a point in time”. “What gerontologists have called adjustment is actually the result of the product of the ageing process”. “Thus it follows that the only way to evaluate conditions in later life is to compare them with some earlier patterns”. From there on he presents his own sociological theory of adjustment. Strengthening this view still further, a psychologist, Robert Peck (1960), reporting on one phase of the “Kansas Study of Adult Life” by the University of Chicago Committee on Human Development writes, “Adjustment to middle age and old age, in so far as it has been measured in this research, seems largely determined by personality characteristics which have been laid down earlier in life”. It is psychiatrists, however, who have insisted on the importance of the previous personality in the problems related to ageing, as may be noted in the publications of Cameron (1956) and Roth (1959).
Pick's disease in old age
Authors: Binns J. K. , Robertson E. Elizabeth
Published: August 2008

Pick's disease most commonly begins in the midlife period. Sjogren, Sjogren and Lindgren (1952) in their series of 18 anatomically verified cases of Pick's disease found that the average age of onset was 54·5±2·7 years. Escourolle (1956) segregated from the literature 184 cases in which he considered the diagnosis of Pick's disease to be “indisputable” and demonstrated therefrom that the sixth decade is the period of highest incidence. Pick's disease, however, has frequently been reported to erupt in the seventh decade and occasionally in the eighth, ninth and tenth decades. (Bonfiglio, 1926; von Braunmühl, 1928; Moyano, 1932; Sjogren, Sjogren and Lindgren, 1952.)
A controlled trial of cavodil (Pheniprazine) in depression
Authors: Lear T. E. , Browne M. W. , Greeves J. A.
Published: August 2008

In reviewing controlled trials using mono-amine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of depression it is soon obvious that workers vary as to whether they consider “depression” as a symptomatic mood change in diverse conditions or as a disease entity. Where the latter occurs, a variety of classifications of depressive illnesses appear, and that most widely used is the broad separation between endogenous and reactive depressions. Other points to note are the authors' definition of improvement, and particularly whether this refers to one aspect of the mental state only and whether the patient left hospital before receiving any treatment other than the drug.
Inference and suggestion in a clinical trial (Niamid in Mongolism)
Authors: Heaton-Ward W. A.
Published: August 2008

At the International Symposium on Niamid (nialamide)—1-/21—(benzylcarbamyl) ethyl/2-iso-nicotinoyl hydrazine—a mono-amine oxidase inhibitor, held in Lisbon in November, 1959, T. S. Davies reported that a 35-year-old mongol of imbecile grade, who had previously been inert and who had never spoken, gradually began to speak in monosyllables and, after two months on the drug, was able to converse in short sentences, showed increased physical activity and was able to undertake simple domestic tasks. It is not clear exactly what dosage of Niamid this patient received, but it was within the range of 30 mgm to 75 mgm daily. This report received wide publicity, out of its context, in the lay press, with its inevitable tendency to give the impression that a treatment of mongolism had been discovered, an impression which it is perhaps unnecessary to say Davies had certainly not intended to give.
iv. Follow-up Record and Outcome
Authors: Glithero Eric , Slater Eliot
Published: August 2008

Between 14.4.60 and 30.9.60 a follow-up enquiry was carried out, combined with the genetical investigation which has been reported in previous pages. The informants for the genetical enquiry were also the ones who gave information about the patient's recent history. The period covered by follow-up was therefore from one to three years after the time at which hospital investigations had been carried out; and if related to the onset of the schizophrenia-like psychosis was at a mean period of 7.8 years later (range from 2 to 25 years). In addition to this the National Hospital patients have continued to be followed up from that time to the present date, as they and their relatives are asked to attend regularly at a follow-up clinic at the hospital. What is reported here relates to the findings in the special enquiry; but the data that have come in since do not suggest any modification of the conclusions that will be based on the survey of 1960. A synoptic view of these findings is given in Table I.
A New Pattern in Day Hospital Development the West Middlesex Day Hospital
Authors: Pitt Brice , Markowe Morris
Published: August 2008

Slowly but surely the emphasis of the mental health service is moving from the mental hospital into the community which it serves. The trend of these community developments can be seen as far back as the establishment of psychiatric out-patient clinics at general hospitals under the Mental Treatment Act, 1930, together with arrangements for after care, and continued by mental hospitals and regional hospital boards since the advent of the National Health Service. While the new era in British psychiatry awaits the implementation by local health authorities of their mandatory functions under the Mental Health Act, 1959, much can still be done within the hospital services proper to shift the emphasis into the community. One such method is described in this study of a Day Hospital developed within a large general hospital.
Permissive Group Therapy with Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
Authors: Spencer A. M.
Published: August 2008

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has been used at Powick Hospital since 1952. During the early years of the treatment it became apparent that many of the dramatic psychic manifestations of the drug, including the vivid hallucinatory experiences, sensory hyperacuity, etc., were of no therapeutic value and that the chief use of the drug lay in its ability to bring into consciousness repressed traumatic experiences and relationships suffered by the patient during childhood. In particular, feelings such as those of parental rejection and hostility, sexual assaults, the sense of loneliness and impending doom engendered by inhalant anaesthetics in a strange hospital environment were repeatedly recovered and abreacted with great release of emotion. LSD appeared to be unique in the ease with which under its influence these deeply repressed memories could be recovered, and analysts using the drug in relatively small doses found that it would produce in one or two sessions unconscious material which would normally only be recovered after some months of analysis.
Treatment of Manic Illness with Lithium Carbonate
Authors: Maggs Ronald
Published: August 2008

Since the first studies of the use of lithium in manic illnesses by Cade (1949), and Noack and Trautner (1951), other investigations have followed in Denmark, France, Italy and Germany. Reference is made to these by Schou (1959) in a recent review of 10 years' use of lithium as psychiatric therapy.
Childhood Psychosis
Authors: Creak E. Mildred
Published: August 2008

A working party (B.M.J., 1961) recently formulated nine points which they felt distinguished the early childhood psychosis or schizophrenic syndrome of childhood, and this paper describes some features of 100 such patients seen at Great Ormond Street. The nine criteria, which were strictly applied, can be summarized as follows: 1. gross and sustained impairment of emotional relationships with people;
The Schizophrenia-like Psychoses of Epilepsy
Authors: Slater Eliot , Beard A. W.
Published: August 2008

In 1953, in an article intended for the general practitioner, Denis Hill made a brief reference to the chronic paranoid psychoses which may develop in association with temporal lobe epilepsy. He described the condition as likely to come on when the seizures were diminishing in frequency, as appearing gradually with onset in middle age, and as resembling a paranoid schizophrenic state. In 1957, D. A. Pond, from the same department of applied electro-physiology at the Maudsley Hospital, gave a more detailed account of the clinical features. He described the psychotic states as closely resembling schizophrenia, with paranoid ideas which might become systematized, ideas of influence, auditory hallucinations often of a menacing quality; and occasional frank thought disorder with neologisms, condensed words and inconsequential sentences. There were, however, also some points of difference, of a quantitative rather than qualitative kind: a religious colouring of the paranoid ideas was common; the affect tended to remain warm and appropriate; and there was no typical deterioration to the hebephrenic state. All the patients had epilepsy arising from the temporal lobe region with complex auras; occasional major seizures occurred in sleep only. EEG foci, always present, were sometimes only to be demonstrated in sleep-sphenoidal records. The epilepsy began some years before the psychotic symptoms, usually in the late teens or the twenties; and the latter often seemed to begin as the epileptic attacks were diminishing in frequency, either spontaneously or with drug treatment.
Administrative Psychiatry 1942–1962
Authors: Clark D. H.
Published: August 2008

The last twenty years have seen great changes in British administrative psychiatry. Jones (1955, 1960) has described how the mentally ill began to be assembled into special institutions for their own good (and society's protection) some 150 years ago. The humanitarian revolution associated with the names of Pinel and Tuke and the philanthropic enthusiasm of Shaftesbury and the other early Commissioners in Lunacy led to the widespread building of asylums, especially after the Acts of 1845 and 1853. This was a period of great interest in administrative psychiatry, or asylum management, as the writings of Conolly (1847, 1856) and others show. During the latter half of the nineteenth century the enthusiasm was lost and the asylums became custodial. The consolidated Lunacy Acts of 1890 and 1891 fixed a pattern of humane custody scrutinized by Lunacy Commissioners which persisted little changed for 50 years. Custodial decline was also seen in the United States and some causes of it have been discussed by Bockoven (1956) and Ozarin (1954). In the last 20 years, however, and especially since the end of the 1939–45 War, there has been a marked change in the conditions of the mentally ill.
Verbally Retarded Depression and Sodium Metabolism
Authors: Anderson W. McC. , Dawson J.
Published: August 2008

In 98 depressives of various diagnostic categories, Anderson and Dawson (1962) found that a raised fasting blood acetyl methyl carbinol (AMC) level was associated with marked verbal retardation and depressive preoccupation. They also found that raised fasting blood AMC levels fluctuated more than normal ones. It was suggested that the increases in amount and in fluctuation were best regarded as signs of impaired metabolic homeostasis because there was no reason to attribute any signs or symptoms to the effect of AMC itself.
The Effect of Plasma from Schizophrenic Patients on the Chicken Erythrocyte System
Authors: Mangoni A. , Balazs R. , Coppen A. J.
Published: August 2008

Frohmanet al.(1960a, 1960b, 1961, 1962) have investigated the effect of plasma of schizophrenic patients on carbohydrate metabolism. They measured the production of lactate and pyruvate by the nucleated red cells of the chicken after incubation with patients' plasma. After incubation with plasma from schizophrenic patients, the lactate/pyruvate ratio was raised significantly above the ratio found after incubation with plasma from normal subjects. This observation was interpreted as evidence of an inhibition of aerobic metabolism induced by the plasma of schizophrenic patients. We report here an attempt to confirm these findings.
The Experience of Memory Function after Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Cronholm Börje , Ottosson Jan-Otto
Published: August 2008

Ever since E.C.T. was introduced it has been observed that complaints of impaired memory are very common after this form of treatment, but also that the complaints vary considerably in different patients. That memory performances—as they may be measured by means of tests—are disturbed to a varying degree after E.C.T. has been established by several authors. It is thus reasonable to assume that the varying complaints of impaired memory, at least in part, reflect true disturbances of memory abilities. It is a common impression, however, that patients who have gained an obvious release from emotional distress comparatively seldom complain of memory disturbances after E.C.T. Thus, the complaints of memory impairment seem to be determined also by another factor, acting in the opposite direction, viz., improvement of disease. No investigation of the extent to which various factors have influenced the complaints of memory disturbances after E.C.T. seems to have been made.
Personality and the Paranoid Depressive Psychoses
Authors: Adams Anne , Foulds G. A.
Published: August 2008

The present study examines two psychotic groups from the point of view of personality and symptomatological dimensions. It is conceivable that illnesses as devastating and widespread in their effects as the psychoses may complicate and blur relationships which seemed rather clear-cut among neurotics. The thesis of this study is, however, that Caine's Hysteroid-Obsessoid questionnaire (Martin and Caine, 1963) will continue to behave reliably and to account for much of the variance of other measures among the partially integrated psychotics, such as the paranoid and melancholic subjects to be examined here.
Hughlings Jackson's Influence in Psychiatry
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

Hughlings Jackson has exerted a considerable influence in psychiatry. This statement will surprise most psychiatrists because the work of “the father of British neurology” is not known to have made any direct impact on their specialty. It is true that striking similarities between Jackson's basic principles and those of so-called dynamic psychiatry have for some time been noted. But they have been regarded either as incidental or as indicative of the general influence of the theory of evolution.