bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Other Campanian Volcano
Authors: Manioti Nikoletta
Published: December 2018

This chapter surveys the literary representation of Ischia’s volcano, Inarime, which Valerius Flaccus pairs in his Argonautica with Mount Vesuvius in a striking simile describing the violence of battle at Cyzicus (V. Fl. 3.208–9). The imagery of gigantomachy infiltrates Inarime’s diverse reappearances in all three Flavian epics, accentuating a contrast with Statius’ description of the tranquil view of Ischia across the Bay of Naples from the villa of Pollius Felix (Silv. 2.2.75), which in turn provides a glimpse of pastoral serenity likely to inspire in Statius’ Flavian and modern reader-audiences’ reflections on Inarime’s well-hidden (but all too apparent) dangers.
Martial and Campania
Authors: Wolff Étienne
Published: December 2018

The Roman resort of Baiae with its luxurious amenities, absence of social constraints, and the inevitable notoriety of ruined reputations was a tempting target for epigram. This chapter explores the extent of Martial’s personal experience of Baiae and his ambiguous image of the resort, through the content and dates of particular epigrams. Despite the sharp wit and wide-ranging ingenuity with which he presents his considerable knowledge of the spa, the illustrious visitors, and the region’s gastronomic specialities, advancing age and increasing familiarity with the social degradations experienced by less wealthy visitors tarnish Martial’s image of Baiae. He concludes that the meretricious attractions and social pressures imposed by Baiae’s extravagant lifestyle are no substitute for the rural tranquillity of his modest country retreat at Nomentum (6.45).
Quam Romanus honos et Graia licentia miscent
Authors: Bessone Federica
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses Statius’ celebration of the beauty and serenity of Campania felix in contrast with Rome in Silv. 3.5. It demonstrates how the poet slyly enhances his assurances to his wife that their cultivated but modest daughter will find a more suitable husband in Naples by a series of witty intertextual allusions to Ovid’s Ars Amatoria to contrast Neapolitan refinement with the lascivious pleasures of the Roman theatre and Circus Maximus. The cultural fusion of Naples merges harmoniously with the refined complexity of Flavian poetry. A network of ingenious intertextual allusion draws together Virgil’s narrative of Hercules entering Evander’s humble cottage and Statius’ Hercules who accepts modest hospitality, but appreciates the opulent temple built by Pollius (Silv. 3.1).
Semirutos … de pulvere vultus
Authors: Sacerdoti Arianna
Published: December 2018

This chapter interprets the impact of the eruption of Vesuvius through the perspective of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as it seeks to investigate not only references to recognized symptoms of trauma, such as insomnia for instance, but also the recurrence of Statius’ lexical choices of semirutus, obrutus, insanus, vesanus, vocabulary which is favoured by the Neronian and Flavian writers to describe natural cataclysmic disasters. As the chapter concludes, Vesuvius undoubtedly represents an unfathomable catastrophe; at the same time, however, the poet wants to underscore rebirth and rebuilding in his favourite region of Campania after the eruption of the destructive volcano.
Campania at War in Silius Italicus’ Punica
Authors: Biggs Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter posits a martial role for Campanian otium and socordia. Beginning with Silius’ description of Hannibal’s struggle through the marshes with Campania in the role of delayer (6.651–2), it suggests that, in blocking his progress, gentle, pastoral Campania joins forces with the old Cunctator, Fabius Maximus, in Punica 7, in retaliation for Hannibal’s devastation of her herds and vineyards. The balance, ingenuity, and proleptic force of Silius’ fictional ecphrases are a key facet of this chapter: whereas Hannibal threatens to obliterate the painted images of defeat on the temple walls at Liternum with scenes of Carthaginian triumph, Scipio is given indications of Roman victory by the Roman and Carthaginian heroes whom he encounters in his Nekyia in Punica 13. Finally, it will be Campanian otium and luxuria, dangerously excessive and grotesquely abused in Capua, that will extinguish Hannibal’s military ambition.
Economic Specialization and the Nested Bipartite Network of City–Firm Relations
Authors: Garas Antonios , Rozenblat Céline , Schweitzer Frank
Published: December 2018

The chapter “Economic Specialization and the Nested Bipartite Network of City–Firm Relations” shows how the structure of the city–firm bipartite network has striking similarities with other types of bipartite networks found in ecology. There, nodes represent species, while links represent their interactions. In so-called antagonistic networks, such as food webs, the interaction between species is asymmetric, such as in host–parasite, predator–prey, and plant–herbivore interactions. In so-called mutualistic networks, on the other hand, the interaction between species is symmetric, that is, both species interact in a mutually beneficial way such as, for example, the way that plants interact with their pollinators. This chapter shows that ecological indicators can be used to identify the unbalanced deployment of economic activities; it also provides evidence that the network of city–firm relations contains information about the quality of life in cities.
Data Summaries and Representations: Definitions and Practical Use
Authors: Barrat Alain , Cattuto Ciro
Published: December 2018

The chapter “Data Summaries and Representations: Definitions and Practical Use” examines data structures used to deal with complex networked data, using temporal networks as a concrete case. Complex networked data has become available in a variety of contexts, describing a variety of systems with growing abundance of details, such as, for instance, links between individuals in social networks, or the temporal evolution of these links. However, data needs to be summarized and represented in simple forms. This chapter describes several commonly used data summaries and levels of representation of temporal networks, as well as novel data representations that have been developed through the MULTIPLEX project. It focuses in particular on the case of temporal networks of contacts between individuals and shows in a series of concrete use cases how different representations can be used to characterize and compare data, or feed data-driven models of epidemic spreading processes.
The Role of Local Interactions in Cities’ Global Networking of Multinational Firms: An SIR Model Applied to Partial-Multiplex Directed Networks
Authors: Tsouchnika Maria , Kanetidis Michael , Rozenblat Celine , Argyrakis Panos
Published: December 2018

In “The Role of Local Interactions in Cities’ Global Networking of Multinational Firms: An SIR Model Applied to Partial-Multiplex Directed Networks,” the spreading of a financial crisis in a partial-multiplex, direct financial network is simulated. Two important factors shape the relationships between the cities: their geographical proximity and their activity proximity. Global firms interact with each other to form complex networks of financial relations of ownership relations between them. Whatever their activities, the networks of companies are mostly concentrated in the main global cities of the world, where they benefit from human, natural, and financial resources, but reversely, firms’ networks contribute to build the global characters of cities. This chapter examines the possible outcome of the spreading of a catastrophic event, such as an epidemic, by applying an SIR process to this network.
The Theatre of Democratization
Authors: David Roman , Holliday Ian
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines key protagonists of the transition, focusing on their agendas and popular support. It looks at the military and the USDP as its extended political wing, the NLD and Aung San Suu Kyi as its overwhelmingly dominant leader, activist monks, ethnic parties and armed groups, and leading political forces in civil society. After a brief theoretical introduction, it evaluates each set of actors through an analysis of relevant records, attitudes, evolution, and reception by the people. It finds that the country’s political spectrum has a triangular shape with a balancing role for monks, whose prominent role in society allows them to challenge both the illiberal attitudes professed by the military and its backers, and the moderately liberal attitudes held by Aung San Suu Kyi and NLD supporters.
Group Relations and Tolerance
Authors: David Roman , Holliday Ian
Published: December 2018

Respect for ethnic and religious minorities is widely considered essential for creation of a stable democracy. In the context of Myanmar’s transition, this chapter assesses group relations, investigates majority and minority perceptions of other groups, evaluates constitutional provisions on equality and government policy on citizenship and interfaith marriage, assesses tolerance of four political, religious, ethnic, and national groups, and looks at the roots of intolerance towards the Rohingya. It triangulates the authors’ interviews with members of ethnic minorities and politicians, surveys, and survey experiments, with secondary survey data and historical resources. It reveals generally positive group relations, which are however clouded by xenophobic and Islamophobic tendencies and outright rejection of the Rohingya.
Conclusion
Authors: David Roman , Holliday Ian
Published: December 2018

This chapter returns to the book’s core research question: what are the prospects for liberal democracy in Myanmar? It reviews answers generated by the six preceding substantive chapters, and pulls them together into a conclusion. It notes that the political situation inside the country is better at the end of the 2010s than it was at the beginning, with solid popular support for the shift away from authoritarianism. It further notes that opportunities for progress remain available within the political culture and society. In particular, the large cohort of NLD supporters has liberal inclinations that could be developed further. In a still rather traditional society, however, hierarchy continues to dominate. This places the onus on leadership, which to date has been lacking. It concludes that further movement away from the semi-democracy of Myanmar’s current hybrid regime towards one that can fairly be labelled liberal democracy is likely to be difficult, though not impossible.
The evolution of novel hemoglobin functions and physiological innovation
Authors: Storz Jay F.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 7 explores the evolution of novel hemoglobin functions and physiological innovations. In the epic sweep of life’s history on Earth, globin proteins such as vertebrate hemoglobin were only recently co-opted for a respiratory function in circulatory O2 transport. Even after blood-O2 transport became an entrenched feature of vertebrate physiology, red blood cell hemoglobins evolved additional specializations of function in particular lineages. In some cases, like the Root effect of fish hemoglobins, these new functions represent key physiological innovations that have contributed to adaptive radiation. This chapter explores several case studies of how the evolution of novel allosteric properties have enhanced and expanded the physiological capacities of particular vertebrate groups, with an emphasis on teleost fishes and crocodilians.
Indefinites between Latin and Romance
Authors: Gianollo Chiara
Published: December 2018

This work follows the syntactic and semantic development of some indefinite pronouns and determiners between Latin and Romance. The history of elements of the functional lexicon such as Latin quidam ‘a certain’, aliquis ‘some’, nullus ‘no’, nemo ‘no one’, nihil ‘nothing’ allows us to detect which aspects of their meaning and of their form are responsible for the diachronic success of some of them, and for the disappearance of others, and how they are reanalyzed or replaced in the Romance languages. The system of indefinite pronouns and determiners changes profoundly from Latin to Romance, but Romance languages maintain a certain degree of similarity in the way their various systems evolve. We can account for this similarity of outcomes if we consider the changes happening at the intermediate stage of Late Latin. At this stage, the grammar of indefinites already shows a number of changes, which are homogeneously transmitted to the daughter languages, explaining in this way the parallelism among the various emerging Romance systems. The conclusions of this study confirm the fruitfulness of applying methods and models developed within synchronic theoretical linguistics to the study of diachronic phenomena. In turn, they bear witness to the importance of diachronic research for understanding the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the systematic nature of language change.
Aliquis from Latin to Romance
Authors: Gianollo Chiara
Published: December 2018

This chapter investigates some crucial steps in the evolution of the continuations of Latin aliquis ‘some (or other)’ in the Standard Romance languages. These historical developments represent parallel instantiations of the Quantifier Cycle, a process of change involving indefinites which is well-attested crosslinguistically. The guiding hypothesis is that emphatic strengthening is a decisive factor in the Quantifier Cycle, much like what is observed with the development of negation in Jespersen’s Cycle. What the Quantifier Cycle and Jespersen’s Cycle have in common is the fact that focus interacts with the implicatures triggered by the lexical items in certain grammatical contexts (most notably and clearly, negation) and this results in systematic meaning effects that become conventionalized (grammaticalized) in the course of time. In this case study from the history of Romance, the emphatic semantic component leads to a peculiar grammaticalization pattern also involving the syntactic structure of the DP hosting the indefinite.
Indefinites and negation in the history of Latin
Authors: Gianollo Chiara
Published: December 2018

This chapter is a study of Latin indefinites in direct-negation contexts. These indefinites are interesting from a theoretical point of view because of their extreme dependence on the surrounding structural conditions, and because of the variety of their instantiations in different linguistic systems. Two phenomena of Latin grammar with wide-ranging implications for the development of Romance indefinites are discussed: the syntax of negation and the diachronic pathways followed by indefinites interacting with it. Latin is a Double Negation language, whereas Early Romance exhibits Negative Concord. The study proposes that this typological shift is linked to another major change from Latin to Romance, namely the change from OV to VO. Late Latin is analyzed as a ‘concealed’ nonstrict Negative Concord language, in which restrictions in the use of the ‘old’ negative indefinites emerge, as well as new patterns with (new) negative-polarity items.
Introduction
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: December 2018

Philip Clayton opens his 1989 study of the concept of explanation in physics and theology with an arresting and engaging statement: ‘For believers, religious beliefs help to explain the world and their place within it.’1 For Clayton, this represents both a reliable summary of the consensus of religious believers, and a legitimate option within the changing intellectual landscape of that age. Clayton rightly emphasizes the radical changes in scholarly understanding of rationality which lay behind his book. The school of logical positivism, dominant in the early 1930s and still influential in the 1960s, left no conceptual space for ‘rational’ discussion of beliefs about God, generally taking the view that religious language could not be cognitively meaningful. Yet major transformation in the philosophy of science began to take place during the 1950s, as positivist accounts of reality were gradually displaced by contextualist or coherence-based theories of scientific rationality, opening up new possibilities of dialogue between theology and the philosophy of science....
One Reason; Multiple Rationalities
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the rise of ‘multiple situated rationalities’—the idea that different cultures and academic disciplines develop distinct understandings of what is ‘reasonable’, reflecting their specific contexts and tasks. Rationality is now seen as historically and culturally embedded, so that what thinkers in one context regard as ‘reasonable’ will not find agreement in other contexts. The emergence of this realization is documented carefully and critically, focussing on the collapse of the Enlightenment’s idea of a single universal reason, and the implications of this collapse for human thinking about rationality and reasonableness. Particular attention is paid to the criteria of rationality, and the use of exemplars of rationality—such as ‘the wise’.
Mapping Human Reason
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter looks at the ‘maps’ of human reason, focussing on how different academic disciplines work with different—and often divergent—notions of rationality. Particular attention is paid to ‘scientism’—the view that the natural sciences are the ultimate rational authority. Attention then turns to interdisciplinary issues, focussing on the relation of science and religion; and the notion and location of a boundary between science and religion are examined. The chapter explores the ideas that these two fields might represent different perspectives on reality, or that they can be seen as engaging different levels of reality. Noting how concepts of rationality and their associated practices vary according to their cultural and disciplinary context, various accounts of the relation between science and religion are considered as potential frameworks for understanding how they might engage in a meaningful dialogue.
Rational Virtues and the Problem of Theory Choice
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the criteria which are used to decide which scientific or religious theory is to be preferred. After consideration of what is meant by a ‘theory’, particular attention is paid to the process of ‘inference to the best explanation’, in which a choice is made between several potential theories on the basis of certain criteria—such as their correspondence with reality, or their internal coherence. Is the best theory the most elegant? The simplest? Or the one most likely to predict outcomes? These points are considered in relation to both scientific and theological theories, with engagement with historical examples to illustrate the principles at issue.
How Do You Solve a Problem like Horace?
Authors: Matzner Sebastian
Published: December 2018

Taking its cue from Horace’s paradoxical dictum that ‘Greece took captive its brutish conqueror and brought its arts to rustic Latium’ (Ep. 2.1.156–7), this chapter explores parallels between the history of Latin literature and theoretical models elaborated by scholars of post-colonial literature. Continuing the first chapter’s broader methodological considerations, it models a post-colonially inflected reading strategy to analyze more lucidly the inter- and intracultural dynamics and politics of Latin texts shaped by (and, in turn, shaping and sustaining) the fraught Greco-Roman cultural relationship: how, where, and to whose (dis-)advantage does Greece work—and is made to work—as a silent referent in Roman literary and literary-critical knowledge? Horace’s Letter to Augustus serves to illustrate the insights this approach can generate in the study of individual Latin texts, of Roman philhellenism as a cultural paradigm, and in current debates on the status of European literature within post-colonial frameworks of world literature.
Social Inferiority and Poetic Inferiority—Martial’s Revenge in his Epigrams
Authors: Julhe Jean-Claude
Published: December 2018

In Epigrams 5.13, Martial addresses his self-portrait to a certain Callistratus, a freed slave of Greek origin who shamelessly flaunts his wealth. The initial stark contrast with the poet’s poverty in economic terms, however, is gradually overcome through a demonstration of the superiority of poetic fame over material possessions. This chapter charts how this poem negotiates a string of interrelated questions regarding social status, ethnic background, and centre versus periphery dynamics, and traces how Martial marshals his popular success with Rome’s urban readership to confront his own disadvantaged position within socio-economic, ethnic, and generic hierarchies so as to fashion a positive poetic identity for himself. Martial’s riposte to Callistratus, involving all of these inferiorities, takes its full significance in the defence of the epigram, a genre traditionally considered as a ‘weaker voice’ in and of itself.
The Creative Superiority of Self-Reproach
Authors: Rimell Victoria
Published: December 2018

This chapter’s new reading of Horace’s AP teases out how this text negotiates a delicate tension and balance between Horace’s own inferior social status and superior status as older expert, and the superior social status and inferior age/expertise of the young Pisones for whom he writes. It traces how the text renders productive the challenges that result from these asymmetries by modelling and performing a mode of critical thinking centred on self-critique and self-reflection. Taking into account the dimension of class difference enables a new understanding of the AP’s emphasis on coherence and its obsession with tragedy, by pointing to the challenges contained and represented in the political microcosm of the theatre where—just as in Horace’s pedagogical encounter with the Pisones—shifting power relations among an unwieldy mix of members from different classes, all jointly engaged in the performance of art and art criticism, need to be carefully negotiated.
Loud and Proud
Authors: Lowe Dunstan
Published: December 2018

This chapter brings into view another non-elite voice, one that lingers in the genre of Latin love elegy, and is typically overshadowed by elite oratory: that of the praeco (‘announcer’). The term encompassed various kinds of informal public speaker, from hucksters to heralds, but usually the ‘vigorous and none-too-scrupulous salesman’. Its practitioners had a significant role in Augustan Rome, and some became very rich and influential. This chapter discusses how, in keeping with love elegy’s favouring of counter-cultural idioms that subvert the social ideals and expectations of freeborn elite Roman males, the praeco as a low-status, informal public speaker (details of whose speeches are lost to us) can be reconstructed as an important part of the playfully inferior self-stylization of the love elegists’ poetic persona: the stereotype of a cunning yet charismatic persuader adding charm to his wares.
On Not Being Beautiful
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: December 2018

‘x is more beautiful than y’ sounds a standard thing to say in Greek and Latin literature; but it raises intricate and interesting issues, not least from the standpoint of y. This chapter draws on symbolic logic to compare the relation between assessing superiority or inferiority in beauty and making choices in love in both Greek and Latin literature. The various dynamics, logics, and rhetorics of desire in the light of inferiority and superiority are subjected to close scrutiny, paving the way for a discussion that addresses not only the complex scenarios that unfold here (paying special attention to the various ways in which the amorous hierarchy is set in relation to other hierarchies) but also the intriguing fact that such questions of relative inferiority and superiority in erotic matters seem to pervade Greek literature more extensively and differently than Latin.
From Adultery to Incest
Authors: Panoussi Vassiliki
Published: December 2018

This chapter continues the investigation of rhetorical maneuvers clustering around social and amorous hierarchies in the fraught sphere of sexual agency by studying the trope of the sexually aggressive older female preying on a younger man in Tacitus’ Annals. On the basis of a detailed examination of the portrayal of Messalina and Agrippina, it argues that it is precisely the recognizable rhetoricity and artificiality in the deployment of this trope, here dramatized through rich intertextual echoes and connections (notably Vergil’s Aeneid and Euripides’ Bacchae), which narratively undercuts any unambiguous condemnation of female superiority over male inferiority, disrupts any simple re-assertion of traditional Roman gender hierarchies, and opens up the text to alternative interpretations beyond the reach of the narrator’s authority.
EU Equality Law
Authors: Muir Elise
Published: December 2018

In the early days, a choice was made not to entrust the EU with competences allowing it to protect against violations of fundamental rights per se. This task was placed in the hands of the Council of Europe. Although this choice has not been called into question, the EU has developed a broad range of instruments to respond to the impact of its activities on fundamental rights and a mechanism for surveillance of compliance with the rule of law. One trend that has been subject to little attention, and to which this book is devoted, is the exercise by the EU of a new generation of competences that allow for the development of tools explicitly designed to flesh out as well as to promote selected fundamental rights. The exercise of such competences, of which EU equality law as it has blossomed since the late 1990s is the most ancient example and therefore the central case study, triggers a number of constitutional questions. The sophisticated and powerful infrastructure of the EU legal order is thereby used to promote a given conception of a fundamental right, to define how it relates to others, and also to elaborate mechanisms for these approaches to permeate domestic legal cultures. This monograph explores the implications of this very symbolic and equally sensitive form of law-making. Particular attention is devoted to the complex relationship between primary and secondary law as well as to the importance of stimulating reflection on fundamental rights within the domestic sphere.
The Legislative Embedding of the Governance of EU Equality Law
Authors: Muir Elise
Published: December 2018

Earlier chapters have warned against relying too heavily on a constitutional narrative to address the protection of fundamental rights in the EU. This indeed risks hindering political debate on fundamental rights at the European level. Chapter 5 sheds light on how certain features of EU law can in contrast be usefully exploited to support political debate and the development of a fundamental rights culture at the domestic level. One of the great added values of EU intervention in the field of fundamental rights protection lies in the procedural safeguards and governance tools available under EU law: they are remarkably advanced and sophisticated for a supranational organization seeking to combat fundamental rights violations. EU equality law and policy can in that sense be treated as a laboratory for the governance of fundamental rights steered at supranational level. Specialized watchdogs, such as equality bodies, may play a particularly interesting role. Furthermore, understanding specific EU policies as being intended to promote a fundamental right opens a vast area for comparative research across the given sectors of EU fundamental rights law, leading to a better grasp of how best to enhance the governance of these rights beyond state level. By way of experiment, this chapter explores the potential for legislative and jurisprudential cross-fertilization of the notion of independent fundamental rights guardians, such as equality bodies and data protection authorities, at the domestic level.
A first-order inquisitive semantics
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris
Published: December 2018

Chapter 4 defines an inquisitive semantics for the language of firstorder logic, which includes the logical connectives (conjunction, disjunction, negation, and implication) as well as universal and existential quantifiers.The semantics of these connectives and quantifiers is given in terms of the algebraic operations on propositions identified in the previous chapter. The main features of the system are highlighted, and illustrated with a range of examples. In Chapters 5–10, a number of linguistic applications of this logical framework are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: McKenzie Michael
Published: December 2018

Starting with an account of Australia–Indonesia police cooperation after the 2002 Bali bombings, this chapter explains the purpose of the book (to identify the conditions that promote criminal justice cooperation between the two countries) and its argument (cooperation is more likely when a balance exists between political and policy interests). The chapter also discusses the interdisciplinary approach used in the book, looking first at the strengths and limitations of theories of international cooperation from international relations and transnational policing studies, and then describing how a regulatory perspective—which involves a pragmatic inquiry into how different actors influence the governance of a social problem—helps address the limitations. It concludes with an outline of the remaining chapters.
The Politicians
Authors: McKenzie Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter investigates the role of politicians in the context of extradition cases between Australia and Indonesia. Using Robert Putnam’s metaphor of a ‘two-level game’ to model their behaviour, it shows how politicians on both sides pander to their domestic audiences at the expense of the cooperative relationship. In contrast to the common policy interests of bureaucrats, politicians from the two countries are often at odds because of their differing political interests. In particular, the extradition relationship has been continually frustrated by concerns among Indonesian politicians that Australia derives a greater benefit from the relationship. Compounding these concerns are misunderstandings about the differing extradition processes of the two countries.
Private Actors
Authors: McKenzie Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the influence of private actors—such as non-governmental organizations, journalists, academics, and defence lawyers—through an examination of bilateral cooperation relating to detained nationals. It focuses on cases of Indonesian nationals detained in Australia for people smuggling, and Australian nationals detained in Indonesia for drug offences. These cases reveal how private actors are able to shape the cooperative relationship by contributing to its underlying political and policy debates. The chapter also suggests that private actors are more likely to influence the cooperative relationship when they coordinate with, or coopt, other actors in ‘webs of influence’. These webs are particularly effective when they cross national borders.
Balancing Policy and Politics
Authors: McKenzie Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter seeks to identify the conditions that promote criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia. It argues that there is a structural tension between political and policy interests at the heart of the cooperative relationship. This tension emerges from the two forces that define the cooperative relationship: the politicization of transnational problems and the perception of mutual interests. It is animated by the different categories of actors engaged in the relationship: bureaucrats, politicians, and private actors. The chapter also suggests that cooperation is more likely to occur when political and policy interests are in balance, such that there is sufficient political will to pursue the cooperation and sufficient scope to execute it.
The Prodigal Son and Shakespeare
Authors: Jack Alison M.
Published: December 2018

In this chapter the ubiquity of references to the Prodigal Son in Shakespeare’s work is explored, leading to a discussion of Shakespeare’s use of the Bible in general and of the Geneva Bible in particular. Two plays are considered in detail: Henry IV Part 1 and King Lear. It is suggested that Shakespeare offers a creative exegesis, or midrash, of the parable in both plays. In the first, the parable is reworked in a way which leads the reader to question the motives of both Hal and the Prodigal in the original text. In the second, the complex overlay of the parable on the plot and characterization offers at least the possibility of grace and hope at the end of the play.
Female Victorian Novelists and the Prodigal Son
Authors: Jack Alison M.
Published: December 2018

The novels of three female Victorian novelists are compared in this chapter: George Eliot’s Adam Bede; Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South; and Margaret Oliphant’s Kirsteen. From different religious perspectives (agnosticism, Unitarianism, and a broad orthodoxy) each connects to the Prodigal Son in different ways as they seek to explore the conflict in their characters between family responsibilities and the drive for independence. The role of the Bible, and of parables in particular, in each novel is discussed, before the identification of characters with figures in the parable of the Prodigal Son is compared. It is argued that each novelist reads the motivation behind the Prodigal’s leaving differently, and raises the question of whether or not his departure was justified.
Prodigal Ministers in Fiction
Authors: Jack Alison M.
Published: December 2018

In three novels focused on the lives of ordained ministers, J. G. Lockhart’s Adam Blair, James Robertson’s The Testament of Gideon Mack, and Marilynne Robinson’s Gilead, the meaning of home and the movement from being lost to being found are key themes shared with the parable of the Prodigal Son. In Adam Blair, the paradigm informs the movement towards being found; in Gilead, the minister comes home to himself, to others, and to God; in Gideon Mack, it is the bleakness of being lost which the parable brings into sharp relief. The connection between the parable and this unusual category of literary figures is particularly strong and illuminates the theological context out of which each is drawn.
The Power of Your Life
Authors: Verhoef Grietjie
Published: December 2018

This book explores a century of business development in The South African Life Assurance Company, from a specific local focus to a national conglomerate expanding into global insurance markets. Established as a strategic vehicle to address Afrikaner economic marginalization and abject poverty at the beginning of the twentieth century, Sanlam has displayed both path dependence and a dynamic adaptability to complex changing contexts to become a global player. The strategic convergence of economic empowerment through the mobilization of savings into insurance products, as well as Afrikaner nationalism, assisted this growth. Sanlam has played an a-typical role in the economic empowerment of an ethnic entity through extensive investments into the industrializing South African economy. This strategic diversion created operational limitations that were only resolved early in the twenty-first century. As globalization, financial deregulation, and weakened Afrikaner political and social hegemony manifested, strategic change management relied on the path dependence of empowerment strategies to address new markets with similar needs to those of the early stakeholder market of 1918. The former mutual life office demutualized operations to become a diversified financial services group of companies operating across almost the entire African continent, as well as in India, Malaysia, and the UK. This volume presents a business history of strategic management of an insurance enterprise, and its transformation from a defined cultural context into an international empowerment strategy through innovation on all levels of business operation and organization.
Growing opportunity on African soil
Authors: Verhoef Grietjie
Published: December 2018

White South Africans were equally divided amongst themselves as the people of colour were divided amongst themselves at the beginning of the twentieth century. After the devastation of the South African War (1899–1902) Afrikaners devised different strategies to address their marginalization. From within, Afrikaner empowerment manifested on different levels, as described in this chapter. This context explains the decision to establish an insurance company. This chapter explains the crucial establishment years of the self-driven salvation strategy which included the formation of Santam and Sanlam. Afrikaners had no experience, nor expertise, in insurance, but relied on intra-Afrikaner social capital and supportive networks of non-Afrikaners to establish Sanlam.
Forty years: protection, isolation, and diversification, 1945–1985
Authors: Verhoef Grietjie
Published: December 2018

In tandem with international economic growth, Sanlam displayed progressive growth in the insurance and investment markets between 1945 and 1985. In a period of mounting political opposition against the National Party Government, international sanctions resulted in protectionist policies, which limited investment opportunities to the financial sector. Growing concentration and inward-looking industrial policies offered insurance companies investments outside insurance. Sanlam diversified extensively outside insurance in property and industrial conglomerates. By 1985 this portfolio called for strategic redirection. Afrikaner empowerment resulted in a notable presence of Afrikaners in industry and mining, with Sanlam as anchor shareholder. In 1954 the Sanlam Private Act terminated the parent relationship with Santam. Sanlam rose to the second position amongst long-term insurers in South Africa, using product innovation, technology, and distribution innovation.
Wealthsmiths™: a century later
Authors: Verhoef Grietjie
Published: December 2018

During the last five of the first hundred years (2013–2018) of the life insurance company, the strategic repositioning as a financial services group has been the foundation of future expansion. Committed to the South African market, Sanlam seeks synergies with global partners as well. Constrained by depressed market conditions since mid-2014, management placed emphasis on human capital and strategy for further expansion. The group has sustained a century of adaptation of fundamentally changing context. The future is grounded in strategic partnerships to deliver innovative financial services where the Sanlam past expertise is best suited to add value. The quality of human capital, innovation, and strategic management are the keystones of the group future.
Religious Communities, Local Churches, and the Laity, 867–1066
Authors: Pickles Thomas
Published: December 2018

Chapter 6 considers the development of the church at a local level from 867 to 1066. It uses Domesday Book, diplomas, the archaeology of settlements and cemeteries, the corpus of stone sculpture, and the distribution of place-names to reconstruct the fate of religious communities and the establishment of local churches. It begins by suggesting that the see of York remained wealthy and influential, and observes the material reflex of this wealth and influence in the corpus of stone sculpture. It argues that the distribution of place-names in kirkja-by(r) may reveal the survival of some religious communities with endowments during Scandinavian settlement and that the corpus of stone sculpture suggests the location of some religious communities and other churches with access to clerical expertise. It ends by highlighting the evidence that religious communities may have influenced those local kin groups who invested in local churches in the tenth and eleventh centuries.
Conclusion
Authors: Pickles Thomas
Published: December 2018

The Conclusion returns to the two broader historiographical contexts set out in the Introduction—the process of conversion and the organization of the Anglo-Saxon church—to bring out the contributions of this study. Though it is impossible to address the wide range of anthropological, sociological, historical, and archaeological studies of conversion across time and space, the Conclusion considers the arguments in light of those studies that have been influential in histories of Anglo-Saxon conversion and in light of two significant sociological reviews of conversion. Though the Introduction establishes that this should not be considered a defence or vindication of the ‘minster hypothesis’, the Conclusion highlights those areas where this study has offered new perspectives on the organization of the church in Anglo-Saxon England.
The Center of the World
Authors: Howard June
Published: December 2018

The Center of the World: Regional Writing and the Puzzles of Place-Time is a study of literary regionalism. It focuses on but is not limited to fiction in the United States, also considering the place of the genre in world literature. It argues that regional writing shapes ways of imagining not only the neighborhood, the province, and nation, but also the world. It argues that thinking about place always entails imagining time. It demonstrates the importance of the figure of the schoolteacher and the one-room schoolhouse in local color writing and subsequent place-focused writing. These representations embody the contested relation between localities and the knowledge they produce, and books that carry metropolitan and cosmopolitan learning, in modernity. The book undertakes analysis of how concepts work across disciplines and in everyday discourse, coordinating that work with proposals for revising American literary history and close readings of particular authors’ work. Works from the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries are discussed, and the book’s analysis of the form is extended into multiple media.
The Unexpected Jewett
Authors: Howard June
Published: December 2018

The third chapter of The Center of the World: Regional Writing and the Puzzles of Place-Time is titled “The Unexpected Jewett.” It analyzes Sarah Orne Jewett’s regionalist project, and argues for seeing religion as central to her work. Her beliefs offer a way of coordinating time and space, and inform her vision of transfiguring friendship. The chapter offers an assessment of the history and current state of Jewett criticism, a reading of the early story “A Late Supper,” and discussion of her writing for children. In terms of the concerns of the book as a whole, the center of Jewett’s world is the New England village, reimagined as a woman-centered, radically Christian democracy.
Planning for Success
Authors: McKevitt Steven
Published: December 2018

From the 1970s, consumers were becoming increasingly desensitized to the established tactics and tropes of the hard sell. The need for continued, effective audience engagement led to the emergence of a new methodology—born out of the growing body of sector-related academic research, based on emotional rather than rational appeals with much greater emphasis on the creative content—that allowed the persuasion industry to respond to this challenge. This chapter looks at the key methodological developments in the persuasion industries and their impact, namely the so-called creative revolution in advertising, the conception and adoption of account planning and market positioning, and the emergence of brand marketing. There is also an analysis of the mass media and their role in the delivery of persuasion. Developments and challenges affecting the UK’s burgeoning public relations sector are discussed.
Lifestyle Choices
Authors: McKevitt Steven
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the expansion of public relations during the 1980s and its elevation within the hierarchy of brand communication during the 1990s. This was a critical time during which the persuasion industries came to the forefront. The brands that enjoyed pre-eminence at the close of the twentieth century were those that could use all forms of brand communication to create one effective and coherent global package. To that end, public relations was to prove one of the most effective vehicles for telling a brand story. This combination of new delivery methods, more compelling output, and extended reach made it possible for the first time to run campaigns targeting new and discrete audiences. Most notable in this regard was a significant increase in activity targeting males and particularly young men aged 16–30. Conversely, as a result of the same media fragmentation, reaching the kind of mass audiences previously achievable became much more difficult.
‘For Men Who Should Know Better’
Authors: McKevitt Steven
Published: December 2018

Between 1969 and 1997 there was an ongoing re-evaluation of male consumer behaviour, which manifested itself through an emergent men’s lifestyle magazine sector, but also an expansion of established media—that is, newspapers, television, and radio. New applications of persuasion also came to the fore as public relations and branding began to play a salient role in the marketing mix. The result of these changes was a concerted increase in the quality and quantity of brand communication aimed at men. This chapter examines the changes in attitude within the persuasion industry towards male consumers and young men in particular and the emergence in the UK of a mass-market men’s magazine sector between 1986 and 1997. It also explores the relationship between titles such as LM, Q, Loaded, and FHM and the public relations industry.
Communicating Sympathies
Authors: Langley Eric
Published: December 2018

Chapter 2 illustrates the centrality of notions of sympathy in early-modern natural-scientific, religious, philosophical, and medical thinking, showing how individuals are understood to be vitally and dynamically embedded in an environment of concatenating influences and affect. It demonstrates how sympathetic communication should not only be approached in the form of emotional fellow-feeling, but also gives a broader appreciation of how sympathy is seen as an energetic structural force in evidence from subatomic to planetary planes. It proceeds to allow infection to percolate through this sympathetic network, demonstrating how pathologically informed anxiety concerned plague transmission threatens to contaminate these fundamental conceptions of influential exchange and interactivity, once so vitalizing, now so deadly. The chapter concludes with analysis of Troilus and Cressida, exploring Shakespeare’s vocabulary of disease, and his sense of a subject involved in potentially infectious interdependency.
Shakespeare’s Pharmacy
Authors: Langley Eric
Published: December 2018

Part II of my study introduces sympathy’s attendant oppositional force, antipathy, and consequently Chapters 3 and 4 are both informed by early-modern scientific conceptions of pharmaceutical medicine, wherein the same bittersweet drug can have both medicinal and poisonous (or sympathetic and antipathetic) capacity; this pharmaceutical metaphor is shown to widely inform Shakespeare’s drama, both at the level of genre, plot, and character, and, more significantly for my study, at the level of word, where language itself is repeatedly described as operating with the force of the Platonic pharmakon. Communication is shown to have the capacity both to cure and to kill, leaving the Shakespearean subject caught up among indeterminable influences, beset by malign attendants, infectious carriers, sickly sympathizers, and ill communicators. Chapter 3 explores a number of plays—including The Winter’s Tale, Titus Andronicus, Coriolanus, King Lear, and All’s Well That Ends Well.