bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Police Violence and Citizen Crime Reporting in the Black Community
Authors: Desmond Matthew , Papachristos Andrew V. , Kirk David S.
Published: September 2016

High-profile cases of police violence—disproportionately experienced by black men—may present a serious threat to public safety if they lower citizen crime reporting. Using an interrupted time series design, this study analyzes how one of Milwaukee’s most publicized cases of police violence against an unarmed black man, the beating of Frank Jude, affected police-related 911 calls. Controlling for crime, prior call patterns, and several neighborhood characteristics, we find that residents of Milwaukee’s neighborhoods, especially residents of black neighborhoods, were far less likely to report crime after Jude’s beating was broadcast. The effect lasted for over a year and resulted in a total net loss of approximately 22,200 calls for service. Other local and national cases of police violence against unarmed black men also had a significant impact on citizen crime reporting in Milwaukee. Police misconduct can powerfully suppress one of the most basic forms of civic engagement: calling 911 for matters of personal and public safety.
Aspirating and Nonaspirating Swallow Sounds in Children
Authors: Frakking Thuy , Chang Anne , O’Grady Kerry , David Michael , Weir Kelly
Published: September 2016

Background:

Cervical auscultation (CA) may be used to complement feeding/swallowing evaluations when assessing for aspiration. There are no published pediatric studies that compare the properties of sounds between aspirating and nonaspirating swallows.

Aim:

To establish acoustic and perceptual profiles of aspirating and nonaspirating swallow sounds and determine if a difference exists between these 2 swallowing types.

Methods:

Aspiration sound clips were obtained from recordings using CA simultaneously undertaken with videofluoroscopic swallow study. Aspiration was determined using the Penetration-Aspiration Scale. The presence of perceptual swallow/breath parameters was rated by 2 speech pathologists who were blinded to the type of swallow. Acoustic data between groups were compared using Mann Whitney U-tests, while perceptual differences were determined by a test of 2 proportions. Combinations of perceptual parameters of 50 swallows (27 aspiration, 23 no aspiration) from 47 children (57% male) were statistically analyzed using area under a receiver operating characteristic (aROC), sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values to determine predictors of aspirating swallows.

Results:

The combination of post-swallow presence of wet breathing and wheeze and absence of GRS and normal breathing was the best predictor of aspiration (aROC = 0.82, 95% CI, 0.70-0.94). There were no significant differences between these 2 swallow types for peak frequency, duration, and peak amplitude.

Conclusion:

Our pilot study has shown that certain characteristics of swallow obtained using CA may be useful in the prediction of aspiration. However, further research comparing the acoustic swallowing sound profiles of normal children to children with dysphagia (who are aspirating) on a larger scale is required.
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging Analysis of Partially Miscible PMMA–PEG Blends Using Two-Dimensional Disrelation Mapping
Authors: Shinzawa Hideyuki , Mizukado Junji , Kazarian Sergei G.
Published: September 2016

A novel technique called disrelation spectroscopic imaging describes the process of identifying an area where a coordinated or out-of-phase change in pattern of spectral absorbance occurs. Disrelation mapping can be viewed as a spatial filter based on the well-established two-dimensional (2D) correlation function to highlight specific areas where disrelated variation occurs between ν1 and ν2. Disrelation intensity develops only if the spectral absorbance measured at ν1 and ν2 vary out of phase with each other within a specific spatial area. The disrelation mapping locates regions where absorbance varies in a dissimilar manner because of the contribution from species of different physical or chemical origins. Consequently, it becomes possible to probe onset of molecular interactions or presence of intermediate forms between components, which is not fully detected by the conventional visualizations based on a single wavenumber. Data analysis using disrelation mapping applied to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic images is presented in this study. Data sets of FT-IR spectroscopic images of blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were subjected to the disrelation mapping. It was found that the disrelation intensity between 1730 and 1714 cm–1 becomes especially acute around the spatial boundary between PMMA and PEG domains within the studied blend sample. Thus the band at 1730 cm–1 most likely represents the C=O stretching mode of the C=O···H–O species due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between PMMA and PEG. The appearance of such disrelation is more noticeable in the PEG-rich region, for the PEG with low molecular weight. Consequently, it suggests that the blends of PMMA and PEG are partially miscible at the molecular level and these intermolecular interactions are affected by the quantity of the terminal –OH groups of the PEG.
Early Alterations in Bone Characteristics of Type I Diabetic Rat Femur: A Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Imaging Study
Authors: Bozkurt Ozlem , Bilgin Mehmet Dincer , Evis Zafer , Pleshko Nancy , Severcan Feride
Published: September 2016

Alterations in microstructure and mineral features can affect the mechanical and chemical properties of bones and their capacity to resist mechanical forces. Controversial results on diabetic bone mineral content have been reported and little is known about the structural alterations in collagen, maturation of apatite crystals, and carbonate content in diabetic bone. This current study is the first to report the mineral and organic properties of cortical, trabecular, and growth plate regions of diabetic rat femurs using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy and the Vickers microhardness test. Femurs of type I diabetic rats were embedded into polymethylmethacrylate blocks, which were used for FT-IR imaging and microhardness studies. A lower mineral content and microhardness, a higher carbonate content especially labile type carbonate content, and an increase in size and maturation of hydroxyapatite crystals were observed in diabetic femurs, which indicate that diabetes has detrimental effects on bone just like osteoporosis. There was a decrease in the level of collagen maturity in diabetic femurs, implying a decrease in bone collagen quality that may contribute to the decrease in tensile strength and bone fragility. Taken together, the findings revealed alterations in structure and composition of mineral and matrix components, and an altered quality and mechanical strength of rat femurs in an early stage of type I diabetes. The results contribute to the knowledge of structure–function relationship of mineral and matrix components in diabetic bone disorder and can further be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Reported Growth Following Mountaineering Expeditions: The Role of Personality and Perceived Stress
Authors: Smith N. , Kinnafick F. , Cooley S. J. , Sandal G. M.
Published: September 2016

Results from previous studies suggest that stressful environmental conditions such as those faced on expedition may result in psychological growth. Building on previous research, the present cross-sectional study examined the role of personality and perceived stress in relation to post-expedition growth. Eighty-three participants who had completed a mountaineering expedition responded to measures of stress, personality, growth, well-being, and resilience. Findings implicate perceived stress, and personality dimensions of agreeableness and openness, in post-expedition growth. Growth was associated with well-being but distinct from psychological resilience, highlighting the need to consider growth and resilience independently. Present findings support the proposition that stressful expedition environments may promote positive psychological adjustment and identify factors that may influence this change. Research is needed to delineate the impact of other variables, such as coping, on changes that occurs during the post-expedition phase. Such research holds relevance for maintaining health following immersion in extreme and unusual environments.
Duration of untreated psychosis in an Egyptian sample: Sociodemographic and clinical variables
Authors: Okasha Tarek , Zaki Nivert , Meguid Marwa Abd El , El-Missiry Marwa , Sabry Walaa , Ismaeil Mostafa Kamel , Fouad Samar M
Published: September 2016

Background:

Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) has been considered as a poor prognostic factor for psychotic disorder. Several studies have been investigating different predictors of DUP in Western countries, while in Egypt only a few studies have examined various predictors of DUP.

Aims:

To study DUP in Egyptian patients with psychotic disorders and to investigate how certain illnesses, patient, socio-cultural risk factors and help-seeking behaviour are correlated with prolonged DUP.

Method:

The sample included 100 patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of psychotic disorder were selected and interviewed to assess DUP. They were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders (SCID-I), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale.

Results:

Mean (±standard deviation ( SD)) of DUP was found to be 36.93(±45.27) months. DUP was correlated with various sociodemographic and clinical variables. Following log transformation of DUP, correlation with PANSS scores was done and revealed highly significant statistical relation of DUP to PANSS negative and PANSS positive scores. In linear regression analysis, it was found that age of patients, the age of onset, residence, being illiterate, the insidious mode of onset, negative family history of psychiatric disorder and the severity of illness as indicated by PANSS are among DUP predictors.

Conclusion:

Longer DUP results from multiple patient- and illness-related factors. This has many implications in targeting early intervention with specific consideration to cultural factors.
New polyols with isocyanuric structure by thiol-ene “click” chemistry reactions
Authors: Gupta Ram K , Ionescu M , Wan X , Radojcic D , Bilic N
Published: September 2016

New polyols with isocyanuric structure were synthesized by thiol-ene “click” chemistry of triallyl isocyanurate with 1-thioglycerol and 2-mercaptoethanol. The synthesized polyols, prepared with high reaction rates and in very high yields, were chemically and structurally characterized. These polyols were used for the preparation of rigid polyurethane foams with excellent physical–mechanical properties and inherent flame retardancy. By alkoxylation of isocyanuric polyols with propylene oxide and/or ethylene oxide in a self-catalytic process, odorless polyols with lower hydroxyl numbers and lower viscosities were obtained, leading to PU foams with good properties, but without inherent flame retardancy. The synthesized polyols with isocyanuric structure are suitable for the preparation of all types of rigid polyurethane foams, including thermoinsulation of freezers, buildings, storage tanks and pipes for the food and chemical industry, for packaging, and as wood substitutes.
Effect of processing condition on properties of polylactic acid parts obtained by foam injection molding
Authors: Volpe Valentina , Pantani Roberto
Published: September 2016

Foam injection molding is a processing technology particularly interesting for biodegradable polymers, which present a very narrow processing window, with the suitable processing temperatures close to the degradation conditions. The addition of a physical blowing agent, besides decreasing the final part weight, reduces both the viscosity and the glass transition temperature of the polymer melt, allowing the processability of these materials at lower temperatures. In this work, structural foams of polylactic acid with nitrogen as physical blowing agent were obtained by foam injection molding. In particular, the effects of back pressure, namely the pressure imposed inside of the cylinder when the screw is returning back to prepare a new amount of material to be injected, and of the injection flow rate on foaming and mechanical properties of the molded parts was assessed. It was found that the samples molded adopting a higher injection flow rate are shorter than those injected at lower flow rate, and this result was ascribed to the large compressibility of the injected shot. As far as the mechanical properties of the foamed parts, it was found that the modulus decreases with decreasing density. However, the density reduction is not the only significant parameter, but also the morphology of the foams should be taken into account in order to justify the differences between tensile and flexural modulus.
Association of Periodontal Destruction and Diabetes with Mortality
Authors: Kebede T.G. , Holtfreter B. , Kocher T. , Meisel P. , Dietrich T. , Biffar R. , Dörr M. , Völzke H. , Pink C.
Published: September 2016

Current evidence indicates the effects of periodontitis on diabetes as well as mortality, for which diabetes itself represents a risk factor. However, the possible interaction of these 2 chronic conditions regarding mortality has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether periodontal destruction interacts with diabetes on all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality or if diabetes serves as a mediator in this association. The study sample comprised 3,327 participants aged 20 to 81 y from the Study of Health in Pomerania. Periodontal destruction was assessed via clinical attachment level (CAL) and the number of missing teeth. Information on mortality (date and ICD-10 code) was ascertained from death certificates. Directed acyclic graphs were used to identify potential confounders, and Cox proportional hazard models were applied. In 36,701 person-years of follow-up, 263 study participants deceased, 89 due to CVD. Fully adjusted main effect models resulted in hazard ratios of 1.01 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.002 to 1.01) for extent of CAL ≥3 mm, 1.10 (95% CI: 1.03 to 1.18) for mean CAL, and 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.04) for the number of missing teeth regarding all-cause mortality. Analogous results were obtained for CVD mortality, with hazard ratios of 1.01 (95% CI: 0.99 to 1.02), 1.10 (95% CI: 0.98 to 1.23), and 1.02 (95% CI: 0.99 to 1.05) for extent of CAL, mean CAL, and the number of missing teeth, respectively. Findings did not indicate additive interaction of periodontal destruction and diabetes regarding all-cause and CVD mortality. Similarly, no substantial evidence was found to demonstrate the presence of multiplicative interaction or mediation. Besides adjustment for baseline covariates, time-varying covariates were also considered and led to comparable results. In summary, despite their reciprocal relationship, periodontal destruction and diabetes may be independent risk factors for all-cause and CVD mortality.
Antinociceptive effects of voluntarily ingested buprenorphine in the hot-plate test in laboratory rats
Authors: Hestehave Sara , Munro Gordon , Pedersen Tina Brønnum , Abelson Klas S P
Published: September 2016

Researchers performing experiments on animals should always strive towards the refinement of experiments, minimization of stress and provision of better animal welfare. An adequate analgesic strategy is important to improve post-operative recovery and welfare in laboratory rats and mice. In addition, it is desirable to provide post-operative analgesia using methods that are minimally invasive and stressful. This study investigated the antinociceptive effects of orally administered buprenorphine ingested in Nutella® in comparison with subcutaneous buprenorphine administration. By exposing the animal to a thermal stimulus using a hot plate, significant antinociceptive effects of voluntarily ingested buprenorphine administered in Nutella® were demonstrated. This was evident at doses of 1.0 mg/kg 60 and 120 min post administration ( P < 0.01), although antinociceptive effects were not as marked as with subcutaneous administration, and had a later onset. It is advised to administer the oral formulation of buprenorphine in Nutella® in a 10-fold higher dose, as well as approximately 60 min earlier, than with the more commonly employed subcutaneous route of administration.
How to Design and Deliver Stories about Tourism Destinations
Authors: Kim Jong-Hyeong , Youn Hyewon
Published: September 2016

The benefits of utilizing storytelling at tourism destinations have been widely discussed, yet despite recent advances, it remains unclear which story elements comprise a good destination story and what the most effective modes are for story presentation. The current study examines the influence of story elements and presentation modes on memory performance and visit intention to the destination described in the story. The results show that the story elements of authentic cues and positive emotion increased the subjects’ perceived memory of the story and their visit intention. Moreover, subjects exposed to an audio-visual presentation mode demonstrated better perceived memory recall and higher visit intention. In today’s fiercely competitive climate, many tourism destinations use stories to attract visitors, and these findings can provide insights for destination managers and marketers to help them better utilize storytelling at their destinations.
Performance analysis of a liquid desiccant system with an adjustable reflux ratio of regeneration solution
Authors: Niu Xiaofeng , Zhang Yue , Li Xing , Tong Yan , Zhang Guangli
Published: September 2016

In the liquid desiccant system, the amount of the diluted solution sent to the regenerator has a great influence on the system performance. The liquid desiccant system with an adjustable reflux ratio of regeneration solution was proposed in the paper, and the effect of the solution regeneration reflux ratio on the system performance was analysed by simulation. The energy consumption, the electric coefficient of performance and the thermal coefficient of performance under different water condensation rates and varied solution regeneration reflux ratio were obtained. The results show that, the overall performance of the liquid desiccant system can be improved by reducing the solution regeneration reflux ratio; a 1% decrease in the reflux ratio leads to a 0.56–1.02% average growth rate of electric coefficient of performance and a 0.51–0.95% average growth rate of thermal coefficient of performance. Moreover, when the regeneration temperature is high and the water condensation rate of the process air is low, the improvement from decreasing the solution regeneration reflux ratio is more significant. However, the reflux ratio cannot be reduced to an unlimited extent. There is a rational optimum range of the reflux ratio to achieve high thermal coefficient of performance, the optimum range under low dehumidifying load is different from that under high load.

Practical application: The performance of a liquid desiccant system can be improved by the proposed system configuration with an adjustable reflux ratio of regeneration solution, such novel system configuration could be applied for the design of air conditioning system, which is beneficial for the energy saving in building. Moreover, the rational optimum ranges of the reflux ratio to achieve high coefficient of performance under different dehumidifying loads are obtained, which could provide guidelines for the design and operation management of the liquid desiccant based building air conditioning system.
Working parameter selection and analysis of radiant floor cooling combined with desk-based task/ambient conditioning (TAC) system
Authors: Liying Sun , Shuang Tan , Lujie Zhen
Published: September 2016

As a form of task/ambient conditioning (TAC) system, task ventilation is an effective way to control the micro environment of workplace. In response, we have proposed and investigated a radiant floor cooling combined with desk-based TAC system in order to accomplish complementary advantages of radiant floor system and TAC system. Up to now, very few studies on this system have been found in existing literatures. In this paper, appropriate working parameters of the system are examined by numerical simulation method. To improve simulation accuracy, experiments were simulated in reference by applying three turbulence models and two radiation models. It turned out that the standard k–ɛ model combined with Discrete Ordinates (DO) model boasts the best accuracy as is revealed by the comparison between simulated results with the experimental. On this basis, a simulation of an office adopting the system was performed. According to analysis of the influence of different radiant panel temperatures and air supply parameters of TAC system on the thermal environment based on calculated results, the appropriate working parameters that meet the thermal comfort requirements are obtained, which can be used as a reference for the design of the system. The TRNSYS software was employed to simulate the operation energy consumption of the composite system in the office building, and the design parameters of the comprehensive consideration of comfort and energy saving are put forward in the present study.

Practical application: For the conference room applied a radiant floor cooling combined with TAC system, this paper analyzed the impact of floor surface temperatures, task air supply temperature and task air supply temperature to the occupants workplace’s thermal environment and energy consumption of the system, and obtained the design parameters which comprehensive considered comfort and energy consumption. The research results of this paper can provide guideline for the design and selection of the working parameters for the conference room applied a radiant floor cooling combined with TAC system.
Further Evaluation of the Use of Multiple Schedules for Behavior Maintained by Negative Reinforcement
Authors: Campos Claudia , Leon Yanerys , Sleiman Andressa , Urcuyo Beatriz
Published: September 2016

One potential limitation of functional communication training (FCT) is that after the functional communication response (FCR) is taught, the response may be emitted at high rates or inappropriate times. Thus, schedule thinning is often necessary. Previous research has demonstrated that multiple schedules can facilitate schedule thinning by establishing discriminative control of the communication response while maintaining low rates of problem behavior. To date, most applied research evaluating the clinical utility of multiple schedules has done so in the context of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement (e.g., attention or tangible items). This study examined the use of a multiple schedule with alternating Fixed Ratio (FR 1)/extinction (EXT) components for two individuals with developmental disabilities who emitted escape-maintained problem behavior. Although problem behavior remained low during all FCT and multiple schedule phases, the use of the multiple schedule alone did not result in discriminated manding.
The Effect of a Perinatal Breastfeeding Support Program on Breastfeeding Outcomes in Primiparous Mothers
Authors: Liu Lingying , Zhu Jiemin , Yang Jinqiu , Wu Min , Ye Benlan
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a self-efficacy intervention on primiparous mothers’ breastfeeding behaviors. Participants were recruited from an antenatal clinic at a university-affiliated hospital. Seventy-five primiparous mothers were recruited from November 2013 to February 2014 for the control group, and 75 primiparous mothers were recruited from March to June 2014 for the intervention group. The intervention group participated in a 1-hr prenatal breastfeeding workshop and a 1-hr breastfeeding counseling session within 24 hr after delivery. The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form and the infant feeding method were assessed at hospital discharge, as well as 4 and 8 weeks postpartum. The breastfeeding support program was found to be effective and beneficial to mothers. Nurses should incorporate breastfeeding self-efficacy interventions into their routine care to support new mothers and to increase their breastfeeding self-efficacy and the duration of their breastfeeding exclusivity.
Late life acquired dual-sensory impairment: A systematic review of its impact on everyday competence
Authors: Tiwana Rumandeep , Benbow Susan Mary , Kingston Paul
Published: September 2016

The literature on the relationship between late acquired dual-sensory impairment (DSI) in older adults and the ability to remain independent is limited. A systematic search of the literature was conducted to assess the impact that late life acquired DSI in older adults has on their ability to remain independent within their homes. Exclusion and inclusion criteria were applied to the papers identified and eight qualified for inclusion in the review. Each selected paper was assessed using a quality rating scale. Country of origin, population studied, age, vision, and hearing criteria all varied between papers. They provide evidence that DSI affects everyday competence, and this effect is complicated by physical comorbidities, mental health, and social factors.
Design of residential environments for people with dementia and sight loss: A structured literature review
Authors: Bowes Alison , Dawson Alison , Greasley-Adams Corinne , McCabe Louise
Published: September 2016

A structured literature review concerning the design of living environments for people with dementia and sight loss was conducted. Following systematic searching, 33 items were included and quality was assessed. Findings are described covering colour and contrast, lighting, fixtures and fittings, entrances and exits, gardens, and outdoors. The discussion highlights the poor quality of evidence, combined nevertheless with useful suggestions for design; the tendency for the literature to be fragmented; and the need for improvements in terms of study focus, study quality, and an emphasis on independence and individual needs. The review was subsequently used to inform the development of design guidelines.
The content and face validity for the Test of Perceived Motor Competence for children with visual impairments: A Delphi investigation
Authors: Brian Ali S , Haegele Justin A , Lieberman Lauren , Bostick Laura
Published: September 2016

The Perceived Physical Competence subscale of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance (PSPCSA) is a valid, reliable, and widely used assessment of perceived motor competence (PMC) for young children. Recently, Brian, Haegele, and Bostick modified the PSPCSA to create the Test of Perceived Motor Competence (TPMC) for children with visual impairments (VI). However, they determined that content and face validity of the TPMC-VI was necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the content and face validity of the TPMC-VI for use in children with VI. This study features the Delphi technique with a panel of experts as well as participant interviews with one child and her teacher. Findings demonstrated that the TPMC-VI shows preliminary content and face validity for assessing PMC of children with VI. The TPMC-VI allows researchers and practitioners to accurately estimate the PMC of students with VI.
Neither Xi (洗) Nor Jin (浸), But Fu (袚): Zhang Yijing’s (张亦镜) Translation of Baptism, Viewed from the Perspective of Identity
Authors: Wang Jue
Published: September 2016

This paper studies the key issue of how the concept of baptism is translated into Chinese. The primary source material is a series of papers written by Zhang Yijing (张亦镜) and published in True Light during the 1920s. Reviewing Zhang’s work, I argue that translation strategies alone are insufficient to explain the choice of translation used. This conclusion is supported by a text analysis of his translation choices and a survey of the methods used. Building on the theory of identity (the fruits of current scholars whose common roots lead back to Erik Erikson), it is argued that the perspective of identity provides a fuller understanding of the motives behind the translator’s choices.
Public administration employees’ readiness and acceptance of e-government
Authors: Dukić Darko , Dukić Gordana , Bertović Neven
Published: September 2016

Despite the widespread use of digital technology in public administration, little attention has been given to understanding e-government adoption and acceptance by its employees. This paper examines the level of public administration employees’ ICT literacy and the extent to which they support e-government. The influence of background variables is also explored in the analysis. A structured online questionnaire was used to gather data from employees of Croatian central government bodies. According to the results, surveyed employees rated their general ICT literacy as high. They are more confident in their basic ICT skills than in advanced ones. The level of such skills is associated with socio-demographic characteristics. The findings also indicate that employees accept e-government, but they are less satisfied with its implementation. However, socio-demographic factors do not affect to a great extent employees’ acceptance and satisfaction with e-government. The study expands previous research by analysing the group differences at both manifest and latent levels. It also contributes to the identification of factors that may influence e-government success.
Effects of voluntary exercise on structure and function of cortical microvasculature
Authors: Dorr Adrienne , Thomason Lynsie AM , Koletar Margaret M , Joo Illsung L , Steinman Joe , Cahill Lindsay S , Sled John G , Stefanovic Bojana
Published: September 2016

Aerobic activity has been shown highly beneficial to brain health, yet much uncertainty still surrounds the effects of exercise on the functioning of cerebral microvasculature. This study used two-photon fluorescence microscopy to examine cerebral hemodynamic alterations as well as accompanying geometric changes in the cortical microvascular network following five weeks of voluntary exercise in transgenic mice endogenously expressing tdTomato in vascular endothelial cells to allow visualization of microvessels irrespective of their perfusion levels. We found a diminished microvascular response to a hypercapnic challenge (10% FiCO2) in running mice when compared to that in nonrunning controls despite commensurate increases in transcutaneous CO2 tension. The flow increase to hypercapnia in runners was 70% lower than that in nonrunners (p = 0.0070) and the runners’ arteriolar red blood cell speed changed by only half the amount seen in nonrunners (p = 0.0085). No changes were seen in resting hemodynamics or in the systemic physiological parameters measured. Although a few unperfused new vessels were observed on visual inspection, running did not produce significant morphological differences in the microvascular morphometric parameters, quantified following semiautomated tracking of the microvascular networks. We propose that voluntary running led to increased cortical microvascular efficiency and desensitization to CO2 elevation.
Moral Disengagement About Cyberbullying and Parental Monitoring: Effects on Traditional Bullying and Victimization via Cyberbullying Involvement
Authors: Meter Diana J. , Bauman Sheri
Published: September 2016

The indirect effects of moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring on traditional victimization and bullying via cyberbullying involvement were examined in a diverse sample of 800 youth in Grades 3 to 8. After controlling for grade and gender, moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring had an indirect effect on traditional victimization and bullying through cyberbullying involvement. Moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring had a direct effect on traditional bullying. Results suggest that moral disengagement about cyberbullying and parental monitoring affect cyberbullying involvement and additionally impact experiences beyond the cyber context.
A Research Note on the Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity of the Spanish Version of Two Auditory Imagery Measures
Authors: Campos Alfredo
Published: September 2016

Few studies have measured auditory imagery in comparison to visual imagery. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of two Spanish versions of measures of imagery auditory: The Auditory Imagery Scale and the Auditory Imagery Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis found that the Auditory Imagery Questionnaire had two factors, and the Auditory Imagery Scale had one factor. The correlations of both questionnaires with other measures of auditory imagery were significant. The results are discussed in light of future lines of research aimed at evaluating the measures of both Spanish versions.
Exposure to Sexual Economics Theory Promotes a Hostile View of Heterosexual Relationships
Authors: Fetterolf Janell C. , Rudman Laurie A.
Published: September 2016

Proponents of sexual economics theory argue that women exchange sex for men’s resources. This idea is likely to promote a competitive view of gender relationships that undermines gender equality by characterizing women as manipulative and financially dependent on men. Heterosexual college students ( N = 474) who were randomly exposed to a popular YouTube video describing sexual economics theory increased their (1) behavioral support for sexual exchange concepts, (2) endorsement of the theory, and (3) adversarial views of heterosexual relationships, compared with a control group of students. Sexual exchange theory endorsement and adversarial heterosexual beliefs positively covaried, and both attitudes were related to participants’ sexism. Reading a critique of sexual exchange theory, that emphasized mutual respect and affection as precursors to heterosexual intimacy, counteracted the consequences of exposure to the theory. The findings provide evidence that disseminating sexual exchange theory via video on the Internet negatively affects young adults’ views of gender relationships. Educators, and others who wish to explore sexual economics theory through the use of this video, should also include a discussion of the countervailing evidence available. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index .
Perceiving and Confronting Sexism
Authors: Wang Katie , Dovidio John F.
Published: September 2016

Although many researchers have explored the relations among gender identification, discriminatory attributions, and intentions to challenge discrimination, few have examined the causal impact of gender identity salience on women’s actual responses to a sexist encounter. In the current study, we addressed this question by experimentally manipulating the salience of gender identity and assessing its impact on women’s decision to confront a sexist comment in a simulated online interaction. Female participants ( N = 114) were randomly assigned to complete a short measure of either personal or collective self-esteem, which was designed to increase the salience of personal versus gender identity. They were then given the opportunity to confront a male interaction partner who expressed sexist views. Compared to those who were primed to focus on their personal identity, participants who were primed to focus on their gender identity perceived the interaction partner’s remarks as more sexist and were more likely to engage in confrontation. By highlighting the powerful role of subtle contextual cues in shaping women’s perceptions of, and responses to, sexism, our findings have important implications for the understanding of gender identity salience as an antecedent of prejudice confrontation. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index .
Genetic Determinants of Clozapine-Induced Metabolic Side Effects
Authors: Vasudev Kamini , Choi Yun-Hee , Norman Ross , Kim Richard B. , Schwarz Ute I.
Published: September 2016

Objective:

Atypical antipychotics are linked to a higher incidence of metabolic side effects, including weight gain, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. In this study, we examined the prevalence and potential genetic predictors of metabolic side effects in 60 adult patients on clozapine.

Method:

Genetic variants of relevance to clozapine metabolism, clearance, and response were assessed through targeted genotyping of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, the efflux transporter ABCB1, the serotonin receptor (HTR2C), leptin (LEP), and leptin receptor (LEPR). Clozapine levels and other potential confounders, including concurrent medications, were also included in the analysis.

Results:

More than half of the patients were obese (51%), had metabolic syndrome (52.5%), and 30.5% were overweight. There was a high prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy (61.9%). With multivariable linear regression analysis, LEP –2548G>A, LEPR c.668A>G, and HTR2C c.551-3008 C>G were identified as genetic predictors of body mass index (BMI) after considering effects of clozapine dose, blood level, and concurrent medications (adjusted R2 = 0.305). Metabolic syndrome was found to be significantly associated with clozapine level and CYP2C19*2 and LEPR c.668 G alleles. Clozapine levels in patients with metabolic syndrome were significantly higher compared to those without metabolic syndrome (1886 ± 895 vs. 1283 ± 985 ng/mL, P < 0.01) and were associated with the CYP2C19*2 genotype. No association was found between the genetic variants studied and lipid or glucose levels.

Conclusion:

This study confirms a high prevalence of metabolic side effects with clozapine and suggests higher clozapine level and pharmacogenetic markers in CYP2C19, LEP, LEPR, and HTR2C receptors as important predictors of BMI and metabolic syndrome.
Permeabilities along fiber direction of ramie bundles and through-thickness of ramie fabric stack for liquid composite molding
Authors: Ma Quansheng , Yang Zhongjia , Gu Yizhuo , Li Min , Wang Shaokai , Zhang Zuoguang
Published: September 2016

Natural fiber has been a focus for environmental and recyclable polymer composite. Liquid composite molding process is an attractive manufacturing technique for natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites with high quality and low cost. Understanding the permeability along different directions of fiber preform is important for liquid composite molding to design and optimize mold and processing parameters. This paper addresses issues of the permeabilities along longitudinal direction of ramie fiber bundles and through-thickness direction of ramie fabric stack. Two simple methods were designed to detect axial and transverse infiltration with assistance of external vacuum pressure in ramie bundles and ramie fabric stack, respectively. Different surface chemical treatments, including flame retardant, silane and alkali treatments, were done on ramie fabric. The effects of fiber content, liquid type and surface treating method on the permeability and capillary pressure were studied. The results show that surface treatment obviously changes the surface morphology and surface energy of ramie fiber. The relationships between defined relative velocities of penetration flow and applied pressure for ramie fiber bundles and fabrics perfectly follow linear relationships, indicating that Darcy’s law is suitable for describing permeation behavior in ramie fibers. Moreover, fiber content and liquid type, including silicone oil and epoxy resin, significantly impact axial permeability and capillary pressure. Surface treatment significantly decreases the permeability along the thickness direction of ramie fabric stack followed by increasing capillary pressure, which are attributed to the changes of treated ramie fibers in surface energy and morphology. Finally, a unique difference in the permeabilities along axial and thickness directions was pointed out.
Implications of Error Analysis Studies for Academic Interventions
Authors: Mather Nancy , Wendling Barbara J.
Published: September 2016

We reviewed 13 studies that focused on analyzing student errors on achievement tests from the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement–Third edition (KTEA-3). The intent was to determine what instructional implications could be derived from in-depth error analysis. As we reviewed these studies, several themes emerged. We explain how a careful analysis of errors is key to planning the most appropriate instructional interventions.
Soldiers of the Cross
Authors: Dromi Shai M.
Published: September 2016

Field theory largely treats the cultural dimensions of social fields as an emergent property of their objective structures. In this article, I reconsider the role of culture in fields by studying how the logics that govern their emergence develop. As a study case, I examine the rise of the field of transnational humanitarianism by focusing on the early endeavors of the International Committee of the Red Cross (established 1863). I show that the specific nineteenth-century strand of Calvinist doctrine espoused by the early Red Cross activists motivated and shaped the genesis of the humanitarian field through its convictions about the nature of war, state and society relations, and charity. Activists drew on this doctrine to justify and advocate the establishment of a permanent, independent, and neutral humanitarian field. Based on this analysis, I argue that preexistent belief systems have a key role in differentiating new fields from existing social institutions.
Ordinalization
Authors: Fourcade Marion
Published: September 2016

We can think of three basic principles of classificatory judgment for comparing things and people. I call these judgments nominal (oriented to essence), cardinal (oriented to quantities), and ordinal (oriented to relative positions). Most social orders throughout history are organized around the intersection of these different types. In line with the ideals of political liberalism, however, democratic societies have developed an arsenal of institutions to untangle nominal and ordinal judgments in various domains of social life. In doing so, I suggest, they have contributed to the parallel amplification of both. In this article, I specifically discuss the socio-technical channels through which ordinal judgments are now elaborated, a process I call ordinalization. I conclude by exploring the political and economic possibilities of a society in which ordinal processes are ubiquitous.
Comparing Children’s and Caseworkers’ Reports of Physical Violence
Authors: Nofziger Stacey , Stein Rachel E. , Rosen Nicole L.
Published: September 2016

In cases of suspected child maltreatment, the caseworkers’ evaluations of the harm and risk to the child are vital in determining if children are being abused and ultimately whether services are provided to the family. These evaluations are dependent on information caseworkers are able to uncover during their investigation, but may not reflect the experiences of the child. Using data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW-I), this study first compares how consistent children’s claims of physical victimization are with caseworkers’ assessments of harm, severity of risk, and whether there is physical abuse occurring. Second, we examine whether any discrepancies are influenced by the demographic characteristics of the child. Based on cross-tabulations, mean tests of difference, and one-way ANOVA, we find a high degree of overlap in children’s reports of violence with caseworkers’ reports of harm, the potential for risk, and the presence of physical abuse. However, there are also important differences. Among children who reported acts of physical violence occurred “lots of times,” 23% of the cases were viewed by the caseworker as causing “no harm” to the child and over 60% were not regarded as physical abuse. The children’s age and sex are both significant predictors of discrepancies, with more discrepancies between caseworkers and young children or teens as well as boys. Implications of this study are that additional training is needed to help caseworkers build rapport with the children. We also suggest that Child Protective Services (CPS) should implement alternative ways for children to report their experiences other than face-to-face interviews with caseworkers.
Possible Selves Among Urban Youth
Authors: Perry Justin C. , Raeburn Ryan
Published: September 2016

The present study investigated developmental differences and stability in possible selves within the educational and occupational domain among a diverse sample of urban youth ( N = 319). A secondary aim was to test the “aspiration–expectation gap” while exploring the role of subjective social class and gender differences. Results did not indicate any significant differences among possible selves between different grades in high school. Seniors evidenced the lowest levels of subjective social class, whereas freshmen had the highest levels. Subjective social class was significantly associated with the expected levels of education. In addition, girls aspired toward significantly higher levels of prestige than boys in terms of occupations they hoped to attain, while a substantial gap was found between hoped-for and expected education. Implications for practice, limitations, and directions for research are discussed.
Identifying pitching mode of aerial planting projectile by the use of image processing
Authors: Goodarzi H , Sabzehparvar M
Published: September 2016

Aerial planting is a new and affordable method, which is used for purposes of reforestation and restoring pastures. In this study, flight dynamics of an aerial planting projectile has been simulated using data of the wind tunnel test. By creating the projectile graphical model and using the results of dynamic equations for this model, pitching angle has been simulated graphically by recording the pitch attitude of the graphical model and, by applying spectral filtration the rate of pitch angle at any point of the trajectory is calculated. Primary dynamic model parameters including the coefficients of regression equation of motion are estimated by applying the least squares estimator. Comparison of the estimated coefficients from image processing and coefficients given to the simulation program reveals high accuracy of the model resulting from the image processing data used in this method and approves wind tunnel test data by graphical model and calibration of camera measurement. Also, an experimental test setup has been created and the images of projectile falling down in the presence of fan flow have been captured with high-speed digital camera. By decreasing the ambient light intensity, the images and measurement noise of theta angle increases. By applying recursive least square algorithm, sensitivity of coefficients and robustness of this algorithm has been analyzed. The analysis results indicate that the estimation of coefficients using image processing data has great accuracy.