bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Damage Detection by Fuzzy Logic Technique
Authors: Sethi Rabinarayan , Senapati S.K. , Parhi Dayal R.
Published: July 2014

In this paper, a novel approach for detecting crack location and its intensity in cantilever beam by Fuzzy logic techniques is established. The analysis has been done by using ANSYS FE software. The fuzzy controller with Bell shaped membership functions are used here which consists of three input parameters are relative deviation of first three natural frequencies and two output parameters are relative crack depth and relative crack location respectively. A series of fuzzy rules are resulting from vibration parameters which are finally used for prediction of crack location and its intensity. This method provides the knowledge towards the detection, location and characterization of the damage in the cantilever beam.
Study on Effect of Stirring Parameters on Tensile Properties of Coconut Shell Powder Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composite
Authors: Kumar Mohan , Rithin Kumar , Raghuveer B. , Sharun Kotian , Yathiraj Rai , Shanmukh Kumar , Shreeprakash B.
Published: July 2014

This paper deals with the preparation of coconut shell powder reinforced polymer matrix composite. The composite is prepared with 20% volume fraction of coconut shell powder and the effect of stirring parameters on the tensile strength of composite is studied.
Tensile Strength of Banana – Bamboo – Glass Fiber Reinforced Natural Fiber Composites
Authors: Sailesh Ashwin , Shanjeevi C. , Arputhabalan J.Jeswin
Published: July 2014

The developments in the field of composite materials are growing tremendously day by day. One such development is the use of natural fibers as reinforcement in the composite material. This is attributed to the fact that natural fibers are environmental friendly, economical, easily available and non-abrasive. Mixing of natural fiber with Glass Fibers is finding increased applications. In this present investigation Banana – Bamboo – Glass fiber reinforced natural fiber composites is fabricated by Hand – Layup technique with varying fiber orientation such as [0°G, 90°BM, 0°BN, 0°G], [0°G, 0°BM, +45°BN, 0°G] and [0°G, 0°BM, 90°BN, 0°G] and are tested for its tensile strength. The tensile strength of the fabricated composites is evaluated. The results indicated that the natural fiber composite with the fiber orientation of [0°G, 0°BM, 90°BN, 0°G] can withstand more load when compared to the samples with other fiber orientation. Nomenclature Used: BN – Banana fiber BM – Bamboo fiber G – Glass fiber
Evaluation of Cyclic Hardening Parameters for Type 304LN Stainless Steel
Authors: Jenitha Ganapathy , Saravanan Manickam , Vishnuvardhan Sangaraju , Raghava Gopala Setty , Naresh Babu Venkatraman
Published: July 2014

Engineering components are often subjected to cyclic load excursions beyond elastic limit and hence cyclic plastic deformation of engineering materials becomes inevitable. Since the resultant elastic-plastic stress-strain response of the material plays a pivotal role in analysis, design and failure of the component, it becomes important to understand the cyclic plastic deformation behaviour of engineering materials. Also, cyclic hardening parameters are required in the design of structural components subjected to large plastic deformation. Constitutive equations were proposed by Prager, Armstrong and Frederick, Chaboche, and Ohno-Wang based on the stabilized strain-controlled hysteresis curve to evaluate the hardening parameters. In the present study, cyclic hardening parameters for SA 312 Type 304LN stainless steel have been determined based on the results of constant amplitude strain-controlled fatigue tests carried out earlier at CSIR-SERC under five different strain amplitude values, viz, 0.20%, 0.35%, 0.65%, 0.80% and 0.95%. It is observed that in isotropic hardening, the values of Q decreased with increase in strain amplitude. In kinematic hardening, the values of C1and γ1 are constant for all values of strain amplitude.
Representation of Damage with Fracture-Strain
Authors: Surendran C.S. , Sasikala G.
Published: July 2014

Under the influence of stresses and strains damage is progressively accumulated in the material leading to full damage viz. fracture corresponding to a critical damage parameter. The damage parameter varies in between zero and unity inclusive of both the values corresponding to non damaged and fully damaged condition. Also damage is a tensorial quantity with physical meaning. In order to represent this physical quantity, a damage-D plane is suggested. This is like a co-ordinate system to easy representation of damage as a function of fracture strain. The damage-D plane can be merged with engineering stress-strain curve beyond the UTS where the damage leads to fracture occurs in the material.
Design, Fabrication and Analysis of Advanced Polymer Based Kevlar-49 Composite Material
Authors: Kaliraj M. , Narayanasamy P. , Rajkumar M. , Mohaideen M. Mohammed , Manickam I. Neethi
Published: July 2014

The fatigue behavior of reinforced composites is complex and the present knowledge of fatigue study still needs extensive investigation of the micromechanical composite behavior. In fiber reinforced composites mechanical properties are highly dependent on their compositions, the matrix type as well as the volume fraction of the reinforcement and their arrangements such as random orientation and distribution, which increase the complexity in the study of fatigue damage behavior. There exist several classes of models to predict the fatigue life or the fatigue degradation of fiber reinforced composites but there exists so far no fatigue model that can be applied to a wide range of fiber reinforced composites. Thus, modifications of fatigue models are always needed in accordance with the micromechanical behavior of different fiber/matrix composites. In this paper the fatigue failure is rectified by using polymer based Kevlar composite material. The design and fabrication involves the design of polymer matrix like as fiber and resin, hardener etc. Kevlar-49 is chosen for as fabricating material to carry out this work. The fabrication set up is made by Vacuum Bag and it is demonstrated satisfactorily.
Abrasive Wear Performance of CNT/PP Composites
Authors: Mertens A. Johnney , Senthilvelan S.
Published: July 2014

In this work, abrasive wear performance of multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced polypropylene (PP) has been studied. Various weight percentage of CNT/PP nanocomposites were prepared through melt intercalation with the aid of twin screw extruder. Prepared composites were subjected to sliding wear against silicon carbide abrasive paper with the aid of pin-on-disc configuration. Worn out surface morphology were observed under microscope and non-contact profilometer to understand the wear mechanism. Since the dominant friction mechanism observed to be is ploughing, no lubrication effect of CNT was observed. CNT/PP composite exhibits inferior wear resistance than unfilled PP due to its brittleness. With increased CNT, wear resistance found to decreases.
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Titanium and Boron Carbide Nano Coated Grey Cast Iron Cylinder Liner
Authors: Ananth S. , Moorthy T.V.
Published: July 2014

Among several nanocoatings, Ti and B4C hard coating shows excellent wear performance in cutting tool operation. This hard nanocoating Implemented on GCI substrate using EB-PVD coating is to make them suitable for engine components and to act as a protective coating against surface wear and reduce the wear of the components. The wear test was conducted using Pin-on-disc equipment at the room temperature and surface roughness was measured using surface roughness tester.The wear parameters such as sliding speed and sliding distance were kept constant and the load is varied. Coating hardness was measured using Brinell hardness tester.The investigation shows that Ti, B4C coatings have significant effect on GCI sleeve. Also, the result shows that the coating of Ti, B4C improved the wear resistance of the grey cast iron.
Effect of Mg and Sr Additions on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Reciprocating Wear Characteristics of Hypereutectic Al-14Si Alloy
Authors: Pratheesh K. , Ravi M. , Kanjirathikal Allesu , Joseph M.A. , Karrupuswamy P.
Published: July 2014

The explorative attempt to harness new materials that could be utilized for manufacturing products with sophisticated geometry for aerospace and automotive applications necessitate the exploitation of Al-Si-Mg alloy family. Al-14Si alloys which posses 1% Mg exhibits a microstructure that contains primary Si particles, eutectic Si and Mg2Si in α-Al matrix. With a view to improve the mechanical properties of this alloy, Sr modification was carried out by adding 0.04% Sr to the molten metal. The Mg2Si phase has high melting temperature, low density, high hardness, low co-efficient of thermal expansion and high elastic modulus. The best results in the microstructure were obtained through a combination of Sr addition and T6 heat treatment which enhances the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the alloy.
A Study of Preparation and Characterization of Nano-Sized SiC Powder Using High Energy Ball Milling
Authors: Manikandan S. , Jancirani J.
Published: July 2014

This study investigated the preparation of nanosized crystalline SiC powders from micro sized Silicon Carbide powder at room temperature through high energy ball milling. Silicon carbide was milled with hardened steel balls and ball milling media under identical conditions of ball mass to powder mass ratio 10:1 and target milling times of 60 h. The sample was taken out after every 20 hours of milling and it was characterized for its crystalline size, lattice strain, and percentage of crystalline by using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). It was found that for the 60 hours The size, shape and texture of the fresh as well as nanostructured Silicon carbide powder were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The raw Silicon carbide powder particles were mostly angular in shape. The shape of the 60h milled particles is irregular and the surface morphology is rough.
Effect of Sliding Speed on Tribological Properties of Microwave Sintered Copper-Graphite Composites
Authors: Rajkumar K. , Aravindan S.
Published: July 2014

Effects of graphite content, and sliding speed on the tribological characteristics of copper-graphite composites under dry sliding condition were evaluated using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The worn surfaces of the composites were analyzed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The experimental results revealed the improvement in wear resistance with increasing graphite content. The friction coefficient is also gradually decreasing upto 25 vol% graphite. Sliding speed has an effect on copper (5-15 vol%) graphite composites where as sliding speed has no effect in copper-(20-30 vol%) graphite composites. This difference is attributed to availability of self-lubricating graphite layer at the contact zone.
Mechanical and Tribological Behaviour of Epoxy Reinforced with Nano Al2O3 Particles
Authors: Kurahatti R.V. , Surendranathan A.O. , Ramesh Kumar A.V. , Auradi V. , Wadageri C.S. , Kori S.A.
Published: July 2014

In the present work systematic study has been conducted to investigate the matrix properties by introducing nanosize Al2O3 (particle size 100 nm, 0.5–10 wt %) fillers into an epoxy resin. High shear mixing process was employed to disperse the particles into the resin. The experimental results indicated that frictional coefficient and wear rate of epoxy can be reduced at rather low concentration of nanoAl2O3. The lowest specific wear rate 0.7 x 10-4 mm3/Nm is observed for the composites with 1 wt.% which is decreased by 65% as compared to unfilled epoxy. The reinforcement of Al2O3 particles leads to improved mechanical properties of the epoxy composites. The results have been supplemented with scanning electron micrographs to help understand the possible wear mechanisms.
Optimization of Tribological Properties of Electroless Ni-P Coatings under Lubrication Using WPCA
Authors: Duari Santanu , Barman Tapan K. , S Prasanta
Published: July 2014

This work presents an experimental study of tribological performance of electroless Ni-P coating under lubricated condition. Mild steel specimens are used as the substrate material for the deposition of Ni-P coating. Tribological tests are carried out based on L27 orthogonal array (OA) varying three test parameters viz. normal load, sliding speed and sliding time in a multi-tribotester using block-on-roller configuration in lubricated condition. The experimental results for friction coefficient and wear are analysed using weighted principal components analysis (WPCA). An optimal test parameter combination is found out for minimum wear and friction coefficient. It is seen that the optimum combination of parameters are found at higher level of normal load, sliding speed and sliding time at 99% confidence level. Finally, a confirmation test is carried out to validate the analysis.
An Investigation for Prior Failure of Engine Component through Spectroscopy Oil Analysis Program
Authors: Yadav Gautam , Ganai Pranabesh , Tiwari Sudhir , Maheshwari Madhuri
Published: July 2014

Monitoring the condition of the engine through oil analysis will help operators to get the most value from their equipment and their lubricant. This is just one part of an overall Preventive Maintenance (PM) Program. Engine lubricant condition reflects the state of health of engine through its properties. Recognition and analysis of the correlation between engine lubricant system based on the lubricant properties and engine performance is crucial to provide insight into engine health. Aim of this paper is an investigation for prior failure of engine component through oil analysis. Engine is the heart of automobile vehicles. Engine performances are directly dependent upon the health of its components like piston, cylinder, cylinder head, crankshaft, cam shaft, connecting rod etc. Metals in lubricating oil can come from various sources, such as wear, contamination and additives. Wear metals result from friction or corrosion of the engine components; for example pistons, bushing, piston ring and bearings, during operation. Contamination can come from dirt, leaks or residual metal pieces. Additives used as detergents, anti-oxidants and anti-wear agents, are added in order to reduce engine wear. Wear of a specific component is heralded by an increase in the concentration of a particular metal, or the sudden appearance of a metal. Since different engine components are composed of different alloys, the increase of a particular metal can be used to identify impending failure of a specific component. An analysis of trace metals in engine oil has permitted the identification of wearing components before severe failure, without dismantling of the engine. Spectrometric Oil Analysis Program (SOAP). The determination of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn impurities using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy method. The used engine oil samples were digested with HCL
Effect of Load Variation on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Film Collapse
Authors: Kalita Tapash Jyoti , Kumar Punit
Published: July 2014

Elastohydrodynamic line contact simulations have been carried out in the present study. A practical situation of transient EHL film collapse has been analyzed. The aim is to observe the effect of variation of maximum Hertzian pressure (PH) on transient behavior of EHL film thickness (H).The analysis is based upon classical Reynolds equation considering time variation. The simulation results pertaining to EHL film thickness calculated using linear pressure-viscosity relationship have been compared for different values of load. It has been observed that film thickness reduces with increase in load. Similar results are obtained using exponential pressure-viscosity relationship and compared with those for linear pressure-viscosity. The EHL equations are solved by discretizing Reynolds equation and load equilibrium equation along with other equations using Newton-Raphson technique with the help of a computer code.
Stability Analysis of a Flexible Rotor Supported by Plain Circular Bearings with Micropolar Fluid
Authors: Bhatia Pankaj , Gupta Jaideep
Published: July 2014

This paper describes the stability analysis of a flexible rotor supported by two horizontal identical plain circular bearings lubricated with Non-Newtonian fluid as micropolar fluid. The basic principles of hydrodynamic lubrication are also discussed here to study the dynamics of rotor bearing system. The mechanisms of hydrodynamic film generation and the effects of operating variables such as velocity, load, design parameters etc., on the performance of such films are outlined. The effects in hydrodynamic lubrication of rotor system using Non-Newtonian lubricant found some undesirable vibrations, undergoes periodic and quasi-periodic motion is described and their influence on bearing performance assessed. The numerical solution of modified Reynolds equation under micropolar lubrication with the usual lubrication assumptions is considered which yield the pressure distribution to find the couple of resulting forces in radial as well as in tangential direction.
Dynamic Analysis of a Flexible Rotor Supported on Two Turbulent Model Journal Bearings with Micropolar Fluid Lubrication
Authors: Bhatia Sushant , Gupta Jaideep
Published: July 2014

This paper presents the complex dynamic analysis of a flexible rotor–bearing system supported by two turbulent micropolar fluid film journal bearings under nonlinear suspension. The Modified Reynolds equation based on the assumptions of turbulent flow and the micropolar parameters has been considered. The system considers Short bearing approximation to simplify the numerical computations. The pressure distribution thus obtained is used to find out the resulting forces about the journal center in the radial and tangential directions. The Non-dimensional dynamic equations are derived considering appropriate non dimensional parameters and solved using MATLAB for a wide range of non-dimensional speed ratios. Plots of the journal center trajectories and rotor center trajectories are obtained. The results show that the system undergoes undesirable nonsynchronous vibrations due to bearing center displacement. Micropolar fluid is found to stabilize the system even when the flow of the system becomes turbulent. The study presented enhances the understanding of the nonlinear dynamics of turbulent journal bearings with respect to dimensionless parameters.
A Comprehensive Analysis on Thermal and Kinetic Aspects of In Situ Combustion: Numerical Approach
Authors: Srinivasa Reddy Devarapu , Kumar Govindarajan Suresh
Published: July 2014

In-Situ Combustion (ISC) thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods are aimed at increasing the oil recoveries of heavy oil reserves that are expected to play an instrumental role in near future in meeting the world’s energy demand. The complex multiphase heat and reactive mass transport necessitate a clear understanding of thermal and kinetic models used in modeling of ISC process. A finite difference based numerical analysis is carried out on heat loss and selective productions of light oil components during ISC, which showed a significant effect on peak temperature, thermal front propagation and the corresponding production rates dictating the performance of ISC process.
Analysis of Oxygen Enriched Combustion Technology in a Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine
Authors: Shanmugaraj M. , Vishal J. , Rahul G.
Published: July 2014

The effects of Oxygen Enriched Combustion Technology in a single cylinder DI Diesel engine based on performance tests and analysis using Data Acquisition System has been studied in this thesis. This experiment involves the use of zeolite 13X molecular sieves to adsorb nitrogen from air. Pressure Swing Adsorption method is used for controlling the adsorbing and regeneration cycles of Zeolite 13X. It is a compact apparatus which is safe and feasible to fit in CI engine driven automobile. Increasing the oxygen content in the air leads to faster burn rates and increases the combustibility at the same stoichiometry. The Specific power output increases as the thermal efficiency of the engine increases due to the above stated factors. The power produced increases with oxygen enrichment.
Charge-Discharge Characteristics of an Adsorbed Natural Gas Storage System under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Sahoo Satyabrato , Ramgopal Maddali
Published: July 2014

The performance of an adsorbed natural gas (ANG) storage system with natural convection heat transfer between the ANG bed and the ambient air is studied. Results are obtained for the bed without and with external fins on ambient air side. A one dimensional transient conduction model with suitable kinetic equation is formulated to simulate the performance of the bed filled with a homogeneous mixture of activated carbon and graphite. The model duly considers non-ideal behaviour of natural gas, variable specific heat of the adsorbed phase and heat of adsorption. Results are obtained for the case of constant pressure charging and constant flow discharging. The performance of the ANG bed is evaluated in terms of delivery capacity and discharge time. Results are obtained at an ambient temperature of 308 K and 35 bar for a charging time of 3.34 min. It is found that under this condition, the bed temperature increases by 70 and 45K and the storage capacity reduces by 75 and 60% without and with external fins, respectively. During discharge also, due to insufficient heat supply the bed temperature drops to very a low value thereby increasing the amount of adsorbate retained at the end of discharge process. This study clearly shows the need for improving the heat transfer rate from or to the ANG bed for higher delivery capacity.
Computational Analysis of Two Phase Flow Distribution in a Horizonatal Pipe
Authors: Jagan V. , Mohan Babu K. , A Satheesh , Santhosh Kumar D.
Published: July 2014

In this paper, a two phase flow distribution in a horizontal pipe is numerically analyzed by solving one dimensional steady state momentum equation for predicting the pressure drop (∆P), quality of steam at outlet of the pipe (X), void fraction (α). The heat absorbed by the pipe (Q) and the mass flow rate (W) of water are varied over a wide range to investigate the above parameters. The locations of the two phase mixture are discussed. Pressure drop along the pipe is inconsistent for different flow rate so, the stable and unstable steady state solution is also carried out using Linear Stability analysis. The present numerical results are compared with the reported data from the literature and found that they are in good agreement. This study is used to calculate the pressure, temperature, hold up and quality within the horizontal pipe.
Effect of Inlet Air Cooling on Simple Combined Cycle Performance
Authors: Nayak Lord Jaykishan , Mahto Dhaneshwar
Published: July 2014

The present study deals with the effect of inlet air cooling on performance of simple combined cycle power plant (CCPP) .During hot days the density of air decreases, which reduce the mass flow rate of air in to compressor. The power consume by the compressor increases with increase in intake air temperature, which reduce net power output of gas turbine cycle. Mechanical refrigeration system at inlet of compressor has been used to reduce the inlet temperature of air to desired level. The performance analysis of CCPP was carried out using software developed in MATLAB.
Effect of Mass Flow Rate of Inlet Gas on Holdup Mass of Solidcyclone Heat Exchanger
Authors: Mothilal T. , Pitchandi K.
Published: July 2014

Effect of mass flow rate of inlet gas on holdup mass in a high efficiency cyclone has been performed. Cyclone as heat transfer equipment may be used for drying, solidification, water removal, solvent recovery, sublimation, chemical reaction and oxidation. In all such cases, performance of cyclone depends on the surface area of the solid particles inside the cyclone. The holdup varies with the variation in operating parameters. This proposed work will present an effect of mass flow rate of inlet gas on cyclone heat exchanger and calculation of holdup mass by varying the mass flow rate of inlet gas, solid feed rate and diameter of the particle.
Effect of Solvent Ether (DEE) on Internal Combustion Engine with J20 Optimum Characterized Bio-Diesel
Authors: Prabu N. Manikanda , Senthil Kumar T. , Nallusamy S.
Published: July 2014

Considering the fuel demands, lots of researches have been done in the field of alternate fuels. After attaining the saturation level in this research area, still we are in need to find some alternate ways for fuel demand. Previous researchers concluded that approximate addition of 0-20% of vegetable oil with conventional diesel fuel leads to closer performance of diesel oil and controlled carbon emission; additionally they proved that there is no engine modifications needed for this optimized blend characteristic usage. Likewise, Chemical additives also can be added directly with diesel fuel and fuel blends of vegetable oils in which various researches concluded that 0-10% addition of chemical additives providing closer performance to diesel fuel. If we specifically pointing about solvent ether say Di-ethyl ether, resulting preferable performance to use as alternate fuel up to 0-5% and accepted results have been provided on some vegetable oils such as POME, Neem oil. In case of Jatropha oil, Proper results and Experiments are not found to be used as better alternative solution with Di-ethyl ether blend. This article brings us to enhanced experiment details and results obtained on Di-ethyl ether with Jatropha oil blend in which optimized Bio-diesel blend (J20= 80% diesel and 20% Jatropha oil) is taken as base fuel throughout the experiment. Keeping J20 oil as base fuel, experiments are conducted with various proportions of Di-ethyl ether (0-12%). Additionally it provides, engine performance characteristics and emission parameters when compared to conventional diesels, Jatropha blend (J20), Di-ethyl ether blend.
Effects of Water-Diesel Emulsion on the Emission Characteristics of Single Cylinder Direct Injection Diesel Engine - A Review
Authors: Gupta Raj Kumar , Sankeerth K.A. , Sharma T. Karthikeya , Rao G. Amba Prasad , Madhu Murthy K.
Published: July 2014

Diesel engines generate undesirable emissions during the combustion process.Various control methods have been developed to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) andparticulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines so that the strict emission regulationscan be fulfilled. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) are the mainpollutants from diesel engines and it has been proven that the method of introducing waterwith fuel to be a powerful and economical technique for reducing these pollutants. Water-Diesel emulsion is a new type of fuel which can be used in place of diesel fuel for thepurpose to get the reduction in emissions of diesel engines.Many studies have been done on emulsion fuels and have concluded that this technique hasthe potential to significantly reduce the formation of NOx and PM and improve combustionefficiency. The emulsified fuel contains water and diesel fuel with some suitable surfactantsto stabilize the system. An important aspect pertaining to water-diesel emulsion as a fuel fordiesel engines is that it can be used without any modification in the existing engine. Thispaper presents an overview of recent progress in research of using water-diesel emulsion forthe purpose of improving emission characteristics of a single cylinder direct injection dieselengine.
Experience with Mechanical Seal of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor’s Secondary Sodium Pump during Testing
Authors: Ram Manda Bhagwana , Sreedharan K.V. , Athmalingam S. , Balasubramaniyan V. , Chellapandi P.
Published: July 2014

Prototype fast breeder reactor’s (PFBR) secondary pumps have sealing between the rotating shaft and the stationary parts to prevent cover gas leakage into ambient air. This is achieved by means of triple mechanical seals with oil as buffer fluid. The oil for cooling the mechanical seals and bearing is supplied from an external source and is re-circulated after cooling and cleaning. During testing of secondary pumps several issues related to mechanical seal arrangement, material, oil temperature and oil leakage into process side were confronted. This paper discusses the successful resolution of such issues.
Experimental Investigation on Cotton Seed Based Bio-Diesel and Additive EMDFA 200 in Diesel Engine with Air-Pre Heating
Authors: Kumar J. Kanna , Mallikarjuna Reddy P. , Hemachandrareddy K.
Published: July 2014

The present work concerns with the evaluation of performance and emissions characteristics of CI engine using cottonseed based biodiesel (B20) with fuel additive EMDFA200 at different concentration levels. In the experimental work it was observed that addition of EMDFA200 as additive improved the performance of CI engine and reduced the emission levels of NOx, CO, HC. Tests were also conducted the effect of inlet air preheating and results shows the significant improvement in the engine performance and reduction in the emission levels. Better performance and emission levels observed when the engine runs at air inlet temperature of 70°C
Experimental Investigation on Diesel Engine Using Processed Waste Engine Oil
Authors: Hussain A. Zahir , Raj Sumit , Anand R.
Published: July 2014

An experimental investigation on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of single cylinder water cooled diesel test engine was carried out at a constant speed of 1500 rpm with processed waste engine oil. The experiments were carried out at different load conditions from no load to 110% load. To compare the results obtained the baseline readings were taken with diesel. The standard operating condition of the engine was 200 bar injection pressure and 23° before Top Dead Center (bTDC). For processed Waste Engine Oil (pWEO) fuel operation the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) obtained at rated load point was 32.18 %. at 100 % load and pWEO gave a peak pressure of 64.46 bar compared to 66.12 bar for diesel. There was a 5 % reduction in the Nitrous Oxide (NO) emission with pWEO. Heat release rate (HRR) and exhaust gas temperature showed considerable reduction with pWEO fuel operation.
Experimental Study of Effect of Nucleation Site Size on Bubble Dynamics during Nucleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer
Authors: Najim Abdul , Aacharya Anil R.
Published: July 2014

In this paper, effect of nucleation site size on bubble dynamics during nucleate pool boiling heat transfer in saturated water is studied experimentally. Single bubble was generated using right angle tip of a hypodermic needle as a nucleation site. The hypodermic needles were used of inner diameters 0.413mm, 0.514mm, and 0.603 mm with a constant depth of 25mm. The bubble dynamics was studied using SONY Cyber-shot DSC-H100 camera operating at 30 frames per second at atmospheric pressure and at a wall superheat of 5K. The results show that, bubble diameter, bubble height and bubble volume increases with increase in diameter of nucleation site. The bubble growth period is found to be dependent on nucleation site size, and it decreases with increase in diameter of nucleation site. This happens because as volume of vapor bubble increases, buoyancy force starts dominates the capillary force and bubble detaches earlier. Effect of nucleation site size on bubble departure diameter and bubble release frequency is also discussed.
Heatline Based Thermal Behaviour during Cooling of a Hot Moving Steel Plate Using Single Jet
Authors: Samanta Suman , Mukherjee Saikat , Dhar Mrinmoy , Barman Shambhunath , Barman Nilkanta , Mukhopadhyay Achintya , Sen Swarnendu
Published: July 2014

The article deals with visualization of heatlines and isotherms during cooling of a hot moving steel plate numerically. The cooling of the plate is assumed using single spray-water jet. The visualization process is carried out by forming and discretizing the governing energy equation based on finite volume method. The linear algebraic equations are solved by tri-diagonal matrix algorithm (TDMA). Accordingly, a numerical code is developed on FORTRAN platform. In the computational domain, a suitable heat transfer region for cooling is identified analyzing the heatline distribution in the domain and depends on the process parameters. Accordingly a parametric study is performed and reveals that effective heat transfer region increases with increasing jet velocity and cooling methods, and decreases with increasing plate velocity.
Influence of Injection Pressure on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Nerium Methyl Ester Operated DI Diesel Engine
Authors: Senthil Ramalingam , Paramasivam C. , Rajendran Silambarasan
Published: July 2014

Nerium methyl ester, an esterified biofuel, has an excellent cetane number and a reasonable calorific value. It closely resembles the behaviour of diesel. However, being a fuel of different origin, the standard design limits of a diesel engine is not suitable for Nerium methyl ester (NME). Therefore, in this work, a set of design and operational parameters are studied to find out the optimum performance of Nerium methyl ester run diesel engine. This work targets at finding the effects of the engine design parameter viz. fuel injection pressure (IP) on the performance with regard to specific fuel consumption (SFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) and emissions of CO, CO2, HC, NOx with N20 as fuel. Comparison of performance and emission was done for different values of injection pressure to find best possible condition for operating engine with NME. For small sized direct injection constant speed engines used for agricultural applications, the optimum injection pressure was found as 240bar.Methyl esters from Nerium, with properties close to diesel; show better performance and emission characteristics. Hence Nerium (N20) blend can be used in existing diesel engines without compromising the engine performance. Diesel (25%) thus saved will greatly help the interests of railways in meeting the demand for fuel,as diesel trains are operated at maximum load condition.
New Design of Ignition System of Gas Turbine
Authors: Singh Rahul , Jain Amber , Kumar Harish
Published: July 2014

This paper is all about a new type of ignition system for igniting the air-fuel mixture within combustion chamber of a gas turbine engine. In this system there will a separate ignition inside the primary combustion chamber which will be outside the main combustion chamber and responsible for igniting main source of air/fuel mixture inside the combustion chamber. This system is designed to overcome several problems of present ignition system of gas turbine engine and also thermal analysis of this new system has been shown in this paper.
Numerical Simulation of Superheated Steam Flow in a Micronozzle
Authors: Haris P.A. , Ramesh T.
Published: July 2014

Methods for creating thrusters with very low thrust using micronozzles have been actively developed recently. The propellant flow in such micronozzles are pressure driven and are characterized by low Reynolds number. Hence, the flow is always in laminar regime with high viscous losses. Proper design by effectively studying the flow behavior of propellant inside micronozzle is highly essential to minimize the losses. The geometry of the micronozzle is a key factor that affects the performance of the thruster. In this paper numerical examinations of the flow of superheated steam inside a 3D pyramidal micronozzle by solving Navier stoke’s equation with no slip boundary condition and equation of energy conservation. The computational model is validated with available experimental data in the literature. The computations are performed for different mass flow rates and inlet vapour temperatures increased until the exit temperature reaches the saturation temperature of the vapour. The study provides the insight into analysis of flows in the complicated microdevices.
Optimization of Length of Mixing Zone in GH2-GO2 Based Torch Igniter, Applying Numerical Techniques
Authors: Anoop A. , Assiz M.P. , Manu M. John
Published: July 2014

Initiation of chemical reactions liberating thermal energy in non hypergolic propellants require ignition systems which are reliable as well as robust in nature. This necessitates the igniter and its subsystems be on par or exceed every quality criteria required for the main stage. The ignition systems which provide pilot action and flame holding in supersonic environment adds new challenges in its structural and thermal stability. The paper aims to conduct a numerical analysis of the Augmented Spark Torch igniter required for an air breathing rocket (SCRAMJET) engine with the emphasis on the optimization of the mixing length ratio required to achieve a uniform mixture ratio distribution in the zone of the igniter combustion chamber. Nomenclature
Parametric Studies on Critical Parameters of Variable Displacement Oil Pump for Automotive Application
Authors: Babu J.M. , Mariappan R. , Karthik Chandana , Kumar K. Vijaya , Kumar J. Suresh
Published: July 2014

Currently, the fixed-displacement oil pump supplies the oil for lubrication. Most of the time, these oil pump consumes more power and deliver significantly higher oil pressure than the required. This leads to the excess power consumption of the engine to run the pump; in turn lower fuel efficiency and higher CO2 emissions. In this study, the concept of variable delivery oil pump is taken and critical design parameters that affect the oil flow rate are identified and studies are carried out to arrive at the correlation. From the results it can be observed both positive and negative correlation exists between the different critical parameters and the oil flow rate.
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Graphite Particulate Reinforced Al6061 Alloy Composite Materials
Authors: Nagaral Madev , Auradi V. , Kori S.A.
Published: July 2014

This present paper is an investigation made to study the un-lubricated sliding wear behavior of Al6061 alloy composites reinforced with graphite particulates of size 100-125 μm. The content of graphite in the alloy was varied from 6-9% in steps of 3 wt. %. The liquid metallurgy technique was used to fabricate the composites. A pin-on-disc wear testing machine was used to evaluate the volumetric wear loss, in which a hardened EN32 steel disc was used as the counter face. The results indicated that the volumetric wear loss of the composites was lesser than that of the Al6061 matrix alloy and it further decreased with the increase in graphite content up-to 6 wt.%. For composites containing 9 wt. % of graphite particulates, the volumetric wear loss was more than that of 6wt. % composites, but lesser than base matrix alloy. However, the material loss in terms of wear volume increased with the increase in load and sliding speed, both in case of composites and the alloy.
Performance Analysis of Solar Water Heater in Multipurpose Solar Heating System
Authors: Venkatesh R. , Christraj W.
Published: July 2014

Of all the renewable sources of energy available, solar thermal energy is the most abundant one and is available in both direct as well as indirect forms. In order to increase the thermal performance of solar collectors, the multipurpose solar collectors were investigated experimentally by the storage tank of the conventional solar water collector is modified as riser tubes and header. It is fitted in the bottom of the solar air heater as an absorber in the normal air heater. The thermal performance of thermosyphon flat plate solar water heater was investigated on both summer and winter seasons. The maximum daily average of 72.05%, 0.0316 kg/sm2 and 0.873 m/s were recorded for the relative humidity, mass flow rate and wind speed at summer season respectively. Corresponding figure at for winter was 19.5 % 0.0295 kg/sm2 and 0.722 m/s respectively. A minimum daily average of 11.23% and 0.384 m/s for the relative humidity and wind speed respectively. These results show that the mass flow rate obtained was a function of solar radiation and relative humidity. The less humid the ambient air becomes, the higher the heat gained by the system hence higher water flow rate. The maximum value of relative humidity obtained is due to low solar radiation on winter season. The heat removal factor (FR) and collector efficiency factor (Fo) were found to be higher for Multipurpose solar water heater as compared to conventional solar water heaters for summer as well as winter season. These factors for Multipurpose solar water heater were more during summer and winter.
Performance Studies on PEM Fuel Cell with 2, 3 and 4 Pass Serpentine Flow Field Designs
Authors: Muthukumar M. , Karthikeyan P. , Lakshminarayanan V. , Senthil Kumar A.P. , Vairavel M. , Girimurugan R.
Published: July 2014

The geometrical and flow parameters are governing the performance of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). The flow channels are used for distributing the reactants uniformly throughout the active area of fuel cell. Among different flow field designs, the serpentine flow field can give better performance to the PEM fuel cell. This paper numerically investigates the effects of the serpentine flow field with different number of passes. The 2 pass, 3 pass and 4 pass serpentine flow field designs of same rib size and channel size were modelled and analyzed using commercially available software package. From the polarization curves and performance curves drawn using the numerical results, the performance of three flow channel designs were compared and the maximum power densities of each design were found
PIV Measurements and POD Analysis during Natural Convection with Protruded Heater in a Rectangular Enclosure
Authors: Biswas Nirmalendu , Chatterjee Souvick , Garai Amlan , Roy Prokash Chandra , Mukhopadhyay Achintya
Published: July 2014

An extensive measurement using 2-D Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique has been carried out during natural convection with a heating sources protruded on the non-heated lower surface of a rectangular enclosure. A time-resolved data series have been captured to analyse the effect of different Rayleigh number on flow fields for fluid of Prandtl number 0.71. A fast and efficient data analysis tool based on the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) technique has been used to create low dimensional approximations of high dimensional systems for predicting the dominant flow structures. This includes interpolating results at off-design parameters, along with knowledge about contours of different higher modes as well as obtaining information about the energy content in each specific mode. The mean non fluctuating mode showed maximum energy and the same decreased with increasing mode number. This allowed a clear detailed understanding about the complex non-linearities in the problem using a linear decomposition technique
Prediction of HCCI Engine Performance with Three Zone Extended Coherent Flame Combustion Model
Authors: Sharma T. Karthikeya , Rao G. Amba Prasad , Murthy K. Madhu
Published: July 2014

Soot, NOx paradox in compression ignition engines is an extremely challenging issue. Low temperature combustion followed by Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) type of combustion is capable of reducing nitrogen oxides and soot simultaneously. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) has a potential for high fuel conversion efficiency and extremely low emissions of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). However, feasibility of HCCI is also posing certain issues .In this paper, three zone extended coherent flame combustion model of STAR-CD package has been used to study the CI engine in both conventional and HCCI mode. A comparison of important parameters like in-cylinder pressure, temperatures, CO, NOx emissions, in conventional and HCCI mode are predicted. Relatively Low in-cylinder pressures and temperatures are realized in HCCI mode when compared to conventional mode of combustion. Uniform mixing of fuel-air, turbulent kinetic energy and velocity contours are obtained in HCCI mode. Key Words: HCCI, ECFM-3Z, Phi-T charts, Piston Work, Turbulent Kinetic energy.
A Study on Edge Milling Operation of NEMA G11 GFRP Composites Based on Grey-Taguchi Method
Authors: Vasudevan Hari , Rajguru Ramesh , Deshpande Naresh
Published: July 2014

Milling is one of the most practical machining processes for removing excess material to produce high quality surfaces. However, milling of composite materials is a rather complex task, owing to its heterogeneity and poor surface finish, which includes fibre pullout, matrix delamination, sub-surface damage and matrix polymer interface failure. In this study, an attempt has been made to optimize milling parameters with multiple performance characteristics in the edge milling operation, based on the Grey Relational Analysis coupled with Taguchi method. Taguchi’s L18 orthogonal array was used for the milling experiment. Milling parameters such as milling strategy, spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut are optimised along with multiple performance characteristics, such as machining forces and delamination. Response table of grey relational grade for four process parameters is used for the analysis to produce the best output; the optimal combination of the parameters. From the response table of the average GRG, it is found that the largest value of the GRG is for down milling, spindle speed of 1000 rpm, feed rate of 150 mm/min and depth of cut 0.4 mm.
Thermal Design of Missile Airframe with Circumferential Variation in Wall Temperature
Authors: Vijayakumar G. , Kachroo Ashwani Kumar
Published: July 2014

Missile airframe experiences large variations in wall temperature along the circumference due to high angle of attack, especially at hypersonic speeds, which leads to large thermal stresses and bending loads. Such a situation with large wall temperature variations occurs due to high angle of attack during flight. Thermal design of the airframe involves the estimation of local flow parameters and heat flux distribution. Kinetic heating analysis has been carried out for the prediction of heat load distribution on missile airframe considering hypersonic flow with high angle of attack for a particular flight trajectory. Out of a set of possible flight trajectories, a trajectory producing minimum circumferential variation in wall temperature, as concluded through kinetic heating analysis, is finalized. Transient three dimensional heat transfer analysis of the airframe is carried out for prediction of wall temperature distribution for proper selection of material of construction of airframe so that it retains its strength at elevated temperatures. Parametric study has been carried out considering various combinations of airframe wall thickness in presence of external thermal protection coating and internal insulation for the finalized trajectory. Based on the present analysis, airframe configuration having axially variable wall thickness corresponding to the selected flight trajectory is finalized. The validation of the methodology adopted for the analysis has been carried out with respect to airframe temperature data acquired during flight.