bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II.—Conglomerate at the Base of the Lower Keuper
Authors: Shipman J.
Published: May 2009

Recent excavations for buildings on the east side of Nottingham have afforded opportunities for observing the true character and development of the conglomerate at the base of the Lower Keuper, which did not exist when this district was visited by the Government Geological Survey. The fact that no fair equivalent of the Muschelkalk of Germany has been met with in England lends an interest to the beds at the junction of the Lower Keuper and the Upper Bunter which they would probably not otherwise possess. Thus the Geological Survey paid special attention to the scanty exposures of this junction that happened to exist twenty years ago in this part. The best section to be seen at that time, near Nottingham, was in a lane leading from the Mansfield turnpike road, a mile north of the town, to the Mapperley Hills, and is thus described by Mr. Aveline in his memoir on the Nottingham district (Sheet 71, N.E.):—“Near the bottom of the lane there are beds of coarse sandstone [Upper Bunter] slightly consolidated, with pebbles of various coloured quartz, quartz-rock, and other sandstones. There is no good bedding visible in this conglomerate, and lying on it there are thin and regularly-bedded fine sandstones of a red colour. This is the bottom of the Lower Keuper beds, and the line between the two formations is well marked, there being an apparent unconformity. There is about twelve feet of this red sandstone, and above it three to four feet of soft red loam, then a thin bed of coarse light sandstone, above this a bed of sand and marl, with some small pebbles of quartz, then alternations of dark and light-brown soft sandstone of various thickness, and red marly shale, which pass up into the Upper Keuper red marly shale with thin beds of white sandstone.”
I.—On. the Occurrence of Chalk in the New Britain Group
Authors: Liversidge
Published: May 2009

In the following brief notice it is my wish to communicate to the Society a description of the physical properties and chemical composition of one of the geological specimens recently brought from the above group of islands.
III.—American “Surface Geology,” and its Relation to British. With some Remarks on the Glacial Conditions in Britain, especially in Reference to the “Great Ice Age” of Mr. James Geikie
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

Numerous buried channels filled with drift occur over Ohio and the neighbouring states forming the St. Lawrence basin. Some of these penetrate the water-parting, and formed, according to Prof. Newberry, waste weirs through which the lake waters of the St. Lawrence basin escaped into the valley of the Mississippi, as the land rose and the sea retired from that valley.
IV.—On a New Marine Bed in the Lower Oolites of East Yorkshire
Authors: Barrow George
Published: May 2009

About half-way between Hayburn Wyke and Cloughton Wyke, and five miles North of Scarborough, a scar of hard sandstone, remarkable for its even bedding, may be seen rising with a considerable dip from the sea. This sandstone contains along its bedding planes occasional thin layers of a very dense ironstone, from which it has probably received the name of ”Iron Scar.“ Immediately beneath are about five feet of shales closely resembling those of the Middle Lias, and containing two bands of dogger ironstone.
I.—A Possible Explanation of the North Devon Section
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

While engaged this autumn in reinvestigating the relations of the “Dingle Beds” and “Glengarriff Grit Series” to the Silurian rocks below, and the Old Red Sandstone above, in the South-West of Ireland, my mind naturally reverted from time to time to the Devonian district, and the succession of its beds, upon which there has recently been so much discussion, and to which the late Professor Jukes devoted so much time and labour. With him I agree in believing that the key to the solution of the Devonian problem is to be found in the structure of the South of Ireland, though with reference to the actual explanation which he proposed, I can only see my way to a partial concurrence.
III.—Notes respecting Chloritic Marl and Upper Greensand
Authors: Meÿer C. J. A.
Published: May 2009

Having paid but little attention to geological literature during the last two years, it was not until September, 1878, that I became aware of Mr. A. J. Jukes Browne's article in the GeologicalMagazine of August, 1877. In this article, amongst other matters, the author criticises very fairly the classification of the Upper Greensand and “Chloritic Marl,” so-called, as set forth in my paper on the Cretaceous Rocks of Beer Head. In justice to certain questions involved, I find myself compelled to reply to this criticism, and to say a few words besides respecting the Chloritic Marl and Upper Greensand.
III.—Woodwardian Laboratory Notes.—North Wales Rocks
Authors: T. G. B.
Published: May 2009

Diabase-porphyrite—from hill designated as a Trigonometrical Station 1½ mile N.N.E. from Pwllheli: the hill is quarried for road metal; a good hand-specimen is easily obtained; it has a dark-green ground with porphyritic felspars up to ¼ inch long of pale greenish colour; a little pyrites; very slight effervescence with acids.
II.—Pre-Cambrian Volcanos and Glaciers
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

The subject of the recurrence of phenomena in geological time, so prominently brought forward by Prof. Ramsay in his recent address as President of the British Association, is one which cannot fail to be of interest to the geologist, as it constantly presents itself to him in all his inquiries. There are also doubtless many who are prepared to go with Prof. Ramsay to the length of his conclusions, and who believe “that from the Laurentian epoch down to the present day, all the physical events in the history of the earth have varied neither in kind nor in intensity from those which we now have experienced;” whilst others will be inclined to believe that though generally they have resembled one another in kind, yet that some have varied greatly in their intensity.
V.—On the Caves and Kitchen-midden at Carrigagower, Co. Cork
Authors: Ussher R. J.
Published: May 2009

These caves, whose original mouths are now probably destroyed or concealed by rubbish, open at present into a quarry in a limestone knoll on the townland of Carrigagower (‘ Rock of the Goat’), three or four miles south of Middleton. They are not broad nor lofty, but have extensive ramifications, especially that one which opens into the north-west part of the quarry. At its eastern end, and at a depth of 20 feet from the surface, the quarry is crossed by a cave now exposed by the removal of its western side. This cave runs in the line of a joint or fissure, and penetrates the rock north and south.
II.—A Systematic Nomenclature for Igneous Rocks
Authors: Jevons H. Stanley
Published: May 2009

The present nomenclature of igneous rocks is generally acknowledged to be unsatisfactory, for not only is it without useful meaning, but it is also so unsystematic that it forms a severe tax upon the memory. The manifest and urgent need of reform, which these circumstances create, must be my excuse for presenting in a short note a suggestion likely to require much elaboration. A systematic nomenclature, I need hardly say, can only rest upon a systematic classification, so that the proposals I shall herewith make would have been fitly accompanied by an attempt at producing a classification of the kind. As I have found, however, that much expenditure of time and labour will be necessary to accomplish this task, I have decided upon publishing at once certain proposals with regard to nomenclature, which could be largely applied to classifications at present in use.
II.—Intermittent Streams in Berkshire
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

The Lambourn river, in Berkshire, which rises from springs in the Chalk hills between Up-Lambourn and Chipping-Lambourn, and receives other springs lower down, has been dry for about six miles between Lambourn and Shefford this winter; and the Winterbourn, a smaller stream, which rises close to the Ford, at Chapel Copse on the Leckhampstead estate, near Chieveley, has also been dry from its source to near Bagnor (nearly four miles), where it joins the Lambourn.
V.—A Revision of the Antelopes of the Siwaliks
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

A few years ago I described some remains of Antelopes from the Pliocene Siwaliks of India, when I employed the generic term Antilope in the wide sense in which it was used by the older zoologists and palæontologists. At a later date I was enabled to refer two of the species thus designated to two of the genera of Antelopes as at present classed; and at the same time mentioned some other forms. A recent examination of all the remains of this group from the same deposits contained in the British Museum has enabled me to make a more exact determination in the case of another of the species mentioned in my first notice, and also to indicate the existence of other forms closely allied to existing African Antelopes. These new forms I hope to have an opportunity of describing on a future occasion, and, therefore, now content myself with merely giving a list of the species which I can at present recognize. The ill-defined character of some of the genera of existing Antelopes renders it in many instances a matter of extreme difficulty to be quite sure as to the affinities of their fossil relations.
III.—On the Presence of Syenite and Gabbro in Essex County, Massachusetts
Authors: Wadsworth M. E.
Published: May 2009

Syenite.—Much of the eastern coast of Essex County, Massachusetts, extending from Salem to a point beyond West Manchester, has been found by the writer to be occupied by a typical syenite of a reddish and greyish colour, which in its macroscopic characters appears to be identical with that from Planen'schen Grund, Saxony. The syenite in places contains much biotite, and also, near West Manchester, quartz grains (segregations ?). This syenite is often cut by dykes of a fine-grained greyish syenite, which holds the same relation to the syenite proper as the micro-granite dykes do to the granite of the region, and hence, for convenience of description, the rock of the syenite dykes may be styled micro-syenite
V.—On the Discovery of Human Bones and Ornaments in a Cave in the Great Ormes Head
Authors: Ingram A. H. Winnington
Published: May 2009

A Cave in the south escarpment of the Great Ormes Head has been in gradual processof exploration by a person named Kendrick. In its silt and breccia he has discovered fragments of human skeletons, indicating by their dimensions that the individuals to whom they belonged were about five feet six inches in height. Some of their tibiæ are still to be seen imbedded in situ. There has also been found a considerable quantity of swine's teeth, each marked on the fang with fromfour to six transverse lines, and perforated at the extremity with a hole throughwhich ran probably a tendon of a reindeer or some other ligament stringing them together as a necklace. There is a similar one, composed of human teeth, in the Christie Collection in the British Museum, worn by the inhabitants of the Solomon Islands. From the same cave deposit there have been extracted several bears' teeth, with a hole in each of them for their suspension as ear-rings, and two lower equine jaws with the enamel of the four incisors highly polished, and with zigzag marks on the surfaceof the maxillary bone. These were probably hung also from the necks of the cave-men as ornaments. The wholecavern, or a portion of it, has been considered to have formed a burial-place for someIberian tribe; but the careless and irreverent manner in which the dead in it appear tohave been disposed of seems to indicate that it might have been the habitation of a raceof cave-men akin to the Eskimos, whom Professor Boyd Dawkins, in his“Early Man in Britain,” describes as so indifferent to the sepulture of their deceased relatives that they sometimes cover up their bodies with snow and leave them to be eaten by dogs or foxes.The cave, which contains a natural reservoir of water, has only been partially excavated, and further researches seem most desirable, as they might lead to the finding of very important relics of its original inhabitants, as well as settleany doubts which may have arisen as to the accuracy of the present explorer's statement, on which the truth of the discovery of the above-mentioned remains in that particular cave rests.
III.—On a New Species of Helminthochiton from the Upper Bala (Silurian) of Girvan, Ayrshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

My friend Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., has lately received several Palæozoic fossils for examination from the rich collection of Mrs. Robert Gray, of Edinburgh, and has, with the owner's kind permission, placed two pieces of a very remarkabte fossil in my hands, for the purpose of examination and description.
V.—Note on the Generic Identity of the Genus Esthonyx, Cope, with Platychœrops, Charlesworth (=Miolophus, Owen)
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

In an early number of the present serial Prof. Sir R. Owen described and figured the hinder part of the palate of a small mammal from the London Clay of Herne Bay, under the new name of Miolophus planiceps. The specimen is now preserved in the Museum at York, and had been previously described by Mr. E. Charlesworth under the name of Platychœrops Richardsoni; a circumstance which seems to have escaped the notice of Sir R. Owen. This name having the priority should supersede that of Miolophus. The specimen (of which there is a cast in the British Museum) shows the second and third true molars of both sides, and on the right side the fourth premolar and the alveoli of pm 3 and m. 1. Both the later premolars and true molars are of the same general form, and have tritubercular crowns. Sir R. Owen regarded the specimen as indicating a form allied to Hyracotherium (including Pliolophus); but the similarity between the premolars and true molars and the trituberculate crowns of the latter forbids the acceptance of this view
VI.—Notes on Fossil Roots in the Sarsen Stones of Wiltshire
Authors: Carruthers William
Published: May 2009

Having had placed in my hands by Prof. T. Rupert Jones (who has already communicated some notes on Sarsen Stones to your pages, Vols. for 1875 and 1876) some microscopic preparation of plant-remains found in Sarsen Stones from Wiltshire, belonging to Mr. Thos. Codrington, F.G.S., I would be glad to state in a sentence or two the results of my examination.
III.—On the Organization and Economy of the Graptolithidæ
Authors: Herrmann Otto
Published: May 2009

In the first place, let us obtain a clear idea of a Graptolite, and for this purpose we will consider two members of the family Dichograptidæ, namely, Didymograptus vacillans, Tullb. (Fig. 2, p. 452), and Dichograptus octobrachiatus, Hall (Fig. 1, p. 449).
I.—On the Synonymy, Structure, and Geological Distribution of Solenopora compacta, Billings, sp.
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne , Etheridge Robert
Published: May 2009

In his “Palæozoic Fossils” (1861–65), Mr. Billings described, without figures, a fossil from the Black River Limestone, to which he gave the name of Stromatopora compacta. The description given was as follows:—“This species forms small subglobular masses, from one to two inches in diameter. The concentric lamellæ are thin and closely packed together, there being in some specimens from six to twelve layers in the space of two lines” (op. cit. p. 55).
II.—Notes on the Carboniferous Ostracoda of the North-West of England
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Kirkby J. W.
Published: May 2009

The following notes and lists of species are based upon material collected by one of us during several visits to the neighbourhood of Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire. They are here recorded because they add a little to what is known of the distribution of Bivalved Entomostraca in the North-West of the English area during the early half of the Carboniferous Period.
III.—The Cheirotherium
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: May 2009

Although educated Europeans have never carried the art of ‘spooring’, or tracking, to the perfection with which it is employed by the Australian and African natives, it is possible for us by applying a little common sense and certain experience of the tracks of living beasts to the fossil footprints so commonly found in terrestrial deposits laid down under arid conditions to find out many features of the animals which made them.
IV.—On a Boring at Marston near Devizes
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

This boring, though confined to the Kimeridge Clay, is of some interest, partly because it has proved the thickness of that clay to be much greater than it was supposed to be in this part of Wiltshire, and partly because it has yielded a species of Aporrhais or Harpagodes which has not previously been found in England.
II.—Fossil Insect in Amber
Authors: Bagnall Richard S.
Published: May 2009

The thrips described herein was submitted to me by Professor Branca of the Geologisch-Palaeontologisches Museum, Berlin, and is one of a small collection of three examples in Baltic Amber. The genus is curious on account of the abnormal tube-like development of the tenth abdominal segment, which, however, is open ventrally for its entire length. In the form of the antennæ, so far as can be ascertained from the single example and the structure of the wings, Stenurothrips would seem to show affinity with the Neotropical genus Heterothrips, and for the present I regard the genus as falling in the Heterothripidæ.
VI.—The Zone of Offaster pilula in the South English Chalk
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

I Claim to have now shown that the zone of O. pilula as established in 1912 for Hants and the Salisbury area holds good in its broad features also for Sussex, the Isle of Wight, and Dorset, and that it is almost equally constant in some of its minor features, especially the way in which it ends in a bed 2 ft. 6 in. to 3 feet thick with a flint seam in the middle of it and enclosed by two marl seams. I am only prevented by a single section in Hants from setting this up as the universal rule in all sections I have seen. In The Stratigraphy I assigned pits Nos. 1065, 1066, and 1067, the last of which will be more readily recognized as Mottisfont Whiting Pit, to the zone of A. quadratus, because on examining them for the purposes of that work for the first time since 1892 I had failed to find evidence of more than a seam of O. pilula without any others of the associated fossils of the zone. At the time of that examination all the pits were in a most unfavourable condition. Since then I have been keeping regular watch on the Whiting Pit (No. 1067), and I soon found that the subzone of abundantO. pilula must be represented at its base, and then that the upper belt of O. pilula in that subzone must be exposed: but it was only this spring that I was able to fix the absolute position of the boundary between the zones of O. pilula and A. quadratus in the Whiting Pit, and at the same time, owing to developments in the other two pits, to identify the cinctus belt in the old face and the lower belt of O. pilula in the new workings (and probably also at the lowest point of the old face) of Pit No. 1066, and the lower belt of O. pilula at the base of Pit No. 1065.
The old or Grey Granite of the Transvaal and Orange River Colony
Authors: Sandberg C. G. S.
Published: May 2009

Sir,—On May 13 of this year a paper was read in the Geological Society of London by F. W. Penny, B.Sc, F.G.S., “On the Relationship of the Vredefort Granite to the Witwatersrand System” (see Geol. Mag., July, 1914, pp. 332–3), wherein the writer suggests “that the Vredefort Granite, instead of being ‘Archæan’, is of a post-Pretoria – pre-Karroo age, if not contemporaneous with, at least connected with, the same epoch of igneous activity as the ‘Red Granite’ of the Northern Transvaal”.
IV.—Sedgwick Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

It may be of interest to the readers of the Geological Magazine to know that the specimens collected by Mr. H. E. Strickland during the years 1835–6 in the Ionian Islands, the Bosphorus, and the neighbourhood of Smyrna are now preserved in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.
II.—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: May 2009

In our last chapter we referred to the frequency of the occurrence of lakes in districts which contain volcanos that are still active or have only recently become extinct. In connexion with this subject, we must also call attention to the interesting circumstance that, wherever the geologist finds evidence of the former action of subaerial volcanos, there he almost invariably detects proofs also, that numerous lakes have been formed and successively filled up with sediments. Very strikingly is this fact illustrated among the great series of volcanic rocks, which, during a great portion of the Tertiary period, were being erupted in Central and Southern Europe; and which form an almost complete girdle surrounding, but lying at a considerable distance from, the great central masses of the Alps. We have in these districts the most unmistakable palæontological evidence that the periods of violent volcanic activity were also characterized by the repeated formation and filling up of lake-basins.
IV.—Northumberland Escarpments and Yorkshire Terraces
Authors: Miller Hugh
Published: May 2009

In framing a theory attributing the terraced form of limestone outcrops in the Yorkshire Dales to glacial erosion, Mr. Goodchild was doubtless prepared to encounter much adverse criticism. If in this communication I venture to differ from his views, he will believe that it is in no captious spirit. The district in Northumberland from which I write supplies materials for criticism of the most relevant kind, presenting as it does the same series of Carboniferous rocks cropping out in surface features closely allied, and subjected in the Glacial Period to the pressure of the same ice-sheet. The terraces of Wensleydale, too, are not wholly unfamiliar to me.
III.—On the Classification and Nomenclature of Rocks
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

In a paper on the above subject, that appeared in the GeologicalMagazine for December, 1875 (p. 583), the author, Mr. S. Allport, F.G.S., objects to the introduction of additional rock names. With this observer I agree that there are many ingenite rock names which it would be satisfactory to get rid of; seeing many varieties and subvarieties of rocks to which names are given have no permanent characters; while in numerous cases the same rock is called by different names. Still, as a geologist, I would suggest, that in some cases new names are absolutely necessary, if we would impart our increasing knowledge to the general public; for instance, among the granitic rocks, the subject that has led to Mr. Allport's remarks.
IV.—On Cretaceous Gasteropoda (Scalariform Shells)
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

The remaining shells figured on Plate IV. do not belong to the Scalidæ, but to families considerably removed. The form next described undoubtedly belongs to the family of Aporrhaædce, the rest are Rissoidæ.
V.—Concretions
Authors: Penning W. H.
Published: May 2009

There is a fine exposure of the “Lower Greensand” in a railway cutting by Sandy Station on the G.N. and L. & N.W. Railways, presenting a nearly vertical section 50 or 60 feet in height. It consists almost entirely of clean sand, in parts falsebedded, and more or less coloured throughout by the presence of oxide of iron. The colour thus imparted to the sand varies from almost pure white, at the lower part, through shades of grey and yellow, to a deep rusty brown. There are here and there layers of hard ferruginous concretions in tabular, spherical, and many other forms, presenting a feature hitherto (so far as the writer is aware) unnoticed. This is a gradual passage from soft iron-stained sand to hard complete concretions, exhibiting the various stages in the process of their formation.
II.—Notes on the Correlation of the Graptolitic Deposits of Sweden with those of Britain
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

The foregoing paper was sent to me by Dr. Linnarsson, along with a fine collection of Swedish Graptolites; and I am happy to be the medium through which his interesting observations appear before the English public. With singular acumen, the distinguished Swedish geologist has unravelled the intricacies which beset the study of the distribution of the Graptolites in past time; and his results are of peculiar importance and value. Some of these results, in so far as they especially bear upon British Geology, may just be indicated here.
V.—Sketch of the Geology of Ice Sound and Bell Sound, Spitzbergen
Authors: Nordenskiöld A. E.
Published: May 2009

Cretaceous Beds.—During our previous Expeditions we had not fallen in with any strata belonging to this period on Spitzbergen; but in the beginning of the Expedition of 1872 I had the good fortune to supply this missing link in the geology of Spitzbergen through the very unexpected discovery, in the immediate neighbourhood of the Taxodium strata at Cape Staratschin, of fossil plants, which had an unmistakable reference to the fossils which I brought home some years ago from Kome in Greenland (Lower Cretaceous). A closer examination by Professor Heer showed that this supposition was so far correct, inasmuch as the strata in question truly belonged to the Cretaceous series, though occupying a position more recent than the Kome strata in Greenland.
VII.—Note on the Occurrence of Phosphatised Carbonate of Lime at Cave Ha, Yorkshire
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

It may be worth while to record the occurrence of phosphatised carbonate of lime in Cave Ha, near Giggleswick, which has been explored by Prof. Hughes (see Journal of the Anthropological Institute for December, 1873, vol. iii.). The phosphatised material, which forms stalagmitic layers at the side of and interstratified with the other deposits, is leaden-grey in colour, weathering light brown outside, friable, and full of small holes. Portions of it yielded, on analysis, a large per-centage of phosphate of lime.
II.—Distant Transport of Volcanic Dust
Authors: Nordenskiöld A. E.
Published: May 2009

Just a year ago the Academy received information that the day before there had fallen at Haga (a royal residence in the neighbourhood of Stockholm) rain mixed with snow, which brought down with it such a quantity of impurities that all the windows of the plant-house and the hot-beds there were covered with a fine grey ash-like dust.
II.—On the Glauconitic Granules of the Cambridge Greensand
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: May 2009

The Coprolites or phosphatic nodules of the Cambridge Greensand frequently contain amongst other included bodies a number of Foraminifera and glauconite granules, of the same kind as those found scattered loosely throughout the Greensand bed.
V.—Woodwardian Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

In the Burrow Collection of fossils from the Carboniferous Limestone of the neighbourhood of Settle I have recently found a form of the genus Cyclus which seems to deserve notice. From a careful comparison with the figures and description of C. Harhiessi (Woodw.)inDr. Woodward's Monograph on Fossil Crustacea, to which we owe the greater part of our knowledge of the genus, I should consider it to be a new form allied to that species.
VI.—On the Occurrence of Ursus ferox in the Pleistocene of Malta
Authors: Cooke John H.
Published: May 2009

The labours of the late Admiral Spratt, R.N., and of the late Professor Leith Adams, F.B.S., in the cavern deposits of the Maltese Islands were rewarded by the finding of a unique and interesting land fauna, among which were Elephants, Hippopotami, Land-tortoises, gigantic Dormice, and aquatic Birds, the presence of whichinso limited an area was incompatible with the present existing physical conditions of the Islands. While carrying on his work of investigation in a cave in the Zebbug Gorge, Uied el Kbir,in1859, Spratt noticed that many of the remains of Elephants that were exhumed presented the appearance of having been fiercely gnawed, and later on when Adams was excavating the Mnaidra gap it was observed that many of the elephantine remains were in a similar condition.
IV.—Geology of Eastern Sinai
Authors: Hume W. F.
Published: May 2009

The paper under consideration deals briefly with the geological features of Eastern Sinai, and more especially with the characters of the sedimentary rocks developed in that region, a short note on the igneous rocks being also appended.
III.—The Origin and Progress of the Modern Theory of the Antiquity of Man
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

When Dr. Woodward asked me a few months ago to review some pamphlets on early Man and his remains, I very reluctantly promised to do so, because I felt that if I were to be frank and sincere I must speak of some recent developments of the study in unsympathetic terms, which would not be welcome in some quarters. I little expected, however, that I should have been overwhelmed by such a shower of peppercorns as I find on my return from Italy was the case in the September number of the Geological Magazine.
II.—On the Correlation of the Bournemouth Marine Series with the Bracklesham Beds, the Upper and Middle Bagshot Beds of the London Basin, and the Bovey Tracey Beds
Authors: Gardner John Starkie
Published: May 2009

In the spring of the year 1878 I brought under the notice of the Geological Society a paper describing for the first time as Marine, the Upper Series of the Bournemouth strata, present in thickness to the east of Bournemouth Pier. The publication has been delayed, but the present sketch will only to a very slight extent forestall it, and is written simply with a view to make clear the synchrony of the Bournemouth Marine Beds with the lower part of the Bracklesham Beds of the Hampshire Basin, the Middle and so-called Upper Bagshot Beds of the London Basin, and the Bovey Tracey Beds, the true position of the latter, especially, being more clear at the present moment than it was a few months ago. I propose first to describe briefly the Bournemouth Marine Strata, and then the other formations with which I have correlated them, in the order in which they are mentioned above.
I.—On the Microscopic Structure of Three Species of the Genus Cladochonus, M‘Coy
Authors: Nicholson H. A. , Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

1. History.—The genus Cladochonus was founded by Prof. M'Coy in 1847 (Annals Nat. Hist. vol. xx. p. 227) for certain Australian Palæozoic corals with “some relation to Aulopora,” but differing “in their curious erect habit, regular, angular mode of branching, slender, equal stem-like tubes, and abruptly dilated terminal cups bent in nearly opposite directions.”Prof. M'Coy also lays stress upon the thickness of the walls in Cladochonus, and the proportionately small calices, and states (loc. cit., and Ibid. 1849, vol. iii. p. 134) that the curious little corals formerly referred by him to Lamouroux's Jania will fall into this genus, viz. Jania crassa, and Jania bacillaria (Synop. Carb. Limestone Foss. Ireland, 1844, p.197). The Australian species Cladochonus tenuicollis is distinguished by the slenderness of the stolons connecting the calices. In 1851 Messrs. Milne-Edwards and Haime described a genus under the name of Pyrgia (Polyp. Foss. Terr. Pal. p. 310). which has been placed by subsequent writers as a synonym of Cladochnons, and we think with good reason. To their genus they assign the following characters—the corallum is free, pedicellate, with a strong epitheca, very deep calices, and without traces of septal striæ, and they consider that it differs from Aulopora in its simple and free habit. Two species were described, Pyrgia Michelini, Ed. and H., and P. Labechei, Ed. and H. The Janiæ of M'Coy they reserve their opinion on, but C. tenuicollis of the same authour is referred by them to the young of the genus Syringopora (loc. cit. p. 296). Similar views were expressed by them in their subsequent “Monograph of the British Fossil Corals” (pt. 3, Corals from the Perm. Form. and Mounatain Limset. p. 164). 1 and they further describe their Pygria Labechei (loc. cit. p. 166).
VI.—On the Source of the Erratic Boulders in the Valley of River Calder, Yorkshire
Authors: Davis James W.
Published: May 2009

The reference, in my paper on the Calder Valley, to the extensive deposits of boulders and sand which fill up the lower part of the valley, and form a series of long level surfaces, is necessarily very brief. It may assist a proper understanding of the subject, and the point raised in Mr. Dakyns' letter, if I recapitulate, as briefly as possible, the main facts of the case. The river has its source in two or three small streams which rise in the hills on the Lancashire side of the Pennine Anticlinal. These are joined into one stream, and pass along a narrow but deep valley cut at right angles to the range of elevated gritstone hills which form the boundary between Lancashire and Yorkshire. For five or six miles the valley is rarely more than about 200 yards in breadth, and on each side the slopes of the hills are extremely steep, composed of shales, surmounted by a precipitous gritstone escarpment. At Hebden Bridge the Calder is joined by the Hebden, and in its course south-eastwards the valley gradually assumes larger dimensions, and south of Halifax spreads out into extensive level plains, along which the Calder has carved its channel with many devious turnings. On reaching the district from Mirfield to Wakefield these characteristics are still more apparent, its path being amongst the softer beds of the Coal-measures. Below Wakefield to the confluence of the Calder with the Aire at Castleford, the country generally is of a comparatively and un-interesting nature.
IV.—Notes on some Ligurian and Tuscan Serpentines
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Notwithstanding the distinct assertion by more than one geologist1 of the intrusive character of the serpentines of these districts, some uncertainty seems to exist on this point and still more as to the original character of the rock. Hence the result of my examination of a few localities, and of my subsequent studies of the rocks then obtained, may be of sufficient interest to justify publication.
IV.—The Lignite Bed near Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Gregory James R.
Published: May 2009

At the commencement of the present year some considerable interest was excited at Cape Town through the announcement in the newspapers that coal had been discovered at the Cape, and pronounced by reputed competent authorities to be of very good quality. Very soon afterwards it was reported, however, that it was not coal but peat, or lignite, and of bad quality; but still the newspapers persisted in calling it “The Coal diggings.” I heard of the discovery on my first arrival at Cape Town, in April last, and resolved to visit the spot at the first opportunity. In the meantime I obtained some information, and also the name of the person who was super intending the working, and on April 24th went to the Klapmuts Station on the Cape Town and Wellington Railway, and walked across to the Joostenberg workings, about five miles from the station.
III.—Man and the Mammoth; Being an Account of the Animals Found Associated with Early Man in Pre-historic Times
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Having a short time since drawn up a brief statement of the evidences upon which the presumed antiquity of the human race in Western Europe is based, and also some account of the animals found associated with early man in this region, I have ventured to think it may be found of sufficient interest to lay before this Society.
V.—Additional Note on the Discovert of Bos Primigenius in the Lower Boulder-Clay, at Crofthead, Near Glasgow
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

In my former note on the discovery of Bos primigenius in the Lower Boulder-clay, I stated that there was some “slight twisting and confusion” of the stratified deposits below the superincumbent Boulder-clay, which might have been caused by the pressure of glacier-ice. As the crumpling of sandi clay, and gravel, below Till, is by no means uncommon, and has frequently been described, I did not think it worth while at the time to give any drawing of the contortions exposed in the new railway cutting. But some geological friends having asked me about the character of these crumplings, it may not be out of place if I now add a few particulars. "When my former note was written the disturbed portions of the stratified deposits were not very well exposed, and consequently I did not in my communication lay much stress upon their occurrence, although I had little doubt as to their origin. Upon visiting the section some weeks later, however, I found the crumplings well displayed. In October last I saw them again, in company with my brother, Mr. A. Geikie. By that time the section had been still better developed, and the annexed sketch of a portion of the crumpled clays was made.
I.—On Beania, a New Genus of Cycadean Fruit, from the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Carruthers Wm.
Published: May 2009

The remarkable organs which are frequently associated with the Zamia gigas of Lindley and Hutton, and which have always been considered as in some way connected with the fructification of that plant, are the only fossils that can be referred to Cycadean fruits that have been hitherto observed in the Yorkshire Oolites, in which the remains of Cycadean leaves are so abundant. These organs have been made the subject of an elaborate memoir by Professor Williamson, presented to the Linnean Society some months since, and which it is to be hoped will soon appear in the Transactions of that Society. He has brought together so many observations, made during a life-acquaintance with these beds, that he has been able to re-construct, with every appearance of truth on his side, a singular genus, containing two well-marked species, and forming a new tribe of Cycadeœ very different from any living form.
II.—Geological Notes on Parts of Northampton- and Lincoln-Shires
Authors: Morris J.
Published: May 2009

Although the geology of the Midland Counties has been considerably elucidated, still there appear to be some points connected with the position and nomenclature of the Lower Oolites which require re-examination.
IV.—Suggestons about Denudation
Authors: Kinahan G. Henry
Published: May 2009

Denudation has been divided into only two kinds — viz., Subœnal and Marine; nevertheless, naturally there seem to be three marked denuding forces—I. Subœrial or Atmospheric; II. Marine; and, III. Glacial.1
V.—On the Basalt of South Staffordshire
Authors: Allport Samuel
Published: May 2009

As several papers by Mr. David Forbes and Mr. Sorby have probably by this time induced a few Geologists to turn their attention to the importance of a microscopical examination of rocks and minerals, it may interest some of your readers to know that the application of this method of research has just lead to a rather interesting discovery.
V.—Note on Mr. Goodchild's Theory of the Sub-Glacial Formation of Gravels
Authors: Hardman Edward T.
Published: May 2009

In the paper on “Drift” in the Geological Magazine for November, 1874, Mr. Goodchild, in proposing his new theory, appears to invite discussion on it. I therefore beg to contribute my quota towards upholding the marine, as against the exclusively glacial, deposition of certain gravels belonging to the Drift.
VI.—On Some of the Massive Forms of Chætetes, from the Lower Silurian
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

The typical forms of Chœtetes petropolitanus, Pander, are free in habit, and are invariably furnished with a flattened or concave base, which is covered with a thin concentrically-wrinkled epitheca. The general shape of the corallum is typically a cone or hemisphere when full-grown, and a concavo-convex disc when young; but its adult form is liable to great variations; and even the young examples are not constant, being sometimes plano-convex, or slightly bi-convex. The calices are exclusively carried upon the upper surface of the mass, and are thin-walled, polygonal in shape, and destitute of intermediate tubuli. Very often the surface exhibits minute tubercles, carrying corallites of a slightly larger size than the average; but this phenomenon does not appear to be constant. Young examples may have a diameter at their base of four or five lines, and a height of three lines; adult specimens may have a long diameter of four inches or more at the base, and a height of an inch and a half; but the majority of individuals exhibit dimensions intermediate between these measurements.
VI.—Notes on Continental Geology and Palæontology
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

Recent considerations of health having induced me to spend from five to six months on the continent, I beg to submit tothe readers of the Geological Magazine the result of my notesmade during my journey, which may perhaps prove not entirely uninteresting.
VIII.—On the Relations between the Skiddaw Slates and the Green Slates and Porphyries of the Lake-district
Authors: Nicholson Henry Alleyne
Published: May 2009

In the former portion of this paper, the Tipper or south-eastern boundary of the Skiddaw Slates, in their main area, had been traced from Troutbeck, on the N.E., as far as the head of Buttermere, onthe S.W. From this point (i.e. the north-western end of Honister Crag), the Skiddaw Slates can be traced for a very short distance across Warnscales Bottom. They are still overlaid by the felspathic trap and succeeding band of slates and breccias, which together compose Fleetwith Pike and the S.E. end of Honister Crag, and the relations between the two formations are the same as in the Gatescarth Valley. When however the pass of Scarf Gap on the south-west of Warnscales is reached, the Skiddaw Slates have disappeared and the base of the Green Slate Series now rests upon a great mass ofiatrusive felstone-porphyry (here almost a true syenite) which forms High Crag and High Stile. Though the Skiddaw Slates are absent here, it is interesting to observe that the stratification of the Green Slate Series can be particularly well made out in this region. The rugged hills to the S.E. of Scarf Gap are occupied by a prolongation of the great slaty band of Honister, but the beds have now to a great extent lost their former character, and have assumed very much the mineral aspect of trap, from which however they are easily distinguished by the fact that the bedding, in spite of a rough but well marked cleavage, is unusually distinct. The strata displayed in a number of magnificently moutonné'd crags and bosses, in which they are seen to undulate repeatedly, forming a series of small but well-preserved anticlinals and synclinals, the dips of which are N.N.W. and S.S.E. at angles of from 25° to 35°. The inclination therefore of these beds is only about half as high as that of the Skiddaw Slates in the Gatescarth Valley.
II.—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos
Authors: Judd J. W.
Published: May 2009

Perhaps no district of equal area could be named in which so many instructive illustrations of volcanic action may be witnessed as the beautiful island of Ischia. Although only about six miles long by four broad, yet this island exhibits a great central volcanic mountain,—named “Epomeo”—surrounded by numerous parasitical cones and craters, which, alike in their features and their products, present the most interesting variations.
II.—On the Supposed Influx of Water to the interior of the Globe, as the Cause of Volcanic Eruptions
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett
Published: May 2009

It is now generally recognised that the power which forces up lava from a depth of miles through narrow and crooked fissures broken across the solid crust of the globe, is no other than steam, developed in the interior of the lava by vaporisation of water intimately disseminated throughout its substance. I am not aware that previously to the publication of my volume on Volcanos in 1825. But I had derived a conviction of 1822, and a study of Etna and Stromboli in the years 1819–21. This was subsequently confirmed by the discoveries of Sorby, Scheerer, and others, of the existence of water in intimate molecular combination with the crystalline or granular minerals that compose the granitic rocks from the fusion of which lava is supposed to proceed. I had expressed my belief that the aqueous particles so confined, whether in a liquid or a solid state, would upon the occurence of increased heat, or diminished pressure, exert an elastic separating force upon the solid crystals of granules, in the manner of a flux, and thus assist the liquefaction of the mass, and drive it up any fissure that might open for its passage, in a pasty or semi-liquid state, short of complete fusion; so that on reaching the outer air, and parting with the contained steam, together with the heat which the expansion of this element would carry off in a latent from, its surface would consolidate instantly; and the solidification extending rapidly inwards by the formation of crevices giving an outlet to further vapour, the resulting rock would exhibit a cellular or porous structure, and a granular or crystalline texture, in lieu of the compact and glassy one which, if completely fused, it should possess.
VI.—Notes on the Green Slates and Porphyries of the Neighbourhood of Ingleton
Authors: Nichlson Henry Alleyne
Published: May 2009

The occurence of certain of the Lower Silurian Rocks of the Lake-district beneath the Scar Limestone of Yorkshire, on a line between Ingleton and Settle, has been long known, and has been noticed both by Professor Phillips (Trans. Geol. Soc. 2nd series, vol. iii. p.1), and by Professor Sedgwick (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. viii. p. 35). More recently the rocks in question have been shortly descrobed in a paper by Mr. Hughes, of the Geological Survey (Geol. Mag. Vol. IV. p. 346). Having had the opportunity of visiting Ingleton in company with Professor HArkness, and subsequently alone, I have collected the following brief notes of the Silurian strata which are seen in that locality, and which belong to the Green Slates and Porphyroes of the Lake-district.
III.—Notes on Continental Geology and Palæontology
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

During my recent stay at Geneva the eminent geologists MM. F.J. Pictet and P. de Loriol showed me a very considerable number of fossils, which they had collected from the middle and lower portions of the Cretaceous system of Switzerland and Savoy, and carefully explained the position of the beds from which they had been obtained. M. Pictet subsequently, at my request, recorded in manuscript his most recent views in connection with this important topic, of which I will shortly reproduce a translation for the benefit of the readers of the Geological Magazine. He has, however, restricted his table and explanations to the middle and lower portions of the Cretaceous system, because the regions which surround Geneva do not exhibit any representatives or evidence in connection with the upper stages. M. Pictet has also explained his views with reference to the rock which, at the Porte-de-France, contains the Terebratula janitor, and of the Carpathian or Stramberg limestone, which has been placed by M. Hébert at the base of the Cretaceous system, but which others have referred to the Jurassic epoch. The correct determination of the true age of these rocks is a subject of very great importance, since they contain a rich assemblage of species bearing a particular and well-marked stamp, as may be seen by a glance at Professor Suess's admirable monograph, “Die Brachiopoden der Stramberger Schichten,” as well as at those by Zettel, etc., on other classes.