bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic equations for a relaxed elastic line of second kind in Minkowski 3-space
Authors: Bayram Ergin , Kasap Emin
Published: May 2015

Let ? be an arc on a connected oriented surface S in Minkowski 3-space,
parameterized by arc length s, with torsion ? and length l. The total square
torsion H of ? is defined by H = ?10 ?2ds. The arc ? is called a relaxed
elastic line of second kind if it is an extremal for the variational problem
of minimizing the value of H within the family of all arcs of length l on S
having the same initial point and initial direction as ?. In this study, we
obtain the differential equation and boundary conditions for a relaxed
elastic line of second kind on an oriented surface in Minkowski 3-space. This
formulation should give a more direct and more geometric approach to
questions concerning relaxed elastic lines of second kind on a surface.
Local classification and examples of an important class of paracontact metric manifolds
Authors: Martín-Molina Verónica
Published: May 2015

We study paracontact metric (k,?)-spaces with k = -1, equivalent to h2=0 but
not h=0. In particular, we will give an alternative proof of Theorem 3.2 of
[11] and present examples of paracontact metric (-1,2)-spaces and
(-1,0)-spaces of arbitrary dimension with tensor h of every possible constant
rank. We will also show explicit examples of paracontact metric (-1,?)-spaces
with tensor h of non-constant rank, which were not known to exist until now.
Conformal mappings of quasi-Einstein manifolds admitting special vector fields
Authors: Kırık Bahar , Zengin Özen
Published: May 2015

As it is known, Einstein manifolds play an important role in geometry as well
as in general relativity. Einstein manifolds form a natural subclass of the
class of quasi-Einstein manifolds. In this work, we investigate conformal
mappings of quasi-Einstein manifolds. Considering this mapping, we examine
some properties of these manifolds. After that, we also study some special
vector fields under this mapping of these manifolds and some theorems about
them are proved.
Four-dimensional, Ricci-flat manifolds which admit a metric
Authors: Hall Graham
Published: May 2015

This paper discusses the relationships between the metric, the connection and
the curvature tensor of 4-dimensional, Ricci flat manifolds which admit a
metric. It is shown that these metric and curvature objects are essentially
equivalent conditions for such manifolds if one excludes certain very special
cases and which occur when the signature is indefinite. In a similar vein,
some relevant remarks are made regarding the Weyl conformal tensor.
On some properties of non-symmetric connections
Authors: Mincic Svetislav
Published: May 2015

On an N-dimensional manifold with non-symmetric connection Lijk four kinds of
covariant derivative (1.1) are defined, and four curvature tensors are
obtained. In the present paper specially the 3rd and the 4th kind of
covariant derivative are studied, particularly their application on
?-symbols.
CR-submanifolds with the symmetric σ in a locally conformal Kaehler space form
Authors: Matsumoto Koji
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we consider CR-submanifolds with the symmetric ?? which is a
generalization of parallel second fundamental form, in a locally conformal
Kaehler space form. About the symmetric tensor field P defined in (1.7), we
show that, in an anti-holomorphic submanifold in an l.c.K.-space form, P is
diagonal with respect to an adapted frame and has two eigenfunctions (See
Theorem 3.1). Finally, we consider the relation of the eigenfunctions of P
and the Lee form (See Theorems 3.2 and 3.3).
Cystatin C - more than the marker of the glomerular filtration rate
Authors: Cabarkapa Velibor
Published: May 2015

Introduction. Cystatin C is one of biomarkers that meet the conditions
necessary for an endogenous substance to be a marker of the glomerular
filtration rate. Cystatin C - Properties. Cystatin C is produced in the
nucleated cells in a constant amount, and its serum concentration does not
depend on muscle mass and protein intake. The catabolism of cystatin C is
mostly done in the kidneys. Determination of Cystatin C Level. Cystatin C may
be determined in the serum, plasma, capillary blood and urine. The laboratory
methods which are mainly used to determine its level are nephelometric and
turbidimetric immunoassays. Cystatin C as a Marker of Glomerular Filtration
Rate. Cystatin C is superior to creatinine as a marker of kidney function,
especially in the early stages of chronic kidney disease. Several formulas
are available for calculating the glomerular filtration rate from serum
cystatin C. Cystatin C in Various Physiological/Pathophysiological
Conditions. The level of cystatin C should be interpreted carefully because
there are factors that can affect its level regardless of the renal function
(thyroid dysfunction, glucocorticoids use, malignancies etc.). Higher
cystatin C concentrations in general population are associated with an
increased cardiovascular risk, as well as with preeclampsia in pregnant
women. Conclusion. The significant advantages of cystatin C as a kidney
function marker are its use in the creatinine ?blind? area, in pediatric and
the elderly population. In addition, cystatin C could be used as a marker for
cardiovascular risk assessment, in predicting and detecting preeclampsia, in
patients with malignant diseases, etc.
Bacterial infections in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Preveden Tomislav
Published: May 2015

Introduction. Liver cirrhosis is characterized by a reduced defensive
reaction to bacterial infections and patients with cirrhosis are at
increased risk of developing infections, sepsis and death. The most common
bacterial infections in these patients are spontaneous bacterial
peritonitis, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue
infection and bacteremia. The most common causes are Gram negative bacteria.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, localization and
etiology of bacterial infections in hospitalized patients with liver
cirrhosis. Material and Methods. This retrospective study included 401
patients with liver cirrhosis hospitalized at the Department of Infectious
Diseases, Clinical Center of Vojvodina Novi Sad in the period from 2006 to
2010. Bacterial infection was diagnosed according to clinical examination,
laboratory findings, radiological examination and bacterial positive
culture. Results. The prevalence of bacterial infection was 38.15%
(153/401). The most common infections were pneumonia (21.56%), urinary tract
infection (20.91%), and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (18.95%).
Localization of infection remained undetermined in as many as 37 patients
(24.18%). Bacterial cultures were positive in 32 patients (20.91%), Gram
negative bacteria were commonly isolated, mostly Escherichia coli (71.87%).
The mortality rate among patients with bacterial infections was 31.37%
(48/153). Conclusion. Bacterial infections are often found in patients with
liver cirrhosis, the most frequent being pneumonia, urinary tract infection
and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gram negative bacteria, especially
Escherichia coli were predominant in the etiology. The extent to which
bacterial infections are taken into consideration in cases with liver
cirrhosis is rather high; however, they are not proved etiologically to the
satisfactory level.
Islet Transplantation for Type 1 Diabetes, 2015: What Have We Learned From Alloislet and Autoislet Successes?
Authors: Robertson R. Paul
Published: May 2015

The therapeutic potential of pancreatic islet allotransplantation, in which human donor islets are used, as a treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D) has fascinated diabetes researchers and clinicians for decades. At the same time, the therapeutic potential of total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) (in which one’s own islets are used) as a preventive treatment for diabetes in patients who undergo total pancreatectomy for chronic, painful pancreatitis has received relatively less attention. This is ironic, since the latter has been much more effective than the former in terms of successful glucose management and duration of efficacy. The reasons for this disparity can be partially identified. TPIAT receives very little attention in textbooks of internal medicine and general surgery and surprisingly little print in textbooks of endocrinology and transplantation. T1D is much more predominant than TPIAT as a clinical entity. Provision of insulin or replacement of islets is mandatory and a primary goal in T1D. Provision of pain relief from chronic pancreatitis is the primary goal of total pancreatectomy in TPIAT, whereas treatment of diabetes, and certainly prevention of diabetes, has been more of a secondary consideration. Nonetheless, research developments in both fields have contributed to success in one another. In this Perspective, I will provide a brief history of islet transplantation and contrast and compare the procedures of allo- and autoislet transplantation from three major points of view 1) the procedures of islet procurement, isolation, and transplantation; 2) the role and complications of immunosuppressive drugs; and 3) the posttransplant consequences on β- as well as α-cell function.
Evidence-Informed Clinical Practice Recommendations for Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Complicated by Problematic Hypoglycemia
Authors: Choudhary Pratik , Rickels Michael R. , Senior Peter A. , Vantyghem Marie-Christine , Maffi Paola , Kay Thomas W. , Keymeulen Bart , Inagaki Nobuya , Saudek Frantisek , Lehmann Roger , Hering Bernhard J.
Published: May 2015

Problematic hypoglycemia, defined as two or more episodes per year of severe hypoglycemia or as one episode associated with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia, extreme glycemic lability, or major fear and maladaptive behavior, is a challenge, especially for patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes. Individualized therapy for such patients should include a composite target: optimal glucose control without problematic hypoglycemia. Therefore, we propose a tiered, four-stage algorithm based on evidence of efficacy given the limitations of educational, technological, and transplant interventions. All patients with problematic hypoglycemia should undergo structured or hypoglycemia-specific education programs (stage 1). Glycemic and hypoglycemia treatment targets should be individualized and reassessed every 3–6 months. If targets are not met, one diabetes technology—continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or continuous glucose monitoring—should be added (stage 2). For patients with continued problematic hypoglycemia despite education (stage 1) and one diabetes technology (stage 2), sensor-augmented insulin pumps preferably with an automated low-glucose suspend feature and/or very frequent contact with a specialized hypoglycemia service can reduce hypoglycemia (stage 3). For patients whose problematic hypoglycemia persists, islet or pancreas transplant should be considered (stage 4). This algorithm provides an evidence-informed approach to resolving problematic hypoglycemia; it should be used as a guide, with individual patient circumstances directing suitability and acceptability to ensure the prudent use of technology and scarce transplant resources. Standardized reporting of hypoglycemia outcomes and inclusion of patients with problematic hypoglycemia in studies of new interventions may help to guide future therapeutic strategies.
Progressive Renal Decline: The New Paradigm of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Krolewski Andrzej S.
Published: May 2015

On the basis of extensive studies in Joslin Clinic patients over 25 years, we propose a new model of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. In this model, the predominant clinical feature of both early and late stages of diabetic nephropathy is progressive renal decline, not albuminuria. Progressive renal decline (estimated glomerular filtration rate loss >3.5 mL/min/year) is a unidirectional process that develops while patients have normal renal function. It progresses at an almost steady rate until end-stage renal disease is reached, albeit at widely differing rates among individuals. Progressive renal decline precedes the onset of microalbuminuria, and as it continues, it increases the risk of proteinuria. Therefore, study groups ascertained for microalbuminuria/proteinuria are enriched for patients with renal decline (decliners). We found prevalences of decliners in 10%, 32%, and 50% of patients with normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and proteinuria, respectively. Whether the initial lesion of progressive renal decline is in the glomerulus, tubule, interstitium, or vasculature is unknown. Similarly unclear are the initiating mechanism and the driver of progression. No animal model mimics progressive renal decline, so etiological studies must be conducted in humans with diabetes. Prospective studies searching for biomarkers predictive of the onset and rate of progression of renal decline have already yielded positive findings that will help to develop not only accurate methods for early diagnosis but also new therapeutic approaches. Detecting in advance which patients will have rapid, moderate, or minimal rates of progression to end-stage renal disease will be the foundation for developing personalized methods of prevention and treatment of progressive renal decline in type 1 diabetes.
Incretin-Based Drugs and Adverse Pancreatic Events: Almost a Decade Later and Uncertainty Remains
Authors: Azoulay Laurent
Published: May 2015

Over the past few years, substantial clinical data have been presented showing that incretin-based therapies are effective glucose-lowering agents. Specifically, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists demonstrate an efficacy comparable to insulin treatment with minimal hypoglycemia and have favorable effects on body weight. Thus, many of the unmet clinical needs noted from prior therapies are addressed by these agents. However, even after many years of use, many continue to raise concerns about the long-term safety of these agents and, in particular, the concern with pancreatitis. This clearly remains a complicated topic. Thus, in this issue of Diabetes Care, we continue to update our readers on this very important issue by presenting two studies evaluating incretin-based medications and risk of pancreatitis. Both have undergone significant revisions based on peer review that provided significant clarification of the data. We applaud both author groups for being extremely responsive in providing the additional data and revisions requested by the editorial team. As such, because of the critical peer review, we feel both articles achieve the high level we require for Diabetes Care and are pleased to now present them to our readers. In keeping with our aim to comprehensively evaluate this topic, we asked for additional commentaries to be prepared. In the narrative outlined below, Dr. Laurent Azoulay provides a commentary about the remaining uncertainty in this area and also discusses the results from a nationwide population-based case-control study. In the narrative preceding Dr. Azoulay’s contribution, Prof. Edwin A.M. Gale provides a commentary on the report that focuses on clinical trials of liraglutide in the treatment of diabetes. From the journal’s perspective, both of the articles on pancreatitis and incretin-based therapies reported in this issue have been well vetted, and we feel both of the commentaries are insightful.

—William T. Cefalu

Editor in Chief, Diabetes Care
Prevention and Reversal of Type 1 Diabetes—Past Challenges and Future Opportunities
Authors: Skyler Jay S.
Published: May 2015

Over the past three decades there have been a number of clinical trials directed at interdicting the type 1 diabetes (T1D) disease process in an attempt to prevent the development of the disease in those at increased risk or to stabilize—potentially even reverse—the disease in people with T1D, usually of recent onset. Unfortunately, to date there has been no prevention trial that has resulted in delay or prevention of T1D. And, trials in people with T1D have had mixed results with some showing promise with at least transient improvement in β-cell function compared with randomized control groups, while others have failed to slow the decline in β-cell function when compared with placebo. This Perspective will assess the past and present challenges in this effort and provide an outline for potential future opportunities.
Land use changes of historical structures in the agricultural landscape at the local level — Hriňová case study
Authors: Mojses Matej , Petrovič František
Published: May 2015

The aim of this paper is to describe agricultural landscapes in the cadastral area of Hriňova and their development in the context of social and economic changes over the past 60 years. This area is characterized by the occurrence of historical structures of agricultural landscape (HSAL) which are important because they comprise various cultural, environmental and ecological aspects. The assessment of land use changes on the two scales of cadastral area and selected small localities highlights that the most important trend here is agricultural extensification. The results show that despite these changes in land use, the historical structures in the agricultural landscape represented by forms of anthropogenic relief remain a permanent part of this research area.
Statistical evaluation of water quality parameters for two different seasons in Mahi estuary, west coast of India
Authors: Jangala Isaiah Nirmal Kumar , Sajish Poliyaparambil Ravi , Nirmal Kumar Rita , Basil George , Khan Shamiyan
Published: May 2015

Monthly and seasonal field sampling was conducted to characterize the variations in water column nutrients along four stations in the Mahi estuary, west coast of India from July 2008 to June 2009. Water samples from five stations were studied, from which Stations 1 and 2 are contaminated with effluents released by surrounding industrial complexes. The samples were analyzed for temperature and pH insitu, and salinity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, BOD, sulfate, nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen, silicate-silicon, phosphate and calcium and magnesium, as per standard methods. The results showed an increased content of sulfate, nitrate, and total nitrogen in both Stations 1 and 2. The entire data has been factorized using principal component analysis to extract total variability and linear relationships for a set of different physico-chemical parameters of the Mahi estuarine system. The results revealed that all the physico-chemical processes depend on the seasonal fluctuations in freshwater input and sea-water intrusion. Cluster analysis was carried out for station-wise average values to understand the relationships between stations. Eigen values showed that PC1 was the most significant component, representing more than 90% of the variance in water quality parameters in the Mahi estuary for both monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. The results showed high deterioration in the physico-chemical quality of water during the non- -monsoon season compared to that in the monsoon season.
Evaluation of soil resilience to anthropopressure in Łosie village (Lower Beskids Mts) – preliminary results
Authors: Nowak Agnieszka , Tokarczyk Natalia
Published: May 2015

This paper presents the preliminary results of research on soil resilience to anthropopressure in Łosie village (Lower Beskids Mts). The considered risks included three features which reflect soil resilience: predicted soil loss caused by water erosion, mechanical and physico-chemical filtration capacities. The average annual rate of soil loss was calculated based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Analyses of mechanical and physico-chemical filtration capacities of soils were conducted on the basis of algorithms which took into account the soil texture class and groundwater table class. The results confirmed that the highest predicted soil loss takes place within arable lands, particularly those located on slopes - with up and down tillage. During the period from 1997 to 2009, predicted soil loss decreased by 57% due to the decline in the percentage of arable land in the research area. It was found that the introduction of cross-slope tillage within arable lands could decrease overall predicted soil loss up to 67%. Areas with the lowest mechanical filtration capacities were located on slopes and related to sandy clay soils whereas the areas with the lowest physico-chemical filtration capacities were situated in valley bottoms and are mainly due to the shallow level of the groundwater table. Finally, it was noted that the different types of analyzed risk do not overlap nor even do they correspond with each other, which is conditioned by different features of the environment that were taken into consideration. The obtained results have shown how important sustainable spatial planning evaluation of various types of environmental resilience is.
SOIL MICROMYCETES AND VEGETATION CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH VEGETATIVE COVER DESTRUCTION ON CHOSEN LOCALITIES OF TATRY MOUNTAINS - FIRST APPROACH
Authors: Ďugová Olívia , Barančoková Mária , Krajčí Ján , Barančok Peter
Published: May 2015

Ďugova O., Barančokova M., Krajči J., Barančok P.: Soil micromycetes and vegetation changes associated with vegetative cover destruction on chosen localities of Tatry Mountains - first approach. Ekologia (Bratislava), Vol. 32, No. 2, p. 158-172, 2013.

Species composition of soil micromycetes and vegetation and its changes associated with vegetative cover destruction were observed in four localities of Tatry Mts. Three research plots with different extent of vegetation destruction on each locality were subjectively chosen: control plots with almost no destruction of vegetation and soil cover (C), partially disturbed plots (B) and plots with high level of soil cover destruction where cover of herb layer was less than 20% (A). Plant species composition of control plots was characterised by the highest level of taxonomical diversity, highest cover of herb and moss layer and represented by alpine herb and grass communities on siliceous bedrock (Juncion trifidi alliance) and alpine and subalpine plant communities on calcareous bedrock (Seslerion tatrae alliance). Devastation of soil and vegetation on B and A plots was performed particularly by decreasing of herb layer cover and changes in species composition: species as Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Calluna vulgaris were absent, whereas Poa alpina, Potentilla aurea, Agrostis rupestris or Avenella flexuosa occurred on devastated plots often. From investigated soils 43 species of soil micromycetes were identified. Control plot of each locality was represented by the highest taxonomical diversity of soil micromycetes. The number of species significantly decreased on plots with successive destruction of vegetation cover (B and A). Several species were identified in just one case (Penicillium digitatum (pers.:Fr.) Sacc., Chrysosporium keratinophilum D.Frey ex J.W. Carmich. etc.). The outcomes showed that soil microorganisms as well as vascular plants react on destruction of soil cover very sensitively.
Does mist-netting provide reliable data to determine the sex and age ratios of migrating birds? A case study involving the Great Tit (Parus major) and the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus)
Authors: Nowakowski Jarosław K. , Chruściel Jacek , Muś Krzysztof
Published: May 2015

Nowakowski J.K., Chruściel J., Muś K.: Does mist-netting provide reliable data to determine the sex and age ratios of migrating birds? A case study involving the Great Tit (Parus major) and the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus). Ekologia (Bratislava), Vol. 32, No. 2, p. 173-185 , 2013.

Ringing results of tits caught at two stations on the Polish Baltic coast were used to check if mistnetting could be successfully used to analyse the composition of sex and age classes of migrating birds. Four hypotheses are discussed, describing the distribution of age and sex classes during migration, and the consequences these distributions might have for the catching results. We analysed records of 59 000 Blue Tits and more than 84 000 Great Tits that were caught and we found a similarity in the results of catches at stations 188 km apart, and a higher similarity among catching sites 0.5-16 km apart. These results proved that mist-netting provides reliable data on the sex and age structure of migrating flocks, and that these data can generally be interpreted as representative for at least the area in a radius of more than 10 km. The results also showed a migratory divide through the central part of the Polish Baltic coastline between irruptive Blue Tits in the west and regular partial migrants in the east. Great Tits showed no tendency for irruptions anywhere in the study area. A high correspondence in the age and sex ratio was found for Great Tits and Blue Tits, in particular where both species are regular migrants. We found that the ratios of females and immatures did not differ by more than 1% over many years of study in these areas.
Transfer of Risk elements in soil–bilberry system
Authors: Kuklová Margita , Kukla Ján
Published: May 2015

Kuklova M., Kukla J.: Transfer of risk elements in soil-bilberry system. Ekologia (Bratislava), Vol. 32, No. 2, p. 211-219, 2013.

Transfer of Al, Cr and Ni in the soil-plant (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) system was examined in four forest ecosystems in the localities Muraň (skeli-humic podzols) and Hliniky (dystric cambisols) in the protected zone of the NP Slovensky raj. In case of Al, the transfer coefficients were low, exceeding 1 only in the litter horizon on the damaged plot in the locality Muraň. The Al content in soils was the highest at a depth of 60-70 cm (10 249 mg kg-1) on the undamaged plot in Hliniky. The amounts of Al accumulated in bilberries were higher than the background value in plants, and they made 11-22% of the maximum Al contents detected in Ooh horizons of the studied soils. Cr on the damaged plot in the locality Muraň displayed higher transfer coefficients (range 1.09-11.3) in comparison with the other plots (0.03-0.59). Considering the value representing the maximum Cr amount detected in Ooh horizon in the corresponding locality as 100%, the content of Cr in bilberries growing on the damaged plot in Muraň was 109%, in contrast to 2% on the damaged plot in Hliniky. The concentrations of Ni in soils exceeded limit values in the surface humus horizons on all studied plots. Ni displayed higher transfer coefficients, exceeding 1 only on the damaged plot in the locality Muraň. Bilberries had accumulated 6-28% Ni in the locality Muraň, and 2-6% in the locality Hliniky of the maximum amounts detected in Ooh horizons of soils. The differences in mean values of transfer coefficients for Al, Ni and Cr were statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Water flow model for the Harrier Basin, Kurdistan of Iraq
Authors: Sharif Azad J. , Elias Ziyad R. , Omar Mohummed F.
Published: May 2015

Sharif A.J., Elias Z.R., Omar M.F.: Water flow model for the Harrier basin, Kurdistan of Iraq. Ekologia (Bratislava), Vol. 32, No. 2, p. 242-247, 2013.

The study includes computer topographic and morphologic simulation of water flow produced using a watershed modelling system that uses hydrologic and physical data from the study area. The DEM module, TIN module, Map module and Hydrologic module were used in this study. A land use data, a soil data and rainfall data were used to produce a curve that illustrates quantity of water flow versus time of water flow across the Harrier basin. The calculated water loss rate can be attributed to a number of factors such as joints, faults, bedding and land use (agriculture and forest). Land use and soil characteristics are both important factors affecting water flow rates. The climate in the Harrier basin is semi-arid. Simulated flow data indicate that the top flow rate is 32 m3/s and that water can reach to the basin outlet in 3 hours and 10 minutes.
Serbian spruce (Picea omorica/Panc./Purkyne) variability in the artificial populations in Serbia
Authors: Isajev Vasilije , Lavadinović Vera , Lučić Aleksandar , Rakonjac Ljubinko
Published: May 2015

Isajev V., Lavadinović V., Lučić A., Rakonjac L.J.: Serbian spruce (Picea omorca /Panc./ Purkyne) variability in the artificial populations in Serbia. Ekologia (Bratislava), Vol. 32, No. 3, p. 277-282, 2013. A great part of the genetic variation and the potentials of Serbian spruce natural populations have been incorporated in several plantations in the Western Serbia at the site Quercetum fraineto-cerris s.l., Salicetum fragillis s.l and Pinetum nigre s.l. and in other similar occurrences In this way, it becomes much more available for the research and future utilization. The intensive research of the plantations started by the classification of trees into phenogroups which were considered to be significant for forestry and horticulture. The differences between flowering years, plantations and individual trees in the regularity and abundance of micro- and macro-strobiles are major indicators f genetic variability in the reproductive cycle of Serbian spruce. The interaction of environmental characteristics and genotypes of extreme and average trees illustrate the reproductive ability of Serbian spruce on different sites and indicates that this species achieves the coenological and not the ecological optimum at its natural sites. Application of genetic/selection programmes can lead to the production of planting stock of desired and defined properties, which could survive the stress environmental factors, thanks to its morphological and physiological properties.
Dependence of douglas-fir mean height on geographic origin of canadian provenances in seedling nursery conditions
Authors: Popović Vladan , Lavadinović Vera , Bjelanović Ivan , Lavadinović Vukan
Published: May 2015

Popović V., Lavadinović V., Bjelanović I., Lavadinović V.: Dependence of Douglas-fir mean height on geographic origin of Canadian provenances in seedlings nursery conditions. Ekologia (Bratislava), Vol. 32, No. 3, p. 328-334, 2013. Seed and seedling tests, performed with the aim of acquiring knowledge about the genetic potential of selected provenances, are generally one of the first trials in a complex system of comparative examinations to be conducted upon the introduction of alien tree species. This paper presents the results of the investigation of the dependence of the mean height of 14 Canadian origin Douglas- -fir provenances, originating from latitude 49o 10’ to 51o 35’, longitude 11 o 20’ to 120o 10’ and the altitude of 488 to 1,070 m, on the geographic origin. Understanding the variations in the mean height of a seedling is of major importance for acquiring knowledge on genetic potential of selected provenances, which are one of the key parameters for the introduction of Douglas fir into relevant forest sites in Serbia.
Threats and international tools for sustainable brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) management
Authors: Lavadinović Vukan , Popović Zoran , Ristić Zoran , Beuković Dejan
Published: May 2015

Lavadinović V., Popović Z., Ristić Z., Beuković D.: Threats and international tools for sustainable brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) management. Ekologia (Bratislava), Vol. 32, No. 4, p. 345-351, 2013.

Negative relation between humans and large carnivores with unprofitable management caused a decrease in abundance of the latter within their natural habitat. Main reasons for negative attitudes of humans towards large carnivores are damages, fear and unfamiliarity with their characteristics. Brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a European autochthonous large carnivore. Although it is not threatened at the global level, its abundance in Europe is limited to several populations. Protection has an important role in brown bear conservation, since they face different threats, mainly by negative human activities. Conservation of the brown bear is complicated due to its habitats overlapping with the human environment and also because brown bears require large territories. In order to protect brown bears more efficiently, it is important to identify the threats and to conduct the species protection by international recommendations and agreements. In this paper, we analysed brown bear distribution in Europe, abundance limitation factors and international conservation instruments.
Integral indices for quality assessment of pulp and paper mill effluents
Authors: Bogolitsyn Konstantin , Gusakova Maria , Samsonova Nina , Selivanova Natalia , Pochtovalova Alexsandra
Published: May 2015

The first part of this investigation studied complex nature of chemical oxygen demand (COD ) parameter on local and overall effluents, which were obtained from two pulp and paper mills, located in the Northwest region of Russia. Contribution of individual compounds and fractions of matters having different chemical nature to COD for these effluents was established. The second part of this study shows that, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of priority pollutants and their contribution to COD for different pulp and paper mills are not the same, though these mills use similar technologies and produce similar products.
Ground level ozone effects in individual growth phases of central european submountain beech forests
Authors: Kellerová Daniela , Janík Rastislav
Published: May 2015

We observed ground level ozone concentrations on a series of five beech experimental plots, one representing the original stand and the other four generated and modified by cuts of graduated intensity. The study was carried out in a beech ecosystem in the Kremnické vrchy Mts, the Western Carpathian region, in years 1999-2008. The plots, established in 1989, were evaluated and compared statistically before and after the cutting modification in 2004. The level of significance of the effect of this intervention was 99% on the plot representing small-area clear-cut and on the plot treated with medium cut. Differences, though not significant, were also found in the other plots. Apart from the effects due to the stocking reduction, the whole post-intervention period was characterised with the influence of progressively increasing average air temperatures and similarly increasing ozone concentrations. Globally, the ozone concentrations on all plots were lower (average value 39 μg m
Water Temperature Influence on Selected Properties of Surface River Water Throughout the Year (River Nitra)
Authors: Vanková Viera , Petluš Peter
Published: May 2015

Vanková V., Petluš P.: Water temperature influence on selected properties of surface river water throughout the year (river Nitra). Ekológia (Bratislava), Vol. 33, No. 2, p. 151-159, 2014.

Assessment of chosen surface water properties was realised as a part of broader research on environmental aspects of urban environment. Analyses of selected physical and chemical water properties, oxygen and temperature regime, neutralisation capacity, selected nutrients and measurements of air temperature was done in monthly intervals during 2012 at three localities. Two of the assessed localities are at river Nitra: Nitra Communal Services and housing estate Chrenová I. The third locality is the oxbow lake of Malá Hangócka river at Nitra City Park. We have assessed the volume of oxygen concentration (O2, mg/l) and oxygen regime, phosphates (P-PO4 -3, mg/l), ammoniac nitrogen (N-NH4 +, mg/l), nitrites (N-NO2 -, mg/l), pH and water temperature (°C) from the collected samples. Out of these analyses the values of the above mentioned indicators, their annual fluctuation and water quality of observed localities were obtained. The influence of human activities on water properties and its quality was further assessed. Statistical methods such as two-factor dispersion analysis without replication and correlation coefficient were applied to validate the correlation of selected surface water properties, water and air temperature and to compare observed localities.
Ecosytem Services: A Rapid Assessment Method Tested at 35 Sites of the LTER-Europe Network
Authors: Dick Jan , Al-Assaf Amani , Andrews Chris , Díaz-Delgado Ricardo , Groner Elli , Halada Ľuboš , Izakovičová Zita , Kertész Miklós , Khoury Fares , Krasić Dušanka , Krauze Kinga , Matteucci Giorgio , Melecis Viesturs , Mirtl Michael , Orenstein Daniel E. , Preda Elena , Santos-Reis Margarida , Smith Rognvald I. , Vadineanu Angheluta , Veselić Sanja , Vihervaara Petteri
Published: May 2015

The identification of parameters to monitor the ecosystem services delivered at a site is fundamental to the concept’s adoption as a useful policy instrument at local, national and international scales. In this paper we (i) describe the process of developing a rapid comprehensive ecosystem service assessment methodology and (ii) test the applicability of the protocol at 35 long-term research (LTER) sites across 14 countries in the LTER-Europe network (www.lter-europe.net) including marine, urban, agricultural, forest, desert and conservation sites. An assessment of probability of occurrence with estimated confidence score using 83 ecosystem service parameters was tested. The parameters were either specific services like food production or proxies such as human activities which were considered surrogates for cultural diversity and economic activity. This initial test of the ecosystem service parameter list revealed that the parameters tested were relatively easy to score by site managers with a high level of certainty (92% scored as either occurring or not occurring at the site with certainty of over 90%). Based on this assessment, we concluded that (i) this approach to operationalise the concept of ecosystem services is practical and applicable by many sectors of civil society as a first screen of the ecosystem services present at a site, (ii) this study has direct relevance to land management and policy decision makers as a transparent vehicle to focus testing scenarios and target data gathering, but (iii) further work beyond the scale investigated here is required to ensure global applicability.
Chemical Properties of the Forest Litter in Istria and the Croatian Littoral
Authors: Špoljar Andrija , Barčić Damir , Peremin Volf Tomislava , Husnjak Stjepan , Ivica Martinović
Published: May 2015

The experiment was set up in the forest ecosystem with diverse vegetation zones in the area of Istria and the Croatian Littoral. Research included the following systematic soil units: lithic lepto-sols, rendzic leptosols, rendzic leptosols - eroded, mollic leptosols, chromic cambisol and chromic luvisols. The average quantity of the forest litter in the studied systematic soil units reaches 13.36 t/ha (Tables 1-3). The “wealth” of organic matter in the studied soil units can be presented with the following series: chromic cambisols (CMx) > mollic leptosols (LPm), organogenic, rendzic leptosols (LPk) > lithic leptosols (LPq) > chromic cambisols (CMx) - Terra rossa, chromic luvi-sols (LVx) > rendzic leptosols (LPk) - eroded. As expected, the lowest value of total nitrogen was found in the lithic leptosols in relation to almost all the other soils, except when compared with chromic cambisol and rendzic leptosols (p ⋋ 0.05). The statistically justified higher values of the percentage share of P
Response of Vegetation on Gravel Bars to Management Measures and Floods: Case Study From the Czech Republic
Authors: Eremiášová Renata , Skokanová Hana
Published: May 2015

This article investigates response of vegetation on gravel bars to management measures and floods. The management measures consisted of the partial removal of gravel and vegetation cover, and were applied to six gravel bars on the Ostravice River, Czech Republic. Unexpected floods occu-rred in 2010, with the amplitude of 5- to 50-year repetition. Research of vegetation on the gravel bars consisted of vegetation survey before the management works; the monitoring of vegetation development over the following year and the verification of the relationships of species diversity, successional stages and the biotope conditions with the help of multivariate analysis (detrended correspondence analysis). Vegetation on the gravel bars was at different successional stages, and had higher diversity and vegetation cover before the management measures and floods. The mul-tivariate analysis revealed a shift toward initial successional stages with high demand on moisture, temperature and light after both management measures and floods.
Evaluation of Microclimatic Data on Localities with Different Ratio of Vegetation in Urban Environment
Authors: Keresztesová Soňa , Klein Ján , Rózová Zdenka
Published: May 2015

Many authors (Akbari, Taha, 1992; Čaboun, 2008; Klein, 2013; Keresztesová, 2013) proved the influence of vegetation on microclimate as well as on the decrease of heat islands. We were interested in how different ratio of vegetation and open spaces influences microclimatic factors. From April to July 2012 microclimatic factors of two different localities with respect to various ratios of vegetation and open spaces were observed in Nitra, Slovakia. More specifically we observed the air temperature, relative air humidity and surface temperatures of four selected points in both localities. We have found out that in the park, i.e. in the locality with a higher portion of vegetation than open space was the course of temperatures more balanced, thanks to the attribute of vegetation to keep a stable microclimate. We have not observed any major Differences between the monitored points variously located in the vegetation in one locality, but on the other hand, we have observed remarkable differences between the two monitored localities. We may allege that the ratio of vegetation and open spaces makes significant contribution to microclimatic conditions of urban environment.
Soil Heterogeneity Reflected in Biogeography of Beech Forests in the Borderland Between the Bohemian Massif and the Outer Western Carpathians
Authors: Samec Pavel , Kučera Aleš , Rejšek Klement
Published: May 2015

Soil environment characteristics naturally affect the biogeographical classification of forests in central Europe. However, even on the same localities, different systems of vegetation classification de-scribe the forest types according to the naturally dominant tree species with different accuracy. A set of 20 representative natural beech stands in the borderland between the Bohemian Massif (Hercyni-an biogeographical subprovince) and the Outer Western Carpathians (Westcarpathian subprovince) was selected in order to compare textural, hydrostatic, physico-chemical and chemical properties of soils between the included geomorphological regions, bioregions and biotopes. Differences in the soils of the surveyed beech stands were mainly due to volume weight and specific weight, maximum capillary capacity (MCC), porosity, base saturation (BS), total soil nitrogen (N
Forkome Model Application for Prognosis of Forest Fires
Authors: Kozak Ihor , Węgiel Andrzej , Strzeliński Paweł , Frąk Rafał , Stępień Adam , Kociuba Piotr , Kozak Hanna
Published: May 2015

This paper presents the perspectives of FORKOME model use regarding the simulation of fre and its impact on forest stands. The calculation of probability of forest fres and predicting its effect on forest stands are analysed as well. The model is supposed to examine the impact of fres on pine stands, which ultimately leads to a decline in the viability of those trees. As a result of fre activity there were determined the following categories of trees - undamaged, slightly damaged, heavily damaged and destroyed. Moreover, by conducting simulations on forests with Scots pine
The Patient-Specific Functional Scale: Its Reliability and Responsiveness in Patients Undergoing a Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Berghmans Danielle D.P. , Lenssen Antoine F. , van Rhijn Lodewijk W. , de Bie Rob A.
Published: May 2015

Study Design

A prospective cohort study, with assessments before, at 3 months after, and at 12 months after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Objectives

To determine and compare the responsiveness and reliability of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) in patients undergoing a TKA.

Background

Reliable and valid measurement instruments are important to measure functional status. The PSFS is frequently used in several patient populations, but its methodological characteristics in a population of patients with TKA in the perioperative phases of surgery are unknown.

Methods

The PSFS, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and global perceived effect (GPE) were administered at 3 time points in 150 patients undergoing a TKA. Correlations, effect sizes, and standardized response means were calculated. The PSFS was administered twice to assess its reliability in terms of intraclass correlation coefficients and limits of agreement.

Results

The correlation coefficients between the PSFS and WOMAC at 3 months and 1 year were 0.41 and 0.48, respectively; those between the PSFS and GPE were −0.37 and −0.55, respectively. The effect sizes of the PSFS at 3 months and 1 year were 1.71 and 2.89, respectively; those of the WOMAC were 1.45 and 1.64, respectively. The standardized response means of the PSFS at 3 months and 1 year were 0.96 and 1.48, respectively; those of the WOMAC were 1.28 and 1.37, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients ranged between 0.73 and 0.86. The systematic error was between 0.12 and 0.54. The limits of agreement ranged from ±2.17 to ±2.72.

Conclusion

The reliability of the PSFS is good. Its responsiveness is high, especially in the long term. However, the PSFS cannot be used interchangeably with the WOMAC in the immediate postoperative period. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(7):550–556. Epub 21 May 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5825
Locational Pricing to Mitigate Voltage Problems Caused by High PV Penetration
Authors: Weckx Sam , D'hulst Reinhilde , Driesen Johan
Published: May 2015

In this paper, a locational marginal pricing algorithm is proposed to control the voltage in unbalanced distribution grids. The increasing amount of photovoltaic (PV) generation installed in the grid may cause the voltage to rise to unacceptable levels during periods of low consumption. With locational prices, the distribution system operator can steer the reactive power consumption and active power curtailment of PV panels to guarantee a safe network operation. Flexible loads also respond to these prices. A distributed gradient algorithm automatically defines the locational prices that avoid voltage problems. Using these locational prices results in a minimum cost for the distribution operator to control the voltage. Locational prices can differ between the three phases in unbalanced grids. This is caused by a higher consumption or production in one of the phases compared to the other phases and provides the opportunity for arbitrage, where power is transferred from a phase with a low price to a phase with a high price. The effect of arbitrage is analyzed. The proposed algorithm is applied to an existing three-phase four-wire radial grid. Several simulations with realistic data are performed.
Supplementation of Coenzyme Q10 among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Shen Qiuhua , Pierce Janet
Published: May 2015

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality with ever increasing prevalence in the United States and worldwide. There is growing body of evidence suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction secondary to oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Coenzyme Q10 is an important micronutrient acting on the electron transport chain of the mitochondria with two major functions: (1) synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); and (2) a potent antioxidant. Deficiency in coenzyme Q10 is often seen in patients with T2DM. Whether restoration of coenzyme Q10 will help alleviate oxidative stress, preserve mitochondrial function, and thus improve glycemic control in T2DM is unclear. This article reviews the relationships among oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and T2DM and examines the evidence for potential use of coenzyme Q10 as a supplement for the treatment of T2DM.