bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Color Breakup on Field‐Sequential Color Projectors
Authors: Mori Mineo , Hatada Toyohiko , Ishikawa Kazuo , Saishouji Tosio , Wada Osamu , Nakamura Junichi , Terashima Nobuyoshi
Published: January 2005

To investigate color breakup on field‐sequential color projector, we measured threshold of color fusion frequency to retinal velocity of the moving edge on the color flicker filed. The characteristic changed in the velocity as saccade. The result suggests that the mechanism of color breakup differs by range of retinal velocity.
25.3 Avalanche Cold Cathode for CRTs
Authors: Gehring F. C. , van Zutphen T.
Published: January 2005

The Avalanche Cold Cathode ACC is a new cathode for CRT's which provides power reduction, a shallower tube, Front‐of‐Screen performance improvements, and instant‐on in monitors. Basic electron optical and application aspects are addressed.
Current Status and Future of Light Emitting Polymer Display driven by Poly‐Si TFT
Authors: Shimoda Tatsuya , Kimura Mutsumi , Miyashita Satoru , Friend Richard H. , Burroughes Jeremy H. , Towns Carl R.
Published: January 2005

The combination of Light Emitting Polymer (LEP) with Poly‐Si TFT has great potential to realize an ideal type of the flat panel display. High‐resolution monochrome LEP display driven by p‐Si TFT with integrated driver has been already developed. That demonstrated its high potential. The current status of the technologies will be introduced, with some comment for further developmental work.
27.3: Improvement of Electrical Stability of Poly‐Si TFTs Using Vertical a‐Si Offset
Authors: Park K.‐C. , Yoo J.‐S. , Kim C.‐H. , Han M.‐K. , Choi K.‐Y.
Published: January 2005

Polycrystalline silicon (poly‐Si) thin film transistors (TFT's) employing vertical amorphous silicon (a‐Si) offsets have been fabricated without additional photolithography processes. The a‐Si offset has been formed utilizing the poly‐Si grain growth blocking effect by thin native oxide film during the excimer laser recrystallization of a‐Si. The ON current degradation of the new device after 4 hour's electrical stress, was reduced by at least 5 times compared with conventional poly‐Si TFT's.
Improved DC Reliability of Polysilicon Thin‐Film Transistors with Deuterium Plasma Treatment
Authors: Tung Yeh‐Jiun , Huang Xuejue , King Tsu‐Jae , Boyce James , Ho Jackson
Published: January 2005

We demonstrate the improved reliability of high‐temperature (950°C) processed poly‐Si TFTs passivated in a deuterium plasma ambient. Deuterated TFTs exhibit better resistance to performance degradation under dc stress than hydrogenated TFTs. In particular, VT shift is substantially reduced for deuterated TFTs. Our results indicate that the simple substitution of deuterium gas for hydrogen gas in plasma passivation of poly‐Si TFTs can significantly improve device lifetime.
Variable‐Resolution Displays for Visual Communication and Simulation
Authors: Geisler Wilson S. , Perry Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2005

The spatial resolution of the human visual system decreases as a function of angular distance from the direction of gaze. This fact can be exploited in various applications to increase image compression, to increase image processing speed, and to decrease access time for image data. This paper describes a multiresolution pyramid method for creating variable resolution displays in real time using general purpose computers. The location of the high resolution region(s) can be dynamically controlled by the user with a pointing device (e.g., a mouse or an eye tracker) or by an algorithm. Our method has a number of advantages: high computational speed and efficiency, smooth artifact‐free variable resolution, and compatibility with other image processing software/ hardware. Applications to video communications (MPEG) and graphic simulation are described.
Optimization of Reliable Transparent Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Zhou T. X. , Brown J. J. , Mahon J. K. , Burrows P. E. , Forrest S. R.
Published: January 2005

The optical and electrical properties of the Mg‐Ag/ITO electrode of transparent organic light emitting devices (TOLED) have been extensively studied. An optimum thickness of Mg‐Ag has been chosen to achieve low operational voltage and high transparency. A more than 20‐fold improvement in ITO deposition rate over that previously reported has been achieved. Reliability data comparable to those of conventional OLEDs have been obtained.
A Polysilicon Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode Display with Integrated Drivers
Authors: Dawson R. M. A. , Shen Z. , Furst D. A. , Connor S. , Hsu J. , Kane M. G. , Stewart R. G. , Ipri A. , King C. N. , Green P. J. , Flegal R. T. , Pearson S. , Barrow W. A. , Dickey E. , Ping K. , Robinson S. , Tang C. W. , Van Slyke S. , Chen C. H. , Shi J. , Lu M. H. , Moskewicz M. , Sturm J. C.
Published: January 2005

The design of an active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) display using a polysilicon thin film transistor pixel is described. Characteristics of the OLED response in the low current regime are described and their impact on the design of integrated driver circuitry is discussed. Integrated data and select scanners which generate the signals necessary for data capture and pixel calibration are presented.
HIGH EFFICIENCY WHITE ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DEVICES
Authors: Ali T. A. , Ghosh A. P. , Howard W. E.
Published: January 2005

This paper reports the fabrication of a high efficiency and high brightness white Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) based on evaporated small molecules. The luminous efficiency of the device is approximately 1.5 lumens/watt, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the highest reported efficiency in the literature. Brightness in excess of 1000 cd/m2 is achieved at a voltage of 10V. The emitted white light, with CIE coordinates of x=0.33 and y=0.33, can be converted to red, green and blue sub‐pixels using color filters. The OLED device comprises an emission layer made of DPV type host with a single fluorescent dopant. The emission layer is sandwiched between a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer (Alq3).
Low Temperature Flat Panel Display Driver Circuits in RTP Crystallized Polysilicon
Authors: Stewart Mark , Afentakis Themis , Sarcona Greg , Hatalis Miltiadis K.
Published: January 2005

The crystallization of amorphous silicon by rapid thermal processing has some important advantages over other techniques such as laser annealing. This work investigates the characteristics of low temperature polysilicon flat panel display driver circuits fabricated in RTP crystallized polysilicon. Both digital (shift register) and analog (operational amplifier) circuits are presented.
LP‐1:Late‐News Poster:Scaling Effects of Sub‐Micron Low‐Temperature Poly‐Si TFTs
Authors: Takei M. , Uematsu T. , Yoshino K. , Takeuchi F. , Mishima K. , Sasaki N.
Published: January 2005

Sub‐micron TFTs were fabricated by using an undoped excimer‐laser‐crystallized Si film on a large glass substrate (300mm × 300mm) at exactly low process temperatures below 450 °C, for the first time. The mobility of n‐channel TFT was 180cm2/Vs and that of p‐channel was 30cm2/Vs, for small devices having 0.6 μm gate length and 0.6μm width. We observed no anomaly in threshold voltage and mobility as a function of gate length from 0.6 to 9.6 μm. However, positive shifts of threshold voltage were observed with decreasing gate width for both n‐and p‐channel devices.
Substrate Defect Detection Using Nematic LCs
Authors: Tomilin M. G.
Published: January 2005

The thin layers of homogeneously oriented nematic LCs applied on the surface under investigation as a free film can visualise through a polarising microscope cleaning defects, traces of physicochemical modifications, structural inhomogeneities and microrelief defects. The basic theory was developed to describe the defect's image formation process and its relation to nematic LC film parameters. On this basis a new non‐destructive method to study FPD substrates quality has been developed.
Video Processing for Pixellized Displays
Authors: Faroudja Y. , Balram N.
Published: January 2005

The paper describes the basics for creating an excellent video processing system for pixellized displays. It explains, using examples, some of the desirable attributes of various processing stages in such a video system. The elements described here have been implemented in several products including most recently a highly regarded LCD projector for home theater.
Analysis of Some Materials Used for In‐Neck Yokes
Authors: Li Xiaohua , Li Lingzhen
Published: January 2005

The vacuum properties are analyzed for some materials, such as, Mn‐Zn ferrite, Enameled polyimide copper wire. Through the experimental analysis, the vacuum properties of magnetic Mn‐Zn ferrite and Enameled polyimide copper wire are discussed thoroughly. These materials are successfully used in inner yoke tubes.
P‐15: The Innovational Manufacturing
Authors: Koh N. J. , Lim J. M. , Kim S. Y.
Published: January 2005

The Technology of Flatron CDT has been developed by LG Electronics. While we are developing the FLATRON, in spite of knowing that the flat screen CDT give many merits to PC(Personal Computer) and Workstation users, we find why conventional CDT have spherical and cylindrical face. One reason is that it is much more difficult to make glass in flat rather than spherical or cylindrical shapes. The other is a flat shadow mask expands or domes more severely by electrons than a rounded one.

LG FLATRON conquered the difficulties by applying perfectly flat panel and using the flat tensioned mask. Also we can adopt interchange ability process in mask and faceplate. We will show how to accomplish innovational process which are NCE(Near Contact Exposure) and ICM (Interchangeable Mask) for Flatron CDT.
LP‐3: Late‐News Poster: Photoalignment Materials Based on ω‐(4 ‐Chalconyloxy) Alkyl Groups Providing TN Alignment with Pretilt Angle by One‐Step Exposure of Polarized Near‐UV Light
Authors: Nakata S. , Kuriyama K. , Kimura M. , Natsui Y. , Makita Y. , Matsuki Y. , Bessho N. , Takeuchi Y.
Published: January 2005

New photo LC alignment materials based on poly (ω ‐(4‐chalconyloxy) alkoxyphenyl maleimide) were synthesized and evaluated. On the films of these materials, LC alignment was regulated parallel to the polarization plane of the exposed LPUV at a large dose, and thus generated pretilt angle among 1–5° by one‐step slantwise LPUV exposure. TN cells were fabricated using these materials.
Small Spot Contrast Measurements in High Performance Displays
Authors: Badano Aldo , Flynn Michael J. , Kanicki Jerzy
Published: January 2005

It has been reported recently that conventional methods for measuring the contrast ratio of display devices using small dark spots provide inaccurate data. In this paper, we describe an experimental method for reliable measurements of the small spot contrast ratio, based on a collimated probe that minimizes the signal contamination to less than 10−4 of the bright eld. Applications to veiling glare measurements and electronic crosstalk characterization are presented.
Microscope Metrology of Reflective Light Valves
Authors: Ho Kenneth C. , Rosenbluth Alan E. , Lu Minhua , Yang Kei‐Hsiung
Published: January 2005

A polarizing microscope is used to measure the electro‐optic properties of nematic light valves on a spatial, spectral, and time‐resolved basis. Under the quiescent uniform twist approximation(8), the response of the liquid crystal (LC) layer can be broadly characterized by a universal polarization conversion efficiency (PCE) function (essentially the reflectivity between crossed polarizers), whose primary independent variable is the unified parameter Δn d/λ. Spectral resolution capability in the polarizing microscope thus allows measurement of light valve PCE as a function of λ; the PCE response in turn largely determines projector dark state neutrality and color balance across gray scale. Emphasizing the case of a normally black 45° TN reflective (RTN) light valve, we use colorimetric analysis of PCE parameter‐space to select an optimal cell gap, based on a criterion of near‐achromatic black state. Once black state is achromatized, the non‐constant slope of the PCE curve implies a characteristic residual variation in CIE chromaticity as gray level is changed (for non‐monochromatic illumination). Spectral resolution allows the microscope to measure spatial variations in Δn d (and hence in PCE response). Variations in Δn d may arise from nonuniformity in either cell gap or pretilt. These may be distinguished by using the microscope to make a spatially resolved measurement of response time.
Timing Measurement and Simulation of a TFT‐LCD Panel using Pixel Macro Models
Authors: Aoki Hitoshi
Published: January 2005

This paper demonstrates a new, fast, and effective circuit simulation method for a full LCD panel. The simulation circuit consists of a‐Si TFT model presented earlier [1], the liquid crystal [1], the pixel macro models, and interconnects. We show the pixel macro modeling process associated with the timing simulation. Also, the timing measurement has been obtained to validate the macro model. Using the simulation method presented here some large LCD panels have been simulated in less than a minute on a workstation.
P‐24: Magnesium Oxide Films via Sol‐Gel Processing for Practical Application to Large‐Size PDPs
Authors: Woo S. H. , Kim J. J. , Ryu J. H. , Park M. H. , Park C. W. , Chae H. K.
Published: January 2005

Sol‐gel approach to magnesium oxide has been utilized for the fabrication of its protective thin films of Plasma Display Panel (PDP) dielectrics. The MgO films derived from the solution reproducibly present good crystallinity and surface morphology. The solution was coated on large size PDP and calcined at about 480 °C in air to obtain high quality NlgO thin film. The PDP thus obtained at a lower producing cost showed similar electrical properties for practical applications compared with electron beam evaporated one.
P‐25: Secondary ‐Electron‐Emission Analysis of MgO Films in ac Plasma Displays
Authors: Ishimoto M. , Hidaka S. , Betsui K. , Shinoda T.
Published: January 2005

The ion‐induced secondary‐electron‐emission yield of MgO films by the ion gun method was successfully measured. Variations due to crystal orientation and ion kinetic energy were observed. Ejected electron energy showed correlation with the ionization energy of the gas.
Improvement of field emission properties by formation of Nb‐silicide layer on silicon‐tip FEAs
Authors: Park Jae Seok , Lee Sanjo , Ju Byeong Kwon , Jang Jin , Jeon D. , Oh Myung Hwan
Published: January 2005

Metal‐silicide on silicon‐tip field emission arrays (FEAs) seems to be a promising way to the performance of the silicon‐tip FEAs. The Nb(Niobium)‐silicide layer was formed on silicon surface. The Nb‐silicide FEAs was prepared by silicidation process. The formation of Nb‐silicide layer on silicon surface was confirmed by using X‐Ray Diffractometry(XRD). The current‐voltage characteristics and the current fluctuation were measured under the ultra high vacuum environment using a Kiethley SMU 237 meters. The turn‐on voltage of silicon‐tip FEAs was decreased from 64V to 47V by the formation of the Nb‐silicide layer on silicon‐tip and the emission current fluctuation (2%) was more stable than that of conventional silicon‐tip FEAs.
Recent Technology Trends in CRT Electron Guns
Authors: Shirai S.
Published: January 2005

Electron gun configurations for high definition Color Display Tubes have become more and more complex to reduce deflection defocusing, lens aberration and moiré. In addition to focus performance, interference between focus and convergence characteristics, et al. have to be considered in gun design.
Oxide Phosphor Green EL on Glass Substrates
Authors: Kitai A. H. , Cook K. A. , Zhang Y. , Ho D. , Stevanovic D. V. , Huang Z. , Nakua A.
Published: January 2005

A new thin film EL device based on green emitting oxide phosphor Zn2Si.5Ge.5O4:Mn has been realized on glass and quartz substrates. The device relies on thin film dielectrics which are sputter deposited. Maximum processing temperature for the device is 700°C and excellent brightness of over 180 cd/m2 at 60 Hz may be achieved at 50 V above threshold. Typical device structures and their performance will be described.
Chromaticity, stability, and excitation characteristics of RGB thin film oxide phosphor systems for FED
Authors: Bondar V. , Dubov Yu. , Popovich S.
Published: January 2005

Spectra and diffraction patterns of multilayer systems based on thin film phosphors Zn2SiO4:Mn, Zn2SiO4:Ti, ZnGa2O4:Cr, ZnGa2O4:Mn, Y2SiO5:Ce, and Y2O3:Eu are presented. Multilayer RGB phosphor triads for obtaining white color were investigate, and developed. Luminescence dependence on electron beam energy, current density, as well as long‐term stability of thin film oxide phosphors were investigated. The novel time behavior characteristic for degradation processes in thin films was found.
Model of Amplified Spontaneous Emission in an Image Mode Laser: Theory and Experimental
Authors: Firehammer Joel A. , Crawford Gregory P. , Lawandy Nabil M.
Published: January 2005

The reduction in the output efficiency of an image mode laser due to amplified spontaneous emission is studied both theoretically and experimentally. It was found that in order to maximize efficiency, cavity loss should be minimized while maximizing the aspect ratio of the gain region and the optical pump rate.
The Vision Dome: Fully immersive VR, in a simple, scaleable, and collaborative environment
Authors: Colucci D. , Balu S. , Dana P. , Idaszak R. , Knisley E. , Zobel R.
Published: January 2005

A new concept in display environments combines the best attributes of high end simulators with boardroom flat screen projection systems to produce a fully immersive, portable, scalable and collaborative environment. A single, high resolution projector using a custom designed lens comprises the projection engine of the system. A set of software libraries specifically designed to replace the industry standard OpenGL libraries provides proper perspective images to be imaged using existing data. Lastly, the viewing screen is a domed, tent‐like structure that creates a spherical image surface in an extremely lightweight and portable package. The scalable system has been implemented in dome structures ranging from 8 m to 3 m in diameter.
Two‐Dimensional Optical Simulation Tool for Use in Microdisplay Analysis
Authors: Titus C. M. , Bos P. J. , Kelly J. R.
Published: January 2005

Optical performance of small pixel structures utilized in liquid crystal microdisplays may be affected by diffraction and multidimensional variations in liquid crystal director orientation. Modeling such structures may require more robust computational methods than existing one‐dimensional techniques. We present an implementation of the Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain method suitable for analysis of these structures.
P‐411: The Analysis of the Electric‐Field Distortion and Abnormal Light‐Transmission Characteristics Due to Foreign Particles in IPS‐ and TN‐LCDS
Authors: Choo K. S. , Joo I. S. , Chung I. J.
Published: January 2005

The distortion of electric field and abnormal light transmission characteristics due to foreign particles were studied in IPS and TN mode TFT LCD. The dielectric and ionic particles with varying sizes were considered for the simulation according to their electric characteristics. The simulation shows that the foreign particle introduced into a pixel changes the electric fields within a pixel and affects the light transmission characteristics of the pixel. In both TN and IPS mode TFT LCD, the presence of the ionic particle affects the light transmittance a great deal.
The Investigation of Under‐twist Defect Near the Threshold in STN‐LCD
Authors: Li Shuxin , Bos Philip , Roman James , Judson Jon
Published: January 2005

We have investigated the under‐twist defect which occurs near theVthof a STN cell and analyzed key factors for the formation of this defect: surface alignment,d/pratio, LC material parameters. Based on the investigation, we suggested approaches to avoid this defect.
High‐Polymer‐Content Liquid‐Crystal/Liquid‐Crystalline‐Polymer (LC/LCP) Composite
Authors: Date Munekazu , Koshiishi Yoshie , Takeuchi Yoshie , Kato Kinya
Published: January 2005

The separation of LC and LCP regions based on the phase difference induced by photo polymerization was studied and analyzed using time resolving calorimetric measurement. Using an optimized temperature condition, microscopic patterns of LC‐ and LCP‐rich regions could be fabricated by optical patterning.
Patterned Field‐Induced Polymer Wall Formation in Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Magyar Gregory R. , West John L. , Taheri Bahman , Kim Yoan , Bodnar Volodymyr
Published: January 2005

We used patterned electric fields to produce polymer walls in twisted nematic (TN) and electrically controlled birefringence (ECB) displays. Application of a patterned field to a mixture of liquid crystal (LC) and monomer results in segregation of liquid crystal into the high field (pixel) regions and monomer into the low field (inter‐pixel) regions. Subsequent UV polymerization produces polymer walls surrounding the pixels. With proper selection of materials, uniform alignment of the liquid crystal can be obtained, resulting in good electro‐optic performance.
P‐51: Broken and Preservation of Symmetrical Viewing Angle in Film‐Compensated LCDS
Authors: Ong H. L.
Published: January 2005

The addition of single‐layer or multi‐layer optical compensation films in film‐compensated LCD's lowers the optical ordering and, in general changes symmetrical viewing zones to asymmetrical viewing zones. To preserve the symmetrical viewing properties, an optically identical set of films must be placed on both the entrance and exit substrates. We demonstrate this loss and preservation of symmetrical viewing angle using both computation results and geometrical arguments.
Characterization of the biaxiality of the Fuji‐Wide View film
Authors: Vermeirsch Koenraad , D'havé Koen , Verweire Bart
Published: January 2005

The measured conoscopic transmission plot of a single Fuji‐Wide View film (1) between crossed polarizers shows an asymmetric character which can not be explained by a twistless uniaxial birefringent compensation structure. Simulations point out the biaxial character of the Fuji‐Wide View film. Furthermore simulations show that the orientation change of the molecules in the discotic layer is rather quadratic instead of linear.
Experimental Investigation of Domain Wall Motion and Switching in Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Fornier J. , Pauwels H. , Zhang H. , Becherelli R.
Published: January 2005

By means of CCD‐camera pictures, the physical phenomenon behind switching in antiferroelectric liquid crystal displays is investigated. The addressing scheme of Nippondenso is used. During the line addressing period, fast homogeneous switching takes place. During the rest of the frame time under the holding voltage, slow domain wall motion takes place.
4.1: A 2.6‐in. DTV TFT‐LCD with Area‐Reduced Integrated 8‐bit Digital Data Drivers Using 400‐Mobility CGS Technology
Authors: Azami M. , Osame M. , Koyama J. , Ohtani H. , Yamazaki S. , Kubota Y. , Naka S. , Hijikigawa M.
Published: January 2005

A 2.6‐in. M‐LCD DTV display with 1920 × 1080 pixels has been developed using 400‐mobility Continuous‐Grain‐Silicon CGS technology. An 8‐bit monolithic digital data driver with a new D/A converter achieves 256 gray‐scale levels. High‐mobility and low‐threshold voltage TFTs support 80‐MHz data rates at 5 V.
Structure of a 320‐dpi 4‐inch a‐Si:H TFT Reflective Stacked Crossed Guest‐Host Display
Authors: Takeda K. , Hasegawa M. , Sakaguchi Y. , Taira Y. , Egelhaaf J. , Lueder E. , Lowe A. C.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a 320‐dpi a‐Si:H TFT reflective stacked crossed guest‐host display, in which a thin polymer film is used to separate two orthogonally aligned nematic guest‐host liquid crystal layers, avoiding parallax and the need to drive the two layers independently. A newly designed pattern of photolithographically defined spacers that hold the thin film in a precise position and the assembly process for the stacked structure are described.
Numerical Approach of Physical Behaviors in Fluorinated Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Xu J. , Okada H. , Sugimori S. , Onnagawa H.
Published: January 2005

A numerical approach of physical behaviors in fluorinated liquid crystals has been investigated. The molecular parameters, such as dipole moment and polarizability were calculated using a semiempirical molecular orbital (MO) method. Using these molecular parameters and the Maier‐Meier theory, the temperature dependence of the dielectric anisotropy divided by the order parameter (Δ∍/S) has been estimated. In addition, taking the temperature dependence of the order parameter S into account, the temperature dependence of the dielectric anisotropy Δ∍ has been estimated. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental results.
Alignment Influence on binary Nematic liquid Crystals Gratings
Authors: Bouvier M. , Scharf T.
Published: January 2005

Computer simulations of the director reorientation of nematic liquid crystals (NLC) in spatially non‐homogeneous electric fields are used to characterize NLC diffractive gratings. The resulting phase modulation and far‐field propagation pattern is compared with measurements for binary gratings.
32,2: The development of the new low resistive material bus‐line process with super high aperture ratio for high resolution TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Nakabu Shigeo , Yano Kouzou , Katayama Mikio , Hirobe Toshihiko , Tarui Tetsuya , Hibino Yoshitaka , Voutsas Tolis
Published: January 2005

The TFT‐alley process for high resolution and large screen size TFT‐LCD such as 20UXGA (1600×1200) is developed without the need for extra processing steps. A demonstrated novel process uses Pure‐Al metal as gate and source electrode with low dielectric interlayer, which can result in achieving high performance a‐Si TFT with high yield. 18.1SXGA(1280×1024) panel was already introduced in the mass production and achieved high cost performance with high aperture ratio.
33.2: Study of the Dynamics of the Disclinations of Reflective TN‐LCDS by Using a High‐Resolution Digital Camera
Authors: Ho K. C. , Lu M.
Published: January 2005

A study of the dynamic evolution of disclinations in a liquid crystal display is reported for the first time. Using a high resolution digital camera, the case of the disclinations in a normally black, reflective, TN cell under column inversion driving is studied. It is found that the distorted fringe field dominated regions are independent of the pixel pitch, while the switching of the central portion of the normal domain is affected by the pitch of the pixels. For the pixels larger than 20um, the reflectivity of the central portion is comparable to the intensity at frame inversion. The intensity loss is mainly due to fringe field regions. For 10um pixel, the normal tilt domain is hardly switched due to strong influence of fringe field, resulting in a substantial loss in intensity. We describe a pixel switching model of the average display intensity that agrees reasonably well with the large area intensity measured by thez photodiode.
Fringe‐Field Effects In Reflective CMOS LCD Design Optimization
Authors: Ji Y. , Gandhi J. , Stefanov M. E.
Published: January 2005

Reflective CMOS LCD light valves have high brightness and high information content. Unlike direct view displays, microdisplays also have interpixel spacing several time smaller than the cell gap. This in combination with the small pixel formats lead to fringe‐field effects having a significant impact on the effective display brightness and contrast of μLCD's.
34.2: Functional Light‐Guide Plate for Backlight Unit
Authors: Käläntär K.
Published: January 2005

An array of piano‐convex optical micro reflectors are designed, fabricated and inserted on the back surface of a light guide plate (LGP) to control the emanating direction over the backlight. The reflectors are formed on a mold and in an injection of the LGP.
High Performance, Low‐Power Integrated 8‐bit Digital Data Driver for Poly‐Si TFT‐LCD's
Authors: Lee Seung‐Woo , Chung Hoon‐Ju , Lee Jin‐Woo , Han Chul‐Hi
Published: January 2005

A high performance, low‐power 8‐bit digital data driver for poly‐Si TFT‐LCD's has been proposed. A self‐switched divided shift register, a new C‐2C D/A converter with γ‐correction, and a new simple analog buffer are integrated with highly reliable poly‐Si TFT technology.
36.3: Reflective Microdisplays for Projection or Virtual‐View Applications
Authors: Morrissy J. H. , Pfeiffer M. , Schott D. , Vithana H.
Published: January 2005

Reflective Microdisplays, based on reflective CMOS silicon backplanes coupled to an LCD electro‐optic display mode, have been optimized for both projection and virtual view applications. We show that this requires different silicon backplane designs as well as different electro‐optic modes and we present performance data for each system.
Development of a 7‐in. WIDE Screen Full‐Color FED
Authors: Tanaka Mitsura , Nohara Yasuhiro , Tamura Kiyoshi , Kataoka Fumiaki , Katayama Minoru , Sakurada Hiroshi
Published: January 2005

We already presented a 5″QVGA full color FED, which has a good focusing characteristic and a new anode drive system called ‘Anode‐Bias Drive’ and a wiring matrix called ‘Full‐Duty Architecture’. Recently, we confirmed the effect of the anode bias drive by applying to a 5″QVGA panel and a new wiring matrix was designed to decrease crosstalks by modifying the full‐duty architecture. Furthermore, we successfully developed a 7″WIDE screen (480 × RGB × 240 pixels) full color FED utilizing these technologies. As a result of this development, the anode voltage was driven at 800V and the luminance of the panel reached around 300cd/m2.
38.3: High Selectivity Photoresist Ashing by the Addition of NH3 to CF4/O2 or CHF3/O2
Authors: Eto H. , Saito M. , Omiya K.
Published: January 2005

A low temperature and high selectivity ashing process using CF4/O2 downfiow plasma in TFT‐LCD fabrication was developed. Reaction products were formed on the underlying a‐Si:H with the addition of NH3 gas to CF4/O2plasma. These products obstructed the etching of a‐Si:H films by F radicals, therefore the selectivity increased.
Microcrystalline Silicon Thin Films By PVD For Wide‐Area Low‐Temperature Polysilicon Production
Authors: Demaray Ernest
Published: January 2005

A sputtered silicon thin film deposited on unannealed 1737 glass has been shown to transform to polysilicon at low energy density and below the full‐melt threshold. The resulting polysilicon shows promise to enable high‐yield manufacturing of highly‐integrated, large‐area LTPS displays. Materials properties and their implications are presented.
40.2: Ultra Low Power STN‐LCDs Addressed by MLA for Mobile Telecommunication Applications
Authors: Nakazawa A. , Tamai K. , Nagai M. , Kitamura M. , Hirai Y. , Matsuoka S. , Soda Y.
Published: January 2005

Ultra low power consumption STN‐LCDs with high display quality driven by MLA (Multiple Line Addressing) technique have been developed. It realized 3V driving voltage for 1/33duty ratio and 5V driving voltage for 1/65duty ratio. These are most suitable for mobile telecommunication applications.
42.2: A 50,000‐hour Lifetime Cold‐Cathode Fluorescent Lamp for LCD Backlighting
Authors: Noguchi H.
Published: January 2005

A long‐life cold cathode fluorescent lamp, which is suitable for the backlighting of the large size LCD for a monitor application, has been developed. By optimizing the inner diameter, the surface area of the electrode, and the amount of the mercury content, the total luminous flux increased than that of a conventional CFLs. At the same time, a lifetime of over 50000 hours was achieved.
Frontlights for reflective liquid crystal displays based on lightguides with micro‐grooves
Authors: Cornelissen H. J. (Hugo) , Greiner H. (Horst) , Dona M. J. J. (Riné)
Published: January 2005

Frontlights based on thin, micro‐grooved lightguide structures have been designed, prototyped and tested. The angular distribution of the emitted light has been analyzed, both experimentally on diamond tooled prototypes, and computationally with dedicated ray‐tracing software. Efficiency and stray light have been investigated as a function of the groove angle.
The Influence of Gate Insulator Etching on the Characteristics of Mo Tip Field Emitter Arrays
Authors: Kim Hoon , Ju Byeong Kwon , Lee SanJo , Lee Yun Hi , Ko Young Wook , Jang Jin , Oh Myung Hwan
Published: January 2005

Electron emission characteristics of field emitter arrays (FEAs) as etched shape of gate‐insulating opening were investigated by the measurement of anode and/or gate leakage current and voltage. In this study, we introduced a hybrid etching process, which etches the gate insulator wet and dry process sequentially. We also compared electron emission characteristics of FEAs as a function of etching process to form the gate‐insulating opening. The current density of field emitter arrays (FEAs) with new type of gate‐insulating opening is lower than that of FEAs with vertically etched shape of gate‐insulating opening. The electric field of FEAs made by hybrid process is higher than that of FEAs by using wet etching process to form the gate‐insulating opening. Thus, introduced hybrid‐etching process can optimize the gate‐insulating opening of FEAs.
Wide‐Viewing‐Angle Reflective TN‐LCD with Single Polarizer and Hybrid Aligned Nematic Compensation Films
Authors: Uesaka T. , Toyooka T. , Kobori Y.
Published: January 2005

A novel single‐polarizer reflective TN‐LCD SPRTN‐LCD with hybrid aligned nematic compensation films was developed. The newly developed SPRTN‐LCD exhibits high contrast ratio and good achromaticity over a wide range of viewing angle. The SPRTN‐LCD with hybrid aligned nematic compensation films is a promising candidate for the full color reflective LCD with a high quality of image.
A High Brightness and High Contrast Reflective LCD with Micro Slant Reflector (MSR)
Authors: Ting D.‐L. , Chang W.‐C. , Liu C.‐Y. , Shiu J.‐W. , Wen C.‐J. , Chao C.‐H. , Chuang L.‐S. , Chang C.‐C.
Published: January 2005

A high brightness and high contrast reflective LCD with an internal micro slant reflector (MSR) is developed. The internal MSR is used in a single‐polarizer configuration using mixed‐mode twisted nematic (MTN) effect. MSR is effective in boosting the brightness of reflective LCD. The results show contrast ratio more than 30 and response time less than 20ms. In the configuration of a full‐color TFT‐LCD with 60% aperture ratio, reflectivity of 35% is demonstrated.
320‐dpi 4‐inch Reflective Stacked Crossed Guest‐Host Display
Authors: Hasegawa M. , Takeda K. , Sakaguchi Y. , Egelhaaf J. , Lueder E. , Taira Y. , Lowe A. C.
Published: January 2005

We describe a 320‐dpi, 4‐inch diagonal a‐Si:H TFT‐driven monochrome reflective display panel, in which two guest‐host nematic liquid crystal layers separated by a thin polymer film are orthogonally aligned to realize high reflectivity and high contrast ratio simultaneously. The TFT manufacturer used a four mask process with a high aperture ratio. The structure and characteristics of the panel are presented.
Thin‐Film Micromirror Array (TMA) for Cost‐Competitive Information Display Systems
Authors: Kim Sang‐Gook , Hwang Kyu‐Ho , Koo Myung Kwon
Published: January 2005

The Thin‐film Micromirror Array (TMA) is a new reflective type spatial light modulator fabricated with the optical microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology. A working projector prototype of 5,400 true ANSI lumen was presented at the Asian Display 1998 with three VGA format TMA modules and a 1 kW Xenon lamp. The prototype showed the optical efficiency of 22%, which was the highest optical efficiency among all the reflective and transmissive light modulators in the world. For the commercial projectors, XGA f

mat TMA is under development. The size of a micromirror of VGA format TMA is 97 μm by 97 μm while the size of eaxh micromirror of XGA format TMA is 50 μm by 50 μm. Efforts have been made to maintain the optical efficiency of the XGA TMA projector same as that of the VGA TMA projector. TMA projector prototype is brighter than any competing technology projectors in the world at the same lamp power, at least three times or more. The simplicity of the underlying principle and the highest optical efficiency of TMA enables high‐brightness and cost competitive projection displays which has been a dream in the past.
10.4: WIDE VIEWING ANGLE PHOTOALIGNED PLASTIC FILMS FOR TN‐LCDS
Authors: Chen J. , Chang K. C. , DelPico J. , Seiberle H. , Schadt M.
Published: January 2005

A novel, photo‐aligned wide viewing angle plastic film for TN‐LCDs was jointly developed. The film is made of positive uniaxial, tilted LC molecules. The contrast of our wide viewing angle film is equivalent to a commercial discotic wide view film. However, the chromaticity of our film in the bright state is better and so is its design flexibility. The film configuration was optically simulated and confirmed by measurements made on fabricated film prototypes.
47.3: Performance Enhancement of Reflective CMOS TN Displays in Projection Applications Using Compensating Films
Authors: Gandhi J. , Ji Y. , Stefanov M.
Published: January 2005

Reflective twisted nematic μLCDs used in projection applications show a significant reduction in contrast as the F‐number of the system is reduced. A method is provided to optimize contrast of a reflective twisted nematic display. In a reflective off‐axis projection system where the polarizers and analyzers are separated, contrast of>500:1 are plausible.
Development of a Dualdomain TFT‐LCD by Optical Patterning
Authors: Hoffmann E. , Klausmann H. , Ginter E. , Knoll P. M. , Seiberle H. , Schadt M.
Published: January 2005

Recent progress in liquid crystal displays (LCDs) achieved by photo‐aligning the liquid crystal (LC) with the linear photopolymerization (LPP)‐technology are outlined. LPP‐alignment gives way to high resolution azimuthal LC‐director patterns with defined bias tilt angles, which renders multi‐domain twisted nematic (TN‐) LCDs feasible. A 5 inch 320×240 pixel LPP‐photoaligned dual domain TFT‐TN‐LCD for car navigation systems exhibiting a very broad angle of view is presented.
Microcrystalline‐silicon thin films by physical vapor deposition for wide‐area low‐temperature polysilicon production
Authors: Demaray Ernest
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A sputtered microcrystalline‐silicon thin film deposited on unannealed Corning Code 1737 glass has been shown to transform to polycrystalline material after excimer‐laser annealing at low energy densities, and below the full‐melt threshold. The homogeneous large‐grain polysilicon films obtained show promise for high‐yield manufacturing of large‐area LTPS displays. The material properties of the films will be presented and the properties of devices fabricated in the films will be discussed.
Modeling of extrusion coating for applications in electronics manufacturing
Authors: Kamen Edward W. , Popescu Catalin
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

This paper focuses on the development of a model of the extrusion coating process that can be used to generate an automated (as opposed to manual) procedure for determining the control setpoints for a desired deposition thickness and range of deposition materials. This model includes the dynamics of the bead formation process and the bead variation during the coating. The “bead” refers to the deposition material that collects in front and under the die head as the substrate is moved beneath it. Understanding and modeling the dynamics of the bead process as a function of the control‐variable settings is crucial in obtaining an automated procedure for setpoint determination in extrusion coating.
An on‐line grid‐gaps inspection system for electron‐gun manufacturing
Authors: Mo Chi‐Neng , Sheng Yi‐ , Yeh Chun‐Hsien , Chang Ming , Lin Kao‐Hui
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

An on‐line grid gaps inspection system (GGIS) for color‐CRT electron‐gun manufacturing has been developed. The measuring principle is based on the digital‐image‐processing technique and incorporates a design of stepping motor motion control. By utilizing the arrangement of stepping path image processing, the measurements for different types of guns and for different gaps on a gun can be effectively executed with higher resolution, and are easily implemented for the purposes of on‐line inspection and statistical quality control. Experimental results show that the system resolution is about 8.5–10 μm and the on‐line inspection index has been improved to about 120 pieces/hour.
Low‐cost display assembly and interconnect using ink‐jet printing technology
Authors: Hayes Donald J. , Cox W. Royall , Grove Michael E.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Ink‐jet printing methods may be utilized for efficient micro‐deposition of solder bumps, spacer balls, and adhesive sealant/bond lines, as well as liquid‐crystal and color‐filter droplets, in the manufacture of display panels. Advantages realized by this approach include data‐driven low‐cost high‐speed non‐contact environmentally friendly processing.
New technologies for advanced LCD‐TV performance
Authors: Kim Sang Soo , Berkeley Brian H. , Kim Kyeong‐Hyeon , Song Jang Kun
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Samsung intends to be the world leader in LCD‐TV through a combination of superior product technology, advanced process execution, and aggressive capitalization. This paper explores and updates Samsung's latest developments toward its goal of ultimate LCD‐TV performance and market leadership. Samsung's development of Super PVA (S‐PVA) represents a key performance achievement. S‐PVA is a new technology which enables screen quality advantages over S‐IPS and MVA, including high transmittance, >1000:1 contrast ratio, and wide angle of view with no off‐axis image inversion. This new technology is described in detail. This paper also addresses the other remaining performance issues facing LCD‐TV, including Samsung's plans for addressing these challenges. Until recently, inter‐gray response time and associated motion blur were significant issues for achieving quality LCD‐TV images. Samsung has invented DCC‐II technology to achieve sub‐10‐msec response time, and this achievement is described. Other technology advancements, including next‐generation color performance and ultra‐low black performance, are discussed. Samsung has announced the development of a 57‐in. full‐HD (1920 × 1080) LCD‐TV panel, the world's largest, based on S‐PVA technology. This product represents the culmination of many technical breakthroughs, and is discussed herein. Samsung's LCD manufacturing strategy, which includes the world's first generation 7 LCD fab, is also described.
Towards a low‐cost high‐quality carbon‐nanotube field‐emission display
Authors: Dijon Jean , Bridoux Claudine , Fournier Adeline , Geffraye Françoise , De Monsabert Thomas Goislard , Montmayeul Brigitte , Levis Michel , Sarrasin Denis , Meyer Robert , Dean Kenneth A. , Coll Bernard F. , Johnson Scott V. , Hagen Carl , Jaskie James E.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—We have developed field‐emission‐display technology driven by chemical‐vapor‐deposition‐grown carbon‐nanotube emitters incorporated in a simple, low‐cost device structure. Here, we report on frit‐sealed test displays with a brightness of 3000 cd/m2at 3 kV and a lifetime of 9000 hours with only 45% degradation. We also demonstrate the scalability of the technology with a uniform high‐brightness 6‐in. QVGA that displays video images with a switching voltage of 40 V.
Low‐cost wearable low‐vision aid using a handmade retinal light‐scanning microdisplay
Authors: Bryant Ryland C. , Seibel Eric J. , Lee Cameron M. , Schroder Konrad E.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—The Wearable Low Vision Aid (WLVA) is a portable system that uses machine vision to track potential walking hazards for the visually impaired. A scanning fiber display couples a laser diode to a vibrating optical fiber that projects a virtual image onto the retina to display warning icons that the visually impaired can recognize. Initial low‐vision subject testing has given promising results for this low‐cost assistive device.
A quick‐response liquid‐powder display (QR‐LPD®) with plastic substrate
Authors: Hattori Reiji , Yamada Shuhei , Masuda Yoshitomo , Nihei Norio , Sakurai Ryo
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Paper‐like displays as thin as 290 μm have been developed using QR‐LPD technology. We fabricated two types of displays. One is a dot‐matrix type with a 160 × 160 array of pixels and a 3.1‐in.‐diagonal viewable image size. The other is a segmented type for clock use. Each display has a paper‐like appearance and exhibits high contrast. Plastic substrates with a thickness of 120 μm were used, resulting in flexible displays that can be bent up to a radius of curvature of 20 mm.
General methodology for LCoS panel compensation
Authors: Chen Jianmin , Robinson Michael G. , Sharp Gary D.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A general three‐step methodology is presented to optimize contrast when compensating LCoS panels. The first step acts to compensate the in‐plane residual retardation, while the second one improves the field of view (FOV) using either MacNeille‐type or wire‐grid polarizing beamsplitters (PBS). The orientation of the LCoS panel and compensator, relative to the MacNeille PBS, are very critical to achieve good system contrast. The final step is to account for reflections from anisotropic material, which appear as on‐state light, limiting contrast.
Super‐high‐performance 12.1‐in. XGA tablet PC with advanced pixel concept
Authors: Lee Kyung Ha , Song Sung Hun , Jeon Jong Yup , Park Kwang Hyun , Lim Young Jin
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Recently, we have developed advanced fringe field switching (AFFS) technology that demonstrates unlimited viewing angle and good color characteristics by upgrading the design rule. We only optimized the LC electrodynamics without using high‐aperture resin technology or enhanced films. Our new device has shown a brightness of over 184 nits, a contrast ratio of over 600:1, a low color shift, and a viewing angle of over 175/175, respectively.
Implementation aspects of a low‐power AMLCD single chip
Authors: Hintermann Markus , Rzittka Eckart , Radovic Marko
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Mobile phones are always in the operating mode; therefore, a continuous key focus during chip‐set design is low power. To achieve a low‐power display module, the drive scheme and the appropriate IC architecture must be carefully selected to accommodate the different modes of operation found in a typical handheld device. A chosen drive scheme and detailed description of the architecture partitioning, key element design such as a DC/DC converter, D/A selection, and RAM arbiter demonstrates how careful design choices lead to power‐optimized system solution.
Optimization of photo‐aligned ferroelectric liquid‐crystal display under passively addressed driving
Authors: Huang D. D. , Pozhidaev E. P. , Chigrinov V. G. , Cheung H. L. , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A ferroelectric liquid‐crystal (FLC) passively addressed 64 × 64 display based on the photo‐alignment technique has been developed. The display matrix has dimensions of 33 × 33 mm2, and the FLC layer thickness is about 5 μm. Asymmetric boundary conditions, when only one of ITO surfaces of the display matrix is covered with the photo‐aligning layer while another one is not, have been used for providing both high contrast ratio and steady multiplex operation. The electro‐optical performance of the 5‐μm FLC display is presented, including bistable switching in static operation, optimization in multiplexing operation, and gray‐scale generation.