bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of the XM45 Gas Mask and Hood on Directional Hearing
Authors: Letowski T. R. , Ricard G. L. , Greives J. E.
Published: July 2017

We measured listeners' directional sensitivity for narrow bands of noise and for speech recognition while they were wearing the XM45 gas mask and hood and compared it to normal free-field listening. Bekesy tracking was used to measure absolute hearing thresholds for 1/3 octave bands of noise centered at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz. and masked intelligibility thresholds for speech were measured using the Modified Rhyme Test. Both the noise and speech signals were presented from loudspeakers located at azimuths of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°. The mask and hood significantly elevated noise-band thresholds for those bands centered at 1.0 kHz and above. Sensitivity to masked speech was increased by over 12 dB by lateral loudspeaker placement, and wearing a gas mask and hood reduced this gain by 80 percent. These results document a loss of auditory spatial awareness that has not been apparent from previous studies of speech intelligibility while wearing chemical protective equipment.
The Confluence of ‘Ancient Wisdom and Future Technology’ in Our Profession
Authors: Miller Dwight P. , Chair Panel
Published: July 2017

The panel assembled for this session has been asked to think metaphorically about the theme of the Meeting and how it relates to our profession. The invited panelists represent diverse perspectives in human factors and ergonomics, and this should make for stimulating discussion.
What They Do Not Tell You in Graduate School: Observations from the Field
Authors: Hutton Rob , Shapiro Ron , Lund Arnie , Gilbert Kristen , Green Georgia , Wang JoAnne , Andre Tony
Published: July 2017

This panel is designed to provide graduate students with information about career options. We hope to provide some insight into: the kinds of things they can do to prepare for the job world while still in graduate school; the process of finding and selecting a job; and, how success on the job is assessed in the first few years.
Using the Model AQP Database to Develop Effective CRM Training
Authors: Mangold Susan J. , Neumeister David M.
Published: July 2017

The Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) represents a dramatic shift in philosophy as to how best to train flight crews to handle the set of demands placed on them when operating a complex aircraft in a complex operational environment. The AQP process encourages a thoughtful and comprehensive evaluation of what constitutes the flying job and how training can be designed to provide effective and efficient coverage of important training issues. Through the process of designing a Model AQP Database to support AQP curriculum development, the concept of an event as a tool for supporting a situational approach to crew training was developed. This paper discusses the event concept, how events are designed, and the benefits gained by using events as the basic tool for developing a curriculum.
Driving Simulators: Are They Valid Test Environments for ITS Development?
Authors: Glaser Robert A. , Fisher Donald L.
Published: July 2017

Driving simulators are increasingly being used to test the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) that interface with the driver in the vehicle. Examples of such technologies include autonomous, on-board sensors (Huguenin, 1993) which potentially can prevent many of the rear-end crashes that lead to fatalities or serious injuries (Knipling, Mironer, Hendricks, Tijerin, Everson, Allen and Wilson, 1993). A study of the simulator image factors which affect the detection of rear-end collisions and, more generally, of motion is described below. The study was undertaken on the University of Massachusetts driving simulator located at the Amherst campus.
Precision and Accuracy of Video-Based Measurements of Driver's Gaze Location
Authors: Schieber Frank , Harms Michael L. , Berkhout Jan , Spangler Don S.
Published: July 2017

Off-line video analysis of driver eye gaze location is becoming an increasingly important tool for automotive ergonomics research. However, little information is available through which to estimate the reliability and validity of these techniques. The current investigation assessed the accuracy and precision of subjects' judgments of driver eye gaze location from video taped records of controlled fixations across a vehicle's instrument panel. Results revealed an average accuracy for the assessment of gaze location of 8.45 cm with a corresponding precision of 12.2 cm. Accuracy, but not precision, was found to vary systematically as a function of where on the instrument panel the driver happened to be looking. These precision and accuracy values establish a benchmark which subsequent studies can use to estimate the appropriateness and limitations of the off-line video analysis technique.
Identifying Users' Conceptual Organization of Menu Functions in an Automotive Electronic Navigation Product
Authors: Kleiss James A.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this investigation was to identify users' conceptual organization of functions in an electronic menu in an automotive navigation product. One group of participants consisted of engineers with experience designing electronic automotive products and another group consisted of participants with a nontechnical background more typical of average drivers. Participants judged the degree of similarity among 31 written descriptions of functions that appeared in the product's electronic menu. Similarity data were submitted to a cluster analysis which revealed nine clusters for each group. With minor differences, cluster content was similar between the two groups indicating a shared conceptual organization. The cluster structure suggested important changes to the current menu to make it more consistent with users' conceptual organization of menu functions.
Validation of a Simulation Model to Evaluate Crew Size
Authors: Lee John D.
Published: July 2017

This paper describes the validation of a computer-based model to help identify potential overload situations that would be difficult to anticipate through intuitive assessments of how automation and other factors affect personnel requirements on commercial ships. Development of the Crew Size Evaluation Model (CSEM) is motivated by the pervasive problem of estimating the number of people required to operate a system safely and effectively. CSEM is based on a discrete event simulation of shipboard activities and the utility of its guidance depends on its ability to predict crew work hours and shipboard activities. As with any complex simulation, creating an accurate model requires extensive validation. This paper describes a comprehensive, multi-method validation process, as applied to the validation of CSEM. The multi-method validation addresses: 1) Model scope, 2) Conceptual approach, 3) Model implementation, 4) Model input, 5) Model output. The results of this validation show that CSEM captures the essential elements of shipboard activities and provides a basis for evaluating operational changes, such as crew size, work schedules, maintenance policies, and voyage profiles. Similar multi-method validation approaches should be applied to any complex simulation model.
Fatigue in Merchant Marine Personnel
Authors: Sanquist Thomas F. , Raby Mireille , Forsythe Alice , Carvalhais Antonio
Published: July 2017

A field study of work, sleep and alertness patterns was conducted among 141 U.S. merchant marine personnel. Data were collected by means of a logbook over a 10 — 30 day period for each mariner. A total of 2,038 logbook days were collected. The results indicate the existence of substantial fatigue risk factors, including sleep fragmentation, low sleep durations, poor quality sleep and long work days. The risk factors have a higher incidence among watchstanders, who work a 4 hour on, 8 hour off schedule. Of particular concern is the high incidence (23%) of severely restricted sleep (less than 4 hours per 24) among workers on the 0400 — 0800 watch. The data provide the basis for alternative work-rest scheduling in the maritime industry.
Risk Perception in Young Male Drivers: What Makes Them Different?
Authors: Lerner Neil , Rabinovich Beth A.
Published: July 2017

Younger drivers, particularly males, are greatly overrepresented in collisions and differ from adults in their evaluation of risks. Risky driving may relate to many points along a sequence of operations that includes hazard recognition/evaluation, assessed accident likelihood, judged ability to control emerging events, perceived vulnerability, global assessment of the level of risk, motives and influences, risk acceptability, and behavioral decisions. This experiment investigated the points in the sequence at which young males were most discrepant from other drivers. Participants viewed driver's-eye video of scenes that included numerous hazard types. For each scenario, they made a series of ratings and open-ended responses corresponding to various points along the risk behavior sequence. The results highlighted the perceived ability to control emerging hazard events through vehicle control skills as a key factor distinguishing young male drivers. This and other aspects of the findings suggest strategies for focusing driver training and safety countermeasure development.
Factors Affecting User Response to Polygon Displays
Authors: Pionek Jason , Heidenreich Mike , Shanahan Matt , Schoepke Dan
Published: July 2017

The concept of polygon displays as error detection devices is a recent area of interest in such environments as nuclear power plants and airplane and helicopter cockpits. Operators in these areas are concerned about the flooding of important information upon the limited capacity of the human eye and brain. A polygon display may alleviate the problem of confusing information by encompassing many fault displays into one simple, symmetric display. This type of visual display is an optimal method for “at a glance” scanning and lower order perception. If a problem arises in the relevant system, the vertex that corresponds to the fault location will become skewed, and the polygon will appear irregular. The authors propose that polygon displays of different sizes and types will elicit varying reaction times of the detection of faults in these displays. A pilot study was conducted to determine preliminary answers to this query.
An Adaptive Survey Method: Multiple Interview Techniques in Dynamic Environments
Authors: Calhoun Christopher S. , Rogers-Adams Beth M. , Selvaraj Jonathan A. , Alevay Denise L.
Published: July 2017

The utility of a survey method which incorporates several different interview techniques to elicit data in dynamic environments is demonstrated. Adaptive survey is a combination of concept mapping, semi-structured interviews, topical questionnaires and forums used for the elicitation of knowledge from subject matter experts. Inherent in adaptive survey interview techniques is the flexibility to adapt to time constraints, schedule and interviewee changes and the level of information obtained. Each interview technique is designed to apply to any user in the survey and to produce output which can be used to customize the other techniques. Therefore, the adaptive survey can be tailored to the unique needs and constraints of the interviewees and the environment. In field tests, concept mapping proved to be a particularly valuable interview technique, because it was interactive, informative and flexible.
Unidimensional versus Multidimensional Workload Scales and the Effect of Number of Rating Scale Categories
Authors: Anthony Christopher R. , Biers David W.
Published: July 2017

The present study investigated why the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) (a multidimensional scale) has been found to be less sensitive than Overall Workload Scale (OW) (aunidimensional scale) in previous research. It was hypothesized that previous results could be attributed to number of points on the rating scale. To that end, four rating scale groups were employed in which the dimensionality (unidimensional vs multidimensional) and number of rating scale points (7 vs. 19) on the overall workload scale were varied. Forty-eight subjects performed a continuous recognition task composed of 12 levels of difficulty and then rated workload under one of four rating scale conditions (OW-7, OW-19, MOD-SWAT-7, MOD-SWAT-19). Results indicated that: (1) the preponderance of evidence favored equal sensitivity; (2) previous differences between OW and SWAT could not be due to differences in the number of points on the rating scale; and (3) dimensionality affected overall workload ratings in subtle ways. However, the differences found between the unidimensional (OW) and multidimensional (MOD-SWAT) scales is probably attributed to the nature of the task itself where increases in the difficulty in one dimension were accompanied by decreases in another dimension.
Operational Test and Evaluation of Human Factors Interventions for Airport Security Screeners
Authors: Neiderman Eric C. , Fobes J. L.
Published: July 2017

As the terrorist threat to civil aviation evolves, future improvements in aviation security must be accomplished by adopting innovative, proactive methods of enhancing screener contributions to overall security system effectiveness. The Screener Proficiency Evaluation and Reporting System (SPEARS) is a person-centered approach to improve screener selection, training, and performance. Screener selection uses a battery of perceptual tests to identify job candidates with optimal potential to be successful screeners. Computer-based training is multimedia instruction to prepare screeners for all of their job responsibilities, with an emphasis on identifying sophisticated threats. Threat Image Projection provides the capability to insert fictional threat images into the X-ray image displays of actual passenger bags. This is done to increase screener vigilance and measure system detection performance. A 6-month test and evaluation of SPEARS is being conducted in conjunction with 9 major air carriers, involving thousands of screeners at the 19 major U.S. airports.
Automating Performance Assessment and Diagnosis in Scenario-Based Training
Authors: Carolan Thomas F. , Evans Debra C. , Roth J. Thomas , Scott-Nash Shelly
Published: July 2017

Accurate and timely performance assessment is a critical factor in maximizing the training value achieved from a scenario-based training process. It is equally important for assessment to be diagnostic of the behavioral and cognitive factors that affect performance. This paper describes an approach to providing automated performance assessment and diagnosis information to shipboard instructors responsible for training tactical decision making teams. A trainee operator's output actions, derived from keystrokes, is compared to performance criteria and expected actions generated by an expert operator model. Deviations from expected performance provide the input to assessment and diagnostic processes. In keeping with the vision of the Shipboard Instructor Training and Support (SITS) program, the approach is designed to support the shipboard instructor's functions and expertise at various stages in the training cycle.
Development of a Situation Awareness Training Program for Aviation Maintenance
Authors: Robertson Michelle M. , Endsley Mica R.
Published: July 2017

Training to improve situation awareness has become a topic of concern, particularly in safety critical areas such as aviation. This paper describes a training program designed to enhance situation awareness across the multiple, distributed teams found in aircraft maintenance. Problems with poor situation awareness in aircraft maintenance and gaps in situation awareness across the multiple teams engaged in this process have been linked to aircraft accidents, damage and inefficiencies in airline operations. The training program was developed based on an instructional systems design model. A front-end analysis was conducted which resulted in a determination of instructional objectives and goals. Five concepts for training to improve team SA were specified and developed into a deliverable training program: Shared mental models, verbalization of decisions, shift meetings and teamwork, provision of feedback, and individual SA training. The instructional design process used and the Team SA Training Program developed for this domain will be discussed.
Patient's Name: Principal Rx: Teacher TO Principal
Authors: Cummings Alysa , Lowenhar Judith , Ciano Karin
Published: July 2017

My principal paid a surprise visit to my g/c/t program last week, clipboard in hand. He wanted to do the yearly unannounced observation. The class was busily watching two students present an independent study project on unexplained phenomena. “Should I come back when you're really teaching?” he asked.

Reassured that he was welcome, and that learning was indeed taking place, the principal took a seat at the back of the room. The two g/c/t students commanding center stage continued their presentation of research related to extrasensory perception using a series of handmade transparencies.

A look of frustration appeared on the principal's face as he repeatedly scanned the teacher evaluation form, Cross pen in hand, and observed me merely sitting on the sidelines, a silent coach critiquing my players. The principal seemed unsure of how to evaluate such a differentiated learning experience. This incident just scratches the surface of some of the issues between the principal and myself. I need his support! What can I do to improve the relationship between the principal and the g/c/t program and me?
Nipping it in the Bud
Authors: Gross Miraca
Published: July 2017

Your school is beginning to consider special programming for its gifted students. You firmly believe in egalitarianism and equality of educational outcome and you are horrified by the notion of giving more to those who already have it made!

We offer a baker's dozen of staff-meeting strategies—field-tested internationally!—to help you nip these dangerous and elitist ideas firmly in the bud.
The Newspaper in Government
Authors: Rogers Charles E.
Published: July 2017

Professor Rogers is at present a staff member of the Field Information Section, Division of Information, AAA of the United States Department of Agriculture. He is on leave for the year from Kansas State College, where he heads the Department of Journalism.
The United Nations’ Department of Public Information
Authors: Larson Cedric
Published: July 2017

Likening UN's DPI to the city room of a large newspaper, the co-author of Words That Won the War discusses the organizazation and operation of the agency that has the important task of interpreting the work of the United Nations to the whole world. Mr. Larson is now free-lancing in New York City.
The Value of Motion Pictures in Journalism Education
Authors: Wagner Paul H. , Gordon Leonard V.
Published: July 2017

Results of tests following the showing of the film “Police Reporter” at Ohio State University indicate that the movie was more effective for instruction than was a lecture covering the same material. The film was made by Ohio State's School of Journalism, Graduate School, and Photography Department.
News Notes
Authors: Price Warren C. , Waldrop A. Gayle
Published: July 2017

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like … should be sent to Professor Price, School of Journalism, University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore. Notes for the next issue should reach him by October 1.
Computer Tools to Facilitate Brownfield Development
Authors: Amekudzi Adjo , Fischbeck Paul , Garrett James , Koutsopoulos Haris , McNeil Sue , Small Mitchell
Published: July 2017

Brownfields are both a resource and a liability. Brownfield sites represent an opportunity to build the tax base and to rejuvenate decaying infrastructure and depressed communities. With ever-increasing pressures on existing infrastructure from both development and age, and the opportunities for more rational approaches to site remediation, brownfields and their associated infrastructure offer an attractive alternative to greenfield sites. These close links between site development and the provision of physical infrastructure emphasize one aspect of brownfield development as public works. This article focuses on the role of computer tools in facilitating the brownfield development process. It draws on examples of tools currently under development, existing research, and commercially available software to illustrate the application of the tools, their strengths and limitations, and issues related to data, comparative analysis, and interpretation of results.
Background Note on Insurance and Brownfield Investment Decisions
Authors: Meyer Peter B.
Published: July 2017

Many prospective investments on contaminated sites have been stymied by concerns over uncontrollable investment uncertainty. This article describes new types of insurance now available to cap cleanup costs and other risks inherent in brownfield redevelopment that can make the sites more competitive with projects on green-fields, or unpolluted sites.
Brownfields Reuse in Tennessee: Impediments and Opportunities
Authors: English Mary R. , Peretz Jean H.
Published: July 2017

Public works efforts, if properly targeted, could be invaluable in overcoming barriers to the productive reuse of brownfields. A survey conducted by the University of Tennessee's Waste Management Research and Education Institute found that, in Tennessee, brownfield redevelopers are likely to encounter impediments because of the sites' urban character, not simply because of their contamination. This article summarizes the results of that survey.
How Many Urban Brownfields are Out There?: An Economic Base Contraction Analysis of 31 U.S. Cities
Authors: Simons Robert A.
Published: July 2017

How many brownfield sites are there in the United States? Although numerous federal and state lists of contaminated lands are known—totaling more than 380,000 sites—there is no comprehensive estimate of unlisted or total brownfield sites. This article uses economic base contraction analysis to provide an estimate of the number and acreage of brownfield sites, by type and as a percentage of the land, in 31 large cities in the United States. This approach recognizes that brownfields are the outcome of years of decline in central-city manufacturing, trade, transportation, and residential uses. Using a moderately restrictive definition of brownfield, there are an estimated 75,000 formerly industrial brownfield sites in these U.S. central cities, on 93,000 acres. This is about 5% of the land area in these communities. Another 20,000 acres are present in these same cities in the form of residential brownfields. These findings imply that the overall number of nonresidential brownfields sites in the United States is at least 500,000 to 600,000 or more.
The Aids-Afflicted Employee: Medical, Operational and Legal Concerns for the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Palmer Robert Alan
Published: July 2017

The AIDS-afflicted employee remains a serious concern for hospitality operators. Medical experts, however, continue to stress that there is no danger of AIDS transmission through food handling, and courts and civil rights enforcement agencies are citing medical evidence to expand legal protections for employees with AIDS or related conditions. Educating employees and the public about these facts remains the best long-term strategy for hospitality operators, while short-term strategies that involve firing an employee who is still physically able to work will present legal problems.
Assessment of Knowledge And Attitudes Towards Aids of Pre-Professional Hospitality Employees
Authors: Divine H. A. , Black Christine , Pierre Richard W. St.
Published: July 2017

Students enrolled in introductory and culminating and/or capstone hospitality courses and faculty were surveyed to ascertain differences in knowledge levels and attitudinal sets using a 90-item self-administered questionnaire. Significant differences in AIDS attitudes and knowledge scores were found by student rank faculty level, and schools surveyed.
Defining Corporate Strengths And Weaknesses: Is It Essential for Successful Strategy Implementation?
Authors: Tse Eliza Ching-Yick
Published: July 2017

This paper discusses the importance of strategic planning, which is generally believed to lead to higher financial performance. The restaurant market appears to be saturated and the competitive environment is growing increasingly turbulent. Operators are facing tough conditions in which to try to survive. To succeed in this dynamic and increasingly competitive environment, restaurant managers must now systematically monitor trends, anticipate threats and opportunities, perform sound internal analyses of strengths and weakesses relative to the firms' capabilities and resources, and formulate effective strategies to gain a competitive advantage. A study was conducted to gain information on the strategic planning activity, and specifically the degree of internal strengths and weaknesses analysis performed by restaurant firms.

One hundred and fifty randomly selected restaurant firms were sent a letter soliciting the chief executive officers' participation in the study. Telephone interviews using a structured questionnaire were conducted. Results of the survey indicated that two thirds of the firms engaged in planning activities of various degrees. A summary of how they conduct internal analysis is presented. A framework for conducting internal corporate strengths and weaknesses analysis is proposed for restaurant firms.
An Empirical Assessment of Support for Pursuit of Doctoral Degrees in Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Education
Authors: Fenich George G.
Published: July 2017

Both administrators and faculty in four year institutions offering Hotel and Restaurant programs were surveyed with regard to three topical areas: basic information dealing with the program and its faculty; institutional support for faculty pursuing terminal degrees; and respondents attitude about the level of support available for pursuing terminal degrees.
Employee Training: Using High Tech and Videodisc Technology
Authors: Harris Kimberley J.
Published: July 2017

The laser videodisc has been found to improve employee training due to it's unique “interactivity” capabilities. A review of traditional training techniques are compared to using the videodisc for training individuals, citing major organizations presently using this technology as a training tool.
Hospitality Management Education: Theory, Technocracy And Theatre
Authors: Bareham Jon , Jones Peter
Published: July 2017

This paper suggests that many existing hospitality management courses are strongly based on business administration principles and a manufacturing operations approach. It reviews the range of research and literature now available relating to service industries and identifies key features, such as organizational climate, script theory and the “servuction” concept. These key factors should play a much greater role in hospitality education, using learning methods based on the idea of “theatre” - simulation, role play, drama, debates and practical exercises. In addition, the common boundaries between subject areas should be broken down and “repackaged” to create a more holistic view of hospitality service provision. The paper concludes with a course outline and examples of the theatrical approach to hospitality management teaching.
Importance of Managerial Accounting Skills To Lodging Managers
Authors: Damltlo James W.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this article is to present the results of a study that examined the importance of managerial accounting skills to managers in the lodging segment of the hospitality industry. The study involved 180 lodging managers.

The response rate was 45 percent. The managers were asked to provide information on six demographic items including number of years in current position and size of lodging facility. The managers were also asked to rate the importance of 18 managerial accounting skills.

Results indicate that the managers perceived the 18 managerial accounting skills in this study to be highly important to their jobs and that some demographic items have an impact on managers perceptions of the importance of certain managerial accounting skills.
Instructional Delivery Methods for Training Students To Operate Computers: An Empirical Study
Authors: Kluge E. Alan
Published: July 2017

Why is it that students of apparently equal capability vary greatly in their ability to learn to use a computer system, that some individuals require little more than a manual while others require careful explanation before they are able to complete even the simplest tasks? To answer this question an experiment was conducted where students were taught how to use a computerized beverage management system by one of two instructional delivery methods, manual-based training (MBT) and instructor-based training (IBT). Subjects trained using IBT took significantly longer to train than did subjects using MBT. After being trained, however, subjects using MBT took significantly longer to complete a series of problems than did subjects using IBT. Correlations between instructional method and performance time were partially explained by the individual characteristic of field-dependence/ independence. The characteristics of anxiety, prior computer experience, sex and age did not significantly relate to training delivery method or performance. Results like these that relate success of specific training delivery methods to characteristics of individual learners may suggest ways to change computer training to accommodate a wider range of users.
Restaurant Entrepreneurs Revisited: Systematic Vs. Intuitive Entrepreneurs And The Restaurants They Operate
Authors: Costello Thomas A. , Small Robert W.
Published: July 2017

Questionnaire responses from 158 California restaurant entrepreneurs indicate that their problem-solving and decision-making processes are addressed by two different approaches—systematic and intuitive. Five of eight contrasting factors evaluated proved statistically significant in separating the two groups. Both systematic and intuitive restaurant entrepreneurs proved equally successful in generating a profit.
Organizational Consistency As A Predictor of Behavior
Authors: Goll Gerald E.
Published: July 2017

Management creates the environment within an organization. Good, bad, or indifferent, the environment results not so much from what management does, but how it does it. Management by Values is a methodology that an employer could use to determine rather effectively the quality of the environment within an organization. The genesis of this model is found in Talcott Parson's General Theory of Action and Neil J. Smelser's Theory of Collective Behavior. In assessing the degree of consistency between the several elements of the model, the predictability of employee behavior may be determined. The problem is that in too many cases, in order to increase predictability, employers create rule-oriented organizations within which employees are “rewarded” by their degree of conformity to the rules with an awesome price paid in the stifling of creativity and initiative. In such organization's only the objectives (the what) and the norms (the how) are stressed. But, employees want to know why. Management by Values provides the needed answers to the question why. As management performs the requisite functions of planning, controlling, and organizing it is important that how these functions are performed be consistent with the values of the organization. Because management creates the organizational environment, it is a basic responsibility to create an environment which is more conducive to employee retention than to employee turnover. Concern is expressed over the decrease in the traditional hospitality labor pool. The concept of Management by Values may well be a significant first step in the solving of this problem.
Networking Your Computer Lab: Benefits And Pitfalls
Authors: Farsad Behshld
Published: July 2017

Local area networks (LANs) are probably the most flexible and adaptable to customizing communications systems. LANs can virtually fit any location/site requirements. They can be tailored for any number of users, any application type and any cost/performance ratio. LANs can work with small (micro computers), medium (mini computers) and large/complex (mainframe) systems.

This great flexibility which is due to several factors like, distributed architecture design, software standards, and hardware independence technology make LANs easy to use in a computer laboratory environment. Currently, many hospitality institutions are investigating the feasibility of using LANs in their computer laboratory. However, LANs are still costly, and sometimes difficult to install.
Regional Trends In Hospitality And Tourism Management; Education And Training for Careers In Tourism Management: Implications for New Course Providers
Authors: Lawry P.
Published: July 2017

Service industries in general and the tourist industry in particular make a significant contribution to the economy of Great Britain. Over 1.1 million people are currently employed either directly or indirectly in the tourist industry and it directly accounts for 4.7 percent of all UK employment. However, the subject of education and training for careers in tourism has been poorly quantified to date and little research has been done in this field of study. Yet any policies to promote the growth of the tourist industry must depend upon adequate numbers of trained people being available at all levels within the industry. If the tourist industry is to be encouraged as a major growth area in the UK economy it is essential that there are sufficient numbers of qualified people to prepare and implement tourism development plans, manage regional and national tourist organizations and staff the many firms which make up the tourist industry.

This paper is based on a study carried out for the English Tourist Board, although any views and opinions expressed here are solely those of the author. It has been supplemented by more recent information on courses and course developments since 1985.

“Education and training” is taken to mean educational and vocational training courses covering the whole field of further and higher education, from technical colleges through to universities, which are aimed at raising the level of skills and knowledge needed to work in the tourist industry. The study focused on the non-hotel sectors of the tourist industry because it was felt that the hotel and catering sector was well developed. However, it was felt that training in the tourist services sector is in a much earlier stage of development and has quite different manpower and training requirements. The aims of the study was to examine the existing provision of education and training courses in relation to the manpower needs of the industry, to identify shortfalls in provision and to suggest ways of meeting these short falls.
“National Quality Control Systems—Tourist Board And Educational Partnership”
Authors: Walsh-Heron John , Sclcluna Gerry
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a case study of collaboration between national tourist board and a provider of education.
Rethinking clinical organisational structures: An attitude survey of doctors, nurses and allied health staff in clinical directorates
Authors: Braithwaite Jeffrey , Westbrook Mary
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To examine assumptions made by proponents and critics of clinical directorate (CD) structures in hospitals. Proponents argue that CDs are supported by the health professionals who constitute them and confer organisational and clinical benefits compared with traditional structural configurations. Critics deny these benefits and suggest CDs can compromise clinicians by incorporating them into management, to their cost. We investigated the attitudes of health professionals working in CDs to gather and consider evidence for these claims.

Methods

A questionnaire survey of 227 health professionals (78 doctors, 89 nurses and 60 allied health) in two large hospitals in Australia that had implemented CDs three years previously.

Results

Respondents were more negative than positive about CDs. Significant attitudinal differences were found between professions. Doctors were the most negative and held their attitudes with the greatest certainty and intensity. Allied health staff were the most positive but their attitudes tended to lack strength or certainty. Nurses’ attitudes were polarised and intense but more positive than were doctors’. Increased organisational politics was cited by 58% of respondents as CDs’ most frequent effect, followed by improved accountability (48%) and dumping hard decisions on staff (39%). Only 26% thought patient care had improved.

Conclusions

Clinical directorates were designed to promote team approaches and to improve patient care delivery, but the results call for a rethink of what can be expected from structural reforms in organisations.
Pharmacogenetics: Policy needs for personal prescribing
Authors: Melzer David , Raven Ann , Ling Tom , Detmer Don , Zimmern Ron
Published: July 2017

Pharmacogenetics involves genetic testing of individual patients to guide drug treatment. Proponents argue that pharmacogenetics will achieve major gains in drug safety and efficacy, and revolutionise marketing. Pharmacogenetics also raises several policy concerns, including the need for sound information for clinical decision-making on drug-genetic test combinations. Currently, the pharmacogenetics science base and the rate of emergence of clinical applications are uncertain. Most commentary on pharmacogenetics focuses on new compounds, yet older drugs cause most adverse events. Test regulation in the USA appears fundamentally different from Europe, where evidence of safety or efficacy may not be required. Genetics research is needed as part of postmarketing surveillance systems. In routine clinical practice, computer-based health records with relevant decision support systems will also be needed. Without health policy action, pharmacogenetics could produce a new generation of poorly evaluated tests and drugs, with medicine becoming significantly less evidence-based, leading to rising costs, patient hazard and exclusions of drug-related ‘genetic minorities’ from evaluated treatments.
Questions and answers
Authors: Dingwall Robert , Savy Pauline , Willis Evan
Published: July 2017

The aim of this section is for you to identify and try to answer puzzles, especially methodological ones, in health services research and policy. Readers are invited both to submit questions that they think will be of general interest or which are particularly topical, and to offer answers to questions.

Questions can be ones that you feel have not been satisfactorily answered in the existing literature, ones which relate to ‘self-evident’ definitions that need to be made problematic, or paradoxes. New questions for which we are seeking answers for the next issue of the journal appear below. We still welcome answers to previously posed questions.

Answers can be up to 200 words in length and should strive for elegance. If more than one, similar, answer is provided, the criterion of choice for publication will be wit and originality.

In order to try to publish answers, as far as possible, in the issue following the published question, we would like your answers by 10 January 2005.

Nonetheless, we would be interested in contributions received after that date as well. Please send your answers and questions to: Gillian Parker, School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Email: gillian.parker@nottingham.ac.uk . Fax: +44 (0)116 252 5423.
Theorizing multi-partner relationships and sexualities – Recent work on non-monogamy and polyamory
Authors: Klesse Christian
Published: July 2017

This review article attests to the maturation of research into consensual non-monogamy and polyamory. It provides an in-depth review of a selection of recent publications that push boundaries and pair interdisciplinary inquiry with queer sensibility and theoretical sophistication in the three areas of theorizing emotions, theorizing intimacies and sexualities and theorizing discourses and the public sphere. This work foregrounds the persistence of moral normativity and judgemental attitudes regarding consensual non-monogamy. It underscores the power dimension around non/monogamy and reveals the complexity of contradictory dynamics of discrimination and privileging around non/monogamous life choices. It shows how non-monogamous people deconstruct feeling rules and demonstrates the nodal function of gender and race/ethnicity in the discursive framings of different forms of non-monogamy.
Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and patterns of waterpipe use among Jordanian adults who exclusively smoke waterpipes
Authors: Eshah Nidal F , Froelicher Erika S
Published: July 2017

Background:

Widespread waterpipe smoking (WPS) is reported worldwide. Although remarkable numbers of waterpipe smokers do not smoke cigarettes, very few studies have explored the phenomenon of WPS in people who smoke water pipes exclusively. The aim of this study was to assess levels of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and patterns of WPS among Jordanian waterpipe-only smokers.

Methods:

A cross-sectional descriptive design was used; with 247 participants who were recruited through convenience sampling from 23 cafés offering waterpipes. An interview and self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data.

Results:

The average age for starting WPS was 19.4 ± 5.6 years, of whom 71% started as teenagers. Participants like WPS because they like its flavor and social environment (46.3% and 29.5% respectively). The majority of participants reported that they smoked a waterpipe for the first time with their friends (66.8%), they usually smoke in the company of others (63.2%), and believe that quitting cigarettes smoking is harder than quitting WPS (61.6%). More than half (56.7%) of participants have extremely poor knowledge about the health effects of WPS. Participants who had smoked cigarettes in the past, were more knowledgeable than those who had never smoked cigarettes. The majority of participants, and specifically women, have high positive feelings and emotions (attitude) toward WPS, and 88.3% of them reported that it is a socially acceptable behavior.

Conclusions:

Waterpipe smoking participants started WPS at an early age, and are attracted to the social environment that accompanies WPS. Participants have high positive attitude about WPS however they lack knowledge about harmful health effects of WPS.
Fears and Concerns Expressed by Families in the Donation Discussion
Authors: Verble Margaret , Worth Judy
Published: July 2017

Previous research has identified specific fears and concerns among the general public about organ and tissue donation. However, little to none of that research has dealt with fears and concerns at the time of the donation discussion. In this study, 180 experienced coordinators ranked the fears and concerns most commonly heard during the donation discussion. They further classified the fears and concerns according to the ease with which they can be addressed. Subsequently, the fears and concerns were classified in 4 groups: often heard and easy to deal with, often heard and hard to deal with, seldom heard and easy to deal with, seldom heard and hard to deal with. The results can be used to stimulate further research on family fears and concerns, to train and retrain coordinators to address those concerns in the donation discussion, and to improve existing strategies for increasing organ and tissue donation.
Family Adaptation to a Child's Transplant: Pretransplant Phase
Authors: LoBiondo-Wood Geri , Williams Laurel , Kouzekanani Kamiar , McGhee Charles
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between family stress, family coping, social support, perception of stress, and family adaptation from the mother's perspective during the pretransplant period in the context of the Double ABC-X Model of Family Adaptation. The process of seeking a transplant for a child is very stressful, and before interventions can be developed, clinicians need to understand how aspects of family life are affected. Twenty-nine mothers whose children were being evaluated for a liver transplant constituted the sample for this exploratory study. Higher family strains, fewer coping skills, and higher perception of stress were related to more unhealthy family adaptation during the pretransplant phase. Data point to the need for close evaluation not only for the child's needs but for the family's needs as the family begins the process of seeking a transplant for the child.
Abnormalities in Fluids, Electrolytes, and Metabolism of Organ Donors
Authors: Powner David J. , Kellum John A. , Darby Joseph M.
Published: July 2017

Abnormal serum concentrations of electrolytes, hormones, and glucose are common throughout donor care. The organ procurement coordinator must properly interpret and plan treatment for these changes to prevent intracellular dysfunction in donor organs. This article describes abnormalities in magnesium, phosphorous, calcium, sodium, potassium, and glucose levels; polyuria; and thyroid and pituitary changes. Their potential consequences are discussed, and recommendations for treatment options are presented.
Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Organ Donors
Authors: Powner David J. , Kellum John A.
Published: July 2017

An abnormal blood pH may cause the loss of donor organs through harmful physiological consequences. The organ procurement coordinator must correctly analyze the acid-base abnormality and treat its cause while normalizing the blood pH. We recommend that treatment of acidemia or alkalemia be first directed toward changing parameters on the mechanical ventilator, using the Paco2 to modify blood pH. Thereafter, hydrochloric acid or sodium bicarbonate may be administered to correct the calculated metabolic acid-base deficit. The types of acidosis or alkalosis, dead space effect during mechanical ventilation, base excess, base deficit, and the appropriate evaluation of blood lactate are also discussed as related to the correction of the acid-base status throughout donor care.
Pregnancy in Lung Transplant Recipients
Authors: Gertner Gregory , Coscia Lisa , McGrory Carolyn , Moritz Michael , Armenti Vincent
Published: July 2017

Eight female lung transplant recipients, all of whom became pregnant after transplant, were reported to the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry from US transplant centers. Outcomes of the 8 pregnancies were 4 live births, 3 therapeutic abortions, and 1 spontaneous abortion. Three of the 4 newborns were premature, with low birth weight (<2500 grams). Rejection during pregnancy occurred in 3 pregnancies (38%). All 8 transplant recipients reported at least 1 complication during pregnancy, including shortness of breath, rejection, and infection. Two of the 4 deliveries were by cesarean section. At follow-up, all children were developing well with no residual problems. Female lung transplant recipients may face higher risks during pregnancy than other solid organ transplant recipients.