bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WATER‐REGULATORY BEHAVIOUR IN TERRESTRIAL GASTROPODS
Authors: PRIOR DAVID J.
Published: January 2008

1. Terrestrial snails and slugs are exceedingly susceptible to dehydration due to evaporative water loss from the integument and lung surface, and the deposition of a dilute mucous trail. Active slugs can lose 30–40% of their initial body weight (IBW) within 2 h.

2. Both field and laboratory studies have revealed that habitat selection by snails and slugs is well correlated with the availability of water. In addition, numerous species display homing behaviour, returning directly to their moist secluded daytime resting sites at dawn.

3. Several aspects of locomotor activity are affected by body hydration and environmental conditions such as relative humidity. Moist conditions result in termination of aestivation in snails and a generally higher level of activity in both snails and slugs. In contrast, severe dehydration initiates aestivation in snails and an increase in the intensity and duration of circadian locomotor activity in slugs.

4. Huddling behaviour is a specialized example of the general preference of slugs for moist habitats. When groups of slugs are exposed to dry environmental conditions, they form closely packed aggregations. This response results in a decrease in the rate of dehydration of the individual slugs.

5. When slugs have been dehydrated to about 90% IBW, rhythmic closures of the pneumostome are initiated. As dehydration progresses there is a reduction in the open diameter of the pneumostome. These responses reduce the total exposure of the lung surface and thereby evaporative water loss. In slugs dehydrated to about 80 % IBW, these responses can result in a 7 % reduction in water loss. 6. When slugs have been dehydrated to about 65% IBW (67·6 ± 4·3% IBW) they move on to a moist surface, assume a characteristic flattened posture and remain quiescent while water is absorbed through the surface of the foot. Once they are rehydrated (to 93·5 ± 12·4% IBW) they move off the moist surface. Thus there exists a specific dehydration threshold for the initiation of contact‐rehydration and a rehydration set‐point at which the response is terminated.

7. Both initiation and termination of contact‐rehydration are controlled by variations in haemolymph osmotic pressure. The behaviour can be experimentally initiated by injection of hyperosmotic mannitol solution and terminated by injection of dilute saline.

8. Contact‐rehydration involves bulk flow of water through an epithelial paracellular pathway in the integument of the foot. The rate of absorption of [14C]inulin during contact‐rehydration is similar to that of water. The efficacy of water movement through the pathway is modulated by body hydration, the pathway being opened only in dehydrated slugs.

9. By means of the dual‐limit control of contact‐rehydration slugs can behaviourally regulate their body hydration and haemolymph osmolality within the tolerable hydration range described by the upper and lower limits.
THE ORIGIN OF THE SPINNING APPARATUS IN SPIDERS
Authors: SHULTZ JEFFREY W.
Published: January 2008

Previous attempts to explain the evolution of spider silk have relied heavily on conjecture. The formulation of testable historical hypotheses to replace such speculation is discussed.

The importance of phylogenetic reconstructions and other historical hypotheses for use in generating and testing hypotheses concerning the evolution of specific adaptations is examined. Recent ideas on arachnid phylogeny are reviewed and their relevance to the problem of silk evolution in spiders is explored.

Evidence from the analysis of three historical problems (origin of spinnerets, origin of silk glands, original selective pressure favouring evolution of silk) is reviewed from three different frames of reference (in‐group analysis, out‐group analysis, convergence analysis). Several lines of evidence are found which suggest that silk use originated in spiders due to selective pressures associated with reproduction (specifically, the transfer of sperm or the protection of eggs).

The prevalence of segmental appendages retained for use in manipulating genital products in both arachnids and non‐arachnid arthropods and the probable placement of spinnerets near the genital opening in ancestral spiders suggest that spinnerets represent modified gonopods.

The most primitive types of silk glands are retained in virtually all spiders, in part, for use in the construction of sperm webs and egg sacs. Similar silk glands are found near the genital opening in many male spiders and used in building a portion of the sperm web.

The silk of adult arthropods other than spiders is used largely in manipulating or protecting sex cells. If there are multiple functions, use in reproduction is typically one of them. Thus, there is evidence for strong selective pressure favouring the evolution of silk for use in reproduction.

Two hypotheses are proposed which are consistent with the conclusion that silk in spiders evolved for reproductive needs (the spermatophore‐sperm web and egg sac hypotheses). Testable predictions of each hypothesis are proposed.
OSMOREGULATION IN CROCODILIANS
Authors: TAPLIN LAURENCE E.
Published: January 2008

1. The osmoregulatory strategies of crocodilians in both saline and fresh‐water environments are discussed and dissected into their separate components.

2. Contrasts between members of the Alligatoridae and the Crocodylinae emerge repeatedly in aspects such as integumental permeabilities, functioning of the renal/cloacal system, and the presence of lingual salt‐secreting glands.

3. These contrasts contribute to the view that the alligatorid and crocodyline stocks are more divergent than has been suspected previously. In particular, there is cogent evidence of a significant marine phase in the evolution of the Crocodylinae but not of the Alligatoridae.

4. The physiological evidence to support this view of a very basic dichotomy among the eusuchians is reviewed in detail and avenues which would contribute most to its critical evaluation are identified.
COLONY FORM AND THE EXPLOITATION OF SPATIAL REFUGES BY ENCRUSTING BRYOZOA
Authors: BISHOP J. D. D.
Published: January 2008

The sheet‐runner continuum model of unilaminar encrusting colony growth is reassessed for cheilostome Bryozoa. It is concluded that the model does not adequately account for the existence of spatially predictable refuges from mortality, which can be selected by the larva at the time of settlement.

A third end‐point category of colony form, named the spot colony, is recognized for species settling in small spatially predictable refuges and growing to small, early maturing colonies of determinate or semi‐determinate size. Similar colonies are reported from spatially restrictive substrates such as flexible algal fronds and single sediment grains on particulate seabeds.

Runner growth is also reappraised. In some cases, uniserial growth may be regarded as a primary adaptation for growth in linear refuges, or on maze‐like or strongly three‐dimensional surfaces where multiserial growth is impossible, rather than as a general fugitive strategy adopted by competitively inferior forms.

A revised classificatory model for encrusting growth is proposed. This consists of two continua, sheet‐ribbon‐runner and sheet‐patch‐spot. It is suggested that an improved ecological classification of encrusting growth might be framed as a series of coupled settlement/growth strategies.
EMBRYONIC RESISTANCE TO CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL FACTORS: MANIFESTATION, MECHANISM, ROLE IN REPRODUCTION AND IN ADAPTATION TO ECOLOGY
Authors: ZUSMAN IGOR , ORNOY ASHER
Published: January 2008

Chemical and physical factors may adversely affect embryonic development. As an example of chemical factors, the effects of diabetic metabolic factors on embryonic development in mammals was reviewed. The existence of a stage‐dependent reaction of embryos was found. At preimplantation stages diabetic metabolic factors are embryotoxic and lethal, and the blastocysts reacted by an “all‐or‐none” response. Early somite embryos showed a higher resistance to the effects of diabetic metabolic factors resulting in various types of malformations. Both groups of embryos showed a very high sensitivity to the effects of combined diabetic metabolic factors. Congenital defects in term foetuses were lower than those observed during middle phases of pregnancy because some of the severely malformed embryos resorb during gestation. The effects of temperature on embryonic development were presented as an example of physical influences. In man, hyperthermia in pregnancy seems to correlate with defects in the development of the nervous and skeletal systems. In domestic animals, changes in environmental temperature correlated with depressions of reproduction rate. In laboratory animals, hyperthermia caused the development of congenital malformations. Stage‐dependent as well as genetic differences in embryonic susceptibility to hyperthermia were found. Critical periods in sensitivity of embryos to hyperthermic influences were also observed. It has been shown that, in spite of similar external manifestations of the reaction of embryos to effects of diabetes and hyperthermia, the mechanism of these reactions was different. High resistance of early reptile and bird embryos to influences of temperature was considered as an example of morpho‐functional adaptations in early embryogenesis of vertebrates to their development in terrestrial conditions.
QUANTITATIVE VARIATIONS OF NUCLEAR DNA DURING PLANT DEVELOPMENT: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: BASSI PAOLA
Published: January 2008

In this review a critical analysis is made of the quantitative DNA variations that take place during plant development. These include underreplication, loss and amplification of repeated sequences; particular attention is devoted to quantitative variations of non‐coding DNA sequences.

Examples reported in the literature are analysed in relation to the different biological phenomena they accompany such as vegetative development, phase changes, senescence, dedifferentiation or tumour formation.

The author also considers the influence that external elements such as growth factors, chemical substances, culture medium composition, or, also, different stimuli of environmental character, can have on these quantitative variations of nuclear DNA sequences.

Finally the different hypotheses on the role that repetitive DNA sequences (particularly those that are highly repeated) can have on the life of the cell are analysed and discussed.

The experimental evidence, although fragmentary and sometimes contradictory, leads to the conclusion that the plant genome is not so ‘quantitatively static’ as was once hought, but is instead characterized by a dynamic plasticity; the role of repeated DNA sequences in the plant development seems to be much more active, than the role hypothesized by many authors in the past.
MECHANISMS OF AVIAN IMPRINTING: A REVIEW
Authors: BOLHUIS JOHAN J.
Published: January 2008

Filial imprinting is the process through which early social preferences become restricted to a particular object or class of objects. Evidence is presented showing that filial preferences are formed not only as a result of learning through exposure to an object, but also under the influence of visual and auditory predispositions. The development of these predispositions is dependent upon certain non‐specific experience.

There is little evidence for an endogenously affected sensitive period for imprinting. It is more likely that the end of sensitivity is a result of the imprinting process itself. Similarly, it is now firmly established that filial and sexual preferences are reversible. Evidence suggests, however, that the first stimulus to which the young animal is exposed may exert a greater influence on filial preferences than subsequent stimuli.

The learning process of imprinting is often regarded as being different from conventional associative learning. However, the imprinting object itself can function as a reinforcer. Recent studies have attempted to test predictions from an interpretation of filial imprinting as a form of associative learning. The first results suggest that ‘blocking’ may occur in imprinting, whilst there is no evidence for ‘overshadowing’.

Social interactions with siblings and parent(‐surrogates) have been shown to affect the formation of filial and sexual preferences. The influence of these interactions is particularly prominent in sexual imprinting, making earlier claims about naive species‐specific biases unlikely.

Although auditory stimuli play an important role in the formation of social attachments, there is little evidence for auditory imprinting per se. Auditory preferences formed as a result of mere (pre‐ or postnatal) exposure are relatively weak and short‐lasting. Exposure to visual stimuli during auditory training significantly improves auditory learning, possibly through a process of reinforcement.

It is becoming increasingly clear that filial and sexual imprinting are two different (although perhaps analogous) processes. Different mechanisms are likely to underlie the two processes, although there is evidence to suggest that the same brain region is involved in recognition of familiar stimuli in both filial and sexual imprinting.

There is little evidence for a direct role of hormones in the learning process of imprinting. Androgen metabolism may be a factor constraining the development of a predisposition in the chick. Research into the neural mechanism of filial imprinting in the chick has revealed that a restricted part of the forebrain (IMHV) is likely to be a site of memory storage. Changes in synapse morphology and in the number of NMDA receptors have been found, limited to this region, and correlated with the strength of preference.
THE EVOLUTION OF EUTHERIAN SPERMATOZOA AND UNDERLYING SELECTIVE FORCES: FEMALE SELECTION AND SPERM COMPETITION
Authors: ROLDAN E. R. S. , GOMENDIO M. , VITULLO A. D.
Published: January 2008

Sumary

We have examined sperm morphology and dimensions in Eutherian mammals. In most Eutherians, sperm heads are round or oval and spermatozoa have short tails (average sperm length about 65 μm; range = 33–121 μm). Rodents, however, clearly depart from the typical Eutherian pattern in that they show a broad array of head morphs and an extreme range of sperm dimensions (35–250 μm). In order to trace the evolutionary changes that rodent sperm have undergone, we have used phylogenetic relationships based on biogeographical, morphological, chromosomal and genic data, and we have superimposed onto them the information available on sperm traits. Analyses were carried out for five rodent groups on which enough information was available. The evolutionary trends which emerged from these studies have two main points in common throughout evolution spermatozoa have become enlarged and morphologically more complex, and this process seems to have taken place independently in different lineages. A general model was developed which outlines the different evolutionary pathways that rodent sperm have undergone.

The adaptive significance of the increase in head complexity and the elongation of the sperm tail remains obscure. We have integrated information from evolutionary, physiological and behavioural studies to address this issue. We argue that two main selective forces may have favoured these changes: female selection within the reproductive tract and sperm competition. The female tract represents a formidable barrier for spermatozoa and it provides an environment where numerous interactions take place. The extent of these barriers and the complexity of these poorly understood interactions suggest that females may be exercising a strong selection, which may enable them to favour particular types of spermatozoa or ejaculates from particular males. Throughout their evolution males must have evolved adaptations to overcome these barriers, and the conflicting interests of choosy females. Sperm competition is a potent evolutionary force among mammals, which has influenced not only the evolution of sperm numbers but also changes in sperm dimensions. Thus, sperm competition has favoured the elongation of the sperm tail, which has led to the attainment of faster swimming speed, an important factor when sperm from rival males compete to reach the ova first.
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF NATURAL SELECTION
Authors: EDWARDS A. W. F.
Published: January 2008

The fundamental theorem of natural selection was a valiant attempt by R. A. Fisher to fit a quart into a pint pot

The present author reviewing Population Genetics by Ewens, 1969a (Edwards, 1969).

Many authors have maintained that the theorem holds only under very special conditions, while only a few (e.g. Edwards, 1967) have thought that Fisher may have been correct – if only we could understand what he meant! It will be shown here that this latter view is correct

Price, 1972.

My own reason for not including a planned chapter on the fundamental theorem is… [that] in spite of many efforts I am still not satisfied that I am able to provide an account that does the theorem justice

The present author in the Epilogue to Foundations of Mathematical Genetics (Edwards, 1977).
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS IN LAND PLANTS: NEW PHYLOGENETIC AND PALAEOBOTANICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: KENRICK ByPAUL
Published: January 2008

Current ideas on the evolution of alternation of generations in land plants are reviewed in the context of important recent advances in plant systematics and the discovery of remarkable new palaeobotanical evidence on early embryophyte life cycles. An overview of relationships in major groups of green plants is presented together with a brief review of the early fossil record as a prelude to discussing hypotheses of life cycle evolution. Recent discoveries of life cycles in the early fossil record are described and assessed. The newly discovered gametophyte and sporophyte associations are based on exceptionally well‐preserved material from the Rhynie Chert, Scotland (Middle Devonian: 380–408 Myr) and compression fossils from other Devonian localities. These data document diplobiontic life cycles in plants at the ‘protracheophyte’ and early tracheophyte level of organization. Furthermore, the early fossils have a more or less isomorphic alternation of generations, a striking departure from life cycles in extant embryophytes. This unexpected similarity between gametophyte and sporophyte calls for a cautious approach in identifying ploidy level in early groups. Viewed in a systematic context, the neontological and palaeontological data contribute towards the formulation of a coherent hypothesis of life cycle evolution in major, early embryophyte groups. Evidence from extant groups strongly supports a single direct origin of the diplobiontic life cycles of land plants from haploid, haplobiontic life cycles in ancestral ‘charophycean algae’. The interest of the new palaeobotanical data lies in its relevance to life cycle evolution at the restricted level of vascular plants rather than at the more general level of embryophytes (vascular plants plus ‘bryophytes’). The occurrence of morphologically complex, axial gametophytes in early vascular plants is consistent with the moss sister‐group proposed in some cladistic analyses. Similarities of moss gametophytes to fossils in the vascular plant stem‐group are discussed, and it is argued that the late appearance of mosses in the macrofossil record may be due to the problem of recognizing stem‐group taxa. The new palaeobotanical evidence conflicts with previous hypotheses based on extant groups that interpret morphological simplicity as the plesiomorphic condition in the gametophytes of vascular plants. These new data indicate that a significant elaboration of both gametophyte and sporophyte occurred early in the tracheophyte lineage, and that the gametophytes of extant ‘pteridophytes’ are highly reduced compared to those of some of the earliest ‘protracheophytes’. Vestiges of this early morphological complexity may remain in the gametophytes of some extant groups such as Lycopodiaceae.
VARIABILITY OF NEOPLASTIC PARAMETERS IN COLON TUMOURS, AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN DIAGNOSTIC PRACTICE
Authors: ZUSMAN IGOR
Published: January 2008

We have reviewed the value of individual variability in the reaction of tissues to treatment with carcinogens, and the manifestation of this variability in different morphological (histological, morphometric, and ultrastructural), histochemical and immunohistochemical parameters generated in tumorous tissues. Moreover, we also reviewed data in the literature on individual variability in the manifestation of some biochemical and immunochemical markers which are accumulated in the serum of tumour‐bearing patients and which are characteristic for the different phases of tumourigenesis. The high variability of different tumorous parameters suggests that none can be utilized alone as a conclusive marker of neoplasia and that only their combined use can give objective information. We also reviewed the impact of this variability in the evaluation of various pathological methods to detect different stages of neoplastic transformation in the colon. It has been concluded that none of the present approaches can be absolutely conclusive and without false results, and that objective information regarding early cancerous changes may be obtained only by use of combined analyses utilizing several laboratory methods. The diagnostic procedures should be based on the complex utilization of all appropriate methods using the quantitative interpretation of the obtained data. Multivariate analysis of many parameters should be very effective for the prediction of therapeutic results.
Being Confucian: Why Confucians Needn't Be Old, Serious and Conservative (Politics of Identity – XII)
Authors: Bell Daniel A.
Published: January 2008

It is difficult, arguably, for modern leftist thinkers to sympathize with Confucian values that seem best suited to old, boring and deadly serious defenders of conservative traditions. But this stereotypical image may be mistaken. Drawing on his own experience, the author argues that Confucians can and should have a sense of humour and engage in social and political criticism. He also questions the idea that Confucians need to be elderly gentlemen. The article ends with some reflections on Chineseness and Confucianism.
Allergic purpura with hypoprothrombinemia
Authors: NJÅ ARNE
Published: January 2008

A short description of the conception of disease compiled by SEIDLMAYER: »Die frühinfantile, postinfektiöse Kokarden‐Pur‐pura.« The disease occurs in infancy and childhood, up to the age of three years. Most often it is associated with catarrhal infections. It manifests itself through eruption of characteristic purpuric efflorescences, essentially localized to the extensor surfaces of the extremities, and the face, besides urticarial eruptions and a tendency to localized edemata. A case of purpura of this type is referred. Of special interest in this patient were two relations, viz.:

1. An unusually strong, hemorrhagic cutaneous reaction to pneumococci, suggesting an infectious‐allergic genesis.

2. A very greatly prolonged prothrombin time (more than five minutes), which could be demonstrated as long as the tendency of hemorrhage existed, and became normal at the same time as the hemorrhages ceased. The possibility of hypoprothrombinemia as a eontributary cause of the hemorrhages is discussed.
Clinical Appearance and Diagnosis of the Colon Polypus1
Authors: JOHANNES LEWIS‐ NS N.
Published: January 2008

The solitary pedieled colon polypus offers a complex of symptoms which will nowadays lead to a certain diagnosis, if only the possibility of this disease is borne in mind, and the investigation arranged accordingly. Rectal palpation, rectoscopy and radiological examination according to the methods given for colon polypus are the three diagnostic methods which must all be used. Three cases of colon polypus in children are reported: one with threatening bleeding and one with three polypi, one of which was diagnosed with the rectoscope and the other two by means of X‐ray.
Gastro‐Duodenal Ulcer in Childhood
Authors: WAMBERQ ERIK
Published: January 2008

The writer reports the case histories of 2 girls, aged 9 and 11 respectively. The younger girl had been suffering from periodic vomiting for 5 years, whereas the other patient had suffered from vomiting for 2 years as well as periodic, partly tardy pain in the epigastric region and exhibited melsena twice. In both patients Ewald's test meal was of a large quantity and X‐ray examination revealed a typical duodenal ulcer.

Ulcerations of the stomach and duodenum are most frequently encountered in the first year of life and around puberty. In infancy the ulcers nearly always have appeared in conjunction with infections, intoxications, traumata, circulatory disorders, burns, or cachexia, but the ulcers occurring in children above 5 years of age in the vast majority of cases are based on actual gastroduodenitis.

The disease may manifest itself by (a) a gastroduodenitic syndrome just as in adults, (b) the sudden occurrence of complications (haemorrhage or perforation) and finally, presumably most often by (c) vague and uncharacteristic symptoms.

Mention is made of complications and differential diagnosis. The treatment should be conservative, considering that the operation most in use for the moment (resection), which presumably is the only rational surgical treatment, entails a high primary mortality apart from being apt to cause lasting disorders. Operation is called for only in cases of severe stenosis and perforation.

In the conclusion the writer emphasizes that gastro‐duodenal ulcers in childhood presumably occur more frequently than is generally supposed and that a more extensive use of X‐ray in the examination of children with uncharacteristic dyspeptic symptoms no doubt would lead to a recognition of ulcer more frequently than the procedures used at the present moment.
Basal Metabolism in Children with Splenomegaly.
Authors: TOPPER ANNE
Published: January 2008

In 26 children with an enlarged spleen in various disease conditions, the basal metabolic rate was found to be higher than normal (plus 12% to plus 50%). There was no increase in temperature, nor any apparent signs of hyperthyroidism to explain the increased metabolism.

In other children suffering from the same disease conditions, but with normal spleen, the basal metabolic rate was normal.

There seems to be a constant relationship between an enlarged spleen and an increased basal metabolic rate.

The following questions are raised and discussed:

1. Is this an accidental finding?

2. Is there some toxic factor, at present unknown, which is responsible for both the splenomegaly and the increase in basal metobolism?

3. Is there a causal relationship between an enlarged (diseased) spleen and an increased basal metabolism?
Beobachtungen über die Verwendbarkeit der gelben Rübe als Ersatz der Apfel‐Bananen‐Diät.
Authors: LEPPO VARPU
Published: January 2008

Obwohl meine Arbeit noch nicht abgeschlossen ist, kann ich doch sgen, dass die Ergebnisse den Erwartungen entsprechen. In Lastenlinna hat man gesunden Kindern vom 4. Monat an geschabte gelbe Rübe neben Apfel und Banane gegeben und dabei wahrgenommen, dass die gelbe Rübe auch für so kleine Kinder ebenso geeignet ist wie Apfel und Banane. Als eigentliche Diarrhöehehandlung ist gelbe Rübe in der Kinderklinik vom 10. Monat an vcrabreicht worden. Der akute Darmkatarrh heilt bei ausschliesslicher Rübendiät binnen 2—3 Tagen. Die bei der Diarrhoebehandlung erzielten Erfolge beruhen darauf, dass 1) die Kost einseitig, 2) kalorienarm, 3) fein kolloiddispersiv ist. Die gelbe Rübe enthält wie Apfel und Banane die therapeutisch wichtigen Pektine. Ferner vergndert sie den Stoffwechsel in der alkalischen Richtung. Der hohe C‐Vitamingehalt der gelben Rübe bewirkt, dass sie bei der Befriedigung des C‐Vitaminbedarfs in alien Altersklassen eine wichtige Stelle einnehmen könnte.
Treatment of chorea minor, with a special view to employment of large doses of luminal
Authors: DRUCKER PAUL
Published: January 2008

41 children, 6—14 years old (13 boys and 28 girls), are treated with luminal. As a normal method, large initial doses, (up to 30 eg daily) are given for 14 days or till the eruption of an exanthema (about 9 days), whereafter luminal is given in smaller doses (15—10 eg daily) for a shorter or longer period. In more than half of the children treated in this way clinical recovery was obtained within 2 weeks in more than three fourths of the children it was obtained within 3 weeks.

Apart from 2 cases, in one of which there was a brief spell of hæmaturia in connection with the exanthema, while the other patient had an attack of febrile angina in connection with the exanthema, no serious complications were observed, especially not involving the respiratory passages.

Luminal therapy with large initial doses has thus proved to be a very effective and safe treatment in all cases of chorea, but it is suitable only for hospitals or clinics.

An attempt is made to account for the pathogenesis of the choreic movements; and a hypothetical explanation is given of the reason for the antichoreatic effect of luminal.
Experiences of appendicitis in children during the first five years of age
Authors: EDBERG EINAR
Published: January 2008

The author has examined all the cases of appendicitis treated at GBS during 1925–1938 and classified the material in three 5‐year‐groups. Table I–II illustrate the frequency of appendicitis in the two sexes and in the three groups in question, and furthermore the considerable unequalness of mortality in the three pentads. The 180 cases belonging to the first pentad are distributed amongst three tables: acute appendicitis without obvious peritonitis, acute appendicitis with local peritonitis, and acute appendicitis with spreading peritonitis. The tables illustrate the distribution among age and sex, the mortality within the three groups, and the different percentage of cases of a serious or a benign character, seen from the therapeutic point of view.

After this he discusses the chief symptomatology during earliest childhood up to the fifth year and in this connection points out the most common causes of diagnostic error. Special attention is given to the difficulties met with at the combined symptoms of enteritis and appendicitis. Furthermore the risk that an acute appendicitis is hidden by acute pharyngeal inflammations, upper respiratory infections or pyelitis, etc. etc.
The treatment of pneumonia in early infancy1
Authors: FRIDERICHSEN C.
Published: January 2008

After serum treatment of 28 children, in whom the pneumonias were verified by X‐ray, no difference in the mortality was found in comparison with the control cases within the different pneumonias and age‐classes.

The intraperitoneal blood transfusion is a valuable therapeutic remedy in the treatment of acute primitive as well as of chronic and migrating pneumonias, and it is able to serve as substitute for intravenous blood transfusion during the first year of life.

46 Children (21 of whom below 2 years) with pneumonia, verified by X‐ray and typing, were treated with sulfanilylamino‐pyridine (M. & B. 693). Decrease of temperature ensued in 45 cases. One child died on account of complicating encephalitis with type VI. Sulfanilyl‐aminopyridine is able to kill pneumococci in lung tissue and blood, but not in brain tissue, which is poor in lymph.

In the treatment of pneumonias in early childhood sulfanilyl‐aminopyridine is very superior to serum.
Ein Fall von Essentieller Thrombopenie
Authors: LANGERT SVEN , Edberg Einar
Published: January 2008

Nach einer kurzen Beschreibung der als essentielle Thrombopenie bezeichneten Krankheit berichtet Verf. über einen Fall dieses Leidens, bei dem nach Milzexstirpation Heilung eintrat, und die Patientin einen so guten Gesundheitszustand erreichte, dass sie jetzt bald 10 Jahre nach der Operation ohne Schwierigkeit eine ziemlich anstrengende Arbeit bewältigen kann. Die Patientin hatte von ihrem 2. Lebensjahre ab mitunter an schwerem Nasenbluten gelitten, das sie nicht weniger als 5mal zwang, Spitalsbehandlung in Anspruch zu nehmen, das letzte Mai im Jahre 1929, wo sie ausser Nasenbluten auch eine profuse Blutung aus der Vagina bekam. Die Patientin wurde damals, 13 Jahre alt, im September 1929 ins Krankenhaus aufgenommen. Sie wies sämtliche Symptome einer essentiellen Thrombopenie auf und hatte eine schwere Anämie. Trotz wiederholten Bluttransfusionen und Versuchen mit verschiedenen Hämostatika konnte ihr Zustand nicht gebessert werden. Die Patientin lag mit wiederholten kleinen Blutungen danieder, und die angewendeten Mittel hatten gar keine oder nur vorübergehende Wirkung. Die Thrombozytenzahl sank immer mehr und war schliesslich auf 26,000 per ccm hinuntergegangen. Mitte Oktober, ungefähr einen Monat nach der Aufnahme, wurde Milzexstirpation vorgenommen. Die mikroskopische Untersuchung der Milz zeigte ausser leichter Fibrosität keine deutlichen Veränderungen. Nach der Operation hörten die Blutungen genommen sofort auf. Die Zahl der Thrombozyten stieg von 26,000 per ccm binnen 24 Std. auf normale Werte, und rasch verschwanden auch die sonstigen gewöhnlichen Symptome der essentiellen Thrombopenie. Der Allgemeinzustand des Patienten besserte sich rasch, und bereits am 3. XII. konnte sie symptomfrei entlassen werden. Später wurde sie wiederholte Male nachuntersucht, zuletzt am 31. Mai 1939, also ungefähr 10 Jahre nach der Operation, die allem Anschein nach das Resultat herbeigeführt hat, dass die Patientin immer noch von der Krankheit befreit ist, die sie vor der Operation durch lange Zeit invalid gemacht hatte.

Zur Zählung der Thrombozyten wurde die Kristenson'sche Methode zu Zählung von Thrombozyten im Kapillarblut angewendet.
Vergleichende Studien mit einem gereinigten Tuberkulin, »Tubereulin P.P.D.» (Parke‐Davis' & Co) sowie »Alttuberkulin Hoechst»
Authors: de MARÉ MATHIAS
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung und Ergebnisse.

Der Verf. berichtet über eine vergleichende Prüfung von Hoechsts Alttuberkulin und Parke‐Davis' Pure Protein Derivative of Tuberculin (P. P. D.). Das Material umfasst 860 Tuberkulinprüfungen an Kindern im Alter von 2 Mon. — 15 Jahren. Die Prüfungen sind hauptsächlich nach Mantoux ausgeführt, und A. T. ist in den Dosen 0.01, 0.1 und 1.0 mg verabfolgt worden, mit Ausnahme von 70 Fällen, wo statt Mantoux 0.01 Pirquets Reaktion gemacht wurde. Das P. P. D. ist in seinen Standarddosen I (0.00002 mg) und II (0.005 mg) gebraucht worden. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen den beiden Tuberkulinsorten war eine vollständige, da dieselben 247 Fälle (28.5%) positiv auf A. T. ad 1.0 mg und auf P. P. D. I+II reagiert haben (Tab. I). Auf P. P. D. I reagierten 228 Fälle (26.5%), und diese Stärke entsprach in etwa 0.1 mg A. T. (Tab. II). Etwas zu starke Reaktionen mit Blasenbildung und einer kleinen Nekrose traten in 7 Fällen nach A. T. und in 13 Fällen nach P. P. D. auf. Dies entspricht 3.6 bzw. 5.7 % der mit den betreffenden Tuberkulinsorten positiven Reaktionen. Eine Untersuchung der unspezifischen Reaktionen des Materials nach 48 Stunden zeigt, dass ihre Frequenz mit steigender A. T.‐Konzentration zunimmt und dass P. P. D. I eine kleinere Zahl von solchen Reaktionen bewirkt hat als 0.01 mg A. T., während sich nach P. P. D. II eine noch grössere Anzahl unspezifischer Reaktionen ergab als nach 1.0 mg A. T. (Tabelle IV). Dies scheint die Beobachtung von Long und Seibert zu bestätigen, dass der höheren Stärke von P. P. D. ein unspezifischer Faktor eigen ist.

Die Untersuchung scheint zu zeigen, dass das P. P. D. bei der Tuberkulindiagnostik mit derselben Sicherheit verwendet werden kann wie Hoechsts A. T., wobei man mit nur zwei Einspritzungen dasselbe Resultat erreichen kann wie mit drei A. T.‐Injektionen. Ein Nachteil des P. P. D. liegt darin, dass die Beurteilung der Reaktionen nach der Stärke II wegen der zahlreichen unspezifischen Befunde mit einer gewissen Unsicherheit behaftet ist, was gerade vermieden werden sollte.
On the Roentgen‐anatomical Appearance of Congenital Pyloric Stenosis during and after the Manifest Stage of the Disease
Authors: RUNSTRÖM GÖSTA
Published: January 2008

Pyloric stenosis in infants has a typical roentgen‐anatomical appearence. In the manifest stage the canalis egestorius is contracted to a narrow, streak‐like lumen, 2—3 cm in length. The stomach shows stenosal peristalsis, which does not pass beyond the oral limit of the constriction. The duodenal cap is normal in shape and size. The opening time of the stomach is prolonged up to 2 hours (Stage I). After the cessation of the manifest symptoms up to 4 years the opening time is normal and the lumen of the canalis egestorius is somewhat wider with longitudinal rugae Stage II. Later up to 13 years the condition is otherwise unchanged with the exception of the occurrence in some cases of slight peristaltic‐like waves along the canalis egestorius (Stage III). In other cases the canalis egestorius is of normal width and shows normal peristalsis. A clinically symptom‐free member of a pair of twins, the other member with a typical pyloric stenosis, Stage I, showed the roentgen‐anatomical picture of Stage II. The anatomical change consists partly of a thickening of the muscularis propria and partly of the mucosa. In Stages I and II the muscularis propria is unchanged, in Stage III it shows an incipient peristalsis. In Stage I the mucosa almost entirely fills the lumen – manifest symptoms and prolonged opening time. In Stages II and III the swelling of the mucosa is decreased with a canalisation of the lumen and disappearance of the symptoms. The change may be limited to Stage II without any clinical symptoms.
Drei Fälle von Ventilbronchostenose extrabronchialer Entstehung
Authors: SYDOW GERT V.
Published: January 2008

Ventilbronchostenosen sicher extrabronchialer Entstehung sind nur bei kleinen Kindern (bis zu 4 Jahren) beobachtet worden. Sie treffen fast immer tuberkulöse Kinder und mögen von die Bronchialwand vorbuchtenden tuberkulösen Adenitiden hervorgerufen worden sein. Fälle mit sicherer nicht‐tuberkulöser Ätiologie scheinen früher nicht beschrieben worden zu sein. — Verf. schildert zwei neue Fälle von Ventilstenosen bei tuberkulösen Kindern, und ausserdem einen Fall, bei dem eine tuberkulöse Infektion durch wiederholte negative Tuberkulinreaktionen, bis auf 10 mg Mantoux, mit Sicherheit auszuschliessen ist. Als Ursache der Stenose in diesem Falle werden peribronchitische Veränderungen gedacht. Alle drei angeführten Fälle zeichnen sich durch einen sehr langwierigen Verlauf (über neun bis bisher achtzehn Monate), und zwei von ihnen durch sehr geringe subjektive Beschwerden aus. In diesem Zusammenhang wird darauf hingewiesen, dass solche Zustände wahrscheinlich leicht der Aufmerksamkeit des Untersuchers entgehen können, sogar wenn sie einer (dann allerdings schablonenhaften) röntgenologischen Untersuchung unterworfen werden.
Die Skelettentwicklung bei infantiler Hyperthyreose.
Authors: BERGSTRAND CARL GUSTAF
Published: January 2008

Verf. legt dar, dass die Ansichten im Schrifttum über die Körpergrösse bei Kindern mit Hyperthyreose geteilt sind. Am häufigsten wird der Standpunkt vertreten, dass diese Kinder ungewöhnlich hochwüchsig sind. Die klinischen Beobachtungen über die Skelettentwicklung bei der kindliehen Hyperthyreose sind zwar spärlich, stimmen aber im grossen und ganzen miteinander überein: es besteht eine die Norm überschreitende Verknöcherung, die indessen an sich nicht eine Steigerung des Längenwachstums zu bedeuten braucht

Verf. hat einige Tage alten Kaninehen grosse Dosen von Thyranon (Pharmacia) bzw. Thyroxin (Roche) subkutan injiziert und binnen vierzehn Tagen röntgenologisch bei den Versuchstieren eine im Vergleich zu derjenigen bei Kontrolltieren aus denselben Würfen vorgeschrittene Verknöcherung nachweisen können. Das Ergebnis steht im Einklang mit ähnlichen, von M. M. Hoskins (1927) gemachten Feststellungen. Ferner wurde der distale Tibiaepiphysenknorpel histologisch untersucht, und Verf. hat, wie Bircher (1910), Dott (1923) u. a., gefunden, dass der Epiphysenknorpel bei den behandelten Tieren schmäler ist, was auf eine verminderte Zellwucherung hindeutet

Verf. hält die vorgeschrittene Verknöcherung bei der klinischen und experimentellen Hyperthyreose infantiler Individuen für den Ausdruck eines stimulierenden Einflusses der Schilddrüse auf die Differenzierungs‐ und Reifungsvorgänge im Bereich des Knochengerüsts

Verf. gestattet sich, seinen Dank für Rat und Hilfe Herrn Professor A. Wallgren und Herrn Professor H. Bergstrand auszusprechen, sowie der Aktiengesellschaft Pharmacia, von der das Präparat Thyranon in überaus dankenswerter Weise zur Verfügung gestellt wurde.
Experimentally Produced Gallop Rhythm. A Preliminary Report
Authors: CARLGREN LARS‐ERIK
Published: January 2008

In order to illustrate the question of the appearance and significance of the gallop rhythm and the third sound gallop, in particular, experimental tests were initiated. Fleisher and Loeb's method was employed for producing myocarditis in rabbits. In about 1/3 of the 30 animals surviving an injection, the gallop rhythm was registrable by means of the phonocardiogram. A closer analysis showed, that this was a case of the third sound gallop (i.e. protodiastolic gallop or rapid filling gallop). In all these instances considerable changes were ascertained in the electrocardiogram and often a marked dilatation of the heart. The patho‐anatomical examination, as a rule, revealed a certain degree of hypertrophy and more or less extensive fibrosis in the myocardium.
The Syndroma Hypoglycemia‐Hydrops‐Erythroblastemia in New‐born
Authors: JOACHIMSSON SVEN
Published: January 2008

The pre‐conditions for the appearence of hypoglycemia should be found in the new‐born. There is, too, a certain physiological hypoglycemia during the first week of life, but it is seldom accompanied by clinical symptoms. An exception to this is provided by the infants of diabetic mothers, in whom special, hitherto unexplained, disturbances are present

The author has observed 4 cases of hypoglycemia with clinical symptoms in infants of healthy mothers. Disturbances in blood sugar regulation were revealed, apart from the hypoglycemia, by means of glucose loading curves with abnormal courses. The clinical symptoms consisted of convulsions in 3 cases, attacks of cyanosis in all 4 cases, obvious difficulties in feeding in 3 cases

The occurrence of these symptoms also in cases of intracranial hemorrhage is pointed out, and in that connection — when hemorrhagia intracranialis is suspected on account of these symptoms but not verified — the importance is indicated of determining the blood sugar in order to avoid possible erroneous diagnosis

In addition to the hypoglycemia with its clinical symptoms, some further symptoms of interest in these infants are pointed out: three of the infants were more or less hydropic, in one of the cases hydramnion was present at partus and in three of the cases a definitely pathological erythroblastemia was proved

The author advances the suggestion that the whole of this morbid picture might be due to debility, a deficient biological maturity, in which, above all, a liver insufficiency is assumed to be the most important factor. The central position of the liver in the regulation of the blood sugar, its importance for the fluid metabolism and for the extra‐medullary formation of blood, are pointed out as reasons why a biologically immature liver might give ride to this morbid picture

However, other aspects of the etiology of the morbid picture in these cases are brought out by a comparison with the condition in the infants of diabetic mothers. According to the casuistics, the latter may exhibit exactly the same symptoms: hypoglycemia, attacks of cyanosis, convulsions, difficulties in feeding, hydramnion, hydrops, erythroblastemia. On the other hand, in cases of typical familial erythroblastosis, hydrops universalis congenita and ieterus gravis neonatorum, extreme hyperplasia of the insular elements of pancreas has been shown, as well as pathological stores of glycogen in different organs — a morphological expression of hyperinsulinism

In view of the similarity between the symptom pictures in the cases described by the present author and those of the children of diabetic mothers, where a hormonal disturbance is considered to be present, the author's cases are also apprehended as being hormonally conditioned

The blood sugar has been determined by the Hagedorn method and, in most cases, double determinations were made.
Der Arzt und die Sechsjahrmolaren
Authors: ROOS BERTIL
Published: January 2008

Die 6‐Jahrmolaren, die wichtigsten Zähne des bleibenden Gebisses, sind aueh diejenigen Zähne dieses Gebisses, die am häufigsten durch Karies zerstört werden. Dazu trägt u. a. die Tatsache bei, dass diese Zähne von den Bltern sehr oft als Milchzähne angesehen werden. Es wird zahlenmässig beleuchtet, dass das Bedürfnis nach konservativer Behandlung der 6‐Jm schon bei vielen Fünf‐ und Sechsjährigen vorliegt, also vor Schulanfang (in Schweden werden die Kinder in dem Jahre schulpflichtig, in welchem sie 7 Jahre alt werden)

Es wird auf gewisse Möglichkeiten hingewiesen, die der Arzt hat, urn die frühe Zerstörung der 1. bleibenden Molaren zu ver‐hiiten. Die sog. Rachitisprophylaxe mittels Darreichung von Vitamin D in den ersten Lebensjahren bedeutet gleichzeitig eine Schmelzhypoplasieprophylaxe auch betreffs der 6‐Jahrmolaren. Ferner soil der Arzt bei der Untersuchung von Kindern auch diesen wichtigen Zähnen einige Aufmerksamkeit schenken. Bei Fünf‐ und Sechsjährigen (sowie älteren Kindern an Orten ohne Schulzahnpflege) soil der Arzt die Eltern von dem Durchbruch der 6‐Jahrmolaren unterriehten und sie darauf hinweisen, dass es sich um bleibende Zähne handelt. Wird sichere oder mutmassliche Karies der 6‐Jahrmolaren festgestellt, so sind die vorschulpflichtigen Kinder sowie die Schulkinder an Orten ohne Schulzahnpflege dem Zahnarzt zuzuführen. Schulkinder mit kariösen 6‐Jahrmolaren, die der Schulzahnpflege unterstehen, sind ebenfalls zum Zahnarzt zu schicken, falls die jährliche Untersuchung der Schulzahnpflege nicht kurz bevorsteht.
Variations in the Fat Content of Collected Human Milk
Authors: SYDOW GERT v.
Published: January 2008

The fat content of collected human milk surplus is not representative under all conditions of the mother's milk fed to the babies of the suppliers to the Milk Centre, and variations in the fat content of the collected milk need not imply that the milk which the baby gets varies in the same way. Different emptying techniques (e. g. extraction at different emptying phases) may yield milk that has considerably different fat contents, and this would if anything imply that the fat content of the rest of the milk, which the baby draws, varies in the opposite direction

If, for instance, it is wished to decide whether an altered level of nutrition in a community has had an effect on the fat content of human milk, a material should preferably be procured that is fully representative of the total production of the mothers studied, e. g. the whole daily milk production from a number of mothers, and, best of all, from mothers who, among other things in respect of milk quantity also, are representative of the nursing mothers of the community. At any rate, when comparisons are made, it must be seen that the different milks have been extracted by a uniform technique and can thus be presumed to deviate in the same way from the total production of the donor mothers as regards fat content.