bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug at Site Three on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and W formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature at 1 in depth, 70°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, loam, soil particle size analysis: 45.6% sand, 34.8% silt, 19.6% clay; soil moisture, 10.8%; organic matter, 1.9%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 5.5; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 9 Aug, 7 d after the initial treatment (2 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Seedcorn Maggot Control in Lupine, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David , Wiens Mel , Sheets Becky
Published: March 2022

The trial was located on an irrigated sandy loam soil at the Staples Irrigation Station, Staples, MN. The plot area was first marked with a planter, and the rows baited with a 1:1:1 mixture of bone & blood meal & meat scraps. Approximately 225 lb of this mixture was applied to the 3/4 acre plot area. The plots were irrigated and planted 1 wk later. Clean untreated lupine seed was treated with a sticker, the appropriate seed treatment plus bacterial inoculant applied, and the seed dried for 48 hr. Plots were 2 rows × 30', treatments were replicated 4 times, and were arranged in a randomized complete block by pairs. A John Deer Maximerge 4 row planter was used for planting on 20 May. Granular insecticide was applied in a 4-6 inch band on the row following planting. The field was then irrigated to provide rapid and uniform germination. Stand, insect damage and yield were taken per 20 ft row. Damage was converted to percent, transformed using ARCSINE and means were compared.
Postharvest Control of Banana Aphid Using Dips, 1989
Authors: Tenbrink V. L. , Hansen J. D. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy trials were conducted on aphid-infested red ginger flowers cut from an untreated nursery field in Hilo, Hawaii. The flowers were randomly divided into groups of 5 stems/treatment and immersed in insecticidal solutions. Water was used for control. Four insecticides were screened for effectiveness and phytotoxicity at one minute. Safer, Mavrik and Amway LOC were also tested at 5 and 15 min durations. The flowers were held for 24 h, then the numbers of alive and dead nymphs and adults were counted under a dissecting microscope. Percent mortality was calculated.
Red Imported Fire Ant Control on Non-Cropland in South Mississippi, 1988
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at 4 locations (lawns) in Clarke, Covington, Jasper and Newton Counties in south Mississippi. Each location consisted of 3 replications 1000 ft2 each. Treatments were made on 20 Jul in Covington and Jasper Counties and on 26 and 28 Jul in Clarke and Newton Counties, respectively. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Hudson knapsack sprayer using a hollow-cone nozzle at 30 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2. Imported fire and hill density was determined by visual observation. Pretreatment counts were made on 21 Jul and post-treatment counts were made on 22 Aug.
Prunus, Peachtree Borer Control, Wayne Co., Oh., 1988
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Purple-leaf sand cherry (1.0-1.5 m tall), infested with peachtree borer, growing in a research plot at The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides for reducing establishment of peachtree borer larvae. A CO2 compression sprayer with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle operating at 20 psi was used to spray 4, randomly selected single plant replicates/treatment. Application was made 17 Jun under sunny skies, 21°24°C, with a 16-24 kph breeze. Each plant received ca. 70 ml of finished spray on the lower trunk and limbs. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 27 Oct by examining the base of each plant for gummy exudate and frass.
Choke Cherry, Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Wayne Co., Oh, 1988
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for control of eastern tent caterpillar larvae on chokecherry (1-3 m) growing along a roadside. Each treatment was applied to the dominant active nest and surrounding foliage when larvae were 10-30 mm in length. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperture setting 3 for 30 s was used to seliver ca. 600 ml of finished spray to each of 3, single-tree replicates/treatment. Spray applications were made 11 May when conditions were sunny, 16°C, with a 24-32 kph breeze. Treatment effectiveness was assessed 20 May by dismantling the dominant tent in each sprayed tree and assessing percent larval mortality.
Spring Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Safer’S Soap and Conventional Insecticides on Douglas-Fir in Berks Co., Pa, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Twenty seven treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 17 Apr to 4 tree replicates. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 mistblower. Treatments were applied at the rate of 100 gal/acre (302 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 78-82°F; 25% RH, and skies were clear and sunny. Sixteen DAT (3 May) counts were completed on each tree. Each replicate was evaluated by completing 4 15-s counts and recording the total number of flocked females.
Juniper, Spruce Spider Mite Control, Knox Co., Oh, 1988
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Junipers (1.0-1.5 m high), gorwing in a nursery were used to evaluate acaricides against spruce spider mites. Treatments were assigned to plants randomly, except that the 4 single-plant replicates were chosen from throughout different parts of the plantation. Pre-counts indicated an average of 205 mites/sample. Treatments were applied with a KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperture setting 3 for 40 s delivering ca. 920 ml of finished spray/plant. The first application was made with all treatments, except Margosan-O, 6 Jun when conditions were sunny, 29°C, with a breeze of 8-16 kph. Margosan-O was applied 15 Jun when second applications were made with all treatments, except Savey. Conditions were sunny, 31°C, with no breeze. Treatments were evaluated 2, 4, and 6 wk after the second application by removing 5, 10-15 cm long, lateral branch tips from each of the replicate plants. Samples were placed in plastic bags and put in an ice-chest for transport to laboratory. Samples were immediately processed by passing them through a mite brusher 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Field Evaluation of Chlorpyrifos, Tralomethrin, Cypermethrin and Xrd-473 Against German Cockroach Pop-Ulations, 1987
Authors: Ogg Clyde L. , Gold Roger E.
Published: March 2022

A field study was conducted to evaluate chlorpyrifos (Dursban M) and tralomefhrin alone, and combined with XRD-473 (an experimental insect growth regulator), and cypermethrin (Demon W) alone for German cockroach control. The study site consisted or 30 apartments (each treatment replicated 10 x) in Omaha, NE which were similar in construction and size. Initially, cockroach population estimates were made by placing sticky traps (Mr. Sticky®) in each structure under the kitchen sink, adjacent to the stove or refrigerator, behind the toilet in each bathroom, and near the waterheater. Traps were left in the units for 1 night, collected and the cockroaches counted to determine mean number of cockroaches/trap/night (precount). Residences were then treated with a water emulsion spray of Dursban M, tralomethrin, Dursban plus XRD-473, tralomethrin plus XRD-473, or with Demon. The treatments were applied with a standard 1 gal B&G® hand sprayer fitted with a multee-jet® nozzle set on coarse fan spray. The insecticides were applied in a continuous band along baseboards, around the doorways, windows and all entrances, beneath the sink, stove and refrigerator, in and on all shelves and cabinets, and around plumbing and other utility installations. Cockroaches were trapped, using the same procedures as described above, at monthly intervals through 6 mo. Trap counts following applications (postcount) were converted to percentage reduction of cockroach populations for each house, based on precounts using the following formula; Percentage reduction = [(precount ° postcount) / precount] × 100. Because the percentage reduction data were not normally distributed, the data were transformed to ranks, within times, and analyzed using ANOVA procedures.
Efficacy of Max-Con, Tomahawk, and Terminator Ear Tags on Face Flies and Pyrethroid-Resistant Horn Flies, Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 1988
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J.
Published: March 2022

Max-Con tags were applied to 196 cows (two tags/cow) 1 Jun. Tomahawk tags were applied to 201 cows (two tags/cow), and Terminator tags were applied to 200 cows (one tag/cow) 2 Jun. An untreated control herd of 200 cows was used for comparison. Cows were with calves in all 4 treatments. Horn and face fly counts were recorded bi-weekly. Horn fly counts were made by counting the number of flies on both sides of an animal. Face fly counts were made by counting the total number of flies/face. A minimum of 15 cows in each group were counted during each counting session.
Efficacy of Terminator Ear Tags on Pyrethroid-Resistant Horn Flies and on Calf Weaning Weights and Performance, Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, Nebraska, 1987
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J.
Published: March 2022

Crossbred cow/calf pairs, maintained on University of Nebraska-Lincoln Sandhill native range pastures, were selected for use in this study. Three treatments were evaluated: Treatment I, cows tagged with one Terminator ear tag, calves not tagged; Treatment II, calves tagged with one Terminator ear tag, cows not tagged; and Treatment III, cows and calves not treated. Cow/calf pairs were allotted to treatment by cow weight with an equal number of steers and heifers/treatment. The number of cow/calf pairs/ treatment were as follows: Treatment I, 49 cows/calf pairs; Treatment II, 50 cow/calf pairs; Treatment III, 50 cow/calf pairs. The animals were tagged and weighed 2 Jun, and the cow/calf pairs were then placed in appropriate pastures. The 3 pastures were of equal size (623 acres) and had an excellent stand of native grass. Pretreatment horn fly numbers were recorded prior to the start of the study, and on a bi-monthly basis thereafter. Fly numbers were recorded by counting the total number of horn flies on both sides of a cow. A minimum of 15 cows were included during each fly counting period.
Efficacy of Terminator and Atroban Ear Tags on Resistant Horn Fly Populations, Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, 1987
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J.
Published: March 2022

Three groups of 200 crossbred cow/calf pairs, maintained on separate native range pastures at the Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, were used in this study. Terminator ear tags were applied to one group of cows (one tag/cow); Atroban tags were applied to another group of cows (one tag/cow); and the third group of cows received no insecticide treatment. There were about 200 cow/calf pairs/treatment. Ear tags were applied during the first wk of Jun. Fly numbers were recorded on a bi-monthly basis, counting the total number of horn flies on both sides of a cow. A minimum of 15 cows were included at each fly oounting period.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies on Dairy Cattle with Liquiduster™ Applicators, Insecticidal Ear Tags, Or A Pour-On Treatment, 1989
Authors: Miller R. W.
Published: March 2022

In the first of 2 trials, permethrin insecticide was applied to 3 herds (40-85 head/herd) of kctating dairy cows via Liquiduster applicators starting in Jun and continuing until the 3rd wk of Sep. In a second trial, 4 herds (15-50 head/herd) of dairy heifers or dry dairy cows were treated as follows: (1) 20% fenthion ear tags (formula A, 2 tags/head) were attached to each animal in a herd on 24 Jul, (2) two 20% fenthion ear tags (formula C, 2 tags/head) were attached to each animal in a herd on 24 Jul, (3) 10% cyfluthrin ear tags (2 tags/head) were attached to each animal in a herd on 26 Jul, (4) animals were treated with 1% cyfluthrin pour-on (12 ml/animal) on 24 Jul and 29 Aug. No horn flies were observed on these herds when they were treated. Two herds and one herd served as untreated control herds for the Liquiduster trial and the ear tags and pour-on trial, respectively. Fly density was determined by making weekly counts of the no. of face flies/face and horn flies/side on 15 animals in each herd during the months of Aug and Sep.
Horn and Face Fly Control on Pastured Beef Cattle with Insecticidal Ear Tag Preparations, 1989
Authors: Webb J. D. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Experimental and commercially available ear tags were evaluated under field conditions for their efficacy against horn and face flies on pastured beef cattle in central Kentucky. The horn fly populations on all herds tagged were sampled and tested for permethrin resistance using the Kentucky horn fly resistance test procedure prior to tagging. A susceptible horn fly population obtained from USDA Livestock laboratory, Kerrville, TX was used as a comparison for all resistance tests. The tags were placed on all adult animals at the rate of one tag/ear. The commercial tags used were Maxcon™, Optimizer™, Terminator™, Saber ™, Tomahawk ™, and Ranger ™. The experimental tags included Mobay’s 15% fenthion + 10% coumaphos, 20% fenthion, 20% fenthion + 15% piperonyl butoxide, and 10% cyfluthrinate and Y-TEX corporation’s YT609A (20% diazinon) and YT305 (cypermethrin). All herds were tagged between 5-15 Jun with the exception of one herd tagged with a 20% fenthion ear tag on 30 Jun. Face flies were counted on the head and face of 10 randomly selected animals/farm while horn flies were estimated on one side of the same animals. Fly counts were compared to those on untreated herds further than 0.5 km, but less than 5 km from the treated herds.
Residual Activity of Insect Growth Regulators, 1989
Authors: Barrett Bruce A. , Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

On 19 Jun, treatments were applied to four small (5 ft) ‘Red Yorking’ apple trees maintained outside via a handgun to drip. Beginning on the day of application, and once a week for 4 wk afterward, 4 leaves from each of the treatment’s 2 trees were randomly sampled with 2 leaf disks (17.9 mm diam) cut from each leaf. Each pair of leaf disks was placed inside a 7.5 × 29.6 mm glass shell vial. Five neonate TABM larvae were then placed inside the vial. TABM larvae were obtained from a laboratory colony reared on a lima bean artificial diet. Vials were kept in a growth chamber set at 20°C with a 16L:8D photoperiod. Seven days later the larvae were examined for mortality. Each treatment had 40 larvae assayed weekly (8 vials with 5 larvae/vial). This process was continued up to 28 days (17 Jul) after the trees were initially treated. During the 28 days that the treated leaves were exposed to weathering, measurable rain occurred on 16 d, for a total of 22.9 cm of rainfall. The average temperature during this period was 23.1°C.
Cabbage Leaf Bioassays, 1989
Authors: Eastman C. E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Kinney K. K.
Published: March 2022

‘Market Prize’ cabbage seedlings were transplanted into plots 4 rows wide by 25 ft long, 15 plants/row, at the Vegetable Crops Farm in Champaign. Bond adjuvant was used except with the USDA products, Ambush, and untreated check. Treatments were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles (TXSS-8)/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30.8 gal/acre (USDA products at 20.4 gal/acre) at 50 psi and 2 mph. Plots were sprayed 30 Jun and 6, 13, 24, and 31 Jul, but bioassays were done only in association with the final application. Bioassays were initiated 31 Jul (0 DAT, 2 h after application) 3 Aug (3 DAT), and 5 Aug (5 DAT). In each bioassay, single 2-square-inch pieces from 3 frame leaves/treatment were placed in a glass petri dish containing moistened filter paper and 5 larvae (mostly third instars, from a 1988 colony from southwestern Illinois). Treatments were replicated 5 times for a total of 25 larvae/treatment. Replicates were held at 80 ° 2°F and 16L:8D. Mortality (no movement following gentle probing) was assessed at 24-h intervals for 72 h
Horseradish Leaf Bioassays, 1989
Authors: Eastman C. E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Kinney K. K.
Published: March 2022

Single plots 4 rows wide by 25 ft long with 36-inch centers and 24-inch plant spacing were marked off within a field of ‘Swiss’ horseradish in Madison Co., Illinois. Bond adjuvant was used in all spray applications, including the check, except for one Ambush treatment. Treatments were applied 11 Sep with 3 hollow cone nozzles (TXSS-8)/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30.8 gal/acre at 50 psi and 2 mph; the entire field had been treated with a fungicide by the grower earlier that day for white rust prevention. Air-dried foliage (15 leaves per treatment) was returned to the laboratory in Champaign and refrigerated overnight. On 12 Sep, 3 leaf pieces (2 square inches each) were cut from 5 leaves/treatment, mixed together, and assigned in groups of 3 to glass petri dishes containing moistened filter paper and 8 larvae (mostly third instars, from a 1988 colony established with collections from horseradish fields in southwestern Illinois). Treatments were replicated 5 times for a total of 40 larvae/treatment. Replicates were held at 80° day: 75°F night and 14L:10D. Mortality (no movement following gentle probing) was assessed cumulatively at 24-h intervals for 72 h.
Effect of Lorsban, Dowco 214, and Xrd 473 on Pyrethroid Resistant Tobacco Budworms, 1989
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: March 2022

Formulated insecticides were evaluated for toxicity to tobacco budworms in the laboratory by application to cotton terminals (cv. ‘STV 213’ ) in water pics using a laboratory spray table. Tobacco budworms used in these tests were obtained from a cotton field near Glen Allan, MS, which had experienced cypermethrin control failure in 1986. Two budworm cultures were established on artificial diet: a 4 × resistant culture maintained in the laboratory without further cypermethrin exposure, and an 18 × resistant culture which was established from the original 4X resistant line by cypermethrin application pressure in the laboratory over 12 generations. Resistance levels were determined by topical bioassays of larvae. The spray table was calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph with 30 psi at one TS6 nozzle. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates of 20 terminals/replicate. Controls were treated with water only. One 3rd instar tobacco budworm was placed on each terminal 30 min after spraying and held under ventilated cups at 85 F and 55-60% RH. Mortality was determined at 48 h and 120 h after spraying; larvae were moved to artificial diet after 48 h. When tests involved XRD 473, surviving insects were placed on artificial diet and held until pupation, emergence, or death.
Laboratory Residual Dust Study for Brown Recluse Spider Control
Authors: Price Richard , Blevins Laren , Pinkston Ken , Bell Mike
Published: March 2022

Two laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the residual activity of 5 different dust formulations at different dosage rates. In test 1, dusts were applied to 2 different surfaces, masonite and the paper backing attached to Owens-Corning Fiberglass Building Insulation, while only masonite was used in test 2. Treatment consisted of spreading dust evenly over the masonite surface (4 inch × 4 inch × 1/4 inch) with a paint brush to an accuracy of 0.001 g. The dust was applied to the paper backing of insulation (4 inch × 4 inch) by placing it in a closed cylindrical container (7 inch × 6 3/4 inch diameter) and treating with a hand bulb duster. The duster was held horizontally with the nose in a hole at a height of 5 1/4 inches and pumped 2 to 3 times. The amount of dust applied was then measured and more was added as needed to an accuracy of 0.005 g. The application amounts were set to duplicate label rates if known. Treatments were allowed to age for 24 h. After 24 h, spiders were exposed to the treated surface for one hr before being transferred to an untreated surface. Test procedure consisted of placing one spider under a 10 oz plastic cup (7.1 square inches of treated surface) and then confined to an untreated surface for 48 h after treatment. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Mortality counts were made at 1, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h. Tests were started at 1, 7 and 14 DAT. All mortality figures for this test are accumulative from the first observation (1 HOAT) for that particular date to conclusion of test on that date (48 HOAT). Spiders used in the test were collected from a natural habitat that had no prior insecticide treatment. Spiders were maintained in 1 oz plastic cups with food and water.
Experimental Neem-Based Insecticide 43178F/17 for Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1991
Authors: Spicer P. , Potter D. A. , Patterson C. G.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegrass plot at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Research Farm, Fayette Co., KY. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf), with pH = 6.2. Thatch accumulation was <0.25 inch. Throughout Jun and most of Jul there was a very heavy flight of adult JB in the vicinity of the test site. Preliminary sampling of the border areas surrounding the plot suggested an endemic JB grub population of about 6-8/square ft at the time of treatment. Plots (7 × 7 ft) were established in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications of four treatments, corresponding to three rates of 43178F/17 (20, 50, or 100 g Al/acre) plus an untreated control. The plots were treated on 30 Jul, using a high pressure COa sprayer that delivered 2 gal of spray/1000 ft2. Temperature at the time of application was 78°C, with 72% relative humidity and 5 mph winds. All plots were irrigated with about 0.75 inch of water immediately after treatments were applied. The grub population at the time of treatment consisted of mostly second instars, with a small no. of first and third instars also present. Treatment effectiveness was assessed 30 DAT by removing 12 cores (8 inch diam, 7 inch deep) from each plot with a golf-type turf mender. These were broken apart in the field, and all living or apparently moribund grubs present) were collected into separate containers for each plot. Grubs were returned to the laboratory where they were sorted to species, counted, and weighed on la Mettler electronic microbalance.
Euonymus, Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Euonymus Scale, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Euonymus, 20-46 cm tall, growing next to the Department of Entomology building at the main OARDC campus were used to evaluate insecticides against euonymus scale settled 1st stage nymphs. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to run-off, using about 630 ml of finished spray per plant. Three, single-plant replicates were used for each treatment. Sprays were applied 5 Jun under sunny skies, 17°C, and 0-8 km/h winds. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 9 DAT by counting the first 100 scales on a total of four leaves per replicate.
Foliar Insect Control in Lupine, 1989
Authors: Noetzel David , Sheets Becky
Published: March 2022

The trial was established, 23 May, on an irrigated sandy loam soil at the Staples Irrigation Station, Staples, MN. Plots were 4 rows X 9.15 m in length. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Seed was inoculated and later planted using a John Deere Maximerge 4 row planter. Soil moisture was adequate and light rains the day of and after planting ensured rapid and uniform germination. Insecticides were broadcast applied in 30.4 liter/ha of water on 21 Jul using a hand held C02 sprayer at 3.15 kg/cm2 pressure. A visual color rating (1-10) was made on 31 Jul. Yields were collected from 6.1 m of row. Moisture readings were taken on harvested seed and yields of clean seed adjusted accordingly.
Phytotoxicity of Three Formulations of Insecticidal Soap in Postharvest Dip Treatments of Dendrobium Orchids, 1991
Authors: Tenbrink V. L. , Hu B. K. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted on cut sprays of greenhouse grown dendrobium orchids. Sprays were rated on visual quality by two observers, and the scores were combined for an overall rating score ranging from zero (perfect) to eighteen (complete necrosis). After random assignment to treatments, five sprays were dipped in water for five min, and five each were dipped in 2% AI solutions of 3 insecticidal soaps for 5 min. The solutions were shaken off, stems immersed in water, and the flower sprays allowed to dry without rinsing. Sprays were held at ca. 26°C and rated twice weekly. Mean rating scores for treated and controls were subjected to ANOVA. Three trials under the same conditions were conducted.
Control of Rose Aphid
Authors: Miller Fredric
Published: March 2022

Control of aphids on garden rose was evaluated by selecting 32 rose plants growing in 2 gal pots with similar infestation levels. The plants were grown in a shade-house under standard nursery production conditions. Treatments were randomly applied with four single plant replicates per treatment. Plants were sprayed until drip using a 1 qt capacity hand held Polysprayer. Temperature at the time of treatment was 22°C and the relative humidity was 50%. Prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 2, 4, and 8 DAT, one, 5 cm long growing tip was randomly selected from each plant and the total no. of live aphids recorded. Aphids that were shriveled, distorted, and lacked movement were considered dead.
Phytotoxicity Test, Selected Woody Plants, Madison, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 13 species/ cultivars of containerized woody plants at a nursery in Madison, OH. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 20 psi with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply finished sprays to run-off Each treatment was applied to 3 plants of each type. All plants received 2 applications 14 d apart (2 and 16 Aug). Conditions for both applications were sunny skies, 27°C, and 8-16 km/h winds. Plants received over-head irrigation every other day or as needed. Plants were inspected for symptoms of phytotoxicity 4, 7, 14, 18, 21, 28, and 35 DAT.
Birch, Efficacy and Residual of Selected Insecticides Against Gypsy Moth Larvae, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Birch, 20-30 cm tall, growing in 1-pt (0.48 liter) containers in a greenhouse at the main OARDC campus were used to evaluate insecticides against 4th instar gypsy moth larvae. Spray applications were applied to run-off on 19 Jul using a C02 compression sprayer operating at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle. Each treatment consisted of three, single-tree replicates. Two leaves were removed from each replicate 1, 4, 8, and 12 DAT and placed in 1-liter Fonda cartons fitted with nylon organdy cloth mesh tops along with three larvae per replicate. Plants were watered every Mon, Wed, and Fri or as needed. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by allowing larvae to feed on treated foliage for 72 h and assessing percent mortality.
Vapor Phase Hydrogen Peroxide for Control of Indianmeal Moth in Packaged Almonds, 1991
Authors: Soderstrom E. L. , Smilanick J. , Denis-Arrue R. , Henson D. J. , Brandl D. G.
Published: March 2022

Eggs (0-3 d old) placed in open petri dishes or peroxide penetrable bags and last instar larvae placed in plastic bags were fumigated with vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide. Half of the bags contained 5 ‘Carmel’ almond nutmeats. The bags used for fumigation were constructed of Poly/Tyvek (American Sterilizer Co.) and were 8 cm wide by 13 cm long. Fumigations were conducted in a VHP Dental Sterilizer (fumitorium) manufactured by American Sterilizer Co., Apex, NC. One hundred eggs or ten larvae were placed per container and treated with a dose of 8.9 °9.0 g of 35% liquid H2O2 injected on either cycle I (deep vacuum 32mm Hg) or cycle II (shallow vacuum ca. 400mm Hg), both cycles employed repeated injections of 40 micro s duration over the treatment period. Preliminary testing indicated that cycle I produced greater mortalities than did treatment under cycle II, therefore, cycle I was employed for the reported tests. Each treatment required 30 minutes and chamber temperature rose to 43-47°C. Controls were treated as described except water was substituted for hydrogen peroxide. Each test was replicated three times.
Field Trials of Aerosol Formulations of Avermectin Bl, 1991
Authors: Bohnert T. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted on the relative efficacy and residual life of two aerosol formulations of avermectin Bl. The Dorie Miller Homes, Duneland Terrace, and Broadway Village, multi-family public housing complexes located in Gary, Indiana, served as the test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. All applications were made with readyto- use aerosol cans containing formulated active ingredients. Bait was applied generously throughout the apartment, focusing attention on the cracks and crevices harboring infestations of cockroaches. Some general surface treatments were made at the intersections of shelves and cabinetry, or floors and walls (particularly around the stove and refrigerator). All obvious harborages (i.e., cracks in walls, along and behind baseboards, beneath and behind sinks, stoves, refrigerators and cabinets, around plumbing and other utility installations) were treated, as well as infested furniture and the inside of cabinets and closets. The amount of bait applied in each apartment was recorded for analysis. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum pretreatment count of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 11-14 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percentage of reductions of the pretreatment counts. Prior to statistical analysis, percentage of reduction data were transformed to ranks. All data were analyzed with ANOVA models; followed by the F-statistic (P = 0.05) to determine significance between the treatments at each posttreatment census.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Controlling German Cockroaches, 1990
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E.
Published: March 2022

Pin-stream sprays from self-pressurized, aerosoltype containers, were directed into cracks and crevices of dwellings. Single-family dwellings, located in Sampson or Duplin counties, NC, served as test sites. Kitchens with a minimum of 100 living German cockroaches sighted in a preliminary survey were used, with 5 replications. Preapplication visual tallies of living cockroaches in the kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated efficacy. The chlorpyrifos formulations were continued through 24 wk in order to compare the efficiencies of chlorpyrifos with and without fenoxycarb. The amount of insecticide applied and the size, temperature and relative humidity of the kitchens, were recorded. Insecticide reapplications were made in kitchens where living cockroaches were observed during post application tallies. Non-test rooms in the dwellings were treated as needed at each visit to minimize migration of German cockroaches. Analysis were calculated on percent reduction of cockroaches (pre- versus post-tallies for a kitchen). The active ingredient applied in the initial applications for all formulations ranged from 0.12 to 5.3 g and 0.0 to 1.6 g during reapplications, respectively, for 50 m2 of kitchen floor and wall surfaces.
Speed of Action in Cockroach Baits, 1989
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Continuous feeding assays evaluated the speed of action of consumer and commercial cockroach baits. The toxicants (products) evaluated were: abamectin (Black Flag, 0.05%; Avert PT-300, 0.01%; and Avert PT-310, 0.05%); chlordecone (Kepone, 0.125%); chlorpyrifos (Raid Controller, 0.5%); hydramethylnon (Combat, 1.65%); propoxur (Baygon, 2.0%); and sulfluramid (Raid Max, 1.0%; PCO paste, 1.37%). Groups of 10 unsexed, 2-d old, 5th instars were housed in 100 × 25 mm vented plastic petri dishes supplied with water vial and cardboard harborage. A 1- g portion of each bait was added and moribundity was recorded periodically for 48 h, or until all insects had died. Each bait was replicated six times; no mortality occurred in control groups fed 1-g portions of lab chow. Regression of the cumulative probit moribundity vs. log10 of time (h) estimated lethal times.
Evaluation of Dimilin® 1 and 2% Pour-On for Control of Cattle Lice in Wyoming, 1991
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Waggoner J. W.
Published: March 2022

The experimental cattle originated in southeast Wyoming. They were less than 1 yr old and were of mixed breeds. Cattle were housed at the University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, in separate pens in groups of 4 animals each. Cattle were naturally infested with Bovicola bovis, Linognathus vituli, and Solenopotes capillatus. Hair was parted and lice density was estimated by observing and recording the no. of lice of each species at sample sites on selected body regions of the host. Eight body regions were examined as follows: 1, 5 × 15 cm area on the topline; 1, 5 × 15 cm area on the withers; 2, 10 × 15 cm areas surrounding the right and left eyes; 2, 5 × 10 cm areas on the right and left cheeks; 1, 5 × 25 cm area on the muzzle; and 1, 5 × 15 cm area on the dewlap. Following pretreatment lice counts, infested cattle were ranked according to lice density. Groups of 3 similarly infested cattle were then randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups. Each concentration of Dimilin® pour-on was applied to 1 pen of 4 animals on 8 Feb. The pour-on was poured evenly, using a plastic syringe, along the back and down the face at the rate of 100 ml per animal. An additional pen of 4 animals, which received no insecticide treatment, served as the control.
Responses of Susceptible and Resistant Eusieus Tularensis Congdon to Ac 801,757 and Ac 303630, 1991
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Ouyang Y.
Published: March 2022

An organophosphate and carbamate resistant strain (R) and a susceptible strain (S) of the predatory mite E. tularensis were collected from citrus and reared for 6 months without pesticide selection. Both strains of the predatory mite were maintained in mass culture on citrus leaves with iceplant pollen (Malephora crocea (Jacq.)), under conditions of semi-darkness and 25 ° 3°C. Neither strain had been previously exposed to AC 801,757 or AC 303630. Initial laboratory screening categorized strain R with a 9.2 fold resistance to dimethoate (Cygon 4 E), a 6.8 fold resistance to chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4 E), a 287.1 fold resistance to carbaryl (Sevin 50 W), and a 3.7 fold resistance to formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol 92 SP) compared with strain S. Predatory mites were tested using a leaf dip bioassay procedure. Lima bean leaf discs (3.5 cm in diam) were dipped into insecticide concentrations for 5 s, placed lower side up on water-soaked cellucotton, and dried under a fume hood. Ten adult female mites were added to each leaf disc. Six to seven concentrations of AC 801,757 (20 EC) and AC 303630 (24 SC) and a water control were tested with each mite strain. Each leaf disc concentration was replicated 10 times. A 5 mm circle of paper was placed on each disc for oviposition and iceplant pollen was added for food. Exposed mites were kept in a growth chamber in complete darkness at 27 ° 1°C for 48 h after which mortality was recorded. Females that drowned in the water-leaf edge interface were scored as dead. Data were analyzed with the probit option of the POLO-PC program (LeOra Software, Berkeley, Calif.).
Effect of In-Furrow Systemic Insecticide and Fungicide Interaction on Thrips Control of Thrips in Cotton, 1991
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn , Kimbrough James
Published: March 2022

Plots of ‘DPL 50’ were planted on 30 May at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center in Keiser, AR. Granular compounds were applied by Gandy box on the planter. In-furrow liquids were applied with a CO2 powered system mounted on the planter directing sprays into the furrow. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 15 psi through 8002 flat fan nozzles. All treatments were applied at planting. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Damage ratings were made based on scale of 1-10 with 10 = severe damage. Thrip counts were made by collecting 5 plants from each plot and washing the plants through a series of sieves, counting the thrips collected in the final sieve. Plant height measurements were made on 11 Jul. Yields were taken by harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Control of Bollworm on Cotton Using BT Combinations, 1991
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were applied on 9 and 31 Jul and 8 Aug on ‘DPL 50’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR. Treatments were applied with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 60 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 10 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and a 20-ft alley between reps. Insect counts were made 4-5 DAT by making whole plant searches on 14 row ft/plot. Plots were harvested on 6 Nov using a John Deere 2-row picker, harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Cotton Aphid Control in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1991
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Long D. W.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against cotton aphids in non-irrigated cotton planted 17 Apr. For both tests, plots consisted of 4 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The test field had been treated previously with Ammo 2.5 EC (0.033 kg [AI]/ha) to stimulate cotton aphid infestations. Insecticides were applied to Test 1 and Test 2 and 18 Jul with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 3.02 kg/cm2. Plots were sampled on 22 (4 DAT) and 25 Jul (7 DAT). Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling the plant terminal (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf). Fifteen and 10 samples on 4 DAT and 7 DAT, respectively, were collected from each plot and held in glass jars. Aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300 mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm) and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. These tests received 0.9 cm rainfall on 18 Jul and 1.8 cm rainfall on 19 Jul.
Management of Cutworms with In-Furrow Insecticide Treatments at Planting, 1991
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Hutchinson R. L. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted no-till on 13 May into a residue of hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth, on preformed beds. Plots consisted of 4 rows (102 cm centers) x 9.0 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. All plots received Ridomil PC 11 G (11.2 kg form./ha) at planting as a standard fungicide treatment. In-furrow granular treatments (IFGAP) were applied at planting with a John Deere 7100 planter modified to apply pesticides through split hopper boxes. In-furrow sprays (IFSAP) were applied as a directed spray into the seed furrow with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 46.8 liters total spray/ha through Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 2.81 kg/cm2. Post-plant broadcast treatments (PRE) were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air system and calibrated to deliver a volume of 93.6 liters total spray/ha through 2 TX-12 nozzles per row (50.8 cm spacing) at 3.02 kg/cm2. The PRE treatments were applied immediately after planting. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by measuring stand density, damaged plants, numbers of larvae, and estimating skip distances between plants on the 2 inside rows of each plot. From planting (13 May) to 30 May, 6.17 cm of rainfall were recorded.
Evaluation of Insecticides and Oils for Spider Mite Control on Jojoba, 1991:
Authors: Refhwisch Michael D. , Purcell Hal , Purcell Chip
Published: March 2022

Ten oil and insecticide treatments were applied to 4 varieties of 4 ft jojoba shrubs located near Bouse, AZ on 16 Apr. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with each jojoba variety serving as a block. One plant/block received a respective treatment. Treatments were made with a handsprayer, misting and walking around each treated plant for 10 sec, calibrated to 4.8 gal/acre. Plots were sampled on 17 Apr. Samples consisted of 25 terminals/plant 9 from lower ⅓ of the plant and 8 for each of the other ⅔ of the plant. Live spider mites were counted and recorded.
Soybean Looper Control with Reduced Rates of Selected Biological Insecticides, 1991:
Authors: Burris E. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

Selected microbial insecticides (Biobit, Condor, Dipel ES, Agree, Javelin, EXP 60516A and Delta Bt) were evaluated for efficacy against the soybean looper. Soybeans were planted 3 Jun on a Sharkey clay soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Plots were 19.82 m X 4 rows (1.02 m row spacing), replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Test treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air system for spraying small plots. Spray volume was calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha with two 80015 fiat fan nozzles/row. Application was to all 4 rows of the plots on 23 Aug. The soybeans were in the R5 growth stage at the time of application. Fifty sweep samples per plot were taken at 3 and 6 DAT using a 38.2 cm diam sweep net. Rainfall amounts were 0.31 inch on 22 Aug, 0.28 inch on 26 Aug and 0.31 inch on 28 Aug.
Control of Soybean Looper in Mississippi, 1992:
Authors: Layton Blake , Hamer Jim
Published: March 2022

Six registered soybean insecticides and various rates or combinations of these materials were evaluated for efficacy against soybean looper. Treatments were applied on 3 Sep (growth stage = R5.5) with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal of finished spray/acre through 8001 flat-fan nozzle tips at 48 psi. Row spacing was 38 inches, and plots were 8 rows wide by 50 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were sampled at 4, 8, and 15 DAT using a 15-inch-diam sweep net. Pretreatment counts taken from border rows within the plot area revealed an average soybean looper population of 16 per 25 sweeps. No rain fell on the plots prior to the 4 DAT count.
Control of Arthropod Pests on Georgia Soybean, 1992:
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Bass Max H.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of selected insecticides for control of velvetbean caterpillars, southern green stink bugs, Mexican bean beetles, and threecornered alfalfa hoppers was evaluated at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Nine insecticides were foliar-applied on 9 Sep on ‘Braxton’ soybeans which had been planted on 26 May in rows spaced 0.9 m apart. Individual plots were 4 rows wide by 15 m long with 2-m alleys on each end and 2 border rows on each side. The nine treatments plus an untreated check were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-9 nozzles on a 1-boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 167 liters per hectare. Each plot was sampled for arthropod pest species prior to treatment and on 2, 7, 14, and 21 DAT, by taking a 25 sweep sample (C.4 m diam net) from a single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage at the initiation of this test and R6 growth stage on 21 DAT. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (P = 0.05) and significant means separated using DMRT.
Effects on Non-Target Arthropods from Sugarcane Borer Control Large Plot Field Trial, 1992:
Authors: Younis A. M. , Rodriguez L. M. , Skias J. M. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide sprays were applied 2 times to sugarcane fields located at Palo Alto Plantation near Donaldsonville, LA, to evaluate effects of full-season control of sugarcane borer infestations on non-target arthropods. Treatments were assigned to individual plots (ca. 1.5 ha each) according to a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spray concentrates were applied by aircraft on a 14.5 m swath in water at a rate of 18.7 liter finished formulation/ha/application (2 gal/acre). The number and size of nozzles, the density (drops/cm), and size (μ) of droplets for the water mixed sprays were 29, 8046, 23.5, and 250, respectively. Insecticide applications were initiated on 28 Jul, when sugarcane internodes were visible above ground and at least 5% of the stalks harbored 1st to 3rd stage larvae in the leafsheaths. A second application to all treatments was made on 16 Aug when that threshold level of infestation again was found in plots treated with Asana XL. Non-target arthropods were continuously monitored in all treatments throughout the study using pitfall traps (pint jars filled with 150 ml of 70% methanol and 25 ml of mineral oil) embedded on the row and covered by a 22 cm diam disc supported by a tripod 3 cm above the jar and soil surface. Two traps were situated centrally 22 m apart in each plot and changed biweekly from 30 Jul to 21 Sep.