bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Description ofMyxidiumpseudocuneiformen. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxidiidae) fromCyprinuscarpioin China, with the resolution on a taxonomic dilemma ofMyxidiumcuneiforme
Authors: Chen Wei , Zhang Diaodiao , Whipps Christopher M. , Yang Chengzhong , Zhao Yuanjun
Published: May 2021

Investigations on myxozoan parasites of fish from Chongqing in China, revealed twoMyxidiumcuneiforme‐like myxosporeans infecting the gallbladder ofCyprinuscarpiocarpioandCarassiusauratus. We researched their myxospore morphology, and analyzed their genetic similarity and phylogenic relationships to other myxozoans based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences. Although both parasites recovered were morphologically similar, the myxosporean isolated fromC. auratuswas consistent in morphology toMyxidiumcuneiforme, which was described from this host species. The parasite isolated fromC.c. carpiohad overlapping myxospore dimensions toM. cuneiforme, but on average, the polar capsules were not as long. More importantly, this parasite was genetically distinct fromM. cuneiformewith 96.3% and 96.5% similarity in two sequences of 18S rDNA, and we propose the nameMyxidiumpseudocuneiformen. sp. for this myxozoan from common carp. Its mature myxospores are ellipsoidal and asymmetric with pointed ends in valvular view, arc‐shaped or fusiform in sutural view. The pyriform polar capsules are equal in size, and polar filament with 5–6 coils. This study highlights that molecular characteristics and host specificity are indispensable for myxozoan species identification when presented with the taxonomic dilemma of whether we are observing one species that exhibits slight morphological differences or multiple, but similar, species in different hosts.
Measles (Rubeola): A Case Of Vaccine Hesitancy And Pregnancy
Authors: Kraus Nancy , Condon Susanrachel B.
Published: May 2021

Measles (rubeola) is a highly contagious virus. Vaccination has nearly eradicated measles in the United States, yet sporadic outbreaks persist. Although the live‐attenuated measles, mumps, rubella vaccine has not been found to cause fetal harm, pregnancy is considered a contraindication for the vaccine and contracting measles during pregnancy can have serious sequelae. Furthermore, lifelong immunity conferred by childhood vaccination is questionable as the vaccine's protection may wane during the childbearing years. Reluctance to vaccinate, or vaccine hesitancy, may leave a proportion of people of childbearing age unprotected. It is unlikely that many clinicians providing preconception, primary, and perinatal care have had occasion to diagnose measles. Susceptibility to infection combined with clinician inexperience may contribute to missed opportunities to halt the spread of this highly contagious, preventable illness. A case of parents’ religion‐based vaccine hesitancy complicating the pregnancy of their adult daughter is presented. Guidelines for screening for immunity, identifying measles in the clinical setting, and protocols for mitigating spread are reviewed.
A clinical approach to parasellar lesions in the transition age
Authors: Sbardella Emilia , Puliani Giulia , Feola Tiziana , Pofi Riccardo , Pirchio Rosa , Sesti Franz , Verdecchia Federica , Gianfrilli Daniele , Moffat Daniel , Isidori Andrea M. , Grossman Ashley B. ,   the Talent group
Published: May 2021

Many reviews have summarised the pathology and management of the parasellar region in adult patients, although an analysis of these aspects in the transition years, from puberty onset to the age of peak bone mass, has been lacking. A comprehensive search of English‐language original articles, published from 2000 to 2020, was conducted in the MEDLINE database (December 2019 to March 2020). We selected all studies regarding epidemiology, diagnosis and management of the following parasellar lesions:germinoma, craniopharyngioma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, optic glioma, hypothalamic hamartoma, tuber cinereum hamartoma, cranial chordoma, Rathke cleft cyst, hypophysitisandhypothalamitisduring the transition age from childhood to adulthood. In the present review, we provide an overview of the principal parasellar lesions occurring in the transition age. Symptoms are usually a result of the mass effect of the lesions on nearby structures, as well as anterior pituitary deficits. Diabetes insipidus occurs frequently in these patients. In this age group, pubertal developmental disorders may be more evident compared to other stages of life. Parasellar lesions in the transition age mostly include neoplastic lesions such as germinomas, hamartomas, optic gliomas, craniopharyngiomas Langerhans cell histiocytosis and chordomas, and rarely inflammatory lesions (hypophysitis, hypothalamitis). There are limited data on the management of parasellar lesions in the transition age. Endocrine evaluation is crucial for identifying conditions that require hormonal treatment so that they can be treated early to improve the quality of life of the individual patient in this complex age range. The clinical approach to parasellar lesions involves a multidisciplinary effort.
Impaired semantic memory during acute transient global amnesia
Authors: Sandikci Vesile , Ebert Anne , Hoyer Carolin , Platten Michael , Szabo Kristina
Published: May 2021

As a clinical model of hippocampal dysfunction, transient global amnesia (TGA) causes reversible memory disturbance. While episodic memory deficits in TGA patients have been extensively described, data regarding semantic memory involvement are sparse and contradictory. We report impaired semantic fluency performance in 16 patients with hippocampal lesions on MRI during acute TGA compared to their performance one day later and to that of 20 healthy subjects. Our findings support the involvement of the hippocampus in semantic retrieval.
Urinary Incontinence Is Associated With Increased All‐Cause Mortality in Older Nursing Home Residents: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Huang Pan , Luo Kai , Wang Chunyan , Guo Dawei , Wang Shixuan , Jiang Yuan , Huang Wenxuan , Zhang Weiqiangxin , Ding Mei , Wang Jiang
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Urinary incontinence is a syndrome common in older adults, but it is not clear whether urinary incontinence is associated with the risk for mortality in elderly nursing home residents.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis in PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science databases. The Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The meta‐analysis was summarized using a random‐effects or fixed‐effects model, and the heterogeneity among studies was examined using the I2 statistic.

Findings

Six cohort studies with 1,656 participants were included in the final analysis. The NOS score for each study was greater than 6. Urinary incontinence was significantly associated with a higher risk for mortality in nursing homes, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–1.28, I2 = 41.6%). The significant association of urinary incontinence with increased mortality risk was observed in subgroup analysis according to region, status of dementia, and follow‐up period, with a pooled HR of 2.02 (95% CI 1.32–3.11, I2 = 0%) for Asian countries, 1.18 (95% CI 1.11–1.26, I2 = 41.6%) for Western countries, 1.17 (95% CI 1.09–1.26, I2 = 0%) for patients with dementia, 1.35 (95% CI 1.13–1.60, I2 = 58.9%) for patients without dementia, 1.16 (95% CI 1.07–1.25, I2 = 43.2%) for studies with a follow‐up period of 1 year, and 1.30 (95% CI 1.15–1.48, I2 = 24.5%) for studies with a follow‐up period of more than 1 year.

Conclusions

Urinary incontinence is associated with an increased risk for death among residents of care facilities. Therefore, it was necessary to screen the elderly dwelling in nursing homes who were experiencing or at risk for urinary incontinence with useful tools (e.g., overactive bladder symptom score, bladder control self‐assessment questionnaire, three incontinence questions). In addition, early interventions strategies, such as weight loss, stopping smoking, pelvic floor muscle training, and medical and surgical treatments would contribute to decreasing the risk for urinary incontinence and preventing adverse outcomes in nursing home residents.

Clinical Relevance

In our study, we found that the elderly with urinary incontinence who resided in nursing homes had a higher risk for mortality than those without urinary incontinence. Therefore, urinary incontinence in the elderly residing in nursing homes is of particular concern. Early detection and intervention are important for the elderly with urinary incontinence, and caregivers should be made aware of this importance.
“The greedy I that gives”—The paradox of egocentrism and altruism: Terror management and system justification perspectives on the interrelationship between mortality salience and charitable donations amid the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Jin S. Venus , Ryu Ehri
Published: May 2021

Why do people give and help others in face of their own mortality salience? The existential struggle with the awareness of death impacts the gamut of human cognition, emotion, and behavior. This multi‐method research (∑N = 1,219) explains the psychosocial impact of COVID‐19‐related mortality salience on altruism. Drawing from terror management theory, two studies tested death‐thought accessibility, mortality salience, and anxiety buffer hypotheses. Study 1 (cross‐sectional survey), using structural equation modeling, confirms death anxiety and fear are predictors of powerlessness and materialism which, in turn, predict charitable donations. Study 2 (between‐subjects experiment) confirms the causal effects of COVID‐19‐induced mortality salience on altruism. Controlling income and socioeconomic status, people in the mortality salience treatment condition indicate greater monetary donations ($), ratio of prosocial (altruistic) to proself (egocentric) spending (%), donation of time (hour), monetary valuation of time (hourly rate = $/hour), and economic value of donated time (hourly rate*hour) than the controls. These effects are mediated by powerlessness. Moderating effects of relevant individual difference factors are significant: the greedier, more selfish, narcissistic, materialistic, and system‐justifying the donor is, the higher monetary donations, volunteer time, and perceived value of donated time are, only when the COVID‐19‐induced mortality is made salient but not in the controls. Environmental and dispositional factors jointly influence vulnerability to mortality salience. The paradox of egocentrism and altruism, as an evolutionarily adaptive protective buffer against existential insecurity for social and cultural animals, can help revitalize resilience, thus shedding some lights on the sociopsychological mechanism of consumers' subjective well‐being. Implications for consumer affairs, social marketers, and policymakers are discussed.
Supraperiosteal application of hyaluronic acid with cannula: Is it possible?
Authors: Bravo Bruna Souza Felix , Elias Mariana Calomeni , da Rocha Camila Roos Mariano , Carvalho Raquel de Melo
Published: May 2021

Introduction

The aging process occurs in all anatomical layers of the face; therefore, rejuvenation should not be limited to the dermic signs of aging (Aesthet Surg J. 2018;38:73) The treatment with fillers in strategic points can reconstruct young anatomy, providing natural results (Aesthet Surg J. 2018;38:73). There are two instruments used for facial application of hyaluronic acid: cannula and needle. Both of them have advantages and disadvantages.

Objective

In this study, we aim to compare the limitations of application with cannula by cutaneous ultrasound when compared to the needle by ultrasound, since some injectors suggest that one of the disadvantages would be the inability to reach certain application plans (periosteum).

Materials and Methods

A 52‐year‐old female patient was treated with 22 mg/ml hyaluronic acid (Juvéderm® Voluma), guided by high‐frequency ultrasound (LogicE device, Logic brand (GE Healthcare), with high‐frequency linear probe (L8‐L18i‐RS). The left hemiface was treated with a 27G needle and the right hemiface with a 5 cm 22G cannula (SoftFil®).

Conclusion

This study proved that, in the malar/zygomatic and the chin region, it is possible the cannula and needle reached the supraperiosteal region. In the temporal region, the cannula did not reach the supraperiosteal plane.
A narrative inquiry approach to understanding senior intensive care nurses’ experiences of working with new graduate nurses
Authors: Whittam Susan , Torning Nerilee , Patching Joanna
Published: May 2021

Aims and objectives

To report a qualitative inquiry exploring senior registered nurses’ stories of experience working with new graduate nurses in the intensive care unit.

Background

While new graduate nurses’ perceptions of transitioning into professional practice in the intensive care unit have been examined, few studies have explored the experiences of the senior registered nurses working alongside them.

Design

A narrative inquiry methodology informed by Dewey's (1938) theory of experience.

Methods

Individual in‐depth, unstructured, interactive interviews were conducted with five senior registered nurses. The inquirer co‐composed individual narrative accounts with each participant. Narrative inquiry's three commonplaces of temporality, sociality and place formed the lens of analysis.

Thematic analysis identified two overarching threads that resonated across the narrative accounts. This inquiry adheres to COREQ checklist reporting.

Results

The overarching threads ‘Reverberations’ and ‘Caring’ depict the experiences of senior registered nurses. ‘It's Dangerous’, ‘Patrolling Like Surf Lifesavers’, ‘We Carry Them’, ‘Survival Mode’ and ‘Enjoyable Moments’ are minor threads describing the challenges, while ‘I’ve Been There’, ‘They Must Ask Questions’ and ‘Not In My Backyard’ reveal their insights.

Conclusions

Working with new graduate nurses increased senior registered nurses’ patient surveillance and workload, contributing to stress, pressure and feeling overwhelmed. However, senior registered nurses felt an obligation to care for new graduate nurses, who they perceived as still acquiring the skills to autonomously care for critically ill patients. Therefore, senior registered nurses require support themselves.

Relevance to clinical practice

Senior registered nurses perceive workplace constraints as impeding their capacity to provide sufficient support and surveillance to new graduate nurses. The gap between new graduate nurses’ clinical capacity and patients’ needs underpins senior registered nurses’ recommendation that new graduate nurses should not be placed in intensive care units unless additional workforce support is provided, safeguarding their development as well as patient safety.
Interprofessional collaboration in connection with a medical ship: nurses’ experiences
Authors: Gustavsson Kristoffer , Börjesson Ellinor , Björklund Margereth , Munck Berit
Published: May 2021

Aims and objectives

To describe nurses´ experiences of interprofessional collaboration (IPC) in connection with a medical ship offering primary health care in Papua New Guinea.

Background

More than a third of the population in Papua New Guinea are living in severe poverty, resulting in serious and fatal diseases. Due to rough terrain and lack of infrastructure, most of them cannot benefit from health care in the cities. Thus, a medical ship is used since the sea route is one of the few possible ways to reach the people.

Design

A qualitative study with an inductive and descriptive approach was performed, and content analysis of the data was used.

Methods

In January 2018, eleven nurses from seven countries were interviewed onboard the medical ship assessing their experiences when performing IPC. The COREQ checklist for qualitative studies was applied in the conduct and reporting of this study.

Results

Three generic categories emerged: Nurses’ motivation to achieve the common goal of doing good using IPC; Nurses’ view of performing IPC within special conditions; and Nurses’ perception of their role in IPC. Overall, the IPC was perceived by the nurses as well functioning. Having a common goal, positive mindset and effective communication improved the team's collaboration. When these aspects were accomplished, the chances of overcoming the challenge of working in new circumstances and limited space with a newly formed team were increased.

Conclusion

Good collaboration within an interprofessional team required repeated sharing of information. This demonstrates the importance of communication and engagement to overcome existing challenges when working interprofessionally.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study recommends the establishment of IPC for similar contexts such as onboard Youth With a Mission and ashore, as well as in disaster situations or home care where the healthcare professional must collaborate and adapt to new circumstances and prevailing situations.
Assessing the accuracy of visual blood loss estimation in postpartum hemorrhage in Shanghai hospitals: A web‐based survey for nurses and midwives
Authors: Liu Ying , Zhu Wei , Shen Ying , Qiu Jingbo , Rao Lin , Li Hong
Published: May 2021

Aims and objectives

This study aimed at evaluating the accuracy of visual estimated blood loss in postpartum haemorrhage by midwives and nurses, as well as exploring its influencing factors.

Background

Timely recognition of postpartum haemorrhage is critical in saving maternal lives. Yet midwives and nurses can barely distinguish whether the blood loss has reached a life‐threatening amount without precise measurement. Understanding their ability to accurately estimate the amount of blood loss and the influencing factors can help improve this ability with effective measures.

Design

This research was a multicenter cross‐sectional survey with convenient sampling.

Material and Methods

Using a modified online visual estimation questionnaire of blood loss, the QR code of this survey was sent to midwives and obstetrical nurses engaged in clinical practice in secondary and tertiary hospitals in Shanghai. A descriptive analysis was performed with demographics and the responses of visual estimated blood loss of each volume. The difference and consistency of the responses of each volume were evaluated. The relationship between each demographic characteristic and accuracy was explored. STROBE statement checklist was chosen for reporting the study process.

Results

A total of 361 midwives and nurses participated in the survey. The finding showed an overall accuracy of 30.52% (1763/5776), with 25.3% and 18.0% subjects distinguishing postpartum haemorrhage (500 ml) and severe postpartum haemorrhage (1000 ml), respectively. The Kappa coefficients were slight to moderate (0.037–0.590). There were no differences among the categories of gender, age, academic degree, position, title, working experience in years, working department and reported methods of blood loss estimation with regard to accuracy. However, having institutional guidance for blood loss calculation showed a significant relationship with higher accuracy.

Relevance to clinical practice

While representing a relatively well‐developed area in China, the accuracy of visual estimated blood loss was not satisfactory, as suggested in other developed countries around the world. Training and institutional guidance on blood loss quantification should be provided in midwifery settings, regardless of how the level of medical development is advanced.

Conclusions

The accuracy of VEBL was low even with a visual aid, especially when the volume exceeds 500 ml. To improve accuracy, institutions should make standardadized assessment guidance and provide regular training for blood loss quantification.
PET/CT using 68Ga‐PSMA‐617 versus 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose to differentiate low‐ and high‐grade gliomas
Authors: Liu Daliang , Cheng Guang , Ma Xiaowei , Wang Shuailiang , Zhao Xiaohu , Zhang Wei , Yang Weidong , Wang Jing
Published: May 2021

Background and purpose

To compare and characterize metabolic features of high‐ and low‐grade glioma tumors using 68Ga‐PSMA‐617 and 18F‐FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT).

Methods

Thirty patients who underwent both 68Ga‐PSMA‐617 and 18F‐FDG PET/CT over 2 consecutive days and then underwent surgical treatment were retrospectively identified. All tumors were diagnosed histologically. This report includes 16 high‐grade glioma (HGG) and 14 low‐grade glioma (LGG) tumors. Standard uptake value (SUV) and target to nontarget (T/NT) were quantitatively investigated through the entire tumor region. Statistical analyses were performed using area under the curve (AUC) and comparison of two means.

Results

SUVmax and SUVmean were the most effective (AUC, 0.96 and 0.94 for PSMA PET; AUC, 0.79 and 0.74 for FDG PET, respectively) for differentiating HGGs from LGGs. These methods distinguished between HGG and LGG effectively (PSMA PET: SUVmax, 5.766 ± 3.945 vs. 0.7364 ± 0.5295, p < 0.0001; SUVmean, 1.666 ± 1.680 and 0.1514 ± 0.1534, p < 0.0001, respectively) (FDG PET: SUVmax, 11.67 ± 3.639 and 9.118 ± 6.612; SUVmean, 5.648 ± 2.114 and 4.435 ± 2.872; p = 0.0083, 0.0262, respectively). The Youden index for SUVmax and SUVmean of 68Ga‐PSMA‐617 and 18F‐FDG were 0.82 and 0.79 and 0.54 and 0.61, separately. T/NTmax was helpful for visual inspection of 68Ga‐PSMA‐617‐PET images (T/NTmax: 1.291 ± 0.9553 in grade II, 5.25 ± 2.435 in grade III, and 13.61 ± 13.84 in grade IV). T/NTmax differed significantly between LGG and HGG and between subtypes of LGG.

Conclusion

PET/CT with 68Ga‐PSMA‐617 and 18F‐FDG may help distinguish between HGG and LGG, and 68Ga‐PSMA‐617 PET/CT is superior to18F‐FDG in differentiating HGG and LGG.
Who's Influencing Who? Adolescent Symptomatology and Caregiver Mindful Parenting
Authors: Kim Joanna J. , Gonzales Nancy A.
Published: May 2021

Mindful parenting is linked to positive youth emotion regulation, mental health, and parent–child relationship quality. We examined bidirectional relations between adolescent mental health and mindful parenting among a diverse sample of 249 7th grade students and their female (N = 232) and male caregivers (N = 120). We conducted multiple‐group cross‐lagged models (grouped by adolescent sex). Female adolescents’ externalizing symptoms predicted decreased female caregiver mindful parenting six months later, but male and female adolescent externalizing behaviors were negatively associated with male caregivers’ mindful parenting one year later. Findings suggest mindful parenting capacities are vulnerable to disruption via adolescent problem behavior. Mindful parenting’s potential benefits, caveats, and need to support parent efforts to sustain mindful parenting amidst adolescents’ externalizing behaviors are discussed.
“And now we resist”: Three testimonios on the importance of decoloniality within psychology
Authors: Silva Janelle M. , Fernández Jesica Siham , Nguyen Angela
Published: May 2021

In recent years, the field of psychology has turned to decoloniality as a potential epistemological standpoint and framework to understand how systems of power reproduce oppression (Fanon, 1963; Fernández, 2018; Maldonado‐Torres, 2016; Quijano, 2000). In classroom and community‐engaged research settings, critical community psychologists, specifically those grounded in a decolonial feminist epistemology (Bell, 2018; Dutta, 2018; Fernandez, 2018; Silva & the Students for Diversity Now, 2018), use this standpoint to analyze how they can co‐create opportunities for decolonial justice. Using testimonios as decolonial method, we reflect on how we resist colonialism within our work, specifically our teaching, research, and practice. Drawing on our lived experiences, which have been rendered unwanted subjects within the field, our testimonios are an example of how we individually and relationally engage decoloniality and decolonization as both praxis and pedagogy. Combined, we illustrate how relational reflective narratives through testimonio can illuminate the field's commitment to decolonial liberation and the dismantling of oppressive systems.
Observational study using video recordings to explore the first hour after admission to a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Aydon Laurene , Gill Andrew , Zimmer Margo , Sharp Mary , Woods Patricia , Seeber Carly , Mooney Deb , Murdoch Jamee
Published: May 2021

Aim

To explore the admission process to our neonatal intensive care unit.

Methods

A first phase quality improvement initiative was conducted. We utilised observational video recording of a convenience sample of inborn admissions. Two remote GoPro cameras were placed, one giving an overview of activity and the other focussed on the infant. Recordings captured the first hour after admission including transfer to the neonatal intensive care unit by the birthing team. The video footage of each case study was reviewed by a multidisciplinary panel using an agreed semi‐quantitative analysis of events.

Results

Ten admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit were video recorded between June and October 2018. Gestational age 282–401. A focus on maintaining airway support was inconsistent as was the ability to provide continuous monitoring of vital signs. Overall leadership of the process was lacking and handover often appeared fragmented. Median temperature on admission was 362 (354–373) °C. Vascular access and fluid management occurred at a median of 36 (13–67) minutes.

Conclusions

Planning and approval for this study were protracted, particularly negotiating the use of video recording. Anecdotally, this delay is thought to have contributed to an improvement in managing admissions, particularly when maintaining airway support and monitoring. However, our baseline data have highlighted a lack of leadership, fragmented handover, low admission temperatures and broad time frames to achieve vascular access. A guideline to streamline handover and nursery transition is currently being implemented; a subsequent evaluation cycle is planned.
Minimally invasive surfactant therapy for moderate to late premature neonates with respiratory distress syndrome born in a non‐tertiary unit
Authors: Tinoco Mendoza Giannina , Allgood Catherine , Tan Angela
Published: May 2021

Aim

Minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) is used to deliver exogenous surfactant to preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. The objective of this study was to review the use of MIST in moderate to late preterm neonates born in a non‐tertiary unit.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of neonates receiving MIST in a non‐tertiary unit. MIST was considered in neonates requiring continuous positive airway pressure ≥ 6 cm H2O and fraction of inspired oxygen ≥ 0.35. The Hobart method was used to deliver exogenous surfactant. The primary outcome was improvement in respiratory function. Secondary outcomes include intubation and transfer to a tertiary unit.

Results

Between 2016 and 2020, 23 infants were treated with MIST. The median gestational age was 33+5 ± 2.7 weeks and mean age of surfactant administration was 6.6 ± 3.6 h. Surfactant administration resulted in a reduction in median fraction of inspired oxygen from 0.3 to 0.21 at 4 h post MIST (P value: 0.001), and a reduction in median positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) from 7 to 6 cm H2O at 24 h post MIST (P value: 0.003). Continuous positive airway pressure support was required for a median period of 3.5 days following MIST. There was respiratory improvement in 52 and 65% of neonates at 4 and 24 h, respectively, following MIST. The incidence of intubation was 13% and transfer to a tertiary unit was 44%.

Conclusions

Use of MIST at this unit improved respiratory outcomes in moderate to late preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. This procedure was well tolerated with few adverse events. Further research evaluating the efficacy of MIST in other non‐tertiary units is warranted.
Genetic diversity and virulence spectrum of Rhizoctonia solani, the incitant of banded leaf and sheath blight of maize
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Kaur Harleen , Hunjan Mandeep Singh
Published: May 2021

Banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) of maize caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most important yield‐limiting factors faced by growers in India. The pathogen is known to be highly diverse, and several species are known to cause BLSB. In the current study, forty‐four isolates of R. solani associated with maize were collected from different agro‐ecological zones of Punjab, a north Indian state. These were characterized genetically and phenotypically and for their virulence behaviour. Using internal transcribed spacer (ITS)‐based species‐specific markers, we confirmed the association of two species viz., solani (100%) and oryzae‐sativae (18.18%) with BLSB with later being detected in mixed infection. All the isolates belonged to anastomosis group AG1‐IA with a typical amplicon size of 265 bp. Genetic variation in the associated Rhizoctonia sp. was analysed using 27 inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers which revealed high degree of polymorphism (PIC value ranging from 0.819 to 0.921) and clustered the Rhizoctonia population into two major groups. Based on fungal morphology, the hierarchical cluster analysis placed 44 Rhizoctonia isolates into six major groups (M1–M6). The virulence of each isolate studied on four hybrids and seven inbred maize lines revealed that maize hybrid JH3459 and inbred LMDR‐2 were less susceptible to Punjab population of Rhizoctonia species. Partial correlation was also obtained between genetic diversity, pathological variation and geographical origins of isolates. This is the first attempt to study the diversity of Rhizoctonia sp. associated with banded leaf and sheath blight of maize in Punjab state.
ausplotsR: An R package for rapid extraction and analysis of vegetation and soil data collected by Australia's Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network
Authors: Munroe Samantha , Guerin Greg , Saleeba Tom , Martín‐Forés Irene , Blanco‐Martin Bernardo , Sparrow Ben , Tokmakoff Andrew
Published: May 2021

The Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), Australia's national land ecosystem monitoring programme, measures critical environmental attributes from local to continental scale and generates quality data for research and land management. Since 2011, TERN has performed standardised field surveys and sampling across a national plot network. At each plot, TERN records vegetation structure, composition and diversity, soil characteristics, and collects plant and soil samples for analysis. At the time of submission, TERN has established over 750 plots and performed over 1,000 plot surveys across Australia. Here we present ausplotsR, an R package for the R statistical computing environment that provides a user‐friendly interface to rapidly import, visualise, and analyse TERN plot data. Easy‐to‐use functions extract the data and compile data tables that can be incorporated into a variety of statistical analysis, most notably multivariate applications requiring plant community data with standardised relative abundances. ausplotsR includes functions to calculate useful vegetation metrics, such as species presence/absence, cover, and basal area. The package also provides information on TERN’s extensive soil and plant sample collection. We expect ausplotsR will help facilitate and advance ecological research and management throughout Australia and provide useful data for vegetation modellers globally.
Intraspecific genetic variation matters when predicting seagrass distribution under climate change
Authors: Hu Zi‐Min , Zhang Quan‐Sheng , Zhang Jie , Kass Jamie M. , Mammola Stefano , Fresia Pablo , Draisma Stefano G. A. , Assis Jorge , Jueterbock Alexander , Yokota Masashi , Zhang Zhixin
Published: May 2021

Seagrasses play a vital role in structuring coastal marine ecosystems, but their distributional range and genetic diversity have declined rapidly in recent decades. To improve conservation of seagrass species, it is important to predict how climate change may impact their ranges. Such predictions are typically made with correlative species distribution models (SDMs), which can estimate a species’ potential distribution under present and future climatic scenarios given species’ presence data and climatic predictor variables. However, these models are typically constructed with species‐level data, and thus ignore intraspecific genetic variability, which can give rise to populations with adaptations to heterogeneous climatic conditions. Here, we explore the link between intraspecific adaptation and niche differentiation inThalassia hemprichii, a seagrass broadly distributed in the tropical Indo‐Pacific Ocean and a crucial provider of habitat for numerous marine species. By retrieving and re‐analysing microsatellite data from previous studies, we delimited two distinct phylogeographical lineages within the nominal species and found an intermediate level of differentiation in their multidimensional environmental niches, suggesting the possibility for local adaptation. We then compared projections of the species’ habitat suitability under climate change scenarios using species‐level and lineage‐level SDMs. In the Central Tropical Indo‐Pacific region, models for both levels predicted considerable range contraction in the future, but the lineage‐level models predicted more severe habitat loss. Importantly, the two modelling approaches predicted opposite patterns of habitat change in the Western Tropical Indo‐Pacific region. Our results highlight the necessity of conserving distinct populations and genetic pools to avoid regional extinction due to climate change and have important implications for guiding future management of seagrasses.
Epidemiological features of the first Unusual Mortality Event linked to cetacean morbillivirus in the South Atlantic (Brazil, 2017–2018)
Authors: Cunha Haydée A. , Santos‐Neto Elitieri B. , Carvalho Rafael R. , Ikeda Joana M. P. , Groch Katia R. , Díaz‐Delgado Josué , Guari Emi B. , Brião Juliana A. , Oliveira Raissa B. , Flach Leonardo , Bisi Tatiana L. , Catão‐Dias José L. , Azevedo Alexandre F. , Lailson‐Brito José
Published: May 2021

Since the 1980s, cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) has caused mass mortality events worldwide. However, no epizootics had been recorded in the South Atlantic, until an unusual mortality event (UME) linked to Guiana dolphin cetacean morbillivirus (GD‐CeMV) began in Ilha Grande Bay, southeastern Brazil, in November 2017. In a five‐month period, the UME spread to neighboring Sepetiba Bay and accounted for the death of at least 277 Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis). Prevalence of morbillivirus positive dolphins, as estimated from RT‐PCR diagnostics, was 92.3% (24/26) in Ilha Grande Bay and 91.9% (57/62) in Sepetiba Bay. Females had higher mortality rates during the UME (1.5:1), in contrast with historical mortality data from both bays that showed a 2:1 male to female death ratio. Calf mortality rates also increased in both bays. These results suggest that females and calves were more vulnerable to morbilliviral infection. Herein, we discuss possible explanations for such sex‐biased death pattern during the UME and their implication for the conservation of endangered Guiana dolphins. We also speculate about the origin and spread of morbillivirus in the South Atlantic Ocean.
Clinical applicability of automated cephalometric landmark identification: Part I—Patient‐related identification errors
Authors: Tanikawa Chihiro , Lee Chonho , Lim Jaeyoen , Oka Ayaka , Yamashiro Takashi
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To determine whether AI systems that recognize cephalometric landmarks can apply to various patient groups and to examine the patient‐related factors associated with identification errors.

Setting and sample population

The present retrospective cohort study analysed digital lateral cephalograms obtained from 1785 Japanese orthodontic patients. Patients were categorized into eight subgroups according to dental age, cleft lip and/or palate, orthodontic appliance use and overjet.

Materials and Methods

An AI system that automatically recognizes anatomic landmarks on lateral cephalograms was used. Thirty cephalograms in each subgroup were randomly selected and used to test the system's performance. The remaining cephalograms were used for system learning. The success rates in landmark recognition were evaluated using confidence ellipses with α = 0.99 for each landmark. The selection of test samples, learning of the system and evaluation of the system were repeated five times for each subgroup. The mean success rate and identification error were calculated. Factors associated with identification errors were examined using a multiple linear regression model.

Results

The success rate and error varied among subgroups, ranging from 85% to 91% and 1.32 mm to 1.50 mm, respectively. Cleft lip and/or palate was found to be a factor associated with greater identification errors, whereas dental age, orthodontic appliances and overjet were not significant factors (all, P < .05).

Conclusion

Artificial intelligence systems that recognize cephalometric landmarks could be applied to various patient groups. Patient‐oriented errors were found in patients with cleft lip and/or palate.
Localization and characterization of human papillomavirus‐16 in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Saleh Wafaa , Cha Seunghee , Banasser Abdulaziz , Fitzpatrick Sarah G. , Bhattacharyya Indraneel , Youssef Jilan M. , Anees Mohamed M. , Elzahaby Islam A. , Katz Joseph
Published: May 2021

Objectives

The role of Human papillomavirus (HPV) in the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been completely elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and localization of HPV‐16 virus in OSCC and to correlate HPV‐16 positivity and p16INK4A expression with the clinical and pathological features of OSCC.

Methods

The archives of Oral Pathology at the University of Florida, College of Dentistry were accessed for demographic, clinical, histopathological data, and slides of 114 OSCC patients. HPV‐16 positivity of OSCC was evaluated by p16INK4A immunohistochemistry (IHC) and HPV‐16 E6/E7mRNA by in situ hybridization (ISH).

Results

Out of 114 consecutive pathological slides of OSCC, 16 samples (14%) showed positivity for p16INK4A by IHC and 14 samples (12%) were positive for HPV‐16 E6/E7mRNA ISH and the Positivity showed a significant correlation with the patients' age, alcohol consumption, and the degree of OSSC differentiation. The hard palate showed the highest positivity of p16INK4A IHC and HPV‐16 mRNA ISH (38%, 36% respectively).

Conclusion

HPV‐16 is a significant factor in oral carcinogenesis. We recommend using p16INK4A as a surrogate marker for HPV detection in OSCC, which can be complemented by RNA ISH for the identification of HPV subtypes.
Intention as Belief
Authors: Schwenkler John
Published: May 2021

What's the relationship between (1) intending to do something, (2) believing that you are going to do this, and (3) its being the case that you are going to do the thing in question? I propose a position on which all three categories, correctly understood, amount in the fundamental case to the very same thing. The belief that constitutes future‐directed intention, when strong, likewise constitutes one as having a real tendency to act in the intended way.
Ultrasound‐guided pulsed radiofrequency of the saphenous nerve in a complex regional pain syndrome patient with lower limb pain
Authors: Oh Saecheol , Kang Sang Ji , Park Yoo Jung
Published: May 2021

Complex regional pain syndrome is a painful and debilitating syndrome in which the patient presents with disabling pain, edema, and/or vasomotor or sudomotor abnormalities. The mechanism is complex and not well understood. There is no definitive treatment for the condition yet. Pulsed radiofrequency is a minimally invasive, minimal destructive, and safe intervention. It can be used for neuropathic pain. A 40‐year‐old man with complex regional pain syndrome complained of intractable pain of the lower limb secondary to injury to the saphenous nerve due to a third‐degree burn. Conventional medications, epidural block, and sympathetic nerve block provided temporary relief. We performed pulsed radiofrequency of the saphenous nerve for the management of lower limb pain, and the symptoms remained under control at 3 months. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of ultrasound‐guided pulsed radiofrequency of the saphenous nerve for the management of complex regional pain syndrome.
A second independent audit of electroconvulsive therapy in England, 2019: Usage, demographics, consent, and adherence to guidelines and legislation
Authors: Read John , Harrop Christopher , Geekie Jim , Renton Julia , Cunliffe Sue
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To assess progress towards improving the administering of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in England since an audit covering 2011, 2013, and 2015. The same information was gathered, for 2019, on usage, demographics, consent, and adherence to national guidelines and the Mental Health Act.

Design and Methods

Freedom of Information Act requests were sent to 56 National Health Service Trusts.

Results

Thirty‐seven trusts (66%) provided data. The gradual decline in the use of ECT in England has levelled off at about 2,500 people per year. There was a 47‐fold difference between the Trusts with the highest and lowest rates per capita. Most recipients are still women (67%) and over 60 (58%). Only one Trust could report how many people received psychological therapy prior to ECT, as required by government (NICE) guidelines. More than a third of ECT (37%) is still given without consent, with 18% of Trusts non‐compliant with legislation concerning second opinions. There were slight declines, compared to a previous audit, in the use of standardized depression scales, down to 30%, and standardized measures of cognitive dysfunction, down to 24%. Only six Trusts provided any data for positive outcomes and seven for adverse effects. None provided data on efficacy or adverse effects beyond the end of treatment. Twelve Trusts used identical sentences to each other, verbatim, in response to one or more questions.

Conclusions

Given the apparent failure of current monitoring and accrediting of ECT clinics in England, by the Royal College of Psychiatrists’ ECT Accreditation Service (ECTAS), an independent government sponsored review is urgently needed.

Practitioner points

Psychologists and other mental health staff should ensure that people are offered evidence‐based psychological treatments before being offered E.C.T.

All staff should ensure that patients are fully informed of the high risk of memory loss and the smaller risk of cardiovascular failure and mortality.

Individuals receiving ECT should be closely monitored for adverse cognitive effects, and treatment immediately terminated if these become apparent.

Because of increased risk of memory loss for women and older people, the use of ECT should be kept to a minimum and avoided where possible, with these two groups.
Why disagreeableness (in married men) leads to earning more: A theory and test of social exchange at home
Authors: Solomon Brittany C. , Hall Matthew E. K. , Muir (Zapata) Cindy P. , Campbell Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2021

Research has shown that disagreeableness predicts financial success (especially for men), and this association is attributed to workplace behavior. However, this effect remains puzzling given that disagreeableness is negatively associated with valued workplace behaviors, such as cooperation and prosocial behavior. We theorize that the male disagreeableness premium can be further understood by considering social exchangesat homein which married men are less concerned with and helpful to their wives, especially when harboring traditional gender role attitudes. Such exchanges should allow disagreeable men to demonstrate higher job involvement, resulting in higher pay, especially when their wives demonstrate higher household performance and are highly conscientious. As expected, Study 1 data from 195 married couples indicated that male disagreeableness predicts higher pay as mediated by lower wife‐orientation and higher job involvement, and moderated by traditionalism and a wife's household performance (and conscientiousness). In Study 2, we replicated key aspects of our model in a nationally representative sample of 1,558 married couples: Again, disagreeableness in married men predicts higher pay if they are more traditional and their wives are more conscientious. Our findings build on the literature's conventional wisdom (that organizations seem to reward disagreeable workplace behaviors) and highlight the importance of social exchange at home for success at work.
Photochemistry of N‐Phenyl Dibenzothiophene Sulfoximine†
Authors: Isor Ankita , Hommelsheim Renè , Cone Grant W. , Frings Marcus , Petroff John T. , Bolm Carsten , McCulla Ryan D.
Published: May 2021

Sulfoximines are popular scaffolds in drug discovery due to their hydrogen bonding properties and chemical stability. In recent years, the role of reactive intermediates such as nitrenes has been studied in the synthesis and degradation of sulfoximines. In this work, the photochemistry of N‐phenyl dibenzothiophene sulfoximine [5‐(phenylimino)‐5H‐5λ4‐dibenzo[b,d]thiophene S‐oxide] was analyzed. The structure resembles a combination of N‐phenyl iminodibenzothiophene and dibenzothiophene S‐oxide, which generate nitrene and O(3P) upon UV‐A irradiation, respectively. The photochemistry of N‐phenyl dibenzothiophene sulfoximine was explored by monitoring the formation of azobenzene, a photoproduct of triplet nitrene, using direct irradiation and sensitized experiments. The reactivity profile was further studied through direct irradiation experiments in the presence of diethylamine (DEA) as a nucleophile. The studies demonstrated that N‐phenyl dibenzothiophene sulfoximine underwent S–N photocleavage to release singlet phenyl nitrene which formed a mixture of azepines in the presence of DEA and generated moderate amounts of azobenzene in the absence of DEA to indicate formation of triplet phenyl nitrene.
Sedentary time is related to deficits in response inhibition among adults with overweight and obesity: An accelerometry and event‐related brain potentials study
Authors: Pindus Dominika M. , Edwards Caitlyn G. , Walk Anne M. , Reeser Ginger , Burd Nicholas A. , Holscher Hannah D. , Khan Naiman A.
Published: May 2021

Excessive sedentariness has been related to poorer cognitive control in adults. Sedentariness may compound obesity‐related impairments in response inhibition, but its relationship to response inhibition remains poorly understood. This study investigated the relationship between accelerometer‐measured sedentary time (ST, min/day), performance on the Oddball and NoGo tasks, N2 and P3‐ERP indices of response inhibition and attentional control in 80 adults with overweight and obesity (55 females, Mage = 35.2 ± 5.8 years, BMI = 32.8 ± 5.3 kg/m2). ST was not related to performance on the Oddball task. However, more sedentary adults had larger P3b amplitude to targets. Higher ST was also related to increased attentional resource allocation during NoGo target and nontarget trials as indicated by higher P3b amplitudes across centroparietal sites (C1, Cz, C2, CP1, CPz, CP2; ps ≤ .03). ST was negatively indirectly related to target accuracy on NoGo trials through its association with faster response times to nontargets (95% percentile bootstrap CI for a standardized effect: −0.182, −0.014). ST was not related to N2 amplitude on either Oddball or NoGo target trials. Adjustment for moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA; all models), age (models with P3b NoGo target amplitude, N2 NoGo target amplitude and latency), and % fat mass (models with target NoGo accuracy and N2 NoGo target amplitude) did not modulate behavioral findings. MVPA did not significantly predict P3b amplitude. Our results suggest suboptimal response inhibition due to trading accuracy for speed and despite the upregulation of attentional resources among more sedentary adults with overweight and obesity.