bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the interlaminar shear performance of hybrid nano‐filled 3D woven composites using response surface methodology
Authors: Hussain M. Z. , Shah S. Z. H. , Megat‐Yusoff P. S. M. , Ahmad F. , Hussnain S. M.
Published: December 2024

The present work aims to improve the interlaminar shear performance of three‐dimensional orthogonal woven E‐glass/epoxy composites (3DOWCs). The epoxy resin was modified with different weight percentages of hybrid nano‐fillers that is, acrylic tri‐BCP M53 (Nanostrength® [NS]: up to 7.5 wt%) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP: up to 1.5 wt%). A response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the input variables for maximum interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) in the warp and weft directions. Experimental results showed that the ILSS of 3DOWCs increased by 22.7% (warp) and 23.4% (weft), when reinforced with 2.5 wt% NS: 0.5 wt% GNP and 5.0 wt% NS: 1.7 wt% GNP, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy of damaged samples indicated that GNP‐induced crack pinning, coupled with NS plasticization and fibril formation, contributed to improved interlaminar damage resistance of 3DOWCs. Furthermore, the optimal formulation with p < 0.05 < F of 3.91 wt% NS and 0.5 wt% GNP led to an increase in ILSS of 18.5% and 16.5% along the warp and weft directions, respectively. The findings of this research demonstrate that low concentration of hybrid nano‐fillers can effectively reduce the damage severity in 3DOWCs under shear loading.

Highlights

The addition of hybrid nanofillers improved ILSS by up to 23%.

Hybrid nanofillers reduced the damage severity in 3DOWCs compared to pristine 3DOWCs.

Crack pinning/bridging by GNP and NS plasticization enhanced interlaminar damage.

Interlaminar shear performance was optimized using the CCD‐based RSM method.

3.91 wt% NS and 0.5 wt% GNP give maximum ILSS performance of 3DOWCs.
Enhancing in‐plane elasticity of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic multilayer films with polyrotaxane and nanocellulose composites
Authors: Xu Kai , Chu Pinjung , Rumon Rokibul Hasan , Fujimori Atsuhiro
Published: December 2024

Sandwich films were prepared by inserting resin sheets between carbon fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) sheets, and their tensile and bending strengths were evaluated. The CFRTP sheets used nylon 66, polyurethane, and polyphenylene sulfide as impregnating resins. The resin sheet used was polypropylene, a general‐purpose resin, combined with a composite material incorporating polyrotaxane and cellulose nanofibers as organic fillers. The sample containing both components showed a 134% improvement in Young's modulus compared to neat polypropylene. This study controlled the number of layers in the sandwich film and assessed the dependence of mechanical properties on layer count. The sandwich films demonstrated particularly good strength in the in‐plane direction, exhibiting excellent bending properties. Furthermore, using composite materials for the resins sandwiched between CFRTP sheets further enhanced mechanical properties. The film material, which can be prepared through simple press molding, is a lightweight material composed of light elements, and exhibits a Young's modulus in the gigapascal scale. CFRTP sheets using nylon 66 as the impregnating resin, the flexural modulus improved by approximately 5.8 times. Furthermore, by increasing the number of laminations, an additional improvement of 3.1 times was observed. This study also identified conditions for improving elongation properties.

Highlights

A new material was created using carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTP).

Multilayered alternating films made of CFRTP and polymer composite were created.

Corresponding multilayer films showed anisotropy in mechanical properties.

Corresponding multilayer films exhibited excellent in‐plane elasticity.

In‐plane elasticity showed a clear dependency on the number of layers.
Impact of social determinants of health on the outcomes of Latin American children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS‐C)
Authors: Buonsenso Danilo , Camporesi Anna , Sawaya Charles , Ulloa‐Gutierrez Rolando , Faugier‐Fuentes Enrique , Dueñas Lourdes , Paternina‐de la Ossa Rolando A. , Llamas‐Guillén Beatriz A. , Gámez‐González Luisa B. , Gálvez‐Rafael Nancy , Gatica Andrea , Saltigeral‐Simental Patricia , Cuatecontzi‐Romero Adán , Almeida Flávia Jacqueline , Cuan Shirley , Zapata‐Yarlequé Elmer H. , Beltrán Sandra , Reina‐Bautista Erika , Collia Adrián , Ivankovich‐Escoto Gabriela , Fernández‐Sarmiento Jaime , Tremoulet Adriana H. ,   The REKAMLATINA‐3 MIS‐C Study Group Investigators
Published: December 2024

Importance

There is growing understanding that Social Determinants of Health (SDH) impact on the outcomes of different pediatric conditions. We aimed to determine whether SDH affect the severity of MIS‐C.

Design

Retrospective cohort study, 2021–2023. Children and adolescents with MIS‐C younger than 18 years of age fulfilling the MIS‐C CDC definition within the REKAMLATINA network were invited to participate. We assessed the impact of SDH on the risk of children with MIS‐C to be diagnosed with shock, need of inotropes, respiratory support, transfusion, and death.

Results

Two hundred and seventy seven patients from 30 centers in 13 countries were included. Of them, 241 children from the four most‐represented countries were included in the final analysis. Food insecurity, higher distance from a health center, not possessing a private vehicle to transport the patient to hospital, and having a home in poor condition, were associated with low LVEF, need of transfusion, shock, and need for respiratory support, when controlling for age, BMI, and ethnicity. The Score of Social Disadvantage was associated with Shock (OR: 1.35, P: 0.011, 95% CI: 1.07–1.71), Respiratory support (OR: 1.39, P: 0.005, 95% CI: 1.1–1.75), Transfusion (OR: 1.63, P0.013, 95% CI 1.1–2.41), but not death (OR: 0.76, P: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.41–1.40).

Conclusions

Among a large cohort of Latin American children with MIS‐C, SDH negatively affect outcomes. These findings reinforce the need for better investigation of the role of SDH in MIS‐C and other inflammatory conditions and may guide public health interventions.
Toward sustainable process safety management 4.0 versus process safety management
Authors: Pandey Shatrudhan , Singh Abhishek Kumar , Parhi Shreyanshu
Published: December 2024

Process safety management (PSM) in the transition toward sustainability has garnered increasing attention in the emerging era of Industry 5.0 (I5.0). This study provides an inclusive proposal for a sustainable process safety management 4.0 (SPSM 4.0) framework, concentrating on its evolution, drivers, and a comprehensive framework highlighting structures and applications. The core values of I5.0 (sustainability, human‐centricity, and resilience) and advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), industrial Internet of things (IIoT), and cyber‐physical systems (CPS) are integrated with the PSM system. SPSM 4.0 aims to alter the PSM ecosystem through the applications of digital transformations at workplace by ensuring the process safety, well‐being of employees and assets while leveraging socioeconomic environmental concerns at an improved efficiency. The proposed framework bridges the gap between PSM and sustainability, which serves as a foundation stone for future SPSM 4.0 guidelines targeted at practitioners, policymakers, and academicians. In addition, the study proposes a comprehensive umbrella paradigm integrating PSM with sustainability pillars in an I5.0 landscape. Concluding, the research focuses on a critical discussion of the decision support system operationalizing the SPSM 4.0 system and suggesting critical takeaways for the managers and researchers.
Relationship between morphological and genetic diversity of Phelipanche aegyptiaca in Xinjiang China
Authors: Zhao Nana , Ge Nannan , Grey Timothy L. , Qiang Sheng
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Phelipanche aegyptiaca is one of the most noxious parasitic weedy broomrapes in Xinjiang, China. Understanding its morphological polymorphism and genetic diversity can support effective control strategies. This study investigated the morphological and genetic diversity among and within populations from different geographical regions and host species across Xinjiang to characterize their relationships.

RESULTS

Thirteen ISSR primers were used, resulting in 173 clear bands, 172 of which (99%) were polymorphic. Significant genetic variations were observed within regional and host groups, while variation among groups was relatively low. Gene flow was frequent, with a significant correlation of 1.57 between geographic regions and 5.57 between host species groups. Morphological traits exhibited substantial variability, with diverse coefficients ranging from 16% to 50%. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that samples primarily clustered by region, not by host species. There was a significant correlation between morphological and genetic diversity across geographical groups.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that genetic and morphological diversity are key factors in the expansion of P. aegyptiaca's host‐range and its spread. Morphological diversity appears to result from the interaction between genetic variation and environmental factors. This study offers new insights into the adaptation and evolution of P. aegyptiaca in relation to its genetic, morphological diversity and dissemination. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Impact of ensemble‐based hybrid background‐error covariances in ECMWF's next‐generation ocean reanalysis system
Authors: Chrust Marcin , Weaver Anthony T. , Browne Philip , Zuo Hao , Balmaseda Magdalena Alonso
Published: December 2024

An ensemble of data assimilations (EDA) can provide valuable information on analysis and short‐range forecast uncertainties. The present European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational ocean analysis and reanalysis system, called the Ocean Reanalysis System 5 (ORAS5), produces an ensemble but does not exploit it for the specification of the background‐error covariance matrix , a key component of the data assimilation system. In this article, we describe EDA developments for the ocean, which take advantage of the short‐range forecast ensemble for specifying, in two distinct ways, parameters of a covariance model representation of . First, we generate a climatological ensemble over an extended period to produce seasonally varying climatological estimates of background‐error variances and horizontal correlation length‐scales. Second, in each assimilation cycle, we diagnose flow‐dependent variances from the ensemble and blend them with the climatological estimates to form hybrid variances. We also use the ensemble to diagnose flow‐dependent vertical correlation length‐scales. We demonstrate for the Argo‐rich period that this new, ensemble‐based hybrid formulation of results in a significant reduction of background errors compared with the parameterized formulation of used in ORAS5, with the globally averaged reduction ranging between 5% and 15% for subsurface temperature and salinity and up to and for sea‐surface temperature and sea‐surface height, respectively. The new ocean EDA system will be employed in ORAS6, ECMWF's next‐generation ocean reanalysis system.
Reuse of Mine Tailings as an Alternative for the Manufacture of Refractory Bricks: Sustainable Remediation for Mining Waste Management
Authors: Puy‐Alquiza María Jesús , Gonzalez Martin Caudillo , Miranda‐Avilés Raúl , Palmerin Joel Moreno , Salazar‐Hernandez Ma. Mercedes , Sanchez Cristina Daniela Moncada
Published: December 2024

Mining waste generated during the extraction and processing of minerals in the mining industry represents a social and environmental problem due to the potential impacts associated with the nature of the waste and its toxicity. To mitigate the impact generated by mining waste, this research is an engineering application that seeks to use mining waste sustainably by manufacturing blocks of mining waste. In this article, the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of blocks manufactured from mine tailings for use as refractory brick in the domestic or construction sector were evaluated to determine their composition and behavior. The mine tailings blocks were subjected to temperatures of 1200°C, resulting in an acid‐type refractory brick, high‐density refractory brick (2.4 g/cm3), with a porosity of 43%, to 24 hardness (474–468 HLD), absorption (28.6%– 5.7%), smooth and homogeneous texture, and resistant to corrosion by acids. The refinery bricks exhibited a mechanical resistance of 50.57–181.66 MPa, flexion resistance of 2.93–13 MPa, and thermal expansion of 0.17 mm. To better understand the textural and chemical characteristics, a detailed study involving field analysis, X‐ray diffraction analysis, X‐ray fluorescence analysis, and morphometric analysis using a petrographic microscope and scanning electron microscopy was carried out. Regarding the chemical composition, the bricks have a high SiO2 content (80.6%) and contents of CaO and Al2O3 of 6.65% and 6.0%, respectively. The mineral phases consist of quartz β, cristobalite, and opal, designating the blocks as acid‐refractory brick. Acid‐refractory bricks obtained from mining tailings represent an option to reduce waste in the environment and provide an alternative as a raw building material in the domestic and industrial sectors.
Improved Iterative Learning Model Predictive Control for Nonlinear Batch Processes
Authors: Zhou Chengyu , Jia Li , Li Jianfang
Published: December 2024

This paper once again focuses on the research of iterative learning model predictive control (ILMPC) in batch processes, which aims to ensure that the system has fast convergence speed and good non‐repetitive disturbance suppression ability. Firstly, using the process input and output data, a nonlinear batch process composite model consisting of a nominal ARX model and a JITL model is established, where the former is used to describe the process dynamics and the latter to evaluate the modeling error caused by the process nonlinearity. Then, an improved ILMPC (IILMPC) method is proposed, which considers the current iteration input, the input increment along the iteration axis, and the input increment in the time axis in an integrated two‐dimensional feedback design framework. Meanwhile, a slack variable is also taken into account in the IILMPC design algorithm to ensure that a feasible solution will always exist. These advantages drive the presented control strategy to give better tracking performance than existing ILMPC. The convergence of the IILMPC algorithm is analyzed under mild conditions. Finally, a simulation case is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Can Digitalization Bridge the Gap? Exploring Human Development and Inequality in Gauteng Province, South Africa?
Authors: de Bruyn Chané , Musa Kazi , Castanho Rui Alexandre
Published: December 2024

Despite global progress in reducing inequality, disparities persist and worsen in certain regions. While wealthier countries experience unprecedented human development, poorer nations, including South Africa, struggle. Digital innovations have transformed sectors like business, education, healthcare, and finance, yet the gap in digital access mirrors the gap in development. This study focuses on Gauteng Province, South Africa, a region highly prone to inequality. Using data from 1993 to 2022 and applying the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR), the study reveals that digitalization significantly reduces inequality across Gauteng's regions. The Human Development Index (HDI) is negatively correlated with inequality, showing that improvements in human development help narrow disparities. However, regional output disparities intensify inequality, with the impact growing from lower to higher quantiles. These findings underscore the dual role of digitalization as both a means of reducing inequality and a marker of deeper economic and social divides. Given the limited research on digitalization and inequality in developing economies, particularly in South Africa, this study offers critical insights and policy implications for fostering inclusive growth in the region.
Transition Metal‐ and Base‐Free [3 + 2] Cycloaddition: Design, Synthesis, and Antibacterial Activity of Isoxazolidine Derivatives
Authors: Behera Kabita , Mohapatra Suhasini , Nayak Sabita , Mohapatra Seetaram , Parida Sonali Priyadarshini , Bhattacharya Debdutta , Rout Usha Kiran , Sahoo Chita Ranjan
Published: December 2024

A convenient and applicable approach for constructing diverse functionalized 4′‐nitro‐2′,5′‐diphenyl spiro[indoline‐3,3′‐isoxazolidin]‐2‐one derivatives has been developed via a transition metal‐ and base‐free [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of isatin ketonitrone derivatives with β‐nitrostyrene. The structure of the compounds was confirmed by NMR and HRMS, while the structure of one specific compound, 11m, was definitively determined through single crystal X‐ray analysis. This method offers several advantages, including shorter reaction time, high yields, and a broad substrate scope. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activities against two human pathogenic bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Among all the tested compounds, 11c showed the highest potency, outperforming the standard antibiotic gentamicin, with a MIC value of 20 µg/mL. Structure‐activity relationship studies (SARs) revealed that compound 11c, having Cl‐substituted styrene, possesses the most significant antibacterial activity. These spiro isoxazolidine derivatives exhibit promising antibacterial properties and favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, indicating their potential as viable antibacterial agents. In silico ADME predictions suggested favorable pharmacokinetic properties, indicating the potential of these compounds as antibacterial drug candidates.
A Greener Process for the Synthesis of Base‐Catalyzed Substituted Pyrazoles and Triazolopyrimidines as Prospective Biological Activity
Authors: Bawazir Wafa A. , Al‐amshany Zahra M. , El‐shishtawy Reda M. , Othman Ismail M. M.
Published: December 2024

Novel 1H‐pyrazole analogues were generated in high yields via the cyclocondensation of chalcone derivatives with p‐toluene sulfonyl hydrazine, utilizing K2CO3 and iodine as catalysts under heat for 2 h. A straightforward and effective manner was carried out for the creation of substituted pyrazoles or triazolopyrimidines via tandem methods containing aryl sulfonyl/benzoyl chloride and 1H‐pyrazole derivatives, or chalcones and 5‐aminotriazole, with catalytic amounts of K2CO3 or KOH, respectively. By researching with different solvents and catalysts, the reaction conditions for this technique were improved, resulting in good to excellent yields of the intended products 4aa‐cb and 6A‐d. This method is observed for its enhanced yields and environmental friendliness. The structures of the novel molecules have been verified by spectroscopic and elemental analysis techniques. The novel targets were validated versus various pathogenic and fungal strains. Contrasting the new series of products to reference drugs, pyrazole derivative 2b were the strongest antimicrobial actions, with MIC values varying from 0.98–19.45 µM.
MOF‐Based Biomimetic Enzyme Microrobots for Efficient Detection of Total Antioxidant Capacity of Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Chen Ting , Lai Caiyan , Zhao He , Yang Jie , Huang Kai , Hong Xu‐Jia , Cai Yuepeng , Dong Renfeng
Published: December 2024

Green and efficient total antioxidant capacity (TAC) detection is significant for healthy diet and disease prevention. This work first proposed the concept of TAC colorimetric detection based on microrobots. A novel metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐based biomimetic enzyme microrobot (MIL‐88A@Fe3O4) is developed that can efficiently and accurately detect the TAC of real fruits and vegetables. Unlike the previous colorimetric detection method to measure TAC which often requires the addition of toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or light, the microrobots strategy can realize efficient TAC detection without any additional chemicals or stimuli. This is attributed to the oxidase‐like activity from MIL‐88A, which is discovered and confirmed for the first time by experiments and theoretical calculations. In addition, the microrobots can significantly accelerate the color reaction, resulting in a significant improvement in the detection efficiency of TAC in the motion state owing to their self‐stirring effect. More importantly, the results of the MOF‐based biomimetic enzyme microrobots strategy for detecting TAC in real fruits and vegetables are comparable to those tested by commonly used quantitative detection kits, in addition to low cost, excellent stability, and anti‐interference ability. This attractive MOF‐based biomimetic enzyme microrobot holds great prospects for future applications in catalytic sensing and promoting a healthy diet.
Heterogeneous Interface Engineering of 2D Black Phosphorus‐Based Materials for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Hu Rong , Chen Wei , Lai Jingxia , Li Fan , Qiao Hui , Liu Yundan , Huang Zongyu , Qi Xiang
Published: December 2024

Photocatalysis has garnered significant attention as a sustainable approach for energy conversion and environmental management. 2D black phosphorus (BP) has emerged as a highly promising semiconductor photocatalyst owing to its distinctive properties. However, inherent issues such as rapid recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes severely impede the photocatalytic efficacy of single BP. The construction/stacking mode of BP with other nanomaterials decreases the recombination rate of carriers and extend its functionalities. Herein, from the perspective of atomic interface and electronic interface, the enhancement mechanism of photocatalytic performance by heterogeneous interface engineering is discussed. Based on the intrinsic properties of BP and corresponding photocatalytic principles, the effects of diverse interface characteristics (point, linear, and planar interface) and charge transfer mechanisms (type I, type II, Z‐scheme, and S‐scheme heterojunctions) on photocatalysis are summarized systematically. The modulation of heterogeneous interfaces and rational regulation of charge transfer mechanisms can enhance charge migration between interfaces and even maximize redox capability. Furthermore, research progress of heterogeneous interface engineering based on BP is summarized and their prospects are looked ahead. It is anticipated that a novel concept would be presented for constructing superior BP‐based photocatalysts and designing other 2D photocatalytic materials.
Photoelectron Therapy Preventing the Formation of Bacterial Biofilm on Titanium Implants
Authors: Yao Keyi , Cheung Sze Wing , Tang Yufei , Dong Junyu , Feng Shuqi , Xu Junhua , Xiang Lin , Zhou Xuemei
Published: December 2024

The exogenous bacterial infection and formation of biofilm on the surface of titanium implants can affect the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of cells associated with osteogenesis, ultimately leading to surgical failure. This study focuses on two critical stages for biofilm formation: i) bacterial adhesion and aggregation, ii) growth and proliferation. The titanium with well‐organized titania nanotube arrays is first modified by nitrogen dopants, then loaded with CuFeSe2 nanoparticles to form a p‐n heterojunction. Such heterojunction can effectively separate the electrons and holes generated by CuFeSe2 under NIR excitation, where CuFeSe2 serves as an electron acceptor from adherent bacteria, thus disrupting the respiratory chain and eventually affecting the metabolism. Combined with the released ions in solution and photothermal effect, the formation of bacterial biofilm on the surface of titanium implants is prevented on both stages.
Ex Situ pH‐Induced Reversible Wettability Switching for an Environmentally Robust and High‐Efficiency Stain‐Proof Coating
Authors: Li Hang‐Lin , Wang Fang , Zhang Rong‐Gang , Guo Mei‐Lin , Wang Yu‐Zhong , Song Fei
Published: December 2024

Developing superwetting coatings with environmental adaptability is critical for sustainable industrial applications. However, traditional anti‐wetting coatings often fall short due to their susceptibility to environmental factors (UV light, temperature, mold growth, and abrasion) and inadequate stain resistance in complex media. Herein, a durable ex situ pH‐responsive coating with reversible wettability switching, engineered by integrating hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane and tertiary amine structures is presented. The resulting hierarchical micro‐nano surface structure, combined with a trapped air cushion, ensures low water adhesion and stable superhydrophobicity. Notably, after ex situ pH treatment, the modulation of surface N+ content synergistically interacts with polydimethylsiloxane chains, enabling a controlled transition in surface wettability from 150° to 68.5°, which can spontaneously revert to a hydrophobic state upon heating and drying. This transition enhances stain resistance in both air and underwater environments, resulting in a 17.2% increase in detergency compared to superhydrophobic controls. Moreover, the coating demonstrates remarkable durability, with no staining, peeling, or mildew growth (grade 0) even after 1500 h of UV radiation and 28 days of mildew resistance testing. This work offers a highly adaptable and stain‐resistant coating for applications in building and infrastructure protection, as well as in smart textiles designed for multi‐media decontamination.
Prototype‐Based Collaborative Learning in UAV‐Assisted Edge Computing Networks
Authors: Yu Enze , Dai Haipeng , Zhang Haihan , Zheng Zhenzhe , Zhao Jun , Chen Guihai
Published: December 2024

Context

The rise of artificial intelligence of things (AloT) has enabled smart cities and industries, and UAV‐assisted edge computing networks are an important technology to support the above scenarios. UAV‐assisted refers to leveraging UAVs as a dynamic, flexible infrastructure to assist edge network data processing and communication tasks. Multiple UAVs can use their own resources, and collaborate edge servers to train artificial intelligence (Al) models.

Objective

Compared with cloud‐based collaborative computing scenarios, UAV‐assisted edge collaborative learning can reduce training and inference delays and improve user satisfaction. However, UAV‐assisted edge networks scenario brings new challenges in terms of transmission burden and energy consumption.

Method

This paper proposes a prototype‐based joint optimization and training software system. The system consists of an optimization module and a training module. The optimization module first models an optimization problem including energy consumption and prototype error. Then it solves the optimization problem by problem transformation and plans the location of each UAV given the objects' position. After UAVs fly to the designated area and complete data collection, UAVs and the edge server train a model according to the proposed prototype‐based collaborative training module. Our training module enables multiple UAVs and an edge server to collaboratively train a model by lightweight prototype transmission and prototype aggregation. We also prove the convergence of the proposed collaborative training method.

Results

Results show our method reduces prototype error and energy consumption by at least 12.31% and improves model accuracy by 3.62% with a little communication burden.

Conclusion

Finally, we verify system performance through experiments.
A Machine Learning Approach to Quantitative Analysis of Enamel Microstructure from Scanning Electron Microscopy Images
Authors: Marsico Carli , Renteria Cameron , Grimm Jack R. , Fernandez‐Arteaga Juliana , Guillen Donna , Arola Dwayne
Published: December 2024

Dental enamel, the outermost tissue of mammalian teeth, must withstand a lifetime of wear and cyclic contact. To meet this demand, enamel possesses a combination of high hardness and resistance to fracture, properties that are typically mutually exclusive. The impressive damage tolerance has been attributed largely to decussation of the enamel rods, the principal unit of its microstructure. As such, enamel is inspiring the design of next‐generation structural materials. However, quantitative descriptions of the decussated enamel rod microstructure remain limited due to challenges encountered in applying computed tomography and in acquiring quality images appropriate for traditional digital processing methods. Here, a machine learning segmentation method is applied to images of the enamel obtained using scanning electron microscopy to support quantitative analysis of the microstructure. A pretrained convolutional neural network is used to expand the input training image dataset to allow the training of a random forest classifier, which ultimately segments the image with a very small training set (n = 3 images). A validation of this segmentation method is presented, in addition to its application to calculate relevant microstructural parameters for images of tooth enamel from selected mammalian species. The methodology applied here is equally applicable to other hard tissues.
Neutron Reflectometry of Lithium‐Based Secondary Batteries
Authors: Hu Dengyan , Zhan Xiaozhi , Wang Xiaofei , Lin Haibin , Gao Lei , Tu Haoran , Zhu Jinlong , Zhu Tao , Han Songbai
Published: December 2024

The rapid advancement of integrated circuits and artificial intelligence has accelerated the proliferation of smart devices, driving the demand for high‐performance lithium‐based secondary batteries (LSBs). Despite notable technological advancements, LSBs continue to face significant challenges, particularly regarding cycle life, power density, specific capacity, and long‐term stability. To optimize these batteries, advanced analytical techniques are crucial for probing fundamental processes such as lithium‐ion migration, electrode material transformations, and solid electrolyte interphase evolution. While techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray reflectometry offer valuable insights into surface morphology and structural properties, their sensitivity limitations to lighter elements like lithium and hydrogen hinder comprehensive analysis. In contrast, neutron reflectometry (NR) provides a distinct advantage, offering nondestructive, lithium‐sensitive, and deeply penetrating insights into the internal dynamics of LSBs. In situ NR facilitates real‐time monitoring of structural transformations at the electrode/electrolyte interface and lithium distribution during cycling, while enabling the quantification of chemical composition under operational conditions. This review examines the advantages of NR over conventional techniques, evaluates its strengths and limitations, and surveys recent applications of NR in LSB research. The potential of NR in advancing the development of high‐performance LSB technologies is also discussed.
Implementing a Laterite Soil‐Peat‐Rice Husk Soil Mixture to Assess the Performance of Heavy Metal Migration
Authors: Mohamad Maheera , Chong Khai Lin , Omar Salmah , Kafi Md. Abdul , Mohamad Nabilah , Zakaria Siti Nor Farhana , Chellamuthu Vignes
Published: December 2024

Solid waste can be effectively managed through disposal in engineered landfills, which are specifically designed facilities. The application of daily soil cover at these landfills is vital for mitigating leachate generation and protecting groundwater from contamination. This study aims to investigate whether a mixture of laterite soil (LS), peat soil (PS), and rice husk (RH) can reduce the migration of heavy metals within a landfill setting. Heavy metal pollution poses a significant environmental challenge in Malaysia, specifically the five metals focused on in this research: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn. The study evaluates the adsorption capacity of the soil mixture for these metal ions by utilizing laboratory analyses of key parameters such as pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC). To assess the effectiveness of the soil mixture, various combinations were tested, highlighting a blend of 50% LS, 40% PS, and 10% RH as the most effective. An equilibrium study was conducted, wherein metal ion solutions were prepared, allowing the soil mixtures to interact with these solutions until a state of equilibrium was achieved. Subsequently, batch adsorption experiments were performed to measure the mixtures’ ability to adsorb the metal ions, with ongoing assessment of pH and CEC. The results indicate that the selected mixture can significantly reduce metal ion concentrations, demonstrating its potential as a viable daily cover for landfills. Ultimately, this research provides valuable insights into strategies for minimizing heavy metal migration in landfills and safeguarding groundwater resources.
Development of novel ecofriendly sodium alginate‐gelrite gellan gum composite films: Effects of glycerol and sorbitol
Authors: Bhatia Saurabh , Khan Talha Shireen , Alhadhrami Aysha Salim , Chinnam Sampath , Shah Yasir Abbas , Philip Anil K. , Koca Esra , Aydemir Levent Yurdaer , Al‐Harrasi Ahmed
Published: December 2024

The current study investigated the impact of various concentrations of plasticizers, especially glycerol and sorbitol, on the physical and chemical characteristics, as well as the antioxidant capabilities, of films made from sodium alginate and gelrite gellan gum. The elongation at break and thickness of the film samples increased, while water vapor permeability, opacity, and tensile strength of the film samples decreased with the increase in concentration of plasticizers. Film samples became more transparent and glossier in nature with increasing concentrations of plasticizers. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that sorbitol‐loaded films showed a smooth and homogenous structure as compared to glycerol‐loaded film samples. The control film samples showed significantly higher antioxidant activity compared to the other film samples. Contact angle measurements demonstrated that the film samples became more hydrophilic with the addition of plasticizers. This study provides an overview of the role of plasticizers, including glycerol and sorbitol, in the fabrication and application of biopolymeric films for food packaging.

Highlights

Plasticizers increased EAB and thickness but decreased WVP, opacity, and TS.

Films with higher plasticizer levels were more transparent and thinner.

Sorbitol‐loaded films were more homogenous than glycerol‐loaded ones.

Control films had higher antioxidant activity than plasticizer‐added films.

Increase in plasticizer level increased hydrophilicity of films
Use of sodium hyaluronate subdermal injection for treatment of upper eyelid entropion in a rabbit
Authors: Goncalves Catarina Alexandra Ventura , Fricker Georgina Victoria , Large Thomas Peter
Published: December 2024

A 2‐year‐9‐month‐old, male, neutered, Dutch rabbit was diagnosed with bilateral epiphora, upper eyelid entropion, secondary trichiasis and superficial corneal ulceration. Corneal healing was delayed until temporary upper eyelid eversion with Histoacryl®. Once this dissolved, entropion and corneal ulceration re‐occurred. Under light sedation, proxymetacaine was applied to the injection sites via cotton‐tip applicators. Hyaluronic acid (ALAYNA SG24 Distinct, an‐cbfh 2.4% an‐vision) was injected using a 27‐gauge needle in the subdermal space via a multifocal puncture technique, 1–2 mm from the upper eyelid margin. For each eyelid, approximately 0.5 mL was injected in total across three to four sites. Immediate resolution of the upper eyelid entropion and trichiasis was achieved. Minimal bleeding occurred at each injection site. Eyelid swelling developed within 24 hours, persisting for 72 hours. At 15‐day follow‐up, upper eyelid position and function remained normal. Corneal ulceration had healed, epiphora and blepharospasm had resolved. Four months after the procedure, mild right lateral upper eyelid entropion developed.
Impact of sarcopenic obesity on postoperative outcomes in patients with oesophago‐gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Matsui Ryota , Yonezu Keisuke , Rifu Kazuma , Watanabe Jun , Inaki Noriyuki , Fukunaga Tetsu , Nunobe Souya
Published: December 2024

Background

We elucidated the influence of sarcopenic obesity on postoperative outcomes in patients with oesophago‐gastric cancer.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search on MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Platform Search Portal, and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify observational studies published from their inception to September 26, 2024. Studies involving patients who underwent radical resection for oesophago‐gastric cancer and were evaluated for visceral fat mass and skeletal muscle mass through body composition were included in our analysis. The primary outcomes assessed were overall survival (OS) and postoperative complications. This protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023418403).

Results

Ultimately, 13 studies (involving 4912 patients) were included in our qualitative and quantitative analyses. Among these studies, three were prospective cohort studies, while the remaining 10 were retrospective cohort studies. Twelve studies specifically investigated gastric cancer, while one focused on esophageal cancer. The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity ranged from 5.7% to 28.7%. Compared to the absence of sarcopenic obesity, its presence worsens OS (hazard ratio: 1.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.08–2.15, heterogeneity (I2) = 66%, certainty of the evidence: low) and increases the risk of postoperative complications (relative risk ratio: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.29–2.73, I2 = 77%, certainty of the evidence: moderate). The risk of bias in each study was deemed moderate to high.

Conclusions

Sarcopenic obesity worsens OS and increases the risk of postoperative complications in patients with oesophago‐gastric cancer undergoing radical resection.
Prevalence of Eight Viruses in Captive Amur Tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) From Harbin, China
Authors: Xie Wei , Wang Luyao , Chen Mengna , Chang Qinjie , Jiang Hongyu , Xu Haitao , Dan Liu , Li Xiang , Wang Yulong , Zeng Xiangwei , Yang Bin , Wang Miaowei , Jiang Yonggang , Chai Hongliang , Yang Siyuan , Wang Yajun
Published: December 2024

The Amur tiger, a flagship species in wildlife conservation in China, was the focus of this study, which is aimed at detecting viral infections that could threaten the survival of this population. A total of 60 Amur tigers were examined, including 21 blood samples and 60 nasopharyngeal swab samples. Various PCR methods were used to detect the viruses: standard PCR was applied to identify feline parvovirus (FPV), nested PCR for feline herpesvirus‐1 (FHV‐1), feline calicivirus (FCV), feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and qPCR for canine distemper virus (CDV) and influenza A virus (IAV). The results showed that 70.0% (42/60) of the tigers tested positive for at least one viral infection. Specifically, the prevalence of FPV, FHV‐1, and FCoV were 14.3% (3/21), 26.7% (16/60), and 56.7% (34/60), respectively. A co‐infection rate of 21.4% (9/42) was observed among infected tigers. No positive results were found for FCV, FIV, FeLV, CDV, or IAV. Overall, this is the first study to detect the presence of FCoV in Amur tigers in China and confirms their exposure to FPV, FHV‐1, and FCoV.
Supporting Transformation in Urban Areas: The Desire Project
Authors: Puerari Emma , Deserti Alessandro
Published: December 2024

This chapter presents the project Desire—Designing the Irresistible Circular Society—within the context of the New European Bauhaus (NEB) program, emphasizing how its goals align with the NEB’s core values of sustainability, inclusivity and aesthetics. As one of the six lighthouse projects funded under the NEB, Desire seeks to inspire a movement by developing a new school of thought, drawing inspiration from the original Bauhaus. Following a theoretical exploration of these guiding values, the chapter outlines the context and framework within which the Desire project operates. It highlights how the project translates NEB ideals into practice, shaping innovative and sustainable solutions to address contemporary societal challenges. The chapter concludes by introducing the concept of the “sites’ biographies”, which provide detailed accounts of the unique histories and contexts of the project's sites of experimentation. These biographies set the stage for the in-depth discussions featured in the following eight chapters of the book.
Mobilitätskrisen und Große Technische Systeme
Authors: Potthast Jörg
Published: December 2024

Kommt eine Verkehrsverlagerung auf die Schiene nicht zustande, dann werden sich im Zuge weiterer Erderhitzung zunehmend umfassende Mobilitätskrisen ereignen. Forschungen zum Umgang mit bisherigen Mobilitätskrisen – zu Unfällen, Unterbrechungen, Störungen, oder temporären Außerbetriebnahmen – rücken daher in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Im Anschluss an Forschungen über Große Technische Systeme (GTS) lassen sich im Umgang mit Störungen Muster identifizieren, die weiträumig und langfristig auf die Entwicklung dieser Infrastrukturen zurückwirken.
Methodische Zugänge und Datengrundlagen der sozialwissenschaftlichen Mobilitätsforschung
Authors: Nobis Claudia
Published: December 2024

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit den Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung zur Abbildung von Mobilitätsverhalten. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Beschreibung der großen quantitativen Erhebungen in Deutschland sowie deren Stärken und Schwächen. Darüber hinaus werden die Methode des Wegetrackings, qualitative Erhebungsansätze sowie die Nutzung neuerer Datenquellen, wie z. B. Mobilfunkdaten, thematisiert. Die Bedeutung der Sozialwissenschaften ist es, den Daten über theoriebasierte Ansätze eine höhere Erklärungstiefe zu verleihen.
Zivilgesellschaft als Treiber der Mobilitätswende: Kiezblocks als Beispiel für Stadtgestaltung von unten
Authors: von Schneidemesser Dirk , Kirby Nicolina
Published: December 2024

Trotz eines übergeordneten gesellschaftlichen Konsenses mit Blick auf eine Mobilitätswende in Deutschland erhält die historisch geprägte korporatistische Politikkonstellation den Automobil-orientierten Status quo aufrecht. Unabhängig davon bleibt als Treiber fast nur die Zivilgesellschaft. Ihre Initiativen führen zu Beschlüssen auf kommunaler Ebene oder zu Gesetzen auf Länderebene, die eine Transformation der Verkehrsinfrastruktur verlangen. Diese werden nicht konsequent umgesetzt, was zu einer Kluft zwischen Ankündigungen und Erwartungen einerseits und Handlungen andererseits führt. Zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure fordern nichtsdestotrotz die Mobilitätswende ein. Im Berliner Beispiel der „Kiezblocks“ verfolgen sie zweigleisig eine politische und mediale Agenda-Setting-Strategie, um eine Mobilitätswende zumindest lokal herbeizuführen, mit Strahlkraft über Berlin hinaus.
Mobilität aus modernisierungstheoretischer Sicht
Authors: Kesselring Sven
Published: December 2024

Mobilität ist ein modernes Basisprinzip. Verkehr ist dabei eine zentrale Dimension, die allerdings bis in die 1990er-Jahre und bis auf wenige Ausnahmen erstaunlich wenig bis gar nicht zum Gegenstand sozialwissenschaftlicher Diskurse wurde. Im Zeichen der Klimakrise hat sich dies geändert: Mobilität und vor allem Verkehr sind reflexiv geworden; die Risiken und Gefahren des bislang fast ungebremsten Verkehrswachstums stellen das lineare Modernisierungsparadigma in Frage. Positive Konnotationen von Freiheit, Fortschritt, Selbstbeweglichkeit, -bestimmung und -verwirklichung bestimmten den Mobilitätsdiskurs über mehr als ein Jahrhundert. Sie werden jedoch sukzessive von den negativen Auswirkungen und diskursiven Rahmungen einer globalen Massenmotorisierung abgelöst.

Vor diesem Hintergrund bleibt die gesellschaftspolitische Frage weiterhin aktuell, ob nicht nur eine „andere Moderne“ (Ulrich Beck), sondern auch eine andere Mobilitätspolitik möglich ist. Verfügen moderne Gesellschaften wie die bundesdeutsche über die Handlungspotenziale, Ressourcen, Instrumente und den Willen, das selbstzerstörerische Mobilitätskonzept der Industriemoderne neu zu definieren?

Der Beitrag kann die Komplexität dieser Fragen nicht umfassend bearbeiten, liefert aber Ansatzpunkte für ihre Beantwortung und weitere Forschung. Dazu wird Mobilität aus einer gesellschaftstheoretischen Perspektive analysiert. Dabei steht die Theorie der reflexiven Modernisierung im Vordergrund und somit die Ambivalenzen, Unsicherheiten und Ungewissheiten einer mobilen und mobilisierten Risikogesellschaft.
Pathways for Restoring and Connecting with Nature in Australian Cities
Authors: Frantzeskaki Niki , Bush Judy , Kendal Dave , Adams Clare , Bellato Loretta , Ossola Alessandro , Oke Cathy
Published: December 2024

With increasing focus on the importance of integrating nature spaces and nature-based solutions into our cities, what are the key priorities and pathways for action in Australian cities? Australia, a highly urbanised settler colonial country, has a rich biodiversity and cultural heritage, the result of thousands of years of custodianship and care for Country by the First Peoples. Their deep cultural and ecological knowledge and ongoing care and connection with Country, including urban Country, underpins approaches to restoring and connecting with nature in Australian cities. With continuing urbanisation and urban change, as well as increasing impacts of climate change, including heatwaves, wildfires, flooding, and extreme weather, we identify four pathways for just transitions with and for urban nature in cities. The pathways focus on ways of thinking, organising, acting, and knowing for prioritising urban nature. We highlight evidence-based planning for nature (ways of knowing); inclusive governance for just transitions (ways of organising); conserving, restoring, and maintaining nature (ways of acting); and emphasising First People’s and local communities’ knowledges and practices (ways of knowing). Our pathways, or stepping stones, point to interlinked and interrelated priorities for ensuring nature is actively and effectively integrated into Australian city planning and practice.
p-Nilpotent Maximal Subgroups in Finite Groups
Authors: Beltrán Antonio , Shao Changguo
Published: December 2024

Let p be a prime number and suppose that every maximal subgroup of a finite group is either p-nilpotent or has prime index. Such a group need not be p-solvable, and we study its structure by proving that only one nonabelian simple group of order divisible by p, which belongs to the family $$\textrm{PSL}_n(q)$$

PSL
n

(
q
)

, can be involved in it. For $$p=2$$

p
=
2

, we specify more, and in fact, such a simple group must be isomorphic to $$\textrm{PSL}_2({r^a})$$

PSL
2

(

r
a

)

for certain values of the prime r and the parameter a.