bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-Mining Community Development in South Kalimantan through Kelulut Beekeeping as Corporate Social Responsibility Actualization
Authors: Nurhayati Tri , Rosilawati Yeni
Published: January 2021

Apart from having a positive impact on the regional and state economy, coal mining is inseparable from the negative impact that has become the public spotlight. A mining company’s responsibility is not over even though it has finished its operational period. The reclamation and post-mining are the closing stages of the company’s activities. The Istana Kelulut program is a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activity in the form of environment-based community development and is integrated with the post-mining plan. This study aimed to determine community development stages through Kelulut beekeeping in post-mining communities in Balangan Regency, South Kalimantan. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach and in-depth interview with PT Adaro Indonesia’s CSR managers and beneficiary communities and a study of company documentation as secondary data. The results revealed that community development was carried out through assistance to the community, including training activities to improve beekeeping techniques to make the harvest process more effective. Innovations were also made through the manufacture of automatic honey-suction hoses and artificial nest housings. Throughout 2019, 20 people have joined as Kelulut beekeepers after seeing the Istana Kelulut succeed in developing its colony and increasing beekeepers’ income.
The Motivation of Young Chili Farmers in Sandy Land of Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Nurlaela Siti
Published: January 2021

Senior farmers in Panjatan, Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta, have succeeded in making sandy land a horticultural center. However, this success does not motivate young farmers to continue farming. The declining interest of the agricultural sector of youth occurs because they realize the high risk in agricultural entrepreneurship. This study analyzed young farmers' motivation and roles in horticultural entrepreneurship in the coastal sandy land. A sample of 120 respondents from four farmer groups was taken using simple random sampling. Percentage, mean score, and Spearman's rank correlation at p ≤ 0.05 were employed to analyze the data. There was a significant relationship (p ≤ 0.05) between groups' roles as a vehicle for learning and motivation (rs = 0.25). The role of groups in collaboration and networking was insignificant. Therefore, to motivate young coastal sandy farmers, it is necessary to optimize groups' role as a vehicle for learning. Thus, the government needs to implement a strategy to encourage young farmers' motivation by strengthening their roles by improving their knowledge of horticulture business, including training, internships, and discussions on technological developments by regularly utilizing young farmer group meetings.
Feasibility Based on Production Patterns by Home Industries in Hargotirto, Kokap, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta
Authors: Buddhi Satyarini Triwara , Sutrisno  , Wira Kartika Fitri
Published: January 2021

This study aims to determine the pattern of coconut sugar production and compare the income and business feasibility of each production pattern. Utilizing proportionate stratified random sampling, 90 respondents of industrialists were gathered. There are three production patterns coconut sugar home industry: pattern (1) processing the formed coconut sugar (60 home industry), pattern (2) processing the brown sugar (21 home industry), and pattern (3) processing formed coconut sugar into brown sugar (9 home industry). The average income of pattern (1) IDR 695,010 per month, pattern (2) IDR 787,745 per month, and pattern (3) IDR 2,326,578 per month. The values of business feasibility based on R/C were: pattern (1) 1.001; pattern (2) 1.057 and pattern (3) 1.056. Business feasibility based on capital productivity obtained pattern (1) 187.7%, pattern (2) 152.4%, and pattern (3) 6.2%. Business feasibility based on labor productivity per (man days) was: pattern (1) IDR 65,569, pattern (2) 67,820 IDR,and pattern (3) 290,289 IDR. The results of study revealed that the most preferred production pattern was pattern (1) processing to formed coconut sugar. The three production patterns were feasible (R/C> 1). Pattern (3), processing formed coconut sugar into the brown sugar, was the most productive.
Impact of Agrotourism Development on Increasing Value Added of Agricultural Products and Farmers' Income Levels (A Study in Karangtengah, Bantul, Yogyakarta)
Authors: Sriyadi  , Akhmadi Heri , Yekti Ananti
Published: January 2021

This study examines the impact of agro tourism development on increasing the value added of agricultural products, and the impact of agro tourism development on farmers income level. The study was conducted using survey interviews with farmers and related parties and field observation. The development of agro tourism encourages the community to process agricultural products, improve on farm and non- farm management. The results showed that processing of agricultural products, farm management and non-farm management activities provides significant increase on farmers household income. It is recommended to optimize the processing of agricultural products, farm management and non-farm management activities.
The Determinants of Indonesia’s CPO Export in Non – Traditional Market
Authors: Destiarni Resti Prastika , Triyasari Sri Ratna , Jamil Ahmad Syariful
Published: January 2021

Countries in Europe, China and USA are the main destination of Indonesia's CPO exports so that in order to avoid more significant declining in value and export volume because of trade war and the existance of CPO black campaign, Indonesia must take a diversified step, especially for export market diversification. This study illustrates the condition of Indonesian CPO competitiveness in non-traditional markets, measures the position of Indonesia CPO export market attractiveness, and analyzes factors influence CPO exports. Data used are secondary data obtained from various resources. The time series and cross sections data consecutively consist of variables from 2002 to 2017 and 11 nontraditional importing countries. Time series variables consist of volume export of Indonesia CPO, exchange rate, export price, Indonesia GDP, importers GDP, and economic distance. X–model product export potential and gravity model were used to address the objectives. Indonesian CPO has optimistic market development potential because Indonesia CPO has strong competitiveness and in a rising star position.The analysis result with gravity model showed the factors affecting Indonesian CPO export to nontraditional countries was exchange rate, Indonesia GDP, importers GDP, and economic distance. Government role is important to initiate a long term trade agreement which benefits both parties.
Identification Local Food and Levels of Community Preference at The Border Region of Sangihe Islands District
Authors: Lintang Meivie , Layuk Payung , Sudarti  , Sondakh Joula
Published: January 2021

The research aims to find out the types, levels of people's preferences as well as factors that affect local food consumption, especially carbohydrate source food in Marore archipelago. The research was conducted in Marore sub-district, namely Kawio and Marore Village which carried out by using survey methods. The results showed that types of local food farmed by the people of Kawio and Marore villages are cassava, daluga, taro yam, sweet potato, banana, and sago as a source of carbohydrates but the farming system and post-harvest handling are still traditional. The level of food preference of people between Kawio and Marore villages are difference. Based on education level, there is a significant real negative correlation for bananas, based on the age, the correlation is significant for cassava and bananas, and based on income per capita there is no correlation. The level of preference for food is generally from ordinary to like very much in the border area of Sangihe Islands influenced by the availability of food, the consumption patterns of local community and the community’s access to get food. Cassava is the most preffered type of food besides rice, so cultivation and post-harvest system must to be optimized.
Governments and Farmers' Preference toward True Shallot Seed Institution Model in Indonesia
Authors: Sembiring Asma , Muharam Agus , Rosliani Rini , Prabawati Sulusi
Published: January 2021

Management of True Seed of Shallot (TSS) production is an important part of supporting Indonesia shallot seed availability. It should involve various parties such as governments, privates, and shallot farmers to guarantee TSS quality and quantity of TSS. The study aims to identify governments' and farmers' preferences toward TSS institutional model in Indonesia. The study was undertaken in East Java from March to August 2016. Twenty-eight respondents from around East Java were purposively selected. Four options of the institution model of shallot seed were offered. The data was analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process. The result showed that the preferred institution model for TSS by the respondents was the first option. In the model, Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute provided the high quality of shallot bulb seed and produced TSS for Breeder Seed. Meanwhile, other Indonesian government seed bodies/private generated bulb seed for Breeder Seed. Then, the University/Assessment Institute of Agricultural Technology/private produced TSS and bulb seed for Foundation Seed.Furthermore, selected shallot breeders produced TSS and bulb seed for Stock Seed and Extension Seed. The model could solve shallot seed quality and quantity problems' as it engaged the competent institutions. Therefore, the model could be recommended for TSS production nationally.
The Growth Character and Results of Hybrid Corn Parents From Three-Way Crossing to Produce Hybrid Corn Seed Variety of Bima URI 20
Authors: Jauhari Sodiq , Praptana R Heru , Samijan  , Oelviani Renie
Published: January 2021

The character of growth and production of hybrid maize seeds in Bima URI 20 used a three-way cross. The female elders of Bima 4 variety and male elders (G180 / Mr14 x Nei 9008P). The research objective was to see the relationship between growth and three-bonded mother trees in the production of Bima 20 URI hybrid maize seeds. The research was conducted in Kendal Regency with an area of 2 hectares in MK-1 2019 through the OFCOR (On-Farm Client-Oriented Research) approach. This research uses descriptive analysis and the relationship between variables. The results showed that genetic and environmental factors influenced the growth of parent seeds. Rise of male elders 96.5%, female elders 98.6%, Tall plants 208.5 cm, male elders 148.4 cm, ear height 74.1 cm, male elders 57.9 cm, age the female flowers 50.35, and male flowers 47.8. The results of the assessment test for the parameters of ear weight assessment, seed weight per ear, and 1000 dry seed weight resulted in a value of 0.8-0.9 that indicated that the characters had a strong effect on plant productivity and growth.
Study on Application of TSS (True Shallot Seed) Shallot Technology in Gorontalo
Authors: Sumarno Jaka , Sari Indah Hiola Fatmah , Nur Amin
Published: January 2021

The aims of the study were: 1) to determine the seeding performance, growth and yield performance of shallot cultivation from TSS (True Shallot Seed), 2) to determine farmers' perceptions of TSS shallot technology, and 3) to analyze the financial of TSS shallot farming in Gorontalo. This TSS shallot applied study was conducted in Gorontalo in 2019. To find out the best seeding technique using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) method with 6 treatments and 10 replications. Farmers' perceptions were analyzed using percentage techniques using a Likert scale based on 30 respondents. Farm financial was analyzed descriptively by calculating revenue, cost and R/C ratio. The results showed that the best TSS shallot seeding was obtained in raised beds with paranetal cover with a growth percentage >90 percent. The growth percentage of TSS after transplanting reached >80 percent with a productivity of 4.9 tonnes/ha. The average farmer's perception of TSS shallot technology showed that the TSS shallot cultivation technology produces tubers of excellent quality, saves seed costs, and farmers are interested in implementing it again. The results of farming financial analysis showed that the TSS shallot farming had an R/C ratio of more than 1 which means it is efficient to implement.
Drainage Pattern at Kaligesing Area, Purworejo District, Central Java
Authors: Listyani R.A. T. , Budiadi Ev.
Published: January 2021

The Kaligesing area is part of the western part of the West Progo Dome. As the hard water area, water resources should be important problem to support rural development. The characteristics of the drainage as an indicator of water resources potential need to be understood in order to assess water potential. This paper wants to describe drainage characteristics as one of potential water resources indicators. The sufficient water resource is important for rural development. Result of the research shows that geological conditions allow this area to have relatively little water potential, but surface water can develop through rock-controlled flow patterns and geological structures. The flow characteristics in the area show rectangular, sub dendritic, and trellis patterns. Rivers develop genetically with consequent and subsequent types. Based on the quantity of water, the rivers in the study area include the intermittent and ephemeral rivers. Meanwhile, based on tectonics these rivers can be classified as superimposed rivers, where geological structures facilitate the formation of rivers in the research area. The river order in the study area shows the order of 1 - 4. Meanwhile, the density of the river is 0.81 - 1.86 km/km2 with young to mature river stages.
Adaptation of Situ Bagendit, Rindang 1 and Rindang 2 Varieties in Shallow Swamp Ogan Komering Ilir District South Sumatera
Authors: Karman Joni , Suparwoto  , Waluyo
Published: January 2021

Shallow swamps can be used for rice production during the dry season. The problem that occurs is lack of water. The technology needed to overcome these problems is drought tolerant superior varieties. The purpose of this study is to obtain superior varieties tolerant to drought on shallow lebak swampy. The study was conducted from April 2019 to August 2019. The varieties used were Situ bagendit, Rindang 1, Rindang 2, and the Siam (local) as comparison. Data collected included: plant height, number of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, number of empty grains per panicle and production. The method used is direct observation in the field. The data obtained were compiled by tabulation and analyzed by statistical tests namely the similarity test of the middle value (t-test). The results showed that the varieties Situ Bagendit, Rindang 1, and Rindang 2 had better numbers of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, and number of filled grains per panicle than Siam varieties. The highest production was achieved by the Situ Bagendit variety, namely 4.6 tonnes/ha. Meanwhile, the production of Rindang 2, Rindang 1, and Siam varieties were 4.4; 4.0; and 2.0 tonnes/ha.
Climate change adaptability of the agriculture sector in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Saptutyningsih Endah , Setyawati Dewanti Diah
Published: January 2021

Climate change has a negative impact on the agricultural sector in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, especially the farms, which are highly vulnerable to climate-related disasters such as flood and drought, as well as pest attacks that may cause production failure. This study aims to build a model of climate change adaptability for farmers in Yogyakarta. This study is qualitative in nature by using data from Focus Group Discussion (FGD) involving the community members at the district level. Each of the 12 districts in the area sent two representations of farmer assistants. Data reliability and validity was ensured through triangulation; then examined by using content analysis. The adaptability models for climate change are presented in two scenarios; the first is caused by drought/flooding and the second is by pest attack. From the data, it could be concluded that farmers’ mitigations consist of structural and non-structural approach. The construction of dam as part of the water management is the main structural mitigation undertaking. Learning the weather, the climate and other disaster causes were the main non-structural mitigation undertaking. Moreover, learning was not only from classes and practices, but also via technology transfer using free website sources to enrich farmers’ knowledge in handling pest attack.
Factors That Influence Farmer Adaptation to Climate Change (Case of Dry Land Farmers in Cemoro Watershed in Central Java)
Authors: Sugihardjo  , Lestari Eny , Setyowati Retno , Widiyanto  , Rusdiyana Eksa
Published: January 2021

This study aims to determine the adaptation strategy of dry land farmers to climate change. The study was conducted in the Cemoro watershed area, Central Java, Indonesia with 120 respondents as dry land rice farmers. Sampling was done by proportional random sampling. Data were collected from March to November 2016. Data analysis was performed using the two-stage Heckman model approach. The results showed that farmers 'perceptions of climate change were significantly influenced by the area of farmland managed and farmers' income. The farmers' adaptation strategy to climate change is significantly affected by the level of education, the participation of farmers in social organizations, and the level of income.
Comparison of Awareness and Perception of Climate Change between Proklim and Non-Proklim Farmers in Sleman District
Authors: Priyanto Moh. Wahyudi , Handoyo Mulyo Jangkung , Irham
Published: January 2021

Program kampung iklim (Proklim) was launched by the Government to increase the implementation of the climate change adaptation strategy. The decision to adopt an adaptation strategy is influenced by farmers’ perceptions of climate change. This study aims to determine the level and compare the awareness of the climate change and perceptions of the climate change risks, among farmers from the Proklim and non-Proklim locations. The study was conducted in 3 sub-districts that have Proklim location, in Sleman Regency. By using the simple random sampling method, a total of 112 farmers were selected from the Proklim and non-Proklim locations in the same proportion. The results showed that the Proklim and non-Proklim locations were dominated by farmers with an awareness of climate change and perceptions of climate change risks at a moderate level. Other findings showed that farmers from the Proklim location had a higher awareness of climate change compared with non-Proklim farmers, with a difference of awareness of 6.44%. Perceptions of climate change risk among farmers from the two locations didn’t show significant differences.
Transient Stability Assessment of IEEE 9-Bus System Integrated Wind Farm
Authors: Alsakati Ahmad Adel , Vaithilingam Chockalingam Aravind , Alnasseir Jamal
Published: January 2021

The use of wind energy is increased due to the high demand for sustainable energy. The penetration of wind energy in electrical networks might have several effects on load flow and power system stability. In this research, the transient stability of the IEEE 9-Bus system integrated with Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is analyzed. Additionally, different penetration levels of a wind farm are considered. With a 5% penetration of wind energy, the maximum power angle of the synchronous generator is around 129 deg, which is quite similar to the existing system. In contrast, the power angle increases to 140 deg after adding more wind turbines with 15% wind farm penetration. Then, the system loses stability with a 25% penetration of wind energy. The results indicate that the high penetration of wind energy has a destabilizing impact on the studied network. Moreover, the location of the wind farm affects transient stability. This research intends to contribute towards assessing the stability of the power system integrated DFIG. Hence, this study will support the increase of using wind energy in power systems rather than conventional power plants and evaluate the stability to enable the reliability of alternative energy sources in the grid.
Hard Switching Characteristics of SiC and GaN Devices for Future Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
Authors: Rajendran Gowthamraj , Vaithilingam Chockalingam Aravind , Naidu Kanendra , Satya Prakash Kameswara , Ahmed Md Rishad
Published: January 2021

Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors offer better switching and lower losses, and it is not uncommon to utilize them for high power density, high-efficiency applications. Gallium nitride (GaN) and Silicon carbide (SiC) are the most common WBG materials that are responsible for major switching level changes relative to silicon (Si) devices. This paper explores the contrast of performance between Si, SiC, and GaN devices. The output performance of Si, SiC, and GaN power devices includes efficiency, energy bandgap, thermal conductivity, carrier mobility, saturation speed, power density, switching characteristics, and conduction losses. This article also proposes a Vienna rectifier with GaN materials, which operates as a front-end rectifier on a high-density battery charger targeted at high-performance applications such as electric vehicle charging stations, aircraft applications, and welding power sources. The system would reduce the total harmonics distortion (THD) to less than 5%, and the power factor would be increased to unity to satisfy the IEEE-519 standard.
Design and Analysis of a Separator for Aluminium Dust Particle Collection
Authors: Tan Jia Hao , Tong Douglas Kum Tien , Chung Edwin Chin Yau
Published: January 2021

Cyclone separators are considered one of the most common and widely used method of separating solid particles from fluids. The focus of this paper was to design a separator that could effectively improve the air quality of an industrial working environment by considering factors such as the nature of the particles and the restrictions on the device such as size and operating condition. To do so, a sample of the dust sample was studied to determine the characteristics of the aluminum dust. An initial separator model which satisfied the separation condition was developed, and a second model was developed with the goal of optimizing and reducing the overall size of the separator. All models developed were subjected to CFD simulations to analyze the flow patterns, separation rate at various particle diameters as well as comparing against the theoretical predicted values. The simulation results showed how the change in various parameters improved the separation efficiency. The total height of the model was approximately 20% smaller than the initial proposed design to fit into the manufacturer’s workbench while the separation efficiencies improved by an average of 5% to 10% across various particle sizes. The results obtained indicated that the efficiency of the particle collection is dependent on the area of the barrel inlet of the separator and the depth of the vortex finder.
Zusammenhang zwischen sozioökonomischem Status und Entwicklungsstand – Datenlinkage von Ergebnissen der Kita- und Schulaufnahmeuntersuchung mit einer sächsischen Geburtskohortenstudie
Authors: Redemann Dorothea , Arnold Katrin , Druschke Diana , Heinrich Luise , Rüdiger Mario , Reichert Jörg , Schmitt Jochen
Published: January 2021

Hintergrund Die kindliche Entwicklung ist durch biologische (z. B. Geschlecht, Geburtsreife) und psychosoziale Faktoren (z. B. sozioökonomischer Status, außerfamiliäre Tagesbetreuung) determiniert.

Ziel der Arbeit Es wurde die Stärke des Zusammenhanges zwischen dem familiären sozioökonomischen Status (SES) sowie biologischer und weiterer psychosozialer Faktoren und dem Entwicklungsstand von 4- und 6-jährigen Kindern untersucht.

Methodik Mittels Datenlinkage von Primärdaten einer Geburtskohortenstudie und Routinedaten der sächsischen Gesundheitsämter zu Kindern der Geburtsjahrgänge 2007 bis 2008, die sowohl die Kita- als auch die Schulaufnahmeuntersuchung durchlaufen hatten (N=615), wurden Auffälligkeiten der Sprache, Feinmotorik und Grobmotorik auf Zusammenhänge mit psychosozialen und biologischen Faktoren geprüft. Potenzielle Assoziationen wurden auf Signifikanz getestet sowie mittels binär logistischer Regression als Chancenverhältnis dargestellt.

Ergebnisse Der Großteil sächsischer Kinder entwickelte sich bis zum Schuleintritt unauffällig. Die Sprache zeigte sich jedoch mit Auffälligkeiten bei 37% der Kinder zu beiden Untersuchungszeitpunkten als sensibler Entwicklungsbereich. In beiden Altersgruppen waren Jungen, Frühgeborene und Kinder mit niedrigem SES häufiger von Entwicklungsverzögerungen betroffen. Frühgeborene mit niedrigem SES weisen das höchste Risikopotential auf. Weiterhin scheint dem außerfamiliären Betreuungsbeginn Bedeutung zuzukommen.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse stehen in Einklang mit nationalen und internationalen Untersuchungsbefunden. Eine wichtige neue Erkenntnis ist die deutlich erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit für Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten beim Zusammentreffen biologischer und psychosozialer Risikofaktoren. Zur Betrachtung von Entwicklungsverläufen und zur Evaluation initiierter Maßnahmen sind jedoch Längsschnittanalysen erforderlich.
Stellenwert klinischer, funktioneller und bildgebender Diagnostik zur Früherkennung, Differenzialdiagnose und Verlaufskontrolle diabetischer Neuropathien
Authors: Dohrn Maike F. , Winter Natalie , Dumke Christina , Bähr Friederike , Ouwenbroek Annabelle , Hoppe Barbara , Reiners Karlheinz , Dafotakis Manuel
Published: January 2021

Von weltweit mehr als 400 Mio. Menschen mit Diabetes mellitus entwickeln bis zu 50% im Laufe ihrer Erkrankung eine Neuropathie. Trotz oder gerade wegen dieser Häufigkeit darf jedoch nicht jede Neuropathie, die in Koinzidenz mit einem Diabetes mellitus auftritt, unkritisch als diabetische Neuropathie diagnostiziert werden. Eine präzise Ausschluss- und Ausmaßdiagnostik ist entscheidend, um andere behandelbare Erkrankungen wie z. B. die Chronisch Inflammatorische Demyelinisierende Polyradikuloneuropathie oder die hereditäre Transthyretin-Amyloidose nicht zu übersehen. Einfache, nicht-invasive, preiswerte und allzeit verfügbare Screeningmethoden stellen Anamnese und klinische Untersuchung dar. Ergänzend ist in frühen Erkrankungsstadien die Quantitativ Sensorische Testung hilfreich zur Eingrenzung einer Small Fiber-Dysfunktion. Sind, typischerweise im Verlauf, große Nervenfasern geschädigt, so ist das charakteristische elektrophysiologische Bild das einer längenabhängigen, axonalen, sensibel betonten oder sensomotorischen Neuropathie. Die Nervensonografie kann zur Unterscheidung von autoimmun-demyelinisierenden Neuropathien hilfreich sein. Moderne Untersuchungsverfahren wie die MR-Neurografie können auch proximale Nervenabschnitte bis auf Faszikelebene darstellen, sind allerdings nur an wenigen Zentren verfügbar. Haut- und Nervenbiopsien sind v. a. bei untypischen Verläufen zur Abgrenzung von Differenzialdiagnosen hilfreich. Diabetische Neuropathien können zu einer erheblichen Reduktion von Lebensqualität und Lebensdauer führen. Zur frühest- und bestmöglichen ursächlichen und symptomatischen Therapieeinleitung ist eine präzise Diagnostik essentiell.
Construction of an intravascular ultrasound catheter with a micropiezoelectric motor internally installed
Authors: Zhang Junjian , Lu Shaowei , Liao Xinxin , Feng Zhihua
Published: January 2021

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has become a useful tool in the detection of coronary artery disease. However, non-uniform rotation distortion (NURD) reduces the image quality. In order to suppress the influence of NURD, a piezoelectric motor that can meet the requirements of IVUS catheters has been proposed. The motor has a diameter of 1 mm and a length of 10 mm using the new polarization direction proposed in the paper. A 45° mirror is fixed on the top of the motor to reflect the ultrasound transmitted from the transducer. The manufacture and drive of the piezoelectric motor is simple, and the maximum speed of the piezoelectric motor can reach 6450 rpm under the voltage of 20Vp-p. The minimum power required by the rotating motor is only 0.038 W, which can be directly driven by the signal generator without a power amplifier. The motor can operate at a low voltage and still has a high and stable speed. Meanwhile, the speed of the motor is controllable and has a satisfactory stability with a maximum angular error of 8°. The images detected by the cooperation of the motor and the ultrasonic transducer are also shown, which indicates that the motor has the rotational stability that meets the imaging requirements and the potential for application in the IVUS catheter to help improve the image quality of the coronary arteries and prevent and help treat potential diseases.
Thermometric quantum sensor using excited state of silicon vacancy centers in 4H-SiC devices
Authors: Hoang Tuan Minh , Ishiwata Hitoshi , Masuyama Yuta , Yamazaki Yuichi , Kojima Kazutoshi , Lee Sang-Yun , Ohshima Takeshi , Iwasaki Takayuki , Hisamoto Digh , Hatano Mutsuko
Published: January 2021

We characterized the excited state (ES) and the ground state (GS) of negatively charged silicon vacancy (VSi−) centers in hexagonal silicon carbide (4H-SiC) using optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) to realize thermometric quantum sensors. We report the observation of inverted contrast between ODMR signals of the ES and the GS and clarify the effect of energy sublevels of spin states in 4H-SiC. We confirm that ES ODMR signals of VSi− centers are dependent on the temperature with a thermal shift of 2 MHz/K on zero-field splitting (ZFS). Thus, we fabricated microscale dots of VSi− centers in a 4H-SiC p–n diode using proton beam writing and demonstrated the operation of thermometric quantum sensors by measuring the temperature change induced by an injected current. Our demonstration paves the way for the development of atomic-size thermometers inside SiC power devices for future applications.
Validation of the 5-min irradiance from the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB)
Authors: Yang Dazhi
Published: January 2021

The National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) offers satellite-derived irradiance over most of the Americas. The latest version of the NSRDB hosts broadband irradiance estimates at 5-min–2-km resolution, which have improved from the previous 30-min–4-km resolution. Whereas this new dataset is expected to continue providing invaluable solar resource information to researchers and practitioners worldwide, its accuracy needs to be validated. Validating high-resolution data must go beyond reporting the overall error metrics. To that end, time series features are used here to study the correspondence between the satellite-derived and measured irradiance transients. This paper also provides an in-depth discussion on the data quality issues observed during the validation.
Large thermal conductivity of boron suboxides despite complex structures
Authors: Dai Jinghang , Tian Zhiting
Published: January 2021

Boron suboxides (B6O) were identified to be a superhard material, and their stiff bonds are expected to give large thermal conductivity. But their complex crystal structures suggest otherwise. Using first-principles calculations, we show that both α- and β-B6O have unusually high lattice thermal conductivities of 284.9 and 207.1 W/(m K), respectively, at room temperature, despite their complex structures. Our detailed phonon analysis attributed the dominant factor of its large thermal conductivity to the strong bond strength. Their large group velocities result from the strong bonding and light atomic mass, while their large phonon lifetimes can be explained by small anharmonicity and limited scattering phase space. Our results show that materials with complex unit cells like α- and β-B6O can still have high thermal conductivity. The combination of large thermal conductivity and an excellent physical hardness makes B6O a promising material for lightweight, multifunctional thermal management applications.
Large damping-like spin–orbit torque and perpendicular magnetization switching in sputtered WTex films
Authors: Xie Hang , Talapatra Abhishek , Chen Xin , Luo Ziyan , Wu Yihong
Published: January 2021

We report on the study of charge-spin conversion in sputter-deposited WTex films using harmonic Hall measurements. Strong damping-like (DL) spin–orbit torque (SOT) is observed in WTex thin films with the largest SOT efficiency of 0.67 × 105 Ω−1 m−1 at a WTex thickness of 5 nm, which quickly decreases to around zero as the thickness increases to 10 nm. In comparison, the field-like SOT is around one order smaller than the DL SOT. Making use of the large DL SOT, we realize efficient current-induced perpendicular magnetization switching in WTex/Ti/CoFeB multilayers. Our findings suggest the great potential of sputter-deposited WTex in spintronics applications.
Ultimate response time in mid-infrared high-speed low-noise quantum cascade detectors
Authors: Dougakiuchi Tatsuo , Ito Akio , Hitaka Masahiro , Fujita Kazuue , Yamanishi Masamichi
Published: January 2021

The ultimate response time in the active region of quantum cascade detectors (QCDs) with a peak response wavelength of 4.5 μm operating at room temperature is determined to be as short as one picosecond, by a comparison of the experimentally determined response time with the theoretical prediction based on an equivalent circuit model. The intrinsic response time of 1 ps is attributed to the electron transit time across only one module in the active region that contains a large number of cascade modules, that is, 45–90 cascade modules in the present QCDs. Therefore, the 3-dB cutoff frequency of the present QCDs is expected to be extremely high, that is, fcutoff ∼160 GHz (1/2πfcutoff ∼1 ps).
Suppression of interfacial oxygen vacancies for efficient charge extraction at CZTS/TiO2 heterojunction
Authors: Nisika  , Kaur Kulwinder , Yadav Manoj K. , Bag Ankush , Kumar Mukesh
Published: January 2021

Earth abundant CZTS (Cu2ZnSnS4) absorber layers are promising for the development of cost-effective and large area photovoltaics; however, interfacial nonradiative recombination is a major obstruction to the pathways toward high performing CZTS devices. Elimination of interfacial recombination losses via interface engineering is paramount to obtain efficient CZTS solar cells. Herein, we report a systematic investigation of the influence of oxygen vacancies (OV) settled at the CZTS/TiO2 interface on the charge transfer rate in heterostructures. Modulation of OV by varying oxygen flow rate during TiO2 deposition was confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Lower OV concentration shifted the conduction band offset from negative to positive at the CZTS/TiO2 heterojunction, which is essential for efficient charge transportation through the interface. Photoluminescence quenching of the CZTS/TiO2 heterojunction also showed a strong correlation between charge dynamics and OV at the interface. Finally, we found the fast decay response of photogenerated charge carriers for the CZTS/TiO2 device with lower OV strongly favors the suppression of carrier trapping at the interface. This work provides a critical insight into interface engineering in CZTS solar cells through regulating interfacial OV, particularly when an oxide electron transport layer is applied.
Effects of management outweigh effects of plant diversity on restored animal communities in tallgrass prairies
Authors: Guiden Peter W. , Barber Nicholas A. , Blackburn Ryan , Farrell Anna , Fliginger Jessica , Hosler Sheryl C. , King Richard B. , Nelson Melissa , Rowland Erin G. , Savage Kirstie , Vanek John P. , Jones Holly P.
Published: January 2021

Significance

“If you build it, they will come” is a commonly accepted principle of restoration ecology (the Field of Dreams hypothesis). This hypothesis, which frequently guides restoration practice, predicts that restoring plant biodiversity will lead to the recovery of animal biodiversity. However, this prediction is rarely tested because restoration studies measure plant or animal biodiversity, but rarely both. Four years of plant and animal biodiversity data collected from tallgrass prairies showed that restoration had strong effects on vertebrate and invertebrate biodiversity. Animal biodiversity was explained more by management practices than plant biodiversity, demonstrating important responses not captured by the Field of Dreams hypothesis. Where animals mediate key ecosystem functions, restoration planning will benefit from explicitly considering the responses of animal communities.
Identifying the coefficients of thermal expansion of an electronic device composed of various materials using the virtual fields method
Authors: Kanai Y , Arikawa S , Fujimoto Y , Takeo K , Zhang Y , Yoneyama S
Published: January 2021

A method for inverse determination of the coefficients of thermal expansion of an electronic device that is composed of multiple materials, i.e. dissimilar materials, is proposed. The virtual fields method is applied for obtaining the coefficients of thermal expansion. Appropriate virtual displacement fields have been automatically obtained instead of using any arbitrary virtual displacement. This leads to an accurate and effective determination of the coefficient of thermal expansion. Full-field displacement distributions measured by digital image correlation are used as input for the inverse analysis. The validity of the proposed method has been demonstrated by measuring samples made of various materials. Furthermore, the proposed method is applied to samples simulating electronic devices with and without constraints on the boundary. Results show that the coefficients of thermal expansion of an object composed of dissimilar materials are obtained properly. The proposed method is expected to be used for determining the coefficients of thermal expansion of actual electronic devices.
Site preference of Ti and Nb in L12-ordered Co-Al-W phase and their effect on the properties of the alloy: first-principles study
Authors: Wang Zihan , Zhang Jianxin , Li Pan , Zhang Youjian , Jin Huixin , Zhang Wenyang
Published: January 2021

In this work, the equilibrium structure, electronic and elastic properties of L12-ordered Co-Al-W and Co-Al-W-X (X = Ti and Nb) phase were calculated, using first-principles calculations. Among six nonequivalent sites (Al1, Al2, Co3, Co4, W5, W6), Ti and Nb prefer to occupy the W6 site, since the formation enthalpy of the system is lowest when Ti and Nb occupy the W6 site. Both Ti and Nb most affect the density of states of Al atoms. Compared with the Al2 site, which is the sub-preference site of Ti and Nb, the density of states of Al atoms is higher with the addition of Ti and Nb in the W6 site, which means that the latter system is more stable. According to the bulk modulus B, shear modulus G, Young’s modulus E, hardness H

V
and Poisson’s ratio σ, for Co3(Al, W) alloy, the addition of Ti and Nb in the W6 site decreases its hardness but increases its ductility. This work confirms that Ti and Nb can stabilize the Co3(Al, W) alloy and have a positive effect in solving the relatively poor ductility of this alloy, which has important implications for the development of cobalt-based alloys.
Single-Fourier transform based full-bandwidth Fresnel diffraction
Authors: Zhang Wenhui , Zhang Hao , Jin Guofan
Published: January 2021

In physical optics, Fresnel diffraction matters. The single Fourier transform method has been widely used in Fresnel diffraction calculation and can perform the direct computation of the output field with high efficiency. Based on a phase-space analysis, we find that the conventional single Fourier transform method cannot correctly deal with the full bandwidth of the input field. Aliasing occurs with high-frequency components because the bandwidth transfer capacity of the conventional method is insufficient, which greatly deteriorates the calculation accuracy. To address this serious problem, we propose a single Fourier transform-based full-bandwidth Fresnel diffraction calculation method. By rearrangement of the sampling resources, all the frequency components can be correctly transferred for accurate, efficient, and flexible Fresnel diffraction calculation.
Systematic selection and evaluation of relevant surface roughness parameters for the characterisation of the innovative RPM-Synchronous Grinding process
Authors: Newrkla Katharina , Spenger Thomas , Cihak-Bayr Ulrike
Published: January 2021

The key to high performances and long lifetimes of machine components in lubricated contacts is often the surface topography. Its characteristics can be derived in numerous ways from 3D topography measurements, but these procedures do not follow any existing standards, resulting in limited comparability. In this work, we present a new, universally applicable workflow to reveal the most significant roughness parameters for a comprehensive description of differences in surface topographies. This workflow, based on principal component analysis (PCA), offers a standardization of parameter selection. It is applied to RPM-Synchronous Grinding (RSG), a novel grinding process that enables the production of non-circular geometries without an oscillating movement. To increase trust in this new technique, knowledge on how the process parameters affect the surface topography is required. Numerous statistical roughness parameters were derived from 3D confocal light microscopy as well as 2D tactile measurements on each ground workpiece. We apply the proposed workflow and find that, for the selected RSG parameter variations, Rq is the most relevant roughness parameter to capture changes in the surface topography. The 100 % fused white aluminum oxide grinding wheel, opposite grinding direction, and a low specific material removal rate result in the smoothest surfaces. A high degree of usage of the grinding wheel leads to higher Rq values, but there is a trend to reach a plateau value. The RSG machined workpieces are compared to conventionally ground and shortly run camshafts. The camshafts have Rq values in the range of the rougher RSG machined surfaces, but there are significant differences in the parameters Ssk, Sku, Sv and Vvv. Provided the number of workpieces is high enough for statstical analysis, we propose to apply our workflow for the selection of the most relevant roughness parameters to describe the differences between surfaces obtained by different machining parameters and processes.
Accurate feature selection improves single-cell RNA-seq cell clustering
Authors: Su Kenong , Yu Tianwei , Wu Hao
Published: January 2021

Cell clustering is one of the most important and commonly performed tasks in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data analysis. An important step in cell clustering is to select a subset of genes (referred to as ‘features’), whose expression patterns will then be used for downstream clustering. A good set of features should include the ones that distinguish different cell types, and the quality of such set could have a significant impact on the clustering accuracy. All existing scRNA-seq clustering tools include a feature selection step relying on some simple unsupervised feature selection methods, mostly based on the statistical moments of gene-wise expression distributions. In this work, we carefully evaluate the impact of feature selection on cell clustering accuracy. In addition, we develop a feature selection algorithm named FEAture SelecTion (FEAST), which provides more representative features. We apply the method on 12 public scRNA-seq datasets and demonstrate that using features selected by FEAST with existing clustering tools significantly improve the clustering accuracy.
Molecular biogeography of the MediterraneanButhusspecies complex (Scorpiones: Buthidae) at its southern Palaearctic margin
Authors: Klesser Robert , Husemann Martin , Schmitt Thomas , Sousa Pedro , Moussi Abdelhamid , Habel Jan Christian
Published: January 2021

Neogene orogenesis and climatic cycles strongly influenced inter- and intraspecific differentiation and variability of taxa. In this study, we focused on the southern margin of the western Palaearctic, known to be a geographically complex region. We performed mitochondrial DNA analyses of Buthus scorpions from the Moroccan Atlas Mountains, from the Hoggar Mountains in Algeria and from Tunisia, Iberia and Israel. Molecular species delimitation suggests the existence of ≥ 24 molecular operational taxonomic units. The data confirm complex differentiation patterns across the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, but structures in Iberia, Algeria and Tunisia have considerably lower complexity. This identifies the Atlas Mountain region as the most important differentiation centre of Buthus scorpions. Samples from the Hoggar Mountains (southern Algeria) cluster with those from the southernmost parts of Morocco in the middle and upper parts of the Draa Valley. This reinforces a recent connection of these regions. Samples from Israel are genetically similar to individuals from eastern Algeria and Tunisia. This suggests a widespread group across major parts of North Africa. Divergence time estimates indicate that differentiation in the genus began during the late Miocene, a period characterized by strong tectonic activities in this region. Further differentiation could be linked to subsequent climatic changes that have occurred since the end of the Miocene, with an increasing aridification of the Moroccan area. This also produced many microrefugia in the mountains of the area during the Pleistocene climatic fluctuations.
I Must Speak of the Turning
Authors: Shepersky Tara K
Published: January 2021

Enriching BioScience's role as a Forum for Integrating the Life Sciences, Arts in Science provides an occasional venue for poems, visual art, and other forms of artistic expression that explore and enliven our understanding of life. Through the contributions in this section, we hope to share with our readers the passion for nature that science inspires.
The “Lianescent Vascular Syndrome” statistically supported in a comparative study of trees and lianas of Fabaceae subfamily Papilionoideae
Authors: Luizon Dias Leme Claudia , Pace Marcelo Rodrigo , Angyalossy Veronica
Published: January 2021

Lianas are one of the most iconic elements of tropical forests and their presence is a major feature of these biomes. Here we aim to describe and compare the wood of key genera of Fabaceae subfamily Papilionoideae comprising both trees and lianas. Thirty-eight species from the genera Machaerium, Dalbergia, Clitoria and Dioclea were sampled to establish the main quantitative features that differentiate lianas and trees, the so-called “Lianescent Vascular Syndrome”. Variance analyses were carried out to diagnose the anatomical differences between trees and lianas. Whereas most studies focused on qualitative features, this study focused on a statistical, quantitative comparison of lianas and trees of Papilionoideae, some not previously analysed anatomically. Our results show that lianas are quantitatively different from trees in having wider and more frequent vessels, a higher percentage of axial and radial parenchyma relative to fibres, greater ray height and width and longer fibres, statistically corroborating the “Lianescent Vascular Syndrome”.