bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes toward Mental Illness and Dependency among Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Wehler Randall
Published: September 2011

The Client Attitude Questionnaire and Client Independence Questionnaire were administered to 60 patients in treatment on a psychiatric unit at a state mental hospital to assess whether acceptance of a medical paradigm for treatment by hospitalized psychiatric inpatients is significantly related to passive-dependent attitudes as had been previously reported for psychiatric outpatients at a community mental health center. The correlation of .15 between scores on the two measures was statistically non-significant, as were the correlations between number of previous admissions and attitudes toward mental illness, number of previous admissions and attitudes of dependence, years of education and attitudes toward mental illness, years of education and attitudes of dependence, and age and attitudes toward mental illness. Mean differences between sexes on the two measures were non-significant as well. Age significantly and negatively correlated —.27 with attitudes of independence ( p < .05), suggesting that younger psychiatric patients are more independent from staff.
Changes in Drinking-Related Locus of Control as a Function of Length of Alcoholism Treatment
Authors: Walker R. Dale , Nast Evelyn C. , Chaney Edmund F. , O'Leary Michael R.
Published: September 2011

Locus of control is viewed as a measure of the degree of responsibility an individual perceives himself to have over meaningful life events. The drinking-related Internal-External locus of control scale represents the translation of generalized expectancies for locus of control into a measure of specific expectancies dealing with a variety of drinking behaviors. The present study examined scores on the drinking scale cross-sectionally for a specific alcoholic patient population. The results suggest that over-all scores shifted from externality toward internality over the duration of treatment for alcoholism. Examination of factor scores, however, showed a shift toward externality over time on the interpersonal control factor alone. Specific mechanisms of these attitudinal shifts as they relate to the treatment process are discussed.
Structural Representation of Social Behavior in Rodents
Authors: Deitchman Robert , Maloney Patrick , Alexander Ralph A. , Haude Richard H.
Published: September 2011

The value of using multivariate techniques in categorization of behaviors derived from naturalistic observations was examined. It is suggested that these techniques are superior to the traditional methods of forming categories based on a priori conceptualizations, simply correlating the measures, or leaving the categorization of a multitude of behaviors to the reader. The present study used factor analytic techniques to identify both the number and nature of dimensions of rodents' social behaviors observed in the open field. Predictions as to the relationship between these derived categories and visual behaviors were then made. It was shown that rodents' social behavior is not unidimensional and is related to visual experience. Also, the utility of using multivariate statistics for both analyzing and categorizing a large number of behaviors was shown.
Position, Status, Power for Women Psychologists: A 1938 Historical Example
Authors: Kronk Philip Charles
Published: September 2011

An analysis of a 1938 sample of women clinical psychologists indicates that they were involved at many different levels of responsibility with varied clinical populations. The data show that in 1938 these women psychologists were actively involved in all phases of clinical work, including administrative work, research, the academic sphere, and direct clinical service.
Systematic Dilemma Counseling: Theory, Method, Research
Authors: Wagman Morton
Published: September 2011

Dilemma counseling, with theoretical base in cognitive structure research and with systematic method of dilemma formulation, extrication route, creative inquiry, and solution generation, is intended for ubiquitous and highly troubling avoidance-avoidance conflict cases (psychological dilemmas). In an exploratory experiment, 120 undergraduates with highly troubling psychological dilemmas were randomized among three conditions: dilemma counseling, eclectic counseling, control. Individual counseling occurred in a single intensive 2-hr. session. Dependent measures of quality of solution were taken at termination of counseling and measures of outcome a week later. Dilemma counseling, compared with eclectic counseling, produced significantly greater reduction in problem troublesomeness and each treatment produced significantly more improvement than the control condition. Dilemma counseling achieved significantly better solutions and more solutions than eclectic counseling. There was significant rank concordance of quality of solution between clients and independent professional psychologists. Number of solutions was positively correlated with extraversion in eclectic counseling but negatively correlated with extraversion in dilemma counseling. Correlation coefficients differed significantly. Dilemma counseling was compared with other cognitive counseling approaches and research in dilemma counseling was discussed.
Relationship of Special Studies to Dropout Rates of Black and White College Students
Authors: Brown Sidney E. , Ervin Leroy
Published: September 2011

Differences between two groups of students were examined on the basis of participation ( n = 73) and non-participation ( n = 67) in a special studies program designed primarily to meet the needs of disadvantaged students at a selective midwestern private liberal arts college. Blacks participating in the regular school program had significantly higher dropout frequencies than did blacks in the special studies program. No significant difference in dropout frequency was found between participating and nonparticipating white students.
Black Students' Personality Traits Associated with Originality and Elaboration
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

Using a multidimensional model of creativity, a study was made of the personality traits that differentiate black subjects high on figural originality and elaboration from those who are low. To 392 black undergraduates we administered Figural Form A of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and questionnaires, What Kind of Person Are You and Something About Myself. Using the upper and lower 27% for an item analysis, 10 and 12 items differentiated the high and low original thinkers on What Kind of Person Are You and Something About Myself, respectively, while high and low elaborators were differentiated on 9 and 13 items, respectively. The findings seem to corroborate the prevailing opinion that different personality traits are associated with figural originality and elaboration.
Handlers' Effects on Contact Comfort Behaviors of Two Trios of Juvenile Chimpanzees in the Zoo
Authors: Cooper Debra Lee , Markowitz Hal
Published: September 2011

Two trios of juvenile chimpanzees were studied to assess changes in the frequency of contact as a function of handler visits. The younger group showed significantly elevated contact following departure of handlers while the older trio showed no such effect. Results suggest that housing with like-aged chimpanzees allows mutual stimulation and comfort important to normal development.
Effects of Sex of Pressuring Group, Perception of Ability, and Sex of Communicator Influencing Perceived Ability on Conformity of Males and Females
Authors: Follingstad Diane R.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the differential effects of sex of pressuring confederates and perception of ability on conforming behavior of males and females. Varying male and female sources of the communication to influence subjects' views of their ability was expected to produce less conformity in females receiving the information from a male rather than a female. Data on undergraduates showed 64 females did not conform significantly more than 64 males, but male subjects conformed more in the presence of male confederates while females conformed significantly more when led to believe that males were more accurate on the task. Only the male source influencing females to believe they were superior on the task resulted in significantly less conformity in female subjects. Considering sex differences is essential due to the finding that the sexes responded to different variables present in most conformity experiments. The decrease in conformity produced in females when told by a male that females do better than males has implications for the use of male sources of communication to increase independent behavior of women.
Self-Descriptive Adjectives Associated with a Jungian Personality Inventory
Authors: Brooks Franklin R. , Johnson Ray W.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this paper was to provide information which might prove useful in the interpretation of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. A sample of 209 students provided self-descriptions from the adjectives on the Adjective Check List and took the Myers-Briggs. On the basis of Myers-Briggs scores the sample was divided by sex into groups of extraverts and introverts, sensing and intuitive, thinking and feeling, and judging and perceiving types. Adjectives characteristic of males and females in each group were derived by means of chi-square.
Managing Conflict through Effective Organization Design: An Experimental Study with the Maps Design Technology
Authors: Rahim Afzalur
Published: September 2011

A laboratory study was conducted to test the hypotheses that the MAPS Design Technology reduces conflict at the intrapersonal, intragroup, and intergroup levels of an organization and increases the organization's effectiveness. Assessing by questionnaire organization members' preferences for tasks and people, MAPS creates clusters of homogeneous tasks and congruent people and then assigns each cluster of people to a cluster of tasks; this represents the best possible fit between a task and a people-cluster and results in alternative organizational designs. The results suggested that the organizational designs containing clusters of congruent people generated less intragroup and intergroup conflicts than designs containing clusters of incongruent people. There were no differences in intrapersonal conflict across designs. The output of the MAPS design (congruent people-homogeneous tasks) was greater than the output of another design which involved incongruent people and heterogeneous tasks.
Relationship among Differences in Fantasy Pattern, IQ, and Sex-Role Adoption
Authors: Fakouri M. Ebrahim
Published: September 2011

This study investigated (a) the age at which boys and girls begin to show differences in patterns of fantasy, (b) the relationship between differences in these patterns and factors such as intelligence, manifest aspects of sex role (in forms of teachers' ratings of masculinity for boys and femininity for girls), and presence or absence of the father at home. The results suggest that from the age of 8 or 9 yr. on, a difference emerges between patterns of fantasy of boys and girls. Such patterns, intelligence, and teachers' ratings of masculinity were not related, whereas patterns of fantasy and teachers' ratings of femininity were related. These findings are interpreted as supporting the value of distinguishing between and sorting out the factors which influence the private and the public aspects of sex role.
Personality Correlates of the Report of Mystical Experience
Authors: Hood Ralph W. , Hall James R. , Watson P. J. , Biderman Michael
Published: September 2011

The search for stable personality correlates of mystical experience has been hampered by the use of pathologically oriented personality inventories or those confounded by heavy loadings on mystical experiences. The present research with college students ( n = 118) utilizing the Jackson Personality Inventory, a normatively oriented, psychometrically sound inventory, indicated stable personality correlates for scores on Hood's Mysticism Scale. These were conceptually consistent with previous research on mysticism.
Life Satisfaction among Institutionalized and Non-Institutionalized Older Adults
Authors: Dickie Jane R. , Ludwig Thomas E. , Blauw David
Published: September 2011

This study explored the relationship between life satisfaction, several measures of health, several measures of activity level, and a measure of future orientation. Subjects were 30 institutionalized and 32 non-institutionalized older adults. In this sample age had no effect on reported life satisfaction, nor was there a difference between the institutionalized and non-institutionalized groups. However, males reported higher life satisfaction than females. Self-reported health status was related to life satisfaction, as was the number of days spent in bed during the past year. Finally, those who had made plans for things to do during the next several years reported higher life satisfaction than those who had no plans for the future. It was concluded that in this sample institutionalization did not influence life satisfaction directly but rather through health variables which are associated with institutionalization.
Psychosocial Competence Differences among Adolescents on Entering Group Counseling
Authors: Tyler Forrest B.
Published: September 2011

The psychosocial competence characteristics of 245 high school students were assessed as they entered group counseling. Differences in race, sex, and status as exemplary or marginal student confirm that different groups are functioning in significantly different ways. Differences in status as exemplary and marginal students support Tyler's tripartite competence configuration of self-attitudes, world-attitudes, and behavioral attributes. Social desirability orientation was also a component of effective functioning. Exemplary (“getting their lives together well and handling school well”) students' characteristics provide a model of effective functioning against which to judge improvement. They are more internal and more active copers than marginals; further for them internality, trust, social desirability, and active coping style are correlated. Black students are more active copers than whites, more social-desirability oriented and more system-blaming with regard to prejudice. They are not less trusting; yet, for them system blame is negatively related to trust, social desirability, and internality. These differences suggest that blacks are actively trying to discover the rules which will permit them to survive in a perceived alien environment.
Sexual Assault in a Prison
Authors: Moss C. Scott , Hosford Ray E. , Anderson William R.
Published: September 2011

The fact that only 12 of 1100 inmates were identified by staff as having sexually assaulted other inmates over a 12-mo. period suggests that sexual assault may not be a frequent problem in federal prisons. However, implications regarding the racial compositions of the assaulters and victims noted in the present study may represent a problem more in need of study than is that of sexual assault per se.
Questionnaire to Measure Eastern and Western Thought
Authors: Gilgen Albert R. , Cho Jae Hyung
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire was developed to reflect traditional Eastern and Western world views. The Eastern perspective is conceived of as the basically monistic view of existence shared by Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and Hinduism; the Western view, on the other hand, is seen as based on the dualistic outlook of reality underlying both Judeo-Christian and much of Greek thought. Test-retest reliability over 2 wk., based on responses of 83 college students, is .76. A study involving 4 American Buddhists, 69 Transpersonal psychologists. 29 business executives, 17 legal administrators, and 173 college students with various majors suggests that the questionnaire has considerable predictive validity.
Social Intelligence and Vocational Choice
Authors: Reardon Richard , Foley Jeanne M. , Walker Ronald E.
Published: September 2011

4 tests of social intelligence and a communication game (Password) were administered to graduate students preparing for occupations judged to require high, intermediate, or low levels of interpersonal skill. The hypotheses that social intelligence is positively related to judged level of interpersonal skill and to Password were partially confirmed.
Application of the μ Index to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Logan Pamela , Loo Robert
Published: September 2011

Various measures of internal consistency were used in the calculation of Howarth's μ index for the state and trait scales of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The results suggested that Howarth's μ is a useful index to assess state scales and to differentiate state scales from trait scales at least in the case of this inventory. Caution is urged, however, in its use with other measures which are not so well validated as this and with affective states not so well researched as anxiety.
The Pineal Gland and Stress: Effect of Pineal Stalk Section on the Plasma Corticosteroid Response to Cold in Rabbits
Authors: Rivest Robert W. , Roberts Kenneth D. , Leporé Franco
Published: September 2011

To investigate the role of the pineal gland on plasma corticosteroid elevation during stress, a pineal stalk section was performed in rabbits implanted with a carotid cannula, while a comparable sham operation was carried out in a control group ( n = 8) similarly implanted. Six days after the surgery, the rabbits were exposed to a cold environment for 2 hr. Blood was withdrawn periodically throughout the 2 hr. of cold stress and for an additional 2 hr. after the rabbits were returned to their cages. Results show that plasma corticosteroids (cortisol + corticosterone) concentration in both groups rose during the cold exposure and gradually declined towards resting values after removal from the cold. The lesioned rabbits, however, exhibited an earlier and higher elevation in plasma corticosteroid levels in reaction to the cold. These observations suggest that the pineal stalk in normal animals influences the corticosteroid response to a stress in such a way as to increase the latency of its onset and decrease its amplitude. This effect is interpreted in the context of the general adaptation syndrome.
Strength of Experimentally Induced Phobic Behavior in Rats: Avoidance versus Dual-Component Formulations
Authors: Hayes Steven C. , Lattal K. A. , Myerson William A.
Published: September 2011

20 male hooded rats, pretrained to nose-poke at a high rate for food, were given passive avoidance training to criterion at one of 2 body weights, and then assessed under the pretraining arrangements. Rate of responding at 70% body weight was higher during passive avoidance and during assessment showed stronger passive avoidance than the 90% group. Data support a dual-component or ‘conflict’ formulation of phobic behavior.
Word Association: Verbal Intelligence
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Three varimax factors in which verbal intelligence loaded were identified for several diverse groups including schizophrenics. Only paradigmatic associates loaded on these factors: general paradigmatic vs faults typical of failures to follow the instructions to give a word, denotative vs idiosyncratic, and connotative-adjectival. Although they were correlated negatively with intelligence, syntagmatic associates formed no cohesive pattern of common variance with intelligence. These relationships were not evident from associates to the familiar unambiguous words of the Kent-Rosanoff list. Highly ambiguous familiar words that have many meanings resulted in material relationships with intelligence. In adults, the type, extent of, and persistence of the childhood syntagmatic to paradigmatic shifts appears to be a function of verbal intelligence.
Perspectives on Radical Therapy
Authors: Herron William G.
Published: September 2011

Radical therapy is explored through its definition, assumptions, and limitations. An evaluation is offered placing it in a perspective of contributing to psychotherapists' recognition of the possible role of society in fostering emotional problems.
Submission and Independence in Learning Security
Authors: Klein Joel
Published: September 2011

Through didactic teaching, an attempt was made to increase children's understanding of the meaning of security and independence. At the end of 3 20-min. sessions with each of 35 children in Grades 5 and 6, significant changes were noted. External locus of control as well as a strong need to be seen as competent and loveable in the eyes of others were predictors for improvement. It is suggested that submission to authority usefully predisposes the child to learn the concept of security.
An Eriksonian Measure of Personality Development in Child-Abusing Mothers
Authors: Evans Alan L.
Published: September 2011

It was expected that 20 child-abusing mothers would score lower on a measure of Eriksonian developmental outcome than a carefully selected group of 20 nonabusing mothers. All mothers were administered a questionnaire designed to assess resolution of the first seven Eriksonian developmental stages. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to test for significant differences while controlling for the effect of other factors which may have covaried with abusive or nonabusive status. Abusive mothers scored significantly lower on measures of the first six developmental stages. Implications and suggestions for research are discussed.
Ordinal Position and Death Concerns
Authors: Eckstein Daniel , Tobacyk Jerome
Published: September 2011

Firstborn college students showed more death threat than middle- or laterborns. The firstborns also reported less conscious concern about death than the other two groups. Larger samples are needed as well as controls for factors like family size.
Sex Differences in Predictability of Self-Disclosure for Instrumental and Terminal Values
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome
Published: September 2011

The Rokeach Value Survey (Rokeach, 1973) and the Jourard Self-disclosure Questionnaire (Jourard, 1971) were administered to 31 college males and 56 college females. As hypothesized, terminal values were significantly better predictors of reported self-disclosure than instrumental values for females, while instrumental values were better predictors of self-disclosure than terminal values for males. These findings were attributed to the more general ‘expressive vs instrumental orientation’ of sex-role socialization which is thought to underlie the distinction between terminal vs instrumental values.
Reliability and Validity of Self-Reported Delinquency Studies: A Review
Authors: Singh Avtar
Published: September 2011

This paper reviewed recent studies which showed that the self-report method of delinquency is relatively reliable and valid.
Age, Sex, Neuroticism, and Locus of Control
Authors: Wambach Richard L. , Panackal Abraham A.
Published: September 2011

The interaction of age (17 to 29 yr.), sex (130 males, 108 females), and Neuroticism with locus of control was investigated through a three-factor analysis of variance. The main effect of Neuroticism and the interaction of sex by Neuroticism on locus of control were significant. Generally, males who scored low on Neuroticism were more internally oriented than the male groups who scored higher on Neuroticism as well as all the female groups.
Cognitive Capacities of Juvenile Chimpanzees on a Piagetian-Type Multiple-Classification Task
Authors: Braggio John T. , Hall Anthony D. , Buchanan James P. , Nadler Ronald D.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine if a Piagetian-type multiple-classification task could be used to evaluate the cognitive capacities of juvenile chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes). On this task the animals were required to select the correct object from the response tray and place it inside the empty cell of the stimulus matrix that was formed by crossing two different colors with two different shapes. By the end of testing the nonhuman primates were able to solve the unique multiple-classification problems by selecting significantly more often objects that were correct on both color and shape cues (C +/S+), as compared to the other choice responses of color only (C+/S—), shape only (C—/S+), or neither stimulus correct (C—/S—). The response strategy of selecting C+/S+ choice objects may have appeared as the juvenile great apes learned to scan the stimulus items in the matrix visually, and response tray, and attend to color and shape cues. The use of Piagetian-type tasks to assess the cognitive capacities of human and nonhuman primates is discussed.
Variables Influencing Modeling and Sex-Typed Play
Authors: Liss Marsha B.
Published: September 2011

Effects of models' toy preferences on subjects' sex-typed toy selections were examined. In Part I. kindergarten children rated nine toys according to their own preferences. From these, three toys (female-traditional, male-traditional, and nonsex-typed) were selected. In Part II, kindergarten children viewed either a same-sex or an opposite-sex model playing with one of the toys, in symbolic modeling format. Following this the subject was given 6 min. to play with the three toys. Hidden observers continuously recorded subject's play using discrete category event recording equipment. Duration and latency measures were taken. As predicted, two of the toys were sex-typed while the third was neutral. Across all toys, same-sex modeling was more effective than opposite-sex modeling. No differences in susceptibility to modeling cues were found between the sexes. The results imply that despite strong sex-typed preferences, children's play can be modified. The results are discussed in terms of sex-typed toy activities, sex-role development and methodological issues raised by earlier studies in this field.
Locus of Control Scores: A Critical Note
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: September 2011

In view of the multidimensional nature of the construct of locus of control, of the measures of the construct, and of the equivocal findings reported in the literature, it is recommended that researchers consider at least three factors. Two involve the use of subscale or factor scores in addition to over-all scores from measures of locus of control and of other phenomena to which locus of control is hypothesized to relate. The third is the use of a social desirability scale to evaluate the effect, if any, of this dimension on a relationship under study.
Personality Differences between Well and Poorly Behaved Adolescents in School
Authors: Rich Yisrael , Rothchild Gidon
Published: September 2011

Chronically misbehaving adolescents (18 girls, 42 boys) in a special Israeli educational setting were compared with their well-behaved schoolmates (54 girls, 58 boys) on a series of cognitive, social, and personality instruments. Differences between the two groups were apparent on the self-concept and family-relations measures indicating more positive development among the well-behaved pupils. The relationship between misbehavior in school and the various personality constructs is discussed.
Effect of Sex-Stereotyping in Evaluating Males in a Traditional Female Role
Authors: Valasek Diana , Avolio Bruce J. , Forbringer Louis R.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the possible presence of reverse sex-stereotyping with respect to males in an occupation traditionally associated with females, 135 senior female nursing students were asked to rate the value of an article The author's sex and credentials were manipulated and the resultant ratings were analyzed. Results indicate that some reverse sex-stereotyping occurred. This and other findings are presented and directions for future research discussed.
Relationship between Certain Circadian Behavior Patterns and Jungian Personality Types
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Canter Francis M.
Published: September 2011

24 adults rated themselves on specific behavioral dimensions every 2 hr. during their waking day for at least five consecutive days. Differences in their Jungian response modes (as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) correlated with differences in dimensions on which daily variations were experienced or in time of day during which correlations were significant. Therefore, understanding and prediction of behavior would improve if, in addition to personality classification, time of day were taken into account.
Method for Scoring Androgyny as a Continuous Variable
Authors: Kalin Rudolf
Published: September 2011

To overcome problems in current ways of scoring androgyny, a new method is proposed for constructing a continuous androgyny score from the components of masculinity and femininity. The new score was shown to correlate meaningfully with its components and to differentiate according to the categorization method.
Barnum Statements in Reports of Psychological Assessment
Authors: Dana Richard H. , Fouke Helen P.
Published: September 2011

Barnum concepts have previously been studied in an experimental paradigm requiring deception and identical personality data for each subject. Three replications of a reliable methodology for identifying Barnum and non-Barnum concepts in actual psychological reports based on Rorschach data suggested some in-context dimensions of Barnum concepts. In addition, the acceptability of different kinds of concepts to assessees in a feedback procedure was related to favorability of concept. The adequacy and relevance of the traditional methodology were discussed.
Cynicism and Transience in Reactions of Southern Blue Collar Workers to the Carter Energy Proposal
Authors: Owens Walton H. , Capel William C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of President Carter's 1977 Energy proposals on the attitudes of Southern blue collar workers toward the reality of the energy crisis. A questionnaire was administered at different stages in the Carter presentations. The original cynicism toward the reality of the energy crisis decreased after the President's proposal but for some subjects this change of attitude was short-lived. The implications for public support of conservation measures are pessimistic.
Horner Revisited: How Successful Must Anne and John Be before Fear of Success Sets In?
Authors: Paludi Michele A.
Published: September 2011

This study showed that success in competitive situations is differentially perceived, considering the level of success and sex of successful person by 100 college students.
Affect Levels in One-Day Experiential Groups
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Smith Peter B.
Published: September 2011

Affect (anxiety, depression, and hostility) in one-day experiential groups was studied as a function of group composition (three levels), leader (five trainers), and elapsed time (three measurement occasions). Analyses of covariance yielded only one significant main effect (trainers on the hostility scale) and no significant interactions. Findings are discussed in terms of the probability of insufficient time for group composition and leaders to produce significant arousal of anxiety and depression.
Wundtian Psychology 100 Years Later
Authors: Lindberg Marc A.
Published: September 2011

The functionalist perspective rather than the structuralist perspective has dominated the study of mind throughout most of the history of psychology in America. This paper first discusses the theoretical and philosophical reasons for this domination. Then, by analyzing learning texts written over the last 27 years, it is shown that this functionalist emphasis has diminished in the last 10 years and that current treatments of learning and memory are starting to go back to a structuralist emphasis. The final section deals with some issues and problems of this current structuralist psychology and the obstacles it has to overcome if it is to be a persistent viable force within psychology.
Adequacy of Young Speakers' Encoding in Response to Listeners' Feedback
Authors: Cosgrove J. Michael , Patterson Charlotte J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of listeners' feedback on the adequacy of children's encoding of messages for referential communication. Kindergartners played the role of speaker in a referential communication game. An adult listener gave specific, general, or no feedback in response to speakers' inadequate messages. The dependent measure assessed the quality of subjects' messages. Results clearly showed that quality of a message was higher when the listener provided feedback. Specific feedback was more effective in this regard than general feedback, and general feedback was better than none.
Relationship of Different Measures of Self-Esteem to Locus of Control
Authors: Lloyd Camille , Chang Alice F. , Powell Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of locus of control to two measures of self-esteem was investigated in 84 college students. The Berger and the Cooper-smith measures, which are methodologically different indices of self-esteem, were not consistently related to locus of control. It is suggested that these two scales may be measuring independent and unrelated aspects of self-esteem.
Longevity of High School Graduates (1907–1967) from Biographical, Demographic, and Motivational Data
Authors: Matter Darryl E.
Published: September 2011

This study reports the relationships between certain biographical, demographic, and motivational variables and longevity of 108 graduates (1907 to 1967) from a small Kansas high school. The early deceased individuals ( n = 10) were older, better educated, reported more honors, had slightly lower achievement motivation scores, and had more boys but fewer girls and slightly more children on the average, than the yet living group ( n = 98). Variables which predicted specific causes of death (cancer and heart attack victims) included the number and sex of children and achievement motivation scores.
Extraversion and Neuroticism in a Midwest Community Mental Health Center
Authors: Burdick J. A. , Chebib F. S. , Leichty J.
Published: September 2011

A community mental health center staff ( n = 33) and its rural target population ( n= 89) were measured using the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The values for these rural Midwest samples were similar to those reported by Eysenck and Eysenck (1968). A replication through factor analysis of the orthogonality of Extra-/Introversion with Neuroticism was reported.
Facilitating Generalization in Assertiveness Training
Authors: Hoffman Richard A. , Kirwin Paul M. , Rouzer David L.
Published: September 2011

Theoretical writings suggest expressiveness is a positive psychotherapeutic goal. A brief review was made of experimental studies of the cathartic hypothesis and studies reflecting on inability to express anger adequately. It is asserted that a constructive method for expression of anger is needed. A discussion focuses on the distinctions between anger and aggression, and a distinction is drawn between destructive and constructive expression of anger. A description is given of how constructive expression of anger can be employed in assertive training.
Attitudinal and Demographic Predictors of Breast-Feeding and Bottle-Feeding Behavior by Mothers of Six-Week-Old Infants
Authors: Switzky Lynne T. , Vietze Peter , Switzky Harvey N.
Published: September 2011

A Feeding Questionnaire and an Inventory of Attitudes on Family Life and Children derived from scales of the Schaefer and Bell (1958) Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) were returned by 41 breastfeeding and 42 bottle-feeding mothers of 6-wk.-old infants to see what attitudinal and demographic variables differentiate middle-income women who breastfeed. Breast-feeding mothers had more years of college, more breast-feeding friends, and perceived husbands as more supportive of their mode of feeding than the bottle-feeding mothers. Scores on Marital Conflict and Acceleration of Development Scales of the PARI showed significant differences. Bottle-feeding mothers perceived their marriages as having more conflict and favored hastening the development of their infants more than did breast-feeding mothers. On the oven and covert attitude scales toward breast-feeding, breast-feeding mothers favored breast-feeding, and bottle-feeding mothers were against breastfeeding.
A Bibliography of Research on Learned Helplessness Prior to Introduction of the Reformulated Model (1978)
Authors: McFerran John R. , Breen Lawrence J.
Published: September 2011

This article is a bibliography and classification of learned helplessness reports for the years up to and including 1977. The 240 journal articles and 19 books are classified into four general categories and 13 subcategories. An analysis of the 240 journal articles found that they were published in 35 different journals with the most frequent being the Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology (15%), followed by the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (11%), and the Journal of Experimental Psychology (7%).
MMPI Profile Configurations Associated with Incestuous and Non-Incestuous Child Molesting
Authors: Panton James H.
Published: September 2011

The comparison of MMPI data for 35 males convicted of incest with 28 males convicted of non-incestuous sexual molesting of children showed marked similarity between mean MMPI profiles and profile configurations. Behavioral similarities in the case histories of the groups are supported in large part by their MMPIs. The incestuous sample's higher elevation on the Social Introversion (Si) scale was the only significant scale difference among mean scale profiles. Both groups had mean scale elevations and profile configurations indicative of self-alienation, despondency, rigidity, inhibition, feelings of insecurity, and fear of not being able to function adequately in heterosexual relationships. The incestuous sample appeared more socially introverted, whereas the child molesters demonstrated a more immature level of psycho-sexual functioning. Neither group appeared predisposed toward the use of violence in seeking to satisfy their sexual needs.
Utility of the Nelson-Denny as a Predictor of Structure and Thematicity in Memory from Prose
Authors: Glover John A. , Zimmer John W. , Bruning Roger H.
Published: September 2011

The comprehension section of the Nelson-Denny reading test was administered to 84 undergraduate participants who then read an 1800-word passage and were required to write free-recall summaries of what they had read. Participants were separated into quartiles for the data analysis with comparisons made between the upper and lower quartiles. Significant differences between the upper and lower quartiles were observed for both structural and thematicity measures of the free-recall passages.
Assessment of Motives and Orientations
Authors: Youniss Richard P. , Lorr Maurice , Stefic Edward C.
Published: September 2011

Study aims to test for the hypothesized dimensional structure of a revision and extension of the Orientation and Motivation Inventory (OMI) and to check for sex differences. The 12-scale inventory was administered to 307 high school and college men, and to 184 college women. The intercorrelations among the half scale scores for the men and for the women were separately factor analyzed and rotated. For men, 10 of the factors, and for women, 11 of the factors hypothesized were confirmed. Five second-order dimensions were identified in both men and women. The scores were next applied in discriminant function analyses to differentiate male and female subjects allocated to one of Holland's six personality types. The results provide some support for the validity of the motivational scales.
Personality and Non-Medical Use of Drugs
Authors: Stark-Adamec Cannie , Pihl R. O.
Published: September 2011

A plethora of studies have indicated marihuana users differ from nonusers on a variety of personality dimensions. The direction of these differences and their interpretation vary from report to report depending on the samples, the measures, and the orientation of both authors and readers. The present study examined the relationships between extent of non-medical use of drugs and Personality Research Form (Jackson, 1974) scores of 24 males. Little evidence was found that would justify the acceptance of either a positive or a negative stereotype of a person who participates in non-medical drug use.
Job Involvement and Locus of Control as Moderators of Role-Perception/Individual-Outcome Relationships
Authors: Batlis Nick C.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the moderating influences of locus of control and job involvement on the relationships between role conflict, role ambiguity, and three individual outcomes: job satisfaction, job-related anxiety, and propensity to leave the organization. Ill supermarket department managers responded to a mailed questionnaire containing moderator, role perception, and outcome measures. Moderated multiple regression analyses failed to provide evidence of any significant ( p < .05) moderating effects; however, job involvement by itself did add significantly to the prediction of propensity to leave. It was suggested that future research allow for nonlinear moderating influences.
Use of the Interpersonal Compatibility Construct in Research on Psychotherapy
Authors: Malloy Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

This study was undertaken to assess the nature of the distribution of interpersonal compatibility scores for therapists and clients as determined by the FIRO-B. Chi squared suggested that among this sample of 48 therapist-client dyads, the observed distribution of scores conformed to what might be expected from the theoretical normal distribution. It was suggested that standard deviation units be used to define experimental groups reflecting differential levels of compatibility of therapist and client.
Practical Problems Associated with the Use of Cluster Analysis
Authors: Chignell Mark , Stacey Barrie G.
Published: September 2011

Comparative evaluation of a variety of clustering methods on real and simulated data indicates that the appropriate method for a given set of data must be determined empirically. Selection of an appropriate method generally requires several preliminary analyses. With larger data sets, preliminary analyses on the whole may not be possible. As an alternative one may adopt an interactive strategy and break a large set into manageable subsets.
A Geometrical Model of Piagetian Conservation
Authors: Preece Peter F. W.
Published: September 2011

A geometrical model is developed of behavior in a Piagetian conservation task. The model, which is based on Thom's catastrophe theory, encompasses the discontinuities in cognition found in such tasks and describes the changes in behavior as the subject progresses through the stages of intuitive, transitional, and concrete operational thinking.
An Exploratory Study of Self-Esteem and Brain Dysfunction in Elementary School Children
Authors: Battle James , Blowers Tom , Yeudall Lorne
Published: September 2011

122 boys and girls, aged 9 through 14 yr. and enrolled in the Edmonton Public Schools, participated in a study to determine differences in measures of self-esteem associated with brain dysfunction. The differences observed between mean scores earned by 87 subjects with brain dysfunction and 35 without brain dysfunction were nonsignificant.
Implications of the Personality Assessment System for Marital Counseling: A Pilot Study
Authors: Saunders David R. , Kaplan Sylvan J. , Rodd William G.
Published: September 2011

In a pilot study utilizing the Personality Assessment System, WAIS data for 76 couples seen in marriage counseling are analyzed. Husband's scores, wife's scores, and therapeutic outcome are used to classify the couples into contingency tables, which are then treated using remarkability statistics. The hypothesis that the results will be interesting is supported, and a few individually remarkable effects are isolated, including effects describable as “assortative mating” as well as sex differences and certain within-couple configural effects. In view of the large number of marginal findings, the most important implication is that a larger-scale study will be even more interesting.
Affective-Cognitive Consistency and Self-Conceptual Structure
Authors: De Chenne Timothy K.
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated a model of self-conceptual organization. The model, an adaptation of the affective-cognitive theory of social attitudes, predicted the maintenance of consistency in the perceived organization or structure of self-conceptual items. Undergraduate subjects ( N = 74) completed a questionnaire assessing self-conceptual structure and then returned one week later to complete a similar instrument. Control subjects were simply retested; subjects in four experimental groups completed the posttest following adoption of roles designed to create different types of imbalance in self-conceptual organization. Pretest results indicated a moderately consistent structuring of self-conceptual items. In response to the various types of role-induced imbalance, subjects tended to reestablish consistency through a significant reorganization of self-conceptions.
Personality, Value and Behavioral Correlates of the Type a Individual
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Weir Tamara
Published: September 2011

127 senior administrators of correctional institutions completed a self-report Type A scale as well as measures of personality, work values, social participation, and coping behaviors. Greater Type As were more rigid, had stronger needs for social approval, and were more social. Their work values were more in line with the Protestant work ethic. Greater Type As were also more active in community organizations, but not in friendships, and preferred active coping behaviors. Implications for Type A behavior change programs are offered.
Professional Achievement and Locus of Control: A Tenuous Inference Reconsidered
Authors: Rothberg David L.
Published: September 2011

Responses of 71 corporate business executives and 261 elite career military officers to three TAT cards were examined after subjects were classified as high or low scorers on Rotter's I-E scale. Data suggest that a sense of externality does not prevent attainment of positions of power and influence but does affect behavior.
Estimating the General Factor in the Wisc and the Wais
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

Three methods of estimating the general factor (g) in the WISC and the WAIS were compared, using the standardization data for the two scales. Estimates of the mean g-loading across subtests and age levels ranged from .57 to .63 for the WISC and from .73 to .76 for the WAIS. Although differences among these estimates were statistically significant, it was concluded that the three methods provide closely comparable results.
Anxiety in Asthma: Panic-Fear Symptomatology and Personality in Relation to Manifest Anxiety
Authors: Kinsman Robert A. , Dirks Jerald F. , Dahlem Nancy Wray , Heller Audrey S.
Published: September 2011

Anxiety in asthma has been measured in two ways. The MMPI Panic-Fear scale is a measure of general, nonillness specific anxiety and the Panic-Fear symptom scale of the Asthma Symptom Checklist is a measure of illness-specific anxiety focused on the asthma attack. Both measures relate to response styles in asthma which contribute to the maintenance of illness. In the present study of 140 asthmatic patients, MMPI Panic-Fear scores were highly related to trait-anxiety measured by the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, even after partialling out checklist Panic-Fear symptom scores. In contrast, Panic-Fear symptomatology had a more moderate relationship to the Taylor Anxiety scores and was independent of the Taylor scores after partialling out MMPI Panic-Fear scores. The results support earlier findings suggesting that MMPI Panic-Fear measures trait anxiety. In contrast, checklist Panic-Fear symptom reports measure an illness-specific state anxiety that is not per se a measure of trait anxiety.