bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of EFL Intermediate Students Toward Authentic Material: A Comparative Study of Two Colleges of Quetta, Balochistan
Authors: Ishaq Muhammad Aamir , Khan Faria Saeed
Published: December 2021

This study intends to investigate the perceptions of EFL college students toward the use of the authentic material in EFL classroom. A total of 311college students in which 160boys and 151 girls students participated from two public colleges of Quetta, Balochistan province of Pakistan. The researcher employed quantitative research design to answer two research questions of the study. The quantitative data was obtained through the survey questionnaire. Initially, to respond to the first research question of the study, descriptive statistics was performed in SPSS, and to answer the second research question,independent simplest-test was also run in SPSS to check thestatistical significant difference between boys and girls college students. The findings revealed that college students showed positive response towards the use of the authentic material in the EFL classroom. In addition, the results of independent samples t-test showed the boys’ college students emphasized more use of authentic material than girls’ students. These findings have implications for both curriculum designers and English language teaching in the Pakistani context.
Longing, Belonging and Gender Relations in Bina Shah’s Novel Where They Dream in Blue.
Authors: Zaidi Najia Asrar , Manzoor Saima , Khan Farhan Ebadaat
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyse the quest for identity as revealed in Bina shah’s first novel “Where dream in Blue”. South Asian reality is not static but dynamic. Shah’s orientalised glamour and hybrid dialogue affirms her knowledge of the cultures and societies being depicted in the novel. This novel is significant as it discusses the ambivalent representation of her central characters. She focuses on the issues of immigrants living in USA and their collision and collusion with the culture of the country of their origin. This interaction of immigrants with their own culture and that of their acquired culture produces identity-crisis, displacement, differences with their parents and the ongoing battle within themselves. Karim and Afsar being the victim of double civilization learn to deal with their expectations, disappointments, aspirations and achievements. Unveiling the power relation between the genders, the representation of women is interesting as they adopt various courses of action to counter discrimination and bias. The hero also refutes fixed notions of the West and the standardized practices of the East. By challenging the set norms, the protagonists contest fixity and create safe third space for their survival.
Shakespeare’s Concept of Astronomy
Authors: Barozai Shumaila Maryam , Khan Faria Saeed , Muhammad Zeeshan
Published: December 2021

This contribution scrutinizes Shakespeare knowledge and views about cosmological theories i.e. Ptolemaic, Copernicus, TychoBrahe and Galileo. It in addition claims that William Shakespeare had a profound interest and specialized knowledge in the domain of technical astronomy. Plays by Shakespeare are loaded with astronomical allusions. Because that is injected in Shakespeare’s nature to discuss every aspect of his age like medicine, falconry and agriculture but his astronomy is quite interesting. Furthermore, this effort examines the Shakespeare’s astronomical concept in allegorical form in his plays, especially in Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Julius and Ceaser, Henry VI, The Tempest and Antony and Cleopatra.
Cultural and School Related Causes of Primary School Dropout among Girls In District Jaffarabad
Authors: Shakeel Ahmed  , Ifthikhar Shafiq  , Kiazai Abdul Nasir
Published: December 2021

The aim of the study was to find out the causes of primary school dropout among girls in district Jaffar abad. The data was amassed through the aid of the close ended questionnaires specially designed for teachers, dropped out girls, and their parents. A sample of 150People was chosen by using stratified random sampling technique. The amassed data was tabulated and analyse by using simple percentage method. The study explored the causes of school dropout by documenting the opinions of the teachers, dropped out student and their parents. The respondents displayed disparate opinions concerning girls’ dropout at primary level. They contemplated that area gives less importance to girls’ education. Gender disparity, linguistic related problems, custom of early marriage, cultural and religious beliefs influence of tribal leadership, untrained teachers and corporal punishment were also reported as major causes of school dropout. The findings of the study will be helpful for the government, parents and teachers to take measures in order to control high dropout rate and increase enrolment rate at primary level of schooling.
Characterisation of Women in Maxim Gorky’s Novel “Mother”: A Marxist Feminist Perspective
Authors: Akhter Javed
Published: December 2021

Maxim Gorkyis one of the great portraitists of typification of women in Russian as well as in world literature. He presents a panoramic gallery of female characters such as Nilovna, Sophia, Natasha, Sasha and Ludmilla in his debate-raging novel “Mother”. These female personages belong to the various social classes of the Russian social formation but they possess universality in their personalities whom we have often met every day and everywhere in our daily life. Gorky endows them with class-consciousness, which enables them to involve in the revolutionary proletariat movement, considering Socialism the only way of woman’s emancipation and enfranchisement as well as class-liberation. This paper tends to focus on the re-evaluation and investigation into Maxim Gorky's realistic depiction of these women to delineate their revolutionary roles in the structure of his novel as well as in the Russian Communist politics and social formation form a Marxist Feminist perspective in a new and innovative way. How these female figures are developed from their bourgeois and petty-bourgeois class-milieu to the level of radical Marxist activists and militants. How they liberate themselves from their cowed, wretched and oppressed living conditions into which they have been subjugated, tortured and beaten by men.
Coals Mines, Repository of Linguistic Diversity
Authors: Muhammad Asif  , Naima Saeed  , Alam Tareen  , Muhammad Ishaq  , Abro . Ameer Ali
Published: December 2021

Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan in terms of area , and it has long history behind it , the province is mostly mountainous the 70% of Baluchistan’s land is consist of mountains but the province is also rich in agriculture and livestock, the population is less as compare to its area or land and it has scattered population, it also has the world’s oldest civilization such as MHER Gard civilization historic and prehistoric evidences prove this statement, the land of Balochistan has seen several kind of invaders in the history, it is gate way to central Asia, the province is rich in archeological sites, the province is well famous regarding its fruits and natural minerals, 39 type of minerals has been exploited in province till 2008, this paper discuss the multiculturalism and bilingualism in especial context of Balochistan, as discussed Balochistan is bucket of several cultures and languages, it is very much rich in the context of culture, the vast area of Balochistan has huge and rich cultures inside it, the Pashtoon and Baloch are the two big nations who have been living on this land for centuries, and both nations have their rich culture in their daily life and both are very much cultural in their daily routine. The natural minerals have been mining before partition, the workers from all over the country are found on this land even large number of workers also come from the neighbor country Afghanistan, coal mining is carried out in six districts of Balochistan where workers have been mining , there major number of workers can be found from KPK province and also there is enough number of workers who belong to Hazara tribe who speak Hazargi language and they have their own language and culture, in Mach coal fields the several languages and cultures are found.
Impact of Globalization on Brahui language
Authors: Noreen Bano  , Sani Liaqat Ali , Panah Baloch
Published: December 2021

Brahui is one of the oldest languages of the Sub-continent and Brahui speaking people are found in Balochistan, Sindh, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Iran. Some researchers claim that Brahui is an Aryan language others assert that it is a Turko-Iranian language. Another group of intellectuals also emphasize that the traces of Brahui language have been found in the remainants of Mohenjo Daro and it has Dravidian origin and same language is being spoken in some parts of India and Sri Lanka. According to some historians Brahui’s and Baloch’s belong to same race. Balochi speaking people entered Mekran while Brahui speaking people entered from Chagai as they defeated the Dravidian rulers of Kalat and entered into matrimonial relationship with the Dravidian and Balochi languages were mixed up and a new language of “Brahui” was born due to same relationship. According to reports about four million peoples of the above countries and regions speaks Brahui language. Languages are vehicles of our cultures, collective memory and values. They are an essential component of our identities, and a building block of our diversity and living heritage. Globalized economics and media are altering the face of culture around the globe, reducing the number of languages that human’s converse. As the world economy becomes more integrated, a common tongue has become more important than ever to promote commerce, and that puts speakers of regional dialects and minority languages at a distinct disadvantage. In addition, information technology has pressured languages to become more standardized, further squeezing local variations of language. These pressures are inducing a rapid die-off of languages around the world. UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger declaring that Brahui is vulnerable language. A small scale print and electronic media are playing important role in the promotion of Brahui language but have no ample capacity to stop the invasion of globalization.  Surveys and research finding are also shows that many Brahui words, names of boys, girls, days, relationships, terminologies, names of food items were replaced by the words of the other dominant languages of electronic media.
نصیر، نادر او بابو نا علامتی شاعری
Authors: Zaheer Waheed , Sani Liaquat Ali
Published: December 2021

Symbolism has been part of Brahui poetry and other languages from ancient. The impact, value and utilization of symbolism has enhanced with passage of time. In this regard if we evaluate the poetry of Brahui poets i.e. Meer Gul Khan Naseer, Nadir Qambarani and Babu Abdul Rehman kurd, we find that they have used symbolism in their poetry regarding their passionately love, respect and relation with their motherland as well as pursuit of justice and ethical values. The impact, value and beauty of poetry rely on use of symbolism which foretell as about future and coming age. Poetry that incorporates Symbolism never becomes obsolete or insignificant; rather, owing to fascinating subject and visionary thinking such poetry becomes classical. This topic is an Endeavour to look into the essence and disposition of symbolism in poetry; a comparison of thoughts of three contemporary poets, and a discussion about the demands of symbolism in modern poetry. It is also an attempt to tell that use of symbolism in poetry not only rejuvenates the thoughts of poets but also makes it impressive.
براہوئی افسانہ:روایت و راجی سرحال
Authors: Nazir Iqbal , Sabir Abdul Razzaq , Baloch Manzoor
Published: December 2021

The foundation of the Brahui short stories was laid in 1955 and its very first short story was "Musafir" which was written by the first Brahui short story writer Haibat Khan. After this, there were a lot of the new writers and though it was a bit slow, but the writers kept writing. Generally, the new writers brought up the topics like tribal customs and social behaviors which is still continued with minor modifications. We cannot say that these sorts of topics can't be the topics of fiction and especially short stories. Obviously these are burning social issues which are seen in the Brahui short stories and these issues must be brought forward but the need of new style of writing is after all the requirements of Brahui short stories because the common and similar topics reduce the colorful circle of the short stories and as a result it loses its readers. Further, Brahui short story needs a lot of practice to improve its technique. Beside this, as per today's literary requirements, historical, economical and psychological aspects are also to be brought forward in order to enhance the topics of Brahui short story.
براہوئی خلقی شاعری او پہوالی زند
Authors: Naz Ghulam Hyder , Shahwani Shabeer Ahmed , Rodeni Yousaf Ali
Published: December 2021

Society is very important for livelihood of a man life. In which he encircles under the code and ethics of such society as such nation can be called as nation when they understand rules and regulations of their living style. But the history of nation builds when it folk literature build up. How they lived their life? How they scheduled their livelihoods. How they made easiness in their lives? How their thinking expanded?  Understanding all this question, the study of folk literature is crucial the basic nomadic life can be come in mind through the study of folk literature. Now days the folk literature defines the honesty of their simple people through it study. We can able to know it basics. the folk poetry is most valuable part of literature, which beautifully describes the individual sentiments, feelings, grief's and sorrows, social ups and downs, of a common nomadic. we can call the Brahui folk poetry is the real mirror image of nomadic life, simple we can say the folk poetry displays all angels of social life of nomadic and still it persists with it impotence.
براہوئی خلقی شئیرو باگل آ تیٹی فن
Authors: Lehri Inayat Ullah , Sarpra Hafeez Ullah
Published: December 2021

This article aims to enlighten the various genres of Brahui folk music developed thousands of years ago. These are not just songs but their heartily emotions, Natural feelings, Eternal love and expression with the poetic words and immortal heart touching music. Music has been the most favorite tool of expression in Brahui nomadic life. Most of the folklores have been created, composed and sung by the women. Although Brahui folklores have many genres but this article deals with and describes some of the most important and famous genres like loli (lullaby), keluarha, zaheeri, lihako, Lailarhi, Bar Naz ana, Laili Mor, Suronzi and Moda (Dirge Elegy) etc.  with art and techniques of the music. These famous folklore genres are discussed here with the needs of musical techniques and art. The melody of brahui folklores their tunes and other musical bases are described according to present discipline of music. And the genres of   folk music are defined with their creation and natural feelings and emotions.
پی ٹی وی کوئٹہ؛ براہوئی و بلوچی ڈرامہ غاک
Authors: Farooq Ummar , Shahwani Abdul Hameed
Published: December 2021

This research article refers the Brahui and Balochi dramas telecasted from the Pakistan Television Quetta Centre. This article tells how and when the drama in these both languages got started it further leads that in folk literature of both the languages did the genre of drama had any presence or not. In spite of the dramas telecasted by PTV Quetta Centre Balochi short films made at private sector are also discussed. The main purpose of this article is to collect the scattered material of the Brahui and Balochi dramas and to present them for the new researchers of drama.
سندھ ٹی براہوئی ادب نا تاریخ
Authors: Bangulzai Abdul Qayyum Johar , Sadiq Abdul Haleem
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this research article is to investigate the literary development of Brahui Language in Sindh because a great Number of Brahui People resides in the different parts of Sindh. They had produced poetry and prose in their language. They are still creating Brahui Literature. Their contribution in the development of Brahui literature is enormous in this respect. In addition, Non Brahui Sindhi poets and prose writers also came under the influence of Brahui literature. Therefore, they also contributed to it. For example: Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Sachal Sarmast, and others were influenced by Brahui and used Brahui words and lines in their Sindhi poetry. Maulana Muhammad Omer Dinpoori's Madersa-Islamia Brahuia Dinpoori Shikarpur Sindh enriched Brahui Literature with Islamic Thoughts, rules and Traditions. The researcher attempts to trace historical development of Brahui literature in this ongoing research study.
براہوئی افسانہ نا سر ہال او خواست آک
Authors: Baloch Abida , Sani Liaquat Ali , Hanfi Muneer Ahmed
Published: December 2021

This study describes the literary definition of short story in Brahui fiction. It further discuses the techniques, topics, tendencies and requirements, that on behalf of which Brahui short story May achieve them and get standardization in it. It more emphasis on a hypothesis which is common in regional literatures and they face difficult to differentiate between short story and a fiction or Novel, it has been proved how readers can easily know the distinction between above two literary terms. It has been discuss in detail that Brahui short story begins at 1982. But in Fifties the master piece of Brahui short story Musafir written by Hebat khan, reflects that Brahui literature especially fiction had modern tendencies of writing in its soil. Paper ends with satisfactory thoughts and ideas that now the young writers of Brahui have following the new age requirements and this is being painted in their topics and writings.
براہوئی ادب ٹی توار مٹی
Authors: Shahwani Shabeer Ahmed , Sani Liaquat Ali
Published: December 2021

This article introduces research work in Brahui linguistics, especially in phonetics and phonology. While speaking in to Brahui languages it has been noted that there are several areas and verity in Brahui language that speakers change the sound or vice or they used code switching in their language. This paper focused too highlights those causes which are caused to making code switching. It based on personal experience and dialectal study of Brahui language. It shares the findings that people change those sounds, voices or words which have been borrowed from other languages, like, Arabic, Persian, Urdu and etc.  this paper discus that it is good singe that in huge number sound changing have found in Brahui other than neighboring languages in Balochistan. It ends with this formula that Brahui language has a strong syntax and semantics variation that doesn't accept new and other language words in a jiffy. Any word found code switched or sound changed it reflects it is not Brahui originate sound or word. it has been found that the ratio of code switching and sound changing is high in non-literate persons then the literates which can be illustrated in verbal language and in written language.
براہوئی لُغت نگاری اسہ جاچ اس
Authors: Baloch Manzoor
Published: December 2021

Glossary setting has always used to preserve any language; it increases the very language vocabulary or lexicon. Lexicology has vital in the preservation of language, a lingual history or a civilization. It is most important to produce literature, critics, or orthographical issues. Wisdom, intellect or brilliancy get meaning due to dictionary. Glossary sets standards, it reveals historical backgrounds. Although Brahui literature is oldest then its neighboring languages but its demand is as old as world. Brahui language has faces the dearth of especial glossary. Nations want to educate the society; they must work for the preservation of vocabulary and a dictionary. At the end of last century few works on glosser preservation has been made by English and national scholars of Brahui. This paper motivates its reader to understand the importance and deficiency of Glossary or dictionary writing in Brahui language and literature. Glossary setting is a science and study of this science is being essential in our language and literature.
Balochistan: News coverage in national and local newspapers (A comparative study of selected newspapers)
Authors: Babrak Niaz  , Tahir Prof.Dr. Seemi Naghmana , Baloch Faheem , Sadaf Irtaza
Published: December 2021

This paper attempts to compare three leading newspapers to cover the news contents related to Balochistan. Balochistan is largest province geographically but it is given less coverage on electronic and print media. There is undeclared war like situation in Balochistan and due to many conflicting issues the region is declared as conflict zone. The ethnic unrest and sectarian rifts have been escalated in the last few years and it is very challenging to practice journalistic activities. The issues related to Balochistan cannot be resolved until it is given proper coverage in both medium. The study aims to evaluate news contents of front pages of Daily Jang Quetta, Daily Express Quetta Century and Daily Intikhab Quetta. The front page of May 2017 is selected to be evaluate. To curtail the element of peril for journalists working in conflict zone and on the basis of findings from collected data suitable recommendations are proposed.
SAFFRON DREAMS-A JOURNEY OF EVOLVING IDENTITY
Authors: Majeed Saima , Zaidi Najia Asrar , Waheed Dr. Zarina
Published: December 2021

Saffron Dreams is a tale of a woman set in the immigrant milieu. It narrates how resolve and resistance can cope with hatred and weakness could harness indigenous strength against othering. The novel vividly portrays how distinct identities vanish, rebirth and evolve amidst the challenges; challenges that threaten lives and existence. It describes the epic struggle of a Pakistani woman, coming from a conservative society, whose dreams die. The research explores the evolving identity of the protagonist; the subject matter of identity is discussed with theoretical background. The Analysis revolves round Arissa who after sudden collapse of marital bliss is pushed to edges by society. The powerful longing for a renewed identity helps Arrisa prepare to live at the cost of sacrificing her ‘hijab’ whom she thinks as a symbol of bondage with her deceased husband. The beholder lives on with new version of her dreams marked by the desires to come out of the clutches of ‘time’ on canvass of her life colored with uncertainties and fatigued compromises. The study is exploratory in purpose, following the content-based mode of analysis.
The Possible Role of USA in Balochitan Issue and its Social-cultural Implications(A Historical Perspective)
Authors: Ishaque Shahida , Kasi Dr.Adil Zaman , Muhammad Asif  , Abdul Qadir
Published: December 2021

The concept of foreign policy is directly related to interactions one state with international community. Whereas the role of an individual (political leader) always remained controversial. In this regard statements have come from different people. Some analysts argue that the foreign policy framed on any personal capacity by an individual has minor importance in the determination process of foreign policy. Which others believe that is the major important thing. Moreover, the aim of researcher in this paper is to describe thePosition of United States of America in Pakistan in general and Balochistan specifically to analyze the hurdles in ways of cultural and political development of the focused area. Furthermore, the researcher used systematic methodology of comparative and qualitative analysis, while approaching both primary and secondary data. The findings in this research work directly approach the foreign policy of Pakistan with special reference to Pakistan’s relations with United state of America and its socio-cultural impicsations on Balochistan.
IMPACT OF MULTILINGUALISM ON THE EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Iftikhar Shafiq  , Dr. Naima Saeed.
Published: December 2021

There is certainly found an instrumental role of primary language in early childhood development. The domains of child development and early learning are discussed in different terms and categorized in different ways in the various fields and disciplines that are involved in research, practice, and policy related to children from birth through age. The primary language has significant role for learning process in early childhood development. Keeping its importance, it is included in National Education Policy 2009. This is very general that many children speak a home language that differs from the language of instruction in education programs. Research confirms that children learn best in their mother tongue as a prelude to and complement of bilingual and multilingual education. Whether children successfully retain their mother tongue while acquiring additional languages depends on several interacting factors. This further help the students in early grades that students acquire much knowledge and easily learn in primary language. The most significant part of schooling is the early education or early development of child related to their social and educational problems ,the role of primary language cannot be ignored because such like Quetta city, the majority of the  students learn education in their secondary  language, the medium of instruction in private schools is mostly English and Urdu but in public school the Urdu is used commonly. However the large number of population lives in Quetta they speak their first language as Pashto, Balochi, Brahui, and Hazargi, but less number of students speak Urdu as first or primary language, not only in Quetta but also in all over the province the education system is not good enough to provide quality education to the students, the public and private schools are providing education in province but all of them lack the services
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF ROLE OF BILINGUALISM ON EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO QUETTA CITY.
Authors: Nousheen Naseer  , Dr. Naima Saeed  , Kiazai Abdul Nasir
Published: December 2021

Multiple factors rests in nation’s growth but educational system plays a vital role in the development of a nation. The aim of this research article is to explore the role of bilingualism in early childhood education and also to investigate that multilingual educational system can be applied and run in a society, which is linguistically diverse like Pakistan and also investigates teacher’s experiences in primary schools, addressing children from different cultures and languages.  To address the issue, we randomly investigated 300 respondents from different primary schools of Quetta City. A mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) was used in this investigation. The primary data was collected through teacher’s questionnaire survey and observation. On the other hand, secondary data included books, journal articles and websites. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).The findings of this study revealed that the proficiency in Urdu, and also analyzing an approach from which age the children are at their best to understand, start or adopt second language and even speak more fluently. Pertinently that is the age it can also be judged the children are mixing up the primary and secondary languages. The findings of the study reveals that 52.7% respondents were excellent in Urdu language, 46.7 % respondent suggested the best age of 4-6 year to start the second language, 59% respondents were of the view that children can mix-up primary and secondary languages. 61.3% agreed upon the bilingualismin theearly ages.  The survey concludes the bilingualism can effect on the education of the children at early age. Keeping in view the multilingualatmosphere of the Quetta city it is recommended that monoligualism is the best option of the children to be adopted in education system for better understanding.
Study of Slave Psychology as a Result of Slavery in The Context of the Color Purple
Authors: Nida Batool  , Mehwish Malghani  , Prof .Dr. Faria Saeed
Published: December 2021

Slavery is an issue of great importance in American history. It affected black generation very badly and imprinted unforgettable impacts on their lives. Alice Walker’s The Color Purple (1982), Pulitzer Prize winner novel is a remarkable work which has been written in Afro-American scenario. Present study aims to investigate the psychological effects of slavery on behavior of slaves and their imitation of their oppressors. Current study signifies the basic psychological impacts produced by oppression and gives information about slave psychology. The prime importance of present work is that it draws a relationship between literature and psychology, and describes the significance of literature for studying human mind and behavior. In accordance with current research work Frantz Fanon’s theory of Alienation and Psychology of Oppressed (1961) has been followed. Qualitative mode of paradigm has been used and data has been analyzed textually. Present work has found that slavery has immense affects on slaves’ mind set. They unintentionally imitate their masters and try to become tyrant like them and show their violence towards weaker.
Inter-textual Analysis of Political Discourse in Party Manifestos
Authors: Malghanim Mehwish , Khan Faria Saeed , Yousaf Saima , Akarm Zainab
Published: December 2021

Political discourse is inarguably deemed an essential tool, influencing people’s perception within a socio-political zone in an imperceptible manner. The present research titled “Inter-textual Analysis of Political Discourse in Party Manifestos” revolved around a critical discourse analysis of manifestos, as presented by five most popular Pakistani political parties, pertaining to the general election, held during the year 2013. With regard to the present context, the mentioned pursuit primarily aimed at linguistically analyzing the political discourse of the aforementioned manifestos at inter-textual level. The theoretical framework used to substantiate the overall analysis centered on Fairclough’s theory of intertextuality (1995) and van Dijk Ideological Square(2004). The findings of the research revealed that all the political parties under study, brought into use the discursive strategy of intertextuality in their party manifestos in order to enhance the positive self image of party to in-group people, by hunting the negative aspects of the out-group, thereby (re)constructing people’s political identities and ideologies and achieving the desired hegemony in a way peculiar to itself. Research of  the kind can be conducted further by analyzing the other dimensions of political discourse and the resultant ideologies, influencing the current state of affairs as prevalent around the globe with special focus on the linguistic aspects of the political discourse.
Factors Effecting Women’s Empowerment in Baluchistan
Authors: Zafar Huma
Published: December 2021

Empowerment of women is not only vital for their welfare but also for the development of country. It requires the just environment where women can exercise their rights without any threat of violence and impediments. These impediments are present in every region of the world however their nature and intensity varies from one to other region based on its social, economical, geographical and religious identity. Developed and under developed countries are eager to improve the status of women and for this it is significant to understand those factors which effect the empowerment of women.

This paper is an attempt to explore the various determinants on women’s empowerment specific to Baluchistanand while doing so this review will also cover the intermingled effects of these factors on women’s position in a society.
Evolution of Brahui Journalism
Authors: Yousaf Muhammad , Sani Liaquat Ali
Published: December 2021

This research article mirrors evolution of Brahui journalism in form of Weekly newspapers, monthly magazines, Bi-monthly reports and quarterly published literary reports. Some contributions, related to the journalism in Balochistan and Brahui journalism, have been researched, such as a brief history of Brahui journalism by AfzalMurd, ‘Contribution of Magazines & Journals for the Promotion of Brahui Language & Literature’ by Haji Abdul Lateef Bangulzai, and “Balochistan Mein Ablagh-e- Aama, Aghaz o Irtaqa” by professor Seemi Naghman Tahir. These are marked as appreciative initiatives; however, no researches have been carried out in the past to document the history and evaluation of print and electronic media in Brahui language. The comparative and analytical approach of study has been adopted in this article and has used secondary sources for conduct of this study.
Factors Causing Hurdles in Speaking English among College Students of Quetta
Authors: Abdul Khaliq  , Zaidi Najia Asrar , Pathan Zahid Hussain , Nazeer Ahmed
Published: December 2021

We need to have command over all four skills of English language. But in the modern times spoken language has occupied the most prominent position among the other skills and it is the most difficult skill to accomplish. Indeed, many EFL learners face problems to speak fluently in the target language. The students have diverse problems of their own while expressing themselves. The mainaim of this study was to explore factors that cause hurdles in speaking among college students of Quetta. The participants of the study were 30students (15 males and 15 female) and 5 teachers (3 males and 2 female) of English from two different colleges of Quetta. They were interviewed about the factors that cause hurdles for them to speak English. Some recommendations were also suggested, based on the findings of the research. The study was meant to support the students to improve their speaking ability in their EFL classes.
براہوئی، خوانفنگ نا زبان، خیال یا حقیقت ئس
Authors: Essar Hussain  , Brahui Abdul Qayyum Sosan , Muhammad Tahir Jamaldeni  , Zahida Ghulam Rasool
Published: December 2021

It goes without saying that a child learns much in his /her mother tongue as compared with the other language made for a child as a medium of teaching, that is why almost all advanced countries have preferred to their own mother tongue as medium of education and today they are ruling the world almost in every sphere of life. when we consider about Brahui language as a medium of education in the light of above facts ,we come to know that Brahui language possesses all the required wherewithal to fulfil the demands of its making it medium of education for Brahui speaking people .today there is a good amount of literary treasures to bring a variation of literature or to find material for the character building of the students .furthermore, Brahui language is one of the ancient languages of this region and it offers a vast domain for research .the number of Brahui speaking people are in millions who love their mother tongue much whereas this language has been included in the list of impending vanishing languages. so it is imperative to make it the medium of education without further data. In this research paper Brahui language has been focused and research was carried out to ascertain the qualities of Brahui Language as a medium of education and relevant aspects of it have been discussed thoroughly. the methods adopted are collecting material, observation, deep study and analytical approach and after a comparison, the outcomes have been viewed in the context of realities exposed the above facts.
براہوئی راج ٹی دستار نا اہمیت او گڑاس دُو سُبکی نا دُودآک
Authors: Nadir Shahwani  , Dr. Shabeer Ahmed Shahwani
Published: December 2021

Main objective of this article is to highlight the merits of some Brahui Customs and their impact on the society. Apart from that we also try to thresh out the importance of the customs for the society and how they keep intact with Rules & Regulations in shape of tradition without any written documentation or legislation. It reveals from the history that all such customs were implemented verbally by the stake holders strictly. In short we have also discussed some of the Brahui Customs that, how much importance and impact they have upon culture. For example, most of the people use to wear turbans, assuming that they wear this traditionally or for some other purpose? Similarly, it was mandatory to serve tea and Hubble Bubble (Tobacco "Chan-o-Chulum) when guest used to come and guest was mainly responsible to elaborate about his arrival journey and about the climate, which is traditionally called "Hall o Hawall" No doubt that Hall-o-awall was the main source of communication and core information at that time which were totally based on truthiness, trust and reality. Furthermore, another custom which is based on humanitarian ground which called "Bejjar " in which a person will traditionally demand some help in shape of exchequer, animals or any other sources from their relatives and friends to make necessary arrangements for his or his son or brother's marriage. In this way some body will be able to meet the expenses of marriage with the help of their friends. In addition, due to multi-dimensional merits/benefits, the customs were treated as manifesto of Brahui Culture so Brahui public strictly followed such norm with letter & sprit. If we briefly review the Brahui Culture and people, they may seem very innocent & sincere and mostly lived in rural and undeveloped areas. Their living style was very simple but their vision and commitment towards traditional norms were solid & strong. Especially respect of women, guests, brotherhood and for those who knocked at their door in time of need and shelter. Traditionally Brahui Culturist were always ready to sacrifice their lives for the protection of those who did ask them for. Due to such solid & committed customs, image of Brahui’s was highly appreciable and such code of life made them respectable & honorable in the society. All in all, the main motive was to expose these customs to bring awareness to the general public and open a clue for researchers who are interested to research on the merits of Brahui Culture and their way of life.
براہوئی صورتخطی ٹی ہمزہ نا رَد استعمال
Authors: Sarpara Hafeez ullah
Published: December 2021

Orthography plays a basic and most important role in development of a language. But it is one of the most neglected and undiscussed issue in Brahui. There are so many debatable issues in Brahui orthography but some most important parts of speech and cases in Brahui are indiscriminately used and misspelled out of rule and regulations of the grammar. Indiscriminate misspelling of the Alphabet ( ) in various cases of Brahui has disturbed and mixed up the meanings of the words and the original words have lost their real shape. This article deals with the same serious misspelled and erroneous usages of ( ) in various cases, and tries to eradicate these errors and show the real face of the important cases to bring uniformity in Brahui orthography.
براہوئی قدیم ادب ٹی توار مٹی نا ویلاک
Authors: Dr. Shabeer Ahmed Shahwani  , Sani Dr. Liaqaut Ali , Ghulam Hyder
Published: December 2021

The purpose of writing this title is the ancient literature which is written in the letter. The text is written in the form of text. It is important to identify problems in it. The issues that have been created in this literature from this type of paper. To show them The words change the characters, difficulties in removing words, and trying to identify readers who have experienced difficulties. Please note that literature is a great deal. Which are a separate discussion. Similarly, there is an obstacle in the development of ancient literature. These words have led to the change of audio. In the words the characters used to have been used as a vocalist. The reason for which the word has been made. To indicate it The words of words in the word do not change the words of words or how words are words or abbreviations of words or abusive words. In terms of words or abundance words have been changed in terms of words. Displaying those who do not know the characters in reading. Many words have been removed in the words of extravagance in many words. To identify them, these are the problems that the title has been liked.
براہوئی ٹی اسٹیج ڈرامہ نا بنا
Authors: Baloch Durdana , Razzaq Dr. Waheed , Ababaki Ghulam Hayder Naz , Lehri Inayatullah
Published: December 2021

Purpose of this article is to discuss the beginning, development and age of Brahui stage drama. Stage is the starting point in the history of drama but it became the part of Brahui literature after the succession of radio and tele drama. Although stage in Brahui is latest but its traces could be found in folk literature of Brahui in the form of Raag which ware short acts played by the youngsters in early ages of Brahui society to entertain the gatherings at nights. History of modern drama in Brahui begins with the beginning of radio in Quetta. The first drama in Brahui was written in 1956 and published in monthly Balochi by Ghulam Nabi Rahi. And the first stage drama in Brahui was played on stage in 1978. This sequence continued for some years with a great enthusiasm the young writers of Brahui adabi society played a great role in the development of Brahui stage drama. The stage drama in Brahui are still played but very rarely. Stage drama in Brahui could not make a better position and its future seems dark too as there are not better plate forms and resources for stage in Balochistan.
براہوئی خلقی شاعری نا شونداری ٹی ریڈیو نا کڑد
Authors: Nargis Jabeen  , Dr. Abdul Haleem Sadiq  , Dr.Manzoor Baloch  , Nasreen Gul
Published: December 2021

The Role of this title is the role of radio in the development of Brahui folk songs. At all times, the Agricultural Dialogue of Literature has developed. Brahui folk song is an important place in literature due to its position. Its sincere position represents its feelings and emotions. Folk songs appear in nature. These folk songs indicate emotions, feelings, love. These emotions have been a role in radio in people's access to people. Radio folk songs have access to ordinary people in the main role of radio. And those who were far away from those songs. They are also using the radio. And the radio they're talking about. The people who have been given access to the common people. That is why. That kind of folk songs have been stirred up to the far-door areas through the radio. Balochistan is the area where yet the basic facilities are not available to ordinary people. Radio access is a major access to the right there. And these agricultural issues are spreading even more literary skills in modern times. That is why access key folk songs can be accessible to ordinary people, due to which I have to play a role in radio
براہوئی ادب :چنا تا بشخ
Authors: Bangulzai Muhammad Aslam , Abdal Ubaidullah
Published: December 2021

Literature of children is included in all the languages of the world. This main sphere of literature is an important part of Brahui literature too. Though there has been lesser work in this field here has compare to the other languages, it has been included in Brahui literature in any form or shape; even it holds special place in Brahui folk literature. Later, in Durkhani period, books were written and translated for them, keeping in view the teaching of children. However, it is a surprising matter that much work has been done on this topic, but Brahui children have no knowledge about it. Perhaps, children have a connection to folk literature and religious literature while books written for them in modern era are often lying in libraries. Moreover, 1998 and 1999 were declared as children's years in Brahui literature. Keeping the psychology and interest of Brahui children, there is a greater scope to work in this literature. A few years ago, mother tongues were included in curriculum by government. Brahui children may be able to utilize the written books for themselves in future due to this step. It is only possible when these books are brought in school libraries and children are given access to them; because most of these books and magazines holds fair fame and importance like Arman (Abdul Baqi Durkhani), Gogro (Aziz Mengal), Tallu Jan (Yaseen Bismil) and Aasan Namaz (Abdul Qadir M.Hassani) etc. Utilizing these books, definitely, will not be profitless for children.
براہوئی ادب ٹی فارسی آن مٹ و بدل: عبد الخالق ابابکی نا کاریم
Authors: Malik Muhammad Ibrahim , Muhammad Bilal
Published: December 2021

There have been effects of Persian language on Brahui language and literature like the other languages of subcontinent. Due to being state language, all kinds of orders, religious decisions and documents were written in Persian. In orders to explain these things to Brahuis, there has been need of translation from the very first day. The thoughts of a language can be transferred into the other language through translation which causes the language develop. Therefore, we can find that the old and available books of Brahui to have been translated from Persian like Tofat-ul-ajaib etc. This series continued till establishment of Pakistan, later it grew quiet lesser. However, scholars, now-a-days, are also translating curriculum books of madressas into Brahui, one of these translators is also Maulvi Abdul Khalique Ababaki who has done poetic and prosed / versified Brahui translation of about a dozens of Persian books, out of which Bagh-e-Brahui, Panth Nama, Ramuzath-e-Ishq, Manajath-e-Allama Roomi and Aadenk are very famous. The above mentioned scholar had thorough mastery over all the rules and regulations of translating. Moreover, he himself was an experienced teacher, poet and translator of Brahui and Persian language. That's why his    translation, among Persian translation, in Brahui literature, holds immense importance. Some of his translation is still unprinted which includes Waslet Nama, Wahdat Nama and Phul-e-Brahui.
صنفِ نعت گوئی، تاریخ و ردوم
Authors: Hajira Sadiq  , Dr.Waheed Razzaq  , Iqbal Nazir  , Baloch Dr.Abida
Published: December 2021

Saying of Naat had been started from the time of Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him (in different times every poet said Naat in his own style and technique, to represent them believes with prophet (PHUH (however the technique of saying Naat had been changed with the passage of time. This paper discusses the trend of saying Naat in Brahui literature in different times.
براہوئی نوشتئی روایت او اینو نا خواست آک
Authors: Baloch Dr.Manzoor , Iqbal Nazir  , Dr. Abdul Haleem Sadiq  , Nasreen Gul
Published: December 2021

Writing is the only source to represent a language. Brahui manuscripts are not so old. It had been started from the Folk literature. Brahui literature had a vast literature but in the modern era the evolution and the development of a language depends upon the written literature, similarly the literature in the field of applied literature also enhance the value and importance of a language. This paper illustrates the scope and importance of written literature in context of Brahui language and literature and discuss the finding how can we enhance the written literature.
بولان: براہوئی غزل نا راجی و قومی سرحال آتیٹی مزاحمت نا چیدہ
Authors: Abdal Ubaidullah , Nasreen Gul  , Zeb un Nisa  , Hafeez ullah
Published: December 2021

The Valley of Bolan is situated in province of Balochistan and the river Bolan flows in this valley. It is also considered a symbol of bravery due to different events in different periods. This article deals with the poetry created in context of various events occurred in this valley. The beginning of Brahui Ghazal writing started two three centuries ago, but the concept of nationalism in it existed after 1980. Even till today the mountain of Bolan in Brahui ghazal is considered a symbol of resistance and bravery.