bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remotely Sensed Water Color as a Proxy for Monitoring Water Quality in Inland Lakes
Authors: Seyoum Wondwosen , Dooley Andrew
Published: February 2023

Constituents in water control the amount of light reflected from and absorbed by natural water bodies. This interaction is used as a basis for water quality monitoring using remotely sensed data. Recent studies have shown that water color derived from satellite data can be used to investigate water quality changes due to human and climate change impacts. However, how the change in satellite-based water color corresponds with specific water quality variables needs to be better understood. We analyzed timeseries (2013-2022) satellite-derived water color. We compared it with in-situ measured water quality variables (Secchi depth, turbidity, chlorophyll a, and total suspended solids) for lakes in the Midwest and Northeast regions of the USA. One of the focuses of this study, Lake Erie, observed for size, movement, and toxicity of harmful algal blooms (HABs) at multiple stations. Four bands (ultra blue, blue, green, and red) were extracted from harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data to obtain the tristimulus values. These values are mapped on a chromaticity diagram to get the dominant color wavelength and the Forel–Ule Index (FUI). Results showed a strong relationship between in-situ water quality variables (e.g., Secchi depth and turbidity) and satellite-based FUI. Spatially, the relationship between in-situ water quality variables and water color is not consistent, as there is high variability in the concentration of the observed variables between the sampling locations. For example, measurement stations characterized by yellow to brown colors exhibited a strong relationship with TSS. However, generally, peak chl a concentration corresponds with yellowish green color. Typically, stations with blue to green water color are characterized by lower Chl a concentrations. This in-situ validation is used to infer the water quality of water bodies with no available in-situ monitoring. 
Biogenic emissions-related ozone enhancement in two major city clusters during a typical typhoon process
Authors: Xu Jiawei , Zhou Derong , Huang Xin , Arnold Steve , Ding Aijun
Published: February 2023

Typhoons could influence air quality via multiple chemical and physical process and has attracted much scientific attention. A typical typhoon, In-Fa, passed through Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Jing-Jin-Ji (JJJ) after it made a landfall in China. Under such influences, two city clusters both experienced high ozone (O3) concentrations, with JJJ about 5 days earlier than YRD. Data from several environmental monitoring sites indicated that cross-regional transport and biogenic emissions both played an important role in O3 formation. During the typhoon process, O3 precursors were first transported from YRD and its surrounding areas to JJJ due to the summer monsoon. After that, air masses from northern China returned to YRD due to the peripheral winds of typhoon. High O3 was concentrated in downwind regions, causing fast secondary formation. The peripheral winds and downdrafts of typhoon led to high temperature and stagnant weather, favorable for biogenic emissions. The modeling results showed the contribution of BVOCs to O3 could reach 10 ppb in JJJ when the typhoon made its landfall in YRD. When the typhoon moved to JJJ, the cross-transport of air masses from northern China to YRD contributed half of biogenic-emission-related O3. Our research extends the knowledge into the importance of biogenic emissions to O3 and cross-regional transport during a typhoon process.
Storylines for future changes in regional extreme precipitation
Authors: Zhu Donghe , Pieper Patrick , Pfahl Stephan , Fischer Erich
Published: February 2023

Despite the high confidence in the overall intensification of extreme precipitation at global scale in response to warming, uncertainties in regional intensity and spatial distribution remain large. Changes due to thermodynamical processes are largely consistent across global climate models and account for the globally homogeneous increase in extreme precipitation, whereas changes in dynamical processes modify the regional responses of extreme precipitation and are also mainly responsible for the projected uncertainties. We here aim at developing and characterizing different storylines for regional changes in extreme precipitation.The latest CMIP6 multi-model ensembles allow for disentangling the three potential sources of uncertainty across climate models. Specifically, we find that scenario uncertainty in annual maximum precipitation (Rx1day) per K global warming is relatively small except over tropical Pacific and subtropical Africa regions. In order to isolate the inter-model uncertainty, which primarily relates to different responses in atmospheric dynamics, we here average multiple members from initial condition ensembles within CMIP6. To further characterize the dynamical processes and their effects on extreme precipitation, clusters of different model responses to climate change are identified for Mediterranean and Asian monsoon regions. The clusters are defined based on metrics that characterize regional dynamics. Different atmospheric fields are evaluated to develop physical storylines of future changes in extreme precipitation with model clusters representing similar dynamical responses. Specifically, an overall anticyclonic change is found to be characteristic for projections indicating highest reduction in Rx1day over Mediterranean. Future extreme precipitation changes over South Asia are linked to the models' representation of western coastal precipitation and orographic rainfall over the Himalaya. Other potential factors characterizing dynamical responses will be further examined to help understand changes in regional projections of extreme precipitation.
Long and medium-term interannual assessment of sub-Arctic grassland aboveground biomass at different soil warming levels
Authors: Tchana Wandji Ruth P. , Leblans Niki , Verbrigghe Niel , Filella Iolanda , Lootens Peter , Merand Agathe , Janssens Ivan , D. Sigurdsson Bjarni
Published: February 2023

Climate change affects ecosystems considerably worldwide, but as warming is happening at an accelerated pace at higher latitudes, it is essential to study how warming affects ecosystem structure and function in Arctic and sub-Arctic ecosystems.In this research, we looked at changes in the aboveground biomass (AGB) of two Icelandic sub-Arctic grasslands located at the ForHot site. The ForHot site is an exceptional studying site where the soils are naturally warmed. Thus, making it an important natural laboratory to assess and learn more about the long-term effect of global warming. At the research site, one grassland ecosystem has soils that have been warmed for over 60 years (long-term warming; LTW) and the other since 2008 (medium-term warming; MTW), when an earthquake disrupted geothermal channels in the underlying bedrock. Fifty permanent survey plots were established in the autumn of 2012 along the two grassland soil temperature gradients (ranging from 0 to +18°C).We assessed how vegetation structure (non-vascular; AGBnon-vasc and vascular plants; AGBvasc) and the ecosystem's maximum aboveground total biomass(AGBtot) were affected by different levels of soil warming over multiple studied years (i.e. 2013, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2021 and 2022).Our preliminary results showed unexpectedly relatively small changes in AGBtot with warming. We hypothesise that changes in AGBvasc would typically induce opposite changes in AGBnon-vasc, probably because of light competition. When looking separately at the vegetation structures, for AGBvasc, the duration of soil warming induced contrasted responses between MTW and LTW grasslands. That is, in the MTW grassland, there were no changes for most years (p > .05) and strong negative responses (p < .05) with warming in seasonally maximum AGBvasc for other years. Whereas in the LTW grassland, warming generally increased AGB for most years (p < .05), and also a strong negative response as observed in the MTW for the respective years despite statistically not significant. This strong negative response could be because of untypically high AGB production in control (unwarmed) plots during those years and less positive reactions with different levels of soil warming. We will show some potential drivers (environmental variables) for those unexpected temporal variations in the warming response. AGBnon-vasc, such as lichens and mosses, have an unclear pattern across the soil warming gradient in both grassland ecosystems.
Trait-based ozone plant sensitivity to assess global vegetation damage risks
Authors: Ma Yimian , Yue Xu , Sitch Stephen , Unger Nadine , Uddling Johan , Mercado Lina , Gong Cheng , Feng Zhaozhong
Published: February 2023

A major limitation in modeling global O3 vegetation damage has long been the reliance on empirical O3 sensitivity parameters derived from a limited number of species and applied at the level of plant functional types (PFTs), which ignore the large interspecific variations within the same PFT. Here, we present a major advance in large-scale assessments of O3 plant injury by linking the trait leaf mass per area (LMA) and plant O3 sensitivity in a broad and global perspective. Application of the new approach and a global LMA map in a dynamic global vegetation model reasonably represents the observed interspecific responses to O3 with a unified sensitivity parameter for all plant species. Simulations suggest a contemporary global mean reduction of 4.8% in gross primary productivity by O3, with a range of 1.1%-12.6% for varied PFTs. Hotspots with damages > 10% are found in agricultural areas in the eastern U.S., western Europe, eastern China, and India, accompanied by moderate to high levels of surface O3. Furthermore, we reveal an inherent plant sensitivity spectrum for O3 which is highly linked with plant leaf trait trade-off strategy, revealing high risks for fast-growing species with low LMA, such as crops, grasses and deciduous trees.
Paleoseismic events inferred from soft sediment deformation structure of varved lake sediment in Lake Kusai of northern Tibetan Plateau during the past 2000 years
Authors: Huang Zhicong , Liu Xingqi , Lu Yin
Published: February 2023

The 1500-km-long Kunlun strike-slip fault is one of the largest and most active faults in the Tibetan Plateau. The eastward extrusion of Tibet has generated the 2001 Mw 7.8 Kunlunshan earthquake along the eastern Kunlun fault (elevation ≥ 4500 m) that produced the longest surface rupture yet recorded on land, ~400 km. The knowledge of past earthquake history and long-term fault behavior along the eastern Kunlun fault is still limited by short seismological records. Moreover, suitable sites for paleoseismological trenching are rarely available due to the active freeze-thaw action in such an extreme environment. Lacustrine paleoseismology, exploits lacustrine sediments to retrieve a much longer record of paleoseismic shaking, may shed light on earthquake occurrence and fault behavior along the eastern Kunlun fault.Lake Kusai is bounded by the eastern Kunlun fault in the north, and its north end was once ruptured by the 2001 Mw 7.8 Kunlunshan earthquake. Sedimentary sequence from the lake is characterized by layered sediments, thus an ideal site for lacustrine paleoseismology investigation. A 8.2 m-long core has been drilled from the lake in 2006. 210Pb/137Cs and AMS14C dating, and detailed varve counting confirm that the upper 165 cm of the drilled sedimentary sequence is varved and spans the last 2000 years. This sedimentary sequence is therefore ideal for event deposits recognition and high-resolution seismic record reconstruction. We identify sedimentary imprint of the 2001 Mw 7.8 earthquake and another 13 deeper horizons of in situ soft sediment deformations and micro-faults from the sedimentary sequence. The primary data reveals a clustered earthquake recurrence pattern with a mean recurrence interval of ~150 years on the central part of the eastern Kunlun fault. Keywords: Eastern Kunlun fault; Northern Tibetan Plateau; Lake Kusai; Varved lake sediment; Soft sediment deformation structure; Paleoseismic events.
Modeling outdoor dispersion of CO2 at Puerto Naos (La Palma, Canary Islands)
Authors: D Auria Luca , Santos Alba , Hernández Pedro A. , Melián Gladys V. , Álvarez Díaz Antonio J. , Asensio-Ramos María , González Pérez Alexis M. , Pérez Nemesio M.
Published: February 2023

The 2021 Tajogaite eruption in Cumbre Vieja volcano (La Palma, Canary Islands), which started on Sep. 19, 2021, and lasted 85 days, caused extensive damages because of the lava flows and ash fall. However, since the middle of Nov. 2021, some areas located about 5 km SW of the eruptive center started to be affected by intense diffuse CO2 emission. Among them are the urban centers of La Bombilla and Puerto Naos (Hernández et al., 2022). These emissions prevented the population of these two centers from returning to their houses because of high  concentrations of CO2 in indoor and outdoor environments.In this work, we model the CO2 dispersion process in Puerto Naos to obtain hazard maps with the maximum CO2 concentrations which can be reached in the town in the outdoor environment. To achieve these results, we combined field observations with numerical modelling. Field surveys were realized in low wind conditions, measuring the CO2 concentration with portable sensors  at 15 and 150 cm from the ground at measurement points spaced approximately 10 m from each other along the streets of Puerto Naos.We realized numerical modelling using the software TWODEE-2, a code for modeling the dispersion of heavy gases based on the solution of shallow water equations (Folch et al., 2009). For this purpose, we used a detailed digital topographic model, including the edifices of Puerto Naos. Using a trial-and-error approach, we determined the gas emission rates from a set of discrete source points in no-wind conditions. Subsequently, we repeated the numerical modelling, keeping the same sources and simulating all the realistic wind conditions in terms of direction and intensity. For each simulation, we determined the maximum CO2 concentration at different elevations from the ground. This allowed obtaining a hazard map with the maximum CO2 outdoor concentrations for each part of the townThe main results highlight that the outdoor environment is affected by a dense layer of CO2, whose flow is strongly conditioned by the urban infrastructures. Furthermore, we evidenced how even light winds can change the gas concentration pattern radically in a few minutes, evidencing the possibility of sudden changes in the CO2 concentration outdoors with no warning.Folch A., Costa A., Hankin R.K.S., 2009. TWODEE-2: A shallow layer model for dense gas dispersion on complex topography, Comput. Geosci., doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2007.12.017Hernández, P. A., Padrón, E., Melián, G. V., Pérez, N. M., Padilla, G., Asensio-Ramos, M., Di Nardo, D., Barrancos, J., Pacheco, J. M., and Smit, M.: Gas hazard assessment at Puerto Naos and La Bombilla inhabited areas, Cumbre Vieja volcano, La Palma, Canary Islands, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-7705, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-7705, 2022.
What controls uncertainty in flood risk estimates? An analysis across the Rhine River basin.
Authors: Sarailidis Georgios , Pianosi Francesca , Wagener Thorsten , Styles Kirsty , Lamb Rob , Hutchings Stephen
Published: February 2023

Floods are among the costliest and deadliest natural hazards. Flood risk assessments are required to better manage risk associated with floods. Nowadays, numerous flood risk models are available at various scales, from catchment to regional or even global scale. These models estimate risk (usually expressed in terms of the probability of flood loss) as the product of the hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Flood risk models are affected by numerous uncertainties that propagate through the model and contribute to the final uncertainty in risk estimates. Knowing which uncertainty sources mostly control risk estimates is essential to guide efforts for model improvement, as well as to help risk managers make better decisions. Past efforts to quantify and attribute the output uncertainty of risk models have reached conflicting conclusions. This may be because these studies used different risk models and different uncertainty and sensitivity analysis approaches; or, that they were conducted at relatively small (catchment and/or city) scale, in places with different climatic, hydrological, and socio-economic characteristics.
In this project, we investigate dominant uncertainties of a flood risk model across a much larger scale, namely the entire Rhine River basin, and explore whether dominant uncertainties at specific places can be linked to their physical or socio-economic characteristics. In particular, we analyse two model outputs: the Average Annual Losses (AAL) and Loss Exceedance Curves (LECs). For each output, we first identify the dominant input uncertainties (among uncertainty in the flood depth estimates, vulnerability curves and exposure dataset) in each spatial unit of the modelled domain; and second, we link those dominant input uncertainties to the characteristics of the spatial units.
We find that uncertainties in the vulnerability component dominate the AAL. The dominant uncertainties for the LECs change with the return period of loss, with vulnerability becoming increasingly important with increasing return period. Topography (flat versus steep terrains), degree of urbanization and economic value of the buildings are key characteristics for determining how dominant uncertainties change spatially within our study domain.
Active Kinematics of the Greater Caucasus from Seismological and GPS Data: A Review
Authors: Pasquaré Mariotto Federico , Tibaldi Alessandro , Bonali Fabio Luca , Corti Noemi , Russo Elena , Babayev Gulam , Tsereteli Nino
Published: February 2023

The convergence between the Arabian and the Eurasian plates resulted in the development of the Greater Caucasus (GC) and the Lesser Caucasus fold-and-thrust belts, separated across most of their length by the Transcaucasian depression. The whole sub-horizontal shortening of the Caucasus was quantified at hundreds of kilometers and, according to several studies, reached its maximum rate in the Miocene-Pliocene. At present, convergence between the Eurasian and African-Arabian plates is still active, producing widespread deformation within the mountain belt and in the surrounding regions, as testified to by seismological, paleoseismological and GPS data.Understanding the active tectonics of the Caucasus is of paramount importance for a better assessment of geohazards, especially seismic hazard. Moreover, there is a major concentration of residents in Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, hosting 1.2 million citizens, and in Baku, the capital of the Azerbaijan Republic, with over 2.3 million citizens; both cities are located in active tectonic basins at the southern foothills of the GC. Hundreds of rural villages are scattered in the mountain regions, and all were built without taking into consideration antiseismic criteria. All the above shows that the Caucasus and Transcaucasus regions are subject to an extreme seismic hazard and risk.Here, we describe the active kinematics of the Greater Caucasus (territories of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Russia) through an integrated analysis of seismological, structural-geological and GPS data. Alignments of crustal earthquake epicentres indicate that most seismic areas are located along the southern margin of the mountain belt and in its north-eastern sector, in correspondence of major, active WNW-ESE faults, parallel to the mountain range. Focal Mechanism Solutions (FMS) delineate dominant reverse fault kinematics in most sectors of the mountain belt, although swarms of strike-slip FMS indicate the presence of active transcurrent faulting, especially along the southeastern border of the Greater Caucasus. The mountain belt is characterized by dominant NNE-SSW-oriented P-axes. In the central-southern sector, in correspondence of the local collision between the Lesser and Greater Caucasus, P-axes are mainly NNW-SSE oriented. GPS data show dominant motions to the NNW, with rates increasing in eastward direction. All observations are consistent with a component of eastward escape of the central-eastern part of the Greater Caucasus.
Underground Storage of Natural Gas and CO2 Monitoring Applications
Authors: Fibbi Gabriele , Del Soldato Matteo , Fanti Riccardo
Published: February 2023

Natural gas is one of the most widely used fossil fuels in the world and it represents an essential element for human activities. It can be stored in underground geological structures such as depleted oil/gas field, aquifers and salt caverns. Underground Gas Storage (UGS) application plays a key role for covering natural gas demand and supply fluctuations, e.g., methane, CH4, by injecting gas in the summer season when the demand is lower, ready to be withdrawn and deployed into the network to meet increased consumer demand in the winter season. Unfortunately, constant human exploitation of fossil fuels causes climate change phenomenon, creating a potential risk of breaching environmental tipping points with negative consequences. In this regard, the carbon capture and storage (CCS) practice, which is different in methods and purpose from UGS, has been gaining popularity in the last decades. The latter strategy involves storing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) before it enters in the atmosphere, by means of geological structures for centuries or thousands of years and it can support one of the most important challenges of the twenty-first century, helping the decrement of the global warming and to chase the goal of near-zero greenhouse gas emissions. Misuse of UGS and CCS activities or poor maintenance of injection and withdrawal wells can induce effects of considerable magnitude such as ground deformation, micro-seismic events, fault reactivation and gas leakage. The development of appropriate injection methods and long-term monitoring systems for leak detection is important to verify the integrity of the reservoir, the effectiveness of activities and the respect of safety conditions. In literature approximately a hundred scientific contribution of UGS and CCS monitoring applications were spanning in the world. All the scientific peer-reviewed books and articles, and congress proceedings about the reservoir monitoring in gas storage activities collected and critically analysed show an analytical and statistical overview of the most common use of UGS and CCS, detailing the different goals of these two applications. This research allows displaying the advantages and drawbacks of each monitoring technique involved in gas storage applications by analysing the main UGS and CCS projects. Further developments are required for the UGS monitoring, especially through multidisciplinary approaches useful for identifying possible effects on the surface and gas leaks at depth; meanwhile, CCS solutions are still at an experimental stage, due to the high costs for large-scale applications that require specific researches. The state of the art of these two very different practices can improve the further development of new monitoring approaches or additional methods. The next years will reveal if the CCS methods will be among the leading techniques in the race for energy transition.
Smart city disaster prevention platform information integration displays and practical application in New Taipei City Taiwan
Authors: Yang Sheng-Hsueh , Song Der-Ren , Pan Jyh-Hour , Wang Xi-Jun , Hsieh Sheau-Ling , Yeh Keh-Chia , Li Cheng-Wei , Wu Wen-Feng
Published: February 2023

Urban areas are gradually being affected by climate change. It is difficult to avoid urban flooding caused by heavy rainfall. Especially road flooding occurs 2-3 times a year in urban areas in the summer of Taiwan, when the regional weather is convective rainfall strong, it is difficult for general weather forecasting models to predict the amount of rainfall in the city in a short period of time. Rainfall areas in urban areas are prone to road flooding. Therefore, the intensity management value (>50dBz) of the radar reflectivity around the city is used to estimate the rainfall and urban flood warning, and the IoT water level monitoring instrument can monitor the water level in the urban rainwater sewer and set the urban flood warning based on the management value. The local low-lying areas of the city can also use CCTV images to identify flooding situation as a tool through AI's CCN deep learning technology and CCTV's flooding big data database that according to CNN's learning, training, and testing, after the completion, CCTV inspection and flood image recognition can be used for urban disaster prevention and relief. Finally, the monitoring data related to urban flooding is collected and displayed through the urban smart flood prevention platform, which provides efficient data collection, increases the response time for disaster relief, and quickly eliminates road flooding in the city. This study takes the urban smart flood prevention platform in New Taipei City, Taiwan as an example.
Eddy covariance observations of CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes of a drained boreal peatland forest after clear-cutting
Authors: Peltola Olli , Tikkasalo Olli-Pekka , Alekseychik Pavel , Launiainen Samuli , Lehtonen Aleksi , Li Qian , Peltoniemi Mikko , Rinne Janne , Rissanen Antti , Sarkkola Sakari , Mäkipää Raisa
Published: February 2023

Clear-cutting of drained peatland forests, as a part of the conventional even-aged rotation forestry, significantly disturbs peat soil biogeochemistry due to changes in soil physical characteristics and microbial activity. Achieving spatially representative estimates of GHG emissions from such a complex area is a challenging task. Accurate estimates of GHG fluxes following clear-cutting are sorely needed for national greenhouse gas reporting and devising more climate-friendly forestry practices for these production ecosystems, abundant in the Nordic countries.In December 2021 we initiated continuous eddy covariance (EC) measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes on a nutrient-rich drained boreal peatland forest (ca. 6.1 ha) in southern Finland. The mature tree stand dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies) was clear cut in March 2021. The measurements are part of a larger research effort aimed at understanding climatic impacts of forest management practices on drained peatlands. Here we focus on interpreting the spatiotemporal variability of GHG fluxes from the clear-cut site using the EC measurements.The clear-cut area was emitting N2O to the atmosphere throughout the measurement period, including the winter period. The emissions increased after snow melt and peaked during late July 2022. Despite CO2 uptake offsetting approximately one third of ecosystem respiration, the clear-cut area was a strong source of CO2 to the atmosphere during the year 2022 (2.0 kg(CO2) m-2 yr-1). CH4 emissions were small, yet clearly positive. The observed GHG fluxes showed clear wind-direction dependency indicative of spatial variability of GHG fluxes within the clear-cut. The spatial variability will be analysed based on detailed mapping of the clear-cut surface and footprint (i.e. source area) modelling, in combination with further scrutiny of the EC fluxes. Overall, these results provide the much-needed information on the GHG fluxes from such ecosystems and serve as a baseline for this site in the future.
Water Distribution Network performance and device placement location schemes assessment under multiple hydraulic transient generative scenarios
Authors: Dimas Panagiotis , Nikolopoulos Dionysios , Pelekanos Nikos , Bouziotas Dimitrios , Makropoulos Christos
Published: February 2023

Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) have been thoroughly investigated in terms of uncertainty in the demand at the household level. Meanwhile, novel frameworks exploring the resilience of such systems under contemporary threats (such as cyber-physical attacks) have also significantly contributed to the enhanced security, reliability, and efficiency in the process of their design and operation. On the contrary, other network effects such as hydraulic transients -also known as pressure surges or water hammers- are often overlooked, despite the significant disturbance they could induce to the steady-state flow conditions of the WDN due to the added pressure variability and the heavily increased internal pressure forces exerted on pipelines. Pressure forces and pressure variability are dependent on highly variable phenomena, such as pipe failures and/or operational decisions (i.e., valve closing schedules, pump operations).  Evidently, predicting the behavior of transients under an ensemble of scenarios is of utmost importance, which is not limited only to the network design and operational scopes, but extends to applications such as optimal sensor and protection device placement, dimensioning or placement of pressure neutralizers (e.g., surge tanks/chambers), establishment of appropriate pump shutdown schedules. Avowedly, commercial software for transient simulation in WDNs is available, yet open-source packages suitable for research applications, such as TSNet, have only recently become publicly available and, hence, provide a flexible framework for coupling with other applications. In this work, the python packages WNTR and TSNet are integrated to present a framework for evaluating hydraulic transient conditions via EPANET simulation of multiple scenarios of pipe bursts and valve closures according to control schemes. The results can be utilized to assess the WDN’s performance and monitoring sensors placement location schemes in the light of protection under transient flow occurrence.
The potential application of statistical post processing techniques on landslide early warning system
Authors: Wang Xuetong , Lombardo Luigi , Tanyaş Hakan
Published: February 2023

With the increase of frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation in the future, rainfall triggered landslides (RTL) can be one of the major threat to human life and property security. Early warning systems of natural hazards are one of the most effective measure for reducing disaster losses and risks. However, the forecast of RTL in near-real-time (NRT) is extremely difficult since the quality of NRT precipitation data is relatively poor. Quantile regression forest (QRF), a state-of-the-art statistical postprocessing method, has been proved to reduce the difference existing between NRT satellite precipitation estimates and ground-based rainfall data. When predicted rainfall maps are put side by side with raw NRT satellite product, the pattern of the first matches much more closely the locations where landslide events have been mapped in a test site in North-Eastern Turkey. This leave an optimistic perspective on the application of statistical postprocessing techniques in the field of weather science and in general for natural hazard assessment. Ideally, by correcting the continuous information in space and time provided by satellite rainfall estimates, one could create a new operational tool for landslide early warning system, not bound to the financial and deployment requirement typical of rain gauge and terrestrial radar stations.
Atmospheric gravity waves generated by solar wind high-speed stream Alfvén waves
Authors: Prikryl Paul , Themens David R. , Chum Jaroslav , Chakraborty Shibaji , Gillies Robert G. , Weygand James M.
Published: February 2023

Solar wind Alfvén waves in high-speed streams from coronal holes modulate dayside ionospheric convection and currents, including auroral electrojets [1]. They generate large- to medium-scale atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) propagating globally from sources in the lower thermosphere both upward and downward [2,3]. In the upper atmosphere, the AGWs drive traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) observed by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR), and the GNSS total electron content (TEC) mapping technique. The horizontal equivalent ionospheric currents are estimated from the ground-based magnetometer data using an inversion technique. In the lower atmosphere, the equatorward propagating AGWs with attenuated amplitudes can be amplified upon over-reflection in the troposphere. They can release conditional symmetric instability leading to slantwise convection, latent heat release and intensification of extratropical cyclones [4,5], which in turn are a source of AGWs/TIDs. Southeastward propagating TIDs that originate from cold fronts of intensifying extratropical cyclones are observed in the detrended TEC maps, and by the multipoint and multifrequency continuous Doppler sounders in Czechia. Ray tracing AGWs in a model atmosphere supports the observations.[1] Prikryl P., et al., Ann. Geophys., 40, 619–639, 2022. doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-619-2022[2] Mayr H.G., et al., Space Sci. Rev. 54, 297–375, 1990. doi:10.1007/BF00177800[3] Prikryl, P., et al., Ann. Geophys. 23, 401–417, 2005. doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-401-2005[4] Prikryl P., et al., Ann. Geophys. 27, 31–57, 2009. doi:10.5194/angeo-27-31-2009[5] Prikryl P., et al., J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 171, 94–10, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2017.07.023
Tree-Ring Formation of Zambia’s Wet Tropical Miombo Woodlands- Exploratory Research Through African Dendrochronology Fieldschools
Authors: Ngoma Justine ,   Justine Ngoma
Published: February 2023

Tropical forests have been least studied for dendrochronology following the general perception that tropical trees do not form growth rings, exacerbated by the limited number of scientists focusing on tropical trees. This has created a gap in global dendrochronological studies. Through the two successful Africa Dendrochronological Fieldschools that were conducted in 2021 and 2022 in Zambia, we identified 32 tree species in 3,200m2 area of plots from the wet Miombo woodlands. 72% of these species demonstrated good potential for annual ring formation. Julbernardia and Brachystegia species where the oldest and dominant tree species. We developed chronologies from Julbernardia paniculata (140 years), Brachystegia longifolia (series Intercorrelation = 0.42, oldest tree = 160 years), and Brachystegia boehmii (series Intercorrelation = 0.49, oldest tree = 140 years). We also developed a strong multi-species chronology with thirteen wet Miombo woodland species (series Intercorrelation = 0.41, chronology length = 143 years). We found the average monthly precipitation of September to May and the maximum temperature of March to be the main climate variables driving tree growth. Through the two field schools, we trained 48 people from 10 countries (Belgium, Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, DRC, Ghana, Namibia, South Africa, USA, and Zambia) of four continents (Africa, Europe, North America, and South America).
Open-source Python3 tools for Thermobarometry: Revealing the good, the bad and the ugly of determining P-T-X conditions in igneous systems
Authors: Wieser Penny , Kent Adam , Till Christy , Petrelli Maurizio , Wieser Eric , Lubbers Jordan , Neave David , Ozaydin Sinan , Donovan John , Blatter Dawnika , Krawczynski Mike
Published: February 2023

The chemistry of erupted minerals and melts are commonly used to determine the pressures, temperatures and H2O contents of magma storage regions beneath volcanic centres. In turn, these estimates are vital for hazard assessment, to understand the formation of critical metal deposits, and to inform models of continental crust formation. In the last few decades, more than 100 empirical and thermodynamic expressions have been calibrated using measurements of phases in experimental studies where these intensive parameters are known. By collating these different models into a computationally-efficient, open-source Python3 package, Thermobar, we can critically assess the performance of thermobarometers in igneous systems, and propagate analytical errors. When we apply published models for different mineral equilibrium to a new experimental dataset not used in model calibration, we find that stated errors vastly underestimate the true uncertainty when these workflows are applied to natural systems.Specifically, we find that realistic calculation workflows involving Clinopyroxene (Cpx) equilibrium (e.g., iterating pressure and temperature) have uncertainties spanning the entire crust in most tectonic settings. Using Thermobar functions to propagate analytical error using Monte Carlo simulations, we suggest that these large errors result from imprecise analyses of minor elements such as Na in experimental (and natural) Cpx. Common analytical conditions used for Cpx yield highly correlated pressure-temperature arrays spanning the entire crust, which have been incorrectly interpreted as trancrustal storage in natural systems. Insuffucient analyses of each phase in experimental products means that this analytical error is not sufficiently mediated by averaging, so reported mineral compositions deviate from the true phase composition. This impacts thermobarometer calibration, as well as assessment of these methods using test experimental datasets.Overall, we demonstrate that the development of Python3 infrastructure for common quantitative workflows in volcanology is vital to allow rigorous error assessment and model intercomparison; such assessments simply aren’t feasible using traditional tools (e.g., Excel workbooks). Specific changes to analytical, experimental and model calibration workflows (e.g., higher beam currents and count times in Na) will be essential to produce a more robust dataset to calibrate and test the next generation of more precise and accurate Cpx-based barometers. In turn, this will enable more rigorous investigation of magma storage geometries in a variety of tectonic settings (e.g., distinguishing true transcrustal storage vs. storage in discrete reservoirs). 
Evaluating the gravity anomalies over Nigeria from global gravity field models and new terrestrial gravity anomalies
Authors: Bako Michael , Kusche Jurgen
Published: February 2023

The gravity anomalies over Nigeria range from -47.54 mgals to 70 mgals in the flat region and from 70 mgals to 157.26 mgals in regions of significant topography. In geodesy, combined global gravity field models (GGMs) are used for gravimetric geoid modelling. Due to the multitude of GGMs, evaluation against independent data is very important for the quality description of the different models and to establish their precision for application in those localities. It is pivotal that these gravity datasets be evaluated within the study area before they are used for gravimetric geoid modelling. This study aims to evaluate, for the first time, five combined GGMs (EGM2008, SGG-UGM-2, EIGEN-6C4, XGM2019e_2159 and GECO) over Nigeria using a new set of terrestrial gravity anomalies. There exist few evaluations of gravity anomalies based on state boundaries. However, this gravity dataset has not been used to evaluate the above five combined GGMs over the entire country of Nigeria. Our strategy is to compare GGM-derived gravity anomalies at a spectral resolution of d/o 300 in steps to d/o 2190 with terrestrial (free-air and Bouguer) anomalies in terms of standard deviation (SD) and root mean square (RMS) for determining the best fit global model in the study area. The gravity datasets cover the study area, Nigeria within longitudes 3° to 14° E and latitudes 3° to 14° N. In the computation of the free-air gravity anomaly, the effects of atmospheric corrections, free-air reduction and latitude correction were considered. Since it is important to consider the topographic correction in an area where the topography is large, we considered the topographic corrections based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM 30) data set when computing the Bouguer anomaly. From our comparison, it was observed that XGM2019e_2159 derived gravity anomalies have a best-fit relationship with the terrestrial data than the other four GGMs. While further analysis is needed, the preliminary results show that our method has the potential to effectively evaluate and indicate gravity field models that can be useful for modelling the gravity field of the Earth over the study area.Keywords: Free-air gravity anomaly, Bouguer gravity anomaly, Global gravity field models.
Geotechnical zoning of the new lava field of 2021 Tajogaite volcano (La Palma, Canary Islands) and its application in the recovery of the territory for new urbanization
Authors: Hernández-Gutiérrez Luis , Rodríguez-Losada José A. , Miranda-Hardisson Ana , González de Vallejo Luis , Cervigón-Tomico Germán , de los Ríos Díaz Héctor , de Villepreux Ernaud , Álvarez-Hernández Aarón , Afonso-Falcón David
Published: February 2023

The eruption of the Tajogaite volcano occurred between September and December 2021 in the westside of the island of La Palma (Canary Islands) buried an area of 12,19  km2, and destroyed about 1700 buildings. The need of recovering the territory, led the regional authorities to commission a work to the Volcanological Institute of the Canary Islands (INVOLCAN), consisting on the elaboration of a geotechnical map with a classification for the aptitude of the terrain in terms of bearing capacity of buildings foundations and other structures, summarized in this work. The results were applied to 3 pre-selected areas called reconstruction sectors: La Laguna, La Asomada and Las Norias-La Majada. These sectors were divided into 250 x 250 m grids on which the classification was carried out.From the field reconnaissance, and the support of photogrammetric tools, 5 geotechnical units were identified with similar geomechanical and geotechnical behavior: Unit 1, very scoriaceous "aa" lava flows with channels and levees of moderate unevenness; Unit 2, very scoriaceous "aa" lava flows with channels and levees of steep slopes; Unit 3, "pahoehoe" surfaces with cracks and cavities; Unit 4, pyroclastic cone of the Tajogaite volcano and proximal ash deposits; Unit 5, Scattered and distal ash deposits of the main cone. Based on the geomechanical quality of the materials, they were classified into four categories according to the value of the RMR index (Rock Mass Ratio): bad (RMR 0-25); moderate (RMR 26-50); good (RMR 51-75); very good (RMR 76-100).Within the La Laguna sector, of the 19 grids analyzed, 17 were classified as "moderate" and 2 as “good”. In the La Asomada sector, 6 grids that compose it were classified as “moderate” and in Las Norias-La Majada sector, made up of 17 grids, 15 of them were classified as “moderate” and 2 as “bad”.
High Number Concentration of Atmospheric Sub-3 nm Particles in Polluted Environment of East China: three-year Observation at SORPES Station
Authors: Chen Liangduo
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric aerosols are of great concern due to their impacts on human health, visibility, and climate. Sub-3 nanometer particles are initially formed through gas-to-particle conversion with a typical size of 1-3 nm, which is crucial for understanding the steps of new particle formation and sources of aerosol particles in the atmosphere. In this study, sub-3 nm particle concentration was measured from 2018 to 2020 at SORPES station in the Yangtze River Delta, China by particle size magnifier (PSM). Based on three years’ measurement, a high number concentration of sub-3 nm particles was observed all year round. Sub-3 nm particle concentration in polluted urban environments is two orders of magnitude higher than that in clean environments, e.g., Hyytiälä. Moreover, formation rates and growth rates of sub-3 nm particles were calculated in these 3 years. The formation rate in anthropogenic pollution regions is much higher than that in the clean environment, while the growth rate is similar to other field observations. Besides the secondary formation of sub-3 nm particles via new particle formation, we found traffic primary emission is a neglectable source of sub-3 nm particles in the urban area. We estimated the contribution of traffic emission and new particle formation on sub-3 nm particle concentration using sulfuric acid and NOx concentration as tracers. During the daytime, the contribution of traffic emissions can be over 50% on non-NPF-event days, and the contribution even comes to 13% on NPF-event days. During the nighttime, the contribution of traffic emissions can be up to 70%. Furthermore, in some conditions, synergistic effects of traffic emission and new particle formation can happen in the daytime, which causes an extremely high concentration of sub-3 nm particles. Our study also suggests that regional and global air quality models should consider traffic emissions as a primary source of sub-3 nm particles in anthropogenic pollution areas.
The shape of Jupiter and Saturn based on atmospheric dynamics, radio occultations and gravity measurements
Authors: Galanti Eli , Kaspi Yohai , Guillot Tristan
Published: February 2023

The shape of two gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, is determined primarily by their rotation rate, and interior density distribution. It is also affected by their zonal winds, causing a perturbation of O(10 km) at low latitudes. However, uncertainties in the observed cloud-level wind and the polar radius, translate to uncertainty in the shape with the same order of magnitude. This prevents an exact comparison against the shape based on radio-occultation measurements, the only other available data. The Juno (Jupiter) and Cassini (Saturn) missions gave unprecedentedly accurate gravity measurements, constraining better the uncertainty in the wind structure. Using an accurate shape calculation, and a joint optimization, given both gravity and radio-occultation measurements, we calculate the possible range of dynamical height for both planets. We find that for Saturn there is an excellent match to the radio-occultation measurements, while at Jupiter the shape does not reflect the radio-occultations measurements on that scale. 
Assessment of sustainable textile Wastewater Treatment for providing of non-conventional Water- resource related to other activities
Authors: Akrout Hanene , Mellah Thuraya , Mansouri Lobna , Baccouche Hatem , Ghrabi Ahmed
Published: February 2023

Human activities place additional pressure on the limited water resources in arid and semi-arid areas, and the overexploitation of groundwater threatens its quality and sustainability. Non-conventional water represents an alternative and extra resource in this situation. Reuse and recycling the treated wastewater reduce the pollution and protect the groundwater resources against pollution and reinforce their sustainability. Textile industry produce and release wastewater near rivers in the Grombalia case study site (Tunisia), which is characterized by high levels of organic, inorganic materials and dyes residues. Innovative scenarios based on the anodic oxidation of textile effluents are developed in the current study. The findings of treated wastewater quality, treatment costs, and related environmental impacts are contrasted with those of in situ treatment (a reference scenario). The effectiveness of electrochemical technology is related to the simultaneous oxidation and reduction on bipolar BDD electrodes. Three optimized treatment scenarios are proposed to improve the real-world applicability of the sustainable treatment. The best solution is the anodic oxidation post-treatment which was selected based on pollution removal and economic costs. Eco-efficiency results confirmed this choice in terms of environmental benefits which are quantified by COD removal enhancement and water reuse potential.Keywords: groundwater pollution, textile industry, anodic oxidation, eco efficiency, Reuse.Acknowledgment“This paper is supported by the PRIMA program under grant agreement No1923, project InTheMED.. The PRIMA program is supported by the European Union”.