bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Localization of the X-ray source in the globular cluster G1 with Chandra
Authors: Kong A. K. H. , Heinke C. O. , Di Stefano R. , Cohn H. N. , Lugger P. M. , Barmby P. , Lewin W. H. G. , Primini F. A.
Published: August 2010

We report the most accurate X-ray position of the X-ray source in the giant globular cluster G1 in M31 by using the Chandra X-ray Observatory, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). G1 is clearly detected with Chandra and by cross-registering with HST and CFHT images, we derive a 1σ error radius of 0.15 arcsec, significantly smaller than the previous measurement by XMM–Newton. We conclude that the X-ray emission of G1 is likely to come from within the core radius of the cluster. We have considered a number of possibilities for the origin of the X-ray emission but can rule all but two scenarios out: it could be due to either accretion on to a central intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) or an ordinary low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB). Based on the X-ray luminosity and the Bondi accretion rate, an IMBH accreting from the cluster gas seems unlikely and we suggest that the X-rays are due to accretion from a companion. Alternatively, the probability that a 1.5 M⊙ cluster LMXB lies within the 95 per cent X-ray error circle is about 0.7. Therefore we cannot rule out a single LMXB as the origin of the X-ray emission. While we cannot distinguish between different models with current observations, future high-resolution and high-sensitivity radio imaging observations will reveal whether there is an IMBH at the centre of G1.
Constraining the thermal dust content of Lyman break galaxies in an overdense field at z ≈ 5
Authors: Stanway Elizabeth R. , Bremer Malcolm N. , Davies Luke J. M. , Lehnert Matthew D.
Published: August 2010

We have carried out 870-μm observations in the J1040.7−1155 field, known to host an overdensity of Lyman break galaxies at z = 5.16 ± 0.05. We do not detect any individual source at the S870 μm = 3.0 mJy beam−1 (2σ) level. A stack of nine spectroscopically confirmed z > 5 galaxies also yields a non-detection, constraining the submillimetre flux from a typical galaxy at this redshift to S870 μm < 0.85 mJy, which corresponds to a mass limit Mdust < 1.2 × 108 M⊙ (2σ). This limits the mass of thermal dust in distant Lyman break galaxies to less than one-tenth of their typical stellar mass. We see no evidence for strong submillimetre galaxies associated with the ultraviolet-selected galaxy overdensity, but cannot rule out the presence of fainter, less massive sources.
Management of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Cote Lise Gourdeau
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To r eview the classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and medical management of osteoarthritis.

Data Sources

Selected studies, review articles, rheumatology primers, and clinical practice guidelines.

Conclusions

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and the second most common cause of long‐term disability among adults in the United States. It is a heterogeneous condition causing pathogenic changes that are presum‐ably irreversible; it should not be considered part of “normal aging.”

Implications for Practice

Medical management of OA includes various treatment modalities and should be based on the distribution and severity of joint involve‐ment, as well as the presence of comorbid con‐ditions. Treatment goals include decreasing stress on involved joints, limiting physical dis‐ability, maintaining or improving function, reducing pain, and avoiding drug toxicity.
Nurse Practitioner Patient Centered Telephone Calls in a VA Primary Care Geriatric Clinic
Authors: Townsend Carol H. , Maxwell Wanda , Sears Lan T.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To present original research of a retrospective study of telephone calls by nurse practitioners (NP) to geriatric primary care patients over the period of one year in a Veteran's Administration primary care clinic in the southeast.

Data Sources

A convenience sample of the electronic patient progress notes labeled “telephone call” of three full time NPs was collected from May 1, 1998 through April 31, 1999. A total of 1,541 unique telephone calls made by NPs to patients were examined.

Conclusions

Patient telephone calls consume work time, which is often hidden and uncounted when examining time spent with patients. Most calls (62%) were generated by others; the remainder (38%) were initiated by the NPs. The greatest number (42%) of requests related to medication refills.

Implications for Practice

Many patients requested to talk to the NP for non‐clinical issues; many of the requests could have been handled by other staff. It is as if the patient no longer has the traditional call bell to call the nurse but now has the telephone to call the NP. The personal aspect of the phone call may be what is needed by some of the patients looking for a form of human contact.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr. N. Hoffman, MD, and C. Osborn, MSN, GNP, CS, in the preparation of this manuscript.
Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Twiss Janice J. , Waltman Nancy , Ott Carol D. , Gross Gloria J. , Lindsey Ada M. , Moore Timothy E.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The overall purpose of this longitudinal 18‐month study was to test the feasibility and effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. The purpose of this article is to describe the baseline bone mineral density (BMD) findings for 30 postmenopausal women and to compare these BMD findings to time since menopause, body mass index, and tamoxifen use.

Data Sources

Baseline data of BMD findings for 30 post‐menopausal women, who have had a variety of treatments including surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy and or tamoxifen, and are enrolled in the 18‐month longitudinal study. A demographic questionnaire and a three day dietary record were used to collect baseline data.

Conclusions

Eighty percent of the women with breast cancer history had abnormal BMDs at baseline (t‐scores below ‐1.00 SD). Thinner women showed a greater risk for accelerated trabecular bone loss at the spine and hip.

Implications for Practice

These findings suggest the need for early BMD assessments and for aggressive health promotion intervention strategies that include a multifaceted protocol of drug therapy for bone remodeling, 1500 mg of daily calcium, 400 IU vitamin D and a strength weight training program that is implemented immediately following chemotherapy treatment and menopause in this high risk population of women.
A Comparison of Perspectives on Breastfeeding Between Two Generations of Black American Women
Authors: Fooladi Marjaneh M.
Published: August 2010

PURPOSE

To determine differences in breastfeeding perspectives between two generations of black American women with and without access to governmental food assistance programs (i.e., WIC).

DATA SOURCES

Descriptive, comparative study of a convenience sample of 118 black American women in their childbearing years and beyond conducted in a primary rural health care clinic serving an indigent population.

CONCLUSIONS

A significant difference was found between breastfeeding perceptions and rate among younger black American women on WIC program and their mothers without access to these programs. The availability of free formula through WIC programs has partially influ‐enced the rate of breastfeeding among the young black American women. The other sig‐nificant influencing factor was public embarrassment at breastfeeding.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

An extensive educational campaign is needed in order to influence the public's perceptions of breastfeeding as an embarrassment. The success of programs such as WIC must be measured beyond the first six months of an infant's life.
Management of Menopause
Authors: Goolsby Mary Jo
Published: August 2010

Clinical practice guidelines (CPG) hold great potential for providing a summary of large volumes of clinical evidence and a related set of practical recommendations. This article is part of an ongoing series presenting individual CPGs, with a summary and brief critique. The topic addressed by the two CPGs reviewed this month is the management of perimenopause and menopause. Combined, they provide guidance on the initial assessment, ongoing assessment, and pharmacologie management of menopause, as well as a comprehensive counseling program to facilitate informed decision making by women as they experience menopause.
House Calls: Is There an APN in the House?
Authors: Restrepo Adriana , Davitt Christina , Thompson Sara
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To report how a group of geriatric advanced practice nurses (APNs) participated in a house calls program that increased access to care for homebound and frail community‐dwelling elders.

Data Sources

Selected literature and author experiences, illustrated with clinical examples.

Conclusions

Many frail older adults are unable to access healthcare due to functional impairments related to multiple, chronic medical conditions. Many of these adults inappropriately utilize the emergency department for episodic care.

Implications for Practice

The model of care maximizes utilization of APNs to provide cost effective, culturally sensitive, quality care. The goal of geriatric assessment and primary care in this practice is to add quality to later years of life, promoting dignity and comfort to older adults and their families.
Labor Rights for All? The Role of Undocumented Immigrant Status for Worker Claims Making
Authors: Gleeson Shannon
Published: August 2010

Drawing on forty‐one interviews with both documented and undocumented Latino restaurant workers in San Jose, California, and Houston, Texas, this article examines how documentation status shapes the legal consciousness of immigrant workers. I identify three common narratives that undocumented workers provide to justify not making claims on workplace protection. First, I highlight that an ever‐present fear of deportation inhibits any formal confrontation. Second, I demonstrate how undocumented status leaves undocumented immigrants with a particularly pragmatic and short‐term understanding of their working life in the United States, rendering their working conditions temporary and endurable to them. Third, I expand Gordon and Lenhardt's (2008) discussion of the centrality of work to the American conception of citizenship. I reiterate that this particular sense of belonging is situated vis‐à‐vis other low‐wage workers. These findings provide sociolegal scholars important theoretical contributions for crafting a research agenda on the role of undocumented status and legal mobilization.
Learning to Dispute: Repeat Participation, Expertise, and Reputation at the World Trade Organization
Authors: Conti Joseph A.
Published: August 2010

This mixed‐method analysis examines the effects of repeat participation on disputing at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Differences between disputants in terms of their experience with WTO disputing processes affect the likelihood of a dispute transitioning to a panel review in distinct ways, depending upon the configuration of the parties. More experienced complainants tend to achieve settlements, while more experienced respondents tend to refuse conciliation. Strategies of experienced respondents are derived from the expertise generated from repeated direct participation and the normalcy of disputing for repeat players as well as the benefits accruing from a reputation for being unlikely to settle. Repeat players also seek to avoid disputes expected to produce unfavorable jurisprudence but do not actively try to create new case law through the selection of disputes. This research demonstrates a dynamic learning process in how parties use international legal forums and thus extends sociolegal scholarship beyond the nation‐state.
Vertical force and torque analysis during mechanical preparation of extracted teeth using hand ProTaper instruments
Authors: Glavičić Snježana , Anić Ivica , Braut Alen , Miletić Ivana , Borčić Josipa
Published: August 2010

The purpose was to measure and analyse the vertical force and torque developed in the wider and narrower root canals during hand ProTaper instrumentation. Twenty human incisors were divided in two groups. Upper incisors were experimental model for the wide, while the lower incisors for the narrow root canals. Measurements of the force and torque were done by a device constructed for this purpose. Differences between the groups were statistically analysed by Mann–Whitney U‐test with the significance level set to P < 0.05. Vertical force in the upper incisors ranged 0.25–2.58 N, while in the lower incisors 0.38–6.94 N. Measured torque in the upper incisors ranged 0.53–12.03 Nmm, while in the lower incisor ranged 0.94–10.0 Nmm. Vertical force and torque were higher in the root canals of smaller diameter. The increase in the contact surface results in increase of the vertical force and torque as well in both narrower and wider root canals.
Original Article: Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor and AMP‐activated protein kinase agonists protect against lethal influenza virus challenge in mice
Authors: Moseley Carson E. , Webster Robert G. , Aldridge Jerry R.
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Moseley et al. (2010) Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor and AMP‐activated protein kinase agonists protect against lethal influenza virus challenge in mice. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(5), 307–311.

Background  A novel influenza A (H1N1) virus was isolated from humans in North America and has developed into the first pandemic of the 21st century. Reports of a global shortage of antiviral drugs, the evolution of drug‐resistant influenza virus variants, and a 6‐month delay in vaccine availability underline the need to develop new therapeutics that may be widely distributed during future pandemics.

Methods  In an effort to discover alternatives to the conventional therapeutic strategies available, we screened several classes of immunomodulatory agents possessing the potential to mitigate the effects of influenza virus‐induced immunopathology.

Results  Here, we provide preliminary evidence that two classes of drugs, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ agonists and AMP‐activated protein kinase agonists, provide protection in mice infected with highly pathogenic and pandemic strains of influenza virus.

Conclusions  The extensive production in the developed world, combined with the significant degree of protection described here, establishes these drugs as a potential therapeutic option that may be broadly implemented to combat serious disease caused by future influenza epidemics or pandemics.
Recent Developments of Statistical Approaches in Aspects of Accounting: a Review
Authors: Falta Michael , Wolff Rodney
Published: August 2010

We review and simultaneously introduce a convenient statistical concept for the mathematical representation of the Statistical Activity Cost Theory (SACT) introduced by Willett (1987, 1988). Further, we discuss, and present a critique of a variety of statistical models with respect to long debated accounting problems, such as the allocation of joint costs and depreciation. We finally propose that taking the effort to combine those models results in a novel statistical accounting system and this is discussed by means of the so‐called virtual firm. Our approach is methodological rather than empirical. We endeavour to demonstrate that the statistical models presented herein have a more natural interpretation and applicability than their deterministic analogues: hence, this review presents promising outcomes and useful perspectives for the accounting profession.
Reduced Confounding by Impaired Ventilatory Function With Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope and VE/VCO2 Slope Rather Than Peak Oxygen Consumption to Assess Exercise Physiology in Suspected Heart Failure
Authors: Barron Anthony J. , Medlow Katharine I. , Giannoni Alberto , Unsworth Beth , Coats Andrew J. S. , Mayet Jamil , Howard Luke S. , Francis Darrel P.
Published: August 2010

Heart failure and ventilatory disease often coexist; both create abnormalities in cardiopulmonary exercise test measurements. The authors evaluated the relative dependency of a well‐recognized index of heart failure, peak oxygen consumption (VO2), and 2 newer indices, the minute ventilation (VE)/carbon dioxide production (VCO2) slope and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), on standard markers of impaired cardiac and ventilatory function. One hundred twenty‐four patients (median age, 65.8; range, 22.6–84.9), with functional limitation from clinical heart failure were exercised. Peak VO2 was 17.14±7.58 mL/kg/min, VE/VCO2 slope 50.1±20.1, OUES 1.46±0.68 L/min, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 1.88±0.75 L. Peak VO2 is substantially more sensitive to FEV1 than ejection fraction (4.0 mL/kg/min difference between above‐ and below‐median FEV1 and 1.5 mL/kg/min between above‐ and below‐median ejection fraction). OUES does not share this peculiar excess sensitivity to FEV1 (0.12 L/min difference between above‐ and below‐median FEV1 and 0.01 L/min between above‐ and below‐median ejection fraction). VE/VCO2 slope has a borderline effect by FEV1 (7.07 difference between above‐ and below‐median FEV1 and 2.07 between above‐ and below‐median ejection fraction). Although widely used as a marker of heart failure severity, peak VO2 is very sensitive to spirometry status and is indeed more affected by FEV1 than by ejection fraction. OUES in contrast does not show this preferential sensitivity to impaired FEV1. Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16:259–264. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Traumatizing History: Textbooks in Modern Bulgarian History and Bulgarian National Identity (1917–1996)
Authors: Dimitrova Snezhana
Published: August 2010

The theoretical framework of this study rests on the assumption that historical narrative can ‘establish the identity of its authors and listeners’ (Rüsen 1993: 5); it is grounded on the new status of history as a ‘resource for solving the problems of the national emancipation and identity, and for legitimizing the political élites’‘power struggles’ in the modern public space (Grekova et al. 1997: 15). I use theoretical concepts in my analysis of the ways through which historical narratives (forming the structure of the educational content of the obligatory history textbooks) construct the national community, articulating its relation with ‘the surrounding world’. This analysis examines the process of re‐writing the history textbooks1 (as a legitimizing resource of the changing political élites during the periods 1917–1946; 1946–1955; 1963–1984‐1989; 1990–1993‐1996) in order to discern the value‐normative scale of the historical narrative's chain of events, which builds and carries the national identity. Our study deals with the obligatory history textbook in its capacity of official pedagogic discourse that is charged also with the expectations to provide historical resources for solving the crisis of the national identity, caused by the changed direction of Bulgarian historical time as a result of the flow of world history (Bundzhulov et al 1995).
Friendly Africans, Deceptive White Men: Ghanaian Narratives of the Nation
Authors: Dull Laura J.
Published: August 2010

As a tutor at Peki Training College in Ghana, I noticed that particular stories about history and identity arose in discussion with students, teachers, and colleagues and in social studies textbooks. These ‘narratives of the nation’ were linked to globalization and Ghanaian visions for development. By teaching children to work hard, be honest, and study science and technology, educators hope to attract investors to Ghana. At the same time, they resist the moral decline they associate with developed countries by teaching about the importance of maintaining Ghana's similar yet diverse cultures. By ignoring or neutralizing struggles among ethnic groups and blaming ‘white men’ for past and present problems, they build a national identity around shared oppression. But educators also re‐direct negative images used against Africans toward people in villages, who they blame for holding back development and democracy.
Institutions, Identity and Unity: The Anomaly of Australian Nationalism*
Authors: Parent Joseph M.
Published: August 2010

Why has Australia not produced a viable separatist movement? This non‐event is all the more striking compared to the separatism experienced by the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada, among others. Individually or combined, the major paradigms cannot explain separatism or its absence. This paper advances an elite persuasion argument and contends that success of separatist movements depends on the conditions in which elites appeal for autonomy. Specifically, five conditions are necessary for a viable separatist movement: 1) cultural differences, 2) economic incentives, 3) security, 4) concentrated minority settlement patterns, and 5) favourable domestic institutions. The analysis focuses on a comparison between Australia and Canada, but has implications for other separatist and potentially separatist areas.
Delicious Food in a Beautiful Country: Nationhood and Nationalism in Discourses on Food in Contemporary Japan
Authors: Hiroko Takeda
Published: August 2010

The article discusses the recent development of banal forms of nationalism in contemporary Japan by examining a multitude of discourses on food produced by the national government as well as civil organisations working for food safety. Despite the intrinsically hybrid nature marked by the historical trajectory of Japanese food culture, these discourses tend to emphasise and propagate the Japanese element and, in so doing, firmly locate Japanese food as the core of ‘Japaneseness’. In this sense, contemporary food discourse in Japan functions as a powerful biopolitical device by propagating the notion of ‘delicious food in a beautiful country’ on which Japanese people are expected to organise their everyday lives.
The Dual National Identity of the Korean Minority in China: The Politics of Nation and Race and the Imagination of Ethnicity
Authors: Kang Jin Woong
Published: August 2010

This article explores the historical changes in the national identity of the Korean minority in China from the period of Japanese colonial invasion through to the present. Existing studies have taken an ethno‐cultural approach to the Korean minority's dual identity, but they have ignored the importance of political identity‐formation which creates, re‐creates, and transforms national identity. The Korean minority's national identity has been determined by political and economic factors rather than ethnic and cultural backgrounds. In this regard, the Korean minority's double‐minded self‐understanding of its own nationhood has shifted from an ethnicity‐centred dual identity to a nationality‐centred dual identity. This article notes that the Korean minority's national identity has been created and re‐created by political identity‐formation, and its imagination of ethnicity has been transformed through this political process.
Informed opportunism for conservation planning in the Solomon Islands
Authors: Game Edward T. , Lipsett‐Moore Geoffrey , Hamilton Richard , Peterson Nate , Kereseka Jimmy , Atu William , Watts Matthew , Possingham Hugh
Published: August 2010

Human factors more than ecology dictate conservation opportunity and the subsequent success of implementation. This is particularly true in places such as the Solomon Islands where most terrestrial and coastal marine areas remain in community ownership. However, factors such as community support are not reliably predictable, nor easy to map, and therefore challenging to incorporate into systematic conservation plans. Here, we describe how the Lauru Land Conference of Tribal Communities and The Nature Conservancy have worked with the communities of Choiseul Province, Solomon Islands, to develop a conservation planning process that reconciles community‐driven conservation opportunities, with a systematic and representation‐based approach to prioritization. We suggest how sophisticated prioritization software can be used collaboratively in a community setting, to dynamically assess and guide conservation opportunities as they arise; a process ofinformed opportunism.
ZUR DIFFERENTIALDIAGNOSE DER REZIDIVIERENDEN HYPOPYON‐IRITIS
Authors: Lemke L.
Published: August 2010

Es wird über 15 Patienten mit rezidivierender Hypopyon‐Iritis berichtet, die trotz teilweise fehlender mucocutaner Veränderungen auf Grund der charakteristischen Verlaufsform am Auge und typischer Begleitleiden dem Formenkreis des Morbus Behcet zugerechnet werden müssen. An 2 Patienten mit Morbus Reiter wird der enge Zusammenhang beider Symptomenkomplexe demonstriert.
DIE KLINISCHE BEDEUTUNG DER PSEUDOPAPILLITIS
Authors: Weinstein Paul
Published: August 2010

ZUSAMAIENFASSUNG

Ein Teil der an Pseudopapillitis leidenden Kranken weist ein hypotonischem, hypoplasischem Gefäss‐System auf. Bei anderen Kranken findet sich eine Hypertonie mit an das Cushing'sches Syndroin erinnernden Symptomen: Adi‐positas, gesteigerte Ketosteroid‐Entleerung, Hyperostosis frontalis interna. In einem Teil der Fälle zeigt sich Familiarität.
Winds of Change? How Do We Teach Literature in a Collegiate Environment?
Authors: Wurst Karin A.
Published: August 2010

This contribution introduces three articles on the pedagogy of literature and German Studies.
The Gender of Terror: War as (Im) Moral Institution in Kleist'sHermannsschlachtandPenthesilea
Authors: Krimmer Elisabeth
Published: August 2010

This article argues that the notion of warfare as a sublime endeavor does not originate in WWI literature but dates back to the eighteenth century. Alongside the debate on eternal peace, there existed a lively discourse, evidenced in texts by Wilhelm von Humboldt, Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Schlegel and others, that considered war a moral and culturally productive institution and lavished praise on its ennobling features. Secondly, the article suggests that Kleist'sHermannsschlachtandPenthesileacontain a critique of such recuperative war discourses. In Kleist's texts, the concept of terror emerges as the dark “Other” of the nexus of war and the sublime. Similarly, representations of savagery and inhuman cruelty are employed to deconstruct the notion of war as a rational, political act. Finally, the article claims that, in spite of these insights, Kleist's texts cannot be read as pacifist manifestos since the critique of war is undercut and confounded by the representation of gender.
No Fun: Aporias of Pleasure in Adorno's Aesthetic Theory
Authors: Weitzman Erica
Published: August 2010

“Fun” functions as at once cipher and overdetermined signifier in Adorno's writings. Clearly of the enemy camp, the term variously encompasses kitsch and “culinary” art, commodity fetishism, fascist ideologies, historical amnesia, and the general tawdriness and tackiness of Southern California in the 1950s. But “fun” is also closely allied with the play (and perhaps also the pleasure) “without which there is no more possibility of art than of theory” (Aesthetic Theory 38). These and similar ambiguities offer the possibility for reexamining, and even recuperating, the importance of fun in Adorno's own aesthetics. This essay first examines the at times contradictory significations of “fun” and its associated terms in Aesthetic Theory and other works. Second, it asks what “fun” art might actually mean in terms of Adorno's theories, focusing in particular on the question of the art‐cognizing subject and the status of “fun” as both the anathema and the inevitability of aesthetics.
The Clothes Make the Man: Cross‐Dressing, Gender Performance, and Female Desire in Johann Elias Schlegel'sDer Triumph der guten Frauen
Authors: Potter Edward T.
Published: August 2010

Schlegel's 1748 comedy takes the potentially liberating historical practice of female cross‐dressing and restructures it by using it to promote a sentimental conception of marriage based on love, mutual compatibility, and free partner choice and by emptying this contemporary cultural phenomenon of any potentially liberating features, thereby defusing non‐normative gender performance. Schlegel's text highlights culturally constructed aspects of gender by placing gender performance at the play's core. By staging a successful performance of male gender, the female character Hilaria reintegrates two wayward husbands into the sentimental marriage. Via Hilaria's disguise, the text explores: how the control of information establishes power relationships; how cross‐dressing is used to reinscribe traditional gender roles; how mutual respect and friendship are promoted as a strong basis for marriage; and finally, how sexual desire is construed as a purely male phenomenon, thereby ironizing the possibility of female desire in general and female same‐sex desire in particular
Against Biopolitics: Walter Benjamin, Carl Schmitt, and Giorgio Agamben on Political Sovereignty and Symbolic Order1
Authors: Pan David
Published: August 2010

While Walter Benjamin's equation of law with violence leads to his affirmation of a kind of un‐mediated divine violence and Giorgio Agamben's notion of sovereignty links politics directly with the body, Carl Schmitt's idea of sovereignty does not concern itself primarily with bare life but with an acculturated subject that links law and politics to a particular tradition. Because he is always concerned about this relationship between culture and politics, Schmitt offers a concept of the political that is better able to explain the kinds of ideological and cultural factors that impact upon politics in situations such as the Weimar Republic or the civil war in Iraq, in which cultural conflict leads to political instability. His thinking suggests that the cultural analysis of both religious and secular literary traditions can throw light on the ideological commitments that motivate political conflict.
How the Past Writes the Future: Social Autobiography and the Dynamics of Discrimination in Christoph Hein'sLandnahmeand other Writings
Authors: McKnight Phil
Published: August 2010

With the portrayal of local resentment towards the massive influx of Silesian refugees after WWII in the GDR in his novelLandnahme, Christoph Hein expands the literary representation of history he began earlier inHorns Ende, again using the fictional small town of Guldenberg as para‐digmatic for the GDR, extended here over time to include unified Germany. Bernhard Haber's epic, but unscrupulous struggle to overcome the will of his neighbors for him to fail provides the backdrop for Hein's depiction of how the past unavoidably writes the future and how the collective process of socialization shapes meanings and values. Using five narrators, Hein applies his earlier concept of social autobiography to trace historical developments in the acquired collective attitudes of Germans towards Gypsies, Poles, the handicapped, and African and Vietnamese workers left behind after unification, all of whom were subjected to the same abusive language and discrimination directed at the refugees.
Margarete Susman, Staat, Literatur oder nochmals zum deutschen Intellektualismus
Authors: Gilleir Anke
Published: August 2010

Der vorliegende Aufsatz handelt von der deutsch‐jüdischen Dichterin und Autorin Margarete Susman (1872–1966) und ihren 1915 in derFrankfurter Zeitungerschienenen Aufsatz “Einzelmoral und Staatsmoral,” in dem die Autorin das Verhältnis zwischen Individuum und Staat erörtert. Vor dem Hintergrund des Ersten Weltkrieges erweist sich Susmans öffentlich gestellte Frage nach dem ethischen Verhältnis zwischen dem Bürger und seiner Nation als brisant. Denn nach dem ersten Kriegsjahr dominiert im deutschen wie im europäischen Zeitdiskurs nach wie vor die Idee der Symbiose zwischen dem Einzelnen und seinem Land, und Fragen über politische Verantwortung an eine kriegsmobilisierte Bevölkerung sind keineswegs selbstverständlich. Frappant ist auch die Tatsache, dass Susman als Simmel‐Schülerin und Autorin aus dem weiteren George‐Kreis stammt und sich bis zu dem Punkt mit der Welt der autonomen Ästhetik befasste. Im Gegensatz zu ihren Zeitgenossen Karl Wolfskehl, Friedrich Gundolf und Stefan George äußert sich die heute weitgehend vergessene Autorin als Intellektuelle, für die Krieg und Nation nicht zum Bild der ästhetischen Ideologie gehören. Dieser Aufsatz, der Position, Sprache und Argumentation von Susman im Rahmen ihrer historischen Konstellation untersucht, will ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des deutschen Intellektualismus sein.
Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey
Authors: ÇAPKIN Erhan , CAKIRBAY Haşim , KARKUCAK Murat , TOPBAS Murat , SERDAROĞLU Münevver , GULER Mustafa , TOSUN Mehmet
Published: August 2010

Aim:  The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey.

Method:  The study was carried out between March 2003 and March 2005 by the Karadeniz Technical University Medical Faculty Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in the urban area in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey, which has a population of 459 021 (according to the 2000 national census). A total of 6103 subjects, 20 years old or over, were selected by the sampling method; 3023 (49.5%) women and 3080 (50.5%) men were included in the study. The diagnosis of RA was performed based on fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria.

Results:  Fifty‐nine patients were diagnosed with RA according to the ACR criteria, of which 11 were male and 48 female. The prevalence of RA was 1% (95% CI: 0.75–1.25) in the general population, 1.6% (95% CI: 1.15–2.05) in women and 0.35% (95% CI: 0.14–0.56) in men. The female/male ratio was 4.3 : 1.0, showing that RA prevalence was statistically significantly higher in women (P < 0.005).

Conclusion:  Our study demonstrates that RA is a common disease in Turkish society.
Low‐dose and high‐dose methotrexate are two different drugs in practical terms
Authors: MALAVIYA Anand N. , SHARMA Amit , AGARWAL Divya , KAPOOR Sanjiv , GARG Shriram , SAWHNEY Sujata
Published: August 2010

Methotrexate (MTX) was originally synthesised as an anti‐cancer drug. Soon it was also used in immunoinflammatory diseases, mainly in the field of rheumatology. However, the dose used in oncology is several‐fold higher as compared to the dose used in systemic immunoinflammatory rheumatological diseases. This led to the use of terms ‘low‐dose MTX’ (LD‐MTX) and ‘high‐dose MTX’ (HD‐MTX) respectively for its use in immunoinflammatory rheumatological diseases as against its use in oncology. Extensive studies have demonstrated that therapeutic action, clinical indications, adverse effects and mechanisms of action of LD‐MTX and HD‐MTX are quite different. It is somewhat akin to low‐dose aspirin versus high‐dose aspirin with entirely different spectra of therapeutic action and adverse effects. It is important to understand this difference. This would help in allaying unfounded fear of adverse effects of LD‐MTX that is often mistakenly considered the same as that of HD‐MTX used in oncology.
Discovering Binary Codes for Documents by Learning Deep Generative Models
Authors: Hinton Geoffrey , Salakhutdinov Ruslan
Published: August 2010

We describe a deep generative model in which the lowest layer represents the word‐count vector of a document and the top layer represents a learned binary code for that document. The top two layers of the generative model form an undirected associative memory and the remaining layers form a belief net with directed, top‐down connections. We present efficient learning and inference procedures for this type of generative model and show that it allows more accurate and much faster retrieval than latent semantic analysis. By using our method as a filter for a much slower method called TF‐IDF we achieve higher accuracy than TF‐IDF alone and save several orders of magnitude in retrieval time. By using short binary codes as addresses, we can perform retrieval on very large document sets in a time that is independent of the size of the document set using only one word of memory to describe each document.
Quantitative Risk Assessment for Zoonotic Transmission ofCryptosporidium parvumInfection Attributable to Recreational Use of Farmland
Authors: Hill A. , Nally P. , Chalmers R. M. , Pritchard G. C. , Giles M.
Published: August 2010

Cryptosporidiosis caused byCryptosporidium parvuminfection is a major cause of enteric illness in man and there is a significant reservoir in animals, particularly young ruminant species. To preliminary assess the magnitude of the risk posed by contact with faeces produced by infected livestock, two microbiological risk assessments have been developed: one for the risk of human infection withC. parvumwhile camping on contaminated land recently grazed by infected suckler cattle and a comparable risk assessment for camping on land recently spread with contaminated cattle slurry. Using a worst‐case scenario approach, the upper level of risk was estimated to be one infection in every 6211 person‐visits for a camping event on land recently grazed by infected cattle. Translated into camping events of 100 persons, this risk estimate would most likely lead to zero (98% likelihood) or one infection (1% likelihood). The results for cattle slurry model are similar despite different pathways. Sensitivity analysis was conducted for the grazing cattle model only. This suggested that the time between grazing and camping was the most important control strategy, but increasing hand‐washing frequency and the removal of cattle faeces before camping would also be beneficial. If the upper level of risk were to be judged unacceptable then further data would be required to more accurately estimate the risk of infection through these scenarios. Further research would also be required to assess the fraction of cases attributable to camping and/or environmental contact withCryptosporidiumoocysts.
CERTAIN HEMATOLOGIC AND BLOOD CHEMICAL VALUES IN BEAGLE DOGS
Authors: Vondruska James F. , Greco Ronald A.
Published: August 2010

Certain hematologic and blood biochemical parameters were determined on over 200 purebred Beagle dogs. Mean values, standard deviations, and minimal–maximal values were determined for various age categories and for each sex. The following parameters were measured and compared to cited values where they were available: hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte, total and differential leukocyte counts, platelet and reticulocyte counts, cellular indices, prothrombin time, coagulation time, serum concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, bilirubin, uric acid, cholesterol, sodium, potassium and chloride, and serum enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase.
Empirical Observations on “Middle State” Behavior at the Start of a New International System
Authors: Neack Laura
Published: August 2010

An earlier version of this article was presented at the 33rd Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, March 31‐April 4, 1992, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. This version makes use of data gathered and codified by Frank L. Sherman as part of the SHERFACS events dataset. My thanks go to Frank for his assistance and suggestions on this article, and to Joe Hagan and Roger Knudson for suggestions on the earlier paper. All opinions remain, of course, my own.
Bureaucratic Particularism and Soviet Military Policy: Lessons from Air Defense in the 1970s
Authors: Kaufman Stuart J.
Published: August 2010

This article was originally presented at the Northeast Political Science Association meeting on on November 17, 1990, in Providence, Rhode Island. The author would like to thank James J. Wirtz for thoughtful comments on that version, M.J. Peterson for her insightful response to the presentation, and Chung‐in Moon for encouragement in revising the work for publication.
Japans Plutonium Overhang and Regional Insecurity
Authors: Hayes Peter
Published: August 2010

This paper was first presented to the Japanese Physicians Forum Against Nuclear War and for the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons, Kobe, Japan, February 28, 1993.
Democratic America in Northeast Asia: U.S. Strategy, Missile Defense and Implications for Allied Defense Relationships*
Authors: Finley Sonya
Published: August 2010

This article examines the potential impacts of U.S. missile defense coupled with the updated national security strategy on allied defense relationships with Japan and South Korea. Facing predominantly asymmetric threats from the proliferation of ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction from actors including rogue states such as North Korea, the U.S. has embarked on a long‐term plan for deploying missile defenses. However, in the near‐term, the technological feasibility may not correspond with the current official rhetoric concerning missile defenses. Failure to recognize potential sources of conflicts stemming from these issues within the alliances could fundamentally weaken both America's military strategy and the political foundations of the alliances.
The Korean Sunshine Policy: Its Light and Shade
Authors: Lee Dong Hyung
Published: August 2010

This article examines the aspects and achievements of Kim Dae Jung administration's Sunshine policy by researching government documents and then suggests appropriate directions for South Korea new administration's policy toward North Korea.

Despite many fruitful achievements as a result of an active implementation of the Sunshine policy by the Kim Dae Jung government, inter‐Korean relations have not resulted in full national consensus and political support domestically, nor have they defused the distrust and tense confrontation with its counterpart. Externally, the Kim government has experienced difficulty in pushing its policy toward the North, lacking cooperation from the U.S.

Based on a review of the Sunshine policy of the Kim government, this paper makes to the following policy recommendations for the new South Korean government. First, it should seek out nation‐wide understanding and consent, and establish a policy toward North Korea based on a firm national security posture and cooperation with the U.S.; second, it should continue economic cooperation with the North, but avoid hasty and international economic cooperation. In order to maintain stability while encouraging economic cooperation, it should pursue both the completion of legal and institutional measures, and multilateral economic cooperation; third, it should demand the implementation of North‐South agreements by North Korea while maintaining flexible reciprocity; fourth, by closely monitoring the distribution of aid funds, it should clear up any suspicion of inappropriate distribution, and seek cooperation from international organizations and NGOs for efficient monitoring; finally, the new government should not involve its policy toward North Korea with domestic politics, and avoid manipulating it for the administration's benefit.
Interest Groups, Discourse, and Politics of Policy Evolution: A Case Study on South Korea's Health Care Policy, 1998–2001
Authors: Jeon Yongjoo
Published: August 2010

The political dynamics of South Korea's health care policy has changed in significant ways since the 1990s. In particular, various interest groups in South Korea, such as medical doctor and pharmacist groups, and hospital associations have succeeded in forcing their issues onto the agenda. How have those interest groups been able to achieve this increase of influence? To answer this question, this study utilizes studies of problem definition and agenda setting. In particular, adopting Schattschneider's notion about conflict expansion and issue definition, this paper examines how the use of argument shapes the debate over South Korea's health care reform issue. The results show several important aspects of the lobbying process and its impact on the health care reform policy. First, interest groups in Korea have become active in promoting certain arguments or issue definitions, and in producing, publicizing, or providing evidence that supports these arguments. This strategy may affect policy outcomes by refocusing legislator attention or by mobilizing symphathetically‐disposed members to utilize their legislative agency's power in pursuit of the groups' policy goals. Second, interest group lobbying activity is a conflictual and dynamic process. Opponents of the Health Care Reform initiated their lobbying activities and expanded the scope of conflict by focusing on certain issue dimensions. Faced with interest groups politicizing a conflict, proponents of the new program must react. Thus, the lobbying process is a reactive and conflictual process by which interest groups compete for political influence through the issue definitions, arguments, and evidence they present in order to shape the policy‐making process. In the case examined for this study, the KMA, an opponent of a given policy proposal, seemed to succeed in getting their issues onto the agenda by appealing to a large audience and expanding the scope of conflict. By so doing, they were able to shape the final policy process.
Partisan Intervention and Taiwan's China Policy
Authors: Larus Elizabeth Freund
Published: August 2010

This article examines the impact of democratization on Taiwan“s foreign policy making. For fifty years, the ruling Kuomintang determined Taiwan's China policy. The democratization that made possible the election of President Chen Shui‐bian, however, complicated foreign policy making by allowing the participation of more voices in Taiwan's politics. For the past five years, the now opposition KMT and other parties have challenged Chen”s China policy with a vastly different foreign policy agenda. This article examines their views, and the influence of party cleavage on Taiwan's China policy. It seeks to answer the following questions: In Taiwan, does “politics stop at the water's edge”? (i.e., is there strong coordination among national officials and politicians), or is the state “disaggregated” with different elements (e.g., political parties) conducting semi‐autonomous foreign policies in the service if disparate societal interests?
Korean Nationalism in a Divided Nation: Challenges to US Policy
Authors: Olsen Edward A.
Published: August 2010

Korean nationalism poses challenges for Koreans dwelling in each half of the divided Korean nation because each half of the nation must simultaneously deal with both their own and the other half's form of semi‐nationalism and also with peninsular pan‐nationalism. Coping with these three forms of nationalism is also a problem for US policy toward each Korean state and toward inter‐Korean relations. Understanding the historical evolution of these dynamics is crucial to all three players, but their perspectives on that historical legacy differ – adding to the complexity of the issue. The ways in which China, Russia and Japan cope with Korean nationalism further complicates matters for US policy. Over time, as a unified Korea's nationalism becomes more likely, the USA shall have to adapt its policy toward Korea in a more creative manner.
Role and mechanism of pancreatic β‐cell death in diabetes: The emerging role of autophagy
Authors: Kim Kyoung‐Ah , Lee Myung‐Shik
Published: August 2010

Pancreatic β‐cell failure resulting from decreased β‐cell mass or dysfunction is the ultimate step towards most types of diabetes. Even if insulin resistance exists, diabetes does not develop unless pancreatic β‐cell function or its adaptation is compromised. Classically, two types of cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) have been studied in the diabetes field. Recently, a third type of cell death (autophagy, sometimes called type 2 programmed cell death in comparison with apoptosis, type 1 programmed cell death) and its pathophysiological role have been recognized and are being investigated. In the present review, we will discuss the role of various types of cell death in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Specifically, we will briefly cover recent progress regarding the role of autophagy in diabetes, which is becoming a hot topic in diabetes and metabolism. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.0054.x, 2010)