bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coverage survey of typhoid conjugate vaccine among children aged 6 months to 15 years in an urban slum settlement of Lyari Town Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Batool Rabab , Qureshi Sonia , Haq Zoya , Yousafzai Mohammad Tahir , Salam Rehana A. , Ali Rafey , Sadaf Tahira , Ali Miqdad , Qamar Farah Naz
Published: August 2023

Objective

To estimate the coverage rate of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) among children aged 6 months to 15 years in Lyari Town Karachi, Pakistan.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to estimate the vaccine coverage of Typbar TCV in Lyari Town Karachi utilizing the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended rapid vaccine coverage assessment technique (30 clusters × 7 households). Sampling was powered at town level and multistage cluster sampling was used. Four union councils were randomly selected from a total of 11 and the survey was conducted in those union councils. After consent was obtained, parents of age-eligible children living in the selected union councils were invited to participate in the survey and information was collected on Typbar TCV vaccination status of children aged 6 months to 15 years.

Results

Overall, 2325 children were included in the survey. The mean age of the participants was 7.60 ± 3.84 years. The ratio of males to females was equal in the survey sample; 1163 (50.02%) were male. In the total target population, 82% children were found to be vaccinated; however, the vaccination status could be verified for 80%. The vaccine coverage of TCV was comparable among the four union councils and the overall coverage of TCV vaccine in Lyari Town was found to be 80%. The coverage was significantly lower in younger children, 5% and 17% among children aged 6 months to < 2 years and 2 years to < 5 years respectively and 78% among children aged 5 years to 15 years.

Conclusion

The overall immunization coverage rate with TCV was found to be satisfactory. Immunization coverage was comparable among both sexes and the selected union councils but it was relatively low among children in younger age groups.
The genetic basis of variation in immune defense against Lysinibacillus fusiformis infection in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Smith Brittny R. , Patch Kistie B. , Gupta Anjali , Knoles Emma M. , Unckless Robert L.
Published: August 2023

The genetic causes of phenotypic variation often differ depending on the population examined, particularly if the populations were founded by relatively small numbers of genotypes. Similarly, the genetic causes of phenotypic variation among similar traits (resistance to different xenobiotic compounds or pathogens) may also be completely different or only partially overlapping. Differences in genetic causes for variation in the same trait among populations suggests context dependence for how selection acts on those traits. Similarities in the genetic causes of variation for different traits, on the other hand, suggests pleiotropy which would also influence how natural selection shapes variation in a trait. We characterized immune defense against a natural Drosophila pathogen, the Gram-positive bacterium Lysinibacillus fusiformis, in three different populations and found almost no overlap in the genetic architecture of variation in survival post infection. However, when comparing our results to a similar experiment with the fungal pathogen, B. bassiana, we found a convincing shared QTL peak for both pathogens. This peak contains the Bomanin cluster of Drosophila immune effectors. Loss of function mutants and RNAi knockdown experiments confirms a role of some of these genes in immune defense against both pathogens. This suggests that natural selection may act on the entire cluster of Bomanin genes (and the linked region under the QTL) or specific peptides for specific pathogens.
Vertical transmission of African-lineage Zika virus through the fetal membranes in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) model
Authors: Koenig Michelle R. , Mitzey Ann M. , Zeng Xiankun , Reyes Leticia , Simmons Heather A. , Morgan Terry K. , Bohm Ellie K. , Pritchard Julia C. , Schmidt Jenna A. , Ren Emily , Leyva Jaimes Fernanda B. , Winston Eva , Basu Puja , Weiler Andrea M. , Friedrich Thomas C. , Aliota Matthew T. , Mohr Emma L. , Golos Thaddeus G.
Published: August 2023

Zika virus (ZIKV) can be transmitted vertically from mother to fetus during pregnancy, resulting in a range of outcomes including severe birth defects and fetal/infant death. Potential pathways of vertical transmission in utero have been proposed but remain undefined. Identifying the timing and routes of vertical transmission of ZIKV may help us identify when interventions would be most effective. Furthermore, understanding what barriers ZIKV overcomes to effect vertical transmission may help improve models for evaluating infection by other pathogens during pregnancy. To determine the pathways of vertical transmission, we inoculated 12 pregnant rhesus macaques with an African-lineage ZIKV at gestational day 30 (term is 165 days). Eight pregnancies were surgically terminated at either seven or 14 days post-maternal infection. Maternal-fetal interface and fetal tissues and fluids were collected and evaluated for ZIKV using RT-qPCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and plaque assays. Four additional pregnant macaques were inoculated and terminally perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde at three, six, nine, or ten days post-maternal inoculation. For these four cases, the entire fixed pregnant uterus was evaluated with in situ hybridization for ZIKV RNA. We determined that ZIKV can reach the MFI by six days after infection and infect the fetus by ten days. Infection of the chorionic membrane and the extraembryonic coelomic fluid preceded infection of the fetus and the mesenchymal tissue of the placental villi. We did not find evidence to support a transplacental route of ZIKV vertical transmission via infection of syncytiotrophoblasts or villous cytotrophoblasts. The pattern of infection observed in the maternal-fetal interface provides evidence of paraplacental vertical ZIKV transmission through the chorionic membrane, the outer layer of the fetal membranes.
Impact of stabilizing mutations on the antigenic profile and glycosylation of membrane-expressed HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein
Authors: Tong Tommy , D’Addabbo Alessio , Xu Jiamin , Chawla Himanshi , Nguyen Albert , Ochoa Paola , Crispin Max , Binley James M.
Published: August 2023

Recent HIV-1 vaccine development has centered on “near native” soluble envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers that are artificially stabilized laterally (between protomers) and apically (between gp120 and gp41). These mutations have been leveraged for use in membrane-expressed Env mRNA vaccines, although their effects in this context are unclear. To address this question, we used virus-like particle (VLP) produced in 293T cells. Uncleaved (UNC) trimers were laterally unstable upon gentle lysis from membranes. However, gp120/gp41 processing improved lateral stability. Due to inefficient gp120/gp41 processing, UNC is incorporated into VLPs. A linker between gp120 and gp41 neither improved trimer stability nor its antigenic profile. An artificially introduced enterokinase cleavage site allowed post-expression gp120/gp41 processing, concomitantly increasing trimer stability. Gp41 N-helix mutations I559P and NT1-5 imparted lateral trimer stability, but also reduced gp120/gp41 processing and/or impacted V2 apex and interface NAb binding. I559P consistently reduced recognition by HIV+ human plasmas, further supporting antigenic differences. Mutations in the gp120 bridging sheet failed to stabilize membrane trimers in a pre-fusion conformation, and also reduced gp120/gp41 processing and exposed non-neutralizing epitopes. Reduced glycan maturation and increased sequon skipping were common side effects of these mutations. In some cases, this may be due to increased rigidity which limits access to glycan processing enzymes. In contrast, viral gp120 did not show glycan skipping. A second, minor species of high mannose gp160 was unaffected by any mutations and instead bypasses normal folding and glycan maturation. Including the full gp41 cytoplasmic tail led to markedly reduced gp120/gp41 processing and greatly increased the proportion of high mannose gp160. Remarkably, monoclonal antibodies were unable to bind to this high mannose gp160 in native protein gels. Overall, our findings suggest caution in leveraging stabilizing mutations in nucleic acid-based immunogens to ensure they impart valuable membrane trimer phenotypes for vaccine use.
TUDCA and Neurodegeneration
Authors: Sutherland Liz
Published: August 2023

Evidence for the neuroprotective effects of TUDCA was first shown in experimental or animal models of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis,18 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These preclinical studies found that TUDCA regulates and inhibits apoptosis; reduces production of reactive oxygen species; protects mitochondria; and acts as a chemical chaperone to stabilize the unfolded protein response.8 Several clinical trials are now underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TUDCA in the treatment of neurodegeneration. Data from these trials has shown that TUDCA is safe and potentially effective in ALS, which is now the first neurodegenerative condition to be treated with hydrophilic bile acids. Further evidence is being collected with regard to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.
Utilidad diagnóstica de la prueba de riesgo de la Asociación Americana de Diabetes para prediabetes y diabetes. Una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
Authors: Vera-Ponce Victor Juan , Zeñas-Trujillo Gianella Zulema , Loayza-Castro Joan A. , Zuzunaga-Montoya Fiorella E. , Valladares-Garrido Mario J.
Published: August 2023

Introducción. Dado el aumento de los casos de prediabetes y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) a nivel mundial, y al poco acceso de análisis de laboratorio en varios lugares, es necesario contar con la implementación de un método de detección simple, rápido y sin laboratorio: la prueba de riesgo de la Asociación Americana de Diabetes (ADA): el ADA test risk score (ADATRS).
Objetivo. Realizar una revisión sistemática (RS) con metaanálisis sobre la utilidad diagnóstica del ADATRS para prediabetes y DM2.
Materiales. RS con metaanálisis de estudios de pruebas diagnósticas. Se realizó la búsqueda en cuatro bases de datos: PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science y EMBASE. Se obtuvieron los verdadero positivos, verdaderos negativos, falsos positivos y falsos negativos de cada estudio. Se construyeron tablas de 2×2 con base en la información del artículo o de los autores. Así, se presentaron diagramas de bosque con un intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC 95%), tanto de la sensibilidad como especificidad en conjunto del ADATRS para ambos eventos de interés.
Resultados. Los diagramas de bosque revelaron que la sensibilidad y especificidad para prediabetes fueron 0,91 (IC95%: 0,82–0,96) y 0,52 (IC95%: 0,36–0,67), respectivamente. Mientras que, para DM2, la sensibilidad y especificidad, combinados fueron 0,85 (IC95%: 0,71–0,93) y 0,56 (IC95%: 0,47–0,65), respectivamente.
Conclusiones. Nuestra revisión sistemática y metanálisis de la literatura actual sugiere que el ADATRS puede ser útil como método de cribado para prediabetes y DM2, dado su alta sensibilidad. Sin embargo, existe mucha heterogeneidad y pocos estudios aun al respecto; por lo tanto, se necesitan más trabajos de investigación en diferentes poblaciones y con métodos más estandarizados para finalmente determinar la importancia clínica de este cuestionario como herramienta de cribado o diagnóstico para la prediabetes o DM2.
STRESS AND DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF A U-SHAPED THIN AQUEDUCT BASED ON SHELL ELEMENT
Authors: Zhao Chuan , ZHANG LUO , FENG SA , ZENG PENG , Zhou Qiang , YU RUI
Published: August 2023

In order to study the stress and deformation characteristics of Jigongzui U-shaped thin shell aqueduct structure, shell element in ANSYS is proposed to establish the three-dimensional finite element model of the aqueduct for numerical calculation, and the relevant mechanical parameters are obtained by detecting the depth of concrete carbonization. The simulated results show that: (1) The concrete carbonization depth of Jigongzui aqueduct reached 20mm, accounting for about 20% of the total thickness of the channel wall; (2) With the increase of aqueduct water level, the deformation and stress of the aqueduct body gradually increase. The maximum deflection in the middle of the span is 6.98mm, which is less than the limit value of the specification, but the tension in some areas at the bottom of the middle of the span is obvious, exceeding the allowable tensile strength. It is suggested to strengthen the aqueduct body by pasting high-performance fiber materials to improve the stress distribution of the aqueduct body; (3) Shell  element has fast calculation speed and high efficiency when simulating similar U-shaped thin shell aqueduct, which can be popularized in simulating similar thin shell structures.
STUDY ON EARTHQUAKE DESTRUCTION MODE OF THE LARGEST CANAL CROSSING HIGHWAY BRIDGE BASED ON IEM BOUNDARY IN SOUTH-TO-NORTH WATER DIVERSION
Authors: Xu Xinyong , Zhang Honghao , Liang Jinchang , Liu Xuhui , Xie Chenlong , Zhang Jianwei
Published: August 2023

To study the dynamic failure mechanism and damage development law of highway bridge structure under the boundary effect in the process of seismic dynamic duration, the Wenchang Highway Bridge with the largest canal crossing in the South-to-North Water Diversion is taken as an example for seismic design analysis. Based on the finite element and infinite element coupling theory, the infinite element method boundary is introduced, the concrete damage plasticity is introduced, and the half-space free field model is established to study the energy dispersion phenomenon of waves in the boundary and the absorption effect of the infinite element method boundary on wave energy is verified. Under different peak acceleration intensities, the seismic response analysis of the bridge structure was carried out. The results show that: Under the action of selected artificial waves, the damage location of the bridge mainly concentrated in the junction of the box girder supported by the pier, the bottom of the pier and the junction of the pier and beam. The damage tends to develop downward near the bottom of the box girder. The damage at both ends of the beam extends from both ends to the middle. And the bottom and top of the pier have penetrating damage. These are weak points in seismic design. At a horizontal peak acceleration of 0.6g, in addition to damage to the pier column, damage also occurred to the bottom of the box girder. Therefore, when the horizontal peak acceleration of the seismic wave is greater than 0.6g, the failure of the bottom of the box girder is paid attention to. Moreover, the IEM boundary has a good control effect on the far-field energy dissipation of the wave, which is simpler and more efficient than the viscous–spring boundary.
Experimental study on real bridge before and after simple-supporting to continuous reinforced concrete hollow slab
Authors: Hu Bowen , Yang Jianxi , Sun Quansheng , Zhang Chao
Published: August 2023

This article studies a concrete hollow slab simply supported-continuous actual engineering project in a certain city. Before the reinforcement of the bridge, there were cracks and exposed rebars, etc. In order to ensure the safe operation of the bridge, a reinforcement method of simply supported-continuous was adopted, prestressed steel strands are used to convert the simple-supported structure into a continuous structure, thereby improving the structural load-bearing capacity and overall integrity. Through conducting comparative analysis of load tests on a bridge before and after reinforcement, this article studies the improvement effect of the simply-supported-to-continuous reinforcement method on the bearing capacity of the bridge. A finite element model of the bridge was established, and comparative analysis was carried out before and after the reinforcement of the bridge. The bearing capacity and work performance of the bridge structure were evaluated. The research shows that the simply supported-continuous reinforcement method has a good improvement effect on the load-bearing capacity of the concrete hollow slab and can be used to improve the insufficient load-bearing capacity of the concrete hollow slab bridge in the city.
FUNCTIONAL USE OF THE AREA OF PRAGUE CASTLE WITH EMPHASIS ON THE NORMALIZATION PERIOD
Authors: Šnorbert Martin
Published: August 2023

This paper deals with individual typological types and units in the Prague Castle area. It also focuses on the urban and historical development, as it is significantly influenced by the situation in the period under study. It focuses more closely on the period of the second half of the 20th century, and especially the period of normalization - the 1970s and 1980s.
Prague Castle was and still is the seat of the monarch, or today the President of the Czech Republic. The historical context has had a considerable influence on the shape of the Castle (the succession of ruling personalities from different dynasties, the transformation from the position of the seat of the Habsburg monarchy and therefore the most important center in Central Europe to the position of the summer residence of the ruling family, etc.). Also unprecedented is the concentration of the main buildings of secular and ecclesiastical power in one area. The castle is a huge complex, combining morphological assumptions with the result of the work of a huge number of people. A number of foreign artists worked here, reaching world-class standards and both understanding and supporting the local genius loci. There are also many contrasts - political and constructional. For example, the imprints of monarchy and republic, church and secular power, ancient and modernist architecture, contrasts between the smallest buildings of houses and the largest palaces.
On the basis of archival research and the study of expert literature, the reader is introduced to the progressive changes in the layout of the Castle complex and the associated changes in the functional use of the buildings and spaces in the aforementioned complex.
(DES)CONECTIVIDADE HIDROLÓGICA AO LONGO DO PERFIL LONGITUDINAL DO RIO DUAS BOCAS (ES)
Authors: Lemos Fernando Henrique , Souza Alanderson Gomes de , Barroso Gilberto Fonseca , Marchioro Eberval
Published: August 2023

A conectividade hidrológica é uma abordagem teórica que investiga os fluxos de energia e matéria nas bacias hidrográficas. Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar a (des)conectividade hidrológica em relação aos diferentes usos e coberturas terra, bem como o efeito da barragem de Duas Bocas ao longo do perfil longitudinal do Rio Duas Bocas (Grande Vitória, ES). Entre agosto de 2016 e 2017, foram coletadas amostras de água fluvial para análise de nitrogênio total, fósforo total e concentrações de sedimentos em suspensão (Css), além de medições de fluxo, em quatro estações de amostrais ao longo da bacia (82,8 km2). O uso e cobertura da terra das áreas de contribuição efetiva foram obtidos do ortofotomosaico de 2012/2015. Os resultados mostram que a cobertura florestal é essencial para reduzir a concentração de nutrientes e Css na estação DB01 a montante do reservatório. A barragem de Duas Bocas fragmenta a hidrologia longitudinal, afetando principalmente a estação DB02 localizada a jusante da represa. As maiores concentrações de nutrientes e sedimentos suspensos indicam a conectividade hidrológica longitudinal do rio com o uso da pastagem e da terra agrícola. A conectividade hidrológica evidencia a importância da análise dos fluxos de energia e matéria em bacias hidrográficas.
CENÁRIO DOS GEOPARQUES UNESCO NA PANDEMIA DA COVID 19
Authors: Fleig Raquel , Nascimento Iramar Baptistella do , Valdati Jairo
Published: August 2023

A concepção de um geoparque compreende a conservação do patrimônio, o crescimento econômico sustentável e o envolvimento da comunidade. A pesquisa deste artigo tem o objetivo de identificar como se encontra a situação dos geoparques da UNESCO na pandemia da COVID 19 e como ocorreu o enfrentamento dessas comunidades. Trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico por meio de uma revisão integrativa. A bibliometria para a sua composição foi realizada nas bases de dados da CAPES: Web of Science, Scopus e do Google Academics. Os descritores utilizados para a busca nas bases de dados foram: “geoparques”, “coronavírus”, “desenvolvimento sustentável”, “geodiversidade”, “geoturismo”. Os termos de tradução em inglês e espanhol e o booleano OR também foram empregados. Os geoparques de muitos países tiveram as suas atividades afetadas, de forma negativa (em sua maioria) ou de forma positiva, durante a pandemia da COVID 19, as comunidades locais, o turismo, o comércio, a indústria, o transporte, assim como o setor da hotelaria foram atingidos pelas normas sanitárias e restrições impostas pela necessidade de confinamento, distanciamento social e medidas de prevenção da pandemia de COVID 19.
The railway heritage in the context of UNESCO: railway aspects for its interpretation and safeguard
Authors: Borges Breno
Published: August 2023

The industrial and railway protagonism in promoting economic, social and regional development in recent centuries is not reflected in international preservation policies. The industrial universe, and specifically the railway sector, has characteristics that demand a different interpretation from other cultural assets and little progress has been made in this regard over the 50 years of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. In this way, the article contextualizes the creation of international heritage and the presence of industrial goods as World Heritage to justify the need for a new look at these goods. Within this problem, specificities of the railway heritage are presented and the proposition of eight aspects that provide the reading and interpretation of its main characteristics, responsible for the attribution of its heritage values and, consequently, its cultural significance.
Heritage (almost) forgotten: breweries between reuse, safeguard and abandonment – the cases of Portugália at Lisboa and Antarctica at Joinville, Brazil
Authors: Castaño Moraes Tiago
Published: August 2023

This article proposes a comparative study involving two breweries: Portugália in Lisbon and Antarctica in Joinville, Brazil. Deactivated and with their buildings in a state of degradation, we propose an analysis of the different reuse plans and urban regeneration projects that would involve these two examples of industrial heritage. The sources used are varied: official documents, journalistic articles, literary records and a specific bibliography. We articulate concepts from the fields of archaeology and industrial heritage, urbanism, conservation and reuse and restoration with the intention of substantiating questions and problems regarding the circumstances that may have prevented both these industrial spaces, as well as the adequate reuse and safeguard of old buildings and their industrial components. Initially, we address the impact of the Industrial Revolution on brewing and then the reuse plans of each brewery, highlighting the contexts and the way in which the preservation policy was developed in each case.
SUZANNA IVANIČ, Cosmos and Materiality in Early Modern Prague, Oxford 2021, Oxford University Press, 244 s., ISBN 978-0-19-289898-2
Authors: Prchal Pavlíčková Radmila
Published: August 2023

Recenze
The role of polyamines in plants: A review
Authors: Aya Ihsan Rashan  , Rana T. Altaee  , Farah Sameer Salh  , Omar Younis AL-Abbasy  , Al-Lehebe Nashwan
Published: August 2023

Polyamines (PAs) are linear alkali nitrogenous with two, three or more amino groups that have a low molecular weight. PAs are created by organisms thru metabolism and can be found in nearly wholly cells. They are considered a unique type of plant stimulant because they acts significant roles in many kinds of plant growth and developmental stages as well as stress responses. More evidence suggests that the PA can be produced endogenously or exogenously applied to improve plant reproduction, productivity, and bear stress. While the mechanism of polyamines influencing plant growth and stress responses is still not clear. We are making an attempt to supply an inclusive review of the available literature that explained the association between PAs and flowering, stress responses and senescence. This review aimed at this is focused and abbreviates how PAs enhances and increase plant productivity and then serve as a foundation for forthcoming study on the mechanisms of  PAs exploit in plant reproduction and growth.
Modernes Archiv in historischem Gebäude – 10 Jahre Erfahrungen
Authors: Aumüller Michael
Published: August 2023

Im Beitrag wird skizziert, unter welchen Bedingungen das Grundbuchzentralarchiv des Landes Baden-Württemberg entstanden ist. Zugleich wird die Baugeschichte des heute unter Denkmalschutz stehenden Fabrikkomplexes nachgezeichnet, der das Grundbuchzentralarchiv heute beherbergt, und es wird aufgezeigt, welche Herausforderungen damit verbunden sind. Im Weiteren wird kurz auf die Gebäude- und Regelungstechnik eingegangen. Der Schluss ist der jüngst eingeführten Software zur barcodegestützten Reponierung von Unterlagen und den ersten Überlegungen zum Einsatz von RFID-Technologie im Archivbereich gewidmet.
Symmetrized Two-Scale Finite Element Discretizations for Partial Differential Equations with Symmetric Solutions
Authors: Hou Pengyu , Liu Fang , Zhou Aihui
Published: August 2023

In this paper, some symmetrized two-scale finite element methods are proposed for a class of partial differential equations with symmetric solutions.
With these methods, the finite element approximation on a fine tensor-product grid is reduced to the finite element approximations on a much coarser grid and a univariant fine grid.
It is shown by both theory and numerics including electronic structure calculations that the resulting approximations still maintain an asymptotically optimal accuracy.
By symmetrized two-scale finite element methods, the computational cost can be reduced further by a factor of 𝑑 approximately compared with two-scale finite element methods when

Ω
=

(
0
,
1
)

d

\Omega=(0,1)^{d}

.
Consequently, symmetrized two-scale finite element methods reduce computational cost significantly.
Improvement of CBR of gypsum subgrade soil by cement kiln dust and granulated blast-furnace slag
Authors: Al-Gharrawi Asaad Mohammed Baqir , Sheer Ali Tawfek , Alzerjawi A. K. , Fakhraldin Mohammed Kadhum , Abdul-Husain Husain Ali
Published: August 2023

Most construction projects face the problem of a high percentage of gypsum in the soil. To get rid of the unwanted effects of gypsum, which lead to the dissolution of gypsum in the presence of water and the settlement of the foundations of buildings and subsoil of roads, the researchers used several materials that can be added to the soil to improve its properties in resisting loads. This research presents a study of the effect of adding cement kiln dust (CKD) and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) on the California Bearing ratio (CBR) of gypsum sandy soil. The percentages of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% of additives by the weight of the soil sample were collected, and CBR tests were performed on dry and soaked samples. The main results showed that the ideal CKD ratio, which improves the CBR soil in a dry state, is 5% and in a soaked condition is 7.5%. Also, CBR in dry and soaked states increases slightly when the GGBS percentage increases reaching 10%. The use of GGBS gives an increment in CBR, which is around 1.6 times in a dry condition and 4 times in a soaked state.
On the object-individuation function of the East Sakhalin Ainu impersonal passive
Authors: Dal Corso Elia
Published: August 2023

This paper presents an account of a Sakhalin Ainu (also Enciw‘itah, isolate, Russia and Japan) construction that semantically encodes an agent-patient interaction and that is characterized morphosyntactically by the expression of the agent with an oblique. In the analysis to follow, this construction is named ‘impersonal passive’ by analogy with a structurally and functionally similar construction attested in the Southern Hokkaidō dialects of Ainu. Keeping the main focus on eastern dialects, the paper takes a primarily semantic approach to the East Sakhalin Ainu impersonal passive and underlines a number of striking structural differences with the Hokkaidō counterpart. In addition, it will be argued that in the north-eastern dialects of Sakhalin Ainu, the impersonal passive can be described as an object-individuation construction (oic), which marks a patient object as referential and definite and has the pragmatic extension of overtly flagging the topicality of this object at the discourse level. As such, theoiccompensates for the lack or non-obligatoriness of overt marking for definiteness and topicality in Sakhalin Ainu. The present paper adds to our knowledge on the still under-described Sakhalin variety of Ainu and to our understanding of the verbal and nominal semantics of Ainu more generally, which to date remains a largely unexplored topic.
Paradigmatisches Übersetzen Chinesisch-Deutsch: Wann übersetzerisches Handeln selbst übersetzt werden muss
Authors: Kühnel Patrick
Published: August 2023

In diesem Beitrag soll dargestellt werden, dass zahlreich insbesondere stilistische Problemfälle im chinesisch-deutschen Übersetzungkonstext nicht adäquat erfasst werden können, solange sehr grundsätzliche sprachphilosophische Faktoren vernachlässigt werden. Es scheint daher geboten, den Blickwinkel etwas zu erweitern und übersetzerische Fragestellungen in einen größeren kulturhistorischen und -vergleichenden Kontext einzubetten. Die vorliegende Untersuchung möchte hierzu einen Beitrag leisten und translationswissenschaftliche Probleme an den kulturvergleichenden Diskurs anschließen. Insbesondere soll gezeigt werden, wie unterschiedliche geistesgeschichtliche Traditionen die Gestaltung von Texten auf eine Art prägen, die mit Hilfe der verbreiteten Kriterien von Übersetzungsqualität nur unzureichend erfasst werden kann. Die zu diesem Zwecke eingeführte Unterscheidung zwischen dem Komitativen und Repräsentationalen Paradigma soll dazu dienen, häufig anzutreffende Übersetzungsprobleme in einen metasprachlichen Kontext zu stellen und gleichzeitig ein allgemeineres Begriffsinstrument zur Erfassung kultureller Differenzen bereitstellen.
Die DGD als Wegbereiterin informationswissenschaftlicher Dokumentation in Deutschland
Authors: Ockenfeld Marlies
Published: August 2023

Vorstand und Sekretariat der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Dokumentation (DGD) haben von Anfang an Verantwortung für die Dokumentation und Informationsversorgung im Bereich von Dokumentation und Information übernommen. Die inhaltliche Erschließung als Grundlage eines zentralen Informationsdienstes für den gesamten Bereich des Informationswesens erfolgte in den ersten Dekaden bis 1976 mit der Dezimalklassifikation. Später wurden eine Fachordnung und ein Thesaurus erarbeitet. Referate, Bibliographien und Titellisten waren früh feste Bestandteile der Nachrichten für Dokumentation. Aus der ursprünglichen „Informationsstelle und Bibliothek der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Dokumentation (IBD)“ wurde 1971 schließlich das „Dokumentationszentrums für Informationswissenschaft der DGD (ZDOK)“ mit einem Dutzend hauptamtlich Beschäftigten. Sein Angebot umfasste Recherchen und Profildienste, Projekt-, Experten- und Institutionendokumentation sowie eine regelmäßige Veranstaltungsübersicht. Es nahm an internationalen Dokumentationsvorhaben sowie am überregionalen Leihverkehr teil, war nationale Sammelstelle für Thesauri und baute ab 1976 die Datenbank INFODATA auf. 1978 übergab die DGD ZDOK an die GID. ZDOK wurde zum Informationszentrum für Informationswissenschaft und -praxis (IZ), das zuletzt an der FH Potsdam angesiedelt war.
Preparation and application of epoxy cyclohexane/chitosan/methyl methacrylate composite material
Authors: Li Xuxing , Wang Xuemei , Gao Jun , Qi Yingping , Li Hua
Published: August 2023

As a cultural carrier of historical inheritance, paper has high cultural, historical and scientific research value. But with the passage of time and the change of the environment, many paper are aging and damaged. In order to protect the paper, epoxy cyclohexane/chitosan/methyl methacrylate composite material for paper protection was synthesized by radical grafting polymerization with potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator and disodium hydrogen phosphate (DSP) as buffer reagent. Through single factor experiment, the synthetic condition was obtained as follows: 3 g of monomer dosage, 7.5 mL of initiator, 80 °C of reaction temperature, 3 h of reaction time. The aging test showed that the coating material could obviously improve the mechanical properties and anti-aging properties of paper. The reversibility experiment shows that the composite material has certain reversibility. The acid and alkali salt resistance experiment shows that the coating material could effectively resist external acid and alkali corrosion and protect paper. This study provides some theoretical guidance for the protection of paper cultural relics.
Performance of polycarboxylate superplasticisers in seawater-blended cement: Effect from chemical structure and nano modification
Authors: Ren Jun , Yan Shuo , Fang Yunhui , Tian Zhenhe , Li Hao , Guo Jinyi , Xing Feng , Fan Yiding , Wang Xianfeng , Ren Zengle
Published: August 2023

The performance of polycarboxylate superplasticisers (PCE) in cement blended with seawater (SW) depends on its molecular structure since large ions in SW significantly influenced its mechanism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the molecular structure of PCE on the fresh properties of SW-blended cement pastes. A series of six PCEs with different charge densities, side chain lengths, and anchor groups were modified by introducing nanosilica and their physicochemical properties were characterised, and the performance was evaluated by determined by minislump, rheological behaviour and setting time. Finally, the potential mechanism was proposed via measurement of adsorption amount and layer thickness, and water film thickness (WFT). The results showed that the PCE with longer side chains and higher AA:HEPG ratio provided a significant improvement in the workability of cement pastes mixed with SW. According to the flow curves from the rheology experiments, analysis of the rheological behaviour of polycarboxylate superplasticisers in SW-blended cements paste by three rheological models. By adsorption measurement and WFT testing, high higher AA:HPEG ratio exhibits high sorption and WFT indicating less inhibition by ions in SW.
Aufweichen, abbremsen, abschirmen – Wirtschaftsmetaphern zwischen politischer Abgrenzung und diskursiven Allgemeinplätzen
Authors: Barkhausen David , Bloching Sven , Engeler Hannah Luisa
Published: August 2023

This study examines the use of metaphors in the German debate on European monetary and fiscal policy. Though the debates in this policy area garnered considerable interest among linguists, so far there is a gap concerning interdisciplinary comparative studies that examine metaphorical expressions in regard to their divergent political use. This study addresses said gap by posing two explorative research questions: Which metaphors shape the German political debate on European monetary and fiscal policy? And is there a relationship between the use of metaphors and the political perspective of the people using them?

To examine these questions, we developed an innovative methodological triangulation that combines qualitative, hermeneutic metaphorical analyses with quantitative, data-driven approaches of corpus linguistics. By analyzing the communication of eleven political actors during three debates on Eurozone policy, we identify the most salient metaphors and compare their political usage.

Our results show four types of metaphorical expressions which can be distinguished by their relative openness regarding political perspective and their respective referent. Thereby, this study firstly provides an important guide to understanding the debate at hand; secondly, sharpens the theoretical underpinnings of the comprehension of political metaphors as a whole; and thirdly, is a valuable contribution to the methodical study of metaphorical expressions in the field of applied linguistics.
The versatility of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (cyclam) in the formation of compounds of Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ with metal ions in and out of the cyclic ligand ring
Authors: Noor Mah , Chah Hamza , Tresp David , Bernal Ivan , Lalancette Roger A.
Published: August 2023

Herein we report the results of preparing metal compounds (where the metal ions are Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) with the cyclic ligand 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane [cyclam] under a variety of conditions of metal-ligand ratios and solvent media. In all cases, we used metal Cl2·nH2O salts (except for anhydrous CoCl2), as specified. Outcome: we isolated species with a four-coordinate metal in the N4 cavity of the ligand alone, and also with either one or two additional axial ligands. Those axial ligands can be (a) a single chloride, leading to penta-coordinated moncationic products; (b) two chlorides, leading to octahedral-neutral compounds; (c) two waters, giving rise to hexa-coordinated [(cyclam)metal(H2O)2]2+ species. Finally, in the case of HCl added to the reaction medium, the cyclam can be di-protonated and appears as [(cyclam)H2]2+ in the crystals. With such a variety of products, it is not surprising that since the metal coordination numbers vary, the cyclam ligand stereochemistries are thereby affected. Interestingly, the [(cyclam)metal] species are invariably hydrogen-bonded to one another in infinite strings of two kinds: (1) those for which the crystal’s Z′ = 1 have single strings; (2) when Z′ = 2, there is a pair of homogeneous strings attached to one another by a variety of hydrogen-bonding linkages. Finally, we observed an interesting pair of hydroxonium cations: the first is hydoxonium cations in a pleated 2-D sheet consisting of fused pentagons located between sheets of [(cyclam)metal] moieties; the second one is an infinite string of composition {(H3O+)-(H2O)-(H3O+)-(H2O)-(H3O+)-(H2O)-(H3O+)}∞.
Chronic Visual Stimulation with LED Light Flickering at 24, 40, or 80 Hz Failed to Reduce Amyloid β Load in the 5XFAD Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model
Authors: Yang Ya Lan , Lai Ted Weita
Published: August 2023

A single 1-h session (or 7 d of daily 1-h sessions) of noninvasive visual stimulation with LED light flickering at 40 Hz, but not at 20 or 80 Hz, was reported to increase microglial size and decrease amyloid β (Aβ) load in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. To achieve better therapeutic benefits, we explored the effects of daily 1-h sessions of visual stimulation with continuous light or LED light flickering at 24, 40, or 80 Hz for a period of five weeks in 5xFAD mice. As expected, 33-week-old 5xFAD mice but not control wild-type mice of the same age exhibited an abundance of swollen microglia and Aβ plaques in the visual cortex and hippocampus. Unexpectedly, however, compared with similar session of stimulation with continuous light or a light flickering at 24 or 80 Hz, daily sessions of stimulation with LED light flickering at 40 Hz for five weeks failed to further increase the microglial size and could not noticeably decrease the Aβ load in the visual cortex and hippocampus of the 5xFAD mice. In conclusion, contrary to previous findings based on shorter treatment periods, our data showed that daily noninvasive exposure to a light flickering at 40 Hz for a period of five weeks is not effective in reducing Aβ load in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.
Perturbed Information Processing Complexity in Experimental Epilepsy
Authors: Clawson Wesley , Waked Benjamin , Madec Tanguy , Ghestem Antoine , Quilichini Pascale P. , Battaglia Demian , Bernard Christophe
Published: August 2023

Comorbidities, such as cognitive deficits, which often accompany epilepsies, constitute a basal state, while seizures are rare and transient events. This suggests that neural dynamics, in particular those supporting cognitive function, are altered in a permanent manner in epilepsy. Here, we test the hypothesis that primitive processes of information processing at the core of cognitive function (i.e., storage and sharing of information) are altered in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex in experimental epilepsy in adult, male Wistar rats. We find that information storage and sharing are organized into substates across the stereotypic states of slow and theta oscillations in both epilepsy and control conditions. However, their internal composition and organization through time are disrupted in epilepsy, partially losing brain state selectivity compared with controls, and shifting toward a regimen of disorder. We propose that the alteration of information processing at this algorithmic level of computation, the theoretical intermediate level between structure and function, may be a mechanism behind the emergent and widespread comorbidities associated with epilepsy, and perhaps other disorders.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTComorbidities, such as cognitive deficits, which often accompany epilepsies, constitute a basal state, while seizures are rare and transient events. This suggests that neural dynamics, in particular those supporting cognitive function, are altered in a permanent manner in epilepsy. Here, we show that basic processes of information processing at the core of cognitive function (i.e., storage and sharing of information) are altered in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex (two regions involved in memory processes) in experimental epilepsy. Such disruption of information processing at the algorithmic level itself could underlie the general performance impairments in epilepsy.
VİŞNE ÇEKİRDEĞİ ATIĞINDAN ÜRETİLEN PEKTİNİN SOYA BAZLI BİTKİSEL PROTEİN İLE HİDROJEL OLUŞTURMA POTANSİYELİ: FENOLİK MADDE SALINIMI ÜZERİNE HİDROJEL DOĞASININ ETKİSİ
Authors: AY Baran , BAŞYİĞİT Bülent
Published: August 2023

Mevcut çalışmada yağı ve proteini alınmış vişne (Prunus cerasus L.) çekirdeklerinden elde edilen pektinin (VÇP) soya fasulyesi orijinli doğal hidrojellerin üretiminde destekleyici materyal olarak kullanımı amaçlanmıştır. Pektin tozlarının üretim aşaması Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi (FTIR) spektroskopisi ile doğrulanmıştır. Ayrıca VÇP’nin fizikokimyasal ve fonksiyonel özellikleri ticari pektin (TP) ile karşılaştırmalı olarak tartışılmıştır. Üç farklı doğaya sahip doğal hidrojel sistemleri (SH: sadece soya fasulyesi proteini; SVPH: soya fasulyesi proteini ve VÇP karışımı; STPH: soya fasulyesi proteini ve TP karışımı) üretilmiştir. Jellerin yüzey morfolojileri taramalı elektron mikroskobu ile incelenmiştir. Fonksiyonel özellikler açısından efektif değerler SVPH’de (su tutma kapasitesi: %91.65; şişme oranı: %5.78; protein sızma oranı: %12.51) tespit edilmiş bu jeli sırasıyla STPH (su tutma kapasitesi: %83.99; şişme oranı: %5.37; protein sızma oranı: %15.81) ve SH (su tutma kapasitesi: %65.74; şişme oranı: %3.56; protein sızma oranı: %23.11) takip etmiştir. Mekanik özellikler açısından ve biyoaktif madde taşıma araçları olarak da SVPH ve STPH ön plana çıkmıştır.
ADPGK‐AS1 long noncoding RNA switches macrophage metabolic and phenotypic state to promote lung cancer growth
Authors: Karger Annika , Mansouri Siavash , Leisegang Matthias S , Weigert Andreas , Günther Stefan , Kuenne Carsten , Wittig Ilka , Zukunft Sven , Klatt Stephan , Aliraj Blerina , Klotz Laura V , Winter Hauke , Mahavadi Poornima , Fleming Ingrid , Ruppert Clemens , Witte Biruta , Alkoudmani Ibrahim , Gattenlöhner Stefan , Grimminger Friedrich , Seeger Werner , Pullamsetti Soni Savai , Savai Rajkumar
Published: August 2023

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) influence the transcription of gene networks in many cell types, but their role in tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) is still largely unknown. We found that the lncRNA ADPGK‐AS1 was substantially upregulated in artificially induced M2‐like human macrophages, macrophages exposed to lung cancer cells in vitro, and TAMs from human lung cancer tissue. ADPGK‐AS1 is partly located within mitochondria and binds to the mitochondrial ribosomal protein MRPL35. Overexpression of ADPGK‐AS1 in macrophages upregulates the tricarboxylic acid cycle and promotes mitochondrial fission, suggesting a phenotypic switch toward an M2‐like, tumor‐promoting cytokine release profile. Macrophage‐specific knockdown of ADPGK‐AS1 induces a metabolic and phenotypic switch (as judged by cytokine profile and production of reactive oxygen species) to a pro‐inflammatory tumor‐suppressive M1‐like state, inhibiting lung tumor growth in vitro in tumor cell‐macrophage cocultures, ex vivo in human tumor precision‐cut lung slices, and in vivo in mice. Silencing ADPGK‐AS1 in TAMs may thus offer a novel therapeutic strategy for lung cancer.
NME6: ribonucleotide salvage sustains mitochondrial transcription
Authors: Wanrooij Paulina H , Chabes Andrei
Published: August 2023

The building blocks for RNA and DNA are made in the cytosol, meaning mitochondria depend on the import and salvage of ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs) and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) for the synthesis of their own genetic material. While extensive research has focused on mitochondrial dNTP homeostasis due to its defects being associated with various mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion and deletion syndromes, the investigation of mitochondrial rNTP homeostasis has received relatively little attention. In this issue of the EMBO Journal, Grotehans et al provide compelling evidence of a major role for NME6, a mitochondrial nucleoside diphosphate kinase, in the conversion of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphates into the corresponding triphosphates. These data also suggest a significant physiological role for NME6, as its absence results in the depletion of mitochondrial transcripts and destabilization of the electron transport chain (Grotehans et al, 2023).
Calculation of ATP production rates using the Seahorse XF Analyzer
Authors: Desousa Brandon R , Kim Kristen KO , Jones Anthony E , Ball Andréa B , Hsieh Wei Y , Swain Pamela , Morrow Danielle H , Brownstein Alexandra J , Ferrick David A , Shirihai Orian S , Neilson Andrew , Nathanson David A , Rogers George W , Dranka Brian P , Murphy Anne N , Affourtit Charles , Bensinger Steven J , Stiles Linsey , Romero Natalia , Divakaruni Ajit S
Published: August 2023

Oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis are the dominant ATP‐generating pathways in mammalian metabolism. The balance between these two pathways is often shifted to execute cell‐specific functions in response to stimuli that promote activation, proliferation, or differentiation. However, measurement of these metabolic switches has remained mostly qualitative, making it difficult to discriminate between healthy, physiological changes in energy transduction or compensatory responses due to metabolic dysfunction. We therefore present a broadly applicable method to calculate ATP production rates from oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis using Seahorse XF Analyzer data and empirical conversion factors. We quantify the bioenergetic changes observed during macrophage polarization as well as cancer cell adaptation to in vitro culture conditions. Additionally, we detect substantive changes in ATP utilization upon neuronal depolarization and T cell receptor activation that are not evident from steady‐state ATP measurements. This method generates a single readout that allows the direct comparison of ATP produced from oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in live cells. Additionally, the manuscript provides a framework for tailoring the calculations to specific cell systems or experimental conditions.