bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canonical Analysis of the MMPI and WAIS in a Psychiatric Sample
Authors: Berg Allan J. , Ingersoll Gary M. , Terry Roger L.
Published: September 2011

Valid MMPI and WAIS subscale raw scores, collected from 197 psychiatric inpatients, were subjected to bivariate, multiple, and canonical correlational analyses. 25% of the bivariate correlations and 50% of the multiple correlations were significant. A canonical R of .609 obtained between the WAIS subtests and the MMPI clinical scales, and a canonical R of .394 between the WAIS subtests and the MMPI validity scales. While bivariate relationships between pairs of specific MMPI and WAIS subscales are small, a not inconsequential amount of overlapping variance between the two is observed using multivariate techniques. The relationship between the MMPI clinical scales and the MMPI subtests is accounted for by a cognitive factor. General intellectual ability is hypothesized to account for the relationship between the MMPI validity scales and the WAIS subtests.
Parental Control in Childrearing and Conservatism in Young Adult Women
Authors: De Man Anton F.
Published: September 2011

45 women participated in a study exploring the relationship between parental control in childrearing and level of conservatism in early adult life. The correlation of .44 indicated a positive, though moderate, association between the two variables.
Overlearning Reversal Effect with a Number-Classification Task
Authors: Szalai John Paul
Published: September 2011

A significant overlearning reversal effect was found in an experiment using number classification by oddness-evenness as the learning task, 19 college students and graduates as subjects, and both positive and negative verbal feedback as the reinforcer. A randomized two-group design was used. The importance of the dimensional complexity of the learning task in experiments producing overlearning reversal effect is discussed.
Recording Psychological Testing: The Psychological Testing Report Form
Authors: Croake James W.
Published: September 2011

The Psychological Testing Report Form is presented as an alternative to the psychologist's usual narrative report. Legal and ethical considerations make the reporting of each patient's psychological testing important. Efficient use of psychologist's time and greater utility among disciplines within psychiatric settings points to the possible value of a more formally standardized test-reporting form. An hypothetical patient and her test scores are used to illustrate the simplicity and usefulness of the form.
Hotel Ratings: V. Effects of Format and Survey Length
Authors: Trice Ashton D. , Dolan M. Shaun
Published: September 2011

Two studies addressed format issues in the design of hotel guest surveys. The first study indicated that a space for commentary was a positive incentive for return among 600 guests at a resort hotel. An unstructured space for comment elicited more comments than a structured space. A second study showed that, when space for comment was provided, longer lists of objective rating items brought about higher return rates (5, 10, and 15 Likert items). As more rating items were provided, the number of comments declined.
Factors Related to Adolescents' Level of Aspiration
Authors: Halpin Glennelle , Halpin Gerald , Whiddon Thomas
Published: September 2011

Effects of success, failure, and a monetary payoff on the level of aspiration of American Indian and white adolescents were studied. Race, sex, grade, self-esteem, and locus of control were considered as potential mediating variables. A significant decrease in level of aspiration followed failure; the effect was more pronounced at the junior high level. Success led to a higher level of aspiration for adolescents with low self-esteem as did a monetary payoff. Implications of these results are discussed.
Gender Differences in Selection of an Institution of Higher Education: A Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Powers Stephen , Douglas Peggy
Published: September 2011

The differences between undergraduate men's and women's reasons for selecting an institution of higher education were investigated. A discriminant analysis indicated that academic quality of the institution, parental influence, and financial considerations were the most important variables for discriminating between the 85 men and 128 women.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XXIV. Seasonal Factors in Extraversion
Authors: Fourie David P.
Published: September 2011

In a recent study by Fourie a post hoc observation was made that summer-born subjects obtained a higher mean extraversion score on the Eysenck Personality Inventory than winter-born subjects, with spring- and autumn-born subjects scoring neatly between the two extremes. The present study was designed to replicate this finding and to investigate the relationship between extraversion and mean day temperature around the time of birth. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was applied to 350 women, all born in the same 12-mo. period. Analysis of variance performed on the extraversion scores verified the hypothesis of a seasonal difference. Correlations between extraversion scores and various day temperatures and mean day temperatures, though of small magnitude, were without exception positive and significant, indicating a definite relationship between extraversion and day temperature around the time of birth.
Loneliness and Use of Six Mass Media among College Students
Authors: Austin Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

Research on loneliness and a theoretically plausible correlate of loneliness which has not been investigated is the relationship between loneliness and mass media consumption. 493 college students completed the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and reported the frequency of their using television, radio, movies, books, newspapers, and magazines. In general, virtually no relationship appeared between frequency of media use and level of loneliness.
An Empirical Evaluation of a Test for Assessing Job Satisfaction
Authors: Hatfield John D. , Robinson Richard B. , Huseman Richard C.
Published: September 2011

Extant measures of job satisfaction range from single questions to multiple-item, multifaceted instruments. Described here is the development and validation of the Job Perception Scales, a 21-item semantic differential measure which assesses satisfaction with five job facets: work, pay, promotions, supervision, and co-workers. Convergent and discriminant validities of the scales and the Job Descriptive Index are reported. The new scale shows both validity and reliability, it can be completed quickly, and the five facets add to its diagnostic usefulness.
Psychology of the Scientist: XLX. Frequently Cited Research on Human Aggression
Authors: Bushman B. J. , Bertilson H. S.
Published: September 2011

This article reports a citation analysis of research on human aggression. Citations from articles on aggression were culled from Aggressive Behavior, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Journal of Personality, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of Research in Personality, Journal of Social Psychology, and Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin for the 3-yr. period 1980–1982. Out of 1194 books and journal articles, 35 were cited three or more times and were included in this list of influential publications. The three most often cited publications were Baron's Human aggression, Bandura's Aggression: a social learning analysis, and Buss' The psychology of aggression. The frequency of citation by author was also analyzed and reported.
Machiavellianism and Inner vs Outer Directedness: A Study of Sales Managers
Authors: Comer James M.
Published: September 2011

The relation of Machiavellianism to the internal-external control personality was examined. Previous research was based on student samples with the instruments administered in a controlled environment. In this study Rotter's I-E and Mach IV scales were administered via mail survey to 71 sales managers employed by three companies. Despite differences in test administration and samples, results reaffirm previous research that high external locus of control is associated with high Machiavellianism scores.
Geropsychology: Meaning in Life for Elderhostelers
Authors: McCarthy S. Viterbo
Published: September 2011

Participants in a 1984 Elderhostel Summer Session, whose ages ranged from 60 to 84 yr., volunteered to respond to the Life Satisfaction Index from the perspective of Self and Other. This Likert-type scale had six categories, each with a description of a source of meaning in life. For all participants, a one-way analysis of variance for Self ratings across the six categories yielded a significant F ratio. All comparisons between pairs from categories rated most important—Relationships, Health, Service—and least important—Belief, Growth, Life Work—were significant. There were only chance differences, however, among paired combinations within categories rated most or least important. A one-way analysis of variance for the 26 participants who rated all categories from the perspective of Other also yielded a significant F ratio. Results corresponded with earlier reports of Other ratings: the order of categories from highest to lowest was Relationships, Health, Service, Belief, Growth, Life Work.
Effects of Romantic Love on Perception of Strangers' Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Benassi Mario A.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to determine whether romantic love affects perceptions of physical attractiveness. Individuals were given the Rubin Scale of Romantic Love either before or after being asked to rate an opposite-sexed stimulus-person on physical attractiveness. Based on the love scale data subjects were classified as being or not being in love. Subjects who were classified as being in love gave a significantly higher mean rating of physical attractiveness but only if they had filled out the love scale and been reminded of their romantic partner before being asked to rate a stimulus-person on physical attractiveness.
Comprehension of Miranda Rights by Urban Adolescents with Law-Related Education
Authors: Wall Shavaun M. , Furlong Mary
Published: September 2011

Law-related education has been recommended to improve juveniles' inadequate comprehension of Miranda rights. Whether such training results in adequate comprehension was assessed in this study of 48 urban, primarily black adolescents in a Street Law course. While students reported an unwillingness to waive their rights and their recognition-comprehension of the Miranda warnings was adequate on true-false and multiple-choice tests, these high-school juniors and seniors showed inadequate comprehension of Miranda vocabulary and misperceived the significance of the right to silence. The socioeconomic status and reading and listening abilities of students were related to their comprehension of Miranda rights. Implications for law-related education and protection of juveniles' rights in interrogations are discussed.
Age, Organization, and Memory: Effects of Presentation Rate and Rehearsal Strategy
Authors: Jackson David K. , Schneider Henry G.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between free recall and organization was investigated using a 2(age) × 2(presentation rate) × 2(rehearsal strategy) analysis-of-variance design. A multitrial free-recall task was used with a 16-item list of unrelated words. Young and old adults practiced these materials overtly using either spontaneous (natural) rehearsal or a strategy increasing active rehearsal. Both increased rehearsal activity and increased study time were expected to improve senior adults' memory functioning. Analyses of rehearsal and recall measures indicated that elderly individuals had a general decrement in verbal memory. The role played by organizational strategies appears important only for young adults. For the elderly, both independent variables led to more enriched rehearsal activity and slightly greater subjective organization. No improvement in recall emerged, and large differences associated with age persisted. These findings suggest that organizational deficits do not account for differences in memory as a function of age.
Construct Validity of the Dyadic Trust Scale
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Bugaighis Margaret A. , Buckler Deborra L. , Green Donna N. , Scanlon Elaine D.
Published: September 2011

Larzelere and Huston defined trust as “the extent that a person believes another person (or persons) to be benevolent and honest” (1980), p. 596) and developed a scale alleged to have excellent construct validity as well as high reliability. An independent analysis of their Dyadic Trust Scale for a sample of 79 married couples partially supports the construct validity but suggests that the scale is measuring benevolence more than honesty or trust.
Psychology of the Scientist: LII. John B. Watson: Man and Myth
Authors: McConnell James V.
Published: September 2011

The author describes how he learned the “inside” story of John B. Watson's early studies on sexual arousal, and how later discovery of the actual equipment Watson used confirmed what the author had previously heard from one of Watson's associates. The author then traces the history of the behavioral solution to the mind-body problem from Watson through Skinner to the cognitive behaviorists. The author concludes by offering his own behavioral solution to this problem, based in part on recent studies of hemispheric laterality.
Criterion-Related Validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Anderson Stephen A. , Benigas Jonathan E. , Cutchen Mary B. Mc , Griffin Charles L. , Morris Janet E. , Race Gary S.
Published: September 2011

The mean responses on the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale from 212 wives from intact marriages and 8 wives who had recently separated from their husbands were significantly different. That difference did not appear to be an artifact of social desirability since it decreased only slightly among subjects scoring zero on marital social desirability. The results provide new, if quite limited, support for the criterion-related validity of the marital satisfaction scale. Other characteristics of the scale paralleled previous research, with the new finding that, by controlling for marital social desirability, it was possible to reduce substantially, but not eliminate, some of the nonnormal characteristics of the distributions of the scores.
Reexamining the Beck Depression Inventory: The Long and Short of it
Authors: Vredenburg Karel , Krames Lester , Flett Gordon L.
Published: September 2011

The psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory and its short form were compared for a psychiatric sample of clinically depressed adults. Factor analyses indicated that the short form retained the essential integrity of cognitive components of the standard inventory but further attenuated already weak somatic components. As a result, the wisdom of shortening the scale is questioned and a call is made for improving the existing scale. A preliminary attempt at improvement, involving the modification of items inconsistent with other diagnostic systems, proved reasonably successful. Further suggestions for enhancing the psychometric properties of the scale are discussed.
Microcomputer Games and Sex-Related Differences: Spatial, Verbal, and Mathematical Abilities
Authors: Pépin M. , Beaulieu R. , Matte R. , Leroux Y.
Published: September 2011

Sex-related differences on spatial, verbal and mathematical abilities were investigated through microcomputer games. Significant and substantive differences in favor of 28 boys over 28 girls of mean age 13 yr. were observed on spatial ability.
Note on the Social Impact of Assertiveness in Occupational Contexts
Authors: McNamara J. Regis , Delamater Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

The extent to which the literature shows assertiveness produces favorable social outcomes in several occupational contexts was examined. Assertive job-seeking behavior may have a variable impact depending on such factors as the riskiness of the behavior, the size of the company, and the nature of the pool of applicants. Managers view assertive behavior, displayed in work-related interactions, more favorably than self-effacing behavior. Assertive customers more readily stand up for their rights and have more positive perceptions of business than nonassertive consumers. Less reliance on analogue studies and improved measurement systems for assessing social reactivity to assertiveness were recommended.
Unconscious Content
Authors: Block Paul
Published: September 2011

Holt recently questioned whether classical psychoanalytic metapsychology is relevant to modern psychoanalytic and psychodynamic clinical theories. He claims that Freud's structural and dynamic models do not meet updated philosophical standards. In addition, Freud's notion of the unconscious has always posed problems of definition, description, and measurement. The very existence of an unconscious has been doubted; nonetheless, some metapsychology is necessary, and such theorists as Schafer have accordingly worked to redefine the nature of psychoanalysis. Wolff and Schimek reexamined Freud's notion of unconscious mental representation. Extension of their work to clarify the need and role for a concept of unconscious which can be part of a more modern, philosophically acceptable metapsychology is attempted here.
Relationship between Perception of Family Social Climate and Behavior in the Home Setting
Authors: Hiltonsmith Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between perception of family social climate and typologies of home use was investigated. 105 college students completed the Family Environment Scale and a shortened version of a home use questionnaire developed by Altman, Nelson, and Lett. The latter was used to isolate empirically two styles of home use identified by Altman, et al. Two of three hypotheses regarding differences in subscale scores for these two family types were supported. Members of families who were most open, sharing, and interactive had lower scores on the Independence and Control subscales. The findings show that perceptions of family social climate have behavioral correlates in the way home settings are used by family members.
Male/Female Differences in Mathematical Ability: A Function of Biological Sex or Perceived Gender Role?
Authors: Selkow Paula
Published: September 2011

The effects of sex referents in test items and subjects' perceived gender roles were assessed in an attempt to explain sex differences in mathematics performance. The arithmetic subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) was administered to 50 male and 145 female college students. Test items were experimentally manipulated so that their orientation was either masculine, feminine, or neutral. Participants were randomly assigned to each group. No significant differences in performance were found. The Bern Sex-role Inventory was used to classify subjects as either masculine, androgynous, or undifferentiated. Irrespective of biological sex, masculine-oriented subjects performed significantly better on the WAIS arithmetic subtest than feminine oriented subjects. No other significant differences were noted. It was concluded that, for adults, personality variables appear to be a more salient factor than biological sex in explaining differences in basic mathematical skill performance.
Validity of a Brief Locus of Control Scale for Survey Research
Authors: Lumpkin James R.
Published: September 2011

Of the numerous scales proposed to measure locus of control, most are too long to use efficiently in survey research in which locus of control is not the major focus. This research reports the validation of a 6-item sub-scale from Rotter but using the Likert format. A national probability sample of 3,009 was used to overcome the limitations of previous samples. Based on the alpha coefficient and replicating the relationship. to several correlates established in prior research, the brief measure appears to be valid.
Influence of Dissimulation on Indexes of Response Consistency for the MMPI
Authors: Gallucci Nicholas T.
Published: September 2011

Whether indexes of consistent responding on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) measured dissimulation versus random responding was evaluated with Veterans Administration Medical Center psychiatric patients who were applying for disability benefits. Elevations on the Test-Retest index and Carelessness scale did not correspond with motivation to dissimulate. Comparing profiles without elevated validity indexes and with Carelessness scales that were either elevated or not elevated, the clinical scales were uniformly higher for profiles with heightened Carelessness scales.
Assertiveness Factors and Depression in a Sample of College Women
Authors: Culkin Joseph , Perrotto Richard S.
Published: September 2011

This investigation examined the relationships between measures of depression and factors of assertiveness in college women and tested the moderating effects of anxiety and locus of control on these relationships. A factor analysis of the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule was done, and the factor scores were correlated with three depression scales. After controlling for possible moderator effects, only one factor, Inhibited Verbal Expression, was significantly related to depression scores. The relevance of these findings for social skills in depression and for assertiveness training in depression is discussed as is the desirability of replications with larger samples including men.
Alcohol-Related Aggression: A Further Study of the Importance of Frustration
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated aggression as an interactive effect of alcohol and frustration in a situation where frustration was defined as strong and arbitrary and aggression as instrumental. 40 male subjects were randomly assigned to either an alcohol or a placebo group, each group further divided into an aggressive-cue group and a no-aggressive-cue group. Subjects either consumed an alcohol dose of 0.8 ml of pure alcohol per kg body weight or a placebo drink. Intensity and duration of shocks administered by subjects to a bogus partner in a supervision “cover task” were measures of relative aggression and absolute aggression was defined as number of shocks given. The aggressive cue manipulation had no effect, and both absolute and relative aggression increased only when intoxicated subjects were frustrated. Aggression was clearly of an instrumental kind with no ingredients of emotional aggression. The different dependent measures were highly intercorrelated and not associated with different types of aggression. The results were discussed as supportive of a model proposing a shift in attentional processes under alcohol to salient external features.
Relative Effectiveness of Personalized and Form Covering Letters in Initial and Follow-up Mail Surveys
Authors: Worthen Blaine R. , Valcarce Rebecca W.
Published: September 2011

Nonresponse is a serious threat to validity in mail surveys, prompting the need for research on techniques for increasing response rates. The relative effectiveness of personalized versus form covering letters in obtaining responses in a mail questionnaire survey was investigated for both initial and follow-up mailings. A questionnaire eliciting opinions about content in college courses in measurement was sent to 1000 Utah school teachers, randomly divided into two groups, with 500 receiving personalized letters and 500 receiving form letters. Nonrespondents in each group were randomly divided, with half receiving personalized follow-up letters and half receiving form follow-up letters. Using nondirectional hypothesis tests, no statistically significant differences were found in the relative effectiveness of personalized or form letters in either initial or follow-up mailings. These findings do not support the widely held belief that personalized covering letters improve response rates.
Death Anxiety and the Type a Behavior Pattern
Authors: Pfost Karen S. , Peters Kelly A. , Stevens Michael J.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that Type A individuals ( n = 17) would report less death anxiety than Type B individuals ( n = 17) but would manifest more perceptual defensiveness and physiological arousal when presented with death-related stimuli was not confirmed. Type A persons did report significantly more repression toward threatening stimuli in general than Type B persons. Sources for the obtained findings are discussed.
Comparison of Different Methods of Determining the Sex Type of an Occupation
Authors: Cooper Elizabeth A. , Doverspike Dennis , Barrett Gerald V.
Published: September 2011

The sex type of an occupation has been frequently investigated. Two major methods, actual rates of participation in the labor market and subjective estimates, have been used to determine the sex type of an occupation. The present study demonstrated that these two methods of estimating sex type may lead to different results.
Mathematics Course Grades and Attitudes in Mathematics for Students Enrolled in Three University Colleges
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Ginther Dean W. , Williamson J. David , Davenport John
Published: September 2011

Correlations between mathematics course grades and scores on the Mathematics Attitudes Scale were analyzed for 56 students enrolled in the College of Arts and Sciences, 52 students in the College of Business and Technology, and 69 students in the College of Education. Significant correlations were found for students enrolled in the College of Arts and Sciences and the College of Education, with one exception (the Importance of Mathematics for the College of Arts and Sciences). None of the correlations were significant for the College of Business and Technology. Further study was suggested.
Sex-Role Egalitarianism: Biographical and Personality Correlates
Authors: King Lynda A. , King Daniel W.
Published: September 2011

To examine relationships between sex-role attitudes and biographical and personality characteristics, 147 college students were administered three instruments on separate occasions: (a) the Sex-role Egalitarianism Scale, (b) an inventory measuring six personality traits, and (c) a biographical information sheet. Data indicated women to be more egalitarian in their sex-role attitudes than men. Significant findings based on work history of mothers also were noted, with more egalitarian attitudes for students reporting that their mothers worked for reasons of financial necessity and for children being younger when mothers began working. Finally, sex-role egalitarianism was related to higher needs for autonomy and achievement and to lower needs for succorance and social recognition.
Role of Temporal Contiguity in Subjective Prediction
Authors: Matthews Leroy , Hunt Julie
Published: September 2011

46 subjects were presented with 25 pairs of grades representing students' performance over the last two semesters. One group was asked to predict the grade for the following semester and another group was asked to predict the grade which occurred preceding the last two semesters. A linear model applied to the data indicated that both groups of subjects weighted the temporally contiguous grade more heavily than the other grade.
Dimensions of Peak Communication Experiences: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Gordon Ronald D.
Published: September 2011

A brief inventory of characteristics of “peak communication experiences” was developed from Maslow's model of the generalized peak experience. Data from 74 subjects were submitted to principal components analysis with varimax rotation, yielding six factors which accounted for 66.1% of the total variance, as follows: Loving Acceptance (25.9%), Openminded Insight (10.2%), Spontaneity (9.2%), Pleasant Fear (80%), Absorption (7.0%), and Self-detachment (5 8%). Analyses of variance showed that women rated their peak communication experiences higher than men on Loving Acceptance and Spontaneity.
Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire: A Study of Concurrent Validity
Authors: Deardorff Paul A. , McIntosh Julia A. , Adamek Catherine A. , Bier Mariana , Saalfeld Sheila
Published: September 2011

To investigate the concurrent validity of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, 82 college students completed this measure, the Repression-Sensitization Scale, Novaco's Anger Inventory, a Pleasant Activities Scale, and the Family Environment Scale. Scores on the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire correlated with those on the Repression-Sensitization Scale and with several subscales of the Family Environment Scale, but not with scores on the Anger or Pleasant Activities Scales. Results were interpreted as providing minimal support for the test's validity.
Locus of Control and Child-Rearing Practices in Intrinsically Motivated and Extrinsically Motivated Children
Authors: Tzuriel David , Haywood H. Carl
Published: September 2011

A sample of 177 students from Grades 5 and 10 were given the Choice Motivator Scale, a measure of individual differences in motivational orientation, the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Scale, and the Parent-Child Relation Questionnaire. A stepwise regression analysis with the latter two scales, age, and sex as predictors was employed with motivational orientation as a criterion variable. Four variables significantly predicted intrinsic motivation: Love-Reject (father), Attention (father), Locus of Control (successes), and Age. Intrinsically motivated children tended to perceive their fathers as more loving and less rejecting, giving less attention (protecting), and were more internally controlled and older than externally motivated children. Effects of parental child-rearing practices have been related to the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. A social-personality explanation is offered to explain the prediction of motivational orientation by locus of control and age.
Effects of Instruction on Elementary-Age Students' Productive Thinking
Authors: Jaben Twila H.
Published: September 2011

52 pupils from Grades 5 and 6 were given the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking as pretests and posttests to measure the effect of instruction in creativity on the productive thinking skills of these subjects. For 14 the Purdue Creative Thinking Program was used to stimulate the taught group's thinking. Trained subjects made significantly higher scores than the control group on the figural subtests.
Modifying the Beck Depression Inventory: A Rejoinder to Steer and Beck
Authors: Vredenburg Karel , Krames Lester , Flett Gordon L.
Published: September 2011

Regarding our recent paper in this journal, Steer and Beck agree that it is inadvisable to use the short version of the Beck Depression Inventory as a substitute for the standard version. They take issue, however, with our recommendations for making the standard scale more compatible with DSM-III and Research Diagnostic Criteria. The present paper provides further clarification and justification for these proposed modifications.
Relationships between Ethnicity, Conceptions of Mental Illness, and Attitudes Associated with Seeking Psychological Help
Authors: Hall Lena E. , Tucker Carolyn M.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationships between ethnicity, conceptions of mental illness, and attitudes associated with seeking psychological help among school teachers. It was hypothesized that these variables are related and the relationships ate independent of other demographic variables. Participants were 513 school teachers (321 whites and 192 blacks). Each completed the Nunnally Conception of Mental Illness Questionnaire, the Fischer and Turner Pro-Con Attitude Scale, vignettes that elicited opinions on certain counseling issues, and a demographic data sheet. Analyses indicated significant differences between blacks and whites in their conceptions of mental illness; blacks' responses were more stereotypic, and whites' were closer to those of mental health professionals. Both blacks and whites had similar positive attitudes toward seeking psychological help. However, significantly more whites than blacks had actually been in therapy. Blacks showed more positive attitudes than whites toward mixed-race dyads in counseling but showed more negative attitudes concerning the efficacy of psychological treatment for certain problems. Conception of mental illness was significantly related to attitudes associated with seeking psychological help. Implications for research to address mental health problems of blacks is discussed.
A Repertory Grid Measure of Mandalas
Authors: Chambers William V.
Published: September 2011

Jung described mandalas as symbols of psychological wholeness. Mandalas are concentric geometrical structures that have been used as religious symbols in India since ancient times. Mandalas express a highly complex but logical set of relationships among their subparts. A repertory grid measure of mandala principles is described in this study. The relevance of this personal construct technique to Jung's theory of individuation is elaborated.
Effects of Topical Interest and Mode of Address on Response to Mail Survey
Authors: Woodward Joanne M. , McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

A total of 200 business and 200 social science students were sent one of two surveys defined to be of high or low interest. With each questionnaire was a letter addressing the mailee in one of four levels of formality. Neither the interest nor the address was associated with response rate, which was about 32%, however, women were more likely to respond than men. Implications for mail-order surveys are briefly discussed.
Generation and Development of Strategy on a Logical-Deduction Task
Authors: Best John B. , Ladd Bruce
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to assess the generation and development of strategic expertise during problem solving. 40 undergraduates solved four nontrivial logical-deduction problems in a 1-hr period. Even though the instructions were deliberately impoverished regarding strategic hints, orderly effective uniform strategies emerged near the outset of the problem-solving session, and they emerged at a faster rate than had been previously thought. The decision-making process underlying generation and development of strategy was nonMarkovian. The rapid emergence of expertise seen in this study seems to contrast with the view of strategic expertise implicit in much of the literature on problem solving, namely, that such expertise develops as a result of lengthy experience with the task.
Effect of Escapable versus Inescapable Shock on Avoidance Behavior in the Goldfish (Carassius Auratus)
Authors: Brown Gary E. , Smith Paul J. , Peters R. Brian
Published: September 2011

Following exposure to either escapable, inescapable, or no shock, goldfish were tested on an avoidance task. Differences in latency consistent with the hypothesis that helplessness is learned were present only on the first block of five trials. While reliable differences in the number of trials to the first avoidance response supported an interpretation as learned helplessness, differences in the total number of avoidance responses did not.
Depression and Suicidal Ideation in College Students
Authors: Sherer Mark
Published: September 2011

The present study examined depression and suicidal ideation in college students (68 men, 81 women). Results suggest the need for programming to reach depressed college students who often may not request formal counseling.
Conflict-Handling and Personality Dimensions of Project-Management Personnel
Authors: Mills Joan , Robey Daniel , Smith Larry
Published: September 2011

A sample of 199 project management personnel took the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode instrument. Results supported the earlier research of Thomas and Kilmann (1975) with two extensions. Extraversion in our sample was not associated with cooperation, and it correlated with both the distributive and integrative dimensions of conflict handling.
The Physician's Role in Covering Deviance: Assisting the Physically Handicapped
Authors: French Fran , Mayfield Lida , Wilke Arthur S. , Woolley Barbara
Published: September 2011

Responses of 18 physicians in 9 specialties show they devote considerable time during treatment of patients with physical disabilities on procedures for concealment.
Second-Order Factor Structure Common to Five Personality Questionnaires
Authors: Schuerger J. M. , Allen L. C.
Published: September 2011

The argument is presented that many commercial personality questionnaires occupy a similar common vector space. A data-set was obtained of scores for 204 persons on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, the California Personality Inventory, the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, the Omnibus Personality Inventory, and the Adjective Check List. Quasifactor scores were generated from each inventory, based on the results of earlier work, as estimates of five broad variables hypothesized to define the common vector space across instruments. Factor analysis of the correlations among the resultant 23 variables was largely confirmatory of the hypothesized common vector space.
Affect Intensity and Self-Consciousness in College Students
Authors: Flett Gordon L. , Boase Paul , McAndrews Mary Pat , Blankstein Kirk R. , Pliner Patricia
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the correlations of scores on the Affect Intensity Measure and the Self-consciousness Scale. Positive correlations between dispositional levels of affect intensity, private self-consciousness, and public self-consciousness were obtained for 81 undergraduate women but not for the 46 men. The results are interpreted as further evidence of the validity of the Affect Intensity Measure.
Preliminary Study of Internal Dialogue in a Training Setting
Authors: Fuqua Dale R. , Newman Jody L. , Anderson Mark W. , Johnson Al W.
Published: September 2011

An investigation of task-distractive and facilitative dimensions of the internal dialogue of 30 counseling trainees in a laboratory setting was conducted. The correlations of internal dialogue to counseling performance, personality dimensions, and state/trait anxiety were examined and discussed.
Comparison of Men and Women on Self-Disclosure
Authors: Hatch Doxey , Leighton Lori
Published: September 2011

An interval-type scale was given to a sample of 84 undergraduate students at a private Western university to assess differences in self-disclosure between the sexes. The questionnaire was a one-group, measured-once design. To analyze the data, a 2-by-2-by-4 analysis of variance was applied. Women disclosed more than men over-all and scored higher on disclosure of strengths than men. These findings contradict Derlega's and Chaikin's (1976) claim that women disclose more weakness and men disclose more strength.
Health-Seeking Behaviors: Public versus Public Health Perspectives
Authors: Bausell R. Barker
Published: September 2011

Public and professional perceptions of the salutary effects of 17 preventive behaviors were compared via two separate telephone interviews. In absolute terms the public ( n = 1254) rated the majority of the behaviors as more important than the professional sample ( n = 103), although the exceptions were notable. Not smoking, wearing seatbelts, and drinking in moderation were all considered substantially less important by the public in promoting health and longevity. These results suggest that much work remains to be done in convincing the public of the health benefits of these life-saving acts.
Selection of Items for Course Evaluation by Faculty and Students
Authors: Shatz Mark A. , Best John B.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine what items of teaching effectiveness are viewed as significant by faculty and students. Students and faculty were given a pool of items typical of those appearing on course-evaluation forms and were asked to indicate which items they believed were important in evaluating teaching. There was substantial agreement between students and faculty regarding those items viewed as important enough to be included in an evaluation. The implications for interpreting course evaluations were discussed.
College Students' Drinking Problems: 1982–1985
Authors: Hanson David J. , Engs Ruth C.
Published: September 2011

The drinking problems of 4,266 students at 72 colleges in 1984–1985 were compared to the drinking problems of 4,885 students at the same colleges in 1982–1983. The data suggest little change in drinking problems over time, except for a decrease in driving after drinking and while driving.
Primary and Secondary Illusory Control and Risk-Taking in Gambling (Roulette)
Authors: Letarte Andrée , Ladouceur Robert , Mayrand Marie
Published: September 2011

This research evaluated the perception of personal control and the number of wins and losses in gambling. Subjects were invited to play roulette. Monetary risk-behavior was recorded. Results showed that most subjects reported some degree of primary or secondary illusory control during the game. Frequent wins induced more personal control than infrequent wins. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of the psychology of gambling behavior.
Items for Evaluating Humor
Authors: Powell Larry
Published: September 2011

Examining the factor structure of scales used to evaluate humor suggested that satirical messages are evaluated along a series of collapsible factors which merge with other similarly acting factors to form broader evaluative dimension. A humor dimension was the only consistent factor identified.
Initial and Follow-up Psychological Testing on a Group of Patients with Multiple Personality Disorder
Authors: Coons Philip M. , Sterne Arthur L.
Published: September 2011

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) were administered to the host personality of 18 patients with multiple personality prior to therapy. The MMPI was readministered a mean of 39 mo. later. The MMPI appears to be a valuable aid in diagnosing multiple personality. Characteristic MMPI protocols include (1) high F and Sc scales, (2) technically invalid profiles, (3) numerous critical items, (4) critical items indicating dissociation, (5) a poly-symptomatic picture, (6) wide discrepancy between obvious and subtle scores, (7) lack of blatant psychosis, (8) and infrequently elevated Hs scales. Individuals with borderline to superior IQs may have multiple personality.
Psychological Processes Mediating Persuasion-Inhibiting Effect of Forewarning in Fear-Arousing Communication
Authors: Fukada Hiromi
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to investigate the mechanism mediating the persuasion-inhibiting effect of a forewarning in a fear-arousing communication. 93 college students were either warned or not warned of the communicator's persuasive and fear-arousing intents. Results showed that the forewarning produced resistance to persuasion and that resistance was mediated directly by counterarguments during the presentation of the communication, and indirectly by psychological reactance in the postwarning, precommunication interval.
Nonorganic Infertility: Some Research and Treatment Problems
Authors: Pantesco Victor
Published: September 2011

Nonorganic infertility is a significant source of psychological and physical suffering The literature on the problem is inconsistent, inconclusive or methodologically flawed. Primary among the difficulties are an early and continuing psychoanalytical focus on women only, lack of attention to men and the systematic nature of infertility, and for the few outcome studies that have been done, large attrition, very small samples, and confused or unclear criteria for judgment.
Expectancy of Personal Control and Seeking Social Support in Coping Style
Authors: Grace Glenn D. , Schill Thomas
Published: September 2011

Sandler and Lakey (1982) suggested that compared to external scorers internal locus of control subjects are better able to cope with stress because they use the social support they receive more effectively. The present study examined a number of potential locus of control differences in coping styles to determine whether subjects with high expectancies of personal control report seeking significantly more social support in coping than subjects with low expectancies of personal control. Results indicate a significantly greater initiation of contact with others during periods of distress for subjects with high as opposed to low personal control.
Assessment by Relatives of Elderly Patients with Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Rozenbilds U. , Goldney R. D. , Gilchrist P. N. , Martin E. , Connelly H.
Published: September 2011

Participation of relatives to provide clinical information on psychiatric patients is frequently under-utilized resulting in valuable data being bypassed. In an attempt to formalise the gathering of data from relatives we used the Geriatric Evaluation by Relatives Rating Instrument (GERRI), a 49-statement questionnaire in which the relative rates the patient's behaviour in terms of frequency of occurrence, The information obtained from relatives was then compared with that obtained from other forms of patient-assessment—the London Psychogeriatric Rating Scale completed by nursing staff, the Minimental State Screening Test and the Visual Analogue Scale for Depression completed by the patient, and the Activities of Daily Living Instrument completed by the occupational therapist. These instruments were chosen as being valid and reliable procedures with which to compare the GERRI. Subjects were 100 patients aged 65 yr. and over who were admitted consecutively to a psychogeriatric unit in a large psychiatric hospital. Significant correlations between relatives' assessment of cognitive and social function and those completed by the patients and other staff were noted. The relatives' assessment of the patients' mood, however, did not correlate with the patients' self-assessment of mood, suggesting that depression in the elderly may be “masked.”
Human Physical Aggression as a Function of Frustration: Role of Aggressive Cues
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed testing whether aggressive cues are necessary or only facilitative in increasing aggression to a frustration and whether their role is to “pull out” aggression directly or to add to the experience of displeasure. 20 subjects participated and a modified version of the Buss' “aggression machine” was used in which frustration was manipulated within subjects and aggressive cues between subjects. Frustration was of an arbitrary kind and aggression was defined to subjects to have instrumental value in overcoming the frustrative event Results indicated that (1) frustration alone is a weak antecedent of aggression, (2) at low frustration aggressive cues seem to be necessary for aggression to increase, and (3) aggressive cues apparently elicit aggression directly. Results were discussed in terms of Berkowitz' reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis.
Measures of Objective and Subjective Stress by Level of Income
Authors: Cole Galen E. , Tucker Larry A. , Friedman Glenn M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the possible relations between two types of stress (objective and subjective) and income. The methodological approach involved examining data collected via a health-screening process which was carried out among 10,350 adult males in various businesses and industries situated in the southwest region of the United States. The health-screening process assessed objective stress using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale and subjective stress using a 10-item Likert-type scale. The screening process also generated data regarding eight levels of income. Analysis of variance indicated that subjective stress was highest among individuals with the most income and lowest among those with the least income. Conversely, objective stress scores were highest among those with the least income and lowest among individuals with the most income. Also, objective and subjective stress scores were related as there were successive increases and decreases in respective stress scores for each increment of income. Based on these findings, apparently low-income groups experience more life-change events than high income groups, whereas high income groups seem to experience more psychological stress.