bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Ecohydrologically-informed Machine Learning Approach for Understanding Dryland Carbon Dynamics
Authors: Barnes Mallory , Dannenberg Matthew , Kannenberg Steven , Pervin Rubaya , MacBean Natasha
Published: February 2023

Drylands have tightly coupled water and carbon cycles due to persistent water scarcity, making them valuable systems for understanding coupled ecohydrological and biogeochemical processes. In addition, dryland ecosystems contribute significantly to the interannual variability of the terrestrial carbon sink. To better characterize dryland carbon dynamics, we present DryFlux, a machine learning upscaled product based on a dense network of eddy covariance sites in the North American Southwest. This product combines in-situ fluxes with remote sensing and meteorological data to estimate gross primary productivity in drylands while explicitly accounting for water limitation during the model development process. DryFlux outperforms existing products in capturing interannual and seasonal variation in carbon uptake when used globally. We specifically explore how machine learning techniques can accurately upscale fluxes at multiple spatial (1 km and 9 km) and temporal (daily, weekly, monthly) scales to find the best resolution for capturing spatial and temporal heterogeneity in carbon and water fluxes. In addition, we discuss how remotely sensed soil moisture from satellites can help capture biogeochemical 'hot spots' and 'hot moments' in drylands. Our findings can help us better understand dynamic carbon fluxes in drylands, as well as the spatiotemporal resolution needed to resolve water-carbon dynamics in these and other systems. Machine learning methods that explicitly incorporate water limitation in model development can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of carbon, energy, and water fluxes at multiple scales.
Evaluating the influence of human induced landscape alterations on ecosystem services in semiarid regions of India.
Authors: Shivamurthy Vinay , Manoj Thokala , Arun Kumar Kamera , Harsha Vardhan Maddela , Lavanya Sangannagari , Manasa Sankalamaddi
Published: February 2023

In the Anthropocene, with human centric planning, the landscapes are continually altered endangering the existence of biota, triggering climate changes, affecting the ecosystem services provided by the regional landscapes. However in special cases, meticulous planning and prioritized alterations of landscape has aided in improving the regional economy and the services provided by them. In the current communication we spatially evaluate the influence of irrigation projects on the lentic ecosystems and agrarian ecosystems at regional scale. Karimnagar, located in Telangana State India, along with 25km buffer from the city center was analyzed. Being in the semiarid zones, Karimnagar experience sever temperature during summer. Spatiotemporal variation in Zaid cropping pattern and water bodies were studied using Landsat series satellite data for the past 5 decades i.e., between 1973 to 2022. Indices based methods such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and modified Normalized Difference Water index were used followed by segmentation to determine the areas under Zaid cropping and extent of water. It was evident that during 1973 area under Zaid crops were as low as 231km2 with water bodies about 1.7km2. with commission of lower Manair in the year 1985, downstream regions of the reservoir showed large scale improvement i.e., the lakes were rejuvenated and the area under Zaid cropping improved significantly. Area under Zaid agriculture improved by four folds i.e., over 1000km2 and water bodies increased to 53km2. In the recent past, Mid Manair was commissioned in the year 2018 post which area under water has increase to 113km2 and area under Zaid cropping has increased to 1569km2. Post Lower Manair and Mid Manair Projects, most of the lentic ecosystems in the study area have become perennial catering to agrarian, domestic and environment. The Agriculture Ecosystem Service Value in the study area particularly due the Zaid Cropping has increased from 34 Million US$ in 1973 to ~128Million US$ after commission of Lower Manair and the same has increased to 235 Million US$ by 2022, like wise ecosystem services of lentic ecosystems have increased from 0.59Million US$ in 1973 to 39.57 Million US$ in 2022. The results indicates that with sensible planning and development, both society and regional environs get mutually benefitted thus ensuring superior wellbeing.
EarthWorks
Authors: Randall David , Hurrell James , Gettelman Andrew , Skamarock William , Dazlich Donald , Hauser Thomas , Mickelson Sheri , Medeiros Brian , Sun Lantao
Published: February 2023

EarthWorks is a high-resolution, coupled, global storm-resolving Earth System Model which is aimed at both weather and climate applications. All components share the same geodesic grid. The target grid spacing is 3.75 km for all components, and the target performance is one simulated year per wall clock day by 2025. While EarthWorks uses the CESM framework, its atmosphere, ocean and sea ice components are based on the MPAS (“Model for Prediction Across Scales”) dynamical cores. These components are coupled using the CMEPS (Community Mediator for Earth Prediction Systems) developed for CESM. Our presentation will focus on the results of both fully coupled and AMIP simulations with various horizontal grid spacings. We will also mention various problems encountered and overcome along the way.
A magnetohydrodynamic modelling approach to simulate CME-forced planetary magnetospheres and predict geomagnetic impacts
Authors: Roy Souvik , Nandy Dibyendu
Published: February 2023

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) carry large amounts of magnetized plasma into the heliosphere at very high speeds. Their interplanetary counterparts, or Interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs), create adverse space weather conditions around planets. These interplanetary structures have the potential to cause hazardous space weather and impact space- and ground-based technologies on Earth. At CESSI we have developed a 3D magnetohydrodynamic STORM Interaction (CESSI-STORMI) module to simulate the interactions between ICMEs and planets with and without a global magnetosphere. In this talk, I shall discuss our data-driven simulations to assess ICME impact on the Earth’s magnetosphere and  present a methodology to estimate their geo-effectiveness. We validate this module with observations and find a good match with the observed values of the Dst index for past events. In addition, we also present a qualitative study of the global magnetosphere under the influence of ICMEs. Our work allows us to estimate the severity of geomagnetic storms based on early, data-driven inputs of ICME flux rope profiles gleaned from near-Sun or in-situ observations. Thus our work has the potential to significantly extend the time window for predicting the severity of geomagnetic storms - which remains a grand challenge in heliophysics.
Deep Clustering in Subglacial Reflections Reveals New Insight into Subglacial Lakes
Authors: Dong Sheng , Fu Lei
Published: February 2023

Radar images imply subglacial features, including distinct reflections from ice bottom. Different from bedrock interfaces, subglacial lakes generally display smooth and continuous highlights as a special type of ice bottom reflectors in radar images. In this study, we construct a dataset of ice bottom reflectors based on CReSIS radar sounder dataset. A deep learning method is applied to downsample and convert peak ice bottom reflectors to latent space. Unsupervised clustering later separates different types of subglacial reflectors. One reflector type with a sharp shape and high reflect power reveals smooth and continuous distributions in the radar images. The spatial distribution of this reflector type also matches the known subglacial lake distribution. We further applied this workflow to indicate candidate groups of subglacial reflectors similar to the conventional lakes. Results show more lakes are marked in the same radar sounder dataset. This method can automatically indicate subglacial lakes in radar images with high efficiency. The other types of subglacial reflectors can also provide potential references for subglacial studies.
Continuous Seep Monitoring at the Northern Cascadia Margin by Ocean Networks Canada
Authors: Scherwath Martin , Römer Miriam , Marcon Yann , Riedel Michael
Published: February 2023

Since 2012 Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) has acquired high-quality long-term multibeam sonar data from the seafloor at Clayoquot Slope off Vancouver Island which is one of the most active methane vent regions of the Cascadia Margin, and where ONC has one of its nodes of the NEPTUNE cabled seafloor observatory. The sonar was first deployed at a vent field of irregular activity (near Bubbly Gulch), and since 2014 it is located at an extremely active field (Gastown Alley). The data that have been analyzed so far exhibit the strong dependence of gas bubble emissions with tidal pressure, although the tides alone cannot explain all the observed dynamics such as onset cessation of ebullition or periods of strong versus absence of seepage, and other factors need to be considered and ideally monitored to predict future seepage.Seafloor cabled observatories are ideal to acquire high-resolution data of many ocean and seafloor parameters, including those from high-bandwidth data or power-intensive instruments. This presentation is an opportunity to explore possibilities to modify the existing seepage observatory, adding to the already installed instruments at Clayoquot Slope, or change focus to Barkley Canyon, another ONC node location, where hydrate mounts and outcrops occur and methane vents also exist.
Coupled data assimilation for numerical weather prediction at ECMWF
Authors: de Rosnay Patricia , browne Phil , de Boisséson Eric , Fairbairn David , Garrigues Sébastien , Herbert Christoph , Ochi Kenta , Schepers Dinand , Weston Pete , Zuo Hao
Published: February 2023

In this presentation we introduce coupled assimilation activities conducted in support of seamless Earth system approach developments for Numerical Weather Prediction and climate reanalysis at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). For operational applications coupled assimilation requires to have reliable and timely access to observations in all the Earth system components and it relies on consistent acquisition and monitoring approaches across the components. We show recent and future infrastructure developments and implementations to support consistent observations acquisition and monitoring for land and ocean at ECMWF. We discuss challenges of surface sensitive observations assimilation and we show ongoing forward operator and coupling developments to enhance the exploitation of interface observations over land and ocean surfaces. We present plans to use new and future observation types from future observing systems such as the Copernicus Expansion missions.
Biochar amendment on greenhouse gases emissions and soil carbon sequestration in subtropical paddy fields: a ten-year study
Authors: Shen Jianlin , Li Yanyan , Li Zongming , Wang Juan , Wu Jinshui
Published: February 2023

Paddy field is one of the important sources for CH4 emissions, and can also be the carbon sink by soil carbon sequestration. In this study, a ten-year study was conducted to evaluate the long-term effects of biochar amendment on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon sequestration. Straw-derived biochar was applied once in 2012 at 24 and 48 t ha-1. The results showed that the annual CH4 emissions decreased by 20-50% as compared with no biochar amendment in the first four years after biochar addition. There were consistent CH4 emission reduction in the 10th year after biochar addition, with a reduction rate of 18-27%. The reduction of CH4 emission from paddy field was mainly related the improve of aeration, and the redution of the abundance ratio of methanogen/ methanotrophy. Biochar only increased N2O emissions in the first year after biochar addition due to additional nitrogen input caused by biochar addition. Biochar addition increased soil total organic content (TOC) in the first year after biochar addition, and the TOC contents showed no decrease after 10 years. Biochar addtion did not increase or decrease rice yield in a ten-year average. This indicated that biochar can be a useful measure for decreasing greenhouse gases emissions from subtropical paddy fields, and for increasing soil carbon sequestration in a long-term period. 
Comparison of ECMWF-ERA5 turbulent Air-Sea Fluxes and related environmental variables to data from to the OCARINA wave following platforms
Authors: Benjeddou Saïd , Denis Bourras Denis , Dewitte Boris , Luneau Christopher , Fraunié Philippe
Published: February 2023

The ECMWF-ERA5 reanalysis is amongst the best products to access the hourly state and trend of the global Atmosphere, Wave field, and Ocean over several decades, for many scientists and in many studies. In the proposed presentation, we will compare the turbulent momentum and heat exchange flux values output from the reanalysis to corresponding estimates that were not assimilated in the model. Those estimates were computed from data collected with a wave following platform that was deployed in several basins since 2012, including the Chile-Peru upwelling region in 2014. Not only the fluxes and the bulk variables will be statistically compared, but the focus will also be laid on the sensitivity of the results to the surface current, to the proximity of coast and, where it applies, to the direction of the wind (onshore, offshore and parallel to the coast).
The Use of Artificial Intelligence in ESA’s Climate Change Initiative
Authors: Jungbluth Anna , Pechorro Ed , Albergel Clement , Mecklenburg Susanne
Published: February 2023

Climate change is arguably the greatest environmental challenge facing humankind in the twenty-first century. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) facilitates multilateral action to combat climate change and its impacts on humanity and ecosystems. To make decisions on climate change mitigation and adaptation, the UNFCCC requires systematic observations of the global climate system.The objective of the ESA’s climate programme, currently delivered via the Climate Change Initiative (CCI), is to realise the full potential of the long-term, global-scale, satellite earth observation archive that ESA and its Member States have established over the last 35 years, as a significant and timely contribution to the climate data record required by the UNFCCC.Since 2010, the programme has contributed to a rapidly expanding body of scientific knowledge on >22 Essential Climate Variables (ECVs), through the production of Climate Data Records (CDRs). Although varying across geophysical parameters, ESA CDRs follow community-driven data standards, facilitating inter- and cross-ECV research of the climate system.In this work, we highlight the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of the ESA CCI. AI has played a pivotal role in the production and analysis of these Climate Data Records. Eleven CCI projects - Greenhouse Gases (GHG), Aerosols, Clouds, Fire, Ocean Colour, Sea Level, Soil Moisture, High Resolution Landcover, Biomass, Permafrost, and Sea Surface Salinity - have applied AI in their data record production and research or have identified specific AI usage for their research roadmaps.The use of AI in these CCI projects is varied, for example - GHG CCI algorithms using random forest machine learning techniques; Aerosol CCI algorithms to retrieve dust aerosol optical depth from thermal infrared spectra; Fire CCI algorithms to detect burned areas. Moreover, the ESA climate community has identified climate science gaps in context to ECVs with the potential for meaningful advancement through AI.We specifically focus on showcasing the use of AI for data homogenization and super-resolution of ESA CCI datasets. For instance, both the land cover and fire CCI dataset were generated globally in low resolution, while high resolution data only exists for specific geographical regions. By adapting super-resolution algorithms to the specific science use cases, we can accelerate the generation of global, high-resolution datasets with the required temporal coverage to support long-term climate studies. 
Solar Activities Associated with 3He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Events Observed by Solar Orbiter
Authors: Nitta Nariaki , Bucik Radoslav , Mason Glenn , Ho George , Cohen Christina , Gomez-Herrero Raul , Wang Linghua , Balmaceda Laura
Published: February 2023

Impulsive solar energetic particle (SEP) events are distinguished from shock-accelerated gradual SEP events especially in terms of their abundance enriched in 3He and heavy ions. Historically, 3He-rich  have been known to be accompanied by type III radio bursts and energetic electrons. For more than 15 years in the past it has often been proclaimed that coronal jets are responsible for 3He-rich SEP events. We revisit the link of 3He-rich SEP events with coronal jets in a series of 3He-rich SEP events that was observed by Solar Orbiter in May 2021 at a radial distance of 0.95 AU. An isolated active region AR 12824 was likely the ultimate source of these SEP events.  The period of the enhanced flux of 3He was also a period of frequent type III bursts in the  decametric-hectometric range, confirming their close relationship. As in past studies, we try to find the solar activities possibly responsible for 3He-rich SEP events, using the type III bursts close to the particle injection times estimated from the velocity dispersion. But this exercise is not as straightforward as in many of the past studies since the region produced many more type III bursts and jet-like eruptions than the SEP injections.  We may generalize the solar activities for the 3He-rich SEP events in question as coronal jets, but their appearances do not necessarily conform to classic jets that consist of a footpoint and a spire. Conversely, such jets often did not accompany type III bursts. The areas that produced jet-like eruptions changed within the active region from the first to the second set of 3He-rich SEP events, which may be related to the extended coronal mass ejection that launched stealthily, involving both the leading and trailing polarity areas of AR 12824.
Comparison of CPU and GPU parallelization approaches between two programming languages in copepod model simulations
Authors: Brabaharan Varshani , Edirisinghe Sachithma , Bandara Kanchana
Published: February 2023

This study presents a comparative assessment to evaluate between two high performance computing languages, Java and FORTRAN for the computation vs. communication trade-off observed during a strategy-oriented copepod model simulation. Here we compared the computational time of (i) sequential processing, (ii) latency (CPU) and (iii) throughput (GPU) oriented designs. CPU based parallelization was accomplished on a 4-core Intel i7 processor with a clock speed of 1.99 GHz. On this CPU, we implemented a (i) fork/join framework design based on work-stealing algorithm in Java and (ii) Open Multi- Processing (OpenMP), a directive-based application programming interface (API) with shared memory architecture on FORTRAN 95. The GPU processing power was leveraged using the CUDA framework in Java and OpenACC API on FORTRAN on a NVIDIA GeForce MX230 with 256 unified pipelines. The simulation time for sequential CPU execution was ca. 41% lower in FORTRAN compared to Java (18 s vs. 25 s). Furthermore, the FORTRAN simulation was ca. 43% lower in execution time in latency-oriented CPU design compared to Java (10s vs. 13s). In the simulation regarding GPU-approach with unified memory space accessibility, Java computation consumed ca. 38% less time than FORTRAN (5s vs. 8s). Unlike FORTRAN, Java is purely an object-oriented language and therefore, object handling is not optimized in GNU compliers of FORTRAN. Nevertheless, memory consumption of FORTRAN can be fine-tuned – thereby, decreasing latency unlike in Java. OpenMP API is based on self-consistency, shared memory architecture and its temporary view memory allows threads to cache variables and thereby reduce latency by avoid accessing the memory for each reference of variables unlike the fork/join framework in Java. Furthermore, OpenMP has a thread private memory, which allows efficient synchronization within the code. OpenACC is designed as a high-level platform, which is an independent abstract programming accelerator that offers a pragmatic alternative for accessing GPU programming without much programming effort. Nevertheless, some uses of unified memory space accessibility on NVIDIA GPU’s are better represented in CUDA despite OpenACC having a cache directive. Therefore, its best to investigate the performances of different accelerator models and different programming languages depending on the simulation needs and efficiency targets desired by the model.Keywords: FORTRAN, Java, OpenMP, OpenACC, high-performance computing, copepods, modelling
First light from the MATS satellite
Authors: Christensen Ole Martin , Gumbel Jörg , Megner Linda , Murtagh Donal , Linder Björn , Hedin Jonas , Ivchenko Nickolay , Stegman Jacek
Published: February 2023

Global three-dimensional data are a key to understanding gravity waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. MATS is a small Swedish satellite that aims at providing such fields using tomographic measurements of oxygen A-band airglow and noctilucent clouds. MATS was successfully launched from Mahia, New Zealand, on November 4, 2022. Data collection started in December 2022, and MATS is projected to have collected over 3 million images of the MLT region by April 2023.This presentation will provide an overview over first results from the MATS data. This includes analysis of in-flight performance of the instruments, an overview of data availability, and some examples of possible usage of the data. We will discuss data quality as well as possible biases and uncertainties that need to be considered when using this new and unique dataset for mesospheric studies.
National CO2 budgets (2015–2020) inferred from atmospheric CO2observations in support of the Global Stocktake
Authors: Byrne Brendan , Bowman Kevin ,   other authors
Published: February 2023

Accurate accounting of emissions and removals of CO2 is critical for the planning and verification of emission reduction targets in support of the Paris Agreement. Here, we present a pilot dataset of country-specific net carbon exchange (NCE; fossil plus terrestrial ecosystem fluxes) and terrestrial carbon stock changes aimed at informing countries’ carbon budgets. These estimates are based on “top-down” NCE outputs from the v10 Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) modeling inter-comparison project (MIP), wherein an ensemble of inverse modeling groups conducted standardized experiments assimilating OCO-2 column-averaged dry-air mole fraction (XCO2) retrievals (ACOS v10), in situ CO2 measurements, or combinations of these data. The v10 OCO-2 MIP NCE estimates are combined with “bottom-up” estimates of fossil fuel emissions and lateral carbon fluxes to estimate changes in terrestrial carbon stocks, which are impacted by anthropogenic and natural drivers. These flux and stock change estimates are reported annually (2015–2020) as both a global 1° × 1° gridded dataset and as a country-level dataset. Across the v10 OCO-2 MIP experiments, we obtain increases in the ensemble median terrestrial carbon stocks of 3.29–4.58 PgCO2 yr−1 (0.90–1.25 PgC yr−1). This is a result of broad increases in terrestrial carbon stocks across the northern extratropics, while the tropics generally have stock losses but with considerable regional variability and differences between v10 OCO-2 MIP experiments. We discuss the state of the science for tracking emissions and removals using top-down methods, including current limitations and future developments towards top-down monitoring and verification systems.
Interplay between aseismic and seismic slip in an earthquake swarm in Western India
Authors: Bhattacharya Pathikrit , Sreejith Kattumadam , Gahalaut Vineet , James Adhaina Susan , Mukherjee Subhasish , Bhagat Ratna , Agrawal Ritesh
Published: February 2023

The Palghar Swarm in Western India is unique given its occurrence within the stable continental interior, its unusually long duration (having started in November 2018 it continues unabated), and extremely high seismicity rate (up to a few hundreds of earthquakes a day). Given the small spatial extent (around 100 km2) of the swarm and the dense seismic network deployed by Indian agencies to monitor it, the swarm offers a unique opportunity to understand the processes driving swarms within the stable interior of the Indian plate which, compared to continental interiors elsewhere in the world, is unusually seismically active. The swarm clusters along two lineaments not expressed on the earth surface. Our InSAR analysis, assuming the lineaments to be subsurface faults, reveals predominantly normal dip-slip motion along both faults during several time windows between March 2019 and January 2020. We find the geodetically inferred moment to be an order-of-magnitude larger than the cumulative seismic moment throughout this time window indicating the presence of substantial aseismic slip. The aseismically slipping patches on the two faults migrate spatially and seem well correlated with the migration of seismicity. We explore the interaction between aseismic slip and the swarm seismicity by calculating resolved Coulomb Stress changes due to migrating aseismic slip on each fault and at the hypocentres of earthquakes large enough for a reliable moment tensor to be inferred. Preliminary results suggest a complex relationship between aseismic and seismic slip and a possible involvement of fluids. These results raise the question whether aseismic slip is commonly associated with earthquake swarms within the Indian continental interior and if these might be associated with deep fluid sources within the Indian continental crust.
Atmospheric and oceanic influences on the hydrological scenarium southern Brazil in relation to extreme events observed in 2022
Authors: Paulek Douglas , Paranhos Cassia , Freitas Camila , Carpenedo Camila
Published: February 2023

After a long period of drought experienced in South America, which began in 2019 and lasted until 2021 for the southern region of Brazil, the hydrological scenario of this region presented positive precipitation anomalies throughout the year 2022. That anomalies resulted in the increase in the flow observed in the main river basins of the southern region of Brazil, which wanted to recover the storage volume of the reservoirs and social activities and ingestion, in addition to the occurrence of extreme events at Iguaçu Falls. Precipitation in the southern region of South America, especially in Brazil, is the result of different climatic phenomena. Its latitudinal (tropical) location means that this region is influenced by frontal systems, polar masses, Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC) systems, and South Atlantic Convergence Zones (SACZ). In addition to also being influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, which is associated with changes in the normal patterns of Sea Surface Temperature and trade winds in the Equatorial Pacific region, the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), and others atmospheric and oceanic systems on global scales. This work presents a discussion about the anomalies in the atmosphere (geopotential height 250 hPa) and an analysis of the climatic phenomena that may have contributed to the precipitation anomalies observed during the months of May to October 2022.
Evaluation of different Precipitation Products with IMD dataset emphasizing on Hydrological Modelling.
Authors: Kumari Alka , Singh Raghuvanshi Akash , Agarwal Ankit
Published: February 2023

Numerous reanalysis products have been released worldwide. Indeed, the latest generation of reanalysis exhibit less bias and inaccuracy due to significant advancements in model physics and data assimilation methodologies. The applicability of these data sets for various parts of the world must be carefully examined. Therefore, numerous initiatives have been conducted to investigate the validity of reanalysis on a global and regional basis. Reanalysis products have been used to examine a range of hydrological concerns, such as floods, droughts, and the balance of energy and water, among others. In this study, we investigate how well various reanalysis products simulate the spatiotemporal precipitation patterns over India. We have collected precipitation data from 1980 to 2021 for pan India using different reanalysis precipitation products such as ERA5 (Fifth generation of ECMWF global atmospheric reanalysis), CFSR (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis), MERRA2 (Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application, version-2), JRA55 (Japanese global atmospheric reanalysis project), MSWX (Multi-Source Weather) and IMD (India Meteorological Department) dataset. Comparison of different precipitation reanalysis products with the IMD dataset using various descriptive and categorial indices showed that ERA5 was a better representative of IMD data than other reanalysis products. We infer that ERA5 can be utilized in various climatic studies and hydrological modelling for those areas or river basins having no or missing data.
Optomechanical accelerometers for geodesy
Authors: Guzman Felipe , Hines Adam , Nelson Andrea , Guo Xiangyu , Valdes Guillermo , Sanjuan Jose
Published: February 2023

We report on the progress of our novel low-frequency optomechanical accelerometer. This device is designed to be compact and portable, comprised of a monolithically fabricated mechanical resonator and a compact heterodyne laser interferometer. The resonator is made from fused-silica, which is a low-loss material that provides very low mechanical losses near room temperature. The oscillating test mass is read-out with the highly sensitive heterodyne interferometer. With a measured Q of 4.77x105, an mQ-product above 1200 kg, a fundamental mechanical resonance of 4.7 Hz, we can estimated an acceleration noise floor near 1x10-11 m s-2/√Hz, which makes this device a good potential candidate for future applications in gravimetry, geodesy, geophysics, and hydrology.A prototype packaging has been developed to reduce losses caused by typical mechanical mounts. We have conducted comparison measurements with commercial low-frequency systems to an excellent agreement. Recent measurements taken with the resonator mounted in this packaging atop a vibration isolation platform have indicated that our system is seismically limited above 1 mHz. Noise floors in the order of 82 pico-g/√Hz at 0.4 Hz has been demonstrated in our laboratory.We will present recent updates on this optomechanical accelerometer, including up to date measurements of the resonator and interferometer sensitivity, as well as that of the combined system.
Accelerating ice loss from peripheral glaciers in North Greenland
Authors: Khan Shfaqat Abbas , Colgan William , Neumann Thomas , van den Broeke Michiel , Brunt Kelly , Noël Brice , Bamber Jonathan , Hassan Javed , Bjørk Anders
Published: February 2023

The Arctic is warming more rapidly than the rest of the world. This warming has had an especially profound impact on Greenland’s ice cover. Only 4% of Greenland’s ice cover are small peripheral glaciers that are distinct from the ice sheet proper. Despite comprising this relatively small area, these small peripheral gIaciers are responsible for 11% of the ice loss associated with Greenland’s recent sea-level rise contribution. Using the satellite laser platforms ICESat and ICESat-2, we estimate that ice loss from these Greenland glaciers increased from 27±6 Gt/yr (2003–2009) to 42±6 Gt/yr (2018–2021). We find that the largest acceleration in ice loss is in North Greenland, where we observe ice loss to increase by a factor of four between 2003 and 2021. In some areas, it appears that recent increases in snowfall at high altitudes have partially counteracted recent increases in melt at low altitudes. While many recent Greenland ice loss assessments have focused on only the ice sheet, the recent sharp increase in ice loss from small peripheral glaciers highlights the importance of accurately monitoring Greenland’s small peripheral glaciers. These small peripheral glaciers appear poised to play an outsized role in Greenland ice loss for decades to come.
Real-time source apportionment of submicron particle number size distribution in Delhi NCR.
Authors: Ali Umer , Faisal Mohd , Singh Vikram , Kumar Mayank
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric submicrometric (<1 μm or 1000 nm) particles contribute a significant mass fraction of the PM2.5, and particles in both size ranges are linked to adverse impacts on human health and atmospheric visibility. Delhi is one of the most polluted regions in the world and routinely experiences some of the world's highest urban particulate matter concentrations. Source apportionment studies have been extensively performed in Delhi. Still, all these studies have focussed on identifying sources and their contributions to particulate matter mass rather than particle number concentration. To the best of our knowledge, no source apportionment study has been conducted in the Delhi region, which focused on the source identification and source contribution of particle number concentration. Hence, in this study, real-time high-resolution measurements of particle size distributions of sub-micron particles (10-1000 nm) and gaseous pollutants will be used to identify and quantify sources contributing to particle number concentration with the help of positive matrix factorization (PMF). Real-time measurements of gaseous pollutants (NO, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3) and meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, RH and windspeed) will also be used further to investigate the potential sources of PNC and formation processes. Further, polar and wind trajectory analyses will be performed to identify the strengths of potential local and distant sources. 
A spatial analysis of the relevance of community organizations as an insurance against the economic and environmental vulnerability of Colombian cacao producers.
Authors: Quiroga Sonia , Suárez Cristina , Hernanz Virginia , Aguiño Jose Evelio
Published: February 2023

The future of replacing illicit crops with cocoa in the South-Pacific region of Colombia goes far beyond the economic viability of these plantations. The process of social and ecological restoration (SER) that this process implies is intrinsically linked to the role of local organisations and the support of international non-governmental organisations, which are introducing the main technical improvements conditional on the achievement of social improvements. Here we analyse the situation in the South-Pacific region of Colombia, a territory traditionally dominated by illicit crops, inhabited by vulnerable Afro-American communities, and where post-conflict agreements are having a special relevance due to the high level of violence. This paper analyses the determinants of differences in the selling price of cocoa, assuming that the decision to be able to sell cocoa dry and access international markets is directly related to the support received by farmers. To be able to obtain a sustainable production of quality dry cocoa, the main requirement for accessing international market prices, is conditioned by access to adequate infrastructures. And, without access to this higher quality production, the substitution of illicit crops does not seem viable, and with it the environmental sustainability and social cohesion of the territory. Therefore, we analyse the determinants of farmers' ability to sell dry cocoa: percentage of cocoa damaged by pests, the pressure of violence. To do so, we use spatial econometric models, as these have been found to be more appropriate than other types of models. And we show that increasing the participation of producers in community councils supported by international NGOs is fundamental to achieving a better cocoa price.
High Asia Refined analysis-based Monsoon precipitation characteristics over Indian Himalayas
Authors: Saini Rohtash , Attada Raju , Sharma Nischal , Kizhuveettil Sreehari
Published: February 2023

The Himalayas, known as the world's third pole, are extremely vulnerable to the ramifications of extreme precipitation events (EPEs), such as flash floods, landslides, and agricultural and infrastructural damages during the Indian summer monsoon (ISM). Complex terrain, high meteorological diversity and uncertainty in observations over this region, make it challenging to comprehend the precipitation disparities and predict the EPEs across the Western Himalayas (WH). Therefore, a better representation of ISM precipitation characteristics over the WH using high-resolution data is crucial for precisely understanding the precipitation variability and mechanisms of climate-triggered localised natural disasters. This study investigates the spatiotemporal variability of precipitation and EPEs using High Asia Refined analysis version 2 (HAR v2), during ISM. It is generated by dynamically downscaling global ERA5 reanalysis data, using Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). Before investigating the EPEs, we evaluated HAR v2's ability to represent general characteristics of ISM over the WH against reanalysis, satellite and observational datasets. Preliminary results indicate that, HAR v2 reanalysis better represented the spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation and EPEs across WH. The present study will also investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic processes, associated with EPEs over the study region. Overall, this study aims to provide scientific insights to investigate the potential impacts of climate change on extreme events, which in turn could help mitigate disasters in the Himalayan region. Detailed results of precipitation variability over the Himalayas, and mechanisms altering the atmospheric conditions attributed to the EREs will be discussed.Keywords: Indian Summer Monsoon, Himalayas, HAR-V2 reanalysis, Extreme Precipitation Events
Data fusion in civil engineering: personal experience, vision and historical considerations
Authors: Benedetto Andrea
Published: February 2023

Approximately eight years ago, after a research activity that I started in the nineties on the application of GPR and, later, of NDTs to civil engineering, I realized that no technology can be considered as self standing. This is the consequence of the high complexity related to the civil engineering works and to the highly unpredictable impacts of ordinary processes and exceptional natural events. At the beginning of this century it was clear that a reliable and comprehensive monitoring of a phenomenon affecting bridges, tunnels, structures, or any civil engineering work is possible only by integrating data from different sources.GPR was at that time a very promising technology, and many investigated in this field measuring e.g. pavement deformation, asphalt moisture, ballast degradation, also the mechanical properties of materials. The accurate outcomes represent a great step forward for the science in this sector, but the final results demonstrated to be partial, because the approach failed under a holistic perspective.So, in the second decade of 2000, the need of a novel paradigm for investigation raised, in order not only to identify and quantify the problem, but also to diagnose its causes.It was the stimulus to fuse data from different NDTs, under the assumption that information A and B give much more than A+B. It means that one information (A) can be explanatory of one or more characters contained in a second (B) that cannot be inferred by the knowledge of only one single standing information (B).Based on this I decided, with very high level international colleagues, to establish a new session at EGU. It was the 2018. Today the sixth edition!During these years a number ranging from 80 to 120 of researchers took part to each session. Also the number of countries involved is impressive, ranging for each session from 10 to 17. The institutions ranged from 36 to 50.The number of contributions presented in the five editions is 141.After 2018 we have seen several special issues of prominent journals were dedicated to data fusion. Recently, beyond the typical technologies as GPR, UT, ERT, a great attention was given to Lidar, Satellite and UAV.Data fusion was also directed to other interesting and promising fields as archaeology, agriculture, urban planning, only to cite a few.I would like to underline that this great interest started in Europe and in USA, but actually the geographical coverage is much wider and it includes at a same level also Asiatic and emerging countries.There is now a new frontier that has to be. My vision is that this holistic approach can be used to develop an innovative immersive environment through the integration in augmented reality platforms on which a digital twin can be generated and dynamically upgraded through an adaptive interface, as well as using AI and machine learning paradigms.
Open, Quick and Reproducible Hydrological Model Deployment Cloud Platform
Authors: Shu Lele , Chang Yan , Meng Xianhong , Ullrich Paul , Duffy Christopher , Chen Hao , Lyu Shihua , Zhang Yaonan , Li Zhaoguo
Published: February 2023

Model and data are essential for current geoscientific research. Too many hydrological models are available for potential modelers, plus too much spatial terrestrial data related to modeling is accessible to users. More importantly, reproducibility is one of the key features in science,  which is barely discussed in hydrological models. Two significant reasons are that (1) the various hydrological models are incompatible since they require different variables, even if some of them share the same terminology, and (2) the complexity of model structure makes it impossible to deploy a model swiftly in any new research area. Our project is to establish a Global Hydrological Data Cloud (GHDC, https://shuddata.com) providing essential terrestrial variables for generic hydrological modeling, as modelers provide the watershed boundary and model requests. The data retrieved from the GHDC covers terrain, topology, soil/geology, landuse, hydraulic parameters and meteorological time-series data. The demonstration of three watershed examples with the Simulator of Hydrologic Unstructured Domains (SHUD),  can be a standard paradigm for physically-based hydrological modeling and instructive for other modeling processes, as the procedures are transferable to other hydrological models and regions. 
Species distribution models fail to predict paleozoological occurrences during the Holocene Green Sahara phase
Authors: Lazagabaster Ignacio , Spedding Juliet , Solano-Regadera Irene , Thomas Chris , Ikram Salima , Snape Severus , Bro-Jorgensen Jakob
Published: February 2023

Paleoclimatic simulations are powerful tools to investigate past faunal biogeographical patterns, but they can fail to capture complex climatic conditions at specific regional or temporal scales. Here we show that species distribution models (SDMs) do not predict the expansion of suitable habitats for mammals that were present in the Sahara during the African Humid Period (AHP) according to radiocarbon-dated paleozoological records. We illustrate this issue by modeling the current and past distribution of the hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), a typical African savanna antelope with a wide Sub-Saharan distribution. Its Holocene paleozoological record shows that its distribution during the AHP included large areas of the Sahara and the northern African Mediterranean coast, from Morocco to Egypt and the Levant. We use Bayesian additive regression trees (BARTs) with an MCMC algorithm in combination with current climate and occurrence data to generate posterior distributions of habitat suitability, evaluate variable importance, and generate variable partial-dependence plots. From these, we learn that annual precipitation is the most important climatic variable determining the hartebeest’s current distribution. We then projected habitat suitability onto various paleoclimatic scenarios during the AHP and found that the estimated precipitation did not reach the minimum required for the viability of hartebeest populations. These results highlight the potential of the fossil record to test the regional precision of paleoclimatic simulations, ultimately helping to generate more realistic past environmental scenarios.
Understanding Water Temperature Regulating of Lakes Through the Energy Balance Approach: Direct Observations (Agamon Hula, Israel) and Analytical Solutions
Authors: Tau Guy , Enzel Yehouda , McGowan Hamish , Lyakhovsky Vladimir , Lensky Nadav
Published: February 2023

Air-water interactions regulate lake-water temperature by balancing the rate of change of water temperature (stored heat) with the incoming and outgoing heat fluxes, which are functions of water temperature and external forcing. Yet, there is a large knowledge gap in quantifying the thermoregulation of a lake, and especially managed lakes, which is hypothesized to be related to both external environmental forcing and management decisions on the lake depth and water discharge. Here we explore the thermoregulation of a restored and managed Mediterranean lake (Agamon Hula, Israel), by direct measurements of all major heat fluxes and interpret the results with a rigorous analysis of the energy balance equation. We provide general solutions of (i) the steady-state water temperature under given constant external conditions and show that it is unrelated to water depth, (ii) the time response of the lake’s temperature to reach a steady-state following an abrupt change in various environmental conditions and show its relation to water depth and thermal properties of water, and (iii) the response of the lake’s temperature to a pre-defined oscillations of the environmental forcing (diurnal, seasonal or other cycles). The amplitude of water temperature fluctuations, and the time delay from steady-state are functions of the environmental conditions oscillations and the ratio of the forcing’s time period over the thermal response time of the lake. The summertime measured CO2 fluxes of Agamon Hula revealed the lake acts as a CO2 source to the atmosphere, overpassing similar water bodies from different climates.
Impacts of climate warming on biomass proportion of global forest carbon stocks
Authors: Mekonnen Zelalem , Riley William
Published: February 2023

A large amount of carbon is stored in global forests. However, the fraction of carbon stored as plant biomass vs. soil organic carbon (SOC) varies among forest types. The extent to which biomass and SOC pools may change over the 21st century is uncertain, yet important to carbon cycle interactions with climate change. Here, we used data derived from inventories and remote sensing and CMIP6 models to examine the current and 21st century dynamics in the proportion of biomass and SOC across global forests. Our results show contrasting ecosystem carbon pools of forests in colder vs. moist warmer climates. Boreal forests currently store only 14±7% of their ecosystem carbon as plant biomass compared to 50 ±18% for moist tropical forests. We found that annual precipitation, topography, soil, and wildfire were the primary controls of these differences in forest carbon pool fractions. Under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP5-8.5) climate scenario, CMIP6 models project that the ratio of biomass to ecosystem carbon in global forests will increase across the 21st century, with the largest increases in boreal forests compared to moist tropical forests. Changes in forest ecosystem carbon pools resulting in greater biomass fraction will affect the surface energy balance, disturbance regime, wildfire fuel loads, and ecosystem carbon balances, all of which interact with the climate system.