bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HAI, a new airborne, absolute, twin dual-channel, multi-phase TDLAS-hygrometer: background, design, setup, and first flight data
Authors: Buchholz Bernhard , Afchine Armin , Klein Alexander , Schiller Cornelius , Krämer Martina , Ebert Volker
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The novel Hygrometer for Atmospheric Investigation (HAI) realizes a unique concept for simultaneous gas-phase and total (gas-phase + evaporated cloud particles) water measurements. It has been developed and successfully deployed for the first time on the German HALO research aircraft. This new instrument combines direct tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (dTDLAS) with a first-principle evaluation method to allow absolute water vapor measurements without any initial or repetitive sensor calibration using a reference gas or a reference humidity generator. HAI contains two completely independent dual-channel (closed-path, open-path) spectrometers, one at 1.4 and one at 2.6 µm, which together allow us to cover the entire atmospheric H2O range from 1 to 40 000 ppmv with a single instrument. Both spectrometers each comprise a separate, wavelength-individual extractive, closed-path cell for total water (ice and gas-phase) measurements. Additionally, both spectrometers couple light into a common open-path cell outside of the aircraft fuselage for a direct, sampling-free, and contactless determination of the gas-phase water content. This novel twin dual-channel setup allows for the first time multiple self-validation functions, in particular a reliable, direct, in-flight validation of the open-path channels. During the first field campaigns, the in-flight deviations between the independent and calibration-free channels (i.e., closed-path to closed-path and open-path to closed-path) were on average in the 2 % range. Further, the fully autonomous HAI hygrometer allows measurements up to 240 Hz with a minimal integration time of 1.4 ms. The best precision is achieved by the 1.4 µm closed-path cell at 3.8 Hz (0.18 ppmv) and by the 2.6 µm closed-path cell at 13 Hz (0.055 ppmv). The requirements, design, operation principle, and first in-flight performance of the hygrometer are described and discussed in this work.
Towards European-scale convection-resolving climate simulations with GPUs: a study with COSMO 4.19
Authors: Leutwyler David , Fuhrer Oliver , Lapillonne Xavier , Lüthi Daniel , Schär Christoph
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The representation of moist convection in climate models represents a major challenge, due to the small scales involved. Using horizontal grid spacings of O(1km), convection-resolving weather and climate models allows one to explicitly resolve deep convection. However, due to their extremely demanding computational requirements, they have so far been limited to short simulations and/or small computational domains. Innovations in supercomputing have led to new hybrid node designs, mixing conventional multi-core hardware and accelerators such as graphics processing units (GPUs). One of the first atmospheric models that has been fully ported to these architectures is the COSMO (Consortium for Small-scale Modeling) model.Here we present the convection-resolving COSMO model on continental scales using a version of the model capable of using GPU accelerators. The verification of a week-long simulation containing winter storm Kyrill shows that, for this case, convection-parameterizing simulations and convection-resolving simulations agree well. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of the approach to longer simulations by conducting a 3-month-long simulation of the summer season 2006. Its results corroborate the findings found on smaller domains such as more credible representation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation in convection-resolving models and a tendency to produce more intensive hourly precipitation events. Both simulations also show how the approach allows for the representation of interactions between synoptic-scale and meso-scale atmospheric circulations at scales ranging from 1000 to 10 km. This includes the formation of sharp cold frontal structures, convection embedded in fronts and small eddies, or the formation and organization of propagating cold pools. Finally, we assess the performance gain from using heterogeneous hardware equipped with GPUs relative to multi-core hardware. With the COSMO model, we now use a weather and climate model that has all the necessary modules required for real-case convection-resolving regional climate simulations on GPUs.
Dispersion in deep polar firn driven by synoptic-scale surface pressure variability
Authors: Buizert Christo , Severinghaus Jeffrey P.
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Commonly, three mechanisms of firn air transport are distinguished: molecular diffusion, advection, and near-surface convective mixing. Here we identify and describe a fourth mechanism, namely dispersion driven by synoptic-scale surface pressure variability (or barometric pumping). We use published gas chromatography experiments on firn samples to derive the along-flow dispersivity of firn, and combine this dispersivity with a dynamical air pressure propagation model forced by surface air pressure time series to estimate the magnitude of dispersive mixing in the firn. We show that dispersion dominates mixing within the firn lock-in zone. Trace gas concentrations measured in firn air samples from various polar sites confirm that dispersive mixing occurs. Including dispersive mixing in a firn air transport model suggests that our theoretical estimates have the correct order of magnitude, yet may overestimate the true dispersion. We further show that strong barometric pumping, such as at the Law Dome site, may reduce the gravitational enrichment of δ15N–N2 and other tracers below gravitational equilibrium, questioning the traditional definition of the lock-in depth as the depth where δ15N enrichment ceases. Last, we propose that 86Kr excess may act as a proxy for past synoptic activity (or paleo-storminess) at the site.
The Impact of Cultural Diversity on Mosques in Malaysia
Authors: Ebrahimi Mansoureh , Yusoff Kamaruzaman
Published: July 2018

According to Malaysia Town and Country Planning Guideline and Standards (2002), two major considerations related to mosque usage and management are sufficient areas for both building and adjacent open space. As a sacred place for prostration to Almighty God, individually or in groups, mosque architecture has evolved considerably, from very simple designs and functions to more sophisticated forms and layouts. In Malaysia, various races have significantly influenced mosque design and function. The present work describes this evolution in terms of well-known mosques via qualitative observations and documentation, from earliest to latest architectural developments. Our findings demonstrate that architectural evolution and/or transformation did not alter the mosque’s main function from an Islamic perspective. Nonetheless, designs and structure did benefit usage, to include the attraction of tourists.
Saúde da População Negra: como nascem, vivem e morrem os indivíduos pretos e pardos em Florianópolis (SC)
Authors: Matos Camila Carvalho de Souza Amorim , Tourinho Francis Solange Vieira
Published: July 2018

Objetivo: Realizar um diagnóstico situacional das condições de saúde da população negra no município de Florianópolis (SC). Métodos: Trata-se de estudo do tipo levantamento, descritivo. Os dados dos sistemas de informação em saúde foram consultados nas bases disponíveis (prontuários eletrônicos municipais, dados censitários e TABNET DATASUS estadual e nacional), com análise da variável raça/cor, no período de 2010 a 2016. Resultados: Os resultados revelam, na população negra, piores condições de escolaridade e renda, maior proporção de mães adolescentes, menor número de consultas pré-natal, maiores proporções de casos de sífilis em gestantes e tuberculose e menor cobertura de plano privado de saúde. Os pacientes negros frequentaram proporcionalmente mais os Centros de Atenção Psicossocial, em comparação aos atendimentos nos Centros de Saúde. Dentre as três primeiras causas de óbitos que encurtam a vida, AIDS e homicídios aparecem todos os anos dentre a população negra, não aparecendo na população branca. Causas perinatais também aparecem apenas dentre negros. Em 2016, suicídio tornou-se a terceira causa de óbito que encurta a vida na população parda. Conclusão: As piores condições de saúde na população negra podem refletir as piores condições socioeconômicas dessa população, bem como o racismo institucional e o mito da democracia racial brasileira.
Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Petals of Six Rosa Species from Iran
Authors: Shameh Shahla , Hosseini Bahman , Alirezalu Abolfazl , Maleki Ramin
Published: July 2018

Background: The petals of Rosa species are used in the food industry and various traditional medicinal products, but few studies exist on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of petals of Rosa L. species grown in Iran. Objective: Phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity and some phenolic compounds of petals of six Rosa L. species were studied. Methods: Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride method, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. An HPLC system was used for quantitative analysis of phytochemical compounds. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed among the variables analyzed using Minitab software. Also, heat maps were used to visualize phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity in each species using GraphPad Prism software. Results: The amount of total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were in the range of 25.13–52.01 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight (DW), 0.61–0.82 mg quercetin equivalents/g DW, 11.47–20.93 µmol Fe++/g DW (FRAP), and 31.66–74.44% (DPPH), respectively. The p-coumaric acid (647.28 μg/g DW) and chlorogenic acid (24.37–135.23 μg/g DW) were found to be the most abundant phenolic compounds in the extracts of rose petals. The HCA and PCA revealed three distinct categories of species based on phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity. Conclusions: These results showed that phytochemical characteristics of different rose species widely correlated with species type and are promising sources of natural antioxidants beneficial for use in the food or pharmaceutical industries. Highlights: Iran is one of the main centers for genetic diversity of Rosa L. The petals of Rosa species are used in the food industry and various traditional medicinal products, but few studies exist on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of petals of Rosa L. species grown in Iran. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical compound of Six Rosa L. species petals grown in Iran were studied. Phenolic compounds in petals of Rosa were analyzed by HPLC. The color parameters, amount of total phenolic, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity and some individual phenolic compounds were significantly variable amongst Rosa species.
The American Brachinepticula gen. nov. and Manoneura Davis (Nepticulidae): a new generic concept based on a reinforced cathrema in the phallus
Authors: Stonis Jonas R. , Diškus Arūnas , Remeikis Andrius , Solis Maria Alma
Published: July 2018

We describe one new genus (Brachinepticula Stonis & Diškus, gen. nov.) with two new species (B. plurilobata Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., B. elongata Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.), and one species with uncertain taxonomic position (Johanssoniella bina Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov.). We also provide diagnostic characters and an updated annotated catalogue of the following related genera: newly restored Johanssoniella Koçak, Brachinepticula gen. nov., Enteucha Meyrick (s. str.) and Manoneura Davis. In the Annotated Catalogue, we provide five new combinations and new data on morphology, biology, and distribution of some species, including the first photographic documentation of Manoneura basidactyla Davis discovered in the Amazon rainforest, results of re-examination of the male genitalia of the European Johanssonia acetosae (Stt.), also the first documentation of the male genitalia, host plant and leaf mines of the little known Johanssoniella diplocosma (Meyrick) from the Himalayas. All new taxa treated in the paper are illustrated with drawings and (or) photographs of the adults and genitalia; photographs of the leaf mines of Brachinepticula plurilobata Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. and Johanssoniella diplocosma (Meyrick) are also provided.
The comparative enzyme and histological analysis of the Barbus peleponnesius from the aquaculture and natural population in the Vardar River in the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Iseni Gazmend , Beadini Nexhbedin , Jordanova Maja , Gjorgoski Icko , Rebok Katerina , Beadini Sheqibe , Aliu Hesat
Published: July 2018

Enzymatic biomarkers are sensitive to environmental changes and they respond by changing their activity. Barbus peloponnesius is considered a potential bioindicator to changes that can be caused in an environment by various pollutants. The results from the organs of the experimental group of fish from the aquaculture that were treated with a sublethal dose of insecticides (1 mg/L), showed a significant increase in the kinetic activity of the enzymes EROD and B(a)PMO compared to the group control. Whereas the group of fish treated with the same dose of herbicides did not show a significant increase, there was a kinetic activity alteration in these enzymes. A significant increase in the enzymatic activity (EROD and B(a)PMO) was also seen in the fish from the polluted Vardar River. The fish treated with sublethal concentrations (2 µg/L) of insecticides and herbicides showed haemolysis, coagulation, degeneration and cytoplasmic vacuolization of the hepatocytes, dilatation of the sinusoids, degeneration of the glomeruli and renal tubules, widening of the space between the basal membranes and the epithelial cells of the renal tubules, fracture and degeneration of the ovoplasm and disruption of the follicular epithelium in the hepatic parenchyma, kidney tissue, and the ovaries.
Investigation of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in Norway
Authors: Sidorenko Marina , Radzievskaja Jana , Rosef Olav , Paulauskas Algimantas
Published: July 2018

Expansion of the range of Ixodes ricinus ticks further north and to higher altitudes affects the spread of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in new territories and increases the risk of human infections. Over the past decade, the number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases has increased in Norway and parts of the southern coast have been established as endemic. The aims of this study were to confirm the existence of TBEV endemic foci, determine the spread of TBE in different localities of Norway, review and compare relevant published records on the prevalence of TBEV in the different developmental stages and sex of the ticks. Ticks were collected from nine locations along the southern coast of Norway during June-July 2009. For the detection of TBEV-specific RNA, a real-time RT-PCR targeting a part of the 3’ non-coding region of the TBEV genome was used. A total of 1542 ticks grouped in 250 pools were examined and TBEV RNA was detected in 5 pools with overall prevalence of 0.32%.
El papel de las tic en el rol del docente: una aproximación holística, identitaria y generacional.
Authors: Legarda Imanol , Juan Goikoetxea Ainhoa
Published: July 2018

A raíz del estudio de las TIC en Educación (Legarda) y el estudio de la Cultura Visual en la identidad de las docentes (De Juan) nace esta aproximación holística, identitaria y generacional del papel determinante que juegan las TIC en el rol de la docencia. Desde la revisión teórica se analiza el nuevo contexto educacional en la Sociedad Web, con especial hincapié en la problemática de la Brecha Digital y la potencialidad de las TIC para hacer frente a los retos y pronósticos para este siglo XXI, donde la Escuela como institución va a mutar. El análisis profundiza en las características visuales de la tecnología y en su efecto en la Sociedad de la Cultura Visual en la conformación de identidades.
La página como soporte plástico. El caso de Adventure Series de Tracey Moffatt.
Authors: Caro Cabrera María
Published: July 2018

Este artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar una metodología efectiva de análisis de la fotografía secuencial desde el punto de vista de lo textual. En él se ponen de manifiesto las posibles conexiones entre el relato y la obra fotográfica, usando el estructuralismo y el deconstruccionismo. Al apoyar un uso amplio y conciliador del concepto texto y una efectiva metodología de análisis de este texto, estas teorías se aplican a ciertas obras fotográficas secuenciales que han utilizado la página o el libro como formato o espacio expositivo; después de todo, el libro es uno de los lugares más propicios para mostrar cualquier obra plástica cuya lectura quiera ser enfatizada.
Se analizan además las posibilidades narrativas de la seriación en todos los formatos, para lo que se define un contexto plástico, cinematográfico y literario que permite analizar la obra fotográfica Adventure Series (2004) de la autora australiana Tracey Moffatt, de la que se pone en evidencia su carácter autorreferencial y textual aun en perpetua expansión evocativa.
Aportaciones de la técnica artística a la técnica didáctica en Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato.
Authors: Gutiérrez Corcuera Gontzal
Published: July 2018

En este artículo se pretende analizar algunos aspectos de la situación pedagógica en educación secundaria y bachillerato de nuestro contexto actual. Se investiga cómo podría mejorar la relación entre procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje y resultados, tomando como caso de estudio el bachillerato de artes escénicas, música y danza del IES Ibarrekolanda de Bilbao. Mientras que son los objetivos prefijados en el curriculum y los resultados logrados los que dan cuerpo a las estructuras de las instituciones educativas, en contextos occidentales artísticos de las últimas décadas, diversxs artistas han puesto en marcha programas de transmisión dirigidos a impulsar procesos de trabajo y aprendizaje abiertos. Los modos de hacer y relacionarse por los que apuestan estos programas son aplicables en centros de educación secundaria y bachillerato, y es por esto que el artículo se fundamenta en estas experiencias. Considerando como técnica los caminos que cada unx despliega para dar cara a los problemas que surgen tanto en los procesos de creación como en otros aspectos de la vida, a lo largo del artículo se exponen algunas de las aportaciones que la técnica artística hace a la técnica didáctica: diversidad o multiplicidad de soluciones; aceptación de torpezas, debilidades y peculiaridades; atención a las relaciones y a la cualidad; relación integral entre alumnxs y educadorxs-alumnxs; movimiento de cuerpos más libres e identificación con el propio centro.
Death receptor 6 promotes ovarian cancer cell migration through KIF11
Authors: Shi Bianhua , Bao Jiayu , Liu Yongbin , Shi Juan
Published: July 2018

The expression of death receptor 6 (DR6) is abnormal in some cancer types, but the function and underlying molecular mechanisms of DR6 in tumor progression are not yet clear. In the present study, our analysis of ovarian cancer RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that DR6 is upregulated in human ovarian cancer. We confirmed that the expression level of DR6 is upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues when compared with matched adjacent normal tissues. In addition, DR6 enhanced ovarian carcinoma cell migration ability, and decreased expression of DR6 inhibited the expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP) 2 and MMP9, and increased the expression of E‐cadherin. Additionally, DR6 shRNA caused a significant decrease in phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K), phospho (p) ‐AKT, p‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), and p‐mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase expression in SKOV3 cells. These results suggested that DR6 can enhance ovarian carcinoma cell migration ability through the mitogen‐activated protein kinase/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways. Notably, mass spectrometric analysis indicated that DR6 co‐purified with kinesin family member 11 (KIF11), and we verified the interaction between KIF11 and DR6 by co‐immunoprecipitation and glutathione S‐transferase pull‐down. Furthermore, we demonstrated that DR6 can bind tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 4 (TRAF4) with co‐immunoprecipitation. Overexpression of KIF11 or TRAF4 eliminated the suppression of carcinoma cell migration by DR6 knockdown. We also found that TRAF4 and KIF11 were upregulated in ovarian carcinomas and that their level of expression was positively correlated with that of DR6. The findings above suggest that DR6 may play a notable oncogenic role in ovarian malignancy by interacting with TRAF4 and KIF11, and that DR6 may be an effective therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.
A Dual‐Salt Gel Polymer Electrolyte with 3D Cross‐Linked Polymer Network for Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Fan Wei , Li Nian‐Wu , Zhang Xiuling , Zhao Shuyu , Cao Ran , Yin Yingying , Xing Yi , Wang Jiaona , Guo Yu‐Guo , Li Congju
Published: July 2018

Lithium metal batteries show great potential in energy storage because of their high energy density. Nevertheless, building a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and restraining the dendrite growth are difficult to realize with traditional liquid electrolytes. Solid and gel electrolytes are considered promising candidates to restrain the dendrites growth, while they are still limited by low ionic conductivity and incompatible interphases. Herein, a dual‐salt (LiTFSI‐LiPF6) gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) with 3D cross‐linked polymer network is designed to address these issues. By introducing a dual salt in 3D structure fabricated using an in situ polymerization method, the 3D‐GPE exhibits a high ionic conductivity (0.56 mS cm−1 at room temperature) and builds a robust and conductive SEI on the lithium metal surface. Consequently, the Li metal batteries using 3D‐GPE can markedly reduce the dendrite growth and achieve 87.93% capacity retention after cycling for 300 cycles. This work demonstrates a promising method to design electrolytes for lithium metal batteries.
Alcohol‐induced respiratory symptoms improve after aspirin desensitization in patients with aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease
Authors: Glicksman Jordan T. , Parasher Arjun K. , Doghramji Laurel , Brauer David , Waldram Jeremy , Walters Kristen , Bulva Jeff , Palmer James N. , Adappa Nithin D. , White Andrew A. , Bosso John V.
Published: July 2018

Background

Aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by chronic eosinophilic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, asthma, and respiratory sensitivity to aspirin and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In addition to sensitivity to aspirin and NSAIDs, the majority of patients with AERD have been reported to have respiratory intolerance associated with the consumption of alcohol.

Methods

A multicenter prospective cohort study was performed. Patients with AERD confirmed by aspirin challenge were eligible to participate. Those who described themselves as able to tolerate alcohol consumption were excluded. Patients underwent aspirin desensitization following endoscopic sinus surgery. A questionnaire was distributed to patients before and after desensitization to determine pre‐desensitization and post‐desensitization symptoms associated with alcohol ingestion.

Results

Forty‐five patients were enrolled and 37 patients completed the study. The most common pre‐desensitization symptoms were nasal congestion (95.6%), rhinorrhea (46.7%), and wheezing (40%). Improvement in the ability to tolerate alcohol was noted in 86.5% of participants (95% confidence interval [CI], 75.5% to 97.5%) and 70.3% of participants (95% CI, 55.5% to 85.0%) described desensitization to be “very helpful” or “extremely helpful” for their ability to tolerate alcohol.

Conclusion

The majority of patients with AERD who experience respiratory symptoms with alcohol consumption describe improvement in this domain following aspirin desensitization.
Degradation of Single‐Layer and Few‐Layer Graphene by Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase
Authors: Kurapati Rajendra , Mukherjee Sourav P. , Martín Cristina , Bepete George , Vázquez Ester , Pénicaud Alain , Fadeel Bengt , Bianco Alberto
Published: July 2018

Biodegradability of graphene is one of the fundamental parameters determining the fate of this material in vivo. Two types of aqueous dispersible graphene, corresponding to single‐layer (SLG) and few‐layer graphene (FLG), devoid of either chemical functionalization or stabilizing surfactants, were subjected to biodegradation by human myeloperoxidase (hMPO) mediated catalysis. Graphene biodegradation was also studied in the presence of activated, degranulating human neutrophils. The degradation of both FLG and SLG sheets was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy analyses, leading to the conclusion that highly dispersed pristine graphene is not biopersistent.
The Structure of [HSi9]3− in the Solid State and Its Unexpected Highly Dynamic Behavior in Solution
Authors: Lorenz Corinna , Hastreiter Florian , Hioe Johnny , Lokesh N. , Gärtner Stefanie , Korber Nikolaus , Gschwind Ruth M.
Published: July 2018

We report on the first unambiguous detection of the elusive [HSi9]3− anion in solutions of liquid ammonia by various 29Si and 1H NMR experiments including chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). The characteristic multiplicity patterns of both the 29Si and 1H resonances together with CEST and a partially reduced 1H,29Si coupling constant indicate the presence of a highly dynamic Si8 entity and a Si−H moiety with slow proton hopping. Theoretical calculations corroborate both reorganization of Si8 on the picosecond timescale via low vibrational modes and proton hopping. In addition, in a single‐crystal X‐ray study of (K(DB[18]crown‐6))(K([2.2.2]crypt))2[HSi9]⋅8.5 NH3, the H atom was unequivocally localized at one vertex of the basal square of the monocapped square‐antiprismatic cluster. Thus experimental studies and theoretical considerations provide unprecedented insight into both the structure and the dynamic behavior of these cluster anions, which hitherto had been considered to be rigid.
Formation of Alkanethiol Supported Hybrid Membranes Revisited
Authors: Zhi Zelun , Hasan Imad Y. , Mechler Adam
Published: July 2018

A phospholipid monolayer supported on an alkanethiol self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) constitutes a supported hybrid membrane, a model of biological membranes optimized for electronic access through the underlying metal support surface. It is believed that phospholipids, when deposited from aqueous liposome suspension, spontaneously cover the alkanethiol‐modified surface, owing to the reduction of surface free energy of the hydrophobic alkane surface exposed to the solution. However, the formation of the hybrid layer has to overcome significant energy barriers in rupturing the vesicle and “unzipping” the membrane leaflets; hence drivers of the spontaneous hybrid membrane formation are unclear. In this work, the authors studied the efficiency of the liposome deposition method to form hybrid membranes on octanethiol and hexadecanethiol SAMs in aqueous environment. Using quartz crystal microbalance to monitor the deposition process it was found that the hybrid membrane did not form spontaneously; the deposit was dominated by hemi‐fused liposomes that can only be removed by applying osmotic stress. However, osmotic stress yielded a reproducible layer characterized by ≈−5Hz frequency change that is also confirmed by fluorescence microscopy imaging, irrespective of lipid concentration and the chain length of the SAMs. The frequency change is ≈20% of the frequency change expected for a tightly bound bilayer membrane, or 40% of a single leaflet, suggesting that the lipid layer is in a different conformation compared to a bilayer membrane: the acyl chains are most likely parallel to the SAM surface, likely due to strong hydrophobic interaction. Comparing these results to the literature it appears that the initial formation of hybrid membranes is inhibited by the ionic environment, while osmotic stress leads to the observed unique layer conformation.
Systematic review of the prevalence, impact and mitigating strategies for bullying, undermining behaviour and harassment in the surgical workplace
Authors: Halim U A , Riding D M
Published: July 2018

Background

Bullying, undermining behaviour and harassment (BUBH) have been reported in entertainment, politics and sport. Such behaviours may also be common in surgery, and are frequently associated with poor patient care and inferior outcomes. The aim was to define the prevalence and impact of this behaviour in the international surgical workplace, and to explore counterstrategies.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted by searching EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in August 2017. Original research studies (Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine levels 1–4) investigating the prevalence and impact of BUBH in surgery, and/or counterstrategies, were eligible for inclusion. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.

Results

Of 2692 papers, 32 were eligible for inclusion. Twenty-two reported the prevalence of BUBH in surgery, 11 studied the impact of this behaviour and six investigated counterstrategies. Prevalence data showed that BUBH are common in the surgical workplace. Their impact can be profound, compromising mental health, reducing job satisfaction, and inducing suicidal ideation. Formal reporting systems were perceived as ineffective and even potentially harmful to victims.

Conclusion

Bullying, undermining behaviour and harassment are highly prevalent within surgery, and extremely damaging to victims. There is little high-quality research into counterstrategies, although professionalism training using simulated scenarios may be useful.
Establishment and application of a new HPLC qualitative and quantitative assay for Gentiana Macrophyllae Radix based on characteristic constituents of anofinic acid and its derivatives
Authors: Ding Wenzheng , Wang Hanxue , Zhou Quan , Wu Jinrong , Cheng Xuemei , Wang Changhong
Published: July 2018

Gentiana Macrophylla Radix (GMR) is officially used as traditional Chinese medicine, but easily confused with Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma (GRR) and adulterants. This study aimed to establish an HPLC method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of GMR based on characteristic components, anofinic acid and its derivatives. HPLC analysis was performed on a C18 column with gradient elution using acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid as mobile phase, and detected at 240 nm by conventional methodology validation. For fingerprint analysis, RSDs of relative retention times and relative peak areas of the characteristic peaks were within 0–1.10 and 0–4.08%, respectively. For determination of 2‐methoxyanofinic acid, the calibration curve showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9999) within the test range. The RSDs of precision, repeatability and stability test did not exceed 2.46, 0.83 and 1.11%, respectively. The average recoveries were between 95.08 and 103.05% with RSDs ≤2.29%. The results showed that there was no significant difference among the four species of GMR, but there were significant differences among GMR, GRR and spurious breeds by principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Anofinic acid and its derivatives, as the characteristic markers, could be used for the identification and quality control of GMR.
Glycine‐betaine ionic liquid analogues as novel phase‐forming components of aqueous biphasic systems
Authors: Pereira Matheus M. , Almeida Mafalda R. , Gomes Joana , Rufino Ana F. C. S. , Rosa Marguerita E. , Coutinho João A. P. , Mohamadou Aminou , Freire Mara G.
Published: July 2018

Given the biotechnology advances observed in recent years in terms of upstream, the development of effective downstream processes becomes mandatory to decrease the associated costs of biotechnological‐based products. Although a large interest has been devoted to ionic‐liquid‐based aqueous biphasic systems (IL‐based ABS) as tailored separation platforms, imidazolium‐based ILs have been the preferred choice as phase‐forming agents. To overcome some toxicity and biodegradability issues associated to imidazolium‐based ILs, novel ABS composed of ILs analogues of glycine‐betaine (AGB‐ILs) are here proposed and investigated. Five AGB‐ILs were synthesized, characterized in terms of ecotoxicity, and applied toward the development of novel ABS formed with Na2SO4. Three commercial ILs were also investigated for comparison purposes. The respective ABS ternary phase diagrams, as well as the tie‐lines and tie‐line lengths, were determined at 25°C. Finally, their performance as extraction strategies was evaluated with five amino acids (L‐tryptophan, L‐phenylalanine, D‐phenylalanine, L‐tyrosine and L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine/L‐dopa). In all studied systems amino acids preferentially migrate to the IL‐rich phase, and with AGB‐ILs, the amino acid extraction efficiencies to the IL‐rich phase range between 65% and 100%, obtained in a single‐step. Furthermore, the studied AGB‐ILs display a higher ability to form ABS and to extract amino acids than ABS composed of more traditional and commercial ILs. In summary, novel ABS composed of AGB‐ILs can be formed and used as separation routes of value‐added compounds of biotechnological interest. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2018 © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1205–1212, 2018
Electrochemical Diagnosis of Chemical Switch: Impact of Structural Changes on Charge Transport Mechanism of “Redox Anion Bound Polysilsesquioxane” Film
Authors: Silambarasan Krishnamoorthy , Joseph James
Published: July 2018

Herein, we report the structurally dependent charge transport mechanism of ferrocyanide ions immobilized in a protonated amine functionalized polysilsesquioxane (PSQ) film (Redox polymer film). This redox polymer film shows anion actuated reversible “active to inactive” electrochemical interfaces when the electrolyte anion is changed from chloride to perchlorate as a result of swelling and hydrophobic collapse of the PSQ film, respectively. This concept was successfully applied for switchable electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid by a [Fe(CN)6]4−‐PSQ film. In addition, it was shown in cyclic voltammetric (CV) studies that the presence of HPO42− and CO32− is leading to strong irreversible structural collapse of the PSQ film, whereas, the presence of SO42− and S2O82− is leading to reversible structural changes of the PSQ film within chloride ion medium. Reversible structural transition between swelling and aggregation (voltammetric response reversibly changing from peak to sigmoidal shape) described in this work is new and provides mechanistic insight into redox polymer electrochemistry and allows differentiating electron hopping from physical motion of redox polymers. Moreover, ion‐exchange between bound redox anions and divalent anions in the electrolyte at fixed positive surface sites of PSQ film was explained in terms of Jones‐Dole B‐coefficient. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy, Contact angle measurement and UV‐visible spectroscopy analysis of above phenomenon were consistent with CV results.
Applying Multivalent Biomolecular Interactions for Biosensors
Authors: Choi Hyeongjoo , Jung Yongwon
Published: July 2018

Multivalent interactions between more than one interconnected biomolecule are easily found in diverse natural systems. With the cooperation of many interacting pairs, this clustered binding can achieve highly enhanced affinities. Whereas the binding of an individual pair remains reversible, the binding between multivalent biomolecules can become nearly irreversible. Although the underlying principles of the multivalent effect have yet to be revealed, this intriguing concept of multivalent interaction has been widely applied to diverse fields. Multivalency has become a key strategy to increase the potency of inhibitors against target pathogens and, more recently, enhanced target binding by multivalency has offered an attractive strategy for biosensing. In this article, the current status of multivalent interaction studies and their progress in the biosensing area will be discussed.
Organic Carbonyl Compounds for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives
Authors: Wang Heng‐guo , Zhang Xin‐bo
Published: July 2018

Sodium–organic batteries, which use organic materials as the electrodes in sodium‐ion batteries, are an attractive alternative to conventional lithium‐ion batteries for next‐generation sustainable and versatile energy storage devices owing to the abundant sodium resources and environmental friendly features. However, organics used in sodium‐ion batteries also encounter some issues such as low redox potential, high solubility in the electrolyte, and low conductivity. In response, altering the aromatic system/attaching electron‐withdrawing groups, constructing polymers, and incorporating a conductive matrix are effective strategies. This review summarizes and briefly discusses recent organic carbonyl compounds for sodium‐organic batteries from the viewpoint of function‐oriented design, including function evolution from small‐molecule compounds to polymers, then composites, and finally flexible electrodes. In particular, as a timely overview, carbonyl‐based organic flexible electrodes for sodium‐organic batteries are also highlighted for the first time.
Nickel(II) Complexes with Tritopic NimineCNHCNamine Pincer Ligands
Authors: Ren Xiaoyu , Wesolek Marcel , Braunstein Pierre
Published: July 2018

Tritopic NCNHCN′ ligands containing a central N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) donor flanked by two chemically‐different nitrogen donors (Nimine and Namine) were evaluated as potential tridentate pincer‐type ligands in NiII complexes. The imidazolium chloride [(ImH){C(Me)=NDipp}(C2NMe2)]Cl (1) and the ammonium‐imidazolium dichlorides [(ImH){C(Me)=NDipp}(C2NHMe2)]Cl2 (4) and [(ImH){C(Me)=NDipp}(C3NHMe2)]Cl2 (5), differing by the length (C2 or C3) of the alkyl spacer were used as precursors. Oxidative addition of 1 to [Ni(cod)2] afforded the dinuclear bis‐NHC NiII complex [Ni2Cl2{μ‐C(Me)=NDipp‐κ2Nimine,C}{μ‐Im(C2NMe2)‐κ3Namine,CNHC,Nimid}{Im[C(Me)=NDipp](C2NMe2)‐κ1CNHC}] (2) resulting from partial ligand rearrangement. A dinuclear byproduct 3 was also isolated. The salt [NiCl{Im[C(Me)=NDipp](C2NMe2)‐κ3Nimine,CNHC,Namine}]2[NiCl4] (6) containing two NimineCNHCNamine pincer NiII complex cations was obtained from 4. In contrast, the reaction of closely related 5 yielded [NiCl{Im[C(Me)=NDipp](C3NMe2)‐κ2Nimine,CNHC}{μ‐Im[C(Me)=NDipp](C3NMe2NiCl3}‐κ2Namine,CNHC}] (7 a), a dinickel(II) complex that contains a Nimine,CNHC‐chelating and a bridging κ2Namine,CNHC ligand. The molecular structures of 2, 3, 6, 7 a⋅THF, 7 b, an isomer of 7 a, and 8⋅CH2Cl2 have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Our results emphasize the often‐underestimated importance of seemingly minor changes in the length of the spacers connecting a NHC donor group to its N‐bound lateral functionalities.
Remote Nucleophilic Allylation by Allylrhodium Chain Walking
Authors: Groves Alistair , Martínez Jose I. , Smith Joshua J. , Lam Hon Wai
Published: July 2018

Metal migration through a carbon chain is a versatile method for achieving remote functionalization. However, almost all known examples involve the overall net migration of alkylmetal species. Here, we report that allylrhodium species obtained from hydrorhodation of 1,3‐dienes undergo chain walking toward esters, amides, or (hetero)arenes over distances of up to eight methylene units. The final, more highly conjugated allylrhodium species undergo nucleophilic allylation with aldehydes and with an imine to give Z‐homoallylic alcohols and amines, respectively.
Expanding the Balz–Schiemann Reaction: Organotrifluoroborates Serve as Competent Sources of Fluoride Ion for Fluoro‐Dediazoniation
Authors: Mohy El Dine Tharwat , Sadek Omar , Gras Emmanuel , Perrin David M.
Published: July 2018

The Balz–Schiemann reaction endures as a method for the preparation of (hetero)aryl fluorides yet is eschewed due to the need for harsh conditions or high temperatures along with the need to isolate potentially explosive diazonium salts. In a departure from these conditions, we show that various organotrifluoroborates (RBF3−s) may serve as fluoride ion sources for solution‐phase fluoro‐dediazoniation in organic solvents under mild conditions. This methodology was successfully extended to a one‐pot process obviating aryl diazonium salt isolation. Sterically hindered (hetero)anilines are fluorinated under unprecedentedly mild conditions in good‐to‐excellent yields. Taken together, this work expands the repertoire of RBF3−s to act as fluorine ion sources in an update to the classic Balz–Schiemann reaction.
Target‐specific forebrain projections and appropriate synaptic inputs of hESC‐derived dopamine neurons grafted to the midbrain of parkinsonian rats
Authors: Cardoso Tiago , Adler Andrew F. , Mattsson Bengt , Hoban Deirdre B. , Nolbrant Sara , Wahlestedt Jenny Nelander , Kirkeby Agnete , Grealish Shane , Björklund Anders , Parmar Malin
Published: July 2018

Dopamine (DA) neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a promising unlimited source of cells for cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). A number of studies have demonstrated functionality of DA neurons originating from hESCs when grafted to the striatum of rodent and non‐human primate models of PD. However, several questions remain in regard to their axonal outgrowth potential and capacity to integrate into host circuitry. Here, ventral midbrain (VM) patterned hESC‐derived progenitors were grafted into the midbrain of 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats, and analyzed at 6, 18, and 24 weeks for a time‐course evaluation of specificity and extent of graft‐derived fiber outgrowth as well as potential for functional recovery. To investigate synaptic integration of the transplanted cells, we used rabies‐based monosynaptic tracing to reveal the origin and extent of host presynaptic inputs to grafts at 6 weeks. The results reveal the capacity of grafted neurons to extend axonal projections toward appropriate forebrain target structures progressively over 24 weeks. The timing and extent of graft‐derived dopaminergic fibers innervating the dorsolateral striatum matched reduction in amphetamine‐induced rotational asymmetry in the animals where recovery could be observed. Monosynaptic tracing demonstrated that grafted cells integrate with host circuitry 6 weeks after transplantation, in a manner that is comparable with endogenous midbrain connectivity. Thus, we demonstrate that VM patterned hESC‐derived progenitors grafted to midbrain have the capacity to extensively innervate appropriate forebrain targets, integrate into the host circuitry and that functional recovery can be achieved when grafting fetal or hESC‐derived DA neurons to the midbrain.
Structure of the CoI Intermediate of a Cobalt Pentapyridyl Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Revealed by Time‐Resolved X‐ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Smolentsev Grigory , Soldatov Mikhail A. , Probst Benjamin , Bachmann Cyril , Azzaroli Nicolo , Alberto Roger , Nachtegaal Maarten , van Bokhoven Jeroen A.
Published: July 2018

Cobalt polypyridyls are highly efficient water‐stable molecular catalysts for hydrogen evolution. The catalytic mechanism explaining their activity is under debate and the main question is the nature of the involvement of pyridyls in the proton transfer: the pentapyridyl ligand, acting as a pentadentate ligand, can provide stability to the catalyst or one of the pyridines can be involved in the proton transfer. Time‐resolved Co K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy in the microsecond time range indicates that, for the [CoII(aPPy)] catalyst (aPPy=di([2,2′‐bipyridin]‐6‐yl)(pyridin‐2‐yl)methanol), the pendant pyridine dissociates from the cobalt in the intermediate CoI state. This opens the possibility for pyridinium to act as an intramolecular proton donor. In the resting state, the catalyst returns to the original six‐coordinate high‐spin CoII state with a pentapyridyl and one water molecule coordinating to the metal center. Such a bifunctional role of the polypyridyl ligands can be exploited during further optimization of the catalyst.
Bimetallic NiMoN Nanowires with a Preferential Reactive Facet: An Ultraefficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Chang Bin , Yang Jing , Shao Yongliang , Zhang Lei , Fan Weiliu , Huang Baibiao , Wu Yongzhong , Hao Xiaopeng
Published: July 2018

Faceted nanomaterials with highly reactive exposed facets have been the target of intense researches owing to their significantly enhanced catalytic performance. NiMoN nanowires with the (100) facet preferentially exposed were prepared by an in situ N/O exchange and the morphology tuned by using a rationally designed NiMoO4 precursor. The facet‐tuned NiMoN nanowires exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under both alkaline and acidic conditions that was comparable to that of noble metal platinum. DFT calculations further revealed that the catalytic activity of NiMoN nanowires towards HER on the (100) reactive facet is significantly greater than that on the (001) or (101) facets, owing to the low adsorption free energy of H* (ΔGH*) on the (100) facet. The NiMoN nanowires also demonstrated outstanding activity towards the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction and an excellent durable activity for overall water splitting, with a cell potential as low as 1.498 V at 20 mA cm−2. This work provides insights into improving electrocatalytic activity and developing advanced non‐noble metal bifunctional electrocatalysts.
Blood plasma level determination using an automated LC–MSn screening system and electronically stored calibrations exemplified for 22 drugs and two active metabolites often requested in emergency toxicology
Authors: Caspar Achim T. , Meyer Markus R. , Maurer Hans H.
Published: July 2018

Fast and comprehensive qualitative and quantitative methods preferably by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and/or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) are needed to support the (differential) diagnosis of acute poisonings in emergency toxicology. One option is a commercially available qualitative screening solution based on LC–MSn (Bruker Daltonik Toxtyper™, TT). Identified and toxicologically relevant compounds should be quantified to assess severity of poisonings. The aim of the present study was to test the TT system for quantification simultaneous with the screening process in blood plasma exemplified for 22 relevant drugs and two active metabolites. A standard liquid–liquid extraction was used for sample work‐up followed by 1:5 dilution of the final extracts. They were analyzed using the TT system consisting of a Bruker amaZon speed ion trap and a Thermo Fisher Dionex Ultimate 3000 LC system. Plasma levels were assessed using full‐scan data and an electronically stored five‐point calibration. The calibration model was linear for the studied ranges and could be used for at least two months. The method was validated according to international guidelines. The acceptance criteria recommended for emergency toxicology for accuracy and precision were fulfilled for all tested compounds, but bromazepam, lorazepam, oxycodone, and prothipendyl could reliably be determined only above the therapeutic range. In conclusion, the presented procedure allowed the combination of a comprehensive LC–MSn screening with fast automated assessment of plasma levels for emergency toxicology of tested compounds.