bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Until Victory Che Guevara and the Revolutionary Ideal
Authors: Prestholdt Jeremy
Published: September 2019

This chapter takes a wide-angle approach to Che Guevara as a symbol of antiestablishment and antisystemic sentiment in the late 1960s and 1970s. Guevara's popularity offers a critical point of entry into two principle dispositions of the global left: commitment to antiestablishment struggle and a desire for transnational solidarity. This spirit of emancipatory internationalism, which bridged multiple doctrinal positions, was born of egalitarian aspirations, a transnational imagination, and the belief that global socialist revolution was possible, even imminent. As a renowned proponent of radical-emancipatory politics, Guevara neatly embodied this internationalist ideal. In an era when coordinated action across national boundaries was difficult and radical politics was marred by factionalism, Guevara became a medium for claiming and broadcasting shared sentiments. As a link among movements in North America, Western Europe, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East, Guevara iconography helped to create and sustain communities of sentiment and dissent.
Rebel Music
Authors: Prestholdt Jeremy
Published: September 2019

This chapter applies a wide lens to appreciate the multi-faceted popularity of Bob Marley in the late Cold War era. More precisely, the chapter explains how a commercial musician became a potent symbol for social justice and so bridged the worlds of politics and popular culture. In the mid-1970s, Island Records marketed Bob Marley to Western listeners as an exotic rock star. Yet, fans around the world soon embraced his critiques of inequality and state repression as well as his liberation anthems, notably "Get Up, Stand Up". By rejecting ideological binaries and emphasizing morality, Marley became an important reference for transnational left youth culture, activism, and militancy. Young West Indians, Africans, Europeans, North Americans, Pacific Islanders, and many others celebrated Marley as an authentic antiestablishment voice both articulating common experiences of oppression and offering a new countercultural aesthetic. In dispensing with conventional politics and articulating the dreams of the freedom fighter, Marley invigorated liberation discourse..
Examples of Positive Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Geher Glenn , Wedberg Nicole
Published: September 2019

To introduce the approach that positive evolutionary psychology takes and to demonstrate how multifaceted it is, this chapter introduces several clear examples. Each example addresses some aspect of living that could be improved, and then it uses evolutionary principles to shed light on the issue. Specifically, this chapter focuses on better understanding love, reciprocity in relationships, and gratitude—each of which has been the subject of work in the field of positive psychology. In this chapter, each of these concepts is dissected through an evolutionary lens, providing insights into the ultimate factors that underlie each of these critical substrates of human happiness.
Ape Out of Water
Authors: Geher Glenn , Wedberg Nicole
Published: September 2019

A core concept in the discipline of positive evolutionary psychology pertains to evolutionary mismatch. Evolutionary mismatch exists when the current environment of an organism is somehow inconsistent with the ancestral conditions that existed during the evolutionary history of that organism. Modern human environments differ dramatically from the conditions that surrounded our nomadic ancestors, who spent thousands of generations in the African savanna in small social groups. This chapter describes the issue of evolutionary mismatch in detail and then provides several examples of mismatch that adversely affect life for so many of us on a daily basis. Such issues include mismatches regarding diet, exercise, and the nature of our modern social worlds.
The Political Ape
Authors: Geher Glenn , Wedberg Nicole
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes social-coercion theory as conceptualized by Paul Bingham and Joanne Souza. This theory, which pertains to the evolution of human uniqueness, helps us understand how humans evolved to coordinate social activities in small non–kin-based groups. The tendency of humans to form such coordinated alliances is a foundational part of our evolutionary history that sets us apart from other apes in important ways. Further, this theory can help us understand the emergence of democracy and egalitarianism as basic aspects of the human social world. Understanding the principles that underlie this theory can help us understand factors associated with positive functioning in human communities.
Evolutionary Psychology of Resilience
Authors: Geher Glenn , Wedberg Nicole
Published: September 2019

Dealing with environmental stressors is a basic part of life for any organism. Positive psychology focuses largely on the topic of resilience and how people can move past difficult situations and interactions. The evolutionary perspective has much to offer in terms of the topic of resilience. This chapter describes resilience and stress reactions from an evolutionary perspective. Further, this chapter uses the concept of natural selection as a model for how failures are to be expected and how success in any domain for any organism owes largely to a long string of failures. This model is used to help provide evolution-based guidance on the topic of moving forward after setbacks and developing a resilient approach to life.
Building Darwin’s Community
Authors: Geher Glenn , Wedberg Nicole
Published: September 2019

Positive psychologists focus not only on the health of individuals but also on the health of human communities. And when it comes to understanding human communities, the evolutionary perspective has a lot to say. Human communities can be understood in terms of ancestral conditions that surrounded our nomadic ancestors. Under such conditions, communities were naturally small, and individuals within communities had long-standing relationships with one another. Modeling modern human communities after such ancestral communities can help us create communal environments that best match our evolved psychology. This chapter looks outward and, as such, focuses on applications of evolutionary psychological principles to questions of communal functioning.
Women and Children
Authors: Chapman Con
Published: September 2019

Three women with whom Hodges had relationships are described in this chapter: his first wife, Bertha, whom he met at a New York nightclub and by whom he had a daughter; a young woman in Boston named Frances Jones, by whom he also had a daughter; and Edith Cue, whom he married in 1944. The last-named relationship was consummated two years after Hodges had a third daughter and would last until the end of his life. The couple would also have a son who played drums on live dates and recorded albums with his father. While his two wives have previously been documented, Hodges’ relationship with Frances Jones is newly discovered. Hodges’s somewhat strained relationship with the daughter by his second marriage is recounted in some detail.
Lagomorphology
Authors: Chapman Con
Published: September 2019

this chapter collects, mosaic-style, a number of personality traits and quirks that Hodges was known to possess, and describes his various pastimes, so that the reader can get a sense of who the man was apart from his music. As others have noted, he was an avid gambler who claimed to have much success, but on the other hand he insisted on being paid with cash and carried money in a roll with a large-denomination bill on the outside, so it would have been easy for him to exaggerate his luck. He spent much of his life on the road and he grew tired of it, but he learned to accommodate himself to travel in various minor ways. Some of his arrangements for caring for his pet monkey are detailed.
The Out Chorus
Authors: Chapman Con
Published: September 2019

Johnny Hodges’s final days and his death are recounted, his life and influence is summed up, and his impact on jazz compared to that of other alto saxophonists is assessed. The details of his death, supplemented by a first-ever review of his death certificate, are described, along with those of his funeral, at which a moving eulogy by Duke Ellington was read. Hodges’s financial success at the end of his long career is calculated by value of the estate he left. The number of references to him in popular culture is small compared to Charlie Parker, his successor on the alto throne, whose membership in the eccentric fraternity of beboppers and drug habit made him more newsworthy than the stolid but dependable Hodges. Hodges is compared to several altos who followed him and is found to be sui generis, a testimony to his unique sound.
Carnival Music and Diasporic Transnationalism
Authors: Allen Ray
Published: September 2019

The Introduction lays out the organization and the research methodology of the book Jump Up! Caribbean Carnival Music in New York City. It outlines the history of calypso, soca, and steelband music in the diaspora, including the globalization of Trinidad Carnival, which was transplanted to Harlem in the 1930s and to Brooklyn in the late 1960s. The concept of diaspora looms large here, of course, given the historical circumstances of New York’s Afro-Caribbean migrants. The Introduction also looks at the concept of hybridity, including hybridization between African and European musical practices in the Caribbean, which is central to diasporic transnationalism in this context. Also discussed is the concept of “heritage music,” or music that is important and needs to be preserved and protected. In addition, relevant writings on Caribbean music are reviewed and the study is positioned within the broader field of transnational diasporic music scholarship. And finally, a chapter outline is offered.
The Brooklyn Soca Connection
Authors: Allen Ray
Published: September 2019

Chapter 6 focuses on the rise of Brooklyn soca (soul/calypso), beginning with the story of the early Bronx-based independent record company Camille Records, before shifting to the three most important Brooklyn-based labels: Straker’s Records, Charlie’s Records, and B’s Records. These Caribbean-owned businesses, along with a cadre of influential calypso/soca singers and the music arrangers with whom they collaborated, played a crucial role in the evolution of modern calypso and soca music during the 1970s and 1980s. Brooklyn’s Labor Day celebration had been dominated by calypso from its inception. Indeed, calypso and the new variant soca (soul/calypso) were essential hallmarks of the festivities. Equally important, and concurrent with the rise of Brooklyn Carnival in the 1970s, was the borough’s emergence as a vital transnational center for the recording and production of calypso and soca music.
Documentary Goes Popular
Authors: Aguayo Angela J.
Published: September 2019

While the documentary genre has frequently been conceptualized as a democratic tool with civic potential, the ways popular advocacy documentary functions in the process of social change is unclear. We need more information about the relationship between documentary agitation and collective organizing for social change, as well as about how this function shifts with the visibility of popular attention. Mainstream commercial culture is more than at odds with a commons of democratic exchange. The advocacy film is a time-honored tradition in documentary history, made specifically for the aims of democratic exchange. This type of film is produced for political causes by activists or advocates who are not closely connected with the government or decision makers. Often the director is constructed as a central creative force. Central figures usually function as surrogates for the film in public interviews and engagements; the speakers are often connected to sponsoring organizations. In this chapter, I first address the historical linage of popular documentary and its movement from the vernacular to the popular. Then, I examine the ways popular advocacy documentary in popular form has morphed in recent years, providing insight into the potential of the genre to make contact with the political structure.
Laboring under Documentary
Authors: Aguayo Angela J.
Published: September 2019

The impulse to record and document labor struggle is almost as old as the concept of documentary itself. From the Worker’s Film and Photo League to the activist programming of Labor Beat, documentary has had an intimate relationship with the labor struggle. This chapter addresses the history of labor documentary production in the United States as an expression of radical ideology. Challenging the aesthetic form and content of the mainstream media, the labor movement is a loosely connected network of activists and artists across the country, engaged in efforts to produce media outside mainstream institutions. Specifically, this chapter focuses on elements of labor history that made significant contributions but are now largely ignored and undocumented: the efforts of radical women, rank-and-file amateur videographers, and undocumented workers. Existing on the fringes of the mainstream and counterculture, the work of women in alternative media in the early 1970s reflected a direct relationship between their lived experience, the camera, and political engagement, embodying a liberated agency that is magnified by the documentary camera. The chapter creates a portrait of the documentary commons as it expands and works for citizens in their daily lives. They represent a whole population of radical activists carving out a space for themselves to engage labor and social change with their cameras.
Ambiguity
Authors: Wolfsdorf David Conan
Published: September 2019

Chapter 2 argues that the adjective “good” is fundamentally three ways ambiguous between so-called evaluative, quantitative, and operational senses. Compare: “This painting is good” (evaluative); “It’s a good distance from here to the Schuylkill River” (quantitative); “The light bulb is good; it’s the wiring that’s frayed” (operational). On the basis of several semantic, syntactic, and phonological properties, it is argued that evaluative and operational “good” are irregular polysemes encoded in one lexeme, called “purposive ‘good,’ ” whereas quantitative “good” is a distinct lexeme, whose meaning stands in the relation of homonymy to the former two.
Gradability
Authors: Wolfsdorf David Conan
Published: September 2019

The sense of “good” that has been of principal interest to philosophers and that is the focus of chapters 3, 4, and 5 is evaluative “good.” Hereafter, the modifier “evaluative” is dropped. “Good” is a gradable adjective. Accordingly, chapter 3 examines the semantics of gradable adjectives. The chapter argues that “good” is the unmarked member of an antonym pair of relative gradable adjectives, the marked member being (evaluative) “bad.” The lexical meaning of “good” is associated with a non-significant degree on an open scale of unspecified value. In tokenings of sentences of the form “x is good,” the degree associated with “good” is modulated to a significant degree. Significance of degree is a quantity that exceeds the upper bound of a range of numeric values based on a contextually determined comparison class.
Adjectival Nominalization
Authors: Wolfsdorf David Conan
Published: September 2019

Chapter 6 focuses on the semantics and metaphysical implications of the semantics of the adjectival nominalization “goodness.” Adjectival nominalizations of the form “F-ness” are almost always mass nouns. The mass noun “goodness” derives gradability of a kind from the gradable adjective that it incorporates. So “goodness” is a gradable adjectival nominalization. Mass nouns are distinguished from count nouns on the basis of two semantic properties, called “semantic cumulativity” and “semantic divisibility.” The denotations of mass nouns are then interpreted in terms of the mereological structure of a join semi-lattice. The denotation of gradable mass nouns incorporate scalar as well as mereological structure. In the case of “goodness,” the elements at the base of the lattice structure are instances of goodness. An instance of goodness is a so-called qua quantitative trope, precisely one degree of purpose serving qua exceeding a second degree of purpose serving, where the latter is a standard of comparison.
Epistemology and Inquiry
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan
Published: September 2019

Epistemology involves reflection on human inquiry, but to what end? This chapter describes a multidisciplinary approach to epistemological questions: regulative epistemology. This type of theorizing aims to generate guidance for inquiry and it calls for the blending of descriptive, normative, and practical perspectives.
Self-Defeat?
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan
Published: September 2019

If we are guided by the method described in this book, should we doubt the method, given that its correctness is controversial? This chapter examines the possibility that the method is self-defeating.
Firsthand Knowledge and Understanding
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: September 2019

This chapter aims to enhance our understanding of the notions of firsthand knowledge and of understanding, of how these are related, and of their importance in a flourishing human life. On certain questions of great human interest, firsthand knowledge and firsthand understanding are closely interrelated and have high priority. Such questions are often met in the humanities, broadly conceived to include not only appreciation of art, but also appreciation of sports, food, relationships, nature, and much more. And many such questions are to be found in philosophy. All such humanistic questions stand in contrast with practical questions where mere information suffices. What follows is devoted to explaining and defending these ideas.
How Do Partial Understandings Work?
Authors: Keil Frank
Published: September 2019

Most understandings are massively incomplete, raising questions about how they could be of any use. This in turn leads to questions about the typical contents of partial understandings and whether they suggest a different account of what understandings are and how they are used not just by laypeople but even by experts. Whether they are scientists or young children, all people work with partial understandings and usually fail to realize just how partial those understandings are. It is not possible for any one mind to store all the details necessary to completely understand many phenomena. Yet those gaps may be surprisingly functional, especially given ways that young children cope with overwhelming causal content. Our partial understandings work through heuristics that enable us to use what we do know to appropriately defer and lock onto knowledge in other minds. Early exposure to mechanisms may provide a route to more abstract causal understandings, such as a system’s causal complexity, that endure when mechanistic details fade from memory. These abstract understandings may guide deference. Illusions of understanding may also result in useful restraints on storing details that are not really necessary given access to knowledge in other minds.
Mechanistic versus Functional Understanding
Authors: Lombrozo Tania , Wilkenfeld Daniel
Published: September 2019

Many natural and artificial entities can be predicted and explained both mechanistically, in term of parts and proximate causal processes, as well as functionally, in terms of functions and goals. Do these distinct “stances” or “modes of construal” support fundamentally different kinds of understanding? Based on recent work in epistemology and philosophy of science, as well as empirical evidence from cognitive and developmental psychology, this chapter argues for the “weak differentiation thesis”: the claim that mechanistic and functional understanding are distinct in that they involve importantly different objects. The chapter also considers more tentative arguments for the “strong differentiation thesis”: the claim that mechanistic and functional understanding involve different epistemic relationships between mind and world.
Minding the Gap
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: September 2019

The book is a philosophical exploration of the gap between our moral ideals and the imperfect moral reality in which we live, and the implications of that gap for the practical project of moral improvement. We are limited in our ability to recognize and be guided by moral ideals, owing to a variety of moral and epistemic shortcomings. In light of that, how can the practical project of moral improvement get off the ground? An account of moral improvement should begin from psychologically plausible starting points, and it should also rely on ideals that are both normatively authoritative and regulatively efficacious for the agent taking up the project. The book argues that moral improvement should be understood as the project of articulating and inhabiting an aspirational moral identity. That identity is cultivated through existing practical identities and standpoints, which are fundamentally social and which generate practical conflicts about how to live. The success of moral improvement depends on its taking place within what the book describes as good moral neighborhoods. Moral neighborhoods are collaborative normative spaces, constructed from networks of social practices and conventions, in which we can act as better versions of ourselves. The book draws on theatrical metaphors to describe how moral neighborhoods are created and maintained through moral stagecraft and mutual pretense. It concludes with a discussion of three social practices that contribute to good moral neighborhoods and so to moral improvement.
Conclusion
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book. In order for moral improvement to be a practical project, it must work from a psychologically plausible picture of human nature and it must rely on ideals that have normative authority and regulative efficacy for the person who is aiming to improve. The book argues that we should understand moral improvement as the cultivation of an aspirational moral identity. The cultivation of this identity takes place in social contexts that affect its trajectory. Moral improvement requires good moral neighborhoods, or normative structures that facilitate moral improvement by enabling us to enact fictive moral selves. In this way, moral neighborhoods help us close the gap between our moral ideals and the flawed reality in which we live.
Stotra Literature
Authors: Stainton Hamsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents an overview and analysis of stotra literature in South Asia from three different angles: definition, classification, and history. It first reviews recent descriptions of the stotra genre and offers a working definition for the present study. Then it considers some of the factors that can be used to classify and analyze this voluminous and diverse corpus. In doing so, it highlights many of the most salient and recurring features of stotra literature overall. Finally, it surveys the history of stotra literature in South Asia, highlighting key texts, authors, and periods of development, such as the relationship between stotras and Vedic hymns, political eulogies (praśasti), and vernacular devotional (bhakti) poetry, the early history of Buddhist and Jain stotras, and hymns by or attributed to famous authors like Śaṅkara. Overall, the chapter highlights the diversity, flexibility, and persistent appeal of stotra literature across regions and traditions over the millennia.
Stotra as Kāvya
Authors: Stainton Hamsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter investigates the relationship between Sanskrit hymns of praise and classical Sanskrit literature. It first surveys the complicated and often ambiguous position of stotras within Sanskrit literary culture. Then it analyzes Jagaddhara Bhaṭṭa’s Stutikusumāñjali as an historically significant example of how devotional poets sought to elevate the status of the stotra form. Jagaddhara reaffirms the value of classical Sanskrit poetry and poetics even as he re-envisions this literary world as being justified and revitalized by devotional praise of Śiva. He incorporates and expands upon earlier traditions of poetry and poetics in creative ways, giving special prominence to the “flashy” style of poetry (citrakāvya) and the poetic figure of “repetition” (yamaka). His ambitious and innovative hymns, as well as those of later poets in Kashmir, testify to the vitality of Sanskrit literary production in the region and offer critical evidence in the debate about the so-called death of Sanskrit.
Devotion as Rasa
Authors: Stainton Hamsa
Published: September 2019

In addition to being an important center for religious innovation and literary production, Kashmir was also the site of major developments in aesthetics from the end of the eighth century onward. After reviewing this history, this chapter considers how Kashmirian poets adopted and adapted language and ideas from aesthetics—particularly the language of rasa—in unusual and creative ways. It focuses on the idea of bhaktirasa, the “taste” or experience of devotion. Notably, many Kashmirian explorations of bhaktirasa occurred long before Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava authors would make bhaktirasa well known in South Asia. This chapter argues that the Śaiva hymns of Kashmir represent earlier reflections on the aesthetic dimensions of devotion that can contribute to our understanding of the relationship between aesthetics and religion in South Asia.
Stotra as Tradition
Authors: Stainton Hamsa
Published: September 2019

Part of the enduring appeal of the stotra form has been the way that it has enabled specific communities to creatively negotiate Kashmir’s literary and religious pasts. This chapter analyzes stotras in the seventeenth and twentieth centuries to explore how hymns have functioned as part of tradition as a process. In the seventeenth century, Sāhib Kaul’s devotional poetry provides evidence for how one community of immigrants to Kashmir integrated themselves into a complex religious and literary culture while using its Maithila Śākta heritage as a resource for innovation. In the twentieth century, Swami Lakshman Joo promoted the study and practice of stotras in influential ways. Lastly, the chapter argues that stotras have been pivotal to the configuration of “Kashmir Śaivism” as a distinct regional tradition.
Conclusion
Authors: Stainton Hamsa
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter returns to the recurring themes introduced in Chapter 1—Kashmir, poetry, poetics, stotra, bhakti, and prayer—in light of the arguments developed throughout this book. It explores how stotras are about relationships and connections, and it argues that these Sanskrit hymns are critical sources for studying the history and historiography of bhakti traditions in South Asia. It summarizes the appeal of the stotra form as a genre for religious practice and reflection, and it revisits what this study of Sanskrit hymns contributes to the study of prayer more broadly. As a whole, this chapter serves as a commentary on the title of the book, unpacking what it means to study poetry as prayer in the stotras of Kashmir.
In Their Own Words
Authors: Fair C. Christine
Published: September 2019

This path-breaking volume reveals a little-known aspect of how Lashkar-e-Tayyaba, a jihadist terrorist group, functions in Pakistan and beyond by translating and commenting upon a range of publications produced and disseminated by Dar-ul-Andlus, the publishing wing of LeT.
Only a fraction of LeT's cadres ever see battle: most of them are despatched on nation-wide "proselytizing" ("dawa") missions to convert Pakistanis to their particular interpretation of Islam, in support of which LeT has developed a sophisticated propagandist literature. This canon of Islamist texts is the most popular and potent weapon in LeT's arsenal, and its scrutiny affords insights into how and who the group recruits; LeT's justification for jihad; its vision of itself in global and regional politics; the enemies LeT identifies and the allies it cultivates; and how and where it conducts its operations. Particular attention is paid to the role that LeT assigns to women by examining those writings which heap extravagant praise upon the mothers of aspirant jihadis, who bless their operations and martyrdom. It is only by understanding LeT's domestic functions as set out in these texts that one can begin to appreciate why Pakistan so fiercely supports it, despite mounting international pressure to disband the group.
What is the Let?
Authors: Fair C. Christine
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides an historical account of LeT's ideological roots as well as its organizational and operational development, including its most recent foray into Pakistani politics despite decades of forswearing direct political participation. Even though Pakistan did not create LeT/JuD or its parent organization MDI, it quickly co-opted it and rendered it the most lethal and loyal proxy in Pakistan's arsenal for managing external threats but also for assisting its military and intelligence agencies domestically.
Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia
Authors: Hanifi Shah Mahmoud , Dalrymple William
Published: September 2019

Mountstuart Elphinstone (1779-1859), Lowland Scottish traveller, East India Company civil servant and educator, was one of the principal intellectual architects of British colonial rule in South Asia. Imbued with liberal views, such that Bombay's wealthy founded Elphinstone College in his memory, he pioneered the scholarly, scientific and administrative foundations of imperialism in India. 
Elphinstone's career was launched when he was picked to lead the inaugural British diplomatic mission to the Afghan court. His Account of the Kingdom of Caubul (1815) became the main source of British information about Afghanistan. He is best known for his periods as Resident at Poona and Governor of Bombay in the 1810s and 1820s, when he instituted innovative and lasting policies in administration and education while also conducting research for his extremely influential History of India (1841). 
This volume examines Mountstuart Elphinstone's intellectual contributions and administrative career in their own right, in relation to prominent contemporaries including Charles Metcalfe and William Moorcroft, and in the context of later historical study of India, Afghanistan, British imperialism and its imperial frontiers.
The Discovery of Afghanistan in the Era of Imperialism
Authors: Nawid Senzil
Published: September 2019

The establishment of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal in the late eighteenth century, whose chief goal was to introduce the civilizations of Eastern societies to the West, encouraged a series of enquiries by British writers and travelers on the history, culture, art, antiquities, and literature of Eastern countries, including Afghanistan. This chapter analyzes the writings of three enterprising British explorers who traveled to Afghanistan in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It focuses on the travel accounts of George Forster, Mountstuart Elphinstone, and Charles Masson, men separated in time, interests and ambitions, but whose work, when examined collectively, delivers from personal observation an expansive picture of Afghanistan in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Such detail has not been found anywhere else, even within indigenous sources, which makes their writings essential and indispensable resources for studying the history, culture and society of Afghanistan in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Together, their enquiries concerning ethnographic, cultural, and social life in Afghanistan have formed a topographical and cultural template for future researchers.
Lieutenant Henry Pottinger and 150 Years of Baloch History
Authors: Spooner Brian
Published: September 2019

In the early decades of the nineteenth century, the UK dispatched a number of envoys, agents and spies into the vast area between northern India and the Ottoman and Russian Empires. The information gathered by these adventurers provided the basis for British policy for the next hundred years, right down to the Great War of the twentieth century. Their publications have served as major sources of historical data, especially for Afghanistan, Iran and the area that later became Pakistan. But how their larger social context conditioned their work has not been examined sufficiently. In this chapter, I will focus on the adventures of Lieutenant Henry Pottinger, whose brief was one of the most challenging. However, he was well aware of being one of a number of Englishmen of different social classes who were doing similar things. What we learn about any one of them will shed additional light on the activities and significance of the work of the others, and in turn help us to understand the relationship between these countries and the West as it has evolved from the nineteenth century to the present day.
Forgetting like a State in Colonial North-East India
Authors: Simpson Thomas
Published: September 2019

What if governing and "seeing" like a state is actually about forgetting and misdirecting as much as it is about accumulating and communicating? In the colonial north-east during the early nineteenth century, governing and knowing peoples and spaces relied not on flows of knowledge, but on intermittent and selective adaptations of previously formulated information. This was not simply a product of unintended shortcomings, but resulted from deliberate attempts by British administrators to ensure that knowledge did not easily traverse time and space. These "men on the spot" sought to make many of their activities opaque to outsiders, including their institutional superiors.
Focusing on David Scott, the leading colonial official during and immediately after the British annexation of Assam, this chapter proposes that conventional models for understanding modern colonial state-building and knowledge production do not fit this region. It argues that governing and comprehending the early colonial north-east emerged as much from creative engagements with myopia and amnesia as from clear-sighted and accumulative "state simplifications".
The Internet and Political Protest in Autocracies
Authors: Weidmann Nils B. , Rød Espen Geelmuyden
Published: September 2019

In the aftermath of recent popular uprisings in dictatorships, many observers argued that information and communication technologies, notably the Internet, played a key role in the mobilization of political protest. This book unpacks when and under which circumstances Internet technology can benefit opposition activists aiming to mobilize protests, and when the technology plays into the hands of autocratic governments. Since autocratic governments enjoy a high degree of control over the introduction and expansion of Internet technology and over digital communication ows, the book argues that it should help them keep levels of protest low in the long-term. However, once protest has started, short-term government intervention becomes more difficult, which is why Internet technology can catalyze ongoing episodes of unrest. The book presents detailed empirical analyses of the relationship between the use of Internet technology and protest in autocracies. By leveraging new sub-national data on political protest and Internet penetration, these analysis cover more than sixty autocratic countries at the level of cities. The results show that higher levels of Internet penetration in cities reduce the overall occurrence of protest in dictatorships, but once protest has started, the Internet contributes to the continuation of protest in the same city as well as its diffusion to other locations. By examining the use of the Internet by governments in relation to other means of autocratic repression, the book also demonstrates the technological modernization of autocratic politics, where digital repression via the Internet partly substitutes traditional forms of political control.
Internet Coverage and the Occurrence of Protest
Authors: Weidmann Nils B. , Rød Espen Geelmuyden
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents an empirical first look at the relationship between Internet technology and protest occurrence at the level of cities. The authors argue that the expansion of Internet coverage should lower the incidence rate of anti-regime protest: governments enjoy a high level of control over Internet technology and content, which they can use to prevent protest. Building on the book’s research design introduced in Chapter 4, the chapter tests this theoretical expectation by presenting descriptive statistics and later by estimating multilevel regression models. In line with the authors’ argument, the analysis reveals a negative effect of Internet penetration on protest incidence. In other words, high Internet penetration in a given city reduces the likelihood of anti-regime protest incidence in autocracies. This effect is robust across a number of different model specifications and time periods.
Treason in Colonial Pennsylvania
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W.
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides a summary of treason law in Pennsylvania from the founding of the colony by William Penn in 1682 through the outbreak of the War for Independence. After several halting starts, Pennsylvania formally adopted English treason law in 1718. This law was rooted in the 1351 English Statute of Treasons and the chapter explains the broad contours of that law as it was developed in the succeeding centuries. Treason law, however, was rarely employed in colonial Pennsylvania, even though the Seven Years’ War, the march of the Paxton Boys, and the disputes with Virginia and Connecticut over land claims (hostilities that amounted to low-level open warfare) provided possible opportunities for its employment. The chapter also addresses whether members of American Indian tribes were subject to Pennsylvania treason law.
Resentment and Betrayal, 1779–1781
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W.
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the aftermath of the Philadelphia acquittals, which generated enormous resentment, leading to vituperative newspaper exchanges over the jury’s role in treason cases, interference with a misprision of treason trial, and the armed attack on the home of James Wilson. The state introduced a new noncapital offense of treasonable misdemeanor. Benedict Arnold’s notorious betrayal led to Pennsylvania’s last two wartime executions for treason. One was ordered without a trial under the attainder proclamations. The other, of a man charged with joining the Indians and prosecuted by Arnold’s brother-in-law, Edward Burd, was a dubious extension of Pennsylvania treason law and explicable only in the context of the fervor over Arnold. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court asserted its authority to issues writs of habeas corpus, and issued an important opinion about the duty of allegiance to Pennsylvania. The court also addressed a significant tax revolt in Berks County, a precursor to the more well-known rebellions of the 1790s.
Ranking
Authors: Érdi Péter
Published: September 2019

As humans, we like to see who is stronger, richer, better, or cleverer. As we also (1) love lists, (2) are competitive, and (3) are jealous of other people, we like ranking. We can rank some situations objectively: students ranked by their heights reflects objectivity. However, many “top-10” (or 21, 33, etc.) lists are based on subjective categorization and give only the illusion of objectivity. In fact, we don’t always want to be seen objectively since we don’t mind having a better image or rank than we deserve. The book applies scientific theories to everyday experience by raising and answering questions like: Are college ranking lists objective? How do we rank and rate countries based on their fragility, level of corruption, or even happiness? How do we find the most relevant webpages? How are employees ranked? The book is offered to people whose neighbor has a fancier car; employees who are being ranked by their supervisors; managers who are involved in ranking but may have qualms about the process; businesspeople interested in creating better visibility for their companies; scientists, writers, artists, and other competitors who would like to see themselves at the top of a success list; and college students who are just preparing to enter a new phase of social competition. Readers will engage in an intellectual adventure to better understand the difficulties of navigating between objectivity and subjectivity and to better identify and modify their place in real and virtual communities by combining human and computational intelligence.
The struggle for reputation
Authors: Érdi Péter
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses what reputation is and why and how we are struggling for it. Reputation can be considered a form of currency, and our reputation determines whether or not other people invest in us, buy from us, or give us some kind of reward. Indirect reciprocity is an efficient evolutionary mechanism that has led to the emergence of reputation. In the Internet age, digital reputation plays a particularly important role. After a brief discussion about the measurement of reputation, the chapter turns to the rules of the ranking games that scientists and artists play. The rules for these players are better elaborated than the rules for other communities. The illusion and manipulation of objectivity is discussed and related to two of the most prestigious awards: the Nobel Prize and the Academy Award. A recurring perspective in the book, namely the navigation between objectivity and subjectivity, is analyzed, here in the context of the nomination and selection processes for each award. The author then turns to digital reputation. Since a big industry has emerged with the goal of making websites more visible, the search engine manipulation effect and its possible impact is discussed.
Defending Frenemies
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2019

Defending Frenemies examines the nonproliferation strategies that the United States pursued toward vulnerable and often obstreperous allies in three volatile regions of the globe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia, from the early 1960s to the early 1990s. It presents a historical and comparative analysis of how successive US presidential administrations (those of John F. Kennedy to George H. W. Bush) employed inducements and coercive diplomacy toward Israel, Pakistan, South Korea, and Taiwan over nuclear proliferation. Building upon neoclassical realism, Jeffrey W. Taliaferro argues that regional power dynamics and US domestic politics shaped the types of nonproliferation strategies pursued. The overriding goals of successive administrations were to contain the growth of the Soviet Union’s influence in the Middle East and South Asia, as well as to enlist China as an ally of convenience against the Soviets in East Asia. Weaker allies’ nuclear proliferation could facilitate or complicate the realization of those goals. When policymakers perceived an unfavorable regional power distribution and short-time horizons for emerging threats to US interests, they were inclined to pursue accommodative strategies toward an ally. Conversely, when they perceived a favorable regional power distribution and longer time horizons for threats, they were inclined to pursue coercive nonproliferation strategies toward an ally. However, congressional opposition to certain arms transfers and to nonproliferation legislation sometimes led administrations to pursue hybrid strategies—combining coercive and accommodating elements—toward nuclear proliferating allies.
Conclusions
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 7 undertakes three tasks. First, it summarizes the core theoretical argument and the empirical support for the neoclassical realist theory, nuclear domino theory, credible sanctions theory, and security commitment theory hypotheses found inthe previous four chapters. The main take-away of the book is the following: The nonproliferation strategies the United States pursued toward vulnerable allies in the Middle East, East Asia, and South Asia were inextricably linked to broader Cold War dynamics, as tempered by each administration’s ability to mobilize support or defuse opposition in Congress. The ultimate objective of each administration, from Kennedy to H. W. Bush, was to contain the Soviet Union's influence in the Middle East and South Asia or to enlist China as an ally of convenience against the Soviets in East Asia. Second, Chapter 7 highlights several theoretical implications of this argument and avenues for future research. Third, the chapter briefly considers what neoclassical realist theory would suggest for some dilemmas in contemporary US foreign policy.
Beethoven 1806
Authors: Ferraguto Mark
Published: September 2019

Between early 1806 and early 1807, Ludwig van Beethoven completed a remarkable series of instrumental works including his Fourth Piano Concerto (Op. 58), “Razumovsky” String Quartets (Op. 59), Fourth Symphony (Op. 60), Violin Concerto (Op. 61), Thirty-Two Variations on an Original Theme for Piano (WoO 80), and Overture to Collin’s Coriolan (Op. 62). Critics have struggled to reconcile the music of this year with Beethoven’s so-called heroic style, the paradigm through which his middle-period works have typically been understood. Drawing on theories of mediation and a wealth of primary sources, Beethoven 1806 explores the specific contexts in which the music of this year was conceived, composed, and heard. Not only did Beethoven depend on patrons, performers, publishers, critics, and audiences to earn a living, but he also tailored his compositions to suit particular sensibilities, proclivities, and technologies.
Music for a Playwright
Authors: Ferraguto Mark
Published: September 2019

Critics from E. T. A. Hoffmann forward have struggled to reconcile the suspensefulness of Beethoven’s Coriolan overture with the more “reflective” tone of the tragedy that inspired it, Heinrich von Collin’s Coriolan. In response, many critics have attempted to argue that the overture owes more to Shakespeare’s Coriolanus than to Collin’s play. But Beethoven had compelling reasons to engage with Collin’s tragedy. The Coriolanus story was also known to Beethoven and his contemporaries in multiple versions, across several different media, complicating attempts to interpret the overture in light of one source alone. The relationship between Beethoven and Collin is probed, opening up a host of literary, visual, and political associations surrounding Coriolan.
Conclusion
Authors: Ferraguto Mark
Published: September 2019

The ideas outlined in Beethoven 1806 offer a more nuanced way of thinking about Beethoven’s compositional development. While it is challenging to move beyond longstanding teleological narratives about Beethoven (with their emphasis on phases, styles, periods, and the like), focusing on his relationships and the ways in which they mediated his creative process opens a path forward. Combined with a microhistorical perspective (“a fascination with the particular”), such an approach offers to restore the sense of Beethoven as a historical actor while prompting us to reconsider how we understand his music. It also allows us to better appreciate the full measure of his creative life.