bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potencial de controle de espécies de Piper sobre fungos fitopatogênicos
Authors: Bastos Jessica Silva Felix , Fernandes Cléberson de Freitas , Vieira Junior José Roberto , Fonseca Aline Souza , Freire Tamiris Chaves , Sangi Simone Carvalho , Ogrodowczyk Liliani , Oliveira Karen Cristina Chaves , Rocha Rodrigo Barros , Barbieri Fábio da Silva
Published: August 2019

A produção de feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) é limitada, dentre outros fatores, pela ocorrência de doenças, destacando-se a mela do feijoeiro e o mofo cinzento, causados pelos fungos Rhizoctonia solani e Sclerotium rolfsii, respectivamente. Extratos vegetais com potencial fungicida se destacam como um método alternativo no controle de fitopatógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar extratos de espécies do gênero Piper no crescimento micelial dos fungos R. solani e S. rolfsii. Foram preparados extratos aquosos e alcoólicos nas proporções de 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000 e 1:10000mg/mL, obtidos a partir de materiais secos e frescos de folhas, talos e inflorescências de P. carniconnectivum, P. hispidum, P. nigrum, P. permucronatum, P. tuberculatum e P. umbellatum, cultivadas em casa de vegetação e campo, totalizando cento e um tratamentos. A atividade antifúngica foi avaliada pelo método de difusão em poços, utilizando meio BDA. Alíquotas de 10µL dos extratos avaliados foram depositadas em cada poço, e um disco de micélio de 0,5cm de diâmetro do patógeno desafiante adicionado no centro da placa. Os halos de inibição formados foram medidos a cada 24h, no sentido longitudinal e transversal. Testes in vivo foram conduzidos em folhas destacadas e em plântulas de feijoeiro. Folhas destacadas de feijoeiro foram acondicionadas em caixas tipo Gerbox, e mudas de feijoeiro mantidas em câmara úmida. Sobre as folhas foram pulverizados os extratos avaliados, e após 24h, uma suspensão de micélio do patógeno R. solani, na concentração de 1x106 fragmentos de micélio.mL-1 também foi pulverizada, avaliando-se a cada 24h a severidade da doença. O delineamento experimental dos testes in vitro e in vivo foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três testemunhas. Dentre os extratos testados in vitro, vinte e seis demonstraram potencial inibitório no controle de R. solani na maior concentração, e doze mantiveram-se eficientes até a concentração 1:100, destacando-se os extratos obtidos das espécies P. permucronatum e P. carniconnectivum. Nos ensaios com o fungo S. rolfsii, dez extratos mostraram eficiência na inibição do patógeno, destacando-se o extrato aquoso de P. tuberculatum na maior concentração. No ensaio in vivo com folhas destacadas dez extratos apresentaram eficiência no controle da mela do feijoeiro, sendo que os extratos obtidos a partir de P. permucronatum, P. carniconnectivum e P. nigrum apresentaram efeitos de controle semelhantes ao controle fungicida, permanecendo extratos de P. permucronatum eficientes em testes in vivo com mudas de feijão em câmara úmida. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os extratos de espécies do gênero Piper podem vir a ser utilizados futuramente como fonte de novas moléculas bioativas, visando o controle destes patógenos.
Analysis of protein content and level of 7S and 11S globulins, their ratio in the soybean seed of F6 - F8 hybrid lines
Authors: Adamovskaya V. G. , Molodchenkova O. O. , Sichkar V. I. , Kartuzova T. V. , Bezkrovnaya L. Y. , Lavrova G. D.
Published: August 2019

Aims. The goal of research was to study a character of changes and relationship between level of 7S and 11S globulins, their ratio and protein content  in the soybean seed of F6-F8 hybrid lines and their parental forms of different genetic origin in the connection of protein quality breeding. Methods. 7S and 11S globulins were isolated by method, which was developed in the Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry (Patent # 42181). Results. The features of 7S and 11S globulins content and their ratio in the soybean seed of F6 -F8 hybrid lines and their parental forms of different genetic origin were identified. It was established, that varieties and hybrid lines are characterized by considerable distinctions of 7S and 11S globulins contents and their ratio in the soybean protein. A connection between 7S and 11S globulins levels and protein content in the seed of soybean F6- F8 hybrid lines wasn’t established. Conclusions. It was elucidated that the growth conditions influence on the protein content, 11S and 7S globulins level, their ratio and relationship between these parameters in the soybean seeds of F6-F8 hybrid lines and their parental forms of different genetic origin, so that have to be introduced in the selection program of  soybean genotypes  of food direction soybean breeding as these parameters connected with the   food nutritional quality.Key words: Glicine max L., protein, 11S globulin, 7S globulin.
Stem deposition ability in modern winter wheat varieties under different environmental conditions as a physiological marker of their productivity
Authors: Priadkina G. A. , Zborovska O. V. , Ryzhykova P. L.
Published: August 2019

Aim. The search of relationship between characteristics of the stem deposition ability in winter wheat modern varieties and grains productivity under different environmental conditions. Methods. Field, biochemical (soluble stem carbohydrates) methods and mathematical-statistical analysis. Results. The deposition ability of the stem - a difference of content and the total amount of the water-soluble carbohydrates in the stem of the main shoot and weight of its dry matter content in the phases of flowering and full maturity – for 5 varieties of winter wheat in the years significantly different in weather conditions during grain filling were investigated. It is shown that the difference in weight of stem dry matter at the flowering phase and full ripeness and the grain mass of ear significantly varied with different weather conditions during the grain filling, as well as different varieties. A correlation between the mass of a main shoot grain ear with these indices was analyzed. A close positive correlation (r=0.88±0.13) between the grain mass of ear and the difference in weight of stem dry matter at the flowering phase and full ripeness was found. Conclusions. A physiological marker associated with high productivity of ear in different environmental conditions, which is simple to measure and closely linked to weight of grain from an ear was proposed.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., stem deposited ability, water-soluble carbohydrates, grain productivity.
Molecular organization of 5S rDNA in two ukrainian populations of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Authors: Rusak O. O. , Petrashchuk V. I. , Panchuk I. I. , Volkov R. A.
Published: August 2019

Aim. The genetic variability of tree species has still not been studied enough at the molecular level. Considering the relatively low rate of molecular evolution in perennial tree species, it is necessary to use only those regions of genome, which demonstrate a high level of variability, such as 5S rDNA. Accordingly, to estimate the potential of 5S rDNA as a molecular marker for tree species, the organization of this genomic region was compared between samples from two geographically remote Ukrainian populations of sycamore, Acer pseudoplatanus. Methods. PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing of the 5S rDNA IGS of A.pseudoplatanus. Results. It was shown that only one variant of 5S rDNA repeat with a length of 475 bp is present in the genome of A. pseudoplatanus.  Also, it was found that the elements typical for the angiosperm RNA polymerase III promoter, which are localized in IGS, appear to be different from those previously described for species of other families. The level of IGS sequence similarity within the populations exceeds 99%, while the level of IGS sequence similarity between various populations is only 93,3-94,3%. Conclusions. High rate of molecular evolution of the 5S rDNA IGS makes them a convenient molecular marker for evaluation of intraspecific variation in populations of A. pseudoplatanus.Key words: 5S rDNA, molecular markers, intraspecific variability, Acer
Apport potentiel des cours théoriques à la pratique réflexive en formation à l’enseignement
Authors: Buysse Alexandre A.J. , Périsset Danièle , Renaulaud Céline
Published: August 2019

Notre recherche analyse le contenu prescrit de cours théoriques afin de tenter d’identifier leur potentiel de contribution à la pratique réflexive des étudiants en formation à l’enseignement. Les cours sont ici vus comme autant d’occasions d’apport de savoirs qui pourraient nourrir la pratique réflexive des étudiants, mais aussi comme autant d’axes de préoccupations qui leur sont proposés afin d’orienter leurs analyses. À partir d’une conceptualisation fondée sur une relecture de la réflexivité, une analyse de contenu des canevas de cours a été faite à l’aide d’une matrice fondée sur une modélisation croisant des sujets de préoccupation abordés ou systèmes de régulation, avec des champs d’investigation ou empans réflexifs.
Teaching Life. The Education of a Modern Personality
Authors: Müller Hans-Peter
Published: August 2019

Georg Simmel was not an educator in the classical sense. But he had profound influence upon his students precisely because he was no educator. This paradoxical thesis is developed in three steps: First, Simmel’s basic problem is discussed with respect to his own personality: modernity and individuality; second his analysis on money and modern life is reconstructed; third, his views on education and instruction are outlined demonstrating his liberal principles of education. Taken together, these three steps demonstrate the educational charisma of Georg Simmel.
Enfin de l’espace (ultrachromatique et non-octaviant) !
Authors: Leroux Philippe
Published: August 2019

Dans cet article, Philippe Leroux évoque sa rencontre avec Ivan Wyschnegradsky et ce qu’elle a apporté à sa vision de la composition. Pour cela, il explique – après les avoir décrits sommairement – en quoi les principales théories compositionnelles de Wyschnegradsky que sont les périodicités et les cycles non-octaviants ainsi que les échelles ultrachromatiques, se différenciaient des principes sériels, stochastiques ou d’objets sonores en vogue à Paris à la fin des années 1970. Il aborde ensuite l’influence qu’ont pu avoir ces théories sur sa musique, et comment elles ont joué pour lui un rôle libérateur en proposant une façon d’envisager le travail sur les hauteurs de note qui s’affranchit des visions motivique, aléatoire ou de timbre harmonique. Il évoque enfin comment il s’en est peu à peu affranchi, tout en reconnaissant en quoi ces théories ont fortement participé à sa conception de la notion de continuum perceptif.
A hotspot for new genes
Authors: Dion-Côté Anne-Marie
Published: August 2019

Single-cell RNA sequencing in fruit flies gives an unprecedented picture of how new genes are expressed during the formation of sperm.
Effects of shading on the growth and leaf photosynthetic characteristics of three forages in an apple orchard on the Loess Plateau of eastern Gansu, China
Authors: Yang Mei , Liu Minguo , Lu Jiaoyun , Yang Huimin
Published: August 2019

Background

Inclusion of forage into the orchard is of great help in promoting the use efficiency of resources, while shading from trees restricts forage growth and production in the Loess Plateau of China. This study was aimed to investigate how tree shading affected leaf trait, photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll feature of forages under the tree in the orchard-forage system.

Methods

The shading treatments were set as partially cutting branches (reduced shading), normal fruit tree shading (normal shading) and normal tree shading plus sun-shading net (enhanced shading) in an apple orchard. Leaf trait, photosynthesis, chlorophyll component and fluorescence related parameters were measured with lucerne (Medicago sativa), white clover (Trifolium repens) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) which were sown under apple trees.

Results

Shading imposed significant impacts on the growth and leaf photosynthetic characteristics, while there were differences among species. Enhanced shading decreased leaf thickness, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and leaf mass per unit area (LMA). Biomass accumulation decreased with enhanced shading in cocksfoot, but did not change in white clover and lucerne which had much lower biomass accumulation than cocksfoot. Enhanced shading reduced net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of white clover and lucerne, but rarely affected cocksfoot, while it decreased instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) of cocksfoot but had few effects on the other forages. Enhanced shading reduced leaf dark respiration rate (Rd), light compensation point (LCP) and maximum assimilation rate. The Rd and LCP of cocksfoot were much lower than those of white clover and lucerne. Chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll a/b changed little with shading. Cocksfoot had the highest contents but lowest ratio. Maximum photochemical rate of photosystem II increased and non-photochemical quenching decreased with enhanced shading in cocksfoot, while did not change in the other forages.

Discussion

Leaf trait, photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll feature were variously affected by species, shading and their interaction. Cocksfoot was more efficient than the other two forages in use of weakened light and more tolerant to tree shading. In the apple orchard, we recommend that reducing the density of apple tree or partially cutting branches together with selecting some shading-tolerant forages, i.e., cocksfoot, would be a practical option for the orchard-forage system in the Loess Plateau of China.
Comparative transcriptome analysis of panicle development under heat stress in two rice (Oryza sativaL.) cultivars differing in heat tolerance
Authors: Wang Yaliang , Zhang Yikai , Zhang Qiang , Cui Yongtao , Xiang Jing , Chen Huizhe , Hu Guohui , Chen Yanhua , Wang Xiaodan , Zhu Defeng , Zhang Yuping
Published: August 2019

Heat stress inhibits rice panicle development and reduces the spikelet number per panicle. This study investigated the mechanism involved in heat-induced damage to panicle development and spikelet formation in rice cultivars that differ in heat tolerance. Transcriptome data from developing panicles grown at 40 °C or 32 °C were compared for two rice cultivars: heat-tolerant Huanghuazhan and heat-susceptible IR36. Of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 4,070 heat stress-responsive genes were identified, including 1,688 heat-resistant-cultivar-related genes (RHR), 707 heat-susceptible-cultivar-related genes (SHR), and 1,675 common heat stress-responsive genes (CHR). A Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the DEGs in the RHR category were significantly enriched in 54 gene ontology terms, some of which improved heat tolerance, including those in the WRKY, HD-ZIP, ERF, and MADS transcription factor families. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the DEGs in the RHR and SHR categories were enriched in 15 and 11 significant metabolic pathways, respectively. Improved signal transduction capabilities of endogenous hormones under high temperature seemed to promote heat tolerance, while impaired starch and sucrose metabolism under high temperature might have inhibited young panicle development. Our transcriptome analysis provides insights into the different molecular mechanisms of heat stress tolerance in developing rice.
Mapping research trends of retinal vein occlusion from 2009 to 2018: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Zhao Fangkun , Du Fengkun , Shi Dong , Zhou Wenkai , Jiang Youhong , Ma Liwei
Published: August 2019

Objectives

To map publication trends and explore research hotspots of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) study.

Methods

Based on Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), a bibliometric analysis was carried out. The knowledge map was constructed by VOSviewer v.1.6.10 to visualize the annual publication number, the distribution of countries, international collaborations, author productivity, source journals, cited reference and keywords in this field.

Results

A total of 2,135 peer-reviewed papers were retrieved on RVO from 2009 to 2018. The United States ranks highest among countries with the most publications and the most active institution was Kyoto University. Noma H contributed the most publications in this field. Retina—The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Disease was the most prolific journal in RVO research. The top cited references mainly presented anti-VEGF medications on the management of RVO. The keywords formed six clusters: (1) Risk factors and pathogenesis of RVO; (2) Metabolismof RVO; (3) Therapeutic use of corticosteroids on RVO; (4) Diagnostic methodsof RVO; (5) Management of macular edema secondary to RVO (6) Anti-VEGFtreatment of RVO.

Conclusions

The six major research hotspots could provide an insight into RVO research and valuable information for researchers to identify potential collaborators and partner institutions.
Analysis of the laccase gene family and miR397-/miR408-mediated posttranscriptional regulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza
Authors: Li Caili , Li Dongqiao , Zhou Hong , Li Jiang , Lu Shanfa
Published: August 2019

Salvia miltiorrhiza is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicine materials. It contains important bioactive phenolic compounds, such as salvianolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Elucidation of phenolic compound biosynthesis and its regulatory mechanism is of great significance for S. miltiorrhiza quality improvement. Laccases (LACs) are multicopper-containing enzymes potentially involved in the polymerization of phenolic compounds. So far, little has been known about LAC genes in S. miltiorrhiza. Through systematic investigation of the whole genome sequence and transcriptomes of S. miltiorrhiza, we identified 65 full-length SmLAC genes (SmLAC1–SmLAC65). Phylogenetic analysis showed that 62 of the identified SmLACs clustered with LACs from Arabidopsis and Populus trichocarpa in seven clades (C1–C7), whereas the other three fell into one S. miltiorrhiza-specific clade (C8). All of the deduced SmLAC proteins contain four conserved signature sequences and three typical Cu-oxidase domains, and gene structures of most LACs from S. miltiorrhiza, Arabidopsis and P. trichocarpa were highly conserved, however SmLACs encoding C8 proteins showed distinct intron-exon structures. It suggests the conservation and diversity of plant LACs in gene structures. The majority of SmLACs exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns, indicates manifold functions of SmLACs played in S. miltiorrhiza. Analysis of high-throughput small RNA sequences and degradome data and experimental validation using the 5′ RACE method showed that 23 SmLACs were targets of Smi-miR397. Among them, three were also targeted by Smi-miR408. It suggests the significance of miR397 and miR408 in posttranscriptional regulation of SmLAC genes. Our results provide a foundation for further demonstrating the functions of SmLACs in the production of bioactive phenolic compounds in S. miltiorrhiza.
A Descriptive Study of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Tertiary Care Clinics of a Caribbean Island
Authors: Mohammed S , Mohammed H , Sakhamuri S , Bhowmik A , Seemungal T
Published: August 2019

Objective: To determine the relationship between severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and quality of life as well as COPD’s correlation with depressive symptoms in West Indian subjects. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, observational study of outpatients with COPD in tertiary care. The severity of COPD was determined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage, GOLD group, and body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea and exercise capacity (BODE) index. Quality of life was assessed by the St George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and COPD Assessment Test (CAT), and depression was assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results: A total of 105 patients (85.7% male, 37.1% Indo-Trinidadian, 42.9% Afro-Trinidadian, 64.8% primary level education) were recruited with a mean age of 66.9 years (standard deviation: 9.60 years). The median body mass index was 25 kg/m2; 26.7% were underweight. Risk factors identified were: ever-smokers (27.6%), marijuana (20%), biomass (81.9%), passive smoke (70.5%), occupational exposures (80%). The CES-D of 25% of the patients was ≥ 16. Co-morbidities included diabetes (22%), hypertension (29%), gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (10%) and previous myocardial infarction (15%). A total of 59% of the patients reported a monthly household income of less than US$800. Lower level of education was associated with worse SGRQ (total and impact), lower forced expiratory volume in one second, modified Medical Research Council scale (mMRC) of ≥ 2 and higher BODE index. Higher GOLD group correlated with worse SGRQ, CAT and CES-D. Higher CES-D was associated with shorter six-minute walk distance, worse SGRQ, CAT and mMRC scores, higher GOLD group and increased COPD admissions per year. Patients with a CES-D of ≥ 16 walked shorter distances. Higher BODE quartile was associated with worse SGRQ, CAT and CES-D scores. Conclusion: Higher GOLD group and higher BODE quartile were associated with worse quality of life scores and higher depression scores. Patients in higher GOLD groups should be screened for depression. Education on COPD should be targeted at those of lower socioeconomic status.
The Lipid Profile of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy at Mpilo Central Hospital Opportunistic Infections Clinic
Authors: Maunga N. , Zumbika E. , Mhandire K. , Chikuse F. F. , Mavondo G. A.
Published: August 2019

Aims: Long term use of antiretroviral therapy subpopulation living with human immunodeficiency virus is associated with disturbances in blood lipids profiles which are not routinely monitored. More data on such disturbances are needed to persuade the country’s program to institute routine monitoring. This study sought to determine the prevalence and timing of dyslipidaemia in HIV/AIDS naïve people on ART at in Zimbabwe.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Mpilo Central Hospital Opportunistic Infections Clinic in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe over a period of three months.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in HIV-infected persons receiving highly active anti-retroviral treatment at Mpilo Central Hospital Opportunistic Infections Clinic. Lipid assays were determined by Elisa methods. Viral loads and CD4 were measured using the COBAS® TaqMan® and BD FACSCount™ Flow Cytometer, respectively.

Results: A total of 149 consenting participants were enrolled and most (63.2%) were females. The median age of the respondents was 43 years and their median CD4 count was 436 cells/μl after a median duration on ART of 36 months. Viral load was <40 in the majority (68.6%) of the participants. More females (63.1%) were on HAART and were aged >35 (60.4%) years. NNRTI (90.6%) were the more commonly prescribed HAART. The prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 70.2%. Hypercholesterolaemia was observed in 72 (48.3%) patients with 26 being male and 46 being female. High levels of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c ≥ 3.0 mmol/L) were found in 115 patients with 74 of them being female. Hypertriacylglycerolaemia (TAG ≥ 2.0 mmol/L) was present in 8 cases. The proportion of patients with a low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c < 1.0 mmol/L) was 15.3% while those with a ratio of TC/HDL-c ≥ 4.1 were 87.5%.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated a high prevalence of dyslipidaemia in HIV-patients receiving HAART. There is a need for the Country’s HIV program to institute laboratory monitoring of blood lipids in patients over one year on HAART.
Effect of Oral Intake of Sodium Benzoate on Serum Cholesterol and Proinflammatory Cytokine (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha [TNF-α] and Interleukin-6 [IL-6]) Levels in the Heart Tissue of Wistar Rats
Authors: Oghenetekevwe Efekemo, , Oronne Akaninwor, Joyce , Bassey Essien, Eka
Published: August 2019

The in vivo effect of oral administration of varying concentrations (150, 250, 500 mg/kg body wt.) of sodium benzoate (a known preservative in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry) on serum cholesterol and proinflammatory markers in heart tissue of wistar albino rats were investigated. The oral intake was administered at 24 hour intervals for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The groups were labelled; control (group 1), 7days (group 2), 14days (group 3), 21 days (group 4) and 28days (group 5). The rats were fed normal diet ad libitum and blood sample for the determination was taken at the end of the duration. For serum cholesterol, the result obtained for sodium benzoate concentrations administered showed significant (p≤0.05) decrease in cholesterol levels at group 5 for 250 mg/kg body wt. and grp 2, 3, 4 and 5 for 500 mg/kg body wt of experimental rats. The proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 of heart tissue showed significant decrease at grp 4 and 5 for 250 mg/kg body wt and 2, 3, 4 and 5 for 500 mg/kg body wt. values were all compared to control. These findings suggest modulation of the inflammatory pathway due to administration of the preservative.
Effect of Different Irrigation Solutions on Coronal Microleakage in Endodontically Treated Teeth (An in vitro Study)
Authors: Alikhani Armaghan , Mohammadi Mahnoosh , Etemadi Najme , Azarang Seyed Alireza Moosavi
Published: August 2019

Background: The coronal microleakage in the endodontically treated teeth causes recurrent caries and can be associated with the restoration and the root canal treatment failures. Intra orifice barrier is an efficient alternative method to decrease coronal leakage in endodotically treated teeth and one of the best barriers is glass ionomer. The current study propose that using different irrigation solutions in root canals effect on coronal microleakage.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the coronal microleakage in glass ionomer obturated root canals in endodontically treated teeth using different irrigation solutions.

Methods: Sixty extracted human single-rooted teeth with single canals were collected and disinfected with 0.5 choloro amin. After root canal therapy and evacuation of 2 mm coronal gutta percha, the teeth were divided into 3 groups of each 20, based on irrigation solutions. Glass ionomer was used as the coronal barrier and the teeth were stored in distilled water.  The irrigation solutions used were: 17% EDTA, Alcohol and normal saline. Then all the specimen were submerged in 2% methylene blue dye for 24 hours at room temperature and sectioned sagittally and the dye penetration was assessed by stereomicroscope.

Results: There were not penetration of dye only in 3.3% of teeth and all of the teeth that irrigated with saline showed dye penetration. The dye penetration was seen in 95%, 95% and 100% of the EDTA, alcohol and saline groups, respectively. Dye penetration was higher in Saline group than other two groups but coronal microleakage has not shown statistically significant differences in different groups.

Conclusion: The results of current study indicated that using different irrigation solutions may be associated with decrease in coronal microleakage. Although, based on our findings there are not any significant differences among different irrigation solutions but more studies may be needed to confirm this results.
Transmission of a Freshwater Isolate of Ichthyophonus (Clade C) to Two Marine Fish Species
Authors: Kocan R. M. , Kocan A. J. , Reichley S. R.
Published: August 2019

The ingestion of infected prey is the most recognizable mode of transmission for Ichthyophonus, but because this mode of transmission is unidirectional from small prey fish to larger predators, it cannot sustain the parasite within or among populations nor does it explain transmission to planktivores. Recently, waterborne transmission was demonstrated in cultured Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, which could explain how the parasite is transmitted without piscivory. However, it is possible that this is an adaptation to aquaculture conditions, and may not occur among wild fish. To address this question, experiments were conducted to determine if a freshwater isolate of Ichthyophonus is infectious and pathogenic to marine species, as well as if transmission is possible between different marine species. Pacific Staghorn Sculpins Leptocottus armatus were fed a freshwater isolate of Ichthyophonus (clade C) and then housed with susceptible sentinel Rock Soles Lepidopsetta bilineata. Ninety two percent of the orally exposed sculpins and 30% of the sentinel soles were Ichthyophonus-positive at the end of the study, with 0% infected controls. These results demonstrate that a freshwater isolate of Ichthyophonus is infectious and pathogenic to marine species and can be transmitted in seawater in the absence of piscivory. It also provides a plausible mechanism for transmission to small prey fish and planktivores, as well as within a population of piscivores when infected prey is not available.
Agreement of amyloid PET and CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease on Lumipulse
Authors: Alcolea Daniel , Pegueroles Jordi , Muñoz Laia , Camacho Valle , López‐Mora Diego , Fernández‐León Alejandro , Le Bastard Nathalie , Huyck Els , Nadal Alicia , Olmedo Verónica , Sampedro Frederic , Montal Victor , Vilaplana Eduard , Clarimón Jordi , Blesa Rafael , Fortea Juan , Lleó Alberto
Published: August 2019

Objective

To determine the cutoffs that optimized the agreement between 18F‐Florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET) and Aβ1‐42, Aβ1‐40, tTau, pTau and their ratios measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on the LUMIPULSE G600II instrument, we quantified the levels of these four biomarkers in 94 CSF samples from participants of the Sant Pau Initiative on Neurodegeneration (SPIN cohort) using the Lumipulse G System with available 18F‐Florbetapir imaging.

Methods

Participants had mild cognitive impairment (n = 35), AD dementia (n = 12), other dementias or neurodegenerative diseases (n = 41), or were cognitively normal controls (n = 6). Levels of Aβ1‐42 were standardized to certified reference material. Amyloid scans were assessed visually and through automated quantification. We determined the cutoffs of CSF biomarkers that optimized their agreement with 18F‐Florbetapir PET and evaluated concordance between markers of the amyloid category.

Results

Aβ1‐42, tTau and pTau (but not Aβ1‐40) and the ratios with Aβ1‐42 had good diagnostic agreement with 18F‐Florbetapir PET. As a marker of amyloid pathology, the Aβ1‐42/Aβ1‐40 ratio had higher agreement and better correlation with amyloid PET than Aβ1‐42 alone.

Interpretation

CSF biomarkers measured with the Lumipulse G System show good agreement with amyloid imaging in a clinical setting with heterogeneous presentations of neurological disorders. Combination of Aβ1‐42 with Aβ1‐40 increases the agreement between markers of amyloid pathology.
Antiambipolar Transistor: A Newcomer for Future Flexible Electronics
Authors: Wakayama Yutaka , Hayakawa Ryoma
Published: August 2019

An antiambipolar transistor exhibits a steep increase and decrease in drain current within a certain range of gate bias voltage. This unique feature is brought about by a partially stacked pn‐heterointerface formed around the center of the transistor channel. First, this review discusses recent topics related to the antiambipolar transistor, including the constituent materials, operation mechanism, and factors controlling device performance. Then, novel functional applications, such as optoelectronics and multivalued logic circuits, are introduced. The transistor channels of antiambipolar transistors consist largely of 2D atomically thin films or organic semiconductors. These materials are mechanically flexible. Therefore, antiambipolar transistors have the potential to enable advances to be made in the field of flexible electronics.
Rapid and Large‐Scale Fabrication of Full Color Woodpile Photonic Crystals via Interference from a Conformal Multilevel Phase Mask
Authors: Nam Sang‐Hyeon , Park Junyong , Jeon Seokwoo
Published: August 2019

The practical use of photonic crystals with structural colors requires technology capable of rapidly producing large‐area, three‐dimensional (3D) periodic nanostructures. Until now, the fabrication of 3D photonic crystals has relied mainly on additive manufacturing and colloidal self‐assembly. These technologies have provided a useful academic platform based on precisely controlled 3D periodicity but have not evolved into mass production technology. Here, optical lithography for the rapid fabrication of large‐area 3D photonic crystals with structural colors is introduced. The key strategy is to incorporate two orthogonal line gratings (periodicity: 300 nm) made of an elastomer to create a conformal multilevel phase mask. When the mask is irradiated with a 355 nm laser, the five beam interference is established in the proximity region. The interlayer thickness between the two orthogonal line gratings controls the phase difference, which is closely related to the symmetry of the resulting 3D interference pattern. The interlayer thickness is designed to produce a woodpile structure with a planar periodicity of 300 nm and a vertical periodicity of 716 nm. The pattern area of the woodpile photonic crystal is expanded to 1 in2. Red, green, and blue colors are experimentally realized by controlling the vertical shrinkage of the photoresist.
A Critical Review of Microelectrode Arrays and Strategies for Improving Neural Interfaces
Authors: Ferguson Morgan , Sharma Dhavan , Ross David , Zhao Feng
Published: August 2019

Though neural interface systems (NISs) can provide a potential solution for mitigating the effects of limb loss and central nervous system damage, the microelectrode array (MEA) component of NISs remains a significant limiting factor to their widespread clinical applications. Several strategies can be applied to MEA designs to increase their biocompatibility. Herein, an overview of NISs and their applications is provided, along with a detailed discussion of strategies for alleviating the foreign body response (FBR) and abnormalities seen at the interface of MEAs and the brain tissue following MEA implantation. Various surface modifications, including natural/synthetic surface coatings, hydrogels, and topography alterations, have shown to be highly successful in improving neural cell adhesion, reducing gliosis, and increasing MEA longevity. Different MEA surface geometries, such as those seen in the Utah and Michigan arrays, can help alleviate the resultant FBR by reducing insertion damage, while providing new avenues for improving MEA recording performance and resolution. Increasing overall flexibility of MEAs as well as reducing their stiffness is also shown to reduce MEA induced micromotion along with FBR severity. By combining multiple different properties into a single MEA, the severity and duration of an FBR postimplantation can be reduced substantially.
Bionic Tea Stain–Like, All‐Nanoparticle Coating for Biocompatible Corrosion Protection
Authors: Zhang Bo , Yao Ruijuan , Li Linhua , Li Mingyu , Yang Li , Liang Zhen , Yu Hongchi , Zhang Hao , Luo Rifang , Wang Yunbing
Published: August 2019

Magnesium alloys are biodegradable metals, but high corrosion speed and low histocompatibility after implantation still limit the application as biomedical implants. In this work, a bionic coating concept is put forward via mimicking a continuous “tea stain” formation process, using a layer‐by‐layer approach. Tannic acid (TA) incorporating Mg2+ ions is used to form a chemical conversion coating on magnesium AZ31 alloy for enhanced corrosion protection and favorable biocompatibility. Thermal oxidation of TA, along with metal–phenol coordination and aggregation, forms an all nanoparticles stacked coating, which is crack‐free, homogeneous, more tight, and dense than the pure TA coating. In electrochemical corrosion tests, pH monitoring, and hydrogen evolution tests, the corrosion rate is effectively decreased for the TA/Mg protected AZ31, which is ascribed to the enriched phenol–metal complex and enhanced connections between the individual nanoparticles. With such green chemistry, the introduction of TA and incorporation of Mg2+ synergistically endow the basic requirement of corrosion protection, without cytotoxicity to endothelial cells and with a safe hemolysis ratio. Additionally, this bionic coating effectively suppresses the inflammatory response to AZ31. These results convincingly demonstrate the effectiveness of using such coating as a biocompatible barrier for the potential application of biodegradable magnesium implants.
Microstructured Multimaterial Fibers for Microfluidic Sensing
Authors: Dong Chaoqun , Page Alexis Gérald , Yan Wei , Nguyen‐Dang Tung , Sorin Fabien
Published: August 2019

The thermal drawing of a uniform capillary‐like fiber that integrates an encapsulated microchannel and an embedded capacitor system within a polymeric cladding is demonstrated. Such a fiber construct has versatile functionalities applicable to microfluidic sensing including the detection of the presence and travel distance of a fluid, real‐time flowrate sensing, and high‐accuracy identification of the static dielectric constant, which reveals information on the nature of the fluid inside the channel. As a capacitive device, the fiber exhibits a broad operative frequency range from 100 Hz to 2 MHz, and is capable of sensing microflows with a wide flowrate range from 50 nL min−1 to 10 mL min−1. Beyond such performance, the novel fabrication approach proposed, based on fiber processing, is highly scalable and can potentially yield tens‐of‐kilometers of such fibers in a single draw, equating millions of short (few centimeters) working capillaries. It offers significant opportunities for reliable monitoring and manipulation of complex microfluidics, especially in cases requiring flexible and disposable sensors, at a scalability and cost traditionally associated with fiber processing technologies.
A New Wide Bandgap Donor Polymer for Efficient Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells with a Large Open‐Circuit Voltage
Authors: Tang Yumin , Sun Huiliang , Wu Ziang , Zhang Yujie , Zhang Guangye , Su Mengyao , Zhou Xin , Wu Xia , Sun Weipeng , Zhang Xianhe , Liu Bin , Chen Wei , Liao Qiaogan , Woo Han Young , Guo Xugang
Published: August 2019

Significant progress has been made in nonfullerene small molecule acceptors (NF‐SMAs) that leads to a consistent increase of power conversion efficiency (PCE) of nonfullerene organic solar cells (NF‐OSCs). To achieve better compatibility with high‐performance NF‐SMAs, the direction of molecular design for donor polymers is toward wide bandgap (WBG), tailored properties, and preferentially ecofriendly processability for device fabrication. Here, a weak acceptor unit, methyl 2,5‐dibromo‐4‐fluorothiophene‐3‐carboxylate (FE‐T), is synthesized and copolymerized with benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT) to afford a series of nonhalogenated solvent processable WBG polymers P1‐P3 with a distinct side chain on FE‐T. The incorporation of FE‐T leads to polymers with a deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of −5.60−5.70 eV, a complementary absorption to NF‐SMAs, and a planar molecular conformation. When combined with the narrow bandgap acceptor ITIC‐Th, the solar cell based on P1 with the shortest methyl chain on FE‐T achieves a PCE of 11.39% with a large Voc of 1.01 V and a Jsc of 17.89 mA cm−2. Moreover, a PCE of 12.11% is attained for ternary cells based on WBG P1, narrow bandgap PTB7‐Th, and acceptor IEICO‐4F. These results demonstrate that the new FE‐T is a highly promising acceptor unit to construct WBG polymers for efficient NF‐OSCs.
Machine Learning for Understanding the Relationship between the Charge Transport Mobility and Electronic Energy Levels for n‐Type Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Lee Min‐Hsuan
Published: August 2019

Organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) have received considerably more attention than inorganic‐based field‐effect transistors for use in next generation of organic circuits. There are a number of variables, for example, the ordering of the OFETs, their energy levels, and the material used for source/drain electrodes, that influence the magnitude of charge transport mobility. Importantly, a suitable energy level match between highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level and work function of the electrodes may have a large influence on the measured mobility. An informatics approach, specifically use of machine learning, is proposed for charge transport mobility prediction. Gradient Boosting and Random Forest regression algorithms are used to model previous experimental datasets and HOMO and LUMO energy levels of n‐type materials are optimized using expected machine‐learning methods. The results reveal that Random Forest model benefits the functional analysis of n‐type OFETs in three ways: 1) it provides better understanding of current n‐type organic materials, 2) it may guide the choice of n‐type organic materials and conducting electrodes, and 3) it measures the tradeoffs between the charge transport mobility and electronic energy levels for n‐type OFETs.
Retracted: Combined Photoredox/Enzymatic C−H Benzylic Hydroxylations
Authors: Betori Rick C. , May Catherine M. , Scheidt Karl A.
Published: August 2019

Chemical transformations that install heteroatoms into C−H bonds are of significant interest because they streamline the construction of value‐added small molecules. Direct C−H oxyfunctionalization, or the one step conversion of a C−H bond to a C−O bond, could be a highly enabling transformation due to the prevalence of the resulting enantioenriched alcohols in pharmaceuticals and natural products,. Here we report a single‐flask photoredox/enzymatic process for direct C−H hydroxylation that proceeds with broad reactivity, chemoselectivity and enantioselectivity. This unified strategy advances general photoredox and enzymatic catalysis synergy and enables chemoenzymatic processes for powerful and selective oxidative transformations.
Silver phosphate supported on metal–organic framework (Ag3PO4@MOF‐5) as a novel heterogeneous catalyst for green synthesis of indenoquinolinediones
Authors: Rather Ryhan Abdullah , Siddiqui Zeba N.
Published: August 2019

A new Ag3PO4@MOF‐5 catalyst has been synthesized and successfully applied in the green synthesis of a library of indenoquinolinediones via one‐pot, multi‐component reaction of aldehyde, indanedione and enaminone under solvent‐free conditions at room temperature. The catalyst was characterized using various spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The catalyst can be easily separated and exhibits significant recyclability, with insignificant loss of activity after four consecutive runs. The protocol presented has advantages like green reaction conditions, high yield of products, no need for column chromatography and good recyclability.
Back to Basics: Preventing Workplace Bullying
Authors: Spruce Lisa
Published: August 2019

Inappropriate workplace behavior such as bullying can negatively affect patient safety and staff member satisfaction. Bullying can be directed at individuals, groups of team members, or leaders and can include a variety of behaviors. Disrespectful behaviors are learned, tolerated, and reinforced; a certain degree of disrespect is accepted in some settings. Perioperative team members should use direct and meaningful communication to encourage and contribute to healthy work environments that address conflict and promote patient safety. They should follow applicable zero‐tolerance policies on bullying and report disrespectful behaviors to leaders who, in turn, should address the behavior in a fair manner according to disciplinary guidelines. When disrespectful behaviors are reported and managed appropriately, bullying in the workplace can be minimized or even eliminated, which improves the overall workplace culture.
CNOR Recertification: Why Continuing Education Alone Is No Longer Sufficient
Authors: Stobinski James X.
Published: August 2019

Health care certification programs are experiencing a period of great change because of increased public expectations and recent accreditation requirement changes. Nursing certification programs, including the CNOR credential administered by the Competency & Credentialing Institute (CCI), are not immune to these changes. The CNOR credential is the most common perioperative nursing certification and has more than 40,000 certificants worldwide. In response to updated accreditation standards, CCI recently announced CNOR credential recertification process changes. This article provides perioperative nurses with information on the effectiveness of continuing education for recertification, accreditation processes for certification programs, the nature of the new recertification mechanism and the process by which CCI revised and strengthened it, and specific information for CNOR‐certified nurses on the timeline for recertification changes.
Surgical Instrument Decontamination: A Multistep Process
Authors: Chobin Nancy
Published: August 2019

Surgical instrument decontamination requires the collective input of facility leaders, OR staff members, and sterile processing department personnel. Individual accountability can ensure that instruments are cleaned according to the manufacturers’ written instructions for use, appropriate regulations, and facility policies. Information about the instrument decontamination process—from point of use to sterilization—should help enable perioperative nurses to advocate for and participate in the appropriate implementation of the necessary process steps. Sterile processing department leaders should develop policies and procedures for decontamination of surgical instruments and devices and the various accountabilities for the process steps. They also should help provide education for their staff members and complete required documentation. This article reviews the steps of instrument cleaning and decontamination and provides a framework to help perioperative leaders and educators facilitate these steps in their work environments, prevent instrument damage, and help ensure safe patient care.
Using historical fisheries data to predict tuna distribution within the British Indian Ocean Territory Marine Protected Area, and implications for its management
Authors: Dunn Nicholas , Curnick David
Published: August 2019

Recently, several large marine protected areas (MPAs) have been established globally, and it is hoped that they will aid the recovery of populations of highly mobile, large pelagic species. Understanding the distribution of these species within MPAs is key to delivering effective management, but monitoring can be challenging over such vast areas of open ocean.

Historical fisheries data, collected prior to MPA establishment, can provide an insight into the past distributions of target species. We investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tuna catch using logbook data from the purse seine fishery in the British Indian Ocean Territory from 1996 to 2010, before it was established as an MPA in April 2010.

Generalized additive models were used to predict tuna presence and relative abundance from fishing records in relation to temporal and environmental variables. Significant variables included sea salinity, temperature, and water velocity.

Predictions from the models identified a distinct hotspot for large yellowfin tuna within the MPA, and areas of high predicted relative abundance of skipjack tuna. We recommend that these areas are used as focal points from which populations can be monitored and investigations into tuna residency time can occur, so that the effectiveness of the MPA in conserving highly mobile pelagic fish can be determined.