bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Flexible Pro‐porous Coordination Polymer: Non‐conventional Synthesis and Separation Properties Towards CO2/CH4 Mixtures
Authors: Barea Elisa , Tagliabue Giulia , Wang Wen‐Guo , Pérez‐Mendoza Manuel , Mendez‐Liñan Laura , López‐Garzon Francisco J. , Galli Simona , Masciocchi Norberto , Navarro Jorge A. R.
Published: November 2009

The novel coordination polymers [Cu(Hoxonic)(H2O)]n (1) and [Cu(Hoxonic)(bpy)0.5]n⋅1.5 n H2O (2⊂H2O) (H3oxonic: 4,6‐dihydroxy‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2‐carboxylic acid; bpy: 4,4′‐bipyridine) have been isolated and structurally characterised by ab initio X‐ray powder diffraction. The dense phase 1 contains 1D zig‐zag chains in which Hoxonic dianions bridge square‐pyramidal copper(II) ions, apically coordinated by water molecules. On the contrary, 2⊂H2O, prepared by solution and solventless methods, is based on 2D layers of octahedral copper(II) ions bridged by Hoxonic ligands, further pillared by bpy spacers. The resulting pro‐porous 3D network possesses small hydrated cavities. The reactivity, thermal, magnetic and adsorptive properties of these materials have been investigated. Notably, the adsorption studies on 2 show that this material possesses unusual adsorption behaviour. Indeed, guest uptake is facilitated by increasing the thermal energy of both the guest and the framework. Thus, neither N2 at 77 K nor CO2 at 195 K are incorporated, and CH4 is only minimally adsorbed at 273 K and high pressures (0.5 mmol g−1 at 2500 kPa). By contrast, CO2 is readily incorporated at 273 K (up to 2.5 mmol g−1 at 2500 kPa). The selectivity of 2 towards CO2 over CH4 has been investigated by means of variable‐temperature zero coverage adsorption experiments and measurement of breakthrough curves of CO2/CH4 mixtures. The results show the highly selective incorporation of CO2 in 2, which can be rationalised on the basis of the framework flexibility and polar nature of its voids.
Cyclization of Propargylic Amides: Mild Access to Oxazole Derivatives
Authors: Weyrauch Jan P. , Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Schuster Andreas , Hengst Tobias , Schetter Stefanie , Littmann Anna , Rudolph Matthias , Hamzic Melissa , Visus Jorge , Rominger Frank , Frey Wolfgang , Bats Jan W.
Published: November 2009

The substrate scope, the mechanistic aspects of the gold‐catalyzed oxazole synthesis, and substrates with different aliphatic, aromatic, and functional groups in the side chain were investigated. Even molecules with several propargyl amide groups could easily be converted, delivering di‐ and trioxazoles with interesting optical properties. Furthermore, the scope of the gold(I)‐catalyzed alkylidene synthesis was investigated. Further functionalizations of these isolable intermediates of the oxazole synthesis were developed and chelate ligands can be obtained. The use of Barluenga’s reagent offers a new and mild access to the synthetically valuable iodoalkylideneoxazoles from propargylic amides, this reagent being superior to other sources of halogens.
Ultrahighly Sensitive Homogeneous Detection of DNA and MicroRNA by Using Single‐Silver‐Nanoparticle Counting
Authors: Xu Fagong , Dong Chaoqing , Xie Chao , Ren Jicun
Published: November 2009

DNA and RNA analysis is of high importance for clinical diagnoses, forensic analysis, and basic studies in the biological and biomedical fields. In this paper, we report the ultrahighly sensitive homogeneous detection of DNA and microRNA by using a novel single‐silver‐nanoparticle counting (SSNPC) technique. The principle of SSNPC is based on the photon‐burst counting of single silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in a highly focused laser beam (about 0.5 fL detection volume) due to Brownian motion and the strong resonance Rayleigh scattering of single Ag NPs. We first investigated the performance of the SSNPC system and then developed an ultrasensitive homogeneous detection method for DNA and microRNA based on this single‐nanoparticle technique. Sandwich nucleic acid hybridization models were utilized in the assays. In the hybridization process, when two Ag‐NP–oligonucleotide conjugates were mixed in a sample containing DNA (or microRNA) targets, the binding of the targets caused the Ag NPs to form dimers (or oligomers), which led to a reduction in the photon‐burst counts. The SSNPC method was used to measure the change in the photon‐burst counts. The relationship between the change of the photon‐burst counts and the target concentration showed a good linearity. This method was used for the assay of sequence‐specific DNA fragments and microRNAs. The detection limits were at about the 1 fM level, which is 2–5 orders of magnitude more sensitive than current homogeneous methods.
Removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater by adsorption on iron nanoparticles
Authors: Sharma Y. C. , Srivastava V. , Weng C. H. , Upadhyay S.N.
Published: November 2009

Due to rapid industrialisation, the presence of heavy metals in water and wastewater is a matter of environmental concern. Though some of the metals are essential for our system but if present beyond their threshold limit value (TLV), they are harmful and their treatment prior to disposal becomes inevitable. The present communication has been addressed to the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by nanoparticles of iron. Nanoparticles of iron were prepared by sol–gel method. The characterisation of the nanoparticles was carried out by XRD and TEM analysis. Batch experiments were adopted for the adsorption of Cr(VI) from its solutions. The effect of different important parameters such as contact time and initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, and temperature on removal of chromium was studied. The removal of chromium increased from 88. 5% to 99.05% by decreasing its initial concentration from 15 to 5 mg L−1 at optimum conditions. Removal of Cr(VI) was found to be highly pH dependent and a maximum removal (100%) was obtained at pH 2.0. The process of removal was governed by first and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equations and their rate constants were determined. The process of removal was also governed by intraparticle diffusion. Values of the thermodynamic parameters viz. ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° at different temperatures were determined. The data generated in this study can be used to design treatment plants for chromium rich industrial effluents. Adsorption results indicate that nanoiron particles can be effective for the removal of chromium from aqueous solutions.
Steam extraction of essential oils: Investigation of process parameters
Authors: Kabuba John , Huberts Robert
Published: November 2009

The steam extraction was used to investigate the process parameters important in the extraction of essential oils from the leaves of the Eucalyptus tree. The diffusion process and the application of Fick's law, as well as the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient were exhibited. This has enabled the setting up of a model that takes account of the initial amount of oil in the leaves and the effect of temperature. From the literature, it can be seen that the oil collected after an extended time represents all the oil that is present in the material initially. The research conducted indicates that the extraction temperature has a significant effect on the percentage of the initial oil that is eventually extracted, with the amount of oil extracted apparently decreasing for lower temperature. This effect could, however, be modelled accurately by simply considering the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient. This model can lead to the design of an optimum steam extraction plant.
Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Elderly
Authors: Shanmugasundaram Madhan , Alpert Joseph S.
Published: November 2009

The spectrum of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) including unstable angina, non–ST‐elevation myocardial infarction and ST‐elevation myocardial infarction accounts for increasing numbers of deaths among persons age ≥ 65 years in the US. This is important given demographic changes involving falling birth rates and increasing life expectancy. Elderly patients are likely to benefit the most from treatment of ACS, even though community practice still demonstrates less use of cardial medications as an early‐invasive approach among this population. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do Media Players Cause Interference with Pacemakers?
Authors: Thaker Jay P. , Patel Mehul B. , Shah Ashok J. , Liepa Valdis V. , Brunett Joseph D. , Jongnarangsin Krit , Gardiner Joseph C. , Thakur Ranjan
Published: November 2009

Background

Electrical devices generate electromagnetic fields that may interfere with pacemakers. Media players cause telemetry interference with pacemakers, but it is not known whether they cause direct interference with pacemakers. The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction between pacemakers and 3 different media players.

Methods

In this prospective, randomized study, 54 patients with dual chamber pacemakers who were in sinus rhythm underwent baseline observation, followed by observation under telemetry communication. These patients were then randomly evaluated with 3 media players (iPod 3G, iPod Photo, and iPod Touch Apple, Cupertino, CA) with and without telemetry communication for 1 minute each. Patients were monitored for pacemaker malfunction using a single‐channel ECG during exposure to media players. The pacemaker was interrogated after each exposure and an interrogation report was printed for evaluation. Pacemaker interference was categorized as type I, II, or III. Types I and II interference described telemetry interference and type III interference was defined as any direct interference with pacemaker function or programmed parameters.

Results

A total of 54 patients (29 men and 25 women; mean age 77.2 ± 9.3 y) were evaluated. In total, of the 162 tests (for telemetry interference) 36.4% were positive (Type I and II). Type III interference was also evaluated in 162 tests and none showed any evidence of direct interference.

Conclusion

Media players cause telemetry interference with pacemakers, but they do not directly interfere with pacemaker function. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of comorbidity and body mass index on the survival of African‐American and Caucasian patients with colon cancer
Authors: Hines Robert B. , Shanmugam Chandrakumar , Waterbor John W. , McGwin Gerald , Funkhouser Ellen , Coffey Christopher S. , Posey James , Manne Upender
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

There is a survival disparity between African Americans and Caucasians who have colon cancer. The objectives of the current study were to quantify the impact of comorbidity and body mass index (BMI) on survival and to assess whether these 2 variables account for the decreased survival among African Americans.

METHODS:

Data from patients (n = 496) who underwent surgery for a first primary colon cancer at the University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital from 1981 to 2002 were analyzed. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained using Cox proportional hazards models for the association of race, comorbidity, BMI, and covariates with all‐cause mortality. The confounding influence of comorbidity and BMI for the increased risk of death associated with African‐American race was evaluated, and effect modification by disease stage for the association of comorbidity and BMI with mortality also was assessed.

RESULTS:

African Americans experienced an increased risk of death compared with Caucasians (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.06‐1.68). The highest comorbidity burden was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause mortality (HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.24‐2.15). For BMI, being underweight increased the risk of death (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.96‐2.45); however, being overweight/obese was protective (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61‐0.97). The effect of comorbidity was observed among those with early stage tumors, whereas the effect of BMI was confined to patients who had advanced tumors.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although comorbidity and BMI had an impact on the survival of patients with colon cancer after surgery, these variables were not contributing factors to the decreased survival observed among African Americans. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Ionic Ingress and Charge‐Neutralization Phenomena of Conducting‐Polymer Films
Authors: Majumdar Saptarshi , Ray Paratha S. , Kargupta Kajari , Ganguly Saibal
Published: November 2009

Ionic ingress and diffusion through a conducting‐polymer (CP) film containing embedded charges under potential and concentration gradients is studied. Electroneutrality, a common assumption in modeling of similar systems, is not justified in this case or similar diffusion‐limited processes, as the timescale of ionic diffusion in the solid matrix is quite large. Counter ions therefore cannot move instantaneously for effective neutralization of excess charges. Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) equations have to be solved for such cases without any simplifying assumption. Analytical solution shows the existence of a charge boundary layer, which limits and strongly influences the ionic flux. A general numerical method for solution is also developed for the dynamic modeling, analysis, and design of these types of systems. The numerical results are validated by comparison with analytical solutions as well as with some experimental results available in the literature. With this modeling framework, the basic features of controlled release of molecules across a CP film under an applied electrical potential can be explained quantitatively.
A Time‐Dependent Density Functional Theory Investigation on the Origin of Red Chemiluminescence
Authors: Min Chun‐Gang , Ren Ai‐Min , Guo Jing‐Fu , Li Zhong‐Wei , Zou Lu‐Yi , Goddard John D. , Feng Ji‐Kang
Published: November 2009

Is the resonance‐based anionic keto form of oxyluciferin the chemical origin of multicolor bioluminescence? Can it modulate green into red luminescence? There is as yet no definitive answer from experiment or theory. The resonance‐based anionic keto forms of oxyluciferin have been proposed as a cause of multicolor bioluminescence in the firefly. We model the possible structures by adding sodium or ammonium cations and investigating the ground‐ and excited‐state geometries as well as the electronic absorption and emission spectra. A role for the resonance structures is obvious in the gas phase. The absorption and emission spectra of the two structures are quite different—one in the blue and another in the red. The differences in the spectra of the models are small in aqueous solution, with all the absorption and emission spectra in the yellow–green region. The resonance‐based anionic keto form of oxyluciferin may be one origin of the red‐shifted luminescence but is not the exclusive explanation for the variation from green (≈530 nm) to red (≈635 nm). We study the geometries, absorption, and emission spectra of the possible protonated compounds of keto(−1) in the excited states. A new emitter keto(−1)′‐H is considered.
Reconstruction of Aperture Functions during Full Fusion in Vesicular Exocytosis of Neurotransmitters
Authors: Amatore Christian , Oleinick Alexander I. , Svir Irina
Published: November 2009

Individual vesicular exocytosis of adrenaline by dense core vesicles in chromaffin cells is considered here as a paradigm of many situations encountered in biology, nanosciences and drug delivery in which a spherical container releases in the external environment through gradual uncovering of its surface. A procedure for extracting the aperture (opening) function of a biological vesicle fusing with a cell membrane from the released molecular flux of neurotransmitter as monitored by amperometry has been devised based on semi‐analytical expressions derived in a former work [C. Amatore, A. I. Oleinick, I. Svir, ChemPhysChem 2009, 10, DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900646]. This precise analysis shows that in the absence of direct information about the radius of the vesicle or about the concentration of the adrenaline cation stored by the vesicle matrix, current spikes do not contain enough information to determine the maximum aperture angle. Yet, a statistical analysis establishes that this maximum aperture angle is most probably less than a few tens of degrees, which suggests that full fusion is a very improbable event.
Data File Standard for Flow Cytometry, version FCS 3.1
Authors: Spidlen Josef , Moore Wayne , Parks David , Goldberg Michael , Bray Chris , Bierre Pierre , Gorombey Peter , Hyun Bill , Hubbard Mark , Lange Simon , Lefebvre Ray , Leif Robert , Novo David , Ostruszka Leo , Treister Adam , Wood James , Murphy Robert F. , Roederer Mario , Sudar Damir , Zigon Robert , Brinkman Ryan R.
Published: November 2009

The flow cytometry data file standard provides the specifications needed to completely describe flow cytometry data sets within the confines of the file containing the experimental data. In 1984, the first Flow Cytometry Standard format for data files was adopted as FCS 1.0. This standard was modified in 1990 as FCS 2.0 and again in 1997 as FCS 3.0. We report here on the next generation flow cytometry standard data file format. FCS 3.1 is a minor revision based on suggested improvements from the community. The unchanged goal of the standard is to provide a uniform file format that allows files created by one type of acquisition hardware and software to be analyzed by any other type.

The FCS 3.1 standard retains the basic FCS file structure and most features of previous versions of the standard. Changes included in FCS 3.1 address potential ambiguities in the previous versions and provide a more robust standard. The major changes include simplified support for international characters and improved support for storing compensation. The major additions are support for preferred display scale, a standardized way of capturing the sample volume, information about originality of the data file, and support for plate and well identification in high throughput, plate based experiments. Please see the normative version of the FCS 3.1 specification in Supporting Information for this manuscript (or at http://www.isac‐net.org/ in the Current standards section) for a complete list of changes. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
“Signet‐ring” cells—A caveat in the diagnosis of a diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma occurring in a lady presenting with recurrent ascites: An unusual case report
Authors: Rekhi Bharat , Pathuthara Salim , Ajit Dulhan , Kane S. V.
Published: November 2009

A diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare tumor. Exfoliative cytology forms the first step in the diagnosis of mesothelioma, since most of these cases presented with effusion. Despite well established cytomorphological features, a challenge exists in differentiating mesothelial cells, including reactive and malignant types from carcinoma cells and macrophages. Presence of “signet‐ring” cells increases the diagnostic challenge as these can be forms of benign and malignant cells. Ancillary techniques like immunohistochemical (IHC) markers and ultrastructural analysis form useful adjunct in substantiating exact diagnosis. We report an unusual case study of a diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma in a 57‐years‐old lady, with no history of asbestos exposure, presenting with recurrent ascites, diagnosed on ascitic fluid cytology and on histology as an adenocarcinoma, based upon the presence of “signet‐ring” cells. On review, clinicopathological correlation with IHC was helpful in forming correct diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human papillomavirus prevalence and cytopathology correlation in young Ugandan women using a low‐cost liquid‐based pap preparation
Authors: Taube Janis M. , Kamira Betty , Motevalli Mahnaz , Nakabiito Clemensia , Lukande Robert , Kelly Deidra P. , Erozan Yener S. , Gravitt Patti E. , Buresh Megan E. , Mmiro Francis , Bagenda Danstan , Guay Laura A. , Jackson J. Brooks
Published: November 2009

Screening for HPV‐driven cervical dysplasia and neoplasia is a significant public health concern in the developing world. The purpose of this study was to use a manual, low‐cost liquid‐based Pap preparation to determine HPV prevalence in HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative young women in Kampala, Uganda and to correlate cervical cytopathology with HPV‐DNA genotype. About 196 post‐partum women aged 18–30 years underwent rapid HIV testing and pelvic examination. Liquid‐based cervical cytology samples were processed using a low‐cost manual technique. A DNA collection device was used to collect specimens for HPV genotyping. HIV and HPV prevalence was 18 and 64%, respectively. Overall, 49% of women were infected with a high‐risk HPV genotype. The most common high‐risk HPV genotypes were 16 (8.2%), 33 (7.7%), 35 (6.6%), 45 (5.1%), and 58 (5.1%). The prevalence of HPV 18 was 3.6%. HIV‐positive women had an HPV prevalence of 86% compared to 59% in HIV‐negative women (P = 0.003). The prevalence of HPV 16/18 did not differ by HIV status. HIV‐positive women were infected with a significantly greater number of HPV genotypes compared to HIV‐negative women. By multivariate analysis, the main risk factor for HPV infection was coinfection with HIV. HIV‐positive women were four times more likely to have abnormal cytology than HIV‐negative women (43% vs. 11.6%, P < 0.001). These data highlight that HIV infection is a strong risk factor for HPV infection and resultant abnormal cervical cytology. Notably, the manual low‐cost liquid‐based Pap preparation is practical in this setting and offers an alternate method for local studies of HPV vaccine efficacy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:555–563. 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metastatic retinoblastoma presenting as a left shoulder soft tissue mass: FNA findings and review of the literature
Authors: Castelino‐Prabhu Shobha , Stoll Lisa Marie , Li Qing Kay
Published: November 2009

Retinoblastoma is a relatively rare malignant pediatric tumor accounting for ∼3% of childhood cancers and 1% of all cancer deaths in children under 15 years of age. During the clinical course of the disease, a metastasis usually occurs within the first year of diagnosis and is seen in 2% of retinoblastoma patients. Metastases to the intracranial region are common and account for ∼50% of the metastatic cases. Metastasis to the soft tissue is very rare. Herein, we report a case of metastatic retinoblastoma presenting as a left shoulder soft tissue mass in a 14‐year‐old female with a 14‐year history of familial bilateral retinoblastoma status post radiation therapy. In our case, the FNA cytology shows some features of the small round blue cell tumor group with inconspicuous Flexner‐Wintersteiner or Homer‐Right rosette formation. The unusual clinical presentation and morphology give rise to a diagnostic dilemma, with the differential diagnosis centering on the small round blue cell tumors such as lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumor), Ewing's sarcoma/PNET, and desmoplastic small round cell tumor. It also prompts concern for the development of a second primary tumor. The purpose of our study is to discuss the FNA cytology of metastatic retinoblastoma, its differential diagnoses, and the utility of immunohistochemistry. An accurate diagnosis is imperative due to the differences in prognosis and treatment implications for the various diseases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improving cellularity and quality of liquid‐based cytology slides processed from pancreatobiliary tract brushings
Authors: Campion Michael B. , Kipp Benjamin R. , Humphrey Sandra K. , Zhang Jun , Clayton Amy C. , Henry Michael R.
Published: November 2009

Cytology has been reported to have suboptimal sensitivity for detecting pancreatobiliary tract cancer in biliary tract specimens partly as a result of low specimen cellularity and obscuring noncellular components. The goal of this study was to determine if the use of a glacial acetic acid wash prior to processing would increase the cellularity and improve the quality of ThinPrep® slides when compared to standard non‐gyn ThinPrep processing. Fifty consecutive pancreatobiliary tract specimens containing 20 ml of sample/PreservCyt® were divided equally for standard non‐gyn ThinPrep (STP) and glacial acetic acid ThinPrep processing (GATP). A manual drop preparation was also performed on residual STP specimen to determine the number of cells left in the vial during STP processing. Twenty‐six (52%) specimens had more epithelial cell groupings with the GATP methodology while 19 (38%) had equivalent cellularity with both methods. The STP method produced more epithelial cell groupings in 5 (10%) of the specimens. Of the 26 specimens that had less cells with the STP method, 14 (54%) had ≥50 cell groupings on the manual drop slide processed from the residual STP specimen suggesting that many cells remain in the vial after STP processing. The GATP method was preferred in 25 (50%) of the specimens, the STP method in 5 (10%), while both methodologies provided similar findings in the remaining 20 (40%) of specimens. The data from this study suggests that the GATP method results in more cells being placed on the slide and was preferred over the STP method in a majority of specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:627–632. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intramolecular C–H Bond Activation by Lanthanoid Complexes Bearing a Bulky Aminopyridinato Ligand
Authors: Qayyum Sadaf , Skvortsov Grigorii G. , Fukin Georgii K. , Trifonov Alexander A. , Kretschmer Winfried P. , Döring Christian , Kempe Rhett
Published: November 2009

The present work is aimed towards the synthesis of C–H activation products of various group 3 and lanthanoid metals bearing a bulky aminopyridinato ligand, (2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)[6‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)pyridin‐2‐yl]amine (1, Ap′H). Deprotonation of1using KH leads to polymeric [Ap′K]n(2), which undergoes clean salt metathesis reaction with MX3[M = Sc, Nd and Sm, and X = Cl or M = La and X = Br] forming mono thf adducts [Ap′2ScCl(thf)] (3), [Ap′2LaBr(thf)] (4), [Ap′2NdCl(thf)] (5), and [Ap′2SmCl(thf)] (6). However, reacting2with LuCl3leads to mono‐ as well as bis(aminopyridinato)lutetium complexes [Ap′LuCl2(thf)2] (7) and [Ap′2LuCl(thf)] (8), respectively, while the analogous reaction with LaCl3at 50 °C produces the tris(aminopyridinato)lanthanum complex [Ap′3La] (9). For the selective synthesis of8in good yield amine elimination route was adopted. X‐ray diffraction studies revealed a distorted octahedral coordination for the bis(aminopyridinato) complexes3,4and6, despite the differences in their ionic radii. Alkylation of the bis(aminopyridinato) monohalide complexes with equimolar amounts of LiCH2SiMe3in hexane allowed the isolation of the corresponding alkyl derivatives. For the smaller metals like Sc and Lu affording [Ap′2ScCH2SiMe3(thf)] (10) and [Ap′2LuCH2SiMe3(thf)] (11), respectively. However, lanthanoids with large ionic radii such as La and Nd resulted in the formation of methyl group C–H bond activation products [Ap′(Ap′–H)La(thf)2] (12) and [Ap′(Ap′–H)Nd(thf)] (13), respectively. Most likely an alkyl species was formed which then undergoes intramolecular C–H activation and C–H activation runs fast with regard to the rate of alkyl complex formation. The alkylation of6(Sm) with LiCH2SiMe3did not give a clear product. The reaction of11with PhSiH3(Ph = phenyl) led via intramolecular C–H bond activation to [Ap′(Ap′–H)Lu(thf)] (14). In this case most likely a hydride species was formed which then undergoes rapid C–H activation. The alkyl complex10(Sc) did not react with PhSiH3. The molecular structures of11,12and13have been confirmed by X‐ray crystal structure analysis.
Direct Liquid Coating of Chalcopyrite Light‐Absorbing Layers for Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Todorov Teodor , Mitzi David B.
Published: November 2009

Liquid deposition approaches for chalcopyrite films used in thin‐film photovoltaic devices are reviewed. Most of the targeted materials are based on Cu‐In or Cu‐In‐Ga sulfides and selenides (i.e., CIS or CIGS, respectively), although recently related alternative materials based on abundant and non‐toxic elements such as the kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4have been actively investigated. By direct liquid coating we refer collectively to a variety of techniques characterized by distributing a liquid or a paste to the surface of a substrate, followed by necessary thermal/chemical treatments to achieve the desired phase. The deposition media used are solutions or particle (usually submicrometer size) suspensions of metal oxide, organic and inorganic compounds, including metal chalcogenide species. The deposition techniques used are mainly printing and spin‐coating, although any standard process such as spraying, dip‐coating or slit casting can be applied. In contrast to other widely investigated liquid‐coating methods such as chemical bath and electrodeposition, in which relatively slower solid film growth occurs during the actual deposition step, the techniques discussed in this Microreview are mainly sequential, featuring rapid formation of a precursor film with well‐defined metal stoichiometry. The precursor film is then transformed by a thermal treatment, generally in a chalcogen‐containing atmosphere, to the final crystalline layer. This approach permits the use of low‐cost and high‐throughput equipment and the deployment of large‐scale production facilities with lower capital investment. Although many of the methods discussed are under laboratory development, there are already industrial start‐ups employing these promising methods for future large‐scale photovoltaic production.
Politicians' estimated height as an indicator of their popularity
Authors: Sorokowski Piotr
Published: November 2009

Previous research has found that an electoral candidates' eight is correlated with their image. Many studies have found that height is a great asset for a candidate as height correlates with electoral outcome. In this research the previously obtained results were partially confirmed—in the first study the supporters of a given candidate estimated him as taller than his opponents (confirmed by six out of 10 candidates). The second study, conducted during the presidential elections in Poland, showed that electorate‐perceived height of candidates for the Presidency changed after the first phase of elections (confirmed by three from six main candidates). These changes in electoral‐perceived height depended more upon their electoral support than attitudes toward them. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and Synthesis of New Differentiated Concurrent Mono‐ and Tridentate Ligands (Tectons) Based on Pyridine, Terpyridine, and Dihydrooxazole Units
Authors: Jouaiti Abdelaziz , Hosseini Mir Wais
Published: November 2009

The design, synthesis, and characterization of the 10 linear and bent acentric ligands 1–10 (tectons) based on the differentiation of two divergently disposed coordinating poles is reported. The nature of the two poles and their distance are varied by the use of different linear spacers. For these molecules, a monodentate coordinating site, i.e., a pyridine ring, and a tridentate coordinating site, i.e., a pyridine moiety bearing at the 2 and 6 positions either two thioether groups or two dimethylamino units (PySMe and PyN(Me2)2 type, resp.), a terpyridine, or a pyridine ring bearing two optically pure dihydrooxazole units, are combined.
Emissive and Cell‐Permeable 3‐Pyridyl‐ and 3‐Pyrazolyl‐4‐azaxanthone Lanthanide Complexes and Their Behaviour in cellulo
Authors: Montgomery Craig P. , New Elizabeth J. , Palsson Lars O. , Parker David , Batsanov Andrei S. , Lamarque Laurent
Published: November 2009

A series of seven emissive europium(III) and terbium(III) complexes was prepared, incorporating a 3‐pyridyl‐4‐azaxanthone or 3‐pyrazolyl‐4‐azaxanthone sensitising moiety within a polydentate macrocyclic ligand. High overall emission quantum yields in aqueous media are attenuated in the presence of protein or certain oxy anions due to displacement of the N,N′‐chelated sensitiser. Nevertheless, these complexes are taken into cells and tend to localise over the first few hours in mitochondria before being trafficked to endosomal compartments. Cell uptake studies, in the presence of competitive inhibitors or promoters of well‐defined uptake pathways, reveal a common uptake mechanism involving macropinocytosis.
Building Functionality into 4′‐Hydrazone Derivatives of 2,2′: 6′,2″‐Terpyridine
Authors: Beves Jonathon E. , Constable Edwin C. , Housecroft Catherine E. , Neuburger Markus , Schaffner Silvia , Zampese Jennifer A.
Published: November 2009

The syntheses of the five 2,2′: 6′,2″‐terpyridine (tpy) ligands 5–9 functionalized in the 4′‐position with a hydrazone substituent RR′CNNH (R=R′=Me; R=H, R′=4‐BrC6H4, 4‐O2NC6H4, 4‐MeOC6H4, or 3,5‐(MeO)2C6H3) are described. Protonation of the tpy domain of the ligands is facile. Solution behaviour has been studied by NMR and electronic spectroscopies. Representative structural data are presented for neutral and monoprotonated ligands, and illustrate that H‐bonding involving the formal amine NH unit is a dominant structural motif in all cases.
Bimetallic Lanthanide Complexes Derived from Macrocycle‐Appended m‐Xylyl Derivatives: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties
Authors: Placidi Matteo P. , Natrajan Louise S. , Sykes Daniel , Kenwright Alan M. , Faulkner Stephen
Published: November 2009

A series of bimetallic lanthanide complexes was prepared from a bimacrocyclic system in which two DO3A units are linked by a m‐xylyl unit appended with either a NO2 or an NH2 group (DO3A=1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7‐triacetic acid). The Nd‐, Eu‐, Tb‐ and Yb‐complexes were all luminescent: time‐resolved studies indicated that the lipophilic xylyl group restricts close approach of H2O to the metal centre.
Organometallic Cerium Complexes from Tetravalent Coordination Complexes
Authors: Arnold Polly L. , Casely Ian J. , Zlatogorsky Sergey , Wilson Claire
Published: November 2009

The use of tetravalent cerium alkoxides, nitrates, and triflates was studied as a direct route to [CeIV(carbene)] complexes. Protonolysis reactions between 1H‐imidazolium‐ or imidazoline (=4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazole)‐containing alkoxide proligands HL (L=OCMe2CH2[1‐C(NCHCHNiPr)]) and HLS (LS=OCMe2CH2[1‐C(NCH2CH2NiPr)]) and CeIV tert‐butoxide, triflate, and nitrate compounds were studied to target [CeIV(N‐heterocyclic carbene)] complexes (of unsaturated and saturated carbenes, resp.). Instead, tetravalent cerium imidazolium [(OtBu)3Ce(μ‐OtBu)2(μ‐HL)Ce(OtBu)3], or imidazolinium adducts [(OtBu)3Ce(μ‐OtBu)2(μ‐HLS)Ce(OtBu)3] were isolated. However, the salt metathesis of cerium triflate with KL provided a simple route to [CeL4], which was significantly improved if an external oxidant, benzoquinone, was included in the mixture to maintain oxidation‐state integrity. Likewise, the salt metathesis of cerium triiodide with KL and added benzoquinone provided a straightforward route to [CeL4].
Synthesis and Solid‐State, Solution, and Luminescence Properties of Near‐Infrared‐Emitting Neodymium(3+) Complexes Formed with Ligands Derived from Salophen
Authors: Uh Hyounsoo , Badger Paul D. , Geib Steven J. , Petoud Stéphane
Published: November 2009

A series of free ligands, H2L1, H2L2, H2L3, and H2L4, designed for the coordination and sensitization of near‐infrared(NIR)‐emitting Nd3+ were synthesized by modifying the salophen Schiff base with different numbers and locations of Br‐substituents. The nature of the Nd3+ complexes in solution was determined to be [ML2]− by spectrophotometric titrations as an indication that the different substituents do not affect significantly the nature of the formed species. The structures were determined in the solid phase from X‐ray diffraction experiments. The stoichiometries and structures in the solid state are different from those observed in solution. We established that the structures in the solid state can be partially controlled by the crystallization conditions. The ligands L1–L4 have the ability to sensitize Nd3+ through intramolecular energy transfer from the ligand to the metal ion. We quantified that the numbers and locations of Br‐substituents control the emitted luminescence intensity of the complex by the heavy‐atom effect.
Synthesis and Characterization of Pentafluorophenyl‐Substituted Perylenebis(dicarboximides)
Authors: Schnitzler Tobias , Li Chen , Müllen Klaus
Published: November 2009

A series of 1,7‐bis(perfluorophenyl)substituted perylenebis(dicarboximides) were synthesized by Cu‐mediated Ullmann coupling of bromopentafluorobenzene with 1,7‐dibromoperylenebis(dicarboximides) (Scheme). The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these dyes were investigated with regard to their potential use as building blocks in organic photovoltaics (OPV) or organic field‐effect transistors (OFET).
Na6[Ti5O12(OH)2]: A New Titanate Containing $\rm{{_{\infty }^{1}}}$[Ti5O12(OH)2]6− Ribbons
Authors: Wörle Michael , Lorenzen Volker , Nesper Reinhard
Published: November 2009

Na6[Ti5O12(OH)2] is the first structurally characterized sodium oxohydroxotitanate. The compound can be prepared via hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 (Anatas) in NaOH (10n) for 96 h at 250° in an autoclave. The crystal structure of Na6[Ti5O12(OH)2] consists of infinite ribbons $\rm{{_{\infty }^{1}}}$[Ti5O12(OH)2]6−. The orthorhombic arrangement has Pbcn (No. 60) symmetry with the lattice constants a=18.668(4) Å, b=6.5333(13) Å, and c=9.829(2) Å.
Assessment of vegetation effects on hydraulics and of feedbacks on plant survival and zonation in ephemeral channels
Authors: Sandercock P. J. , Hooke J. M.
Published: November 2009

The interaction of vegetation and flow in channels is important for understanding the influences of forces in channels and effects on erosion, sediment flux and deposition; it has implications for channel habitats, channel instability and restoration schemes. Methods are needed for calculating forces on plants and data are required on thresholds for plant destruction and survival. A simple method of calculating the effect of hydraulics on vegetation and its zonation within ephemeral channels is described. Detailed cross section surveys of channel morphology, vegetation and estimates of Manning's n are input into the software program WinXSPRO to calculate the hydraulics of flows across the channel for a given event or flow level, incorporating subdivision into zones of differing morphology and vegetation across the section. This was applied to a number of cross sections on ephemeral channels in SE Spain and typical roughness values for Mediterranean vegetation types in channels were assessed. The method is demonstrated with reference to two well‐documented floods in SE Spain, in September 1997 on the Torrealvilla and in October 2003 along the Salada. These flows led to the mortality of herbs, reed and smaller shrub species. Some damage to larger shrubs and trees occurred, but trees such as Tamarisk (Tamarix canariensis) were shown to withstand high forces. Some grasses were highly resistant to removal and induced sedimentation. Significant erosion was limited to areas with little vegetation covering the channel floor. Further quantification of resistance of vegetation to flows and upper threshold values for removal is continuing by relating calculated hydraulic conditions using the methods outlined to measurements of vegetation responses in events at monitoring sites. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oncoapoptosis: A novel molecular therapeutic for cancer treatment
Authors: Blaho John A.
Published: November 2009

Many cancer cells refractory to radiation treatment and chemotherapy proliferate due to loss of intrinsic programmed cell death (apoptosis) regulation. Consequently, the resolution of these cancers are many times outside the management capabilities of conventional therapeutics. We have developed a replication defective herpes simplex virus system which triggers apoptosis specifically in transformed human cells, termed oncoapoptosis. Susceptibility to virus induced cell death is dependent on the p53 protein status in the tumor cells, indicating specific targeting of the treatment. Primary cells which produce functional p53 are resistant to oncoapoptotic killing but not to apoptosis induced by nonviral environmental factors. Thus, induction of apoptosis by nonreplicating virus is a feasible molecular therapeutic approach for killing human cancer cells. Our findings have important implications in designing novel virus‐based anticancer strategies. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(2): 87–91, 2010
The pentose‐phosphate pathway in neuronal survival against nitrosative stress
Authors: Bolaños Juan P. , Almeida Angeles
Published: November 2009

Neurons are thought to be particularly vulnerable cells against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) damage (nitrosative stress), due in part to their weak antioxidant defense and low ability to compensate energy homeostasis. Intriguingly, nitrosative stress efficiently stimulates the rate of the antioxidant pentose‐phosphate pathway (PPP), which generates NADPH a necessary cofactor for the reduction of glutathione disulfide. In fact, inhibition of PPP sensitizes cultured neurons to glutathione oxidation and apoptotic death, whereas its stimulation confers resistance to nitrosative stress. Furthermore, we recently described that neurons can preferentially use glucose through the PPP by inhibiting glycolysis, which is achieved by continuously degrading the glycolytic positive‐effector protein, 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase/fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphatase‐3 (Pfkfb3) by the action of the E3 ubiquitine ligase anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)Cdh1. These results suggest that the antioxidant fragility of neurons may be compensated by the PPP at the expense of inhibiting bioenergetic glycolysis. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(1):14–18, 2010
An inflated multivariate integer count hurdle model: an application to bid and ask quote dynamics
Authors: Bien Katarzyna , Nolte Ingmar , Pohlmeier Winfried
Published: November 2009

In this paper we develop a model for the conditional inflated multivariate density of integer count variables with domain ℤn, n ∈ ℕ. Our modelling framework is based on a copula approach and can be used for a broad set of applications where the primary characteristics of the data are: (i) discrete domain; (ii) the tendency to cluster at certain outcome values; and (iii) contemporaneous dependence. These kinds of properties can be found for high‐ or ultra‐high‐frequency data describing the trading process on financial markets. We present a straightforward sampling method for such an inflated multivariate density through the application of an independence Metropolis–Hastings sampling algorithm. We demonstrate the power of our approach by modelling the conditional bivariate density of bid and ask quote changes in a high‐frequency setup. We show how to derive the implied conditional discrete density of the bid–ask spread, taking quote clusterings (at multiples of 5 ticks) into account. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous removal of phosphate and phenanthrene by alum aided with low amounts of surfactant‐modified bentonite
Authors: Ma Jianfeng , Li Dinglong , Zhang Wenyi , Lei Chunsheng
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: Organobentonite is efficient for organic pollution removal; however, it is infrequently applied in waste‐water treatment engineering because of its high cost of modification and the difficulty of separation from treated water. This study investigated a new process for simultaneously removing phosphate and organic pollutants by flocculation with the aid of organobentonite.

RESULTS: The results showed that low amounts of surfactant‐modified organobentonite could cheaply enhance simultaneous phosphate removal and phenanthrene removal. During the process, some of the alum cations were exchanged to the inner surface of the lamellar bentonite and the mechanism of phosphate adsorption on alum was changed to ligand exchange, which improved phosphate adsorption. Moreover, the coagulant helped clay sedimentation, and settlement speed of the floc itself was accelerated. It was found that the optimal removal efficiency was obtained at an alum concentration of 0.2 mmol L−1 and pH 5.3, with more than 90% phosphate and 98% phenanthrene removed and residual turbidity kept below 10 NTU.

CONCLUSION: Results showed that the proposed process was suitable for simultaneously removing non‐biodegradable organic pollutants such as phenanthrene and phosphate from water after the bioprocess in waste‐water treatment. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficient liquid phase oxidation of olefins and aromatic alcohol catalyzed by reusable polymer anchored Schiff base complexes
Authors: Islam Manirul , Mondal Paramita , Mukherjee Sanghamitra , Mobarak Manir , Roy Anupam Sigha , Mondal Sanchita , Sarkar Saikat
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: Heterogenization of homogeneous catalyst has become an interesting process for the catalytic oxidation of olefins and aromatic alcohol. This may provide a new kind of catalyst that is not only friendly to the environment but also exhibits higher thermal and chemical stabilities.

RESULTS: Polymer anchored Schiff‐base complexes of iron(III), copper(II) and cobalt(II) have been synthesized and characterized. The catalytic potential of these complexes has been tested for the oxidation of cyclohexene. The effect of varying solvent, oxidant, substrate oxidant molar ratio, temperature and catalyst amount has been studied. Under optimized reaction conditions 91, 88 and 81% conversion of cyclohexene was obtained with Fe(III), Cu(II) and Co(II) catalysts, respectively. Moreover, the oxidation of other substrates, such as styrene, benzylalcohol, toluene and 1‐hexene were also efficiently carried out by these catalysts.

CONCLUSION: The immobilized complexes showed excellent catalytic activity along with high selectivity for the oxidation of olefins and alcohols. The catalysts can be recycled more than five times without any noticeable loss of catalytic activity. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Contrast expression patterns of JNK1 during sex reversal of the rice‐field eel
Authors: Xiao Ya‐Mei , Chen Lili , Liu Jiao , Liu Wen‐Bin , Chen He‐Ge , Zou Li‐Jun , Liu Yun , Li David Wan‐Cheng
Published: November 2009

The c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase family. Their functions in regulating animal development have been well studied in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, it remains to be determined whether they play a role in sex determination. Here we present first evidence to show that expression of JNK1 displays distinct patterns during sex reversal of rice‐field eel. Molecular cloning reveals that JNK1 is well conserved among rice‐field eel and other vertebrates. Both quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis demonstrate that JNK1 is highly expressed in the ovary of the female individual and reduced to a substantial degree at the later stage of the intersex. However, when the intersex individual develops into the stage of male, expression of the JNK1 in the testis of the male individual is distinctly downregulated. Associated with the contrast JNK1 expression pattern in female and male gonads, several stem cell marker genes including Nanog, Oct‐3/4, and Sox‐2 were also differentially expressed in female and male germinal stem cells. Together, these results suggest it is possible that JNK1 plays an important role in sexual reversal of the rice‐field eel.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:242–256, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.