bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No-FSQL
Authors: BenAli-Sougui Ines , Hidri Minyar Sassi , Grissa-Touzi Amel
Published: April 2016

NoSQL (Not only SQL) is an efficient database model for storing and manipulating huge quantities of precise data. However, most NoSQL databases scale well as data grows and often are flexible enough to accommodate imprecise and ambiguous data. This comprehensive hands-on guide presents fundamental concepts and practical solutions for using fuzziness with NoSQL to deals with fuzzy databases (FDB). In this paper, the authors present a graph-based fuzzy NoSQL model to deal with large fuzzy databases while extending the NoSQL one. The authors consider the cypher declarative query language proposed for Neo4j which is the current leader on this market to querying fuzzy databases.
Challenges Faced by Key Stakeholders Using Educational Online Technologies in Blended Tertiary Environments
Authors: Tuapawa Kimberley
Published: April 2016

Traditional learning spaces have evolved into dynamic blended tertiary environments (BTEs), providing a modern means through which tertiary education institutes (TEIs) can augment delivery to meet stakeholder needs. Despite the significant demand for web-enabled learning, there are obstacles concerning the use of EOTs, which challenge the continued success of blended implementations in higher education. As technology usage accelerates, it is important for TEIs to understand and address the current challenges faced by key stakeholders using EOTs in BTEs, and provide appropriate support. This paper identifies and discusses the challenges stakeholders experience in using EOTs in BTEs. Interviews with 13 blended learning experts from New Zealand, Australia and Canada identified the challenges in using EOTs, and the extent to which these prevent widespread adoption and effective use of EOTs in BTEs. The outcomes of this study will enable them to design relevant approaches to tackle current obstacles in EOT usage, and deliver meaningful support to key stakeholders in BTEs.
Characterization of Clean after Photoresist Removal from Wafers with Copper Pillars with Lead-Free Solder Caps
Authors: Pollard Kimberly , Peters Richie , Phenis Michael , Pfettscher Don
Published: April 2016

Opportunities for developing new and enabling packaging schemes are being pursued as part of device improvement strategies for electronic products. Processes such as embedded technologies in wafer level packaging and 3-D chip architecture schemes open up opportunities for realization of a variety of package configurations. As a result, there are many opportunities to impact both device performance and the processes used to create them. In the area of electroplated solder applications, there has been widespread adoption of copper pillar bumps with lead free solder caps. Solder wetting of only the copper pillars after reflow confines the spread of the solder cap in the x,y plane enabling tighter pitch layouts, while the smaller solder cap still improves the robustness of the interconnection. However, as more data is gathered using this process, one area of growing interest is the characterization of polymer photoresist residue on the side walls of plated copper pillars with lead-free solder caps. As has been seen with other processes including for example, redistribution line (RDL) cleaning processes, cleaning challenges have increased in tighter pitch applications. In RDL, cleaning challenges were increased as cleaning processes that were once taken for granted were now being applied to wafers with 10μm line/space and tighter pitches. Analogies can be found in the tight pitch copper pillar cleans. Typical characterization techniques such as optical microscopy have been used traditionally in the industry as a post process inspection method. Advantages such as ease of use, fast throughput, automated tooling, use of filters to highlight certain defect types, and the ability to non-destructively inspect whole wafers have all contributed to its success in the field. With tighter pitch copper pillar applications, inspection using optical microscopy is challenged in an extreme and it is possible to inspect a clean copper pillar wafer and not see photoresist residue on the copper side walls. This paper will describe wet cleaning processes used today for copper pillar cleans, with special focus on characterization of the Cu pillar and solder side walls. Examples using several different photoresists and copper and solder configurations will be examined. Samples with differing copper/solder bump heights and pitches will be discussed. Cleaning and compatibility results will be shown.
Preserving Nb Superconducvity in Thin Film Flexible Structures
Authors: Gupta Vaibhav , Sellers John A. , Ellis Charles D. , Zou Simin , Hernandez George A. , Bai Rujun , Cao Yang , Tuckerman David B. , Hamilton Michael C.
Published: April 2016

Similar to observations from other groups, we have observed degradation of the superconducting properties of Nb thin films that have been subjected to subsequent high temperature fabrication processes, such as curing of a passivating polyimide layer at 350°C. This degradation may be caused by interaction with material that diffuses into the Nb during the subsequent processes, and is the subject of ongoing research. To counteract these degradation effects, we have explored multiple materials as barrier layers to attempt to isolate and protect the Nb. The effectiveness of the barrier layer depends on the use of an appropriate layer stack that minimizes degradation in the superconducting thin film, is compatible with subsequent fabrication steps, and is stable and repeatable.

We have investigated multiple material stack-ups to protect Nb-based superconducting thin film in flexible structures. We show that curing polymers above a certain temperature on top of a Nb layer can adversely affect the superconducting properties including critical transition temperature (Tc) and critical current (Ic). DC electrical characterization of patterned film test structures were carried out using a closed-cycle cryostat to determine Tc and Ic for the samples. Details of the fabrication processes, experimental procedures and performance results will be presented. Results of these experiments are expected to provide insight into possible materials stack-ups for packaging and interconnect structures for future cryogenic electronics systems.
Design of TSV-based Inductors for Internet of Things
Authors: Kim Bruce C , Mondal Saikat
Published: April 2016

This paper describes the design of a Through Silicon Via based high density 3D inductors for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. We present some possible challenges for TSV-based inductors in IoT applications.

The current trend towards Internet of Things (IOT), System in Package (SiP) and Package-on-Package (PoP) requires meeting the power requirements of heterogeneous technologies while maintaining minimum package size. 3-D chip stacking has emerged as one of the potential solutions due to its high density integration in a 3D power electronics packaging regime. As an integral part of many power electronics applications, TSV-based inductors are becoming a popular choice because of their high inductance density due to the reduced on-chip footprint compared to conventional planar inductors. Depending on the requirement, values of these inductors could range from a few nanohenries to hundreds of microhenries. Small inductors with a high quality factor are mainly used for RF filter applications, whereas large inductors are used in power electronics packaging.

For high inductance it is necessary to use ferromagnetic materials. A conventional ferromagnetic metal core like nickel could offer high permeability, which can help to boost the inductance. However, the magnetic field lines within a metal core induce eddy current which can have multiple adverse effect in power electronics packaging. For example, it has long been known that the current can increase the resistance in transformer winding [1]. Eddy current can also heat up the core of the inductor which makes the heat sink process in 3D packaging even more challenging. One way to decrease the eddy current, is to pattern and laminate the core block into multiple segments orthogonal to the direction of the magnetic field line [2]. Another method is to increase the resistivity of the core material so that the eddy current is limited to a very small magnitude [3].
An Innovative Package EMC Solution Using a Highly Cost-Effective Sputtered Conformal Shield
Authors: Karim Nozad , Zhou Rong , Fan Jun
Published: April 2016

High-speed digital and wireless devices radiate undesired electromagnetic noises that affect the normal operation of other devices causing electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems. Printed circuit board (PCB) and system-level shielding may alleviate inter-system EMI between the PCB board and the outside environment, but does not prevent intra-system EMI within the shielding enclosure. Package and System in Package (SiP) level shielding is often used to minimize intra-system EMI issues. An external metal lid is traditionally employed to prevent noise emission from a device, but the cost and size of this technique makes it unattractive for modern electronics. Conformal shielding is gaining momentum due to its size and height advantages. However, high cost and complexity of the sprayed coating shield prevents it from being used for a wide range of low cost commercial applications.

In this paper, an innovative shielding technology with sputtered metal conformal shield is investigated using a specially designed test vehicle. By sputtering a conductive material onto a package, a very thin (typically a few μm) metal layer is constructed on the top and around four sides of the package. This thin sputtered metal layer adds virtually zero penalty to the package size. The cost and complexity of the sputtering process is significantly lower compared to a spraying process.

Several types of shielded and unshielded modules were built and extensively tested for both far-field and near-field shielding effectiveness (SE) in a semi-anechoic chamber. The performance of the sputtered conformal shield is compared to that of an unshielded module and the sprayed shield. The measured results show that the sputtered shield performs equally well to a sprayed shield, in far field test, with most measurements better than 40 dB of SE.

In near field testing, sputtered shields mostly outperform the sprayed shield, especially when compared in the entire scanned region. A well-designed sputtered conformal shield can, therefore, be a very cost-effective EMI solution for a wide range of packages, such as SiP. Also in the paper, a full wave 3D HFSS model is presented and simulated results for both far and near field are compared with measured data.
Evaluation of High-Speed Copper Plating Products for RDL, Micropillar, and Fan-Out Applications
Authors: Thorseth Matthew A , Scalisi Mark , Lee Inho , Park Sang-Min , Lee Yil-Hak , Prange Jonathan , Imanari Masaaki , Lefebvre Mark , Calvert Jeff
Published: April 2016

Increasing market demand for portable high-performance electronic devices is requiring an increase in the I/O density in the chip packaging used to make these products. Flip-chip interconnects that enable advanced packaging utilize a C4 bumping process with lead-free solder to make the chip interconnection. However, with the decreasing chip size and tighter I/O pitch requirements that are needed to realize high-performance, Cu pillar plating has emerged as an enabling technology to meet the technical demands. Cu pillars, capped with a lead-free solder, allow for increased I/O density while still maintaining the standoff needed for proper thermal and electrical performance of stacked chips. With this realized performance, there is expected to be a significant increase in capacity of Cu pillar in the industry, requiring electrolytic Cu plating products with fast deposition rates in order to decrease wafer plating time and increase throughput.

In this paper, Cu electroplating products are evaluated for plating performance at increased deposition rates for Cu pillar applications ranging from micropillar (<20 μm feature size), to standard pillar (20 – 75 μm feature size), redistribution layer (RDL) wiring, and the emerging fan-out wafer level packaging (FO-WLP), which encompasses megapillars (>150 μm feature sizes) as well as stacked via RDL designs. The chief performance criteria for evaluation is the ability to increase deposition rates while maintaining feature height uniformity, smooth and uniform feature morphology, and ability to plate a wide variety of feature sizes and shapes. Additionally, performance of these products is assessed on their ability to plate highly pure Cu deposits which enable void-free integration with lead-free solder without the need of (but is compatible with) a cost-added barrier layer.
Advancements in Flip Chip Assembly Equipment and Processes
Authors: Chylak Bob , Clauberg Horst , Buergi Daniel
Published: April 2016

High I/O devices such as microprocessors, applications processors and field programmable gate arrays have transitioned from wire bonding to flip chip interconnect as the I/O densities have increased above 2000. As the bump pitch shrinks the standard process flow for production flip chip processes is challenged.

As the bump pitch continues to shrink the accuracy of standard flip chip bonders is not adequate for the fine pitch packages of tomorrow. The options to resolve this issue are extending the accuracy for standard flip chip bonders or moving the assembly of these packages to the inherently more accurate thermo-compression bonders. This paper will discuss the pros and cons of each approach along with showing data which indicates what accuracies are actually required.

Although substrate manufacturers have developed low CTE designs which mitigate the warpage caused by the mismatch between the Si die and the substrate as the assembled package travels through the reflow oven, warpage at finer pitches is becoming more and more difficult to control in flip chip processes. Thermocompression (TC) bonding is seen as the next-generation packaging technology that will resolve this issue through local reflow of the solder and elimination of the reflow oven. Despite the tremendous technical and quality advantages of TC bonding, adoption has been limited by the relatively low throughput of the first generation thermocompression bonders. In this paper we describe bonding results obtained with an innovative flip chip bonding method to optimize the process to dramatically improve the throughput by applying flux directly to the substrate rather than dipping the pillars in a bath. A study of this process and comparison of various methods of accomplishing it along with their related costs are discussed in the paper. A second large productivity improvement that is promising by eliminating the need for cooling the die before transferring die that has pre-applied underfill film laminated to it is also studied with productivity models developed.

Finally a unique equipment concept for managing the transition from mass reflow to thermo-compression bonding will be presented.
A Survey of Nonlinear Phenomena and Chaos in Microsystems and Packaging
Authors: Beal Aubrey N. , Dean Robert N.
Published: April 2016

Although most designers avoid engineering systems with intrinsic nonlinearity or instability, chaotic systems are constructed with precisely these objectives. By challenging the design advice,
Investigation of Warpage Behavior of Silicon Semiconductor on a Silicon - Adhesive - Ceramic Integrated Structure at Cryogenic Temperatures--STUDENT BEST PAPER $1500
Authors: Baloglu Eyup Can , Ozyurt Tuba Okutucu , Dursunkaya Zafer
Published: April 2016

Silicon wafer is widely used as a base material for readout integrated circuit (ROIC) of infrared sensors. There is a heterogeneous component assembly with the silicon wafer material. Warpage behavior of silicon readout integrated circuit is dependent on the material properties and geometrical properties of the integrated materials. Warpage behavior of the silicon material directly affects the warpage of the sensor which must be operated at cryogenic temperatures (around 80 K). There exist a great difference between the operation and storage temperatures (~ 300 K) of these devices. When different materials with different thermal expansion coefficients are used such devices, thermal stresses develop on the components and surface deformations named as “warpage” are observed on the materials. The measurement of excessive thermal stress or warpage formation on the sensor is vital for reliability issues. In this study, warpage behavior of silicon material is examined in the temperature range from room temperature down to cryogenic temperatures (80 K) and under vacuum conditions less than 1 mTorr. The silicon ROIC is integrated on an alumina ceramic by applying an adhesive between these two layers. After the application of the adhesive material, the integration of the silicon to ceramic is accomplished using a pick and place equipment. The warpage of silicon wafer is measured by a Fizeau Laser Interferometer which uses a 633 nanometer wavelength He – Ne laser. The warpage of the diced silicon is measured before and after the integration to the ceramic so that the effect of curing process of the adhesive is determined after which, the warpage of the silicon material is measured at atmospheric pressure and also under vacuum conditions at room temperature. The warpage of silicon material on the integrated structure is measured with increments of 10 K for both cooling from room temperature to 80 K and heating from 80 K to room temperature. In order to reach cryogenic temperatures, a liquid nitrogen cooled vacuum envelope is utilized. The envelope has an optical flat (made of BK7 material and 2.35 mm thick) for interferometric measurements. There are a total of five integrated structures for the warpage measurements. At each of these structures, the silicon material thickness is different. Comparison of the warpage behavior of the silicon material for different thicknesses are performed. Thermal cycling between room temperature and 80 K is also performed up to 5 cycles for each of the integrated structures. Thermal cycling effect on silicon warpage is discussed for silicon - alumina - adhesive trimaterial assembly structure.
Spatial distribution pattern and sequential sampling plans for Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Dip: Tephritidae) in olive orchards
Authors: Arbab A. , Mirphakhar F.
Published: April 2016

The distribution of adult and larvae Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae), a key pest of olive, was studied in olive orchards. The first objective was to analyze the dispersion of this insect on olive and the second was to develop sampling plans based on fixed levels of precision for estimating B. oleae populations. The Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression models were used to analyze the data. Our results document that Iwao’s patchiness provided a better description between variance and mean density. Taylor’s b and Iwao’s β were both significantly more than 1, indicating that adults and larvae had aggregated spatial distribution. This result was further supported by the calculated common k of 2.17 and 4.76 for adult and larvae, respectively. Iwao’s a for larvae was significantly less than 0, indicating that the basic distribution component of B. oleae is the individual insect. Optimal sample sizes for fixed precision levels of 0.10 and 0.25 were estimated with Iwao’s patchiness coefficients. The optimum sample size for adult and larvae fluctuated throughout the seasons and depended upon the fly density and desired level of precision. For adult, this generally ranged from 2 to 11 and 7 to 15 traps to achieve precision levels of 0.25 and 0.10, respectively. With respect to optimum sample size, the developed fixed-precision sequential sampling plans was suitable for estimating flies density at a precision level of D=0.25. Sampling plans, presented here, should be a tool for research on pest management decisions of B. oleae.
Empirical research on the experience of the New Homiletic in South Korea
Authors: Park Hyun W. , Wepener Cas
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this article is to present empirical research to reveal the reality of the New Homiletic in South Korea. This research was conducted by means of semistructured interviews with seven pastors and eight laypeople of the evangelical faith, residing in Seoul and its metropolitan areas, within the age limits of 20�59 years. The aim was to uncover the experience of the sermons by both the preachers and the hearers of the sermons. The researcher chose Pieterse�s methodology of analysing the data, which is an inductive analysis called open coding. Six main categories from the pastor�s group and five categories from the laypeople emerged from the data. The categories were rearranged into four themes, which is a valuable finding for current-day Korean preaching in order to enhance the homiletical praxis.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article presents empirical research on the reality of the New Homiletic in South Korea. The results indicate similarity between South Korea and the USA. The conclusion is that traditional discourse should give way to the New Homiletic. This research can become the basis for finding new strategies for evangelical preaching.Keywods: Preaching; South Korean church; Empirical research; New Homiletic
A clinical study of neurological soft signs in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Dutta Mithun , Nath Kamal , Baruah Aparajeeta , Naskar Subrata
Published: April 2016

Background and Aim: Neurological soft signs (NSSs) are “objectively measured, nonlocalizing abnormalities, not related to impairment of a specific brain region, reflecting improper cortical-subcortical and intercortical connections.” The possibility of NSS as an endophenotype in schizophrenia has been studied across the globe. We aimed at finding the prevalence of NSS among patients with schizophrenia as well as the associations of NSS between various sociodemographic and illness variables. Subjects and Methods: One hundred patients between the age group of 16 and 60 years were serially selected from the inpatient department of a tertiary care hospital who have been diagnosed as a case of schizophrenia according to the International Classification of Diseases version 10 during 1 year period. A semi-structured pro forma was used to collect various demographic as well as illness data, and subjects were clinically evaluated for NSS using neurological evaluation scale. Results: The prevalence of NSSs was found to be 67%, significant association was found between NSS and age, occupation, and duration of illness. A statistically significant correlation was found between NSS and age, NSS and duration of illness. Conclusion: The validity of NSS as an endophenotype lies in the fact that it should be independent of all sociodemographic and illness variables. However, our study evaluated some statistically significant findings between them. Hence, further researches are required with properly adjusted controls to find if the associations obtained between NSS and different variables here are true or whether there are some confounding factors included.
Hip Arthroplasty Pseudotumors: Pathogenesis, Imaging, and Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Davis Derik L , Morrison James J
Published: April 2016

Pseudotumors are a complication of hip arthroplasty. The goal of this article is to review the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, histology, and the role of diagnostic imaging in clinical decision making for treatment, and surveillance of pseudotumors. We will discuss the multimodal imaging appearances, differential diagnosis, associated complications, treatment, and prognosis of pseudotumors, as an aid to the assessment of orthopedic prostheses at the hip.
Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry (IMS-MS) for on- and off-line analysis of atmospheric gas and aerosol species
Authors: Krechmer Jordan E. , Groessl Michael , Zhang Xuan , Junninen Heikki , Massoli Paola , Lambe Andrew T. , Kimmel Joel R. , Cubison Michael J. , Graf Stephan , Lin Ying-Hsuan , Budisulistiorini Sri H. , Zhang Haofei , Surratt Jason D. , Knochenmuss Richard , Jayne John T. , Worsnop Douglas R. , Jimenez Jose-Luis , Canagaratna Manjula R.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Measurement techniques that provide molecular-level information are needed to elucidate the multi-phase processes that produce secondary organic aerosol (SOA) species in the atmosphere. Here we demonstrate the application of ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) to the simultaneous characterization of the elemental composition and molecular structures of organic species in the gas and particulate phases. Molecular ions of gas-phase organic species are measured online with IMS-MS after ionization with a custom build nitrate chemical ionization (CI) source. This CI-IMS-MS technique is used to obtain time-resolved measurements (5 min) of highly oxidized organic molecules during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) ambient field campaign in the forested SE US. The ambient IMS-MS signals are consistent with laboratory IMS-MS spectra obtained from single-component carboxylic acids and multicomponent mixtures of isoprene and monoterpene oxidation products. Mass-mobility correlations in the 2-dimensional IMS-MS space provide a means of identifying ions with similar molecular structures within complex mass spectra and are used to separate and identify monoterpene oxidation products in the ambient data that are produced from different chemical pathways. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) constituents of fine aerosol particles that are not resolvable with standard analytical separation methods, such as liquid chromatography (LC), are shown to be separable with IMS-MS coupled to an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The capability to use ion mobility to differentiate between isomers is demonstrated for organosulfates derived from the reactive uptake of isomers of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) onto wet acidic sulfate aerosol. Controlled fragmentation of precursor ions by collisional dissociation (CID) in the transfer region between the IMS and the MS is used to validate MS peak assignments, elucidate structures of oligomers, and confirm the presence of the organosulfate functional group.
A comparison of very short-lived halocarbon (VSLS) and DMS aircraft measurements in the Tropical West Pacific from CAST, ATTREX and CONTRAST
Authors: Andrews Stephen J. , Carpenter Lucy J. , Apel Eric C. , Atlas Elliot , Donets Valeria , Hopkins James F. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Lewis Alastair C. , Lidster Richard T. , Lueb Richard , Minaeian Jamie , Navarro Maria , Punjabi Shalini , Riemer Daniel , Schauffler Susan
Published: April 2016

Abstract. We present a comparison of aircraft measurements of halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS) and dimethyl sulphide (DMS, C2H6S) from a co-ordinated campaign in Jan/Feb 2014 in the Tropical West Pacific. Measurements were made on the NASA Global Hawk, NCAR GV HIAPER and FAAM BAe146 using four separate GC-MS instruments operated by the University of Miami (UoM), the National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and two from the University of York (UoY), respectively. The instruments were inter-calibrated during the campaign period using two gas standards on separate scales; a NOAA SX-3581 standard representative of clean low-hydrocarbon air, and an Essex canister prepared by UoM representative of coastal air, which was higher in VSLS and hydrocarbon content. UoY and NCAR use the NOAA scale/standard for VSLS calibration and UoM use a scale based on dilutions of primary standards calibrated by GC with FID and AED (atomic emission) detection. Analysis of the NOAA SX-3581 standard resulted in good agreement for CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CHBr3, CH2Br2, CH2BrCl, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl, CH3I CH2ICl and CH2I2 (average RSD
Technical note: The Linked Paleo Data framework – a common tongue for paleoclimatology
Authors: McKay Nicholas P. , Emile-Geay Julien
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Paleoclimatology is a highly collaborative scientific endeavor, increasingly reliant on online databases for data sharing. Yet there is currently no universal way to describe, store and share paleoclimate data: in other words, no standard. Data standards are often regarded by scientists as mere technicalities, though they underlie much scientific and technological innovation, as well as facilitating collaborations between research groups. In this article, we propose a preliminary data standard for paleoclimate data, general enough to accommodate all the archive and measurement types encountered in a large international collaboration (PAGES 2k). We also introduce a vehicle for such structured data (Linked Paleo Data, or LiPD), leveraging recent advances in knowledge representation (Linked Open Data).The LiPD framework enables quick querying and extraction, and we expect that it will facilitate the writing of open-source community codes to access, analyze, model and visualize paleoclimate observations. We welcome community feedback on this standard, and encourage paleoclimatologists to experiment with the format for their own purposes.
Soil moisture sensor calibration for organic soil surface layers
Authors: Bircher Simone , Andreasen Mie , Vuollet Johanna , Vehviläinen Juho , Rautiainen Kimmo , Jonard François , Weihermüller Lutz , Zakharova Elena , Wigneron Jean-Pierre , Kerr Yann H.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. This paper's objective is to present generic calibration functions for organic surface layers derived for the soil moisture sensors Decagon ECH2O 5TE and Delta-T ThetaProbe ML2x, using material from northern regions, mainly from the Finnish Meteorological Institute's Arctic Research Center in Sodankylä and the study area of the Danish Center for Hydrology (HOBE). For the Decagon 5TE sensor such a function is currently not reported in the literature. Data were compared with measurements from underlying mineral soils including laboratory and field measurements. Shrinkage and charring during drying were considered. For both sensors all field and lab data showed consistent trends. For mineral layers with low soil organic matter (SOM) content the validity of the manufacturer's calibrations was demonstrated. Deviating sensor outputs in organic and mineral horizons were identified. For the Decagon 5TE, apparent relative permittivities at a given moisture content decreased for increased SOM content, which was attributed to an increase of bound water in organic materials with large specific surface areas compared to the studied mineral soils. ThetaProbe measurements from organic horizons showed stronger nonlinearity in the sensor response and signal saturation in the high-level data. The derived calibration fit functions between sensor response and volumetric water content hold for samples spanning a wide range of humus types with differing SOM characteristics. This strengthens confidence in their validity under various conditions, rendering them highly suitable for large-scale applications in remote sensing and land surface modeling studies. Agreement between independent Decagon 5TE and ThetaProbe time series from an organic surface layer at the Sodankylä site was significantly improved when the here-proposed fit functions were used. Decagon 5TE data also well-reflected precipitation events. Thus, Decagon 5TE network data from organic surface layers at the Sodankylä and HOBE sites are based on the here-proposed natural log fit. The newly derived ThetaProbe fit functions should be used for hand-held applications only, but prove to be of value for the acquisition of instantaneous large-scale soil moisture estimates.
Simulating asymmetric growth and retreat of Hardangerjøkulen ice cap in southern Norway since the mid-Holocene
Authors: Åkesson Henning , Nisancioglu Kerim H. , Giesen Rianne H. , Morlighem Mathieu
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Changes to the volume of glaciers and ice caps currently amount to half of the total cryospheric contribution to sea-level rise and are projected to remain substantial throughout the 21st century. To simulate glacier behavior on centennial and longer time scales, models rely on simplified dynamics and tunable parameters for processes not well understood. Model calibration is often done using present-day observations, even though the relationship between parameters and parametrized processes may be altered for significantly different glacier states. In this study, we simulate the evolution of the Hardangerjøkulen ice cap in southern Norway from the mid-Holocene through the Little Ice Age (LIA) to the present-day. For both the calibration and transient experiments, we run an ensemble using a two-dimensional ice flow model with local mesh refinement. For the Holocene, we apply a simple surface mass balance forcing based on climate reconstructions. For the LIA until 1962, we use geomorphological evidence and measured outlet glacier positions to find a mass balance history, while from 1963 until today we use direct mass balance measurements. Given a linear climate forcing, we find that Hardangerjøkulen grew from ice-free conditions in the mid-Holocene, to its maximum LIA extent in a highly non-linear fashion. During the fastest stage of growth (2200-1200 BP), the ice cap tripled its ice volume over only 1000 years. We also reveal an intriguing spatial asymmetry during advance and retreat; the western ice cap and the northern outlet glacier Midtdalsbreen grow first and disappear first. In contrast, the eastern part, including the northeastern outlet glacier Blåisen, grows last and disappears last. Furthermore, volume and area of several outlet glaciers, as well as of the entire ice cap, vary out-of-phase for multiple centuries during the late Holocene, before varying in-phase approaching the LIA. We relate this to bed topography and the mass balance-altitude feedback, and challenge canonical linear assumptions between ice cap extent and glacier proxy records. Thus, we provide new insight into long-term dynamical response of ice caps to climate change, relevant for paleoglaciological studies and future predictions. Our model simulates ice cap extent and outlet glacier length changes from the LIA until today that are close to observations. We show that present-day Hardangerjøkulen is extremely sensitive to surface mass balance changes, mainly due to a strong mass balance-altitude feedback for the gently sloping surface topography of the ice cap.
Estimating the extent of Antarctic summer sea ice during the Heroic Age of Exploration
Authors: Edinburgh Tom , Day Jonathan J.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. In stark contrast to the sharp decline in Arctic sea ice, there has been a steady increase in ice extent around Antarctica during the last three decades, especially in the Weddell and Ross Seas. In general, climate models do not to capture this trend and a lack of information about sea ice coverage in the pre-satellite period limits our ability to quantify the sensitivity of sea ice to climate change and robustly validate climate models. However, evidence of the presence and nature of sea ice was often recorded during early Antarctic exploration, though these sources have not previously been explored or exploited until now. We have analysed observations of the summer sea ice edge from the ship logbooks of explorers such as Robert Falcon Scott, Ernest Shackleton and their contemporaries during the Heroic Age of Exploration (1897–1917) and in this study, we compare these to satellite observations from the period 1989–2014, offering insight into the ice conditions of this period, from direct observations, for the first time. This comparison shows that the summer sea ice edge was between 1.0° and 1.7° further north in the Weddell Sea during this period but that ice conditions were surprisingly comparable to the present day in other sectors.
The Academic Intrinsic Motivation and its Relationship with the Emotional Intelligence Level with a Sample of the Academic Overachievers and Underachievers of Najran University
Authors: Ibrahim Ibrahim Ragab Abbas , AL-Ali Weal Ameen
Published: April 2016

The research tackled the academic intrinsic motivation and its relationship with the emotional intelligence with a sample of the academic overachievers and underachievers of Najran University. The study population consisted of the students of Najran University who are enrolled in the University academic year 2015/2016, during the first semester in the various colleges. The study sample consisted of (423) male and female students; and the study instruments included the emotional IQ which consisted of (54) items, and the academic intrinsic motivation questionnaire, which consisted of (36) items, to identify the overall emotional intelligence degree and the motivation with the students. The results showed that the academic intrinsic motivation and emotional intelligence degrees were high with the university students. Furthermore, the results showed a direct correlational, statistically significant relationship between the academic intrinsic motivation and the emotional intelligence; and there are statistically significant differences between the motivation and emotional intelligence among the academically outstanding and non-outstanding students.
Etnografia e violência no país do Apartheid: dois relatos sobre África do Sul
Authors: Macagno Lorenzo Gustavo
Published: April 2016

O artigo analisa duas narrativas sobre o apartheid da década de 1980. Um desses relatos engloba múltiplos microrrelatos: trata-se do trabalho do antropólogo norte-americano Vincent Crapanzano sobre os africâneres (ou bôeres) da África do Sul. Crapanzano realiza uma etnografia “plurivocal”, “polifônica” e “dialógica”. A outra narrativa é do jornalista sul-africano Rian Malan. Seu livro apresenta uma crônica das violências cotidianas decorrentes do apartheid. Quais são as estratégias estilísticas, políticas e éticas escolhidas no momento de descrever o apartheid? Quais são as consequências e os dramas morais produzidos por um sistema de segregação que não admitia ambiguidades classificatórias nem dissidências políticas ou étnicas? A partir de uma comparação dessas narrativas, este artigo indaga sobre os efeitos do apartheid na subjetividade individual e coletiva de uma sociedade dividida.
PEQUENO ENSAIO SOBRE ANTROPOFAGIA JURÍDICA: POR UMA SOCIOLOGIA HISTÓRICA DO DIREITO BRASILEIRO?
Authors: Siqueira Gustavo Silveira
Published: April 2016

Neste ensaio, problematiza-se um conceito de antropofagia jurídica para contribuir com a discussão fomentada por Mario Losano ao comentar a tese de doutorado do autor, defendida em 2011. A primeira parte do ensaio apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica dos poucos usos do conceito no Brasil, para, em um segundo momento, discutir com Mario Losano sobre o uso da sociologia e da história como elementos constitutivos de qualquer pensamento jurídico. Tomando a antropofagia jurídica como ponto de partida, o autor reconstrói os debates travados durante sua pesquisa sobre história do direito e movimentos sociais.
INTERFERÊNCIA DO PODER JUDICIÁRIO NA REGULAÇÃO DO MERCADO DE VALORES MOBILIÁRIOS: CASO DA TRANSPARÊNCIA DA REMUNERAÇÃO DOS ADMINISTRADORES NO BRASIL
Authors: Prado Viviane Muller
Published: April 2016

O objetivo deste texto é trazer elementos para refletir se e como o Poder Judiciário participa da regulação do mercado de capitais editada pela Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM). O estudo é feito a partir da análise do único caso relevante nos últimos dez anos sobre divulgação de informação da remuneração dos administradores de companhias abertas. Os principais achados da pesquisa são os seguintes: (1) apesar de o Judiciário não ser chamado constantemente a se posicionar sobre as novas regras administrativas editadas pela CVM, há grande potencial da sua interferência tendendo à proteção de interesses individuais em contraposição a políticas regulatórias para desenvolvimento do mercado de valores mobiliários, especialmente em sede liminar; (2) a decisão judicial de proteção dos direitos individuais em prejuízo às políticas regulatórias da CVM pode ser mitigada por iniciativas dos participantes do mercado, sejam eles os investidores ou as próprias companhias listadas; e, por fim, (3) no processo de internalização de padrões regulatórios internacionais, o Judiciário pode ser a instituição local que faz a ponderação e analisa a adequação da regra ao sistema jurídico brasileiro.
Evaluation of Contamination Reduction on Gypsum Casts from Alginate Impressions Disinfected with Four Different Materials
Authors: Pakdin Mohammad , Soufiabadi Samira , Shahrakipour Mahnaz
Published: April 2016

INTRODUCTION: Infection control is one of the most important aspects in dentistry. According to the special features of dentistry, this profession can have a very important role in transmission of infection. This study was conducted by comparing the effects of four common disinfectants on the microbial contamination of alginate impressions and corresponding gypsum casts.

METHODS & MATERIAL: In this experimental study, eleven patients aged 20-30 years old were selected by convenience sampling method. Six alginate impressions for each patient were formed by 24-hour intervals. These sixty six alginate impressions were divided in six groups (control-no wash, wash with water, Micro10,    2% Glutaraldehyde, 5.25% Sodium hypochlorite and Deconex). Disinfection methods were done by spraying (except for glutaraldehyde group that was done by immersing method) and then the alginate impressions were placed in plastic bags for 10 minutes to prevent the evaporation of disinfectants. Sixty six gypsum casts were made from alginate impressions. Microbial swabs were collected from mid palatal region of alginate impressions and gypsum casts for all groups by dried sterile cotton. The swabs were cultured for bacteria by inoculation on Blood Agar at 37°C for 3 days. The positive cultures were counted and the data was analyzed by software SPSS21.

RESULTS: The counting colonies of gypsum casts and alginate impressions which were disinfected by Micro10, 2% Glutaraldehyde, 5.25% Sodium hypochlorite and Deconex were not statistically significant and meaningful.

CONCLUSION: All disinfectants used in this study, had the same and acceptable effect.
Hematological Findings in Medical Professionals Involved at Intraoperative Fluoroscopy
Authors: Shafiee Mohsen , Hoseinnezhad Elham , Vafapour Hassan , Borzoueisileh Sajad , Ghorbani Mohammad , Rashidfar Razieh
Published: April 2016

Medical professionals involved at intraoperative fluoroscopy are exposed to low doses of the occupational radiation exposures. The biological effects of chronic low-dose radiation on human health are complex and have not been well established. The aim of the present study is to follow up hematological parameter changes during 2 years in medical professionals exposed to ionization radiation in operating rooms.

22 medical professionals (medical specialists and technicians), chronically exposed to ionizing radiation of mobile C-Arm X ray machine, were selected. The seven hematological parameters were examined each time. The statistical analyses were done by Student’s t test and one way ONOVA test.

The data analysis led to the following observations: (1) the present study incorporated that the basic hematological parameters including the mean value of red blood cells (P=0.90), white blood cells (P=0.68), and platelets count (P=0.45) did not show a significant difference between two years. (2) The mean values corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, corpuscular hemoglobin, and hematocrit parameters were found disturbed low or high in some of medical professionals but their means were not significantly different between two measurements. (3)A statistically significant relation in mean value of RBCs with the duration of exposure and sex were observed.

It seems that, hematological parameters survey could not be a reliable test as the biological indicator of long term exposure to very low dose of radiation exposure in medical professionals which their physical dosimetry values are lower than dose limits. 
The Trinity of Violence in Northern Nigeria: Understanding the Interconnectedness between Frustration, Desperation and Anger for Sustainable Peace
Authors: Darma Muttaqha Rabe , Sani Major Sada , Kankara Aliu Ibrahim
Published: April 2016

Violence is triggered by disagreements or contentious issues between two or more individuals, parties, regions or nations. The consequences of violence are often undesirable, leading to disease, malnutrition, starvation, moral decadence (deterioration), poor economic performance of governments, boundary disputes, tribal divisions, the wanton destruction of lives, properties and so on. This paper uses the principles of negative emotion to understand the concept of violence as it occurs in Northern Nigeria. The paper further derives theoretical explanations from the principle that individuals have the power to let peace prevail through a focused consciousness and common structures of intelligibility. The process was based on 10 principles of understanding violence, which were derived from 14 negative emotion indicators or factors of violence in the study setting. Subject matter experts (SME), including security agencies, private security experts, victims of violence and religious leaders, were consulted to determine the interconnectedness between these emotions in trends and patterns of violence. Social network analysis was used as a tool to map the dynamics of emotions, which identified three negative emotions: desperation, frustration and anger. These were ranked in order of their occurrence in conflicts and subsequent violence. The paper also suggests means to reduce violence and conflict by understanding this ‘trinity’ of violence in the region.
The Role of Universities in the Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to Develop Entrepreneurship in Indonesia
Authors: Irianto Heru , Aisyah Rr. Herini Siti , Hartanto J. Andy , Enny W Mahmudah
Published: April 2016

The Central Bureau of Statistics stated that the unemployment rate in Indonesia reached 6.32% or 7.61 million people. The largest number of the unemployed is dominated by college graduates or about 12.78 percents. On the other hand, 4.76 million entrepreneurs are highly needed by Indonesia. That is why companies and universities in Indonesia have an important and strategic role in the development of entrepreneurship through CSR. To optimize the implemetation of the CSR programs effectively and efficiently and to reach the targets, the synergy among companies, universities, societies and government is highly required. Act No. 40 of 2007 was issued by the government to govern the obligations of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Politically the participation of universities are relatively acceptable to all related parties; they are considered as an agent of change with abundant resources, and also serve as an initiator, mediator, motivator and evaluator in developing entrepreneurship through CSR. It is expected that through CSR financial support universities are able to increase the participation and contributation of the related parties in accordance with their potential to develop entrepreneurial synergy.