bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immigrant Communities in the Classical Polis : Some Principles for a Synoptic Treatment
Authors: Whitehead David
Published: December 2013

The metics of Athens represent by far our best-known example of a community of free immigrants - neither citizens nor slaves - in any classical Greek polis ; however, a thin scatter of data reveals that the existence of groups comparable in name (---oikoi) was widespread. The way to approach these data is not, as in M. Gere's study of 1 898, to assume the universality of the Athenian metic-system in all its details, but to construct a model of logical and chronological choices for any polis thrown up by the evolution of the status-structure of the polis itself.
Spondai-spendein in the Fifth Century B.C
Authors: Karavites Peter
Published: December 2013

Spondai / spendein exprimait primitivement soit l'action de verser des boissons en l'honneur des dieux soit l'action de boire à la santé des convives en invoquant les dieux. Le nom donné à différentes formes d'accord paraît s'être inspiré de ces libations rituelles. Au Ve siècle déjà, spondai / spendein avait pris une valeur de terminus technicus dans les dialectes ionien, attique et dorien qu'utilisait le jargon politico-militaire. Le terme gardait néanmoins assez de souplesse lexicale pour qu'un écrivain précis comme Thucydide ait pu jouer sur ses multiples nuances.
Sens et fonction du patronat municipal durant le Principat
Authors: Duthoy Robert
Published: December 2013

Les définitions que les sociologues et politicologues donnent du patronage, quand ils parlent de sociétés contemporaines, s'appliquent à merveille au patronat municipal et nous aident à mieux comprendre cette institution. Ici aussi, il s'agit d'une relation de réciprocité entre partenaires contrôlant des ressources différentes qu'ils échangent : influence auprès des autorités contre reconnaissance publique de la supériorité sociale du patron. Les rapports, en outre, sont asymétriques : le patron offre un service qui ne lui coûte que marginalement, mais qui est inestimable pour la cité-cliente, alors que cette dernière lui fournit une contrepartie qui n'a qu'une valeur marginale, le patron pouvant s'en passer aisément.
Pollux on Special Masks
Authors: Sutton Dana F.
Published: December 2013

L'article commente, tant au point de vue littéraire qu'au point de vue archéologique, la description de masques tragiques spéciaux que l'on trouve dans Pollux, Onomasticon, 141-142. Il semble que, contrairement à ce qui est perceptible, chez Pollux, pour d'autres séries de masques comiques et tragiques, le passage en question ne se fonde pas sur une connaissance réelle des masques utilisés au théâtre.
Éléments classiques et innovations dans l'illustration de la légende d'Achille au Bas-Empire
Authors: Delvoye Charles
Published: December 2013

L'illustration de la légende d'Achille, qui connut un regain de faveur au Bas-Empire, s'est alors enrichie de thèmes qui n'avaient pas été traités auparavant, mais a connu aussi la reprise d'épisodes exploités dans la littérature et dans les arts figurés des Ve et IVe siècles avant notre ère. Le style classicisant a, en outre, marqué particulièrement les œuvres de l'argenterie et les plats en argile qui s'inspirent de cette dernière.
Argos Achaiikon
Authors: Lopston Peter J.
Published: December 2013

Cet essai tend à montrer que l'idée que se fait Homère des endroits appelés Argos est bien plus précise et uniforme qu'on ne l'a généralement cru. Hormis deux références à la ville d'Argos et une autre à l'Argos pélasgien, Argos est conçu par Homère comme un territoire défini qui comprend la plus grande partie du Péloponnèse, c'est-à-dire le domaine continental de la maison de Pélops. Homère se représente l'Argos achéen comme un grand royaume unitaire, gouverné par Agamemnon, divisé en régions ou provinces. L'étude détermine aussi ce qu'il entend par « Argiens ».
Le comique dans les Nuées d'Aristophane
Authors: Delaunois Marcel
Published: December 2013

Contrairement à ses devanciers, l'auteur entend émettre une appréciation concernant Aristophane en tant que pur comique. À cet effet, il montre que la veine comique résulte de la conjugaison complexe de diverses données : situations générales et particulières ; caractères marqués des personnages ; mœurs athéniennes piquantes dont la sophistique ; surtout, utilisation, transformation et invention verbales. L'étude permet d'écarter le préjugé de bouffonnerie grossière et de revoir les élucubrations de la critique littéraire, ainsi que certains problèmes d'interprétation et d'appréciation.
Latin translations of Greek literature : the testimony of Latin authors
Authors: Lewis A.-M.
Published: December 2013

An examination of the testimonia for Latin translations of Greek literature provided by Latin authors suggests that to the Romans the practice of translating Greek works of literature was no different from the practice of writing original Latin literature.
In praise of Cassius Dio
Authors: Reinhold Meyer
Published: December 2013

Dion Cassius est un historien déprécié. Certes, son magnum opus est vulnérable aux critiques, mais sa narration continue, qui couvre plusieurs périodes depuis la fin de la République jusqu'au troisième siècle, se révèle une source indispensable. Sénateur pourvu d'une double culture, il a mis dans son œuvre sa propre personne et son sens de la Realpolitik. Son discours de Mécène est la seule analyse théorique du et de la société sous les Sévères. Nous devons être attentifs à la précieuse contribution qu'il apporte à notre connaissance de l'histoire romaine.
Nonverbal communication and parataxis in Late Antiquity
Authors: Newbold R. F.
Published: December 2013

There appears to have been a movement towards paratactic modes of expression in late antiquity, and an increased sensitivity to nonverbal communication. This was partly a reaction to the verbal, logical bias of the hierarchical structures and thought-modes of the early empire. Art, architecture, metrical and Linguistic change, ceremonial, coins, religious controversies and literary expression all provide evidence for a shift in cognitive style.
Schliemann on his Accusers II : A Study in the Reuse of Sources
Authors: Bloedow Edmund F.
Published: December 2013

À mesure que se prolonge la controverse autour de Schliemann, la dimension de l'assaut s'accroît. Une fois démontré que, dans sa vie personnelle, Schliemann a parfois été loin d'exclure le mensonge, il était naturel que sa vie professionnelle devînt l'objet de soupçons. Et quand la preuve eut prétendument été obtenue qu'à Troie il avait gravement falsifié le témoignage des faits, on pouvait bien s'attendre à ce que son autre entreprise archéologique fût soumise à examen. Un volume entier a maintenant été publié qui a trait aux fouilles mycéniennes de Schliemann. Si le but poursuivi par Calder et Traill s'avère tout à fait légitime, les conclusions auxquelles ils aboutissent sont, comme dans le cas de Troie, fort peu convaincantes.
Les mulets des Mysiens
Authors: Labarbe Jules
Published: December 2013

Un scholiaste à l'Iliade, pour expliquer le vers Ω 278, où il est question de mules données à Priam par les Mysiens, cite un passage d'Anacréon (fr. 117 Gentlli) où figure la forme ἰπποθόρον. C'est en ἰπποθόρῳ (non - θόρων) qu'il faut la corriger, sans plus considérer comme une interpolation le complément πρός ἴππους. L'examen de divers témoignages fait apparaître la nécessité de distinguer soigneusement entre le composé paroxyton, applicable à l'âne reproducteur, et le composé proparoxyton désignation d'un air de musique utilisé par la zootechnie des anciens, en Mysie d'abord, pour favoriser les accouplements de baudets et de juments.
Charrettes en terre cuite de l'époque archaïque à Corinthe
Authors: Raepsaet Georges
Published: December 2013

Un lot de quelque 150 figurines en terre cuite de l'époque archaïque, au Musée de Corinthe et pour la plupart inédites, représente des parties de voitures utilitaires et permet de reconstituer le petit charroi usuel qui, à côté du bât et du portage, animait le transport léger en Corinthie.
Les ressources phoniques de la Première Idylle de Théocrite
Authors: Donnet Daniel
Published: December 2013

L'auteur met en évidence la densité sonore du poème. Celle-ci résulte à la fois de la résonance particulière de certains vers et des échos phoniques par lesquels plusieurs d'entre eux se répondent. L'analyse est menée dans le prolongement d'une récente brochure consacrée à Callimaque. Quelques analogies avec la poésie française illustrent le propos.
La réapparition de la sépulture sous tumulus dans l'Empire romain (II)
Authors: Amand Marcel
Published: December 2013

L'auteur attire l'attention sur l'abondance et la répartition des nécropoles tumulaires et des tumulus isolés dans l'ancienne Thrace, sépultures réservées à des princes ou à des familles de dynastes locaux, certains types monumentaux imités après l'occupation romaine. Il essaie d'isoler l'héritage scythe, gète ou sarmate révélé par le dépôt de certains objets et, pour l'époque romaine, les changements rituels et cultuels décelables à travers la forme prise par le bûcher, la présence de certaines offrandes dans celui-ci et l'importance du luminaire dans le mobilier.
The Date of the Cyzicene Epigrams. An Analysis of the Vocabulary and Metrical Technique of AP III
Authors: Demoen Kristoffel
Published: December 2013

L'analyse lexicale et métrique a pour but de dater ces épigrammes anonymes. Des parallèles avec des auteurs datés et des formes seulement attestées à partir du sixième siècle de notre ère suggèrent une époque tardive. Cette hypothèse est confirmée de manière convaincante par la structure des versets, ressemblant à celle de Nonnos (p. ex. influence de l'accent tonique), et par la prosodie négligée. Les épigrammes doivent être situées au plus tôt au sixième siècle.
Alexander's Speech on the Eve of the Siege of Tyre
Authors: Bloedow Edmund F.
Published: December 2013

Malgré certaines réticences, la pensée moderne tend, pour une très large part, à accepter le discours attribué à Alexandre à la veille du siège de Tyr en le jugeant représentatif de ses idées sur la stratégie au lendemain de la bataille d'Issos. Cependant, ce discours a rarement été soumis à une analyse détaillée. Une étude sur nouveaux frais montre que la stratégie qu'il prône n'adhère que de façon superficielle au contexte du monde de l'époque, ce qui a des retombées significatives sur l'évaluation à faire du siège de Tyr.
Théocrite : Idylle 7
Authors: Plazenet Laurence
Published: December 2013

L'idylle 7 de Théocrite procède à la mise en scène d'une initiation poétique. Ses protagonistes sont en fait des complices, qui s'emploient à dénoncer une lecture littérale des figures et du discours de la poésie bucolique, fondée sur la dissonance, le mélange des genres, l'humour. Simultanément, les Thalysies manifestent une réflexion sur le statut et le travail du poète bucolique, qui allie renouveau et exploitation de la tradition. Le patronage jusque-là concurrent de Pan et des Muses trouve ainsi une résolution harmonieuse dans celui , emblématique, de Déméter. Une lecture suivie de l'idylle 7 permet de rendre compte de la logique profonde d'un texte qui s'avère une véritable poétique en action.
Satire in Seneca's De Brevitate Vitae
Authors: Motto Anna-Lydia , Clarke John R.
Published: December 2013

Dans ce dialogue provocant et saisissant, Sénèque soutient que la vie n'est pas courte, mais que l'homme la rend telle par sa folie. À un haut degré, il émaille ses observations de paradoxe, de satire et d'ironie pour démontrer que presque tous les hommes gaspillent leur temps et ne sont jamais mûrs - que même dans la vieillesse ils restent puérils.
Seneca on the Fear of Poverty in the Epistulae Morales
Authors: Rosivach Vincent J.
Published: December 2013

For Seneca in the Epistulae Morales Stoic philosophy is a mental discipline which will free its practitioners from fear, including the fear of poverty. «Poverty» here is the loss of wealth, and especially of the material goods and status which wealth makes possible. Seneca recommends strategies to help his élite audience live comfortably with their wealth without fear of losing it. These strategies include avoiding the extremes of luxury and developing an attitude of nonchalance towards one's material goods.
Destin, liberté, nécessité et causalité chez Tacite ou la philosophie tacitéenne de la dignitas humana
Authors: Mambwini Kivuila-Kiaku Joseph
Published: December 2013

La «philosophie tacitéenne de la dignité de la personne humaine» est fondée sur deux idées-forces : l'honos et la libertas. Chez Tacite, la libertas est une expression philosophique par laquelle l'homme réalise volontairement sa personnalité à travers les événements du monde, au lieu de les subir du dehors comme un destin aveugle. Elle semble être limitée par le, fatum conçu comme une nécessitas immutabilis. Mais l'auteur des Annales et des Histoires est convaincu que le fatum n'est pas seul à pouvoir modifier le cours de l'histoire : cela est également au pouvoir de l'homme, consilium et choix lui permettant la réalisation la plus complète de sa personnalité.
Le Plutarque de Photios
Authors: Schamp Jacques
Published: December 2013

Longtemps, on a tenu les divergences entre l'original des Vies de Plutarque et le codex 245 de la Bibliothèque de Photios, qui en conserve des extraits, pour imputables à un travail d'abréviateur. Un examen typologique révèle que les altérations marquantes reflètent un véritable projet littéraire. Photios a donné l'analyse d'un epitomé où les traits de l'original ont été retouchés souvent dans le sens du rehaussement de stature. Le document exploité n'est pas la seconde partie d'une édition en deux volumes, comme on le dit depuis Ziegler. Des phénomènes analogues ont touché les fragments constantiniens des Vies transmis sous le nom de Dion Cassius. Le Plutarque de la Bibliothèque et celui du recueil constantinien témoignent, à des niveaux différents, de la déliquescence graduelle du texte original des Vies.
L'homme sans visage. Pour une lecture politique du Charmide
Authors: Schamp Jacques
Published: December 2013

Jacques SCHAMP, L'homme sans visage. Pour une lecture politique du Charmide. - À côté du mot ἡσυχία, le grec a aussi ἡσυχιότης attesté en trois dont deux de Platon et de Lysias, respectivement à propos de Charmide et d'Évandros, l'un des Trente. Proposé comme définition de la modération, le second terme doit s'entendre par opposition avec la πολυπραγμοσύνη propre aux démocrates. Comme le montre le choix de la date fictive du Charmide, du décor et des protagonistes, en sur ordre de Critias, de s'enrôler parmi les disciples de Socrate, le jeune «l'homme sans visage» à qui manque un «supplément d'âme», a déjà intériorisé toutes les valeurs du parti qu'il embrassera en 404.
Laos et démos, le peuple de l'épopée
Authors: Scheid-Tissinier Evelyne
Published: December 2013

Evelyne Scheid-Tissinier (Paris), Laos et dèmos, le peuple de l'épopée. - Après avoir rappelé que l'oikos n'est qu'une composante d'une entité plus vaste qui est la communauté, cette étude se propose de cerner l'espace que les basileis, qui forment le groupe dominant, concèdent à l'intérieur de cette communauté à la masse des hommes du commun, les laoi ou le démos. Il apparaît que, s'il existe effectivement une sphère de participation qui réunit autour des pratiques de la guerre les chefs et la communauté, les rapports entre les deux groupes restent fondamentalement régis par le souci d'une différenciation strictement maintenue par l'aristocratie, ce dont témoignent notamment le rôle privilégié des basileis dans les assemblées aussi bien que le droit qu'ils octroient d'exiger du démos de honneurs et des contributions.
Emplois de μίγνυμι et de ses composés. Sémantique grecque et statistique
Authors: Denooz Laurence
Published: December 2013

Laurence DENOOZ (Nancy), Emplois de µίμνυμι et de ses composés. Sémantique grecque et statistique. - La racine µιγ- illustre divers aspects de la richesse sémantique de la langue grecque ancienne. Quoique son sens fondamental de « mélange » demeure en filigrane de chacune de ses occurrences, il se teinte de multiples nuances selon les préverbes et les constructions syntaxiques employés. En outre, le choix d'une construction plutôt qu'une autre est exclusivement déterminé par la nuance sémantique, et non par l'origine de l'auteur, le genre littéraire ou l'effet de mode.
De la Gaule méridionale à Rome, un chevalier arlésien et sa famille: P(ublius) Propertius Pater[culus]
Authors: Christol Michel , Heijmans Marc
Published: December 2013

Michel Christol, M. Heijmans (Paris-Sorbonne), De la Gaule méridionale à Rome, un chevalier artésien et sa famille : P(ublius) Propertius Pater [culus], - La publication d'une nouvelle inscription d'Arles fait connaître un personnage de rang équestre, s'appelant P(ublius) Propertius Pater[culus]. Sa carrière peut être restituée avec suffisamment de précision jusqu'au tribunat militaire. On le rapprochera de NScav., 1923, p. 376, qui fait connaître Ingenuus, P(ubli) Properti Paterculi dispensator. Cet esclave s'occupait de la gestion des biens d'un grand personnage, chevalier ou sénateur, établi à Rome. Ceci pourrait signifier l'entrée de cette famille arlésienne dans l'aristocratie impériale.
Le safran et le cinnamome dans les Homélies sur le Cantique des cantiques de Grégoire de Nysse
Authors: Lallemand Annick
Published: December 2013

Annick Lallemand (Paris-Sorbonne), Le safran et le cinnamome dans les Homélies sur le Cantique des cantiques de Grégoire de Nysse. - Loin d'effacer les difficultés du sens littéral du Cantique des Cantiques, Grégoire souligne les paradoxes du poème pour justifier son interprétation allégorique. Face à l'énumération de plantes aromatiques hétérogènes du jardin auquel est comparée la beauté de l'Épouse (Cant. 4, 13-14), le théologien utilise ses sur les propriétés médicinales attribuées aux plantes aromatiques pour expliquer « des mystères divins » contenus dans les merveilles de la création. La fleur de safran, seule de toutes ces plantes qu'il a pu réellement observer, est décrite avec précision ; elle présente à l'intérieur d'une triple corolle trois fleurs parfumées, utiles en médecine, trois autres fleurs sans intérêt prêtant à confusion, donc à la possibilité d'erreur sur la foi trinitaire. La démarche de Grégoire concernant le cinnamome, plante exotique, est tout aussi rationnelle. Grégoire rapporte des mirabilia sur cet aromate qui a fasciné les Anciens, mais refuse une attitude de crédulité, et préfère enrichir par cette ekphrasis son commentaire spirituel.
PROVIDING A SUBSURFACE RESERVOIR QUALITY MAPS IN OIL FIELDS BY GEOSTATISTICAL METHODS
Authors: Amanipoor Hakimeh
Published: December 2013

Under study reservoir oilfield is located south-west of Iran. This field is comprised of naturally fractured Asmari and Bangestan formation. Reservoir management and characteristic evaluation of this field requires good knowledge of reservoir rock and fluid properties. One of main methods to get such information is using known parameter and estimates this property in unknown area of reservoir by geostatistics and kriging method. In this research used the porosity parameter data from 36 oil wells that taken by well logging to estimate porosity parameter in unknown part of reservoir by geostatistics and kriging method. The porosity parameter had normal distribution. After surveyed the distribution of data varioghraphy was done and strength of structure was proved and kriging parameters including characteristic of search ellipse determined for estimation. Then porosity parameter was estimated with the use of geostatistical method in reservoir.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING BASED ON UAV IMAGERY
Authors: Berteška Tautvydas , Ruzgienė Birutė
Published: December 2013

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and Digital Photogrammetry is an up-to-date area mapping technology. Implemented features are low-cost, mobile and simple. UAV (fixed-wing EPP-FPV) with mounted digital camera (Canon S100) was used for imagery while digital photogrammetry processing (with lisa software application) was applied for cartographic data collection. High imagery quality is a significant factor for the efficiency and quality of standard mapping products, such as Digital Elevation Model and Ortho Images. DEM and Orthophoto quality mainly depends on camera resolution, flight height and accuracy of Ground Control Points (GCP). In experimental investigations, GCP coordinates were gained interactively from the Internet. Application of the appropriate DEM checking technique showed that DEM error was up to 0.5 m.
A bibliometric review on nutrition of the exercising horse from 1970 to 2010
Authors: Jansson A. , Harris P.A.
Published: December 2013

The main aims of the present review are to provide a bibliometric analysis of the research published on the nutrition of the exercising horse from 1970 to 2010 and to determine whether this research has had any practical impact on feeding practices. In addition, we evaluated whether some of the key nutritional questions posed at the beginning of the 1980s have in fact been answered. Less than 300 publications were published in the period 1970-1980, but a large increase in the number of publications was observed between the period 1981-1990 and the period 1991-2000. Most papers were published in the Equine Veterinary Journal and American researchers, universities or institutes were particularly productive. The majority of the publications were in the areas of fluid balance, fat and glucose metabolism. Using information from field studies, there appears to have been a trend for a reduction in the amount of starch rich concentrates fed to performance horses from 1979 to 2007 and an increase in the use of oil supplementation. Whilst there have been several significant advances in our scientific knowledge of nutritional practices over the past few decades that have become routine practice in the field, others have not cascaded down. Unfortunately, we have not really fully answered any of the questions posed in the early 1980s and whilst it is possible that such questions can never be fully answered, there is also a concern that lack of sufficient funding, especially for the fundamental pieces of information needed to underpin our nutrition advice, will hamper progress in the future.
Effects of clenbuterol on horses
Authors: Drake S.D. , Hansen L.E. , Harris C. , Lewis W.C. , Miller E. , Moranville B. , Blyzka M. , Bergen W.G. , McKeever K.H. , Hausman G.J. , Dodson M.V.
Published: December 2013

Clenbuterol was intended as a treatment for respiratory diseases in horses, but has been used in multiple species, including humans, for its repartitioning of fat to lean effects (free fatty acids are released from adipose tissue to be used by tissues of higher priority). In the horse industry clenbuterol application is restricted to the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and reactive airway disease (heaves). Negative effects of clenbuterol exposure include a decrease in maximum oxygen intake and increased muscle fatigue upon exercise. As a result of these and other negative effects, clenbuterol remains strictly controlled by the US Food and Drug Administration.
Comparison of two software packages for determining radiographic bone aluminium equivalent values
Authors: O'Connor-Robison C.I. , Nielsen B.D.
Published: December 2013

Radiographic photodensitometry has been used to track changes in bone mineral content in the distal limb of horses through traditional film radiographs. With increasing popularity of digital radiographs, the technique has been adapted for digital technology. The objective of this study was to validate and describe the analysis of digital radiographs and to compare traditional densitometric analysis to digital analysis. Twelve traditional and 12 digital radiographs were taken of the left third metacarpal (MCIII) of 12 horses with an aluminium stepwedge penetrometer attached to the radiographic cassette. Both medial-lateral and dorsal-palmar views were represented. The traditional and digital radiographs were each analysed using two different methods to compare results. Analysis involved determining optical density at each step of the aluminium stepwedge, plotting optical density verses mm Al, and then determining the equation of the subsequent line. The optical density of each cortice was inserted into the equation and radiographic bone aluminium equivalents (RBAE) in mm Al for each cortice was determined. Total RBAE was also examined 1 cm distal to the nutrient foramen of the MCIII. Data were analysed using Proc CORR (SAS v. 9.1) and are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Total RBAE on the dorsal-palmar view from traditional radiographs averaged 286±154 mm Al for digital analysis and 292±173 mm Al for densitometric analysis (R2=0.98). Total RBAE on medial-lateral view from the digital radiographs averaged 539±137 mm Al for digital analysis and 530±165 mm Al for densitometric analysis (R2=0.95). The results demonstrate high correlations between analyses, thereby validating that digital analysis yields similar results as densitometric analysis. Digital radiographs, with increased clarity as compared to traditional films, should allow greater ability to detect treatment differences in research trials, and monitor changes associated with training or nutrition.
“Remendar” y “Centón”. Notas léxicas al Libro del Buen Amor
Authors: Girón Alconchel José Luis
Published: December 2013

No disponible.
IPR 1.0: an efficient method for calculating solar radiation absorbed by individual plants in sparse heterogeneous woody plant communities
Authors: Zhang Y. , Chen W. , Li J.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Climate change may alter the spatial distribution, composition, structure, and functions of plant communities. Transitional zones between biomes, or ecotones, are particularly sensitive to climate change. Ecotones are usually heterogeneous with sparse trees. The dynamics of ecotones are mainly determined by the growth and competition of individual plants in the communities. Therefore it is necessary to calculate solar radiation absorbed by individual plants for understanding and predicting their responses to climate change. In this study, we developed an individual plant radiation model, IPR (version 1.0), to calculate solar radiation absorbed by individual plants in sparse heterogeneous woody plant communities. The model is developed based on geometrical optical relationships assuming crowns of woody plants are rectangular boxes with uniform leaf area density. The model calculates the fractions of sunlit and shaded leaf classes and the solar radiation absorbed by each class, including direct radiation from the sun, diffuse radiation from the sky, and scattered radiation from the plant community. The solar radiation received on the ground is also calculated. We tested the model by comparing with the analytical solutions of random distributions of plants. The tests show that the model results are very close to the averages of the random distributions. This model is efficient in computation, and is suitable for ecological models to simulate long-term transient responses of plant communities to climate change.
Zonisamide for Weight Loss in Adolescents
Authors: Nguyen Mathew L. , Pirzada Mustafa H. , Shapiro Michael A.
Published: December 2013

Obesity in children and adolescents is a growing epidemic in the United States, and physicians are increasingly looking for safe and effective treatments. In recent years, pharmacologic treatment has been considered for severe and refractory cases of adolescent obesity. We present a case of an obese adolescent who presented to an inpatient psychiatric unit with a body mass index (BMI) of 37.8 (>98th percentile for age). He was started on zonisamide for the purposes of weight loss, and a steady decrease in weight and BMI was noted through 4 months of outpatient follow-up. During this time, the patient's weight decreased from 126.8 kg to 106.2 kg, a 20.6-kg loss, representing a 16.25% reduction in weight. His most recent BMI decreased to 31.7 (96th percentile for age). We discuss the potential use of zonisamide for weight loss in adolescents, considering the potential risks and benefits.
Ditadura, Democracia e Esquecimento: 1964 - o acontecimento recalcado e a ascensão do Jornal Folha de São Paulo como canal da democracia
Authors: Meneses Sônia Maria
Published: December 2013

Este artigo pretende refletir sobre como o Golpe de 1964 foi narrado pelo jornal  Folha de São Paulo a partir o processo de abertura política, entre 1978 a 1980. A intenção é compreender como o periódico conseguiu construir uma identidade vinculada às expectativas de democracia, ao mesmo tempo em que formulou um dos mais bem sucedidos projetos de “reconstrução” da memória do Brasil contemporâneo. Discute-se aqui suas estratégias de ação a fim de compreender como alguns grupos conseguem o equilíbrio entre memória e esquecimento na efetivação uma identidade política desejável.
Civismo e cidadania num regime de exceção: as políticas de formação do cidadão na ditadura civil-militar (1964-1985)
Authors: Maia Tatyana de Amaral
Published: December 2013

Este artigo é dedicado à ação dos intelectuais reunidos no Conselho Federal de Cultural no Ministério da Educação e Cultura durante a ditadura civil-militar (1964-1985). Busca investigar a construção de políticas culturais e educacionais destinadas à formação do cidadão considerado ideal. Os intelectuais do MEC estavam empenhados na defesa do civismo, corrente de pensamento que atravessou os setores estatais responsáveis pelo direcionamento de políticas culturais e educacionais na ditadura civil-militar. Serão analisados os Cadernos de Estudos Brasileiros, produção resultante do “Curso de Atualização de Estudo dos Problemas Brasileiros”, e duas obras com expressiva participação de intelectuais atuantes no MEC: o Atlas Cultural do Brasil, publicado pela Fundação Nacional do Material Escolar, Fename, em 1972, e O cidadão e o civismo: educação moral e cívica, suas finalidades, organizada pelo CONSELHO FEDERAL DE CULTURA por Adonias Aguiar Filho, e publicada pela Comissão Nacional de Moral e Civismo (CNMC) em 1982.Tais publicações expressam a compreensão dos intelectuais que atuavam no Estado sobre os elementos formadores do civismo e sobre o papel do cidadão num regime de exceção.Palavras-chave: Intelectuais. Civismo. Ensino.
“En todas las dictaduras siempre hay espacios de resistencia frente a la opresión”. A atuação dos movimentos pela anistia e o controle e vigilância do regime civil-militar (1975-1983)
Authors: Resende Pâmela de Almeida
Published: December 2013

O objetivo desse artigo é analisar a vigilância e controle de parte da comunidade de informações e segurança aos movimentos pela anistia no contexto da chamada distensão política. Isso porque, as demandas dessas entidades, com destaque para o Movimento Feminino pela Anistia (MFPA) e o Comitê Brasileiro pela Anistia (CBA), estavam concentradas em questões muito sensíveis para o regime, mesmo em tempos de abertura política. Ao denunciarem publicamente, no Brasil e no exterior, os crimes da ditadura e exigirem o desmantelamento do aparelho repressivo, além do fim das leis discricionárias, esses movimentos atingiam não apenas o alto escalão militar, comprometidos com uma abertura que fosse lenta, gradual e segura, mas também setores no interior das Forças Armadas claramente insatisfeitos com o espaço de atuação da oposição civil organizada naquele momento. Nesse contexto, a luta dos movimentos pela anistia corroborava, na perspectiva dos militares, a necessidade de constituir uma vigilância cerrada aos opositores ou possíveis opositores do regime. A análise da relação entre a vigilância do Estado e a atuação dos movimentos pela anistia precisa levar em consideração, portanto, os limites da chamada abertura lenta, gradual e segura cujas práticas guardam muitas continuidades em relação ao período anterior, além de trazer à tona os dissensos no interior das Forças Armadas e a atuação e capacidade mobilizatória das entidades de luta pela anistia. Para tanto, utilizaremos documentos do DEOPS/SP e SNI.Palavras-chave: Vigilância. Militares. Anistia. Polícia Política. Transição democrática.
Development and Validation of a RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Authors: Farjahan Nur  , Asma Rahman  , Md. Zakir Sultan  , Md. Gias Uddin  , Mohammad A. Rashid  , Amir Hassan  , Mansoor Ahmed
Published: December 2013

A simple, fast and economic reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been successfully developed and validated for simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolone analogs namely levofloxacin and moxifloxacin in both pure form (as API) and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was validated according to the guidelines of ICH, FDA and USP with respect to accuracy, precision and linearity. For method development a C-18 bonded silica column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5μ, Phenomenex, Inc) was used with a mobile phase comprising of 10% aqueous solution of acetic acid and acetonitrile in a ratio of 80:20 v/v. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min and effluents were monitored at 300 nm and the retention times were found to be at 7.0±0.1 min and 10.59±0.1 min for levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, respectively. The recovery was found to be more than 99% for each spiked samples of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, demonstrating the accuracy of the protocol. Intra-day and inter-day precisions of the new method were less than the maximum allowable limit (RSD% £ 2.0) according to FDA. The method showed linear response with correlation coefficient value of 0.9975 in both the cases.
Therefore, the developed method was found to be simpler, accurate, reproducible, efficient and less time consuming and can be successfully applied for the simultaneous assay of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin formulations.HPLC, method development, validation, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin.
Delayed onset of runaway and moist greenhouse climates for Earth
Authors: Wolf E. T. , Toon O. B.
Published: December 2013

As the Sun slowly grows brighter over its main sequence lifetime, habitability on Earth's surface will eventually become threatened probably leading to moist and then runaway greenhouse climates. One‐dimensional climate models predict that a catastrophic thermal runaway will be triggered by a 6% increase in the solar constant above its present level. However, here simulations using a three‐dimensional climate model with fixed carbon dioxide and methane indicate that surface habitability may be maintained at significantly larger solar constants. A 15.5% increase in the solar constant yields global mean surface temperatures of 312.9 K, well short of moist and runaway greenhouse states. Numerical limitations prevent simulation of climates much warmer than this. Nonetheless, our results imply that Earth's climate may remain safe against both water loss and thermal runaway limits for at least another 1.5 billion years and probably for much longer.
On the long‐term stability of Gulf Stream transport based on 20 years of direct measurements
Authors: Rossby T. , Flagg C. N. , Donohue K. , Sanchez‐Franks A. , Lillibridge J.
Published: December 2013

In contrast to recent claims of a Gulf Stream slowdown, two decades of directly measured velocity across the current show no evidence of a decrease. Using a well‐constrained definition of Gulf Stream width, the linear least square fit yields a mean surface layer transport of 1.35 × 105 m2 s−1 with a 0.13% negative trend per year. Assuming geostrophy, this corresponds to a mean cross‐stream sea level difference of 1.17 m, with sea level decreasing 0.03 m over the 20 year period. This is not significant at the 95% confidence level, and it is a factor of 2–4 less than that alleged from accelerated sea level rise along the U.S. Coast north of Cape Hatteras. Part of the disparity can be traced to the spatial complexity of altimetric sea level trends over the same period.
Electrostatic modeling of intracloud stepped leader electric fields and mechanisms of terrestrial gamma ray flashes
Authors: Pasko Victor P.
Published: December 2013

Understanding of electric field configurations created by long intracloud (IC) stepped leaders is of significant interest for understanding how these events produce bursts of high‐energy photons in the Earth's atmosphere, commonly referred to as terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs). In the present work modeling results using the electrostatic moment method solutions are used for quantitative interpretation of electric fields observed at close ∼200 m and long ∼30 km ranges from IC stepped leaders. The modeling results are consistent with the existence and continuous advancement of VHF‐dark positive leaders at the positive end of the bidirectional leader system. It is demonstrated that the electric dipole moment of the entire leader system is a quadratic function of the leader length, and the dipole moment changes due to the leader steps increase proportionally to the overall leader length (i.e., even when step length remains constant), in good agreement with observations. The results indicate that the dipole moment changes on the order of tens of C km and current moment changes on the order of tens of kA km, that have been associated with TGFs, are essential attributes of long IC stepped leaders and directly follow from their intrinsic large‐scale charge dynamics.
Simulated variability of the high‐latitude thermosphere induced by small‐scale gravity waves during a sudden stratospheric warming
Authors: Yiğit Erdal , Medvedev Alexander S. , England Scott L. , Immel Thomas J.
Published: December 2013

We present the results of the first investigation of the influence of small‐scale gravity waves (GWs) originating in the lower atmosphere on the variability of the high‐latitude thermosphere during a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW). We use a general circulation model that incorporates the spectral GW parameterization of Yiğit et al. (2008). During the warming, the GW penetration into the thermosphere and resulting momentum deposition rates increase by up to a factor of 3–6 in the high‐latitude thermosphere. The associated temporal variability of GW dynamical effects at ~250 km are enhanced by up to a factor of ~10, exhibiting complex geographical variations. The peak magnitude of the GW drag temporal variability locally exceeds the mean GW drag by more than a factor of 2. The small‐scale thermospheric wind variability is larger when GW propagation into the thermosphere is allowed compared to the case when thermospheric GW effects are absent. These results suggest that GW‐induced variations during SSWs constitute a significant source of high‐latitude thermospheric variability.
Lead–Bismuth Eutectic (LBE): A Coolant Candidate for Gen. IV Advanced Nuclear Reactor Concepts
Authors: Zhang Jinsuo
Published: December 2013

LBE is one of the primary coolant candidates of advanced nuclear reactors. The present review conducts an assessment of the coolant based on a series of liquid metal coolant selection criteria first and then identifies the key concerns of using LBE as the primary coolant of a nuclear reactor. The review focuses on the status of the art of these key concerns: materials degradation, protective oxide layer, and polonium production and control in an LBE coolant system. The review also addresses oxidation kinetics of steels in oxygen‐containing LBE, development of oxygen technology and comparisons between LBE and liquid sodium.
Assessment of length and bundle distribution of dilute single‐walled carbon nanotubes by viscosity measurements
Authors: Parra‐Vasquez A. Nicholas G. , Duque Juan G. , Green Micah J. , Pasquali Matteo
Published: December 2013

Rheological measurements have long been an invaluable technique in studying mechanical and structural properties of polymers. Measurements on dilute, noninteracting polymer solutions allow the determination of macromolecular structural information, such as molecular weight. This analysis has been complicated by molecular polydispersity; thus, average effects are more commonly reported. Here, we demonstrate polydispersity characterization for rod‐like polymers like single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). By extending the theory of the rheological behavior of rigid rods, we determine the distribution of length and bundle size in suspensions of SWCNTs by a simple rheological method. The method is based on measuring the viscosity of dilute suspended SWCNTs over a shear rate range spanning the Newtonian and shear‐thinning regimes. We show that a log‐normal distribution in length with minimal bundling accurately describes the viscosity measurements. This rapid new method yields the SWCNT length distribution while relying on bulk samples, which are less prone to artifacts. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1499–1508, 2014
Innate defense regulator peptide 1018 protects against perinatal brain injury
Authors: Bolouri Hayde , Sävman Karin , Wang Wei , Thomas Anitha , Maurer Norbert , Dullaghan Edie , Fjell Christopher D. , Ek C. Joakim , Hagberg Henrik , Hancock Robert E. W. , Brown Kelly L. , Mallard Carina
Published: December 2013

Objective

There is currently no pharmacological treatment that provides protection against brain injury in neonates. It is known that activation of an innate immune response is a key, contributing factor in perinatal brain injury; therefore, the neuroprotective therapeutic potential of innate defense regulator peptides (IDRs) was investigated.

Methods

The anti‐inflammatory effects of 3 IDRs was measured in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated murine microglia. IDRs were then assessed for their ability to confer neuroprotection in vivo when given 3 hours after neonatal brain injury in a clinically relevant model that combines an inflammatory challenge (LPS) with hypoxia–ischemia (HI). To gain insight into peptide‐mediated effects on LPS‐induced inflammation and neuroprotective mechanisms, global cerebral gene expression patterns were analyzed in pups that were treated with IDR‐1018 either 4 hours before LPS or 3 hours after LPS+HI.

Results

IDR‐1018 reduced inflammatory mediators produced by LPS‐stimulated microglia cells in vitro and modulated LPS‐induced neuroinflammation in vivo. When administered 3 hours after LPS+HI, IDR‐1018 exerted effects on regulatory molecules of apoptotic (for, eg, Fadd and Tnfsf9) and inflammatory (for, eg, interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor α, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules) pathways and showed marked protection of both white and gray brain matter.

Interpretation

IDR‐1018 suppresses proinflammatory mediators and cell injurious mechanisms in the developing brain, and postinsult treatment is efficacious in reducing LPS‐induced hypoxic–ischemic brain damage. IDR‐1018 is effective in the brain when given systemically, confers neuroprotection of both gray and white matter, and lacks significant effects on the brain under normal conditions. Thus, this peptide provides the features of a promising neuroprotective agent in newborns with brain injury. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:395–410
Self‐Assembly and (Hydro)gelation Triggered by Cooperative π–π and Unconventional CH⋅⋅⋅X Hydrogen Bonding Interactions
Authors: Rest Christina , Mayoral María José , Fucke Katharina , Schellheimer Jennifer , Stepanenko Vladimir , Fernández Gustavo
Published: December 2013

Weak CH⋅⋅⋅X hydrogen bonds are important stabilizing forces in crystal engineering and anion recognition in solution. In contrast, their quantitative influence on the stabilization of supramolecular polymers or gels has thus far remained unexplored. Herein, we report an oligophenyleneethynylene (OPE)‐based amphiphilic PtII complex that forms supramolecular polymeric structures in aqueous and polar media driven by π–π and different weak C‐H⋅⋅⋅X (X=Cl, O) interactions involving chlorine atoms attached to the PtII centers as well as oxygen atoms and polarized methylene groups belonging to the peripheral glycol chains. A collection of experimental techniques (UV/Vis, 1D and 2D NMR, DLS, AFM, SEM, and X‐Ray diffraction) demonstrate that the interplay between different weak noncovalent interactions leads to the cooperative formation of self‐assembled structures of high aspect ratio and gels in which the molecular arrangement is maintained in the crystalline state.
Fibroblast viability and inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lactic acid–grafted chitosan hydrogels
Authors: Espadín Andres , Vázquez Nadia , Tecante Alberto , de Dios Lenin Tamay , Gimeno Miquel , Velasquillo Cristina , Shirai Keiko
Published: December 2013

Chitosan (Ch) from biologically obtained chitin by lactic acid fermentation process was successfully grafted with lactic acid following three different procedures, direct d,l‐lactic acid attachment with and without the aid of p‐toluene sulfonic acid catalyst and by ring‐opening of l‐lactide. The produced materials behave as hydrogels responsive to pH changes and were characterized by X‐ray diffraction analyses, swelling behavior, erosion, contact angle, and thermally. In addition, mechanical studies in films of the synthetized materials demonstrate that the increase in grafting improved the mechanical properties in terms of tensile strengths. All the grafted Chs showed inhibition of the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which corroborate the preservation of antimicrobial activities in the modified Ch. The study on cell attachment and viability of fibroblasts onto the grafted Ch films evidenced that regardless of the low mechanical improvement in the lowest incorporation of lactic acid (31%), it rendered the materials with the highest adherence and viability of fibroblasts. Nonetheless, lactic acid incorporation enhanced cell viability in all synthetized materials as compared to native Ch. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40252.
Contour‐based polygonal ambient occlusion using a single‐depth texture
Authors: Lee Sang‐Gil , Shin Byeong‐Seok
Published: December 2013

We present a novel approximation of a global illumination technique called contour‐based polygonal ambient occlusion, an approach that darkens by only using a depth texture as screen‐space ambient occlusion without additional information such as a normal buffer. We introduce a discrete level structure to calculate the amount of occlusion by using the contour level, an integer value derived from the depth difference of neighboring texels. We use the uniform sampling to define the positions of the neighboring texels in the depth texture. Our method does not depend on geometric complexity because our method works in screen space and works well for both static and dynamic scenes without any precomputation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pheochromocytoma crisis
Authors: Tschuor Christoph , Sadri Helen , Clavien Pierre‐Alain
Published: December 2013

Key Clinical Message

Adrenergic crisis induced by a pheochromocytoma leads to life‐threatening catecholamine‐induced hemodynamic disturbances. Successful treatment of a pheochromocytoma crisis demands prompt diagnosis, vigorous pharmacological therapy and emergent tumor removal, if the patient continues to deteriorate
Protocadherin PAPC is expressed in the CNC and can compensate for the loss of PCNS
Authors: Schneider Martina , Huang Chaolie , Becker Sarah F.S. , Gradl Dietmar , Wedlich Doris
Published: December 2013

Protocadherins represent the biggest subgroup within the cadherin superfamily of transmembrane glycoproteins. In contrast to classical type I cadherins, protocadherins in general exhibit only moderate adhesive activity. During embryogenesis, they are involved in cell signaling and regulate diverse morphogenetic processes, including morphogenetic movements during gastrulation and neural crest migration. The two protocadherins paraxial protocadherin (PAPC) and axial protocadherin (AXPC) are indispensable for proper gastrulation movements in Xenopus and zebrafish. The closest relative PCNS instead, is required for neural crest and somite formation. Here, we show that cranial neural crest (CNC) cells in addition to PCNS express PAPC, but not AXPC. Overexpression of PAPC resulted in comparable migration defects as knockdown of PCNS. Moreover, reconstitution experiments revealed that PAPC is able to replace PCNS in CNC cells, indicating that both protocadherins can regulate CNC migration. genesis 52:120–126. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.