bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION OF DIBENZO‐FUSED SEVEN‐MEMBERED CYCLIC ALKYNES
Authors: LORCH M. , MEIER H.
Published: April 2016

Die Benzoesäuren (I) bzw. (III) werden nach Arndt‐Eistert über die Intermediären (IIa)‐(IIc) [der Übergang von (IIb)‐(IIc) erfolgt unter Wolff‐Umlagerung nach Newman und Beal] bzw. (IVa) bis (IVc) zu den Säuren (IId) bzw. (IVd) homologisiert, die über die entsprechenden Ketone (V) in die Semicarbazone (VI) übergeführt werden; (VI) werden mit H2SeO3 zu den Selenadiazolen (VII) cyclisiert, deren Thermolyse zu den Dimeren (VIII) und den hoch gespannten Cycloalkinen (IX) führt; letztere werden mit den Reagenzien (XI) bzw. (XII) als Addukte (X) bzw. (XIII) abgefangen.
ChemInform Abstract: TRIBENZO(A,C,E)CYCLOOCTENE
Authors: HUANG N. Z.
Published: April 2016

Bromierung des Dibenzocyclooctatetraens (I) liefert das Addukt (II), das sich mit Furan (III) in Gegenwart von Kalium‐tert.‐butylat zum Diels‐Alder‐Produkt (IV) umsetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF α‐DIALKYLAMINO STYRENES AND 2‐(α‐DIMETHYLAMINOVINYL)THIOPHENE WITH SULFENE AND MILD THERMOLYSIS OF 3‐PHENYL‐3‐DIMETHYLAMINOTHIETANE‐1,1‐DIOXIDE
Authors: KOIKOV L. N. , TERENT'EV P. B. , KULIKOV N. S.
Published: April 2016

Aus Mesylchlorid durch Dehydrochlorierung mit Triethylamin entstehendes Sulfen reagiert mit den Enaminen (I) glatt unter Bildung der Aminothietandioxide (II) (1H‐ NMR‐, 13C‐NMR‐, MS‐Daten); in den Fällen (a)‐(c) entstehen daneben geringere Mengen der Ketone (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME DERIVATIVES OF 1‐FORMYL‐3H‐PYRROLO(2,3‐C)CARBAZOLE
Authors: SIKHARULIDZE M. I. , KHOSHTARIYA T. E. , POLUKHINA L. M. , PERSHIN G. N. , SUVOROV N. N.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von dem bereits früher beschriebenen l‐Formyl‐3H‐ pyrrolo[2,3‐c]carbazol (II) erhält man nach bekannten Methoden die Derivate (I) und (III)‐(V).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2‐METHYLALKYL(ARYL)THIACYCLOHEXANES
Authors: VOLYNSKII N. P. , PEREPELITCHENKO L. I.
Published: April 2016

Die Chlorether (I), in den Fällen (b) erhalten durch ZnCl2‐katalysierte Additionen von Chlordimethylether an terminale Olefine, werden in die Grignard‐Verbindungen, durch deren Umsetzungen mit Allylbromid in die ungesättigten Ether (II) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC USES OF THE SEQUENTIAL RING POSITIONAL REACTIVITY IN PYRIDIN‐3‐OL AND DERIVATIVES
Authors: CLARK G. J. , DEADY L. W.
Published: April 2016

Die Bromierung des Pyridinols (I) liefert die Mono‐ (II)‐bzw. Dibromderivate (III), die nach Methylierung in die Nitroverbindungen (IV) bzw. (VIII) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF (BISTRIFLUOROMETHYLAMINO)PYRIDINES
Authors: IRVIN C. M. , TIPPING A. E.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung des Oxadiazapentans (I) mit Pyridin und Halogenpyridinen liefert Gemische von bis‐trifluormethylamino‐substituiertem Pyridin und Chlorpyridinen.
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION OF SOME 2‐NITROACRIDINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: ROSEVEAR J. , WILSHIRE J. F. K.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Reaktion des Aldehyds (I) mit den entsprechenden Anilinen entstehen Gemische der 2‐Arylamino‐5‐nitro‐aldehyde (II) mit den Anilen (III) (die von ethanolischer Salzsäure zu den Aldehyden hydrolysiert werden).
ChemInform Abstract: BIGINELLI REACTION USING ACETOACETAMIDE DERIVATIVES
Authors: KATO T. , CHIBA T. , SASAKI M.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung von Acetylacetamid (Ia) mit Benzaldehyd (II) und Hanrstoff (IIIa) bzw. Thioharnstoff (IIIb) ergibt 5‐Carbamoyl‐6‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐2‐pyrimidon (IVa) bzw. das Schwefelanaloge (IVb).
ChemInform Abstract: PTERINE CHEMISTRY. PART 78. SYNTHESIS OF 5,6,7,8‐TETRAHYDRO‐D‐NEOPTERINE TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE. ATTEMPT TO INTERPRET THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF L‐SEPIAPTERINE
Authors: ANTOULAS S. , VISCONTINI M.
Published: April 2016

Da eine Phosphorylierung des D‐Neopterins (I) durch Eliminierungs‐ und Cyclisierungsreaktionen zu Schwierigkeiten f"hrt, wurde (I) hydriert und das Tetrahydroderivat (II) phosphoryliert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHENAZATHIONIUM CATIONS. III. THE SELECTIVE NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTIONS ON PHENAZATHIONIUM CATIONS
Authors: DIUDEA M. V.
Published: April 2016

Die Disproportionierung der Phenothiaziniumtetrachlorocuprate (I) in Gegenwart der Nucleophile (II) liefert die 3‐substituierten Phenothiazine (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ADDITION COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METAL HYDRIDES. XIX. RAPID REACTION OF TRIALKYLBORANES WITH LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF TRIETHYLENEDIAMINE. A FACILE AND QUANTITATIVE SYNTHESIS OF LITHIUM TRIALKYLBOROHYDRIDES, INCLUDING DERIVATIVES WITH EXCEPTIONALLY LARGE STERIC REQUIREMENTS
Authors: BROWN H. C. , HUBBARD J. L. , SINGARAM B.
Published: April 2016

Die Trialkylborane (I) reagieren schnell mit Li‐tetrahydridoaluminat in Ether in Gegenwart von Triethylendiamin unter Bildung der entsprechenden Li‐hydridotrialkylborate (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF BENZYL DERIVATIVES OF CARBORANES
Authors: ZAKHARKIN L. I. , KALININ V. N. , SHITIKOV V. K. , SERGEEV V. A.
Published: April 2016

Die o‐, m‐ und p‐Carborane (I) werden mit Butyllithium (II) oder Natriumamid (IV) in die metallisierten Carborane (III) bzw. (V) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF TRIMETHYLCYANOSILANE WITH ACETYLACETONE
Authors: GOSTEVSKII B. A. , KRUGLAYA O. A. , ALBANOV A. I. , VYAZANKIN N. S.
Published: April 2016

Aus Trimethyl‐cyan‐ silan (I) und Acetylaceton (II) entsteht das Derivat (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES AND REACTIONS OF (TRIMETHYLSILOXY)BENZOYL CHLORIDES
Authors: SCHWARZ G. , ALBERTS H. , KRICHELDORF H. R.
Published: April 2016

Die Trimethylsilyloxybenzoylchloride (I)‐(III) sind unter milden Bedingungen leicht durch Umsetzung von aus Hydroxybenzoesäuren gebildeten silylierten Trimethylsilylestern mit Thionylchlorid darzustellen, wie am Beispiel von (I) aus (IV) über (V) demonstriert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF PENTA(α,α,Ω‐TRIHYDROPOLYFLUOROALKOXY)PHOSPHORANES WITH ARENETHIOLS. TETRA(α,α,Ω‐TRIHYDROPOLYFLUOROALKOXY)PHENYLTHIOPHOSPHORANES
Authors: SHERMOLOVICH YU. G. , KOLESNIK N. P. , VASIL'EV V. V. , PASHINNIK V. E. , MARKOVSKII L. N.
Published: April 2016

Das Phosphoran (I) reagiert mit den Thiophenolen (II) zu den Sulfiden (IIIa)‐(IIId), außerdem entstehen dabei der Alkohol (IV) und das Phosphat (V).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF PHOSPHINIC AND PHOSPHINOUS ACID DERIVATIVES. CVII. STUDY OF THE REACTION OF PHOSPHORYLATED ENAMINES WITH ACROLEIN AND CROTONALDEHYDE
Authors: ALIKIN A. YU. , SOKOLOV M. P. , LIORBER B. G. , RAZUMOV A. I. , ZYKOVA T. V. , ZYKOV V. V. , SULEIMANOVA I. N.
Published: April 2016

Die phosphorylierten Enamine (I) reagieren ohne Lösungsmittel mit Acrolein vorwiegend zu polymeren Verbindungen.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS. XXXVI. SIMPLE NEW ROUTES TO PHOSPHORINS FROM 2‐HYDROXY‐, 2‐MERCAPTO‐, AND 2‐AMINOBENZOIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
Authors: EL‐BARBARY A. A. , LAWESSON S.‐O.
Published: April 2016

2‐ Hydroxybenzoesäure (Ia) reagiert mit dem Dithiaphosphetandisulfid (II) unter Bildung des Benzoxanthiaphosphorinonsulfids (IIIa) (Ausb. 72%) und seines S‐Analogen (IIIb) (10%), während die analogen Ester (Ib) ausschließlich das Disulfid (IIIb) bilden.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF 1‐TRICHLOROPHOSPHAZO‐1,1‐DICHLOROALKANES WITH ACRYLONITRILE
Authors: BOIKO A. P. , KUKHAR' V. P.
Published: April 2016

Die Trichlorphosphazo‐Verbindungen (I) reagieren mit Acrylnitril (II) ohne Lösungsmittel zu den Diazaphosphorinen (IIIa) und (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: SPLITTING OF THE PHOSPHORUS‐SULFUR BOND IN THIO DERIVATIVES OF PHOSPHORUS(III) ACIDS BY DITHIOPHOSPHORIC ACIDS
Authors: OFITSEROV E. N. , SINYASHIN O. G. , BATYEVA E. S. , PUDOVIK A. N.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Umsetzung der Diethyl‐dithio‐phosphorsäure (II) mit dem Phosphinit (I) bilden sich die Derivate (III) und (IV), von denen sich nur der Ethylester der Diethyl‐dithiophosphorsäure (IV) destillativ isolieren läßt. Das Ammoniumsalz (V) reagiert mit dem Phosphin (VI) zu dem gemischten Anhydrid (VII), das mit Schwefel das Derivat (VIII) bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: DERIVATIVES OF 3‐THIENYLPHOSPHONIC ACID AND 1,2‐OXAPHOSPHOL‐3‐ENE
Authors: ANGELOV C. M. , VACHKOV K. V.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Addition der Sulfenylchloride (II) an die Phosphonsäureester (I) entstehen unterschiedliche Mengen der Thiophene (III) bzw. der 1,2‐Oxaphosphol‐3‐ene (IV), die über NMR‐Daten charakterisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW ORGANOTIN SYNTHONS PROVIDING α‐ALKOXYORGANOLITHIUM REAGENTS
Authors: QUINTARD J.‐P. , ELISSONDO B. , PEREYRE M.
Published: April 2016

Die aus TributylstannylmagnesiumChlorid (I) durch Umsetzung mit den Orthoameisensäureestern (II).
ChemInform Abstract: CONDENSATION OF HALOBENZENES AND HALOFERROCENES WITH PHTHALIMIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF COPPER(I) OXIDE; A SIMPLIFIED GABRIEL REACTION
Authors: SATO M. , EBINE S. , AKABORI S.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung der Halogenbenzole (I) bzw. ‐ferrocene (IV) mit Phthalimid (II) führt in Gegenwart von Kupfer‐ (I)‐oxid direkt zu N‐substituierten Phthalimiden (III) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: THE MECHANISM AND KINETICS OF THE SUBSTITUTION OF AZIDE, THIOCYANATE, AND CYANIDE IONS IN AQUAPENTACYANOCOBALTATE(III) AND PENTACYANOHYDROXYCOBALTATE(III)
Authors: BURNETT M. G. , GILFILLAN W. M.
Published: April 2016

Es wird gezeigt, daß die Substitutionen am Hydroxo‐Titelkomplex durch Reaktionen des Aquo‐Komplexes, mit dem er sich im Gleichgewicht befindet, eintreten.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEXES OF DIVALENT METAL HALIDES WITH BENZO(C)CINNOLINE‐N,N′‐DIOXIDE
Authors: ALBANESE N. F. , HAENDLER H. M.
Published: April 2016

Bei der 1:1‐molaren Umsetzung des in Eisessig gelösten Titelliganden mit den entsprechenden Metall(II)‐halogeniden in Methanol oder Eisessig entstehen die luft‐ und lichtbei ständigen sowie thermisch stabilen Komplexe (I) und (II) (keine Ausb.‐Angaben).
ChemInform Abstract: BISCYANINES WITH NONCONJUGATED CHROMOPHORES FROM N,N′‐POLYMETHYLENEBIS(BENZIMIDAZOLIUM) SALTS
Authors: MUSHKALO I. L. , TUROVA L. S.
Published: April 2016

1,2‐Dimethyl‐ bzw. 1‐Pheny1‐2‐methyl‐benzirnidazol (I) reagieren ‐toluolsulfonaten (II) oder mit Polymethylen‐dihalogeniden (IV) zu den benzimidazoliumsalzen IIIa ‐ IIIf.
ChemInform Abstract: CAROTENOIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. PART 36. FURTHER SYNTHESES OF ZEAXANTHIN AND RHODOXANTHIN
Authors: ELLIS P. R. , FARUK A. E. , MOSS G. P. , WEEDON B. C. L.
Published: April 2016

Das acetylenische Triol (I) wird mit LiAlH4 in das Allendiol (II) übergeführt, das sich mit Ph3 PHBr zum Phosphoniumsalz (III) umlagert, dessen Umsetzung mit dem Dialdehyd (IV) das Apo‐Zeaxanthinal (V) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: PENTANORTRITERPENOIDS FROM AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS (MELIACEAE)
Authors: KRAUS W. , CRAMER R.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Neem‐ Baum (Azadirachta indica) wurden erstmals Pentanortriterpenoide isoliert: Es handelt sich um Nimbinen (Ia), Desacetylnimbinen (Ib), Nimbandiol (IIa) und 6‐O‐Acetylnimbandiol (IIb).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF INSULIN PARTIAL SEQUENCE B15‐27(ALA 27) IN PROTECTED FORM
Authors: SCHWENZER B. , KEMPE G. , LOSSE G.
Published: April 2016

Im Rahmen von Struktur‐Wirkungsuntersuchungen am Insulin wurde für den Aufbau von Peptiddisulfiden als Insulinmodelle die Titelsequenz (X) aus der B‐Kette benötigt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF THE 9Z AND 9Z,11E ISOMERS OF LEUKOTRIENE C4
Authors: BAKER S. R. , JAMIESON W. B. , OSBORNE D. J. , ROSS W. J.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Umsetzung von racemischem Leukotrien‐A4‐methylester (II) mit Glutathion erhält man nach Hydrolyse im wesentlichen das Addukt (I) neben einem Isomeren, dem die Struktur (IV) zukommt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 25‐HYDROXY‐24‐OXOVITAMIN D3, A NEW METABOLITE OF VITAMIN D3
Authors: YAMADA S. , OHMORI M. , TAKAYAMA H. , SUDA T. , TAKASAKI Y.
Published: April 2016

Auf dem im Formelschema angegebenen Weg erhält man aus dem Steroid (I) den Vitamin‐D3‐Metabolit (V).
ChemInform Abstract: MAGNETISM AND THE METAL‐LIGAND BOND IN COORDINATION COMPLEXES
Authors: GERLOCH M. , MASON R.
Published: April 2016

Review: Übersicht über Interpretationen von paramagnetischen Suszeptibilitäten von Übergangsmetallkomplexen und Bestimmung von magnetischen Dichten.
ChemInform Abstract: THE ACID PROMOTED DECOMPOSITION OF α‐DIAZO KETONES
Authors: SMITH A. B. III , DIETER R. K.
Published: April 2016

Review: Verbindungen mit Heteroatom‐, Aryl‐, Olefin‐ und Polyolefinbeteiligung.
Novel Total Synthesis of Mansouramycin B
Authors: Zhang Yi , Shi Xiaoxin , Meng Tianzhuo , Fan Qiqi , Lu Xia
Published: April 2016

A novel total synthesis of Mansouramycin B (1) was performed via 10 steps in 28% overall yield starting from the readily available and cheap salicylaldehyde. Two key steps of this total synthesis are noteworthy. The first one is base‐promoted one‐pot aerobic aromatization of N‐tosyltetrahydroisoquinoline 6, the second one is oxidation of 5‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐isoquinoline 8 with iodobenzene diacetate [PhI(OAc)2].
Pentafluoroethylbenziodoxole (BIX‐C2F5): A Shelf‐Stable Reagent for Pentafluoroethylation of β‐Ketoesters and Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Zhu Jiansheng , Li Yuguang , Ni Chuanfa , Shen Qilong
Published: April 2016

An improved method for the preparation of pentafluoroethylating reagent pentafluoroethyl‐substituted benziodoxole (BIX‐C2F5) was described. Under mild conditions, BIX‐C2F5 was able to react with β‐ketoesters or aryl/heteroaryl boronic acids to generate pentafluoroethylated compounds in good yields.
Evolutionary ecology of pipefish brooding structures: embryo survival and growth do not improve with a pouch
Authors: Braga Goncalves Ines , Ahnesjö Ingrid , Kvarnemo Charlotta
Published: April 2016

For animals that reproduce in water, many adaptations in life‐history traits such as egg size, parental care, and behaviors that relate to embryo oxygenation are still poorly understood. In pipefishes, seahorses and seadragons, males care for the embryos either in some sort of brood pouch, or attached ventrally to the skin on their belly or tail. Typically, egg size is larger in the brood pouch group and it has been suggested that oxygen supplied via the pouch buffers the developing embryos against hypoxia and as such is an adaptation that has facilitated the evolution of larger eggs. Here, using four pipefish species, we tested whether the presence or absence of brood pouch relates to how male behavior, embryo size, and survival are affected by hypoxia, with normoxia as control. Two of our studied speciesEntelurus aequoreusandNerophis ophidion(both having small eggs) have simple ventral attachment of eggs onto the male trunk, and the other two,Syngnathus typhle(large eggs) andS. rostellatus(small eggs), have fully enclosed brood pouches on the tail. Under hypoxia, all species showed lower embryo survival, while species with brood pouches suffered greater embryo mortality compared to pouchless species, irrespective of oxygen treatment. Behaviorally, species without pouches spent more time closer to the surface, possibly to improve oxygenation. Overall, we found no significant benefits of brood pouches in terms of embryo survival and size under hypoxia. Instead, our results suggest negative effects of large egg size, despite the protection of brood pouches.
Interaction of the LILRB1 inhibitory receptor with HLA class Ia dimers
Authors: Baía Diogo , Pou Jordi , Jones Des , Mandelboim Ofer , Trowsdale John , Muntasell Aura , López‐Botet Miguel
Published: April 2016

Leukocyte immunoglobulin‐like receptor subfamily B member 1 (LILRB1) has been reported to interact with a wide spectrum of HLA class I (HLA‐I) molecules, albeit with different affinities determined by allelic polymorphisms and conformational features. HLA‐G dimerization and the presence of intracellular Cys residues in HLA‐B7 have been shown to be critical for their recognition by LILRB1. We hypothesized that dimerization of classical HLA class Ia molecules, previously detected in exosomes, might enhance their interaction with LILRB1. A soluble LILRB1‐Fc fusion protein and a sensitive cellular reporter system expressing a LILRB1‐ζ chimera were employed to assess receptor interaction with different HLA class Ia molecules transfected in the human lymphoblastoid 721.221 cell line. Under these conditions, intracellular Cys residues and HLA‐I dimerization appeared associated with increased LILRB1 recognition. On the other hand, a marginal interaction of LILRB1 with primary monocytic cells, irrespective of their high HLA‐I expression, was enhanced by type I interferon (IFN). This effect appeared disproportionate to the cytokine‐induced increase of surface HLA‐I expression and was accompanied by detection of HLA class Ia dimers. Altogether, the results support that a regulated assembly of these noncanonical HLA‐I conformers during the immune response may enhance the avidity of their interaction with LILRB1.
Comparison of alkaline pre‐treatment of MFI zeolites for N2O decomposition: different zeolite sources
Authors: Wu Minfang , Chen Xinqing , Zhong Liangshu , Wang Hui , Zhang Xinyan , Shen Qun , Wei Wei , Sun Yuhan
Published: April 2016

Three MFI parent zeolites with different morphological properties by different synthesis method were adopted. Alkaline treatment using sodium hydroxide was introduced to modify the structure of MFI zeolites. After iron exchange, the catalytic performance of both parent and modified MFI zeolites were evaluated in the N2O decomposition. The physicochemical properties were systematically characterized with various technologies, such as N2 adsorption‐desorption, ICP, XRD, UV‐Vis, 27Al MAS‐NMR, TEM. The experiment results prove that the Fe‐modified MFI catalysts with alkaline pre‐treatment show much better catalytic activity than Fe‐exchanged parent MFI catalysts. The curves of catalytic activities could move to low temperature range by 50‒100 °C. Furthermore, in the presence of NO, the performance gap between Fe‐Seed‐M, Fe‐Solid‐M, and Fe‐Com‐M three samples is obviously reduced. Amongst, for the Fe‐Solid‐M sample synthesized by the solvent‐free method, 90% N2O conversion could be attained at 500 °C, which shows potential to be applied the real condition. It is believed the hierarchical properties and the removal of amorphous substance is beneficial to the diffusion of ion exchange process. Therefore, the increase of active iron sites contributes to the improvement of catalytic performance. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
An explicit integral solution for pressure build‐up during CO2injection into infinite saline aquifers
Authors: Wu Haiqing , Bai Bing , Li Xiaochun , Gao Shuai , Liu Mingze , Wang Lei
Published: April 2016

The increase of fluid injection projects with large burial depths, such as CO2geological storage, poses a new challenge for the change law of pressure in reservoirs. To obtain the pressure of anywhere at anytime conveniently and then evaluate the injectivity and safety of reservoirs, a Darcy formulation suited for two‐phase flow of displacement is put forward in this paper. A convenient and practical explicit integral (analytical) solution of pressure build‐up for two‐phase flow under a constant injection rate of CO2, based on an infinite reservoir with a constant pressure boundary whose location is a function of time is then derived. Subsequently, this work compared the results of the explicit integral solution with the results of Nordbotten's approximate solution and the simulated results of TOUGH2/ECO2N for an analysis case of CO2injection, which demonstrated a good consistency, verifying the correctness and the reliability of the explicit integral solution. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis ofSlc(the saturation of brine in the CO2domain) andSlw1(the saturation of brine in the brine domain 1) showed that they both have a great impact on the pressure profiles in reservoirs, and the pressure is more sensitive toSlw1thanSlc. Therefore, the determination ofSlcandSlw1should be careful and based on the actual project in applications. Generally speaking, the explicit integral solution is simple, convenient, and practical compared with numerical simulators and other analytical solutions with similar assumptions. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Experimental investigation of seismic velocity behavior of CO2 saturated sandstones under varying temperature and pressure conditions
Authors: Naseryan Moghadam Javad , Mondol Nazmul Haque , Aagaard Per , Hellevang Helge
Published: April 2016

Subsurface storage of CO2 into geological formations is considered an important strategy to mitigate increasing atmospheric CO2. Time‐lapse seismic monitoring is an integral component of a geological CO2 sequestration project because the seismic behavior of the rock is a function of both mineralogical composition and pore fluid properties. At the uppermost kilometer of the sedimentary basin, CO2 can be present at gaseous, liquid, and supercritical states, with the supercritical and liquid states preferred in CO2 storage operations due to the higher sweep efficiency. In this study, the seismic velocities [both compressional (Vp) and shear (Vs) waves] of two CO2‐saturated sandstone core plugs (Red Wildmoor and Knorringfjellet formations) have been measured under a range of temperatures and pressures in which CO2 phase transitions occur. The experiments were done using a uniaxial hydrostatic cell equipped with seismic wave transmitting and receiving transducers. The experimental investigation illustrated that seismic velocities (both Vp and Vs) decreased until the critical point was reached. Further increases in the CO2 pressure above the critical point led to a gradual increasing of Vp while the Vs remained unchanged. The effect of CO2 on the seismic velocity of the sandstone was compared with the effects of N2 and distilled water at the same conditions. It was further indicated that the seismic velocity changes were mainly connected to significant changes of CO2 density and the corresponding bulk rock moduli over the critical point. The observed velocities are in good agreement with Gassmann‐predicted velocities as well as literature data. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Helium isotopes in volcanic rocks from the Okinawa Trough—impact of volatile recycling and crustal contamination
Authors: Yu Zenghui , Zhai Shikui , Guo Kun , Zhou Yonghua , Zong Tong
Published: April 2016

The Okinawa Trough, located between Japan and Taiwan, is a back‐arc basin at an early stage of evolution from arc to back‐arc. Relative to other western Pacific back‐arc basins, it has a shallow Wadati–Benioff zone and thick continental crust. In this paper, helium and CO2 concentrations and helium isotope data are presented for three basalts and three pumices from the middle and southern parts of the Okinawa Trough, with the aim of assessing the impact of volatile recycling and crustal contamination on magma composition. In the southern trough, a basalt sample sourced from magma with a large subduction component has a helium isotope ratio similar to that of typical MORB and a high CO2/3He ratio. This result indicates that subduction is an important barrier for helium but not for carbon. The contribution of recycled helium to the underlying mantle wedge is negligible in the middle and southern parts of the trough. Crustal‐helium contamination of the basaltic magma from the southern trough is weak but is significant for volcanic rocks from the middle trough that were sourced from magma with significant crustal residence times. Degassing has affected all samples, producing hydrothermal fluids rich in volatiles. Deep, violent degassing may have occurred in the mantle wedge in the southern trough, and pre‐eruptive magma degassing during storage is particularly extensive in the middle trough. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Acetyl and Iodo Derivatives of 4‐Hydroxy‐6‐phenyl‐6H‐pyrano[3,2‐c]pyridine‐2,5‐diones and 4‐Hydroxy‐1‐phenylpyridin‐2(1H)‐ones
Authors: Nikam B. P. , Kappe T.
Published: April 2016

A simple and efficient method has been described for the synthesis of acetyl and iodo derivatives of 4‐hydroxy‐6‐phenyl‐6H‐pyrano[3,2‐c]pyridine‐2,5‐diones 1 and 4‐hydroxy‐1‐phenylpyridin‐2(1H)‐ones 5. Compounds 1 with phenyl and alkyl substituent at C(7) and C(8), respectively, can be easily acetylated by refluxing in a mixture of acetic acid and polyphosphoric acid to give 3‐acetyl‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐phenyl‐6H‐pyrano[3,2‐c]pyridine‐2,5‐diones 2 in excellent yields. Compounds 1 and 5 can be iodinated with iodine and anhydrous sodium carbonate in boiling dioxane to give 4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐6‐phenyl‐6H‐pyrano[3,2‐c]pyridine‐2,5‐diones 3 and 4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐1‐phenylpyridin‐2(1H)‐ones 6, respectively, in good yields. The structures were confirmed using infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance , and elemental analysis.
Synthesis of Some Novel Class of Bis(isoxazoline) and Bis(aziridine) Derivatives
Authors: Chakraborty Bhaskar , Singh Chettri Manjit , Prasad Luitel Govinda
Published: April 2016

Synthesis of some new bis(isoxazoline) derivatives has been described from terepthaldehyde derived bis(nitrones) using microwave irradiation via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Bis(isoxazoline) derivatives in turn successfully converted into new bis(aziridine) derivatives via Baldwin rearrangement. Simple reaction methodology, non involvement of catalysts, and good to excellent yields are the important features noticed in this synthesis.
Sequence characterization and in silico structure prediction of fatty acid desaturases in linseed varieties with differential fatty acid composition
Authors: Rajwade Ashwini V , Joshi Rakesh S , Kadoo Narendra Y , Gupta Vidya S
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Linseed is the richest agricultural source of α‐linolenic acid (ALA), an ω‐3 fatty acid (FA) that offers several nutritional benefits. In the present study, sequence characterization of six desaturase genes (SAD1, SAD2, FAD2, FAD2‐2, FAD3A and FAD3B) and 3D structure prediction of their proteins from ten Indian linseed varieties differing in ALA content were performed to determine whether the nucleotide and amino acid (AA) sequence variants have any functional implications in differential accumulation of ALA or other FAs in linseed.

RESULTS

The SAD and FAD2 genes exhibited few sequence variations among the ten varieties, forming only one or two protein isoforms. In contrast, the FAD3A and FAD3B genes showed more sequence variations and three or four protein isoforms. Interestingly, the two high‐ALA varieties NL260 and Padmini had the same FAD3B nucleotide and protein isoforms, which differed from all other varieties. Surprisingly, no AA changes altered the 3D structures of the desaturase proteins.

CONCLUSION

Several nucleotide and AA sequence variations in desaturase genes were observed; however, they did not alter the 3D structure of any desaturase protein and were not correlated with FA levels among the ten linseed varieties, which had different ALA contents. This suggests a complex regulatory process of biosynthesis of FAs in linseed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
What made hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy an effective curative treatment for peritoneal surface malignancy: A 25‐year experience with 1,125 procedures
Authors: Passot Guillaume , Vaudoyer Delphine , Villeneuve Laurent , Kepenekian Vahan , Beaujard Annie‐Claude , Bakrin Naoual , Cotte Eddy , Gilly Francois‐Noel , Glehen Olivier
Published: April 2016

Objective

To review our 25‐year experience with hyperthermic intra‐peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC).

Background

Combining cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and HIPEC as local treatments for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) was proposed 25 years ago.

Methods

A prospective database of all patients undergoing HIPEC for PC since 1989 was searched for clinicopathological data, 90‐day morbidity and mortality, and survival.

Results

Among 1,125 HIPEC procedures, PC origin was colorectal (342; 30%), ovarian (271; 24%), pseudomyxoma peritonei (189; 17%), gastric (127; 11%), malignant mesothelioma (84; 8%), or other (112; 10%). Between 2004–2009 (n = 321) and 2010–2015 (n = 560), the median peritoneal cancer index decreased (11 vs. 8; P < 0.001), fewer patients underwent incomplete cytoreduction (CC2‐3: 4% vs. 0.5%; P < 0.001), and more were included in randomized trials (5% vs. 16%; P < 0.001). Postoperative morbidity (52% vs. 50%, P = 0.672) was not different, but mortality significantly decreased (5% vs. 2%; P = 0.030). Median overall‐survival was 42 months, and improved significantly for each 5‐year period except for 2006–2010 vs. 2011–2015 (P = 0.097). The 10‐year survival without recurrence was 53%, 14%, 4%, 10%, and 9% for pseudomyxoma, mesothelioma, ovarian, colorectal, and gastric PC, respectively.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that CRS and HIPEC provide long‐term survival irrespective of PC origin, and survival improves with experience. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:796–803. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Programmed death ligand‐1 expression is associated with poor disease free survival in salivary gland carcinomas
Authors: Mukaigawa Takashi , Hayashi Ryuichi , Hashimoto Kazuki , Ugumori Toru , Hato Naohito , Fujii Satoshi
Published: April 2016

Background and Objectives

The immune checkpoint ligand programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) is expressed in various carcinomas and allows carcinoma cells to elude the immune system. PD‐L1 expression is associated with the response to anti‐programmed death 1 (PD‐1)/PD‐L1 drugs. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between PD‐L1 expression and clinicopathological factors of salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) and identify its clinical significance.

Methods

PD‐L1 expression was examined by immunohistochemical analysis using a tissue microarray comprised of 219 surgically resected SGC specimens. Detailed clinicopathological factors, including patient outcome, were available for all cases.

Results

A case showing complete membranous expression of PD‐L1 in more than 1% of whole carcinoma cells was considered positive by ROC analysis. A total of 50 (22.8%) patients showed PD‐L1 expression in SGC cells. Positive PD‐L1 expression was significantly associated with poor disease free survival (P < 0.001) and overall survival (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that positive PD‐L1 expression was one of the independent predictors for poor disease free survival (hazard ratio = 2.287, 95% confidence interval = 1.24–4.15; P = 0.008).

Conclusions

Positive PD‐L1 expression was significantly associated with poor disease free survival of SGCs, suggesting that antibody therapies targeting PD‐1/PD‐L1 may have potential application in SGCs. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:36–43. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanolaser arrays based on individual waved CdS nanoribbons
Authors: Zhang Qinglin , Zhu Xiaoli , Li Yunyun , Liang Junwu , Chen Tianren , Fan Peng , Zhou Hong , Hu Wei , Zhuang Xiujuan , Pan Anlian
Published: April 2016

Nanoscale lasers are attractive for their potential applications in highly integrated photonic devices and systems. Here, nanolaser arrays are realized based on individual waved CdS nanoribbons (NRs) with periodically modulating thickness along the length direction. Microstructure investigations reveal that such a waved NR is formed with triangular‐prism‐like ridges alternately assembled on both sides of a surface flat nanoribbon. Under the focused laser (488 nm) excitation, the emitted light is guided along the length of the waved ribbons and can be well confined into theses ridges, being reflected and leaked out at their ends along both the lateral sides of the NRs. Polarization measurements further demonstrate the formation of the cavities along the length of the ridges. Under pulse laser excitation, the confined light in all these parallel ridges can resonate and realize lasing, forming a nanolaser array based on these individual waved NRs. These nanolasers arrays have potential applications in highly integrated photonics, signal processing, and high‐throughput sensing.

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COX‐1 Inhibitors: Beyond Structure Toward Therapy
Authors: Vitale Paola , Panella Andrea , Scilimati Antonio , Perrone Maria Grazia
Published: April 2016

Biosynthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid (AA) is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase (COX), which exists as COX‐1 and COX‐2. AA is in turn released from the cell membrane upon neopathological stimuli. COX inhibitors interfere in this catalytic and disease onset process. The recent prominent discovery involvements of COX‐1 are mainly in cancer and inflammation. Five classes of COX‐1 inhibitors are known up to now and this classification is based on chemical features of both synthetic compounds and substances from natural sources. Physicochemical interactions identification between such molecules and COX‐1 active site was achieved through X‐ray, mutagenesis experiments, specific assays and docking investigations, as well as through a pharmacometric predictive model building. All these insights allowed the design of new highly selective COX‐1 inhibitors to be tested into those disease models in which COX‐1 is involved. Particularly, COX‐1 is expressed at high levels in the early to advanced stages of human epithelial ovarian cancer, and it also seems to play a pivotal role in cancer progression. The refinement of COX‐1 selective inhibitor structure has progressed to the stage that some of the inhibitors described in this review could be considered as promising active principle ingredients of drugs and hence part of specific therapeutic protocols. This review aims to outline achievements, in the last 5 years, dealing with the identification of highly selective synthetic and from plant extracts COX‐1 inhibitors and their theranostic use in neuroinflammation and ovarian cancer. Their gastrotoxic effect is also discussed.
Anthraquinones As Pharmacological Tools and Drugs
Authors: Malik Enas M. , Müller Christa E.
Published: April 2016

Anthraquinones (9,10‐dioxoanthracenes) constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds with a wide range of applications. Besides their utilization as colorants, anthraquinone derivatives have been used since centuries for medical applications, for example, as laxatives and antimicrobial and antiinflammatory agents. Current therapeutic indications include constipation, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. Moreover, biologically active anthraquinones derived from Reactive Blue 2 have been utilized as valuable tool compounds for biochemical and pharmacological studies. They may serve as lead structures for the development of future drugs. However, the presence of the quinone moiety in the structure of anthraquinones raises safety concerns, and anthraquinone laxatives have therefore been under critical reassessment. This review article provides an overview of the chemistry, biology, and toxicology of anthraquinones focusing on their application as drugs.
Numerical error estimation of conventional anemometry mounted on offshore floating met‐masts
Authors: Guanche Raúl , del Jesus Fernando , Losada Íñigo J. , Vidal César
Published: April 2016

Offshore wind energy is moving towards a future where the main challenge is to cope with the increasing water depth needed to access more and better wind resources. One of the first steps to be undertaken is the development of floating structures to support either wind turbines or measurement devices for the proper characterization of wind energy resources.

The use of floating devices for measuring wind speed involves a number of uncertainties not presented by seabed fixed systems. These sources of uncertainty or error are present both in instantaneous wind measurements and averaged (10 min or hourly) values because of (i) variability in the measurement height, (ii) the tilt of the anemometer and (iii) the relative velocity between the anemometer and the wind, among others.

In this paper, a methodology for assessing the error in the wind measurement characterization because of the movement of a floating meteorological mast is presented. By the numerical simulation of a floating mast, the short‐ and long‐term error in the characterization of the wind at different heights has been evaluated. In general, the error because of the tilt can reach up to 80% of the total error; the error because of the variation of the vertical position of the anemometer reaches values of up to 15% in some cases; moreover, the error associated with the relative velocity between the anemometer and the wind, for averaged values, is significantly less. Finally, it can be concluded that the total error is lower than 0.5% for 10 min averaged wind speed of up to 24 m/s. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximal incompleteness as obfuscation potency
Authors: Giacobazzi Roberto , Mastroeni Isabella , Dalla Preda Mila
Published: April 2016

Obfuscation is the art of making code hard to reverse engineer and understand. In this paper, we propose a formal model for specifying and understanding the strength of obfuscating transformations with respect to a given attack model. The idea is to consider the attacker as an abstract interpreter willing to extract information about the program’s semantics. In this scenario, we show that obfuscating code is making the analysis imprecise, namely making the corresponding abstract domain incomplete. It is known that completeness is a property of the abstract domain and the program to analyse. We introduce a framework for transforming abstract domains, i.e., analyses, towards incompleteness. The family of incomplete abstractions for a given program provides a characterisation of the potency of obfuscation employed in that program, i.e., its strength against the attack specified by those abstractions. We show this characterisation for known obfuscating transformations used to inhibit program slicing and automated disassembly.
Similar dispersal patterns between two closely related birds with contrasting migration strategies
Authors: Ceresa Francesco , Belda Eduardo J. , Monrós Juan S.
Published: April 2016

Studying dispersal is crucial to understand metapopulation and sink‐source dynamics and invasion processes. The capability to disperse is especially important for species living in fragmented habitats like wetlands. We investigated the distribution of natal and breeding dispersal distances and philopatry in Spanish populations of two closely related reedbed‐nesting birds, the Moustached Warbler Acrocephalus melanopogon and the Eurasian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus. These warblers are morphologically very similar, but differ in migration strategy and, in our study area, in population size. Our aims were to find the best model for dispersal distances and to assess the occurrence of intra‐ or interspecific differences in dispersal patterns. We used ringing data from the Spanish marking scheme and selected recaptures to avoid including migrating individuals. In both species, most individuals were philopatric but dispersing birds were able to cross large distances (up to more than 100 km), suggesting the capability to compensate for habitat fragmentation. We found the heavy‐tailed Cauchy distribution to be the best conceptual description for our data, in all cases but natal dispersal of Moustached Warblers. Among Eurasian Reed Warblers, natal philopatry was lower than breeding philopatry. We found no significant interspecific differences. This does not confirm the hypothesis of higher dispersal ability in long distance migrants (like Eurasian Reed Warblers) than in resident/short distance migrant bird species (like Moustached Warblers). The similarity in dispersal patterns among the two warblers may be explained by their close phylogenetic relatedness, similar constraints imposed on both species by a patchy habitat or similar evolutionary pressures.
Single cell oil production from a newly isolated Candida viswanathii Y-E4 and agro-industrial by-products valorization
Authors: Ayadi Ines , Kamoun Omama , Trigui-Lahiani Hèla , Hdiji Anouar , Gargouri Ali , Belghith Hafedh , Guerfali Mohamed
Published: April 2016

Microbial lipids have drawn increasing attention in recent years as promising raw materials for biodiesel and added-value compounds production. To this end, new oleaginous yeast, Candida viswanathii Y-E4 was isolated, characterized and used for single cell oil (SCO) production. Physiologic and nutritional parameters optimization was carried out for improved biomass and lipid production. Y-E4 strain was able to use a wide range of substrates, especially C5 and C6 sugars as well as glycerol and hydrophobic substrates. The fatty acid profile analysis showed that oleic acid was the main component produced using different substrates. Batch and fed-bath fermentation were conducted using glucose as carbon source. Lipid production rate is twice higher in fed-batch culture providing a lipid content of 50 % (w/w). To minimize the SCO production cost, C. viswanathii Y-E4 was evaluated for its capacity to use different agro-industrial by-products for microbial oil production and changes in the fatty acid profile were monitored.
Stand density and species richness affect carbon storage and net primary productivity in early and late successional temperate forests differently
Authors: Cai Huiying , Di Xueying , Chang Scott X. , Jin Guangze
Published: April 2016

How stand density and species richness affect carbon (C) storage and net primary productivity (NPP) changes with forest succession is poorly understood. We quantified the C storage of trees and the aboveground NPP in an early successional secondary birch forest (birch forest) and a late successional mixed broadleaf‐Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest (mixed forest) in northeastern China. We found that: 1) tree C storage in the mixed forest (120.3 Mg C ha−1) was significantly higher than that in the birch forest (78.5 Mg C ha−1), whereas the aboveground NPP was not different between the two forest types; and 2) only stand density had a positive linear relationship with tree C storage and aboveground NPP in the birch forest. In the mixed forest, both tree C storage and aboveground NPP were significantly affected by the combination of the stand density and species richness. The tree C storage to stand density and species richness relationships were hump‐shaped. The aboveground NPP increased with increasing stand density, but its relationship to species richness was hump‐shaped. We conclude that the effect of stand density and species richness on tree C storage and aboveground NPP was influenced by forest stand succession, and such effects should be considered in studying stand density‐ and species richness‐ ecosystem function (e.g., C storage and NPP) relationships in temperate forest ecosystems.
Perceived Service Need After Hurricane Sandy in a Representative Sample of Survivors: The Roles of Community-Level Damage and Individual-Level Stressors
Authors: Sampson Laura , Lowe Sarah R. , Gruebner Oliver , Cohen Gregory H. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2016

Objective

We aimed to explore how individually experienced disaster-related stressors and collectively experienced community-level damage influenced perceived need for mental health services in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study we analyzed 418 adults who lived in the most affected areas of New York City at the time of the storm. Participants indicated whether they perceived a need for mental health services since the storm and reported on their exposure to disaster-related stressors (eg, displacement, property damage). We located participants in communities (n=293 census tracts) and gathered community-level demographic data through the US Census and data on the number of damaged buildings in each community from the Federal Emergency Management Agency Modeling Task Force.

Results

A total of 7.9% of participants reported mental health service need since the hurricane. Through multilevel binomial logistic regression analysis, we found a cross-level interaction (P=0.04) between individual-level exposure to disaster-related stressors and community-level building damage. Individual-level stressors were significantly predictive of individual service needs in communities with building damage (adjusted odds ratio: 2.56; 95% confidence interval: 1.58-4.16) and not in communities without damage.

Conclusion

Individuals who experienced individual stressors and who lived in more damaged communities were more likely to report need for services than were other persons after Hurricane Sandy. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:428–435)
Emergence of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Nursing Homes With High Background Rates of MRSA Colonization
Authors: Cheng Vincent C. C. , Chen Jonathan H. K. , Ng W. C. , Wong Janet Y. H. , Chow Denise M. K. , Law T. C. , So Simon Y. C. , Wong Sally C. Y. , Chan T. C. , Chan Felix H. W. , Ho P. L. , Yuen K. Y.
Published: April 2016

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) with diverse multilocus sequence typing emerged among our nursing home residents (6.5%) with a high background rate of MRSA (32.2%). Rectal swabs yielded a higher rate of CRAB detection than axillary or nasal swabs. Bed-bound status, use of adult diapers, and nasogastric tube were risk factors for CRAB colonization.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:983–986
CASSIUS DIO AND THE CULT OF IVLIVS AND ROMA AT EPHESUS AND NICAEA (51.20.6-8)
Authors: Madsen J.M.
Published: April 2016

This paper considers Cassius Dio's account of the early worship of Augustus. Its main focus is the number of cults consecrated to the worship of Rome's new undisputed leader and his father, the now deceased and deified Divus Iulius, after the triumvir, on his way back from Alexandria in 29 b.c.e., wintered in Asia Minor. In his account of how the first official worship of Augustus was organized, Dio describes how Augustus let two separate cults inaugurate: a joint cult to the worship of Divus Iulius and the goddess Thea Roma—a Greek deity, which since the second century served as a personification of Roman rule or Roman power—and a personal cult to the worship of the victorious triumvir (51.20.6-8).
Bushmeat hunting around a remnant coastal rainforest in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Gonedelé Bi S. , Koné Inza , Béné J.C.K. , Bitty E.A. , Yao K.A. , Kouassi B.A. , Gaubert P.
Published: April 2016

For most Ivorian regions quantitative data on the exploitation of bushmeat by local communities are scarce. We studied hunting patterns around Dassioko Sud Forest Reserve, a remnant coastal forest in south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire, through a 6-month survey of nine restaurants, in three villages surrounding the Reserve. We collected quantitative and qualitative data on the bushmeat brought to restaurants, as well as the final price for which it was sold. We calculated mean prices over the study period and extrapolated to the whole year. A total of 376 mammals (98%) and eight reptiles (2%) were sold in the restaurants surveyed. Rodents and small antelopes represented 74% of the mammals sold, probably reflecting the fact that reproductive strategists persist more successfully in heavily hunted and/or agricultural landscapes, such as the area around the Reserve. Our conservative estimate of the total biomass of bushmeat harvested annually around the Reserve is c. 40,428.03 kg (c. 11,886 animals), with a monetary value of c. FCFA 47,728,516 (c. USD 93,485.75 ), yielding an annual income of c. USD10,387.31 per person, which exceeds the mean annual income of cocoa farmers (FCFA 466,032/USD 932) more than tenfold. Although the sustainability of the bushmeat trade in the surveyed area remains unknown, we showed that hunters predominantly used cable snares, the Reserve was significantly affected by hunting activities (c. 53% of the bushmeat originated there), and larger mammalian species had been extirpated. A lack of effective protection exposes the Reserve to multiple illegal activities, including hunting, a situation exacerbated by the political crisis in 2010.