bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Children of Nine Lives
Authors: Cottle Thomas J.
Published: January 2007

today is mine (I claimed) (to) a man a voice I sent you grant me this day is mine (I claimed) (to) a man a voice I sent now here (he) is by Shell Necklace A Teton Sioux Song
Notes on Personal Feedback in Sensitivity Training
Authors: Polsky Howard W.
Published: January 2007

Over the last 25 years the sensitivity training movement has steadily expanded. Growing out of the behavioral sciences, selected interrelated concepts underlie its development and distinguish it sharply from group therapy. The central role of feedback is carefully defined and described and its impact upon individual members as well as upon the evolving group culture are explicated in detail.
Technology for Organizational Training in Schools
Authors: Langmeyer Daniel , Schmuck Richard , Runkel Philip
Published: January 2007

We describe some training designs, exercises, and procedures that have been used in laboratory training for organizational development in schools. We have selected and developed these methods over some years to serve as components in a training strategy that focusses on teaching, legitimizing, and making normative a specific procedure for group problem‐solving. A vital adjunct is training in specific skills in face‐to‐face communication. These processes are illustrated by descriptions of actual interventions in schools.
Sensitivity Training as a Method of Increasing On‐The‐Job Effectiveness
Authors: Dimock Hedley G.
Published: January 2007

Research on the effectiveness of sensitivity training is summarized and sensitivity training is compared to other training methods. The extent of participant involvement and learning through experience are the factors found related to the impact of four different kinds of training, and sensitivity training appears to be no more effective than other methods utilizing these factors. Other factors related to the attractiveness of sensitivity training are analyzed.
Toward Increasing the Sociological Relevance of Sensitivity Training*
Authors: Alix Ernest K. , Thomas Richard M.
Published: January 2007

As a means of increasing the theoretical relevance of sensitivity training for sociologists engaged in evaluative pursuits, the concept of role‐based sensitivity is suggested for use in an evaluative research perspective. Results of the application of a role‐based sensitivity scale, as a pre‐training diagnostic device, in a training program for local human relations commissioners, suggest that the area of sensitivity training has potential as an arena for the refinement of sociological role theory and hence is deserving of the increased interest of sociologists.
On Homans' Psychological Reductionism*
Authors: Blain Robert R.
Published: January 2007

George Homans' numerous claims that sociological propositions could be reduced to psychological propositions are examined in terms of the various ways Homans has used the word “reduction” and in terms of the development of Homans' reductionist position over the course of his career. Attempts to answer Homans” reductionism are reviewed and Homans” challenge to his critics is presented. A general sociological proposition is then presented as an answer to Homans' reductionism and to his challenge. It is then shown that the sociological proposition is not less general than psychological propositions, cannot be deduced from psychological propositions, and cannot be analyzed without residue into the behavior of individual men. It is shown that psychological variables may be used as independent or intervening variables in such a proposition but that such an inclusion of psychological variables would not constitute psychological reduction. Some implications of a distinctive sociology are then discussed.
The Dickensian Occupational Structure
Authors: Tyree Andrea , Freiberg J. Walter , Ong Kenneth , Raczynski Dagmar , Shosid Norma , Steeg Donna Ver
Published: January 2007

Twelve of the novels of Charles Dickens provide a sample of 349 characters whose occupational achievement and mobility are investigated. The mobility patterns indicate more inheritance than in the United States. This cannot be accounted for by education, material inheritance, or morality (being a good or bad person). A model of quasi‐perfect mobility, taking all diagonal frequencies as given, more closely represents the patterns. Determinants of achievement considered are social origins, number of siblings, education, marital status, morality. The characters from large families do better occupationally than those from small. Education functions primarily to redistribute success. The married are superior to the unmarried, with marriage functioning not as a selective mechanism, but exerting causal impact of its own. The evil are rewarded in this life. The basic path model of the stratification system of Dickens is similar to that of the United States.
A Man of His Time and Place: A Selective Appraisal of S. M. Lipset's Comparative Sociology
Authors: ROMALIS COLEMAN
Published: January 2007

This article reviews S. M. Lipset's major works of comparative sociology, specifying their problematic assumptions and appraising their contribution to the cross‐national study of political and social systems. It is made clear that Lipset's perspective has shifted over the years. The second part of the paper focuses on the changes that his views have undergone, and explains such alterations by examining certain aspects of Lipset's intellectual and professional life experiences.
Jewish Mothering in Japan
Authors: FRAGER ROBERT
Published: January 2007

Jewish and Japanese child rearing are compared as examples of patterns that produce highly successful, achievement‐oriented children. Mothers are notably devoted and nurturant, and also fairly sophisticated and antonomous individuals, with considerable authority at home. Fathers have high prestige, but are somewhat distant. Achievement is also motivated by the child's feelings of guilt over the mother's pain and suffering caused by his failure to live up to her high expectations.
Systems Theory and Organization Change: A Case Study
Authors: PERLMUTTER FELICE
Published: January 2007

A case study of a social welfare agency demonstrates that this organization can control its development as an autonomous system and need not merely shift with the times in response to the changing involvement of the federal government in social welfare programs. A theoretical framework of organizational change utilizes Parson's AGIL for this analysis.
Approaches to Community: Conflicts and Complmentarities*
Authors: EFFRAT MARCIA PELLY
Published: January 2007

Two main controversies‐over territorial grounding and over the range of functions‐have divided theoretical research on community into four main research traditions. Each of these is discussed in terms of its development, contributions, and inadequacies. Other controversies‐over participatory democracy, over local autonomy, and over the role of physical design–are examined in relation to efforts to construct communities.
The Network City*
Authors: CRAVEN PAUL , WELLMAN BARRY
Published: January 2007

The network approach to urban studies can be differentiated from other approaches by its emphasis on the primacy of structures of interpersonal linkages, rather than on the classification of social units according to their individual characteristics. Network analysis is also a methodology for the investigation of these structures. Substantive issues related to interpersonal ties in the city, migration, resource allocation, neighborhood, and community are examined in terms of the network structures and processes that order and integrate urban activities. Finally, a view of the city itself as a network of networks is proposed. It is the organization of urban life by networks that makes the scale and diversity of the city a source of strength rather than of chaos, while it is precisely that scale and diversity which makes the existence of a complex and widely ramified network structure possible.
Formal Voluntary Organizations: Participation, Correlates, and Interrelationships
Authors: TOMEH AIDA K.
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the literature on formal voluntay organizations in the urban community. The theoretical approaches that guided much of the research in this area are identifid as social structural, social psychological, and organizational. Basic findings suggest that formal participation, including church membership, is a characteristic of urban life. Population characteristics, attitudes, informal interaction, and community involvement are all related to formal membership. Moreover, formal organizations attempt to integrate individuals with the larger community, and such groups, in urbanizing areas, facilitate modernization.
The Reconciliation of “Subjective” and “Objective” Data on Physical Environment in the Community: The Case of Social Contact in High‐Rise Apartments*
Authors: MICHELSON WILLIAM
Published: January 2007

Expanding traditional sociological conceptions of community to include environmental considerations in community research, this paper stresses the importance of documenting both subjective and objective environmental concerns, as well as reconciling such differences as are presented and details precedence. Some recent data on the nature of social contact in high‐rise “communities” illustrate this approach.
Utopian Communities*
Authors: KANTER ROSABETH MOSS
Published: January 2007

Utopian communities‐an alternative community form–vary from large, comprehensive settlements in which most aspects of life are collectively organized to small informal households low on comprehensiveness and collectivization, like many contemporary communes. The initial stages, organizational problems, politics, and economic organization of both highly‐structured large communes and minimally‐structured small communes are discussed.
Role De‐Differentiation as a System Response to Crisis: Occupational and Political Roles of Women*
Authors: LIPMAN‐BLUMEN JEAN
Published: January 2007

The relationship between crisis and role change is examined in terms of a three‐stage model of role development: differentiation, de‐differentiation, and reconfiguration. Crisis is conceptualized as a sufficient but not necessary condition of rapid and significant role change. Trends in occupational and political roles of women during and after World War II are presented as empirical support of the theoretical framework.
Relations between Status and Power Structures: Toward a General Theory*
Authors: KIMBERLY JAMES C. , ZUCKER LYNNE G.
Published: January 2007

Contemporary work on the development of status and power structures is reviewed. It is shown that theorists have conceptualized the relationship between these structures in opposite ways. Some have held that the structures tend toward alignment. Specifically, they have held that persons tend to be equally high or low in both structures. Others have held that the structures tend toward non‐alignment. Specifically, they have held that the range of persons statuses tends to be greater than the range of their power. An attempt is made to reconcile the different theories underlying these two conceptions by postulating that one conception is correct under certain conditions and that the other is correct under other conditions. The conditions specified involve an important but somewhat neglected aspect of the overall stratification structure, what is called the secondary stratification structure, and the importance persons assign to this structure.
Everyday Life in Stochastic Networks1
Authors: White Harrison C.
Published: January 2007

Models of Stochastic networks may prove important tools for integrating ideas about structure with ideas about process in social theory.
A Tentative Classification of Decision Making*
Authors: LOEB RITA
Published: January 2007

This paper presents a two‐dimensional classification of decision making based on two continuous variables which interact, namely, degree of subjectivity (objectivity) of attitude and degree of dissimilarity (similarity) of function of choice alternatives. On the basis of this typology two new ways of dissonance resolution are proposed.
Current Folklore in the Criticisms of Parsonian Action Theory*
Authors: TURNER JONATHAN H. , BEEGHLEY LEONARD
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the often repeated assertion that Parsons abandoned the notion of “voluntarism” in favor of “macrofunctionalism” or ”behavioristic naturalism” and that the Parsonian scheme therefore reveals marked discontinuity. When Parsons’strategy for theory building is appreciated, this prevalent assumption proves to be incorrect. In fact, the Parsonian action scheme evidences a considerable degree of continuity from 1937 to the present. While a prevalent piece of sociological folklore is refuted by a careful examination of the Parsonian theory building strategy, a number of significant problems in following this strategy are felt to remain.
On Submitting a Proposal to a Publisher
Authors: BALKIN RICHARD
Published: January 2007

The first step in publishing a college textbook is usually the submission of a proposal. Currently, textbook publishers are cutting back the number of books they are contracting, but “over‐the‐transom” proposals continue to flood editors’desks. Very few proposals are properly prepared since few would‐be authors are aware of the precise information a publisher needs. This article suggests both guidelines for a “good” proposal, as well as some additional hints for textbook publication.
Bureaucratization in the U. S. Department of State*
Authors: WARWICK DONALD P.
Published: January 2007

Very little social scientific research has considered the question of bureaucratization in the individual governmental agency. Departing from an experiment in de‐bureaucratization, this article traces the origins of two core components of bureaucracy‐hierarchy and rules‐in the U. S. Department of State. The discussion emphasizes the interaction between the internal structure of a public organization and two sets of environmental factors: the power setting and the operating environment. It is argued that this interaction produces a high degree of message generation, top‐down demands for accountability and control, and bottom‐up pressures for clearance and guidance. These conditions lead to a heavy message volume and a high degree of centralization which, in turn, bring on communications overload. Bureaucracy increases as overload is handled through hierarchical differentiation and the proliferation of rules.
On the Commitments of Ethnomethodology*
Authors: Chua Beng‐huat
Published: January 2007

This essay attempts to identify some underlying commitments of ethnomethodology. The commitments explored are the idea of reflexivity, science, normal practice and the radical empirical stance–all of which are essential to ethnomethodology. Finally, it is argued that as an upshot of these commitments, ethnomethodology harbors a political implication which allows for its use as an instrument for de‐objectification.
Becoming an Ex‐Priest: The Process of Leaving a High Commitment Status1
Authors: DellaCava Frances A.
Published: January 2007

This is an analysis of the process of leaving a high commitment status. Data on former priests identify two conditions under which predisposing factors became translated into resignation from the priesthood: forming new primary relationships and constructing legitimations of these relationships to support moving out of the status. These conditions underpin a resocialization process which helps establish a new reality for the individual.
Dilemmas Over Racial Integration: Status Consciousness vs. Direct Threat*
Authors: Caditz Judith
Published: January 2007

In examining some reasons white liberals express attitudinal ambivalence, role conflicts, or unfavorableness toward racial integration, we tested two alternative hypotheses, a direct threat thesis and a status consciousness thesis. Further, we examined the degree of interrelatedness of several status dimensions. We found support for the second hypothesis and suggest further research into relationships between status consciousness and ambivalence toward racial integration.
An Introduction to Reading Georg Simmel's Sociology
Authors: NOVAK Mark W.
Published: January 2007

This study begins by viewing Georg Simmel's sociology as the focal point of controversy. That is, it begins with an interest in the historic dialogue between Simmel and the academic community. Through an explication of critics’complaints against Simmel‘s work, and through an analysis of Simmel‘s own essay, “The Secret Society,” this investigation succeeds in uncovering in Simmel's writing a significant, alternative form of sociological life.
The Summer‐Porter Controversy at Yale: Pre‐Paradigmatic Sociology and Institutional Crisis*
Authors: HEYL John D. , HEYL Barbara S.
Published: January 2007

This reappraisal of the dispute between William Graham Sumner and Noah Porter at Yale (1879‐1881) emphasizes the conjunction of disciplinary unxieties (over the academic establishment of sociology) and institutional crisis (over Yale's classical curriculum). Theoretical implications are developed through further explication of Thomas Kuhn's notion of “pre‐paradigmatic” science.
The Yellow Brick Road to Research: an Evaluation of Graduate Training for Research
Authors: BOOTH Gerald V. , CRISLER Larry J.
Published: January 2007

Although the most frequently espoused goal of Ph. D. training in sociology is to produce professionals who actively engage in research, the Ph. D. student is rarely introduced to the many personal and social confrontations inherent in the research process. The authors examine research‐oriented courses offered at a randomly selected sample of universities granting doctorate degrees in sociology. Finding little formal recognition of such problems in the course offerings, an in‐depth study of the research experiences of both faculty members and graduate students of a sociology department was undertaken. Results of the study are used to generate an alternative procedure for such preparation.
Self‐Concept and the Reaction of a Significant Other: A Comparison of Husbands and Wives*
Authors: SCHAFER Robert , BRAITO Rita , BOHLEN Joe M.
Published: January 2007

This paper explores the relationship between an actor's self‐concept and a significant other's actual and perceived descriptions of the actor. One hundred sixteen married couples were interviewed. Three areas of investigation were developed: role‐taking as social influence, accuracy in role‐taking and agreement and evaluation between spouses. The data did not support the reflective self‐concept notion. There was significant discrepancy between husbands’and wives’descriptions of each other which resulted from actors underestimating their spouse's evaluation of them, and wives appearing more generous than husbands in describing spouses as desirable.
Timetables and Scheduling: On the Social Organization of Time*
Authors: ZERUBAVEL Eviatar
Published: January 2007

An analysis of the social organization of time, done through the main institutions and processes that govern the temporal regulation of social life. namely timetables and scheduling. The conventional basis of our standard time orientation is discussed along with the social order underlying regular patterns relating to the fundamental temporal features of social events (duration, sequence. timing, tempo), and issues concerning scheduling.
What Are Sense Making Practices?*
Authors: HEAP James
Published: January 2007

The formation of the concept “sense making practices” in ethnomethodology receives attention. The referents and uses of the concept suggest that “sense making practices” form a family rather than a class. Family membership is a matter of family resemblance. Thus claims about new family members run a risk of intelligibility. Finally, the search for universully invariant properties is fundamentally misguided.
Nonviolence in International Conflict: A Programmatic Research Statement
Authors: SMITH Clagett G.
Published: January 2007

This paper outlines a program of needed research on principled nonviolence as a conflict and conflict resolution strategy in international relations. A multi‐pronged program of research is proposed, including, conceptual analyses and model generation, hypothesis and variable development: psychological analyses, laboratory simulation, and analyses of current ongoing, international conflict situations.
Religious Recruitment and the Management of Dissonance: A Sociological Perspective*
Authors: PRUS Robert C.
Published: January 2007

While religious organizations are not concerned with cognitive dissonance, per se, their concerns with acquiring new members maintaining member beliefs, obtaining member commitments and deterring members from leaving. are all affected by their abilities to manage (avoid, tolerate and exploit) dissonance experienced by those persons. Conceptualizing dissonance as a socially negotiable phenomenon, a sociological version of dissonance is examined in the context of religious recruitment.
Driving and Symbolic Interaction1
Authors: DANNEFER W. Dale
Published: January 2007

Although it is a prominent feature of modern experience, driving has received little attention from sociologists. Yet social interaction between motorists is an integral part of the traffic situation. This paper explores its bases and some of its typical dynamics. Other sociologically relevant aspects of driving are delineated and the issue of how driving may influence modern culture is addressed.
The Influence of Legally Irrelevant Factors on Felony Sentencing
Authors: LOTZ Roy , HEWITT John D.
Published: January 2007

Discussions of the link between sentence and legally irrelevant background factors have typically been carried on either without referring to research findings or with reference to only one or two of the legally irrelevant factors, such as race or occupation. The present research incorporates additional factors and places the findings in the context of competing explanatory models.
What the Other Half Thinks: the Implications of Female Perceptions for Work Demands*
Authors: BRAITO Rita , POWERS Edward A.
Published: January 2007

Three hundred fifty‐three registered nurses were asked their perceptions of the economic need for continued employment, the “threat” to the husband if her salary was greater than his, and the husband's view of the need for his wife's employment. Most did not feel their husbands would be threatened if their wives had a greater income. Respondents generally saw a greater economic need than they felt their husbands did. A comparison is made between the perceptions of our sample and what other research indicated are the perceptions of men.
Equity Theory: Directions for Future Research*
Authors: COOK Karen S. , PARCEL Toby L.
Published: January 2007

A review and critique of currently existing theories of equity or distributive justice lead to the conclusion that future theoretical development would be aided by a more complete analysis of the structural determinants of the activation of equity concerns as well as the conditions which lead to particular reactions to inequity. Explicit consideration is given to such determinants as the nature of the stratification system, the type of injustice involved, the existence of an ideology and sense of community, and the source of the inequity. Research specifying the impact of these conditions upon the emergence of equity concerns in social systems and subsequent collective or individual reactions to injustice should facilitate the reformulation and extension of equity theory.
God is Society: the Religious Dimension of Maoism
Authors: YOUNG L. C. , FORD S. R.
Published: January 2007

Maoism as a politico‐religious form emerged in a society in the process of disintegration. It became crystallized as a response to the demands of rapid modernization. The Maoist belief system centers around the concept “people,” the ultimate sacred reality. Its ethic emphasizes ceaseless service to others, individual asceticism, and intensive practical activity as necessary to the achievement of social salvation and collective immortality. A number of ritual parallels are identified between Maoism and contemporary Christianity: the worship service and ministry, the initiation process, sin and atonement, and various initiative rituals. From an evolutionary perspective, both primitive and ultra‐modern elements are identified in Maoism.
Marital Decision Making: Congruence of Spouses' Responses*
Authors: PRICE‐BONHAM Sharon
Published: January 2007

The relationship between spouse's perceptions concerning who makes decisions and the importance of decisions was investigated through interviews with 140 couples. A positive relationship was found between the husbands' decision‐making scores and the importance of decisions. In addition, the paper emphasizes the need to (1) analyze decision‐making and importance of decisions within couples rather than among all husbands and all wives separately and (2) collect data from both spouses.
An Organizational Model of Higher Education Institutions and Faculty Teaching Goals*
Authors: BLANK Rolf
Published: January 2007

The theory of organizations as “open systems” is used to develop hypotheses on the relationship between academic institutions and faculty teaching goals. The effects of three measures of academic organizations–type of control, institutional functions, and institutional affluence–on faculty support for four types of teaching goals are tested with data from a nationally representative sample of 301 academic institutions. Through the use of a path analytic model, it was found that these organizational characteristics directly affect the types of teaching goals faculty members endorse and the level of support for teaching goals in general.
Inequality and Occupational Prestige: Theory, Research, and Social Policy*
Authors: BARBER Bernard
Published: January 2007

Occupational prestige is one important dimension of social inequality. Building on past theory and especially on excellent recent empirical research in this area, a new theory is presented. This new theory criticizes some assumptions of older theories of occupational prestige with regard to motivation and to the scarcity of human talent. Finally, using the new theory, some small suggestions are given for social policy to reduce inequality based on occupational prestige.
“Was there Firing in Sandy Row that Night?”: Some Features of the Organisation of Disputes about Recorded Facts
Authors: BENSON D. , DREW P.
Published: January 2007

Members of organisations and public alike routinely treat the mention of some event in a record as unambiguous evidence for “the fact of” that event's occurrence, and thereby as an untroublesome basis for making inferences, deciding future courses of action, etc. However, there are occasions on which the factual character of a record is challenged and the subject of dispute. In this paper we examine such a dispute, which occurs between a cross‐examining counsel and a police witness during a Tribunal of Inquiry into events in Northern Ireland. In the analysis we explicate some of the moral inferential work (the allocation of blame, the construction of justifications, etc.) that can be bound up with such disputes, and we attempt to locate the procedures available to the interactants both for “authorising” the “fact” that some event occurred, and for challenging or defeating claims about such facts (in particular with procedures that have to do with the conventional basis for knowledge about certain events in the world).
Durkheim and The Structure of Social Action*
Authors: Gerstein Dean R.
Published: January 2007

The analysis of Durkheim in The Structure of Social Action is integral to Parsons's discussion of the utilitarian‐positivist tradition and the emergence of a voluntaristic theory of action from it. The four “stages” of theoretical argument in Durkheim can be related directly to the four defining elements of the “utilitarian dilemma,” namely empiricism, rationality, atomism, and the randomness of ends. The most questionable aspect of Parsons's argument is the alleged stubbornness of Durkheim's empiricism. On the other hand, much of the criticism of Parsons's argument, by Pope in particular, although also by Scott and Warner, Is either misdirected or itself questionable. The development and conclusions of Durkheim's moral sociology are as Parsons claims, and form a viable basis for a non‐positivist theory of action.
Political Economic Analysis in Sociology as Dramatic Rhetoric*
Authors: Shornack Lawrence L.
Published: January 2007

The relationship between political economy and social problems advanced by S. M. Miller in his presidential address to the Society for the Study of Social Problems is analyzed. Political economy is judged to qualify as ritual drama as much as science or as ideology because (1) political economy reduces Maclver's distributive and conjunctural phenomena to collective phenomena, (2) it fails to grapple directly with political and economic obstacles to its proposed policies, and (3) it does invest these obstacles with symbolism. The function of ritual drama is suggested and the concept is applied to the work of other sociologists.
The Problem of the Unity of Knowledge in Comte's Philosophy of Science*
Authors: Prendergast Christopher
Published: January 2007

Comte's philosophy of science is re‐examined from the point of view of the rationalist problematic of the unity of knowledge. It is argued that Comte's attempt to answer this metaphysical problem is the single most important factor determining the final form of his system of positive philosophy, his hierarchy of the sciences, his conception of sociology, and ultimately his positive religion of Humanity. After rejecting the main solutions offered by modern rationalism, Comte provides a subjective unity for the sciences by establishing Humanity as the principle of organization for all knowledge. The article describes the various components of the positive synthesis, their background in the history of ideas, and the contemporary relevance of the problem of unity for logical empiricism and Husserl.

Some have said that need for unity expresses the identity of the self; others, that it stands for economy of thought. Possibly, but this is interpretation, psychologically or sociologically tinged. The need for unity is a historical fact and, as such, unresolved. It is also a symbol of science, and its myth. Science is a finely defined and articulated system of symbols; but the ultimate symbol, that of unity, can have no referent. Rather one might say it stands for the totality of the knowable and the unknowable. A confusing situation for the scientific mind, but one it cannot escape. For the conflict at the heart of rationalism is the source of its strength, as long as it lasts.

Once the faith is lost, something else has to be found.

Under the relentless pressure of social change, with the growing operationalism of physical theory and the metaphysical devastations attendant on Darwinism, the myth of unity could no longer hold. It had to be replaced by unification. But with that the status of science is changed and also that of the scientist. The mirror of nature that reason had endeavored to build up through the ages is shattered, and we look for the first time straight out into an unknown world.
Weber's Concept of Causality and the Modern Critique
Authors: Hekman Susan J.
Published: January 2007

Weber's concept of causality established a middle ground between the extremes of the causality debate in his day by developing a concept that was unique in two respects: it was tailored to the needs of the distinctive subject matter of the social sciences, meaningful human action, and it utilized the legal model of causal analysis. Interpreted in this light, Weber's concept meets several of the criticisms of the use of causal analysis in the social sciences recently advanced by Peters and Winch.
Reduction and The Future of Sociology*
Authors: Baldwin John D. , Baldwin Janice I.
Published: January 2007

The reductionist position of Homans and Skinner has generated substantial debate among sociologists over the past two decades. Mitch of the debate can be resolved by examining the issues in light of the history of science. A historical analysis suggests that modern sociology has little to lose—and something to gain—by reevaluating its traditional stance on reduction.
Discrepancy, Arousal and Labeling: Towards a Psychosocial Theory of Emotion*
Authors: Katz Judith Milstein
Published: January 2007

The relation of schematic discrepancy to emotional experience is discussed. It is argued that schematic discrepancy constitutes one important basis of emotional arousal and that we label arousal according to rules defined by discrepancy. The identifying and processing of discrepancies is described within an information processing framework. The labeling of both positive and negative emotions (defined as differing in the resolution of discrepancy) is discussed. Cultural influences on both the experiencing and labeling of emotion are elaborated and implications are drawn.
Charisma: Its Varieties, Preconditions, and Consequences*
Authors: Camic Charles
Published: January 2007

This paper explores the preconditions for, the nature of, and the consequences of charisma—actors that must be understood for charisma to he a useful empirical and theoretical concept. Unfortunately, as the first section of this essay demonstrates, due primarily to the influence of certain of Max Weber's discussions of charisma, sociological progress in these areas has been limited. However, drawing on two neglected hints by Weber–that the preconditions for the phenomenon of charisma are extraordinary human needs and that Freud's work can illuminate this field of inquiry–the second section of this essay attempts to correct this state of affairs through an application of the results of much psychoanalytic investigation. It argues that, because extraordinary needs (the preconditions for charisma) are of various types, charisma must be differentiated into four phenomena–omnipotence, excellence, sacredness, and the uncanny–and it then tentatively specifies both their variable immediate and long‐range consequences. In so doing, it incorporates systematically many of the widely divergent findings reported in sociological research.
Ascending and Descending Meaning: A Theoretical Inquiry into Play and Ritual
Authors: Henricks Thomas S.
Published: January 2007

The author introduces the dichotomy “ascending‐descending meaning” as a perspective for analyzing human relationships. After certain general considerations, this perspective is applied to two important forms of human activity—ritual and play. It is argued that the ascending‐descending framework both clarifies the meaning of these two terms and directs attention to their important relationship to each other.
A Semi‐formal Explication of Talcott Parsons's Theory of Action*
Authors: Hayes Adrian C.
Published: January 2007

Operations of thought are like cavalry charges in a battle–they are strictly limited in number, they require fresh horses, and must only be made at decisive moments.
Personal and Situational Contingencies in the Processing of Convicted Felons*
Authors: Myers Martha A.
Published: January 2007

Traditionally, deviance research and theory have focused almost exclusively on the personal attributes of the alleged deviant. This paper questions the appropriateness of such a focus when examining the organizational processing of criminal defendants. It directs attention to situational contingencies that provide the context within which personal attributes and behaviors become meaningful and salient during labeling and sanctioning. Discussion focuses on a strategic but often neglected contingency, conviction method. Empirical analysis reveals that the way in which the defendant was convicted has strong implications for the criteria officials use later to label and sanction the defendant. The implications of these findings for deviance research are then discussed.
The Impact of Racial Composition and Racial Transition on the Status of American Suburbs*
Authors: Marshall Harvey , Stahura John
Published: January 2007

This study explores the potential impact of racial composition and racial change on the socioeconomic status of American suburbs. The sample includes 697 suburbs for which data were available for the study variables, which are percent black, change in percent black, suburban age, employment/residence ratio, population growth and size, distance from the central city, and several socioeconomic status measures. It was found that the impact of racial composition and change on suburban status was either non‐existant or spurious.
CONCEPTIONS OF VALUE‐RELEVANCE AND THE THEORY OF ACTION
Authors: Lidz Victor
Published: January 2007

The inquiries of Weber and Parsons into the relationships between value freedom and value‐relevance as elements in the methodology of the social sciences are renewed in the present essay. A major foundation of the discussion is provided by the Weber‐Parsons distinction between judgments pertaining to values, value‐commitments, and the value‐relevance of knowledge, on the one hand, and judgments of fact or logic, schemas of proof, and the value‐freedom of intellectual disciplines, on the other hand. However, questions are raised about the methodological claims that value‐relevance necessarily represents a relativistic element in a body of knowledge while any universality of its significance can be grounded only in pertinent schemas of proof. The factor of value‐relevance is examined in a more differentiated fashion by two applications of the Parsonian four‐function paradigm. In the first paradigm, four fundamental elements of the value‐relevance of social scientific knowledge are identified. In the second paradigm, four levels in the cultural generalization of the value‐relevance specifically of theoretical knowledge are distinguished. At the highest level of generalization, here called philosophical, value‐relevance may be framed in transcendental terms that can impart a universality to the substantive significance of knowledge. This proposal is then bolstered by an examination of the ways in which Dilthey and then, with greater generality and precision, Simmel secured value‐relevance for their theoretical schemes.
Professional Sports as an Alternative Channel of Social Mobility*
Authors: SEMYONOV Moshe , YUCHTMAN‐YAAR Ephraim
Published: January 2007

Inequality of opportunity in the process of occupational attainment via the educational system is anticipated to cause a tendency toward alternative routes of social mobility among underprivileged groups. Professional sports have often been referred to in this respect, particularly in connection with the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in them. The present study attempts to determine if the choice of a career in sports is mainly a matter of an individual's educational achievement and aspirations, or whether such a tendency is conditioned by socioeconomic and ethnic background. An investigation of this question among junior soccer players in Israel indicates that the preference for a career in soccer is associated with both low levels of educational achievement and modest goals, regardless of family background. Thus, at least as far as Israeli society is concerned, it is not only “cultural predisposition” which makes professional sports more attractive for lower ethnic groups, but, also the greater difficulties that youngsters of such origin encounter in the educational system.
Durkheim's Non‐Social Facts about Primitives and Women*
Authors: WITYAK Nancy L. , WALLACE Ruth A.
Published: January 2007

Emile Durkheim's explanatory model of primitives and women is the theme of this investigation. A detailed examination of Durkheim's major work reveals an initial preoccupation with organic‐psychic factors when analyzing primitive social life and the role of women in society. Only after extensive study of primitive religion and its crucial implications in the evolution of knowledge, do organic and psychic factors drop out of Durkheim's social facts approach.
Women, Karate, and Gender Typing*
Authors: SMITH Robert A. , WEINSTEIN Eugene , TANUR Judith , FARB Gayle
Published: January 2007

When women have the physical ability to overcome men, a major basis of cognitive categorization is violated and dissonance created. Two dissonance‐resolving mechanisms take place‐derision and denial. A study of women trained in Karate1 provided an opportunity to examine these dissonance‐reducing mechanisms. Results from fieldwork and questionnaires administered to both participants in Karate and a sample of students reveal that dissonace created by women's skills is most often resolved by denying skill. rather than by denigration of the woman's self. Field observations suggest that a psychology of tokenism operates; men discount women's achievement presumably gained by satisfying gender‐independent criteria.
Common Law in Action: the Prosecution of Felonies and Misdemeanors*
Authors: Myers Martha A.
Published: January 2007

This paper draws attention to the common‐law distinction between felonies and misdemeanors. It asks whether this distinction, when drawn on the level of formal criminal procedure, has its counterpart on the informal level, in the use of different criteria to decide whether and how to prosecute the defendant. Analysis of data from the District of Columbia indicates that the felony‐misdemeanor distinction clearly conditions the role of both legally relevant and irrelevant factors, but not in the simple straightforward way initially hypothesized. The paper concludes with a discussion of the empirical and theoretical implications of the findings.
Factors in the Post‐Stalin Emergence of Soviet Sociology*
Authors: Pankhurst Jerry G.
Published: January 2007

This paper attempts to analyze the social, economic, and political sources for the emergence of modern Soviet sociology in the 1950s. While it does not address extensively the characteristics of current Soviet sociology, it is suggested that those characteristics of a methodologically sophisticated and economically oriented sociology are largely the result of a compact between Soviet leaders and sociologists which allowed and required its post‐Stalin emergence. Four sets of factors are evaluated in terms of their effect on the emergence of Soviet sociology. These are 1) the Marxist‐Leninist vision (that is, the Utopian elements of ideology), 2) the Soviet ideology (that is, the elements of ideology oriented toward system maintenance), 3) the diffusion of ideas, and 4) the mandate of Soviet economic development. A brief evaluation of these sets of factors as they affect the emergence of Chinese sociology in the early 1980s is also provided. It is concluded that the future shape of sociology in the USSR and China is dependent upon the evolution of ideology in the two countries, an evolution that is intimately tied to the succession of political leadership.
Toward a General Theory of Alienation*
Authors: Henricks Thomas S.
Published: January 2007

In this paper, the author arranges some of the major treatments of alienation within a coherent framework. He introduces a distinction between disassociation (certain specified objective conditions) and alienation (a specified experience) and articulates the relationship between these two by presenting a series of intervening psychological issues. A typology of human association is presented; and it is argued that especially two types of disassociation (i.e., marginality and subordination) and, to some extent, another (i.e., privilege) may be productive of alienation. These conditions are considered at the cultural, social, and psychological levels of analysis. Variables connecting these conditions and alienation include the perception of the condition, evaluation, integration, blame, and response.
Multiple Jobs and Inequality in Earnings
Authors: Danziger Nira
Published: January 2007

This paper shows that individual and structural factors which determine professors' salaries also influence, in various degrees, the accumulation of earnings from additional sources. As a result, those who receive greater rewards from their main work role are likely to have proportionately higher supplementary incomes. Thus, expanding occupational role‐sets increase the inequality in economic rewards in the academic system. It is proposed that the relative effect of each of the salary determinants on extra earnings depends on their ability to generate, directly or indirectly, extra earning opportunities.

The examined factors are professorial rank, research productivity, departmental prestige and the length of academic experience. Professorial rank has been shown as the main determinant of institutional salary level, whereas research productivity is the most crucial factor in generating extra earning opportunities. It is likely that the importance of the latter, in our case, is mainly indirect in that it generates critical intervening resources such as professional reputation, visibility in the academic system and communication network.
Yankee City and the Bicentennial: Warner's Study of Symbolic Activity in a Contemporary Setting*
Authors: Brody M. Kenneth.
Published: January 2007

The social‐anthropological studies of “Yankee City” by W. Lloyd Warner are reconsidered, with concentration on his taxonomy of symbolic activities. Several of Warner's central analytic foci are reviewed and applied to a modern context. The American Revolution Bicentennial is characterized as a societal‐level symbolic observance, directly analogous to civil ceremonies in Yankee City. Three major themes from Warner's studies of that community's symbolic life—types of symbolism, socializational effects of symbolism, and rhetorical persuasion—are analyzed with regard to the Bicentennial observance. Illustrative data provide some conceptual and empirical support for the generalizability of Warner's taxonomy to other civil religious phenomena.
Factors Affecting Juvenile Court Decisions in Israel: A Multivariate Approach*
Authors: Fishman Gideon , Kraus Vered , Lever Henry
Published: January 2007

This paper investigates the factors influencing the disposition of cases in juvenile courts. The factors considered are the prior record of the offender, the nature of the offense, the recommendation of the probation officer, and the age of the offender. These four factors are essential components of the juvenile justice system and as such are perceived to be crucial for the understanding of the court's decision.

A multivariate analysis of the data is undertaken using the method of log‐linear analysis for hierarchical models. In contrast to other studies that have utilized the same method but with fewer variables, the model arrived at in the paper seems to be more accurate and suggests that while the offense and the prior criminal record are quite important factors, their influence on the disposition of cases is greatly bound by the age of the offender and the recommendation of the probation officer.