bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Setting the Scene
Authors: White E. Jayne , Janfada Mahtab
Published: January 2025

A series of twists and turns in thought and practice over the past century have brought scholars to a place where reliance on data-as-truth and associated methodologies that set out to advance related agendas of monologic truth is no longer tenable (or ethical for that matter). Research consumers now ask researchers to be accountable for their claims, thus calling attention to the assumptions at play in any given context and collapsing regimes of truth along the way. As a consequence, new methodologies advancing more critical, speculative interpretations have arisen, many of which are ‘post’ this or that. These methodologies are opening up possibilities for researchers and scholars to see the world in new ways by thinking with theory and acting out research agendas that expand our ways of understanding our world.
The Masque of Truth
Authors: Duffin Ross W.
Published: January 2025

Published by D. Jocquet in Heidelberg and Lyons in 1613, The Masque of Truth, as it has been called in modern times, was purportedly presented at Whitehall Palace on the Tuesday following the Palatine wedding. In fact, it was never performed, and the story of its production is a fiction. Still, it was clearly designed to be presented and survives without dialogue but with a full description, song lyrics, and indications for dancing. Because it celebrates the joining of two Protestant powers by means of the marriage, and urges the Protestant conversion of the rest of the world, and because it is written in French, music for its song lyrics has been reconstructed using Claude le Jeune’s harmonized versions of French metrical psalms, and its dances have been selected from Michael Praetorius’s collection of French dances, published a few months before the wedding. The original French text is included along with a complete English translation, songs, and dances.
The Method of Original Inquiry
Authors: Fiocco M. Oreste
Published: January 2025

This chapter develops the critical methodology, original inquiry, introduced in Chapter 1. By taking up original inquiry, one is able to answer the question of what a thing of any category is. Things in the most general sense are the focus and basis of any genuine inquiry and, as such, the means of any explanation. Thus, understanding what a thing is provides insight into the limits of inquiry and of explanation. Such understanding, moreover, reveals how the world is structured, how things are related so as to produce reality as experienced. Descriptions of this formal ontological structure provide a theoretical framework, viz., a collection of principles, consistency with which constrains inquiry into some subject matter and its correct account, that is the ground rules for all inquiry. This account of the structure in the world and the theoretical framework it provides is radical ontology.
Ethnic versus Pan-Ethnic Mobilization
Authors: Kurien Prema A.
Published: January 2025

A prominent division among activists of Indian American background, particularly until around 2016, is that some individuals preferred to mobilize around national origin and others mobilized around a pan-ethnic paradigm as South Asians. Chapter 3 discusses the rise of Indian American and South Asian American organizations since the year 2000; the impact of the events of September 11, 2001, on the rise of these two different groups; the differences in their strategies and goals; and the impact of each type of organization on the Indian American community and on the American public sphere. It showcases the importance of generational status (immigrants versus the American-born generation) in shaping how racial identity and racialization as well as the history of religious tensions in the homeland are perceived.
Conclusion
Authors: Kurien Prema A.
Published: January 2025

The Conclusion provides an overview of what the Indian American case teaches us about the factors shaping immigrant and ethnic politics. How do race and religion impact social location, and why is this important to understand? How does this framing in turn reshape our understanding of how political opportunity structures and group characteristics interact, as well as mobilization around foreign and domestic policy issues? The chapter also discusses generational differences in political activism as well as the role of social media in immigrant politics. It ends with an overview examining the Indian American model of mobilizing around a variety of identities and issues, rather than a mono-ethnic identity, and discusses whether diaspora activism portends an inclusionary or exclusionary future.
Through the Cracked Looking-Glass
Authors: Gustafson Thane
Published: January 2025

The major theme of this chapter is the deep flaws in the opening, and the negative views that Russians and Westerners developed about one another as a result. It begins by reviewing the initial, “romantic” phase of the early 1990s when Western goods and businesses were greeted by Russians with heady excitement and high expectations. The chapter then shows that this was soon mixed with disillusionment and resentment, as Russians became aware that many Westerners viewed Russia with contempt as the “losers” of the Cold War, though they often knew little about Russia beyond the headlines and tended to exaggerate the chaos of the “Wild East,” while underestimating the Russians’ underlying capacities and skills.
Introduction
Authors: Connell Kieran
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides an overview of competing definitions of multiculturalism, and situates the author in relation to the history of multicultural Britain by discussing his upbringing in inner-city Birmingham. The chapter examines the importance of immigration to the subject, and the centrality of Britain’s colonial past. It explains the rationale for the choice of geographic case studies to be examined in the book. It provides an overview of the book’s key arguments, including the importance of love and sex to the making of multicultural Britain.
Colour Bars
Authors: Connell Kieran
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces readers to the post-Second World War history of immigration to Nottingham. It provides an overview of the 1958 racist rioting in the city, and situates this in the broader context of the discrimination that underpinned Britain’s “color bar”. It examines the reaction to the unrest both from national government and on the part of local activists. The chapter argues that the seeds for the first restrictions on Commonwealth immigration were sewn in the response to the unrest that took place in 1958, and the government’s refusal to address the issue of white racism.
Prosody in clause chaining constructions
Authors: Gordon Matthew K.
Published: January 2025

Despite playing an important role in encoding information flow and relationships between events, states, and actions, the prosody of clause combining constructions has been relatively understudied compared to clause-internal prosody. Although there has long been a productive research programme investigating intonational and timing characteristics of clause boundaries in various languages, there is a paucity of phonetic and phonological work that systematically investigates multi-clausal prosodic structure. Because of their potential for great complexity, clause chains provide fertile ground for exploring the mapping between prosodic domains and clause-level and larger syntactic units. This chapter provides a typological synthesis of the prosodic characteristics of clause chains and closely related bridging constructions.
Clause chaining in Muskogean languages
Authors: Broadwell George Aaron
Published: January 2025

This chapter focuses on Muskogean, a family of six languages spoken in the Southeastern United States. All Muskogean languages have a nominative-accusative orientation, active verb agreement, and extensive switch-reference systems. There are two principal kinds of clause chaining in most Muskogean languages. One type of clause chaining has participle-like, largely same-subject relationships between adjacent clauses, with reduced inflectional possibilities for non-final verbs. This type does not fully contrast same-subject and different-subject in the switch-reference system. The second type of clause chaining occurs with adjunct clauses, shows full inflectional possibilities for subordinate verbs, and uses the switch-reference system extensively. Western Muskogean languages (Choctaw and Chickasaw) have an additional type of clause chaining, labelled consecutive, which shows an omission of tense marking on the subordinate clause along with a contrastive same-subject vs. different-subject distinction.
Summary of ‘The road not taken’ *
Authors: Gascho J.
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents a series of 12 articles reflecting different types of stroke. Article 1 discusses a cognitive neuropsychologist’s right anterior cortical stroke. Article 2 explores a general practitioner’s right hemisphere stroke. Article 3 narrates a nurse’s experience following a left frontal stroke, whereas Article 4 reflects on a late professor and classical pianist’s experience with a right parietal stroke. Article 5 describes a radiologist’s encounter with an acute right hemisphere stroke. Article 6 provides insight into a neuropsychologist’s life after a ruptured left frontal arteriovenous malformation that occurred at the age of 19 years. Article 7 details a psychiatrist’s episode of transient global amnesia. Article 8 recounts a nephrologist who suffered a cerebellar infarct. Article 9 examines an aphasiologist’s stroke affecting the brainstem. Article 10 reports on a cardiologist’s embolic stroke involving the cerebellum. Article 11 outlines the consequences of a neuroscientist’s brainstem infarct. Finally, Article 12 shares a nurse’s perspective on a right parietal lobe stroke.
Summary of ‘Reflecting on a nurse’s personal experience with a stroke’ *
Authors: Austin J. K.
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents a series of 12 articles reflecting different types of stroke. Article 1 discusses a cognitive neuropsychologist’s right anterior cortical stroke. Article 2 explores a general practitioner’s right hemisphere stroke. Article 3 narrates a nurse’s experience following a left frontal stroke, whereas Article 4 reflects on a late professor and classical pianist’s experience with a right parietal stroke. Article 5 describes a radiologist’s encounter with an acute right hemisphere stroke. Article 6 provides insight into a neuropsychologist’s life after a ruptured left frontal arteriovenous malformation that occurred at the age of 19 years. Article 7 details a psychiatrist’s episode of transient global amnesia. Article 8 recounts a nephrologist who suffered a cerebellar infarct. Article 9 examines an aphasiologist’s stroke affecting the brainstem. Article 10 reports on a cardiologist’s embolic stroke involving the cerebellum. Article 11 outlines the consequences of a neuroscientist’s brainstem infarct. Finally, Article 12 shares a nurse’s perspective on a right parietal lobe stroke.
Summary of ‘No question of denial’ *
Authors: Levin R. M.
Published: January 2025

This chapter brings together 17 narratives from those having to deal with dementia. Article 1 features a professor recounting early Alzheimer's symptoms. Article 2 discusses a GP's Alzheimer's and heart problems. Articles 3 and 4 include a neurologist's observations and reflections related to his Alzheimer's Disease. Articles 5 and 6 describe a neurologist's Parkinson's Disease (PD). Article 7 details a professor's fluctuating Parkinson's symptoms, whilst Article 8 shares a surgeon's PD experiences and effective treatment. Articles 9 and 10 see a doctor reflecting on early PD symptoms and patient-inspired insights. Article 11 provides a physician's insights on his PD's daily life impact. Article 12 by a physician, discusses PD, Lewy Body Dementia, and its effect on his identity. Article 13 narrates a neurologist's Lewy Body Dementia encounter. Articles 14 and 15 present a hepatologist's PD and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Articles 16 and 17 discuss the experiences with Primary Progressive Aphasia of a scientist and a physician respectively.
Summary of ‘Twilight and me: a soliloquy’ *
Authors: Drubach D. A.
Published: January 2025

This chapter brings together 17 narratives from those having to deal with dementia. Article 1 features a professor recounting early Alzheimer's symptoms. Article 2 discusses a GP's Alzheimer's and heart problems. Articles 3 and 4 include a neurologist's observations and reflections related to his Alzheimer's Disease. Articles 5 and 6 describe a neurologist's Parkinson's Disease (PD). Article 7 details a professor's fluctuating Parkinson's symptoms, whilst Article 8 shares a surgeon's PD experiences and effective treatment. Articles 9 and 10 see a doctor reflecting on early PD symptoms and patient-inspired insights. Article 11 provides a physician's insights on his PD's daily life impact. Article 12 by a physician, discusses PD, Lewy Body Dementia, and its effect on his identity. Article 13 narrates a neurologist's Lewy Body Dementia encounter. Articles 14 and 15 present a hepatologist's PD and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Articles 16 and 17 discuss the experiences with Primary Progressive Aphasia of a scientist and a physician respectively.
From expert to patient
Authors: Spencer T.
Published: January 2025

This chapter collects seven personal accounts of those who suffered a brain tumour. Article 1 is by a rheumatology professor who observed changes in speech and writing due to a left parietal glioma. Article 2 features a clinical neuropsychologist’s journey following multiple treatment for a right parietal glioma. Article 3 recounts a social work student’s battle with a right temporal ependymoma at the age of 15 years. Article 4 offers insights from a general practitioner who had a benign fourth ventricle subependymoma. Article 5 details a medical student’s confrontation with a golf ball-sized meningioma adjacent to her brainstem. Article 6 describes an oncology physician’s symptoms leading to an ependymoma diagnosis, involving the fourth ventricle and brainstem. Article 7 presents a cardiologist’s narrative on living with a left frontal astrocytoma, and the accompanying uncertainty and perpetual fear of recurrence.
Presence, Power, and Performing Political Representation; Or, What Happens in the Square
Authors: Saward Michael
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores a new and distinctive site of representative politics and its performance: the Square. The Square is a device for thinking about power and politics when the represented and representatives are physically co-present, such as in a city square or council chambers. The chapter brings ideas of participation and representation together. It argues that Hanna Pitkin’s inclusion of literal absence in her widely accepted definition of representation is misleading. Physical co-presence, virtual or remote co-presence, or an absence of co-presence are not central to the very meaning of representation. Evoking a sense of presence (Pitkin’s ‘in some sense’) through performing representative claims can and will occur in all these contexts, including the face-to-face. The chapter examines key dimensions of power and disempowerment in the Square, and how physical co-presence highlights performance—positioning of self, others, and material objects in space, the privileging of voice and movement, and so on. The analysis throws into relief key issues of where and when claims to representation are, or can be, performed, and contributes to our efforts to understand how context matters greatly to the dynamics of political representation.
Performing Democratic Listening
Authors: Celis Karen , Childs Sarah
Published: January 2025

Against its documented failings to provide good representation for all, those who wish to hold on to, and above all realize representative democracy’s promise should look to redesign and rebuild its political institutions. To this end, greater attention should be given to the hitherto neglected role of democratic listening. Our recent remaking of the case for women’s group representation in politics, Feminist Democratic Representation (FDR), imagines representation as it should be. In foregrounding voice and the reception of new voices through a new set of representatives (of women) and twin institutional augmentations, FDR addresses key concerns of the emergent democracy and listening literature regarding equality, inclusion, and responsiveness. Even so, listening is undertheorized relative to voice, and that is why we turn to imagining democratic listening as it should be, exploring its principles, practice, and performance.
Political Representatives and the Issue of the Eminent Image
Authors: Daloz Jean-Pascal
Published: January 2025

Political elites generally attach great importance to the manifestation of their eminent position. In democratic settings, however, the issue of the symbolic superiority of political actors is framed in somewhat different terms. Even though they often have to stand out and above—producing performances to that end—they also need to remain close enough to the citizens they claim to speak for. Whereas manifestations of elitist distinction are frequently underscored by journalistic anecdote and subject to denunciation in numerous essays, the theme has been underinvestigated by mainstream political scientists. In this chapter, after having offered some theoretical reflections, variables such as ostentation vs modesty, aloofness vs approachability of representatives are considered from a comparative perspective. Then contrasting illustrations of how political actors deal with prestige goods (both personal and official), embodied signs of superiority, and vicarious display are provided. Consequences in terms of image are discussed, with rather different scenarios being discernible.
The Sound of Political Representation
Authors: John Street
Published: January 2025

How do music and musicians make claims to represent peoples and causes? Examples of this abound, from stars who campaign on behalf of causes to politicians who use music to carry their message. This phenomenon has received less attention than it might seem to warrant. Using Shirin Rai’s framework for analysing political performances, this chapter explores the different ways in which musical performance is used to claim representation. It argues that Rai’s valuable framework can be expanded to include the particular sonic and gestural features of musical performances. Further, it proposes that music’s and musicians’ claim to political representation should be understood as part of a post-democratic order in which politics-as-spectacle is necessarily conducted in sounds as well as images.
Performing Representation on a Pedestal
Authors: Machin Amanda
Published: January 2025

Statues populate public spheres around the world, and although they often recede into the background of everyday life, it would be a mistake to assume that they hold no significance in contemporary societies. Placed on a pedestal, a statue is a highly political artefact that reflects and reproduces dominant imaginaries and is expected to represent the people in whose midst it stands. With reference to the Edward Colston statue in Bristol, this chapter interrogates the representative claims of statues, as well as the performances of commemoration and iconoclasm around them that strengthen, contest, or (re)make those claims. It concludes that if we want our societies to be more radically democratic then we have to allow for the continued debate over statues and the periodic disruption of public space through political performances.
Political Representation and the Performance of Ecological Restoration
Authors: Tănăsescu Mihnea
Published: January 2025

In our current age of ecological upheaval, the representation of non-human entities and forces is often done through rapidly evolving non-electoral forms. This chapter explores representative claims fashioned through the performative practice of ecological restoration. It argues that this practice allows a rethinking of the performance of political representation beyond the classic presence/absence paradigm or the familiar human/nature divide. Using the case of the restoration of the Bronx River, New York, it shows how ritualized practices create new hybrid political subjects, defined and enlivened through the reiterative performance of restoration. Through these emergent rituals, new representative claims become inseparable from the creation of subjects with the authority to speak in a new way, together with the non-humans they encounter. The chapter draws out some of the implications of this analysis for the wider theorizing of performing political representation.
Cornelia M. Rudderikhoff and Hilde de Ridder-Symoens (eds), Les registres-matricules de la nation germanique de l’ancienne Université d’Orléans, 1602–1689. Avec un supplement 1721–1781 (Leiden and Boston MA: Brill, 2023), pp. xvi + 909
Authors: Hegarty Andrew
Published: January 2025

This chapter highlights a review of Les registres-matricules de la nation germanique de l’ancienne Université d’Orléans, 1602–1689. Students at the University of Orléans were early on grouped into ten Nations; a mid-sixteenth-century reformatio imposed by arrêt of the Parlement of Paris reduced the Nations to only four: France, Picardy, Normandy, and Germany. By the early seventeenth century, the German Nation stood out for numbers as well as the organisation of its offer. The monarchs had distinguished and privileged the German Nation above all others by safeguarding members’ free movement and permitting use of arms — all in the Nation thereby benefitting in practice from treatment as nobles. Most interestingly, the physical heart of the German Nation from mid/late-sixteenth century onwards was its important library, which more than matched, at least for legal studies, what many European colleges elsewhere could provide for their students. Ultimately, the book is a magnificent reference work that presents records of the German Nation of Orléans.
The Shame of Addiction
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: January 2025

This chapter addresses two main questions about the ethics of addiction: 1. What moral attitudes should addicts have toward themselves? Does it make sense for addicts to experience shame and guilt, to feel responsible for their addiction and what they do because they are addicts? 2. What moral attitudes should we have toward addicts? Do addicts deserve disappointment, disdain, anger, and resentment? The chapter criticizes glib views that say that addiction is a disease therefore moral categories do not apply, and argue that addicts themselves typically think they are responsible, and do so for good reason. It is explained how shame can be motivating for addicts and can help reveal that the addict sees their situation correctly. The chapter describes and defends a set of humane ethical attitudes we can have toward addicts, and that involve holding addicts to account, and treating them with compassion.
Hope and Addiction
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: January 2025

The chapter assesses current theorizing about addiction, major debates in the field of addiction science, as well as various harm-reduction and treatment programs. Each of the three major theories of what addiction is—the self-medication model, the social dislocation model, and the brain disease model—have weaknesses. Each in its own way harms rather than helps motivate a holistic, integrated theory of addiction and sensible ethical and public policy. The chapter concludes with reasons for hope that integrated thinking about addiction will reduce addiction and substance misuse and help addicts and substance misusers heal.
Marshallese Articulations of Protest
Authors: Schwartz Jessica A.
Published: January 2025

This chapter considers how Indigenous sound artists and musicians in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) harness matrilineal customary and political connections to perform articulations of different, yet interconnected modalities of protest aimed at ongoing neocolonial violence that perpetuates nuclear injustice from the US nuclear testing program and climate change consequences, which have impacted those who already struggle with securing adequate health care, displacement, and disenfranchisement. Layering the scaled depths of generational violence, Marshallese sound-centered protests exemplify how such complex articulations are woven of the poetic and material histories that have been kept from the broader public due to the US culture of secrecy in the name of national security. Marshallese protest articulations (music, sound, and listening) thus engender sensible spaces wherein others can “[intervene] in the political” (Rancière 2004, 3) and create an aesthetic terrain that does not represent but rather is the dynamic topography of political contestation.
Climates of Dissent
Authors: Tausig Benjamin
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes a long-term pedagogical encounter—the author’s own study of a popular, three-stringed Isan Thai instrument called the phin—that examines the intersecting concepts of sonic environmentality and sonic dissent. Through common terms such as “soundscapes” and “protest music,” respectively, these terms have frequently been treated in scholarship as universal analytics. This chapter investigates instead how they might be treated with greater historical specificity. But terms presume a horizontal compatibility between radically different kinds of public spheres. Dissidents in different political contexts conceptualize music and sound in radically different ways. By thinking through sonic environmentality and sonic dissent together, the author argues for the provincialization of both, especially within sound studies and ethnomusicology.
Parsing Protest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Mixtape
Authors: Rivers Chérie
Published: January 2025

The texture of musical protest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of friction and improvisation. The combination of rich musical traditions with a brutal history of corruption and exploitation has cultivated in Congolese citizens the social reflex to voice dissent through song and mobilize sociopolitical action through music. And yet, despite the frequent deployment of these musical reflexes, the nation does not have an established arsenal of protest songs as such—there is no signature anthem, no cohesive repertoire, nor much transgenerational transmission of resistance refrains. Instead, pervasive political turbulence catalyzes a perpetually modulating call and response between politics and song. Against ever-changing social, political, and economic conditions, this chapter traces multivalent examples of musical dissent and empowerment in Congo from the colonial and independence eras to the rise of hip-hop in the 2010s.
What Is This Thing Called Protest Music?
Authors: Drott Eric
Published: January 2025

This chapter reconsiders what the term “protest music” signifies, taking as its point of departure an ephemeral performance that occurred during the 2016 protests against the loi El Khomri in France. After examining some of the ontological commitments embedded in received notions of protest music, the chapter proposes an alternative understanding of the practice, premised on the reciprocal mediation of the two terms that comprise this compound term, “protest” and “music.” The chapter then considers the role of genre (in the case of music) and tactical repertoires (in the case of protest) in shaping practices of sonic resistance and how their interaction may reshape what counts as music, what counts as protest, and what counts as musical protest. The final section reflects how tactics of sonic protest may be evolving and asks what responsibility music scholars have in tracking such changes.
Constitutional Privacy in Israeli Law
Authors: Birnhack Michael
Published: January 2025

The right to privacy is explicitly enumerated in the Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty, yet it is phrased in broad terms, leaving it to the government and the courts to determine its meaning and scope. Like other rights, privacy is subject to the limitation clause, which permits some governmental intrusions under some conditions. This chapter offers a critical review of Israeli constitutional privacy jurisprudence. The author discusses its emergence and observes that courts conceptualize privacy as a subset of human dignity and tend towards “privacy as control” as its organizing theory. The chapter offers two critiques: that courts should better articulate the harm to privacy before turning to balancing, otherwise the balancing exercise is partial and hence may skew the outcome in unfortunate ways; and that the overall judicial balancing framework enables hidden value-based judgements.
The Occupation in the Israeli Constitution
Authors: Kretzmer David
Published: January 2025

The accepted view of constitutional lawyers in Israel has been that in describing Israel’s constitutional order the state’s rule over the occupied West Bank is irrelevant. This view rests on the notion that under international law the West Bank is subject to a regime of belligerent occupation, which is by its very nature a temporary military regime under which the occupying power does not have sovereignty over the territory. That the “temporary” occupation has continued since the territory was occupied in the 1967 War, that the government acts as if it were a sovereign power in the territory, and that 400,000 Israeli nationals now live in West Bank settlements are not regarded as relevant. In this chapter the author analyses the legal, constitutional, and political factors that lead to the ineluctable conclusion that in describing Israel’s constitutional order its rule over the West Bank must be included. The implications of this conclusion vis a vis the definition of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state are discussed in the final section.
How Vocatives Illuminate Slurs
Authors: Jeshion Robin
Published: January 2025

In contemporary research on slurs, vocatives are largely ignored. This chapter argues that the interaction between slurs and vocatives offers surprising, novel data that calls out for explanation. In vocatives, slurs and their neutral counterparts diverge; that is, slurs occur freely as vocatives, while neutral counterparts do not. The chapter details the data distinguishing slur and neutral counterpart availability within vocatives and explicate why this data is important for a full account of slurs. Finally, it argues that an expressivist semantics of slurs offers a compelling explanation for this divergence between slurs and their neutral counterparts within vocatives.
Subjectivity
Authors: Willer Malte
Published: January 2025

The question of how, if at all, we can make sense of subjective judgments and content from a broadly truth-conditional perspective on natural language meaning has occupied a prominent place in the literature on philosophy of language and linguistics over the past twenty years. This is a (subjective) guide to the most important issues and results in the field. The chapter begins by discussing two prominent tests for a judgment being subjective or having subjective content: (a) its capacity to figure in faultless disagreements and (b) its capacity to be felicitously ascribable using subjective attitude verbs It then discusses the two major proposals for analyzing the distinct perspectival dependence that subjective judgments seem to exhibit: (a) a type-theoretical approach and (b) a family of analyses that model perspectival dependence as a special kind of contingency.
Foundations of Semantics
Authors: Davis Wayne A.
Published: January 2025

Leading theories on metaphysical foundations hold that meanings are grounded in a relation between the expressions of a language and objects they refer to or express. They differ in what related objects, and what relation to those objects, they specify. It is generally accepted that the relationship concerns how expressions are used by speakers of the language. Conventions turn what speakers mean and express into what words and sentences mean and express. We review problems with theories that focus on reference and truth and argue for a theory based on the expression of structured cognitive propositions, identified with thoughts. The fact that thoughts have parts is key to compositionality as well as word meaning.
Dryden and Congreve (and Milton and Jonson)
Authors: Lockwood Tom
Published: January 2025

This chapter considers the chiasmic careers of John Dryden and William Congreve, tracing patterns of influence and imitation between the two writers before and after their close collaboration in the 1690s. Exploring the relationships that Dryden models with the writing of Ben Jonson and John Milton, it proposes that the collaborative bond between Dryden and Congreve is fashioned through their shared understanding of earlier literary relationships. This chapter plays close attention to Dryden’s refashioning of his own Mac Flecknoe (1676) in his prefatory poem to Congreve’s play, The Double-Dealer (1694). It also explores the philosophical perspectives on collaboration and competition in Congreve’s play, The Way of the World (1695), considering the generational contrast between Hobbes and Locke, both writers known to Congreve. In the mutual understanding and companionship of Dryden and Congreve, the chapter establishes a model of collaboration that contrasts sharply with the competition so expertly staged in Congreve’s drama.
The Theatre of Politics and the Politics of Theatre
Authors: Taylor David Francis
Published: January 2025

The Restoration sees an imbrication of stagecraft and statecraft that is uncommonly intense and culturally defining. This chapter begins with an overview of the myriad ways this nexus of theatre and politics might be explored. Moving beyond the more familiar discussions of how the period’s drama grappled with the nature of political authority and subjecthood—how the playhouse served as a site where party ideology and rhetoric were fostered, tested, and deployed—it attends instead to how the Restoration stage perceives and articulates its relationship with the state. By examining some of the period’s prologues and epilogues, William Davenant’s theory of spectacle, and examples of metatheatre, this chapter seeks to trace Restoration theatre’s own understanding of its political operations.
Women, Prayer, and Prophecy
Authors: Prakas Tessie
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines the forms of female prophecy that flourished in England before and after the Restoration. Prophetic expression has typically been associated with mid-seventeenth-century sectarianism, but the vexed question of religious toleration after 1660 also created new impetus for religious dissent and indeed for prophecy. While some nonconformists retreated into quietism, others—including several women—framed the challenges they faced as a source of prophetic authority. Routinely characterized as weak, insubstantial, and impressionable, women could claim that these qualities made them natural vessels for divine word. I explore how Anna Trapnel and Anne Wentworth—writing before and after the Restoration respectively—both narrate disruptions to their domestic relationships to underscore their comparative intimacy with God. A more ambivalent account of prophecy appears in Anne Bradstreet’s 1642 ‘Dialogue’; I propose that the revised version of 1678 orients the poem toward a Restoration context precisely by foregrounding the original text’s prophetic potential.
Restoration Life-Writing and the Arts of Assembly
Authors: Bennett Kate
Published: January 2025

Restoration biography did not stay on the page. After 1660, readers wanted the biographical book to substitute for personal experience: they wanted to see faces and hear voices, stroll through private houses, and talk with those in the know. Based on gossip, rumour, and personal experience, newly based on archival research and the collection of unpublished papers, and swelled and supported with portraiture, prints, and contemporary documents, the Restoration life stimulated conversation. It moved far away from the expectation that the genre existed to present exemplary models. Even while discussing the Eikon Basilike, the ‘portrait’ of Charles I as a saint, his chaplain Anthony Walker defined ‘irregularity’ as a sign of authenticity. After the civil wars and the Interregnum, edifying steadfastness to moral prescriptions gave way to expedience and resourcefulness in the face of danger. From Charles’s sheltering in the oak at Boscobel, to William Harvey’s dodging a missile at Edgehill, what counted in the Restoration was tales of survival and resourcefulness. Anne, Lady Halkett, and Anne, Lady Fanshawe, described their witty shifts to survive in the chaos of the civil war. John Aubrey left a ‘booke of Secrets and reflections concerning so many great persons still alive’. Increasingly, what mattered was to portray the times through the experience of those who lived through them. Such adherence to modernity was also challenged by nostalgic or comic portraits of eccentrics whose way of life had been swept away for ever by the war.
Jacobite Literatures, 1688–1702
Authors: Monod Paul K.
Published: January 2025

Jacobite literature is writing that expresses support for the claims of the exiled Stuarts to the throne of England. In the 1690s, it circulated mainly in written manuscripts and was read by ardent groups of devoted followers. Jacobite poetry ran the gamut of genres, from epics to popular ditties and imaginative fantasies about the restoration of the Stuarts. It was written in all the languages of the British Isles and Ireland: Irish, Scots Gaelic, Scots English, Latin, and English. John Dryden contributed to it, as did lesser-known writers like James Philp, Archibald Pitcairne, Dáibhí Ó Bruadair, Ian Lom Mac-Dòmnailh, Henry Hall, Anne Finch, Countess of Winchelsea, and Jane Barker. By the end of the 1690s, in works by Jeremy Collier or Mary Astell, Jacobite literature was swinging away from themes of mourning, commemoration, or celebration and becoming a critique of post-revolutionary manners and morals.
Plays and Players, Playhouses and Playgoers
Authors: Hume Robert D.
Published: January 2025

Until very recently, almost all analysis of late-seventeenth-century English drama treated the plays essentially as literary documents—which is, of course, principally how we view them today. In their original context, however, these plays were designed as vehicles for favourite actors to be performed in theatres with changeable scenery, radically different from the nineteenth- and twentieth-century norms we have inherited. The scripts were subject to rather erratic government censorship, and the two patent companies that held a duopoly differed significantly in management, personnel, and rights to old plays. Our knowledge of what was performed day by day is drastically limited: we know or can plausibly estimate only about 10 per cent of approximately 14,000 total performances between 1660 and 1700. Moreover, our perception of the plays and their audience has been distorted by the moral prejudices of nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholars. Approaching the approximately 500 new plays staged in the half-century after the reopening of the theatres in 1660 as performances crafted to appeal to a mixed and rapidly changing audience, yields a very different sense of the drama of that time.
The Ritual Language of Militarization
Authors: McIntosh Janet
Published: January 2025

Ritualistic language is a key mechanism for instilling military priorities in service members and civilians alike. This chapter first exemplifies this claim by examining military rites of passage, focusing on the content and style of United States Marine Corps training language. Such language is rich with teachings about recruits’ necropolitical role, directly and indirectly conveying messages that recruits are interchangeable components of the military machine, that they are killable, and that they must dehumanize outgroups in turn. They learn to renounce aspects of individualism while receiving indirect lessons about the negotiability of human dignity and even of the military’s own official policies. The chapter then explores the linguistic militarization of US civilians through the ceremonial platitudes politicians and civilians utter about military service. It concludes by exploring the interdiscursive flow of military training stances into conservative political speech.
Dravidian Contributions to the Theory of Language Acquisition
Authors: Lidz Jeffrey
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines the role that the study of Kannada-learning children has played in the theory of language acquisition. The chapter reviews three sets of studies examining children’s acquisition of syntax. In each case, it reveals learners’ expectations about how the data of their experience relate to their prior theory of grammar. In the case of argument structure, children rely more on fundamental aspects of the linking between syntax and semantics than they do on statistical features of their environment. In the case of quantifier scope, children display an overreliance on surface c-command relations in driving their scope interpretations, suggesting that c-command holds a privileged place in children’s expectations about the link between syntax and semantics. Finally, in the case of quantifier-variable binding in ditransitive constructions, expectations about possible structures allow children to (a) project beyond their experience and (b) use statistical features of the environment to infer grammatical structure from a fixed set of choices.
Inflections in Home and School Languages
Authors: Raman Madhavi Gayathri
Published: January 2025

Where schooling is in a second language, oral or reading language impairment may likely be more reliably detected by parallel testing in home and school languages. Seventeen schoolchildren aged 8 + participated in production and judgement tasks on verb and noun inflection in Malayalam and English. Malayalam tasks were constructed to parallel existing English tasks in all verb-noun categories (regular/irregular, real/novel). Children’s performance was compared with that of their own peer groups. Seven subjects were identified as outliers (below the group lower fence for a task) in both languages on at least one task, and impaired performance in both languages was specific to parallel lexical categories (verb or noun). Although group performance in Malayalam was better than in English, more outlier instances on Malayalam tasks than English ones (and two additional outliers only in Malayalam) raise the issue of formal language education as an aid to children on the margins.
Women Writers and the “Male” Canon
Authors: Tylus Jane
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the roles and recognition of women in Italian literary history, examining how female authors have contributed to, reshaped, and often contested the traditionally male-dominated literary canon. Dacia Maraini amplifies overlooked voices in Chiara di Assisi (2014) by recounting Saint Clare’s defiant life through a contemporary lens, challenging readers to question who decides canonical worth. Italian writers from the Renaissance onward, like Gaspara Stampa, boldly reinterpreted Petrarchan tropes and pioneered female expression within restrictive literary frameworks. Two more recent writers, Natalia Ginzburg and Elena Ferrante, have redefined Italian literature by infusing familial and female-centered narratives into the canon. Concluding with contemporary feminist scholars, the chapter emphasizes the ongoing effort to create an inclusive canon that values diverse, historically marginalized voices.
Translating Research on Cognitive Enhancement and Brain Plasticity into Action
Authors: Beaudoin Monique E.
Published: January 2025

This chapter addresses how militaries have led and leveraged decades of neuroplasticity and neuromodulation research to enhance the cognitive performance of military service members and improve national security. There are several key military application areas in the cognitive domain that may benefit the most from cognitive enhancement research and development, such as decision-making, creativity, learning, rapid expertise development, fatigue countermeasures, enhanced resiliency against stress, and others. Many military and governmental research programs around the world have funded internationally recognized and interdisciplinary researchers to explore novel approaches to cognitive performance enhancement for the benefit of national security. This chapter provides a brief overview of some of the most compelling military investments in cognitive enhancement research, while also highlighting the key differences between military use of cognitive enhancement approaches and use of similar tools by the general population. The chapter also discusses ethical considerations for use of cognitive enhancement tools in able-bodied active-duty military service members. Finally, the chapter discusses potential future research avenues for the next wave of cognitive performance enhancement research for military applications, in light of the most recent developments in neurotechnology.
Emotions and Solidarity in the Global South
Authors: Benabdallah Lina
Published: January 2025

This chapter contends that emotions play a fundamental role in Global South politics. It examines how positive emotions and attributes such as friendship bonds, trust, and respect are salient in expressions of solidarity and diplomatic resilience among Global South states. In particular, it investigates emotional resonance and familiarity as a basis for expressions of solidarity in South–South relations. As illustration, the chapter looks into expressions of solidarity in China–Africa relations in two distinct political moments: during Africa’s anticolonial struggles and more recently under China’s New Silk Road initiative. Grounded in nostalgic narratives of history, emotional resonance and familiarity give Chinese elites the confidence to represent China’s development experiences as applicable to Global South states.
Thinking–Feeling–Doing International Relations Research
Authors: Shepherd Laura J. , Sjoberg Laura
Published: January 2025

Research is necessarily emotional because it is a human endeavor and scholars are feeling creatures—something important to understand with every word that we as international relations (IR) scholars think, write, and share. IR research is not only unimaginable without, but is also substantively and methodologically shaped by, two highly emotional conversations with self—one about the substance of the research and the other about its process. Who we are emotionally is bound up in every research choice that we make, although research is a distorted and imperfect mirror in which to evaluate the appearance of our selves. This chapter explores how we think–feel about, and make the choices that shape, our research, reflecting on our research practices and the emotions that surface in the contributions to this volume.
Handbooks
Authors: Bullard Paddy
Published: January 2025

A wide variety of seventeenth-century prose publications—often bearing the title words ‘enchiridion’, ‘manual’, or ‘vade mecum’—identified themselves as books-for-the-hand. This chapter argues that ‘handbooks’ (to use what was an exclusively antiquarian term during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries) constituted a distinctive print genre during the early modern period, notwithstanding the diversity of their themes and functions. The association of hands with books took various forms. The most common connotation was with compactness and portability. Manuals had a second set of associations, however, with the skilled or dexterous hand—with crafts, manual trades, professions, and recreations. This chapter emphasizes the innovations of design, format, and distribution made so often in this kind of publication and investigates how the prose they contain was determined by material form. Printed manuals provided the medium for a new genre of prose even more completely modern, perhaps, than that of the emerging novel.