bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gene expression of transforming growth factor‐β1 and hepatocyte growth factor during wound healing of injured rat vocal fold
Authors: Ohno Tsunehisa , Hirano Shigeru , Rousseau Bernard
Published: February 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To investigate the expression of genes coding transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and c‐Met, its membrane‐spanning tyrosine kinase receptor, during the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases of wound healing in the injured rat vocal fold.

Study Design:

Prospective animal study.

Methods:

Thirty five rats were involved in this study. Bilateral vocal fold wounds were created in 30 rats. Injured vocal fold specimens were harvested on postinjury day 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to quantify mRNA expression of TGF‐β1, HGF, and c‐Met. Five uninjured rats were used to establish PCR control.

Results:

Results of analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for TGF‐β1 (P = .000), HGF (P = .000), and c‐Met (P = .000) expression across time points. Post‐hoc testing revealed that TGF‐β1 expression increased significantly on postinjury day 7 (P = .001) compared to control. HGF expression decreased significantly on postinjury day 1 (P = .001), and increased significantly on postinjury day 14 (P = .000). c‐Met expression decreased significantly on postinjury day 1 (P = .000), day 3 (P = .000), and day 56 (P = .000), and increased significantly on postinjury day 28 (P = .000).

Conclusions:

Results revealed time‐dependent changes in the regulation of genes coding TGF‐β1, HGF, and c‐Met during wound healing in the injured rat vocal fold. These patterns of gene expression correspond well with previously reported histologic changes of the rat vocal fold after injury. Laryngoscope, 2009
Adjustment of wear particle size distribution . of DLC coatings for tribological metal‐on‐metal pairing in artificial hip joints
Authors: Stamm B. , Küzün B. , Filipov O. , Reuter S. , Erdmann I. , Deuerler F. , Krix D. , Huba K. , Nienhaus H. , Buck V.
Published: February 2009

The term DLC (diamond‐like carbon) describes a whole class of different biocompatible materials based on amorphous carbon. One possible application for DLC is the coating of artificial hip joints to increase their life expectancy. The life expectancy of artificial hip joints is limited by osteolysis caused by wear particles, especially by wear particles in a range from 0.3 μm to 10 μm. In this study, biocompatible steel substrates are coated with DLC. Coatings with different structure are produced and investigated regarding their wear behavior. The aim is to influence the wear particle size distribution. To improve the adhesion of the coatings on the substrate, metallic interface layers are deposited by cathodic vacuum arc deposition, comparing chromium and titanium as interface layer material. The DLC‐coatings are deposited by a vacuum arc that allows a transition from cathodic to anodic operation mode.

It is shown, that by varying the deposition process parameters and thus by variation of the film properties, the wear particle size distribution can be adjusted significantly.
Production of biohybrid protein/PEO scaffolds by electrospinning
Authors: Szentivanyi A. , Assmann U. , Schuster R. , Glasmacher B.
Published: February 2009

Electrospun polymeric micro‐ and nanofibers offer the opportunity to reproduce the filamentous structure of the extracellular matrix in native tissues. The ability to electrospin extracellular matrix proteins offers the additional benefit of being able to create a chemical and structural microenvironment for cells in order to influence their behavior during scaffold seeding and tissue formation. This offers significant advantages over unspecific protein adsorption or functionalisation with adhesion promoting peptide sequences.

However, producing electrospun fibers from pure protein solutions remains difficult and costly. A more accessible approach is to introduce proteins into electrospun fibers by blending synthetic polymer solutions with selected extracellular matrix proteins. The correct choice of polymer also makes the usage of toxic and denaturing solvents unnecessary. In this study we have investigated the production process for and the suitability of protein/PEO fibers, specifically collagen I/PEO, as cell culture substrates.
Ceramic‐on‐ceramic vs. metal‐on‐metal in total hip arthroplasty (THA): do 36‐mm diameters exhibit comparable wear performance? Keramik‐Keramik vs. Metall‐Metall in Totalprothesen‐Hüftgelenkspfanne‐. Arthroplastik: zeigen 36‐mm Durchmesser ähnliche Verschleißverhalten?
Authors: Spinelli M. , Affatato S. , Corvi A. , Viceconti M.
Published: February 2009

Hard‐on‐hard hip implants were thought as a solution to wear problems affecting polyethylene. Alumina ceramic and metal articulations are harder, biocompatible, and result in reduced wear and particles to the surrounding tissue. Alumina ceramic hip implants produce lower wear rates than other combinations (i.e. metal‐on‐metal and metal/ceramic‐on‐polyethylene) . However, ceramic presents some limitations: a higher fracture rate in the case of alumina components and hydrothermal degradation for zirconia. On the other end, metal‐on‐metal articulations have shown in vivo metal ions release and a substantial lymphocytic immune response. The wear of hard‐on‐hard bearings is affected by various design parameters, such as clearance, surface roughness, and diameter. Last generation large‐diameter metal THA designs proved effective wear performance, in in vitro testing, reducing ions release. Moreover such bearing material would prove a cost‐effective solution to ceramic designs. Aim of this study was to investigate the wear behaviour of a 36‐mm last generation metal‐on‐metal hip prosthesis and compare it to currently used 36‐mm ceramic‐on‐ceramic articulations. Wear test was carried out applying an internal protocol based on the current normative. Bovine calf serum was used as lubricant. The weight loss during the whole wear test was lower for the ceramic‐on‐ceramic combination than for the metal‐on‐metal one. Significant statistical differences were observed between the two different configurations tested.

Our data favoured ceramic‐on‐ceramic combination rather than metal‐on‐metal; the total weight loss shows lower values if compared to classic metal‐on‐polyethylene bearings.

It would be very useful to have a significant indicator of wear according to the other influencing design parameters (Cd, Ra, λratio) as to provide more effective design in THA. Nevertheless, a hard‐on‐hard hybrid coupling could be an interesting solution for the clinical practice, and further studies are needed.
Preparation and properties of ultra‐hydrophilic surfaces on titanium and steel
Authors: Lattner D. , Jennissen H. P.
Published: February 2009

The kinetics of development of ultra‐hydrophilicity by concentrated chromosulfuric acid action at 240 °C on titanium and medicinal 316L steel miniplates have been measured by a temperature‐jump method. It is shown here that ultra‐hydrophilicity (contact angle <10 °, absent contact angle hysteresis) is fully developed on electropolished titanium, anodically oxidized titanium, microstructured (sandblasted, acid etched) titanium and steel after 10–20 min in chromosulfuric acid. The simultaneous determination of the microscopic roughness factor leads to the conclusion that ultra‐hydrophilicity is not due to an increase in roughness factor, but is probably due to surface chemical changes. The very low contact angles therefore reflect high surface energies. In the case of the microstructured (sandblasted, acid etched) titanium surface the formation of a nanostructure (spheroids ca. 100 nm in diameter) especially in the valleys of the microstructure can be demonstrated. Ultra‐hydrophilicity is lost in pure water but is conserved in liquids such as dry methanol or dry ethanol and also in the dry state through protection by a fine dissication layer. Thus the titanium surface enhanced by chromsulfuric acid action displays novel physicochemical and probably biological functions in the form of ultra‐hydrophilicity and osteophilicity respectively.
Information behavior in developing countries: Research, issues, and emerging trends
Authors: Bilal Dania , Britz Johannes , Mehra Bharat , Rioux Kevin , Meho Lokman , Menou Michel
Published: February 2009

The field of library and information science (LIS) has historically been a leading discipline in studying human information behavior (Spink & Cole, 2006). Information seeking in industrialized nations is grounded in theories and moving towards new directions and evolutionary approaches that often challenge the established paradigms of information behavior studies (see Case, 2007; Spink & Cole, 2006; Fisher, Erdelez, & Mckechnie, 2005; Chelton & Cool, 2004. Information behavior has been conceptualized in a holistic context that draws upon theories from various disciplines such as cognitive science, communication, psychology, and computer science (Nahl & Bilal, 2007; Spink & Cole, 2006). Compared to industrialized nations, most developing countries relegate towards the bottom heap of research on information behavior (Coleman, 2005; Britz, 2005).

A panel of researchers, educators, and consultants will address research in information behavior in various contexts in developing countries, particularly in India, South Africa, and the Arab world. Based on their research findings and experiences, the speakers will trace themes, map the intellectual terrain, identify emerging trends and approaches, and frame issues related to information behavior research in these countries. Moreover, they will identify significant knowledge domains, concepts, and topics of application in information behavior research where there can be mutual exchange between developing countries and the industrialized nations (including the United States) to nurture and further growth in this area of study.
What crossword puzzles teach us about information
Authors: Efron Miles
Published: February 2009

This paper studies crossword puzzles as a vehicle for analyzing information in a rigorous yet meaningful fashion. The paper asks, how does information operate in the context of crossword puzzles? A model is proposed that quantifies the difficulty of a puzzle P with respect to its clues. Given a clue‐answer pair (c,a), we model the difficulty of guessing a based on c using the conditional probability Pr(a | c); easier mappings should enjoy a higher conditional probability. The model is tested on a corpus of puzzles taken from The New York Times. Additionally, we discuss how the notion of information implicit in our model relates to more easily quantifiable types of information that figure into crossword puzzles.
CommNets 2.0: Using an evolutionary perspective to examine a statewide community networking initiative
Authors: Clodfelter Kathryn , Buente Wayne , Rosenbaum Howard
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we demonstrate how Aldrich and Ruef's (2006) community evolutionary perspective can help explain preliminary data from a follow‐up website content analysis of Indiana's community networking initiative (Clodfelter, Buente, & Rosenbaum, 2006) and provide insight into the future of community networks in a Web 2.0 environment. We start by defining community networks and introduce several time‐based views of community technology initiatives. We then describe the community evolutionary perspective and propose viewing community networks as an organizational community that is subject to the evolutionary processes of variation, selection, retention, and struggle. We then apply the community evolutionary perspective to community networking activity in the United States.
Toward an integrated framework of information and communication behavior: College students' information resources and media selection
Authors: Young Rieh Soo
Published: February 2009

This study investigated college students' selection of information resources and engagement in information activities from the perspective of an integrated framework of information and communication behavior, by examining students' interactions with many different types of information resources and media across their school, personal, entertainment, problem solving, and other daily routines. Both web‐based diaries and semi‐structured interviews were used to capture students' information behavior in natural settings. The subjects logged into a web‐based diary and recorded the details of their most important information seeking activity on that day by responding to eleven questions including information seeking topic, resources used, time taken, difficulty, familiarity, and confidence. Two hundred and forty‐five information seeking episodes reported by twenty‐four subjects from three different colleges and universities were collected over a ten‐day period. Findings indicate that the students used multiple information resources in one information seeking episode to verify the content in, often, both information and communication behaviors. The results also reveal that information seeking can be better understood from a social framework because students were aware that human information behavior is influenced by other people's opinions and recommendations and may also affect other people's lives.
Public bookmarks and private benefits: An analysis of incentives in social computing
Authors: Wash Rick , Rader Emilee
Published: February 2009

Users of social computing websites are both producers and consumers of the information found on the site. This creates a novel problem for web‐based software applications: how can website designers induce users to produce information that is useful for others? We study this question by interviewing users of the social bookmarking website del.icio.us. We find that for the users in our sample, metadata reflecting who bookmarked a webpage better supports information seeking than free‐form keyword metadata (tags). We explain this finding by describing differences in the way that the design of del.icio.us motivates users to contribute by providing personal benefits for bookmarking and tagging.
Querying information systems or interacting with intermediaries? Towards understanding the informational capacity of online communities
Authors: Lueg Christopher P
Published: February 2009

Online communities have emerged as a topic of particular interest to information behavior researchers. When studying how information is shared and distributed in online communities we found that the informational capacity of online communities is not limited to providing specific information but may also include helping the information seeker understand (and often re‐conceptualize) his or her information needs. Conceptualizing the interactive processes we often observed as “mediated interaction” suggests to investigate the specific characteristics of these processes as well as to explore ways to enable and support respective interactions in online communities.
Fusion approach to finding opinionated blogs
Authors: Yang Kiduk , Yu Ning , Valerio Alejandro , Zhang Hui , Ke Weimao
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we describe a fusion approach to finding opinionated blog postings. Our approach to opinion blog retrieval consisted of first applying traditional IR methods to retrieve on‐topic blogs and then boosting the ranks of opinionated blogs based on combined opinion scores generated by multiple assessment methods. Our opinion module is composed of the Opinion Term Module, which identifies opinions based on the frequency of opinion terms (i.e., terms that occur frequently in opinion blogs), the Rare Term Module, which uses uncommon/rare terms (e.g., “sooo good”) for opinion classification, the IU Module, which uses IU (I and you) collocations, and the Adjective‐Verb Module, which uses computational linguistics' distribution similarity approach to learn the subjective language from training data.
Virtual community maintenance with a collaborative repository
Authors: Hansen Derek L. , Ackerman Mark S. , Resnick Paul J. , Munson Sean
Published: February 2009

Virtual communities, like all communities, require ongoing community maintenance activities. This paper presents an empirical study examining how a wiki repository was used to help overcome some of the community maintenance challenges common to help‐based email list discussions. Specifically, we found that inclusion of off‐topic but related content on the wiki enabled list members to keep the discussion on‐topic while still addressing the needs of members. Offloading of repetitive and potentially contentious “holy war” debates to the wiki encouraged list members to summarize their arguments into a meaningful information product. The community's use of the wiki in helping answer frequently asked questions helped attract new members and helped them gain the knowledge they needed to comfortably contribute to the email list. It also helped active participants answer questions more efficiently and effectively by supporting the reuse of information. Finally, the wiki supported peripheral participation by new and former members. This study demonstrates that the architecture of information collections and information flows in an online community has a significant impact on the social processes related to community maintenance.
The loss of domain knowledge in user search queries: A query log analysis of a botanical retrieval system
Authors: Tang Xiaoya , Heidorn Bryan
Published: February 2009

This study analyzed the user search queries of an experiment conducted on a full‐text botanical retrieval system. Search terms were extracted and categorized. Term frequencies in each category were calculated. Search terms were compared with target documents. The results reveal preferences for the kinds of information used in search queries, that search queries and document representations use very different format and vocabulary, and that the domain knowledge used in user search queries is lost when such queries are interpreted by the system.
Tagging & utility: The effects of social tagging on a collaborative task
Authors: Mirzaee Vanesa , Iverson Lee , Khan Samia
Published: February 2009

This poster describes an experiment which is being carried out to investigate the effects of integrating a social tagging model into an existing work‐related/task‐oriented application; a Web 2.0 case study repository and cross‐case analysis application. In this study, we will focus on investigating the utility of the application as well as the users' behavioral patterns in an attempt to gain a better understanding of (1) how users utilize a tagging model to manage their personal and social information space, (2) the users' behavioral patterns as they classify, explore, retrieve, and share the information utilizing tagging models and how this differs from a non‐social tagging model, (3) the impact of a social tagging model in the quality of the work produced.
Revising place‐code schemes for humanitarian relief
Authors: Kemp Randall B.
Published: February 2009

When clear communication about a location, such as a village name, is critical in times of humanitarian intervention, the use of place names can result in ambiguity. A place code system, on the other hand, has potential to reduce confusion and increase information sharing and coordination of relief efforts. This poster explores the possibilities of a place‐code scheme revision for humanitarian action.
Self‐representation of online identity in collected hyperlinks
Authors: Russell Terrell , Stutzman Frederic
Published: February 2009

Online identity is the representation of one's persona in a digital context. A primary factor in this representation is the collection of links that represent an individual in search. Designed by the authors, claimID (http://claimID.com) is a web service that enables individuals to use the hyperlinks about them to create a rich presentation of their online identity. In this paper, we analyze patterns of self‐representation of online identity as observed in claimID.
A systematic approach for the generation and verification of structural hypotheses
Authors: Elyashberg Mikhail , Blinov Kirill , Williams Antony
Published: February 2009

During the process of molecular structure elucidation the selection of the most probable structural hypothesis may be based on chemical shift prediction. The prediction is carried out using either empirical or quantum‐mechanical (QM) methods. When QM methods are used, NMR prediction commonly utilizes the GIAO option of the DFT approximation. In this approach the structural hypotheses are expected to be investigated by scientist. In this article we hope to show that the most rational manner by which to create structural hypotheses is actually by the application of an expert system capable of deducing all potential structures consistent with the experimental spectral data and specifically using 2D NMR data. When an expert system is used the best structure(s) can be distinguished using chemical shift prediction, which is best performed either by an incremental or neural net algorithm. The time‐consuming QM calculations can then be applied, if necessary, to one or more of the ‘best’ structures to confirm the suggested solution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlates of peer victimization and achievement: An exploratory model
Authors: Beran Tanya
Published: February 2009

This study investigates peer victimization and achievement. Adolescents aged 12–15 years were drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, which is a stratified random sample of 22,831 households in Canada. Teachers', children's, and parents' reports were combined in a latent variable path analysis, χ2(51) = 348.54, p < .000. The model converged in six iterations resulting in a Comparative Fit Index = .90, and a standardized residual mean error of .05. The model shows that adolescents who are victimized by their peers are at risk of experiencing poor school achievement if they exhibit disruptive behaviors, receive little support from their teachers, and experience non‐nurturing, rejecting behaviors from their parents. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pregabalin (Lyrica): an option for peripheral neuropathic pain
Authors: Ratcliffe Jennine , Rowbotham David
Published: February 2009

Pregabalin is a treatment for peripheral neuropathic pain. Here, the authors discuss its safety and efficacy and highlight its advantages over other drugs currently available for treating this condition. Copyright © 2006 Wiley Interface Ltd
NICE statins guidance: prevention of cardiovascular events
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: February 2009

NICE has recently published its new technology appraisal on statin use for the prevention of cardiovascular events. Here, Steve Chaplin discusses the appraisal and summarises some of the key points of the new guidance. Copyright © 2006 Wiley Interface Ltd
The placebo response: an important part of treatment
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: February 2009

Steve Chaplin describes why placebos are prescribed, the size of the response and whether their use is ethical. Copyright © 2006 Wiley Interface Ltd
Alvesco: a once‐daily steroid for asthma prophylaxis
Authors: Ryan Dermot
Published: February 2009

Ciclesonide is a novel inhaled steroid with high lung deposition and a once‐daily dosage.Dr Ryan considers its properties and its potential role in asthma prophylaxis. Copyright © 2006 Wiley Interface Ltd
Combined and progestogen‐only oral contraception
Authors: MacGregor Anne
Published: February 2009

Health professionals are now faced with helping women choose from a wide range of different combined and progestogen‐only oral contraceptives, each with their advantages and disadvantages. Our Drug Review considers their efficacy and associated benefits and risks, followed by sources of useful information in Resources and the Datafile. Copyright © 2006 Wiley Interface Ltd
Anxiety in old age: current approaches to drug treatment
Authors: Lindesay James
Published: February 2009

Our series Prescribing in older people gives practical advice for successful management of the special problems experienced by this patient group. Here, Professor Lindesay discusses current management approaches to anxiety. Copyright © 2006 Wiley Interface Ltd
The theory of material flow substance
Authors: Song Bohui , Xu Shoubo
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we put forward the theory of material flow (MF) substance for the first time based on the MF Theory. We consider that that MF is a comprehensive body of substances; and transportation, storing, LUH (loading, unloading and handling) and distribution processing are the four independent links of MF substance. Transportation, storing and LUH are the three indispensable links; of which, transportation and storing are the core links and LUH is the auxiliary link. Distribution processing is the expanded link of MF substance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of automated antral follicle counts made using three‐dimensional ultrasound and SonoAVC
Authors: Deb S. , Jayaprakasan K. , Campbell B. K. , Clewes J. S. , Johnson I. R. , Raine‐Fenning N. J.
Published: February 2009

Objective

To assess the reliability of automated measurements of the total antral follicle count (AFC) made using Sono‐Automatic Volume Count (SonoAVC), and to compare these to two‐dimensional (2D) and manual three‐dimensional (3D) techniques.

Methods

Fifty‐five subjects aged under 40 years who had 3D transvaginal ultrasound examination in the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle were prospectively recruited. 3D datasets were acquired and subsequently analyzed. The total AFC (2–10 mm antral follicles) was calculated by two observers using three independent methods: 2D real‐time equivalent (2D‐RTE), 3D manual multiplanar view (3D‐MPV), and SonoAVC. For measurements made using SonoAVC, the initial automated count (sAVC‐AA) was recorded and postprocessing (sAVC‐PP) then applied to identify follicles that had been missed or incorrectly included. Intraclass correlation and limits of agreement were used to evaluate the methods.

Results

The intra‐ and interobserver reliability of measurements of total AFC was best with SonoAVC with postprocessing followed by 3D‐MPV and 2D‐RTE. The initial count calculated by sAVC‐AA missed follicles and this was reflected in the significantly lower mean total AFC (6.51 ± 4.79) than that made after postprocessing techniques (sAVC‐PP, 18.42 ± 10.53, P < 0.001; 3D‐MPV, 19.38 ± 10.85, P < 0.001; and 2D‐RTE, 19.26 ± 10.55, P < 0.001). The mean total AFC became more comparable with postprocessing (sAVC‐PP) but still remained significantly lower than counts made with 2D‐RTE and 3D‐MPV (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

SonoAVC with postprocessing is a reliable method for measuring total AFC. It takes longer to perform, because of the need for postprocessing, and obtains values that are lower than those obtained by the 2D and 3D‐MPV techniques. However, the AFC obtained by sAVC‐PP is likely to be lower because this method measures and color codes each follicle preventing recounting. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Room‐Temperature Synthesis of Bismuth Clusters in Ionic Liquids and Crystal Growth of Bi5(AlCl4)3
Authors: Ahmed Ejaz , Köhler Daniel , Ruck Michael
Published: February 2009

The viability of Lewis‐acid ionic liquids for the synthesis of low‐valent bismuth compounds is demonstrated. At room temperature, elemental bismuth and bismuth(III) cations synproportionate in the ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl/AlCl3 ([BMIM]+: 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) within minutes. The existence of bismuth polycations in the dark colored solution was proven by Raman spectroscopy. Dark‐red crystals of Bi5(AlCl4)3 were isolated from the ionic liquid and characterized by Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography (rhombohedral space‐group $R{\bar 3}c$, a = 1187.1(2) pm, c = 3012.0(3) pm). The method allows the synthesis of bismuth cluster compounds under milder conditions than in high‐temperature melts and more conveniently and environmental friendly than in liquid SO2 with strongly oxidizing, toxic agents like SbF5 or AsF5.
Iron and Nickel Complexes Containing β‐Diketiminato Ligands with Thioether Tethers
Authors: Pfirrmann Stefan , Limberg Christian , Hoppe Elke
Published: February 2009

A novel β‐diketiminato ligand precursor, LH (II), containing thioether tethers was synthesized by the reaction of acetylacetone and 2‐methylthioaniline. II was deprotonated and used in the synthesis of two iron(II) complexes, [LFeCl] (1), and [LFeOTf] (2), and one nickel(II) complex, [LNiBr] (3). All three compounds were characterized by means of single crystal X‐ray diffraction and their structures are discussed.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Ternary Compounds Belonging to the Series RE2+mNi4+mAl15+4m (RE = rare earth metal)
Authors: Delsante Simona , Richter Klaus W. , Ipser Herbert , Borzone Gabriella
Published: February 2009

The investigation of selected alloys in the Al‐rich part of ten RE‐Ni‐Al systems (RE = rare earth metal) has proved the existence of eight new ternary compounds: five with stoichiometry “R4Ni6Al23” (mC66‐Y4Ni6Al23‐type, for RE = Pr, Nd, Tb, Dy, Ho) and three with stoichiometry “R3Ni5Al19” (oC108‐Gd3Ni5Al19‐type, for RE = Sm, Dy and Er). In addition, the existence of R4Ni6Al23 (RE = Ce and Gd) and of Gd3Ni5Al19 has been confirmed. Lattice parameters have been determined and compared with those previously reported in literature. The samples have been synthesized from pure elements by induction melting, annealed at 800 °C and then water quenched. Micrographic characterization was carried out using a light optical microscope (LOM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The structural characterization was performed by X‐ray powder diffraction.
Synthese und Kristallstrukturen von 1,1,3,3‐Tetramethylimidazolinium‐dichlorid und 1,1,4‐Trimethylpiperazinium‐chlorid
Authors: Massa Werner , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: February 2009

Synthesis and Crystal Structures of 1,1,3,3‐Tetramethylimidazolinium Dichloride and 1,1,4‐Trimethylpiperazinium Chloride

Single crystals of 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylimidazolinium dichloride (1) and 1,1,4‐trimethylpiperazinium chloride (2) were obtained by reaction of CH2Cl2 with tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and NNN′N″N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), respectively. Both compounds are characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction and by IR spectroscopy.

1: [C7H18N2]Cl2, space group P21/c, Z = 4, lattice dimensions at 193(2) K: a = 821.97(11), b = 1130.38(8), c = 1143.08(13) pm, β = 100.348(15)°, R1 = 0.0271. The C7N2 heterocyclic ring has envelope conformation like other salts with this dication.

2: [C7H17N2]Cl, space group P212121, Z = 4, lattice dimensions at 100(2) K: a = 1030.37(8), b = 1036.55(6), c = 831.39(4) pm, R1 = 0.0180. Although the heterocyclic mono‐cation is without site symmetry in the crystal, its molecular symmetry is close to Cs, forming chair conformation of the C4N2 six‐membered ring.
The Structure of Cu6Sn5‐xSbx – Large Effects of Subtle Doping
Authors: Lidin Sven , Piao Shu‐Ying
Published: February 2009

~Small amounts of antimony shifts the thermal stability range of ht‐Cu6Sn5. To make this phase stable at room temperature, and easily accessible by prolonged annealing, a model previously suggested for the ht‐phase is shown to be entirely correct in this single crystal study.
Outcome of the Rhomboid Flap for Recurrent Pilonidal Disease
Authors: el‐Khadrawy Osama , Hashish Mohamed , Ismail Khaled , Shalaby Helmy
Published: February 2009

Background

Pilonidal sinus is a common chronic disease of the sacrococcygeal region. Treatment varies according to the clinical presentation of the disease. Although many surgical methods have been suggested, an ideal method is still lacking because of high recurrence rates. Recurrent disease causes significant morbidity, particularly missing time from work. The aim of this study was to assess the rhomboid flap’s role in promoting primary healing in recurrent pilonidal disease and to evaluate morbidity and recurrence.

Methods

This prospective study included 60 patients who were treated with the use of a rhomboid flap closure for recurrent sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus at Tanta University Hospital, Egypt, from January 2000 to October 2006. The follow‐up period ranged from 6 months to 7 years, with the mean follow‐up period about 2.5 years.

Results

There were 46 males and 14 females with a median age of 18 years (range = 16–38 years). The mean hospital stay was 6 days (range = 5–11 days). Four patients had to be hospitalized for 1–2 weeks due to superficial wound infection; they recovered with injected antibiotics. The mean time to return to work after discharge from the hospital was 15 days (range = 12–26 days). Postoperative morbidity involved superficial wound infection in 9 patients (15%). There were six recurrences (10%). Eleven patients (18.3%) had numbness over the flap and 12 patients (20%) were not pleased with the cosmetic appearance of the scars.

Conclusions

Our study favors the rhomboid flap for recurrent sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus, especially for complex sinuses, and found it suitable for cases where simpler operations have failed. It allows early return to full activity, does not necessitate prolonged postoperative care, and has very low recurrence and complications rates which may outweigh the disadvantages related to an unfavorable cosmetic appearance.
Fiber tracking of white matter integrity connecting the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Kito Shinsuke , Jung Jiuk , Kobayashi Tetsuo , Koga Yoshihiko
Published: February 2009

The goal of this study was to detect abnormalities in white matter integrity connecting the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and the prefrontal cortex using fiber-tracking technique. Diffusion tensor imaging was acquired in 20 patients with schizophrenia and 20 normal comparison subjects. Fiber tracking was performed on the anterior thalamic peduncle, and the tractography was used to determine the cross-sectional area, mean fractional anisotropy, and standard deviation of fractional anisotropy for every step separately in the right and left hemispheres. Compared with normal subjects, patients showed a significant reduction in the cross-sectional area of the left anterior thalamic peduncle. There were no significant differences for the mean fractional anisotropy bilaterally between the two groups, but significant differences for the standard deviation of fractional anisotropy in both hemispheres. Reduction in the cross-sectional area of the left anterior thalamic peduncle suggests the presence of the failure of left-hemisphere lateralization. In schizophrenic patients a significant increase of the standard deviation of fractional anisotropy raise the possibility that the inhomogeneity of white matter integrity, which is densely or sparsely distributed by site. These findings might provide further evidence for disruption of white matter integrity between the thalamus and the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.
Robustness and topology of the yeast cell cycle Boolean network
Authors: Lee Wen-Bin , Huang Jiun-Yan
Published: February 2009

Yeast cell cycle Boolean network was used as a case study of robustness to protein noise. Robustness was interpreted as involving stability of G1 steady state and sequence of gene expression from cell cycle START to stationary G1. A robustness measure to evaluate robustness strength of a network was proposed. Robust putative networks corresponding to the same steady state and sequence of gene expression of wild‐type network were sampled. Architecture of wild‐type yeast cell cycle network can be revealed by average topology profile of sampled robust putative networks.
Role of genetic polymorphisms and ovarian cancer susceptibility
Authors: Fasching Peter A. , Gayther Simon , Pearce Leigh , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Goode Ellen , Thiel Falk , Chenevix-Trench Georgia , Chang-Claude Jenny , Wang-Gohrke Shan , Ramus Susan , Pharoah Paul , Berchuck Andrew
Published: February 2009

The value of identifying women with an inherited predisposition to epithelial ovarian cancer has become readily apparent with the identification of the BRCA1, and BRCA2 genes. Women who inherit a deleterious mutation in either of these genes have a very high lifetime risk of ovarian cancer (10–60%) and to some extent, increased risks of fallopian tube and peritoneal cancer. These highly lethal cancers are almost completely prevented by prophylactic salpingoophorectomy. BRCA1/2 mutation testing has become the accepted standard of care in families with a strong history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. This approach has the potential to reduce ovarian cancer mortality by about 10%.

Although the ability to perform genetic testing for BRCA1 and 2 represents a significant clinical advance, the frequency of mutations in these high penetrance ovarian cancer susceptibility genes is low in most populations. There is evidence to suggest that ovarian cancer susceptibility might be affected by common low penetrance genetic polymorphisms like it was shown for several common disorders like diabetes or breast cancer. Although such polymorphisms would increase risk to a lesser degree, they could contribute to the development of a greater proportion of ovarian cancers by virtue of their higher frequencies in the population. It has been shown that the most powerful approach to studying low penetrance genes is an association study rather than a linkage study design. This review describes the efforts that have been made in this field by individual case–control studies and through multi‐center collaborations as part of international consortia such as the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC).
The Mss. of Callimachvs' Hymns
Authors: Smiley M. T.
Published: February 2009

Thus far, discarding such manuscripts as are copies of printed editions, we have arrived at the following grouping:

1. The group x (= ABCK), in which K is a copy of A, and B of C, while A and C are brothers, the former being only slightly superior to the latter.

2. SQq. Here Q is a copy of S, whose borrowings from Politian it incorporated. Q added some readings from C or K, and scholia and other readings from a manuscript of the Ee stock; and after Q had received these additions, q was in turn copied from Q.

3. IID. Mr. Allen thinks it possible that, for the Homeric Hymns, these two are not direct copies of the same manuscript; and his conclusions may be accepted as indicating their mutual kinship in regard to Callimachus also. D's lost Callimachean portion gave some readings to Politian's text of Hymn V., and is in part represented by J. Lascaris' editio princeps of all six Hymns.

4.Ee, found to be brothers.

5. The group z (= FAtGHAIBr). Here At appears to be a brother of F; and F stands apart from the z2 section ( = GHAIBr), being nearer than they to xSTLDEe. Among the z2 manuscripts, Br is a copy of I, which is itself separated from GHA; this trio seem, on the imperfect evidence at hand, to be brothers.
The Earliest Visible Phase of the Moon
Authors: Schoch Carl
Published: February 2009

In the last number of the Classical Quarterly (July-October, 1920, p. 172) Dr. Holmes has asked if a trustworthy observer has ever seen with the naked eye a moon not more than 27 hours old in an atmosphere no clearer than that of Geneva. Hoping that I am a trustworthy observer, I will enumerate the cases where I have observed crescents of an age less than 27 hours. I have also constructed tables with which I find the moment when the moon becomes visible. I believe the minimum for Heidelberg is 20 hours from February 1 to April 1, if the moon is at her perigee and the argument of latitude is between 60° and 120°. All times given here are mid-European time ( = Greenwich mean time+1 hour). I have never used a binocular. Heidelberg is 35 m. east of Greenwich, and 25 m. west of the mid-European meridian.
The Composition of Aristotle's Logical Works
Authors: Stocks J. L.
Published: February 2009

The question discussed in this paper is the relation of the Topics (including the Sophistici Elenchi) to the two Analytics. The smaller works are here ignored.
The Donatus-Extracts in the Codex Victorianus(D) of Terence
Authors: Lindsay W. M.
Published: February 2009

Terence was studied, though not so much as Virgil, in monastery-schools. Their magistri bestirred themselves to get aid for pupils. Some famous magister— we know not who—had written, between the lines or in the margins, interpretations of difficult words in at least the three opening plays of the MS. which he used—Andr., Ad., Eun.—if not in all. These interpretations (glossae) were collected from his MS. and found their way into many monastery-libraries. Goetz has published these glossae collectae of Terence from a tenth (?) century MS. (Vat. lat. 1471) in Vol. V. of his Corpus Glossariorum Latinorum, pp. 529–539; Mr. Austin (Class. Quart. XIX. 104) has added more from a Leyden MS. (67 F), written apparently in Belgium or Holland, c. 800–815 A.D. (see Palae. Lat., Part V.). Probably Dr. Theander will add a further batch from a Paris MS. (Bibl. Nat. lat. 10588, ‘saec. IX. in.’).
The Guilt of Agamemnon
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: February 2009

In recent years the general view of the theology and morality of Aeschylus which we still find expressed in the most popular handbooks of Greek tragedy has come under fire; fire which its defenders have so far been unwilling or unable to return. That Aeschylus was a bold religious innovator propounding advanced doctrines can no longer be assumed without argument; neither can one take for granted that his outlook on morality in general and on justice in particular was as advanced as it was once usual to maintain.
The Watchman Scenes in the Antigone
Authors: Bradshaw A. T. Von S.
Published: February 2009

Probably no Greek tragedy has proved as rich a source of perplexity, theory, and debate as the Antigone. A number of the formidable problems which various critics have seen in the play emerge from the two watchman scenes and the great ode which separates them. It will be argued here that these difficulties are the result of certain radical misunderstandings and are capable of straightforward solution.
Three Notes on Imperial Estates
Authors: MacMullen Ramsay
Published: February 2009

With the exception of what they seized or inherited from eastern kings, the Roman emperors gathered and administered their estates like private individuals. Imperial estates differed only in being bigger. For just this reason, however, more is known of them, and it is the purpose of these notes to shed light on large private holdings, and on the range of their economic potential, by looking at three unusual kinds of activity on crown lands: the raising of herds, the exploitation of forests, and the making of bricks.
Two Linguistic Topics in Quintilian
Authors: Coleman Robert
Published: February 2009

(Proposed text) Atque etiam in ipsis uocalibus grammatici est uidere an ahquas pro consonantibus usus acceperit, quia ‘iam’ sicut ‘tarn’ scribitur et ‘uos’ ut ‘cos’, at quae ut uocales iunguntur aut unam longam faciunt, ut ueteres scri-pserunt, qui geminatione earum uelut apice utebantur, aut duas,—nisi quis putat etiam ex tribus uocalibus syllabam fieri, si non aliquae officio consonantium fungantur. quaeret hoc etiam, quo modo duabus demum uocalibus in se coeundi natura sit, cum consonantium nulla nisi alteram frangat. atqui littera i sibi insidit— ‘conicit’ enim est ab illo ‘iacit’—et u, quo modo nunc scribitur ‘uulgus’ et ‘seruus’. sciat etiam Ciceroni placuisse ‘aiio Maiiamque’ geminata ‘i’ scribere: quod si est, etiam ‘i’ iungetur ut consonans.
Virgil's Theodicy
Authors: Wilkinson L. P.
Published: February 2009

In his valuable contribution to the Fondation Hardt Entretiens of 1960 on Hesiod Professor La Penna dealt with the famous ‘theodicy of labour’ in Virgil, Georgics I. 118–59. He recalled that, whereas Hesiod made Prometheus' trickery the reason for Zeus' hiding fire and the other goods and so rendering labour necessary, Virgil omits mention of Prometheus or of any element of guilt (121–4):
Two Points In Plato's Penal Code
Authors: Saunders Trevor J.
Published: February 2009

At the beginning of Book 5 Plato catalogues the ways in which men ‘dishonour’ ( 727 c 3) their souls, and at 728 ab sums up by saying that any man who does not practise what the lawgiver describes as noble and good is treating his soul dishonourably. He goes on to say that hardly anyone takes account of (728 b 2), which is to cut oneself off from good men and be completely assimilated to the bad (6). We the n read (c 2 + ):
Demosthenes' Policy After the Peace of Philocrates. II
Authors: Cawkwell G. L.
Published: February 2009

It is perhaps worth briefly discussing a subject on which Demosthenes has so much to say and on which there is so little satisfactory evidence. In every speech which he delivered after 346 he referred, in greater or less detail, to breaches of the Peace of Philocrates, and this insistence on Philip's may mislead us.

The case of Cardia is suggestive. In 341, in the speech On the Chersonese, he sought to create the impression that Philip was acting in breach of the peace by sending troops to help defend Cardia against Diopeithes:
Forms of Individuals in Plotinus
Authors: Rist John M.
Published: February 2009

When the theory of Forms was first developed by Plato, it was the final stage of a series of philosophical investigations which began with Socrates' search for definitions. The Form was regarded as a ‘one over many’ that is separate from particulars. It is by their participation in the perfect Form that the particulars derive their transitory existence. There is a Form, according to the Republic (596 a 5–7) corresponding to every set of things that have a common name. There are Forms of moral qualities, mathematical entities, and material objects. In the Parmenides Socrates admits that he is in doubt whether there are Forms of Man, Fire, and Water (130 c), but by the time of the Timaeus (51 b) Plato has no doubts about Forms of the four elements, and in the Philebus (15 a) he accepted a Form of Man also. This fact is well known to Aristotle, who speaks of Man as a typical Form at E.N. 1096b1. Finally, we may add that regress arguments, such as that about the Form of Largeness at Parmenides 132 ab, were generally referred to in antiquity as Third Man arguments—arguments, that is, which used the Form of Man as a paradigm for Forms in general.
Cleopatra asFatale Monstrum(Horace, Carm. 1. 37. 21)
Authors: Luce J. V.
Published: February 2009

The pregnant phrasefatale monstrumcomes at a crucial point in the third and longest of the three sentences of the ‘Cleopatra Ode’. Before it Cleopatra is being hissed from the stage of history with cries of disapproval; after it she is recalled to receive plaudit after plaudit for her courage and resolution. The phrase is emphasized by its position at the start of a stanza followed by a marked pause. Prima facie it is the climax of the vituperation, and has often so been taken. T. E. Page, for example, comments: ‘Horace speaks of Cleopatra as not human, but a hideous and portentous creature sent by destiny to cause horror and alarm.’
The Hylas Episode in Valerius' Argonavtica
Authors: Garson R. W.
Published: February 2009

Valerius Flacgus has few readers and still fewer admirers, even among classical specialists. Most of us, if we want to refresh our memories of Hylas, will turn to Theocritus' thirteenth Idyll or perhaps to Propertius' statuesque version (1. 20). Apollonius Rhodius is read mainly in his third book, so that his Hylas story at the end of the first is ignored, and Valerius Flaccus is hardly read at all. In the year 1894 W. C. Summers in A Study of the Argonautica of Valerius Flaccus called for a fair reappraisal of the much-neglected poet. The works of the few scholars who have since attempted a literary assessment lie, for the most part, obscurely stored in the stacks of those Teutonic universities that awarded them a Ph.D.