bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Documenting Territorialidad: an intercultural approach to the provenance of Mapuche land records
Authors: Montenegro María
Published: September 2024

Using critical place research and documentary methods, this article examines the Mapuche territorial cause in Chile and exposes the deficiencies of state-produced Mapuche land titles, known as Títulos de Merced, which are required for and (mis)used as evidence by Chile’s Indigenous land restitution program. The Títulos de Merced were granted to Mapuche families during and after the military occupation of Wallmapu (Mapuche territory), as documentation of their relocation to reducciones (reservations) between 1884 and 1929. However, these approximately 3000 titles do not fully represent Mapuche land claims. Instead, they were used by the newly formed Chilean state to reduce Mapuche territory to approximately 5% of its ancestral span, leaving undocumented much of the territories that communities were effectively using before the reduction process––what Mapuche claimants refer to as tierras antiguas or ancestral lands. Despite this, CONADI, the government agency that administers the land program, defines these titles as the primary sources of documentary evidence to prove Mapuche land dispossession. Therefore, not only are the Títulos de Merced not enough, but they negatively impact Mapuche land claims by purposefully reducing, once again, Mapuche ancestral territory, this time discursively. Mapuche claimants are paradoxically forced to validate claims to their ancestral land through documents that were designed to legitimize their dispossession. By examining the insufficiency and inappropriateness of the Títulos de Merced as evidence for Mapuche territorial claims, this paper proposes the intercultural practice of documenting territorialidad—the expression of cultural, economic, and spiritual Mapuche practices over the territory—in addition to colonial demarcations of land, as a form of producing/using evidence for Mapuche land restitution claims. Suggesting the mapu (land/territory) as provenance and territorialidad as evidence, this alternative documentary practice unsettles the Títulos de Merced as the only legitimate form of evidence for Mapuche land claims and theorizes interculturalidad—the recognition of and dialogue between diverse ways of knowing coexisting within the same territory—as a framework for thinking about provenance when working with Indigenous land records.
“I Just Wouldn't Like Him to go Through What I Went Through as a Kid”: A Qualitative Study on the Mitigating Effects of Positive Childhood Experiences in Mothers with a History of Adverse Childhood Experiences in an Irish Population
Authors: Tadjine Lamia , Swords Lorraine
Published: September 2024

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are increasingly being acknowledged as a major risk factor for instigating and sustaining cycles of trauma between mother and child. Recently, the concept of Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCEs) has been introduced to ACEs research as a buffer against the transmission of ACEs between generations. Positive childhood experiences such as attachment to caregivers, positive peer relations and positive sense of self have been found to counteract the effects of adverse childhood experiences. The emergence of positive childhood experiences as an adaptive capacity against ACEs should be explored as a tool for psychological change, to help break the cycle of inherited trauma between generations. The present study aims to examine the lived experiences of mothers with a history of ACEs, if they consider their positive childhood experiences when parenting, and how they use these positive experiences to break the cycle of intergenerational trauma. Three women residing in a low-support service for parenting were recruited for this study. Participants were all low-income, first-time single mothers in their early thirties. A qualitative approach was designed for the study. ACEs and BCEs questionnaires were administered to participants and scores were taken into account to contextualise participant interviews. A semi-structured interview was designed in accordance with IPA guidelines. Questions were directed towards phenomenological material, focusing on participants’ understanding of their experiences as mothers. Analysis of the interview data revealed three superordinate themes (replicating positive experiences, creating new positive experiences and protecting children from intergenerational trauma) related to participants' BCEs, their children’s BCEs and their desire to break the cycle of intergenerational trauma. The findings of this study, namely that participants intentionally tried to create positive experiences with their own children through drawing on their own positive experiences in childhood, supports the idea that BCEs are a legitimate source of adaptive capacity for mothers with ACEs. Parenting interventions for parents with ACEs should be developed taking into account ACE and BCE scores.
FRUITS: feature extraction using iterated sums for time series classification
Authors: Diehl Joscha , Krieg Richard
Published: September 2024

We introduce a pipeline for time series classification that extracts features based on the iterated-sums signature (ISS) and then applies a linear classifier. These features are intrinsically nonlinear, capture chronological information, and, under certain settings, are invariant to a form of time-warping. We achieve competitive results, both in accuracy and speed, on the UCR archive. We make our code available at https://github.com/irkri/fruits.
Minimum wage non-compliance: the role of co-determination
Authors: Goerke Laszlo , Pannenberg Markus
Published: September 2024

We analyse how co-determination is related to non-compliance with the German minimum wage, which was introduced in 2015. The Works Constitution Act (WCA), the law regulating co-determination at the plant level, provides works councils with indirect means to ensure compliance with the statutory minimum wage. Based on this legal situation, our theoretical model predicts that non-compliance is less likely in co-determined firms because works councils enhance the enforcement of the law. The economic correlates of co-determination, such as higher productivity and wages, affect non-compliance in opposite directions. The empirical analysis, using data from the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP) for the years 2016 and 2019, demonstrates that non-compliance occurs less often for employees in co-determined establishments, while there is no correlation between non-compliance and the difference between the minimum wage and the wage actually paid.
Arrival Times Versus Detection Times
Authors: Goldstein Sheldon , Tumulka Roderich , Zanghì Nino
Published: September 2024

How to compute the probability distribution of a detection time, i.e., of the time which a detector registers as the arrival time of a quantum particle, is a long-debated problem. In this regard, Bohmian mechanics provides in a straightforward way the distribution of the time at which the particle actually does arrive at a given surface in 3-space in the absence of detectors. However, as we discuss here, since the presence of detectors can change the evolution of the wave function and thus the particle trajectories, it cannot be taken for granted that the arrival time of the Bohmian trajectories in the absence of detectors agrees with the one in the presence of detectors, and even less with the detection time. In particular, we explain why certain distributions that Das and Dürr (Sci. Rep. 9: 2242, 2019) presented as the distribution of the detection time in a case with spin, based on assuming that all three times mentioned coincide, are actually not what Bohmian mechanics predicts.
A Multilevel Method for Self-Concordant Minimization
Authors: Tsipinakis Nick , Parpas Panos
Published: September 2024

The analysis of second-order optimization methods based either on sub-sampling, randomization or sketching has two serious shortcomings compared to the conventional Newton method. The first shortcoming is that the analysis of the iterates has only been shown to be scale-invariant only under specific assumptions on the problem structure. The second shortfall is that the fast convergence rates of second-order methods have only been established by making assumptions regarding the input data. In this paper, we propose a randomized Newton method for self-concordant functions to address both shortfalls. We propose a Self-concordant Iterative-minimization-Galerkin-based Multilevel Algorithm (SIGMA) and establish its super-linear convergence rate using the theory of self-concordant functions. Our analysis is based on the connections between multigrid optimization methods, and the role of coarse-grained or reduced-order models in the computation of search directions. We take advantage of the insights from the analysis to significantly improve the performance of second-order methods in machine learning applications. We report encouraging initial experiments that suggest SIGMA outperforms other state-of-the-art sub-sampled/sketched Newton methods for both medium and large-scale problems.
Metal alkoxides as models for metal oxides—the concept revisited
Authors: Kessler Vadim G.
Published: September 2024

Sol-Gel synthesis of metal oxides constitutes a tremendously exciting domain of inorganic chemistry, where molecular and supramolecular science meet the physical chemistry and materials science. Structure and reactivity, especially surface complexation of biologically important molecules on the surface of metal oxide nanoparticles can efficiently be traced through structural studies of metal oxo-paperbags—the product of partial hydrolysis of alkoxide precursors. Paperbag is a recently proposed term to denote oligonuclear complexes not featuring intrinsic metal-metal bonding and thus not qualified to be called “clusters”. Another important insight, provided recently by the studies of heterometallic species, is dealing with visualization of bonding modes of single atom catalysts on metal oxide substrates and reveals possible coordination environments of heteroatoms on doping. The studies of large paperbag aggregates can contribute to understanding of factors influencing the bandgap and photocatalytic activity of related oxides. The use of these species directly as photo or electro catalysts is rather debatable, however, in the view of high reactivity of these alkoxide intermediates, easily transforming them into metal oxide nanoparticles on hydrolysis or thermolysis.

Graphical Abstract
Heat Kernel Estimates of Fractional Schrödinger Operators with Hardy Potential on Half-line
Authors: Jakubowski Tomasz , Maciocha Paweł
Published: September 2024

We provide sharp two-sided estimates of the heat kernel of the Dirichlet fractional Laplacian on the half-line perturbed by a Hardy potential.
Exploring Action Research Sponsorship: Role and Enactment
Authors: Saabye Henrik , Coughlan Paul , Kristensen Thomas Borup
Published: September 2024

This paper explores the complexities of involving partner organisations in co-generative learning processes within Action Research (AR) initiatives. Despite formal agreements, action researchers often face challenges in collaboratively addressing specific organisational issues through AR cycles. When action researchers adopt the “friendly outsider’ role, their initial task is to secure commitment to an AR initiative from senior leaders as sponsors. However, the existing literature lacks comprehensive guidance on facilitating this commitment. Therefore, drawing from both literature and empirical cases, this paper examines the pivotal role of the AR sponsor in securing funding and political backing, offering constructive critique, and facilitating learning. It provides insights into how action researchers can facilitate sponsors to enact these roles effectively so as to ensure the success and sustainability of organisational changes resulting from AR initiatives.
The Harm of Social Media to Public Reason
Authors: Benton Paige , Schmidt Michael W.
Published: September 2024

It is commonly agreed that so-called echo chambers and epistemic bubbles, associated with social media, are detrimental to liberal democracies. Drawing on John Rawls’s political liberalism, we offer a novel explanation of why social media platforms amplifying echo chambers and epistemic bubbles are likely contributing to the violation of the democratic norms connected to the ideal of public reason. These norms are clarified with reference to the method of (full) reflective equilibrium, which we argue should be cultivated as a civic virtue in the context of political justification. The paper demonstrates how epistemic bubbles and echo chambers are likely to be detrimental to the disposition to follow the method of reflective equilibrium in the political context. Based on this diagnosis the paper highlights the need for interventions that help cultivate reflective equilibrium as a civic virtue and the need for corresponding interdisciplinary research.
Reconciled estimation of Antarctic ice sheet mass balance and contribution to global sea level change from 1996 to 2021
Authors: Li Rongxing , Li Guojun , Hai Gang , Xie Huan , Cheng Yuan , Chen Wei , Cui Xiangbin , Ding Minghu , Gao Chunchun , Hao Tong , Ke Changqing , Li Chuanjin , Li Jin , Liu Yan , Ran Jiangjun , Ren Jiawen , Shen Qiang , Shen Yunzhong , Shi Hongling , Wang Songyun , Wang Zemin , Zhan Jingang , Zhang Baojun , Zhong Min , Zhou Chunxia
Published: September 2024

The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) has been losing ice mass and contributing to global sea level rise (GSLR). Given its mass that is enough to cause ∼58 m of GSLR, accurate estimation of mass balance trend is critical for AIS mass loss monitoring and sea level rise forecasting. Here, we present an improved approach to reconciled solutions of mass balance in AIS and its regions from multiple contributing solutions using the input-out, altimetric, and gravimetric methods. In comparison to previous methods, such as IMBIE 2018, this approach utilizes an adaptive data aggregation window to handle the heterogeneity of the contributing solutions, including the number of solutions, temporal distributions, uncertainties, and estimation techniques. We improved the regression-based method by using a two-step procedure that establishes ensembled solutions within each method (input-output, altimetry, or gravimetry) and then estimates the method-independent reconciled solutions. For the first time, 16 contributing solutions from 8 Chinese institutions are used to estimate the reconciled mass balance of AIS and its regions from 1996 to 2021. Our results show that AIS has lost a total ice mass of ∼3213±253 Gt during the period, an equivalent of ∼8.9±0.7 mm of GSLR. There is a sustained mass loss acceleration since 2006, from 88.1±3.6 Gt yr−1 during 1996–2005 to 130.7±8.4 Gt yr−1 during 2006–2013 and further to 157.0±9.0 Gt yr−1 during 2014–2021. The mass loss signal in the West Antarctica and Antarctic Peninsula is dominant and clearly presented in the reconciled estimation and contributing solutions, regardless of estimation methods used and fluctuation of surface mass balance. Uncertainty and challenges remain in mass balance estimation in East Antarctica. This reconciled estimation approach can be extended and applied for improved mass balance estimation in the Greenland Ice Sheet and mountain glacier regions.
Arc-smooth functions and cuspidality of sets
Authors: Rainer Armin
Published: September 2024

A function f is arc-smooth if the composite f ◦ c with every smooth curve c in its domain of definition is smooth. On open sets in smooth manifolds the arc-smooth functions are precisely the smooth functions by a classical theorem of Boman. Recently, we extended this result to certain tame closed sets (namely, Hölder sets and simple fat subanalytic sets). In this paper we link, in a precise way, the cuspidality of the (boundary of the) set to the loss of regularity, i.e., how many derivatives of f ◦ c are needed in order to determine the derivatives of f. We also discuss how flatness of f ◦ c affects flatness of f. Besides Hölder sets and subanalytic sets we treat sets that are definable in certain polynomially bounded o-minimal expansions of the real field.
Point evaluation in Paley–Wiener spaces
Authors: Brevig Ole Fredrik , Chirre Andrés , Ortega-Cerdà Joaquim , Seip Kristian
Published: September 2024

We study the norm of point evaluation at the origin in the Paley–Wiener space PWp for 0 < p < ∞, i.e., we search for the smallest positive constant C, called $${\mathscr{C}}_{p}$$

C

p

, such that the inequality $$\vert f(0)\vert ^{p}\leq C \Vert f\Vert _{p}^{p}$$
|
f
(
0
)

|

p

≤
C
∥
f

∥

p

p

holds for every f in PWp. We present evidence and prove several results supporting the following monotonicity conjecture: The function $$p \mapsto {\mathscr{C}}_{p}/p$$
p
↦

C

p

/

p
is strictly decreasing on the half-line (0, ∞). Our main result implies that $${\mathscr{C}}_{p} < p/2$$

C

p

<
p

/

2
for 2 < p < ∞, and we verify numerically that $${\mathscr{C}}_{p} > p/2$$

C

p

>
p

/

2
for 1 ≤ p < 2. We also estimate the asymptotic behavior of $${\mathscr{C}}_{p}$$

C

p

as p → ∞ and as p → 0+. Our approach is based on expressing $${\mathscr{C}}_{p}$$

C

p

as the solution of an extremal problem. Extremal functions exist for all 0 < p < ∞; they are real entire functions with only real zeros, and the extremal functions are known to be unique for 1 ≤ p < ∞. Following work of Hörmander and Bernhardsson, we rely on certain orthogonality relations associated with the zeros of extremal functions, along with certain integral formulas representing respectively extremal functions and general functions at the origin. We also use precise numerical estimates for the largest eigenvalue of the Landau–Pollak–Slepian operator of time-frequency concentration. A number of qualitative and quantitative results on the distribution of the zeros of extremal functions are established. In the range 1 < p < ∞, the orthogonality relations associated with the zeros of the extremal function are linked to a de Branges space. We state a number of conjectures and further open problems pertaining to $${\mathscr{C}}_{p}$$

C

p

and the extremal functions.
A priori estimates and Liouville type results for quasilinear elliptic equations involving gradient terms
Authors: Filippucci Roberta , Sun Yuhua , Zheng Yadong
Published: September 2024

In this article we study local and global properties of positive solutions of − Δmu = ∣u∣p−1u+M∣∇u∣q in a domain Ω of ℝN, with m > 1, p, q > 0 and M ∈ ℝ. Following some ideas used in [7, 8], and by using a direct Bernstein method combined with Keller–Osserman’s estimate, we obtain several a priori estimates as well as Liouville type theorems. Moreover, we prove a local Harnack inequality with the help of Serrin’s classical results.
A scoping review about the portrayal of mental illness in commercial video games
Authors: Mittmann Gloria , Steiner-Hofbauer Verena , Dorczok Marie C. , Schrank Beate
Published: September 2024

Current research is sparse on the relatively new but highly relevant topic of mental disorders in video games. This scoping review aimed to map the existing research on portrayal of mental illness in video games. PubMed, PsychInfo, PsycArticles, Medline, Scopus and the ACM Digital Library were searched, resulting in the final inclusion of seven records. Prevalences for the representation of mental illness ranged from 12 to 24%. Findings indicate that video games’ portrayal of mental illness is predominantly stigmatizing and negatively connoted. Mental illness frequently serves as a reason for violent behavior and is portrayed in line with paranormal experiences. Yet, some games portray mental illness in a more neutral way, using game mechanics to elicit empathy. While this review emphasizes the need for non-stigmatizing depiction, potentially through the inclusion of experts in the development process, future research should examine how much consumers are affected by the negative or positive portrayal of mental illnesses in video games.
Osteoporosis Management for Shoulder Surgeons
Authors: Healy Kelsey M. , Ritter Jacob , Barr Emily , Churchill Jessica L. , Trasolini Nicholas A. , Waterman Brian R. , Reynolds Alan W.
Published: September 2024

Purpose of Review

The aim of this review is to aggregate currently available literature as it pertains to treating surgical shoulder pathology in patients with osteoporosis.

Recent Findings

Emerging data surrounding perioperative use of anti-osteoporosis medications for patients undergoing shoulder surgery have not shown definitively favorable or unfavorable outcomes. Similar evaluations in animal studies have shown promising results as a biologic augment to tendon and bone healing, especially with newer, anabolic agents.

The mainstay of bone health management remains pre-operative evaluation, using opportunistic radiographic and CT based validated measurements, along with optimization of risk factors. Surgical techniques continue to incorporate implants that perform well in osteopenic bone. Promising pre-clinical studies have identified anabolic anti-osteoporosis medications as viable biologic augments to shoulder surgery, which has not been borne out in any clinical studies at this time.
Investigating Cerebello-Frontal Circuits Associated with Emotional Prosody: A Double-Blind tDCS and fNIRS study
Authors: Panico Francesco , Luciano Sharon Mara , Salzillo Alessia , Sagliano Laura , Trojano Luigi
Published: September 2024

The emotional and cognitive cerebellum has been explored by several studies in the past years. Recent evidence suggested the possible contribution of the cerebellum in processing emotional prosody, namely the ability to comprehend the emotional content of a given vocal utterance, likely mediated by anatomical and functional cerebello-prefrontal connections. In the present study, the involvement of a functional cerebello-prefrontal network in recognising emotional prosody was assessed by combining non-invasive anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right or the left cerebellum and functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the prefrontal cortex, in a double-blind within-subject experimental design on healthy participants. The results showed that right and, to a less extent, left cerebellar tDCS (as compared to sham stimulation) reduced neural activation in the prefrontal cortex while accuracy and reaction times at the vocal recognition task remained unchanged. These findings highlight functional properties of the cerebello-frontal connections and the psychophysiological effects of cerebellar brain stimulation, with possible clinical applications in psychiatric and neurological conditions.
Identification of the low resistivity-low contrast (LRLC) gas-bearing pay zones in Shaly sand reservoirs using acoustic data: a case study from the Messinian Abu Madi formation, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: Khalifa Mohamed A. , Nabawy Bassem S. , Abu-Hashish Mohamed F. , Al-Shareif Ahmed W. , Hassan Noha M.
Published: September 2024

Detection of the low resistivity-low contrast (LRLC) reservoirs is among the main challenges in the oil industry. In this concern, the LRLC pay zones of the Upper Messinian Abu Madi clastic reservoirs in the onshore Nile Delta Gas fields became a main challenge for significant exploration. This type of reservoirs, including low resistivity-low contrast zones and thin-bedded intervals, are often overlooked using the conventional petrophysical evaluation techniques, especially in the wildcat exploratory wells or highly agitated shoreline depositional environments like the Nile Delta of Egypt. These hidden low contrast reservoirs are generally challenging due to the presence of many shale intercalations/laminations and/or due to increasing the shale volume represented in the form of dispersed distribution, and the dominance of conductive clay minerals. Therefore, in this study, the expected high resistivity values of the gas-bearing reservoir intervals of the Abu Madi Formation in the onshore Begonia gas Field, as a typical case study of the LRLC reservoirs, are masked due to the relatively high shale conductivity, particularly when the thickness of these intervals is less than the vertical resolution of the utilized conventional resistivity log. To verify the LRLC phenomena of the Begonia gas Field, the obtained data was compared to the South Abu El Naga gas Field as a normal case study with a relatively high resistivity gas-bearing pay zone. To overcome the impact of the conductive clay mineral content and identify these hidden low resistivity reservoir intervals, it is necessary to integrate the conventional logging data (gamma-ray, shallow and deep resistivity, density, and neutron) with the acoustic log data including shear and compressional sonic data. In this way, a useful relationship can be established enabling the detection of these hidden LRLC reservoir intervals. This integration is based on the principle that shear waves are not influenced by the fluids types, whereas the compressional sonic waves are influenced by the reservoir fluids. However, to effectively investigate these concealed LRLC reservoir intervals, which can boost production and increase the potential reserves, it is essential to have a low water cut value. The present study represents introduces an efficient workflow, which can be extended to other similar LRLC pay zones in the Nile Delta and northeast Africa. It is also extendible to the LRLC reservoirs in similar deltaic systems having conductive minerals-bearing reservoirs or thin beds.
Exploring the interaction between aminobutyric acid and epigenetics in modulating ash dieback response in european ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
Authors: Hoenicka Hans , Bein Susanne , Starczak Marta , Gackowski Daniel
Published: September 2024

European ash populations face a significant threat from the invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, leading to ash dieback disease. The absence of resistant individuals and restrictions on biotechnological solutions hinder the ability to combat this widespread illness in the near term. Priming strategies offer an alternative approach to boost stress tolerance not only in this scenario but also in other endangered tree species by triggering plant defense mechanisms. The non-proteinogenic amino acid β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) has demonstrated potential in enhancing resistance to diverse stressors in plants. Despite limited research on forest tree species, the current study evaluated BABA’s effectiveness in mitigating ash dieback disease severity and explored potential correlations between priming treatments and epigenetic modifications. The results indicated that BABA enhanced stress tolerance in ash seedlings following inoculation with Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. BABA effectively decreased the development of necrosis associated with ash dieback disease in seedlings five months post-inoculation. Additionally, treatments involving BABA were linked to observed epigenetic alterations. Elevated levels of the non-canonical deoxynucleosides 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2'-deoxycytidine (5-hmdC) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (5-hmdU) were confirmed subsequent to the treatments. This study highlights the potential of BABA and other priming strategies in enhancing disease tolerance in forest tree species like European ash. Short-term improved stress tolerance and epigenetic changes were confirmed. Yet, the exact priming conditions for inducing long-term effects in plants, including long-living forest trees, remain unknown, posing a challenge for applying priming strategies to manage ash dieback and protect many other endangered tree species.
Reflections on governing Japan’s discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water: from the perspective of building a Maritime Community with a shared future
Authors: Zhang Xudong , Xu Qi
Published: September 2024

Since August 2023, Japan has discharged some eight rounds of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water, totaling some 62,800 tons. Despite global criticism and domestic opposition, the Japanese government continues with this discharge plan, anticipating its continuance for decades. As distinct from conventional nuclear wastewater discharges from nuclear power plants, Japan’s recent discharges of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water will release a significant number of radioactive nuclides into the ocean. It is foreseeable that the discharge of nuclear-contaminated water will adversely affect various sectors, including the marine environment, human health, the seafood trade, the maritime economy, and the international marine legal order. Currently, the governance of the Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water discharge faces three major dilemmas: insufficient participation by stakeholders, outdated regulations, and a crisis of trust. The concept of a titular Maritime Community with a Shared Future (MCSF) could address the discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water, incorporating diverse interests while also considering both current and future development. This paper argues that it is imperative to jointly engage in negotiation within the perspective of MCSF, to jointly build a governance mechanism and advance the update of rules, and to share data and information sustainably to manage the discharge of the Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water.
An Evaluation of Cloud‐Precipitation Structures in Mixed‐Phase Stratocumuli Over the Southern Ocean in Kilometer‐Scale ICON Simulations During CAPRICORN
Authors: Ramadoss Veeramanikandan , Pfannkuch Kevin , Protat Alain , Huang Yi , Siems Steven , Possner Anna
Published: September 2024

A persistent shortwave radiative bias of Southern Ocean (SO) clouds in climate models is strongly associated with incorrect cloud phase representation, which impacts precipitation. Measurements characterizing precipitation in low‐level mixed‐phase clouds, which frequently form over the SO, are rare, and our understanding of precipitation efficacy within these clouds remains limited. The simulated surface precipitation bias has an indirect effect on determining global climate sensitivity and a direct impact on the hydrological cycle. This study investigates the representation of low clouds, cloud variability, and precipitation statistics over the SO in real‐case Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) simulations at the kilometer scale. The simulations are contrasted with 48 hr of continuous shipborne observations of open and closed‐cell stratocumuli, south of Tasmania. Our simulations show the significance of heavily rimed particle formation, their in‐cloud growth, and subcloud melting to capture the observed cloud‐precipitation vertical structure. In addition, supercooled drizzle formation impacts the vertical structure and precipitation statistics. ICON captures the observed intermittency of precipitation even at a standard vertical resolution of 200 m in the boundary layer but only captures the observed sparse distribution of intense precipitation (>1 mm hr−1) when the maximum vertical resolution is reduced to 100 m. However, the simulations of the 2‐day accumulated precipitation and the radiative effect are largely insensitive to the vertical resolution. The cloud reflectivity of the broken cloud deck is underestimated due to negative biases in cloud optical depth.
Data‐Knowledge Driven Hybrid Deep Learning for Earthquake Early Warning
Authors: Zhu J. , Li S. , Song J.
Published: September 2024

Earthquake early warning (EEW) is of great significance in mitigating seismic disasters. Traditional EEW algorithms, which are knowledge‐driven approaches, rely on seismologists' analysis. The limited intensity measures were extracted by seismologists from P‐wave signals. And there is considerable uncertainty for predicting epicentral distance, magnitude, peak ground acceleration (PGA), and peak ground velocity (PGV). Currently, data‐driven deep learning methods with the strong learning abilities do not consider knowledge information from seismologists in EEW; thus, there is unexplored potential in enhancing the performance of deep learning models for EEW. Here, we construct the Data‐knowledge driven Hybrid deep Learning network (DHLnet) for EEW using the waveform input, knowledge embedding, convolutional neural network and graph convolutional network, aiming to integrate knowledge information from knowledge‐driven methods and the strong learning ability of data‐driven deep learning methods, that is, improving the performance of EEW. For the same test data set, compared with knowledge‐driven methods and data‐driven deep learning models, we demonstrate that DHLnet enhances the timeliness and robustness in predicting the epicentral distance, magnitude, PGA, and PGV during 10 s time window following the arrival of P‐wave. Furthermore, to validate the generalization and robustness of the DHLnet in EEW, we applied the trained DHLnet to an independent data set, within first few seconds after an earthquake occurs, DHLnet can provide robust magnitude estimation, epicentral distance estimation and high alarm accuracy. The potential of the proposed network is to enhance the performance of EEW systems and provides new insights into the exploration of deep learning methods for EEW domain.
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emission and Its Response to Land Cover Changes in China During 2001–2020 Using an Improved High‐Precision Vegetation Data Set
Authors: Cao Jing , Han Huijuan , Qiao Lili , Li Lingyu
Published: September 2024

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are regarded as important precursors for ozone and secondary organic aerosol, mainly from vegetation emissions. In the context of the expanding trend of vegetation greening, the development of high‐precision vegetation data and accurate BVOC emission estimates are essential to develop effective air pollution control measures. In this study, by integrating the multi‐source vegetation cover data, we established a high‐resolution vegetation distribution (HRVD) data set to develop a high spatio‐temporal resolution emission inventory and investigated the impact of different land cover data sets on emission simulation and impact of land cover change on BVOC emissions during 2001–2020. The annual total BVOC emissions in China for 2020 was 15.66 Tg, which were mainly from trees. The emissions simulated by CNLUCC and MODIS data sets were 1.53% and 1.72% higher than those simulated by HRVD data sets, respectively. The spatial distribution of emission differences was consistent with that of land cover differences. The simulated BVOC emissions by the HRVD data set had the best accuracy as they improved the bias between modeling and observation from 69.06% to 65.35% and decreased the underprediction of observations by a factor of 2.13 compared with simulation by MEGAN default vegetation data. The annual BVOC emissions caused by changing vegetation distribution and LAIv (LAI of vegetation covered surfaces) enhanced at a rate of 72.06 Gg yr−1 during 2001–2020. LAIv was the main driver of emission variations. The total OH reactivity of the resulted BVOC emissions increased at a rate of 1.59 s−1 yr−1, with isoprene contributed the most.
A Low‐Viscosity Lower Lunar Mantle Implied by Measured Monthly and Yearly Tides
Authors: Goossens Sander , Matsuyama Isamu , Cascioli Gael , Mazarico Erwan
Published: September 2024

The Moon's frequency‐dependent tidal response, expressed as temporal variations in its gravity field through the Love number and as dissipation through the quality factor , provides information about its interior structure. Lunar laser ranging has provided measurements for , but so far no frequency‐dependent values for have been determined. We provide the first spacecraft measurements of and at two frequencies, monthly and yearly, from an analysis of Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter radio tracking data. Interior modeling indicates that these values can be matched only with a low‐viscosity zone at the base of the lunar mantle, even when using complex rheological laws to model the mantle's response. The existence of this zone has profound implications for the Moon's thermal state and evolution.
Swedish Icebreaker Is the First to Dig Into Greenland’s Remote Victoria Fjord
Authors: van Deelen Grace
Published: September 2024

Data collected aboard Oden will shed light on the dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Suprathermal Outflowing H+ Ions in the Lobe Driven by an Interplanetary Shock: 2. A 3D Global Hybrid Simulation
Authors: Wang Chih‐Ping , Wang Xueyi , Lin Yu , Mouikis C. G. , Masson Arnaud
Published: September 2024

We conduct a global hybrid simulation of an observation event to affirm that an interplanetary (IP) shock can drive significant suprathermal (tens to hundreds of eV) H+ outflows from the polar cap. The event showed that a spacecraft in the lobe at ∼6.5 RE altitude above the polar cap observed the appearance of suprathermal outflowing H+ ions about 8 min after observing enhanced downward DC Poynting fluxes caused by the shock impact. The simulation includes H+ ions from both the solar wind and the ionospheric sources. The cusp/mantle region can be accessed by ions from both sources, but only the outflow ions can get into the lobe. Despite that upward flowing solar wind ions can be seen within part of the cusp/mantle region and their locations undergo large transient changes in response to the magnetosphere compression caused by the shock impact, the simulation rules out the possibility that the observed outflowing H+ ions was due to the spacecraft encountering the moving cusp/mantle. On the other hand, the enhanced downward DC Poynting fluxes caused by the shock impact drive more upward suprathermal outflows, which reach higher altitudes a few minutes later, explaining the observed time delay. Also, these simulated outflowing ions become highly field‐aligned in the upward direction at high altitudes, consistent with the observed energy and pitch‐angle distributions. This simulation‐observation comparison study provides us the physical understanding of the suprathermal outflow H+ ions coming up from the polar cap.
The Influence of Ionospheric Conductance on Magnetospheric Convection During the Southward IMF
Authors: Zhu Minghui , Dai Lei , Wang Chi , Gonzalez Walter , Samsonov Andrey , Guo Xiaocheng , Ren Yong , Tang Binbin , Xu Qiuyu
Published: September 2024

Magnetospheric convection is a fundamental process in the coupling of the solar wind, magnetosphere, and ionosphere. Recent studies have shown that dayside magnetopause reconnection drives magnetospheric convection, progressing from the dayside to the nightside within approximately 10–20 min in response to southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field. In this study, we use global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to investigate the influence of ionospheric conductance on dayside‐driven convection. We conduct three simulation runs: two with normal ionospheric conductance and one with nearly infinite conductance. The temporal and spatial pattern of magnetospheric convection largely remain consistent across all three simulation runs. Comparing the results, we observe a reduction of 20% in magnetospheric convection and a 30% increase of ionospheric Region 1 field‐aligned current (FAC) and Pedersen current in the run with nearly infinite conductance, compared to the normal conductance model. The results indicate that ionospheric conductance does not affect the response time of enhanced magnetospheric convection to the solar wind. We suggest that the 10–20 min timescale for establishing magnetospheric convection corresponds to the anti‐sunward drag of reconnected magnetic field lines from the sub‐solar point to the flank magnetopause. In cases of larger ionospheric conductance, the ionosphere footprints of dragged field lines become more stationary, potentially resulting in larger Region 1 FAC and ionosphere Pedersen current. A larger Pedersen current is associated with stronger sunward J × B force in the ionosphere, which corresponds to a stronger anti‐sunward force in the magnetosphere, thereby reducing sunward convection of closed field lines.
Relationship Between Low‐Latitude Pi2 Pulsations and Cavity Mode Oscillations
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Lysak Robert , Majmudar Khilav
Published: September 2024

On the ground, Pi2 magnetic pulsations are detected at low latitudes at all magnetic local times (MLTs), unlike in the inner magnetosphere. To gain insight into the mechanism for the global appearance, we study the MLT dependence of the properties of low‐latitude ground Pi2 pulsations detected at four longitudinally separated stations. The pulsation properties are defined with respect to compressional magnetic field oscillations detected by Van Allen Probes at  = 2.5–6.5 within 2 hr of midnight. Up to two peaks between 6.7 and 40 mHz found in the spectrum are selected as possible signatures of the source of ground Pi2 pulsations. For each spectral peak, we compute the coherence of the ground horizontal northward component with , and those events exhibiting high coherence are used in statistical analyses. The radial mode structure of the oscillations indicates they are fundamental or second harmonics of cavity mode oscillations (CMOs). Ground pulsations appear primarily in the component with time delays of less than a few seconds and amplitudes comparable relative to the oscillations in the low‐ region. The observations suggest that, if the dayside ground Pi2 pulsations are driven by ionospheric currents as previously proposed, the current must be coupled to the CMOs, not to the currents flowing on field lines connected to the auroral zone.
EISCAT Observations of Depleted High‐Latitude F‐Region During an HSS/SIR‐Driven Magnetic Storm
Authors: Ellahouny N. M. , Aikio A. T. , Vanhamäki H. , Virtanen I. I. , Cai L. , Marchaudon A. , Blelly P.‐L. , Coster A. , Norberg J. , Maute A. , Oyama S.‐I.
Published: September 2024

The effect of storms driven by solar wind high‐speed streams (HSSs) on the high‐latitude ionosphere is inadequately understood. We study the ionospheric F‐region during a moderate magnetic storm on 14 March 2016 using the EISCAT Tromsø and Svalbard radar latitude scans. AMPERE field‐aligned current (FAC) measurements are also utilized. Long‐duration 5‐day electron density depletions (20%–80%) are the dominant feature outside of precipitation‐dominated midnight and morning sectors. Depletions are found in two major regions. In the afternoon to evening sector (12–21 magnetic local time, MLT) the depleted region is 10–18 magnetic latitude (MLAT) in width, with the largest latitudinal extent 62–80 MLAT in the afternoon. The second region is in the morning to pre‐noon sector (04–10 MLT), where the depletion region occurs at 72–80 MLAT within the auroral oval and extends to the polar cap. Using EISCAT ion temperature and ion velocity data, we show that local ion‐frictional heating is observed roughly in 50% of the depleted regions with ion temperature increase by 200 K or more. For the rest of the depletions, we suggest that the mechanism is composition changes due to ion‐neutral frictional heating transported by neutral winds. Even though depleted F‐regions may occur within any of the large‐scale FAC regions or outside of them, the downward FAC regions (R2 in the afternoon and evening, R0 in the afternoon, and R1 in the morning) are favored, suggesting that downward currents carried by upward moving ionospheric electrons may provide a small additional effect for depletion.
Steatotic liver disease associated with 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1 deficiency
Authors: Kohlmaier Benno , Skok Kristijan , Lackner Carolin , Haselrieder Greta , Müller Thomas , Sailer Sabrina , Zschocke Johannes , Keller Markus A. , Knisely A. S. , Janecke Andreas R.
Published: September 2024

Background

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is considered multifactorial with a number of predisposing gene polymorphisms known.

Methods

The occurrence of MASLD in 7 and 10 year old siblings, one without classical risk factors and one with type 2 diabetes suggested a monogenic etiology and prompted next-generation sequencing. Exome sequencing was performed in the proband, both parents and both siblings. The impact of a likely disease-causing DNA variant was assessed on the transcript and protein level.

Results

Two siblings have hepatomegaly, elevated serum transaminase activity, and steatosis and harbor a homozygous DECR1 splice-site variant, c.330+3A>T. The variant caused DECR1 transcript decay. Immunostaining demonstrated lack of DECR1 in patient liver.

Conclusions

These patients may represent the first individuals with DECR1 deficiency, then defining within MASLD an autosomal-recessive entity, well corresponding to the reported steatotic liver disease in Decr1 knockout mice. DECR1 may need to be considered in the genetic work-up of MASLD.
Systematic review of Apgar scores & cyanosis in Black, Asian, and ethnic minority infants
Authors: Fair Frankie J. , Furness Amy , Higginbottom Gina , Oddie Sam J. , Soltani Hora
Published: September 2024

Background

Apgar score and cyanosis assessment may disadvantage darker-skinned babies. This review explored cyanosis and Apgar score assessments in Black, Asian, or minority ethnic neonates compared to White neonates.

Material and methods

Four databases were searched. Studies of any methodology were included. A narrative synthesis was undertaken.

Results

Ten studies were included. Three studies involving over 39 million neonates showed Apgar score ≤3 was predictive of neonatal mortality across all ethnicities. Black babies with Apgar score ≤3 had lower mortality rates before 28 days, however, variations in scoring practices were also observed. Three further studies (n = 39,290,014) associated low Apgar scores with poorer mental development up to 22 months, especially in mixed ethnicity and Black infants. One study reported inadequate training in assessing ethnic minority neonates. Cyanosis was the focus of three included studies (n = 455) revealing poor visual assessment of cyanosis across ethnicities. With pulse oximetry occult hypoxemia occurred slightly more frequently in Black neonates. Tongue color indicated oxygen requirement at birth, regardless of ethnicity.

Conclusions

Apgar scores correlate well with neonatal mortality in all ethnicities, however scoring variations exist. Cyanosis assessment is challenging, with tongue and lips the best places to observe in the absence of pulse oximetry.

Impact

Assessment of the color component of the Apgar score and of cyanosis visually are not accurate in babies with darker skin. Small racial differences may exist for pulse oximetry in neonates, but it is more reliable than visual assessment.
Development and child health in a world of synthetic chemicals
Authors: Wager Jessica L. , Thompson Jennifer A.
Published: September 2024

Chemical pollution is one of today’s most significant threats to the developmental potential of children worldwide. Maternal exposure to toxicants can perturb sensitive windows of fetal development, indirectly through promoting antenatal disorders, abnormal placental adaptation, or directly through maternal-fetal transport. Current evidence clearly shows that persistent organic chemicals promote hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, placental abnormalities, and fetal growth restriction, whereas findings are less consistent for phthalates and bisphenols. Prospective birth cohorts strongly support a link between adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes and prenatal exposure to flame retardants and organophosphate pesticides. Emerging evidence reveals a potential association between in utero exposure to bisphenols and childhood behavioral disorders, while childhood metabolic health is more consistently associated with postnatal exposure to phthalates and bisphenols.

Impact

Synthesizes emerging evidence linking modern forms of chemical pollution to antenatal disorders, fetal growth restriction and childhood disorders.

Highlights potential developmental impacts of emerging pollutants of concern now ubiquitous in our environment but without regulatory restrictions.