bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of imposed drying on deep convection in a cloud‐resolving model
Authors: Wang S. , Sobel A. H.
Published: December 2011

This study uses a cloud‐resolving model under the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation to explore the response of deep convection to imposed drying. The drying, intended to mimic horizontal advection of dry air, is imposed as a linear relaxation of the humidity field toward zero within a specified layer. Radiative cooling and sea surface temperature are held constant and there is no mean vertical shear in the integrations. The statistically steady responses to drying in the lower, middle, and upper free troposphere are compared. The rain rate decreases with drying when that drying is imposed in the lower or middle free troposphere, more strongly so for lower tropospheric drying. The decrease in rainfall is linearly proportional to the drying to a good approximation. Upper‐tropospheric drying has almost no impact on the rain rate. For lower‐tropospheric drying, the decrease in rain rate with drying can be well explained by assuming that both an appropriately defined normalized gross moist stability and surface turbulent fluxes remain constant as drying varies. For middle‐ and upper‐tropospheric drying, the normalized gross moist stability decreases with drying, allowing the precipitation to decrease less rapidly or not at all. The variations in normalized gross moist stability in turn result from changes in the large‐scale vertical motion profiles. These are top‐heavy for weak or no drying, becoming somewhat less so as the strength of the drying increases. Over most of the range of drying strengths, the changes to the shape of the vertical motion profile are greatest for upper tropospheric drying and smallest for lower tropospheric drying. For very strong lower tropospheric drying, however, the vertical motion profile becomes bottom‐heavy and the normalized gross moist stability becomes negative.
Thermal tracking of meltwater retention in Greenland's accumulation area
Authors: Humphrey Neil F. , Harper Joel T. , Pfeffer W. Tad
Published: December 2011

Poorly understood processes controlling retention of meltwater in snow and firn have important implications for Greenland Ice Sheet's mass balance and flow dynamics. Here we present results from a 3 year (2007–2009) field campaign studying firn thermal profiles and density structure along an 85 km transect of the percolation zone of west Greenland. We installed one or two thermistor strings at 14 study sites, each string having 32 sensors spaced between 0 and 10 m depth. Data from our network of over 500 sensors were collected at 15–60 min intervals for 1–2 years, thereby recording the thermal signature of meltwater infiltration and refreezing during annual melt cycles. We document three types of heating of firn related to different mechanisms of meltwater motion and freezing, including heterogeneous breakthrough events, wetting front advance, and year‐round heating from freezing of residual deep pore water. Vertically infiltrating meltwater commonly penetrates through cold firn accumulated over decades, even where ice layers are present at the previous summer surface and where ice layer thickness exceeds several decimeters. The offset between the mean annual air temperature and the 10 m firn temperature reveals the elevation dependency of meltwater retention along our transect. The firn is > 10°C warmer than the mean annual air temperature at the region where meltwater runoff initiates. During 2007–2009, runoff was limited to elevations lower than ∼1500 m with no sharp “runoff limit”; rather, the ratio of retention to runoff transitioned from all retention to all runoff across a ∼20 km wide zone.
On the Role of Government Land Information in Macroeconomic Policies
Authors: Tambuwala Nilofer , Bennett Rohan , Rajabifard Abbas , Wallace Jude , Williamson Ian
Published: December 2011

In many countries macroeconomic policy making and land administration operate independently. A review of the literature from both disciplines supports this view. The failure to include authoritative land information generated by a country's land administration system in macroeconomic policy making can result in suboptimal governmental fiscal and monetary decisions. This is demonstrated through two case studies of the Australian context, with a focus on managing land taxes and administering interest on debt financing. A simplified empirical model is derived from the study results. The model aims to articulate and promote the important role of government land information in policy and decision making. Practical implementation will require determination of the legal, institutional, and technical requirements of the model.
The use of hollow-bearing trees retained in multi-aged regenerating production forest by the Tasmanian common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula fuliginosus)
Authors: Cawthen Lisa , Munks Sarah
Published: December 2011

Context Hollow-bearing trees are frequently retained in timber-production areas as part of measures to mitigate against the impacts of forest harvesting on fauna, yet few studies have investigated the effectiveness of such measures. Such studies are essential for adaptive forest management. Aims The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of hollow-bearing trees retained in harvested and unharvested forest as den sites by the Tasmanian common brushtail possum. In particular, we examined the distribution and types of hollow-bearing trees used as den sites and whether or not their use in harvested sites was influenced by time since harvest. Methods Thirty brushtail possums were radio-tracked to their day-time den sites between March 2007–July 2007 and July 2008–October 2008, at five dry Eucalyptus forest sites (three regenerating after partial harvest with hollow-bearing trees retained inside the coupe and two in relatively undisturbed forest) in south-eastern Tasmania, Australia. Key results The brushtail possums tracked in the study denned primarily in hollow-bearing trees at both the harvested and unharvested sites. At sites regenerating 8 and 10 years after harvest, most den site locations were in trees retained outside the harvest area, in large patches. In contrast, at the site regenerating 17 years after harvest, isolated trees and small patches within the harvested area were used. Conclusions Hollow-bearing trees retained within harvest areas do provide habitat for hollow-dependent fauna such as the common brushtail possum and enable recolonisation of harvested areas in the medium term. However, in the short term these trees may not be used and hollow-bearing trees retained in the surrounding landscape are important for providing refuge as the harvested area regenerates. Implications The retention of hollow-bearing trees in harvested areas may be an effective measure at enabling recolonisation of harvested areas once suitable habitat regenerates, but it is also important to ensure that large patches of mature forest (containing hollows) are retained in the surrounding landscape to ensure the persistence of hollow-using fauna.
Specific recognition of linear ubiquitin chains by the Npl4 zinc finger (NZF) domain of the HOIL-1L subunit of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex
Authors: Sato Yusuke , Fujita Hiroaki , Yoshikawa Azusa , Yamashita Masami , Yamagata Atsushi , Kaiser Stephen E. , Iwai Kazuhiro , Fukai Shuya
Published: December 2011

The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) is a key nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway component that produces linear polyubiquitin chains. The HOIL-1L subunit of LUBAC has been shown to bind linear chains; however, detailed structural and functional analyses on the binding between LUBAC and linear chains have not been performed. In this study, we found that the Npl4 zinc finger (NZF) domain of HOIL-1L specifically binds linear polyubiquitin chains and determined the crystal structure of the HOIL-1L NZF domain in complex with linear diubiquitin at 1.7-Å resolution. The HOIL-1L NZF domain consists of a zinc-coordinating “NZF core” region and an additional α-helical “NZF tail” region. The HOIL-1L NZF core binds both the canonical Ile44-centered hydrophobic surface on the distal ubiquitin and a Phe4-centered hydrophobic patch on the proximal ubiquitin, representing a mechanism for the specific recognition of linear chains. The NZF tail binds the proximal ubiquitin to enhance the binding affinity. These recognition mechanisms were supported by the accompanying in vitro and in vivo structure-based mutagenesis experiments.
Vertebrate-specific glutaredoxin is essential for brain development
Authors: Bräutigam Lars , Schütte Lena Dorothee , Godoy José Rodrigo , Prozorovski Timour , Gellert Manuela , Hauptmann Giselbert , Holmgren Arne , Lillig Christopher Horst , Berndt Carsten
Published: December 2011

Cellular functions and survival are dependent on a tightly controlled redox potential. Currently, an increasing amount of data supports the concept of local changes in the redox environment and specific redox signaling events controlling cell function. Specific protein thiol groups are the major targets of redox signaling and regulation. Thioredoxins and glutaredoxins catalyze reversible thiol-disulfide exchange reactions and are primary regulators of the protein thiol redox state. Here, we demonstrate that embryonic brain development depends on the enzymatic activity of glutaredoxin 2. Zebrafish with silenced expression of glutaredoxin 2 lost virtually all types of neurons by apoptotic cell death and the ability to develop an axonal scaffold. As demonstrated in zebrafish and in a human cellular model for neuronal differentiation, glutaredoxin 2 controls axonal outgrowth via thiol redox regulation of collapsin response mediator protein 2, a central component of the semaphorin pathway. This study provides an example of a specific thiol redox regulation essential for vertebrate embryonic development.
Crystal structure of the bacteriophage T4 late-transcription coactivator gp33 with the β-subunit flap domain of
Escherichia coli
RNA polymerase
Authors: Twist Kelly-Anne F. , Campbell Elizabeth A. , Deighan Padraig , Nechaev Sergei , Jain Vikas , Geiduschek E. Peter , Hochschild Ann , Darst Seth A.
Published: December 2011

Activated transcription of the bacteriophage T4 late genes, which is coupled to concurrent DNA replication, is accomplished by an initiation complex containing the host RNA polymerase associated with two phage-encoded proteins, gp55 (the basal promoter specificity factor) and gp33 (the coactivator), as well as the DNA-mounted sliding-clamp processivity factor of the phage T4 replisome (gp45, the activator). We have determined the 3.0 Å-resolution X-ray crystal structure of gp33 complexed with its RNA polymerase binding determinant, the β-flap domain. Like domain 4 of the promoter specificity
σ
factor (
σ
4
), gp33 interacts with RNA polymerase primarily by clamping onto the helix at the tip of the β-flap domain. Nevertheless, gp33 and
σ
4
are not structurally related. The gp33/β-flap structure, combined with biochemical, biophysical, and structural information, allows us to generate a structural model of the T4 late promoter initiation complex. The model predicts protein/protein interactions within the complex that explain the presence of conserved patches of surface-exposed residues on gp33, and provides a structural framework for interpreting and designing future experiments to functionally characterize the complex.
Functional reconstitution of human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3)
Authors: Sun Chaomin , Todorovic Aleksandar , Querol-Audí Jordi , Bai Yun , Villa Nancy , Snyder Monica , Ashchyan John , Lewis Christopher S. , Hartland Abbey , Gradia Scott , Fraser Christopher S. , Doudna Jennifer A. , Nogales Eva , Cate Jamie H. D.
Published: December 2011

Protein fate in higher eukaryotes is controlled by three complexes that share conserved architectural elements: the proteasome, COP9 signalosome, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3). Here we reconstitute the 13-subunit human eIF3 in
Escherichia coli
, revealing its structural core to be the eight subunits with conserved orthologues in the proteasome lid complex and COP9 signalosome. This structural core in eIF3 binds to the small (40S) ribosomal subunit, to translation initiation factors involved in mRNA cap-dependent initiation, and to the hepatitis C viral (HCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) RNA. Addition of the remaining eIF3 subunits enables reconstituted eIF3 to assemble intact initiation complexes with the HCV IRES. Negative-stain EM reconstructions of reconstituted eIF3 further reveal how the approximately 400 kDa molecular mass structural core organizes the highly flexible 800 kDa molecular mass eIF3 complex, and mediates translation initiation.
Temperature perception and signal transduction - mechanisms across multiple organisms.
Authors: Penfield S. , Kendall S. , MacGregor D.
Published: December 2011

This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge of how temperature is measured by all manner of life forms. Some mechanisms turn out to be highly specialized in particular phyla, while some, presumably more ancient, are apparently widely conserved across species. It covers perception of temperature in animals through the gating of channels, by microorganism using diverse molecular mechanisms, and by plants through chromatin and transcription. Finally, the role of heat shock response in estimating the effect of climate change, specifically increased temperature, on those species most at risk, is discussed.
Temperature adaptation in changing climate: marine fish and invertebrates.
Authors: Abele D.
Published: December 2011

This chapter focuses on the adaptive physiological and ecological responses to warming in cold-temperate marine ectotherms. To understand centrally important traits of thermal tolerance, adaptive traits that restrict the capacities of cold stenotherms from Antarctic environments to acclimatize to the present warming trend in Western Antarctica are studied. The present knowledge of regulatory pathways that support metabolic adaptations to warmer temperatures is also discussed.
Perennial field crops.
Authors: Bertrand A.
Published: December 2011

In Canada, perennial forage crops and rangelands are grown on over 34 million ha, which represent more than 50% of all agricultural land. The productivity of perennial crops depends on climatic conditions. For perennial crops, however, both summer and winter climatic conditions are the determining factors. Yield is mainly dependent on the conditions prevailing during the growing period, while long-term persistence depends largely on the severity of winter conditions. This chapter focuses on current and future climatic conditions of eastern Canada, but conclusions could be applied to countries where the winter is characterized by freezing temperatures and snow cover.
Invasion by alien macrophytes in freshwater ecosystems of India.
Authors: Shah M. A. , Reshi Z. A.
Published: December 2011

This chapter describes the invasion of freshwater ecosystems in India by alien macrophytes, discusses the impact of plant invasion on freshwater ecosystems, and presents some strategies for the management of aquatic invasions. A preliminary checklist of aquatic alien plant species found in the Indian freshwater ecosystems is included.
The formless void as organizational template
Authors: Harle Tim
Published: December 2011

This article examines the first creation story in the Book of Genesis from the perspective of complexity theory. Traditional views of this narrative conceive of a deity harnessing chaos to create order. They reflect a loathing of chaos and a desire for control: a Newtonian worldview of cause and effect. It is an approach we see repeated in contemporary organizations. However, a radically different perspective sees the formless void as opening up the possibility of emergence and self-organization. This approach is used to prompt interaction both with the Judaeo-Christian tradition and organization studies. Four particular leadership challenges are examined: notions of control, attitudes to change, co-creating an environment for self-organization, and using emergence in relation to values. A concluding section highlights the importance of consistency in leadership to promote emergence.
Scintillator-oriented combinatorial search in Ce-doped (Y,Gd)3(Ga,Al)5O12 multicomponent garnet compounds
Authors: Kamada K , Yanagida T , Pejchal J , Nikl M , Endo T , Tsutumi K , Fujimoto Y , Fukabori A , Yoshikawa A
Published: December 2011

Ce-doped (Y
y
Gd1−y
)3(Ga
x
Al1−x
)5O12(x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and y = 1, 2, 3) single crystals are grown by the micro-pulling down method. X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis techniques are employed to check their structure and chemical composition, respectively. Optical and photoluminescence characteristics are measured and radioluminescence spectra, light yield and scintillation decay measurements are further made to evaluate the scintillation performance. We show that balanced Gd and Ga admixture in the Y3Al5O12 structure can considerably increase the scintillation efficiency, and the spectrally corrected light yield value exceeds 44 000 photon MeV−1. Scintillation decay times approach that of Ce3+ photoluminescence decay and an additional less intense slower component is also observed. Physical aspects of energy transfer process and 5d1 excited state depopulation are discussed. The micro-pulling down technique is shown as an ideal tool for a directed combinatorial search for targeted single crystal compositions to reveal those with the highest figure-of-merit for a given application field.
On the current density limiting effect in SF6-based mixtures
Authors: Belevtsev A A , Firsov K N , Kazantsev S Yu , Kononov I G , Podlesnykh S V
Published: December 2011

This paper reports on the investigation of the current density limiting effect in a self-sustained volume discharge in SF6-based mixtures due to a self-action of the discharge current on the media it passes through. The mechanism of this phenomenon in terms of electron-impact dissociation is examined. The argument is advanced that in the planar geometry the limiting effect treated may provoke triggering a spatially uniform volume discharge in the media stated even in the absence of pre-ionization. It is shown that the dissociation mathematics developed by the authors allows the quantitative estimation of the averaged expenditures of energy per formation of a dissociation fragment. Specifically, when applied to pure SF6 this finding enables the assessment of the energy spent for F-atom formation. For the first time the influence of current pulse duration on the discharge voltage has been experimentally revealed. Both thorough qualitative and quantitative considerations including relevant numerical simulation have been performed.
Defect-related energy structures of AlN nanotips probed by photoluminescence
Authors: Chen Haitao , Chen Guoshuai , Zhou Xuming , Zhu Wenming , Chen Xiaobing , Zeng Xianghua
Published: December 2011

Large-scale AlN nanotip arrays were fabricated via a facile catalysis-free approach using AlCl3 powder and NH3 as starting materials. These nanotips exhibit two intense broad emissions centred at about 375 and 480 nm. Both bands do not change significantly or freeze out at a low temperature, showing the features of photoionization of deep donor electrons. Photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectral examination as well as the possible mechanism involved are systematically investigated. It reveals that the two bands are connected with the electronic states determined by the nitrogen vacancy and complex defects. The related energy structures are also provided. This work provides a possible mechanism for defect-related emissions in various AlN nanostructures.
Dysautonomia
Authors: Mustafa Hossam I. , Fessel Joshua P. , Barwise John , Shannon John R. , Raj Satish R. , Diedrich André , Biaggioni Italo , Robertson David , Warner David S.
Published: December 2011

Severe autonomic failure occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000 people. Such patients are remarkable for the striking and sometimes paradoxic responses they manifest to a variety of physiologic and pharmacologic stimuli. Orthostatic hypotension is often the finding most commonly noted by physicians, but a myriad of additional and less understood findings also occur. These findings include supine hypertension, altered drug sensitivity, hyperresponsiveness of blood pressure to hypo/hyperventilation, sleep apnea, and other neurologic disturbances. In this article the authors will review the clinical pathophysiology that underlies autonomic failure, with a particular emphasis on those aspects most relevant to the care of such patients in the perioperative setting. Strategies used by clinicians in diagnosis and treatment of these patients, and the effect of these interventions on the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care that these patients undergo is a crucial element in the optimized management of care in these patients.
Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-ammonifying bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent
Authors: Pérez-Rodríguez Ileana , Grosche Ashley , Massenburg Lynnicia , Starovoytov Valentin , Lutz Richard A. , Vetriani Costantino
Published: December 2011

A novel hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, designated strain HB-8T, was isolated from the tube of Alvinella pompejana tubeworms collected from the wall of an actively venting sulfide structure on the East Pacific Rise at 13° N. The cells were Gram-negative rods, approximately 1.0–1.5 µm long and 0.5 µm wide. Strain HB-8T grew between 65 and 80 °C (optimum 75 °C), 15 and 35 g NaCl l−1 (optimum 30 g l−1) and pH 4.5 and 8.5 (optimum pH 6.0). Generation time under optimal conditions was 26 min. Growth occurred under chemolithoautotrophic conditions with H2 as the energy source and CO2 as the carbon source. Nitrate and sulfur were used as electron acceptors, with concomitant formation of ammonium or hydrogen sulfide, respectively. The presence of lactate, formate, acetate or tryptone in the culture medium inhibited growth. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 47.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and of the alpha subunit of the ATP citrate lyase of strain HB-8T indicated that this organism formed a novel lineage within the class

Aquificae

, equally distant from the type strains of the type species of the three genera that represent the family

Desulfurobacteriaceae

:

Thermovibrio ruber

ED11/3LLK8T,

Balnearium lithotrophicum

17ST and

Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum

BSAT. The polar lipids of strain HB-8T differed substantially from those of other members of the

Desulfurobacteriaceae

, and this bacterium produced novel quinones. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, it is proposed that the organism represents a novel genus and species within the family

Desulfurobacteriaceae

, Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Phorcysia thermohydrogeniphila is HB-8T ( = DSM 24425T  = JCM 17384T).
Genetic Architecture of Maize Kernel Composition in the Nested Association Mapping and Inbred Association Panels
Authors: Cook Jason P. , McMullen Michael D. , Holland James B. , Tian Feng , Bradbury Peter , Ross-Ibarra Jeffrey , Buckler Edward S. , Flint-Garcia Sherry A.
Published: December 2011

The maize (Zea mays) kernel plays a critical role in feeding humans and livestock around the world and in a wide array of industrial applications. An understanding of the regulation of kernel starch, protein, and oil is needed in order to manipulate composition to meet future needs. We conducted joint-linkage quantitative trait locus mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for kernel starch, protein, and oil in the maize nested association mapping population, composed of 25 recombinant inbred line families derived from diverse inbred lines. Joint-linkage mapping revealed that the genetic architecture of kernel composition traits is controlled by 21–26 quantitative trait loci. Numerous GWAS associations were detected, including several oil and starch associations in acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase1-2, a gene that regulates oil composition and quantity. Results from nested association mapping were verified in a 282 inbred association panel using both GWAS and candidate gene association approaches. We identified many beneficial alleles that will be useful for improving kernel starch, protein, and oil content.
Hybrid Incompatibility in Arabidopsis Is Determined by a Multiple-Locus Genetic Network
Authors: Burkart-Waco Diana , Josefsson Caroline , Dilkes Brian , Kozloff Nora , Torjek Otto , Meyer Rhonda , Altmann Thomas , Comai Luca
Published: December 2011

The cross between Arabidopsis thaliana and the closely related species Arabidopsis arenosa results in postzygotic hybrid incompatibility, manifested as seed death. Ecotypes of A. thaliana were tested for their ability to produce live seed when crossed to A. arenosa. The identified genetic variation was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) encoded by the A. thaliana genome that affect the frequency of postzygotic lethality and the phenotypes of surviving seeds. Seven QTLs affecting the A. thaliana component of this hybrid incompatibility were identified by crossing a Columbia × C24 recombinant inbred line population to diploid A. arenosa pollen donors. Additional epistatic loci were identified based on their pairwise interaction with one or several of these QTLs. Epistatic interactions were detected for all seven QTLs. The two largest additive QTLs were subjected to fine-mapping, indicating the action of at least two genes in each. The topology of this network reveals a large set of minor-effect loci from the maternal genome controlling hybrid growth and viability at different developmental stages. Our study establishes a framework that will enable the identification and characterization of genes and pathways in A. thaliana responsible for hybrid lethality in the A. thaliana × A. arenosa interspecific cross.
MaizeRough Endosperm3Encodes an RNA Splicing Factor Required for Endosperm Cell Differentiation and Has a Nonautonomous Effect on Embryo Development
Authors: Fouquet Romain , Martin Federico , Fajardo Diego S. , Gault Christine M. , Gómez Elisa , Tseung Chi-Wah , Policht Tyler , Hueros Gregorio , Settles A. Mark
Published: December 2011

Endosperm and embryo development are coordinated via epigenetic regulation and signaling between these tissues. In maize (Zea mays), the endosperm–embryo signals are not known, but endosperm cellularization is a key event for embryos to form shoots and roots. We screened seed mutants for nonautonomous functions in endosperm and embryo development with genetically nonconcordant seeds and identified the recessive mutant rough endosperm3 (rgh3). The wild-type Rgh3 allele is required in the endosperm for embryos to develop and has an autonomous role in embryo and seedling development. Endosperm cell differentiation is defective in rgh3. Results from endosperm cell culture indicate that rgh3 mutants remain in a proliferative state through mid-seed development. Rgh3 encodes the maize U2AF35 Related Protein (URP), an RNA splicing factor involved in both U2 and U12 splicing. The Rgh3 allele produces at least 19 alternative splice variants with only one isoform encoding a full-length ortholog to URP. The full-length RGH3α isoform localizes to the nucleolus and displays a speckled pattern within the nucleoplasm, and RGH3α colocalizes with U2AF65. A survey of alternatively spliced transcripts found that, in the rgh3 mutant, a fraction of noncanonical splicing events are altered. Our findings suggest that differentiation of maize endosperm cell types is necessary for embryos to develop. The molecular cloning of Rgh3 suggests that alternative RNA splicing is needed for cell differentiation, development, and plant viability.
Evaluation of cheating detection methods in academic writings
Authors: Patel Ahmed , Bakhtiyari Kaveh , Taghavi Mona
Published: December 2011

Purpose

This paper aims to focus on plagiarism and the consequences of anti‐plagiarism services such as Turnitin.com, iThenticate, and PlagiarismDetect.com in detecting the most recent cheatings in academic and other writings.

Design/methodology/approach

The most important approach is plagiarism prevention and finding proper solutions for detecting more complex kinds of plagiarism through natural language processing and artificial intelligence self‐learning techniques.

Findings

The research shows that most of the anti‐plagiarism services can be cracked through different methods and artificial intelligence techniques can help to improve the performance of the detection procedure.

Research limitations/implications

Accessing entire data and plagiarism algorithms is not possible completely, so comparing is just based on the outputs from detection services. They may produce different results on the same inputs.

Practical implications

Academic papers and web pages are increasing over time, and it is very difficult to capture and compare documents with all available data on the network in an up to date manner.

Originality/value

As many students and researchers use the plagiarism techniques (e.g. PDF locking, ghost‐writers, dot replacement, online translators, previous works, fake bibliography) to cheat in academic writing, this paper is intended to prevent plagiarism and find suitable solutions for detecting more complex kinds of plagiarism. This should also be of grave concern to teachers and librarians to provide up to date/standard anti‐plagiarism services. The paper proposes some new solutions to overcome these problems and to create more resilient and intelligent future systems.
Archiving in the networked world: preserving plagiarized works
Authors: Seadle Michael
Published: December 2011

Purpose

Plagiarism has become a salient issue for universities and thus for university libraries in recent years. This paper aims to discuss three interrelated aspects of preserving plagiarized works: collection development issues, copyright problems, and technological requirements. Too often these three are handled separately even though in fact each has an influence on the other.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper looks first at the ingest process (called the Submission Information Package or SIP), then at storage management in the archive (the AIP or Archival Information Package), and finally at the retrieval process (the DIP or Distribution Information Package).

Findings

The chief argument of this paper is that works of plagiarism and the evidence exposing them are complex objects, technically, legally and culturally. Merely treating them like any other work needing preservation runs the risk of encountering problems on one of those three fronts.

Practical implications

This is a problem, since currently many public preservation strategies focus on ingesting large amounts of self‐contained content that resembles print on paper, rather than on online works that need special handling. Archival systems also often deliberately ignore the cultural issues that affect future usability.

Originality/value

The paper discusses special handling and special considerations for archiving works of plagiarism.
Laying the information literacy foundation: a multiple‐media solution
Authors: Gustavson Amy , Whitehurst Angela , Hisle David
Published: December 2011

Purpose

This paper seeks to provide a solution for teaching comprehensive information literacy instruction when time is limited during one‐shot library instruction sessions. It aims to focus on one technique to solve this dilemma – the creation of a multi‐media tutorial: Library 101: Introduction to Research. The paper aims to educate librarians of the many technological tools, which could be employed to enrich library instruction.

Design/methodology/approach

Using the Oakleaf Information Literacy Instruction Assessment Cycle (ILIAC), librarians gathered assessment data and determined student research skill deficits in Fall 2009. To address knowledge gaps, the authors systematically designed a multi‐media tutorial with ten tools.

Findings

The paper finds that the tutorial identified students' areas of weakness prior to library instruction. As a result, librarians could focus on identified topics during the session and increase student learning. Annual re‐evaluation of the tools and data are needed in order to update the program and ensure student learning occurs.

Research limitations/implications

The limitations of the creation process include incomplete software evaluation early in the process, learning how to collaborate with different project management styles, developing a realistic timeline, and the need for a robust assessment management system to collect data. The effectiveness of this tutorial needs more empirical evaluation.

Practical implications

The paper may help inform those planning to create a tutorial by suggesting useful, low‐cost tools for its creation and determining how to incorporate student learning outcomes and assessment into asynchronous instruction.

Originality/value

This paper fulfills an identified need to determine students' knowledge gaps through learning outcome assessment and respond to these gaps with asynchronous instruction methods.
Whether big deals are really big for engineering college libraries?
Authors: Nagaraja Aragudige , Gangadhar K.C. , Vasanthakumar M.
Published: December 2011

Purpose

Library consortia have played a vital role in sharing information resources among participating libraries. In India, engineering college libraries subscribe to many electronic resources through the Indian Digital Library of Engineering Science and Technology (INDEST) consortium. This paper aims to identify the collection development of electronic resources through INDEST to predict the most required and useful model for engineering colleges.

Design/methodology/approach

The list of colleges that subscribe to electronic resources through INDEST was studied online and analyzed.

Findings

It is evident that most colleges only subscribed IEL online through INDEST. Some colleges have subscribed to different resources from more than one publisher. The bundles of resources subscribed through INDEST have not fully supported all the courses offered by the institutions. It is revealed that the bibliographical databases for searching the literature in technological sciences were not subscribed to by any colleges participating in INDEST.

Originality/value

The results of this study are useful for engineering college libraries to develop the collection of online journals in the digital era.
Opening the “black box”
Authors: Cavélius Florence
Published: December 2011

Purpose

Institutional investors use the information disclosed by listed companies to analyze the performance of their investments. The purpose of this paper is to open the “black box” of the construction of financial disclosure by analyzing the internal reporting systems of firms with reference to the information disclosed.

Design/methodology/approach

Using indexes, the quality of the financial disclosure and the internal reporting systems are measured, and analyzed with a view to finding some links between them. It is expected that the quality of disclosure is dependent on the quality of the internal reporting.

Findings

Complex interactions between internal reporting and financial disclosure are revealed, which leads to the identification of a typology of practices. The dependence of the relationship may be troubled by the willingness of the firm to communicate, or by the internal methods of control. According to the various cases, different levels of usefulness of the information for the investor are expected.

Originality/value

This paper is a first attempt to analyse information disclosed by firms with regards to the internal information at their disposal.
The role of the balanced scorecard in the formulation and control of strategic processes
Authors: Naro Gérald , Travaillé Denis
Published: December 2011

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to confront the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) with Simons’ levers of control model and to discuss its role in the various phases of the strategic process. The authors examine the role of the BSC as a tool of interactive and diagnostic control by making a distinction between its design phase and its phase of use.

Design/methodology/approach

An action research approach, based on two cases, was used to investigate the role of the balanced scorecard in strategic processes.

Findings

The results show that the BSC generates a process of collective elucidation favouring the forming of emergent strategies and a process of control of the change favouring the collective representations on the strategy. The BSC thus seems to be a relevant tool for interactive control during its implementation stage. On the other hand, the authors’ observations also show the failure of the BSC as a system of diagnostic control and of interactive control during its using stage. Ultimately, it is shown that the model of Simons provides the BSC with a relevant theoretical framework to clarify the practice of strategic control.

Research limitations/implications

The study highlights the interest of field studies, and more particularly, processuals and longitudinal approaches, in management accounting research.

Practical implications

The study of two cases underlines the strategic contribution of the BSC by highlighting its role in building a strategy.

Originality/value

The field study allows us to observe how the design of a management control tool such as the BSC occurs during the strategy‐forming phase.
Contextual factors affecting the deployment of innovative performance measurement systems
Authors: Gosselin Maurice
Published: December 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between strategy, structure and environmental uncertainty, and the design and the use of performance measurements systems. The paper provides empirical evidence on the contextual factors associated with the use of financial and non‐financial measures, process and outcome measures and the deployment of innovative performance measurement systems in manufacturing business units.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 200 Canadian manufacturing organizations. Respondents were asked to indicate to which extent they use different measures. They also had to mention if they had adopted an innovative performance measurement approach such as the balanced scorecard. The questionnaire also included questions to classify organizations as prospectors, defenders or analyzers and to measure the levels of decentralization and perceived environmental uncertainty.

Findings

The results show that there is a significant association between strategy, organizational structure and environmental uncertainty and the use of non‐financial and process measures. They also indicate that there is an association between strategy and environmental uncertainty and the deployment of innovative performance measurement systems.

Practical implications

Since the 1990s, performance measurement has become an important issue for both academics and practitioners. The professional literature has suggested that managers should design innovative performance measurement systems such as balanced scorecards that include financial and non‐financial measures and also process and outcome measures. This paper provides a better understanding of the factors that affect the implementation of innovative performance measurement systems.

Originality/value

The paper presents one of the few studies that provide a better understanding of the contingent factors that influence the design and the use of innovative performance measurement systems.
Developing a university classification model from performance indicators
Authors: Phusavat Kongkiti , Ketsarapong Suphattra , Ranjan Jayanthi , Lin Binshan
Published: December 2011

Purpose

This paper aims to improve the Commission of Higher Education (CHE)'s current university classification and develop the Thai Higher Education Classification Model (THEC‐model). This study supports the CHE's initiative to ensure that the future is more science‐oriented by encouraging universities to become National Research Universities (NRUs).

Design/methodology/approach

The research applies empirical data and a statistical approach for the THEC‐model's development. The model's results are then compared with the decisions reached earlier by the CHE in selecting public universities as research‐intensive.

Findings

The proposed classification criteria for NRUs consist of: research funding; the variety of instructional programmes; the level of instructional programmes; instructors and research staff body; and student body, which have significantly statistically influenced the differences in Y‐variables: research output, citation, and research awards at alpha 0.05. The initial results show that eight universities are selected. The findings are consistent with the 2008 announcement, except for two universities.

Practical implications

The developed THEC‐model benefits academic researchers, university administrators, and policymakers for many reasons. For example, the THEC‐model provides information for academic researchers to determine the important variables for a research university. The model provides information for policymakers to manage higher education effectively to raise the targets for a university.

Originality/value

The THEC‐model criteria were generated by reviewing the classification system in different locations. Such criteria could be applied extensively at domestic and international level. Moreover, the developed THEC‐model is based on a statistical approach and empirical data improved the reliability and would be beneficial to the CHEs in Thailand for further improvement on research‐focused HEI classification criteria in the future.
Revisiting digital libraries quality: a multiple‐item scale approach
Authors: Helena Vinagre Maria , Gaspar Pinto Leonor , Ochôa Paula
Published: December 2011

Purpose

This paper aims to deepen the concept of service quality in digital libraries based on the analysis of the Digital Library Service Quality Model (adapted from Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Malhotra) and a multiple‐item scale (dlQUAL scale) created to evaluate the quality and performance of service delivered by the Portuguese Digital Library Consortium as part of the Digital Library Integrated Evaluation Programme.

Design/methodology/approach

The Digital Library Service Quality Model makes it possible to assess gaps between different levels based on a multiple‐item scale to evaluate service quality, which was designed as a web survey. Considering the strategical groups (users, LIS professionals, library managers and top managers), the research team developed four different web‐survey versions to evaluate the different gaps. In the first step of this study, they looked for measures validity.

Findings

The scale proved good psychometric proprieties. This study also showed the usefulness of the Digital Library Service Quality Model to evaluate and analyze digital libraries' service quality.

Practical implications

The scale is valid and useful to evaluate digital libraries' service quality and it can provide valuable performance information to digital libraries' decision‐makers. Moreover, the Digital Library Service Quality Model is a useful instrument to check the critical points that are related to organizational deficiencies. If these gaps are regularly monitored, it is possible to implement adequate correction measures and improve service quality.

Originality/value

This paper presents a Library Service Quality Model specifically designed to evaluate digital libraries.
When more can be less: the perceived value of additional FDI in the same host country
Authors: Hutzschenreuter Thomas , Kleindienst Ingo , von Bieberstein Boris
Published: December 2011

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to explore whether and how the depth of a company's operations in a given host country influences how shareholders value further investments in that country. Here, depth means the extent of a company's presence, that is, a company's accumulated foreign direct investment (FDI) in a given country prior to the focal investment.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper develops a theoretical framework postulating that the value of an additional FDI in a given host country decreases to the extent to which it is redundant to a company's accumulated FDI in that country prior to the focal investment. Hypotheses are advanced and tested using a sample that encompasses the FDIs of 91 German MNEs over a 20‐year period from 1985 to 2004.

Findings

The empirical analysis shows that there is a negative relationship between depth of operations in a host country prior to the focal investment and the value that shareholders put on that investment. It is also found that the negative relationship is moderated by characteristics of the focal investment, as well as by characteristics of the country in which the additional investment is made.

Research limitations/implications

The theoretical framework developed in this study provides a starting‐point for further research on the valuation effect of individual FDIs. This study focuses on cross‐border acquisitions mainly because the value effect of such FDI can be calculated using an event study approach. However, it is believed that testing this study's theoretical framework using other forms of FDI would yield interesting results.

Originality/value

This is among the few studies that investigate how a company's path of FDI in a given host country affects the value of additional FDI in that country.
Summary and analysis of Dodd‐Frank rules for investment advisers: registration requirements, exemptions, family offices, performance fee eligibility
Authors: Sorady Marybeth , Domina Daren , Cohen Wendy , Santo Fred , Bregstein Henry , Wiener Meryl , Okoshi Marilyn , Governale Jack P.
Published: December 2011

Purpose

This paper aims to explain the rules recently adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission under the provisions of the Dodd‐Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act relating to the increased asset threshold for federal registration as an investment adviser, the new exemptions from investment adviser registration (including the exclusion of “family offices” from the definition of an investment adviser), the enhanced reporting obligations imposed on registered and certain exempt advisers, and the definition of a “qualified client” for purposes of applying the performance fee rule under the Investment Advisers Act.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper summarizes the principal content of the Rules and explains their application to investment advisers, focusing in particular on analyzing the impact of the Rules on US and non‐US advisers to private funds.

Findings

The Rules clarify important aspects of the Dodd‐Frank amendments to the Investment Advisers Act and expand the scope of certain registration exemptions as they relate to foreign advisers. The Rules also expand significantly the family office exclusion from investment adviser status.

Originality/value

The paper provides expert guidance from experienced financial services lawyers.