bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Full-Field Displacement Measurement Technique at the Microscale and Application to the Study of Strain Fields in a Tensile Steel Specimen
Authors: Moulart Raphaël , Rotinat René , Pierron Fabrice , Lérondel Gilles
Published: March 2009

This work deals with the development of a full-field extensometric method at a micrometric
scale in order to precisely identify the local features of a metallic alloy at the scale of the grains.
The full-field method that has been chosen is the grid method that applies a spatial phase-shifting
algorithm to a periodic pattern. To mark the sample, direct interferometric photolithography was used.
The paper presents the basic features of the technique and first mechanical test results are commented.
Collapse of Glass/Carbon Fibre Circular Cylinders under Uniform External Pressure
Authors: Ross Carl T.F. , Engelhardt Marcus , Little Andrew P.F.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes an experimental and an analytical and numerical investigation into
the buckling behaviour of cylindrical composite tubes under external hydrostatic pressure. The
investigations concentrated on fibre reinforced plastic tube specimens made from a mixture of three
carbon and two E-glass fibre layers. The lay-up was 0°/90°/0°/90°/0; the carbon fibres were laid
lengthwise (0°) and the E-glass fibres circumferentially (90°). The theoretical investigations were
carried out using a simple solution for isotropic materials, namely a well-known formula by “von
Mises” and also by finite element analyses using ANSYS.
The experimental investigations showed that the composite specimens behaved similarly to
isotropic materials tested by various other researchers. The specimens failed by the common modes
associated with this study, namely due to elastic buckling, inelastic buckling and axisymmetric
yield failure. Furthermore it was discovered that the specimens failed at changes of the composite
lay-up due to the manufacturing process of these specimens. These changes seem to be the weak
points of the specimens.
For the theoretical investigations two different types of material properties were used to analyse the
composite. These were calculated properties derived from the properties of the single layers given
by the manufacturer and experimentally obtained properties.
Two different approaches were chosen for the investigation of the theoretical buckling pressure, a
program called “MisesNP”, based on a well-known formula by von Mises for single layer isotropic
materials, and two finite element analyses using the famous computer package called “ANSYS”.
This latter analyses simulated the composite with a single layer orthotropic element (Shell93) and
also with a multi layer element (Shell99). It was found out that the results obtained with ANSYS
predicted questionable buckling pressures that could not be reproduced logically.
Nevertheless this report provides Design Charts for all approaches and material types. These Design
Charts allow the possibility of obtaining a ‘plastic knockdown factor’. The theoretical buckling
pressures obtained using MisesNP or ANSYS can then be divided by the plastic knockdown factor,
to give predicted buckling pressures. This method can be used for the design of full-scale vessels.
The Effect of the Impactor Diameter and Boundary Conditions on Low Velocity Impact Composites Behaviour
Authors: Amaro Ana M. , Reis Paulo N.B. , Magalhães A.G. , de Moura Marcelo F.S.F.
Published: March 2009

The aim of present work is to study the influence of the impactor diameter and boundary conditions on low velocity impact on carbon-fibre-reinforced epoxy laminates. Experimental tests were performed on [04,904]s laminates, using a drop weight-testing machine. Circular plates were tested under low velocity impacts for two diameters of the hemispherical impactor, 12.7 mm and 20 mm, and considering similar impact energies, 2.6 J for the first impactor and 3 J for the second one. Rectangular and square plates were analysed under low velocity impacts with different boundary conditions. The impacted plates were inspected by X-radiography. Numerical simulations were also performed considering interface finite elements compatible with three-dimensional solid elements including a cohesive mixed-mode damage model, which allows to model delamination between layers. The impact tests showed that both the impactor’s diameter and boundary conditions have influence on the delaminated area. Good agreement between experimental and numerical analysis for shape, orientation and size of damage was obtained.
Failure Modes of Sandwich Structures
Authors: Gdoutos E.E.
Published: March 2009

A thorough investigation of the failure mechanisms of composite sandwich beams under four- and three-point bending and cantilever beams was undertaken. The beams were made of unidirectional carbon/epoxy (AS4/3501-6) facings and a PVC closed-cell foam (Divinycell) core. Two types of core material H100 and H250 with densities 100 and 250 kg/m3, respectively, were used. The failure modes investigated are face sheet compressive failure, core failure and facing wrinkling. The various modes have been studied separately and both initiation and ultimate failure have been determined. Initiation of a particular failure mode and triggering and interaction with other failure modes was also investigated.
Load Pulse Determination in Gas Gun Impact Tests
Authors: Ritt Stefan Andreas , Johnson Alastair F.
Published: March 2009

This paper is concerned with methods to determine the resultant impact load pulse on test
structures during gas gun tests. The muzzle of a gas gun carries an instrumented target support
designed to measure force-time-pulses of the impact event on structures mounted on the device. The
target during impact is supported on two long slender metallic bars with axial strain gauges. By
measuring the impact strain pulses in the support bars and assuming longitudinal wave propagation,
it is possible to determine the impact load pulse on the target. The paper describes the strain
measuring device and methods for determining the impact loads during impact. Gas gun test results
with different projectiles are presented and the load pulses compared with a direct load
measurement from a target load cell. The paper discusses possibilities and limitations of the device
for quantitative force pulse measurements.
Characterisation of the Nonlinear Behaviour of Expanded Polystyrene Cushions
Authors: Sek Michael A. , Rouillard Vincent , Parker Anthony
Published: March 2009

There are two main characteristics of cushioning materials that are required to design a
robust cushioning system for the protection of critical element against enviro-mechanical hazards:
the attenuation of shocks as a function of the static load and the vibration transmissibility. The
effect of a shock on a hypothetical critical element is normally evaluated by the Shock Response
Spectrum (SRS) whereas the Frequency Response Function (FRF) performs similar function in
relation to vibrations. This paper is concerned with the latter. Cushioning materials are generally
nonlinear and, together with the interacting mass, form a nonlinear dynamic system. This paper
shows how the Reverse Multiple Input-Single-Output (R-MISO) method can be used to describe
the nonlinear characteristics of cushioning systems by generating a series of FRF terms. However,
this creates ambiguity in relation to the effect of transmitted vibration on the critical element. This
paper proposes to resolve this, by analogy to the SRS, through a numerical calculation of the
Vibration Response Spectrum (VRS) for a hypothetical critical element, using as the excitation of
the critical element either experimental cushion response data or data synthesised via R-MISO
FRFs. Values of the VRS are defined as the ratio of acceleration rms of the critical element to the
rms of the cushion excitation, although other descriptors of critical element's exertion can also be
considered. The VRS can be considered as the true transmissibility. It is shown that the R-MISO
method is superior over the Single Input-Single-Output (SISO) method in determining the
transmissibility of polystyrene cushions. Since the cushion system is nonlinear, the excitation of the
linear critical element will in general be non-Gaussian, although this paper has shown that it is near-
Gaussian in the vicinity of cushion resonance. A chosen hypothetical critical element can be linear
or, if its characteristics is known in advance, nonlinear. Results presented in this paper demonstrate
how the R-MISO and the VRS can be used to determine the dynamic characteristics of EPS as a
nonlinear cushioning material.
Fretting Fatigue Apparatus for Shrink-Fitted Shaft Assembly
Authors: Santus Ciro , Bertini L. , Beghini M.
Published: March 2009

The present paper proposes a new test rig to perform fretting fatigue tests on a shrinkfitted shaft assembly. A shrink-fitted shaft is put under rotating bending by means of an eccentric offset at one end. The shaft is driven near to its first resonance condition to significantly reduce the required force to produce bending. Test parameters are the imposed bending stress amplitude, and the hub radial pressure obtained through conical fitting. The proposed apparatus allows for changing bending stress amplitude and hub pressure to generate fretting fatigue tests at different conditions. In particular, the role of slip amplitude in fretting fatigue can be investigated. At the present stage the proposed apparatus is under construction at the Mechanical Department of the University of Pisa.
The Determination and Evaluation of Nitinol Constitutive Models for Finite Element Analysis
Authors: McCummiskey Emma , Dempster William M. , Nash D.H. , Ashton T.R. , Stevenson D.G.
Published: March 2009

Superelastic Ni-Ti (Nitinol) is a member of the shape memory alloy (SMA) family of
metals. The physical properties of Nitinol are highly dependant on a number of factors, including
manufacturing method, subsequent processing, operating temperature, and strain rate. These factors
complicate the prescription of material constitutive models, leading to complexities in the
computational analysis of Nitinol components. The current work explores the limitations in the
Nitinol material model available in existing commercial finite element (FE) software using a series
of specially design experimental tests and representative FE models.
Chaotic Zones in Triple Pendulum Dynamics Observed Experimentally and Numerically
Authors: Awrejcewicz Jan , Kudra Grzegorz , Wasilewski Grzegorz
Published: March 2009

The experimental rig of the triple physical pendulum with the first body periodically forced is built. A mathematical model of the real pendulum is created. Friction in joints is modeled as a composition of dry friction and damping. The parameters of the model are estimated matching the output signals from model and experiment. For the minimum searching of the matching function the simplex method is used. Very good agreement between model and real system is obtained. Few chaotic zones are detected numerically and confirmed experimentally.
Decomposition of Symptom Observation Matrix and its Optimization in Vibration Condition Monitoring of Machines
Authors: Cempel Czesław
Published: March 2009

With the modern metrology we can measure almost all variables in the phenomenon field
of a working machine, and many of measuring quantities can be symptoms of machine condition.
On this basis we can form the symptom observation matrix (SOM) intended for condition
monitoring. On the other hand we know, that contemporary complex machines may have many
modes of failure, so called faults. The paper presents a method for the extraction of fault
information from the symptom observation matrix by means of singular value decomposition
(SVD) in the form of generalized fault symptoms. As the readings of the symptoms can be unstable,
the moving average of the SOM was applied with success. The attempt to assess the diagnostic
contribution of primary symptom was undertaken, and also some approach to connect SVD
methodology with neural nets is considered. These possibilities are illustrated in the paper by
processing data taken directly from the vibration condition monitoring of the machine.
Co-Precipitation Synthesis and Supercritical Ethanol Drying of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) Powders
Authors: Chen Hong Yu , Yang Ru
Published: March 2009

YAG precursors were co–precipitated from a mixed solution of aluminum and yttrium nitrates using urea as precipitant. After being washed by ethanol several times, the gel–like precursor was dispersed in absolute ethanol to form suspended liquid. The mixture was placed into a high–pressure autoclave, which followed by heating ethanol to supercritical state (Tc > 243°C and Pc > 6.3Mpa). The precursor dried via supercritical ethanol fluid technique was sintered at different temperature according to requirement. The phase transformation, composition and micro–structural features of the products were characterized by XRD, TG/DSC, BET and TEM techniques. It was found that after supercritical ethanol fluid drying the precursor was well dispersed, uniform and caused better sinterability of the resultant YAG powder. XRD results indicated that the precursor was partial crystalline and the pure phase YAG can be obtained at 1200°C calcinated for 2h. TG/DSC revealed the formation process of YAG phase. The averaged size of YAG nanocrystalline powder was 30–40nm and well dispersed according to TEM.
Enhancement of Electric Field inside Metallodielectric Metamaterial
Authors: Cho Won Woo , Zouganelis G. , Ohsato Hitoshi
Published: March 2009

A metallodielectric metamaterial have been investigated by using FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) method and fabricated with a resin based rapid prototyping machine. It was composed of 7 layers of parallel periodic copper wires embedded in resin. The metallodielectric metamaterial shows a different near field distribution with direction of incident electric field E that causes different electromagnetic (EM) properties. In particular, when incident electric field E is vertical to the wires inside resin, we observe enhacement of electric field in the vicinity of the embedded metal wires according to the incident direction of electirc field E as compared with dielectirc wihout metal wires. The enhanced electric field by the embedded metal wire is responsible for the enhancement of effective dielectric constant.
Microstructure and Effective Modeling of the Microwave Permittivity of Nano SiC(N) Composite Powder
Authors: Zhao Dong Lin , Luo Fa , Zhou Wan Cheng
Published: March 2009

The nano SiC(N) composite powder was synthesized from hexamethyldisilazane ((Me3Si)2NH) (Me:CH3) by a laser−induced gas-phase reaction. The microwave permittivity of the nano SiC(N) composite powder and paraffin wax (or other dielectric materials) composites can be tailored by the content of this nano powder. The dissipation factors (tgδ) of the nano SiC(N) composite powder are high at the microwave frequencies. And ε′, ε″ and tgδ of composites increase with the volume filling factor (v) of nano SiC(N) powder. The nano SiC(N) composite powder would be a good candidate for microwave absorbing material and electromagnetic interface (EMI) shielding material. The classical effective medium functions can not effectively model the microwave permittivities of the SiC(N) nanocomposites. We found that the microwave permittivities of the nanocomposites can be effectively modeled using second-order polynomials. These polynomials are dependent only on the filling factor and are purely mathematical models. The ε′ and ε″ of nanocomposites can be effectively modeled using second-order polynomials (ε′, ε″=Av2+Bv+C).
Thermal Conductivity and Cathodoluminescence of AlN Ceramics Sintered with Ca3Al2O6 as Sintering Additive
Authors: Honma Takayuki , Tooyama T. , Kuroki Yuichiro , Okamoto Tomoichiro , Takata Masasuke , Kanechika Yukihiro , Azuma Masanobu , Taniguchi H.
Published: March 2009

Aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramics with various amounts of Ca3Al2O6 (C3A) as a sintering
additive were sintered at 1880°C for 50 h in N2 atmosphere. The thermal conductivity of AlN
ceramics increased with increasing amount of C3A in the range from 0.5 to 4.8 mass%.
Cathodoluminescence (CL) intensity attributed to oxygen-induced defects decreased with increasing
amount of C3A. From the results, the increase of the thermal conductivity was considered to relate to
the decrease of the oxygen-induced defects by increasing amount of C3A.
Fabrication of Optical Waveguide in Glass by Laser-Induced Crystallization
Authors: Ihara R. , Benino Yasuhiko , Fujiwara Takumi , Komatsu Takayuki
Published: March 2009

Homogeneous crystal lines were fabricated at the surface of 8Sm2O3.37Bi2O3.55B2O3 glass by irradiations of cw Nd: YAG laser (λ=1064 nm) with laser powers of 0.7-0.9 W and laser scanning speeds of 3-5 μm/s. It was confirmed from micro-Raman scattering spectra that the lines consist of nonlinear optical SmxBi1-xBO3 crystals showing second harmonic generations. The curved crystal lines with bending angles of 0∼90° were successfully written by just changing laser scanning directions. The light (λ=632.8 nm) transmission was confirmed for a crystal line (length: 850 μm) with two bending angles of ±30o, where significant light scattering losses were not observed at the bending points. We propose that the curved crystal lines written by YAG laser irradiations have a high potential for applications in optical waveguides.
Porous Apatite Ceramics Derived from Woods
Authors: Ota Toshitaka , Eitsuka Takahiro , Yoshida Haruki , Adachi Nobuyasu
Published: March 2009

Porous calcium phosphate ceramics (apatite and TCP) with wood-like microstructures, analogous to that of silicified wood, were prepared from natural woods as templates. The production of these ceramic woods was performed by the following process: (1) infiltration with an ethanol solution containing tri-ethyl phosphate and calcium nitrate tetra-hydrate into wood specimens, (2) drying to form a calcium phosphate gel in the cell structure, (3) firing in air to form apatite and TCP. The microstructure of the obtained ceramic woods retained the same structure as that of the raw woods: with the pore sizes corresponding to those of the original wood, and the major pores being unidirectionally connected.
Micro-Columnar Crystals with (-O=V-Pd-)n Infinite Chain Structures Assembled by Hetero-Dinuclear Metal Complexes
Authors: Funahashi Yasuhiro , Kamimura Tetsuya , Mizutani M. , Wasada-Tsutsui Y. , Sakai M. , Yashiro H. , Ozawa Tomohiro , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Masuda Hideki
Published: March 2009

The inorganic and organic hybrid compound, [O=VPd(2-Pyd-)4]n (2-Pyd- = 2-pyridonate)
(1), was synthesized by assembling its monomer units in the organic solution. X-ray absorption
spectroscopic (XAFS) studies indicated that oxidation states of the vanadium and palladium ions in 1
were +IV and +II, and the distance between them was estimated to be 2.698-2.700 Å. Scanning
electron microscope (SEM) observation revealed that the compound 1 shapes in long columnar
crystals with micrometer-sized cross section. EXAFS and IR studies suggested that the O=V oxygen
atom interacted to the central palladium ion in the neighboring monomer unit, forming the inorganic
infinite chain structure, -(O=V-Pd)n-, in the columnar crystals of 1.
Temperature-pH Controlled Uptake and Release of Bovine Serum Albumin Protein in Environmental Sensitive Microgel Based on Crosslinked Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid)
Authors: Huo Dong Xia , Li Yana , Kobayashi Takaomi
Published: March 2009

Monodispersed poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PNIPAM/AAc) microgels
with acrylic acid (AAc) and N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAAm) were prepared by
surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. It was found for the PNIPAM microgel that bovine serum
albumin (BSA) could be loaded and released depending on temperature. The microgel of
PNIPAM/AAc showed that the uptake and release of BSA was controlled by both pH and
temperature.
Crystal Structure Controlled Synthesis of Titania Nanocrystals in Liquid Media at Low Temperature
Authors: Shi Li Jie , Yang Ru , Liu Tao , Hu Tian Dou
Published: March 2009

High concentrated hydrochloric/nitric/sulfuric acid were used to dissolve Ti(OH)4 produced with TiOSO4. It was found that, titania, from pure rutile phase to anatase-rutile mixed phase to pure anatase phase have been synthesized at low temperature in liquid media through controlling the hydrolyzation conditions. The phase composition and the special surface area of nanometer titania powder were characterized by means of XRD and BET. The K-edge fine structure of Ti atom sites of rutile TiO2 was investigated with grazing incidence reflection mode XAFS (EXAFS and XANES) spectroscopy. The well-crystal rutile TiO2 with fine particle size and high specific surface (above200m2/g) was formed at low temperature below 80°C, while the anatase TiO2 was formed at higher temperature in hydrochloric or nitric acid solution. But in sulfuric acid solution the crystal phase was always anatase at any temperatures. The EXAFS and XANES result showed that the order of the lattice, the coordination numbers of the Ti atom for the first shell, the second shell and the third shell as well as the relative intensity of K-preedge three peaks increased with the increase of the rutile TiO2 nanoparticle size.
Thermal Shock Testing of Ceramics for Circuit Substrates
Authors: Honda Sawao , Hashimoto Shinobu , Awaji Hideo
Published: March 2009

Thermal shock resistances of commercially available aluminum nitride and alumina ceramics as used for the circuit substrate were evaluated by infrared radiation heating (IRH) technique. Thermal shock fracture toughness, R2c of these materials was estimated experimentally and theoretically using IRH technique at various ambient temperatures. Temperature dependence of thermal properties of the materials was taken into account for the temperature and the thermal stress analysis. Experimental values of thermal shock fracture toughness were in good agreement with the calculated values. Thermal shock fracture toughness decreased with elevated ambient temperature in both ceramics.
Gelation Behavior, Morphology, Thermal and Viscoelastic Properties of Epoxy-Cyanate Ester/Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) Nanocomposites
Authors: Ma Jun Peng , Li Qi Fang
Published: March 2009

Epoxy-cyanate (EP-CE) ester composites containing the inorganic-organic hybrid
polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) octaisobutyl(T8)-POSS (oib-POSS) were prepared.
These EP-CE/POSS composites were characterized by gelation characteristics, transmission
election microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),
thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA). The glass
transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperature (Tdec) of composites increased
compared with the neat epoxy-cyanate ester with the increment of POSS content. Additionally, all
the EP-CE/POSS composites exhibited higher storage modulus (E’) values (temperature>Tg) than
the pure resins. The loss factor peak intensities decreased as the weight percentage of POSS
increases. TEM and XRD showed that phase-separated aggregates of POSS were found in matrix,
because POSS did not react with the resin.
A New Completely Condensed Silsesquioxane: Diphenyl-Silsesquioxane
Authors: Li Qi Fang , Shi Bo Dao , Geng Hai Ping
Published: March 2009

In this paper, diphenyl-silsesquioxane was synthesized and characterized. Firstly,
octa-isobutyl silsesquioxane endo-disilanol (OIBS-EDN) containing two Si-OH functions was
formed by base-catalyzed cleavage of octa-isobutyl silsesquioxane (OIBS). Then, oligomeric
silsesquioxane containing two phenyl functions (DPS) was prepared by adding
diphenyldichlorosilane to the solution of OIBS-EDN in right proportion with the presence of
trithylamine in THF. The products were characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, 29SiNMR, X-ray
diffraction, EA, DSC and GPC respectively. The results show that difunctional POSS with clear
structure and high yield can be prepared by this process. And a new simple and feasible approach to
design and synthesize difunctional POSS was put forward.
Basic Approach toward Sensor Searching for a Molecular Recognition Site of Electron Transfer Proteins
Authors: Kato Takashi , Takahashi Isao , Funahashi Yasuhiro , Ozawa Tomohiro , Masuda Hideki
Published: March 2009

As a basic study to search a molecular recognition site in electron transfer proteins, optically-active ruthenium complexes, [RuII/III(bcmaa)(bpy)] (BCMAA: N,Nbis( carboxymethyl)amino acid, BPY: 2,2’-bipyridine), were designed and prepared. The electron transfer reaction with cytochrome c553 (Alcaligenes xylosoxidans GIFU1051) was kinetically investigated, and its enantio-selectivity was detected. Based on the results of enantio-selective behavior for cytochrome c553, the local structure of molecular recognition site of cytochrome c553 was discussed.
Photosensitive PVA Polarizing Film
Authors: Wei Jie , Ji Xiao Mei , Wang Xiao , Dong Xiao Ming
Published: March 2009

In order to analyze the polarization of Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film, both the polarizing
film and polarizing film exposed to UV light were prepared and investigated by X-ray diffractometer
(XRD) and polarized UV-Visible Spectrometer. Through a series of experiments, it was found that the
crystallization degree of the unirradiated PVA film was higher than that of the UV-irradiated PVA film.
Furthermore, the transmittance of both unirradiated PVA film and UV-irradiated PVA film was
selective, different wavelength and different polarizing angles parallelism different light
transmittance.
Orientation Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polyacrylonitrile Precursors
Authors: An Na , Xu Qiang , Xu Liang Hua , Wu Si Zhu
Published: March 2009

The microstructure of the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursors can strongly affect the
structure of the carbon fibers which determine the final mechanical properties of carbon fibers. The
orientation factors ( n f ) of PAN precursors under different draw ratios were characterized by the
birefringence ( n f ), which was obtained through polarized microscopy. The results show that the
increasing of the draw ratio may enhance the degree of orientation, which can correspondingly
improve the mechanical properties. However the increasing speed of the orientation factor slows
down as the draw ratio reached to 8.
Chain Extension of Poly(butylene adipate) with 2,2’-(1,4- Phenylene)-bis(2-oxazoline)
Authors: Luo Si Yang , Zhang Yu , Zhao Jing Bo
Published: March 2009

Low molecular weight poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) was synthesized by melt polycondensation. The chain extension of the prepolymers was carried out using 2,2’-(1,4-phenylene)-bis(2-oxazoline) (PBOX) as chain-extender. The influencing factors including reaction temperature, oxazoline/-COOH molar ratio, and the molecular weight of prepolymers were studied. At the optimal chain-extending condition, PBA with Mn of 38583 and Mw of 125497 was prepared. The structure of the chain-extended PBA was also characterized by the FTIR and 1H NMR.
Mitigating Urban Heat Islands by Solidification Technology at Low Temperature
Authors: Hattori Kazuhiko , Oida M. , Isu N. , Okuda S. , Saito N. , Nogami Masayuki
Published: March 2009

Recently, the increase in production, consumption causes the shortage of the natural
resources and the increase in waste disposal. In order to build up a sustainable society, the input and
the output of the natural system should be reduced by the recirculation of materials and energy. We
have tried to develop high performance building materials by solidification technology at low
temperature. The starting materials were the inorganic wastes or soil. These solidified inorganic waste
and solidifying soil have good mechanical strength for paving tile. Solidifying soil called as Tataki
works has good performance of mitigating urban heat islands. Numerical simulation method based on
heat transfer model was studied to estimate performance of mitigating urban heat islands of
solidifying soil. Numerical model was calculated by the surface temperature changes in the outside
with air temperature changes. Simulation result was compared with experimental measurement.
Preparation of Ni-P Alloy Composite Tube-Form Carbon Membrane for Gas Separation
Authors: Bai Jin Feng , Wu Shi Yong , Li Shao Feng , Chen Wei , Li Yan
Published: March 2009

A novel tube-form asymmetrical carbon membrane based on phenol-formaldehyde resin (PFR) is proposed in this paper. The membrane is composed of Ni-P alloy on exterior surface of carbon support membrane by electroless plating method after adding ferrous powders (<20&m) as active particles inside the membrane procurer. The results show that the H2, N2 and CO2 permeation rate through the composite Ni-P carbon membrane decrease and gas separation factors increase with increase of Fe content, and H2, N2 and CO2 permeation rates reach 0.44, 0.10 and 0.08 m3.m-2.s-1.MPa-1, respectively; H2/N2 and H2/CO2 separation factors are 4.2 and 5.5, respectively. The morphology of the membrane is measured by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Synthesis of Novel Amphiphilic Block Copolymers of Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone and Poly (D, L-lactide) by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Shi Shu Xian , Liu Jian , Xia Yu Zheng , Jiao Shu Ke , Li Xiao Yu
Published: March 2009

In order to improve the hydrophilicity of poly (D,L-latide) (PDLLA), a novel amphiphilic
ABA-type triblock copolymers of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (A) and poly (D, L-lactide) (B), were
successfully synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using N-vinylpyrrolidone
(VP) as monomer, bromide-terminated poly (D,L-latide) oligomer (Br-PDLLA-Br) as functional
macromolecular initiator which was prepared when hydroxy-terminated poly(D,L-latide) oligomer
(HO-PDLLA-OH) reacted with 2-bromopropanoyl bromide, CuBr/2,2’-bipyridine complex as the
catalyst system. The resulting copolymers were characterized by various analytical techniques. The
results showed that the introduction of poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) segments into polylactide
enhanced the surface hydrophilicity of the copolymers remarkably and amphiphilic polymer can
self-assemble into core-shell structure (polymer micelle) in water by the balance of the hydrophilic
and hydrophobic interaction.
Synthesis of Polypropylene-Graft-Polycaprolactone by Melt-Grafting
Authors: Sui Yuan , Deng Jian Ping , Yang Wan Tai
Published: March 2009

Polypropylene (PP) was modified by melt graft copolymerization with ε-caprolactone
(ε-CL) in the absence of initiator. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used for
qualitative and quantitative characterization of the reaction product. The graft copolymer was also
characterized by 1H NMR, x-ray and thermogravimetric analysis (TG).
Study on Base Body of Vegetable Concrete
Authors: Li Hua Jian , Sun Heng Hu , Xiao Xue Jun , Tie Xu Chu
Published: March 2009

The self-adaptive vegetation concrete is a porous concrete which has characteristics of
self-adaptation (suitable for acid-alkali degree and humidity that plant grow automatically),
self-supply (the necessary nutrition element offers plants to grow within the structure) and
necessary mechanics of the project. To meet the vegetable growth in self-adaptive vegetable
concrete, the base body of vegebable concrete is produced with many kinds of cementitious
material and complex of different aggregate. The experiment shows that the vegetable concrete base
body which has a suitable acid-alkali degree environment of seed sprout (PH < 9) and suitable
space environment for plant root system growth( porosity rate > 40%) is produced through using
self-made soil stabilizer (the proportion of soil stabilizer and the clay is 1:1) and different
aggregates (cobble, coral reef and ceramsite).
Semi-Electrical Conductivity of Gelcast Alumina Sintered under Nitrogen Atmosphere
Authors: Menchavez Ruben L. , Adachi Koichiro , Fuji Masayoshi , Takahashi Minoru
Published: March 2009

This work demonstrated an in-situ pyrolysis of gelcast alumina under reduction sintering to make alumina and carbon composite in providing semi-electrical conductivity. To increase the carbon content, the monomer was varied in the premix solution with reduction sintering in nitrogen gas. Two-probe method was used to measure electrical resistance of the sintered samples. The results revealed that the increase of monomer addition and sintering treatment were effective in reducing electrical resistance. The lowest value was 3.6×106-cm, which is a potential candidate for electrostatic shielding application. The reduction-sintered sample was re-sintered in an air in order to gain insight on the conductive path due to carbon network. Further tests such as XRD, TGA/DTA, and scanning electron microscopywere used to explain the semi-conductive property of the material.
Preparation and Microwave Absorbing Property of Microwave Absorbers with FSS Embedded in Multilayer Composites
Authors: Zhao Dong Lin , Hou Jing Wei , Zhang Hai Long , Shen Zeng Min
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we present the experimental results of microwave absorbing materials with
a frequency-selective surface (FSS) embedded in the multilayer structural composites. Microwave
absorbing materials with the FSS pattern embedded in multilayer structural epoxy resin matrix
composites were fabricated. The effects of the FSS on multilayer structural composites for
microwave absorbing material design have been investigated. Comparisons were made with the
microwave absorptions of the multilayer composites with FSSs of different positions in composites.
The microwave absorption properties of the multiplayer composites samples with FSSs are higher
than those of the samples without FSSs. The experiment results show that the incorporation of a
FSS can effectively change the reflection property of the composite.
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes Using Hydrocarbon Ion Beams
Authors: Tanemura Masaki , Koyanagi R. , Nagumo T. , Kitazawa M. , Miao Lei , Tanemura Sakae
Published: March 2009

Toward the tailored growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), CNT growth using hydrocarbon
ion beams at the ion energy of 150 eV and the ion current densities of 10 ∼ 165 μA/cm2 was
challenged at various growth temperatures. Fibrous protrusions with an amorphous nature grew at a
low ion current density, whereas highly crystallized multi-wall CNTs were synthesized at high ion
current densities. The higher the growth temperature and the ion current density, the smaller the CNT
diameter. Similar to the conventional PECVD-grown CNTs, they grew via the so-called “tip-growth
mode.”
Electrical Property of Carbon Nanotube/PMMA/PVAc Composite Film
Authors: Chai Hong Mei , Zhao Dong Lin , Shen Zeng Min
Published: March 2009

The carbon nanotube/PMMA/PVAc composite film was prepared by solution casting. The carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphitized carbon nanotube (GCNT) were employed as conductive fillers in the composite films. The conductivity of the GCNT/PMMA/PVAc film is better than that of CNT/PMMA/PVAc film. The electrical percolation thresholds were at 5wt% and 2wt% respectively in the CNT/PMMA/PVAc film and GCNT/PMMA/PVAc film. The volume electric resistivities of CNT/PMMA/PVAc and GCNT/PMMA/PVAc composite film are at 0.044⋅m and 0.007⋅m respectively at 15wt% carbon nanotube. The significant difference of resistivity for the both types of composite film was due to different structure and crystallinity of CNT and GCNT.
Microwave Permittivity of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Liu Xiao Lai , Zhao Dong Lin
Published: March 2009

The microwave permittivity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes blended in paraffin wax
has been studied in the frequency range from 2 to 18GHz. The dissipaton factors of the
multi-walled carbon nanotubes are high at the microwave frequencies. The microwave permittivity
of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes and paraffin wax (or other dielectric materials) composites
can be tailored by the content of the carbon nanotubes. And ε′, ε″and tgδ of the composites increase
with the volume filling factor (v) of the carbon nanotubes. The ε′ and ε″ of the multi-walled carbon
nanotubes decrease with frequency in the frequency range from 2 to18 GHz. This property is very
good for broadband radar absorbing materials. The classical effective medium functions can not
effectively model the microwave permittivities of the composites containing multi-walled carbon
nanotubes. The ε′ and ε″ can be effectively modeled using second-order polynomials (ε′,
ε″=Av2+Bv+C). The high ε″ and dissipation factor tgδ (ε″/ε′) of multi-walled carbon nanotubes are
due to the dielectric relaxation. The carbon nanotubes composites would be a good candidate for
microwave absorbing material electromagnetic interface (EMI) shielding material.
Fabrication of Toughened Alumina Nanocomposites Using γ-Alumina Powder
Authors: Choi Seong Min , Matsunaga Takuya , Cheon Sung Ho , Honda Sawao , Hashimoto Shinobu , Awaji Hideo
Published: March 2009

To improve fracture strength and fracture toughness in ceramic materials, we focused our
attention on an intra-type structure of nanocomposites. We proposed new processing method for
fabricating intra-type nanocomposites. In this work, Al2O3/Ni nanocomposites were fabricated using
a soaking method and sintered by PECS(Pulse Electric Current Sintering) method. We also estimated
seed effects on this system. Seeded nanocomposites showed high fracture strength and higher fracture
toughness than non-seeded nanocomposites and monolithic alumina. The fracture strength of the
seeded nanocomposites was more than 800MPa in all sintering temperature range. The maximum
value of the fracture toughness was 5.5 MPa⋅m1/2 for the specimen sintered at 1350°C. The sintered
specimens with high fracture strength and high fracture toughness were annealed from 800°C to
1000°C for 0 to 10 min. The specimen annealed at 800°C for 5 min showed the highest fracture
toughness of 7.6 MPa⋅m1/2. This value is two times higher than that of the monolithic alumina.
Effect of Rolling Deformation on Microstructure of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Chen Jing Yi , Zhang Bo Ping , Tu Yi Fan , Li Peng Xi , Suzuki Hirowo G.
Published: March 2009

The AZ31 Mg alloy thin sheets were hot-rolled by using a small-sized rolling mill. The
thickness was successfully reduced to 0.6 mm without surface crack in 150mm×50 mm area. The
effect of rolling deformation on microstructure of the thin sheets was investigated. The basic α-Mg
phase preferred on (0001) plane and had equiaxed grains with an average grain size of about 20 μm.
All cross sections parallel to the rolling direction showed a streamline-like microstructure due to the
strong working strain during hot rolling. The precipitates were remarkably refined to less than 5
μm.
Diffusion-Rolling Bonding of Polycrystalline Metal in Two-Phase Region and Effect of Bonding Temperature
Authors: Li Hong , Han Jing Tao
Published: March 2009

In diffusion-rolling bonding, bonding temperature is a key parameter influencing interface bonding strength. In this case, lab experiments were carried out in a vacuum furnace to simulate the diffusion-rolling bonding of steel sheet of polycrystal structures under different temperatures. Bonding strength and interlayer film thickness were measured. The relationship between bonding strength and “diffused interlayer” thickness λ was investigated. The effect of temperature on diffusion-rolling bonding was investigated. Diffusion mechanism was qualitatively discussed. Based on above diffusion mechanism, the transformation in phase structure and its effect on the diffusion coefficient under different temperature was also analyzed and compared with the experimental results.
Synthesis of Hollow Silica Particle by Combination of Bubble Templating Method and Sol-Gel Transformation
Authors: Han Yong Sheng , Tarutani Y. , Fuji Masayoshi , Takahashi Minoru
Published: March 2009

The feasibility of bubble templating method to prepare hollow particles was tested in this
paper by passing a bubble into a silica sol. The silica sol was prepared by mixing TEOS, water,
alcohol and hydrochloric acid. To control the gel point, the reactants and their concentrations were
varied in each experiment. After the sol was prepared, an ammonia bubble was introduced into the
prepared sol through a capillary tube. With the catalysis of ammonia, the silica sol gelled on the
surface of bubble and formed a hollow gel particle. The nucleation of silica gel on the surface of
bubble was discussed in this paper.
Characterization of Heterocoagulation by Direct Observation Technique
Authors: Takai C. , Fuji Masayoshi , Takahashi Minoru
Published: March 2009

The control of particle dispersion is essential to the fabrication of highly designed ceramics. In this study, a direct observation technique was employed to characterize the heterocoagulation of particles in two-component slurry. TEM observation of solidified slurry composed of alumina and silica particles was attempted to evaluate heterocoagulation. At 10 mass% solid loading, the TEM showed the aggregation of silica with dispersed alumina particles at acidic region. A large scale of aggregation caused by attractive force among alumina and silica particles was observed on the TEM images at neutral region. At basic region, the aggregation of alumina with dispersed silica particles was observed. The measurements of zeta potential and viscosity were conducted to explain the results of the TEM observations.
Residual Pressure Drop Using ePTFE Micro-Filtration Membrane as Filter Medium
Authors: Liu Jun Teng , Ren Zhong Qi , Zhang Wei Dong , Jiang De Qiang , Zhang Jian Chun , Wang Geng
Published: March 2009

Filtration medium is one of the most important parts of air-filtration. A Micro-filtration
membrane made by expanded poly-tetra-fluoric-ethylene (ePTFE) was introduced in the dust removal
process in our previous work. Compared with conventional fabric media, ePTFE membrane has many
advantages, such as low residual pressure drop and high efficiency of dust removal, etc., because of its
characteristics of micro-porous structure and slippery surface. More importantly, the useful life of
ePTFE membrane is longer and the operating costs are lower during the surface-filtration process. In
this paper, the residual pressure drop of the ePTFE micro-filtration membrane and conventional
needle-felts fabric filtration medium were compared. The results clearly show that the residual
pressure drop of the conventional filter medium increases after several filtration cycles, but that of the
ePTFE membrane remains constant.
Injection Molding Defects and Its Generation Mechanism Based on Visualization
Authors: Sun Xiang , Yang Wei Min , Wang Xing Tian , Yan Qiang , Zhang Jing
Published: March 2009

This paper introduces the basic theory and significance to study injection molding defects.
By virtue of the visualization experimental equipments, generation processes of several typical
defects are directly observed and recorded. The generation mechanism of these defects is analyzed.
Finally future study plan is advanced.
Influence Factors of Efficient Injection Molding of Plastic Precise Gear by Simulation of CAE Software and Visualization Experiment
Authors: Xie Peng Cheng , Yang Wei Min , Ding Yu Mei , Yang Gao Pin , Zhang Jing
Published: March 2009

The filling process of plastic precise gear is simulated by CAE software and the factors that
influence injection molding accuracy in single cavity mold are discussed in this paper. With the
assistant of visualization technology, the mechanism of filling unbalance which influences efficient
injection molding was especially studied. The model of filling unbalance was supposed that was
verified experimentally by visualization technique. It is clarified that the mechanism of filling
unbalance results from dissymmetrical temperature distribution on the cross-section of runner, which
is strongly influenced by the shear heat and the cooling process in the runner. At the same time, a new
method was proposed for improving the filling imbalance by applying appropriate injection molding
process without any changes in runner shape of multi-cavity mold.
Filler Network Change and Nonlinear Viscoelasticity of Rubbers
Authors: Isono Yoshinobu , Satoh Y. , Fujii Shuji , Kawahara Seiichi , Kagami S.
Published: March 2009

Uncured, filled rubbers show remarkable nonlinear viscoelasticity as well as cured, filled rubbers. The nonlinearity may come from change in entanglement and filler network structures. Many people use dynamic modulus to characterize rubber materials. However, dynamic modulus cannot be defined at large strain. Hence we must study a viscoelastic function to be defined at large strain. In addition, we need other information to separate the effects of the change in entanglement and filler network structures on nonlinear viscoelasticity. In this work, we have measured simultaneously relaxation modulus G(γ,t) and electrical resistivity ρ(γ,t) for carbon black (CB)-filled, uncured styrene-butadiene copolymers (SBRs) at wide range of strains. Electrical resistivity at equilibrium, ρ(0,t), showed step-like change at the CB loading between 20 and 35 phr, indicating threshold for filler network formation should exist in the range of values in CB loading. Both G(γ,t) and ρ(γ,t) for the samples having CB loading to be higher than the threshold showed nonlinearity at the strain larger than shear strain γ=0.1, indicating rupture in filler network at large strain.
A Novel Method for Functionalization of Polypropylene with Oligomer of Glycidyl Methacrylate: Characterization of Copolymers
Authors: Liang Shu Jun , Deng Jian Ping , Liu Lian Ying , Yang Wan Tai
Published: March 2009

A novel approach to functionalize polypropylene (PP) is presented. This method consists
of two steps. Firstly, oligomers of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) were synthesized via UV
photo-polymerization using benzophenone (BP) as initiator. Secondly, the GMA oligomers were
grafted onto PP, which was initiated by the free radicals generated through the reactivation of
semipinacol dormant groups in the oligomers. By this method, the functionalization of PP could be
facilely achieved in a simple system without either organic peroxide initiator or monomer;
additionally, degradation of the substrate PP was not observed. This presentation is mainly focused
on the characterization of the grafted PP products by XRD, DSC and TGA measurements. It is
demonstrated that the melting temperature, crystallinity and the initial decomposition temperature
of the grafted PP were all increased, compared with those of the origin PP; the functionalization of
PP led to the change of the crystal form from the mixed form of α and β into only α form.
Copolymerization of Divinyl Ether and Maleic Anhydride via Charge Transfer Complex
Authors: Zhao Hong Chi , Deng Jian Ping , Liu Zhi Wei , Yang Peng , Liu Lian Ying , Sun Yu Feng , Zhu Jian Wu , Yang Wan Tai
Published: March 2009

Copolymerization of MAn and CHDDVE was conducted by using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) or benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator, ethyl acetate (EA) or n-butyl acetate (BA) as the solvent, and n-hexane as the precipitator. Effects of several factors on monomer conversion were studied, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, composition of the monomer feed (MAn/CHDDVE) and initiator concentration. Molecular weight and its polydispersity and polymer material morphology were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) technologies, respectively. It was demonstrated that CTC was formed in MAn/CHDDVE system, based on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) analysis. The product was alternating copolymer with high crosslinking degree, so it could not be dissolved in common solvents, e.g. water, chloroform, N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and acetone (Ac).