bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PDU-Scale Experimental Results of CO2 Removal With Amp/Pz Solvent
Authors: Śpiewak Dariusz , Krótki Aleksander , Spietz Tomasz , Stec Marcin , Więcław–Solny Lucyna , Tatarczuk Adam , Wilk Andrzej
Published: May 2015

:This paper provides a discussion concerning results of CO2 removal from a gas mixture by the application of aqueous solutions of ethanoloamine (MEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) promoted with piperazine (PZ). The studies were conducted using a process development unit. Research of such a scale provides far more reliable representation of the actual industrial process than modelling and laboratory tests. The studies comprised comparative analyses entailing identical energy supplied to a reboiler as well as tests conducted at similar process efficiencies for both solvents. The results thus obtained imply that using AMP/PZ enables reduction of the solvent heat duty. Moreover, while using AMP/PZ temperature decrease was also observed in the columns.
A Selection of Amine Sorbents for CO2 Capture from Flue Gases
Authors: Wilk Andrzej , Więcław-Solny Lucyna , Śpiewak Dariusz , Spietz Tomasz , Kierzkowska-Pawlak Hanna
Published: May 2015

Amine absorption processes are widely used in the industry to purify refinery gases, process gases or natural gas. Recently, amine absorption has also been considered for CO2 removal from flue gases. It has a number of advantages, but there is one major disadvantage - high energy consumption. This can be reduced by using an appropriate sorbent. From a group of several dozen solutions, three amine sorbents were selected based on primary, tertiary and sterically hindered amines. The solutions were used to test CO2 absorption capacity, absorption kinetics and heat of CO2 absorption. Additional tests were performed on the actual absorber-desorber system to indicate the most appropriate sorbent for capturing CO2 from flue gases.
Study of the Process of Hydraulic Mixing in Anaerobic Digester of Biogas Plant
Authors: Karaeva Julia V. , Khalitova Galia R. , Kovalev Dmitry A. , Trakhunova Irene A.
Published: May 2015

Two systems of hydraulic mixing in a vertical cylindrical anaerobic digester: standard and modernised are discussed in the paper. Numerical investigations that were carried out are focused on a study of hydrodynamic processes in an aerobic digester using two various systems of hydraulic mixing as well as on analysis of the efficiency of methane fermentation process accomplished under different geometric parameters of an anaerobic digester and systems of hydraulic mixing.
On methodology of divisions and classifications of parliamentary systems/ Podziały i typologie systemów parlamentarnych: zagadnienia metodologiczne
Authors: Wallner Michał
Published: May 2015

Parliamentary system was adopted by the most of the modern democracies. It occurs where the principle of government’s responsibility to parliament is respected. This principle is the basis of parliamentary government and a common feature of the largest group of democratic countries. In comparing these countries, one should also pay attention to the differences between them. They concern both constitutional norms and political practice. This implies that there is no single model of parliamentarism; on the contrary, there are many variations of it. In this situation, there is an objective need to organize a set of parliamentary systems. The paper presents examples of different analytical procedures such as dichotomy, classification and typology. The author concludes that the most useful of these instruments is the typology, and it can arise only on the basis of extensive classification of parliamentary systems. The creation of such a classification would require broad historical-comparative research.
The enemy in the communist political system – example of the Polish People’s Republic 1956–1989/ Kategoria wroga w komunistycznej Polsce w latach 1956–1989
Authors: Trembicka Krystyna
Published: May 2015

Category of enemy presented in the program documents of the communist parties, was an inherent feature of the communist way of thinking, then reflected in the political system of the People’s Poland. Political regimes modeled on the Soviet Union needed enemies. Mobilization, which in the first phase of development of the state served reconstruction of the country, and then defend the status quo, required activation against all kinds of enemies. It was evident the need for the existence of the enemy, which was permanent. Changed only the image of the enemy.

Enemies were sought inside and outside the communist movement. Communist world was composed mainly of enemies. The enemy was necessary, even mythical. Fight against real or mythical enemies allowed to pursue various goals: differentiate society, to explain various failures, eliminate inconvenient persons, to justify the existence of the security services and the need to strengthen it, to build a party of a new type.

The communist movement had created two categories of enemies. The first included the kind of traditional, “class” enemies of the communist movement, “acquired” along with the state in 1944, and treated as a real enemies, which were various types of: 1) social groups as a “capitalist elements” - traders, farmers; 2) political and military organizations and institutions; 3) ideologies and doctrines competitive with Marxism. The U.S. and English imperialism was the constant enemy which was located outside of the state. The second category consisted of enemies which were created in Polish People’s Republic - “objective” and “potential” enemies.
Between art and politics: the avant-garde art to the social-political changes in the Weimar Republic/ Między sztuką i polityką: awangarda artystyczna wobec zmian społeczno-politycznych w Republice Weimarskiej
Authors: Cześniak-Zielińska Magdalena
Published: May 2015

Article discusses the relationships between art and politics on the example of the German avantgarde, whose origins must be sought in the period before the First World War had broken out. Ideas of the German expressionism evolved under the influence of the Great War and the news from the Bolshevik Russia. Many left-wing artists in post-war Germany were involved in the revolutionary movement, especially the so-called November Revolution; after the Versailles Treaty, some of them joined the management of culture institutions and artistic schools with the famous Bauhaus School of Design at the forefront. Hitler’s rise to power brought an end to both the Weimar Republic and the avant-garde art in Germany
Populist Governments and the Freedom of the Media. The case of Hugo Chávez and Evo Morales/ Populistyczne rządy a wolność mediów. Przypadek Wenezueli Hugo Cháveza i Boliwii Evo Moralesa
Authors: Ratke-Majewska Anna
Published: May 2015

The main aim of this article is to answer the question of how populist governments of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela and Evo Morales in Bolivia affected the freedom of the media in countries governed by them. The text discusses actions made by the leaders who wanted to secure their unrestricted access to the mass media, stifle independent media and make them obedient to the government in order to build a positive image of the authorities. This article also made an attempt to perceive an analogy between Chávez’s and Morales’ decisions and to make a comprehensive assessment of the effects of these interventions
Soft Set Theory Applied to General Algebras
Authors: Dymek Grzegorz , Walendziak Andrzej
Published: May 2015

The notions of a soft general algebra and a soft subalgebra are introduced and studied. The operations on them such as a restricted intersection, an extended intersection, a restricted union, a ∧-intersection, a ∨-union and a cartesian product are established.
A Regularity Criterion for Positive Part of Radial Component in the Case of Axially Symmetric Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Kubica Adam
Published: May 2015

We examine the conditional regularity of the solutions of Navier-Stokes equations in the entire three-dimensional space under the assumption that the data are axially symmetric. We show that if positive part of the radial component of velocity satisfies a weighted Serrin type condition and in addition angular component satisfies some condition, then the solution is regular.
Approximation Properties of Certain Summation Integral Type Operators
Authors: Patel P. , Mishra Vishnu Narayan
Published: May 2015

In the present paper, we study approximation properties of a family of linear positive operators and establish direct results, asymptotic formula, rate of convergence, weighted approximation theorem, inverse theorem and better approximation for this family of linear positive operators.
Sequencing of COI gene in four rodent pests for species identification
Authors: Lakshminarayanan Rengarajan Rengasamy , Shanmugam Achiraman , Govindaraju Archunan
Published: May 2015

Among mammals, rodents are the most important group since they influence the crop production and protection. Species identification of rodents on morphometric parameters is cumbersome and often misleading. However, DNA based identification would enable accurate species identification. For this purpose, we examined 650 bp of Cytochrome c oxidase subunit1 (COI) in four rodent pest species namely
Atypical Forms of Employment as a Determinant of Economic Activity of People above 45 Years Old
Authors: Sobocka-Szczapa Halina
Published: May 2015

Taking into consideration established directions of strategic actions and the need to exploit enterprises of custom employment statuses in practice, we would like to examine the alternative in the more detailed way above the vocational activation of people over 45 years old with the temporary work. The purpose of the study formulated in this way allows validating the research hypothesis which is: the temporary work doesn’t constitute the important instrument of supporting the occupational activity of people who are 45 years old. Above all features the shown population will be a base of conducted deliberations, a tendency to work in custom employment statuses and scale of exploiting this form of the occupational activity in Poland.
The Need to Support Regional Entrepreneurship. The Evidence from Poland's Eastern Border Regions and the Region of Łódź
Authors: Jabłońska Małgorzata
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors which have the greatest impact on the development of regional entrepreneurship in the border regions of Eastern Poland and in the Łódź region. An attempt was made to characterize these regions in terms of attractiveness and power of attracting development factors mainly due to the fact that in each of these regions entrepreneurs meet the specific micro- and macro-economic determinants.
Informative Aspects of Innovation Implementation within Organisations
Authors: Kijewska Joanna , Nowak Witold
Published: May 2015

The aim of this paper is to analyse the informative aspects of implementing innovations within contemporary formal organisations, in particular, in enterprises. The paper concerns the information quality and its influence on the process of innovation implementation. Today, in conditions of the dynamic development of the scientific and technological knowledge, the question is no longer if there is a need to imply innovation but how to do it efficiently. Within the process of innovation implementation, the organisation’s management selects the appropriate ideas, makes the decision and takes the action to implement a new or a significantly improved solution. In this paper, the factors interrelated with the process of innovation implementation were analysed. The information asserts itself as a significant factor which influences the process. The neoinstitutional view on the information in organisations was a starting point for analysis. A conceptual framework of the information attributes, which influence the quality of the implementation of an innovation, was proposed. The applied research method is the secondary data analysis, which was based on the theoretical literature, as well as the empirical research results.
Marketing and Logistics Management as an Innovative Direction of Management in the SMEs Sector
Authors: Janczewska Danuta
Published: May 2015

Marketing and logistics management is now becoming an interesting concept for entrepreneurs, and thus perpetuates the belief that the skills of marketing and logistics of the company contributes to the improvement of the company’s competitive position in the market. The activity of businesses from the SME sector is based on a much more modest material resources than it is in large enterprises, thus building logistic and marketing advantages through innovation strategies is often the right direction of improving the competitiveness of the SME sector. The aim of the paper is to present the areas and potential use of new methods of management, with the application of integration of marketing management and logistics processes. Knowledge of the characteristics of both types of processes in the SME sector becomes necessary. Insufficient knowledge of marketing and logistics in SMEs, both in the field of logistics and marketing should be complemented by the development of educational offer by institutions of science.
Business Intelligence in Organization. Benefits, Risks and Developments
Authors: Tunowski Remigiusz
Published: May 2015

Based on the literature review, significant benefits have been identified out of the implementation of Business Intelligence. However, risks have been also discovered, and they were mainly connected with an improper change management during the process of the BI systems implementation. Further direction for a development of BI system has been discussed, focusing in particular on maturity models available in the literature. The paper highlights the fact that maturity models currently available in the literature do not take comprehensively into account all aspects of the development of BI in organizations. Therefore, there is a need for further research in this field of science.
Tesla Coil Theoretical Model and its Experimental Verification
Authors: Voitkans Janis , Voitkans Arnis
Published: May 2015

In this paper a theoretical model of Tesla coil operation is proposed. Tesla coil is described as a long line with distributed parameters in a single-wire form, where the line voltage is measured across electrically neutral space. By applying the principle of equivalence of single-wire and two-wire schemes an equivalent two-wire scheme can be found for a single-wire scheme and the already known long line theory can be applied to the Tesla coil. A new method of multiple reflections is developed to characterize a signal in a long line. Formulas for calculation of voltage in Tesla coil by coordinate and calculation of resonance frequencies are proposed. The theoretical calculations are verified experimentally. Resonance frequencies of Tesla coil are measured and voltage standing wave characteristics are obtained for different output capacities in the single-wire mode. Wave resistance and phase coefficient of Tesla coil is obtained. Experimental measurements show good compliance with the proposed theory. The formulas obtained in this paper are also usable for a regular two-wire long line with distributed parameters.
On Some Aspects of Genetic and Evolutionary Methods for Optimization Purposes
Authors: Woźniak Marcin , Połap Dawid
Published: May 2015

In this paper, the idea of applying some hybrid genetic algorithms with gradient local search and evolutionary optimization techniques is formulated. For two different test functions the proposed versions of the algorithms have been examined. Research results are presented and discussed to show potential efficiency in optimization purposes
Songs Recognition Using Audio Information Fusion
Authors: Biernacki Paweł
Published: May 2015

The article presents information fusion approach for song classification with use of acoustic signal. Many acoustic features can contribute to correct identification of a song. Taking into consideration only one set of features may result in omission of relevant information. It is possible to improve the accuracy of identification process by means of the information fusion technique, in which various aspects of acoustic fingerprint are taken into consideration. Two sets of signal features were distinguished: one were based on frequency analysis (harmonic elements) and the other were based on multidimensional correlation ratios. An identification of a commercial was made with use of SVM and k-NN classifiers. The music audio signal database was used for assessing the effectiveness of the proposed solution. Results show an improved effectiveness of identification in relation to applying only one set of song features
New Aspects of Fault Diagnosis of Nonlinear Analog Circuits
Authors: Tadeusiewicz Michał , Hałgas Stanisław , Kuczyński Andrzej
Published: May 2015

The paper is focused on nonlinear analog circuits, with the special attention paid to circuits comprising bipolar and MOS transistors manufactured in micrometer and submicrometer technology. The problem of fault diagnosis of this class of circuits is discussed, including locating faulty elements and evaluating their parameters. The paper deals with multiple parametric fault diagnosis using the simulation after test approach as well as detection and location of single catastrophic faults, using the simulation before test approach. The discussed methods are based on diagnostic test, leading to a system of nonlinear algebraic type equations, which are not given in explicit analytical form. An important and new aspect of the fault diagnosis is finding multiple solutions of the test equation, i.e. several sets of the parameters values that meet the test. Another new problems in this area are global fault diagnosis of technological parameters in CMOS circuits fabricated in submicrometer technology and testing the circuits having multiple DC operating points. To solve these problems several methods have been recently developed, which employ different concepts and mathematical tools of nonlinear analysis. In this paper they are sketched and illustrated. All the discussed methods are based on the homotopy (continuation) idea. It is shown that various versions of homotopy and combinations of the homotopy with some other mathematical algorithms lead to very powerful tools for fault diagnosis of nonlinear analog circuits. To trace the homotopy path which allows finding multiple solutions, the simplicial method, the restart method, the theory of linear complementarity problem and Lemke’s algorithm are employed. For illustration four numerical examples are given
Saturated fatty acids induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in primary cardiomyocytes
Authors: Haffar Taha , Bérubé-Simard Félix-Antoine , Tardif Jean-Claude , Bousette Nicolas
Published: May 2015

Abstract: Introduction: Diabetes is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease. There is a growing body of evidence pointing towards intra-myocellular lipid accumulation as an integral etiological factor. Here we aimed to determine the effect of two common fatty acids on lipid accumulation and cellular stress in primary cardiomyocytes.

Methods: We evaluated lipid accumulation biochemically (by triacylglyceride assay and radiolabeled fatty acid uptake assay) as well as histologically (by BODIPY 493/503 staining) in mouse and rat neonatal cardiomyocytes treated with saturated (palmitate) or mono-unsaturated (oleate) fatty acids. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. Cell viability was assessed by propidium iodide staining.

Results: We found that both oleate and palmitate led to significant increases in intracellular lipid in cardiomyocytes; however there were distinct differences in the qualitative nature of BODIPY staining between oleate and palmitate treated cardiomyocytes. We also show that palmitate caused significant apoptotic cell death and this was associated with ER stress. Interestingly, co-administration of oleate with palmitate abolished cell death, and ER stress. Finally, palmitate treatment caused a significant increase in ubiquitination of Grp78, a key compensatory ER chaperone.

Conclusion: Palmitate causes ER stress and apoptotic cell death in primary cardiomyocytes and this is associated with apparent differences in BODIPY staining compared to oleate treated cardiomyocytes. Importantly, the lipotoxic effects of palmitate are abolished with the co-administration of oleate.
Affordances of Historic Urban Landscapes: An Ecological Understanding of Human Interaction with the Past
Authors: Alves Susana
Published: May 2015

Heritage has been defined differently in European contexts. Despite differences, a common challenge for historic urban landscape management is the integration of tangible and intangible heritage. Integration demands an active view of perception and human-landscape interaction where intangible values are linked to specific places and meanings are attached to particular cultural practices and socio-spatial organisation. Tangible and intangible values can be examined as part of a system of affordances (potentialities) a place, artefact or cultural practice has to offer. This paper discusses how an ‘affordance analysis’ may serve as a useful tool for the management of historic urban landscapes.
Explaining Cross-National Variations in the Prevalence and Character of Undeclared Employment in the European Union
Authors: Williams Colin C.
Published: May 2015

The aim of this article is to evaluate the competing theories that variously explain the greater prevalence of undeclared employment in some countries either as: a legacy of under-development; a result of the voluntary exit from declared employment due to the high taxes, state corruption and burdensome regulations and controls, or a product of a lack of state intervention in work and welfare which leads to the exclusion of workers from the declared economy and state welfare provision. Analyzing the cross-national variations in the prevalence of, and reasons for, undeclared employment across the European Union using evidence from a 2007 Eurobarometer survey, the finding is that undeclared employment is less prevalent and more of the voluntary variety in wealthier, less corrupt and more equal societies possessing higher levels of social protection and redistribution via social transfers. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.
Industry life cycles of a resource town in Finland – the case of Lieksa
Authors: Halonen Maija , Kotilainen Juha , Tykkyläinen Markku , Vatanen Eero
Published: May 2015

The article aims to show how local industry life cycles impact the development of Finnish resource-based rural towns. This study reveals five long-term and overlapping industry cycles which were based on natural resources, assembly industries and service production. In general, the cycles have shortened over time. Transitions from cycle to cycle were enabled by the phases of resilience, which were highly dependent on political and economic processes at different scales. However, the political interventions of the last decades were unable to compensate for the disadvantages in competitiveness of this remote area and lay sustainable foundations for new industries. In the long run, the only exception has been the forest-related processing industry which has a capacity to renew its own operations and adapt to changing market situations. The results demonstrate the high significance of absolute advantage in rural development
Domain Modeling in the Context of Ontology
Authors: Dubielewicz Iwona , Hnatkowska Bogumiła , Huzar Zbigniew , Tuzinkiewicz Lech
Published: May 2015

The domain knowledge represented by ontology should be widely used in the design process of information system. The aim of the paper is to outline a systematic approach of developing a CIM model (domain model, precisely) on the basis of a selected domain ontology. There are presented some hints how ontology concepts can be expressed in domain model. Elaborated example realizes some difficulties in proposed approach, e.g. the domain knowledge is spread over many ontologies, some facts are defined at very general level (their interpretation is more difficult), ontology may contain many irrelevant elements. Nevertheless, we are believed that applying ontology in conscious way can help to achieve higher compliance of the domain model with the application domain.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis following treatment for testicular cancer. A case report and literature review
Authors: Nikolaos Pistamaltzian , Adamantia Nikolaidi , Maria Raftogiannis , Aggelos Economou , Spryridon Mourtzoukos , Ilias Athanasiadis
Published: May 2015

A 35 year old male patient received treatment for testicular cancer of pure seminoma histology. He underwent initially a right inguinal orchiectomy and afterwards he received 3 cycles of BEP chemotherapy, as his imaging studies showed enlarged para-aortic lymph nodes. Five months after completion of chemotherapy treatment, a thoracic CT revealed multiple micronodular lesions in both lungs. The patient was advised about the need of salvage chemotherapy, but he opted to undergo further investigation. A lung lesion biopsy was performed, and histology was compatible with diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).

LCH is quite an unusual clinical entity that affects usually -but not solely- the lungs of young adults. The hallmark of the disease, is the presence of the activated Langerhans cells. As its clinical, laboratory and radiological findings are nonspecific, a transbronchial biopsy is sometimes necessary to establish diagnosis. Treatment is generally symptomatic and reserved for patients with multisystem organ involvement.

LCH’s relationship with cancer is complex and no certain correlation is evident. More troublesome can be its differential diagnosis from a cancer with metastatic spread to the lungs or other affected organs, and although rare, it has to be kept in mind when suspicious signs arise
Non-existence of certain Einstein metrics on some symplectic manifolds
Authors: Banyaga Augustin , Massamba Fortuné
Published: May 2015

We present a necessary and sufficient condition for an Einstein metric on a symplectic manifold (M,ω) to be ω-compatible. An immediate consequence of the solution of the Goldberg conjecture by Sekigawa is that there exists no Einstein metric with non-negative Ricci curvature satisfying our condition on compact symplectic manifolds that admit no Kähler structure.
Ett Litet Språks Spår I Översättarvärlden
Authors: Data-Bukowska Ewa
Published: May 2015

This paper looks into the issue of Swedish-Polish translationese as a manifestation of the Swedish centre impact on languages in the world via translation. The term “translationese” is used to describe a specific language created in translated texts, among other things in Swedish-to-Polish translation. Such a language may be postulated to influence contemporary Polish in some domains due to abundant translations of Swedish literature in Poland in recent years. What features can be then ascribed to the Swedish-Polish translationese, not only from a lexical but from a grammatical point of view as well? The paper addresses this question thorough an analysis of a Swedish literary text and its 33 Polish non-professional translations, which are assumed to maximize the tension between Swedish and Polish in translation underlying the development of translationese. However, the intention is not to characterize such a language as a whole, but to test some hypotheses in its delimitation. The propounded hypothesis is that the occurrence of a postulated feature in the majority of the collected translations may be seen as an indicator of this feature’s existence in the Swedish- Polish translationese as such. The following features are identified: frequent use of short sentences, possessive pronouns in an NP, underspecified expressions and repetitions of lexical items, as well as desolation of fixed phrases. The presented research may be an impute to a broader corpus-based contrastive study.
Appropriating A Female Voice: Nicholas Breton And The Countess Of Pembroke
Authors: DASCĂL REGHINA
Published: May 2015

The sixteenth century author Nicholas Breton appropriates a female voice in many of his writings, among which Marie Magdalens Loue and The Pilgrimage to Paradise joyned with the Countesse of Penbrookes Loue feature prominently. The Countess of Pembroke, celebrated by Aemilia Lanyer in her Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum as a paragon of female religious devotion, is often associated in Breton's texts with Mary Magdalene. This paper will analyse some of the anxieties engendered by this appropriation of voice and of the Magdalene figure, anxieties that prove to be disruptive of Elizabethan gender hierarchies.
Norms And Environment Of Gender, Sex, And Love: Black Female Protagonists In Toni Morrison's Sula
Authors: KESUR BHUPENDRA NANDLAL , KHAIRNAR ASHOK P.
Published: May 2015

The present paper discusses the great African American woman novelist Toni Morrison and her novel Sula. This work is an expression of Morrison's concern for the degradation of women in society. It is about two female protagonists who have been born and brought up according to norms and an environment of gender, sex and love that shape their personalities. The female protagonists Sula and Nel represent two different opinions and attitudes toward gender roles, sex and love. Nel follows the conventional norms of society; while Sula throughout her life rejects the traditional notions of feminine ‘responsibility’ and refuses to see women as only wives and mothers. This paper also explains how these norms and environment of gender, sex and love destroy the relationship between not only men and women but also women themselves.
Simone De Beauvoir: Transgressing Immanence, Motherhood And Social Constructs
Authors: ZELINKA ELISABETA
Published: May 2015

The thesis of the present paper is to investigate the reasons why it may become difficult for the 20th century Western woman to avoid feeling trapped within her status of motherhood and to transcend her immanence as a woman. Simone de Beauvoir argues in The Second Sex, Part V, chapter XVII (“The Mother”) that the modern Western woman proves unable to transgress her own immanence. What are the three factors that stand in the way of the woman's existential telos? What is the natural consequence of her Snow White-type of imprisonment? Will she impose the same pattern of panoptic surveillance upon her own offspring?
Environmental Conditions in a Carpathian Deep Sea Basin During the Period Preceding Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 - A Case Study from the Skole Nappe
Authors: Bąk Krzysztof , Bąk Marta , Górny Zbigniew , Wolska Anna
Published: May 2015

Hemipelagic green clayey shales and thin muddy turbidites accumulated in a deep sea environment below the CCD in the Skole Basin, a part of the Outer Carpathian realm, during the Middle Cenomanian. The hemipelagites contain numerous radiolarians, associated with deep-water agglutinated foraminifera. These sediments accumulated under mesotrophic conditions with limited oxygen concentration. Short-term periodic anoxia also occurred during that time. Muddy turbidity currents caused deposition of siliciclastic and biogenic material, including calcareous foramini-fers and numerous sponge spicules. The preservation and diversity of the spicules suggests that they originate from disarticulation of moderately diversified sponge assemblages, which lived predominantly in the neritic-bathyal zone. Analyses of radiolarian ecological groups and pellets reflect the water column properties during the sedimentation of green shales. At that time, surface and also intermediate waters were oxygenated enough and sufficiently rich in nutri-ents to enable plankton production. Numerous, uncompacted pellets with nearly pristine radiolarian skeletons inside show that pelletization was the main factor of radiolarian flux into the deep basin floor. Partly dissolved skeletons indicate that waters in the Skole Basin were undersaturated in relation to silica content. Oxygen content might have been depleted in the deeper part of the water column causing periodic anoxic conditions which prevent rapid bacterial degra-dation of the pellets during their fall to the sea floor.
Intensive low-temperature tectono-hydrothermal overprint of peraluminous rare-metal granite: a case study from the Dlhá dolina valley (Gemericum, Slovakia)
Authors: Breiter Karel , Broska Igor , Uher Pavel
Published: May 2015

A unique case of low-temperature metamorphic (hydrothermal) overprint of peraluminous, highly evolved rare-metal S-type granite is described. The hidden Dlhá dolina granite pluton of Permian age (Western Carpathians, eastern Slovakia) is composed of barren biotite granite, mineralized Li-mica granite and albitite. Based on whole-rock chemical data and evaluation of compositional variations of rock-forming and accessory minerals (Rb-P-enriched K-feldspar and albite; biotite, zinnwaldite and di-octahedral micas; Hf-(Sc)-rich zircon, fluorapatite, topaz, schorlitic tourmaline), the following evolutionary scenario is proposed: (1) Intrusion of evolved peraluminous melt enriched in Li, B, P, F, Sn, Nb, Ta, and W took place followed by intrusion of a large body of biotite granites into Paleozoic metapelites and metarhyolite tuffs; (2) The highly evolved melt differentiated in situ forming tourmaline-bearing Li-biotite granite at the bottom, topaz-zinnwaldite granite in the middle, and quartz albitite to albitite at the top of the cupola. The main part of the Sn, Nb, and Ta crystallized from the melt as disseminated cassiterite and Nb-Ta oxide minerals within the albitite, while disseminated wolframite appears mainly within the topaz-zinnwaldite granite. The fluid separated from the last portion of crystallized magma caused small scale greisenization of the albitite; (3) Alpine (Cretaceous) thrusting strongly tectonized and mylonitized the upper part of the pluton. Hydrothermal low-temperature fluids enriched in Ca, Mg, and CO2 unfiltered mechanically damaged granite. This fluid-driven overprint caused formation of carbonate veinlets, alteration and release of phosphorus from crystal lattice of feldspars and Li from micas, precipitating secondary Sr-enriched apatite and Mg-rich micas. Consequently, all bulk-rock and mineral markers were reset and now represent the P-T conditions of the Alpine overprint.
Biostratigraphy, sedimentology and paleoenvironments of the northern Danube Basin: Ratkovce 1 well case study
Authors: Rybár Samuel , Halásová Eva , Hudáčková Natália , Kováč Michal , Kováčová Marianna , Šarinová Katarína , Šujan Michal
Published: May 2015

The Ratkovce 1 well, drilled in the Blatné depocenter of the northern Danube Basin penetrated the Miocene sedimentary record with a total thickness of 2000 m. Biostratigraphically, the NN4, NN5 and NN6 Zones of calcareous nannoplankton were documented; CPN7 and CPN8 foraminifer Zones (N9, 10, 11 of the global foraminiferal zonation; and MMi4a; MMi5 and MMi6 of the Mediterranean foraminiferal zonation were recognized. Sedimentology was based on description of well core material, and together with SP and RT logs, used to characterize paleoenvironmental conditions of the deposition. Five sedimentary facies were reconstructed: (1) fan-delta to onshore environment which developed during the Lower Badenian; (2) followed by the Lower Badenian proximal slope gravity currents sediments; (3) distal slope turbidites were deposited in the Lower and Upper Badenian; (4) at the very end of the Upper Badenian and during the Sarmatian a coastal plain of normal marine to brackish environment developed; (5) sedimentation finished with the Pannonian-Pliocene shallow lacustrine to alluvial plain deposits. The provenance analysis records that the sediment of the well-cores was derived from crystalline basement granitoides and gneisses and from the Permian to Lower Cretaceous sedimentary cover and nappe units of the Western Carpathians and the Eastern Alps. Moreover, the Lower Badenian volcanism was an important source of sediments in the lower part of the sequence.
Rewolucja łupkowa: Światowe rynki gazu i ropy naftowej w warunkach transformacji
Authors: AGUILERA ROBERTO F. , RADETZKI MARIAN
Published: May 2015

Streszczenie

Rewolucja łupkowa, opierająca się na gazie i ropie z łupków, nieoczekiwanie i jednoznacznie zaczęla zmieniać krajobraz energetyczny Stanów Zjednoczonych. Należy się spodziewać jej roz-szerzenia poza terytorium Stanów Zjednoczonych, z daleko idącymi konsekwencjami nie tylko dla globalnej energetyki, ale także dla makroekonomii i polityki wielu krajów. Celem niniejszej pracy jest lepsze zrozumienie uwarunkowań, które doprowadziły do wyżej wspomnianej rewolucji, ocena metod eksploatacji oraz związanych z nimi zagrożeń dla środowiska naturalnego, przedstawienie scenariuszy, jakich można racjonalnie oczekiwać w nadchodzących dekadach, jak i próba zarysu wpływu dojrzewającej rewolucji łupkowej na polityczne i ekonomiczne decyzje dokonywane przez kraje eksportujące energię, jak również ją importujące. Prognozuje się, że najbliższe dwie dekady w Stanach Zjednoczonych dadzą początek szeroko zakrojonej ekspansji pod względem aktywności na rynku gazu i ropy z łupków. W skali globalnej, liderami przemysłu łupkowego mogą być te kraje, które są już znaczącymi producentami gazu i ropy naftowej. Ustanowienie ramowych załozeń mających umożliwić i wspierać bezpieczny rozwój przemysłu łupkowego jest warunkiem koniecznym dla rozpoczęcia eksploatacji łupków. Najważniejszą konsekwencją udanej rewolucji łupkowej będzie presja na obniżkę cen gazu i węgla na rynkach regionalnych oraz ropy naftowej na rynkach globalnych.
Effect of Nordic Walking and Water Aerobics Training on Body Composition and the Blood Flow in Lower Extremities in Elderly Women
Authors: Jasiński Ryszard , Socha Małgorzata , Sitko Ludmiła , Kubicka Katarzyna , Woźniewski Marek , Sobiech Krzysztof A.
Published: May 2015

Nordic walking and water aerobics are very popular forms of physical activity in the elderly population. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of regular health training on the venous blood flow in lower extremities and body composition in women over 50 years old. Twenty-four women of mean age 57.9 (± 3.43) years, randomly divided into three groups (Nordic walking, water aerobics, and non-training), participated in the study. The training lasted 8 weeks, with one-hour sessions twice a week. Dietary habits were not changed. Before and after training vein refilling time and the function of the venous pump of the lower extremities were measured by photoplethysmography. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance. Eight weeks of Nordic walking training improved the venous blood flow in lower extremities and normalized body composition in the direction of reducing chronic venous disorder risk factors. The average values of the refilling time variable (p = 0.04, p = 0.02, respectively) decreased in both the right and the left leg. After training a statistically significant increase in the venous pump function index was found only in the right leg (p = 0.04). A significant increase in fat-free mass, body cell mass and total body water was observed (p = 0.01), whereas body mass, the body mass index, and body fat decreased (p < 0.03). With regard to water aerobic training, no similar changes in the functions of the venous system or body composition were observed.
Selected Determinants of Acceleration in the 100m Sprint
Authors: Maćkała Krzysztof , Fostiak Marek , Kowalski Kacper
Published: May 2015

The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between kinematics, motor abilities, anthropometric characteristics, and the initial (10 m) and secondary (30 m) acceleration phases of the 100 m sprint among athletes of different sprinting performances. Eleven competitive male sprinters (10.96 s ± 0.36 for 100 with 10.50 s fastest time) and 11 active students (12.20 s ± 0.39 for 100 m with 11.80 s fastest time) volunteered to participate in this study. Sprinting performance (10 m, 30 m, and 100 m from the block start), strength (back squat, back extension), and jumping ability (standing long jump, standing five-jumps, and standing ten-jumps) were tested. An independent t-test for establishing differences between two groups of athletes was used. The Spearman ranking correlation coefficient was computed to verify the association between variables. Additionally, the Ward method of hierarchical cluster analysis was applied. The recorded times of the 10 and 30 m indicated that the strongest correlations were found between a 1- repetition maximum back squat, a standing long jump, standing five jumps, standing ten jumps (r = 0.66, r = 0.72, r = 0.66, and r = 0.72), and speed in the 10 m sprint in competitive athletes. A strong correlation was also found between a 1-repetition maximum back squat and a standing long jump, standing five jumps, and standing ten jumps (r = 0.88, r = 0.87 and r = 0.85), but again only for sprinters. The most important factor for differences in maximum speed development during both the initial and secondary acceleration phase among the two sub-groups was the stride frequency (p<0.01).
Strength, Endurance, Throwing Velocity and in-Water Jump Performance of Elite German Water Polo Players
Authors: Zinner Christoph , Sperlich Billy , Krueger Malte , Focke Tim , Reed Jennifer , Mester Joachim
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this study was threefold: 1) to assess the eggbeater kick and throwing performance using a number of water polo specific tests, 2) to explore the relation between the eggbeater kick and throwing performance, and 3) to investigate the relation between the eggbeater kick in the water and strength tests performed in a controlled laboratory setting in elite water polo players. Fifteen male water polo players of the German National Team completed dynamic and isometric strength tests for muscle groups (adductor, abductor, abdominal, pectoralis) frequently used during water polo. After these laboratory strength tests, six water polo specific in-water tests were conducted. The eggbeater kick assessed leg endurance and agility, maximal throwing velocity and jump height. A 400 m test and a sprint test examined aerobic and anaerobic performance. The strongest correlation was found between jump height and arm length (p < 0.001, r = 0.89). The laboratory diagnostics of important muscles showed positive correlations with the results of the in-water tests (p < 0.05, r = 0.52-0.70). Muscular strength of the adductor, abdominal and pectoralis muscles was positively related to in-water endurance agility as assessed by the eggbeater kick (p < 0.05; r = 0.53-0.66). Findings from the current study emphasize the need to assess indices of water polo performance both in and out of the water as well as the relation among these parameters to best assess the complex profile of water polo players.
The Gluteus Medius Vs. Thigh Muscles Strength Ratio and Their Relation to Electromyography Amplitude During a Farmer’s Walk Exercise
Authors: Stastny Petr , Lehnert Michal , Zaatar Amr , Svoboda Zdenek , Xaverova Zuzana , Pietraszewski Przemysław
Published: May 2015

The strength ratio between hamstrings and quadriceps (H/Q) is associated with knee injuries as well as hip abductor muscle (HAB) weakness. Sixteen resistance trained men (age, 32.5 ± 4.2 years) performed 5 s maximal isometric contractions at 75° of knee flexion/extension and 15° of hip abduction on a dynamometer. After this isometric test they performed a Farmer´s walk exercise to find out if the muscle strength ratio predicted the electromyography amplitude expressed as a percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). The carried load represented a moderate intensity of 75% of the exercise six repetitions maximum (6RM). Electromyography data from the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF) and gluteus medius (Gmed) on each leg were collected during the procedure. The groups selected were participants with H/Q ≥ 0.5, HQ < 0.5, HAB/H ≥ 1, HAB/H < 1, HAB/Q ≥ 0.5 and HAB/Q < 0.5. One way ANOVA showed that Gmed activity was significantly greater in the group with HAB/H < 1 (42 ± 14 %MVIC) as compared to HAB/H ≥ 1 (26 ± 10 %MVIC) and HAB/Q < 0.5 (47 ± 19 %MVIC) compared to HAB/Q ≥ 0.5 (26 ± 12 %MVIC). The individuals with HAB/H < 1 were found to have greater activation of their Gmed during the Farmer’s walk exercise. Individuals with HAB/Q < 0.5 had greater activation of the Gmed. Gmed strength ratios predict the muscle involvement when a moderate amount of the external load is used. The Farmer’s walk is recommended as an exercise which can strengthen the gluteus medius, especially for individuals with a HAB/H ratio < 1 and HAB/Q < 0.5.
Global Initiative of the Special Olympics Movement for People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Myśliwiec Andrzej , Damentko Mariusz
Published: May 2015

The mission of the Special Olympics is to provide year-round sports training and competition in a variety (33) of Olympic-type sports for children and adults with intellectual disabilities, giving them continuing opportunities to develop physical fitness, demonstrate courage, experience joy, and participate in sharing of gifts and friendship with their families, other athletes, and their communities. The Special Olympics movement often goes beyond the sports competition formula. During the last few years, the movement has developed many new global initiatives, which expand its former sports activities. They include:

1. Coaching excellence and the coaching model

2. Partnerships with international (regional) sports federations

3. Sports Resources Teams (SRT)

4. Extended quota for high level athletes

5. Athletes Leadership Program (ALPS)

6. Young Athletes Program

7. Youth volunteer initiatives

8. Unified Sports Program

9. Motor Activity Training Program

10. Healthy Athletes Program

These initiatives fulfill and expand the existing program, which was launched in 1968 and is the largest sports organization for people with disabilities worldwide, with very important new social, marketing, and developmental aspects of life, going far beyond activities met in other sports organizations.