bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mystifying Kabbalah
Authors: Huss Boaz
Published: July 2020

The book offers a study of the genealogy of the concept of “Jewish mysticism.” It examines the major developments in the academic study of Jewish mysticism and its impact on modern Kabbalistic movements in the contexts of Jewish nationalism and New Age spirituality. Its central argument is that Jewish mysticism is a modern discursive construct and that the identification of Kabbalah and Hasidism as forms of mysticism, which appeared for the first time in the nineteenth century and became prevalent since the early twentieth, shaped the way in which Kabbalah and Hasidism are perceived and studied today. The notion of Jewish mysticism was established when Western scholars accepted the modern idea that mysticism is a universal religious phenomenon of a direct experience of a divine or transcendent reality and applied it to Kabbalah and Hasidism. The term Jewish mysticism gradually became the defining category in the modern academic research of these topics. Mystifying Kabbalah examines the emergence of the category of Jewish mysticism and of the ensuing perception that Kabbalah and Hasidism are Jewish manifestations of a universal mystical phenomenon. It investigates the establishment of the academic field devoted to the research of Jewish mysticism, and it delineates the major developments in this field. The book clarifies the historical, cultural, and political contexts that led to the identification of Kabbalah and Hasidism as Jewish mysticism, exposing the underlying ideological and theological presuppositions and revealing the impact of this “mystification” on contemporary forms of Kabbalah and Hasidism.
The Modern Concept of Mysticism
Authors: Huss Boaz
Published: July 2020

This chapter deals with the genealogy of the modern category of mysticism as it was shaped in the late nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. The chapter examines the theological context of the modern definitions of mysticism. It shows that theological assumptions underlie a perennialist perception in which all mystical experiences are basically identical. These theological assumptions also have a bearing on the contextual approach to mysticism, according to which not only are the interpretations of mystical experiences shaped according to their cultural context but also the mystical experiences themselves. The chapter demonstrates that mysticism is a discursive construct and points out difficulties in applying it as an analytical category.
The Mystification of Kabbalah
Authors: Huss Boaz
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines how the application of the category of “mysticism” to Kabbalah and Hasidism shaped the image and practice of Kabbalah among the broader public. Subjugation of the Kabbalah to the category of mysticism led to an emphasis on Kabbalistic phenomena that were similar to what was perceived as mysticism, for example, reports of visions, ascension to other worlds, and union with God. Researchers assumed ecstatic visions and experiences underlay Kabbalistic texts, even when the text did not mention them. The chapter focuses on analyzing how the hegemonic perception of Kabbalah as “Jewish mysticism” led to a growing interest in the writings of the thirteenth-century Kabbalist Avraham Abulafia and to his description as the Jewish “mystic” par excellence. Despite Abulafia’s rejection from the traditional Kabbalistic canon, he became a current Kabbalistic cultural hero.
We Built Reality
Authors: Blakely Jason
Published: July 2020

Popular culture is saturated with claims about a science of human life. Demographics are said to predict how we will vote; chemicals in our brains, who we’ll date; game-like scenarios, how we’ll spend our money; and genes, what we will think. This book explores this flood of scientism as it has spread in the last fifty years into almost all facets of daily existence. Readers will discover how popular pseudoscience has radically changed the world we live in, including spheres as different as dating, economics, politics, and artificial intelligence. The abuse of popular scientific authority has had catastrophic consequences, contributing to the 2008 financial crisis, the failure to predict the rise of Donald Trump, increased tensions between poor communities and the police, and the sidelining of nonscientific forms of knowledge and wisdom. But this book also shows a way out of the superstition and ideology of scientism. This book introduces readers to the “hermeneutic” or interpretive approach, which promises to free ordinary people from the tyranny of pseudoscience. An interpretive approach to human life offers a way to become a better reader of both the many claims to science around us and the cultural spaces we inhabit and help create.
Welfare for Autocrats
Authors: Pan Jennifer
Published: July 2020

What are the costs of the Chinese regime’s fixation on quelling dissent in the name of political order, or “stability”? In Welfare for Autocrats, Jennifer Pan shows that China has reshaped its major social assistance program, Dibao, around this preoccupation, turning an effort to alleviate poverty into a tool of surveillance and repression. This distortion of Dibao damages perceptions of government competence and legitimacy and can trigger unrest among those denied benefits. Pan traces how China’s approach to enforcing order transformed at the turn of the 21st century and identifies a phenomenon she calls seepage whereby one policy—in this case, quelling dissent—alters the allocation of resources and goals of unrelated areas of government. Using novel datasets and a variety of methodologies, Welfare for Autocrats challenges the view that concessions and repression are distinct strategies and departs from the assumption that all tools of repression were originally designed as such. Pan reaches the startling conclusion that China’s preoccupation with order not only comes at great human cost but in the case of Dibao may well backfire.
Introduction
Authors: Pan Jennifer
Published: July 2020

This chapter outlines the main argument and concepts of the book and introduces relevant literatures in Chinese politics, historical institutionalism, repression, surveillance, collective action, and government legitimacy. It shows how political order—what the Chinese government calls stability—became a central tenet of Communist Party rule. It introduces how seepage emerged, how it works, what its effects are, and how the seepage of political order into Dibao generates backlash.
Norms and Necessity
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: July 2020

This book develops a new approach to understanding our claims about what is metaphysically necessary or possible: modal normativism. While claims about what is metaphysically necessary or possible have long played a central role in metaphysics and other areas of philosophy, such claims are traditionally thought of as aiming to describe a special kind of modal fact or property, or perhaps facts about other possible worlds. But that assumption leads to difficult ontological, epistemological, and methodological puzzles. Should we accept that there are modal facts or properties, or other possible worlds? If so, what could these things be? How could we come to know what the modal facts or properties are? How can we resolve philosophical debates about what is necessary or possible? The normativist rejects the assumption that modal claims aim to describe modal features or possible worlds, arguing instead that they serve as useful ways of conveying, reasoning with, and renegotiating semantic rules and their consequences. By dropping the descriptivist assumption, the normativist is able to unravel the notorious ontological problems of modality, and provide a clear and plausible story about how we can come to know what is metaphysically necessary or possible. Most importantly, this approach helps demystify philosophical methodology. For we are able to see that resolving metaphysical modal questions does not require a special form of philosophical insight or intuition. Instead, it requires nothing more mysterious than empirical knowledge, conceptual mastery, and an ability to explicitly convey and renegotiate semantic rules.
Introduction
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: July 2020

This chapter argues that recent work on modality has been implicitly guided by the descriptivist assumption—that is, the assumption that modal claims aim to describe modal features of this world, or features of other possible worlds. But this assumption leads to ontological “placement” problems of saying what such things are and how they fit into a physicalistic ontology, to epistemological problems of saying how we could come to know these modal facts, and to methodological problems about how we can answer questions about what is metaphysically possible or necessary. This chapter suggests that we may do better by taking a cue from the deflationary and expressivist traditions and adopting a non-descriptive approach. On this view, modal claims are seen not as descriptive, but rather as functioning to convey, enforce, or renegotiate rules or norms in advantageous ways. It closes by overviewing the plan of the chapters to come.
Epistemological Advantages
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: July 2020

This chapter argues that accepting modal normativism brings significant epistemological advantages. Those who aim to account for modal knowledge face the integration challenge of reconciling an account of what is involved in knowing modal truths with a plausible story about how we can come to know them, and the reliability challenge of explaining how we could have evolved to have a reliable faculty for coming to know modal truths. Recent empiricist accounts of modal knowledge cannot solve these problems regarding specifically metaphysical modal truths—leaving us with the threat of skepticism about large portions of metaphysics. However, by giving a different functional story, the modal normativist can develop a plausible response to the remaining versions of both of these classic problems for modal epistemology. Modal normativists can also respond to further worries parallel to those raised by Sharon Street’s evolutionary debunking arguments in meta-ethics.
Close Encounter of the Philosophical Kind
Authors: Nicolaides Demetris
Published: July 2020

It’s an imaginative encounter between the modern physicist and the ancient natural philosophers, during a beautiful hot summer day, where the physicist takes a first glance at their rational views of nature. Old sage Thales, playing by a river, is in search of something. Atomist Democritus is staring curiously in the void. Legendary Pythagoras solves all mathematical irrationalities. Anaximander is concerned with cosmic justice. For Heraclitus everything is constantly changing; for Parmenides nothing ever is. Anaximenes cools down when his condensed sweat rarefies and evaporates. Anaxagoras finds everything, in everything, to be a puzzle. Zeno can’t even get the door. Melancholy Empedocles leaps through the Air over a Fire but lands safely on Earth, in fact in the Water. Brilliant Aristotle is meticulously studying them all. Everyone’s senses are keen. But so is everyone’s intellect contemplating it all. What a beautiful day! What a beautiful nature! What is her nature?
A Brief History of Āyurveda
Authors: Varier M. R. Raghava
Published: July 2020

For over two and a half millennia Āyurveda was the mainstream healthcare programme in the Indian subcontinent. However, what was once seen as indispensable, is now often officially described as ‘alternative medicine’. Moreover, there seems to be a lack of proper understanding of the specific culture from which Āyurveda emerged. This is because existing works on the subject have mostly been mere compilations of Āyurvedic practices and focused on classical texts. This book studies the stages of development in the system of Āyurveda and its practice from proto-historic times until British colonization. Using original Pāli and Sanskrit works, archaeological artefacts, as well as oft-neglected medieval epigraphic documents, M. R. Raghava Varier highlights how centuries of privileging Western knowledge has resulted in the sidelining of indigenous learning—a process that accelerated with the advent of colonialism. Further, he makes use of Jain and Buddhist sources to question the assumption that Āyurveda is a purely Hindu or Brahmanical system, thus providing a historiographical frame for conceptually establishing the notion of Āyurveda.
Samhitas of Bhēḷa, Haritha, and Kasyapa, and Other Samhitas
Authors: Varier M. R. Raghava
Published: July 2020

Various Samhitas such as the Bhēḷasamhita, Kāśyapasamhita belong to this category. The one that is supposed to be ‘the original’ is obtained in a mutilated form in which the preface, conclusion, and some other parts are missing. The major theme of this work is kaumarabṛhtya, paediatrics. Bhēḷa, also a legendary personage and the celebrated author of the Bhēḷasamhita, is believed to be a disciple of the great acharya Āitreya and a colleague of Agniveśa. Bhēḷa’s study of mind differed from that of Caraka and Suśruta. He pinpoints the brain as the seat of mind, whereas Caraka and Suśruta studied it as connected with the heart. Hārīta is considered one of the disciples of Āitreya and a contemporary of Agniveśa. Two Āyurvedic texts—Aṣṭāṅgasaṅgraha and Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya—are attributed to the celebrated scholar-physician Vāgbhaṭa. Both the Aṣṭāṅgasaṅgraha and Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya follow closely the teachings of the great ācāryas including Caraka, Suśruta, and so on. At the same time what is historically significant is the evolution of the knowledge of Āyurveda in terms of its philosophical backgrounds. Rasāyana is rejuvenation while Vājīkarana is enhancement of virility, that is, sexual vigour. These are two integral parts of the programmes of treatment of Āyurveda. The rasāyana therapy is not an empty boast of advertisement but an effective procedure of treatment.
Indian Migrant Organizations
Authors: Rahman Md Mizanur , Ranjan Rakesh
Published: July 2020

The Indian diaspora is increasingly engaging with the homeland by forming a range of migrant organizations—organizations constituting a growing sector of non-State actors who engage with the host country and the country of origin in a sustained and profound way. Research on migrant organizations tends to focus only transnational migrant organizations in host countries. Indian Migrant Organizations analyses a set of local and transnational organizations formed by Indian migrants, whose activities include mobilizing resources and connections and engaging in numerous development initiatives in India, and studies their engagement particularly in the Indian healthcare and education sectors. In particular, the book discusses how these organizations have evolved, what kind of healthcare and educational projects and activities they are carrying out, and how such collective efforts are affecting development dynamics in India.
Local Organizations and Education Sector
Authors: Rahman Md Mizanur , Ranjan Rakesh
Published: July 2020

This chapter elaborates on the overall educational infrastructure in India and argues that the country cannot effectively deliver educational opportunities to the many remote and disadvantaged groups across the country. The chapter demonstrates how local migrant organizations are providing educational opportunities across the country: building schools, colleges, and universities; supporting academic research and collaboration; offering awards and scholarships for meritorious as well as needy students; and running many other special programmes for disadvantaged groups. In this way they are enhancing life chances in urban and rural India.
A Model of Central Bank Communication
Authors: Baerg Nicole
Published: July 2020

Chapter 3 introduces a simple bargaining model that determines how precisely (or not) committee members will communicate with the mass public. The game assumes that the monetary committee consists of an agenda-setting chair and a median committee member, who bargain over the content of an official policy statement, aiming to send a consensual public message. The equilibrium outcomes illustrate different predicted levels of vagueness in the policy statement as a consequence of whether members have alike or opposing preferences or biases. The main empirical implications investigated in the rest of the book are introduced: When the chair and member have opposing preferences, policy statements will be more precise than when the chair and the member have similar preferences; when the chair and the member have opposing preferences, the more dissimilar they are, the greater the number of edits to the policy statement; and finally, more precise economic information will attenuate the publics’ inflation expectations, reducing aggregate inflation.
The Construction of Christian Self-Definition
Authors: Williams D. H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses the fact that the producers of apologetic literature were also the major architects of the Christian system of thought and belief. It accounts for the work that was done to ensure internal cohesiveness, as well as the efforts that Christian communities made to form in opposition to both Greco-Roman social and political elements, and Jewish authority. Apologetic writings reflected an existing contemporary situation in which the borders between Christians, Jews, and Greeks were clearly discernible. They were engaged in the very discursive practice that was also endeavoring to bring these borders into existence. Both apologetic writers and their opponents sought to produce and police the borders between Christians, Jews, and Greeks.
Persecution and the Ambiguity of Roman Law
Authors: Williams D. H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter considers the legal status of Christianity before the first imperially initiated persecution under Decius (249–251). Generally speaking, there are a number of ambiguities when it comes to determining the attitude of Roman law toward Christian communities. Roman officials rarely found themselves in legal situations that would have demanded special legislation toward the Christians. As a result, only a tiny amount of legal protocol had accumulated before the mid-third century for regulating procedure when it came to dealing with Christians. After several exhaustive reviews of Christian and non-Christian sources in the 1960s, against which there have been no successful contradictory arguments, it appears that the Romans did not issue any special legislation against Christians or Christianity.
Earliest Christian Responses
Authors: Williams D. H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter considers the earliest Christian apologetic literature. Paul’s speeches in Acts served as an initial mold by which several kinds of apologetic technique were later formed. In Luke’s narrative, a series of situations call for the charge and countercharge of apologetic speech, before both Jews and Romans. While Paul addresses a non-Jewish audience in only two of his speeches—neither of which are apologetic—the charges raised by Jewish leaders in the other four instances where he must defend himself are taken up by Roman magistrates. In Acts 21, Paul is beaten by the Jews in Jerusalem, rescued by Roman soldiers, and thereafter addresses the entire crowd in Jerusalem in chapter 22, where he declares he is making an apologia before them (22:1).
Staging a Public Response
Authors: De Lucca Valeria
Published: July 2020

In this chapter I consider Maria Mancini’s patronage of music and musicians and her organization and participation in carnival entertainments such as allegorical floats and parades. Maria Mancini had spent several years in France before moving to Rome and her patronage in Rome shows on one hand her taste for public entertainment and on the other her desire, through patronage, to rebel against the oppressive patriarchal society of Rome and respond to the critics who thought she enjoyed too much freedom. This chapter also marks the end of Maria’s stay in Rome. In 1672, after many months of declining health and fears for her life, Maria Mancini decided to escape from Rome, an oppressive relationship with her husband, and a society that never seemed to have accepted her.
The Puzzle of Prison Order
Authors: Skarbek David
Published: July 2020

The Puzzle of Prison Order presents a theory of why prisons and prison life vary so much. While many people think prisons are all the same—rows of cells filled with violent men who officials rule with an iron fist, life behind bars varies in incredible ways. In some facilities, prison officials govern with care and attention to prisoners’ needs. In others, officials have remarkably little influence on the everyday life of prisoners, sometimes not even providing necessities like food and clean water. Why does prison social order around the world look so remarkably different? This book shows that how prisons are governed—sometimes by the state and sometimes by the prisoners—is tremendously important. It investigates life in a wide array of facilities—prisons in Brazil, Bolivia, Norway, England and Wales, a prisoner of war camp, women’s prisons in California, and a gay and transgender housing unit in the Los Angeles County Jail—to understand the hierarchy of life on the inside. Drawing on theories from political economy and a vast empirical literature on prison systems, the book offers a framework for understanding how social order evolves and takes root behind bars.
When Prisoners Govern
Authors: Skarbek David
Published: July 2020

Chapter 2 describes how in many Latin American prisons, officials provide little of the resources, administration, or governance that prisoners often desire. In their absence, prisoners themselves govern. They often create extensive ruling bodies, including associations and committees, that create rules, enforce property rights, and maintain stability within the prison. They participate in flourishing markets, both among themselves and with the outside world. In doing so, prisoners fill the gap in governance and resources created by absent officials. The chapter then examines prisons in Brazil and Bolivia to understand how and why prisoners play such a substantial role in operating prisons.
When Officials Govern
Authors: Skarbek David
Published: July 2020

3 shows how in Nordic counties, prison officials provide significantly more resources, more competent administration, and higher-quality governance than is found in Latin American prisons. As a result, prisoners have few reasons to spend time, energy, and resources on providing these same goods and services. The chapter goes on to show that there are few prisoner-created organizations with relatively little influence on the everyday life of prisoners, and social norms are the predominant governance mechanism in place as small prison populations make gossip and ostracism powerful tools for punishing bad behavior. Even in the sphere of illegal drug use, prisoners do not use markets to coordinate the use of resources, relying instead on a system of sharing.
When No One Governs
Authors: Skarbek David
Published: July 2020

Chapter 4 discusses the case of the Andersonville Prisoner of War Camp established during the American Civil War, which stands out as one of the most brutal and deadly camps then in operation. It describes how officials provided shockingly few resources, no basic infrastructure, and essentially no governance within the facility. However, prisoners themselves did little to organize because there were few benefits from doing so. There was no access to outside economic activity, no trade was possible, and there were few natural resources within the perimeter of the camp. As such, there were no gains from acting collectively. As chapter 4 explains, the case of Andersonville shows that governance institutions do not emerge automatically, even in the face of state failure.
Understanding Institutional Diversity
Authors: Skarbek David
Published: July 2020

Chapter 8 summarizes the main empirical implications discussed in the governance theory. It points toward public policy options for reshaping prison social order and also argues that prison ethnographers should incorporate more comparative analysis into their work. There is a large body of literature on methods and methodology of making comparisons, especially in the field of comparative politics and comparative historical sociology. Incorporating more comparative methods will increase the importance and usefulness of individual ethnographic studies and open up a large number of new research questions.
Something Rich and Strange
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: July 2020

Ulysses presents its central figures from many perspectives. Joyce’s proliferation of stylistic devices enables readers to view Leopold Bloom, Stephen Dedalus, and Molly Bloom from different angles. Although confused and irritated readers might take the profusion of styles as a showy display of erudition, or, at best, as creating opportunities for humor, this chapter argues that the multiplication of narrative techniques serves important novelistic purposes. They enable Joyce to provoke revisions of our conventional values and to recognize the extraordinary in the commonplace. The chapter suggests broadening David Hayman’s seminal concept of “the Arranger” to consider arrangements, ways of reordering and restructuring the world that transcend the perspective of any potential human observer. Joyce’s multiple perspectives are akin to the worlds of experience favored by pragmatists like William James and John Dewey. They enable us to recognize the heroism in Bloom and to reflect on moral attitudes we take for granted.
Teleology in Jewish Philosophy
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: July 2020

Medieval and early modern Jewish philosophers developed their thinking in conversation with various bodies of literature. The influence of ancient Greek and Arabic sources was fundamental to the very constitution of medieval Jewish philosophical discourse. Toward the late Middle Ages, Jewish philosophers also established a critical dialogue with Christian Scholastics. In addition to these philosophical corpora, Jewish philosophers drew significantly upon rabbinic sources and the Hebrew Bible. In order to clarify the unique as well as shared elements in the thought of medieval Jewish philosophers, this chapter begins with a brief study of some early rabbinic sources on the purpose of the world. The second part of this chapter studies Maimonides’s critique of the veracity and usefulness of the belief in (anthropocentric) teleology, and the critical reception of his views by later philosophers. The third part addresses discussions of divine teleology in Kabbalistic literature. The fourth and final section elucidates Spinoza’s critique of teleology, its precise target and scope, and its debt to earlier sources discussed in this chapter.
Contemporary Teleology
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: July 2020

Many contemporary thinkers see a challenge to teleology that accompanied Darwin’s proposal of modern evolutionary theory. This chapter articulates this challenge, and reviews the two primary contemporary approaches to teleology: etiological versus causal role accounts of biological function. Both approaches attempt to naturalize teleology—to analyze teleology in a way consistent with the natural sciences, especially biological science. While this is an enormously productive endeavor, there are some reasons to be skeptical about the ultimate success of this approach to teleology.
Development of the Parental Brain in Nonhuman Mammals
Authors: Numan Michael
Published: July 2020

Chapter 9 examines the development of the parental brain in animals, emphasizing that the way a mother treats her offspring affects their brain development and their subsequent maternal behavior, leading to an intergenerational continuity of maternal phenotypes. Two proposals are evaluated. First, maternal treatment influences the development of maternal motivation circuits in offspring. In support, the development of medial preoptic area projections to the mesolimbic dopamine system is affected. Second, maternal treatment influences the development of neural systems that regulate anxiety and stress reactivity in offspring. In support, the development of medial prefrontal cortex regulation of amygdala reactivity to stressful situations is affected. Deficient development of maternal motivation circuits may contribute to neglectful maternal behavior; deficient development of emotion regulation circuits may contribute to abusive maternal behavior. Epigenetics, particularly DNA methylation, and gene by environment interactions are involved in these processes.
Rawls and Luck Egalitarianism
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: July 2020

In A Theory of Justice, Rawls famously noted that many (dis)advantages reflect the outcomes of the social and the natural lottery. In these remarks, inter alia, some have seen the early appearance in Rawls’s work of what was later developed into a full-blown luck egalitarian theory of justice. Luck egalitarianism says that it is unjust if some are worse off than others through no choice or fault of their own. This principle differs from Rawls’s theory of justice. This had led some political philosophers to criticize Rawls for not thinking through the implications of his luck egalitarian commitments. This chapter (1) presents conflicting interpretations of the role considerations about luck play in Rawls; (2) assesses the exegetical support on offer for these interpretations; and, finally, (3) discusses what role considerations about luck should play in a theory of justice in the light of recent relational egalitarian theories.
Civil Wrongs and Civil Procedure
Authors: Shapiro Matthew A.
Published: July 2020

This chapter addresses the significance of civil procedure in private law’s treatment of civil wrongs. It begins by canvassing contemporary private law theory, focusing in particular on the civil recourse theory of tort law. The chapter notes that civil recourse theory incorporates assumptions about private law’s characteristic responses to wrongs, each of which is, ultimately, an assumption about the law of civil procedure. They include assumptions that civil litigation is strongly adversarial, that it provides plaintiffs with an opportunity to confront defendants for civil wrongs, and that it culminates in an authoritative judicial declaration of where things stand between the parties as a matter of right. This chapter also points out that civil recourse theorists tend to treat these features of procedural law as fixed and essential elements of tort law. But close examination shows this to be a mistake. The rise of routinized settlement and arbitration, among other things, suggests that private law’s procedural responses to civil wrongs are varied and changing, often in ways inconsistent with interpretations given by leading theorists.
Tort Remedies as Meaningful Responses to Wrongdoing
Authors: Alles María Guadalupe Martínez
Published: July 2020

This chapter argues that tort theorists’ conception of tort remedies is belied by several considerations. The first is that compensatory remedies are usually inadequate as compensation for the setbacks suffered by victims, which implies that they do a poor job of correcting for wrongs. The second is the routine practice of awarding extra-compensatory remedies that either are punitive or have punitive elements. According to this chapter, while sometimes tort law’s remedial responses to wrongs reflect the purely private interests of the victim, it is also important to recognize that they sometimes reflect matters of public interest, too. For these reasons, the chapter argues that one should replace the narrow conceptualization of tort remedies as “private responses” to injurious wrongs and replace it with a wider conceptualization of remedies as “substantive responses” to many-faceted wrongs.
Don’t Crash into Mick Jagger When He Is Driving His Rolls Royce
Authors: Penner James
Published: July 2020

This chapter deals with damages in the context of tort law. In this case, the greater the loss, the larger the damages award. The chapter examines this fundamental commitment. It argues that it is unfair that someone wealthy, like Mick Jagger, would be owed greater compensation if he were negligently injured in a crash involving his luxury car than the average person would be if the roles were reversed. The chapter pursues a justification for the kind of consequential loss-based tort that would enable someone like Mick Jagger to be so compensated, but finds none. While the case is strong for fully compensating someone for negligently inflicted bodily injury insofar as everyone has a right of bodily integrity, the case for compensating someone for negligently caused lost wealth is weak for such compensation is neither essential to respecting bodily integrity nor does anyone have a moral obligation “to ensure that the wealthy remain wealthy.”
It’s Something Personal
Authors: Oberdiek John
Published: July 2020

This chapter defends a bilateral or “personal” conception of relationality in tort law. It argues that a personalized conception of duty and civil wrongs is compatible with the forward-looking reorientation of tort theory, is interpretively defensible, and is normatively superior to a depersonalized form of relationality. This chapter begins by resisting the conceptual argument that the wrong of negligence is not an affront to anyone in particular. It goes on to explore the value of personhood and argues that only a personalized conception of duty respects the autonomy of persons as agents. Finally, this chapter defends the value of the pattern of relations that only a personalized conception of duty makes possible.
Laws
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther
Published: July 2020

In this chapter, current legal and policy responses to digital punishment are discussed, documenting the government’s regulatory ineffectiveness with regard to policing these operations and the ways it has chosen, instead, to place the onus of responsibility on the individuals impacted by digital punishment. The testimonies of the hundreds of people interviewed for this book demonstrate that government must regain control over how its data are monetized by third parties. At the same time, government should be held to better transparency standards that provide more insight into criminal justice agency activity rather than disclosing personal information about arrestees and defendants. This final chapter returns to the book’s core questions and suggests a series of policy reforms, asking what information should be public and what information should stay private.
Complex Systems in a Nutshell
Authors: Patterson Megan S. , Lemke Michael K. , Nelon Jordan
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the key foundational concepts and principles of the study of complex systems. First, a definition for system is provided, and the distinctions between complicated and complex systems are demarcated, as are detail, disorganized, organized, and dynamic types of complexity. Common properties across complex systems are defined and described, including stable states and steady states, path dependence, resilience, critical transitions and tipping points, early warning signals, feedback loops, and nonlinearity. This chapter also delves into how complex issues often consist of networks, with random, scale-free, and small world networks defined and network concepts such as degrees, path length, and heterogeneity defined. The concept of emergence is also emphasized, as well as related principles such as adaptation and self-organization. Cardiometabolic disease (and associated comorbidities) is used in this chapter as a thematic population health example.
Complex Network Dynamics in Population Health
Authors: Moody James , Pasquale Dana K.
Published: July 2020

People constantly interact with each other and their environment, and these interactions—with whom and with what they interact—are not random. Interactions at multiple levels (cellular, neurological, social, physical, environmental) shape one’s experiences and affect health and well-being. These interactions can be represented as a set of networks that feedback and influence other networks. Here we limit our scope to the complex relationship between human social networks and behavior, which frequently forms a feedback loop, and the effect of this relationship on population health outcomes. This chapter introduces traditional network analysis as it pertains to population health, explores examples of interactions between macro-level networks, and proposes future directions for network analysis
Is It Time to Rethink “Normal” in Population Health Research?
Authors: Dawson Neal V. , Andriani Pierpaolo
Published: July 2020

The normal distribution has been useful to the field of population health—appropriately describing the distribution of many outcomes and serving as a foundation for powerful statistical analyses. But not all outcomes are normally distributed, and this chapter reminds readers of the importance of recognizing, empirically testing for this case, and using appropriate distributional functions to characterize outcomes or as the foundation for statistical and other models. The chapter begins by briefly highlighting several common examples in which nonnormal distributions are used in population health research and then describes two examples in more detail where tremendous meaning is found in recognizing nonnormality. The first is focused on “spectral effects,” variables that contextualize—or change—the relationship between predictor variables and outcomes. These relationships are only illuminated when subpopulations are disaggregated. The second example describes power law distributions and the phenomena that generate them—long recognized but understudied in population health.
Computational Simulation Modeling
Authors: Wolfson Michael C.
Published: July 2020

This chapter illustrates computer simulation “model thinking,” with brief descriptions of five recent health models along an abstract to applied spectrum. The author starts with a very simple model to assess not only the cross-sectional but also the lifetime redistributive impact of Canada’s publicly funded healthcare. Next is a multilevel interacting agent model seeking to understand why the correlations between city-level income inequality and mortality are so different between Canada and the United States. Following are models that significantly generalize the concept of attributable fraction applied to health-adjusted life expectancy and a genetic missing model to support cost-effectiveness of risk-based breast cancer screening policy options. The fifth model is the most detailed and is being applied to develop projections of long-term care utilization and costs. While this is a diverse set of models, collectively, they illustrate the range of possibilities, and the benefits of “model thinking.”
Making the Global Complexity Turn in Population Health
Authors: Castellani Brian
Published: July 2020

While the story of population health in the 20th century is one of tremendous success, at the global level (and across various countries) it presently faces a crisis of complexity, due in large measure to the forces of globalization. In response, a growing network of researchers have called for the field of population health to make the “complexity turn” to the complexity sciences. To do so, however, a list of challenges need to be addressed. In this chapter, the author uses a complex systems perspective to critically review how the current conventions of population health—from policy and interventions to research design and methods to accepted standards of practice and education—can be advanced to more effectively deal with its crisis of complexity. The review takes the form of a “top 10” list of critiques.
The Renaissance Flute
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

The last four decades have seen a revival of interest in the renaissance transverse flute. The few collections of surviving original flutes from the sixteenth century have increasingly attracted musicologists, instrument makers, and players to examine, measure (and copy), perform, and record on them. Renaissance flute workshops and summer courses attract students and amateur players in several corners of Europe every year. At the same time, renaissance manuscripts and early prints have increasingly become available on the internet, providing an ever-expanding supply of materials for flutists wanting to experience renaissance music for themselves. This handbook for renaissance flute players offers all the information needed to buy, maintain, and learn to play the renaissance flute, whether alone or in consort. It explains how to read and interpret renaissance music whether from original notation or in modern editions, how to make your own transcriptions, and how to write your own diminutions. It also introduces readers to the basics of renaissance music theory, in clear and simple language. At a time when the gap between the professional “classical” music world and its public seems to have grown irrevocably, this book aims to demystify the business of making beautiful music together. It is a key to the elegant, cylindrical flute that was played all over Europe in the age of polyphony and to the gentle art of consort playing.
Introduction to the Music
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

Chapter 6 is a guide to finding the renaissance music available for flutists to play. This chapter introduces the most common vocal and instrumental genres flutists will encounter, and offers practical advice on where to find music in both online resources and libraries. It also identifies good editions for purchase. Finally, we explain the editorial choices we made in the preparation of our editions in Chapters 7–10.
Music Suitable for One Flute
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

Chapter 7 presents our own editions of music for one flute. Some pieces are the top lines of four-part works, while others were composed specifically for a solo instrument. One piece with diminutions is included. An introduction to each piece presents the mode and useful tips for flutists approaching these works for the first time. Each piece also includes a hexachordal analysis and text (when applicable).
The Renaissance Modes
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

The renaissance modes are defined and explained in Chapter 11. The expressive character of the different modes is discussed, and we consider what twenty-first-century musicians can do to harness the power that the modes apparently had for renaissance listeners. The accompanying table presents the modes in notation, highlighting the species of fourths and fifths that make up each mode, and also the final and cadence tones.
The Hexachord
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

In Chapter 12, we present the three primary hexachords used in the Renaissance, plus basic advice on how to apply them to the music. We also consider Martin Agricola’s suggestion that the six different hexachord syllables had distinctive intrinsic qualities, which could open up new expressive possibilities for the more advanced musician approaching renaissance music.
Musica Vera and Musica Ficta
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda
Published: July 2020

Chapter 13 is a succinct chapter, designed to reduce the complex topic of musica ficta to very practical guidelines for its application in three settings: at cadences, in correction of forbidden intervals, and to enable transposition. Examples are given for each instance.
Yoga in the Music Studio
Authors: McAllister Lesley S.
Published: July 2020

The ancient practice of yoga, which has exploded in popularity in the United States over the past two decades, has the potential to help music students learn to practice more mindfully and reach peak performance more quickly. This book explores how professional musicians and music teachers of all instruments and levels can use yoga postures (asana) and breath work (pranayama) to enhance artistry. It begins with an overview of yoga philosophy and history before delving into principles of movement, alignment, anatomy, and breath. Following a research-oriented chapter illustrating the cognitive, physical, and emotional benefits of yoga, each chapter explores the unique benefits of yoga for a particular population of students, describing specific poses, modifications, sequences, and sample curricula that teachers can immediately implement into private lessons or group classes. Chapter Four describes the developmental benefits of yoga and music education in early childhood and includes a sample eight-week preschool music curriculum. Chapter Five on the adolescent student explains how yoga can alleviate stress related to social and performance anxiety, enhance mindfulness, and increase peer support in a music studio. Chapter Six, for professional musicians and college students, describes how yoga can prevent or alleviate repetitive stress injuries and other physical symptoms. The final chapter offers ideas for appropriate modifications for the retired adult along with a sample eight-week curriculum to combine yoga with Recreational Music Making. Throughout the book, yoga is presented as a tool for reducing physical tension and anxiety while simultaneously improving body awareness, enhancing cognition, and helping music students to achieve peak performance.
Establishing a Foundation
Authors: McAllister Lesley S.
Published: July 2020

Chapter Four explores how early childhood music and movement classes might utilize appropriate yoga postures and breath work for very young children from the ages of three to six, concluding with a sample curriculum for an eight-week summer music course. Building on research on the benefits of music education starting in early childhood, as well as research on the importance of slow, integrated movement for optimal learning and neuromuscular development, this chapter shows how introductory musical concepts may be blended with yoga postures and breath work to enhance attention, motivation, and aural awareness. Some of the proposed poses emphasize crossing the midline, which enhances integration across the two hemispheres of the brain. The postures and breath work may also be used with elementary-age students, so the final section describes how specific techniques might be incorporated in the private lesson, as well.
Developing Resilience, Awareness, and Compassion
Authors: McAllister Lesley S.
Published: July 2020

Chapter Five is dedicated to the adolescent student, who needs stimulation and active movement as well as opportunities to quiet the body and mind. Students at this age commonly experience performance anxiety as well as academic and social stress. The sequences in this chapter include two thirty-minute sequences for brain integration and confidence enhancement as well as a progressive relaxation script to help students become aware of physical tension and learn to release it. The script for a loving-kindness meditation at the end of the chapter may be used by students at any age to instill feelings of compassion and mutual understanding in a way that counteracts competitive tendencies among musicians.
Gaining Courage and Trust
Authors: McAllister Lesley S.
Published: July 2020

Chapter Six is intended for advanced musicians, from college students up to professionals, as well as professors who teach at the college level. For professionals, constant travel and the stress of performance along with long periods of practice without rest can lower the immune system, cause fatigue, and impede performance. These unhealthy behaviors put them at great risk for the development of injury and stress-related disorders. This chapter includes postures to lower the risk of developing an overuse injury, including stretches for mid-practice breaks. It also contains a thirty-minute “heart and hip opener” sequence that might be used on a regular basis before performance, as well as an hour-long sequence to boost confidence. Perhaps the most useful section of this chapter features three fifteen-minute pre-performance routines that combine yoga and breathing; videos of these routines can be found on the companion website.