bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes and Opinions of Sports Coaches on the Presence and Interference of Politics in Sports
Authors:   Faculty of Education, University ", Lulzim Ibri ,   Ukshin Hoti",   of Prizren, Kosovo, Bajram Çupi ,   Faculty of Education, University " Ukshin Hoti" of Prizren, Kosovo
Published: April 2024

The goal of this research is to determine the attitudes and opinions of sports coaches about the presence and interference of politics in sports. The descriptive research method was selected for the problem selected from the quantitative approach. Through 11 questions of the survey, which was built specifically for this research, interesting and expected results were achieved. The survey questionnaire consisted of 3 questions related to socio-status characteristics and 11 questions related to determining the attitudes of sports coaches about the presence and interference of politics in sports. The questionnaire is closed type. Statistical processing of data was done with the program SPSS statistics 25 for the Windows. For the purposes of the research, data was collected and processed on a sample of 125 respondents, male, aged 24 to 62, sports coaches from18 different sports, who perform their duties in 52 different sports clubs in Prizren. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that politics is present and interferes in sports. It is inevitable to say thatthe future of sports and athletes depends and will depend on political will.
Ionization Processes of Negative Corona Discharge Part 1. Review and Experiment
Authors: Zhakin A. I. , Kuzko A. E.
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the research is an experimental study of physical processes in the near-electrode zones of negative point electrodes in an electronegative gas (air) under the condition of a high-voltage field.

Methods. Video image analysis, current-voltage characteristics measurements, and spectroscopy are used. The current-voltage characteristics of the corona discharge ignition voltage in the environment are measured, the problem of experimental identification of surface charges, the mechanism of negative corona discharge ignition, and the ionic structure of streamers is studied, degradation of electrodes during negative corona discharge, spectrum of corona discharge creation and electromagnetic sound.

Results. It is shown that at small radii of curvature of needle electrodes, the development of a negative corona discharge is due to the cold emission of electrons, and on flat and slightly curved negative electrodes, due to the capture of surface electrons by electron-withdrawing molecules. The mechanism of ignition of a corona discharge in an electronegative gas with a negative needle, the structure of streamers from negative needles, the emission spectrum and ethonic degradation of electrodes have been studied.

Conclusions. The ignition of a negative corona discharge at small radii of the tips of the pointed needles (ro less than tens of microns) is due to the cold emission of electrons followed by impact ionization of neutral molecules. With slightly curved electrodes, the appearance of a negative corona discharge is due to the capture of surface electrons by electronegative gas molecules with subsequent plasma-chemical reactions. The formation of surface electrons depends on many factors: the presence and structure of oxide films (roughness, defects, etc.), which determine the electron work function and form local fields at the tips of microtips. The appearance of a corona discharge leads to degradation of the corona electrodes, expressed in the spraying of the tips of the points and the melting of the needles. In the dark region of the negative corona discharge (U < U*), photons in the in the ultraviolet spectrum (UV spectrum) are emitted, and when U > U*, in addition to UV photons, photons in the visible region of the spectrum are emitted. Glow fluctuations are caused by the chaotic dynamics of the formation of injection centers (melted tubercles - ectons) on the surface of the corona electrode. The ignition of a corona discharge is accompanied by sound emission with a frequency of about 300 Hz.
Regularities of Ion-Exchange Extraction of Anions 2(4)-Octylaminopyridines from Aqueous Media
Authors: Ageeva L. S. , Kuvardin N. V. , Shevchenko A. P.
Published: April 2024

Purpose of the study. Based on the results of the study of salts of 2(4)-octylaminopyridines (2(4)-OAP) by physical methods and their distribution in the two-phase system water-chloroform, establish the patterns of ion-exchange extraction of anions using aromatic amines.

Methods. Chemical synthesis of 2(4)-OAP and their halides, spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of 2(4)-OAP in the aqueous and organic phase, characterization of 2(4)-OAP and their halides by IR, PMR and ESCA spectroscopy.

Results. Synthesized by original methods and identified 2(4)-OAP and their halides. The distribution constants of 2-aminopyridine and 4-OAP salts with a singly charged anion in the water–chloroform two-phase system were determined. It is shown that the obtained constants increase in the following order: F-<Сl-<NO3-<Br-<ClO4-<SCN-<I-. In this case, a linear correlation between the logarithms of the constants and the hydration energy of anions in thisseries as a whole, which is typical for extraction with aliphatic amines and quaternary ammonium bases (FABs), is not observed. The results of the study of 2(4)-OAP halides by physical methods indicate a redistribution of the electron density in the aromatic cation depending on the nature of the anion, which ensures the selectivity of the extraction of “soft” (according to Pearson) 2(4)-OAP anions from aqueous media.

Conclusion. The patterns of anion-exchange extraction of 2(4)-OAP, as well as, apparently, other aromatic amines, on the one hand, and aliphatic amines and PAO, on the other hand, coincide only with respect to “hard” anions. The situation changes during the extraction of "soft" anions. Due to the specificity of interionic interaction, aromatic amines are more selective with respect to "soft" anions, including, apparently, some acid complexes of "soft" metal cations, for example, with respect to halide complexes of platinum and other rare metals that are extracted by 2(4)-OAP better than by aliphatic amines and PAO.
Investigation of the Features of the Formation of Diffusion Layers During Nitrocementation of High-Chromium Steels in a Carbon Black Medium
Authors: Kolmykov D. V. , Vorobyev Yu. S. , Kolmykov V. I. , Trusova E. V.
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the work is to establish the regularities of the formation of the structure and phase composition of surface (modified) layers on 20X13 chromium stainless steel under intense saturation with carbon and nitrogen and, on this basis, to substantiate the possibility of surface hardening of parts made of high-chromium steels by nitrocementation.

Methods. The studies were carried out on samples made of high–chromium steel 20X13, which were subjected to high-temperature nitrocementation in a paste-like medium including fine soot, sodium carbonate and potassium ferruginous oxide (paste-forming agent is an aqueous solution of carbomethylcellulose). The microstructure was studied using an optical metallographic microscope OLIMPUS OX 51 and a scanning electron microscope Qanta FEG-650 with an X-ray microanalysis system EDAX. The microhardness was determined on the Duramit-5 microhardometer, the phase composition on the XRD-7000S X-ray diffractometer.

Results. Nitrocementation of high chromium steel 20X13 in the temperature range of 820–950°C provides the formation of diffusion layers on the surface, the structure of which is represented by three zones: a crust of solid carbonitrides on the surface, an eutectoid zone with a solid matrix and inclusions of carbonitrides under the crust and a transition zone including a solid solution enriched in carbon and nitrogen with grains of the base metal. The microhardness of the nitrocemented layers on 20X13 steel after quenching from 1050°C in oil and tempering at 600°C reaches Nm 750–800 on the surface and decreases smoothly enough in depth of the nitrocemented layer. The depth of nitrocemented layers with increased microhardness (more than 400 Nm), depending on the duration of treatment, can reach ~ 0.5 (860°C, 6 hours).

Conclusion. Nitrocementation of high-chromium steel 20X13 at 820–880°C in an active carbon black paste with the addition of potassium ferrocarbon leads to an increase in the hardness of the surface layers by about 4 times the hardness of the base, which, combined with the high mechanical properties of the base, will significantly increase the service life of parts made of high-chromium stainless steels of type X13 operating under high contact conditions loads.
Forces Between Pair of Rings Made of a Magnetically Soft Ferromagnet in an Axial External Field
Authors: Stolbov O. V. , Raikher Yu. L.
Published: April 2024

Purpose. Demonstration of the way to enhance the attraction force between coaxial rings made of a magnetically soft ferromagnet by way of profiling their edges facing each other.

Methods. In the framework of magnetostatics numerical calculation is carried out for a system of two coaxial rings made of a magnetically soft ferromagnet under conditions when the system is subjected to a uniform magnetic field directed along the rings’ axis. Such a design prototypes a soft gripper for robotics. On the basis of the found out field distribution, the force of mutual attraction is evaluated. Using a particular example, the advantages of a system where the ring edges facing each other are profiled (tapered) are considered in comparison with the its analog where the rings have rectangular edges.

Results. In is shown that tapering of the edges enables one to acquire a notable gain with respect to the attraction strength. The dependences of the force of the force are calculated on the inter-ring distance and on extent of tapering of the edges: replacement of the rectangular shape by a trapezoid one. It is found that the advantages of the tapered system take place only in certain intervals of the respective parameters. For example, tapering entails an order of magnitude enhancement provided that inter-ring gap is sufficiently narrow (much smaller than the thickness of the ring wall) but it loses to a standard system all its advantage when the rings are separated by a distance of the order of their radius or greater. The dependence of the attraction force on the extent of tapering (the ratio of the upper and lower bases of the trapezium) is non-monotonic. Under a weak tapering, this function grows rapidly, then it passes a maximum (its position depends on the magnetic susceptibility of the ring material) and afterwards goes down when the profile of the edge approaches triangular shape.

Conclusions. The obtained results enable one to optimize the force interaction in the system under consideration. It is worth noting that the profiling not only augments the mutual attraction force but as well reduces that amount of magnetic material required for the construction.
On the Dependence of the Rate of Deactivation of Triplet Excitations of a Number of Molecules on Their Ionization Potential and the Charge of the Nucleus of Heavy Atoms of the Solvent
Authors: Erina M. V. , Deryabin M. I.
Published: April 2024

Purpose. Establish the nature and reasons for the dependence of the change in the radiative rate constant of deactivation of triplet excitations of a number of molecules, caused by the effect of an external heavy atom, on their ionization potential from the ground state and the energy of the first excited singlet state.

Methods. Kinetic methods were used to determine the rate constant for the deactivation of triplet excitations of organic molecules in solid solutions at 77 K. The solvents were n-heptane (neutral), carbon tetrachloride and benzene bromide (containing heavy chlorine and bromine atoms). The molecules studied were coronene, triphenylene, phenanthrene, naphthalene and biphenyl.

Results. A linear relationship has been established between an increase in the ionization potential, the energy value of the first excited singlet state, and an increase in the change in the rate of radiative deactivation of triplet excitations of the studied molecules in carbon tetrachloride. It is shown that the increase in the change in the radiative deactivation rate of these molecules with an increase in their ionization potential is due to a decrease in the difference between the ionization energies and the first excited singlet state.

Conclusion. The results of the study showed that there is a linear relationship between the increase in the radiative deactivation rate of triplet excitations of the studied molecules and their ionization potential. A linear relationship is also observed between the increase in the rate of radiative deactivation of triplet excitations of these molecules and the first excited singlet state. As the ionization potentials of the molecules under study increase, the difference between the ionization energy and the energy of the first excited singlet state decreases. This is the reason for the increase in the rate of deactivation of triplet excitations of molecules with an increase in their ionization potential.
Study of Raman Scattering of Light in Liquid Arenes and Their Halogen-Substituted ones in the Low-Frequency Region of the Spectrum
Authors: Melnikov G. A. , Ignatenko N. M. , Petrova L. P. , Gromkov A. S. , Manzhos O. A.
Published: April 2024

Purpose. Investigation of Raman scattering of light in liquid arenas and their halogenated ones in the low-frequency range of the spectrum, taking into account the clustering processes in their structure.

Methods. Raman spectroscopy methods were used, as well as a modeling method using cluster representations of the structure of liquids. Raman spectra of light in the low-frequency range from 17 to 500 cm–1 were obtained using a LabRAM HR Evolution spectrometer at room temperature (23°C).

Results. The analysis of theoretical and experimental work on the properties of dimeric configurations of benzene and on the effect of clustering processes in substances on their IR and Raman spectra is carried out. Low-frequency Raman spectra of liquid benzene, o-xylene, ethylbenzene, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, brombenzene, toluene, o-fluorotoluene, m-fluorotoluene, p-fluorotoluene, o-chlorotoluene, m-chlorotoluene, p-chlorotoluene, 2,4-dichlorotoluene, 2,6-dichlorotoluene were obtained. The model of formation and disintegration of cluster formations has been tested. Formulas have been obtained for estimating the minimum frequency of libration oscillations of the ωmin dimer formation in the cluster structure and the position of the maxima of spectral bands in the low-frequency region of the Raman spectrum, depending on the number of particles included in the cluster formations. The theoretical results obtained by ωmin are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data within the total error.

The proposed model makes it possible to predict the position of some spectral bands of the Raman spectrum. The presence of other spectral bands is obviously related to the multiparticle interaction in the cluster structure and requires additional research.

Conclusion. The proposed model of formation and decay of cluster formations and the relations following from it allow us to estimate the value of the minimum frequency in the low-frequency range of the Raman spectrum of liquid arenes and their halogenated ones from the known values of the enthalpy of formation and the moment of inertia of the dimer. Conversely, using known values of the minimum frequency, the values of the enthalpy of formation and the moment of inertia of the dimer can be estimated without resorting to complex quantum mechanical calculations.
Eye Care Service Use and Associated Health-Seeking Behaviors Among Malawian Adults: Secondary Analysis of the Malawi Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020
Authors: Mzumara Thokozani , Kantaris Marios , Afonne Joseph
Published: April 2024

Background

The use of eye care services varies among different population groups.

Objective

This study aimed to assess self-reported eye care use (ECU) and associated demographic factors among Malawian adults.

Methods

This study used secondary data from the Malawi Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020, a nationally representative survey. The study included 12,288 households and 27,336 individuals 15 years and older. We entered age, sex, level of education, residency (urban/rural), and chronic disease into a logistic regression model, and used a confusion matrix to predict the model’s accuracy. A P value <.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

About 60.6% (95% CI 60.0%-61.2%) of those with eye problems accessed formal care 2 weeks before the survey date. A logistic regression model showed that ECU was positively associated with education compared to none (odds ratio [OR] 6.6, 95% CI 5.927-7.366; P<.001), males compared to females (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.104-1.290; P<.001), and urban residence compared to rural (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.118-1.375; P<.001). ECU was negatively associated with age (OR 7, 95% CI 6.782-8.476; P<.001) and having chronic diseases (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.547-0.708; P<.001).

Conclusions

Social support, women empowerment, education, and mobile clinics are key strategic areas that would increase access to eye care in Malawi. Further studies can investigate ECU among the pediatric population.
eHealth Literacy and the Use of NHS 111 Online Urgent Care Service in England: Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Turnbull Joanne , Prichard Jane , MacLellan Jennifer , Pope Catherine
Published: April 2024

Background

Many health care systems have used digital technologies to support care delivery, a trend amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. “Digital first” may exacerbate health inequalities due to variations in eHealth literacy. The relationship between eHealth literacy and web-based urgent care service use is unknown.

Objective

This study aims to measure the association between eHealth literacy and the use of NHS (National Health Service) 111 online urgent care service.

Methods

A cross-sectional sequential convenience sample survey was conducted with 2754 adults (October 2020-July 2021) from primary, urgent, or emergency care; third sector organizations; and the NHS 111 online website. The survey included the eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ), questions about use, preferences for using NHS 111 online, and sociodemographic characteristics.

Results

Across almost all dimensions of the eHLQ, NHS 111 online users had higher mean digital literacy scores than nonusers (P<.001). Four eHLQ dimensions were significant predictors of use, and the most highly significant dimensions were eHLQ1 (using technology to process health information) and eHLQ3 (ability to actively engage with digital services), with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.86 (95% CI 1.46-2.38) and 1.51 (95% CI 1.22-1.88), respectively. Respondents reporting a long-term health condition had lower eHLQ scores. People younger than 25 years (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.87-5.62) and those with formal qualifications (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55-0.99) were more likely to use NHS 111 online. Users and nonusers were likely to use NHS 111 online for a range of symptoms, including chest pain symptoms (n=1743, 70.4%) or for illness in children (n=1117, 79%). The users of NHS 111 online were more likely to have also used other health services, particularly the 111 telephone service (χ12=138.57; P<.001).

Conclusions

These differences in eHealth literacy scores amplify perennial concerns about digital exclusion and access to care for those impacted by intersecting forms of disadvantage, including long-term illness. Although many appear willing to use NHS 111 online for a range of health scenarios, indicating broad acceptability, not all are able or likely to do this. Despite a policy ambition for NHS 111 online to substitute for other services, it appears to be used alongside other urgent care services and thus may not reduce demand.
Feasibility and Acceptability of Pediatric Smartphone Lung Auscultation by Parents: Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Santos-Silva Catarina , Ferreira-Cardoso Henrique , Silva Sónia , Vieira-Marques Pedro , Valente José Carlos , Almeida Rute , A Fonseca João , Santos Cristina , Azevedo Inês , Jácome Cristina
Published: April 2024

Background

The use of a smartphone built-in microphone for auscultation is a feasible alternative to the use of a stethoscope, when applied by physicians.

Objective

This cross-sectional study aims to assess the feasibility of this technology when used by parents—the real intended end users.

Methods

Physicians recruited 46 children (male: n=33, 72%; age: mean 11.3, SD 3.1 y; children with asthma: n=24, 52%) during medical visits in a pediatric department of a tertiary hospital. Smartphone auscultation using an app was performed at 4 locations (trachea, right anterior chest, and right and left lung bases), first by a physician (recordings: n=297) and later by a parent (recordings: n=344). All recordings (N=641) were classified by 3 annotators for quality and the presence of adventitious sounds. Parents completed a questionnaire to provide feedback on the app, using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (“totally disagree”) to 5 (“totally agree”).

Results

Most recordings had quality (physicians’ recordings: 253/297, 85.2%; parents’ recordings: 266/346, 76.9%). The proportions of physicians' recordings (34/253, 13.4%) and parents' recordings (31/266, 11.7%) with adventitious sounds were similar. Parents found the app easy to use (questionnaire: median 5, IQR 5-5) and were willing to use it (questionnaire: median 5, IQR 5-5).

Conclusions

Our results show that smartphone auscultation is feasible when performed by parents in the clinical context, but further investigation is needed to test its feasibility in real life.
Preference-Based Implementation of Video Consultations in Urban and Rural Regions in Outpatient Care in Germany: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study (Preprint)
Authors: Kleinschmidt Lara , Walendzik Anke , Wasem Jürgen , Höfer Klemens , Nauendorf Beatrice , Brittner Matthias , Brandenburg Paul , Aeustergerling André , Schneider Udo , Wadeck Anja , Sehlen Stephanie , Liersch Sebastian , Schwarze Katharina , Schwenke Carsten , Hüer Theresa
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

Particularly in rural regions, factors such as lower physician density and long travel distances complicate adequate outpatient care. However, urban regions can also be affected by deficits in care, for example, long waiting times. One model of care intending to improve the situation is the implementation of video consultations. The study protocol presents the methodology of the research project titled “Preference-based implementation of the video consultation in urban and rural regions” funded by the German Federal Joint Committee (funding number 01VSF20011).

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to identify existing barriers to the use of video consultation and the preferences of insured individuals and physicians as well as psychotherapists in order to optimize its design and thus increase acceptance and use of video consultations in urban and rural regions.

METHODS

Built on a mixed methods approach, this study first assesses the status quo of video consultation use through claims data analysis and carries out a systematic literature review on barriers and promoting factors for the use of video consultations. Based on this preliminary work, focus groups are conducted in order to prepare surveys with insureds as well as physicians and psychotherapists in the second study phase. The central element of the survey is the implementation of discrete choice experiments to elicit relevant preferences of (potential) user groups and service providers. The summarized findings are discussed in a stakeholder workshop and translated into health policy recommendations.

RESULTS

The methodological approach used in this study is the focus of this paper. The study is still ongoing and will continue until March 2024. The first study phase has already been completed, in which preliminary work has been done on potential applications and hurdles for the use of video consultations. Currently, the survey is being conducted and analyses are being prepared.

CONCLUSIONS

This study is intended to develop a targeted strategy for health policy makers based on actual preferences and perceived obstacles to the use of video consultations. The results of this study will contribute to further user-oriented development of the implementation of video consultations in German statutory health insurance. Furthermore, the iterative and mixed methods approach used in this study protocol is also suitable for a variety of other research projects.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT

DERR1-10.2196/50932
Identifications of Similarity Metrics for Patients With Cancer: Protocol for a Scoping Review (Preprint)
Authors: Manuilova Iryna , Bossenz Jan , Weise Annemarie Bianka , Boehm Dominik , Strantz Cosima , Unberath Philipp , Reimer Niklas , Metzger Patrick , Pauli Thomas , Werle Silke D , Schulze Susann , Hiemer Sonja , Ustjanzew Arsenij , Kestler Hans A , Busch Hauke , Brors Benedikt , Christoph Jan
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

Understanding the similarities of patients with cancer is essential to advancing personalized medicine, improving patient outcomes, and developing more effective and individualized treatments. It enables researchers to discover important patterns, biomarkers, and treatment strategies that can have a significant impact on cancer research and oncology. In addition, the identification of previously successfully treated patients supports oncologists in making treatment decisions for a new patient who is clinically or molecularly similar to the previous patient.

OBJECTIVE

The planned review aims to systematically summarize, map, and describe existing evidence to understand how patient similarity is defined and used in cancer research and clinical care.

METHODS

To systematically identify relevant studies and to ensure reproducibility and transparency of the review process, a comprehensive literature search will be conducted in several bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, LIVIVIVO, and MEDLINE, covering the period from 1998 to February 2024. After the initial duplicate deletion phase, a study selection phase will be applied using Rayyan, which consists of 3 distinct steps: title and abstract screening, disagreement resolution, and full-text screening. To ensure the integrity and quality of the selection process, each of these steps is preceded by a pilot testing phase. This methodological process will culminate in the presentation of the final research results in a structured form according to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) flowchart. The protocol has been registered in the Journal of Medical Internet Research.

RESULTS

This protocol outlines the methodologies used in conducting the scoping review. A search of the specified electronic databases and after removing duplicates resulted in 1183 unique records. As of March 2024, the review process has moved to the full-text evaluation phase. At this stage, data extraction will be conducted using a pretested chart template.

CONCLUSIONS

The scoping review protocol, centered on these main concepts, aims to systematically map the available evidence on patient similarity among patients with cancer. By defining the types of data sources, approaches, and methods used in the field, and aligning these with the research questions, the review will provide a foundation for future research and clinical application in personalized cancer care. This protocol will guide the literature search, data extraction, and synthesis of findings to achieve the review’s objectives.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT

DERR1-10.2196/58705
Quantifying the Regional Disproportionality of COVID-19 Spread (Preprint)
Authors: Sasaki Kenji , Ikeda Yoichi , Nakano Takashi
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused serious health problems and has had major economic and social consequences worldwide. Understanding how infectious diseases spread can help mitigating the social and economic impact.

OBJECTIVE

The study focuses to capture the degrees of disproportionality in prevalence rates of infectious disease across different regions over time.

METHODS

We analyze the numbers of daily COVID-19 confirmed cases in the United States collected by Johns Hopkins University over 1100 days since the first reported case in January 2020 in order to assess quantitatively the disproportionality of the confirmed cases using the Theil index, a measure of imbalance used in economics.

RESULTS

Our results reveal a dynamic pattern of interregional disproportionality in the confirmed cases by monitoring variations in regional contributions to the Theil index as the pandemic progresses.

CONCLUSIONS

The combined monitoring of this indicator and the confirmed cases is crucial for understanding regional differences in infectious diseases and for effective planning of response and resource allocation.
A Brief Analysis of the Language Features of Longfellow’s Snowflake
Authors: Wei Xiaoqiong
Published: April 2024

Henry Wordsworth Longfellow is one of the most popular poets in the United States in the 19th century. He is a veritable prolific poet. This article mainly analyses the language features of Longfellow’s Snowflake in the aspects of tone, rhetoric, image and so on.
Formulation and Evaluation of Clindamycin phosphate Niosomes by using Reverse Phase Evaporation Method
Authors: Sharma Rajni
Published: April 2024

The formulate and evaluate Niosome drug delivery system for Clindamycin phosphate to increase its effectiveness by increasing penetration through skin and reducing its side effects Sorbitan esters which are Non-ionic surfactants was the key ingredient which forms vesicles upon hydration with aqueous media. Cholesterol was used to make vesicle stable and rigid. Different formulations were preparing by using different sorbitan ester and changing the ratio of surfactant and Cholesterol. Clindamycin Phosphate is an antibiotic widely used for the treatment of acne. The pseudomonas colitis occurs with oral dosage form while in topical dosage forms it has side effects like irritation, skin rash, itching etc. its topical bioavailability is also less. An attempt has been made to overcome these limitations for the preparation to prepare niosomes of clindamycin phosphate as well as for the enhanced delivery through skin by the variation in cholesterol level. Niosome were prepared by reverse phase evaporation method using span 60 as polymer. The compatibility of drug and polymer is analyzed by using FTIR and DSC method. There was no interaction detected by FTIR, DSC study. Further the prepared niosomes were evaluated for drug entrapment efficiency, drug content, and in vitro drug release. Amongst all the formulation batch 3 shows the best release when compared to other batch. SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) revealed that niosomes were spherical and porous. Finally it was concluded that clindamycin phosphate have been found suitable for controlled release formulation due to its bioavailability and biodegradability and thus lead to improved patient compliance.
The Awareness System for “Dignity” of Korean Folk Songs
Authors:   The Society Of Korean Oral Literature, Lee Okhee
Published: April 2024

Respecting someone requires treating them with “dignity.” In other words, you should avoid treating them in a way that demeans, insults, or expresses contempt. This study investigated how people recognize and respond to dignity through folk songs: people enjoy folk songs based on the idea that dignity is lost when human rights are violated. Also, when communication with family members failed, they felt left out and did not receive favors; instead, when criticized and ridiculed, they felt a failure of dignity. Protecting dignity was so important to them that they showed how they would rather die through the poetic speakers of folk songs. They protested that their dignity was undermined by calling them folk songs and tried to resolve the issue by making it public.
Next, we investigated their perceptions and attitudes toward the deceased. In folk songs, human dignity also applies to the dead, highlighting why the person died and why those were the cause must apologize. In particular, funeral songs include, “Who is the deceased?What kind of life did they live? Why did they die? What do they mean to those who remember them? What kind of words do we want to leave behind for them, and what do we want to say to them as they leave the world?”
People who enjoyed folk songs also recognized the dignity of animals based on feelings of compassion. Meanwhile, the word “dignity” has always been associated with the word “human being,” and dignity has been recognized as “the essential value of human beings.” However, recently, dignity has been extended to non-human entities, expanding its meaning. Respect for others based on compassion attracts attention, as it is a value we need to live together in the future.
Defending dignity is possible by realizing one’s rights and respecting the rights of others. It is emphasized that recognizing dignity based on mutual respect regardless of race, religion, gender, social status, region, or age, abandoning the instrumental perspective of non-human beings such as animals, plants, and artificial intelligence, and cooperating to respect them is needed.
Characters and the Narrative Significance of the Korean Folktale Saekki Seo-bal Interpreted through Oral-Formulaic Phrases
Authors:   The Society Of Korean Oral Literature, Park Hyeon Suk
Published: April 2024

This provides an in-depth analysis of the characters and narrative significance of the Korean folktale Saekki Seo-Bal(An Unfinished Short Straw Rope) focusing on the oral-formulaic phrases of characters “Eating a meal in the warmer part and pooping in the colder part in the same room.” This oral-formulaic phrase, “Eating a meal in the warmer part and pooping in the colder part in the same room,” is fixedly and regularly combined with the folktales Saekki Seo-Bal and Chamkkaenamu(Sesame Tree). Therefore, the characters in the two folktales were named “Saekki Seo-Bal” type characters.
The oral-formulaic phrase which appears in the character of Saekki Seo-Bal, is an essential binding element of the introductory narrative structure, linking to the success narrative of the ending section. This oral-formulaic phrase is not a rhetorical expression representing the character’s lazy behavior but a metaphorical expression of the character's deliberation or plan ahead of his social initiation. In other words, it defines the protagonist as an active person with emergent thinking who prepares to become independent from his mother and move into the world rather than as a problematic person with a lazy personality. This study interprets the folktale Saekki Seo-Bal, which is combined with the oral-formulaic phrase “Eating a Meal in the Warmer Part and Pooping in the Colder Part in the Same Room” as an initiation tale depicting a son growing from an individual to a social being.
The social initiation process of characters consists of three stages: the preparatory stage for initiation, the stage of accumulating experiences and growth, and finally, social approval. In the first stage, characters prepare for social initiation through acts of oral-formulaic phrases. They demonstrate qualities as beginners in society by engaging in activities with materials provided by the community, such as “twisting straw ropes” in Saekki Seo-Bal and “sowing seeds” in Chamkkaenamu. The second stage appears in the narrative where the protagonist acquires the maiden who will become his wife through continuous bartering, starting with the “Saekki Seo-Bal.” Therefore, the character accumulates experience in solving problems in relationships with various others and grows into a social being with experience narratives that can solve any problem. In the third stage, the character’s abilities are tested through a “riddle bet” while returning to the community with the maiden who will become his wife. He eventually protects his wife and gains the approval of the social community as a marriage ritual.
A Study on Genre-Specific Characteristics of Historical Awareness and Deficient Elements in the Narratives of Im Gyeongeop
Authors:   The Society Of Korean Oral Literature, Kim Woojoong
Published: April 2024

This study discusses how “deficiency” is accepted and expressed in the jeons(傳) and novels, legends, and shamanism in the ‘Im Gyeongeop narrative’. It defines and analyses Im Gyeongeop’s failure as a “deficiency”.
Im Gyeongeop, a historical person, failed and died unfairly while pursuing loyalty to the Ming(明) dynasty. Such failures and frustrations make ‘Im Gyeongeop Jeon’ a narrative of deficiency. Im Gyeongeop has two deficiencies. The first is the ‘deficiency of continuing the reality of the ideal world,’ Im Gyeongeop pursues his ideological ideals. He goes to Ming for ideology, but his pursuit fails as Ming falls. This frustration leads to a ‘deficiency in the existing ideal world’ for Im Gyeongeop. The second deficiency of Im Gyeongeop is ‘unfair death’. ‘Unfair death’ has two meanings: one is that he was framed, and the other is that he had to die when he could not have died. “Deficiency of persistence” in the real world is the second deficiency.
A legend is characterized by historicality and evidence. In the legend of a historical person, that person can be evidence. It is decorated based on historical facts, and real people’s stories also meet history. Im Gyeongeop legends can be categorized as birth, growth, activity, and death. In the birth story, Im Gyeongeop’s father often appears, and it is highly related to Feng shui(風水). These legends create a deficient element in the Gyeongeop because his father gets an ideal spot but breaks taboos. This story tells us that legend-tellers identify the cause of Gyeongeop’s failure with narrative logic. The growth story explain why Im Gyeongeop couldn’t see the secrets of nature(天機), and in the activity story and the death story, we find an attempt to find the cause of the deficiency. The Im Gyeongeop legends contain content that search for the cause of the deficiency in Im Gyeongeop. The legends created a fictional world free from facts, unlike jeons and novels. However, the legend tellers also had to be in historical times.
In the West Sea(西海), Im Gyeongeop is worshipped along with the ‘Croaker catching folktales.’ However, there are no deficient elements of Im Gyeongeop in the ritual space. In shamanic thinking, Im Gyeongeop has no deficiency. We can infer the reason through the metaphorical meaning of the West Sea. Im Gyeongeop fled to Ming through the West Sea. The West Sea is a ‘liminal space’ in which the realistic space is transferred to an ideological space. Gyeongeop could be worshipped because the West Sea was a liminal space for the Gyeongeop. Gyeongeop does not show a deficiency in shamanic thinking because it is made in a space that transcends reality. Gyeongeop, in shamanic thinking, is a being out of historical time.
Jeons, novels, and legends were not free from history. However, Gyeongeop was free from historical time. Gyeongeop’s deficiency in the liminal space was placed in a ‘post-historical’ situation. And the deficiency disappeared.
Radiogenomics in breast cancer: a review
Authors: Garanina A. E. , Kholin A. V.
Published: April 2024

INTRODUCTION: Early detection of breast cancer is essential in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. The results of core biopsy, immunohistochemical methods or removed surgical specimens contributed to the identification of molecular markers. Currently, the attention of researchers is attracted by the anatomical and functional features of tumor tissue obtained using imaging methods. The correlation of specific phenotypes based on images (radiomics) with large-scale genomic analysis (genomics) is a new field of research called “radiogenomics” or, more precisely, “image genomics”. This new field examines the relationship between diagnostic methods and gene data, as well as with other clinically relevant information.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze current trends in the development of radiogenomics in the study of breast cancer based on the literature data.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical literature was searched using information and analytical databases Cochrane, Medline, and Elibrary using the text search queries “radiogenomics of breast cancer”, “mammography and radiogenomics”, “magnetic resonance imaging and radiogenomics”, “ultrasonic radiogenomics”.

RESULTS: We found strong evidence that there is a moderate relationship between imaging characteristics and genomic characteristics of breast cancer. However, the results obtained have a number of limiting factors that distort the overall picture.

CONCLUSION: Precision medicine can be optimized based on the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the tumor. However, the development of this direction requires new research and the development of databases using a multicenter approach.
Extralobar sequestration — not obvious radiologic finding. Illustrated overview. Case report
Authors: Obornev A. D. , Garapach I.  A. , Maslak O. S. , Mikheev D. V. , Kozak A. R. , Yablonskiy P. K. , Gavrilov P. V.
Published: April 2024

INTRODUCTION: Bronchopulmonary sequestration is a rare congenital pulmonary malformation. A sequestration is generally defined as non-functioning lung tissue that is not in normal continuity with the tracheobronchial tree and derives its blood supply from systemic vessels. 

OBJECTIVE: To define the main clinical and radiologic features of intra- and extralobar sequestration of the lung, to study vessel variability and to analyse case of not obvious CT images of intralobar sequestration that was diagnosed intraoperatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed literature found in PubMed and ScienceDirect regarding lung sequestration since 1979. The case report of a patient with extralobar sequestration diagnosed intraoperatively.

RESULTS: The main clinical and radiologic features of lung sequestration, challenges of differential diagnosis were summarised, including specificity of case report.

DISCUSSION: Presence of aberrant vessel requires verification of pathology before operation due to high risk of haemorrhage. The leading role in the verification belongs to radiologic imaging, however in rare cases aberrant vessel may not be visualised due to small diameter or occlusion.

CONCLUSION: The anatomy of aberrant vessels in sequestrations is extremely variable. In case report sequestration was seen in an adult. The pathology was not diagnosed prior to the operation due to failure of the vessel visualisation. Knowledge of possible diagnostic challenges decreases the risk of intraoperative complications.
China in the Middle East: strategic priorities and features
Authors: Brebdane Ammar Mohsen , Nahro Muhammad Ismael
Published: April 2024

The relevance of the research is due to the growing importance of the Middle East region in the economic development In Russof China in the XXI century, and consequently, the spread of economic and political interests of the latter. The purpose of the study is to determine China’s strategic priorities and the main directions of its political presence aimed at balancing threats and opportunities in such a turbulent region as the Middle East. Given the instability of this region caused by the global anti-terrorist struggle of the United States, the specifics of Chinese policy in the Middle East and North Africa are of interest, since it is China’s interests that are being threatened. With the help of the analytical method, the factors influencing the Middle East policy of the PRC have been identified, which, of course, contributes to the transformation of the regional order. The study concludes that the future of the Chinese presence in the Middle East is determined by China’s global strategy, as well as its vision of its role and the future world order as a whole.
Tuvan Family Photo Album: Social Practices of Creation and Storage
Authors: Lamazhaa Chimiza K. , Mainy Shenne B. , Kuzhuget Shenne Yu.
Published: April 2024

The authors analyze the social practices of creating and storing a Tuvan family photo album throughout the XX - early XXI century. The sources of the study are the materials of narrative biographical interviews with ten respondents - indigenous residents of Tuva of different ages which were recorded by the authors in April - May 2023. The appearance of photo albums, the features of their creation and storage reflect the general history of photo albums in the Soviet state, and now in Russia. The authors point out that in the history of photo albums there appear the Tuvan traditions, for example, in photo frames inside the yurt there are photographs of relatives, domestic animals (horses), and elements of national cuisine. But due to the events of the XX century, the issue of loss and theft of photographs and photo albums became relevant for Tuvans. In the XXI century, Tuvans have a wide variety of photo albums on different media, and today family photo albums also represent the ethnicity of people.
Russia, Mexico and the USA in the struggle for California in the 1820-1840s
Authors: Petrov Aleksandr Yu. , Ermolaev Alexey N.
Published: April 2024

The authors analyze the process of interaction between Russia, Mexico and the United States in the context of the struggle for Alta California. The essence of this process was the diplomatic, military-political and economic activity of these powers aimed at occupying lands in California and legalizing them by some of them. The purpose of the study is to establish the reasons for the unsuccessful actions of Spain and Russia in Alta California which led to the subordination of this territory to the United States of America. The source base is the office, diplomatic and memoir sources published in various collections and periodicals. The study shows the struggle between Russia, Mexico and the United States for the possession of lands in Alta California. It was established that Russia acted through the Russian-American company which controlled the Russian colonies in America. At the same time, the Russian government adhered to the principle of legitimism which restrained the company’s initiatives to expand its influence. The authors conclude that the United States was more active in the region and used its economic and trade superiority to increase its influence. Russia was unable to compete with the United States and missed a good opportunity to conclude an agreement with Mexico to confront the Americans and legalize its possessions in California, Fort Ross and other territories.