bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Rodent Homologs of Hepatitis C Virus and Pegiviruses
Authors: Kapoor Amit , Simmonds Peter , Scheel Troels K. H. , Hjelle Brian , Cullen John M. , Burbelo Peter D. , Chauhan Lokendra V. , Duraisamy Raja , Sanchez Leon Maria , Jain Komal , Vandegrift Kurt Jason , Calisher Charles H. , Rice Charles M. , Lipkin W. Ian
Published: April 2013

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human pegivirus (HPgV or GB virus C) are globally distributed and infect 2 to 5% of the human population. The lack of tractable-animal models for these viruses, in particular for HCV, has hampered the study of infection, transmission, virulence, immunity, and pathogenesis. To address this challenge, we searched for homologous viruses in small mammals, including wild rodents. Here we report the discovery of several new hepaciviruses (HCV-like viruses) and pegiviruses (GB virus-like viruses) that infect wild rodents. Complete genome sequences were acquired for a rodent hepacivirus (RHV) found in
Peromyscus maniculatus
and a rodent pegivirus (RPgV) found in
Neotoma albigula
. Unique genomic features and phylogenetic analyses confirmed that these RHV and RPgV variants represent several novel virus species in the
Hepacivirus
and
Pegivirus
genera within the family
Flaviviridae
. The genetic diversity of the rodent hepaciviruses exceeded that observed for hepaciviruses infecting either humans or non-primates, leading to new insights into the origin, evolution, and host range of hepaciviruses. The presence of genes, encoded proteins, and translation elements homologous to those found in human hepaciviruses and pegiviruses suggests the potential for the development of new animal systems with which to model HCV pathogenesis, vaccine design, and treatment.

IMPORTANCE
The genetic and biological characterization of animal homologs of human viruses provides insights into the origins of human infections and enhances our ability to study their pathogenesis and explore preventive and therapeutic interventions. Horses are the only reported host of nonprimate homologs of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Here, we report the discovery of HCV-like viruses in wild rodents. The majority of HCV-like viruses were found in deer mice (
Peromyscus maniculatus
), a small rodent used in laboratories to study viruses, including hantaviruses. We also identified pegiviruses in rodents that are distinct from the pegiviruses found in primates, bats, and horses. These novel viruses may enable the development of small-animal models for HCV, the most common infectious cause of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatitis B virus, and help to explore the health relevance of the highly prevalent human pegiviruses.
Flagellar Localization of a Helicobacter pylori Autotransporter Protein
Authors: Radin Jana N. , Gaddy Jennifer A. , González-Rivera Christian , Loh John T. , Algood Holly M. Scott , Cover Timothy L.
Published: April 2013

Helicobacter pylori
contains four genes that are predicted to encode proteins secreted by the autotransporter (type V) pathway. One of these, the pore-forming toxin VacA, has been studied in great detail, but thus far there has been very little investigation of three VacA-like proteins. We show here that all three VacA-like proteins are >250 kDa in mass and localized on the surface of
H. pylori
. The expression of the three
vacA
-like genes is upregulated during
H. pylori
colonization of the mouse stomach compared to
H. pylori
growth
in vitro
, and a wild-type
H. pylori
strain outcompeted each of the three corresponding isogenic mutant strains in its ability to colonize the mouse stomach. One of the VacA-like proteins localizes to a sheath that overlies the flagellar filament and bulb, and therefore, we designate it FaaA (flagella-associated autotransporter A). In comparison to a wild-type
H. pylori
strain, an isogenic
faaA
mutant strain exhibits decreased motility, decreased flagellar stability, and an increased proportion of flagella in a nonpolar site. The flagellar localization of FaaA differs markedly from the localization of other known autotransporters, and the current results reveal an important role of FaaA in flagellar localization and motility.

IMPORTANCE
The pathogenesis of most bacterial infections is dependent on the actions of secreted proteins, and proteins secreted by the autotransporter pathway constitute the largest family of secreted proteins in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we analyzed three autotransporter proteins (VacA-like proteins) produced by
Helicobacter pylori
, a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human stomach and contributes to the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease. We demonstrate that these three proteins each enhance the capacity of
H. pylori
to colonize the stomach. Unexpectedly, one of these proteins (FaaA) is localized to a sheath that overlies
H. pylori
flagella. The absence of FaaA results in decreased
H. pylori
motility as well as a reduction in flagellar stability and a change in flagellar localization. The atypical localization of FaaA reflects a specialized function of this autotransporter designed to optimize
H. pylori
colonization of the gastric niche.
Unusual presentation of a common problem
Authors: Gunaruwan Prasad , Napthali Kate , Nair Kichu
Published: April 2013

We report on an elderly lady with a large hiatus hernia presenting with presyncope and syncope associated with large meals. Though left atrial filling and mitral inflow was unimpaired, this case is interesting since the symptoms resolved with adjustment to meal size.
Primary presentation with acute flaccid quadriparesis in Sjogren's syndrome sans sicca
Authors: Dasari Sowjanya , Naha Kushal , Vivek G , Acharya Vasudev , Hande Manjunath
Published: April 2013

We report the case of a 40-year-old housewife, who presented with vomiting since past 5 days and weakness of all four limbs since 1 day. Clinical examination confirmed the presence of flaccid quadriparesis with preserved tendon reflexes. Routine laboratory parameters showed severe hypokalaemia. On further evaluation she was diagnosed to have type 1 renal tubular acidosis secondary to Sjogren's syndrome. Sicca symptoms were conspicuous by their absence.
Two variants of fat embolism syndrome evolving in a young patient with multiple fractures
Authors: Bajuri Mohd Yazid , Johan Rudy Reza , Shukur Hassan
Published: April 2013

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a continuum of fat emboli. Variants of FES: acute fulminant form and classic FES are postulated to represent two different pathomechanisms. Acute fulminant FES occurs during the first 24 h. It is attributed to massive mechanical blockage pulmonary vasculature by the fat emboli. The classic FES typically has a latency period of 24–36 h manifestation of respiratory failure and other signs of fat embolism. Progression of asymptomatic fat embolism with FES frequently represents inadequate treatment of hypovolaemic shock. We present a rare case of two variants of FES evolving in a patient with multiple fractures to emphasis the importance of adequate and appropriate treatment of shock in preventing the development of FES. Since supportive therapy which is a ventilatory support remains as the treatment of FES, it is appropriate to treat FES in the intensive care unit setting.
Pathological fractures as an initial presentation of Wilson's disease
Authors: Verma Rajesh , Junewar Vivek , Sahu Ritesh
Published: April 2013

Wilson's disease (WD) has varied phenotypic presentations. Here we report the case of a 16-year-old boy who presented with a history of multiple pathological fractures, severe joint deformities, hepatic dysfunction, cognitive decline and limb dystonia. On examination, the patient had pinched out facies, pallor and leukonychia totalis. Bilateral Kayser Fleischer (KF) ring was present. Musculoskeletal examination revealed pectus carinatum, bilateral genu valgus and gun-stock deformity of the left elbow joint. Splenomegaly and moderate ascites were present. Neurological examination revealed mild rigidity and intermittent episodes of dystonic posturing of all four limbs. On this basis a diagnosis of WD with dystonia with cirrhosis of liver with portal hypertension with renal tubular acidosis with renal rickets was thought likely. Investigations confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was started on treatment but he did not improve. He suffered aspiration pneumonia during his hospital stay and succumbed to the illness.
The absence of vitreous inflammation: one more challenge in diagnosing toxoplasma papillitis
Authors: Mikhail Michael Adly , Varikkara Mohan
Published: April 2013

Toxoplasma is a leading cause of posterior uveitis in immunocompetent patients manifesting as a focal posterior retinochoroiditis. The clinical diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis is usually straightforward. There is typically a fluffy white retinal lesion which may lie adjacent to a pigmented chorioretinal scar and a prominent vitreous, or additionally, anterior chamber cellular reaction. Several unusual presentations in ocular toxoplasmosis have been reported, including: papillitis, neuroretinitis, retrobulbar neuritis, retinal detachment and macular oedema. This is a case of presumed primary toxoplasma papillitis in a 14-year-old child with complete absence of vitritis at presentation that made the diagnosis challenging. This evolved into neuroretinitis that resolved upon introducing antitoxoplasma antibiotics.
Distributive shock due to systemic capillary leak syndrome treated with high-dose immunosuppression
Authors: Sheehan James Robert , Keating Liza , Chan Antoni , Walden Andrew
Published: April 2013

A female patient in her 60s presented with a history of malaise, chills, headache and vomiting. She was in shock on presentation with a high haematocrit and a low albumin with evidence of rhabdomyolysis. Severe limb and truncal oedema developed with worsening hypotension leading to intensive care unit admission for multiple organ support. Extensive radiological, microbiological and immunological work up was negative with the exception of a monoclonal gammopathy. A review of patient investigations led to a diagnosis of Clarkson's disease. Treatment with high-dose methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulins led to a rapid decline in the creatine kinase (CK) level and vasopressor requirements. The patient was discharged home on long-term terbutaline and has made a good recovery.
Rock, paper, endoscopy: a baffling case of rhinolith
Authors: Saibene Alberto Maria , Bebi Valentina , Borloni Roberto , Felisati Giovanni
Published: April 2013

A 60-year-old woman presented with a bulky nasal mass. The mass was accidentally discovered during examination following a head injury. The patient, suffering from severe mental retardation, did not complain of any nasal symptoms, though her relatives, upon direct questioning, reported a two year history of fetid rhinorrhoea and occasional epistaxis. The CT scan showed a large inhomogeneous calcified mass in left nasal cavity, impacted on the choanal border. The patient underwent endoscopic nasal surgery under general anaesthesia in order to remove the mass. A transnasal approach granted a successful and complete removal. The patient was discharged the following day without any complication and no sign of recurrence or symptoms relapse was reported during a two year follow-up.
Recurrent erythema nodosum: a red flag sign of hidden systemic vasculitis
Authors: Gupta Monica , Singh Kamal , Lehl SS , Bhalla Mala
Published: April 2013

Takayasu's arteritis is a rare, systemic vasculitis with varied presentations across multiple medical specialities. Here, we present a young woman who had recurrent episodes of erythema nodosum on the background of a low-grade fever and no vascular manifestations. The presence of a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate generated a high index of suspicion for underlying vasculitis, and radioimaging confirmed the suspicion of Takayasu's arteritis. The patient was found to have type III diseases in the vasculitic stage and was managed with systemic corticosteroids.
An assessment of a large-scale HIV prevention programme for high-risk men who have sex with men and transgenders in Andhra Pradesh, India: using data from routine programme monitoring and repeated cross-sectional surveys
Authors: Goswami Prabuddhagopal , Rachakulla Hari Kumar , Ramakrishnan Lakshmi , Mathew Shajan , Ramanathan Shreena , George Bitra , Adhikary Rajatashuvra , Kodavalla Venkaiah , Rajkumar Hemalatha , Paranjape Ramesh S , Brahmam G N V
Published: April 2013

Objectives

To assess a large-scale intervention, the Avahan intervention, using an evaluation framework that included programme coverage, condom use and changes in sexually transmitted infection (STI) and HIV prevalence among high-risk men who have sex with men/transgender (HR-MSM/TG) in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India.

Design

Programme monitoring data and results from two rounds of cross-sectional integrated biological and behavioural assessment (IBBA) in 2006 (Round 1) and 2009 (Round 2) were used for current analysis.

Setting

Programme monitoring data and cross-sectional surveys from Andhra Pradesh, India.

Participants

Data from 1218 and 1203 participants in Rounds 1 and 2 of the IBBA, respectively, and field level programme monitoring data from the intervention districts.

Primary and secondary outcomes

(1) Assess the reach of intervention in the HR-MSM/TG population; (2) evaluate the association between intervention and the intermediate outcomes (such as condom use and STIs) and (3) assess the association between HIV/STIs and the intervention.

Results

By July 2008, the intervention contacted 83% of the estimated HR-MSM/TG population monthly and 16% were attending the STI clinic monthly. HR-MSM/TG exposed to the intervention were significantly more likely to use condom consistently with a regular male partner (adjusted OR 4.62, 95% CI 1.40 to 15.22). Consistent condom use with all types of male partners increased significantly in survey Round 2 compared with Round 1. The proportion of HR-MSM/TG who tested positive for HIV-1 antibodies was similar in both rounds (15.5% in Round 1 vs 17.3% in Round 2, p=0.52).

Conclusion

The Avahan intervention achieved a good population coverage, and delivered high-intensity peer and STI clinical services in Andhra Pradesh in the highly mobile target population of HR-MSM/TG; this also resulted in positive behavioural outcomes including increased condom use. However, the high prevalence of HIV in this group is an important public health priority.
Phylogeography based on intraspecific sequence variation in chloroplast DNA ofMiscanthus sinensis(Poaceae), a native pioneer grass in Japan
Authors: Shimono Yoshiko , Kurokawa Shunji , Nishida Tomoko , Ikeda Hiroaki , Futagami Norihiko
Published: April 2013

Miscanthus sinensis Andersson is a dominant perennial grass in East Asia, where it is a pioneer species in disturbed habitats. To obtain basic information about the genetic structure of this pioneer species, we investigated chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation in M. sinensis within and among native populations across Japan. We detected nine haplotypes in 636 individuals from 30 populations. Two distinct haplotypes had a wide geographical distribution and coexisted within most of the populations. The degree of genetic differentiation among the populations was relatively low. Two putative ancestral lineages were distributed in the Ryukyu Islands. Therefore, it is possible that lineages that originated in subtropical areas of mainland China migrated into the Ryukyu Islands via Taiwan. Another possible migration route is the Korean Peninsula. Two major haplotypes may have migrated from the Eurasian continent to the northern coast in Kyushu via the Korean Peninsula and then expanded throughout Japan. There was no clear genetic boundary among the populations north of Kyushu. The enhanced immigration ability and high rate of gene flow of Miscanthus may have modulated the genetic structure created during previous glacial periods. Alternatively, the shortage of unique haplotypes north of Kyushu may indicate the recent expansion of this species to northern Japan.
Constant pH simulations with the coarse-grained MARTINI model — Application to oleic acid aggregates
Authors: Bennett W.F. Drew , Chen Alexander W. , Donnini Serena , Groenhof Gerrit , Tieleman D. Peter
Published: April 2013

Long chain fatty acids are biologically important molecules with complex and pH sensitive aggregation behavior. The carboxylic head group of oleic acid is ionizable, with the pKa shifting to larger values, even above a value of 7, in certain aggregate states. While experiments have determined the macroscopic phase behavior, we have yet to understand the molecular level details for this complex behavior. This level of detail is likely required to fully appreciate the role of fatty acids in biology and for nanoscale biotechnological and industrial applications. Here, we introduce the use of constant pH molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the coarse-grained MARTINI model and apply the method to oleic acid aggregates and a model lipid bilayer. By running simulations at different constant pH values, we determined titration curves and the resulting pKa for oleic acid in different environments. The coarse-grained model predicts positive pKa shifts, with a shift from 4.8 in water to 6.5 in a small micelle, and 6.6 in a dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) bilayer, similar to experimental estimates. The size of the micelles increased as the pH increased, and correlated with the fraction of deprotonated oleic acid. We show this combination of constant pH MD and the coarse-grained MARTINI model can be used to model pH-dependent surfactant phase behavior. This suggests a large number of potential new applications of large-scale MARTINI simulations in other biological systems with ionizable molecules.
KÄHLER–EINSTEIN METRICS WITH CONE SINGULARITIES ON KLT PAIRS
Authors: GUENANCIA HENRI
Published: April 2013

We prove that any Kähler–Einstein metric attached to a klt pair (X, D) has cone singularities along D on the log-smooth locus of the pair, under some technical assumption on the cone angles.
TABLEAUX FORMULAS FOR MACDONALD POLYNOMIALS
Authors: BERGERON FRANÇOIS , HAIMAN MARK
Published: April 2013

The aim of this work is to describe new explicit recursive formulas for (renormalized) Macdonald polynomials, using Pieri-like formulas.
THE VALIDITY OF WEIGHTED AUTOMATA
Authors: LOMBARDY SYLVAIN , SAKAROVITCH JACQUES
Published: April 2013

This paper addresses the problem of the validity of weighted automata in which the presence of ε-circuits results in infinite summations. Earlier works either rule out such automata or characterize the semirings in which these infinite sums are all well-defined.

By means of a topological approach, we take here a definition of validity that is strong enough to insure that in any kind of semirings, any closure algorithm will succeed on every valid weighted automaton and turn it into an equivalent proper automaton. This definition is stable with respect to natural transformations of automata.

The classical closure algorithms, in particular algorithms based on the computation of the star of the matrix of ε-transitions, cannot be used to decide validity. This decision problem remains open for general topological semirings.

We present a closure algorithm that yields a decision procedure for the validity of automata in the case where the weights are taken in ℚ or ℝ, two cases that had never been treated before. These algorithm and procedure are implemented in the VAUCANSON platform.
COMPLETELY REDUCIBLE SETS
Authors: PERRIN DOMINIQUE
Published: April 2013

We study the family of rational sets of words, called completely reducible and which are such that the syntactic representation of their characteristic series is completely reducible. This family contains, by a result of Reutenauer, the submonoids generated by bifix codes and, by a result of Berstel and Reutenauer, the cyclic sets. We study the closure properties of this family. We prove a result on linear representations of monoids which gives a generalization of the result concerning the complete reducibility of the submonoid generated by a bifix code to sets called birecurrent. We also give a new proof of the result concerning cyclic sets.
FABRICATION OF IN SITUFe-Ti-B COMPOSITE COATING BY LASER CLADDING
Authors: DU BAOSHUAI
Published: April 2013

Laser cladding was applied to deposit in situ Fe - Ti - B composite coatings on mild carbon steel with precursor of ferrotitanium, ferroboron and pure Fe alloy powders. The composite coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Wear resistance of the laser-cladded Fe - Ti - B coatings was evaluated under dry sliding condition at room temperature using block-on-ring wear tester. Results indicate that in situ reinforcements of TiB 2 and Fe 2 B can be synthesized in the Fe - Ti - B coatings. The amount of TiB 2 increases with the increase of content of ferrotitanium and ferroboron in the precursor. Reinforcements are formed through the liquid-precipitation route following the solidification path of the Fe - Ti - B system. Hardness and wear properties of the coatings improved significantly in comparison to the as-received substrate due to the presence of hard reinforcements.
COOPERATIVE GAMES WITH INCOMPLETE INFORMATION: SOME OPEN PROBLEMS
Authors: FORGES FRANÇOISE , SERRANO ROBERTO
Published: April 2013

This is a brief survey describing some of the recent progress and open problems in the area of cooperative games with incomplete information. We discuss exchange economies, cooperative Bayesian games with orthogonal coalitions, and issues of cooperation in noncooperative Bayesian games.
OPEN PROBLEMS IN COOPERATIVE LOCATION GAMES
Authors: FRAGNELLI VITO , GAGLIARDO STEFANO
Published: April 2013

Location problems describe those situations in which one or more facilities have to be placed in a region trying to optimize a suitable objective function. Game theory has been used as a tool to solve location problems and this paper is devoted to describe the state-of-the-art of the research on location problems through the tools of game theory. Particular attention is given to the problems that are still open in the field of cooperative location game theory.
GAME-THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF BANKRUPTCY AND TAXATION PROBLEMS: RECENT ADVANCES
Authors: THOMSON WILLIAM
Published: April 2013

A group of agents have claims on a resource, but there is not enough of the resource to honor all of the claims. How should it be divided? We survey the recent game theoretic approaches that have been followed in solving such "claims problems".
DYNAMIC STABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED PLATES UNDER ARBITRARY PERIODIC LOADS
Authors: CHEN CHUN-SHENG , CHEN CHIH-WEN , CHEN WEI-REN
Published: April 2013

The dynamic instability of functionally graded material (FGM) plates under an arbitrary periodic load is studied. The properties of the functionally graded plates (FGPs) are assumed to vary continuously across the plate thickness according to a simple power law. With the derived Mathieu equations, the dynamic instability regions of the FGPs are determined by using the Bolotin's method. The in-plane periodic load is taken to be a combination of periodic axial and bending stress in the example problems. The influences of the volume fraction index, layer thickness ratio, static and dynamic load on the dynamic instability of ceramic-FGM-metal plates are discussed. The results reveal that the excitation frequency, instability region and dynamic instability index of these plates are significantly affected by the static load, dynamic load, volume fraction index and layer thickness.
OSCILLATORY BEHAVIOR OF AN ELECTROSTATICALLY ACTUATED MICROCANTILEVER GYROSCOPE
Authors: MOJAHEDI M. , AHMADIAN M. T. , FIROOZBAKHSH K.
Published: April 2013

This paper is concerned with the study of the oscillatory behavior of an electrostatically actuated microcantilever gyroscope with a proof mass attached to its free end. In mathematical modeling, the effects of different nonlinearities such as electrostatic forces, fringing field, inertial terms and geometric nonlinearities are considered. The microgyroscope is subjected to bending oscillations around the static deflection coupled with base rotation. The primary oscillation is generated in drive direction of the microgyroscope by a pair of DC and AC voltages on the tip mass. The secondary oscillation occurring in the sense direction is induced by the Coriolis coupling caused by the input angular rate of the beam along its axis. The input angular rotation can be measured by sensing the oscillation tuned to another DC voltage of the proof mass. First, a system of nonlinear equations governing the flexural–flexural motion of electrostatically actuated microbeam gyroscopes subjected to input rotations is derived by the extended Hamilton principle. The oscillatory behavior of the microgyroscopes subjected to DC voltages in both directions is then analytically investigated. Finally, the effects of the geometric parameters, base rotation and fringing field on the natural frequencies of the system are assessed.
NEWTONIAN FLOW IN CONVERGING-DIVERGING CAPILLARIES
Authors: SOCHI TAHA
Published: April 2013

The one-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are used to derive analytical expressions for the relation between pressure and volumetric flow rate in capillaries of five different converging-diverging axisymmetric geometries for Newtonian fluids. The results are compared to previously derived expressions for the same geometries using the lubrication approximation. The results of the one-dimensional Navier–Stokes are identical to those obtained from the lubrication approximation within a nondimensional numerical factor. The derived flow expressions have also been validated by comparison to numerical solutions obtained from discretization with numerical integration. Moreover, they have been certified by testing the convergence of solutions as the converging-diverging geometries approach the limiting straight geometry.
Identification of hypothalamic neuron-derived neurotrophic factor as a novel factor modulating appetite
Authors: Byerly Mardi S. , Swanson Roy D. , Semsarzadeh Nina N. , McCulloh Patrick S. , Kwon Kiwook , Aja Susan , Moran Timothy H. , Wong G. William , Blackshaw Seth
Published: April 2013

Disruption of finely coordinated neuropeptide signals in the hypothalamus can result in altered food intake and body weight. We identified neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NENF) as a novel secreted protein through a large-scale screen aimed at identifying novel secreted hypothalamic proteins that regulate food intake. We observed robust Nenf expression in hypothalamic nuclei known to regulate food intake, and its expression was altered under the diet-induced obese (DIO) condition relative to the fed state. Hypothalamic Nenf mRNA was regulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, itself an important regulator of appetite. Delivery of purified recombinant BDNF into the lateral cerebral ventricle decreased hypothalamic Nenf expression, while pharmacological inhibition of trkB signaling increased Nenf mRNA expression. Furthermore, recombinant NENF administered via an intracerebroventricular cannula decreased food intake and body weight and increased hypothalamic Pomc and Mc4r mRNA expression. Importantly, the appetite-suppressing effect of NENF was abrogated in obese mice fed a high-fat diet, demonstrating a diet-dependent modulation of NENF function. We propose the existence of a regulatory circuit involving BDNF, NENF, and melanocortin signaling. Our study validates the power of using an integrated experimental and bioinformatic approach to identify novel CNS-derived proteins with appetite-modulating function and reveals NENF as an important central modulator of food intake.
Endogenous ghrelin's role in hippocampal neuroprotection after global cerebral ischemia: does endogenous ghrelin protect against global stroke?
Authors: Kenny Rachel , Cai Guohui , Bayliss Jacqueline A. , Clarke Melanie , Choo Yuen Ling , Miller Alyson A. , Andrews Zane B. , Spencer Sarah J.
Published: April 2013

Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal hormone with a well-characterized role in feeding and metabolism. Recent evidence suggests that ghrelin may also be neuroprotective after injury in animal models of cerebral ischemia. Thus exogenous ghrelin treatment can improve cell survival, reduce infarct size, and rescue memory deficits in focal ischemia models, doing so by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis. Endogenous ghrelin plays a key a role in a number of physiological processes, including feeding, metabolism, stress, and anxiety. However, no study has examined whether endogenous ghrelin also contributes to neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia. Here, we aimed to determine whether endogenous ghrelin normally protects against neuronal cell death and cognitive impairments after global cerebral ischemia and whether such changes are linked with inflammation or apoptosis. We used a two-vessel occlusion (2VO) model of global cerebral ischemia in wild-type (wt) and ghrelin knockout (ghr−/−) C57/Bl6J mice. ghr−/− mice had improved cell survival in the Cornu Ammonis(CA)-2/3 region of the hippocampus—a region of significant growth hormone secretagogue receptor expression. They also displayed less cellular degeneration than wt mice after the 2VO (Fluoro-Jade) and had less cognitive impairment in the novel object-recognition test. These outcomes were despite evidence of more neuroinflammation and apoptosis in the ghr−/− and less of a postsurgery hypothermia. Finally, we found that mortality in the week following the 2VO was reduced more in ghr−/− mice than in wt. Overall, these experiments point to a neurodegenerative but antiapoptotic effect of endogenous ghrelin in this model of global ischemia, highlighting that further research is essential before we can apply ghrelin treatments to neurodegenerative insults in the clinic.
Telemetry-based oxygen sensor for continuous monitoring of kidney oxygenation in conscious rats
Authors: Koeners Maarten P. , Ow Connie P. C. , Russell David M. , Abdelkader Amany , Eppel Gabriela A. , Ludbrook John , Malpas Simon C. , Evans Roger G.
Published: April 2013

The precise roles of hypoxia in the initiation and progression of kidney disease remain unresolved. A major technical limitation has been the absence of methods allowing long-term measurement of kidney tissue oxygen tension (Po2) in unrestrained animals. We developed a telemetric method for the measurement of kidney tissue Po2 in unrestrained rats, using carbon paste electrodes (CPEs). After acute implantation in anesthetized rats, tissue Po2 measured by CPE-telemetry in the inner cortex and medulla was in close agreement with that provided by the “gold standard” Clark electrode. The CPE-telemetry system could detect small changes in renal tissue Po2 evoked by mild hypoxemia. In unanesthetized rats, CPE-telemetry provided stable measurements of medullary tissue Po2 over days 5− 19 after implantation. It also provided reproducible responses to systemic hypoxia and hyperoxia over this time period. There was little evidence of fibrosis or scarring after 3 wk of electrode implantation. However, because medullary Po2 measured by CPE-telemetry was greater than that documented from previous studies in anesthetized animals, this method is presently best suited for monitoring relative changes rather than absolute values. Nevertheless, this new technology provides, for the first time, the opportunity to examine the temporal relationships between tissue hypoxia and the progression of renal disease.
Black-White Disparities in Overweight and Obesity Trends by Educational Attainment in the United States, 1997–2008
Authors: Jackson Chandra L. , Szklo Moyses , Yeh Hsin-Chieh , Wang Nae-Yuh , Dray-Spira Rosemary , Thorpe Roland , Brancati Frederick L.
Published: April 2013

Background. Few studies have examined racial and educational disparities in recent population-based trends.Methods. We analyzed data of a nationally representative sample of 174,228 US-born adults in the National Health Interview Survey from 1997 to 2008. We determined mean BMI trends by educational attainment and race and black-white prevalence ratios (PRs) for overweight/obesity (BMI > 25 kg/m2) using adjusted Poisson regression with robust variance.Results. From 1997 to 2008, BMI increased by ≥1 kg/m2in all race-sex groups, and appeared to increase faster among whites. Blacks with greater than a high school education (GHSE) had a consistently higher BMI over time than whites in both women (28.3 ± 0.14 to 29.7 ± 0.18 kg/m2versus 25.8 ± 0.58 to 26.5 ± 0.08 kg/m2) and men (28.1 ± 0.17 kg/m2to 29.0 ± 0.20 versus 27.1 ± 0.04 kg/m2to 28.1 ± 0.06 kg/m2). For participants of all educational attainment levels, age-adjusted overweight/obesity was greater by 44% (95% CI: 1.42–1.46) in black versus white women and 2% (1.01–1.04) in men. Among those with GHSE, overweight/obesity prevalence was greater (PR: 1.52; 1.49–1.55) in black versus white women, but greater (1.07; 1.05–1.09) in men.Conclusions. BMI increased steadily in all race-sex and education groups from 1997 to 2008, and blacks (particularly women) had a consistently higher BMI than their white counterparts. Overweight/obesity trends and racial disparities were more prominent among individuals with higher education levels, compared to their counterparts with lower education levels.
Metastasis of a Prostatic Carcinoma along an Omental Graft in a Dog
Authors: Jacobs Terry M. , Hoppe Bruce R. , Poehlmann Cathy E. , Pinkerton Marie E. , Milovancev Milan
Published: April 2013

An 11-year-old male American Bulldog was presented for hematuria and tenesmus. It had been treated for chronic bacterial prostatitis with abscessation two years earlier and underwent castration and a prostatic omentalization procedure. There was no histologic evidence of prostatic neoplasia at that time. On physical examination, an enlarged prostate was found by rectal palpation, and it was characterized with ultrasonography and computed tomography. Surgical biopsies were obtained, and histopathology identified prostatic adenocarcinoma. It received carprofen and mitoxantrone chemotherapy in addition to palliative radiation therapy; it was euthanized six weeks later due to a progression of clinical signs. Necropsy findings included marked localized expansion of the prostatic tumor and dissemination of prostatic carcinoma cells throughout the peritoneal cavity along the omental graft with infiltration onto the serosal surfaces of most abdominal viscera and fat. This case represents a previously unreported potential complication of the omentalization procedure wherein carcinoma cells from a prostatic tumor that independently arose after omentalization may have metastasized along the surgically created omental graft.
Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Kidney: A Case Report
Authors: Demirtaş Abdullah , Sabur Volkan , Akgün Hülya , Akınsal Emre Can , Demirci Deniz
Published: April 2013

Solitary fibrous tumor is a spindle cell neoplasm mostly originating from pleura; however, it has also recently been reported to be extrapleural. A 57-year-old man presented with left lumbal pain. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed a cystic lesion of 14 × 11 cm with solid areas and septations in middle and lower poles of the left kidney. Radical nephrectomy was performed. Immunohistochemical studies showed strong reactions with CD34 and CD99. A nuclear positivity with Ki-67 was observed in less than 1% of cells. Despite repeated stainings with vimentin, no clear tumor evaluation could be made due to artifacts. The tumor was negative with Bcl-2, desmin, HMB-45, S100, FVIII, and CD31. Histopathological and molecular studies made the diagnosis of a solitary fibrous tumor. The patient is now currently free of disease at the 26th month of followup.
In VivoTLR9 Inhibition Attenuates CpG-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction
Authors: Boehm O. , Markowski P. , van der Giet M. , Gielen V. , Kokalova A. , Brill C. , Hoeft A. , Baumgarten G. , Meyer R. , Knuefermann P.
Published: April 2013

The involvement of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a receptor for bacterial DNA, in septic cardiac depression has not been clarifiedin vivo. Thus, the aim of the study was to test possible TLR9 inhibitors (H154-thioate, IRS954-thioate, and chloroquine) for their ability to protect the cardiovascular system in a murine model of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide- (ODN-) dependent systemic inflammation. Sepsis was induced by i.p. application of the TLR9 agonist 1668-thioate in C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and TLR9-deficient (TLR9-D) mice. Thirty minutes after stimulation TLR9 antagonists were applied i.v. Survival was monitored up to 18 h after stimulation. Cardiac mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators was analyzed 2 h and 6 h after stimulation with 1668-thioate and hemodynamic parameters were monitored at the later time point. Stimulation with 1668-thioate induced a severe sepsis-like state with significant drop of body temperature and significantly increased mortality in WT animals. Additionally, there was a time-dependent increase of inflammatory mediators in the heart accompanied by development of septic heart failure. These effects were not observed in TLR9-D mice. Inhibition of TLR9 by the suppressive ODN H154-thioate significantly ameliorated cardiac inflammation, preserved cardiac function, and improved survival. This suppressive ODN was the most efficient inhibitor of the tested substances.
Pseudoporphyria Associated with Nonhemodialyzed Renal Insufficiency, Successfully Treated with Oral N-Acetylcysteine
Authors: Katoulis A. C. , Ferra D. , Toumbis E. , Papadavid E. , Kanelleas A. , Panayiotides I. , Rigopoulos D.
Published: April 2013

Pseudoporphyria (PP) is a relatively rare, photodistributed bullous dermatosis that resembles porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), but it is not accompanied by porphyrin abnormalities in the serum, urine, or stool. It was initially described in renal failure patients on dialysis. Thereafter, it has been associated with several aetiological factors. We report a case of PP in a 67-year-old woman with mild renal failure, successfully treated with N-acetylcysteine. This is the second reported case of PP developing in nondialyzed chronic renal failure. Such cases support the view that renal impairment itself may play a more important aetiological role in developing PP than it was originally considered.
Self-Repair of Rat Cortical Bone Microdamage after Fatigue Loading In Vivo
Authors: Wu Bo , Zhang Chan , Chen Bo , Zhang Ling , Dai Ruchun , Wu Xianping , Jiang Yebin , Liao Eryuan
Published: April 2013

Bone microdamage can be repaired through bone remodeling induced by loading. In this study, a loading device was developed for improved efficiency and the self-repair process of bone microdamage was studied in ovariectomized rats. First, four-point bending fixtures capable of holding two live rats simultaneously were designed. Rats were loaded and subjected to a sinusoidal wave for 10,000 cycles. They were then divided into four groups to evaluate time points from 1 to 4 weeks in the microdamage repair process. The loaded right ulna was used for microdamage parameter analysis, and the loaded right radius was tested for mechanical properties. In all groups, microdamage consisted primarily of microcracks, which were observed in bone surrounding the force-bearing point. The values of the microdamage parameters were significantly lower at 3 weeks than at 2 weeks. However, none of the differences in mechanical properties between any four groups were statistically significant. This study shows that the improved application of loading in the form of bending for double-rat simultaneous administration was practical and efficient. These results suggest that microdamage was repaired between 2 weeks to 3 weeks after fatigue damage and microdamage is a more sensitive index of bone quality than mechanical properties.
Update on the Pathophysiological Activities of the Cardiac Molecule Cardiotrophin-1 in Obesity
Authors: Asrih Mohamed , Mach François , Quercioli Alessandra , Dallegri Franco , Montecucco Fabrizio
Published: April 2013

Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is a heart-targeting cytokine that has been reported to exert a variety of activities also in other organs such as the liver, adipose tissue, and atherosclerotic arteries. CT-1 has been shown to induce these effects via binding to a transmembrane receptor, comprising the leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFRβ) subunit and the glycoprotein 130 (gp130, a common signal transducer). Both local and systemic concentrations of CT-1 have been shown to potentially play a critical role in obesity. For instance, CT-1 plasma concentrations have been shown to be increased in metabolic syndrome (a cluster disease including obesity) probably due to adipose tissue overexpression. Interestingly, treatment with exogenous CT-1 has been shown to improve lipid and glucose metabolism in animal models of obesity. These benefits might suggest a potential therapeutic role for CT-1. However, beyond its beneficial properties, CT-1 has been also shown to induce some adverse effects, such as cardiac hypertrophy and adipose tissue inflammation. Although scientific evidence is still needed, CT-1 might be considered as a potential example of damage/danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) in obesity-related cardiovascular diseases. In this narrative review, we aimed at discussing and updating evidence from basic research on the pathophysiological and potential therapeutic roles of CT-1 in obesity.
Using Information and Communication Technology in Home Care for Communication between Patients, Family Members, and Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lindberg Birgitta , Nilsson Carina , Zotterman Daniel , Söderberg Siv , Skär Lisa
Published: April 2013

Introduction.Information and communication technology (ICT) are becoming a natural part in healthcare both for delivering and giving accessibility to healthcare for people with chronic illness living at home.Aim.The aim was to review existing studies describing the use of ICT in home care for communication between patients, family members, and healthcare professionals.Methods.A review of studies was conducted that identified 1,276 studies. A selection process and quality appraisal were conducted, which finally resulted in 107 studies.Results.The general results offer an overview of characteristics of studies describing the use of ICT applications in home care and are summarized in areas including study approach, quality appraisal, publications data, terminology used for defining the technology, and disease diagnosis. The specific results describe how communication with ICT was performed in home care and the benefits and drawbacks with the use of ICT. Results were predominated by positive responses in the use of ICT.Conclusion.The use of ICT applications in home care is an expanding research area, with a variety of ICT tools used that could increase accessibility to home care. Using ICT can lead to people living with chronic illnesses gaining control of their illness that promotes self-care.
Complexity and the Fractional Calculus
Authors: Pramukkul Pensri , Svenkeson Adam , Grigolini Paolo , Bologna Mauro , West Bruce
Published: April 2013

We study complex processes whose evolution in time rests on the occurrence of a large and random number of events. The mean time interval between two consecutive critical events is infinite, thereby violating the ergodic condition and activating at the same time a stochastic central limit theorem that supports the hypothesis that the Mittag-Leffler function is a universal property of nature. The time evolution of these complex systems is properly generated by means of fractional differential equations, thus leading to the interpretation of fractional trajectories as the average over many random trajectories each of which satisfies the stochastic central limit theorem and the condition for the Mittag-Leffler universality.
Rescue Surgery 19 Years after Composite Root and Hemiarch Replacement
Authors: von Aspern Konstantin , Seeburger Joerg , Etz Christian D. , Sauer Matthias , Lehmkuhl Lukas , Misfeld Martin , Mohr Friedrich W.
Published: April 2013

A 59-year-old male patient with Marfan's syndrome was referred to our clinic due to acute chest pain. His medical history contains complex surgery for type A aortic dissection 19 years ago including composite root replacement using a mechanical aortic valve. Immediate computed tomography indicated perforation at the distal ascending aortic anastomosis plus complete avulsion of both coronary ostia. The patient underwent successful rescue surgery with ascending aortic and arch replacement using a modified Cabrol technique.
Examining the Relative Contribution of Memory Updating, Attention Focus Switching, and Sustained Attention to Children’s Verbal Working Memory Span
Authors: Magimairaj Beula M. , Montgomery James W.
Published: April 2013

Whereas considerable developmental memory research has examined the contributions of short-term memory, processing efficiency, retention duration, and scope of attention to complex memory span, little is known about the influence of controlled attention. The present study investigated the relative influence of three understudied attention mechanisms on the verbal working memory span of school-age children: memory updating; attention focus switching; and sustained attention. Results of general linear modeling revealed that, after controlling for age, only updating accuracy emerged as a significant predictor of verbal working memory span. Memory updating speed (that subsumed attention focus switching speed) also contributed but was mediated by age. The results extend the developmental memory literature by implicating the mechanism of memory updating and developmental improvement in speed of attention focus switching and updating as critical contributors to children’s verbal working memory. Theoretically, the results provide substantively new information about the role of domain-general executive attention in children’s verbal working memory.
A Stochastic Diffusion Process for the Dirichlet Distribution
Authors: Bakosi J. , Ristorcelli J. R.
Published: April 2013

The method of potential solutions of Fokker-Planck equations is used to develop a transport equation for the
joint probability of N coupled stochastic variables with the Dirichlet distribution as its asymptotic solution. To ensure a bounded sample space, a coupled nonlinear diffusion process is required: the Wiener processes in the equivalent system of stochastic differential equations are multiplicative with coefficients dependent on all the stochastic variables. Individual samples of a discrete ensemble, obtained from the stochastic process, satisfy a unit-sum constraint at all times. The process may be used to represent realizations of a fluctuating ensemble of N variables subject to a conservation principle. Similar to the multivariate Wright-Fisher process, whose invariant is also Dirichlet, the univariate case yields a process whose invariant is the beta distribution. As a test of the results, Monte Carlo simulations are used to evolve numerical ensembles toward the invariant Dirichlet distribution.