bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE BREAKDOWN OF ADENOSINE PHOSPHATES IN EXTRACTS OF XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI
Authors: Hochster R. M. , Madsen N. B.
Published: October 2017

Cell-free extracts of Xanthomonas phaseoli (XP8) can convert ATP to hypoxanthine, the chief intermediates being ADP, AMP, IMP, and inosine. The following enzymes concerned in the breakdown of ATP are present: adenosine triphosphatase, myokinase, adenylic acid deaminase, a 5′-nucleotidase acting on IMP, and a nucleosidase which converts inosine to hypoxanthine. It is concluded that the conversion of ADP to AMP is, for the most part, carried out by the myokinase, the direct dephosphorylation of ADP being of questionable significance in these extracts.AMP is not dephosphorylated directly but is first deaminated to IMP. A method is presented which allows enzymatic deamination to be studied by manometric means. The deamination of AMP is found to explain the biphasic nature of the carbon dioxide output and uptake observed when hexokinase activity of extracts is measured by the manometric method.
ACCLIMATIZATION TO COLD: IMMEDIATE ADRENAL RESPONSE AND SURVIVAL OF ACCLIMATIZED RATS EXPOSED TO MORE SEVERE COLD
Authors: Molloy Rosemary , Nicholls Doris , Farrington William , Rossiter R. J.
Published: October 2017

Further observations are described on the measurement of the incorporation of inorganic phosphate labelled with P32 into the inorganic phosphate of the adrenal gland to assess the immediate pituitary–adrenal response when cold acclimatized and non-acclimatized rats are exposed to more severe cold (2 hours at −5 °C). In rats acclimatized to cold by conditioning to 3 °C for 4 weeks, this immediate pituitary–adrenal response was considerably less than that in non-acclimatized rats maintained at room temperature (22 °C). The reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response took 3 to 4 weeks to develop and persisted for 12 hours, but not for 4 days. Rats that were conditioned to −5 °C by exposures for 2 or 6 hours daily for 4 weeks showed no reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response to more severe cold, but there was a significant decrease in this response in rats conditioned for 6 hours daily for 8 weeks.Rats acclimatized to cold by conditioning to 3 °C for 4 weeks showed greater survival when exposed to an environmental temperature of −15 °C than rats conditioned to 22 °C. Rats that were conditioned to −5 °C for brief daily periods (2 hours or 6 hours) for 4 weeks or 8 weeks also survived exposure to severe cold (−22 °C) better than rats maintained at room temperature.In general, significant increases in adrenal weight were found in those cold-conditioned rats that showed a reduced pituitary–adrenal response. However, it is concluded that the development of increased survival on exposure to severe cold, by a process of conditioning to less severe cold, is not necessarily accompanied by a reduction in the immediate pituitary–adrenal response to severe cold, or by an increase in weight of the adrenal glands.
CHANGES IN INTESTINAL AND SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE LEVELS DURING ABSORPTION OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Triantaphyllopoulos Eugenie , Tuba Jules
Published: October 2017

After force-feeding fasted male albino rats with solutions of amino acids it was observed that:(a) Intestinal alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly increased after ingestion of glycine, leucine, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, methionine, arginine, and large doses of glycine – glutamic acid – histidine mixtures, while a decrease was noted after force-feeding tryptophan.(b) Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was stimulated by solutions of glycine, histidine, and glutamic acid when each amino acid was given singly and even more when a mixture of these three amino acids was force-fed. Methionine on the other hand produced a highly significant depression of the activity of this enzyme.(c) Serum inorganic phosphorus levels were significantly decreased after ingestion of glycine, leucine, serine, threonine, methionine, glutamic acid, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.(d) Serum α-amino nitrogen concentration was increased in all cases except with cystine and lysine, when no change was observed, whereas arginine produced a highly significant drop, attributed to stimulation of urea cycle.(e) The α-amino nitrogen concentration of intestinal homogenates was increased after force-feeding glycine, leucine, cystine, methionine, glutamic acid, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, and large amounts of glycine – histidine – glutamic acid mixtures.
THYROXINE AND INSULIN INTERACTION
Authors: Dow Dorothy S. , Allen C. E.
Published: October 2017

Rate of body weight gain of both the young chick and the young rat was markedly inhibited following ingestion of amounts of thyroxine which were greatly in excess of physiological requirements. The rate of body weight gain of the young rat was also markedly inhibited in alloxan diabetes. The administration of insulin partly or largely prevented the observed effect on body weight in both conditions. The administration of thyroxine caused a reduction of rat skeletal muscle mass which was partially prevented when insulin was given concurrently with thyroxine.Reduced body weight gain and muscle mass in the rat were accompanied by marked increases in the muscle DNA and nuclei concentration. Nuclear diameter and the amount of DNA per nucleus remained unchanged. RNA concentration of the muscle was not reduced. The beneficial effect of insulin administration on body weight and muscle mass was accompanied by a preventive effect against changes in muscle DNA and nuclei concentration. However, since the DNA content of muscle bundles remained relatively unchanged and since muscle bundle weights changed proportionately with body weight it would appear that DNA content does not reflect change in muscle mass.The effectiveness of insulin in the thyroxine-treated animal appears to be due to an improved utilization of energy. A hypoglycemic action of thyroxine implies an antagonism between the two hormones in their mechanism of action. The relationship between the two hormones is not direct since the administration of insulin does not affect the increased plasma protein-bound iodine levels resulting from thyroxine treatment.
SOME PROPERTIES OF THROMBIN PREPARATIONS
Authors: Seegers Walter H. , Casillas Gerardo , Shepard Robert S. , Thomas William R. , Halick Paul
Published: October 2017

Bio-resin thrombin preparations were found to contain three weak precipitinogens. The clotting activity was not demonstrably associated with the precipitinogenic systems. Further, work was done on methods for the purification of citrate resin thrombin, and its clotting activity is also not associated with a precipitinogenic system. The N-terminal amino acid of both bio-resin thrombin and citrate resin thrombin was found to be glutamic acid. The two preparations were found to be homogeneous upon ultracentrifugal examination and could not be differentiated on the basis of sedimentation constants. Since "citrate" activation and "bio" activation produce eventually similar thrombin material, the autocatalytic activation of prothrombin in 25% sodium citrate solution can be used as an ideal model of prothrombin activation. The prothrombin first dissociates to form a derivative that does not form thrombin in the two-stage analytical reagents. Then a second alteration occurs in which the derivative again may form thrombin in the two-stage analytical reagents. Then thrombin activity appears as esterase activity, then as clotting activity. Later the clotting activity may be lost and finally also the esterase activity. The original prothrombin is a precipitinogen while the active thrombin is not.
EFFECT OF ERUCIC ACID ON INCORPORATION OF ACETATE-1-C14INTO CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: October 2017

Young male rats were fed synthetic diets containing either no fat or various individual fatty acids for 3 to 4 weeks. They were then killed and the incorporation of acetate-1-C14into cholesterol and fatty acids was measured in liver slices and in scrapings of intestinal mucosa. Acetate incorporation into cholesterol by liver slices was much greater in animals fed erucic acid than in those fed no fat, palmitic, stearic, oleic, or linoleic acids. A marked differential was not observed in fatty acid incorporation but values tended to be higher on the fat-free and erucic acid diets. Erucic acid did not stimulate acetate incorporation into cholesterol by mucosa and in general mucosa seemed to be less sensitive to changes in diet. The results are discussed in relation to previously observed effects of erucic acid on cholesterol metabolism.
FREEZING DAMAGE TO BOVINE CREAM INDICATED BY RELEASE OF ENZYMES
Authors: Cole L. J. N. , Kluepfel D. , Lusena C. V.
Published: October 2017

When washed cream was frozen slowly and thawed, some breaking of the emulsion occurred and on centrifugation a pellet, mostly membrane material, was obtained. Xanthine oxidase and alkaline phosphatase were present in this pellet, but little enzyme activity was found in the aqueous phase. The main effect of slow freezing was to force the fat globules together so that alteration and redistribution of the membranes could occur, and, on thawing, fat could coalesce. Rapid freezing on the other hand distributed fat globules more evenly so that less coalescence could occur on thawing.
THE FRACTIONATION OF THE HISTONES OF CALF THYMUS AND CHICKEN ERYTHROCYTES BY CATION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH SODIUM SALTS
Authors: Neelin J. M. , Butler G. C.
Published: October 2017

The histone extracted from the nucleoprotein of calf thymus and chicken erythrocyte nuclei at pH 1.8 was more stable than that extracted at less than pH 1.5. Extraction directly from isolated nuclei avoided the deleterious effects of dialysis and of neutral pH. Fractionation by cation-exchange chromatography on the sodium form of Amberlite IRC-50, with "stepwise elution" by various sodium salts, recovered more than 90% of the chicken erythrocyte histone in at least seven components. About 75% of the calf thymus histone was eluted in four peaks; one of these was shown to be identical with the lysine-rich component, while the other three coincided with the arginine-rich peak eluted by barium acetate from barium IRC-50. These preparations of histone chloride were not degraded in sodium salt solutions, but tended to aggregate, especially in the presence of barium ion.
THE INTERCONVERSION OF GLYCINE AND SERINE IN ZEA MAYS
Authors: Hauschild A. H. W.
Published: October 2017

Glycine and formaldehyde are converted into serine in the presence of a dialyzed, lyophilized enzyme preparation from corn seedlings, with tetrahydropteroylglutamic acid and pyridoxal phosphate as coenzymes. The equilibrium constant of the reaction was calculated for the system at 37.5 °C as K = 3.1 × 103. The pH activity curve showed a maximum between 6.6 and 7.0. The effects of the concentrations of the coenzymes were studied. The glycine–serine interconverting enzyme is present throughout the seedling and occurs exclusively in the soluble fraction of the cells.
EFFECTS OF AMPHENONE B AND OF DIET ON CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN THE RAT
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: October 2017

Amphenone B was added in concentrations of 0.1 to 0.5% to a number of synthetic diets and to a fox chow diet. These were then fed to young male rats to determine the effects on adrenal weight and on the cholesterol content of the adrenals, liver, and plasma. The rats fed amphenone mixed with synthetic diets showed a greater increase in adrenal size and adrenal cholesterol than those fed amphenone mixed with the chow diet. The liver and plasma cholesterol values of rats fed amphenone on synthetic diets were also increased appreciably while those of rats fed amphenone in the chow diet were near normal. Synthetic diets containing erucic acid and amphenone appeared to have the greatest effect on adrenal size and cholesterol content but other synthetic diets in some cases caused a greater increase in liver and plasma cholesterol concentrations. An attempt to examine the effect of injected amphenone on cholesterol levels in rats fed different diets was limited by the fact that high doses of amphenone cause prolonged anesthesia.
THE RELATION BETWEEN DRUG-INDUCED EXCITATION IN THE CAT AND ADDICTION LIABILITY
Authors: Cullumbine H. , Konop T. S.
Published: October 2017

The production of central excitation in the cat by various opium alkaloids, some synthetic analgesics, and related compounds has been studied. Dihydromorphinone, diamorphine, ketobemidone, levorphan, dipipanone, methadone, apomorphine, morphine, dihydrocodeinone, dihydrocodeine, phenadoxone, alphaprodine, codeine, meperidine, dionine, apocodeine, and pholcodine were all found to cause excitation when injected subcutaneously into cats.Papaverine, narcotine, cotarnine, hydrocotarnine, dextromethorphan, persedon, nalorphine, and levallorphan did not produce excitation in the cat. Prior administration of nalorphine or levallorphan prevented the production of excitation by morphine.Tolerance to the excitatory effect of morphine in the cat can be rapidly established.It is concluded that there is a relationship, although not an exact one, between the ability to produce excitation in the cat and the danger of producing addiction in man by the opium alkaloids and many synthetic analgesics.
THE HEXOSAMINE AND HYDROXYPROLINE CONTENTS OF THE OVIDUCTS OF THE ESTROGENIZED IMMATURE PULLET AND OF THE NORMAL LAYING HEN
Authors: Anastassiadis P. A.
Published: October 2017

Estradiol benzoate, 1 mg per day, plus testosterone propionate, 1 mg per day, were administered to sexually immature pullets for 10 days. The dry matter, hexosamine, and hydroxyproline contents of the hypertrophied oviducts and of their major anatomical parts were in general similar to the corresponding data obtained for the oviducts of mature laying hens. Additional treatment with progesterone, 0.5 mg per day, did not affect in any definite way the weight and dry matter, hexosamine, or hydroxyproline contents of the hypertrophied oviducts of the immature pullets. Additional treatment with progesterone, 1.0 mg per day, significantly depressed the weight and dry matter contents of the hypertrophied oviducts and of their major anatomical parts, except for the vagina.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Spencer E. Y.
Published: October 2017

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ISOLATION OF RAT HEPARIN
Authors: Jaques L. B.
Published: October 2017

Heparin was isolated from the whole carcass and skin of rats of the Wistar strain and crystallized as the barium salt. The sodium salt derived from this had a specific anticoagulant activity (Howell assay) of 47.5 International Units/mg and specific metachromatic activity of 101.5 International Units/mg. Yield of heparin was 0.55 mg/100 g body weight.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE AND THE FORMATION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS IN VITRO
Authors: Schönbaum E. , Davidson Monica , Large Rosemary E. , Casselman W. G. Bruce
Published: October 2017

Glucose, adenosine, uridine, and reduced triphosphopyridine-nucleotide (TPNH) significantly increase the effect of corticotrophin (ACTH) on the formation of steroids by rat adrenals in vitro. This effect of glucose is inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose. Inhibition is overcome by TPNH. During the incubation of adrenal fragments, but not of intact glands, TPN-dependent dehydrogenases leak into the medium.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE ASSAY OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
Authors: Hunter J. , Kalant H. , Ogilvie J. C.
Published: October 2017

A reliable, sensitive, and simple technique is described for the assay of antidiuretic hormone in amounts between 25 and 130 μunits. The assay animal is a conscious albino rat weighing between 150 and 250 g. On the day of assay it is tranquillized with an injection of perphenazine. Specially designed cannulae, implanted on the day before the assay, provide unimpaired access to the stomach and bladder, permitting the maintenance of hydration and continuous urine collection without disturbance of the animal. Material to be assayed is injected intravenously. Water load is maintained by manual injection of 0.5-ml quantities of 0.05% NaCl solution at intervals dependent upon the rate of urine production. A useful index for expression of the response is described, which is related to both the intensity and the duration of antidiuresis. Assay of an artificial unknown by this method gave a result within 6% of the true value, and an excellent statistical precision (λ = 0.143).
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: VII. STEROID HORMONES IN PLASMA
Authors: Idler D. R. , Ronald A. P. , Schmidt P. J.
Published: October 2017

Cortisone, cortisol, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone were isolated from the plasma of prespawning Fraser River sockeye salmon. The female plasma contained double the concentration of cortisone and cortisol found in male plasma, 41 μg and 26 μg/100 ml respectively as compared with 22 μg and 11 μg/100 ml.Corticosterone is probably present at a very low concentration and neither 11-desoxycorticosterone nor aldosterone was detected in the plasma from approximately 100 fish. Cortisone, cortisol, and total 17-hydroxysteroids were quantitatively determined in plasma samples obtained from two pure races of sockeye captured at various stages of sexual maturity. The combined concentration of cortisone and cortisol which, at the mouth of the river was three times that of the normal human, increased to as high as 17 times this level following spawning. The results are discussed in relation to the death of the fish.
INCREASED SENSITIVITY OF AN END-PLATE REGION TO ITS CHEMICAL MEDIATOR FOLLOWING DENERVATION OF ANOTHER END-PLATE REGION OF THE SAME CELL
Authors: Frank George B.
Published: October 2017

By using the sartorius muscle of the frog it has been shown that a normally innervated end plate develops an increased sensitivity to its normal transmitter following denervation of other end plates on the same cell. This increase in sensitivity was demonstrated by determining the concentration of acetylcholine which must be applied to a region of the muscle containing innervated end plates in order to produce a threshold contraction and also by recording the electrical and mechanical responses of the partially denervated muscle fibers to a single maximal stimulation of the muscle nerve. The results support the idea that the change which occurs in the denervated muscle fiber which renders it more sensitive to its normal transmitter is a change which involves the whole cell rather than the denervated end-plate region alone, and that some of this change is due to a decrease in cholinesterase activity of the muscle.
COMPARISON BETWEEN SEASONAL AND THERMAL ACCLIMATION IN WHITE RATS: II. SURFACE TEMPERATURE, VASCULARIZATION, AND IN VITRO RESPIRATION OF THE SKIN
Authors: Héroux O.
Published: October 2017

The effect of cold temperature on the skin was studied on white rats exposed to two different types of environmental conditions. Two groups of adult rats kept in individual cages were continuously exposed for 3 months to constant cold temperature (18° and 6 °C) in the laboratory (indoor rats) while other groups of the same colony kept in groups of 10 were exposed for the same length of time to the fluctuating environmental conditions prevailing outside (outdoor rats).Indoor rats acclimated to 18 °C and 6 °C showed the same increase in the number of opened capillaries in the ears over the number observed in controls acclimated to 30 °C. "Summer and winter" outdoor rats showed the same number of capillaries as the "18 °C or 6 °C" indoor rats. Signs of injury healing such as thicker epidermis and larger nuclei were found in the ears of all the "6 °C" rats but in none of the "winter" rats. While the skin temperature measured at + 6 °C was slightly higher (0.4 to 1.0 °C) in rats acclimated at 6 °C than in those at 30 °C, it was lower (1.3 to 2.9 °C) in "winter" than in "summer" rats. After 28 days of acclimation, the rate of oxygen uptake of the dorsal skin of the foot was lower in "6 °C" than in "30 °C" rats but after 84 days it was significantly higher in the cold-acclimated rats. Similarly, after 3 months, the respiratory rate of the dorsal skin of the foot was higher in "winter" rats than in "summer" rats.
COMPARISON BETWEEN SEASONAL AND THERMAL ACCLIMATION IN WHITE RATS: III. STUDIES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: Héroux O. , Schönbaum E.
Published: October 2017

The rate of production of corticosteroids in vitro as well as the histological picture of the adrenal glands was studied in white rats exposed to cold for 3 months, either indoors at 6 °C in individual cages or outdoors during the winter in groups of 10.Under the indoor cold conditions, the adrenals hypertrophied within 1 week and their weight then remained constant for the following 11 weeks. The hypertrophy was due to an increase in the number of cells in the zona fasciculata. Relative to adrenal weight, the production of corticosteroids in vitro was less in the 6 °C rats than in the 30 °C controls. Under the outdoor cold conditions, the adrenal weight as well as the number of fasciculata cells remained normal, but the steroid production "in vitro" was greater than in the "summer controls". Since both "indoor" and "outdoor" cold-exposed rats have been shown previously to develop a similar degree of cold resistance as well as a similar capacity for elevating their metabolism through a non-shivering heat production mechanism, it appears that similar degrees of adaptation to cold can exist with different requirements of adrenocortical hormones.
REMOVAL OF STRONTIUM AND CESIUM FROM MILK
Authors: Migicovsky B. B.
Published: October 2017

Radiostrontium can be removed from milk by stirring it with a cation exchange resin saturated with calcium. Successive treatment of milk with the resin will remove 95% of added strontium. Strontium which enters milk via the physiological mechanism is also removed by this process. Treatment of milk with a calcium-saturated resin raises the calcium content and reduces the potassium and sodium content of the milk.Resin that is equilibrated with a solution of CaCl2, KCl, and NaCl which has the same cation proportions as does milk is effective in removing strontium and cesium and does not alter the calcium, potassium, or sodium content of the milk.
EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: IV. A SIMPLIFIED CHEMICAL SCORE
Authors: McLaughlan J. M. , Rogers C. G. , Chapman D. G. , Campbell J. A.
Published: October 2017

Available evidence has shown that most common foods are deficient in lysine, methionine, or in methionine and cystine. Based on the determination of these amino acids, a simplified chemical score was developed and compared with protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) values determined with the same samples. Each of 43 foods was assigned to either of two categories: (a) foods apparently deficient in lysine or (b) in methionine (+ cystine). With 16 foods in the former group there was a high degree of correlation between lysine concentration and P.E.R. With 27 foods in the latter group, a good correlation was found between the methionine (+ cystine) concentration and P.E.R. Since the regression lines for the two groups were different, a factor was added to the methionine (+ cystine) values to simplify the relationship. That foods deficient in lysine or in methionine (+ cystine) fell into two distinct groups appeared to be substantiated by data available in the literature. Because the simplified method is relatively rapid, yields reproducible results, and correlates with animal assays, it is proposed as a rapid screening procedure for the evaluation of protein in foods, but is not intended to replace the rat bio-assay method.
STUDIES ON AROMATIC ESTERASE AND CHOLINESTERASE OF HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Marton A. , Kalow W.
Published: October 2017

Human serum proteins were separated by electrophoresis on filter paper. Cholinesterase could not be readily eluted from the paper but was demonstrated to be between α2- and β-globulins by a staining method. Aromatic esterase migrated in close relation to albumin and could be eluted by M/15 phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. The esterase activity was demonstrated in the eluates by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, using phenylacetate as a substrate. Versene caused a strong inhibition of aromatic esterase activity in vitro. The activity could be restored by different cations of which Ca++, Cu++, and Mn++were most potent. In 74 persons who were considered as normal controls in regard to the esterases, there was no correlation between cholinesterase and aromatic esterase activity. However, in 25 individuals suffering from cancer and/or liver dysfunction, a significant correlation between the two enzyme activities appeared.
THE INCORPORATION OF FORMATE-C14INTO THE NUCLEIC ACIDS OF RATS WITH REGENERATING LIVER AND NOVIKOFF HEPATOMA
Authors: Nixon J. C. , Zbarsky S. H.
Published: October 2017

A study was made of the incorporation in vivo of formate-C14into the purines and thymine of regenerating liver and Novikoff hepatoma in the rat, during the period of maximum mitotic activity of these tissues. The effects of these tissues on one another and on certain host tissues were also studied. The maximum mitotic frequency of Novikoff hepatoma was observed on the 4th day of growth following transplantation. This tumor caused a decrease in formate incorporation into the nucleic acid purines and thymine of the host's spleen and intestinal mucosa but had little effect on liver. The results also indicated that the uptake of formate by the RNA adenine of spleen and intestinal mucosa and the DNA thymine of intestinal mucosa was diminished by the presence of regenerating liver. The simultaneous presence of both regenerating liver and Novikoff hepatoma generally lowered the incorporation of formate-C14into the nucleic acids of the host spleen and intestinal mucosa. It was observed further that the utilization of formate by the nucleic acids of Novikoff hepatoma and regenerating rat liver was decreased in animals containing both of these rapidly dividing tissues.
PREPARATION OF C14-LABELLED ACIDS FROM C14O2 AND ARYL LITHIUM COMPOUNDS
Authors: Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

A simplified technique was developed for carbonation of Grignard reagents or organolithium compounds, with C14O2 generated from barium carbonate. 3,4-(Dibenzyloxy)-bromobenzene was treated with n-butyl lithium in ether and then with C14O2 to give 3,4-(dibenzyloxy)-benzoic acid-carboxyl-C14. The yield was 74% based on barium carbonate. 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid-carboxyl-C14 (yield 77%) and 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid-carboxyl-C14 (yield 76%) were prepared from the corresponding dichlorobromobenzenes by a similar sequence of reactions. Attempts to synthesize 2,4- and 2,5-dichlorobenzoic acids by this route gave poor yields of unidentified acids, from which the expected products could not be isolated.
SOME STUDIES ON TRANSAMINATION WITH OXALOACETATE
Authors: Iyer G. Y. N. , Sukumaran M.
Published: October 2017

The formation of alanine in the transamination of α-amino-n-butyrate and glutamate with oxaloacetate in presence of liver homogenates has been studied. It could be quantitatively explained in terms of pyruvate formed by the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and subsequent transamination. Pyruvate at high concentrations was found to have an inhibitory effect on the α-aminobutyric–pyruvic transamination. The transaminase activity of the homogenate with respect to the glutamic–oxaloacetic system was very marked whereas it was negligible in the case of the α-aminobutyric–oxaloacetic system. In the light of these findings the relative yields of alanine from the two systems are correlated.
THE INFLUENCE OF ETHYL ALCOHOL ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF CEREBRAL SLICES
Authors: Clarke D. W. , Evans R. L.
Published: October 2017

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PENTOSES IN THE ISOLATED RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Forbath N. , Clarke D. W.
Published: October 2017

The addition of insulin, or of various enzyme inhibitors, to the intact isolated rat diaphragm causes an increase in pentose space, without causing a corresponding increase in inulin space or in total water. It is suggested that there is a relationship between cellular metabolism and permeability to pentoses. If pentose permeability and glucose permeability are governed by similar mechanisms, this means the glucose permeability might depend on cellular metabolism. However, phenethylbiguanide and pyruvate do not increase the permeability to pentoses, though they do increase glucose uptake. This means that glucose uptake might be increased without a corresponding increase in glucose permeability. Glucose utilization therefore may be governed by several factors of which the cellular permeability is only one.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY MARINE FISH OILS ON THE SERUM CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC CHICKENS
Authors: Wood J. D. , Biely Jacob
Published: October 2017

An investigation was carried out into the effect of marine fish oils on the serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic chickens. The oils were fed at the 10% level in the diet. Lingcod liver oil and halibut liver oil prevented the hypercholesterolemic effect of supplementary cholesterol, whereas crude herring oil increased the hypercholesterolemia to the same extent as did corn oil and tallow. Ratfish liver oil, dogfish liver oil, and basking shark liver oil had less noticeable effects on the cholesterol levels. No clear explanation could be given for the observed behavior but there seemed to be a difference in the effects on serum cholesterol of liver oils from teleostei fish and from selachii fish, the former class of liver oils being much more potent in preventing the increase in serum cholesterol concentration in chickens caused by the addition of cholesterol to the diet.
THE CALORIGENIC RESPONSE OF COLD-ACCLIMATED WHITE RATS TO INFUSED NORADRENALINE
Authors: Depocas Florent
Published: October 2017

The increase in oxygen consumption during continuous intravenous injection of various doses of L-noradrenaline was measured in anesthetized rats fully acclimated to 6 °C. The metabolic response was found to be linearly related to the logarithm of the amount of noradrenaline infused per minute. The calorigenic response to infusion of noradrenaline at a level of 1 μg per minute was then measured in rats undergoing acclimation to cold. The calorigenic response was found to increase with time of exposure to the cold environment, thus paralleling previous observations in the time course of gain in cold resistance, increase in food consumption, and loss of dependence on shivering during acclimation of white rats to cold. Also, the same maximal increase in oxygen consumption was obtained on infusion of noradrenaline into functionally eviscerated and sham-operated cold-acclimated rats, thus indicating that the liver and other abdominal viscera (kidneys excluded) are not involved in the calorigenic response to noradrenaline. It is proposed, as a working hypothesis, that striated muscle is the site of the major alteration in sensitivity to noradrenaline induced by acclimation to cold. Difficulties associated with consideration of striated muscle as the source of non-shivering thermogenesis in the cold-acclimated rat are discussed.
GLYCERIC ACID KINASE ISOLATED FROM A POLISH VARIETY OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS L.)
Authors: Ozaki K. , Wetter L. R.
Published: October 2017

Glyceric acid kinase from Polish variety rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) was purified approximately 30-fold by ammonium sulphate fractionation and adsorption on alumina Cγ gel. The enzyme has a pH optimum at 7.9 and a pH stability range extending from 6.5 to 7.5. The maximum temperature for the reaction was 45 °C. The phosphorylation required ATP and a metal ion; Mg++was slightly more effective than Mn++and Co++, while Ni++and Zn++were ineffective. The Michaelis constants for the Mg–ATP complex and the substrate were 7.3 × 10−4 M and 1.6 × 10−3 M respectively. The reaction products, ADP and 3-phosphoglyceric acid, inhibited the phosphorylation. Sulphydryl reagents such as p-chloromercuribenzoate, o-iodosobenzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, and iodo-acetate completely inhibited the enzyme at low concentrations. 3-Phosphoglyceric acid was isolated and characterized from the enzyme reaction mixture.
MITOTIC RATE IN THE EPIDERMIS OF WARM- AND COLD-ACCLIMATED RATS
Authors: Héroux O.
Published: October 2017

The effect of the environmental, temperature on the mitotic activity in the skin of warm- and cold-acclimated rats was estimated with the colchicine method. On rats kept at 30 °C for 3 months, the skin temperature was found to vary from 30.4 °C on the ear, to 35.3 °C on the back. Least-square linear relationships were established between log induction rate (rate at which cells start division), log mitotic duration, and tissue temperature. The colder the epithelium, the lower was the induction rate and the longer was the mitotic duration. Depending on their temperature, the different epithelia studied could be classified as far as their mitotic activity was concerned, in the following decreasing order: duodenum, back, tail, foot, and ear. For a 7 °C difference in temperature between duodenum and ear, there was a sevenfold difference in mitotic duration, which reveals an unusual Q10 of 10.The data obtained on similar epithelial tissues of cold-acclimated rats supplied some evidence of adaptation in the mitotic rate of the back skin. In the ear, foot, and tail skin the colchicine method failed to give quantitative data because mitosis was proceeding too slowly. It even failed in rats maintained in the cold for 118 days. When this finding is considered together with the observations reported previously that after 3 weeks of cold exposure, mitotic activity in the ear is resumed, after having been stopped almost completely, it appears that the adaptation that has taken place in this cold tissue is one that allows the cells to overcome the mitotic blocking effect of cold but not one which allows mitosis to proceed at a much faster rate than would be indicated by the Q10 observed on the epithelia of the "30 °C rats".
BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE COUMARINS. TRACER STUDIES ON COUMARIN FORMATION IN HIEROCHLOË ODORATA AND MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS
Authors: Brown Stewart A. , Towers G. H. N. , Wright D.
Published: October 2017

Coumarin formation has been studied with C14in the perennial grass, Hierochloë odorata, and in yellow sweet clover, Melilotus officinalis. In general the latter species yielded inconsistent data. In Hierochloë, o-coumaric, cinnamic, and shikimic acids and L-phenylalanine were the best of 10 compounds tested as coumarin precursors, the first two at least being incorporated with little randomization of C14. Acetate was more poorly utilized. It was concluded that the aromatic ring of coumarin arises via the shikimic acid pathway in preference to acetate condensation. When the time of metabolism was varied, o-coumaryl glucoside and free o-coumaric acid rapidly acquired high specific activities from cinnamic acid-C14, but coumarin and melilotic acid became active much more slowly. A lag in the acquisition of C14by coumarin for the first 6 to 8 hours was followed by a rectilinear increase until at least 24 hours. Much the greatest accumulation of C14was found in o-coumaryl glucoside during this entire period. Furthermore, this compound when fed to Hierochloë is comparable to cinnamic acid as a coumarin precursor. These findings suggest a possible function for o-coumaryl glucoside or a derivative in coumarin biosynthesis.
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO COLD ON ACETYLATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Campbell James , Green Gordon R. , Socol Harvey
Published: October 2017

Acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid in rats was decreased by exposure to cold. The result suggests that in these animals competition for active acetate by heat-yielding processes may limit its availability for acetylation.
RESPONSES OF TWO STRAINS OF RATS TO RAPESEED OIL AND CORN OIL
Authors: Beare Joyce L. , Murray T. K. , Campbell J. A.
Published: October 2017

Wistar and Sprague–Dawley rats were compared in their response to 20% rapeseed oil or corn oil in a basal diet of ground fox cubes. Apparent coefficients of digestibility were significantly lower for rapeseed oil than for corn oil in the Sprague–Dawley, but not in the Wistar rats. After 6 weeks the adrenals of Sprague–Dawley rats were larger in the animals fed rapeseed oil than in those fed corn oil, while the adrenals of Wistar rats were not influenced by the dietary oil. These strain differences explain some discrepancies appearing in the literature concerning the effects of rapeseed oil in the rat.In another experiment, Wistar and Sprague–Dawley rats deprived of vitamin A for 18 days were fed a purified basal diet with 20% rapeseed oil or corn oil and dosed with 75 or 150 I.U. of vitamin A per day. After 14 days there was no significant effect of the strain of rat or the type of dietary oil on the liver storage of vitamin A. The rate of depletion of vitamin A from the liver following a single dose of 1200 I.U. of vitamin A was also studied and indicated no significant difference attributable to the dietary oils.
THE FLUORESCENCE OF EIGHT NATURAL ESTROGENS IN SULPHURIC ACID
Authors: Bauld William S. , Givner Morris L. , Engel Lewis L. , Goldzieher Joseph W.
Published: October 2017

The sulphuric acid fluorescence and absorption spectra of eight natural estrogens (estrone, estradiol-17β, estriol, 16-epiestriol, 16-ketoestradiol-17β, 16α-hydroxyestrone, 16-ketoestrone, and 2-methoxyestrone) have been studied with respect to the influence of exciting radiation wavelength, time of heating, acid concentration, and the addition of ethanol or toluene–ethanol. These data are evaluated with respect to optimum fluorescence intensity and specificity.
A COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR MEASURING INDICAN
Authors: Marko A. M. , Reynolds F. B.
Published: October 2017

A qualitative test for indican (indoxyl-O-sulphate, usually as the potassium salt) has been adapted for the quantitative measurement of indican. The method involves the condensation of indican and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in the presence of acid to yield an orange-colored compound. When an excess of sodium acetate is added, the orange-colored reaction product is converted to a cherry-red derivative. The effects of time, acids, temperature, and concentration of reagents on the reaction have been studied and optimum conditions have been selected to obtain a standard curve.Unsatisfactory analytical results are obtained when this method is applied directly to urine samples and a method for the quantitative elution of indican from charcoal columns has, therefore, been devised. With this modification quantitative recoveries have been achieved with indican alone and with indican added to urine samples.In addition a review of the literature pertaining to indican measurement and indigoid pigments is presented.
SEDIMENTATION OF CRYSTALLINE GLOBULIN FROM CUCURBIT SEEDS
Authors: Anderson David Gene , McCalla A. G.
Published: October 2017

Crystalline globulins from cucurbit seeds decreased in dispersibility in the order: squash and pumpkin, cucumber, watermelon. Analysis by high-speed sedimentation showed that most of the dispersions in buffers below pH 4.8 contained two components, with sedimentation constants approximately 3 and 7. The proportions of the components varied with species, pH, and time after preparation. The globulin from all species was insoluble in dilute buffers between pH 4.8 and 8.2. A third component, with sedimentation constant approximately 12, was dominant above pH 8.2 but was gradually replaced by the "7" component as the pH was increased. The "3" component was found only at pH 11.9. The globulin from each species is considered to be a single protein with the components forming an association–dissociation system.
CONDUCTION BLOCK OF TERMINAL SOMATIC MOTOR FIBERS IN TICK PARALYSIS
Authors: Murnaghan Maurice F.
Published: October 2017

In the perfused anterior tibial muscle of the tick-paralyzed dog acetylcholine in excess of the control value is not liberated on stimulation of the peroneal nerve; in the normal muscle 7 μμg of acetylcholine is liberated per nerve volley. The paralysis is evidently not due to defective synthesis of acetylcholine because acetylcholine is liberated in control and high-potassium perfusates, the choline acetylase activity and the acetylcholine content of lumbar ventral roots and peroneal nerves do not differ from that in normal dogs, and the tick-paralyzed muscle differs from that in the hemicholinium-treated animal in its response to a train of nerve pulses after previous tetanization. As somatic motor nerve fibers in the paralyzed dog have previously been shown to conduct a nerve impulse and the factors required for acetylcholine release at the nerve terminal apparently are not absent in the paralyzed animal, the mechanism of the paralysis is probably due to an inability of the nerve impulse to traverse the terminal presynaptic fibers. The 'lesion' evidently extends to the end of the presynaptic fiber, i.e. more distally than in botulism, because direct stimulation of the tick-paralyzed muscle fails to liberate acetylcholine.
SYNTHESIS OF DIPALMITOYL-L-α-GLYCEROPHOSPHORIC ACID DERIVATIVES, AS POSSIBLE INTERMEDIATES FOR SYNTHESIS OF GLYCERYLPHOSPHATIDES
Authors: Stanacev N. Z. , Kates M.
Published: October 2017

Using Verkade's method for the preparation of DL-α-phosphatidic acids, optically active dipalmitoyl-L-α-phosphatidic acid and its derivatives were prepared in good yield. The free dipalmitoyl-L-α-phosphatidic acid and its dimethyl ester were identical in melting point and specific rotation with the same compounds originally prepared by Baer using an alternate synthesis.
THERAPY OF ACUTE HYPOTHERMIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UREA. A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: Beaton J. R. , Hunter J.
Published: October 2017

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RADIATION, ITS PRIMARY INTERACTIONS
Authors: Whitmore G. F.
Published: October 2017

A discussion is presented of some current thinking on the primary interactions of ionizing radiation with biological materials, including a brief discussion of ionization, excitation, the track phenomenon of charged particles, and the radiation chemistry of water. An attempt is made to correlate some of these phenomena with the variations in biological damage produced by various types of radiations incident on various biological systems and under varying conditions of oxygen tension.
RADIATION, THE CELLULAR APPROACH
Authors: Clark Gordon M. , Baker Donald G.
Published: October 2017

The basic biological action of radiation must initially involve particular cells. The sensitivity of various cells differs but some of the differences may be due to a dose-rate effect. When cells are irradiated with doses in the lethal range, inhibition of cell division occurs. A notable feature of mitotic inhibition is that it depends not only on dose but on dose rate. Chromosome breaks produced in cells may be a visible manifestation of an interruption in chemical synthesis produced by the passage of ionizing particles. The effect of oxygen is apparently of primary importance in biological changes produced by irradiation. Almost all are decreased in its absence. The current trend in research on the cellular level is towards determining the more obscure injuries which cannot be seen under the microscope.
GENETIC EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Newcombe Howard B.
Published: October 2017

Evidence relating to the probable genetic consequences of exposing large human populations to low levels of ionizing radiations is reviewed. There is little reason to doubt that the production of mutations varies linearly with dose even at very low doses, and that most of the mutations have undesirable effects. Estimates of the probable numbers of seriously affected individuals resulting from a given exposure can be derived from the present frequencies of hereditary diseases and the expected increases in mutation rate. The degree of uncertainty is probably about an order of magnitude in either direction. With doses similar to those received from nuclear weapon testing, estimates of this kind will seem small if expressed as a percentage of the total population but may look large if expressed in terms of the absolute numbers of seriously affected individuals in a world population of two and one-half billion people. Much unnecessary confusion has resulted from the seemingly conflicting statements which have been drawn from this single fact. The greatest single source of uncertainty stems from a basic ignorance of the genetics of human population and of the factors responsible for a present load of hereditary abnormalities and diseases affecting at sometime during their lives at least 4% of all infants born.
METABOLISM OF PROGESTERONE AND TESTOSTERONE BY MAMMALIAN CELLS GROWING IN SUSPENSION CULTURE
Authors: Perlman D. , Jackson P. W. , Giuffre Nancy , Fried Josef
Published: October 2017

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AMINO ACID METABOLISM OF NORMAL AND MALIGNANT CELL CULTURES
Authors: Morgan Joseph F. , Pasieka Arthur E.
Published: October 2017

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SOME BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN CANCER BIOCHEMISTRY
Authors: Siminovitch Louis , Axelrad Arthur
Published: October 2017

Understanding of the cancer process in chemical terms has been seriously hampered by the difficulty of interpreting results of biochemical comparisons between masses of tumor and of normal tissue. Normal tissue consists of a variety of cell types and tumors may originate from one or more of these. As whole masses, therefore, normal tissues cannot serve as adequate controls for experiments on any single tumor. Tumor cell populations, even those arising from a single cell type, are themselves cytogenetically and continually undergoing changes during growth (progression). It is thus difficult, if not impossible, to separate the relevant from the irrelevant biochemical features of malignancy.Progress in this field requires means of dealing with the problem of biological heterogeneity. Several biochemical approaches that are free from the hazards of heterogeneity and which have already yielded valuable results, or appear promising, are indicated. These include: (1) The use of ascites tumors for studying the biochemical machinery of cells. No normal tissue exists, however, that could serve as satisfactory control. (2) Biochemical comparisons between pairs of tumor lines which differ by only one inherited characteristic of malignancy. These might reveal a biochemical basis for the biological properties of tumor cells with different degrees of malignancy. (3) Elucidation of normal growth-controlling mechanisms between cells, e.g. action of hormones at the cellular level, and within cells, e.g. mechanism of feed-back control of enzymes and metabolic pathways. (4) Further research into the biochemistry of plant tumor induction in vitro. Here biochemical changes associated with inherited changes leading to nutritional autonomy and uncontrolled growth have already been demonstrated. (5) Studies on the biochemical events during induction of malignancy by viruses in clonal cultures of animal cells in vitro. These could serve as useful models of the whole process of carcinogenesis.