bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The University of Hawaii Orientation Center
Authors: Mccabe Sumie F.
Published: March 2007

The University of Hawaii has been conducting an orientation program for the Department of State through its contracting agency, the Institute of International Educa tion, for the past seven years. Grantees from Asia have been oriented during a six-week program from 1954 through 1959; from 1960 the program has been reduced to a four-week pro gram for the "middle" group in English proficiency. At the Orientation Center, a well-rounded program of academic, so cial, and cultural activities is planned to make the transition from one culture to another a relatively painless process. The aims of the program are to provide an opportunity for the grantees to become adjusted to the social environment of the United States, to introduce them to American society and cul ture, to prepare them for academic and administrative pro cedures in institutions of higher learning in the United States, and to give those students who need it confidence and facility in the use of the English language.
The Place of the Technician-Intelligentsia in Society
Authors: Bahrdt Hans Paul
Published: March 2007

An abstract of "Die Stellung der 'Technischen Intelligenz' in der Gesellschaft," from the journal FRANKFURTER HEFTE, XV (April, 1960), pp. 241-48, one of a series of articles on "Employees in Industrial Society."
Change and Rationality in Encyclopedism
Authors: Stover Carl F.
Published: March 2007

How to carry forward a rational and progressive encyclopedism while preserving the intellectual heri tage of the past is the primary question raised by the author, now Senior Political Scientist at Stanford Re search Institute and formerly Assistant to the Chair man of the Board of Editors of Encyclopaedia Bri tannica.
More Leaps Backward
Authors: Ranganayakamma
Published: March 2007

We publish here a rather unusual article. Unusual in more than one sense. It is a translation of the original in Telugu, yet unpublished. The authoress is Ranganayakamma, a Telugu writer. The translator is 'Gandhi', a teacher of Linguistics in an Andhra University. Neither is a China specialist as far as we know. But, obviously, both have been following and studying develop ments in China with more than ordinary interest. Which is commendable. We publish it mainly for its documentary value.—EDITOR
A Profile of the Palestine Guerrillas
Authors: Heradstveit Daniel
Published: March 2007

The objectives and strategy of the Palestine guerrilla movement as well as the im mediate problems faced by it are analysed. It is concluded that future development will depend on the internal evolution of the guerrilla movement which is confronted with serious internal power struggles. Developments will also be determined by the future pattern of politics among the Arab States. The Arab world including the Pales tinians themselves is divided over whether or not to support the Palestine guerrilla movement, and about the form and extent of any such support.
Bipolarization and Tension in International Systems
Authors: Goldmann Kjell
Published: March 2007

This article is an interim report of a research project in which an attempt is made to measure the variations in East-West 'tension' in Europe after 1945 and to explain the variations by reference to, inter alia, variations in 'global bipolarization'. The author presents tentative theoretical definitions of these key concepts; he also discusses and illustrates how they can be made operational. Against the background of earlier theoretical literature about bipolarity vs. multipolarity and polarization vs. depolar ization in the international system, he then presents a number of hypotheses about the way in which variations in the degree of bipolarization may affect tension in inter national systems. He finds that there are good theoretical arguments in favour of the opinion that bipolarization tends to increase tension, but also good arguments in favour of the contrary idea, and he concludes by pointing out that the issue can only be settled by way of systematic empirical investigation.
Arms Limiting and Force Adjusting Arrangements in the Northern Cap Area
Authors: Holst Johan Jörgen
Published: March 2007

The author starts out by delineating the existing system of unilateral arms control measures which is observed by Norway. He distinguishes between unilateral formal measures on the one hand and semi-formal measures on the other. To the former belong the policy on foreign bases and nuclear weapons while the latter include the restrictions applying to allied military exercises and the presence of allied aircraft in Norwegian air space and naval vessels in Norwegian territorial waters. The present era of political reconstruction in Europe may generate force reduction and force ad justment regulations as part of the security infrastructure of the post-cold war Europe. Thus the Norwegian constraints would have to be viewed in a novel context and their possible multilateralization considered. Against the background of a delineation of the relationship of forces in the Northern Cap area the author suggests various activity regulation measures aimed at depoliticizing military force in the area (restric tions on manoeuvres, new stationing of forces, notification of manoeuvres). The naval situation in the Norwegian Sea illustrates the interrelationship between the regional security situation and the superpower balance. The outcome of SALT will affect the situation, but the author also suggests various arrangements involving ceilings on naval activity in the Norwegian Sea.
The Security of Iceland
Authors: Bjarnason Björn
Published: March 2007

The author attempts to analyse the present situation in Icelandic security matters. The fact is stressed that Icelanders neither have their own army nor intend to establish one. They have solved their defences within the framework of NATO by a bilateral Defence Agreement with the United States. The present Government of Iceland intends to review Icelandic policy in defence and security matters, which might lead to the Defence Force being asked to leave. In describing this situation, the author stresses the regional and global influences of Iceland's geographical position and also the present impact of her decision to extend her fishery limits from 12 to 50 miles.
Security Policy as a Process
Authors: Jervas Gunnar E.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on the assumption that behind the more specific phenomena and forces relating to the security policy process there is a pattern, which the author has tried to outline. The vantage point is unilateral, i.e. it concerns a single collective actor. After defining and relating the central concepts, using the decision making approach, an analysis is made of the long-term security policy process. The actors tend to be activated by an unsatisfactory achievement of results; they try to adapt doctrine, strategy, and tactics to changing conditions according to a fairly defined sequence and set of rules. The adjustment of goals affects support, making it difficult for the central decision-makers to control the process, which is thus inevitably characterized by a shifting equilibrium, dynamism, and change.
Force Limitations and European Political Development
Authors: Holst Johan Jurgen
Published: March 2007

The article presents a political framework for assessing arms control regimes in Europe in the current phase of political transformations. Security in Europe consti tutes a developmental problem and should be viewed as a continuous process. Three aspects of the status quo are distinguished. The European security system constitutes the sum total of the North European, Central European and Mediterranean security zones.

Arms control measures should be viewed as means for political reconstruction on the basis of the territorial status quo within the context of preserving the indivisibility of the peace in Europe. The article identifies eight assumptions regarding the political utility and functions of arms control in Europe. It concludes with a heuristic presenta tion of various building block approaches to a construction of an arms control infra structure for the political order in Europe.
Small States in International Politics
Authors: Skagestad Gunnar
Published: March 2007

The study of small states may be perceived, alternatively, as a distinctly separate discipline within the broader subject area of international politics, or, as one particular approach to the study of international politics in general. So may the study of the 'new territories'. In this chapter, the two perspectives combine.

Presenting the 'new territories studies' as a novel approach to the traditional small states studies, the chapter discusses the practical/political possibilities and limitations inherent in the small states' situation and is also an attempt to contribute toward an improved theoretical basis for the study of small-state behavior. The empirical material is mainly the developments in inter-state relations which have taken place in the Antarctic (the 'Antarctic Model'); the Arctic situation is also presented for com parative purposes.

The author arrives at certain guarded generalizations, where the need for inter national cooperation emerges as a major contingent factor regarding the validity of descriptive and normative hypothesizing on small state behavior.
Swedish Elites and the EEC: Models of the Future
Authors: Hancock M. Donald
Published: March 2007

Utilizing principles of countersystem analysis, derived from earlier co-authored studies of domestic change in advanced industrial societies, the author considers alternative consequences of Sweden's 1972 free trade treaty with the expanded European Com munity. On the basis of interviews with a systematic sample of leading officials in the government, parliament, the administration, interest groups, and the communica tion media as well as a qualitative assessment of Swedish foreign policy requirements, the author posits three conceivable patterns of policy choice in Sweden's future rela tions with the Common Market: (1) expanded trade and technical cooperation, (2) ad hoc membership in the EEC, and (3) assertive neutrality. Elite expectations and con temporary economic-technological links between Sweden and Western Europe indi cate that the most probable course among these alternatives is ad hoc membership.
Foreign Policy Elites, Ideology and Decision-Making
Authors: Kalela Aira
Published: March 2007

The structure and content of the Finnish foreign policy elite's ideology concerning the issue area of relations with the Third World and development cooperation is dis cussed. The purpose of the analysis is to increase the understanding of the nature of foreign policy formation. Both potential and actual elites are studied. First the criteria by which the potential elite can be defined are discussed and then, in order to discover the actual elite, various means of influence are analysed. The various elements of the ideology of the elite are studied in detail. The relationship between the content of the ideology and the functional and structural position of the elite as well as its general societal ideology is also analysed in order to discover the factors which influence the content of the ideology.
Political Parties and Foreign Policy in Finland
Authors: Joenniemi Pertti
Published: March 2007

In the discussion on parliamentarizing foreign policy making in Finland the role of political parties and public opinion has not been essential and central topics. The aim of this article is therefore to penetrate deeper into the process of foreign policy making and illuminate developments on the level of political parties and public opinion which are quite crucial for the foreign policy of the country. As well as an empirical descrip tion of the role of political parties and public opinion there is also an effort to open up for more general theoretical discussion how to relate to this level of foreign policy making. It is argued that public opinion can be regarded as a basic resource of the foreign policy of a small country. Innovation on a theoretical level might well be the key to further developments reforming the foreign policy making system.
Cognitive Paradigms in the Arms Race: Deterrence, Détente and the 'Fundamental Error' of Attribution
Authors: Hart Thomas G.
Published: March 2007

This essay represents an attempt to apply some of the concepts and insights from the branch of cognitive psychology known as attribution theory to the classic problems of the arms race. The author identifies sets of nearly axiomatic assumptions - referred to as arms-use paradigms - concerning the nature of the adversary, the efficacy of various types of threats and sanctions, the nature of the values thought to be at stake, and the sources of each side's behavior. The rational consistency and armament policy effects of three basic paradigms (pure deterrence, mutually-managed deterrence, and the spiral model) are considered. Attention is directed to problems of a psy chological nature associated with movement from one paradigm to another and to the possible contributions of attribution theory in pointing out systematic psychological biases that may impede the shift to paradigms less characterized by self-reinforcing, positive feedback effects and thus prevent the development of more benign, con trollable arms policies.
Convergent vs. Conflicting Interests in Processes of Armaments Acquisition: A Case Study of Two Finnish Decisions on the Procurement of Military Aircraft
Authors: Harle Vilho
Published: March 2007

Harle, V. Convergent vs. Conflicting Interests in Processes of Armaments Acquisition: A Case Study of Two Finnish Decisions on the Procurement of Military Aircraft. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 21-33.

In 1976 the Finnish Government decided to replace the Finnish Air Force Fouga Magister jet trainers with advanced British HS Hawk jet trainers and its Saab Safir primary trainers with indigenous Leko-70s. The author suggests that these decisions cannot be explained by reference to the external environment of Finnish foreign policy, and therefore a more general framework based on the literature on the military-in dustrial complex is proposed. The theory can be criticized, however, for the assumption that the MIC segments exercise their influence in a more or less coordinated and mutually supportive way to achieve and maintain optimal levels of military expenditure. This also applies to the Finnish case: the decisions were made either against the interests of the Finnish aircraft industry or on the direct responsibility of the Finnish Government, and were not based on common MIC interests. Air Force interests conflicted with those of industry, and the role of the Government was to decide which interests were to be taken into consideration. The author hesitates to generalize his findings, but suggests that research be carried out along the same lines in other countries.
The Role of Like-Minded Countries in the North-South Contradiction: The Case of Norway's Policy towards a NIEO
Authors: Løvbræk Asbjørn , Ofstad Arve
Published: March 2007

Løvbræk, A. & Ofstad, A. The Role of Like-Minded Countries in the North-South Contradic tion : The Case of Norway's Policy towards a NIEO. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 121-132.

The concept of 'like-mindedness' is seen as identifying a bridge-building position between developing countries and 'hardline' industrialized countries on NIEO issues. Like-minded ness is theoretically identified as a strategy for international social democratic reformism which recognizes that important changes are needed in international economic relations to regulate the operations of the market forces and prevent a collapse of the total system. Three factors are discussed to explain why Norway has taken a like-minded position: the predomi nance of social democratic ideology in Norwegian foreign policy, the absence of economic crisis at the time when the position was elaborated, and the low level of Norwegian economic expansion into the Third World. Lastly, the article discusses how the contradiction between support for NIEO principles and economic self-interests impose constraints on Norway's like-minded position when the NIEO negotiations and the political and economic environment in which they are undertaken undergo important changes.
Arms Control and Security in Europe: Assumptions and Essentials for Alternative Strategies
Authors: Thee Marek
Published: March 2007

Thee, M. Arms Control and Security in Europe: Assumptions and Essentials for Alterna tive Strategies. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 211-221.

The military build-up in Europe, contrary to the theory that it serves the maintenance of peace, undermines efforts at détente and is a threat to peace. It has become evident that arms control is in deep crisis. Rather than to be brought under control, the arms race tends to get out of control. The concern in Europe turns to the spread of 'grey area' weapons of a Eurostrategic range which are covered neither by SALT nor by M(B)FR negotiations. To achieve military détente basic new departures and initiatives are needed. A set of measures for short and long-term implementation, as a comprehensive security strategy, could include: (a) a conscious and resolute policy of political and military restraint, (b) confidence-building measures aimed at greater openness in military affairs, (c) risk-free unilateral and reciprocated tension-reduction and disarmament initiatives, (d) efforts at gradual military disengagement in Central Europe, and (e) possible denuclearization of Central Europe.
Towards a Modern Concept of Strategy
Authors: Lider Julian
Published: March 2007

Lider, J. Towards a Modem Concept of Strategy. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 217-235.

Strategy is the key concept in the study of military affairs. The scope of this study depends on the answer to the question how strategy should be interpreted. Should this concept be confined to the most effective way of fighting or should it be extended to include methods of using military force in peacetime? Has the strategy of winning wars to be complemented by the strategy of effective military pressure and coercion and by the strategy of war prevention? Does 'strategy' mean theory, action, or both? This article attempts to discuss the problem in a concise form. First, the extension of the traditional concept of strategy is described. Then some Marxist-Leninist contributions to the analysis of strategy are characterized. The article closes with comments on the modem concept of strategy.
Norwegian Petroleum Policy and Ocean Management: The Need to Consider Foreign Interests
Authors: Østreng Willy
Published: March 2007

Østreng, W. Norwegian Petroleum Policy and Ocean Management: The Need to Consider Foreign Interests. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 117-138.

The perspective of this article is that the mutual interdependence between the nations of the world is on the increase and that the national community and the outside world reveal more and more points of contact. Problems are internationalized, increasingly the fate of one nation is the concern of all, while national freedom of action is reduced. Domestic policy has become a more integral part of foreign policy and vice versa. This applies particularly to the management of what we may call mankind's common resources, such as the ocean and the air. The empirical purpose of the article is to picture Norway's ability and willingness to take into consideration the interests of other countries in shaping and implementing her ocean petroleum policy in the 1970s. In other words: Has Norwegian petroleum policy, as interpreted by Norwegian and foreign elites, been exclusive, inclusive or balancing in incorporating foreign consider ations ? The author arrives at an answer in four stages: (1) by charting Norwegian official interpretations of the impact that the problem of internationalization and mutual interests has on Norwegian petroleum policy; (2) by charting the areas of contact between this policy and foreign interests; (3) by charting Norwegian official interpretations of the extent to which they take into account the interests of other countries; (4) by charting foreign interpretation of Norwegian considerations of foreign-Norwegian interests. By and large, the conclusion arrived at is that there is a discrepancy between Norwegian and foreign interpretations of Norwegian ability and willingness to take into account the interests of other countries in her ocean petroleum policy.
The Political Economy of Sweden's Development Policy in Africa
Authors: Jinadu L. Adele
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the basic model of Sweden's development policy in Africa represents an attempt to internationalize her own developmental experience. The philosophical underpinnings of that experience are found to be the ideas of integration, solidarity and equality. There is a latent tension between the idea of integration, which implies partial incremental reforms, and that of solidarity, which would presuppose a more radical approach to alleviate the plight of the weakest. After descriptive and evaluative accounts of Swedish development policy in Africa, the author suggests a policy agenda for future efforts in this field. A strategy of accommodation rather than a radical challenge of status quo must, realistically speaking, be a starting point for future Swedish policy. Even within the framework of an accommodationist policy, a critical attitude toward the negative structural features of capitalist development can be brought about. At the international level, Sweden can work for institutional reforms in international organizations concerned with development issues. Such reforms should strive to give the developing countries a more central position in the decision-making structures, while at the same time de-emphasizing the role of the nation-state in favour of collective regional efforts and organizations.
Foreign Policy Leadership in Finland: Towards Parliamentarization?
Authors: Anckar Dag
Published: March 2007

Anckar, D. Foreign Policy Leadership in Finland: Towards Parliamentarization? Cooperation and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 219-233.

According to the Finnish Constitution, the President determines Finland's relations with foreign powers. It is commonly believed in Finland that this arrangement is expedient and to the benefit of the nation. This is generally backed with arguments pertaining to the specific nature of foreign policy and to the need for continuity in political life. This paper calls these arguments into question, and it is argued, on the one hand, that the doctrine which emphasizes the specific nature of foreign policy is not well substantiated, and, on the other, that the potential of the presidency lies in discontinuity rather than continuity. It is also argued that attempts at moderating the role of the President in Finnish political life must, if they are to be realistic, involve interferences with his powers in foreign policy.
A Game-Theoretic Approach to Political Characteristics of East-West Trade
Authors: Kivikari Urpo , Nurmi Hannu
Published: March 2007

The article focuses on game-theoretic explanations of some special features of East- West trade. In particular, the fact that there is a rather low level of economic cooperation between the parties, even though a higher level would undoubtedly benefit both, is discussed in the light of the Edgeworth Box and elementary games. The games utilized in the explanation and analysis are 2 x 2 games of non-zero-sum variety. Moreover, we discuss the role of threats and 'envy' as determinants of the outcomes. We argue that the rather simple apparatus we use goes a long way towards explaining why there is some cooperation between East and West and, on the other hand, why its level is low.
The Myrdal Legacy: Racism and Underdevelopment as Dilemmas
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel
Published: March 2007

Wallerstein, I. The Myrdal Legacy: Racism and Underdevelopment as Dilemmas. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 1-18.

The legacy of Gunnar Myrdal is in his having posed in very important ways two central questions: the explanations of, and practical solutions for, racism and under development ; the relationship between the scientist and his valuations and the objects of scientific enquiry. It is argued here that racism and underdevelopment are consti tutive of the capitalist world-economy as an historical system, and are not curable maladies within the system. It is further argued that social scientific theorizing is going through a great sea-change at present, along with the theory of physical science which is in the process of rejecting its previous Newtonian premises. Myrdal's views are as pertinent as ever.
External Dynamics of the Korean Conflict: The Present Soviet Policy Reorientation
Authors: Skak Mette
Published: March 2007

Skak, M. External Dynamics of the Korean Conflict: The Present Soviet Policy Reorientation. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 19-33.

Great power policy dynamics are decisive determinants for developments within the Korean conflict, and this contribution focuses upon Soviet Korean policy in the framework of the present overall policy reorientation of the Soviet Union. The 1984 rapprochement between the USSR and North Korea serves as the point of departure, because observers saw this as an ominous sign, i.e. as a stimulus for North Korean and/or Soviet militancy. The point is, however, that North Korea is dependent upon the USSR, and the analysis of the new Soviet leadership's interest perception and actual policy in relation to Korea suggests serious strains in the Soviet-North Korean relationship. Soviet conduct in connection with the Seoul Olympics and Soviet-South Korean economic contacts are obvious signs of this, as is the non-militant Soviet approach to regional conflicts. None of the great powers have a significant interest in a new war between the two Koreas, not even in a peaceful reunification of Korea (with the possible exception of China). All of them can be assumed to have a vital interest in an inter-Korean détente (Germanization), which is an argument that the wise reunification policy of the Korean nation is the tactical and incremental one.
The Line in Water: International and Domestic Politics
Authors: Goldmann Kjell
Published: March 2007

Goldmann, K. The Line in Water: International and Domestic Politics. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 103-116.

It is common to criticize political scientists for separating the inseparable and making a sharp distinction between international and domestic politics. The problem pre sumably is that different models of the fundamentals of politics are used by those concerned with international and domestic politics, that this separation reduces their ability to understand both, and that therefore the separate models ought to be merged with each other. The merger can take the form of establishing the linkages that may obtain between politics at the international and the domestic levels, or of presuming that the two levels are isomorphic and hence that international and domestic politics are not just interrelated but the same. In the paper, various merged models of politics are surveyed, and examples from Swedish politics are used to suggest a variety of new tasks for the comparative study of politics.
Groupthink and Integrative Complexity in British Foreign Policy-Making: the Munich Case
Authors: Walker Stephen G. , Watson George L.
Published: March 2007

Walker, S. G. and Watson, G. L. Groupthink and Integrative Complexity in British Foreign Policy-Making: the Munich Case. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 199-212.

We focus in this paper upon the groupthink construct as a partial explanation for the flawed decision-making by British leaders in managing the Munich crisis with Germany. In order to assess its explanatory power, we follow the precedent established in previous case studies, which explore the link between groupthink and the levels of integrative complexity exhibited by decision-makers. The hypothesis linking the two phenomena is that in cases where groupthink is present, the level of integrative complexity will be significantly lower than in cases where it is absent. The Munich case is a particularly appropriate case for replicating the test of this hypothesis because, unlike other groupthink cases, it did not lead to unsuccessful military interventions or escalations. Our results indicate that: (1) groupthink existed in the Munich case; however, it did not persist throughout the entire crisis. (2) Its presence and absence within the crisis fluctuated consistently with the expectations associated with the theory which accounts for its dynamics. (3) The integrative complexity exhibited by Prime Minister Chamberlain and Foreign Secretary Halifax varied as predicted by the hypothesis linking it with groupthink.
Egyptian Tourism: Cruising for Growth
Authors: Pakkala Lorraine J.
Published: March 2007

Tourism growth in Egypt has been greatly enhanced by the popularity of Nile cruise packages and by government tax incentives
Pre-Arrest Diversion
Authors: Palmer John W.
Published: March 2007

Since 1972 the Columbus (Ohio) Night, Prosecutor's Program, recently designated as an "Exemplary Project" by LEAA, has di verted thousands of criminal cases out of the formal criminal jus tice system.

Instead of application of the criminal justice system's typical "arrest-jail-court" procedure, criminal complaints involving inter personal disputes—family arguments, landlord-tenant disagree ments, neighborhood fights, and similar conduct of people who must continue to maintain close personal contact with one an other—are diverted to a night prosecutor's "office trial," no later than one week after the "crime." The victim, the accused, friends, neighbors, and other interested parties come together in a hearing, presided over by a Capital University law student, under the super vision of the city prosecutor. Hearings are held during the eve nings to avoid loss of wages for the participants.

The administrative hearings, based on the concept of victim con frontation, serve to reopen the channels of communication be tween the parties. Only about 2 per cent of the complaints referred to the night prosecutor result ,in filing of ,formal criminal charges and issuance of arrest warrants. Of greater significance, in less than 3 per cent of the cases heard by the night prosecutor does the com plainant return and make a new charge against the party to the original dispute. Thus, the mediation and conciliation of interper sonal misdemeanors has proven to be an effective alternative to formal criminal process in such cases.
Probation or Prison
Authors: Rubin Sol
Published: March 2007

Although legal principles capable of remedying disparity and unjust prison commitments have been recognized and have been applied to sentencing, most trial and appellate courts resist adopting them, adhering to the old and failing concept of total autonomy of trial courts in sentenc ing. Some cases that apply these principles and others that do not are cited and analyzed. Adoption of the principle of the least drastic alternative, the foremost of the needed reforms, calls for supporting practices. It is recom mended by the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, whose proposed criteria are set forth.
The Possibility of a Prison Sentence Is a Necessity
Authors: Connolly Paul K.
Published: March 2007

A policy which would prohibit sentencing of nondangerous offenders to prison is based on the unacceptable premise that prisons are and must continue to be destructive.

The Policy would make ineffectual the less punitive sentences such as fines and probation, for the removal of the possible sanction of a prison sentence would also remove, in many instances, the strongest motive to pay the fine or keep the conditions of probation.

The policy would polarize the now general attitude of the public that the courts are too lenient. The legislatures in response to the public outcry would enact more mandatory sentencing legislation. Thus the movement to encourage the use of probation and fines would be set back sharply.

A prison sentence should be the last alternative considered by the trial judge. But it must be available for use and the defendant must be aware of this availability and the possibility of its use for the protection of society.
A Conceptual Model of Crime Prevention
Authors: Brantingham Paul J. , Faust Frederic L.
Published: March 2007

Crime prevention is the professed mission o f every agency found within the American criminal justice system. In prac tice, the term "prevention" seems to be applied confusingly to a wide array of contradictory activities. This confusion can be avoided through the use of a conceptual model that defines three levels of prevention: (1) primary prevention, directed at modification of criminogenic conditions in the physical and social environment at large; (2) secondary prevention, directed at early identification and intervention in the lives of individuals or groups in criminogenic circumstances; and (3) tertiary prevention, directed at prevention of recidivism. The use of such a conceptual model helps to clarify current crime prevention efforts, suggests fruitful directions for future research by identifying current lacunae in practice and in the research literature, and may ultimately prove helpful in ad dressing the seemingly endless debate between advocates of "punishment " and advocates of "treatment."
Sexual Delinquency
Authors: Conway Allan , Bogdan Carol
Published: March 2007

A ten-year comparison of New York State Family Court records examines the differences in the way courts adjudicate adolescent delin quents according to sex and offense. A brief historical analysis of female offender statutes is included to provide background for speculative discussion of court biases regarding the noncriminal category of sexual misconduct. Attention is called to the improbability of altering adolescent behavior in any positive way through the punitive and highly moralistic means now employed.
On Behalf of a Moratorium on Prison Construction
Authors: Nagel William G.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a re-evaluation of the author's position on the issue of a prison construction moratorium. It discusses the explosion of prison populations in recent years, the inevitable deterioration of facilities resulting from severe overcrowding of outmoded facilities, and the emergence of a new "hard line" in correctional philosophy espoused by many writers today.

A systematic re-thinking of the construction issue involved the collection and analysis of much data, all of the sort available to most correctional decision-makers. Analysis of the data revealed a number of surprising facts concerning the use of incarceration as a vehicle for controlling crime.
Patterns of Teacher Participation in School System Decision Making
Authors: Alutto Joseph A. , Belasco James A.
Published: March 2007

The following article examines the correlates of three separate con figurations of teacher participation in school system decision making. Defining decisional participation in terms of differences in the number of decisions in which teachers wish to participate and the number of deci sional instances in which they actually participate, the identified deci sional patterns are Deprivation, Equilibrium and Saturation. Four hy potheses relating personal and organizational characteristics to these decisional conditions are tested. Joseph A. Alutto is Associate Professor of Organizations and Human Resources at the State University of New York at Buffalo and James A. Belasco is Professor of Management at San Diego State College.
Philosophy, Politics, and Planning. An Extended Rationale for Synthesis
Authors: Hodgkinson Christopher
Published: March 2007

Thematic trends in the preparation of administrators are examined and a dialectic adduced which is supportive of some previous sug gestions for synthesis in the literature but which further implies a need for a humanistic, values-oriented modality of preparation. Philo sophic components of training are analyzed into specific requirements to complement and synthesize the policy science approach suggested by previous writers. Dr. Christopher Hodgkinson is Associate Pro fessor of Education and Chairman of Educational Administration at the University of Victoria, Canada.
The Role of Explanatory Models in Theory Building: In Response to LeDoux-Burlingame
Authors: Lutz Frank W.
Published: March 2007

The following is an attempt to clarify some methodological con fusion resulting from the article "The lannaccone-Lutz Model of School Board Change: A Replication in New Mexico," Educational Administration Quarterly, Autumn, 1973. Frank W. Lutz, a contributor to the original model, is director of the Philadelphia-Penn State Leadership Program and professor of education at The Pennsylvania State University.
The Principal as a Professional Decision Maker
Authors: Lyons Doris S. , Achilles C.M.
Published: March 2007

Does a principal's mood at a given moment influence decisions he must make on professional matters? This experimental study generated mood states for two groups (frustrated and placated). The responses of the group members to selected UCEA in-basket items and other instruments then were analyzed. There were no significant differences in the responses of the two groups on any measures. Apparently principals are able to "step outside" of their personal mood states and respond "professionally" to job-related concerns.
Determinants of Attitudinal Militancy Among University Faculty
Authors: Feuille Peter , Blandin James
Published: March 2007

The authors investigated several possible determinants of militant attitudes toward the employer-employee relationship among 454 faculty members at one medium-sized state university.1 Dissatisfaction with several of the job and organiza tional context characteristics (especially with the campus adminis tration) was a significant predictor of militancy, but demographic characteristics (e.g., sex, academic rank, tenure status, academic department, faculty organization membership) had almost no predictive value.
The Socialization of School Board Members
Authors: Cistone Peter J.
Published: March 2007

For more than a decade now, scholars and practitioners have tended to uncritically accept certain received notions about the structure and process of school board member socialization. The findings of this research study, which employed both longitudinal and cross-sectional data, call into question these received notions.
Survey Research in Educational Administration
Authors: Miskel Cecil , Sandlin Terry
Published: March 2007

An examination of the research literature in educational administration reveals a pervasive use of survey methods. Given the widespread use, this study addressed the following questions: What level of methodological rigor is evidenced by these studies? and Did the rigor increase during the 1970s? To answer the questions, data were taken from random samples of survey studies published in the Journal of Educational Administration and the Educational Administration Quarterly during the eight years of 1972 through 1979. Each article was evaluated against six criteria for sampling and instrumentation procedures. Qualitative differences between the journals and systematic trends were not evident.
The Most Important Holdings of Swiss Newspapers
Authors: Iben Icko
Published: March 2007

The following account represents primarily an effort to implement the intention of the author to aid the more or less well defined objectives of American librarians as set forth in his earlier papers. (1. Zur Sicherung der Zeitungsbestaende. In: LIBRI 1955: 22—28; 2. Concerning resources of foreign newspapers in USA libraries. In: GAZETTE I (1955): 275—278).
Toward a Theory of Communication Systems: a Developmental Approach
Authors: Mowlana Hamid
Published: March 2007

The world's desperate communications needs, first for literacy and education but also for meaningful information, are deeply depen dent on and influenced by the communication structure and system that operate in the United States. American power, expressed in dustrially, militarily and culturally, has become the most potent force on earth. Its impact transcends all national boundaries. Directly by economic control, indirectly by trade and a foreign emulation effect, communications have become a decisive element in the extension of United States world power.1
Problematic aspects of U.S. press coverage of Africa
Authors: Terrell Robert L.
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses problematic aspects of U.S. press coverage of Africa. The paper consists of an historical overview of the role of Western-style journalism in Africa during the Colonial era, and a presentation of the most important contemporary criticisms of U.S. press coverage of Africa. The primary objective of the paper is to focus attention on a set of biases and traditions that must be eliminated before the U.S. press can begin to fulfill its responsibility for providing consistently balanced and accurate reportage about Africa.

The significance of the paper's subject can probably be best understood within the context of the ties which bind the U.S. and Africa. These include the expanding network of financial, cultural and geopolitical relations critical to the best interests of the United States. For example, thousands of U.S. citizens live and work in Africa; Africa will eventually develop into an important market for U.S. products, and Africa exerts important influence in numerous international agencies in which the U.S. needs friends.

Given the complex ways in which their fates are tied together, it is clearly apparent that the long range interests of the people of the U.S. and Africa are essentially congruent. But in order for the best interests of each to be served over the long run, the U.S. must address and eliminate the problems presented in this paper.
Development news on CNN World Report
Authors: Dilawari Sudesh Rani , Stewart Robert , Flournoy Don
Published: March 2007

Beginning in the 1970s, critics of western news media began a campaign for a New World Information Order (NWIO). They argued this new "order" was necessary if the global audience for news was to receive information about economic and social develop ments from around the world. While advocates of the NWIO have yet to achieve all of their goals, the campaign appears to have fostered some noteworthy attempts on the part of western media to correct the imbalance of international news coverage. Perhaps the most significant evidence of this is CNN World Report, begun in 1987 as an outlet for news organizations around the world to report news about their countries, from their own perspective. During the program's first year, it was clear that it could be an important outlet for development news. Not surprisingly, more stories about development came from developing rather than developed countries. By 1989, however, the percentage of develop ment news on CNN World Report had declined somewhat, both overall and in terms of the stories submitted by developing country media. Contrary to expectations, the proportion of development news from the developed world actually increased.
Role of users' attitudes and perceptions in the implementation of NICNET in Karnataka State, India
Authors: Rao Sandhya
Published: March 2007

This study focused on NICNET (a nationwide computer-communication network of the National Informatics Center), used for national planning and economic development by the Indian Government. The study was conducted in Karnataka State. The relationship between independent variables - user attitudes towards computers and perceived innovation characteristics of NICNET - with dependent variables of adoption/implementation (user satisfaction and utilization) was examined. Questionnaires were administered to NICNET users all over the state. Regression analysis was carried out to test the hypotheses. Results showed that, of the 20 hypotheses, eight were supported. Seven of these pertained to perceived innovation characteristics and one to attitudes.
From enemies to 'colleagues': Relations between Palestinian journalists and Israeli West Bank beat reporters, 1967-1994
Authors: Najjar Orayb A.
Published: March 2007

Using the agenda-building perspective, this study traces the evolving relations between Israeli and Palestinian journalists. It examines group characteristics that affect the Palestinian-Israeli interaction, and identifies key symbols disputants use to gain allies and change the cleavages among different groups. In the process, the study describes how the improved working relations between some Israeli and Palestinian journalists have affected the relations between Palestinian journalists and the Western Press, and altered the pattern of source use in the coverage of the occupied territories. The study concludes, however, that the same human right symbols that influenced Israeli and Western reporters have been less effective with the Israeli mass public.
World television news: An analytical map
Authors: Friedland Lewis A.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes five main groupings of world television news organizations: national broadcast networks, international TV news agencies, regional news exchanges, global satellite networks, and regional satellite vernacular networks. Key news organizations and the relations among them are analyzed to demonstrate an emerging web of global television that is both vertically and horizontally structured.
Perspectives of serving teachers on the respective importance of areas deemed suitable for inclusion in the health education curriculum for Cyprus schools
Authors: Fontana David , Apostolidou Martha
Published: March 2007

Objective The paper aims to survey the perceptions and attitudes of a representative sample of Cyprus teachers on the importance of areas deemed suitable for inclusion in the health education curriculum and to offer suggestions for the development of a health education curriculum for Cyprus schools.

Design Twenty-eight areas that included both those identified by a panel of experts as relevant to health education and also those obtained from the literature were included in a questionnaire. This was developed and designed to sample teacher views on the school curriculum areas into which health education can be integrated.

Setting Greek speaking schools in all levels of Cyprus education (teachers of pre-primary, primary, secondary and special education).

Method After piloting,1000 questionnaires were distributed to random samples from each of the four teacher populations (pre-primary, primary, secondary and special education). Importance ratings for each of the 28 areas were obtained from a representative sample of 648 (65 per cent) Greek Cypriot teachers (seven per cent of the teacher population), and the areas ranked in importance in accordance with these ratings.

Results Significant response differences emerged between sub-samples categorised by type of school, subject specialisation, sex and years of service. Multivariate analysis of the ratings yielded eight factors indicative of major health education domains. Factor analysis (varimax rotation) of the data on the overt curriculum revealed eight factors of potential relevance to curriculum development.

Conclusion The paper concludes by drawing from the data a number of suggestions for future progress. The findings have implications for training Cyprus teachers in health education, and for health education curricula in general.