bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prosthesis Use and Satisfaction Among Persons With Dysvascular Lower Limb Amputations Across Postacute Care Discharge Settings
Authors: Roth Emily V. , Pezzin Liliana E. , McGinley Emily L. , Dillingham Timothy R.
Published: June 2014

Objective

To test the hypotheses that patients undergoing major lower limb amputations who received postacute care at an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) would experience higher prosthesis use and satisfaction and lower prosthesis‐related adverse effects than those treated at a skilled nursing facility (SNF) or at home.

Design

Population‐based, observational, prospective, multicenter study.

Setting

Hospitals and communities in 2 racially and geographically diverse states.

Participants

Patients 21 years and older who were identified during the surgical acute care stay as undergoing major lower limb amputations.

Main Outcome Measures

Prosthesis use; satisfaction with prosthesis' comfort, appearance, and gait; and the presence of skin irritation, pain, and wounds as a result of prosthesis use.

Methods

Two‐stage instrumental variable models applied to data collected from medical records and patient interviews.

Results

Only 149 (50.2%) of the 297 study participants had a prosthesis at the 6‐month follow‐up. Regression‐adjusted outcomes indicate that patients treated at IRFs used their prosthesis more hours per week (52.8 versus 36.2 h/wk or 46% higher use), were less likely to experience prosthesis‐related pain (16% versus 33.7%) and were significantly more likely to be satisfied with their gait (76.1% versus 59.3%) than were patients treated at SNFs. No significant differences in outcomes were found between patients who received care at an IRF and patients who were discharged home.

Conclusions

These results add to the growing body of literature suggesting a general pattern of better outcomes for persons with vascular‐related amputations who receive postacute care at IRFs relative to SNFs.
Scaling of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface in boundary layers
Authors: Chauhan Kapil , Philip Jimmy , Marusic Ivan
Published: June 2014

Scaling of the interface that demarcates a turbulent boundary layer from the non-turbulent free stream is sought using theoretical reasoning and experimental evidence in a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer. The data-analysis, utilising particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements at four different Reynolds numbers ($\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\delta u_{\tau }/\nu =1200\mbox{--}14\, 500$), indicates the presence of a viscosity dominated interface at all Reynolds numbers. It is found that the mean normal velocity across the interface and the tangential velocity jump scale with the skin-friction velocity$u_{\tau }$and are approximately$u_{\tau }/10$and$u_{\tau }$, respectively. The width of the superlayer is characterised by the local vorticity thickness$\delta _{\omega }$and scales with the viscous length scale$\nu /u_{\tau }$. An order of magnitude analysis of the tangential momentum balance within the superlayer suggests that the turbulent motions also scale with inner velocity and length scales$u_{\tau }$and$\nu /u_{\tau }$, respectively. The influence of the wall on the dynamics in the superlayer is considered via Townsend’s similarity hypothesis, which can be extended to account for the viscous influence at the turbulent/non-turbulent interface. Similar to a turbulent far-wake the turbulent motions in the superlayer are of the same order as the mean velocity deficit, which lends to a physical explanation for the emergence of the wake profile in the outer part of the boundary layer.
The ‘Morbid Anatomy’ of the Human Genome: Tracing the Observational and Representational Approaches of Postwar Genetics and BiomedicineThe William Bynum Prize Essay
Authors: Hogan Andrew J.
Published: June 2014

This paper explores evolving conceptions and depictions of the human genome among human and medical geneticists during the postwar period. Historians of science and medicine have shown significant interest in the use of informational approaches in postwar genetics, which treat the genome as an expansive digital data set composed of three billion DNA nucleotides. Since the 1950s, however, geneticists have largely interacted with the human genome at the microscopically visible level of chromosomes. Mindful of this, I examine the observational and representational approaches of postwar human and medical genetics. During the 1970s and 1980s, the genome increasingly came to be understood as, at once, a discrete part of the human anatomy and a standardised scientific object. This paper explores the role of influential medical geneticists in recasting the human genome as being a visible, tangible, and legible entity, which was highly relevant to traditional medical thinking and practice. I demonstrate how the human genome was established as an object amenable to laboratory and clinical research, and argue that the observational and representational approaches of postwar medical genetics reflect, more broadly, the interdisciplinary efforts underlying the development of contemporary biomedicine.
DETERMINING THE SEAT OF AN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION: PARTY AUTONOMY AND THE INTERPRETATION OF ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS
Authors: Hill Jonathan
Published: June 2014

The seat of arbitration is fundamental to defining the legal framework for international arbitral proceedings. Although parties are able to select the arbitral seat, arbitration clauses are frequently ‘pathological’, failing to designate the seat or failing to do so clearly. If the seat is not clearly identified by the parties’ agreement, the court may be called upon to decide which country is the seat (typically, in order to determine whether or not it has jurisdiction to entertain certain types of arbitration application). The simplest situations are ‘uni-directional’ cases in which, in procedural terms, the parties' agreement points expressly or impliedly towards a single location. More difficult are ‘pluri-directional’ cases in which the agreement refers to more than one possible location. While certain scenarios are relatively straightforward, what constitutes a choice by the parties is more complicated if the parties' agreement contains signposts pointing in different directions. In ‘uni-directional’ cases, the English courts have developed a series of interpretative guidelines which solve most of the problems posed by potentially ambiguous clauses. However, in ‘pluri-directional’ situations, the English case law is less convincing. In such cases, the courts have not approached the identification of the arbitral seat in a consistent way; they have not laid down a clear doctrinal framework; and they may be legitimately criticized for displaying a measure of ‘forum preference’.
Taenia saginatataeniosis: copro-antigen time-course in a voluntary self-infection
Authors: Tembo A. , Craig P.S.
Published: June 2014

Human taeniosis due toTaenia saginatais cosmopolitan where beef is consumed; however, there is little or no information on the symptomatology over the early time-course of human infection. Copro-antigen detection is very useful in community screening for human taeniosis, particularly forT. solium, but there are no data on copro-antigen detection in pre-patent infection. In order to provide insight into this, a voluntary self-infection withT. saginatawas undertaken and monitored over a 6-month period using a copro-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that we developed using anti-T. saginataantibody based reagents. Tapeworm patency, defined as first proglottid appearance, occurred on day 86 post-infection (pi) and was followed by almost daily release of proglottids (range 1–8) until termination using praziquantel on day 180 pi. The first 10 weeks post-infection (wpi) were essentially asymptomatic, followed by main symptoms of involuntary proglottid discharge throughout the infection period, and abdominal discomfort peaking around 15–19 wpi. Copro-antigens could not be reliably detected until 2 weeks before proglottid patency but then remained highly elevated over the next 15 weeks until treatment. Copro-antigen levels reverted to negative 4 days post-treatment. This time-course study suggests that although copro-antigen ELISA is an excellent diagnostic tool for established patent infections ofT. saginata, it may not be reliable for faecal antigen detection in the early infection phase prior to proglottid release forT. saginataand other human taenioses.
Print, Religion, and Canon in Colonial India: The publication of Ramalinga Adigal'sTiruvarutpa
Authors: WEISS RICHARD S.
Published: June 2014

In India in the 1860s, print was becoming the primary medium for the reproduction of religious texts. The accessibility of print, and its ready uptake within a highly stratified and competitive religious landscape, had a significant effect on the ways in which groups contended for textual, and thus spiritual, authority. In 1867, the popular Tamil Shaiva mystic Ramalinga Adigal and his followers publishedTiruvarutpa, a book of Ramalinga's poems that would help establish his reputation as a great Shaiva saint. Ramalinga and his disciples chose to publish the work in a form that shared the content and the material features of contemporaneous publications of Tamil classics, thereby claiming a place for his poems alongside the revered Shaiva canon. They showed an acute awareness that it was not solely the content of religious texts, but also the materiality of the printed object in which texts appeared, that sustained assertions for authority. This article argues that leaders on the margins of established centres of religious power in South India sought authority by exploiting the material aspects of print as the new medium of religious canons.
An Assessment of Pain Management Among Patients Presenting to Emergency Medical Services After Suffering a Fall
Authors: Infinger Allison E. , Studnek Jonathan R.
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) professionals frequently care for patients experiencing acute pain. Analgesics are critical in patient comfort and satisfaction levels during the treatment of acute pain. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of pain management in patients suffering a fall, the documented pain score, and the location of their injuries. It was hypothesized that the frequency of analgesia administration was low and would be associated with injury location.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of patients presenting with a complaint of an injury from a fall transported by a single municipal EMS system. Administration of analgesia was the primary outcome variable, with pain severity, injury location, age, gender, race, and distance of fall the independent variables of interest. Pain severity was assessed using a 0-10 scale. Injury location was defined as head/neck, extremities, back, and hip. Patients were deemed ineligible for analgesia, according to local protocol, if they reported chest or abdominal pain, or were hemodynamically unstable as determined by an assessment of pulse and blood pressure.

Results

There were 1,200 patients who were classified as having injuries suffered from a fall, with 76 (6.3%) ineligible for analgesia. Ninety-two (8.2%) patients received analgesia, and they had a mean recorded pain score of 9.1 (95% CI, 8.7-9.5), which was higher than those who did not receive analgesia (5.8; 95% CI, 5.5-6.2). Analgesia administration was associated with injury location; patients experiencing an extremity injury (OR = 13.23; 95% CI, 5.58-31.36; P < .001) or hip injury (OR = 11.65; 95% CI, 4.64-29.24; P < .001) had increased odds of analgesia administration compared to those with head/neck injury. The odds of analgesia administration were decreased for black patients (OR = 0.19; 95% CI, 0.08-0.44; P < .001) when compared to white patients.

Conclusion

Analgesia administration was provided to 10% of eligible patients, and was associated with injury location. Of concern was the number of patients who suffered a fall and did not receive a documented pain score. The results from this study indicated a need for education relating to pain management in patients suffering a fall.

InfingerAE, StudnekJR. An assessment of pain management among patients presenting to Emergency Medical Services after suffering a fall. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(4):1-6.
Tradition! Tradition? Jewish Voting in the 2012 Election
Authors: Weisberg Herbert F.
Published: June 2014

The voting of Jews in the 2012 US presidential election is discussed in this article within the context of a recent reexamination of historical data on Jewish voting. Two Election-Night polls of Jews and the largest scientific survey of Jews to date make this detailed exploration of Jewish voting possible. Voting differences among Jews are analyzed, especially among major denominational movements. The role of American policy on the Middle East merits specific attention, particularly given concern about the potential Iranian nuclear threat to Israel. Explanations of Jewish liberalness and Democratic identification are considered, with a special focus on the role of social identity. A reluctance of Jewish conservatives to identify as Republicans is discussed as well as how Jewish conservatives react to economic and social issues. The possibility of a party realignment of Jews along generational and denominational lines is considered, as well as the impact of the Republican alliance with Evangelical Christians and the Tea Party.
Writing Better Writing Assignments
Authors: Rank Allison , Pool Heather
Published: June 2014

Although most instructors care deeply about student writing, they often give little attention to the part of the writing process over which they maintain complete control: the assignment itself. Yet, the written prompt that we distribute is often where student confusion (and confused writing) begins. Using Bloom’s taxonomy as inspiration, we offer instructors a typology directly linked to course objectives, which we believe can be readily understood by student writers.
Empowering Sex Workers in Guatemala: Establishing a Sustainable Nonprofit (with Students) in a Developing Country
Authors: Finkel Jodi
Published: June 2014

In 2005, with two of my students, I started a literacy program in a red-light district in Guatemala City. In 2007, we became a nonprofit organization dedicated to the promotion of the rights of sex workers in Guatemala (i.e., Women for Justice, Education, and Awareness, known in Spanish as MuJER). Today, MuJER provides literacy classes and accelerated elementary school, vocational training, antiviolence programs, and grassroots organizing. We have worked with hundreds of women, both at our Community Empowerment Center and “door-to-door” in red-light districts. Using the experience of MuJER, this article provides recommendations for professors interested in working with students to create a nonprofit in the developing world: select students whose skill sets are different than your own; start by creating a program (not by formally establishing a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization); and recognize that the nonprofit’s long-term sustainability requires commitment to grant writing for years to come.
A Study of Twitter and Clickers as Audience Response Systems in International Relations Courses
Authors: Rothman Steven B.
Published: June 2014

This study conducted experiments using clickers and Twitter in international relations courses to evaluate the effectiveness of audience-response tools on students’ experiences and their performance. The study used both within-group and between-group experimental designs and evaluated the results primarily through inferential descriptive statistical methods. The results show that clickers outperformed Twitter, students enjoy using clickers in class, and the use of these tools had little impact on grade performance.
Genetic diversity in African yam bean accessions based on AFLP markers: towards a platform for germplasm improvement and utilization
Authors: Adewale B. D. , Vroh-Bi I. , Dumet D. J. , Nnadi S. , Kehinde O. B. , Ojo D. K. , Adegbite A. E. , Franco J.
Published: June 2014

Accurate knowledge of intra-specific diversity of underutilized crop species is a prerequisite for their genetic improvement and utilization. The diversity of 77 accessions of African yam bean (AYB, Sphenostylis stenocarpa) was assessed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. A total of EcoRI/MseI primer pairs were selected and 227 AFLP bands were generated, of which 59(26%) were found to be polymorphic in the 77 accessions of AYB. The most efficient primer combination for polymorphic detection was E-ACT/M-CAG with a polymorphic efficiency of 85.5%, while the least efficient was E-AGC/M-CAG with a polymorphic efficiency of 80.6%. The Jaccard genetic distance among the accessions of AYB ranged between 0.048 and 0.842 with a mean of 0.444. TSs98 and TSs104B were found to be the most similar accessions with a genetic similarity of 0.952. The neighbour-joining dendrogram grouped the 77 accessions of AYB into four distinct clusters comprising 8, 20, 21 and 28 accessions. The major clustering of the accessions was not related to their geographical origin. Cluster I was found to be the most diverse. The mean fixation index (0.203) and the mean expected heterozygosity (0.284) revealed a broad genetic base of the AYB accessions. The same germplasm set was previously evaluated for several agro-morphological traits. As the collection of additional AYB germplasm continues, the phenotypic profile, the clustering of the accessions and the AFLP primer combinations from this study can be used to augment breeding programmes.
Crystal growth, transport phenomena and two-gap superconductivity in the mixed alkali metal (K1−zNaz)xFe2−ySe2 iron selenide
Authors: Roslova Maria , Kuzmichev Svetoslav , Kuzmicheva Tatiana , Ovchenkov Yevgeny , Liu Min , Morozov Igor , Boltalin Aleksandr , Shevelkov Andrey , Chareev Dmitry , Vasiliev Alexander
Published: June 2014

Using the self-flux technique we grew superconducting (K0.7Na0.3)xFe2−ySe2 single crystals; Andreev spectroscopy revealed two anisotropic superconducting gaps.
Development of molecularly imprinted poly(methacrylic acid)/silica for clean-up and selective extraction of cholesterol in milk prior to analysis by HPLC-UV
Authors: Clausen D. N. , Visentainer J. V. , Tarley C. R. T.
Published: June 2014

In the present paper the assessment of a novel molecularly imprinted polymer, poly(methacrylic acid)/silica, for clean-up and selective extraction of cholesterol in milk samples is described.
Analysis and discrimination of grape spoilage via volatiles: a comparison between long optical path Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy and sensor arrays
Authors: Dong D. , Zheng W. , Wang W. , Zhao X. , Jiao L. , Zhao C.
Published: June 2014

Infrared spectroscopy and sensor arrays have been used to differentiate the grapes in different spoilage stagesviatheir volatiles.
Hydrothermal synthesis of core–shell structured TbPO4:Ce3+@TbPO4:Gd3+nanocomposites for magnetic resonance and optical imaging
Authors: Kuang Xiao-yan , Liu Huan , Hu Wen-yong , Shao Yuan-zhi
Published: June 2014

Multi-modal imaging based on multifunctional nanoparticles provides deep, non-invasive and highly sensitive imaging and is a promising alternative approach that can improve the sensitivity of early cancer diagnosis.
Biomedical imaging and sensing using flatbed scanners
Authors: Göröcs Zoltán , Ozcan Aydogan
Published: June 2014

In this Review, we provide an overview of flatbed scanner based biomedical imaging and sensing techniques.
Improved electronic coupling in hybrid organic–inorganic nanocomposites employing thiol-functionalized P3HT and bismuth sulfide nanocrystals
Authors: Martinez L. , Higuchi S. , MacLachlan A. J. , Stavrinadis A. , Cates N. , Diedenhofen S. L. , Bernechea M. , Sweetnam S. , Nelson J. , Haque S. A. , Tajima K. , Konstantatos G.
Published: June 2014

We show that thiol-functionalized block copolymers allow finer nanomorphologies, increased charge transfer rates and improved photovoltaic performance in nanocomposites
Oxygen vacancy effects on an amorphous-TaOx-based resistance switch: a first principles study
Authors: Xiao Bo , Watanabe Satoshi
Published: June 2014

Ta–Ta bonding mainly contributes to the conduction path in Pt/a-TaOx/Pt resistance switches.
In vitro effects of differentially shaped hydroxyapatite microparticles on RAW264.7 cell responses
Authors: Zeng Huijun , Yang Hui , Liu Xinghui , Shi Dandan , Cao Biao , Du Chang , Ouyang Jun , Yu Lei , Wang Yingjun , Liao Hua
Published: June 2014

We testin vitroeffects of differently shaped hydroxyapatite microparticles on RAW264.7 cell responses, which may provide more understanding towards the potential role of HA wear debris shapesin vivo.
Surfactant CTAB-assisted synthesis of Li1.13[Ni0.233Mn0.534Co0.233]0.87O2 with festoon-like hierarchical architectures as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries with outstanding performance
Authors: Hou Xianhua , Zou Xiaoli , Huang Yanling , Hu Shejun , Ru Qiang , Gao Yumei
Published: June 2014

Surfactant CTAB-assisted Li1.13[Ni0.233Mn0.534Co0.233]0.87O2 composite presents high stable specific capacity (247.5 mA h g−1) due to a stable mixed structure that can effectively alleviate the structure change during cycling.
Electrospun flexible self-standing silica/mesoporous alumina core–shell fibrous membranes as adsorbents toward Congo red
Authors: Wang Yan , Ding Wande , Jiao Xiuling , Chen Dairong
Published: June 2014

Flexible silica/mesoporous alumina core–shell fibrous membranes with good adsorption capacity toward Congo red have been fabricated by a coaxial electrospinning method.
Microorganism inspired hydrogels: hierarchical super/macro-porous structure, rapid swelling rate and high adsorption
Authors: Zhang Qingsong , Chen Bingjie , Tao Lei , Yan Mingyang , Chen Li , Wei Yen
Published: June 2014

Porous hydrogels with hierarchical super/macro-pores, rapid swelling rate and high adsorption were prepared by a fermentation method.
Fabrication of black hierarchical TiO2nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic activity
Authors: Chen Bo , Beach Jeremy A. , Maurya Deepam , Moore Robert B. , Priya Shashank
Published: June 2014

Here, we report the fabrication of hierarchical TiO2nanostructures with wire-in-tube architectures by hydrothermal treatment of anodic TiO2nanotubes.
Electrically tunable negative refraction in core/shell-structured nanorod fluids
Authors: Su Zhaoxian , Yin Jianbo , Guan Yanqing , Zhao Xiaopeng
Published: June 2014

We theoretically and numerically demonstrate a novel soft metamaterial based on silica-coated gold core/shell-structured nanorod fluids, which shows an electrically tunable negative refraction property in the visible optical region under external electric field stimuli.
Synthesis and characterization of novel TiO2-poly(propylene fumarate) nanocomposites for bone cementation
Authors: Salarian Mehrnaz , Xu William Z. , Biesinger Mark C. , Charpentier Paul A.
Published: June 2014

A novel composite material made from poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and titania nanofibers has been synthesized for potential use as an orthopaedic biomaterial with TiO2nanofibers chemically linked to the PPF matrix as a reinforcing phase to enhance its mechanical properties.
Joint relay selection and adaption of modulation, coding and transmit power for spectral efficiency optimisation in amplify‐forward relay network
Authors: Taki Mehrdad , Sadeghi Mohammad
Published: June 2014

Three schemes are designed for joint relay selection and link adaption in amplify and forward relay network which are called RS‐CAP (joint relay selection with continuous adaptation of powers), RS‐DAP (joint relay selection with discrete adaptation of powers) and OTD‐DAP (optimised time division with discrete adaptation of powers). In all schemes spectral efficiency is optimised using adaptive modulation, coding and transmit power subject to average power constraint of each node and a bit error rate constraint of detection. The main idea behind all designs is to save power of relays in inactive time to be utilised for active time. In RS‐CAP and RS‐DAP, optimised relay selection is done based on channel state information of all corresponding paths, however, in OTD‐DAP just an optimised time percentage is allocated to each relay to cooperate in signal transmission. Considerable less channel estimation load is imposed on the receiver in the OTD‐DAP scheme compared with the others. In RS‐CAP power of nodes are continuously adapted, however, in RS‐DAP and OTD‐DAP, powers are discrete adaptive. Thus there is a considerable decrease in feedback rate in the RS‐DAP and OTD‐DAP schemes in comparison with RS‐CAP. A trade‐off between the performance and channel estimation load and feedback rate is seen in numerical evaluations. Noticeable improvement in achievable rates is seen by using proposed schemes compared with the previous works.
C3–6 Laminoplasty for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Maintains Satisfactory Long-Term Surgical Outcomes
Authors: Sakaura Hironobu , Hosono Noboru , Mukai Yoshihiro , Iwasaki Motoki , Yoshikawa Hideki
Published: June 2014

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Objective

To clarify long-term surgical outcomes of C3–6 laminoplasty preserving muscles attached to the C2 and C7 spinous processes in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM).

Methods

Twenty patients who underwent C3–6 open-door laminoplasty for CSM and who were followed for 8 to 10 years were included in this study. Myelopathic symptoms were assessed using Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score. Axial neck pain was graded as severe, moderate, or mild. C2–7 angle was measured using lateral radiographs of the cervical spine before surgery and at final follow-up.

Results

Mean JOA score before surgery (11.7) was significantly improved to 15.2 at the time of maximum recovery (1 year after surgery), declining slightly to 14.9 by the latest follow-up. Late deterioration of JOA score developed in eight patients, but was unrelated to the cervical spine lesions in each case. No patient suffered from prolonged postoperative axial neck pain at final follow-up. The mean C2–7 angle before surgery (13.8 degrees) significantly increased to 19.2 degrees at final follow-up.

Conclusions

C3–6 laminoplasty preserving muscles attached to the C2 and C7 spinous processes in patients with CSM maintained satisfactory long-term neurologic improvement with significantly reduced frequencies of prolonged postoperative axial neck pain and loss of C2–7 angle after surgery.
Biomechanics of Thoracolumbar Burst and Chance-Type Fractures during Fall from Height
Authors: Ivancic Paul C.
Published: June 2014

Study Design

In vitro biomechanical study.

Objective

To investigate the biomechanics of thoracolumbar burst and Chance-type fractures during fall from height.

Methods

Our model consisted of a three-vertebra human thoracolumbar specimen ( n = 4) stabilized with muscle force replication and mounted within an impact dummy. Each specimen was subjected to a single fall from an average height of 2.1 m with average velocity at impact of 6.4 m/s. Biomechanical responses were determined using impact load data combined with high-speed movie analyses. Injuries to the middle vertebra of each spinal segment were evaluated using imaging and dissection.

Results

Average peak compressive forces occurred within 10 milliseconds of impact and reached 40.3 kN at the ground, 7.1 kN at the lower vertebra, and 3.6 kN at the upper vertebra. Subsequently, average peak flexion (55.0 degrees) and tensile forces (0.7 kN upper vertebra, 0.3 kN lower vertebra) occurred between 43.0 and 60.0 milliseconds. The middle vertebra of all specimens sustained pedicle and endplate fractures with comminution, bursting, and reduced height of its vertebral body. Chance-type fractures were observed consisting of a horizontal split fracture through the laminae and pedicles extending anteriorly through the vertebral body.

Conclusions

We hypothesize that the compression fractures of the pedicles and vertebral body together with burst fracture occurred at the time of peak spinal compression, 10 milliseconds. Subsequently, the onset of Chance-type fracture occurred at 20 milliseconds through the already fractured and weakened pedicles and vertebral body due to flexion-distraction and a forward shifting spinal axis of rotation.
Atomic resolution electrostatic potential mapping of graphene sheets by off-axis electron holography
Authors: Cooper David , Pan Cheng-Ta , Haigh Sarah
Published: June 2014

Off-axis electron holography has been performed at atomic resolution with the microscope operated at 80 kV to provide electrostatic potential maps from single, double, and triple layer graphene. These electron holograms have been reconstructed in order to obtain information about atomically resolved and mean inner potentials. We propose that off-axis electron holography can now be used to measure the electrical properties in a range of two-dimensional semiconductor materials and three dimensional devices comprising stacked layers of films to provide important information about their electrical properties.
Intrinsic toroidal rotation in the scrape-off layer of tokamaks
Authors: Loizu J. , Ricci P. , Halpern F. D. , Jolliet S. , Mosetto A.
Published: June 2014

The origin and nature of intrinsic toroidal plasma rotation in the scrape-off-layer (SOL) of tokamaks is investigated both analytically and through numerical simulations. It is shown that the equilibrium poloidal E × B flow, the sheath physics, and the presence of poloidal asymmetries in the pressure profile act as sources of momentum, while turbulence provides the mechanism for the radial momentum transport. An equation for the radial and poloidal dependence of the equilibrium parallel ion flow is derived, and a simple analytical solution is presented. This solution reproduces and explains the main experimental trends for the Mach number found in the SOL of tokamaks. Global, three-dimensional fluid simulations of SOL turbulence in different limiter configurations confirm the validity of the analytical theory.
Realization of solid-state nanothermometer using Ge quantum-dot single-hole transistor in few-hole regime
Authors: Chen I. H. , Lai W. T. , Li P. W.
Published: June 2014

Semiconductor Ge quantum-dot (QD) thermometry has been demonstrated based on extraordinary temperature-dependent oscillatory differential conductance (GD) characteristics of Ge-QD single-hole transistors (SHTs) in the few-hole regime. Full-voltage width-at-half-minimum, V1/2, of GD valleys appears to be fairly linear in the charge number (n) and temperature within the QD in a relationship of eV1/2 ≅ (1 − 0.11n) × 5.15kBT, providing the primary thermometric quantity. The depth of GD valley is also proportional to charging energy (EC) and 1/T via ΔGD ≅ EC/9.18kBT, providing another thermometric quantity. This experimental demonstration suggests our Ge-QD SHT offering effective building blocks for nanothermometers over a wide temperature range with a detection temperature as high as 155 K in a spatial resolution less than 10 nm and temperature accuracy of sub-kelvin.
Critical behavior of spinel MnV2O4 investigated by dc-magnetization
Authors: Zhang Lei , Han Hui , Qu Zhe , Fan Jiyu , Ling Langsheng , Zhang Changjin , Pi Li , Zhang Yuheng
Published: June 2014

Critical behavior of spinel vanadate oxide MnV2O4 has been investigated by the dc-magnetization study. Critical exponents β = 0.349 ± 0.009, γ = 0.909 ± 0.002, and δ = 2.913 ± 0.003 are obtained in the critical asymptotic region around the critical temperature TC. With these critical exponents, experimental M–T–H curves collapse onto two independent universal branches below and above TC, respectively, indicating the reliability of the obtained results. The critical exponents γ and δ are close to the mean-field model with long-range interaction, while the value of β deviates to the 3D-Heisenberg model with short-range coupling. It is suggested that a long-range ferromagnetic coupling exists for Mn2+-Mn2+ interaction, which competes with the short-range interaction of V3+ sublattice. Moreover, the precursor phenomenon of the orbital ordering could be observed from the critical behavior, which indicates orbital fluctuation in MnV2O4.
Displacement of Ta-O bonds near polymorphic phase transition in Li-, Ta-, and Sb-modified (K, Na)NbO3 ceramics
Authors: Huan Yu , Wang Xiaohui , Li Longtu
Published: June 2014

Excellent piezoelectric properties can be obtained near the polymorphic phase transition (PPT) region in (K, Na)NbO3 based piezoceramics. The enhanced piezoelectric properties resulted from the 18-fold spontaneous polarization directions caused by the coexistence of orthorhombic and tetragonal phases. In this study, the various polarization directions derived from frequently changing Ta-O bonds in Li-, Ta-, and Sb-modified (K, Na)NbO3 ceramic were directly observed by extended X-ray absorption fine structure. More than three peaks were observed and represented the nearest neighbor Ta-O bonds because of the coexistence of tetragonal and orthorhombic phases as well as Ta displacements along the [001]c and [110]c directions. Hence, the domains rotated easily and responded actively to an external electric or force field. Large Pr and optimized piezoelectric properties were obtained near the PPT region.
Effect of current compliance and voltage sweep rate on the resistive switching of HfO2/ITO/Invar structure as measured by conductive atomic force microscopy
Authors: Wu You-Lin , Liao Chun-Wei , Ling Jing-Jenn
Published: June 2014

The electrical characterization of HfO2/ITO/Invar resistive switching memory structure was studied using conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) with a semiconductor parameter analyzer, Agilent 4156C. The metal alloy Invar was used as the metal substrate to ensure good ohmic contact with the substrate holder of the AFM. A conductive Pt/Ir AFM tip was placed in direct contact with the HfO2 surface, such that it acted as the top electrode. Nanoscale current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the HfO2/ITO/Invar structure were measured by applying a ramp voltage through the conductive AFM tip at various current compliances and ramp voltage sweep rates. It was found that the resistance of the low resistance state (RLRS) decreased with increasing current compliance value, but resistance of high resistance state (RHRS) barely changed. However, both the RHRS and RLRS decreased as the voltage sweep rate increased. The reasons for this dependency on current compliance and voltage sweep rate are discussed.
Tunable spectral response by hydrogen irradiation of Ga(AsN) superlattice diodes
Authors: Balakrishnan N. , Pettinari G. , Makarovsky O. , Hopkinson M. , Patanè A.
Published: June 2014

We report on the tuning of the spectral response of superlattice (SL) diodes based on dilute nitride Ga(AsN) alloys by post-growth hydrogenation. Hydrogen is incorporated into the superlattice where it neutralizes the electronic activity of nitrogen by forming N-H complexes. We exploit the controlled thermal dissociation of the complexes to tune the energy of the SL photocurrent absorption and electroluminescence emission; also, by annealing a submicron spot with a focused laser beam we create a preferential path for the injection of carriers, thus activating a nanoscale light emitting region. This method can be used for fabricating planar diode arrays with distinct optical active regions, all integrated onto a single substrate.
Probing ion-specific effects on aqueous acetate solutions: Ion pairing versus water structure modifications
Authors: Petit Tristan , Lange Kathrin M. , Conrad Gerrit , Yamamoto Kenji , Schwanke Christoph , Hodeck Kai F. , Dantz Marcus , Brandenburg Tim , Suljoti Edlira , Aziz Emad F.
Published: June 2014

The effect of monovalent cations (Li+, K+, NH4+, Na+) on the water structure in aqueous chloride and acetate solutions was characterized by oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray emission spectroscopy, and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) of a liquid microjet. We show ion- and counterion dependent effects on the emission spectra of the oxygen K-edge, which we attribute to modifications of the hydrogen bond network of water. For acetates, ion pairing with carboxylates was also probed selectively by XAS and RIXS. We correlate our experimental results to speciation data and to the salting-out properties of the cations.
Hall effect in nanowires
Authors: Fernandes C. , Ruda H. E. , Shik A.
Published: June 2014

The classical Hall effect in thin semiconductor nanowires with lateral contacts is considered theoretically. Two new phenomena: (i) influence of diffusion currents in nanowires with radius comparable with the screening length of carriers and (ii) eddy currents in non-planar Hall contacts are taken into account. Both effects result in a noticeable reduction of the measured Hall voltage compared with the standard formula for bulk samples and hence the effective carrier concentration determined by using this formula may exceed the real concentration in nanowires in up to two orders of magnitude.
Fermi level stabilization and band edge energies in CdxZn1−xO alloys
Authors: Detert Douglas M. , Tom Kyle B. , Battaglia Corsin , Denlinger Jonathan D. , Lim Sunnie H. N. , Javey Ali , Anders André , Dubon Oscar D. , Yu Kin M. , Walukiewicz Wladek
Published: June 2014

We have measured the band edge energies of CdxZn1−xO thin films as a function of composition by three independent techniques: we determine the Fermi level stabilization energy by pinning the Fermi level with ion irradiation, measure the binding energy of valence band states and core levels by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and probe shifts in the conduction band and valence band density of states using soft X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy, respectively. The three techniques find consensus in explaining the origin of compositional trends in the optical-bandgap narrowing upon Cd incorporation in wurtzite ZnO and widening upon Zn incorporation in rocksalt CdO. The conduction band minimum is found to be stationary for both wurtzite and rocksalt alloys, and a significant upward rise of the valence band maximum accounts for the majority of these observed bandgap changes. Given these band alignments, alloy disorder scattering is found to play a negligible role in decreasing the electron mobility for all alloys. These band alignment details, combined with the unique optical and electrical properties of the two phase regimes, make CdZnO alloys attractive candidates for photoelectrochemical water splitting applications.
'Getting to zero' in Asia and the Pacific through more strategic use of antiretrovirals for HIV prevention
Authors: Cassell Michael M. , Holtz Timothy H. , Wolfe Mitchell I. , Hahn Michael , Prybylski Dimitri
Published: June 2014

Encouraged by experimental trials demonstrating the efficacy of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in preventing HIV infection, countries across the Asia-Pacific region have committed to the achievement of ambitious targets tantamount to ending AIDS. The available data suggest that some countries still can make progress through targeted condom promotion and the expansion of harm-reduction interventions, but that none may realise its vision of ‘zero new HIV infections’ without more strategic use of ARVs as part of a combination of HIV prevention efforts targeting key populations. Low rates of HIV testing among men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, sex workers and other key populations evidence low treatment coverage where treatment could have the greatest impact on curbing local epidemics. Studies have demonstrated the promise of adding ARV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis to the existing HIV prevention toolkit, but achieving population-level impact will require service-delivery approaches that overcome traditional prevention, care and treatment program distinctions. Priorities include: (1) innovative strategies to reach, test, treat and retain in services the individuals most likely to acquire or transmit HIV; (2) task shifting and enhanced partnerships between the public sector and civil society; (3) improved ‘cascade’ data systems to assess and promote service uptake and retention; and (4) policy and financing reform to enhance HIV testing and treatment access among key populations.
A molecular and morphological investigation of species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships in Australian free-tailed bats Mormopterus (Chiroptera : Molossidae)
Authors: Reardon T. B. , McKenzie N. L. , Cooper S. J. B. , Appleton B. , Carthew S. , Adams M.
Published: June 2014

The taxonomic uncertainty surrounding several prominent genera of Australian microbat has been a long-standing impediment to research and conservation efforts on these groups. The free-tail bat genus Mormopterus is perhaps the most significant example, with a long history of acknowledged species-level confusion. This study uses a combined molecular and morphological approach to conduct a comprehensive assessment of species and subgeneric boundaries, between-species phylogenetic affinities and within-species phylogeographic structure in Australian members of Mormopterus. Phylogenetic analyses based on 759 base pairs of the NADH Dehydrogenase subunit 2 mitochondrial gene were concordant with species boundaries delineated using an expanded allozyme dataset and by phallic morphology, and also revealed strong phylogeographic structure within two species. The levels of divergence evident in the molecular and morphological analyses led us to recognise three subgenera within Australia: Micronomus, Setirostris subgen. nov. and Ozimops subgen. nov. Within Ozimops we recognise seven Australian species, three of which are new, and none are conspecific with Indo-Papuan species. The family Molossidae now comprises eleven species across three subgenera in Australia, making it the continent’s second most speciose family of bats.
‘Sportmotorische Bestandesaufnahme’: Criterion‐ vs. norm‐based reference values of fitness tests for Swiss first grade children
Authors: Tomatis Laura , Krebs Andreas , Siegenthaler Jessica , Murer Kurt , de Bruin Eling D.
Published: June 2014

Health is closely linked to physical activity and fitness. It is therefore important to monitor fitness in children. Although many reports on physical tests have been published, data comparison between studies is an issue. This study reports Swiss first grade norm values of fitness tests and compares these with criterion reference data. A total of 10,565 boys (7.18 ± 0.42 years) and 10,204 girls (7.14 ± 0.41 years) were tested for standing long jump, plate tapping, 20‐m shuttle run, lateral jump and 20‐m sprint. Average values for six‐, seven‐ and eight‐year‐olds were analysed and reference curves for age were constructed. Z‐values were generated for comparisons with criterion references reported in the literature. Results were better for all disciplines in seven‐year‐old first grade children compared to six‐year‐old children (p < 0.01). Eight‐year‐old children did not perform better compared to seven‐year‐old children in the sprint run (p = 0.11), standing long jump (p > 0.99) and shuttle run (p = 0.43), whereas they were better in all other disciplines compared to their younger peers. The average performance of boys was better than girls except for tapping at the age of 8 (p = 0.06). Differences in performance due to testing protocol and setting must be considered when test values from a first grade setting are compared to criterion‐based benchmarks. In a classroom setting, younger children tended to have better results and older children tended to have worse outcomes when compared to their age group criterion reference values. Norm reference data are valid allowing comparison with other data generated by similar test protocols applied in a classroom setting.
Could C.G. Jung and Karl Stern ‘go a stretch together … with mutual profit’?
Authors: Oglesby Les
Published: June 2014

This article offers a commentary on a recently discovered letter from Jung to Karl Stern. Jung's hopes for a fruitful dialogue with Stern are based more in Jung's own long-term desire for dialogue with theology than in Stern's use of Jung in his own version of a Freudian approach to psychoanalysis. Nevertheless, there is common ground in a shared sense that this is an ‘imperilled age’. The possibilities for dialogue are set within a heuristic frame that reads Stern's Christian personalism as a contextualising theology and Jung's dialectical psychology as a reinterpretative project in relation to theology. This facilitates a discussion of the issues of metaphysics and psychology, teleology, and analogy. Whatever mutual benefit they might have derived from these areas of dialogue, their journey together might well have foundered once Jung's own theological commitments had become clear.
Control of antioxidative response by the tumor suppressor protein PML through regulating Nrf2 activity
Authors: Guo Shuang , Cheng Xiwen , Lim Jun-Hee , Liu Yu , Kao Hung-Ying
Published: June 2014

Oxidative stress is a consequence of an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the ability of the cytoprotective system to detoxify the reactive intermediates. The tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) functions as a stress sensor. Loss of PML results in impaired mitochondrial complex II activity, increased ROS, and subsequent activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidative pathway. We also demonstrate that sulforaphane (SFN), an antioxidant, regulates Nrf2 activity by controlling abundance and subcellular distribution of PML and that PML is essential for SFN-mediated ROS increase, Nrf2 activation, antiproliferation, antimigration, and antiangiogenesis. Taking the results together, we have uncovered a novel antioxidative mechanism by which PML regulates cellular oxidant homeostasis by controlling complex II integrity and Nrf2 activity and identified PML as an indispensable mediator of SFN activity.
Distinct fusion properties of synaptotagmin-1 and synaptotagmin-7 bearing dense core granules
Authors: Rao Tejeshwar C. , Passmore Daniel R. , Peleman Andrew R. , Das Madhurima , Chapman Edwin R. , Anantharam Arun
Published: June 2014

Adrenal chromaffin cells release hormones and neuropeptides that are essential for physiological homeostasis. During this process, secretory granules fuse with the plasma membrane and deliver their cargo to the extracellular space. It was once believed that fusion was the final regulated step in exocytosis, resulting in uniform and total release of granule cargo. Recent evidence argues for nonuniform outcomes after fusion, in which cargo is released with variable kinetics and selectivity. The goal of this study was to identify factors that contribute to the different outcomes, with a focus on the Ca2+-sensing synaptotagmin (Syt) proteins. Two Syt isoforms are expressed in chromaffin cells: Syt-1 and Syt-7. We find that overexpressed and endogenous Syt isoforms are usually sorted to separate secretory granules and are differentially activated by depolarizing stimuli. In addition, overexpressed Syt-1 and Syt-7 impose distinct effects on fusion pore expansion and granule cargo release. Syt-7 pores usually fail to expand (or reseal), slowing the dispersal of lumenal cargo proteins and granule membrane proteins. On the other hand, Syt-1 diffuses from fusion sites and promotes the release of lumenal cargo proteins. These findings suggest one way in which chromaffin cells may regulate cargo release is via differential activation of synaptotagmin isoforms.