bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Prevalence of Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure in Nigeria: A Rural-Urban Comparison
Authors:   Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital (Nigeria), University of Medical Sciences (Nigeria), Federal Teaching Hospital (Nigeria), Edo University (Nigeria), Ajayi Paul Oladapo , Ibirongbe Demilade Olusola , Ipinnimo Tope Michael , Solomon Oluremi Olayinka , Ibikunle Austin Idowu , Obiagwu Adaora Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

Background: Catastrophic health expenditure occurs when the burden of Out-of-pocket health expenditure has reached a certain level that a household must forego the expenditure on other basic needs of life to meet the health expenses of its member(s) of the household. Worldwide, over 44 million households suffer annually from financial catastrophe. This study intends to determine the prevalence of household catastrophic health expenditure amongst rural and urban communities in Ekiti, Nigeria. Methodology: This is a comparative cross-sectional study of households within selected rural and urban communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria. A pre-tested interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data over a period of 4 months from a sample of 1,000 household heads, using a multistage sampling technique. Data obtained were then entered using the SPSS version 20 and analysed with STATA 12. Two different methodologies were used to calculate household catastrophic health expenditure, with sensitivity analysis done. Univariate analysis were used to describe the population in relation to relevant variables. Result: The prevalence of household catastrophic health expenditure is high using the two methodological calculations. It was significantly higher in the rural areas, 18.5% than the urban areas, 12.8% (p=0.015) for first method; it was also higher in the rural areas, 8.3% compared to the urban areas, 2.5% (p<0.001) for the second method. Conclusion: Prevalence of household catastrophic health expenditure is high in Nigeria, but worse in the rural areas. It’s therefore vital to establish financial and social intervention mechanisms that can protect households from incurring catastrophic health expenditure.
Assessment of Household Work as Compensation for Physical Activity Deficit Amongst Older Adults in a Nigerian Urban Setting
Authors:   Delta State University, Nigeria, Ejechi Eucharia O. , Esiri May O.
Published: May 2021

Urban older adults tend to be physically inactive and often remain indoors. Household work of a sample of 300 urban-dwelling adults (50-65 years) from a Nigerian state capital was therefore investigated for physical activity (PA) levels. Questionnaire on participation in household tasks, time and days/week for the tasks, awareness of health benefits of PA and household work as exercise was used. Greater participation occurred in household chores than outdoor/yard work (70.0 vs 44.0%) while participation varied with specific chores (55.0-70.0%) and yard work (28.7-34.0%). Gender, education, age and living with spouse or children/helper were associated with performance of household chores (P<0.05) as well as with yard work except living with spouse. Prevalence of low-intensity household PA was high with only 0.9-13.8% attaining moderate-intensity level and no vigorous-intensity. Low prevalence of awareness of PA health benefits (32.3%) and household work as exercise (14.4%) was observed, but were related to good performance of household work (OR, 1.50-1.55; CL, 0.55-3.54). The finding that 13% of the respondents attained moderate-intensity PA indicated the potential of household work to compensate for the absence of other physical activities. Thus public health campaigns based on household work as exercise in a gender sensitive African society becomes necessary.
Database automation of spare parts and assemblies of harvesting equipment
Authors:   Petrozavodsk State University, Yanyuk Yu. V. , Kapelyush K. V. ,   Co Ltd «Karelian low-current systems»
Published: May 2021

For reduction of paperwork and time for information retrieval, an electronic resource was created for an enterprise providing maintenance and repair for forestry equipment. A brief description of the facility is given, its capabilities are shown and recommendations for further improvement are proposed.
Nanyang Business School- Mô hình đào tạo quốc tế đáng nghiên cứu
Authors: Giao Ha Nam Khanh
Published: May 2021

Trường Kinh doanh Nanyang (Nanyang Business School- NBS) luôn thuộc top 40 các chương trình đào tạo Thạc sĩ Quản trị Kinh doanh(Master of Business Administration), trong khi Đại học Công nghệ Nanyang (Nanyang Technological University- NTU) cũng luôn được xếp trong top 20 trên thế giới. Mô hình đào tạo quốc tế này cần được phân tích và học hỏi.
Examination of Teacher Candidates' Views on Peer Learning Performed with Interactive Videos in the Blended Learning Process
Authors: Ipek Jale , Gbenedio Uche B. , Ertas Sercan
Published: May 2021

Today, the speed of the development of technology has various effects in many areas. In the field of education, some concepts, methods, techniques, theories and models come to the fore with the effect of technology and attract the attention of researchers. One of them is blended learning. Blended learning is a learning process in which both face-to-face learning processes and learning processes in online environments coexist. Today's learners are expected to be able to solve problems, work collaboratively, and have strong communication. It is thought that peer learning can be used in constructivist teaching processes in order to gain these features. Peer learning involves learners performing their learning by interacting with each other. In this study, it is aimed to determine the opinions of teacher candidates about peer learning realized with interactive videos in the blended learning process. The study group consists of 37 Computer and Instructional Technologies Education Department teacher candidates, 11 women (29.73%) and 26 men (70.27%) enrolled in the "Special Teaching Methods - II" course in the spring semester of 2018-2019 academic year. In the online part of the study, a web 2.0 tool (Edpuzzle) was used to prepare interactive video content. The videos prepared by the peers regarding the course content were expected to be watched online and before the face-to-face lessons. In the face-to-face learning process, students progressed the learning process interactively with their peers. At the end of the process, the data were collected with the data collection tool named "teacher candidate opinion form" developed by the researchers from the study group. The collected data were analyzed with content analysis and interpreted by the researchers. In the study results, the opinions of the teacher candidates about the process after their learning experiences were determined. It was found that a great majority of the teacher candidates had a positive opinion about the peer learning realized with interactive videos in the blended learning process.
Is Ozone therapy efficacious in the setting of Intervertebral disc pathologies? Protocol for systematic review & meta-analysis
Authors: Haider Bangash Ali , Baloch Adil
Published: May 2021

IVD pathologies are being explored. Specifically, we shall be looking into whether there is definitive statistical proof that Ozone therapy is efficacious for IVD pathologies.
Superstrings Encounters of the Second, Third or Fourth Types?
Authors: Maes Stephane
Published: May 2021

Strings and their evolutions as superstrings and M-theory have been one of the main focus of theoretical Physics for the last 40 years. In fact some have characterized superstrings and M-theory as the best candidates at explaining quantum gravity and providing a Theory of Everything. Others have claimed that it is “Physics of the next century provided for our exploration this century”. Yet not much has come out of it in terms of actual predictions or observation of anything about anything.In the context of explaining gravity with entanglement with multi-fold mechanisms, we encountered traces of superstrings and may have met some of them or their impacts. It qualifies for an alien encounter of the third type. Dualities between spacetime and superstrings were derived, yet nobody embarked or will ever embark on a superstring spacetime trip, at least. So no encounter of the fourth type. This paper summarizes what we have determined about strings, superstrings and M-theory as part of the multi-fold universe models. The observations and lessons learned are telling signs for superstring investigators.
Sistem Kontrol Sirkulasi dan Deteksi Kekeruhan Air Berbasis Mikrokontroler
Authors: saleh akuwan
Published: May 2021

Salah satu kendala yang dihadapi dalam usaha pemeliharaan ikan adalah kondisi air yang buruk sehingga banyak ikan yang mati. Untuk menjaga air agar tetap jernih diperlukan pengawasan intensif serta diperlukan metode yang mampu mengontrol sirkulasi air dengan baik. Pada paper ini dibuat sistem kontrol sirkulasi dan deteksi kekeruhan air yang telah diimplementasikan pada kolam/aquarium pemeliharaan ikan. Dengan menggunakan sensor, kondisi air ketika keruh dapat diketahui dan akan diganti secara otomatis dengan air yang jernih oleh mikrokontroler sebagai pengendali. Sensor kekeruhan air menggunakan LDR, lampu TL sebagai penerang agar sensor dapat mendeteksi perubahan kondisi air. Data dari sensor diolah mikrokontroler dan dihitung menggunakan logika fuzzy untuk menentukan kondisi air keruh, sedang dan jernih yang ditampilkan pada LCD. Selanjutnya mikrokontroler memberikan instruksi pada katup yang terdapat pada kolam/aquarium untuk membuka atau menutup untuk melakukan proses sirkulasi air. Percobaan yang telah dilakukan menggunakan aquarium ukuran 30x20x30 Cm, sample air yang digunakan adalah air jernih dan diberi noda untuk mendapatkan 3 kondisi. Hasil yang diperoleh, apabila kondisi air keruh proses pengurasan dilakukan 3 kali lebih, kondisi sedang dilakukan antara 1 sampai 2 kali, kondisi jernih tidak dilakukan pengurasan.
Prototipe Sistem Penerima Tamu dengan Fasilitas Komunikasi Alternatif Secara Nirkabel
Authors: saleh akuwan
Published: May 2021

Prototipe sistem penerima tamu yang telah dibuat dalam paper ini menggunakan mikrokontroler ATmega8535 dirancang dengan tujuan memberikan kemudahan bagi tamu dan penghuni rumah untuk melakukan komunikasi baik secara langsung maupun secara nirkabel melalui Handphone (HP). Prototipe ini telah diterapkan pada rumah yang memiliki kamar lebih dari satu. Komponen utama dari peralatan ini adalah bel, LCD, keypad, mikrokontroler ATmega8535, AT Command, PDU (Protokol Data Unit), HandPhone. a minimum sistem peralatan ini tersedia menu berupa daftar nama dan kamar penghuni. Tamu memasukkan nama dan nomor kamar yang dituju maka bel pada kamar yang dituju berbunyi. Apabila penghuni berada dikamar dan menekan tombol jawaban, maka LCD pada sisi tamu keluar informasi ”Mohon Tunggu Sebentar”. Apabila penghuni tidak berada dikamar maka dalam beberapa menit LCD pada sisi tamu muncul informasi ”Maaf Yang Dicari Tidak Ada, Mohon Tinggalkan Pesan Dengan Menulis Nama Dan Nomor Telepon”. Selanjutnya pesan tersebut oleh mikrokontroler dikirimkan melalui HP server kepada HP penghuni. Hasil yang telah diperoleh dari sistem ini berupa informasi kepastian ada atau tidak adanya penghuni rumah, keberhasilan pengiriman identitas tamu (nama dan no. Telepon) melalui layanan SMS yang kemudian dilanjutkkan dengan komunikasi alternatif antara penghuni rumah dan tamu secara nirkabel menggunakan HP.
What incentives can spur Covid-19 vaccination uptake?
Authors: Klüver Heike , Hartmann Felix , Humphreys Macartan , Geissler Ferdinand , Giesecke Johannes
Published: May 2021

Survey evidence suggests that vaccination hesitancy is too high in many countries to achieve herd immunity against Covid-19. In this study, we assess the effectiveness of three strategies to increase vaccine uptake, namely, providing freedoms, financial remuneration, and vaccination at local doctors. We use a factorial survey experiment administered to 20,500 online respondents in Germany. Our results suggest that all three strategies can increase vaccination uptake on the order of 5 percentage points (PP) among the undecided. The combined effects could be as high as 13 PP for this group. The returns from different strategies vary across age groups, however, with older cohorts more responsive to local access and younger cohorts most responsive to enhanced freedoms for vaccinated citizens.
Modul Simulator Pembangkitan Sinyal Pseudo Random Generator pada Sistem Komunikasi Spread Spectrum Memanfaatkan Microcontroller
Authors: saleh akuwan
Published: May 2021

Sebuah modul simulator perangkat keras untuk sinyal pseudo random generator (PRG) telah dibuat dengan memanfaatkan microcontroller 8951. Dari data pengujian sistem pemancar dan bagian penerima telah menunjukkan bahwa simulator ini mampu menunjukkan 3 sifat dasar dari sebuah spreading dan despreading pada sistem direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), yaitu autokorelasi, balance property dan run property. Dengan input base band sebesar 4 kHz, sistem ini mampu memberikan coding gain sebesar 8, 2 dB.
With Happiness and Glory, from your MP: The Use of E-Newsletters in the UK Parliaments
Authors: Umit Resul
Published: May 2021

This article extends the empirical evidence for the use of e-newsletters in parliamentary communication in between elections. It assesses the effect of electoral incentives and parliamentary institutions on members (MPs) from all four legislatures in the UK. I find that electoral incentives to cultivate a personal vote increase the e-newsletter usage by MPs. However, being an MP in sub-national parliaments or smaller parties decreases it. These findings throw a fresh light on why only some parliamentarians are happy to adopt new and seemingly resource-efficient ways to reach out to voters.
An Investigation of the Relationship Between Preschool Teachers’ Individual and Administrative Creativity and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Güven Yıldız , Akay Dicle , Öcal Sümeyye
Published: May 2021

The creativity skills of individuals have started to gain importance in adapting to today's changing conditions. In this context, teachers need to transfer their individual creativity to the organizational environment. In order to do this, they need to provide personal pleasure and satisfaction from their work. The main aim of this study is to examine the relationship between preschool teachers' individual and administrative creativity and job satisfaction. The study, which is designed as relational survey model, was carried out with 173 preschool teachers. The data obtained from Personal Information Form, Organizational Creativity Scale and Job Satisfaction Scale. As a result of the research, the organizational creativity scores of preschool teachers in the dimension of individual creativity showed a significant difference according to the type of institution, and no difference was found according to the status of wanting to do a different profession, the number of students in the class, professional seniority and weekly working hours. There was a difference in the administrative creativity of teachers according to the type of institution, their willingness to do a different profession and the number of students in the classroom, while professional seniority and weekly working hours make no difference. There was a difference among teachers' job satisfaction scores according to the type of institution, their willingness to do a different profession, and the number of children in the classroom, but not according to professional seniority and weekly working hours. According to the result of the research it can be claimed that as the organizational creativity scores of preschool teachers in individual and administrative dimensions increased, their job satisfaction increased too. It was suggested that conditions improving organizational creativity and job satisfactions of preschool teachers should be given place in schools.
Trade-Off Theory and Pecking Order Theory: Evidence from Real Estate Companies in Vietnam
Authors: Le Hoang Duc , Viet Nguyen Quang , Anh Nguyen Huaong
Published: May 2021

This study was implemented with the goal of testing the validity of trade-off theory and pecking order theory in determining the capital structure in 50 listed real estate companies in Vietnam. The result of this study shows that the pecking order theory is the more approriate and should be applied for the listed real estate companies in Vietnam, and be the informative document for those firms to take into account the relevant theory to adjust their own capital structure, so that they can raise their own competitiveness and continue the development of the business
The Prevalence of Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure in Nigeria: A Rural-Urban Comparison
Authors: Ajayi Paul Oladapo , Ibirongbe Demilade Olusola , Ipinnimo Tope Michael , Solomon Oluremi Olayinka , Ibikunle Austin Idowu , Obiagwu Adaora Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

Background: Catastrophic health expenditure occurs when the burden of Out-of-pocket health expenditure has reached a certain level that a household must forego the expenditure on other basic needs of life to meet the health expenses of its member(s) of the household. Worldwide, over 44 million households suffer annually from financial catastrophe. This study intends to determine the prevalence of household catastrophic health expenditure amongst rural and urban communities in Ekiti, Nigeria. Methodology: This is a comparative cross-sectional study of households within selected rural and urban communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria. A pre-tested interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data over a period of 4 months from a sample of 1,000 household heads, using a multistage sampling technique. Data obtained were then entered using the SPSS version 20 and analysed with STATA 12. Two different methodologies were used to calculate household catastrophic health expenditure, with sensitivity analysis done. Univariate analysis were used to describe the population in relation to relevant variables. Result: The prevalence of household catastrophic health expenditure is high using the two methodological calculations. It was significantly higher in the rural areas, 18.5% than the urban areas, 12.8% (p=0.015) for first method; it was also higher in the rural areas, 8.3% compared to the urban areas, 2.5% (p<0.001) for the second method. Conclusion: Prevalence of household catastrophic health expenditure is high in Nigeria, but worse in the rural areas. It’s therefore vital to establish financial and social intervention mechanisms that can protect households from incurring catastrophic health expenditure.
Difficulties Apprenticeship Trainers in Secondary Vocational Education Deal within their Educational Work: A Greek Case Study
Authors: Karampini Efstathia , Anagnou Evaggelos , Fragkoulis Iosif
Published: May 2021

The institution of the Post-Secondary Year - Apprenticeship Class was introduced in Greece in 2013 and after its pilot phase, its application in Vocational High Schools (EPAL) throughout the country was expanded in 2017. After the completion of four years of presence and implementation of the institution, with significant benefits for the apprentices, some factors emerge that make the participation and operation of the trainers involved in the Apprenticeship difficult. The aim of this study is to record, investigate and interpret a) the difficulties trainers encountered in their educational work and b) the necessary supplies they utilized to deal effectively with these difficulties. The sample was fifteen (15) trainers of EPAL who participated in the implementation of the Apprenticeship. The qualitative method was selected for the research, with semi-structured interviews as a tool for data collection and thematic analysis for their analysis. According to the findings of the research, trainers face difficulties in their educational work, mainly in the extensive course material, the low level of knowledge and the indifference of apprentices. The main means they use in the classroom to manage and deal with these difficulties are the very good knowledge of their specialized subject, the extensive educational experience, the application of the principles and practices of Adult Education and their skills. The present study aims to contribute, through the utilization of the research conclusions, to the feedback of education executives and trainers for the functional improvement and enhance the effectiveness of the institution.
The 2014 Presidential Election in Turkey
Authors: Umit Resul
Published: May 2021

The election of the 12th President of Turkey was remarkably different than the elections of the previous 11. For the first time in the history of the Republic, the head of the state was directly elected by ordinary people rather than chosen by their representatives in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. On 10 August 2014, the incumbent Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan won a simple majority of votes in the first round of the election and became the president for the next five years.
The Effect of Share Transaction Determinants and its Impact on JCI on IDX 2010-2020
Authors: Salim M. Noor , P Yohanes Gabriel Obie
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of inflation, the dollar exchange rate, the yuan exchange rate and the Chinese index partially and simultaneously on the JCI. To determine the effect of inflation, the dollar exchange rate, the yuan exchange rate and the Chinese index partially and simultaneously on the volume of transactions. To determine the effect of inflation, the dollar exchange rate, the yuan exchange rate and the Chinese index on the JCI with transaction volume as an intervening variable. The results of the JCI data analysis show that the dollar exchange rate, inflation and the Chinese index have an effect on the JCI and the yuan exchange rate does not affect the JCI, but simultaneously inflation, dollar exchange rate, yuan exchange rate and the Chinese index have an effect on the JCI. The results of the transaction volume data analysis show that the dollar exchange rate, the yuan exchange rate and the Chinese index have an effect on the volume of transactions, while inflation has no effect on the volume of transactions. Simultaneously, inflation, dollar exchange rate, yuan exchange rate and Chinese index have an effect on transaction volume. The results of the transaction volume data analysis as an intervening variable indicate an influence.
Case Report of Coroless Tea in The Treatment of Persistent High Fever After Covid-19 Vaccination
Authors: Leng Nie , Youdong Liang
Published: May 2021

Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food. So is the Covid-19 medicine. Persistent high fever after the Covid-19 vaccination is one symptom. After taking Coroless tea, the patient's body temperature returned to normal in two or three days. Timely temperature reduction is very helpful in eliminating the anxiety of the patients and their families. Coroless tea, as food, is one choice of treatment for fever after Covid-19 vaccination.
Solar panels and political attitudes
Authors: Umit Resul
Published: May 2021

In the fight against climate change, renewable energy has been subsidised in many countries. With the costs passed onto consumers, governments are paying those, for example, who install domestic solar panels on top of their homes and feed electricity back into the system at preferential rates. We know that substantial amounts of income flow into households with solar installations as a result, but we do not know much about the political consequences of these programmes. Similar government programmes are known to have resource and interpretative effects on participants, leading to changes in their attitudes. Drawing on three longitudinal surveys from Germany, United Kingdom, and Switzerland, this article analyses whether installation of these solar panels causes meaningful changes in households' various political attitudes. Using fixed-effect models as the identification strategy, the article reports null results—solar installations do not seem to generate political attitudes. This is good as well as bad news for actors looking to increase the amount of renewable energy produced through solar installations.
NASA and ESA are likely to be legally required to sterilize Mars samples to protect the environment until proven safe – the technology doesn't yet exist to comply with the ESF study's requirement to contain viable starved ultramicrobacteria proven to pass through 0.1 micron nanopores - proposal to study samples of astrobiological interest remotely in a safe high orbit above GEO with miniature life detection instruments – and immediately return sterilized subsamples to Earth
Authors: Walker Robert
Published: May 2021

•Astrobiologists say Mars may have surface microhabitats for life. Early Mars had habitable seas, and early microbes could evolve to adapt to current extreme conditions.•The chance of returning extant life could be significant in microhabitats or as viable spores in dust storms•Current technology can't meet the ESF study’s requirement to contain 100% of particles at 0.05 microns•The legal process likely starts in 2022 when NASA submit their draft Environment Impact Statement.•Minimum 12 years to complete facility but likely far longer as NASA needs legal clarity to start the build - legal process could be completed quickly if there were no objections but numerous agencies are likely to declare an interest and international treaties triggered, build at least 9 years and it’s 2 years to train technicians because of many lapses in protocols for the Apollo mission•NASA is likely legally required to sterilize the first Mars samples to contact Earth’s biosphere until it’s proven safe to return them to Earth..•NASA needs to be ready for a possible legal decision to apply the prohibitory version of the precautionary principle based on large scale effects such as from mirror life, and “Sagan’s criterion” that “we cannot take even a small risk with a billion lives” - a quote from “Cosmic Connection”• Recommendation to return unsterilized samples to a safe orbit above GEO, examine with remote controlled life detection instruments and return sterilized sub-samples to Earth immediately•Several recommendations to increase chances of returning viable Martian life including a dust sample and sample of the brines found by Curiosity, by adding capabilities to the ESF fetch rover•New swansong Gaia feedback hypothesis that life on Mars may remove just enough CO₂ to keep Mars barely habitable for billions of years through fluctuations in CO₂ emissions from volcanoes – this would increase the chance of finding present day life on Mars
Assessment of Household Work as Compensation for Physical Activity Deficit Amongst Older Adults in a Nigerian Urban Setting
Authors: Ejechi Eucharia O. , Esiri May O.
Published: May 2021

Urban older adults tend to be physically inactive and often remain indoors. Household work of a sample of 300 urban-dwelling adults (50-65 years) from a Nigerian state capital was therefore investigated for physical activity (PA) levels. Questionnaire on participation in household tasks, time and days/week for the tasks, awareness of health benefits of PA and household work as exercise was used. Greater participation occurred in household chores than outdoor/yard work (70.0 vs 44.0%) while participation varied with specific chores (55.0-70.0%) and yard work (28.7-34.0%). Gender, education, age and living with spouse or children/helper were associated with performance of household chores (P<0.05) as well as with yard work except living with spouse. Prevalence of low-intensity household PA was high with only 0.9-13.8% attaining moderate-intensity level and no vigorous-intensity. Low prevalence of awareness of PA health benefits (32.3%) and household work as exercise (14.4%) was observed, but were related to good performance of household work (OR, 1.50-1.55; CL, 0.55-3.54). The finding that 13% of the respondents attained moderate-intensity PA indicated the potential of household work to compensate for the absence of other physical activities. Thus public health campaigns based on household work as exercise in a gender sensitive African society becomes necessary.
Sistem Visualisasi Polaradiasi Antena Memanfaatkan Mikrokontroller Sebagai Pengendali Antena Penerima (Rx)
Authors: saleh akuwan
Published: May 2021

ola radiasi merupakan salah satu parameter antena yang sangat penting untuk diketahui dan difahami oleh mahasiswa jurusan teknik telekomunikasi pada khususnya dan mahasiswa politeknik pada umumnya. Oleh karena itu pada mata kuliah praktek antena, pengukuran pola radiasi sangat diutamakan. Proses pengukuran pola radiasi antena selama ini dilakukan secara manual, dimana resolusi pengambilan data yang dapat dilakukan minimum 10o sehingga hasil penggambaran pola radiasi kurang akurat. Pada paper ini telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pembuatan sistem interfacing yang digunakan untuk pengatur putaran antena penerima dan pengambilan data oleh spectrum analyzer secara otomatis.Sistem ini dapat diset dengan resolusi minimum 0,6odan sekaligus melakukan penggambaran pola radiasi menggunakan software yang ditampilkan pada monitor personal komputer (PC). Hardware pada sistem ini menggunakan mikrokontroller sebagai pengendali gerakan antena, kabel RS 232 untuk komunikasi serial antar spectrum dan komputer, pengiriman dan pengambilan data oleh spectrum analyzer menggunakan kode ASCII, sedangkan visualisasinya dilakukan dengan software visual basic. Sistem ini diharapkan dapat membantu mahasiswa dalam praktek pengukuran pola radiasi secara otomatis dan dapat membandingkan hasilnya dengan cara manual. Hasil penggambaran pola radiasi secara otomatis, pancaran radiasinya (main loop) terfokus/terarah pada sudut 0˚, sedangkan penggambaran secara manual terlihat adanya side loop dan pancaran radiasinya tidak tepat berada pada 0oyaitu meleset kurang lebih 500. Berdasarkan data tersebut dapat dikatakan bahwa penggukuran menggunakan sistem ini lebih cepat dan akurat dibandingan dengan pengukuran secara manual.
Structural Arrangements for Telecom Towers & Masts
Authors: Seghatoleslam Seyed Mohyeddin
Published: May 2021

Telecommunication is an important part of modern society. Nowadays, it may be clear to everyone that radio and television are of particular importance to broadcast news and information to all parts of the world, and have enormous cultural implications. With the use of technological development in the last few decades, the scope of operation and efficiency of these forms of mass media have increased daily. The facility of global coverage for transmitters has been enhanced with the use of satellites. In the meantime, it is essential to build ground transmitter antennas and construct metal and concrete towers & masts to install telecom antennas to transmit waves to conventional receivers.The design and build of telecom structures is a very specialised issue, which requires the cooperation of several specialists involved in such projects including telecom, structural, geotechnical engineers, and architects. These structures can be constructed as symbolic and landmark structures in urban areas or may be erected at the top of mountains.Undoubtedly the structural aspects of telecom towers and masts should play a significant role in the mind of the architect and designer. As a result, the realisation of all architectural ideas depends on structural assessment.How should these elegant and powerful structures, which represent the power and glory of human civilization, be constructed? What are the factors influencing their design and locations? What factors impact their effective height, and the answers to these questions and many others, have been examined in this book.The present book consists of 12 chapters and is in Persian. The evolution of communication technology is discussed in the first chapter. In the subsequent chapters of the book, the types of telecom structures, as well as the antenna array and radiation patterns, have been described concisely. Moreover, in Chapters 4, 5, and 6, the construction and the technical issues of the antennas, as well as the basic structures supporting them, have been discussed in detail. The fundamentals of the structural design of the telecom towers and masts have been explained in Chapters 9 and 10, and examples of a few existing towers and masts have been examined. At the end of the book, a glossary of antennas and related equipment has been added for the use of the readers.
The effect of high-speed dental handpiece coolant delivery and design on aerosol and droplet production
Authors: Allison James R , Edwards David , Bowes Charlotte , Pickering Kimberley , Dowson Christopher , Stone Simon , Lumb Joanna , Durham Justin , Jakubovics Nicholas Stephen , Holliday Richard
Published: May 2021

Objectives: High-speed dental instruments produce aerosol and droplets. The objective of this study was to evaluate aerosol and droplet production from a novel electric micromotor handpiece (without compressed air coolant) in real world clinical settings. Methods: 10-minute upper incisor crown preparations were performed in triplicate in an open-plan clinic with mechanical ventilation providing 3.45 air changes per hour. A 1:5 ratio electric micromotor handpiece which allows water coolant without compressed air (Ti-Max Z95L, NSK) was used at three speeds: 60,000 (60K), 120,000 (120K), and 200,000 (200K) revolutions per minute. Coolant solutions contained fluorescein sodium as a tracer (2.65 mmol L−1). High-speed air-turbine positive control, and negative control conditions were conducted. Aerosol production was evaluated at 3 locations (0.5 m, 1.5 m and 1.7 m) using: (1) an optical particle counter (OPC; 3016-IAQ, Lighthouse) to detect all aerosol; and (2) a liquid cyclone air sampler (BioSampler, SKC Ltd.) to detect aerosolised fluorescein, which was quantified by spectrofluorometric analysis. Settled droplets were detected by spectrofluorometric analysis of filter papers placed onto a rig across the open-plan clinic.Results: Local (within treatment bay) settled droplet contamination was elevated above negative control for all conditions, with no difference between conditions. Settled droplet contamination was not detected above negative controls outside the treatment bay for any condition. Aerosol detection at 1.5 m and 1.7 m, was only increased for the air-turbine positive control condition. At 0.5 m, aerosol levels were highly elevated for the air-turbine, minimally elevated for 200K and 120K, and not elevated for 60K. Conclusions: Electric micromotor handpieces which use water-jet coolant alone without compressed air, produce localised (within treatment bay) droplet contamination but are unlikely to produce aerosol contamination beyond the immediate treatment area (1.5 m), allowing them to be used safely in most open-plan clinic settings.
Unfulfilled Winning Expectations Decrease Voter Satisfaction with Democracy
Authors: Umit Resul
Published: May 2021

Every vote creates winners and losers, opening a satisfaction gap between the two. At a time when concerns are high for democracy, we do not know what exactly leaves substantial proportions of voters—losers—dissatisfied with the system. This paper provides causal evidence for the cognitive dissonance theory, which points at unfulfilled winning expectations. With a difference-in-differences design around the Brexit referendum, it finds that the result caused an additional 3% decrease in the Remainers’ satisfaction if they were expecting to win the vote. The gap grows with the strength of expectations, and the losers to whom the result came as a complete surprise experienced almost a three times larger decrease in satisfaction, compared to the Remainers who were sure they would lose. If winning expectations affect how dissatisfied losers become after votes, then those who set expectations about voting outcomes have responsibilities for the stability of democracy.
The Total War Strategy: Challenges in Facing Traitor of the Nation: A Historical Approach During the Indonesian War of Independence
Authors: Nurbantoro Endro , Risman Helda , Prakoso Lukman Yudho
Published: May 2021

The Indonesian state implements a total defense system, meaning that it involves all the people and all national resources, national facilities and infrastructure, as well as the entire territory of the country as one defense unit. This system demands awareness of the rights and obligations of every citizen to defend the state as a manifestation of its totality. Efforts to raise awareness of defending the state for every citizen are a formidable challenge, recorded in Indonesian history as inseparable from attempts to betray the nation's struggle. Based on this phenomenon, the writer is moved to reveal several historical events during the war for independence in 1945-1949 which recorded the existence of certain people and groups who became traitors to the nation. The discussion in this article uses a qualitative research method using a historical approach, in which the preparation procedure goes through four stages, namely: heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The data analysis used is historical analysis, with an emphasis on sharpness in interpreting historical facts. From the analysis conducted, it can be proven that during the war for independence in 1945-1949, the implementation of the total war strategy, which should have received the support of all the people, actually faced quite a tough challenge. This challenge was caused by the existence of certain people and groups who defected to side with the Netherlands, either by joining forces formed by the Netherlands or as spies for the Netherlands. Of course, this is very contrary to the values of state defense that must be possessed by every citizen.
Is Sarcopenia a prognostic factor for COVID-19? Protocol for systematic review & meta-analysis
Authors: Haider Bangash Ali
Published: May 2021

The outcomes and prognosis of COVID-19 are being explored. Specifically, we shall be looking into the effect of sarcopenia on the outcomes of COVID-19 to conclude its prognostic significance.
Investigating the Training Needs of Music Teachers in Primary Education: A Greek Case Study
Authors: Kogkou Elefteria , Evaggelos Anagnou , Fragkoulis Iosif
Published: May 2021

The purpose of the current research is to examine the views of music teachers that work in primary education, regarding their training needs. With the investigation and emergence of their training needs, useful data occur for the design of effective training programs that focus on the coverage of the special training needs of these teachers. In this context, a quality research was designed and conducted in a sample of fifteen (15) music teachers in the Achaia district. The research data was derived from semi-constructed interviews and the results were analyzed with the method of thematic analysis. The sample music teachers wish to be trained to improve new technologies that refer to the music subject, their cognitive subject, in conducting the choir and the management of children with special needs. Music teachers are positive in creating a participatory pattern of organizing and conducting these training programs. As for the characteristics and the organizational parameters of the training, they prefer short training programs, live or distance learning, obligatory type that will be enriched with personalized and cooperative actions.
Goal Relevance and Desirability of Virtuous Behavior in Satisfying Affiliative and Pathogen Avoidance Needs
Authors: Brown Mitch
Published: May 2021

Recent findings suggest that behavioral repertoires frequently conceptualized as virtuous possess a fundamental nature that implicates virtues as highly desirable in facilitating group living through factors of caring, self-control, and inquisitiveness. Although much of this desirability has previously demonstrated in mating domains, it could be possible their benefits extend to affiliative and pathogen-avoidant domains. Two studies (N=285) sought to determine the potential costs and benefits of associating with virtuous individuals (Study 1) and how these affordances could shape subsequent interpersonal preferences (Study 2). In Study 1, participants inferred a caring behavioral repertoire as particularly effective at facilitating both affiliative and pathogen-avoidant goals, whereas inquisitiveness was perceived as threatening to pathogen-avoidant goals. Study 2 provides evidence dispositionally heightened affiliative interests heightened preferences for caring, but pathogen-avoidant motives did not influence preferences. I frame results from an evolutionary perspective and synthesize it with recent findings demonstrating how virtue shapes effective group living.
We need to change how we compute RMSEA for nested model comparisons in structural equation modeling
Authors: Savalei Victoria , Brace Jordan , Fouladi Rachel T.
Published: May 2021

Comparison of nested models is common in applications of structural equation modeling (SEM). When two models are nested, model comparison can be done via a chi-square difference test or by comparing indices of approximate fit. The advantage of fit indices is that they permit some amount of misspecification in the additional constraints imposed on the model, which is a more realistic scenario. The most popular index of approximate fit is the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). In this article, we argue that the dominant way of comparing RMSEA values for two nested models, which is simply taking their difference, is problematic and will often mask misfit. We instead advocate computing the RMSEA associated with the chi-square difference test. We are not the first to propose this idea, and we review numerous methodological articles that have suggested it. Nonetheless, these articles appear to have had little impact on actual practice. The modification of current practice that we call for may be particularly needed in the context of measurement invariance assessment. We illustrate the difference between the current approach and our advocated approach on three examples, where two involve multiple-group and longitudinal measurement invariance assessment and the third involves comparisons of models with different numbers of factors. We conclude with a discussion of limitations and future research directions.
Gender Differential Effect of College on Socio-Political Orientation Over the Last 40 Years—a Propensity Score Weighting approach
Authors: Edelmann Achim , Vaisey Stephen
Published: May 2021

It is well-known that the more educated people are, the more liberal views they tend to express. However, it is unclear whether this is due to college attendance itself or because those who go to college differ from those who do not in ways (directly or indirectly) related to their later political identification. In this paper, we therefore attempt to estimate the effect of college on political identification net of people’s tendencies to select into college using an inverse probability of treatment weighting approach. Based on data from the General Social Survey, we analyze how this effect has changed over time and whether college affects the political identification of women in the same ways as that of men. We find evidence consistent with the argument that college attendance politicizes both men and women. Moreover, we show that not only the general, but also the gender specific effects change markedly across the decades. This raises questions about the different mechanisms at play in how college mobilizes men and women politically.
Beyond Guerrilla Government: Intrapreneurs, Cuff Systems, Side Projects and Hacks
Authors: Reed David S.
Published: May 2021

Public administrators often pursue their public interest aspirations and personal aspirations by taking initiative independent of their supervisors. Whistleblowing is one form of independent initiative, but this paper describes other forms that are widespread and important.
Student Loans, College Attendance and Completion, and Family Formation
Authors: Kuperberg Arielle , Mazelis Joan Maya
Published: May 2021

Student loans are increasingly common among young adults, but implications for family formation patterns and childbearing circumstances have not been fully explored. We analyze the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort dataset to examine the relationships of student loans and college attendance and completion to family formation patterns, specifically marriage, parenthood, age at marriage, and age and marital status at first birth. Data examined were collected between 1997 and 2015, and we examine respondents ranging in age from 17-35 during those years, allowing for the consideration of effects across the life course. We find women who had children at early ages were more likely to take out loans to attend college, but at older ages loans were associated with lower parenthood rates among women. Women with loans had marginally lower marriage rates at older ages, were significantly younger on average when they did have children, and were significantly less likely to be married at first birth, even after accounting for differences in age at first birth and selection effects. Loans were not associated with differences in these trends among men, but education was related to distinct family formation trajectories for both men and women.
Exploring My Images of Mathematics and Its Influence on Learning
Authors: Lamichhane Basanta Raj
Published: May 2021

The major aim of this paper is to explore my images of mathematics and its influences on my teaching-learning strategies. I have employed an auto/ethnographic research design to excavate my lived experiences largely informed by interpretive and critical paradigms. To generate field texts dialectical and historical-hermeneutic approaches have been used. The Habermas’ knowledge constitutive interest and Mezorows’ transformative learning theory were used as theoretical referents. The writing as a process of inquiry has been used to create layered texts through thick descriptions of the contexts, critical self-reflexivity, transparent and believable writing aiming to ensure the quality standards of the research. The research illuminates that most of the negative images of mathematics have been emerged by the conventional transmissionist ‘one-size-fits-all’ pedagogical approach. Likewise, it has indicated that to transform mathematics education practices towards more empowering, authentic, and inclusive ones, it must be necessary to shift in paradigms of teaching and practitioners’ convictions, beliefs, values, and perspectives as well.
Portrayal of the West and the Expression of Nepalese Male Ethos in Jungabahadurko Belayet Yatra
Authors: Thapa Dharma Bahadur
Published: May 2021

Jungabahadurko Belayet Yatra [Jungabahadur’s England Visit] is a pioneering work of travel account in the Nepalese literature. It recounts Jungabahadur Rana’s formal visit to England and France in 1850 as a goodwill ambassador of the Nepalese king to Queen Victoria while he was the prime minister of Nepal. Although the author is not identified, the work informs the reader of the European life and society with its colour, culture and sound. More than this, it reveals the male ethos of the observer. This paper attempts to analyse the text to see how it represents and reacts to the European society of the mid-fifties of the nineteenth century. The article uses the conceptual frame works of Michel Foucault’s discourse and power and Edward Said’s Orientalism and the generic parameters of travel writing. Finally, the article comes to the conclusion that, despite addressing diverse issues, it portrays England and France mainly in the feminine tropes and presents Rana as the centre of attraction.