bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“This Is What I Need, This Is What Will Travel”
Authors: Shimpach Shawn
Published: January 2013

Until recently, broadcast television in the US was premised on profits arising from expanding space (national distribution, national and international syndication) and from limiting time (the imposed scarcity of access). Technological and regulatory changes have meant that television producers have had (reluctantly) to acquiesce in basic changes to this formula. This chapter looks at four ways these changes have affected the production of television programming. Specifically, program producers are compelled to create programs designed totravelover borders and through time, totranslateto different cultures as well as to media, totetherto new viewing and new sponsorship practices, and, throughout all these conditions, to continue totantalizeviewers, attracting and holding the attention of industry and audience alike, at all these different sites.
Hollywood's Presence in Latin America
Authors: Falicov Tamara L.
Published: January 2013

This chapter will examine contemporary film industries in Latin America more generally, to demonstrate what these industries share in common: dependence on state support to survive, and a relationship of subordination to Hollywood film, which dominates in exhibition, distribution, and, with more commercial fare, in production as well. Data concerning both production and various alliances between Hollywood studios and Latin American film industries – as reflected for instance in the history of runaway production in the region – will be juxtaposed to screen quota legislation passed in Argentina a decade later. These issues raise perennially thorny questions regarding Hollywood's history of hegemony in Latin America.
Global Ugly Betty
Authors: Mikos Lothar , Perrotta Marta
Published: January 2013

The global television landscape in the first decade of the twenty‐first century is a complex terrain of contradictory developments and trends. On the one hand, there are globally successful formats and series. On the other hand, each national TV landscape presents its own adaptations of successful programs from other countries. From 2002, the Colombian telenovelaYo soy Betty, la fea(I Am Betty, the Ugly One) has traveled around the world in dubbed and adapted versions. This chapter deals with the comparative study of the original format and of four adaptations (in Germany, Russia, Spain, USA), focusing on licensing, production, and how these conditions have impacted the narrative, dramaturgical, and aesthetic structure of these different national adaptations. The global franchise of scripted and non‐scripted formats as a complex network of flows and counterflows frames the chapter.
Imagination and Censorship, Fiction and Reality
Authors: Acosta‐Alzuru Carolina
Published: January 2013

Telenovelas seem an unlikely arena for political discourse. In 2003–2004 the Venezuelan telenovelaCosita Ricaaired, in the middle of the country's political crisis and its deep polarization around the figure of President Hugo Chávez. In addition to the usual love stories,Cosita Ricaincluded characters who were metaphors of the protagonists on the political scene (one character's story was an allegory for Chávez), plots that reflected the embedding of politics in Venezuelans' everyday life, and a storyline that mirrored the presidential recall referendum of August 2004. This chapter examines howCosita Ricawas produced in a time of political turmoil. It is an open window into the life span of telenovela production; through it we are able to observe the writing and the mise en scène processes and how the commercial demands of the genre, the audience's readings, the comments of the entertainment press, and the government's censorship played a fundamental role inCosita Rica's production.
Community Media Production
Authors: Rennie Ellie
Published: January 2013

In policy terms, community media are known as the “third sector” of the media. The description reflects the historical expectation that community media can fulfill a need not met by the commercial and public service broadcasters. A defining element of this “need” has been the means to production for nonprofessionals, particularly groups not represented in the mainstream media. The historical construction of community media reveals production to be a guiding principle; both a means and an end in itself. This chapter examines the various rationales underpinning community media production, including empowerment, media diversity, and the independent producer movement. Using case studies from youth media, the chapter critiques producer‐centric models of community media. In the contemporary media environment, production alone cannot meet the social needs that community media were established to address. Instead, I propose a rationale that combines both production and consumption ethics.
Understanding Hypercommercialized Media Texts
Authors: McAllister Matthew P. , Smith Alexandra Nutter
Published: January 2013

This chapter reviews critical‐cultural media studies work on “hypercommercialized” media texts and offers an analysis of such a text. Given the incentives for commercial and promotional messages to grab the attention of consumers and integrate into their lives, we are seeing a variety of hybrid commercial forms in media. Product placement/integration, branded entertainment, sponsorship, cross‐promotion, and other hypercommercial texts appear in different media and contexts. This chapter examines reasons for the prominence of these hybrid forms, and integrates previous research to explicate their textual dynamics and cultural implications as well as theoretical concepts that can be useful in interrogating them. The NBC comedy30 Rockis used to illustrate how different commercial contexts influence the meaning of a hypercommercial text. A discussion of how increased interactivity and target marketing further complicate the study of hypercommercial texts concludes the chapter.
Women's Portraits Present in Print Fashion Advertisements
Authors: Soloaga Paloma Diaz , Muñiz Carlos
Published: January 2013

This chapter presents the findings of a content analysis of 568 luxury brand (e.g., Gucci, Dior, Loewe, Chanel) print advertisements published between 2002–2005 and 2007–2009 in high‐circulation Spanish women's magazines –Vogue,Telva,Elle,Cosmopolitan, andWoman. We address the following two research questions: (1) Which female stereotypes are used to portray women in the luxury fashion brands' print advertisements? (2) Do certain factors explain the use of each female stereotype in advertising? Our findings reveal the most frequently portrayed role for female models in these ads is the “hedonist and sensual,” which shows women above all as objects of pleasure who also narcissistically contemplate their own beauty. This advertising stereotype reinforces and crystallizes the social stereotype of the woman who isvaluableas long as she is physically attractive.
Marketing Militarism to Moms
Authors: Vavrus Mary Douglas
Published: January 2013

This essay fuses a feminist analysis of news media with political economy and branding research to examine a case study of how a group of mothers – “Security Moms” – became branded and pressed into profitable service for the Republican Party and a “peace through strength” think tank. I argue that constructed identities like this one, which come in and out of vogue in mainstream news media, tell important stories about the media's relationship to feminism. Since the 1990s, news stories in the United States have popularized groups of women and men supposedly cohering around particular practices: “Soccer Moms” and “NASCAR Dads,” for example. Such identities not only prove to be profitable for corporations, they also politicize identities and reinforce both neoliberalism and self‐surveilling governance.
Chinese Cinema at the Millennium
Authors: Marchetti Gina
Published: January 2013

Chinese‐language cinema has been undergoing dramatic changes since 2000. Many of these changes parallel economic, political, social, and other cultural developments that have radically transformed the Chinese‐speaking world. As Chinese cinema develops out of this diverse population, transnational exchanges, diasporic alliances, and immigrant connections complicate any picture of a “national” or unitary Chinese cinema (Zhang, 2004). However, culture, language, ethnicity, and history link Chinese communities together, and the dynamics of a marketplace in which Chinese‐language films circulate make the study of Chinese cinema a fecund research topic. From popular commercial features to esoteric exercises in film art for cultured elites, Chinese cinema continues to make a mark on world film screens. In addition to looking at the current scholarship on contemporary Chinese‐language cinema, this essay explores the key themes, issues, and concerns found on Chinese screens at the millennium.
Violent Content onUSTelevision
Authors: Signorielli Nancy
Published: January 2013

This essay examines the portrayal of violence on US television from both a historical and current perspective. It reviews the results of 40 years of content analysis research conducted as part of the Cultural Indicators Study as well as research conducted by the National Television Violence Study between 1993 and 1996. The essay focuses on violence in television programs as well as those characters who commit and/or are victimized by violence. Finally, the essay examines contextual elements of violence portrayals in terms of programs and characters.
Reflexivity in Data Analysis
Authors: Clark Lynn Schofield
Published: January 2013

Drawing from a large study of digital and mobile media use among US teens and their families, this chapter reflexively traces the way in which a particular research narrative about media use came into being. The narrative in question focuses on a young woman who engaged in extensive and troubling digital and mobile media use. Various stakeholders – university students, research assistants, members of the public, and members of various academic research communities – offered differing and sometimes conflicting interpretations and explanations of this narrative, in effect becoming collaborators in the process of data analysis and in the narrative's reconstruction. The chapter argues that it can be helpful to consider such contradictory responses to potentially polarizing research narratives, since, in an era of reflexive media scholarship, researchers are accountable for the ways in which their writings might contribute critical perspectives to public debate. By reflexive data analysis I mean an act of recognizing that the researcher, as a socialized agent, shapes her analysis in accordance with the creativities and constraints afforded in relation to her place in the social structure. The chapter therefore argues that how a researcher understands the audiences of research narratives contributes to the construction of such narratives, and a reflexive approach to this process can prepare scholars to contribute productively to public conversations about the role of media in the lives of young people.
Media Ethnography
Authors: Briggs Matt
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores some of the contributions that media ethnography can make to theorization in media and cultural studies, while also highlighting the need for continuing methodological inventiveness in audience research. Initially the issue of “thickness” is highlighted in order for the chapter to explore the multiple practices that are articulated in and through media use. In doing this, the chapter also explores some of the relationships between identity, media texts, and media consumption by tracing the ways in which the practices, roles, and activities that make up our everyday lives both shape and are shaped by the meanings that we make both of the act of watching television and of television's content. Second, by proposing the concept of “force,” the chapter explores one way of researching the experiential and embodied aspects of meaning‐making, as well as the emotional investments and attachments that audiences hold in relation to their media. The methodological problems inherent in rendering the concepts of “thickness” and “force” are highlighted throughout, as well as the opportunities that are afforded by methodological creativity in this area. The case study is drawn from research in the field of children's television and parenting practices.
Nomadic Scholarship
Authors: Darling‐Wolf Fabienne
Published: January 2013

This chapter reflects on the challenges of developing a translocal approach to audience research. After providing a short critical review of the literature outlining the benefits of such an approach from a theoretical point of view, this essay goes on to discuss the difficulties arising from the attempt to develop an understanding of audiences' experiences in different environments informed by a truly comparative lens. An approach, in other words, that considers how the experiences of audiences in different parts of the world relate to one another. Informed by the author's experience as a white European US‐educated scholar employed by a US university – a scholar whose work has extensively focused on Japan, but who is also significantly influenced by her French citizenship and familiarity with francophone academic literature – the chapter considers the practical implications of conducting fieldwork in multiple cultural contexts, as well as the consequences of approaching research with a keen awareness of our (and our informants') complex identities.
Beyond the Active Audience
Authors: Thiel‐Stern Shayla
Published: January 2013

The digital media landscape presents unprecedented opportunity for research on media audiences, as the latter navigate and make sense of the new media. Although studies on how audiences make sense of news, information, and commercial discourses are very important, scholarship must take into account that – particularly in the era of Web 2.0 – the audience is neither “passive” nor simply “active” in how it makes sense of the media. Rather, the new media have almost fully collapsed the differences between audience and producer. This chapter applies Bourdieu's understanding of cultural production to the study of new media audiences, reflexively focusing on research on girls' use of one interactive media tool: instant messaging. However, the chapter also acknowledges how patriarchal hegemonic structures within the “old” media, the corporatization of the Internet, and issues of access prevent a universal interpretation of any new media audience; and, although spaces of resistance are available through the audience's power to produce cultural artifacts, the scope of this resistance is still limited.
Audiences as Citizens
Authors: Schrøder Kim Christian
Published: January 2013

This chapter traces the insights about citizenship offered by audience reception research since its inception in the 1980s, through a theoretical and analytical portrait of five historical stages of reception research about mediated citizenship: (1) hegemonic citizenship; (2) monitorial citizenship; (3) popular citizenship; (4) participatory citizenship; and (5) ubiquitous citizenship. Maintaining a strong empirical commitment throughout, mostly to the findings of qualitative research, the chapter also reports substantially from recent and ongoing reception research into the ways in which the news media – and popular and entertainment media in a broader sense – may serve as resources for a political and cultural citizenship that is anchored in everyday life. The five stages of reception research, conceptualized as scientific paradigms, are modeled into a historical typology that synthesizes, for each historical stage, its aims, its theoretical foundation, the preferred methods, the key scholars, and the approximate year in which the paradigm became visible in the scholarly landscape.
Citizenship, Communication, and Modes of Audience Engagement
Authors: Garlough Christine L. , Shah Dhavan V.
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores how citizens in Western and Eastern democracies are transforming communication messages and modalities to provoke audiences to engage in public life. These individuals are using a range of communication strategies and systems, some ancient and others nascent, to add their own voices and their constituents' voices to the public sphere. Reflecting on this orientation, we begin by considering how street theater is used throughout the world as a form of political rhetoric and as a venue for the creation of spaces where audiences may participate in thoughtful discussion. We focus on the use of theater by marginalized groups, as a medium for speaking about social injustices. We then consider how documentary film has been deployed across a range of countries as a tool in struggles for recognition and acknowledgment. Both “outsider” and mainstream efforts are explored, as sites for community building and maintenance. We end by examining how digital media are used in advanced societies as a means of populating the marketplace of ideas. Here we focus on how the Internet is used both as a source of information and as a sphere for audience interaction. In all of these cases, citizens are transforming the features and the form of media messages and modes, in an effort to incite their target audiences' interest and shape political outcomes and public policies.
Studying the Elusive Audience
Authors: Parameswaran Radhika
Published: January 2013

This introductory chapter outlines the recent evolution of audience research, focusing on the ways in which the field has addressed the theoretical, economic, cultural, and technological currents of the moment. I argue that audience studies has not only survived the backlash against its populist tendencies in the late eighties to mid‐nineties, but it has also thrived and expanded to include a range of audiences, media genres, modes of audience engagement, and institutional and international sites of reception. This chapter explains the volume's contributions, its organizational structure, and the intellectual and empirical terrain of audience studies that the book's remaining chapters cover.
Uses and Gratifications
Authors: Haridakis Paul
Published: January 2013

For several decades uses and gratifications (U&G) has been a predominant theory guiding research on media use and effects. U&G emphasizes the centrality of the individual in the audience–media use–effects relationship. Research guided by this audience‐centered perspective has suggested that understanding media effects requires consideration of audience members' individual differences, expectations, goals, level of purposiveness and activity when using media to satisfy their needs and desires. Though much U&G research has focused on how and why people use media, it is, ultimately, a media‐effects theory. In this chapter, I review the theory's origins, evolution, and application in the study of media effects. Finally, I discuss the social significance and new and enduring directions of U&G research in the study of newer media environments in which people have a growing number of media choices for consuming, sharing and creating media fare; and connecting with each other.
Media Message Processing And The Embodied Mind
Authors: Lang Annie
Published: January 2013

This chapter critically reviews research which uses physiological and behavioral measures as covert, real‐time measures of motivated cognitive processing. It is written from the common perspective in psychophysiological research that the mind is an embodied organ and therefore is sustained by the body. As a result, things which occur in the mind can be “seen” in the body. Thinking, feeling, and being are all dependent on the continuous electrical, chemical, and biological functioning of the brain. As the amount of thinking and feeling varies, so do the metabolic demands of the brain. As those metabolic demands vary, so does the autonomic functioning of the body. Careful measurement of bodily responses in controlled contexts can yield fine‐grained information about thinking and feeling. Recent research has applied these measures to the problem of understanding media psychology. This chapter will discuss how variations in media structure and content influence motivational activation, which in turn influences emotional responses and cognition, and how psychophysiological and behavioral measures can be used to track the real‐time processing of mediated messages.
Thoughtless Vigilantes
Authors: Murray John P.
Published: January 2013

There is a long history of research on the topic of the impact of media violence and children. Concerns first surfaced in the early 1900s with questions about comic books, and then concerns about films, radio serials, and television programs emerged. More recently, concern has been focused on the graphic violence in videogames. In each instance, there have been valid reasons for the concerns and various studies have shown some link between media violence and aggression. However, the recent debates have become particularly heated because the nature of the violence presented to children and youth has become especially graphic and pervasive in various media formats. This review provides a description of the evolving consensus on research findings as the nature and specificity of research strategies have evolved over the past century. The review ends with a discussion of findings from the most recent research which points to neurological evidence of changes leading to disruptions in processing video violence and changes in attitudes, values, and behavior. The resultant pattern of neurological processing leads to the production of what may be called “thoughtless vigilantes” who lack remorse and understanding of the effects of violence on others.
Race and News Revisited
Authors: Dixon Travis L. , Josey Christopher S.
Published: January 2013

Over the past many decades, scholars have extensively studied the portrayal of persons of color in the media and its effect on the individual. In this chapter we will devote particular attention to the ways in which race has been framed within the context of news in traditional (e.g., televised or print) and new media (e.g., online). A critical synthesis of the extant literature will be offered for traditional media, followed by a discussion of findings from effects‐based studies. Next, we provide an overview of what is known from the study of persons of color in online news, drawing similarities and contrasts where appropriate to traditional media. Lastly, we discuss the shortcomings of current research paradigms, pointing to directions for future research.
The Relationship between the Media, the Military, and the Public
Authors: Haigh Michel M.
Published: January 2013

The media play an important role in times of conflict. How the media tell the story influences the public. This chapter discusses the relationship between the media, the military, and the public. Topics examined include the historical relations between the press and the military, the impact of embedded reporters during the war in Iraq, how visual images of war impact public support for the war, how media coverage impacts public opinion, and how nontraditional forms of media such as late night comedy and military blogs impact the public's knowledge and attitudes.
Understanding the Role of Cognition and Media in Body Image Disturbance and Weight Bias in Children, Adolescents, and Adults
Authors: Bissell Kim
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores the role of cognition and media as it relates to body image disturbances and weight bias in children, adolescents, and adults. Specifically, this chapter examines the multidimensional factors related to an individual's body image and further examines how these variables relate to prejudice or anti‐fat bias against others. Exposure to thin‐ideal media and related effects on an individual's self‐perception are examined in the areas of self‐discrepancy, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and body self‐esteem. This chapter further examines the relationship between media and obesity with a look at the role media potentially play in the development of overweight or obesity in children. Lastly, this chapter will synthesize work in the area of media, cognition, and body image from a theoretical perspective and offer suggestions for the direction of future research.
Media‐Related Fear
Authors: Hoffner Cynthia A. , Cohen Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2013

Fear responses to media exert a powerful influence over people's perceptions, expectations, and behavior. Grounded in emotion theory, this chapter provides a framework for understanding fear responses to mediated threats in three areas of media scholarship: immediate responses to media, risk perceptions, and intergroup relations. First, the chapter examines why and how mediated messages evoke fear, and the consequences of fear during and after media use. Second, theory and research on the relationship between media‐induced fear and risk perceptions are reviewed. Third, media‐related fear is examined in the context of social relations, focusing on (1) how framing various groups as threats can lead to fear, stereotyping, and behavioral responses, and (2) how groups portrayed as threats respond when anticipating media influence on others. Finally, limitations of the literature and suggestions for future research (including the role of new technologies) are discussed.
News and Political Entertainment Effects on Democratic Citizenship
Authors: Moy Patricia , Xenos Michael A. , Hussain Muzammil M.
Published: January 2013

For decades, political communication scholars have sought to better understand the various impacts of mediated communication on political behaviors that constitute the essence of democratic citizenship. Focusing on the key concepts of voter turnout, political participation, civic engagement, and political conversation, this chapter explores how various forms of media content shape individuals' political behaviors. It examines the extent to which these behaviors are a function not only of traditional news media, but also of political entertainment content, which in recent years has provided citizens with increasingly diverse perspectives about the political world. Discussion of these effects – and how they can change over time – is couched within larger issues related to the evolving media and political landscapes.
Digital Democracy
Authors: Bode Leticia , Edgerly Stephanie , Sayre Ben , Vraga Emily K. , Shah Dhavan V.
Published: January 2013

Over the past two decades, the Internet has increasingly become part of the everyday life of US citizens. This chapter considers the impact of the growing use of the Internet on media use and political behaviors. Specifically it addresses the theoretical, practical, and empirical consequences of various uses of the Internet for sociability, social capital, online formats of news and politics, political blogs, online public spheres, and political messaging. We further consider the emergence of online spaces as sources for information and social interaction, and the implications of these spaces for democracy. Highlighted in this discussion is the advent of social media (e.g., blogs, Facebook, YouTube), and the corresponding development of new spaces in which citizens may “do” politics.
Advances In Public Communication Campaigns
Authors: Atkin Charles K. , Rice Ronald E.
Published: January 2013

This chapter presents an overview of the recent literature on the persuasive effects of public communication campaigns. The scope of the review is substantial, ranging from traditional media to new technologies and from US settings to developing countries. The campaign topics primarily deal with health promotion, along with prosocial behavior and environmental reforms. The chapter examines key theoretical concepts, processes, and strategic guidelines, including campaign design, evaluation (formative, process and summative), types of effects (direct and indirect), messages (prevention vs. promotion vs. informational vs. persuasive, and appeals), message sources, mediated communication, and quantitative dissemination factors. The chapter then illustrates these guidelines with three campaign foci: drug use, smoking, and risky drinking.
Changes And Continuities In The Media Effects Paradigm
Authors: Scharrer Erica
Published: January 2013

The field known as “media effects” has both changed and remained the same. Some means of inquiry and topics of study persist in their command of the attention of scholars in this area whereas others represent new directions. This chapter reviews the status of media use around the globe, then discusses both changes and continuities in the field over time. One major change is the shift toward “media psychology,” as reflected in the title of this volume. Finally, this introduction reveals the logic used in the organization of the volume and a chapter‐by‐chapter review of the topics covered within, thereby serving as a detailed roadmap for the reader.
In Praise of Concept Production
Authors: Lovink Geert , Rossiter Ned
Published: January 2013

In this chapter, Lovink and Rossiter argue that the field of media studies has yet to develop a theory of itself. Audience studies investigated fandom and the production of meaning, textual analysis preoccupied itself with signification processes attached to content, and political economy turned its gaze on institutional power. Medium theory, while close to the authors' own interests, still falls short, they argue, because it never changed the dialectic between old and new media or gave the relation a productive twist. Medium theory established a continuum between old and new media without considering how the media form itself gives rise to the production of new concepts. Media studies desperately needs new concept production, the authors argue, based in both online and face‐to‐face collaborative efforts. To develop new concepts, media researchers should begin with some reflexive mediation, examining how they use their object of study in the research methodology itself. From there, Lovink and Rossiter advocate moving the agenda beyond the analysis of visual representation to mobile media, miniaturization, smart technologies, and the integration of media into urban environments.
Media Visualization
Authors: Manovich Lev
Published: January 2013

Over the last 20 years, information visualization became a common tool in science and also a growing presence in the arts and culture at large. This chapter outlines a taxonomy of new visualization techniques particularly useful for media research, what Manovich calls “media visualization.” Where information visualization involves translating the world into numbers and then visualizing the relationship between those numbers, media visualization involves translating a set of images into another image that can reveal patterns that might not otherwise be apparent in the collection of images. Using the open source image processing software called ImageJ (normally used in medical research and other scientific fields), Manovich and his collaborators have designed a set of tools for media visualization that can be used by other researchers interested in exploring large sets of images, even without knowing exactly what they are looking for beforehand. The techniques outlined here are based on the work in visualization of patterns in cinema, TV, animation, videogames, and other media carried out in the Software Studies Initiative at the University of California, San Diego.
The Study of the Internet in Latin America
Authors: Delarbre Raúl Trejo
Published: January 2013

Latin American social research about the Internet and digital technologies has been defined by a multifaceted and copious development. Since the initial studies in the mid‐1990s, researchers have attended to general issues like the digital divide, national and regional politics of Internet expansion, and the distinctively Latin American political and social expressions on the web. Gradually, that research was oriented toward more specific issues like citizenship on the Internet, cyber‐journalism, the construction of personal relations, and, more recently, social networks. This chapter describes the trajectory of these studies and the arguments of leading Latin American scholars in this area. While the diverse collection of works that collectively comprise “Latin American Internet research” does not constitute a school with its own theoretical models, Trejo Delarbre explains, there are nevertheless common foci and priorities within this body of scholarship. The author recommends that his generation of media scholars seize their unique perspective, having experienced the transition from analog to digital and from mass media to Internet, with all of the disruptive challenges this transition has posed and imposed – especially in cultures so deeply defined by a lack of access for so many.
The Prehistoric Turn?
Authors: Coté Mark
Published: January 2013

This chapter considers the increasingly important dimensions of location and mobility in networked new media. It examines the relationship between the human and technology by foregrounding the body. In particular, it asks how the mediated materiality of the body interfaces with the immateriality of global information flows in ubiquitous distributed media environments. Three main threads comprise this inquiry, all unfolding under the specter of the increasing precarity of labor amidst the broader temporal and spatial dimensions of the information economy under neoliberal globalization. The first two involve hallmarks of Web 2.0: the conflation of work and play, and the prominence of user‐generated content. These are situated in the deeper context of convergence by tracing the conceptual shift from the passive “audience commodity” of broadcasting to the interactive immaterial labor 2.0 of distributed digital networks. The final, interdisciplinary line counterintuitively takes a “prehistoric turn” via paleoanthropology to reevaluate the ubiquitous connectivity of our contemporary condition. Fresh insights from our earliest use of stone tools suggest that the human has always had a mutually constitutive relationship with technology. It also suggests the concepts of syntax and grammar for posing new questions about the sensuousness of technology, and the processual mediated environment of the (non)local body.
The Waning Distinction Between Private And Public
Authors: de Souza e Silva Adriana , Gordon Eric
Published: January 2013

Whether browsing for location‐specific content on a desktop computer or using location services on a smartphone, physical location is a factor in how users experience information. In this chapter, Adriana de Souza e Silva and Eric Gordon name the context of located information production and retrieval “net locality.” They describe how net locality is transforming user experiences of the web and physical spaces by altering the logic with which data are organized and distributed. Net locality is changing how users occupy public and private spaces, they argue, as connections to other people and spaces become more flexible and porous. Finally, they identify two modes of surveillance inherent in net locality: top‐down and collateral monitoring. The tracking of user location by government and corporations facilitates the former; users tracking each other for the purpose of social connection facilitate the latter. Each is constructive of power relations that affect the nature of location‐based user interactions.
Mending the Gaps
Authors: Pickard Victor
Published: January 2013

In this chapter, Victor Pickard explores the systemic disconnect between media studies and media policy. By situating this gap within historical, intellectual, and ideological contexts, he proposes possible strategies for bridging the two areas. He suggests that, contrary to many assumptions and practices, media studies scholars should directly engage with media policy debates of critical import. The chapter addresses some of the challenges and opportunities for scholars to intervene in core media policy debates in the coming years, including discussions about the future of journalism, media ownership, public media, and Internet policies like net neutrality. Pickard concludes by arguing that media studies and communication scholars have a special role to play in helping to advance policy that enables greater democratic potentials for all of society.
“It's a Nigger in Here! Kill the Nigger!”
Authors: Nakamura Lisa
Published: January 2013

Digital games scholars who study race, gender, and sexuality predominantly focus on representations – namely, the racist and sexist images and narratives found within games themselves. In this chapter, Lisa Nakamura explains that in the age of networked gaming, players often experience virulent types of discrimination not only through these representations but also at the hands of other players. In response, some players are expressing resistance to this discriminatory culture of gameplay (Nakamura, 2011a,2011b). This chapter looks at born‐digital media campaigns against racism, sexism, and homophobia such as blogs, YouTube videos, and other web‐based media, examining how they document, archive, and critique instances of racism, sexism, and homophobia in live gameplay as well as within the texts of games themselves.
From “The Ultimate Display” to “The Ultimate Skinner Box”
Authors: Brandt Marisa
Published: January 2013

Though most virtual reality (VR) enthusiasts of the 1980s and 1990s now concede that the technology was overhyped, a new group of advocates believes it has found a practical use for it: as a tool for conducting psychotherapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health problems. Marisa Brandt argues that the use of VR as a therapeutic tool is premised on a way of thinking about how to intervene in disordered subjectivity using media ‐ what she callscybertherapeutic reason. In this chapter, Brandt gives a brief history of how early innovators discovered the therapeutic potential of VR and implemented cybertherapeutic reason by designing controllable virtual experiences. She then compares three proposed systems for treating combat‐related PTSD to show how the design of VR therapy systems can reflect diverse understandings of how the technology could intervene in subjectivity. Finally, she suggests some of the ways that widespread adoption of VR may affect the practice of psychotherapy.
Artificial Life on a Dead Planet
Authors: Thorpe Charles
Published: January 2013

In this chapter, Charles Thorpe argues that the trajectory of capitalist technology is toward artificial life on a dead planet. The destruction of ecosystems and species by deforestation, chemical pollution, and the effects of climate change is being accompanied by a parallel process of the creation of artificial forms of life. We currently face crisis in all the systems that sustain life on this planet: from the oceans, to the soil, to the atmosphere. But as capitalist industry devastates the existing natural world, capitalist‐aligned technoscience brings into being new forms of autonomous or lifelike technologies. The devastation of existing ecosystems and the construction of lifelike technologies are interrelated developments that are rooted in capitalist dynamics of alienation, reification, and subsumption. Just as, under capitalism, human life‐activity is transformed into abstract labor, the productive and reproductive capacities of living things are transformed into abstract life. Life is eviscerated, simplified, and reified, while the powers of the living are transferred to capital. At the same time that the living world is in a state of crisis, capital is becoming increasingly lifelike.
Greening Cultural Labor
Authors: Maxwell Richard , Miller Toby
Published: January 2013

In the early twenty‐first century, environmentally friendly accounting practices in the creative industries were confined to site‐specific budgets of individual films or studio operations. Any external environmental costs were either ignored or written off as too hard to measure. This chapter considers the media's future by imagining a new kind of accountancy freed from the bonds of corporate media. Richard Maxwell and Toby Miller have devised an imaginary world where accountants, imbued with the values of green citizenship, set off on a quest to uncover the environmental and labor conditions within the global supply chain of consumer electronics and information and communication technologies. This speculative fiction helps the authors conjure up conditions in which media producers and media studies scholars address human‐centric despoliation of the Earth's ecosystems and the toxic exploitation of media workers.
Perceptions of Media and Media Effects:
Authors: Tsfati Yariv , Cohen Jonathan
Published: January 2013

Research about the way people perceive news media has made progress in three parallel avenues. The first used the concept of credibility and trust; the second used the concept of hostile media perceptions; and the third – focusing on perceptions of media impact – used the concept of the third‐person perception. In this chapter, we argue that these three avenues are empirically and conceptually connected and that they are related to media effects in three ways. First, people's mistrust of media has been found to moderate the influence of media on the audience in an array of studies. Second, people's perceptions regarding media impact matter, albeit indirectly, because people react to these perceptions as if they were real. Third, the effects of perceptions of media influence are amplified when they are coupled with perceptions of media hostility, especially among audiences that are personally and emotionally involved in the issues on which media texts report.
Niedermolekulare transmembranäre Anionentransporter für biologische Anwendungen
Authors: Busschaert Nathalie , Gale Philip A.
Published: January 2013

Niedermolekulare transmembranäre Anionentransporter für potenzielle Anwendungen in der Ionenkanalersatztherapie zur Behandlung von Krankheiten mit dysreguliertem Ionentransport (wie Mukoviszidose) und Krebs (durch Störung chemischer Gradienten in Zellen und Auslösen von Zelltod) sind derzeit ein intensiv bearbeitetes Forschungsgebiet. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst jüngste Entwicklungen beim Design niedermolekularer transmembranärer Anionentransporter zusammen. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt auf Studien zur Anwendung dieser Verbindungen in biologischen Systemen.
Do predators, handling stress or field acclimation periods influence the survivorship of hatchery‐reared abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana outplanted into natural habitats?
Authors: Hansen S. Christine , Gosselin Louis A.
Published: January 2013

Northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) in British Columbia, Canada, are listed as endangered and are protected from fishing, yet their populations continue to decline. It is suspected that supplementation of wild populations with hatchery‐reared abalone will be necessary for the recovery of this species. This study examines the magnitude, timing, and causes of post‐outplanting mortality of hatchery‐reared late‐juvenile northern abalone.

Abalone survivorship declined precipitously following outplanting, with 83% of abalone surviving 24 h after release and only 34% surviving 2 weeks in the wild.

Handling, tagging, and temperature variations experienced during the outplanting procedure did not cause mortality. The majority of the abalone mortality in this study was attributable to predators. Additional factors accounted for only 1–2% mortality over 7 d.

A 1‐week acclimatization period within predator exclosures did not improve subsequent survival of outplants.

These results demonstrate that the ouplanting of hatchery‐reared abalone as a method of restoring wild populations of this endangered species is primarily constrained by high mortality during the first few days after outplanting, and that almost all of this early mortality is caused by predation. Predation mortality will therefore have to be overcome if outplanting of hatchery‐reared juvenile abalone is to be an effective restoration strategy.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holzfachwerke mit Verbindungsknoten aus Beton
Authors: Hartig Jens , Haller Peer , Heiduschke Andreas
Published: January 2013

In diesem Beitrag wird ein neuartiges Verbindungskonzept mit Knoten aus Beton für den Ingenieurholzbau vorgestellt. Die Ziele der dazu durchgeführten Untersuchungen waren die Verbesserung des Tragverhaltens, der Gebrauchstauglichkeit, der Wirtschaftlichkeit und des ästhetischen Erscheinungsbildes von Holzfachwerkbindern. Dafür wurden hochbelastbare Knotenverbindungen entwickelt. Das innovative Konzept vereint die Vorzüge verschiedener Bauweisen: traditionelle Verbindungen des Zimmererhandwerks, formschlüssige Verbindungen des Holz‐Beton‐Verbundbaus sowie einbetonierte Zuganker des Stahl‐Beton‐Verbundbaus. Zudem werden die Materialien Holz, Stahl und Beton beanspruchungsgerecht eingesetzt. Die Kraftübertragung zwischen Streben und Gurten erfolgt dabei durch formschlüssig wirkende Knoten aus Beton. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse bestätigen das gute Tragverhalten der Verbindung. Damit liegt ein Verbindungskonzept vor, das die konstruktiven Details von Stab‐ und Fachwerken vereinfacht.

Timber trussed girder with concrete joints – Part 1: Concept and experimental investigations

In this contribution, a novel connection system for engineered timber structures is presented. The objectives of the investigations were the significant improvement of the load‐bearing behavior, the serviceability, the cost‐effectiveness and the esthetic appearance of timber trussed girders. For this purpose, joints with high load‐bearing capacity were developed. The innovative joint applies and combines advantages of various joint types like traditional carpentry, profiled shear planes used in timber‐concrete hybrid‐structures and casted tension anchors used in steel‐concrete hybrid‐structures. The efficiency of this novel concept results from the combination of these joint types as well as the stress‐related application of the materials timber, steel and concrete. The forces between the struts are transferred primarily by form fit with casted concrete joints. The results of experimental investigations confirm the efficiency of these joints and the potential for application in various strut‐and‐tie systems.