bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Rehfeld Jens F
Published: November 2023

This section is devoted to the anxiogenic and panicogenic effect of CCK and the potential anxiolytic and antipanic properties of CCK antagonists. As an introduction to the following detailed chapters by Hendrie and Neill, and Bradwejn and Koszycki, I shall first describe the fortuitous and unexpected discovery of this novel activity of CCK. On second thoughts, it is perhaps less surprising that CCK peptides are also involved in central anxiogenic mechanisms. Thus the facts that CCK is the most widespread and abundant peptide system in the CNS (Rehfeld 1978; Larsson and Rehfeld 1979), that CCK peptides are synthesized at a very fast rate in the brain (Goltermann et al. 1980; Stengaard-Pedersen et al. 1984), and that CCK peptides are highly potent transmitters (Emson et al. 1980; Dodd and Kelly 1981) raises the question of whether there are CNS activities in which CCK peptides are not involved. In addition to the early history of the panicogenic and anxiogenic effects of CCK, I shall also reflect on the curious fact that so far only one molecular form of CCK, i.e. the small CCK-4, has displayed the capacity to induce anxiety attacks by exogenous administration. This is an important observation, which also needs further examination. It may have direct implications for our concept of the multiplicity of CCK receptors in the brain.
CCK receptors and panic attacks in man
Authors: Bradwejn Jacques , Koszycki Diana
Published: November 2023

The Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-//1-R) (American Psychiatric Association 1987) describes a panic attack as the sudden onset of intense anxiety or fear, accompanied by at least four of the following 12 symptoms: dyspnea, choking, palpitations, or tachycardia: chest pain or discomfort; sweating; faintness; dizziness; light-headedness; unsteady feeling; nausea or abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; flushes or chills; trembling or shaking and fear of dying; fear of going insane; fear of doing something uncontrolled. The particular cluster of panic symptoms varies across individuals and may differ slightly from one attack to another within individuals.
The development and proof of the CCK hypothesis of satiety
Authors: Smith G P , Gibbs J
Published: November 2023

In 1973, we reported that the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of CCK to rats shortly before a test meal decreased the size of that meal (Gibbs et al. 1973a). The effect was obtained with an impure extract of CCK as well as with the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide CCK-8 (Gibbs et al. 1973b). The effect was dose-related and did not appear to be non-specific or toxic. On the basis of these results, we proposed that endogenous CCK released from the mucosal cells of the upper small intestine by food ingested during a meal acted to terminate that meal by a hormonal mode of action. We now believe that sufficient evidence has been obtained to consider the essence of the hypothesis proven although the mode of action of CCK- endocrine or paracrine- has not been settled. In this chapter, we review the evidence that we consider crucial. It comes from two kinds of experiments - experiments with agonists and experiments with antagonists.
CCK-induced activation of oxytocin neurons is blocked by a selective CCKA receptor antagonist
Authors: Leng Gareth , Hamamura Mitsuko , Bacon Joanne , Emson Piers C
Published: November 2023

In anaesthetized rats, following intravenous (i.v.) administration of CCK, octapeptide, the magnocellular oxytocin neurons of the supra-optic nucleus show a highly reproducible transient excitation lasting 10-15 min and with a mean peak response of about 2 spikes/s above basal firing rates (usually 1-3 spikes/s). This neuronal excitation (Higuchi et al. 1991; Renaud et al. 1987) results in a significant elevation of plasma oxytocin concentrations, which appears as a peak of approximately 50 pg/ml above basal levels at about 5 min after CCK injection (Verbalis et al. 1986a, b; Blackburn and Leng 1990). The level of oxytocin release is similar in conscious and urethane-anaesthetized rats, suggesting that urethane anaesthesia does not impair the responsiveness of oxytocin neurons to this stimulus. In contrast, the vasopressin cells of the supra-optic nucleus are either transiently inhibited or unaffected following CCK injections, and plasma vasopressin concentrations show little or no change. Hence the pathway activated by CCK injections appears relatively specific.
Studies on host-plant resistance in rice to gall midge Orseolia oryzae
Authors: Peries David R
Published: November 2023

Necrotic hypersensitive reaction in rice as a mechanism of host plant resistance to the rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae, is a new phenomenon. This reaction in the highly resistant seedlings starts as a slight yellowing of the tissues of the shoot apex following the arrival of the midge laiva. This leads to the browning and final death of the apical meristem and of the midge laiva feeding on it.
Induction and development of the bean gall caused by Pontania proxima
Authors: Leitch I J
Published: November 2023

The life cycle of the sawfly Pontania proxima (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) which induces bean galls on the willow Salix triandra L. is comparatively simple when compared with many insect species that form galls. It has therefore been possible to establish an experimental laboratory system to induce galls and monitor their development.
Biochemical modification of the phenotype in cynipid galls: cell membrane lipids
Authors: Bayer Margret H
Published: November 2023

Histological modifications of the normal growth of higher plants coincide with changes at the biochemical level, affecting cell differentiation and the cellular transport system. Since membranes play a vital part in cell morphogenesis and transformation, the biochemical composition of cell membranes from cynipid galls and from normal host tissues was studied. The fatty acid composition of phosphoglycerides as well as the activity of lipolytic enzymes were analysed in the vernal oak galls of the bisexual generation of Andricus palustris. Phosphoglycerides, glycosylacylglycerols, and fatty acids were identified by thin-layer and gas chro matography. Phospholipids of membranes from cynipid galls contained four times as much palmitate (16: 0) and seven and three times as much linoleate (18: 2) and linolenate (18: 3), respectively, than normal tissues. In vitro labelling of developing leaf galls with [14C]-acetate and [3HJ-oleate (18: 3) was used to study the label distribution in monogalactosyldiacylglyceride (MG D G), digalactosyldiacyl glyceride (D GD G ), and phosphoglycerides. The incorporation of both labels was higher into leaf than into gall galactolipids, whereas the incorporation of oleate was slightly increased in the phospholipids of cynipid galls.
Protein Phosphorylation in Plants
Authors: Shewry P R , Halford N G , Hooley R
Published: November 2023

Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation play key regulatory roles in many aspects of plant growth, development, and metabolism. These include control of cell division, pathways of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and the transduction of metabolic, hormonal, and environmental signals. This is a rapidly expanding area of research and this book is the first attempt to cover all aspects of protein phosphorylation in plants in a single volume. It includes work from key groups at the forefront of research in the area, with studies at the biochemical, molecular, and cell biological levels.
Extracting Egomotion Parameters From Optic Flow: Principal Limits For Animals And Machines
Authors: Dahmen Hansj ürgen , üst Raimond M W , Zeil Jochen
Published: November 2023

The detection of egomotion is essential for the control of locomotion and for most visual tasks. While walking animals can use proprioceptive signals from their legs to monitor their movements in space, most flying and swimming animals have to rely on vision. They operate in a drifting and turbulent medium, the movement of which cannot be detected directly.
Inherited microorganisms and sex determination of arthropod hosts
Authors: Rigaud Thierry
Published: November 2023

The sexual differences between male and female animals are genetically determined by chromosomal sex factors, commonly carried by the sex chromosomes. Interestingly, the genetic basis of sex determination is highly variable, especially among arthropods. One of the classical modes of sex determination, heterogamety, occurs when one sex is heterozygous for the sex factors. When the male sex is heterozygous (male heterogamety), sex chromosomes are commonly designated X/Y and X/X in males and females respectively. In the case of female heterogamety, sex chromosomes are commonly designated Z/Z in males and W/Z in females. Heterogamety is probably the most common sex-determining mechanism known in diploid animals, and is almost always accompanied by anisogamy (unequal size of the gametes: males produce small gametes with little cytoplasm, while females produce large gametes containing a large amount of cytoplasm) (Bull 1983). A balanced sex ratio is maintained by Mendelian inheritance because one sex produces haploid gametes of different types (X and Y sperm in the case of male heterogamety) while the other sex produces only one type of gamete. Fertilization yields 1/2 XX and 1/2 XY zygotes, determining females and males respectively. In some animals, however, sex determination is complicated by the influence of environmental factors, e.g. temperature (in some reptiles, fishes and crustacea), photoperiod (in some crustacea), and crowding (in nematodes) (reviews in Ginsburger-Vogel and Charniaux-Cotton 1982; Bull 1983; Adams et al. 1987). These effects underscore the inherently labile nature of sex determination in many animal species.
Wo/bachia-induced parthenogenesis
Authors: Stouthamer Richard
Published: November 2023

The relative rareness of parthenogenetic reproduction in a predominantly sexually reproducing world has made it an intensively studied topic. Whereas the early work centred on the distribution of parthenogenetically reproducing forms (Phillips 1903; Winkler 1920; Vandel 1928), later interest focused on the cytogenetic processes that allow unfertilized eggs to develop into complete organisms (White 1970). In the mid-sixties, an emphasis on the evolution of sexual reproduction caused the emergence of a very active field of mainly theoretical studies into the immediate advantages of sexual reproduction compared to parthenogenetic reproduction (Williams 1966, 1975; Maynard Smith 1978). Theoretical work on the evolution of sex has again led to a review of parthenogenesis in order to find patterns against which some of the existing theories could be tested (Bell 1982). However, experimental verification of many of the theories on the evolution of sex remain difficult and rare.
The potential application of inherited symbiont systems to pest control
Authors: Sinkins Steven P , Curtis Chris F , O’Neill Scott L
Published: November 2023

Arthropod pests can have an enormous impact on human life. Insect vectors are responsible for the spread of some of the world’s major diseases, which in the tropics represent some of the most serious problems in health care. For example, the number of clinical cases of malaria per annum has been estimated at 350–450 million, including 1.4–2.6 million deaths (World Health Organization 1995). The impact of insect pests of agriculture is even more widespread. They can have dramatic effects on communities in developing countries when they are responsible for large yield losses in food crops, and are also of major significance in the developed world.
Biomechanical constraints on size in flying vertebrates
Authors: Rayner Jeremy M V
Published: November 2023

As a consequence of the aerodynamic demands of flight, birds occupy a limited range of body mass and individual species experience tight constraints on size. In birds as a whole variation in wing shape or wing size independent of body size is relatively small. Few flying birds are lighter than 0.010 kg: the smallest bird species are all hummingbirds (Trochilidae), with mass down to 0.002 kg. The smallest passeriform bird is appreciably larger, with a mass of 0.004 kg. The largest contemporary flying birds in a number of orders have mass between 10 and 15 kg, although extinct flying birds may have reached masses up to 100 kg. Allometric models used to describe size-variation of wing design and flight behaviour (including wingbeat kinematics) are discussed and limitations of the allometric scaling approach are considered. Allometry of mechanical (design) adaptations is the result of adaptation within size-dependent constraints.
Role of phytoalexins and other antimicrobial compounds from fruits and vegetables in postharvest disease resistance
Authors: Mercier Julien
Published: November 2023

Postharvest diseases cause important losses in horticultural production and affect all species of fruit and vegetables during storage, transit and retail. Some storage diseases begin as latent or quiescent infections in the field, developing only later during storage (Eckert and Ratnayake, 1983; Verhoeff, 1974). This is typical of anthracnose diseases of fruits caused by various species ofColletotrichum.Other pathogens cause wound infections during harvesting and handling and the subsequent storage of the crop. Diseases caused byPenicilliumspp. in citrus and pome fruits are good examples of wound infection, as these pathogens will rarely attack intact fruits. In addition, some pathogens likeBotrytis cinerea,the cause of grey mould rot, can cause both latent and wound infections, depending on the host attacked. Once infection has taken place, secondary spread to an adjacent host is possible, causing nesting of infection. Regardless of how these diseases start, there is always a period before or after harvest when fruit and vegetables exhibit considerable resistance to both types of rotting organisms, before eventually becoming fully susceptible as they approach maturity or senescence (Brown, 1989; Eckert and Ratnayake, 1983; Verhoeff, 1974). Such resistance indicates that defence mechanisms from the host could participate in restricting or slowing down subsequent disease development during storage.
Phytochemistry of fruits and vegetables: an ecological overview
Authors: Harborne Jeffrey B
Published: November 2023

The ripe fruit is the one part of the plant which is likely to be undefended chemically, since it is provided for animals in return for the widespread dispersal of the seed that lies within that fruit. By contrast, the seed and seedcoat usually possess some chemical toxins, although they are often protected physically as well. Nevertheless, as Janzen (1978) has pointed out, ripe fruit tissue may still contain some chemical constituents which have a harmful effect on the herbivore because of the need to deter the ‘wrong’ seed dispersers, namely those animals which either damage the seed in eating the fruit or which fail to distribute the seed away from the parent plant. For example, ripeAndira inermisfruits appear to have a potent antibiotic in the juicy pulp. This has no effect on the Costa Rican fruit bats which avidly eat the fruit and disperse the seed. However, the fruits are rejected as food by cattle and pigs, because the antibiotic inhibits the gut flora required for proper food digestion; such animals would feed under the parent tree and the seed might not be moved far enough away from the parent to germinate and develop successfully.
Introduction
Authors: Coulter G W
Published: November 2023

There have been three general reviews on Lake Tanganyika and its biota, each marking a stage at which much new knowledge had become available. The first was by J.E. S. Moore in his book The Tanganyika Problem (1903), describing the results of two scientific expeditions to the East African lake region in 1895 and 1899. The next expedition, in 1904, found many new animal species and made an extensive collection of the aquatic flora. The results were published by a number of authors, but as regards the animals were conveniently collated by Cunnington (1920) in a comparative review of the faunas of Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria and Malawi (Nyasa). The third major review, a series of volumes produced by the Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, added the findings of the Belgian Exploration Hydrobiologique (1946–47) led by E. Leloup. This was by far the largest and most comprehensive study of the lake by an expedition. Some of the publications, for example those by Poll (1953, 1956b) on the fish, by Leloup (1950a, 1953) on the molluscs, and by Van Meel (1954) on the phytoplankton, remain fundamental works of reference even though more information has become available in each of these fields.
KT and KE
Authors: Miller TfE
Published: November 2023

The torque constant ky and the back-EMF constant kE introduced in Chapter 1 are widely used to match the motor to its controller, especially when the motor and controller are obtained from different sources. Even more importantly, ky is used in the control-system design of complete servo¬ mechanisms that are driven by electric motors, because it represents the essential “gain” of the motor in converting current into torque. Yet there is scope for confusion in the way these factors are used. In S.I. units it is often tacitly assumed that ky and kE are identical. In English units, they are numerically different, giving rise to the impression that they are independent of one another. Sometimes is expressed in Volts per 1000 rpm, which seems at first sight to have no relation to the torque per ampere.
The Back-EMF Waveform
Authors: Miller TJE , Rabinovici R
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with methods for the rapid calculation of the back-EMF waveform, including the methods used in the design program PGBDC (see Chapter 13 and Ref. [1]). A good estimate of the back-EMF waveform is required for two main reasons. In the first place, it is an important indicator of the ability of the motor to produce smooth torque. Squarewave motors need a back-EMF waveform that is essentially flat throughout the commutation zone, while sinewave motors require essentially sinusoidal back-EMF waveforms. In theory it is possible to profile the current waveform by chopping so that smooth torque is produced with any back-EMF waveform, but this requires sophisticated electronics and is only occasionally proposed in practice [2]. Most of the time, designers aim to get the back-EMF waveform as close as possible to the trapezoidal or sinusoidal norms, within reasonable limits imposed by manufacturing constraints.
Examples Calculated By Hand
Authors: Hendershot J R
Published: November 2023

The use and proliferation of brushless permanent-magnet motors over the past ten years or so has been largely application-specific without any standardization. For example, the motors used in computer hard disc storage drives have been designed to keep pace with developments in the disc drive. In a short period the data storage capacity of Winchester disc drives increased 100-fold: the access time decreased by a factor of 10, and the drive envelope decreased by a factor or 3 or 4. Needless to say, the brushless drive motors used in these drives have evolved at a comparable rate.
Past, present, and future of electrical machines and variable-speed drives
Authors: Vas Peter
Published: November 2023

Variable-speed drives are being continually innovated. Their development is characterized by progress made in various areas including power and micro-electronics, control systems (which involve different conventional and non-conventional types of adaptive and non-adaptive systems), magnetic materials, modern communication technologies (e.g. for ultra-fast bus communications), etc. To have a better understanding of the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in electrical machines and drives, it is useful to first have a brief survey of the past, present and future activities in these fields.
Artificial-intelligence-based steady-state and transient analysis of synchronous machines, estimators, control, design, condition monitoring, and diagnosis
Authors: Vas Peter
Published: November 2023

In the present chapter, first, the AI-based steady-state and transient analysis of synchronous machines is briefly discussed. For this purpose ANNs and fuzzy-neural networks are used and various networks are described which can be used to estimate the rotor position, rotor speed, electromagnetic torque and stator flux linkages. This is followed by discussing AI-based condition monitoring, diagnosis, parameter determination. Thus supervised and unsupervised ANN-based diagnostic systems are also discussed. In further sections the fuzzy logic control of p.m. synchronous motor drives is discussed, this also includes a fuzzy-logic-based optimal switching vector selection of a DTC p.m. synchronous motor drive. Finally fuzzy-logic-based automated design of a p.m. synchronous motor is discussed and a fuzzy-logic-based automatic voltage regulator is described for a synchronous generator.
Generalized inverses
Authors: Barnett Stephen
Published: November 2023

Consider again the set of linear equations in n unknowns. We saw in Chapter 4 that when A is n × n and has a non-zero determinant, then the unique solution of (10.1) is x = Aȃ1 b, where Aȃ1 is the inverse of A. However, in Chapter 5 we studied the important problem of solving (10.1) when A is singular or rectangular. We now investigate this topic further, and develop several different generalizations of the concept of inverse.
Sampling Theory in Fourier and Signal Analysis
Authors: Higgins J R
Published: November 2023

With much material not previously found in book form, this book fills a gap by discussing the equivalence of signal functions with their sets of values taken at discreet points comprehensively and on a firm mathematical ground. The wide variety of topics begins with an introduction to the main ideas and background material on Fourier analysis and Hilbert spaces and their bases. Other chapters discuss sampling of Bernstein and Paley-Wiener spaces; Kramer's Lemma and its application to eigenvalue problems; contour integral methods including a proof of the equivalence of the sampling theory; the Poisson summation formula and Cauchy's integral formula; optimal regular, irregular, multi-channel, multi-band and multi-dimensional sampling; and Campbell's generalized sampling theorem. Mathematicians, physicists, and communications engineers will welcome the scope of information found here.
The Ras superfamily
Authors: Valencia Alfonso , Sander Chris
Published: November 2023

One of the first problems in writing about protein families is how to name the different sequences. Of course, each scientist who sequences a new protein gives it a name; later sequences are stored under a different name in sequence databases and often they get still another name in publications and reviews. Given that original names are not systematic, consistently maintained or updated according to family relations, we will adopt here the database names under which a full reference to the sequences can be found in the database and which are also deposited at the EMBL file server (Fig. 1). Still the problem of the nomenclature remains; sequencing is a new field still suffering the problems that chemistry solved many years ago when systematic names where introduced, regardless of the familiar use of some common names. In the Ras field, proteins such as Sec4 will probably be known for a long time by this name, but soon we will have hundreds of sequences in the family and then only systematic names will make sense.
Rac2
Authors: Bokoch Gary M
Published: November 2023

Rac2 was identified by screening a differentiated HL-60 cDNA library using an oligonucleotide corresponding to the sequence FDTAGQEDYD derived from placental CDC42, which represents a highly conserved portion of the guanine nucleotide binding site of the Ras-related proteins (Didsbury et al. 1989). It was originally named Rac2 to differentiate it from the related (95% homologous) Rac1 protein, and to indicate that this protein appeared to be a substrate for ADP-ribosylation by the Clostridium botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltranferase (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate). Rac2 is now considered not to serve as an efficient C3 substrate (Menard et al. 1992). The DNA sequence of human Rac2 (Didsbury etal. 1989) is shown in Fig. 1. The GenBank accession number is M29871.
Interleukin-1 Receptors
Authors: Sims J E , Dower S K
Published: November 2023

The human type I IL-1 receptor is predicted from the cDNA sequence to be a protein of 569 amino acids (GenBank accession number M27492; mouse, M20658; rat, M95578; chicken, M81846) (Sims et al. 1989). It contains a 20-aminoacid signal peptide, an extracellular region of 317 amino acids, a single 22-amino-acid transmembrane region, and acytoplasmic portion of 210 amino acids (see Figs 1 and 2). The extracellular region is comprised entirely of three immunoglobulin-like domains. All ofthe six potential sites for N-linked glycosylation are used, giving an apparent molecular weight on SDS gels of approximately 80 000. The protein is encoded by an mRNA of approximately 5 kb which is present at a low level in a wide variety of cells.
Interleukin-9 (IL-9)
Authors: Simpson R J , Renauld J C
Published: November 2023

The nucleotide sequences of IL-9 cDNAs cloned from mouse and man (GenBank accession numbers X14045 and X17543), in both cases, predict a protein of 144 amino acids, each containing an 18-amino-acid leader sequence (Van Snick et al. 1989; Renauld et al. 1990a) The complete amino acid sequence of mouse IL-9 has been determined at the protein level (PIR accession number, S05531) (Simpson et al. 1989). These proteins are 55 per cent identical at the amino acid level (Fig. 1), with perfect conservation of the 10 cysteine residues in the mature protein. Human IL-9 has an additional cysteine in the presumptive signal peptide.
The Interleukin-9 Receptor
Authors: Renauld J -C
Published: November 2023

The mouse IL-9 receptor has been characterized using T cell clones and mast cell lines that express a single class of high affinity binding site for IL-9 (K0-100 pM) (Druez et al. 1990). Cross-linking analysis indicated that the receptor consists of a -64 kDa glycoprotein containing -10 kDa N-linked sugar. IL-9 binding sites were found on T helper cell clones and T cell tumours such as EL4 or LBRM-33. By contrast, freshly isolated lymphoid cells did not bind IL-9. These data are in accordance with the observation that T cell clones and T cell lymphomas respond to IL-9 while freshly isolated T cells do not. More surprisingly, IL-9 receptors were detected on macrophage cell lines while no activity of IL-9 has been described so far on this cell type. On the other hand, IL-9 has been recently reported to enhance IL-4-induced immunoglobulin production (Petit-Frere et al. 1993) although no IL-9 binding was detected on resting B cells.
The Type I (a/p/coA) Interferon Family
Authors: Donnelly R J
Published: November 2023

Type I interferons (JFNs) are a closely related family of 165-172 amino acid proteins that are produced by Jeucocytes (a subtypes) and fibroblasts (/J subtypes). IFNco and trophoblast IFN (JFNr) are also members of the type/ JFN family and are produced in lymphocytes and ruminant embryos, respectively. JFN induces a wide range of effects on target cells including anti-viral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activity. IFNs are produced in response to viral, bacterial, mycoplasma, and protozoan infection as well as in the presence of certain cytokines including colony-stimulating factor-1, interleukin-1 (JL-1), JL-2, and tumour necrosis factor. The secreted IFN binds to the Type I receptor in a species-specific manner on target cells which initiates the various target-cell responses.
Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1)
Authors: Stanley E R
Published: November 2023

The nucleotide sequences of CSF-1 c-DNAs cloned from mouse and man (GenBank accession numbers M21149, M21952, 103862 and M64592, M37435, respectively) predictColony-Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1) a full length CSF-1 precursor protein of 522 (man) and 520 (mouse) amino acids, including a 32-amino-acid leader sequence, and, towards the carboxy terminus, a stretch of 23 hydrophobic amino acids, followed by a charged ‘stop transfer’ sequence (reviewed by Sherr and Stanley 1990). The human and mouse proteins are 69.5 per cent identical at the amino acid level. Alternative splicing within the coding region generates human precursor proteins from which amino acids 150-447 or 332-447 have been deleted. Precursors bearing the 150-447 deletion lack the intracellular proteolytic cleavage sites that generate the secreted forms (see below).
Receptors for Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs)
Authors: Bernard O , Matthew P
Published: November 2023

The different FGFR genes and their spliced variants are described in the literature under various names (Table 1). The five genes are now known as FGFR-1 (Lee et al. 1989), FGFR-2 (Dionne et al. 1990), FGFR-3 (Keegan et al. 1991), FGFR-4 (Partanen et al. 1991) and FGFR-5 (Avivi et al. 1991), in the order in which they were first identified.
Leishmania HsplOO
Authors: Clos J , Hubei A , Brandau S , Dresel A , Horauf A
Published: November 2023

Leishmaniae have a biphasic life-cycle. In their vectors, the sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus, they inhabit the digestive tract as a flagellated promastigote form. In the mammalian host the promastigotes are phagocytized by macrophages, differentiate into aflagellated amastig-otes,, parasitize the macrophages of the skin (L. major, L. tropica), the mucous membranes (L. mexicana), or the viscera (L. donovani, L. infantum). During the transmission from a fly into a mammalian host the parasites encounter a temperature upshift of c. 10°C. This heat shock induces the synthesis of heat shock proteins, in some species can trigger the differentiation into the amastigote form.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp26
Authors: Tuite M , Rahman D R J , Bentley N J
Published: November 2023

The HSP26 gene was first isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the Lindquist laboratory (Petko, Lindquist, 1986) from a genomic library screen using cDNA probes made from heat shock mRNAs. The sequence of the HSP26 gene (GenBank accession number M23871) predicts a 214 amino acid protein (including the initiator Met) with a deduced molecular weight of 27 630 (Bossier et al., 1989.
Drosophila melanogaster small heat shock proteins
Authors: Michaud S , Joanisse D R , Tanguay R M
Published: November 2023

The specific heat shock response in D. melanogaster was first observed as the induction of new puffs on salivary gl,polytene chromosomes following exposure to 37°C (Ashburner, 1970). This response was shown to correlate with the preferential expression of a small number of heat shock proteins, a reduction of synthesis of normal proteins (Tissieres et al., 1974). 35S pulse-labelling experiments in both cultured cells, salivary glands were used by Mirault et al. (1978) to identify a subset of four sHSPs of less than 30 kDa.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cne1
Authors: Parlati F , Thomas D Y , Bergeron J
Published: November 2023

The CNE1 sequence (GenBank accession numbers L11012, X66470, U12980) predicts a 502 amino acid protein, Cnelp, with a 19 amino acid N-terminal signal sequence (Parlati et al., 1995). After signal peptide cleavage, the sequence predicts a protein with a molecular mass of 54 685 daltons. There are five consensus N-linked glycosylation sites. In contrast to its mammalian homologues, which encode a C- terminal transmembrane domain, a highly acidic cytosolic tail (Bergeron etal., 1994), Cnelp has a C-terminal transmembrane domain, no cytosolic tail (see Fig. 1).
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cnx1
Authors: Parlati F , Thomas D Y , Bergeron J
Published: November 2023

Schizosaccharomyces pombe calnexin (Jannatipour, Rokeach, 1995; Parlati etal., 1995b). The nucleotide sequence of cnx1+ (GenBank accession numbers M98799, U13389) predicts an open reading frame encoding a 560 amino acid protein (Cnxlp) with a 22 amino acid N-terminal signal sequence. After signal peptide cleavage, the sequence predicts a 538 amino acid protein with a molecular mass of 61 064 daltons.
Mammalian calnexin
Authors: Pind S , Williams D B
Published: November 2023

p88 (Degen, Williams, 1991), IP90 (Hochstenbach et al., 1992), or B,VII (Cala et al., 1993) in early studies, but the calnexin designation has now been universally adopted. Calnexin was identified as one of four ER proteins that are phosphorylated following incubation of canine pancreatic rough microsomes with [y32P]GTP or [y32P]ATP (Wada et al., 1991). It was purified as a complex with three other proteins: the 35 kDa signal sequence receptor (SSR)a, 25 kDa SSR/3,, an unknown glycoprotein, gp25L.
Escherichia coli glutaredoxin
Authors: Nakamura H , Aslund F , Holmgren A
Published: November 2023

Purification, characterization of E. coli glutaredoxin Grx1 (see below) showed an acidic 10 kDa small protein exhibiting hydrogen donor activity with E. coli ribonucleotide reductase in the presence of 4 mM GSH, a general GSH-disulfide oxidoreductase activity with hydroxyethyl disulfide (Holmgren, 1976, 1979a, b). Grx1.
Escherichia coli DsbD
Authors: Missiakis D , Raina S
Published: November 2023

DsbA, DsbC periplasmic proteins of Escherichia coli (see entries pp. 318, 324) are two key players involved in disulfide bond formation. DsbA has been shown to act as an oxidase (Wunderlich, Glockshuber, 1993; Zapun et al., 1993), DsbC exhibits the dual properties of an oxidase, an isomerase (Zapun et al., 1995). These findings suggested that a reductase activity could also be required in the bacterial periplasm to facilitate disulfide bond rearrangement, some specific processes requiring reduced cysteines. Isolation of extragenic suppressors of dsbA null mutants led to the identification of such a putative activity encoded by a gene designated as dsbD (Missiakas etal., 1995).
Rhodobacter capsulatus HeIX
Authors: Kranz R G
Published: November 2023

The he/X gene of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus (Beckman, Kranz, 1993; GenBank accession number M96013) encodes a protein of 176 amino acids with a traditional signal sequence that is related to the class of disulfide oxidoreductases called thioredoxins. Proteins of this class contain a conserved active site (FWAXWCXPCR). The functions of members of the disulfide oxidoreductase family of proteins in bacteria have recently been reviewed (Loferer, Hennecke, 1994).
Bradyrhizobium japonicum TIpA
Authors: Loferer H
Published: November 2023

A random Tn5 mutagenesis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 110 was performed, the mutant bank screened for respiration-deficient strains using the electron donor TMPD (A/,A/,/V’,A/’-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine). Three independent Tn5 insertions, which resulted in defective TMPD oxidation, were located in the tlpA gene (Loferer etal., 1993).
Mammalian glutaredoxin
Authors: Nakamura H , Aslund F , Holmgren A
Published: November 2023

Mammalian glutaredoxin was first purified to homogeneity from calf thymus (Luthman et al., 1979; Luthman, Holmgren, 1982), which later enabled determination of the primary structure (Klintrot et al., 1984) demonstrating an active site with the sequence Cys-Pro-Tyr-Cys, identical to that of Escherichia coli glutaredoxin. Calf thymus Grx showed a general GSH-disulfide oxidoreductase activity with hydroxyethyldisulfide in a coupled system with NADPH.
Mammalian CaBP1
Authors: Fuellekrug J , Soling H -D
Published: November 2023

The nucleotide sequences of cDNAs encoding rat liver CaBPl (EMBL X79328; Fullekrug et al., 1994), the homologous P5 protein (95 % identity) from CHO cells (EMBL X62678; Chaudhuri et al., 1992) reveal two internal repeats of a thioredoxin-like domain including the putative catalytic site CGHC (75% internal homology, 65% homology to Escherichia coli thioredoxin).
Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases — an overview of the cydophilin, FKBP, parvulin families
Authors: Dolinski K , Heitman J
Published: November 2023

Because the peptide bond has partial double bond character, like all appropriately substituted double bonds it can exist in two isomers: cis, trans. For every amino acid except proline, there is a profound steric clash between adjacent side chains for the cis isomer but not for the trans isomer. In the case of proline, because the side chain is a secondary amide bound back to the main chain, this steric conflict is roughly equal for the two isomers.
Mip
Authors: Fischer G , Rahfeld J -U
Published: November 2023

The group of the Mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator) proteins should be thought of as a subfamily of the FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs). Proteins that are combined in this group share a C-terminal region homologous to FKBP12, and an N-terminal extension of about 100 amino acid residues. Almost exclusively, the members are of prokaryotic origin, deriving from pathogenic facultative or obligate intracellular bacteria. The peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity is inhibited by FK506. The Mip protein of Legionella pneumophila is the archetype of the subfamily.
Mammalian FKBP25
Authors: Galat A
Published: November 2023

The prokaryotic homologs of mammalian FKBP25 are named macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) (Engleberg et al., 1989; Bangsborg etal., 1991; see entry p. 399).

FKBP25 was isolated to homogeneity from bovine brain and other organs using two different procedures (Galat et al., 1992). Brain tissues were extracted with (1) phosphate or (2) Tris buffer, each containing 0.3-0.5 M NaCI and 0.5% Triton X-100. After dialysis the solubilized proteins were passed through a DEAE-cellulose (in Tris buffer, method 1) or were trapped on a CM-cellulose column (in phosphate buffer, method 2). The first fractions from DEAE (1) or the proteins eluted with high salt from CM (2) were fractionated on a chromatofocusing (PBE118) gel or were resolved on a preparative flat-bed isoelectrofocusing (ampholites from 11 to 7) gel. Final purification of FKBP25 was carried out on MonoS (Pharmacia).
Escherichia coli SecB
Authors: Randall L L
Published: November 2023

Escherichia coli SecB was originally identified in genetic studies as a factor that facilitated the export of a number of proteins destined for either the periplasmic space or the outer membrane (Kumamoto and Beckwith, 1983).

Genes with sequence similarity to secB have been identified in Buchnera aphidicola (GenBank accession number M90644) and Haemophilus influenzae (GenBank accession number L42023). Both bacteria are members of the gamma subdivision of Proteobacteria, which also includes E. coli. The deduced sequence of the protein encoded by the Buchnera gene is 47% identical (Lai and Baumann, 1992) to that of the E. coli SecB protein (Kumamoto and Nault, 1989) and the deduced sequence of the protein from Haemophilus is 56% identical to the E. coli protein (Fleischmann etal., 1995).
Escherichia coli FtsH
Authors: Akiyama Y , Ogura T , Ito K
Published: November 2023

FtsH is a membrane-bound ATPase found in the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotic cells. The cytoplasmic domain of FtsH contains an ATPase segment that is homologous to the corresponding domains of ‘AAA family’ members as well as a segment with a zinc protease signature. FtsH has proteolytic activity towards a selected set of unstable proteins. It has been postulated that FtsH has chaperone-like activities by which it assists in proper assembly of some membrane proteins.
Escherichia coli PapD
Authors: Lombardo M -J , Thanassi D G , Hultgren S J
Published: November 2023

PapD is the prototype member of the immunoglobulin- like superfamily of periplasmic chaperones (Hultgren et al., 1993). Most members of the family have been identified only by sequence or genetic analysis. The PapD superfamily can be divided into two subclasses according to conserved structural differences. These two subclasses assemble organelles with distinctly different architectures (Hung etal., 1996). PapD is the best characterized chaperone, but studies have been performed with other members of the family [FimC, type I pili of E. coli (Jones et al., 1993); FaeE, K88 pili of E. coli (Mol et al., 1994); and FanE, K99 pili of E. coli (Bakker etal., 1991)].
Subtilisin
Authors: Shinde U , Inouye M
Published: November 2023

The complete amino acid sequence of subtilisin E was deduced from the nucleotide sequences from chromosomal DNA isolated from B. subtilis 168 (Genbank accession number K01988; Ikemura et al., 1987) and is homologous with the sequences of subtilisin BPN’ (B. amyloliquefaciens; Stahl and Ferrari, 1984; accession number X00165) and Carlsberg (B. licheniformis and B. pumilis; Jacobs et al., 1983; accession number X03341). The protease is produced in the sporulation phase of Bacilli, and the late expression of the gene is mainly controlled at the level of transcription (Wong et al., 1986). The protein sequences of pre-pro-subtilisins are made up of 381 amino acid residues, 29 of which correspond to the signal peptide and 77 to the IMC (Inouye, 1991). The mature active proteins are made up of 275 amino acid residues and are devoid of the signal peptide as well as their IMCs. The molecular weights of the mature proteins vary between 28 and 30 kDa (Wong et al., 1986; Shinde and Inouye,1994).
Mammalian Hsc70, Hsp70 proteins
Authors: Hightower L E , Leung S -M
Published: November 2023

Hsc70 is also known as dathrin-uncoating ATPase (Ungewickell, 1985), Hsc73 (Welch, 1992), Prp73 (Terlecky et al., 1992, see entry p. 58). Hsp70 is also named Hsp72 (Welch, 1992), may generally be designated a stress- 70 protein (Gething, Sambrook, 1992).
Drosophila melanogaster Droelp
Authors: Mehta A D , Lee J Y , Palter K B
Published: November 2023

Droelp was isolated from embryos using Drosophila Hsc4p-affinity chromatography (A.D. Mehta, K.B. Palter, unpublished data; Hsc4p is an Hsc70 homolog, see entry p. 42). The Hsc4p-Droe1p complex is resistant to dissociation by 2M KCI but dissociates in the presence of Mg2+/ATP, as is true for bacterial GrpE (Zylicz etal., 1987). Similar results were obtained using Drosophila Hsc3p-affinity chromatography (Hsc3p is the ER HSP70 protein, see entry p. 45).
Escherichia coli GroES
Authors: Taher A , Landry SJ
Published: November 2023

The groE locus maps at 94 minutes on the E. coli chromosome, encodes two polypeptides, GroES, GroEL, in that order (Genbank accession number X07850) (Hemmingsen et al., 1988). The 97 residue GroES polypeptide has a predicted Mr of 10 368 daltons, a pl of 4.92. There exists approximately 35% sequence identity between the GroES, bovine cpn10 amino acid sequences.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp60
Authors: Langer T , Neupert W
Published: November 2023

The HSP60 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was identified in the conditional mutant mif4 that lacked enzymatic activity of imported ornithine transcarbamylase (Cheng et al., 1989). Concurrently, the yeast HSP60 gene was isolated by screening a A-gt11 genomic library with a polyclonal antiserum raised against purified Tetra- hymena thermophila Hsp60 (Reading et al., 1989) or monoclonal antibodies directed against a protein fraction enriched in mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, respectively (Johnson et al., 1989).
Plastid Cpn60
Authors: Ellis RJ
Published: November 2023

Rubisco large subunit binding protein (Ellis, 1981; Lennox, Ellis, 1986; Musgrove, Ellis, 1986: Musgrove etal., 1987) ;rubisco subunit binding protein (Ellis, van der Vies, 1988); chloroplast chaperonin 60 (Gutteridge, Gatenby, 1995); chi cpn60.
CCT ε
Authors: Kubota H , Willison K
Published: November 2023

Mouse Ccte cDNA (GenBank accession number Z31555) was isolated by hybridization using a human PCR probe produced with a mixed primer for a motif (TNDGATI) conserved between CCTa, the archaebacterial chaperonin TF55 (Kubota etal., 1994).
The HSP100 family — an overview
Authors: Schirmer E C , Lindquist S
Published: November 2023

CIpA, CIpB, CIpC, etc., component A of protease Ti. CIpP (Ti) is not a member of this family, but functions in a complex with CIpA or CIpX (Hwang et al., 1987; Katayama-Fujimura etal., 1987; Gottesman etal., 1993). HsIU — a subunit of a distinct two component protease, HsIVU (Chang etal., 1993).
Escherichia coli CIpY
Authors: Gottesman S , Wu W -F , Missiakas D
Published: November 2023

The E. coli clpY gene is the second gene of a heat shock operon; the first gene is dpQ (also called hsIU), which resembles a /3-type proteasome subunit (Chuang et al., 1993). The operon is at 88.9 minutes on the E. coli genetic map. Both genes show increased expression in vivo after heat shock, are transcribed in vitro by a32 (Chuang etal., 1993).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp78
Authors: Schmitt M , Langer T
Published: November 2023

The HSP78 gene was isolated from a A-gt11 expression library (accession numbers: GenBank L16533; PIR S39001; SwissProt P33416). Monoclonal antibodies were raised against yeast mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, used for screening the library (Leonhardt etal., 1993).
Diphtheria toxin (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
Authors: Murphy J R
Published: November 2023

Diphtheria toxin is the primary virulence factor of toxigenic C. diphtheriae the etiologic agent of clinical diphtheria (Pappenheimer 1977). The structural gene for diphtheria toxin, tox, is carried by a closely related family of corynebacteriophages of which the β-phage has been the best studied (Buck et al. 1985; Bishai and Murphy 1988). The regulation of tox gene expression is controlled by the C. diphtheriae determined iron-activated repressor DtxR (Tao et al. 1994). Diphtheria toxin is produced in maximal yield only during the decline phase of the bacterial growth cycle when iron becomes the growth rate limiting substrate. The toxin is synthesized in precursor form and is co-translationally secreted into the growth medium (Smith et al. 1980). As shown in Fig. 1, diphtheria toxin is a three domain protein and is composed of the catalytic (C), transmembrane (T), and receptor binding (R) domains. The R domain has been shown to specially bind to a heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like precursor on the surface of sensitive eukaryotic cells (Naglich et al. 1992).
Cytotoxic necrotizing factors (Escherichia coli)
Authors: Donelli G , Fiorentini C
Published: November 2023

Certain Escherichia coli strains belonging to the normal microflora present in the gastrointestinal tract, have been often associated with gastroenteritis, urogenital infections, septicemia, and bacteremia in both humans and animals. Among these pathogenic £. coli, a number of strains have been described as producing new putative virulence factors named cytotoxic necrotizing factors type 1 and 2 (CNF1 and CNF2). The first type of CNF was described as a cell-associated product of. coli strains isolated from children with diarrhea causing necrosis of rabbit skin and multinucleation in cultured cells (Caprioli et al. 1983). Subsequently, a second type of CNF was detected in extracts of £. coli strains isolated from calves with enteritis (De Rycke et al. 1987). Purified CNF1 (Caprioli et al. 1984) and CNF2 (Oswald and De Rycke 1990) are immunologically related and similar in molecular weights (113.7 and 110 kDa, respectively).