bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Working to Applying: Employment Transitions of Applicants for Disability Insurance in the United States
Authors: LINDNER STEPHAN
Published: January 2013

Policies that reduce applications for disability insurance by improving employment prospects of people at risk of applying could be an effective way to control the costs of such programmes. Yet little is known about whether potential applicants would respond to such policies. This paper uses administrative records merged with the Survey of Income and Programme Participation to document employment transitions preceding applications for Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) in the US. Most future applicants report a health shock shortly before they stop working, but they typically remain out of work for some months before they apply for DI. Classifying episodes of non-employment by beginning events reveals that spell length, job search, Unemployment Insurance participation and DI application processing time differ notably by reason of job loss. These findings suggest that applicants generally do not apply immediately after job loss and that those not directly affected by an illness or injury tend to consider other options before applying for benefits. Social policies aimed at increasing re-employment opportunities for such individuals could therefore be effective in reducing application rates.
TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION FOR SEVERE AORTIC STENOSIS: THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS CASE FOR INOPERABLE PATIENTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Murphy Aileen , Fenwick Elisabeth , Toff William D. , Neilson Matthew P. , Berry Colin , Uren Neal , Oldroyd Keith G. , Briggs Andrew H.
Published: January 2013

Aortic stenosis (AS) is caused by age-related calcific degeneration of the aortic valve (1). Initially, cases are asymptomatic but, from the point that symptoms first develop, there is rapid progression and if left untreated survival estimates are low (2–3 years) (1). Therefore, managing AS effectively and efficiently is a priority for health systems with increasing healthcare costs and longer life expectancy.
Re-establishment of VA mycorrhizas following severe disturbance: comparative patch dynamics of a shrub desert and a subalpine volcano
Authors: Allen Michael F.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Although current models of the roles of VA mycorrhizas in succession describe the fungal effects on the plant, they ignore the immigration patterns of the fungi. It is suggested here that the vectors of spore immigration (animals and wind) determine the pattern of re-invasion with respect to the patches of vegetation establishing on a disturbed site. The environment dictates the dominant vector. If invasion is facilitated by animals (locomotion), such as at Mount St Helens, they inoculate patches of plants, not individuals, and the patches change faster than immigration rates. Thus, the island biogeography equilibrium model is not applicable to describe VA mycorrhizal fungal establishment. If invasion is by wind (mass flow), such as in a cold desert system, inoculum is rapidly distributed across a site and VA mycorrhizal fungal richness and density rapidly equilibrates with its resource, a single shrub. By applying these models, a priori prediction of establishment following catastrophic disturbance might be possible, as opposed to mere description.
Tight Bounds on the Optimization Time of a Randomized Search Heuristic on Linear Functions
Authors: WITT CARSTEN
Published: January 2013

The analysis of randomized search heuristics on classes of functions is fundamental to the understanding of the underlying stochastic process and the development of suitable proof techniques. Recently, remarkable progress has been made in bounding the expected optimization time of a simple evolutionary algorithm, called (1+1) EA, on the class of linear functions. We improve the previously best known bound in this setting from (1.39+o(1))en ln n to en ln n+O(n) in expectation and with high probability, which is tight up to lower-order terms. Moreover, upper and lower bounds for arbitrary mutation probabilities p are derived, which imply expected polynomial optimization time as long as p = O((ln n)/n) and p = Ω(n−C) for a constant C > 0, and which are tight if p = c/n for a constant c > 0. As a consequence, the standard mutation probability p = 1/n is optimal for all linear functions, and the (1+1) EA is found to be an optimal mutation-based algorithm. Furthermore, the algorithm turns out to be surprisingly robust since the large neighbourhood explored by the mutation operator does not disrupt the search.
A Standards-Based Method for Compositional Analysis by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis: Application to Multicomponent Alloys
Authors: Rathi Monika , Ahrenkiel S.P. , Carapella J.J. , Wanlass M.W.
Published: January 2013

Given an unknown multicomponent alloy, and a set of standard compounds or alloys of known composition, can one improve upon popular standards-based methods for energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry to quantify the elemental composition of the unknown specimen? A method is presented here for determining elemental composition of alloys using transmission electron microscopy–based EDX with appropriate standards. The method begins with a discrete set of related reference standards of known composition, applies multivariate statistical analysis to those spectra, and evaluates the compositions with a linear matrix algebra method to relate the spectra to elemental composition. By using associated standards, only limited assumptions about the physical origins of the EDX spectra are needed. Spectral absorption corrections can be performed by providing an estimate of the foil thickness of one or more reference standards. The technique was applied to III-V multicomponent alloy thin films: composition and foil thickness were determined for various III-V alloys. The results were then validated by comparing with X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence analysis, demonstrating accuracy of approximately 1% in atomic fraction.
The Influence of the Sample Thickness on the Lateral and Axial Resolution of Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Ramachandra Ranjan , Demers Hendrix , de Jonge Niels
Published: January 2013

The lateral and axial resolution of three-dimensional (3D) focal series aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy was studied for samples of different thicknesses. The samples consisted of gold nanoparticles placed on the top and at the bottom of silicon nitride membranes of thickness between 50 and 500 nm. Atomic resolution was obtained for nanoparticles on top of 50-, 100-, and 200-nm-thick membranes with respect to the electron beam traveling downward. Atomic resolution was also achieved for nanoparticles placed below 50-, 100-, and 200-nm-thick membranes but with a lower contrast at the larger thicknesses. Beam broadening led to a reduced resolution for a 500-nm-thick membrane. The influence of the beam broadening on the axial resolution was also studied using Monte Carlo simulations with a 3D sample geometry.
Optimum feeding and growth in preterm neonates
Authors: Harding J. E. , Derraik J. G. B. , Berry M. J. , Jaquiery A. L. , Alsweiler J. M. , Cormack B. E. , Bloomfield F. H.
Published: January 2013

Approximately 10% of all babies worldwide are born preterm, and preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal mortality in developed countries. Although preterm birth is associated with adverse short- and long-term health outcomes, it is not yet clear whether this relationship is causal. Rather, there is evidence that reduced foetal growth, preterm birth and the long-term health effects of both of these may all arise from a suboptimal intrauterine environment. Further, most infants born preterm also experience suboptimal postnatal growth, with potential adverse effects on long-term health and development. A number of interventions are used widely in the neonatal period to optimise postnatal growth and development. These commonly include supplementation with macronutrients and/or micronutrients, all of which have potential short-term risks and benefits for the preterm infant, whereas the long-term health consequences are largely unknown. Importantly, more rapid postnatal growth trajectory (and the interventions required to achieve this) may result in improved neurological outcomes at the expense of increased cardiovascular risk in later life.
Glutamatergic Function in the Resting Awake Human Brain is Supported by Uniformly High Oxidative Energy
Authors: Hyder Fahmeed , Fulbright Robert K , Shulman Robert G , Rothman Douglas L
Published: January 2013

Rodent 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies show that glutamatergic signaling requires high oxidative energy in the awake resting state and allowed calibration of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal in terms of energy relative to the resting energy. Here, we derived energy used for glutamatergic signaling in the awake resting human. We analyzed human data of electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET) maps of oxygen (CMRO2) and glucose (CMRglc) utilization, and calibrated fMRI from a variety of experimental conditions. CMRglc and EEG in the visual cortex were tightly coupled over several conditions, showing that the oxidative demand for signaling was four times greater than the demand for nonsignaling events in the awake state. Variations of CMRO2 and CMRglc from gray-matter regions and networks were within ± 10% of means, suggesting that most areas required similar energy for ubiquitously high resting activity. Human calibrated fMRI results suggest that changes of fMRI signal in cognitive studies contribute at most ± 10% CMRO2 changes from rest. The PET data of sleep, vegetative state, and anesthesia show metabolic reductions from rest, uniformly >20% across, indicating no region is selectively reduced when consciousness is lost. Future clinical investigations will benefit from using quantitative metabolic measures.
Phosphorylation at Ser26 in the ATP-binding site of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II as a mechanism for switching off the kinase activity
Authors: Yilmaz Mehtap , Gangopadhyay Samudra S. , Leavis Paul , Grabarek Zenon , Morgan Kathleen G.
Published: January 2013

CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) is a serine/threonine phosphotransferase that is capable of long-term retention of activity due to autophosphorylation at a specific threonine residue within each subunit of its oligomeric structure. The γ isoform of CaMKII is a significant regulator of vascular contractility. Here, we show that phosphorylation of CaMKII γ at Ser26, a residue located within the ATP-binding site, terminates the sustained activity of the enzyme. To test the physiological importance of phosphorylation at Ser26, we generated a phosphospecific Ser26 antibody and demonstrated an increase in Ser26 phosphorylation upon depolarization and contraction of blood vessels. To determine if the phosphorylation of Ser26 affects the kinase activity, we mutated Ser26 to alanine or aspartic acid. The S26D mutation mimicking the phosphorylated state of CaMKII causes a dramatic decrease in Thr287 autophosphorylation levels and greatly reduces the catalytic activity towards an exogenous substrate (autocamtide-3), whereas the S26A mutation has no effect. These data combined with molecular modelling indicate that a negative charge at Ser26 of CaMKII γ inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzyme towards its autophosphorylation site at Thr287 most probably by blocking ATP binding. We propose that Ser26 phosphorylation constitutes an important mechanism for switching off CaMKII activity.
A Common Rule for Integration and Suppression of Luminance Contrast across Eyes, Space, Time, and Pattern
Authors: Meese Tim S. , Baker Daniel H.
Published: January 2013

Visual perception begins by dissecting the retinal image into millions of small patches for local analyses by local receptive fields. However, image structures extend well beyond these receptive fields and so further processes must be involved in sewing the image fragments back together to derive representations of higher order (more global) structures. To investigate the integration process, we also need to understand the opposite process of suppression. To investigate both processes together, we measured triplets of dipper functions for targets and pedestals involving interdigitated stimulus pairs ( A, B). Previous work has shown that summation and suppression operate over the full contrast range for the domains of ocularity and space. Here, we extend that work to include orientation and time domains. Temporal stimuli were 15-Hz counter-phase sine-wave gratings, where A and B were the positive and negative phases of the oscillation, respectively. For orientation, we used orthogonally oriented contrast patches ( A, B) whose sum was an isotropic difference of Gaussians. Results from all four domains could be understood within a common framework in which summation operates separately within the numerator and denominator of a contrast gain control equation. This simple arrangement of summation and counter-suppression achieves integration of various stimulus attributes without distorting the underlying contrast code.
Look Out, There is a Triangle behind You! The Effect of Primitive Geometric Shapes on Perceived Facial Dominance
Authors: Toet Alexander , Tak Susanne
Published: January 2013

Previous research has shown that perceived facial valence is biased toward background valence. Here, we examine whether background dominance also affects perceived facial dominance. In particular, we hypothesized that downward-pointing triangles, which are known to convey threat, would affect perceived facial dominance. Participants judged perceived facial dominance of neutral faces presented overlaid on downward- or upward-pointing background triangles. Our results show that neutral faces are indeed judged more dominant when seen with a downward-pointing triangle in the background. The fact that simple geometric background shapes can affect facial judgments may have important implications for the design and experience of our daily environment and multimedia content.
Eco-Friendly Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzimidazoles Using Air as the Oxidant
Authors: Chen Guo-Feng , Shen Hai-Dong , Jia Hui-Ming , Zhang Li-Yan , Kang Hong-Yan , Qi Qing-Qing , Chen Bao-Hua , Cao Jia-Li , Li Ji-Tai
Published: January 2013

A simple, environmentally friendly procedure for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles by the one-pot condensation of o-phenylenediamines with aromatic aldehydes using continuous bubbling of air in absolute ethanol at room temperature is described. The simplicity of the system, mild conditions, involvement of a non-toxic and practically inexhaustible oxidant, easy and quick isolation of the products, and moderate to good yields are the main advantages of this procedure.
Conformal automorphisms of countably connected regions
Authors: Short Ian
Published: January 2013

We prove that the conformal automorphism group of a countably connected circular region of connectivity at least three is either a Fuchsian group or a discrete elementary group of Möbius transformations.
Quantification of Physical and Chemical Properties, and Identification of Potentially Valuable Components from Fuel Ethanol Process Streams
Authors: Wood Christine , Rosentrater Kurt A. , Muthukumarappan Kasiviswanathan , Gu Zhengrong
Published: January 2013

Wider exploration of ethanol coproduct uses is necessary as the ethanol industry continues to face challenges. Currently, process streams such as thin stillage and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) are processed into distillers dried grains with solubles and used as animal feeds, but other higher value opportunities may exist. The objective of this study was to identify chemical components and quantify physical properties of CDS and thin stillage. Protein, organic acid, and sugar profiles were determined. Zein protein was identified, and glycerol was determined to have a concentration of 18.8 g/L in thin stillage and 63.2 g/L in CDS. Physical properties including density, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and rheological behaviors were also examined. Thermal conductivity of thin stillage and CDS was approximately 0.54 and 0.45 W/m°C, respectively. Quantification of the physical properties and identification of the chemical constituents pave the way for exploration of new value‐added uses for thin stillage and CDS.
Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects
Authors: Kareklas Kyriacos , Nettle Daniel , Smulders Tom V.
Published: January 2013

Upon continued submersion in water, the glabrous skin on human hands and feet forms wrinkles. The formation of these wrinkles is known to be an active process, controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Such an active control suggests that these wrinkles may have an important function, but this function has not been clear. In this study, we show that submerged objects are handled more quickly with wrinkled fingers than with unwrinkled fingers, whereas wrinkles make no difference to manipulating dry objects. These findings support the hypothesis that water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling submerged objects and suggest that they may be an adaptation for handling objects in wet conditions.
Long-term culture at elevated atmospheric CO2fails to evoke specific adaptation in seven freshwater phytoplankton species
Authors: Low-Décarie Etienne , Jewell Mark D. , Fussmann Gregor F. , Bell Graham
Published: January 2013

The concentration of CO2in the atmosphere is expected to double by the end of the century. Experiments have shown that this will have important effects on the physiology and ecology of photosynthetic organisms, but it is still unclear if elevated CO2will elicit an evolutionary response in primary producers that causes changes in physiological and ecological attributes. In this study, we cultured lines of seven species of freshwater phytoplankton from three major groups at current (approx. 380 ppm CO2) and predicted future conditions (1000 ppm CO2) for over 750 generations. We grew the phytoplankton under three culture regimes: nutrient-replete liquid medium, nutrient-poor liquid medium and solid agar medium. We then performed reciprocal transplant assays to test for specific adaptation to elevated CO2in these lines. We found no evidence for evolutionary change. We conclude that the physiology of carbon utilization may be conserved in natural freshwater phytoplankton communities experiencing rising atmospheric CO2levels, without substantial evolutionary change.
We were all young once: an intragenomic perspective on parent–offspring conflict
Authors: Bossan Benjamin , Hammerstein Peter , Koehncke Arnulf
Published: January 2013

Parent–offspring conflict (POC) describes the evolutionary conflict between offspring and their parents over parental resource allocation. Offspring are expected to demand more resources than their parents are willing to supply because these offspring are more related to their own than to their siblings' offspring. Kin selection acts to limit these divergent interests. Our model departs from previous models by describing POC as an intragenomic conflict between genes determining life-history traits during infancy or parenthood. We explain why a direct fitness approach that measures the total fitness effect during exactly one generation is required to correctly assess POC in interbrood rivalry. We find that incorrect assumptions in previous models led to an overestimation of the scope of POC. Moreover, we show why the degree of monogamy is more important for POC than previously thought. Overall, we demonstrate that a life-history-centred intragenomic approach is necessary to correctly interpret POCs. We further discuss how our work relates to the current debate about the usefulness of inclusive fitness theory.
Permanent residents or temporary lodgers: characterizing intracellular bacterial communities in the siphonous green algaBryopsis
Authors: Hollants Joke , Leliaert Frederik , Verbruggen Heroen , Willems Anne , De Clerck Olivier
Published: January 2013

The ecological success of giant celled, siphonous green algae in coastal habitats has repeatedly been linked to endophytic bacteria living within the cytoplasm of the hosts. Yet, very little is known about the relative importance of evolutionary and ecological factors controlling the intracellular bacterial flora of these seaweeds. Using the marine algaBryopsis(Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) as a model, we explore the diversity of the intracellular bacterial communities and investigate whether their composition is controlled by ecological and biogeographic factors rather than the evolutionary history of the host. Using a combination of 16S rDNA clone libraries and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses, we show thatBryopsisharbours a mixture of relatively few but phylogenetically diverse bacterial species. Variation partitioning analyses show a strong impact of local environmental factors on the presence ofRickettsiaandMycoplasmain their association withBryopsis. The presence of Flavobacteriaceae and Bacteroidetes, on the other hand, reflects a predominant imprint of host evolutionary history, suggesting that these bacteria are more specialized in their association. The results highlight the importance of interpreting the presence of individual bacterial phylotypes in the light of ecological and evolutionary principles such as phylogenetic niche conservatism to understand complex endobiotic communities and the parameters shaping them.
Lobster and cod benefit from small-scale northern marine protected areas: inference from an empirical before–after control-impact study
Authors: Moland Even , Olsen Esben Moland , Knutsen Halvor , Garrigou Pauline , Espeland Sigurd Heiberg , Kleiven Alf Ring , André Carl , Knutsen Jan Atle
Published: January 2013

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly implemented as tools to conserve and manage fisheries and target species. Because there are opportunity costs to conservation, there is a need for science-based assessment of MPAs. Here, we present one of the northernmost documentations of MPA effects to date, demonstrated by a replicated before–after control-impact (BACI) approach. In 2006, MPAs were implemented along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast offering complete protection to shellfish and partial protection to fish. By 2010, European lobster (
Homarus gammarus
) catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) had increased by 245 per cent in MPAs, whereas CPUE in control areas had increased by 87 per cent. Mean size of lobsters increased by 13 per cent in MPAs, whereas increase in control areas was negligible. Furthermore, MPA-responses and population development in control areas varied significantly among regions. This illustrates the importance of a replicated BACI design for reaching robust conclusions and management decisions. Partial protection of Atlantic cod (
Gadus morhua
) was followed by an increase in population density and body size compared with control areas. By 2010, MPA cod were on average 5 cm longer than in any of the control areas. MPAs can be useful management tools in rebuilding and conserving portions of depleted lobster populations in northern temperate waters, and even for a mobile temperate fish species such as the Atlantic cod.
Synergistic effects of non-
Apis
bees and honey bees for pollination services
Authors: Brittain Claire , Williams Neal , Kremen Claire , Klein Alexandra-Maria
Published: January 2013

In diverse pollinator communities, interspecific interactions may modify the behaviour and increase the pollination effectiveness of individual species. Because agricultural production reliant on pollination is growing, improving pollination effectiveness could increase crop yield without any increase in agricultural intensity or area. In California almond, a crop highly dependent on honey bee pollination, we explored the foraging behaviour and pollination effectiveness of honey bees in orchards with simple (honey bee only) and diverse (non-
Apis
bees present) bee communities. In orchards with non-
Apis
bees, the foraging behaviour of honey bees changed and the pollination effectiveness of a single honey bee visit was greater than in orchards where non-
Apis
bees were absent. This change translated to a greater proportion of fruit set in these orchards. Our field experiments show that increased pollinator diversity can synergistically increase pollination service, through species interactions that alter the behaviour and resulting functional quality of a dominant pollinator species. These results of functional synergy between species were supported by an additional controlled cage experiment with
Osmia lignaria
and
Apis mellifera.
Our findings highlight a largely unexplored facilitative component of the benefit of biodiversity to ecosystem services, and represent a way to improve pollinator-dependent crop yields in a sustainable manner.
Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided?
Authors: Ehrlich Paul R. , Ehrlich Anne H.
Published: January 2013

Environmental problems have contributed to numerous collapses of civilizations in the past. Now, for the first time, a global collapse appears likely. Overpopulation, overconsumption by the rich and poor choices of technologies are major drivers; dramatic cultural change provides the main hope of averting calamity.
Cortical Microtubule Arrays Are Initiated from a Nonrandom Prepattern Driven by Atypical Microtubule Initiation
Authors: Lindeboom Jelmer J. , Lioutas Antonios , Deinum Eva E. , Tindemans Simon H. , Ehrhardt David W. , Emons Anne Mie C. , Vos Jan W. , Mulder Bela M.
Published: January 2013

The ordered arrangement of cortical microtubules in growing plant cells is essential for anisotropic cell expansion and, hence, for plant morphogenesis. These arrays are dismantled when the microtubule cytoskeleton is rearranged during mitosis and reassembled following completion of cytokinesis. The reassembly of the cortical array has often been considered as initiating from a state of randomness, from which order arises at least partly through self-organizing mechanisms. However, some studies have shown evidence for ordering at early stages of array assembly. To investigate how cortical arrays are initiated in higher plant cells, we performed live-cell imaging studies of cortical array assembly in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Bright Yellow-2 cells after cytokinesis and drug-induced disassembly. We found that cortical arrays in both cases did not initiate randomly but with a significant overrepresentation of microtubules at diagonal angles with respect to the cell axis, which coincides with the predominant orientation of the microtubules before their disappearance from the cell cortex in preprophase. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root cells, recovery from drug-induced disassembly was also nonrandom and correlated with the organization of the previous array, although no diagonal bias was observed in these cells. Surprisingly, during initiation, only about one-half of the new microtubules were nucleated from locations marked by green fluorescent protein-γ-tubulin complex protein2-tagged γ-nucleation complexes (γ-tubulin ring complex), therefore indicating that a large proportion of early polymers was initiated by a noncanonical mechanism not involving γ-tubulin ring complex. Simulation studies indicate that the high rate of noncanonical initiation of new microtubules has the potential to accelerate the rate of array repopulation.
“Round Up the Usual Suspects”: A Comment on Nonexistent Plant G Protein-Coupled Receptors
Authors: Urano Daisuke , Jones Alan M.
Published: January 2013

An evolutionary argument supports the conclusion that plants do not have G protein coupled receptors.
Occupational hand eczema among nursing staffs inKorea:Self‐reported hand eczema and contact sensitization of hospital nursing staffs
Authors: LEE Sang W. , CHEONG Seung H. , BYUN Ji Y. , CHOI You W. , CHOI Hae Y.
Published: January 2013

Occupational hand eczema is frequent in hospital workers, especially in nurses. A comprehensive understanding regarding hand eczema is essential for establishing proper prevention and treatment strategies. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors for hand eczema in hospital nursing staffs. A self‐administered questionnaire study was performed on hospital nursing staffs at a single general hospital in Korea. In addition, 70 patients with hand eczema underwent patch testing. Five hundred and twenty‐five of 700 invited nurses completed the study (response rate, 75.0%). The overall frequency of symptom‐based hand eczema was 75.6%, and self‐reported hand eczema was 31.0%. Risk factors for hand eczema were young age, history of atopic dermatitis, frequent hand washing (>20 times/day) and long duration of glove wearing (>5 min). Hand eczema was less frequent among frequent hand moisturizer users (>3–4 times/day). Positive patch test reactions were observed in 61.4%. Frequent allergens were nickel sulfate (35.7%), cobalt chloride (28.6%) and thiomersal (21.4%). Among various antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (11.4%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (11.4%) and gentamicin (7.1%) were revealed as common allergens, in order of frequency. Hand eczema is quite common among hospital nursing staffs. Proper preventive programs and educations are demanded.
Daily intake of Jeju groundwater improves the skin condition of the model mouse for human atopic dermatitis
Authors: Tanaka Akane , Jung Kyungsook , Matsuda Akira , Jang Hyosun , Kajiwara Naoki , Amagai Yosuke , Oida Kumiko , Ahn Ginnae , Ohmori Keitaro , Kang Kyung‐goo , Matsuda Hiroshi
Published: January 2013

Drinking water is an important nutrient for human health. The mineral ingredients included in drinking water may affect the physical condition of people. Various kinds of natural water are in circulation as bottled water in developed countries; however, its influence on clinical conditions of patients with certain diseases has not been fully evaluated. In this study, effects of the natural groundwater from Jeju Island on clinical symptoms and skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis (AD) were evaluated. NC/Tnd mice, a model for human AD, with moderate to severe dermatitis were used. Mice were given different natural groundwater or tap water for 8 weeks from 4 weeks of age. Clinical skin severity scores were recorded every week. Scratching analysis and measurement of transepidermal water loss were performed every other week. The pathological condition of the dorsal skin was evaluated histologically. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed for cytokine expression in the affected skin. The epidermal hyperplasia and allergic inflammation were reduced in atopic mice supplied with Jeju groundwater when compared to those supplied with tap water or other kinds of natural groundwater. The increase in scratching behavior with the aggravation of clinical severity of dermatitis was favorably controlled. Moreover, transepidermal water loss that reflects skin barrier function was recovered. The early inflammation and hypersensitivity in the atopic skin was alleviated in mice supplied with Jeju groundwater, suggesting its profitable potential on the daily care of patients with skin troubles including AD.
New scanning technique using Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) significantly reduced the radiation dose of cardiac CT
Authors: Tumur Odgerel , Soon Kean , Brown Fraser , Mykytowycz Marcus
Published: January 2013

Introduction

The aims of our study were to evaluate the effect of application of Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) algorithm on the radiation dose of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and its effects on image quality of CCTA and to evaluate the effects of various patient and CT scanning factors on the radiation dose of CCTA.

Methods

This was a retrospective study that included 347 consecutive patients who underwent CCTA at a tertiary university teaching hospital between 1 July 2009 and 20 September 2011. Analysis was performed comparing patient demographics, scan characteristics, radiation dose and image quality in two groups of patients in whom conventional Filtered Back Projection (FBP) or ASIR was used for image reconstruction.

Results

There were 238 patients in the FBP group and 109 patients in the ASIR group. There was no difference between the groups in the use of prospective gating, scan length or tube voltage. In ASIR group, significantly lower tube current was used compared with FBP group, 550 mA (450–600) vs. 650 mA (500–711.25) (median (interquartile range)), respectively, P < 0.001. There was 27% effective radiation dose reduction in the ASIR group compared with FBP group, 4.29 mSv (2.84–6.02) vs. 5.84 mSv (3.88–8.39) (median (interquartile range)), respectively, P < 0.001. Although ASIR was associated with increased image noise compared with FBP (39.93 ± 10.22 vs. 37.63 ± 18.79 (mean ± standard deviation), respectively, P < 0.001), it did not affect the signal intensity, signal‐to‐noise ratio, contrast‐to‐noise ratio or the diagnostic quality of CCTA.

Conclusion

Application of ASIR reduces the radiation dose of CCTA without affecting the image quality.
Quality improvements in prostate radiotherapy: Outcomes and impact of comprehensive quality assurance during the TROG 03.04 ‘RADAR’ trial
Authors: Kearvell Rachel , Haworth Annette , Ebert Martin A , Murray Judy , Hooton Ben , Richardson Sharon , Joseph David J , Lamb David , Spry Nigel A , Duchesne Gillian , Denham James W
Published: January 2013

Introduction

The Trans‐Tasman Radiation Oncology Group 03.04 ‘Randomised Androgen Deprivation and Radiotherapy’ multicentre prostate cancer trial examined the optimal duration of androgen deprivation in combination with dose‐escalated radiotherapy. Rigorous quality assurance (QA) processes were undertaken to ensure the validity and reliability of the radiation therapy treatment plan data.

Method

QA processes included a planning benchmarking exercise and a periodic audit of target and normal tissue delineation. Centralised electronic review of digital plan data for external‐beam radiotherapy was undertaken to detect protocol variations. The impact of clinical factors and feedback to submitting centres during the trial on variation rates was investigated.

Results

Twenty‐three centres across Australia and New Zealand recruited 1071 participants to the trial. Treatment plans for 754 participants receiving external‐beam treatment alone were reviewed. From these, 1185 minor and 86 major variations were identified, leading to feedback to treating centres to reduce variations for subsequent patients' treatment and plans, suggesting improvement in treatment quality through these QA programs. Participant anatomical factors (delineated clinical target volume and rectal volume) and treatment planning factors (beam energy, beam definition and patient position orientation) were found to significantly impact variation rates. The dummy run demonstrated disagreement in identification of the base of the prostate and the superior extent of the rectum. Feedback from the periodic audit led to a change of practice at five contributing centres.

Conclusion

The application of a suite of complementary QA activities allows the quality of trial data to be optimised and quantified, and can provide a catalyst for reforming treatment practices.
Diagnostic accuracy of whole‐body diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging with 3.0 T in detection of primary and metastatic neoplasms
Authors: Akay Sinan , Kocaoglu Murat , Emer Ozdes , Battal Bilal , Arslan Nuri
Published: January 2013

Introduction

To discuss the accuracy of the whole‐body diffusion‐weighted imaging with background body signal suppression (WB‐DWIBS) technique performed in the 3.0‐T system.

Methods

We studied 17 patients who underwent positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and WB‐DWIBS examinations for staging their diseases. The DWIBS pulse and echo‐planar imaging‐short T1 inversion recovery single‐shot pulse sequences were performed for WB‐DWIBS. A PET/CT scan was performed with 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose. The lesions were localised and counted in both of the examinations, and WB‐DWIBS was evaluated for the neoplastic tissue detection rate, while PET/CT was accepted as the reference standard modality.

Results

The WB‐DWIBS scan had a room occupation time of 32–35 min. All of the metastasis positive patients (n = 12) detected with PET/CT were also detected with WB‐DWIBS (100%). In our patient group, there were a total of 109 bone metastases on PET/CT scans, and 93 of them (85.3%) were demonstrated with WB‐DWIBS. We detected 128 metastatic lymph nodes on PET/CT, and 123 of them (96.3%) were demonstrated with WB‐DWIBS. There were a total of 17 liver metastases on PET/CT, and 15 of them (88.2%) were detected with WB‐DWIBS. There was no statistically significant difference between the two imaging modalities in detecting bone, lymph node and liver metastases (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

WB‐DWIBS is a non‐invasive technique that may successfully detect the spreading of the tumoural tissue in cancer patients when compared with PET/CT.
J‐Curve: Singapore versus her Major Trading Partners
Authors: Bahmani‐Oskooee Mohsen , Harvey Hanafiah
Published: January 2013

There are limited number of studies which have tried to test the J‐Curve phenomenon for Singapore either using aggregate trade data between Singapore and rest of the world or bilateral trade data between Singapore and one or two of her trading partners. These studies have provided mixed results. In this article, we revisit the issue and consider the short‐run and long‐run effects of real exchange rate depreciation of Singapore dollar on her trade balance with each of her 13 main trading partners. Using quarterly data over the period 1973I–2009IV and bounds testing method to cointegration and error‐correction modelling we find support for the J‐Curve in four of 13 cases.
Association between the Interleukin‐6 Gene −572 C/G Polymorphism and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta‐Analysis of 11,681 Subjects
Authors: Yin Yan‐Wei , Sun Qian‐Qian , Zhang Bei‐Bei , Hu Ai‐Min , Liu Hong‐Li , Wang Qi , Zeng Yi‐Hua , Xu Rui‐Jia , Zhang Zhong‐Dong , Zhang Zhi‐Guo
Published: January 2013

The association between the interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) gene −572 C/G (rs1800796) polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk remains controversial. Thus, we performed this meta‐analysis by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CBMdisc and CNKI databases until January 30, 2012. In addition, hand searching of the references of identified articles was performed. A total of 10 case–control studies including 11,681 subjects were selected to evaluate the possible association. Our results showed evidence for significant association between the IL‐6 gene −572 C/G polymorphism and T2DM risk (for G allele vs. C allele: odds ratio [OR] = 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09–1.52, P = 0.002, P = 0.008 after Bonferroni testing; for G/G vs. C/C: OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.51–2.37, P <
0.00001, P <
0.00004 after Bonferroni testing; for GG vs. G/C + C/C: OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.20–2.56, P = 0.004, P = 0.016 after Bonferroni testing; for G/G + G/C vs. C/C: OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.11–1.57, P = 0.001, P = 0.004 after Bonferroni testing). In addition, similar results were obtained in the subgroup analysis based on ethnicity. In summary, the present meta‐analysis suggests a significant association between the IL‐6 gene −572 G allele and increased risk of T2DM.
Cardiac arrest in an obstetric patient using remifentanil patient‐controlled analgesia
Authors: Marr R. , Hyams J. , Bythell V.
Published: January 2013

This case report describes the management of a patient, diagnosed with an intrauterine death at 31 weeks’ gestation, who suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest during her induced labour while using a remifentanil PCA. She made a full recovery from resuscitation which included a peri‐mortem caesarean section.
Greenhouse gas reduction and improved sustainability of animal husbandry using amino acids in swine, poultry feeds
Authors: Tsujimoto Susumu , Takagi Tomo , Osada Takashi , Ogino Akifumi
Published: January 2013

In Annex 1 countries, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from swine and poultry excreta have been calculated and the N2O reduction potential of each country by using amino acids in feed could also be calculated, then a comparison made among the countries. The N2O reduction rates were approximately 25% for these Annex 1 countries and amino acids were able to make a large contribution to that reduction. Greenhouse gases (GHG) which are N2O combined with methane (CH4) were estimated to reduce by 24.8% in Japan when amino acids were introduced into the feed, but only a 7.2% reduction was estimated in France. Purification, which is mainly used for manure treatment in Japan, emits much more N2O and less CH4, whereas the liquid system which is mainly used in France emits more CH4 and less N2O based on the emission factors from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change data base. Changing the French manure treatment system to the Japanese style with amino acids in feed would reduce GHG emissions by 23.4%. Reduction of the arable land use in Japan by changing crop formulations supported by adding amino acids to feed was also quantified as about 10% and led to an increase in the production of meat using the same arable land area.
Cost‐effective assessment of conservation status of fens
Authors: Andersen Dagmar K. , Nygaard Bettina , Fredshavn Jesper R. , Ejrnæs Rasmus
Published: January 2013

Questions

How can conservation status of rich fen and alkaline spring areas be assessed most cost‐effectively based on existing monitoring data? What is the precision and accuracy of available indicators?

Location

Rich fen and alkaline spring areas in Denmark.

Methods

Potential indicators of conservation status were evaluated based on: accuracy, measured as the ability to predict the number of typical species in monitoring plots; precision, measured as variation over years of indicators in repeated plots; and cost of obtaining data for the indicator. Indicators were derived using data from the Danish National Monitoring and Assessment Programme for the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment from 2000 to 2009. Indicators included biotic indices derived from species lists, abiotic measurements of pH and nutrients and structural measurements of vegetation height and tree cover.

Results

The majority of indicators showed a significant correlation with the number of typical species. Floristic indicators, especially based on Ellenberg nutrient values, showed superior correlation and were furthermore very stable over years. Structural indicators were generally accurate, but were highly imprecise with high between‐year variation. Among the abiotic indicators, pH and soil P were inaccurate, whereas tissue N content and nitrate in water were accurate but with low precision. When balancing efficiency of indicators with monitoring costs, laboratory analyses stand out as expensive compared to recording of a species list, the latter providing up to five valuable indicators.

Conclusions

Floristic indicators derived from Ellenberg values, and especially those related to nutrient availability, are cost‐effective indicators of conservation status. The method is applicable to all regions where Ellenberg indicator values have been calibrated to fit local conditions.
Effects of plant community composition and flowering phenology on honeybee foraging in Mediterranean sylvo‐pastoral systems
Authors: Bagella Simonetta , Satta Alberto , Floris Ignazio , Caria Maria Carmela , Rossetti Ivo , Podani János
Published: January 2013

Questions

Which are the most effective plant communities for honeybee foraging and honey production in Mediterranean sylvo‐pastoral systems? What is the relationship between flowering phenology and pollen occurring in honey sediments?

Location

Mediterranean sylvo‐pastoral system in Gallura, Sardinia, Italy.

Methods

Phytosociological and phenological surveys were performed in a circular area of 1.5 km radius with a small apiary placed in the centre. Polleniferous and nectariferous values of plant communities were assessed based on the cover and the polleniferous and nectariferous value of each constituting species. Honey production was quantified during the main flow (March–June) and subjected to melissopalynological analysis. Data were evaluated by ordination through principal components analysis and principal coordinates analysis. The latter utilized a new index, developed for calculating the phenological distances based on the individual distributions of flowering frequencies.

Results

Plant communities richest in species providing pollen and nectar were Rhamnus hedges. There was a close correlation between polleniferous and nectariferous values, suggesting that plant communities are important for honeybee foraging of both resources. The temporal flowering sequence ensured the supply of nectar and pollen throughout the spring season. Pollen foraged from 12 Trifolium species with different flowering phenology was the most abundant. Salix purpurea and Rhamnus alaternus were productive at the beginning of the season, followed by Lavandula stoechas, Echium plantagineum and E. italicum.

Conclusions

Plant communities vary in importance for honeybee foraging mainly due to differences in floristic composition and flowering phenology. Communities characterized by human presence (e.g. semi‐natural grasslands and hedges) are the most relevant. Some target species (e.g. Trifolium spp.) favoured by grazing livestock ensure foraging for honeybees throughout the season. Plant communities of wild areas, such as the garrigue vegetation, provide foraging for unifloral valuable honey (i.e. ‘Lavandula’ honey).
A prospective, international phase 2 study of bortezomib retreatment in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma
Authors: Petrucci Maria T. , Giraldo Pilar , Corradini Paolo , Teixeira Adriana , Dimopoulos Meletios A. , Blau Igor W. , Drach Johannes , Angermund Ralf , Allietta Nathalie , Broer Esther , Mitchell Vivien , Bladé Joan
Published: January 2013

Multiple myeloma (MM) typically follows a relapsing course with many patients requiring multiple therapies. This single‐arm phase 2 study prospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of bortezomib retreatment in MM patients who had relapsed after achieving at least a partial response (≥PR) to prior bortezomib‐based therapy.

Patients aged ≥18 years, with measurable, secretory MM, who relapsed ≥6 months after prior bortezomib treatment were eligible. Patients received up to eight cycles of bortezomib (±dexamethasone). The primary endpoint was best confirmed response at retreatment; secondary endpoints included duration of response (DOR), time to progression (TTP), and safety. Adverse events (AEs) were graded by National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0.

A total of 130 patients (median of two prior lines of therapy) were enrolled and received retreatment. At retreatment, 28% and 72% of patients received bortezomib and bortezomib‐dexamethasone, respectively. Overall response rate was 40%. In patients who achieved ≥PR, median DOR and TTP were 6·5 and 8·4 months, respectively. Thrombocytopenia was the most common grade ≥3 AE (35%). Forty percent of patients experienced neuropathy events, which improved and resolved in a median of 1·5 and 8·9 months, respectively.

In conclusion, bortezomib retreatment was effective and tolerable in relapsed MM patients, with no evidence of cumulative toxicities.