bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redox-inactive metal single-site molecular complexes: a new generation of electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution?
Authors: Benkó Tímea , Lukács Dávid , Frey Krisztina , Németh Miklós , Móricz Márta M. , Liu Dongyu , Kováts Éva , May Nóra V. , Vayssieres Lionel , Li Mingtao , Pap József S.
Published: August 2021

Bypassing the metal-based oxidation in a Cu-containing water oxidation catalytic system.
NO reduction with CO over CuOx/CeO2 nanocomposites: influence of oxygen vacancies and lattice strain
Authors: Shi Quanquan , Wang Yuhang , Guo Song , Han Zhong-Kang , Ta Na , Li Gao , Baiker Alfons
Published: August 2021

The morphology-dependent population of oxygen vacancies in CuOx/CeO2 nanocomposites used for NO reduction with CO and its pivotal role in the reaction mechanism are examined in this combined experimental and first-principles study.
Phytotoxicity of halloysite nanotubes using wheat as a model: seed germination and growth
Authors: Chen Linhong , Guo Zizheng , Lao Biyin , Li Chunlei , Zhu Jianhua , Yu Rongmin , Liu Mingxian
Published: August 2021

Exposure of wheat to commercially available halloysite nanotubes at various concentrations (0.1 to 100 mg mL−1) results in an initial increase in crop growth, followed by certain phytotoxicity at high concentration.
Recent advances in metal/ceria catalysts for air pollution control: mechanism insight and application
Authors: Li Qingzhu , Yan Xuelei , Shi Miao , Wang Qingwei , Liu Hui , Lin Zhang , Huang Xiaowei
Published: August 2021

This work discussed the structure–activity relationship of metal/CeO2 catalysts, emphasized the theoretical calculation for catalytic mechanism insight and guiding the design of high-efficiency metal/CeO2 catalysts for air pollution control.
A case study on tap water quality in large buildings recommissioned after extended closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Salehi Maryam , DeSimone Dave , Aghilinasrollahabadi Khashayar , Ahamed Tanvir
Published: August 2021

Extensive building closures due to the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic resulted in long-term water stagnation within the plumbing of large buildings.
The preventive effect and underlying mechanism ofRhus chinensisMill. fruits on dextran sulphate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wang Ou , Ma Nan , Yi Junjie , Mi Hongying , Cai Shengbao
Published: August 2021

Ethanol extract ofR. chinensisfruits, rich in phenolics, alleviated DSS-induced colitis in mice by improving inflammation, oxidative stress and tight junction proteins.
Bifunctional homologous alkali-metal artificial synapse with regenerative ability and mechanism imitation of voltage-gated ion channels
Authors: Li Lei , Hu Luodan , Liu Kai , Chang Kuan-Chang , Zhang Rui , Lin Xinnan , Zhang Shengdong , Huang Pei , Liu Heng-Jui , Kuo Tzu-Peng
Published: August 2021

The coexistence of digital and analog bifunctions emulating the two hemispheres of the brain, combined with versatile synaptic plasticity and regenerative ability, is achieved by lithium-incorporated bionic device based on artificial “ion channels”.
Advances in materials and devices for mimicking sensory adaptation
Authors: He Zihan , Ye Dekai , Liu Liyao , Di Chong-an , Zhu Daoben
Published: August 2021

This review summarizes the main concepts, recent developments, and several strategies for mimicking sensory adaptation; challenges and perspectives in this emerging field are also proposed.
Visible light driven selective NADH regeneration using a system of water-soluble zinc porphyrin and homogeneous polymer-dispersed rhodium nanoparticles
Authors: Katagiri Takayuki , Amao Yutaka
Published: August 2021

We discovered the catalytic activity of Rh nanoparticles dispersed by polyvinylpyrrolidone for regioselective NAD+ reduction to 1,4-NADH. Only 1,4-NADH was produced as the reduction product of NAD+ with visible-light irradiation.
A roadmap to UV-protective natural resources: classification, characteristics, and applications
Authors: P Santhra Krishnan , Salian Ashritha , Dutta Saikat , Mandal Saumen
Published: August 2021

Accumulation of photoprotective compounds is a mechanism used by organisms to minimize the effects of UV radiation from the Sun. If extracted in pure form, these compounds can be used in the production of eco-friendly alternatives to existing agents.
Recent progress in electrode materials for aqueous sodium and potassium ion batteries
Authors: Wang Yingying , Liu Dan , Sun Meiling , Liu Jinping
Published: August 2021

This review overviews the recent advances in novel electrode materials of ASIBs/APIBs, the operation mechanism of representative materials, and new findings based on the preparation and modification approaches.
ortho-Ethynyl group assisted regioselective and diastereoselective [2 + 2] cross-photocycloaddition of alkenes under photocatalyst-, additive-, and solvent-free conditions
Authors: Xie Xiaofei , Pan Hong , Zhou Tai-Ping , Han Man-Yi , Wang Lei , Geng Xiao , Ma Yongmin , Liao Rong-Zhen , Wang Zhi-Ming , Yang Jianguo , Li Pinhua
Published: August 2021

A highly regioselective and diastereoselective [2 + 2]-cross-photocycloaddition between electron-poor and electron-rich/electron-neutral alkenes under visible-light irradiation without a photocatalyst, additive and solvent was developed.
Reducing the resistance for the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis in materials chemistry
Authors: Laschuk Nadia O. , Easton E. Bradley , Zenkina Olena V.
Published: August 2021

This manuscript highlights a beginner-to-intermediate level scope of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which is an indispensable, non-destructive electrochemical technique that can be applied for materials characterization.
A review on infiltration techniques for energy conversion and storage devices: from fundamentals to applications
Authors: Kim Seona , Kim Guntae , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: August 2021

Infiltration is a facile, effective, and intuitive fabrication technique that provides nanostructured surfaces for electrodes and catalysts.
Facile synthesis of novel, known, and low-valent transition metal phosphates via reductive phosphatization
Authors: Stegmann Niklas , Petersen Hilke , Weidenthaler Claudia , Schmidt Wolfgang
Published: August 2021

Novel and known low valent transition metal phosphates (TMPs) are accessible via a novel and facile pathway denoted as reductive phosphatization. The method allows syntheses of TMPs especially with reduced oxidation states.
Natural forest-inspired Ag lithiophilic porous arrays grown in Cu foam hosts with bi-continuous electronic/ionic pathways for highly stable Li metal anodes
Authors: Wu Lulu , Jiang Weiwei , Zou Hantao , Ye Chengzhou , Zhang Jing , Xu Guojun , Li Xiaomin , Yue Zhihao , Sun Fugen , Zhou Lang
Published: August 2021

A pine forest-inspired Li host with high lithiophilicity and bi-continuous e−/Li+ pathways is fabricated by in situ growth of needle-branch-like Ag hierarchical porous arrays in commercial Cu foam for dendrite-free Li metal anodes.
Chemical fixation of CO2 on nanocarbons and hybrids
Authors: Kuang Hua-Yi , Lin Yun-Xiao , Li Xin-Hao , Chen Jie-Sheng
Published: August 2021

This review concentrates on recent advanced strategies of carbon-based nanocatalysts for better CO2 transformation and discusses roles that nanocarbons play in catalytic systems.
Non-covalent assembly of a super-tough, highly stretchable and environmentally adaptable self-healing material inspired by nacre
Authors: Zhu Xiaobo , Zheng Wenru , Zhao Haichao , Wang Liping
Published: August 2021

Inspired by nacre, a super-tough self-healing material with a reverse nacre structure and interwoven network was prepared, which solved the contradiction between fast self-healing ability and good mechanical strength of traditional PU materials.
Perovskite-type stabilizers for efficient and stable formamidinium-based lead iodide perovskite solar cells
Authors: Shen Lina , Song Peiquan , Zheng Lingfang , Liu Kaikai , Lin Kebin , Tian Wanjia , Luo Yujie , Tian Chengbo , Xie Liqiang , Wei Zhanhua
Published: August 2021

High-performance formamidinium-based lead iodide (FAPbI3) solar cells with a champion efficiency of over 23% are demonstrated by stabilizing the FAPbI3 phase with only 2% CsPbBr3 as a perovskite-type stabilizer.
Metal–organic framework based systems for CO2 sensing
Authors: Gheorghe Andreea , Lugier Olivier , Ye Bohui , Tanase Stefania
Published: August 2021

Monitoring CO2 levels in the atmosphere as well as in work place environments is strictly regulated.
A novel inequivalent double-site substituted red phosphor Li4AlSbO6:Mn4+ with high color purity: its structure, photoluminescence properties, and application in warm white LEDs
Authors: Li Zhiyuan , Zhang Xuhui , Wu Ji , Guo Rui , Luo Lan , Xiong Yuhua , Wang Li , Chen Wei
Published: August 2021

A novel inequivalent double-site substituted red phosphor Li4AlSbO6:Mn4+ with high color purity for warm white LEDs.
The enhanced performance of a Si–As–Se ovonic threshold switching selector
Authors: Yuan Zhenhui , Li Xiaodan , Song Sannian , Song Zhitang , Zha Jiawei , Han Gang , Yang Bingjun , Jimbo Takehito , Suu Koukou
Published: August 2021

Si–As–Se based OTS materials are studied, the increasing content of silicon leads to a larger threshold voltage and smaller off-state current.
Contribution of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 to non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced lung inflammation in COPD
Authors: Kotnala Sudhir , Kim Yerin , Rajput Charu , Reddyvari Hymavathi , Bolla Sudhir , Marchetti Nathaniel T. , Kosmider Beata , Bahmed Karim , Sajjan Umadevi S.
Published: August 2021

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) expression is increased in the lungs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). DPP4 is known to be associated with inflammation in various organs, including LPS-induced acute lung inflammation. Since non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) causes acute exacerbations in COPD patients, we examined the contribution of DPP4 in NTHi-induced lung inflammation in COPD. Pulmonary macrophages isolated from COPD patients showed higher expression of DPP4 than the macrophages isolated from normal subjects. In response to NTHi infection, COPD, but not normal macrophages show a further increase in the expression of DPP4. COPD macrophages also showed higher expression of IL-1β, and CCL3 responses to NTHi than normal, and treatment with DPP4 inhibitor, diprotin A attenuated this response. To examine the contribution of DPP4 in NTHi-induced lung inflammation, COPD mice were infected with NTHi, treated with diprotin A or PBS intraperitoneally, and examined for DPP4 expression, lung inflammation, and cytokine expression. Mice with COPD phenotype showed increased expression of DPP4, which increased further following NTHi infection. DPP4 expression was primarily observed in the infiltrated inflammatory cells. NTHi-infected COPD mice also showed sustained neutrophilic lung inflammation and expression of CCL3, and this was inhibited by DPP4 inhibitor. These observations indicate that enhanced expression of DPP4 in pulmonary macrophages may contribute to sustained lung inflammation in COPD following NTHi infection. Therefore, inhibition of DPP4 may reduce the severity of NTHi-induced lung inflammation in COPD.
Placenta-specific Slc38a2/SNAT2 knockdown causes fetal growth restriction in mice
Authors: Vaughan Owen R. , Maksym Katarzyna , Silva Elena , Barentsen Kenneth , Anthony Russel V. , Brown Thomas L. , Hillman Sara L. , Spencer Rebecca , David Anna L. , Rosario Fredrick J. , Powell Theresa L. , Jansson Thomas
Published: August 2021

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a complication of pregnancy that reduces birth weight, markedly increases infant mortality and morbidity and is associated with later-life cardiometabolic disease. No specific treatment is available for FGR. Placentas of human FGR infants have low abundance of sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (Slc38a2/SNAT2), which supplies the fetus with amino acids required for growth. We determined the mechanistic role of placental Slc38a2/SNAT2 deficiency in the development of restricted fetal growth, hypothesizing that placenta-specific Slc38a2 knockdown causes FGR in mice. Using lentiviral transduction of blastocysts with a small hairpin RNA (shRNA), we achieved 59% knockdown of placental Slc38a2, without altering fetal Slc38a2 expression. Placenta-specific Slc38a2 knockdown reduced near-term fetal and placental weight, fetal viability, trophoblast plasma membrane (TPM) SNAT2 protein abundance, and both absolute and weight-specific placental uptake of the amino acid transport System A tracer, 14C-methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB). We also measured human placental SLC38A2 gene expression in a well-defined term clinical cohort and found that SLC38A2 expression was decreased in late-onset, but not early-onset FGR, compared with appropriate for gestational age (AGA) control placentas. The results demonstrate that low placental Slc38a2/SNAT2 causes FGR and could be a target for clinical therapies for late-onset FGR.
États originaux de la lumière par structuration 3D de l’émission D’un laser à Métasurface
Authors: Vigne Nathan , Chomet Baptiste , Abbes Alaeddine , Seghilani Mohamed , Blin Stéphane , Myara Mikhael , Beaudoin Grégoire , Legratiet Luc , Pantzas Konstantinos , Sagnes Isabelle , Lalanne Philippe , Denet Stéphane , Garnache Arnaud
Published: August 2021

La génération d’états de photon cohérents puissants dans le proche-IR et THz, présentant une structuration 3D spatio-temporelle, représente un défi physique et technologique. Elle est d’intérêt pour les applications : pinces optiques, capteurs, microscopie, LIDAR, télécoms, spectroscopie… Ces états originaux sont ici générés en exploitant les nanotechnologies à semi-conducteur III-V et les lasers à cavité externe verticale intégrant une métasurface : lumière VORTEX, bi-fréquences pour le THz, ou sans mode.
Optique attoseconde et électronique pétahertz dans les semiconducteurs
Authors: Merdji Hamed , Boutu Willem
Published: August 2021

La génération d’harmoniques laser d’ordre élevé dans les cristaux semiconducteurs est une nouvelle source de rayonnement ultra-bref (femtoseconde à attoseconde) cohérent et de courte longueur d’onde (de l’ordre de quelques dizaines de nanomètres) à très haute cadence. Outre la versatilité de cette source pour les applications, offerte notamment par les progrès en nano-structuration, l’étude du rayonnement émis permet de suivre les dynamiques électroniques ultrarapides au sein de matériaux complexes.
Investigating the influential factors of ejective time and compressible force magnitude to fluid jet movement
Authors: Nguyen Van Quang , Nguyen Van Thien , Hoang Tien Dung
Published: August 2021

The molecular dynamics is the research method which is used to simulate the liquid ejection in this paper. The factors of 200000 time step (fs) total ejective time of total 200 000 time steps (fs) and various compressible forces of 9.0 × 10−10, 10.0 × 10−10 and 11.0 × 10−10 Newton (N) are main investigated in this research. These influences have action to the moveable direction of fluid jet in the whole ejective process. The research result indicates that liquid jet is prepared to separate out from nozzle plate's surface to form up droplets at the ejective time of 140 000 fs for the nozzle diameter size of 27.5 Angstrom (Å), system temperature of 310 Kelvin (K) and compressible force magnitude of 9.0 × 10−10 (N). However, when increasing the ejective time or compressible force magnitude, the jets were not only non-destruction from nozzle's surface to produce the droplets but also downward movement to go back the nozzle's surface. Meanwhile, with the nozzle diameter size of 40 Å, the droplets are not only production but also movement up to go away the nozzle under same research condition. Those prove that the ejective time and compressible force magnitude have the influences to the moveable direction of fluid jet in the whole ejective process.
Salvia divinorum
Authors: Scherbaum Norbert
Published: August 2021

Abb. 1
zeigt die Strukturformel des
Salvinorins A (Hauptwirkstoff) sowie die Anwendungsarten und die
handelsüblichen Formen von Salvia
divinorum.
Einflussfaktoren auf Beantragung und Inanspruchnahme empfohlener Rehabilitationsleistungen nach einer Pflegebegutachtung – Ergebnisse qualitativer Interviews mit professionellen Akteur/innen
Authors: Golla André , Richter Cynthia , Mau Wilfried , Saal Susanne
Published: August 2021

Ziel der Studie Weniger als die Hälfte der im Rahmen einer Pflegebegutachtung der Medizinischen Dienste der Krankenkassen ausgesprochenen Rehabilitationsempfehlungen mündet in eine Beantragung, etwa jede vierte in eine realisierte Rehabilitationsleistung. Welche Faktoren die Rehabilitationsbereitschaft und die Inanspruchnahme empfohlener Leistungen zur medizinischen Rehabilitationen beeinflussen, ist bislang weitgehend unbekannt. Die explorative Studie untersucht über die Perspektive verschiedener, im Zugangsverfahren involvierter professioneller Akteur/innen die Einflussfaktoren auf den Rehabilitationszugang über die Pflegebegutachtung.

Methodik In leitfadengestützten Expert/inneninterviews wurden Mitarbeiter/innen der Medizinischen Dienste sowie aus Pflege- und Krankenkassen befragt. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte nach der Methode der systematischen Textverdichtung.

Ergebnisse Anhand von 53 Interviews mit 56 Prozessakteur/innen wurden individuums- und lebensweltbezogene sowie prozess- und strukturbezogene Einflussgrößen identifiziert. Neben soziodemografischen, gesundheitlichen und persönlichkeitsbezogenen Merkmalen sowie finanziellen Aspekten wurden die rehabilitationsbezogene Einstellungen der Versicherten und eine starke Bindung an die Häuslichkeit als relevante Faktoren identifiziert. Darüber hinaus wirken sich auch leistungsbezogene (z. B. Erwartungen und Wünsche) und strukturelle (z. B. Versorgungsstrukturen) Faktoren aus. Betont wurde die Bedeutung sozialer Unterstützung durch Angehörige.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse verweisen auf versicherten-, struktur- und verfahrensseitige Einflussfaktoren im Rehabilitationszugang über die Pflegebegutachtung. Sie bilden die Grundlage für mögliche Prozessverbesserungen im Zugangsverfahren und verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit einer frühzeitigen und ausreichenden Beratung der Betroffenen und Angehörigen.
Astaxanthin Induces the Expression of CatSper1 Gene and
Protects Sperms in Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Mice
Authors: Saberi Ensieh , Mohammadrezaei Fereshteh Mir , Jazayeri Omid , Fathi Nazanin , Moghadam Akbar Hajizadeh
Published: August 2021

Cadmium (Cd) as a heavy metal damages testis and decreases fertility, however,
antioxidants can improve sperm parameters and decrease male infertility. In this
study we investigated the effect of astaxanthin (AST) on sperm parameters,
expression levels of CatSper1 and CatSper2 genes in presence of Cd
in mice. Thirty adults’ mice were divided into 4 groups, sham group
received olive oil and saline (olive oil is the solvent of AST and saline is the
solvent of Cd), Cd group received 1 mg/kg Cdcl2, a
group received 10 mg/kg AST and 1 mg/kg
Cdcl2 and a group received 10 mg/kg AST. The
treatments were done intraperitoneally for 14 days. After 14 days sperm
parameters were analyzed. Malondialdehyde level, catalase enzyme activity, the
alteration of CatSper1 and CatSper2 genes expression were measured
in testis. Results showed that Sperm count, viability, CatSper1 gene
expression and catalase activity significantly decreased by Cd compared to sham
group. Cd significantly increased sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), abnormal sperm
morphology and malondialdehyd level compared to sham group. AST significantly
increased sperm count, viability and CatSper1 gene expression and
decreased SDF and abnormal sperm in comparison with Cd group. AST protected
testis and decreased oxidative stress induced by Cd. Our findings indicated that
AST could protect sperm DNA, enhanced CatSper1 gene expression and sperm
quality in presence of Cd. No significant differences were found in
CatSper2 expression among treatments. Therefore, AST as a strong
antioxidant can help to protect the potential of fertility against Cd
toxicity.
The Asialoglycoprotein Receptor Minor Subunit Gene Contributes to Pharmacokinetics of Factor VIII Concentrates in Hemophilia A
Authors: Lunghi Barbara , Morfini Massimo , Martinelli Nicola , Balestra Dario , Linari Silvia , Frusconi Sabrina , Branchini Alessio , Cervellera Christian F. , Marchetti Giovanna , Castaman Giancarlo , Bernardi Francesco
Published: August 2021

Background The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) binds with high affinity factor VIII (FVIII) through its N-linked oligosaccharides. However, its contribution to the wide inter-individual variation of infused FVIII pharmacokinetics (PK) in hemophilia A (HA) is unknown.

Objective To investigate the variability in FVIII PK outcomes in relation to genetic variation in the ASGR2, encoding the ASGPR2 subunit.

Methods Thirty-two HA patients with FVIII:C ≤2 IU/dL underwent 66 single-dose FVIII PK studies. PK parameters were evaluated in relation to ASGR2 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) polymorphisms, which were investigated by recombinant and white blood cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction approaches.

Results The 5′UTR polymorphisms determine a frequent and conserved haplotype (HT1) in a regulatory region. The HT1 homozygotes may differ in the amounts of alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts and thus ASGPR2 isoforms. Compared with the other ASGR2 genotypes, the c.-95TT homozygotes (n = 9), showed threefold longer Alpha HL (3.60 hours, 95% confidence interval: 1.44–5.76, p = 0.006), and the c.-95TC heterozygotes (n = 17) showed 25% shorter mean residence time (MRT; 18.5 hours, 15.0–22.0, p = 0.038) and 32% shorter Beta HL (13.5 hours, 10.9–16.0, p = 0.016). These differences were confirmed in patients (n = 27) undergoing PK studies (n = 54) with full-length FVIII only. In different linear regression models, the contribution of the ASGR2 genotypes remained significant after adjustment by ABO genotypes and von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen levels, and explained 14% (MRT), 15 to 18% (Beta HL), and 22% (Alpha HL) of parameter variability.

Conclusion Infused FVIII distribution was modulated by frequent ASGR2 genotypes, independently from and together with ABO and VWF antigen levels, which has potential implications for genetically tailored substitutive treatment in HA.
Endoscopic Paramaxillary Approach to the Infratemporal Fossa and Pterygomaxillary Space: Computer Modeling Analysis and Clinical Series
Authors: Konuthula Neeraja , Abuzeid Waleed M. , Humphreys Ian M. , Bly Randall A. , Moe Kris
Published: August 2021

Objective Several different open and endoscopic approaches for the pterygomaxillary space and infratemporal fossa have been described. Limitations to these approaches include restricted exposure of the infratemporal fossa and difficult surgical manipulation.

Study Design Consecutive clinical cases utilizing a novel approach to access lesions in the infratemporal fossa and pterygomaxillary space were reviewed. Data was collected on pathology, lesion location, and surgical approach(es) performed. Computer modeling was performed to analyze the full extent of surgical access provided by the paramaxillary approach to the range of target locations.

Results Ten consecutive cases met inclusion criteria. Surgical access to the target lesion was achieved in all cases. Computer modeling of the approach derived the anatomical boundaries of the paramaxillary approach. Wide access to the posterior maxilla, and lateral or medial to the mandibular condyle allows for variability in endoscopic angles and access to more medial pterygomaxillary space lesions. The lateral extent is limited proximally only by the extent of cheek/soft tissue retraction and by the zygomatic arch more superiorly. The superior limit of dissection is at the temporal line.

Conclusion The endoscopic paramaxillary approach is a transoral minimally disruptive approach to the ITF and PS that provides excellent surgical exposure for resection of lesions involving these areas. Compared with previously described endoscopic approaches, there are no external incisions; tumor manipulation is straightforward without angled endoscopy, and all areas of the infratemporal fossa and pterygomaxillary space can be accessed.
‘I Dream of Going Home’: Gendered Experiences of Adolescent Syrian Refugees in Jordan’s Azraq Camp
Authors: Sajdi Jude , Essaid Aida , Vila Clara Miralles , Abu Taleb Hala , Abu Azzam Majed , Malachowska Agnieszka
Published: August 2021

Although the influx of Syrian refugees in Jordan initially attracted considerable international humanitarian support, funding has declined recently, and labour market restrictions have tightened. Adolescents in Azraq refugee camp face particular challenges due to its unique characteristics, including strong surveillance and security measures and a remote desert location, which affords only limited mobility and income-generating opportunities. Instead of offering protection and security for displaced Syrians, the camp has become a ‘violent space’. This article explores the experiences of younger (10–12 years) and older (15–17 years) adolescent girls and boys in Azraq camp. It provides insights into their gendered experiences in four capability domains—education, voice and agency, bodily integrity and freedom from violence, and psychosocial wellbeing—highlighting key vulnerabilities that need to be addressed to deliver the Leave No One Behind agenda. The findings suggest that when planning programmes and services, the government, international community and civil society actors working with adolescent refugees in Azraq need to take into consideration spatial dimensions of vulnerability. Such efforts should ensure that programmes are designed and implemented in an inclusive and accessible way so that male and female adolescents in specific camp settings can overcome the constraints that they uniquely face.
New superconducting radio-frequency trap keeps ions ultra-stable
Authors: Rodriguez Jaimee-Ian
Published: August 2021

Combination of radio-frequency cavity and linear Paul trap uses superconducting material and special geometry to eliminate electromagnetic noise affecting the trapped ions.
Engineering and controlling topological spin textures for use in practical applications
Authors: Green Leigh Ann
Published: August 2021

A magnetically stable Janus material is proposed to control topological spin textures in two-dimensional spintronic devices.
Electronic and catalytic engineering in two-dimensional vdW metal–organic frameworks through alloying
Authors: Shen Yuxia , Shan Bohan , Muhich Christopher , Gupta Srishti , Li Han , Hays Patrick , Qin Ying , Vijay Shiljashree , Winarta Joseph , Mu Bin , Tongay Sefaattin
Published: August 2021

Bimetallic metal-organic framework (MOFs) alloys, in which heterogeneous metal clusters are incorporated into their backbone, are capable of highly selective separations and catalysis. Due to limitations in our fundamental understanding of their alloying, however, established methods result in phase-separated or amorphous two-dimensional (2D) MOFs or lack precise control over alloy ratios. Here, our results demonstrate 2D MOF alloys where metal cation ratios (M1 and M2) in M1xM21-xBDC (M1 or M2= Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn) can be engineered on demand by controlling the metal salt dissociation constants. Resulting MOF alloys exhibit a highly 2D nature with excellent crystallinity and minute control over metal cation ratios. Our experimental and theoretical results show that their electronic bandgaps and photoexcited carrier lifetimes can be engineered by metal cation alloying. Interestingly, 2D alloyed MOFs enable high-efficiency photo-catalytic water reduction performance in Co/Ni MOF alloys owing to the spatially separated metal clusters in 2D MOF alloys.
Demonstration of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on vicinal sapphire substrates with large misoriented angles
Authors: Zhang Haochen , Sun Yue , Song Kang , Xing Chong , Yang Lei , Wang Danhao , Yu Huabin , Xiang Xueqiang , Gao Nan , Xu Guangwei , Sun Haiding , Long Shibing
Published: August 2021

In this work, the electrical characteristics of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) on vicinal c-plane sapphire substrates with different misoriented angles are investigated. As the angle increases from 0.2°, 1.0° to 4.0°, an enlarged width and height of surface step bunching as well as significantly enhanced electron mobility from 957, 1123 to 1246 cm2/V s were measured. As a result, a large boost in the maximum output current (IDmax) from ∼300 mA/mm (on a 0.2° substrate) to ∼650 mA/mm (on a 4.0° substrate) can be observed. Importantly, HEMTs on 1.0° and 4.0° substrates exhibit an obvious anisotropic electrical behavior: the IDmax along the [11-20] orientation is larger than that along the [10-10] orientation. Such a difference becomes more distinct as the misoriented angle increases, attributing to the lifted step height that would introduce a potential barrier for the electron transport along the [10-10] orientation. In short, this work demonstrates an effective approach toward the realization of high-performance HEMTs with anisotropic electrical behavior on a single device platform.
Temperature-dependent recombination dynamics and electroluminescence characteristics of colloidal CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots
Authors: Wu Jialin , Chen Lixiang , Zhao Yongshuang , Xiong Zuhong , Ji Wenyu , Lei Yanlian
Published: August 2021

Exploring the temperature-dependent electroluminescence (EL) properties of quantum dots (QDs) is not only critical for the fundamental understanding of charge recombination processes in quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) but also important to expand their particular applications at cryogenic temperatures. Herein, the temperature-dependent EL properties of typical CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs were systematically studied for both the standard and inverted QLEDs in the temperature range of 100–300 K. It was found that EL intensity and efficiency were gradually enhanced and exhibited a pronounced blue shifting in EL spectra with the decrease in temperature. We demonstrated that temperature-dependent EL behaviors mainly originated from the inherent properties of QDs, while the different device structures could induce some fine temperature-dependent behaviors on this basis. Moreover, the effective Joule heat dissipation at low temperatures protects the charge transport and QD layers from thermal decomposition and damage, which prolongs the operational lifetime of devices.
Perspective on the band structure engineering and doping control of transparent conducting materials
Authors: Cai Xuefen , Wei Su-Huai
Published: August 2021

Transparent conducting materials (TCMs), which combine high electrical conductivity and high optical transmission in the visible spectral range, are needed in many modern optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, flat-panel displays, touch-screen sensors, light emitting diodes, and transparent thin film transistors. However, many physical properties of the TCMs are still not very well understood. Understanding the band structure and physical origin of the unique properties of the TCMs is, therefore, crucial for the future design of these fascinating materials. In this Perspective, we will first present a brief review of the unique band structure and doping control of TCMs. In particular, we will discuss (i) the fundamental band structures and defect properties for the TCMs and why most of them are oxides (transparent conducting oxides, TCOs); (ii) how to achieve simultaneously high transparency and conductivity in n-type TCMs; (iii) why p-type TCOs are difficult to achieve; (iv) how to modify the band structure or design new materials to achieve p-type TCMs or even bipolarly dopable TCMs. Finally, we will discuss some of the remaining challenges and opportunities for the development of TCMs in the near future.
A priori analysis of subgrid-scale terms in compressible transcritical real gas flows
Authors: Giauque Alexis , Vadrot Aurélien , Errante Paolo , Corre Christophe
Published: August 2021

Of interest to the research community dealing with real gas flows, this study analyzes the influence of the physical complexity of real gases on the amplitude of subgrid-scale (SGS) terms present in the filtered Navier–Stokes equations to be solved in large eddy simulations. The direct numerical simulation results of three academic configurations (homogeneous isotropic turbulence, mixing layer, and channel flow) are filtered from the largest scale in the domain down to the Kolmogorov length scale. The analysis of the filtered flow variables consistently shows that the SGS turbulent stress and the SGS pressure cannot be neglected in the momentum equation. In the total energy equation, SGS pressure work and SGS internal and kinetic fluxes are found to be significant in the inertial zone of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum. Since in the inertial zone, which corresponds to large filter sizes, specific models have not yet been designed for some of these terms, this study calls for such a modeling effort that will benefit the real gas and organic Rankine cycles research communities.
Self-diffusivity of dense confined fluids
Authors: Corral-Casas Carlos , Gibelli Livio , Borg Matthew K. , Li Jun , Al-Afnan Saad F. K. , Zhang Yonghao
Published: August 2021

Molecular transport through tight porous media is crucial to shale gas exploration, but deeper insights of the elemental physics are still required, particularly under high pressures and nanoscale confinements, where Navier–Stokes and Boltzmann solutions are no longer valid. In this work, we carry out a fundamental and systematic study of self-diffusion using event-driven molecular dynamics simulations, varying fluid rarefaction, confinement, and surface friction. We differentiate between fluid–fluid and fluid-wall collisions to identify the interplay of the underpinning diffusive mechanisms, namely, molecular and Knudsen diffusion. We find that the Bosanquet formula, which has been used for describing rarefied gases, is also able to provide a good semi-analytical description of self-diffusivities in confined dense fluids, as long as the pore height is not smaller than five molecular diameters. Importantly, this allows us to predict the self-diffusion coefficient, regardless of the fluid rarefaction, confinement state, and surface roughness, in a wide range of Knudsen numbers that were not possible before. Often as a source of debate, we prove here that despite strong fluid inhomogeneities arising in these conditions, the Einstein self-diffusivity can still be used within Fick's law, provided boundary effects are considered when using Fick's setup. Finally, we notice that a previously identified linear scaling of self-diffusivities with confinement is only valid in the limit of low densities and frictionless walls, which is not representative of shale reservoirs. This work will serve as a foundation for investigating the anomalous gas transport behavior observed in the recent work of dense, confined fluids.
Unified treatment of scattering, absorption, and luminescence spectra from a plasmon–exciton hybrid by temporal coupled-mode theory
Authors: Hu Huatian , Shi Zhifeng , Zhang Shunping , Xu Hongxing
Published: August 2021

Plasmonic nanostructures are capable of tailoring the emission of a nearby emitter by increasing (or reducing) the brightness, shortening (or prolonging) the lifetime, and shaping the spectrum. Experimental characterization of such coupled plasmon–exciton (plexciton) systems usually relies on the acquisition and comparison of scattering, absorption, or luminescence spectra. However, theoretical accounts of these optical spectra, which are key to distinguishing between the coupling regimes and to standardizing the coupling criteria, often scatters in different frameworks, varying from classical to quantum-mechanical. Therefore, developing a unified and simple formalism that can simultaneously compare all these spectral signatures in different coupling regimes is nontrivial. Here, we use a temporal coupled-mode formalism to reproduce the scattering, absorption, and luminescence spectra of a plexciton system and find that its luminescence reaches a maximum at a critical coupling point, featuring a light-emitting plexciton with intense brightness and ultrafast lifetime. This simple approach provides a unified and phenomenological treatment of these spectra by simply including or excluding an external driving term. It therefore allows for a direct comparison of different spectroscopic signatures from the plexciton system and provides an easy-to-use guidance for the design of broadband light-emitting devices.
Time-resolved thermal lens investigation of glassy dynamics in supercooled liquids: Theory and experiments
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Gandolfi Marco , Banfi Francesco , Glorieux Christ , Liu Liwang
Published: August 2021

This work reports results on the simultaneous spectroscopy of the specific heat and thermal expansivity of glycerol by making use of a wideband time-resolved thermal lens (TL) technique. An analytical model is presented which describes TL transients in a relaxing system subjected to impulsive laser heating. Experimentally, a set of TL waveforms, from 1 ns to 20 ms, has been recorded for a glycerol sample upon supercooling, from 300 to 200 K. The satisfactory fitting of the TL signals to the model allows the assessment of relaxation strength and relaxation frequency of the two quantities up to sub-100 MHz, extending the specific heat and thermal expansion spectroscopy by nearly three and eight decades, respectively. Fragility values, extracted from the relaxation behavior of the specific heat and the thermal expansion coefficient, are found to be similar, despite a substantial difference in relaxation strength.
Evaluation of oxidation suppression of multilayer graphene synthesized using fluorene as a solid source
Authors: Watanabe Jun , Kubo Toshitaka , Shimizu Tetsuo
Published: August 2021

Multilayer graphene (MLG) on a Cu substrate was successfully fabricated via a solid-source chemical vapor deposition process using fluorene as the solid source. The surface coverage of graphene was greater than 98% even at 6 min, and the MLG ratio was ∼97%, indicating that our growth method selectively promoted MLG growth from the beginning of graphene growth. The oxidation suppression characteristics of MLG were confirmed using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Cu crystal orientations were identified only under areas covered by graphene, indicating that the oxidation of Cu did not proceed at the interface between Cu and graphene. We confirmed using EBSD techniques that MLG suppresses the surface oxidation of a Cu substrate. Furthermore, we showed that EBSD was an effective tool for evaluating surface oxidation as well as surface crystal orientations.
Forced flow response analysis of a turbulent swirling annular jet flame
Authors: Douglas Christopher M. , Emerson Benjamin L. , Hemchandra Santosh , Lieuwen Timothy C.
Published: August 2021

This study of an externally forced, amplifier-type turbulent reacting swirling annular jet presents a low-order model for the flow response to transverse acoustic excitation and compares the model's predictions with experimental measurements. The model is formulated based on linear stability calculations about the turbulent mean flow and eddy viscosity fields obtained from separate measurements of the unforced flow. The stability calculations yield weakly global spatial modes associated with the forcing frequency, which serve as a basis upon which to project the forcing input. Thus, the model constitutes a hydrodynamic transfer function connecting the input forcing to the output coherent flow response through the linearized low Mach number compressible Navier–Stokes equations. Following a detailed presentation of the stability analysis underlying the model, the response predictions are evaluated against previously reported experiments where the jet was transversely excited at both an acoustic pressure node and an antinode. The results reveal excellent agreement between the predicted response and the measured fluctuating fields, suggesting that the low-order linear model based on the turbulent mean flow field captures the essential physics of the mode selection process in this forced configuration. This work provides further evidence that linear hydrodynamics govern the growth and decay of spatiotemporally coherent vortical structures in the swirling, turbulent jet flame, and, in particular, explains the dominance of co-rotating spiral structures.
Grouping strategy via d-orbit energy level to design eutectic high-entropy alloys
Authors: Li Tianxin , Lu Yiping , Wang Tongmin , Li Tingju
Published: August 2021

Recently, eutectic high-entropy alloys (EHEAs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their outstanding mechanical properties and excellent castability. However, EHEA design remains a huge challenge. Traditional grouping design strategies excessively depend on the reported alloy composition. Meanwhile, the quantitative boundary conditions of grouping strategies remain unclear. This work proposes a grouping strategy via the d-orbit energy level (ΔMdij) to design EHEAs. The ΔMdij model was an extension of the grouping strategy, which did not require the existing alloy composition and provided a clear boundary condition for grouping the component elements. Accordingly, (CoFe2NiV0.5Mo0.2)91Zr9 EHEA with nanostructured fully eutectic morphology was designed and prepared by direct solidification. This work provided a perspective to advance the understanding of grouping design strategies for EHEAs and make it possible to design the composition of EHEAs on a large scale.
Experimental investigation on backflow of power-law fluids in planar fractures
Authors: Lenci A. , Chiapponi L. , Longo S. , Di Federico V.
Published: August 2021

In hydrofracturing, we model the backflow of a non-Newtonian fluid in a single flat-walled fracture of planar geometry and support our conceptualization with laboratory experiments. We consider a power-law fluid, a spatially homogeneous fracture aperture, and its variation in time depending on the internal fluid pressure and the elastic relaxation of the walls. The relationship between the latter quantities may be linear, akin to a Winkler soil, or nonlinear, due to the progressive softening or stiffening of the boundary associated with the properties of the surrounding rock. The result is an integrodifferential problem that generally admits a closed-form solution, albeit implicit for some quantities. In particular, a comparison is conducted between the drainage time in the present configuration and point drainage in radial geometry. The approach is generalized by introducing a leak-off, i.e., a loss of fluid at the fracture boundaries that accelerates the fracture closure, when compared to the no leak-off case. To validate the theoretical results, 14 experiments are conducted with an ad hoc replica of a rectangular fracture of aspect ratio 2.5–2.7, with a maximum height of ≈2 mm; the elastic reaction of the walls is due to o-rings, also sealing the fracture without adding friction disturbances. Fluids with different rheology, both Newtonian and shear-thinning, are associated with different boundary conditions of external pressure and overload. The match between theory and experiments is fairly good, with discrepancies of a few percent essentially due to the approximations of the theoretical model, and, for shear-thinning fluids, to the simplified constitutive equation.
14-3-3ζ: A suppressor of inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Kim Joshua , Chun Krista , McGowan Jenna , Zhang Youjie , Czernik Piotr J. , Mell Blair , Joe Bina , Chattopadhyay Saurabh , Holoshitz Joseph , Chakravarti Ritu
Published: August 2021

Significance

Inflammatory arthritis (IA) affects more than 1% of the world population. Natural host-protective immune responses to suppress or prophylactic immunization to prevent IA remain unknown. We previously showed that 14-3-3ζ is an autoantigen in large vessel vasculitis. In the current study, we examined the role of antigenic 14-3-3ζ using animal models of IA. Our results showed that 14-3-3ζ is an endogenous suppressor of IA. In addition to immunological manipulations, 14-3-3ζ has a strong effect on bone remodeling. Moreover, we developed a 14-3-3ζ–based prophylactic vaccine that reduces IA symptoms. This report shows the host-protective role of antigenic 14-3-3ζ in IA suppression and shows that autoantigens play an important role in inflammatory diseases.
Cyclin D2 overexpression drives B1a-derived MCL-like lymphoma in mice
Authors: Pieters Tim , T’Sas Sara , Vanhee Stijn , Almeida André , Driege Yasmine , Roels Juliette , Van Loocke Wouter , Daneels Willem , Baens Mathijs , Marchand Arnaud , Van Trimpont Maaike , Matthijssens Filip , Morscio Julie , Lemeire Kelly , Lintermans Béatrice , Reunes Lindy , Chaltin Patrick , Offner Fritz , Van Dorpe Jo , Hochepied Tino , Berx Geert , Beyaert Rudi , Staal Jens , Van Vlierberghe Pieter , Goossens Steven
Published: August 2021

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B cell lymphoma with poor long-term overall survival. Currently, MCL research and development of potential cures is hampered by the lack of good in vivo models. MCL is characterized by recurrent translocations of CCND1 or CCND2, resulting in overexpression of the cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 or D2, respectively. Here, we show, for the first time, that hematopoiesis-specific activation of cyclin D2 is sufficient to drive murine MCL-like lymphoma development. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cyclin D2 overexpression can synergize with loss of p53 to form aggressive and transplantable MCL-like lymphomas. Strikingly, cyclin D2–driven lymphomas display transcriptional, immunophenotypic, and functional similarities with B1a B cells. These MCL-like lymphomas have B1a-specific B cell receptors (BCRs), show elevated BCR and NF-κB pathway activation, and display increased MALT1 protease activity. Finally, we provide preclinical evidence that inhibition of MALT1 protease activity, which is essential for the development of early life–derived B1a cells, can be an effective therapeutic strategy to treat MCL.
Terahertz MEMS metadevices
Authors: Pitchappa Prakash , Kumar Abhishek , Singh Ranjan , Lee Chengkuo , Wang Nan
Published: August 2021

Terahertz (THz) part of the electromagnetic spectrum (0.1–10 THz) holds the key for next-generation high-speed wireless communication, non-destructive biosensing, fingerprint chemical detection and imaging for astronomy and security surveillance. The limited THz response of naturally occurring materials had left a technological gap in the THz region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Artificially engineered materials termed as ‘metamaterials’, have shown great potential in THz wave interaction and its active counterpart termed as ‘metadevices’ have been widely reported for on-demand manipulation of THz waves. One of the most efficient means of realizing metadevices is to reconfigure the shape of unit cells and hence the corresponding THz response. The 50+ years of development in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and the wide array of microactuator designs provide a perfect platform to achieve structural reconfiguration of microscale metamaterial unit cells in both in-plane and out-of-plane directions. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of various MEMS approaches adopted for the demonstration of THz metadevices, their advantages and limitations. The future research directions of THz MEMS metadevices are also discussed. The seamless integration of matured MEMS technology with incipient THz metamaterials provides significant advantages in terms of enhanced performances, advanced functionalities and large scale manufacturability, that is critical for the development of future THz technologies.