bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yellow leaf spot of winter bread wheat in the Saratov region
Authors: Konkova E. A. , Lyashcheva S. V.
Published: July 2020

The purpose of the current work was to study the development of tan spot, the causative agent of yellow leaf spot Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died) Drechsler on winter bread wheat in the conditions of the Saratov region of Russia. In 2018–2019 there was carried out an estimation of the resistance of 33 winter bread wheat samples to the causative agent of yellow leaf spot. It was established that the varieties “Gostianum 237” and “Levoberezhnaya 1” were characterized by a high level of resistance in the fields. There were identified such weak susceptible varieties as “Victoria 95”, “Gubernia”, “Mironovskaya 808”, “Donskaya bezostaya”, “Smuglyanka”, “Kalach 60”, “111-96 / Zhemchuzhina Povolzhiya”, “L 329 / Urozhaynaya”, “Gubernia / Zhemchuzhina Povolzhiya”, “Saratovskaya 90/ Ukraina”, “L 503 / M Freeman”, “81-93 / (Saratovskaya 11 / Kharkov 82)”. There was identified a moderate damage in the varieties “Lutenscens 230”, “Saratovskaya 80”, “Saratovskaya 90 / 14431 M”, “Sozvesdie”, “Anastasia”, “Saratovskaya 8 / Yubilyar”. The varieties “Zhemchuzhina Povolzhiya”, “Saratovskaya 17”, “Elvira”, “Saratovskaya 8 / B.Z.D.”, “(26-72 / N 49)/(L 15 / Pia)/Sar. 8)”, “Saratovskaya 8 / Yubilyar”, “L 503 / M Freeman”, “30-99/(Saratovskaya 11 / Kharkovskaya 82)”, “Sharada / L 31-98”, “346-06 / L 1334-5”, “Saratovskaya 90”, “L 329 / Saratovskaya ubileynaya”, “Istok/(Saratovskaya 90 / L 503)”, “Brigantina / Don 74” were found susceptible to the pathogen. It was identified that the proportion of winter soft wheat samples resistant to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was 42% of the total number of varieties studied. There was studied dynamics of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis development in the winter soft wheat variety “Saratovskaya90”. It was found out that the damage degree of the winter bread wheat variety “Saratovskaya90” greatly depended upon the remoteness of the sowings from the source of infection.
The effect of environmental factors on oats resistance to loose smut
Authors: Gradoboeva Т. P. , Batalova G. A.
Published: July 2020

Loose smut (Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr.) is the most dangerous and harmful disease with a wide distribution area. The purpose of the current study was to screen spring oat genotypes for resistance to loose smut and the stability of this trait on an artificial infectious background, and to identify resistant forms. There has been established that the large varieties damage in the first 5–10 days after sowing infected seed was caused by negative temperatures on the soil surface (correlation coefficient (r) was 0.95 and 0.90, respectively), and by average daily air temperature (r = 0.94–0.76), the minimum temperature on the soil surface (r = 0.86 and 0.82) and soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm (r = 0.87 and 0.78). The effect of precipitation was noted in a later period of 30–60 days after sowing (r = 0.88–0.72). On an infectious background there have been estimated 296 chaffy and hulled oats varieties. Among them there have been identified the genotypes with very high (188h12, 256h12, I-4845, 213h13, 233h13 and 256h13) and practical (119h11, 178h13, 194h13, 245h14, I-4857 and I-4903) resistance to the pathogen of 0 to 5%. In conditions of the natural development of the disease, the samples from the USA and Germany prevailed among foreign varieties with a lack of damage signs. Among the domestic ones the best results were identified in the varieties from Kirov and Ulyanovsk regions, Krasnodar Territory. The varieties 188h12, 256h12, I-4845 did not respond to changes in the environment (bi = 0). The parameters of variability (V), stability (S2), and stress resistance (xmin – xmax) of these genotypes were 0. The varieties 119h11 showed high stability (S2 = 2.2) and stress resistance (xmin – xmax = –3.7) of the trait. The oats varieties, selected due to loose smut resistance and due to stability of this trait on an infectious background are of great importance in breeding varieties with resistance to this disease.
Ecological testing of the winter barley varieties in the conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia
Authors: Goldvarg B. A. , Boktaev M. V. , Filippov E. G. , Dontsova A. A.
Published: July 2020

Barley productivity varies significantly in various agricultural areas, therefore, there should be conducted an ecological testing to identify varieties’ response to various soil and climatic conditions. That gives an opportunity to identify varieties adapted to specific soil and climatic conditions of a particular area or a region. The purpose of the current study was to conduct an ecological testing of winter barley varieties in the arid central part of theRepublicofKalmykiafor the subsequent identification of the most drought-tolerant, adaptable winter barley varieties, as well as to compare productivity of winter barley with that of spring barley in the arid conditions of the Kalmykia steppes. The study was carried out on the experimental plots of the Kalmyksky RIA named after M. B. Narmaev, a branch of the FSBSI “Pre-Caspian Agricultural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (PCAFRC) in 2018–2019. The objects of research were 9 winter barley varieties of various breeding institutions. The variety of winter barley “Erema” was a standard one, the only one from the entire set of studied varieties that has been included into the State List of Breeding Achievements of theRussian Federation, recommended for cultivation in theRepublicofKalmykia. The trials were laid in four sequences with a systematic arrangement of variants. The total area of the plot was60 m2, the registration plot was50 m2. The seeding rate was 350 pcs. Of germinating seeds per1 m2. The forecrop was winter wheat sown in a fallow land. The study has found that the productivity of the varieties “Timofei”, “Romans”, “Sprinter”, and “Molot” were significantly inferior to that of the standard variety. The productivity of the varieties “Espada”, “Kuzen”, “Vivat”, “Samson” were at the same level as of the standard variety. It should be noted that the maximum yield (4.13 t/ha) was produced by the new variety “Vivat” in 2018. The variety has an undoubted prospect to be cultivated in this region, as it is a facultative one according to the biological type of development, unlike the other studied varieties.
Efectos del capital humano en las organizaciones empresariales: estimaciones econométricas para nuevos negocios y exportaciones
Authors: Marín Hernández Marlit , Hernández García Edwin Arbey
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: mostrar el impacto positivo del capital humano sobre la generación de nuevosnegocios y el nivel de exportaciones. Método: se hace una revisión de literatura y luegoempíricamente se estiman dos modelos de datos panel para medir el impacto del capitalhumano sobre variables económicas empresariales. Resultados: se encontró que lavariable de gasto público en educación tiene efecto marginal positivo sobre la generaciónde nuevos negocios y las exportaciones. Por su parte, la inversión en educaciónsecundaria tiene efectos positivos y significativos sobre nuevos negocios empresariales,siendo esta época de formación educativa, propicia para generar un espíritu emprendedoren los jóvenes. Por su parte, todas las variables de educación tuvieron impactos positivosy significativos sobre las exportaciones. Conclusiones: se pueden encontrar efectospositivos del capital humano, especialmente de la educación, sobre la generación denuevos negocios y sobre las exportaciones.
Expectativas del usuario de servicios de mototaxi para la promoción del turismo receptivo en la ciudad de Tarapoto
Authors: Cruz Tarrillo Jose Joel , Tarrillo Paredes José , Almestar Villegas Carmelino
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Conocer las expectativas del turista como usuario del servicio de mototaxi en la ciudadde Tarapoto, mediante la técnica de análisis de componentes principales. Método: Se desarrollóuna investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, de nivel descriptivo, con diseño de investigación noexperimental de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 150 turistas usuarios delservicio de mototaxi. La variable “expectativas del servicio de mototaxi”, fue agrupada en cuatrocomponentes principales que recogen el 59,03% de la varianza total explicada. Resultados: Loscomponentes principales encontrados para el modelo se denominan: componente 1, cumplimientode normas del conductor; componente 2, comodidad del pasajero; componente 3, imagen personaldel conductor y la componente 4, respeto al medio ambiente. Conclusiones: El turista usuariodel servicio de mototaxi espera prioritariamente el cumplimiento de normas del conductor y lacomodidad del viaje, ya que estos dos componentes explican el 39% de la variable.
Conceptual framework of viral marketing: a review of the literature of the last years
Authors: Garcia-Salirrosas Elizabeth Emperatriz
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this research was to build a conceptual framework of viral marketing startingfrom a literary review of the various studies published in indexed magazines in the recentyears. It is concluded that viral marketing can be defined as a marketing technique thatuses the intercommunication of consumers through the 2.0 tools, managing to spread themessage on the network at initiative of the user, giving the possibility to increase the valueof the organization through fast and unlimited transmission, similar to a flu or computervirus. This technique takes advantage of people’s communication, since feelings, emotionsand experiences are transmitted through their networks. Viral marketing must be usedconveniently, justifying its use through a simple message that goes beyond repeatinginformation in the different media, thus achieving a good communication practice, andcreating interconnectivity between organizations and their consumers.
Requisitos de acceso al mercado de Canadá para galletas a base de maca negra
Authors: Cespedes Rosales Fabiola Milagros , Benites Jares Nadia` Doris , Huallpatuero Ramos Erick Carlos
Published: July 2020

Determinar los requisitos de acceso al mercado canadiense para las galletas a base de maca negra. La investigación realizada fue no experimental. Para desarrollar el trabajo de investigacion nos basamos en el análisis de información de diferentes estudios previos. El conocimiento de los requisitos de entrada a Canadá permite la fácil inserción de las galletas elaboradas a base de maca negra. Canadá es un mercado conveniente porque sus consumidores tienen preferencias por los productos orgánicos. Las ferias internacionales son una herramienta fundamental ya que nos permite juntar al exportador con el importador.
Propuesta de comercialización para fomentar la exportación de mantas de algodón nativo de colores de la CITE Sipán al mercado de Alemania, 2020
Authors: Diaz Caro Frank
Published: July 2020

El objetivo es generar una propuesta de comercialización que fomente la exportación de mantas dealgodón nativo de colores elaborado por los artesanos de la CITE SIPAN al mercado Alemán. Seutilizó el método Hipotético-deductivo y los resultados señalaron que los artesanos de la CITE-SIPANesperan poder exportar sus productos pero precisan de un seguimiento debido al desconocimiento delas herramientas necesarias para la exportación, mientras que la investigación de mercado señala quesegún los encargados de retails en la ciudad de Hamburgo, las mantas peruanas de algodón nativosi tendrán aceptación y podrán ser distribuidos si se cumple con los requerimientos mínimos. Sedeterminó que la propuesta de comercialización debe de cumplir con los requerimientos del mercadoalemán en el área de promoción y distribución si fomenta a los artesanos a la exportación de lasmantas hecha de algodón nativo de colores.
La internacionalización, el acceso y los retos de las revistas científicas
Authors: Esteban Espinoza David
Published: July 2020

Informamos a nuestros lectores y colaboradores sobre la indización de Global BusinessAdministration Journal (GBAJ) en dos importantes bases de datos, la Red Iberoamericanade Innovación y Conocimiento Científico (REDIB) y el Sistema Regional de Información enLínea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal (Latindex),asimismo, GBAJ acaba de ser incluida en el Repositorio Nacional Digital (ALICIA), por elConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (CONCYTEC). Estoslogros nos animan a seguir promoviendo la mejora continua en el proceso editorial.
Cryptocurrency: permanent money substitute or another temporary trend
Authors: Tyshtikbayeva А.Zh. , Zhanseitov A.T. , Borisova E.V. , Turusbekov А.Е.
Published: July 2020

Purpose: To identify that the cryptocurrency can be distinguished as a real-money equivalent in Kazakhstan in the near future.Methods: a SWOT (strengths– weaknesses– opportunities- threats) analysis supported with the results of a survey in Nur-Sultan city.Results: The majority of surveyed people claim that they refuse to use cryptocurrency due to its complexity and it demonstrably illustrates that people are not sure in new technologies’ potential, while the SWOT analysis proved that there certainly is a chance for the cryptocurrency to substitute money due to numerous possibilities.Conclusions: Undoubtedly, the cryptocurrency is capable to carry out ordinary cash’s functions and fully supplant it in the nearest future, offering such focal points as mechanized tax collection, robotized protections, and becoming globally acknowledged money. Although there are several obstacles as the cryptocurrency’s instability, administrative weight, and unwillingness of individuals to its integration into our everyday lives, the cryptocurrency can be a lasting money substitute, but the humankind needs more time to acknowledge it as the chief device.
World experience in organizing deposit guarantee systems
Authors: Vorobуeva S.M.
Published: July 2020

Object: To identify possible ways to improve the deposit insurance system in the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of studying the world practice of deposit insurance and identifying the functioning of various models of deposit insurance systems.Methods: Used such basic methods of cognition as the method of description and comparison, periodization, generalization and logical analysis.Results: A retrospective review of the establishment of deposit insurance systems in different countries of the world and integration associations was carried out, differences in the organization of deposit insurance according to the American and continental models were identified, suggestions were made for further improvement of the practice of deposit insurance in the Republic of Kazakhstan.Conclusions: The author defines further directions for the development of the global practice of deposit insurance by unifying deposit guarantee systems and the emergence of superstructure deposit protection systems within integration associations and the functioning of cross-border insurance systems. Based on international experience, the author formulated a conclusion about the need to change the legislative conditions for guaranteeing deposits in the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of recognition by entities of the deposit insurance system of non-bank organizations, the extension of insurance liability to deposits of legal entities, and increasing the maximum security for guaranteed deposits. The author proposes a change in the practice of forming a deposit guarantee fund in order to improve the conditions for participation in the deposit guarantee system for second-tier banks.
Sovereign ratings of Ukraine: factors and risks
Authors: Borzenko E.A.
Published: July 2020

Object: The aim of the article is to develop theoretical principles that reveal the content , functions and role of sovereign credit ratings in the financial market, justify the transformation of methodological approaches to determining sovereign ratings in times of crisis, and develop recommendations regarding the regulation of rating agencies in Ukraine.Methods: The methodological basis of the article was the provisions of general economic theory, a systematic approach, a trend-based forecasting method, analytical alignment methods, and a statistical method. Findings: As a result of the study , it was found that if a country is assigned a speculative level rating, most of the capital flows into short-term speculative operations. High riskiness, micro and macroeconomic uncertainty, and limited opportunities for the state to influence the economic environment and processes in the country and market participants create an ideal environment for speculative capital movement.Conclusions: A certain flow of fuse I capi t ala of the real sector in spe kulyativny sector - due to growing risks and the cost of capital is the use of modern tools of business and making financial and economic decisions. Reduce the risks of investors and improve the investment attractiveness are designed such innovative systems and those hnologii as the financial cont ling , value-orientations annoe management, financial co m munikatsii, modern methods of assessment ki credit risks , and the like. Them practical advice in complex e with makroe to nomic reforms in the country will help to improve the ratings of our state as a whole and individual economic entities, create favorable conditions for the inflow of capital into the real economy.
The effectiveness analysis of the university-business interaction institutional mechanism and recommendations for its improvement
Authors: Drakh T.P. , Salzhanova Z.A. , Vitrenko A.
Published: July 2020

Object: The purpose of this study is to provide justification of Business Interaction Centers on the basis of organisational models, determine its functions, tasks and indicators for evaluating its work for different types of universities, taking into account business interests ensuring direct and most active participation of the business community in performance of educational, scientific and entrepreneurial functions of the university.Methods: The methods are content, comparative, retrospective types of analysis.Findings: The article includes the results of analysis of the effectiveness of university-business interaction in Kazakhstan, based on the Matrix of characteristics of the UBI institutional mechanism and the profile of an entrepreneurial university, which has found that formally all universities have required departments for interacting with business for entrepreneurial, educational and scientific activities, but the majority of the universities studied do not have a integrated center for interaction with business.Conclusions: Increasing the effectiveness of interaction with business, universities are required to make changes to their organizational structure and create the integrated unit for interaction – the Business Interaction Centre.
Analysis of criteria for evaluating environmentally responsible hotels: theoretical aspects and methodology
Authors: Duissembayev А.А. , Ussenova D.М , Sarmento João
Published: July 2020

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the main criteria for evaluating environmentally responsible hotels based on a detailed analysis of international experience in conducting eco-certification in the tourism and hospitality industry by leading organizations around the world.Methods: The main methods are theoretical research methods, such as analysis of indicators of eco-certification of green hotels, analysis of international standards for eco-certification of accommodation services, as well as classification of criteria for evaluating environmentally responsible hotels.Findings: As a result of analysis and research in this direction, two groups of indicators have been identified that directly and indirectly determine the possibility of establishing a hotel among the categories of environmentally responsible hotels: direct resource-saving criteria and management and information.Conclusions: Taking into account that Kazakhstan has not yet developed a methodology for eco-certification of collective and individual accommodation facilities, as well as procedures for assigning an eco-label to green or ecohotels, the study is of a recommendatory practical nature for the development of mechanisms for the introduction of environmentally responsible hotels in the tourist services market.
The shadow economy: concept and evaluation
Authors: Glukhova V.I. , Daribekov S.S. , Daribekova A.S. , Mambetova S.Sh. , Yeskerova Z.A.
Published: July 2020

Object: The article discusses the concepts, assessment, and reasons that affect the development of the shadow economy of Kazakhstan. In particular, the authors aim to propose mechanisms for limiting the shadow economy in the Republic of Kazakhstan based on theoretical justification of the reasons for the existence of the shadow economy.Methods: Based on the use of comparative and theoretical analysis, it is concluded that it is necessary to limit the shadow economy by improving the main directions from the point of view of the state legalization policy. The subject of the research is economic relations arising in the process of formation and development of the shadow sector of the economy in the Republic of Kazakhstan.Findings: In the proposed scientific article, the authors pay attention to the essence of the concept of the shadow economy, analyze the areas of development of shadow economic activity in Kazakhstan, and suggest the main directions for preventing the laundering of income from uncontrolled economic activities as a reduction of the shadow economy.Conclusions: Informal processes are clearly expressed in the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, especially in the sphere of construction, agriculture, trade and transport. One of the priorities of the state administration is to reduce the share of shadow business in the economy and transfer it to the «legal» mode of operation. The state policy of legalization is presented as a mechanism for reducing this, since these measures will transfer a significant part of the rent created in the society to the implementation of economic reforms in the state.
Digital economy of Kazakhstan: theoretical aspects, development opportunities
Authors: Sembekov A.K. , Budeshov Ye.G. , Tazhbayev N.M. , Ulakov N.S. , Tyupakova N.N.
Published: July 2020

Object: The aim of the study is to analyze the state of digital transformation of the national economy, identify existing contradictions and risks. Conducting a study of digital economy indices of the Republic of Kazakhstan, building a forecast for the development of digital economy.Methods: In the course of the study, the following methods were used: observation, generalization, comparison, analysis, systematic approach, systematization of materials, processing.Results: As a result of the study, a comparative analysis of the theoretical prerequisites for the definition of the term “digital economy” was carried out, differences to the definition based on a study of the opinions, opinions of scientists, experts were generalized, patterns of evolutionary development of the digital economy were revealed. The article substantiates and proposes the author’s definition of the concept of “digital economy”. The analysis of the state of the digital economy of Kazakhstan is carried out, the main trends, contradictions in the development of the digital economy, other “bottlenecks” that inhibit the development of the digital trend are identified. The forecast assessment of the development of digital literacy of the population for the near future is presented.Conclusions: Based on the study of digitalization experience of other countries, the main indicators of the development of the country's digital economy are considered, their forecast estimates of development are calculated. On this basis, the author proposed a forecast of the future development of the digital economy. Finally, main conclusions and recommendations for development of the digital economy of Kazakhstan for the medium term are made.
The tax policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of modernization
Authors: Sembekov A.K. , Lukpanova Zh.O. , Toyzhigitova Zh.A. , Tyupakova N.N.
Published: July 2020

Object: The aim of the study is to identify the results of tax reforms, assess the current state of the tax system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as to identify problems and determine the main directions for improving the tax system of Kazakhstan.Methods: The research methods – system analysis, economic and statistical data processing, comparison and generalization, scientific analysis and synthesis.Findings: The article analyzes the current tax policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan, namely the impact of tax reforms on the economy of Kazakhstan, with an emphasis on recent tax reforms. An analysis of tax revenues and a comparative analysis of structural changes in the budget in recent years, with an emphasis on the main production taxes, such as corporate income tax, value added tax, taxes on international trade and foreign operations.Conclusions: The study revealed the problems of the effectiveness of tax reforms in Kazakhstan from the standpoint of their compliance with modern requirements. The article notes that the modern tax policy of Kazakhstan should be aimed at supporting small and medium-sized businesses, stimulating the non-resource sector of the economy. In particular, it proposes a policy to stimulate the production of agricultural processing enterprises and the food industry, justifies the need for tax incentives for food producers in terms of reducing the value added tax. In the context of the EAEU integration trade, it is necessary to adopt tax incentives to reduce the total tax burden on products of the nonresource sector of the economy, and to resolve the administrative and customs problems of the union.
THE FIRMANS OF NADIR-SHAH AFSHAR IN THE NAME OF KAYTAG UTSMIY AHMAD-KHAN
Authors: Alibekova Patimat M.
Published: July 2020

The article presents epistolary sources in Persian from the Dagestan collection of firmans of Persian shahs in the name of the Kaitag utsmis. At the Institute of history, archaeology and Ethnography of DFRC RAS stored microfilms of these firmans received from the National library of France, where utsmic collection hit in the second half of the ХΙХ century. Copies of the firmans of Persian shahs in the name of Kaitag utsmis exist in the libraries of Georgia. They are published by the Georgian scientists with the typed texts and translation in Georgian and Russian languages. A comparative analysis of the documents revealed that the Georgian collection is fuller than the Paris collection, there are copies made by different katibs in the collections, and there are textual discrepancies and discrepancies in the Dating of firmans. We present in this article a facsimile of the firmans of Nadir Shah addressed to one of the most influential Dagestani rulers of the XVΙΙΙ century Kaitag utsmiy Ahmad-khan, and provide their contents with appropriate comments. Firmans have informative value, serve as a good source base for studying the complex, contradictory historical period, containing a lot of white spots in the history of the Nadir Shah wars in Dagestan. The documents have high scientific value and shed light on the policy of Nadir Shah in the territories under his control, on historical events related to the struggle of the Dagestani peoples for liberation from vassalage, and the policy of the Dagestani rulers. For several years, there was a struggle between the Dagestani highlanders and the Shah of Iran. The final victory over Nadir Shah was won only when the combined forces of the Avars, Kaitag people, akushins, kumukhs, Tabasarans, and all Dagestani peoples took part in the fight against the enemy in Andalal. Firmans convey the atmosphere of historical events, threats against recalcitrant mountaineers are heard more often, the tone of Nadir's letters, promising endless Shah's favors in exchange for submission, is replaced by a menacing, sometimes offensive one.
ACQUISITION OF THE GARRISON OF THE HOLY CROSS FORTRESS (1722-1735): BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE CENTRAL STATE ARCHVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN
Authors: Abdusalamov Magomed-Pasha B. , Chekulayev Nikolay D.
Published: July 2020

Introduction. In article mainly on the basis of materials of the Central state archive of the Republic of Dagestan history of stay of the Russian imperial troops in Dagestan of the first third of the XVIII century is reconstructed.
Authors of article from objective positions, taking into account achievements of domestic Caucasus studies on the basis of deep studying, the analysis and generalization of archival materials set as the purpose to define a role of garrison of fortress of the Sacred Cross in implementation of the Caucasian policy by the Russian Empire in Dagestan. In article the system of completing of garrison of the Sacred Cross is considered, all parties of activity of this type of military forces reveal, beginning from the organization to garrison service.
The methodological and theoretical basis of the article is based on the basic principles of historical science: objectivity, scientific and historicism, involving the study of historical events and facts in specific historical conditions, their consideration in a comparative historical plan. Contribution of authors. M.-P. B. Abdusalamov analyzed the mechanism of collecting and sending recruits to the regiments of the fortress of the Holy cross, it is shown that this procedure was regulated by government decrees. N. D. By Chekulaeva revealed that the acquisition of the garrison of the fortress of the Holy cross was due to recruits coming mostly from cities of the Volga region, it is shown that the officer corps of the regiments of the garrison of the fortress of the Holy cross, was completed through the estates of the nobility of the Russian Empire on the basis of the principle of election from among noncommissioned chief officers.
WORK IN POLAND DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD TO CREATE
A STATE LANGUAGE FOR THE NORTH CAUCASUS
Authors: Adamczewski Przemysław
Published: July 2020

The article presents work on creating a state language for the North Caucasus that was conducted in Poland in the interwar period. This was directed by the North Caucasian Languages Commission, which was created for this purpose and headed by Stanisław Siedlicki, an active activist of the Promethean movement. In the article I present the ideological background of the above activities, the members of the Committee and the results of their work. The Committee, which included both Polish scientists and representatives of North Caucasian emigrees, took the position that the most appropriate state language for the North Caucasus would be Kumyk. This was due to the fact that, according to the Commission, this language was the most widely spoken in the relevant region.
Legal Vocabulary of Arabic-Speaking ‘adat Monuments in 14th-20th Century Dagestan (Some Results of the Study of Islamic Discourses)
Authors: Bobrovnikov Vladimir
Published: July 2020

The article is an attempt at a concise historical-legal dictionary of legal custom or ‘adat practiced by Muslim highlanders in the North-East Caucasus in the 14th-20th centuries. It contains 107 dictionary and phraseology units gathered in documents, normative and narrative sources including inscriptions. They share characteristic inaccuracies in Arabic morphology and peculiar semantics. The author argues that it was the result of cultural translation of historical realities of non-Arab society. Its legal vocabulary was created by relatively competent Shari‘a judges, teachers and students of madrasahs for members of their own rural communities and confederacies. The translation into Arabic aimed at legitimizing agreements concluded at meetings of the confederations. The glossary should help readers of local Arabic-speaking sources from the North-East Caucasus. At the same time, it elucidates controversies of Islamic discourse based on the Dagestani ‘adat that was a changing legal custom in the framework of first Islamic and then Russian imperial and early Soviet law. Historians know better the discourse of Muhammad of Kututl, Dawud of Usisha, Murtada-‘Ali of Urada who took part in the 17th-19th centuries Shari‘ah movement against non-Islamic local customs. In judicial practice, however, these scholars had to refer to different ‘adat norms and procedures reflecting the early modern society they lived in. At the same time, they Islamized legal custom gradually as we can see from changing meanings of the terms presented in the paper.
SANDALI HEATERS FROM THE DERBENT EXCAVATIONS AND THEIR CENTRAL ASIAN AND POVOLJSKIY VARIANTS
Authors: Zilivinskaya Emma D.
Published: July 2020

During the excavations in Derbent in 2014, ceramic round bowlers were found buried in the floor of the premises and filled with ash. The furnaces in the form of pits in which coals were placed for heating are widespread in Central Asia. There they are known from ancient times until the 20th century and are called «Sandal furnaces». Sandal furnaces of ceramic pots are the local Caucasian modification of these heating facilities.
ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ КОНСКОГО СНАРЯЖЕНИЯ ПОСТ-ГУННСКОГО ВРЕМЕНИ НА СЕВЕРНОМ КАВКАЗЕ И ИХ ПАРАЛЛЕЛИ НА ОКРАИНАХ СТЕПИ
Authors: Kazanski Michel
Published: July 2020

On the archaeological sites of the North Caucasus for the post-Hunnic Period (the so-called horizon of Shupovo, mid-V – mid-VI centuries AD), a number of indicative elements of horse equipment — bits, buckles, strap appliques, and metal appliques for saddles — were revealed. The same things are recorded in settled barbarians on the boundary of the nomadic steppe. Moreover, with the exception of saddle appliques, they are absent in the burials of the steppe nomads of the same time (Huns, Bulgarians, Ugrians). Nevertheless, it seems that the distribution of horse equipment is evidence of the spread of a kind of "military" fashion, primarily in the "leader" environment of sedentary barbarians, culturally, and maybe politically oriented to the nomadic steppe. The latter circumstance can explain the distribution of the things examined here primarily in the borderlands of the Great Steppe Belt. We can talk about barbarians who were in allied (or subordinate-allied) relations with the steppe nomads.
ETHNIC ELEMENT IN THE CONTEMPORARY GEORGIAN
POSTMODERNIST INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE
(“ARILI” AND “DIDGORI” AS ACTORS OF “IMAGINED
COMMUNITIES” AND “INVENTED TRADITIONS”)
Authors: Kyrchanoff Maksym
Published: July 2020

The author analyzes the collective ideas about ethnicity and ethnic culture in the modern intellectual discourse of Georgia in contexts of interdisciplinary theories of nationalism. The purpose of the article is to analyze the various forms and dimensions of “ethnicity” and “ethnic culture” in modern Georgian cultural nationalism as a modernist and constructivist project. It is assumed that the modern project of the nation in Georgia is based on the imagination of Georgians as a political community and the actualization of the concepts of “kartveloba”. Kartveloba is defined as an invented tradition that arose in intellectual discourse as a result of transplantation of Western theories of nationalism. The author analyzes the role of ethnicity and ethnic culture in the development of modern Georgian nationalist imagination in the contexts of the activities of intellectuals as the main producers of nationalist discourse? In modernist historiography, nationalism is imagined as a social and cultural construct and one of the consequences of modernization, which minimizes the factor of ethnicity, reducing it to one of the invented traditions. It is assumed that Georgian intellectuals are active in their attempts to support and develop the concept of “kartveloba” as a synthetic version of Georgianness. The author believes that intellectuals are not inclined to ethnographization of ethnic culture, rejecting its museufication in the world of postmodernity and consumer society. It is presumed that Georgian intellectuals were able to synthesize the values ​​of ethnicity and the principles of the nation as a political community. The author shows that Georgian ethnic culture is widely represented and actualized in cultural spaces, and the intellectual transplantation of Western culture does not exclude the manifestation of Georgian ethnicity, facilitating its integration into the Western canon.
GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF THE DEIFIED HOLY MATZEL
(the question of pre-Islamic beliefs of the Ingush)
Authors: Sampiev Israpil M.
Published: July 2020

The purpose of the research is to verify the hypothesis of the origin of the cult of Mjatzel in ancient times as a sacred ancestor-patron of the Falkhanoy clan and its subsequent evolution into one of the Ingush national "senior" deified saints.

To achieve this goal sets the objective: to prove that other tribal groups in mountainous Ingushetia were not the Holy Mjatzel his ancestral patron; to argue that Mjatzel was originally an ancestor-patron of the tape Falhanoy; justify the General scheme of evolution Mjatzel in one of the five Ingush "older gods".

Common tribal, communal, rural and family deities have been identified for all tribal and rural-community groups of the Kistins society of mountainous Ingushetia. The main source is the material of the work of the archaeologist D.  Chakhkiev "Antiquities of mountain Ingushetia". It is established that none of the mentioned groups had shrines dedicated to Saint Mjatzsel, had their own ancestral patrons, and did not consider Myintsela their family patron.

The paper provides a system of evidence that the deified Saint Mjatzel was originally the ancestor-patron of the teip Falhanoy and remained in this capacity for them even after the transformation into a all-Ingush deified Saint. Because of this, all the priests of the Mjatzeli sanctuary and its associated temples in Beini and Falhan (Mjat-Selash) were necessarily from Falhan. According to Falhanoy, the souls of their fathers were located at the highest point of the sacred Table mountain, where there were three shrines, including one dedicated to the rebel, which was originally patronymic in nature.

According to the scheme described in the ethnographic literature by B. Dalgat, B. Alborov, the evolution of the Mjatzel from the family patron of the Falkhanoy family to the Ingush deified Saint is justified.

As a result of comprehensive analysis of the complex archaeological, historical, toponymic and ethnographic data, it was concluded: having originated in ancient times as the cult of the sacred ancestor, the patron Saint of clans Falhanoy, in the subsequent evolution Mattel has naturally become one of the five all-Ingush deified saints.
DAGESTAN INJECTION CRAFT BY METAL ON WOOD: FROM FOLK CRAFTMANSHIP TO PROFESSIONAL ART
Authors: Garunova Saida M. , Saidova Ahgela S.
Published: July 2020

The article contains an analysis of the principles of decor and the peculiarity of the artistic style of ornamental notches with metal on wood - one of the most significant types of crafts in Dagestan. The sources and stages of development of this type of craft to the level of professional art are traced. On the example of the work of the national artist of the Russian Federation, Gamzat Gazimagomedov, the importance of professionalizing an art notch with metal on wood in the preservation of this type of folk art is shown. Consideration of the most significant works of G. Gazimagomeddov in the context of the traditional Untsukul ornamental notch art and decorative arts of the Russian Federation as a whole made it possible to identify the stylistic features of the compositional construction of the Avar ornamental notch art in the artist’s works, to present his artistic contribution as a treasury of the decorative and applied art of the Russian Federation and Dagestan, and in solving practical problems of preserving and developing the national x art crafts of the country.
ОХРАННО-СПАСАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ МОГИЛЬНИКОВ ОКТЯБРЬСКИЙ I И КИЕВСКИЙ I В МОЗДОКСКОМ РАЙОНЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ СЕВЕРНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ-АЛАНИЯ в 2019 г.
Authors: Malashev Vladimir Y. , Magomedov Rabadan G. , Dzutsev Felix S. , Mamaev Khamid M. , Kadzaeva Zalina P.
Published: July 2020

In May-August 2019 Terek complex  archaeological expedition (LLC “ Scientific-Production Center  “DARS”), Caucasian expedition (Institute of Archaeology, RAS), and the Chechen Expedition (Institute of Humanitarian Studies of Academy of Sciences of Chechen Republic) conducted security and rescue researches  of Oktyabrsky-I and Kievsky-I burial mounds of early Alan Culture period in the construction zone of the main gas pipeline “Mozdok-Grozny” in the Mozdok district of North Ossetia-Alania on means of  PAS “Gazprom” (LLC “Gazprom Invest”, Saint-Peterburg) and LLC “Kirus” (Grozny). One hundred and twenty two burials in and outside mounds of the 3rd – 5th centuries AD on Oktyabrsky-I cemetery, 40 burials of the second half of the 4th – first half of the 5th and one burial ground of the 14th centuries AD were investigated. The absolute majority of burials were made in type I catacombs (the long axis of the camera is perpendicular to the long axis of the entrances pit. The studied samples complement the results of the excavations in 2018 and make them to be a reference for the territory of the Middle Terek in the specified period. The population that left burial grounds of the Bratsky 1-st mounds, Oktyabrsky-I and Kievsky-I type of mounds participated in cultural and historical processes of the territory of the Western Caspian region where their presence in recorded in Tersko-Sulak interfluve from the second half of the 3d century AD, in Southern Daghestan from the middle of the 4th century AD and in the Northern outskirts of Kislovodsk basin.
EXCAVATION OF DERBENT SETTLEMENT IN 2017
Authors: Gadjiev Murtazali S. , Budaychiev Arsen L. , Abdulaev Abdula M. , Abiev Askekhan K.
Published: July 2020

The article is dedicated to the results of 2017 season excavations of Derbent settlement which existed before construction of the Derbent defensive complex at the end of 560-s. This settlement was gradually left after the construction of a new city given the new name Derbent (Darband). The cultural layers and the construction remains (rooms 6, 7, 8, 9) of the 5-th – 6-th centuries AD, the medieval Muslim burials which have been dug in the layer of the settlement were open in the southern sector of the excavation area XXV.
The revealed complex of inhabited and economic constructions including 9 rooms is dated the 5th century AD on the basis of chronological indicators (bronze belt buckles, fibula) and other archeological finds (including, Sasanian pottery). Authors consider that this complex has stopped existence during the military-political events of the middle of the 5th century or of the beginning of the 6th century, namely in the period of an anti-Sasanian revolt of 450-451 or Iran-Savir war of 503-508 AD.
The materials obtained during excavations shed new light on issues of historical topography and layout, stratigraphy and chronology, architecture and construction, economic activity, culture and life of the inhabitants of the Derbent settlement which is identified with the city-fortress of Chor/Chol known for ancient Armenian, Georgian, Syrian, Early Byzantine and Arab authors and which was the important administrative, military and religious center of East Caucasus. The received materials characterize culture.
E. E. LANCER'S" RETURN " FROM THE CAUCASUS: A REVIEW OF P. PAVLINOV'S RESEARCH ON THE ARTIST'S CAUCASIAN PERIOD (1912-1934).
Authors: Takhnaeva Patimat I.
Published: July 2020

The review is devoted to a monograph about the stay of one of the most significant masters of the St. Petersburg Association "World of art" E. E. Lancer on the territory of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia during a difficult time of transformation and change of power, numerous projects and trips of the artist both in the Caucasus region and abroad (in Anatolia, France, Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkiv, Rostov-on-don), the emergence of his interest in traveling and preserving his love for Georgia, Armenia, Dagestan and other republics from the 1910s until his death in 1946.
Field-based investigation of aged biochar coupled with summer legumes effect on wheat yield in Pakistan
Authors: Rahim Hafeez Ur , Ahmad Sajjad , Khan Zaid , Khan Muhammad Ayoub
Published: July 2020

There is a debate about whether the aged biochar effect can increase the crop yield or not. Herein, a field-based experimental data set and analysis provide the information on the aged biochar effect coupled with summer legumes on the yield of subsequent wheat. Briefly, in summer 2016, three different types of legumes i.e. mungbean, sesbania, and cowpea were grown with the intention of grain for human consumption, green manuring for soil fertility improvement, and fodder for livestock consumption. A fallow was also adjusted in the experiment with the purpose of comparison. Biochar was added to each experimental plot in triplicates at the rate of 0, 5, and 10 tons ha-1. After the harvesting of legumes, the biomass of each sesbania treatment plot was mixed in the field while the biomass of mungbean and cowpea were removed from each respective plot. To investigate the aged biochar effect, the wheat crop was grown on the same field layout and design (randomized complete block) of legumes. The data analysis highlighted that significantly maximum grain yield (kg ha-1), biological yield (kg ha-1); thousand-grain weight (g), and straw yield (kg ha-1) were obtained in the plots mixed with sesbania. Regarding the aged biochar effect, maximum yield was obtained in the plots with 10 tons ha-1treatment dose. Additionally, the interaction of aged biochar coupled with legumes was non-significant. In conclusion, this work could prove that aged biochar coupled with summer legumes enhanced the yield of subsequent wheat on a sustainable basis due to its long-term numerous benefits to the soil-plant system.
Extraction of high-quality genomic DNA and identification of different DNA barcoding markers for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Saraswathi Umavathi , Mullainathan Lakshmanan
Published: July 2020

The genetic studies of individual plants, especially self-pollinated species like chickpea need to be evaluated at the DNA level with the help of molecular markers for identifying genetic variations among the plants. High-quality DNA extraction is a prerequisite for genetic studies. Extraction of intact genomic DNA with high – molecular mass is essential for the study of many molecular biology applications like Polymerase Chain Reaction, endonuclease restriction digestion, southern blot analysis, and also for the construction of a genomic library. Several plant DNA extraction methods are available, even though the DNA isolation methods that give good yield employing both quantity and quality is quite difficult especially for self-pollinated crops like a chickpea. This work was focused on developing a standard protocol for the extraction of genomic DNA and identifying different barcoding markers. The result revealed that the CTAB extraction method with slight modification in protocol had been optimized for DNA isolation. The purified DNA, which was isolated through the CTAB method, had excellent spectral qualities and is efficiently digested by a restriction endonuclease, and is found to be more suitable for long-fragment PCR amplification. DNA barcoding is considered as a promising tool because it provides a practical and standard identification of plants. The isolated DNA sample was processed with a classical DNA barcoding approach by amplifying and sequencing with a universal primer. According to the result, among the different barcoding markers studied, the RbcL and Mat K were found to given the best result for molecular species identification in chickpea.