bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A discussion of some inference issues in order restricted models
Authors: Cohen Arthur , Sackrowitz Harold B.
Published: February 2008

Traditional inference methodology in order restricted models oftentimes yields procedures with unexpected properties. There are many scattered results exhibiting anomalies and there is disagreement on which inference procedures are appropriate in particular specific models. The authors contend here that these anomalies are not surprising and are to be expected. They air some of the issues that arise in an effort to shed some light on these problems.
Northern Democrats and Party Polarization in the U.S. House
Authors: BREWER MARK D. , MARIANI MACK D. , STONECASH JEFFREY M.
Published: February 2008

Abstract: Over the last 25 years, there has been a steady increase in party voting in the U.S. House, with much of this increase attributed to changes in the South. We argue that changes in the North are also important. Democrats now win a higher percentage of elections in the North, and a larger percentage of the congressional party comes from the North. Northern Democrats became steadily more liberal in the 1980s and 1990s, which increased the liberal record of the entire party. We examine two factors in the rise in liberal voting in the North. First, Democrats now win more seats in urban, lower‐income, nonwhite districts that tend to generate liberal voting records. Second, there has been an increase in the number of districts that tend to produce liberal‐voting Democrats. Together, these changes have resulted in more liberal Democratic Party voting and greater polarization between the parties.
Digit-distance Mastermind
Authors: Ginat David
Published: February 2008

Games arouse enthusiasm and present challenge. Mathematical games add a form of scientific discovery. The beauty of mathematical games lies in the challenge of discovering patterns hidden in a (sometimes very simple) set of playing rules. Once a pattern is identified, the triumph of discovery brings the satisfaction of mental achievement and the joy of defeating an opponent. When the games can be programmed and colourfuUy demonstrated on a computer, the sense of satisfaction can expand even further.
Where is the centre of the graph of a polynomial?
Authors: Skurnick Ronald
Published: February 2008

Anyone who has taken first-semester calculus has spent a considerable amount of time studying polynomial functions and their graphs. Calculus I students typically learn how to locate certain special points with respect to the graphs of polynomials, such as their x- and y-intercepts, their local maxima and minima, and their points of inflection (if any). They then learn that these points, together with information provided by the first and second derivatives of the functions, can be used to sketch the graphs of polynomials.
Effects of Televised Instruction on Student Music Selection, Music Skills, and Attitudes
Authors: Brown Amy
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the extent to which differential training in aural discrimination would result in subsequent music selection. Students trained to discriminate components of instrumental music only and vocal music only were compared to a contact control group. Pretests and posttests consisted of the subject's operant music selection, cognitive music skills, and attitudes about school music.

Results indicated no difference among groups on the three dependent measures. Pre-posttest difference scores for each individual group revealed significant increase in time spent listening to instrumental music for the contact control group, significant increase in cognitive music skills for all groups, and no change in attitude about school music for any group. On the basis of these data, it appears that the three treatments did not function differentially to change first-grade student music selection, cognitive music skills, or attitudes about school music. This surprising absence of influence might suggest that knowing is not valuing.
Cerebral Dominance for the Perception of Arpeggiated Triads
Authors: Aiello Rita
Published: February 2008

Cerebral dominance for the perception of arpeggiated triads that differed in tonality, pattern, and the combination of tonality and pattern was investigated presenting stimuli monaurally in a matching-to-sample paradigm. Responses of musically inexperienced adults, adult musicians, musically inexperienced children, and musically trained children were compared to assess how music training and age affect lateral dominance. The data suggested that there are developmental changes. Nonmusical adults presented a significant right ear superiority for the perception of the triad pattern task, implying that an analytic process had been applied to perceive the stimuli. Both nonmusical adults and nonmusical children presented a significant left ear superiority for the perception of triads differing in tonality and pattern. This indicates that a gestalt process had been applied for the perception of these stimuli. Musically trained adults and musically trained children perceived all three tasks without significant ear differences, showingthat both hemispheres had become equally able to perceive the tasks due to music training.
Fighting of Bulls as Symbolic Expression of Divisions in the Hima Camp
Authors: Elam Yitzchak
Published: February 2008

Opening Paragraph

In the course of tracing the social aspects of witchcraft and sorcery in East Africa, Middleton and Winter (1963: 11–13) distinguished two types of neighbourhood. In type I neighbours tend to be co-members of a unilineal descent group; type II in terms of descent is heterogeneous.

The authors implied that, while tensions existed in both these neighbourhoods, type I was likely to give rise to more acute forms of interpersonal conflict. It is an involuntary association in which relationships are ascribed at birth, being therefore ‘inborn and innate’, i.e. compulsory. By contrast, neighbours of the second type ‘…live together because in the ultimate sense they choose to do so’. This freedom of choice conduces to an easier contact between them as proved by the absence of accusations of withcraft and the prevalence of accusations of sorcery. Accusations of sorcery are viewed by Middeton and Winter as symptoms of milder conflicts.
Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory, and the Corporate Objective Function
Authors: Jensen Michael C.
Published: February 2008

In this article, I offer a proposal to clarify what I believe is the proper relation between value maximization and stakeholder theory, which I call enlightened value maximization. Enlightened value maximization utilizes much of the structure of stakeholder theory but accepts maximization of the long-run value of the firm as the criterion for making the requisite tradeoffs among its stakeholders, and specifies long-term value maximization or value seeking as the firm’s objective. This proposal therefore solves the problems that arise from the multiple objectives that accompany traditional stakeholder theory. I also discuss the Balanced Scorecard, which is the managerial equivalent of stakeholder theory, explaining how this theory is flawed because it presents managers with a scorecard that gives no score—that is, no single-valued measure of how they have performed. Thus managers evaluated with such a system (which can easily have two dozen measures and provides no information on the tradeoffs between them) have no way to make principled or purposeful decisions. The solution is to define a true (single dimensional) score for measuring performance for the organization or division (and it must be consistent with the organization’s strategy), and as long as their score is defined properly, (and for lower levels in the organization it will generally not be value) this will enhance their contribution to the firm.
The Turn to the Local: The Possibility of Returning Health Care to the Community
Authors: Newton Lisa H.
Published: February 2008

It is not too early to suggest that the attempts to place medical care in private hands (through group insurance arrangements) has not fulfilled its promise—or better, the promises that were made for it. Yet history has not been kind to plans to make government the single payer, and the laudable progress in medical technology has placed high-technology medical care beyond the reach of most private budgets. In this paper I suggest that the major problem of the U.S. health care system as presently conceived is a failure of legitimacy, and I put forward a proposal that purports to solve that problem. The proposal is to localize health care, on the model of a public school system, on the argument that such localization will answer most of the questions of legitimacy at the core of the private insurance imbroglio, provide a brake for medical costs, while preserving our ability to take advantage of the most advanced medical interventions. I present some initial arguments for the proposal, but await its proof in the dialogue emerging as the present insurance system collapses.
Competitive Irrationality: The Influence of Moral Philosophy
Authors: Arnett Dennis B. , Hunt Shelby D.
Published: February 2008

This study explores a phenomenon that has been shown to adversely affect managers’ decisions—competitive irrationality. Managers are irrationally competitive in their decisions when they focus on damaging the profits of competitors, rather than improving their own profit performance. Studies by Armstrong and Collopy (1996) and Griffith and Rust (1997) suggest that the phenomenon is common but not universal. We examine the question of why some individuals exhibit competitive irrationality when making decisions, while others do not by focusing on four aspects of moral philosophy—deontological orientation, cognitive moral development, idealism, and relativism. Results suggest that individuals high in deontological orientation, high in cognitive moral development, high in idealism, and low in relativism will be less competitively irrational than those who are not.
Responsiveness to Intervention and the Identification of Specific Learning Disability: A Critique and Alternative Proposal
Authors: Kavale Kenneth A. , Holdnack James A. , Mostert Mark P.
Published: February 2008

Responsiveness to intervention (RTI) is being proposed as an alternative model for making decisions about the presence or absence of specific learning disability. We argue that many questions about RTI remain unanswered, and that radical changes in the proposed regulations are not warranted at this time. Since many fundamental issues related to RTI have not been resolved, a better strategy may be to more rigorously implement existing identification criteria (e.g., discrepancy and psychological processing deficits) in a structured psychometric framework. Suggestions for how to modify present procedures are provided.
Frank Lloyd Wright's Annie M. Pfeiffer Chapel for Florida Southern College: Modernist Theology and Regional Architecture
Authors: Siry Joseph M.
Published: February 2008

Frank Lloyd Wright's Annie Pfeiffer Chapel for Florida Southern College, Lakeland (1938-41) was built for a client, Ludd M. Spivey, who had studied with modernist theologians at the University of Chicago and as president of Florida Southern had directed it toward an educational program that balanced the natural sciences and study of Christianity in the context of world religions. Spivey asked Wright to design a campus and chapel that would express these ideals. Wright's Pfeiffer Chapel is an essay in modern cantilevered construction of steel-reinforced concrete. Analysis of this daring structural system suggests that it was partly his realization of the principles of Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, whose writings Wright admired. For Spivey the chapel was a symbol of religion as a source of democratic values that would resist totalitarian powers. Wright wrote of modern cantilevered construction as a symbol of American democracy. The chapel embodied his aim of regional character rather than uniformity in modern architecture.
Holocene Environmental Change, Artiodactyl Abundances, and Human Hunting Strategies in the Great Basin
Authors: Byers David A. , Broughton Jack M.
Published: February 2008

Despite a deep Great Basin tradition of incorporating paleoenvironmental change within ecologically oriented analyses of past human lifeways, there has been little attention focused on Holocene variation in artiodactyl abundances and the human hunting strategies dependent upon them. Here, we draw upon recently generated paleontological evidence from Homestead Cave of the Bonneville Basin to document a late Holocene artiodactyl population increase. We then use the prey model of foraging theory to predict late Holocene increases in the hunting of artiodactyls, relative to lagomorphs. That prediction is then tested against several fine-grained archaeological records of hunting behavior in the Bonneville Basin, Hogup Cave and Camels Back Cave, and a variety of more coarse-grained faunal records from throughout the Great Basin. Close fits are found between the deductively derived prediction and the empirical records of hunting behavior: dramatic proportional increases in artiodactyl hunting occurred during the late Holocene. The results have far-reaching implications for our understanding of prehistoric human adaptations in the Great Basin.
Nondestructive Radiocarbon Dating: Naturally Mummified Infant Bundle from SW Texas
Authors: Steelman Karen L. , Rowe Marvin W. , Turpin Solveig A. , Guilderson Tom , Nightengale Laura
Published: February 2008

Plasma oxidation was used to obtain radiocarbon dates on six different materials from a naturally mummified baby bundle from the Lower Pecos River region of southwest Texas. This bundle was selected because it was thought to represent a single event and would illustrate the accuracy and precision of the plasma oxidation method. Five of the materials were clearly components of the original bundle with 13 dates combined to yield a weighted average of 2135 ±11 B.P. Six dates from a wooden stick of Desert Ash averaged 939 ± 14 B.P, indicating that this artifact was not part of the original burial. Plasma oxidation is shown to be a virtually nondestructive alternative to combustion. Because only sub-milligram amounts of material are removed from an artifact over its exposed surface, no visible change in fragile materials has been observed, even under magnification. The method is best applied when natural organic contamination is unlikely and serious consideration of this issue is needed in all cases. If organic contamination is present, it will have to be removed before plasma oxidation to obtain accurate radiocarbon dates.
"Eat the World": Postcolonial Encounters in Quebec City’s Ethnic Restaurants
Authors: Turgeon Laurier , Pastinelli Madeleine
Published: February 2008

This article examines intercultural contact in Quebec City’s ethnic restaurants. The results of this multisited inquiry show that ethnic restaurants have developed rapidly, representing microspaces of intercultural encounter and exchange, places where people can see, touch, and consume the cuisine of the "other." More specifically, this article explores the ways in which eating reduces difference and distance; how it evokes cultural and geographical appropriation. Ethnic restaurants represent deterritorialized "ethnosites" in which the foreign is made familiar and the global miniaturized. They provide the opportunity to "taste" difference and to "eat" exotic cultures from faraway places without leaving home. In the same way that the bourgeois restaurant of the 19th century was a site for the consumption of the nation, through the presentation of regional cuisine, the ethnic restaurant has become in postcolonial societies a place for the consumption of the world.
Human Mobility in Roman Italy, I: the Free Population
Authors: Scheidel Walter
Published: February 2008

How did the relentless spread of Roman power change people's lives? From military mobilization, urbanization, slavery, and the nexus between taxation and trade to linguistic and religious change and shifting identities, the most pervasive consequences of empire all had one thing in common: population movements on an unprecedented scale. Yet despite its pivotal role in social and cultural change, the nature of Roman mobility has never been investigated in a systematic fashion. In this study, I develop a comprehensive quantitative model of population transfers within, to, and from Italy, from the late fourth century B.C. to the first century A.D. Owing to the diverse and complex character of these movements, I develop my argument in two steps. The present paper deals with the demographic context, scale, and distribution of the migration of free persons. I argue that the total population of Italy in the early imperial period was of the order of five to six million rather than fourteen to twenty million (Section II); that state-sponsored re-settlement programmes dramatically increased overall levels of mobility on three occasions (during the Italian wars in the late fourth and early third centuries B.C., in the aftermath of the Second Punic War in the early second century B.C., and in the period of constitutional transition from the 80s to the 10s B.C.) (Section III); and that in the last two centuries B.C., colonization programmes and urban growth in Italy required the permanent relocation of approximately two to two-and-a-half million adults (Section IV).
Quintilian on the Emotions (Institutio Oratoria 6 preface and 1–2)
Authors: Leigh Matthew
Published: February 2008

Antiquity records few more cruel twists of fate than that which met the two-time former consul and conqueror of Macedon, L. Aemilius Paullus, on his return to Rome in 167 B.C. The great victory at Pydna the year before had finally removed the major rival to Roman power on the Greek mainland, and the riches generated in the campaign were such as to permit the abolition of direct taxation at Rome. The grant of a triumph should therefore have marked the acme of an already distinguished public career. Amidst this pomp, however, there intervened the worst of private disasters. For, a few days before the triumph, Paullus lost one of the two young sons born to him from his second marriage, and, only a few days after, the second died as well. The general responded with a notably dignified speech in which he recalled his prayer prior to the campaign, that the gods should reserve any intended catastrophe for his house alone and not for the state, and gave thanks for their having granted him his wish.
Congruence and language
Authors: Ebach Malte C. , Williams David M.
Published: February 2008

Knowledge claims in comparative biology are interpretations/explanations (propositions) of facts. These facts help us to discover the interrelationships amongst taxa and areas. Relationships are information disseminated in the form of language. Propositions, in cladistics and cladistic biogeography, are based on congruence. In a cladogram, for instance, congruent apomorphic character­states form a synapomorphy. Synapomorphies may be treated as topographical units that depict evolutionary relationships (synchrony) or evolutionary events (diachrony). In cladistic biogeographical and systematic theory, synchronic and diachronic statements of relationships conflict in their interpretation of non­congruence. Comparative biology needs a meaningful language, for without it conflict becomes congruence and non­information becomes knowledge.
Typification of the fossil conifer Pseudovoltzia liebeana (Geinitz) Florin
Authors: Uhl Dieter
Published: February 2008

A neotype for the fossil conifer Pseudovoltzia liebeana (Geinitz) Florin is designated. It has been chosen from the material figured by Geinitz in 1880, which is stored at the Sächsische Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden/Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie.
Phylogeny of Echiochilon (Echiochileae, Boraginaceae) based on ITS sequences and morphology
Authors: Långström Elisabeth , Oxelman Bengt
Published: February 2008

A phylogenetic analysis of Echiochilon and representatives of Antiphytum and Ogastemma based on nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the ribosomal DNA indicated that zygomorphy is the plesiomorphic condition in Echiochilon. Antiphytum and Ogastemma were resolved as sister taxa, together forming the sister group to Echiochilon. An analysis based on morphological data mainly corroborates the ITS phylogeny, with a notable exception concerning the position of the actinomorphic‐flowered E. johnstonii. Biogeographic interpretation of the ITS phylogeny using DIVA (dispersal vicariance analysis) indicated an ancestor to Echiochilon with a wide distribution over northern Africa and Arabia to India.
Neuropogon and the phylogeny of Usnea s.l. (Parmeliaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes)
Authors: Articus Kristina
Published: February 2008

Molecular phylogenies based on the ITS­LSU nrDNA and part of the ß­tubulin region were used to investigate the position of Neuropogon in Usnea s. lat. Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony strongly supported the monophyly of Neuropogon. Subgenus Usnea and Neuropogon form a strongly supported group with subg. Eumitria and subg. Dolichousnea as consecutive monophyletic sister groups. The following generic classification is proposed: Usnea (subgenus Usnea only), Neuropogon, Eumitria, and Dolichousnea. Dolichousnea is elevated to generic rank. Usnea as presently conceived is clearly non­monophyletic but with the present recircumscription it may be monophyletic, or not; this requires further analysis. The genera are well characterised morphologically, and pending further investigations this classification is in agreement with current practice and minimises the need for nomenclatural changes. The following new combinations are made: Dolichousnea (Y. Ohmura) Articus, Dolichousnea longissima (Ach.) Articus, D. trichodeoides (Vain.) Articus, D. diffracta (Vain.) Articus, and Eumitria pectinata (Taylor) Articus.
Polyphyletic origin of Microtrichomanes (Prantl) Copel. (Hymenophyllaceae), with a revision of the species
Authors: Ebihara Atsushi , Hennequin Sabine , Iwatsuki Kunio , Bostock Peter D. , Matsumoto Sadamu , Jaman Razali , Dubuisson Jean-Yves , Dubuisson Motomi
Published: February 2008

Microtrichomanes, a controversial genus created originally to accommodate “intermediates” between Hymenophyllum and Trichomanes, was reassessed using molecular data in order to clarify the systematic position of the species assigned to it. The results strongly suggest a polyphyletic origin for Microtrichomanes, with most of the species being placed in Hymenophyllum s.l., in spite of their having the cup­shaped involucre which is the primary taxonomic character of Trichomanes s.l. Based on this result, some new combinations are made herein for the species formerly attributed to Microtrichomanes; and an updated dichotomous key and synonymic lists are provided.
Magnolia lawiana Sima & H. Yu is a superfluous renaming of M. odoratissima Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou (Magnoliaceae)
Authors: Zhang Dianxiang
Published: February 2008

The name Magnolia odoratissima Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou is reinstated as legitimate, because the supposed earlier homonym M. odoratissima Reinw. ex Blume has never been validly published. Therefore, later publication of the new name M. lawiana Sima & H. Yu to replace Magnolia odoratissima Y. W. Law & R. Z. Zhou is nomenclaturally superfluous.
The evolution of toxic phenolic compounds in a group of Anacardiaceae genera
Authors: Aguilar–Ortigoza Carlos J. , Sosa Victoria
Published: February 2008

Anacardiaceae are largely tropical trees, shrubs and lianas of the order Sapindales, characterized by production of three types of toxic phenols: biflavonoids, alkylcatechols and alkylresorcinols. Anatomical, morphological and rbcL sequence data were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of a group of Anacardiaceae and address questions about the origin and evolution of these toxic phenolic compounds. Their evolutionary patterns are discussed in relation to the group of Hemipteran insects that feed on Anacardiaceae. Our study included 22 taxa of Anacardiaceae and the results support previous phylogenetic studies in that two clades are detected: a basal clade, with Spondias and related genera that do not produce toxic phenolic compounds, and a second clade with the remaining genera, i.e., those that produce biflavonoids, as do species of Burseraceae. The evolutionary patterns of alkylcatechols and alkylresorcinols are not straightforward; these substances are produced in unrelated groups of genera. We suggest, however, that Hemipteran insects do not feed on taxa of Anacardiaceae that produce alkylcatechols.
Lectotypification of Aizoon hispanicum, Plantago albicans, and Staphylea pinnata, names of three Linnaean species occurring in Calabria (S. Italy)
Authors: Peruzzi Lorenzo , Passalacqua Nicodemo G. , Jarvis Charlie E.
Published: February 2008

The typification of the names of three Linnean species which occur in Calabria (S. Italy) is discussed. An illustration in a pre–Linnaean work of Dillenius is designated as the lectotype of Aizoon hispanicum L. (Aizoaceae); a specimen from the Clifford Herbarium (BM) is designated lectotype for Staphylea pinnata L. (Staphyleaceae), and one from the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN) is designated for Plantago albicans L. (Plantaginaceae).
Immigration, Assimilation, and Status in the Ancient City of Teotihuacan: Stable Isotopic Evidence from Tlajinga 33
Authors: White Christine D. , Storey Rebecca , Longstaffe Fred J. , Spence Michael W.
Published: February 2008

Stable carbon isotope ratios in bone collagen and oxygen isotope ratios in bone and enamel phosphate from 25 individuals from the residential compound of Tlajinga 33 were used to examine the possibility that the inhabitants, who were craft producers, may have accepted immigrants to maintain either their ability to reproduce themselves as a social group or their level of economic productivity. Bone δ18O and δ13C values provide a long-term picture of geographic identity and diet, and enamel δ18O values provide a snapshot of geographic location during particular tooth development. A considerable proportion (29 percent) of the Tlajinga 33 inhabitants grew up elsewhere, but the majority of these immigrants had dwelt in Teotihuacan for many years before their death. Neither geographical relocation nor dietary differences are significantly associated with gender. The social position of foreigners appears to have been generally high. For example, the occupants of Tomb 50 appear to have come from elsewhere, possibly West Mexico, but foreigners were also found in lower status contexts such as middens. The stable isotope ratios reflecting long-term dwelling at Teotihuacan suggest that social status was achieved, which supports current archaeological evidence. Furthermore, the lack of dietary differences between immigrants and native Teotihuacanos may also imply political and/or ethnic assimilation.
Sir Francis Forbes and the Earliest Australian Public Law Cases
Authors: Holloway Ian
Published: February 2008

There is, among many students of Australian law, a tendency to regard the establishment of constitutional government in Australia in positivistic terms: as a result of the passage of the New South Wales Act in 1823, or of the Australian Courts Act in 1828, or of the Australian Constitution Acts of 1842 and 1850, or even of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act in 1900. This is understandable, for, as Sir Victor Windeyer once put it, there was in the foundation of European society on these islands no element whatever of a social contract. Rather, the move to populate the Australian territories was a consequence entirely of a prospectively looking determination made by the government in London. And, as Windeyer went on to note, the formal establishment of local government was effected by ceremonies that were by their very essence positivistic in nature. On 26 January 1788, there was first a formal ceremony in which the Union flag was raised and a salute fired. Then, on 7 February, the whole population of the colony was assembled and the royal letters patent were read, which formally instructed Captain Phillip to go about the duty of creating a penal establishment.
The Second Amendment: A Missing Transatlantic Context for the Historical Meaning of “the Right of the People to Keep and Bear Arms”
Authors: Konig David Thomas
Published: February 2008

The present essay seeks to work at the intersection of law and history, a meeting point where interpretation of the Second Amendment has been more characterized by collision than confluence. Analysis brought to bear on the historical meaning of “the right of the people to keep and bear arms” has coalesced around two competing normative interpretations: either that the amendment guarantees a personal, individual right to bear arms, or that it applies only collectively to the effectiveness of the militia. It is a premise of this essay that both these models are historically unsatisfactory, the products of present-day normative agendas that have polarized the debate into two competing and largely ahistorical models—a type of historians' fallacy that David Hackett Fischer has labeled the “fallacy of false dichotomous questions.” Fischer's description aptly describes the current controversy over the historical meaning of the Second Amendment: in addition to being “grossly anachronistic,” its two opposing positions “are mutually exclusive, and collectively exhaustive, so that the there is no overlap, no opening in the middle, and nothing is omitted at either end.” It is not without challenge on just these grounds, however, as a recent call for a “new more sophisticated paradigm” attests. This essay seeks to provide that new model and to do so by grounding the “right of the people to keep and bear arms” in eighteenth-century concepts of rights, not those of the twenty-first century, and to contextualize the right to bear arms in an eighteenth-century political struggle now largely ignored but well known to constitutional polemicists framing the Constitution and the Bill of Rights: Parliament's rebuilding of an English militia while denying the Scots the right to do so, despite Scotland's history and its claimed constitutional rights according to its coequal status in Great Britain. That struggle nevertheless remains a missing context that prefigured American debates over constituting and guaranteeing local militias in the coequal states of the federal union established by the United States Constitution in 1787 and 1788. Once the time came for seeking a written guarantee of local militia effectiveness in the federal Constitution, the language and substance of this transatlantic legacy had great influence. As experience, they gave political urgency to the drafting and ratification of the Second Amendment; as a theory of rights, they embodied an eighteenth-century individual right exercised collectively.
Ruins and History: Observations on Russian Approaches to Destruction and Decay
Authors: Schönle Andreas
Published: February 2008

This article surveys theories of ruins and discusses their applicability to Russian history and culture. It identifies four major approaches to ruins: the ruin as a site of freedom from social norms and practices (Denis Diderot, Peter Fritzsche, Tim Edensor), the ruin as a reconciliation with nature (Georg Simmel), the ruin as the affirmation of modernity at the expense of the past (Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno), and the ruin as the emblem of on-going historical decay (Walter Benjamin). In contrast to western approaches to ruins, Schönle identifies a reluctance to aestheticize ruins in Russian culture. Yet ruins acquire a distinctive meaning in Russian culture, be it that they occur and disappear as a result of political will, that they serve as exemplars of imperial legitimacy and might, that they reveal the vulnerability of Russia's identity between east and west, or that they betoken the crushing of Utopian projects and the magnitude of historical devastation.
“A New Enigmatic Language”: The Spontaneity-Consciousness Paradigm and the Case of Gladkov's Cement
Authors: Laursen Eric
Published: February 2008

AlthoughCementwas a model for later socialist realism, Katerina Clark has argued that Gleb Chumalov does not achieve consciousness, a requirement for later heroes, but instead remains spontaneous. In this essay, Eric Laursen argues against Clark's widely accepted interpretation. By introducing the idea of instinct (class, worker, revolutionary), which Anna Krylova has shown to be central to Bolshevik thought in the early years of the twentieth century, Laursen argues that Gleb does gain consciousness. Gleb does not move from spontaneity to consciousness, however. Instead he learns to control and guide his own instincts and those of others. Two other characters also transform themselves. Gleb's wife Dasha illustrates a similar but distinct path forwomen. Sergei Ivagin, who must abandon conscious thought to first develop instinct, illustrates a different path for the intelligentsia. The attainment of consciousness is presented as a rebirth or maturation and involves the acquisition of “conscious language.” In the party purge at the end, those who speak unconsciously, therefore misleading and confusing the masses, are cast out of the party. The newly conscious Gleb and Dasha, who now speak properly, take their place as leaders.
Micro biochemical engineering to accelerate the design of industrial‐scale downstream processes for biopharmaceutical proteins
Authors: Titchener‐Hooker N.J. , Dunnill P. , Hoare M.
Published: February 2008

The article examines how a small set of easily implemented micro biochemical engineering procedures combined with regime analysis and bioprocess models can be used to predict industrial scale performance of biopharmaceutical protein downstream processing. This approach has been worked on in many of our studies of individual operations over the last 10 years and allows preliminary evaluation to be conducted much earlier in the development pathway because of lower costs. It then permits the later large scale trials to be more highly focused. This means that the risk of delays during bioprocess development and of product launch are reduced. Here we draw the outcomes of this research together and illustrate its use in a set of typical operations; cell rupture, centrifugation, filtration, precipitation, expanded bed adsorption, chromatography and for common sources, E. coli, two yeasts and mammalian cells (GS‐NSO). The general approach to establishing this method for other operations is summarized and new developments outlined. The technique is placed against the background of the scale‐down methods that preceded it and complementary ones that are being examined in parallel. The article concludes with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the micro biochemical engineering approach versus other methods. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 473–487. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variability of the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to lignocellulose hydrolysate
Authors: Modig Tobias , Almeida João R.M. , Gorwa‐Grauslund Marie F. , Lidén Gunnar
Published: February 2008

The development of tolerant microorganisms is needed for the efficient fermentation of inhibitory lignocellulose hydrolysates. In the current work, the fermentation performance of six selected strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in dilute‐acid spruce hydrolysate was compared using two different modes of fermentation; either single pulse addition of hydrolysate to exponentially growing cells or continuous feeding of the same amount of hydrolysate in a controlled fed‐batch fermentation was made. All strains performed better in fed‐batch mode than when all hydrolysate was added at once. However, the difference between strain performances varied significantly in the two fermentation modes. Large differences were observed between strains during the fed‐batch experiments in the in vitro ability to reduce the furan compounds furfural and 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF). A common feature among the strains was the induction of NADPH‐coupled reduction of furfural and HMF, with the exception of strain CBS 8066. This strain also performed relatively poorly in both batch and fed‐batch fermentations. Strain TMB3000—previously isolated from spent sulphite liquor fermentation—was by far the most efficient strain with respect to specific fermentation rate in both pulse addition and fed‐batch mode. This strain was the only strain showing a significant constitutive NADH‐coupled in vitro reduction of HMF. The ability to induce NADPH‐coupled reduction together with the level of the apparently constitutive NADH‐coupled reduction appeared to be key factors for selecting a suitable strain for fed‐batch conversion of lignocellulose hydrolysate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 423–429. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth and differentiation of alveolar bone cells in tissue‐engineered constructs and monolayer cultures
Authors: Malicev E. , Marolt D. , Kregar Velikonja N. , Kreft M.E. , Drobnic M. , Rode M.
Published: February 2008

The ability to enhance bone regeneration by implanting autologous osteoblasts in combination with an appropriate scaffold would be of great clinical interest. The aim of our study was to compare the growth and differentiation of alveolar bone cells in tissue‐engineered constructs and in monolayer cultures, as the basis for developing procedures for routine preparation of bone‐like tissue constructs. Alveolar bone tissue was obtained from four human donors and explant cultures of the cells were established. Expanded cells were seeded on macroporous hydroxyapatite granules, and cultured in medium supplemented with osteogenic differentiation factors for up to 3 weeks. Control monolayer cultures were established in parallel, and cultured in media with or without osteogenic supplements. Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and gene expression of AP, osteopontin and osteocalcin were determined under different culture conditions at weekly intervals. Cells in tissue constructs exhibited growth patterns similar to those in control monolayer cultures: enhanced proliferation was noted during the first 2 weeks of cultivation, followed by a decrease in cell numbers. AP activity at 3 weeks was higher in all cultures in osteogenic medium than in control medium. Gene expression levels were stable in monolayer cultures in both types of media whereas, in tissue constructs, they exhibited patterns of osteogenic differentiation. Light and scanning electron microscopy examination of the cell‐seeded constructs showed uniform cell distribution, as well as cell attachment and growth into the interior region of the hydroxyapatite granules. Our results show that bone‐like constructs with viable cells exhibiting differentiated phenotype can be prepared by cultivation of alveolar‐bone cells on the tested hydroxyapatite granules. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 773–781. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved Helmholtz‐type magnetic resonance imaging coils with high‐B1 homogeneity—Spherical and ellipsoidal four‐coil systems
Authors: Guendouz Laouès , Ghaly Sidi M. Ould Ahmed , Hedjiedj Ahcène , Escanyé Jean‐marie , Canet Daniel
Published: February 2008

The operation of two novel magnetic resonance imaging coils with high‐B1 homogeneity and easy tuning is described. These coils involve four coaxial loops of wire carrying the same current and symmetrically located on a spherical or an ellipsoidal surface. In comparison with Helmholtz coils, an improved field homogeneity is expected while keeping the simplicity and ease of use. Field calculation and electrical modeling are performed. Using an appropriate field decomposition, the design of the four‐coil probes is optimized in terms of position and diameter (or azimuthal angle) of the loops to produce, in principle, a fourth or sixth‐order homogeneous field with the spherical or ellipsoidal structure, respectively. At the electrical level, in addition to the inductive coupling between the coils, the neighboring coils located on a same side are connected in series with a tuning capacitor. An equivalent lumped circuit model of the four‐coil system, including all couplings is provided. In practice, it permits, at a given Larmor frequency, to determine the tuning capacitors. Comparative tests in a spectro‐imager were performed between a prototype Helmholtz coil and two spherical and ellipsoidal prototype coils. Concerning the radio‐frequency field homogeneity, experimental results show good agreement with the theoretical predictions. Moreover, compared to the homologous Helmholtz coil, our four‐coil prototypes possess a better quality factor and therefore lead to an improved nuclear magnetic resonance sensitivity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 33B: 9–20, 2008
Adjuvant radiotherapy for cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Mendenhall William M. , Amdur Robert J. , Grobmyer Stephen R. , George Thomas J. , Werning John W. , Hochwald Steven N. , Mendenhall Nancy P.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of the current study was to discuss the efficacy of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of melanoma by reviewing the pertinent literature. The risk of locoregional recurrence after surgery alone for locally advanced melanoma is relatively high. The likelihood of a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) exceeds 20% for melanomas >2 mm thick and approximately ≥20% of those patients with positive SLNB will be found to have residual positive lymph nodes on completion lymph node dissection. Patients with positive regional lymph nodes have an approximately ≥20% risk of regional recurrence after surgery alone, particularly if multiple lymph nodes are involved and/or extracapsular extension is present. Postoperative adjuvant RT results in locoregional control rates of 85% to 90% or higher in high‐risk patients with a modest risk of complications. The impact of adjuvant RT on survival is likely minimal. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Identification of molecular markers of bipolar cells in the murine retina
Authors: Kim Douglas S. , Ross Sarah E. , Trimarchi Jeffrey M. , Aach John , Greenberg Michael E. , Cepko Constance L.
Published: February 2008

Retinal bipolar neurons serve as relay interneurons that connect rod and cone photoreceptor cells to amacrine and ganglion cells. They exhibit diverse morphologies essential for correct routing of photoreceptor cell signals to specific postsynaptic amacrine and ganglion cells. The development and physiology of these interneurons have not been completely defined molecularly. Despite previous identification of genes expressed in several bipolar cell subtypes, molecules that mark each bipolar cell type still await discovery. In this report, novel genetic markers of murine bipolar cells were found. Candidates were initially generated by using microarray analysis of single bipolar cells and mining of retinal serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) data. These candidates were subsequently tested for expression in bipolar cells by RNA in situ hybridization. Ten new molecular markers were identified, five of which are highly enriched in their expression in bipolar cells within the adult retina. Double‐labeling experiments using probes for previously characterized subsets of bipolar cells were performed to identify the subtypes of bipolar cells that express the novel markers. Additionally, the expression of bipolar cell genes was analyzed in Bhlhb4 knockout retinas, in which rod bipolar cells degenerate postnatally, to delineate further the identity of bipolar cells in which novel markers are found. From the analysis of Bhlhb4 mutant retinas, cone bipolar cell gene expression appears to be relatively unaffected by the degeneration of rod bipolar cells. Identification of molecular markers for the various subtypes of bipolar cells will lead to greater insights into the development and function of these diverse interneurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1795–1810, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of the protein IMPACT, an inhibitor of GCN2, in the mouse, rat, and marmoset brain
Authors: Bittencourt Simone , Pereira Catia M. , Avedissian Marcelo , Delamano Arthur , Mello Luiz E. , Castilho Beatriz A.
Published: February 2008

IMPACT is an inhibitor of GCN2, a kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of the translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). GCN2 has been implicated in regulating feeding behavior and learning and memory in mice. IMPACT is highly abundant in the brain, suggesting its relevance in the control of GCN2 activation in the central nervous system. We describe here the distribution of IMPACT in the brain of rodents (mice and rats) and of a primate (marmoset) using highly specific antibodies raised against the mouse IMPACT protein. Neurons expressing high levels of IMPACT were found in most areas of the brain. In the hippocampal formation the lack of IMPACT in the dentate gyrus granule cells was striking. The hypothalamus is exceptionally rich in neurons expressing high levels of IMPACT, particularly in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The only exception to this pattern was the ventromedial nucleus. The thalamic neurons are mostly devoid of IMPACT, with the exception of the paraventricular, reuniens and reticular nuclei, and intergeniculate leaf. The brainstem displayed high levels of IMPACT. For the marmoset, IMPACT expression in the brain is not as prominent when compared to other organs. In the marmoset brain the pattern of IMPACT expression was similar to rodents in most areas, except for the very strong labeling of the Purkinje cells, the lack of IMPACT‐positive neurons in the nucleus reuniens, and weak labeling of interneurons in the hippocampus. GCN1, the activator of GCN2 to which IMPACT binds, is widely distributed in all neuronal populations, and all IMPACT‐positive cells were also GCN1‐positive. The data presented herein suggest that IMPACT may be involved in biochemical homeostatic mechanisms that would prevent GCN2 activation and therefore ATF4 (CREB‐2) synthesis in neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1811–1830, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional free surface flow simulation of segregating dense suspensions
Authors: Ilinca F. , Hétu J.‐F.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents a 3D numerical solution algorithm for the simulation of free surface flows of dense suspensions including particle migration phenomena. Segregation of the solid phase in processes such as powder injection molding and molding of semi‐solid materials affects the rheology of the mixture and therefore the filling pattern. Segregation affects also the final properties and characteristics of such molded parts as a non‐uniform particles distribution leads to non‐uniform shrinkage, warpage and non‐uniform mechanical properties. In this paper, particle migration is modeled using the diffusion flux model of Phillips et al. (Phys. Fluids A 1992; 4:30–40) and is extended to address 3D mold filling problems. The solution algorithm is validated against flow problems for which experimental and numerical data are available: circular Couette flow, piston‐driven flow and sudden contraction–expansion flow. The particle migration model is then used to simulate mold filling problems in which the piston movement in the sleeve is known to induce particle migration before the material enters the cavity. An arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation is developed and combined to a level‐set front capturing method to simulate the piston movement and the evolution of the free surface in molding simulations. The ALE formulation is first compared with an Eulerian solution for the case of the piston‐driven flow problem. The approach is then applied to injection molding problems to study the evolution of particle distributions during molding and in the final molded parts. Copyright © 2008 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.