bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incomplete Exhalation during Resuscitation—Theoretical Review and Examples from Ventilation of Newborn Term Infants
Authors: Drevhammar Thomas , Bjorland Peder Aleksander , Haynes Joanna , Eilevstjønn Joar , Hinder Murray , Tracy Mark , Rettedal Siren Irene , Ersdal Hege Langli
Published: June 2023

Background: Newborn resuscitation guidelines recommend positive pressure ventilation (PPV) for newborns who do not establish effective spontaneous breathing after birth. T-piece resuscitator systems are commonly used in high-resource settings and can additionally provide positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Short expiratory time, high resistance, rapid dynamic changes in lung compliance and large tidal volumes increase the possibility of incomplete exhalation. Previous publications indicate that this may occur during newborn resuscitation. Our aim was to study examples of incomplete exhalations in term newborn resuscitation and discuss these against the theoretical background. Methods: Examples of flow and pressure data from respiratory function monitors (RFM) were selected from 129 term newborns who received PPV using a T-piece resuscitator. RFM data were not presented to the user during resuscitation. Results: Examples of incomplete exhalation with higher-than-set PEEP-levels were present in the recordings with visual correlation to factors affecting time needed to complete exhalation. Conclusions: Incomplete exhalation and the relationship to expiratory time constants have been well described theoretically. We documented examples of incomplete exhalations with increased PEEP-levels during resuscitation of term newborns. We conclude that RFM data from resuscitations can be reviewed for this purpose and that incomplete exhalations should be further explored, as the clinical benefit or risk of harm are not known.
Analysis of Hydrometeorological Characteristics and Water Demand in Semi-Arid Mediterranean Catchments under Water Deficit Conditions
Authors: Stathi Efthymia , Kastridis Aristeidis , Myronidis Dimitrios
Published: June 2023

Drought is one of the most complex and poorly understood catastrophes on the planet. Between the Greek mainland and Turkey, there is an area of Greece known as the South Aegean Islands, that experiences water supply issues. As a result, there are issues related to the socioeconomic growth of some of these islands, and the need for water transportation by water vessels. Water transportation by ships to the Cyclades and Dodecanese areas from the mainland or other adjacent islands to satisfy urgent demands, on the other hand, is exceptionally expensive. The situation deteriorates during the summer, when drinking water needs can reach five times the norm, due to the heavy tourist season. Given these conditions, the aim of this research is to estimate hydrometeorological conditions, calculate the water balance, and determine water needs in three southern Aegean islands (Mykonos, Naxos, and Kos), where there is a water shortage, particularly during the summer months when tourism activity is at its peak. The modified Thornthwaite–Mather monthly hydrological balance model was applied to determine the water balance. Various water use datasets (drinking water, irrigation, water transportation) were employed to quantify the water demands in the three islands. According to the results, the available water (runoff + infiltration) seems to be more than sufficient to meet the needs of the islands of Naxos and Kos, since it far exceeds the increased needs of the islands. Yet, it appears that in Mykonos, where the water resources have been nearly entirely utilized, the available water, is just enough to meet the water needs. It is evident that all three islands present significant sources of available water, which could meet the growing needs of the residents. However, the absence of the necessary water exploitation projects, mainly concerning the surface runoff, has contributed to the intense water supply problems of the islands. The importance of the water harvesting projects becomes even more urgent under the conditions of climate change, with the decrease in annual rainfall likely to be a highly possible scenario, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.
Hydrological and Precipitation Extremes and Trends over the Paraiba do Sul River Basin, Brazil
Authors: de Oliveira Débora Martins , Carvalho Vanessa Silveira Barreto , da Silva Benedito Cláudio , Reboita Michelle Simões , de Campos Bruno
Published: June 2023

The Paraiba do Sul River Basin (PSRB) is a vital source of water resources in Brazil, providing water for human consumption, industry, agriculture, and hydroelectric energy generation. As part of one of the most developed areas of the country, in the Southeast of Brazil, the region is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with evidence of extreme events such as droughts and floods affecting the availability and quality of water. Hence, this study analyzes precipitation and streamflow rates data from the PSRB between 1939–2020 to investigate the spatial variability of average patterns and extreme events, trends, and their relationship with urban growth and socioeconomic development. The analysis reveals significant spatial variations in precipitation and runoff rates, with higher altitude areas, such as the Serra da Mantiqueira, exhibiting higher average values. Moreover, the Mann–Kendall trend results showed in most of the sites no significant trend regarding precipitation data; however, about 50% of the sites in the PSRB presented a decreasing trend of runoff rates. Since the precipitation does not explain identified changes in the hydrological patterns, the evaluation of the area’s urban growth and socioeconomic development throughout the decades suggested that human activities, such as those associated with urbanization, have played a significant role in altering the runoff patterns in the basin. These findings highlight the importance of sustainable land-use planning and water resource-management practices in the PSRB to mitigate the negative impacts of urbanization on the hydrological cycle and to enhance the resilience of the region’s water resources.
Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of the Modified Layers Grown In Situ by Plasma Nitriding Technology on the Surface of Zr Metal
Authors: Zhu Fei , Zhang Wenqing , Zhu Kangwei , Hu Yin , Ma Xianfeng , Zhang Qiang , Song Ligang
Published: June 2023

Preparing protecting coatings on the surface of Zr claddings has been regarded as one of the accident tolerant fuel (ATF) strategies. In this study, a series of nitride-modified layers were in situ grown by hollow cathode plasma nitriding on the surface of Zr metal. The influence of nitriding currents and time on the phases, composition, microstructure and corrosion resistance of the modified layers was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and potentiodynamic polarization curves. The ZrO2 layer with loose microstructure and cracks prefers to form under low nitriding current of 0.4 A, which also causes poor corrosion resistance. The high temperature caused by high nitriding currents (0.6 A and 0.8 A) promote the formation of compact nanocrystalline layers, made up of nitride and oxynitride. Below the nanocrystalline layer, it is Zr2N caused by N penetration. Besides this, a double-layer structure of the nanocrystalline layer, i.e., an equiaxed crystal zone with a grain size of ~10–50 nm on the surface and a long strip grain region beneath it was observed. The compact nitride/oxynitride layer with excellent interface bonding can improve the corrosion resistance effectively.
Experimental Study on Anti-Icing of Robust TiO2/Polyurea Superhydrophobic Coating
Authors: Du Yizhi , Hu Lina , Dong Liting , Du Shuming , Xu Dong
Published: June 2023

This study aims to solve the icing problem of wind turbine blades in low-temperature environments and to improve the power generation efficiency of wind turbines. In this study, modified TiO2 particles (500 nm), butyl acetate solvent, polyaspartic acid ester polyurea (PAE polyurea), and Crestron N75 curing agent were mixed and sprayed on the epoxy resin board surface. Static icing test, dynamic icing test, wear resistance test, and icing adhesion strength test studies were carried out to evaluate the anti-icing performance of the coating as well as its mechanical stability. The results showed that the mechanical stability and anti-icing performance of the coating were relatively optimal when the ratio of modified TiO2 particles to PAE polyurea was 1.5. Under this ratio, the static contact angle of the coating was 161.4°, and the rolling angle was 4.7°. The main reason for the superhydrophobic performance after 250 wear cycles was that the TiO2 particles were encapsulated by PAE polyurea. The static contact angle of the coating was still greater than 150° after eight icing–de-icing cycles. This paper provides a simple method to prepare a robust superhydrophobic coating and promotes the application of superhydrophobic coatings in the field of passive anti-icing of wind turbine blades.
Study on the Properties and Morphology of Nano-ZnO Modified Asphalt Based on Molecular Dynamics and Experiments
Authors: Su Manman , Ding Qi , Zhang Gaowang , Zhao Quanman
Published: June 2023

Plenty of research has verified that nano-ZnO particles could improve the properties of asphalt, but studies on nano-ZnO-modified asphalt haven’t been conducted at the molecular level. Therefore, to investigate the effect of ZnO particles on the properties, structure and morphology of asphalt, the molecular dynamics (MD) methods were carried out. In this study, the models of asphalt, ZnO cluster and ZnO/asphalt blending systems with different particle sizes were built using Materials Studio software. Then, the interaction energies of ZnO/asphalt blending systems under different temperatures were calculated, and the effect of ZnO particles on the modulus and glass transition temperature of matrix asphalt was simulated. The results indicated that the bulk modulus of asphalt increased by ZnO with particle size at 4 Å, 6 Å, 8 Å and 10 Å increased by 15.09%, 12.46%, 10.06% and 8.51%, respectively, which can illustrate that the shear resistance ability and low-temperature properties of asphalt were enhanced. Compared with matrix asphalt, the glass transition temperature of the ZnO/asphalt system decreased by less than 0.1 K, indicating that ZnO’s effect on the low temperature of asphalt was not apparent. With the increase of ZnO particle size, the diffusion coefficient decreased sharply. Compared to matrix asphalt, when the particle size increased to 8 Å and 10 Å, the diffusion coefficient decreased by 13% and 22%, respectively. So, in practice projects, to achieve better dispersion of particle materials in base bitumen, a smaller particle size would be recommended. The results of the radial distribution function (RDF) and AFM simulation indicated that ZnO particles changed the micro-structure of asphalt and increased the roughness of the asphalt surface. As a result, ZnO particles bring matrix asphalt better physical properties.
Electrochemical Deposition and Corrosion Resistance Characterization of FeCoNiCr High-Entropy Alloy Coatings
Authors: Xu Zhefeng , Wang Yan , Gao Xiaomin , Peng Luya , Qiao Qi , Xiao Jingjing , Guo Fuyu , Wang Rongguang , Yu Jinku
Published: June 2023

The corrosion resistance of FeCoNiCr high-entropy alloy deposits was investigated upon being prepared by current electrodeposition. The coatings were co-deposited in an electrolyte of an aqueous ferrous, cobalt, nickel, and chromium sulfates solution. Energy dispersive spectrometry analysis demonstrated that all four elements were co-deposited successfully. At the same time, the results from SEM indicate that the surface of the coating exhibits a granular morphology, with uniform density and no presence of cracks, with sizes ranging from 500 nm to 5 μm. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction patterns enunciated that the as-deposited coatings were amorphous. The polarization curves of the FeCoNiCr high-entropy alloy coating were measured by an electrochemical workstation in 3.5 wt.% NaCl, 1 mol·L−1 H2SO4 and 1 mol·L−1 NaOH solutions. The results revealed that the coating exhibited excellent corrosion resistance. The corrosion mechanism of the FeCoNiCr high-entropy alloy coating was analyzed in different environments. Moreover, the scratch testing method was employed to determine the alloy adhesion on the substrate, with higher values obtained for the FeCoNiCr alloy.
Charge-Density Waves vs. Superconductivity: Some Results and Future Perspectives
Authors: Venditti Giulia , Caprara Sergio
Published: June 2023

Increasing experimental evidence suggests the occurrence of filamentary superconductivity in different (quasi) two-dimensional physical systems. In this piece of work, we discuss the proposal that under certain circumstances, this occurrence may be related to the competition with a phase characterized by charge ordering in the form of charge-density waves. We provide a brief summary of experimental evidence supporting our argument in two paradigmatic classes of materials, namely transition metal dichalcogenides and cuprates superconductors. We present a simple Ginzburg–Landau two-order-parameters model as a starting point to address the study of such competition. We finally discuss the outcomes of a more sophisticated model, already presented in the literature and encoding the presence of impurities, and how it can be further improved in order to really address the interplay between charge-density waves and superconductivity and the possible occurrence of filamentary superconductivity at the domain walls between different charge-ordered regions.
Land Use Change and the Structural Diversity of Affem Boussou Community Forest in the Tchamba 1 Commune (Tchamba Prefecture, Togo)
Authors: Fousseni Folega , Bilouktime Badjare , Mustapha Tchabi , Kamara Mouctar , Wouyo Atakpama , Aboudoumisamilou Issifou , Oyetunde Djiwa , Kperkouma Wala , Komlan Batawila , Koffi Akpagana
Published: June 2023

Affem Boussou community forest (AFC) abounds in important biological resources. This study, which contributes to its better management, examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of the vegetation and its ecological and structural characteristics to propose a zoning plan for said forest. The analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use in the AFC from Google Earth images of 2015, 2018, and 2021 revealed a regressive trend of formations: crops and fallows (−33.98%), dense dry forests (−7.92%), gallery forests (−3.46%), plantations (−100%), grassy savannahs, and meadows (−18.84%), except for tree/shrub savannahs (484.23%). The floristic inventory identified 163 species divided into 129 genera and 55 families. Fabaceae (14.02%), and Combretaceae (10.55%) are the most represented families. Anogeissus leiocarpa (5.19%) and Vitellaria paradoxa (4.72%) are the most frequent species. We note the dominance of individuals of small diameters. The regeneration potential of the AFC is 64 feet/ha due to 21 feet/ha of suckers, 29 feet/ha of seedlings, and 14 feet/ha of shoots. As a zoning plan, the AFC was subdivided into four zones: the agroforestry zone (18.80%), the sustainable production forest zone (42.22%), the buffer zone (11%), and the biological conservation zone (28%). These results constitute a scientific basis for testing ecological indicators of the sustainable management of community forests in Togo.
Crystal Nanoarchitectonics and Characterization of the Octahedral Iron(III)–Nitrate Complexes with Isomer Dimethylurea Ligands
Authors: Béres Kende , Homonnay Zoltán , Bereczki Laura , Dürvanger Zsolt , Petruševski Vladimir , Farkas Attila , Kótai László
Published: June 2023

Three octahedral iron(III) nitrate complexes with dimethylated urea ligand isomers, [hexakis(N,N’-dimethylurea-O)iron(III)] nitrate (compound 1), trans-[diaquatetrakis(N,N-dimethylurea-O)iron(III)] nitrate (compound 2), and [hexakis(N,N-dimethylurea-O)iron(III)] nitrate trihydrate (compound 3) were prepared and characterized with single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR, Raman and UV–Vis methods. In compounds 1 and 3, six dimethylurea ligands coordinate to the central FeIII ion via the oxygen in octahedral geometry and the ligands are arranged in a propeller-like manner, dividing the complex cations into two sides. In compound 1, the dimethylurea propellers screw in the opposite direction on the two sides of the complex and in compound 3, they are arranged with the same handedness on the two sides. The complexes have helical chirality. The two sides of the complex cations differ not only in the rotation direction of the ligands but also in the hydrogen bond formation. On one side of the complex cation, the ligands form intermolecular hydrogen bonds only with the crystal waters, meanwhile on the other side of the complex, the ligands form hydrogen bonds only with the nitrate ions. In compound 2, [Fe(N,N-dimethylurea)4(H2O)2]3+ cations form layers that are separated by interconnected NO3− ions forming a hydrogen bonding system and connecting the complex cations A-s and B-s. The three crystallographically different nitrate ions each form four hydrogen bonds in a way that they have one bidentate O atom and two monodentate O atoms; however, the anions differ in their hydrogen bonding. The spectroscopic characteristics of compound 2 were determined by IR measurements on the deuterated compound 2 as well.
A Survey Dataset Evaluating Perceptions of Civil Engineering Students about Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Authors: Barbieri Diego Maria , Lou Baowen , Passavanti Marco , Barbieri Aurora , Bjørheim Fredrik
Published: June 2023

The implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technologies has become increasingly central in the design, construction and maintenance of both civil structures and infrastructures. As more and more software houses develop new BIM software solutions and a wide range of private and public stakeholders employ them, several educational institutes across the globe strive to expand their teaching portfolio to encompass learning and teaching of BIM. This dataset deals with the perceptions expressed by all the civil engineering undergraduate students who attended an academic course specifically about BIM at University of Stavanger (UiS), Norway, during the second semester 2022. The survey was divided into five parts and collected information regarding as many overarching aspects: socio-demographic data, perceptions about BIM before and after course attendance, satisfaction about the academic course and the way it was conducted. Considering the very moderate sample size (28 students) and potential biases due to the specific context of the University of Stavanger, the dataset can provide a useful insight into teaching approaches and future curriculum development, rather than indicating major and generalized trends in BIM education. As the questionnaire responses shed light on the feedbacks and perceptions expressed by university students dealing with BIM for their first time, the formed dataset can offer a straightforward appreciation of students’ cognitive behaviour in BIM education.
Factory-Based Vibration Data for Bearing-Fault Detection
Authors: Lundström Adam , O’Nils Mattias
Published: June 2023

The importance of preventing failures in bearings has led to a large amount of research being conducted to find methods for fault diagnostics and prognostics. Many of these solutions, such as deep learning methods, require a significant amount of data to perform well. This is a reason why publicly available data are important, and there currently exist several open datasets that contain different conditions and faults. However, one challenge is that almost all of these data come from a laboratory setting, where conditions might differ from those found in an industrial environment where the methods are intended to be used. This also means that there may be characteristics of the industrial data that are important to take into account. Therefore, this study describes a completely new dataset for bearing faults from a pulp mill. The analysis of the data shows that the faults vary significantly in terms of fault development, rotation speed, and the amplitude of the vibration signal. It also suggests that methods built for this environment need to consider that no historical examples of faults in the target domain exist and that external events can occur that are not related to any condition of the bearing.
Pandemic Innovations in Teacher Education: Communities of Practice, Mentoring, and Technology
Authors: Irish Christy K. , Wells Melissa S. , Davis Janine S. , Peck Kristina , Clayton Courtney
Published: June 2023

This study aimed to investigate the transformation of pre-service teaching experience due to virtual or hybrid completion during the 2020–2021 school year and to identify teaching and mentoring innovations that teacher educators should continue to promote. The research involved 14 student teachers and 5 mentor teachers from the United States across elementary, secondary, and pre-K–12 programs who participated in surveys, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups. The results indicated that the integration of technology in student teaching and the shift to virtual or hybrid learning brought about new challenges and opportunities for both student teachers and mentor teachers. The study highlights technology that may continue to be used post-pandemic, the promotion of virtual communities of practice, and ways to quickly integrate and maximize student teachers in the classroom.
Ready or Not? A Pilot Study of Graduate Students’ and Instructors’ Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Online Support Modules for Enhancing Academic Performance
Authors: Townley Amanda L. , Soares Lina B. , Rahimi Regina
Published: June 2023

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, graduate studies and the adult students pursuing those studies have drastically changed, creating a new landscape of challenges to success for students and faculty alike. Online learning is fast becoming the norm in graduate studies of education rather than the exception, creating barriers in the form of lost community, looser connections between graduate students and faculty, and a shifting focus on student accountability to enter programs with requisite skills far beyond their counterparts of the past. This study explored the use of online support modules to strengthen deficient skills among graduate students in a fully online Education Specialist program. The use of modules to address issues with academic writing, APA style, locating academic literature, synthesizing studies, and other preparation to write literature reviews proved a valuable and time-efficient tool for managing the remedial needs of students at the graduate level. A survey method was applied to collect data from students and faculty, followed by a thematic analysis of the results. Both students and instructors positively received these support modules. Furthermore, perceptions from both groups highlight the need for further exploration of means to provide modern support for an ever-changing adult student body.
Characterization of Low-Latency Next-Generation eVTOL Communications: From Channel Modeling to Performance Evaluation
Authors: Mak Bing , Arya Sudhanshu , Wang Ying , Ashdown Jonathan
Published: June 2023

Next-generation wireless communication networks are expected to offer extremely high data rates supported by very low latency and radically new applications, which require a new wireless radio technology paradigm. However, it is crucial to assist the radio link over the fast varying and highly dynamic channel to satisfy the diverse requirements of next-generation wireless networks. Recently, communication via autonomous electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) has gained momentum, owing to its potential for cost-effective network deployment. It is considered one of the most promising technologies conceived to support smart radio terminals. However, to provide efficient and reliable communications between ground base stations and eVTOLs as well as between eVTOLs and other eVTOLs, realistic eVTOL channel models are indispensable. In this paper, we propose a nonstationary geometry-based stochastic channel model for eVTOL communication links. The proposed eVTOL channel model framework considers time-domain nonstationarity and arbitrary eVTOL trajectory and is sufficiently general to support versatile C bands. One of the critical challenges for eVTOL is the fast vertical takeoff and landing flight patterns affecting the regular propagation communication channel. Moreover, we present a new method for estimating the SNR over the non-stationary fast dynamic time-variant eVTOL channel by utilizing the sliding window adaptive filtering technique. Furthermore, we present an information–theoretic approach to characterize the end-to-end transmission delay over the eVTOL channel and prove that the optimal transmission scheme strongly depends upon the eVTOL link configuration. In addition, to analyze the occurrence of deep fade regions in eVTOL links, we analyze the outage probability, which is an important performance metric for wireless channels operating over dynamic fading channels, and make an important observation that the outage probability increases non-linearly with the eVTOL height. Furthermore, we consider the commercially available eVTOL specifications and data to validate the channel model and analyze the Doppler shift and latency for the exponential acceleration and exponential deceleration velocities profiles during the takeoff and landing operation. This paper provides a new and practical approach for the design, optimization, and performance evaluation of future eVTOL-assisted next-generation wireless communications.
Enhanced Synchronization Algorithms for BOC Signals Based on Reconstructed Sub-Correlation Functions
Authors: Ji Yuanfa , Zhang Ying , Sun Xiyan , Jia Xizi , Li Jingjing
Published: June 2023

Aiming at the ambiguous synchronization of binary offset carrier (BOC) and composite binary offset carrier (CBOC) modulation signals due to secondary peaks for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), a reconstructed sub-correlation function synchronization algorithm (RSSA) for BOC and CBOC is proposed. The general autocorrelation subfunctions of BOC and CBOC are obtained by deriving the subfunctions of the cross-correlation function between BOC signals with different modulation orders. According to the characteristics of the subfunctions, the corresponding reconstruction rules are set to obtain the unambiguous correlation functions. To further reduce the complexity of the local auxiliary signal, a local auxiliary signal optimization algorithm (LASOA) is proposed based on RSSA, which only needs to generate a local two-level signal compared to the conventional CBOC local four-level signal. The simulations show that the two algorithms proposed in this paper reduce the amplitude of the side peaks of the normalized correlation peaks of BOC by at least 0.09 compared with the autocorrelation side-peak cancellation technique (ASPeCT), maintain a high detection probability, and the multipath error is smaller than that of the autocorrelation side-peak cancellation technique (ASPeCT) and other traditional algorithms. The phase discrimination curves show that the linear region slope gains of the two algorithms in this paper are above 2 dB compared with the ASPeCT and other conventional algorithms.
Fine-Grained Access Control with User Revocation in Smart Manufacturing
Authors: Gómez-Marín Ernesto , Martintoni Davide , Senni Valerio , Castillo Encarnación , Parrilla Luis
Published: June 2023

Collaborative manufacturing is a key enabler of Industry 4.0 that requires secure data sharing among multiple parties. However, intercompany data-sharing raises important privacy and security concerns, particularly given intellectual property and business-sensitive information collected by many devices. In this paper, we propose a solution that combines four technologies to address these challenges: Attribute-Based Encryption for data access control, blockchain for data integrity and non-repudiation, Hardware Security Modules for authenticity, and the Interplanetary File System for data scalability. We also use OpenID for dynamic client identification and propose a new method for user revocation in Attribute-Based Encryption. Our evaluation shows that the solution can scale up to 2,000,000 clients while maintaining all security guarantees.
Effective Speed: Can Cost Effective Transportation Be Sustainable (Reducing Emissions and External Costs)?
Authors: Schnieder Maren
Published: June 2023

Given the need to reduce fuel emissions from transport many research studies have been devoted to the development of technologies and identification of new policies to tackle this problem. The majority of these strategies either increase the costs (e.g., new technology), are more time-consuming (i.e., choosing a more sustainable mode of transport), or encourage consumers to forgo travel plans (i.e., flights to holiday destinations). Implementing any of these changes is challenging for a society where cost, quality and time are the key motivators. The paper differs from previous research, given that the focus is not to slow down global warming, through the development of new technologies, or through inconveniences to lifestyle. Instead, the focus is to improve the sustainability of transport using current technology without increasing the cost or time factor. By using the concept of effective speed, this paper estimates the possible reduction in emissions, external costs and land use if people can be persuaded to choose the most cost-effective mode of transport. The effective speed is calculated by dividing the distance travelled by the time spent (i.e., travelling to work and earning the money to pay for the commute). This case study uses data from a survey of residents in New York City (NYC) and incorporates supporting data about commuting patterns in Germany. If people use their most cost-effective mode of transport in NYC, it is possible to have emission reductions of up to 14.7%, external cost reduction of 11.6% and a reduction in the time–area requirements of 16.5%. The results of this paper highlight that people do not always need to spend more time or money on their transport activity to travel in a more sustainable way. Indeed, encouraging people to use a mode of transport with a faster effective speed may even reduce the external effects for some.
Biogas Production and Energy Balance in a Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion of Fruit and Vegetable Waste: Thermophilic versus Mesophilic
Authors: Dinh Pham Van , Fujiwara Takeshi
Published: June 2023

This study aimed to investigate biogas production and energy balance in a two-stage anaerobic digestion system of fruit/vegetable waste under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions. Firstly, the feedstock was hydrolyzed and acidified in an acidic reactor at 37 °C with a retention time of 5 d. Then, the liquid hydrolysate was collected and pumped into an up-flow methane reactor under a mesophilic temperature with a retention time of 5 d and a thermophilic condition with a retention time of 3 d. The experimental results showed that in the thermophilic methane reactor, the COD removal, biogas yield, and methane concentration were 96.3%, 492 mL/g-VS, and 70.4%, respectively. These values were 3%, 10%, and 3% higher, respectively, than those obtained in the mesophilic methane reactor. In terms of energy, the mesophilic and thermophilic methane reactors consumed the same thermal energy demand for temperature control. They were much lower than the heat values produced by the power engine. The two-stage anaerobic digestion system using a thermophilic methane reactor obtained a gross energy of 11.20 kJ/g-VS and a net energy of 9.83 kJ/g-VS. These values were 13.2% and 14.8% higher, respectively, than those obtained by the system with a mesophilic condition. Moreover, the use of a thermophilic reactor helped reduce the reactor volume by 40%, leading to significant investment cost savings.
Lactic Acid Production from Cow Manure: Experimental Process Conditions Analysis
Authors: Garrido Ricard , Falguera Víctor , Pérez Navarro Omar , Acosta Solares Amanda , Cabeza Luisa F.
Published: June 2023

The production of cow manure far exceeds the quantity that can be utilized in primary applications such as fertilizer or for the generation of biogas. As a result, alternative value-added applications are being investigated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the production of lactic acid, using cow manure as the raw material. The methodology involved the implementation of thermochemical pretreatment for the cow manure, followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation for lactic acid production. Response surface methodology based on a central composite design was employed to analyze the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. The factorial design of the experiments was carried out with three factors, cow manure concentration, temperature, and enzyme concentration, with 80 g·L−1, 50 °C, and 212.5 IU/gCMDry Matter as central point values, respectively. Following the addition of Bacillus coagulans DSM2314 inoculum to enzymatically hydrolyzed cow manure at pH 5.0, after a 24 h period the concentration of lactic acid was recorded at 13.65 g·L−1, with a conversion efficiency of 33.1%. Studies were conducted until 48 h to analyze time impact. Characterization studies for native cow manure and that pretreated using acid reagent were conducted. Sugar content and by-product formation were analyzed, resulting in 23.24 g·L−1 of sugar remaining as the maximum after fermentation, while low values of furfural (1.04 g·L−1), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (1.35 g·L−1), and acetic acid (1.45 g·L−1) were found. Optimal conditions were calculated at 24 and 48 h with R software, obtaining the lactic acid, with yields of 13.4 g·L−1, 36.28% (for 24 h) and 15.27 g·L−1, 32.76% (for 48 h), respectively. Experimental and statistical studies of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation stated that cow manure was a feasible substrate for the production of lactic acid.
Helical Gear Pump: A Comparison between a Lumped Parameter and a Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Approaches
Authors: Mazzei Pietro , Frosina Emma , Senatore Adolfo
Published: June 2023

This research presents a comparison between two numerical approaches developed and later compared for studying External Gear Pumps (EGPs). Models have been developed for studying pumps with helical gears. Firstly, a three-dimensional (3D) CFD numerical model has been built using a commercial code. Then, a new tool called EgeMATor MP+, completely developed by the authors and capable of completely simulating this pump’s typologies is presented. Thanks to different subroutines developed in different interconnected environments, this tool can fully analyze those pumps, starting from the drawing. Both numerical approaches have been detailed, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses and the tweaking required to reach more accurate results. Both numerical models have been set up with the same boundary conditions to obtain a more accurate comparison. Comparisons have been performed using tests performed on a commercial pump taken as reference, focusing on steady-state volumetric performance as well as the transient features of the outlet port pressure oscillations. The comparison of the (Q,p) characteristics showed that the 3D CFD numerical model has a slightly better accuracy, but both models have errors that fall into the uncertainty range of the experimental measurements. In addition, the pressure ripples comparison verified good agreements, where also the double flank behavior of the pump is predicted. While comparing the two simulation approaches, the paper highlights the limits and strengths of each one of the two approaches. In particular, it is shown how both models can match the experimental results considering proper assumptions. The paper constitutes a unique contribution to the field of numerical simulation of EGPs and represents a useful reference to designers looking for suitable methods for simulating existing or novel design solutions.
Numerical Analysis of Cambered Plate Configurations under Low Reynolds Numbers and at a Low-Density Condition
Authors: Saez Aleandro , Manzo Maurizio , Ciarcià Marco
Published: June 2023

After one year of operation, the Ingenuity rotorcraft and the Perseverance rover continue their exploration missions on Mars. Succeeding the technology demonstration phase, by proving its flight capabilities, Ingenuity transitioned to a new mission stage to explore modes of flight exploration for future scouting missions. Our research intends to analyze, using numerical simulations, the aerodynamical conditions such as those experienced by Ingenuity during its flight missions. For this work, the ANSYS Fluent software was used to simulate the flow around the cambered plates, and a three-equation intermittency (γ) shear stress transport turbulence model with compressible formulation was implemented. The influence of the camber and its position of the cambered plates was explored, and a sensitivity analysis with respect to the Mach number was performed. The objective of this project was to determine the optimal configuration to produce the optimal lift-to-drag ratio for the range of analysis. The results were in line with the ones shown by NASA (OVERFLOW). Moreover, our analysis showed the ANSYS Fluent applicability for assessing aerodynamic surfaces for unmanned aerial systems operating at low density and low Reynolds number regimes.
Comparative Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties and Metabolites of Farinose and Crisp Lotus Roots (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) with Different Geographical Origins
Authors: Liu Jiao , Peng Jiawen , Yang Jie , Wang Jing , Peng Xitian , Yan Wei , Zhao Liuqing , Peng Lijun , Zhou Youxiang
Published: June 2023

Lotus roots are widely consumed vegetables because of their great taste and abundant nutrients, but their quality varies with the environments and cultivar. This study systematically compared farinose (Elian No. 5) and crisp (Elian No. 6) lotus root cultivars from three geographical origins. Pasting and texture characteristics verified that Elian No. 5 possessed lower hardness and lower ability to withstand shear stress and heating during cooking compared with Elian No. 6. Untargeted metabolite profiling was first performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with a Zeno trap. In total, 188 metabolites were identified based on the matching chemistry database. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that lotus roots from different cultivars and origins could be adequately distinguished. Sixty-one differential metabolites were identified among three Elian No. 5 samples, and 28 were identified among three Elian No. 6 samples. Isoscopoletin, scopoletin, and paprazine were the most differential metabolites between Elian No. 5 and Elian No. 6. These results can inform future research on the discrimination and utilization of lotus roots.
Did the Addition of Olive Cakes Obtained by Different Methods of Oil Extraction in the Finishing Diet of Bísaro Pigs Affect the Volatile Compounds and Sensory Characteristics of Dry-Cured Loin and “Cachaço”?
Authors: Leite Ana , Vasconcelos Lia , Ferreira Iasmin , Domínguez Rubén , Pateiro Mirian , Rodrigues Sandra , Pereira Etelvina , Campagnol Paulo C. B. , Pérez-Alvarez José , Lorenzo José M. , Teixeira Alfredo
Published: June 2023

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different types of olive cake in the basal diet of Bísaro pigs on the volatile compounds and sensory characteristics of dry-cured loin and “cachaço”. A total of 40 Bísaro breed animals were allocated to four treatments, along with a control group (T1—control, T2—crude olive cake, T3—centrifugation two phases, T4—exhausted, and T5—exhausted with 1% of olive). Various extraction methods (centrifugation, pressing, and exhaustion) were employed for the olive cake used. Furthermore, the extracted olive cake was supplemented with 1% olive oil. Eighty compounds were identified and grouped into eight chemical classes: hydrocarbons, aldehydes, esters, alcohols, ketones, acids, furans, and other compounds. Aldehydes and alcohols were the major groups of compounds, representing 57.06–66.07% and 68.67–75.61% for the loin and “cachaço”, respectively. There were no significant differences between treatments for any of the volatile compounds identified. The major aldehydes were hexanal, heptanal, pentanal, and propanal. These compounds were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in “cachaço”. This significant difference between the two types of dry-cured products was directly related to the amount of total fat content. The major alcohols were 2.3-butanediol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-butanol, 3-methyl, 1-hexanol, benzyl-alcohol, and glycidol. Except for compounds 2,3-butanediol and benzyl-alcohol, the majority in this group were significantly different in terms of the type of dry-cured product. As for the sensory evaluation, for both dry-cured products, the trained tasters did not detect significant differences between the different treatments. The results showed that the olive cake obtained by different methods of oil extraction did not negatively affect the sensory and volatile components of the processed meat products; thus, they maintained their appeal to the consumer.
Formation of Lipid-Derived Flavors in Dry-Cured Mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) via Simulation of Autoxidation and Lipoxygenase-Induced Fatty Acid Oxidation
Authors: Liu Qiaoyu , Lei Menglin , Zhao Wenhong , Li Xiangluan , Zeng Xiaofang , Bai Weidong
Published: June 2023

In this study, lipoxygenase (LOX) extracted from dry-cured mackerel was purified, resulting in a 4.1-fold purification factor with a specific activity of 493.60 U/min·g. LOX enzymatic properties were assessed, referring to its optimal storage time (1–2 days), temperature (30 °C), and pH value (7.0). The autoxidation and LOX-induced oxidation of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:2n9c), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), arachidonic acid (C20:4), EPA (C20:5), and DHA (C22:6n3) were simulated to explore the main metabolic pathways of key flavors in dry-cured mackerel. The results showed that the highest LOX activity was observed when arachidonic acid was used as a substrate. Aldehydes obtained from LOX-treated C18:1n9c and C18:2n6c oxidation, which are important precursors of flavors, were the most abundant. The key flavors in dry-cured mackerel were found in the oxidative products of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, and C20:4. Heptanaldehyde could be produced from autoxidation or LOX-induced oxidation of C18:0 and C18:1n9c, while nonal could be produced from C18:1n9c and C18:2n6c oxidation. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, EPA, and DHA made great contributions to the overall flavor of dry-cured mackerel. This study may provide a relevant theoretical basis for the scientific control of the overall taste and flavor of dry-cured mackerel and further standardize its production.
Relevance of Genetic Identification and Kinship Analysis in Human and Natural Catastrophes—A Review
Authors: Real-Picado Alejandra , Díaz Luis , Gomes Cláudia
Published: June 2023

Different types of disasters, whether natural or human in character, lead to the significant loss of human lives. In the latter case, the quick action of identification of corpses and human remains is mandatory. There are a variety of protocols to identify victims; however, genetics is one of the tools that allows an exact identification of the victim. However, several factors may interfere with this identification, from the biological samples’ degradation not allowing the analysis of nuclear information, to failure to dispose of biological samples from family members. Access to certain family members could be a determinant of the proper choice of genetic markers that allow the identification of the victim, or his/her inclusion in a given genetic maternal or paternal lineage. New advances in the field of genetics are soon expected to allow for the identification of victims from disasters with only their biological postmortem samples; it may also be possible to draw a robot portrait of a victim’s most likely physical characteristics. In all cases, genetics is the only modern tool with universal character and can be used in essentially all biological samples, giving and identification of more or less accurate statistical character, depending on whether nuclear or lineage markers are used.
Economic Evaluation of Anesthesiology-Led Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Service
Authors: Zaky Ahmed , Melvin Ryan L. , Benz David , Davies James , Panayotis Vardas , Maddox William , Shah Ruchit , Lynch Tom , Beck Adam , Hearld Kristine , McElderry Tom , Treggiari Miriam
Published: June 2023

Background: Implementation of an anesthesiology-led cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) service can be viewed to have economic and efficiency challenges. This study evaluates the cost savings of an anesthesiology-led CIED service. Methods: A total of 830 patients presented in the pre-implementation period from 1 March 2016 to 31 December 2017, and 1981 patients presented in the post-implementation period from 1 January 2018 to 31 October 2021. Interrupted time-series analysis for single-group comparisons was used to evaluate the cost savings resulting from reduction in operating room (OR) start delays for patients with CIEDs. Results: OR start-time delay was reduced by 10.6 min (95%CI: −20.5 to −0.83), comparing pre- to post-implementation. For an OR cost of USD 45/min, we estimated the direct cost to the department to be USD 1.68/min. The intervention translated into a total cost reduction during the intervention period of USD 250,000 (USD 18,000 to USD 470,000) per year for the institution and USD 9800 (USD 730 to USD 17,000) per year for the department. The yearly cost of employing a full-time team of CIED specialists would have been USD 135,456. The service triggered electrophysiology consultation on 13 device malfunctions. Conclusions: An anesthesiology-led CIED service resulted in substantial cost savings, increased OR efficiency and patient safety.
Male Victims of Sexual Abuse: Impact and Resilience Processes, a Qualitative Study
Authors: Poirson Léa , Robin Marion , Shadili Gérard , Lamothe Josianne , Corruble Emmanuelle , Gressier Florence , Essadek Aziz
Published: June 2023

The increasing prevalence of sexual abuse calls for exceptional awareness of its multidimensional impact on the mental, sexual, and social wellbeing of male adults. This study aims to deepen the overall understanding of sexual abuse consequences; to highlight some common resilience factors; and to strengthen therapeutic and social support. In this qualitative research, we conducted seven semi-structured interviews with male victims of sexual violence. The data were analysed with the interpretative phenomenological analysis. They shed light on the great suffering linked to sexual violence, and on seven themes which are seemingly pillars of resilience: bond to others, bond to the body, making sense of things, expression, rediscovering oneself, institutions, and finally, learning and commitment. The exploration of these themes reveals several avenues for adjusting care, most of which imply the importance of raising awareness so that spaces receiving the victims’ word can emerge.