bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Proteinase Inhibitors and Plant Lectins on the Adult Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Elden T. C.
Published: September 2017

The effects of selected proteinase inhibitors and plant lectins of alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), adult foliar feeding and fecundity were significantly inhibited by the cysteine proteinase inhibitors E-64, pHMB, and leupeptin at a concentration of 0.1%. Pepstatin (aspartic inhibitor) at 0.5% and soybean Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor (serine) at 1.0% had no significant effect on adult foliar feeding, survival, or fecundity. Three of the four lectins tested significantly inhibited adult foliar feeding and fecundity at a concentration of 0.5%. A lectin from wheat and one from pea were the only two protein inhibitors tested to significantly inhibit adult survival. Results support a previous study that indicates the alfalfa weevil uses cysteine proteinases as major digestive enzymes. This study is one of few which demonstrates the effects of specific protein inhibitors on the adult stage of a foliar feeding insect species.
Survival Rates of Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae Exposed to Transgenic Cottons Expressing Insecticidal Protein of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner
Authors: Parker C. D. , Mascarenhas V. J. , Luttrell R. G. , Knighten K.
Published: September 2017

The insecticidal activity of transgenic cottons expressing endotoxin protein of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt cotton) was quantified by measuring survival of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), larvae caged on different plant structures for varying lengths of exposure. Percentages of larvae surviving were measured on Bt cottons expressing Cry1Ab and CrylAc protein. Plant structure (terminal, leaf, square or boll) did not affect larval survival, and survival did not differ significantly between CrylAb and CrylAc cottons. Larvae exposed to Bt cotton for only 24 h had higher initial survival than larvae exposed for 48, 72 and 96 h. Larvae first exposed to Bt cotton at 4 d of age had higher survival than those first exposed as neonate or 2-d-old larvae. Survivorship of neonate and 4-d-old larvae exposed to CrylAc cotton was significantly reduced with only 48 h of exposure to the insecticidal plants. Seven-day-old larvae exhibited no significant reduction in survivorship with exposure to CrylAc cotton for 48 h.
The Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Orientation to Aggregation Sites
Authors: Nalepa C. A. , Kidd K. A. , Hopkins D. I.
Published: September 2017

Several studies were conducted to determine the cues used by the lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) when orienting to aggregation sites in autumn: (1) artificial shelters modeled after those commercially available in mail order catalogues were baited with live adults and hung on the outside of buildings known from past years to be aggregation sites, (2) differential arrival of the two sexes at overwintering sites was examined by collecting and sexing the beetles alighting on buildings at two points in time during the aggregation period, and (3) the distribution of overwintering H. axyridis among beehives was determined in ten apiaries. Results indicate no preference for the artificial shelters and no orientation to the conspecifics within them. Sex ratios of beetles arriving at aggregation sites were consistent over time in two of the three sites examined. During winter, adult H. axyridis were non-randomly distributed among physically similar beehives. We conclude that there is little evidence for volatile aggregation pheromones and suggest that the chemical cues that mediate the final stages of aggregation behavior in H. axyridis may be based on contact chemoreception with conspecifics or the feces and residues that persist in aggregation sites from previous years.
Lygus hesperus and L. lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae), Phytophages, Zoophages, or Omnivores: Evidence of Feeding Adaptations Suggested by the Salivary and Midgut Digestive Enzymes2
Authors: Agustí Nuria , Cohen Allen Carson
Published: September 2017

Although Lygus hesperus Knight and L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae) are extremely destructive pests of a large variety of crops, the exact nature of their feeding adaptations remains unresolved. We studied the digestive enzymes in the salivary gland complex and guts of L. hesperus and L. lineolaris to elucidate the feeding mechanism and to determine the relative zoophagous and phytophagous potential of each species. Most of the digestive enzyme activity in both species originated in the salivary gland complex rather than the gut. We found general protease activity in the salivary gland complexes and guts of both species, with the predominant activity in the salivary gland complexes. Trypsin-like enzyme activity was the predominant alkaline protease in both species, but L. hesperus had significantly more activity than did L. lineolaris. In both species trypsin-like activity was greater in the salivary gland complex than in the gut. Some elastase-like activity occurred in both body regions of both species, and there was no chymotrypsin-like activity in either body region of either species. Both α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) and pectinase (EC 3.2.1.15) were present in both regions but were predominant in the salivary gland complexes of both species, but activities of both enzymes were significantly greater in L. lineolaris than in L. hesperus. Both species lacked α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) in the salivary gland complex, but both had considerable activity of this maltose-and sucrose-digesting enzyme in the gut. Also, both species had phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3) activity in the gut but none in the salivary gland complex. Both species had very low to negligible lipase (triacylglycerol lipase, EC 3.1.1.3) contents in the gut and no measurable lipase in the salivary gland complex. Hyaluronidase (3.2.1.35) activity was lacking in both species' salivary glands and guts. These enzyme profiles suggest that both species are well suited for phytophagy, but that L. lineolaris may be slightly better suited to strict herbivory.
Histological Description of Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) Feeding on Small Cotton Floral Buds
Authors: Williams Livy , Tugwell N. Philip
Published: September 2017

Microscopic features of small cotton floral buds abscised due to Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) feeding and non-insect factors were identified and contrasted with healthy buds. Feeding damage appeared to be most common on staminal columns, developing anthers, and corollas. These tissues exhibited gross enlargement and varying degrees of cellular degradation. Fragmented cell walls were thinner and stained lighter than those that were intact. Desiccation of buds abscised due to Lygus feeding was irregular. Tissues of buds abscised due to non-insect factors stained uniformly and all cells were intact. Uniform basipetal desiccation throughout the bud occurred in non-insect damaged buds, especially in anthers, staminal columns, and carpels. Tissues and cells of healthy buds stained uniformly and consistently and were without structural abnormalities. The biochemical composition of male reproductive tissue of cotton floral buds appears to play an important role in the nutritional physiology of L. lineolaris.
Thermal Death of Third Instars of the Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Treated in Different Substrates
Authors: Hansen James D. , Sharp Jennifer L.
Published: September 2017

Eight substrates (air, water, artificial diet, and fruit pulp blends of guava, grapefruit, orange, mango, and orange) were examined for their impact on survival of third-instar Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), exposed to 40°C for 67 min. Survival was the greatest for larvae heated in air (92.9 ± 1.1%) and lowest in water (12.1 ± 1.6%). Mortality was intermediate to high and similar among larvae heated in the fruit blends and artificial rearing diet. Percentage water and oxygen of each substrate, pH, and specific gravity did not affect larval mortality, but the type of substrate (air, water, fruit pulp blend) was significant. The upper thermal limits of a quarantine treatment can be screened for all pest life stages by testing time-temperature regimes using air as a substrate.
Parasifoids of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Coastal Plain of Georgia
Authors: McCravy Kenneth W. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: September 2017

Parasitism of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), was studied for four consecutive generations in the Georgia coastal plain by collecting tip moth-infested shoots and rearing adult moths and parasitoids. Nineteen species of parasitoids were collected. Based on numbers of emerging adults, the overall tip moth parasitism rate was 44.8%. Lixophaga mediocris Aid rich, Eurytoma pini Bugbee, and Hyssopus rhyacioniae Gahan were the most abundant parasitoids, accounting for 36.3%, 25.4%, and 11.7% of parasitism, respectively. Parasitism was highest in the summer, 1996, and spring, 1997, generations, and lowest in the 1996–97 overwintering generation. Emergence curves of L. mediocris and Hy. rhyacioniae overlapped that of R. frustrana considerably. Examination of unemerged tip moth pupae and parasitoid puparia indicated that E. pini was predominately hyperparasitic. The parasitoid complex in the coastal plain was different from that in the Georgia Piedmont Plateau and from other published reports of tip moth natural enemies.
Temperature Effects on the Susceptibility of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in Poland, the Czech Republic and the United States2
Authors: Martin Phyllis A. W. , Schroder Robert F. W. , Poprawski Tadeusz J. , Lipa Jerzy J. , Hausvater Ervin , Rasocha Vlastimil
Published: September 2017

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin is a fungus with broad spectrum insecticidal activity. As a biological control agent used against Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)), this fungus has performed erratically in various field studies. This inconsistent performance has been attributed to formulation problems, UV sensitivity, and humidity. In a multi-site test, B. bassiana controlled Colorado potato beetle larvae in both Poland and the Czech Republic, but not in Maryland. Control was measured by reduction in populations of beetle larvae. One of the major differences among these sites was temperature. In Poland, the mean temperature ranged from 5°C to 23°C; in the Czech Republic the average temperature ranged from 6.7°C to 18.7°C; and in Maryland, temperatures at time of application exceeded 45°C at canopy level. This led us to examine B. bassiana growth in vitro.While B. bassiana grew in the laboratory from 16 to 30°C, the B. bassiana from a formulated product (Mycotrol™, Mycotech, Butte, MT) did not germinate at temperatures above 37°C. Germination and subsequent development of this entomopathogenic fungi are critical factors in the infection and control of the Colorado potato beetle. As a consequence of the inability to germinate at high temperatures, B. bassiana would not be expected to effectively control pest insects in climates with hot summers. This fungus, however, may be suitable for insect control in early spring or in cool temperature climates during the growing season.
Toxicity of Individual Pyrethrin Esters to House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Sheppard D. Craig , Swedlund Brad
Published: September 2017

Six pyrethrin esters were separated from whole pyrethrum by using high performance liquid chromatography on a silica column. Dilutions of individual esters were applied topically to house flies (Musca domestica L.) and compared to whole pyrethrum and transpermethrin. LD50's averaged from two significant dosage-mortality regressions per chemical were in ascending toxicity: Cinerin I (1.77 μjg/fly), jasmolin I (1.28 μjg/fly), pyrethrin II (0.49 μg/fly), jasmolin II (0.46 μg/fy). cinerin II (0.43 μg/fly), pyrethrin I (0.20 μg/fly)> 25% pyrethrin extract (0.11 μg/fly) and trans-permethrin (0.0072 μg/fly).
Nutritional Effects on Vitellogenesis in Species of Drosophila
Authors: Lamnissou Klea
Published: September 2017

A comparative study of vitellogenesis in response to feeding was made in females of three species of the genus Drosophila, belonging to different species groups. The process of vitellogenesis, although conservative, shows significant differences in species phylogenetically distant to D. melanogaster (Meigen). Females of D. virilis (Sturtevant) and D. hydei (Sturtevant) enter vitellogenesis and produce mature eggs only after proteinaceous food intake, but not under sucrose diet, while D. melanogaster females are able to support oocyte development upon maturity under sucrose diet. Electrophoretic analysis of the hemolymph of D. virilis and D. hydei starved or sucrose-fed females shows yolk protein synthesis at trace amounts. Interestingly, in the absence of proteinaceous food one or two other polypeptides of slightly higher molecular mobility than vitellogenins (but not vitellogenins) are produced, indicating a condition of starvation shock. These polypeptides are not detected in the hemolymph of either starved or sucrose-fed females D. melanogaster in which the vitellogenins are produced at low rate or significant amount, respectively. The results indicate that starvation affects ovarian yolk protein synthesis as well. Conversely, starvation does not directly affect the process of yolk protein uptake by the developing oocytes.
Phenobarbital Induction of UDP-glucosyltransferase Activity in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen
Authors: Rausell Carolina , Llorca Julia , Real M. Dolores
Published: September 2017

The inducibility of UDP-glucosyltransferase activities towards the exogenous substrates 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol and the endogenous metabolite xanthurenic acid was demonstrated in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen larvae and adults using phenobarbital as an inducer. In adults, a 3.5-fold increase of glucosyltransferase activity toward xanthurenic acid and a 2.0-fold increase of the activity toward exogenous substrates (1-naphthol and 2-naphthol) was found. In larvae, maximum induction of all three UDP-glucosyltransferase activities (2.5-fold and 1.5-fold increase of the activity toward the exogenous and endogenous substrates, respectively) was achieved when insects, reared on solid medium, were exposed to phenobarbital for 24 h. However, a 24-h exposure to inducer on liquid medium yielded the same level of induction as in solid medium only for xanthurenic acid:UDP-glucosyltransferase activity. Repression of the activities toward exogenous substrates also was noticed. On this medium, comparable induction to that detected on solid medium was found when inducer exposure was reduced to 2.5 h. According to the observed variation resulting from the different conditions of phenobarbital treatment, a differential induction of UDP-glucosyltransferase isoenzymes also was demonstrated. After 2.5 h of inducer exposure, three isoenzymes (every one specific for each of the three analysed substrates) were detected; whereas, after 24 h of inducer treatment, only one isoenzyme, specific for xanthurenic acid, was detected.
A Mosquito Larvicidal Diterpenoid Isolated from Podocarpus totara D. Don ex Lambert
Authors: Lee Sung-Eun , Park Eun-Kee , Kim Jeong-Gyu
Published: September 2017

Totarol, a diterpenoid phenol isolated from Podocarpus totara (D. Don ex Lambert) root bark, was found to be active against second- and fourth-instar Culex pipiens Coquillett with the 24 h LC50 values of 0.25 and 0.37 μg/mL, respectively. The mosquito larvicidal activity against C. pipiens increased when bioassays were extended to 48 h. Structural elucidation of totarol was by means of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and GC-MS analysis.
Trap Strip and Field Border Modification for Management of the Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)
Authors: Morrill Wendell L. , Weaver David K. , Johnson Gregory D.
Published: September 2017

The alternate-year summer fallow wheat production system predominates in the semi-arid prairie regions of Montana. These farms consist of the current crop and idle fields in which the previous year's crop was located. Larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), overwinter in post-harvest wheat stubble. Adults appear and disperse to new crops during the following growing season. Adults begin oviposition as soon as suitable hosts are encountered; therefore, larval infestations usually are concentrated along field borders. We tested several types of trap strips as intercepts to reduce dispersion of adult sawflies into fields. The most successful system was a fall-planted winter wheat trap that protected spring-planted wheat. These trap strips utilized the “border effect” as well as the higher attractiveness of the earlier maturing winter wheat. In another trial, losses were reduced by planting a semi-resistant solid-stemmed wheat cultivar within the border of a comparatively higher yielding hollow-stemmed cultivar.
Resistance in Glabrous-type Cucumis melo L. to Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Riley David , Batal Dean , Wolff David
Published: September 2017

In 1995, 15 melon cultigens, Cucumis melo L., were compared over planting dates and insecticide treatments in a split-split plot experiment for susceptibility to whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, damage. In this test, glabrous melons were found to reduce numbers of all stages of whiteflies on the crop. Glabrous occurred as a mutation in western U.S. shipping type cantaloupe, ‘SR91’. Glabrous was crossed with TAMSun (a commercial-type cantaloupe (or muskmelon) cultigen, C. melo Group Cantalapensis) to study the inheritance of resistance to Bemisia sp., examine the relationship between the glabrous leaf trait and whiteflies, and to begin development of a glabrous melon adapted to South Texas that is resistant to Bemisia. In 1996 and 1997, F2 glabrous and pubescent selections were compared to ‘Explorer’ and ‘Cruiser’ in imidacloprid-treated and non-treated main plots in a split-plot design. The F2 progeny were from a TAM Sun (selfed selection out of ‘Sunshine’, an F1 hybrid from Ferry Morse Seed Company) × ‘SR-91’ glabrous genotype (single gene recessive trait) cross, backcrossed to TAM Sun. Whitefly counts were made through the season and yield data were collected to measure plant response. The glabrous-leaf melons consistently had lower whitefly adult and nymph population densities than commercial pubescent-leafed cultigens. Also, the glabrous F2 was not significantly different in yield compared with two commercial cultigens. Glabrous-leaf melons had significantly shorter vine length and % sugars in the spring of 1997, but not in the fall of 1996. In 1998, the F3 of the same backcross was evaluated on plastic mulch beds under field conditions in Georgia and the F3 progeny was described.
Bionomics of Cimex adjunctus (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) in a Maternity Cave of Myotis austroriparius (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) (South Carolina, USA)
Authors: Reeves Will Karlisle
Published: September 2017

Cimex adjunctus Barber was collected with pitfall traps and by hand in Santee Caves, South Carolina, USA. Santee Caves contain a maternity colony of Myotis austroriparius (Rhoads), the Southeastern Myotis bat. Cimex adjunctus was found only in the maternity chamber. My collection represents the first record of C. adjunctus in association with M. austroriparius. The sex ratio in the C. adjunctus population collected was 1:1 with 128 males, 128 females, and 755 nymphs. Predators of C. adjunctus in the cave environment included three spiders (Azilia affinis Chamberlin, Eidmannella pallida (Emerton), and Gaucelmus augustinus Keyserling). The pathogenic fungus Aspergillus sp. killed C. adjunctus in the cave and laboratory. The mite Histiostoma sp. was phoretic on C. adjunctus. Cimex adjunctus also fed on human blood and elicited an immune response after initial exposure.
In-Field Monitoring of Beneficial Insect Populations in Transgenic Corn Expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin
Authors: Wold Suzanne J. , Burkness Eric C. , Hutchison W. D. , Venette Robert C.
Published: September 2017

In 1998 and 1999, field studies were conducted near Rosemount, MN to assess the potential impact of transgenic sweet corn, transformed to express the Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var kurstaki (i.e., Bt corn), on several beneficial insects, including predatory coccinellids, chrysopids and anthocorids. Beneficial insects in both Bt and in non-Bt sweet corn were also monitored in field cages in 1999. Plants were visually sampled for beneficial insects by arbitrarily selecting 3 consecutive plants from each plot or 6 plants/cage. Rank transformed data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, which indicated no significant within-year differences in the overall density of beneficial insect populations between Bt and non-Bt sweet corn. Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) was the dominant predator species detected in 1998 and 1999. A significant trend (P < 0.05) was found for C. maculata larvae in open plots, with non-Bt treatments having higher C. maculata levels than Bt. Also, C. maculata larval and adult densities, for caged plots, showed a significant trend for higher counts in the in non-Bt corn. No additional differences in species diversity of beneficial insects were detected using Hills N1. Neither Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Ménville, Adalia bipunctata (L.), nor Coccinella septempunctata L. were observed during 1999. Although our test detected significant trends for higher densities of C. maculata in non-Bt corn, the results also suggest that longer-term in-field studies with higher sample sizes are needed to further characterize what may be relatively subtle population effects in the field.
Factors Affecting Parasitization of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Sex Ratio of the Parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Tillman P. Glynn
Published: September 2017

Biological factors hypothesized to affect parasitization by Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an endoparasitoid of larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), as well as its sex ratio, were examined in the laboratory. Highest parasitization occurred when (1) adult female parasitoids were closely associated with hosts, (2) adult female parasitoids were 1 day old, (3) a host:female parasitoid ratio of between 10:1 and 30:1 was maintained, (4) second-instar beet armyworms were used as hosts, and (5) adult female parasitoids were exposed to hosts for 24 h. Percentage of female progeny was higher when females were closely associated with second instars.
Predation by Hunting Spiders on Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Authors: Amalin Divina M. , Peña Jorge E. , McSorley R.
Published: September 2017

Feeding efficiency of the three species of hunting spiders, Chiracanthium inclusum Hentz, Hibana velox (Becker), and Trachelas volutus (Gertsch), was investigated in laboratory, greenhouse, and field-cage experiments. Results of the laboratory feeding efficiency tests showed that the predation rates of these hunting spiders can be ranked as follows: H. velox > C. inclusum > T. volutus. A similar trend of predation rates was obtained from the feeding efficiency test under greenhouse conditions. The predation efficiency of H. velox was further tested in a field-cage experiment because it was found to be a more efficient predator than C. inclusum and T. volutus from the laboratory and greenhouse feeding efficiency tests. The results of the field-cage experiment indicated that as the population density of the citrus leafminer increases, the number of citrus leafminer consumed by H. velox also increases. In addition, significantly more citrus leafminer larvae were consumed when two to three H. velox were present inside the cage than when only one H. velox was present.
Mineral Oil Inhibition of White Apple Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Oviposition
Authors: Fernandez Dario E. , Beers E. H. , Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. E. , Dunley J. E.
Published: September 2017

Various rates, types and residue ages of horticultural mineral oils were tested for inhibition of oviposition by white apple leafhopper, Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee, in laboratory bioassays. The numbers of nymphs produced from females exposed to treated apple leaf surfaces were used to determine the behavioral effect. No differences in effect were found among the three oils tested (Orchex 796, Orchex 692, and Orchex 892). Inhibition of oviposition was found in concentrations of Orchex 796 as low as 1% vol:vol (2-fold reduction in nymphs), with complete inhibition at 4%. The inhibitory effect of this material at 1% vol:vol persisted for at least 3 d, with no difference between the 7-d-old residues and the check.
Distribution and Abundance of Female Oriental Fruit Flies Near Methyl Eugenol-Baited Traps
Authors: Cornelius Mary L. , Duan Jian J. , Messing Russell H.
Published: September 2017

Methyl eugenol is an extremely effective attractant for male oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Field experiments were conducted in a commercial guava orchard to determine whether the presence of methyl eugenol-baited traps affected the distribution and abundance of female oriental fruit flies near the traps. Captures of females on spheres did not increase within the vicinity of methyl eugenol-baited traps. Captures of males were significantly greater on spheres hung in trees containing methyl eugenol-baited traps than on spheres hung in other trees. An experiment was conducted to determine if methyl eugenol would influence the dispersal of unmated, sexually mature female oriental fruit flies. There were no significant differences in the numbers of marked or wild females captured on traps at different distances from the methyl eugenol lure. This study did not find any evidence that the presence of methyl eugenol-baited traps in orchards would affect female abundance in the vicinity of traps.
Discrimination of Sodium Tetraborate by Anastrepha suspensa Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Yang Likui , Nigg Herbert N. , Simpson Samuel E. , Fraser Suzanne , Burns R. Edward
Published: September 2017

Newly-emerged adults (4 h old) and 10-d-old Anastrepha suspensa Loew were exposed to 0 to 5% concentrations of sodium tetraborate for 7 d in choice and no-choice feeding tests. With an increase in sodium tetraborate concentration, mortality increased and occurred more quickly; egg production and egg hatch were reduced in both choice and no-choice tests. Fly mortality, egg production, and egg hatch indicated that flies fed about equally on control and sodium tetraborate-containing food when offered a choice. Egg production appeared to be more sensitive to sodium tetraborate than egg hatch. All flies died and no eggs were produced with 1, 3, and 5% sodium tetraborate even when flies were offered the choice of food without sodium tetraborate.
Responses of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) to Caterpillar Feeding in a Flight Tunnel
Authors: Hu G. Y. , Mitchell E. R.
Published: September 2017

A flight tunnel bioassay was used to evaluate attraction responses of female Diadegma insulare (Cresson), a host-specific parasitoid of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), to collard plants (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) infested with host and nonhost caterpillars. Adult female wasps showed increased responses to odors of the plant-host complex after a brief contact experience with host-infested collard leaves. Such an increase shows evidence of associative learning in this parasitoid to the odor released from the larval-plant complex. The same experimental design was also used to determine responses of the parasitoid to plants infested with nonhost larvae-cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), and imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.). The female wasps conditioned to the plants infested with host larvae also showed increased responses to plants infested with larvae of cabbage looper or imported cabbageworm. These results indicate that plants damaged by host and nonhost caterpillars may release general odors that are attractive to D. insulare. The general damage odors caused by host and nonhost larval feeding may enhance biological control of the diamondback moth. Host-search ability of the parasitoid increases after experiencing host damage. When host populations are low in fields, plant odors caused by generalist herbivore feeding may also attract D. insulare parasitoids to the vicinity, thereby improving encounter chances of the parasitoid encountering diamondback moth larvae.
Cryptocercus punctulatus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae) from Monadnocks in the Piedmont of North Carolina
Authors: Nalepa C. A.
Published: September 2017

The wood-feeding cockroach, Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder, is endemic to the Southern Appalachian Mountains where its range extends from southwestern New York to Alabama. Here, it is reported from four monadnocks (isolated mountains) in the Piedmont of North Carolina. This finding expands the recorded distribution of the insect and is congruent with the pattern of other montane species isolated in these habitats as a result of climatic changes associated with glaciation.
Development of Frankliniella Species (Thysanoptera:Thripidae) in Relation to Microclimatic Temperatures in Vetch
Authors: Toapanta Marco A. , Funderburk Joe E. , Chellemi Dan
Published: September 2017

Continuous generations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and F. fusca (Hinds) develop through the winter and spring in northern Florida on plant hosts such as hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth. Previously reported research compared development under field conditions of these thrips to predictions of temperature-dependent developmental models obtained in laboratory experiments and concluded that accumulated degree-days of ambient temperatures recorded at a nearby national weather station underestimated development of populations developing under field conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare ambient temperatures to microclimate temperatures in V. villosa plots and its effect on thrips development. An electronic data logger was used in this experiment to continuously record over 63 d ambient, upper plant canopy, middle plant height, lower plant height, and soil temperatures in plots of V. villosa. The microclimatic temperatures and their degree-day accumulations, based on daily maximum and minimum records, were significantly greater (P= 0.05) than the ambient temperature and degree-day accumulations obtained from a nearby National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather station. There were no significant differences in mean temperature and degree-day accumulations within the upper, middle and lower portions of V. villosa plants. Based on degree-day accumulations in the upper plant canopy, 3.1 generations were predicted for F. occidentalis and 2.4 generations for F. fusca during the study. However, using the NOAA degree-day accumulations, only 2.5 and 1.9 generations were predicted, respectively. During this study, an accumulated discrepancy of 3/4 of a generation was calculated for F. occidentalis and more than half of a generation for F. fusca between the NOAA weather data and the microclimate data. Thus, ambient temperatures obtained from the NOAA weather station would underestimate development, as was observed and reported previously. The results demonstrated the importance of using microclimatic measurements, rather than ambient records, for best estimating developmental potential of thrips.
Induced Resistance to Bean Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Soybean
Authors: Srinivas P. , Danielson Stephen D. , Smith C. Michael , Foster John E.
Published: September 2017

Induced resistance in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, to the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), was investigated in greenhouse experiments using the treatments of mechanical injury, a chemical inducer (Actigard™, Novartis Crop Protection Inc., Greensboro, NC) and defoliation by the bean leaf beetle and the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker). Experiments were conducted on soybean PI 227687, two soybean cultivars (Colfax and Williams 82) and a soybean germplasm line (HC95-24MB). Dual-choice feeding-preference tests with bean leaf beetle adults were used to assess induced resistance. Adult beetles were collected from soybean fields 2 to 5 d prior to the feeding preference tests. Pairwise comparisons of leaflets from treated and untreated (control) plants indicated that soybean looper herbivory was a better inducer than other treatments. Herbivory by bean leaf beetle feeding and Actigard following artificial defoliation also were found to induce resistance to the bean leaf beetle. Mechanical injury alone elicited a significantly lower induced response in plants than the other induction treatments.
Season, Hour of Release and Holding Time as Determinants of Persistence of Mass Reared, Sterilized Mexican Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) at a Release Site
Authors: Thomas Donald B.
Published: September 2017

Persistence of mass-reared, radiosterilized Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), released at a target site was measured by trap-back. Released flies persisted in greater numbers during the winter months, with lowest numbers recovered in the summertime. Nocturnal releases were equally effective as morning releases in terms of persistence. Afternoon releases yielded better results in the winter but should be avoided in summer. Lowest persistence occurred in months with temperature extremes.
Electroantennogram Response of Two Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Adult Populations to Corn and Soybean Volatiles1
Authors: Hibbard B. E. , Levine E. , Duran D. P. , Gruenhagen N. M. , Spencer J. L.
Published: September 2017

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, has adapted to crop rotation in parts of Illinois and Indiana with females now laying eggs in soybean, Glycine max L., fields in addition to corn, Zea mays L., fields. The electroantennogram (EAG) responses of females from the rotation-adapted population (Illinois) were not significantly different than the EAG responses of females from the ‘normal’ population (Missouri) for any of nine individual volatile treatments evaluated except to (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal. However, females from the rotation-adapted population had nominally greater EAG responses than females from the ‘normal’ population for eight of nine treatments. This difference was significant when volatile treatments were combined to analyze the main effect of corn rootworm populations. Differences between populations were consistent across volatile treatments, and the volatile treatments × populations interaction was not significant for the analyses of data from females or males. The EAG responses of males from the rotation-adapted corn rootworm population were not significantly different than the EAG responses of males from the ‘normal’ population for any of the individual volatile treatments evaluated or in the combined analysis.
Increased Vigor in Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Associated with Bifenthrin-Resistant Males
Authors: Riley David , Tan Wei-Jia
Published: September 2017

In crosses of bifenthrin-resistant and susceptible populations of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring or b-strain Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, we found that net reproduction (Ro) was significantly different between the parental populations and “F1, male” backcrossed populations with approximately a two-fold increase in Ro occurring in the backcrosses. Also, the level of adult emergence was positively related to the changes of Ro in B. argentifolii. The average longevity of adults, number of eggs adults oviposited, and percentage female in the progenies changed across populations, with some factors enhancing reproduction in the bifenthrin resistant backcross. These results confirm that, not only does increased vigor occur in bifenthrin-resistant whitefly backcrosses, but also that males of cross-mated females differ from males of the parent population in their ability to induce increased vigor in the backcross. This is the first evidence that whitefly males from mated and unmated females could be genetically distinct.
Relative Toxicity of Six Insecticides to Cycloneda sanguinea and Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Michaud J. P.
Published: September 2017

Two ladybeetles, Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) and Harmonia axyridis Pallas, were exposed to leaf residues and topical applications of six insecticide formulations commonly used in citrus production in Florida. Exposure of larvae to leaf residues of chlorpyrifos corresponding to 1/100th the recommended field rate caused 55 and 73 percent mortality to larvae of C. sanguinea and H. axyridis, respectively. Cycloneda sanguinea was more sensitive than H. axyridis to all other materials tested. Both fenpropathrin and ethion plus petroleum oil caused significant mortality of larvae of both species as a leaf residue at the field rate and of C. sanguinea larvae at 1/10th the field rate. Sublethal doses of ethion delayed larval development in both species. Imidacloprid was toxic to larvae of both species as a leaf residue at the recommended rate and at 1/10th the recommended rate following topical application. Topical application of imidacloprid at the recommended rate killed 84.6% of adult C. sanguinea, whereas H. axyridis adults were unaffected. Adult beetles survived topical applications of chlorpyrifos, ethion + petroleum oil, and fenpropathrin at concentrations that were lethal to larvae. Esteem® (Valent USA Corp., Walnut Creek, CA) and Spinosad® (Dow Agrosciences, Indianapolis, IN) were relatively benign but did cause 38% and 28% mortality, respectively, of C. sanguinea larvae in topical assays. Fenpropathrin and Spinosad demonstrated repellency to adults of C. sanguinea, but not to adults of H. axyridis. The generally greater sensitivity of C. sanguinea to insecticides may represent a selective disadvantage for this native species in the citrus ecosystem relative the introduced H. axyridis.
Effect of Striped Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Foliar Feeding on Winter Squash Injury and Yield
Authors: Ayyappath Ramesh , Hoffmann Michael P. , Gardner Jeffrey
Published: September 2017

The relationship between leaf feeding injury caused by striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.), and yield of winter squash, Cucurbita moschata Duch., was examined under field and laboratory conditions. In a field trial in 1998, individually-caged plants were artificially infested with varying numbers of beetles to create a range of injury levels. Treatments consisted of three levels of injury (1 to 25, 26 to 50, and >50%) and uninjured controls, each at the cotyledon-, first-, second-, and third-leaf stages of plant development. Under laboratory conditions, the leaf area consumed by known numbers of beetles for varying durations was quantified on cotyledon-, first-, second-, and third-leaf plants. In the field trial, winter squash was relatively tolerant of foliar injury. Total fruit mass was influenced by injury level and growth stage, but not by their interaction. Number of fruit, mass per fruit and number of marketable fruit were influenced by the interaction of factors. Maturity rating was affected by injury level alone. In the laboratory trial, response of winter squash to varying beetle-days (number beetles × number days) depended on plant age. Based on our results, we propose conservative action thresholds of 20% injury to cotyledon plants and 50% foliar damage to first-, second-, and third-leaf plants.
Insect Populations on Bacillus thuringiensis Transgenic Sweet Corn
Authors: Hassell Richard L. , Shepard B. Merle
Published: September 2017

Insect populations and damage in three plantings (early, mid-, and late-season) of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic sweet corn were compared to a non-transgenic isoline at Charleston, SC, during 2000. The transgenic corn was expressing the crylA(b) gene from B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki. No fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were present in the early-planted crop, and numbers of corn earworms, Heliocoverpa zea (Boddie), were significantly reduced in the Bt-transgenic corn compared to the non-Bt isoline. The non-Bt isoline had 65% H. zea infested ears compared to only 10% ears from the Bt-transgenic line. Damage and numbers of H. zea and S. frugiperda also were significantly higher in the non-Bt sweet corn planted in mid- and late-season plantings. Percent damaged ears by H. zea was 77% in the non-transgenic sweet corn and 21% in the Bt-sweet corn during the mid-season crop. In the late-planted crop, populations of H. zea averaged 15 per 120 ears in the non-BT isoline compared to less than 2 per 120 ears in the Bt-transgenic crop. Whorl damage by fall armyworms significantly reduced plant height in both mid-season and late-season non-transgenic crops but not in Bt-transgenic sweet corn. Numbers of other insects and spiders were low and not significantly different between the two treatments. Bt transformed sweet corn will play a major role in reducing populations of H. zea, S. frugiperda and limiting pesticides in this crop.
Effect of Insecticide Treatments and Environmental Factors on Thrips Populations, Plant Growth and Yield of Cotton
Authors: Faircloth J. C. , Bradley J. R. , Van Duyn J. W.
Published: September 2017

Field experiments were conducted in 1997–1999 in Washington Co., NC, to examine how cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, is affected by thrips species composition and abundance, environmental factors, and insecticide applications. Populations of adult and juvenile thrips were monitored in seedling cotton treated with insecticide applications of either imidacloprid as a seed treatment, acephate as a foliar spray, or aldicarb applied in-furrow. The number of plants per 3.05 row-m, location of the first fruiting branch, number of open bolls per 1.52 row-m, yields, accumulated degree-d 60′s (DD60′s), and accumulated rainfall were recorded each year the studies were conducted. Aldicarb and acephate provided better thrips control than did imidacloprid in all 3 yrs. Thrips species ratios differed among years. In 1997, the aldicarb treatment resulted in a better “earliness profile” (lower fruit set and more early opening bolls) than either acephate or imidacloprid, while in 1998 and 1999 there were few differences in these plant parameters. In 1997, all insecticide treatments resulted in statistically higher yields compared with the untreated check. Accumulated DD60′s were consistently higher in 1998 and 1999 than in 1997 after the first thrips sampling date. Cumulative rainfall appeared to be inversely associated with juvenile thrips populations.
Effects of Aspergillus niger Contamination on Biological Fitness of Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: Alverson Janet
Published: September 2017

The effect of Aspergillus niger (USDA, ARS Robert T. Gast Rearing Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS isolate) contaminated artificial diet on Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae) is described. A standard number of A. niger spores was inoculated into an artificial diet used to rear L. hesperus, and the effect on biological fitness of the insect was measured. Biological fitness was defined as total number of surviving adults, mean biomass (dry weight) accumulated per cage over the total test period, egg production, time to adult emergence, and time to the beginning of egg laying. These measurements were all significantly different for insects reared on the inoculated diet from those reared on the control diet. The insects reared on the diet inoculated with A. niger showed a high mortality of nymphs, a decrease in mean biomass, delayed development time, and a decrease in egg production. This study demonstrates the devastating effect A. niger diet contamination can have on a laboratory colony of L. hesperus and emphasizes the need for constant vigilance and adherence to strict sanitation methods in an insect rearing facility.
The Optimum Diet of Spray-Dried Animal Blood Cells as Protein Source for Adult Screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Sagel Agustin , Berkebile Dennis R. , Foster John E. , Skoda Steven R.
Published: September 2017

Spray-dried animal blood cells were evaluated as a protein source for mass rearing adult screwworms, Cochliomyia hominiorax Coquerel. Males and females were fed control diets of either a corn syrup carrageenan-gelled diet (Control 1) or corn syrup carrageenan-gelled diet plus 0.05% vitamins (Control 2). Three tests compared these control diets with eight concentrations of protein similarly formulated as the Control 2: 0.16, 0.20 or 0.24% (Test 1), 2, 4 or 6% (Test 2) and 1.25, 2.0 or 2.75% (Test 3). Differences in mean egg production, mortality, fertility and egg hatch were not significant (P = 0.05) in Test 1. The higher concentrations of protein in Test 2, concentrations of 2 and 4% protein laid significantly greater number of eggs than those fed the control diets or 6% protein. In Test 3, flies fed protein laid more eggs than did those fed the control diets. A diet of 2% protein from spray-dried-animal blood cells for may be used as an alternative to the diet used for rearing adult screwworms.
The Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): A Literature Review with Management Implications
Authors: Asaro Christopher , Fettig Christopher J. , McCravy Kenneth W. , Nowak John T. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: September 2017

The Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), an important pest of intensively-managed loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., was first noted in the scientific literature in 1879. This pest gained notoriety with the establishment of loblolly pine monocultures throughout the southeastern United States during the 1950s. Current intensive forest management practices have led to increasing interest in managing this insect. Herein we review all Nantucket pine tip moth literature (1879–2002) by addressing the following subjects: biology and life history, natural enemies, sampling methodologies, site and stand influences, economic impact, and management strategies. Further, we provide management recommendations in the form of a decision chart that is based upon the best available information to date and our collective experience.
Raspberry Ketone Formate as an Attractant for the Melon Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Casaña-Giner Víctor , Oliver James E. , Jang Eric B. , Carvalho Lori , Khrimian Ashot , DeMilo Albert B. , McQuate Grant T.
Published: September 2017

Cuelure, the acetate of raspberry ketone, has been the standard melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) attractant for at least 40 yrs. A closely related compound, raspberry ketone formate, is somewhat more volatile and has been found to be at least 1.7 times more attractive to both sterile and wild melon flies in field tests conducted in Hawaii, consistently outperforming cuelure for periods exceeding one month.
Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Survival and Fecundity after Short- and Long-Term Rearing on Artificial Diets
Authors: Thorpe Kevin W. , Bennett Robert L.
Published: September 2017

Survival, fecundity, and development time of Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), reared for a single generation or multiple generations (7 to 9) on one of three artificial diets or potato foliage and then switched back to potato foliage were measured. There were no consistent differences in any of the variables among diets regardless of whether the insects had been reared for one or many generations on artificial diets. Adult survival was about 80% at 10 wks after eclosion and <10% after 30 wks. Females produced an average of 977 and 796 eggs by week 16 after being reared for a single and for many generations, respectively, on artificial diets. Egg hatch rates ranged from 81% at week 3 to 14% on week 15, resulting in an average larval production of 516 and 552 by week 16 for females reared for a single and for many generations, respectively, on artificial diets. These results suggest that Colorado potato beetles reared on artificial diets can be used in subsequent tests on foliage without significant carryover effects from either short- or long-term rearing on these diets.