bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of melatonin on the successful infection of Daphnia dentifera by Metschnikowia bicuspidata
Authors: Hughes Ashley G. , Cullum Jeannette E. , Fredericks Molly J. , Wilson Patrick J. , Schwarzenberger Anke , Cáceres Carla E.
Published: February 2025

The levels of the hormone melatonin fluctuate daily, with higher concentrations often found at night. These fluctuations likely influence multiple aspects of physiology, including the immune response. We demonstrated that the addition of exogenous melatonin increased the proportion of the freshwater zooplankton Daphnia dentifera that became infected by the fungal pathogen Metschnikowia bicuspidata, during the day but not at night. To determine the stage of this host–pathogen interaction at which melatonin may increase susceptibility, we conducted a series of laboratory experiments in which we raised Daphnia in the presence and absence of exogenous melatonin. To complete its life cycle, Metschnikowia must encounter a foraging host, overcome the host's barrier resistance (gut wall), and evade the host's immune response (internal clearance). We quantified encounter rate by measuring the gut passage time and the number of spores that entered the gut. We also measured the number of spores that successfully entered the body cavity (barrier resistance) and the hemocyte response to spores entering the body cavity (one metric of internal clearance). Finally, we quantified the effect of exogenous melatonin on triggering molting. The addition of exogenous melatonin lengthened gut passage time and decreased the number of spores present in the gut. We found no effect of melatonin on the percentage of gut spores successfully entering the host's body cavity, nor on the hemocyte response. Melatonin is known to influence the timing of molting and hosts that molted during exposure were more likely to become infected, likely due to a decrease in barrier resistance. In a fully factorial experiment, there was a high death rate, low infection rate, and therefore no discernible effect of melatonin on molting, nor molting or melatonin on infection. Our results provide insight into the stages of infection where melatonin does and does not have significant effects.
Enzymatic Valorization of Fatty Acids in Oleochemical Synthesis
Authors: Tieves Florian , Hollmann Frank
Published: February 2025

Fatty acids derived from renewable resources, such as vegetable oils, serve as essential feedstocks in various industries, including surfactants, cosmetics, lubricants, and polymers. Although current industrial applications of fatty acids are mainly centered around carboxylate group transformations, recent advancements in biocatalysis have opened new possibilities for converting fatty acids into valuable chemical building blocks. This contribution critically assesses novel biocatalytic transformations of fatty acids, including hydroxylation of the alkyl chain, epoxidation of C═C double bonds, reduction of the carboxylate group, and decarboxylation. These reactions hold great potential for producing important intermediates for chemical synthesis.

Practical Application: The enzymatic valorization of fatty acids offers transformative potential for sustainable oleochemical synthesis, presenting practical applications across various industries. Hydroxylated and epoxidized fatty acids are promising precursors for the production of polyesters, bio‐based lubricants, and surfactants. Sophorolipids, derived from hydroxylated fatty acids, are gaining attraction as renewable biosurfactants with applications in detergents and cosmetics. Epoxidized fatty acids serve as intermediates for eco‐friendly adhesives, coatings, and polymers. Furthermore, decarboxylation reactions yield alkanes, viable as biofuels, whereas reductions of carboxyl groups enable selective synthesis of aldehydes and alcohols for fragrances and pharmaceutical intermediates. The scalability of these biocatalytic transformations, combined with their mild operational conditions and high specificity, can substantially reduce environmental impact and production costs. These applications highlight biocatalysis as a pivotal technology for advancing the chemical industry toward sustainable practices.
Left‐Right Ideological Differences in Moral Judgments: The Case of Acceptance of Collateral Civilian Killings in War
Authors: Elad‐Strenger Julia , Statman Daniel , Kessler Thomas
Published: February 2025

Public sentiment on collateral civilian killings during wartime may crucially impact critical governmental decisions and the trajectory of the conflict itself. Across six studies in Israel and the United States, we examined (1) left‐right ideological differences in acceptance of collateral civilian killings across diverse war scenarios and (2) the role of moral values and ideological ingroup norms in underlying them. Conservatives/rightists consistently showed higher acceptance of collateral civilian killings than liberals/leftists, regardless of whether the civilians killed are members of a current rival group or a strategic partner, whether the war involves real‐life or fictitious groups, or whether participants are members of the group conducting the killings or mere observers. These ideological differences were mediated by conservatives'/rightists' lower endorsement of individualizing moral foundations but not by their higher endorsement of binding moral foundations. Finally, results suggest that ideological ingroup norms may play an indirect role in shaping these ideological differences.
Evaluation of a cIEF Fractionation Workflow for Offline MS Analysis of Charge Variants of the Monoclonal Antibody Matuzumab
Authors: Wittmann Antonia , Wilke Yannick , Grammel Nicolas , Wätzig Hermann
Published: February 2025

Biological drugs like monoclonal antibodies require careful analysis and characterization to ensure product quality, safety, and efficacy. Charge variants of the molecule are of key interest and are analyzed using imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF). However, deeper characterization of these variants poses challenges. Two workflows for their characterization exist: an ion‐exchange chromatography method for variant collection before mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, which is labor‐intensive, and direct coupling of CE to MS, which allows detailed structural characterization but has limitations, for example, due to incompatibilities with ES ionization using high BGE concentrations. This study evaluates a platform that fractionates charge variants for offline MS analysis. The suitability of a procedure in which analytical icIEF methods are converted into preparative cIEF fractionation methods by increasing the sample concentration and adding 20 mM arginine as a cathodic spacer was tested. After chemical mobilization and fraction collection, the identity of the fractions was determined by fluorescence measurement and reinjection of the protein‐containing fractions, using the previously developed analytical icIEF method. MS was subsequently performed. The general suitability of the workflow was demonstrated using Matuzumab. Transferring the analytical method from a concentration of 0.2 to 1.2 mg/mL in fractionation yielded an identical number of peaks and visually comparable peak profiles. The preparative separation took 50 min, with an additional 25 min for mobilization and 45 s per fraction collection, totaling approximately 2.5 h. Verification of charge variant isolation was straightforward via analytical icIEF. Following fractionation, MS allowed for the identification of the main peaks. Preliminary results with other antibodies indicated that the concentration range for MS experiments needs further investigation. Future work will aim to optimize sensitivity, selectivity, analysis time, and reproducibility.
Wavelet‐Based Feature Extraction for Efficient High‐Resolution Image Classification
Authors: Dede Albert , Nunoo‐Mensah Henry , Akowuah Emmanuel Kofi , Boateng Kwame Osei , Adjei Prince Ebenezer , Acheampong Francisca Adoma , Acquah Isaac , Kponyo Jerry John
Published: February 2025

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) typically compress high‐resolution images to minimize computational requirements. However, this can lead to loss of information and reduced accuracy in classification tasks. This paper introduces WaveNet, a novel approach for processing high‐resolution images using wavelet‐domain inputs in CNNs. We address the challenge of maintaining classification accuracy with high‐resolution inputs while minimizing computational complexity. Our method employs wavelet packet transform (WPT) for image pre‐processing, extracting detailed multi‐scale and directional information from high‐resolution images. We propose a wavelet‐adaptive efficient channel attention (WAECA) module to dynamically select the most informative wavelet subbands. Popular CNN architectures like ResNet‐50 and MobileNetV2 are adapted by replacing their initial convolutional layers with wavelet‐transformed inputs, enabling direct learning in the wavelet domain. Experiments conducted on the Caltech‐256 and ALOT datasets demonstrate that WaveNet improves classification accuracy while reducing computational complexity. For instance, our wavelet‐enhanced ResNet‐50 achieves a Top‐1 accuracy of 72.47% on Caltech‐256, outperforming the baseline (70.65%) while reducing FLOPs from 16.52G to 3.98G. Similar improvements are observed across different architectures and datasets. We also evaluate various wavelet filters and ResNet backbones, finding that the bior1.1 filter and ResNet‐50 provide optimal performance. This work presents a practical solution for developing more accurate and efficient models for high‐resolution inputs without extensive computational resources or complex architectural modifications.
SB‐YOLO‐V8: A Multilayered Deep Learning Approach for Real‐Time Human Detection
Authors: Ansah Prince Alvin Kwabena , Appati Justice Kwame , Owusu Ebenezer , Boahen Edward Kwadwo , Boakye‐Sekyerehene Prince , Dwumfour Abdullai
Published: February 2025

Over the past decade, significant advancements in computer vision have been made, primarily driven by deep learning‐based algorithms for object detection. However, these models often require large amounts of labeled data, leading to performance degradation when applied to tasks with limited data sets, particularly in scenarios involving moving objects. For instance, real‐time detection and detection of humans in agricultural settings pose challenges that demand sophisticated vision algorithms. To address this issue, we propose SB‐YOLO‐V8 (Scene‐Based—You Only Look Once—Version 8), an optimized YOLO‐based convolutional neural network (CNN) designed specifically for real‐time human detection, not just limited to citrus farms but applicable to various agricultural and urban environments. The versatility of SB‐YOLO‐V8 is underpinned by its robust handling of class imbalances and enhanced feature extraction through binary adaptive learning optimization (ALO) and Synthetic Minority Over‐sampling Technique (SMOTE), addressing common challenges like limited labeled data sets and varied object dynamics in different scenarios. The proposed method is trained using images and videos of human workers captured by autonomous farm equipment. Evaluation metrics, including frame per second (FPS), model performance, and efficiency, demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms variances of YOLO such as YOLO‐V8, YOLO‐V7, YOLO‐V6, YOLO‐V4, and YOLO‐V3 with an average FPS of 13.63 and a precision of 91%. In effect, the proposed SB‐YOLO‐V8 presents an efficient solution for real‐time human detection in challenging visual scenarios.
Selection of Optimized Diagnostic Approach for Cardiovascular Diseases Leveraging Dynamic Linguistic Intuitionistic Fuzzy Decision‐Making Technique
Authors: Ameer M. , Emam Walid , Yousaf Awais , Younis Muhammad
Published: February 2025

Fuzzy mathematical operations play an important role in the field of decision‐making. Decision‐making tools are being used in every field of life. Fuzzy operators are the building blocks for making a decision in the realm of uncertain information. The information is often in qualitative form which needs a qualitative approach for decision‐making rather than a quantitative one. The linguistic term sets are the mathematical tools to collect the qualitative data from experts of the fields and the conversion of linguistic data in the form linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy data is the more efficient and reliable for the process of decision making. The fuzzy aggregation operators are the best tools for the aggregation of uncertain and vague data. This work addresses a real‐world decision‐making problem of choosing the best diagnostic approach for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases by introducing a novel decision‐making technique with fuzzy aggregation operators in the domain of linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy (LIF) sets. Two new operators are used in this method: the Dynamic Linguistic Intuitionistic Fuzzy Dombi Weighted Averaging (DLIFDWA) operator and the Dynamic Linguistic Intuitionistic Fuzzy Dombi Weighted Geometric (DLIFDWG) operator. This work aims to identify an optimal technique for diagnosing cardiovascular illness using Dombi operations in the Linguistic Intuitionistic Fuzzy environment. The Dombi Operations are highly versatile and successful in addressing vagueness and uncertainty, making them crucial in our methodology. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the offered strategies, we have implemented the recommended operators for the selection of optimized diagnostic approach for cardiovascular diseases. This showcases the significance of these strategies in facilitating decision‐making. Ultimately, we perform a thorough analysis to showcase the reliability and uniformity of the produced procedures, comparing the provided operators with various current counterparts.
Self‐limited familial focal epilepsy caused by ANK2 variants: A potentially under‐recognized condition
Authors: Lin Po‐Hsi , Ho Chen‐Jui , Lin Chih‐Hsiang , Hou Ya‐Yuan , Chan Cheng‐Han , Tsai Meng‐Han
Published: February 2025

The Ankyrin 2 (ANK2) gene encodes the ankyrin‐B protein (ANKB), which is involved in the organization and stability of membrane ion channels, transporters, and receptors in cardiomyocytes and neurons. Variants in ANK2 genes are initially reported in long QT syndrome and autism. Animal models with ANK2 deletion have exhibited seizures and been anecdotally associated with epilepsy in case reports. Hereby, we reported a Taiwanese family with the ANK2 pathogenic variant (chr4:114276707, c.6933del, p.T2312Lfs*2) that affects the giant ankyrin‐B isoform. The family members presented with young‐onset self‐limited focal epilepsy, and achieved seizure‐free in adulthood with antiseizure medications. Interestingly, the electrocardiogram revealed no obvious cardiac phenotype. We further reviewed reported ANK2‐related epilepsies. Most variants are de novo and loss‐of‐function variants. Most patients had young epilepsy or neonatal seizures. Notably, most cases of ANK2‐related epilepsy are self‐limited and pharmaco‐responsive, which suggests that it is likely to be underdiagnosed. With the increased availability of whole exome sequencing, the diagnosis of ANK2‐related epilepsies may increase. The co‐existence of QT prolongation on electrocardiogram, autism, and a positive family history of cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death may provide important clues in the clinical diagnosis of ANK2‐related epilepsy. Furthermore, a correct genetic diagnosis of ANK2‐related epilepsy will initiate close cardiac surveillance to avoid the potential sudden death risk of this disorder.

Plain Language Summary

ANK2 has long been regarded as an arrhythmic gene. This study reported the first familial ANK2‐related epilepsy, highlighting the role of ANK2 in epileptogenesis. Most reported ANK2‐related epilepsies are self‐limited and pharmaco‐responsive, suggesting that they are likely to be underdiagnosed. Literature review of the phenotype and genotype of ANK2 showed that LOF ANK2 variants tend to have CNS phenotypes, whereas missense variants are arrhythmic. Early detection of ANK2 variants in epilepsy patients is worthwhile considering the potential sudden death risk of this disorder.
Geoarchaeology of an Early Mycenaean Tumulus and Mortuary Practices at Eleon, Greece
Authors: Gaggioli Amanda M. , Van Damme Trevor
Published: February 2025

From a geoarchaeology and soil micromorphology perspective, mound‐type structures, including tumuli, in the Americas are the best studied in terms of understanding the details of stratigraphy that have revealed their construction phases, fill materials, and social meanings. This study extends these approaches and perspectives to the ancient Mediterranean and the particular case of Eleon in Greece during the late Middle Helladic to Late Helladic (LH) I period (c. 1700–1550 B.C.E.)—the first such study in an Aegean Bronze Age (c. 3000–1050 B.C.E.) context. Investigations of a low tumulus and associated built chamber tomb (Tomb 5) reveal the building materials and techniques, ritual activities related to the tumulus construction, and the multi‐generational reopening, use, and maintenance of Tomb 5. Furthermore, sediment characteristics and features preserve environmental conditions influencing site formation and preservation of the burial complex and associated remains. This research advances geoarchaeology and soil micromorphology for understanding mortuary practices and rituals, as well as socio‐cultural processes, such as the shaping and transfer of collective identity and memory, across time and space.
Development and validation of a pudendal nerve block simulation‐based educational intervention
Authors: Thiyagarajan Dhanalakshmi , Wheatley Catherine , Salva Catherine R. , Lerner Veronica , Saab Said S.
Published: February 2025

Objective

Pudendal nerve block in modern obstetric practice is essential to providing comprehensive care. However, as clinical exposure declines, training opportunities also diminish. We aimed to develop and study an effective and reproducible simulation‐based educational intervention for teaching pudendal nerve block.

Methods

The pudendal nerve block simulation‐based educational intervention consists of a preintervention evaluation, didactic lecture, simulation‐based practice session using a task trainer, and post‐intervention evaluation. The intervention was developed and refined based on pilot testing and input from experts. Multiple standardized simulation sessions were implemented at four major academic institutions. We utilized paired t‐tests to compare pre‐ and post‐simulation surveys and performance assessments, and unpaired t‐tests to compare the procedural checklist data.

Results

A total of 56 subjects (OBGYN residents, fellows, and attendings; family medicine residents, and attendings; and certified nurse midwives) participated in the simulation‐based educational intervention. Competence, comfort, and confidence with identifying appropriate candidates, discussing benefits and risks, offering and performing, and identifying and managing complications of the procedure were higher at baseline for practicing clinicians and increased significantly after participating in the intervention for both residents and practicing clinicians (P value for all <0.001). Procedural competence as assessed by the checklist was not significantly different between residents and practicing clinicians (P value 0.96).

Conclusion

A pudendal nerve block simulation‐based educational intervention allows residents and practicing clinicians to develop knowledge, comfort, and confidence in identifying patient candidates, discussing risks and benefits, offering and performing the procedure, and identifying and managing resultant complications.
Safety of a trial of labor after cesarean in kidney and liver transplant recipients: A multicenter cohort study
Authors: Walia Anjali , Yin Ophelia , Coscia Lisa A. , Constantinescu Serban , Sarkar Monika , Moritz Michael J. , Afshar Yalda , Irani Roxanna A.
Published: February 2025

Objective

To evaluate the trends, safety, and feasibility of a trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) among kidney and liver transplant recipients.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study using the Transplant Pregnancy Registry International. It included recipients of a kidney or liver transplant with a live‐birth pregnancy ≥20 weeks following a prior cesarean, with births between 1967 and 2019 from 289 hospitals, primarily in North America. The primary outcomes of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) and neonatal composite morbidity were compared between those with repeat cesarean deliveries (RCDs), vaginal births after cesarean (VBACs), and failed TOLAC. Multivariable regression was conducted to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

The 243 deliveries included in this study were composed of 80.7% RCDs, 10.3% VBACs, and 9.1% with failed TOLAC, with similar demographics between groups. There was no significant difference in incidence of SMM (RCD, 1.0%; VBAC, 4.0%; failed TOLAC, 0%; P = 0.48) or neonatal composite morbidity (RCD, 15.2%; VBAC, 11.5%; failed TOLAC, 4.5%; P = 0.45) between groups. No cases of uterine rupture or neonatal death occurred. Trends in TOLAC demonstrate that the TOLAC rate has declined from 35% in 1989–1994 to 13% in 2014–2019.

Conclusions

In this cohort of transplant recipients, TOLAC resulted in successful vaginal delivery over half the time, and did not increase the risk of maternal or neonatal morbidity compared with RCD. We encourage offering transplant recipients a trial of labor after appropriate counseling to decrease the overall rate of cesarean delivery and morbidity in this high‐risk population.
Rapid Recovery From Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State in Two Patients With Severe Hyperglycemia
Authors: Yang Yuexin , Sun Tianhui , Cheng Bangning , Wu Hailan , Chen Zhiwei , Sun Yan , Chan David W. , Zhan Xiaorong , Du Juan
Published: February 2025

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are acute, life‐threatening complications of diabetes. The overlap of these conditions, termed hyperosmolar diabetic ketoacidosis (H‐DKA), is associated with substantial morbidity due to its complex pathophysiology and high complication rates. Notably, cases of H‐DKA with glucose levels exceeding 50 mmol/L are rarely reported in the literature. This study details the clinical course of two H‐DKA patients who exhibited extreme hyperglycemia at presentation, despite having no prior diagnosis of diabetes. Both patients underwent aggressive fluid resuscitation and insulin therapy, alongside careful management of acute complications. Vital signs and laboratory parameters demonstrated substantial normalization within 3 days of treatment initiation, and no acute or long‐term complications related to the therapeutic interventions were observed. These cases underscore the efficacy of timely and intensive therapeutic interventions in mitigating the risks associated with extreme hyperglycemia in H‐DKA and highlight critical strategies for optimal patient outcomes.
Water use and performance of Kentucky bluegrass influenced by cultivar, irrigation practices, and soil texture
Authors: Carr Tyler Q. , Karcher Douglas E. , Richardson Michael D.
Published: February 2025

The use of drought‐resistant grasses and deficit irrigation practices can reduce irrigation volume without sacrificing lawn quality, but a specific lawn's irrigation requirement may vary by soil texture or irrigation frequency. Two Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars (Mallard and Geronimo), two soil textures (silt loam and loamy sand), two irrigation frequencies (1× and 3× week−1), and two irrigation volumes (40% and 80% reference evapotranspiration replacement) were evaluated in a lysimeter experiment. The experiment was replicated over three runs: late summer 2018 and early and late summer 2019. Turf quality was determined by evaluating green turfgrass coverage, and water use was determined by monitoring lysimeter weights. Mallard and Geronimo did not differ in water usage, but Mallard maintained greater coverage throughout the experiment. Lysimeters replacing 80% reference evapotranspiration averaged 1.4× greater water use and coverage than those replacing 40% reference evapotranspiration over the three experimental runs. Irrigation frequency and soil texture had minimal practical impact on water use and variable effect on turfgrass coverage. Turfgrass grown in lysimeters filled with silt loam and irrigated at 40% reference evapotranspiration demonstrated periods of greater coverage compared to turfgrass in lysimeters with loamy sand under the same irrigation regime. While soil texture may have minimal impact on water consumption during extended drought stress, these findings highlight the importance of adjusting irrigation practices to maintain turfgrass coverage. This refined understanding can allow end‐users to implement customized irrigation strategies that preserve turfgrass quality while minimizing water waste.
Effect of Microporous Surface Zirconia on Mechanical Properties and Biological Behavior of Human Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Zhang Luyang , He Lin , Wang Xiaoyu , Hu Jiangqi , Jiang Qingsong
Published: February 2025

As a commonly used material in prosthodontics, zirconia has garnered widespread attention. Addressing the shortcomings of existing zirconia materials, this study aims to investigate the mechanical properties of microporous surface zirconia ceramics and their impact on the biological behavior of human gingival cells. Microporous surface zirconia was developed using a novel ceramic plasticity process, sintered at 1460°C for densification. The surface morphology and composition were determined through scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer. Surface roughness was measured using atomic force microscopy, hydrophilicity angle was determined using a contact angle measurement instrument, and X‐ray diffractometer assessed the crystalline phase content before and after aging. Material flexural strength was determined using a universal testing machine. The influence of microporous surface zirconia on the adhesion and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was investigated through CCK‐8 and immunofluorescence staining for Integrin β1 and F‐actin. The pore structure of microporous surface zirconia (MZ) group is uniform, with a flexural strength of 1375.86 ± 76.97 MPa, significantly higher than the control (Cont) group (p < 0.05). The percentage of HGFs adhesion to the MZ group was markedly higher than the Cont group (p < 0.05). Fluorescence of Integrin β1 and F‐actin in the MZ group was significantly higher than in the Cont group. In conclusion, Microporous surface zirconia promotes the attachment and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts, facilitating early closure of soft tissues.
Signal Transduction by Phase Separation—Unnoticed Revolution in Molecular Biology
Authors: Nesterov Semen V. , Ilyinsky Nikolay S. , Fonin Alexander V. , Uversky Vladimir N.
Published: February 2025

Recent scientific findings highlight the crucial role of liquid‐liquid phase separation (LLPS) in the compartmentalization of enzyme systems. A synthesis of the extant data indicates that lipid rafts and condensates formed by phase separation are also implicated in signal transduction, including participation in recognized receptor systems. The intrinsically disordered nature of many membrane‐binding proteins, coupled with their propensity for LLPS, provides condensate formation, which can bind to or form on the membranes. Moreover, condensates can form simultaneously on both sides of the membrane at lipid raft regions facilitating signal transmission across the membrane. The finding that LLPS plays a direct role in cell signaling, especially in well‐defined transmembrane signaling pathways, represents a substantial, yet largely unrecognized, advancement in understanding of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms.
Comparative Analysis of phaC1 and phaC2 Genes Encoding Polyhydroxyalkanoate Synthase in Cupriavidus malaysiensis USMAA1020T
Authors: Shafie Nur Asilla Hani , Azami Nor Azura , Lau Nyok Sean , Anis Siti Nor Syairah , Abdullah Amirul Al‐Ashraf
Published: February 2025

Two polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase genes, phaC1 and phaC2, were identified in three strains of Cupriavidus malaysiensis (C. malaysiensis): C. malaysiensis USMAA1020T, C. malaysiensis USMAHM13, and C. malaysiensis USMAA2‐4. Interestingly, the genome of C. malaysiensis USMAA1020T revealed the presence of the polyhydroxyalkanoate granule‐associated protein (phaF), which was not present in C. malaysiensis USMAHM13 and C. malaysiensis USMAA2‐4. A Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analysis shows that the phaC genes were classified into Class I synthases. The phaC1 and phaC2 genes in the three C. malaysiensis strains formed a separate, distinct cluster. To further examine the function of phaC, both phaC genes were cloned from C. malaysiensis USMAA1020T and individually expressed in Cupriavidus necator (C. necator) PHB‐4, which serves as a benchmark of functionality for other strains. Using γ‐butyrolactone as the sole carbon source, the poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) contains up to 83.00 mol% 4‐hydroxybutyrate (4HB) and 26.50% PHA content. However, the transformant C. necator PHB‐4 with phaC2 produced only 2.30% PHA content and no 4HB monomer. The phaC2 transformant produces up to 100 mol% 3HB monomer and 41.90% PHA content, while the phaC1 transformant produces only 25.80% PHA content when using oleic acid as the sole carbon source. When provided with a mixed substrate of oleic acid and 1‐pentanol, the transconjugants accumulated up to 20% PHA content but produced a low 3HV content of only 4%–5%. These findings significantly contribute to the scientific literature by improving the understanding of the genetic and biochemical diversity of the two PHA synthases, phaC1 and phaC2, in Cupriavidus species.
Metabolic profiles and malnutrition in hospitalized adults: A metabolomic cohort study
Authors: Trollebø Marte A. , Tangvik Randi J. , Skeie Eli , Nygård Ottar , Eagan Tomas M. L. , McCann Adrian , Dierkes Jutta
Published: February 2025

Background

Malnutrition or risk of malnutrition is present in about one‐third of patients admitted to Western hospitals and is identified by either screening for malnutrition or further nutrition assessment. To date, there are no commonly accepted biomarkers of malnutrition, which could expedite screening efforts, ease diagnosis, and hasten treatment. We aimed to investigate whether metabolomics could identify markers associated with malnutrition in hospitalized patients and performed a retrospective metabolomic cohort study in this patients' group.

Methods

The study population included adult patients hospitalized in a medical unit. Malnutrition was identified by the second step of the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria independently of the outcome of the screening step (nutritional risk screening 2002). Amino acids were determined by targeted metabolomics using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Logistic regression analyses with Benjamini‐Hochberg procedure to reduce false discovery rate were used to identify biomarkers associated with malnutrition.

Results

In total, 218 patients were included in the final analysis, with 62 patients having a diagnosis of malnutrition. In crude analyses, 11 metabolites were associated with malnutrition, but further adjustment attenuated the associations. After multiple adjustment, neopterin and cystatin C were positively associated with malnutrition, whereas His, Cys, and kynurenine to tryptophan ratio were negatively associated.

Conclusion

The observed associations require confirmation in a replication cohort before they can be recommended as biomarkers of malnutrition.
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 Knockdown Decreases Extracellular Matrix Synthesis via Autophagy Suppression in the Rat Intervertebral Disc
Authors: Matsuo Tomoya , Takeoka Yoshiki , Yurube Takashi , Tsujimoto Takeru , Kanda Yutaro , Miyazaki Kunihiko , Ohnishi Hiroki , Ryu Masao , Kumagai Naotoshi , Kuroshima Kohei , Hiranaka Yoshiaki , Kuroda Ryosuke , Kakutani Kenichiro
Published: February 2025

Background

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) has been identified as a Ca2+‐permeable channel and is activated under physiological mechanical stimulation in disc nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Meanwhile, the Ca2+‐dependent AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR pathway activates autophagy in notochordal cells. We hypothesized that TRPV4 is involved in the maintenance of intradiscal homeostasis via autophagy. Our objective was to elucidate the role of TRPV4 in extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism and autophagy in the rat intervertebral disc through a loss‐of‐function study with the RNA interference (RNAi) technique.

Methods

In vitro study: Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was applied to knockdown TRPV4 by the reverse transfection method in rat disc NP cells. Expression of TRPV4, AMPK/mTOR pathway‐related markers, and autophagy markers were measured by Western blotting (WB). Next, ECM metabolism was assessed under serum starvation and/or proinflammatory interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) stimulation. In vivo study: TRPV4 and control siRNAs were injected into rat discs. To confirm in vivo transfection, WB for TRPV4 was conducted in rat disc NP‐tissue protein extracts 2, 28, and 56 days after injection. Furthermore, 24‐h temporary static compression‐induced disruption of TRPV4 siRNA‐injected discs was observed by radiography, histomorphology, and immunofluorescence.

Results

In vitro study: In disc cells, three different TRPV4 siRNAs consistently suppressed autophagy with TRPV4 protein knockdown (mean 33.2% [95% CI: −50.8, −15.5], 44.1% [−61.7, −26.4], 58.3% [−76.0, −40.7]). ECM metabolism was significantly suppressed by TRPV4 RNAi under proinflammatory IL‐1β stimulation. In vivo study: The WB displayed sustained decreases in TRPV4 protein expression 2, 28, and 56 days after injection. Under the loaded condition, TRPV4 siRNA‐injected discs presented radiographic height loss ([−31.7, −7.75]), histomorphological damage ([0.300, 4.70]), and immunofluorescent suppression of autophagy ([1.61, 20.5]) and ECM metabolism ([−25.2, −6.41]) compared to control siRNA‐injected discs at 56 days.

Conclusions

The TRPV4 could be a therapeutic target for intervertebral disc diseases via modulating autophagy.
Highly Bright Silicon Nanocrystal White Light‐Emitting Diodes With Luminance in Excess of 10000 cd m⁻2
Authors: Ma Fengyang , Liu Kaixin , Yan Zhongyao , Yu Liang , Yang Yanru , Zhao Wuyan , Wang Feilong , Li Yaohua , Zhang Shuyu , Wang Songyou , Sun Jian , Lu Ming
Published: February 2025

Silicon (Si) light source has profound significance in monolithic integrated Si photonics. However, its luminance remains too low to meet practical use that usually requires > 10000 cd m⁻2. Here, an all‐inorganic Si nanocrystal (SiNC) white light‐emitting diode (WLED) with a continuous emission spectrum spanning ≈400–900 nm in wavelength, is reported. The architecture of the WLED comprises front electrode of Ag grids and transparent‐conducting‐oxide/electron transport layer (ETL) of ZnO/front charge confinement layer (CCL) of SiO2/active layer of low‐resistivity SiNC composite thin film/rear CCL of SiO2/hole transport layer (HTL) of MoO3/textured p‐Si substrate/rear electrode of aluminum/heat radiator. The main procedures for achieving high luminance here include combined applications of high‐pressure ammonia passivation of the active layer, which enhances its photoluminescence quantum yield significantly, and texturing of p‐Si substrate, which boosts the light extraction and charge injection effectively. With an optimized combination of passivation and texturing, luminance of 10751 cd m⁻2 is achieved with external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 0.26%. After a Peltier cooler is further applied, luminance of 12363 cd m⁻2 is attained with EQE of 0.30%. Following further technical iterations, this highly bright SiNC WLED shall find applications in monolithic integrated Si photonics and even Si general lighting.
Two‐pointed Prym–Brill–Noether loci and coupled Prym–Petri theorem
Authors: Jeon Minyoung
Published: February 2025

We establish two‐pointed Prym–Brill–Noether loci with special vanishing at two points, and determine their K‐theory classes when the dimensions are as expected. The classes are derived by the applications of a formula for the K‐theory of certain vexillary degeneracy loci in type D. In particular, we show a two‐pointed version of the Prym–Petri theorem on the expected dimension in the general case, with a coupled Prym–Petri map. Our approach is inspired by the work on pointed cases by Tarasca, and we generalize unpointed cases by De Concini‐Pragacz and Welters.
Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Angiography as a Predictor of Distal Flap Necrosis in Latissimus Dorsi Free Flaps
Authors: Didzun Oliver , Thomas Benjamin , Panayi Adriana C. , Broichhausen Sonja , Osenegg Sophie , Falkner Florian , Hundeshagen Gabriel , Knoedler Samuel , Knoedler Leonard , Vollbach Felix , Kneser Ulrich , Gazyakan Emre , Bigdeli Amir K.
Published: February 2025

Background

Vascularization of the distal latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle flap determines the success of the procedure, particularly in large defects. Failure due to distal flap necrosis can necessitate reoperation and increase mortality. Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography (ICGFA), as a modality that allows for intraoperative imaging of fasciocutaneous flap perfusion, has revolutionized free flap surgery. Evidence of use in muscle flap perfusion assessment is lacking. We investigate the efficacy of ICGFA in predicting distal flap necrosis in large LD free flaps.

Methods

We prospectively recorded all cases of large LD free flap reconstruction (surface area > 250 cm2) at our institution (01/2018–12/2022). Patients were grouped according to the intraoperative perfusion assessment: ICGFA or clinical judgment. The primary outcome was distal flap necrosis > 5% of the total flap. Secondary outcomes included reoperation and total operation time. Multivariable analyses were applied to identify independent risk factors.

Results

A total of 107 patients with mean age of 57 ± 18 years and BMI of 29 ± 6 kg/m2 were included. Thirty‐six patients (34%) underwent ICGFA. ICGFA was associated with a significant reduction in distal flap necrosis (18.3% vs. 2.8%, OR: −0.15, 95% CI: −0.29 to −0.02; p = 0.03) and reoperation (40.8% vs. 19.4%, OR: −0.21, CI: −0.41 to −0.02; p = 0.03), with no prolongation of the operation time (158 ± 63 vs. 191 ± 91 min, p = 0.39).

Conclusion

ICGFA is associated with increased success of large LD free flap reconstruction, allowing a more accurate and reliable assessment of perfusion. This highlights the immense potential of ICGFA as a clinical standard, surpassing its application solely in fasciocutaneous free flap surgery and, showcasing its efficacy in free muscle flap procedures.

Registration: This study has been registered at https://www.researchregistry.com (identification number: researchregistry9496).
Evaluation of an External Vibrating and Cold Device on Patient Pain Perception During Needle Electromyography
Authors: Tompary Andriana , Wooten Nathaniel , Li Tengfei , Traub Rebecca
Published: February 2025

Introduction/Aims

Previously tested interventions to reduce pain with needle electromyography (EMG) reported limited benefit. A topical cold and vibrating device has reported benefit in interventional procedures. We aimed to evaluate the effect of this device with EMG.

Methods

This was a two‐part, prospective controlled study of a cold and vibrating device. In part one, 50 patients undergoing EMG testing on the upper extremity were randomized to EMG with or without the device and reported pain scores for each muscle. In the second part, 25 patients having EMG of both upper extremities reported pain scores, one side with the device and the other without.

Results

In part one, there was no significant difference in average pain scores for patients with use of the device as compared to those without (average pain score 4.1 versus 3.7, p = 0.61). In the second part, there was no significant difference in pain scores in muscles tested with the device as compared those without (average pain score 4.3 versus 4.6, p = 0.47). In both parts, a wide range of pain scores were reported (0–10). In comparing device‐to‐control pain scores for each patient, 27% had a lower score, 15% had a higher score, and 58% had equal scores. There were no adverse events.

Discussion

This study did not show pain reducing benefits from a cold and vibrating device that have been described in other interventional procedures. This may relate to different study populations, wide range of pain scores and study sample size.
Determination of Tissue Potassium and Sodium Concentrations in Dystrophic Skeletal Muscle Tissue Using Combined Potassium (39K) and Sodium (23Na) MRI at 7 T
Authors: Gast Lena V. , Gerhalter Teresa , Türk Matthias , Sapli Alper , Mathy Claudius S. , Heiss Rafael , Baudin Pierre‐Yves , Marty Benjamin , Uder Michael , Nagel Armin M.
Published: February 2025

Combined 23Na/39K MRI at 7 T can highlight ion disturbances in skeletal muscle tissue. In this work, we investigated if the apparent tissue potassium concentration (aTPC) can be determined in fatty replaced muscles of patients with facio‐scapulo‐humeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and if it can provide additional information to the fat replacement and the apparent tissue sodium concentration (aTSC). The lower leg of 14 patients (six females, eight males; mean age 47.7 ± 14.0 years) with genetically confirmed FSHD and 11 healthy controls (four females, seven males; mean age 47.0 ± 14.0 years) was examined at a 7‐T MR system using a dual‐tuned 23Na/39K birdcage RF coil. In addition, qualitative and quantitative 1H MR measurements were performed at 7 T to assess the fat replacement and water accumulation. The aTPC and aTSC were determined in seven different muscle regions based on five external references phantoms and corrected for partial volume effects, relaxation biases, and reduced ion concentrations in fat. Results are expressed as median (interquartile range). The measured aTPC was strongly reduced in fat‐replaced muscles and was close to zero in totally fat replaced muscles (aTPC = 4.3 mM [2.7 mM] for FF > 80%). After correction of aTPC values for reduced potassium concentration in fat, aTPCfc values of patients in muscles with low or moderate fat fraction (FF < 30%) were similar to values of healthy subjects (patients: aTPCfc = 85.6 mM [21.7 mM]; controls: aTPCfc = 83.2 mM [22.3 mM]). However, muscles with FF > 30% showed reduced aTPCfc and increased aTSCfc compared with healthy controls (aTPCfc = 28.9 mM [46.2 mM], aTSCfc = 42.3 mM [17.6 mM]; controls: aTSCfc = 15.0 mM [4.6 mM], aTPCfc = 83.2 mM [22.3 mM]). No correlations were observed between the aTPCfc and aTSCfc, or between aTPCfc and water T2. We showed that a determination of the aTPC in dystrophic skeletal muscles is feasible using 39K MRI at 7 T. Measured changes in aTPCfc were greater than sole fat replacement and might therefore be used as an additional quantitative measure for dystrophic muscle tissue.
Developing Behavior Change Model‐Informed and Participant‐Engaged Retention Strategies for Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer Enrolled on Behavioral and/or Psychosocial Trials
Authors: McGrady Meghan E. , Webster Rachel Tillery , Burke Macks , Gomez Chelsey , Breen Gabriella , Herriott Julia K. , Norris Robin E. , Ketterl Tyler G.
Published: February 2025

Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer face unique demands, which result in barriers to psychosocial/behavioral trial retention. Theory‐informed and patient‐engaged strategies have the potential to increase retention. The purpose of this manuscript is to illustrate how to partner with AYAs and leverage the Theoretical Domains Framework to identify barriers to retention and behavior change techniques (BCTs) targeting these barriers to create retention strategies. Exemplar strategies developed using this approach and implemented in our trial of an adherence‐promotion intervention are discussed, and a roadmap is included for teams interested in developing similar strategies to meet their unique needs.
Mechanical and hydrophobic properties determination of epoxy/ignimbrite/pine waste composites
Authors: Ari Ahmet Cihat
Published: February 2025

In this study, for the first time, composites have been prepared using ignimbrite and pine waste in epoxy matrix for the restoration of civil architecture examples in Anatolia (Turkiye). Composites were produced with different ratios of aggregates of 50–65 wt% ignimbrite waste (IW) and 5–20 wt% pine waste (PW), to 30 wt% epoxy resin (ER). The mechanical and hydrophobic properties of these composites were investigated. In the study, it was determined that the compression strengths decreased by approximately 20.70%–58.61% due to the increase in the pine waste ratio in the composites. However, it was determined that the compression strength values of the composites increased by approximately 13.09%–173.21% compared to the compression strength value of neat ER. Additionally, the contact angle of these composites is 91°–113.79°, which is higher than the 80.59° of neat ER. These composites with angles greater than 90° show that they provide sufficient conditions for the protection of historical structures from water. As a result, these composites produced with epoxy matrix and different waste fillers provide great potential for the restoration applications of civil architecture examples with their durable, environmentally friendly and economically beneficial properties.

Highlights

Epoxy/ignimbrite/pine waste composites were produced.

First evaluation of the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of composites.

IPWC50‐20 containing 20 wt% pine showed the highest hydrophobic properties.

The increasing PW ratio in composites increases mechanical properties.

IPWC50‐20 is ideal for composite waterproofing.
Questions and Consequences of Omics in Genetically Engineered Crop Regulation
Authors: Budnick Asa , Butoto Eric , Loschin Nick , Mainello‐Land Amanda , Furgurson Jill , Brown Rebekah , Ferraro Greg , Alirigia Rex , Abugu Modesta , Stokes Ruthie , Gillespie Christopher , Speicher Nolan
Published: February 2025

In 2016, a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine advisory committee proposed omics technologies as one possible adequate response to the regulatory challenges posed by gene editing and synthetic biology. This paper presents a set of questions that would need to be answered to integrate omics experiments and data into crop regulatory systems. These questions concern both experimental practice and how omics‐experimental and regulatory systems intersect. We anticipate that the chosen answers to these questions will impact the scientific validity, regulatory burden, and usefulness for forecasting risk in nuanced ways. In doing so, we conclude that the integration of omics technologies into regulatory systems poses an array of more‐than‐technical dilemmas whose management will require cross‐sector collaboration and innovative approaches to socio‐technical decision‐making.