bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efecto de Practicas de Liderazgo Intermedio y Alineamiento de Prácticas Pedagógicas en el Logro Académico en las Asignaturas de Lenguaje y Matemáticas en Escuelas Secundarias Chilenas
Authors:   , Sepúlveda Sanhueza Ricardo
Published: October 2023

El liderazgo intermedio en las escuelas ha sido reconocido como factor relevante para el cambio y mejora escolar, sin embargo, su estudio ha sido insuficiente, existiendo escasa evidencia empírica sobre los efectos de sus prácticas en el logro académico de los estudiantes en distintas asignaturas. La presente investigación constituye un estudio no experimental de tipo correlacional/explicativo que tiene por objetivo evaluar el efecto de las prácticas de liderazgo intermedio en los logros académicos en Lenguaje y Matemáticas de alumnos de Segundo año de nivel secundario mediado por la alineación de prácticas pedagógicas de los docentes en 41 establecimientos en la Región Metropolitana. A través de un instrumento validado, cuestionarios docentes y resultados académicos SIMCE, se analizaron las prácticas de los jefes de departamento en 402 profesores, en búsqueda de predictores de desempeño a través de regresión lineal. Los resultados revelan que las prácticas de liderazgo intermedio y prácticas de alineamiento se asocian significativamente a los logros académicos de los estudiantes. Sin embargo, existe un efecto mayor en el logro del área de Lenguaje cuando el alineamiento media las prácticas de liderazgo intermedio, relevando el Foco en la Enseñanza y Aprendizaje como factor predictivo y desafíos en el Trabajo Colegiado.
Estrategias directivas frente a cambios composicionales del estudiantado proyectados por el nuevo Sistema de Admisión Escolar : un estudio de casos múltiples en dos escuelas de Punta Arenas
Authors:   , Acuña Nett Nicolás Osvaldo
Published: October 2023

Esta tesis tiene como objetivo caracterizar las prácticas de los equipos directivos frente a los cambios composicionales proyectados ante la implementación del nuevo Sistema de Admisión Escolar en dos establecimientos que reciben subvención del Estado. Para ello, este proyecto se soporta en base a modelos teóricos que se vinculen a liderazgos directivos asociados a inclusión y justicia social, así también de factores sociales y culturales que enmarcan el proceso de elección de escuela. La metodología de este estudio se constituye a partir de la indagación cualitativa de dos establecimientos de Punta Arenas, uno municipal y otro particular subvencionado, que han sido parte del proceso del Sistema de Admisión Escolar desde el año 2016. Entre los resultados se destaca la elaboración de tres estrategias directivas en estas escuelas para afrontar los cambios composicionales de su estudiantado, a saber: a) La gestión de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en diversidad, b) las estrategias re-organizativas internas de la escuela y c) las estrategias dirigidas a las nuevas familias para asimilar y nutrirse de la escuela.
El lugar de la geografía en el currículum de Enseñanza Media: evaluación de su potencia formativa en las nuevas bases curriculares de Enseñanza Media, desde una perspectiva reconceptualista
Authors:   , Moraleda Albornoz Eliana
Published: October 2023

La finalidad de este proyecto de investigación es evaluar la presencia y el propósito formativo de la Geografía en el currículum de Educación Media en Chile. Esta evaluación se sitúa desde una perspectiva reconceptualista del curriculum, por lo que juzga los contenidos no sólo desde su organización técnica para su transmisión (alcance, secuencia, progresión), sino fundamentalmente desde su potencial para la formación integral de la persona, interpelando su experiencia vivida, su cultivo interior y aumentando sus capacidades para actuar responsablemente. Así, este estudio se enfoca para la evaluación en las nuevas Bases Curriculares para tercero y cuarto medio, y en particular los programas de estudio de las nuevas asignaturas de Educación Ciudadana y Geografía, Territorio y Desafíos Socioambientales. La investigación se llevó a cabo a través de una metodología cualitativa; analizando los documentos curriculares y entrevistando a docentes del sistema escolar. Los resultados dan cuenta, por una parte, de la escasa presencia de contenidos y habilidades geográficas, además de poca claridad en cuanto a su propósito. Por otra parte, se evidencia a raíz de las experiencias de docentes, la oportunidad de formar sujetos integrales desde una enseñanza de la Geografía que fomente una conciencia hacia el desarrollo sostenible.
Competencia digital docente : un análisis de caso a los docentes de Segundo Ciclo de Primaria de una escuela pública de la provincia de La Vega de República Dominicana
Authors:   , Hernández Aracena de Valdez Alexandra
Published: October 2023

El siguiente informe presenta un estudio de caso sobre las competencias digitales de los docentes de Segundo Ciclo de Primaria de una escuela pública de la provincia de La Vega de República Dominicana. El foco de esta investigación se centra en caracterizar las competencias digitales requeridas a los docentes para implementar el currículum prescrito de Segundo Ciclo del Nivel Primario de República Dominicana. La metodología utilizada fue un Análisis de Caso. Esta metodología consta de los siguientes pasos: describir las características específicas del contexto del Centro Educativo, presentar antecedentes que den cuenta del problema, analizar los datos a través de un FODA, discutir la evidencia, para finalmente, proponer un plan de mejora. Entre los principales resultados, se puede establecer que los docentes, no poseen del todo el dominio requerido de competencias digitales para la enseñanza de las distintas asignaturas que establece el DCD y que requiere el contexto. En conclusión, se puede resaltar que, si bien los docentes han evolucionado en cuanto al uso de la tecnología con fines pedagógicos, se observa una contradicción entre lo que expresan y lo que utilizan en relación del dominio requerido para la implementación del Diseño Curricular dominicano y que se necesita en el contexto de pandemia.
Vinculación temprana de estudiantes con el mundo laboral : experiencia de diseño de programa de mentorías para una carrera de Derecho
Authors:   , Costa de la Paz Fernanda
Published: October 2023

El siguiente trabajo tiene por objetivo exponer la experiencia del proceso de implementación del diseño de un programa de mentorías para una Facultad de Derecho en una universidad chilena. El propósito de esta intervención es promover un acercamiento temprano al mundo laboral de los estudiantes de esta Facultad, lo que surgió como necesidad tras un diagnóstico realizado. Se define entonces el objetivo de diseñar el programa en colaboración con el equipo de la Facultad de Derecho, teniendo como metodología de base la teoría de acción. Tras la implementación de este proyecto, las principales conclusiones apuntan a la relevancia de la co-construcción del diagnóstico y del diseño de intervenciones en instituciones educativas, y la necesidad de instalar capacidades en los equipos de gestión de las instituciones de educación superior junto con utilizar los recursos y capacidades disponibles para asegurar el éxito de las intervenciones. Además, se concluye que existen competencias claves asociadas al liderazgo que son relevantes para liderar y gestionar proyectos en este tipo de instituciones.
Percepciones estudiantiles sobre la asignatura de filosofía para la elaboración de un programa curricular en un colegio dependencia de la comuna de Maipú
Authors:   , Gálvez Orellana Vicente Ignacio
Published: October 2023

La revisión bibliográfica y de antecedentes en esta investigación, muestra que la elaboración de programas curriculares propios, como herramienta provista por la legislación educacional chilena, presenta obstáculos que impiden el desarrollo de procesos de autonomía y descentralización curricular. Aspirar al desarrollo de una correcta apropiación curricular requiere de la participación activa de los estudiantes en la toma de decisiones curriculares. Por ese motivo, el objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las percepciones estudiantiles sobre la asignatura de filosofía para incorporar en la elaboración de programas propios. En cuanto a la metodología, se recogió información de estudiantes de 2°, 3° y 4° medio de un colegio en la comuna de Maipú, en una entrevista grupal, donde a través de un análisis cualitativo de tipo temático, se lograron identificar sus percepciones desde tres categorías: vínculos afectivos con la filosofía; didáctica, evaluación y contenido curricular; y mejoras de la asignatura de filosofía. Las conclusiones tuvieron una discusión bibliográfica que puso en tensión los grados de participación; los obstáculos en la autonomía/descentralización curricular; y una visión reconceptualista del problema. El plan de mejora entrega orientaciones curriculares proponiendo cuatro Unidades pedagógicas al equipo directivo del establecimiento, para ser consideradas en la construcción de un programa propio del electivo Seminario de Filosofía. El posicionamiento profesional permite proyectar esta investigación tanto en un fortalecimiento profesional de tipo personal, así como también generar mejoras sustantivas en el centro educacional donde se lleva a la práctica.
El "lugar" del espacio escolar en un currículum para el florecimiento humano: narrativas espaciales en un colegio particular pagado de la comuna de La Reina
Authors:   , Figueroa Sánchez Pilar Francisca
Published: October 2023

En las últimas décadas, los estudios curriculares han desarrollado aperturas a la idea tradicional de currículum, avanzando hacia la búsqueda de una comprensión compleja del fenómeno educativo. Si el currículum vivido por nuestros estudiantes se inscribe en el espacio, entonces es un desafío curricular comprender cómo los distintos tipos de espacios promueven los diversos dominios del florecimiento humano. El presente estudio da cuenta de un análisis narrativo llevado a cabo en un colegio particular pagado de la comuna de La Reina, Región Metropolitana, donde cinco estudiantes narraron sus experiencias escolares desde el lugar por medio de una walk and talk y el dibujo de un mapa de su colegio. A partir de estas narraciones, se identificaron tipos de lugares, ahondando en tres que resultaron claves en el relato colectivo a la hora de desarrollar los dominios curriculares interpersonales e intrapersonales del florecimiento humano. Con estos resultados, se desarrolló un breve esbozo de lo que podría ser una propuesta para desarrollar espacios escolares que favorezcan una experiencia formativa para el florecimiento humano.
Challenges in assessing the vibrations influence on people in buildings using non-contact measurements
Authors: Bróż Natalia , Nazarko Piotr
Published: October 2023

This research article presents a~comparative analysis of vibration assessments in lecture halls to investigate their influence on people using contact (accelerometers) and non-contact (laser vibrometers) measurement techniques. The study aims to verify the accuracy and reliability of vibration analysis in relation to two approaches and determined physical parameters, i.e. acceleration amplitudes and vibration velocities. The intriguing fact was that none of the building users reported any perceived discomfort from vibrations, despite the determined parameters of the signal measured using a~laser vibrometer indicating exceedance of permissible vibration amplitudes in several frequency bands. The conducted comparative analysis leads to the conclusion that the location of the laser head tripod on the vibrating floor introduces significant vibration amplification, which in turn may lead to an incorrect assessment of the impact of vibrations on people in buildings. The studies described in the article were carried out in accordance with the procedure contained in the Polish national standard PN-B-02171. The obtained results and the resulting conclusions are an important contribution to a~better understanding of the advantages and limitations resulting from the use of non-contact measurements.
Improving Accuracy and Reliability of Hearing Tests: An Exploration of International Standards
Authors: Suh Michelle J. , Lee Jihyun , Cho Wan-Ho , Jin In-Ki , Kong Tae Hoon , Oh Soo Hee , Lee Hyo-Jeong , Choi Seong Jun , Cha Dongchul , Park Kyung-Ho , Seo Young Jun
Published: October 2023

This study explores the internal standards for hearing tests and benefits of implementing international standard protocols, including the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and discusses how ISO and IEC standards provide a framework for designing, calibrating, assessing hearing test instruments and methods, and exchanging and comparing data globally. ISO and IEC standards for hearing tests improve accuracy, reliability, and consistency of test results by applying standardized methods and environments. Moreover, they promote international harmonization and data interoperability, enabling information exchange and research collaboration. Those standards for hearing tests are beneficial but have challenges and limitations, such as variation in equipment and calibration, lag in updating standards, variation in implementation and compliance, and lack of coverage of clinical aspects, cultural diversity, and linguistic diversity. These affect the quality and interpretation of test results. Adapting ISO or IEC standards locally would improve their applicability and acceptability, while balancing customization and compatibility with global standards.
Analysis of Financial Inclusion in India: A Comparative Study of Selected Countries
Authors: Mehak  , Dharni Khushdeep
Published: October 2023

The importance of financial inclusion in economic and financial discourse has piqued the interest of academics and practitioners alike.  Financial inclusion is viewed as a tool for poverty reduction around the world, and it is now on the agenda of all policymakers in both rich and developing nations. The current study explores the amount of financial inclusion in various nations across the world to highlight the importance of financial inclusion and give insight into the level of financial inclusion globally. Using four metrics from the World Bank Global Findex database 2021, this study assesses the extent of financial inclusion in India, the G20, and SAARC nations. The findings show that India performed better than the global average in terms of account ownership, but it was in the bottom half of G20 nations in terms of account ownership, citizen borrowings, and savings. When compared to the G20 and SAARC countries, India had a very tiny average proportion of borrowings. Government payments in the case of G20 nations were the highest and this statistic was relatively lower in the case of India. A similar pattern was also observed in the case of savings by the citizens. Outcome of the study will go a long way in improving the quality of financial inclusion initiatives so that desirable ground level benefits are realized. Findings of the study will not only provide an assessment of the present situation but also provide vital clues for steering relevant and effective policy measures.
Effects of Seed of Different Mango Cultivars in Triton X-100 Induced Hyperlipdemic Rats
Authors: Nwafor Maryann Nonye , German Ikimi Charles , Amadi Emenike Benjamin , Babandi Abba , Lilian Asadu Chidinma , Alalibo Whyte Jim
Published: October 2023

Hyperlipidemia is the most prevalent indicator for susceptibility to atherosclerotic heart diseases. The present study investigated the hypolipidemic potential of Mangifera haden, Mangifera pirie and combined extracts of Mangifera haden and Mangifera pirie seeds in Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Before the starting of the experiment, the animals were acclimatized to the laboratory conditions for a period of seven days. At the end of the acclimatization period, each rat was weighed and randomly divided into twelve groups of five animals each, comprising of test animals and control groups. Proximate analysis, toxicity studies, lipid profile parameters were determined in the study. The research study took place in the animal house of Biochemistry Department, University of Nigeria, Nsukka from July 2020 to August 2022. Proximate composition of Mangifera haden and Mangifera pirie seed extracts revealed that the (%) values of protein, lipid, crude fibre, ash, moisture, and carbohydrate are (4.82, 17.18, 4.29, 2.77, 8.39, 62.55) and (3.81, 20.20, 3.0, 1.0, 34.0, 37.99) respectively. Mangifera haden and Mangifera pirie were administered at different doses (200 mg, 300 mg, 500 mg) of the extracts per kilogram body weight of the animals while combined extract of Mangifera haden and Mangifera pirie were administered at 300 mg and 500 mg of the extract per kilogram body weight of the animals in Triton –Induced hyperlipidemic rats. Simvastatin and Atorvastatin were used as reference standards. Simvastatin was found to be an effective drug to Atorvastatin in lowering lipid profiles. The statistical analyses were carried out using one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons test. Mangifera haden, Mangifera pirie and combined extracts of both species show significant decrease (P = 0.05) in the levels of serum Total Cholesterol, triacylglycerols, VLDL-C, LDL-C, Atherogenic index (A.I) and significant increase (P = 0.05) of serum HDL-C against Triton-Induced hyperlipidemic rats. The result also suggest that at 200 mg/kg Mangifera pirie and 300 mg/kg Mangifera haden body weight concentrations are an excellent lipid lowering agent. Single administration of either Mangifera haden or Mangifera pirie effectively suppressed the Triton-Induced hyperlipidemia in rats than the combined extracts. The organic extracts (Mangifera haden or Mangifera pirie) exhibited quite hypolipidemic potential when compared with one of the reference drugs, Atorvastatin which indicates that the organic extracts could be explored as an alternative therapeutic agent in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
Forms and Distribution of Potassium and Their Relationships to Different Characteristics of the Soil in the Soils of Pipari Village, District Khargone of Western Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Mujalde Neha , Jamra Shweta , Jadon Priyanka , Gehlot Yashwant , Manekar Urvashi
Published: October 2023

Forms and distribution of potassium were examined in 150 soil samples taken from Pipari village, Khalgone (MP) district. Surface (0-15 cm) soil samples were collected from 150 parcels of land in Pipari village. The concentration range of water soluble potassium, exchangeable potassium, available potassium, non-exchangeable potassium, lattice potassium and total potassium in soil is 3.82-35.8, 95.1-371.92, 108.35-379.20, 164.0-388.8, 8599.8-15865.32, 9066.2-16249.12 mg kg -1. For all potassium forms, EC showed negative correlation. The pH showed highly negative correlation with water soluble potassium (r= -0.111**), exchangeable potassium (r= -0.45**), available potassium (r= -0.060**) and positive correlation with lattice potassium (r= 0.034*) and total potassium (r= 0.033*). Organic carbon was positively correlated with all potassium forms except water-soluble and non-exchangeable potassium (r = -0.034 *). CaCO3 has a positive correlation with water soluble potassium (r = 0.046**), lattice potassium (r = 0.090**) and total potassium (r = 0.084**) and total potassium (r= 0.084**) and highly negative correlation with exchangeable potassium (r= -0.147**), available potassium (r= -0.130**) and non-exchangeable potassium (r= -0.060**). Available nitrogen showed highly positive correlation with lattice potassium (r= 0.063**) and total potassium (r=0.062**). Available phosphorus showed negative correlation with exchangeable potassium (r= -0.046**) and available potassium (r= -0.046**) and positive correlation with lattice potassium (r= 0.090**) and total potassium (r= 0.087**). Highly positive correlation noticed between different forms of potassium except lattice potassium (r= - 0.113**) and total potassium (r= - 0.095**).
Perspective, Challenges for Biological and Chemical Management of Important Diseases of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.): A Review
Authors: Kumar K. , Yadav A. S. , Kumar A. , Vishwakarma S. P. , Prasad R.
Published: October 2023

Use of biological agents and fungicides like- T. viride at 2.5%, T. harzianum @ 2.5% and Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2%, neem leaf extract at 10%, garlic extract at 10%, and carbendazim at 0.1% as a fungicide in powdery mildew disease for give the better results compare to control. A germplasms lines of mungbean were tested for resistance to Macrophomina phaseolina along with JL-781 as a susceptible check in sick plots these test lines. Among the 2 were moderate resistant, 1 germplasm was moderate susceptible, 1 germplasm was susceptible and JL-781 to highly susceptible. A visual scoring index (VSI) was used to evaluate the signs and symptoms of MYMV infection. Compared to the primed plants, which only had 14% of the same symptoms, more than 70% of the unprimed plants had symptoms that were considered serious or deadly. Whitefly control with insecticides has been deemed helpful for managing yellow mosaic virus. The environment and human health were also negatively impacted by the over usage of chemicals. Preventive and therapeutic measures using pesticides effectively is crucial for preventing soil-dwelling and seed-borne infections across all IDM strategies. All of the fungicides outperformed traditional fungicides in terms of performance.
The Chinese-Han Population Carrying Wild-type Genotypes of SLCO1B1 388A>G, SLCO1B1 521T>C, CYP3A4 1B, CYP3A4 1G, and CYP3A5*3 Exhibits a Significant Alteration in the Pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin Calcium
Authors: Xia Binbin , Liu Xianjun , Li Yali , Liu Yang , Sun Wenfang , Chen Jing , Li Liushui , Pang Jingyao , Chen Shicai , Cheng Hua
Published: October 2023

Due to the diverse genetic characteristics of metabolism and high drug plasma exposure, great inter-subject variability exists in the clinical efficacy and incidence of adverse events. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between the SLCO1B1 388A＞G (rs2306283) polymorphism and the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin calcium (AC) in healthy volunteers who carried the wild genotypes of SLCO1B1 521T＞C (rs4149056), CYP3A4 1B (rs2740574), CYP3A4 1G (rs2242480), and CYP3A5*3 (rs776746). A FISH technique was employed to investigate the genetic polymorphisms in 187 healthy male volunteers. The pharmacokinetic study was conducted on a group of healthy male Chinese-Han volunteers with wild-type genotypes of SLCO1B1 521T>C, CYP3A4 1B, CYP3A41G and CYP3A53 genes, consisting of either mutant heterozygotes (n=10) or mutant homozygotes (n=10) of SLCO1B1 388A>G. The results were then compared to the pharmacokinetic parameters of AC in subjects with the wild-type genotype of SLCO1B1 388A>G, as previously described. Based on the distribution of genotypes, the 187 volunteers could be divided into 28 groups. The top 10 groups accounted for nearly 85% of the total volunteers. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters between subjects carrying homozygous and heterozygous genotypes of SLCO1B1 388A>G. However, The Cmax of subjects carrying the wild-type genotype of SLCO1B1 388A＞G was about 14.75 times higher than that of the heterozygous genotype group and 10.43 times higher than that of the homozygous genotype group. The AUC0-72h of volunteers with the wild-type genotype of SLCO1B1 388A＞G was about 13.81 times higher than that of the heterozygous genotype group and 11.96 times higher than that of the homozygous genotype group. Volunteers carrying wild genotypes of SLCO1B1 388A＞G, SLCO1B1 521T＞C, CYP3A4 1B, CYP3A4 1G, and CYP3A5*3 showed significantly higher levels of Cmax and AUC (P<0.01), as well as markedly decreased values of CLz/F and Vz/F (P<0.01) of AC. In conclusion, patients carrying the wild genotype of SLCO1B1 388A>G, SLCO1B1 521T>C, CYP3A41G, CYP3A41B, and CYP3A5*3 should receive a lower dose of AC to minimize the risk of adverse effects.
Visual Impairment Risk After Alcohol Abstinence in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Jeong Yoon , Kim Su Hwan , Kang Goneui , Yoon Hyung-Jin , Kim Young Kook , Ha Ahnul
Published: October 2023

Importance

Recent studies indicate that alcohol consumption is linked to increased intraocular pressure and higher prevalence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG). However, there is insufficient evidence to establish any correlation between alcohol abstinence and improved outcomes in patients with OAG.

Objective

To evaluate the association between alcohol consumption status (and its changes) and risk of incident severe visual impairment (VI) or blindness in patients with newly diagnosed OAG.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study used the Korean National Health Insurance Service’s claims and health examination database to enroll patients who were newly diagnosed with OAG between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2011, and had been alcohol drinkers before their OAG diagnosis. The cohort was followed up until December 2020. The data were analyzed from February to December 2022.

Exposures

The patients were categorized into 2 groups based on their post–OAG diagnosis alcohol consumption status: sustainers and abstainers. The risks of severe VI or blindness were compared using weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models along with inverse probability of treatment weighting.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Incident severe VI or blindness.

Results

Among 13 643 patients with newly diagnosed OAG (mean [SD] age, 53.7 [11.9] years; 12 066 men [88.4%]) who were drinkers, 2866 (21.0%) quit drinking after the diagnosis. During 91 366 person-years of follow-up, patients abstaining from alcohol after their OAG diagnosis had a lower risk of severe VI or blindness than did those who had sustained drinking (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] after inverse probability of treatment weighting, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45-0.87). Among the sustained drinkers, both mild consumption (<105 g/wk; AHR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.01-2.28) and moderate to heavy consumption (≥105 g/wk; AHR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.11-2.86) after OAG diagnosis were associated with higher risk of severe VI or blindness relative to abstainers. Frequent drinking (≥4 d/wk) also was associated with a higher risk of severe VI or blindness (AHR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.52-4.33) compared with abstinence.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of patients with OAG who were drinkers, abstaining from alcohol after an OAG diagnosis was associated with lower risk of severe VI or blindness. These findings suggest that lifestyle interventions, such as alcohol abstinence, could be essential for patients with newly diagnosed OAG.
Cancers Attributable to Infections in the US in 2017
Authors: Volesky-Avellaneda Karena D. , Morais Samantha , Walter Stephen D. , O’Brien Thomas R. , Hildesheim Allan , Engels Eric A. , El-Zein Mariam , Franco Eduardo L.
Published: October 2023

Importance

Infections are largely modifiable causes of cancer. However, there remains untapped potential for preventing and treating carcinogenic infections in the US.

Objective

To estimate the percentage and number of incident cancers attributable to infections in the US among adults and children for the most recent year cancer incidence data were available (2017).

Data Sources

A literature search from 1946 onward was performed in MEDLINE on January 6, 2023, to obtain the data required to calculate population attributable fractions for 31 infection-cancer pairs. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were used to estimate the population prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses and Helicobacter pylori.

Study Selection

Studies conducted in the US or other Western countries were selected according to specific infection-cancer criteria.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Data from 128 studies were meta-analyzed to obtain the magnitude of an infection-cancer association or prevalence of the infection within cancer cells.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The proportion of cancer incidence attributable to 8 infections.

Results

Of the 1 666 102 cancers diagnosed in 2017 among individuals aged 20 years or older in the US, 71 485 (4.3%; 95% CI, 3.1%-5.3%) were attributable to infections. Human papillomavirus (n = 38 230) was responsible for the most cancers, followed by H pylori (n = 10 624), hepatitis C virus (n = 9006), Epstein-Barr virus (n = 7581), hepatitis B virus (n = 2310), Merkel cell polyomavirus (n = 2000), Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (n = 1075), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (n = 659). Cancers with the most infection-attributable cases were cervical (human papillomavirus; n = 12 829), gastric (H pylori and Epstein-Barr virus; n = 12 565), oropharynx (human papillomavirus; n = 12 430), and hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatitis B and C viruses; n = 10 017). The burden of infection-attributable cancers as a proportion of total cancer incidence ranged from 9.6% (95% CI, 9.2%-10.0%) for women aged 20 to 34 years to 3.2% (95% CI, 2.4%-3.8%) for women aged 65 years or older and from 6.1% (95% CI, 5.2%-7.0%) for men aged 20 to 34 years to 3.3% (95% CI, 1.9%-4.4%) for men aged 65 years or older. Among those aged 19 years or younger, 2.2% (95% CI, 1.3%-3.0%) of cancers diagnosed in 2017 were attributable to Epstein-Barr virus.

Conclusions and Relevance

Infections were estimated to be responsible for 4.3% of cancers diagnosed among adults in the US in 2017 and, therefore, represent an important target for cancer prevention efforts.
Chemotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Manji Gulam A. , Lee Shing , Del Portillo Armando , May Michael , Ana Sarah Sta , Alouani Emily , Sender Naomi , Negri Tiffany , Gautier Katarzyna , Ge Liner , Fan Weijia , Xie Mengyu , Sethi Amrita , Schrope Beth , Tan Aik Choon , Park Haeseong , Oberstein Paul E. , Shah Manish A. , Raufi Alexander G.
Published: October 2023

Importance

Combining immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with chemotherapy improves outcomes in patients with metastatic gastric and gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma; however, whether this combination has activity in the perioperative setting remains unknown.

Objective

To evaluate the safety and preliminary activity of perioperative chemotherapy and ICB followed by maintenance ICB in resectable G/GEJ adenocarcinoma.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This investigator-initiated, multicenter, open-label, single-stage, phase 2 nonrandomized controlled trial screened 49 patients and enrolled 36 patients with resectable G/GEJ adenocarcinoma from February 10, 2017, to June 17, 2021, with a median (range) follow-up of 35.2 (17.4-73.0) months. Thirty-four patients were deemed evaluable for efficacy analysis, with 28 (82.4%) undergoing curative resection. This study was performed at 4 referral institutions in the US.

Interventions

Patients received 3 cycles of capecitabine, 625 mg/m2, orally twice daily for 21 days; oxaliplatin, 130 mg/m2, intravenously and pembrolizumab, 200 mg, intravenously with optional epirubicin, 50 mg/m2, every 3 weeks before and after surgery with an additional cycle of pembrolizumab before surgery. Patients received 14 additional doses of maintenance pembrolizumab.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary end point was pathologic complete response (pCR) rate. Secondary end points included overall response rate, disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and safety.

Results

A total of 34 patients (median [range] age, 65.5 [25-90] years; 23 [67.6%] male) were evaluable for efficacy. Of these patients, 28 (82.4%) underwent curative resection, 7 (20.6%; 95% CI, 10.1%-100%) achieved pCR, and 6 (17.6%) achieved a pathologic near-complete response. Of the 28 patients who underwent resection, 4 (14.3%) experienced disease recurrence. The median DFS and OS were not reached. The 2-year DFS was 67.8% (95% CI, 0.53%-0.87%) and the OS was 80.6% (95% CI, 0.68%-0.96%). Treatment-related grade 3 or higher adverse events for evaluable patients occurred in 20 patients (57.1%), and 12 (34.3%) experienced immune-related grade 3 or higher adverse events.

Conclusion and Relevance

In this trial of unselected patients with resectable G/GEJ adenocarcinoma, capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and pembrolizumab resulted in a pCR rate of 20.6% and was well tolerated. This trial met its primary end point and supports the development of checkpoint inhibition in combination with perioperative chemotherapy in locally advanced G/GEJ adenocarcinoma.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02918162
Circulating cell‐free HPV DNA is a strong marker for disease severity in cervical cancer
Authors: Bønløkke Sara , Steiniche Torben , Sorensen Boe Sandahl , Nyvang Gitte‐Bettina , Lindegaard Jacob Christian , Blaakær Jan , Bertelsen Jesper , Fuglsang Katrine , Strube Mikael Lenz , Lenz Suzan , Stougaard Magnus
Published: October 2023

For cervical cancer (CC), circulating cell‐free HPV DNA (ccfHPV) may establish disease severity. Furthermore, HPV integration has been correlated to viral load and survival. In this study, pre‐treatment plasma from 139 CC cases (50 primary surgery patients, 22 primary surgery + adjuvant oncological therapy patients, and 67 primary oncological therapy patients) was collected (2018–2020). Furthermore, plasma from 25 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 patients and 15 healthy women (negative controls) were collected. Two next‐generation sequencing (NGS) panels were used to establish ccfHPV presence and human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) integration status. ccfHPV was detected in four primary surgery (8.0%), eight primary surgery + adjuvant oncology (36.4%), and 54 primary oncology (80.6%) patients. For primary oncology patients with HPV16‐related cancer (n = 37), more ccfHPVneg than ccfHPVpos patients had HPV16 integration (P = 0.04), and in patients with HPV16 integration (n = 13), ccfHPVpos patients had higher disease stages than ccfHPVneg patients (P = 0.05). In summary, ccfHPV presence is related to disease severity and may add to the debated Sedlis criteria used for identifying patients for adjuvant oncological therapy. However, ccfHPV detection is influenced by HPV integration status and disease stage, and these factors need to be considered in ccfHPVneg patients.
Multimodal Nanoplatform with ROS Amplification to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Prostate Cancer via Targeting P‐Glycoprotein and Ferroptosis
Authors: Guan Yupeng , Lei Hanqi , Xing Chengyuan , Yan Binyuan , Lin Bingbiao , Yang Xiangwei , Huang Hai , Kang Yang , Pang Jun
Published: October 2023

Chemotherapy remains the most essential treatment for prostate cancer, but multidrug resistance (MDR) contributes to chemotherapy failure and tumor‐related deaths. The overexpression of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is one of the main mechanisms behind MDR. Here, this work reports a multimodal nanoplatform with a reactive oxygen species (ROS) cascade for gas therapy/ferroptosis/chemotherapy in reversing MDR. The nanoplatform disassembles when responding to intracellular ROS and exerts three main functions: First, nitric oxide (NO) targeted delivery can reverse MDR by downregulating P‐gp expression and inhibiting mitochondrial function. Second, ferrocene‐induced ferroptosis breaks the redox balance in the tumor intracellular microenvironment and synergistically acts against the tumor. Third, the release of paclitaxel (PTX) is precisely controlled in situ in the tumor for chemotherapy that avoids damage to normal tissues. Excitingly, this multimodal nanoplatform is a promising weapon for reversing MDR and may provide a pioneering paradigm for synergetic cancer therapy.
Single‐Cell Impedance Tomography Using Rolled‐Up Microtubular Sensors
Authors: Weiz Sonja M. , Jha Pallavi , Lee Kyounghun , Herzer Raffael , Schmidt Oliver G. , Medina‐Sánchez Mariana
Published: October 2023

Single‐cell analysis techniques provide the opportunity to study the cellular heterogeneity that occurs between cells of the same tissue. These methods should ideally be non‐destructive and label‐free to allow long‐term measurements that do not impede with healthy cellular functions. To that end, a miniaturized electrical impedance tomography (µEIT) system is fabricated via rolled‐up nanotechnology to study the electrical properties of individual cells. The tube contains an array of 12 electrodes on its interior wall, and its diameter of ca. 30 µm is tuned to fit the size of a cell. First proof‐of‐concept measurements are carried out with silica and half‐metal coated microparticle phantoms. Additionally, the death of a single HeLa cell is monitored with the µEIT device over time. In the future, the system can be applied to study, e.g. the efficiency of drugs or the biocompatibility of materials on a single‐cell level.
Ultra‐Low Threshold Single‐Mode Upconversion Lasing in a Strong Coupled Microcavity via Four‐Photon Absorption
Authors: Wang Runchen , Wang Yaqi , Zheng Huying , Dong Junxing , Wang Lisheng , Chen Huanjun , Shen Yan , Zhu Hai
Published: October 2023

With the development of ultra‐fast optical technology, the nonlinear interaction between light and matter has attracted great attention. Upconversion laser generation through multiphoton absorption (MPA) enables numerous critical applications such as quantum signal processing, biophotonics, and 3D microfabrication. Herein, an ultra‐low threshold single‐mode four‐photon absorption (4PA) upconversion lasing at room‐temperature (RT) by constructing a strong‐coupling microcavity is demonstrated. The planar microcavity significantly enhances the 4PA nonlinear interaction, which facilitates the obtainment of low‐threshold upconversion lasing with an excellent output divergence angle and beam quality. In addition, the temporal dynamic mechanism and polarization characteristics of single‐mode upconversion lasing are also comprehensively discussed. The work provides a feasible approach to fabricate a low‐threshold single‐mode upconversion laser through high‐order nonlinear MPA processes.
Low Concentration Electrolyte Enabling Anti‐Clustering of Lithium Polysulfides and 3D‐Growth of Li2S for Low Temperature Li–S Conversion Chemistry
Authors: Guan Zengqiang , Chen Xuanfeng , Chu Fulu , Deng Rongyu , Wang Sisi , Liu Jiamin , Wu Feixiang
Published: October 2023

The development of
low‐temperature lithium–sulfur batteries (LSB) has been suppressed by rather poor sulfur utilization and cycle performance, caused by planar Li2S growth, hindered lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) transformation, and poor stability of the anode. Recently, low‐concentration electrolytes (LCE) have been employed as promising solutions to solve the above issues. However, aggregation and deposition behavior of polysulfides have been rarely studied. In this work, by comparing the performance of 0.1 and 1 m LiFSI electrolytes, LCEs are proven beneficial for low‐temperature LSBs via new fundamental insights. According to growth pattern analyses by both morphology observation and theoretical models, Li2S nucleation in LCEs switch into progressive mode with less initial nuclei, which favors the vertical growth of Li2S, resulting in a more complete lithium–sulfur conversion reaction under cold conditions. Through visual experiments, computational simulation, and progressive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the ability of LCEs to suppress LiPSs clustering is supported and this anti‐clustering ability effectively enhances the Li–S conversion reaction kinetics. Moreover, in LCEs a protective SEI with LiF and Li2S/Li2S2 is likely to form on and stabilize the anode. As a whole, the boosting effect and the mechanism of LCEs enlighten future designs on low‐temperature electrolytes for high‐performance cryogenic LSBs.
Fano Resonances for Tilted Linear and Quadratic Band Touching Dispersions in a Harmonically Driven Potential Well
Authors: Gregefalk Anton , Black‐Schaffer Annica M. , Nag Tanay
Published: October 2023

Considering models with tilted linear and quadratic band touching dispersions, the effect of the transverse linear tilt on the transmission spectra is analyzed through a harmonically driven potential well oriented longitudinally. Employing the Floquet scattering matrix formalism, Fano resonances are found as an outcome of matching between the Floquet sidebands and quasi‐bound states, where the tilt renormalizes their energies and wave vectors. It is found that the Fano resonance energy decreases (increases) for linear (quadratic) band touchings as the magnitude of the transverse momentum increases, indicating a distinct signature of the underlying band dispersion in the transmission profile. The sign of the product of the transverse momentum and the tilt also determines the relative shift in the Fano resonance energy with respect to the untilted case for both band dispersions, suggesting a possible tunability of the Fano resonance for tilted systems. Importantly, the tilt strength can also be directly determined by measuring the Fano resonance energy as function of the transverse momenta direction. The shot noise spectra and their differential property are further studied where an inflection region and undulation, respectively, is found around the Fano resonance energy. Interestingly, differential shot noise and transmission spectra both qualitatively behave in a similar fashion and might thus serve as important observables for future experiments on driven solid‐state systems.
Ferrocene‐based pyrazole energetic compounds as burning rate catalysts for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate
Authors: Liu Jinyi , Zhang Yuxuan , Yu Haojie , Wang Li , Vatsadze Sergey Z. , Chen Dingning , Ouyang Chenguang
Published: October 2023

To enhance the combustion performance of composite solid propellants (CSPs), a series of ferrocene‐based pyrazole energetic compounds were prepared and characterized systemically by spectroscopic techniques in this study. Moreover, their catalytic performance and mechanism as burning rate catalysts (BRCs) were investigated, and the related kinetic parameters were obtained via Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) methods, respectively. Besides, their anti‐migration performance and mechanism were studied via simulating the aging experiments of propellant samples at different times. The results showed that these compounds exhibited excellent catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate, which is a vital oxidizer in CSPs and determines its combustion performance. Among them, EMFc‐1 showed the best catalytic performance because of the higher content of active component. The pyrolysis temperature of ammonium perchlorate was reduced by 56.2 °C and the heat release was increased by 248.2 J g−1 with 5 wt% EMFc‐1 as catalyst. Moreover, their anti‐migration performance was improved greatly compared with the commercial catocene (Cat) and ferrocene. The work indicates that these compounds can be applied as BRCs to enhance the combustion performance of propellants.
Adaptive event‐triggered consensus of singular multi‐agent systems based on asynchronous data sampling
Authors: Li Lin , Shen Jiawen
Published: October 2023

This paper is devoted to the problem of event‐triggered consensus for a class of singular multi‐agent systems with nonlinear dynamics. Firstly, in consideration of the impossibility to reach all agents in some case, an observer is designed to access these agents' states. Secondly, a novel adaptive event‐triggered scheme is proposed based on asynchronous data sampling. In this scheme, the trigger parameter can be adjusted dynamically in order to reduce information transmissions among agents. Thirdly, by employing Lyapunov stability theory, a sufficient condition on the consensus of singular multi‐agent systems is obtained. Then, the control protocol and event‐triggering scheme are designed by solving a linear matrix inequality condition. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the proposed results.
Fault‐tolerant control design for stochastic distribution control systems based on k‐step fault estimation
Authors: Yuan Shuiwang , Yao Lina
Published: October 2023

A novel scheme of fault‐tolerant control (FTC) and fault estimation (FE) for the stochastic distribution control (SDC) system with disturbance is investigated. The output probability density function (PDF) is modelled by the weight vector of the B‐spline neural network with the given basis function, and control of output probability density function can be converted to control of the weight vector of the B‐spline neural network. A k‐step fault estimation algorithm aiming at enhancing the accuracy of fault estimation is first applied to the stochastic distribution control system. Subsequently, a dynamic output feedback fault‐tolerant control algorithm is constructed by using the k‐step fault estimation information to guarantee that the target weight vector can be still approximated by the output weight vector in case of actuator fault. A simulation example is used to confirm the availability of the presented method.
Konvektionsvorgänge in der Gaszentrifuge Thermokonvektion im starken Gravitationsfeld
Authors: Martin Hans
Published: October 2023

Es wird das Ausströmen eines Gases zwischen zwei planparallelen, bei erhöhter Temperatur gehaltenen Platten für den Fall behandelt, daß das die Konvektion veranlassende Schwerefeld extrem stark ist (Zentrifugalfeld einer Ultrazentrifuge). Die in der Sekunde ausströmende Gasmenge, der Temperaturverlauf zwischen den Platten und das Geschwindigkeitsprofil der Strömung werden berechnet. Außer für sehr kleine Plattenabstände erweisen sich die Strömungsverhältnisse als grundlegend verschieden von denjenigen, die vorliegen, wenn das wirksame Schwerefeld das der Erde ist. Die Ergebnisse, die in rasch rotierenden Hohlkörpern eigentümliche Thermokonvektionseffekte vorhersehen lassen, werden diskutiert. Der Fall, daß das Gas zwischen ungleich temperierte Wände eingeschlossen ist, wird ebenfalls kurz besprochen. Auf einige der Zusammenhänge mit Problemen, die bei der praktischen Gas‐Ultrazentrifugierung auftreten, wird hingewiesen.
Über die Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit assoziierender Stoffe
Authors: Zeininger Hannelore , Mecke Reinhard
Published: October 2023

Beschreibung einer Meßapparatur zur Bestimmung extrem kleiner Leitvermögen. Untersuchung verschiedener Lösungssysteme von Stoffen, die über Wasserstoffbrücken assoziieren. Untersucht werden: Alkohole (Methanol, i‐Propanol, tert. Butanol, Benzylalkohol) und Phenole (Phenol, p‐, o‐Chlorphenol, o‐Nitrophenol) in CCl4, Cyclohexan, Benzol und Chlorbenzol als Lösungsmittel.

Der Dissoziationsgrad ai läßt sich durch die Reaktionsisochore R logα2 = Ai/ϵT + ΔSi darstellen.
Anomale Mischkristalle im System ZrO2Y2O3 Kristallbau der Nernst‐Stifte
Authors: Hund F.
Published: October 2023

Es wird gezeigt, daß im System Zirkonoxyd‐Yttriumoxyd neben den beiden reinen Phasen eine ziemlich ausgedehnte Flußspatphase auftritt. Diese anomalen Mischkristalle haben eine Fehlordnung vom Subtraktionssubstitutionstyp; über das Kationengitter sind Zirkon und Yttrium statistisch verteilt, im Anionengitter treten Leerstellen auf. Die Leitfähigkeit der Nernst‐Stifte wird mit dem Kristallbau in Beziehung gesetzt.
Die Aktivität bei der Diffusion in metallischen Dreistoffsystemen
Authors: Seith W. , Wever H.
Published: October 2023

Bei Diffusionsversuchen in metallischen Dreistoffsystemen wurde öfters beobachtet, daß der Konzentrationsverlauf der einzelnen Komponenten nach der Diffusion Unstetigkeiten aufweist. Die meisten hierfür bisher gegebenen Deutungen ergeben kein zusammenhängendes Bild. In dieser Arbeit wird versucht, durch Einführung der Aktivität eine Klärung der Verhältnisse zu geben.