bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An updated review on food‐derived bioactive peptides: Focus on the regulatory requirements, safety, and bioavailability
Authors: Patil Prasanna J. , Usman Muhammad , Zhang Chengnan , Mehmood Arshad , Zhou Mingchun , Teng Chao , Li Xiuting
Published: February 2022

Food‐derived bioactive peptides (BAPs) are recently utilized as functional food raw materials owing to their potential health benefits. Although there is a huge amount of scientific research about BAPs’ identification, purification, characterization, and physiological functions, and subsequently, many BAPs have been marketed, there is a paucity of review on the regulatory requirements, bioavailability, and safety of BAPs. Thus, this review focuses on the toxic peptides that could arise from their primary proteins throughout protein extraction, protein pretreatment, and BAPs’ formulation. Also, the influences of BAPs’ length and administration dosage on safety are summarized. Lastly, the challenges and possibilities in BAPs’ bioavailability and regulatory requirements in different countries were also presented. Results revealed that the human studies of BAPs are essential for approvals as healthy food and to prevent the consumers from misinformation and false promises. The BAPs that escape the gastrointestinal tract epithelium and move to the stomach are considered good peptides and get circulated into the blood using different pathways. In addition, the hydrophobicity, net charge, molecular size, length, amino acids composition/sequences, and structural characteristics of BAPs are critical for bioavailability, and appropriate food‐grade carriers can enhance it. The abovementioned features are also vital to optimize the solubility, water holding capacity, emulsifying ability, and foaming property of BAPs in food products. In the case of safety, the possible allergenic and toxic peptides often exhibit physiological functions and could be produced during the hydrolysis of food proteins. It was also noted that the production of iso‐peptides bonds and undesirable Maillard reaction might occur during protein extraction, sample pretreatments, and peptide synthesis.
‘I was prepared to become infected as a frontline medical staff’: A survey of Australian emergency department staff experiences during COVID‐19
Authors: Scott Anna Mae , Murray Amanda , Jones Mark , Keijzers Gerben , Glasziou Paul
Published: February 2022

Objective

To identify challenges faced by Australian hospital healthcare staff during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

We conducted an online survey (30 June–15 August 2020) of healthcare staff from Australian emergency and infectious disease departments. Participants were contacted via professional organisations and asked about preparedness, personal protective equipment (PPE), information flow, patient care, infection concerns, workload and mental health. We calculated the proportion of answers to yes/no and Likert‐style questions; free‐text responses were analysed thematically.

Results

Respondents (n = 162) were 23–67 years old, 98% worked in EDs, 68% were female, 87% from Queensland, and most worked as nurses (46%) or specialists (31%). Respondents felt their workplace was prepared for the pandemic (79%), had sufficient information about PPE (83%); none were sent home because of PPE shortages. Eighty‐five percent received sufficient information from official bodies and 50% were aware of the National COVID‐19 Clinical Evidence Taskforce guidelines. Most (83%) had sufficient information to provide optimal patient care, but 24% experienced unfair/abusive patient behaviour. Most (76%) were concerned about becoming infected by patients, 67% about infecting patients, and 78% about infecting someone at home. Workload decreased for 82% but 42% looked after more patients. Fifty‐seven percent experienced additional work‐related stress: 60% reporting experiencing anxiety and 53% experiencing burnout, with 36% and 46% continuing to experience these, respectively. Key challenges included: emotional, workplace/organisational, family/loved ones and PPE factors.

Conclusion

The Australian system provided sufficient information and PPE. Staff experienced considerable stress, infection concerns and emotional challenges, which merit consideration in preparing for the future.
A fully automated noncontrast CT 3‐D reconstruction algorithm enabled accurate anatomical demonstration for lung segmentectomy
Authors: Chen Xiuyuan , Wang Zhenfan , Qi Qingyi , Zhang Kai , Sui Xizhao , Wang Xun , Weng Wenhan , Wang Shaodong , Zhao Heng , Sun Chao , Wang Dawei , Zhang Huajie , Liu Enyou , Zou Tong , Hong Nan , Yang Fan
Published: February 2022

Background

Three‐dimensional reconstruction of chest computerized tomography (CT) excels in intuitively demonstrating anatomical patterns for pulmonary segmentectomy. However, current methods are labor‐intensive and rely on contrast CT. We hereby present a novel fully automated reconstruction algorithm based on noncontrast CT and assess its performance both independently and in combination with surgeons.

Methods

A retrospective pilot study was performed. Patients between May 2020 to August 2020 who underwent segmentectomy in our single institution were enrolled. Noncontrast CTs were used for reconstruction. In the first part of the study, the accuracy of the demonstration of anatomical variants by either automated or manual reconstruction algorithm were compared to surgical observation, respectively. In the second part of the study, we tested the accuracy of the identification of anatomical variants by four independent attendees who reviewed 3‐D reconstruction in combination with CT scans.

Results

A total of 20 cases were enrolled in this study. All segments were represented in this study with two left S1‐3, two left S4 + 5, one left S6, five left basal segmentectomies, one right S1, three right S2, 1 right S2b + 3a, one right S3, two right S6 and two right basal segmentectomies. The median time consumption for the automated reconstruction was 280 (205–324) s. Accurate vessel and bronchial detection were achieved in 85% by the AI approach and 80% by Mimics, p = 1.00. The accuracy of vessel classification was 80 and 95% by AI and manual approaches, respectively, p = 0.34. In real‐world application, the accuracy of the identification of anatomical variant by thoracic surgeons was 85% by AI+CT, and the median time consumption was 2 (1–3) min.

Conclusions

The AI reconstruction algorithm overcame defects of traditional methods and is valuable in surgical planning for segmentectomy. With the AI reconstruction, surgeons may achieve high identification accuracy of anatomical patterns in a short time frame.
Going into Government: How Hiring from Special Interests Reduces Their Influence
Authors: Hübert Ryan , Rezaee Janna King , Colner Jonathan
Published: February 2022

Governments routinely decide to involve special interests in the development of public policy, a practice that can distort policy outcomes away from the public interest. Many are concerned that these policy distortions increase when special interest aligned individuals—such as lobbyists, activists or industry insiders—go into government. Using a formal model that centers the role of policymaking capacity in the development of policy, we demonstrate this is not always what happens. Our analysis provides two core insights. First, when an individual from a special interest group goes into government, this can paradoxically reduce the special interest's influence over public policy. Second, this individual has an endogenous incentive to enter government even though doing so weakens the special interest, whose preferences the individual shares. The model suggests that politicians' efforts to stop the practice of hiring individuals from special interest groups can counterintuitively increase special interest influence over politics.
Letter: association of laboratory indexes and magnetic resonance elastography‐associated liver stiffness with complications and mortality—authors' reply
Authors: Tamaki Nobuharu , Higuchi Mayu , Kurosaki Masayuki , Izumi Namiki
Published: February 2022

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Higuchi et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16745 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16774
Non‐pharmacological interventions engaging organ transplant caregivers: A systematic review
Authors: Jesse Michelle T. , Gartrelle Kendyll , Bruschwein Heather , Hug Gina , LeTarte Barbara , Lerret Stacee , Dew Mary Amanda
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Lay‐caregivers in organ transplantation (to candidates, recipients, and donors) are essential to pre‐ and postoperative care, but report significant caregiving‐related stressors. This review aims to summarize studies testing nonpharmacological interventions aimed at improving organ transplant caregiver‐reported outcomes.

Methods

In accordance with PRISMA, we conducted a systematic review (searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, PsycInfo, and CINAHL, no start‐date restriction through 7/1/2021). Quality of comparative studies assessed by ROBS‐2 or ROBINS.

Results

Twelve studies met inclusion. Study designs, interventions, and outcomes varied. Sample sizes were small across caregivers to adults (nine studies, five with caregiver samples ns≤50) and pediatric patients (three studies, caregiver samples ns≤16). Study designs included seven single‐arm interventions, two prepost with comparison cohorts, and three randomized‐controlled trials. Eight studies included transplant‐specific education as the intervention, an interventional component, or as the comparison group. Outcomes included transplant specific knowledge, mental health, and intervention acceptability. Of the nine prepost caregiver assessments and/or comparison groups, four studies demonstrated no statistically significant intervention effects.

Conclusion

Few interventions addressing the needs of organ transplant caregivers have been empirically evaluated. Existing interventions were well‐received by caregivers. Given complexities of care in transplantation, research is needed evaluating interventions using rigorous trial methodology with adequate samples.
The relationship between bioelectrical impedance parameters and pulmonary artery stiffness in obese subjects
Authors: Hidayet Şıho , Bayramoğlu Adil , Hidayet Emine , Ulutaş Zeynep , Dağtekin Fırat , Güven Fatih , Karaca Yücel , Yiğit Yakup , Adigüzel Muhammed Yasin , Pekdemir Hasan
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Obesity is a public health problem that needs to be treated and it occurs as a result of excessive fat accumulation in the body. The relationship between obesity and pulmonary hypertension is well known. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between pulmonary artery stiffness, right ventricular functions and bioelectrical impedance parameters in obese, overweight, and healthy individuals.

Methods

In this study, 41 obese (17 female and 24 male, mean age 43.5±10.3), 39 overweight (20 female and 19 male, mean age 38.6±10.4), 34 healthy control group (19 female and 15 male, mean age 40.5±8.6) were included. Anthropometric measurements and bioelectrical impedance parameters of all participants were performed. Right ventricular functions and pulmonary artery stiffness were evaluated by using conventional echocardiography.

Results

Right ventricle myocardial performance index, pulmonary artery stiffness values were statistically different between groups. Positive correlation was observed between pulmonary artery stiffness and Body Mass Index, Waist and Hip circumferences. Significant negative correlation was observed between muscle to fat ratio and pulmonary artery stiffness. In the linear regression analysis, it was observed that the muscle to fat ratio was independent predictor of pulmonary artery stiffness (β = ‐1.835; 95%CI(‐2.434 ‐ ‐ .784); p < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study showed that right ventricular function was impaired and pulmonary artery stiffness increased in obese individuals. These findings could be considered as early markers of pulmonary hypertension in obese patients who do not yet have clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease.
From drones to bones: Assessing the importance of abiotic factors for salmonid spawning behaviour and embryonic development through a multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Horta‐Lacueva Quentin J.‐B. , Ólafsdóttir Jónína H. , Finn Fia , Fiskoviča Edite , Ponsioen Lieke , de la Cámara Marina , Kapralova Kalina H.
Published: February 2022

The ecology of salmonids is tightly linked to their spawning habitats, but the link between spawning site selection and phenology is poorly understood. To address this, we studied the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) from the postglacial lake Thingvallavatn (Iceland) through a multidisciplinary approach involving aerial surveys, behavioural observations, temperature monitoring and embryo rearing experiments. Aerial footage revealed that most nests (i.e. redds) were established in shallow parts of the spawning area, and we reported through direct observations trends for stronger male–male competition and for more frequent courtship behaviours in shallow than in deep redds. While water depth did not correlate with temperature at the time of spawning, the temperatures recorded at the shallow redds were consistently lower in the two months following the video recordings, likely because of the proximity of glacial outlets. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that the temperature regimes in shallow waters can delay hatching with about a month, likely impacting the phenology of the offspring. The viability of the Arctic charr in Thingvallavatn may thus depend on physical features like groundwater springs and upwelling water flows acting as “temperature shelters”.
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulation of accumbal dopamine release covaries with novelty seeking
Authors: Leach Amy C. , Pitts Elizabeth G. , Siciliano Cody A. , Ferris Mark J.
Published: February 2022

Heightened novelty‐seeking phenotypes are associated with a range of behavioural traits including susceptibility to drug use. These relationships are recapitulated in preclinical models, where rats that exhibit increased exploratory activity in novel environments (high responders—HR) acquire self‐administration of psychostimulants more rapidly compared to rats that display low novelty exploration (low responders—LR). Dopamine release dynamics in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) covaries with response to novelty, and differences in dopaminergic signalling are thought to be a major underlying driver of the link between novelty seeking and drug use vulnerability. Accumbal dopamine release is controlled by local microcircuits including modulation through glutamatergic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) systems, but whether these mechanisms contribute to disparate dopamine signalling across novelty phenotypes is unclear. Here, we used ex vivo voltammetry in the NAc of rats to determine if α7 nAChRs contribute to differential dopamine dynamics associated with individual differences in novelty exploration. We found that blockade of α7 nAChRs attenuates tonic dopamine release evoked by low‐frequency stimulations across phenotypes but that phasic release is decreased in LRs while HRs are unaffected. These stimulation frequency‐ and phenotype‐dependent effects result in a decreased dynamic range of release exclusively in LRs. Furthermore, we found that differential α7 modulation of dopamine release in LRs is dependent on AMPA but not NMDA receptors. These results help to form an understanding of the local NAc microcircuitry and provide a potential mechanism for covariance of dopamine dynamics and sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse.
Sevoflurane protects mice from cerebral ischaemic injury by regulating microRNA‐203‐3p/HDAC4/Bcl‐2 axis
Authors: Song Jie , He Ke , Yang Longqiu , Shen Jun
Published: February 2022

Sevoflurane (Sevo) is neuroprotective in ischaemic injury, but its specific mechanism in the disease from microRNA‐203‐3p/histone deacetylases 4/B‐cell lymphoma 2 (miR‐203‐3p/HDAC4/Bcl‐2) axis asks for a comprehensive explanation. A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model was established by nylon suture method. miR‐203‐3p and HDAC4 expression was measured in mouse brain tissues. The MCAO mice were exposed to Sevo or injected with miR‐203‐3p‐ or HDAC4‐related plasmids. In response to Sevo treatment or plasmid interference, neurological function, brain pathology, neuronal apoptosis and inflammation were determined. The interactions of miR‐203‐3p and HDAC4, and HDAC4 and Bcl‐2 were verified. MCAO mice presented down‐regulated miR‐203‐3p and up‐regulated HDAC4. Sevo improved neurological function, brain pathological damage and reduced neuronal apoptosis and inflammation in MCAO mice, while overexpressing miR‐203‐3p further enhanced those effects. HDAC4 overexpression antagonized the impacts of miR‐203‐3p up‐regulation on MCAO mice. The targeting relation existed between miR‐203‐3p and HDAC4, as well as between HDAC4 and Bcl‐2. It is clearly elucidated that miR‐203‐3p enhances the protective effects of Sevo on MCAO mice through elevating Bcl‐2 and down‐regulating HDAC4, potentially and clinically offering an effective treatment method with Sevo for cerebral ischaemic injury.
On the shoulders of giants? Motives to cite in management research
Authors: Mandard Matthieu
Published: February 2022

While citations have been established as a scientific norm used to support assertions and to acknowledge the contribution of past authors, research has widely shown that they are often employed for other motives, such as influencing reviewers, increasing citation rates, or showing erudition. Despite the literature that has accumulated on this topic, a general framework inventorying these motives is still lacking. The objective of this methodological paper is thus to offer such a framework. We propose a typology that classifies these motives into four categories: epistemic, rhetoric, symbolic and economic. Through examples drawn from management research, we then present each of the associated citation practices by distinguishing between their nature and their consequences. We finally inventory the subsequent implications of this analysis, both for scientific production and for the evaluation of this production.
Show me how to grow fast in turbulent times: Balancing human resource practices between employee training and educational attainment
Authors: Giotopoulos Ioannis , Konstantinou Vasilis , Kontolaimou Alexandra , Tsakanikas Aggelos
Published: February 2022

This paper explores whether there is a balance or a trade‐off with respect to human resource (HR) practices that high‐growth firms (HGFs) are likely to use in adverse economic conditions. Drawing on the human capital theory, two major HR practices related to the educational level of employees and the use of formal employee training are examined as critical components of a cost‐efficient strategy, pursued by small and large HGFs in times of crisis. To this end, the empirical analysis uses data derived from an extensive two‐wave survey on 1500 Greek manufacturing and services firms at the peak of the Greek economic crisis. The results reveal two different patterns in the HR management: HGFs of larger size tend to employ persons with lower educational attainment and subsequently invest in formal training to increase their skills. On the contrary, smaller HGFs prefer to hire employees with specialized knowledge acquired from advanced formal education and avoid the provision of subsequent training. The study contributes to the literature by highlighting the way large and small HGFs manage the human capital embedded in their employees to outperform in crisis‐hit economies.
Effect of baseline infarct size on endovascular thrombectomy with or without intravenous alteplase in stroke patients: A subgroup analysis of a randomized trial (DIRECT‐MT)
Authors: Jia Zhen Yu , Zhang Yong Xin , Cao Yue Zhou , Zhao Lin Bo , Shi Hai Bin , Zhang Lei , Li Zi Fu , Shen Hong Jian , Lou Min , Zhang Yong Wei , Yin Guo Cong , Ye Xiao Fei , Yang Peng Fei , Liu Sheng , Liu Jian Min ,   for the DIRECT‐MT Investigators
Published: February 2022

Background and purpose

DIRECT‐MT showed that endovascular thrombectomy was noninferior to thrombectomy preceded by intravenous alteplase with regard to functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke. In this post hoc analysis, we examined whether infarct size modified the effect of alteplase.

Methods

All patients with baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) grades were included. The primary outcome was the 90‐day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the adjusted common odds ratio (OR) for better functional outcome based on the mRS for thrombectomy alone versus combination therapy. An interaction term was entered to test for an interaction with baseline ASPECTS subgroups: 0–4 versus 5–7 versus 8–10.

Results

Of 649 patients, 323 (49.8%) were in the thrombectomy‐alone group and 326 (50.2%) in the combination‐therapy group. There was no significant treatment‐by‐trichotomized ASPECTS interaction with alteplase prior to endovascular treatment for the primary endpoint of ordinal mRS (p‐value interaction term relative to ASPECTS 8–10: ASPECTS 0–4, p = 0.386; ASPECTS 5–7, p = 0.936). Adjusted common ORs for improvement in the 90‐day mRS with thrombectomy alone compared with combination therapy were 1.99 (95% confidence interval = 0.72–5.46) for ASPECTS 0–4, 1.07 (0.62–1.86) for ASPECTS 5–7, and 1.03 (0.74–1.45) for ASPECTS 8–10. There was no significant difference in the safety outcomes between the two groups.

Conclusions

Baseline infarct size may not modify the effect of alteplase prior to endovascular thrombectomy with regard to favorable functional outcomes and adverse events.
Unpaired nucleotides on the stem of microRNA precursor are important for precise cleavage by Dicer‐like 1 in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hirata Rikako , Makabe Tomoya , Mishiba Kei‐ichiro , Koizumi Nozomu , Hamdan Samir M. , Iwata Yuji
Published: February 2022

Dicer‐like 1 (DCL1) is a core component of the plant microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis machinery. MiRNA is transcribed as a precursor RNA, termed primary miRNA (pri‐miRNA), which is cleaved by DCL1 in two steps to generate miRNA/miRNA* duplex. Pri‐miRNA is a single‐stranded RNA that forms a hairpin structure with a number of unpaired bases, hereafter called mismatches, on its stem. In the present study, by using purified recombinant Arabidopsis DCL1, we presented evidence that mismatches on the stem of pri‐miRNA are important for precise DCL1 cleavage. We showed that a mismatch at the loop‐distal side of the end of miRNA/miRNA* duplex is important for efficient cleavage of pri‐miRNA in vitro, as previously suggested in planta. On the contrary, mismatches distant from the miRNA/miRNA* duplex region are important for determining the cleavage position by DCL1. The purified DCL1 proteins cleaved mutant pri‐miRNA variants without such mismatches at a position at which wild‐type pri‐miRNA variants are not usually cleaved, resulting in an increased accumulation of small RNA different from miRNA. Therefore, our results suggest that, in addition to the distance from the ssRNA‐dsRNA junction, mismatches on the stem of pri‐miRNA function as a determinant for precise processing of pri‐miRNA by DCL1 in plants.
Distinguishing Mountain Front and Mountain Block Recharge in an Intermontane Basin of the Himalayan Region
Authors: Dar Tanveer , Rai Nachiketa , Kumar Sudhir
Published: February 2022

Intermontane basin aquifers worldwide, particularly in the Himalayan region, are recharged largely by the adjoining mountains. Recharge in these basins can occur either by water infiltrating from streams near mountain fronts (MFs) as mountain front recharge (MFR) or by sub‐surface mountain block infiltration as mountain block recharge (MBR). MFR and MBR recharge are challenging to distinguish and are least quantified, considering the lack of extensive understanding of the hydrological processes in the mountains. This study used oxygen and hydrogen isotopes (δ18O and δ2H), electrical conductivity (EC) data, hydraulic head, and groundwater level data to differentiate MFR and MBR. Groundwater level data provide information about the groundwater‐surface water interactions and groundwater flow directions, whereas isotopes and EC data are used to distinguish and quantify different recharge sources. The present methodology is tested in an intermontane basin of the Himalayan region. The results suggest that karst springs (KS) and deep groundwater (DGW) recharge are dominated by snowmelt (47% ± 10% and 46% ± 9%) as MBR from adjacent mountains, insignificantly affected by evaporation. The hydraulic head data and isotopes indicate Quaternary shallow groundwater (SGW) aquifer system recharge as MFR of local meteoric water with significant evaporation. The results indicate several flow paths in the aquifer system, a local flow for KS, intermediate flow for SGW, and regional flow for DGW. The findings will significantly impact water resource management in the area and provide vital baseline knowledge for sustainable groundwater management in other Himalayan intermontane basins.
Flapless application of enamel matrix derivative in non‐surgical periodontal treatment: A systematic review
Authors: Chatzopoulos Georgios S. , Anastasopoulos Menelaos , Zarenti Sofia , Doufexi Aikaterini‐Elisavet , Tsalikis Lazaros
Published: February 2022

Background and Objective

To assess the effects of the flapless application of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) in combination with non‐surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) when compared to non‐surgical periodontal treatment alone in adult patients.

Material and methods

An electronic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus and Cochrane Library up to March 2021 complemented by a manual search. Human longitudinal studies of >5 participants and at least 3 months follow‐up were eligible for inclusion in the review. Clinical outcomes were extracted and pooled. Meta‐analysis of the included studies was not possible due to methodological differences.

Results

A total of 1199 publications were identified and reviewed for eligibility. Nine of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Eight studies were randomized clinical trials. The clinical findings of the majority of the included studies demonstrated that the adjunctive use of EMD with NSPT could lead to significantly improved treatment outcomes including higher PPD reduction, more CAL gain, more robust BOP reduction, higher number of sites with PPD < 5 mm and more frequent pocket closure which reduces the need for further periodontal surgical treatment. Limited biological, microbiological and histological findings were reported. Minimal adverse events were observed.

Conclusion

The flapless application of EMD during NSPT leads to an improved clinical outcome in regards to CAL gain and PPD reduction when compared to conventional treatment alone. The potential effect on the biological and microbiological outcome is unclear.
In situ cell electrospun using a portable handheld electrospinning apparatus for the repair of wound healing in rats
Authors: Xu Shunen , Lu Tao , Yang Long , Luo Siwei , Wang Zhen , Ye Chuan
Published: February 2022

Slow or non‐healing wounds caused by full‐thickness skin wounds of various origins have become a difficult challenge in clinical wound treatment. In particular, large full‐thickness skin wounds often lead to serious chronic skin wounds that do not heal. Electrospinning technology and stem cell treatment for wound repair have attracted much attention due to its unique advantages. In the current study， we electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and bone marrow–derived stem cells (BMSCs) by a handheld electrospinning device, the distribution and interaction of cells and fibres were determined by light and electron microscopy and the cell viability and proliferation were determined by live/dead cell staining. The tissues were analysed by histology with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Masson staining and immunohistochemical staining. We found that the fibres were distributed uniformly and BMSCs were distributed between the fibres. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation tests proved its good biocompatibility. Histological staining shows it can accelerate wound healing and appendages regeneration by promoting granulation tissue repair. The instant PVA/stem cell fibres prepared by a handheld electrospinning device strongly promote the repair of full‐thickness skin wounds in rats. The proposed electrospinning technology is expected to have great potential in household, outdoor and battlefield first aid.
Development and characterization of elephant foot yam starch based pH‐sensitive intelligent biodegradable packaging
Authors: Singh Rashmi , Kaur Jasjot , Bansal Radhika , Sharanagat Vijay Singh , Singh Lochan , Kumar Yogesh , Patel Ajay
Published: February 2022

In the present study, biodegradable intelligent films (pH indicators) were developed using elephant foot yam starch and Xanthan gum in the combination of red cabbage (RC, anthocyanins) and Beetroot (BR, betalain) (10% to 40%). Fourier‐transform infrared spectrum confirmed that the increase in extract concentration did not affect the chemical bonding, but it decreased the film's moisture content, water activity, and solubility. The addition of extract increased the phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity of the film. The film showed an excellent response (color change) for different pH levels, and the color transition from purple to deep pink in the acidic medium and purple to green in the basic medium was observed for RC films. However, the color transition for BR films was from red to brown in the acidic medium and from red to yellow in the acidic medium, hence it can be used as spoilage indicates for different food products.
Clinical outcomes of monoclonal antibody therapy during a COVID‐19 outbreak in a skilled nursing facility—Arizona, 2021
Authors: Dale Ariella P. , Hudson Matthew J. , Armenta Darunee , Friebus Heather , Ellingson Katherine D. , Davis Kat , Cullen Theresa , Brady Shane , Komatsu Kenneth K. , Stone Nimalie D. , Uyeki Timothy M. , Slifka Kara Jacobs , Pérez‐Vélez Carlos M. , Keaton Amelia A.
Published: February 2022

Background

Adult residents of skilled nursing facilities (SNF) have experienced high morbidity and mortality from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and are at increased risk for severe COVID‐19 disease. Use of monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment improves clinical outcomes among high‐risk outpatients with mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19, but information on mAb effectiveness in SNF residents with COVID‐19 is limited. We assessed outcomes in SNF residents with mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19 associated with an outbreak in Arizona during January–February 2021 that did and did not receive a mAb.

Methods

Medical records were reviewed to describe the effect of bamlanivimab therapy on COVID‐19 mortality. Secondary outcomes included referral to an acute care setting and escalation of medical therapies at the SNF (e.g., new oxygen requirements). Residents treated with bamlanivimab were compared to residents who were eligible for treatment under the FDA's Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) but were not treated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine association between outcomes and treatment status.

Results

Seventy‐five residents identified with COVID‐19 during this outbreak met eligibility for mAb treatment, of whom 56 received bamlanivimab. Treated and untreated groups were similar in age and comorbidities associated with increased risk of severe COVID‐19 disease. Treatment with bamlanivimab was associated with reduced 21‐day mortality (adjusted OR = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.39) and lower odds of initiating oxygen therapy (adjusted OR = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.34). Referrals to acute care were not significantly different between treated and untreated residents.

Conclusions

mAb therapy was successfully administered to SNF residents with COVID‐19 in a large outbreak setting. Treatment with bamlanivimab reduced 21‐day mortality and reduced initiation of oxygen therapy. As the COVID‐19 pandemic evolves and newer immunotherapies gain FDA authorization, more studies of the effectiveness of mAb therapies for treating emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern in high‐risk congregate settings are needed.
A critical perspective on uncertainty appraisal and sensitivity analysis in life cycle assessment
Authors: Lo Piano Samuele , Benini Lorenzo
Published: February 2022

In this study, we review approaches for uncertainty appraisal in the life cycle assessment literature. We cover the acknowledgment of stochastic and epistemic uncertainty in uncertainty and sensitivity analysis and knowledge quality assessment, respectively. Consistent with previous works, our findings indicate that uncertainty is only appraised in a few studies on life cycle assessment. Most of these contributions cover only one of the phases of life cycle assessment, mainly the life cycle inventory phase. Less attention has been devoted to the phases of goal and scope definition and life cycle impact assessment. Additionally, in most studies, uncertainty analysis and sensitivity analysis have been applied independently, as it is wrongly assumed they cover different uncertainty spaces. We also identify the scope for improvement in the appraisal of epistemic uncertainty and the correct definition of the probability distribution of the uncertain factors. We conclude by highlighting studies in which sensible practices have been adopted, identifying open challenges, and suggesting possible ways forward.
A TWAIL critique of intellectual property and related disputes in investor‐state dispute settlement
Authors: Upreti Pratyush Nath
Published: February 2022

This article analyses intellectual property (IP) disputes in investor‐state dispute settlement (ISDS) through the lenses of Third World approaches to international law (TWAIL) and how a reformist TWAIL approach might be used to address the concerns related to IP‐ISDS disputes. It has three objectives. First, to discuss TWAIL and its readings of IP. Using the TWAIL framework, the article illustrates TWAILers’ positions on the Agreement on Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) are an ideologist project that aims to transplant IP norms to developing countries and the role of actors, particularly industrialist lobbying in the making of international IP norms. Despite such views, the compromise that was made in the form of TRIPS’ flexibilities being threatened by ISDS mechanisms. Thus, the second objective of this article is to demonstrate the implications that recent IP‐related ISDS disputes could potentially undermine the balance achieved through TRIPS. The last objective is to demonstrate how the Global South is regaining its sovereign regulatory control through a reformist approach.
Recurrent oligodendroglioma with changed 1p/19q status
Authors: Barresi Valeria , Mafficini Andrea , Calicchia Martina , Piredda Maria Liliana , Musumeci Angelo , Ghimenton Claudio , Scarpa Aldo
Published: February 2022

We report a case of oligodendroglioma that had consistent histopathological features as well as a distinct change in 1p/19q status in the second recurrence, after temozolomide chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The first tumor recurrence had oligodendroglial morphology, IDH1 R132H and TERT promoter mutations, and 1p/19q codeletion detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Copy number analysis, assessed by next‐generation sequencing, confirmed 1p/19q codeletion, and disclosed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosomes 4 and 9 and chromosome 11 gain. The second recurrence featured not only oligodendroglial morphology but also the appearance of admixed multinucleated giant cells or neoplastic cells having oval nuclei and mitoses and showing microvascular proliferation; it maintained IDH1 R132H and TERT promoter mutations, acquired TP53 mutation, and showed 19q LOH, but disomic 1p, detected by FISH. Copy number analysis depicted LOH of chromosomes 3p, 13, and 19q, 1p partial deletion (1p chr1p34.2‐p11), and gain of chromosomes 2p25.3‐p24.1, 8q12.2‐q24.3, and 11q13.3‐q25. B‐allele frequency analysis of polymorphic sites disclosed copy‐neutral LOH at 1p36.33‐p34.2, supporting the initial deletion of 1p, followed by reduplication of 1p36.33‐p34.2 alone. These findings suggest that the two tumor recurrences might have originated from an initial neoplastic clone, featuring 1p/19q codeletion and IDH1 and TERT promoter mutations, and have independently acquired other copy number alterations. The reduplication of chromosome 1p might be the result of temozolomide treatment, and gave rise to false negative 1p deletion detected by FISH. The possibility of 1p copy‐neutral LOH should be considered in recurrent oligodendrogliomas with altered 1p/19q status detected by FISH.
Integrated root phenotypes for improved rice performance under low nitrogen availability
Authors: Ajmera Ishan , Henry Amelia , Radanielson Ando M. , Klein Stephanie P. , Ianevski Aleksandr , Bennett Malcolm J. , Band Leah R. , Lynch Jonathan P.
Published: February 2022

Greater nitrogen efficiency would substantially reduce the economic, energy and environmental costs of rice production. We hypothesized that synergistic balancing of the costs and benefits for soil exploration among root architectural phenes is beneficial under suboptimal nitrogen availability. An enhanced implementation of the functional–structural model OpenSimRoot for rice integrated with the ORYZA_v3 crop model was used to evaluate the utility of combinations of root architectural phenes, namely nodal root angle, the proportion of smaller diameter nodal roots, nodal root number; and L‐type and S‐type lateral branching densities, for plant growth under low nitrogen. Multiple integrated root phenotypes were identified with greater shoot biomass under low nitrogen than the reference cultivar IR64. The superiority of these phenotypes was due to synergism among root phenes rather than the expected additive effects of phene states. Representative optimal phenotypes were predicted to have up to 80% greater grain yield with low N supply in the rainfed dry direct‐seeded agroecosystem over future weather conditions, compared to IR64. These phenotypes merit consideration as root ideotypes for breeding rice cultivars with improved yield under rainfed dry direct‐seeded conditions with limited nitrogen availability. The importance of phene synergism for the performance of integrated phenotypes has implications for crop breeding.
A text messaging intervention and quality of life in adolescents with solid organ transplants
Authors: Rathgeber Steven L. , Hutchison Sarah M. , De Souza Astrid‐Marie , Lester Richard , Blydt‐Hansen Tom , Human Derek G. , Guttman Orlee , Oberlander Tim F. , Armstrong Kathryn R.
Published: February 2022

Background

Facilitating communication between adolescents and HCP outside of appointments may enhance patient experience and outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether SMS enhances the healthcare experience, QoL, and medication adherence in adolescent SOT patients.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study of an SMS platform (WelTel Inc) for SOT patients aged 12–19 years. QoL was assessed before and after using the PedsQL™ Transplant Module. Medication adherence was assessed with the frequency of therapeutic tacrolimus levels and variation based on control chart analysis. Patient experience and engagement was evaluated with surveys, response rate to messages, and number of clinical conversations (>2 messages).

Results

Twenty‐three patients were included (median age 15.7 years (IQR 13.6–17.1)). Median intervention duration was 13.5 months (range 4.0–16.7 months). There was a 68% response rate (742/1095) with 375 clinical conversations. The majority of patients reported the intervention provided a positive outlook on their health (17/23), was useful (18/23), and improved their connection to HCPs (17/23). Following the intervention, there was no significant difference in the median scaled QoL scores (pre‐intervention: 81 (IQR 76.5–93.3), post‐intervention: 78 (IQR 76–93); p = .37), mean percentage of therapeutic tacrolimus levels (pre‐intervention: 52 ± 25%, post‐intervention: 65 ± 17%; p = .07), or variation on control chart analysis of tacrolimus levels.

Conclusions

The WelTel messaging platform provided supplemental clinical care for a group of adolescent SOT patients that enhanced their healthcare experience. Patient QoL and adherence were unchanged following the intervention and remained at a high level.
Pyric‐based restoration of C4 grasses in woody (Prosopis glandulosa) encroached grassland is best with an alternating seasonal fire regime
Authors: Ansley R. James , Moeller Anna K. , Fuhlendorf Samuel D.
Published: February 2022

Prescribed fire is a management strategy for limiting or reducing woody plant invasion on grasslands and savannas. However, in dense mature woody stands several fires may be necessary to overcome woody dominance and facilitate grassland restoration. Here we determined if a concentrated series of fires could stimulate recovery of C4 perennial grasses in Southern Great Plains, U.S.A., grasslands that had become dominated by a fire tolerant woody legume, honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa). Our study included six treatments: three winter fires in 5 years (3WF), three alternating season winter‐summer‐winter fires in 4 years (3AF), three alternating season fires in a more compressed (extreme) timeframe (3AFX), two summer fires in 3 years (2SF), two summer fires in consecutive years (2SFX), and a no fire “Control.” Cattle grazing was excluded during the study. Treatments with summer fire were most effective at top‐killing mesquite, but no treatments root‐killed >5%. All top‐killed mesquite resprouted. Only the treatments that alternated fire seasons (3AF and 3AFX) increased C4 mid‐grass cover, most from stoloniferous vine mesquite (Panicum obtusum) and not C4 bunchgrasses. The 2SF treatment increased C4 short‐grass cover but not C4 mid‐grass cover. Because none of the treatments root‐killed mesquite, grass recovery declined as woody regrowth increased. Drought also contributed to the decline. Without additional fire disturbances to suppress mesquite regrowth or anthropogenic inputs to root‐kill mesquite, transition from woodland to savanna or grassland stable states was not possible.
Making space for indigenous law in state‐led decisions about hydropower dams: Lessons from environmental assessments in Canada and Brazil
Authors: Macias Gimenez Rebeca
Published: February 2022

The article examines the environmental impact assessment of hydropower dams as an opportunity for applying indigenous laws. Although indigenous laws of affected communities exist and have guided the management of land and natural resources for millennia, they have not yet occupied a significant place in state‐led decision making. Consequently, decisions to approve dams, based on state laws and officials' discretionary power, affect indigenous peoples in distinct and profound ways. The analysis is based on the comparison between two decision‐making processes—Site C (Canada) and Belo Monte (Brazil) dams. The methodology includes the application of principles from the environmental justice literature, the analysis of interviews, case law and legislation. The article concludes that environmental justice for indigenous peoples in environmental decision making of projects with significant impacts, such as large dams, requires recognizing and making institutional spaces for implementing indigenous laws.
Cosimo I’s Self‐Made Spy: Information and Misinformation in Sixteenth‐Century Venice and Florence
Authors: Dall’Aglio Stefano
Published: February 2022

Drawing on newly discovered archival documents, the article unearths the story of Antonio Beghini, a self‐made spy operating in Venice for Cosimo I de’ Medici duke of Florence in the mid‐sixteenth century. In 1542 Beghini revealed a sensational coup d’état planned by Florentine exiles and French against the Republic of Venice. This was the starting point for a series of vicissitudes that included two imprisonments and encounters with important rulers and diplomats. Beghini’s story allows us to gain a deeper understanding of the murkiest side of Cosimo’s information network and of the troubled community of the Florentine exiles in Venice. This story is also an opportunity to reflect on the problem of misinformation, unreliability, and deception in sixteenth‐century Florence and Venice, at a time when the boundary between true and false was much blurrier than it is today.
The impact of COVID‐19 on professional identity
Authors: Byram Jessica N. , Frankel Richard M. , Isaacson J. Harry , Mehta Neil
Published: February 2022

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had a profound impact on medical care and medical student education as clinical rotations were halted and students' clinical activities were drastically curtailed. Learning experiences in medical school are known to promote identity formation through teamwork, reflection, and values‐based community discussion. This study explored the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on medical students' professional identity formation (PIF).

Methods

Students in all cohorts of medical education were invited by email in May 2020 to submit a written reflection about their learning experiences and impact of the pandemic on their PIF. We used iterative individual and team reviews, known as the “immersion/crystallisation” method, to code and analyse the data.

Findings

Twenty‐six students (20%) submitted reflections in which they discussed “changing conceptions of the role and image of a physician,” “views about medical education,” and the “role of students in a pandemic.” Students viewed physicians as altruistic, effective communicators, and pledged to be like them in the future. Their perceptions of virtual learning were mixed, along with considerations of lost interactions with patients, and wanting to be more useful as professionals‐in‐training.

Discussion

COVID‐19 has impacted students' views of themselves and reshaped their ideas, both negatively and positively, about the profession they are entering and their role(s) in it.

Conclusion

Exploring PIF and the impact of disruptions has allowed us to address the issues raised regarding clinical learning now and into the future. Reflection enhances PIF and unexpected events, such as COVID‐19, offer opportunities for reflection and development.
Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with large granular lymphoma in an adult dog
Authors: Varvil Mara S. , Messick Joanne B. , dos Santos Andrea Pires
Published: February 2022

Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a rare disorder characterized by dysregulation of the immune response resulting in uncontrolled activation of macrophages with exacerbated phagocytosis of host cells. In dogs, the criteria for diagnosis include the presence of pancytopenia or bicytopenia in the peripheral blood and >2% hemophagocytic macrophages in bone marrow aspirates. When HPS is associated with lymphoma, it is called lymphoma‐associated hemophagocytic syndrome (LAHS). Here, we present a case of a 4 ½‐year‐old female spayed Old English Mastiff that presented with severe thrombocytopenia, mild anemia, mild to moderate leukopenia, and large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) in the peripheral blood. The patient had enlarged lymph nodes with many LGLs seen cytologically, leading to the interpretation of LGL lymphoma. Bone marrow displayed numerous LGLs that stained strongly for CD3 but did not show immunoreactivity to CD4 or CD8, and PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement analysis confirmed a clonal T‐cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement. The presence of ~3.5% hemophagocytes present on the bone marrow evaluation raised concern for HPS and, more specifically, LAHS. HPS and LAHS are challenging to diagnose and require many criteria to be fulfilled before a definitive diagnosis can be made; the low number of cases in the literature makes this even more challenging in dogs. This case represents secondary LAHS due to LGL lymphoma in a dog.