bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unveiling Virtual Reality Overheads and Their Potential Impact on Flightcrew Training
Authors: Duruaku Fiona , Nguyen Blake , Sonnenfeld Nathan A. , Jentsch Florian G.
Published: August 2024

Virtual reality (VR) technology offers immersive training environments for pilots, enhancing safety, cost-effectiveness, and access to varied scenarios. However, significant overheads, including technical challenges, technology learning curve, costs, and simulation sickness, can hinder VR adoption for flightcrew training. This paper explores these potential roadblocks through a combined approach. First, we conduct a review of recent existing literature. Second, we employ thematic analysis of qualitative data gathered from commercial aviation pilots. The analysis resulted in a thematic map that visually captured the key challenges and opportunities associated with VR overheads. Finally, we leverage these insights to formulate research propositions that can guide airlines, collegiate aviation institutions, and aviation training organizations on effectively integrating VR into the flightcrew training pipeline.
Deep Learning Prediction of Inflammatory Inducing Protein Coding mRNA in P. gingivalis Released Outer Membrane Vesicles
Authors: Yadalam Pradeep Kumar , Anegundi Raghavendra Vamsi , Saravanan Muthupandian , Meles Hadush Negash , Heboyan Artak
Published: August 2024

Aim:

The Insilco study uses deep learning algorithms to predict the protein-coding pg m RNA sequences.

Material and methods:

The NCBI GEO DATA SET GSE218606’s GEO R tool discovered P.G’s outer membrane vesicles’ most differentially expressed mRNA. Genemania analyzed differentially expressed gene networks. Transcriptomics data were collected and labeled on P. gingivalis protein-coding mRNA sequence and pseudogene, lincRNA, and bidirectional promoter lincRNA. Orange, a machine learning tool, analyzed and predicted data after preprocessing. Naïve Bayes, neural networks, and gradient descent partition data into training and testing sets, yielding accurate results. Cross-validation, model accuracy, and ROC curve were evaluated after model validation.

Results:

Three models, Neural Networks, Naive Bayes, and Gradient Boosting, were evaluated using metrics like Area Under the Curve (AUC), Classification Accuracy (CA), F1 Score, Precision, Recall, and Specificity. Gradient Boosting achieved a balanced performance (AUC: 0.72, CA: 0.41, F1: 0.32) compared to Neural Networks (AUC: 0.721, CA: 0.391, F1: 0.314) and Naive Bayes (AUC: 0.701, CA: 0.172, F1: 0.114). While statistical tests revealed no significant differences between the models, Gradient Boosting exhibited a more balanced precision-recall relationship.

Conclusion:

In silico analysis using machine learning techniques successfully predicted protein-coding mRNA sequences within Porphyromonas gingivalis OMVs. Gradient Boosting outperformed other models (Neural Networks, Naive Bayes) by achieving a balanced performance across metrics like AUC, classification accuracy, and precision-recall, suggests its potential as a reliable tool for protein-coding mRNA prediction in P. gingivalis OMVs.
Understanding autistic youths’ menstrual product preferences and caregivers’ product choices
Authors: Lundy Keely M , Fischer Aaron J , Illapperuma-Wood Chathuri R , Schultz Brandon
Published: August 2024

A growing body of evidence supports the applicability of reusable menstrual products for non-autistic menstruators; however, only a few studies have investigated menstrual product preferences for young autistic persons with a uterus. With recent research indicating greater menstrual challenges for autistic menstruators, this study aimed to (1) assess the impact of product features on caregivers’ decisions when purchasing menstrual products for their autistic children and (2) discern which menstrual product(s) young autistic menstruators prefer. The authors used a cross-sectional design, developed two MaxDiff surveys, recruited 99 caregiver and youth dyads, and analyzed survey results using hierarchical Bayesian estimation and latent class analysis. Caregivers chose sensory impact as most important when selecting a product for their autistic child, and youth preferred period underwear. Autistic youth and caregivers may consider study results when managing or preparing for menses to reduce anxiety and unnecessary costs. Clinical service providers and companies may utilize this information to better support menstruators’ comfort and confidence with their menstrual care.

Lay abstract

There is little research exploring the menstrual product preferences of autistic youth, especially those who recently started their period. Study authors surveyed caregivers’ choice of menstrual products for their autistic children. They provided popular menstrual materials to autistic youth to try, then asked them which product(s) they preferred, did not try, and why they did not try it. Caregivers selected sensory impact as the most important feature they consider when choosing a menstrual product for their child, and youth participants preferred to use period underwear. Therefore, autistic youth may benefit from purchasing and using period underwear, and caregivers, clinicians, and companies should consider the impact of menstrual product features, like sensory sensitivities, on young autistic menstruators and how best to support them.
Challenging the Controversy Surrounding Percutaneous Brachial Artery Access Related Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Khan Khuzaima , Amir Eiman , Akano Omobolaji , Borucki Joseph , Al Thaher Ahmad , Stather Philip , Ali Tariq
Published: August 2024

Background

Endovascular therapy has become increasingly preferred in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions. The choice of arterial access usually depends on the type of procedure being performed with most via the common femoral artery and increasingly via the radial artery. Percutaneous access via the brachial artery has however been approached with caution due to the perceived increased risk for development of complications. Percutaneous brachial artery access (pBAA) has insufficient evidence when compared to femoral and radial access, with no large-scale studies available. The objective of this study is to review the literature and report the clinical and radiological complications associated with pBAA.

Methods

EMBASE, EMCARE, CINAHL and Medline were searched for existing data on the complications associated with pBAA. Systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out on the data of 31 studies.

Results

The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that the probability of post procedural haematoma was 4.76%, haemorrhage 1.43%, perforation 1.11% pseudoaneurysm 1.06%, spasm 0.9%, thrombus 0.55%, neuropathy 0.53%, occlusion 0.51%, ischaemia 0.37% and infection 0.24 %. Non-target vessel puncture, stenosis and stroke had a 0% incidence among the assessed population.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence to support clinical decision making when it comes to the utility of pBAA in endovascular diagnosis or therapy. The results demonstrate that pBAA is relatively safe with a low incidence of serious complications and thereby provide the clinician with the option of an alternate access point when planning treatment.
The Literature that Commercial Insurance Payers Use to Substantiate Knee Osteochondral Allograft Policies Are of a Low Level of Evidence
Authors: Fathi Amir , Kotlier Jacob L. , Telang Sahil S. , Patel Vishal S. , Bolia Ioanna K. , Biedermann Brett M. , Cruz Christian A. , Lin Eric H. , Petrigliano Frank A. , Liu Joseph N.
Published: August 2024

Objective

The purpose of this study is to analyze how the largest insurance companies support their medical necessity policies regarding osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) and to determine whether the literature they cite in their policies is of a high level of evidence (LOE).

Design

The 10 largest national health insurance companies were identified. Each payer was contacted via phone or email to obtain their coverage policy regarding OCA. For each policy, the medical necessity criteria were recorded, and all cited references were screened. For all references applicable to OCA, the LOE was recorded, and each reference was screened to determine whether they mentioned the specific criteria reported in the policies.

Results

The medical policies for 6 of the 10 national health insurance companies were identified. These 6 policies cited a collective total of 102 applicable references. Most of these studies were an LOE of IV ( n = 58, 56.9%) and an LOE of V ( n = 18, 17.6%). There were similarities amongst the medical necessity criteria between different commercial payers; however, most criteria were poorly supported by the cited literature.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that commercial insurance companies utilize studies that are of a low LOE when justifying their medical necessity criteria. Moreover, these cited studies infrequently support or mention the commercial payers’ criteria. Future studies should continue to explore how well-supported insurance policies are with the goal of potentially increasing access and authorization for well-supported treatment modalities.
Satisfaction with videoconferencing support for levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel: An observational study
Authors: Gurevich Tanya , Evans Andrew , Hassin-Baer Sharon , Kägi Georg , Koziorowski Dariusz , Roszmann Anna , Bergmann Lars , Parra Riaza Juan Carlos , Sánchez-Soliño Olga , Sławek Jarosław
Published: August 2024

Background

Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) is a continuously delivered Parkinson's disease therapy intended to stabilize plasma levodopa levels. Patients receiving LCIG require education and follow-up. Some LCIG support programs use video-assisted telenursing.

Objective

To examine how videoconferencing impacts satisfaction with LCIG support programs.

Methods

FACILITATE CARE (Feasibility of video-Assisted Care for Intestinal Levodopa Infusion with Telenursing – observAtional Trial Evaluating patient and Caregiver Acceptance in REal life) was a 12-week, prospective, open-label, 2-arm, parallel-group, observational study assessing satisfaction with LCIG support in patients who self-assigned to video or audio-only arms. Patients aged 18–85 years had completed LCIG titration and owned a videoconferencing device (video arm only). A visual analog scale measured satisfaction (1–10, 10 being most satisfied).

Results

Patients’ mean (standard deviation) ages were 67.9 (7.4, n = 26) and 71.1 (6.2, n = 15) years in the video and audio arms, respectively. Patients, caregivers, and physicians in both groups reported satisfaction scores of 8–10 with LCIG support personnel, communication access, and assistance with becoming independent. At week 12, the Modified Caregiver Strain Index least square means change from baseline was lower in the video vs. audio arm (−2.3 [1.0] vs. 1.6 [1.2]). LCIG support personnel travel time was lower in the video vs. audio arm (125.7 [70.2] vs. 203.0 [70.0] minutes).

Conclusions

LCIG support programs are associated with high patient, caregiver, and physician satisfaction; video and audioconferencing satisfaction are similarly high. Video-assisted telenursing may be a convenient communication avenue and may reduce caregiver burden.

Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT04500106.
Machine learning-based prediction of coronary care unit readmission: A multihospital validation study
Authors: Yau Fei-Fei Flora , Chiu I-Min , Wu Kuan-Han , Cheng Chi-Yung , Lee Wei-Chieh , Chen Huang-Chung , Cheng Cheng-I , Chen Tien-Yu
Published: August 2024

Objective

Readmission to the coronary care unit (CCU) has significant implications for patient outcomes and healthcare expenditure, emphasizing the urgency to accurately identify patients at high readmission risk. This study aims to construct and externally validate a predictive model for CCU readmission using machine learning (ML) algorithms across multiple hospitals.

Methods

Patient information, including demographics, medical history, and laboratory test results were collected from electronic health record system and contributed to a total of 40 features. Five ML models: logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine, gradient boosting, and multilayer perceptron were employed to estimate the readmission risk.

Results

The gradient boosting model was selected demonstrated superior performance with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.887 in the internal validation set. Further external validation in hold-out test set and three other medical centers upheld the model's robustness with consistent high AUCs, ranging from 0.852 to 0.879.

Conclusion

The results endorse the integration of ML algorithms in healthcare to enhance patient risk stratification, potentially optimizing clinical interventions, and diminishing the burden of CCU readmissions.
Exploring student preferences for implementing a digital mental health intervention in a university setting: Qualitative study within a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Jackson Hayley M , Gulliver Amelia , Hasking Penelope , Leach Liana , Batterham Philip J , Calear Alison L , Farrer Louise M
Published: August 2024

Objective

Digital interventions can be effective in preventing and treating common mental health conditions among university students. Incorporating student experiences and perspectives in the design and implementation of these programmes may improve uptake and engagement. This qualitative study explored university students’ perspectives of a low-intensity video-based mental health intervention, their recommendations for implementing the programme in university settings, and their views and recommendations to address barriers to engagement.

Methods

Participants (N = 115) were students (mean = 20.63 years, SD = 2.10) with elevated distress from 31 Australian universities drawn from a randomised controlled trial of the Uni Virtual Clinic-Lite (UVC-Lite). Data from students randomised to the intervention condition were collected via semi-structured interviews (n = 12) and open-ended questions during post-intervention surveys (n = 103). Data were analysed using content analysis.

Results

Participants generally reported positive views of the intervention, and most felt it should be offered to students as a universal intervention. Multiple methods of disseminating the intervention were suggested, including through university counselling, official platforms (e.g. student support services) and informal channels (e.g. word-of-mouth promotion). Difficulty integrating the programme into everyday life, pre-existing beliefs about mental health and technology-related factors were highlighted as barriers to engagement.

Conclusion

A low-intensity video-based mental health intervention was generally considered to be acceptable and appropriate for students with mild to moderate distress. Participants provided several suggestions to encourage uptake of the intervention and possible pathways to disseminate the intervention to students. The effectiveness of these should be examined in future trials.
UK Employed Women’s Experiences of Role-control Nuances (Decision Choice; Emotive Willingness) and Emotional-Experience Around Conflicting Work & Life
Authors: Malik Fatima
Published: August 2024

Using role adjustment/boundary management theory, this paper uncovers the nuances of role-control as underexamined phenomena and the emotional consequences, around working women’s conflicts between work and life. Thirty-four semi-structured interviews around 210 captured photographs, enabled active, participant-led, and collaborative data collection leading to in-depth, detailed, and rich insights of women’s experiences. Findings revealed that woman applied various types of role-control negotiations (role-integration; segregation), through different individualised/organisational means. Individualised role-control enabled protection of work through temporal (creating space at different daily-times) and contingent (resource-access) solutions, with negative emotional consequences. Alternatively, role-control accessed through HR organizational policies, underpinned decision-choice and psychological factors (e.g., [un]willingness) based on women’s flexibility in separating from work, for family and personal-time, with also positive emotional consequences. The paper serves an awareness-raising purpose for HR/workplaces, of the not-so-obvious work-life conflict pressures facing women and the need for greater organisational-wide transparency/management awareness of women’s nonwork role-conflict consequences and requirements.
Early Neonatal Mortality and Predictors in Newborns Admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Public Hospitals in Hadiya Zone, Central Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Osamo Kelbore Desta , Ermias Mekango Dejene , Tadesse Arficho Tegegn , Bubamo Bisrat Feleke , Abame Desta Erkalo
Published: August 2024

Background. Despite numerous life-saving measures, neonatal mortality remains high. This research aims to investigate the incidence and predictors of early neonatal mortality among newborns admitted to intensive care units in public hospitals in Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 689 neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Cox proportional hazard regression by STATA was used. Results. This study followed for 3439 person-days found an incidence rate of 16.9 deaths per 1000 person-days. Birth weight [AHR = 4.4, 95% CI; 1.29, 14.94], APGAR score at the fifth minute 4 to 6 [AHR = 0.42, 95% CI; 0.2, 0.87], hypoglycemia [AHR = 8.1, 95% CI; 2.17, 30.43], no treated with oxygen [AHR = 2.6, 95% CI; 1.1, 5.9], and obstetric complications [AHR = 0.41, 95% CI; 0.18, 0.93] predicted early neonatal mortality. Conclusion. The study revealed a high neonatal mortality rate, necessitating increased focus on oxygen treatment for newborns and improved early diagnosis and treatment of obstetric complications.
Fracture predictions in impact three-point bending test of European beech
Authors: Kubík Petr , Šebek František , Hassan Vand Mojtaba , Brabec Martin , Tippner Jan
Published: August 2024

Hardwood has become widespread in European forests. The strongest factor is climate change and damage to conifers by the bark beetle. The effort to study hardwoods grows with increasing volume of applications. Therefore, European beech wood was investigated under two impact loads in two material directions, resulting in four unique combinations supplemented by the measurement of the friction coefficient. Then, it was computationally simulated to reproduce the cracking, while the material model reflected the orthotropic behaviour in elasticity, plasticity and failure. The model was coded using the user subroutine in Abaqus to initiate and propagate the crack using the element deletion. The resulting reaction forces were in good agreement with those from the experiments. Cracking was numerically simulated in three of four cases as experimentally observed, however, upon larger deflections. Therefore, the model is applicable for further investigations.
Game theory elucidates how competitive dynamics mediate animal social networks
Authors: Dubois Frédérique
Published: August 2024

Background

While most game theoretical models assume that individuals randomly interact with all other group members, strong evidence indicates that individuals tend to preferentially interact with some of them. The position of an individual in a network affects, among other factors related to survival, its predation risk and competitive success. Here I then modified the Hawk-Dove game to explore the effect of social network structure on competitive strategy of individuals that differ in their fighting ability and may adjust their use of the Hawk, Dove and Assessor tactics to maximize their foraging success when they meet opponents they are connected with.

Results

From randomly generated networks, I demonstrate that phenotypic assortment by fighting ability reduces individuals’ aggressiveness and, as such, favours cooperative interactions. Furthermore, the success of individuals with the weakest fighting ability is usually highest within networks where they most frequently meet opponents with the same fighting ability as their own, suggesting they might benefit from breaking connections with strong contestants. This might be the case when strong contestants systematically rely on the aggressive Hawk tactic or the risk of being predated is low and independent of the number of neighbours. Thus, I extended the model and built a dynamic model to allow individuals not only to adjust their behaviour to local conditions but also to modify the structure of the social network. The number of connections and degree of phenotypic assortment are then affected by ecological factors (e.g. resources value and predation risk), but above all by whether individuals can reliably assess the competitive ability of their opponents and adjust their behaviour accordingly.

Conclusions

These findings provide strong evidence that behaviour can play a key role in shaping network structure and highlight the importance of considering the coevolution of network and behaviour to apprehend its consequences on population dynamics.
Multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: is there an association or a red flag? A case report and literature review
Authors: Aljthalin Raseel , Albalawi Rawan , Alyahya Atheer , Alhathlool Rawabi , Alhashemi Moustafa
Published: August 2024

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that causes damage to the myelin and axons and is caused by genetic or environmental factors. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by rapidly progressive degeneration of the motor neurons resulting in the presence of upper and lower motor-neuron signs and symptoms.

Case presentation

A 46-year-old female patient presented with symmetrical weakness of the lower limbs and numbness that developed over weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain exhibited typical demyelination features, high signal abnormality involving the periventricular and subcortical white matter, and an oval-shaped lesion. The patient was diagnosed with MS based on the clinical presentation and radiological examination. However, there was rapid progression of the symptoms, involvement of bulbar dysfunction, and muscle atrophy. Furthermore, the patient did not respond to acute therapy and immunotherapy, which made the diagnosis of MS less likely or suggested that it could be associated with another diagnosis. Her neurophysiological test met the criteria of ALS, and she was started on riluzole.

Literature review

We reviewed all articles from 1986 to 2023, and there were 32 reported cases describing the co-occurrence of ALS and MS in different populations. Our case is the 33rd, and to our knowledge, it is the only case reported in the Middle East and specifically in Saudi Arabia. The main proposed mechanism according to postmortem examinations is a combination of degenerative and inflammatory processes with a cascade of production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, which lead to cell death and apoptosis during concomitant ALS with MS.

Conclusion

The co-occurrence of ALS and MS is extremely rare, but it can be explained by pathogenesis related to neurodegeneration, inflammation, or genetic susceptibility. Rapid progressive motor and bulbar symptoms could be red-flag symptoms, extensive evaluation might be needed for these patients.
Dietary supplement use is common in older adult drivers: an analysis from the AAA LongROAD study
Authors: Moran Ryan , Baird Sara , DiGuiseppi Carolyn G. , Eby David W. , Hacker Sarah , Isom Chelsea , Jones Vanya , Lee Kelly C. , Li Guohua , Molnar Lisa J. , Patrick Rudy , Strogatz David , Hill Linda
Published: August 2024

Background

Dietary supplement (DS) use is common and increasing among older adults, though much data available on use frequencies are from surveys and performed cross-sectionally. This paper sought to assess the frequency and pattern of dietary supplement use among older adults over time.

Methods

A secondary analysis of data from the AAA LongROAD study, a longitudinal prospective cohort study of older adult drivers, using data from baseline and the first two years of follow up included a total of 2990 drivers aged 65–79 years recruited at five study sites across the US from July 2015 to March 2017. Participants underwent baseline and annual evaluations, which included a “brown bag” medication review. DS were identified and categorized according to type and key components. Prevalence and pattern of DS use over time and relationship to demographics were measured with frequency and Chi squared analyses.

Results

84% of participants took at least one dietary supplement during the 2-year study period, and 55% of participants continually reported use. DS accounted for approximately 30% of the total pharmacologic-pill burden in all years. Participants who were White non-Hispanic, female, 75–79 years of age at baseline, and on more non-supplement medications took significantly more dietary supplements (P < 0.05). Vitamin D, multivitamins, calcium, and omega-3 formulations were the most common supplements, with stable use over time. Use of individual herbal supplements and cannabis products was uncommon (< 1% participants per year).

Conclusions

DS use among older adults is common and relatively stable over time and contributes to polypharmacy. In clinical settings, providers should consider the influence of DS formulations on polypharmacy, and the associated cost, risk of medication interactions, and effect on medication compliance.
Medical students in distress: a mixed methods approach to understanding the impact of debt on well-being
Authors: Yang Adrienne , Langness Simone , Chehab Lara , Rajapuram Nikhil , Zhang Li , Sammann Amanda
Published: August 2024

Background

Nearly three in four U.S. medical students graduate with debt in six-figure dollar amounts which impairs students emotionally and academically and impacts their career choices and lives long after graduation. Schools have yet to develop systems-level solutions to address the impact of debt on students’ well-being. The objectives of this study were to identify students at highest risk for debt-related stress, define the impact on medical students’ well-being, and to identify opportunities for intervention.

Methods

This was a mixed methods, cross-sectional study that used quantitative survey analysis and human-centered design (HCD). We performed a secondary analysis on a national multi-institutional survey on medical student wellbeing, including univariate and multivariate logistic regression, a comparison of logistic regression models with interaction terms, and analysis of free text responses. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with a sample of medical student respondents and non-student stakeholders to develop insights and design opportunities.

Results

Independent risk factors for high debt-related stress included pre-clinical year (OR 1.75), underrepresented minority (OR 1.40), debt $20–100 K (OR 4.85), debt >$100K (OR 13.22), private school (OR 1.45), West Coast region (OR 1.57), and consideration of a leave of absence for wellbeing (OR 1.48). Mental health resource utilization (p = 0.968) and counselors (p = 0.640) were not protective factors against debt-related stress. HCD analysis produced 6 key insights providing additional context to the quantitative findings, and associated opportunities for intervention.

Conclusions

We used an innovative combination of quantitative survey analysis and in-depth HCD exploration to develop a multi-dimensional understanding of debt-related stress among medical students. This approach allowed us to identify significant risk factors impacting medical students experiencing debt-related stress, while providing context through stakeholder voices to identify opportunities for system-level solutions.
Support provided by outreach team leaders to caregivers of HIV/AIDS orphans in the North-West province of South Africa
Authors: Molato Boitumelo Joy , Moloko-Phiri Salaminah S. , Koen Magdalena P. , Matsipane Molekodi J.
Published: August 2024

Background

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic have left an overwhelming impact on communities worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where its effects on family structures are particularly pronounced. Caregivers of HIV/AIDS orphans encounter challenges in fulfilling their caring duties. Consequently, they rely on the outreach team leaders (OTLs) for support to care for HIV/AIDS orphans.

Aim

This study aimed to explore and describe support provided by OTLs to caregivers of HIV/AIDS orphans in the North West Province of South Africa.

Methods

The exploratory, descriptive, and contextual design meaning the study was conducted was in the contexts where caregivers of HIV/AIDS orphans reside. The study was conducted in five local municipalities in the Ngaka Modiri Molema district of the North West Province of South Africa. Ward-based outreach nurses were participants in the study. Semi-structured focus group interviews were used for data collection. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data. Throughout the study, ethical principles were adhered to. The study also adhered to four trustworthiness principles: credibility, confirmability, transferability, and dependability.

Results

Three main themes emerged from this study: the conduction of home visits to caregivers of HIV/AIDS orphans, the coordination of a multidisciplinary team for support, and the facilitation of support groups.

Conclusions

This study revealed that that caregivers of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS benefitted from the support provided by OTLs in the North West province of South Africa. The support provided by OTLs harnessed positive relationship between caregivers and children orphaned by HIV/AIDS.
An examination of the relationship between risk perceptions, cultural-religious beliefs and coping during COVID-19 pandemic control in South Asian countries: a systematic review
Authors: Memon Rakhshi , Khaliq Ayesha , Ranieri Veronica , Asif Muqaddas , Bhatti Mujeeb Masood , Khan Bilal Ahmad , Chaudhry Nasim , Chauhdry Imran B. , Husain Nusrat , Edwards Sarah J. L.
Published: August 2024

Background

Covid 19 was declared as a public health emergency by the World Health Organisation (WHO) due to its rapid spread and catastrophic effects on health. It affected around 119 M people with mortality rate of 0.27% worldwide, including South-Asians. This review aims to understand the risk perceptions, cultural religious beliefs and the coping mechanisms of South Asians during the Covid 19 pandemic.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The following search engines were used: Medline, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Included studies investigated perceptions and opinions of individuals on knowledge, risk and protective factors, native faith based practices, and attitudes towards the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results

The database search produced 282 articles to screen. The final narrative synthesis included five studies comprising of 13,476 participants from Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Ten studies, comprising 7,893 participants, were eligible and included for meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence with maximum heterogeneity for correct knowledge of symptoms, hand washing or use of sanitizers, face masking use of herbal or traditional remedies and physical distancing or avoidance of contact was reported through meta-analysis.

Conclusion

The review brings forth a useful comparison of individual and cultural differences in KAP, risk perceptions and coping strategies. This review highlights the need for and importance of tailored information dissemination, culturally sensitive risk communication, targeted educational interventions, community engagement and empowerment, policy, and infrastructure improvements, as well as continued research and data collection. By addressing these implications, efforts to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 can be more effective and equitable across diverse populations.

Prospero registration

CRD42021246475.
The pioneer Cluster mission: preparation of its legacy phase near re-entry
Authors: Masson Arnaud , Escoubet C. Philippe , Taylor Matthew G. G. T. , Sieg Detlef , Sanvido Silvia , Abascal Palacios Beatriz , Lemmens Stijn , Sousa Bruno
Published: August 2024

The Cluster mission will always be the first ever multi-spacecraft mission mapping the Earth magnetosphere in three dimensions. Launched in 2000 and originally planned to operate for two years, it has been orbiting Earth for more than two solar cycles. Over the course of its lifetime, its data have enabled the scientific community to conduct pioneer science. Recent scientific highlights will be presented first, followed by the latest scientific objectives that have guided the Cluster mission operations from 2021 until 2024. Early September 2024, one spacecraft of this veteran constellation will re-enter in a controlled manner the Earth’s atmosphere, followed by its companions in 2025 and 2026. As we will see, this will be a unique opportunity to improve the ESA space debris re-entry models. Lastly, preparation of its legacy phase will be presented.

Graphical Abstract
Orthotopic heart transplantation in patient with situs inversus and pectus excavatum: a case report
Authors: Wakasa Satoru , Ooka Tomonori , Sato Takuma , Shingu Yasushige , Kato Nobuyasu , Nagai Toshiyuki , Anzai Toshihisa , Ono Minoru , Matsui Yoshiro
Published: August 2024

Background

Heart transplantation in patients with situs inversus is challenging, especially in terms of reconstruction of the systemic venous return. Several rerouting techniques have been presented but are associated with vulnerability to external compression, which might cause hemodynamic instability, especially in the presence of chest deformity. In this study, we report a rare case of successful heart transplantation in the presence of situs inversus and pectus excavatum.

Case presentation

A 55-year-old man, with a history of surgeries for corrected transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect, was registered for heart transplantation owing to progression of heart failure. Subsequently, he had undergone a left ventricular assist device implantation; 14 years after registration, he underwent transplantation of the heart with normal anatomy. The inferior vena cava was reconstructed by anastomosing the left atria with a counterclockwise rotation of the donor heart and by lengthening the recipient inferior vena cava with a conduit made of the residual right atrial tissue. The superior vena cava was reconstructed using a donor innominate vein harvested with sufficient length. After successful weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, the chest could not be closed because the heart was compressed owing to chest deformity, resulting in hemodynamic instability. Therefore, to exclude the left lung, a left pericardial screen was created using a bovine pericardium, allowing the chest to be closed with acceptable hemodynamics. The patient suffered postoperatively from a higher venous pressure, suggesting an obstruction of venous return early after surgery. The obstruction gradually resolved, and the patient was transferred for rehabilitation.

Conclusions

Heart transplantation in the presence of situs inversus is challenging; moreover, the presence of pectus excavatum further complicates the procedure. The paradoxically larger left lung and chest deformity compressed and impaired reconstructed systemic venous return. Although intrathoracic exclusion of the left lung was effective, an intraoperative or early postoperative thoracoplasty for pectus excavatum was also a viable option. Patient-specific management is mandatory, depending on the anatomy.
Assessment of interleukin-6 and cathepsin-B gene expression in breast cancer women
Authors: Ibrahim Basma A. , Nagdy Eman S. , Nour Eldin Essam , Khalil Alaa M. I. , El-Taher Ahmed K.
Published: August 2024

Background

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women globally. Cysteine protease cathepsin-B has been implicated in various human malignancies and is involved in malignancy progression and metastasis. This study aimed to evaluate the circulating levels of cathepsin-B, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and CA15-3, a cancer antigen, as biomarkers for tumors in women with both localized and metastatic BC. The study employed a case-control design, enrolling 108 participants categorized into three groups: healthy individuals, those with localized BC, and those with metastatic BC. The relative mRNA expression of cathepsin-B in blood samples was assessed using qRT-PCR. Additionally, serum levels of IL-6 and CA15-3 were quantified using ELISA.

Results

The relative mRNA expression of cathepsin-B, IL-6 levels, and CA15-3 levels were significantly higher in metastatic BC cases than in localized BC cases and the control group (p-value < 0.001). A statistically significant positive correlation was also found between cathepsin-B and both IL-6 and CA15-3 (r = 0.905, r  = 0.667, and p < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusions

The findings indicate a strong correlation between the interaction of the proteolytic enzyme cathepsin-B and IL-6 with the unfavorable prognosis of BC. This relationship may serve as a potential indicator and a promising target for therapy in BC treatment.
Could ultrasound alone substitute MR imaging in evaluation of Crohn’s disease complications?
Authors: El-Assaly Hany , Mohamed Asmaa Abdel Baky , Mustafa Hesham Adel Abdel Fattah
Published: August 2024

Background

Crohn’s disease is a chronic disease that causes remitting and relapsing inflammatory episodes in the transmural part of the gastrointestinal system. It usually affects young people. The study sought to establish whether ultrasound can visualize important/useful diagnostic features and complications of the disease in the same way that MR enterography (MRE) can. The study is a prospective cohort of 133 patients of various disease stages (active and in remission) who had previously been seen by a gastroenterologist. All patients underwent abdominal and pelvic ultrasound examinations, with each of the five intestine segments checked independently for thickening and active inflammation. Complications of fistulas, abscesses, and stenosis were evaluated. Findings at MRE together with ileocolonoscopic results were deemed the standard reference.

Results

Ultrasound showed wall stenosis ranging from 5 to 12 mm, with a mean ± SD of 7.73 ± 2.30. A single loop was present in 69.2% of cases. The ileum was the most heavily involved loop portion (66.7%). In 72.9% of patients, stenosis and dilatation were present, whereas 69.7% showed active inflammation. Complications such as fistulas and abscess formation (21.2%) were identified. Ultrasound was found to be an effective tool for detecting stenosis and dilatation in the examined patients, with sensitivity of 84% and 87%, and specificity of 91% and 97%, respectively. A high accuracy of 90.9% was demonstrated for abscess formation.

Conclusions

Ultrasound is a noninvasive method that is comparable to MRI for detecting damaged bowel segments and transmural complications such as bowel strictures, fistulas, and abscesses in Crohn’s disease patients. However, MR imaging is more comprehensive in providing detailed information about the disease's extent and activity.
Rapid growth of calcified amorphous tumor with mitral annulus calcification: a case report
Authors: Ozoe Satoki , Koyama Yutaka , Inagaki Masahiro , Tomita Shinji
Published: August 2024

Background

Calcified amorphous tumor (CAT) of the heart is a rare, non-neoplastic cardiac mass with mitral valves and annuli being the most common sites. The presence of mitral annular calcification (MAC) is associated with an increased risk of stroke or other systemic embolisms. Here, we report a case of CAT showing rapid growth with MAC and investigate the link between the two.

Case presentation

A 71-year-old man presented at our hospital with dyspnea and had been undergoing hemodialysis for 26 years for chronic glomerulonephritis. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed moderate mitral stenosis with bulky MAC. Two months later, the patient developed progressive dyspnea, and follow-up TTE revealed a highly mobile mass (8 × 5 mm) attached to the left ventricular (LV) side of the posterior MAC. He underwent surgery because of congestive heart failure and a high risk of embolization. Surgical inspection revealed that the tumor was attached beneath the P3 segment of the mitral valve on the LV side and was removed. When removing the MAC, toothpaste-like contents drained from the encapsulated mass inside the MAC at the P3 segment, where the tumor was located. After reconstructing the posterior mitral annulus defect with a bovine pericardial patch, mitral valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis, a maze procedure, and left appendage closure were performed. Histopathological examination revealed that the excised tumor contained fibrin and calcium deposits. The mass was diagnosed as a CAT.

Conclusions

CAT may be one of the causes of stroke induced by MAC. Routine follow-up echocardiography should be recommended for patients with MAC, especially those undergoing hemodialysis.
Euglycemic Ketoacidosis From Semaglutide in a Patient Without Diabetes
Authors: Sood Nikhil , Bansal Ojas , Garg Rohini , Hoskote Abhinav
Published: August 2024

Euglycemic ketoacidosis is a medical emergency characterized by euglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and ketonemia. It is a well-recognized adverse event in patients with diabetes taking sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. However, little has been reported about euglycemic ketoacidosis using glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists like semaglutide. We present a case of euglycemic ketoacidosis in a young female without diabetes who was taking semaglutide for weight loss for the last 7 months. She was treated with bicarbonate-containing dextrose infusion, which improved the ketoacidosis rapidly. The incidence of euglycemic ketoacidosis will likely increase with the increasing use of GLP-1 inhibitors, and recognizing the signs and symptoms of this life-threatening condition is essential to treat it effectively. Our literature search identified 1 reported case of euglycemic ketoacidosis in a patient without diabetes associated with tirzepatide but none with semaglutide.
Facilitation of practical work in Natural Sciences: experiences and approaches of junior teachers
Authors: Sikhosana Lettah , Mogale Khutso Charles
Published: August 2024

Background This study delved into the experiences and approaches employed by junior teachers in facilitating practical work in Natural Sciences during the teaching and learning process. In South Africa, Grade 7 marks the final year of primary school education, with learners typically aged between 11 to 13. The researchers noted significant challenges faced by junior Grade 7 teachers in preparing, organizing, and carrying out practical work within the context of teaching and learning in Natural Sciences. Methods In the present study, a qualitative multiple-case study design was employed. Three grade 7 Natural Sciences junior-level teachers were purposefully selected as participants. Data was gathered through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis. Results The study findings revealed that certain grade 7 junior Natural Sciences teachers found it challenging to manage practical work during teaching and learning. Some teachers also faced difficulties in maintaining discipline during practical work and demonstrations, both inside and outside the classroom. To cope with the demands of facilitating practical work in Natural Sciences teaching and learning, teachers employed various approaches, such as group work, observations, demonstrations, illustrations, projects, and inquiry-based scientific investigations. Conclusion It is recommended that teachers should receive professional training on effectively facilitating practical work to support the new teaching and learning methods outlined in the Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement. They should also be equipped with pedagogical content knowledge to help them achieve the goals of practical work in teaching and learning Natural Sciences.
Hormonal Influences on ADC Values in Breast Tissues: A Scoping Review of DWI in Pre- and Post-menopausal Women
Authors: Dkhar Winniecia , Kadavigere Rajagopal , Ravichandran Sneha , Pradhan Abhimanyu , Sukumar Suresh , Barnes Abraham Neil
Published: August 2024

Background Breast cancer remains a significant global health concern, with early diagnosis and risk factor identification crucial for improving outcomes. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) measurements have emerged as promising tools in breast cancer diagnostics. However, the influence of hormonal status on these measurements remains unclear. Objective This scoping review aims to synthesize current evidence on how hormonal changes in pre- and post-menopausal women influence ADC values of benign, malignant, and fibroglandular breast tissues. Method Following the Arksey and O’Malley framework, we conducted a comprehensive search of Scopus, Embase, and PubMed databases for relevant studies published between January 2000 and 2021. Inclusion criteria encompassed 1.5 Tesla MRI studies reporting ADC values in female subjects, considering menopausal status. Results Six studies meeting the inclusion criteria, involving 612 patients, were analyzed. Findings suggest that menopausal status may influence ADC values, with postmenopausal women generally showing lower ADC values in both normal fibroglandular tissue and breast lesions. The impact of menstrual cycle phases on ADC values was less consistent across studies. Conclusions This review highlights the potential influence of hormonal status on ADC values in breast tissues. While DWI with ADC mapping shows promise as a reliable diagnostic tool across different hormonal states, further research is needed to fully understand and account for hormonal influences on ADC measurements. Future studies should focus on longitudinal designs, standardization of DWI protocols, and integration of hormonal status information into breast cancer risk assessment models.
Beneficial effects of alternative methods, with an emphasis on yoga, for patients affected by pain associated with endometriosis
Authors: Kutyła Katarzyna , Marszałek Anna , Choiński Maciej , Wasiewicz-Ciach Paulina , Marzec Marcelina Teresa , Kuczyński Piotr , Wydra-Rojek Aleksandra , Łakoma Aleksandra , Marzec Weronika Zofia , Mokot Wojciech Jan
Published: August 2024

Aim of the study
The aim of this systematic review is to compare studies published since 2017 to evaluate whether yoga and other alternative methods should be recommended to patients with endometriosis and associated pain. As alternative methods, particularly yoga, have gained popularity in recent years, it is crucial for healthcare professionals to ensure that these approaches are scientifically valid. This systematic review examines the effects of practicing different types of yoga and possible advantages of other alternative methods that could be potentially beneficial on pain management for patients suffering form endometriosis. 
Methods
This review synthesizes findings from twenty studies, including randomized controlled trials and observational studies.
ConclusionThe results consistently indicate significant improvements in the quality of life for patients with endometriosis. Yoga, as both a physical and mental practice, appears to be beneficial in managing pain. Although there are some limitations related to study design and variability, the evidence strongly supports the benefits of yoga in managing pelvic pain. Future research should focus on identifying which specific types of yoga practices offer the greatest benefits.