bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combinatorics
Authors: Bloch William Goldbloom
Published: November 2023

We begin with a paean to the modern method of denoting numbers, especially the convention of exponential notation, employed first by Descartes in 1637, then extended over the next few decades, primarily by Napier and Newton. (These days, it’s commonly also called scientific notation.) In one of his most famous works, Archimedes, a singularly brilliant intellect of the classical world, needed approximately 12 pages (in English translation) to create names of numbers and methods of multiplication to produce an upper bound —a maximal estimate, a cap—on the number of grains of sand in the world. By using modern notation, particularly the idea of the exponential, it will take us less than one paragraph to produce an upper bound on the number of grains of sand in the universe. Furthermore, in short order these exponential conventions confer the power to accomplish a task that might well have stymied Archimedes: calculating the precise number of distinct books in the Library.
Information Theory
Authors: Bloch William Goldbloom
Published: November 2023

Information theory is one of the youngest fields in mathematics, essentially born in 1948 when Claude Shannon published “A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” As a discipline, it is still unfolding, still crystallizing into a way to analyze and interpret the world. For the purposes of this book, we’ll say that information theory is the study of the compression and communication of complex information. We consider each book in the Library to be a complex piece of information, and our inquiry takes the form of investigating how a catalogue of the Library might encode information about the content and location of books. Since the story was written while Borges was tasked with cataloguing the collection of the Miguel Cané Municipal Library, questions of this nature may have taken on rich significance for him.
More Combinatorics
Authors: Bloch William Goldbloom
Published: November 2023

Calculating the number of distinct books in the Library, as seen in “Combinatorics: Contemplating Variations of the 23 Letters,” is an example of a straightforward problem with a tidy solution. In this chapter, we do not so much solve a problem as explore how a maximally disordered and chaotic distribution of books in the Library can be seen as a Grand Pattern.
Entire Solutions Blowing Up at Infinity for Elliptic Systems
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we are concerned with entire radially symmetric solutions of logistic-type systems in anisotropic media. In terms of the growth of the variable potential functions, we establish conditions such that the solutions are either bounded or blow up at infinity. An important role in the results we establish in this chapter is played by the properties of the central value set.
Bifurcation and asymptotic analysis: The monotone case
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D
Published: November 2023

An important feature in our analysis concerns the notion of stability, which is viewed in terms of a related linearized problem.
Bifurcation and asymptotic analysis: The nonmonotone case
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D
Published: November 2023

In the framework of the curent chapter, existence and bifurcation results are completely different to those presented in Theorem 5.3.1 in the monotone case. Furthermore, the uniqueness no longer holds in a neighborhood of the bifurcation point λ∗.
‘A Great Shadow over our “Civil Rights”‘: Fighting for the Government
Authors: King Desmond
Published: November 2023

IN February 1940 a Black American, Bernard Randolph, wrote to the NAACP about his failure to join the Army. He was ‘told point-blank that there’s no place for Negroes’ in the Armed Forces. In Randolph’s view, a ‘great shadow is being cast over our “civil rights” by what we have been schooled to revere as our flag. It is a shadow that must be brightened if complete equality in the name of democracy is ever to evolve in our midst.’ The NAACP’s reply assured Randolph that his rejection was far from exceptional:
A Rudimentary Laboratory In A Small Kitchen
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

Golgi was about to turn thirty, an important milestone in anyone’s life, when one is not yet looking backward but when one’s past tends to determine one’s future. This is usually an age when economic security has been achieved, or at least within reach, but for Golgi the financial situation was still precarious and the prospects of a career continued to be obscure. Still, his fascination with research was too intense, and up until that moment, scientific satisfactions were enough to repay the many hours spent in Bizzozero’s laboratory.
The Written Examination Less Painful Than You Think
Authors: Armstrong Kira , Beebe Dean W , C.Hilsabeck Robin , Kirkwood Michael W
Published: November 2023

For those of you who enjoy demonstrating the breadth of your neuropsychological knowledge, get those pocket protectors out, the written exam is your time to shine! For those of you who would rather show off the depths of your clinical acumen, don’t fret, the written exam is still immensely doable. Believe it or not, your clinical knowledge is even going to come in handy at this stage. Be patient too. The time to really show off those clinical skills arrives with the practice sample and oral exam stages, which we will get to just as soon as we notch this written exam in your professional belt. The written exam is no different in form from countless other exams you have taken over the years. It is a closed-book multiple-choice test, made up of 100 questions with a 2-hour time limit. Pediatric and adult-focused practitioners take the same exam, which is designed to evaluate your breadth of clinical neuropsychological knowledge. The exam is not meant to mine the depths of any particular topic area (re-read this sentence 100 times if your studying somehow leads you to the pterygopalatine ganglion!). You can bet that you will find the written exam difficult, but most people actually report that the exam seems fair and that the studying is relevant and useful.
The Practice Sample Showcasing Your Clinical Talents
Authors: Armstrong Kira , Beebe Dean W , C.Hilsabeck Robin , Kirkwood Michael W
Published: November 2023

Now that you have successfully conquered the written exam, the sailing may seem a little smoother from here on out. You cannot coast exactly, but at least you can now focus your efforts on what you do every day . . . evaluate patients, conceptualize cases, and write reports. This is essentially what the practice sample portion of the ABPP/ABCN certification process is all about—show-casing your clinical skills. In theory, next to submitting your credentialing application and materials, it should be one of the least anxiety-provoking parts of the evaluation process, particularly since you have already shown that you possess all the essential training needed to become board certified. However, some people find the thought of other neuropsychologists scrutinizing their written work especially stressful. Fear not! This chapter will help you select your best cases to showcase your neuropsychological skills and talent. In other words, it will help maximize your chances of getting to the oral examination.
Shrews, Moles, And Solenodons Order Soricomorpha
Authors: Reid Fiona A
Published: November 2023

There are 26 genera and about 376 species of shrews. Shrews are found throughout most of the world, but in South America they only reach the northern Andes. Two genera and about 15 species occur in Central America and SE Mexico, mostly in the highlands. Shrews are small, mouselike mammals, with long, pointed snouts and small eyes. They have 5 clawed toes on each foot (unlike mice, which have 4 toes on the front foot). The small, sharp teeth usually have reddish tips and are in a continuous row (in mice there is a large gap behind the incisors). The dental formula is i 3/1, c 1/1, p 3/1 (Sorex) or 2/1 (Cryptotis), m 3/3. Shrews have short, velvety fur that is usually blackish or gray-brown in color. Most shrews have a summer and a winter coat that differ slightly in length and color. Males sometimes have enlarged scent glands on the flanks that appear as hairless ovals; this feature may be helpful in distinguishing the sexes, as the external genitalia are similar in males and females.
Carnivores Order Carnivora
Authors: Reid Fiona A
Published: November 2023

The 15 families of carnivores, with about 286 species in 126 genera, occur worldwide. There is considerable debate on the taxonomy of several groups of carnivores at all levels of classification. Carnivores are adapted to catch and kill animal prey and have teeth designed for tearing and slicing. All but the cats have rear molars designed for crushing. Not all members of the order are strict meat-eaters, however; the 5 families in south- east Mexico and Central America include the omnivorous skunks, raccoons, and foxes (mephitid, procyonid, and canid families) and fruit specialists such as the Kinkajou (procyonid family). The largest and smallest carnivores in the region, Jaguar (felid fam- ily) and Long-tailed Weasel (mustelid family), are both strictly carnivorous and can kill prey larger than their body size.
Odd-toed ungulates Order Perissodactyla
Authors: Reid Fiona A
Published: November 2023

There are 3 families of odd-toed ungulates: tapirs, horses, and rhinoceroses. Although perissodactyls are externally similar to the artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates), the 2 or- ders may not be each other’s nearest relatives. Some authors suggest that the closest living relative to the odd-toed ungulates in Central America may be the West Indian Manatee (Fischer and Tassy, 1993). Tapirs are the only members of the order that include living species native to the New World.
Whales, Dolphins, and porpoises Order Cetacea
Authors: Reid Fiona A
Published: November 2023

Cetaceans are aquatic mammals that breathe air and suckle their young. As a result of modifications associated with life in water, they are fishlike in form. Many dolphins have upright, sharklike dorsal fins; however, the tail of a dolphin is flattened horizontally, whereas a shark’s tail is vertical. Unlike fish, cetaceans breathe through blowholes (nos- trils) located on the top of their head. Whales and dolphins do not resemble other orders of mammals, but are related to artiodactyls (progenitors of modern ungulates), based on similar fossil ancestors and other evidence. Cetaceans are divided into 2 major groups, the toothed whales (suborder Odontoceti) and the baleen whales (suborder Mysticeti).
The Therapeutic Process: An Overview
Authors: Barish Kenneth
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, I have presented an emotion-based perspective on optimal and pathological development in childhood. From this perspective, psychological health is characterized by a predominance of positive emotions and positive expectations—an expansion of thoughts and fantasies (or scripts, or beliefs) associated with the affects of interest, excitement, joy, pride, and love. In emotional health, the child develops the capacity to bounce back from emotional injuries and restore a positive feeling about herself and her future. We call this emotional resilience, or psychological immunity.
History of Sudoku
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

The Sudoku puzzle is derived from an offshoot of the magic square, called the Latin square, that was created by the great mathematician Leonhard Euler in 1783. The Sudoku was the invention of an American architect from Indianapolis, Howard Garns, in 1979. It appeared in the Dell puzzle magazine where it was called Number Place, and it is still called that today in that magazine. The originator was determined by some detective work by Will Shortz, the puzzle editor of the New York Times. Nobody at the magazine now was there in 1979 or knew what had occurred then, and the magazine had not attached Garns’s name to the puzzles. Shortz examined the list of contributors in issues when the Number Place puzzle appeared and found that the name Howard Garns was listed with the contributors but was absent whenever that puzzle did not appear. He was able to confirm his evidence with Garns’s associates at his architectural firm who witnessed him creating the puzzles. Unfortunately, Garns died in 1989 before his puzzle had achieved its worldwide popularity (Hayes [18]).
Magic Squares Terminology
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

Antimagic squares A particular case of heterosquares, where the addition of each number on each row, column, and two diagonals gives numbers that form a consecutive sequence of 2(n + 1) integers, where n is the order of the square. Associated magic square A magic square where all pairs of cells diametrically equidistant from the center of the square equal the sum of the first and last terms of the sequence, or n2 + 1 (Heinz [97]). It is also called symmetrical or center-symmetric. Bent column A line that starts at the top middle to right of the square, goes down at an angle of 45◦ until the middle of the left side of the square, then it bends back at an angle of 90◦ until it reaches the bottom of the square. If the lines are bent left, they have the shape of a less than sign (<) as shown in Figure 10.29. The shape of a greater than (>) sign results if the lines start top middle to right, then are bent to the right, as shown in Figure 10.31.
Fallacy 2: Wealth Equals Health
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

Every college student who studies statistics is told that correlation is not causation. In other words, just because Y and Z correlate with each other, we cannot assume that Y causes Z or that Z causes Y. Both are possibilities, but it is also possible that the correlation is random, or that some third agent, X, is causing both Y and Z. For instance, the weather correlates with the seasons, but no one would say that the weather causes the seasons.
Fallacy 6: We Are Worth More than Our Children
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

Discounting in the long-latency context is an empirical question of people’s time preferences; it does not raise any substantial moral issues. Discounting in the future-generations context, however, is very different. Deciding how much to spend today in order to reduce environmental risks for future generations is not a question of time preferences for any group of people, but is an allocation question between people living at different times. Fundamentally, such allocation decisions are moral.
Fallacy 7: People Value Only What They Use
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the use of existence value as a technique for assigning value to environmental preservation. Existence value is the value people assign to natural resources, such as the Grand Canyon and endangered species, even if they never “use” those resources. Environmentalists tend to favor the use of existence value—equally predictably, their opponents have sought to discredit existence value and the stated-preference surveys usually used to measure it. This chapter argues that it is incorrect to believe that people can value only what they use, and that, therefore, regulatory benefits for important preservation programs will be seriously understated if existence value is not counted.
Fallacy 8: Industry Cannot Adapt
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

Earlier chapters focused largely on how regulatory benefits should be measured—whether life-years rather than lives should be used; whether benefits to future generations should be discounted or not. This, the final of the eight chapters discussing the fallacies of cost-benefit analysis, turns from the benefit side of the equation to the cost side and argues against the idea that industry cannot adapt to new regulations. Cost-benefit analysis, by assuming that industry does not respond to regulations by finding the cheapest possible way to comply, has traditionally overestimated the cost of compliance—in some cases quite significantly.
What Is a Disability? What Is a Learning Disability?
Authors: Mapou Robert L
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents ideas, concepts, and definitions that form the foundation for evaluation of adults with learning disabilities and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). First, the distinction between a learning disability as a neuropsychological concept and a learning disability as a condition that warrants accommodation from a legal standpoint is introduced. This includes the earliest known definition of a learning disability, which drove service provision and research starting in the 1970s, and the broad definition of a disability under the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Next, the chapter focuses on definitions of learning disabilities that have been used for children, a discussion of their limitations, a definition that is better for adults, and the author’s proposed definition for adults. The population that fits into the category “adults with learning disabilities or ADHD,” which is the subject of this book, is defined. The chapter concludes with an outline of the types of learning disabilities that are covered in this book. The typology is largely based on research conducted with children.
Accommodations and Interventions
Authors: Mapou Robert L
Published: November 2023

Because the focus of this book is on assessment, this chapter only briefly touches upon accommodations and interventions. However, no report is complete without detailed recommendations for the client, despite the fact there is limited research on the effectiveness of accommodations and interventions in adults. As noted earlier in the book, many referrals for assessment of adult learning disabilities and ADHD are geared toward documenting the need for accommodations. Thus, accommodations are covered first and include those for students and for individuals in the workplace. Interventions that can help treat the learning disability or ADHD are described next. These interventions include assistive technology and software, medication, evidence-based programs to improve reading, tutoring, coaching, psychotherapy, and self-development. The chapter concludes with additional evaluations or consultations that are sometimes needed following neuropsychological evaluation.
Fantasy And Reality: A Primer On Media And Social Construction
Authors: Dill Karen E
Published: November 2023

Right now, at this moment in history, Americans are having a love affair with mass media. While this romance is sometimes sublime, as with many affairs of the heart, many of us are still seeing the object of our affections through rose-colored glasses, unable to acknowledge the flaws that may end up hurting us. On the other hand, the reason we fell in love with the mass media in the first place is understandable. It’s like one of those relationships where the chemistry is good, so we ignore those niggling problems that are always in the background. We know we should do something about it, but we just keep muddling through, hoping for the best. But if this is going to be the kind of relationship that adds to who we are, rather than one that does more harm than good, the relationship is going to need work.
Classification
Authors: Blashfield Roger K , Keeley Jared W , Burgess Danny R
Published: November 2023

Diagnosis is simple. Diagnostic systems, generally called classifi cations, are lists of terms for conventionally accepted concepts that are used to describe psychopathology. Within the broad framework of classifi cation, there are three different processes for which specifi c names can be assigned. Classification, when the term is used specifi cally, refers to the activity of forming groups.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Steiger Howard , Bruce Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Eating disorders (EDs) are polysymptomatic syndromes, defi ned by maladaptive attitudes and behaviors around eating, weight, and body image but typically accompanied by disturbances of selfimage, mood, impulse regulation, and interpersonal functioning. In this chapter, we outline the defi ning features of the EDs, provide a brief historical perspective, and review fi ndings on ED epidemiology and comorbid psychopathology. We also provide an overview on factors thought to act in ED etiology. We then elaborate a multidimensional (biopsychosocial) perspective on ED causality that attempts to account for some of the more salient aspects of ED phenomenology.
Obsessive—Compulsive and Negativistic Personality Disorders
Authors: Mccann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

Contemporary clinicians and researchers have begun to identify several themes that tie the wellestablished obsessive–compulsive and recently proposed negativistic personality disorder together. Both conditions have created confusion in the labels utilized to describe them.
The First Stoics
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

Zeno (333–261 bc) was the first Stoic. (And by Zeno, I mean Zeno of Citium, not to be confused with Zeno of Elea, who is famous for a paradox involving Achilles and a tortoise, or with any of the seven other Zenos mentioned by Diogenes Laertius in his biographical sketches.) Zeno’s father was a merchant of purple dye and used to come home from his travels with books for Zeno to read. Among them were philosophy books purchased in Athens. These books aroused Zeno’s interest in both philosophy and Athens.
Social Relations
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

The Stoics, it should by now be clear, are faced with a dilemma. If they associate with other people, they run the risk of having their tranquility disturbed by them; if they preserve their tranquility by shunning other people, they will fail to do their social duty to form and maintain relationships. The question for the Stoics, then, is this: How can they preserve their tranquility while interacting with other people? The Stoics thought long and hard about this question. In the process of answering it, they developed a body of advice on how to deal with other people.
Old Age
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

As a college professor, I spend my days around twenty-year-olds. Many of them, I have found, are convinced that the world will be their oyster. They think they will be rock stars, either literally or figuratively speaking. (It is understandable that they would think this. What perplexes me is their belief that, as rock stars, they will find profound and lasting happiness. They need, perhaps, to follow the entertainment news more closely.) These twentysomethings aren’t willing to settle for “mere tranquility” when there is so much else to be had: a perfect boyfriend, girlfriend, or spouse, a perfect job, and the love and admiration of all those around them. For them, Stoicism sounds like a philosophy for losers, and they aren’t losers.
Dying
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

What makes old age a miserable thing, Musonius says, usually isn’t the frailty or sickness that accompanies it; rather, it is the prospect of dying.1 And why are people, both young and old, disturbed by the prospect of dying? Some are disturbed because they fear what might come after death. Many more, though, are disturbed because they fear that they have mislived—that they have, that is, lived without having attained the things in life that are truly valuable. Death, of course, will make it impossible for them ever to attain these things.
California’s Pioneering Role
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah
Published: November 2023

Leadership and innovation are key to curtailing carbon emissions and stabilizing climate change. Neither automakers, oil companies, nor consumers are likely to lead the way, at least on their own, so it falls to governments and entrepreneurs to spur action in the right direction. For a model of how this might happen, we need look no further than California. California is at the forefront of innovation and is focusing increasingly on the fight against global warming.

California’s reach extends far beyond its borders. It spurred the last two major global industrial revolutions (in information technology and biotechnology), has more top-rank universities than any other region, and is home to the Hollywood-based entertainment industry that projects American culture to the rest of the world. California exports goods, but perhaps more influential is its export of car-based cities and lifestyles. It has more people, cars, energy use, and carbon emissions than any other state in the Union, and most other nations.

When it comes to cars and oil, California has been an innovator and entrepreneur—though not always for the best. A positive view is that all the pieces are in place for California to create a low-carbon energy and transportation system and to lead other states and nations in doing the same. It has visionary political leaders, experienced government agencies, accomplished research institutions, technically sophisticated entrepreneurs, a large venture capital community, and environmentally savvy consumers and voters.
Stimulating Chinese Innovation
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah
Published: November 2023

In late 2007, China surpassed the United States as the single largest contributor of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. If this trend continues, China will increase its production of CO2 emissions at a rate faster than that of all the affluent countries of the world put together. Transportation and coal sources are responsible for a significant portion of these emissions, and their share will grow as China’s citizens are increasingly able to afford their own cars and coal is converted to liquid transportation fuels (and used for other energy purposes).

The automobile is at the heart of China’s economic growth and modernization. The Chinese government designated cars a pillar industry in 1994, with remarkable results. Since the start of the new millennium, growing wealth has led to soaring car use that’s remaking cities and lifestyles. If China follows America’s car-centric model, it could by itself add another billion cars in the twenty-first century. These conventional cars would consume vast amounts of energy, dump billions of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, exacerbate social tensions, and demand massive new investments in roads. The result could be catastrophic for China and the world.
Driving toward Sustainability
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah
Published: November 2023

GM’s Futurama ride was the hit attraction of the 1939 New York World’s Fair. It depicted “an infinitely better place in which to live” 20 years in the future. Visitors were conveyed in moving chairs as if flying in an airplane over miniaturized dioramas of a paradise of industrial centers, towering cities, vast suburbs, and pristine forests, mountains, lakes, and rivers, all linked together by one thing—the car. Cars whizzed along automated expressways through cities and across the countryside. The people who visited Futurama in 1939 had never considered a future like this. Only one in four owned a car, and there was no interstate freeway system. But they left the exhibit with subliminal instructions from GM: build the highways with your tax dollars, buy the cars we manufacture, and all your dreams will come true.

Bolstered by a lot of lobbying, GM’s prophetic vision of a vast network of highways was soon realized. In 1956, the U.S. Interstate Highway program was launched, and 46,000 miles of high-speed, limited-access expressways eventually crisscrossed the nation. It transformed America.
Overcoming Hopelessness: Escape From Darkness
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

Dante Alighieri spent the last 13 years of his life (1308–1321) in exile, banished from his beloved Florence. It was during this period that he crafted his epic masterpiece, The Divine Comedy. Hailed as “the greatest single poem ever written,” it is a journey that spans Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise, an allegory representing “the soul’s struggle to find God” after descending into the deepest regions of hell.

At the start of his journey, Dante found himself on a “deep and savage road.” As he entered the “Inferno,” “the city of woes,” he gazed skyward, where over the portal of hell he saw inscribed the words, “Abandon all hope, you who enter here.” But with the aid of his guide, the ever-confident Virgil, he found his way back to paradise.

Dante’s “Inferno” provides an excellent backdrop for this chapter on hopelessness. His portrayal of hell featured nine “circles,” spiritual “torture chambers” containing little air, yet plenty of fire and ice. Within each realm, the dead were subjected to unique and insidious forms of torment.
What Illnesses Do Psychiatrists Treat?
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Psychiatric disorders reflect dysfunction of the human mind and behavior and are diagnosed according to specific criteria. As noted in Chapter 1, dysfunction of the human mind results in symptoms in three primary spheres: thinking (cognition), emotion (meaning), and motivation (ability to set and achieve goals). These disorders can also produce a variety of physical (or “neurovegetative”) symptoms that include changes in appetite, sleep, sexual function, and energy level, among others. Some people develop symptoms suggestive of other medical or neurological disorders, such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, pain, and memory disturbances. Additionally, patients with serious medical and neurological disorders can develop psychiatric disorders (e.g., people with diabetes are prone to develop depression), with adverse effects likely affecting the outcome of both conditions.
Who Are Psychiatrists and What Do They Actually Do?
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about psychiatrists themselves—about how they are trained and how their training clearly distinguishes them from other mental health professionals, such as clinical psychologists or social workers, and prepares them for their practice as physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. We will also describe the nature of that practice and the various challenges and complications that psychiatrists encounter in the care of patients with psychiatric illness. In other words, because there is considerable misunderstanding in the general public, including among many patients and families, about the role that psychiatrists play in the mental health world, we believe it will be helpful to describe in some detail who they are and what they do.
Psychotherapies and Lifestyle Interventions
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Psychiatrists and mental health professionals use a variety of methods to treat patients with psychiatric disorders. In the previous chapter, we discussed psychotropic medications. In the next chapter, we will discuss brain stimulation methods, such as electroconvulsive therapy. These are not the only weapons available, and other forms of treatment, including various forms of talk therapy (psychotherapy) and lifestyle interventions, can be extremely valuable in achieving optimal outcomes. An important principle to remember is that no one treatment is appropriate for all patients; effective care must be tailored to the needs of the individual patient. As we have noted previously, there are no cures for psychiatric disorders. However, there is considerable hope and opportunity for improvement in the outcome of these disorders, including by mechanisms through which patients can alter their own thinking and lifestyle to gain control over their symptoms. In this sense, psychiatric care is a bit like rehabilitative medicine where physicians work with a team of other health care providers to help patients with chronic and at times debilitating illnesses function at the highest level possible. A good portion of rehabilitative care is directed toward controlling symptoms and helping patients manage their lives as independently as they can.
Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

The term ‘estuary’ is derived from the Latin aestuarium (aestus-tidal flow), which refers to a tidal inlet of the sea. Estuaries have been defined in many ways. One of the most widely used definitions was provided by Pritchard, who described them as partly enclosed bodies of water, freely connected to the open sea, within which sea water is measurably diluted with river water (Pritchard 1967a). This definition, which is based on the salinity of the water, extends the use of the term ‘estuary’ to include a variety of coastal re-entrants, including lagoons formed by a chain of barrier islands.
Understanding the Rise in Homelessness and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Takahashi Lois M
Published: November 2023

Community opposition is an increasingly common phenomenon across the United States. In Sacramento, the State of California’s capital city, a Loaves & Fishes dining hall feeding 1,000 homeless persons each day encountered vehement opposition by local businesses. The privately funded charity was sued by the City, which accused it of zoning violations (Warren 1997). Local business persons were upset about what they perceived were the ‘hordes of homeless people who litter, trespass, deal drugs and otherwise pollute the ambiance downtown’ (Warren 1997: A3).
HIV/AIDS, Homelessness, and Communities of Colour
Authors: Takahashi Lois M
Published: November 2023

Given the rising significance of homelessness and HIV/AIDS among communities of colour, it is not surprising that in these communities, there are varied responses-some address the fall-out of these two social crises and work towards prevention, and others attempt to keep these issues from permeating further into these communities. Attempts to prevent home lessness and HIV/AIDS from further affecting communities of colour have included passive efforts (such as denial that such issues are significant) and more active practices (such as community opposition of proposed human service facilities).
The foundation technologies
Authors: Kainz Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

Geospatial infrastructures only function effectively when reliable and efficient computing and communication technologies are in place. Increasingly large databases have to be linked for the transfer of data or to provide a basis for inter-operability of heterogeneous software and hardware systems. Many of these technologies have resulted from military research and applications, with the Internet as perhaps the best known example. Together with the World Wide Web they currently form the most widely used vehicles for geospatial infrastructures.
Crops, Tools, and Soft Technology
Authors: Denevan William M
Published: November 2023

The focus of this study is on the visible landscape features created by or for cultivation. As background, however, I first provide a brief listing and description of the associated aspects of indigenous agricultural technology in South America—the crops grown, the tools used, and soft technology or nonlandscaping techniques of cultivation, such as fertilization and crop rotation. These aspects will be elaborated on in subsequent chapters where appropriate.
Pre-European Riverine Cultivation
Authors: Denevan William M
Published: November 2023

In the Handbook of South American Indians, Julian Steward (1948: 886) stated that: ‘the important ecological differences were those between water-front and hinterland peoples ... The differences were in resources, and these partly determined population density and community size.’ Meggers’ 1971 (also 1996) Amazonia book is organized on the basis of várzea and terrafirme distinctions. The same emphasis is made by Lathrap (1968a; 1968b; 1970), Roosevelt (1980), Denevan (1966b; 1976), D. J. Wilson (1999: 63-5, 169-71, l 76), and others. A riverine concentration of settlement is supported by archaeology and ethnohistory, although both are meager.
Pre-European Forest Cultivation
Authors: Denevan William M
Published: November 2023

The forms of Amazonian Indian forest farming examined in Chapters 4 and 5 are mostly recent. It is tempting to believe that pre-European field practices were similar; however, we do not know this. We can only speculate as to what fields may have been like, based on limited evidence. A common assumption is that shifting cultivation was the dominant form of prehistoric cultivation, with forms of intensive (permanent or semipermanent) agriculture being absent or rare (Meggers 1957; 1993-5; 1995; Steward and Faron 1959: 292; Willey 1971: 339; D. J. Wilson 1999: 63). However, there is no archaeological method that I know of that can conclusively demonstrate the presence of shifting cultivation.1 Nor is there an ‘archaeological signature’ to indicate even relative cropping to fallow ratio (Killion 1990: 192).
Irrigated Fields
Authors: Denevan William M
Published: November 2023

The Andean mountains are mostly arid, with high elevations and often poor soils. The adjacent Pacific Coast from southern Ecuador to central Chile is one of the driest deserts on earth. The eastern Andes north of Argentina have torrential rainfall, montane tropical forest, and some of the most precipitous terrain in the hemisphere. Nevertheless, the Andean region in prehistoric times witnessed intensive forms of cultivation that supported locally dense populations and complex states and civilizations. Much of this agriculture involved irrigation and terracing or, on many mountain sides, a combination of both. The forms of Andean irrigation are highly diverse, complex, and innovative, reflecting sophisticated water-management skills (Ortloff 1993; 1995).
The Titicaca Raised Fields
Authors: Denevan William M
Published: November 2023

The prehistoric reclamation of wetlands for agriculture in the New World was practiced not only in the tropical lowlands but also by the large states in the mountain basins of Mexico and the Andes. The largest concentration of highland raised fields is in the region of Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia at 3,800 to 3,900m above sea level. These fields are of pre-Inca origin and were a major source of food for the Tiwanaku civilization. Their existence helps to substantiate other indications of a dense pre-Colombian Indian population in the region. They are now used mainly for pasture, but efforts are being made to revive them. Today, only the higher and drier parts of the lake plain are cultivated.
Legal Literature at the Time of the Reception
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

The circulation of Romanistic legal literature in Germany from the pre reception of canon and secular law in the High and late Middle Ages onwards was surprisingly wide, as recent research has shown. Its libraries already held rich manuscript collections of works by Italian and French legists as well as canonists, but Germany quite soon produced its own literature-scholarly glosses on the Corpus’ and native law, primers, vocabularies, books of forms, admittedly of a somewhat provincial cast, and even some original studies of the law books of Justinian. Such production continued smoothly into the Reception proper, the only difference being that there was much more of it, particularly of popular writing in German; this was in response to the demand stimulated by the rapid increase in secular courtwork and commercial law as the Reception progressed, a demand which could be met only by printed books. So whereas the pre-reception had to depend on manuscripts, which provide us with the evidence for it, the Reception itself was dominated by print, which helped it on its way. Just as printing paved the way for the revolutions in religion, politics, and literature from the late fifteenth century onwards, so it was critical for the full effect of the Reception. Printing rendered the written word accessible to the people, and formed public opinion in the bourgeoisie, artisanate, and even peasantry, no less ready then than now to believe whatever they saw in print. Only scholars and the elite attended lectures or read manuscripts-almost invariably couched in the hallowed language of Western learning, as they continued to be for a long time-but the medium of printed books in the vernacular allowed the broad middle classes to acquire some little knowledge of Roman law.
Precursors and Founders of the Law of Reason
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

The luminaries of legal science at most periods in European history have generally been university men. This is not true of those who set the stage for the Law of Reason (and consequently for European intellectual development in general). Until the Reformation, universities throughout Europe had a great deal in common. This came to an end with the schism in faith. Catholic universities after the Counter-Reformation were mainly training institutions under Jesuit control, highly disciplined and often quite productive in research; in the Lutheran territories, universities were of the kind founded by Melanchthon, places of humanist education for civil servants and clerics within the state; only the Protestant universities of The Netherlands, Switzerland, France, and western Germany (Heidelberg and Marburg) offered any forum for free-thinking, and this ceased to be true of French universities after the Huguenots were worsted, and of Heidelberg when the Wittelsbachs came to power there.
The Consent of the Governed
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: November 2023

That political authority is properly founded on the consent of the governed has, at least since the seventeenth century, seemed almost truistic. We turn naturally to consent, not only because of its centrality in the democratic tradition, but also because consenting is a common and normal way of binding ourselves. The power to do so is one which we might legitimately want to have; to justify it is to explain why. The problem of political authority is whether there are any valid reasons for wanting to be able to bind ourselves to the state. The structure of consent-based arguments for authority is thus radically different from that of contractarian or conventionalist ones which attempt to show that authority is necessary or particularly useful in establishing and securing valuable forms of social order. They fail because the link is very much weaker than their proponents hold. In contrast, consent theory posits a more direct connection based on the appealing view that the free and informed consent of rational persons binds them to obey.
Hedley Bull, 1932-1985
Authors: Miller J D B
Published: November 2023

Hedley Norman Bull was born in Sydney on 10 June 1932, the third child of Joseph Norman and Doris Bull. His father, who came from a family with a commercial background, was an insurance broker. His mother’s maiden name of Hordern was a famous one for many years in the retail trade and the pastoral life of New South Wales. The Bull family home, first at Burwood and then at Strathfield, was a stable and conservative one. Hedley went to Fort Street High School, one of the most prominent in the New South Wales state system, where he took part in debating and dramatics. He finished with a good pass at the Leaving Certificate in 1948-including First Class Honours in history, a subject which was to inform and shape his mind, and continue to be one of his dominant interests. From 1949 to 1952 Hedley Bull was an undergraduate in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Sydney. Initially he intended to do both arts and law, but abandoned law to concentrate on history and philosophy. In these he obtained Honours in 1952, First Class in philosophy and Second in history. He led a boisterous social life, continued with debating, launched a short-lived Sydney University Political Science Association, edited the Arts Faculty journal Arna, and wrote often in the student newspaper Honi Soit; but it was what he learnt from John Anderson that mattered most.
On the Civil Condition
Authors: Oakeshott Michael
Published: November 2023

I. In this essay I shall attempt to identify and go some distance in theorizing what I shall call the civil condition or civil relation ship. This is an ideal character. The civil condition, as I shall use the expression, is not an association of ascertainable persons identifiable in respect of a place and a time, by the signs it uses to recognize itself, or specifiable in terms of common beliefs or of its own rules and arrangements. It is a certain mode of association, one among others. It necessarily excludes relationships contradictory of itself (as friendship excludes enmity); but while it is distinct from relationships contrary to itself, it does not exclude persons who enjoy those relationships. I shall call it the relation ship of civility.
Coal, Capitalism, and the State
Authors: Parnell Martin F
Published: November 2023

Fundamental to an understanding of the evolution of the German coal industry, is an appreciation of the dichotomy between ownership and control-control is normally associated with ownership, but not necessarily so.1 Change, growth, and decline in the structure, organization, and output of the German coal industry are associated with many, sometimes dramatic, changes in control, with fewer, less pervasive, changes in ownership. Yet at no time has the full nationalization of the whole industry, through the vesting of ownership in a state corporation, been seriously contemplated by government.
The Rise Before the Fall, 1945-1957
Authors: Parnell Martin F
Published: November 2023

In April 1945 British and American troops entered the Ruhr, and on 8 May 1945 German troops unconditionally surrendered to the Allied Powers. In a joint declaration of 5 June the four Allies assumed ultimate state authority in Germany. In the Western zones two problems weighed heavier than the actual level of wartime destruction of industrial capacity: the totally disrupted and disorganized transport network and the need to feed, clothe, and shelter not only the indigenous population, but also the huge number of refugees and expellees from the Eastern zones. The mining industry’s housing stock had suffered particularly badly. Of 311,362 dwellings, 237,492 had either been destroyed or damaged. Underground workings had been largely spared, but above ground installations had been severely affected, especially cokeries, by-products works, and, above all, colliery companies’ power plant. Although the number of employees had remained substantially unaltered: 297,000 in 1936 (FRG area),1 and 276,192 (Ruhr), in 1945 their productivity had fallen substantially for two reasons.
Coal in Acute Crisis, 1958-1969
Authors: Parnell Martin F
Published: November 2023

The winter of 1957-8 brought a totally unforeseen slump in the coal market. The general slow-down in economic growth particularly affected the highly susceptible iron and steel industry, which sharply reduced its demand for coke while the exceptionally mild winter reduced general demand for coal. Many consumers were bound to take American coal because of the recently signed long-term contracts and the availability of cheap American coal within the wider ECSC market also substantially reduced demand, especially since West European consumers were not obliged to accept coal which German suppliers had hitherto been bound to deliver under delivery plans which came to an end on 31 March 1958.