bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Construct Validity of the Japanese Version of the Interpersonal Relationship Inventory
Authors: Sumi Katsunori
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the psychometric characteristics of the three network function subscales (Social Support, Conflict, and Reciprocity) in the Japanese version of the Interpersonal Relationship Inventory. Data from Japanese college students (250 women and 218 men) were analyzed to estimate internal consistency (αs = .93–.96) and test-retest reliability ( rs = .69–.74). To assess construct validity, correlations between scores on the inventory and measures of social support, loneliness, and stress were performed. Results indicated that the Japanese version of the inventory was valid and reliable.
Knowledge and Imagery of Contractile Mechanisms Do Not Improve Muscle Strength
Authors: Lorenzo Julie , Ives Jeffrey C. , Sforzo Gary A.
Published: August 2011

Improving performance in strength tasks requires modifications characteristic of motor skill learning, such as more efficacious motor-unit firing behavior. Because domain-specific knowledge is integral to learning and performing motor skills, the present purpose was to examine selected factors of strength-specific knowledge and effects they might have on acquiring strength. Following baseline testing for maximal strength on a knee-extension task, participants were matched by sex and strength and placed into control ( n = 8) and treatment ( n = 8) groups. Quadriceps muscle electromyographic data were also collected. The treatment group underwent two educational sessions detailing muscle physiology, neural control of muscle force, and imagery training using this knowledge. The control group underwent two educational sessions about health and fitness. Following the educational sessions the participants were retested for strength. Analysis indicated that the education and imagery treatment had no effect on strength, nor did electromyographic measures indicate that the treatment group benefitted from intervention. It was concluded that the knowledge was simply not relevant to knee extension-force production or that use of the knowledge involved a disadvantageous internal focus of attention away from relevant task demands.
Seriousness of Traffic Accidents during Work and Commuting
Authors: Salminen Simo
Published: August 2011

This study examined the seriousness of traffic accidents that happened either on work errands or during commuting. The article was based on three independently gathered data sets, of which two were based on compensation claims to the insurance companies ( N = 2,050 and N = 17,108) and one on the interviews of victims ( N = 328). The traffic accidents at work led to a major injury or death more often than the commuting accidents. On the other hand, the work-related traffic accidents were less serious than the leisure-time traffic accidents. One explanation could be that heavy vehicles used during the working hours protected the drivers of these vehicles.
National Estimates of IQ and Suicide and Homicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Nations with high estimated mean IQ scores had higher suicide rates and lower homicide rates after control for gross domestic product was introduced, significantly in 1970 but not in 1980
Development of Carefulness and Quickness Observed for a Tray-Carrying Task
Authors: Kokubun Mitsuru , Ozawa Keiko , Okuzumi Hideyuki , Koike Toshihide , Haishi Koichi , Kitajima Yoshio , Hosobuchi Tomio
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the developmental change in performance of groups of children instructed to behave carefully and quickly in a tray-carrying task. The subjects were 69 nonhandicapped children from a kindergarten, ages 3–4 to 6 years, and 20 adult students who volunteered. Subjects were instructed to carry as fast as they could a tray with a glass of water for 3 m without a spill. The amounts of water spilled and the times taken were measured. The amounts of water spilled were hardly different within groups of children of the same ages or between age groups. But the times were different among groups: the younger ones took longer, and the difference in time between tray-carrying and normal walking was greatest for the youngest group. Children could carry the tray as carefully as adults but could not do so quickly. The nature of the representation of the instruction in relation to the behavior of children and the difference in strategy to guarantee carefulness between children and the adults are discussed.
Laterality Effects in Perceived Spatial Location of Hallucination-Like Voices
Authors: Hunter Michael D. , Smith Jessica K. , Taylor Nita , Woods William , Spence Sean A. , Griffiths Timothy D. , Woodruff Peter W. R.
Published: August 2011

Aydin and colleagues reported a reversal of physiological ‘right-ear advantage' in a group of right-handed patients with schizophrenia, using an auditory acuity test. In schizophrenia, auditory hallucinations may appear to be spatially located inside or outside the patient's head. Here we show, using virtual acoustic space techniques, that normal right-handed subjects have a right-ear advantage for correctly locating the ‘source' of hallucination-like voices as from either inside or outside the head. We propose a model for understanding lateralised, external hallucinations in schizophrenia based upon reversal of normal cortical asymmetry for auditory spatial processing.
Caution in Interpreting Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Group Environment Questionnaire: A Response to Sullivan, Short, and Cramer (2002)
Authors: Brawley Lawrence R. , Carron Albert V.
Published: August 2011

Reasons for cautious interpretation of the confirmatory factor analysis of the Group Environment Questionnaire by Sullivan, Short, and Cramer (2002) are specified.
Speakers' Knowledge of Word Meanings: Stable and Perfect?
Authors: Nagata Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

This study explored whether the actual state of speakers' knowledge of word meanings is as stable and perfect as Chomsky has claimed. 73 speakers of Japanese (11 men and 62 women, M age = 20.6 yr.) each engaged in two tasks, one of defining the meanings of function words and content words and the other of creating a short sentence involving one of these words. Some speakers did a meaning-definition task first and then a sentence-creation task, while others did these tasks in reverse order. Use-dependent definition as an index of insufficient knowledge of word meanings was examined. Findings showed this type of definition occurred more often for the function words than for the content words and that it also occurred more often when the speakers performed the sentence-creation task before the meaning-definition task. The findings suggest that the actual state of speakers' knowledge of word meanings is not as stable not as perfect as Chomsky has claimed.
Comparison of Sport Achievement Orientation of Male Professional, Amateur, and Wheelchair Basketball Athletes
Authors: Skordilis E. K. , Gavriilidis A. , Charitou S. , Asonitou K.
Published: August 2011

To examine the differences in sport achievement orientation among 35 professional, 36 amateur, and 35 wheelchair basketball athletes, these men completed three subscales of Competitiveness, Win orientation, and Goal orientation of the 25-item Sport Orientation Questionnaire. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant differences among groups. Win orientation was the factor, through discriminant function analysis, that significantly separated the athletes into the three groups. The highest win score was obtained by the professional, followed by the amateur and wheelchair groups. Replication study is necessary to confirm the present findings.
Visuomotor Coordination and Visuospatial Working Memory of Children with Specific Reading Disabilities: A Study Using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure
Authors: Mati-Zissi Heleni , Zafiropoulou Maria
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was to examine the visuospatial perception, short-term working memory, and motor skills of children with special reading difficulties, using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, which can record visuomotor and memory skills, observe drawing processes, and detect deficiencies in specific skills. 306 right- and left-handed boys and girls, ages 6.6 to 9.6 yr. (102 with special reading difficulties, 102 normal readers, and 102 with general learning difficulties) comprised one experimental and two control groups, respectively. The task was to depict the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure under two conditions, copying and drawing it from memory. Analysis indicated that (a) difficulty of the depiction of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, especially from memory, sharply affects children's performance and (b) the experimental group's performance was significantly poorer than that of controls in both conditions. The results are discussed in view of the predictive value of certain motor and cognitive skill deficiencies of children with special reading difficulties.
Effect of Added Mass on Human Unipedal Hopping at Three Frequencies
Authors: Austin Gary P. , Tiberio David , Garrett Gladys E.
Published: August 2011

Although more commonly done by children, hopping appears to be a rich source of neuromuscular and biomechanical information on adults. Given prior research on the independent effects of hopping frequency and added mass, this study assessed whether these would interact to affect vertical stiffness, contact duration, and lower extremity kinematics during unipedal hopping. Vertical force and two-dimensional kinematics were measured in 10 healthy males hopping at three frequencies: their preferred hopping frequency and frequencies 20% higher and 20% lower, in two conditions with added mass (body mass +10% and body mass +20%). Vertical stiffness was directly related to hopping frequency, while hip flexion, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion were inversely related to hopping frequency. Additional mass significantly increased ankle dorsiflexion and contact duration but did not significantly affect hip flexion, knee flexion, or vertical stiffness. The differential response of vertical stiffness to hopping frequency and added mass was consistent with predictions based on a mass-spring model. The interactive effect of frequency and added mass on the kinematics of the lower extremity and contact period were consistent with earlier studies of the independent effects of hopping frequency and added mass.
Cerebral Blood Flow during Meditative Prayer: Preliminary Findings and Methodological Issues
Authors: Newberg Andrew , Pourdehnad Michael , Alavi Abass , d'Aquili Eugene G.
Published: August 2011

Meditative practices typically require several coordinated cognitive activities. This study measured changes in cerebral blood flow during “verbal” based meditation by Franciscan nuns involving the internal repetition of a particular phrase. These results are compared with those we previously described in eight Buddhist meditators who use a type of “visualization” technique. Three experienced practitioners of verbal meditation were injected via IV at rest with 260MBq of Tc-99m HMPAO and scanned 30 min. later on a triple head SPECT camera for 45 min. Following the baseline scan, subjects meditated for approximately 40 min. at which time they were injected with 925MBq of HMPAO while they continued to meditate for 10 min. more (total of 50 min. of meditation). The injection during meditation was designed not to disturb practice. Subjects were scanned 20 min. later for 30 min. Counts were obtained for regions of interest for major brain structures and normalized to whole-brain blood flow Compared to baseline, mean verbal meditation scans showed increased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex (7.1%), inferior parietal lobes (6.8%), and inferior frontal lobes (9.0%). There was a strong inverse correlation between the blood flow change in the prefrontal cortex and in the ipsilateral superior parietal lobe ( p<.01). This study on a limited number of subjects demonstrated the feasibility of studying different types of meditation with neuroimaging techniques, suggested that several coordinated cognitive processes occur during meditation, and also raised important methodological issues.
An Investigation of the Relation between Religion and Exercise Motivation
Authors: McLane Stevyn L. , Lox Curt L. , Butki Brian , Stern Lesa
Published: August 2011

The present study sought to investigate whether traditional secular or faith-based program factors were more responsible for motivating women ( N = 220, M age = 44.6 yr.) to participate in Christian exercise programs. Based on the results of a pilot study, the Christian Exercise Program Questionnaire was developed and mailed to the study participants. The internal reliability of the questionnaire was excellent as indicated by Cronbach coefficient alpha. As expected, those aspects of the exercise program that were faith-based, e.g., modest clothing, noncompetitive, and worshipful atmosphere, were considered more important than traditional secular factors, e.g., personal trainers and childcare, in the decision to enroll in the program ( t219 = 9.23, p < .001). The findings suggest exercise programs that incorporate faith-based practices may appeal to a segment of the population and provide an alternative strategy for improving participation rates in physical activity.
Application of Transcerebral, Weak (1 Microt) Complex Magnetic Fields and Mystical Experiences: Are They Generated by Field-Induced Dimethyltryptamine Release from the Pineal Organ?
Authors: Hill D. R. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

During the last 15 years weak, complex magnetic fields have been applied across the two cerebral hemispheres at the level of the temporoparietal lobes of more than 500 volunteers. Most of these subjects have reported visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive sensations as well as experiences of detachment from the body of ‘sentient beings’. Similar but more intense experiences were reported by Strassman in 2001 for volunteers who were injected with N,n-dimethyltryptamine, a compound Strassman hypothesized as the primary mediator of these experiences. If this speculation is valid, then subjects who are exposed to the very weak, complex fields known to elicit similar experiences should display significant increases in the metabolites of this compound within their blood.
Intellectual Ability in Adolescents with Conduct Disorder
Authors: Kennedy J. P. , Richardson G. R. , Dixon L. , Kelly T. P.
Published: August 2011

A U.K. population of young offenders show the typical deficits in Verbal IQ reported in conduct disordered populations. Performance IQs are generally lower than those of previous studies from the 1970s, raising a question about decline in intellectual ability.
Measurement Errors in Voice-Key Naming Latency for Hiragana
Authors: Yamada Jun , Tamaoka Katsuo
Published: August 2011

This study makes explicit the limitations and possibilities of voice-key naming latency research on single hiragana symbols (a Japanese syllabic script) by examining three sets of voice-key naming data against Sakuma, Fushimi, and Tatsumi's 1997 speech-analyzer voice-waveform data. Analysis showed that voice-key measurement errors can be substantial in standard procedures as they may conceal the true effects of significant variables involved in hiragana-naming behavior. While one can avoid voice-key measurement errors to some extent by applying Sakuma, et al.'s deltas and by excluding initial phonemes which induce measurement errors, such errors may be ignored when test items are words and other higher-level linguistic materials.
Mechanical Impacts to the Skulls of Rats Produce Specific Deficits in Maze Performance and Weight Loss: Evidence for Apoptosis of Cortical Neurons and Implications for Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Lado W. E. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to induce closed head injuries that might be applicable to clinical neuropsychology. Six adult female albino rats were struck over the right dorsal skull by a 200-gm weight that fell through a 0.9-m tube while another six rats served as controls. The rats that received the impact to the skulls displayed significantly more weight loss and fewer completions of the maze during the subsequent two to four days (effect size about 40%) while their open field behaviors, response latencies to thermal stimulation of the feet, and immobility within a conditioned fear setting did not differ significantly from those of controls. Histological analyses of the brains about 35 days after the impact indicated striking alterations in the morphology of cerebral cortical neurons, strongly suggestive of an apoptotic-like process, within the dorsal cerebral cortices below the likely impact site. Distributions of clusters of these aberrant-looking cells were also evident opposite to the impact site within the ventral cerebrum. Because apoptosis is involved with minimal inflammation and edema, detection of diffuse apoptosis by MRI and CT would be unlikely even though the influence on adaptability would be significant.
Athletes' Satisfaction among Team Handball Players in Greece
Authors: Bebetsos Evangelos , Theodorakis Nicholas
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to measure the satisfaction of a sample of 234 team handball athletes from the Youth Team Handball Finals Tournament in Greece. 99 men and 135 women completed the Scale of Athlete Satisfaction. Analysis indicated that the athletes were satisfied with their leaders' behavior and their personal outcomes. No differences between the sexes were noted. Also, the more practices per week in which the athletes were engaged, the more satisfied they were. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the Scale of Athlete Satisfaction is a promising tool for measuring satisfaction of athletes in team handball in Greece.
Digit Span as a Measure of Everyday Attention: A Study of Ecological Validity
Authors: Groth-Marnat Gary , Baker Sonya
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effectiveness of the WAIS-III Digit Span subtest to predict the everyday attention of 75 participants with heterogeneous neurological conditions who were administered the Digit Span subtest as well as the ecologically valid Test of Everyday Attention. In addition, the more visually oriented Picture Completion subtest along with the verbally loaded National Adult Reading Test were administered. Analysis indicated that, although Digit Span was a weak but statistically significant predictor of attentional ability (accounting for 12.7% of the unique variance), Picture Completion was a somewhat stronger predictor (accounting for 19% of the unique variance). The weak association of Digit Span and the Test of Everyday Attention, along with the finding that Picture Completion was a better predictor of performance on the Test of Everyday Attention, question the clinical utility of using Digit Span as a measure of everyday attention.
Pain Thresholds and Tolerances of Competitive Rowers and Their Use of Spontaneous Self-Generated Pain-Coping Strategies
Authors: Ord P. , Gijsbers K.
Published: August 2011

Experimental ischaemic pain was induced in 20 male competitive rowers in training and a control group of 20 males not in training. Pain tolerances, but not thresholds, were higher for competitive rowers. The rowers also reported using a range of self-generated pain-coping strategies during testing which, they claimed, they also used during training. Pain tolerances were correlated with the number and quality of coping strategies used during testing.
Formative Evaluation of Handwriting Quality
Authors: Stefansson Thorarinn , Karlsdottir Ragnheidur
Published: August 2011

A test developed for formative evaluation of handwriting quality is described and validated. The test is based on a domain of content for the handwriting skill defined in terms of the deviation of the writing in a handwriting specimen from the handwriting standard. A corresponding domain of elementary test items is defined in terms of the means and the variances of the deviations from the handwriting standard in shape, size, and position of each individual letter. The elementary items are scored on a dichotomous scale and cumulated into scores for letter items and a domain-referenced final score that can be interpreted as the fraction of the domain of content of the construct of handwriting quality that is mastered. Validation of the test was based on handwriting specimens from a school class of 23 children, tested in a longitudinal design from Grades 1 through 5. Coefficients of concurrent validity for final scores equal to .91, .86, .88, and .86 were obtained for Grades 1, 2, 3, and 5, respectively, using traits of the handwriting scored on an ordinal norm-referenced scale as criteria. Coefficients of intertest, intertask, intrascorer, and interscorer reliability for final scores equal to .87, .86, .94, and .80 were found, respectively, for the handwriting specimens from Grade 2. A survey of previously published handwriting quality tests indicates that most of them are not well suited for formative purposes although most of them were adequate for summative purposes.
Area and Perimeter Calculations by Education Majors
Authors: Abed Adnan S. , Alkhateeb Haitham M.
Published: August 2011

71 undergraduate majors in elementary education were given a task to assess their understanding of perimeter and area. Examination of responses indicated students' understanding of perimeter and area is very formula-based and their misunderstandings are often based on applying area calculation strategies to a perimeter calculation problem.
Visual Memory Deficit in Children with Dysgraphia
Authors: Vlachos Filippos , Karapetsas Argiris
Published: August 2011

This study evaluates the performance of children with diagnosed dysgraphia and a control group on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test. A group of 48 Greek elementary school children aged 6.6 to 12.5 years who were in regular school placement participated. All had been diagnosed with dysgraphia, using the writing scale of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery and were matched with a control group of 48 for sex, age, grade, and handedness. Both groups were administered the test, and the children were examined during copying and mnemonic reproduction of the complex figure. Analysis indicated that there were no significant differences between dysgraphic and nondysgraphic groups during the copying task but the dysgraphic group performed significantly lower during mnemonic reproduction of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. These results suggest that children with dysgraphia possibly suffer from cognitive difficulties that influence visual memory more than visuomotor skills.
Psychological Skills of Greek Badminton Athletes
Authors: Bebetsos Evangelos , Antoniou Panagiotis
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to examine age and sex differences in psychological skills among Greek badminton players. 85 badminton players completed a Greek version of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 by Smith, Schutz, Smoll, and Ptacek, during the 2002 Greek Men's and Women's National Badminton Championship Tournament. Analysis yielded differences between age groups on two factors (adversity and coachability) but no statistically significant differences between sexes. Older athletes were better prepared to cope with the psychological distress involved in the game of badminton and reported better emotional self-control. Overall, results could help badminton athletes and coaches become more familiar with the sport-specific psychological skills involved in badminton.
Conspicuous Histomorphological Anomalies in the Hippocampal Formation of Rats Exposed Prenatally to a Complex Sequenced Magnetic Field within the Nanotesla Range
Authors: St-Pierre Linda S. , Persinger Michael A.
Published: August 2011

The brains of adult rats, exposed prenatally to one of four intensities (between 10 nanoTesla and 1.2 microTesla) of either a frequency-modulated magnetic field or a complex sequenced field designed to affect brain development, were examined histologically. Although from each intensity some rats that had been exposed to the complex sequenced magnetic field showed minor anomalies, those exposed to intensities between 30 nT and 180 nT exhibited conspicuous anomalous organizations of cells within the hippocampal formation. In other studies, rats that had been exposed during their entire prenatal development to the complex sequenced field displayed significantly more activity in the open field and poorer spatial memory during maze learning. Photomicrographs are shown of one conspicuous morphological anomaly within the right hippocampus of an adult rat exposed prenatally to the complex sequenced magnetic field with intensities between .3 mG and .5 mG (30 nT to 50 nT). The results suggest that complex magnetic fields, whose temporal structures approach the time constants of normal biochemical processes, can permanently alter the development of the brain.
Overflow Movements Predict Impaired Response Inhibition in Children with ADHD
Authors: Mostofsky Stewart H. , Newschaffer Craig J. , Denckla Martha B.
Published: August 2011

Neurologic models proposed to explain mechanisms underlying ADHD have emphasized deficits in response inhibition. Age-inappropriate overflow movements, e.g., mirror movements, are motor signs thought to reflect immaturity in cortical systems involved in automatically (unconsciously, without explicit effort) inhibiting extraneous movement. We investigated the hypothesis that the presence of excessive overflow movements would predict measures of conscious, effortful response inhibition (conflicting and contralateral motor response tests) in children with ADHD. 42 children with ADHD and 30 controls, ages 8 through 12 years, participated. Children with ADHD showed significantly more overflow movements than did controls and made more errors on the conflicting and contralateral motor response tests. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that overflow movements predicted performance on measures of motor response inhibition. For one of those measures, the contralateral motor response test, there was a significant interaction with diagnosis, such that overflow predicted response inhibition in ADHD but not in controls. The findings suggest that overflow movements, which can be readily observed as part of clinical examination, are more evident in children with ADHD. Positive correlations between measures of overflow movements and measures of response inhibition suggest that closely associated neural mechanisms underlie these deficits and support hypotheses that age-inappropriate overflow reflects immaturity of cortical systems involved in automatic inhibition.
Temporal Lobe Signs: Positive Correlations with Imaginings and Hypnosis Induction Profiles
Authors: Persinger M. A. , De Sano C. F.
Published: August 2011

Converging evidence suggests there should be a relationship between reports of subjective psi experiences, suggestibility, the capacity for imagining, and temporal lobe signs. An entire class ( n = 27) of university students was given the Personal Philosophy Inventory (which contains an indicator of temporal lobe signs) and the Wilson-Barber Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings. The subjects were also evaluated individually on the hypnosis induction procedure (HIP) from Spiegel. There were positive intercorrelations (0.40 to 0.60) between responses on the imaginings, temporal lobe, and suggestibility measures. Clusters of control items for mundane psychological and proprioceptive experiences were not related to imagining, temporal lobe signs or suggestibility. Although temporal lobe signs were correlated with responses to items about paranormal experiences from both the Wilson-Barber and PPI inventories (and were highly correlated with each other), they were not associated with suggestibility. We concluded that, although subjective psi experience may not be influenced by suggestibility, it was associated with the propensity for temporal lobe signs which is frequently associated with the report of psi experiences.
Placebo-Like Effects of Education about Rational-Emotive Therapy
Authors: Leaf Russell C. , Todres Amy K. , Gross Paget Hope , Marcus Susan , Bradford Barry
Published: August 2011

With the aid of course lectures, in-class group exercises, homework, and texts undergraduate students in abnormal psychology courses used Rational-Emotive Therapy simulations to treat problems in their own lives. The mental health of these students improved but that of untreated controls did not. The amount of improvement, in both groups, was predicted by the intensity of their pretest nonspecific emotional and social distress, but it was not a function of other variables measured. These benefits seem to be nonclinical placebo effects, side-effects of the pedagogical process, based on a combination of preexisting personal demoralization and training-initiated self-acceptance. The methods and measures used in these studies may provide a useful paradigm for studying “therapeutic” effects in natural, nonclinical situations.
Unsubstantiated Beliefs among Beginning Psychology Students: 1925, 1952, 1983
Authors: Tupper Vernon , Williams Robert J.
Published: August 2011

Nixon's (1925) questionnaire involving unsubstantiated beliefs (superstitions) among American beginning psychology students—partially replicated by Levitt (1952)—was completed by a group of Australian, Bachelor of Arts, students, beginning their study of psychology. The mean percentage of superstition per item was reported by Nixon to be 30.4% with Levitt claiming that 25 years or so later it had dropped to 6.5% (figures for males only). In the present sample, however, the level of superstition was 21.0%.
Jungian Typology of Professional Psychodramatists: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Analysis of Certified Psychodramatists
Authors: Buchanan Dale Richard , Taylor Jane A.
Published: August 2011

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator scores of 170 certified psychodramatists were collected. As anticipated, self-selection was readily apparent in the group as 87% were intuitive rather than sensing types. Psychodramatists are most likely to be intuitive feelers, and extraverted intuitive feeling perceivers represent 29% of all certified professionals. In general there were no major differences in psychological types between psychodramatists and samples from their original academic training (psychology, social work, etc.). In comparing psychodramatists with other psychotherapeutic orientations, psychodramatists were most like experiential psychotherapists and most different from psychoanalytic therapists. As compared to Jacoby's scale of innovative versus conservative types, 87% of the psychodramatists are innovative. That spontaneity and creativity are regarded as essential to psychodrama is suggested by both the preponderance of innovative types among professionally certified psychodramatists and the systematic exclusion of most conservative types. Studies of other certified therapists would provide a base for further comparison of psychological types between psychotherapeutic orientations.
Effects of Sex and Reminder Notes on Compliance by Volunteer Subjects
Authors: Beer John
Published: August 2011

In rural areas where subjects are few the use of any incentive or method to increase participation is of concern. The present study investigated whether reminder notes would increase the appearance of volunteer subjects for psychological experiments. A total of 266 subjects were recruited, 133 received reminder notes, and 133 did not. A multiple regression analysis yielded no significant effects for reminder notes (tabs) or interaction of reminder notes by sex, but a significant effect for sex (women appeared more than men). The sex of the volunteer subjects was more important in determining appearance for the study than reminder notes.
Comparative Trait Analysis of Long-Term Recovering Alcoholics
Authors: Mellor Steven , Conroy Larry , Masteller Barbara K.
Published: August 2011

Traits of long-term recovering alcoholics were compared with traits of nonalcoholic controls. Subjects were matched on biographic variables and completed a trait measure of social responsibility and measures of self-deception and impression management as strategies for gaining approval. Confirmed hypotheses indicated that recovering alcoholics scored significantly higher on the intrapersonal measure of social responsibility and significantly lower on the intrapersonal measure of self-deception. No confirmation was found for differences on the interpersonal measure of impression management, but support was found for discrimination of recovering alcoholics from controls with combined measures of responsibility and self-deception. Supported hypotheses suggested that recovery may involve a restructuring of traits from low to high responsibility and from high to low self-deception or lack of self-acceptance.
Avoidance of Anxiety and Eating Disorders
Authors: Keck Julie Nadine , Fiebert Martin S.
Published: August 2011

Anorexic and bulimic in-patients, out-patients, and normal dieting females between the ages of 15 and 35 yr. were compared for their avoidance of anxiety. The 1977 Avoidance of Existential Confrontation Scale of Thauberger was used for the subjects to rate themselves in terms of their over-reaction to specific life contingencies. The degree of avoidance was predicted to be relative to the severity of the eating disorder. The in-patients showed a greater avoidance than the out-patients. The out-patients showed a greater degree of avoidance than the normal dieters. It appears that a main concern for recovery of the anorexic or bulimic patient is to accept life's contingencies and to learn problem-solving skills.
Using Personality Variables to Predict Number of Counseling Sessions for Clients
Authors: Reuter Ellen K. , Wallbrown Fred H.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to determine what combination of 16 PF primary factors and what combination of second-order factors best predicts number of sessions in counseling. The sample included 98 clients (71 women, 27 men) from a private practice in counseling psychology. Results indicated that clients who schedule more sessions tend to be more shy (H-), conservative (Q1-), and introverted (Q1-). Conversely those who schedule fewer sessions tend to be more impulsive (H+), experimenting (Q1+), and extraverted (Q1+). Mean number of sessions was 10.4 and the median, eight sessions. Implications for treatment are considered, as well as suggestions for research.
The Boulder Model Revisited: The Training of the Clinical Psychologist for Research
Authors: Frank George
Published: August 2011

The participants at the 1949 Boulder Conference on training espoused noble goals, amongst them being that clinicians should be contributors to the science of psychology as well. The error they made was to think that all students in clinical psychology should be or even could be interested in learning how to do research. Participants of the 1965 Chicago Conference on training recommended revising the Boulder philosophy; viz., not every student in a clinical program should have to learn how to do research, but those students who do, should have a program which could train them accordingly. The opinion was expressed at this Conference that the Boulder Model program did not do an effective job in training people for research. Since the current formulation of the Boulder Model program is not that different from the 1965 model, we must assume that the recommendation to develop a doctoral program for students of clinical psychology who are interested in being researchers has not been done. Sophisticated researchers now take years to develop; they do not enter their professional positions well trained; many years of trial-and-error groping with research strategies eventually helps a person become a competent researcher. However, that is an inefficient way of educating clinical psychologists for research and unsound pedagogically. Suggestions are made as to how the current clinical program can be modified so as to help train researchers more effectively.
Biased Adjective Selection Criteria as a Factor in Mood Adjective Check Lists?
Authors: Tiller Dale K. , Campbell J. F.
Published: August 2011

The adequacy of the selection criteria for adjectives used in mood adjective check lists has remained unquestioned. A review shows that past lists have been assembled according to arbitrary hypotheses about the underlying structure of affect, which may have biased sampling from the domain of possible descriptors of emotion. In addition, a substantial proportion of the words included in past lists are unrepresentative of emotion. 100 subjects judged how representative of emotion was each word contained in the 1965 Nowlis list. All ratings were reliable. Over-all, an average of one-third of the words included in past studies were judged as unrepresentative of emotion. The arbitrary nature of the initial adjective selection criteria, coupled with the finding that many of the words studied are not representative of emotion, suggests that a reevaluation of current taxonomies of mood and emotion is necessary.
Measuring Perceived Dominance-Accommodation: Development of a Scale
Authors: Hoskins Carol Noll
Published: August 2011

The assessment of family health includes both the stability and quality of relationships within the system. The probability of marital conflict is high when the needs of partners are either not met or the complementarity of psychosocial need fulfillment is rigid. A self-report instrument to measure dominance-accommodation was constructed by developing definitions of these behaviors and formulating 100 items to reflect the definitions. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 45 men and 74 women and appropriate statistical procedures were applied to determine preliminary estimates of reliability and validity. The Jackson Personality Research Form was used for study of construct validity. Two factors emerged; the item content in the first factor reflected the degree to which the need expressed by one person was different from the polar need expressed by the partner. The items in the second factor contained content indicative of equality and compromise in resolution of differences. Data were collected from a second convenience sample of 59 subjects using only the Dominance-Accommodation Scale. Again, a two-factor solution accounted for more of the variance than any other linear combination of items. The orientation of the first factor was communication, ability to be assertive, trust in the partner's consideration, and resolution of differences. The second factor reflected a more rigid dominant-accommodative pattern of interaction.
Psychometric Properties of the Hardy Divorce Scale
Authors: Ganong Lawrence H. , Coleman Marilyn
Published: August 2011

Although the Hardy Divorce Scale was published over 3 decades ago and is widely used in research on attitudes toward divorce, its reliability and validity have not been systematically examined. This study reports several estimates of reliability and validity based on responses of mostly unmarried college students (170 women, 99 men). The authors conclude that the instrument is sufficiently valid and reliable for empirical and clinical use but should be employed with caution by researchers until more is known about the factor structure and about its use with a broader age range.
The Ultimate Good: Survival of the Individual and Society
Authors: Mathes Eugene W.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this research was to test Skinner's 1971 hypothesis that the good consists of the survival of the individual and society. Support was found.
An Inconsistency Scale for the Child Abuse Potential Inventory
Authors: Robertson Kevin R. , Milner Joel S.
Published: August 2011

Three studies describe the development and initial validation of an inconsistency scale for the Child Abuse Potential Inventory. Study 1 ( N = 100) describes the construction of an inconsistency scale and provides preliminary norm values. Study 2 ( N = 133) provides replication of the results reported in Study 1, while Study 3 ( N = 32) provides data on construct validity indicating the inconsistency scale can discriminate between individuals instructed to respond honestly and those instructed to respond in an inconsistent, incongruous manner.
No Relationship between Handedness and Sexual Preference
Authors: Rosenstein Leslie D. , Bigler Erin D.
Published: August 2011

Self-reports of handedness and sexual preference were compared in a group of 89 University students out of 2500 pretested. No relationship was found between the two variables. These results are discussed in relation to Geschwind and Galaburda's 1985 speculation about handedness and homosexuality.
Lack of Correspondence between Alcohol-Related Aggressive Expectancies for Self and Others
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

80 college students were asked about the expected effects of a moderate dose of alcohol for themselves and others in terms of getting more aggressive/angry or calm/kind. Analysis indicated that some subjects expected no such effects, some the same effects for self and others, and some different effects for self and others. Those expecting different effects believed others would become mote aggressive while they themselves would become more calm. The consequences for the balanced placebo design were discussed.
Physical Attractiveness and Popularity: A Predictive Study
Authors: Krantz Murray
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to identify physical attractiveness as a causal antecedent to sociometric choice in kindergarten children. This required an assessment of attractiveness, unbiased by prior friendship among peers. Nominations of physical attractiveness were elicited from 48 kindergarten children and from their mothers in the family homes prior to the beginning of the school year and so prior to social interaction among peers. Social status was assessed after 5 wk. of social interaction in the kindergarten. Physical attractiveness nominations by girls were highly correlated with popularity for girls but not for boys. Attractiveness ratings by mothers of girls were highly correlated with popularity but there was no relationship for mothers of boys.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XLII. Note on Isaac Watts, Astronomy, and Mental and Moral Improvement
Authors: Brooks G. P.
Published: August 2011

Isaac Watts (1674–1746), an early popularizer of psychological ideas and a promoter of self-improvement, argued that in a number of ways astronomy was an ideal vehicle to enlarge the mind's capacity, one of the major goals of mental culture.
Narcissism and Social Interest among Counselors-in-Training
Authors: Miller Mark J. , Smith Theodore S. , Wilkinson Lamar , Tobacyk Jerome
Published: August 2011

The anticipated negative correlation between social interest and narcissism among 78 counselor trainees was −.28. This provides evidence for regarding narcissism as a dimension of personality.
Relationship between Proverb Familiarity and Proverb Interpretation: Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: Cunningham Dellena M. , Ridley Stanley E. , Campbell Alfonso
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether performance on measures of proverb interpretation is influenced by examinees' familiarity with the proverbs to be interpreted. Subjects used a seven-point Likert scale to indicate the extent to which they were familiar with the 12 proverbs included in a standardized proverbs test. The resulting scores were correlated with the scores the subjects obtained when they interpreted the proverbs. The sample included 103 college students. The results indicated that a proverb familiarity-interpretation relationship did emerge for five (or 40%) of the proverbs. Also, subjects' average familiarity score for those five proverbs was higher than their average familiarity score for the other (seven) proverbs. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for clinical practice and suggestions are made regarding ways to offset the influence of proverb familiarity on proverb interpretation.
Note on the History of Early Intervention Programs in Ohio
Authors: Carlson Ann F.
Published: August 2011

Unusually strong emphasis on speech and hearing in Ohio by the Department of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities and support of these programs by the counties has a long history and sets Ohio's programs apart from those of other states.
Cognitive Styles of School-Age Children Showing Attention Deficit Disorders with Hyperactivity
Authors: Stoner Sue B. , Glynn Michael A.
Published: August 2011

Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) children (23 boys and 5 girls) and 28 normal children (23 boys and 5 girls) were matched by age. The ADDH group had a mean score of 2.06 on the hyperactivity scale of the Parent Symptom Questionnaire; a mean score of 1.5 is accepted as the lower limit for establishing hyperactivity. Both groups were individually administered The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised, Children's Embedded Figures Test, and Matching Familiar Figures Test. No significant difference appeared on the Matching Familiar Figures Test, a measure of cognitive styles of reflection-impulsivity with intelligence statistically controlled; however, a significant main effect was found on the Children's Embedded Figures Test which suggests that ADDH children are field-dependent. Some therapeutic implications were discussed.
Birth Order and Sibsize Correlates of Educational Attainment and Occupational Status
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

Longitudinal data from 170 female and 140 male Australians were used to examine relations among birth order, sibsize, aspirations and young adults' educational attainment and occupational status. For the analysis, regression models were examined that included terms to account for possible linear, interaction, and curvilinear relationships. The findings suggest that, although siblings' birth order and sibsize are not related to the social mobility of males they do influence the eventual social status of females. In particular, increases in birth order are related to decreases in females' educational attainment and occupational status.
Ethnopsychology and Psychopathology: An Exploratory Content Analysis of Country and Western Song Lyrics
Authors: Stedman James M. , Alpher Victor S.
Published: August 2011

Ethnopsychology is an interdisciplinary field linking cultural and social anthropology with psychology. Popular culture expresses ethnopsychological processes. This proposition is illustrated through a preliminary analysis of verbal content of American “country and western” song titles and lyrics. Implications for classification in psychopathology and treatment are presented.
Multidimensionality of Rotter's Locus of Control Scale
Authors: McInish Thomas H. , Lee Mei Yan
Published: August 2011

McInish and Srivastava recently examined the multidimensionality of Rotter's Locus of Control Scale for common stock investors. Following principal-component analysis with a varimax rotation, these authors extracted nine factors using the scree test and the latent root criterion. Replication using the Very Simple Structure index yields a single-factor solution. Parkes' two-factor solution using the same Very Simple Structure technique is obtained only if principal-factor analysis is employed to obtain the initial factor pattern.
Assessment of Student Teachers by College Supervisors
Authors: Bing John R. , Cherry Andrew L.
Published: August 2011

This study examined a subset of 46 variables on a 52-item form for evaluating student teachers to determine the underlying dimensions tapped by the instrument. 482 evaluations completed by 33 college supervisors were analyzed using the principal components factorial method. Five factors with factorial loadings of at least .50 on the item variables were identified in 34 iterations using oblimin rotation. Five factors were interpreted as: I. Management of the Instructional Environment, II. Professional Responsibilities, III. Human Relationships, IV. Planning of Instruction, and V. Communication Skills.