bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protecting a five span prestressed bridge against ground deformations
Authors: Bagge Niklas , Nilimaa Jonny , Enochsson Ola , Sabourova Natalia , Grip Niklas , Elfgren Lennart , Emborg Mats , Lundmark Tore , Tu Yongming
Published: March 2016

A 50 year-old, 121.5 m long, five span prestressed bridge was situated in the deformation zone close to a mine in Kiruna in northern Sweden. There was a risk for uneven ground deformations so the bridge was analyzed and monitored. Results and measures taken to ascertain the robustness of the bridge are presented.

The analysis resulted in an estimate that the bridge could sustain 24 mm in uneven horizontal and 83 mm in uneven vertical displacement of the two supports of a span. To be able to sustain larger deformations, the columns of the bridge were provided with joints, where shims could be inserted to counteract the settlements. To accomplish this, each one of the 18 columns of the bridge was unloaded by help of provisional steel supports. The column was then cut and a new foot was mounted to it. This made it possible to lift each individual column with two jacks, when needed, and to adjust its height by inserting or taking away shim plates.

The deformations of the bridge and the surrounding ground were monitored. The eigenmodes of the bridge were studied with accelerometers and by analysis with finite elements (FE) models. Comparison indicated good agreement between the model and the actual bridge, with calculated eigenfrequencies of 2.17, 4.15 and 4.67 Hz, for the first transversal, vertical and torsional modes, respectively. Measurements during winter resulted in higher values due to increased stiffness caused by frozen materials.
Effects of Tsunami Measures for Bridges
Authors: Abukawa Takahiro , Hasegawa Akira
Published: March 2016

The massive tsunami after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 caused immense damage to people's lives and industries; some superstructures of long-span bridges were washed away. Even now, nearly four years after the tsunami, many people are still forced to live in temporary housing and other makeshift facilities. Because the major bridges had been on important roads in the tsunami-stricken areas, their loss caused significant delays to relief and restoration work. Taking measures to protect bridges from tsunamis is extremely important, as there are concerns that similar tsunami damage to bridges could occur in other areas of Japan. However, reliable technologies have yet to be established for protecting bridges from tsunamis. The authors' recent experiments have verified the effects of employing fairings, fairings with slits, and slabs with air holes as measures against tsunamis. This paper describes the outline of experiments, experimental results, and discussions on these experiments, as well as conclusions.
New approach for flexible debris flow barriers
Authors: Volkwein Axel , Wendeler Corinna , Stieglitz Lisa , Lauber Guido
Published: March 2016

Flexible debris flow protection barriers consist of a combination of steel ropes and high tensile steel wire nets following certain design criteria to provide a reliable protection against the sudden impact of a debris flow with flow heights of up to 2 m and middle front velocities of around 10 m/s in channelized river beds with widths and heights up to 30 m and 6 m. However, to go beyond the above described typical application range special design is required. In the actual case a debris retention basin with a height of 14 m and a width of 40 m was created. The contribution shows the precedent research on flexible debris flow barriers consisting of field tests and laboratory experiments, leading to the validated numerical simulations. Main focus then is the design process of the special purpose barrier, its construction together with the experiences gathered within the project leading to a not only remarkable but also elegant way to protection from impressive debris hazards.
Modal Identification of a Wind Turbine Before and After the Extension of the Blades
Authors: Oliveira Gustavo , Magalhães Filipe , Cunha Álvaro , Matos José Carlos
Published: March 2016

The paper describes the study of the dynamic properties of a 1,3 MW wind turbine Izar Bonus 62 using two different measurement types: accelerations and strains. The blades of this wind turbine were fitted with 1,5 m extensions with the purpose of increasing the wind turbine’s swept area enabling it to capture further wind energy.

The main objective of the study was to identify the modal properties of the rotor and tower (natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes) before and after the extension of the blades in order to compare with the results from numerical analysis and to evaluate the possibility of appearance of resonance problems. With this purpose, ambient vibration tests and a rotor-stop test were conducted and the results obtained before and after the extension were analyzed in order to validate the adequate performance of the wind turbine after extension of the rotor blades.
Realistic examination of the fatigue life of a wind turbine tower using data from long term monitoring
Authors: Loraux Christophe , Brühwiler Eugen
Published: March 2016

The structural components of wind turbines (WT) are currently designed for a service life of 20 years only and the limiting criterion is the fatigue safety with respect to the fatigue loading generated by the wind. However, effective fatigue loading endured by the tower and foundation could be much lower than the theoretical fatigue loading provided by codes, mainly because wind conditions are likely to be below the design assumptions. In order to extend the service life of the structural components of wind turbines, site‐related wind conditions and their actions of structural components should be measured on existing WTs. The method described in this paper proposes a long‐term monitoring that will allow owner to extend the service life of their wind turbines.
Energy Harvesting Sources for Structural Monitoring in Wind Turbines
Authors: Geiss Christian , Eiband Thomas
Published: March 2016

To validate the calculated lifetime of civil structures, wireless sensor networks provide distributed sensor data and offer advantages in ease of installation and retrofitting, compared to wired systems. Especially wind turbine towers provide an interesting application as they are among the most dynamic structures in construction engineering. Various energy harvesting sources are examined and evaluated in the context of concept development for use in the tower of a wind turbine. For the evaluation, the necessary measurement requirements and the general conditions of the sensor system needed to be clarified.
Integrating Practice, Education, and Research
Authors: Bell Glenn R.
Published: March 2016

For structural engineers to be leaders in helping society meet its future global challenges, our profession must respond to developments by changing more rapidly and meaningfully that we can today. Our profession should be in a constant state of advancement, creativity, and self-improvement. We must shorten the innovation cycle. Key to achieving this state is to re-examine the relationship between practice, education, and research. The three must be thoroughly integrated.
The Future Engineer: a Structural Architect?
Authors: Jurgens Christiaan , Wium Jan
Published: March 2016

As design packages become more powerful, the need for physical computation in structural engineering is decreasing. Structural engineers may therefore need to redefine their role in the structural design process in order to remain a significant role player. This may require more prominent participation in the conceptual design, buildability, durability and/or project leadership.

To achieve the above, future engineers will have to think and work with creativity and innovation. They will need a deep understanding of the conceptual design and theory of structures, in addition to the engineering fundamentals that are currently being taught.

Structural leadership within the project team is seen to become an increasingly important role for future structural engineers. They will therefore require excellent leadership, management, communication and collaboration skills, and may need to receive additional education.
"The Art of Spanish Bridge Design", a New Course Promoting the Holistic Learning of Structural Engineering
Authors: Payá-Zaforteza Ignacio , Garlock Maria , Adriaenssens Sigrid , Glisic Branko
Published: March 2016

A new course was developed that teaches structural engineering with an integration of societal concerns and aesthetic sensitivity through a studio-based learning environment. In addition to rigorous engineering analyses, the course includes a week-long field trip and the creation of an exhibition and website designed for a general audience, which is an opportunity for students to learn communication skills for a non-technical audience. Course evaluations demonstrate the significant value of this form of teaching, which not only instructs but also inspires.
IABSE: an opportunity for Young Engineers to develop their social skills
Authors: Zauft Doreen , Lozano Galant Jose Antonio , Madrazo-Aguirre Fernando , Camara Alfredo
Published: March 2016

Universities rarely have time to develop a major tool for Civil Engineers: their social skills. As a result, recent graduates usually have troubles in presenting their work to different groups of people. During the last years, the internationalisation of Civil Engineering has increased their difficulties as they need to work in a common language that may differ with their first language. In addition, young engineers need to learn how to interact with people from other cultures around the world. These social skills demanded in the current labor market are traditionally learnt by young engineers themselves in a process that might be overwhelming.

Being a member of IABSE, and specially participating in their conferences and annual meetings, offers a unique opportunity for young engineers to develop their social skills as they can get in contact and talk in front of a broad spectrum of engineers from both the industry and academia. Furthermore, young engineers can discuss topics and exchange ideas with senior and junior engineers in a friendly atmosphere.
The Structural Playground, a New Environment Where to Enjoy Learning Structural Engineering
Authors: Garlock Maria , Payá-Zaforteza Ignacio
Published: March 2016

In the last years we have seen how the traditional teacher-centered model of education is being replaced by a learner-centered model where both the student and the instructor share prominence. This shift has required the implementation of new teaching methodologies but, very often, has not been accompanied by changes in the physical space where the learning process takes place. In this paper, the authors introduce an experimental classroom designed to teach several structural engineering courses at Princeton University. The classroom is named “The Structural Playground” because it was conceived as a nice and playful environment inspired by the playgrounds and classrooms of nurseries schools and kindergartens. The paper describes the “Structural Playground” and summarizes the main lessons learned with it.
Discovering the role of engineering in the world: a new teaching experience focused on New York City and civil engineering
Authors: Payá-Zaforteza Ignacio , Eiben Catherine , Littman Michael
Published: March 2016

“Engineering in the modern world” is a Princeton University course taken by engineers and non-engineers. It explains how engineering has shaped culture and society and how engineering innovations have been influenced by social, scientific, political, ethical, and aesthetic requirements. Engineering is understood in a broad sense that includes structures, machines, networks and processes. The course uses several methodologies such as master lectures, seminars and labs. This paper explains a new approach followed in one of the seminar groups. A group was created that focused on the role of civil engineering in shaping New York City (NYC) and delved into the relationships between engineering, society, politics and aesthetics in selected NYC’s works. The paper presents the teaching methodologies used during the seminar and discusses the success of the new approach.
Introducing Modern Teaching into a Classic Course on Structural Art
Authors: Garlock Maria , Bhatia Aatish , Elhami Khorasani Negar
Published: March 2016

This paper illustrates how a classic course on structural engineering can be enhanced with modern teaching methods (active learning exercises) to enhance a student’s comprehension. The course emphasizes that design creativity involves both discipline and play, where discipline is related to ‘technical skills’ and play is related to ‘soft skills’ such as aesthetic sensitivity. The modern enhancements reinforce this concept and also retain a student’s comprehension of the subject.
Developing the Next Generation of Structural Engineers
Authors: Bell Glenn R.
Published: March 2016

Rapid changes in technology coupled with global societal developments and challenges require a new breed of structural engineer, more broadly capable than ever before. We must define a new set of structural engineering competencies and dramatically overhaul our approach to the engineer’s education and development. This will require a massive collaboration among stakeholder organizations world-wide. The future of our profession depends on it.
Ribbon Chapel
Authors: Shibata Ikuhide
Published: March 2016

This is a wedding chapel standing within the grounds of a resort hotel in the city of Onomichi, Hiroshima Prefecture. The site is halfway up a hill with a panoramic view of islands dotted along the serene Seto Inland Sea. By intertwining a pair of spirals, we realized a free-standing piece of architecture whose structure is unprecedented in world terms, while forming a pure spatial representation of the act of marriage.
The large-scale form alone is nothing - the detail decides
Authors: Tokarz Bernhard
Published: March 2016

I will demonstrate with the help of just a few significant buildings, two bridges, one ensemble of halls, one historical building, that the detail is the essential factor for the architectural perception. It can either amplify or weaken the effect up to the point of indifference. It can even sabotage the initial design intent. It appears that the large-scale formaloneis not a sufficient criterion for the architectural quality of a structure. The impression that a structure makes is created by a property that you might call “power of expression”, “vitality”, “intensity of life that it enables”. Such a structure heightens the place and the surrounding in which it stands. The deciding factor is not the “big picture” alone but foremost it is the detail, the way a structure appears from up close. This is what we have to realize and what we have to build our actions on.
Joint Structural & Architectural Approach towards Human Urbanism
Authors: Radić Jure , Mandić Ivanković Ana , Kincl Branko , Kindij Alex
Published: March 2016

The necessity of joining structural and architectural approaches to reach human-oriented structures and develop contemporary urban environment is presented through several examples. Projects of an airport, a stadium and few bridges as outcomes of collaboration between structural engineers and architects will be overviewed.
Typology of Contemporary Cable Bridges toward Bridge Aesthetics
Authors: Hong Namhee-Kim , Koh Hyun-Moo , Hong Sung-Gul
Published: March 2016

The importance of structural art has been gradually emphasized and thereby reflected in recent bridge design codes or guidelines through structural design principles in terms of safety, serviceability, constructability, economy, and aesthetics. This design trend has resulted in numerous variations of the basic bridge types and unprecedented types while leaving both good and bad examples. This study has focused on the typology of contemporary cable bridges focusing on bridge aesthetics. Specifically, this paper have provided the followings: (1) a typology for contemporary cable bridges so that the identification of important factors affecting visual appearance can be made on a structurally sound basis for the classified types; (2) an integrated framework for bridge aesthetics that supports a context-based design comprehensively; and (3) a way of evaluating bridge aesthetics using the integrated framework considering the triad of structural art of form·function·behaviour. The entity-based concept of information model is exploited to represent the typology to treat heterogeneous information in a consistent way. The relationship between structural and visual forms is explained using graphical approach. It is expected that this study will help multi-disciplinary participants to grow understanding of bridge aesthetics comprehensively for structural art work to go in the future.
Challenges of an Iconic Pedestrian Bridge
Authors: Anwar Naveed , Thaung Htut Aung , Norachan Pramin
Published: March 2016

This paper discusses the challenges involved in the structural design of an iconic pedestrian bridge. The pedestrian bridge is approximately 60 m in span and the cross-section is open elliptical- shaped, formed by spiralling pipes. In the preliminary design stage, different configurations of structural systems are studied to enhance the overall stiffness and strength requirements of the bridge, in close collaboration with architects. Finally, combination of steel double helical ring with steel girders is used as a structural system. Inner helical ring is used as primary structural ring while the outer helical ring is used as secondary ring to support the cladding. A 4 mm-thick aluminium metal skin is used for cladding of the bridge which contributes significant portion of the gravity load and mass for seismic effects in design. The bridge is designed for code-specified gravity, wind and seismic loadings.
Perez Art Museum Miami; Synthesis of Engineering and Architecture
Authors: Smith Stuart
Published: March 2016

This paper discusses the architectural and structural engineering concepts for the recently completed Perez Art Museum Miami (PAMM) with Herzog & de Meuron (HdM). The outcome is a building that responds to the environment and works well in terms of efficiency of materials, energy and water.

The design is discussed in detail to highlight the expressive use of structural concrete both for the architecture and as a means of moderating the climate. The various concrete finishes and ideas behind the building structure and their interaction with the architecture are explored to reveal the depth of thinking, the coordination with other disciplines and the interaction with the contractor required to achieve such a building.
The assembly and replacement of the Weesperbridge
Authors: Blom Anne , Steenbrink Arjen , Hesselink Bert
Published: March 2016

In The Netherlands the long closing of main roads and major waterways are unacceptable due to economic reasons. So swapping of the old Weesperbridge for the new one , must be completed within eight hours. Also de transportation is a problem of the new bridge in a densely populated country as The Netherlands. This is challenge that the design engineers have to deal with while searching for a method to swap the two bridges in a short period of time.

To realize the transport the new bridge must be transported in two sections. The first section is the arch and the second is the bridge deck. The engineers must make sure that the structures remain stable during all steps of the construction.

For the installation within one night, the strength and stability must be checked in all steps of construction. This results in the following measures:

To reduce stresses in the arch and the maingirder temporary columns were placed between the to.s;

The pendants needed added supported to prevent buckling;

The flange of the maingirder is strengthened around the temporary bearings to reduce stresses;

Around the temporary bearing by the girder web, stiffeners were added to prevent plate buckling.
Marina City - The History and Restoration of an Iconic Facade
Authors: Duntemann John , Greve Brian
Published: March 2016

The twin towers of Marina City were the tallest reinforced concrete buildings in the world when they were completed in 1962. The design and construction of Marina City was an important milestone during the evolution of concrete high-rise construction during the 20th century, and the unique modern design served as a model for mixed-use developments that is still used today. The construction of the towers utilized innovative design and construction techniques. Significant concrete deterioration was identified on the facade in the 1990’s which presented challenges associated with performing concrete repairs on high-rise buildings. This paper reviews the history of the design, construction and restoration of these iconic towers.
Renovation of a Historic Railway Lift Bridge
Authors: Voermans Jurgen , Reusink Jaco
Published: March 2016

This paper describes the history, the design, the structural assessment and the major challenges of the extensive renovation project of a historic railway lift bridge in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The bridge was completed in 1927 and was the first one of its kind in Western Europe. It is considered as a living example of early 20th century bridge engineering art.
Design and realization of major bridges by the GVH Group
Authors: Houriet Bernard
Published: March 2016

Since 1987, the GVH Group has successfully built approximately thirty bridges and viaducts in Switzerland, located along the country's national highways and within its towns and cities. This paper presents the main criteria used during the phases designing and building these structures.
ArtStructures, From competition to completion using the synthetic design method
Authors: Menétrey Philippe
Published: March 2016

In Switzerland, the process of building large carrying structures is often initiated by setting up a competition.

Reconsidering conceptual design to place an emphasis on creative work, a specific conceptual design method called the “synthetic design method” has been developed. It consists of creating a structure that simultaneously addresses all requirements with a global synthetic approach. It is not a case of being restricted to stacking individual structural elements, but rather of integrating all required data into a single comprehensive structure. It is not a question of composing or assembling parts, but rather of cutting and carving a structure without losing its singular monolithic aspect. The carrying structure has to be considered in a global and synthetic way, encompassing all requirements and constraints, so that structural engineers can engage in an innovative process to create an ArtStructure.

The synthetic design method is described and its application to several competition-winning bridge designs is illustrated.
Apologia for "Sculptural engineering"
Authors: Klein Jean-François
Published: March 2016

Swiss expertise in bridge engineering is well recognized since decades.Tengineering international based in Geneva is chasing the tradition of its founder Robert Maillart by spreading its experience all around the world. Is it during design competition, for detailed and execution designs or for high level engineering expertise that Jean Francois Klein, leader ofTengineering promotes is concept of sculptural engineering. Many recent examples constructed on the Island of la Reunion, in Morocco, to finish with the conceptual design and construction of the Third Bosphorus Bridge has been designed following this philosophy.

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Structural engineers - Added value for successful design
Authors: Guscetti Gabriele , Pirazzi Claudio , Snozzi Francesco , Walgenwitz Marc
Published: March 2016

Four construction projects represent the close collaboration of structural engineers and partners, in particular the architect, which was decisive in achieving a successful design. The engineer’s creative contribution, technical expertise and understanding of all aspects of the project (architecture, urban/landscape planning, sustainability, and functionality), led to a structural design with real added value. This paper also demonstrates the specific Swiss design process in which the engineer is involved in all project phases. These four examples emphasize the relevance of structural engineering in the design process and in the achievement of well-thought-out constructions. The recognition of engineers in our society starts with confidence in their skills, skills that are key to the quality constructions they build.
Flexural Strength Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Members with High Strength Strands
Authors: Choi Eu-Jeong , Park Ho , Cho Jae-Yeol
Published: March 2016

In recent years, Korean strand manufacturers succeeded in developing 2,160 MPa and 2,400 MPa high-strength strands. The current design codes provide an approximate equation for strand stress at flexural strength. It is because the accurate evaluation of the strand stress requires a complicated nonlinear analysis based on the actual stress-strain relationships. In this study, a material model for high-strength strands was proposed. Using the model, the strand stress and the flexural strength of prestressed concrete members were calculated. And then, they were compared with the predictions by the current approximation equation. The analytical results indicated that the approximate equation can cause an error in predicting the strand stress. However, the approximate equation gave the flexural strengths close to those obtained from the nonlinear analysis. It resulted from the assumption of equivalent rectangular stress block in the design code.
Corrosion effect on compatibility between prestressing strand and concrete
Authors: Wang Lei , Dai Lizhao , Ma Yafei , Zhang Xuhui , Zhang Jianren
Published: March 2016

This present study investigated effects of the strain compatibility between strands and concrete on the flexural behavior of corroded post-tensioned beams. First, eight post-tensioned beams with bonded strand were designed and subjected to accelerated corrosion to different strand corrosion degrees, and the load deflection response and the ultimate strength were discussed based on the flexural test. Next, a compatibility coefficient was introduced to quantify the inconsistent compatibility between corroded strand and concrete. The influence of strand corrosion on the compatibility coefficient was discussed. Finally, an analytical model was proposed to predict the ultimate strength of the post-tensioned beams with corroded strand. The model was verified with different experimental results.
Nonlinear Behaviour of Under-Deck Cable-Stayed Bridges with Steel−Concrete Composite Decks
Authors: Madrazo-Aguirre Fernando , Ruiz-Teran Ana Maria , Wadee M. Ahmer
Published: March 2016

The effect of geometric nonlinearities in the response of under-deck cable-stayed bridges with steel−concrete composite decks is studied. Influence lines for deflections and bending moments at different sections of the deck are obtained, and these are found to be different to those for conventional bridges. Nonlinearities affect principally the response of lateral subspans, in which both deflections and bending moments are amplified. The permanent state should be studied by taking nonlinearities into account. Deflections under further loads can be obtained with linear models. Geometric nonlinear effects increase design bending moments under ultimate loads by 12% when compared with linear models. Some additional design criteria for designers aiming to design under-deck cable-stayed bridges are hence provided.
Challenges of a Single-Layer Reticulated Inverted Monk Bowl Dome
Authors: Anwar Naveed , Norachan Pramin , Thaung Htut Aung
Published: March 2016

This paper presents the challenges and studies involved in the structural analysis and design of a single-layer reticulated dome. The geometry of the dome is not conventional dome-shaped with largest diameter at the base. The dome is “Inverted monk bowl” in shape with the largest diameter at the quarter height. The dome is used as temple with a tall Buddha statue inside. It is a single-layer latticed steel dome, resting on the reinforced concrete structure. The dome is approximately 65 m in diameter at the base, while the diameter at mid-height is about 86 m. Wind tunnel test was conducted to determine the wind pressure on the surface of the dome which was located in the open terrain. High Frequency Pressure Integration (HFPI) technique was applied in the overall wind load study. Linear response history analysis was conducted to determine the response of the structure under wind load, while response spectrum analysis was conducted for seismic load. Staged construction analysis was performed in order to evaluate the performance of the structural components under construction. The structural components and construction loads were added in accordance with the actual construction sequences to determine the design forces.
The new UEFA building in Nyon, Switzerland: prestressed light slabs and other structural aspects
Authors: Guscetti Gabriele , Lelli Lorenzo
Published: March 2016

The extension of the UEFA headquarters in Nyon is a R/C structure, where each floor consists of a large-span annulus-shaped circular slab supported by two rows of columns arranged along as many circular alignments. Flat precast-concrete sun-shading elements protrude from each annular slab, along the façades. These slab elements are stiffened by means of ribs, in order to limit their weight and to guarantee a rigid connection with the annular slabs. An innovative solution is proposed to limit the thermal bridge between these cantilever elements and the building. Due to the large dimension of the spans (11 m in the radial and 9.5 m in the circumferential direction), the annular slabs have been designed and built as hollow-core slabs made of cast-in-situ concrete and HDPE spherical modules. Each slab is prestressed both radially and circumferentially to control deflection. Connection of the sun-shading elements to the slabs are presented and discussed.
Design challenges of the runnability of long span bridges
Authors: Diana Giorgio , Collina Andrea , Corradi Roberto
Published: March 2016

Long span bridges crossed by railway traffic require proper runnability analysis, based on different modelling levels. In this paper the influence of global, medium scale and local deck deformation on the stresses induced on the bridge structure is investigated, by adopting a proper combination of models, with different dimensions and detail levels. What makes a bridge with railway traffic different from bridges crossed by road traffic only is the need to install a track system which involves local stress concentration related both to higher axle loads and specific connection devices. Special attention is given to the influence of the track system on the locally transmitted loads and consequent stresses, by making reference to the case of an embedded rail system directly installed on the top plate of a railway box girder and to the related fatigue resistance of the deck structural elements. Simulation and laboratory tests can be a synergic combination for properly guiding the bridge structural design.
A new innovative software for long span bridges based on the asymptotic expansion method.
Authors: Ferradi Mohammed Khalil , Cespedes Xavier
Published: March 2016

Higher order beam elements is knowing a growing interest among researchers in mechanics all around the world. Their main advantage is to allow engineers to use beam element for their bridges modelling without a loss in the results precision that arise often from the use of simple beam element models, the engineers will then have in only one simple model the general information concerning their structures and the detailed results (that in general is obtained from a second model of the structure with shell or 3D elements). The principal method to develop higher order beam element is to first construct a kinematic describing the displacement of an arbitrary point of the element volume, to this aim we will use in this work the asymptotic expansion method to derive an enriched beam kinematic, including an arbitrary number of distortion and warping modes, associated to the boundary values and the loadings. From this kinematic, we will derive the Euler equilibrium equations that will be solved exactly, leading to the formulation of a mesh free element. The obtained beam element will be implemented in Qantara, a new software for bridge analysis, and the results will be compared with the ones obtained from a shell or brick models of the beam, showing that with very few distortion and warping modes, we can describe accurately the beam’s deformation.
Finite Element Model Updating of Suspension Bridge Based on Unstressed Length Identification
Authors: Zhang Songhan , Shen Ruili , Chen Meiling
Published: March 2016

For suspension bridges, the cable structure usually tend to be slack under long-term loading. Therefore, the tension will be redistributed, thus leading to alter the mechanical characteristics and results in the failure of finite element model. In most cases, it is hard to be reflected intuitively by estimated tension. Therefore, the model updating method based on unstressed length identification was proposed. Based on the reference model, the cable force and elongation was estimated by influence matrix method. The stressed length could be measured precisely. Therefore, the unstressed length could be calculated. Because unstressed length is an inherent property, it will not be affected by external factors. A three-tower four-span self-anchored suspension bridge was taken to verify the method. The result showed that the sling relaxation could be detected by the unstressed length identification under the measure error less than

±8mm. Thus shows the superiority of the proposed method.
A Study on Economic Effect According to the Design Life of a Bridge
Authors: Jung Yongjoo , Cho Chungyoung , Gil Heungbae , Kim Hongsik , Cho Junsang , Lee Dongjin
Published: March 2016

Super Long Span Bridge R&D Centre of Korea has established design standards with the use of a limit state design method and carried out studies on new materials and new construction methods to be used for cable bridges since 2009, and are now in preparation for its practical use as well as its use as a test bed.

The Super Long Span Bridge Project aims at securing the design and construction technology of the Long Span Bridge Cable on the cost effectiveness and technical competitiveness bases and is the technology study project executed in total 4 disciplines (1~4 vital disciplines); Design, Material, Construction and Test Bed. In addition, the purpose of 4th vital assignment is to secure international reliability and cost effectiveness on the Super Long Span Bridge Project by applying the individual technology studied from the design, material and construction of 1, 2 and 3 assignments to the integrated Test Bed. In addition, safety in each Limit State has been confirmed and accordingly cost effectiveness on loads in each life, a resistance correction coefficient by the reliability index and member forces of main members has been checked and compared by applying the Cable Bridge Design Specification (Limit State Design Method) to the concrete cable stayed bridge with the main span of 350m selected as the test bed bridge.
Prediction of Wave and Wind induced Dynamic Response in Time Domain using RM Bridge
Authors: Stampler Johann , Sello Jörg , Papinutti Mitja , Bruer Arne , Marley Mathias , Veie Johannes , Holtberget Simen Helgren
Published: March 2016

This project is a feasibility study on a new bridge concept which is being investigated for crossing the 5 km wide Bjørnafjord on the west coast of Norway. The bridge concept consists of a 3-span suspension bridge, supported by two tension leg moored floaters midfjord and two bottom-fixed traditional concrete pylons near shore. The 3 main spans of the bridge have a length of 1385 m. The water depth is 550 m at one floater and 450 m at the other. Time domain analyses with coupled wind and wave loading have been performed in order to assess the bridge response due to environmental loading. The suspension bridge is designed and analysed using structural bridge software RM Bridge. New functionality for including hydrodynamic properties has been implemented in RM Bridge as part of the project.
Progressive Cable Yielding of a Cable-Stayed Bridge Considering Geometric Nonlinearities and Uncertainties of Loads
Authors: Peyrani Yohan , Sun Zhi
Published: March 2016

In this paper, a numerical study to assess the vehicle carrying safety of a cable-stayed bridge considering the cables plasticity propagation within the cable net is conducted. A simplified 2D finite-element cable-stayed bridge model is analysed under its dead weight and the in-service live loads. All types of geometric nonlinearity, namely the cable sag effect, the axial force-bending moment interaction within the deck and pylons, and finally the change of geometry due to large displacements, are considered in the analysis. Vehicle load multipliers are computed based on the load incremental analysis until the bridge get to the considered state that four cables have reached their plastic behaviour, which represents the initial progressive plasticity occurring in the cable net system. The probability distributions of load multipliers considering progressive cables plasticity are computed using the Monte Carlo simulation concerning uncertainties of loads.
AAEM versus numerical rheology investigation of composite steel concrete beams
Authors: Partov Doncho , Kantchev Vesselin
Published: March 2016

The paper presents analysis of the stress changes due to creep in statically determinate composite steel-concrete beam according to (AAEM) method of Bažant in comparison with numerical solution using Volterra integral equations based on EC2 provisions for creep of concrete. The mathematical model involves the equation of equilibrium, compatibility and constitutive relationship, i.e. an elastic law for the steel part and an integral-type creep law of Boltzmann – Volterra and algebraic-type creep law of Trost - Bažant for the concrete part considering the above mentioned models. It is analyzed the migration of stresses from concrete plate to steel beam using two independent Volterra integral equations of the second kind and two independent algebraic equations. The closeness of the results obtained by the two methods is shown with an example from the bridge practice.
Comparison of the Development of AISC and EC4 Code Provisions for Composite Construction
Authors: leon Roberto T.
Published: March 2016

The development of American and European provisions for composite construction over the last 30 years provides an interesting contrast on the approach to complexity of design rules. In the USA, in 1986 a new code driven by a small group of experienced designers introduced an ultimate strength formulation that explicitly excluded serviceability considerations. In contrast, the EC4 development was driven by a much larger, younger and diverse group led by academics which developed a much more comprehensive, and some would say prescriptive, set of design rules. Further developments in the American composite design provisions were significantly influenced by European norms due to extensive interaction between individual researchers at international conferences. This paper traces some of these developments and illustrates with some simple examples of composite beam and column designs how the EC4 and AISC codes differ.
Comparisons between design models for serviceability limit state of composite steel-concrete slabs
Authors: Ranzi Gianluca , Leoni Graziano , Dezi Luigino
Published: March 2016

Composite steel-concrete structures are widely used throughout the world for building and bridge applications. Their design is carried out ensuring a number of limit states to be satisfied. This paper is concerned with the serviceability limit state of simply-supported composite steel- concrete slabs, placing particular attention to the effects produced by concrete shrinkage on the structural response. In this preliminary study the differences obtained in calculated deflections based on design models available in international guidelines or used by practicing engineers are presented. In particular, three approaches are considered in relation to shrinkage effects, i.e. one where shrinkage is omitted in the deflection calculations, one where the shrinkage profile is taken as uniform over the slab cross-section and one where a shrinkage gradient is adopted over the slab depth, as observed in recent experimental long-term experiments.
Testing for Load Capacity of Pad Eyes used in Offshore Lifting Operations
Authors: Kvalvåg Renathe , Christerssion Andreas , Siriwardane Sudath C.
Published: March 2016

Generally design load capacity of pad eyes used in offshore lifting operations is determined based on the guidelines given in lifting standards. In 2012, NORSOK issued a new standard, R-002 “Lifting equipment”, to ensure that adequate safety requirements are complied with in connection to lifting operations on the Norwegian continental shelf. To ensure the accuracy of the followed design procedure, this paper presents experimental verification of 3.25 tons pad eyes. Initially, paper reviews various factors that are important to consider in a lifting operations, and provides important theoretical basis. Then details related to execution, analysis and results of the experimental testing. Several pad eyes are produced by changing the weld types, weld sizes and different hole sizes. Quasi static loads are applied to the pad eyes by changing different directions. The experimentally obtained load capacities were compared with theoretically calculated design load capacities. Finally significance, accuracy and limitations of the new guidelines are confirmed.
Tested versus code capacity of existing bridges - Three examples
Authors: Sas Gabriel , Bagge Niklas , Häggström Jens , Nilimaa Jonny , Puurula Arto , Blanksvärd Thomas , Täljsten Björn , Elfgren Lennart , Carolin Anders , Paulsson Björn
Published: March 2016

This paper presents the results from three tests to failure of different types of bridges: a two span reinforced concrete railway trough bridge; a five-span prestessed concrete beam bridge; and a one span metal railway truss bridge. The results show that the capacity of the structures are underestimated by current standards, while numerical analysis combined with material testing can provide more accurate results. Some examples are also presented on how deficiencies in capacity can be mitigated using fiber reinforced polymer strengthening systems.
Bridges that may have collapsed according to Codes
Authors: Van Bogaert Philippe
Published: March 2016

Three striking examples in bridge design, concerning concrete fatigue, concrete arch stability and connectors in composite construction, are in conflict with Eurocode provisions. A vast series of real structures can be found, for which such contradictions exist. Fatigue resistance of precast prestressed concrete bridge beams has been verified for 12 road and railway bridges and fails in half of these cases, although no sign whatever of deterioration has been found after 20 years. The reason for this is the extremely conservative value of concrete fatigue resistance, appearing in the code. Second-order effects and buckling of concrete arch bridges, including nonlinear material and structural effects, applied to heritage structures, demonstrates that the notion of slenderness, as used in the code, is rather inadequate. In addition, block connectors, frequently used in the past in composite construction, are now in opposition to the requirement of resisting an uplift force perpendicular to the steel beam. This calls for allowing larger freedom of designers and the reduction of the compulsory character of some clauses in codes.
Closing the GAP in BIM – an Engineering Approach
Authors: Nöldgen Markus , Wassmann Wolfgang , Harder Jennifer
Published: March 2016

In the 2010s, roughly twenty years after 3D-based Computer Aided Engineering and Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) was introduced in industrial applications, the construction industry is about to start applications with comparable virtual models called Building Information Models (BIM). However the term BIM allows for a broad variety of definitions starting from a simple approach, the so-called “Little BIM”, where only one single stakeholders use the term for a proprietary 3D-CAD-Model. The upper extreme is called “Big BIM” representing a continuously synchronized and updated spatial model enriched by various kinds of information, allocated in a collaborative database where not only single tasks but also interdependencies and data evolution is precisely developed over the whole building lifecycle.

The presented work is a contribution on closing the current GAP between little BIM and big BIM by using an inductive engineering approach. Virtual Building Information Models of current bridge projects are presented. They have been investigated and developed with a bottom-up method. The work has been carried out as academic pilot projects with support and coaching by professional engineers to point out

the requirements for a route-bound 3D-CAD-Model as a basis for virtual BIM and the construction,

the current achievements, benefits and challenges of 3D-Computer Aided Engineering,

recommendation for an appropriate building information setting and comprehensive processing.
BIM, a foundation for analyses
Authors: Borst Tom
Published: March 2016

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is increasingly becoming one of the focal points of digital information about buildings. This digital information provides the basis for all kinds of building-related processes. It is a new approach to the exchange of data and information in the construction industry. Digitisation in the construction industry is also creating other options for managing risks. Combining sensor technology to simulations creates possibilities for deciding on an evacuation depending on the data gathered by the sensors and simulations.
Exploring improvements for structural safety
Authors: Terwel Karel , Mans Dik-Gert
Published: March 2016

Research has shown that 80-90% of failure cases is caused by human and organizational factors, like communication errors. A national survey in the Netherlands revealed that critical factors within Dutch building process are: safety culture, communication and collaboration, allocation of responsibilities, risk management, control and knowledge infrastructure. This paper explores how the critical factors within building industry might be improved for both design and construction stage.
Applying Forensic Investigations of Failures of Structural Performance.
Authors: Wood Jonathan
Published: March 2016

Information from rigorous investigations of construction performance failures can be applied to reduce risks and improve construction standards for practicing engineers, within design and contracting organisations, and nationally and internationally in developing improved contracts, standards and guidance.