bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influences of biotin deficiency and dietary trans-fatty acids on tissue lipids in chickens
Authors: Watkins Bruce A.
Published: June 2005

1. The combined effects of feeding hydrogenated fats and varying the levels of biotin and linoleate (18:2ω6) on polyunsaturated fatty acids were studied in the chicken.

2. Biotin deficiency signs were not exacerbated by feeding hydrogenated fats or by diets low in linoleate for 21 d.

3. Biotin deficiency resulted in proportionately higher levels of 18:2ω6 and γ-linolenate (18:3ω6) in liver triglycerides, and lower levels of dihomo-γ-linolenate (20:3ω6) in liver and heart phospholipids irrespective of the 18:2ω6 level in the diet.

4. Biotin deficiency did not alter arachidonate (20:4ω6) levels in tissue lipids at 21 d.

5. Feeding high levels of trans-18:1 isomers with adequate biotin led to reduced 20:3ω6 and 20:4ω6 levels in liver and heart phospholipids with compensatory increases in ω3 fatty acids.

6. The trans-isomers of 18:1 were incorporated into several tissues of the chick. Incorporation was dependent on the levels fed. Very small amounts were incorporated into brain compared with other tissues when dietary trans-isomer levels were high, but were similar when dietary trans-isomer levels were low. The trans-18:1 isomers appear to be preferentially incorporated into phospholipids as opposed to triglycerides in heart and liver.
The energy, nutrient and food intakes of teenagers aged 16–17 years in Britain
Authors: Crawley Helen F.
Published: June 2005

As part of the 16–17 year follow-up of the 1970 longitudinal birth cohort study, The International Centre for Child Studies collected dietary data from a National sample of 4760 teenagers. Dietary intake data were collected in 4 d unweighed dietary diaries, distributed by schools and returned by post. Dietary intake data were quantitatively coded, and the intakes of energy, macronutrients and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are reported. Intakes of fat and extrinsic sugars, expressed as a percentage of energy intake, exceeded recent recommendations (Department of Health, 1991), and the intakes of intrinsic sugars, milk sugars and starch, and NSP were considerably lower than recommended. Only 25 % of males and 10 % of females achieved intakes of 18 g NSP/d. The main food groups contributing fat (%) to the diets of teenagers (for males and females respectively) were meat and meat products (24·2, 22·1). Spreading fats (18·6, 18·1) and cereals and cereal products (18, 17·8), whilst the major sources of sugars (%) were (for males and females respectively) sugar and confectionary (28·2, 26·4), cereals and cereal products (24·5, 23) and beverages (21·9, 21·5). Less than half the cohort drank alcohol during the recording period, and about 6% of females drank more than 2 units alcohol/d, and about 6% of males drank more than 3 units alcohol/d.
Abdominal diameters as indicators of visceral fat: comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and anthropometry
Authors: Van Der Kooy Karin , Leenen Rianne , Seidell Jaap C. , Deurenberg Paul , Visser Marjolein
Published: June 2005

The aim of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of abdominal diameters to indicate visceral fat, their relationship with serum lipids and their capability of detecting changes in visceral fat. Before and after weight loss, visceral and subcutaneous fat, and the sagittal and transverse diameters were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in forty-seven obese men and forty-seven premenopausal obese women with an initial body mass index of 31·0 (SD2·4) kg/m2. In a subsample (n21), diameters, were also measured by anthropometry in the standing and supine positions. They were strongly correlated with the diameters derived from the MRI scans. Serum levels of total and HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol were measured before weight loss. In women the sagittal diameter correlated less strongly with visceral fat than anthropometrically-assessed waist circumference and waist:hip ratio (WHR). In men these associations were comparable. Changes in visceral fat with weight loss were more strongly correlated with changes in the sagittal diameter and sagittal:transverse diameter ratio (STR) than with changes in waist circumference or WHR in men. In women, changes in the anthropometric variables and the separate diameters (except STR) were not associated with visceral fat loss. In men, but not in women, both the sagittal diameter and the visceral fat area were related to serum lipids. It is concluded that the sagittal diameter and STR may have advantages over waist circumference and WHR in men, particularly in assessing changes in visceral fat, but this could not be demonstrated in women. The ability to predict visceral fat from circumferences and diameters or their ratios is, however, limited in obese men and women.
Effects of acute and chronic level of protein supply on metabolic leucine utilization in growing and mature rats
Authors: Weijs P. J. M. , Schreurs V. V. A. M. , Koopmanschap R. E. , Grooten H. N. A. , Schoonman A. T. , Boekholt H. A.
Published: June 2005

Effects of acute (meal) and chronic (diet) level of protein supply on metabolic leucine utilization were investigated in growing (10 weeks) and mature (> 1 year) rats. Rats were conditioned on a high-protein (HP) diet (210 g casein/kg feed) or a low-protein(LP) diet (75 g casein/kg feed) from 7 weeks of age. Overnight-fasted rats were offered a HP or LP meal during a 8 h 14CO2 breath test with a constant infusion of either L-[l-14C]leucine (carboxyl, CL) or L-[U-14C]leucine (universal, UL). Before the meal 14CO2 output was lower for overnight-fasted rats fed on LP than on HP (P < 0·001), and also lower for growing than for mature rats (P < 0·001). Meal ingestion resulted in a rapid increase in 14CO2 output. From 2 h after the start of the meal the effect of acute protein supply on 14CO2 output was significant (P < 0·001), while the effect of chronic protein supply disappeared for CL. After the meal 14CO2 output was transiently lower for growing than for mature rats (P < 0·05), especially after the LP meal. The difference in 14CO 2 output between CL and UL increased transiently after the meal, indicating an increase in decarboxylation relative to total oxidation of leucine. In conclusion: (1) metabolic leucine utilization after overnight fasting depends on the level of chronic protein supply and stage of development of the animal, (2) metabolic leucine utilization after feeding depends primarily on the level of acute protein supply, (3) the transient increase in non-protein label retention suggests a temporal oversupply ofleucine relative to the actual metabolic state.
Effects of increasing levels of sugar-beet pulp in broiler chicken diets on nutrient digestion and serum lipids
Authors: Pettersson D. , Razdan A.
Published: June 2005

Broiler chickens were fed on a control diet based on maize or on diets including conventionally-dried (standard pulp) or vacuum-dried (Fipec pulp) sugar-beet pulp at inclusion levels of 23, 46 and 92 g/kg. Diets were fed ad lib. except for half of the chickens fed on the control diet which were fed twice daily at a restricted level. Although not statistically significant, chickens given the 23 g sugar-beet pulp/kg diets generally consumed more feed, had increased body weights and converted feed more efficiently at both day 14 and 21 than those fed on the control diet or diets including 46 or 92 g sugar-beet pulp/kg. Ileal digestibilities of organic matter, crude fat and crude protein generally decreased with increasing levels of sugar-beet pulp in the diet. Birds fed on diets including sugar-beet pulp had reduced total serum cholesterol concentrations. There were only minor differences obtained in production responses, serum cholesterol concentrations, digestibilities and carcass composition between chickens fed on the two types of beet pulp, indicating that the different drying procedures had very little influence on the product. High triacylglycerol and total serum cholesterol concentrations obtained for the restricted level-fed chickens demonstrated a meal frequency factor.
Haemoglobin, ferritin, and iron intakes in British children aged 12–14 years: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Nelson Michael , White Joanne , Rhodes Charlotte
Published: June 2005

The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of Fe deficiency and Fe-deficiency anaemia in a group of apparently healthy adolescents, and to assess the value of a food frequency and amount questionnaire as a screening tool to identify children at risk of Fe deficiency. White schoolchildren (399) aged 12–14 years living in a Southwest London suburb completed a food frequency and amount questionnaire to assess usual Fe and vitamin C intake, and provided a thumb-prick blood sample for analysis of haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and serum ferritin (SF). Children were classified as ‘anaemic’ if Hb was below the Dallman 3rd percentile (girls: < 120 g/l; boys: < 122, < 124 and < 126 g/l at ages 12, 13 and 14 years respectively); and ‘low’ or ‘borderline’ in Fe stores if SF was < 12 μg/l, or between 12 and 20 μg/l respectively. Of the boys and girls 3·5 and 10·5% respectively were anaemic; 1% of boys and 4% of girls had low ferritin values, and 14% of boys and 16% of girls were borderline. Fe intakes were significantly higher in boys than in girls (12·3 v. 9·6 mg/d, P < 0·001). Prevalence of anaemia was 14·5% in the group with both low Fe intakes (< lower reference nutrient intake) and low vitamin C intakes (< median), compared with 2·3% in the group with both high Fe intakes (> reference nutrient intake) and high vitamin C intakes (> median). Anaemia was three times more common in vegetarians than omnivores (25 v. 9%), and in girls who had tried to lose weight in the last year compared with those who had not (23 v. 7%). The questionnaire did not prove satisfactory as a screening tool for risk of Fe deficiency. The higher-than-expected prevalence of Fe deficiency in apparently healthy white girls suggests that other groups should also be investigated.
Influence of particle size and sources of non-starch polysaccharides on postprandial glycaemia, insulinaemia and triacylglycerolaemia in pigs and starch digestionin vitro
Authors: Leclere Christophe , Lairon Denis , Champ Martine , Cherbut Christine
Published: June 2005

Physico-chemical properties of dietary fibres might be involved in metabolic control, particularly of the postprandial blood glucose response. The aim of the present study was to look at the effects of the content of soluble fibres and of the particle size of solid fibres onin vitroandin vivostarch hydrolysis and on the subsequent glucose absorption as well as the triacylglycerolaemia. Two sources of dietary fibres, one, with soluble fibres (beet pulp), the other with mostly insoluble fibres (wheat bran), were added at the rate of 60 g/kg to a meal simulating human food. The fibre sources were ground in order to obtain two different particle sizes (250 and 500 μm). Beet pulp decreased significantly (P< 0·05) initialin vitrohydrolysis whereas wheat bran increased starch hydrolysis in the first 10 min. Wheat bran and beet pulp, whatever its particle size, lowered the post-prandial triacylglycerol response. No significant effect was found with dietary fibre-supplemented diets on postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic values. High correlation was found between initialin vitrostarch hydrolysis and mean areas under the insulinaemic curves. Thisin vitromodel can be used to predict initialin vivodigestion of carbohydrates from complex foods.
Phosphorus studies in pigs
Authors: Ketaren P. P. , Batterham E. S. , Dettmann E. Belinda , Farrell D. J.
Published: June 2005

Experiments were conducted with pigs and rats to determine the availability of P in feeds. Initially, the availability of P in a soya-bean meal and field peas (Pisum sativum cultivar Early Dun) was assessed using a slope–ratio assay for grower pigs. Three different levels of either monosodium phosphate (MSP), soya-bean meal or field peas were added to a basal sucrose–soya-bean meal diet (2·5 g/kg P) to give three levels of P (3·0, 3·5 and 4 g/kg) for each source. The diets were offered for 35 d at three times maintenance energy requirements to female pigs initially weighing 20 kg live weight. Several bone variables and the ash and P concentration and retention levels in the empty body were used as criteria of availability. The responses to MSP were linear for all variables. However, responses to P in the test proteins, particularly soya-bean meal, were mostly non-linear, except for ash and P concentrations and retentions in the empty body. The estimates of P availability in the soya-bean meal and in the field peas were dependent on the criteria used to assess availability. Using bone variables as the criterion, the availabilities of P in soya-bean meal and field peas were approximately 0·17 and 0·38 respectively. Using ash or P concentrations or retentions in the empty body as the response criterion, the availabilities of P in soya-bean meal and field peas were 0·61 and 0·38 respectively. The mean retention values for P from MSP, soya-bean meal and field peas were 0·74, 0·33 and 0·21 respectively. Experiments were then conducted to define the conditions necessary for a slope–ratio assay for P availability with growing rats to determine if they could be used as a model to assess P availability for pigs. These experiments examined level of P in the diet, the effect of Ca:P ratio and criteria for assessing response (growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, bone ash and bone bending moment). The results indicated that a suitable range of dietary P for a slope–ratio assay in rats was 1·8–3·5 g/kg, with Ca: P ratio of between 1·3 and 6·2, and that ash content or bone bending moment of the femur bone were suitable criteria of response. However, using bone bending moment as the criterion of response, the availability of P in soya- bean meal was 0·81, which was considerably higher than the estimate with pigs. Overall the results indicated that the estimates of the availability of P in feeds for pigs were dependent on the criteria used to assess availability and that the value for rats led to an overestimate of the value for pigs.
Examination of energy utilization in cattle offered a forage diet at near- and sub-maintenance levels of feeding
Authors: Cammell S. B. , Haines M. J. , Gill M. , Dhanoa M. S. , Frances J. , Beever D. E.
Published: June 2005

Eight Friesian calves were reared from birth to the start of the experiment at a predetermined growth rate of 1.0 kg/d. Four calves (group 1) commenced the experiment at 22 weeks of age and the remainder (group 2) at 34 weeks, and feed intake was calculated to provide sufficient metabolizable energy to sustain zero energy balance (Em). Between experimental days 30 and 56 at maintenance levels of feeding, respiratory exchange measurements were made using open-circuit calorimetry to provide indirect estimates of heat production (H) simultaneous with measurements of faecal and urinary excretion of energy and N. A datum point for Em and H was established for each animal giving mean values for Em of 491 and 537 and for H of 476 and 511 kJ/kg live weight (LW)0.75 per d for groups 1 and 2 respectively. Treatment levels calculated as 0·25, 0·5, 0·75 and 1·25 of dry matter intake required to sustain the measured Em, were imposed on individual animals after day 56 and further measurements of H and faecal/ urinary balance were made between days 72 and 84 followed by measurements of fasting heat production (FHP) during days 86–90 from the two animals in each group which had received the 0.75 and 1.25 levels of intake. Regression analysis of the treatment levels indicated separate linear models which predicted Em at 419 and 473 kJ/kg LW0·75 per d for groups 1 and 2 respectively. The incorporation of FHP with partitioning of faecal and urinary energy losses measured during fasting altered the relationship but not the predicted Em. Overall predicted Em (days 72–84) from all models were 406 and 478 kJ/kg LW0.75 per d for groups 1 and 2 respectively which were significantly lower (P < 0·05) than Em measured during days 30–56.
Metabolic utilization of dietary energy and nutrients for maintenance energy requirements in sows: basis for a net energy system
Authors: Noblet J. , Shi X. S. , Dubois S.
Published: June 2005

Digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for maintenance (NEm) values of a set of fourteen diets were measured in six adult sows fed at and below their maintenance energy level. The efficiency of ME for NEm was estimated from heat production (HP) measurements (indirect calorimetry) at these different feeding levels. HP was partitioned between HP due to physical activity, thermic effect of food (TEF) and fasting heat production (FHP). The amounts of DE digested in the small intestine or in the hindgut were measured. Equations for prediction of NEm from dietary characteristics were calculated. HP at maintenance level averaged 400 kJ/kg body-weight0.75, 16 and 19% of the total being due to physical activity and TEF respectively. The efficiency of ME for NEm averaged 77·4% with higher values for digestible diethyl ether extract (100%) and starch + sugar (82 %). The efficiencies of digestible crude protein (N × 6·25) and digestible residue averaged 69 and 56 % respectively. The energy absorbed from the small intestine was used more efficiently than the energy fermented in the hindgut (82 v. 59%). These values are comparable with those obtained in growing pigs. The NEm content of diets can be predicted accurately from equations including DE (or ME) values and some dietary chemical characteristics.
The effect of non-starch polysaccharide supplementation on circulating bile acids, hormone and metabolite levels following a fat meal in human subjects
Authors: Morgan L. M. , Tredger J. A. , Shavila Y. , Travis J. S. , Wright J.
Published: June 2005

The effects of guar gum, sugar-beet fibre (SBF) and wheat bran supplementation of a high-fat test meal were compared with an NSP-free control meal and a meal containing an equivalent amount of the ion- exchange resin cholestyramine in healthy non-obese human volunteers. Their effects on gastric emptying, postprandial circulating bile acids, triacylglycerols and gastrointestinal hormone levels were studied. Thein vitrobinding of NSP and cholestyramine to [l-14C]glycocholic acid was measured and compared with theirin vivoeffect. Guar gum and cholestyramine supplementation significantly lowered circulating postprandial bile acid, triacylglycerol and gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentrations, but sugar-beet fibre and wheat bran were without effect. Liquid gastric emptying, as assessed by circulating paracetamol levels, was slightly accelerated in the guar gum-supplemented meal. Glycocholic acid bound strongly to the insoluble fraction of cholestyramine and the soluble fraction of guar gum. The insoluble fractions of SBF and wheat bran bound only small quantities of glycocholate; no bile acid binding was detected in the soluble fractions of these NSP. The study demonstrates that measurement of postprandial bile acids enables an indirect measurement to be made of bile acid binding to NSPin vivo. The results support the hypothesis that the hypocholesterolaemic action of guar gum is largely mediated via interruption of the enterohepatic bile acid circulation, but indicate that the hypocholesterolaemic action of SBF is mediated by another mechanism.
The effect of graded inclusion of baked beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on plasma and liver lipids in hypercholesterolaemic pigs given a Western-type diet
Authors: Costa Neuza M. B. , Walker Ann F. , Low A. G.
Published: June 2005

The aim of the present study was to measure the effect of graded inclusion of baked beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on plasma and liver lipids in hypercholesterolaemic pigs fed on a Western-type diet. Twenty- four Large White × Landrace pigs of about 30 kg body weight were made hypercholesterolaemic by feeding a semi-purified diet, high in saturated fat and supplemented with 10 g cholesterol/kg, for 14 d. After that, six pigs were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental groups. They received their respective diets, containing 0, 100, 200 or 300 g baked beans/kg, on a dry-matter basis, for a further 28 d. Fasting blood samples were taken and analysed for total plasma cholesterol, lipoproteins and triacylglycerols. After the pigs were slaughtered at the end of the study, livers were analysed for their cholesterol content. Consumption of baked beans at 100, 200 and 300 g/kg reduced plasma total cholesterol by 5·3, 20·2 and 35·6 % respectively. However, only the diet with 300 g baked beans/kg showed a significant reduction (P < 0·05) compared with the control (without baked beans)- The level of low-density-Hpoprotein-cholesterol was also significantly (P < 0·05) reduced by 48% at 300 g baked beans/kg. Plasma very-low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol and triacylgiycerol contents were not affected by bean consumption. The supplements of 200 and 300 g baked beans/kg promoted a significant (P < 0·05) reduction of about 50% in cholesterol deposition in the liver, compared with the control.
Thyroid function in rats with iodine deficiency is not further impaired by concurrent, marginal zinc deficiency
Authors: Smit John G. G. , Van Der Heide Daan , Van Tintelen Gerrit , Beynen Anton C.
Published: June 2005

The hypothesis tested was that Zn deficiency aggravates impaired thyroid function as induced by I deficiency. In two separate experiments male rats were fed on diets either deficient in Zn or in I, or deficient in both. An identical, restricted amount of food was given to each rat so that body-weight gain of the experimental groups was comparable. Zn deficiency was evidenced by reduced tibial Zn concentrations. I deficiency was evidenced by goitre, reduced urinary I excretion, reduced plasma thyroxine concentrations and reduced absolute amounts and concentrations of thyroxine in the thyroid. Zn deficiency had no effect on the raised thyroid weight as induced by I deficiency. Zn restriction from 184 μmol Zn/kg diet to 31 μmol Zn/kg diet, hut not to 92 μmol Zn/kg diet, significantly lowered plasma thyroxine concentration. There were no interrelated effects of Zn and I deficiencies on thyroid hormone levels. These results indicate that marginal Zn deficiency does not influence thyroid hormone metabolism in I deficiency.
Iron status in rats fed on diets containing marginal amounts of vitamin A
Authors: Sijtsma K. W. , Van Den Berg G. J. , Lemmens A. G. , West C. E. , Beynen A. C.
Published: June 2005

Severe vitamin A deficiency in rats is known to cause anaemia associated with growth retardation and impaired water retention. However, study of the effect of marginal vitamin A intake is of more interest because such intake may mirror the situation in humans in many developing countries. Therefore, in two experiments, the effect of marginal vitamin A deficiency on Fe status was investigated in male rats. After 28 d of feeding either low- or high-vitamin A diets (0 or 120 v. 1200 retinol equivalents/kg feed), body weight and feed intake were not influenced by the level of vitamin A in the diet. Liver weight was lowered by vitamin A deficiency. Water intake was not influenced in rats fed on a low-vitamin A diet. Plasma retinol concentrations were decreased in rats fed on diets low in vitamin A. Marginal vitamin A deficiency produced slightly lower blood haemoglobin concentrations; it did not systematically affect packed cell volume. The concentration of Fe in liver was significantly higher when diets low in vitamin A were fed, but hepatic Fe mass was not affected. Significantly lower Fe levels were observed in femurs of rats with vitamin A deficiency. The effects on liver and femur Fe concentrations were seen with diets adequate in Fe but not with diets deficient in Fe. The efficiency of apparent Fe absorption was significantly increased by low intakes of vitamin A, provided that the dietary Fe concentration was adequate. It is speculated that depressed uptake of Fe by bone marrow is the primary feature of altered Fe status in rats with marginal vitamin A deficiency.
Plasma total glutathione in humans and its association with demographic and health-related factors
Authors: Flagg Elaine W. , Coates Ralph J. , Jones Dean P. , Eley J. William , Gunter Elaine W. , Jackson Bethany , Greenberg Raymond S.
Published: June 2005

The tripeptide glutathione is proposed to be protective against a number of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, there have been few studies of plasma glutathione levels in humans and in those studies the numbers of participants have been very small. In an exploratory analysis the determinants of plasma total glutathione (GSHt) were investigated in a group of 100 volunteers aged 18–61 years in Atlanta, Georgia, USA during June and July 1989. Data on demographic and health-related factors were collected by interview and plasma GSHtwas measured using a recently modified laboratory method. The mean concentration of plasma GSHtfor all 100 participants was 761 μg/l, with a standard deviation of 451 μg/l, a range of 86–2889 μg/1 and a median of 649 μg/l. Men had significantly higher levels of plasma GSHtthan women (924v. 692 μg/l;P= 0·006). Seventh-day Adventists participating in the present study had higher plasma GSHtlevels than other subgroups defined by race and/or religion. Among Seventh-day Adventists consumption of a vegetarian diet was associated with increased plasma GSHtconcentration (P= 0·002). Plasma GSHtlevels also appeared to vary by race, but relationships with race could not be clearly disassociated from relationships with religion. Among white participants plasma GSHtconcentration decreased with age in women but increased with age in men (P= 0·05). Few other factors were associated with plasma GSHtconcentration, although use of oral contraceptives (P= 0·10) was somewhat associated with decreased plasma GSHtlevels. These findings suggest that plasma GSHtlevels may vary with several demographic and health-related attributes and support the need for further research on this potentially important disease-preventive compound.
Cobalt-vitamin B12deficiency causes accumulation of odd- numbered, branched-chain fatty acids in the tissues of sheep
Authors: Kennedy D. G. , Kennedy S. , Blanchflower W. J. , Scott J. M , Weir D. G. , Molloy A. M. , Young P. B.
Published: June 2005

Nine 5-month-old lambs were randomly allocated to two groups and were fed on either a Co-deficient whole-barley diet (n5), or the same diet supplemented with Co (n4). The lambs were fed on their respective diets for 28 weeks. Plasma vitamin B12concentrations fell below the lower limit of normality after 6 weeks, and plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations rose above the upper limit of normality after 10 weeks. However, plasma MMA concentrations fell to near normal levels towards the end of the experiment suggesting that diagnosis of more severe Co deficiency based on determination of plasma MMA concentrations may be of limited value. Analysis of tissue samples collected at slaughter revealed a marked reduction in the vitamin B12concentration and the activity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (EC5.4.99.2) in the tissues taken from the Co-deficient sheep, by comparison with the controls. Although tissue concentrations of MMA in the Co-deficient animals were not significantly different from those of the controls, we did detect increased concentrations of branched-chain fatty acids. This suggested that misincorporation of MMA, but not propionic acid, into fatty acids had occurred. The Co-deficient lambs did not develop any neurological signs, suggesting that accumulation of branched-chain fatty acids may not be involved in the development of neurological lesions.
Iron, copper and zinc status in rats fed on diets containing various concentrations of tin
Authors: Pekelharing H. L. M. , Lemmens A. G. , Beynen A. C.
Published: June 2005

The effects of various dietary concentrations of Sn (1, 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg; added as SnCl2) on Fe, Cu and Zn status of rats were determined. After feeding the diets for 28 d body weight was not significantly affected, but there was a Linear inverse response of feed intake. Plasma, kidney, spleen and tibia Fe concentrations as well as blood haemoglobin concentration and percentage transferrin saturation decreased in a linear dose-response manner as the level of dietary Sn increased. The addition of Sn to the diet depressed Cu status, as indicated by a significant inverse response of plasma, Liver, kidney, spleen and tibia Cu levels. Plasma, kidney and tibia Zn concentrations were decreased by increasing levels of dietary Sn, but spleen and Liver Zn concentrations were not significantly influenced. Fe, Cu and Zn status was influenced by dietary Sn concentrations lower than 50 mg/kg. If the results can be extrapolated to man it would follow that a high v. low Sn concentration in the human diet, which can be as distinct as 75 v. 2 mg/kg dry diet, may decrease plasma and tissue concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn by up to 15%.
Dietary indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity and ischaemic heart disease risk: the Caerphilly Prospective Study
Authors: Fehily A. M. , Pickering J. E. , Yarnell J. W. G. , elwood P. C.
Published: June 2005

The aim of the study was to investigate whether proposed dietary scores of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity predict ischaemic heart disease (IHD) risk in a community sample of men aged 45–59 years. Dietary scores were calculated from consumption of various fatty acids, estimated from 7 d weighed intake data obtained from 665 men. Investigation of associations with blood lipids, lipoproteins and haemostatic factors revealed positive associations with low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (P< 0·05) and white cell count (P< 0·05), and a negative association with antithrombin III (P= 0·05), after taking into account the effects of age, body mass index and smoking. During a 5-year follow-up period, there were twenty-one new IHD events among the 512 men in whom there was no evidence of IHD at baseline. Men with higher atherogenicity or thrombogenicity scores at baseline tended to have a higher risk of subsequent IHD. The trend was consistent but not statistically significant. A similar trend was observed for total saturates, and an inverse trend for total polyunsaturates, expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids. It is, therefore, concluded that proposed dietary indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity may be weak predictors of IHD risk, but that these scores are unlikely to be substantially better predictors than more simple approaches such as intakes of total saturates. To enhance the predictive ability, more complex formulas which take into account other dietary factors as well as fatty acid intakes would probably be required.
Between-laboratory comparison of densitometry and bio-electrical impedance measurements
Authors: Deurenberg Paul , Westerterp Klaas R. , Velthuis-Te Wierik Erica J. M.
Published: June 2005

Body composition was measured in nine healthy, normal-weight, weight-stable subjects in three different research centres. In each centre the usual procedures for the measurements were followed. It revealed that the measurement procedures in the three centres were comparable. Body composition was measured in each centre between 09.00 and 13.00 hours after a light breakfast by densitometry (underwater weighing) and bio-electrical impedance. A single, total-body-water determination by D2O dilution was used as a reference value. Body fat determined by densitometry was significantly lower in one centre, which, however, could be completely explained by a lower body weight, probably due to water loss (the subjects refrained for a longer time from food and drinks before the measurements in that centre) and, thus, by violation of the assumptions of Siri's (1961) formula. Also, body impedance was slightly higher in that centre, indicating a lower amount of body water. Mean body fat from densitometry was also slightly lower in that centre compared with body fat determined by D2O dilution. Individual differences between body fat from densitometry and from total body water were relatively large, up to 7% body fat. The relationship between fat-free mass from densitometry and bio-electrical impedance was not different between the centres. It is concluded that differences in the relationship between body composition and bio-electrical impedance, as reported in the literature, may be due to differences in standardization procedures and/or differences in reference population.
Changes in fatty acid compositions of total serum and lipoprotein particles, in growing rats given protein-deficient diets with either hydrogenated coconut or salmon oils as fat sources
Authors: Bouziane Mahmoud , Prost Josiane , Belleville Jacques
Published: June 2005

The present study examines the effects of dietary saturated (hydrogenated coconut oil) and polyunsaturated (salmon oil) fats on the composition and metabolism of lipoproteins in growing rats fed on protein-deficient diets. Four groups of rats were fed on the following diets for 28 d: 200 g casein+50 g coconut oil (COC)/kg, 20 g casein+50 g coconut oil (COd)/kg, 200 g casein + 50 g salmon oil (SAC)/kg, 20 g casein+50 g salmon oil (SAd)/kg. Both protein-deficient groups exhibited low concentrations of protein and triacylglycerol (in serum, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein-high-density lipoprotein, (LDL-HDL1) and HDL2-3), of cholesterol (in LDL-HDL1) and of phospholipids (in VLDL). Furthermore, serum and VLDL cholesterol concentrations were also reduced in the SAd group. Compared with rats given 200 g casein/kg diets, those fed on low-protein diets presented lower linoleic and arachidonic acid levels, in serum phospholipids and a dramatic decrease in the polyunsaturated: saturated fatty acid value. Relative amounts of linoleic and arachidonic acids in phospholipids of VLDL and HDL2-3were also lowered in the Cod group but not in the SAd group. However, proportions of 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 in VLDL and HDL2-3phospholipid fractions were enhanced in the Cod and SAd groups respectively. The most affected apolipoproteins (apo) were apo B100and apo B48in rats fed on protein-deficient diets, apo A1and apo E in the Cod group, and apo AIV, in the SAd group. Compared with rats fed hydrogenated coconut oil diets, those fed salmon oil diets had enhanced LDL-HDL1and HDL2-3but lower VLDL total apolipoproteins (mainly due to a fall in apo B100, and apo B48). Arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids, which are impaired by protein deficiency, are the precursors of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes which are implicated in a number of regulatory processes. Our results demonstrate that protein malnutrition is associated with impaired metabolism of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Protein malnutrition and essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency are characterized by many common clinical features and the Link between the two may be an impaired production of eicosanoids, since arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids are the precursors of these important metabolic regulators. Because of the apparent involvement of EFA deficiency in the aetiology of protein malnutrition, it may he prudent to include adequate amounts of EFA in diets of infants suffering from kwashiorkor.
Effect of alcohol on glucose, insulin, free fatty acid and triacylglycerol responses to a light meal in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects
Authors: Christiansen Christian , Thomsen Claus , Rasmussen Ole , Hauerslev Catrine , Balle Mette , Hansen Carsten , Hermansen Kjeld
Published: June 2005

Alcohol accounts for 4-6% of the average energy intake in most Western countries. Alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia is a well-known and feared complication in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, but little attention has been paid to the impact of alcohol on carbohydrate metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects the acute metabolic effects of a moderate amount of alcohol taken with a light meal, conditions chosen to mimic an everyday situation. The patients received 500 ml non-alcoholic beer with an alcohol content (ml/l) of 0 (treatment A) and 54 (treatment B) together with a light meal, implying identity of the contents of ingredients except for alcohol. We found similar serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acid and triacylglycerol responses irrespective of addition of a modern amount of alcohol. In conclusion, a moderate amount of alcohol can be taken with a meal without eliciting hypoglycaemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects.
The effect of acute and chronic administration of the β-agonist, cimaterol, on protein synthesis in ovine skin and muscle
Authors: Nash J. E. , Rocha H. J. G. , Buchanz V. , Calder G. A. , Milne E. , Quirke J. F. , Lobley G. E.
Published: June 2005

The action of intravenous infusion of the βagonist cimaterol(2.5 mg/d) on whole-body N retention and protein synthesis in peripheral tissues was examined in growing sheep. Wool growth was determined from skin patch clippings and adjusted to total fibre production. Protein synthesis was measured, using sequential large dose injections of [ l-I3C]valine, leucine and phenylalanine and then [ring-d,]-phenylalanine, on biopsy samples from skin and m. longissirnus dovsi taken before β-agonist administration, at day 3 and day 15 of cimaterol infusion, and 15 d after withdrawal of the drug. Cimaterol increased total N retention by 1.9–2.3 g N/d (P < 0.01) over three successive 5 d periods. In contrast, wool growth was significantly reduced by 0.7 g N/d (P < 0.001) and the proportion of total N retained in wool declined from 0.71 to 0.25 (P < 0.01). The reduction in woo1 growth was accompanied by a decrease in protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) in skin (11.6 v. 6.3%/d, P < 0.01). Muscle protein FSR, on the other hand, was markedly stimulated during cimaterol infusion (1.45 v. 3.01 %/d, P < 0.001) as was RNA concentration (P < 0.001), RNA:protein (P < 0.001) and protein:DNA (P < 0.05). The estimated increase in total protein synthesis in muscle (+ 24 to 30 g/d) due to cimaterol administration was counterbalanced by reductions for skin (-25 to 27 g/d); this may account for the lack of changes in whole-body protein synthesis following β-agonist administration reported in other studies. Although N retention rapidly returned to control values following withdrawal of the drug, both wool growth and skin protein synthesis remained depressed, while muscle protein FSR declined, but not to pre-treatment values. These results suggest a persistent action of cimaterol, but whether this is a function of residue concentrations or long-term metabolic responses is not known
Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: isoleucine
Authors: Batterham E. S. , Andersen L. M.
Published: June 2005

Two experiments were conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible isoleucine by growing pigs. In the first, the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in cottonseed meal, lupin-seed meal and soya-bean meal was determined in pigs fitted with‘T‘-shaped cannulas. In the second, three isoleucine-deficient diets were formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ digestible energy (DE) with the three protein concentrates contributing the only source of isoleucine in sucrose-based diets. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of isoleucine to confirm that isoleucine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of isoleucine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase were then determined. The apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine in the three protein concentrates (proportion of total) was: cottonseed meal 0.68, lupin-seed meal 0.86, soya-bean meal 0.86. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in growth rates (g/d) and crude protein deposition rates (g/d) of the pigs given the three diets formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ DE: cottonseed meal 590, 84; lupin-seed meal 613, 87; soya-bean meal 594, 91 (SEM 13.0, 2.9) respectively. The response of pigs to the addition of isoleucine confirmed that isoleucine was limiting in these diets. The proportion of ileal digestible isoleucine retained by pigs given the cottonseed meal (0.65) was slightly lower than that retained by pigs given soya-bean meal (0.73; P < 0.05). These results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of isoleucine in protein concentrates more closely reflect the proportion of isoleucine that can be utilized by the pig than occurs for other amino acids such as lysine, threonine and methionine.
Bioefficiency of different tocopherols in chicken as assessed by haemolysis test and microsomal pentane production
Authors: Fuhrmann Herbert , Balthazary Sukurani T. , Sallmann Hans-Peter
Published: June 2005

Bioefficiencies ofα-,γ- andδ-tocopherol in comparison with all-rac-α-tocopherol were established in broiler chickens. For this, 1-d-old male broiler chickens received a diet deficient in vitamin E and supplemented with increasing doses of the corresponding tocopheryl acetates. After 2 and 3 weeks of feeding, the animals were killed to obtain blood and liver samples. Theex vivotests used were detergent induced haemolysis and pentane production by liver microsomes. Bioefficiencies were calculated by comparison of the dose–response curves. It is concluded that haemolysis and pentane production are appropriate indicators of the bioefficiency of tocopherols in broiler chickens. The values obtained by both tests hardly differed and agree well with the figures previously obtained from rats and other species.
Involvement of small intestinal motility in blood glucose response to dietary fibre in man
Authors: Cherbut Christine , Bruley Des Varannes S. , Schnee M. , Rival Martine , Galmiche J-P. , Delort-Laval J.
Published: June 2005

Three dietary fibres with different physicochemical properties were studied in healthy humans for their effects on small intestinal motility and postprandial hyperglycaemia. Duodeno-jejunal motor activity was evaluated electromyographically for 180 min in six subjects who had ingested a test meal composed of glucose alone or glucose with 15 g of wheat bran (WB), sugar beet (SB) or ispaghula (I) fibres. Glucose and insulin concentrations were determined during the same period. Each subject received each of the four test meals randomly during a 4 d period. Addition of SB or I to the glucose meal altered duodeno-jejunal motility. Both of these fibres inhibited stationary contractile activity and increased the propagation length and velocity of propagated activity, whereas addition of WB had no effect. These results could reflect the high water-holding capacity of SB and 1. Blood glycaemic response to the glucose meal was reduced by SB and I but remained unchanged with WB. Postprandial blood glucose levels were significantly correlated with the total motility index (r 0·82) and stationary activity (r 0·79). Taken together, these observations suggest that the contractile activity induced by dietary fibre in the small intestine probably plays a major role in delayed glucose absorption.
A stable isotope study of zinc kinetics in Irish setters with gluten-sensitive enteropathy
Authors: Lowe N. M. , Hall E. J. , Anderson R. S. , Batt R. M. , Jackson M. J.
Published: June 2005

The short-term kinetics of Zn turnover were studied in Irish setters with gluten-sensitive enteropathy and control dogs following intravenous injection of 0·25 mg 96·5% enriched70ZnCl2. The70Zn enrichment of serum was found closely to obey two-compartment kinetics and the derived two-compartment decay equation was used to calculate the size and turnover of the two initial rapidly exchanging pools of body Zn. In normal Irish setters isotopic Zn initially equilibrates with a pool (a) of size 1·27 (SD 0·46) μmol/kg and then with a second pool (b) of size 6·83 (SD 1·72) μmol/kg. The fractional turnover of pool (b) was approximately one eighth that of pool (a). Enteropathic dogs showed no reduction in the size of either rapidly exchangeable Zn pool, reduction in serum Zn concentration or abnormality in Zn balance and hence these results do not support the possibility of an underlying Zn deficiency in this disorder.
Estimation of the fermentability of dietary fibrein vitro: a European interlaboratory study
Authors: Barry J-L. , Hoebler C. , MacFarlane G. T. , MacFarlane S. , Mathers J. C. , Reed K. A. , Mortensen P. B. , Nordgaard I. , Rowland I. R. , Rumney C. J.
Published: June 2005

Five European laboratories tested a simplein vitrobatch system for dietary fibre fermentation studies. The inoculum was composed of fresh human faeces mixed with a carbonate-phosphate buffer complex supplemented with trace elements and urea. Five dietary fibre sources (cellulose, sugarbeet fibre, soyabean fibre, maize bran and pectin) were used by each laboratory on three occasions to determine pH, residual non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and short-chain fatty acid production during fermentation. Cellulose and maize bran degradabilities were very low (7·2 (SE 10·8) and 6·2 (SE 9·1) % respectively after 24 h), whereas pectin and soyabean fibre were highly degraded (97·4 (SE 4) and 91·1 (SE 3·4)% respectively after 24 h). Sugarbeet fibre exhibited an intermediate level of degradability (59·5 (SE 14·9)%). Short-chain fatty acid production was closely related to NSP degradation (r0·99). Although each variable was ranked similarly by all laboratories, some differences occurred with respect to absolute values. However, the adaptation of donors to the experimental substrates was not an influential factor. Interlaboratory differences could be reduced either by adding less substrate during incubations or using less-diluted inocula.In vitrofermentations with inocula made from human faeces and from rat caecal contents gave similar results. There was a close correspondence between the data obtained in the present experiment and those previously published inin vivostudies in the rat using the same fibres. Thein vitrobatch system tested during the present study provides a rapid means of obtaining quantitative estimates of the fermentation and the estimation of the energy content of new sources of dietary fibre.
Measurement of starch digestion of naturally 13C-enriched weaning foods, before and after partial digestion with amylase-rich flour, using a 13C breath test
Authors: Weaver L. T. , Dibba B. , Sonko B. , Bohane T. D. , Hoare S.
Published: June 2005

Malnutrition in infancy is a global problem which leads to retardation of childhood growth and development. There is a pressing need to improve weaning strategies for infants of the developing world. Traditional Gambian weaning foods are watery and of low energy density, but addition of energy in the form of fat and carbohydrate leads to thick, viscous gruels which are difficult to ingest. Partial digestion with amylase (EC3·2·1·1)-rich flour reduces their viscosity while retaining their energy density. The aim of the present study was to measure the digestibility of a maize-based weaning food, before and after amylase digestion, in malnourished children using a 13C breath test. Ten children (aged 7–16 months; mean weight-for-age Z score −0·8) received isovolumetric and isoenergetic quantities of a maize-based weaning food naturally abundant with 13C. Breath samples were collected at intervals of 30 min for 5 h thereafter and 13CO2 enrichment was measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Percentage dose of 13C recovered increased from a mean 13·7 (SD 3·7)% before, to 18·3 (SD 5·6)% after ingestion of amylase-treated weaning foods (P < 0·1). There was a significant inverse relation between age and weight, and percentage dose of 13C recovered in children receiving amylase-treated feeds. There were no differences in concentrations of amylase in saliva of infants or breast milk of their mothers. Partial digestion of supplementary foods may improve the nutrition of undernourished weaning children, not only by reducing their viscosity, thereby increasing ingestion, but also by improving their digestion and thereby their absorption.