bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Comparative Mortality among Assured Lives of Abstainers and Non-Abstainers from Alcoholic Beverages
Authors: Moore Roderick Mackenzie
Published: June 2019

The effect of alcohol on the human economy and on the health and prosperity of the community has occupied the close attention of statesmen, physiologists and philanthropists for many generations past, and the question of total abstinence has been probably the most widely discussed social problem for more than half a century. That excess, as compared with moderation in the use of alcohol, is prejudicial in every way is a proposition hardly to be disputed. And many authorities who have given the matter careful consideration contend that even as moderation is superior to excess, so is total abstinence from alcohol superior to moderation. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the truth of this contention in regard to Mortality; with which must be closely associated the questions of health and general well being.
On the Value in Practice of a Life Interest, allowing for Income Tax
Authors: King George
Published: June 2019

When an investor buys a life interest, or an annual charge upon a life interest, the income does not reach him until tax has been deducted from the whole amount, and yet the purchaser has to pay away a material portion of the income in life assurance premiums, on which he is unable to recover the tax.
On a Property of the O[M] Select Tables, and its Application to the Valuation Of Whole-Life Policies
Authors: Diver O. F.
Published: June 2019

The subject dealt with in this paper has already been introduced by a letter to the Insurance Record, of 24 February 1905, but I am now able to put forward certain further developments of the theory and method there set out.
Canadian Vital Statistics; with particular reference to the Province of Ontario
Authors: Grant M. D.
Published: June 2019

Investigations of the mortality prevailing in Canada, whether among assured lives or the population at large, have not up to the present been frequent. Such enquiries demand, first of all, a considerable extent and precision of data, and these are seldom furnished by the records of such private corporations as do business in a new country, or by the periodical censuses undertaken by Government. As to assured lives, most of the companies now transacting the business of life assurance in Canada are recent entrants into the arena, and of such of them as are not to be included in this class, it is yet true that most of their assurances have been effected at comparatively recent dates; so that an investigation into the mortality of the lives, whether undertaken by a single company (supposing its business to be of sufficient magnitude) or by any combination of companies, would be subject to the same defects as are chargeable against the Thirty American Offices' Experience, and against many others, for all of which this example—Titanic in all respects—may stand.
The Variations in Masculinity under different conditions
Authors: Lewis John Norman , Lewis Charles James
Published: June 2019

In submitting to the Institute the results of our investigation into the subject of masculinity, we are aware that this theme is somewhat outside the ordinary discussions of the Institute, and we only propose to deal with certain aspects of the question. It may therefore be well to begin by defining the term masculinity, which is simply a convenient expression for stating in one word the proportion of the sexes at birth. The choice of this word has been determined by the fact that male births generally predominate in number over female births. According to the extent of this predominance, masculinity may be described as high or low. The usual practice is to state the number of male births to 1,000 females. When the male births are fewer than the female births the masculinity is said to be negative, the representative figure being then below 1,000.
On some Special Features of Widows' and Orphans' Funds
Authors: Thomas Ernest Charles
Published: June 2019

Having been associated with Mr. George King in the valuation of a Bank Widows' Fund, possessing features of more than usual interest, I have undertaken at his suggestion to write a short account of the principles and methods used in estimating the liability.
Reversionary Securities as Investments
Authors: Coutts C. R. V.
Published: June 2019

The previous papers on reversions read before the Institute have dealt mainly with the theory of the subject. It may be useful, therefore, to afford members who have to deal with reversionary securities as investments rather than mathematical problems, an opportunity of discussing some of the practical questions connected with them. In this I am following the example of Mr. Neil Campbell, whose paper, read before the Faculty of Actuaries in 1902, contained much valuable information of a practical character, and led to an interesting discussion.
The trend of adult mortality in England and the United States
Authors: Pedoe Arthur
Published: June 2019

‘The death rate is a fact; anything beyond this is an inference.’

Ever since as a student I noted the remarks of a reviewer in the Journal tracing the effects of the Boer War in one of the English Life Tables, I have regarded the population mortality tables of a country as reflecting its political and social life. It is from this viewpoint that the mortality tables of England and the United States of America are examined. The subject of international comparisons is one fraught with difficulty, and in the following paper I have ever held before me William Farr's dictum at the head of this paper.
Merchant seamen during the war
Authors: Elderton William P.
Published: June 2019

The paper deals with the mortality and sickness of merchant seamen and with certain other matters that were connected in one way or another with the main subject.

The work underlying the paper was undertaken for the Ministry of War Transport (now the Ministry of Transport) and a report differing little from the present paper was completed in March 1946. I am much indebted to the Minister of Transport for leave to publish the information and for his interest in the work. I should also like to put on record the encouragement I received at an earlier stage from his predecessor and throughout from Sir Cyril Hurcomb, the Secretary (Director General) of the Ministry. Though I am, of course, responsible for the statistical analysis, I have had much help and criticism from the Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen, Mr W. J. Killingback, M.B.E. Both he and the office of the Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen at Cardiff, especially Mr C. F. Knight, have given me valuable information and advice without which I should have been in still greater difficulty in understanding and interpreting the statistics. Mr E. A. J. Heath, F.I.A., who was an Assistant Statistical Adviser at the Ministry, made the analyses of the discharges on grounds of ill health which are given in paragraphs 15–18 and in Tables 6 and 7. His experience of permanent sickness insurance was a valuable asset; he also helped in other ways in connexion with the work.
The Taxation of Annuities
Authors: Ogborn M. E.
Published: June 2019

(1) The proper method of taxation of annuities has been a subject of contention for many years, and it seems a suitable time to discuss what are the correct principles to be applied.

(2) It seems illogical that life annuities should be taxed on a different principle from annuities payable for a fixed period not dependent on life. It also seems wrong that, whereas a person who has saved capital on which to live in old age may draw on the capital from time to time without being taxed on it, the same person if he buys an annuity so as to equalize the payments throughout the remainder of life has to pay tax on the capital content of the annuity.

(3) Various methods(1) have been devised in other countries as practical measures giving some allowance for the capital content of annuity payments, but those methods that I have seen suffer to my mind from being founded on arbitrary rules rather than on principle. It should be noted that the practice of each country is bound up with the definition of taxable income and the treatment of wasting assets in that country. In Great Britain it is possible so to word an annuity contract that part of the annuity is not taxable, but personally I think the question of principle should be faced, and not avoided by rewriting the contracts in some other form.
The Effects on Mortality of Recent Advances in Treatment
Authors: Conybeare John
Published: June 2019

Mortality statistics have now been available for the population of Great Britain for just over a hundred years and during this period there has been a steady and sustained decrease in mortality at all ages and in both sexes, though the extent of the decrease has been progressively less with increasing age.

The main part of the improvement in mortality during the latter half of the nineteenth century was due to improvements in sanitation and hygiene and above all the provision, at any rate in cities, of a reasonably safe water supply. Cholera which occurred in severe epidemic form in London between 1832 and 1866 had disappeared completely well before the beginning of the twentieth century. The widespread epidemics of typhoid fever which occurred as a result of water supplies becoming contaminated with sewage ceased when adequate precautions were taken to safeguard the sources and transmission of water in cities. It is true that small and localized epidemics of typhoid still occur, but these are all found to be due to contamination of food or water by ‘typhoid carriers’. A recent epidemic in Wales, in which some 150 cases of typhoid occurred, was shown to have been caused by the eating of ice-cream which was handled and sold by a man in perfect health but who, following an attack of typhoid many years previously, had continued to pass virulent typhoid organisms in the stools. Fortunately the notification of cases of the disease enables the public health authorities rapidly to track down carriers in this type of epidemic.
The valuation of sickness benefits for non-standard and standard periods
Authors: Hymans J. C. S. , Lane R. C. B.
Published: June 2019

Sickness tables for non-standard periods are often encountered in Friendly Society practice—more often than may generally be expected. For example, in a substantial Order recently valued by the authors, the first fifty-six lodges were found to be using altogether forty-two such tables.

How to treat these benefits actuarially is quite a formidable problem, for no valuation factors are available for non-standard periods and none of the substitutes in general use is entirely satisfactory. For instance, the actuary can either use valuation factors for suitably chosen standard periods and make a rough over-all adjustment or he can turn to tables, such as those prepared by Rhodes,* and toil through the construction of the appropriate commutation columns. The first method is of doubtful accuracy and is very sensitive to variations in the age distribution, while the second involves an amount of labour which is generally quite unacceptable.
The trend of mortality from tuberculosis
Authors: Daw R. H.
Published: June 2019

Tuberculosis at the present time still causes over 20,000 deaths a year in England and Wales and is one of the major medical problems of the day. The mortality of the disease has been considered several. times recently in papers or discussions of the Institute (Pedoe, 1947; Elderton, 1947; Conybeare, 1948), and always it is the mortality by calendar years that has been mentioned or implied. It is the purpose of this note to draw attention to the somewhat different picture obtained when generation mortality rates for tuberculosis are examined.
On the Error introduced into Mortality Tables by Summation Formulas of Graduation
Authors: King George
Published: June 2019

The controversy which took place a few years ago (J.I.A. xxvi, 77 and 420 ; xxix, 59, 232 and 236) between Dr. Sprague and the late Mr. Woolhouse on Summation Formulas for the graduation of mortality tables, and more particularly on that of Mr. Woolhouse himself, left the question in a very unsatisfactory state, as a few extracts from the writings of these two great, but divergent, authorities will sufficiently show:

Dr. Sprague, xxvi, 111, said, “We must include in one “general condemnation all such graduation formulas as “Mr. Woolhouse's, Mr. Higham's, and Mr. Ansell's. They all “have a tendency to distort the true law of the facts”; and, again, xxix, 61, “I see no sufficient reason for distinguishing “between his (Mr. Woolhouse's) formula, and others of a like “kind ; and I include them all in one general condemnation.”

In contradiction of this, Mr. Woolhouse, xxvi, 424, said, “The method (his own) stands alone, as systematically based on “rational principles”; and, again, xxix, 241, “I emphatically” repeat that, with practicable data, the application of my system “of adjustment to a mortality table will always give the best ”possible results.”
An Investigation into the Mortality among Scandinavian Emigrants to the Congo
Authors: Bergholm Paul
Published: June 2019

In September 1905, at the request of Director Sven Palme, 1 began an investigation into the mortality among Scandinavian emigrants to the Congo, based upon a portion of the Statistical Reports contained in a work entitled “Scandinavians in the Congo”, published in the summer of 1905 by the Danish Lieut.-Colonel H. Jenssen-Tusch. I submit herewith the following account of the manner in which the investigation in question was carried out.

The material is gathered from the “Chronological Record” respecting 922 Scandinavian Congo Emigrants 1878-1904” contained in “Supplement No. 1” to “Scandinavians in the Congo.” This record gives the number, nationality, name, occupation and date of entry for all Scandinavians emigrating to the Congo in each of the years from 1878 to 1904. The records as to date of birth and date of exit from the material for observation have been obtained partly, and to the greater extent, from “Scandinavians in the Congo”, further from the “Swedish Mission Society's” Register of Missionaries sent out, and, finally, from official statements prepared ministerially by the General Secretariat of the Congo State.

The whole material is thus constituted of 922 persons, of whom 236 died during the period of observation—of these, 24 during the journey home from the Congo or later on as a result of residence in the Congo. From this material the whole number of entrants in the year 1904 has been separated-altogether 60 persons—because for these, with the exception of information as to the date of entry, the other necessary data were wanting in nearly every case.
Notes on Summation Formulas of Graduation, with certain new Formulas for consideration
Authors: King George
Published: June 2019

The main object of my paper on the Error introduced into Mortality Tables by Summation Formulas of Graduation, published at page 54 of the present volume of the Journal, has already been to a large extent fulfilled; and the admirable papers which it has called forth from Messrs. Lidstone and Spencer are a liberal reward for my labours. That object was, to show that the theoretical error in question is so small as to be quite insignificant; and thereby to bring summation formulas up again for discussion, with a view to ascertain which of them are the best as means of graduation pure and simple, and how they can be used most effectively.

In the concluding sentences of the paper I spoke of a graduation by summation, to be followed, in order to gain smoothness, by one by the graphic method; and in the reply to the discussion I casually threw out the idea of correcting the theoretical error by means of the fourth central difference; but these suggestions were only concessions to the misgivings of weaker brethren, and were not put forward seriously as being in my own opinion either necessary or desirable. I am convinced that we have now summation formulas which give as smooth graduations as need be desired, and the results of which conform with close accuracy to the original facts; and, emphasizing what has already been said, my own view is that the theoretical error they introduce is so minute as to be unworthy of consideration for a moment.
On the Construction of Mortality Tables from Census Returns and Records of Deaths
Authors: King George
Published: June 2019

In forming mortality tables from the experience of assurance or annuity societies or analogous institutions, we deal with individual lives, tracing each throughout his recorded history, from the moment he comes under observation, until he is removed either by death or withdrawal,—and here the word “withdrawal” includes not only lapse or surrender, but the termination of the contract in any other way, as also the closing of the observations at some determined point of time. We therefore have something approaching to accuracy, and the deaths take place among the lives actually observed, there being close relationship between those who are exposed to risk and those who die. With tables of this class the mortality function which first presents itself is the rate of mortality, qx.

With mortality tables formed from census returns and death registers the case is different. We know nothing of individuals, but deal solely with fluctuating groups, and take the lives in the aggregate; and many of the recorded deaths are not those of persons included in the enumerations. For instance, the English Life Table No. 2 was based on the population of England and Wales enumerated at the census of 6 June 1841, and the deaths recorded in the seven years 1838 to 1844; so that many of the deaths took place before the date of the census, and could not have been deaths among the population counted.
On Reversionary Bonuses as affected by Expenses and Variations in Rates of Mortality
Authors: Austin H. H.
Published: June 2019

In venturing to submit a paper on the subject of bonuses to the Institute, I feel that a word of explanation is necessary as to the reasons that led me to take up this investigation, and as a preliminary to this, I would first call attention to some results presented by previous writers.

In 1887 the late Mr. Sunderland read a paper (J.I.A., vol. xxvi) dealing with Whole-Life Assurances, and he followed this up by a further paper (J.I.A., vol. xxviii) dealing with Endowment Assurances. A valuable set of tables was given with each paper, based on a HM 3 per-cent valuation, showing, among other things, the bonus arising from surplus interest margins of ½, 1, 1½, and 2 per-cent for whole-life, and 1 and 1½ per-cent for endowment assurances.

He also gave the bonuses arising from an annual surplus margin of premium of 10s. at the various experience rates of interest, and showed that bonus from surplus premium in any year is proportional to the amount of such surplus premium. Dealing with mortality, he showed the results of experiencing Sprague's Select Mortality under whole life policies, and gave an illustration of the effect of experiencing a favourable mortality under a 25-year endowment assurance. The papers were practically independent, and did not aim at comparing bonuses under the two classes, although so far as interest and loading profits were concerned, they gave the means of doing so.
On a New Method of Constructing and of Graduation Mortality and other Tables
Authors: King George
Published: June 2019

This is the fourth, and, let it be hoped, the last, of a series of papers on mortality tables in their various aspects which the Institute has honoured me by accepting. The investigation had its origin many years ago in efforts to improve upon the then methods of constructing mortality tables from Census Returns; and, when the enquiry seemed to be nearing its conclusion, the fact became evident that the formulas which had presented themselves could be applied effectively in summation form to the graduation of tables derived from other sources. There was, however, a preliminary objection to be overcome. Summation Formulas of Graduation were under a cloud. Dr. Sprague had condemned them in unmeasured terms, and Mr. Todhunter, in the head-note to his paper (J.I.A., xxxii, 378), had accepted Dr. Sprague's authoritative judgment. Hence my first paper of the series, “On the Error introduced into Mortality Tables by Summation Formulas of Graduation”, (J.I.A., xli, 54), wherein it was attempted, and, I think, successfully, to show that that error is generally so minute as, with ordinary care, to be safely negligible in practice.
On the Mortality of Female Assured lives, with graduated tables deduced from the British Offices’ Experience, 1863—1893
Authors: Kenchington Charles William
Published: June 2019

The Mortality of Female Assured Lives has not been, so far as I am aware, the main subject under discussion at a sessional meeting of this Institute since February 1875, when the late Mr. Cornelius Walford read extracts from his exhaustive article on “Female Life”, which was subsequently published in the Insurance Cyclopedia. It is hoped, therefore, that in bringing forward this subject as the main theme for consideration, a useful purpose may be served by eliciting the current views of the profession in regard to assurances on Female Lives, and that the tables now submitted may prove of value in practice.

A secondary object of the paper is to bring under notice a new summation formula of graduation, and it is hoped that some part of the discussion may centre round the method adopted in graduating the tables.

Although the subject of Female Mortality has not received exclusive consideration at a sessional meeting of the Institute for nearly 35 years, it has incidently been mentioned in papers read in this Hall, and has been the topic of valuable contributions to the Journal.

The paper by Mr. G. F. Hardy on the mortality of assured lives and annuitants in France (J.I.A., vol. xxxiii, p. 485), and Mr. Ackland's paper on “The British Offices' Life Tables, 1893” (J.I.A., vol. xxxvii, p. 113), both deal at some length with the subject. Mr. G. H. Ryan's editorial remarks on the practice of Life Offices in regard to Female Assurances (J.I.A., vol. xxix, p. 75), with tables showing the experience of four French and twenty-three German Companies, and Dr. T. B. Sprague's observations on the Mortality of Healthy Female Lives insured with the Scottish Equitable Life Assurance Society (J.I.A., vol. xxxi, p. 2213) are also valuable contributions.
Some Observations on Currency and Credit and their Influence on Trade and Exchange
Authors: May Walter Thomas
Published: June 2019

The subject of my paper to-night is, I fear, outside the range of problems usually discussed at the Institute, but I do not ask any indulgence on this account as I am sure we all feel the importance of the question and its intimate bearing on the prosperity of the country. I only wish it was in more able hands.

I do not think it would be an exaggeration to say that the dawn of civilization was heralded by the advent of a medium of exchange, and I suppose that one of the greatest boons to mankind that has happened since has been the further simplification of the exchange of commodities made possible by the use of credit.

I propose to divide the subject up under several headings, and to consider within the limits of time available the principal functions money has to fulfil both as the measure and standard of value, and as the medium of exchange, and in order to avoid ambiguity when using the word money, I will endeavour to confine my reference to coin and instruments of exchange which actually pass “current” from hand to hand without limitations, such as bank notes.
On the Extension of Existing Valuation Methods of Grouping Policies by the Employment of a System of Weights
Authors: King Albert E.
Published: June 2019

The advances which have been made in valuation methods were brought home very forcibly to my
mind when perusing the records of a valuation made many years ago.

During the past 50 or 60 years the valuation of complicated benefits has been, generally speaking, rendered a comparatively easy task, thanks to the energies of members of this and of other Actuarial Institutes—the Law of Makeham, to take one instance, has been the means of simplifying the solutions of a great number of difficult problems—and the numerous approximations to various intricate expressions, which have appeared from time to time in the pages of the Journal, have further lightened the labour of valuations.
Two Notes on Questions of Office-Practice
Authors: Todhunter Ralph
Published: June 2019

In this note 1 submit for discussion two questions in connection with limited-payment policies: (1) by what method should the office premiums be calculated, and (2) how should the policies be valued. Neither of these questions appears to have been brought—except incidentally—before the Institute; both are of some practical importance in view of the large amount of limited-payment business transacted in the United Kingdom; and in regard to both there seem to be greater differences in practice than would be justified by theory. The following remarks refer more particularly to participating policies of the kind issued by the majority of British companies—that is to say, policies entitled throughout their currency to the same reversionary bonuses as similar ordinary whole-life policies—but similar considerations would apply to non-participating policies.
Inflation: In What Sense it Exists; How Far it can be Controlled
Authors: Foxwell H. S.
Published: June 2019

Mr. President and Gentlemen, — I wish in the first place to say that I regard my role here to-night as a very modest one. I came here by invitation of your President on the understanding that the Institute desired to discuss questions of inflation, and I am here really to make a statement, which I will try to make as methodically as possible, the object of which is simply to open a discussion. My purpose, then, is rather to clear the issues for debate, and if I add an expression of my own opinion on some of these issues it may serve perhaps to present a target for the attacks which I am sure will follow, and thus to set the ball rolling.
The Measurement of the Rate of Population Growth
Authors: Rich C. D
Published: June 2019

The size of the population of this country is a question of considerable interest and importance. Attention has been drawn to it in recent years owing to the continued fall in the birth-rate, and it has formed the topic of innumerable articles in the popular press and elsewhere. The subject of population growth is one on which the actuary should be most qualified to judge and yet it is seldom discussed by actuaries as a whole. The reason probably is that to some extent it is cut and dried; the past history of the size and structure of the population is recorded and analysed in official publications and calls for little argument, while future estimates where they cannot be made by fairly straightforward methods are largely a matter of guesswork. The problem of the rate of population growth has been investigated from a theoretical view very fully by certain foreign writers. The purpose of this paper is to give a description of one aspect of the subject and to illustrate it by calculations based on the statistics of this country.
Factors Controlling the Rate of Interest on Long-Term Investments
Authors: Raynes H. E.
Published: June 2019

The net rate of interest yielded by the investment of insurance funds has seldom departed far from 4%. With such a long record of a fairly constant rate of interest we may not unreasonably ask ourselves whether 4% is in any sense a “natural” rate of interest for long-term investments and, if so, what are the factors which control the rate within measurable distance of this figure. Professor Cassel has definitely put the question “why is the rate of interest -04 instead of -004 or -0004?” and he has answered it by indicating that the rate is controlled by the duration of human life.
Civil Aviation Hazards
Authors: Richardson C. F. B.
Published: June 2019

This is a new subject, and it is with some diffidence that I bring it before the Institute for discussion. We are treading in unfamiliar ways and the pitfalls are many. Aviation hazard is, however, a problem that is daily assuming more and more importance in our business, and it is one that we shall have to face.
Surrender Values and Paid-Up Policy Amounts
Authors: Hickox W. E. H.
Published: June 2019

It is over 20 years since the surrender values and paid-up policy amounts of ordinary policies were made a subject for discussion in this Hall. Industrial surrender values have been recently discussed. This paper is therefore primarily concerned with ordinary policies. In practice a company can grant whatever scales of surrender values or paid-up policies it may choose, provided it does not depart from any written, verbal or implied obligations to its policy-holders. There are, however, certain principles of equity to which consideration should be given, and it is along these lines that the problem is investigated.
On the application of quantum mechanics to mortality tables
Authors: Anderson R. D
Published: June 2019

If you have had your attention directed to the novelties in thought in your own lifetime, you will have observed that almost all really new ideas have a certain aspect of foolishness when they are first produced. Prof. A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World.

1. Quantum Mechanics is a portentous name; the alternative—Wave Mechanics—is almost as bad. The mathematics are formidable, the literature large and growing rapidly, and the subjectmatter dealt with is the behaviour of physical things, such as electrons, protons, atoms, and so on. Why, then, should actuaries as such take any interest in the subject?
Notes on Paper
Authors: Raynes H. E.
Published: June 2019

From the table on page 168, it is possible to derive the following approximate table, where n equals the unexpired term in years and in equals the gross yield to redemption:
The Early Interpretation of Poynings’ Law, 1494-1534
Authors: Quinn David B.
Published: June 2019

The act of the Irish parliament of 1494-5, known as Poynings’ Law, was of outstanding importance in the history of that parliament down to its virtual repeal in 1782, but, owing to the brevity of its text, the changing nature of the relations between the English government and the Anglo-Irish administration and the development of the organisation of the Irish parliament, it passed through various stages of interpretation and significance which require to be studied separately.
IV. The History of Poynings' Law : Part I, 1494-1615
Authors: Edwards R. Dudley , Moody T. W.
Published: June 2019

The enactment, by the Irish parliament of 1494-5, of the measure later known as Poynings' Law had far-reaching effects upon the whole subsequent course of Irish parliamentary history to 1782. Poynings' Law was the foundation-stone of a peculiar system of legislative procedure which made it impossible for the Irish parliament to develop on parallel lines with the parliament of England. It prescribed conditions to be observed by the Irish executive, with regard to the summoning and proceedings of the legislature, which were seldom satisfactory to both parties at the same time, and resulted in protracted attempts by each in turn to have the law altered in accordance with changes in their own character, circumstances and interests. The function and interpretation of the law passed through a number of distinct phases, and it was only in the later phases that it came to be regarded as a hated symbol of the subordination of the Irish parliament.
Biomass and distribution of the red octopus (Octopus maya) in the north-east of the Campeche Bank
Authors: Avendaño Otilio , Velázquez–Abunader Iván , Fernández–Jardón Carlos , Ángeles–González Luis Enrique , Hernández-Flores Alvaro , Guerra Ángel
Published: June 2019

The regulatory framework of the red octopus (Octopus maya) fishery includes total allowable catches (TAC), which are based on studies conducted on the population that occurs in shallow waters. In fact, most of the biological studies of this species refer to the fraction of the population that occupies waters less than 30 m deep; however,O. mayacan occur up to a 60 m depth. The aim of this study is to assess the stock ofO. mayathat occupies waters between 30 m and 60 m deep. Four research cruises were carried out during the closed and fishing seasons, from May 2016 to January 2017. An average of 29 sampling sites were surveyed in each cruise (±2 sampling sites) using a commercial vessel with a uniform sampling effort. In each sampling site, the swept area, the total number of octopuses captured, the total weight of the catch, and the individual weight of octopuses were recorded. Biomass was obtained with four methods: stratified random method, swept area method, geostatistical biomass model, and an unpublished method of weighted swept area. The four methods provided consistent results. The distribution pattern of species was in patches, although before the fishing season started it was more homogeneous. The fraction of the population that occurs between 30 m and 60 m deep consisted mostly of adult organisms, so it could be contributing significantly to the recruitment of the entire population, even to the fraction that is exploited.
The A,B,C of the Higher Analysis
Authors: Aiyar V. Ramaswami
Published: June 2019

When Algebra, fair Daughter of King Arithmetic, is nearing her age of adolescence her eyes fall on Prince Limit, and there cometh a change upon her. Her tender heart goes forth to him, and in her lithe and nimble frame she feels a torture from end to end as it would fall to pieces. She is in love, and the Prince reciprocates her love.

Happily they are wedded. The King gave away his Daughter, the Angels witnessed it, and all was joy. The marriage was performed with the Hymn of the Transcendent Number and Ratio, preceded by the Song of Limits, and followed by the Chorus of Continuity and Convergence.
On the Structure of the Spiracles of a Tick—Haemaphysalis punctata, Canesteini and Fanzago
Authors: Nuttall G. H. F. , Cooper W. F. , Robinson L. E.
Published: June 2019

The detailed structure of the spiracles in the Ixodoidea has hitherto received little or no attention at the hands of zoologists; at the same time, these organs are sufficiently extraordinary to make it a matter of surprise that, so far as our knowledge of the literature goes, not one of the numerous contributors to the subject of tick anatomy has found it worth while to undertake a complete description or to publish figures to illustrate it. Batelli (1891) gives a short account of the structure of the spiracle of a tick, presumably Ixodes ricinus, with a single figure, but with this exception we have been unable to find any further information on the subject.
I. A Defence of the Chronicles of the Southern Buddhists from charges brought against them by certain modern scholars, with some remarks on the Eetzana Era
Authors: Norman Harry C.
Published: June 2019

The following short disquisition endeavours to show that, taking them all in all, the Chronicles of the ‘Southern’ Buddhists are, on the whole, sufficiently consistent to justify historical conclusions being deduced from their evidence. It is, of course, quite palpable that the earlier part of the Chronicles is inserted to furnish an historical prelude to the appearance of Mahinda, the principal actor in the conversion of Ceylon; but in spite of the great temptation to exaggeration and overstatement, the ancient authors of the Chronicles have done their work conscientiously, if not critically. Putting aside the mythological elements, which are always easily detected and may be as easily discounted, it may be said that in matters of historical detail they are surprisingly accurate, and have shown a power of restraint which does them credit when we compare their sober statements with the hyperbolic annals of the Puranic school of mythologizing historians.
IV. MSS. Cecil Bendall II. Fragments en écriture Gupta du Nord
Authors: Poussin Louis de la Vallée
Published: June 2019

C'est à l'ingénieuse patience d'un ami désintéressé que je dois de pouvoir présenter ici une transcription complète de ces fragments; les notes aussi, dans l'ensemble, lui appartiennent.

Le premier morceau (A), quatre feuillets numérotés 26–29, met en scène les Bouddhas de tout le cosmos, avec leurs Bodhisattvas et leurs Śrāvakas. Ces saints personnages vont se rendre dans notre univers (Sahā) où Śākyamuni leur révélera la dhāraṇī Dharmahṛdayasamucchrayavidhvaṁsaṇī. “Ne craignez pas de ne pas trouver place dans la Sahā”, expliquent les Bouddhas à leurs auditeurs, “car Sākyamuni possēde le pouvoir de faire tenir sur un grain de poussière tout l'élément ‘terre’ de tous les univers”, etc. Nous ne sommes pas, que je sache, renseignés ailleurs sur ce pouvoir magique de praveśa.
VIII. The Bhattiprolu Inscription No. 1, A.
Authors: Fleet J. F.
Published: June 2019

The inscriptions from the Buddhist Stūpa at Bhaṭṭiprōlu in the Kistna District, Madras, were discovered by Mr. Rea, Superintendent of the Archaeological Survey, whose account, with excellent illustrations, of the relicchambers, the relics found in them, and other interesting details, may be read in his volume entitled South Indian Buddhist Antiquities which was published in 1894,—ASSI, 6. 1–16, plates 1 to 10.
President Address
Authors: Grant Duff Mountstuart E.
Published: June 2019

Last year, in pursuance of my plan of inquiring how far the modern statesman could obtain assistance from certain of the more famous writers of antiquity, I submitted to you some observations upon Polybius, an author who, thanks to various accidental circumstances and to his unattractive style, has hardly had justice done to him, in these our days, and you will probably not think it unnatural if I speak to-day of Cicero, who was in some sort a pupil of the Achaean warrior, statesman and historian.
Presidential Address
Authors: Fortescue J. W.
Published: June 2019

I Was reading the other day an essay by Sainte-Beuve in which he criticises the quality of the addresses delivered to the French Academy seventy years ago. ‘Too often,’ he says, ‘members send us dry notices, long shapeless biographies, stuffed with dates and quotations. I respect research, but not research that calls attention to itself. In these days the document dominates everything, and crushes down amenity and talent.’
The Significance of the Mucoprotein Content on the Survival of Homografts of Cartilage and Cornea
Authors: Bacsich P. , Wyburn G. M.
Published: June 2019

According to Borst (1913) each individual should be regarded as a specific biochemical system, and within this common background the different organs and tissues work together whilst preserving their own characteristics. On such a foundation, strengthened by the results of his own extensive experiments, Loeb (1930,1945) has built up his conception of the biological basis of individuality. According to his thesis the individuality of a tissue is a summation and integration of qualities in respect of its identity as a particular tissue or organ, in respect of the organism of which it is a part, and in respect of the species and order of this organism. The autograft is attuned to the biochemical system of the organism and is therefore accepted as a transplant, but the host reacts to the homograft (and more so to the heterograft) and makes an effort to destroy it. While the extent of the host reaction depends on many factors—e.g. genetical relationship, age of host and donor, etc.—the ability of different organs and tissues to survive as homografts varies considerably. It is, for example, well known that homografts of cartilage and cornea survive within the host long after homografts of other tissues and organs have been destroyed.

To regard the more prolonged survival of homografts of cartilage and cornea as evidence of low tissue specificity (Loeb, 1930, 1945) still leaves undetermined the real reason why these particular tissues are less readily overwhelmed by those of the host.
Mechanical Aërial Navigation
Authors: Kennedy Rankin
Published: June 2019

This paper is intended in the first place to ascertain some definite and tangible ideas as to dimensions of the vital parts of machines “ heavier than air” designed for aërial navigation. The vital parts are, of course, the engine and propeller.

In the second place it is proposed to discuss the aëroplane and its functions in an airship.

In all engineering problems the first requisite towards a solution is to reduce things to numerical values. An inventor may imagine a design for a machine, but he cannot put it into practice without calculating out the necessary dimensions, and such, calculations, when undertaken, often either confirm or condemn the design.

Much of the experimenting at present going on is evidently entered upon, and carried on, without any calculations at all, the only results being a waste of time and money.
Veterinary and legislative aspects relating to the feeding of by-products and waste
Authors: Watson W. A.
Published: June 2019

The livestock population of Great Britain has been free from several of the most serious epidemic diseases since the late 19th century (rinder-pest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia); others occur infrequently following introduction from abroad (foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), swine fever, swine vesicular disease (SVD); and the endemic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis are subject to successful eradication programmes.

On first examination the risk from exotic disease appears to lessen from year to year. The incidence of FMD has declined dramatically in Europe with the introduction of effective vaccination and slaughter policies and FAO/OIE programmes creating protective vaccination buffer zones in the east. Again within the European Community consideration is being given to a common policy to eradicate swine fever from all member States. However, a number of factors operate against these encouraging trends.

a. The relaxation of international trade barriers to the movement of live animals and animal products. It is essential within this framework to ensure that our animal health safeguards are preserved as far as possible against the introduction of disease from either member States or into the Community from third countries.

b. Pressures from the industry increase for the importation of livestock, semen or embryos to expand the gene pool within breeds.

c. The pyramidal structure of the industry — particularly the pig and poultry industry — increases the risk of dissemination of any disease agents introduced.

d. Larger, more intensive units reduce individual animal observation allowing symptoms of disease to remain undetected for longer periods and hence outbreaks to be more explosive when they occur.
The effects of sow's milk on growth of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro
Authors: Batley I. , Fletcher J. M.
Published: June 2019

The colostrum of many species will stimulate the growth of cells in vitro and colostrum ingestion may play an important rôle in directly promoting the growth of the gastrointestinal tract in the newborn animal (Berseth, Lichtenberger and Morriss, 1984). Most studies have suggested however, that growth-promoting activity declines to zero, or to negligible levels in post-colostrum milk (Shing and Klagsbrun, 1984; Cera, Mahan and Simmen, 1987). We have investigated the ability of sow's milk, collected up to 21 days of lactation, to stimulate the growth of epithelial cells in vitro. For these studies we use cells derived from the mucosa of the small intestine: RIE-1 cells (Blay and Brown, 1984) and a lung-derived cell line: CHV79 cells.

Milk was collected from three sows at each of the following times: 0 (colostrum), 7, 14, and 21 days post partum. The samples were defatted by centrifugation (30 000 g for 40 min), filter sterilized and diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 6.8). RIE-1 cells (a generous gift from K. Brown, Brabaham) or CHV79 cells were grown to confluence in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DME) containing foetal calf serum (FCS, 10%). The cultures were quiesced in a medium containing 0.5% FCS for 24 h and milk samples added in serum-free PBS for a further 24 h. [3H]-thymidine was added for the final 4 h before cells were harvested. Growth-promoting activity of milk samples are expressed as a stimulation index (SI) i.e. in relation to the amount of label incorporated after incubation with an equivalent volume of PBS. Fractionation of the growth-promoting activity of a pooled post-colostrum milk sample was performed on sephacryl S-200sf and S-300sf columns.
4.2 Forage Protein and the Performance and Health of the Dairy Cow
Authors: Webster A. J. F. , Simmons I. P. , Kitcherside M. A.
Published: June 2019

In nutrition, as in any other branch of quantitative applied science, two essential criteria must be met before research findings can be transferred successfully into practice. (1) The fundamental concepts must be essentially sound and (2) the predictions emerging from that conceptually sound system must, in a practical situation, constitute a useful increase in accuracy. The new method proposed by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC, 1980) for expressing protein requirements and the value of feeds for ruminants is undoubtedly an enormous improvement in a conceptual sense on ARC (1965). Indeed, the division of protein inputs into rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN) and undegradable dietary nitrogen (UDN) cannot be faulted since it is the best possible simple description of what happens. Even the decision to retain the concept of crude protein (N x 6.25) and refer therefore to RDP and UDP is harmless. The new ARC protein system therefore fulfils the first criterion for successful practical application. The second criterion can only be fulfilled if ARC (1980) accurately describes both the requirements of animals and the nutritive value of feeds in terms of RDP and UDP. In the case of dairy cows, this is open to considerable doubt.
8.1 The Response of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation to Supplements of Protein given with Rations Designed to Promote Different Patterns of Rumen Fermentation
Authors: Lees J. A. , Garnsworthy P. C. , Oldham J. D.
Published: June 2019

In recent years, it has become clear that the amount and type of protein included in diets for dairy cows are crucial factors determining milk production. On many occasions, milk production has been increased by increasing the protein content of the diet. On rather fewer occasions, milk production has been altered by changing the source of dietary protein. However, in all instances, it has been inferred that the milk production response is related to changes in the amounts of total amino acids reaching the small intestine.

No account has previously been taken of the extent to which these changes in milk production, consequent on changing protein inputs, depend on the nature of the basal diet although it is well established that the nature of diets, in particular their influence on the balance of fermentation end-products produced within the rumen, has a big influence on the partition of nutrient use between secretion in milk and deposition in tissue. This experiment was designed to measure the response of dairy cows to protein supplements given with diets designed to maintain widely different patterns of rumen fermentation.