bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARING [C ii], H i, AND CO DYNAMICS OF NEARBY GALAXIES
Authors: Blok W. J. G. de , Walter F. , Smith J.-D. T. , Herrera-Camus R. , Bolatto A. D. , Requena-Torres M. A. , Crocker A. F. , Croxall K. V. , Kennicutt R. C. , Koda J. , Armus L. , Boquien M. , Dale D. , Kreckel K. , Meidt S.
Published: June 2019

The H i and CO components of the interstellar medium (ISM) are usually used to derive the dynamical mass

of nearby galaxies. Both components become too faint to be used as a tracer in observations of high-redshift galaxies. In those cases, the 158 μm line of atomic carbon ([C ii]) may be the only way to derive

. As the distribution and kinematics of the ISM tracer affects the determination of

, it is important to quantify the relative distributions of H i, CO, and [C ii]. H i and CO are well-characterized observationally, however, for [C ii] only very few measurements exist. Here we compare observations of CO, H i, and [C ii] emission of a sample of nearby galaxies, drawn from the HERACLES, THINGS, and KINGFISH surveys. We find that within R
25, the average [C ii] exponential radial profile is slightly shallower than that of the CO, but much steeper than the H i distribution. This is also reflected in the integrated spectrum (“global profile”), where the [C ii] spectrum looks more like that of the CO than that of the H i. For one galaxy, a spectrally resolved comparison of integrated spectra was possible; other comparisons were limited by the intrinsic line-widths of the galaxies and the coarse velocity resolution of the [C ii] data. Using high-spectral-resolution SOFIA [C ii] data of a number of star forming regions in two nearby galaxies, we find that their [C ii] linewidths agree better with those of the CO than the H i. As the radial extent of a given ISM tracer is a key input in deriving

from spatially unresolved data, we conclude that the relevant length-scale to use in determining

based on [C ii] data, is that of the well-characterized CO distribution. This length scale is similar to that of the optical disk.
Ca ii TRIPLET SPECTROSCOPY OF SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD RED GIANTS. IV. ABUNDANCES FOR A LARGE SAMPLE OF FIELD STARS AND COMPARISON WITH THE CLUSTER SAMPLE
Authors: Parisi M. C. , Geisler D. , Carraro G. , Clariá J. J. , Villanova S. , Gramajo L. V. , Sarajedini A. , Grocholski A. J.
Published: June 2019

This paper represents a major step forward in the systematic and homogeneous study of Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) star clusters and field stars carried out by applying the calcium triplet technique. We present in this work the radial velocity and metallicity of approximately 400 red giant stars in 15 SMC fields, with typical errors of about 7 km s−1 and 0.16 dex, respectively. We added to this information our previously determined metallicity values for 29 clusters and approximately 350 field stars using the identical techniques. Using this enlarged sample, we analyze the metallicity distribution and gradient in this galaxy. We also compare the chemical properties of the clusters and of their surrounding fields. We find a number of surprising results. While the clusters, taken as a whole, show no strong evidence for a metallicity gradient (MG), the field stars exhibit a clear negative gradient in the inner region of the SMC, consistent with the recent results of Dobbie et al. For distances to the center of the galaxy less than 4°, field stars show a considerably smaller metallicity dispersion than that of the clusters. However, in the external SMC regions, clusters and field stars exhibit similar metallicity dispersions. Moreover, in the inner region of the SMC, clusters appear to be concentrated in two groups: one more metal-poor and another more metal-rich than field stars. Individually considered, neither cluster group presents an MG. Most surprisingly, the MG for both stellar populations (clusters and field stars) appears to reverse sign in the outer regions of the SMC. The difference between the cluster metallicity and the mean metallicity of the surrounding field stars turns out to be a strong function of the cluster metallicity. These results could be indicating different chemical evolution histories for these two SMC stellar populations. They could also indicate variations in the chemical behavior of the SMC in its internal and external regions.
EVIDENCE FOR FLUORESCENT Fe ii EMISSION FROM EXTENDED LOW IONIZATION OUTFLOWS IN OBSCURED QUASARS
Authors: Wang Tinggui , Ferland Gary J. , Yang Chenwei , Wang Huiyuan , Zhang Shaohua
Published: June 2019

Recent studies have shown that outflows in at least some broad absorption line (BAL) quasars are extended well beyond the putative dusty torus. Such outflows should be detectable in obscured quasars. We present four WISE selected infrared red quasars with very strong and peculiar ultraviolet Fe ii emission lines: strong UV Fe ii UV arising from transitions to ground/low excitation levels, and very weak Fe ii at wavelengths longer than 2800 Å. The spectra of these quasars display strong resonant emission lines, such as C iv, Al iii and Mg ii but sometimes, a lack of non-resonant lines such as C iii], S iii and He ii. We interpret the Fe ii lines as resonantly scattered light from the extended outflows that are viewed nearly edge-on, so that the accretion disk and broad line region are obscured by the dusty torus, while the extended outflows are not. We show that dust free gas exposed to strong radiation longward of 912 Å produces Fe ii emission very similar to that observed. The gas is too cool to collisionally excite Fe ii lines, accounting for the lack of optical emission. The spectral energy distribution from the UV to the mid-infrared can be modeled as emission from a clumpy dusty torus, with UV emission being reflected/scattered light either by the dusty torus or the outflow. Within this scenario, we estimate a minimum covering factor of the outflows from a few to 20% for the Fe ii scattering region, suggesting that Fe ii BAL quasars are at a special stage of quasar evolution.
PROPERTIES OF INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM IN INFRARED-BRIGHT QSOs PROBED BY [O i] 63 μm AND [C ii] 158 μm EMISSION LINES*
Authors: Zhao(赵应和) Yinghe , Yan Lin , Tsai Chao-Wei
Published: June 2019

We present a study of the interstellar medium (ISM) in the host galaxies of nine QSOs at 0.1 < z < 0.2 with black hole masses of

to

based on the far-IR spectroscopy taken with Herschel Space Observatory. We detect the [O i] 63 μm ([C ii] 158 μm) emission in 6 (8) out of 8 (9) sources. Our QSO sample has far-infrared luminosities (

) ∼ several times

. The observed line-to-

ratios (

/

and

/

) are in the ranges of 2.6 × 10−4 to 10−2 and 2.8 × 10−4 to 2 × 10−3, respectively (including upper limits). These ratios are comparable to the values found in local ULIRGs, but higher than the average value published so far for

IR-bright QSOs. One target, W0752+19, shows an additional broad velocity component (∼720 km s−1) and exceptionally strong [O i] 63 μm emission with

/

of 10−2, an order of magnitude higher than the average value found among local (U)LIRGs. Combining with the analyses of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey optical spectra, we conclude that the [O i] 63 μm emission in these QSOs is unlikely excited by shocks. We infer that the broad [O i] 63 μm emission in W0752+19 could arise from the warm and dense ISM in the narrow-line region of the central active galactic nucleus. Another possible explanation is the existence of a dense gas outflow with

cm−3, where the corresponding broad [C ii] emission is suppressed. Based on the far-IR [O i] and [C ii] line ratios, we estimate constraints on the ISM density and UV radiation field intensity of

cm−3 and

, respectively. These values are consistent with those found in local Seyfert 1 ULIRGs. In contrast, the gas with broad velocity width in W0752+19 has

cm−3 and

.
HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION Fe xii OBSERVATIONS OF SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS
Authors: Testa Paola , Pontieu Bart De , Hansteen Viggo
Published: June 2019

We use UV spectral observations of active regions with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) to investigate the properties of the coronal Fe xii 1349.4 Å emission at unprecedented high spatial resolution (∼0.33″). We find that by using appropriate observational strategies (i.e., long exposures, lossless compression), Fe xii emission can be studied with IRIS at high spatial and spectral resolution, at least for high-density plasma (e.g., post-flare loops and active region moss). We find that upper transition region (TR; moss) Fe xii emission shows very small average Doppler redshifts (

∼ 3 km s−1) as well as modest non-thermal velocities (with an average of ∼24 km s−1 and the peak of the distribution at ∼15 km s−1). The observed distribution of Doppler shifts appears to be compatible with advanced three-dimensional radiative MHD simulations in which impulsive heating is concentrated at the TR footpoints of a hot corona. While the non-thermal broadening of Fe xii 1349.4 Å peaks at similar values as lower resolution simultaneous Hinode Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) measurements of Fe xii 195 Å, IRIS observations show a previously undetected tail of increased non-thermal broadening that might be suggestive of the presence of subarcsecond heating events. We find that IRIS and EIS non-thermal line broadening measurements are affected by instrumental effects that can only be removed through careful analysis. Our results also reveal an unexplained discrepancy between observed 195.1/1349.4 Å Fe xii intensity ratios and those predicted by the CHIANTI atomic database.
DISTRIBUTION OF COLD (≲300 K) ATOMIC GAS IN GALAXIES: RESULTS FROM THE GBT H i ABSORPTION SURVEY PROBING THE INNER HALOS (ρ < 20 kpc) OF LOW-z GALAXIES∗
Authors: Borthakur Sanchayeeta
Published: June 2019

We present the Green Bank Telescope absorption survey of cold atomic hydrogen (≲300 K) in the inner halo of low-redshift galaxies. The survey aims to characterize the cold gas distribution and to address where the condensation—the process where ionized gas accreted by galaxies condenses into cold gas within the disks of galaxies—occurs. Our sample consists of 16 galaxy–quasar pairs with impact parameters of ≤20 kpc. We detected an H i absorber associated with J0958+3222 (NGC 3067) and H i emission from six galaxies. We also found two Ca ii absorption systems in the archival SDSS data associated with galaxies J0958+3222 and J1228+3706. Our detection rate of H i absorbers with optical depths of ≥0.06 is ∼7%. We also find that the cold H i phase (≲300 K) is 44(±18)% of the total atomic gas in the sightline probing J0958+3222. We find no correlation between the peak optical depth and impact parameter or stellar and H i radii normalized impact parameters, ρ/R
90 and ρ/R
H i
. We conclude that the process of condensation of inflowing gas into cold (≲300 K) H i occurs at the ρ ≪ 20 kpc. However, the warmer phase of neutral gas (T ∼ 1000 K) can exist out to much larger distances, as seen in emission maps. Therefore, the process of condensation of warm to cold H i is likely occurring in stages from ionized to warm H i in the inner halo and then to cold H i very close to the galaxy disk.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE SVS 13 MICROJET AND BOW SHOCK BUBBLE
Authors: Gardner Carl L. , Jones Jeremiah R. , Hodapp Klaus W.
Published: June 2019

Numerical simulations of the SVS 13 microjet and bow shock bubble are performed using the WENO method that reproduces the main features and dynamics of data from the Keck Telescope/OSIRIS velocity-resolved integral field spectrograph: an expanding, cooler bow shock bubble, with the bubble center moving at approximately 50 km s−1 with a radial expansion velocity of 11 km s−1, surrounding the fast, hotter jet, which is propagating at 156 km s−1. Contact and bow shock waves are visible in the simulations both from the initial short jet pulse that creates the nearly spherical bow shock bubble and from the fast microjet, while a terminal Mach disk shock is visible near the tip of the continuous microjet, which reduces the velocity of the jet gas down to the flow velocity of the contact discontinuity at the leading edge of the jet. At 21.1 years after the launch of the initial bubble pulse, the jet has caught up with and penetrated almost all the way across the bow shock bubble of the slower initial pulse. At times later than about 22 years, the jet has penetrated through the bubble and thereafter begins to subsume its spherical form. Emission maps from the simulations of the jet—traced by the emission of the shock-excited 1.644 μm [Fe ii] line—and the bow shock bubble—traced in the lower excitation 2.122 μm H2 1–0 S(1) line—projected onto the plane of the sky are presented, and are in good agreement with the Keck observations.
EXPONENTIAL DISKS FROM STELLAR SCATTERING. III. STOCHASTIC MODELS
Authors: Elmegreen Bruce G. , Struck Curtis
Published: June 2019

Stellar scattering off irregularities in a galaxy disk has been shown to make an exponential radial profile, but no fundamental reason for this has been suggested. Here, we show that exponentials are mathematically expected from random scattering in a disk when there is a slight inward bias in the scattering probability. Such a bias was present in our previous scattering experiments that formed exponential profiles. Double exponentials can arise when the bias varies with radius. This is a fundamental property of scattering and may explain why piece-wise exponential profiles are ubiquitous in galaxies, even after minor mergers and other disruptive events.
Observing Isotopologue Bands in Terrestrial Exoplanet Atmospheres with the James Webb Space Telescope: Implications for Identifying Past Atmospheric and Ocean Loss
Authors: Lincowski Andrew P. , Lustig-Yaeger Jacob , Meadows Victoria S.
Published: June 2019

Terrestrial planets orbiting M dwarfs may soon be observed with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to characterize their atmospheric composition and search for signs of habitability or life. These planets may undergo significant atmospheric and ocean loss due to the superluminous pre-main-sequence phase of their host stars, which may leave behind abiotically generated oxygen, a false positive for the detection of life. Determining if ocean loss has occurred will help assess potential habitability and whether or not any O2 detected is biogenic. In the solar system, differences in isotopic abundances have been used to infer the history of ocean loss and atmospheric escape (e.g., Venus, Mars). We find that isotopologue measurements using transit transmission spectra of terrestrial planets around late-type M dwarfs like TRAPPIST-1 may be possible with JWST, if the escape mechanisms and resulting isotopic fractionation were similar to Venus. We present analyses of post-ocean-loss O2- and CO2-dominated atmospheres containing a range of trace gas abundances. Isotopologue bands are likely detectable throughout the near-infrared (1–8 μm), especially 3–4 μm, although not in CO2-dominated atmospheres. For Venus-like D/H ratios 100 times that of Earth, TRAPPIST-1b transit signals of up to 79 ppm are possible by observing HDO. Similarly, 18O/16O ratios 100 times that of Earth produce signals at up to 94 ppm. Detection at signal-to-noise ratio = 5 may be attained on these bands with as few as four to 11 transits, with optimal use of JWST’s NIRSpec Prism. Consequently, H2O and CO2 isotopologues could be considered as indicators of past ocean loss and atmospheric escape for JWST observations of terrestrial planets around M dwarfs.
Gas and Dust Properties in the Chamaeleon Molecular Cloud Complex Based on the Optically Thick H i
Authors: Hayashi Katsuhiro , Okamoto Ryuji , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Hayakawa Takahiro , Tachihara Kengo , Fukui Yasuo
Published: June 2019

Gas and dust properties in the Chamaeleon molecular cloud complex have been investigated with emission lines from the atomic hydrogen (H i) and 12CO molecules, dust optical depth at 353 GHz (τ
353), and J-band infrared extinction (A

J
). We have found a scatter correlation between the H i integrated intensity (W
H i
) and τ
353 in the Chamaeleon region. The scattering has been examined in terms of a possible large optical depth in H i emission (τ
H i
) using a total column density (N
H) model based on τ
353. A nonlinear relation of τ
353 with the ∼1.2 power of A

J
 has been found in opaque regions (A

J
 ≳ 0.3 mag), which may indicate a dust evolution effect. If we apply this nonlinear relation to the N
H model (i.e., N
H ∝ 

τ

353

1

/

1.2

) allowing arbitrary τ
H i
, the model curve reproduces well the W
H i
–τ
353 scatter correlation, suggesting optically thick H i (τ
H i
 ∼ 1.3) extended around the molecular clouds. Based on the correlations between the CO integrated intensity and the N
H model, we have derived the CO-to-H2 conversion factor (X
CO) on ∼1.°5 scales (corresponding to ∼4 pc) and found spatial variations of X
CO ∼ (0.5–3) × 1020 cm−2 K−1 km−1 s across the cloud complex, possibly depending on the radiation field inside or surrounding the molecular clouds. These gas properties found in the Chamaeleon region are discussed through a comparison with other local molecular cloud complexes.
Spatially Resolved Stellar Populations and Kinematics with KCWI: Probing the Assembly History of the Massive Early-type Galaxy NGC 1407
Authors: Ferré-Mateu Anna , Forbes Duncan A. , McDermid Richard M. , Romanowsky Aaron J. , Brodie Jean P.
Published: June 2019

Using the newly commissioned Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI) instrument on the Keck II telescope, we analyze the stellar kinematics and stellar populations of the well-studied massive early-type galaxy (ETG) NGC 1407. We obtained high signal-to-noise integral field spectra for a central and an outer (around one effective radius toward the southeast direction) pointing with integration times of just 600 s and 2400 s, respectively. We confirm the presence of a kinematically distinct core also revealed by VLT/MUSE data of the central regions. While NGC 1407 was previously found to have stellar populations characteristic of massive ETGs (with radially constant old ages and high alpha-enhancements), it was claimed to show peculiar supersolar metallicity peaks at a large radius that deviated from an otherwise strong negative metallicity gradient, which is hard to reconcile within a “two-phase” formation scenario. Our outer pointing confirms the near-uniform old ages and the presence of a steep metallicity gradient, but with no evidence for anomalously high metallicity values at large galactocentric radii. We find a rising outer velocity dispersion profile and high values of the fourth-order kinematic moment—an indicator of possible anisotropy. This coincides with the reported transition from a bottom-heavy to a Salpeter initial mass function, which may indicate that we are probing the transition region from the “in situ” to the accreted phase. With short exposures, we have been able to derive robust stellar kinematics and stellar populations in NGC 1407 to ∼1 effective radius. This experiment shows that future work with KCWI will enable 2D kinematics and stellar populations to be probed within the low surface brightness regions of galaxy halos in an effective way.
Automatizing the Detection of Erroneous Species Occurrence Records
Authors: Jimenez Rosenberg Raul , Sierra-Alcocer Raul
Published: June 2019

The work involved in checking millions of records by hand is hard and requires thousands of human hours. At the increasing rate at which we are collecting new data from different sources with a wide range of 'quality', the problem is getting worse. An institution like CONABIO (National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity, Mexico) dedicates a large amount of human resources to review species records to ensure that data published by the institution has high quality. At CONABIO we are designing a system to help us direct our attention to the most problematic data.

Our methodology (Stephens et al. 2019) scores a species record according to the features of its location, and it labels it as suspicious if it has a low score. A low score means that the features of the location are unusual for that species. The features of locations are the set of abiotic, like climate and topographic charactersitics and occurrences of other species in the location. Although this does not mean that a record is wrong, it may be an indicator that a record needs to be assessed.

The system we are designing works in two scenarios: in one, it scores new data based on parameters adjusted from validated data; in the second, the system checks for consistency in the database, that is, it flags records of a species that seem like outliers according to the predominant records distribution for that species. Our initial tests show that we could speed up the detection process for some problematic records. In one of our tests, where we used data that were previously labeled by hand, the method flagged 624 records, out of which 70 were confirmed as incorrect data. If we look only at the precision of the results it might seem like a poor performance, however if we look at the amount of work it might save us, it looks promising because to find the same number of inaccurate records without any assistance we would have had to review almost 5,000 records.

This talk is a proof of concept for this system, and details on our initial results, reviewing both weaknesses and strengths.
Biodiversity Information for Development: Building a global community of practice to mobilize and use biodiversity data
Authors: Raymond Mélianie , Rodrigues Andrew , Russell Laura Anne
Published: June 2019

Biodiversity Information for Development, or BID, is a programme funded by the European Union and led by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), aiming to increase the amount of biodiversity information available for use in scientific research and policymaking. In its first phase, BID provided funding to 61 projects in the nations of sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific between 2015-2019, with a strong focus on developing capacity to mobilize, manage and use biodiversity data within the project teams and their institutions, and through the establishment and strengthening of national nodes.

The capacity development approach centred on establishing a community of practice to bring in the expertise in the broader GBIF network to support the project teams in meeting their goals. This involved designing curricula for two workshops in the areas of data mobilization and data use for decision making; developing activities and materials to strengthen a base of mentors and trainers; establishing technical helpdesk support; and matchmaking to provide mentoring support to the funded projects. The community of practice, through mentoring and reuse of the workshop materials, has been expanded to support the capacity development needs in other programmes, reaching other regions, including Asia, South-East Europe and Eurasia.

During this presentation, we will review the main findings of the BID impact study and guiding examples from within the BID programme to identify the key successes and lessons learned relating to capacity development. As this approach has wider application to the biodiversity community, we invite discussion how we can build on the experience through the BID programme to further develop our community of practice, narrowing knowledge gaps between various groups of biodiversity professionals.
How Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning can Assist in Collections Curation
Authors: Checksfield Simon
Published: June 2019

With increasing pressure on the limited taxonomical expertise in not only Commonwealth Scientific and Industry Research Organisation (CSIRO) but the world, new and innovative ways need to be found to assist in the curation and identification of biological specimens.

CSIRO, through the National Research Collections Australia (NRCA) and Data 61 is hoping to begin a new program of work focused on using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning to build a framework and tools that can help identify a specimen from an image. The framework will include AI models that have been trained by expert taxonomists, thus providing a level of accuracy that has some intrinsic value.

NRCA is also exploring how AI could be linked or cross referenced with another initiative using rapid genetic barcoding to identify all newly collected specimens. Combining genetic and AI determinations will add weight to each, and potentially expose some new AI challenges, such as identifying morphological elements against genomic elements.

Whilst acknowledging challenges still exist regarding standards, acceptance of identification, provenance, accuracy and governance, the NRCA is hoping AI can assist in freeing the time of our researchers and technicians to work on more pressing and complex issues by reducing their time spent on basic identification.

The impact of such a program will also reach into industry and the general public through tools based on the AI models. There is also an opportunity to use this initiative to create global centers of taxonomic expertise, which anyone can use to help identify a specimen.
Linked Open Data for Taxonomic Databases: The Nordic/Baltic implementation
Authors: Liljeblad Johan , Lahti Tapani
Published: June 2019

Starting with Finland and Sweden and a subset of taxonomic groups, the Nordic/Baltic countries are connecting national checklists using Linked Open Data standards (Auer et al. 2007) and agreed vocabularies. We use HTTP Uniform Resource Identifiers as globally unique, persistent identifiers for taxon concepts (Chawuthai et al. 2013). Currently, we provide both human-readable (html) and machine-readable (xml) responses for client requests via a central checklist, TAXONID.ORG, which in itself needs to be managed. However, we hope this can be replaced by Catalogue of Life Plus in a not too distant future. While initially exchanging taxonomic information, our goal is ultimately to share information also on genetics, images and traits as well as conservation status and observations in a standardized way. The work is part of the NeIC DeepDive project which is funded by the Nordic e-Infrastructure Collaboration (neic.no/deepdive). The vision is to establish a regional infrastructure network consisting of Nordic and Baltic data centers and information systems and to provide seamlessly operating regional data services, tools, and virtual laboratories.
Insights on the systematics and morphology of Humiriaceae (Malpighiales): androecial and extrafloral nectary variation, two new combinations, and a new Sacoglottis from Guyana
Authors: Wurdack Kenneth J. , Zartman Charles E.
Published: June 2019

Humiriaceae have had little recent comparative morphological study except for their distinctive fruits. We surveyed the diversity of stamen structures in the family with consideration of dehiscence patterns and the evolutionary transitions between tetra- and disporangiate anthers. Novel interpretations of floral morphology support new combinations (Duckesialiesneri K.Wurdack & C.E.Zartman, comb. nov. and Vantaneaspiritu-sancti K.Wurdack & C.E.Zartman, comb. nov.) for two species formerly in Humiriastrum. We investigated all eleven species of Sacoglottis for diagnostic features that may contribute to better species delimitations, and describe Sacoglottisperryi K.Wurdack & C.E.Zartman, sp. nov. as an endemic of the Pakaraima Mountains in western Guyana. Finally, our survey across Humiriaceae for extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) revealed their presence on leaves of all extant species as adaxial basilaminar and/or abaxial embedded glands, in addition to the frequent occurrence of marginal glandular setae. The significance of inter-generic variation in gland position and anther morphology within the family are discussed.
La fundación arcaica de Gadir. La construcción historiográfica de una ciudad ¿real o inventada?
Authors: Niveau de Villedary y Mariñas Ana M.ª
Published: June 2019

La investigación de la antigua ciudad fenicia de Gadir ha estado condicionada históricamente por la falta de evidencias materiales urbanas, lo que ha propiciado que durante siglos se fijara una imagen en extremo idealizada de la ciudad basada en la lectura acrítica de los testimonios literarios y su (re) interpretación por la historiografía posterior. El panorama cambia a raíz del hallazgo de materiales, contextos y secuencias estratigráficas de época arcaica que permiten la reconstrucción de lo que hubo de ser la ciudad fenicia a partir de la evidencia científica y no desde el anhelo de lo “imaginado”. A pesar de ello la tendencia a recrear una ciudad más deseada que real se mantiene aún viva entre ciertos sectores, a los que les cuesta renunciar a esta secular “tradición inventada”, entendida esta en los términos acuñados por Hobsbawm.
Música y sonoridad en los ritos funerarios del Postalayótico mallorquín
Authors: Perelló Mateo Laura , Llull Estarellas Bartomeu
Published: June 2019

La existencia de determinados elementos destinados a la producción de sonidos en contextos funerarios de la Edad de Hierro es conocida por los arqueólogos desde hace tiempo en Mallorca y Menorca, si bien nunca se ha hecho mayor hincapié en lo que ello significa en términos de prácticas sociales. La presencia de estos artefactos, como las campanillas o los tintinnabula nos obliga a contemplar la realidad de unas prácticas funerarias en las cuales la música o la emisión de determinados sonidos serían elementos importantes de la performance ritual. En este artículo se analizan los distintos tipos de objetos hallados en necrópolis mallorquinas que pueden estar vinculados a esta fenomenología sonora, y se reflexiona sobre lo que estas evidencias nos dicen acerca de la sociedad postalayótica.
Tinteros de bronce romanos de Augusta Emerita
Authors: Alonso Javier , Sabio González Rafael , Jerez Linde José Manuel
Published: June 2019

Estudio de tinteros de bronce recuperados en el yacimiento de Augusta Emerita. Se definen las partes de un tintero, diferentes tipologías, las medidas de volumen, se relacionan las representaciones iconográficas de instrumentos de escritura con los hallazgos en depósitos funerarios, los usos de otros objetos y componentes que implicaba escribir con tinteros y se analiza la relación de los tinteros con los depósitos funerarios y la posible identificación de quienes se enterraron con estos objetos.
Applications for Children with Autism in Preschool and Primary Education
Authors: Xanthopoulou Maria , Kokalia Gioulina , Drigas Athanasios
Published: June 2019

In this article, we decided to focus on applications for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) knowing the significant influence of them on those children. Below, we analyze the different types of applications that are available for children with ASD. The applications are presenting, have been categorized in three categories. The first category is Diagnostic Tools, the second is Intervention Tools and the third is generally Mobile Apps. This separation was made to give a clear view about the characteristics and the developmental area each application covers. Finally, the applications have been chosen based on positive reviews, in combined with how many had download and install them, whether they were easy to use and if they responded to what their description said they were providing.
Comparative Study of the Second Generation a-Si:H, CdTe, and CIGS Thin-Film Solar Cells
Authors: Moon Md. Mahabub Alam , Rahman Md. Ferdous , Hossain Jaker , Ismail Abu Bakar Md.
Published: June 2019

In this article, simulation results of novel and facilitated heterostructures of the Second Generation (2G) Thin-film Solar Cells (TFSCs): hydrogenated amorphous Silicon (a-Si:H), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), and Copper Indium Gallium di-Selenide (Cu(In,Ga)Se2or CIGS) have been presented to compare their performances. The solar cells have been modeled and analyzed for investigating optimized structure with higher stabilized efficiency. Entire simulations have been accomplished using Analysis of Microelectronic and Photonic Structures – 1 Dimensional (AMPS-1D) device simulator. The thickness of the absorber layer was varied from 50 nm to 1400 nm for a-Si:H and from 50 nm to 3 μm for both CdTe and CIGS cells to realize its impact on cell performance. The utmost efficiency, η of 9.134%, 20.776%, and 23.03% were achieved at AM 1.5 (1000 W/m2) for a-Si:H, CdTe, and CIGS material cells, respectively. Lastly, the operating temperature of the three cells was varied from 280°K to 328°K to realize its effect on the cell PV performances.
Experimental Study of the Mechanical Properties Concrete Reinforced with Steel Fibers
Authors: Slimane Merdaci , Hadj Mostefa Adda
Published: June 2019

Before and after the completion of a project we often encounter unforeseen events that affect the sustainability of the project. We understand that engineers and practitioners need to look for the best average or process in terms of quality and cost, to ensure project maintenance. Among the possible methods; we can quote the concrete reinforced by the metallic fibers between the pavement and asphalt concrete pavement, the latter will ensure the continuity between two materials (flexible-rigid). This work consists of studying the formulation of a metal fiber concrete based on local materials (cement, gravel and sand) and studying the effect of fibers. The results of this study highlighted the improvement of both the mechanical properties of concrete and the problem of cracking between the pavement and pavement concrete joints.
Electrical and Raman Spectroscopic Studies on Aurivillius Layered-Pervoskite Ceramics
Authors: Basheer Mohammed Abdul , Gangadhar Vagmare , Prasad Guduru , Kumar Gobburu Subramanya , Prasad Nandi Venkata
Published: June 2019

Double rare-earth (La; Sm/Gd) substituted Aurivillius family of Bismuth Layered Structured Ferroelectrics (BLSF) namely Bi2.6Sm0.2La0.2TiNbO9 (BSLT; sample-A), Bi2.6Gd0.2La0.2TiNbO9 (BGLT; sample-B), single phase ceramics were prepared by solid state route. In addition, intergrowth (x BSLT - (1-x) BGLT, where x=0.49; sample-C) and solid solution (BSLT­x - BGLTy; where x + y=0.4; sample-D) materials were prepared. Dielectric, ferroelectric and Raman spectroscopic properties were studied on the said above materials. The X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectra revealed well-formation of stable structure. Though, the sample-C and sample-D have lower coercive field, compared to the sample-A and sample-B, but they exhibited sharp hysterisis loop. Therefore the instrinsic defects of sample-D inhabits more sensitivity towards the ferroelectric behaviour. The results were corroborated to the impedance and dielectrical data. The results were consistent with the SEM micrographs and complex impedance plots. An attempt is made to understand the effect of rare-earth ions on A-site of layered-pervoskite structure, defined as: (Bi2O2)2+(An-1BnO3n+1)2-.The term n represents number of pervoskite blocks interleaved with the bismuth oxide layers.
Assessment of the Cement Plate Building Covering Facade
Authors: Novotný Miloslav , Novotný Miloslav , Šuhajda Karel
Published: June 2019

The article deals with the methodology of the assessment of the state of the external facade of the outer cladding façade from the fiber cementitious boards in view of meeting the conditions of the technical legislation valid in the Czech Republic. On a particular case, the methodology of the procedure from the visual assessment of the facade facing plates to the requirements of their mechanical and physical properties is described. The object under consideration is a civic building in a climatically challenging location in the Beskydy foothills, whose facade is completely lined with fiber-cement boards. The assessment is based on the provisions of ČSN ISO 13822 (73 0038): Design principles for structures - Evaluation exists. construction and ČSN P 74 7251: 2015 Folded cladding, tiles and panel cladding - Requirements for casting accuracy, quality and appearance. For the assessment of mechanical and physical properties, the provisions of ČSN EN 12467 - Fiber-cement flat plates - Specimen specification and test method are used. Limit values ​​of individual parameters are taken into account in the technical sheets of the manufacturer of fiber-cement boards.
Analysis of Reconstruction in Terms of CO2 Concentration
Authors: Budiaková Mária
Published: June 2019

The paper focuses on the analysis of reconstruction in terms of CO2 concentration. The reconstruction at the university included the exchange of windows. The original windows were exchanged for the modern wood tight windows. Providing CO2 concentration in the interiors of a university is immensely important for the students of the university. Not exceeding CO2 concentration limits is necessary not only for the physiological needs of students but also for the required performance of students. Teaching is conducted during the whole day in the researched university schoolroom. The short-term natural ventilation during the breaks is noticeably not sufficient. After 15 minutes from the beginning of the lesson, students started complaining about the air quality and they had to open the windows. To point out the unsustainable state of the poor air quality during the day-long teaching and to be able to prove the officials the importance of the continuation of the reconstruction by building mechanical ventilation or air conditioning system, there were carried out the experimental measurements in the schoolroom. The device Testo 480 was used for the measurements. Obtained values of CO2 concentration are presented in the charts. Interestingly, this reconstruction significantly decreased the air quality. The admissible values of CO2 concentration were exceeded after the first hours of teaching. These values were worsening with each additional hour of teaching. Therefore, another reconstruction is needed to enable the transition from natural ventilation to the mechanical ventilation system. In the conclusion of this paper, there are principles how to design new schoolrooms. Furthermore, there are presented recommendations how to operate the existing schoolrooms.
Measurement Uncertainty in Tests of Cast Irons
Authors: Jung Karel , Sýkora Miroslav , Marková Jana
Published: June 2019

Focusing on heritage structures, various non-destructive tests (NDT) or minor-destructive techniques (MDT) can be applied while the application of destructive testing is limited. The probabilistic models for tensile and compressive strengths of historic cast iron are developed on the basis of destructive tests (DTs) and MDTs, respectively. NDT results are critically compared with DTs. It appears that numerous uncertainties affecting estimated resistance can be treated by statistical approaches along with the semi-probabilistic verification method. Non-destructive hardness tests can hardly be used to estimate strength of cast iron and must be supplemented by destructive tests.
Potential Contribution of Secondary Materials to Overall Supply - The Example of the European Cobalt Cycle
Authors: Glöser-Chahoud Simon , Schultmann Frank
Published: June 2019

Higher efficiency in raw material recycling is discussed as a key strategy to decrease the environmental impact of resource consumption and to improve materials’ availability in order to mitigate supply risks. However, particularly in the case of technology metals, demand is driven by specific emerging technologies from which recycling will not be possible before the end of their useful lifetimes. Hence, the availability of secondary materials is limited by the amount of obsolete products as well as their collection, separation and treatment during waste management and recycling. In this paper, we present the results of a dynamic material flow model for cobalt as a key raw material for lithium-ion batteries at an European level (EU28). This model aims at quantifying the current state of recycling and future recycling potentials from end-of-life (EoL) product flows. While it is expectable that obsolete large battery packs from (hybrid) electric vehicles will be efficiently collected in future, EoL Li-ion battery flows will remain dominated by smaller electronic equipment (smartphones, laptops etc.) in the coming years and the model results show a significant potential for improvements in collection and material recovery from EoL batteries in Europe. A major challenge will be the collection of smaller batteries and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in general from which a significant share of total European cobalt demand could be recovered in the coming years.
Predictive and Flexible Circular Economy Approaches for Highly Integrated Products and their Materials as Given in E-Mobility and ICT
Authors: Knieke Christoph , Lawrenz Sebastian , Fröhling Magnus , Goldmann Daniel , Rausch Andreas
Published: June 2019

The control of degraded products, waste streams and secondary raw materials that can be produced from those must be in line with demand within the framework of an Advanced Circular Economy. Material requirements are developing dynamically depending on product development and consumer behavior. Accordingly, the recycling system must also behave dynamically and predictively and has to be transformed into stable, efficient but flexible process routes. This can also lead to a shift in the significance and sequence of the respective materials of main and secondary value in a process chain. This paper presents a novel approach for a smart and predictive circular economy. The approach consists of three major parts: An open information marketplace to meet information needs, suitable economic assessment and planning methods, and a dynamic optimization of the recycling process chain, e.g., selection of process steps and their sequence.
Allocation Procedures for Generic Cascade Use Cases - An Evaluation Using Monte Carlo Analysis
Authors: Rehberger Max , Hiete Michael
Published: June 2019

Cascade use - a concept for increasing resource efficiency by multiple use of resources - gains in importance, in particular for bio-based materials. Allocation of environmental burdens and costs along the cascade chain plays a major role in deciding whether to establish a cascade or not. This highlights the need for a methodology for properly assessing different types of cascades. To provide guidance in terms of choice of allocation procedure available from life cycle assessment (LCA), Monte Carlo analysis is used. Especially hybrid, individually tailored allocation approaches can be evaluated in this way. The results show a high diversity of possible outcomes in terms of general allocation intensity (how much burden is shifted between steps of the cascade), rank reversals (exchange of positions inside the burden ranking) and variance of the overall results of the cascade allocation. Results are valuable for selecting an allocation procedure for cascade LCA and for further interpreting cascade models using specific allocation procedures.
Efficient Process for Li-Ion Battery Recycling via Electrohydraulic Fragmentation
Authors: Öhl Johannes , Horn Daniel , Zimmermann Jörg , Stauber Rudolph , Gutfleisch Oliver
Published: June 2019

Lithium-ion batteries are crucial for non-emission technologies, like electric vehicles and renewable energy sources. The growing battery market causes supply risks for affected raw materials like cobalt, nickel, natural graphite and, in the future, lithium. On the other hand, the number of end-of-life Li-ion batteries grows significantly and provides an additional source for these critical materials via recycling. In electrohydraulic fragmentation (EHF), Li-ion battery cells are disintegrated at component interfaces, thus separating those components. Battery materials like cathode active material, graphite, electrode foils and housing parts can be extracted for producing new batteries or for further refining in hydrometallurgical processing. Compared to state-of-the-art pyrometallurgical recycling, the EHF is more energy and cost efficient due to the easy processing to a valuable battery material product.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Chromatography Process Routes for the Purification of Lithium
Authors: Schmidt Axel , Mestmäcker Fabian , Brückner Lisa , Elwert Tobias , Strube Jochen
Published: June 2019

Since several years, the lithium market is characterized by high growth rates especially due to the increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, the primary production is currently expanded and there is a growing interest in recycling. However, because of the chemical properties of lithium, many production processes lack efficient processes for the separation, concentration and purification of lithium. This article reviews the current use of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and chromatography in lithium production as well as research. Currently, the industrial application of LLE and chromatography in lithium purification is limited to the extraction of impurities and co-products. Extraction of lithium is only used as concentration step in few processes before lithium precipitation. In research and development, a wide variety of extractants and resins is investigated. In LLE, chelating extractants like crown ethers and calixarene and synergistic systems show the greatest potential. In the chromatographic separation the main focus of research lies upon cation exchange media, especially media with sulfonated ligands. However, most research is still in early development. Therefore, extensive research is needed to enable the industrial use of optimized LLE and chromatography processes in lithium production. Content TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc515547308" Abstract PAGEREF _Toc515547308 \h 2 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc515547309" Content PAGEREF _Toc515547309 \h 3
Natural history of Dictyla echii (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in Ontario and Québec, Canada
Authors: Javahery M.
Published: June 2019

The natural history and distribution of Dictyla echii (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), a lace bug native to the Palaearctic, was investigated during 2014–2017 in southwestern Québec and southeastern Ontario, Canada. This apparently univoltine species is associated with Echium vulgare Linnaeus (Boraginaceae) and overwintered as adults in soil in a state of reproductive diapause. Eggs were almost entirely inserted in soft green stems and rarely in tissues of the upper leaf surface of the host plant. Adults and nymphs fed on rosettes, stems, and flower shoots, causing a chlorotic appearance of foliage, and stunted floral shoots. The external morphology of adults and immature stages are described and illustrated. Feeding, mating, oviposition, fecundity, incubation period, development of eggs in ovarioles, hatching of eggs, and emergence of first instars were studied and illustrated. The distribution of D. echii in North America and the Palaearctic is mapped.
An assessment of flood vulnerability and adaptation: A case study of Hamutsha-Muungamunwe village, Makhado municipality
Authors: Munyai Rendani B. , Musyoki Agnes , Nethengwe Nthadeuleni S.
Published: June 2019

This study assesses flood vulnerability, levels of vulnerability, determinants of flood vulnerability and coping strategies for flood hazards. The vulnerability and resilience of the local communities are key concepts in this study. Most households are vulnerable to flood hazards. It is therefore important to measure their levels of vulnerability and assess their responses for current and future planning. A flood vulnerability index was used to measure the extent of flood vulnerability. Key informant interviews, field surveys and household questionnaires were used to collect the data. The results show that vulnerability to flood in this community is determined by the nature of soil, dwelling type, employment, education and amount of rainfall in a season. Social and economic components scored higher than the physical environment, while social factors are higher than the economic factors. Contextual coping strategies in this community were temporary relocation, evacuation to a safe area and waiting for government and neighbours to help. The study recommends that public awareness campaigns, early warning systems and improved disaster management strategies must take into consideration differentiated levels of vulnerability and community coping mechanisms and preferences.