bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No Mortality among 100 Consecutive Pancreaticoduodenectomies in a Middle‐volume Center
Authors: Suzuki Yasuyuki , Fujino Yasuhiro , Ajiki Tetsuo , Ueda Takashi , Sakai Tetsuya , Tanioka Yasuki , Kuroda Yoshikazu
Published: October 2005

Mortality rate following pancreaticoduodenectomy has markedly decreased in high‐volume centers. We achieved zero mortality among 100 pancreaticoduodenectomies in a middle‐volume center. The purpose of this study was to review our experience and analyze factors contributing to the zero mortality. Patient backgrounds, intraoperative variables, postoperative complications, and surgical, radiologic, and other medical interventions for the complications were retrospectively analyzed for 100 consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies for malignant or benign disease. The mean age of the patients was 63 years. Altogether, 59 patients had preoperative co‐morbidity, and 35 had a past history of abdominal surgery. The median operating time and blood loss were 525 minutes and 1215 ml, respectively. Postoperative complications occurred in 42 patients. The most frequent complication was pancreatic stump leak (n = 12), but no life‐threatening pancreatic anastomotic leak occurred. This may result from the duct invagination anastomosis applied to 67 pancreases with a small duct. Serious complications were seen in six patients; two patients required surgical intervention, but four were successfully treated with the help of interventional radiologists or internists. Radiologic intervention was applied to 13 patients: drainage of an intraabdominal abscess/collection and vascular intervention. In addition to advances in surgical techniques to reduce local complications, particularly pancreatic anastomotic leak, intimate collaboration with experienced interventional radiologists and internists allows zero mortality even in middle‐volume centers.
Anti‐apoptosis Effects of Oxymatrine Protect the Liver from Warm Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats
Authors: Jiang Hongchi , Meng Fanqiang , Li Jie , Sun Xueying
Published: October 2005

Warm ischemia and reperfusion (WI/R) results in the release of destructive proinflammatory cytokines and oxygen free radicals, which in turn cause injury to the liver. Apoptosis is regarded as the central mechanism of liver injury during WI/R. Oxymatrine, an extract from a traditional Chinese herb, Sophora flavescens Ait, has been widely used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis, by virtue of its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic activity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether administration of oxymatrine could protect livers against WI/R. The experimental design consisted of three groups of rats (each group contained 10 Wistar rats): one group were treated by sham‐operation; the second (control) group with WI/R were administrated saline, and the third group, rats with WI/R, were administered oxymatrine). Oxymatrine was intravenously administered before a 30‐minute period of ischemia. Blood samples were collected for biochemical assay. Liver samples taken at different time points underwent histological examination for detection of apoptotic cells, and Western blotting analysis for Fas and Fas ligand, the key factors in the upper apoptotic pathways. Histologic alteration of the liver was attenuated in oxymatrine‐treated rats, and the serum levels of AST and ALT were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced (73% and 61%, respectively). Oxymatrine significantly inhibited cell apoptosis, as examined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end‐labeling (TUNEL), and it reduced the apoptotic index by 65% (P < 0.05%) as detected by flow cytometry. The anti‐apoptotic activity of oxymatrine depends mainly on downregulation of Fas and Fas ligand. The results of this study indicate that oxymatrine may represent a potent drug to protect the liver against WI/R injury.
Favorable Surgical Results in 433 Elderly Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Uruno Takashi , Miyauchi Akira , Shimizu Kazuo , Tomoda Chisato , Takamura Yuuki , Ito Yasuhiro , Miya Akihiro , Kobayashi Kaoru , Matsuzuka Fumio , Amino Nobuyuki , Kuma Kanji
Published: October 2005

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has a good prognosis among patients younger than 45 years old, but the prognosis in elder is worse and treatment strategy is not well established. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features and outcomes of 433 patients with PTC aged 70 years or older. The patients consisted of three groups: group A (n = 327); patients receiving surgical treatment, group B (n = 51); patients with microcancer (maximal diameter, ≤ 1.0 cm) who did not undergo surgical treatment, group C (n = 55); patients in whom surgery was contraindicated due to age, high surgical risk or complication by other illnesses. In group A, the mean tumor size was 2.6 ± 1.5 cm, and 218 patients (66.7%) had pathologically confirmed lymph node metastasis; 110 patients (33.6%) had extrathyroidal invasion. The 5‐ and 10‐year overall survival rates (OSR) in group A were 97.2% and 85%, respectively, which was significantly higher than the 5‐year OSR in group C (62.6%). The 5‐ and 10‐year disease‐specific survival rates (DSSR) in group A were 98.5% and 91.3%, respectively, which was also significantly higher than the 5‐year DSSR in group C (81.8%). Although the patients in group B did not receive any treatment, none of them demonstrated cause‐specific death or progression of disease. Papillary thyroid cancer in elderly patients, except for microcancers, may be biologically aggressive. Thus surgery is recommended for these patients, if their general status is judged able to tolerate the stress of anesthesia and surgery.
Protein Detection Methods in Proteomics Research
Authors: Westermeier Reiner , Marouga Rita
Published: October 2005

In proteomics research chemical as well as physical methods are used to detect proteins subsequently to their separation. Physical methods are mostly applied after chromatography. They are either based on spectroscopy like light absorption at certain wavelengths or mass determination of peptides and their fragments with mass spectrometry. Chemical methods are used after two-dimensional electrophoresis and employ staining with organic dyes, metal chelates, fluorescent dyes, complexing with silver, or pre-labeling with fluorophores. In some cases autoradiography is still used. Since all of these techniques are very different in terms of sensitivity, their usefulness for quantitative determinations varies significantly. This review will describe the various protein detection methods applied to electrophoresis gels.
Clinical Proteomics: From Biomarker Discovery and Cell Signaling Profiles to Individualized Personal Therapy
Authors: Calvo Katherine R. , Liotta Lance A. , Petricoin Emanuel F.
Published: October 2005

The discovery of new highly sensitive and specific biomarkers for early disease detection and risk stratification coupled with the development of personalized “designer” therapies holds the key to future treatment of complex diseases such as cancer. Mounting evidence confirms that the low molecular weight (LMW) range of the circulatory proteome contains a rich source of information that may be able to detect early stage disease and stratify risk. Current mass spectrometry (MS) platforms can generate a rapid and high resolution portrait of the LMW proteome. Emerging novel nanotechnology strategies to amplify and harvest these LMW biomarkers in vivo or ex vivo will greatly enhance our ability to discover and characterize molecules for early disease detection, subclassification and prognostic capability of current proteomics modalities. Ultimately genetic mutations giving rise to disease are played out and manifested on a protein level, involving derangements in protein function and information flow within diseased cells and the interconnected tissue microenvironment. Newly developed highly sensitive, specific and linearly dynamic reverse phase protein microarray systems are now able to generate circuit maps of information flow through phosphoprotein networks of pure populations of microdissected tumor cells obtained from patient biopsies. We postulate that this type of enabling technology will provide the foundation for the development of individualized combinatorial therapies of molecular inhibitors to target tumor-specific deranged pathways regulating key biologic processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, immunity and metastasis. Hence future therapies will be tailored to the specific deranged molecular circuitry of an individual patient's disease. The successful transition of these groundbreaking proteomic technologies from research tools to integrated clinical diagnostic platforms will require ongoing continued development, and optimization with rigorous standardization development and quality control procedures.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ca2+ channel Cch1pMid1p is essential for tolerance to cold stress and iron toxicity
Authors: Peiter Edgar , Fischer Marc , Sidaway Kate , Roberts Stephen K. , Sanders Dale
Published: October 2005

Cch1p and Mid1p are components of a high‐affinity Ca2+‐permeable channel in the yeast plasma membrane. Here, we show that growth of mutants in the Cch1pMid1p channel is markedly hypersensitive to low temperature and to high iron concentration in the medium. Both phenotypes were suppressed by high Ca2+ concentration. Iron stress elicited an increased Ca2+ influx into both wild type and cch1Δmid1Δ yeast. Inhibition of calcineurin strongly depressed growth of iron‐stressed wild type yeast, indicating that calcineurin is a downstream element of the iron stress response. Iron hypersensitivity of the cch1Δmid1Δ mutant was not associated with an increased iron uptake. An involvement of oxidative stress in the iron‐hypersensitive phenotype was indicated by the findings that the antioxidants tocopheryl acetate and (ethyl)glutathione improved growth and viability of the iron‐stressed mutant. Further, the degree of glutathione oxidation was increased in the presence of iron. The results indicate that iron stress leads to an increased oxidative poise and that Cch1pMid1p is essential to tolerate this condition.
Developmental shift in the apostat: Comparison of neurones and astrocytes
Authors: Stoka Veronika , Chen Sylvia F. , Turk Vito , Bredesen Dale E.
Published: October 2005

The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis was investigated in cell‐free extracts of neurones and astrocytes at various stages of maturation. Neuronal extracts were activated 65‐fold after 3 days, 9‐fold after 7 days, and were not activated after 10 days in culture. In contrast, astrocyte extracts were activated to a similar extent at all stages, up to 60 days in culture. The co‐incubation of neuronal and astrocyte extracts followed by addition of cytochrome c/2′‐deoxyadenosine 5′‐triphosphate led to a 40‐fold activation, suggesting that the development‐associated neuronal shift does not involve the appearance of a dominant inhibitor, but rather downregulation of some key component(s) involved in caspase activation.
The Fish River Subgroup in Namibia: stratigraphy, depositional environments and the Proterozoic–Cambrian boundary problem revisited
Authors: GEYER G.
Published: October 2005

The Fish River Subgroup of the Nama Group, southern Namibia, is restudied in terms of lithostratigraphy and depositional environment. The study is based on partly fine-scaled sections, particularly of the Nababis and Gross Aub Formation. The results are generally in accordance with earlier studies. However, braided river deposits appear to be less widely distributed in the studied area, and a considerable part of the formations of the middle and upper subgroup apparently were deposited under shallowest marine conditions including upper shore-face. Evidence comes partly from sedimentary features and facies distribution, and partly from trace fossils, particularly Skolithos and the characteristic Trichophycus pedum. Environmental conditions represented by layers with T. pedum suggest that the producer favoured shallow marine habitats and transgressive regimes. The successions represent two deepening-upward sequences, both starting as fluvial (braided river) systems and ending as shallow marine tidally dominated environments. The first sequence includes the traditional Stockdale, Breckhorn and lower Nababis formations (Zamnarib Member). The second sequence includes the upper Nababis (Haribes Member) and Gross Aub formations. As a result, the Nababis and Gross Aub formations require emendation: a new formation including the Haribes and Rosenhof and possibly also the Deurstamp members. In addition, four distinct sequence stratigraphic units are deter-minable for the Fish River Subgroup in the southern part of the basin. The Proterozoic–Cambrian transition in southern Namibia is most probably located as low as the middle Schwarzrand Subgroup. The environmentally controlled occurrence of Trichophycus pedum undermines the local stratigraphic significance of this trace fossil which is eponymous with the lowest Cambrian and Phanerozoic trace fossil assemblage on a global scale. However, occurrences of such trace fossils have to be regarded as positive evidence for Phanerozoic age regardless of co-occurring body fossils. Other suggestions strongly dispute the concept of the formal Proterozoic–Cambrian and Precambrian–Phanerozoic boundary. Carbon isotope excursions and radiometric datings for the Nama Group do not help to calibrate precisely the temporal extent of the Fish River Subgroup. Fossil content, sequence stratigraphy and inferred depositional developments suggest that this subgroup represents only a short period of late orogenic molasse sedimentation during the early sub-trilobitic Early Cambrian.
Trondhjemitic and granitic melts formed by fractional crystallization of an olivine tholeiite from Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland
Authors: MARTIN E. , SIGMARSSON O.
Published: October 2005

A pair of samples, from host lava and an included segregation vein from the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, allows the assessment of a complete fractional crystallization of an olivine tholeiite at low pressure. The final product consists of silicic glasses with bimodal composition: trondhjemitic and more rarely granitic. Compilation of data on major element compositions of Icelandic silicic rocks reveals a clear difference from those of the segregation glasses. Fractional crystallization of basalts at low pressure is therefore not the most likely mechanism for the origin of silicic magmas in Iceland. Similar conclusions have been reached in studies on O- and Th-isotope compositions. On the other hand, the trondhjemitic compositions of the glasses in the segregation vein from Reykjanes Peninsula suggest that fractional crystallization of olivine tholeiites could have played a significant role during the formation of the very early continental crust.
Introduction to thematic set of papers on the Ediacaran–Cambrian palaeoecology, sedimentology and stratigraphy of Namibia
Authors: JENSEN S. , BUDD G. E.
Published: October 2005

The Neoproterozoic was a time of profound biological and geological change. After a long time of verymodest changes in the flora and fauna, the Ediacaran period finally brought forward the first diverse microflora, the first diverse macrophytes, as well as the first diverse macroscopic organisms, some of which likely are animals. There were significant palaeogeographic changes, at least two, or probably three, pronounced levels of widely recorded glaciations, and extensive fluctuations in δ13 C. Much thought has recently been directed at understanding if, and how, several, or most, of these events are related.
The potential of seed-shedding and seedling development to contribute to the persistence of white clover (Trifolium repens) in grazed swards in Uruguay
Authors: WILMAN D. , OLMOS F. , HAMILTON R. S.
Published: October 2005

The present study was conducted to investigate whether white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in grazed swards in Uruguay can produce and shed sufficient seed, and whether sufficient seedlings can develop and survive, to make an important contribution to the long-term persistence of the species. Five sites, on which survival of white clover had been better than is usual in Uruguay, were studied in 1995–97. The sites had been sown with white clover 11–15 years previously and were managed mainly by cattle grazing. The number of white clover inflorescences/m2 was at least 18 at nearly half the counts in the study and the number of viable seeds in the top 5 cm of soil was at least 1500 at half the counts. The results for both the above variables suggest that all five sites had a supply of seed greater than a commercial seed rate at some times of the year. However, the number of seedlings/m2 was >100, a possible target in these conditions, at only one fifth of the counts, and the proportion of seedlings that survived from one recording date to the next (a period of 4–5 weeks) varied from >0·7 to zero. It seems, therefore, that, in these conditions, the failure of seeds to convert to established plants is likely to be a greater constraint than the production and shedding of seeds. There was considerable variability with time, and between and within sites at each stage of the reproductive cycle. On one site, competition from Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) greatly reduced the number of white clover seedlings/m2. Overall, the results suggest that white clover in grazed swards in Uruguay can produce and shed sufficient seed, and that sufficient seedlings can develop and survive, to make a significant contribution to the long-term persistence of the species. However, each year there is a risk of seedlings being killed in dry, hot weather.
Studies on the mode of action of probiotics: effects of the spore-specific dipicolinic acid on selected intestinal bacteria
Authors: JADAMUS A. , VAHJEN W. , SIMON O.
Published: October 2005

Bacterial growth inhibiting effects of dipicolinic acid (DPA), which occurs in spores of probiotic Bacillus spp. strains, was studied with a range of Lactobacillus spp. (13), Enterococcus spp. (14), and E. coli strains (8) in vitro. In vivo effects were studied in a broiler chicken nutrition trial and DPA supplemented feed (10 g/kg).

In vitro studies showed that DPA inhibited growth of most Lactobacillus spp. strains to a larger extent than E. coli strains. Enterococci were generally influenced less by DPA. However, in each group of bacteria some strains were less inhibited by DPA than others. Intestinal lactic acid bacteria in the jejunum and ileum showed a trend (P[les ]0·1) for lower counts in birds fed the DPA-supplemented feed on day 14 and 21. Counts of enterobacteria were not significantly influenced by DPA. No differences in colony counts were observed in 28-day-old animals. Digesta pH was not statistically reduced, but a lower crop pH was recorded throughout the nutrition trial.

The study showed that dipicolinic acid, present in probiotic Bacillus spp. spores, is inhibitory for in vitro growth of most lactobacilli and enterobacteria, while growth of enterococci was less inhibited. Intestinal colony counts in young broiler chickens fed a DPA-supplemented diet in part mirrored in vitro results.
State-of-the-Art Review Article
Authors: Setter Jane , Jenkins Jennifer
Published: October 2005

This article is organised in five main sections. It begins by outlining the scope of pronunciation teaching and the role of pronunciation in our personal and social lives. The second section surveys the background to pronunciation teaching from its origins in the early twentieth century to the present day, and includes a discussion of pronunciation models and of the role of the first language (L1) in the acquisition of second language (L2) pronunciation. Then a third section explores recent research into a range of aspects involved in the process: the effects of L1 and L2 similarities and differences; the role of intelligibility, accent attitudes, identity and motivation; the part played by listening; and the place of pronunciation within discourse. This section concludes with a discussion of a number of controversies that have arisen from recent pronunciation research and of research into the potential for using computer-based technology in pronunciation teaching. The fourth section explores a range of socio-political issues that affect pronunciation teaching when the L2 is learnt as an international rather than a foreign language, and the fifth section moves on to consider the implications of all this for teaching.
English Bank Business Loans, 1920–1968: Transaction Bank Characteristics and Small Firm Discrimination
Authors: COLLINS MICHAEL , BAKER MAE
Published: October 2005

The article reports the results of primary research aimed at eliciting new information on the nature of the relationship between english banks and the business sector over the long period, 1920–68. Bank archives have been used to conduct a microeconomic study of lending by english commercial banks to business clients. Three sets of results are reported. First, on the basis of a sample of over four thousand individual business loans, new data are presented on the nature and duration of business loans, the purposes for which they were used, the banks' requirements regarding collateral and interest rates charged. Secondly, the parameters governing bank practice are examined through the presentation of the reasons for which one of the leading clearing banks, the midland, turned down requests for business loans from a subset of firms. Thirdly, a detailed comparison is made of the loans granted to small private firms and to larger public companies; and regression analysis is used to assess the banks' treatment of the two groups. The data are presented within the theoretical framework of english ‘transaction banking’ which, it is argued, offers a strong rationale for the reported continuity in bank practice over the long term.
The Structure of Italian Capitalism, 1952–1972: New Evidence Using the Interlocking Directorates Technique
Authors: RINALDI ALBERTO , VASTA MICHELANELO
Published: October 2005

This article explores the structure of the italian capitalist system by focusing on the relationships between financial firms – banks, insurance and holding companies – and industrial companies in italy during the period 1952–72 through the analysis of the interlocks that existed between them. By an interlock is meant the link created between two firms when an individual belongs to the board of directors of both. The analysis is based on a database – imita.db – containing data on over 30,000 directors of italian joint-stock companies for the years 1952, 1960 and 1972. After a descriptive statistical overview of the companies and the directors included in the database, the article develops a network connectivity analysis of the system. This is integrated with a prosopographic study of the big linkers, defined as those directors cumulating the highest number of offices in each benchmark year. The article confirms that italian capitalism maintained substantial peculiarities in the period investigated. in particular, it argues that interlocks played an important role in guaranteeing the stability of the positions of control of the major private companies and their connections with state-owned enterprises. In 1952 and 1960 the system, centred on the larger electrical companies, showed the highest degree of cohesion. That centre dissolved after nationalisation of the electricity industry in 1962 and was replaced by a less strong and cohesive one, hinged on banks, insurance and the major finance companies.
Lotteries in the 1690s: Investment or Gamble?
Authors: MURPHY ANNE L.
Published: October 2005

In 1693 Thomas Neale, groom porter to their majesties, organised a lottery that offered to its lucky winner a prize of £3,000. The scheme proved a great success, encouraging a variety of entrepreneurs to float similar projects. Indeed, by 1698 lotteries that offered tickets costing as little as one penny allowed all but the most destitute to indulge in dreams of wealth. Although these schemes may be seen as a mere manifestation of the contemporary love of gambling and games of chance, this article argues that they can also reveal much about the nature and progress of the financial revolution.
the tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome: current concepts
Authors: stojanov silvia , mcdermott michael f.
Published: October 2005

the tumour necrosis factor receptor (tnfr)-associated periodic syndrome (traps) is an autosomal dominant, multisystemic, autoinflammatory disorder caused by mutations in the tnfr1 gene (tnfrsf1a). traps seems to be the most common hereditary periodic fever (hpf) syndrome in some western populations, and the second most prevalent hpf worldwide, behind familial mediterranean fever (fmf). the proteins involved in susceptibility to traps (tnfrsf1a) and fmf (pyrin) are both members of the death-domain-fold superfamily. mutations affecting these proteins might cause dysregulation of innate immune responses, with a propensity to autoinflammation. most traps patients have reduced blood levels of soluble tnfrsf1a between attacks, with an inappropriately small increase during bouts of fever. the pathogenesis of the ‘hyperinflammatory state’ in traps has been variously ascribed to a shedding defect of tnfrsf1a from the cell surface resulting in increased tnf inflammatory signalling, or impaired tnf apoptotic signalling. some low-penetrance tnfrsf1a variants also contribute to the clinical phenotype in individuals carrying other hpf-associated mutations, and have been reported in several disorders such as behçet's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. synthetic anti-tnf agents provide a rational form of therapy for traps, and have been shown to delay or indeed prevent development of systemic amyloidosis (aa type), a life-threatening complication in this condition.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
Authors: WAQUET FRANÇOISE
Published: October 2005

Acknowledgments are now a constitutive and almost compulsory part of academic productions. This essay, based on some 1,000 books in the humanities and social sciences, traces the sociogenesis of this academic genre. Focusing on the paratextual nature of acknowledgments, it examines the following questions: What do the lists of names in them mean? What effects are expected from these carefully written, or at least calculated, pieces? Acknowledgments reveal authorial strategies, the staging of a public persona, the pursuit or display of symbolic capital in a highly competitive world. But they can disclose more than that. They may also show a private person, depict an imagined Eden, recall a generosity. Acknowledgments involve a complex discourse. What they tell us is that the intellectual field is also a community, that in the “battleground” of learning there is a place for the gift, indeed that the giving of gifts still remains one of the means—perhaps even the principal one—of the advancement of learning.
THE SELF IN QUESTION: ON JERROLD SEIGEL's THE IDEA OF THE SELF
Authors: IZENBERG GERALD
Published: October 2005

In recent decades, questions surrounding the concept of the “self,” whether by that name or such cognate terms as “subjectivity” or “identity,” have come to occupy a prominent place in historical scholarship, literary and gender studies, social theory and philosophy. Most recently, Jerrold Seigel's The Idea of the Self has provided not only a vast new historical map of this conceptual terrain but a challenging new way of exploring it. My purpose here is to examine both, and the thematic and methodological questions they raise for this major contemporary field of inquiry.
NATIVE AMERICANS AND THE BURDEN OF HISTORY
Authors: LEE KLEIN KERWIN
Published: October 2005

Steven Conn, History's Shadow: Native Americans and Historical Consciousness in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004)

Maureen Konkle, Writing Indian Nations: Native Intellectuals and the Politics of Historiography, 1827–1863 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004)

New histories of indigenous and colonized peoples have revitalized some ancient questions. When and where does a properly historical discourse begin and why? The profession has traditionally given two different answers to the “when” and “where” queries. One venerable account holds that history proper begins with the Greeks and takes Herodotus (or Thucydides, depending on the political climate) for its founding patriarch. The second answer holds that historical consciousness only begins with modernity, and that real historical discourse—including the beginnings of professional, disciplined historiography—starts in Europe.
THINKING AND NOT THINKING ABOUT RACE IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: FARBER DAVID
Published: October 2005

John Skrentny, The Minority Rights Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002)

Richard King, Race, Culture and the Intellectuals, 1940–1970 (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Press, 2004)

Since June 1964, all three branches of the federal government have supported the goal of racial justice in the United States. John Skrentny, in The Minority Rights Revolution, explains how that goal and related ones have been implemented over the last sixty years. He argues that key policy developments since that time were driven less by mass movements and much more by elite “meaning entrepreneurs.” Well before the 1964 Civil Rights Act was made law, in the immediate post-World War II years, a bevy of transatlantic intellectuals responded to Nazi race policy by seeking a universalist vision that would unite humanity. Richard King, in Race, Culture and the Intellectuals, explores how intellectuals pursued that anti-racist universalist vision and then how African and African-American intellectuals in the 1960s, in particular, rejected universalism and began, instead, to pursue racial justice through cultural particularism. King's traditional intellectual history, when combined with Skrentny's sociological analysis of how elites managed ideas to pursue specific policies, reveals how American society, in pursuit of racial justice, moved from the simple stated ideals of the 1964 Civil Rights Act—equal opportunity and access—to the complexities of affirmative action and an embrace of “diversity” in American life.
“ARE WE A NATION?”: THE CONJUNCTURE OF NATIONHOOD AND RACE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1850–1876
Authors: ROSS DOROTHY
Published: October 2005

While popular nationalism flourished in the United States from the time of the Revolution onward, reflective treatments of what it meant to be, specifically, a “nation” were rarely produced until the Civil War era. Historians have generally treated northern Civil War theorists of the nation as importers of European ideas of organic nationhood to serve conservative and statist purposes. The most notable mid-century theorists—Francis Lieber, Elisha Mulford, Orestes Brownson, John William Draper, Frederick Douglass, and Charles Sumner—were a more diverse set, however. They brought to the subject different theoretical and political assumptions and produced different models of the American nation, and they accommodated their borrowed conceptions to native materials. If their initial aim was to strengthen the authority and unity of the wartime nation, they soon struggled with the multiracial nation that was emerging from the war. The unity they posited in the nation contended with invidious racial, ethnic, and religious distinctions. In the end, Lieber, Brownson, Mulford, and Draper found diversity difficult or impossible to reconcile with their visions of national unity. Only Sumner and Douglass managed to construct models of the nation that were both heterogeneous and united: their postwar views serve as counterpoint to the tortured efforts of the other writers. In the language of current theory, these writers divided over whether the United States was a civic or an ethnic nation, although not all their exclusions and inequalities emanated from an ethnic model of the nation, nor all their inclusions and liberties from a civic one.
THE VALUE OF DISPOSSESSION: RETHINKING DISCOURSES OF SELFHOOD IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE
Authors: COLEMAN CHARLY J.
Published: October 2005

In Enlightenment-era France, theologians, philosophers, and politicians contested the nature and prerogatives of human personhood with particular vehemence. Yet historians have tended to reduce these struggles to a narrative of ascendant individualism. This essay seeks to recover non-individualist formulations of the self in eighteenth-century France, and, in doing so, to offer a more nuanced account of subjectivity during the period. Out of debates over Christian mysticism, radical philosophy, and republican politics emerged two distinct and conflicting modes of formulating the self 's relationship to its ideas and actions. On one side, mainstream philosophes joined Descartes, Locke, and orthodox Catholic theologians in elaborating the individual's capacity to accumulate existential goods in terms of a discourse of self-ownership. Opposition to this view, in contrast, challenged such claims by employing a discourse of dispossession, which stressed the human person's resignation to, and ultimate identification with, a totalizing force outside the self. The essay traces a specific genealogy of this discourse in the writings of Fénelon, Rousseau, and the Illuminist theologian Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin, in the context of intellectual polemics ranging from the role of self-love in Christian devotion to the virtues of self-sacrifice in a republican polity. If the Fénelonian doctrine of spiritual abandon called on believers to surrender their particular desires in the love of God, Rousseau likewise demanded that citizens place their property and their persons under the direction of the general will. Saint-Martin, for his part, applied Rousseau's politics of alienation to his vision of a theocratic republic in the wake of the French Revolution, thereby posing the mystic ideal of dispossession as a means of transforming the self and its world along communal, rather than individualist, lines.
BACK FROM THE GRAVE: MARC FUMAROLI'S CHATEAUBRIAND
Authors: POPKIN JEREMY D.
Published: October 2005

Marc Fumaroli, Chateaubriand: Poésie et terreur (Paris: Fallois, 2003)

Has the time come to revive François-René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848), author of Atala and René, the novels that defined romanticism in France and, above all, of the immense Mémoires d'outre-tombe (“Memoirs from beyond the grave”), perhaps the most ambitious of all French autobiographical projects? What does an eighteenth-century provincial nobleman's son, author of fanciful tales of encounters with North American “noble savages,” apologist for medieval Christianity, and unsuccessful proponent of a Bourbon restoration after 1815, have to say to twenty-first-century readers? The first important study of Chateaubriand's career, the nineteenth-century literary critic Sainte-Beuve's Chateaubriand et son groupe littéraire sous l'Empire, written in 1849, firmly assigned the great romantic author to an earlier phase of French letters. Commenting on the just-published posthumous Mémoires, Sainte-Beuve admitted that the work revealed Chateaubriand's “immense talent as a writer,” but damned the work by saying that “he reveals himself in all his egotistical nakedness.” The distinguished French literary scholar Marc Fumaroli has now set out to reverse these verdicts on the man and the Mémoires.
Die Wahrnehmung von Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und ihrer Zusammenhänge: ein Methodenvergleich
Authors: Krolak-Schwerdt Sabine
Published: October 2005

Zusammenfassung: In der vorliegenden Studie wird die kognitive Organisation alltagssprachlicher Eigenschaftsbegriffe untersucht, die der Charakterisierung von Personen und beobachtetem Verhalten dienen. Es wurden drei Versuche durchgeführt, in denen jeweils ein spezielles Verfahren der Erhebung der kognitiven Organisation eingesetzt wurde. Hierzu zählte das klassische Sortierverfahren, in dem Probanden in Versuch I die Aufgabe hatten, Eigenschaftsbegriffe nach subjektivem Empfinden des gemeinsamen Auftretens in einer Person in wechselseitig disjunkte Klassen aufzuteilen. Eine Variante der Sortiertechnik erforderte in Versuch II die sukzessive Entnahme jeweils einer Gruppe von Eigenschaften, die gemeinsam miteinander in einer Person auftreten können. Versuch III umfaßte die Einstufung jedes Begriffs auf Eindrucksskalen. Auf dem theoretischen Hintergrund der Impliziten Persönlichkeitstheorien und des Prototypenansatzes wurden die drei Datensätze jeweils einer multidimensionalen Skalierung und clusteranalytischer Auswertungen unterzogen. Es zeigte sich, daß sich die Clusterlösungen zwischen den einzelnen Erhebungsverfahren in hohem Maße unterschieden, ebenso die dimensionalen Repräsentationen unterschiedliche Strukturaspekte des Versuchsmaterials enthielten und auch die Stabilität der Ergebnisse mit den Erhebungsverfahren variierte. Methodische Implikationen werden diskutiert.
Die Wahrnehmung verschiedener gentechnischer Anwendungen: Ergebnisse einer MDS-Analyse
Authors: Siegrist Michael , Bühlmann Renate
Published: October 2005

Zusammenfassung: Es wurde untersucht, welche Dimensionen für die Beurteilung verschiedener gentechnischer Anwendungen benutzt werden. Die Probanden mussten die Ähnlichkeiten von 15 Anwendungen aus den Bereichen Landwirtschaft, Nahrungsmittel und Medizin einschätzen. Die Stichprobe umfasste 131 Studierende aus unterschiedlichen Studienrichtungen. Die Daten wurden mittels multidimensionaler Skalierung und «Property Fitting» ausgewertet. Zwei Attribute sind für Laien bei der Einschätzung der gentechnischen Anwendungen wichtig: (1) Die Anwendungsebene (Konsum/Medizin) und (2) die Objektebene (Tiere, Pflanzen/Mikroorganismen). Die erste Dimension korrelierte stark mit dem wahrgenommenen Nutzen, der Akzeptanz und der Ethik, die zweite Dimension korrelierte mit dem wahrgenommenem Risiko. Die Wahrnehmung der Gentechnologie hängt offensichtlich von den konkreten Anwendungen ab.
Divergente Entwicklung blinder und sehender Kinder in vier Entwicklungsbereichen
Authors: Brambring Michael
Published: October 2005

Zusammenfassung. In der Längsschnittstudie werden die durchschnittlichen Erwerbszeitpunkte für 107 Einzelfertigkeiten von vier blind geborenen Kindern in der Altersspanne von 10 bis 60 Monaten mit den Altersnormwerten sehender Kinder verglichen. Nach den medizinischen und psychologischen Erhebungen handelte es sich bei den blinden Kindern nachweislich um Kinder ohne weitere Beeinträchtigungen und mit gut durchschnittlicher Intelligenz. Die 107 Entwicklungsfertigkeiten lassen sich inhaltlich vier Entwicklungsbereichen - manuell-lebenspraktisch, grobmotorisch, sozial-interaktiv und sprachlich - zuordnen. Mittels dreier Rechenmethoden (kategorial, relativ, regressionsanalytisch) wird nachgewiesen, dass in den vier Entwicklungsbereichen bei blinden und sehenden Kindern kein paralleler, sondern ein divergenter Entwicklungsverlauf beobachtbar ist. Große Entwicklungsunterschiede zwischen blinden und sehenden Kindern ergeben sich bei den manuell-lebenspraktischen, geringe Unterschiede bei den sprachlichen Fertigkeiten.
Zur adaptiven Qualität kumulativen Rehearsals beim freien Reproduzieren im späten Grundschulalter
Authors: Lehmann Martin , Lingen Michael , Hasselhorn Marcus
Published: October 2005

Zusammenfassung. Die Qualität der verbalen Lernstrategie des Wiederholens (Rehearsal) hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Gedächtnisleistung bei der Bearbeitung serieller Lernaufgaben. Im Verlauf der Grundschuljahre wird ein Wechsel von eher passiven hin zu aktiveren Formen (kumulatives Rehearsal) dieser Gedächtnisstrategie berichtet. Die erstmalige strategische Nutzung kumulativen Rehearsals wird häufig in der zweiten Hälfte der Grundschuljahre beobachtet. Die Bestimmung der Qualität der Rehearsalstrategie erfolgte bisher über die Erfassung der durchschnittlichen Rehearsal-Set-Größe, bei der es sich um ein globales Maß handelt, ohne die Berücksichtigung adaptiver Prozesse des Lernverhaltens im Listenverlauf. In der vorliegenden Studie bearbeiteten 76 Grundschulkinder von Ende der dritten bis Ende der vierten Klasse dreimal im halbjährlichen Abstand eine Lernaufgabe mit serieller Darbietung der Items, sowie Aufgaben zum Arbeitsgedächtnis und zum Metagedächtnis. Zur Erfassung der adaptiven Qualität strategischen Verhaltens im Listenverlauf wurde ein Maß entwickelt, das die Häufigkeit der Einbettung der einzelnen Items in funktionale Wiederholungseinheiten (kumulative Rehearsal-Sets) berücksichtigt. Es zeigten sich Einflüsse von Arbeitsgedächtnis und Metagedächtnis auf die Qualität kumulativen Rehearsals sowie ein Zusammenhang zwischen dieser Qualität und der Gedächtnisleistung. Die Befunde werden vor dem Hintergrund der Strategie-Emergenz-Theorie von Hasselhorn (1995 , 1996 ) diskutiert.
Die Förderung graphomotorischer Fertigkeiten von Erstklässlern durch psychomotorische Übungen im Sportunterricht
Authors: Stachelhaus Andrea , Strauß Bernd
Published: October 2005

Zusammenfassung. Bei der vorliegenden Studie handelt es sich um eine Längsschnittstudie, in der die Effekte psychomotorischer Übungen bei Schulanfängern auf deren graphomotorische Leistungen untersucht werden. Die Kinder wurden unmittelbar vor (1. Messzeitpunkt) und nach (2. Messzeitpunkt) einer Trainingsintervention sowie nach weiteren sechs Monaten (follow-up; 3. Messzeitpunkt) hinsichtlich ihrer grapho- und feinmotorischen Leistungen überprüft. Insgesamt nahmen 264 Erstklässler mit einem mittleren Alter von 6;7 Jahren an den Testungen zu allen drei Messzeitpunkten teil. Die Experimentalgruppe (EG; n = 138) erhielt die Trainingsintervention in Form eines psychomotorischen Übungsprogramms (ÜPS!; Stachelhaus, 2005 ) und wurde mit diesem Programm über einen Zeitraum von 10 Wochen regelmäßig unterrichtet, während die Kontrollgruppe 1 (KOT; n = 65) den herkömmlichen Sportunterricht absolvierte und die Kontrollgruppe 2 (KSP; n = 61) ein sich von den Inhalten des ÜPS! klar unterscheidendes Spiele-Programm erhielt. Die Kinder wurden zu allen drei Messzeitpunkten mit der Graphomotorischen Testbatterie ( Rudolf, 1986 ) und dem Punktiertest für Kinder ( Schilling, 1979 ) untersucht. Diese Testverfahren erfassen u.a. die feinmotorische Genauigkeit und Präzision sowie die motorische Schnelligkeit. Die Ergebnisse zeigen für die Genauigkeit bzw. die Reduktion von Fehlern deutliche Verbesserungen in der EG sowohl für den unmittelbaren Prä-Post-Vergleich als auch für die Follow-up-Testung, die hochsignifikant gegen die entsprechenden Werte der Kontrollgruppen abgesichert werden konnten. Weniger eindeutig zeigten sich die Ergebnisse bzgl. des Maßes der Schnelligkeit. Die Verbesserungen der EG ließen sich nicht gegen die entsprechenden Werte der KGs statistisch absichern. Es wird der Schluss gezogen, dass psychomotorische Übungen deutliche Effekte bzgl. der Genauigkeit und Präzision besitzen, aber nicht bzgl. der Schnelligkeit.
Der Einfluss von Expertise auf den Prozess der schulischen Leistungsbeurteilung
Authors: Krolak-Schwerdt Sabine , Rummer Ralf
Published: October 2005

Zusammenfassung. In zwei Experimenten wurde geprüft, ob unterschiedliche Ziele bei der Verarbeitung von Schülermerkmalen das Gedächtnis für diese Merkmale und die pädagogische Leistungsbeurteilung beeinflussen. In Experiment 1 erhielten Lehrer (Experten) Fallbeschreibungen von Schülern unter der Instruktion, sich entweder einen Eindruck über die Persönlichkeit des Schülers zu bilden oder die weitere Entwicklung des Schülers zu prognostizieren. Anschließend waren die Beschreibungen so genau wie möglich zu reproduzieren und das Leistungsvermögen des beschriebenen Schülers zu beurteilen. Experiment 2 war eine Replikation mit Studierenden der Naturwissenschaften (Laien) als Probanden. Unter der Zielsetzung, zukünftige Schülerleistungen zu prognostizieren, wählten Experten die aufmerksamkeitsintensive Strategie der Merkmalsintegration; unter dem Eindrucksbildungsziel aktivierten sie lediglich prototypische Kategorien. Bei Laien unterschieden sich die Verarbeitungsstrategien hingegen nicht in Abhängigkeit von der Zielvorgabe.
Prognostische Validität eines Assessment Centers für den Studien- und Berufserfolg von Berufs offizieren der Schweizer Armee
Authors: Gutknecht Simon P. , Semmer Norbert K. , Annen Hubert
Published: October 2005

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde das Assessment Center für angehende Berufsoffiziere der Schweizer Armee anhand von drei Kriterien evaluiert: Studienerfolg, Leistungsbeurteilung durch den direkten Vorgesetzten sowie Status (Zugehörigkeit zum Generalstab). Dieses Instrument stellt seit 1996 die Hauptvoraussetzung dar, um zum Studium als Berufsoffizier an der Militärakademie (vormals Militärische Führungsschule) an der ETH Zürich zugelassen zu werden. Speziell ist, dass dieses AC in den ersten drei Jahren (1993-1995) nur zur Potentialbeurteilung, nicht aber zur Selektion eingesetzt wurde. Von den Kandidaten aus diesen drei Jahren liegen nun in einem zeitlichen Abstand von sechs bis acht Jahren Leistungsbeurteilungen aus dem beruflichen Alltag sowie Angaben zum Status vor. Es zeigt sich, dass das AC gegenüber den Schulnoten sowohl bezogen auf die Studienleistung wie auch auf die beiden Berufserfolgskriterien inkrementelle Validität aufweist. Allerdings erweist sich die Abschlussnote des Studiums als besserer Prädiktor hinsichtlich des Status.
Structure of the crust in the vicinity of the Banggong‐Nujiang suture in central Tibet from INDEPTH magnetotelluric data
Authors: Solon Kurt D. , Jones Alan G. , Nelson K. Douglas , Unsworth Martyn J. , Kidd William F. , Wei W. , Tan H. , Jin S. , Deng M. , Booker J. R. , Li S. , Bedrosian P.
Published: October 2005

Magnetotelluric data from a 150‐km‐long profile crossing the Banggong‐Nujiang suture (BNS), central Tibet, acquired as part of the International Deep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalaya (INDEPTH) project, have been examined for crustal and upper mantle structure. Strike and dimensionality analyses demonstrate that regional‐scale electrical structures are two‐dimensional and oriented approximately parallel to surface geological strike. As seen elsewhere in Tibet, the double thickness crust is generally characterized by resistive upper crust (hundreds to thousands of ohm meters) overlying conductive middle and lower crust (tens to hundreds of ohm meters), but in detail, there are lateral variations at all levels. Regionally, a northward transition from thick (∼45 km) to thin (∼15 km) resistive upper crust coincides with (1) the surface trace of the BNS, (2) a prominent strand of the Karakorum‐Jiali fault system, (3) northward decrease in upper mantle seismic velocities and increase in attenuation, and (4) pronounced northward onset of seismic polarization anisotropy. The latter two seismological features have been taken to mark the northern limit of Indian mantle lithosphere thrust beneath southern Tibet. On the basis of our electrical model, we speculate that (1) the resistive upper crustal root beneath the Neogene Lunpola and Duba basins was produced by crustal shortening localized along the northern edge of the Lhasa terrane; (2) the low midcrustal resistivity beneath the BNS reflects enhanced Neogene melting and/or metamorphic dewatering of relatively fertile subduction zone complex rocks; (3) observed steep upper crustal low‐resistivity anomalies are produced by hydrothermal fluids within active faults localized within and adjacent to the BNS; and (4) these strike‐slip and extensional fault arrays are surface manifestations of lithosphere‐penetrating shear localized along the northern edge of the underthrust Indian plate.