bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Dripper Discharge and Irrigation Amount on Soil-Water Dynamics under Subsurface Drip Irrigation
Authors: Mei Xiao Ning , Shen Zhen Zhong , Ren Jie , Wang Zhen Hua
Published: October 2011

Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) that has a wide application prospect is one of the high efficiency water-saving irrigation techniques. Research on regulation of soil-water dynamics in irrigation design parameters of SDI has important points in improving its irrigation design and guiding its practical function. In this study, soil wetting patterns were investigated in laboratory experiments which were operated at three different dripper discharges (0.76, 1.15 and 1.25 l h-1) and two different irrigation amounts (4.6 and 9.2 l). The results showed that, (1) with the increase of dripper discharges from 0.76 l h-1 to 1.25 l h-1, water content around the emitter are increasing from 0.225 cm3 cm-3 to 0.300 cm3 cm-3, (2) increasing the dripper discharge and irrigation amount increased the size of the wetted zone, (3) upward distance of the wetting front is less than downward distance and horizontal distance of the wetting front presents symmetry distribution at the same the dripper discharges and irrigation amount, (4) with the increase of irrigation amounts from 4.6 l to 9.2 l, water contents of the vertical and horizontal direction are increasing 10% to 20%.
Economic Analysis of Solar Wall System in Northern China Heating Region
Authors: Gong Mi Mi , Meng Xiang Rui , Ma Xin Ling , Wei Xin Li
Published: October 2011

The economic feasibility of solar wall system was assessed with RETScreen software for 15 widespread locations in northern China heating region. Several different economic and financial indicators were calculated, such as the internal rate of return, net present value, simple payback and benefit-cost ratio. Results showed that the solar wall system was only profitable for four sites according to the current domestic price of solar wall plate and its absorptivity. When the price was reduced or the absorptivity under the condition of invariable price was improved, there were more sites profitable for this system. So, only when the price of energy increases 95% or the price of solar wall plate falls 50%, the solar wall system will be profitable for all sites in northern China heating region.
Production of Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin over HZSM-5
Authors: Guo Xiu Juan , Wang Shu Rong
Published: October 2011

The catalytic effect of HZSM-5 on fast pyrolysis of lignin was investigated by using an analytical pyrolyzer coupled with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The distribution of products was studied primarily obtained at different reaction conditions of temperature and addition ratio of HZSM-5. The main products were phenols and aromatic hydrocarbons. With the addition of HZSM-5, the content of phenols was decreased from 67.66% (for pure lignin) to 26.07%, and the content of aromatic hydrocarbons was increased from 10.77% to 57.38% when the mass ratio of HZSM-5: lignin was 1:1. However, the effect of temperature on the reaction activity of HZSM-5 in the range of 400-600°C was not significant. It was concluded that the addition of HZSM-5 enhanced the conversion of phenols to aromatic hydrocarbons by deoxygenation, and this effect was improved with the addition ratio of HZSM-5 increasing.
Flow Field Characteristics of Butterfly-Type Cavity and its Influence on Supersonic Flow
Authors: Wu Jin Xiang , Ma Jing , Gou Xiang , Liu Lian Sheng , Wang En Yu
Published: October 2011

A new type of cavity configuration — butterfly-type cavity applied in the scramjet is proposed in this paper. The supersonic combustion chamber with Butterfly-type cavity was investigated numerically and experimentally. Results show that the horizontal vortex moving along the Y direction is helpful in gathering hydrogen gas, but the vertical vortex moving along the Z direction is not. Both turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate are very high at the junction between the cavity and the main combustion chamber. And the production of turbulent kinetic energy is agreeable with that of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation.
PID Control Optimization for Shuttle Kiln Temperature Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Song Shu Zhong , Zhang Lei , Ma Jian Wei
Published: October 2011

Aiming at the coke oven temperature characteristics of great inertia pure time-delay, non-linear and time changeable, a new method that genetic algorithm is introduced to optimize PID parameters is proposed .In calculation of iteration, the optimal solutions are always reserved to guarantee all individuals to converge to the global optimization. For obtaining perfect control effect, the square of control quantity and overshoot-punishment item are set to an objective function with a time-integral to the absolute value of error. The genetic PID algorithm is adopted to control the output temperature. The simulation results of the proposed algorithm applied to a simplified oven model show the feasibility of the method
Modeling of Gas Flow in a Biomass-Fired Grate Boiler with Inner Dust Removal Device
Authors: Wang Ning , Tan Qin Liang , Jiang Da Long , Zhao Ying , Hu Xiao Ying , Dong Chang Qing
Published: October 2011

A mathematical model is developed for the gas flow in a biomass-fired grate boiler with inner dust removal device, with the purpose to optimize the combustion condition. The distribution of gas flow is determined by the air flow ratio and the optimization is realized by the particular simulation. The optimal air flow is obtained by the analysis of various air flow ratios, via the comparison of flow characteristics and turbulence kinetic energy. The results of the numerical simulation show that the optimum air flow can help the sufficient the mixing and burnout of combustible in the furnace. It clearly indicates that the numerical simulation can be an effective tool for the practical guidance.
Semi-Direct Injection Engine Modeling for Real Time Control
Authors: Wu Yuh Yih , Chen Bo Chiuan , Tran Anh Trung
Published: October 2011

The Semi-Direct Injection (SDI) system has been shown to improve small engine efficiency and exhaust by utilizing a lean burn method. In order to better understand how to more readily utilize the control systems in SDI engine, the real-time operation of an SDI engine was modeled. A charging model was developed by using a filling-and-emptying model to simulate air exchange in an engine, including varying the intake manifold structure. A single-zone model was applied to a combustion model and the effects of air/fuel ratio and swirl ratio on combustion duration were also considered. The calculated results of the intake manifold pressure, heat release rate, and cylinder pressure were compared with the experimental data. The results of this study show that this modeling process approximates reality.
Pretreatment of Trap Grease with Amberlyst-15 for Biodiesel Production
Authors: Huang Da Long , Wang Zhong Ming , Yuan Zhen Hong
Published: October 2011

After investigating the effects of each parameter on the esterification of FFA catalyzed by Amberlyst-15 in the trap grease, the optimal values were determined through an orthogonal experimental design. The optimum conditions for the esterification were determined to be 27:1 molar for the methanol to FFA in the trap grease, 95°C for the reaction temperature and 3 h for the reaction time. Stability of Amberlyst-15 was also studied under the optimal reaction conditions. The stability of the catalyst was not decreased much even after 10 times repeated use. The acid value was decreased from 100 mg KOH/g to 1.3 mg KOH/g in this process.
Effect of Thermo-Chemical Pretreatment on Bioethanol Production from Corncobs
Authors: Sukchum Poramate , Chulalaksananukul Warawut , Chavalparit Orathai
Published: October 2011

Currently, ethanol has gained significance since it is substantially used as an alternative biofuel. It can be produced by agro-industrial residuals such as corncobs. In ethanol production, hemicellulose and lignin are inhibitors of the enzymatic hydrolysis between cellulase and cellulose. They must be removed during in the pretreatment stage. In this research H2SO4 and NaOH were used as pretreatment solution at high temperature. The temperature were varied for 120 to 170 °C. The result showed that the optimal pretreatment condition of corncobs was using 2% (v/v) NaOH for 24 hr digestion in 1% (v/v) H2SO4 and then heating at 170 °C for 5 min. At this condition, the cellulose content of corncobs increased from 66.52% (untreated) to 92.25% (pretreated). Enzyme digestion of pretreated corncobs at an optimum condition yielded the reducing sugar level of 8.74 g/L. The optimum conditions were achieved at cellulase loading of 10 FPU/g and digestion time of 4 hr. Finally, the reducing sugar solution of 5 g/L was fermented with Zymomonas mobilis TISTR405 at 30°C and pH 5.0 for 48 hr, yielding ethanol of 1.8 g/l or 35.93% of the theoretical ethanol yield.
Comparison of Bacterial and Yeast Ethanol Fermentation Yield from Rice Straw
Authors: Laobussararak Benjarat , Chulalaksananukul Warawut , Chavalparit Orathai
Published: October 2011

This study was to investigate the fermentation of rice straw using various microorganisms, i.e., the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis, a distillery yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a co-culture of Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rice straw was pretreated with alkaline and followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase before fermentation by the bacterium and a distillery yeast. Results show that alkali pretreatment is appropriate for rice straw since this pretreatment condition can produce the maximum cellulose of 88.96% and reducing sugar content of 9.18 g/l. Furthermore, the ethanol yield after enzymatic hydrolysis (expressed as % theoretical yield) was 15.94-19.73% for the bacterium, 20.48-35.70% for yeast and 21.56-29.89% for co-culture. Therefore, the distillery yeast was a suitable microorganism for ethanol production from rice straw.
Application of the Algebraic Subgrid Turbulent Kinetic Energy Model in LES Model
Authors: Zhou Lei , Jia Ming , Xu Chun Long , Zhou Qiang , Han Jun
Published: October 2011

In this study the dynamic Smagorinsky model (DSM model) and an algebraic model for the subgrid turbulent kinetic energy have been implemented into KIVA3VLES code to investigate the atomization and evaporation processes of diesel spray in a constant volume vessel. Based on the experimental results of the liquid and vapor phase distributions as well as the results obtained by the differential subgrid scale kinetic energy (K-equation) model, the paper reveals the influence of the turbulent kinetic energy model on the fuel spray prediction. Computational results show that by combining the DSM model and the algebraic subgrid turbulent energy model, the turbulent diffusion of droplets can be reasonably simulated, the liquid penetration and the predicted liquid and fuel vapor mass fraction contours are close to the experiment results. At the same time, the turbulent kinetic energy given by the DSM model is in agreement with the results by the K-equation model, but with less computational cost..
Role of Rotor Speed in a Novel Biomass Crusher
Authors: Luo Si Yi , Li Chao , Yi Chui Jie , Zhou Yang Min
Published: October 2011

A novel biomass pulverization technology was presented, and its performance is affected by many aspects, which have not been studied and optimized. This paper mainly concerns with a detailed study of the effect of rotor speed. The pulverization tests were conducted in a lab-scale crushing system and the results show: higher rotor speed improves the hit probability between blades and materials, enhancing the impacting and grinding effects. Thus higher rotor speed generates much finer particles. Meanwhile the energy consumption shows increasing trend with increasing rotor speed.
Climate Change Mitigation from Pyrolysis
Authors: Kung Chih Chun
Published: October 2011

In the report 2001 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that climate could warm by as much as 10º F over the next 100 years and we already observed a warming of about 1º F since 1900. Therefore, how to mitigate the greenhouse gas effect is a very important issue since it affects everyone alive and not born. This paper mainly discusses the impacts of greenhouse gas emission that affects people the most. This paper mainly discusses the following questions: 1) what factors lead to the greenhouse gas effect 2) How can pyrolysis become a potential source to mitigate the greenhouse gas effect and what are the choices we may have Pyrolysis, as another bioenergy alternative, helps climate change mitigation while it also produces biochar that fixes carbon as a more stable form that has additional value when applied in agricultural land. GHGs come from the use of fossil fuel (CO2), nitrogen fertilizer application (N2O), and livestock enteric fermentation (NH4) and we need to find some strategies to reduce the emissions of GHGs such as crop fertilization alteration, crop tillage alteration, livestock management, manure management and biofuel production. Since CO2 play the most important role in the GHG effects, the goal of this paper is to find the alternative energy to help mitigate the GHG effects by reducing the amount of CO2 emissions. The forest can be a candidate because it has the function of carbon sink and is able to produce energy biomass. Forests really do a good job that reduce the amount of CO2 in the air, however, since the carbon value and interest rate will affect the optimal rotation length, it becomes uncertain whether or not the forest will be able to provide a stable input for energy production.
Effect of Diatomite Additive on Biomass Respiratory Activity in Activated Sludge
Authors: Zhang Wen Qi , Rao Pin Hua
Published: October 2011

Laboratory and pilot scale experiments indicated that the diatomite additive could improve the stability of activated sludge process and the efficiency of COD removal for coal gasification wastewater treatment. In this paper, the effect of diatomite additive on biomass respiratory activity was studied to investigate the enhancing mechanism. Experimental results showed that diatomite additive could enhance biomass activity obviously when the biomass activity was inhibited by the wastewater with total phenols concentration of 188.9 mg/L -501.2 mg/L. It could be concluded that the mechanism of diatomite enhancing biomass activity were its adsorption of phenols and concentration of DO.
Influence of Thermo-Physical Properties on the Flow and Heat Transfer in Rectangular Micro-Channels
Authors: Duan Xue Tao , Xu Bin , Luo Hao
Published: October 2011

This paper investigated the behaviors of flow and heat transfer of single-phase in rectangular micro-channels with three-dimensional numerical analysis. The single micro-channel is 200μm deep, 50μm wide. Deionized water was used as the working fluid. The fluid physical properties varying with temperature and Re number were studied. Comparisons were made among the results obtained from experiments, numerical simulations, and from those in the literature. The results indicated that the friction factors decreasing along the flow direction were ascribed to the fluid temperature rising under the unified heat flux boundary condition. It was found that influence of viscosity variation with temperature and viscous dissipation effect could be too significant to be neglected.
The Thermal Volatilization of Petrodisel/Biodiesel from Waste Oil
Authors: Chen Xiu , Yuan Yin Nan , Lai Yong Bin
Published: October 2011

Thermogravimetry (TG) has been employed to yield information on the thermal volatilization of the fuels since the volatility influences the ignition quality of the fuels in a compression ignition engine. The chemical composition of -10 petrodiesel (-10PD) and waste oil biodiesel (WME) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The thermal volatilization of biodiesel and its blends was investigated by TG and liquid volatile theory. Volatile index was put forward for describing biodiesel/petrodisel volatility. A good correlation model was proposed for calculate the biodiesel/petrodiesel volatility by biodiesel blending ratio. The study showed that -10PD and WME had similar chemical composition and structure. -10PD was mainly composed of long chain alkanes: C8–C26. WME was mainly composed of long chain fatty acid methyl esters: C14:0–C22:0, C16:1–C22:1, C18:2 and C18:3. The volatile indexes of WME and -10PD were 1.47E-04 and 3.64E-05, respectively. The biodiesel was considerably more volatile in comparison to the petrodiesel. The WME/-10PD volatility was better with increasing the biodiesel blending ratio.
Kinetics of Glucose Production from Cellulose by Hydrolysis in Sub-Critical Water
Authors: Zhu Guang Yong , Zhu Xian , Xiao Zuo Bing , Yi Feng Ping , Ma Yan Hua , Ji Wen Qi
Published: October 2011

Biomass is an important renewable and sustainable source of energy. Cellulose is the primary component of plant-derived biomass. Glucose, which can be further transformed to fuel alcohol in a fermentation process, is a biomass energy precursor. This study investigated the production of glucose from cellulose by hydrolysis in sub-critical water and the hydrolysis kinetics of cellulose. Kinetics was conducted in a temperature range of 240-260°C using a 200 ml stainless steel batch reactor. A simplified kinetic model base on parallel and consecutive reaction was proposed. The differential equations resulting from the model were fit to experimental data to obtain kinetic rate constants. The activation energy and the pre-exponential factor were determined. A good agreement between the simplified model and the experimental data was obtained. The experimental results show that the best hydrolysis technology is: reaction temperature 260°C, reaction time 120s. Under this condition, the glucose yield reaches 46.05%.
Lubrication Simulation of Main Bearing about a Marine Diesel Engine Based on Multi-Body Dynamics and Elastohydrodynamic
Authors: Wei Li Dui , Duan Shu Lin , Wu Qi Li , Wu Ji , Guo Wei
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this paper is to find a method to study the lubrication character of the main bearings and load condition of the crankshaft about the marine two-stroke diesel engine. Based on the finite element method, multi-body dynamics, elastohydrodynamic and Green-Tripp theory about contact, the simulation of coupling between the elastic crankshaft and engine block is carried out. The load of main bearings, the minimum of oil film thick, orbital path of journal, average of asperity contact pressure are explored. The results indicate that the lubrication is good except No.2 main bearing. Parts of main bearings appear three peaks in a working cycle, which shows that above theory and elastic crankshaft and engine block is obligatory to simulate the lubrication and load condition accurately.
Study of Thermal Decomposition and Kinetics of Biomass/Swill-Cooked Dirty Oil Blends during Co-Pyrolysis
Authors: Wang Yu , Ma Wen Chao , Chen Guan Yi
Published: October 2011

This paper studied the co-pyrolysis behavior of crop straw and swill-cooked dirty oil (≈ 2:1 ratio by weight) at 10, 30, 50K/min, in dynamic thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) under inert atmosphere, from 303K to 973K. The kinetic parameters were calculated using the method of Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, and mechanism was hypothesized as first-order model. The results showed that the dirty oil led degradation temperatures to slide towards higher slightly, meanwhile broadened the temperature interval of decomposition. However, the presence of dirty oil had little impact on activation energy. These findings indicated a significant synergistic relationship between straw and dirty oil, and it was practicable for co-pyrolysis from the viewpoint of thermal and kinetics analysis.
Fuel Properties and Emissions from a Diesel Power Generator Fuelled with Jatropha Oil and Diesel Fuel Blends
Authors: Chung Tsair Wang , Liu Kuan Ting , Gao Shun
Published: October 2011

The measurements of oil properties of crude Jatropha oil and its blends of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% with diesel fuel have been carried out in this study. Our results suggested that the viscosities of crude Jatropha oil (CJO) blends decrease gradually with increasing temperatures, but they increase gradually with rising ratio of crude Jatropha oil compared to those of diesel fuel. Analysis of physical properties suggested that cold filter plugging point, calorific value, gravity and cetane index decrease gradually with rising percentages of crude Jatropha oil, but the flash point and mid boiling point increase gradually compared to those of diesel fuel. In this study, the prepared oil blends are applied to a power generator for a real application test. Results of electricity generation suggested that crude Jatropha oil blends may be used as an alternative fuel compared to that of diesel fuel. Results of gas emissions in a power generator suggested that CO, CO2 and NOX emissions from crude Jatropha oil blends are lower, but O2 emissions are higher compared to those of diese fuels.
Data Acquisition and Remote Transmission System for Solar Chimney Power Generation Testing Apparatus
Authors: Zhang Lin , Sun Dong Pin , Sun Zhi Yi
Published: October 2011

This data acquisition and remote transmission system was designed accordance with the building requirement of solar chimney power generation testing apparatus. The system reads data from the sensors which were installed on the power station and stores them in a SQL database through the WLAN. Another add-on program is built to help users select and provide data in the database to facilitate their research.
An Analysis on High-Speed Gear Strength Based on Finite Element Method
Authors: Jin Xiang Yang , Zhao Li Li , Wang He Teng , Zhang Tie Feng , Sun Zhi Hui
Published: October 2011

Make a 3-D model finite element analysis on high-speed gear strength. Firstly, set up 3-D finite element model of three-teeth high-speed gear, and give a detailed explanation of how to choose flange thickness and number of teeth. Then analyse and calculate the gear contact strength and tooth bending strength of high-speed gear, and make a comparison with master gear strength. The calculation result shows that tooth bending strength of high-speed gear has increased by 5.31% and the gear contact strength has increased by 41.3％, compared to master gear, indicating that high-speed gear has a wide application.
An Equilibrium Model of Stakeholders’ Interests for the Promotion of Green Building
Authors: Shi Qian , Wei Yuan Fang
Published: October 2011

Green building is the inevitable way of implementing sustainable development in the construction industry. Based on the cost-benefit analysis of green building from the perspectives of governments, owners, and implementers, this paper offers the cost-benefit equation of each participant, and subsequently establishes the cost-benefit equilibrium model of participants during the progress of green building. Finally, the authors proposed strategies on promoting green building in terms of the stakeholders’ benefits and cost.
Combustion of Fixed Carbon in Supercritical Water
Authors: Ma Hong He , Wang Shu Zhong , Zhou Lu
Published: October 2011

The combustion behavior of fixed carbon in supercritical water was explored by a batch reactor. Effects of reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, time, oxygen stoichiometric ratio and stirring rate were investigated. Fixed carbon was difficult to burn out, even if in a harsh condition the conversion of fixed carbon was only 51%. It is determined that for the temperature below 450°C, the process of oxidation was limited by the reaction rate between oxygen and particle surface. For the temperature above 550°C, the rate of oxygen mass transfer to the particle surface was the rate-limiting step. In the transition zone of temperature, surface reaction was comparable to mass transfer in limiting reaction rate. Only trace amount of carbon monoxide was produced at 500°C, and no carbon monoxide was detected at 600°C.
A Study on the Development of Phase Change Material Wall
Authors: Yan Quan Ying , Jin Li Li , Zhang Lin
Published: October 2011

In this paper, the types, properties and selection of phase-change materials used in the wall were evaluated. The feasibility and methods to add phase change materials into the wall were discussed. The application and development situation of the phase change material wall in the practice were elaborated. Some problems to be solved are pointed out.
Research on the Construction of the Carbon Tax Levy System with Chinese Characteristics under the Low-Carbon Economy
Authors: Shi Jun
Published: October 2011

With the consumption of resources and environment deteriorating, Low-Carbon Economy which is low in energy consumption and pollution is increasingly received much attention. Improvement of the Carbon Tax Levy System is conducive to reduce the strain of carbon emissions and promote Chinese Economy to develop stably. In this paper, it was based on the importance of the Carbon Tax Levy System, and it compared the contents of different countries’ Carbon Tax Levy Systems, then it proposed the construction of the Carbon Tax Levy System with Chinese Characteristics under the Low-Carbon Economy.
Application of LCA on Military Equipment Sustainable Development
Authors: Yang Hong Wei , Guo Xiao Liang , Huang Ding Dong , Wei Yang Zhuo
Published: October 2011

As the embedded modernization of military equipment, the equipment sustainable development faces the severe development "bottleneck", mainly include environment, energy and economy constraint etc. Therefore, this thesis attempts to introduce LCA method to the field of military equipment, establishes a systematic frame of appraisal of a three-dimension integrated structure, including equipment dimension, life cycle dimension and evaluation index dimension. Finally, this thesis puts forward some points in LCA on equipment sustainable development, including none-commensuration of decision goals, conjunction and amalgamation of data, improve the susceptibility analysis of stage etc, in order to offer some gist for the quantitative decision of equipment sustainable development.
Optimal Cleaning Power Generation Investment Strategy in a Carbon Tax and CO2 Emission Trading Framework
Authors: Huang Chao , Li Yan , Lai Xiang Hong , Li Xiao Qin
Published: October 2011

This paper studies a two-staged cleaning energy investment problem under uncertainty. It analyzes how a power generation firm may proceed with staged generation capacity investment and deployment of the carbon capture device through real options approach. The results indicate that, because of the variation fluctuation of electricity price, the investor tends to delay investing when the electricity price is lower, whereas the higher price-price ratio of CO2 and electricity is helpful for him to deploy ahead the carbon capture device, the main reason is that the yields from the sale of CO2 emission allowances can compensate him foe the higher operation cost of it.
Application of Residual Rice Husk Ash from Vietnam as a Supplementary Cementitious Material in Concrete
Authors: Bui Le Anh Tuan , Chen Chun Tsun , Hwang Chao Lung , Fransiscus Mintar
Published: October 2011

The residual RHA from Vietnam is used to test the likely application in cement and concrete. The characteristics, quality and influence of RHA on the quality of concrete are investigated in this investigation. The workability, strength and durability of concrete added with ground RHA satisfy with the relevant standards and requirements. It indicates that the ground RHA in this study can be used as a good supplementary cementious material. Therefore, it is possible to obtain RHA concrete with comparable properties than those of the control specimen (without RHA) with a lower consumption of cement, thus reducing the CO2 emissions during the production of cement and the environmental and disposal problem of the ash can also be diminished. Moreover, while the results will be able to substantiate the viability of application of RHA in concrete industry under the prevailing conditions in Vietnam, they are also expected to be especially useful for future studies on RHA in a specific condition in this country.
A New Reliability and Cost-Benefit Integrated Optimization Model about Storage Bin in Materials Transportation System
Authors: Bai Xiao Ping , Lou Lin
Published: October 2011

The materials transportation system with storage bin is widely used in mines, power plants, material yards, and etc. Bin capacity size has great influence on reliability and production efficiency of whole materials transportation system. By utilizing some existing outcomes, this paper presents a new reliability and cost-benefit integrated optimization model about storage bin capacity in materials transportation system. Compared with some existed references, this presented model fully considers different influences of storage bin capacity on reliability and production efficiency of whole materials transportation system and realizes reliability, cost and benefit overall optimization decision. All kind of factors affecting designed storage bin capacity can be easily gotten by the presented model. In addition this paper also presents a set of detailed reliability and cost-benefit integrated optimization formulas about storage bin capacity in materials transportation system. These can offer the reference for capacity decision design computing of storage bin in materials transportation system.
Study on the Coordinative Degree of Environment and Economy in China
Authors: Li Qing , Zhang Jian Sheng
Published: October 2011

By constructing the environmental and economic development model, this paper analyzed the coordinated degree on environment and the economy in 31 provinces of China. The results showed that, the differences on economy and environment are great in various regions. From the economic development level, we could see that the eastern regions were the best, the central were the better and the west were the worst. From the environment development level, we could see that the western region is the best, the east is better, and the middle is the worst. From the coordinated degree of environment and economy, the eastern region obviously were higher than that in the midwest, and the economy and environment in eastern regions formed the benign coordinated development, but the midwest fails to form a positive development situation.
Test and Analysis of Ice Storage and Discharging Characteristics in Ice Storage Engineering
Authors: Luo Yi , Ma Rong Sheng , Liu Guang Yuan
Published: October 2011

Tests an ice storage engineering of library in Yangzhou,measures ice storage capacity, power consumption of refrigerators, ice discharging capacity and power consumption of pumps.Calculates and analyzes performance coefficient of the ice storage system and electricity cost per discharged capacity.The results are useful for design and optimal operation of ice storage system.
Carbon Tariffs: Legality under WTO Rules and Countermeasures in China
Authors: Jing Zhen
Published: October 2011

As one of the border tax adjustments, Carbon tariffs, especially their legality under the framework of WTO rules, have been the focus of arguments in recent years. This article analyzes the legality of carbon tariffs under the framework of WTO rules and puts forward to countermeasures to deal with carbon tariffs in China by studying the legal regulations on border tax adjustment in WTO rules.
Sustainable Rural Tourism Development and Environment Protection
Authors: He Wei
Published: October 2011

With the fast development of rural tourism, there have been increasing damages and destructions to the ecological environment and tourism resources of country-based scenic spots. As a result, the dilemma between economic development and environment protection restricts the sustainable development of rural tourism. In view of this, this paper analyzes the relationship between environment protection and the sustainable rural tourism development and summarizes how the former will positively influence the latter.
China's First Automobile Factory of Industrial Heritage of Protection and Utilization
Authors: Mo Wei , Xue Meng
Published: October 2011

Changchun is an old northeastern industrial city, after the liberation of our country's industrial development has made an outstanding contribution at a time when China's First Automobile Factory of is a typical representative. It is the new socialist China witnessed great achievements of history, but also the cradle of new China auto industry. The author of the China First Automobile Factory of Industrial Heritage status to conduct a detailed survey, protection and use of several models in order to address the urban development in the effective protection of industrial heritage and use issues.
Benchmarking Sustainable Construction Technology
Authors: Beheiry Salwa Mamoun
Published: October 2011

The objective of this research was to measure the use of recognized technology that promotes and supports sustainable development in building construction projects. This research hinged on the use of the Sustainable Construction Technology Index (SCTI) developed by Beheiry and Abu-Lebdeh in 2009 [1]. The SCTI was created in 2009 to investigate the use of technology in all phases of the building process from planning to occupancy. The index consists of four main sections that address the major phases of a typical construction project. These phases include the planning phase, the design phase, the construction phase and the occupancy phase. In the first stage of the research the SCTI was validated using expert feedback and weighted using trial data samples of close to 100 projects. In this stage of the research the SCTI was used to collect data from 208 building construction projects executed between 2005 and 2010 in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study brings to light that low and renewable energy use systems are spearheading the change process to more sustainable technologies in building construction projects in the UAE, followed by water preservation and reuse systems. The study also shows that the use of sustainable technology is still relatively low in residential buildings, compared to newer commercial buildings. The data show a clear trend upwards in the use of the technology albeit the total use is still low. This research provided a benchmark for current sustainable technology use in UAE project and a platform for further sustainable construction planning.
Integrating Sustainability Education in a Classical Civil Engineering Program: The Case of Transportation and Construction Courses
Authors: Beheiry Salwa Mamoun , Abu Lebdeh Ghassan , Murtula Maruf , Al-Tamimi Adil K.
Published: October 2011

Sustainability has emerged as a common theme in many processes related to urban life and the built environment. However, most engineering curricula still lacks the fundamentals of sustainable practices education that prepares graduating engineers to fulfill their expected roles and conduct future business in a more sustainable fashion. A more sustainable Civil Engineering curriculum requires a more systems approach to both diagnosing transport and built environment problems as well as devising solutions to such problems. This paper examines typical engineering curricula and identifies specific courses in the areas of transportation and construction where sustainability can be injected with minimum disruption to the structure of the course and/or its connection to other courses with the intended degree. For the two subspecialties, the core and elective courses are categorized and certain areas/modules within each course are identified, where the integration of sustainable engineering education is useful. Furthermore, some educational tools that facilitate the infusion of these concepts into the two subspecialties are presented.
Water Resource Sustainable Utilization Study of Based on Water Footprint
Authors: Tian Ai Min , Dong Ning , Jiang An Xi
Published: October 2011

water footprint and virtual water emerge as new concepts of international water resource studies in recent years and they also become prevailing topics in the study of international water resource at present. These concepts liberate the studies from the limitation of real water viewpoint and introduce the perspective of virtual water, which makes a vital contribution to the study of sustainable use of water resource. This paper introduces the internationally leading water resource footprint model and calculation method of virtual water into the water resource system of Jinan for the first time, giving a quantified measurement of the amount of virtual water contained in the main agricultural products and industrial products of Jinan. According to the calculation and analysis based on water footprint model of Jinan, it is concluded that Jinan is a net exporter of virtual water with an import dependence factor of 0, which directly endangers the water resource security of Jinan. Therefore, it is suggested to make adjustments on virtual water trade structures and strategies to upgrade industrial structures and increase the export volume of industrial products which contained less water, so as to use the water resource in a sustainable and effective way; with limited water resource, Jinan must seek innovations on water resource management concepts in addition to saving water and making better use of water resource, to alter consumption modes and implement the strategy of virtual water by introducing “outer source”, aiming to relieve water resource shortage through virtual water trade with no efforts spared.
Research on Carbon Emission Trading Mechanism Including Forest Carbon Sinks
Authors: Xie Yun Cheng , Shao Teng Wei
Published: October 2011

With the strict emissions control of greenhouse gases, the carbon source enterprises have to make a choice among the self-energy conservation to reduce emission ,allocation of emission right among enterprises and the purchase of forest carbon sinks. To implant forest carbon sinks to the carbon emission trading system, the carbon source enterprises with higher cost of emission reduction can undertake their corresponding emission reduction responsibility and reduce the emission cost, and the carbon source enterprises with lower cost of carbon emission reduction and the suppliers of forest carbon sinks can obtain the corresponding economic benefits. So the value compensation of forest ecological benefit can realized by market, which is beneficial to regulating the carbon emission behavior of carbon source enterprises, and encourages the carbon neutral behavior of forest carbon sinks, and promote the coordination and coupling of economic development and environmental protection.
Effect of Biogas Production Characteristics of Dry Anaerobic Fermentation of Wheat Straw Pretreated by a Microbial Community with High Cellulose-Degradation Ability
Authors: Niu Jun Ling , Liu Lei , Zhang Quan Guo
Published: October 2011

The study on the changes of composition and content reducing sugar of wheat straw after pretreated with composite microbial system for degrading cellulose was carried out, and the experimental study on the dry anaerobic fermentation of the pretreated wheat straw was followed. The results showed for pretreated wheat straw there is a significant increase for the amount of reducing sugar, the hemicellulose content decreased 49.43%, the cellulose content also decreased a little, but the lignin content had little change. For the dry anaerobic fermentation process, the reaction is started fast, the pH values declined faster in the prophase for the pretreated straw, the mixed biogas production and the methane content have been increased over that of non-pretreated wheat straw, and the gas was produced more steadily. The accumulated gas production had been to 4810mL, which was more than the non pretreated straw, before the maximum gas production was appeared.
Estimating Pore Pressure in HPHT Wells in Yinggehai Basin, China Based on Hierarchical Eaton's Method
Authors: Shi Xian , Cai Jun , Cheng Yuan Fang , Li Lei
Published: October 2011

The application of well logging data is one of the most common prediction methods of pore pressure. According to acquire the field practical applicability and high accuracy, Eaton’s method proposed a definition of area index which can present the local complex factors resulting in abnormal pressure regardless of overpressure generating mechanisms. However, the computed area index is generally calculated by one layer in the whole formation, thereby generating some prediction errors. This paper presents a new method called “Hierarchical Eaton’s Method” that is considering different computed area indexes from different layers. Therefore, the revised Eaton’s method can have higher accuracy comparing to traditional Eaton’s method. Moreover, the application of this new method in HPHT wells in Yinggehai basin, China has been discussed in this paper and indicates the field feasibility of this approach.
Numerical Study on Optimum Designing of the Air Distribution Structure of a New Cyclone Combustor
Authors: Ran Jing Yu , Liu Li Juan , Li Chai Zuo , Zhang Li
Published: October 2011

A new type of cyclone combustor is designed based on the traditional pulverized coal liquid slag combustor in this paper. According to the characteristics of swirl combustion and flow, numerical simulation of pulverized coal combustion in a new cyclone combustor has carried out using Realizable k-ε equation model with swirl modified to gas phase and stochastic trajectory model under Lagrange coordinate system to particle phase. Flows and combustion characteristics under different working conditions are mainly studied by changing the angles of primary and secondary air inlets, and then structural characteristics of the combustor are analyzed. Results show that structural characteristics of the primary and secondary air have great influence on internal flow and combustion characteristics of the combustor. When the pitch angle, the rotation angle of the secondary air and the expansion angle of the primary air respectively are 20°, 51° and 60°, the combustion efficiency of the combustor can reach up to 98.1% and it is conducive to high-temperature liquid slagging. It is also helpful to prevented pulverized coal depositing and accumulating near the wall and then plugging the combusting channel during the starting stage in low temperature region.
Application Analysis of the Water-Source Heat Pump in Hot Summer and Cold Winter
Authors: Ju Rui , Cui Qiu Na
Published: October 2011

This paper is based on the BIN metrological data and calculates the cold and heat load of the building.According to the performance parameters of the WSHP, the energy consumption and cost of two typical schemes is calculated.Contrast the investment and cost of the SWHP and air conditioning system and discuss the applicability of commercial buildings. Result shows that WSHP costs less than traditional air conditioning in the present operation conditions. Energy-saving effect is remarkable.
Expert System Based on ESTA and Guide for Condition Evaluation of Transformers
Authors: Cui Qi Ming , Cui Shu Ting , Guan Zu Yuan , Sun Wen Tao
Published: October 2011

Through the application research of expert system shell ESTA, We have established a transformer condition evaluation expert system(ES) based on ESTA and corporate standards of State Grid (Q/GDW 169-2008) «Guide forCondition Evaluation of Oil-immersed Power Transformers (Reactors) ». Knowledge Base consists of several sections, parameters, rules in the evaluation of state variables, components and transformers. The value of the transformer condition evaluation expert system is that it supports and enhances the operation and maintenance personnel work, guidance (less experienced) the operation and maintenance personnel to understand the basic process of transformer condition evaluation. The application show that the system is effective and practical.
In Situ Thermal Response Test Methods And Practices
Authors: Li Qiang , Sun You Hong , Fang Xin
Published: October 2011

Abstract. As a high efficiency, low consumption and clean energy, ground source heat pump technology has been pay more and more attention, the number of installation of system is growing rapidly. However, the use of geothermal resources is still extensive at this stage. Effective methods are pure in obtaining thermal physical parameters of geothermal wells around. In-situ thermal response testing is close to the real use of heat pumps, when injecting in or extracting heat from geothermal wells, the testing equipment will collect data, and then thermal physical parameters will be accurately calculate. This paper introduce a thermal response testing equipment, the equipment will add a constant cold or heat to geothermal well, circulating heat flow and pressure data is collected as well as temperature. And then thermal physical parameters of formation and heat exchanging performance are calculated.
To Study the Development Status of China's National Fitness Campaign
Authors: Chen Wei
Published: October 2011

In this paper through the use of literature, survey visit and other methods, the author studies the development status of national fitness campaign in China. Some main problems are found as follows ：national fitness concept which still needs to be enhanced, imbalances of the fitness development in different regions, irrational age structure participating in fitness, uneven groups participating in fitness activities, and lack of social sports instructors and so on.
Research on Variable-Frequency-Point Variable-Bandwidth Wireless Broadband Radio Frequency Chip and its Application in the Smart Grid
Authors: Zhou Zi Guan , Pan Xiao Shan , Yin Shu Gang , Ren Wei Li , Sun Sheng Bo , Wang Yang
Published: October 2011

With the development of the smart grid, residential electricity services have a higher bandwidth and frequency requirement to the power system communication , the existing power 230MHz narrow-band data transmission communication has been unable to meet the needs of the two-way interaction between the users and the smart grid. In terms of current communication technology in the power system, this paper introduces a wireless broadband radio frequency chip ,which supports 100MHz to 1.2GHz frequency range, and 5KHz to 2MHz tunable bandwidth.With the chip embedded in intelligent electricity interactive terminals, distribution monitoring terminals and other devices, it can achieve flexible and intelligent electricity services. This paper describes the architecture of the RF chip,and gives key technology solutions such as broadband matching, adjustable IF bandwidth of the channel, sums up the advantages of the chip,presents the application in the smart grid. The analysis finds that the chip has a variety of charateristics such as high integration, good redundancy, versatility, flexibility and so on, and can satisfy the growing application needs of power speacial network,and has an extremely promising market .
Control Strategy for Micro-Grid Operation Modes
Authors: Wang Yu Mei , Liu Ran
Published: October 2011

In this paper, micro-grid operation modes exist in different supply reliability, stability and new energy efficiency and other issues, on the micro-grid system in different operation modes were analyzed, proposed control strategy, the establishment of different operation modes of the micro-grid control model, using MATLAB software simulation experiment to verify its feasibility.
Design and Simulation Research of Airborne DC Converter
Authors: Yan Qun Min
Published: October 2011

Airborne DC converter is the most important secondary aircraft power conversion equipment, analysis of some Airborne DC-DC converter's working mechanism, according to the actual requirements of the system design the converter main circuit. Meanwhile, calculated the logic test circuit parameters, build a simulation model of Airborne DC converter with the saber software, simulated and tested the system, simulation results show that the system design come to the corresponding functional requirements, and finally optimized the system using the results of simulation, and ultimately make the system more reasonable, for the future design of airborne converter provides a useful reference.