bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flipping the Script
Authors: Painter Chad , Willis Erin
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to examine newspaper coverage of the George Zimmerman-Trayvon Martin shooting and the frames of race and crime used in the context of newsworthiness. The researchers analyzed 1,177 articles in one local, six statewide, and three national newspapers. The local paper focused on the shooting and the ensuing police investigation instead of social and political issues, and local-interest stories instead of national events. There was virtually no mention of race. Coverage in the six Florida papers was mixed between details of the case and social issues such as Florida's Stand Your Ground law. There were few uses of racial descriptors. The three national papers focused on social and political issues such as Stand Your Ground, guns, and race, and referenced the shooting for context when discussing similar local incidents. Racial identifiers were used frequently, and Martin's clothing was referenced as a covert racial identifier or as shorthand for the shooting and its aftermath. The researchers then discuss the ethical implications of such coverage.
Continuing Down the Streets of Paris
Authors: Kirschner Julianna
Published: December 2015

As a result of the two world wars, the memorialization of traumatic events saw an exponential rise in the last one hundred years (Koshar, 2000). Many debates have been sparred as a result, and each one has a resonating theme of representation and silencing of voices. At what point does conversation end and creation begin? In this paper, two areas are explored: “vandalism” of cultural sites, and the reshaping of the narrative by those who visit these sites without prior knowledge of their meaning. These two areas bring forth the notion of what voices are represented in the memorial creation process and how one might define an intended and unintended public. Using Michel de Certeau's (1984) example of walking the streets of Paris, the author presents new conclusions about memorials and the fluidity of their meaning.
Postracial Justice and the Trope of the “Race Riot”
Authors: Heusel Jennifer
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines the trope of “race riot” as a rhetorical strategy in news media that disciplines race-conscious protest. Adopting a rhetorical genealogy inspired by Michel Foucault, the analysis reads together the news reports about the 1906 riots in Atlanta, Georgia and the 2014 unrest in Ferguson, Missouri. The century dividing these two events may seem too distant, but is necessary in order to identify the legacies of state-sponsored white supremacy that continue to shape expressions of “justice” in the United States. Although white supremacy is generally understood as no longer relevant, racial violence against people of color remains legitimate while exercised by those enforcing law and order. Attention on two racial-antagonistic events divided by a century can assist in highlighting the discursive legacies of state-sponsored white supremacy. The chapter concludes with contemplation on postracial justice, or the expression of justice that is assumed to be beyond the influence of race.
The Amplification of the Sunni-Shia Divide through Contemporary Communications Technology
Authors: Stairs George A.
Published: December 2015

The Sunni-Shia divide has once more returned to the global popular lexicon. However, this contemporary form of the allegedly age-old schism within Islam in fact differs significantly from historical cases. It has primarily come to the fore again as various actors have invoked it, and the fear it brings, in order to frame the conflicts they currently wage both overtly and covertly in more favourable terms. The purpose of this chapter is to examine this phenomenon, with particular focus on the Syrian Civil War, and the wider regional struggles for hegemony. It will further look at how modern communication technologies have permitted actors to spread their narratives much more effectively than ever before, and how the international community might arrest the exacerbation of this divide, and slow the sectarian violence currently plaguing the region.
Culture in the PRC
Authors: Venero Ramon J , Lian Yunshan
Published: December 2015

As the second largest economy in the world and one of the BRIC countries, China has been a major inward FDI receiver and competing ground for MNEs. Entry mode strategy has become a critical factor to the success of MNEs in China. Common among different approaches is sensitivity to the cultural nuances of Chinese society and, in particular, to the norms of government actors at the Central, Provincial and Local government levels. The role of culture in inward FDI presents unique challenges and opportunities to MNC's in establishing a presence in one of the world's largest market. Entry strategies are discussed as well as the role that culture played in specific MNC's entries. The recent anti-corruption campaign in China has brought much attention from the outside world. Its impact on MNEs business model in China was discussed in this study. Implications for HR practitioners and managers are reviewed as well.
Examining Corporate Social Responsibility and Employee Engagement in Macao
Authors: Gao Jennifer H.
Published: December 2015

Previous research suggested that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is positively related to organization's attractiveness to potential employees. This chapter tries to explore the effectiveness of CSR dimensions on employee engagement and the mediating factors that lay between the two constructs. It is proposed that CSR has a direct impact on employee engagement, and that perceived organizational support (POS) and Chinese values mediate this relationship, so CSR may also contribute indirectly to employee engagement. Data were collected from 314 employees in the tourism sector in Macao. Results support the hypotheses, as the relationship between CSR and employee engagement is fully mediated by POS and Chinese Values. Implications to theory and practice, with limitations and future research are presented.
Influence of Retention Policies on Employee Efficiency and Organization Productivity
Authors: Patro Chandra Sekhar
Published: December 2015

In the continuously developing economy, organizations should be able to anticipate the technological innovations and compete with other organizations worldwide. This need makes an organization's ability to evolve through its employees' learning and continuous development. In this context employee retention has become a most critical issue for all the organizations as a result of the shortage of skilled labor, economic growth and employee turnover. Employee retention refers to the various policies and practices which let the employees stick to an organization for a longer period of time. The employees are the real assets of any organization, so the management should exert some effort to determine the non-monetary interests and preferences of its key employees, and then attempt to meet these preferences in action. This study is an attempt to identify the various retention policies practiced in different public and private organisations, and evaluate the effectiveness of these policies on employees' efficiency and its influence on the overall productivity of an organisation.
What Attracts Foreign Direct Investments in Asian Economies?
Authors: Tohyama Hironori
Published: December 2015

This chapter focuses on institutional configurations in host economies and examines the configurations that had a high propensity for foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in Asian economies. While many previous studies on the relationship between FDI and growth focus on institutions in host economies, they are apt to search for one and/or best institutions. They do not perceive heterogeneous sets of linked institutions. This chapter contributes to the existing literature in a twofold manner. First, this analysis, based on multiple factor analysis, demonstrates a substantial variation in institutional configurations across Asian economies in attracting FDI. These Asian economies can be categorized into three clusters. Second, the fuzzy-set quality comparative analysis shows that two of the institutional configurations have a high propensity for FDI. The one found in Singapore relies on institutional complementarities similar to liberal market economies, while the other one, which is characteristic to Thailand, focuses on human capital formation in Asian welfare capitalism.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Bi-Carboxyl Sidewall Functionalized Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Water
Authors: Lokavee Shongpun , Wongchoosuk Chatchawal , Kerdcharoen Teerakiat
Published: December 2015

Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (f-SWNTs) have attracted great interest due to their enhancement of SWNT properties leading to an increase in potential applications beyond those of pristine SWNT. In this work, we have investigated the behavior of open-end (9,0) bi-carboxyl sidewall functionalized SWNTs in water using molecular dynamics (MD) technique within GROMACS software package based on the OPLS force fields with modified charges obtained from the first principles calculations. The model tubes including perfect and defective nanotubes covalently functionalized by bi-carboxylic groups on different sidewall surface orientation were fully optimized by B3LYP/6-31G(d,p). The simulations were performed at the constant volume and temperature in a rectangular box with periodic boundary conditions in which each system contains one model tube and ~1680 water molecules. The results form MD simulations showed that functionalization on the central carbon atom in the (C1,C ́1)SW-defective sites strongly affects on the dynamic behavior of CNT in water. Results showed that the hydrophilic behavior of the functionalized SWNT has been improved over the pristine and defective nanotubes.
Fabricated Carbon Nanotube Electrodes Blending with Various Metal Phthalocyanines for Detection of Five Taste Models
Authors: Theerasak Juagwon , Suthisa Leasen , Osotchan Tanakorn
Published: December 2015

Electrochemical characteristic of blended multiwall carbon nanotube paste electrode (CNTPE) was investigated with five basic taste models. The multiwall carbon tube was blended with metal phthalcyanine (MPc) powders including of CoPc, FePc, MgPc, MnPc and ZnPc to produce modified working electrode. Solutions with concentration of 0.1 M of potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), sucrose, citric and monosodium glutamate (MSG) were used as model solutions of saltiness, bitterness, sweetness, sourness and umami, respectively. Cyclic voltammograms (CV) of the fabricated electrodes were observed in range of 0.0 to 1.0 V. Blended MPc and CNTPE showed effects on electron transfer or redox reactions in some model taste solutions. The blended fabricated electrodes indicated cross-selectivity response for these five basic model solutions. However, the CV characteristics of the all fabricated blending electrodes in KCl and MgCl2 solutions are similar due to Cl- ion in both salt solutions. The measured CV of blended electrodes in the five solution models exhibit clearly different characters by mean of its symmetry and peak feature. These characters can be used to classify the distinctive feature of five tastes for electronic tongue
Hydrogen and Ethanol Sensing Properties of Pd-Loaded ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Flame Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Siriwong Chawarat , Yimchoy Jintaporn , Nabsanit Sangtian , Wisitsoraat Anurat , Phanichphant Sukon
Published: December 2015

Pure ZnO and Palladium (Pd)-loaded ZnO nanoparticles containing 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 mol% of Pd were successfully synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) and characterized for hydrogen and ethanol sensing applications. The crystalline phase, morphology and size of these nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to correlate physical properties with gas sensing performance. The sensing films were fabricated by coating nanoparticles with organic paste composed of terpineol and ethyl cellulose as a vehicle binder on Al2O3 substrate interdigitated with gold electrodes. The film thicknesses were varied by controlling the numbers of coating. Film morphologies of gas sensors were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, response time and sensitivity of these sensors towards hydrogen and ethanol were evaluated under operating temperatures ranging from 200 ̶ 350°C in dry air. Finally, The optimum amount of loading Pd and film thickness were investigated.
Correlation between Conversion Efficiency and Impedance Spectroscopy Parameters for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell with TiO2 Nanostructure Modification
Authors: Prachopchok Prathan , Thanachayanon Chanchana , Osotchan Tanakorn
Published: December 2015

Impedance spectroscopy (IS) is a useful technique to investigate the detail of charge transfer in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) especially for individual part of cell component. The charge transport in electrolyte, platinum and TiO2 electrodes can be separately examined by varying the frequency range of IS. In this work, the TiO2 electrode was modified by various nanostructures and the equivalence circuit parameters extracted from the measured IS were correlated to the power conversion efficiency of fabricated solar cells, in order to describe the origin of decreasing and increasing of the DSSC efficiency. The TiO2 electrode was prepared at different conditions of mixing with inorganic nanoparticle of CdS, CdSe and nanostructure of C60 at various concentration. Normally, the DSSC with unmodified TiO2 electrode shows the efficiency about 7.12% at AM 1.5. The dramatically dropping of efficiency was occurred in the cell with very small amount of nanoparticle added in TiO2 electrode. For most of the cases, the efficiency tended to become increase as increasing the amount of nanoparticle in the TiO2 electrode. In some structures, the efficiency can become higher than that of the unmodified TiO2 cell. However the large amount of nanoparticle in TiO2 electrode leaded to decreasing of cell efficiency in all fabricated types of TiO2 nanostructure. These efficiency variations were related to the resistance and capacitance values extracted from IS measurement in the frequency range of TiO2 response. It was found that the extracted value of cell resistance played the important role on the efficiency variation and the capacitance value can be used to describe the life-time of charge carrier in the cells.Keywords: Impedance spectroscopy, dye sensitized solar cell.
Effect of Nanosilica on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Cement Composites for Thermal Energy Storage Materials
Authors: Jittabut Pongsak
Published: December 2015

This research article presents the mechanical and thermal properties of cement-based composite for thermal energy storage materials. The effects of nanosilica particle size and concentration determined by mixing nanosilica particle size of 50 nm, using nanosilica were of 1-5 wt%. Thermal properties coefﬁcients were tested using a direct measuring instrument with surface probe (ISOMET2114). The influence of nanosilica on the performance, such as compressive strength, bulk density, thermal conductivity, volume heat capacity and thermal diffusivity of hardened composite cement pastes were studied for future solar thermal energy materials with better performance. According to the development of thermal storage materials and their application environment requirement in solar thermal power, the specimens were subjected to heat at 350, and 900°C. It were observed that, before heating, the compressive strength is optimized at nanosilica amount of 4wt% at the age of 28 days. Moreover, after heating at 350 oC and 900°C, the thermal conductivity and volume heat capacity of the cement paste enriched with nanosilica were significantly lesser than that of the before heating one.
Electrical Studies of ZnO Nanowires and Metal Contacts
Authors: Thongma Sattra , Boontan Artitsupa , Boonkoom Thitikorn , Tantisantisom Kittipong
Published: December 2015

ZnO nanowires are recently used in optoelectronic devices such as sensors, solar cells, and light emitting diodes due to its unique optical and electrical properties. In such devices, a contact between the ZnO nanowires and a metal electrode exists. Hence understanding electrical characteristic between the ZnO nanowires and a metal electrode can facilitate optoelectronic device design. In this work, ZnO nanowires were grown on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) substrates using a hydrothermal method. Simple devices using the nanowires sandwiched between the ITO and a metal contact (i.e. Au, Al) were fabricated and characterized by a current-voltage measurement. Moreover, studies on p-n junctions between the ZnO nanowires and p-type polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO), were also fabricated and characterized. The current-voltage measurement of devices clearly shows the rectifying behavior, which is an important characteristic of diodes.
Growth and Characterizations of Tin-Doped on Nickel-Phthalocyanine as a Novel Nanomaterial
Authors: Tammarugwattana Narin , Mano Kitipong , Saributr Chaloempol , Rangkasikorn Adirek , Kayunkid Navaphun , Thanomngam Pitiporn , Nukeaw Jiti
Published: December 2015

Tin-doped nickel phthalocyanine thin films (Sn-doped NiPc) were deposited by thermal co-evaporation method. Doping concentration of tin in NiPc was controlled via different deposition rates between metal dopent and host organic material. Properties of the thin films doped by tin in the range of 3 to 15% were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, electrical properties of Al/Sn-doped-NiPc/ITO devices i.e. charge carrier concentration and carrier mobility were characterized by current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. Microscopic results show clear evidence of the morphological transition from granular structure in undoped-film to rod-liked structure in the films doped more than 5%. Moreover, surface grain size exhibits the tendency to decrease with the increase of doping concentration. Optical properties reveal that the packing of NiPc molecules in all doping conditions is the combination of α-phase (majority) and β-phase (minority). However, evolution of β-phase NiPc is observed with the increase of doping concentration. Photoelectron analyses indicate shift of binding energy in both Ni2p and Sn3d levels corresponding to charge transfer between nickel-core and tin dopant. In addition, the electrical properties show the enhancement of the film’s conductivity due to the increase of charge carrier concentration with the higher Sn-doping level.
High Uniformity of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Surfactant-Assisted Solvothermal Technique
Authors: Maneedaeng Atthaphon
Published: December 2015

The aim of this study is to develop the synthetic procedure of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by using surfactant-assisted solvothermal technique in order to produce highly uniform nanosize of ZnO particles. The solvothermal reaction evidently produces smaller ZnO particle sizes compared with those obtained from hydrothermal reaction. The zwitterionic surfactant is employed in this work and it typically works well under extremely conditions i.e. high pH levels, strong electrolytes, and high temperature. The key success of surfactant utilization in the solvothermal reaction is to create reversed micelles which act as nanoreactors or templates. Because micelle consist of polar cores that may occupy a finite amount of water forming a water pool for ZnO nanomaterial synthesis. Synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were obtained from solvothermal reaction at 180°C and 18 hours in a hydrothermal reactor. The ZnO colloidal particles were separated by paper filter and cellulose nitrate membrane, respectively. The XRD pattern shows that the structure of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles is hexagonal wurtzite and the use of surfactant does not interfere the crystal growth and structure. The particle size distribution reveals a high uniform ZnO nanoparticles obtained via this method. The UV absorption spectrum of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by this method presents exciton peak at approximate value of 365 nanometers. The energy band gap determined by Tauc plot is 3.31 eV. Moreover, TEM images confirm the particle size consistency showing the morphology of the prepared ZnO nanoparticles.
Study of Optical and Electrical Properties of Bismuth-Doped Copper Phthalocyanine Thin Films Grown by Thermal Co-Evaporation
Authors: Mano Kitipong , Tammarugwattana Narin , Kayunkid Navaphun , Saributr Chaloempol , Thanomngam Pitiporn , Nukeaw Jiti
Published: December 2015

Bismuth-doped copper phthalocyanine (Bi-doped CuPc) thin films were grown by organic-source thermal co-evaporation under five different deposition rates. Morphological, optical and chemical properties of the doped-films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, electrical properties of ITO/Bi-doped-CuPc/Al devices i.e. carrier mobility and carrier concentration were characterized by current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. Morphology of the doped films shows strong dependence on preparation conditions, as clearly observed by features of film surface i.e surface grain size and roughness. Optical absorption spectra of all doping conditions provide regular three dominant α-phase peaks at 339, 620 and 695 nm corresponding to absorption from B-band and Q-band, respectively. Electrical properties exhibit the enhancement of the film conductivity due to increase of both carrier mobility and carrier concentration with higher Bi-doping level. Moreover, photoelectron analysis reveals chemical information of the metal dopant in the host material.
ZnO Doped with Fe and Mn Prepared by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Panyajirawut Pongladda , Thongruanhmuan Kanokwan , Aimanee Banthita , Phonphithak Sirirat , Charumkhruea Thitima
Published: December 2015

ZnO doped with iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) were prepared by sol-gel method. The precursors for Fe-doped ZnO were zinc acetate and iron nitrate while those for Mn-doped ZnO were zinc nitrate and manganese nitrate. Crystal structures were characterized by means of XRD. The XRD patterns suggest the crystals are hexagonal wurtzite. Furthermore, the magnetic properties were studied by VSM. The hysteresis loops correspond to paramagnetism.
Serum ABO Blood Typing by Surface Plasmon Resonance Technique
Authors: Houngkamhang Nongluck , Vongsakulyanon Apirom , Peungthum Patjaree , Sudprasert Krisda , Kitpoka Pimpan , Kunakorn Mongkol , Sutapun Boonsong , Amarit Ratthasart , Somboonkaew Armote , Srikhirin Toemsak
Published: December 2015

Aim of this work is to develop a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique for detection of anti-A and anti-B which are the antibodies specific to ABO blood group in serum based on solid phase immobilization of antigens on the surface. Synthetic antigens A and B were immobilized on the carboxymethyldextran (CMD) surface to measure the antibodies. The immobilized synthetic antigen surface were tested function by injection of monoclonal anti-A and anti-B. Total 20 plasma samples at 1:10 dilution were measured by SPR techniuqe and the result were concordant to standard agglutination technique. The cost of blood typing could be economized by high throughput and surface regeneration on SPR technique.
Bio-Hybrid Composite Scaffold from Silk Fibroin/Chitosan/Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Microspheres for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Phetnin Ratiya , Rattanachan Sirirat Tubsungnoen
Published: December 2015

This research aims to fabricate the novel bio-hybrid composite scaffold from mesoporous bioactive glasses/silk fibroin/chitosan (MBGs/SF/CS) for use in tissue engineering applications. MBGs/SF/CS composite scaffolds were successfully fabricated using freezing and lyophilization process. Two types of mesoporous bioactive glasses which were irregular and spherical shape were dispersed in the silk fibroin/chitosan based scaffolds in order to improve the mechanical strength and bioactivity. SEM observation showed the interconnected pores with pore size from 100 to 300 µm. XRD and FTIR exhibited the present of silk fibroin, chitosan, and MBGs in composite scaffolds. The incorporation of MBGs in SF/CS scaffolds significantly increased the compressive strength of scaffolds. The composite scaffolds were immersed in the simulated body fluid (SBF) for in vitro bioactivity test. The in vitro bioactivity results indicated that the MBGs/SF/CS induced hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) formation while there was no change for SF/CS scaffolds. Furthermore, mesoporous bioactive glass with micro-spherical particles (MBGMs) which easily dispersed in SF/CS solution during the fabrication of scaffolds as compared to mesoporous bioactive glass with irregular shape (MBGs). The results showed that MBGs/SF/CS composite scaffolds could be useful composite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Biomarker Detection by Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor
Authors: Wangkam Thidarat , Boonperm Kitti , Khomkrachang Phatra , Srikhirin Toemsak , Praphanphoj Verayuth , Sutapan Boonsong , Somboonkaew Armote , Amarit Ratthasart
Published: December 2015

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a one of the most common cancer in the world and the third cause of cancer-related death. The recommended screening test for patients are the detection of serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and an abdominal ultrasound every 6 months to detect HCC. To inform stage of the diasease, we investigate the alpha fetoprotein (AFP) which is a major HCC biomarker by using surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) technique. SPR is an optical biosensor, nanoscale detectable and highly sensitive technique which is suitable for an early detection application. The interaction of anti-AFP antibody and AFP antigen was created via sandwich assay on carboxy dextran sensor surface. To get the enhancing signal, effect of electrostatics and binding capacity of immobilization were studied. Additionally, we found that the higher enhancing signal is done by superimposing of anti-IgG on the system. The result was shown that AFP concentration was measured in a range of the HCC biomarker with the detection limit of 50 ng/ml and 20 ng/ml by sandwich assay and an anti-IgG enhancement, respectively. Moreover, the serum testing was studied for deveopment in clinical diagnostic further.
Deformation and Failure of Bendable Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Asare Joseph , Agyei-Tuffour B. , Oyewole O.K. , Zebaze-Kana G.M. , Soboyejo W.O.
Published: December 2015

This research investigates the effects of bending on the electrical, optical, structural and mechanical properties of flexible organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Bulk heterojunction organic solar cells were fabricated on Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates using Poly-3-hexylthiophene: [6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT: PCBM) as the active layer and Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) as the hole injection layer. All the organic layers were deposited by spin coating while the Al cathode was vacuum thermally evaporated. The Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) anode has an average optical transmittance of 85% in the visible spectrum, a sheet resistivity of 60 ohms per square and an average surface roughness of 3nm. The relationship between the optoelectronic performance of the various device layers and the applied mechanical strains has been analyzed. The effects of stress and strain on the current-voltage characteristics of the device and its failure were modeled using the Abaqus software.
Encapsulation of Organic Light Emitting Diodes by PDMS Stamping
Authors: Anye V.C. , Akande W.O. , Zebaze Kana M.G. , Soboyejo W.O.
Published: December 2015

This paper presents results of the improvement of the lifetime of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) by encapsulation with polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS). This polymer is very effective in protecting the device from degradation in oxygen and moisture rich environments. This is captured in the results obtained for full immersion and storage tests of encapsulated single layer devices based on MEH:PPV as the active layer. Mechanical tests were carried out to ascertain the strength (adhesion) of the interface between the encapsulating layer and the device cathode material, aluminum (Al) using both centrally-cracked Brazilian Disk, CCBD and force microscopy techniques. The encapsulated devices provided an average of 90 minutes of illumination while the bare devices provided illumination for about 3 minutes. Such a reproducible stamping technique is more appropriate due to the low processing temperatures, inherent flexibility, device compatibility and mechanical robustness at low costs.
Prodigiosin Release from an Implantable Biomedical Device: Effect on Cell Viability
Authors: Danyuo Y. , Ani C.J. , Obayemi J.D. , Dozie-Nwachukwu S. , Odusanya O.S. , Oni Y. , Anuku Nicolas , Malatesta Karen , Soboyejo W.O.
Published: December 2015

This paper present the results of (experiments and models) biosynthesized prodigiosin (PG) released from an implantable biomedical device on the viability of cancer cells. The implantable biomedical devices were obtained from poly-di-methyl-siloxane (PDMS) packages with well-controlled micro-channels and drug storage compartments, along with a drug storing polymer core (which contains thermosensitive Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPA)-based gels). The results were compared with drugs elution from devices loaded with paclitaxelTM. The effects of localized release of PG and paclitaxel (PTx) on cell viability were elucidated via clonogenic assay testing on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. The effects of PG and PTx released were also tested over a range of temperatures (37-45 ̊C) in which localized hyperthermia is applicable. The trends in the results were analysed using statistical models before discussion their implications for localized treatment of breast cancer.
Carbon and Nitrogen Concentration Profiles of Cassava-Pack Carbonitrided Steel: Model and Experiment
Authors: Arthur E.K. , Ampaw E. , Akinluwade K.J. , Adetunji A.R. , Adewoye O.O. , Soboyejo Winston O.
Published: December 2015

Cassava-leaf-enhanced carbonitriding is a surface hardening procedure that utilizes the high cyanide content that is present in processed cassava leaves to thermochemically diffuse carbon and/or nitrogen into the interstitial sites of steel. This paper presents analytical models for the prediction of carbon and nitrogen concentration profiles, as well as the total case depths associated with the diffusion of carbon and nitrogen during the cassava-leaf-enhanced carbonitriding of low carbon steel. Using Fick's second law of diffusion and approximate initial and boundary conditions, two separate analytical models were presented for intermediate and high temperature cassava-leaf-enhanced carbonitriding processes. The trends in the total case depths are shown to be qualitatively similar to experimental measurements of case depths. The implications of the results are discussed for the surface hardening of steels by carbonitriding processes.
The Role of Adhesion in Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Detection and Treatment
Authors: Oni Y. , Obayemi J.D. , Kao K. , Dozie-Nwachukwu S. , Odusanya S. , Anuku Nicolas , Soboyejo W.O.
Published: December 2015

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the effects of adhesion between gold nanoparticles and surfaces that are relevant to the potential applications in cancer detection and treatment. Adhesion is measured using a dip coating/atomic force microscopy (DC/AFM) technique. The adhesion forces are obtained for dip-coated gold nanoparticles that interact with peptide or antibody-based molecular recognition units (MRUs) that attach specifically to breast cancer cells. They include MRUs that attach specifically to receptors on breast cancer cells. Adhesion forces between anti-cancer drugs such as paclitaxel, and the constituents of MRU-conjugated Au nanoparticle clusters, are measured using force microscopy techniques. The implications of the results are then discussed for the design of robust gold nanoparticle clusters and for potential applications in localized drug delivery and hyperthermia.
Functional evaluation of ultra-octogenarian patients undergoing Cardiac Rehabilitation: correlation between Six minute Walking Test and Rivermead Mobility Index
Authors: Scimia Federica , Casadei Isabella , Cerquetani Elena , Piccoli Mara , Villa Alessandro , La Carrubba Salvatore , Salustri Alessandro
Published: December 2015

Background. There is an increasing need for admission of octogenarians to cardiac rehabilitation programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) (scale of mobility) is related to the functional capacity assessed by the 6 Minute Walking Test (6MWT). Methods. We selected 108 consecutive patients ≥ 80 years (M = 53, mean age 82.5 ± 2.7 years, after cardiac surgery n = 72, heart failure n = 36) enrolled to our cardiac rehabilitation unit. All patients were evaluated with the RMI and underwent 6MWT both at admission (RMI1 and 6MWT1) and after a period of daily physical training (RMI2 and 6MWT2). The RMI2/RMI1 and 6MWT2/6MWT1 ratios were calculated as indexes of functional improvement (IM). Results. The average in hospital stay was 20 ± 11 days with an average of 11.9 training sessions per patient. The average distance walked at 6MWT1 and 6MWT2 was 193 ± 116 and 278 ± 122 m, respectively (p <0.001). The average score of RMI1 and RMI2 was 8.5 ± 3.4 and 13.1 ± 2.9, respectively (p <0.001). The values of 6MWT1 and RMI1 results were significantly correlated (r = 0.56, p <0.001). The RMI IM was significantly correlated to 6MWT IM (r = 0.309, p = 0.002). At multivariate analysis, RMI IM was found to be predictive of 6MWT IM even after correction for age, gender, length of hospitalization and number of sessions of training. Conclusions. In octogenarians, cardiac rehabilitation results in a significant improvement of both RMI and 6MWT. RMI IM is independently correlated to 6MWT IM. Therefore, RMI could be a useful tool for evaluating the improvement of functional capacity even in patients who cannot undergo 6MWT.
An unusual case of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a transplanted heart
Authors: D’Andrea Antonello , Scarafile Raffaella , Ferrara Ilaria , De Rimini Maria Luisa , Muto Pietro , Russo Maria Giovanna , Calabrò Raffaele
Published: December 2015

-
Southern African HIV Clinicians Society adult antiretroviral therapy guidelines: Update on when to initiate antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Meintjes Graeme , Black John , Conradie Francesca , Dlamini Sipho , Maartens Gary , Manzini Thandekile C. , Mathe Moeketsi , Moorhouse Michelle , Moosa Yunus , Nash Jennifer , Orrell Catherine , Venter Francois , Wilson Douglas
Published: December 2015

The most recent version of the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society’s adult antiretroviral therapy (ART) guidelines was published in December 2014. In the 27 August 2015 edition of the New England Journal of Medicine, two seminal randomised controlled trials that addressed the optimal timing of ART in HIV-infected patients with high CD4 counts were published: Strategic timing of antiretroviral therapy (START) and TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 (Early antiretroviral treatment and/or early isoniazid prophylaxis against tuberculosis in HIV-infected adults). The findings of these two trials were consistent: there was significant individual clinical benefit from starting ART immediately in patients with CD4 counts higher than 500 cells/μL rather than deferring until a certain lower CD4 threshold or clinical indication was met. The findings add to prior evidence showing that ART reduces the risk of onward HIV transmission. Therefore, early ART initiation has the public health benefits of potentially reducing both HIV incidence and morbidity. Given this new and important evidence, the Society took the decision to provide a specific update on the section of the adult ART guidelines relating to when ART should be initiated.
Effective Learning and Filtering of Faulty Heart-Beats for Advanced ECG Arrhythmia Detection using MIT-BIH Database
Authors: Tsoutsouras Vasileios , Azariadi Dimitra , Xydis Sotirios , Soudris Dimitrios
Published: December 2015

Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal has been established as one of the most fundamental bio-signals for monitoring and assessing the health status of a person. ECG analysis flow relies on the detection of points of interest on the signal with the QRS complex, located around an R peak of the heart beat, being the most commonly used. Using the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, we evaluate the accuracy of various R peak detectors, showing a large number, i.e. several thousands, of falsely detected peaks. Considering the medical significance of the ECG analysis, we propose a machine learning based classifier to be incorporated in the ECG analysis flow aiming at identifying and discarding heart beats based on erroneously detected R peaks. Using Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and extensive exploration, we deliver a tuned classifier that i) successfully filters up to 75% of the false beats, ii) while keeping the correct beats mis-classified as false lower than 0.01% and iii) the computational overhead of the classifier sufficiently low.
Effect of Prepregnancy Alcohol Consumption on Postpartum Relationship Satisfaction and Divorce among Norwegian Mothers
Authors: Mellingen Sonja , Torsheim Torbjørn , Thuen Frode
Published: December 2015

This study assessed the effect of prepregnancy level of alcohol use among mothers on relationship breakups with young children at 36 months after birth and the extent to which relationship satisfaction (RS) throughout the postpartum period could mediate any association between alcohol use and divorce. The data were part of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, and analyses of the present article were based on a total of 69,117 mothers divided into low-, medium-, and high-risk consumption groups. All the three groups experienced a decrease in RS, but the largest effect was observed for the high-risk group. Mothers in this group had 55% higher odds for divorce as compared to the low-risk group. The findings supported a conceptual model whereby the effects of alcohol use on divorce were mediated through lowered RS.
Cartography of flood hazard by overflowing rivers using hydraulic modeling and geographic information system: Oued El Harrach case (North of Algeria)
Authors: Astite S. W. , Medjerab A. , Belabid N.-E. , El Mahmouhi N. , El Wartiti M. , Kemmou S.
Published: December 2015

El objeto de este estudio es la gestión del riesgo de inundaciones mediante el uso de cartografía de riesgo de inundaciones por ríos caudalosos. La cartografía se obtiene mediante aplicaciones de simulación modernas, como el modelo hidráulico (HEC- RAS) y la aplicación informática de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) ArcGis. El estudio se aplica en los alrededores de Oued El Harrach (norte de Argelia), objeto de varias inundaciones que han generado pérdidas humanas y materiales considerables. Estas pérdidas son consecuencia del uso de zonas inundables como zonas residenciales, pudiendo evitarse en el futuro en la zona de Oued El Harrach con la ayuda de cartografía del alcance espacial de los riesgos de inundación. Por ello la importancia de la cartografía desarrollada en este estudio como herramienta esencial para los gestores en prevención y protección en materia de riesgos de inundaciones.
A Case of Bilateral Uveitis and Papillitis in a Patient Treated with Pembrolizumab
Authors: Abu Samra Khawla , Valdes-Navarro Manuel , Lee Stacey , Swan Robert , Foster C. Stephen , Anesi Stephen D.
Published: December 2015

Purpose

Drug-induced uveitis is a well-known effect of ocular inflammation that has been reported with many medications. Pembrolizumab is a newer generation of the anti-programmed cell death-1 monoclonal antibodies that was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Immune-mediated adverse events involving different organs have been reported in recent literature in association with this drug. We present the first reported case of uveitis in association with pembrolizumab therapy.

Case report

An 82-year-old man with stage IV melanoma was started on pembrolizumab infusion treatment every 3 weeks. Two months after initiating therapy, he presented with bilateral severe anterior uveitis and papillitis with fast and complete recovery after withholding further pembrolizumab infusions and treatment with topical steroid. Uveitis recurred after restarting pembrolizumab therapy.

Conclusions

In current clinical practice, many new drugs are being approved, requiring better characterization of the prevalence, onset, and nature of adverse events in order to aid development of effective management strategies. Ophthalmologists should keep in mind that drugs are always a possible cause of ocular inflammation in patients presenting with uveitis.
Rapidly Growing Iris Melanocytoma with Secondary Glaucoma in a 6-Year-Old Child
Authors: Sharma Vishal , Finger Paul T. , Sidoti Paul A. , Semenova Ekaterina , Iacob Codrin E.
Published: December 2015

Purpose

To describe an unusual case of pediatric iris melanocytoma with pigment dispersion glaucoma that resolved after resection of the primary tumor.

Methods

Retrospective case review of the clinical record, ultrasonographic images, and histopathology.

Results

A 6-year-old Asian girl, with a dark iris tumor, pigment dispersion, and secondary glaucoma, was initially treated with topical antiglaucoma medication and observation. Rapid growth prompted biopsy, revealing melanocytoma. As the tumor continued to grow, excision of the primary tumor was performed. Surgery proved curative in that the pigment dispersion slowly reabsorbed and her glaucoma resolved.

Conclusions

In this case, rapid growth did not indicate malignant transformation. Initial observation for growth and judiciously timed surgical intervention prevented progression, loss of vision, and potentially the loss of the eye.
Cement-within-Cement Revision of Infected Total Hip Replacement; Disappointing Results in 10 Retrospective Cases
Authors: Leijtens Borg , Sadeghi Nasrat , Schreurs Berend W. , Rijnen Wim H.
Published: December 2015

Introduction

This retrospective analysis evaluates 10 patients with a late infection of a cemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) treated with two-stage revision with retention of the original well-fixed femoral cement mantle.

Methods

Clinical, laboratory, and radiological outcomes were evaluated. The average age at the first-stage revision procedure was 61.5 years (range 38-80 y). The mean follow-up period was 26 months (range 5-54 m).

Results

Successful eradication of the primary microorganism was achieved in 2 patients. These patients had negative cultures at second stage and did not show any signs of infection during follow-up. The other 8 patients were considered as failures. In 3 patients, the femoral cement mantle was removed after the first stage due to recurrent infection in Girdlestone situation. In 2 patients, cultures showed the same micro-organism at first and second stage, treated with 3 months of antibiotics after second stage. 2 patients showed negative cultures at second stage but still had recurrent infection afterwards. These where treated with debridement and implant retention (DAIR) and 3 months of antibiotics. 1 patient was treated with suppressive antibiotics for persistent prosthetic joint infection after second stage, despite DAIR and therapeutic antibiotic treatment.

Conclusions

Based on this study, results of two-stage revision with retention of femoral cement mantle are disappointing in treatment of infected THA. Therefore, more research is required to determine which patients are appropriate for cement-within-cement revision.
Fluid Dynamic Characterization of a Polymeric Heart Valve Prototype (Poli-Valve) Tested under Continuous and Pulsatile Flow Conditions
Authors: De Gaetano Francesco , Serrani Marta , Bagnoli Paola , Brubert Jacob , Stasiak Joanna , Moggridge Geoff D. , Costantino Maria Laura
Published: December 2015

Purpose

Only mechanical and biological heart valve prostheses are currently commercially available. The former show longer durability but require anticoagulant therapy; the latter display better fluid dynamic behavior but do not have adequate durability. New Polymeric Heart Valves (PHVs) could potentially combine the hemodynamic properties of biological valves with the durability of mechanical valves. This work presents a hydrodynamic evaluation of 2 groups of newly developed supra-annular, trileaflet prosthetic heart valves made from styrenic block copolymers (SBC): Poli-Valves.

Methods

2 types of Poli-Valves made of SBC and differing in polystyrene fraction content were tested under continuous and pulsatile flow conditions as prescribed by ISO 5840 Standard. A pulse duplicator designed ad hoc allowed the valve prototypes to be tested at different flow rates and frequencies. Pressure and flow were recorded; pressure drops, effective orifice area (EOA), and regurgitant volume were computed to assess the behavior of the valve.

Results

Both types of Poli-Valves met the minimum requirements in terms of regurgitation and EOA as specified by the ISO 5840 Standard. Results were compared with 5 mechanical heart valves (MHVs) and 5 tissue heart valves (THVs), currently available on the market.

Conclusions

Based on these results, PHVs based on styrenic block copolymers, as are Poli-Valves, can be considered a promising alternative for heart valve replacement in the near future.
Translation of Cell Therapy into Clinical Practice: Validation of an Application Procedure for Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells and Platelet Rich Plasma
Authors: Nowotny Joerg , Farack Jana , Vater Corina , Johnsen Matthias , Gelinsky Michael , Tonn Torsten , Kasten Philip
Published: December 2015

Purpose

Tissue regeneration can be improved by local application of autologous bone marrow derived progenitor cells (BMSC) and platelet rich plasma (PRP). However, there is a lack of standardized application procedures for clinical use. Therefore, a technique in accordance with the guidelines for advanced therapies medical products of the European Medicine Agency was developed and established.

Methods

In detail, a process for the isolation and formulation of autologous bone marrow cells (BMC) and PRP in a clinical setting was validated. To investigate the influence of storage time and temperature on gel formation and gel stability, different concentrations of BMC were stored with and without additional platelets, thrombin and fibrinogen and analyzed over a period of 28 days. In addition, cell vitality using a live-dead staining and migration ability of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in the gel clot was investigated.

Results

For an optimized stable gel clot, human BMC and PRP should be combined with 10% to 20% fibrinogen (9 mg/mL to 18 mg/mL) and 5% to 20% thrombin (25 I.E. to 100 I.E.). Both freshly prepared and stored cells for 1 to 7 days had a stable consistence over 28 days at 37°C. Different platelet concentrations did not influence gel clot formation. The ratio of living cells did not decrease significantly over the observation period of 5 days in the live-dead staining.

Conclusions

The study identified an optimal gel texture for local application of BMC and PRP. Seeded hMSC could migrate therein and were able to survive to initiate a healing cascade.