bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circulating human papillomavirus DNA detection in Barrett's dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Parameshwaran K , Sharma P , Rajendra S , Stelzer-Braid S , Xuan W , Rawlinson W D
Published: July 2019

There is evidence to suggest that human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated with Barrett's dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma. In other HPV-linked cancers such as cervical and oropharyngeal cancer, circulating HPV DNA is a potential biomarker to assist in tumor diagnosis and management. This study aimed to determine whether circulating HPV DNA was detectable in patients with Barrett's dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma, and if so, whether there is any correlation with esophageal tissue HPV status. Plasma from 138 patients representing esophageal adenocarcinoma (N = 41), Barrett's dysplasia (N = 48) and hospital controls (N = 49) were analyzed for the presence of circulating HPV DNA using droplet-digital PCR targeting the E7 gene of HPV types 16 and 18. Circulating HPV DNA was detected in 11/138 (8.0%) study subjects including 1/49 (2.0%) hospital controls, 4/48 (8.3%) Barrett's dysplasia patients, and 6/41 (14.6%) esophageal adenocarcinoma patients. Detection of circulating HPV DNA was higher in patients with HPV-positive esophageal tissue (6/35, 17.1%) compared to those with HPV-negative specimens (5/103; 4.9%) (OR = 4.06; 95% CI 1.15–14.25; P = 0.020). The highest rates of detection occurred in esophageal adenocarcinoma patients, particularly those with invasive tumors that had breached the esophageal submucosa, had regional lymph node involvement or metastatic disease. Circulating HPV DNA was detectable in a subset of Barrett's dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma patients. Detection was associated with tissue HPV positivity and possibly disease severity.
A hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer reveals a Piggyback-the-Persistent viral strategy
Authors: Paterson James S , Smith Renee J , McKerral Jody C , Dann Lisa M , Launer Elise , Goonan Peter , Kleinig Tavis , Fuhrman Jed A , Mitchell James G
Published: July 2019

Subsurface environments hold the largest reservoir of microbes in the biosphere. They play essential roles in transforming nutrients, degrading contaminants and recycling organic matter. Here, we propose a previously unrecognised fundamental microbial process that influences aquifer bioremediation dynamics and that applies to all microbial communities. In contrast to previous models, our proposed Piggyback-the-Persistent (PtP) mechanism occurs when viruses become more dominated by those exhibiting temperate rather than lytic lifestyles driven by persistent chemicals (in our case chlorinated-hydrocarbon pollutants) that provide long-term carbon sources and that refocus the aquifer carbon cycle, thus altering the microbial community. In this ultra-oligotrophic system, the virus:microbial ratio (VMR) ranges from below the detection limit of 0.0001 to 0.6, well below the common aquatic range of 3–10. Shortest-average-path network analysis revealed VMR and trichlorethene (TCE) as nodes through which ecosystem information and biomass most efficiently pass. Novel network rearrangement revealed a hierarchy of Kill-the-Winner (KtW), Piggyback-the-Winner (PtW) and PtP nodes. We propose that KtW, PtW and PtP occur simultaneously as competing strategies, with their relative importance depending on conditions at a particular time and location with unusual nutrient sources, such as TCE, appearing to contribute to a shift in this balance between viral mechanisms.
Comparison of malachite green adsorption by two yeast strains using Raman microspectroscopy
Authors: Liu Jinghua , Zha Dongchen , Chen Xinyi , Wang Yin , Wang Zihang , Li Zhengpeng
Published: July 2019

Malachite green (MG), as a triarylmethane compound, poses a health hazard and causes considerable environmental concern. In this work, batch biosorption experiments were conducted under different operational conditions such as pH, contact time and adsorption dose to assess the optimal parameters of MG dye removal by yeast biomass from aqueous solutions. Then, the conventional biochemical assay was used to evaluate MG removal efficiency (75.18 and 95.85%) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in combination with Raman microspectroscopy was employed to scrutinize the differences of dye removal between two types of yeast strains. This study demonstrates that Raman microspectroscopy may serve as a useful and powerful tool to quantitatively measure the content of MG dye on yeast cell surfaces in situ, and even offer an alternative new technique to seek potentially proper adsorbents for the removal of toxic dyes from industrial effluents.
Salience and Skewness Preferences
Authors: Dertwinkel-Kalt Markus , Köster Mats
Published: July 2019

Whether people seek or avoid risks on gambling, insurance, asset, or labor markets crucially depends on the skewness of the underlying probability distribution. In fact, people typically seek positively skewed risks and avoid negatively skewed risks. We show that salience theory of choice under risk can explain this preference for positive skewness, because unlikely, but outstanding payoffs attract attention. In contrast to alternative models, however, salience theory predicts that choices under risk not only depend on the absolute skewness of the available options, but also on how skewed these options appear to be relative to each other. We exploit this fact to derive novel, experimentally testable predictions that are unique to the salience model and that we find support for in two laboratory experiments. We thereby argue that skewness preferences—typically attributed to cumulative prospect theory—are more naturally accommodated by salience theory.
Alive After Academia
Authors: Zeiger Spencer J.
Published: July 2019

Social work educators have lived through unique experiences and possess knowledge of lifespan development, which may enable them to navigate the vicissitudes of aging and envision a rich life beyond the traditional limits of a career. This book explores what becomes of these professionals after they depart from the academy and what trials, tribulations, and adventures await them. What can today’s social work educators learn from veterans who are either approaching or have transitioned to life after academia? Grounded in 39 in-depth interviews, study participants tell engaging and inspirational stories—stories that will benefit social work educators and academicians from other disciplines who are poised to embrace life beyond the academy and who wish to critically evaluate their life’s work. The term The Next Chapter is introduced as a positive alternative to the traditional moniker “retirement.” Fruits of The Next Chapter include post-academic freedom, new (and renewed) life appreciations, and an opportunity to integrate components of one’s life. This book provides a valuable guide that enables social work educators to determine the optimal time to depart from academia and advance to the next chapter of life.
Introduction
Authors: Bezzant Rhys S.
Published: July 2019

Taking up correspondence between Edwards’s closest associates, Samuel Hopkins and Joseph Bellamy, we begin our investigation of the concept of mentoring in Edwards’s ministry. This chapter highlights the challenges involved in writing on the mentoring of an historical figure, for example the difficulty of exploring a ministry, which is often private and without documentation, as well as the method adopted to capture the pastoral and theological insights that animate Edwards’s practice. Feminist historians have provided a lead in this kind of method. The content of the book is outlined as a case study in cultural engagement, and the potential readership among academics and pastor-theologians is acknowledged.
The Traditioned Self
Authors: Bezzant Rhys S.
Published: July 2019

Edwards did not invent the practice of mentoring. In the premodern world, identity was received rather than created, and mentoring served this traditional means of personal formation. This chapter investigates the significance of the cultivation of virtue for a flourishing life, and the ways in which discipline functioned as a strategy for virtue formation in the post-Reformation world. The examples of Richard Baxter and Cotton Mather are presented as significant landmarks in that story. Edwards’s own upbringing in New England, with its Puritan expectations of life and ministry, is unpacked as a way of understanding the innovation Edwards would ultimately pursue in a ministry of mentoring.
The Mimetic Way
Authors: Bezzant Rhys S.
Published: July 2019

Edwards’s chief theological justification for mentoring arises from the doctrine of the beatific vision, or the significance for our present life, ministry, and spirituality of meeting Christ face to face at the end of the age. Visual imagery is a constant feature of Edwards’s teaching, which is here combined with his approach to the image of God in human beings, the Christological nature of imitation, and the pressure points of modernity. The first things, near things, and last things are signposts to Edwards’s understanding of the power of mentoring in human experience. We see how integrative the mentoring project is for him, in as far as it obviates the fragmenting narrative of the Enlightenment. Edwards’s theological and cultural reflex is both to resist and appropriate modern categories of thought.
Coda
Authors: Bezzant Rhys S.
Published: July 2019

This brief coda positions Edwards’s insights into mentoring as valuable contributions to the pursuit of integrative learning in a postmodern and fragmented world. Given the value of the medium and message being mutually reinforcing, a Christian educational agenda should no less conform to this pedagogical assumption. This is supported theologically by appeal to Christ’s incarnation and to the expectation of meeting him face-to-face in the coming age, and calls us to resist pragmatic pressures which prize efficiency over embodiment. The long-term pursuit of wisdom, best acquired through direct encounter, personal negotiation, and contextually driven decision-making, becomes more pressing than ever in an age which encourages rage and unreflective reaction through social media.
Introduction
Authors: Raychaudhuri Anindya
Published: July 2019

This chapter provides a brief historical outline of the events of partition, and an introduction to the theoretical framework that underpins the book’s central themes. The historical context is read through the lens of the politics of memory and representation—in particular focusing on the ways in which state-endorsed narratives of history are used to reinforce contemporary domestic and foreign policy. The chapter begins to outline the ways in the narratives that are the focus of this book engage with and challenge such “official” views of partition. This introductory chapter also sets out the current scholarship of partition—concentrating on memory and oral history—and marks out the space in existing scholarship where this book sits.
“All trains stop there”
Authors: Raychaudhuri Anindya
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on what is probably the most popular icon of partition narratives—that of refugee trains being attacked and turned into “death trains.” There is hardly a single partition narrative in any genre that does not mention trains in some form or another. This chapter charts the ways in which train journeys have been represented in literature, cinema, and oral history testimonies in an attempt to explain the reason for this predominance. If we see partition as a violent re-inscribing of social hierarchies, then the icon of the “death train” becomes a space within which individual and collective agency can be expressed, as the dynamic between state and non-state forces is played out in this microcosm of the nation.
From Socialist Realism to the Prague Spring
Authors: Hagen Trever
Published: July 2019

Chapter 2 explores aesthetic models, forms, and materials of creative practices in Czechoslovakia from the 1940s to the 1960s. It centers on how people made available aesthetic resources: the practice of furnishing an ecology. I examine the historical conditions of artistic production of post–World War II Stalinism’s “socialist realism” to the Czechoslovak Prague Spring and its political direction of “socialism with a human face” beginning with Egon Bondy’s work. I focus particularly on his biography as a producer and early poetry works after the 1948 coup, emphasizing two styles he developed with Ivo Vodseďálek from 1950 and 1951: Total Realism (Totalní Realismus) and Poetry of Embarrassment (Trapná Poezie). These poetic styles and content served as a response to the perceived absurdity of post-1948 Stalinist culture felt by Bondy and Vodseďálek. By examining this body of work, I investigate what Total Realism and Poetry of Embarrassment afforded, solved, and transmitted. On the heels of Stalin’s death and Khrushchev’s secret speech in 1956, I continue onto the boom and popularity of rock ’n’ roll during the 1960s and the initial, inchoate formation of the Underground following the Prague Spring of 1968. I analyze people’s engagement with circulating cultural media during this period that contributed to a cosmopolitan music scene in Prague, detailing the proto-underground rock bands of the 1960s and the emergence of psychedelic music in Prague.
Creativity, Establishment, and the Self
Authors: Hagen Trever
Published: July 2019

This chapter outlines how acts of state oppression repressed environmental conditions that contradictorily enabled the expressive practice of “truth to self.” This repression heightened forms of collective awareness of an Underground “way of life” and points to how the politics of music-making is an emergent and embodied phenomenon. I trace how musicking came to be crafted within the Merry Ghetto, showing how practices (composing to lyrics, listening to records, playing with spirit, adapting poems as lyrics, writing and thinking about music) were linked to aesthetic phenomena (out-of-tune, rough and ragged sounds, sing-song recitation, heavy bass lines, screamed vocals, raw, unmusical sounds) that provided models, through contrast and comparison structures, for learning dispositions (how to feel and know “establishment,” “truth to self,” historical commitment, rejection) in the Merry Ghetto. This chapter considers some of the core building blocks of cultural ecologies by asking how music mediates knowledge production, commitment-making, and ontological security. I explore the “life sustaining” qualities of a habitat built through music that in fact have more to do with well-being, mental health, and protection than with protest and revolution. In short, it addresses music as a material of “cocooning,” as a form of protection.
Generating New Waves
Authors: Hagen Trever
Published: July 2019

This chapter engages the broader parallel non-official culture that emerged in Czechoslovak late socialism and moves the timeline forward to address some of the characteristics of the Merry Ghetto, and more generally non-official musicking, in the 1980s. Cases of musicking during the 1980s problematize “generation” by exposing it not necessarily in terms of only age gap but also in how new arenas of being and thinking were generated from cultural resources that were crafted in the 1970s. I explore the mechanisms of “generation” through convergence zones between non-official cultural ecologies by discussing a further core group of musicians and musicking practices during 1970s Czechoslovakia, the Alternatives.
Communities Making a Difference
Authors: Kral Michael J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses how health and well-being have been delivered and managed in the Canadian Arctic, and how delivery and management have moved from the federal to territorial government. The chapter presents what two Inuit communities have done themselves for suicide prevention. Rather than employing evidence-based, Western approaches to suicide prevention in the Arctic that have not worked, when Inuit communities design and operate their own suicide prevention activities and programs, they are effective. Indigenous community control over health and mental health activities and programs has been central to their success. This is a form of collective agency and efficacy. In the primary community of focus, it was youth who designed and managed suicide prevention. These youth are examined in detail.
Pikkunaqtuq and Footsteps into the Future
Authors: Kral Michael J. , Idlout Lori
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the challenges faced by Inuit youth today. It reviews approaches that are beneficial to Inuit and indigenous youth. A number of Inuit adults are interviewed about their views of the future of Inuit youth. In addition, the chapter discusses themes that emerged from speaking with Inuit and non-Inuit. Parenting has changed remarkably, and many said that youth and adults should spend more time together and speak more with each other. Today, Inuit youth and adults are basically ignoring each other. Schools and education should be improved, made more relevant to Inuit youth. Inuit culture is also very important for Inuit youth, and they benefit greatly by learning about and practicing their culture.
Singing and Survival
Authors: Bendrups Dan
Published: July 2019

This book investigates the role that music has played in the development of Easter Island (Rapa Nui) cultural heritage from the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century. Contrary to prevailing discourses of cultural loss and collapse, it argues that the continuity of Rapanui musical practices can be considered as evidence of cultural survival and continuity. The descriptions of music provided here extend beyond considerations of aesthetics, toward an appreciation of what it means for a once-endangered culture to survive, and to thrive, and the contribution that music can make to this process. It discusses how the Rapanui have carefully nurtured ancestral knowledge passed down over generations, as well as embracing a world of trans-Pacific cultural flows. It investigates five key domains of musical influence on Rapa Nui: ancient tradition, Christian music, Chilean influences, Polynesian influences, and influences derived from global popular culture.
Rossian Ethics
Authors: Phillips David
Published: July 2019

This book has two connected aims. The first is to interpret and evaluate W. D. Ross’s ethics, focusing on the key elements of his moral theory: his introduction of the concept of prima facie duty, his limited pluralism about the right, and his limited pluralism about the good. The second is to articulate a distinctive view intermediate between consequentialism and absolutist deontology, “classical deontology.” According to classical deontology the most fundamental normative principles are principles of prima facie duty, principles which specify general kinds of reasons. Consequentialists are right to think that reasons always derive from goods; and ideal utilitarians are right, contra hedonistic utilitarians, to think that there are a small number of distinct kinds of intrinsic goods. But consequentialists are wrong to think that all reasons have the same weight for all agents. Instead there are a small number of distinct kinds of agent-relative intensifiers: features that increase the importance of certain goods for certain agents. It is argued that classical deontology combines the best elements of the moral theories of Ross and of Sidgwick, and that the best philosophical interpretation of Ross is that he is a classical deontologist.
What Are Prima Facie Duties?
Authors: Phillips David
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on Ross’s most important conceptual innovation: the idea of prima facie duty. Four main claims are defended: first, contra some of his harsher critics, that though much of what Ross says in introducing and explaining the concept of prima facie duty is problematic or misleading, he nonetheless has a clear and coherent theoretical picture; second, contra Hurka, that Ross lacks the contemporary concept of a normative reason, but that his views should be reframed in ways that do employ that concept; third, that Ross is not and should not be a scalar deontologist; and fourth that he was wrong in the Foundations to follow Prichard in favoring subjective over objective rightness.
Booker Little, Joe Henderson, and Woody Shaw
Authors: Waters Keith
Published: July 2019

The compositions of Booker Little, Joe Henderson, and Woody Shaw use characteristic harmonies of tonal jazz (major seventh, minor seventh, dominant seventh) that nevertheless progress in ways that do not always reflect earlier tonal jazz practices. Booker Little’s career, if short-lived, offered compositions with formal and harmonic ambiguity. His “We Speak” (Out Front) combines the faster harmonic rhythm of postbop jazz with slower harmonic rhythm characteristic of modal jazz, and his three-horn scoring reflects the manner in which Little negotiates both. Joe Henderson’s “Punjab” (In ’n Out) uses axis progressions in an 18-bar form with built-in metrical ambiguities. Woody Shaw’s “Beyond All Limits” (Larry Young, Unity) exhibits a melodic structure characterized by pentatonic and perfect fourth designs, appearing within an AABA form consisting of 14-bar A sections and a 12-bar B section.
Passion Toward Work and Work–Life Conflict
Authors: Boiché Julie , Caudroit Johan
Published: July 2019

This chapter presents an extensive review of the research conducted to date on passion and conflict between an array of passionate activities and other domains, with a special focus on available results regarding passion for work. The behavioral and psychological mechanisms underlying the relationship between passion and conflict, and especially the case of work–family conflict, are identified. Various forms of work-life conflict are delineated according to their core process (time-, strain- or behavior-based) and direction (work-family versus family-work conflict). The chapter more particularly focuses on the potential mediator role of several variables (including work time, work and family-specific behaviors, cognitions such as rumination, affects such as role tension) and the possible moderating role of other variables (sociodemographic variables, work and family characteristics). Theoretical and practical implications are offered, as well as suggestions for future research.
Perceptual knowledge
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This chapter critically analyzes Locke’s views on “sensitive knowledge.” Its main theses are: (1) Locke sometimes confuses the legitimate question (Q1), “When we perceive a body, how can we know that we aren’t hallucinating instead?” with the faulty “veil-of-perception” question, (Q2) “How do we know bodies exist, since we can’t perceive them?” (2) When Locke does mention (Q1), he sometimes just dismisses it, because he holds that simple ideas of sensation are by definition produced by bodies. (3) At other times, Locke humors the skeptic, and offers a defense of the senses, in the form of an inference to the best explanation. (4) It’s doubtful that he could successfully rule out other possible explanations of our perceptual experience, like Descartes’s deceiver scenario and its contemporary variants. (5) There are reasons for this weakness, and they carry over to any attempt to defeat skepticism by an inference to the best explanation.
Crossing over the Atlantic
Authors: Booth Paul
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores a fan-created digital mashup, SuperWhoLock, which combines elements from the US TV series Supernatural and UK shows Doctor Who and Sherlock (the latter two being linked, at the time, by a shared showrunner, Steven Moffat). It explores SuperWhoLock’s distinctive “transfandom” as a resolutely transcultural practice especially linked to sites such as Twitter and Tumblr. This fan-created crossover “show” conveys a fantastical Anglophilia for some transcultural fans, as well as multiple differences being posited between the “official” US/UK TV texts by fans, with some of these distinctions focusing on “heritage” rather than national meanings. The chapter concludes by looking at sentiment analysis via social media, using the Crimson Hexagon analytics engine, as well as considering one specific connecting word, “vanished.” Although SuperWhoLock’s time may now have passed, it remains indicative of digital fandom’s transcultural creativity, its relationship to remix culture, and its crossing of textual and national borders.
States of Memory
Authors: Yates David C.
Published: July 2019

The Persian War was one of the most significant events in ancient history. It halted Persia’s westward expansion, inspired the Golden Age of Greece, and propelled Athens to the heights of power. From the end of the war almost to the end of antiquity, the Greeks and later the Romans recalled the battles and heroes of this war with unabated zeal. The resulting monuments and narratives have long been used to elucidate the history of the war itself, but they have only recently begun to be used to explore how the conflict was remembered over time. In the present study, Yates demonstrates (1) that the Greeks recalled the Persian War as members of their respective poleis, not collectively as Greeks, (2) that the resulting differences were extensive and fiercely contested, and (3) that a mutually accepted recollection of the war did not emerge until Philip of Macedonia and Alexander the Great shattered the conceptual domination of the polis at the battle of Chaeronea. These conclusions suggest that any cohesion in the classical tradition of the Persian War implied by the surviving historical accounts (most notably Herodotus) or postulated by moderns is illusory. The focus of the book falls on the classical period, but it also includes a brief discussion of the hellenistic commemoration of the war that follows those trends set in motion by Philip and Alexander.
A New Persian War
Authors: Yates David C.
Published: July 2019

Chapter 6 argues that the dominance of the polis in the recollection of the Persian War was challenged after the battle of Chaeronea when Philip and Alexander invented a Persian-War tradition to which all Greeks could stake a claim, regardless of their actual Persian-War service. The chapter begins with some of the Macedonians’ most conspicuous Persian-War commemorations and then considers three contemporary rejections of their invented tradition by the city-states of old Greece, as well as the steps taken by the Macedonians to counter them. It includes an examination of the Corinthian League, the destruction of Thebes, commemorations ordered after Granicus and Gaugamela, new Persian-War rituals at Plataea, the burning of Persepolis, and the Lamian War.
Birth Rights and Wrongs
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

Today, tens of millions of Americans rely on reproductive advances to help them carry out decisions more personal and far-reaching than almost any other they will ever make: They use birth control or abortion to delay or avoid having children; surrogacy or tissue donation to start or grow a family; and genetic diagnosis or embryo selection to have offspring who survive and flourish. This is no less than the medicine of miracles: It fills empty cradles; frees families from debilitating disease; and empowers them to plan a life that doesn’t include parenthood. But accidents happen: Embryologists miss ailments; egg vendors switch donors; obstetricians tell pregnant women their healthy fetuses will be stillborn. The aftermaths can last a lifetime, yet political and economic forces conspire against regulation to prevent negligence from happening in the first place. After the fact, social stigma and lawyers’ fees stave off lawsuits, and legal relief is a long shot: Judges and juries are reluctant to designate reproductive losses as worthy of redress when mix-ups foist parenthood on patients who didn’t want it, or childlessness on those who did. Some courts insist that babies are blessings, planned or not; others shrug over the fact that infertile couples weren’t assured offspring anyway. The result is a society that lets badly behaving specialists off the hook and leaves broken victims to pick up the pieces. Failed abortions, switched donors, and lost embryos may be First World problems—but these aren’t innocent lapses or harmless errors: They’re wrongs in need of rights.
“Basic Civil Rights”
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

In the 1942 case of Skinner v. Oklahoma, the U.S. Supreme Court called “procreation” one of “the basic civil rights of man.” But this lofty rhetoric carries no binding authority as legal precedent, and it came when there was just one way to make a baby. More recent developments in medicine and technology separate sex from conception; biology from brute luck; and genetics from gestation or childrearing. Birth control, surrogacy, sperm banking, egg freezing, and embryo selection don’t just enhance control over whether, when, and how to reproduce—they reveal distinct interests in choosing pregnancy (gestating a fetus), parenthood (raising a child), and particulars (selecting offspring traits). The American legal system doesn’t recognize any general right to make decisions about having children, not aside from narrow limits against severe government restrictions on access to abortion and birth control. Procreation deserves greater protection because it goes to the heart of autonomy, well-being, and equality—these vital human goods give distinct reasons to care that individuals be able to choose whether, when, and how to reproduce. The greatest value of family planning has less to do with choices than consequences—consequences that lay identities, experiences, and opportunities on the line. Few other decisions or undertakings over the course of a lifetime so shape who a person is, how he spends his days, and how he wants to be remembered. Reproductive negligence can also erode social equality as surely as limiting access to those services and procedures in the first place.
Procreation Imposed
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

A negligently failed abortion, birth control, or sterilization foists on plaintiffs the very pregnancy or parenthood they enlisted professional assistance to avoid. Courts refuse to remedy these reproductive injuries on the ground that babies are blessings. But this repudiates plaintiffs’ moral agency to decide what’s good for their own lives. It’s specious and patronizing to think that all unsuspecting parents will come to be glad that misconduct rode roughshod over their decisions to be sterilized, use contraception, or have an abortion. And courts shouldn’t dismiss complaints in which causation is uncertain, provided that plaintiffs can show that negligence increased the chances of unwanted procreation by a non-insignificant degree. But it’s only fair to hold defendants liable for whatever portion of the reproductive injury their negligence caused, or the corresponding chance that their misconduct is to blame for causing it. Plaintiffs shouldn’t be denied the compensation they’re entitled to just because they exercised their protected liberties to decline abortion or adoption. Insisting that negligence victims cut off ties with a fetus or child as a condition of recovery disrespects their interest in making reproductive decisions for themselves. Forcing their hand yet again only exacerbates that injury to such a meaningful part of their lives that specialists had previously given them legitimate reason to expect. Raising the unplanned child may be worse for them than the childless future they’d hoped for—but abortion or adoption may be worse than either of those.
Culture and the Psychology Curriculum
Authors: Lonner Walter J. , Keith Kenneth D. , Matsumoto David
Published: July 2019

The pedagogical intent of this chapter is to provide teachers of psychology with foundational material necessary for any part of the psychology curriculum featuring culture as an important factor in shaping human thought and behavior. The authors present overviews of basic concepts, historical considerations, and theoretical and contemporary research perspectives, as well as a discussion of psychological dimensions such as individualism–collectivism, tight versus loose cultures, personality traits, social axioms, and human universals. The authors give attention to the concepts of absolutism, relativism, and universalism, and briefly describe cross-cultural psychology, cultural psychology, psychological anthropology, indigenous/ethnic psychology, and multiculturalism. The issue of cultural coverage in introductory psychology texts is included, as is an appendix describing numerous official global associations and organizations that are important resources for the kind of information that teachers of culture and psychology will find valuable in the classroom.
Safeguarding the Journalist
Authors: Palmer Lindsay
Published: July 2019

The chapter explores the labor of safeguarding the journalist. Fixers represent themselves as playing a vital role in keeping foreign reporters out of harm’s way, most especially when these reporters’ status as racial, national, and even gendered Others might put them at risk. Sometimes the fixer must speak on behalf of the journalist, smoothing things over with a suspicious police officer or an angry crowd. Other times, the fixer might give the journalist advice on how to safely navigate the complex sociocultural landscape, imploring female journalists to dress conservatively in certain areas, and recommending certain neighborhoods that no foreign reporter should visit alone. For these reasons, news outlets tend to conceptualize fixers as a key element of the security measures they must take to keep their journalists safe in the field. Yet, the chapter closes by showing the flip side of this labor—the possibility that the news fixers themselves will be injured or killed. Notwithstanding this danger, news organizations rarely provide their fixers with safety equipment, hazardous environment training, or medical insurance.
The Development of Domains of Moral and Conventional Norms, Coordination in Decision-Making, and the Implications of Social Opposition
Authors: Turiel Elliot , Dahl Audun
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses norms in the domains of morality, social convention, and personal jurisdiction from the perspective of psychological development. Many studies have documented that by a young age children think in different ways about each of these domains and that each represents a different developmental pathway. Reasoning about the moral domain, which is a main focus of the chapter, is connected with emotions, and the development of moral judgments stems from individuals’ reciprocal social interactions in direct and everyday experiences. Whereas the domains of norms are distinct, many social situations include considerations from different domains and, therefore, social decisions often involve processes of coordination of weighing those differing and sometimes conflicting considerations. After discussion of processes of coordination, the chapter considers ways that individuals reflect upon the fairness of systems of social organization and coordinate acceptance of norms and opposition to norms through their moral judgments.
Moral Obligation from the Outside In
Authors: Roughley Neil
Published: July 2019

This chapter presents an analysis of moral obligation, proceeding from the assumption that the decisive facts can only have resulted from the development of psychological structures specific to the human life form. The method involves piecing together a psychology of deontic moral judgement and arguing that moral obligation is what must be the case if such judgements are true. The three key building blocks are resentment*, an affectively coloured, egoistic demand in reaction to agential ill will or indifference, found in both primates and psychopaths; Smithian empathy, which makes possible vicarious resentment*, or indignation*; and impartial empathising. Facts about moral obligation turn out to be facts about counterfactual informed impartial empathic indignation*. Phylogenetically, the constitution of such facts presumably required the prior genesis of social norms through the sharing of indignation*. This phylogenetic condition is, however, no part of the concept of moral obligation thus made possible.
Normative Guidance, Deontic Statuses, and the Normative Animal Thesis
Authors: Roughley Neil
Published: July 2019

The chapter examines the evidence for the normative animal thesis gathered in the contributions to this volume and pinpoints the issues that would have to be resolved in order for the thesis to be clearly true. It begins by approaching the question via the phenomena of social norms, which uncontroversially exist and pervasively structure human practice. The decisive question then concerns the extent to which key features of the deontic orientation at work among agents subject to these norms are also at work in moral and linguistic practice. The two key features identified in the chapter are that of normative action guidance and the assignment of deontic statuses, in particular of obligations and rights. It is argued that there are prospects for a sufficiently broad conception of these two features to allow for a generic conceptualisation of “normativity” or deonticity that is in play in all three areas.
Introduction
Authors: Santangelo Lauren C.
Published: July 2019

In 1917, New York State amended its constitution to enfranchise women. That New York City men voted in support of the amendment stunned reporters, residents, and movement leaders alike who assumed that Gotham voters would oppose the measure. What explains their assumptions and their surprise? Why did so many city residents endorse the amendment? The introduction outlines how suffragists claimed a “right to the city” in order to convince metropolitan neighbors to support women’s rights, tracing the shift in their tactics from 1870 to 1917. Building on histories of the women’s suffrage movement and studies on the gendered metropolis, it summarizes how urbanization, gender norms, and political activism intersected in turn of the century New York.
“The Wickedness of the Masses”
Authors: Santangelo Lauren C.
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores suffrage strategies from 1870 to 1894—from the Manhattan movement’s foundation to the New York State Constitutional Convention campaign. For suffrage leaders like Lillie Devereux Blake and those in the New York City Woman Suffrage League, the city remained a frustrating, if not dangerous, place. These beliefs informed movement tactics in the 1870s and 1880s, as organizers clung to the safety of supporters’ homes or rented commercial halls for meetings. The opportunity presented by the New York State Constitutional Convention in 1894 interrupted this routine and energized the campaign in unprecedented ways. Optimistic activists hoped they could convince delegates to support an amendment to the state constitution, and etiquette-obsessed socialites opened up a suffrage headquarters at the renowned Sherry’s restaurant. Not to be outdone, affluent opponents challenged their suffrage-seeking sisters. While unsuccessful in amending the constitution, the events of 1894 proved to mainstream activists that under the right circumstances wealthy New Yorkers could become outspoken suffrage advocates.
Conception
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses the science and biology behind getting pregnant. As the author faces difficulty in conceiving her own first child, she describes the science of conception, ovulation, and why the small ovulation window might make it difficult for any woman, regardless of age, to become pregnant. She goes on to describe the added difficulties that might come with having a baby in your 30s and some surprising benefits that having a baby later in life might impart. The chapter includes a lengthy discussion of genetic screening and potential interventions for women who have difficulty conceiving.
The Fifth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the fifth month of pregnancy. After discovering that her fetus was inconveniently sleeping through an important ultrasound, the author discusses the science of infant sleep, why fetuses and newborns sleep so much, and the potential importance of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep for a fetus’s developing visual system. She then discusses at length various sleep-related issues relevant to infancy, including the controversial issues of co-sleeping (whether parents should do it and why), and an in-depth description of the research on sleep training and its potential short term and long terms effects on infants.
The Third Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the infant in the third month of life. After being warned by her pediatrician that her son has a flat head from sleeping on his back, the author discusses the common newborn issues of plagiocephaly and torticollis, how these diagnoses became popular, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and how back sleeping might slow the development of motor milestones. She goes on to describe the development of infants’ motor skills like sitting, crawling, and walking, and the factors (including back sleeping) that might affect the timing of motor milestones. She concludes with a discussion of potential intervention strategies for babies with plagiocephaly.
The Sixth Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the development of the infant in the sixth month of life. As her son begins to eat solid foods for the first time, the author marvels at how quickly and easily he learned to eat. The remainder of the chapter focuses on infant cognition and learning, discussing how we might investigate what preverbal infants understand, what they know, and how they come to know it. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of play in learning and how parents’ use of guided play might give infants a bit of a boost.
Identity Meanings and Categorical Inequality
Authors: Rogers Kimberly B.
Published: July 2019

I use affect control theory (ACT) to show how we apply cultural knowledge to classify and form impressions of the people we encounter, producing inequality as widely shared cultural beliefs are translated into predictable patterns of social action. I apply ACT measurement dimensions (evaluation, potency, and activity) to show that cultural beliefs about social groups, known as “social identity meanings,” convey groups’ relative positions within systems of inequality such as race/ethnicity, national origin, gender, sexuality, religion, and social class. I find that privileged groups (e.g., whites, the rich, heterosexuals, Americans, and Christians) are higher in power (potency) but lower in status (evaluation) than other groups across dimensions of inequality. This meaning profile is shared by roles, traits, and behaviors that signify authority across diverse social domains. I consider the implications of these findings and of ACT more broadly for understanding how inequalities reflected in cultural meanings are often reproduced through interactions.
The Crown’s Imposition of the Common Law and Colonial Resistance
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines England’s conquest of New Netherland from the Dutch in 1664 and the gradual replacement of Dutch civil law with English common law, plus the efforts of Charles II and James II to replace the word of God with the common law in Massachusetts and the rest of New England. The Crown’s purpose in imposing the common law was to replace Dutch laymen and Puritan ministers as community leaders with English lawyers, who would receive patronage and therefore be loyal to the Crown while they were paid by private clients whom they counseled to follow the common law. Needless to say, both the Dutch and the Puritans resisted.
The Emergence of the Legal Profession
Authors: Nelson William E.
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines how the legal profession developed along with the reception of the common law. Distinguished bars developed in the key urban centers of Boston, Charleston, New York, and Philadelphia, as well as in the colonies of Maryland and Virginia. Competent, well-qualified lawyers appeared in other colonies as well, with the possible exception of Georgia, which was a young colony that had been settled for only four decades at the outbreak of the American Revolution.
Introduction
Authors: Lindsay Jon R. , Gartzke Erik
Published: July 2019

This introductory chapter provides historical context on the development of cross-domain deterrence as a practical problem in national security affairs, in particular the emergence of space and cyber threats to United States military power. It then steps back to consider whether and how the concept of cross-domain deterrence might be of more general interest in international relations theory. Each of the chapters in this book, summarized herein, probe the analytical utility of cross-domain deterrence by examining how differences across, and combinations of, different military and nonmilitary instruments affect choices and outcomes in coercive policy. The authors find that the concept of cross-domain deterrence does indeed offer novel theoretical insight, even as political and technological complexity may limit its application in practice.
The Past and Future of Deterrence Theory
Authors: Morgan Patrick M.
Published: July 2019

Renewed interest in deterrence today has been stimulated by the way recent efforts to sustain security and stability in international politics have often been unevenly successful or not successful at all. Efforts to deter, contain, and end conflict—whether terrorism, intrastate ethnic, religious and political fighting, and interstate fighting—have frequently run into difficulty. There is serious disarray in the East-West deterrence relationship once again, after a brief Cold War hiatus, with disturbing possibilities of outright conflict now being openly discussed among analysts and observers. Part of the reason that deterrence is so challenged today is that the very concept of deterrence—including cross-domain deterrence—has become seriously overstretched to apply to far more than it reasonably can, or should.
Deterrence in and through Cyberspace
Authors: Schneider Jacquelyn G.
Published: July 2019

Most of the discussion of cyber deterrence has been plagued by ambiguity and a lack of precedent, and this imprecision has resulted in vague or partially implemented policies. This chapter reviews debates about the definition of cyber operations and cyber deterrence, distinguishing the use of cyberspace to support deterrence in other domains and the deterrence of actions in cyberspace itself. The author finds that uncertainty is a resounding theme in this literature, which poses both challenges and opportunities for cross-domain deterrence. Cyber-enabled military capabilities might both bolster U.S. deterrence policies and incentivize attack. In cyber as well as in space, the United States confronts a difficult paradox of capability and vulnerability.
Extended Deterrence and Assurance in Multiple Domains
Authors: Mehta Rupal N.
Published: July 2019

Cross-domain deterrence must contend not only with the technological complexity of modern military power but also with the political complexity of alliance relationships. The proliferation of domains might affect commitments to allies. This chapter draws on the precedent of the U.S. nuclear triad and the underappreciated relationship between platform diversity and the credibility of commitments. As it turns out, the advent of intercontinental and submarine-launched ballistic missiles inadvertently undermined U.S. deterrence commitments in East Asia and Western Europe. This chapter argues that the plethora of capabilities emerging in the twenty-first century will enable allies and adversaries alike to engage in risky behavior while undermining the United States’ willingness to intervene overseas. The chapter concludes with implications for U.S. polity and that of its alliance partners, as well as predictions about the general evolution of extended deterrence strategies in an increasingly cross-domain system.