bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross- and Co-Packaging of Retroviral RNAs and Their Consequences
Authors: Ali Lizna , Rizvi Tahir , Mustafa Farah
Published: October 2016

Retroviruses belong to the family Retroviridae and are ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles that contain a dimeric RNA genome. Retroviral particle assembly is a complex process, and how the virus is able to recognize and specifically capture the genomic RNA (gRNA) among millions of other cellular and spliced retroviral RNAs has been the subject of extensive investigation over the last two decades. The specificity towards RNA packaging requires higher order interactions of the retroviral gRNA with the structural Gag proteins. Moreover, several retroviruses have been shown to have the ability to cross-/co-package gRNA from other retroviruses, despite little sequence homology. This review will compare the determinants of gRNA encapsidation among different retroviruses, followed by an examination of our current understanding of the interaction between diverse viral genomes and heterologous proteins, leading to their cross-/co-packaging. Retroviruses are well-known serious animal and human pathogens, and such a cross-/co-packaging phenomenon could result in the generation of novel viral variants with unknown pathogenic potential. At the same time, however, an enhanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in these specific interactions makes retroviruses an attractive target for anti-viral drugs, vaccines, and vectors for human gene therapy.
Production et politique monétaires à Chypre à l’époque hellénistique et sous l’Empire
Authors: Markou Évangéline
Published: October 2016

This paper presents a general overview of the coin production and circulation in Cyprus during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The paper discusses the coin types and weight standards and tackles questions regarding attribution and circulation. Coin evidence suggests that during the Ptolemaic period the mints in Cyprus contributed actively to the royal production, from the third century onwards. The Ptolemies probably appreciated and exploited the past minting experience of the local kings. During the roman period the relationship between Cyprus and Rome in terms of coin production seems less favorable, compared to that of other mints in the east.
Hybridity and identity on Late Ptolemaic Yeronisos
Authors: Connelly Joan Breton
Published: October 2016

Les fouilles de l’île de Yeronisos, près de la côte sud-ouest de Chypre, permettent de mieux comprendre le bilinguisme et la bi-culturalité des communautés qui habitaient la région de Paphos à la fin de l’époque hellénistique. Un ensemble d’amulettes en pierre décorées découvertes sur ce site, ainsi que des monnaies, des ostraka, des céramiques, des lampes et des éléments architecturaux montrent comment l’art, la culture et les pratiques chypriotes traditionnels ont été préservés et mis en valeur dans le cadre importé de l’Égypte ptolémaïque. Un groupe unique de pendentifs en pierre témoigne d’une double iconographie dans laquelle des motifs chypriotes traditionnels ont été associés à des motifs égyptiens. Ce remarquable cas d’hybridité permet d’avoir une «double vision » dans le cadre d’un petit sanctuaire rural regardant vers Alexandrie. Le nouveau sanctuaire de Yeronisos permettait aux familles locales de pratiquer leurs anciennes traditions ; en même temps, le sanctuaire devenait un lieu de séjour pour les divinités égyptiennes, dans lequel Cléopâtre, son jeune fils Césarion, Isis et Horus devaient être représentés.
Nouvelles pratiques funéraires à Paphos hellénistique et romaine
Authors: Raptou Eustathios
Published: October 2016

In this paper we present a recently discovered enigmatic building complex in the ancient Paphos necropolis, dated to the end of the Hellenistic and early Roman period. Many human burials have been revealed among the buildings together with a large number of dog burials, constituting a unique funerary custom in Cyprus. The finds present us with an opportunity to study the position of dogs in ancient Cypriot society and the interpretation of dog burial customs in association with other finds on the site.
Three stone sarcophagi from a Cypro-Classical tomb at Kition
Authors: Georgiou Giorgos
Published: October 2016

Trois sarcophages en pierre ont été mis au jour dans une tombe à chambre d’époque classique de la nécropole occidentale de Kition. Le plus ancien est un coffre en calcaire aux pieds carrés qui se distingue du groupe des sarcophages du même type trouvés à Kition. Le second est un sarcophage anthropoïde en marbre de production phénicienne : son état de conservation et sa grande qualité d’exécution le placent au premier rang des dix sarcophages anthropoïdes connus actuellement à Chypre. Le troisième est un sarcophage en marbre du type dit architectural, de fabrication grecque, dont le riche décor peint, très bien conservé, est d’un haut niveau esthétique. Cet article présente un commentaire de la typologie et de la chronologie des trois sarcophages : il montre que cette découverte constitue une importante contribution à l’histoire de la peinture grecque et à celle de la communauté phénicienne de Kition.
La sculpture en marbre à Chypre à l’époque hellénistique et sous l’Empire : essai de bilan
Authors: Hermary Antoine
Published: October 2016

The study of the marble sculpture discovered in Cyprus has been much neglected in comparison with that of works in limestone and terracotta. Only that from the sanctuaries of Soloi-Cholades and the group of the Roman period found in the gymnasium and theatre at Salamis have been published in detail. This check-list represents the main collection of material for the Greek and Roman periods attested in the large cities of the island, arranged by archaeological context (sanctuaries, public buildings, residential areas). It is noteworthy that the site of Kourion has yielded an especially interesting assemblage, as with the “ Villa of Theseus” at Paphos. These data give rise to numerous questions – the origin of the marble, places of production, choice of iconographic themes, etc. – to which answers would have to be sought in the context of a new programme of research.
A boat-shaped lamp from Nea Paphos and the divine protectors of navigation in Cyprus
Authors: Michaelidès Demetrios
Published: October 2016

Une lampe en forme de bateau, à becs multiples, a été mise au jour il y une vingtaine d’années dans la Maison d’Orphée à Paphos. Cette découverte a été brièvement mentionnée et illustrée à l’époque de sa découverte, mais l’importance iconographique et symbolique de l’objet n’avait pas encore été mise en évidence. L’article présente un commentaire de la lampe et de son décor qui comporte plusieurs images divines, dominées par celle de Sérapis trônant (mentionné dans une inscription sur le fond). Il examine et analyse également les autres exemples de l’iconographie de ces divinités à Chypre, dans le contexte plus large des décors de lampes, spécialement celles en forme de bateau. On constate ainsi que les divinités représentées étaient toutes protectrices des voyages et de la navigation, ce qui, associé à la forme des lampes, donne une indication sur la fonction et l’usage de ces objets exceptionnels.
Two Ptolemaic Queens and Cyprus: Iconographic issues
Authors: Anastasiades Aristodemos
Published: October 2016

Les influences ptolémaïques sont manifestes à Chypre pour différentes catégories de matériel archéologique. Bien qu’on connaisse dans l’île un grand nombre d’inscriptions relatives au pouvoir des Ptolémées, aucun portrait royal n’y a été découvert jusqu’à présent. Les monnaies frappées à Chypre présentent des portraits de reines : cet article examine l’iconographie des monnaies relatives à Arsinoé II Philadelphe et Cléopâtre VII Philopator, d’un point de vue tant politique que religieux.
“Revisiting” Soloi-Cholades: Ptolemaic Power, Religion and Ideology
Authors: Papantoniou Giorgos
Published: October 2016

À Soloi-Cholades, la Swedish Cyprus Expedition a fouillé un vaste ensemble de temples datés entre 250 avant J.-C. et le ive siècle de notre ère. Presque un siècle après cette fouille, il convient de “ revisiter” le site à la lumière des connaissances actuelles et de montrer l’importance de ce sanctuaire dans l’île de Chypre. On proposera aussi une interprétation qui met en relation le syncrétisme religieux avec l’idéologie du pouvoir des Ptolémées.
Le culte impérial à Salamine
Authors: Yon Marguerite
Published: October 2016

During the Roman period at Salamis, evidence for a cult of the Emperor and a cult of Zeus raises the question of the origin of the latter from the time of the foundation of the city. The archaeological and textual testimony is reviewed ; the various phases of the history of the city are defined ; the link uniting the cult of the tutelary god of the city and the emperor’s cult is analyzed ; in conclusion this paper will review the different parts of the town where such a double cult has been successively established.
Kafizin, portraits d’un nymphaion
Authors: Lejeune Sidonie
Published: October 2016

One of the numerous specificities of the inscribed vessels from Kafizin lies in the representation of human faces on some 15 vases. By studying their iconography and their link with the text of the inscriptions, we are led to suggest that they bear witness to ritual shaving. Several hypotheses are presented to understand the cult of the Nymph at different scales, locally within the framework of the company involved in the exploitation and trade of the flax, and within the broader context of the Ptolemaic rule over Cyprus.
Personal grooming: Metal objects from Roman Cyprus
Authors: Zachariou-Kaila Eftychia
Published: October 2016

Depuis l’Antiquité, les soins du corps ont toujours joué un rôle important dans la vie des gens. Les fouilles effectuées à Chypre, surtout dans le domaine funéraire, ont mis au jour des objets métalliques directement associés à ces soins. L’article présente une sélection de ce matériel métallique d’époque romaine, le plus souvent inédit, d’après les collections du Département des Antiquités. Il tente de proposer un classement typologique et chronologique, puis d’utiliser cette documentation pour un commentaire plus large sur les pratiques relatives aux soins du corps à Chypre, dans leur contexte social et culturel.
Four unpublished marble sculptures of Hellenistic date from Cyprus in the British Museum
Authors: Kiely Thomas , Higgs Peter
Published: October 2016

Dans le cadre du «Cyprus Digitisation Project » (CDP), qui vise à inventorier tous les objets provenant de Chypre conservés au Département Grec et Romain du British Museum, préalable à un catalogue en ligne de toute la collection chypriote, quatre sculptures en marbre originaires de différents sites de l’île ont été retrouvées dans les réserves du musée ; elles datent de l’époque hellénistique. Sur les trois têtes féminines, l’une, qui faisait partie de la collection Colnaghi, pourrait provenir des Salines de Larnaca ; les deux autres ont été découvertes à la fin du xixe siècle par la mission du British Museum à Amathonte et à Kourion (sanctuaire de Déméter et Koré). Un petit torse féminin provient des fouilles effectuées en 1888 par le Cyprus Exploration Fund dans le sanctuaire d’Aphrodite à Palaepaphos. Ces oeuvres étaient inédites.
La culture bactériologiquement pure des myxomycètes: techniques nouvelles.
Authors: Locquin Marcel
Published: October 2016

Myxamibes, simblospores et plasmodes de myxomycètes peuvent être cultivés en présence de certaines concentrations de pénicilline, streptomycine et tyrothricine. Cette propriété est mise à profit pour obtenir des cultures bactériologiquement pures.

Les plasmodes purifiés peuvent être cultivés sur un milieu synthétique nouveau (L. S. M.) dont la formule est donnée.
In Vitro Microvibration Increases Implantation Rate after Embryonic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Isachenko Vladimir , Sterzik Karl , Maettner Robert , Isachenko Evgenia , Todorov Plamen , Rahimi Gohar , Mallmann Peter , Strehler Erwin , Pereligin Igor , Alabarte José Luis , Merzenich Markus
Published: October 2016

In natural conditions the oocyte and embryo are subjected to ever-changing dynamic processes. However, the routine assisted reproductive technologies today involve the use of static in vitro culture systems. The objective was to determine whether there is any difference in the viability of embryos after in vitro culture under static and mechanical microvibration conditions. The viability of embryonic cells (9,624 embryos) generated from 4,436 couples after in vitro culture was evaluated. For groups ≤29, 30-34, 35-39, and ≥40 years, the following rates of high-quality embryos without fragmentation (two to four blastomeres on day 2; six to eight blastomeres and compacting morula on day 3; blastocyst, expanded and hatching blastocyst on day 5) were detected (static vs. vibration, respectively): 65% versus 71%, 44% versus 69%, 67% versus 76% (for statistically significant differences between respective rates in these three groups, p <0.05), and 67% versus 66% (p > 0.1). The following baby-take-home rates were determined for groups ≤29, 30-34, 35-39, and ≥40 years (static vs. vibration, respectively): 30% versus 31% (p > 0.1, increasing only on the level of tendency), 28% versus 37%, 23% versus 29%, and 9% versus 15% (differences between respective rates in these three groups with p < 0.05). It was concluded that in vitro culture of embryos under microvibration (with a mimic of conditions in nature whereby oviductal fluid is mechanically agitated by the epithelial cilia) significantly increases the baby-take-home rate for patients 30 years and older.
Developing a Rapid Algorithm to Enable Rapid Characterization of Alginate Microcapsules
Authors: Chan Ka Hei , Krishnan Rahul , Alexander Michael , Lakey Jonathan R. T.
Published: October 2016

The islets of Langerhans are endocrine tissue clusters that secrete hormones that regulate the body's glucose, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism, the most important of which is insulin, a hormone secreted by β-cells within the islets. In certain instances, a person's own immune system attacks and destroys them, leading to the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D), a life-long condition that needs daily insulin administration to maintain health and prolong survival. Islet transplantation is a surgical procedure that has demonstrated the ability to normalize blood sugar levels for up to a few years, but the need for chronic immunosuppression relegates it to a last resort that is often only used sparingly and in seriously ill patients. Islet microencapsulation is a biomedical innovation designed to protect islets from the immune system by coating them with a biocompatible polymer, and this new technology has demonstrated various degrees of success in small- and large-animal studies. This success is significantly impacted by microcapsule morphology and encapsulation efficiency. Since hundreds of thousands of microcapsules are generated during the process, characterization of encapsulated islets without the help of some degree of automation would be difficult, time-consuming, and error prone due to inherent observer bias. We have developed an image analysis algorithm that can analyze hundreds of microencapsulated islets and characterize their size, shape, circularity, and distortion with minimal observer bias. This algorithm can be easily adapted to similar nano- or microencapsulation technologies to implement stricter quality control and improve biomaterial device design and success.
Evidence for an iterative module in chain elongation on the azalomycin polyketide synthase
Authors: Hong Hui , Sun Yuhui , Zhou Yongjun , Stephens Emily , Samborskyy Markiyan , Leadlay Peter F
Published: October 2016

The assembly-line synthases that produce bacterial polyketide natural products follow a modular paradigm in which each round of chain extension is catalysed by a different set or module of enzymes. Examples of deviation from this paradigm, in which a module catalyses either multiple extensions or none are of interest from both a mechanistic and an evolutionary viewpoint. We present evidence that in the biosynthesis of the 36-membered macrocyclic aminopolyol lactones (marginolactones) azalomycin and kanchanamycin, isolated respectively from Streptomyces malaysiensis DSM4137 and Streptomyces olivaceus Tü4018, the first extension module catalyses both the first and second cycles of polyketide chain extension. To confirm the integrity of the azl gene cluster, it was cloned intact on a bacterial artificial chromosome and transplanted into the heterologous host strain Streptomyces lividans, which does not possess the genes for marginolactone production. When furnished with 4-guanidinobutyramide, a specific precursor of the azalomycin starter unit, the recombinant S. lividans produced azalomycin, showing that the polyketide synthase genes in the sequenced cluster are sufficient to accomplish formation of the full-length polyketide chain. This provides strong support for module iteration in the azalomycin and kanchanamycin biosynthetic pathways. In contrast, re-sequencing of the gene cluster for biosynthesis of the polyketide β-lactone ebelactone in Streptomyces aburaviensis has shown that, contrary to a recently-published proposal, the ebelactone polyketide synthase faithfully follows the colinear modular paradigm.
THE FORMATION OF CORES OF GIANT PLANETS AT CONVERGENCE ZONES OF PLANETARY MIGRATION
Authors: Sirono Sin-iti , Katayama Masahumi
Published: October 2016

The formation of solid cores in giant planets of mass

is numerically simulated following the scenario of Sándor et al. In this scenario, there are two convergence zones, corresponding to the outer and inner edges of the dead zone, where the torque exerted on planetary embryos by the gas nebula is zero. At the outer edge of the dead zone, anticyclonic vortices accumulate infalling dust aggregates, and planetary embryos are continuously formed in this scenario. We performed N-body simulations and show that massive objects of

are formed in ∼2.5 Myr, starting from the embryos. The largest object is formed at the inner convergence zone, although planetary embryos are placed at the outer convergence zone. This is due to the scattering of embryos from the outer to the inner convergence zone, and the shorter damping timescale of eccentricity at the inner convergence zone compared to the outer one. We varied the migration timescale due to the torque from gas by changing the gas surface density around the convergence zones. We found that there is a critical migration timescale below which

-sized objects are formed. Furthermore, we conducted simulations in which the gas surface density evolves according to viscous accretion. The largest object is also formed at the inner convergence zone irrespective of the strength of turbulence. Throughout the simulations, the location of the largest mass is the inner convergence zone. We confirmed that the formation timescale of a core of a Jovian planet can be explained in this scenario.
THE TIDAL FILAMENT OF NGC 4660
Authors: Kemp S. N. , Martínez-Robles C. , Márquez-Lugo R. A. , Zepeda-García D. , Franco-Hernández R. , Nigoche-Netro A. , Ramos-Larios G. , Navarro S. G. , Corral L. J.
Published: October 2016

NGC 4660, in the Virgo cluster, is a well-studied elliptical galaxy which has a strong disk component (D/T approximately 0.2–0.3). The central regions, including the disk component, have stellar populations approximately 12–13 Gyr in age, based on SAURON studies. However, we report the discovery of a long, narrow tidal filament associated with the galaxy, as seen in deep co-added Schmidt plate images and deep CCD frames, implying that the galaxy has undergone a tidal interaction and merger within the last few Gyr. The relative narrowness of the filament implies a wet merger with at least one spiral galaxy involved, but the current state of the system shows little evidence of such. However, a two-component photometric fit using GALFIT shows much bluer

colors for the disk component than for the elliptical component, which may represent a residual trace of enhanced star formation in the disk caused by the interaction 1–2 Gyr ago. There are brighter concentrations within the filament that resemble tidal dwarf galaxies, although they are at least 40 times fainter. These concentrations may represent faint, evolved versions of those galaxies. A previously detected stripped satellite galaxy south of the nucleus seen in our residual image may imply that the filament is a tidal stream produced by perigalactic passages of this satellite.
MISALIGNED DISKS IN THE BINARY PROTOSTAR IRS 43
Authors: Brinch Christian , Jørgensen Jes K. , Hogerheijde Michiel R. , Nelson Richard P. , Gressel Oliver
Published: October 2016

Recent high angular resolution (

) ALMA observations of the 1.1 mm continuum and of HCO+
J = 3–2 and HCN J = 3–2 gas toward the binary protostar IRS 43 reveal multiple Keplerian disks that are significantly misaligned (

), both in inclination and position angle and also with respect to the binary orbital plane. Each stellar component has an associated circumstellar disk while the binary is surrounded by a circumbinary disk. Together with archival VLA measurements of the stellar positions over 25 years, and assuming a circular orbit, we use our continuum measurements to determine the binary separation,

, and its inclination,

. The misalignment in this system suggests that turbulence has likely played a major role in the formation of IRS 43.
TRACING p-MODE WAVES FROM THE PHOTOSPHERE TO THE CORONA IN ACTIVE REGIONS
Authors: Zhao Junwei , Felipe Tobías , Chen Ruizhu , Khomenko Elena
Published: October 2016

Atmosphere above sunspots is abundant with different types of waves. Among these waves are running penumbral waves in the chromosphere, quasi-periodic oscillations in the lower coronal loops, and recently reported running waves in sunspots’ photosphere, all of which were interpreted as magnetoacoustic waves by some authors. Are these waves in different atmospheric layers related to each other, what is the nature of these waves, and where are the ultimate sources of these waves? Applying a time–distance helioseismic analysis over a suite of multi-wavelength observations above a sunspot, we demonstrate that the helioseismic p-mode waves are able to channel up from the photosphere through the chromosphere and transition region into the corona, and that the magnetoacoustic waves observed in different atmospheric layers are a same wave originating from the photosphere but exhibiting differently under different physical conditions. We also show waves of different frequencies travel along different paths, which can be used to derive the physical properties of the atmosphere above sunspots. Our numerical simulation of traveling of waves from a subphotospheric source qualitatively resembles the observed properties of the waves and offers an interpretation of the shapes of the wavefronts above the photosphere.
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN FORMATION CHANNELS FOR BINARY BLACK HOLES WITH LISA
Authors: Breivik Katelyn , Rodriguez Carl L. , Larson Shane L. , Kalogera Vassiliki , Rasio Frederic A.
Published: October 2016

The recent detections of GW150914 and GW151226 imply an abundance of stellar-mass binary black hole (BBH) mergers in the local universe. While ground-based gravitational wave detectors are limited to observing the final moments before a binary merges, space-based detectors, such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), can observe binaries at lower orbital frequencies where such systems may still encode information about their formation histories. In particular, the orbital eccentricity and mass of BBHs in the LISA frequency band can be used together to discriminate between binaries formed in isolation in galactic fields and those formed in dense stellar environments such as globular clusters. In this letter, we explore the orbital eccentricity and mass of BBH populations as they evolve through the LISA frequency band. Overall we find that there are two distinct populations discernible by LISA. We show that up to

of binaries formed either dynamically or in isolation have eccentricities that are measurable with LISA. Finally, we note how measured eccentricities of low-mass BBHs evolved in isolation could provide detailed constraints on the physics of black hole natal kicks and common-envelope evolution.
A DETECTION OF THE INTEGRATED SACHS–WOLFE IMPRINT OF COSMIC SUPERSTRUCTURES USING A MATCHED-FILTER APPROACH
Authors: Nadathur Seshadri , Crittenden Robert
Published: October 2016

We present a new method for detection of the integrated Sachs–Wolfe (ISW) imprints of cosmic superstructures on the cosmic microwave background (CMB), based on a matched-filtering approach. The expected signal-to-noise ratio for this method is comparable to that obtained from the full cross-correlation, and unlike other stacked filtering techniques it is not subject to an a posteriori bias. We apply this method to Planck CMB data using voids and superclusters identified in the CMASS galaxy data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12, and measure the ISW amplitude to be

relative to the ΛCDM expectation, corresponding to a

detection. In contrast to some previous measurements of the ISW effect of superstructures, our result is in agreement with the ΛCDM model.
Effects of in ovo supplementation of probiotics on performance and immunocompetence of broiler chicks to an Eimeria challenge
Authors: Pender C.M. , Kim S. , Potter T.D. , Ritzi M.M. , Young M. , Dalloul R.A.
Published: October 2016

Coccidiosis is regarded as the parasitic disease with the greatest economic impact on the poultry industry due to reduced performance and increased mortality. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo administration of probiotics on hatchability, performance, immune organ weights, and lesion scores in broiler chicks during a mixed Eimeria infection. At embryonic day 18, 210 eggs were injected with either sterile water or 1×106 cfu probiotic bacteria. On day 3 post-hatch, half of the chicks from each treatment group were challenged with a mixed inoculum of Eimeria
acervulina, Eimeria
maxima and Eimeria
tenella. Measurements and tissue samples were taken on day of hatch (DOH) and days 3, 9 and 15. On day 9, 24 birds per treatment were scored for intestinal Eimeria lesions. No differences were seen among groups for hatchability as well as for body weight (BW), BW gain (BWG), or immune organ weights prior to the Eimeria challenge. On day 9, the non-challenged birds with probiotic supplementation had higher BW and BWG than the non-supplemented controls while no differences were seen among the challenged groups. On day 15, probiotic supplemented birds had improved BW compared to the non-supplemented birds as well as increased BWG from day 9 to 15. Bursa weight was not affected by treatment at any time point while spleen weight was greater in supplemented birds on day 15. Birds receiving the probiotic had significantly lower mortality than non-treated birds. Additionally, gross lesion severity was reduced due to probiotic supplementation in all intestinal segments evaluated. These results suggest that in ovo supplementation of probiotics may improve early performance and provide protection against a mixed Eimeria infection.
Challenges in risk assessment of multiple mycotoxins in food
Authors: Assunção R. , Silva M.J. , Alvito P.
Published: October 2016

Most fungi are able to produce several mycotoxins simultaneously and, consequently, to contaminate a wide variety of foodstuffs. Therefore, the risk of human co-exposure to multiple mycotoxins is real, raising a growing concern about their potential impact on human health. Besides, government and industry regulations are usually based on individual toxicities, and do not take into account the complex dynamics associated with interactions between co-occurring groups of mycotoxins. The present work assembles, for the first time, the challenges posed by the likelihood of human co-exposure to these toxins and the possibility of interactive effects occurring after absorption, towards knowledge generation to support a more accurate human risk assessment. Regarding hazard assessment, a physiologically-based framework is proposed in order to infer the health effects from exposure to multiple mycotoxins in food, including knowledge on the bioaccessibility, toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of single and combined toxins. The prioritisation of the most relevant mixtures to be tested under experimental conditions that attempt to mimic human exposure and the use of adequate mathematical approaches to evaluate interactions, particularly concerning the combined genotoxicity, were identified as the main challenges for hazard assessment. Regarding exposure assessment, the need of harmonised food consumption data, availability of multianalyte methods for mycotoxin quantification, management of left-censored data, use of probabilistic models and multibiomarker approaches are highlighted, in order to develop a more precise and realistic exposure assessment. To conclude, further studies on hazard and exposure assessment of multiple mycotoxins, using harmonised methodologies, are crucial towards an improvement of data quality and a more reliable and robust risk characterisation, which is central for risk management and, consequently, to prevent mycotoxins-associated adverse effects. A deep understanding of the nature of interactions between multiple mycotoxins will contribute to draw real conclusions on the health impact of human exposure to mycotoxin mixtures.
Interaction of Mediterranean Water lenses with Antarctic Intermediate Water off Northwest Africa
Authors: Machín Francisco José Electronica , Pelegrí Josep L.
Published: October 2016

Mediterranean Water lenses (meddies) in the eastern North Atlantic, north of the Canary Islands, appear to often have their salty and nutrient-poor core accompanied by relatively fresh and nutrient-rich waters on top. We describe several occurrences of freshwater halos and berets for meddies sampled north of the Canary Islands—with instrumented moorings, Argo floats and oceanographic cruises—and identify the source of these fresh anomalies as diluted Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). We propose that this capping takes place off Northwest Africa, as the southward-advected meddy interacts with the northward-advected AAIW. This interpretation is consistent with a simple analysis of the relevant advective-diffusive time scales associated with the passage of meddies under a layer of AAIW, and suggests that meddies may be a mechanism for AAIW export far into the North Atlantic Ocean.
The role of ocean velocity in chlorophyll variability. A modelling study in the Alboran Sea
Authors: Solé Jordi , Ballabrera-Poy Joaquim , Macías Diego , Catalán Ignacio A.
Published: October 2016

In this work we focus on the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean) to relate wind field and ocean velocity variability with chlorophyll a (Chl a) behaviour, using a 2-km resolution, coupled 3D ocean circulation-NPZD model (ROMS). The analysis is done in three steps. First, we split the seasonal and residual contribution for the fields under study. Second, we calculate the corresponding empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) for the seasonal and residual parts. Finally, we relate each pair of variables for both seasonal and residual contribution EOFs. The results reported here allow the links between wind and Chl a to be quantified. We explain these links in terms of the ocean velocity field acting as a driver of Chl a variability. The results show that, although the seasonal part of the Chl a field is modulated by the vertical velocity, the residual component is modulated by the horizontal velocity components. Vertical velocities are responsible, through coastal upwelling, for Chl a bloom enhancement, while horizontal velocities spread coastal Chl a surface blooms off-shore.
Energy for a sustainable post-carbon society
Authors: García-Olivares Antonio
Published: October 2016

A feasible way to avoid the risk of energy decline and to combat climate change is to build a worldwide, 100% renewable energy mix. Renewable energy can be scaled up to the range of 12 electric terawatts (TWe) if 10% of continental shelves are exploited with floating turbines to depths as low as 225 m, 5% of continents with ground turbines, and 5% of the main deserts with concentrating solar power (CSP) farms. However, a globally electrified economy cannot grow much above 12 TWe without approaching the limit of terrestrial copper reserves. New photovoltaic silicon panels do not use silver metallization pastes and could contribute up to 1 TW of decentralized residential power. Hydroelectricity has a potential of 1 TW but a fraction of this would have to be sacrificed for energy storage purposes. Hydro, CSP, wave energy and grid integration at continental scales may be sufficient to fit supply to demand, avoiding intermittency. The renewable energy mix would have an energy return on energy invested about 18, which is 25% lower than the estimated present one. That should be sufficient to sustain an industrialized economy provided that the substitution of electricity for fossil fuels is done intelligently.
The biogeochemistry of nutrients, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a in the Catalan Sea (NW Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Segura-Noguera Mariona , Cruzado Antoni , Blasco Dolors
Published: October 2016

Reference depth profiles of dissolved inorganic nutrients, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a are described for the Catalan Sea using quality controlled data. Phosphate, nitrate and silicate show typical nutrient profiles, with nutriclines at different depths. Maximums of nitrite, dissolved oxygen and occasionally ammonium are found within the photic zone, close to the deep chlorophyll maximum. In intermediate waters we found a minimum of dissolved oxygen coincident with maximum concentrations of phosphate and nitrate. Ammonium concentration is unexpectedly high in the mesopelagic zone, where there are still measurable nitrite concentrations. The origin of such high ammonium and nitrite concentrations remains unclear. We also identify and describe anomalous data and profiles resulting from eutrophication, western Mediterranean Deep Water formation and dense shelf water cascading. The N:P ratio in deep waters is 22.4, which indicates P limitation relative to the Redfield ratio. However, the N:P ratio above the deep chlorophyll maximum in stratified surface waters is < 4 (< 8 including ammonium). The depth profiles of key biogeochemical variables described in this study will be a useful reference for future studies in the Catalan Sea (NW Mediterranean Sea) in order to validate data sampled in this area, to identify anomalous processes, and to study the evolution of the ecosystem following the undergoing global change.
Fine-scale water mass variability inside a narrow submarine canyon (the Besòs Canyon) in the NW Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Solé Jordi , Emelianov Mikhail , Ostrovskii Alexander , Puig Pere , García-Ladona Emilio
Published: October 2016

In this work we report short-term measurements of the thermohaline structure and velocity field inside a narrow submarine canyon by means of a yo-yo–like profiler. An Aqualog profiler was deployed inside the Besòs Canyon in the northwestern Mediterranean continental margin, providing a unique data set on the vertical evolution of water column characteristics with unprecedented fine-scale spatial and temporal resolution. The observations reported here show a very dynamic transient short-term response with a complex vertical structure not observed previously in any submarine canyon of this region. The vertical distribution of water masses was characteristic of the western Mediterranean basin with Atlantic waters (AW) at the surface, Western Intermediate waters (WIW) in the middle and Levantine Intermediate (LIW) waters below. Turner angle and empirical orthogonal functions show that double-diffusive and isopycnal mixing are the main dominant processes at small scales. The interfaces of the three layers exhibit highly vertical excursions in relatively short times. At the surface, deepening of AW was observed, associated with flow intensification events. Deeper in the water column, within the submarine canyon confinement, the WIW-LIW interface uplifts about 100-150 m. These motions are associated with relatively up- and down-canyon–enhanced current events (up to 15-20 cm s-1 at 500 and 800 m depths) along the canyon axis. The time scales of the vertical variability were concentrated in a broad band around the semi-diurnal and local inertial frequencies within the WIW and LIW layers.
Thirty years of research and development of Lagrangian buoys at the Institute of Marine Sciences
Authors: García-Ladona Emilio , Salvador Joaquim , Fernandez Pere , Pelegrí Josep L. , Elósegui Pedro , Sánchez Oriol , Jiménez Madrid Jose Antonio , Pérez Fernando , Ballabrera Joaquim , Isern-Fontanet Jordi , Salat Jordi , Font Jordi
Published: October 2016

Since the mid-1980s, physical oceanographers at the Institute of Marine Sciences have been involved in the use of Lagrangian drifters as a complementary technology for their oceanographic research. As Lagrangian observations became more feasible, these researchers continued developing their own drifters in what was to be the seed of current technological activities at the Physical and Technological Oceanography Department. In this paper we overview the work done during the last 30 years with special focus on Lagrangian developments from the initial activities to the latest developments. In addition to basic oceanography research applications, Lagrangian technological developments include prototypes for measuring surface and subsurface ocean properties, for tracking purposes in search and rescue operations and pollution events, and for monitoring ice motion and thickness in the Arctic. The paper emphasizes original and unpublished technical aspects related to the latest developments.
Morphological adaptations to small size in the marine diatom Minidiscus comicus
Authors: Jewson David , Kuwata Akira , Cros Lluïsa , Fortuño José Manuel , Estrada Marta
Published: October 2016

Minidiscus comicus is a marine centric diatom that has cells with diameters as small as 1.9 μm, which brings it close to the lower limit of diatom cell size and also near to the lower limit of photosynthetic eukaryote cells. One of the questions that this raises is whether the cycle of size decline and size restoration used by most diatoms to time their life cycle can operate in such small cells. In samples collected from the western Mediterranean during 2009, M. comicus cells were found with diameters ranging from 1.9 to 6.0 μm. The larger cells were initial cells after size restoration, and these still had the valves of their parent cells attached, making it possible to determine the diameter of the threshold below which size restoration could be induced (3.1 μm). During size decline, M. comicus cell shape changed from discoid to spherical. This adaptation helped to reduce and even halt the rate of cell volume decrease, allowing cells to continue to use diameter decline as a clocking mechanism. The results show how adaptable the diatom cell wall can be, in spite of its rigid appearance.
Variability of mesozooplankton biomass and individual size in a coast-offshore transect in the Catalan Sea: relationships with chlorophyll a and hydrographic features
Authors: Alcaraz Miquel , Calbet Albert , Isari Stamatina , Irigoien Xabier , Trepat Isabel , Saiz Enric
Published: October 2016

The temporal and spatial changes of zooplankton and chlorophyll a concentration were studied during the warm stratification period (early June) at three stations whose traits corresponded to the coastal, frontal, and offshore-dome water conditions described for the Catalan Sea. We sampled the stations for 12 days at a frequency ranging from less than 10 to 102 h, with a spatial resolution ranging from 10 to 104 m. The objective was to determine the variability of mesozooplankton and phytoplankton (chlorophyll a) biomass, and average individual size (mass) across a coast-offshore transect in relation to the stratification conditions prevailing in the NW Mediterranean during summer. The vertical distribution of phytoplankton biomass displayed a clear deep maximum at 60 m depth except at the coastal station. This maximum exists during most of the year and is especially important during the density stratification period. It was accompanied during daylight hours by a coherent zooplankton maximum. At sunset mesozooplankton ascended and dispersed, with larger organisms from deeper layers joining the migrating community and increasing the average individual mass. The highest variability of mesozooplankton biomass, individual mass and chlorophyll a concentration occurred at the front station due to the coupling between the vertical migration of zooplankton and the particular characteristics of the front. According to the data shown, the highest variability was observed at the lowest scales.
The ecology of plankton in biological oceanography: a tribute to Marta Estrada’s task
Authors: Solé Jordi , Berdalet Elisa , Arin Laura , Cros Lluïsa , Delgado Maximino , Kuwata Akira , Llebot Clara , Marrasé Cèlia
Published: October 2016

Plankton ecology has been the object of intense research and progress in the last few decades. This has been partly due to technological advances that have facilitated the multidisciplinary and high-resolution sampling of ecosystems and improved experimentation and analytical methodologies, and to sophisticated modelling. In addition, exceptional researchers have had the vision to integrate all these innovative tools to form a solid theoretical background in ecology. Here we provide an overview of the outstanding research work conducted by Professor Marta Estrada and her pioneering contribution to different areas of research in the last four decades. Her research in biological oceanography has mainly focussed on phytoplankton ecology, taxonomy and physiology, the functional structure of plankton communities, and physical and biological interactions in marine ecosystems. She has combined a variety of field and laboratory approaches and methodologies, from microscopy to satellite observations, including in-depth statistical data analysis and modelling. She has been a reference for scientists all over the world. Here, her contributions to plankton ecology are summarized by some of her students and closest collaborators, who had the privilege to share their science and everyday experiences with her.
Need of the Research Community
Authors: Deshpande Dhananjay S. , Kulkarni Pradeep R. , Metkewar Pravin S.
Published: October 2016

Universities are playing main role in research and socio-economic development of the country. The University research generates lot of research information and it is physically added in to libraries. The Research information should be easily available to new Researchers. Every research is generating new knowledge, and it's just kept in the form of thesis, dissertations, research papers, articles, etc. The enormous amount of research data exists in different geographical locations, which could not be investigated by researchers because research data is not available in a central location. The research community is facing lot of problems in sharing, searching and collecting required information and knowledge for their research. Due to these issues, researchers may do work of ‘reinventing a wheel'. This chapter puts a conceptual study for open source community to develop a Knowledge Management System for researchers. This study specifically focuses on Knowledge management approach and proposes the OS_KMS model for research community as an open source software.
Software Engineering for Technological Ecosystems
Authors: Vayyavur Rajeshwar
Published: October 2016

Software engineering for technological ecosystems also referred as Software Ecosystems (SECOs) focuses on the concept of software engineering field. The study of SECOs started in early 90s under business schools, mainly focused on software engineering based on the software product lines approach that aimed to allow external designers and developers to contribute to hitherto closed platforms. The chapter gives background, various dimensions, framework, architectural challenges of SECOs, and explains various limitations and different recommendations and solutions to provide a better and conclusive platform for the technology ecosystems.
Humanoid Robots
Authors: Zhang Si , Wu Jinglong , Huang Qiang
Published: October 2016

This paper provides a review of humanoid robots and mind control humanoid robots. Information was obtained mainly from journals and conference proceedings on robotics and mind control technology. We primarily focus on providing an overview of commercially available robots and prototype research-stage humanoid robots in addition to mind control humanoid robot systems. First, a history and overview of the humanoid robot is presented. Then, typical mind control humanoid robot systems are described, including the relevant brain-computer interface and the whole control framework. Finally, the remaining research challenges in the field of humanoid robot safety are summarized.
An Overview of Steganography
Authors: Saad Al Hussien Seddik , Ali Abdelmgeid Amin
Published: October 2016

Nowadays, due to the increasing need for providing secrecy in an open environment such as the internet, data hiding has been widely used. Steganography is one of the most important data hiding techniques which hides the existence of the secret message in cover files or carriers such as video, images, audio or text files. In this chapter; steganography will be introduced, some historical events will be listed, steganography system requirements, categories, classifications, cover files will be discussed focusing on image and video files, steganography system evaluation, attacks, applications will be explained in details and finally last section concludes the chapter.
Leadership Challenges Confronting Middle Managers at a Secondary School in Trinidad
Authors: Bissessar Charmaine
Published: October 2016

Middle management in school is one of the most critical. The manager acts as a conduit between teachers and the principal. With this in mind, this chapter presents some of the problems encountered by Heads of Department and Deans at a secondary school in North-East Trinidad. A purposive sample of three heads of departments and two deans responded to open-ended interview questions on the issues they face. A conventional content analysis determined that the themes were professional development; varying management/leadership styles; lack of senior management support; and poor communication. Demographic information indicated that the participants were 45-58 years old with 20 to 30 years' service. Recommendations are made for a more extensive study to be conducted.
New Principals' School Culture Awareness and School Change
Authors: Lee-Piggott Rinnelle
Published: October 2016

An influx of new principals having improved base-entry qualifications has raised some concerns about principal-school ‘fit' in Trinidad and Tobago. This chapter encompasses findings on three new principals' professional judgment in relation to their leadership and its impact on their schools, focusing on their school culture awareness. A multi-method case study approach is adopted. Findings suggest that the new principals' school culture awareness is indirectly associated with school change, having informed both what they attended to (their improvement foci) and how they did that (leadership practice and strategies).