bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative biostratigraphic correlation based on fossil megaflora from Dobrudzha coal deposit - Upper Carboniferous. I. Methods, notation and formalization of data
Authors: Tenchov Yanaki , Yordanov Miroslav
Published: January 2023

Werner's compound model and methods for data formalisation are applied for distributing of fossil megaflora in boreholes of the Dobrudzha Coal Deposit in order to use numerical (automated, computer) procedures for bioslratigraphic correlation, which define the stratigraphic sequences in the Late Carboniferous formations. Part of the formations includes coal layers. The fossil megaflora is represented by 105 species of the groups of Articulatae, Lycophyta and Pteridophylla in 2902 findings from 63 boreholes. The models are defined within the litho- and biostratigraphic units (formations and zones and subzones, respectively) and are described with formalised definitions. The smallest, undevidable unit of the fossil megaflora system is defined as taxon. The coal-bearing Makedonka Formation is the subject of the study. The data are represented in dichotomic (alternative, binar) scale and are systemised in relative computer data base. The theoretical dependence between the time of formation and the thickness of sediments is described by both linear and nonlinear functions; those in the area studied - by a nonlinear function. The Werner's model is up-dated and adjusted to the specific conditions of the area studied. A coal layer m5 from the Makedonka Formation is chosen as a marking horizon in accordance with the levels of taxon's findings for releasing their starting position in the space are recalculated. The layers in the formation under and above the coal layer m5 are considered as a sum of thicknesses of simple layers with parallel borders - lithohypsometric surfaces. Next study of the taxa in this surfaces with multivariate statistical (clusler and factor), time-series, etc. analyses provides the opportunity to establish statistic associations of taxa and correct stratigraphic sequences in definite stratigraphic subzones.
Fe- and Fe-Mn- oxyhydroxides in metalliferous sediments from ultra-fast spreading centre axial zone - 21o S East Pacific Rise
Authors: Dekov Vesselin , Gendler Tatyana , Polishchuk Olessya , Bagin Valerii
Published: January 2023

Detailed Mössbauer, XRD, DTA, SAED and SEM studies on metalliferous sediments from the axial zone of the ultra-fast spreading East Pacific Rise (20°30'-22°00' S) were performed. Uniform sediments with Fe3+ hydroxide metal-bearing part are formed, which reflects the oxidation regime of environment during sedimentation. The Mössbauer spectra of the sediments represent monotype broadened doublets with the following parametre values of the computer fitting using the twodoublet model: δE1=0.36, ΔE1=0.55, δE2=0.37, ΔE2=0.97 mm/s. The hydroxides from the metalliferous sediments studied are represented by fine-dispersed (d<90Å) poorly crystallized goethite (α-FeOOH) and Mn-ferroxyhite (δ'-(Fe, Mn) OOH) with different contents of Mn. The variations of the integral intensity of the Mössbauer spectra and of the intensities ratio of the compound doublets in core depth along the time interval studied (~33ky) probably reflect the different relative content of Fe-Mn- oxyhydroxide phases and its degree of crystallinity. Therefore, we could assume that cyclic variation of the hydrothermal activity regime occurs in the ridge rift zone. During the high-temperature phases of the hydrothermal stages Mn-ferroxyhite and goethite are formed with higher degree of crystallization in comparison with those formed during the low-temperature phases. The goethite could be formed under direct oxidation of Fe2+ as a result of mixing of tile hot, acidic, reduction and rich in Fe2+ hydrothermal fluids with the cold, slightly alkaline and rich in O2 sea water or/and under oxidation transformation of Mn-ferroxyhite. The formation of Mn-ferroxyhile - an hydrogenous mineral, probably passes with the active participation of Fc- and Mn-oxidizing bacteria.
Hydrocarbons in Late Quaternary sediments of West Black Sea Depression
Authors: Kovacheva Yordanka , Stoyanova G. , Koleva R.
Published: January 2023

Organic matter in 214 samples of sediments was analysed and numerous evidences for its autochthonous character were identified. With sea depth growth, the content of Corg, free neutral bitumens, hydrocarbons and the high-molecular normal alkanes increases subsequently. The hydrocarbons are second in a row in the balance of bitumens following the resins and are preceding the asphaltene components. The bitumens in the Holocene and Pleistocene sediments are featured for slight HCs increase; however, a sharp drop of resins in their resinous-asphaltene portion is recorded. The same trend is pointed for the naphthene-aromatic fraction at dominantly methane-napthene composition of the hydrocarbons. The conditional content of high-molecular normal alkanes (C27 – C31) goes up despite their prevalence in the hydrocarbons of all groups of sediments.
Urban PM2.5 Air Pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Study Between Case of Benin, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal
Authors: Fresnel Boris CACHON , Ménonvè Mègnissè ATINDEHOU , Omédine KOUKOUI
Published: January 2023

The aim of this study is to investigate the Sub-Saharan Africa air pollution in Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, and Benin by studying fines particles PM2.5 and to bring out their physicochemical characteristics in order to have a better knowledge on the African air pollution. Though these countries don’t share the same borders, their urban environments reveal similarities as regards higher concentrations of PM2.5. Likewise, similar repartitions of trace elements were recorded in the three countries. The ratio of specific surface area to the proportion of 2.5 µm fraction was 0.1 in the three countries. This ratio could be used to investigate African urban air. Moreover, xylene/ethylbenzene ratio was very high (11.1 in Senegal and 4.2 in Benin). This suggests a high photochemical reactivity attributable to the greatest presence of ozone in atmosphere. All results indicated that its main cause is traffic emission. Others studies in African cities are necessary in order to exclude the possible industrial dust and soil influence.

Keywords: Air pollution, Particulate matter, Sub-Saharan Africa, Physicochemical characterization, Diagnostic ratio
Legality of Electronic Information According to Law No. 19 of 2016 as Evidence in Trials at Court
Authors: Bangsa Wira Indra , Zarani T. Riza
Published: January 2023

Then in Article 5 paragraph (1), (2) and (3) of Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 it has been explained that Electronic Information and/or Electronic Documents and/or their printouts are tools valid legal evidence and is an extension of legal evidence in accordance with the applicable Law of Procedure in Indonesia, which is declared valid when using an Electronic System in accordance with the provisions stipulated in this law. However, in practice there is a legal void in procedural law in Indonesia related to the strength of electronic evidence. The method in this study uses the juridical-normative method, namely solving a problem by referring to laws and regulations. This normative juridical research starts from analyzing a case and then looking for a solution through legislation.
Electronic evidence can be used as valid evidence in criminal law, so by using one of the parameters of criminal evidentiary law known as bewijsvoering, namely the breakdown of how to convey evidence to judges in court. When law enforcement officials use evidence obtained in an illegal way or unlawful legal evidence, the said evidence is set aside by the judge or considered by the court to have no evidentiary value.

Keywords: Legitimacy, Electronic Evidence, evidence, Trial, Court.
Metaphors in Minangkabau Language: Meaning Shift and Change
Authors: Hasibuan Annim , Ningsih Ayu Melati , Wahyuni Sri
Published: January 2023

Metaphor is a tool to explain the nature of shifts and changes in meaning because it is able to serve the thoughts and feelings of language users. Metaphor serves as a source of strong motivation to express such thoughts and feelings and becomes expressive means of language. Not all meanings can be conveyed literally, and if speakers feel that there are no words with literal meaning available, they will convey the meaning figuratively which can be more captivating to the listener's attention or can bring out complexities that cannot be done in other ways. Minang native speakers consider settlement in the outside of deliberation to be bad. To avoid disputes, they must be good at finding and uttering expressions whose meanings are different from the sentences that are said, so, they do not immediately feel offended or humiliated. The utterance in (8) means ‘to clean village from all threats and disturbance.’ The analogy of red in (10) refers to saga fruit and the sentential meaning of (11) is associated to a person who has capability to posit him-/her-self. Meanwhile, the sentence in (13) might mean ‘what is hoped appears.’ There are similarities in the nature of animals equated with human character, for example, in Minang, the phrases pipik andak menjadi elang ‘the sparrow wants to be an eagle’ and gajah dilulue ular lidih ‘elephant is wrapped around by a small snake’ refer to a weak against a strong person or can be described as a person who is not aware of his abilities.

Keywords: Metaphor, ontological, structural, inference, Minangkabau, meaning shift and change
The Correlation among Anxiety, Language Learning Strategies and Speaking Skills at SMA Negeri 1 Pagelaran Pringsewu Lampung
Authors: Pitono Kaka Rossyana , Faridi Abdurrachman , Rozi Fahrur
Published: January 2023

This study's research was to determine whether there was a significant correlation among students' anxiety, language learning strategies, and speaking skills at SMA Negeri 1 Pagelaran Pringsewu Lampung. This type of research is a quantitative study. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Pagelaran Pringsewu Lampung with a population of XI IPA 3 and XI IPA 4 graders with a total of 54 students. Then the population is divided into two classes: the tryout class and the test class as the research sample. The instrument used in this research is a questionnaire on anxiety, language learning strategies, and speaking test. The data were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression Formula in SPSS 25.0 for windows. The result of T-test 1 showed that the significant value was 0.03. It indicated .000 smaller than the value of α = 0.05, whereas the calculated t value is greater than the table (2.303 > 2064). The result of T test 2 showed that the significant value was 0.02, which is smaller than the value of α = 0.05 (0.02 < 0.05), and the t value is greater than the t table (2.318 > 2. 064). F test showed that the significant value was 0.000 which is smaller than the value of α = 0.05 (0.02 < 0.05) and the F value is greater than F tables (16.729 > 3.39). The result of the R square of coefficients determination was .582, which means the influence of anxiety and language learning strategies on speaking skills was 58.2%. Therefore, the hypothesis of all the results was Ho was rejected, and Ha was accepted. It means there is a correlation among students' anxiety, students' language learning strategies, and their speaking skills.

Keywords: Correlation, Anxiety, Language Learning Strategies, Speaking Skills
Development of E-modules to Improve Critical Thinking Skills of Grade IV Elementary School Students
Authors: Anjarsari Dewi , Wardani Sri , Tri Prasetya Agung
Published: January 2023

The use of science material textbooks in the digitalization era needs to be developed into supplement teaching materials that are packaged electronically. Science learning is required to contain a combination of theory and practice to improve critical thinking skills. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of E-modules in improving students' critical thinking skills. The method used is Research and Development (RD) with a 4D model with stages of define, design, develop, and disseminate. Inkiri-based e-modules using inquiry syntax, there are materials, educational games, inquiry-based student worksheets are the main characteristics of inquiry-based E-module media that are developed. Based on the results of the study, the average score percentage of the validity of inquiry-based e-modules by material experts and media experts was obtained at 91.94% with details of material expert validation of 92.38% and media experts of 90.5% so that it can be used. Teacher and student responses to the practicality of inquiry-based e-modules

Keywords: [E-modules, Inquiry, Critical Thinking]
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT PRACTICES OF ENGLISH TEACHERS AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL IN PUNJAB PAKISTAN
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Minhaj University, Lahore, Ajmal Abrar , Khalid Adeel ,   Lecturer, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Ahmad Sana Nazir ,   Lecturer, Minhaj University, Lahore
Published: January 2023

This study was conducted to evaluate the teaching assessment practices of public Secondary schools’ English teachers in Secondary in Punjab Pakistan. The classroom assessment practices, and Skills (CAPS) questionnaire was used to collect data from 89 Secondary teachers in the Sahiwal district. The study inquired how much, teachers agreed and have a consensus with the factors regarding “Beliefs on assessment” to what extent these factors are related and what are the areas of assessment and evaluation in which teachers believe that they are capable, skilful, and expert? Results also determined that predominantly teachers use old traditional assessment skills, and they mostly use those skills about which they think they are skilled. The study suggests more training and workshops give knowledge about assessment as well as skills to be applied in the practical classroom. Keywords: Assessment in Language Education, Classroom Assessment Practices, English Language Assessment.
DOES DIGITAL FINANCE AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION STRENGTHEN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM ASIA
Authors:   MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, University of Wah, Wah Cantt Pakistan, Tariq Sadia , Saleem Faiza ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, University of Wah, Wah Cantt Pakistan,, Shahzad Farhan ,   Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan.
Published: January 2023

Digital finance and financial inclusion are considered to be significant development strategies in many economies. Promoting both of these strategies helps increase environmental sustainability. Access to financing improves people's ability to engage in economic activities that degrade the environment. The goal of this research is to look at the impact of digital finance and financial inclusion on environmental sustainability in a few emerging Asian countries. From 2015 through 2021, the research study used quantitative secondary annual data acquired from World Development Indicators provided by the World Bank. The study's dependent variable is environmental sustainability, as measured by carbon dioxide emissions (CO2-EMS), and the independent variables are mobile money transactions (MMT), automated teller machines (ATMs), financial institution’s branches (FIB), and deposit accounts (DACC). The study also used some control variables, like population growth (POPG), industrialization (IND), and financial literacy (FL). The panel data from ten Asian nations was analyzed by using a fixed- or random-effects model. The outcomes revealed that mobile money transactions (MMT), automated teller machines (ATMs), and financial institution’s branches (FIB) have a significant negative relationship with CO2-EMS, whereas deposit accounts (DACC) have a significant positive association with CO2-EMS. The study has significant implications for countries seeking to improve their overall energy efficiency, thereby reducing environmental degradation. Countries should modernize technology and implement improved environmental practices to help improve environmental sustainability. In order to attain economic success and environmental sustainability, policymakers should develop policies that increase digital financial inclusion. Keywords: Digital finance, financial inclusion, mobile money transactions, financial literacy, environmental sustainability.
THE ROLE OF DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE AND CHOICE IN INDIVIDUAL SELF-DETERMINATION
Authors:   Lecturer, School of Law, University of Gujrat, Sharif Hassan S. , Fatima Kaniz ,   Lecturer, School of Law, University of Gujrat, Abbass Rashida ,   Ph.D Scholar, International relations, School of Integrated Social Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan,
Published: January 2023

The paper will address the role of choice and positive liberty in light of the utilitarian ideal of 'greatest happiness for the greatest number'. It would also explore how utilitarianism leads towards restriction of choices that leads to paternalism. Sceptics have often criticized egalitarian liberalism as propounded by John Rawls. Rationality demands that person is subjected to the fewer restraints possible and more choice in their decisions, and that institutions be developed that benefit both the individual and the society as a whole. The dilemma of uncontrolled individualism, how a society suffers when one of its members is stripped off the virtue of making choices that concern her, and how to make the person a part of community will be discussed, with special references to American philosopher Martha Nasbaum's 'Capabilities Approach' and choice The significance of each community member to the community's progress and well-being, as well as the community's and institutions' roles in improving the lives of its people. The paper adopts a qualitative approach which focuses on both theoretical and doctrinal methods. The paper seeks a normative approach with the Grundnorm being individual liberty and individual choice in the determination of an individual’s course of life. Keywords: Individualism, Utilitarianism, Liberty, Choice, Capabilities Approach.
Orthotropic plates with dynamic vertical seismic load modeled as multi line
Authors: Bagio Toni Hartono , Alisjahbana Sofia W. , Darjanto Helmy , Najid Najid
Published: January 2023

Calculation plate floor concrete, using a static load which is a gravity load consisting of a live load and a dead load, with various of boundary conditions, floor slabs are orthotropic plate, and rarely account for dynamic loads due to vertical seismic loads, with other boundary conditions, such as Clamped, simply supported, ES (Elastic Support), ER (Elastic Restraint), and ESR (Elastic Support and Restraint). Analytical solution based on the Modified Bolotin Method to analyze floor slab under Vertical Peak Ground Acceleration (PGAv), the natural frequency solution based on auxiliary Levy’s type problems. Dynamic vertical seismic loads using multiline, first line at 0 < t < 0.5 is linear equation, second line at 0.05 < t < 0.15 is quadratic equation, third line 0.15 > t < 0.6 is sextic equation, last line, t > 0.6 is linear equation, vertical seismic load with two conditions far fault and near fault, multi-line equation are depending on (PGAv/g). A numerical example is given, for various boundary conditions, and far fault, translational stiffness (kx, ky) and rotational stiffness (cx ,cy), from the results of plate calculations due to dynamic vertical seismic loads with 5 types of edge support, ES (elastic support) is the best result.
Synthesis and genotoxic evaluation of a 4-(Oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-1,4-benzothiazin-3-one
Authors: Jaddi Hassan , Moussaif Ahmed , Benbacer Laila. , Mohammed Attaleb , Mohamed Ellouz , Kheira Sebbar Nada , Filali Maltouf Abdelkarim , Essassi El Mokhtar , Mohammed El Mzibri
Published: January 2023

A new benzothiazine: 4-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-1,4-benzothiazin-3-one was synthesized by a liquid-solid phase transfer catalysis reaction. The new compound was well characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, the nuclear resonance of proton and carbon 13, and mass spectrometry. The genotoxicity of the new benzothiazine derivative was assessed using the micronucleus assay on Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO cells), as compared to its cytotoxicity against CHO cells. Accordingly, the chromosomal damages were detected with micronucleus frequency (MN) and cytotoxicity was assessed with cyto-blocking proliferation index (CBPI). The newly synthesized benzothiazine derivative was not cytotoxic and don't exhibit, in absence of metabolic activation, any genotoxic effect, making it a potential chemical for further biological explorations and an interesting scaffold for new derivatives.
A Comparative Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Gomutra Arka Bhavita Shilajatu and Agnimantha Bhavita Shilajatu in Sthaulya W.S.R. To Obesity
Authors: Shekhar Patil Roshani , Varghese Jibi , Prakashsing Pawar Jaypalsing , Gangadhar Kurbet Rashmi , Rajesh Pote Anjali
Published: January 2023

India has been successful in managing communicable diseases like polio and cholera, the number of cases related to lifestyle diseases has increased drastically in recent times. The major life style disorder is like obesity, heart disease, cancer, type2 diabetes, hypertension and many more metabolic disorders. In which obesity takes place as a dominant disease in current scenario. Taking into view above all fact randomized Study was carried out to see the effect of Gomutra Arka Bhavita Shilajatu and Agnimantha Bhavita Shilajatu in the management of Sthaulya (Obesity). Study was performed on total 62 patient out of which 32 patients were treated with Gomutra Arka Bhavita Shilajatu and another 32 patients with Agnimantha bhavita shilajatu for 45 days and conclusion was drawn. Research showed Gomutra Arka Bhavita Shilajatu is more effective than Agnimantha Bhavita Shilajatu in sthaulya.
Clinical Pharmacist role and their Importance in the Systematic Analysis of Diabetes Management Studies
Authors: T. Inasu Sini , Kumudavalli M.V. , Venkateswarlu B.S.
Published: January 2023

Pharmacy practice has moved from medication delivery to a patient-focused approach during the last four decades. The pharmacist role has shifted from a compounding pharmacist and distributor of pharmaceuticals to one of the services and finally to a care provider. Progressively, the pharmacist's job is to ensure that the patient's medication is adequate and the best possible and readily available. Pharmacists can depend on the personal needs of their patients, thus making an essential contribution to drug therapy outcomes and quality of life. The number of people affected by diabetes and the costs associated with its management is relatively high worldwide, especially in developing countries like India. Aside from contributing to the financial strain, the problems arising from delays in detection and management are numerous. Clinical pharmacists have been inducted as important healthcare team members in many developing countries medical centers. This article discusses the role of the clinical pharmacist in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, including drug therapy, diabetes care, and education. The main aim of treatment in diabetes treatment has been to optimize drug therapy to achieve improved clinical results without causing drug-related issues. Clinical pharmacists who are well-trained and readily available are key healthcare practitioners who can help patients achieve improved drug treatment outcomes.
Postcholecystectomy Syndrome: A Short Communication
Authors: Sharma Priyanka
Published: January 2023

No Abstract in Short Communication Article.
Coronary Artery Disease and Diabetes - A Review of the Current Literature with focus on Management
Authors:   MBBS, FRCP Consultant Cardiologist (Retd). University Hospital Lewisham, Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust Hon. Consutant Cardiologist (Retd). Kings College Hospitals, London, Basu Sumit K
Published: January 2023

This article reviews current knowledge concerning cardiovascular disease in subjects with (and without) diabetes mellitus. It discusses the worldwide distribution and dimensions of these disorders. It contrasts incidence, prevalence, investigations, treatment strategies and outcomes of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction amongst patients with and without diabetes. Emphasis is given to discussing the outcomes of various trials of treatments and management strategies applied to such patients and how closely they apply to the diabetic cohorts who constitute a substantial proportion of most of those trials. The article concludes with a review of specific treatments for elevated glucose which may have prognostic benefits in CVD.
How diabetes alters the prognosis of patients with heart failure and the impact of therapies
Authors:   Department of Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Du Cane Road, London, UK, Mohal Jagdeep Singh , Khan Sadia ,   Dept of Cardiology, West Middlesex Hospital, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesex, UK
Published: January 2023

The mechanisms causing diabetes and heart failure are inextricably linked, as are the prognostic outcomes seen in these two complex disease processes. Treating both conditions together is absolutely vital to bring about the best long-term outcomes for patients. We have strong evidence-based therapies which have been shown to successfully treat both these conditions with improved prognosis and patient outcomes. The more recent development of SGLT2 inhibitors have further enhanced this clear clinical benefit for heart failure and diabetes combined. This is an exciting area of rapidly expanding research and further trials looking at these benefits are underway.
Sindrom Serotonin
Authors: Rizal Raisha Rahmani , Fiana Dewi Nur
Published: January 2023

Sindrom serotonin (SS) (juga disebut sebagai toksisitas serotonin) adalah toksidrom yang diinduksi obat yang berpotensi mengancam jiwa yang terkait dengan peningkatan aktivitas serotonergik di sistem saraf perifer (PNS) dan pusat (SSP). Hal ini ditandai dengan spektrum yang relevan dengan dosis dari temuan klinis yang terkait dengan tingkat serotonin bebas (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]), atau aktivasi reseptor 5-HT (terutama subtipe 5-HT1A dan 5-HT2A), yang mana termasuk kelainan neuromuskuler, hiperaktif otonom, dan perubahan keadaan mental. Meskipun sindrom serotonin jarang  menyebabkan kematian, kasus yang parah adalah keadaan darurat medis yang dapat dengan cepat menyebabkan kegagalan organ multisistem Meskipun banyak obat telah terlibat dalam Sindrom serotonin, kasus yang mengancam jiwa umumnya terjadi hanya ketika inhibitor oksidase monoamine dikombinasikan dengan penghambat serotonin re-uptake selektif atau nonselektif. Kesadaran tentang Sindrom serotonin sangat penting tidak hanya dalam menghindari kombinasi obat-obatan terapeutik yang berbahaya yang tidak disengaja tetapi juga dalam mengenali gambaran klinis ketika terjadi sehingga pengobatan dapat segera dimulai. Dalam ulasan ini, patofisiologi, gambaran klinis, obat yang terlibat dan diagnosis Sindrom serotonin dibahas.
“It Is A Terror . . . That Men Should Be Handeled So In Pennsylvania”: Early Quaker Reasoning, Debate, and the Abolitionist Influence of The Germantown Friends’ Protest Against Slavery
Authors: Short Brontë
Published: January 2023

This article concerns the 1688 Germantown Friends’ Protest Against Slavery. The document was written and signed by Francis Daniel Pastorius and three like-minded Quakers. Pastorius’s protest sparked early abolitionist debate in the American colonies, leading to other antislavery protests, such as Cadwalader Morgan’s and George Keith’s protests in the following decade. The Protest is a key example of early American diplomacy as it saw slavery as a contentious point with the potential to damage the new colony’s relationship with Europe and subsequent immigration. The Protest was not initially successful, garnering little response from contemporary Quakers. However, its long-term influence has provided the path for abolitionist legislation in the late 1700s and led to the shunning of pro-slavery Quakers.
ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ СВЕРХВЫСОКОЧАСТОТНОГО ДИПЛЕКСЕРА
С ВЫСОКОЙ ИЗОЛЯЦИЕЙ ВЫХОДНЫХ КАНАЛОВ
Authors: Хачатрян Л.Х. , Степанян А.Г.
Published: January 2023

Современные радиосистемы являются многодиапазонными. К важным компонентам указанных систем относятся сверхвысокочастотные (СВЧ) диплексеры, которые используют для того, чтобы передавать и получать сигналы с помощью одной
антенны, а также чтобы разделить сложный сигнал по двум различным каналам и
передавать каждый сигнал отдельно.
Правильное разделение спектра сигнала на различные составляющие является
общей проблемой в системах связи и радиочастотных измерений. Эта проблема особенно актуальна в системах GSM, когда с помощью одного передатчика можно обеспечить связь как с GSM 900, так и с GSM 1800. Проблема разделения спектра возникает также в системах измерения гармоник высокого порядка.
Развитие современных радиотехнических систем требует существенного
уменьшения размеров диплексеров и улучшения их характеристик. При разработке
диплексеров особое внимание уделяется полосковым конструкциям, которые находят
широкое применение за счет ряда преимуществ: тонкий профиль, малый вес, легкость в изготовлении и низкая себестоимость, что особенно важно при массовом
производстве.
Разработан и исследован двухканальный СВЧ диплексер. Разработанный СВЧ
диплексер по одному каналу фильтрует частоты до 1,2 ГГц, пропуская частоты
от 1700 до 2700 МГц, и осуществляет обратную функцию по другому каналу. Разработка произведена в программной среде AWR Design Environment. Приведены визуализированные результаты частотной зависимости коэффициента стоячей волны по
напряжению диплексера, частотной зависимости коэффициентов изоляции S24, S42
выходных каналов диплексера, измеренных значений коэффициентов передачи S2/и
S4/ диплексера, которые выведены в виде графиков. Представлена конструкция
двухканального СВЧ диплексера. Параметры цепи измерены с помощью векторного
анализатора цепей NI PXIe-5630. Результаты экспериментальных исследований показали их соответствие с результатами моделирования.
ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ И МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ОБЩЕГО КОЛИЧЕСТВА
ПАРАМЕТРОВ ИСКУССТВЕННЫХ НЕЙРОННЫХ СЕТЕЙ
Authors: Петросян О.А. , Григорянц В.П.
Published: January 2023

Исследования показывают, что реализация искусственных нейронных сетей на
основе сверхбольших интегральных схем обеспечивает в 80 раз большую производительность, чем традиционные вычислительные системы. В работе представлены правила, которые являются исходной точкой в процессе проектирования искусственных
нейронных сетей; определены количество нейронов в скрытом слое, который должен
находиться между нейронами выходных и входных слоев; количество нейронов в
одном скрытом слое. Рассмотрены пороговые элементы, применяемые в искусственных нейронных сетях. Показано, что с одним линейным пороговым элементом невозможно реализовать все функции булевой алгебры. При применении квадратного
порогового элемента существенно увеличивается количество реализованных булевых
функций, а при применении n степенного полиномиального порогового элемента
возможно реализовать все булевые функции при n переменных. Выявлено, что для
повышения функциональных возможностей нейронных сетей перспективным средством является переход к применению многопороговых нейронных элементов, которые позволяют реализовать любую функцию булевой алгебры при заданном числе
входов. В работе обосновано, что расчет общего количества весовых коэффициентов,
приведенных в литературе, не корректен. В результате исследования введена корректировка выражения для расчета общего количества параметров искусственной
нейронной сети и получены соответствующие выражения для линейного,
квадратного и полиномиального пороговых элементов, а также для предложенного
многопорогового нейрона. Приведены зависимости общего количества параметров
нейронной сети от числа слоев для различных трехвходовых формальных нейронов,
а также зависимости общего количества параметров искусственной нейронной сети
от числа слоев, моделированных пакетом MATLAB.
DESIGN OF A TWO-LINK ROBOT MANIPULATOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM BY THE GAIN SCHEDULING METHOD
Authors: Ulikyan A.T. , Mkhitaryan A.L. , Muradyan S.T. , Khanamiryan Z.G.
Published: January 2023

The application areas of robot manipulators are increasingly growing year by year.
Rehabilitation exoskeletons and upper limb prostheses are special cases of robot manipulators. Such systems, being nonlinear, multidimensional, and dynamic systems, have parametric uncertainties. All this becomes a challenge in the design process of the control system. One of the advanced technologies in this field is adaptive control, which is an important and interesting area of scientific and industrial research. The nonlinear control system of the two-linked robot manipulator was considered in the work. In this case, classical
control methods become inapplicable and there is a need to develop and apply other control
methods. Using the gain scheduling method, a group of PID controllers are designed to
ensure the stability of the system at various operating points. The non-linearity of the system is compensated by the gain scheduling method and the only problem that remained is
the uncertainties of the system depending on the weight of the operator. A model reference
adaptive controller (MRAC) was designed and augmented with the gain scheduling method
for eliminating uncertainties. Simulation is done in the MATLAB Simulink environment.
A comparative performance has been quantified with different adaptation gains for the upper limb prosthesis system. The obtained results show the viability of the proposed control
method.
РАЗРАБОТКА МЕТОДИКИ РАСЧЕТА И ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ЭНЕРГОПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ СТАТИЧЕСКИХ ОПЕРАТИВНЫХ ЗАПОМИНАЮЩИХ УСТРОЙСТВ
Authors: Петросян К.О.
Published: January 2023

Обоснована актуальность минимизации потребляемой мощности статических
оперативных запоминающих устройств на основе комплементарных металл-оксидполупроводниковых (МОП) структур. Приведена тенденция увеличения энергопотребления в зависимости от технологических норм, откуда следует, что компонент
статической мощности при малых технологических нормах быстрее нарастает и становится соизмеримым с компонентом динамической мощности. Исследованы
типовая структурная схема статического оперативного запоминающего устройства и
ее основные узлы. Для расчета общего энергопотребления статических оперативных
запоминающих устройств приведено соответствующее выражение. В результате анализа технической литературы выявлены выражения, соответствующие потребляемой
мощности статического оперативного запоминающего устройства и ее основных узлов, которые позволяют оценить распределение потребляемых мощностей между
разными узлами, а также уменьшить энергопотребление на этапе раннего проектирования за счет выбора структурных параметров запоминающего устройства. Рассмотрены структура межсоединений и ее модель задержки. Приведены соответствующие
выражения для расчета сопротивлений и емкостей транзистора на основе МОП и для
межсоединения. На основе результатов исследования предложена задача оптимизации, которая, по сути, является задачей нелинейного программирования. Предложены условия, необходимые для оптимизации, представляющие собой систему, состоящую из двух нелинейных трансцендентных уравнений, которую следует решить численным методом с использованием программного пакета MATLAB. Для решения
задачи требуется наличие приближенной исходной точки, которая выбирается с учетом физического смысла задачи. В результате решения задачи получается локальная
минимальная точка. Предложенные подходы позволяют реально решить задачу
оптимизации.
УСЛОВИЯ МАКСИМУМА СУПЕРПОЗИЦИОННОГО ПОЛЯ СИСТЕМЫ ТОЧЕЧНЫХ ВОЛНОВЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ В КАРТИНЕ ФРЕНЕЛЯ
Authors: Хачатрян А.Ж. , Паносян Ж.Р. , Варданян Г.П. , Парсамян А.Ф.
Published: January 2023

Рассматривается задача описания суперпозиционного поля, генерированного
системой точечных когерентно излучающих источников. В общем виде получены
накладываемые на параметры задачи необходимые условия, при которых возможно
удовлетворительное описание волнового поля в рамках приближений Френеля и
Фраунгофера. Показано, что данное описание возможно только лишь при определенных ограничениях, накладываемых на поперечные пространственные параметры задачи, а также на волновой параметр дифракционной задачи. Доказано, что в общем
случае волновой параметр задачи является суммой двух волновых параметров, один
из которых волновой по области источников, а другой - волновой по области наблюдения.
Получены соответствующие выражения волнового поля в картинах Френеля
и Фраунгофера. Показано, что картина поля в приближении Фраунгофера является
частным случаем картины поля в приближении Френеля. Установлено, что в картине
Френеля волновое поле сферической волны выглядит как параболоидное поле, в то
время как сферическое поле в картине Фраунгофера представляет собой плоскую
волну. Важно отметить, что в картине Фраунгофера отсутствуют поперечные пространственные параметры задачи, в то время как в картине Френеля присутствуют
как поперечные, так и продольные параметры задачи. В связи с этим сделано заключение, что приближение Френеля соответствует локальному описанию поля, в то
время как в приближении Фраунгофера описание поля дается по направлению
наблюдения.
В общем случае сформулировано условие для определения максимума амплитуды колебаний волнового поля в картине Френеля. В рамках представленного
подхода воспроизведен ряд известных результатов теории фазированных антенных
решеток, применяемых для получения усиления по направлению. В частности, получен классический результат Лауэ касательно дифракции на периодических структурах. Проведено обобщение данных результатов на случай дифракции Френеля. Рассматривается возможность получения суперпозиционного поля с точечным характером усиления. Обсуждение проведено для случая систем, обладающих аксиальной
симметрией.
PENURUNAN SKALA NYERI PENGGUNAAN KETOROLAK INJEKSI PADA PASIEN OPERASI SESAR DI RUMAH SAKIT ROEMANI MUHAMMADIYAH SEMARANG
Authors: Octasari Paulina Maya , Inawati Menik
Published: January 2023

Pain management after cesarean section must be done properly to prevent the emergence of chronic pain in patients. Ketorolac is the first choice as an analgesic to treat that pain. The appropriate dosage and time of analgesic treatment have impact to pain scale decreasing and another analgesic adding. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of the reduction in the pain scale of using ketorolac injection in cesarean section patients at Roemani Muhammadiyah Semarang Hospital. This research is a descriptive observational study. The research design is cross-sectional study by using retrospective data. The data were taken through the medical records of patients with cesarean section at Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital Semarang for the period July - December 2019. The sample of this study was elective caesarean section patients who received ketorolac injection therapy in that period. The age range of patients taken was 18- 45 years. The reduction in pain scale was measured by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) method. The results showed that the sample data obtained and those who met the inclusion criteria were 88 patients. Before the administration of ketorolac injection, the number of patients with moderate pain was in the greatest number, namely 53.41% and after the administration of ketorolac injection, the number of patients with mild pain was the greatest, namely 63.64%. Patients who experienced a decrease in the pain scale of 39.78%, the stability of the pain scale of 47.72%, and an increase in the pain scale of 12.50%. The average reduction in the pain scale of cesarean patients who received ketorolac injection at the Roemani Muhammadiyah Semarang Hospital was 1.09.

 

Keywords: Cesarean section, Pain, Pain scale, Ketorolac, Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital Semarang.
Potensi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelor sebagai Antiinflamasi, Penetapan Kadar Flavanoid Total
Authors: Wulan Hesti , Pirnama Widagdo Dian , Aulia Citra
Published: January 2023

Inflamasi merupakan salah satu respon fisiologis tubuh, yang dapat berasal dari infeksi mikroba, tekanan fisik maupun kimia. Obat antiinflamasi banyak yang memiliki efek samping, sehingga perlu dicari alternative antiinflamasi. Daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang mudah dijumpai dan sudah dimanfaatkan untuk terapi herbal. Daun kelor mengandung flavonoid yaitu kuercetin, tannin dan saponin. Kuercetin dapat menghambat enzim COX-2 sehingga dapat menurunkan edema. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui berapa kadar flavonoid total dan daya antiinflamasi ekstrak etanol daun kelor. Metode yang dipakai untuk penentuan kadar flavonoid total menggunakan reaksi komplek dengan AlCl3 dibaca pada panjang gelombang 434 dan OT 15 menit, memakai baku pembanding kuercetin, sedangkan uji daya antiinflamasi menggunakan hewan uji mencit putih jantan, senyawa penginduksi karagenin 1% melalui subplantar, kontrol positif Na diklofenak dosis 5,6 mg/KgBB mencit dan kelompok perlakuan menggunakan dosis 35mg/KgBB,70 mg/KgBB dan 140 mg/KgBB mencit. Hasil penetapan kadar flavonoid didapat hasil rata-rata 8,33mg/100gr dan dosis efektif ekstrak etanol daun kelor yang setara dengan Na Diklofenak adalah dosis 35mg/KgBB mencit
Gambaran Tingkat Kepuasan Pasien Terhadap Kualitas Pelayanan Obatdi Apotek Kinan Farma Mojosongo Periode November-Desember Tahun 2021
Authors: Destiyani  , Nisa Nisa Amallia , Zaila M.A Tiara , Agus Santoso Aris Prio
Published: January 2023

Pharmaceutical service is a form of professionalism in the health sector which is the responsibility of a health professional, especially pharmacists. A pharmacy is a pharmaceutical service facility where the pharmacy is one of the places for a pharmacist to practice pharmacy. Rapid developments have occurred in pharmacies where there is a new pharmacy paradigm, namely from drug oriented (drug service) to patient oriented (patient service) which refers to pharmaceutical care (pharmaceutical care).
The benefits of this study are expected to determine the level of patient satisfaction with service quality and can provide health information to patients in order to improve the quality of drug services at the Kinan Farma Pharmacy. This research is an observational study, where the data is taken using a questionnaire based on the inclusion criteria that have been set. The results showed that the picture of Kinan Farma's pharmacy satisfaction was highest in the dimension of reliability (reliability) with a percentage of 92.3%. Based on the average dimension of satisfaction that was processed, the results obtained a percentage of 87% which indicates a very satisfied category.
Evolución reciente de la financiación y del crédito bancario al sector privado no financiero. Segundo semestre de 2022
Authors: Alves Pana , Delgado Javier , Garrido Jaime , Lavín Nadia , Pérez Montes Carlos
Published: January 2023

Motivación. Analizar las condiciones y el volumen de financiación captada por hogares y empresas por sus implicaciones macroeconómicas, así como cuantificar el riesgo de crédito asumido por las entidades de depósito a través de los préstamos a estos dos sectores.

Ideas principales • Las condiciones de financiación han seguido endureciéndose en el segundo semestre de 2022, y se ha intensificado la traslación del aumento de los tipos de interés de mercado al coste de los préstamos. Ello se ha traducido en un descenso del flujo de nueva financiación. • El stock de crédito bancario al sector privado residente en el tercer trimestre de 2022 presentó un descenso inferior al del mismo trimestre en años recientes, debido fundamentalmente al comportamiento del stock de crédito a actividades empresariales. Los créditos dudosos y en vigilancia especial continuaron reduciéndose, excepto en algunas carteras, como la de préstamos con avales del ICO. • Las exposiciones al sector de la energía tienen un peso limitado en el negocio crediticio bancario en España, si bien su calidad ha empeorado a lo largo de 2022 y se ha observado un cierto endurecimiento de las condiciones de concesión aplicadas a sus préstamos.
Խորհրդային Ադրբեջանի տիտղոսակիր ժողովրդին «ադրբեջանցի» անվանելու հարցի մասին
Authors: Հարությունյան Անուշ
Published: January 2023

XIX դ. սկսված էթնոհամախմբման գործընթացը Արևելյան Այսրկովկասի մահմեդականների շրջանում դեռևս չէր հանգեցրել ընդհանրական էնդոէթնոնիմի՝ ինքնանվան ստեղծմանը, որը էթնոսի ինքնության որոշարկման կարևորագույն բաղադրիչներից է։ Ռուսական տիրապետության շրջանում թյուրքալեզու մահմեդականների նկատմամբ կիրառելի էր «թաթար» անվանումը՝ որպես էթնոնիմ, իսկ Ադրբեջանի Դեմոկրատական Հանրապետության շրջանում՝ «թուրք» անվանումը։ Արդեն 1920-ական թթ. ԽՍՀՄ-ի բնիկացման քաղաքականությամբ ի հայտ եկավ «տիտղոսակիր» ժողովուրդ հասկացությունը, և շուտով անհրաժեշտություն առաջացավ վերափոխել այդ ժողովրդի ինքնությունն այնպես, որ չհայտնվի թուրքական և իրանական ազգաշինության գործընթացների ազդեցության տակ։ Անհրաժեշտ էր գտնել այնպիսի «լուծում», որը կհամապատասխաներ ԽՍՀՄ-ի էթնոտարածքային սկզբունքին, իսկ դա, ըստ Ստալինի, պետության անվանը համապատասխան թյուրքալեզու մահմեդական տիտղոսակիր ժողովրդին «ադրբեջանցի» անվանելն էր։ Դա ամրագրվեց 1937 թ. Ադրբեջանական ԽՍՀ սահմանադրությամբ։
Начавшаяся в XIX веке этноконсолидация среди мусульман Восточного Закавказья еще не привела к созданию общего эндоэтнонима, который является одним из важнейших компонентов определения идентичности этноса. Во времена российского владычества в качестве этнонима использовалось название «татары», а в период Азербайджанской демократической республики – «тюрки». Уже в 1920-ые гг. в результате т.н. коренизации сформировалась концепция «титульной» нации, а вскоре возникла и необ-ходимость такого типа преобразования идентичности, который исключал бы возможность влияния турецкой или иранской идентичности. Необходимо было найти «решение», которое не противоречило бы этнотерриториальному принципу СССР. Последнее, по мнению Сталина, предполагало соответствие этнонима названию государственного образования. Так тюркоязычные мусульмане Советского Азербайджана были названы «азербайджанцами», что было утверждено конституцией Азербайджанской ССР 1937 года․
The process of ethnoconsolidation among the muslims of Eastern Transcaucasia (since the 19th century) hadn’t led to the creation of general endoethnonym, which is one of the most important components of the determination of national identity. During Russian rule the name "tatar" was used as an ethnonym, and in the period of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic the name "Turk" was used. Already in 1920 s. due to the policy of nativization, the concept of "titular" nation was formed and soon the problem of trans-formation of identity arose to protect it from the impacts of Turkish and Iranian nation-building processes. It was necessary to find such a solution, which would correspond to the ethno-territorial principle of the USSR, which, according to Stalin, could be reflected in the calling of the Turkic-speaking Muslims of Soviet Azerbaijan - "the Azerbaijanis". This was fixed by the constitution of Azerbaijan SSR in 1937.