bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indirect Taxes and National Remedies
Authors: Ward Angela
Published: September 2019

In Case C-188/95 Fantask A/S and Others v. Industriministeriet (Erhvervsministeriet) [1997] E.C.R. I-6783 the European Court of Justice provided further guidance on the interpretation of Council Directive 69/335 EEC of 17 July 1969 concerning indirect taxes on the raising of capital (O.J. English Special Edition 1969 (II), p. 412), as most recently amended by Council Directive 85/303/EEC of 10 June 1985 (O.J. 1985 L 156, p. 23), and elaborated its case law concerning Member State remedies and procedural rules. More particularly, it was held that a national rule which would have allowed Danish authorities to escape the duty to refund charges levied in breach of the Directive on the ground of “excusable error” rendered Community law impossible in practice or excessively difficult to enforce (Case 199/82 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v. San Giorgio [1983] E.C.R. 3595), while a five-year time limit for bringing proceedings under Danish law was upheld as a reasonable limitation period (cf. Case C-208/90 Emmott v. Minister for Social Welfare and the Attorney General [1991] E.C.R. I-4269).
In the Name of the Father?
Authors: Bainham Andrew
Published: September 2019

Where, following divorce, a mother remarries, it is not uncommon for her to wish to change the surname of the children to that of the stepfather. In these cases the jurisprudence of the courts has established over a substantial period of time that a parent may not unilaterally change the name of a child but that, if the matter is brought before the court, the question of a proposed change must be determined on the basis of the welfare principle. The Children Act 1989 (section 13) had made this explicit where a residence order was in place but, surprisingly, some had questioned whether the automatic prohibition had survived the Children Act in the much larger number of cases where no such order is made. The direct issue before the House of Lords in Dawson v. Wearmouth [1999] 1 F.L.R. 1167 was whether the Court of Appeal had correctly exercised its discretion in allowing an appeal by a mother against the judge's decision to sanction a change of name. In unanimously holding that it had, the House must be taken to have tacitly affirmed the above principles, which will govern the situation in the absence of a court order (for a review of the authorities see the commentary on the Court of Appeal's decision by Jonathan Herring at [1998] C.L.J. 266).
FROM TYRANNY TO DESPOTISM: THE ENLIGHTENMENT'S
UNENLIGHTENED IMAGE OF THE TURKS
Authors: Çirakman Asli
Published: September 2019

This study aims to examine the way in which European writers of the 16th, 17th, and 18th
centuries represented Ottoman government. The Ottoman Empire had a special place in European
experience and thought. The Ottomans were geographically close to Western Europe, yet they
were quite apart in culture and religion, a combination that triggered interest in Turkish affairs.1 Particularly important were political affairs. The Ottoman government inspired a variety of opinions among European travelers and thinkers. During the 18th century, the Ottomans lost their image as formidable and eventually ceased to provoke curiosity in the
European public. They were no longer dreaded as the “public calamity”; nor were
they greatly respected as the “most modern government” on earth. Rather, they
were regarded as a dull and backward sort of people. From the 16th century to the 19th century,
the European observers employed two similar, yet different, concepts to characterize the
government of the Ottoman Empire. The concept of tyranny was widely used during the 16th and
17th centuries, whereas the concept of despotism was used to depict the regime of the Ottomans
in the 18th century. The transition from the term “tyranny” to that of
“despotism” in the 18th century indicates a radical change in the European images
of the Ottoman Empire. Although both of these terms designate corrupt and perverse regimes in
Western political thought, a distinction was made between tyranny and despotism, and it mattered
crucially which term was applied to the Ottoman state. European observers of the empire gave
special meanings to these key concepts over time. “Tyranny” allowed for both
positive and negative features, whereas “despotism” had no redeeming features.
Early modern Europeans emphasized both admirable and frightening aspects of Ottoman
greatness. On the other hand, the concept of despotism was redefined as inherently Oriental in the
18th century and employed to depict the corruption and backwardness of the Ottoman
government. This transformation was profoundly reflected in the beliefs of Europeans about the
East. That is, 18th century thought on Ottoman politics contains a Eurocentric analysis of Oriental
despotism that is absent from the discussions of Ottoman tyranny in earlier centuries.
RETHINKING THE COLD WAR AND DECOLONIZATION: THE GRAND
STRATEGY OF THE ALGERIAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
Authors: Connelly Matthew
Published: September 2019

October and November 1960 were two of the coldest months of the Cold War. Continuing
tensions over Berlin and the nuclear balance were exacerbated by crises in Laos, Congo,
and—for the first time—France's rebellious départements
in Algeria. During Nikita Khrushchev's table-pounding visit to the United Nations, he
embraced Belkacem Krim, the foreign minister of the Gouvernement Provisoire de la
République Algérienne (GPRA). After mugging for the cameras at the Soviet
estate in Glen Cove, New York, Khrushchev confirmed that this constituted de facto recognition
of the provisional government and pledged all possible aid. Meanwhile, in Beijing, President
Ferhat Abbas delivered the GPRA's first formal request for Chinese
“volunteers.” U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower asked his National Security
Council “whether such intervention would not mean war.” The council agreed that
if communist regulars infiltrated Algeria, the United States would be bound by the North Atlantic
Treaty to come to the aid of French President Charles de Gaulle and his beleaguered government.
After six years of insurgency, Algeria appeared to be on the brink of becoming a Cold War
battleground.1
GAVIN R. G. HAMBLY, ED., Women in the
Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety, The New Middle Ages (New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1998). Pp. 566.
Authors: MERIWETHER MARGARET L.
Published: September 2019

The historical study of women and gender in the Middle East and Islamic world has come of
age. Not so long ago, it was difficult to find good monographs or collections of essays on
women's experiences in the past, even as studies of women and gender in the contemporary
Islamic world proliferated. As a result, our ability to make sense of women's lives and
experiences in the late 20th century suffered from a lack of historical perspective. An enormous
amount of work still confronts us in recovering women's experiences, but exciting
historical studies, solidly grounded in primary sources, are already changing the way we think
about women in Islamic and Middle Eastern history—and, indeed, in some cases they are
changing the way we look at that history as a whole. The greatest gains have occurred in the
study of the 19th and 20th centuries, when changes in women's lives were particularly
visible and the wealth of sources has allowed us to deal with a range of important questions. What
we know about women in the early modern period, especially in the Ottoman Empire, is also
expanding rapidly. The absence of work and the huge gaps in our knowledge of earlier periods,
despite important works such as those by Denise Spellberg and Leila Ahmed, remains a serious
problem, however. This collection of essays, Women in the Medieval Islamic World,
edited by Gavin Hambly, is therefore a very welcome addition to the literature on the history of
Muslim women in the pre-modern era.
DONALD M. NICOL, TRANS. AND ED., Theodore Spandounes. On the Origin of the Ottoman Emperors (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Pp. 190.
Authors: FLEET KATE
Published: September 2019

This book is a translation and edition of the work written by Spandounes in 1538 and
published and edited by C. N. Sathas in Documents inédits relatifs à
l'histoire de la Grèce au moyen âge, vol. IX (Paris, 1890). Theodore
Spandounes, or Spandugnino, was probably born in Venice and died after 1538. He was sent
when young to his great-aunt Mara, widow of Murad II, who was then living in eastern
Macedonia, and seems to have visited Istanbul in 1503. At the end of 1508, he was exiled from
Venice as a suspected Francophile and was in France from 1509. By 1516, he had returned to
Venice.
SAMIR SAUL, La France et L'Egypte de 1882 à 1914: Intérêts économiques et implications politiques, Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière de la France (Paris: Ministère de l'Économie, des Finances et de l'Industrie, 1997). Pp. 787. Fr 249 paper.
Authors: SLUGLETT PETER
Published: September 2019

This is an exhaustive study of French economic interests in Egypt, the development of a particular type of capitalism in Egypt, and Franco-British relations in Egypt between the British Occupation in 1882 and World War I. It is based on an extraordinarily wide range of sources from Belgium, Britain, Egypt, and France, including British, Egyptian, and French diplomatic documents and material from a variety of banks and business enterprises, such as the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, Crédit Lyonnais, La Compagnie du Canal de Suez, and La Société Générale. The book was published in 1997, but—and this is the only negative remark I shall make—it is a matter of some regret that (apart from some of the author's own more recent papers) its very wide-ranging bibliography stops somewhere around the end of the 1980s, possibly because the doctorat d'État, of which this book is “une version réduite” (p. xi) was defended in 1991. There is a warmly appreciative preface by Saul's maître, Jacques Thobie, author of Intérêts et impérialisme français dans l'Empire ottoman (1895–1914), and Saul expresses his own debt to Thobie and other French historians of overseas investments in Morocco, Russia, and Germany in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Allain, Girault, Guillen, Poidevin).
JONATHAN G. KATZ, Dreams, Sufism and Sainthood: The Visionary Career of Muhammadal-Zawawi, Studies in the History of Religions (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996). Pp. 281. $120 cloth.
Authors: TAYLOR CHRISTOPHER S.
Published: September 2019

In this original and intriguing study, Jonathan Katz explores and analyzes the dream diary of a
little-known 15th-century North African Sufi saint (wali¯), Muhammad
al-Zawawi of Bijaya (modern Bougie, Algeria). Over a ten-year period (1447–57),
al-Zawawi kept a nearly complete diary of his dream encounters with the Prophet Muhammad.
Consisting of 109 entries, al-Zawawi's Tu[h dot under]fat al-na¯[z dot under]ir
wa-nuzhat al-mana¯zir traces his visionary career across North Africa from
Bijaya to Cairo and back.
HILLEL FRISCHCountdown to Statehood: Palestinian State Formation in the West Bank and Gaza, SUNY Series in Israeli Studies (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998). Pp. 234. $59.50 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: GERNER DEBORAH J.
Published: September 2019

One of the central political challenges facing numerous African, Asian, and Middle Eastern
countries over the past half-century has been how best to maneuver successfully through the
related, but not necessarily parallel, processes of creating and articulating a national identity,
achieving independence from colonial rule, and developing predictable and legitimate institutions
of governance (that is, state formation). How a national community elects to approach these
formidable tasks is influenced by a plethora of factors, including the constraints and opportunities
represented by the international and regional environment and the attributes of key leaders.
Understanding this phenomenon is not simply an academic exercise, as the strategies pursued may
have a significant impact on the shape the eventual state takes.
PIROUZ MOJTAHED-ZADEH, Security and
Territoriality in the Persian Gulf. A Maritime Political Geography (Surrey: Curzon Press,
1999). Pp. 298. $75.00.
Authors: HASSAN-YARI HOUCHANG
Published: September 2019

If the number of annual international conferences on a subject is an indicator of its importance
for the academic and the political worlds, there is no doubt that security in the Persian Gulf region
is one of the most debated topics. The area has always been coveted by non-indigenous
adventurers. The Portuguese presence in the region was followed by a lasting British dominance,
which, in turn, would be dislodged by a new American military, political, cultural, and economic
leadership. This historical foreign intervention coupled with emerging political independent
entities—that is, states—has created a confrontational dynamic in the region based
on territorial lines of demarcation.
IZZUD-DIN PAL, Pakistan, Islam and Economics:
Failure of Modernity (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999). Pp. 195.
Authors: LOONEY ROBERT E.
Published: September 2019

This excellent study offers a critical analysis of the Islamic economic system, particularly as it
has evolved in Pakistan after being defined by the traditional ulma and embellished by various
Islamic economists. It is a pioneering effort to present a comprehensive view of the issues
involved, from riba to the status of women in Islam. These issues are encompassed in a broader
discussion of the country's identity: was Pakistan to be an Islamic state or a Muslim state?
ALON PELED, A Question of Loyalty: Military Manpower in
Multiethnic States (Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell University Press, 1998). Pp. 230.
Authors: BARAK OREN
Published: September 2019

This book contributes to the growing fields of ethnic studies and military thought; it is also of
interest to students of the contemporary Middle East.
ACTIVISM AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Authors: Bayat Asef
Published: September 2019

This article is about social activism and its relationship to social development in the Middle
East. It examines the myriad strategies that the region's urban grass-roots pursue to defend
their rights and improve their lives in this neo-liberal age. Prior to the advent of the
political–economic restructuring of the 1980s, most Middle Eastern countries were largely
dominated by either nationalist-populist regimes (such as Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Sudan,
Turkey) or pro-Western rentier states (Iran, Arab Gulf states). Financed by oil or remittances,
these largely authoritarian states pursued state-led development strategies, attaining remarkable
(21% average annual) growth rates.1 Income from oil offered the rentier states the
possibility of providing social services to many of their citizens, and the ideologically driven
populist states dispensed significant benefits in education, health, employment, housing, and the
like.2 For these post-colonial regimes, such provision of social welfare was
necessary to build popularity among the peasants, workers, and middle strata at a time that these
states were struggling against both the colonial powers and old internal ruling classes. The state
acted as the moving force of economic and social development on behalf of the populace.
METAPHORS OF COMMERCE: TRANS-VALUING TRIBALISM IN YEMENI
AUDIOCASSETTE POETRY
Authors: Miller W. Flagg
Published: September 2019

Over the course of more than three decades, efforts to integrate theories of political economy
with verbal culture have produced some of the most generative inquiries into the social meaning
of discursive form. Beginning in the 1960s, sociolinguists developed what became known as the
“ethnography of speaking,”1 with the aim of considering verbal skills
and performance as aspects of a socioeconomic system whose resources are apportioned
according to a hierarchical division of labor. Critical of the more formalist and universalist
language paradigms of Leonard Bloomfield and Noam Chomsky, these theorists argued that
speaking is a socially and culturally constructed activity that is meaningful precisely in its
relationship to specific systems of material organization. By the 1970s, sociologists were
extending these insights to broader political theory by proposing that linguistic competence be
considered a form of “capital” that is distributed in “linguistic
markets.”2 Through pioneering interdisciplinary efforts, inquiries into the
competences of individual speakers gradually yielded to analyses of situated calculations that
individuals make in exchange—calculations of quantities and kinds of return, of symbolic
and economic capital, of alternative representations. Meaning was becoming as much a matter of
value and power as it was an expression of relationships between, as Ferdinand de Saussure once
proposed, a “sound pattern” and a “concept.”3 Indeed,
in recent work in linguistic and cultural anthropology, studies of meaning have been linked even
more intentionally to political economy by scholars who locate signs within social and material
contexts. Words are things that circulate as signs through social, symbolic, and economic
trajectories4 and are refracted through linguistic markets that are multiple and
shifting.5 Building on earlier social anthropology, these studies suggest that, even
within one tightly knit social community, exchange becomes meaningful only at the intersection of
multiple systems of value.
TURKISH CONSERVATIVE MODERNISM: BIRTH OF A NATIONALIST QUEST
FOR CULTURAL RENEWAL
Authors: İrem Nazim
Published: September 2019

The Turkish Republic was established in 1923 as an invention of the modernist–
Westernist elites who sought a radical transformation of traditional Ottoman Islamic social,
economic, and political structures after the three-year War of Independence (1919–22)
against foreign occupation in Anatolia. The transformative modernist project of the Westernist
elites took capitalism as the new economic basis of society; the nation-state and parliamentary
democracy as its political structure; and secularization as its cultural process. Yakup Kadri
Karaosmanoğlu first used the term “Kemalism” on 28 June 1929 to refer to
the new nation- and state-building ideology that defined the legitimate political vocabulary
constituting the basic principles and values of the Turkish path to modernity.1 Then
the term “Kemalism” was used in the mainstream histography of the Turkish
Revolution to refer to a new political stand that interpreted the revolutionary practices that had
taken place between 1923 and 1935 within the framework of the tradition of ideological
positivism. It broadly implied a philosophical–political stand that was shaped by an
adherence to the formal “six arrow” principles of the Turkish Revolution. Ali
Kazancigil argued that Kemalist ideology was an amalgam of the ideas associated with laicism,
nationalism, solidarist positivist political theory, and 19th-century scientism.2 The
dominant trend in the histography of the Kemalist revolution saw it as a late-Enlightenment
movement that had its roots in the secular-rationalist tradition of ideological positivism and
characterized the politics of the era as a zero-sum game between secular-modernist Kemalists in
action and religiously oriented anti-modernists in reaction. Yet both the progressive Kemalists and
reactionary groups had heterogeneous structures and were composed of many groups formed
around different philosophical–political understandings about the novelties brought about
by the Turkish Revolution. This study, however, limits itself to the goal of illustrating the plurality
of groups and approaches to the Turkish Revolution within the modernist–Kemalist ranks
of which the neo-republican conservatives were an organic part. How alternative interpretations
of the Turkish Revolution, including the neo-conservative one, became part of the Kemalist
histography is an open-ended question that requires a comprehensive survey of the ideological and
philosophical trends prevalent within the ranks of the modernist elites in the 1920s and 1930s.
GERTRUDE BELL, The Arabian Diaries, 1913–1914, ed. Rosemary O'Brien (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2000). Pp. 273.
Authors: Kennedy Dane
Published: September 2019

In December 1913, the English traveler and Orientalist Gertrude Bell set out from Damascus
on a four-month journey that looped southeast through Arabia to the city of Hayyil, then north to
Baghdad, and back across the Syrian desert to Damascus. The Syrian portion of the passage was
already familiar to her, and she was not the first European to follow the caravan routes through
Arabia. Charles Doughty and Wilfred and Anne Blunt, among others, had preceded her. Nor did
her efforts significantly advance European knowledge of the region. But her willingness to
undertake such an arduous and dangerous journey without European companions won her a gold
medal from the Royal Geographical Society and a reputation as an authority on the Middle East,
subsequently reinforced by her role in intelligence for the Arab Bureau during World War I and in
the establishment of the British-dominated Iraqi state afterward.
PALMIRA BRUMMETT, Image and Imperialism in the
Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911 (Albany: State University of New York
Press, 2000). Pp. 489. $86.50 cloth, $29.95 paper.
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth
Published: September 2019

The reader plunges into the whirlwind of revolution in this study of the satirical press that
circulated after the Young Turks reinstated the Ottoman constitution in 1908. The brave new
world depicted in the more than one hundred cartoons reprinted in this work is headed in
unknown and often paradoxical directions: we see starving peasants confront fur-coated
revolutionaries; dragon-headed despots leading Lady Liberty by the arm; cadaverous cholera
victims patrolling the streets; and a woman steering an airplane above the revolutionary city of the
future. The 1908 revolution will never look quite the same to readers familiar with the (still scant)
treatment of the subject in the English language. Palmira Brummett addresses her innovative study
not only to revisionist historians of the late Ottoman period, but also to a wider community of
scholars interested in the history of publishing and the construction of identity in the Middle East,
Europe, and elsewhere.
WILLIAM HALE, Turkish Foreign Policy: 1774–2000 (Newbury Park, U.K., and Portland, Ore.: Frank Cass, 2001). Pp. 375. $49.50 cloth.
Authors: Bahcheli Tozun
Published: September 2019

Even before the publication of this book, William Hale enjoyed a reputation as a
well-informed and productive scholar of Turkish politics. He has greatly enhanced his place in
Turkish studies with the publication of this outstanding book on Turkish foreign policy.
MARC SCHADE-POULSON, Men and Popular
Music in Algeria, Modern Middle-East Series No. 20 (Austin: University of Texas Press,
1999). Pp. 250. $35.00 cloth, $12.76 paper.
Authors: Langlois Tony
Published: September 2019

Rai is a form of popular music most closely associated with the city of Oran
(Waharan) in the northwestern corner of Algeria. Marc Schade-Poulson's book considers
the social significance of the genre in its place of origin and, in particular, its role in describing the
complex gender relations prevailing there.
THE KING'S AFRIKANERS? ENLISTMENT
AND ETHNIC IDENTITY IN THE UNION OF SOUTH
AFRICA'S DEFENCE FORCE DURING THE SECOND
WORLD WAR, 1939–45
Authors: GRUNDLINGH ALBERT
Published: September 2019

In contrast to the situation in Commonwealth countries such as Canada and
Australia, South Africa's participation in the Second World War has not
been accorded a particularly significant place in the country's historiography.
In part at least, this is the result of historiographical traditions which,
although divergent in many ways, have a common denominator in that their
various compelling imperatives have despatched the Second World War to
the periphery of their respective scholarly discourses.

Afrikaner historians have concentrated on wars on their ‘own’ soil – the
South African War of 1899–1902 in particular – and beyond that through
detailed analyses of white politics have been at pains to demonstrate the
inexorable march of Afrikanerdom to power. The Second World War only
featured insofar as it related to internal Afrikaner political developments.
Neither was the war per se of much concern to English-speaking academic
historians, either of the so-called liberal or radical persuasion. For more than
two decades, the interests of English-speaking professional historians have
been dominated by issues of race and class, social structure, consciousness
and the social effects of capitalism. While the South African War did receive
some attention in terms of capitalist imperialist expansion, the Second World
War was left mostly to historians of the ‘drum-and-trumpet’ variety. In
general, the First and Second World Wars did not appear a likely context in
which to investigate wider societal issues in South Africa.
Instability in a viscous flow driven by streamwise vortices
Authors: BRINCKMAN K. W. , WALKER J. D. A.
Published: September 2019

Unsteady separation processes at large finite, Reynolds number, Re, are considered,
as well as the possible relation to existing descriptions of boundary-layer separation
in the limit Re → ∞. The model problem is a fundamental vortex-driven three-dimensional flow,
believed to be relevant to bursting near the wall in a turbulent
boundary layer. Bursting is known to be associated with streamwise vortex motion,
but the vortex/wall interactions that drive the near-wall flow toward breakdown have
not yet been fully identified. Here, a simulation of symmetric counter-rotating vortices
is used to assess the influence of sustained pumping action on the development of a
viscous wall layer. The calculated solutions describe a three-dimensional flow at finite
Re that is independent of the streamwise coordinate and consists of a crossflow plane
motion, with a developing streamwise flow. The unsteady problem is constructed to
mimic a typical cycle in turbulent wall layers and numerical solutions are obtained
over a range of Re. Recirculating eddies develop rapidly in the near-wall flow, but
these eddies are eventually bisected by alleyways which open up from the external
flow region to the wall. At sufficiently high Re, an oscillation was found to develop in
the streamwise vorticity field near the alleyways with a concurrent evolution of a local
spiky behaviour in the wall shear. Above a critical value of Re, the oscillation grows
rapidly in amplitude and eventually penetrates the external flow field, suggesting
the onset of an unstable wall-layer breakdown. Local zones of severely retarded
streamwise velocity are computed which are reminiscent of the low-speed streaks
commonly observed in turbulent boundary layers. A number of other features also
bear a resemblance to observed coherent structure in the turbulent wall layer.
Generation of solitary waves by forward- and backward-step bottom forcing
Authors: ZHANG DAO-HUA , CHWANG ALLEN T.
Published: September 2019

A finite difference method based on the Euler equations is developed for computing
waves and wave resistance due to different bottom topographies moving steadily
at the critical velocity in shallow water. A two-dimensional symmetric and slowly
varying bottom topography, as a forcing for wave generation, can be viewed as a
combination of fore and aft parts. For a positive topography (a bump), the fore part
is a forward-step forcing, which contributes to the generation of upstream-advancing
solitary waves, whereas the aft part is a backward-step forcing to which a depressed
water surface region and a trailing wavetrain are attributed. These two wave systems
respectively radiate upstream and downstream without mutual interaction.

For a negative topography (a hollow), the fore part is a backward step and the aft
part is a forward step. The downstream-radiating waves generated by the backward-step
forcing at the fore part will interact with the upstream-running waves generated
by the forward-step forcing at the aft. Therefore, the wave system generated by
a negative topography is quite different from that by a positive topography. The
generation period of solitary waves is slightly longer and the instantaneous drag
fluctuation is skewed for a negative topography. When the length of the negative
topography increases, the oscillation of the wave-resistance coefficient with time does
not coincide with the period of solitary wave emission.
Influence of jet exit conditions on the passive scalar field of an axisymmetric free jet
Authors: MI J. , NOBES D. S. , NATHAN G. J.
Published: September 2019

The influence of initial flow conditions on the passive scalar field of a turbulent free
jet issuing from the round nozzle is investigated in this paper by a review of the
literature and a detailed experimental study. Two sets of distinctly different initial
conditions are generated using two nozzle types: a smooth contraction and a long
straight pipe. The present measurements of the passive scalar (temperature) field
were conducted in a slightly heated air jet from each nozzle at a Reynolds number
of 16 000 using identical experimental facilities and a single measurement technique.
Significant differences between the flows from the two nozzles are revealed throughout
the measured flow region which covers the axial range from 0 to 70 jet exit diameters.
The study suggests that the differences observed in the statistics of the scalar field
may be related to differences in the underlying turbulence structure of the jet in the
near field. The present findings support the analytical result of George (1989) that the
entire flow is influenced by the initial conditions, resulting in a variety of self-similar
states in the far field.
Self-similar states in turbulent mixing layers
Authors: BALARAS ELIAS , PIOMELLI UGO , WALLACE JAMES M.
Published: September 2019

Large-eddy simulations of temporally evolving turbulent mixing layers have been
carried out. The effect of the initial conditions and the size of the computational box
on the turbulent statistics and structures is examined in detail. A series of calculations
was initialized using two different realizations of a spatially developing turbulent
boundary-layer with their free streams moving in opposite directions. Computations
initialized with mean flow plus random perturbations with prescribed moments were
also conducted. In all cases, the initial transitional stage, from boundary-layer turbulence
or random noise to mixing-layer turbulence, was followed by a self-similar
period. The self-similar periods, however, differed considerably: the growth rates
and turbulence intensities showed differences, and were affected both by the initial
condition and by the computational domain size. In all simulations the presence of
quasi-two-dimensional spanwise rollers was clear, together with ‘braid’ regions with
quasi-streamwise vortices. The development of these structures, however, was different:
if strong rollers were formed early (as in the cases initialized by random noise),
a well-organized pattern persisted throughout the self-similar period. The presence of
boundary layer turbulence, on the other hand, inhibited the growth of the inviscid
instability, and delayed the formation of the roller–braid patterns. Increasing the
domain size tended to make the flow more three-dimensional.
Experiments on the stability and transition of wind-driven water surfaces
Authors: VERON FABRICE , MELVILLE W. KENDALL
Published: September 2019

We present the results of laboratory and field measurements on the stability of
wind-driven water surfaces. The laboratory measurements show that when exposed
to an increasing wind starting from rest, surface current and wave generation is
accompanied by a variety of phenomena that occur over comparable space and time
scales. Of particular interest is the generation of small-scale, streamwise vortices, or
Langmuir circulations, the clear influence of the circulations on the structure of the
growing wave field, and the subsequent transition to turbulence of the surface flow.
Following recent work by Melville, Shear & Veron (1998) and Veron & Melville
(1999b), we show that the waves that are initially generated by the wind are then
strongly modulated by the Langmuir circulations that follow. Direct measurements
of the modulated wave variables are qualitatively consistent with geometrical optics
and wave action conservation, but quantitative comparison remains elusive. Within
the range of parameters of the experiments, both the surface waves and the Langmuir
circulations first appear at constant Reynolds numbers of 370 ± 10 and 530 ± 20,
respectively, based on the surface velocity and the depth of the laminar shear layer.
The onset of the Langmuir circulations leads to a significant increase in the heat
transfer across the surface. The field measurements in a boat basin display the same
phenomena that are observed in the laboratory. The implications of the measurements
for air–sea fluxes, especially heat and gas transfer, and sea-surface temperature, are
discussed.
Flow past a sphere undergoing unsteady rectilinear motion and unsteady drag at small Reynolds number
Authors: ASMOLOV EVGENY S.
Published: September 2019

The flow induced by a sphere which undergoes unsteady motion in a Newtonian
fluid at small Reynolds number is considered at distances large compared with
sphere radius a. Previous solutions of the unsteady Oseen equations (Ockendon
1968; Lovalenti & Brady 1993b) for rectilinear motion are refined. Three-dimensional
Fourier transforms of the disturbance field are integrated over Fourier space to derive
new concise equations for the velocity field and history force in terms of single history
integrals.

Various slip-velocity profiles are classified by the ratio A of the particle relative displacement,
z′p(t′) −
z′p(τ′), to the diffusion length,
l′D = 2[v(t′ − τ′)]1/2,
where v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Most previous studies are concerned with large-displacement
motions for which the ratio is large in the long-time limit. It is shown
using asymptotic calculations that the flow at any point at large distance z past a
sphere for arbitrary large-displacement and non-reversing motion is the same as the
steady-state laminar wake if z is expressed in terms of the time elapsed since the
particle was at that point in the laboratory frame. The point source solution for the
remainder of the far flow is also valid for the unsteady case.

A start-up motion with slip velocity V′p
= γ′(t′)−1/2, t′ > 0, is investigated for which A
is finite. A self-similar solution for the flow field is obtained in terms of space coordinates scaled by the diffusion
length, u′ = auss(η)/t′ where
η = r′/2(vt′)1/2. The
unsteady Oseen correction to the drag is inversely proportional to time.

When A is small in the long-time limit (a small-displacement motion) the flow
field also depends on the space coordinates in terms of η. The distribution of the
streamwise velocity uz is symmetrical in z.
Eddy viscosity of cellular flows
Authors: NOVIKOV ALEXEI , PAPANICOLAOU GEORGE
Published: September 2019

We analyse modulational (large-scale) perturbations of stationary solutions of the
two-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The stationary solutions are cellular flows with stream function
ϕ = sin y1 sin y2 +
δ cos y1 cos y2, 0 [les ] δ [les ] 1.
Using multiscale techniques we derive effective coefficients, including the eddy
viscosity tensor, for the (averaged) modulation equations. For cellular flows with
closed streamlines we give rigorous asymptotic bounds at high Reynolds number for
the tensor of eddy viscosity by means of saddle-point variational principles. These
results allow us to compare the linear and nonlinear modulational stability of cellular
flows with no channels and of shear flows at high Reynolds number. We find that the
geometry of the underlying cellular flows plays an important role in the stability of the
modulational perturbations. The predictions of the multiscale analysis are compared
with direct numerical simulations.
Supersonic vortex breakdown during vortex/cylinder interaction
Authors: KALKHORAN I. M. , SMART M. K. , WANG F. Y.
Published: September 2019

The head-one interaction of a supersonic streamwise vortex with
a circular cylinder
reveals a vortex breakdown similar in many ways to that of incompressible
vortex
breakdown. In particular, the dramatic flow reorganization observed during
the
interaction resembles the conical vortex breakdown reported by Sarpkaya
(1995) at
high Reynolds number. In the present study, vortex breakdown is brought
about when
moderate and strong streamwise vortices encounter the bow shock in front
of a circular
cylinder at Mach 2.49. The main features of the vortex/cylinder interaction
are the
formation of a blunt-nosed conical shock with apex far upstream of the
undisturbed
shock stand-off distance, and a vortex core which responds to passage through
the apex
of the conical shock by expanding into a turbulent conical flow structure.
The
geometry of the expanding vortex core as well as the location of the conical
shock apex
are seen to be strong functions of the incoming vortex strength and the
cylinder
diameter. A salient feature of the supersonic vortex breakdown is the formation
of an
entropy-shear layer, which separates an interior subsonic zone
containing the burst
vortex from the surrounding supersonic flow. In keeping with the well-established

characteristics of the low-speed vortex breakdown, a region of reversed
flow is
observed inside the turbulent subsonic zone. The steady vortex/cylinder
interaction
flow fields generated in the current study exhibit many characteristics
of the unsteady
vortex distortion patterns previously observed during normal shock wave/vortex

interactions. This similarity of the instantaneous flow structure indicates
that the
phenomenon previously called vortex distortion
by Kalkhoran et al. (1996) is a form of
supersonic vortex breakdown.
Resonant scattering of edge waves by longshore periodic topography
Authors: CHEN YONGZE , GUZA R. T.
Published: September 2019

The resonant scattering of topographically trapped, low-mode progressive
edge waves
by longshore periodic topography is investigated using a multiple-scale
expansion of
the linear shallow water equations. Coupled evolution equations for the
slowly varying
amplitudes of incident and scattered edge waves are derived for small-amplitude,

periodic depth perturbations superposed on a plane beach.
In ‘single-wave scattering’,
an incident edge wave is resonantly scattered into a single additional
progressive
edge wave having the same or different mode number (i.e. longshore wavenumber),

and propagating in the same or opposite direction (forward and backward
scattering,
respectively), as the incident edge wave. Backscattering into the same
mode number
as the incident edge wave, the analogue of Bragg scattering of surface
waves,
is a special case. In ‘multi-wave scattering’, simultaneous
forward and backward
resonant scattering results in several (rather than only one) new progressive
edge
waves. Analytic solutions are obtained for single-wave scattering and for
a special
case of multi-wave scattering involving mode-0 and mode-1 edge waves, over
perturbed
depth regions of both finite and semi-infinite longshore extent. In single-wave

backscattering with small (subcritical) detuning (i.e. departure from exact
resonance),
the incident and backscattered wave amplitudes both decay exponentially
with propagation
distance over the periodic bathymetry, whereas with large (supercritical)

detuning the amplitudes oscillate with distance. In single-wave forward
scattering, the
wave amplitudes are oscillatory regardless of the magnitude of the detuning.
Multi-wave
solutions combine aspects of single-wave backward and forward scattering.
In
both single- and multi-wave scattering, the exponential decay rates and
oscillatory
wavenumbers of the edge wave amplitudes depend on the detuning. The results
suggest
that naturally occurring rhythmic features such as beach cusps and crescentic

bars are sometimes of large enough amplitude to scatter a significant amount
of
incident low-mode edge wave energy in a relatively short distance
(O(10) topographic wavelengths).
Nonlinear evolution of a weakly unstable
wave in a free shear flow with a weak parallel magnetic field
Authors: SHUKHMAN I. G.
Published: September 2019

A study is made of the nonlinear spatial evolution of an externally
excited instability
wave in a mixing layer of nearly perfectly conducting fluid with a large
Reynolds
number in a weak parallel magnetic field.

It is shown that the evolution pattern bears a resemblance to that of
disturbances
in a weakly stratified shear flow with the Prandtl number less than unity
which was
studied in our earlier publication (Shukhman & Churilov 1997): a weak
magnetic
field, like a weak stratification when Pr<1,
has a stabilizing effect on the nonlinear
development of disturbances and in the case when the linear growth rate
of the wave
is not too large leads either to the instability saturation in the viscous
critical layer
regime or to the establishment of a unsteady nonlinear critical layer regime
where the
wave amplitude oscillates without exceeding a certain maximum value. In
this case
the regime of the quasi-steady nonlinear critical layer is not attained
evolutionarily.
When the linear growth rate is large enough the magnetic field has no dynamical
effect
on evolution and the quasi-steady nonlinear critical layer regime with
the well-known
power-law growth of amplitude (A∝x2/3)

is eventually attained.

Also, the critical layer structure and the evolution behaviour in the
case of a strong
difference of dissipation coefficients (i.e. ordinary viscosity and magnetic
viscosity) are
considered.
Band structure of surface flexural–gravity waves along periodic
interfaces
Authors: CHOU TOM
Published: September 2019

We extend Floquet's Theorem, similar to that used in calculating
electronic and
optical band gaps in solid state physics (Bloch's Theorem), to derive
dispersion relations
for small-amplitude water wave propagation in the presence of an infinite
array of
periodically arranged surface scatterers. For one-dimensional periodicity
(stripes), we
find band gaps for wavevectors in the direction of periodicity corresponding
to frequency
ranges which support only non-propagating standing waves, as a consequence

of multiple Bragg scattering. The dependence of these gaps on scatterer
strength,
density, and water depth is analysed. In contrast to band gap behaviour
in electronic,
photonic, and acoustic systems, we find that the gaps here can increase
with
excitation frequency ω. Thus, higher-order Bragg scattering can play
an important
role in suppressing wave propagation. In simple two-dimensional periodic
geometries
no complete band gaps are found, implying that there are always certain
directions
which support propagating waves. Evanescent modes offer one qualitative
reason for
this finding.
Hydrodynamics of particles embedded in a flat surfactant layer overlying a subphase of finite depth
Authors: STONE HOWARD A. , AJDARI ARMAND
Published: September 2019

The motion of membrane-bound objects is important in many aspects
of biology and
physical chemistry. A hydrodynamic model for this Fconfiguration was proposed
by
Saffman & Delbrück (1975) and here it is extended to study the
translation of a
disk-shaped object in a viscous surface film overlying a fluid of finite
depth H. A solution
to the flow problem is obtained in the form of a system of dual integral
equations that
are solved numerically. Results for the friction coefficient of the object
are given for
a complete range of the two dimensionless parameters that describe the
system: the
ratio of the sublayer (η) to membrane (ηm)

viscosities, Λ=ηR/ηmh

(where R and h
are the object radius and thickness of the surface film, respectively),
and the sublayer
thickness ratio, H/R. Scaling arguments are
presented that predict the variation of
the friction coefficient based upon a comparison of the different length
scales that
appear in the problem: the geometric length scales H and
R, the naturally occurring
length scale [lscr ]m=ηmh/η,

and an intermediate length scale [lscr ]H=
(ηmhH/η)1/2. Eight

distinct asymptotic regimes are identified based upon the different possible
orderings
of these length scales for each of the two limits
Λ[Lt ]1 and Λ[Gt ]1. Moreover,
the domains of validity of available approximations are established. Finally,
some
representative surface velocity fields are given and the implication of
these results for
the characterization of hydrodynamic interactions among membrane-bound
proteins
adjacent to a finite-depth sublayer is discussed briefly.
Effects of jet flow on jet noise via an extension to the Lighthill
model
Authors: Ribner Herbert S.
Published: September 2019

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 321 (1996), pp. 1–24
Understanding Presidential Power in Argentina: a Study of the Policy of Privatisation in the 1990s
Authors: LLANOS MARIANA
Published: September 2019

This article focuses on the political and institutional process by which
the privatisation policy was approved in Argentina during the 1990s. It
concentrates mainly on the relationships that the President maintained with
Congress and the political parties sitting in it. By looking through the lens of the
privatisation case-study, the article aims to analyse the institutional capacity of
Argentine democratic presidents to enact policy reforms. The article shows that
the Presidency's constitutional resources in combination with the President's
strong base of partisan support permitted the adoption of the innovative
privatisation policy at an institutional level. However, the article also explains that
the political and institutional resources of the Presidency were not invariable
and permanent. Rather, the approval of the privatisation policy shows that policy-making
processes involve a dialogue between President and Congress, an
institutional interchange that can serve either to enhance or to constrain the
powers of the President. By showing that congressional intervention should not
be underestimated, this article claims that the Argentine presidential regime is
better characterised as one of limited centralism than as an example of hyper-presidentialism. The first characterisation not only acknowledges the complexity
of the institutional relations, but also the fact that, given a situation of presidential
centralism, institutional relations are variable and, most importantly, contingent
upon political conditions.
An ‘Organised Disorganisation’: Informal Organisation and the Persistence of Local Party Structures in Argentine Peronism
Authors: LEVITSKY STEVEN
Published: September 2019

This article attempts to fill the void in research on the Justicialista Party
(PJ) organisation. Challenging accounts of the contemporary PJ as a weak,
personalistic organisation, it argues that the party maintains a powerful base-level
infrastructure with deep roots in working- and lower-class society. This
organisation has been understated by scholars because, unlike prototypical
working class party structures, it is informal and highly decentralised. The PJ
organisation consists of a range of informal networks – based on unions, clubs,
NGOs and activists' homes that are largely unconnected to the party bureaucracy.
These organisations provided the government of Carlos Menem with a range of
benefits in the 1990s, particularly in the realm of local problem-solving and
patronage distribution. Yet they also constrained the Menem leadership, limiting
its capacity to impose candidates and strategies on lower-level party branches.