bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental evaluation of a vibro-impact model for two adjacent shear-building structures
Authors: Varanis Marcus , Mereles Arthur , Silva Anderson , Balthazar José , Tusset Ângelo , Oliveira Clivaldo
Published: October 2018

The vibro-impact phenomenon is found in many engineering applications, from impact of floating ice with ships to rubbing between the stator structure and rotor blades in turbomachinery, and in most cases it is important to know the implication of this phenomenon in the mechanical system. This is often done by proposing vibro-impact models for describing the behavior of the system when subjected to periodically impacts. However, this modelling may be challenging due to the strongly nonlinear characteristics of the impact phenomenon. Therefore, this paper presents a vibro-impact model of two shearbuilding structures positioned side by side, where one of them is driven by an unbalanced DC motor. The structures were modeled using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and the contact was modeled based on the Hertz contact theory. In order to validate the model their responses were compared with experimental signals.
Diesel engine vibration monitoring based on a statistical model
Authors: Lampreia Suzana , Requeijo José , Lobo Victor
Published: October 2018

There are various causes for vibrations on diesel engines. The engine vibrations depend not only on the present state of the engine, but also on the fuel quality, the environmental conditions (sea state in the case of shipborne engines), type of casing, other equipment in the vicinity, etc. The engines used for this study are installed aboard a ship, and the main aim is to use modified control charts to assess the condition of the engine and recommend corrective measures when necessary. An important issue to do this correctly is choosing the right places to measure vibration. The collected data is vibration at various engine power levels, measured at various points. The engine’s fault history is taken into consideration, but proved to be almost irrelevant. By using modified control charts, the engine vibrations can be estimated, and faults can be detected and classified so as to take corrective actions. In this study we followed a methodology that is slightly different from our previous work, and achieved good results.
Vibrational energy harvesting device with magnetic tip mass
Authors: Fedulov Fedor , Fetisov Leonid
Published: October 2018

In this paper, the energy-harvesting device based on vibrational piezoelectric transducer for AC magnetic field conversion is presented. The harvester consists of the transducer and an AC/DC-converter. The load dependencies of the transducer showed that the maximal rms power reached a peak of Prms= 37 μW at f = 50 Hz and Prms= 200 μW at f = 48 Hz. If the harvester is placed into an external AC magnetic field h(t) of the frequency f = 48 Hz and constant amplitude of h = 5 Oe, DC voltage of fixed level (1.8 V, 2.5 V, 3.3 V or 3.6 V) is available on the output. Charging time depends on the voltage level and has a maximum value of t ≈ 11 s for 3.6 V and minimum value t ≈ 6 s for 1.8 V.
Mass-geometric parameters improvement of gearbox by using vibration analysis
Authors: Batizi Viktoriia , Likhachev Dmitriy
Published: October 2018

Mass-geometric parameters of transmission elements have a big impact on the cost of the car in whole. A large number of automakers compete for a reduction in prices for manufactured products and are eager to facilitate finished products. In addition, the durability of the car and its comfort, in particular, the noise level, are largely determined by vibration loads, the reduction of which becomes more important. The relevance of the study is the need to improve the design of the planetary gearbox at the stages of finishing the car in order to reduce its weight and ensure the after resonance operation modes of its components.
Weak fault feature extraction of gear based on KVMD and singular value difference spectrum
Authors: Li Hongkun , Wang Chaoge , Hou Mengfan , Yang Rui , Tang Daolong
Published: October 2018

Gearbox is an important component of many industrial applications. When the gear fault occurs, the vibration signal is characterized by multi-component, multi-frequency modulation, low signal to noise ratio, weak fault characteristics and difficult to extract. This paper proposes a gear fault feature extraction method based on improved variational mode decomposition(VMD) and singular value difference spectrum. Firstly, the method is optimized for the decomposition level K of the VMD algorithm, and an improved method of VMD decomposition layer number K for central frequency screening (KVMD) is proposed. Then, the gear fault vibration signal is decomposed into a series of bandlimited intrinsic mode functions using KVMD. Due to the interference of the noise, it is difficult to make the correct judgment of fault in the spectrum of each mode component. According to the correlation coefficient criterion, the components with larger correlation coefficients are chosen to singular value decomposition. The singular value difference spectrum is obtained, and the effective order of the reconstructed signal is determined from the difference spectrum to denoise the signal; Finally, the processed signal is analyzed by Hilbert envelope. The fault characteristic frequency can be extracted accurately from the envelope spectrum. Through the analysis of the experimental data of gear fault, the results show that the method can effectively reduce the influence of the noise, and accurately realize the extraction of gear fault feature information.
Assessment of human-induced vibrations of a cable-stayed footbridge
Authors: Drygała Izabela , Dulinska Joanna M. , Wazowski Marek
Published: October 2018

The primary purpose of this research is the evaluation of human-induced vibrations of a cable-stayed footbridge. The cable-stayed pedestrian bridge with total length of the span equal to 46.90 m located in Czestochowa (Southern Poland) was chosen as a case study. The footbridge consists of two spans (21.10 m and 25.80 m). A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model of the footbridge was prepared with the ABAQUS software program. The dynamic properties of the structure, i.e. its natural frequencies, modes shapes and damping ratios, were estimated on the basis of the in situ tests results as well as numerical analysis. For the validation of the modal models the modal assurance criterion (MAC) theory was applied. In the next stage of the investigation the dynamic response of the structure to human-induced loading was evaluated. Finally, the vibration comfort criteria for the footbridge were checked.
Seismic performance of a masonry arch viaduct subjected to foreshocks and a mainshock
Authors: Drygala Izabela J. , Dulinska Joanna M. , Bednarz Łukasz , Jasienko Jerzy
Published: October 2018

The main objective of this work is to present the results of seismic numerical investigation which was conducted for a masonry arch viaduct. The viaduct which was chosen as a case study, was subjected to foreshock-mainshock sequence. For the numerical evaluation a 3D finite element model (FEM) of the structure was assembled with the ABAQUS/Standard software program. In the numerical simulations a Barcelona Model (BM) was applied as a constitutive material model to represent nonlinear behaviour of the masonry arches of the investigated viaduct under the seismic actions. Taken into consideration the results of calculations the evident nonlinear behaviour of the masonry arches was detected under the earthquakes. The plastic strains as well as the cracking were achieved in some areas of the arches of the viaduct after seismic foreshock-mainshock sequence. Also proposed methodology for strengthening and monitoring of the structure of the viaduct in the future.
The detection of wave slamming from vibration measurements on a polar supply and research vessel
Authors: Bekker Anriëtte , van Zijl Christof M. , Saunders Clinton F. W.
Published: October 2018

The SA Agulhas II is a polar supply and research vessel, which operates in the stormy Southern ocean and icy Antarctic waters. She is predisposed to problematic stern slamming. Twelve accelerometer channels from a full-scale vibration measurement system were used to capture measurements of wave incidence on the main deck close to the water line. An automated slamming detection and classification algorithm is proposed to extract slamming incidents from expansive full-scale data. This method is based on image processing of scalograms which are produced by continuous transforms, using the Morlet wavelet. Slams are classified based on the time of incidence. It is shown that high crest factor stern slamming occurs as often as twice per minute.
Stochastic load generated by the beam irregularities
Authors: Koziol Piotr , Kudla Dariusz , Mares Cristinel
Published: October 2018

The problem investigated in this paper comes from railway engineering. It is known that geometrical irregularities of the rail head rolling surface produce additional force when the train runs on track. This force can be quite significant and should not be neglected in the analysis, especially when one deals with high-speed railways. In this paper, an analytical method of modelling of such irregularities is presented. The detailed description of this method is associated with its practical application to the analysis of the rail track dynamic response to moving train. However, stochastic analysis of the presented model is omitted in this paper and left for further work. This should include a number of realisations along with statistical analysis of results, or description of the rail track subjected to moving train in terms of stochastic differential equations, which is the main direction of the authors future investigations.
Polymeric Bearings as a new base isolation system suitable for mitigating machine-induced vibrations
Authors: Falborski Tomasz , Jankowski Robert
Published: October 2018

The present paper summarizes the preliminary results of the experimental shaking table investigation conducted in order to verify the effectiveness of a new base isolation system consisting of Polymeric Bearings in reducing strong horizontal machine-induced vibrations. Polymeric Bearing considered in the present study is a prototype base isolation system, which was constructed with the use of a specially prepared flexible polymer with improved damping properties. Dynamic oscillatory tests, during which a concrete base slab supported by four Polymeric Bearings was subjected to horizonal sinusoidal excitations characterized by different frequencies and amplitudes, were conducted in order to determine the damping properties of Polymeric Bearings and their effectiveness in mitigating structural vibrations. Equivalent damping ratios for every excitation frequency considered were determined using the experimentally obtained hysteresis loops. Final conclusions are presented and the results discussed.
Comparison of machine learning models based on time domain and frequency domain features for faults diagnosis in rotating machines
Authors: Espinoza Sepulveda Natalia , Sinha Jyoti
Published: October 2018

The development of technologies for the maintenance industry has taken an important role to meet the demanding challenges. One of the important challenges is to predict the defects, if any, in machines as early as possible to manage the machines downtime. The vibration-based condition monitoring (VCM) is well-known for this purpose but requires the human experience and expertise. The machine learning models using the intelligent systems and pattern recognition seem to be the future avenue for machine fault detection without the human expertise. Several such studies are published in the literature. This paper is also on the machine learning model for the different machine faults classification and detection. Here the time domain and frequency domain features derived from the measured machine vibration data are used separated in the development of the machine learning models using the artificial neutral network method. The effectiveness of both the time and frequency domain features based models are compared when they are applied to an experimental rig. The paper presents the proposed machine learning models and their performance in terms of the observations and results.
Shooting/continuation based bifurcation analysis of large order nonlinear rotordynamic systems
Authors: Kim Sitae , Palazzolo Alan
Published: October 2018

This study introduces an improved numerical algorithm that is capable of analyzing nonlinear vibrations and bifurcations of general, finite, large-order rotordynamic systems supported on nonlinear bearings. An industrial rotor generally consists of several sections and stages, but numerical shooting/continuation method has been applied to a simple Jeffcott type rotor instead of complex models due to the computational burden of the numerical procedure; it becomes significant when the rotor combined with nonlinear finite bearing models. Here, some mathematical/computational techniques such as a deflation algorithm and the parallel computing are suggested for acceleration along with the conventional treatment of model reduction scheme. An eight-stage compressor rotor supported by two identical five-pad tilting pad journal bearings (TPJB) is selected as a mechanical model to test the numerical incorporation of the algorithms. The rotor beam is modelled with 35 nodes, 140 DOF based on Euler beam theory, and the fluid reaction forces from the two TPJB are calculated using simplex, triangular type finite meshes on the pads. In the numerical procedure, the shooting/continuation combined with the acceleration schemes identifies the solution curves of periodic responses and determines their stability. The orbital motions of coexistent responses are obtained from the solution manifolds.
Optimization of parameters of a modal active control in a beam of composite material
Authors: da Silva Camila Albertin Xavier , Taketa Erik , Koroishi Edson Hideki , Lara-Molina Fabian Andres , Faria Albert Willian
Published: October 2018

The present work proposes the active vibration control in a beam of composite material, using electromagnetic actuators, in order to obtain a reduction in the response of the displacement of the system associated to a reduction in energy consumption. The control theory used was the linear quadratic regulator solved by linear matrix inequalities. The electromagnetic actuator was then linearized using a methodology similar to that used in magnetic bearings. The work also proposes to study the optimization of parameters applied in this active control, by means of the heuristic optimization methods. From numerical simulations, the system´s response was obtained in the time domain that demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed technique in the active control of vibrations.
A self-powered triboelectric velocity sensor for impact detection in composite structures
Authors: Garcia Cristobal , Trendafilova Irina
Published: October 2018

Impacts and collisions are frequent in aircrafts, wind turbines, bridges and other composites structures. Some examples are the collisions between birds and aircrafts during take-off and landing or the damages caused in wind turbines due to the impact of hailstones. Hence, the detection and measurement of these impacts is the vital importance for monitoring the health state of composites structures as aircrafts or wind turbines. The main purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the sensitivity of a novel triboelectric sensor for impact detection in composite structures as aircrafts. For this study, composite plates adhered with the fabricated triboelectric sensor are subjected to various impact velocities using a dropweight machine. The sensor electrical responses due to the impacts are measured with the aim to evaluate the sensitivity of the developed triboelectric sensor to variations in the impact velocities. The results show that the sensor electric responses increase linearly with impact velocity in the range between 1.3 and 2.4 m/s. This paper is the first attempt to demonstrate the potential applications of triboelectric sensors to measure the velocity of the impacts in composite structures, which play an important role for structural health monitoring in aircrafts, bridges and other composite structures.
Complication of facial cellulitis: muscle hematoma after surgical treatment of complicated pericoronitis
Authors: Compain Hugo , Berquet Alexandre , Loison-Robert Ludwig-Stanislas , Ahossi Victorin
Published: October 2018

Observation: A 24-year-old man was referred to the dental emergency department for the management of a left submandibular cellulitis. The origin was a mandibular third molar. Drainage of the cellulitis and avulsion of the tooth were performed under general anesthesia. The follow-up was marked by a secondary infection of peri-zygomatic hematoma requiring a second drainage procedure. Discussion: The origin of the hematoma was a tear of the insertions of the mandibular elevators secondary to the trismus. The patient underwent two back-to-back general anesthesia procedures with tight trismus making induction and intubation difficult. Conclusion: A two-stage treatment with initial drainage and delayed avulsion after improvement of trismus is discussed.
Management of Facial Nerve Schwannoma: A Multicenter Study of 50 Cases
Authors: Eshraghi Adrien A. , Oker Natalie , Ocak Emre , Verillaud Benjamin , Babcock Thomas , Camous Domitille , Kravietz Adam , Morcos Jacques , Herman Philippe , Kania Romain
Published: October 2018

Objective In the management of facial nerve schwannoma (FNS), surgical tumor resection is now often being replaced with more conservative approaches, such as observation with serial imaging or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Given the scarcity of these lesions, determining the optimal management of FNS remains challenging and subject of debate with multiple treatment approaches supported in the literature.

Methods A retrospective chart review was performed in two academic centers for patients diagnosed with FNS between 1996 and 2017. The clinical presentation, treatment modalities employed, tumor control rates, and facial nerve function (FNF) outcomes (House–Brackmann system) were assessed and analyzed.

Results The study comprised 50 adult patients. Initial treatment modalities included observation with serial clinicoradiologic review in 27 patients (54%), surgery in 17 patients (34%), and SRS in 6 patients (12%). The FNF were decreased in more than half of the patients who had surgery. Nonetheless, more than 80% of the patients who were initially managed with observation or SRS had stable or improved FNF.

Conclusion A prevailing trend toward more conservative treatment modalities for FNS has evolved over time, providing relatively long-term preservation of FNF. As there are multiple management options available, it is of paramount importance that the treating physician be familiar with all treatment modalities and outcomes and counsel patients appropriately. The surgery should be reserved for large tumors and poor FNF at initial presentation or follow-up while watchful observation with imaging is the treatment of choice for rest of the patients.
Calcium movement in smooth muscle and evaluation of graded functional intercellular coupling
Authors: Patejdl R. , Noack T.
Published: October 2018

Spontaneous activity of vascular smooth muscle is present in small arteries and some venous tissues like the hepatic portal vein. Whereas the ability to generate rhythmic membrane potential changes is expressed in a high number of primary oscillators, the generation of physiological tone and phasic activity requires synchronization of specialized pacemaker activity (Interstitial Cajal-like cells) by intercellular propagation and regeneration of excitation or a strong coupling mechanism of smooth muscle cells. The aim of this study was to deduce oscillator coupling by analyzing the spatiotemporal homogeneity of calcium oscillations within a native tissue preparation. Portal vein tissue was loaded with a calcium-sensitive dye (Fluo-3). By combining confocal microscopy and computation of spatial auto- and cross-correlation of the calcium signals, temporal and spatial coupling between cells was characterized. Spontaneous oscillations of calcium signals were measured at different predefined regions of interest. Cross-correlation analysis of these signals revealed that their damping was very similar in all directions of the investigated z-plane. In single experiments, improved cell-to-cell coupling was seen when noradrenaline (1–10 μM) was added to the bath-solution. With the chosen parameters of frame refresh, the velocity of signal propagation was faster than the maximum detectable velocity, but it could be estimated to exceed 0.1 mm/s. Correlative Network Analysis is a new and very useful tool to determine the functional coupling parameters of quasi-homogenous biological networks and their temporal changes. The action and significance of pharmacological modulators can be well studied on cellular and functional aspects with this newly introduced technique in biological sciences.
Experimental demonstration of an electromagnetic pulse mitigation concept for a laser driven proton source
Authors: Dubois J. L. , Rączka P. , Hulin S. , Rosiński M. , Ryć L. , Parys P. , Zaraś-Szydłowska A. , Makaruk D. , Tchórz P. , Badziak J. , Wołowski J. , Ribolzi J. , Tikhonchuk V.
Published: October 2018

The targets that are used to produce high-energy protons with ultra-high intensity lasers generate a strong electromagnetic pulse (EMP). To mitigate that undesired side effect, we developed and tested a concept called the “birdhouse.” It consists in confining the EMP field in a finite volume and in dissipating the trapped electromagnetic energy with an electric resistor. A prototype was tested at a 10 TW 50 fs laser facility. The recorded average EMP mitigation ratio is about 20 for frequencies from 100 MHz to 6 GHz. The EMP mitigation ratio attains the level of 50 in the frequency range of 1–2 GHz where microwave emission is maximal. We measured the intensity of proton emission in two directions: along the laser propagation direction and along the edge of the proton beam. We observed that the “birdhouse” induces a two-fold increase of the intensity in the center of the proton beam and a two-fold reduction of the intensity on its edge. We did not observe any modification of the proton beam normalized spectrum.
Critical memory capacity of Hopfield model implemented in coherent Ising machine
Authors: Aonishi Toru , Okada Masato , Mimura Kazushi , Yamamoto Yoshihisa
Published: October 2018

The coherent Ising machine (CIM) has attracted attention as one of the most effective Ising computing architectures for solving large-scale optimization problems because of its scalability and high-speed computational ability. The CIM is a non-equilibrium open-dissipative system, so the theories and techniques of classical equilibrium thermodynamics cannot be directly applied to it. Our research group has adapted these theories and techniques to work with the CIM. Here, we focus on an infinite loading Hopfield model, which is a canonical frustrated model of Ising computation. We derive a macroscopic equation to elucidate the relation between critical memory capacity and normalized pump rate in the CIM-implemented Hopfield model.
First-principle based simulations of longitudinal spin-fluctuations in metals and integration in classical space with variable spin amplitude
Authors: Khmelevskyi Sergii , Mohn Peter
Published: October 2018

The use of the classical Heisenberg model which incorporates only transverse spin degrees of freedom has only limited success for description of the metallic magnetism at finite temperature, since temperature and magnetic disorder induced longitudinal variations of the atomic spin moments might become large in the itinerant electron systems away from the limit of localized moments. In order to incorporate the longitudinal spin fluctuations in finite temperature simulation schemes a simple extended version of the Heisenberg model which allows for an on-site spin magnitude variation controlled by the one-site energy terms is widely used during the recent decade for ab-initio mapping and statistical simulations. Here, we apply and discuss such ab-initio based scheme for the canonical itinerant ferromagnetic metals (Fe, Co, Ni) and recently discovered high temperature antiferromagnet - V3Al, in conjunction with standard spherical integration metrics in classical spin state and the recently proposed linear one. We also examine the dependence of the results on the choice of the exchange and correlation potential in ab-initio total energy calculations. We compare the respective uncertainties in the calculated values of the magnetic ordering temperature and temperature dependent spin moment magnitude to the difference in the results which relate to the choice of the metrics.
Phase modulation failsafe system for multi-kJ lasers based on optical heterodyne detection
Authors: Armstrong D. J. , Looker Q. M. , Stahoviak J. W. , Smith I. C. , Shores J. E. , Rambo P. K. , Schwarz J. , Speas C. S. , Porter J. L.
Published: October 2018

Amplification of the transverse scattered component of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) can contribute to optical damage in the large aperture optics of multi-kJ lasers. Because increased laser bandwidth from optical phase modulation (PM) can suppress SBS, high energy laser amplifiers are injected with PM light. Phase modulation distributes the single-frequency spectrum of a master oscillator laser among individual PM sidebands, so a sufficiently high modulation index β can maintain the fluence for all spectral components below the SBS threshold. To avoid injection of single frequency light in the event of a PM failure, a high-speed PM failsafe system (PMFS) must be employed. Because PM is easily converted to AM, essentially all PM failsafes detect AM, with the one described here employing a novel configuration where optical heterodyne detection converts PM to AM, followed by passive AM power detection. Although the PMFS is currently configured for continuous monitoring, it can also detect PM for pulse durations ≥2 ns and could be modified to accommodate shorter pulses. This PMFS was deployed on the Z-Beamlet Laser (ZBL) at Sandia National Laboratories, as required by an energy upgrade to support programs at Sandia’s Z Facility such as magnetized liner inertial fusion. Depending on the origin of a PM failure, the PMFS responds in as little as 7 ns. In the event of an instantaneous failure during initiation of a laser shot, this response time translates to a 30–50 ns margin of safety by blocking a pulse from leaving ZBL’s regenerative amplifier, which prevents injection of single frequency light into the main amplification chain. The performance of the PMFS, without the need for operator interaction, conforms to the principles of engineered safety.
Understanding the role of the public transport network in the greater Sydney area in providing access to dental care
Authors: Patel Raj , Tennant Marc , Kruger Estie
Published: October 2018

Objective
The aim of this study was to examine the spatial accessibility of the aged and older adult population of the greater Sydney region to the bus public transport network, and the proximity of this transportation route to public and private dental services.

Methods
This study used geographic information systems (GIS) to examine, at a population level, the spatial accessibility of the public transport network and dental provider locations. The prime focus of the present study was on the aging population residing within 50 km of the General Post Office of metropolitan Sydney. Retirees (aged ≥65 years) and older adults (aged ≥85 years) were the two subsets of the aging population.

Results
Sydney’s bus network is currently supplying bus transport to both older and disadvantaged groups, facilitating the needs of more than half a million older people. Regardless of socioeconomic status, 12% of the entire population, 11.5% of retirees and 10.8% of older adults resided 500 m away from accessible medium-frequency bus stops. Approximately 40% of the overall population consisted of people of lower socioeconomic status living within 500 m of a medium-frequency bus stop, whereas 60% of the population were of a high socioeconomic status and lived within 500 m of a medium-frequency bus stop.

Conclusion
Metropolitan Sydney has a transport system that is substantial and robust, and appears to offer relatively similar spatial accessibility for all socioeconomic groups. This system is an example of great urban planning, where the distribution of bus stops is evenly positioned in both high-density areas and areas of low socioeconomic status.

What is known about the topic?
Older adults and disadvantaged people suffer from higher levels of dental disease compared with the rest of the population. Older adults and disadvantaged people are more likely to rely on public transport to access healthcare services, including dental care. The Australian population is aging rapidly.

What does this paper add?
Although a previous study examined the accessibility to services via the train network, this is the first analysis of the spatial accessibility to dental services via the bus network in Sydney. Most older adults and disadvantaged people in Sydney enjoy acceptable spatial access to the public transport network, and thereby to dental practices. Urban planning, in terms of determining healthcare service locations and the public transport network, needs to consider the distribution of older adults and disadvantaged populations.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Practitioners are more likely to attract older adult patients to their practices or clinics if these are located within easy access to the public transport network.
A tent pole twist on membrane ruffles
Authors: Philip Reuben V. , Harrison Rene E.
Published: October 2018

Macropinocytosis or “cell drinking” involves the elaboration of membrane ruffles that enclose and internalize extracellular fluids. Using lattice light sheet microscopy, Condon et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201804137) reveal the presence of parallel membrane protrusions termed “tent poles” that flank and direct membrane ruffle formation.
Textile Dyes Removal by ZSM-5 from Bangka Kaolin
Authors: Iryani A , Hartanto D
Published: October 2018

The ZSM-5-adsorption capacity, which is synthesized directly from Bangka kaolin, has been thoroughly to remove the basic dye in a textile waste solution. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to analyze and measure the results of experimental adsorption data from the red adsorption of Congo Red (CR), Auramin (Au), Methylen Blue (MB), Azin (Az), Rodamin B (RB) on ZSM-5 at a temperature of 40 °C. The ZSM-5 adsorption capacity of Bangka kaolin showed dye absorption : Congo Red, Auramin, Methylen Blue, Azin and Rodamin B respectively were 129,157, 134, 205 and 210 mg/g. Therefore, ZM-5 of Bangka kaolin is respectively good adsorbent to remove the textile base dye waste.
Association of Previous Measles Infection With Markers of Acute Infectious Disease Among 9- to 59-Month-Old Children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Ashbaugh Hayley R , Cherry James D , Hoff Nicole A , Doshi Reena H , Alfonso Vivian H , Gadoth Adva , Mukadi Patrick , Higgins Stephen G , Budd Roger , Randall Christina , Okitolonda-Wemakoy Emile , Muyembe-Tamfum Jean Jacques , Gerber Sue K , Rimoin Anne W
Published: October 2018

Background

Transient immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to other infections after measles infection is well known, but recent studies have suggested the occurrence of an “immune amnesia” that could have long-term immunosuppressive effects.

Methods

We examined the association between past measles infection and acute episodes of fever, cough, and diarrhea among 2350 children aged 9 to 59 months whose mothers were selected for interview in the 2013–2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Classification of children who had had measles was completed using maternal recall and measles immunoglobulin G serostatus obtained via dried-blood-spot analysis with a multiplex immunoassay. The association with time since measles infection and fever, cough, and diarrhea outcomes was also examined.

Results

The odds of fever in the previous 2 weeks were 1.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25–2.60) among children for whom measles was reported compared to children with no history of measles. Measles vaccination demonstrated a protective association against selected clinical markers of acute infectious diseases.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that measles might have a long-term effect on selected clinical markers of acute infectious diseases among children aged 9 to 59 months in the DRC. These findings support the immune-amnesia hypothesis suggested by others and underscore the need for continued evaluation and improvement of the DRC’s measles vaccination program.
Primary and Repeated Respiratory Viral Infections Among Infants in Rural Nepal
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit Jim , Englund Janet A , Magaret Amalia S , Bu Yunqi , Tielsch James M , Khatry Subarna K , Katz Joanne , Kuypers Jane , Shrestha Laxman , LeClerq Steven C , Steinhoff Mark C , Chu Helen Y
Published: October 2018

Background

Respiratory viruses cause significant morbidity and death in infants; 99% of such deaths occur in resource-limited settings. Risk factors for initial and repeated respiratory viral infections in young infants in resource-limited settings have not been well described.

Methods

From 2011 to 2014, a birth cohort of infants in rural Nepal was enrolled and followed with weekly household-based active surveillance for respiratory symptoms until 6 months of age. Respiratory illness was defined as having any of the following: fever, cough, wheeze, difficulty breathing, and/or a draining ear. We tested nasal swabs of infants with respiratory illness for multiple respiratory viruses by using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. The risk of primary and repeated infections with the same virus was evaluated using Poisson regression.

Results

Of 3528 infants, 1726 (49%) had a primary infection, and 419 (12%) had a repeated infection. The incidences of respiratory viral infection in infants were 1816 per 1000 person-years for primary infections and 1204 per 1000 person-years for repeated infection with the same virus. Exposure to other children and male sex were each associated with an increased risk for primary infection (risk ratios, 1.13 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06–1.20] and 1.14 [95% CI, 1.02–1.27], respectively), whereas higher maternal education was associated with a decreased risk for both primary and repeated infections (risk ratio, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.95–0.98]). The incidence of subsequent infection did not change when previous infection with the same or another respiratory virus occurred. Illness duration and severity were not significantly different in the infants between the first and second episodes for any respiratory virus tested.

Conclusions

In infants in rural Nepal, repeated respiratory virus infections were frequent, and we found no decrease in illness severity with repeated infections and no evidence of replacement with another virus. Vaccine strategies and public health interventions that provide durable protection in the first 6 months of life could decrease the burden of repeated infections by multiple respiratory viruses, particularly in low-resource countries.
Evaluation of Tuberculosis Treatment Response With Serial C-Reactive Protein Measurements
Authors: Wilson Douglas , Moosa Mahomed-Yunus S , Cohen Ted , Cudahy Patrick , Aldous Collen , Maartens Gary
Published: October 2018

Background

Novel biomarkers are needed to assess response to antituberculosis therapy in smear-negative patients.

Methods

To evaluate the utility of C-reactive protein (CRP) in monitoring response to antituberculosis therapy, we conducted a post hoc analysis on a cohort of adults with symptoms of tuberculosis and negative sputum smears in a high–tuberculosis and HIV prevalence setting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Serial changes in CRP, weight, and hemoglobin were evaluated over 8 weeks.

Results

Four hundred twenty-one participants being evaluated for smear-negative tuberculosis were enrolled, and 33 were excluded. Two hundred ninety-five were treated for tuberculosis (137 confirmed, 158 possible), and 93 did not have tuberculosis. One hundred and eighty-three of 213 (86%) participants who agreed to HIV testing were HIV positive. At week 8, the on-treatment median CRP reduction in the tuberculosis group (interquartile range [IQR]) was 79.5% (25.4% to 91.7%), the median weight gain was 2.3% (−1.0% to 5.6%), and the median hemoglobin increase was 7.0% (0.8% to 18.9%); P < .0001 for baseline to week 8 comparison of absolute median values. Only CRP changed significantly at week 2 (median reduction [IQR], 75.1% [46.9% to 89.2%]) in the group with confirmed tuberculosis and in the possible tuberculosis group (median reduction [IQR], 49.0% [−0.4% to 80.9%]). Failure of CRP to reduce to ≤55% of the baseline value at week 2 predicted hospitalization or death in both tuberculosis groups, with 99% negative predictive value.

Conclusions

Change in CRP may have utility in early evaluation of response to antituberculosis treatment and to identify those at increased risk of adverse outcomes.
Impact of a Multiplex PCR Assay for Bloodstream Infections With and Without Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention at a Cancer Hospital
Authors: Buss Brian A , Baures Timothy J , Yoo Minkyoung , Hanson Kimberly E , Alexander Donald P , Benefield Russell J , Spivak Emily S
Published: October 2018

Implementation of Biofire FilmArray Blood Culture Identification Multiplex PCR panel (BCID) at a cancer hospital was associated with reduced time to appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Additional reductions were not observed when BCID was coupled with antimicrobial stewardship intervention.
Hip Hop without a DJ
Authors: Peterson Sean
Published: October 2018

To make headway in a commercial landscape dominated by sample-based production, instrumental hip hop band The Roots employed strategies that made their first five albums (1993–1999) sound more and more like hip hop made with vinyl-based samples. Such strategies included repurposing musical material from breakbeats, EQing their recordings to sound vinyl-based, self-sampling, adding scratching sounds by a vocal percussionist or DJ, and judiciously using actual samples from preexisting recordings. Though the band was once adherent to an “organic” approach, which involved using only traditional instruments and recording without a click track, they eventually adopted these approaches to allow them to participate in an aesthetic that characterized hip hop of their day. By discovering ways to perform hip hop with instruments, they not only overcame the legacy of so-called disco rap but also signaled a new stage in hip hop’s musical dialogue between humanity and technology.
Rapid Neural Polyphenism in Cephalopods
Authors: Hanlon Roger T. , Chiao Chuan-Chin
Published: October 2018

Octopus, squid, and cuttlefish can change their appearance (phenotype) in 200–700 msec due to neural control of chromatophore organs, iridophore cells, and three-dimensional papillae in their elaborate skin. Great strides have been made in determining the primary visual background stimuli that guide camouflage skin patterning in cuttlefish, yet many key details remain unknown. The current behavioral/psychophysical experimental paradigm developed in cuttlefish needs to be expanded to octopus and squid, which will potentially elucidate general principles governing complex behaviors such as communication and camouflage. The neural underpinnings of this dynamic polyphenic system are poorly known. Peripheral control mechanisms of chromatophores and iridophores have been elucidated recently, but central nervous system experimentation has lagged far behind; both aspects require targeted neurobiological study, genomic approaches, and system modeling. The unusual neuroanatomy and complex behavior of these marine invertebrates provide an opportunity to discover novel mechanisms of visual perception, decision-making, and motor output.
Environmental Enrichment and Neuronal Plasticity
Authors: Clemenson Gregory D. , Gage Fred H. , Stark Craig E.L.
Published: October 2018

This chapter reviews the literature on environmental enrichment and specifically discusses its influence on the hippocampus of the brain. In animal models, the term “environmental enrichment” is used to describe a well-defined manipulation in which animals are exposed to a larger and more stimulating environment. This experience has been shown to have a powerful and positive impact on hippocampal cognition and neuroplasticity in animals. In humans, however, the translation of environmental enrichment is less clear. Despite the fact that humans live considerably more enriching lives compared to laboratory animals, studies have shown that training and expertise (such as exercise and spatial exploration) can lead to both functional and structural changes in the human brain. This chapter is a comprehensive review of environmental enrichment, drawing parallels between animal models and humans to present a more complete understanding of environmental enrichment.
The Naturalization of Timbre
Authors: Hui Alexandra
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the use of timbre in scientific studies of animal vocalizations in the decades around the end of the twentieth century. In the first case, I examine the efforts of naturalists and ornithologists to represent timbre in their notation of bird song in the field. The second case study discusses current work in cognitive science to better understand the origins of human language and music through the study of songbirds. I argue that by assuming—implicitly, then explicitly—timbral perception in non-human species, the naturalists and scientists in both episodes are attempting to make timbre natural. These efforts to naturalize and universalize the perceptual importance of timbre as biologically meaningful says more about our ongoing inability to define timbre in some form other than by what it is not. Here too, timbre is not what birds hear, or at least not what they necessarily care about.
Water Service Requirements for Agriculture
Authors: Hausmann Carl
Published: October 2018

Commodity traders deal in grain and their derivatives. But the water consumed to produce these grains is also an intrinsic part of the transaction. Virtual water is a useful concept for traders, academics, and agriculture policy experts so that we all think more deeply about the consequences of what is produced and in which water basin.1 Environmental services, including most notably water, are being stressed in many parts of the world, yet are still plentiful in others. Optimizing the use of the planet’s environmental services to produce the food necessary for global food security requires a smart and global value chain that needs a broad understanding of water from all actors in this value chain.
Cumulative Stress and Health
Authors: Slopen Natalie , Meyer Celena , Williams David R.
Published: October 2018

Stressors have adverse effects on physical and mental health across the life span, and the accumulation of stressors is particularly damaging. Sociologists argue that the failure of prior research to account for a broad range of social stressors has underestimated the contributions of stress exposure to health behaviors and health status and to socioeconomic and racial/ethnic health inequities. The Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study provides an unparalleled opportunity for studying the health consequences of stressor accumulation. The topic of cumulative stress is introduced, and challenges in operationalizing this construct are described. Examples of studies from MIDUS are highlighted that have considered multiple social stressors simultaneously, the interaction between daily and chronic stressors, genetic contributions to the effects of stressor on health, and accumulation of stressors at multiple points in the life course. Drawing on principles and models from life course epidemiology and developmental science, future research directions are discussed.
Promoting Healthy Practices in the Workplace: Making Workers’ Health a Priority Before It Becomes a Problem
Authors: Longley Kasey E. , Smith Amy M. , Grzywacz Joseph G.
Published: October 2018

The goal of this chapter is to engage more researchers in the study of “work and health” using the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Primary emphasis is placed on the fundamental role paid work plays in producing health outcomes, and modifiable elements of the workplace that could contribute to improvements in human health. Work and employment assessments are fundamental cornerstones of the MIDUS enterprise; consequently, it is well equipped to shed light on and advance thinking about health-promoting (or -damaging) effects of paid employment. The chapter begins with a basic description of theoretical models frequently used to understand how and why work may affect health outcomes. The chapter discusses the contributions made to the work and health literature by the diverse studies made possible through the MIDUS enterprise. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future studies that take advantage of the unique data presented by the MIDUS.
Decentering the European Imaginary: A Baroque Taste for India
Authors: Beasley Faith E.
Published: October 2018

It is not a coincidence that the development of the baroque aesthetic occurred at the same time that France was experiencing its first sustained intellectual and artistic engagement with India. As the accounts of travelers such as François Bernier and Jean-Baptiste Tavernier illustrate, the seventeenth-century aesthetic in France bears the traces of this Indian encounter. By engaging with Mughal India and transmitting their experiences through art and written accounts, early modern Europeans promoted a fusion of cultures, not an ideology, whereby Western culture imposed its aesthetic on a less “civilized” Eastern world. Our understanding of the baroque can be enriched by a new contextualization that privileges conversation and global networks over the traditional compartmentalization according to national origins or periodization. What we now identify as baroque, a taste for complexity, for randomness and diversity, is not a purely European aesthetic.
Baroque Tragedy
Authors: Hoxby Blair
Published: October 2018

Tragedy is central to the Baroque because it explores the powers and limitations of sovereign will; because the changeable fortune and wretched suffering of its illustrious persons can quiet our will to live; and because it takes the measure of humankind in relation to God and an indifferent Nature. Because the Baroque was not an early modern aesthetic category, we can encounter it only through the mediation of later critical theories and aesthetic judgments. This article therefore charts three constellations that come into focus when seen through the right lens. Baroque tragedy in the grand style is best viewed through Wölfflin’s account of the Baroque as a Will-to-Form. Tasso’s Il re Torrismondo and Milton’s Samson Agonistes illustrate it. The Trauerspiel was described by Benjamin in 1928. It owes more to the Mysteries and to Seneca than it does to Attic tragedy. It inhabits the ruins of history but displays a melancholy desire to transform those ruins into emblems. Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Simons’s Zeno, and Calderón’s Il principe constante figure in this constellation. The third constellation relies on plot and on a pellucid rhetoric that is liable to crack under stress in order to chart the changing passions of its persons against a Cartesian grid, thus producing what Rapin identifies as the sole pleasure of tragedy: “the Soul is Shaken …; its Trouble pleases, and the Emotion it finds, is a kind of Charm to it.” Racine’s Iphigénie (1674) exemplifies the regular Baroque.