bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of magnesium on calcium binding to cardiac troponin C related hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutants
Authors: Rayani Kaveh , Hantz Eric , Haji-Ghassemi Omid , Li Alison Yueh , Spuches Anne Marie , Van Petegem Filip , Solaro R John , Lindert Steffen , Tibbits Glen F
Published: May 2021

Cardiac troponin C (cTnC) is the calcium (Ca2+) sensing component of the troponin complex. Binding of Ca2+ to cTnC triggers a cascade of myofilament conformational changes that culminate in force production. Mutations in cTnC linked to hypertrophic myocardial myopathy (HCM) induce a a greater degree and duration of Ca2+ binding, which may underly the hypertrophic phenotype. Recent evidence from our laboratories demonstrated novel modifications of cTnC Ca2+ binding by cellular magnesium (Mg2+) that we hypothesize may be of significance in promoting HCM.

Regulation of contraction has long been thought to occur exclusively through Ca2+ binding to site II of cTnC. However, abundant cellular Mg2+ is a potential competitor for binding to the same sites; work by several groups also suggests this is possible. We have used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to explore the thermodynamic properties associated with the interaction between Ca2+/Mg2+ and site II of cTnC; these experiments demonstrated that physiological concentrations of Mg2+ may compete with Ca2+ to bind site II of cTnC.

In experiments reported here, we studied a series of mutations in cTnC thought to be causal in HCM. Three mutants (A8V, L29Q, and A31S) slightly elevated the affinity for both Ca2+ and Mg2+, whereas other mutants (L48Q, Q50R, and C84Y), that are closer to the C-terminal domain and surrounding the EF hand binding motif of site II had a more significant effect on affinity and the thermodynamics of the binding interaction.

To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to explore the role of Mg2+ in modifying the Ca2+ affinity ofcTnC mutations linked to HCM. Our results indicate a physiologically significant role for cellular Mg2+ at baseline conditions and when elevated on the control of the dynamics of contraction by modifications in the Ca2+ binding properties of cTnC.
Chlorophyll fluorescence: How the quality of information about PAM instrument parameters may affect our research
Authors: Nies Tim , Niu Yuxi , Ebenhöh Oliver , Matsubara Shizue , Matuszyńska Anna
Published: May 2021

Chlorophyll a fluorescence is a powerful indicator of photosynthetic energy conversion in plants and photosynthetic microorganisms. One of the most widely used measurement techniques is Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) fluorometry. Unfortunately, parameter settings of PAM instruments are often not completely described in scientific articles although their variations, however small these may seem, can influence measurements. We show the effects of parameter settings on PAM measurements. We first simulated fluorescence signals using a previously published computational model of photosynthesis. Then, we validated our findings experimentally. Our analysis demonstrates how the kinetics of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) induction and relaxation are affected by different settings of PAM instrument parameters. Neglecting these parameters may mislead data interpretation and derived hypotheses, hamper independent validation of the results, and cause problems for mathematical formulation of underlying processes. Given the uncertainties inflicted by this neglect, we urge PAM users to provide detailed documentation of measurement protocols. Moreover, to ensure accessibility to the required information, we advocate minimum information standards that can serve both experimental and computational biologists in our efforts to advance system-wide understanding of biological processes. Such specification will enable launching a standardized database for plant and data science communities.

Highlight

PAM fluorometry measurement is sensitive to instrument settings and protocols. Yet, protocols are published incompletely. We urge to reach an agreement on minimal protocol information of PAM experiments to be shared publicly.
A novel cholinergic neural pathway and its role in the drug relapse
Authors: He Teng , Chen Wenwen , Fan Yu , Xu Xing , Wang Zilin , Li Nanqin , Guo Hao , Lu Xue , Ge Feifei , Guan Xiaowei
Published: May 2021

The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) is critical hub implicated in the control of food intake, reward and aversion. Here, we identified a novel cholinergic projection from choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons in external portion of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (eLPBChAT) to γ–aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in central nucleus of amygdala (CeAGABA), activation of which could block methamphetamine (METH)-primed conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice.
Mechanistic Gene Networks Inferred from Single-Cell Data are Better Predictors than Neural Networks
Authors: Han Jung Min , Perera Sudheesha , Wunderlich Zeba , Periwal Vipul
Published: May 2021

Abstract

With advances in single-cell techniques, measuring gene dynamics at cellular resolution has become practicable. In contrast, the increased complexity of data has made it more challenging computationally to unravel underlying biological mechanisms. Thus, it is critical to develop novel computational methods capable of dealing with such complexity and of providing predictive deductions from such data. Many methods have been developed to address such challenges, each with its own advantages and limitations. We present an iterative regression algorithm for inferring a mechanistic gene network from single-cell data. Using this regression, we infer a developmental model for the gene dynamics in Drosophila melanogaster blastoderm embryo. Our results show that the predictive power of the inferred model is higher than that of other models inferred with least squares and ridge regressions.

Furthermore, model predictions of the gene dynamics are more accurate than predictions made with neural networks. This holds true even in the limit of small sample sizes. We compare predictions for various gene knockouts with published experimental results, finding substantial agreement. We also make predictions for gene dynamics under various gene network perturbations, impossible in non-mechanistic models.
Dual functions of ZmGI1 in the photoperiodic flowering pathway and salt stress responses in maize
Authors: Wu Fengkai , Liu Ling , Kang Yan , Li Jing , Ma Zhiyu , Yahaya Baba Salifu , Xu Jie , Wang Qingjun , Feng Xuanjun , Li Jingwei , Hu Erliang , Liu Yaxi , Lu Yanli
Published: May 2021

The circadian clock perceives photoperiodic changes and initiates processes leading to floral transition. GIGANTEA (GI) primarily functions as a principal clock component that integrates environmental cues into regulation of growth and development in Arabidopsis. However, it is unclear whether ZmGIs regulate photoperiodic flowering and abiotic stress response. Here, we demonstrated that the expression of ZmGI1 depicted a typical circadian pattern and was differentially expressed under LDs and SDs in photoperiodic sensitive and insensitive maize lines. The transcription level was significantly and positively correlated with days to silking and photoperiodic sensitivity in maize. Moreover, natural variation in ZmGI1 was associated with maize photoperiod response and the fine-tuning of plant development traits. Overexpression of ZmGI1Huangzao4 induced early flowering and enhanced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis relative to the wild-type and gi mutants. ZmGI1 formed a protein complex with ZmFKF1 and acted as a positive regulator of flowering time by regulating CONSTANS transcription in the photoperiod pathway. The ZmGI1/ZmThox complex regulates oxidative stress induced by salt stress via a redox balance pathway. Over all, we have provided compelling evidence to suggest that ZmGI1 is a pleotropic gene whose expression depicts a typical circadian rhythmic pattern and regulates flowering time and confers salt stress tolerance.
Motor patterning, ion regulation and Spreading Depolarization during CNS shutdown induced by experimental anoxia in Locusta migratoria
Authors: Robertson R. Meldrum , Van Dusen Rachel A.
Published: May 2021

Anoxia induces a reversible coma in insects. Coma onset is triggered by the arrest of mechanisms responsible for maintaining membrane ion homeostasis in the CNS, resulting in a wave of neuronal and glial depolarization known as spreading depolarization (SD). Different methods of anoxia influence the behavioural response but their effects on SD are unknown. We investigated the effects of CO2, N2, and H2O on the characteristics of coma induction and recovery in Locusta migratoria. Water immersion delayed coma onset and recovery, likely due to involvement of the tracheal system and the nature of asphyxiation but otherwise resembled N2 delivery. The main difference between N2 and CO2 was that CO2 hastened onset of neural failure and SD and delayed recovery. In the CNS, this was associated with CO2 inducing an abrupt and immediate decrease of interstitial pH and increase of extracellular [K+]. Recording of the transperineurial potential showed that SD propagation and a postanoxic negativity (PAN) were similar with both gases. The PAN increased with ouabain treatment, likely due to removal of the counteracting electrogenic effect of Na+/K+-ATPase, and was inhibited by bafilomycin, a proton pump inhibitor, suggesting that it was generated by the electrogenic effect of a Vacuolar-type ATPase (VA). Muscle fibres depolarized by ∼20 mV, which happened more rapidly with CO2 compared with N2. Wing muscle motoneurons depolarized nearly completely in two stages, with CO2 causing more rapid onset and slower recovery than N2. Other parameters of SD onset and recovery were similar with the two gases. Electrical resistance across the ganglion sheath increased during anoxia and at SD onset. We provisionally attribute this to cell swelling reducing the dimensions of the interstitial pathway from neuropil to the bathing saline. Neuronal membrane resistance decreased abruptly at SD onset indicating opening of an unidentified membrane conductance. Consideration of the intracellular recording relative to the saline suggests that the apical membrane of perineurial glia depolarizes prior to neuron depolarization. We propose that SD is triggered by events at the perineurial sheath and then propagates laterally and more deeply into the neuropil. We conclude that the fundamental nature of SD is not dependent on the method of anoxia however the timing of onset and recovery are influenced; water immersion is complicated by the tracheal system and CO2 delivery has more rapid and longer lasting effects, associated with severe interstitial acidosis.
Transcriptional, epigenetic, and functional reprogramming of blood monocytes in non-human primates following chronic alcohol drinking
Authors: Lewis Sloan A. , Sureshchandra Suhas , Doratt Brianna , Jimenez Vanessa A. , Stull Cara , Grant Kathleen A. , Messaoudi Ilhem
Published: May 2021

Chronic heavy drinking (CHD) of alcohol is a known risk factor for increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infection as well as impaired wound healing. Evidence suggests that these defects are mediated by a dysregulated inflammatory response originating from myeloid cells, notably monocytes and macrophages, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Our ability to study CHD is impacted by the complexities of human drinking patterns and behavior as well as comorbidities and confounding risk factors for patients with alcohol use disorders. To overcome these challenges, we utilize a translational rhesus macaque model of voluntary ethanol self-administration that closely recapitulates human drinking patterns and chronicity. In this study, we examined the effects of CHD on blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages in control and CHD female macaques after 12 months of daily ethanol consumption. While monocytes from CHD female macaques generated a hyper-inflammatory response to ex vivo LPS stimulation, their response to E.Coli was dampened. In depth scRNA-Seq analysis of purified monocytes revealed significant shifts in classical monocyte subsets with accumulation of cells expressing markers of hypoxia (HIF1A) and inflammation (NFkB signaling pathway) in CHD macaques. The increased presence of monocyte subsets poised to generate a hyperinflammatory response was confirmed by the epigenetic analysis which revealed higher accessibility of promoter regions that regulate genes involved in cytokine signaling pathways. Finally, alveolar macrophages (AM) from the same animals produced higher levels of inflammatory mediators in response to LPS stimulation, but reduced ability to phagocytose bacteria. Collectively, data presented in this manuscript demonstrate that CHD primes monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages towards a more hyper-inflammatory immune response with compromised functional abilities, which could be used in diagnostic purposes or preventative measures for patients with alcohol use disorders.
A novel lineage of polyomaviruses identified in bark scorpions
Authors: Schmidlin Kara , Kraberger Simona , Cook Chelsea , DeNardo Dale F. , Fontenele Rafaela S. , Van Doorslaer Koenraad , Martin Darren P. , Buck Christopher B. , Varsani Arvind
Published: May 2021

Polyomaviruses are non–enveloped viruses with circular double-stranded DNA genomes that range in size from ∼4–7 kilobasepairs. Initially identified in mammals, polyomaviruses have now been identified in birds and a few fish species. Although fragmentary polyomavirus-like sequences have been detected as apparent ‘hitchhikers’ in shotgun genomics datasets for various arthropods, the possible diversity of these viruses in invertebrates remains unclear. In general, polyomaviruses are host-specific, showing strong evidence of host-virus co–evolution. Identification of polyomaviruses in a broader range of animals could shed useful light on the evolutionary history of this medically important group of viruses. Scorpions are predatory arachnids that are among the oldest terrestrial animals. Thus far, viromes of arachnids have been under–sampled and understudied. Here, high–throughput sequencing and traditional molecular techniques were used to explore the diversity of circular DNA viruses associated with bark scorpions (Centruroides sculpturatus) from the greater Phoenix area, Arizona, USA. The complete genomes of eight novel polyomaviruses were identified. Analysis of Centruroides transcriptomic datasets elucidated the splicing of the viral late gene array, which is more complex than that of vertebrate polyomaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis provides further evidence of co-divergence of polyomaviruses with their hosts, suggesting that at least one ancestral species of polyomaviruses was circulating amongst the primitive common ancestors of arthropods and chordates.
piRNA-mediated gene regulation and adaptation to sex-specific transposon expression in D. melanogaster male germline
Authors: Chen Peiwei , Kotov Alexei A. , Godneeva Baira K. , Bazylev Sergei S. , Olenina Ludmila V. , Aravin Alexei A.
Published: May 2021

Small noncoding piRNAs act as sequence-specific guides to repress complementary targets in Metazoa. Prior studies in Drosophila ovaries have demonstrated the function of the piRNA pathway in transposon silencing and therefore genome defense. However, the ability of the piRNA program to respond to different transposon landscapes and the role of piRNAs in regulating host gene expression remain poorly understood. Here, we comprehensively analyzed piRNA expression and defined the repertoire of their targets in Drosophila melanogaster testes. Comparison of piRNA programs between sexes revealed sexual dimorphism in piRNA programs that parallel sex-specific transposon expression. Using a novel bioinformatic pipeline, we identified new piRNA clusters and established complex satellites as dual-strand piRNA clusters. While sharing most piRNA clusters, the two sexes employ them differentially to combat the sex-specific transposon landscape. We found two piRNA clusters that produce piRNAs antisense to four host genes in testis, including CG12717/pirate, a SUMO protease gene. piRNAs encoded on the Y chromosome silence pirate, but not its paralog, to exert sex- and paralog-specific gene regulation. Interestingly, pirate is targeted by endogenous siRNAs in a sibling species, Drosophila mauritiana, suggesting distinct but related silencing strategies invented in recent evolution to regulate a conserved protein-coding gene.
A myocardin-adjacent lncRNA balances SRF-dependent gene transcription in the heart
Authors: Anderson Douglas M. , Anderson Kelly M. , Nelson Benjamin R. , McAnally John R. , Bezprozvannaya Svetlana , Shelton John M. , Bassel-Duby Rhonda , Olson Eric N.
Published: May 2021

Myocardin, a potent coactivator of serum response factor (SRF), competes with ternary complex factor (TCF) proteins for SRF binding to balance opposing mitogenic and myogenic gene programs in cardiac and smooth muscle. Here we identify a cardiac lncRNA transcribed adjacent to myocardin, named CARDINAL, which antagonizes SRF-dependent mitogenic gene transcription in the heart. CARDINAL-deficient mice show ectopic TCF/SRF-dependent mitogenic gene expression and decreased cardiac contractility in response to age and ischemic stress. CARDINAL forms a nuclear complex with SRF and inhibits TCF-mediated transactivation of the promitogenic gene c-fos, suggesting CARDINAL functions as an RNA cofactor for SRF in the heart.
Natural temperature fluctuations promote COOLAIR regulation of FLC
Authors: Zhao Yusheng , Zhu Pan , Hepworth Jo , Bloomer Rebecca , Antoniou-Kourounioti Rea Laila , Doughty Jade , Heckmann Amelie , Xu Congyao , Yang Hongchun , Dean Caroline
Published: May 2021

Plants monitor many aspects of their fluctuating environments to help align their development with seasons. Molecular understanding of how noisy temperature cues are registered has emerged from dissection of vernalization in Arabidopsis, which involves a multiphase cold-dependent silencing of the floral repressor locus FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Cold-induced transcriptional silencing precedes a low probability PRC2 epigenetic switching mechanism. The epigenetic switch requires the absence of warm temperatures as well as long-term cold exposure. However, the natural temperature inputs into the earlier transcriptional silencing phase are less well understood. Here, through investigation of Arabidopsis accessions in natural and climatically distinct field sites, we show that the first seasonal frost strongly induces expression of COOLAIR, the antisense transcripts at FLC. Chamber experiments delivering a constant mean temperature with different fluctuations showed the freezing induction of COOLAIR correlates with stronger repression of FLC mRNA. Identification of a mutant that ectopically activates COOLAIR revealed how COOLAIR up-regulation can directly reduce FLC expression. Consistent with this, transgenes designed to knockout COOLAIR perturbed the early phase of FLC silencing. However, all transgenes designed to remove COOLAIR resulted in increased production of novel convergent FLC antisense transcripts. Our study reveals how natural temperature fluctuations promote COOLAIR regulation of FLC, with the first autumn frost acting as a key indicator of autumn/winter arrival.
Ex-ante risk management and financial stability during the COVID-19 pandemic: a study of Vietnamese firms
Authors: Nguyen Lan Thi Mai , Hoang Dinh Phi
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The authors investigate whether firms can ensure their financial stability during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by having ex-ante risk management.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors study 279 Vietnamese listed firms by investigating their disclosure of risk awareness and risk management tool(s) in the 2019 annual reports. The authors then examine whether prior risk awareness and adoption of risk management tool(s) can enhance the firms' financial ratios during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Findings

The authors find that firms that disclose their risk management tool(s) in the 2019 annual reports have better asset utilization and higher liquidity during the COVID-19 pandemic than the others. However, firms that simply express their risk awareness exert no stronger financial stability. In addition, the authors document that debt management is the most popular and most effective tool to ensure firms' financial stability during the crisis.

Originality/value

The study highlights the need for ex-ante risk management for future pandemics. The authors also suggest that stakeholders can rely on the degree of risk management tool utilization to evaluate the financial stability of firms.
Female board participation and firm’s financial performance: a panel study from a Latin American economy
Authors: Leyva-Townsend Pamela , Rodriguez Wilson , Idrovo Sandra , Pulga Fredy
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This study aims to elucidate the relationship between women's participation on the board of directors and the company's financial performance in a sample of 45 Colombian companies listed on the Colombia Stock Exchange (CSE) (Bolsa de Valores de Colombia).

Design/methodology/approach

Using 50,214 financial records of 45 companies listed on the CSE during 2008–2016, the authors performed panel data regressions to explore the relationship between the measures of gender diversity on boards and the impact on corporate financial performance.

Findings

The authors show that the participation and presence of at least one woman on the board of directors are positively associated with firm financial performance as measured by return on equity (ROE), but not as measured by Tobin’s Q. This second indicator is positively associated with firm financial performance when there are at least three female directors on boards of 10 or more individuals.

Practical implications

The findings also provide evidence supporting the development of managerial and organizational mechanisms that strengthen female presence at the highest level of governance.

Originality/value

The study demonstrates that female presence on boards has a positive impact on firms’ financial performance, but the degree of diversity impacts differently ROE and Tobin’s Q. These findings are based on a study of an emerging economy in Latin America, and data on similar economies are scarce.
Towards a BIM-based approach for improving maintenance performance in IBS building projects
Authors: Ismail Zul-Atfi Bin
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The contemporary practice of conventional maintenance for industrialised building system (IBS) constructions suffers from poor service delivery and defect repetition. A key problem impeding the widespread adoption of emerging technologies is the lack of competent contractors to support the effectiveness of the technology implemented in conventional methods and to ensure returns on investment. The shortcomings of conventional methods are assessed from the perspective of IBS buildings. This paper aims to identify the different system approach using Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology that is equipped with decision making processes.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper describes the establishment of key problem areas, the elements involved in implementing good practice and the requirements for integrating maintenance management processes and information databases in the maintenance management system.

Findings

Conventional methods have little emphasis on defect diagnosis tools. They also enhance inadequate strategic decision-making in the analysis of information when attempting to improve the maintenance project outcomes for IBS construction. The characteristics identified in a case study of IBS buildings are presented and analysed.

Originality/value

The conclusions and recommendations drawn from the analysis of the IBS case study are discussed, synthesised and deliberated upon. The approach presented in this paper integrates various aspects of building information modelling technology to facilitate improved execution of IBS maintenance activities.
Recovery support specialists inside the jail: a program description of treatment engagement for opioid use disorder
Authors: Martin Matthew , Phillips Megan A. , Saxon Mary , Love Kailey , Cessna Laurie , Woodard Deborah L. , Page Mary , Curry Kenneth , Paone Alyssa , Pennington-Stallcup Bobbie , Riley William
Published: May 2021

Purpose

People living with opioid use disorder (OUD) disproportionately encounter the criminal justice system. Although incarcerated individuals with OUD face higher risk for withdrawals, relapses and overdoses, most jails fail to offer comprehensive medications for OUD (MOUD), including recovery support services and transition of care to a community provider. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development and implementation of a comprehensive MOUD program at a large county jail system in Maricopa County, Arizona.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors used the Sequential Intercept Model (SIM) to develop a community-based, multi-organizational program for incarcerated individuals with OUD. The SIM is a mapping process of the criminal justice system and was applied in Maricopa County, Arizona to identify gaps in services and strengthen resources at each key intercept. The program applies an integrated care framework that is person-centered and incorporates medical, behavioral and social services to improve population health.

Findings

Stakeholders worked collaboratively to develop a multi-point program for incarcerated individuals with OUD that includes an integrated care service with brief screening, MOUD and treatment; a residential treatment program; peer support; community provider referrals; and a court diversion program. Recovery support specialists provide education, support and care coordination between correctional and community health services.

Originality/value

OUD is a common problem in many correctional health centers. However, many jails do not provide a comprehensive approach to connect incarcerated individuals with OUD treatment. The Maricopa County, Arizona jail system opioid treatment program is unique because of the ongoing support from recovery support specialists during and after incarceration.
Used vehicle global supply chains: perspectives on a direct-import model
Authors: Shi Yangyan , Arthanari Tiru , Venkatesh V.G. , Islam Samsul , Mani Venkatesh
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the supply chain (SC) operations of importing used vehicles into New Zealand and how such SCs affect business practices and performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses an exploratory qualitative semi-structured interview approach to interview the different stakeholders involved in the global used vehicle SC.

Findings

The research identifies the overall network structure of the used import vehicle SC from Japan to New Zealand and characterises key aspects of its operations and network connections. This paper finds that Japanese buying agents have integrated increasing numbers of services to provide a trouble-free trading platform, which has created a direct-import model for used vehicle companies in New Zealand.

Practical implications

The findings and recommendations are useful in designing and managing the used vehicle SC for all stakeholders and effective real-time management of uncertain factors.

Originality/value

The paper primarily analyses SC operations by researching the cooperation and coordination between SC components and networks, based on providing the flow of used vehicles from Japan to New Zealand. It constitutes a pioneering practice-perspective research paper in this domain.
Temporal trends in between and within‐country inequalities in caesarean delivery in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a Bayesian analysis
Authors: Hasan MM , Ahmed S , Soares Magalhaes RJ , Begum T , Fatima Y , Mamun AA
Published: May 2021

Objective

To provide updated information about between‐country variations, temporal trends and changes in inequalities within countries in caesarean delivery (CD) rates.

Design

Cross‐sectional study of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) during 1990–2018.

Setting

74 low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).

Population

Women 15–49 years of age who had live births in the last 3 years.

Methods

Bayesian linear regression analysis was performed and absolute differences were calculated.

Main outcome measure

Population‐level CD by countries and sociodemographic characteristics of mothers over time.

Results

CD rates, based on the latest DHS rounds, varied substantially between the study countries, from 1.5% (95% CI 1.1–1.9%) in Madagascar to 58.9% (95% CI 56.0–61.6%) in the Dominican Republic. Of 62 LMICs with at least two surveys, 57 countries showed a rise in CD during 1990–2018, with the greatest increase in Sierra Leone (19.3%). Large variations in CD rates were observed across mother's wealth, residence, education and age, with a higher rate of CD by the richest and urban mothers. These inequalities have widened in many countries. Stratified analyses suggest greater provisioning of CD by the richest mothers in private facilities and poorest mothers in public facilities.

Conclusions

CD rates varied substantially across geographical locations and over time, irrespective of public or private health facilities. Changes in CD rates continue across wealth, place of residence, education, and age of mother, and are widening in most study countries.

Tweetable abstract

Increasing caesarean delivery rates were greater among the richest and urban mothers than their counterparts, with widened gaps in LMICs.
Impact investing in social sector organisations: a systematic review and research agenda
Authors: Islam Syrus M.
Published: May 2021

Impact investing has great potential to contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by financing the growth of social sector organisations. This paper conducts a systematic literature review to develop cumulative insights into impact investing in social sector organisations. It identifies four streams of impact investing research: impact investment decision making, impact evaluation in impact investing, behavioural issues in impact investing, and impact investing ecosystem. This paper also identifies nine main research focus areas within these research streams and discusses key insights into each of them. Finally, building on prior research, this article offers a comprehensive future research agenda.
Rainfall, fire and large‐mammal‐induced drivers of Vachellia drepanolobium establishment: Implications for woody plant encroachment in Maswa, Tanzania
Authors: Kimaro Houssein Samwel , Treydte Anna C.
Published: May 2021

Worldwide, open grass areas of savannah ecosystems are being transformed into shrubland. This woody plant encroachment is likely a result of factors such as rainfall, fire and secondary dispersal by ungulate herbivory. However, few experiments have been conducted to disentangle and quantify the role of these factors for seed germination in savannahs. We assessed in situ germination success of Vachellia drepanolobium seeds under simulated rainfall variability patterns, fire treatments and dung experiments in Maswa Game Reserve, Tanzania. Fire reduced seed germination by more than 13%, whereas germination in buffalo and elephant dung increased by 1% and 3% respectively. Additionally, intermediate simulated rainfall was more beneficial for seedling emergence success than large, infrequent simulated rainfall amounts, while shoot growth was twice as high under frequent and intermediate simulated rainfall treatments than under large infrequent simulated rainfall. Our results provide insights that bush fires, drought stress, and large rainfall events can suppress V. drepanolobium seedling emergence and growth. Hence, bush encroachment may be linked to management practices such as fire regimes and climatic conditions, i.e., frequent low rainfall conditions. Our results can help predict future patterns of encroachment under varying rainfall and fire events.
Delivering introductory physiotherapy clinical placements incorporating simulated learning experiences in rural settings
Authors: Johnston Catherine , Wakely Luke
Published: May 2021

Objective

To investigate the delivery, in rural settings, of introductory physiotherapy clinical placements incorporating simulation and describe the impact of these placements on the uptake of longer‐term rural immersion opportunities.

Design

Retrospective cohort design.

Setting

The University of Newcastle and the University of Newcastle Department of Rural Health (UONDRH), New South Wales, Australia.

Participants

Data from undergraduate physiotherapy students were included.

Intervention

Second‐year University of Newcastle physiotherapy students undertake an introductory placement which includes one week of simulated learning followed by a two‐week traditional health care placement. Supervisor training and active promotion of placements were undertaken to increase the capacity of rural sites to deliver these placements, including both simulation and immersion components.

Main outcome measure(s)

Data relating to numbers of students undertaking introductory placements and final‐year rural immersion experiences in the UONDRH between 2012 and 2020 were described. A simple review of the placement strategy was also undertaken.

Results

Introductory placements incorporating simulation were successfully implemented in the UONDRH settings and have continued annually. Physiotherapy staff in the UONDRH have been upskilled and have supported local clinicians to increase their supervisory capacity. The proportion of students undertaking introductory placements supported by the UONDRH has increased considerably as has the number of students completing full‐year rural immersion experiences in the UONDRH.

Conclusions

Delivering introductory physiotherapy placements incorporating simulation in rural settings was feasible and this strategy leads to increased placement capacity. Early rural clinical placement opportunities can increase students’ uptake of longer‐term rural immersion experiences which, in turn, can positively influence rural practice intentions.
Studying nursing at Australian satellite university campuses: A review of teaching, learning and support
Authors: Hays Catherine , Devine Susan , Wongtongkam Nualnong , Glass Beverley
Published: May 2021

Distribution of the Australian health workforce is uneven, with the majority of health professionals favouring metropolitan areas over rural and remote regions. Although nurses account for the largest proportion of the Australian rural and remote health workforce, difficulties with staff recruitment and retention can impact the health care outcomes of these vulnerable populations. Satellite university campuses that offer undergraduate nursing programs might therefore contribute to a more sustainable rural and remote nursing workforce. This narrative literature review aimed at investigating the barriers and enablers that affect students enrolled at satellite nursing campuses, education delivery methods and academic and non‐academic strategies employed to enhance the student learning experience. The literature was reviewed across 6 health and education databases. After screening, 12 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analysed, and the data were synthesised using a thematic approach. Three themes arose from the review: student characteristics and associated barriers and enablers to studying nursing at a satellite campus; teaching strategies and learning experiences; and academic and pastoral support. Students studying at satellite campuses were found to have different education experiences and faced challenges unique to their context; however, home support networks and small class sizes were seen as enabling factors. Education delivery methods and support strategies varied depending on remoteness and resources available. Consideration of the factors that affect satellite campus nursing students has the potential to increase student satisfaction and retention, which could result in a more sustainable rural and remote nursing workforce.
A phase I study of high dose camostat mesylate in healthy adults provides a rationale to repurpose the TMPRSS2 inhibitor for the treatment of COVID‐19
Authors: Kitagawa Junsaku , Arai Hayato , Iida Hiroyuki , Mukai Jiro , Furukawa Kenji , Ohtsu Seitaro , Nakade Susumu , Hikima Tomohiro , Haranaka Miwa , Uemura Naoto
Published: May 2021

Camostat mesylate, an oral serine protease inhibitor, is used to treat chronic pancreatitis and reflux esophagitis. Recently, camostat mesylate and its active metabolite 4‐(4‐guanidinobenzoyloxy)phenylacetic acid (GBPA) were reported to inhibit the infection of cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by inhibiting type II transmembrane serine protease. We conducted a phase I study to investigate high‐dose camostat mesylate as a treatment for coronavirus disease 2019. Camostat mesylate was orally administered to healthy adults at 600 mg 4 times daily under either of the following conditions: fasted state, after a meal, 30 min before a meal, or 1 h before a meal, and the pharmacokinetics and safety profiles were evaluated. In addition, the time of plasma GBPA concentration exceeding the effective concentration was estimated as the time above half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) by using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation. Camostat mesylate was safe and tolerated at all dosages. Compared with the fasted state, the exposure of GBPA after a meal and 30 min before a meal was significantly lower; however, no significant difference was observed at 1 h before a meal. The time above EC50 was 11.5 h when camostat mesylate 600 mg was administered 4 times daily in the fasted state or 1 h before a meal. Based on the results of this phase I study, we are currently conducting a phase III study.
Are body surface area based estimates of liver volume applicable to children with overweight or obesity? An in vivo validation study
Authors: Hosey‐Cojocari Chelsea , Chan Sherwin S. , Friesen Chance S. , Robinson Amie , Williams Veronica , Swanson Erica , O’Toole Daniel , Radford Jansynn , Mardis Neil , Johnson Trevor N. , Leeder J. Steven , Shakhnovich Valentina
Published: May 2021

The liver is the primary organ responsible for clearing most drugs from the body and thus determines systemic drug concentrations over time. Drug clearance by the liver appears to be directly related to organ size. In children, organ size changes as children age and grow. Liver volume has been correlated with body surface area (BSA) in healthy children and adults and has been estimated by functions of BSA. However, these relationships were derived from “typical” populations and it is unknown whether they extend to estimations of liver volumes for population “outliers,” such as children with overweight or obesity, who today represent one‐third of the pediatric population. Using computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, this study measured liver volumes in 99 children (2–21 years) with normal weight, overweight, or obesity and compared organ measurements with estimates calculated using an established liver volume equation. A previously developed equation relating BSA to liver volume adequately estimates liver volumes in children, regardless of weight status.
Persistent follicular granulosa cell senescence and apoptosis induced by methotrexate leading to oocyte dysfunction and aberrant embryo development
Authors: Fu Jingbo , Liu Yang , Wang Chen , Zhang Hongxia , Yu Bin , Wang Ye , Zhu Haiying
Published: May 2021

Evidence from clinical cases indicates an association between the low success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and ovarian injury due to previous methotrexate (MTX) administration. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and propose reasonable clinical drug guidelines to improve the quality of oocytes and the development of embryos before pregnancy. In this study, we established a mouse model with previous MTX exposure to validate the effects of MTX on reproductive function in female mice. We observed that MTX administration could result in a decrease in the success rate of fertilization and an aberrant embryonic development in both natural fertilization and IVF, even after completion of five to six ovulation cycles after MTX withdrawal. Further research revealed senescence and apoptosis of follicular granulosa cells (GCs), accompanied by arrested follicle development and aberrant estradiol and anti‐Mullerian hormone levels. Supportive evidence indicated that MTX administration induced senescence and apoptosis of human GCs in vitro, and the effects were consistent with the high levels of p21, p53, and oxidative stress. We further demonstrated that folic acid (FA) could improve oocyte function and embryonic development in vivo and in vitro by protecting GCs against apoptosis and senescence. Based on these findings, we propose the implementation of extended intervals between MTX exposure and conception or IVF and recommend FA as a special dietary supplement during this interval period; however, prospective inquiry in humans is necessary to further understand the relationship between MTX and FA recovery.
Populism and Civil Society
Authors: Boeri Tito , Mishra Prachi , Papageorgiou Chris , Spilimbergo Antonio
Published: May 2021

Since Tocqueville (1835), civil society has been recognized as a cornerstone of liberal democracy. But populists claim to be the only legitimate representatives of the people, leaving no space for civil society. Are populism and civil society enemies? To answer this question, we look at voters’ choices in Europe. We find that individuals belonging to associations are less likely by 1.6–2.8 percentage points to vote for populist parties, which is large considering that the average vote share for populist parties is between 12% and 22%. This result survives a large number of robustness checks.
Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches in echocardiography
Authors: Nabi Wafa , Bansal Agam , Xu Bo
Published: May 2021

Artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches have become increasingly applied in the field of echocardiography to streamline diagnostic and prognostic assessments, and to support treatment decisions. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have been applied to aid image acquisition and automation. They have also been applied to the integration of clinical and imaging data. Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches in echocardiography in conjunction with health information databases may be promising in improving the classification and treatment of many cardiac conditions. This review article provides an overview of the applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches in echocardiography.
Expectations, Experiences and Perceptions of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residents to Training in Nigeria
Authors: Fomete Benjamin , Adebayo Ezekiel T. , Oginni Fadekemi O.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

How surgical residents fare during their training could enhance job satisfaction and fulfilment post‐training. But there is paucity of literature on the experiences of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) trainees during residency training. The aim of this study was to report the expectations, experiences and perceptions of OMS residents towards training in Nigeria.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study of OMS residents in accredited Nigerian training institutions was conducted between September and December, 2017. Study tool was adapted from that used for general surgery residents in the United States. Results were analysed using Microsoft Excel for Windows 10.

Results

Sixty‐eight of seventy‐three questionnaires were returned (response rate was 93%). More respondents were males (86.8%) than females (13.2%). 44.1% of all respondents were aged 35–39 years. Senior residents (n=31, 45.6%) were more than those in the junior cadre. The most important reason for choosing OMS residency training was for knowledge (72.1%) followed by the prospect of better pay (8.8%). Most residents believed their opinions were important (66.7%) and looked forward to their daily work (72.1%) but were dissatisfied with the didactic teaching aspect by consultants (57.3%) and felt the hours and stress of working were straining their family life, respectively (91.0% and 76.7%).

Conclusion

Most OMS residents were happy and expected to gain knowledge from the training. However, some were dissatisfied with the training duration and level of didactic teaching by consultants and the impact of residency training on family life. There is need to improve didactic teaching and ensure adequate work/family balance for better OMS residency training in Nigeria.
Dislocated College Students and the Pandemic: Back Home Under Extraordinary Circumstances
Authors: Hall Scott S. , Zygmunt Eva
Published: May 2021

Objective

This research examines college students' experiences of dislocation during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Background

Due to governmental stay‐at‐home orders during the pandemic, families with “dislocated” (compelled to return home) college students would likely encounter unique stressors while also being limited in their normal ways of coping.

Methods

Using an online survey, the current study sought to discover how diverse individual characteristics and family living situations of 323 dislocated students associated with varying homelife experiences (e.g., intrusive parenting, students making an extra effort to spend time with family), and how such experiences associated with relationship changes during the quarantine.

Results

Analyses detected some differences in the students' homelife experiences based on background and living situations, especially related to being a first‐year student, having been excited about returning home, and feeling accepted by parents about being home. Negative family relationship quality during the quarantine was most predicted by negative attitudes from students and parents about students being home, the student feeling less adultlike (based on treatment and own identity conception), and having low autonomy.

Conclusion

Returning home for quarantine was challenging for most students, and circumstances and attitudes appeared to contribute to how such challenges associated with family relationship changes.

Implications

Implications for practitioners and universities are discussed in regard to preparing college students and their families for similar conditions.