bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alternan
Authors: Côté Gregory L.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Occurrence and Physiological Function

Biosynthesis

Alternansucrase: Purification and Properties

Alternansucrase: Reactions and Mechanism of Action

Alternansucrase: Genetics and Regulation

Biodegradation

Biotechnological Production

Properties of Alternan

Physical Properties

Biological Properties

Production and Applications

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Murein (Peptidoglycan)
Authors: Heidrich Christoph , Vollmer Waldemar
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Isolation, Analysis and Structure of Murein

Isolation of Murein

The Basic Chemical Structure of Murein

The Fine Structure of Murein

Variability of the Species‐specific Murein Composition

Three‐dimensional Structure of Murein

Biosynthesis of Murein

Biosynthesis of the Murein Precursor Lipid II

Murein Synthases and Hydrolases

Growth Mechanism of the Murein Sacculus

Recycling of the Turnover Products

Inhibition of Murein Biosynthesis

Molecular Genetics of Murein Biosynthesis

Exogenous Murein Hydrolases

Biological Activities of Murein

Production

Current Problems and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Pullulan
Authors: Leathers Timothy D.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Physiological Function

Chemical Analyses

Occurrence

Biosynthesis

Culture Conditions and Cell Morphology

Biosynthetic Mechanism

Genetics and Molecular Biology

Biodegradation

Production

Properties and Applications

Patents

Outlook and Perspectives
Scleroglucan
Authors: Ioannis Giavasis  , Harvey Linda M. , McNeil Brian
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Occurrence

Functions

Physiology

Effect of Temperature

Effect of pH

Dissolved Oxygen

Effect of Aeration and Agitation

Effect of Medium Composition

Effect of Other Factors

Byproduct Formation

Biochemistry

Molecular Genetics

Biodegradation

Production

Producers

World Market

Applications

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Carrageenan
Authors: van de Velde Fred , Dr. Gerhard A. De Ruiter
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

General Description

Molecular Structure

Occurrence

Physiological Function

Chemical Analysis

Isolation and Fractionation

Infrared Spectroscopy

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Chromatographic Analysis

Biosynthesis

Extracellular Biodegradation

Enzymology of Degradation

Genetic Basis of Degradation

Production

Seaweed Harvesting

Seaweed Farming

Manufacturing

Modified Carrageenan Functionalities

Current World Market

Companies Producing Carrageenan

Properties

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Safety

Applications

Technical Applications

Medical Applications

Excipient Applications in Drugs

Personal Care and Household

Agriculture

Food Application

Other Applications

Relevant Patents

Current Problems and Limitations

Outlook and Perspectives
Pectins
Authors: Ralet Marie‐Christine , Bonnin Estelle , Thibault Jean‐François
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure of Pectin

Primary Structure

Occurrence and Distribution of Pectins in Cell Walls

Macromolecular Features

Pectin Characterization

Extraction

Analysis of Pectin Constituents

Pectin Biosynthesis

Molecular Genetics

Pectin Degradation

Chemical Degradation

Biodegradation by Pectolytic Enzymes

Pectins and Plant Product Transformation

Industrial Pectin

Current Raw Materials

Extraction of Pectin

Regulation and World Market

Pectin Gelling Properties and Applications

HM Pectin

LM Pectin

Stabilizing Properties

Outlook and Perspectives
Starch
Authors: Tester Richard Frank , Karkalas John
Published: January 2005

Introduction and Historical Perspective

Occurrence, Sources and Production

Morphology and Composition of the Starch Granule

Morphology

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Proteins

Minerals

Biosynthesis and Granule Deposition

Biosynthesis

Granule Deposition

The Structure of Starch Granules

Major Features of the Granule

Crystallinity

Architecture of the Granule

Physical Properties

Microscopy of Starch Granules

Gelatinization and Swelling

Rheological Properties of Starch

Helical Complexes of Amylose

Retrogradation of Starch

Resistant Starch

Modification of Starch Properties

The Need for Modification

Analysis of Starch

Early Methods of Determination of Starch

Quantitative Enzymatic Methods

Industrial Production of Starch

General Principles

Uses of Starch

Hydrolysis Products of Starch

Introduction

Other Products of Hydrolysis

Uses of Hydrolyzed Products

Concluding Remarks
Inulin
Authors: Franck Anne , De Leenheer Leen
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Natural Occurrence

Physiological Function

Chemical Analysis and Detection

High‐performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Gas Chromatography

HPAEC Analysis (Dionex)

Permethylation

Quantitative Determination of Inulin and Oligofructose in Food

Quantitative Determination of Inulin in Food

Biosynthesis

Synthesis of Microbial Fructan

In vitroSynthesis of FOS

Synthesis of Inulin from Plant Origin (Asteraceae)

Biodegradation

Plant Endogenous Degradation

In vitroHydrolysis by Yeast and Mold Enzymes

Production

FOS Production Starting from Sucrose

Commercial Inulin of Plant Origin

Commercial Production of Inulin and FOS

Scale of Production

Properties

Physical and Chemical Properties

Material Properties

Biological Properties

Food Applications

Non‐food Developments and Applications

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents

Acknowledgements
Chitin and Chitosan from Animal Sources
Authors: Peter Martin G.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Structure of Chitin and Chitosan

Conformation in Solution

Crystal Structures

Occurrence

Physiological Function

Detection of Chitin in Animals and Analysis of Chitin and Chitosan

Detection of Chitin in Biological Samples

Determination of FA

Mass Spectrometry of Chitin and Chitosan Oligosaccharides

Macromolecular Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan

Biosynthesis of Chitin in Animals

Synthesis of Substrates for the Polymerizing Enzyme

Enzymology of Chitin Synthase

Genetic Basis of Chitin Synthesis

Regulation of Chitin Synthesis

Biodegradation

Enzymology of Chitin Degradation

Chitinase Genes

Regulation of Degradation

Production of Chitin and Chitosan

Isolation of Chitin and Chitosan from Shellfish Waste

Preparation of Low Molecular‐weight Chitin, Chitosan, and of Chitooligosaccharides

Current World Market and Economics

Companies Producing the Polymer

Properties of Chitin and Chitosan

Physico‐chemical Properties

Materials Produced from Chitin or Chitosan

Chemistry of Chitin and Chitosan

Biological Properties

Applications of Chitin and Chitosan

Technical Applications

Medicine and Healthcare

Pharmaceutical Applications

Cosmetics

Agriculture

Food

Current Problems and Limits

Outlook and Perspectives

Relevant Patents for Isolation, Production and Applications of Chitin and Chitosan

Acknowledgements
Proteoglycans (Glycosaminoglycans/Mucopolysaccharides)
Authors: Nakano Takuo , Dixon Walter T. , Ozimek Lech
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structures

GAGs

Oligosaccharides

Linkage of GAG to Core Protein

Core Proteins

Biochemistry and Physiology

Biosynthesis

Genes

Degradation

Nonmammalian Enzymes

Extraction of Proteoglycans

Extraction of GAGs

Isolation of Proteoglycans

Characterization of Proteoglycan

Microscopy

Functions

Application and Production

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents

Acknowledgements
Ribosomal Protein Synthesis
Authors: Wintermeyer Wolfgang , Rodnina Marina V.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

The Genetic Code

The Four Letters of the Genetic Code

Mutations

Recoding

The Translational Apparatus

Transfer RNA

Ribosomes

Translation Factors

Messenger RNA

Protein Synthesis

Initiation of Translation in Bacteria

Initiation of Translation in Eukaryotes

The Elongation Cycle

Termination

Regulation of Translation in Eukaryotes

Inhibitors, Antibiotics, and Toxins
Epsilon‐Poly‐l‐Lysine
Authors: Yoshida Toyokazu , Hiraki Jun , Nagasawa Toru
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure and Stability

Chemical Analysis and Detection

Occurrence

Functions

Production

Applications

Biodegradation

Biosynthesis of ɛ‐PL

Possible Physiological Role of the ɛ‐PL‐degrading Enzyme

Molecular Genetics

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Polyaspartic Acids
Authors: Joentgen Winfried , Müller Nikolaus , Mitschker Alfred , Schmidt Holger
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Chemical Analysis

1H‐NMR Spectroscopy

13C‐NMR Spectroscopy

15N‐NMR Spectroscopy

Gel‐permeation Chromatography

Isotachophoresis

Detection in Technical Applications

Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Precipitation Titration

Polyelectrolyte Titration

Biodegradation

Production of PASP

World Market and Applications

Patents

Outlook and Perspectives
Cell Membranes: Protein Components and Functions
Authors: Wimley William C.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

The Fluid Mosaic Model of Biological Membranes

Chemical Structures

The Lipid Bilayer Milieu

Physical Properties of Lipid Bilayer Membranes

Polypeptides in Membranes

Composition and Organization of Biological Membranes

Genomics and Proteomics

Biological Functions

Information Transfer

Material Transfer

Transport Against Concentration Gradients

Membrane Protein Enzymes

Membrane Anchors

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Bacterial Protein Secretion and Targeting
Authors: Driessen Arnold J.M. , van der Does Chris , Nouwen Nico
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Protein Targeting to the Translocase

Signal Peptides

Co‐translational Protein Targeting

Post‐translational Protein Targeting

Converging Targeting Pathways

Translocase: A Multisubunit Integral Membrane Protein Complex

SecA

SecY

SecE

SecG

SecD, SecF, and YajC

Conserved Protein Translocases in Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archaea

Role of Lipids in Protein Translocation

Mechanism of Protein Translocation

ATP‐driven Translocation

Proton Motive Force‐driven Translocation

Dynamics of the Protein‐conducting Channel

Regulation of Protein Translocation

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Cytoskeletons in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Authors: Mayer Frank
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Principles of the Architecture of Cytoskeletons at the Cellular Level

Cytoskeletons in Eukaryotes: Their Constituents, Dynamic Properties and Interactions

Microtubules

Microfilaments

Intermediate Filaments

Cytoskeletons in Prokaryotes

Cytological Aspects

Cytoskeletal Elements with Specific Functions, and their Polypeptides

A “Basic” Cytoskeleton?

Molecular Characteristics of Cytoskeletal Polypeptides, and Comparison between Cytoskeletal Polypeptides of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Molecular Characteristics of Cytoskeletal Polypeptides

Aspects of Evolution of Cytoskeletal Polypeptides

Patents

Outlook and Perspectives
Proteasomes: Molecular Machines for Protein Degradation
Authors: Witt Susanne , Baumeister Wolfgang
Published: January 2005

Introduction: Controlling Intracellular Proteolysis

Historical Outline

Occurrence and Subunit Composition of 20S Proteasomes

Structural Features of the 20S Proteasome

Catalytic Mechanism of the 20S Proteasome

Processing and Assembly of 20S Proteasomes

Size Distribution of 20S Proteasome Products

The 19S Regulatory Complex

Subcomplexes and Subunits of the 19S Regulator

The PA28 Activator

Outlook and Perspectives
Modifications of Proteins and Poly(amino acids) by Enzymatic and Chemical Methods
Authors: Ohkawa Kousaku , Yamamoto Hiroyuki
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Naturally Occurring Cross‐linked Materials

Keratin, Collagen, and Elastin

Structural Proteins in Invertebrate Bodies

Isopeptide Cross‐linking of Cellular Proteins

Enzymes Involved in the Protein Cross‐links

Lysyl Oxidase

Tyrosinase

Transglutaminase

Chemical Cross‐linking

Bifunctional Cross‐linking Reagents

Oxidants

Photo‐Induced Cross‐linking – Photodimerization of Polypeptide Side Chain

Noncovalent Cross‐linking – Electrostatic Force Interaction

Material Science of Cross‐linked Proteins and Poly(amino acids)

Cross‐linked Hydrogels

Polyion Complex Material Formulations

Medical Adhesives

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Spider Silk Proteins from Transgenic Plants
Authors: Scheller Jürgen , Conrad Udo
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry

Construction of Synthetic Spider Silk Genes and Transgenic Plants

Stable Accumulation of Synthetic Spider Silk Proteins in Transgenic Plants, and Purification Strategy

Outlook and Perspective

Patents
Vicilin and Legumin Seed Storage Proteins, Structure, Function, and Evolution of
Authors: Dunwell James Martin
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Classification of Globulins

11S Globulins: Legumins

7S Globulins: Vicilins

Selection and Breeding

Physiology and Function

Deposition During Seed Development

Protein Cleavage During Germination

Globulins and Plant Defense

Three‐dimensional Structure of Globulins

Crystallization and Three‐dimensional Resolution

Structure and Allergenicity of Globulins

Evolution

Evolution of Variation Within the Globulin Gene Family

Similarity of Globulins to Other Desiccation‐associated Proteins

Structural Evolution

Discovery of the Cupin Superfamily

Prokaryotic Ancestors of Seed Globulins

Over‐expression and Modification of Globulins

Expression in Bacteria

Expression in Yeast

Expression in Plants

Other Genetic Methods for Manipulation of Globulins

Recombinant Systems and Processing Quality

Feeding Trials with Recombinant Globulins

Production of Pharmaceutically Active Peptides in Glycinins

Patents

Chronological Summary of Patents

Outlook and Perspectives
Heavy Metal‐binding Proteins and Peptides
Authors: Clemens Stephan , Simm Claudia , Maier Thomas
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structures

Nomenclature and Structure of Metallothioneins

Phytochelatins and Phytochelatin–Metal Complexes

Structural Properties of Metallochaperones

Chemical Analysis and Detection

Metallothioneins

Phytochelatins

Occurrence

Metallothioneins

Phytochelatins

Metallochaperones

Functions

Metal Homeostasis and the Role of Metallochaperones

Buffering and Detoxification

Physiology

Metallothionein Localization and Isoforms

Localization and Compartmentation of Phytochelatin Synthesis

Biochemistry

Metal‐binding Characteristics of Metallothioneins

Biochemistry of Phytochelatin Synthesis

Molecular Genetics

Metallothionein Genes and Their Regulation

Phytochelatin Synthase Genes

Biotechnological Applications

Patents

Outlook and Perspectives
Biomineralizing Proteins with Emphasis on Invertebrate‐mineralized Structures
Authors: Treccani Laura , Khoshnavaz Sabine , Blank Sven , von Roden Kerstin , Schulz Ulrike , Weiss Ingrid M. , Mann Karlheinz , Radmacher Manfred , Fritz Monika
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Proteins Involved in Biomineralization

Biosilicates

Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization in Invertebrates

The Avian Eggshell

Patents

Outlooks and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Role of Nucleic Acid and Protein Manipulation Technologies in High‐throughput Structural Biology Efforts
Authors: Aceti David J. , Blommel Paul G. , Endo Yaeta , Fox Brian G. , Frederick Ronnie O. , Hegeman Adrian D. , Jeon Won Bae , Kimball Todd L. , Lee Jason M. , Newman Craig S. , Peterson Francis C. , Sawasaki Tatsuya , Seder Kory D. , Sussman Michael R. , Ulrich Eldon L. , Wrobel Russell L. , Thao Sandy , Vinarov Dmitriy A. , Volkman Brian F. , Zhao Qin
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Overview of Structural Genomics Initiatives World‐wide

Use of Bioinformatics as a Predictive Tool

High‐throughput Cloning Strategies Applied to

Arabidopsis

cDNA Sources

DNA Chip Technologies as a Predictive Tool

Genes Lacking Introns

Restriction Digestion and Ligation

Topoisomerase Cloning

Transformation

Sequence Verification

Escherichia coli

Expression Systems

T7 Promoter Systems

Arabinose Operon Promoter System

Wheat Germ Cell‐free Translation Systems

Characterization of Expression, Solubility, and Purity

Electrophoresis and Dye Binding

ELISA‐based Detection

S‐Tag‐Based Detection

Protein Tags and Multi‐step Purification Procedures

Role of Protease Cleavage in Target Preparation

Protein Characterization by Mass Spectrometry

Integration with Broader Biological Sciences Community

Acknowledgments
Inorganic Polyphosphates
Authors: Kortstee Gerard J. J. , van Loosdrecht Mark C. M.
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Polyphosphate

Physical and Chemical Properties

Detection Methods

Extraction and Separation

Analysis

Natural Occurrence

Prokaryotes

Lower Eukaryotes

Higher Animals and Man

Biosynthesis

Prokaryotic Polyphosphate Kinase (PPK; EC 2.7.4.1)

The Prokaryotic Geneppk

Polyphosphate Synthesis in Eukaryotes

Biodegradation

Prokaryotes

Lower Eukaryotes

Higher Animals and Man

Biological Functions of Polyphosphate

Energy Source

Acquisition of Competence

Calcium Channel

Ca2+‐ATPase

Divalent Cations

A Buffer against Alkali Ions

ATP Substitute in Kinase Reactions

Regulator of Stress Response

Involvement in Gene Expression

Virulence, Biofilm Development and Quorum Sensing

Applications

ATP Regeneration

Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR)

Antibacterial Action

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents
Polythioesters
Authors: Lütke‐Eversloh Tina , Steinbüchel Alexander
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Synthetic PTEs

Precursor Substrates for the Biosynthesis of PTEs

Biotechnological Production of PTEs

Biosynthesis of Poly(3HB‐co‐3MP)

Biosynthesis of Poly(3HB‐co‐3MB)

Biosynthesis of Homopolymers of 3MP, 3MB, and 3MV

Biosynthesis of PTEs Consisting of 3MO

Isolation and Purification

Biosynthetic Pathway

Metabolic Pathway inR. eutropha

Metabolic Pathway in RecombinantE. coli

PTEMCLBiosynthesis in RecombinantR. eutropha

Catalytic Mechanism of Polymerization

Analysis of PTEs

Physical Properties of PTEs

Natural Occurrence of Mercaptoalkanoates

Biodegradation of PTEs

Related Sulfur‐containing Biopolymers

Outline and Perspectives

Patents
Polyhydroxymethionine
Authors: Huthmacher Klaus
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structures/Physical Properties

Structures

Physical Properties

Occurrence

Applications

Production

Patents

Monomer

Polymer

Outlook and Perspectives
Biological Susceptibility of Polystyrene
Authors: Tsuchii Akio , Hiraguri Yoichi , Tokiwa Yutaka
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Microbial Degradation of Styrene Oligomers

Biological Susceptibility of Polystyrene

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Styrene Copolymers

Biological Disintegration of Polystyrene Blends

Production

Outlook and Perspectives
Biodegradation of Polyethylene Followed by Assimilation of Degradation Products
Authors: Hakkarainen Minna , Khabbaz Farideh , Albertsson Ann‐Christine
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Methods for Testing Biodegradability

Plate Tests

Enzyme Assays

The Evolution of Gases

Soil Burial Tests

Composting

Anaerobic Biodegradation (Landfill)

Toxicity Testing

The Fate of Degradation Products and Polymer Fragments

Biodegradation of Polyethylene

Enhanced Environmentally Degradable Polyethylene

Modification of Polyethylene with Biodegradable Additives

Enhanced Photodegradable Polyethylene

Copolymerization with Biodegradable Monomers

Biodegradation of Enhanced Environmentally Degradable Polyethylene

Assimilation of Oxidized Polyethylene and its Degradation Products

Patents on Environmentally Degradable Polyethylene

Patents on Biodegradable Polyethylene

Patents on Photodegradable Polyethylene

Outlook and Perspectives
Biodegradation of Polycarbonates
Authors: Tokiwa Yutaka
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Microbial Biodegradation of PEC and PPC

Microbial Biodegradation of PBC and PHC

Microbial Biodegradation of Polyester Carbonate (PBS/C)

Enzymatic Degradation of Aliphatic Polycarbonates

Enzymatic Synthesis of Polycarbonate

Outlook and Perspectives
Biodegradation of Poly(alkylcyanoacrylates)
Authors: Vauthier Christine , Couvreur Patrick
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Synthesis and Purification of Alkylcyanoacrylate Monomers

Polymer Synthesis

General Considerations

Bulk Polymerization

Polymerization in Organic Solvents

Emulsion Polymerization: Preparation of Matricial PACA Nanoparticles (Nanospheres)

Interfacial Polymerization: Preparation of Reservoir‐Type PACA Nanoparticles (Nanocapsules)

Synthesis of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers Containing PACA Segments

World Market

Characterization and Methods of Analysis

Stability and Mechanism of Degradation

Toxicity

Application of PACA in the Design of Drug Delivery Systems

Use of “Conventional” PACA Nanoparticles

From “Conventional” to Targeted Systems

Patent Overview

Outlook and Perspectives
Applications of Natural Fiber Composites for Constructive Parts in Aerospace, Automobiles, and Other Areas
Authors: Riedel Ulrich , Nickel Jörg
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Natural Fiber‐reinforced Construction Materials

Fibers

Biopolymers

Manufacturing Technologies

Impregnation of Nonwovens

Manufacture of Structural Components

Properties of Quasiisotropic Biocomposites

Application Research

Designer Office Chairs

Door Paneling Elements

Pultruded Support Slats

New Thermosets based on Vegetable Oils

Safety Helmets

Interior Paneling for Track Vehicles

h.I.p.: Hand‐friendly Image Products

Conclusions

Production

Patents

Fibers

Resins

Composites

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Biodegradation of Synthetic and Biological Polymers Used in Engineering and Construction
Authors: Gu Ji‐Dong
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Bacterial Adhesion on Surfaces

Factors Affecting Adhesion

Ecological and Economic Implication of Bacterial Adhesion

Deterioration of Biopolymers and Synthetic Polymers

Biopolymers

Synthetic Polymeric Materials used in Engineering and Construction

Methods to Assess Biodegradation and Biodeterioration

Biodegradation and Disintegration

Partial Degradation

Sensitive Detection of Resistivity Changes

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Biotechnological Processes for the Production of Monomers for Subsequent Chemical Polymer Synthesis
Authors: Lee Sang Yup , Park Si Jae , Lee Young , Lee Seung Hwan
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Monomers for the Synthesis of Polyesters

Dicarboxylic Acids and Diols

Hydroxy Acids

Dicarboxylic Acids

Itaconic Acid

Fumaric Acid

Amino Acids

Fermentative Production

Enzymatic Synthesis

Acrylamide

Outlook and Perspectives

Patents

Acknowledgments
Biodegradability of Polymers: Regulations and Methods for Testing
Authors: Müller Rolf‐Joachim
Published: January 2005

Introduction

General Mechanism of Biodegradation, and Definitions

Testing Methods

General Principles in Testing Biodegradable Plastics

Analytical Procedures for Monitoring Biodegradation

Development of Standardized Biodegradation Tests

Regulations Concerning Biodegradable Plastics

Certification and Labeling of Biodegradable Plastics
Life‐cycle Assessment of Bio‐based Polymers and Natural Fiber Composites
Authors: Patel Martin , Bastioli Catia , Marini Luigi , Würdinger Eduard
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

Methodology of LCA

Presentation of Comparative Data

Starch Polymers

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)

Polylactides (PLA)

Other Polymers based on Renewable Resources

Natural Fiber Composites

Summarizing Comparison

Discussion

Conclusions

Summary and Further Elaboration of Findings

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Biodegradable Plastics in the Social and Political Environment
Authors: Sartorius Ingo
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Scope

Applications

Performance

Raw Material Base

Manufacture

Biodegradation

Assessment

Product Use in Practice

The Comprehensive Approach: Ecological Relevance

Recovery and Disposal

Legal Framework

Consequences and Future Developments

Outlooks and Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Biopolymers
Authors: Slater Steven , Glassner David , Vink Erwin , Gerngross Tillman
Published: January 2005

Introduction

Historical Outline

The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry

Plastics Derived from Renewable Resources and Their Place Within a Green Chemistry Framework

Polymers Produced Directly by Biological Systems

Polymers Produced Indirectly Using Biological Systems

Application of Life‐cycle Analysis to Biopolymer Production

Life‐cycle Analysis of PHA Production by Fermentation

Life‐cycle Analysis of PHA Production in Plants

Life‐cycle Analysis of Polylactide Production

Outlook and Perspectives
Facilitated diffusion in the dissolution of carboxylic polymers
Authors: Nguyen Duc A. , Fogler H. Scott
Published: January 2005

Carrier‐mediated transport plays an important role in the dissolution of carboxylic polymers in aqueous solutions. Experiments with a rotating disk apparatus showed that the rate of polymer dissolution increased significantly with the addition of proton‐carriers over the pH range of 6 to 13. The facilitated diffusion phenomenon in the dissolution of carboxylic polymers differs from that in membrane and biological systems in that the transport of polymer chains is not directly facilitated by any carriers. Proton‐carriers facilitate the diffusion of hydrogen ions away from the polymer interface. As the concentration of hydrogen ions at the polymer interface decreases, the polymer solubility at the interface increases significantly, leading to a substantial increase in the polymer concentration driving force and, hence, the diffusion rate. A homogeneous chemico‐diffusion model that elucidates the effects of the solution pH, the concentration and acidity of carriers, and the polymer acidity on the facilitated diffusion was developed. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical results was achieved. There are optimum values of the carrier's pKa, and of the solution pH which give a maximum facilitation effect. As the diffusion rate of the polymer is increased by the carrier, the overall polymer dissolution process changes from diffusion‐limited to disentanglement‐limited. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 415–425, 2005
Cover Picture: Single‐Enzyme Kinetics of CALB‐Catalyzed Hydrolysis (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 4/2005)
Authors: Velonia Kelly , Flomenbom Ophir , Loos Davey , Masuo Sadahiro , Cotlet Mircea , Engelborghs Yves , Hofkens Johan , Rowan Alan E. , Klafter Joseph , Nolte Roeland J. M. , de Schryver Frans C.
Published: January 2005

Direct observation of the real‐time kinetics at a single enzyme level is possible. The cover picture background shows a confocal fluorescent microscope image obtained after addition of a profluorescent substrate to a CALB‐enzyme‐decorated surface. The fluorescence emission of a single enzyme molecule as a function of time is shown in red. As described by K. Velonia, J. Hofkens, A. E. Rowan et al. in their Communication on page 560 ff., this method reveals aspects of the catalytic behavior which are hidden in ensemble measurements.
Effects of the type and concentration of alkylaluminum cocatalysts on the molar mass of polypropylene made with in situ supported metallocene catalysts
Authors: Franceschini Fernando C. , Tavares Tatiana T. da R. , Greco Paula P. , Galland Griselda B. , dos Santos João H. Z. , Soares João B. P.
Published: January 2005

Propylene homopolymerizations were carried out with rac‐dimethylsilylenebis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride, methylaluminoxane‐modified silica, and common alkylaluminum cocatalysts. Supported catalysts were prepared by the in situ immobilization technique. The effects of the type and concentration (Al/Zr = 40–1000) of alkylaluminum on the propylene polymerization were evaluated with triethylaluminum (TEA), isoprenylaluminum (IPRA), and triisobutylaluminum (TIBA) as cocatalysts. The polymers were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and 13C‐NMR. The polypropylene molar mass varied according to the nature of the alkylaluminum in the following order: TIBA > IPRA > TEA > no alkylaluminum. The polymers made with an in situ supported catalyst had lower crystallinities and melting points than the ones produced by homogeneous polymerization. The isotacticity was not affected by the polymerization conditions examined in this investigation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1050–1055, 2005
Mathematical model of shear rate of polymer melt dynamic extruding through capillary
Authors: Liu Yue Jun , Qu Jin Ping , Cao Xian Wu
Published: January 2005

With superimposing a sine vibration of displacement on the extruding direction of a polymer melt, the characterization formula of the shear rate of a polymer melt within a capillary was set up. By making use of the experimental equipment of a constant velocity type dynamic rheometer of capillary (CVDRC) designed by the authors, the calculating steps of the shear rate of the polymer melt at the wall of the capillary under a vibration force field were established. Through measuring and analyzing the instantaneous data of capillary entry pressure, capillary volume rate, and their phase‐difference under the superimposed vibration, the polymer melt's shear rate at the wall of the capillary can thus be calculated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1056–1061, 2005
X‐Ray Diffraction Studies on the Nature of the Phase Transition in the Stoichiometric LiMn2O4.
Authors: Piszora Pawel , Paszkowicz Wojciech , Baehtz Carsten , Wolska Emilia
Published: January 2005

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Ca[Ag2(SCN)4]×2H2O.
Authors: Guenes Minna , Valkonen Jussi
Published: January 2005

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β‐Tl2SO4.
Authors: Wallez Gilles , Jaulmes Sylvie , Elfakir Ammy , Souron Jean‐Paul , Quarton Michel
Published: January 2005

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Dicerium Orthosilicate Selenide and Dicerium Orthosilicate Telluride, Ce2(SiO4)Q (Q: Se or Te).
Authors: Deng Bin , Yao Jiyong , Ibers James A.
Published: January 2005

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catena‐Poly[ [heptakis(dimethylformamide‐ϰO) di‐μ4‐oxo‐tetra‐μ3 ‐oxo‐hexadeca‐μ2‐oxo‐tetraoxolanthanum (III)octamolybdenum(IV)]‐μ‐sodium(I)].
Authors: Chen Shu‐Mei , Lu Can‐Zhong , Yu Ya‐Qin , Zhang Quan‐Zheng , He Xiang
Published: January 2005

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Crystal Structure of the New Ternary Silicide CePt3Si.
Authors: Tursina A. I. , Gribanov A. V. , Noel H. , Rogl P. , Seropegin Y. D. , Bodak O. I.
Published: January 2005

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About Trihalides with TiI3 Chain Structure: Proof of Pair Forming of Cations in β‐RuCl3 and RuBr3 by Temperature Dependent Single Crystal X‐Ray Analyses.
Authors: Hillebrecht H. , Ludwig Th. , Thiele G.
Published: January 2005

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Thermal Expansion of the Perovskite‐Type NdGaO3.
Authors: Senyshyn A. , Vasylechko L. , Knapp M. , Bismayer U. , Berkowski M. , Matkovskii A.
Published: January 2005

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A Novel Layered Structure of a New Cadmium Chlorophosphate with an Imidazolium Template.
Authors: Liu Wei , Chen Hao‐Hong , Yang Xin‐Xin , Li Man‐Rong , Ge Ming‐Hui , Zhao Jing‐Tai
Published: January 2005

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Pr3Se2SiN3: The First Nitrido‐cyclo‐Trisilicate with Discrete [Si3N9]15‐ Anions According to Pr9Se6[Si3N9].
Authors: Lissner Falk , Schleid Thomas
Published: January 2005

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Sr10[Mo2N6][MoN4]2 and β‐Sr3MoN4.
Authors: Bailey Mark S. , McGuire Michael A. , DiSalvo Francis J.
Published: January 2005

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One‐Pot Solution‐Phase Synthesis of Paramagnetic Co2P Nanorods.
Authors: Hou Hongwei , Yang Qing , Tan Chenrong , Ji Guangbin , Gu Benxi , Xie Yi
Published: January 2005

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A Single‐Source Approach to Metastable Ni3S4 Crystallites and Their Optical Properties.
Authors: Chen Xiangying , Wang Zhenghua , Wang Xiong , Wan Junxi , Liu Jianwei , Qian Yitai
Published: January 2005

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p‐Menthane‐3‐carboxaldehyde: A Useful Chiral Auxiliary for the Synthesis of Chiral Quaternary Carbons of High Enantiomeric Purity.
Authors: Spino Claude , Godbout Cedrickx , Beaulieu Christian , Harter Magali , Mwene‐Mbeja Topwe M. , Boisvert Luc
Published: January 2005

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Radical Addition of Nitrones to Acrylates Mediated by SmI2: Asymmetric Synthesis of γ‐Amino Acids Employing Carbohydrate‐Based Chiral Auxiliaries.
Authors: Johannesen Sine A. , Albu Silvia , Hazell Rita G. , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: January 2005

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Catalytic Transmetalation of Alkoxychromium(0) Carbenes to Late Transition Metals: Self‐Dimerization and Cyclopropanation Reactions.
Authors: del Amo Juan C. , Mancheno Maria J. , Gomez‐Gallego Mar , Sierra Miguel A.
Published: January 2005

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A Simple and Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides Using Tetrabutylammonium Peroxydisulfate: A Rebuttal.
Authors: Park Min Young , Jadhav Vidyadhar , Kim Yong Hae
Published: January 2005

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α,β‐Unsaturated Imines from Titanium Hydroamination and Functionalization by Rhodium C—H Activation.
Authors: Cao Changsheng , Li Yahong , Shi Yanhui , Odom Aaron L.
Published: January 2005

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A General Procedure for the Esterification of Carboxylic Acids with Diazoalkanes Generated in situ by the Oxidation of N‐tert‐Butyldimethylsilylhydrazones with (Difluoroiodo)benzene.
Authors: Furrow Michael E. , Myers Andrew G.
Published: January 2005

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Preparation of Tertiary Amides from Carbamoyl Chlorides and Organocuprates.
Authors: Lamoucheux Laurent , Seitz Thomas , Rouden Jacques , Lasne Marie‐Claire
Published: January 2005

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Unexpected Highly Chemoselective Deprotection of the Acetals from Aldehydes and Not Ketones: TESOTf—2,6‐Lutidine Combination.
Authors: Fujioka Hiromichi , Sawama Yoshinari , Murata Nobutaka , Okitsu Takashi , Kubo Ozora , Matsuda Satoshi , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: January 2005

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One‐Pot Syntheses of Dihydro Benzo[b][1,4]thiazepines and ‐diazepines via Coupling—Isomerization—Cyclocondensation Sequences.
Authors: Braun Roland U. , Mueller Thomas J. J.
Published: January 2005

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α‐Alkylation of Ketones by Addition of Zinc Enamides to Unactivated Olefins.
Authors: Nakamura Masaharu , Hatakeyama Takuji , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: January 2005

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Radical‐Mediated γ‐Functionalizations of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Amides.
Authors: Kim Sunggak , Lim Chae Jo
Published: January 2005

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Water Effects on SmI2 Reductions: A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Alkyl Thiols by SmI2‐Promoted Reductions of Sodium Alkyl Thiosulfates and Alkyl Thiocyanates.
Authors: Zhan Zhuang‐Ping , Lang Kai , Liu Feng , Hu Li‐ming
Published: January 2005

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PtCl2‐Catalyzed Transannular Cycloisomerization of 1,5‐Enynes: A New Efficient Regio‐ and Stereocontrolled Access to Tricyclic Derivatives.
Authors: Blaszykowski Christophe , Harrak Youssef , Goncalves Maria‐Helena , Cloarec Jean‐Manuel , Dhimane Anne‐Lise , Fensterbank Louis , Malacria Max
Published: January 2005

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Efficient and Selective Halogenation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Bandgar Babasaheb P. , Bettigeri Sampada V.
Published: January 2005

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First Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Amino‐β‐polyfluoroalkyl Ketones via Proline‐Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation Reaction of Polyfluoroalkylated Aldimines.
Authors: Funabiki Kazumasa , Nagamori Masashi , Goushi Sakiko , Matsui Masaki
Published: January 2005

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Aminoboranes as “Compatible” Iminium Ion Generators in Aminative C—C Bond Formations.
Authors: Suginome Michinori , Uehlin Lars , Murakami Masahiro
Published: January 2005

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Highly (Z)‐Selective Synthesis of β‐Monosubstituted α,β‐Unsaturated Cyanides Using the Peterson Reaction.
Authors: Kojima Satoshi , Fukuzaki Tomohide , Yamakawa Atsushi , Murai Yutaka
Published: January 2005

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Novel Palladium Catalyzed Supported on GaAs(001) Passivated by Ammonium Sulfide.
Authors: Takamiya Ikuko , Tsukamoto Shiro , Shimoda Masahiko , Miyashita Naoki , Arisawa Mitsuhiro , Arakawa Yasuhiko , Nishida Atsushi
Published: January 2005

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Difluorophenylsulfanylmethyl Radical and Difluoromethylene Diradical Synthons: gem‐Difluoromethylene Building Block.
Authors: Reutrakul Vichai , Thongpaisanwong Thanchanok , Tuchinda Patoomratana , Kuhakarn Chutima , Pohmakotr Manat
Published: January 2005

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A Simple and Highly Efficient P,O‐Type Ligand for Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Halides.
Authors: Kwong Fuk Yee , Lam Wai Har , Yeung Chi Hung , Chan Kin Shing , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: January 2005

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Simple Metal Oxides as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for Epoxidation of Alkenes by Molecular Oxygen.
Authors: Liang Jun , Tang Qinghu , Meng Guanyu , Wu Hongli , Zhang Qinghong , Wang Ye
Published: January 2005

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Cyclopropyl Building Blocks for Organic Synthesis. Part 102. A Convenient New Synthesis of 3‐Substituted β‐Lactams Formally Derived from 1‐(Aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic Acids.
Authors: Zanobini Alessandra , Gensini Martina , Magull Joerg , Vidovic Denis , Kozhushkov Sergei I. , Brandi Alberto , de Meijere Armin
Published: January 2005

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Organocatalytic Asymmetric Aza‐Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of Furan.
Authors: Uraguchi Daisuke , Sorimachi Keiichi , Terada Masahiro
Published: January 2005

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Racemic but Tropos (Chirally Flexible) BIPHEP Ligands for Rh(I)‐Complexes: Highly Enantioselective Ene‐Type Cyclization of 1,6‐Enynes.
Authors: Mikami Koichi , Kataoka Shohei , Yusa Yukinori , Aikawa Kohsuke
Published: January 2005

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Zirconium(IV) Chloride Catalyzed Cyclization of ortho‐Allylphenols: Synthesis of 2‐Methyl‐2,3‐dihydrobenzofurans.
Authors: Meshram H. M. , Premalatha K. , Rameshbabu K. , Eeshwaraiah B. , Yadav J. S.
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Indoles via Pd/C‐Catalyzed Reaction in Water.
Authors: Pal Manojit , Subramanian Venkataraman , Batchu Venkateswara Rao , Dager Indu
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of Chiral Chromans by the Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation (AAA): Scope, Mechanism, and Applications.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Shen Hong C. , Dong Li , Surivet Jean‐Philippe , Sylvain Catherine
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis and Characterization of 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole and 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives Containing 2‐Chloropyridin‐5‐yl‐methyl Moiety.
Authors: Holla B. Shivarama , Prasanna C. S. , Poojary Boja , Rao K. S. , Shridhara K. , Bhat U. Ganesha
Published: January 2005

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Enaminonitrile in Heterocyclic Synthesis: Synthesis and Reactions of Some Pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Abdel‐Razik H. H. , Said S. B.
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis and Pharmacological Investigation of Some Novel 2‐Methyl‐3‐(substituted methylamino)‐(3H)‐quinazolin‐4‐ones as Histamine H1‐Receptor Blockers.
Authors: Alagarsamy V.
Published: January 2005

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Novel Synthesis and Antimicrobial Investigation of Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine and Pyrazolotriazine Containing Piperidinyl Sulfone Moiety.
Authors: Saleh N. M. , Ammar Y. A. , Micky J. A. , Abbas H. A. S. , El‐Gaby M. S. A.
Published: January 2005

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Concise Synthesis of 1H‐Pyrazin‐2‐ones and 2‐Aminopyrazines.
Authors: Adam Isabelle , Orain David , Meier Peter
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis and in vitro Anti‐Tuberculosis Activity of Amidine and Hydrazidine Analogues of Pyrazinamide and Isoniazid.
Authors: Glushkov R. G. , Modnikova G. A. , L'vov A. I. , Krylova L. Yu. , Pushkina T. V. , Gus'kova T. A. , Solov'eva N. P.
Published: January 2005

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Formation of a Sixteen‐Membered Ring by Condensation of N,N′‐Dimesityl‐propane‐1,3‐diamine with Triethyl Orthoformate and Ammonium Tetrafluoroborate.
Authors: Paulsen Andreas L. , Madsen Robert
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis and in vitro Evaluation of New Azaphenylalanine Derivatives as Serine Protease Inhibitors.
Authors: Obreza A. , Stegnar M. , Trampus‐Bakija A. , Prezelj A. , Urleb U.
Published: January 2005

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Access to Ring‐Fused Azepino[3,4‐b]indole‐1,5‐dione Derivatives by Ring‐Closing Olefin Metathesis.
Authors: Perron Julien , Joseph Benoit , Merour Jean‐Yves
Published: January 2005

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Medium Sized Rings from Alprenolol and Oxprenolol.
Authors: Goerlitzer K. , Lorenz A.
Published: January 2005

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Syntheses of Stereochemically Diverse Nine‐Membered Ring‐Containing Biaryls.
Authors: Krishnan Shyam , Schreiber Stuart L.
Published: January 2005

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Magnesium Triflate [Mg(OTf)2] a Highly Stable, Non‐Hygroscopic and a Recyclable Catalyst for the High Yielding Preparation of Diethyl α‐Trimethylsilyloxyphosphonates from Diethyl α‐Hydroxyphosphonates by HMDS under Solventless Conditions.
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Sobhani Sara , Ghassamipour Soheila
Published: January 2005

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Syntheses of ω‐Hydroxy‐α,α‐difluoromethylphosphonates by Oxacycle Ring‐Opening Reactions.
Authors: Ozouf Paul , Binot Gregory , Pommelet Jean‐Claude , Lequeux Thierry P.
Published: January 2005

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A Novel Phenylpropenoyl Sulfonic Acid and a New Chlorophyll from the Leaves of Petasites formosanus Kitamura.
Authors: Lin Chun‐Hua , Li Chia‐Ying , Wu Tian‐Shung
Published: January 2005

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N‐Sulfonyl Homoserine Lactones as Antagonists of Bacterial Quorum Sensing.
Authors: Castang Sandra , Chantegrel Bernard , Deshayes Christian , Dolmazon Rene , Gouet Patrice , Haser Richard , Reverchon Sylvie , Nasser William , Hugouvieux‐Cotte‐Pattat Nicole , Doutheau Alain
Published: January 2005

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Glycosylation with Glycosyl Benzyl Phthalates as a New Type of Glycosyl Donor.
Authors: Kim Kwan Soo , Lee Yong Joo , Kim Hye Young , Kang Sung Soo , Kwon Soon Young
Published: January 2005

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A Single‐Enzyme, Two‐Step, One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Substituted Imidazole Derivatives Containing a Glucose Branch via Combined Acylation/Michael Addition Reaction.
Authors: Yao Shi‐Ping , Lu De‐Shui , Wu Qi , Cai Ying , Xu Shan‐Hao , Lin Xian‐‐Fu
Published: January 2005

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An Efficient Synthesis of β‐C‐Glycosides Based on the Conformational Restriction Strategy: Lewis Acid Promoted Silane Reduction of the Anomeric Position with Complete Stereoselectivity.
Authors: Terauchi Masaru , Abe Hiroshi , Matsuda Akira , Shuto Satoshi
Published: January 2005

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Stereospecific Synthesis of 1,2‐cis Glycosides by Vinyl‐Mediated IAD.
Authors: Chayajarus Kampanart , Chambers David J. , Chughtai Majid J. , Fairbanks Antony J.
Published: January 2005

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New Protected Protecting Groups for the 5′‐Hydroxy Group of Deoxynucleosides by Use of 2‐(Hydroxymethyl)‐ and 2‐[(Methylamino)methyl]benzoyl Skeletons and Oxidatively Cleavable Tritylthio and (4‐Methoxytrityl)thio Groups.
Authors: Seio Kohji , Utagawa Eri , Sekine Mitsuo
Published: January 2005

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Alkylation and Cleavage of a DNA Fragment with Trioligonucleotide Reagent
Authors: Oshevski S. I.
Published: January 2005

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Ribonucleic Acids of Human Milk
Authors: Kuligina Elena V. , Semenov Dmitry V. , Shevyrina Olesya N. , Richter Vladimir A.
Published: January 2005

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Oxidative DNA Cleavage by Free and Oligonucleotide‐Conjugated O‐Bromobenzoic Acid in the Presence of Copper(II) Ions
Authors: Koval O. A. , Oleinikova S. B. , Litvak V. V. , Vlassov V. V. , Chernolovskaya E. I.
Published: January 2005

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Simple and Rapid Procedure Suitable for Quantitative Isolation of Low and High Molecular Weight Extracellular Nucleic Acids
Authors: Tamkovich Svetlana N. , Laktionov Pavel P. , Rykova Elena Yu. , Vlassov Valentin V.
Published: January 2005

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Ribonuclease Activity of the Peptides with Alternating Arginine and Leucine Residues Conjugated to Tetrathymidilate
Authors: Mironova N. L. , Boutorine Y. I. , Pyshnyi D. V. , Ivanova E. M. , Zenkova M. A. , Vlassov V. V.
Published: January 2005

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Molecular Design of Artificial Ribonucleases Using Electrostatic Interaction
Authors: Burakova Ekaterina A. , Silnikov Vladimir N.
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis and in vitro Evaluation of (S)‐2‐([11C]Methoxy)‐4‐ [3‐methyl‐1‐(2‐piperidine‐1‐yl‐phenyl)‐butyl‐carbamoyl]‐benzoic Acid ([11C]Methoxy‐repaglinide): A Potential β‐Cell Imaging Agent.
Authors: Waengler Bjoern , Beck Carmen , Shiue Chyng Yann , Schneider Stephan , Schwanstecher Christina , Schwanstecher Mathias , Feilen Peter Johannes , Alavi Abass , Roesch Frank , Schirrmacher Ralf
Published: January 2005

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Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Solids
Authors: Savrasov S. Y. , Toropova A. , Katsnelson M. I. , Lichtenstein A. I. , Antropov V. , Kotliar G.
Published: January 2005

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Maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3). A Versatile Magnetic Colloidal Material
Authors: Serna C. J. , Morales M. P.
Published: January 2005

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Cyclic Trinuclear Gold(I) Compounds: Synthesis, Structures and Supramolecular Acid—Base π‐Stacks
Authors: Burini Alfredo , Mohamed Ahmed A. , Fackler John P.
Published: January 2005

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NMR Properties of Platinum—Thallium Bonded Complexes: Analysis of Relativistic Density Functional Theory Results
Authors: le Guennic Boris , Matsumoto Kazuko , Autschbach Jochen
Published: January 2005

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Tunable Haptotropic Metal Migration in Fused Arenes: Towards Organometallic Switches
Authors: Doetz Karl Heinz , Jahr Holger C.
Published: January 2005

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