bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tumour necrosis factor (‐308A) polymorphism in pre‐eclampsia: Meta‐analysis of 16 case–control studies
Authors: BOMBELL Sarah , McGUIRE William
Published: December 2008

Background:  The guanine to adenine transition at position ‐308 nucleotides in the tumour necrosis factor promoter region (TNF ‐308A) is a putative genetic risk factor for pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia (PE/E). However, association studies have reported conflicting findings and have generally been underpowered to exclude modest effect sizes.

Aim:  To assess and synthesise the available evidence for the association of the TNF (‐308A) polymorphism with PE/E.

Methods:  Systematic review and random effects meta‐analysis of genetic association studies.

Results:  Sixteen eligible case–control studies in which a total of 1919 patients with PE/E and 2374 controls participated were identified. The studies were generally small but of reasonable methodological quality. Random effects meta‐analysis improved the precision of the estimate of effect size but did not detect a statistically significant association: pooled relative risk 1.02 (95% confidence interval 0.86 to 1.20).

Conclusions:  The available data are not consistent with more than a very modest association between the TNF (‐308A) allele and PE/E. Screening pregnant women for this allele in order to guide antenatal surveillance or treatment is unwarranted. Future research efforts should focus on alternative candidate genes.
Ribbed moraine formed by subglacial folding, thrust stacking and lee‐side cavity infill
Authors: LINDÉN MATTIAS , MÖLLER PER , ADRIELSSON LENA
Published: December 2008

Transverse‐to‐iceflow ribbed moraine occurs in abundance in the coastal zone of northern Sweden, particularly in areas below the highest shoreline (200–230 m a.s.l.), but occasionally also slightly above. Based on detailed sedimentological and structural investigations of machine‐dug sections across five ribbed moraine ridges, it is concluded that these vertically and distally prograding moraine ridges were formed as a result of subglacial folding/thrust stacking and lee‐side cavity deposition. The proximal part of the moraines (Proximal Element) was formed by subglacial folding and thrust stacking of sequences of pre‐existing sediments, whereas the distal part (Distal Element) was formed by glaciofluvial and gravity‐flow deposition in lee‐side cavities. The initial thrusting and folding is suggested to be a result of differences in bed rheology at the ice‐marginal zone during the early or late melt season, and that generated a compressive zone transverse to ice flow as a result of a more mobile bed up‐glacier compared to a less mobile bed down‐glacier. It is considered that the lee‐side cavities were formed as a result of ice‐bed separation on the distal slope of the thrust/fold‐created obstruction. The lee‐side cavities formed an integral part of a subglacial linked‐cavity drainage network regulated in their degree of interconnection, size and shape by fluctuations in basal meltwater pressure/discharge and basal iceflow velocity. The proximal and distal elements of the ribbed moraine ridges are erosively cut and/or draped with a consistently more homogeneous deforming bed till (Draping Element) marking the final phase of ribbed moraine formation considered to be contemporaneous with De Geer moraine formation further down‐flow at the receding ice‐sheet margin.
Environmental change during the Allerød and Younger Dryas reconstructed from Swiss tree‐ring data
Authors: SCHAUB MATTHIAS , KAISER KLAUS FELIX , FRANK DAVID CHARLES , BÜNTGEN ULF , KROMER BERND , TALAMO SAHRA
Published: December 2008

Annually resolved tree‐ring width variations and radiocarbon ages were measured from a collection of 120 Lateglacial pine stumps excavated on the Swiss Plateau. These data – representing the oldest absolutely dated wood samples worldwide – extend the absolute tree‐ring chronology from Central Europe by 183 years back to 12 593 cal. yr BP (10 644 cal. yr BC). They also yield a 1420‐year floating chronology covering the entire Allerød and the early Younger Dryas (14 170–12 750 cal. yr BP). Radiocarbon data suggest a 250‐year jump in the 14C reservoir correction around the time of the Allerød to Younger Dryas transition, although calendric dating of the floating chronology – by filling a ∼150 year gap – is necessary for confirmation. Various subgroups, based on the year of germination, were used to assess temporal changes in growth characteristics along the Allerød to Younger Dryas transition. Comparison of these Lateglacial data with a reference data set of living and historic pines from the Swiss Valais (AD 940–2000) revealed differences in both growth trend and level. The generally slower Lateglacial growth was likely influenced by higher geomorphic activity and severe climatic conditions. After removal of the biological age‐trend, a strong common signal found in the tree‐ring data suggests some skill in estimating interannual to multidecadal Lateglacial climatic variations.
Time‐transgressive early Holocene vegetational succession following shore displacement: a case study from central Sweden
Authors: BERGLUND MIKAEL
Published: December 2008

Deglaciation took place in eastern Jämtland and Ångermanland in central Sweden c. 10 500–10 200 cal. yr BP. In the present study, vegetation development and shore displacement during the earliest ice‐free period are investigated by 14C dating of sediment from six isolated lake basins and by pollen analysis. A brief but distinct peak in Hippophaë occurs in all pollen diagrams coincident with basin isolation, followed by up to 500 years (varying locally) by an Alnus rise. The Alnus curve does not display a synchronous rise in the area. Its expansion below the highest shore level is time‐transgressive and controlled mainly by the timing of basin isolation. The relationship between regional Alnus expansion and changes in hydrology and climate is discussed. The pollen diagrams show Pinus predominance with Corylus to the east (more coastal areas) and Betula predominance (though less pronounced) to the west during the period 10 200–9000 cal. yr BP. However, comparisons between sites suggest marked variability in the forest development. Shore displacement in easternmost Jämtland c. 10 300–9000 cal. yr BP is equal to or slightly more rapid than that of SE Ångermanland, contrary to the present pattern of isostatic recovery. A rapid shore level regression c. 10 300–10 000 cal. yr BP may be related to drainage of the Ancylus Lake.
Holocene vegetation dynamics and inferred climate changes at Svanåvatnet, Mo i Rana, northern Norway
Authors: BJUNE ANNE E. , BIRKS H. J. B.
Published: December 2008

Pollen and plant macrofossil analyses from Svanåvatnet in northern Norway provide records of past vegetation and climate in this region from c. 8700 cal. yr BP until the present. Pollen accumulation rates and the presence of plant macrofossils indicate that Betula pubescens (birch) was present from c. 8600 cal. yr BP and Pinus sylvestris (pine) from c. 8200 cal. yr BP. Quantitative climate is reconstructed using modern pollen‐climate transfer functions based on weighted‐averaging partial least squares regression. A rapid increase in mean July temperature (Tjul) and mean annual precipitation (Pann) is inferred for the early Holocene. At times when tree abundance is at its highest and most diverse, inferred Tjul indicates maximum temperatures during the mid‐Holocene of about 2°C warmer than at present. During the same time period, inferred Pann is 200–300 mm above present‐day conditions until c. 3000 cal. yr BP. Mean January temperatures (Tjan) are reconstructed to be about 2°C warmer than today from 8000 to 3500 cal. yr BP. After 3500 cal. yr BP until today, a gradual decrease is seen in all the reconstructed climate parameters, together with a reduction in tree abundance and the development of a mosaic of open vegetation with grasses, dwarf shrubs and wet areas, and of woodland containing B. pubescens, P. sylvestris and Picea abies (spruce).
Palsa and peat plateau development in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada: timing, pathways and causes
Authors: KUHRY PETER
Published: December 2008

The Holocene development of a treed palsa bog and a peat plateau bog, located near the railroad to Churchill in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of northeastern Manitoba, was traced using peat macrofossil and radiocarbon analyses. Both sites first developed as wet rich fens through paludification of forested uplands around 6800 cal. yr BP. Results show a 20th‐century age for the palsa formation and repeated periods of permafrost aggradation and collapse at the peat plateau site during the late Holocene. This timing of permafrost dynamics corroborates well with that inferred from previous studies on other permafrost peatlands in the same region. The developmental history of the palsa and peat plateau bogs is similar to that of adjacent permafrost‐free fens, except for the specific frost heave and collapse features associated with permafrost dynamics. Permafrost aggradation and degradation is ascribed to regional climatic, local autogenic and other factors. Particularly the very recent palsa development can be assessed in terms of climatic changes as inferred from meteorological data and surface hydrological changes related to construction of the railroad. The results indicate that cold years with limited snowfall as well as altered drainage patterns associated with infrastructure development may have contributed to the recent palsa formation.
A high‐resolution Holocene diatom record on the North Icelandic shelf
Authors: RAN LIHUA , JIANG HUI , KNUDSEN KAREN LUISE , EIRÍKSSON JÓN
Published: December 2008

A high‐resolution diatom record from core MD99‐2275 reveals a series of palaeoceanographic changes on the North Icelandic shelf since about 9000 cal. yr BP. The influence of relatively warm high‐salinity Atlantic water‐masses of the IC was strong in the study area during the Holocene Climate Optimum (8760 (base of record) to c. 5300 cal. yr BP) and peaked between c. 8000 and 7000 cal. yr BP. There is a general cooling trend from c. 7000 cal. yr BP to the present, which is indicated by an increase in the influence of cold Polar water‐masses from the EGC and the EIC and a decrease in the influence of the IC. A major change in diatom assemblages at around 5300 cal. yr BP indicates a palaeoceanographic shift on the North Icelandic shelf in the mid‐Holocene. In addition, several abrupt palaeoceanographic changes are distinguished. Enhanced influence of Polar waters is reflected during the intervals 8120–8000, 6650–6100, 4300–4100, 3000–2700, 1300–1100 and 600–200 cal. yr BP. The palaeoceanographic indication of the diatom record of core MD99‐2275 is consistent with the indication of other environmental parameters from the same core, such as benthic and planktonic foraminifera as well as magnetic properties, and the results are also consistent with palaeoclimatic records from adjacent areas around Iceland and in the North Atlantic region.
Luminescence dating of periglacial sediments and structures
Authors: BATEMAN MARK D.
Published: December 2008

Advances in luminescence dating over the past 25 years have allowed initial problems in dating periglacial features to be largely overcome. In periglacial contexts, luminescence dating has been applied on aeolian sand‐sheet deposits and dunes where coarse‐grained quartz optically stimulated luminescence ages appear to give the most precise and accurate ages compared to other independent chronological evidence. Whereas sand sheets appear to have remained preserved from Lateglacial times in both North America and Europe, periglacial dunefields have experienced widespread reworking throughout the Holocene. Luminescence dating has also been applied to sediment infilling wedge and involution structures producing ages from the Lateglacial back to beyond 150 kyr. However, these are more complex depositional features and new work at the single‐grain level highlights the possibility that single samples may contain multiple thermal contraction cracks of different ages as well as incompletely bleached sediment. Other periglacial deposits await further advances in luminescence or other chronometric techniques before their age can be determined with confidence.
Luminescence chronologies for coastal and marine sediments
Authors: JACOBS ZENOBIA
Published: December 2008

Luminescence dating techniques have been applied to a range of different types of coastal and marine deposits, involving a variety of depositional processes and environments, as a means of addressing an assortment of local, regional and global themes. This review provides a brief historical background of 30 years of luminescence dating applied to coastal and marine sediments, followed by a discussion of some of the luminescence dating highlights for nine major regions of the world. A literature review of ∼200 readily accessible peer‐reviewed journal publications is summarised in a table and studies that have made some methodological advances when applying luminescence techniques to coastal and marine deposits are discussed in detail. Where possible, a specific theme is explored for each region. Potential pitfalls and future prospects of luminescence dating applied to coastal and marine sediments are also considered.
Impact of luminescence dating on geomorphological and palaeoclimate research in drylands
Authors: SINGHVI ASHOK K. , PORAT NAOMI
Published: December 2008

Luminescence dating has truly transformed the science of deserts and drylands and has necessitated a revision of conventional interpretation of sedimentary records and stratigraphic correlations. This contribution discusses key questions in palaeoclimatology of global deserts, the meaning of a luminescence age on desert sand and presents a review of luminescence‐dated aeolian sand records from the deserts in the two hemispheres. Luminescence dating has in fact transformed dryland palaeoclimatology from a qualitative science into a quantitative one. Processes ranging from past sedimentation rates to dune migration rates and the changes in surface winds can now be quantified. A key inference is that, during the past, aeolian sedimentation occurred episodically and for limited time durations. Accentuated aeolian aggradations occurred during specific climatic regimes, the timing of which was determined by an optimal combination of sediment supply, transport and preservation or erosion. This fact has important implications for global climatology and aspects such as albedo changes through time. The absence of an aeolian record documents climate or erosion and should be interpreted as such. Loess on the fringes of drylands is a still untapped resource for palaeoclimate studies. The review also outlines new developments made using luminescence methods for desert palaeoclimatology.
Self‐Reported Cultural Competence of Public Health Nurses in a Southeastern U.S. Public Health Department
Authors: Starr Sharon , Wallace Debra C.
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Objective: Delivery of culturally competent public health nursing that can address health disparities is dependent on competent practice by nurses. Examining public health nurses' (PHNs') cultural competence provides a basis for planning and developing interventions to ensure competent care. Examine the cultural competence of PHNs.

Design: Descriptive, exploratory study examining the measured cultural competence of PHNs and their perceptions of delivery of culturally competent care.

Sample: A convenience sample of 31 PHNs participated.

Measurements: Participants completed the Cultural Competence Assessment tool and documented personal experiences and perceptions of culturally competent health care through open‐ended questions.

Results: Most participants reported a moderate level of cultural competence. Cultural awareness and sensitivity scores were higher than scores for culturally competent behaviors. Participation in specific types of cultural competence training was significantly related to higher scores on cultural competence. Participants documented culturally competent care for a diverse clientele and requested additional diversity educational opportunities and interpreter services.

Conclusions: The nurses had culturally competent knowledge and attitudes but were unable to fully and consistently enact these in practice. The need for appropriate cultural competence education and interpreter services addressing health disparities, as mandated in the Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services in Health Care standards, is emphasized.
Using Technology to Expedite Screening and Intervention for Domestic Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Hawkins Joellen W. , Pearce Carole W. , Skeith Jackie , Dimitruk Beth , Roche Ritajean
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT Objective:In response to escalation of community violence, the U.S. Department of Commerce funded Home Health VNA (HHVNA), serving the Merrimack River valley communities in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, for a project demonstrating innovative use of technology in screening for abuse and neglect.

Design:All health care providers in the HHVNA were trained in screening through tools loaded on their personal digital assistants.

Sample:The sample was comprised of patients served by HHVNA during the study period.

Intervention:When a patient screened positive, the health care provider mobilized resources, including social workers, the office of elder services, or the local department of social services office for same‐day follow‐up.

Outcomes:Screening for abuse and neglect was mainstreamed into routine care. Health care providers noted significant reduction in redundant domestic abuse data collection. The close communication networks created enabled health care providers to mobilize resources, initiating same‐day in‐depth social work assessment and referrals to appropriate community agencies. Health care providers now transmit selected encrypted health information and mandated reports to official agencies.

Conclusions:Wedding technology with health care professionals' skills and knowledge can move prevention of and early intervention for domestic abuse and neglect to a new level of efficacy.
Use of the Public Health Nursing Bag in the Academic Setting
Authors: Aaltonen Pamela , Richards Elizabeth (Libby) , Webster Kay , Davis Lynn
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The nursing bag has been a vital tool for public and community health nurses since the early 1900s. However, the practice of utilizing the nursing bag has declined. This study sought to determine whether the practice of teaching students to use a public health nursing bag when making home visits should continue. Deans and directors of all schools of nursing with baccalaureate programs listed on the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education Web site (n=437) were e‐mailed an exploratory, descriptive self‐report survey. Although 32% of responding schools continued to utilize a standard public health bag during home visits, the majority did not. Lack of use of the bags was primarily related to cost and the lack of research demonstrating its efficiency in enhancing the home visit and its value in promoting infection control. The researchers concluded that they would continue to teach the use of the public health nursing bag. It provides a receptacle for equipment and supplies, reinforces the need to be prepared for a variety of situations, and serves as a reminder that handwashing is a routine part of every client's care, regardless of the setting.
The Public Health Nursing Bag as Tool and Symbol
Authors: Abrams Sarah E.
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
This historical article presents information about the public health nurse's bag as used in mid‐20th century America. The bag was an essential of practice, containing items necessary for providing home care to the sick, maternity nursing, health demonstrations, and other functions within the role of public health nursing agencies or private organizations in which nurses gave home care to multiple patients. Contents of the bag and specifications for their use are described. The historical use of the bag as both a repository for the instruments of skilled care and expert knowledge and of bag technique as a means of infection control may help explain the endurance of the black bag as a symbol of public health nursing.
Reduction of Ethanol‐Derived Acetaldehyde Induced Motivational Properties by l‐Cysteine
Authors: Peana Alessandra T. , Assaretti Anna Rita , Muggironi Giulia , Enrico Paolo , Diana Marco
Published: December 2008

Background:  Experimental evidences suggest that acetaldehyde (ACD) contributes to the positive motivational properties of ethanol (EtOH) as assessed by the place conditioning paradigm; indeed, we found that by reducing ACD production and/or by using ACD‐sequestrating agents, EtOH is deprived from its motivational properties. Thiol products, such as the amino acid cysteine, are known to be effective ACD‐sequestering agents. Cysteine is able to covalently bind ACD thereby forming a stable, nontoxic 2‐methyl‐thiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid compound. Thus, we treated rats with l‐cysteine before intragastric administration of EtOH or ACD.

Methods:  Male Wistar rats were pretreated intraperitoneally with saline or l‐cysteine (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg), before intragastric administration of saline, EtOH (1 g/kg), or ACD (20 mg/kg). The specificity of l‐cysteine effect was addressed using morphine‐induced conditioned place preference (cpp) (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.).

Results:  l‐cysteine dose‐dependently prevented both EtOH and ACD‐induced cpp but did not interfere with morphine‐induced cpp, suggesting that l‐cysteine specifically modulates the motivational properties of EtOH.

Conclusion:  The present results further underscore the role of EtOH‐derived ACD in EtOH‐induced motivational properties. l‐cysteine, by binding EtOH‐derived ACD, would deprive it of its rewarding properties and reduce its abuse liability.
Sex Differences in Ethanol‐Induced Hypothermia in Ethanol‐Naïve and Ethanol‐Dependent/Withdrawn Rats
Authors: Taylor Anna N. , Tio Delia L. , Bando Jennifer K. , Truong Amy H. , Prolo Paolo
Published: December 2008

Background: Human and animal findings indicate that males and females display major differences in risk for and consequences of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. These differences are in large part mediated by sex‐specific hormonal environments. Gonadal and adrenal secretory products are known to modulate the neurobehavioral responses of ethanol (EtOH) dependence and withdrawal. However, the effects of these steroids on physiological adaptations, such as thermoregulation, are less well established. To study the role of sex‐related hormones in mediating sex differences in the hypothermic response to acute challenge with EtOH, we compared the EtOH‐induced hypothermic responses of EtOH‐naïve male and female rats and EtOH‐dependent (on the third day of withdrawal) male and female rats before (intact) and after depletion of all gonadal and adrenal steroids by gonadectomy (GDX) with or without adrenalectomy (ADX).

Methods: Intact and GDX male and female rats, with or without ADX, were fed an EtOH‐containing liquid diet for 15 days while control (EtOH‐naïve) rats were pairfed the isocaloric liquid diet without EtOH or fed normal rat chow and water. On the third day of withdrawal from the EtOH diet we tested the hypothermic response to EtOH challenge (1.5 g/kg BWt, ip). Blood alcohol content (BAC) and corticosterone (CORT) content were analyzed in a separate series of intact and GDX males and females with and without ADX in response to the EtOH challenge.

Results: Ethanol‐induced hypothermia was significantly greater and its duration significantly longer in intact males than females when subjects were EtOH‐naïve. EtOH‐induced hypothermia was significantly greater in intact females than males by the third day of withdrawal from EtOH dependence. GDX in males significantly shortened the duration of the hypothermic response and tended to blunt EtOH‐induced hypothermia while response duration was significantly extended by GDX in females that tended to enhance EtOH‐hypothermia. EtOH‐induced hypothermia was significantly enhanced and its duration significantly lengthened by combined GDX and ADX in EtOH‐naïve and ‐withdrawn males and by combined GDX and ADX in EtOH‐naïve but not EtOH‐withdrawn females. These differential EtOH‐induced hypothermic responses did not appear to be caused by differences in EtOH handling among the groups. The absence of adrenal activation by EtOH in the GDX–ADX males and females contributes to their enhanced EtOH‐induced hypothermic responses.

Conclusions: These results implicate the direct and indirect effects of removal of gonadal and adrenal secretory products as mediators of the thermoregulatory actions of EtOH.
MTHFR C677T Polymorphism and Risk of HCC in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: Role of Male Gender and Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Fabris Carlo , Toniutto Pierluigi , Falleti Edmondo , Fontanini Elisabetta , Cussigh Annarosa , Bitetto Davide , Fornasiere Ezio , Fumolo Elisa , Avellini Claudio , Minisini Rosalba , Pirisi Mario
Published: December 2008

Background:  A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C677T in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene has been identified. The TT or CT genotypes show a marked reduction of the enzyme activity; this causes higher homocysteine levels and alterations of folate metabolism. Folate metabolism is essential for DNA synthesis and methylation, crucial steps in carcinogenesis. In this paper, we investigated whether the MTHFR C677T SNP could influence the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a cohort of patients transplanted for end stage liver disease of different etiologies.

Methods:  Two hundred and twelve consecutive patients who underwent liver transplantation for end stage liver disease due to hepatitis B or C, alcoholic liver disease, and other causes were studied. Two hundred and thirty‐six blood donors served as controls. Focal hepatic lesions were searched in the sectioned explanted livers. The presence of the MTHFR C677T SNP was determined via polymerase chain reaction amplification.

Results:  Among the 65 patients with HCC, 22 had the CC genotype, 30 the CT, and 13 the TT genotype. Only in patients with alcoholic liver disease was a significant association detected between the TT genotype and the presence of liver cancer (6/17 vs. 5/46, p < 0.05). At stepwise logistic regression analysis the independent selected predictors of HCC were found: age at transplantation >55 years (p < 0.001) and the association among male gender, alcoholic liver disease, and MTHFR TT genotype (p = 0.002).

Conclusions:  The present study suggests that male TT carriers with alcoholic cirrhosis bear an increased risk of developing HCC.
Ethanol Attenuates the HFS‐Induced, ERK‐Mediated LTP in a Dose‐Dependent Manner in Rat Striatum
Authors: Xie Gui Qin , Wang Shen Jun , Li Jing , Cui Sheng Zhong , Zhou Rong , Chen Ling , Yuan Xiao Ru
Published: December 2008

Background:  The striatum has been implicated to play a role in the control of voluntary behavior, and striatal synaptic plasticity is involved in instrumental learning. Ethanol is known to alter synaptic plasticity, in turn altering the behavior of human and animals. However, it remains unclear whether the striatum plays a role in the effects of ethanol on the central nervous system. The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of acute perfusion of ethanol on long‐term potentiation (LTP) to elucidate the mechanisms of addictive drugs in the striatum. In addition, we investigated the contribution of intracellular extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathway to corticostriatal LTP induction.

Methods:  The stimulation evoked population spikes (PS) were recorded from the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) slices of rat using the extracellular recording technique. The LTP in DMS slices was induced by high‐frequency stimulation (HFS). The ERK level of the DMS was assessed with the Western blot technique.

Results:  U0126, the inhibitor of ERK, eliminated or significantly attenuated the LTP induced by HFS of the PS in the DMS. MK801 and APV, N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, inhibited the induction of striatal LTP, and HFS‐induced ERK activation decreased in the slices treated with MK801 in the DMS. Clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol (22 to 88 mM) dose‐dependently attenuated the HFS‐induced striatal LTP and ERK activation in this brain region.

Conclusions:  The LTP of the PS in the DMS is, at least partly, mediated by the ERK pathway coupling to NMDARs. Ethanol attenuated the HFS‐induced, ERK‐mediated LTP in a dose‐dependent manner in this brain region. These results indicate that ethanol may change the synaptic plasticity of corticostriatal circuits underlying the learning of goal‐directed instrumental actions, which is mediated by an intracellular ERK signaling pathway associated with NMDARs.
Alcohol Functionally Upregulates Toll‐Like Receptor 2 in Airway Epithelial Cells
Authors: Bailey Kristina L. , Wyatt Todd A. , Romberger Debra J. , Sisson Joseph H.
Published: December 2008

Background:  Alcoholics are known to have more severe airway diseases of the lung, such as bronchitis. Little is known about why this phenomenon is observed. We hypothesized that alcohol may modulate Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2), which regulates inflammation caused by gram‐positive bacteria.

Methods:  Airway epithelial cells [primary bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and 16HBE 14o‐] were exposed to 0 to 100 mM alcohol for 0 to 24 hours. Real time PCR was used to quantify TLR2 mRNA. Protein levels of TLR2 were determined using Western blots and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) on cells exposed to 0, 50, and 100 mM alcohol. Finally, cells were “primed” with alcohol, stimulated with a TLR2 agonist (peptidoglycan), and interleukin 8 (IL‐8) release was measured.

Results:  Alcohol, at biologically relevant concentrations (25 to 100 mM), caused a 2 to 3‐fold time‐ and concentration‐dependent increase in TLR2 mRNA in normal human bronchial epithelial cells and 16HBE 14o‐ cells. Western blots for TLR2 revealed a qualitative increase in TLR2 protein in cells exposed to 100 mM alcohol. FACS showed that TLR2 was quantitatively increased on the surface of airway epithelial cells that were exposed to alcohol. Airway cells that were primed with alcohol produced nearly twice as much IL‐8 in response to 40 ng of peptidoglycan than naive cells.

Conclusions:  Alcohol upregulates TLR2 message and protein in the airway epithelium. This leads to exaggerated inflammation in response to environmental stimuli that would normally be well tolerated in airway epithelial cells. This may be a partial explanation of why alcoholics have more severe airway disease than nonalcoholics.
Genomewide SNP Screen to Detect Quantitative Trait Loci for Alcohol Preference in the High Alcohol Preferring and Low Alcohol Preferring Mice
Authors: Bice Paula , Valdar William , Zhang Lili , Liu Lixiang , Lai Dongbing , Grahame Nicholas , Flint Jonathan , Li Ting‐Kai , Lumeng Lawrence , Foroud Tatiana
Published: December 2008

Background:  The high and low alcohol preferring (HAP1 and LAP1) mouse lines were selectively bred for differences in alcohol intake. The HAP1 and LAP1 mice are essentially noninbred lines that originated from the outbred colony of HS/Ibg mice, a heterogeneous stock developed from intercrossing 8 inbred strains of mice.

Methods:  A total of 867 informative SNPs were genotyped in 989 HAP1 × LAP1 F2, 68 F1s, 14 parents (6 LAP1, 8 HAP1), as well as the 8 inbred strains of mice crossed to generate the HS/Ibg colony. Multipoint genome wide analyses were performed to simultaneously detect linked QTLs and also fine map these regions using the ancestral haplotypes.

Results:  QTL analysis detected significant evidence of association on 4 chromosomes: 1, 3, 5, and 9. The region on chromosome 9 was previously found linked in a subset of these F2 animals using a whole genome microsatellite screen.

Conclusions:  We have detected strong evidence of association to multiple chromosomal regions in the mouse. Several of these regions include candidate genes previously associated with alcohol dependence in humans or other animal models.
Phosphatidylcholine Reverses Ethanol‐Induced Increase in Transepithelial Endotoxin Permeability and Abolishes Transepithelial Leukocyte Activation
Authors: Mitzscherling Katja , Volynets Valentina , Parlesak Alexandr
Published: December 2008

Background:  Chronic alcohol abuse increases both intestinal bacterial overgrowth and intestinal permeability to macromolecules. Intestinal permeability of endotoxin, a component of the outer cell membrane of Gram‐negative bacteria, plays a crucial role in the development of alcohol‐induced liver disease (ALD). As impaired bile flow leads to endotoxemia and the bile component phosphatidylcholine (PC) is therapeutically active in ALD, we tested the hypothesis that conjugated primary bile salts (CPBS) and PC inhibit ethanol‐enhanced transepithelial permeability of endotoxin and the subsequent transepithelial activation of human leukocytes.

Methods:  For this purpose, we used a model in which intestinal epithelial cells (Caco‐2) were basolaterally cocultivated with mononuclear leukocytes. Cells were challenged apically with endotoxin from Escherichia coli K12 and were incubated with or without the addition of CPBS (1.5 mM), PC (0.38 mM), pooled human bile (2%) in combination with ethanol (0 to 66 mM).

Results:  Ethanol decreased integrity of intestinal epithelial cell monolayer and enhanced transepithelial permeability of endotoxin. Both the transepithelial permeability of endotoxin and the transepithelial stimulation of leukocytes were nearly completely abolished after the apical supplementation of PC with CPBS, but not by CPBS alone. Ethanol up to 66 mM was not able to reverse this effect.

Conclusions:  A considerable part of the therapeutic and preventive effect of PC supplementation in ALD might result from a reduction of ethanol‐enhanced permeability of endotoxin through the intestinal barrier.
Effect of Sagittal Plane Positioning Errors on Measurement of the Angle of Inclination in Dogs
Authors: BECK KATHY A. , ERB HOLLIS N. , TAPLEY KATHLEEN
Published: December 2008

Angles of inclination were calculated from ventrodorsal (VD) and caudocranial horizontal beam (CaCrHB) radiographs of 17 anesthetized dogs, and from radiographs of left femurs of the same dogs positioned 0°, 10°, 15°, and 20° from the cassette in the sagittal plane. Angles of inclination also were measured directly from radiographs of the bones rotated to correct for anteversion. Calculated angles of inclination from the bones at 10°, 15°, and 20° from the cassette were significantly different from the 0° values obtained by calculation and direct measurement. Inclination angles from live dogs were consistently larger than those from 0° bones. Differences between angles of inclination calculated from VD and CaCrHB radiographs of live dogs were not significant.
Use of a Retained Urethral Catheter in Three Dogs with Prostatic Neoplasia
Authors: MANN F. A. , BARRETT R. J. , HENDERSON R. A.
Published: December 2008

Percutaneous nephrostomy catheters modified by cutting off the tubing connectors were implanted in three dogs with prostatic neoplasia to relieve or prevent stranguria. One catheter was implanted with a guide wire through a perineal urethrotomy, and two catheters were implanted via celiotomy and cystotomy. Morbidity and complications were minimal. Inflammation of the abdominal incision was present from day 4 to day 8 in the dogs with celiotomy. Urinary incontinence was continuous in one dog and intermittent in two dogs. Hematuria occurred in two dogs. The retained urethral catheter was a suitable palliative treatment for urethral obstruction in three dogs with prostatic neoplasia.
Thermal Injury byIn VitroIncision of Equine Skin with Electrosurgery, Radiosurgery, and a Carbon Dioxide Laser
Authors: PALMER SCOTT E. , McGILL LAWRENCE D.
Published: December 2008

Freshly harvested equine skin incised with an electrosurgical unit, a radiosurgical device, or a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser was examined by light microscopy to determine the extent of thermal injury caused by each instrument. There was no significant difference between the thermal injury caused by the electrosurgical unit in the pure‐cut mode and the CO2laser in the superpulse mode, or between the electrosurgical unit and the radiosurgical device in the fully filtered cut mode. However, thermal injury caused by the CO2laser was significantly less than that caused by the radiosurgical device. The amount of thermal injury in thisin vitrostudy was similar to that foundin vivowith other species.
The Effect of CO2 Laser Neurectomy on Neuroma Formation and Axonal Regeneration
Authors: HAUGLAND L. M. , COLLIER M. A. , PANCIERA R. J. , BELLAMY J.
Published: December 2008

In an attempt to prevent neuroma formation and digital reinnervation after sharp palmar digital neurectomy in 10 adult horses with navicular disease, 18,426 W/cm2 of CO2 laser energy was applied to the proximal nerve stump. Clinical follow‐up was 4 to 23 months. In two horses, palmar digital nerve biopsies were taken at month 4 (four nerves) and month 7 (two nerves). Nine horses were sound immediately and at all follow‐up examinations. None had clinical evidence of painful neuroma or digital reinnervation. Histologically, there was minimal scar tissue at the surgical site; axonal sprouts were comingled with fibrous tissue.
Holding Power of Cortical Screws after Power Tapping and Hand Tapping
Authors: GILLIS J. PATRICK , ZARDIACKAS LYLE D. , GILBERT JEROME. A. , JOHN KENNETH R. ST.
Published: December 2008

Paired equine third metacarpal bones were drilled and tapped for 4.5 mm and 5.5 mm cortical screws. Tapping was done by hand or with an air‐driven reversible orthopedic drill. Screws were inserted and subjected to extraction forces to failure of the osseous threads or the screws. There was no difference in holding power of either screw size between hand‐tapped and power‐tapped holes.
Oxygen affinity and capacity in methaemoglobinaemia
Authors: Reilly Paul E.B. , Winzor Donald J.
Published: December 2008

Abstract

A means is sought to eliminate the confusion caused by the seemingly conflicting pieces of information available from biochemistry and physiology textbooks that methaemoglobin does not bind oxygen but that fractional oxygen affinity of blood is higher in patients with methaemoglobinaemia. This seeming paradox is removed by expressing the comparison of oxygen saturation for affected and normal patients in terms of actual oxygen‐carrying capacity rather than percentage saturation of functional haemoglobin subunits — the manner in which the data have traditionally been displayed. © 2000 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A strategy for introducing undergraduate students to protein structure
Authors: Noriega Guillermo O. , Vazquez Elba S.
Published: December 2008

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to introduce students with some problems associated with the determination of 3D structure of macromolecules, such as crystallisation and modelling. We propose herein a set of questions as a guide to induce students to analyse critically the different aspects of protein architecture. © 2000 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chromatofocusing
Authors: Makovec Tomaz‘
Published: December 2008

Abstract

A simple laboratory procedure is described for demonstrating the separation of proteins according to their isoelectric point. It requires a minimum of equipment and can be completed in 2 h laboratory class. © 2000 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A simple setup to illustrate metabolic pathway dynamics
Authors: Punekar Narayan S.
Published: December 2008

The sense of dynamic nature of a metabolic pathway, particularly in its steady state, is the most difficult to convey to the student. Such insights into metabolism have come from extensive and cumulative experimental data. These are not easily amenable to laboratory demonstrations. A working model is described here to illustrate metabolic concepts in a laboratory and to complement classroom teaching. © 2000 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Capillary electrophoresis: theory, teaching approach and separation of oligosaccharides using indirect UV detection
Authors: Lagane Bernard , Treilhou Michel , Couderc François
Published: December 2008

Capillary electrophoresis, a recent analytical method (the first commercial instrument was sold just 10 years ago), offers an efficient alternative means compared to other current separation techniques. Due to a wide application range, this method is becoming more and more important among analytical laboratories. Thus, introductory lectures on this analytical technique are of particular interest. Moreover, the use of capillary electrophoresis aids in the understanding of the numerous parameters which influence electrophoretic migrations, such as ion mobilities, electrical field, pH, pKa, joule heating and buffering capacity. This article presents the theory of capillary electrophoresis and various steps of an analysis of four carbohydrates using this technique. This presentation of the data is similar to the way the students, to whom this analysis was asked, presented theirs. Representative results obtained by four students out of 100 are shown. © 2000 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of the applicability of two different immunoassays for the detection of wheat gluten in baby foods
Authors: Avila Concepción , Quesada Ana R.
Published: December 2008

Immunoassays are one of the most powerful of all immunochemical techniques. They are employed in a wide range of methods to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies. The aim of the present work is to illustrate basic issues relating enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), including its potential application to food chemistry. Students carry out two different ELISA protocols for the determination of gliadin concentration and are encouraged to discuss the applicability of each method to the detection of gluten in baby cereals. Biology and Chemistry undergraduate students have performed this experiment in our laboratories during the last academie course. The use of commercially available antibodies conjugated with the reporter enzyme shortens and cheapens the protocols, and helps to their widespread application. © 2000 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PCR primer design: an inquiry‐based introduction to bioinformatics on the World Wide Web
Authors: Kim Thomas D.
Published: December 2008

A project is described which details the selection of PCR primers for an unknown gene of the Herpes Simplex Virus (Type 1) using tools available on the World Wide Web. Within the context of designing PCR primers, students are introduced to some of the basic tools used in the field of bioinformatics and have the opportunity to further develop the concepts of nucleic acid sequence and structure, based on the analysis of selected nucleotide primers. © 2000 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Studying ion channels in undergraduate laboratories
Authors: Garrill Ashley
Published: December 2008

This article describes an undergraduate laboratory that introduces students to ion channels and patch clamp electrophysiology. It is given in conjunction with third year biochemistry lectures on membrane transport proteins and utilises cytoplasmic droplets from Characean algae. These droplets are very easily obtainable (the typical preparation time is around ten minutes). contain abundant channel activity and significantly, readily form the high electrical resistance seals that are required for resolution of single channel events. Most students have been able to observe electrical events that are the result of conformational changes in single protein molecules. When the students are not patch clamping they are set a problem that requires them to devise a model of how several different types of channel might interact to produce a cellular response to osmotic challenge. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Protein measurement at practical classes for students of pharmacy: a student‐centered approach1,*
Authors: Jacques‐Silva M.C. , Rocha J.B.T.
Published: December 2008

This manuscript describes a biochemistry experiment for pharmacy students that uses a student‐centered approach. The students are given little or no practical information and asked to compare two protein analysis methods — the Biuret and the Bradford methods. The experiment introduces students to several important concepts including the influence of amino acid composition on protein analysis, the quantitative use of a spectrophotometer, and how to select an analytical method. From the response of students to the generated or proposed questions, it is possible to conclude that only about 50% of the students did participate actively in the process of acquiring knowledge. © 2001 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Multislice Computed Tomographic Findings in Symptomatic Patients After Amplatzer Septal Occluder Device Implantation
Authors: ZAIDI ALI N. , CHEATHAM JOHN P. , RAMAN SUBHA V. , COOK STEPHEN C.
Published: December 2008

Background: Complications of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects (ASDs) include pericardial effusion, tamponade, and even death. Transthoracic echocardiography in the adult is often limited by poor acoustic windows that lead to incomplete device assessment. Advances in multislice computed tomography (MSCT) provide an alternative modality to assess the anatomy of the Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO) device.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of MSCT in providing anatomic information in patients with persistent or recurrent symptoms after transcatheter closure of ASDs with ASO devices.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of adult patients who underwent ASO device implantation with subsequent MSCT imaging as a result of symptoms from June 2006 to May 2007 was performed. Data analysis included age, gender, size of ASO device, relationship of the device to surrounding structures, symptoms, and the length of time between device implantation and onset of symptoms.

Results: Eleven patients were identified with a mean age of 41 years. Patients presented with symptoms 1 week to 2.4 years after implantation. ASO size ranged from 8 to 36 mm. MSCT provided detailed information in all 11 cases regarding anatomic location of the device with respect to surrounding structures. Nonobstructive coronary plaque disease was identified in one patient. Two patients had pericardial effusions.

Conclusions: Cardiac symptoms after ASO implant deserve thorough investigation. MSCT is feasible in the assessment of such patients and offers a unique assessment of the device to surrounding anatomic structures and should be considered as a useful adjunct to echocardiography in symptomatic patients.