bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ganzfeld changes in short wavelength automated perimetry
Authors: Sukumar S. , Balekuduru S.
Published: December 2004

Purpose:  The change in perception of background illumination known as Ganzfeld changes occurs while performing perimetry test. It occurs under higher background illumination and whilst covering the non‐tested eye with a black patch. We investigated the occurrence of Ganzfeld changes in Short Wavelength Automated Perimetry (SWAP) and assessed the performance while covering the non‐tested eye with a standard black patch and with a translucent occluder.

Methods:  Twenty‐eight volunteers of age 22 ± 3 years participated in the study. A custom made 16‐point test was used to analyse the sensitivity with a standard black patch and with the translucent occluder. The number and duration of Ganzfeld changes in each condition were detected by subjective responses. The visual comfort of the subjects under each patching condition was assessed using a comfort scale (0–5) and subject's preference.

Results:  Ganzfeld changes occurred when a standard black patch was used and appears to influence the ability to see the test targets. With a standard black patch 5 Ganzfeld changes were observed per minute and it varied between 2 and 8 s. The duration and occurrence increased towards the end of the test. Using a translucent occluder almost eliminates the occurrence of Ganzfeld changes and improved the sensitivity (p = 0.001). Of the 28 subjects, 22 preferred translucent occluder to black patch.

Conclusion:  Use of a translucent spectacle occluder over the non‐tested eye significantly reduces the Ganzfeld changes and improves the performance in SWAP.
Preventing Problems from Psychoactive Substance Use
Authors: Room Robin
Published: December 2004

The range of harms to health from psychoactive substances is considered, and current data are presented on the health burden of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs. Four major strategies for preventing or reducing harm are discussed: education and persuasion, treatment, insulating use from harm, and regulating the availability and conditions of use. Education and treatment are necessary parts of an overall public health approach, but are not very effective in themselves in reducing rates of harm in the population. Insulating use from harm and regulating availability have often proved effective components of a public health approach.
A Direct In Vivo Approach for Skin Gene Therapy
Authors: Vogel Jonathan C.
Published: December 2004

In vivo gene therapy is a direct and effective way to express genes in the epidermis. Plasmid DNA that contains the desired gene can be injected intradermally, and it is rapidly absorbed and expressed by the epidermis. Because gene expression following plasmid injection is transient, the two principal therapeutic uses of this approach are genetic immunization and the expression of biological response modifiers to treat skin disease.
Surgical Excision of Pedunculated Supernumerary Digits Prevents Traumatic Amputation Neuromas
Authors: Leber Geoffrey E. , Gosain Arun K.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Nine patients divided into two groups were treated for pedunculated supernumerary digits or their sequelae. The first group consisted of three patients who had among them five traumatic amputation neuromas. In each case these lesions resulted from primary suture ligation of accessory digits in infancy. Secondary surgical excision of the vestigial digit with high ligation and retraction of the accompanying nerve tissue was required in all cases. The second group consisted of six patients who had 12 pedunculated supernumerary digits. Primary surgical excision of these digits was performed with high transection and retraction of the accompanying accessory digital nerve. All patients in this group had excellent cosmetic results with no postoperative neuroma formation. Adult family members who had undergone suture ligation of similar supernumerary digits in infancy accompanied seven of the nine patients in this series. On careful examination, each of these family members had signs and symptoms attributable to traumatic amputation neuromas. We feel identification and high transection of the accessory digital nerve is essential in the treatment of pedunculated supernumerary digits. This treatment prevents traumatic amputation neuromas and yields a better cosmetic result than the traditional method of suture ligation in infancy.
Paraneoplastic Pemphigus with Bronchiolitis Obliterans in a Child
Authors: Mar Winnie A. , Glaesser Robin , Struble Kristin , Stephens‐Groff Sue , Bangert Jerry , Hansen Ronald C.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is a rare blistering autoimmune disease associated with an underlying neoplasm, mucous membrane erosions, and occasionally bronchiolitis obliterans. Most cases have been reported in adults and the number of childhood cases in the current literature is limited. We describe a young patient with PNP who was initially misdiagnosed as having recurrent Stevens–Johnson syndrome. This patient had an underlying inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor and subsequently developed fatal progressive bronchiolitis obliterans.
Microvenular Hemangioma in a Boy with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Chang Sung‐Eun , Roh Kyung‐Hyun , Lee Mi‐Woo , Choi Jee‐Ho , Sung Kyung‐Jeh , Moon Kee‐Chan , Koh Jai‐Kyoung , Yoon Ghil‐Suk
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Microvenular hemangioma (MVH) is a rare, benign, acquired vascular tumor. We report a case that shows the characteristic histopathologic features of this disorder in a boy with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), suggesting an association with systemic immunosuppression.
The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Habitat Protection as a Restoration Strategy
Authors: Weiner Art , Berg Catherine , Gerlach Tom , Grunblatt Jesse , Holbrook Ken , Kuwada Mark
Published: December 2004

Habitat protection is a major component of the Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration process. The acquisition of private lands, or partial interests in private lands, is intended to promote natural recovery of spill‐injured resources and services by removing the threat of additional development impacts. The Comprehensive Habitat Protection Process is the method that was designed to achieve this objective. Over one million acres within the oil spill affected area were evaluated, scored, and ranked by a multi‐criteria evaluation process. Initially, lands were divided into large parcels encompassing entire bays and watersheds. Criteria were then used to assess the habitat and human‐use values associated with each parcel and the protection benefit that acquisition would provide for 19 injured resources and services. This process has been the basis for the acquisition of 41,549 acres of land on Afognak Island and 23,800 acres on the Kenai Peninsula and for agreements that, if consummated, will result in the acquisition of fee or lesser rights on over a half million acres of land in the Kodiak Archipelago, on the Kenai Peninsula, and in Prince William Sound. All of these lands or rights, if acquired, will be incorporated into parks or refuges or otherwise managed in a manner that will facilitate the recovery of the resources and services injured by the oil spill.
Dct::lacZ ES Cells: A Novel Cellular Model to Study Melanocyte Determination and Differentiation
Authors: Pla Patrick , Solov'eva Olga , Moore Robert , Alberti Christophe , Kunisada Takahiro , Larue Lionel
Published: December 2004

Embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate into various cell lineages in vitro. A procedure was previously designed to promote the differentiation of ES cells towards the melanocyte lineage and to obtain large and reproducible amounts of melanocytes. To elucidate the main events that lead to the development of melanocytes in vitro, we used transgenic Dct::lacZ mouse blastocysts to establish ES cell lines expressing the lacZ reporter gene under the control of the Dct promoter. Dct, a melanoblast marker, is expressed just after melanoblast determination in vivo. We evaluated the importance of recruitment, proliferation and differentiation during melanocyte ontogeny after the in vitro differentiation of Dct::lacZ ES cells into melanocytes. We showed that bFGF and cholera toxin induce precocious melanoblast determination, associated with early melanocyte differentiation. Edn3 induced melanoblast proliferation and long‐term melanoblast recruitment, but not precocious determination. The lack of basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) and cholera toxin can be partially compensated by Edn3. Thus, Dct::lacZ ES cells can be used as a model to study determination, proliferation and differentiation in the melanocyte lineage in vitro.
Characterization of Melanophore Morphology by Fractal Dimension Analysis
Authors: Kimler Victoria A. , Tracy‐Bee Mary , Ollie Candace D. , Langer Renee M. , Montante James M. , Marks Charles R. C. , Carl Freeman D. , Anton Hough R. , Taylor John D.
Published: December 2004

Fractal or focal dimension (FD) analysis is a valuable tool to identify physiologic stimuli at the cellular and tissue levels that allows for quantification of cell perimeter complexity. The FD analysis was determined on fluorescence images of caffeine‐ or epinephrine‐treated (or untreated control) killifish Fundulus heteroclitus (Linneaus) melanophores in culture. Cell perimeters were indicated by rhodamine‐phalloidin labeling of cortical microfilaments using box‐counting FD analysis. Caffeine‐treated melanophores displayed dispersed melanosomes in cells with less serrated edges and reduced FD and complexity. Complexity in epinephrine‐treated cells was significantly higher than the caffeine‐treated cells or in the control. Cytoarchitectural variability of the cell perimeter is expected because cells change shape when cued with agents. Epinephrine‐treated melanophores demonstrated aggregated melanosomes in cells with more serrated edges, significantly higher FD and thus complexity. Melanophores not treated with caffeine or epinephrine produced variable distributions of melanosomes and resulted in cells with variably serrated edges and intermediate FD with a larger SE of the regression and greater range of complexity. Dispersion of melanosomes occurs with rearrangements of the cytoskeleton to accommodate centrifugal distribution of melanosomes throughout the cell and to the periphery. The loading of melanosomes onto cortical microfilaments may provide a less complex cell contour, with the even distribution of the cytoskeleton and melanosomes. Aggregation of melanosomes occurs with rearrangements of the cytoskeleton to accommodate centripetal distribution of melanosomes. The aggregation of melanosomes may contribute to centripetal retraction of the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane. The FD analysis is, therefore, a convenient method to measure contrasting morphologic changes within stimulated cells.
Green's Function for Two-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Waves. II
Authors: Weitzner Harold
Published: December 2004

As an extension of an earlier paper the Green's function is evaluated for the Lundquist equation linearized about uniform magnetic field, constant matter density, and zero flow velocity. It is assumed that all quantities are functions of two space variables and time only. In the general magnetic field configuration considered here a pure Alfvén disturbance no longer exists; there is instead a wave with properties of both the Alfvén and fast-slow disturbance.
Dispersion Relations in a Stationary Plasma
Authors: Tanenbaum B. Samuel
Published: December 2004

The two-fluid theory for a fully ionized, macroscopically neutral plasma is used to examine small-amplitude normal mode oscillations in an infinite, homogeneous medium for three cases: no applied magnetic field; a magnetic field in the direction of wave propagation; and a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. In the field-free case, which has been treated in a similar way by Pai, the dispersion relations for the three simplest types of plasma oscillations—longitudinal electron waves, longitudinal ion waves, and transverse waves—are verified and the properties of each of these waves are described. In the second and third cases, the influence of an applied magnetic field on the normal mode solutions is studied and the results of this complete two-fluid theory are compared with the analogous results obtained in the simpler theories of Appleton (magneto-ionic theory) and of Alfvén (magnetohydrodynamics).
Hall Effect in a Lorentz Gas
Authors: Sutton G. W.
Published: December 2004

For a Lorentz gas, expressions are derived for the direct and transverse electron electrical conductivities for an arbitrary inverse-power interaction force with the heavy particles. The results are compared to the simple kinetic model for the electron motion. It is found that the simplified equation is not general for small magnetic fields but is correct for large magnetic fields. For inverse powers greater than 3, the error is less than 15%.
Generation of the Third Harmonic by an Electromagnetic Signal in a Plasma
Authors: Rosen Philip
Published: December 2004

By using the method of Margenau and Hartman the amplitude of the third-harmonic current density is calculated. The equations lead to a tenable solution provided the field strength is small. An inequality is given for the region where the solution is valid.
Stability of a Stokesian Fluid in Couette Flow
Authors: Graebel William P.
Published: December 2004

The stability of a Stokesian fluid (Reiner-Rivlin fluid) in Couette motion is examined and shown to depend on the Taylor number as well as a further dimensionless parameter which is proportional to the coefficient of cross viscosity. The method of Chandrasekhar is used for small values of this parameter. It is found that for fluids with a positive coefficient of cross viscosity, the critical Taylor number can be appreciably smaller than for the corresponding flow of a Newtonian fluid.
Energy Transfer to a Rigid Piston under Detonation Loading
Authors: Aziz A. K. , Hurwitz H. , Sternberg H. M.
Published: December 2004

The flow following the impact of a plane detonation front, in a condensed organic explosive, on a rigid piston is obtained by a finite difference procedure. The equation of state E = Pv/(γ−1) is used for the gaseous explosion products with γ equal to 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5. Explicit formulas for the piston motion are obtained analytically for γ = 3. The effects of the detonation parameters and the explosive-mass to piston-mass ratio on the terminal velocity of the piston and on the energy transmitted to the piston are described. For γ = 2.5 to 3.5, the terminal velocity of the piston depends almost entirely on the chemical energy released in the explosion and on the explosive-mass to piston-mass ratio; i. e., for a fixed chemical energy, the total energy transmitted to the piston is insensitive to the form of the detonation wave.
Discontinuity Properties of Laminar Flames
Authors: Maxworthy Tony
Published: December 2004

An experimental investigation has been made to test the basic hypotheses of published infinite and finite two-dimensional flame front theories, in which the flame is considered to be a surface of discontinuity, in properties, between reactant and product flow fields. The ``particle track'' method was used, in which a controlled quantity of magnesium oxide particles was introduced into the flow; these were illuminated stroboscopically and the resultant ``particle paths'' recorded photographically. The results show deviations from the theoretical predictions, due to secondary effects not considered by the theories. For example, the effect of the finite width and thickness of the flame, effect of energy losses from the flame edges, effect of losses due to instabilities inherent in the flames studied.
Axisymmetric Perturbations in a Conducting Liquid Confined by Rigid Walls
Authors: Manuel P. W. , Blackwell J. H.
Published: December 2004

A study is made of axisymmetric perturbations in a conducting liquid confined by a rigid non-conducting cylindrical wall. In one case the liquid is inviscid, and may have a constant equilibrium axial velocity. In the other the liquid is viscous and can have no equilibrium velocity. Stable solutions are found for all wave numbers and the results are compared with those of R. J. Tayler for similar problems with nonrigid walls.
Stationary State of a High-Temperature Gas-Insulated Plasma Column
Authors: Fälthammar Carl-Gunne
Published: December 2004

On the basis of a simplified theoretical model an analysis is given of the stationary state of a cylindrical column of fully ionized high-pressure plasma, which is heated by an axial current and cooled by heat conduction in the radial direction across the self-magnetic field of the current. The radial distributions of current, magnetic field, temperature, pressure, and density are calculated and discussed. The power needed to maintain a stationary state at very high temperatures is found to be moderate. The relative importance of radiation losses is considered and found to be small in a certain range of parameters.
Toroidal High-Pressure Discharge Experiment
Authors: Smårs Erik A. , Johansson Rolf B.
Published: December 2004

A toroidal gas discharge experiment in the pressure range 1 to 400 torr was performed to test the idea of insulating a hot plasma with a high-density magnetized gas. It is found that it is possible to create an electrodeless circular are discharge surrounded by cool gas. The surrounding high-density gas tends to stabilize the plasma ring and protects the plasma from contamination by wall impurities.
Measurement of the Structure of Strong Shocks in Helium-Filled T Tubes
Authors: Wiese Wolfgang , Berg H. F. , Griem H. R.
Published: December 2004

The structure of Mach 25 shock waves was investigated spectroscopically. Rise times of 0.20 and 0.15 μsec were observed for the HeI 5876 A and the HeII 4686 A line, respectively, which are consistent with the expected relaxation times, if one adopts the hypothesis that the ambient gas is substantially pre-excited by uv radiation from the discharge. This confirms earlier conclusions from the measured equilibrium conditions (T ≈ 3 ev, Ne ≈ 2×1017 cm−3) and suggests that local thermal equilibrium exists in the region behind the shock.
Detonation Velocity of Pressed TNT
Authors: Urizar M. J. , James E. , Smith L. C.
Published: December 2004

The detonation velocity of pressed TNT has been determined as a function of charge diameter at each of a series of loading densities ρ. Current theories of the diameter effect are discussed and used to compute infinite diameter detonation velocities (D∞) and detonation reaction-zone lengths from the experimental data. The results for the velocity-density dependence may be summarized as follows: D∞ = 1872.7 + 3187.2 ρ, (0.9 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.5342 g/cc); D∞ = 6762.5 + 3187.2 (ρ − 1.5342) − 25 102 (ρ − 1.5342)2 + 115 056 (ρ − 1.5342)3, (1.5342 ≤ ρ ≤ 1.636 g/cc). The reaction-zone lengths computed from the data are a decreasing function of the charge density and are in good agreement with predictions based on the grain-burning model of the reaction zone.
Landau Damping and the Velocity Fourier Transform of the Initial Perturbation
Authors: Denavit J.
Published: December 2004

The linearized Vlasov equation for longitudinal plasma oscillations is solved using the convolution integral for unilateral Fourier transforms. This solution, independent of analyticity conditions on the initial perturbation distribution g(v), is valid for all times. The electric field is given in terms of the Fourier transform H(q) of g(v) with respect to velocity, the wavenumber k, and the Landau poles zm. The quiescent distribution is assumed Maxwellian. For t → ∞ the solution yields Landau damping if H(q) drops faster than exp (y1q) for large q [g(v) analytic], while the results of Weitzner are recovered if H(q) drops as 1/qn[g(v) having n − 2 continuous derivatives]. For t ≠ ∞, Landau damping is shown to take place during a time interval, the limits of which are estimated in terms of the behavior of H(q).
Magnetic Moment to Second Order for Axisymmetric Static Field
Authors: Gardner C. S.
Published: December 2004

The magnetic moment of a charged particle of small mass moving in a magnetic field is a series (in general not convergent), μ = μ0 + εμ1 + ε2μ2 + ⋯, where μ0 = v⊥2/B, ε = m/e and where μ1, μ2 are functions of the spacial coordinates and velocity components of the particle. The series μ has the property that its time derivative is formally zero. A formula is given for the first-order correction μ1 by Kruskal for a general field. In this paper we give the formula for the second-order correction μ2, for the special case of a static magnetic field with axial symmetry.
Effects of Instabilities and Scattering in Electron Beams in the Absence of a Magnetic Field
Authors: Kofoid M. J. , Zieske P.
Published: December 2004

Space-charge focused 10-mm-diam low-voltage electron beams, in the absence of a magnetic field, suffer a rapid decrease of collected current with axial distance. A positive well harboring oscillations is formed, and beam electrons incur a velocity spread.
Experimental Results on the Ion-Beam Excitation of Drift Waves in an Alkali Plasma
Authors: Enriques L.
Published: December 2004

An experiment is described in which azimuthal drift waves were excited in the quiescent plasma of a Q machine by means of a modulated low-density ion beam. The characteristics of propagation of a sinusoidal signal and their variations with the velocity of the beam and with the frequency of modulation are described. The signal is found to propagate azimuthally in the direction of the electron drift and axially with phase velocity close to the ion-beam velocity. This is consistent with the predictions of a simplified theoretical model of the ion-beam interaction with a nonuniform plasma.
Radial Density Profile in a Positive Column with a Longitudinal Magnetic Field
Authors: Itoh Satoshi , Kawaguchi Motoichi , Yamamoto Kenzo
Published: December 2004

The radial density profile is investigated experimentally and compared with the theoretical results of Holter and Johnson. The experimental results agree qualitatively with the theoretical ones under some experimental conditions.
Two-Dimensional Low-Pressure Discharge Theory
Authors: Kino G. S. , Shaw E. K.
Published: December 2004

It is shown that a pressure theory, modified to take into account ion generation, can be used to describe the steady-state collisionless discharge. Both planar and cylindrical geometry one-dimensional cases are solved for various types of ion generation using this fluid-type of approach. The parameters found by this approximate technique are shown to be in good agreement with the values obtained from the more exact formulation developed by Langmuir. The analysis leads to partial differential equations which are easily generalized to describe two-dimensional problems. For the particular case of ion generation proportional to electron density, the discharge parameters of a two-dimensional rectangular box and a finite-length cylinder are obtained.
Stabilization of Hot Electron Plasma by a Cold Background
Authors: Krall Nicholas A.
Published: December 2004

A stabilizing effect of cold plasma, distinct from line tying, is described, and its influence on the flute stability of a hot-electron plasma is evaluated.
Magnetohydrodynamics of Flow between Two Coaxial Tubes
Authors: Uberoi Mahinder S. , Chow Chuen-Yen
Published: December 2004

A current-carrying incompressible fluid confined between two axisymmetrically deformed nonconducting coaxial tubes is considered. Two problems are solved by assuming small magnetic Reynolds numbers and small wall deformations. In the first problem the motion of a stagnant viscous fluid is caused by the electric current carried by the fluid and the current flowing in a central conductor since in this case the electromagnetic force is rotational and cannot be balanced by the pressure gradient which is potential. In the second problem the motion of a flowing inviscid fluid is modified by the applied currents. At the places where the outer tube contracts, the inner streamtubes expand as if the outer tube had expanded. This is due to the fact that, in this case also, electromagnetic force is rotational. The results show that if the current density in the fluid remains constant, the electromagnetic effect on the fluid motion caused by the deformation of the outer tube is reduced in the presence of a cylindrical inner tube. A current in the central conductor flowing in the same direction as that in the fluid magnifies, and that in the opposite direction retards the fluid motion. The influence of the deformation of the inner tube is similar to but smaller than that of the outer tube.
Detonation Stability for Disturbances of Small Transverse Wavelength
Authors: Erpenbeck Jerome J.
Published: December 2004

The stability of one-dimensional, steady detonations to periodic disturbances transverse to the flow is examined in the limit of small wavelength, 2π/ε → 0. The asymptotic criterion for stability is found to depend largely on the steady-state profile of c02η (where c0 is the frozen sound speed, η is the sonic parameter 1 − u2/c02, and u is the mass velocity relative to the von Neumann shock) as a function of distance from the shock. Detonations for which c02η decreases monotonically are found to be stable in the ε → ∞ limit but stability in cases in which this quantity increases either monotonically or up to a maximum is determined through simple integral functions of the steady-flow variables. In contrast to the labor involved with application of the general theory of detonation stability, the asymptotic result can be applied straightforwardly to any detonation, irrespective of the equation of state and the complexity of the chemical kinetics. The results for an idealized, one-reaction, A → B, system with an Arrhenius rate constant are detailed.
Diffusion of Antiparallel Bias Magnetic Field during the Initial Stages of a Theta-Pinch
Authors: Green T. S. , Newton A. A.
Published: December 2004

In a study of the early stages of a theta pinch in reversed bias magnetic field, it has been found experimentally that some of the bias flux is lost before the start of the implosion. The loss is a consequence of the hydromagnetic expansion of plasma and trapped field that occurs while the driving field reverses polarity. The amount of diffusion depends on the magnitude of the bias field relative to a certain critical field.
High-Energy Neutral Injection into a Mirror-Quadrupole Cusp Magnetic Well
Authors: Hinrichs C. K. , Osher J. E.
Published: December 2004

An analytical study of high-energy neutral injection into a mirror-quadrupole cusp magnetic field is described. This magnetic geometry is shown to be particularly well suited to Lorentz ionization of neutral atoms if the injection trajectory describes an oblique angle to the axis of the system and lies in a plane midway between the current carrying bars which produce the cusp field. Along such a trajectory the effective ionizing electric field v×B can vary from nearly zero to the full value vB. A relative trapping efficiency is defined as the variation in the component of magnetic field perpendicular to the injection path over which ionized particles will be contained. For the particular magnetic field studied, the trapping efficiency for the optimum trajectory is approximately 70 times that for conventional injection perpendicular to the axis. An analog computer was used to trace initial particle orbits to determine which orbits are contained. A somewhat higher trapping efficiency for oblique injection into a six-bar mirror-cusp field is also indicated.
Heat Transfer between Two Concentric Spheres at Large Knudsen Numbers
Authors: Brock James R.
Published: December 2004

Heat transfer between two concentric spheres at large Knudsen numbers is examined through solution of the BGK model of the Boltzmann equation using the method of Knudsen iteration.
Hartmann Flow between Parallel Planes
Authors: Todd L.
Published: December 2004

Precise conditions are found which distinguish between the electromagnetic pump, electromagnetic brake, magnetohydrodynamic generator, and the magnetohydrodynamic flow accelerator, whatever the value of the Hartmann number.
Effective Interaction in a Quantum Vlasov Plasma
Authors: Braun E.
Published: December 2004

The average stationary effective interaction between particles in a quantum Vlasov plasma is obtained for a particular model. The shielding distance is shown to be larger than the corresponding classical Debye radius. A law of corresponding states is formulated.
Schlieren Photography of Rail-Tube Plasmas
Authors: MacLelland J. R. , MacKenzie A. S. V. , Irving J.
Published: December 2004

Schlieren photographs of discharges in a parallel plate rail-tube were taken using a pulsed ruby laser as a light source. The photographs show more detail than previously observed and reveal some new facts about the structure of the discharge.
Axial Pressure Asymmetry Produced by Hall Currents in a Linear Pinch Discharge
Authors: Measures R. M.
Published: December 2004

Axial pressure measurements in a z-pinch discharge, modified by the magnetic field of a thin coil, indicate that the radial components of the magnetic field induce a Hall dominated azimuthal current in the plasma over certain regions of the discharge.
A Perturbation Theory for Strong Plasma Turbulence
Authors: Dupree T. H.
Published: December 2004

A new perturbation theory for solving the Vlasov equation is derived. The theory is especially designed to cope with time secularities and nonanalyticity in the expansion parameter (the field strength). The method is based on the use of a statistical set of exact particle orbits instead of the unperturbed orbits conventionally used in perturbation solutions of the Vlasov equation. A principal result of the theory is a modification of the particle-wave interaction and a ``broadening'' of the associated resonant denominator (ω − k·v)−1. The nature of the time secularities associated with the streaming modes exp ik·vt is discussed. A simple application to velocity-space diffusion and trapping and its effect on wave growth is described.
Explosions in Rarefied Atmospheres. II
Authors: Stuart G. W.
Published: December 2004

The snowplow model, based on the virial theorem, which describes expansions in rarefied atmospheres is modified to allow for both partial transparency of the expanding material and velocity dependent atomic interactions.
Complementary Roles for Toxicologic Pathology and Mathematics in Toxicogenomics, With Special Reference to Data Interpretation and Oscillatory Dynamics
Authors: Morgan Kevin T. , Pino Michael , Crosby Lynn M. , Min Wang  , Elston Timothy C. , Jayyosi Zaid , Bonnefoi Marc , Boorman Gary
Published: December 2004

Toxicogenomics is an emerging multidisciplinary science that will profoundly impact the practice of toxicology. New generations of biologists, using evolving toxicogenomics tools, will generate massive data sets in need of interpretation. Mathematical tools are necessary to cluster and otherwise find meaningful structure in such data. The linking of this structure to gene functions and disease processes, and finally the generation of useful data interpretation remains a significant challenge. The training and background of pathologists make them ideally suited to contribute to the field of toxicogenomics, from experimental design to data interpretation. Toxicologic pathology, a discipline based on pattern recognition, requires familiarity with the dynamics of disease processes and interactions between organs, tissues, and cell populations. Optimal involvement of toxicologic pathologists in toxicogenomics requires that they communicate effectively with the many other scientists critical for the effective application of this complex discipline to societal problems. As noted by Petricoin III et al (Nature Genetics 32, 474-479, 2002), cooperation among regulators, sponsors and experts will be essential for realizing the potential of microarrays for public health. Following a brief introduction to the role of mathematics in toxicogenomics, “data interpretation” from the perspective of a pathologist is briefly discussed. Based on oscillatory behavior in the liver, the importance of an understanding of mathematics is addressed, and an approach to learning mathematics “later in life” is provided. An understanding of pathology by mathematicians involved in toxicogenomics is equally critical, as both mathematics and pathology are essential for transforming toxicogenomics data sets into useful knowledge.
Toxicoproteomics: Serum Proteomic Pattern Diagnostics for Early Detection of Drug Induced Cardiac Toxicities and Cardioprotection
Authors: Petricoin Emanuel F. , Rajapaske Vinodh , Herman Eugene H. , Arekani Ali M. , Ross Sally , Johann Donald , Knapton Alan , Zhang J. , Hitt Ben A. , Conrads Thomas P. , Veenstra Timothy D. , Liotta Lance A. , Sistare Frank D.
Published: December 2004

Proteomics is more than just generating lists of proteins that increase or decrease in expression as a cause or consequence of pathology. The goal should be to characterize the information flow through the intercellular protein circuitry which communicates with the extracellular microenvironment and then ultimately to the serum/plasma macroenvironment. The nature of this information can be a cause, or a consequence, of disease and toxicity based processes as cascades of reinforcing information percolate through the system and become reflected in changing proteomic information content of the circulation. Serum Proteomic Pattern Diagnostics is a new type of proteomic platform in which patterns of proteomic signatures from high dimensional mass spectrometry data are used as a diagnostic classifier. While this approach has shown tremendous promise in early detection of cancers, detection of drug-induced toxicity may also be possible with this same technology. Analysis of serum from rat models of anthracycline and anthracenedione induced cardiotoxicity indicate the potential clinical utility of diagnostic proteomic patterns where low molecular weight peptides and protein fragments may have higher accuracy than traditional biomarkers of cardiotoxicity such as troponins. These fragments may one day be harvested by circulating nanoparticles designed to absorb, enrich and amplify the diagnostic biomarker repertoire generated even at the critical initial stages of toxicity.
Molecular Profiling of Cancer
Authors: Gillespie John W. , Gannot Gallya , Tangrea Michael A. , Ahram Mamoun , Best Carolyn J.M. , Bichsel Verena E. , Petricoin Emmanuel F. , Emmert-Buck Michael R. , Chuaqui Rodrigo F.
Published: December 2004

The objective of molecular profiling of cancer is to determine the differential expression of genes and proteins from human tissue in the progression from normal precursor tissue to preneoplastic tissue to cancer in order to discover diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic markers. With the development of high-throughput analytical techniques such as microarrays and 2-D PAGE as well as the development of tools for cell procurement from histological sections such as laser capture microdissection (LCM), it is now possible to perform molecular analyses on specific cell populations from tissue. Since recognition of specific cell populations is critical, there is a need to optimize fixation and embedding not only to improve preservation of biomolecules, but also to maintain excellent histology. We have shown that 70% ethanol fixation of prostate tissue improves the recovery of DNA, RNA, and proteins over routine formalin fixation and maintains histological quality comparable to formalin. There is also a need to develop new technologies in order to expand the range of tissue types that can be analyzed. The development and applications of Layered Expression Scanning (LES) for the molecular analysis of whole tissue sections are discussed.
Understanding Autoimmune Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis Using Gene Expression Microarrays: Treatment Effect and Cytokine‐related Pathways
Authors: Achiron A. , Gurevich M. , Magalashvili D. , Kishner I. , Dolev M. , Mandel M.
Published: December 2004

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disease in which activated autoreactive T‐cells invade the blood brain barrier and initiate an inflammatory response that leads to myelin destruction and axonal loss. The etiology of MS, as well as the mechanisms associated with its unexpected onset, the unpredictable clinical course spanning decades, and the different rates of progression leading to disability over time, remains an enigma. We have applied gene expression microarrays technology in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to better understand MS pathogenesis and better target treatment approaches. A signature of 535 genes were found to distinguish immunomodulatory treatment effects between 13 treated and 13 untreated MS patients. In addition, the expression pattern of 1109 gene transcripts that were previously reported to significantly differentiate between MS patients and healthy subjects were further analyzed to study the effect of cytokine‐related pathways on disease pathogenesis. When relative gene expression for 26 MS patients was compared to 18 healthy controls, 30 genes related to various cytokine‐associated pathways were identified. These genes belong to a variety of families such as interleukins, small inducible cytokine subfamily and tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor. Further analysis disclosed seven cytokine‐associated genes within the immunomodulatory treatment signature, and two cytokine‐associated genes SCYA4 (small inducible cytokine A4) and FCAR (Fc fragment of IgA, CD89) that were common to both the MS gene expression signature and the immunomodulatory treatment gene expression signature. Our results indicate that cytokine‐associated genes are involved in various pathogenic pathways in MS and also related to immunomodulatory treatment effects.
Plasmin Promotes Keratinocyte Migration and Phagocytic‐killing Accompanied by Suppression of Cell Proliferation which may Facilitate Re‐epithelialization of Wound Beds
Authors: Szabo Imre , Simon Miklos , Hunyadi Janos
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Keratinocytes were shown to induce the activation of plasminogen activator resulting in
the formation of plasmin and the initiation of proteolysis in vitro. Activation of surface
bound plasminogen may localize protease activity in the pericellular microenvironment
and play a role in inducing both a conformational change and cell locomotion. Plasmin,
however, can induce non‐proteolytic effects on certain cell functions in a variety of cell
lineages. In the present study we examined the effects of plasmin on keratinocytes with
a focus on its role in the process of re‐epithelialization, which included studies of cell
migration, phagocytic‐killing and cell proliferation. Migration of freshly isolated human
epidermal keratinocytes was analyzed utilizing the agarose gel assay in the presence of
10% human serum. Plasmin at the concentration of 25 U/l induced a 160% increase in
the chemotactic migration of keratinocytes that was completely blocked by the plasmin
inhibitor α2‐antiplasmin (Serpin). In the absence of serum, plasmin also induced a reversible
chemotactic migration of HaCaT keratinocytes as determined utilizing the microchemotaxis
assay. Dose‐response analysis showed a bi‐phasic effect of plasmin with a maximum
increase of 52% in keratinocyte chemotaxis at a concentration of 25 U/l. HaCaT cells on
the other hand, showed no detectable in vitro chemokinesis by
plasmin. Phagocytic‐killing
of Candida albicans by freshly isolated epidermal keratinocytes was enhanced in the
presence of 25 U/l plasmin which was also reversible by the addition of Serpin.
Spontaneous proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes as determined by 3H‐Thymidine uptake
on the other hand, was reduced by 47 and 13% in cultures with 25 U/l plasmin for 24 and
48 h respectively, in a Serpin reversible manner. These data suggest that plasmin‐induced
chemotactic migration of epidermal keratinocytes is accompanied by enhanced
phagocytic‐killing coupled with suppression of proliferation of these cells which may
facilitate re‐epithelialization following skin injury.
A Review of the Physiological and Immunological Functions of Biliary Epithelial Cells: Targets for Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Drug‐induced Ductopenias
Authors: Wu Chih-Te , Davis Paul A. , Luketic VelImir A. , Gershwin M. Eric
Published: December 2004

Our understanding of biliary epithelial cells (BEC) in physiobiology and
immunology has steadily expanded. BEC transports IgA as well as IgM into bile,
synthesizes and secretes various chemokines, cytokines, and expresses adhesion
molecules involved in cell interaction and signal transduction. These then suggest
a myriad of potential roles for BEC in defense from invading microorganisms as well
as the pathogenesis of diverse immunologically driven diseases such as primary
biliary cirrhosis (PBC), graft‐versus‐host disease, and primary sclerosing cholangitis
(PSC). Despite the progress, there still remain many areas of BEC biology that
require further investigation. Most importantly, it remains to be clarified that the
extent to which the immunologic activities observed in BEC represent a BEC
response to tissue injury or whether BEC themselves are the active participants
in the pathogenesis of various cholestatic immunological diseases, including PBC
and PSC.
Susceptibility Genes in Thyroid Autoimmunity
Authors: Ban Yoshiyuki , Tomer Yaron
Published: December 2004

The autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are complex diseases which are
caused by an interaction between susceptibility genes and environmental
triggers. Genetic susceptibility in combination with external factors (e.g. dietary
iodine) is believed to initiate the autoimmune response to thyroid antigens.
Abundant epidemiological data, including family and twin studies, point to
a strong genetic influence on the development of AITD. Various techniques have
been employed to identify the genes contributing to the etiology of AITD, including
candidate gene analysis and whole genome screening. These studies have
enabled the identification of several loci (genetic regions) that are linked with
AITD, and in some of these loci, putative AITD susceptibility genes have been
identified. Some of these genes/loci are unique to Graves′ disease (GD) and
Hashimoto′s thyroiditis (HT) and some are common to both the diseases, indicating
that there is a shared genetic susceptibility to GD and HT. The putative GD and HT
susceptibility genes include both immune modifying genes (e.g. HLA, CTLA‐4) and
thyroid specific genes (e.g. TSHR, Tg). Most likely,
these loci interact and their interactions may influence disease phenotype and severity.
Characterization of a Murine Anti‐laminin‐1 Monoclonal Antibody (AK8) Produced by Immunization with Mouse‐derived Laminin‐1
Authors: Kondo Akane , Inagaki Junko , Kobayashi Kazuko , Tsukamoto Hideo , Yamamoto Daisuke , Nakatsuka Mikiya , Suzuki Nobuharu , Nomizu Motoyoshi , Amano Satoshi , Matsubayashi Hidehiko , Yasuda Tatsuji , Lopez Luis R. , Shoenfeld Yehuda , Makino Tsunehisa , Matsuura Eiji
Published: December 2004

Laminin‐1 is a structural glycoprotein that forms an integral part of
the scaffolding of basement membranes, and plays an important role during
embryonic development. We have recently demonstrated a significant association
between anti‐laminin‐1 antibodies (Abs) and reproductive failure, such as recurrent
spontaneous abortions and infertility‐associated endometriosis in both human and
mouse studies. In the present study, we established an IgM (μ,κ) monoclonal
anti‐laminin‐1 Ab (AK8) by immunizing mice with mouse Engelbreth‐Holm‐Swarm
sarcoma (EHS)‐derived laminin‐α1. The AK8 monoclonal antibody (mAb) reacted with
particular peptide sequences from the globular G domain of mouse laminin‐α1 chain
of using ELISA and Western blot techniques. The peptide tertiary structure of
the epitope recognized by AK8 mAb was predicted using eight synthesized domain
peptide sequences and three consensus sequences obtained by phage displayed
random peptide library. Basement membranes of endometrium of pregnant mice
and humans were immunostained with AK8 mAb. Thus, AK8 mAb recognized
a common structure present in the G domain of the laminin‐1 chain in both
mice and humans. The passive immunization of mice with AK8 mAb may represent
a suitable animal model for anti‐laminin‐1 Ab‐mediated reproductive failure.
Age‐related Changes in p56lck Protein Levels and Phenotypic Distribution of T Lymphocytes in Young Rats
Authors: Hosea Heather J. , Rector Edward S. , Taylor Carla G.
Published: December 2004

p56lck is involved in the maturation of T‐cells from double negative
(DN) into double positive (DP) T‐cells. The objective of this experiment was to
determine changes in the levels of thymic and splenic T‐cell
p56lck using Western
immunoblotting, along with the proportion and number of T‐cell subsets in thymus,
spleen and blood using flow cytometry in growing Sprague‐Dawley rats. Thymic
p56lck levels were negatively correlated with age
(r=‐0.42,
p=0.04) and positively
correlated with age in the spleen (r=0.50, p=0.01).
Nine‐week‐old rats had
a higher percentage of thymic DN and CD8 cells with fewer DP cells compared
to younger rats. There were minor differences in the proportions of T‐cell subsets
in the spleen and blood. T‐cell numbers remained proportional to body weight in
the lymphoid organs; however, the lower absolute number of
T‐cells in the younger rats might indicate that they are less able to respond to antigens.
What Ever Happened to Economic Liberalism?
Authors: Pilbeam Bruce
Published: December 2004

This article challenges conventional portrayals of the status of economic liberalism within the contemporary British and American intellectual Right. Specifically, it seeks to correct two misconceptions. First, that within the intellectual Right economic liberalism is the dominant ideological component; and second, that it is a wholly confident and triumphalist ideology, with economic liberals unambiguously committed to an assertive individualist creed. In fact, many are far more pessimistic, defensive and insecure than is frequently acknowledged.
Forward and Backward Recall
Authors: Thomas John G. , Milner Haley R. , Haberlandt Karl F.
Published: December 2004

How do people retrieve information in forward and backward recall? To address this issue, we examined response times in directional recall as a function of serial position and list length. Participants memorized lists of four to six words and entered responses at the keyboard. Recall direction was postcued. Response times exhibited asymmetry in terms of direction. In forward recall, response times peaked at the first position, leveling off for subsequent positions. Response times were slower in backward recall than in forward recall and exhibited an inverse U-shaped function with an initial slowdown followed by a continuous speedup. These asymmetries have implications for theoretical models of retrieval in serial recall, including temporal-code, rule-based, and network models. The response time pattern suggests that forward recall proceeds in equal steps across positions, whereas backward recall involves repeated covet cycles of forward recall. Thus, retrieval in both directions involves a forward search.