bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Das Symbolum Quicumque als Kompilation augustinischer Tradition
Authors: Drecoll Volker Henning
Published: August 2007

The article aims to analyse the origin of the so-called Athanasianum or Symbolum Quicumque. The text, whose extraordinary reception from the 8th century onwards is clear from the various manuscripts and commentaries of this time, has to be dated before the first reference to it in 670 (or perhaps even before 630). For establishing the terminus post quem, a detailed analysis of the verbal parallels in Augustine and the various authors of the 5th and 6th century has been done again. This leads to the conclusion that the text is for the most part a compilation of verbal quotes of Augustine and Augustinian theologians. Especially those authors who tried to ‘compress’ the trinitarian and christological theology of Augustine as Vincentius, Fulgentius and even Caesarius, are used, nearly no expression of the text cannot be found in these Augustinian traditions. As Caesarius (even Sermo 10) does not seem to be the first witness of the Symbolum Quicumque, but one of its sources, even the famous prologue of the manuscript of Zwiefalten is not originally by Caesarius, but uses the Caesarian-Augustinian tradition stating that the prologue is written by Augustine himself. The manuscript shows clearly the purpose of the compilation, i.e. the aim to establish an Augustinian “standard level” for the clergy. So the text is not only a reception of Augustine, but in the same instance an important multiplication of this Augustinian tradition. This is a very useful example for describing the focus of a modern “Dogmengeschichte” – searching for the concepts and theological thoughts that were not only conditioned by, but even shaping the cultural frame-work and the Christian identity (or identities) of their time.
Effects of Specimen Size and Some Other Factors on the Strength and Deformation of Granular Soil in Direct Shear Tests
Authors: Wu Po-Kai , Matsushima Kenichi , Tatsuoka Fumio
Published: August 2007

Four direct shear (DS) apparatuses having different sizes with the specimen lengths ranging from 40 to 800 mm were constructed in the study. The vertical and shear stresses acting on the shear zone were measured as accurately as possible confirming its importance. Noticeable effects of specimen shape were observed. The effects of specimen size were evaluated by performing constant pressure DS tests on a fine poorly graded sand (Toyoura sand) in the small, semimedium, medium and large DS apparatuses and a well-graded sandy gravel in the medium DS apparatus. The residual shear strength of Toyoura sand was independent of the specimen size and initial density. Due likely to specimen size effects on both progressive failure and boundary mechanical restraint, the peak strength decreased with an increase in the specimen size. As the specimen size increased with dense Toyoura sand and as the particle size increased in the medium DS tests, the shear displacement at the peak stress and the ultimate volume increase at the residual state consistently increased while the postpeak strain softening became slower. These specimen size effects can be attributed to the thickness of shear zone and the number of shear bands included in the shear zone.
Effectively Estimating In situ Porosity of Pervious Concrete from Cores
Authors: Haselbach Liv M. , Freeman Robert M.
Published: August 2007

Pervious concrete is an alternative pavement material which may help reduce nonpoint source pollution problems. The porosity of pervious concrete is an important parameter used for both pavement and environmental design and is dependent on field placement techniques. It is recommended that porosity be tested on field-placed specimens. It has been noted that some of the concrete is knocked out while coring from field-placed samples which may affect the porosity. This paper researches a methodology for estimating the in situ porosity of pervious concrete from the porosities of cores taken from the field based on aggregate size, core size and porosity.
Assessment of serum interleukin-6 with a rapid test. The diagnosis of neonatal sepsis can be established or ruled out
Authors: Görbe Éva , Jeager Judit , Nagy Bálint , Harmath Ágnes , Hauzman Erik , Hruby Ervin , Kőhalmi Barbara , Perlaki Mónika , Sassi Lilla , Rab Attila
Published: August 2007

Bevezetés:A neonatális szepszis mortalitása magas, és koraszülöttek esetén a szepszis rizikója emelkedik a születési súly csökkenésével.Anyag és módszer:A szerzők gyorsteszt segítségével 12 érett újszülött és 60 igen kis súlyú (VLBW) koraszülött interleukin-6-vérszintjét határozták meg a C-reaktív protein vizsgálatával egyidejűleg, akiket a Semmelweis Egyetem I. Számú Szülészeti és Nőgyógyászati Klinikájának Neonatális Intenzív Centrumában kezeltek 2005-ben és 2006-ban. A szérum-IL-6 meghatározása gyorsteszt segítségével történt (Milenia Quickline IL-6, PicoScan system).Eredmények:Vizsgálataikban a szérum-interleukin-6- és CRP-meghatározás korrelált. A szérum-IL-6-meghatározás szenzitivitása a CRP-értékkel együtt az általuk vizsgált betegcsoportban 100% volt, álnegatív eset nem fordult elő. A vizsgálat pozitív prediktív értéke 93%. Adataikat Mann–Whitney-teszt segítségével analizálták (SPSS Statistical Software Package, Chicago, IL, USA). Szignifikáns különbség volt az igazolt szepszis és az infekciós betegcsoport IL-6-értékei között (p= 0,048), valamint az infekciós és nem infekciós csoport interleukin-6-értékei között (p< 0,005).Következtetések:Az igen kis súlyúak nem specifikus infekciós tünetekhez hasonló reakcióit értékelve, a szeptikus és nem infekciós esetek elkülönítése a neonatális morbiditás és mortalitás csökkentése érdekében is fontos szempont, a költségek csökkentésével egyidejűleg.
Web-based manuscript submission system
Authors: Pók Andrea
Published: August 2007

Az Akadémiai Kiadó régi törekvése vált valóra az online kézirat-benyújtási program beindulásával. A szerkesztőségi munkát olyan modern, online rendszerrel szeretnénk segíteni, amely a szerkesztőség munkáját különösen a lektoráltatási
(peer-rewiev)
szakaszban támogatja. A piaci kínálatból azt a szolgáltatót igyekeztünk kiválasztani, amelyik a legkönnyebben használható megoldást ajánlja, s a legtöbb segítséget nyújtja a felhasználóknak a rendszer használata közben. Ezen rövid írás célja a rendszer bemutatása, a lehetőségek felvillantása.
Acceleration of Sensory Neural Regeneration and Wound Healing with Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Immunodeficient Rats
Authors: Imaizumi Toshifumi , Akita Sadanori , Akino Kozo , Hirano Akiyoshi
Published: August 2007

The sensory nerve is highly involved in lower extremity wound healing. In diabetic and vascular diseases, impaired nerve function and blood flow delay wound healing. Tissue regeneration using adult stem cells is a targeted therapeutic modality in disorders of nerve and blood supply. Effective delivery using an autologous vascularized fascial flap as a vehicle of stem cells leads to severed sensory nerve recovery, local tissue blood flow, and wound healing. Human MSCs (hMSCs) were transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP) cDNA and tested for efficiency and proliferation in vitro. The nude rat model with femoral vessel and saphenous nerve severance and ligation was wrapped with a vascularized epigastric flap for GFP-hMSC, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), or a combination of both after 2 weeks. Maximum nerve conduction velocity recovered to 70% of the presurgical level in the GFP-hMSC- and FGF-2-treated group at 2 weeks. Blood flow and nerve conduction velocity were positively correlated at 1 week. Wound healing in the ipsilateral paw had significantly improved by 1 week. Histologically, blood vessels and nerves are very organized, and regenerated neuron immunoreactivity of GAP-43 and a nerve regrowth marker of S-100 were remarkable in the human GFP (hGFP)-hMSC and FGF-2-treated group at 2 weeks; therefore, sensory nerve regeneration, blood flow, and wound healing were improved by the administration of stem cells and FGF-2 via a vascularized flap. This may be implicated in clinical denervated and reduced circulation tissue wound healing.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The Pennsylvanian (Moscovian) Izvarino Section, Donets Basin, Ukraine: A Multidisciplinary Study on Microfacies, Biostratigraphy (Conodonts, Foraminifers, and Ostracodes), and Paleoecology
Authors: Fohrer Beate , Nemyrovska Tamara I. , Samankassou Elias , Ueno Katsumi
Published: August 2007

The mid-Moscovian Izvarino section, Donets Basin, eastern Ukraine, exhibits a complete sedimentological record of siliciclastics (sandstones, siltstones, and calcareous shales) with limestone intercalations and, rarely, coal seams. A multidisciplinary study including microfacies analysis, systematic paleontology (conodonts, fusulinoideans, and ostracodes), biostratigraphy, and paleoecology was focused on the limestones, from limestone L4through limestone M1, and the adjacent marine shales. Based on sedimentology and fossil associations, the cyclic sediments of the Izvarino section were interpreted as entirely marine deposits of open- and shallow-marine, nearshore and offshore environments with variable terrigenous input.

The well-preserved ostracode faunas are dominated by representatives of the families Amphissitidae, Hollinellidae, Healdiidae, Cavellinidae, and Paraparchitidae. The total fauna is 18 species, of which four are new:Hollinella (Hollinella) granulobaFohrer, n. sp.,Hollinella(Praehollinella)kamenkaFohrer, n. sp.,Jordanites krasnodonensisFohrer, n. sp., andAsturiella donbassicaFohrer, n. sp. The conodont fauna includes 21 species belonging to nine genera and includes one new species:Idiognathodus izvaricusNemyrovska, n. sp. The conodont faunas are dominated by idiognathodontids. Representatives ofDiplognathodusandNeognathodusplay a subordinate role. A total of 56 fusulinoidean species referable to 20 genera has been identified; one is new:Eostaffella brazhnikovaeUeno, n. sp.

Conodont and fusulinoidean biostratigraphy led to surprising differences in the age assignment of the Izvarino section and its correlation with the nearby Moscow Basin, Russia. The interval studied is lower Kashirian (Tsninskaya) to middle Kashirian (Narskaya), according to conodonts. It extends to the base of the Podolskian, however, according to fusulinoideans. This discrepancy is possibly related to problems in correlation of the type sections in the Moscow Basin. It calls for reexamination of the mid-Moscovian boundary interval and shows the limits of interbasinal correlations based on a single fossil group.
A new species of Stephanostomum Looss, 1899 (Digenea, Acanthocolpidae) with a bizarre oral sucker: S. adlardi sp. nov. from the common coral trout Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepède, 1802) (Perciformes, Serranidae) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Bray Rodney , Cribb Thomas , Waeschenbach Andrea , Littlewood D.
Published: August 2007

A new species of Acanthocolpidae, Stephanostomum adlardi is described from the serranid Plectropomus leopardus from Lizard Island in the northern Great Barrier Reef. It differs from all previously described acanthocolpids in the structure of the oral sucker which is extended into dorsal and ventral lobes each bearing a row of spines. A phylogenetic tree estimated from combined nuclear small and partial large ribosomal RNA gene sequences shows that, despite the unusual oral sucker structure, the species is a true member of the genus Stephanostomum. The molecular results also suggest that Monostephanostomum nolani is derived from within Stephanostomum.
A new species of Ascarophis (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae) from the stomach of the marine scorpaeniform fish Hoplichthys citrinus from a seamount off the Chesterfield Islands, New Caledonia
Authors: Moravec František , Justine Jean-Lou
Published: August 2007

A new species of parasitic nematode, Ascarophis (Similascarophis) richeri sp. nov. (Cystidicolidae), is described from the stomach of the marine scorpaeniform fish Hoplichthys citrinus Gilbert (Hoplichthyidae) (prevalence 19%, intensity 1–8 nematodes per fish) collected in the region of the Chesterfield Islands (Coral Sea, west of New Caledonia) in October 2005. The new species, studied using both light and scanning electron microscopy, is characterized mainly by the structure of the mouth (highly reduced pseudolabia, high pseudolabial terminal projections, no submedian labia, well-developed, bilobed sublabia), bifurcate deirids, the length of the spicules (663–729 μm and 105–108 μm) and the presence of filaments on both egg poles (2–5 on each). Similascarophis Muñoz, González et George-Nascimento, 2004 is considered a subgenus of Ascarophis van Beneden, 1871 to accommodate the species characterized by highly reduced pseudolabia. Presence of the new species in fish from Seamount Nova (Lord Howe Rise) but not from the Chesterfield plateau suggests that it is endemic to this seamount, a case already encountered for many benthic invertebrates.
Redescription of Pseudogilquinia pillersi (Southwell, 1929) (Cestoda, Trypanorhyncha) from serranid and lethrinid fishes from New Caledonia and Australia
Authors: Beveridge Ian , Chauvet Claude , Justine Jean-Lou
Published: August 2007

Pseudogilquinia pillersi (Southwell, 1929), a poorly known species of trypanorhynch, is redescribed from plerocerci collected from Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1922), Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch et Schneider, 1801) (Serranidae) and Plectropomus laevis (Lacépède, 1801) (Serranidae) off New Caledonia. These were compared with specimens from Lethrinus atkinsoni Seale, 1910 and Lethrinus miniatus (Forster, 1801) (Lethrinidae) off the north-east coast of Australia as well as syntypes from Protonibea diacantha (Lacépède, 1802) from Sri Lanka. Although size differences were found in parts of the scolex as well as in the sizes of the tentacular hooks, the hook arrangements were identical in all specimens. The differences observed were attributed provisionally to intra-specific variation across a wide geographic and host range.
Detection of molecular markers for chloroquine and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine resistance in imported cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Poland
Authors: Myjak Przemysław , Nahorski Wacław , Szostakowska Beata , Żarnowska-Prymek Hanna , Pietkiewicz Halina
Published: August 2007

The identified mutations in the pfcrt, dhfr and dhps genes of Plasmodium falciparum show a very high correlation with resistance to chloroquine, pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, the drugs that are still used as malaria chemoprophylaxis or treatment. We undertook a molecular screening of 82 Polish P. falciparum isolates, mainly imported from different countries of sub-Saharan Africa to assess their molecular drug-resistance profiles. Only 4 isolates showed no mutations in the three analyzed gene fragments. In the remaining isolates from one to six mutations in one or more examined genes were found. Different mutations in the pfcrt, dhfr and dhps genes were found in ca. 76%, 80% and 70% of P. falciparum isolates, respectively. About forty our patients used chloroquine or pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine as malaria chemoprophylaxis and/or antimalarial treatment, but without success. In all but 5 of the P. falciparum isolates obtained from these persons, mutations associated to resistance of the parasite to chloroquine and the antifolate drugs were found.
Identification of Gyrodactylus ectoparasites in Polish salmonid farms by PCR-RFLP of the nuclear ITS segment of ribosomal DNA (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae)
Authors: Rokicka Magdalena , Lumme Jaakko , Ziętara Marek
Published: August 2007

The Gyrodactylus fauna of 274 fish taken from ten salmonid farms in Poland was sampled in 2006. Four fish species were investigated: rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout Salmo trutta (morphs fario, lacustris, and trutta), grayling Thymallus thymallus and huchen Hucho hucho. No parasites were observed on huchen. No indications of gyrodactylosis were observed, but an unexpected parasite species diversity was found. A molecular species identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2 was utilized, with addition of morphometric methods. The most frequent parasite was a new record in Poland, G. teuchis. It was present in two molecular forms on brown trout and rainbow trout, which also carried G. derjavinoides and G. truttae. Three molecular forms of G. salaris/G. thymalli were found, the standard type ITS only on grayling. A heterozygous (or heterogenic) G. salaris type described earlier in Denmark was found in seven farms on rainbow trout, and a complementary homozygous clone which differs from the standard by three nucleotides, in two farms. This homozygous form has not been recorded earlier. The PCR-RFLP results were confirmed by sequencing ITS segment from representative specimens of each type and comparing them with all available salmonid-specific Gyrodactylus sequences in GenBank. The Polish fauna with seven different Gyrodactylus clones separated by PCR-RFLP was the most diverse reported in fish farms in any country so far.
Redescription of Brasilochondria riograndensis (Copepoda, Chondracanthidae) parasitic on flounder, Paralichthys orbignyanus (Actinopterygii, Pleuronectiformes) from South American Atlantic waters
Authors: Braicovich Paola , Alarcos Ana
Published: August 2007

Brasilochondria riograndensis Thatcher et Pereira, 2004 (Copepoda, Chondracanthidae) is redescribed based on newly collected material from the branchial cavity of flounder, Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1842), from the coasts of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. A number of details were overlooked and some appendages were misidentified in original description and are included herein. These are: the distribution and the number of setae and spines in the antennule, the armature and segmentation of mandible, maxillule, maxilla, and maxilliped, pedigerous segments and genitoabdomen, in both, females and males. Moreover, the geographical distribution of this parasite species is broadened.
First record of Australapatemon burti and Paramonostomum pseudalveatum (Digenea) from Anas georgica (Aves, Anseriformes) in Chile
Authors: Drago Fabiana , Lunaschi Lía , Hinojosa-Saez Ana , González-Acuña Daniel
Published: August 2007

An examination of specimens of Anas georgica Gmelin (Anatidae) from Región del Bio-Bio and Región del Maule, Chile, revealed the presence of two digenean species reported for the Holartic Region: Australapatemon burti (Miller, 1923) Dubois, 1968 (Strigeidae) and Paramonostomum pseudalveatum Price, 1931 (Notocotylidae). A. burti parasitized ducks from both regions and P. pseudalveatum parasitized only ducks from Región del Bio-Bio. The digeneans were mounted in toto, described and illustrated. The morphology and dimensions of specimens studied correspond with their original descriptions and new morphometrical data and morphological characters are given. The reports of A. burti and P. pseudalveatum in A. georgica represent a new host record and the first record of the genera Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 and Paramonostomum Lühe, 1909 from Chile.
Unemployment and aggression: the moderating role of self‐awareness on the effect of unemployment on aggression
Authors: Fischer Peter , Greitemeyer Tobias , Frey Dieter
Published: August 2007

In February 2005, the unemployment rate in Germany surpassed the 10% mark. Derived from the revised version of the frustration–aggression hypothesis [Berkowitz, 1989], the present studies investigated the association between unemployment and aggression, as well as the moderating role of the self in this context. Because previous research on unemployment and aggression has been plagued by the cause‐and‐effect issue, the present research employed both an experimental and a correlational field approach. Three studies revealed that participants who expected to be unemployed after their degree (Studies 1 and 3), or who were currently unemployed (Study 2), reported stronger aggressive inclinations than participants who expected not to be unemployed or who were not unemployed at the time of data collection. However, this aggression‐eliciting effect of expected or real unemployment only occurred for participants with low self‐awareness. Participants who could actualize their self prior to reporting on aggression were not differently affected by different expectations or states of unemployment. Aggr. Behav. 34:34–45, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Patterning of Prussian Blue Nanostructures on Silicon Wafer via Galvanic Displacement Reaction
Authors: Song Y. Y. , Jia W.‐Z. , Li Y. , Xia X.‐H. , Wang Q.‐J. , Zhao J.‐W. , Yan Y.‐D.
Published: August 2007

Nanoscale materials directly interfacing semiconductors is a new area of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Tremendous attention has been paid to inorganic nano size crystals in recent years because of their significant properties. Prussian blue (PB) and its analogues could play important roles in the field of molecule‐based magnets, electrochromic materials, ion selectivity electrodes and biosensors. In this study, we report on fabricating Prussian blue patterns on silicon surface by combining the photolithographic techniques and galvanic displacement reaction, and the resulting patterns were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) on the basis of detection of catalytic current for the oxidation of H2O2.
In Situ Growth of Mesoporous SnO2 on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: A Novel Composite with Porous‐Tube Structure as Anode for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Wen Z. , Wang Q. , Zhang Q. , Li J.
Published: August 2007

A novel mesoporous‐nanotube hybrid composite, namely mesoporous tin dioxide (SnO2) overlaying on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), was prepared by a simple method that included in situ growth of mesoporous SnO2 on the surface of MWCNTs through hydrothermal method utilizing Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as structure‐directing agents. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis techniques were used to characterize the samples. It was observed that a thin layer tetragonal SnO2 with a disordered porous was embedded on the surface of MWCNTs, which resulted in the formation of a novel mesoporous‐nanotube hybrid composite. On the base of TEM analysis of products from controlled experiment, a possible mechanism was proposed to explain the formation of the mesoporous‐nanotube structure. The electrochemical properties of the samples as anode materials for lithium batteries were studied by cyclic voltammograms and Galvanostatic method. Results showed that the mesoporous‐tube hybrid composites displayed higher capacity and better cycle performance in comparison with the mesoporous tin dioxide. It was concluded that such a large improvement of electrochemical performance within the hybrid composites may in general be related to mesoporous‐tube structure that possess properties such as one‐dimensional hollow structure, high‐strength with flexibility, excellent electric conductivity and large surface area.
Succinonitrile as a Versatile Additive for Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Fan L.‐Z. , Hu Y.‐S. , Bhattacharyya A. J. , Maier J.
Published: August 2007

Solid polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivities are prepared by using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF‐HFP)) as polymer matrixes, succinonitrile (SN) as an additive, and lithium bis‐trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI) and lithium bisperfluoroethylsulfonylimide (LiBETI) as salts. In these systems, the introduction of succinonitrile into the polymer electrolytes increases the material's ionic conductivity and conveys excellent mechanical properties. The described composites, with their beneficial combination of mechanical and electric properties, are expected to have significant potential for lithium batteries.
One‐Pot Synthesis and Hierarchical Assembly of Hollow Cu2O Microspheres with Nanocrystals‐Composed Porous Multishell and Their Gas‐Sensing Properties
Authors: Zhang H. , Zhu Q. , Zhang Y. , Wang Y. , Zhao L. , Yu B.
Published: August 2007

Hierarchical assembly of hollow microstructures is of great scientific and practical value and remains a great challenge. This paper presents a facile and one‐pot synthesis of Cu2O microspheres with multilayered and porous shells, which were organized by nanocrystals. The time‐dependent experiments revealed a two‐step organization process, in which hollow microspheres of Cu2(OH)3NO3 were formed first due to the Ostwald ripening and then reduced by glutamic acid, the resultant Cu2O nanocrystals were deposited on the hollow intermediate microspheres and organized into finally multishell structures. The special microstructures actually recorded the evolution process of materials morphologies and microstructures in space and time scales, implying an intermediate‐templating route, which is important for understanding and fabricating complex architectures. The Cu2O microspheres obtained were used to fabricate a gas sensor, which showed much higher sensitivity than solid Cu2O microspheres.
Elasticity of Solids with a Large Concentration of Point Defects II. The Chemical Strain Effect in Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9
Authors: Kossoy A. , Feldman Y. , Wachtel E. , Lubomirsky I. , Maier J.
Published: August 2007

The chemical strain effect describes a mechanism of stress relaxation in solids that can be attributed to the conversion of elastic energy into chemical energy of point defects. Experimental confirmation of this effect is presented here for the case of thin self‐supported films of the ionic conductor Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9. If heated slowly, (< 5 °C min–1) these films remain flat within the temperature range of 25–180 °C. If heated more rapidly than ∼ 20 °C min–1, the films buckle above 53 °C, but after ∼ 3–30 min at elevated temperatures, they become flat again, demonstrating that stress‐relaxation has taken place. The degree of stress reduction observed is consistent with the value calculated for this system using Boltzmann statistics in the case of small strain. These findings confirm the concept of stress adaptability in solids that we introduced in Part I and suggest that a large class of such materials, which exhibit the chemical strain effect, is likely to be found.
The origin of trisomy 22: Evidence for acrocentric chromosome‐specific patterns of nondisjunction
Authors: Hall Heather E. , Surti Urvashi , Hoffner Lori , Shirley Sofia , Feingold Eleanor , Hassold Terry
Published: August 2007

Trisomy 22 is one of the most common trisomies in clinically recognized pregnancies, yet relatively little is known about the origin of nondisjunction for chromosome 22. Accordingly, we initiated studies to investigate the origin of the extra chromosome in 130 trisomy 22 cases. Our results indicate that the majority of trisomy 22 errors (>96%) arise during oogenesis with most of these errors (∼90%) occurring during the first meiotic division. As with other trisomies, failure to recombine contributed to nondisjunction of chromosome 22. Taken together with data available for other trisomies, our results suggest patterns of nondisjunction that are shared among the acrocentric, but not all nonacrocentric, chromosomes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Operation of a municipal solid waste co‐combustion pilot plant
Authors: Lee V. K. C. , Kwok K. C. M. , Cheung W. H. , McKay G.
Published: August 2007

The co‐combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a novel and highly integrated design combining cement manufacturing, thermal processing of MSW and energy/electricity production (termed the Co‐Co process). This novel design of the Co‐Co process was developed in 2003–2004 and a pilot plant with a capacity of 40 tonnes per day was constructed and commissioned in 2005. The pilot plant was operated for a period of 10 weeks during 2005. Various feed protocols, namely, MSW as received and after removal of recyclables, were tested. Stack emissions were monitored either continuously (gas emission) or periodically (dioxins and heavy metal emissions). Solid residues including bottom ash and fly ash were also sampled and analysed for heavy metals and dioxins periodically. It was found that the levels of dioxins in the stack emissions and fly ash were below normal MSW thermal treatment processes, and government environmental and international limits (more than 1000 times less). Other gases, such CO, NOx, SOx and HCl, were also well below government environmental licence limits as defined by a best practical means (BPM). In addition, the materials recovery and recycling facility (MRRF) was tested. It demonstrated that different fractions, including metals, plastics and glass, of the MSW could be separated and recovered. The Co‐Co process was successfully demonstrated and its emission levels were well below normal MSW thermal treatment processes. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol) films with various molecular parameters
Authors: Kim Eun Mi , Han Man Ho , Lee Young Jae , Song Du Hyun , Lee Hyun Kyu , Kwon Oh Wook , Shin Dong Soo , Han Sung Soo , Noh Seok Kyun , Shin Jae Kyun , Gal Yeong‐Soon , Lyoo Won Seok
Published: August 2007

The effects of three major molecular parameters of poly(vinyl alcohol)—the number‐average degree of polymerization, degree of saponification, and syndiotactic dyad content—on the characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol) films were investigated. Various poly(vinyl alcohol) films were prepared by a casting method. Then, the films were characterized with atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Instron instrumentation. On the basis of atomic force microscopy images and calculated average roughness values, it was determined that the surface roughness of poly(vinyl alcohol) films increased with increasing molecular parameters. The crystallinities obtained with differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analyses were also enhanced with increasing molecular parameters, especially the degree of saponification. The tensile properties were improved with higher molecular parameters. This might be ascribed to the fact that the higher the molecular parameters were, the stronger the hydrogen bonding was. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Effect of the matrix crystallinity on the percolation threshold and dielectric behavior in percolative composites
Authors: Li Yun‐Jia , Xu Man , Feng Jun‐Qiang , Cao Xiao‐Long , Yu Yan‐Fei , Dang Zhi‐Min
Published: August 2007

Through the use of polyethylenes with different crystallinities as matrices, the effects of the matrix crystallinity on the percolation threshold and dielectric behavior of percolative composites have been investigated. The results suggest that the percolation threshold is negatively related to the matrix crystallinity, whereas the enhancement of the dielectric constant is positively related to the matrix crystallinity. A two‐dimensional diagram is proposed to illustrate such relationships. In addition, it has been found that the insulator–conductor transition is much flatter in low‐crystallinity‐matrix‐based composites, and this may be favorable for preparing threshold composites with a high dielectric constant and a low loss tangent. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of novel organic/inorganic epoxy hybrids containing nitrogen/silicon via the sol–gel method
Authors: Chang Ri‐Cheng , Chiang Chin‐Lung , Chiu Yie‐Chan
Published: August 2007

Organic–inorganic hybrids were prepared with a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy and silane‐modified isocyanuric acid triglycidyl ester via the sol–gel process. The DGEBA‐type epoxy was modified by a coupling agent to improve the compatibility of the organic and inorganic phases. The sol–gel technique was used successfully to incorporate silicon and nitrogen into the network of hybrids, increasing the thermal stability. Fourier transform infrared and 29Si‐NMR were used to characterize the structures of the hybrids. The results revealed that trisubstituted siloxane bonds (T3) was the major environment forming a network structure. The morphology of the ceramer was examined with scanning electron microscopy, Si mapping, and transmission electron microscopy. The particle sizes were less than 100 nm. The hybrids were nanocomposites. The ultraviolet–visible spectra of the epoxy hybrid showed no obvious absorbance over a range of 400–800 nm. This phenomenon revealed that the hybrids were transparent. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the char yields of the hybrids increased with the contents of the inorganic components. The integral procedure decomposition temperatures of the hybrids were higher than that of the pure epoxy. The thermal stability of the hybrids increased with the contents of the inorganic components. The inorganic components could improve the thermal stability of the pure epoxy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Mechanical properties and gradient variations of polymers under ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Yao Xue Feng , Liu Dong Liang , Yeh Heisen Yang
Published: August 2007

The photodegradable properties and characteristics of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymers were studied experimentally. Some important mechanical parameters under ultraviolet radiation were measured, such as the elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, fracture strength, and stress–strain relation. Microscopic structural characteristics of photodegradable PMMA were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. Also, a functionally graded material of PMMA was fabricated with a photodegradable method and characterized. These results were found to have an important role in evaluating the photodegradable properties of PMMA materials and in developing their engineering applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
A framework for information quality assessment
Authors: Stvilia Besiki , Gasser Les , Twidale Michael B. , Smith Linda C.
Published: August 2007

One cannot manage information quality (IQ) without first being able to measure it meaningfully and establishing a causal connection between the source of IQ change, the IQ problem types, the types of activities affected, and their implications. In this article we propose a general IQ assessment framework. In contrast to context‐specific IQ assessment models, which usually focus on a few variables determined by local needs, our framework consists of comprehensive typologies of IQ problems, related activities, and a taxonomy of IQ dimensions organized in a systematic way based on sound theories and practices. The framework can be used as a knowledge resource and as a guide for developing IQ measurement models for many different settings. The framework was validated and refined by developing specific IQ measurement models for two large‐scale collections of two large classes of information objects: Simple Dublin Core records and online encyclopedia articles.
Assessing aesthetic relevance: Children's book selection in a digital library
Authors: Reuter Kara
Published: August 2007

Recreational reading among young people is reportedly on the decline in the United States. Some researchers have suggested that supporting children's strategies for book selection is crucial to encouraging children to engage with books, indicating that improving these strategies might increase the amount of reading they do. In response, this study explores how elementary‐school children select books for recreational reading using a digital library. The work extends traditional models of relevance assessment with reader‐response theory, employing the concept of “aesthetic relevance”: the potential of a document to provide a suitable reading experience. Individuals define aesthetic relevance in personal terms and apply it as they assess documents, much as they do in traditional relevance assessment. This study identified a total of 46 factors organized along seven dimensions that influence children's assessment of the aesthetic relevance of books during selection. The analysis yielded differences in the prevalence of the aesthetic‐relevance factors that children mention at various stages of book selection. In addition, the children exhibited differences by age and subtle differences by gender in the frequency of mention of various aesthetic‐relevance factors. Recommendations drawn from the findings are offered to improve systems design and literacy education in order to enhance children's access to books and to promote recreational reading.
Options for a rational dialogue on the acceptance of biotechnology
Authors: von Grebmer Klaus , Omamo Steven Were
Published: August 2007

This paper explores how framing discussions about biotechnology in different ways influences how scientists, policy makers, and members of the public communicate with each other, to either inhibit or promote acceptance. It argues for the use of new techniques to create a rational dialogue with the public, based on scientific knowledge, that allows them to fully participate as informed stakeholders in debates about new technologies. Several different outlooks on the role of science in society are presented. Effectively communicating these different positions to the public requires innovative approaches. Drawing on advances in scientific communication practices, we briefly describe four principles that consider not only the scientific content, but also its delivery. New views need to be delivered with confidence, to be sensible within existing frameworks of understanding and not overwhelming, to reveal both potentially positive and negative aspects, and to promote interactive discussion with stakeholders. The authors conclude using the regional initiative in Southern Africa the African Policy Dialogues on Biotechnology as an illustration of this approach, where discussions started by first seeking agreement about establishing a process for dialogue, rather than initially trying to achieve consensus on any substantive points.
Experiences from the implementation of a biosafety system in Slovenia
Authors: Milavec Mojca , Racman Darja Stanič
Published: August 2007

The development and implementation of an effective national biosafety system is important for several key reasons: to ensure safe access to products of modern biotechnology, to build public confidence, to encourage the growth of domestic modern biotechnology, and to comply with international standards and agreements. There is no single best approach in the development and implementation of a national biosafety system and each country is faced with unique challenges. Slovenia is a small country and a new EU Member State. However, it has developed and implemented an efficient national biosafety system. The key elements of this system are administrative procedure, risk assessment, enforcement, and public participation and information.
Attitudes, values, and socio‐demographic characteristics that predict acceptance of genetic engineering and applications of new technology in Australia
Authors: Mohr Philip , Harrison Adam , Wilson Carlene , Baghurst Katrine I. , Syrette Julie
Published: August 2007

Studies of community reactions to biotechnology and genetic engineering (GE), in particular, have identified a number of correlates of acceptance, including the field of application of a technology and various characteristics of the perceiver. Factor analysis of acceptability ratings (N=686) of 12 applications of new technologies revealed three factors, denoting medical, societal, and indulgent applications. Acceptability ratings of each application and of GE in principle were regressed onto 18 demographic, attitudinal, trust, and value variables previously identified as potential correlates of acceptance. Predictive profiles for acceptance of medical and societal applications were largely similar. General receptiveness toward science and technology was the primary predictor of GE acceptance and a major predictor of acceptance for each application area. Environmental concern and self‐transcendent (e.g., pro‐nature) values did not predict acceptance in any instance. Findings clarify considerations associated with acceptance of biotechnological innovations and support arguments against knowledge‐ and trust‐deficit explanations of resistance to technology.
Bringing scientists to the people – the Co‐Extra website
Authors: Breyer Didier , Daubresse Pierre , Sneyers Myriam
Published: August 2007

Disseminating and facilitating access to science‐based information is a necessity to enable the public to make informed decisions about appropriate uses of biotechnology products. It is also one of the major objectives of Co‐Extra, a European‐funded project addressing co‐existence of genetically modified organisms and non‐genetically modified organisms in Europe and their traceability. To this end, a dynamic and interactive website has been developed as the core element of the Co‐Extra external communication strategy. This website has been designed to make it attractive and accessible to a large audience in a very simple and practical manner, building on practical experiences gained in the development of other websites related to biotechnology and genetically modified organisms. The website delivers popularized information for the general public as well as scientific data meant primarily for the more expert readers. It also provides for various permanent tools allowing multidirectional interaction with its visitors. Content is displayed using a web‐based platform, based on a sophisticated Content Management System. First results indicate a high level of interest from the general public and from experts, showing that the content of this website can contribute by communicating science‐based information to improve awareness and understanding of biotechnology.
The difficulty of structuring and focusing the co‐existence debate in Europe
Authors: Custers René
Published: August 2007

The co‐existence debate in Europe is wide and difficult. In this paper some recommendations are given on how to make progress in the debate. Not with the goal of pushing GMOs, but with the goal of achieving genuine freedom of choice.
Ethanolic fermentation of hydrolysates from ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) treated corn stover and distillers grain without detoxification and external nutrient supplementation
Authors: Lau Ming W. , Dale Bruce E. , Balan Venkatesh
Published: August 2007

External nutrient supplementation and detoxification of hydrolysate significantly increase the production cost of cellulosic ethanol. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of fermenting cellulosic hydrolysates without washing, detoxification or external nutrient supplementation using ethanologens Escherichia coli KO11 and the adapted strain ML01 at low initial cell density (16 mg dry weight/L). The cellulosic hydrolysates were derived from enzymatically digested ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX)‐treated corn stover and dry distiller's grain and solubles (DDGS) at high solids loading (18% by weight). The adaptation was achieved through selective evolution of KO11 on hydrolysate from AFEX‐treated corn stover. All cellulosic hydrolysates tested (36–52 g/L glucose) were fermentable. Regardless of strains, metabolic ethanol yields were near the theoretical limit (0.51 g ethanol/g consumed sugar). Volumetric ethanol productivity of 1.2 g/h/L was achieved in fermentation on DDGS hydrolysate and DDGS improved the fermentability of hydrolysate from corn stover. However, enzymatic hydrolysis and xylose utilization during fermentation were the bottlenecks for ethanol production from corn stover at these experimental conditions. In conclusion, fermentation under the baseline conditions was feasible. Utilization of nutrient‐rich feedstocks such as DDGS in fermentation can replace expensive media supplementation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 529–539. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CFD simulation of non‐Newtonian fluid flow in anaerobic digesters
Authors: Wu Binxin , Chen Shulin
Published: August 2007

A general mathematical model that predicts the flow fields in a mixed‐flow anaerobic digester was developed. In this model, the liquid manure was assumed to be a non‐Newtonian fluid, and the flow governed by the continuity, momentum, and k‐ε standard turbulence equations, and non‐Newtonian power law model. The commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, Fluent, was applied to simulate the flow fields of lab‐scale, scale‐up, and pilot‐scale anaerobic digesters. The simulation results were validated against the experimental data from literature. The flow patterns were qualitatively compared for Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids flow in a lab‐scale digester. Numerical simulations were performed to predict the flow fields in scale‐up and pilot‐scale anaerobic digesters with different water pump power inputs and different total solid concentration (TS) in the liquid manure. The optimal power inputs were determined for the pilot‐scale anaerobic digester. Some measures for reducing dead and low velocity zones were proposed based upon the CFD simulation results. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 700–711. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Redox control bioreactor: A unique biological water processor
Authors: Smith Daniel P. , Rector Tony , Reid‐Black Kristina , Hummerick Mary , Strayer Richard , Birmele Michele , Roberts Michael S. , Garland Jay L.
Published: August 2007

The redox control bioreactor (RCB) is a new hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (HFMBR) design in which oxygen and hydrogen gases are provided simultaneously through separate arrays of juxtaposed hollow fiber (HF) membranes. This study applied the RCB for completely autotrophic conversion of ammonia to N2 through nitrification with O2 and denitrification using hydrogen as an electron donor (i.e., autohydrogentrophic denitrification). The hypothesis of this research was that efficient biofilm utilization of O2 and H2 at respective HFs would limit transport of these gases to bulk fluid, thereby enabling completely autotrophic ammonia conversion to N2 through the co‐occurrence of ammonia oxidation (O2–HF biofilms) and autohydrogenotrophic denitrification (H2–HF biofilms). A prototype RCB was fabricated and operated for 215 days on a synthetic, organic‐free feedstream containing 217 mg L−1 NH–N. When O2 and H2 were simultaneously supplied, the RCB achieved a steady NH–N removal flux of 5.8 g m−2 day−1 normalized to O2–HF surface area with a concomitant removal flux of 4.4 g m−2 day−1 (NO+NO)–N based on H2–HF surface area. The significance of H2 supply was confirmed by an increase in effluent NO–N when H2 supply was discontinued and a decline in NO–N when H2 supply was restarted. Increases in H2 pressure caused decreased ammonia utilization, suggesting that excess H2 interfered with nitrification. Microprobe profiling across radial transects revealed significant gradients in dissolved O2 on spatial scales of 1 mm or less. Physiological and molecular analysis of biofilms confirmed that structurally and functionally distinct biofilms developed on adjacent, juxtaposed fibers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 830–845. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.