bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deformation of Odd Nuclei 27Al, 31P and 35Cl in Single-Particle States
Authors: Korda Volodymyr Yu. , Korda Larisa P. , Klepikov Vyacheslav F. , Timchenko Iryna S.
Published: October 2023

Using the evolutionary approach recently developed by us, the shapes of odd s-d-shell 27Al, 31P and 35Cl nuc­lei in the ground and single-particle excited states have been extracted from the experimental data on the energies, spins, and parities of these states, as well as the measured probabilities of electromagnetic transitions between them. The key ingredient of our procedure is the evolutionary algorithm that evolves the population of the bad-quality data-fitting nuclear shapes to the high-quality data-fitting nuclear shapes. We have found that the studied nuclei in the ground states are abnormally weakly deformed, which is not expected for the nuclei in the shell middle. Even in their low-laying single-particle excited states, the nuclei 27Al and 31P are found to be weakly deformed, too. With the increase of the single-particle excitation energy, the change of the state of the only one nucleon – the valence proton the spin and parity of which determine the spin and parity of the 35Cl nucleus – causes the shape phase transition from the high-symmetry phase – spherical ground state – to the low-symmetry phase – deformed excited states. The angular part of the 27Al and 31P nuclei shape is de­scribed by two harmonics – quadrupole and hexadecapole. The angular part of the 35Cl nucleus shape is de­scribed by three harmonics – quadrupole, hexadecapole, and hexacontatetrapole, but the contribution of hexadecapole deformation is not independent. At present, there are no fundamental nuclear models that account for or predict the dominant hexacontatetrapole deformation, especially for light and medium nuclei. We have found that the spin and parity of the 27Al, 31P and 35Cl nuc­lei are determined by the spin and parity of the last odd (valence) proton. At the same time, some of the nucleons of the nucleus core change their characteristics, too. Thus, the electromagnetic transitions between the single-particle states of the 27Al, 31P and 35Cl nuc­lei are the multi-particle processes.
Nuclear Energy Levels Scheme of 46Cr Using FPD6, FPY, and KB3G Interactions
Authors: Kadhim Hasan A. , Majeed Firas Z.
Published: October 2023

The 46Cr isotope nuclear energy levels were studied using low-level FP-LS shell inside the shell model calculations. Nuclear energy levels have been calculated using FPD6, KB3G, and FPY interactions in the fp-shell model space and F742 and F7MBZ in the f7/2 model space. The results are compared to one another and to the experimental data that is already accessible and specific outcomes are clearly in agreement. In addition to having a strong arrangement in the reproduced values of the energy levels scheme, the used model space interactions are the two-body matrix element in the fp-shell model space that is best fitted. Particularly below 3 MeV, the general estimation of the replicated data is good. The wave vectors and analysis are modeled in diagrammatic notation, and all inscriptions are given in this style. Utilizing the oscillator's potential, a single particle vector is built, using 40Ca as the core of the fp-shell and f7/2 model space. Results are obtained for all tested nuclei using the OXFORD BUENOS AIRES SHELL (OXBASH) model code.
A Study the Nuclear Potential Using Quasi-Elastic Scattering Calculation for the 9,10,11Be+208Pb Reactions
Authors: Rakhees Ali A. , Jassim Khalid S.
Published: October 2023

Specific systematic studies on the nuclear potential parameter for the heavy-ion reactions, which includes the systems, have been achieved by using large-angle quasi-elastic scattering at deep sub-barrier energies close to the Coulomb barrier height. Single-channel (SC) and coupled-channel calculations have been carried out to elicit the nuclear potential. The chi-square method χ2 has been used to find the best value of the nuclear potential compared to the experimental data. The best values of the nuclear potential were found from the calculations of the coupled channels for an inert projectile and a vibrating target for systems: 9Be+208Pb,10Be+208Pb, 11Be+208Pb, which are equal to 45 MeV,65 MeV,53 MeV, respectively.
Investigating the Effect of Gravity Modulation on Weakly Nonlinear Magnetoconvection in a Nonuniformly Rotating Nanofluid Layer
Authors: Kopp Michael I. , Yanovsky Volodymyr V.
Published: October 2023

This paper investigates the impact of gravity modulation on weakly nonlinear magnetoconvection in a nanofluid layer that is nonuniformly rotating. The fundamental equations are obtained for the Cartesian approximation of the Couette flow using the Boussinesq approximation and gravitational modulation. The weakly nonlinear regime is analyzed using the method of perturbations with respect to the small supercritical parameter of the Rayleigh number, considering the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis in the nanofluid layer. Heat and mass transfer are evaluated in terms of finite amplitudes and calculated from the Nusselt numbers for the fluid and the volume concentration of nanoparticles. The findings demonstrate that gravitational modulation, nonuniform rotation, and differences in the volume concentration of nanoparticles at the layer boundaries can effectively control heat and mass transfer. Additionally, the negative rotation profile has a destabilizing effect. The study shows that the modulated system conveys more heat and mass than the unmodulated system.
Investigation of Thermal Radiative Tangent Hyperbolic Nanofluid Flow Due to Stretched Sheet
Authors: Jawad Muhammad , Alam Mubeen , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy
Published: October 2023

The current study illuminates the enactment of a tangent hyperbolic nanofluid past a bidirectional stretchable surface. The phenomena of heat and mass transfer with joule heating, chemical reaction, and thermal radiation have been debated. For the motivation of the problem, convective boundary conditions are part of this study. The modeled partial differential equations are mended into ordinary differential equations with the help of appropriate self-similarity transformations. Furthermore, the resulting system of ODEs is numerically handled by using well-established shooting scheme and acquired numerical outcomes are compared with ND Solve command of Mathematica. The Effects of prominent parameters on velocity, temperature and volumetric concentration distribution are inspected through graphs. The influence of emerging parameters involved in this study on flow and heat removal features are deliberated in detail. As we are increasing the values of power-law index n, Prandtl number Pr and Magnetic parameter M, outcomes increment in skin friction coefficient while decline in the Nusselt number is seen.
The Effect of Thermal Annealing on the Electrophysical Properties of Samples n-Si
Authors: Turgunov Nozimjon A. , Berkinov Elmurod Kh. , Turmanova Raymash M.
Published: October 2023

This paper presents the results of studies of the effect of isothermal annealing at temperatures T = 673¸1473 K in the time interval 5¸60 minutes on the electrical properties of silicon, simultaneously alloyed with nickel and copper. Samples of n-Si were obtained on the basis of the starting material - single-crystal silicon, grown by the Czochralski method with the initial resistivity r = 0.3 Ohm×cm. Diffusion was carried out at a temperature of 1523 K for 2 hours. After that, the samples were cooled at a rate of 0.1 K/s. The morphological parameters of impurity nickel and copper atom clusters formed in the bulk of silicon were measured by electron probe microanalysis on a modern Superprobe JXA-8800R setup. As it turned out, in the volume of n-Si samples, clusters of impurity atoms with different geometric shapes are formed, the sizes of which reach up to 500 nm. The electrical properties of the samples were studied by the Hall effect method using an Ecopia HMS-7000 instrument. It was revealed that under the influence of thermal annealing (TA) at T≥1273 K, impurity clusters decompose, which leads to an increase in the resistivity of n‑Si samples. After exposure to TA at Т=1273 K for 15 minutes, the density of impurity nanoaccumulations of acicular and lenticular shapes sharply decreases in the sample volume. Under the influence of TA at T = 1473 K for 10 minutes in the volume of the sample, the decay of impurity nanoclusters with a spherical shape is observed. Also presented are the results of changes in the density of impurity clusters, as well as structural analyzes of the samples before and after exposure to thermal annealing.
A Surface Study of Si Doped Simultaneously with Ga and Sb
Authors: Iliyev X.M. , Isamov Sobir B. , Isakov Bobir O. , Qurbonova U.X. , Abduraxmonov S.A.
Published: October 2023

The paper is concerned with the study of silicon samples doped with gallium (Ga) and antimony (Sb) atoms. In particular, the elemental analysis, SEM imaging, and Raman spectrometry analysis of the samples are presented. The elemental analysis revealed that the relative concentrations of Ga (0.4) were almost equal to those of Sb (0.39) and both were formed on the surface of Si. The SEM imaging showed that GaSb microsized islands (diameter of 1 to 15 microns) and a density of ~106 cm-2 were being formed on the surface of Si in the course of the process of diffusion doping. Raman spectral analysis showed that a semiconductor with GaSb molecules self-assemble on Si surface.
Impact of Crystallite Size on Structural, Optical and Magnetic Characteristics of La0.7Sr0.15Ca0.15MnO3 Nanocrystalline
Authors: Shukur Mohd Abdul , Kumar Katrapally Vijaya , Rao Gade Narsinga
Published: October 2023

Nanocrystalline La0.7Sr0.15Ca0.15MnO3 (LSCMO) manganites were prepared by the combustion process and heated to various annealing temperatures (TA) to get various sized crystallites. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns provided evidence that a Rhombohedral structure with space group  was formed. Additionally, an increase in the size of the crystallites was observed, from 15.64 to 36.78nm, as the temperature (TA) increased from 700℃ to 1300℃. The FESEM micrographs revealed that homogeneous with porosity. The FTIR spectra showed five absorption peaks. The Optical energy gap of LSCMO nanocrystalline is decreased from 3.51 to 3.28 eV as annealed temperature raised, reveals that the LSCMO nanoparticles are semiconductor in nature. Room temperature Raman spectra of LSCMO nanoparticles demonstrate a notable reliance on annealing temperature. When the Raman modes were analysed with respect to TA, it was observed that the Raman vibrational phonon mode below 200cm-1 (A1g) and four modes (Eg) in the range 200-800cm-1 displayed significant displacements and widening, which were associated with oxygen sublattice distortion. Considerable changes were observed in both the intensity and full width half maximum (FWHM) of the five Raman modes as the annealing temperature increased. Magnetic behaviour using M-H loop at room temperature were measured by the Vibrating sample magnetometer revealed that gradation of saturation magnetization as the function of annealing temperature. Hence there is a remarkable crystallite size effect on optical and magnetic properties of LSCMO nanocrystallites.
Investigation of Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of MnO Doped with Cu Thin Films Prepared by PLD Technique for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Mohammed Doaa T. , Mohammed Ghuson H.
Published: October 2023

In the current study, concentrated Nd:YAG laser pulses at 500 mJ with a second radiation at 1064 nm (pulse width 9 ns) and repetition frequency (6 Hz) for 300 laser pulses incident on the target surface were employed to coat glass substrates with MnO thin films. Using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), an atomic force microscope (AFM), and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, the structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the films doped with different concentrations of Cu content (0.03, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.09) were examined. The results show that the films are polycrystalline, with the largest peak appearing at an angle of 35.31, or a reflection of (111). The crystalline size of the deposited thin films was calculated using Debye Scherer formula and found to increase from 11.8 nm for undoped MnO2 to 29.6 nm for doped (MnO) with the increase of Cu content from x=0 to x=0.09 at preferred orientation of (111). All the samples have a cubic structure. Also, the results showed that Cu content of the films affects the surface morphology. From the results of AFM analysis, it was found that the roughness and average diameter change when adding Cu to the structure, with the highest value occurring at Cu ratio 0.09 equal to 65.40 and 71.21 nm, respectively. UV–Vis spectrophotometer was used to investigate the optical transmission. It was found that when Cu content of films increased, the transmittance of films decreased. Hall Effect measurements show that all prepared films at RT have two type of conductivity P-type and n-type. The electrical characteristics of the (MnO)1-xCux/Si heterojunction Solar Cell have been studied and found that the efficiency (η) decreases with the increase of Cu content.
Mechanisms of Current Transition in High Compensated Silicon Samples with Zinc Nanoclusters
Authors: Arzikulov Eshkuvat U. , Radzhabova M. , Quvondiqov Sh.J. , Gulyamov G.
Published: October 2023

This article presents experimental results on the study of the current-voltage characteristics of strongly compensated n- and p-type silicon samples diffusion-doped with zinc at a temperature of 80 K. The current-voltage characteristics of the studied samples contain both sublinear and superlinear sections. Several (up to eight) characteristic areas were found, the number of which depends on the degree of illumination, temperature, and electrical resistivity of the sample. Under certain conditions, there is an alternation of sections of the current-voltage characteristic with negative differential conductivity of the N- and S-type, behind which current instabilities with an infra-low frequency are observed. The appearance of sections of the current-voltage characteristic with a quadratic dependence is explained by the presence of fast and slow recombination centers associated with zinc nanoclusters, and sublinear sections are explained in terms of the theory of the "injection depletion effect". The formation of nanoclusters with the participation of zinc ions was confirmed by atomic force microscopy studies.
Ab-Initio Study of Structural, Electronic and Optical Properties of ZnX (X = Te, S and O): Application to Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Authors: Benlakhdar Faiza , Bouchama Idris , Chihi Tayeb , Ghebouli Ibrahim , Ghebouli Mohamed Amine , Zerrougui Zohra , Khatir Khettab , Saeed Mohamed Alam
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this research is to investigate the structural, electronic, and optical properties of ZnX compounds, particularly those with X = Te, S, and O, which have direct bandgaps that make them optically active. To gain a better understanding of these compounds and their related properties, we conducted detailed calculations using density functional theory (DFT) and the CASTEP program, which uses the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to estimate the cross-correlation function. Our results for lattice modulus, energy bandgap, and optical parameters are consistent with both experimental data and theoretical predictions. The energy bandgap for all compounds is relatively large due to an increase in s-states in the valence band. Our findings suggest that the optical transition between (O - S - Te) - p states in the highest valence band and (Zn - S - O) - s states in the lowest conduction band is shifted to the lower energy band. Therefore, ZnX compounds (X = Te, S and O) are a promising option for optoelectronic device applications, such as solar cell materials.
Mean Lifetimes of ns, np, nd, & nf Levels of N V
Authors: Siddique Rizwana , Zafar Roohi , Raza Salman , Iqbal S.M. Zeeshan , Uddin Zaheer
Published: October 2023

Nitrogen is one of the key elements in the evolution and formation of stellar objects. Earth's atmosphere contains 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen; these two gases give rise to aurora when ions of the solar wind in the ionosphere collide with them. Some aerosols made of nitrogen and oxygen are also found in the atmosphere. Nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen are the main contributors to the origin of life on Earth. The spectrum of nitrogen ion (N V) has been studied using Quantum defect theory (QDT) and Numerical Coulombic approximation (NCA). N V has two electrons in the core, with the nucleus, and one electron outside the core. It makes it hydrogen or lithium-like. In the first part, the energies of the ns, np, nd, and nf up to n < 30 were calculated with the help of QDT. In the second part, the wavelengths were calculated using the energies and line strength parameters using NCA. Very little experimental data on lifetime and transition probability are available; however, Biemont et al. have calculated the lifetime of the 48 levels of N V using coulomb approximation. In this study, we calculated the lifetime of 196 multiplets of N V. The results are compared with the available experimental and theoretical lifetimes; an excellent agreement was found between known lifetimes and calculated in this work. The lifetimes of 100 multiplets are presented for the first time. The lifetimes of each of the Rydberg series of N V were fitted, and a third-degree polynomial represents the lifetimes of each series.
Isolation of Responsive Elements of Planar Multi-Element Photodiodes
Authors: Kukurudziak Mykola S.
Published: October 2023

In the mass production of multi-element silicon p-i-n photodiodes, the problem of systematic rejection of products due to a decrease in the insulation resistance between the active elements of photodetectors has been revealed. The purpose of this work is to study the causes of insulation resistance degradation and to establish optimal methods for avoiding this phenomenon. A comparative analysis of three insulation methods was carried out: classical insulation by the surface of a non-conductive substrate and a dielectric layer; insulation by means of mesaprofile grooves with a dielectric film; insulation by means of areas of limitation of surface leakage channels isotypic with the substrate material (in this case, p+-type) formed in the gaps between active elements. The study found that the reason for the deterioration of the insulation resistance between the active elements of photodiodes is the presence of conductive inversion channels at the Si-SiO2 interface due to the use of silicon with high resistivity. One mechanism for the formation of inversion channels is the redistribution of impurities in the masking oxide (in particular, phosphorus) and their diffusion to the interface during thermal operations. Another mechanism for the formation of inversion layers is the diffusion of boron from silicon into SiO2 during heat treatment due to the fact that the boron segregation coefficient is less than one. In the manufacture of samples with insulation using non-conductive areas of the substrate, a decrease in insulation resistance was observed as the technological route was performed (after each subsequent operation, the resistance degraded). The degree of degradation can be reduced by reducing the duration of thermal operations. It has been shown that reducing the thickness of the masking oxide causes a decrease in insulation resistance. When using mesa-technology, it is possible to increase the insulation resistance by eliminating the high-temperature oxidation operation and, in fact, due to the absence of a masking coating during phosphorus deposition. Insulation by means of p+-type areas in the gaps between the active elements    allows to obtain the highest insulation resistance values. The formation of these regions with a width of 100 μm in the gaps with a width of 200 μm allowed us to obtain an insulation resistance of 25-30 MΩ. To ensure the insulation of the active elements of photodiodes by this method, two thermal operations are added to the technological route. The number of thermal operations can be reduced by doping the entire silicon surface with a low boron concentration before forming a masking coating.
Unsteady Flow Past an Accelerated Vertical Plate with Variable Temperature in Presence of Thermal Stratification and Chemical Reaction
Authors: Kalita Nitul , Deka Rudra Kanta , Nath Rupam Shankar
Published: October 2023

This work aims to investigate the effect of thermal stratification on fluid flow past an accelerated vertical plate in the presence of first order chemical reaction. The dimensionless unsteady coupled linear governing equations are solved by Laplace transform technique for the case when the Prandtl number is unity. The important conclusions made in this study the effect of thermal stratification is compared with the scenario in which there was no stratification. The results of numerical computations for different sets of physical parameters, such as velocity, temperature, concentration, skinfriction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are displayed graphically. It is shown that the steady state is attained more quickly when the flow is stratified.
Exploring the Impact of Lipid Domain Size on the Lifetime: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study
Authors: Sornbundit Kan
Published: October 2023

In this research, we have used the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), a mesoscopic simulation technique, in order to investigate the dynamics of lipid domains in near critical temperature. Our specific focus has been on exploring the influence of lipid domain size on its lifetime, which mimics the behavior of lipid rafts within cellular membranes. The lipid membranes used in this study were composed of saturated and unsaturated lipids, which have been immersed in water. Through the simulation of these membranes close to their critical temperature, we have successfully generated fluctuating domains that mimic the lipid rafts observed in cellular systems. We have proposed a method to obtain the lifetime of the fluctuating domains by analyzing the sizes of the lipid domains at specific intervals of time. Our investigations have revealed a linear correlation between the initial size of the lipid domain and its lifetime. Our research finding give an insight into the underlying mechanisms that govern lipid rafts and their vital role in various cellular processes.
Effects of Radiation and Heat Dissipation on MHD Convective Flow in Presence of Heat Sink
Authors: Akhtar Salma , Borah Keshab , Chakraborty Shyamanta
Published: October 2023

The paper examines heat and mass transfer in MHD convective flow across a vertical porous plate in presence of radiation, heat sink, and dissipation of heat. A strong magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plate and directed into the fluid area. The governing non-dimensional equations are solved using MATLAB built-in bvp4c solver technique. With the use of mathematical software, the findings are computed, and the effect of the various non-dimensional parameters entering into the problem on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are displayed in graphical formats. It has been noted that the application of the magnetic field slows down fluid velocity. Additionally, both the thermal radiation effect and the Prandtl number are fully applicable to the fluid temperature. It is significant to notice that the heat sink dramatically reduces fluid temperature and fluid velocity. The current work is utilized in many real life applications, such as chemical engineering, industrial processes, a system may contain multiple components, each of whose concentrations varies from one point to the next in a number of different circumstances.
Effect of GeO2 Dopants in FBG Sensor Performance for Temperature and Strain
Authors: Jabbar Wasmaa A. , Hemed Ayser , Fadhala Mayyadah , Al-Baidhany Ismaeel
Published: October 2023

In this simulation study, the response of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is investigated and optimized. Uniform and nonuniform FBG spectra with new component are suggested by fine selection with (COMSUL program) and compared theoretically under the effect of several external strain values (0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009 and 0.01). These two types operation have been examined by the Optisystem programmer. The measured sensitivity was based on VCSEL laser source with operation wavelengths of 1650, 1600, and 1550 nm via non-uniform and uniform configuration. The achieved sensitivity was found to have different values; 5.7, 2.6, and 1.77, while the highest observed sensitivity value is recorded at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Accordingly, this wavelength was chosen to advance the study. Temperatures of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 degrees Celsius were applied. Measured sensitivity between them varied, and satisfied the following functions: sine, Gauss, and Boltzmann indicating altering in sensor responses.
The Effect of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Addition on the Shielding Properties Against Gamma Radiation
Authors: Altarawneh Moaz , Aladailaha Mutaz , Al-Madanat Osama
Published: October 2023

In this work, the effect of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) addition on the materials shielding properties against Gamma radiation with an energy of 662 keV from a 137Cs source is investigated. The linear attenuation coefficient of MWCNTs-based materials (gelatin-water mixture) with MWCNTs concentrations of 0%, 5%, and 10% is measured. To isolate the contribution of the MWCNTs unique structure to the shielding capabilities, samples with the same concentrations of activated carbon were fabricated and their linear attenuation coefficients were obtained. Also, the linear and the mass attenuation coefficients are obtained theoretically for the same concentrations using the XCOM program and compared with measured values. It is found that the addition of MWCNTs by 5% or 10% has increased the linear attenuation coefficient by around 5% when compared to the same concentrations of activated carbon. This increase in the shielding  apabilities against gamma radiation can be related to the interaction of gamma radiation with the extraordinary geometry and structure of MWCNTs.
Enhancements of Structural and Optical Properties of MgO: SnO2 Nanostructure Films
Authors: Ayoub R.H. , AL-Timimi Muhammad H. , Abdullah M.Z.
Published: October 2023

This study investigates the structural and optical properties of MgO:SnO2 nanoparticles using the Chemical precipitation method, The thin films were deposited by the spin coating technique on glass substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis proved the crystalline structure of prepared thin films, with the peaks corresponding to the (110), (101), (200), (211), and (220) planes, with the tetragonal SnO2 crystal structure, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) used to characterize the functional groups, shape, and dimensions of synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles. The optical properties of the films were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the bandgap energy was estimated to be in the range of (3.9 - 3.4 eV). The refractive index and extinction coefficient of the films were also determined, and the results indicated that the films had good transparency in the visible region, The study concludes that MgO:SnO2 thin films obtained by spin coating technique have potential applications in optoelectronics and gas sensors.
Multiple Ligand Simultaneous Docking of Antiviral Drugs and Cyanine Dyes with Proteins
Authors: Zhytniakivska Olga , Tarabara Uliana , Vus Kateryna , Trusova Valeriya , Gorbenko Galyna
Published: October 2023

Protein nanoparticles are currently regarded as promising biocompatible and biodegradable systems for targeted delivery of different types of pharmacological agents. Prior to fabricating such kind of drug nanocarriers it is reasonable to evaluate the drug-protein binding affinity and possible interaction modes using the computational tools, particularly, the molecular docking technique. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possibility of creating the protein nanoparticles carrying the antiviral drugs and cyanine dyes as visualizing agents. The components of the examined systems included endogenous functional proteins cytochrome c, serum albumin, lysozyme and insulin, antiviral drugs favipiravir, molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir and ritonavir, mono- and heptamethinecyanine dyes. Using the multiple ligand simultaneous docking technique, it was demonstrated that: i) the drugs and the dyes occupy different binding sites on the protein molecule and do not interfere with each other; ii) the heptamethines AK7-5 and AK7-6 possess the highest affinity for the proteins; iii) among the examined systems the strongest complexes are formed between the heptamethine dyes and serum albumin. Taken together, the results obtained indicate that albumin-based nanoparticles functionalized by the heptamethine cyanine dyes can be used for targeted delivery of the explored antiviral agents.
Obstacles of Diversifying Funding Sources at Najran University and Proposals for its Development According to the New Universities System
Authors: Al-Sabae Sadiq Ahmed , Maghrabah Fahd Saleh Qasem
Published: October 2023

Purpose: The objective of the current study is to investigate the obstacles of diversifying funding sources at Najran University in the light of Universities System No. 27 of 1441 from perspectives of academic and administrative leaders.
 
Theoretical framework: The importance of diversifying sources of funding for higher education is evident from its role in the quality of education, meeting the requirements for accreditation of programs and activities, and its effective presence in international classifications. Its multiple sources also help in relieving the burden on the state, in addition to preparing for local, national and regional development, in addition to its contribution to refining talents, unleashing youth energies, and providing them with life skills, through early training in practicing activity with the world of commerce and industry during university. In preparation for adopting their own projects.
 
Projeto/Metodologia/Abordagem: The researchers used the analytical descriptive method, and the tool consisted of a questionnaire of 40 phrases that were distributed to an intentional stratified sample of (90) of the leaders at the University of Najran.
 
Resultados: The results showed that the degree of obstacles of diversifying funding sources at Najran University, internal and external, is large;  with an average of (3.77). The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the sample’s response according to the variables (type of job, level of employment, years of experience), while differences were found in favor of theoretical colleges in their response to external obstacles and the questionnaire as a whole. And differences were found in favor of the PhD qualification in their answers to the internal and external obstacles and the questionnaire as a whole.
 
Social applications, applications, and research: This research is useful in enhancing directions related to modernizing the university’s financial, administrative, and academic regulations; In accordance with the University Regulations No. 27 of 2019, enriching alternatives to diversify sources of self-financing for Saudi universities, especially Najran University, and raising the relationship between the university and its environment to the level of partnership.
 
Authenticity/valor: Based on the results, the researchers presented a brief vision of diversifying funding sources at Najran University;   In order to ensure the interest of all parties, and to exploit the youthful energies of university students; To enable them to become entrepreneurs, realize themselves, contribute to the development of their universities and communities, and enhance governance; Involving relevant authorities in university decision-making.
Teachers’ Challenges in Virtual Learning Process to Maximize The Students’ Achievement in 4.0 Era at UPT SMPN 1 Duampanua
Authors: Mansyur Desy , Nur Rafi'ah , Larekeng Siti Hajar
Published: October 2023

This study is aimed to find out the teachers’ challenges in virtual learning process to maximize the achievement of High School students in Indonesia. This research applied qualitative descriptive research with 5 English teachers as subjects of this research. The instruments are used in this research were interview and observation. The data has been analyzed by three steps according to Miles and Huberman theory. The results of this research showed that (a) the teachers’ challenges in virtual learning process are students’ far distance from internet sources, (b) difficult to access the clear explanation from the teachers and students, (c) lack of motivation to teach in limit access of students’ distance and network trouble, and (d) students’ less knowledge if using the internet and difficult to start the meeting using a different application. This study reveals that many challenges come over when the teachers applied virtual learning. Most of teachers were getting into trouble when entering the class if the students did not attend in virtual class because of far distance from internet sources. Another difficulty that challenges the teacher is their lack of giving motivation was not ineffective to teach their class. And the limit of network access made the students in loading to respond to the teachers' explanation and assignment to evaluate their knowledge.
English Language Learners’ Attitude and Challenge Utilized M-Learning: Comparison Mobile Application Moodle and Google Classroom
Authors: Prasetya Rizky Eka , Syarif Achmad
Published: October 2023

Mobile learning became the alternative device and gadget in the online learning environment. Its implementation enabled English language learners to acquire and archive learning content regardless of their location or environment, ensuring that online learning is relevant. However, compact devices are restricted with various technicality challenges, and English lecturers and learners need their adaptation in university. The study aimed to measure and compare English language learners’ attitudes and challenge toward Moodle and Google Classroom mobile application (app). The study employed a quantitative descriptive approach applied to the survey research design cross-sectional. 149 English language learners were concerned as participants from South Jakarta Universities. The questioner findings revealed that the Google Classroom application had a moderately positive attitude toward mobile phones for language learning and teaching than Moodle Application. These findings suggest that the challenges of both platforms could be minimized by recognizing the comprehensive feature from both applications. The English language learners utilized and adopted to learn and develop their communicative capabilities in the Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) context. Its platforms could have the alternative device for conducting a comprehensive Learning Management System (LMS) rather than a personal computer or laptop interface. The characteristics of Moodle and Google Classroom mobile applications supported and enhanced both learners’ individual and social aspects of the online learning environment. The comparable parameters displayed Google Classroom application was more compatible with learning media than Moodle application. Nevertheless, the advance and complete feature would be accessed from Moodle application than Google Classroom.
Investigating the Challenges Faced by EFL Teachers in Remote Teaching During COVID-19 Emergencies at Indonesian Senior High School Context: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Authors: Puspasari Ni Made Desi , Utami IGA Lokita Purnamika , Budiarta Luh Gd Rahayu
Published: October 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a rapid shift from traditional face-to-face teaching to remote learning in educational institutions worldwide, including Indonesian senior high schools. This qualitative descriptive study explores the challenges faced by English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers during this transition, focusing on technology infrastructure, student engagement, assessment, and adapting teaching methods. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with two English teachers who teach at XII and XI grade at Sma Negeri 1 Seririt and Smk Karya Usada in Buleleng regency. The findings reveal that EFL teachers experienced difficulties in accessing and utilizing technology, maintaining student engagement, developing and administering effective assessments, and adapting their teaching methods and materials for remote instruction. The findings provide valuable insights into the experiences of EFL teachers during the pandemic, as well as recommendations for overcoming these challenges, including improving technology infrastructure, enhancing student engagement, developing new assessment methods, and providing professional development opportunities for EFL teachers. This research contributes to the understanding of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on EFL education in Indonesia and offers a foundation for future studies and policy-making in the area of remote EFL teaching.
Digital Visual Grammar Concept Map Facilitated EFL Holistic Grammar Comprehension
Authors: Chin Jonathan Y. , Chang Ben , Shih Yen-An
Published: October 2023

Form-focused deductive grammar learning approach is an effective way to facilitate language learners to memorize atomistic grammatical rules. However, beyond retaining isolated grammar rules, learners can benefit from using web based concept map, a visualized utility, to overlap grammar rules and achieve holistic comprehension. Therefore, this research looks into detail (total nodes, depth, and breadth) of how visual grammar concept map affects student’s examination score and aims to assist students to gain a holistic visual grammar learning through utilizing an online concept map software (CoCoing.info). One hundred and thirty-two college students were involved in this study for 18 weeks. The quantitative results revealed that students who created a more developed and holistic visual grammar concept map gained a better understanding of the grammatical rules. This was however not true for low achieving students. Therefore, more detailed analysis showed students with deeper depth and wider breadth achieved higher score. However, the high achieving students and low achieving students’ comparison study indicated that the depth of the visual grammar concept map is harder for students to construct and is a better indicator of achievement compared to breadth. The findings show that visual grammar concept map can facilitate traditional form-focused classroom.
EFL English Student’s Ability and Difficulties in Dealing with Academic Phrases
Authors: Syamsu Awaluddin , Hadijah Hadijah
Published: October 2023

The high quality of academic writing is highly influenced by the sufficient use of academic phrases. This research examined the students with English major backgrounds in both English education and English literature and found their difficult recourses. This research developed an academic phrase test and adopted a questionnaire on students’ perception on the source of academic phrase difficulties. There were 58 respondents from English majors with 49 from English education and 9 from English literature. The result of the test indicated that the student’s ability in academic phrases needs to be improved. The students perceived those unfamiliar words usage, the absence of the syllabi, insufficient teaching, and less experience in using them are the source of difficulties.  Therefore, it can be said that academic phraseology should be included in the English student’s curriculum to solve the student’s issues. By doing this students’ exposure to academic phrases can be also increased so they will have more experience dealing with the phrases and can resolve their unfamiliarity with the words used in academic phrases. The findings of this study suggest that students in the English background majors should be assisted with academic phrases lessons to improve their academic writing in general and academic phrase usage in particular.
Code Switching Used by Certified and Non-Certified English Teachers
Authors: Azis Selvianillah , Rahman Asfah , Mahmud Murni
Published: October 2023

This research conducted to analyzed the code switching used by certified and non-certified teachers. The researcher applied the qualitative method. The subject of this research was certified and non-certified English teachers at Senior High School 1, 7, and 13 Bone consisted in 2 teachers that were certified and 2 teachers that were non-certified. The data were collected through audio recording, observation checklist, and interviews to find out type of code switching used by teachers, factor of code switching used by teachers, and certified and non-certified English teacher perception of code switching used. The result of this research that there were five types of code switching used by certified teacher in the classroom. They were inter-sentential, intra-sentential, metaphorical, emblematic and establishing continuity switching. Non-certified teachers also used also five types of code switching, they are inter-sentential, intra-sentential, metaphorical, tag and establishing continuity switching. The used of code switching of the teachers dominated by intra-sentential and inter-sentential switching both for certified and non-certified teachers where the usage frequency was over in certified teachers. The occurrence of code switching appears more in certified teachers. The factors of code switching used were intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, repetition used for clarification, translate the unknown vocabulary and talking about particular topic. Certified English teachers perceive that the used of code switching is not directly affected by certification. However, the teacher consciously admits that it affects the teacher's performance when managing the class and in their professional appearance at school. On the other hand non-certified teacher used code switching influenced by their experiences to provide an even understanding for students and main the class situation.
Challenges in Translating Idiomatic Expressions from English into Arabic
Authors: Abdalla Nor Alhadi Hamed
Published: October 2023

The study aims to shed light on the main challenges encounter universities students in translating idiomatic expressions from English into Arabic and to discuss some translation strategies, which can help students in translating idiomatic expressions from English into Arabic. Therefore, to meet the objectives of this study the researcher used a test consisted of (10) idiomatic expressions for collecting the data of this study. The study is based on descriptive analytical approach. The test is corrected and the results have been analyzed in figures. The main findings of the study is that students of English language really find considerable difficulties in guessing the appropriate meaning of idiomatic expressions. As well, Students’ familiarity with English language idioms is somehow low and their ability to interpret idioms is limited, also translating idioms require mastering their situational occurrences and using the suitable techniques to avoid word-to-word translation and non-equivalence. The researcher also recommends that students need to be exposed more to idiomatic expressions in schools and universities, in order to extend their knowledge.As well as to be familiar with the different idiomatic expressions, moreover, Students should always show on and practice idioms to enrich their English language vocabulary and knowledge.
Cuentos Infantiles e Identidad Cultural en Niños de Educación Inicial
Authors: Carvajal Ayala María Belén , Moreno Artieda Marcia Anabella
Published: October 2023

Los cuentos infantiles son una de las herramientas más empleadas en la educación inicial, debido a su gran aporte en el desarrollo del aprendizaje de los infantes, sin embargo, no ha sido considerado para fortalecer la identidad cultural, por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es indagar información sobre los hallazgos más importantes que otorguen fundamento a la elaboración de un libro de cuentos infantiles para fortalecer la identidad cultural en los niños y niñas de educación inicial. La metodología aplicada fue una revisión sistemática, con un enfoque cualitativo de tipo descriptivo-explicativo. La búsqueda se efectuó en artículos científicos, revistas, libros y tesis. Se localizaron 80 investigaciones, de las cuales aplicando los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se seleccionaron 56 documentos de las bases de datos científicas: ProQuest, Redalyc, Scielo, la referencia y google académico español e inglés. Entre los resultados más relevantes se evidencia que la cultura ancestral se transmite mediante diversos materiales entre ellos, el cuento infantil, pero en las instituciones de américa latina priman los cuentos extranjeros. En conclusión, los cuentos infantiles autóctonos basados en leyendas y mitos ancestrales son una importante herramienta para la construcción y fortalecimiento de la identidad cultural en la infancia
Rúbrica analítica como instrumento de mejora de la enseñanza aprendizaje de inglés.
Authors: Martínez Villegas Richard Antonio , Jarro Lituma Gabriela Verónica , Pérez Sari Gabriel Enrique , Gabalán Coello Jesús
Published: October 2023

Esta investigación tiene como propósito mejorar y optimizar las rúbricas evaluativas aplicadas en el área de capacitación de Idiomas, por lo que se propone como objetivo identificar la funcionalidad, logros y dificultades que presenta la aplicación correcta de la rúbrica analítica, como instrumento de mejora de la enseñanza aprendizaje en los diversos niveles de inglés, del Departamento de Educación Continua del Instituto Superior Tecnológico Particular Sudamericano. Se utiliza una metodología con enfoque cuantitativo, la cual hace uso de técnicas de campo, específicamente la encuesta descriptiva; en tal sentido se considera como población para aplicar el instrumento todos los estudiantes de los niveles de inglés y en base a la información obtenida dar solución a la nula aplicación de una rubrica. A su vez las técnicas de recolección de información aportan al conocimiento y aceptación de la socialización, así como a la aplicación de una rúbrica estandarizada que se incorpore al proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. En este sentido se comprobó la falta de aplicación de una herramienta evaluativa, demostrando diversas falencias en la estimación de conocimientos adquiridos por los estudiantes que forman parte de la muestra. Asimismo, se procedió la aplicación de indicaciones y una rúbrica ajustada al área para mejorar efectivamente la retroalimentación de los estudiantes. Además, se ejecutaron dos diagnósticos; inicial y final, que obtuvieron como resultado la comprobación del antes y después. De la misma manera la socialización de la aplicación de la rúbrica al personal docente a cargo de cada uno de los niveles permitió optimizar los resultados de las evaluaciones y proporcionar información de las dificultades que presentaban los involucrados. Impidiendo de esta forma, el desaprovechamiento de las competencias y conocimientos de los estudiantes.