bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biogeochemical and biophysical responses to episodes of wildfire smoke from natural ecosystems in southwestern British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Lee Sung-Ching , Knox Sara H. , McKendry Ian , Black T. Andrew
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Area burned, number of fires, seasonal fire severity, and fire season length are all expected to increase in Canada, with largely unquantified
ecosystem feedbacks. However, there are few observational studies measuring ecosystem-scale biogeochemical (e.g., carbon dioxide exchanges) and
biophysical (e.g., energy partitioning) properties during smoke episodes and hence assessing responses of gross primary production (GPP) to changes
in incoming diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In this study, we leveraged two long-term eddy covariance measurement sites in forest and wetland ecosystems to study four smoke episodes, which happened at different times and differed in length, over 4 different years (2015, 2017, 2018, and 2020). We found that the highest decrease in shortwave irradiance due to smoke was about 50 % in July and August but increased to about 90 % when the smoke arrived in September. When the smoke arrived in the later stage of summer, impacts on sensible and latent heat fluxes were very different than the earlier ones. Smoke generally increased the diffuse fraction (DF) from ∼ 0.30 to ∼ 0.50 and turned both sites into stronger carbon dioxide (CO2) sinks with increased GPP up to ∼ 18 % and ∼ 7 % at the forest and wetland site, respectively. However, when DF exceeded 0.80 as a result of dense smoke, both ecosystems became net CO2 sources as total PAR dropped to low values. The results suggest that this kind of natural experiment is important for validating future predictions of smoke–productivity feedbacks.
Model development in practice: a comprehensive update to the boundary layer schemes in HARMONIE-AROME cycle 40
Authors: de Rooy Wim C. , Siebesma Pier , Baas Peter , Lenderink Geert , de Roode Stephan R. , de Vries Hylke , van Meijgaard Erik , Meirink Jan Fokke , Tijm Sander , van 't Veen Bram
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The parameterised description of subgrid-scale processes in the clear and cloudy boundary layer has a strong impact on the performance skill in any numerical weather prediction (NWP) or climate model and is still a prime source of uncertainty.
Yet, improvement of this parameterised description is hard because operational models are highly optimised and contain numerous compensating errors. Therefore, improvement of a single parameterised aspect of the boundary layer often results in an overall deterioration of the model as a whole.
In this paper, we will describe a comprehensive integral revision of three parameterisation schemes in the High Resolution Local Area Modelling – Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational (HIRLAM-ALADIN) Research on Mesoscale Operational NWP In Europe – Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (HARMONIE-AROME) model that together parameterise the boundary layer processes: the cloud scheme, the turbulence scheme, and the shallow cumulus convection scheme. One of the major motivations for this revision is the poor representation of low clouds in the current model cycle. The newly revised parametric descriptions provide an improved prediction not only of low clouds but also of precipitation. Both improvements can be related to a stronger accumulation of moisture under the atmospheric inversion.
The three improved parameterisation schemes are included in a recent update of the HARMONIE-AROME configuration, but its description and the insights in the underlying physical processes are of more general interest as the schemes are based on commonly applied frameworks. Moreover, this work offers an interesting look behind the scenes of how parameterisation development requires an integral approach and a delicate balance between physical realism and pragmatism.
Methodological and conceptual challenges in rare and severe event forecast verification
Authors: Ebert Philip A. , Milne Peter
Published: February 2022

Abstract. There are distinctive methodological and conceptual challenges in rare and severe event (RSE) forecast verification, that is, in the assessment of the quality of forecasts of rare but severe natural hazards such as avalanches, landslides or tornadoes. While some of these challenges have been discussed since the inception of the discipline in the 1880s, there is no consensus about how to assess RSE forecasts. This article offers a comprehensive and critical overview of the many different measures used to capture the quality of categorical, binary RSE forecasts – forecasts of occurrence and non-occurrence – and argues that of skill scores in the literature there is only one adequate for RSE forecasting. We do so by first focusing on the relationship between accuracy and skill and showing why skill is more important than accuracy in the case of RSE forecast verification. We then motivate three adequacy constraints for a measure of skill in RSE forecasting. We argue that of skill scores in the literature only the Peirce skill score meets all three constraints. We then outline how our theoretical investigation has important practical implications for avalanche forecasting, basing our discussion on a study in avalanche forecast verification using the nearest-neighbour method (Heierli et al., 2004). Lastly, we raise what we call the “scope challenge”; this affects all forms of RSE forecasting and highlights how and why working with the right measure of skill is important not only for local binary RSE forecasts but also for the assessment of different diagnostic tests widely used in avalanche risk management and related operations, including the design of methods to assess the quality of regional multi-categorical avalanche forecasts.
Equitable Expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit to Include Incarcerated Individuals
Authors: Harrington Danielle
Published: February 2022

Equitable Expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit to Include Incarcerated Individuals
PERENCANAAN JEMBATAN CABLE STAYED 200 METER (Studi Kasus : Jembatan Cijambe Garut)
Authors: Janizar Syapril , Habdullah Habdullah , Setiawan Felix , Ampearawan Schipper Lucky
Published: February 2022

In this final project, we discuss the Planning of a Cable Stayed Bridge with a Length of 200 meters. This bridge has a length of 200 meters with a span of 180 meters and an edge span of 20 meters. The bridge cable configuration uses a semi harp pattern with a two planes system cable position. The bridge has a vehicle floor width of 6.00 meters, and a sidewalk of 1.5 meters right and left. As for the results of this design, the secondary structure of the bridge consists of railings with a hollow steel profile with a diameter of 60.5, curbs with a thickness of 250 mm, a vehicle floor plate with a thickness of 200 mm concrete slab and 50 mm asphalt, and a girder consisting of a WF 1300,550 transverse girder. 28.34, longitudinal girder WF 600.200.11.17, and cantilever girder WF 300.150.6.5.9 for the connection of the girder itself using a simple connection with an L elbow plate. While the main structure consists of the main girder using rectangular twin box girders with dimensions of 2500.1500.50.50, then stay cable is made up of 7 – wire strands with a diameter of 15.2 mm and a pylon which is designed using reinforced concrete material with dimensions of 4000 mm x 3000 mm with a cavity inside.
Study of microplastic occurrence on the sandy beaches of Šventoji, Lithuania
Authors: Raudonytė-Svirbutavičienė* Eva , Stakėnienė Rimutė , Jokšas Kęstutis , Matulaitienė Ieva , Mikoliūnaitė Lina , Žarkov Aleksej , Kareiva Aivaras
Published: February 2022

In this study, a sandy beach in Šventoji, Lithuania, a popular albeit not highly urbanised touristic destination, was analysed for microplastic pollution in the summer of 2019. The presence and abundance of microplastics in different sites of the beach were evaluated. Šventoji Beach was found to be significantly polluted with microplastic, its concentration ranging from 85 to 325 MPs kg−1dw. Such concentrations are relatively high if compared to other Baltic Sea coasts and worldwide. The physico-chemical characteristics of the plastics showed limited variability. Blue fibres were prevailing over other types of microplastics. Blue and red/orange fibres were identified as nylon containing copper–phthalocyanine dyes, while red/orange fibres as high-density polyethylene. This study provides new insights into the application and development of microplastic analysis methods for the coastal sands of the Baltic Sea.
Rumex chalepensis (Polygonaceae), a new species for Morocco and Africa
Authors: Verloove Filip , Chambouleyron Mathieu , Léger Jean-François
Published: February 2022

The Irano-Turanian Rumex chalepensis has been recorded in two localities in Morocco since 2013, apparently for the first time in Africa and rather disjunct from the species’ known distribution range. Populations were found in eastern Morocco: one close to the city of Midelt (High Moulouya valley), in the high plains between the Middle Atlas and High Atlas mountain ranges, whereas the second is located close to the city of Jerada (Lower Moulouya valley / High plateaus), close to the border with Algeria. This species is morphologically similar to R. obtusifolius and might have been overlooked elsewhere in North Africa. The presence of the latter in Morocco, always assumed to be very questionable up to present, is also confirmed here. Distinguishing features for these two species are discussed, some illustrations are also presented and R. chalepensis is lectotypified. It is most likely a naturalized weed in Morocco although it cannot be completely ruled out that it is a previously overlooked native species with two disjunct areas, an Irano-Turanian and North African one.
YESUS: SOSOK GURU AGUNG (KOMPETENSI DAN PROFESIONALITAS DASAR GURU PAK)
Authors: Tindagi Magdalena Grace K
Published: February 2022

Guru merupakan figur penting dalam menyukseskan kegiatan belajar-mengajar. Kegiatan belajar-mengajar senantiasa mengharapkan guru berkualitas. Guru berkualitas artinya berkaitan dengan iman, spiritualitas, watak, pengetahuan, kemampuan dan keterampilan. Guru Kristen perlu memahami pribadi Yesus sebagai guru yang harus diteladani dalam hidup sehari-hari dan dalam pelaksanaan tugas keguruan. Seorang guru Kristen juga perlu menyadari bahwa peranan Roh Kudus bukan hanya berlangsung dalam rangka pendewasaan iman dan kesadaran akan kesucian hidup, tetapi juga dalam rangka mengemban profesi sehari-hari. Seorang guru,  sebagai pengajar iman Kristen, sudah tentu sangat memerlukan ketergantungan terhadap kuasa, urapan dan kehadiran Roh Kudus. Sebab Dia-lah yang sanggup membuka mata hati orang untuk memahami kebenaran (Ef. 3:16,17,18). Guru yang berkualitas harus memahami profesi keguruan. Guru perlu meningkatkan dirinya menjadikan pribadinya sebagai instrumen yang handal di dalam Tuhan. Dalam melakukan kewenangan profesionalnya, seorang guru dituntut memiliki kompetensi yang beraneka ragam. Guru seperti ini harus mempunyai semacam kualifikasi formal. Dengan demikian, guru PAK harus dapat melaksanakan tugas mengajar dan mendidik di bidang PAK dengan berkarakter dan berdisiplin tinggi, mampu menggunakan berbagai wacana dalam rangka mengembangkan visi dan kemampuan mengajar serta dapat mengembangkan keterampilan dengan mengikuti berbagai kegiatan pelatihan, lokakarya maupun seminar. Jadi guru PAK yang profesional tidak hanya terpaku kepada kurikulum yang telah ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah, tetapi harus mampu mengembangkan kurikulum tersebut untuk pertumbuhan iman peserta didik. Pertumbuhan iman harus dimulai dari diri guru. Jati dirinya dalam Kristus harus terbentuk dengan kuat. Guru profesional harus dapat menghayati permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam proses pembelajaran, sehingga termotivasi, kritis dan reflektif untuk memecahkan persoalan pendidikan. Peran guru sebagai sumber belajar merupakan peran yang sangat penting. Peran sebagai sumber belajar berkaitan erat dengan penguasaan materi pelajaran. Secara khusus dalam konteks sekolah, guru wajib memiliki kualifikasi akademik, kompentensi, sertifikasi pendidik, sehat jasmani dan rohani, sehingga profesionalitas guru PAK juga melekat pada dirinya sebagai seorang pendidik, maka termasuk di dalamnya tuntutan kompetensi dan profesional yang sama. Sedangkan salah satu cara efektif untuk menggali serta meningkatkan kemampuan tersebut adalah dengan mengevaluasi diri sendiri, secara khusus bentuk evaluasi pada materi profesionalisme guru PAK itu, mengacu pada sosok Tuhan Yesus sebagai  Guru Agung. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hal utama bagi seorang guru PAK adalah mengajarkan Firman Allah agar siswa memiliki pedoman dalam kehidupannya, yang pada akhirnya mereka mengalami suatu perubahan, oleh karena di dalamnya terkandung maksud dari firman Allah yang bermanfaat untuk mengajar, menyatakan kesalahan, memperbaiki kelakuan, dan mendidik orang dalam kebenaran (2 Tim 3:16).
PERANAN KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASI GEMBALA SIDANG BAGI PERTUMBUHAN GEREJA MASA KINI
Authors: Innawati Innawati
Published: February 2022

Gereja yang sehat adalah gereja yang Gembala Sidangnya (pemimpinnya) sehat jasmani, rohani dan spiritualitasnya. Gembala sidang sebagai seorang pemimpin rohani yang dipanggil Tuhan memiliki kepemimpinan transformasi yang dijiwai semangat kristiani; yang menentukan visi yang dari Allah bagi jemaat dan pertumbuhan gerejanya, yang mengubah pola pikir, sikap, perilaku dan karakter seseorang supaya sesuai dengan karakter Kristus yang bertujuan untuk memiliki nilai lebih bagi dirinya, keluarganya, gerejanya, pelayanannya, organisasinya, pekerjaannya, masyarakatnya dan bangsanya dan yang menentukan pertumbuhan gereja dari segi kuantitas dan kualitas serta kompleksitas organisasi gereja. Peranan gembala sidang transformatif adalah sebagai pemimpin katalisator yang berjiwa hamba yang karismatik dan berintegritas penuh kreativitas dan inovasi yang akan membawa perubahan dan pertumbuhan bagi gerejanya. Peranan gembala sidang transformatif adalah sebagai pelayan bagi jemaat dan gerejanya, ia mempraktikkan kepemimpinan hamba (servant leadership) dari Yesus Kristus. Peranan gembala sidang transformatif adalah sebagai komunikator dan koordinator yang baik; sebagai pemimpin yang memberdayakan jemaat di gerejanya. Gembala sidang yang transformatif adalah seorang mentor dan organisator (manajer) yang baik. Ia  melatih, memberdayakan, mengkoordinir dan melibatkan jemaatnya dalam pelayanan dengan bijaksana. Peranan gembala sidang transformatif adalah sebagai pemimpin yang fleksibel, seorang komunikator dan katalisator yang handal. Kemampuan komunikasinya yang baik dan pribadinya yang karismatik, membuat orang lain mudah mengikutinya. Ia bisa bergaul, menjalin hubungan dan berkomunikasi dengan siapa saja. Seorang Gembala Sidang yang transformatif adalah seorang komunikator yang memiliki Identity, Integrity, Intimacy yang jelas tercermin di dalam Character, Competency, Conviction dan Commitment dalam kehidupan pelayanannya. Mengingat hasil kajian terhadap peranan kepemimpinan transformasi gembala sidang berpengaruh besar dan positif terhadap pertumbuhan gereja di masa kini, maka sebagai masukan, dapat disarankan kepada para gembala sidang untuk meningkatkan kepemimpinannya dengan mengimplementasikan prinsip kepemimpinan transformasi dalam perannya sebagai gembala sidang di gerejanya masing-masing. Kiranya kajian ini dapat memberikan wacana baru, membuka paradigma dan memberikan harapan baru terhadap para gembala sidang di dalam melaksanakan tugas penggembalaan yang telah dipercayakan Allah kepada mereka.
SOROTAN ALKITABIAH TERHADAP KONSEP KESELAMATAN MENURUT JOHN HICK
Authors: Hutasoit Dora
Published: February 2022

Setelah disinggung sekilas-lintas tentang latar belakang Hick, yaitu dari segi biografinya dan revolusi Kopernikusnya yang merupakan titik balik dari paham Ptolomeus; serta setelah menyoroti secara alkitabiah terhadap konsep  “keselamatan”nya, maka penulis menyimpulkan sebagai berikut: 1) Hick telah membuang atau meninggalkan landasan yang terpenting dalam Firman Tuhan atau tradisi kekristenan, yaitu dengan menyangkal keabsolutan, keunikan, dan finalitas Kristus.  Dengan demikian dia tidak mengakui bahwa keselamatan hanya oleh penebusan Yesus Kristus; 2) Hick telah berusaha dengan kemampuan intelektualnya, melalui  revolusi Kopernikusnya, menciptakan suatu teori “keselamatan” yang menurutnya berlaku bagi semua agama; dan 3) Paham/teori keselamatannya Hick tentang transformasi dari self-centeredness kepada reality-centeredness, patut ditolak karena sangat kontradiksi dengan Firman Tuhan (Alkitab).
IMPLIKASIPRAKTIS-RELASIONAL DOKTRIN TRITUNGGAL: REFLEKSI INJILI
Authors: Uling Manintiro
Published: February 2022

Orang Kristen ada dan hadir di tengah-tengah dunia yang plural. Sebab, pluralitas itu niscaya dalam hidup manusia. Realitas kemajemukan tidak bisa dihindari dan ditolak, sehingga berbeda itulah hidup, menerima perbedaan itulah indahnya hidup. Hidup bersama, meskipun berbeda dalam banyak hal, saling menerima satu dengan yang lain, demikianlah semestinya hidup dijalani. Akan menjadi Ironis, jika gaya hidup yang eksklusif, tertutup, dan isolatif, bahkan separatis yang ditampilkan.

Namun faktanya, fenomena hidup yang eksklusif, tertutup dan cenderung hanya mau berbaur dengan yang sefaham, segolongan, dan sekeyakinan saja menjadi ciri khas sekelompok orang yang ekstrem atau singkatnya yang biasa disebut dengan gerakan radikalisme dan fundamentalisme.
Effectiveness of the Fast Track Surgery Program for Patients with Planned Cholecystectomy
Authors:   Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation, Beloborodov Vladimir , Vorobev Vladimir ,   Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation, Sherbatykh Andrey ,   Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation, Luchkevich Vladimir ,   North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, Kelchevskaya Elena ,   Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation, Kozhevnikov Mihail ,   Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation, Golub Igor ,   Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
Published: February 2022

Purpose: This study analyzed the effectiveness of minimizing surgical trauma, reducing the severity of the stress reaction, and restoring the normal functioning of the body after planned gallbladder operations under an enhanced recovery program. Materials and Methods: This prospective comparison study included 30 patients from the surgical department of Irkutsk Clinical Hospital No. 1 who had been diagnosed with cholelithiasis in 2019-2020. All 30 patients completed the study and were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the FTS group (group I, n = 15) and the standard group (group II, n = 15). The comparison groups were statistically homogeneous in terms of preoperative parameters. All patients underwent prescribed surgeries. In the early and late postoperative period, there were no cases of mortality or significant complications. Results: A comparison of the groups with respect to the effectiveness of treatment according to established criteria showed good treatment results for 13 (86.6%) patients in group I and 2 (13.3%) patients in group II (p = 0.016). The FTS treatment protocol was a significant predictor of treatment success (OR 3.1; 95% CI 0.2; 6.0; p = 0.033). Conclusion: The fast track surgery protocol gave superior results for surgical treatment in comparison with the standard protocol in patients with cholelithiasis.
Resectoscopic Surgery Part III: Advanced Resectoscopic Surgery
Authors:   Center for Menstrual Disorders, Clinical Associate Professor of Gynecology University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York, Wortman Morris
Published: February 2022

In this final section of our three-part series, we will apply the basic and intermediate skills described in the first two parts to advance the gynecologist’s skills to accomplish the most demanding of resectoscopic surgical challenges. In Part I of this series, we reviewed the benefits of the continuous flow gynecologic resectoscope (CFGR) and how the motivated gynecologist can assemble an operative team and overcome the impediments to learning the use of this versatile and minimally invasive instrument. In this first section, we outlined and analyzed basic resectoscopic surgery—endometrial ablation, the resection of small submucous myomas and endometrial polyps, as well as the treatment of mild Asherman’s syndrome and the removal of retained products of conception. In Part II—intermediate level resectoscopic surgery—we introduced procedures such as endomyometrial resection, the resection of intermediate-size submucous leiomyomas, hysteroscopic metroplasty, and endocervical resection. Though it is not considered an absolute requirement to accomplish procedures at this level, sonographic guidance was introduced in preparation for more challenging cases. In Part III, the author reviews advanced resectoscopic procedures in which sonographic guidance is a requirement for the management of severe intrauterine adhesions and late-onset endometrial ablation failures, the management of FIGO Type 3 and 4 intramural myomas, as well as large submucous myomas.
PENGARUH KUAT ARUS TERHADAP KEKERASAN SUPERALLOY BERBASIS NIKEL MENGGUNAKAN TIG
Authors: Arohman Abdul Wahid , Purbaningrum Sanurya Putri , Solih Edwin Sahrial , Sudrajat Hasan
Published: February 2022

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Spatial and Temporal Variation of Selected Water Quality Parameters in the Tanzanian Side of Lake Victoria
Authors: Makaka R. R. , Misi Shepherd , Masocha Mhosisi , Kimwaga Richard
Published: February 2022

Lake Victoria’s water quality is increasingly becoming under heavy pressure mainly due to land based activities and aerial inputs which are taking place within the basin. This study was carried out to assess the spatial, including vertical and temporal, variation of the water quality of Lake Victoria on the Tanzanian side. Historical water quality data for the period from 2000 to 2016 was collected. Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Turbidity were selected for study since they are the mostly measured and monitored water quality parameters. Land use-land cover changes were analysed using ArcGIS. ILWIS 3.7 software was used to classify the land use and land cover for the years 2000, 2010 and 2014. MERIS was used to analyse the spatial variation. One-way ANOVA was employed to test the significant variation between different parameters. The results showed that, for the pelagic zone, the range of temperature, pH, DO, and turbidity were 22.8 oC-28.68 oC, 6.3-10.52, 3.42-10.21 mg/l, 1.0 NTU-15.8 NTU respectively. The corresponding values for the littoral zones were 22.3 oC-26.8 oC, 6.47-10.16, 3.99-8.6 mg/l, 1.3-347 NTU respectively. The ANOVA analysis results show that there was a significant variation of NO3(p<0.01). Temperature, pH and DO decreased with the lake depth to the bottom for both zones. For the littoral zone, a strong correlation was observed between temperature and depth, temperature and DO, and between temperature and pH with R2=0.6, p<0.03, R2=-0.78, p<0.01 and R2=0.96, p<0.01, respectively. The bare soil, urban settlements and farm land increased by 38.9%, 8.4% and 10.7% respectively from the year 2000 to 2014 on the Tanzanian side. This could have led to water quality changes. Water quality parameters varied significantly between pelagic and littoral zones. Littoral zones are mostly polluted and thus should be the priority pollution control intervention areas.
Economic Analysis of Islanded Microgrid: A Case Study of Kisiju Village - Coastal Region
Authors: Mnyanghwalo Eva , Masenge Irene , Justo Jackson , Mwasilu Francis
Published: February 2022

The concept of Microgrid (MG) has gained significant attention of researchers and projects on the business side of electrical power generation and utilization, particularly in electrification of islanded areas such as villages. Most of these microgrids are powered by renewable energy resources (RERs) and they distribute power in low voltage distribution networks. Hence, these systems are faced with reliability problems due to the intermittency nature of RERs which affect the technical as well as the return on Investment of specific projects. In the latter context, reliability and economic analysis of the MG systems is an inevitable choice. This paper presents an economic and reliability analysis of the solar PV (SPV) MG system installed at Kisiju village, located in the Coastal area of Mkuranga district in Tanzania, where operational costs, running costs and return value on investment of the installed MG system is discussed and analysis of the reliability of the system to consumers is performed and the results are validated using HOMER software
МЕТОДИКА ТЕПЛОВОГО РАСЧЕТА ВЫРАБОТКИ С ТЕРМАЛЬНЫМИ ВОДАМИ
Authors: Lanchava Omar , Oniani Shurman
Published: February 2022

В формировании микроклимата выработок термальные воды могут принимать косвенное (если они непосредственно не изливаются в выработки, но имеют восходящее движение в пределах шахтного поля) и непосредственное участие. Косвенное влияние вод учитывается при построении геотемпературного поля месторождения. В этом случае геотермический градиент не является параметром, характеризующим естественное тепловое состояние массива, и реальную картину распределения температуры в недрах необходимо установить другими способами [1], при которых методика теплового расчета выработок не меняется.
PISTON EFFECT ANALYSIS FOR THE METRO VENTILATION
Authors: Lanchava Omar , Nozadze George
Published: February 2022

The purpose of the present work is to assess the influence of the piston effect in the subway tunnels depending on the speed of train, geometry of tunnel and train, types of air flows and other variable characteristics. The article deals theoretical analysis of the piston effect and results of numerical modeling in the subway tunnels. Tables and graphs of changes in the generated air flows are presented, depending on the speed of the train and the degree of filling of the tunnel. It is noted that of the piston effect is characterized by two phases. In the first phase, the piston effect and changing processes of physical fields are a non-stationary, and in the second phase the processes are stabilized. For the air flow ahead of the train as well as backflow through annular space and direct air flow after the train, it is necessary to consider the influence of these phases. The speed of the circulation flow created by the piston effect, in accordance with the tunnel filling factor, is characterized by a linear relation, and the extent rate of its growth is directly proportional to the speed of the train. Maximum value of the air consumption carried out by the piston effect for the train's speed of the 40-45 km/h range, does not exceed 90-100 m3/s, in the Tbilisi metro conditions that corresponded to the speed of the stationary phase of moving, when the tunnel filling coefficient = 0.35.
Phenotypic features of the immune microenvironment in ovarian epithelial neoplasms and its role in tumour progression
Authors: Devadze Rusudan , Gvenetadze Arsen , Burkadze George
Published: February 2022

The tumour is characterised by the presence of various amounts of lymphocytic infiltration, which is seen in different areas of cancer and has not only prognostic value the predictive value as well. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in ovarian cancer can be associated either with good prognoses or bad prognoses in some cases. The constituent which makes the tumour immune microenvironment is still under vigorous research while they may have the potential to be well modified predictive and prognostic values in ovarian cancer. The data provided by already conducted research are controversial which suggests the need for further deeper studies. Besides this fact, there is no clear determination which histological subtype of ovarian cancer is under research or in many cases all of the morphological types are united. All of these facts mentioned can clarify why the results of many pieces of research provide controversial information. It is crucial that the immune microenvironment of various morphological subtypes of ovarian carcinomas be studied separately and individually.
Role of Transformational Leadership Style of Accounting Professionals towards Subordinates Performance, OCB, and Innovation: Mediating Effect of Integrity and Thriving
Authors: Wasim S M Shoaib , Ur Rehman Mustaghis
Published: February 2022

This study aims to examine the role of the transformational leadership (TL) style of accounting professionals towards subordinates’ performance, organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), and innovation with the mediating role of integrity and thriving at the workplace in Karachi. A clustered sample of 471 accounting professionals has participated in the research based on the nonprobability convenience sampling method. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was developed as a data collection instrument while the survey method was used to collect responses from the sample population. PLS-SEM has been employed in the study for data analysis using Smart PLS. The results demonstrate that integrity has a positive effect on performance, OCB has a negative but insignificant effect on performance whereas TL has a positive effect on integrity, integrity at the workplace (IWB), and thriving at the workplace. As far as mediation effects are concerned, it was found that TL has a positive effect on IWB with the mediation of thriving at the workplace, has a positive but insignificant effect on OCB with the mediation of thriving at the workplace, has a positive effect on performance with the mediation of integrity, has a positive but insignificant effect on performance with the sequential mediation of thriving at workplace and OCB, and has a positive effect on performance with the mediation of thriving at the workplace. Furthermore, thriving at the workplace has a positive effect on IWB and performance, and has a positive but insignificant effect on OCB as well as has a positive but insignificant relationship with the mediation of OCB and TL. The study findings propose that the managers should focus on developing a conducive network to help the organization strive. Moreover, the focus should be driven towards employees’ learning to share their views with fellow auditors whereas the controllers should discuss the intended primary purposes and nature of organizational financial targets.
Assessing the Effect of Endogenous Culture, Local Resources, Eco-Friendly Environment and Modern Strategy Development on Entrepreneurial Development
Authors: Gobena Abdulakim Erbo , Kant Shashi
Published: February 2022

Entrepreneurship is currently a global concern as its great contribution and key solutions to the economy by providing more job opportunity, income generation area, the basis for technology transfer and development and non-economic with regard to sustaining political and social activities, increasing intention of equal resource sharing and active participation in economic development is gradually increasing. This significant contribution became challenged with many key determinant factors such as indigenous culture, local resources, eco-friendly environment and modern development strategies directly or indirectly with the power of influencing entrepreneurship development. This paper aims to assess the effect of indigenous culture, local resources, eco-friendly environment and modern development strategies on entrepreneurial development. As the nature of this study is exploratory, extensive review of literature through systematic, clear, and reproducible design for detecting, evaluating, and inferring the existing body of recorded 106 documents from published and unpublished journal articles, international reports and books related to issues was used as a secondary data source.  The study pointed out that indigenous culture like indigenous leadership culture, indigenous team working and indigenous skills have a significant effect on entrepreneurial development; local resources such as infrastructure, local human capital and finance limitation, environmental marketing, innovation and distinctive competitive advantage have a significant impact on entrepreneurial development. The study implicates a distinctive gap between eco-friendly environmental theory and the practical application of green products for entrepreneurial development. Further empirical research will be needed for future studies. Finally, the study forwards future concern areas and recommends the value of this work with its limitations.
Analysis of the Psychological Characteristics and Entrepreneurial Intentions among University Students
Authors: Sohu Junaid Ali , Lashari Ali Raza , Memon Israr Ahmed , Brohi Manzoor Ali , Kehar Asadullah
Published: February 2022

Today’s technological development and rapid advancements are increasing day by day, simultaneously the rate of unemployment is also rising, especially in developing economies. In the view of long-term perspective, the global economic cycle has also been affected and is leading towards economic crises. Hence, with the dearth of employment opportunities, the youth in developing economies are inclined towards entrepreneurship and startups. Startup ventures provide them with specific sources of income as well as self-independence and self-sufficiency. Hence, the researcher in this paper attempts to explore the entrepreneurial intentions among university students. It has been observed that the reason behind this inclination is the outstanding potential the university students possess and their ambition to try new things and risk-taking tendencies. Furthermore, the new generation has the ability to develop various variations in businesses. The work is conducted on a Pakistani youth segment from the Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, which has a diverse pool of students belonging to various regions of Pakistan. Data analysis and findings demonstrate that the students of Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, not only possess a positive attitude toward entrepreneurial intention, but they also face ambiguities and difficulties in taking initiatives. Business assistance is required by them, in the form of financial and moral support, as well as professional guidance for understanding the business background. The study provides some useful insights on the subject and presents future study recommendations and practical implications.
EFL Learners’ Attitude toward Two Major English Varieties: From Perplexity to Prejudice
Authors: Herlina Rina , Faridah Didih
Published: February 2022

For EFL learners, English language is a part of the main course to consume at school. However, some of them and even English teachers are not too familiar with 2 major English varieties (EV). They are American English (AE) & British English (BE). So far, that issue doesn’t bring up responsive concern, but some questions from EFL learners prompt such an inquiry. One of those questions is; which one of those EVs has more economical benefit for their future? In addition, frequent debate might occur among EFL learners about the correct version between kid or child, lorry or truck, taxy or cab, flat or apartment and many others. This chaotic mix-up is undeniable. Thus, this study investigates learners’ attitude on both English varieties, BE and AE, in terms of learners’ prejudice and perplexity which are encountered in learning process. This survey embraced 50 university students to put forward their own perspectives on an open-ended questionnaire consisting of four questions. Next, all answers were grouped into three categories to be interpreted. The survey shows that 50% of students insist that AE is the most well-acceptable English across the globe that could contribute to their better future socially and economically, and the rest percentage shows various contradictive arguments. It is suggested that English teachers are supposed to consider the differences between BE and AE in designing teaching material to avoid EFL learners’ perplexity and prejudice on both EVs.
EFL Teachers' Efforts in Developing Their Pedagogical Competence
Authors: Sari Wulan Mayang , Hasanah Amalia , Sartika Eka
Published: February 2022

The aims of this study were to find out investigate what EFL teachers do to developing their pedagogical competence in teaching implementation. The participants of this study were English teachers in SMP Xaverius 3 Palembang. Qualitative method was used in this study. The data gained from interview was analyzed by using thematic analysis. The study applied purposive sampling. The result of the study showed that the English teachers join some activities and programs as the efforts of developing their pedagogical competence. To increase the knowledge of classroom management, teachers usually did induction programs. Teachers also should join many kind of seminars, workshops, short courses or teacher trainings related to teaching in order to develop their knowledge of teaching methods. Teachers can develop their knowledge of classroom assessment by joining seminars, workshop, reading books or articles, watching youtube, and using other platforms. Lesson study activities are used by teachers to help them making lesson plan.
The Influence of Students’ Reading Interest on Writing Ability in Learning Indonesian
Authors: Anjani Sela Dwi , Sukarno Sukarno , Andra Vebbi
Published: February 2022

The problems discussed in this study aim to determine whether there is an effect of reading interest in science majors on writing skills in learning Indonesian at SMA Negeri 5 Lebong. The approach in this research is quantitative and the type of research used is regressional. The population of this study were students majoring in science at SMA Negeri 5 Lebong and the sample of this study amounted to 65 students. The variables in this study consisted of the independent variable, namely reading interest and the dependent variable, namely the ability to write. The data collection technique was carried out by distributing a questionnaire (questionnaire) for the variable X and a poetry writing test for the Y variable. For testing the validity and reliability of this study using the SPSS version 20 program. Based on the results of data analysis, the t- count value obtained is 5.519 and the t- table is 1.998 , then the t- count value is 5.519 > from t- table 1.998, so it can be concluded that H o rejected and H a acceptability which means "There is the influence of interest in reading (X) on the ability to write (Y) in the Indonesian language learning in SMAN 5 Lebong".
Representation of Feminism in the Novel Jatisaba
Authors: Gusfitasari Santi , Mindani Mindani , Bustomi Bustomi
Published: February 2022

Background of the problem raised in this research was how the form of feminism and the role of feminism in the novel Jatisaba by Ramadya Akmal. The purpose of this study was to find out how the form of feminism and the role of feminism in the novel Jatisaba by Ramadya Akmal. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative method, and the approach used in this research was the literary criticism approach of feminism. The data source was the novel Jatisaba by Rmadya Akmal. The data collected in the form of words and quotes. Data collection techniques was in the form of library techniques. The data validity technique was focused on trust testing which consists of two activities, namely increasing persistence and using reference materials. The data analysis technique used the Miles and Huberman analysis model. The results of this study were that the form of feminism and the role of feminism found in the novel Jatiaba by Ramadya Akmal, which was in the form of feminism in the novel, told about a village called Jatisaba, the majority of the population of this village are Indonesian Labor, many Indonesian labor brokers enter the village, one of which was Mae. Many villagers had been victims of violence during their time as migrant workers, both physical and non-physical. The researcher could conclude that women in Jatisaba village experience a lot of physical and non-physical violence. Mae and other Indonesian labor brokers only took advantage of the existing conditions in the village.
Study of the Form And Meaning of Serwai Ethnic Spell Language
Authors: Gusfika Ongky , Satria Irwan , Andra Vebbi
Published: February 2022

This study aims to determine the form and meaning of  Serwai Ethnic spell language in Tebat Sibun Village, Talo Kecil District, Seluma Regency. In this research, the writers used descriptive research method with qualitative research type. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that those study discusses two problems, namely (1) What is the form of the Serawai Ethnic spell language in Tebat Sibun Village, Talo Kecil District, Seluma Regency (2) What is the meaning of serawai Ethnic mantra language in Tebat Sibun Village, Talo Kecil District,  as long as.  The results of the first problem research, it is known that there are five existence of the spell language of Serawai Ethnic in Tebat Sibun Village, Talo Kecil District, Seluma Regency (a) experience of spell language which contains elements of treatment (b) experience of spell language which contains elements of self-protection (c)  Existence  of spell language containing agricultural elements (d) existence of spell language containing elements of attracting women/pellets (e) existence of spell language containing elements of eliminating hatred.  The results of the second problem research, it is known that the meaning of the language of the Serawai Ethnic in Tebat Sibun Village, Talo Kecil District, Seluma Regency, there are five meanings (a) the meaning of healing spell language (b) the meaning of self-protective spell language (c) the meaning of agricultural spell language (d) the meaning of language  female charm spells/pellets (e) meaning of hate-killing spells.
Evaluation of Microalbuminuria in Patients with Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Raza Mohid , Kaur Maninder , Singh Harjinder
Published: February 2022

Background: Urinary tract infection is a collective term for infections that involve any part of the urinary tract. It is one of the most common infections in local primary care. There are wide range of factors identified that can increase susceptibility to UTI, like sexual intercourse, congenital abnormalities, urinary obstruction, prior history of UTI, diabetes, urogenital surgery, estrogen deficiency. Diabetes mellitus has been a significant risk factor for complicated UTI. Presence of microalbumin in urine in patients of urinary tract infection may be a predictor of intrinsic renal pathology and its presence is a predictor of ongoing progressive damage to kidneys. Microalbuminuria is also associated with cardiovascular events and diabetic nephropathy. Early diagnosis of microalbuminuria will decrease the incidence of end stage renal disease and cardiovascular events. The present study was thus conducted to evaluate prevalence of microalbuminuria in patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections.Material & Methods:The present hospital based case control study was conducted on 60 patients visiting the outpatient clinic (OPD) of Department of Urology, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala and diagnosed with UTI and the control group consisted of 20 age and gender matched individuals. Estimation of urine microalbumin was done by Enyme linked immunoassay(ELISA) kit method in Department of Biochemistry, GMC Patiala.Results:Out of 60 cases of UTI included in the present study, prevalence of microalbuminuria was observed in 43.3% among cases of UTI . A total of 85% of the cases with positive urine culture had microalbuminuria (p<0.01).Conclusions:Microalbuminuria and ACR can be recommended for predicting ESRD at an early stage of kidney disease.
ԿՊՉՈՒՆ ԺԱՊԱՎԵՆՆԵՐԻ ՀԵՏԱԶՈՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԵՎ ԴՐԱՆՑ
ՆՈՒՅՆԱՑՄԱՆ ԱՌԱՆՁՆԱՀԱՏԿՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ
Authors: Budaghyan M.S. , Ayvazyan H.H. , Hakobyan H.S.
Published: February 2022

Հոդվածում ներկայացվել է դատական հետքաբանական փորձաքննությունների ոլորտում կպչուն ժապավենների օգտագործմամբ քրեագիտական հետազոտման և նույնականացման համար նոր, առավել արդյունավետ կիրառական մեթոդական մոտեցման նկարագրություն: Վերջինիս մշակման և ներդրման անհրաժեշտությունն անկասկած պայմանավորվում է նախաքննական մարմինների կողմից նույնատիպ հանցագործությունների բացահայտմանը նպաստելու առումով փորձագիտական բնագավառի էական նշանակություն ունեցող հավաստի և կատեգորիկ փորձագիտական եզրակացությունների տրամադրմամբ:
Բանալի բառեր. հետաքաբանական փորձաքննություն, մասսայական թողարկման ապրանք,
կպչուն ժապավեն, անհատականացնող հատկանիշ, արտադրական պրոցես, միկրոուղեգիծ:
The 2004 Hurricane Season and Its Impact on Florida Wildlife Rehabilitators
Authors: Fox Wendy
Published: February 2022

The annual hurricane season in Florida is a fact of life. In May, you notice that the supermarket grocery bags are printed with hurricane tracking maps and that the local TV stations are giving out books entitled, “How to Prepare for Hurricane Season.” Newcomers to south Florida are a little uneasy, and old-timers talk about the great storms of years gone by. You do a mental check of the shutters and “guess” that the bolts are “somewhere in a baggie.” Still, nothing could prepare us for what happened this year. In August and September we had a steady stream of unwanted visitors: Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne. While the storms made landfall in different regions, hurricane and tropical storm-force winds and rain wreaked havoc from north to south each time. Mountains of information are available on how to prepare your home and your family for a “significant weather event,” a favorite term of one of our local weathermen. For wildlife rehabilitators, the challenges are many and magnified. You must not only worry about your home, but also about your facility, be it on your property or elsewhere.
Survey of Wildlife Rehabilitators on Infection Control and Personal Protective Behaviors
Authors: Saito Emi , Shreve Allison
Published: February 2022

Wildlife veterinarians and rehabilitators treat a number of wildlife species that can carry infectious and zoonotic diseases. These can rapidly spread within a facility and to the caregivers when adequate measures are not taken. Financial constraints and reduced access to laboratories often limit identification of disease etiology of many cases admitted into wildlife rehabilitation centers. A survey to investigate willdife rehabilitator illness during the 2002 West Nile virus season indicated that many rehabilitators do not follow adequate protective measures in their facilities and may not seek medical care when disease symptoms arise or even linger. The recommended precautions and proper infection control measures for those handling and housing wildlife cases should be discussed between rehabilitators and their attending veterinarian(s).
Getting It Right–Creating a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center from Scratch
Authors: Parker Kip
Published: February 2022

This article is based on a presentation made in 1998 at the 16th annual National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association Annual Symposium in Seattle, Washington. The original presentation was followed in 2000 with another more detailed presentation and publication (Parker 2000). The reader is urged to read this reference, and other suggested reading, fully, before undertaking the creation or operation of a wildlife rehabilitation center or program.
How Do You Share?
Authors: Davis Lessie
Published: February 2022

None provided.
Creating Summer—Tips on Overwintering Turtles
Authors: Forrester Harriet
Published: February 2022

As autumn approaches, wildlife rehabilitators must make decisions concerning their turtle patients. All chelonians (turtles and tortoises) take a longer time to heal than birds and mammals, and many will need to remain in captivity over the winter to allow time to completely recover. Sick or injured turtles must not be hibernated during the overwintering process. They must be kept warm and active, and continue to receive optimum nutrition. The following are some techniques used by Turtle Rescue of New Jersey (TRONJ) to convince turtles that summer is endless.