bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gendering America: Women and the American Landscape in Tirso de Molina's Trilogía de los Pizarros
Authors: Stickney Gwen H.
Published: January 2014

Although Spain had been aware of the existence of the Americas since Columbus's journey, early modern Spanish dramatists rarely set their plays there. This scarcity of Golden Age comedias about the New World, together with the difficulty of adapting a distant reality for theater audiences, underscores the importance of the relatively few plays that portray the Americas. In this essay, I argue that Tirso recreated the exotic nature of the New World in the Pizarro trilogy by gendering America's landscape through the creation of remarkable female inhabitants and by breaking the comedia 's and Spanish society's gender conventions. Writers have long associated women with nature and lands to conquer, but Tirso grants predominance over nature and over Spanish soldiers to his American women, while making problematic the relationship between men and the natural world. The fate of the American women at the end of the plays seems to leave open the possibility for a new relationship between men and women and between human beings and nature in the Americas. (GHS)
Vigencia y relevancia de Ruiz de Alarcón en los albores del teatro mexicano moderno
Authors: Layera Ramón
Published: January 2014

Con ocasión del tricentenario de la muerte de Juan Ruiz de Alarcón en 1939, se conmemoraron en México la vida y obras del dramaturgo criollo. Retomando líneas interpretativas establecidas anteriormente por importantes críticos tales como Pedro Henríquez Ureña y Alfonso Reyes, e historiadores del teatro mexicano tales como Julio Jiménez Rueda, Antonio Castro Leal y Rodolfo Usigli, aprovecharon la ocasión para analizar su obras y medir el impacto que hasta la fecha Alarcón había tenido en el teatro mexicano. Este artículo rastrea el desarrollo de las perspectives críticas sobre Alarcón que circularon en el ambiente académico y profesional de la primera mitad del siglo XX en México. Intenta, además, demostrar que este intenso y sistemático proceso de examen y valoración crítica es parte de un proceso más amplio de reclamación y apropiación cultural del dramaturgo novohispano. De paso, se demuestra el valor pedagógico que tuvo la obra de Alarcón en la formación de las primeras generaciones del teatro mexicano moderno. De interés especial es la inclusión del texto de un pliego suelto alusivo a Alarcón, a su obra y a la llegada de exilados españoles a México, y que circuló en forma anónima durante las festividades del tricentenario.
Lope and Tasso: The Presence of Torquato Tasso in Three of Lope de Vega's Mythological Plays
Authors: Barnett Timothy
Published: January 2014

The exchange of literary ideas and techniques between Italy and Spain has been acknowledged and studied for some time. The focus of this article is on the connections between Torquato Tasso's ideas on poetic composition and those of Lope de Vega, as manifested in three of Lope's mythological plays. In Adonis y Venus, El Perseo , and El Laberinto de Creta , these links are examined in order to show that Tasso's influence is evident in Lope's plays, in addition to other literary genres into which the playwright ventured. Much work has been done on the relationship between Tasso and Lope with respect to the epic. However, less attention has been given to the role of Tasso's influences in the field of Lope's dramatic production. This article seeks to make a foray into that area. (TB)
OED Online Re-launched: Distinguishing Old Scholarship from New
Authors: Brewer Charlotte
Published: January 2014

In December 2010 Oxford University Press re-launched the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) website and instituted far-reaching changes to the online version of the dictionary, which has been undergoing revision (as opposed to successive supplementation) for the first time in its history. Alphabetically sequential revision was abandoned, lists of revised entries ceased to be updated, and the independent version of OED2 was deleted. These changes, apparently aimed at a general audience, have made it impossible to track the progress of the revision or see the different stages and characteristics of OED ’s history. Over half the entries in the website version of OED are still unrevised from the first edition (completed 1928) and are the product of technology, scholarship and cultural assumptions now out of date. To interpret OED ’s evidence correctly (particularly when making electronic searches), readers need to be able to distinguish between old scholarship and new, and understand the varying historical provenance of the entries they consult. Little or no guidance on these matters is currently provided by the website. In demonstrating the problems this causes for lexical researchers (including via the links supplied with the Historical Thesaurus of the OED ) this article examines terms for homosexuality, showing that partially re-written entries confuse the historical record preserved in successive versions of OED .
An Unlikely Story: The Curious Evidence of Early British Jazz Citations in the OED
Authors: Shea Ammon
Published: January 2014

The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) contains a large number of jazz-related terms whose first citation is from a British publication. This paper examines the possible reasons for this phenomenon, asks whether the record found in the OED is accurate or not, and offers suggestions for what this evidence can tell us.
Using Dictionary Evidence to Evaluate Authors’ Lexis: John Bunyan and the Oxford English Dictionary
Authors: Coleman Julie
Published: January 2014

This paper argues that voluntary readers for OED1 made citations from minor literary works in accordance with stereotypes about their language and content. They are, consequently, less well-represented in the dictionary than writers of higher literary status. The use of electronic databases in the OED3 revision process will tend to reduce these works’ existing coverage by antedating first citations from them, and by selecting citations from among a wider range of possible sources. While unusual uses in Shakespeare will not be removed as part of this revision process, it is highly unlikely that the nonce forms of less canonical authors will be inserted. In this way, the current revision process perpetuates the literary prejudices of the first edition.
The Politics and Practice of Moral Rectitude in the Late Ming: The Case of Huang Daozhou (1585–1646)
Authors: Zhang Ying
Published: January 2014

This study investigates the employment of zhongxiao (lit.: loyalty-filial piety) in lateMing politics by examining the life and career of Huang Daozhou, a famous scholar-official during the Ming-Qing dynastic transition. This close examination of Huang’s intellectual work, political activities, and social life, as well as his interaction with colleagues and the emperor, illustrates the many ways in which zhongxiao ethics operated in lateMing politics, as an intellectual question, an important measure of moral cultivation and means of image-making, a weapon in political attacks and counterattacks, a vocabulary for political communication, and a language that helped perpetuate the Confucian moral-political ideals in the construction of the historical narrative of a dynastic transition. These uses of zhongxiao exemplify not only late Ming literati’s intensive and creative engagement with traditional ideals and practices but also the significance of moral rectitude in late Ming politics and in the historiography of the Ming-Qing transition.
Academic Librarians’ Perceptions on Information Literacy: The Israeli Perspective
Authors: Aharony Noa , Bronstein Jenny
Published: January 2014

Information literacy (IL) is a necessary skill crucial for effective functioning in today’s knowledge society. This study seeks to explore Israeli librarians’ perspectives toward major components of information literacy. Do librarians find there is a need to redefine the concept? Who do they think should teach it? How do they think Web 2.0 platforms and social networks influence the concept of IL? The study used an online survey and data analysis consisting of two phases: a quantitative and a qualitative one. Findings reveal that, in general, librarians see little or no need to revise the traditional definition of information literacy, even though they expand it while including Web 2.0 and digital-literacy characteristics within its scope. In addition, respondents think that it is more a library role than a faculty role to teach information literacy, and they view positively the possibility of integrating Web 2.0 platforms into IL courses.
Academic Libraries and Automation: A Historical Reflection on Ralph Halsted Parker
Authors: Burns C. Sean
Published: January 2014

This paper provides a historical account of Ralph Halsted Parker and his work to automate libraries in the early to middle parts of the twentieth century. One of Parker’s motivations to automate stemmed from a desire to professionalize academic librarianship, and this is evident in his administration as library director at the University of Missouri. Importantly, the motivation implies a simple means of judging the critical use of technology: that any substantive technology should be evaluated by how well it benefits librarians. Parker’s additional contributions included consulting and coauthoring, with Frederick G. Kilgour, the report that led to the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), the world’s largest bibliographic database.
Quality Parameters of Bulgarian Kinds of Bee Honey
Authors: Dinkov Dinko Hristov
Published: January 2014

More than 3600 varieties of higher plants are found in Bulgaria, which is a good predisposition for the production of different types of bee honey. In the country 11 natural and 3 national parks were registered, where many different kinds of plants can be found, some of them unique in the world. Up till now, more than 11 types of bee honey have been harvested and investigated. The aim of this work was, based on the data from available literature to provide a summary of the scientific information related to the main types of bee honey in Bulgaria from 2000 to the present. In the study, we present quality parameters from organically produced and commercially processed bee honeys: pollen analysis, proline content, invertase activity, specific optical rotation, electrical conductivity, antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
LabView software-based building supervising and events monitor system for net zero-energy strategies implementation
Authors: Szász Cs. , Husi G. , Szemes P. T.
Published: January 2014

As it is well known that due to the continuously decreasing trend of the alternative energy technologies and the increase in the costs of the traditional fossil fuels, the development of resident or commercial buildings with greatly reduced energy needs becomes a high ranked and more pressing scientific challenge. In topic with this technological and scientific provocation, the paper presents a LabView software-based building supervising and events monitor system designed and developed with the basic purpose to serve as support for net zero-energy control strategies implementation in intelligent buildings. Afterwards a brief presentation of the adopted intelligent building development strategy and the net zero-energy concept are presented and discussed. Once these theoretical aspects have been expressed and clarified, a multi-layer type implementation is unfolded, where the background layer is a building supervising and events monitor system. The main software development steps of this system are presented in details to prove the feasibility and reliability of the adopted implementation strategy.
The European Union regulation concerning the energy consumption of buildings — an ecological point of view
Authors: Bányai O.
Published: January 2014

Taking into consideration that more than 40% of the final energy consumption of the EU stems from the residential and commercial building sector, it is not surprising that the community-level regulation strongly focuses on these sectors (Eurostat, 2011). In respect to buildings’ energy performance, the European Parliament and the Council Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings requires from Member States (hereinafter: MS) to ensure that, by 31 December 2020, all new buildings are to be nearly ‘zero-energy’ buildings. Furthermore, MSs shall ensure that energy performance certificates are to be issued for buildings constructed, sold or rented out to a new tenant. Although the concerning regulation is being developed in the right way, several corrections are still required from an ecological point of view.
Potential use and distribution of biogas by existing natural gas networks in Latvia
Authors: Zemitis J. , Borodinecs A.
Published: January 2014

With the need to increase the use of renewable resources to reduce environmental impacts caused by greenhouse gases, there will be a global necessity for more intense use of renewable energy. In addition, given that a large part of energy in Latvia is imported, it is necessary to develop domestic energy supplies, thus ensuring self-sufficiency and to reduce the dependence on external factors. One of the potential sources of renewable energy that could be used increasingly is biogas. Biogas production through anaerobic digestion is considered to be an optimal solution of different types of organic waste, converting these waste materials into renewable energy and organic fertilizer. However, the lack of existing effective biogas transmission and distribution network lead to the tendency to utilize the energy near the plant site often has low efficiency, therefore cannot serve as a viable long-term source of energy.

In areas where large biogas plants are present and they account for a significant share of primary energy also where natural gas transmission networks are nearby, a possible solution would be upgrading biogas to the required level, and then using it in mix with the natural gas. Before this process is carried out, the assessment of possible economic benefits must be done, as biogas plants are mostly decentralized with relatively low energy capacity. In this paper biogas and natural gas chemical differences are analyzed. Furthermore, the possibility of biogas usage combined with natural gas and the economic benefits of such a process in case of Latvia is discussed.
LUNG AND LIVER CHANGES DUE TO THE INDUCTION OF CIRRHOSIS IN TWO EXPERIMENTAL MODELS
Authors: FERRARI Renata Salatti , TIEPPO Mauricio , ROSA Darlan Pase da , FORGIARINI JR Luiz Alberto , DIAS Alexandre Simoes , MARRONI Norma Possa
Published: January 2014

Context To evaluate lung and liver changes in two experimental models using intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and bile duct ligation (BDL). Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into a control group (CO) and an experimental group (EX). We evaluated the liver transaminases (AST, ALT, AP), arterial blood gases (PaO2, PCO2 and SpO2) and lipid peroxidation by TBARS (substances that react to thiobarbituric acid) and chemiluminescence. We also evaluated the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and histology of lung tissue and liver. Results There were significant differences in AST, ALT, ALP and PaO2 between CO group and EX group (P<0.05). The levels of TBARS, chemiluminescence and activity of enzyme superoxide dismutase were increased to different degrees in the CCl4 groups: CO and in the BDL -EX (P<0.05, respectively). In the lung histology, an increase in the wall thickness of the pulmonary artery and a diameter reduction in the CCl4 animal model were observed: comparing CO group with EX group, we observed a reduction in thickness and an increase in the diameter of the artery wall lung. Conclusion Both experimental models have caused liver damage and alterations in the artery wall that are associated with major changes in pulmonary gas exchange.
Ichnotaxobases for bioerosion trace fossils in bones
Authors: Pirrone Cecilia A. , Buatois Luis A. , Bromley Richard G.
Published: January 2014

Bioerosion trace fossils in bones are defined as biogenic structures that cut or destroy hard bone tissue as the result of mechanical and/or chemical processes. Under the premise that their paleoecological potential can completely be realized only through correct taxonomic assignment, this work focuses on the methodology for naming these biogenic structures. Thus, we propose the following ichnotaxobases in order to assist in naming trace fossils in bones: general morphology, bioglyphs, filling, branching, pattern of occurrence, and site of emplacement. The most common general morphologies are: pits and holes (borings); chambers; trails; tubes; channels (canals); grooves; striae; and furrows. The main types of bioglyphs are grooves and scratches, which may display different arrangements, such as parallel and opposing, or arcuate paired. The nature of the fill may help recognition of the origin, composition, and relationship with the surrounding sediment, as well as processes of destruction or consumption of bony tissue. The structure and layout of the filling, such as meniscate backfill or pelleted filling, offer information about the bioeroding processes. Branching structures on cortical bone are present in canals and furrows. Where the trace penetrates spongy bone, branching structures are forming tunnels that may connect internal chambers. The common patterns of occurrence are individual, paired, grouped, overlapping, lined, and arcuate. The site of emplacement may be in cortical bone, spongy bone, articular surfaces, internal bone microstructures, and external bone anatomical structures. The use of substrate as an ichnotaxobase is problematic, but as biological substrate, bone itself is a valuable source of information for paleoecologic and ethologic inferences. Given the paleontological importance of bioerosion trace fossils in bones, we underscore interactions between ichnology and other sciences, such as forensic entomology, archaeology, paleoecology, and taphonomy.
Commensal borings from the Middle Devonian of central New York: ecologic and taxonomic review ofClionoides, Clionolithes, andCanaliparvan. ichnogen
Authors: Furlong Carolyn M. , McRoberts Christopher A.
Published: January 2014

The examination of 730 borings within 88 brachiopod hosts form the Middle Devonian of central New York State revealed four ichnospecies belonging to three ichnogenera that have taxonomic histories riddled with confusion, controversy and contradiction. New observations of the ichnotaxa question long-held views of a simple morphologic differentiation between sponge borings and worm borings.ClionoidesFenton and Fenton, 1932 is here considered a sponge boring, which is comprised of a complex, multi-dimensional system of tunnels, shafts, canals, microterraced bowl-shaped structures and cone extensions, and is a senior synonym ofPaleosabella(McCoy 1855) andVermiforichnusCameron, 1969a.ClionolithesClarke, 1908 is a sponge boring possessing a rosette, branching network extending from a central node and is a senior synonym ofNododendrinaVogel et al., 1987 andRamodendrinaVogel et al., 1987. The creation ofCanaliparva circularisn. ichnogen. n. ichnosp. is needed to accommodate simple, vertically oriented, U-shaped tunnels that are indicative of worm activity. Paleoecologic evidence supports a commensal relationship between the endoliths and hosts based upon boring site frequencies in the hosts, boring patterns and five inter-specific co-occurrences between traces. These new data suggest greater diversity and ecologic complexity in ichnofaunal paleocommunities from the Middle Devonian than previously recognized.
Marine reptiles (Plesiosauria and Mosasauridae) from the Puskwaskau Formation (Santonian–Campanian), west-central Alberta
Authors: Bell Phil R. , Fanti Federico , Mitchell Mark T. , Currie Philip J.
Published: January 2014

Plesiosaurs and mosasaurs are identified from the Puskwaskau Formation of west-central Alberta, Canada. These deposits record the final stages during which the Western Interior Seaway remained open to the Boreal Sea to the North and therefore are important for determining the ranges of high-latitude marine reptiles. Polycotylid and elasmosaurid plesiosaurs shared these waters with russellosaurine (including plioplatecarpine) mosasaurs suggesting a diverse ecology of large-bodied marine predators occupied these high-latitude waters in the early Campanian. This locality, situated at 65°N paleolatitude, helps link the poorly known faunas from northern Canada with the better-known faunas from central and southern North America. Rare articulated material from the Puskwaskau Formation urges further investigation of this poorly explored unit.
Porous 3D bioscaffolds by adaptive foam reticulation
Authors: Winnett James , Mallick Kajal K.
Published: January 2014

Highly interconnected and 3D porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds with controllable macroporosity and microporosity have been produced using the adaptive foam reticulation technique, combining foam reticulation and freeze casting methodologies. Process optimized macropores were generated using a polymeric template while micropores are introduced by the sublimation of a porogen, in this instance camphene. The macropore (100–600 µm) and strut (20–100 µm) sizes of the bioceramic produced compares favorably with the template pore (200–600 µm) and strut (30–80 µm) sizes. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated a phase change from hydroxyapatite to whitlockite, a calcium-deficient phosphate incorporating magnesium and iron ions. Increasing the number of coatings and/or sintering temperature resulted in the increase of scaffold strength while reducing the pore size. Variations to the amount of porogen did not affect the macrostructure of the scaffolds and led to the controllable introduction of microporosity to the struts. Osteoblast-like MG-63 cell culture and assay tests indicated that the scaffolds are not cytotoxic and suitable for use as bone grafts.
Application of the internal erosion toolbox to Rochdale canal dams. Part 1: Introduction and erosion initiation
Authors: Eddleston Malcolm , Reilly Nicholas , Rigby Pamela
Published: January 2014

Portfolio risk assessments (PRAs) have indicated that some dams built at the turn of the nineteenth century to supply water for the Rochdale canal are particularly vulnerable to internal erosion. The canal is served by a series of dams built between 1794 and 1857. United Utilities (UU), who now own the dams, have recognised that the PRA was a high-level screening tool, and that a more rigorous method was required to provide a more detailed assessment of all potential failure modes. This led to the development of a more robust approach using the unified method of risk analysis (internal erosion toolbox), which utilises a generic event tree approach to assessing potential seepage and piping failure paths. This paper describes some lessons learnt in applying the toolbox to canal dams. It identifies a number of issues that application of the toolbox posed and the research undertaken to overcome these in order to make credible assessments of probability of failure so as to identify dams with an unacceptable level of risk and to help UU to prioritise its capital expenditure on reservoir remedial works. The paper is in two parts: Part 1 consists of an introduction to the dams under consideration and the toolbox. It then considers how to overcome bias in estimation of the probability of initiation of internal erosion. Part 2 considers ways to assess the time for development and likely detection of internal erosion.
Switchable surfactants at the polystyrene–water interface: effect of molecular structure
Authors: Su Xin , Jessop Philip G. , Cunningham Michael F.
Published: January 2014

Polystyrene (PS) latexes prepared with either C12N (N’-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylacetamidinium bicarbonate) or C12E2N (N’-(2-(2-(dodecyloxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-N,N-dimethylacetamidinium bicarbonate) switchable surfactants are stable when CO2 is present, aggregate when CO2 is removed and can be redispersed by readdition of CO2. The surface coverage of the latex with surfactant drops significantly when CO2 is removed. For PS latexes with C12N, the surface coverage does not return to the original value when CO2 is reintroduced, but the coverage of the latex with C12E2N does return to the initial value. The redispersion process of the PS latex with C12E2N occurs much more rapidly when sparging with CO2. Both C12N and C12E2N behave as surfactants in the presence of CO2, but in the absence of CO2, only C12E2N continues to have some surface activity. Due to their different molecular structures, their solid surface adsorption behaviors differ. With or without CO2, C12E2N exhibits monolayer adsorption on the surface of the latex particle.
Investigation of risk factors associated with infections caused by small ruminant lentiviruses
Authors: Barquero Nuria , Gomez-Lucia Esperanza , Arjona Alvaro , Toural Cristina , Las Heras Alfonso , Fernández-Garayzábal José F. , Ruiz-Santa Quiteria José Antonio , Doménech Ana
Published: January 2014

An epidemiological study was conducted to identify risk factors related to small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection in the central region of Spain. Between October 1998 and October 2000, a total of 194 sheep from 10 flocks and 163 goats from three flocks were tested for SRLV antibodies, resulting in 65.5% and 8.0% of seroprevalence, respectively. The relationship between differences in prevalence of SRLV, geographical location of the flock, and possible factors related to the flock that could enhance transmission were studied. Results of multivariable analysis showed an association between SRLV infection and geographical location of the flock and the rearing system. In addition, the differences in the productivity between infected and non-infected animals were explored. The productivity parameters were measured in 62 sheep and 28 goats. All productivity parameters studied (milk production, number of milking days, and lambing rate) appeared to be reduced in the SRLV-seropositive group in both goats and sheep. Even though, these differences were not statistically significant, it seems that animals infected are less productive than these non-infected. Statistical analyses comparing infected and non-infected sheep showed no statistical relationship between SRLV infection and milk quality.
Determination of five sulfonamides in medicated feedingstuffs by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection
Authors: Pietroń Wojciech Jerzy , Cybulski Wojciech , Krasucka Dorota , Mitura Agata , Kos Katarzyna , Antczak Maja
Published: January 2014

A fast and reliable method of liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection of sulfaguanidine, sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethizole, and sulfamethoxazole in feedingstuffs was described. The method involves THE procedure of preparation of spiked samples, and extraction of sulphonamides from the matrix using a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile, followed by drying the extract and dissolving it in a phosphate buffer. The analysis uses octadecyl (C18) analytical column with UV detection at λ = 260 nm and a gradient programme of mobile phase composition. The analytical procedure has been successfully adopted and validated for quantitative determination of the sulfonamides in feedingstuff samples. Validation included sensitivity, specificity, linearity, repeatability, and intra-laboratory reproducibility. The mean recovery of sulfonamides was 84%, within the working range of 200-2000 mg/kg. Direct, simple sample preparation and HPLC-UV analysis allow the method to be successfully included in the scope of routine analyses. The presented results could be an answer to a need of simple and easy method for sulfonamide determination applicable in medicated feedingstuffs analysis.
Screening and confirmatory GC-MS methods for the detection of trenbolone in bovine urine
Authors: Woźniak Barbara , Matraszek-Żuchowska Iwona , Semeniuk Stanisław , Kłopot Alicja , Żmudzki Jan
Published: January 2014

Sensitive and selective methods for the screening (GC-MS) and confirmatory analysis (GC-MS/MS) of 17α- and 17β- trenbolone in bovine urine were developed. In the first stage of the analysis, the enzymatic hydrolysis of trenbolone metabolites with glucuronidase AS-HP in acetate buffer (pH 5.2) solution was carried out. Free compounds were extracted from urine with diethyl ether. For the purification of the extract solid phase, extraction with C18 and NH2 columns was applied. The evaporated extract was subjected to two derivatisation steps; the first with MSTFA/I2 solution and second with MSTFA. The separation of the analytes on HP-5 ms capillary column was conducted. The methods were validated according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. For GC-MS method, CCα and CCβ were 0.21-0.36 μg L−1 for 17α- trenbolone and 0.20-0.34 μg L−1 for 17β- trenbolone, while for GC-MS/MS method the values were lower and amounted to 0.15-0.25 μg L−1 for 17α- trenbolone and 0.20-0.34 μg L−1 for 17β-trenbolone. Method recoveries in spiked samples ranged from 86%-111% with standard deviation lower than 25% for both detection techniques.
Urokinase plasminogen activator expression in canine malignant mammary tumours by immunohistochemical study
Authors: Golshahi Hannaneh , Tavasoly Abbas , Rezaie Annahita , Farhadi Mohammad
Published: January 2014

Immunohistochemical expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) was studied in 37 canine malignant mammary tumours to define the relationship between their histopathological type and grade. In 29 (78.4%) cases, expression of uPA by neoplastic cells was more than 10% and in 34 samples (91.9%) uPA expression by stromal cells (fibroblasts) was more than 10%. The uPA was expressed in epithelial and myoepithelial cells of carcinomas and carcinosarcomas and mesenchymal population of carcinosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and carcinomas arising in benign tumours. The intensity and percentage of expression of uPA by stromal cells was associated with their histological grade (P < 0.05). However, no significant relationship was detected between uPA expression by neoplastic cells (epithelial, myoepithelial, and mesenchymal cell) and histological grade. Increased expression of uPA by tumour stroma was associated with poor prognostic factors. Stromal expression of uPA could be a prognostic indicator for canine mammary tumours.
Sliding Mode Control for Stabilizing of Boost Converter in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Jiao Junsheng
Published: January 2014

The output voltage of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is usually changed with the temperature and hydrogen flow rate. Since the fuel cell can generate a wide range of voltages and currents at the terminals, as a consequence, a constant DC voltage and function cannot be maintained by itself as a DC voltage power supply source. To solve this problem, a simple SOFC electrochemical model is introduced to control the output voltage. The Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is used to control the output voltage of the DC-DC converter for maintaining the constant DC voltage when the temperature and hydrogen flow rate are changed. By the simulation results it can be seen that the SMC technique has improved the transient response and reduced the steady state error of DC voltage.
Spatial distribution of sediments in Suchedniów reservoir / Rozkład osadów w zbiorniku Suchedniów
Authors: Bąk Łukasz , Dąbkowski Szczepan Ludwik
Published: January 2014

The paper presents measurements of the amount, spatial distribution, grain size structure, density and the content of organic matter in sediments of Suchedniów reservoir. After 33 years of exploitation, the primary volume of the reservoir decreased by 78 thousand m3. Catchment area covered in 45% by forests is 83 km2. Mean annual water flow is estimated at 0.63 m3·s-1. Primary volume of the reservoir was 303 thousand m3 and its surface area - 21.4 ha. The greatest width of the reservoir is 490 m, distance from the river inlet to the dam is 655 m and the length along assumed water course is 740 m. Mean and maximum depths are 1.42 and 4 m, respectively.

The analyses of vertical and horizontal distribution of sediments revealed that in the deepest parts of the water body, where depth exceed 2.6 m, only 16% of sediment volume were deposited. In the inlet part of a relative volume of 0.2, 32% of sediment volume were deposited and in the outlet part - 16%. The reservoir accumulates material of a grain size <1.0 mm whose density varies between 2586 and 2758 kg·m-3. Percent of organic parts in sediments ranged from 0.24 to 18.97%.

The existing methods of description of sediment distribution in retention reservoirs do not allow for accurate predicting of this distribution. They do not account for many factors affecting the distribution of sediments in reservoirs and for the time of exploitation. None of the dimensionless curves of the Annandale’s nomograph [ANNANDALE 1984] describes the distribution of sediments in Suchedniów Reservoir. The curve closest to the actual distribution curve corresponds to the value dP/dx = 1.2 while for Suchedniów Reservoir dP/dx is 0.0014 (P - wetted perimeter of the reservoir’s cross section, x - distance from the dam). Sediments in vertical profiles have laminar structure and bottom material in layers largely differs in grain size and colour which is an evidence of different conditions of sedimentation in different hydrological periods and exploita
STRUCTURAL ANALISYS OF CONCRETE PRE-STRESSED RESERVOIRS FOR SLUDGE FERMENTATION – WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT BUCHAREST – GLINA.
Authors: Bugnariu Tudor
Published: January 2014

The paper refers to a structural finite element analysis on the reservoirs for sludge fermentation at Glina Waste Water Treatment Plant. The purpose was to assess the dynamic response of the structure, the stress and deformation states due to the design earthquake. A linearelastic analysis was performed, according to the Romanian actual codes, in order to verify the design provisions and to emphasize the sensitivities, for a structure which was designed by analytical procedures. The results obtained on the numerical models highlight the importance of the soil-structure interaction, in peculiar the one influenced by the soil mass deformability, on the overall structural response. Based on the results of the analysis, an in-situ measurement campaign for structural dynamic characteristics was initiated, taking advantage of the ongoing repair works with subsequent exhaustion and re-filling of reservoir No. 4.
NUMERICAL RESULTS FOR LOTKA-VOLTERRA MODEL USING APPROXIMATE INERTIAL MANIFOLDS
Authors: Nartea Simona Cristina
Published: January 2014

A numerical study on the classical Lotka-Volterra model is performed, using approximate inertial manifolds. An analytical study consisting in the inertial form of the system is made. The construction of the approximate inertial manifolds is based on the identification of the absorbing domains using the graphical representations of the phase portraits. The hypotheses of the Jolly-Rosa-Temam algorithm are verified for certain values of parameters and the approximate inertial manifolds are constructed. Errors of approximation are computed.
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TEMPERING PERIOD AND VACUUM CONDITIONS ON THE RICE GRAIN BREAKAGE IN A THIN LAYER DRYER
Authors: Kalantari D. , Eshtavad R.
Published: January 2014

Drying and milling of the paddy are known as the most important process influencing the rice grain breakage. Therefore in this study, influence of tempering period and the reduced atmospheric pressure (vacuum) on the crack formation of two rice varieties (Nemat and Pajouhesh) during the tempering stage is presented. Four different level of drying temperature (40, 50, 60 and 70°C) were used in this study. After drying, paddies have been transferred to a vacuum chamber ranging from 0.4 at to 1 atm (ambient pressure). Based on the results obtained in this study, crack formation in rice grains increases with increasing drying time and drying temperature. In contrast, a reduced pressure during the relaxation stage significantly reduced the rice grain breakage. During the relaxation period in the vacuum chamber, heat transfer within the rice grain occurs slowly, yields minimizing the thermal and moisture stresses. The optimized combination of temperature, time, and pressure for the Nemat and Pajouhesh rice varieties obtained 60°C, 5 hr, and 0.8 atm, respectively.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALT TOLERANCE RELATED PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS AND PROTEIN MARKERS IN SOYBEAN CULTIVARS (GLYCINE MAX L.)
Authors: Sofalian O. , Miandoab P.B. , Asghari A. , Sedghi M. , Eshghi A.
Published: January 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the salinity tolerance in seedling stage of soybean (Glycine max L.). Factorial experiment was done based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. 17 soybean genotypes were used in three salinity stress levels (consisting of control, 75 mM and 150 mM NaCl stress). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse condition and proline, sodium, potassium, and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b and total chlorophyll content were examined. To create salinity stress, NaCl was used in the experiment. The results revealed that different salinity stress had significant effects on all traits except for chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a/b. The cluster analysis in the control and at 75 and 150 mM salinity levels classified genotypes into two, two and three groups respectively. In each condition, the dpx and clean genotypes were placed in a group which the average traits were higher than the other genotypes. This can be generalized to the conditions of control as well as 75 and 150 mM salinity stress. Regression analysis showed possible informative loci encoding protein markers that was probable potential for selection strategies for salt weather proved by complementary tests.
The introduction of the newest biotechnologies is necessary for sustainable agricultural development and needs the sufficient investments
Authors: Nechaev Vasily , Gaponenko Alex
Published: January 2014

Authors of the analytical report «World Agriculture Towards 2030/2050» made conclusion that growing global demand for food cannot be satisfied if the agricultural production in the world does not increase by 60% for the next 40 years (Alexandratos and Bruinsma, 2012). This could be achieved only by increase the plants productivity, not at the expense of expansion farms land, because to 2050 area of world lands will grow on 5%. World population growth and reduction of the world area planted with wheat has alerted governments of G20, which adopted “The International Research Initiative for Wheat Improvement”. Wheat biotechnology rapidly evolves throughout the world. In 2009 three major wheat exporting countries have signed the declaration to speed up the commercialization of GM-wheat. In this article we evaluated the genetic engineering achievements, and their usage for increasing profitability of wheat.
The Development of Micromachined Gyroscope Structure and Circuitry Technology
Authors: Xia Dunzhu , Yu Cheng , Kong Lun
Published: January 2014

This review surveys micromachined gyroscope structure and circuitry technology. The principle of micromachined gyroscopes is first introduced. Then, different kinds of MEMS gyroscope structures, materials and fabrication technologies are illustrated. Micromachined gyroscopes are mainly categorized into micromachined vibrating gyroscopes (MVGs), piezoelectric vibrating gyroscopes (PVGs), surface acoustic wave (SAW) gyroscopes, bulk acoustic wave (BAW) gyroscopes, micromachined electrostatically suspended gyroscopes (MESGs), magnetically suspended gyroscopes (MSGs), micro fiber optic gyroscopes (MFOGs), micro fluid gyroscopes (MFGs), micro atom gyroscopes (MAGs), and special micromachined gyroscopes. Next, the control electronics of micromachined gyroscopes are analyzed. The control circuits are categorized into typical circuitry and special circuitry technologies. The typical circuitry technologies include typical analog circuitry and digital circuitry, while the special circuitry consists of sigma delta, mode matching, temperature/quadrature compensation and novel special technologies. Finally, the characteristics of various typical gyroscopes and their development tendency are discussed and investigated in detail.
Functional Characterization of a Bidirectional Plant Promoter from Cotton Leaf Curl Burewala Virus Using an Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Assay
Authors: Ashraf Muhammad , Shahid Ahmad , Rao Abdul , Bajwa Kamran , Husnain Tayyab
Published: January 2014

The C1 promoter expressing the AC1 gene, and V1 promoter expressing the AV1 gene are located in opposite orientations in the large intergenic region of the Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV) genome. Agro-infiltration was used to transiently express putative promoter constructs in Nicotiana tabacum and Gossypium hirsutum leaves, which was monitored by a GUS reporter gene, and revealed that the bidirectional promoter of CLCuBuV transcriptionally regulates both the AC1 and AV1 genes. The CLCuBuV C1 gene promoter showed a strong, consistent transient expression of the reporter gene (GUS) in N. tabacum and G. hirsutum leaves and exhibited GUS activity two- to three-fold higher than the CaMV 35S promoter. The CLCuBuV bidirectional gene promoter is a nearly constitutive promoter that contains basic conserved elements. Many cis-regulatory elements (CREs) were also analyzed within the bidirectional plant promoters of CLCuBuV and closely related geminiviruses, which may be helpful in understanding the transcriptional regulation of both the virus and host plant.
L’Économie successorale dans Pride and Prejudice
Authors: Massei-Chamayou Marie-Laure
Published: January 2014

Le motif de l’héritage dans Pride and Prejudice, et plus

précisément l’entail, est le support d’une critique du système patriarcal, qui

entravait l’accès des femmes au pouvoir financier. Signe de la lucidité de

Jane Austen sur les conséquences des pratiques de l’élite foncière anglaise,

seul le recours au genre de la romance annule les effets pernicieux de l’entail et conduit l’héroïne à un bon mariage. Cependant, Austen prend ses distances avec toute représentation stéréotypée du problème de la

substitution d’héritage, puisque le narrateur souligne aussi la part de responsabilité des individus dans la gestion financière. Enfin, par ses

connotations phalliques qui semblent faire fusionner l’économique et le

sexuel, le motif de l’entail fonctionne comme point de départ d’un

questionnement plus audacieux sur la notion de gender.
La Royal Academy of Arts ou le compromis patricien
Authors: Labica Thierry
Published: January 2014

This paper offers an interpretation of the historical significance of the Royal Academy of Arts in the early years of its foundation. In a transitional age from an ailing manorial paradigm of obligation-deference to the rising industrial society of the early 19th century, the Academy is understood here as inaugurating a strategy of relocation and sheltering of the aristocratic ethos. The paper first sets out to identify the converging forces of dislocation in the second half of the 18th century. It then argues that the institution and its governing rituals operated as an expanded version of Shaftesbury’s ideal of polite conversation, now materialising

as an apparatus of social regulation through an increasingly autonomised notion of culture. In this perspective, the foundation of the RA will be understood as an emblematic stage in the formation of what was still to become a much more

extensive "civilising” educative as well asmoral and statistical state.
Bible(s) de prédicateurs : les « beaux sermons » de la théorie à la pratique
Authors: Deconinck - Brossard Françoise
Published: January 2014

Prescriptive literature on the art of preaching emphasized the necessary connection between any sermon and the Biblical text on which it elaborates. However, eighteenth-century preachers commonly used the epigraph only as an excuse, as the small case study in this article shows. The corpus comprises the manuscripts of John Sharp III, compared with the printed homilies of Laurence Sterne, as well as a small sample of sermons published in the 1710s. Scriptural allusions permeated not only the exordium, but also the whole body of the discourse. They mainly referred to the Authorised Version of 1611, though the Psalms were equally cited in the translation of the Psalter annexed to the Book of Common Prayer, and some Biblical books were quoted more frequently than others. Although the

preachers’ exegesis was based on a wide range of secondary sources, it was

not always unbiased.
Sensibility, Medicine and the Novel in the Late Hanoverian Period
Authors: Bour Isabelle
Published: January 2014

Cet article examine divers romans de la fin de la période hanovrienne qui illustrent l’abandon du modèle de la sensibilité -lequel associait physiologie, morale, esthétique et épistémologie - au profit d’une science de l’esprit qui sépare la neuro-physiologie de la psychologie, ou plutôt qui envisage leurs rapports de manière dialectique. Plusieurs traités

sur les nerfs sont étudiés, où l’on voit le dilemme d’auteurs qui craignent

les implications matérialistes de la science physiologique tout en rejetant des théories purement psychologiques des phénomènes mentaux. Le lien

entre sensibilité et discours politique est mis en rapport avec l’évolution de la médecine. Frankenstein (1818) est le roman qui fait l’objet de l’étude la

plus détaillée : on s’emploie à montrer que, contrairement à ce qu’argue

Marilyn Butler, le personnage de Frankenstein est un matérialiste, non un vitaliste.
In Search of the Pivot Point of Mechanotransduction: Mechanosensing of Stem Cells
Authors: Liu Yi-Shiuan , Lee Oscar K.
Published: January 2014

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into diverse specialized cell types; hence, they have great potential in tissue engineering and cell therapies. In addition to biochemical regulation, the physical properties of the microenvironments, such as scaffold topography, substrate stiffness, and mechanical forces, including fluid shear stress, compression, and tensile strain, can also regulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Upon physical stimuli, cytoskeleton rearrangements are expected to counterbalance the extracellular mechanical forces, trigger signaling cascades, and eventually cause epigenetic modifications. This article mainly focuses on the mechanosensing, which is the upstream event of stem cell mechanotransduction and the downstream one of physical stimuli. Putative mechanosensors such as ion channels, integrins, and cell membrane as well as primary cilia are discussed. Because mechanical environment is an important stem cell niche, identification of mechanosensors not only can elucidate the mechanisms of mechanotransduction and fate commitments but also bring new prospects of the mechanical control as well as drug development for clinical application.