bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chlamydia trachomatis protein CT009 is a structural and functional homolog to the key morphogenesis component RodZ and interacts with division septal plane localized MreB
Authors: Kemege Kyle E. , Hickey John M. , Barta Michael L. , Wickstrum Jason , Balwalli Namita , Lovell Scott , Battaile Kevin P. , Hefty P. Scott
Published: November 2014

Cell division in Chlamydiae is poorly understood as apparent homologs to most conserved bacterial cell division proteins are lacking and presence of elongation (rod shape) associated proteins indicate non‐canonical mechanisms may be employed. The rod‐shape determining protein MreB has been proposed as playing a unique role in chlamydial cell division. In other organisms, MreB is part of an elongation complex that requires RodZ for proper function. A recent study reported that the protein encoded by ORF CT009 interacts with MreB despite low sequence similarity to RodZ. The studies herein expand on those observations through protein structure, mutagenesis and cellular localization analyses. Structural analysis indicated that CT009 shares high level of structural similarity to RodZ, revealing the conserved orientation of two residues critical for MreB interaction. Substitutions eliminated MreB protein interaction and partial complementation provided by CT009 in RodZ deficient Escherichia coli. Cellular localization analysis of CT009 showed uniform membrane staining in Chlamydia. This was in contrast to the localization of MreB, which was restricted to predicted septal planes. MreB localization to septal planes provides direct experimental observation for the role of MreB in cell division and supports the hypothesis that it serves as a functional replacement for FtsZ in Chlamydia.
Fostering Self‐Regulated Learning Through the European Language Portfolio: An Embedded Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Ziegler Nicholas Allan
Published: November 2014

The European Language Portfolio (ELP) is an alternative assessment used in foreign language classes throughout Europe to support and record language learning. Directly linked to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Council of Europe, 2001) proficiency guidelines, it is designed to achieve an ambitious dual goal: document students' skills and foster self‐regulated learners. The question remains whether the ELP accomplishes its desired effect. To investigate it, the researcher employed an embedded mixed methods design in Saxony, Germany, comprising a total of 575 students in 28 classes with 19 teachers in 6 schools. In a preliminary two‐group quasi‐experimental phase, students using the ELP (n = 318) reported higher mastery goal orientation, task value, academic self‐efficacy, self‐regulatory efficacy, and instructor evaluations. The ELP's effect increased with its frequency of use. Investigation into teachers' pedagogical beliefs revealed no statistical difference, strengthening the attribution of the results to ELP use. To reveal a more complete understanding of the ELP's effect, semi‐structured interviews investigating student and teacher perception of the ELP were conducted with a purposefully selected subgroup of participants using the ELP. Interviews included open‐ended prompts designed to illustrate the quantitative results. This study provides strong empirical evidence supporting the claim that the ELP accomplishes its pedagogical purpose.
Second Language Learner Knowledge of Verb–Argument Constructions: Effects of Language Transfer and Typology
Authors: Römer Ute , O'Donnell Matthew Brook , Ellis Nick C.
Published: November 2014

This article examines second language (L2) learner knowledge of English verb–argument constructions (VACs), for example, the ‘V against n’ construction. It investigates to what extent constructions underpin L2 learners' linguistic competence, how VAC mental representations in native speakers and learners differ, and whether there are observable effects of the learners' first language. Native speakers of English and advanced learners of 3 different first language backgrounds (Czech, German, Spanish) were asked to generate the first verb that came to mind to fill the gap in 20 sparse VAC frames like “she ____ against the….” The comparison of learner and native speaker verb responses highlights crosslinguistic transfer effects as well as effects of language typology that impact verb semantics (cf. Talmy, 1985). Our findings suggest that learners whose L1 is, like English, satellite‐framed (here Czech and German) produce more target‐like verbs than learners whose L1 is verb‐framed (here Spanish).
Asymmetries of Knowledge and Epistemic Change in Social Gaming Interaction
Authors: Piirainen–Marsh Arja , Tainio Liisa
Published: November 2014

While a growing number of studies investigate the role of knowledge and interactional management of knowledge asymmetries in conversation analysis, the epistemic organization of multilingual and second language interactions is still largely unexplored. This article addresses this issue by investigating how knowledge asymmetries and changing positions with regard to knowledge impact social interaction in multilingual gaming activities. Drawing on a collection of video recordings of social gaming sessions collected over a two year period and involving the same two participants, we examine how the participants orient to knowledge and deal with knowledge asymmetries while solving game‐related problems and tasks. In addition to detailed analysis of local aspects of epistemic organization, we examine how the participants' epistemic positions change over time. Findings show that epistemic changes impact the social organization of the gaming activities and constitute the situation as a learning event.
Transient myoclonic state with asterixis presenting as persistent hyperperfusion on single‐photon emission computed tomography: A case report
Authors: Umemura Atsushi , Oeda Tomoko , Sawada Hideyuki
Published: November 2014

Transient myoclonic state with asterixis is characterized by sudden onset generalized myoclonus and asterixis without consciousness impairment. Electrophysiological studies have shown that myoclonus correlates with cortical hyperexcitability localized in the primary motor cortex during the symptomatic period. However, it is unclear whether this excitability remains in the asymptomatic period. Here, we report a 79‐year‐old Japanese man who presented with transient myoclonic state with asterixis. He had been diagnosed with progressive non‐fluent aphasia and he suffered from rhythmic myoclonus; predominantly in the neck, shoulders and upper extremities. Asterixis was observed in the forearms. Brain 123I‐iodoamphetamine single‐photon emission computed tomography showed focal hyperperfusion in the bilateral precentral gyri even at 3 months after remission of the myoclonus. These data suggest that cortical hyperactivity was persistent without symptoms and led to transient myoclonic state with asterixis, which could have been due to the underlying neurodegenerative disorder of progressive non‐fluent aphasia.
‘Looking like a bad person’: vocabulary of motives and narrative analysis in a story of nursing collegiality
Authors: Padgett Stephen M.
Published: November 2014

Collegiality among nurses is necessary for the accomplishment of the tasks of care, for safety and quality improvement and for professional self‐regulation. Nurses, especially in hospitals, are more likely to work in groups than other professionals, yet those relationships have not been well explored. Bullying, intimidation and fear are frequently identified, while respectful disagreements are rarely described. In this paper, a single story by a nurse about her conversational conflict with another nurse is given a close reading. I use the ‘triadic line’ of William Carlos Williams to format an extended excerpt of interview text, in order to make visible the rhythms and organization of spoken language. Mills' concept of a ‘vocabulary of motives’ is used to examine the rhetorical strategies deployed by each nurse. Finally, I analyze the narrative structure of the story, highlighting the ways that moral certainty and uncertainty function to involve the reader in the story, and the complex role of virtue in nursing discourse.
Phenological studies of selected leaf and plant traits ofDidymochlaena truncatula(Dryopteridaceae) in a Brazilian submontane tropical rainforest
Authors: de Paiva Farias Rafael , Erickson Nascimento da Costa Lucas , Abraão Araújo da Silva Ivo , Carneiro Leão Barros Iva
Published: November 2014

The phenology of the herbaceous fernDidymochlaena truncatulain a Brazilian submontane tropical rainforest is described. A total of 23 individuals were observed over 18 months (May 2012 to October 2013). The number of live leaves, leaf production, leaf mortality, leaf growth, and fertility were recorded monthly and correlated with local rainfall and temperature. TheD. truncatulaplants remained evergreen with a monthly mean of 6.49 ± 0.75 leaves that were produced almost continuously at a rate of 6.13 ± 1.46 leaves plant−1year−1. This rate was higher than the leaf mortality rate, which was 4.61 ± 1.27 leaves plant−1year−1. Monthly leaf growth of the population was correlated with rainfall. Leaf expansion was fastest in the first month after emergence (1.31 ± 1.03 cm day−1). Fertility and leaf production intensity were not correlated with climate factors or seasonal variations. However, leaf mortality was negatively correlated with rainfall, causing variations in the number of leaves throughout the year. These results show that the phenological rhythms ofD. truncatulawere not equally influenced by climate variations. The phenology ofD. truncatulacorresponds to the phenology of a small number of aseasonal tropical ferns.
Pouzolzia saxophila sp. nov. (Urticaceae tribe Boehmerieae) from Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Wilmot‐Dear Christine Melanie , Friis Ib , Monro Alex K.
Published: November 2014

The paper supplements a taxonomic revision of the New World species of Pouzolzia by Wilmot‐Dear and Friis in 1996 and a supplement in 2011 with an additional new species. Here another new species of Pouzolzia, P. saxophila Friis, Wilmot‐Dear & A. K. Monro, is described from a restricted area of xerophytic scrub vegetation on rocky outcrops in the Boa Nova National Park, Bahia, Brazil. The new species is somewhat similar to P. pringlei, a Mexican endemic, and to P. amambaiensis from the Brazil–Paraguay border, but also to the widespread Asiatic P. zeylanica. However, the similarities with these species are probably due to adaptation to similar dry habitats on rocky outcrops.
Temporal variation in mycorrhizal diversity and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope abundance in the wintergreen meadow orchid Anacamptis morio
Authors: Ercole Enrico , Adamo Martino , Rodda Michele , Gebauer Gerhard , Girlanda Mariangela , Perotto Silvia
Published: November 2014

Many adult orchids, especially photoautotrophic species, associate with a diverse range of mycorrhizal fungi, but little is known about the temporal changes that might occur in the diversity and functioning of orchid mycorrhiza during vegetative and reproductive plant growth.

Temporal variations in the spectrum of mycorrhizal fungi and in stable isotope natural abundance were investigated in adult plants of Anacamptis morio, a wintergreen meadow orchid.

Anacamptis morio associated with mycorrhizal fungi belonging to Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium and a clade of Pezizaceae (Ascomycetes). When a complete growing season was investigated, multivariate analyses indicated significant differences in the mycorrhizal fungal community. Among fungi identified from manually isolated pelotons, Tulasnella was more common in autumn and winter, the pezizacean clade was very frequent in spring, and Ceratobasidium was more frequent in summer. By contrast, relatively small variations were found in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope natural abundance, A. morio samples showing similar 15N enrichment and 13C depletion at the different sampling times.

These observations suggest that, irrespective of differences in the seasonal environmental conditions, the plant phenological stages and the associated fungi, the isotopic content in mycorrhizal A. morio remains fairly constant over time.
Exploring the transfer of recent plant photosynthates to soil microbes: mycorrhizal pathway vs direct root exudation
Authors: Kaiser Christina , Kilburn Matt R. , Clode Peta L. , Fuchslueger Lucia , Koranda Marianne , Cliff John B. , Solaiman Zakaria M. , Murphy Daniel V.
Published: November 2014

Plants rapidly release photoassimilated carbon (C) to the soil via direct root exudation and associated mycorrhizal fungi, with both pathways promoting plant nutrient availability. This study aimed to explore these pathways from the root's vascular bundle to soil microbial communities.

Using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) imaging and 13C‐phospho‐ and neutral lipid fatty acids, we traced in‐situ flows of recently photoassimilated C of 13CO2‐exposed wheat (Triticum aestivum) through arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) into root‐ and hyphae‐associated soil microbial communities.

Intraradical hyphae of AM fungi were significantly 13C‐enriched compared to other root‐cortex areas after 8 h of labelling. Immature fine root areas close to the root tip, where AM features were absent, showed signs of passive C loss and co‐location of photoassimilates with nitrogen taken up from the soil solution. A significant and exclusively fresh proportion of 13C‐photosynthates was delivered through the AM pathway and was utilised by different microbial groups compared to C directly released by roots.

Our results indicate that a major release of recent photosynthates into soil leave plant roots via AM intraradical hyphae already upstream of passive root exudations. AM fungi may act as a rapid hub for translocating fresh plant C to soil microbes.
Structural, evolutionary and functional analysis of the NAC domain protein family in Eucalyptus
Authors: Hussey Steven G. , Saïdi Mohammed N. , Hefer Charles A. , Myburg Alexander A. , Grima‐Pettenati Jacqueline
Published: November 2014

NAC domain transcription factors regulate many developmental processes and stress responses in plants and vary widely in number and family structure. We analysed the characteristics and evolution of the NAC gene family of Eucalyptus grandis, a fast‐growing forest tree in the rosid order Myrtales.

NAC domain genes identified in the E. grandis genome were subjected to amino acid sequence, phylogenetic and motif analyses. Transcript abundance in developing tissues and abiotic stress conditions in E. grandis and E. globulus was quantified using RNA‐seq and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR).

One hundred and eighty‐nine E. grandis NAC (EgrNAC) proteins, arranged into 22 subfamilies, are extensively duplicated in subfamilies associated with stress response. Most EgrNAC genes form tandem duplicate arrays that frequently carry signatures of purifying selection. Sixteen amino acid motifs were identified in EgrNAC proteins, eight of which are enriched in, or unique to, Eucalyptus. New candidates for the regulation of normal and tension wood development and cold responses were identified.

This first description of a Myrtales NAC domain family reveals an unique history of tandem duplication in stress‐related subfamilies that has likely contributed to the adaptation of eucalypts to the challenging Australian environment. Several new candidates for the regulation of stress, wood formation and tree‐specific development are reported.
Woody plant encroachment of grasslands: a comparison of terrestrial and wetland settings
Authors: Saintilan Neil , Rogers Kerrylee
Published: November 2014

A global trend of woody plant encroachment of terrestrial grasslands is co‐incident with woody plant encroachment of wetland in freshwater and saline intertidal settings. There are several arguments for considering tree encroachment of wetlands in the context of woody shrub encroachment of grassland biomes. In both cases, delimitation of woody shrubs at regional scales is set by temperature thresholds for poleward extent, and by aridity within temperature limits. Latitudinal expansion has been observed for terrestrial woody shrubs and mangroves, following recent warming, but most expansion and thickening has been due to the occupation of previously water‐limited grassland/saltmarsh environments. Increases in atmosphericCO2, may facilitate the recruitment of trees in terrestrial and wetland settings. Improved water relations, a mechanism that would predict higher soil moisture in grasslands and saltmarshes, and also an enhanced capacity to survive arid conditions, reinforces local mechanisms of change. The expansion of woody shrubs and mangroves provides a negative feedback on elevated atmosphericCO2by increasing carbon sequestration in grassland and saltmarsh, and is a significant carbon sink globally. These broad‐scale vegetation shifts may represent a new stable state, reinforced by positive feedbacks between global change drivers and endogenic mechanisms of persistence in the landscape.
Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda): differential in vivo mucin expression and glycosylation in high‐ and low‐compatible hosts
Authors: Cortés A. , Muñoz‐Antoli C. , Sotillo J. , Fried B. , Esteban J. G. , Toledo R.
Published: November 2014

Enhanced mucus production and release appears to be a common mechanism for the clearance of intestinal helminths, and this expulsion is normally mediated by Th2‐type immune responses. To investigate the factors determining the expulsion of intestinal helminths, we have analysed in vivo expression of mucin genes at the site of infection in two host species displaying different compatibility with Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda). Surprisingly, a general down‐regulation on mucin mRNA expression was detected in low‐compatible hosts (rats) coinciding with the development of Th2/Th17 responses and the early rejection of the worms from the intestinal lumen. This suggests the existence of a mechanism by which the parasites can modulate the mucus barrier to favour their survival. In highly compatible hosts (mice), some mucin genes were found to be up‐regulated throughout the infection, probably, to protect the intestinal epithelium against the infection‐induced inflammation developed in this host species. Moreover, infection‐induced changes on mucin glycans were also studied by lectin histochemistry. Similar alterations were detected in the ileum of infected mice and rats, except with SNA lectin, indicating that sylated mucins might play an important role in determining the evolution of the infection in each host species.
Deep‐sequencing revealed Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) as a highly aggressive pathogen on hop
Authors: Jakse J. , Radisek S. , Pokorn T. , Matousek J. , Javornik B.
Published: November 2014

Newly emerging or re‐emerging diseases are a constant and significant threat to agricultural production, so prompt and accurate identification of the causative agents is required for rapid and appropriate disease management. Classical methods of pathogen detection can be successfully supplemented by next‐generation sequencing (NGS), whereby sequence analysis can help in the discovery of new or emerging diseases. In 2007, hop growers in Slovenia reported the appearance of severely stunted hop plants, a phenomenon that spread rapidly within hop gardens and among farms. Classical diagnostic methods were unable to detect a new pathogen; therefore, single step high‐throughput parallel sequencing of total RNA and small RNAs from plants with and without symptoms was employed to identify a novel pathogen. The sequences were assembled de novo and also mapped to reference genomes, resulting in identification of a novel sequence of Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) in the stunted hop plants. Furthermore, the presence of this novel pathogen on hop was confirmed by RT‐PCR analysis of 59 plants with symptoms from 15 hop gardens, representing the main outbreak locations identified by systematic disease monitoring, and small RNA Illumina sequencing of the bulked RNA sample. The high infectivity of the newly identified CBCVd was also confirmed by biolistic inoculation of two hop cultivars, which developed aggressive symptoms in controlled conditions. This study shows the feasibility of deep sequencing for the identification of causative agents of new diseases in hop and other plants.
Maternal Use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Risk of Miscarriage – Assessing Potential Biases
Authors: Johansen Rie Laurine Rosenthal , Mortensen Laust Hvas , Andersen Anne‐Marie Nybo , Hansen Anne Vinkel , Strandberg‐Larsen Katrine
Published: November 2014

Background

The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) during pregnancy has been associated with miscarriage, but the association may be biased by maternal mental illness, lifestyle and exposure misclassification.

Methods

A register study on all pregnancies in Denmark between 1996 and 2009 was conducted using individualised data from the Danish National Patient Register, the Medical Birth Register, the Danish Psychiatric Central Register, the Danish National Prescription database and the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC).

Results

A total of 1 191 164 pregnancies were included in the study, of which 98 275 also participated in the DNBC. Pregnancies exposed to SSRIs during or before pregnancy were more likely than unexposed pregnancies to result in first trimester miscarriage, hazard rate (HR) = 1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 1.13] and HR = 1.26 [95% CI 1.16, 1.37], respectively. No difference was observed for second trimester miscarriage. SSRI‐exposed pregnancies without a maternal depression/anxiety diagnosis from a psychiatric department were less likely to result in first trimester miscarriage than unexposed pregnancies with a diagnosis, HR = 0.85 [95% CI 0.76, 0.95]. SSRI‐exposed pregnancies were characterised by an unhealthier maternal lifestyle and mental health profile than unexposed pregnancies, whereas no convincing differences were observed between pregnancies exposed to SSRIs during versus before pregnancy. Substantial disagreement was found between prescriptions and self‐reported use of SSRIs, but it did not affect the estimated hazard ratios.

Conclusion

Confounding by indication and lifestyle in pregnancy may explain the association between SSRI use and miscarriage.
The plasma membrane H+‐ATPase AHA2 contributes to the root architecture in response to different nitrogen supply
Authors: Młodzińska Ewa , Kłobus Grażyna , Christensen Monica Daugbjerg , Fuglsang Anja Thoe
Published: November 2014

In this study the role of the plasma membrane (PM) H+‐ATPase for growth and development of roots as response to nitrogen starvation is studied. It is known that root development differs dependent on the availability of different mineral nutrients. It includes processes such as initiation of lateral root primordia, root elongation and increase of the root biomass. However, the signal transduction mechanisms, which enable roots to sense changes in different mineral environments and match their growth and development patterns to actual conditions in the soil, are still unknown. Most recent comments have focused on one of the essential macroelements, namely nitrogen, and its role in the modification of the root architecture of Arabidopsis thaliana. As yet, not all elements of the signal transduction pathway leading to the perception of the nitrate stimulus, and hence to anatomical changes of the root, which allow for adaptation to variable ion concentrations in the soil, are known. Our data demonstrate that primary and lateral root length were shorter and lower in aha2 mutant lines compared with wild‐type plants in response to a variable nitrogen source. This suggests that the PM proton pump AHA2 (Arabidopsis plasma membrane H+‐ATPase isoform 2) is important for root growth and development during different nitrogen regimes. This is possible by controlling the pH homeostasis in the root during growth and development as shown by pH biosensors.
Estimation of a Benchmark Dose in the Presence or Absence of Hormesis Using Posterior Averaging
Authors: Kim Steven B. , Bartell Scott M. , Gillen Daniel L.
Published: November 2014

U.S. Environment Protection Agency benchmark doses for dichotomous cancer responses are often estimated using a multistage model based on a monotonic dose‐response assumption. To account for model uncertainty in the estimation process, several model averaging methods have been proposed for risk assessment. In this article, we extend the usual parameter space in the multistage model for monotonicity to allow for the possibility of a hormetic dose‐response relationship. Bayesian model averaging is used to estimate the benchmark dose and to provide posterior probabilities for monotonicity versus hormesis. Simulation studies show that the newly proposed method provides robust point and interval estimation of a benchmark dose in the presence or absence of hormesis. We also apply the method to two data sets on carcinogenic response of rats to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin.
Spatial Distribution of Flood Risk and Quality of Spatial Management: Case Study in Odra Valley, Poland
Authors: Rucinska Dorota
Published: November 2014

This article presents methodological solutions aimed at presenting the spatial distribution of flood risk and quality of spatial management (land use), indicating both those areas used reasonably and those requiring modification. The purpose was to identify key risk areas and risk‐free areas from the point of view of human security and activity on the floodplains, based on the examples of the vicinities of Wroclaw and Raciborz in the Odra Valley, Poland. Due to recent climate change, Poland has suffered the effects of severe flooding (e.g., 1997, 2001, 2010). The analyses conducted were motivated by the European Parliament and Council's recently implemented Directive 2007/60/WE, as well as by the demand for studies for local spatial planning. The analysis indicates that reasonably developed areas do not account for the majority of those studied, making up 36% of the Wroclaw area and 15% of the Raciborz area.
Too Cool for School? The Relationship between Coolness and Academic Reputation in Early Adolescence
Authors: Jamison Rhonda S. , Wilson Travis , Ryan Allison
Published: November 2014

The relationship between peer‐nominated coolness and academic reputation was examined at two time points spanning the first year of middle school (N = 807; 52 percent female; 52 percent African‐American; 48 percent European American). Students predominantly nominated peers who were from their same gender and ethnic group as being cool. Associations between coolness and academic reputation differed across subgroups, were contingent upon level of disruptive behavior, and changed over time from fall to spring of the academic year. In the fall, patterns differed by gender, not by ethnicity. For both white and African‐American boys, hierarchical regressions evidenced a null association between coolness and academic reputation; for both white and African‐American girls, this association was positive. In the spring, findings for white girls were similar to findings from the fall. For the three remaining groups—white boys and African‐American boys and girls—conditions worsened over time, albeit in slightly dissimilar ways. For white boys, fall coolness did not predict significant declines in academic reputation over time; nonetheless, as a group, the coolness–academic reputation was negative by the end of the year. For African‐American boys and girls, fall coolness significantly predicted declines in academic reputation from fall to spring, although the concurrent coolness–academic reputation association was not significantly negative for either group in the spring.
The Relationship Between Peer Victimization and Children's Humor Styles: It's No Laughing Matter!
Authors: Fox Claire Louise , Hunter Simon C. , Jones Siân Emily
Published: November 2014

This study assessed the concurrent and prospective (fall to spring) associations between peer victimization and four humor styles, two of which are adaptive (affiliative and self‐enhancing) and two maladaptive (aggressive and self‐defeating). Participants were 1234 adolescents (52 percent female) aged 11–13 years, drawn from six secondary schools inEngland. Self‐reports and peer reports of peer victimization were collected, as were self‐reports of humor styles. In cross‐sectional analyses, peer victimization was associated with all four humor styles, most strongly with self‐defeating and affiliative humor. Across the school year, peer victimization was associated with an increase in self‐defeating humor and a decrease in affiliative humor (and vice‐versa). These results have implications for models of humor development and how we understand the continuity of peer victimization.
Toddlers Assert and Acknowledge Ownership Rights
Authors: Ross Hildy , Friedman Ori , Field Aimee
Published: November 2014

Two studies compared toddler owners and non‐owners of toys. Children of 24 and 30 months were supplied with toys and told that they were owners. In play with friends, owners were more likely than non‐owners to maintain possession, claim toys verbally (‘mine’), and non‐verbally, by attempting to regain their own toys in their friends' possession. Children communicated their ownership early in each episode and in preference to other information about the toys. Toddlers in both studies identified toys belonging to their friends and acknowledged their friends' ownership with possessive statements (‘yours’), and in Study 2, recognized the relationship between owners and their property by offering toys that their friends owned. In these ways, toddlers' actions were consistent with accepted ownership rights.
Reliability of Repeated Measurements on Post‐Burn Scars with Corneometer CM 825®
Authors: Anthonissen M. , Daly D. , Peeters R. , Van Brussel M. , Fieuws S. , Moortgat P. , Flour M. , Van den Kerckhove E.
Published: November 2014

Background/purpose

The water content in burn scars, the parameter of stratum corneum water holding capacity, is an important feature in evaluation of biophysical properties of scars. Nevertheless, quantifiying this parameter is a challenge. In this study, the reliability of repeated water content measurements with Corneometer CM825® on (burn) scars was investigated.

Methods

Intra‐observer reliability, inter‐observer reliability and day‐by‐day variability were examined on 30 scars by means of intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) and within‐subject coefficient of variation (WSCV). Bland–Altman plots with ‘95% limits of agreement’ were constructed.

Results

Results revealed excellent ICC values (ICCintra = 0.985; ICCinter = 0.984) with relatively low WSCV (WSCVintra = 6.3%; WSCVinter = 10.6%) for respectively intra‐ and inter‐observer reliability. However, the Bland–Altman plot showed that more than 5% of differences were expected to exceed 4 a.u., the limit of what has been defined as a clinically acceptable difference. Results for day‐by‐day variability showed good ICC value (ICCday‐by‐day = 0.849) and higher WSCV (WSCVday‐by‐day = 20.5%).

Conclusion

The Corneometer CM825® is an objective and sensitive instrument for water content measurements. On the basis of our results, we concluded that the instrument can be used in clinical trials, but only under very strict conditions with standardized test protocol, preferably in combination with the evaluation of other physiological parameters.
The Relationship between Spatial Configuration and Arab Minority Residential Patterns in Israeli Mixed Cities
Authors: Goldblatt Ran , Omer Itzhak
Published: November 2014

This paper investigates how city's street network is related to the residential dynamics of the Arab minority's residential pattern in five Israeli Arab‐Jewish mixed cities. Based on the the space syntax methodological framework we analysed the metric and topological access between individual streets. The results obtained show an association between residential pattern changes and the relative access of individual streets to the core area of the Arab's community (at the local and the global level) and discontinuity of street networks. The results clearly indicate that topological accessibility (i.e. topological distance between axial lines) is more significant in determining the dynamics of minority‐majority residential pattern than is metric distance. The findings thus support the notion that a city's spatial configuration provides essential conditions for urban ethnic dynamics and the evolution of minority groups' residential patterns. Hence, this factor might be essential for policy making regarding minority‐majority residential segregation.
From Demographic Dividend to Demographic Burden: The Impact of Population Ageing on Economic Growth in Europe
Authors: Van Der Gaag Nicole , de Beer Joop
Published: November 2014

In the coming years, the share of the working‐age population in the total population will start to decline in all countries of the European Union. All other things remaining equal, this so‐called demographic burden will have a downward effect on economic growth. This paper examines whether the Europe 2020 employment targets would be sufficient to compensate for the downward impact of demographic burden and whether the impact of demography on economic growth differs between EU countries and between urban and rural regions. The results show that raising employment rates to the Europe 2020 targets can restore positive opportunities for economic growth, but not in all countries and only to a limited extent. They also show that even though urban and rural regions differ in terms of population growth and growth of the working age population, the prospects for demographic burden are highly similar for both types of regions.
The Modal Split of Cities: A Workplace‐Based Mixed Modelling Perspective
Authors: Vanoutrive Thomas
Published: November 2014

Many transport planners and policy‐makers compare cities on the basis of travel behaviour or transport system characteristics. These comparisons are then used to promote cities as ‘cycling capitals’ or ‘public transport paradises’. However, data‐related and methodological issues make comparisons across cities difficult. This paper presents an alternative to the dominant atomistic‐residential perspective which takes a random sample of residents in a city as input. We conceptualise cities as concentrations of workplaces and compare the commuting behaviour of employees active in a selection of sectors. This paper presents a new indicator to measure the modal split of cities and explains the level of car use in Belgian cities using mixed models. The presence of a railway station is associated with lower levels of car use, while highway access increases the share of the car. The car is also less popular in city centres, subcentres and in more dense urban areas.
On the ‘How Many Europes’ Debate: Varieties of Service Economies
Authors: Di Meglio Gisela , Pyka Andreas , Rubalcaba Luis
Published: November 2014

This paper shapes and identifies the varieties and dynamics of service economies in the EU 25. By adopting a neo‐Schumpeterian and evolutionary approach it contributes to enrich previous research dealing with national disparities from the perspective of services economic structures. Communalities across countries and time are detected and discussed at different levels of analysis. A wide set of models across the European region is found from an aggregated perspective. Moreover, the paper analyses the key dimensions explaining the different service models at sectoral level: structural change, knowledge and innovation, internationalisation and competition restrictions. The main result shows that structural composition of countries plays a prominent role, while heterogeneity is driven by dissimilarities in knowledge bases and innovative efforts across Europe.
A Spatial Analysis of Precarious Forms of Employment in France
Authors: Jacquemond Marc , Breau Sébastien
Published: November 2014

This paper provides the first detailed analysis of the spatial dimensions of precarious employment across the French territory. We find that different forms of precarious employment exhibit different spatial patterns. The most striking locational pattern is shown by fixed‐term contracts and part‐time work where we observe clusters of high levels of precarious employment primarily in southern regions. Northern regions, in contrast, are characterised by clusters of low levels of precarious employment. We also find that precarious employment is predominantly a rural phenomenon with the exception of temporary (interim) work which displays higher average levels in urban communes. Finally, modelling results suggest that the geographical distribution of precarious forms of employment is linked to factors such as the unemployment rate, the industrial composition of a region, gender and the structure of family households.
Learning by Bumping: Pathways ofDutch Smes to Foreign Direct Investment in Asia
Authors: van Meeteren Michiel
Published: November 2014

This paper investigates how elevenDutch small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) transnationalised withEast andSoutheastAsian economies by means of establishing a foreign subsidiary. The study's aim is to elucidate how firms learned to become a transnational corporation and to gauge the relevance of the firm's external networks in the acquisition of the appropriate knowledge. The paper conceptualisesSMEtransnationalisation as an organisational process that can be understood by theories developed in innovation studies. Through qualitative research on transnationalisation pathways, inferences are drawn on the skills and routines that are necessary to bridge institutional differences and the process by which these skills are acquired and routinised within the firm.
Sphingolipid Metabolism and Interorganellar Transport: Localization of Sphingolipid Enzymes and Lipid Transfer Proteins
Authors: Yamaji Toshiyuki , Hanada Kentaro
Published: November 2014

In recent decades, many sphingolipid enzymes, sphingolipid‐metabolism regulators and sphingolipid transfer proteins have been isolated and characterized. This review will provide an overview of the intracellular localization and topology of sphingolipid enzymes in mammalian cells to highlight the locations where respective sphingolipid species are produced. Interestingly, three sphingolipids that reside or are synthesized in cytosolic leaflets of membranes (ceramide, glucosylceramide and ceramide‐1‐phosphate) all have cytosolic lipid transfer proteins (LTPs). TheseLTPsconsist of ceramide transfer protein (CERT), four‐phosphate adaptor protein 2 (FAPP2) and ceramide‐1‐phosphate transfer protein (CPTP), respectively. TheseLTPsexecute functions that affect both the location and metabolism of the lipids they bind. Molecular details describing the mechanisms of regulation ofLTPscontinue to emerge and reveal a number of critical processes, including competing phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions and binding interactions with regulatory proteins and lipids that influence the transport, organelle distribution and metabolism of sphingolipids.
Risk factors for hepatitis B and C infection among blood donors in five Chinese blood centers
Authors: Huang Yi , Guo Nan , Yu Qilu , Lv Yunlai , Ma Hongli , Yun Zhongqiao , Yao Fuzhu , Dong Xiangdong , Zhu Xiangming , Wen Xiuqiong , Cao Ruan , Huang Mei , Bi Xinhong , Zhao Mingjiang , Tiemuer Mei‐hei‐li , Li Julin , Zhou Zhongmin , He Weilan , Liu Jing , Wright David J. , Wang Jingxing , Ness Paul , Shan Hua ,   NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II (REDS‐II), International Component
Published: November 2014

Background

Few studies were conducted on hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV, respectively) risk factors among Chinese blood donors in recent years since voluntary donors replaced commercial donors.

Study Design and Methods

A case‐control survey was conducted in HBV‐ or HCV‐positive and ‐negative donors from five blood centers in China between September 2009 and April 2011. Case status was defined by having a reactive result on Monolisa HBsAg Ultra (Bio‐Rad) for HBV and Ortho anti‐HCV EIA 3.0 (Johnson & Johnson) for HCV. Controls were randomly selected qualified blood donors matched to cases by donation month and blood center. Specific test‐seeking, medical‐related, and behavioral risk factors were compared by HBV and HCV status using chi‐square tests or Fisher's exact tests with Bonferroni correction.

Results

A total of 364 HBV cases, 174 HCV cases, and 689 controls completed the survey; response rates were 66.2, 47.3, and 82%, respectively. HCV‐positive donors were significantly more likely to report having a blood transfusion history (23.4% vs. 3.0%, p < 0.0001) and ever living with a person with illegal drug injection (6.0% vs. 0.5%, p < 0.0001) than controls. Having intravenous and intramuscular injections in the past 12 months and ever having a tattoo are marginal risk factors for HCV (p values < 0.01). No specific risk factor for HBV was identified.

Conclusion

History of previous transfusion and living with illegal drug users are risk factors for HCV infection among Chinese blood donors from five regions. Test‐seeking behavior is not associated with HBV or HCV infections.
Efficacy and side effects of radiation therapy in comparison with radiation therapy and temozolomide in the treatment of measurable canine malignant melanoma
Authors: Cancedda S. , Rohrer Bley C. , Aresu L. , Dacasto M. , Leone V. F. , Pizzoni S. , Gracis M. , Marconato L.
Published: November 2014

Prognosis for unresectable canine malignant melanoma (MM) is typically poor, and therapeutic approaches remain largely palliative. A bi‐institutional trial was conducted to compare efficacy and safety of radiation therapy (RT) andRTwith post‐radiation temozolomide in dogs with chemotherapy‐naïve, measurableMM.RTconsisted of 5 × 6 Gy fractions over 2.5 weeks. Dogs whose owners wished to pursue chemotherapy received adjuvant oral temozolomide (60 mg m−2for 5 days every 28 days). Fifteen dogs were treated withRTonly (Group 1) and 12 dogs subsequently received temozolomide (Group 2). Overall response rate was similar between Group 1 (86.7%) and Group 2 (81.1%). Median time to progression (TTP) was significantly longer in Group 2 (205 days) compared to Group 1 (110 days;p = 0.046). Survival time was not significantly different between groups. Both treatments were well tolerated. Post‐radiation temozolomide has a good safety profile, and may improveTTPinMMwhen compared to coarse fractionatedRT.
Multimode Modified Positive Position Feedback to Control a Collocated Structure
Authors: Omidi Ehsan , Nima Mahmoodi S.
Published: November 2014

Multimode modified positive position feedback (MMPPF) is proposed to suppress vibrations at multi-resonance frequencies in flexible collocated structures. Typically, flexible structures have large numbers of active modes in low frequency bandwidths, which make them susceptible to multi-frequency resonant vibrations. Hence, it is essential for the controller to have effective suppression on all participating modes. The MMPPF controller consists of a first- and a second-order compensator for each mode, as they are all set parallel for all active modes. Because of suppression performance sensitivity to controller gain parameters, proper gain selection is essential. Here, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) approach and a proposed method called M-norm are used for gain optimization of the MMPPF controller. The optimized controller is then evaluated experimentally using a cantilever beam, enhanced by a piezoelectric actuator. According to the obtained results, the MMPPF controller reduces vibration amplitudes to the expected lower level, under both LQR and M-norm optimization methods. In some cases, vibration amplitude at the place of piezo-actuator is reduced to even less than the vibration amplitude level of the disturbance input at clamped end.
Stabilization of Discrete-Time Linear Systems With Quantization and Noise Input
Authors: Ji Mingming , Yang Chunyu , Zhang Weidong
Published: November 2014

In this paper, our main concern is the problem of stabilization of discrete-time linear systems with both quantization and noise input. Stabilizability by means of quantizers that perform adaptations called “zooming” is analyzed. The noise input can be separated into an additive white noise part and a deterministic constant input disturbance. The analysis of mean-square stability of the system with noise input is essentially the asymptotic stability of the system disturbed by a constant input. It is shown that the system with the constant input disturbance is asymptotically stabilized by the quantized feedback control policy if the system without noise input can be stabilized by a linear state feedback law. Both the state quantization and the input quantization are studied.
Finite Element Analysis of Self-Pierce Riveting in Magnesium Alloys Sheets
Authors: Moraes J. F. C. , Jordon J. B. , Bammann D. J.
Published: November 2014

Conventional fusion joining methods, such as resistance spot welding (RSW), have been demonstrated to be ineffective for magnesium alloys. However, self-pierce riveting (SPR) has recently been shown as an attractive joining technique for lightweight metals, including magnesium alloys. While the SPR joining process has been experimentally established on magnesium alloys through trial and error, this joining process is not fully developed. As such, in this work, we explore simulation techniques for modeling the SPR process that could be used to optimize this joining method for magnesium alloys. Due to the process conditions needed to rivet the magnesium sheets, high strain rates and adiabatic heat generation are developed that require a robust material model. Thus, we employ an internal state variable (ISV) plasticity material model that captures strain-rate and temperature dependent deformation. In addition, we explore various damage modeling techniques needed to capture the piercing process observed in the joining of magnesium alloys. The simulations were performed using a two-dimensional axisymmetric model with various element deletion criterions resulting in good agreement with experimental data. The simulations results of this study show that the ISV material model is ideally suited for capturing the complex physics of the plasticity and damage observed in the SPR of magnesium alloys.
Effect of the Carbon Nanotube Distribution on the Thermal Conductivity of Composite Materials
Authors: Afrooz Iman Eslami , Öchsner Andreas
Published: November 2014

Finite element analysis has been employed to investigate the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) distribution on the thermal conductivity of composite materials. Several kinds of representative volume elements (RVEs) employed in this study are made by assuming that unidirectional CNTs are randomly distributed in a polymer matrix. It is also assumed that each set of RVEs contains a constant fiber volume fraction and aspect ratio. Results show that randomness—the way in which fibers are distributed inside the matrix—has a significant effect on the thermal conductivity of CNT composites. Results of this study were compared using the analytical Xue and Nan model and good agreement was observed.