bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing the Index of Problematic Online Experiences (I‐POE) with a national sample of adolescents
Authors: Mitchell Kimberly J. , Jones Lisa M. , Wells Melissa
Published: October 2013

This article assesses the utility of the Index of Problematic Online Experiences (I‐POE) in a national sample of adolescents in the United States. The study was based on a cross‐sectional national telephone survey of 1560 Internet users, ages 10 through 17. Data were collected between August, 2010 and January, 2011. The I‐POE is an 18‐item binary response index which can be used to assess problematic internet use across multiple behaviors and activities. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported a revised index with two factors: a 9‐item “excessive use” scale and a 9‐item “online social and communication problems” scale among this population. The I‐POE showed favorable psychometric properties including adequate internal consistency for the overall scale and for the two subscales. Scores correlate with offline emotional and behavioral difficulties and the I‐POE could have value for use as a part of broad mental health assessment procedures in clinical or school settings.
Over expression of PPP2R2C inhibits human glioma cells growth through the suppression of mTOR pathway
Authors: Fan Yi-ling , Chen Lei , Wang Ji , Yao Qing , Wan Jie-qing
Published: October 2013

PPP2R2C encodes a gamma isoform of the subunit B55 subfamily, which is a regulatory subunit of Protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A). Our study shows that PPP2R2C is downregulated in glioma cells and human brain cancer patient samples. Overexpression of PPP2R2C inhibited cancer cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo through the suppression of the activity of S6K in the mTOR pathway. Moreover, exogenous expression of PPP2R2C promoted the formation of a complex with the PP2A‐C subunit to further enhance the binding of PP2A‐C with S6K. Our results suggest that PPP2R2C is a potential tumor suppressor gene in human brain cancers. This study will provide novel insight into the development of therapeutic strategies in the treatment of human brain tumors.
MicroRNAs with analogous target complementarities perform with highly variable efficacies in Arabidopsis
Authors: Deveson Ira , Li Junyan , Millar Anthony A.
Published: October 2013

In plants, the silencing efficacy of microRNAs (miRNAs) is thought to be predominantly determined by the degree of complementarity to their target genes. Here, silencing efficacy was determined for Arabidopsis miR159 and four artificial miRNAs (amiRNAs) that all target MYB33/MYB65 with analogous complementarities. As determined through complementation of a loss‐of‐function mir159 mutant, the amiRNAs displayed highly variable efficacies, none of which was as strong as endogenous miR159. This was despite amiRNA expression levels being many fold‐higher than miR159 in wild‐type. The results highlight the variable nature of miRNA silencing efficacy in plants, where it appears that factors additional to complementarity strongly impact silencing.
Pluripotency of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Feng Chunjing , Jia Yun-Dan , Zhao Xiao-Yang
Published: October 2013

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be generated by forced expression of four pluripotency factors in somatic cells. This has received much attention in recent years since it may offer us a promising donor cell source for cell transplantation therapy. There has been great progress in iPS cell research in the past few years. However, several issues need to be further addressed in the near future before the clinical application of iPS cells, like the immunogenicity of iPS cells, the variability of differentiation potential and most importantly tumor formation of the iPS derivative cells. Here, we review recent progress in research into the pluripotency of iPS cells.
Integration-Free Methods for Generating Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Zhou Yi-ye , Zeng Fanyi
Published: October 2013

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be generated from mouse or human fibroblasts by exogenous expression of four factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, and hold great potential for transplantation therapies and regenerative medicine. However, use of retroviral vectors during iPS cell generation has limited the technique’s clinical application due to the potential risks resulting from genome integration of transgenes, including insertional mutations and altered differentiation potentials of the target cells, which may lead to pathologies such as tumorigenesis. Here we review recent progress in generating safer transgene-free or integration-free iPS cells, including the use of non-integrating vectors, excision of vectors after integration, DNA-free delivery of factors and chemical induction of pluripotency.
Experience of tubo‐ovarian abscess in western Turkey
Authors: Güngördük Kemal , Guzel Esra , Asicioğlu Osman , Yildirim Gokhan , Ataser Guler , Ark Cemal , Gulova Sıdıka S. , Uzuncakmak Cihangir
Published: October 2013

Objective

To investigate the clinical and laboratory parameters, treatments, and complications of patient with tubo‐ovarian abscess (TOA).

Methods

Data for 296 patients diagnosed with TOA (clinically and sonographically) between January 2005 and December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed at 3 tertiary referral hospitals in Turkey. Patients were compared on the basis of TOA size, demographic characteristics, clinical and sonographic presentation, and laboratory findings.

Results

Seventy‐six patients (25.7%) underwent surgery because antibiotic treatment was unsuccessful. The mean abscess size was larger and the mean C‐reactive protein (CRP) level and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were higher among patients who required surgery. The ESR had a diagnostic value of 83.6%, and a specificity and sensitivity of 73.7% and 82.7%, respectively, for the need for surgical intervention, based on a cut‐off value of 63.0 mm/hour. The CRP level had a diagnostic value of 80.4%, a specificity of 82.3%, and a sensitivity of 65.8% based on a cut‐off value of 21.0 mg/L.

Conclusion

The combined use of the sonographic TOA diameter and laboratory parameters (ESR and CRP level) can aid clinical treatment decisions and improve the prediction of the outcome of medical TOA treatment.
A comparison of prophylactic intramuscular ergometrine and oxytocin for women in the third stage of labor
Authors: Ezeama Chukwuemeka O. , Eleje George U. , Ezeama Nkiru N. , Igwegbe Anthony O. , Ikechebelu Joseph I. , Ugboaja Joseph O. , Ezebialu Ifeanyichukwu U. , Eke Ahizechukwu C.
Published: October 2013

Objective

To compare the efficacy and adverse effects of ergometrine and oxytocin given intramuscularly for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage during the third stage of labor.

Methods

The study included women with a singleton pregnancy of at least 28 weeks' gestation who had a vaginal delivery. High‐risk pregnancies were excluded. Oxytocin (10 IU) or ergometrine (0.5 mg) were administered intramuscularly in a blinded pattern immediately after delivery of the infant. An intention‐to‐treat analysis was performed.

Results

Postpartum blood loss (301.8 ± 109.2 mL versus 287.1 ± 84.4 mL, P = 0.011) and packed cell volume (30.7 ± 1.7% versus 31.6 ± 2.0%; Z = 0.00; P = 0.008) were considerably reduced among parturients who received intramuscular ergometrine. The rates of therapeutic oxytocics use, blood transfusion, placental retention, and manual removal of the placenta were significantly higher in the oxytocin group. No significant differences between the groups were observed in terms of adverse effects, with the exception of diastolic hypertension, which was more common in the ergometrine group (odds ratio, 0.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.00–0.75; P = 0.007).

Conclusion

Intramuscular ergometrine is superior to intramuscular oxytocin in averting postpartum hemorrhage during the third stage of labor. There are no significant risks of adverse effects except for diastolic hypertension.

Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (www.pactr.org): 201105000292708.
Ten years of experience in molecular prenatal diagnosis and carrier testing for spinal muscular atrophy among families from Serbia
Authors: Miskovic Marijana , Lalic Tanja , Radivojevic Danijela , Cirkovic Sanja , Ostojic Slavica , Guc‐Scekic Marija
Published: October 2013

Objective

To describe 10 years of experience of prenatal analysis of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Methods

Data were retrospectively evaluated from prenatal analysis and carrier screening among parents and close relatives between January 2003 and December 2012. Screening was done before the parents were offered prenatal diagnosis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to detect the most frequent homozygous deletions in the SMN1 gene in fetal samples. A commercial MLPA kit (SALSA P060) was used to analyze SMN1 copy number for carrier status determination among healthy individuals. Bayesian calculation was used to accurately assess the risk of having a child affected with SMA.

Results

During the study period, 66 fetal samples from 44 Serbian families were analyzed, and 13 (19.7%) showed a homozygous deletion in the SMN1 gene. Among 28 healthy individuals, carrier status was confirmed for 16 (57.1%). For 7 couples, quantitative analyses and Bayesian calculation reduced the final risk of having a child with SMA from 1 in 200 to 1 in 2448.

Conclusion

Owing to disease severity and lack of a curative treatment, prenatal diagnosis of SMA is the best way to prevent recurrence. Carrier detection allows accurate risk assessment and appropriate genetic counseling for all family members.
Equivariant semi-topological K-homology and a theorem of Thomason
Authors: Heller Jeremiah , Hornbostel Jens
Published: October 2013

We generalize several comparison results between algebraic, semi-topological and topological K-theories to the equivariant case with respect to a finite group.
Consequences of viscous anisotropy in a deforming, two-phase aggregate. Part 1. Governing equations and linearized analysis
Authors: Takei Yasuko , Katz Richard F.
Published: October 2013

In partially molten regions of Earth, rock and magma coexist as a two-phase aggregate in which the solid grains of rock form a viscously deformable framework or matrix. Liquid magma resides within the permeable network of pores between grains. Deviatoric stress causes the distribution of contact area between solid grains to become anisotropic; in turn, this causes anisotropy of the matrix viscosity at the continuum scale. In this two-paper set, we predict the consequences of viscous anisotropy for flow of two-phase aggregates in three configurations: simple shear, Poiseuille, and torsional flow. Part 1 presents the governing equations and an analysis of their linearized form. Part 2 (Katz & Takei, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 734, 2013, pp. 456–485) presents numerical solutions of the full, nonlinear model. In our theory, the anisotropic viscosity tensor couples shear and volumetric components of the matrix stress/strain rate. This coupling, acting over a gradient in shear stress, causes segregation of liquid and solid. Liquid typically migrates toward higher shear stress, but under specific conditions, the opposite can occur. Furthermore, it is known that in a two-phase aggregate with a porosity-weakening viscosity, matrix shear causes porosity perturbations to grow into a banded or sheeted structure. We show that viscous anisotropy reduces the angle between these emergent high-porosity features and the shear plane. Laboratory experiments produce similar, high-porosity features. We hypothesize that the low angle of porosity bands in such experiments is the result of viscous anisotropy. We therefore predict that experiments incorporating a gradient in shear stress will develop sample-wide liquid–solid segregation due to viscous anisotropy.
Metaphor and Method in Concrete Ecclesiologies
Authors: Hawksley Theodora
Published: October 2013

The past twenty-five years have seen a widespread turn to the concrete in theology, and an increased awareness of the importance of practices, believing communities and material culture for both Christian faith itself, and theological engagement with it. In ecclesiology, this turn to the concrete has manifested itself in the rise of concrete approaches to ecclesiology. These have developed over the past fifteen years or so, as ecclesiologists have integrated theological and social-scientific perspectives on the church, to create both general methodological studies, and smaller scale ‘ecclesiological ethnographies’ of particular church communities.

This article critically explores some of the key methodological moves of the emerging discipline of concrete ecclesiology. In the first part of the article, I argue that concrete ecclesiologies display two characteristic methodological tendencies. First, they exhibit a tendency to define their approach as concrete and realistic in contrast to twentieth-century doctrinal approaches to ecclesiology, which they perceive as unhelpfully idealising and abstract. Second, they tend to express the task of ecclesiological ethnography as one of balancing the claims of two descriptive languages, theology and social science, with regard to a single object, the church. The underlying metaphor here is borrowed from christology: just as theological language about Christ's divine and human nature must be kept in balance, so doctrinal and social perspectives on the church must be kept in balance to avoid ‘ecclesiological Nestorianism’.

In the second part of the article, I argue that these two methodological tendencies result in caricatured understandings of theology and ethnography as functional opposites. Theology tends to be regarded as an inherently abstracting and idealising influence in ecclesiology, while ethnography tends to be regarded as a means of straightforwardly accessing the ‘real’ church. This in turn creates a problematically thermostatic understanding of the relationship between theological and ethnographic insights in ecclesiology, casting them as mutually regulating and opposite influences. The article closes by proposing a potentially more fruitful alternative model for integrating theology and ethnography, by exploring the similarities between the ways in which the two disciplines understand and relate to their respective objects of study.
The Chronology of some Middle-Byzantine Churches
Authors: Megaw H.
Published: October 2013

Millet has established that the Greek church-builders were in a large measure independent of their contemporaries in the imperial capital. The independent Greek School whose limits he sought to trace reached the peak of its achievement in the two centuries prior to the Latin occupation, and most of the Byzantine churches in Central Greece and the Peloponnesus belong to this period. Millet's approach to these Middle-Byzantine churches was retrospective, his starting-point being Mistra, capital of the restored imperial province. He was interested in the Greek tradition less for its own sake than for its contribution to the later architecture of the last Byzantine ‘Renaissance.’ While he has endeavoured to resolve the problems which the origins of certain of its characteristic features present, and to gauge its legacy to Arta and Mistra, he has treated more summarily the development within the limits of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
Some Provincial Black-Figure Workshops
Authors: Ure Annie D.
Published: October 2013

In the small collection of Greek vases in Reading University there is a pyxis, complete with lid, and also an odd lid from a similar pyxis (Pl. 6, 1 and 3), with floral decoration of the kind that prevailed in Boeotia in the latter part of the fifth century. The painting is done with care, and both vase and lid have an elegance that contrasts with the rusticity of most vases with this sort of decoration.

In shape and size the Reading vase corresponds with the well-known pyxis formerly in the Branteghem collection (Froehner Coll. Van Branteghem no. 211 PL. 46). The height of the Reading pyxis is 0·205 m., of the Branteghem pyxis 0·21 m. Its lid is flat, with an upward curve at the rim, the knob pagoda-like with six tiers, the foot in three sections, unpainted and ribbed horizontally.
A Sanctuary Site at Lefkóniko
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: October 2013

The village of Lefkóniko lies on the north side of the Mesariá plain, on the main or ‘upper’ road from Nicosía (21 miles) to Tríkomo (9 miles) for the Karpass promontory. Cross-roads connect Lefkóniko northwards by Platáni (5 miles) with Akanthoú on the north coast; south-westward with Yénagra ( miles) on the alternative ‘old’ or ‘lower’ road from Nicosía to Tríkomo; southwards, through the double village Peristeróna-Piyí, with Prastió (6 miles) on the north bank of the main channel of the Pidiás river. The Gephýria stream, descending from the North Range, crosses the Tríkomo road 2 miles east of Lefkóniko, and skirts the limestone plateau which was the home-territory of ancient Salamis swerving south-east beyond Peristeróna-Piyí and joining a loop of the main river at Styllos, 4 miles east of Prastió, and about half-way to the sea.
§ 5. Miscellaneous Finds
Authors: Hutchinson R. W.
Published: October 2013

A Fragment of a Cosmetic Bowl of Egyptian type comes from Praisos, but I have been unable to identify it in the Museums containing Palaikastro material. Bosanquet left some notes on this object, and two restored drawings of it (fig. I), but did not state the material, or the circumstances of its discovery. Probably it was a chance find purchased by Bosanquet from some local proprietor.
Dicte and the Temples of Dictaean Zeus
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

This memorandum, written before 1910 by the late Professor R. C. Bosanquet, seems to have been intended as a historical introduction to the definitive report of the British School's excavations at Praisos and Palaikastro. Some sections have been revised by the Curator of Knossos, Mr. R. W. Hutchinson.
The Use of the Straight Iota in Corinthian Epichoric Inscriptions
Authors: Jeffery L. H.
Published: October 2013

In the valuable list of Corinthian vase-inscriptions compiled in Chapter XI ofNecrocorinthia, Payne made the following observations on the iota: ‘Iota is usually Σ; on late vases a simplified formis also found, but the old form persists even in the second half of the sixth century (A.D. i, pl. 7, 25; ii, pl. 24, 9; pl. 39, 12, & c). A further simplification, I, occurs on a few middle and late vases (nos. 17, 49, 50, 57 (?), 68, 70); this form is used on the Corinthian revetments from Calydon (Poulsen-Rhomaios, pls. 28–9), on the Corinthian Treasury at Delphi, and on a bronze weight of very archaic appearance, found in Attica (Journ. Int. Arch. Num. 1905, 5 ff; obv., bull's head, frontally, andΓΒΝΓΤΑΙΟΝrev.,); the weight may, however, be later than it looks… In the late sixth century the straight iota becomes commoner; it is the regular form from the fifth century onwards.’
Old Smyrna: Inscriptions on Sherds and Small Objects
Authors: Jeffery L. H.
Published: October 2013

The inscriptions here published, which were found in the Anglo-Turkish excavations at Old Smyrna between 1948 and 1953, are mostly fragments from the short, trivial writings of daily life. There are also one or two dedications, and a few inscriptions painted by potters on their wares. No inscriptions on stone were found, but this is not surprising, for the parts uncovered were chiefly private houses and stretches of the city's great wall. One important temple of a goddess, perhaps Artemis, was located and cleared, but it had unfortunately been much eroded. No other public building was reached, nor an agora: so the present epigraphic harvest should more properly be called gleanings, some of it merely owners' or merchants' marks—single letters or signs—on domestic pottery.
The Plan of Mesta, Chios
Authors: Eden W. A.
Published: October 2013

What was the nature of the revolution in the manner of laying out a new town associated with the name of Hippodamos of Miletus? Aristotle suggests that it was simply a matter of regularity. The old way was to build irregularly, the new way to build regularly after the manner invented by Hippodamos. If this is true, how came it that the regular manner was adopted, presumably, in the first half of the fifth century? What movement of ideas brought it into favour? To what special circumstances did it constitute a response? Why had it not developed earlier as an obvious consequence, for instance, of the founding of new cities in the great age of Greek colonisation? And if the new colonial cities of the eighth, seventh and sixth centuries were not planned in a regular fashion, how were they planned?
The Dedication of Callimachus (IG I2 609)
Authors: Shefton B. B.
Published: October 2013

Two inscriptions commemorating the battle of Marathon and set up soon after 490 have come down to us. Both are epigrams and both have profited by recent discovery and research. The one, IG I2 763, has had its left-hand portion added by a fortunate find in the Agora, giving the beginnings of four hexameters: the other, IG I2 609, an inscribed column formerly carrying a statue, has now, as a result of recent study, been reunited with the dedication it once bore, a winged woman, a Nike, it is thought. The group is one of the more spectacular fruits of the long-sustained and still continuing attempt to reunite the scattered pieces of the ‘Perserschutt’. The reasons for dealing again with this latter dedication are new readings offered as a result of an examination of the inscription in the Epigraphical Museum in Athens.
Fikellura Pottery
Authors: Cook R. M.
Published: October 2013

The term Fikellura has been retained in this article, as being more neutral than Samian, which has a definite territorial significance. Further, Samian is wanted for the earlier Orientalising wares, presumably of local manufacture, of which much is now coming to light in the excavation of the Heraion in Samos. On the other hand, in speaking of the earlier white-ground pottery, I have used the term ‘Rhodian,’ since it is the least cumbersome of the various unsatisfactory names so far given to that class, and since I do not understand Professor Rumpf's division of it into Camiros and Euphorbos groups.
Hagios Nikolaos near Astakos in Akarnania
Authors: Benton S.
Published: October 2013

Sailing into Astakos Bay, which the Navy calls Dragomesti Bay, along the S.E. coast of the Krithote Peninsula, one passes the little Church of H. Nikolaos, and then a yawning black cave-mouth in the precipice of limestone 500 ft. above (Pl. 23a), about one hour's walk from Astakos. The lowest entrance is visible above a carob tree, and nothing was discovered in the lowest cave, tested at M (see section, Fig. 1a). We climbed up a ladder to a pleasant platform in the open where there was a terracotta or so. Another ladder, with a sheer drop below and a nice fig-tree alongside (Pl. 23b), led to the real entrance. I went first; the ladder broke, but I clutched the fig-tree. The foreman had hysterics, which was our only casualty, except one malingerer on the last day, who attributed his (alleged) fever to the miasma of the Neolithic dead.
Ambiguous Sanctuaries and Bektashi Propaganda
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

The stratification of cults at famous sanctuaries of the ancient world, reflected for the most part in their local mythology, has long been interpreted as evidence of the invasion of older by newer gods and religious systems. A religion carried by a conquering race or by a missionary priesthood to alien lands superimposes itself, by force or persuasion, on an indigenous cult: the process is expressed in mythological terms under the figure of a personal combat between the rival gods or of the ‘reception’ of the new god by the old. Eventually either one god or the other succumbs and disappears or is relegated to an inferior position; or, again, the two may be more or less completely identified and fused.

Of the religions of antiquity it is seldom possible to do more than conjecture by what methods and processes these transitions were actually carried out. The paper which follows is an attempt to examine some phenomena of the superimposition of cult in the case of a modern Mahommedan sect—the Bektashi—acting on the sanctuaries of the mixed populations of Turkey and in particular on Christian saint-cults. So far as we can see, where Bektashism has gained ground at the expense of Christianity this has been accomplished without violence, either by processes analogous to that known to the ancient world as the ‘reception’ of the new god by the old, or simply by the identification of the two personalities.
The alleged Kingship of the Olympic Victor
Authors: Gardiner E. Norman
Published: October 2013

Anthropology has been busy with the Olympic Games. The theories which I propose to discuss have now been before the public for some years and, though they have not met with any general acceptance, there has not been, as far as I know, any critical examination of the evidence on which they are based, and there is a danger that they may be taken on trust. This is the reason for the publication of the following pages. They were intended to form part of a work on Olympia on which I have long been engaged, the issue of which has been delayed by present circumstances. Forming as they do part of a continuous work, I may be allowed to state briefly certain conclusions which I hope to establish later, some of which, are assumed in the present article, though my argument is, in reality, independent of their correctness.

I. The history of Olympia and the North-west Peloponnese, as far as we can trace it, has always depended on the north and west and has been independent of the Aegean. Though the earliest inhabitants may possibly have been of the same stock as the Aegeans, they were always out of touch with the centre of that civilization and the land was, at a very early period, occupied by northern immigrants.
II.—Notes on Topography
Authors: Hondius J. J. E. , Hondius-Van Haeften M. A.
Published: October 2013

The following notes are intended to supplement the topographical articles published in Volumes XIV. and XV. of this Annual. In addition to the classical remains mentioned below, we wish to call attention to the interesting Byzantine churches at Chrysapha, Zaraphon, Gouves, Apidia and the monasteries of Daphni, north of Geraki, and of H. Ioannes Prodromos, south of that village.
Arcadian Bronze Statuettes
Authors: Lamb Winifred
Published: October 2013

During the Archaic period in Greece, many small centres were at work, producing bronze statuettes for local use. The existence of these centres has only been partially recognised and their history has still to be written. By the second quarter of the fifth century, most of them had been absorbed by the large industries, such as Argos, Corinth and Sikyon; just so, at a somewhat earlier date, the manufacture of vases in nearly all other Greek towns gave way before the vases of Athens.

The bronzes of Arcadia belong to one of the few local groups that has not been overlooked. Sections of it have come under the notice of more than one scholar, though it has never been surveyed completely.

It is one of the most vital, since it began to show its independent character as early as the seventh century, and it survived the competition of such overpowering neighbours as Argos and Corinth throughout the fifth. In the sixth century it was very productive and very individual in style. It is, therefore, easy to recognise. All these points claim our interest. But the bronzes themselves, peasants carrying their sheep and calves, dressed in high hats and embroidered cloaks, gods and goddesses in the likeness of Arcadian shepherds and Arcadian girls,—these not only interest but also delight us by their naïve charm and their fitness to the Arcadian uplands from which they come.
Excavations at Sparta, 1924—28: § 2.—The Inscriptions, Part I
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

This article contains the remainder of the inscriptions found at the Theatre and on the Acropolis in 1924–27, with the exception of those which may be classed as definitely architectural, as being inscribed on blocks of architrave or cornice. These, together with the stamped tiles and bricks, are being reserved for a subsequent publication.

The texts included in Part I comprise (1) the remainder of those belonging to the series engraved on the East Parodos-wall, to which is appended a revised and amplified analysis of this series, (2) the further lists of Ephors and Nomophylakes found in 1927, in clearing the Orchestra-drain west-wards, (3) other lists of magistrates and records of single tenures of office, (4) statue-bases of officials and athletes, (5) miscellaneous documents, including dedications, fragmentary decrees and a list of Spartan names dating from the fourth century B.C.
VI. The Kastellos
Authors: Pendlebury H. W. , Pendlebury J. D. S. , Money-Coutts M. B.
Published: October 2013

The Kastellos Tzermiadhon is a bold bluff which runs out from the slopes of Psarokorphe about ten minutes east of the village. It rises to a height of about 320 ft. above the plain. To west, east, and south the sides are fairly precipitous, but to the north it is connected with the cliffs behind by a kind of causeway, from the end of which a steep path reaches the summit.

It can never have been of strategic importance. It dominates one route into the plain of Lasithi—that from Potamoi via Zarams —but that was never an important route. Its nearest water supply is, to-day, at the wells called Pigaidhakia, which lie behind the Trapeza Plateau. It did however, in early times offer a safe habitation, well above the then marshy plain, and easily defensible in case of need.
Late Helladic Tombs at Khalkis
Authors: Hankey V.
Published: October 2013

During excavations in Euboea from 1906 to 1911, the late G. Papavasileiou opened twenty Late Helladic tombs near Khalkis, the contents of which are in the museum at Khalkis. He published the finds from two of these, Trypa I and II, in his Περὶ τῶν ἐν Εὐβοία̣ ἀρχαίων τάφων (1910), 21 ff., but the contents of the remaining eighteen were not published owing to the excavator's death in 1917. At the suggestion of Professor A. J. B. Wace I applied for, and in 1939 was given, permission to photograph and publish them. To Professor Wace, who has very kindly read the catalogue and made valuable corrections in dating some of the pots, I owe my grateful thanks for inspiration and encouragement, and I thank the Greek Ministry of Education (particularly Professor Marinatos) for assistance in giving me access to the material. I have not been able to check the catalogue at Khalkis.
Notes on Some Inscriptions from Kalyvia Sokhas
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: October 2013

I have read with great interest and profit Mr. J. M. Cook's admirably full and lucid account (BSA XLV 261 ff.) of the operations conducted by him at Kalyvia Sokhas, three or four miles south of Sparta, in November, 1949. It recalled to mind my first visit to the site, in company with Mr. R. Carr Bosanquet, then Director of the British School, in December, 1903, in the course of a preliminary survey of Sparta and its neighbourhood with a view to the commencement of serious work by the School in the following year. It also revived the memory of the occasion when, at the close of July, 1904, I left Sparta, alone and on foot, before dawn, breakfasted with hospitable friends at Kalyvia, and climbed thence to the peak of Taÿgetus, where I spent a sleepless but memorable night, tramping back to Sparta via Kalyvia on the following day through sweltering heat and stifling dust.
Painted Inscriptions on Chiot Pottery
Authors: Cook R. M. , Woodhead A. G.
Published: October 2013

A peculiarity of the class of Greek pottery which used to be called Naucratite but is now generally recognised as Chiot is the frequency of dedicatory inscriptions painted before firing. All told, we have parts of about two hundred specimens, from the sanctuaries of various deities at Naucratis, of Apollo Phanaios in Chios, and of Aphaia in Aegina. Though most are very short, they form the only compact collection of early East Greek writing, and it is surprising that no comprehensive study of them has yet been published.

I. The Pots: The shapes on which these inscriptions occur are with very few exceptions the so-called chalice and the phiale, the two Chiot shapes which were most often dedicated. Regrettably the chronology of Chiot vase-painting is not yet closely fixed, and the inscribed sherds—partly because the finds have been very fragmentary—rarely preserve any elaborate decoration. But some general remarks may be hazarded. (1) The dark inside of most of the inscribed sherds, whether from chalices or phialae, is decorated with vegetable or abstract patterns in purple and white: this decoration seems to develop in the early sixth century.
The Cnidia
Authors: Bean G. E. , Cook J. M.
Published: October 2013

‘Their land lies towards the open sea—and this is the part which is called Triopion—but begins at the Bybassian Chersonese; and the whole of the Cnidia except for a little bit is surrounded by water, the part facing the north wind being bounded by the Ceramic Gulf, and that on the south by the sea towards Syme and Rhodes. This little bit, then, which is about five stades across, the Cnidians began to dig while Harpagus was conquering Ionia, with the intention of making their land an island. The whole of it was to lie inside; for where the Cnidian land terminates at the mainland, there is the isthmus which they began to dig’ (Hdt. I 174).

The Cnidian peninsula measures 63 km. from base to tip. It consists of two mountain masses joined by an isthmus not much more than 2 km. broad. That on the east is rugged and almost uninhabited; but the greater western massif, though barren and sheer on the north side and at the west tip, has fertile land to offer in the small coastal plains of the south and especially in the valley which traverses the interior from Zeytincik to beyond Yaziköy, with its main outlet below Kumyer and a backdoor at Barkaz. A low ridge runs the length of the isthmus with a gentle slope towards the Gulf of Syme and an easy crossing from Reşadiye to the Ceramic Gulf at Körmen Limani.
Late Minoan Warrior-Graves from Ayios Ioannis and the New Hospital Site at Knossos
Authors: Hood M. S. F. , de Jong P.
Published: October 2013

These five tombs, discovered by chance during the last two years, have an importance out of all proportion to their size and the wealth of their contents. They comprise (see Map, Fig. 1) (1) at Ayios Ioannis, a solitary ‘shaft-grave’ with bronze weapons of early Late Minoan type, but no vases; and (2) on the site of the new Hospital, a group of four tombs (three ‘chamber-tombs’ and a ‘shaft-grave’) containing bronze weapons, together with Late Minoan II vases which provide much fresh information about the pottery of the period.

None of the five tombs had held more than one, or at the most two, bodies: that at Ayios Ioannis, and all except Tomb I on the Hospital site, evidently belonged to warriors buried with their arms. The bronze helmet from Tomb V (see p. 256 and Plates 50–52) is not only the first of the Bronze Age from Crete, but the only one of its type from the Aegean; and it has important bearings upon the origins of early metal helmets in the rest of Europe to the west and north.
The Byzantine Modes in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

Two recent publications mark an important stage in the progress of Byzantine musical studies—the facsimile of the Hirmologium at Grottaferrata (Codex G) and the transcription of two Modes from the Athos manuscript (Codex H) of which the facsimile appeared in 1938. These two manuscripts, though their dates are more than a hundred years apart, embody the standard musical tradition of the Hirmologium, whose origin lies in a far remoter antiquity. Otherwise they differ greatly; for, while H is often obscure and inaccurate, we are delighted by the clarity and beauty of G, a manuscript long familiar to scholars and already used (or rather, alas, misused) by Dr. Hugo Riemann before 1909. It is therefore the good fortune of our time that we may now use G to correct or elucidate the text of H.

When we consider the signatures of the Byzantine Modes, it becomes clear that there are two main points for discussion—firstly, the actual meaning of the signature as an indication of the initial note or initial formula of the hymn; and, secondly, the origin and growth of the signature itself and the significance of its component parts.

As it happens, the former of these points has attracted earlier attention; and a practical explanation was reached before 1931. This resulted in a table of signatures, which has been amplified and thoroughly tested, so that it is now supported by the decipherment of at least two thousand hymns, carried out partly by Prof. Egon Wellesz and his collaborators, and partly by myself. Such an inductive procedure was made necessary by the conventional nature of the signatures, few of which bore a self-evident clue to their meaning. But, now that the table of signatures is firmly established, we can read all the eight Modes with equal assurance and can usually evaluate an abnormal signature by the same method.
The Main Road from Boeotia to the Peloponnese through the Northern Megarid
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: October 2013

This article is based on some walks in the Northern Megarid. Although my study of the terrain was far from comprehensive, the remains of a road, of towers beside the road, and of ancient settlements seem to justify the conclusion that a main road, perhaps the main road in classical times, from Boeotia to the Peloponnese passed through the Northern Megarid. The area has been little visited by travellers. Recently the forest cover of one part of the area was burnt, and this enabled me to see more than my predecessors had seen.

The long range of Mt. Cithaeron and its continuation eastwards, Mt. Pástra, form the main line dividing Boeotia from Megaris and Attica. The longest and the most difficult route over this barrier runs from Creusis to Aegosthena, keeping close to the coast of the Corinthian Gulf. The second and the next in difficulty departs from Plataea, ascends steeply to a col in the range and then drops less steeply on the Megarian side.
Part II. The Grave Circle
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Stubbings F. H.
Published: October 2013

In 1950 and 1952, in view of recent discussions about the date of the Grave Circle, we decided to make some fresh soundings in its supporting wall to see if any fresh evidence could be obtained. In the first year the work was confined to soundings in the battered supporting wall on the south side opposite the north-east corner of the House of the Warrior Vase, and was undertaken by Mr. Kenneth Rowe. In 1952 further soundings were made in the battered supporting wall, the wall at its base on the west was further examined, and a sectional cut was made across the double ring of standing slabs on the north-east side about midway between the entrance and the then surviving cover slabs. The work was then directed by Dr. F. H. Stubbings.

At the time of Schliemann's excavations the western part of the double ring of vertical poros slabs of the Grave Circle, which rests on the battered supporting wall, was in a very ruinous condition. This can be seen clearly in Schliemann's illustration and in the photographs published later. After the close of Schliemann's and Stamatakes' excavations the supporting wall was restored both on the west and on the south, and the western half of the double ring of standing slabs was reconstructed. When Keramopoullos excavated the fallen rock in the centre of the circle the Greek Archaeological Service undertook some further work of conservation.
Part III. A Votive Stele
Authors: Woodhead A. G.
Published: October 2013

In 1950 a fragment of a votive relief, said to have been found at the Pezoulia (which is the general name given locally to the area round the Cyclopean Terrace Building), was brought to Professor Wace, who included it with his Mycenae material and gave it the inventory number 50–512. It is now preserved in the museum at Nauplia. It consists of the upper right-hand portion of a pedimental stele of poor-quality white marble; the pediment with its acroteria is carved in relief upon a larger field of corresponding shape. There is a wide cornice below the pediment, underneath which a dedicatory inscription was carved in three lines. Below the inscription, the body of the stele contained a votive relief. The original right side of the fragment is preserved, although this is chipped and battered, obscuring some of the details at the edge. Elsewhere the stone is broken away, and the surface is so badly worn as to render the detail of the relief impossible to describe with any certainty. The preservation of the crowning central acroterion of the pediment indicates that a little over half of the total width of the stele survives, and the whole monument at its widest part (the base of the pediment) was some 35 cm. broad. The measurements of the fragment now preserved are: height 0·35 m.; width 0·2 m.; thickness 0·13 m.
Pottery from Karphi
Authors: Seiradaki Mercy
Published: October 2013

This article should have been published in BSA xxxviii with the rest of the Karphi material. That it was not was due to the fact that in 1939 the pottery was insufficiently mended for drawing and photography. Most of the text was written by the beginning of 1940 and approved by John Pendlebury before his death. I can only apologize for subsequent delays and admit that I have forgotten much which might have been relevant.

Methods: The pottery from each room and each strosis was carefully collected and labelled. During the first two seasons it was then brought to Tzermiadho for study, but in 1939 arrangements were made for dealing with it on the site, which greatly simplified the work.

At first sherds were washed by women from the village, but the difficulties of washing were so great that it was soon decided that all those that were painted, or probably painted, would have to be washed by one of ourselves if their patterns were to be preserved. Even so there were many instances where no treatment which we could devise would remove the mud without also removing the colour, if not the entire surface. Eventually only such coarse sherds as seemed to be worth making up, or to represent new types, were washed at all, since brushing in plain water, which was all that these would stand, had so little effect that sorting was just as easy without it.
The ‘double stoking tunnel’ of Greek kilns
Authors: Cook R. M.
Published: October 2013

It has been and still is widely supposed that some Greek kilns had a stoking tunnel that was divided lengthwise into two parts. The evidence is the representation of a kiln on the Corinthian clay plaque illustrated on Plate 7b. It is of the second quarter of the sixth century B.C. and was found in 1879 in the deposit at Penteskouphia near Corinth. This representation is interpreted usually as a horizontal plan; at one end, misplaced for clarity, is the chimney, which should rightly be on the top, and at the other end is the stoking tunnel, divided down its length by a wall. Recently M. Bimson has protested that the view on the plaque is a vertical section across the chamber of the kiln, and that the support below the floor is a wall that does not extend into the tunnel. That the plaque gives a section is true, but it is a section along the kiln and the support is a pier, probably circular. This was presumably so evident to Furtwängler, who first published the plaque, that he did not argue the interpretation; but it seems that after all argument is needed.

Many of the plaques from Penteskouphia are decorated on both sides and ours is one of them. The side opposite that with the kiln is illustrated on Plate 7a. It shows a man and the hind part of a boar. Since the right edge is broken and it is very rarely that any of these plaques shows an incomplete figure, it can be calculated that we have less than half of the original scene. The same must be true also of the side with the kiln and, since very few of the plaques combine two scenes on one side, there must be a considerable extension of this scene to the left. An examination of the other published plaques with kilns leaves little doubt of what that extension was. The regular view of a kiln is from the side, usually an elevation, but in two instances a partial section (Plate 7c–d). Often there is a workman busy at the stoke-hole or the chimney. In the two sectional views just mentioned faggots can be seen in the stoking tunnel and embers or other small pieces are spilling into the near part of the lower chamber.
‘Plain’, ‘Shore’, and ‘Hill’ in early Athens
Authors: Hopper R. J.
Published: October 2013

All those concerned with the early history of Athens must give some consideration to the three ‘parties’ (the term used in this discussion rather than ‘faction’) which, it was believed in classical antiquity, divided Attica in the first half of the sixth century B.C. and formed the background to the career of Peisistratos. A considerable bibliography might be assembled on this subject and there would be little excuse for adding to it, did the present writer not feel that previous treatment of the problems involved has been too brief and disjointed. It is intended here first to examine at some length the questions at issue, even if this entails some repetition of generally accepted ideas, and then to hazard some general observations on Athenian affairs of the period.

There are, in fact, four heads under which the problems must be treated: (i) the reality of the existence of regional divisions of Attica such as the parties presuppose, and their localization; (ii) the question of the degree to which parties are, in the ancient sources, connected with these regions; (iii) the question how far persons of whose position and activities we know something can be connected with the regions and the parties; (iv) the validity of the generally accepted views of the aims and policy of the parties and their supposed leaders, followed by an effort to discover an issue which divided Athens and gave rise to the tradition of party strife.
Lamps from Tharros in the British Museum
Authors: Bailey D. M.
Published: October 2013

The necropolis of the city of Tharros in Sardinia has been extremely prolific in tomb furniture, and many lamps have been found there. Over forty lamps from this site are in the collections of the British Museum. All were acquired at the same time, and most of them were said to be from tomb groups. The groups containing lamps are Tombs 1–10, 12, 16, 18–19, 22, 26, 30–31, 33, 60–63, 65–71 (the tomb numbers for the whole collection run from 1–33, 50–57, 60–63, and 65–71; there are thus several gaps in the sequence).

The great majority of the British Museum lamps from Tharros are of Athenian manufacture and with the recent publication of Howland's book on lamps from the Agora these can be dated very accurately. But unfortunately such is the indeterminate nature of the tomb groups themselves that these lamps cannot be used to date the objects said to have been found with them. As will be seen in the brief descriptions given below in the Catalogue, many of the objects found in a given tomb are in almost impossibe chronological juxtaposition to one another, and few tomb groups, if any, can be regarded as homogeneous (except perhaps the Roman tombs 50–57 with glass cinerary urns and brittleware pottery, which, being lampless, do not concern us here). But looking at the objects from the tomb groups with lamps as a whole, one might put forward the following remarks.