bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age and Adolescent Sexual Offender Arousal
Authors: Kaemingk Kris L. , Koselka Margaret , Becker Judith V , Kaplan Meg S.
Published: June 2008

As the demand for assessment and treatment of adolescent sexual offenders continues to grow, increasing numbers of clinicians are using penile circumference measures as an objective measure of arousal in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between age and sexual arousal as assessed by penile plethysmography in adolescent sexual offenders. Since younger adolescents might have a diminished ability to inhibit erectile responses, it was hypothesized that erectile responses would be negatively correlated with age. Data were derived from 104 inner-city adolescent males, aged 13 to 17, who were evaluated and underwent assessment of erectile responses at an outpatient clinic for adolescent sexual offenders. In this group, age accounted for a significant proportion of variance in erection measures. Younger adolescents had erectile responses to a greater number of assessment stimuli and greater mean percentage full erection scores across assessment stimuli. Findings suggest that the relationship between age and erection measures merits further attention as research examining the utility, limitations, and appropriate use of the plethysmograph continues.
Incarcerated Female Sexual Offenders: A Comparison of Sexual Histories with Eleven Female Nonsexual Offenders
Authors: Kaplan Meg S. , Green Arthur
Published: June 2008

Although there is a body of literature on male sexual offenders, there is a paucity of data on female sexual offenders. In this study, 11 incarcerated female sexual offenders against children were matched with a comparison group of 11 female offenders incarcerated for nonsexual crimes regarding their own prior sexual and physical victimization experiences and sexual histories. Results indicated that the sexual offenders demonstrated a higher incidence of childhood sexual abuse and were victimized exclusively within the family. The sexual offender group also demonstrated a higher incidence of physical abuse. Additional descriptions of psychiatric status are presented. In comparing sex histories between groups, the sexual offenders reported that most sexual activity was initiated at later ages than the nonsexual offenders. Although the sample is small, there also were differences within the groups. The sexually abused sexual offenders had a later age of first masturbation, first orgasm, and satisfaction with adult partners. Prior victimization, regardless of group, played a common role in preventing sexual satisfaction in adulthood. Regarding the sexual offenses, there was a great deal of denial and minimization as well as denial of atypical sexual fantasy. Both groups were given a self-report sexual interest card sort. Four offenders from each group endorsed various atypical sexual scenes. A case study is presented to illustrate the complex nature of a female sexual offender in this study. Recommendations for future research in the assessment of female sexual offenders are discussed.
Treating Sexual Offenders Who Deny Their Guilt: A Pilot Study
Authors: Schlank Anita M. , Shaw Theodore
Published: June 2008

A brief structured module combining elements of relapse prevention and victim empathy training with paradoxical interventions and positive reinforcement was evaluated for its effectiveness in modifying the denial of sexual offenders. Early data suggested that this procedure was effective in modifying the denial of approximately 50% of the sample and thus helped to prepare them for entry into a sexual offender treatment program. The sample consisted of offenders who were judged unamenable to treatment due to total denial of their offenses.
The Strategic and Systemic Management of Denial in the Cognitive/Behavioral Treatment of Sexual Offenders
Authors: Winn Mack E.
Published: June 2008

A rationale is provided for working with denial as a component of the continuum of care offered in the cognitive/behavioral treatment of sexual offenders. Drawing upon a systemic and strategic knowledge base, this model will attempt to prepare offenders, who would otherwise be considered untreatable, for a treatment which requires their direct cooperation in the management of their deviancies. Through this process, the court-ordered or incarcerated sexual offender might more easily accept therapy. The risk of reoffense might thus be reduced and the safety of the community enhanced.
Prevention or Problem
Authors: Freeman-Longo Robert E.
Published: June 2008

This paper was prepared by the Safer Society Foundation, Inc., regarding the issue of public notification of convicted sexual offenders' release to the community. It does not represent the views or opinions of any other organization or group, professional or otherwise. The Safer Society advocates for community safety, victim restitution and treatment, and quality comprehensive sexual offender treatment. While the Safer Society supports adult sexual offender registration laws in general, it is totally opposed to public notification laws. Presently, 47 states have sexual offender registration laws, 30 states have sexual offender public notification laws, and 15 states have laws allowing indefinite civil commitment of sexual offenders to state mental institutions. This document is designed to assist states considering public notification, or states that have enacted such laws, and to explore related issues and the impact of public notification on the greater community, including citizens, families, victims, and offenders. Numbers preceding the following points do not indicate relative importance, but are used for ease of reference.
Characteristics of Abused and Nonabused Adolescent Sexual Offenders
Authors: Cooper Charlayne L. , Murphy William D. , Haynes Mary R.
Published: June 2008

The current study was designed to provide further information on characteristics of adolescent sexual offenders who have and have not experienced abuse. The subjects were approximately 300 adolescent offenders seen in a clinical treatment program. Abused and nonabused adolescent offenders were compared on a number of offense-specific variables and standardized instruments including the MMPI, Interpersonal Behavior Survey, Family Adaptation and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, and Self-Reported Delinquent Behavior Checklist. Results indicated that those offenders who were sexually abused had an earlier onset of their offending, had more victims, were likely to abuse both males and females, and tended to show more psychopathology and interpersonal problems, although no differences were found in terms of self-reported delinquent behavior or family functioning. The data are discussed in terms of their possible etiological significance and clinical implications.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Relapse Prevention
Authors: Hudson Stephen M. , Ward Tony
Published: June 2008

Relapse prevention (RP) has become the most popular model for structuring the treatment of sex offenders. It is therefore appropriate to examine, in some detail, the model's adequacy and application. The papers brought together in this special issue cover several themes. First, the belief is reflected that, to progress, models and their component elements need to be subjected to critical scrutiny from a theoretical perspective. Second, the empirical support for the application of the model needs to be examined, particularly in comparison to other treatment approaches. Third, the current form of the broad RP model as applied to sex offenders is described and, in concert with other papers in this issue, raises the important issue of motivation for treatment. Finally, we argue that there is much to be gained from viewing sexual offending simply as a problem behavior process rather than as a relapse or offense.
An Evaluation of the Benefits of Relapse Prevention Programs with Sexual Offenders
Authors: Marshall W.L. , Anderson Dana
Published: June 2008

Recent outcome data are reviewed and an attempt is made to compare treatment programs having either no relapse prevention (RP) features, only the internal management component of RP, or both internal management and the external supervisory components of RP. Presently available data are limited. Although treatment seems to produce effects, these benefits do not appear to be enhanced by the addition of elaborate internal management or by the provision of extensive RP aftercare procedures.
Relapse Prevention: Future Directions
Authors: Hudson Stephen M. , Ward Tony
Published: June 2008

There are several significant problems with both Marlatt's and Pithers' relapse prevention (RP) models. It is argued in this paper that there are good empirical, theoretical, and practical reasons for viewing the offense and relapse process as functionally equivalent. The core construct in both these traditionally different models is the problem behavior process. The application of a framework based on the problem behavior process has significant theoretical and clinical advantages and can overcome the major difficulties associated with Marlatt's and Pithers'RP models.
Incarcerated Child Molesters' Perceptions of Themselves and Others
Authors: Borley James , Quinsey Vernon L. , Jones Steffan
Published: June 2008

A study was conducted to replicate and to expand some of our earlier findings concerning child molesters' perceptions of themselves, children, and adults. Sixty-eight men incarcerated in the Ontario correctional system for sexual offenses against children and 70 men with "person-related" but nonsexual offenses participated in the research. In accord with previous results, differences between molesters and nonmolesters in terms of their actual and ideal self-descriptions on the semantic differential were found. Molesters described themselves in less positive sexual terms than did nonmolesters. Women were seen by molesters more negatively with respect to sexual and physical characteristics than by nonmolesters, although, somewhat paradoxically, molesters described women as more trusting and mature than nonmolesters did. Molesters also reported a more positive view of women on the Attitudes Toward Women Scale than comparison participants. Molesters and nonmolesters also differed in terms of their responses to the Criminal Sentiments Scale, with child molesters reporting a more favorable view of the police, courts, and legal process than comparison participants. A similar finding was revealed in ratings of authority figures: Child molesters described authorities as kinder and less repulsive, deceitful, and unpleasant than comparison participants. All scales employed revealed a moderate to high temporal consistency. Some clinical implications and applications of the work are discussed briefly.
Sexual Offenders' Perceptions of Their Intimate Relationships
Authors: Ward Tony , McCormack Julie , Hudson Stephen M.
Published: June 2008

Recent theoretical and empirical research suggests that sexual offenders have intimacy skill deficits that may play a significant role in the etiology and maintenance of their dysfunctional sexual behavior. Sexual offenders have frequently been described as loners or as having few, superj'tcial, and unsatisfying relationships. The purpose of the present study was to identify the perceptions of intimate relationships of sexual offenders and two criminal comparison groups. The participants in this study included child molesters (55), rapists (30), violent nonsexual offenders (32), and nonviolent, nonsexual offenders (30). The participants were interviewed and a set of categories was developed from these data using a grounded theory analysis. In the second part of the study these categories were used to identify differences in the perceptions of adult romantic relationships between sexual offenders and the comparison groups. Relationship commitment, evaluation of the partner, self-disclosure, trusx expression of affection, sexual satisfaction, the giving and receiving of support, empathy, conflict resolution, autonomy, and sensitivity to rejection all emerged as significant aspects of sexual offenders' perceptions of their intimate relationships. Our findings also suggest that sexual offenders have a number of intimacy deficits that create difficulties in their romantic relationships. These deficits are to a large extent shared by the violent offenders and, therefore, are not specific to sexual offenders. They represent a general vulnerability factor leading to the development of a variety of offenses and life problems. The theoretical, research, and clinical implications of our findings are discussed.
How to Know What Works with Sexual Offenders
Authors: Hanson R. Karl
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this paper is to review methods for evaluating the efficacy of treatment programs for sexual offenders. Even though recidivism reduction is the ultimate goal of treatment, the low base rate of detected recidivism makes this an impractical outcome criterion in many settings. In this paper, I discuss three general approaches that can be used to advance our knowledge: (1) large, well-controlled single-site research studies; (2) pooling of small studies through meta-analysis; and (3) detailed examination of within-treatment change on dynamic (changeable) risk factors. Each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses. It is only through the accumulation of consistent results from diverse studies that we are able to learn what works with sexual offenders.
Treatment Outcome Study: Seventeen Years After Sexual Offender Treatment
Authors: Dwyer S. Margretta
Published: June 2008

Long-term recidivism rates of 180 male sexual offender treatment completers and almost completers (persons who had been in treatment 2 years plus and had only a few goals to complete) were compared in this study. All men in this study were followed after treatment from 6 months to 17 years by interviews, anonymous questionnaires, and/or criminal record checks. The treatment center, located in Minneapolis, checked all criminal records in Minnesota and surrounding states or country: North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Canada. Seventeen men had reoffended sexually and five others had reoffended criminally (theft, DWI, etc.) but not sexually. Only those finishing treatment or nearly finishing treatment were addressed in this study, recognizing that self-selection and program screening may have contributed to the statistical success of this outpatient program. The anonymous questionnaire addressed issues regarding the offender's original offenses and the success or nonsuccess of treatment techniques as judged by them. Data regarding problematic areas still existing in their lives were collected. Of these 180 treated men, 108 men also appeared, or telephoned in, for personal interviews (using a second structured questionnaire, as opposed to the anonymous one mailed to each patient). They were interviewed six times each during the 17 years. The personal interviews yielded other aspects of data used to cross-validate the questionnaires and the criminal record checks. Total sexual recidivism was 9.0%. Data thus indicate that treatment was successful for 91% of these men. The need for more sophisticated research about what constitutes successful treatment is addressed in the discussion.
Development and Preliminary Validation of a Paraphilic Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire
Authors: O'Donohue William , Letoumeau Elizabeth J. , Dowling Hartwell
Published: June 2008

A sexual fantasy questionnaire (SFQ) measuring paraphilic and nonparaphilic fantasies was developed. Aspects of reliability were assessed in a sample of convicted male child molesters (27 inmates and 15 outpatients) and a convenience comparison group of 87 male undergraduates. Results indicated adequate test-retest reliability (mean r = .84), acceptable percentage agreement on repeated items (90%), and adequate internal consistency (mean Cronbach alpha = .82). The convergent validity of the SFQ was supported by the finding that child molesters reported significantly more deviant fantasies involving children than comparison subjects. Consistent with previous research, child molesters reported a similar number of normal sexual fantasies.
Juvenile Delinquents: A Between-Group Comparison Study of Sexual and Nonsexual Offenders
Authors: Jacobs Wendy L , Kennedy Wallace A. , Meyer James B.
Published: June 2008

This article presents a comprehensive descriptive study of incarcerated juvenile sexual offenders and an analysis of group differences between sexual and nonsexual offenders. The study utilized a large sample (N = 156) with a properly defined comparison group, standardized psychometric measures, and substantial institutional and therapeutic record reviews. The sample was described and compared on measures of delinquent history, intelligence, academic achievement, and psychopathology. The goal of the research was to identify characteristics unique to sexual offenders that could lead to etiological theories about why juvenile offenders act out as they do. The research results did not reveal a meaningful pattern of differences between the groups on the variables measured. The data supported the conclusion that sexual offending by incarcerated juveniles is likely to be but one expression of antisocial, violent behavior by these juveniles. The similarities are indicative of commensurate therapeutic needs for both types of offenders. In addition to sexual offender specific treatment, these juveniles should receive treatment that targets other aspects of their antisocial, violent behavior.
Therapeutic Climate of Sexual Offender Treatment Programs
Authors: Beech Anthony , Fordham Ann Scott
Published: June 2008

A measure of group atmosphere, the Group Environment Scale (GES), was administered to members and leaders of 12 sexual offender treatment groups: 8 were probation programs; 4 were conducted at a long-term residential center. The GES measured the following aspects of group processes: relationships within the group, personal growth of members, and structure of the group. Results suggested that the atmosphere of a group had an important influence on treatment change. A successful group was highly cohesive, was well organized and led, encouraged the open expression of feelings, produced a sense of group responsibility, and instilled a sense of hope in its members. A helpful and supportive leadership style was found to be important in creating an atmosphere in which effective therapy could take place. Overcontrolling leaders were seen to have a detrimental effect upon group climate. It is suggested that the employment of a group process measure, such as the GES, would be a useful inclusion to any outcome evaluation of treatment programs.
Group Differences in Abuser and Abuse Characteristics in a British Sample of Sexually Abusive Adolescents
Authors: Richardson G. , Kelly T.P. , Bhate S.R. , Graham F.
Published: June 2008

This paper differentiates four subgroups on the basis of victim characteristics within a sample of 100 British sexually abusive male adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years. The groups were compared in terms of their background characteristics and sexually abusive behavior. Results indicated that when subgroups were delineated on the basis of victim characteristics, they could be reliably differentiated on several abuser and abuse characteristics. Findings were generally consistent with those described in the North American literature. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to etiology and to the development of a taxonomic classification system for British sexually abusive adolescents.
The Suppression of Sexual Thoughts by Child Molesters: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Johnston Lucy , Hudson Stephen M. , Ward Tony
Published: June 2008

The cognitive and emotional demands of modern life mean that it has become increasingly important to learn how to manage effectively our mental processes and behavior. Central to the achievement of mental control is the suppression, or inhibition, of unwanted or inappropriate thoughts or behaviors. Our recent work has considered the potential utility of instructing individuals to suppress sexually deviant thoughts as a therapy technique for sexual offenders. Of special concern was the subsequent hyperaccessibility, or "rebound," of the very thoughts which were previously suppressed. The present study is a preliminary experimental investigation of the ability of incarcerated child molesters to suppress unwanted sexual thoughts and the subsequent impact of this suppression on the accessibility of the suppressed thoughts. Participants completed an articulated thoughts task under instructions to suppress sex-related thoughts or under no specific instructions. Suppression instructions reduced the incidence of sex-related thoughts. In a subsequent color naming task (Stroop Task), the accessibility of the previously suppressed thoughts was tested. Both sex-related and child-related words were more accessible after prior suppression instructions for preferential child molesters than for either situational child molesters or nonsexual offenders. Implications for treatment of sexual offenders and for offender typology are discussed.
Increasing the Self-Esteem of Child Molesters
Authors: Marshall W.L. , Champagne F. , Sturgeon C. , Bryce P.
Published: June 2008

Thirty-two child molesters received self-esteem enhancement procedures as part of an overall treatment program. The effects of the self-esteem procedures were evahiated in terms of changes on the Social Self-esteem Inventory. It was found that the procedures significantly enhanced self-esteem. These changes were significantly related to reductions in loneliness and increases in intimacy but were unrelated to improvements in victim empathy despite the fact that victim empathy and self-esteem scores were significantly correlated at pretreatment. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for theory and treatment.
Treatment of the Paraphilic Disorders: A Review of the Role of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Authors: Greenberg David M. , Bradford John M. W.
Published: June 2008

Altemative psychopharmacological interventions in the treatment of paraphilic disorders have previously been limited. This article briefly reviews previous psychopharmacological treatment as well as more recent therapeutic advances. During the past 5 years there have been 14 case reports or open trials documenting the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of paraphilics. The authors discuss the hypothetical role of serotonin in human sexual behavior and review the results of the efficacy of SSRIs in the treatment of these disorders. The limitations and possible indications of these medications are discussed. Although no double-blind placebo-controlled studies have been completed, the results seem to hold new promise for these alternative medications in the treatment of the paraphilic disorders and, possibly, in individuals with an inappropriately high sexual drive.
Suggested Clinical Uses of Polygraphy in Community-Based Sexual Offender Treatment Programs
Authors: Blasingame Gerry D.
Published: June 2008

A literature review was conducted to evaluate the research findings regarding the use of polygraphy with sexual offenders. Inconsistent empirical data from various studies provide a challenge to the validity and reliability of the polygraph procedure. Treatment program utility was nonetheless enhanced by the disclosures made during the preparation process before the actual examination. Empirically based standards for the use and interpretation of polygraph results were found to be lacking. Guidelines for the responsible use of polygraphy in community-based treatment for sexual offenders are proposed. Finally, issues needing further research are identified.
The Construction and Development of Theory in the Sexual Offending Area: A Metatheoretical Framework
Authors: Ward Tony , Hudson Stephen M.
Published: June 2008

A major problem in the sexual offending area is the absence of an integrated approach to theory building. The lack of a framework to guide empirical and theoretical research has resulted in the ad hoc proliferation of theories that often overlap, and essentially neglect each others' existence. In this paper we outline a metatheoretical framework that will hopefully address these problems. This framework takes into account a number of different theory construction principles and ideas. It differentiates between different levels of theory, such as comprehensive, middle, and micro-levels, and stresses the importance of distinguishing between distal and proximal causal factors. After briefly describing this metatheory we illustrate its utility and demonstrate how different theories of sexual offending can be meaningfully integrated within this framework. We finish with some recommendations for theoretical development in the sexual offending domain.
Psychometrics of the Rape Conformity Assessment and Other Measures: Implications for Rape Prevention
Authors: Schewe Paul A. , O'Donohue William
Published: June 2008

This study investigated the psychometric properties and aspects of the construct validity of the Rape Conformity Assessment (RCA). In addition, the test-retest reliability and internal consistency of Malamuth's Attraction to Sexual Aggression scale and Burt's Rape Myth Acceptance, Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence (AIV), and Adversarial Sexual Beliefs scales were investigated. One hundred twenty-six undergraduate males in three samples served as subjects. Findings suggest that the RCA may be useful as a disguised measure that addresses the social desirability problem in rape prevention and treatment outcome research. With the exception of the AI-V, the psychometric properties of the administered scales were adequate. The conformity manipulation revealed strong effects, which suggests that the potential to rape should be viewed not only as a trait but also as having situational components.
Psychophysiological Signs of Faking in the Phallometric Test
Authors: Wilson Robin J.
Published: June 2008

Breathing and finger pulse rates were investigated as potential indicators of faking in a phallometric test procedure. Forty-nine heterosexual male university students with no admitted or documented history of sexual deviance were divided into two groups and administered a standard phallometric test for age and gender preference according to the following procedures: (1) instructed faking of a preference for female children (N = 23) and (2) a no-instruction control (N = 26). Results confirmed earlier research showing that the phallometric test was easily falsified. With respect to breathing and finger pulse, statistically significant positive correlations between penile volume and finger pulse rate were observed in the instructed faking group during conditions of faking. No significant correlations among the three measures (penile tumescence, finger pulse rate, and breathing rate) were found in the no-instruction control group. Subjects in the faking group were also assessed with respect to perceived success in response enhancement or suppression. Results are summarized with respect to clinical relevance.
Plethysmographic Assessment of Incarcerated Nonsexual Offenders: A Comparison with Rapists
Authors: Howes Richard J.
Published: June 2008

Plethysmographic testing was completed on 100 research participants from the same medium-security prison population, 50 of whom were incarcerated for nonsexual offenses. In order to strengthen the validity of the research, only participants who achieved full arousal were included in the sample, and the percentage of full erection scores, as well as the Rape Index, were examined. The resulting sexual arousal profiles revealed striking similarities between rapists and control participants, indicating that deviant arousal alone did not distinguish these sexual offenders from nonsexual offenders. The only marked difference between the two groups was in the almost-perfect ability of control participants to inhibit deviant arousal and the weak ability of sexual offenders to accomplish this. The suggestion was advanced that a determination of an offender's ability to inhibit deviant arousal may be the only aspect of plethysmographic testing which has practical application in the assessment of rapists.
An Analysis of Four Sexual Offenders' Arousal in the Natural Environment Through the Use of a Portable Penile Plethysmograph
Authors: Rea Jerry A. , DeBriere Terry , Butler Kasey , Saunders Kathryn J.
Published: June 2008

We report the development of a technology for measuring sexual arousal in the natural environment. Experiment 1 demonstrated that levels of sexual arousal obtained in the laboratory when a participant was wearing underwear and trousers were similar to arousal levels obtained without underwear and trousers. In Experiment 2, four sexual offenders' arousal was measured in the natural environment using a portable penile plethysmograph. Measures were taken in three different settings: a setting in which only adults were present, a setting with children present, and a setting with no person other than the data collector present. In each setting, arousal was measured when the data collector was both near and away from the offender. For three of four offenders, pattems of arousal were consistent with previous laboratory assessments and/or previous offenses. Moreover, arousal was greatest when the data collector was away from the participant.
Variations in College Women's Self-Reported Heterosexual Aggression
Authors: Anderson Peter B.
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this study was to provide an examination of differences in college women's self-reported heterosexual aggression between two samples. One sample of college women was drawn from three colleges in and around New York city (East; N = 212) and one was drawn from a midsized commuter university in Louisiana (South; N = 249). The respondents were questioned about their lifetime initiation of heterosexual activity. Approximately 28.5% of the women from the East reported engaging in sexually initiatory behaviors traditionally defined as sexual coercion, 21.1% in sexual abuse, and 7.1% in physically forced sex. The women in the sample from the South also reported engaging in sexual coercion (25.7%), sexual abuse (7.3%), and physically forced sex (1.6%), but at lower rates than the other sample. Chi-square tests demonstrated significant group differences for overall sexual aggression (the combination of coercion, abuse, and physical force), sexual abuse, and physically forced sex but not for sexual coercion. Theory building and differences between samples are discussed.
Homicidal and Nonhomicidal Child Molesters: Psychological, Phallometric, and Criminal Features
Authors: Firestone Philip , Bradford John M. , Greenberg David M. , Larose Michel R. , Curry Susan
Published: June 2008

Seventeen extrafamilial homicidal child molesters (HCM) were compared to 35 convicted extrafamilial child molesters (CM) who had not murdered, or attempted to murder, their victims. The two groups did not differ on age, IQ, education, history of marriage, or family history, although marriage rates of both groups were well below the national average. Similarly, both groups had high rates of features representing family instability. HCM more frequently victimized strangers. The results on the self-report psychological inventories, the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI) and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), did not distinguish between the groups, although the DSFI revealed sexual inadequacy in both groups. The BDHI did not describe the groups as pathological. The Psychopathy Checklist—Revised Total Score, Factor 1, and Factor 2 described both groups as demonstrating high levels of psychopathy, with the HCM scoring significantly higher. Factor 1 and Factor 2 scores placed the HCM group in the 93rd and 82nd percentiles, respectively, compared to published norms for forensic patients. A greater proportion of HCM suffered from antisocial personality disorders and paraphilias, especially sexual sadism. Over 53% of the HCM, and none of the CM, were comorbid for pedophilia and sexual sadism. Significantly more HCM received three or more DSM III-R diagnoses. The phallometric assessments generally supported DSM diagnoses. The HCM demonstrated significantly higher levels of deviant arousal to pedophilic and adult assault stimuli. Police files revealed that, prior to the index offense, a significantly greater proportion of HCM had been charged with, or convicted of, violent nonsexual, and sexual offenses. The HCM had been charged with, or convicted of, more than 2.5 times as many criminal charges than the CM. A discriminant function analysis revealed that two variables, Factor 1 of the PCL-R and the number of violent entries in the police records, correctly predicted 78.6% of the HCM and 97.1% of the CM. Implications for understanding homicidal child molesters and for future research are discussed.
How Power Dynamics Impact the Content and Process of Nonprofit CEO Learning
Authors: Sherlock John J. , Nathan Maria L.
Published: June 2008

Demands and challenges facing the nonprofit chief executive officer (CEO) are at least as substantial as their compensation and perquisites. Although it is assumed that the CEO must engage in extensive and continued learning in order to meet these demands and challenges, we know little about their actual learning experiences. Thus, a qualitative research study of the learning experiences of 12 CEOs of nonprofit organizations was conducted, using Mezirow's theory of adult learning as an analytical frame. A dominant theme in the CEOs' learning experiences concerned learning about the power dynamics which they perceived as pervasive in the CEO context. The CEOs also described how the power dynamics impacted the way they learned, making dialogue difficult and requiring greater reliance on private reflection.
Learning and Tensions in Managerial Intercultural Encounters: A Dialectical Interpretation
Authors: Fisher Colin , Doughty David , Mussayeva Sevinge
Published: June 2008

The article develops the literature on the dynamics of intercultural encounters in the context of western-led management learning in post-Soviet countries. The article is conceptual but the frameworks it proposes are informed by the authors' `learning histories' of their participation in a project to start a new management college in post-Soviet Azerbaijan. It is suggested that the various perspectives, or stages, in such encounters that are identified in the literature may be understood as a dialectical process that parallels Hegel's dialectics of self-consciousness. It is argued that this interpretation strengthens existing conceptualizations by adding new insights; such as that movement through the dialectic occurs by diminishing the horizons of intercultural conflict from inter-group through inter-personal to intra-personal tensions.
Bounded Rationality and Organizational Learning Based on Rule Changes
Authors: Kieser Alfred , Koch Ulrich
Published: June 2008

A basic problem of organizational learning is recombining members' knowledge into innovative solutions. This article shows that extant approaches tend to position this problem in the organizational members' minds, thereby neglecting the problem of limited rationality. In some approaches of this type, organizational learning is conceptualized as the result of members learning from each other. In contrast to these concepts, some authors are convinced that a mode of organizational learning that is dependent on cross-learning between specialists cannot be effective because of the limits of an individual's cognitive abilities. These authors therefore try to identify organizational mechanisms that partly substitute for or support cross-learning between specialists. This article builds on this approach by developing a concept of `transactive organizational learning', which takes organizational rules as repositories of knowledge and relies on organizational mechanisms that allow the direct transfer of specialists' knowledge into rules. Empirical support for this concept was found in case studies from two German companies.
Sub-micrometer Particles: Their Level and How They Spread After Pan Frying of Beefsteak
Authors: Sjaastad Ann Kristin , Svendsen Kristin , Jørgensen Rikke Bramming
Published: June 2008

Cooking fumes are among the most important sources of indoor fine and ultrafine particles. Exposure to ultrafine particles may cause pulmonary inflammation and enhance allergic reactions, especially in susceptible individuals. Limiting particular exposure caused by cooking may be important for these individuals. In this study, the number concentration of sub-micrometer particles and their spread during and after the frying of beefsteak were measured in a kitchen and the neighboring room. The kitchen was equipped with a modern extraction hood. The level of particles increased rapidly in the kitchen when frying was started regardless of the use of the hood. The sub-micrometer particles spread rapidly to the neighboring room. In both rooms, the main size fraction of the particles was below 0.5 μm. Continuing the extraction for 30 min after the end of frying gave a significantly reduced number of particles in all size fractions in the neighboring room.
Particulate Matter Exposure and Dose Relationships Derived from Realistic Exposure Scenarios
Authors: Aleksandropoulou V. , Mitsakou C. , Housiadas C. , Lazaridis M.
Published: June 2008

Day-averaged outdoor aerosol concentrations from fixed ambient air monitoring stations are associated with the daily lung dose of an individual and the consequent health effects in most studies. The applicability of such measurements for dose assessment is evaluated in this study by comparing the estimated total and regional lung doses using the above concentrations, continuous (hourly) or day-averaged, to the dose derived from actual exposure. Dosimetric calculations are performed using experimentally determined indoor and outdoor concentrations during realistic exposure under variant physical exertion in both environments. The results show that the daily dose can be closely estimated by day-averaged data.
Deposition of Fine and Ultrafine Particles on Indoor Surface Materials
Authors: Afshari Alireza , Reinhold Claus
Published: June 2008

The aim of this study was the experimental determination of particle deposition for both different particle size fractions and different indoor surface materials. The selected surface materials were glass, gypsum board, carpet, and curtain. These materials were tested vertically in a full-scale test chamber. Experiments took place in a 32 m3 chamber with walls and ceiling made of glass. Prior to each experiment the chamber was flushed with outdoor air to reach an initial particle concentration typical of indoor air in buildings with natural ventilation. The decay of particle concentrations was monitored. Seven particle size fractions were studied. These comprised ultrafine and fine particles. Deposition was higher on carpet and curtain than on glass and gypsum board. Particles ranging from 0.3 to 0.5μm had the lowest deposition. This fraction also has the highest penetration into buildings and its indoor concentration is expected to be closest to outdoor concentrations.
Using Carbon Dioxide Concentration to Assess Indoor Air Quality in Offices
Authors: Hui P.S. , Wong L.T. , Mui K.W.
Published: June 2008

Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is commonly used as a surrogate indicator for assessing indoor air quality (IAQ) and ventilation efficiency. The measurement and analysis of average indoor CO2 concentration is useful to understand the performance of a ventilation system. However, uncertainties due to the ventilation rate effectiveness as well as the initial state, build-up, fluctuation, and decay of indoor CO2 concentration from occupant load variation have not been addressed in many measurements; considerable measurement efforts are obligatory. This study, taking the long-term CO2 measurement and occupant profile of a typical open-plan office building as reference, has developed a database to examine the probable errors of an alternative sampling scheme for assessing indoor CO2 level in which the average pollutant concentration is obtained from two short sampling periods in two sampling sessions when the building is occupied. The results show that the assessed CO2 level deviates from the long-term average and the probable errors correlate with the required measurement time and occupant load profile. At certain confidence levels, the potential reductions in measurement time of the alternative scheme, as compared with an 8-h continuous one, will be up to 30%, some 20% less than the reduction of measurement time for assessing indoor radon level.
Acoustic and Luminous Performance Evaluations in Classrooms in Curitiba, Brazil
Authors: Trombetta Zannin Paulo Henrique , Krüger Eduardo L. , Dorigo Adriano Lucio
Published: June 2008

This study deals with a standardized project in public schools in the Brazilian State of Paraná and analyzes acoustic and luminous qualities in classrooms. The acoustic analysis, conducted by measurements of background noise, reverberation time, and sound insulation, reveals the poor acoustic quality of the classrooms. Acoustic simulation results suggest the need for perforated plywood underneath the ceiling to reduce reverberation time and increase the overall acoustic comfort of the classrooms. The luminous performance analysis is based on computational simulations with daylighting programs for different combinations of days, schedules, and solar orientation of the buildings. Results show daylighting levels for various positions of the building. This allows the designer to choose the best way of siting the building with respect to aspects of the locality and the resulting quality of the indoor space. Finally, shading elements are designed for each orientation in order to improve daylighting levels and the building's overall thermal performance.
The Relationship between Moulds Isolated from Indoor Air and Features of the House Environment
Authors: Ozkutuk A. , Ceylan E. , Ergor G. , Yucesoy M. , Itil O. , Caymaz S. , Cimrin A.
Published: June 2008

In an attempt to determine the relationship between the features of houses and moulds growing indoors, 242 houses were examined in Izmir, a city on the west coast of Turkey with a mild climate. During house visits a questionnaire was given and air was sampled using an `air IDEAL' air sampler for quantitative fungal culture. The moulds most commonly isolated were Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor spp. Aspergillus growth in houses older than 20 years was more common than other species when the features of houses and isolated fungi were compared. Mucor grew significantly more in houses where the air was humid, the temperature was cooler and there were pot plants. Penicillium grew more frequently in houses where visible mould was present and birds were bred. However, no relationship could be demonstrated between the method of heating, the number of household members, exposure to sun, type of building and flooring with a specific mould. As a conclusion, many household factors suggested as risk factors for mould growth have been examined and only a few relationships could be established between certain features of houses and moulds. However, mould growth is much affected by many conditions and the environment in a house is one of many factors that may facilitate growth.
Size Distributions of the Aerosols Emitted from Commercial Cooking Processes
Authors: Yeung L.L. , To W.M.
Published: June 2008

Exposure to cooking fumes may be responsible for respiratory health effects. However, the linkage between such exposures and these effects cannot be established without knowing the size distribution of the aerosols emitted from cooking activities. This study examined the size distribution of the aerosols generated by commercial cooking processes. It was found that the aerosol size distributions were lognormal. Several theoretical models can explain the lognormal characteristic of aerosols from cooking processes and the simplest one is a bounded multiplicative process that represents the growth (or shrinkage) of aerosols in a random manner. Our results showed that by defining the mode diameter (geometric mean diameter) and the dimensionless geometric standard deviation one could describe the size distribution of cooking fumes in general. This characterization model can be applied to cooking fumes from indoor as well as outdoor cooking processes. The results of our measurement also showed that the mode diameter of aerosols increased when cooking temperature increased. The normalized number concentration of sub-micrometer aerosols increased rapidly when cooking temperature increased especially in the size range between 0.1 and 1.0 μm, known as the accumulation mode.
Overview of resistance spot welding control
Authors: Podržaj P. , Polajnar I. , Diaci J. , Kariž Z.
Published: June 2008

This paper presents an overview of resistance spot welding control. The presentation of the physical background of the resistance welding process is followed by the description of the main problems concerning the appurtenant control theory. Solutions to these problems are presented primarily according to the measured signals used and to the type of control strategies.
Influence of shielding gas composition on arc properties in TIG welding
Authors: Tanaka M. , Tashiro S. , Satoh T. , Murphy A. B. , Lowke J. J.
Published: June 2008

The influence of shielding gas composition on arc properties including temperature, voltage, heat flux and shear stress at the anode and also the weld depth as indicated by the maximum temperature of a water cooled anode is investigated. It is found that the additions of helium, hydrogen and nitrogen to argon all increase the arc and anode temperature. For helium, this is due to the lower electrical conductivity; in the other cases, it is due to the higher specific heat.
A GABP-binding element in the Robo4 promoter is necessary for endothelial expression in vivo
Authors: Okada Yoshiaki , Jin Enjing , Nikolova-Krstevski Vesna , Yano Kiichiro , Liu Ju , Beeler David , Spokes Katherine , Kitayama Mie , Funahashi Nobuaki , Doi Takefumi , Janes Lauren , Minami Takashi , Oettgen Peter , Aird William C.
Published: June 2008

We recently demonstrated that the 3-kb 5′-flanking region of the human ROBO4 gene directs endothelial cell–specific expression in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, a GA-binding protein (GABP)–binding motif at −119 was necessary for mediating promoter activity in vitro. The goal of the present study was to confirm the functional relevance of the −119 GABP-binding site in vivo. To that end, the Hprt locus of mice was targeted with a Robo4-LacZ transgenic cassette in which the GABP site was mutated. In other studies, the GABP mutation was introduced into the endogenous mouse Robo4 locus in which LacZ was knocked-in. Compared with their respective controls, the mutant promoters displayed a significant reduction in activity in embryoid bodies, embryos, and adult animals. Together, these data provide strong support for the role of the GABP-binding motif in mediating Robo4 expression in the intact endothelium.