bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symphonic pastorals redux
Authors: Allen Aaron S.
Published: May 2018

Our experience of the environment relies on all the senses. In this chapter, Aaron Allen introduces non-musicologists to the relatively new field of ecomusicology. He argues that for musicology, the genre/idea of the symphony is laden with prestige; for ecocriticism, the pastoral has similar stature and is a genre/mode central to the discipline. In the concise juxtaposition of these two terms, Allen illustrates ecomusicology, which connects ecocritical and musicological scholarship, and further outlines a brief critical history of selected symphonies in relation to the pastoral. He makes the case that symphonies – ostensibly a textless genre of music conceived as abstract – can relate ideas about nature. Such connections between disciplines, approaches, and materials contribute to the larger effort in the environmental (post)humanities to break down humans’ problematic and the self-destructive nature-culture binary.
A seamless image: the role of photomontage in the meaning-making of windfarm development
Authors: Welstead Jean
Published: May 2018

At about the same time as the literary establishment was getting very concerned about how environmental issues, such as climate change, biodiversity loss and sustainability were leading to the formal emergence of ecocriticism within the academy, wind turbines started to be seen in the countryside. Jean Welstead explores how photomontage has been used during the planning process to address concerns about the aesthetic appearance and community acceptance of turbines and wind farms. Welstead discusses how the cognitive nature of the official landscape-character assessment approach is often in contrast to the perceptions of those who live and work in the area, and to other ‘communities of interest’, such as those who visit for recreational or creative purposes. Both these groups, by the very nature of their activities, are likely to experience a more immersed and engaged relationship with the landscape that will have resonance with ecocritics. The chapter examines these complex issues for the first time in a book of this kind.
The Maronite college in early modern Rome: Between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Letters
Authors: Girard Aurélien , Pizzorusso Giovanni
Published: May 2018

In the early modern period, Catholic communities under Protestant jurisdictions were not alone in establishing collegial networks in Catholic centres. The Maronites, a Christian Church in communion with Rome faced educational challenges similar to those of Catholic communities in western Protestant states. A Maronite College was founded in Rome in 1584, on the model of others Catholic colleges created in Rome in the second part of the sixteenth century. Until now, traditional Maronite and Lebanese historiography has tended to treat the institution in isolation from the other collegial networks and from the global perspective of the papacy on the challenge of educating national clergies in non-Catholic jurisdictions. This essay presents an overview of the Maronite College in Rome, outlining the context for its foundation (the Roman Catholic mission in the Near East) and the links with others colleges. To plot the evolution of the institution, two versions of the college rules (1585 and 1732) are compared. They were influenced by the changing attitudes of the papacy, the foundation of Propaganda Fide, the activities of the Jesuits and changes within the Maronite patriarchate itself. The second part establishes a profile of the early modern staff and students of the college. Details are available on 280 Maronite students received by the institution between 1584 and 1788. For the young Maronites, life in Rome was difficult, with changes in diet and conditions, financial worries and cultural challenges. There were frequent interventions by the Lebanese authorities with the Jesuit college managers. Special attention is paid to the course of studies in Rome and academic links with other Roman institutions, especially neighbouring Jesuit colleges. The third part discusses the links between the Roman college and changes in the middle-eastern Maronite community. The Maronite college was the main European gateway for the Maronites. Some eastern Catholics chose to remain in Europe, often to follow academic careers. Attention is also paid to the relationship between the College and the Maronite diaspora and its links with intellectual life in the West. In the latter context, the role of the College library and its manuscript collection in facilitating Western academic access to oriental languages and thought is described. Like other networks, the Maronite college fulfilled a broad range of functions that went well beyond the simple training of clergy.
A short history of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Columbia-0
Authors: Somssich Marc
Published: May 2018

75 Years ago Arabidopsis thaliana was first suggested as a Model Plant – But how did Arabidopsis Col-0 become the standard natural accession? This is a short history of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Columbia-0.
The Economics of Public Health in the Presence of Exploitation Strategies
Authors: Herrmann Markus
Published: May 2018

Public health faces novel challenges because of rising bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the possible fatal spread of highly communicable viral infections. Multiple economic agents interact in the use and provision of anti-infective drugs, without accounting for their impact on others, and this gives rise to positive and negative externalities. On the supply side, anti-infective drugs may be linked, depending on the particular epidemiological context. A common example is that of antibiotic treatment effectiveness, which can be lost over time, affecting various antibiotics belonging to the same antibiotic family. This chapter describes how conflicting private objectives among economic agents may lead to exploitation strategies that lower the overall social welfare. Important open research questions are highlighted and possible public policies addressed that could address the problem of antimicrobial resistance.
Suburban Networks and Urban Villages: Community and the Built Environment
Authors: Dotson Taylor
Published: May 2018

This chapter interrogates the built environment with respect to its compatibility with thick community. Echoing and extending the analyses of Jane Jacobs and Ray Oldenburg, it is argued that much of the urban environment in technological societies – from suburban sprawl to urban renewal high rises – effectively legislates that citizens live as networked individuals. Not only does the coarse graining of these spaces functionally segregate different facets of everyday life, they ensure that social ties are diffuse and single-threaded. Their lack of appropriate density and walkable amenities limits serendipitous interactions and other activities that support the growth of place-based social connection. Moreover, their poor affordances for “third places” such as pubs and cafes limits the sociability of most neighborhoods. Finally, the governance structures of most areas is either weakly democratic, unable to support constructive ways of working through conflict, or not scaled so as to match the physical boundaries of urban communities.
The Green Debate: Information Optimists, Pessimists, and Realists
Authors: Bullock Graham
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 outlines the debate about the role of information in environmental politics, and reviews the arguments both for and against the use of information-based environmental governance strategies. It describes the nature of these strategies and how they differ from other forms of governance and uses of information. It explores the use of information-based strategies by public, private, and civil sector actors historically, and discusses the factors that have driven their proliferation and the outbreaks of information in contemporary times. The chapter also presents the concept of the information value chain and its five main components (its governance, content, methods, interfaces, and outcomes), which provides an important analytical lens on these strategies and serves as the book’s primary theoretical framework. The chapter concludes with an outline of the book’s chapters and a summary of its key arguments and contributions.
Trusting Green: The Organizations behind the Information
Authors: Bullock Graham
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 begins with a decision scenario involving the Forest Stewardship Council and Sustainable Forestry Initiative. They both provide information about toilet paper greenness, but which of these claims should we trust? The concepts of trustworthiness, accountability, credibility, and legitimacy are introduced to address this question, and then used to analyze the 245 cases of eco-labels and sustainability ratings in the EEPAC Dataset. Accountability relationships to funders, advisors and other actors in the public, private, and civil sectors are analyzed, and the reputational and trustworthiness implications of these relationships are discussed. Signals of credibility, such as expertise and independence, are also identified and discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of promising and problematic organizational practices related to organizational trustworthiness, and particularly those that enhance the transparency and clarity of a program’s accountability relationships.
Green Realism: Limits, Linkages, and Outcomes
Authors: Bullock Graham
Published: May 2018

Chapter 7 synthesizes the results from the previous chapters in a discussion of the idea of information realism and its cousin, green realism. It acknowledges the valid points that the optimist and pessimist sides of the debate have made about the role of information-based governance strategies, while also highlighting the shortcomings of these two opposing perspectives. It outlines three possible futures for information-based governance strategies – one that heeds the concerns of skeptics and lessons learned discussed in this book, one that ignores them, which will lead to their further loss of support and effectiveness, and a third that is based on the insights of information realism presented in the book. In particular, the chapter highlights the importance of creating linkages between information-based governance strategies and traditional regulation-based approaches and efforts to change industry norms more broadly. It returns to the green decision scenarios posed in Chapter 1, and offers specific recommendations for designers, users, and policymakers who are interested in improving the effectiveness of information-based environmental governance strategies.
Experiments in Cyber-Liminality
Authors: Leruth Michael F.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 considers Forest’s internet-based art from the mid-1990s through the present, with particular emphasis on ritualistic and festive manifestations of public liminality that take place online or make the internet an integral part of the event, and on more whimsical exercises in parody and the détournement of interfaces reminiscent of his early experiments with print and broadcast media. Works discussed in Chapter 3 includeFrom Casablanca to Locarno: Love Updated by the Internet and Electronic Media (1995),Time-Out (1998), The Techno-Wedding (1999), The Center of the World (1999), Territorial Outings (2001), Meat: The Territory of the Body and the Networked Body (2002), Memory Pictures (2005), The Experimental Research Center of the Territory (2008), The Traders’ Ball (2010), Ego Cyberstar and the Problem of Identity (2010), Ebb and Flow: The Internet Cave (2011), and Sociological Walk with Google Glass (2014). Chapter 3 also explains Forest’s unique position in the acrimonious “Quarrel of Contemporary Art” (Querelle de l’art contemporain) that raged among French intellectuals and in the media in the 1990s and early 2000s and highlights his contributions to France’s annual Internet Festival, which he helped create.
Five Constraints on Predicting Behavior
Authors: Kagan Jerome
Published: May 2018

Scientists were unable to study the relation of brain to mind until the invention of technologies that measured the brain activity accompanying psychological processes. Yet even with these new tools, conclusions are tentative or simply wrong. This book describes five conditions that place serious constraints on the ability to predict mental or behavioral outcomes based on brain data: the setting in which evidence is gathered, the expectations of the subject, the source of the evidence that supports the conclusion, the absence of studies that examine patterns of causes with patterns of measures, and the habit of borrowing terms from psychology. The book describes the importance of context, and how the experimental setting—including the room, the procedure, and the species, age, and sex of both subject and examiner—can influence the conclusions. It explains how subject expectations affect all brain measures; considers why brain and psychological data often yield different conclusions; argues for relations between patterns of causes and outcomes rather than correlating single variables; and criticizes the borrowing of psychological terms to describe brain evidence. Brain sites cannot be in a state of “fear.” A deeper understanding of the brain's contributions to behavior, the book argues, requires investigators to acknowledge these five constraints in the design or interpretation of an experiment.
The Spatial Practices of Food Trucks
Authors: Lemon Robert
Published: May 2018

There is a profusion of food trucks roaming the streets in the United States that cater to a variety of people. In this paper I argue that food truck types can be defined through their mobility practices. To this end, I present an original framework for food studies through the exploration of spatial practices. I then empirically evaluate a mixed ethnic couple that owns and operates a taco truck and the ways in which they navigate the Latino and Anglo landscapes of Columbus, Ohio. Their practices make evident the city’s uneven social terrain and how aspects of social injustice sculpt the city’s cultural contours. I conclude by considering what social justice means for taco truck operators and their Mexican clientele.
Eating in the City: Fidel Gastro, Street Performance, and the Right to the City
Authors: Whittall Edward
Published: May 2018

This chapter applies different concepts of radical street theatre and urban performance in order to theorize the ways in which food trucks form temporary communities in urban spaces through embodied, performative intervention. An ethnographic portrait of one of Toronto’s first and best-known food truck entrepreneurs, Fidel Gastro, is employed to demonstrate the precarious position food trucks hold within the political narratives governing public space in the city of Toronto, and the ambivalence food truck entrepreneurs display toward current configurations of urban market economies. David Harvey’s conception of the right to the city is then critically applied to this scenario in order to argue that food trucks harbor the potential to intervene in dominant urban narratives, allowing urban dwellers to assert the common right to change ourselves by changing our cities.
Environmental Risk: New Approaches Needed to Address Twenty-First Century Challenges
Authors: Kraft Michael E.
Published: May 2018

The concept of environmental risk is pervasive in contemporary environmental policy, and there are legions of experts, within and outside of government, who conduct, communicate, interpret, and debate studies designed to influence decisions on myriad environmental risks that we face today. Such use of risk analysis is likely to continue for the indefinite future. The chapter focuses on the key conceptual innovations that lie behind ideas about environmental risk, the practical implications of using environmental risk assessment and risk evaluation in governmental decision making, and the role that environmental risk concepts may play in the future. As sustainable development becomes the long-term goal of environmental policy actions, citizens and policymakers will have to search for new ways to think about, measure, compare, and act on both new and old environmental risks.
Critical Loads: Negotiating What Nature Can Withstand
Authors: Bä Karin
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes the concept of critical loads, a science-based approach to grounding policy on notions of nature’s 'carrying capacity' or 'ecosystem tolerance limits'. The critical loads concept represents a conceptual innovation in environmental policy that has operationalized the notion of 'limits' central to environmental debates into both domestic and international policy. This chapter traces the origin and emergence of the concept in international, United Nations and European Union air pollution diplomacy over the past 30 years. It analyzes the different discourses on critical loads in the public, international negotiation, and scientific arenas, and discusses the significance and impact of the concept. It argues that the critical loads concept has played a pioneering role in international environmental diplomacy with regard to how science is harnessed for policy as the idea of nature’s toleration limits was transformed into a scientific concept of ecosystem sensitivities.
Health Improvement and Income Growth in the Long Run
Authors: Weil David N.
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the stylized facts regarding the strong nexus between economic development and health, as reflected by the famous Preston curve. By providing a decomposition of the reasons for recent increases in life expectancy, in terms of increased income (shifts along the Preston curve) and shifts of the Preston Curve, the chapter questions whether third factors, such as institutions, are largely omitted factors in this context. While causality is likely to run both ways, the effect of life expectancy on income and income dynamics plays a key role for long-run development because a reduction in mortality rates and a corresponding increase in longevity affect the incentives to acquire human capital and invest in formal education.
Human Physiological Development and Economic Growth
Authors: Dalgaard Carl-Johan , Strulik Holger
Published: May 2018

This chapter elaborates on the microeconomics of the income–health nexus and incorporates fertility decisions. It examines the trade-off between the number of offspring and the health investments in those offspring, as reflected by body size, thereby providing a new interpretation of the quantity–quality trade-off in a health context. A key insight from this study is that demographic change is essential to understanding the preindustrial growth record as well as the (relative) timing of the take-off to sustained growth. The major motivation for this effort is existing evidence, which largely is found in the fields of biology and physical anthropology, that humans (and other mammals) face a fundamental trade-off between size of offspring and number of offspring.
Caste Systems and Technology in Premodern Societies
Authors: Esposito Elena
Published: May 2018

This chapter sheds new light on the effects of social institutions on long-run development. In particular, it explores the impact of caste systems during the early phases of economic and demographic development through how the systems influenced the possibilities for labor specialization. Based on data for precolonial social organization across different ethnicities, the chapter provides novel evidence that supports the hypothesis that caste systems were indeed conducive to specialization and technological sophistication. The hypothesis builds on the idea that caste systems, by promoting strong ties of solidarity and cooperation within groups, might have facilitated and accelerated the process of labor specialization and technological advancement. Moreover, the endogamous group might have represented the natural basin from which to recruit labor for extending production beyond the family unit.
Evolutionary Concepts of Mental Disorders—A Unifying Framework?
Authors: Heinz Andreas
Published: May 2018

Dysfunction of basic learning mechanisms my best be understood within an evolutionary framework of human behavior. In this chapter, traditional evolutionary accounts of mental disorders are described and criticized, because they often have been based on a rather prejudiced view of non-European cultures and their supposed “primitiveness”. Such existing evolutionary theories and their pitfalls have to be kept in mind when developing a new understanding of mental disorder.
The Strange Situation of the Ethological Theory of Attachment
Authors: Vicedo Marga
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the history of some challenges to John Bowlby’s and Mary Ainsworth’s ethological attachment theory (EAT). Bowlby and Ainsworth argued that the mother-infant relationship is a natural dyad designed by evolution in which the instinctual responses of one party activate instinctual responses in the other, and that secure attachment is an adaptation. This chapter focuses on EAT’s two fundamental tenets: the universality of attachment patterns and the biological foundations of the attachment system. It shows that several scholars have challenged those tenets over the years and argues that attachment researchers have not addressed those challenges successfully.
Taking Culture Seriously
Authors: Morelli Gilda A. , Chaudhary Nandita , Gottlieb Alma , Keller Heidi , Murray Marjorie , Quinn Naomi , Rosabal-Coto Mariano , Scheidecker Gabriel , Takada Akira , Vicedo Marga
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents an alternative view to classic attachment theory and research, arguing for systematic, ethnographically informed, approaches to the study of child development. It begins with the observation that the attachment relationships children develop are locally determined and insists that these features of attachment can only be captured through observing, talking with, and listening to local people as they go about living their lives, including caring for children. It reviews the profound ways in which child care around the world differs from the Western model, upon which attachment theory was founded and myriad recommendations have been derived. This worldwide account perspective of child care is profusely illustrated with ethnographic examples. Network theory is then discussed: from the full range of social networks to relational ones (i.e., smaller sets of individuals to whom children may become attached). The chapter considers attachment theorists’ resistance to the idea of multiple attachments, historically and still today. Discussion closes with a summary of the implications of our theoretical rethinking and the questions that remain.
Introduction
Authors: Friederici Angela D. , Chomsky Noam
Published: May 2018

The introduction sets the scene for the book. Language is considered as a uniquely human trait, as a specific cognitive system and as a brain system with its basic neuroanatomy.
A New Look at General Education
Authors: Fost Joshua
Published: May 2018

I summarize our general education model, compare it with other popular approaches, and discuss our approach to common challenges. All students complete the same four freshman seminars; each lasts the year and is fully active: no lectures. Approximately 115 learning objectives span four core competencies: critical and creative thinking and effective communication and interaction. This model differs from the four dominant models found in ~290 representative institutions of higher education. We avoided many challenges by building our plans into the foundations of the university from its inception, using a highly diverse team-based course development and teaching program, and continuing assessment on the learning objectives throughout all four years.
The Science of Learning: Mechanisms and Principles
Authors: Kosslyn Stephen M.
Published: May 2018

An enormous amount is now known about how humans process and store information. This chapter organizes that knowledge into a set of 16 principles, which we have used systematically to help students master the material they are taught. The principles are organized under two very general maxims: Think it Through (the more you think something through, paying attention to what you are doing, the more likely you are later to remember it) and Make and Use Associations (associations not only help us organize material so that it is easy to store in memory but also give us the hooks that will allow us later to dig the material out of memory, to recall it). The 16 principles can be invoked in different combinations by using different application techniques, such as mnemonics and explaining material to yourself.
Fully Active Learning
Authors: Fost Joshua , Levitt Rena , Kosslyn Stephen M.
Published: May 2018

We offer a working definition of active learning in which learning is active to the extent that it engages the cognitive processes known to be involved in comprehension, reasoning, memory, and pattern perception; it is not the same as student-centered or collaborative learning. To maximize students' opportunities for active learning, we use a variety of pedagogical techniques and technological supports. Pedagogically, we often use "engagement prompts," which are questions or challenges for all students to consider for the duration of an activity, even when they are not contributing. We also use collaborative learning in small groups; short, summative reflection essays; and fast-paced relay-style activities that require students to attend very carefully to the substance of their classmates' contributions. Technologically, we record the amount of time each student speaks to ensure that we call on all students approximately equally, and we use a tagging system to track the technique used in every activity so that later programmatic assessment will be more robust.
Teaching from Lesson Plans
Authors: Chandler Vicki , Kosslyn Stephen M. , Holman Richard , Genone James
Published: May 2018

Abstract A crucial aspect of the Minerva curriculum is the lesson plan, which is used to structure and guide every class session of the Cornerstone, Major Core and Concentration courses. This chapter describes how professors use these lesson plans and how they form the basis for dynamic, evolving class sessions while maintaining a high-level of structure and consistency over different sections of the same class. The lesson plans specify assigned readings and videos, exercises the students work through before class, quizzes at the beginning and end of class, carefully crafted sets of active learning activities, and more. The core of the lesson plans is the activities, which rely on problem solving, focused analyses in small breakout groups, polls together with discussions, role-playing scenarios, debates, Socratic relays where students take turns discussing a given topic, and many other interactive exercises. In all of this, the professor plays a central role, shaping the discussion, adapting to evolving circumstances, and providing expertise to ensure that students understand the class material. The professor keeps the class focused on the learning outcomes that are specified in the lesson plan and which inform every aspect of it. In every class, students must actively interact with the professor and with each other, which makes every session a dynamic and distinct teaching experience.
A Global Community by Design
Authors: Wang Z. Mike , Krispil Sultanna
Published: May 2018

We believe in community by design. Yes, community can be formed organically and through serendipity, but we believe that a thriving, vibrant community that is as complex and global as Minerva’s — spanning seven cities and with students from scores of countries around the world — cannot be sustained without intention and effort. In this chapter, we summarize the steps we took to build a global community at Minerva, from the formation of a set of community values to the structures we created to promote community (at individual, micro-community, and macro-community levels) to the programs we designed to sustain and build community for Minervans for generations to come.
Mental Health Services in a Diverse, Twenty-First-Century University
Authors: Lyda James , Caporale-Berkowitz Norian
Published: May 2018

Increasing numbers of students seek support for psychological problems, as documented by university counseling center directors in the United States (Gallagher, 2014) and university mental health service providers in Europe (Ruckert, 2015). It is also well understood that in order to learn effectively students must be ready to learn, and that such readiness requires mental and emotional health. Minerva is building its counseling and wellness services from scratch, and here we discuss the ways that Minerva provides fertile ground to combine known best practices with innovative approaches to student support and wellbeing. This chapter describes the unique opportunities and challenges presented by Minerva’s diverse student population and global immersion experience with respect to student mental health and wellbeing.
Introduction: A New Perspective on Reform
Authors: Qian Yingyi
Published: May 2018

Starting in 1979, China embarked on a profound economic reform that led to a transformation of the country from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. Over the next 37 years, China produced one of the most spectacular growth records in human history. According to the World Bank, in 2015 the nominal GDP of China was nearly $11 trillion, surpassing 60 percent of U.S. nominal GDP. In comparison, China’s nominal GDP in 1978 was only $148 billion, merely 6 percent of that of the U.S. If measured by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), in 2015 China’s GDP was $19 trillion, larger than the $18 trillion GDP of the U.S., the world’s largest economy in the last 100 years....
Insecure Property Rights and Government Ownership of Firms
Authors: Qian Yingyi
Published: May 2018

We develop a theory of the ownership of firms in an environment without secure property rights against state encroachment. "Private ownership" leads to excessive revenue hiding and "state ownership" (i.e., national government ownership) fails to provide incentives for managers and local governments in a credible way. Because "local government ownership" integrates local government activities and business activities, local government may better serve the interests of the national government, and thus local government ownership may credibly limit state predation, increase local public goods provision, and reduce costly revenue hiding. We use our theory to interpret the relative success of local government-owned firms during China’s transition to a market economy.
Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China
Authors: Qian Yingyi
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this paper is to provide an explanation of China’s high performance despite several factors that would indicate otherwise according to conventional wisdom. The authors argue that conventional wisdom is problematic in regards to China. First, it provides too narrow a definition of political reform. Second, although it asks the right question about political discretion, the inappropriate definition of political reform leads it to the wrong conclusion. Third, though much is wrong with the system of property rights in China, looking for a system of such rights as exists in the West has confused many analysts. Rights are not as secure in China as they could be, and the absence of a law of property and contracts along with a judicial system to enforce it remains a significant lacuna in the reform process. And yet, property rights are not completely insecure and without political foundations. Indeed, political reform in China has provided considerable limits on the discretion of the central government. These limits, in turn, provide the beginnings of a strong and credible political foundation for many market-oriented enterprises throughout the successful regions of China. China has a new political system that we characterize as federalism, Chinese style. This system, in turn, provides considerable political protection for China’s reforms, including limits on the central government. Viewed from the perspective of the individual, this system differs considerably from federalisms in the developed West.
Federalism as a Commitment to Preserving Market Incentives
Authors: Qian Yingyi
Published: May 2018

We advance a new perspective in the study of federalism. Our approach views federalism as a governance solution of the state to credibly preserving market incentives. Market incentives are preserved if the state is credibly prevented from compromising on future economic success and from bailing out future failures. The salient features of federalism — decentralization of information and authority and inter-jurisdiction competition — help provide credible commitment for these purposes. In addition, we discuss factors relevant for sustaining federalism.
The Exceptional Nature of INGO Authority
Authors: Stroup Sarah S. , Wong Wendy H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents measures of differences in authority among INGOs across multiple audiences and empirically identifies a list of leading INGOs. The striking evidence reveals substantial differentiation among INGOs in their level of authority. States, corporations, other INGOs, and the general public all vary in the attention they give to various INGOs. Data on a random sample of INGOs from around the world demonstrates that most INGOs are ignored. Even among a sample of “most likely” leading INGOs, attention is hard to secure. The chapter ends with a systematic identification of the leading INGOs in global politics today.
INGOs and Corporations
Authors: Stroup Sarah S. , Wong Wendy H.
Published: May 2018

Condemnation of corporate environmental and human rights performance has been something that some INGOs have become well-known for, yet not all INGOs elect to be publicly confrontational. We explore strategic choices through several examples of private, cross-sectoral regulations that emerged in the early 2000s. Leading INGOs are far more likely to collaborate and be asked to collaborate than other INGOs. Two platforms, The Sustainability Consortium (TSC) and the UN Global Compact (UNGC), leveraged early collaboration from a few leading INGOs to establish their credibility. We then explore the alternatives to collaboration. Though many INGOs condemn corporate behavior, little sustained attention has resulted from their efforts. Competition is possibly more fruitful for improving corporate practice, as the example of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) shows
“Ruffling the Somewhat Calm Domain”
Authors: Goodier Susan , Pastorello Karen
Published: May 2018

This chapter demonstrates how rural women in upstate villages and towns—often considered to be apolitical—actually embraced the suffrage spirit, causing a number of pro-suffrage hotbeds to emerge outside of New York City. Many suffrage leaders had deep roots in the towns, villages, and farms of the state. Taking advantage of opportunities to participate in the political culture shaped during the transition from an agrarian to a market economy, contingents of rural women helped lay the foundation for a broad-based state suffrage movement. With the broader base of rural women supporting the movement, rural activists could now appeal to husbands and fathers in these areas to garner electoral support. By 1910, leaders shifted campaign tactics from attempting to convince legislators to support suffrage to persuading the (male) electorate to secure a state referendum for women.
A Fundamental Component
Authors: Goodier Susan , Pastorello Karen
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks at the story of black women in the New York State woman suffrage movement, which is marked by strained racial relations and exclusionary practices. Black women, like white women, saw the vote as a panacea, able to solve their specific problems relating to racial violence, education, employment, and workers' rights. Although white women seldom invited black women to join in their suffrage activities, black women found ways to advance the cause and participate in the movement. Indeed, pervasive racism complicated black women's suffrage activism, but it cannot diminish their contributions to mainstream suffragism. Rarely separating women's political rights from other fundamental rights, black women's suffrage activism showed creativity and ingenuity and did not always mirror white women's activist strategies. Ultimately, black women's influence on black male voters helped secure women's political enfranchisement in New York State.
Radicalism and Spectacle
Authors: Goodier Susan , Pastorello Karen
Published: May 2018

This chapter recounts how, following a period of deliberate self-assessment and revision between 1908 and 1910, a new generation of woman suffrage activists revitalized their cause, demonstrating the fluidity and responsiveness of the movement to modernity. As they challenged traditional notions of womanhood, “new woman” suffragists appropriated modern technology, harnessing the power of beauty and imagery to elevate the notion of woman suffrage. They redirected public opinion by making suffrage modern, fashionable, and commonplace. In effect, when radical women enhanced and transformed the popular perception of woman suffrage in the early twentieth century, they coalesced some of the distinctly different suffrage groups as they made the cause both exciting and impossible to ignore.
The Great Interruption
Authors: Goodier Susan , Pastorello Karen
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the woman suffrage movement during the outbreak of war in Europe. Contradictions and upheaval related to the war marred the last three years of the suffrage campaign in New York. Most suffragists and anti-suffragists turned their attention from suffragism to patriotism, war preparedness, or pacifism between August 1914 and April 1917, when the United States entered the war. The movement, which previously faced divisions among members of its rank and file over tactics and strategies related to women's enfranchisement, now divided along new lines of patriotism and militarism. Sensitive to citizenship rights and responsibilities, most suffragists felt compelled to choose a position in response to the war. Nevertheless, they insisted on keeping their campaign before the public, most often linking suffrage with patriotism to highlight their worthiness for full citizenship.
Rising from the Ashes of Defeat
Authors: Goodier Susan , Pastorello Karen
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses how women suffragists engaged in legislative and political maneuvering in the crucial years between 1915 and 1917. Rural, immigrant, and black women rarely had the ability to lobby the state legislature directly. Mainstream suffragists, however—eventually fortified by male supporters—maintained their legislative lobbying efforts throughout the entire movement. Although the suffrage referendum failed in 1915, ever-resilient suffrage activists immediately rallied to analyze their shortcomings, draw on extensive experience, and systematically target male politicians and voters. After decades of disappointment on the part of suffragists, New York men finally acknowledged women's inherent right to the franchise with their own votes. Thus, the chapter challenges the prevalent idea that the right of women to vote came as a consequence of their war work, arguing instead that almost seventy years of women's tenacious efforts culminated in 1917 with the New York suffrage campaign victory.
City of Forests, City of Farms
Authors: Campbell Lindsay K.
Published: May 2018

This book begins with the question of why PlaNYC2030—New York City’s municipal, long-term sustainability plan, launched during the Mayor Michael Bloomberg administration—had a robust urban forestry agenda, but lacked an urban agriculture agenda. PlaNYC launched the MillionTreesNYC campaign, investing over $400 million in city funds and leveraging a public-private partnership to plant one million trees citywide. Meanwhile, despite NYC having a long tradition of community gardening and burgeoning interest in local food systems, the plan contained no mention of community gardens or urban farms. In contrasting the top-down, centralized investment in the urban forest with the dispersed and decentralized social movement around urban agriculture, the book describes the ways in which political, discursive, and material processes intertwine to construct nature in the city. Urban greening unfolds through the strategic interplay of actors, the deployment of different narrative frames, and the mobilizing and manipulation of the physical environment—including other living, non-human entities. Understanding how and why the sustainability agenda is set and implemented provides crucial lessons to scholars, policymakers, and activists alike as they engage in the greening of cities.
Juxtaposing Urban Forestry and Agriculture in the PlaNYC Era
Authors: Campbell Lindsay K.
Published: May 2018

The introduction begins with the question of why urban forestry was central to Bloomberg’s sustainability plan but urban agriculture was absent. It places PlaNYC in the context of the rise of municipal sustainability planning and it argues that understanding how and why the sustainability agenda is set provides crucial lessons to scholars, policymakers, and activists alike as they engage in the greening of cities. Developing this understanding requires attention to politics, discourse, and materiality as fundamentally intertwined domains. As such, the introduction identifies the key research questions and theoretical perspectives across these three domains that guide this book and lays out a brief summary of the chapters.
Beyond Planting
Authors: Campbell Lindsay K.
Published: May 2018

Chapter four goes beyond planting to explore the creation of an urban forestry movement through public outreach and engagement, the development of a network of advisors, and growth over time of the campaign. Movement-building entailed cultivating support across municipal leadership, among civic groups, and with the public in order to help fund the program, plant and steward trees, and sustain the newly-expanded urban forest into the future. Examining the narrative framing of MillionTreesNYC and the storylines deployed shows how leaders positioned the campaign to policymakers and the public to help garner top-down support and bottom-up participation. The already existing network of stewardship groups in New York City reorganized because of the creation of such a prominent citywide campaign. Finally, substantial changes to the campaign stemmed from the 2008 global economic recession, the maturation of the campaign, and leadership turnover.
The Arrival of Imperial Germany
Authors: Edelstein David M.
Published: May 2018

Germany was unified in 1871, creating a new great power in the center of Europe. Surprisingly, the first concerted effort to balance against Germany did not come until the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1893. This chapters explains this sustained cooperation by focusing on Germany Chancellor Otto von Bismarck’s efforts to keep the other great powers of Europe focused on short-term opportunities for cooperation rather than the potential long-term threat posed by Germany. Uncertainty about long-term German intentions created the conditions under which mutually beneficial short-term cooperation was possible.
The Rise of the United States
Authors: Edelstein David M.
Published: May 2018

By the beginning of the twentieth century, the United States had emerged as a substantial great power. Despite a century of animosity, the United States and Great Britain were able to reconcile at this time. This chapter reviews the process by which this reconciliation took place, including through three crises that defined the terms of their relationship in the western hemisphere—the Venezuela boundary crisis, the Panama Canal crisis, and the Canadian border crisis. In addition, by accepting a U.S. presence in East Asia, Britain signalled its comfort with the arrival of the U.S. as a great power. British confidence in U.S. long-term intentions, not any judgment about U.S. capabilities, were key to Anglo-American friendship.
The Resurgence of Interwar Germany
Authors: Edelstein David M.
Published: May 2018

While Hitler’s Germany in the 1930’s has received abundant attention, this chapter begins earlier in the interwar period. Throughout the 1920’s, Europe’s great powers debated how to manage a defeated Germany that had the latent power potential to again become a great power. This chapter traces how Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union addressed this challenge. It argues that all three of these European powers preferred to cooperate with Germany in the short-term rather than paying the high cost of competing with Germany when it had uncertain long-term intentions. This explanation based on time horizons is superior to alternative explanations based on either buckpassing or engagement.
Conclusion and the contemporary Rise of China
Authors: Edelstein David M.
Published: May 2018

The concluding chapter of the book begins by reviewing the argument and the evidence presented throughout the book. It then turns to a discussion of the theoretical and policy implications of the argument. Theoretically, the book draws new attention to the importance of temporality in international politics while also reframing how the effect of uncertainty in international politics is understood. In terms of policy implications, the conclusion examines the likely direction of Sino-American relations in the coming years, including those factors that might lead to a further deterioration of that relationship. The book concludes with a discussion of avenues for future research on time horizons, uncertainty, and beliefs about state intentions.
“Stop Serving Gay Chickens”
Authors: Heldman Caroline
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines all of the national consumer activism campaigns for gender justice and LGBT rights from 2004 – 2014. These 13 campaigns used consumer activism to push back against sexism and gender discrimination, and to advocate for greater transgender representation in media and formal policy rights for LGBT individuals. These campaigns were generally effective in altering corporate behaviour and public policy. Consumer activism improved democracy by putting policy issues on the agenda and increasing participation and public deliberation around major policy issues, such as family planning and same-sex marriage.
“Yes to Jesus Christ, No to JC”
Authors: Heldman Caroline
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines 20 national conservative campaigns that used consumer activism from 2004 – 2014. These campaigns involved gun rights, abortion, opposition to LGBT rights, and a host of other “culture war” issues. Consumer activism continues to be mostly used by liberals, but since the 1970s, conservative organizations have organized marketplace activism more frequently to fight against shifting societal values. Conservative campaigns strengthened democracy by increasing overall rates of political participation and expanding public discussion of “culture war” issues. They also improved corporate accountability. On net, conservative use of consumer activism improves the health of democracy, but campaigns opposing LGBT rights weaken democracy by curbing minority rights and protections.
Throwing Stones at Goliath
Authors: Heldman Caroline
Published: May 2018

This closing chapter summarizes the major findings of the book. The U.S. is currently experiencing a democratic deficit due to overbearing corporate influence in politics, but the advent of social media facilitates higher rates of consumer activism that curb corporate power. Consumer activism has become a central form of political participation in the U.S., one with significant, mostly positive, democratic implications.