bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mycoplasma-dependent activation of normal lymphocytes: induction of a lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity for allogeneic and syngeneic mouse target cells
Authors: Aldridge K E , Cole B C , Ward J R
Published: January 2020

Mycoplasma arthritidis, M. hominis, and M. arginini were tested for their ability to induce a cytotoxic response from normal CBA mouse lymphocytes against 51Cr-labeled allogeneic target cells. In most cases, the mycoplasmas alone were not toxic for the target cells. Furthermore, the mycoplasmas did not result in decreased lymphocyte viability but, in fact, contributed to enhanced lymphocyte survival. In the absence of normal CBA lymphocytes, mycoplasmas alone did not induce a significant amount of cell damage in either the allogeneic or the syngeneic target cells. Strains of M. arthritidis and M. hominis, when added to the lymphocyte-target cell mixtures, induced statistically significant increases in 51Cr release from both target cell types at each assay period after 6 h. The release of 51Cr was taken as a measure of cell death. M. arginini induced only low levels of cytotoxicity or none at all. Both arthritogenic and non-arthritogenic strains of M. arthritidis induced the cytotoxic response. The degree of cytotoxicity produced was directly related to the size of the initial inoculum. The presence or absence of serum in the culture medium did not contribute significantly to the cytotoxicity response.
Molecular and Serological Differentiation of Staphylococcal Exfoliative Toxin Synthesized Under Chromosomal and Plasmid Control
Authors: Wiley Bill B. , Rogolsky M.
Published: January 2020

Evidence for the existence of two molecular species of exfoliative toxin (ET) synthesized by phage group II
Staphylococcus aureus
under chromosomal and plasmid control is presented. Serological evidence that these molecular species of toxin are distinct from each other is given. The plasmid-controlled toxin was synthesized along with the chromosomally controlled toxin by the group II UT0002 strain, whereas another group II strain, UT0007, synthesized only the plasmid-controlled toxin. The molecular weight of the plasmid-controlled toxin was slightly less than that of the chromosomally controlled type and could be separated from the latter on 12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide slab gels. On 7.5% SDS-polyacrylamide cylindrical gels there was no hint of heterogeneity, and both ETs migrated together as a single homogeneous band. The existence of two serotypes of ET among phage group II strains complicates interpretation of previous work in this field and makes necessary the preparation of two different antigens for radioimmunobinding assays. Discovery of these ET serotypes provided an explanation for previously reported low binding by rabbit hyperimmune serum (B. Wiley, L. Glasgow, and M. Rogolsky, Infect. Immun. 13:513-520, 1976) in the radioimmunobinding test. A molecular species of ET differing from each of the other two serotypes was isolated from cultures of a phage group III
S. aureus.
This ET produced scalding in suckling mice and was lower in molecular weight than the ET produced under plasmid control by group II strains. Preliminary serological studies indicated that the ET in the group III strain is closely related to or possibly identical to the group II toxin produced under plasmid control.
Demonstration of enterobacterial common antigen by bacterial agglutination
Authors: Marx A , Petcovici M , Nacescu N , Mayer H , Schmidt G
Published: January 2020

Potent antisera against the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) agglutinate R bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family that possess unimpaired R-core structures of the Escherichia coli R1 or E. coli R4 core type. In these strains, known to be ECA immunogenic, ECA is most probably linked to the lipopolysaccharide R core. R mutants of other core types (e.g., Salmonella Ra, E. coli R2 or R3) or R mutants with incomplete core structures of the E. coli R1 type, as well as an rfaL mutant deficient in the O-translocase system, agglutinate to a much lesser extent or not at all. All the later mutants are nonimmunogenic; they possess the ECA in a free form, not linked to the R core. None of the S forms tested from many different enterobacterial genera was found to be agglutinable with the ECA antiserum. The dynamics of the ECA agglutinin formation in rabbits parallels the ECA hemagglutinin formation, indicating that the same antibody class might be involved in bacterial agglutination and hemagglutination.
Effect of alveolar macrophages on Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Ryning F W , Remington J S
Published: January 2020

As pulmonary involvement can occur in disseminated toxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed patients, studies were initiated to define local mechanisms of resistance of the lung to Toxoplasma gondii. Alveolar macrophages were obtained from normal mice and mice chronically infected with T. gondii by bronchopulmonary lavage and cultured in vitro. Although normal alveolar macrophages were difficult to infect with Toxoplasma, they supported intracellular multiplication of this organism. When exposed to Toxoplasma that had been pretreated with heat-inactivated serum containing specific antibody, the number of intracellular organisms increased remarkably, and the macrophages destroyed the coated parasites. After development of chronic infections with Toxoplasma, there was a transient period during which a striking increase in numbers of alveolar macrophages was observed in lavage specimens. These macrophages differed from those of normal alveolar macrophages. There was a greater percentage of large cells, a greater tendency to spread on glass, and an increased number of intracellular Toxoplasma, and the cells were activated to kill or inhibit multiplication of the parasite. During the period when activated macrophages were demonstrable in bronchopulmonary washings, histological changes in the lungs revealed a marked mononuclear cell infiltrate. These studies support a role for the activated alveolar macrophage as an effector in resistance of the lung to infection with Toxoplasma.
Effect of input multiplicity on the establishment of simian virus 40 persistent infections in rhesus monkey kidney cells
Authors: Norkin L C
Published: January 2020

Monolayer cultures of LLC-MK2 rhesus monkey kidney cells become persistently infected with simian virus 40 after infection at input multiplicities of 100, 10, or 1 plaque-forming unit per cell. After 3 weeks, all cells of the cultures infected at a multiplicity of 1 plaque-forming unit per cell produced the simian virus 40 T antigen. In contrast, 8 to 11 weeks elapsed before all the cells in the cultures infected at a multiplicity of 100 plaque-forming units per cell produced T antigen. Defective interfering particles and interferon production were not evident during this time.
Specificity of salivary-bacterial interactions: role of terminal sialic acid residues in the interaction of salivary glycoproteins with Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Levine M J , Herzberg M C , Levine M S , Ellison S A , Stinson M W , Li H C , van Dyke T
Published: January 2020

Four highly purified salivary glycoproteins were used to study salivary-bacterial interactions. One pair of glycoproteins was mucin-like in composition, whereas the second pair was not. By an agglutination assay, it was found that only the mucin-glycoproteins agglutinated Streptococcus sanguis and S. mutans. Removal of sialic acid from these molecules resulted in a loss of agglutination of S. sanguis but not of S. mutans. The agglutination phenomenon was shown to require a salivary macromolecule of at least 150,000 daltons.
Extraction of skin test activity from Coccidioides immitis mycelia by water, perchloric acid, and aqueous phenol extraction
Authors: Wheat R W , Su Chung K S , Ornellas E P , Scheer E R
Published: January 2020

Water, perchloric acid extracts, and fractions of partially defatted whole mycelia of Coccidioides immitis contained delayed skin test activity when tested in C. immitis-infected guinea pits. Aqueous phenol extraction of these fractions resulted in partitioning of activity between aqueous-soluble and phenol-soluble fractions; activity was found to be water soluble after removal of phenol by extensive dialysis. Highest specific activity skin test antigen was invariably found in the phenol-soluble phase, water-soluble fraction. Material of equivalent activity could also be extracted directly from the defatted mycelia. Skin test active fractions contained glucose, mannose, 3-O-methylmannose, glucosamine, and amino acids.
Effect on particle size of solubilization of wild-type and Re chemotype lipopolysaccharides solubilized with bovine serum albumin and triethylamine
Authors: Hejna J , Cameron J A
Published: January 2020

Disaggregation of wild-type and Re chemotype lipopolysaccharides (LPS) has been accomplished by solubilization with triethylamine followed by stabilization with bovine serum albumin in order to determine the degree of aggregation. Solubilization with 1.5% triethylamine was found to be more effective than with lower concentrations, as judged by permeation chromatography. Chromatographic analysis of triethylamine-bovine serum albumin-disaggregated LPS showed a range of particle sizes. Wild-type LPS yielded size classes of 1 X 10(6) to 4 X 10(6) daltons, 250,000 daltons, and 20,000 daltons. Re LPS yielded size classes of 1 X 10(6) to 4 X 10(6) daltons and 20,000 daltons. Untreated LPS was always greater than 4 X 10(6) daltons. Chemical characterization of the size classes revealed 3-keto-2-deoxyoctonate in all size classes and suggests that the O-antigenic side chain length may determine the aggregate size in solubilized LPS.
Immunoelectron microscopic localization of lipopolysaccharides in the cell wall of Bacteroides oralis and Fusobacterium nucleatum
Authors: Dahlén G , Nygren H , Hannsson H A
Published: January 2020

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been extracted and purified from two anaerobic gram-negative bacteria: Bacteroides oralis and tfusobacterium nucleatum. Chemical analysis of the preparations showed a great proportion of neutral sugars, mainly glucose, in LPS of B. oralis. In rabbits, LPS of B. oralis induced both immunoglobulin M and G antibodies in contrast to LPS of F. nucleatum, to which only immunoglobulin M antibodies were produced. An immunohistochemical method with horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibodies was used to localize LPS antigens at the ultrastructural level. An electron-dense reaction product, representing an immune complex consisting of bacterial surface antigens and specific rabbit immunoglobulin labeled with peroxidase, was surrounding the cell wall, whereas appropriate controls were negative. The findings of the present study show that LPS of Bacteroides are probably bound to a complex, including glucans, in the outer membrane of the cell wall. LPS of Fusobacterium resemble LPS of other gram-negative bacteria.
Division of single host cells after infection with chlamydiae
Authors: Horoschak K D , Moulder J W
Published: January 2020

Mouse fibroblasts (L cells) were infected in suspension with Chlamydia psittaci (6BC) and then plated out on a solid substrate at a density of 80 cells per cm2 so that the effect of chlamydial infection on the division of single host cells and their progeny could be determined. Uninfected L cells multiplied with a mean generation time of 15 h. The generation time of single L cells infected with 1.5 50% infectious units (ID50) of C. psittaci was over twice as long. Half of the infected L cells had divided once by day 4 after infection, and the rest had divided more than once. Division of infected cells frequently produced one infected and one uninfected daughter. About half of the L cells infected with 15 ID50 of C. psittaci divided at least once before most of them detached from their substrate before observation on day 3. Less than 10% of the L cells infected with 75 ID50 of C. psittaci divided before they were lost from their substrate by day 2. Comparable results were obtained with single L cells infected with a lymphogranuloma venereum (440L) strain of C. trachomatis and with single HeLa 229 cells infected with C. psittaci. It was concluded that high multiplicities of infection of host cells with chlamydiae quickly bring cell division to a halt, whereas lower multiplicities slow but do not immediately stop the division of host cells. However, indefinitely multiplying clones of chlamydia-infected host cells were not observed. The method used here should be applicable to other studies on the division of cells in culture.
Requirement for macrophages for interferon to be effective against encephalomyocarditis virus infection of mice
Authors: Stebbing N , Dawson K M , Lindley I J
Published: January 2020

Suppression of macrophages in mice by treatments with silica or auro-thiomalate (Myocrisin) reduced production of serum interferon by polyriboinosinic acid:polyribocytidylic acid by 85 to 90%, indicating that this double-stranded polynucleotide caused interferon production primarily in macrophages. Suppression of macrophages in mice by silica or Myocrisin treatment did not significantly affect the susceptibility of mice to encephalomyocarditis virus, although at virus doses around 20 times the 50% lethal dose they died about 48 h earlier. Macrophage interferon protected mice from encephalomyocarditis virus infection at much lower doses than fibroblast interferon, and treatment of mice with silica or Myocrisin abolished the protection conferred by macrophage interferon, whereas these treatments had a much smaller effect on the protection afforded by fibroblast interferon. The requirement for macrophages for interferon to be effective in mice can explain why macrophage suppression can cause normally nonlethal viruses to kill adult mice.
Variable effect of encephalomyocarditis virus on host defense mechanisms
Authors: Faden H , Glasgow L A , Overall J C
Published: January 2020

A number of viruses have been shown to suppress a variety of host defense mechanisms. To further define the effect of a viral infection on host resistance, a number of parameters were examined during the course of a lethal encephalomyocarditis virus infection of mice. The peripheral lymphocyte count, the induction of interferon in spleen cells by Newcastle disease virus, and the proportion of B cells in the spleen were all decreased or suppressed. In contrast, the responsiveness of spleen lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, the delayed-type skin hypersensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene, and the proportion of T cells in the spleen remained normal. These results indicate that a viral infection may have divergent effects on different parameters of host resistance and emphasize the need to examine several functions before drawing conclusions about the effect of viral infections on host defense mechanisms.
Antibody responses in patients with rubella infection determined by passive hemagglutination, hemagglutination inhibition, complement fixation, and solid-phase radioimmunoassay tests
Authors: Meurman O H
Published: January 2020

Antibody responses in serial serum specimens collected from 31 patients with an acute rubella infection were determined by passive hemagglutination (PHA), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), complement fixation (CF), radioimmunoassay (RIA) immunoglobulin G (IgG), and RIA immunoglobulin M (IgM) tests to evaluate the effectiveness of these tests in diagnosing a recent infection. The HI, RIA IgG, and RIA IgM antibodies appeared almost simultaneously and reached the maximum level about 1 week after the onset of rash. Compared to these, the CF antibodies developed only slightly later, whereas the development of the PHA antibodies was much more delayed. The RIA IgM response was shown to be transient, lasting approximately 1.5 to 2.5 months postinfection. The results of this study indicate that demonstration of specific IgM antibodies is the best method for diagnosing a recent infection, one within 2 months after the onset of the illness. If an IgM test is not available, a combination of the HI and PHA tests is recommended.
Suppression of lymphocyte responses by cephalosporins
Authors: Chaperon E A , Sanders W E
Published: January 2020

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in several concentrations of each of several cephalosporins. Responses to phytohemagglutinin were compared with that of duplicate cultures containing penicillin-streptomycin, chloramphenicol, or no antibiotics. Possible effects of cephalosporins on responses of lymphocytes to concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen were similarly determined. Significant suppression of responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were seen in cultures containing 50 microgram each of cephalothin, cephalexin, or cephradine per ml. Lymphocyte responses to pokeweed mitogen were suppressed by 50 microgram of cephalexin, cephradine, or cefoxitin per ml. A higher concentration (100 microgram/ml) of all cephalosporins except cefoxitin and cefazolin suppressed the phytohemagglutinin response to less than 20% that of controls. Chloramphenicol (50 microgram/ml) did not inhibit the response to any mitogen used. These findings suggest that cephalosporins should not be used for prevention of bacterial overgrowth in certain cell cultures. Since many of the cephalosporins were suppressive in therapeutically attainable concentrations, these results may have potential clinical significance.
Genetic control of murine resistance to Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Williams D M , Grumet F C , Remington J S
Published: January 2020

The genetics of murine susceptibility to Toxoplasma gondii was investigated in inbred mice and their F1 and F2 offspring. Among four strains of congenic mice of the B10 background, those with H-2a/a and H-2b/b genotypes were more susceptible than were those with H-2d/d and H-2k/k genotypes. Breeding studies utilizing three of these strains demonstrated linkage between the H-2a allele and greater susceptibility. These data suggest the existence of an H-2-linked gene affecting susceptibility to T. gondii. In challenge of recombinant inbred mice derived from C57Bl/6J (high susceptibility) and BALB/c (low susceptibility) strains, lines BE, BJ, and BK were more susceptible than lines BD, BG, BH, and BI. These data are consistent with the existence of a second disease susceptibility gene linked to the H-13 locus. F1 offspring of the C57B1/6J X B10.D2 mice were significantly less susceptible than either parent. This phenotypic complementary suggests the presence of more than one genetic mechanism of resistance to T. gondii. From these combined data, we conclude that (i) susceptibility to T. gondii in mice is affected by at least two genes, (ii) one of the genes is linked to the H-2 and one to the H-13 locus, and (iii) more than a single mechanism of resistance must be considered to explain the observed genetic controls of susceptibility.
Effect of zinc chloride on hamster lymphoid cells: mitogenicity and differential enhancement of lipopolysaccharide stimulation of lymphocytes
Authors: Hart D A
Published: January 2020

ZnCl2 over a very narrow concentration range was found to be mitogenic for hamster lymph node cells but not for thymocytes or splenocytes. Maximal leucine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]thymidine incorporation. Addition of 10 micron ZnCl2 was found to greatly enhance the stimulation observed with the B-lymphocyte mitogen lipopolysaccharide but not with dextran sulfate or the T-lymphocyte mitogen lipopolysaccharide but not with dextran sulfate or the T-lymphocyte mitogen concanavalin A. Although not mitogenic for splenocytes, 10 to 25 micron ZnCl2 slightly enhanced lipopolysaccharide stimulation but not concanavalin A or dextran sulfate stimulation. The effect of ZnCl2 on lipopolysaccharide stimulation was also confirmed with outbred Hartley guinea pig splenocytes and lymph node cells. Zinc chloride (50 micron) was mitogenic for both of these tissues; the response to lipopolysaccharide was enhanced by addition of 50 micron ZnCl2, but the concanavalin A response was unaffected. The possibility that the zinc effect is mediated by proteolytic mechanisms is discussed.
Kinetics of phagocytosis of Chlamydia psittaci by mouse fibroblasts (L cells): separation of the attachment and ingestion stages
Authors: Byrne G I
Published: January 2020

The kinetics of phagocytosis of Chlamydia psittaci (6BC) by monolayers of mouse fibroblasts (L cells) was studied with an assay that distinguished between the attachment and ingestion phases of phagocytosis. At multiplicities of 10 and 100 50% infectious doses (ID50) per L cell, virtually all of the inoculated C. psittaci had been attached and ingested after 60 min at 37 degrees C. At multiplicities of 500 to 5,000 ID50 per L cell, the initial rates of attachment and ingestion of C. psittaci to L cells increased with the multiplicity of infection, but phagocytosis stopped even though many chlamydial cells remained free in suspension and readily available for attachment to the host-cell monolayers. Phagocytosis probably ceased because the L cells were injured when they took up large numbers of chlamydial cells. This injury prevented direct determination of the number of potential binding sites for C. psittaci on each L cell. However, this number is large enough to make the rates of chlamydial attachment and ingestion predominantly dependent on the multiplicity of infection.
Hydrogen Peroxide Release by Rat Alveolar Macrophages: Comparison with Blood Neutrophils
Authors: Biggar W. Douglas , Sturgess Jennifer M.
Published: January 2020

Hydrogen peroxide release was examined using biochemical and cytochemical techniques in rat alveolar macrophages, at rest and during phagocytosis, and compared with rat blood neutrophils. Using biochemical techniques, alveolar macrophages released small amounts of hydrogen peroxide at rest, and no increase was observed after challenge with opsonized and nonopsonized zymosan particles at several particle-cell ratios (1:1 to 1:1,000). Neutrophils released similar quantities of hydrogen peroxide at rest but showed a 12-fold increase in hydrogen peroxide release following exposure to opsonized zymosan particles. Using cytochemical techniques to localize sites of hydrogen peroxide release, resting neutrophils showed little deposition of reaction product at the cell surface and occasional deposits in endocytotic vesicles. After exposure to latex particles, a dense reaction product was observed between the particle and the cell membrane, indicating significant increases in hydrogen peroxide release at the sites of particle contact with the neutrophil. The resting macrophage displayed a light, uniform precipitation of cerium over the cell surface and lining intracellular channels and endocytotic vesicles and vacuoles. Following particle exposure, there was no significant difference in the density or distribution of reaction product. These findings, together with previous studies of oxidative metabolism, suggest that alveolar macrophages do not release increased quantities of hydrogen peroxide during phagocytosis. In contrast to neutrophils, oxidative-dependent metabolic pathways may not be of primary importance for microbial killing by alveolar macrophages.
Biochemical Characteristics of Typhus Group Rickettsiae with Special Attention to the
Rickettsia prowazekii
Strains Isolated from Flying Squirrels
Authors: Dasch Gregory A. , Samms Jonathan R. , Weiss Emilio
Published: January 2020

Six strains of
Rickettsia prowazekii
, two derived from human infections and four isolated from flying squirrels, two strains of
R. typhi
, and the single available strain of
R. canada
, were characterized by several biochemical procedures. The electrophoretic patterns on polyacrylamide gels of rickettsial proteins solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed several species differences, but strains of the same species appeared to have identical patterns. Cytoplasmic fractions of the rickettsiae were examined for enzymatic activities and for polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing patterns. Some species differences were encountered in the activities or ratios of activities of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase. When polyacrylamide gels were stained for malate dehydrogenase after electrophoresis, a single band became apparent with single extracts or mixtures of two strains of
R. prowazekii
, but two bands were seen with mixtures of a strain of
R. prowazekii
and one of
R. typhi.
The isoelectric focusing patterns of the soluble proteins revealed numerous species differences, especially between
R. canada
and the other two species, and a few differences among the strains of
R. prowazekii.
The patterns of the two human strains, Breinl and E
R
, differed in at least one location, and both differed from the flying squirrel strains in the displacement of one band. One of the flying squirrel strains, GvF-16, contained a protein band not seen in the other five strains. Despite these minor differences, a striking similarity was revealed by all the biochemical tests performed between the
R. prowazekii
strains of human and flying squirrel origin.
Toxicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A for human macrophages
Authors: Pollack M , Anderson S E
Published: January 2020

Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was toxi in vitro for human peripheral blood macrophages. Cytotoxicity, manifested by morphological evidence of cell death and inhibition of [3H]thymidine uptake, followed exposure to as little as 10 ng of exotoxin per ml for 1 h. In addition, phagocytosis of heat-killed Candida albicans by macrophages exposed to sublethal concentrations of exotoxin was impaired. This cytotoxicity was neutralizable with antiexotoxin serum.
Resistance and susceptibility of mice to bacterial infection: course of listeriosis in resistant or susceptible mice
Authors: Cheers C , McKenzie I F , Pavlov H , Waid C , York J
Published: January 2020

Resistance and susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes in mice was found to be related to (i) the innate ability of the nonimmune macrophages to kill or inhibit the growth of the organism during the first 24 to 48 h after infection, and (ii) the time of onset of acquired cell-mediated resistance. Resistant C57Bl/6 mice were 10 times more efficient than susceptible BALB/c mice at suppressing the early growth of Listeria in the liver. Furthermore, the onset of acquired immunity occurred 24 to 48 h earlier in C57Bl/6 than in BALB/c mice. Acquired immunity was measured by (i) fall in bacterial numbers in spleen and livers of infected mice (ii) adoptive transfer of immunity to normal mice by using spleen cells from infected mice, (iii) delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing, and (iv) uptake of tritiated thymidine by lymphocytes in the spleen.
Isolation of a Type 1 Avian Adenovirus (CELO) Mutant Which Was Nonpathogenic for the Chicken Embryo
Authors: Yates Vance J. , Fry Dorothy , Miller Louise T. , Jasty V.
Published: January 2020

A mutant isolated from plaque purified type 1 avian adenovirus (CELO) differed from the parent virus in embryo pathogenicity and in plaque size.
Antibody Responses in Serum, Secretions, and Urine of Man After Parenteral Administration of Vaccines
Authors: Sirisinha Stitaya , Charupatana Chinda
Published: January 2020

The nature of antibody activities associated with purified immunoglobulin fractions of serum, secretions (whole saliva, parotid secretion, and intestinal secretion), and urine of a volunteer after subcutaneous booster injections with rabies virus, poliovirus, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and typhoid-paratyphoid-cholera vaccines was investigated. The results showed that the pattern of antibody responses in these fluids differed from one antigen to another. Serum-antibody responses to killed-bacterial vaccine were associated mainly with the immunoglobulin M (IgM) component, slight activities were detected in the IgG, and only traces of activities, if any, were found in the IgA. These antibodies were primarily of the secretory IgA type in whole saliva and parotid secretion. Slight activities were also observed in the urinary IgG fraction. Responses to inactivated viral vaccine and toxoids were almost exclusively associated with the serum IgG component. Some antitoxic activities to diphtheria and tetanus toxins were noted in a low-molecular-weight urinary immunoglobulin component.
Serum Neutralization Anti-IgG Test for Psittacosis
Authors: Williams Thomas D. , Hahon Nicholas
Published: January 2020

Levels of antibodies in sera from patients with diagnoses of subclinical or established psittacosis infections were determined by the serum neutralization anti-IgG test and by conventional tests. Relatively high levels of serum neutralizing anti-bodies were detected in tests in which anti-IgG was used, whereas conventional tests disclosed only marginal levels of antibody. Use of the serum neutralization anti-IgG test in conjunction with the fluorescent cell-counting technique permitted serum antibody determinations within 24 hr.
Tirandamycin: Inhibition of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Rat Liver Mitochondria
Authors: Reusser Fritz
Published: January 2020

Tirandamycin inhibits respiration and phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria. An investigation of individual reaction sequences occurring within the respiratory chain showed that the antibiotic stimulates reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)- and succinate-linked coenzyme Q reductase. NADH-linked reduction of tetrazolium salts remains unaffected by tirandamycin. Succinotetrazolium salt reductase is inhibited significantly. Reduction of cytochrome
c
by succinate is blocked by the antibiotic; NADH-cytochrome
c
reductase is inhibited but not completely blocked. Cytochrome
c
oxidase remains unaffected. Mitochondrial difference spectra prepared in the presence of tirandamycin indicate that the reduction of cytochrome
b
is not impaired but no reduction of cytochromes
c
or
a
is apparent. These results indicate that tirandamycin interferes with the respiratory chain at a point beyond the cytochrome
b
and prior to the cytochrome
c
reduction site. Tirandamycin acts also as a potent inhibitor of ribonucleic acid polymerase as discussed in the foregoing paper.
Prevention of Experimental Hematogenous and Retrograde Pyelonephritis by Antibodies Against Enterobacterial Common Antigen
Authors: Domingue Gerald , Salhi Ali , Rountree Carl , Little Walter
Published: January 2020

Rabbits were immunized with common antigen (CA) derived from
Salmonella typhimurium
. Animals with CA hemagglutinin titers of 1-320 to 1-81,920 were injected with 10
7
viable
Proteus mirabilis
via the retrograde and hematogenous routes. Nonimmune control groups were challenged similarly. From the retrogradely challenged groups sacrificed at 4 weeks, pyelonephritis was found in 89% of the control animals but not in those immunized. Bacteriuria was present in 89% of the controls but in only 61% of the immunized group. Hematogenously challenged, immune animals sacrificed at 6 weeks did not show histological evidence of renal pathology, and only 6% had bacteriuria. Eighty-six per cent of the nonimmune controls showed both pyelonephritis and bacteriuria. The protective effect is specific because of the following. (i) Active and passive CA immunization did not prevent pyelonephritis due to
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
which does not produce this antigen. (ii) Passive immunization with a CA antiserum conferred protection against a
P. mirabilis
challenge. (iii) Passive administration of an antiserum from which CA antibodies had been differentially absorbed abolished the protective activity.
Comparison of Chemical Components of Cell Walls of
Brucella abortus
Strains of Low and High Virulence
Authors: Kellerman George D. , Foster J. W. , Badakhsh F. F.
Published: January 2020

Amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid components of cell walls of
Brucella abortus
strain 19A (low virulence) and strain 2308 (high virulence) were compared by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and by use of an amino acid analyzer. A total of 15 amino acids were detected by both chromatographic methods. Each amino acid was present in greater amounts in strain 2308 than in strain 19A when equal amounts of hydrolysates of cell wall and endotoxin-containing preparations were analyzed. A component with the same
R

F

value as ethanolamine was present in strain 2308 cell wall hydrolysates but was not revealed by TLC of strain 19A cell wall hydrolysates. This component was not detected with the amino acid analyzer. TLC of cell walls tagged with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene prior to hydrolysis showed that phenylalanine was a terminal amino acid in cell walls of
B. abortus
strains 19A and 2308,
B. suis
strain 1776, and
B. melitensis
strain 2500. Carbohydrates detected in cell walls of strains 19A and 2308 by TLC were tentatively identified as glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and galactose. Colorimetric tests were also positive for 2-keto-3-deoxy-octulosonic acid, heptose, and dideoxyhexose. At least seven lipid components were detected by TLC of ether extracts of cell walls of strains 19A and 2308. It is suggested that one or more lipids is important in maintaining cell wall structure, because isolated cell walls rapidly became fragmented after exposure to ether.
Susceptibility of Various Species of Rodents to the Relapsing Fever Spirochete,
Borrelia hermsii
Authors: Burgdorfer Willy , Mavros Anthony J.
Published: January 2020

In a study to determine susceptibility to
Borrelia hermsii
of various rodents commonly found in or near places where human cases of relapsing fever occurred, chipmunks (
Eutamias amoenus
), pine squirrels (
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus richardsoni
), flying squirrels (
Glaucomys sabrinus
), Columbian ground squirrels (
Spermophilus columbianus columbianus
), golden-mantled ground squirrels (
S. lateralis tescorum
), wood rats (
Neotoma cinerea cinerea
), white-footed deer mice (
Peromyscus maniculatus
), and meadow voles (
Microtus pennsylvanicus
) were exposed to spirochetes either by bites of infected
Ornithodoros hermsi
or by injection of infectious tick suspensions. Daily microscopic examination of blood samples revealed that pine squirrels, chipmunks, and meadow voles responded with spirochetemias of various degrees and length. Pine squirrels were most susceptible and experienced long-lasting and severe spirochetemias accompanied by typical signs of illness. Flying squirrels, Columbian ground squirrels, golden-mantled ground squirrels, wood rats, and white-footed deer mice did not develop demonstrable spirochetal infection.
Characteristics of the Hemagglutinin Produced During
Plasmodium lophurae
Malaria in Chickens
Authors: Barrett James T. , Rigney Mary M. , Breitenbach Robert P.
Published: January 2020

During the course of
Plasmodium lophurae
infections in normal chickens, there was a sharp increase in the titer of a hemagglutinin which reacted better with trypsinized than with normal erythrocytes. This hemagglutinin was a typical “cold hemagglutinin” in that it was much more active at 4 C than at 37 C, was found in the macroglobulin fraction of the serum, was eluted from erythrocytes at 37 C, and was easily destroyed by 2-mercaptoethanol reduction. The injection of allogeneic erythrocytes into chickens prior to their exposure to
P. lophurae
resulted in a coexistent increase in cold hemagglutinin titers and enhanced resistance to parasitemia. Since this antibody was more active against altered erythrocytes than against normal erythrocytes, it may moderate resistance to malarial infections by specifically stimulating phagocytosis of parasitized erythrocytes.
Ultrastructural studies on dengue virus infection of human lymphoblasts
Authors: Sriurairatna S , Bhamarapravati N , Diwan A R , Halstead S B
Published: January 2020

Ultrastructural studies of dengue-2 virus-infected lymphoblastoid Raji cells showed that the virus induced an increase in the size of the rough endoplasmic reticula (RER) and that the replication of the virus was confined to the cisternae of these RER. The proliferating RER formed cytoplasmic inclusions that could be seen by light microscopy. This observation could be used as evidence of a cytopathogenic effect of dengue virus on infected Rajii cells in routine cultures. Accumulation of virions in the infected cells was minimal in comparison with other cell systems, however. Sporadic clusters of mature virions were often seen on the plasma membrane. These extracellular virions were distributed adjacent to the virus-bearing RER and were presumably released virions. Vertical transmission of the virus was evident in mitotic lymphoblasts. The replication pattern of dengue virus in lymphoblastoid cells suggests that efforts should be made to determine whether blast-transformed lymphocytes, numerous in secondary dengue infections, support dengue virus replication in vivo.
Cryptococcus neoformans: pseudohyphal forms surviving culture with Acanthamoeba polyphaga
Authors: Neilson J B , Ivey M H , Bulmer G S
Published: January 2020

During experiments on the gastrointestinal tract as a possible portal of entry for Cryptococcus neoformans, we occasionally observed the free-living amoeba, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, growing in the presence of C. neoformans cultured from mouse feces. Examination of the amoebic trophozoites revealed that they were engorged with yeast cells. Over a period of 2 to 3 weeks of incubation, the amoebae apparently killed most of the yeast cells. Some of the surviving C. neoformans cells formed atypical colonies which contained pseudohyphae. Seven other strains have since been cultured with this amoeba. Pseudohyphal forms were found among the surviving colonies in all strains tested. Virulence studies were performed on one randomly selected pseudohyphal isolate from each of the eight strains of C. neoformans. Pseudohyphal isolates from seven of the eight strains failed to kill mice 30 days after intracranial inoculation. The potential role of soil amoebae in the control of C. neoformans in nature is discussed.
Rapid activation of the interferon system in vivo
Authors: Dianzani F , Gullino P , Baron S
Published: January 2020

Experiments were carried out to study the kinetics of local interferon production in the subcutaneous tissues of rats stimulated with Newcastle disease virus. Specifically, the interferon produced and released in the extracellular fluids was collected at various intervals of time in micropore chambers implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Interferon was detected at moderate titers 1 h after induction, and it was present at high titer at 2 h. The interferon levels remained remarkably high in the samples collected after 3, 5, and 24 h, and in some rats it was still detectable after 48 and 72 h. Since control experiments showed that it requires 2 to 3 h for interferon to penetrate the chambers, it may be concluded that high concentrations of interferon are present in the extracellular fluid within 1 h of induction. The evaluation of the kinetics of production and of the concentrations attained in the extracellular fluid suggests that in a solid tissue a cell infected by a potent interferon inducer may produce interferon early enough and in sufficient quantity to protect neighboring cells before the production of progeny virions.
Infectious Agents in Immunodeficient Murine Models: Pathogenicity of
Nocardia asteroides
in Congenitally Athymic (Nude) and Hereditarily Asplenic (Dh/+) Mice
Authors: Beaman B. L. , Gershwin M. E. , Maslan S.
Published: January 2020

Congenitally athymic (Nu/Nu), hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+), and littermate control mice were given intravenous injections of homogeneous cell suspensions of the virulent
Nocardia asteroides
GUH-2. Kill curve, 50% lethal dose, and kidney clearance data were obtained over a period of 3 months postinfection.
N. asteroides
initiated both an acute infectious process and a chronic, progressive disease in these animals when given intravenously. The heterozygous (Nu/+) mice appeared to be slightly more susceptible to the acute phase of infection than their nude littermates. In contrast, nude mice were at least 50 times more susceptible to chronic nocardial infection than were the heterozygous (Nu/+) controls. Swiss Webster specific pathogen-free mice were similar to heterozygous (Nu/+) mice in their susceptibility to
N. asteroides.
The hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+) mice were not as susceptible to lethal infection as were nude mice. However, asplenic mice demonstrated an inability to eliminate nocardia from infected kidneys, whereas their littermate control (+/+) mice were able to mount an effective response and destroy most of the organisms within the kidneys. Similar observations were noted when nude and heterozygous (Nu/+) littermate mice were infected in the footpad. The nude mice developed a systemic infection and died within 4 weeks with little inflammation of the footpad and no macroscopic lesions. In contrast, heterozygous (Nu/+) mice developed extensive local abscesses in the foot that persisted for at least 4 weeks. There was no animal death and no evidence of dissemination. The data presented herein indicate that T cells are essential for adequate host response against infection with a virulent strain of
N. asteroides.
Lactoperoxidase, peroxide, thiocyanate antimicrobial system: correlation of sulfhydryl oxidation with antimicrobial action
Authors: Thomas E L , Aune T M
Published: January 2020

The antimicrobial activity of the lactoperoxidase, peroxide, thiocyanate system against Escherichia coli was directly related to the oxidation of bacterial sulfhydryls. Lactoperoxidase catalyzed the oxidation of thiocyanate, which resulted in the accumulation of hypothiocyanite ion, OSCN-. A portion of the bacterial sulfhydryls were oxidized by OSCN- to yield sulfenic acid and sulfenyl thiocyanate derivatives. The remaining sulfhydryls were not oxidized, although OSCN- was present in large excess. The oxidation of sulfhydryls to sulfenyl derivatives inhibited bacterial respiration. This inhibition could be reversed by adding sulfhydryl compounds to reduce the sulfenyl derivatives and the excess OSCN-. Also, this inhibition could be reversed by washing the cells so as to remove the excess unreacted OSCN-. After washing, the bacteria underwent a time-dependent recovery of their sulfhydryl content. This recovery resulted in recovery of the ability to respire. The inhibited cells were viable if diluted and plated shortly after the incubation with the lactoperoxidase, peroxide, thiocyanate system. On the other hand, long-term incubation in the presence of the excess OSCN- resulted in loss of viability. Also, the inhibition of respiration became irreversible. During this long-term incubation, the excess OSCN- was consumed and the sulfenyl derivatives disappeared.
Characterization of Thermoactinomyces sacchari antigens
Authors: Lehrer S B , Salvaggio J E
Published: January 2020

Three different extracts of Thermoactinomyces sacchari were analyzed for their antigenicity and physical-chemical properties. Rabbit antiserum to each preparation, tested by immunodiffusion in gel, demonstrated that the most potent immunogen was that prepared by the double-dialysis method. This extract also contained the greatest number of precipitating antigens as detected by gel filtration. All extracts, analyzed by column chromatography on Sephadex G-75, were heterogeneous in that they contained large- and small-molecular-weight fractions. Precipitins in each extract were detected in column eluates of relatively low ultraviolet absorption and were of a similar molecular size range. Chemical analysis of purified antigens demonstrated protein and carbohydrate. The culture supernatant contained the greatest amount of carbohydrate (66%), and the soluble extract of bacterial cells contained the greatest amount of protein (68%). Several antigens were partially sensitive to the proteolytic enzymes Pronase and trypsin, but none was sensitive to lysozyme. These results demonstrate that there are multiple-antigen systems in T. sacchari and that, of the samples analyzed, the double-dialysis method of antigen preparation yields the most potent antigens.
Immediate cytotoxicity of Chlamydia trachomatis for mouse peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Kuo C C
Published: January 2020

The toxicity of Chlamydia trachomatis was studied with mouse peritoneal macrophage culture. Inoculation of 30 inclusion-forming units of trachoma B/TW-5/OT organisms and 250 inclusion-forming units of lymphogranuloma venereum L2/434/Bu organisms per cell caused immediated toxicity, with the killing of 40 to 90% of the macrophages within 6 h after inoculation. Inhibition of phagocytosis by adsorption at 0 degrees C or by NaF pretreatment of macrophages prevented the toxicity, indicating that chlamydiae must be phagocytized to induce toxicity. Infectivity and toxicity could be dissociated, since ultraviolet-inactivated chlamydiae were still toxic. However, the toxicity was destroyed by heating the organisms at 56 degrees C for 10 min. Tetracycline, and antichlamydial drug, did not prevent toxicity, indicating that multiplication of the organisms was not required to induce toxicity. Toxicity was not prevented by treatment of macrophages with hydrocortisone. The toxicity of trachoma TW-5 was reduced by the rabbit immune serum of trachoma TW-5 but not by the rabbit immune serum of psittacosis meningopneumonitis.
Specificity of the blastogenic response of human mononuclear cells to herpesvirus antigens
Authors: Zaia J A , Leary P L , Levin M J
Published: January 2020

Peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells from donors with a history of prior infection with herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and/or cytomegalovirus were cultured for 2 to 8 days with glycine-extracted antigens prepared from these viruses and from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. The proliferative response of PBM cells from all donors was specific during the first 6 days in culture. During this period the cellular immune responses of the seronegative donors were clearly different from those of the seropositive donors. The responses of PBM cells in culture with any of the human herpesvirus antigens studied was not influenced by prior infection of the donor with one or more other human herpesviruses. In contrast, although no donors had antibody to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, the PBM cells from some of them had a proliferative response to this bovine herpesvirus, which increased with time. This nonspecific response appears to be a host-associated function which may be related to recognition of a common herpesvirus antigen.