bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Initial Trial Court Proceedings
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Pitts, Lee, and Smith appeared in court for a hearing to determine whether they would be granted a court-appointed lawyer or whether they would hire their own. Judge W. L. Fitzpatrick noticed signs of police brutality on the men’s bodies. The court appointed W. Fred Turner, a lawyer who had been associated with the landmark Gideon v. Wainwright case and who knew victim Jesse Burkett, to represent them. Turner also provided the men with poor legal advice: He suggested that he would no longer defend them if they recanted their confessions, and he cooperated fully with police.
The Death Sentence
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

The case was taken to trial, where an all-white jury was selected. Clerk of Court George Core only remembered one Black member ever serving on a Gulf County Grand Jury. Willie Mae Lee repeated her perjurious testimony charging Pitts and Lee with first-degree murders. The men were indicted, and then charges were dropped on a technical flaw in the language of the indictments. They were re-indicted, charged, and, under the advice of Turner, entered guilty pleas. Due to the absence of a plea bargain, the men were given a death sentence.
The Appeal
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

While on death row in the Florida State Prison, Pitts wrote a letter to the FBI complaining of violations of his federally granted civil rights. The FBI conducted a perfunctory investigation and closed its case. Pitts then filed an appeal with the Florida Supreme Court, where Fred Turner again provided poor counsel. The court upheld the men’s convictions.
Pitts and Lee Get a New Lawyer and the State’s Case Begins to Collapse
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Pitts wrote to the American Civil Liberties Union in Miami, which accepted his case. Hubbart outlines his upbringing and legal training as a public defender under the new state-wide public defender system installed after the Gideon v. Wainwright decision, which led to his volunteering with the ACLU. He was assigned the Pitts and Lee case along with Maurice Rosen. Meanwhile, in jail in Key West, Curtis Adams was made aware that two Black men had been sentenced to death for his crimes in Port St. Joe, and he bragged about it (and the murder he committed in Fort Lauderdale) to his cellmate, Jesse Pait. In 1966, Pait reported the crime to collect a $15,000 reward from the Miami Herald for information about the Fort Lauderdale murder.
The Struggle to Reopen the Case
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Holmes contacted Gene Miller at the Miami Herald, as well as Hubbart and Rosen, about Adams’ confession. Holmes and Rosen visited Pitts and Lee at Raiford, where Holmes administered additional polygraph examinations before revealing Adams’ confession. Holmes and Rosen also visited Willie Mae Lee and attempted to interview her, where she alluded to the fact that she had falsely accused the men. Hubbart began preparing a motion to set aside their convictions on the basis of police coercion, incompetence of Pitts’ and Lee’s legal representation, and suppression of evidence.
The Defense Prepares
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Hubbart travelled around Florida, conducting interviews and depositions, and visiting with Pitts and Lee, as he prepared for their new trial. In the meantime, Willie Mae Lee retracted her testimony and claimed she had no knowledge of the Floyd and Burkett murders in a sworn statement, which was hidden from Hubbart and his team. Hubbart enlisted the help of Irwin Block, who would prove to be instrumental in assisting with Pitts’ and Lee’s new trial.
The Port St. Joe Hearing Begins
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

The Florida Supreme Court appointed Circuit Judge Charles Holley of Clearwater to preside over the hearing that would determine whether Pitts and Lee would be granted a new trial. At the hearing, Willie Mae Lee testified to police harassment and intimidation. They also called the Army CID investigators, Wilbert Lee’s wife, and the pathologist who conducted Floyd and Burkett’s autopsies, among others. They also called state attorney J. Frank Adams, who had prosecuted Pitts and Lee the first time around.
The Defense Rests
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Hubbart and Block called Warren Holmes, who was questioned about his opinion of Adams’ confession. Next, they called Mary Jean Akins, whose testimony related how Curtis Adams had confessed the Port St. Joe murders to her. Then, Freddie Pitts took the stand and corroborated Lee’s testimony, restating his claims of innocence, insisting his confession was coerced, and providing detail about the incompetence of his court-appointed attorney, Fred Turner. Turner, too, was called to testify about the nature of his defense of Pitts and Lee.
Phase II of the Pretrial Proceedings
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Hubbart compiled evidence of racial discrimination against Black voters eligible for jury service in Jackson County, the location of the new trial. His motion to dismiss the case, on these grounds, was denied. Hubbart and Block then filed a motion to suppress Pitts and Lee’s coerced confessions, which Judge Smith also subsequently rejected on the grounds of finding no proof of police brutality. Finally, the defense team filed one more change of venue motion, which Smith denied. Meanwhile, a tape of Willie Mae Lee retracting her accusation surfaced, which would become a cornerstone of Hubbart and Block’s defense strategy. Then, on February 21, 1972, the Ku Klux Klan rallied in Marianna.
Phase I of Jury Selection
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Hubbart renewed the motion for change of venue and jury selection began. It would take twelve days. Hubbart outlines his strategy for selecting jurors, namely asking white jurors about their opinions on racial issues and white supremacy while asking Black jurors if they could remain fair and impartial. Most of the potential jurors were familiar with the case, and many were convinced of Pitts’ and Lee’s guilt.
The Defense Case
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Hubbart outlines the defensive strategy as follows: to show that Curtis Adams murdered Grover Floyd and Jesse Burkett, to establish that Pitts and Lee were removed from the place and time of the murders, and to prove that Pitts and Lee’s confessions were produced by police brutality and coercion. Curtis Adams’s taped confession was ruled inadmissible, so they called Adams to the stand, where he pleaded the Fifth Amendment and refused to testify on the grounds of self-incrimination. Hubbart and Block moved to their next strategies, which included alibi statements and testimony from Wilbert Lee
Freedom
Authors: Hubbart Phillip A.
Published: January 2024

Gene Miller and Warren Holmes reached out to the offices of Governor Reubin Askew with the goal of securing a pardon. Miller also began work on his book, Invitation to a Lynching. Amnesty International soon took interest in the case as well, arguing that Pitts and Lee were the victims of injustice and human rights violations. Then, Jesse Burkett’s son sent a letter to the Governor asking him to remove Freddie Pitts and Wilbert Lee from death row. Governor Askew agreed and issued the pardon, setting Pitts and Lee free.
Indigenous Artistic Practice and Collaboration at the Colegio de Santa Cruz in Mexico City (1536–1575)
Authors: Saracino Jennifer R.
Published: January 2024

This chapter proposes an expansion of the concept of art production based on the analysis of three jewels of the Nahuatl archive: the Florentine Codex, the Badianus Herbal, and the Uppsala Map. Jennifer R. Saracino explains that the artistic process involved agents excluded from the western conception of the artist, such as scholars and scientists for the production of the Florentine Codex, healers and herbalists for the production of the Badianus Herbal, and cartographic experts for the production of the Uppsala Map. In addition to an inclusive approach to art production, she also does a philological analysis of the word tlacuilo or manuscript painter. She explains that this term was translated and defined differently in Nahuatl than in Spanish. The expansive definition of art proposed here is closer to native realities.
Art-Making and Art-Breaking in the Era of Andean Insurgencies
Authors: Cohen-Aponte Ananda
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, Ananda Cohen-Aponte proposes methods like “historical projection,” “critical fabulation,” and “insurgent art histories” to understand the intersection between art and political violence, and to understand the critical role that Indigenous and Afro-Indigenous artists, such as Simón Ninacancha and Antonio Oblitas, had as “artists, subjects, and publics.” Cohen-Aponte uses critical fabulation based on insurgent art from the Haitian Revolution to hypothesize what would have happened to artistic production if Tupac Amaru’s revolt had triumphed. Cohen-Aponte also proposes that the crystallization of art works as “completed” pieces is a myth, one that is especially evident in Latin America where limited resources and “politicized interventions” resulted in constant recycling and repainting of art. She then puts forth a call to expand the concept of art to include the physical, violent, and creative processes of effacing or reconstructing artworks. This expansion would also increase the diversity of actors involved in colonial Latin American art.
Paint and Poison
Authors: Rodriguez Linda Marie
Published: January 2024

This chapter uses the 1791 trial of Pedro Dionisio Muñoz de Carballo to analyze the intersection of racism, racialization, and the artistic sphere as well as details of art production in Cuba during the late eighteenth century. Muñoz de Carballo, a free man of color and owner of a painting supply shop in Havana, was accused of selling lethal substances. This case took place during a period of great racial conflict. After the Haitian Revolution, fears of slave revolts increased. Black Cubans dominated the art sphere, and this caused racial anxiety. The case against Muñoz de Carballo was intended to ensure order and to exclude Blacks from Cuba’s art world. Art was marshaled as an effective tool to justify the political economy of slavery built upon white supremacy. Royal authorities used strategies such as the development of an aesthetic of good taste, the establishment of a fine arts academy, and the organization of artists into guilds. These measures ensured a rigid hierarchy that served as a glass ceiling for Blacks and mulatos. Linda Marie Rodriguez not only discusses art and race, but offers a clear picture of the material culture related to art in Cuba around 1800.
Introduction
Authors: Deagan Kathleen
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces En Bas Saline, and the background and purposes of the archaeological work undertaken there. The principal guiding issues of the project include contributing an archaeologically more nuanced characterization of Taíno community and domestic life through household archaeology, exploring the functioning of a chiefly society through patterns of material-expressed inequality, and understanding the impact of European arrival from a Taíno perspective. The limitations of archaeology in studying the site are also considered.
Caciques and Commoners
Authors: Deagan Kathleen
Published: January 2024

The chapter addresses contemporary thinking and theory about chiefly or middle-range polities, and particularly the ways in which these hierarchical societies structure social inequality. Archaeological approaches to eliciting the materiality of inequality is explored. The research framework and methods used at En Bas Saline to operationalize this inquiry is also detailed.
Polities and Places
Authors: Deagan Kathleen
Published: January 2024

In order to contextualize En Bas Saline as a chiefly polity, this chapter considers the comparative ethnohistorical and archaeological evidence for Taíno cacicazgo political and territorial organization in Hispaniola at the time of European arrival. It evaluates the position of Guacanagarí and his province Marien within the multi-polity setting of the island at the time of contact.
Columbus, Guacanagarí, and La Navidad
Authors: Deagan Kathleen
Published: January 2024

En Bas Saline was occupied both before and after the arrival of Columbus, and Chapter 13 synthesizes the documentary accounts that have shaped our notions of the La Navidad settlement. The origins, destruction, and aftermath of both Guacanagarí’s settlement and La Navidad are considered in detail in the interest of predicting La Navidad’s location, and the archaeological, documentary, and coastal geographical evidence needed to identify it. The plight of the Native people subjected to Spanish encomienda is underscored.
En Bas Saline in Retrospect
Authors: Deagan Kathleen
Published: January 2024

This final chapter serves as a retrospective summary of the insights and conclusions reached through the archaeological and historical research at En Bas Saline. Some of these are regional in scale, such as Chican migration, regional exchange, and the organization of Taíno polities. Others are based on community and household scales, addressing the internal dynamics of a chiefly town. And others are concerned with the specific ways in which Spanish contact impacted Taíno community life. The chapter also looks toward the future, identifying unresolved archaeological questions, and underscoring the fragile and often ignored future of Haiti’s cultural and archaeological heritage.
Introduction
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces readers to the events and personalities that have defined the era of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in sports so far. With doping scandals dating back as far as 1890, this chapter contemplates whether PED use in Thoroughbred racing is confined to a circle of bad actors, or whether a larger "doping culture" is at play. Either way, the integrity of the sports is on the line. The challenges of drug regulation and testing in both human and Thoroughbred athletics are also presented in this chapter, which suggests that historical context for the present can inform the sport's uncertain future in the post-Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act world.
“Doc” Ring and the Modern Era of Doping
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

This chapter opens with a description of New Jersey's most infamous "outlaw" racetrack, Guttenberg. A den of bookmakers, criminals, crooked politicians, broken-down horses, thieving jockeys, and fixed races, Guttenberg was also the ideal place for "Doc" Ring, a frontiersman with a novel way of making horses run faster. In a tale closely tied to post-Civil War America's widespread acceptance of narcotics and stimulants, this chapter identifies the dawn of modern doping and the man who modernized the age-old practice of boosting racehorses.
The Injection
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

This chapter attempts to untangle myth from truth in P.B. "Doc" Ring's story and what it holds for the larger history of PEDs in Thoroughbred racing. After an unsuccessful career as a trainer, Ring was reportedly providing some veterinary care for horses in New Jersey when he discovered his true calling: administering an injection that could help sulking or ill-tempered horses reach their full potential. Back in the mid-1890s before the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, doping was neither illegal nor was it in violation of racing's rules. Still, administering the Ring treatment required discretion if a horse's odds were to remain profitable to those in the know. The remainder of the chapter marks the start of a pattern in Thoroughbred racing that is still present today: regulating bodies attempt to curb the use of stimulants while competitors find new methods of abusing permitted therapeutic substances.
The Drug Czar Goes Racing
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces Harry J. Anslinger, whose role as the Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics in the 1920s and 30s launched him into a campaign against the possession and distribution of illegal drugs on Thoroughbred racetracks. Unfortunately for Anslinger and his equine legacy, federal intervention in the regulation of racing matters never took place and doping continued at astonishing rates.
Reports from the Field
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

The undercover investigations initiated by Harry J. Anslinger and cited during his testimony before the House of Representatives Appropriations Subcommittee began in December 1932, continued in earnest through 1933, and then tapered off in early 1934. This chapter includes seven field reports as retrieved from Anslinger's papers at Penn State University. While it is unlikely that any legal action resulted from these investigations, the reports are representative of the conduct on Thoroughbred racetracks at this time.
The Joint Board and the Courts
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

This chapter continues to follow Tom Smith through hearings and court testimonies before the Joint Board. At this point of his case, the issue in question had shifted from whether Smith administered a PED to whether ephedrine, a medication often prescribed for human head colds, was indeed a stimulant that could affect a horse's ability to run. Veterinarian input on dosage and methods of administration further strengthened Smith's defense. Nevertheless, the absolute insurer rule in effect at the time allowed the Joint Board to uphold Smith's license revocation.
The Not-so-Absolute Insurer Rule?
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

Following the first serious challenge to the absolute insurer rule, which assigns liability without fault to the Thoroughbred trainer of record for a positive drug test, jurisprudence split along two lines. This chapter challenges the constitutionality and purpose of this rule, especially when it interferes with the basics of Due Process. In Maryland and New York, the battle between a trainer's Fourteenth Amendment rights and a state's right and obligation to protect the integrity of Thoroughbred racing took center stage.
The Derby and the Doctor
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

While no single individual can embody the 130-plus-year history of PED in Thoroughbred racing, one name does resurface more frequently and for longer than any other. Dr. Alexander Harthill was a skilled veterinarian from Louisville, Kentucky whose record as the attending veterinarian for more than two dozen Kentucky Derby winners including two Triple Crown winners remains unmatched. At the same time, Alex "Derby Doc" Harthill had a controversial reputation for doping, race fixing, hidden horse ownership, and practicing veterinary medicine in states with out a proper license. This chapter zooms in on Harthill's career spent in and out of suspensions, introducing cutting edge PEDs, and riding the edge of fame and infamy.
Permissive Medication and the “E” in PED
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

Dancer's Image crossed the Churchill Downs finish line first, 1.5 lengths in front of the Calumet Farm favorite at the 1968 Kentucky Derby. Bute, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was detected in the winner's post-race urine test, supposedly administered a full week before race day by Dr. Alex Harthill. Subsequent years of administrative hearings and litigation in the Dancer's Image case challenged the reliability of drug tests and the state racing commission's capacity to prosecute PED use. This chapter focuses on the economics and ethics of popular therapeutic medications such as Bute and Lasix whose regulation and public perception could determine the future of Thoroughbred racing.
The Steroid Derby
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

This chapter follows the case of Richard Dutrow, who in 2008 casually confessed to treating the Kentucky Derby winner Big Brown with anabolic steroids. Here again, state racing commissioners scrambled to offset the effects of this news on public opinion and the already-falling rates of spectatorship. Closely mirroring their use in human athletics, the prevalence of steroids in horse racing presented another major dilemma for PED regulators.
The Balkanization of Thoroughbred Racing in America
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

Since their inception, state racing commissions have sought to protect their political turf from the jurisdiction of federal and private bodies. This balkanization of horse racing has had significant consequences on the ways in which PED use has been legislated. This chapter emphasizes this regulatory fragmentation which has prevented the racing industry from effectively enforcing PED restrictions, prosecuting wrongdoers, and managing public opinion.
Genetics, the Wealth Gap, and the Myth of the Level Playing Field
Authors: Toby Milton C.
Published: January 2024

This concluding chapter raises the question of the "level playing field" and sports' futile pledge to create one. In Thoroughbred racing, where wealth, bloodlines, trainer expertise, and jockey talent are concerned, every aspect of the industry is designed to create a distinctly "unlevel" playing field in which bettors and competitors all attempt to tilt the playing field in their favor. It is these differences in genetics, training, nutrition, and veterinary care—the old debate about nature versus nurture—that make good sport. Knowing this, the fundamental problem with prohibited PED use is how they skew the playing field in ways unknown to the public and in ways that outpace testing and regulation. As more sophisticated drugs and methods become available to the Thoroughbred industry, new questions arise that further challenge the age-old myth of the "level playing field."
Egypt
Authors: Chapman Jessica M.
Published: January 2024

Egypt rested at the heart of the Middle East region that both Washington and Moscow deemed critical for its oil reserves and its strategic location. The 1956 Suez Crisis provided the Cold War one of its tensest moments, elevating Nasser to the fore of Arab nationalism, revealing cracks in the Western Alliance, occasioning a rare moment of Soviet-American cooperation, and presaging the Arab-Israeli conflict that would consume the region for decades to come. When the United States stepped in to replace Britain as the dominant Western power in the Middle East just as the Soviets sought to make inroads, the superpowers' Cold War calculations butted up against their regional clients' concerns that centered to a far greater extent on the Arab-Israeli conflict and the competition between politically conservative and Nasserite regimes. The Egyptian case illustrates how both superpowers attempted to adapt their policies to fit a region that largely belied Cold War frameworks, while revealing a stubborn tendency to revert to those frameworks when faced with a potential loss of influence.
The Congo
Authors: Chapman Jessica M.
Published: January 2024

Following its independence from Belgium in 1961, the Congo emerged as the first Cold War hot-spot in sub-Saharan Africa. The ensuing Congo Crisis featured an emerging Afro-Asian block in the United Nations, highlighting the geopolitical reconfigurations wrought by decolonization, while simultaneously pointing to the limits of UN influence over Africa's decolonization process. Washington's involvement in the assassination of the Congo's first president, Patrice Lumumba, spurred charges of neocolonialism and criticism of American racism, but also led to the installation of a pro-U.S. dictator. Meanwhile, Beijing and Moscow's rivalry for influence in the Congo contributed to the Sino-Soviet split, while Cuban intervention cemented for the Caribbean nation a revolutionary role in the continent. All of this would converge to fuel Angola's bloody civil war a decade hence.
Iran
Authors: Chapman Jessica M.
Published: January 2024

Iran featured turning points that bookended the Cold War. The 1946 Azerbaijan Crisis informed American perceptions of Soviet behavior and shaped the emerging U.S. containment strategy. It contributed to Washington's determination to stave off Soviet inroads into the oil-rich Persian Gulf, which led it to authorize the first CIA-backed coup against a foreign government in 1953 and, thereafter, to support the U.S.-friendly shah despite his clear dictatorial tendencies. Blinded by their commitment to the anticommunist shah, successive American presidents overlooked signs of popular discontent that erupted in 1978-1979 in the Iranian revolution. That revolution resulted in the creation an Islamic Republic which signaled the emergence of a third way in the international system that elided both Soviet and American ideological structures. Nonetheless, officials in both Washington and Moscow read developments in Iran through familiar Cold War lenses, leading them to table détente and reinvigorate the Cold War in the Third World.
Give Me Just a Little More Time
Authors: Prentice David L.
Published: January 2024

Admitting that U.S. troop withdrawals were irreversible, both Richard Nixon and Nguyen Thieu embraced Vietnamization. The strategy had won the silent majority's backing in America, meaning there would be no precipitate abandonment of the Republic of Vietnam. In Vietnam, there was renewed military and political confidence. The new optimists in America and South Vietnam looked forward to eventual victory, but Le Duan and the Democratic Republic refused to give up.
Conclusion
Authors: Prentice David L.
Published: January 2024

This concluding chapter assesses Richard Nixon's and Nguyen Van Thieu's decisions and the Vietnamization strategy. It also situates these choices alongside historiographic debates about the decent interval and emerging post-revisionist views of the war. It concludes that Nixon sought to give the Republic of Vietnam a decent chance at surviving the American exit and that Thieu accepted Vietnamization as the only realistic option he and the United States had.
A Haunting Hatred
Authors: Brokaw David J.
Published: January 2024

The episode, “I Am the Night, Color Me Black,” serves as an example of the limits of depicting racial issues on television, even in The Twilight Zone, while “He's Alive” looks at the many postwar legacies of white supremacy in the United States that ensure the hate-filled ghosts of the past still stalk us. Connections to the Double V Campaign and the Civil Rights Movement are contrasted with long-standing prejudices and various forms of racial discrimination.
Cold War Childhood
Authors: Brokaw David J.
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores childhood and family life during the Cold War, taking into account Benjamin Spock's Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care and Eric Erickson's Childhood and Society. “Living Doll” and “It's a Good Life” deal with problems relating to child discipline and childhood consumerism, both serving to limit the authority of parents and complicate child-rearing. An overview of the Mattel Corporation, the expansion of consumer credit, and a history of advertising to children is complemented by Elaine Tyler May's seminal scholarship on Cold War family life and Gary Cross's work Kids' Stuff.
Commanding Professionalism
Authors: Nance William Stuart , Citino Robert M.
Published: January 2024

When one thinks of influential World War II military figures, five-star generals such as Dwight D. Eisenhower and Omar Bradley instantly come to mind. As important as these central figures were to the Second World War, the conflict produced equally effective lower-profile leaders whose influence had an undeniable impact. Among these leaders are William Simpson, commander of the US Ninth Army, and James Moore, his chief of staff. Working in tandem, the pair helmed a unit that gained recognition as "uncommonly normal," an affectionate designation driven by their steadfast professionalism in all endeavors. It was their unobtrusive leadership style that relegated these career military men to the footnotes of military history. Commanding Professionalism: Simpson, Moore, and the Ninth US Army corrects this historical oversight by examining the achievements of these overlooked heroes. Focusing on Simpson and Moore's careers from 1940 through the end of World War II, author William Stuart Nance recounts the pair's working relationship. Together, they successfully maneuvered through the squabbling of the American and British forces and developed an army admired for its consistency of conduct and military prowess, capable of resisting the complex external and political machinations of the time. Simpson and Moore's unflinching devotion to the greater good and their steady handle on the dynamics of command/staff relationships proved essential to the war effort and its ultimate success. Their example, Nance argues, remains aspirational and worthy of emulation in the military command structure of today.
A Tale of Two Careers
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: January 2024

This chapter follows the careers of Simpson and Moore from their cadet days to 1940 when they met for the first time. It covers Simpson's service in the Philippines, the Punitive Expedition, and with the 33rd Division in the First World War. This section also provides insight into the professional military education programs (PME) of the inter-war era and shows how it influenced both officers in their later careers. It highlights how both officers demonstrated the traits of adherence to doctrine as well as a belief in doing things "by the book." Both officers are shown being successful using this approach, with steady progression in their careers. Finally, their story during this time frame can be taken as a snapshot of the US Army officer corps during the first half of the 20th Century.
Preparing for War
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers Simpson and Moore's careers from 1940 until their army's deployment in the late spring of 1944. It details their initial work in training the 2nd Infantry Division, followed by their time with the 35th and then 30th Infantry Divisions. Their approach to standards, discipline, and doctrine are on continual display. The period of Simpson's time with the 30th ID is a particular area of emphasis, given the controversial nature of the relief of his predecessor. The fraught relationship between the National Guard and regular force is on full display. The chapter also provides insight into the Army Ground Forces training and certification and divisions for combat in the Second World War. Simpson's time as commander of XII Corps and the Fourth Army highlight how he contributed to getting the US Army ready for war.
Into France
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: January 2024

This chapter highlights the operations of the US Ninth Army from its arrival in England in June 1944 to combat operations in the beginning of November 1944. It begins with a deep analysis of command relationships in the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF). It builds the foundations of the struggles between Eisenhower, Montgomery, Bradley, and others. The Ninth Army's operations in the siege of Brest, support of the Red Ball Express, and management of the Allied theater running the Joint Reception, Staging, Onward Movement, and Integration (JRSOI) for SHAEF are also discussed. The Ninth Army staff processes, outgrowths of its commander and chief of staff become central talking points as well. Finally, the political maneuvering leading to the Ninth Army arriving between Montgomery's and Bradley's army groups is discussed.
Triumphant Spring
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the operations of the Ninth Army from February 1945 to the end of the war. The assault crossing of the Roer River in Operation Grenade is discussed, as is the Ninth Army's part in the Operation Plunder, the 21st Army Group's crossing of the Rhine. The fighting in the Ruhr pocket is detailed as is the planning and coordination done by the Ninth Army staff during this phase of the war. Particular emphasis is paid to the fraying command relationships with Montgomery as well as Dempsey of the British Second Army. The war ends with the Ninth Army on the Elbe, and Simpson's campaign to be allowed to attack Berlin. The immediate post war careers of both Simpson and Moore are examined, noting how quickly both faded back into obscurity.
Uniting against the Reich
Authors: Truxal Luke W. , Citino Robert M.
Published: January 2024

On August 17, 1942, twelve Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses of the United States Eighth Air Force carried out the first American raid over occupied Europe, striking the rail yards at Rouen, France. Soon after, hundreds of American B-17s and Consolidated B-24 Liberators filled the skies above Europe. Despite frequent attacks against Germany and its allies by four different air forces, American commanders failed to stage a successful air offensive against Germany in the summer and fall of 1943. When victory in the air war against the Axis powers appeared bleak at the threshold of 1944, a change in command accompanied by top-down organizational restructuring allowed the American leaders to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat for the first time.
Uniting against the Reich: The American Air War in Europe addresses how the United States swiftly reversed its air war against the Axis powers by reevaluating both individual agency and the structural elements that impeded the US from taking the lead in the European Theater. Luke W. Truxal argues that the appointment of General Dwight D. Eisenhower as the Supreme Allied Commander incorporated various air commands under a single authority, which allowed them to unify their efforts against a specific strategic objective. In this narrative, victory in Europe hinged on restructuring the air force under one command system in order to wage a series of sustained and targeted bombings against German infrastructure and industry. Truxal's provocative reinterpretation of personality, material, and command organization helps to explain the success of the American war effort in Europe leading up to and after February 1944, when Germany lost 355 fighters during an operation that lasted only five days. This comprehensive and well-written account offers a compelling new assessment of the development of the American war in Europe and emphasizes the importance of developing an "air-mindedness" when evaluating and strategizing large-scale operations.
The Road to Casablanca
Authors: Truxal Luke W.
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the three air power factions amongst the American and British air commands prior to the Casablanca Conference. The first faction was the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command which adopted night area bombing tactics to wage its strategic air offensive against German and limit combat losses. The Americans pursued daylight precision bombing. The principle air force that carried out daylight precision attacks for the Americans in Europe was the Eighth Air Force. This soon led to a doctrinal debate between the two factions. A final faction emerges with the establishment of the Twelfth Air Force in November 1942. The Twelfth Air Force received orders to support Operation Torch and subsequent Allied ground operations in North Africa. The diversion of personnel and materiel from the Eighth Air Force put the two American air commands in competition with each other. Additionally, the Eighth Air Force had to carry out air operations in support of Operation Torch against the wishes of its new commander, Major General Ira Eaker. The fighting between these factions sets the stage for the major air power debates that occur at the Casablanca Conference.
Reorganization
Authors: Truxal Luke W.
Published: January 2024

After the 1943 offensive culminated, a number of changes to the Allied air command were made. To oversee the fighting in Western Europe, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was promoted to command of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force. Eisenhower wanted to centralize the air commands through his headquarters with Deputy Supreme Commander Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder as his chief air officer and Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz as commander of the United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe. Spaatz further centralized the American air commands under his control. He helped secure the appointment of Lieutenant General Ira Eaker to command of the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces with the purpose of having Eaker report to Spaatz. Spaatz also rerouted the administrative offices of the Ninth Air Force, a tactical formation, through his office. This gave him control of the Ninth Air Force. Finally, he had direct control over the Eighth Air Force. By the end of January 1944 Eisenhower, Tedder, Spaatz, and Eaker together had complete control over all American air forces in Europe. They would then concentrate their efforts on a single strategic system to place the greatest possible pressure to bear on these nodes until they broke.
Zajištění osob ve zvažované rekodifikaci trestního práva procesního
Authors: Provazník Jan
Published: January 2024

Tento článek se zaměřuje na tu partii návrhu nového trestného řádu, která upravuje zákonná ustanovení o zajištění osob v trestním řízení (vazba, zadržení, předvolání atd.). Poskytuje přehled celkové koncepce návrhu nové úpravy, představuje ty nejvýznamnější změny a mezi nimi identifikuje ty nejvíce problematické novinky zamýšlené úpravy, jež následně podrobuje kritické analýze, ústící do konkrétních doporučení, jak napravit jejich nedostatky. Kromě toho se věnuje také těm místům návrhu, která byla víceméně bez větších změn převzata ze současného trestního řádu, ačkoliv podle názoru autora zasluhovaly modernizaci. V hledáčku tohoto článku se tak ocitlo především zadržení osoby, pátrání po osobách, pořádkové zajištění svědka a několik aspektů vazby.
Odpovědnost zprostředkovatelů za protiprávní projevy na internetu: Hrozí nám soukromá cenzura?
Authors: Poppeová Marie
Published: January 2024

Článek se zabývá podmínkami odpovědnosti zprostředkovatelů za protiprávní projevy třetích osob na internetu a zároveň i jejich odpovědností za nepřípustné omezování svobody projevu. Těmito dvěma rovinami regulace zprostředkovatelů, jakožto soukromých subjektů, státy fakticky přenáší část svých mezinárodních lidskoprávních závazků, které plynou zejména ze svobody projevu, práva na respektování soukromého a rodinného života, zákazu diskriminace, ale i dalších hodnot. Pro zajištění rovnováhy mezi protichůdnými zájmy spojenými s výkonem práv a svobod na internetu je nezbytné, aby státy přijaly právní úpravu, která bude dostatečně určitě vymezovat povinnosti zprostředkovatelů. V opačném případě se státy mohou jejich prostřednictvím dopouštět tzv. soukromé cenzury. S ohledem na přeshraniční charakter internetu by se povinnosti kladené na zprostředkovatele neměly napříč státy zásadně lišit. Jedním z harmonizačních prvků v evropském kontextu je judikatura Evropského soudu pro lidská práva. Autorka proto analyzuje jeho relevantní rozsudky a zkoumá, zda obsahují konkrétní kritéria, která by měla regulace zprostředkovatelů na vnitrostátní úrovni zohledňovat či zda se jedná o hodnocení ad hoc.
El Gasto público en Defensa y Seguridad Nacional en el Perú, periodo 2018 – 2022
Authors:   Centro de Altos Estucios nacionales - Escuela de Posgrado, Castro Mucha César F.
Published: January 2024

The public spending on defense and national security not only refers to military spending, it also includes the execution of activities and projects that contribute to the protection of national assets and interests, the rule of law, governance, social peace, and human rights. of the population residing in the country.However, currently in Peru, military spending is the main component of the budget allocated for defense and national security, due to some extent to the fact that the National Multisectoral Security and National Defense Policy approved in 2021 has not yet been fully implemented.
On The Issue of Localization of the 17th Century Settlements in the Tambov Region According to the Late Cartographic Sources
Authors:   ANO «Great Russian Encyclopedia» (Russia, Moscow), Kunavin Konstantin
Published: January 2024

The article discusses some features of the localization (determination of geographical coordinates) of the settlements of the Tambov region (the territories of the Morshansky, Tambovsky and Kozlovsky uezds as of the early 18th century), found in the cadastral books of the first half of the 17th century. It provides an analysis of the features of the cadasters. The main difficulty of localization lies in the fact that the available cartographic sources with which the book data can be compared belong to a later period — not earlier than the last third of the 18th century. An overview of the used cartographic sources is given. The authors consider two practical approaches to the initial list of settlements for their localization — «expert» and «streaming». The effectiveness of the second approach as the first stage of the study is approved. A comparison of the original list of settlements with the list of settlements that are not amenable to stream localization in a number of parameters is carried out. An empirical ratio of the number of male souls to the number of households for each type of settlement is established. Criteria are found that affect the further chance of finding a 17th century settlement on the 18th century maps — the type of settlement itself and its size (in terms of the number of male residents). The latter does not have the expected linear relationship and is strongly related to the type of settlement. Scenarios for the development of settlements are introduced and confirmed, leading to the fact that the object of the 17th century book becomes invisible on the map of the late 18th century.
The Right Bank of the Iset River in the Area of the Public Territory “Nurov’s Garden” near the Tsarsky Bridge in Ekaterinburg: Urban Development and Scientific Research, 1770–2023
Authors:   United Museum of Writers of the Urals, Salov Andrey ,   Center for Historical and Cultural Studies «Astra» (Ekaterinburg, Russia)
Published: January 2024

The Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Objects in Ekaterinburg includes about 800 sites. In recent years, the public has become more likely to talk about the need to preserve cultural heritage, because many of these objects are in poor condition. Despite the public outcry, various parks and green areas located in historical buildings are under particular threat of extinction. One of the main problems when conducting research on such territories is a small database of archival sources, which may complicate the task of substantiating the historical value of the object. Such territories include a section of the right bank of the Iset River near the Tsarsky Bridge within the Dekabristov — Tveritin Streets of Ekaterinburg, now also known as the Nurov Garden public territory. Formed in the middle of the 18th century as commercial quarters, this space transformed into a string of private enclosed gardens of the city’s influential merchants with a rich ensemble of buildings: gazebos and pavilions, baths and berths for boats, bridges and piers. Now, having left behind the time of complete oblivion, preparations for the process of landscaping the embankment begins on the territory. The article, relying primarily on documentary archival sources, considers the history of the emergence and development of this territory, analyzes the affecting factors and summarizes the studies already conducted in this territory.
Penggunaan Katalis SiO2/ZnO untuk Menghilangkan Pewarna Rhodamin B Secara Efisien melalui Impregnasi Basah
Authors: Luthfi Muhamad , Afrizon Imam Wahyudi
Published: January 2024

This study explores the removal of Rhodamine B dye from wastewater using SiO2/ZnO catalysts synthesized by wet impregnation with varying zinc nitrate loadings (0.25–1.25 g). The catalyst prepared with 1 g of Zn(NO₃)₂ exhibited the highest activity, achieving a remarkable 95% degradation of Rhodamine B under UV irradiation. This enhanced performance is attributed to optimized active site availability on the catalyst surface. FTIR characterization confirmed the presence of both SiO₂and ZnO, with characteristic vibrational modes observed at 1067.44 cm⁻¹ and 428.72 cm⁻¹, respectively. These findings highlight the promising potential of tailored SiO₂/ZnO catalysts for efficient and environmentally friendly treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.
Liderazgo de la Enfermería Familiar y Comunitaria desde la Gestión de Casos Covid
Authors: Iturralde Pinedo Arrate , Sánchez Gómez Sheila , Fernández Sánchez Elena , Olascoaga Luengo Begoña , Giménez Ledo Álvaro , Sevilla Lorenzo Raúl
Published: January 2024

Objetivo: Desvelar los elementos de liderazgo presentes en el rol de Gestora de Casos Covid (GCC) desarrollado por las especialistas en enfermería Familiar y Comunitaria. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo a través de grupos de discusión. Resultados: El rol desarrollado por las enfermeras especialistas como GCC de la Red de Vigilancia, se construye desde un estilo de liderazgo transformacional y colaborativo caracterizado por el ejercicio de toma de decisiones complejas y ser las referentes de los casos y contactos tanto a nivel interno para sus equipos multidisciplinares, como para los agentes externos implicados en el control de la pandemia. Conclusión: Sus competencias como enfermeras especialistas han facilitado la construcción de este perfil, el cual a su vez les ha permitido empoderarse como profesionales y contribuir a un desarrollo competencial aún mayor, especialmente en las competencias relacionadas con el liderazgo de personas y el abordaje comunitario de la salud.
Las enfermeras base de la salud global
Authors: Tíscar-González Verónica , Fernández Lasquety Blanca
Published: January 2024

Cerrando el año 2023 parece muy procedente hacer una reflexión general de uno de los problemas más acuciantes para la atención a la salud a día de hoy como es la situación actual en dotación de enfermeras a nivel mundial, a nivel europeo y desde luego a nivel nacional. No se trata solo de un problema de número de enfermeras, sino de lo que supone el déficit crónico de estas profesionales en los resultados en salud de los ciudadanos, su seguridad, calidad de la atención, calidad de vida, experiencia del paciente, etc. [Fragmento de texto].
Enfermera Gestora de Casos de Enfermería en pandemia covid-19: derivación a rehabilitación domiciliaria y resultados funcionales
Authors: Rodríguez González Laura , Guerrero Iborra Francisco Javier , Gómez Pérez Margarita , Oliva Vázquez Rosa , Cabanillas Cabanillas Paula , Granado Morey Nuria
Published: January 2024

En 2016 se implementó en Baleares la figura de la enfermera gestora de casos comunitaria (EGCC) con el Plan de Atención a las Personas con Enfermedades Crónicas. Entre otros roles la EGCC tramita las derivaciones al servicio de rehabilitación domiciliaria. El objetivo principal fue contabilizar número de derivaciones a rehabilitación domiciliaria en atención primaria del sector Ponent de Mallorca mediante un estudio descriptivo longitudinal observacional, registrando también la puntuación de Barthel al inicio y al final del tratamiento. Como principal resultado se obtuvo una mejora en la media del Barthel de 16,64 puntos en los pacientes. Se realizaron 129 derivaciones, la mayoría fueron por inmovilidad provocada por la pandemia, confinamiento y artroplastia de cadera dados de alta precozmente. Conclusión: los pacientes que realizaron un tratamiento de rehabilitación domiciliaria obtuvieron una mejora funcional, demostrando el papel fundamental de la EGCC.