bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution and Free Will: A Defense of Darwinian Non–naturalism
Authors: Lemos John
Published: March 2003

In his recent book The Natural Selection of Autonomy, Bruce Waller defends a view that he calls “natural autonomy.” This view holds that human beings possess a kind of autonomy that we share with nonhuman animals, a capacity to explore alternative courses of action, but an autonomy that cannot support moral responsibility. He also argues that this natural autonomy can provide support for the ethical principle of noninterference. I argue that to support the ethical principle of noninterference Waller needs either a libertarian or a compatibilist theory of autonomy. I then go on to argue that, contra Waller, the libertarian view is both compatible with Darwinism and able to make sense of how autonomous acts belong to the agents who perform them. Thus, I conclude that the libertarian position is a live option for Darwinians. If however, naturalism is taken to include a deterministic view of the universe (at least at the nonquantum level), as is often the case, then my article takes some strides in defending “Darwinian non–naturalism.”
Equilibrium Unemployment and Endogenous Public Sector Employment
Authors: Ho Kong Weng , Hoon Hian Teck
Published: March 2003

This paper develops a model of the equilibrium rate of unemployment with an endogenous share of public sector employment. We show how various macroeconomic shocks drive up the equilibrium rate of unemployment, accompanied by predictable variations in the public sector share of employment. In particular, under the empirically plausible assumptions that the public sector is relatively labor‐intensive and the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor is less than unity, public sector employment is shown to be countercyclical. When the equilibrium unemployment rate rises over a prolonged time period, the public sector share of employment also rises.
Price Flexibility as a Two‐dimensional Concept and the Volatility of Output
Authors: Grosser Joachim
Published: March 2003

The stabilizing effect of increased price flexibility has been challenged in a series of articles. We show that it is important to distinguish between two different dimensions of flexibility. An increase in the responsiveness of the price level with respect to excess demand may both stabilize and destabilize the economy depending on whether the price level reacts with a lag or whether prices adjust immediately. Hence, the degree of price rigidity in the sense of a delayed price reaction turns out to be of crucial importance for the consequences of an increase in the responsiveness of the price level.
Endogenous Growth, Increasing Returns and Externalities: An Alternative Interpretation of the Evidence
Authors: Felipe Jesus
Published: March 2003

A number of recent papers have used aggregate production functions in an attempt to measure the degree of returns to scale and possible external effects in US manufacturing industries. In this paper I argue that the methods used and the results obtained are deceptive. The reason is that underlying every aggregate production function is the income accounting identity that relates output in value terms to the sum of wages and profits. This identity can be transformed, depending on the empirical paths of the wage and profit rates and of the factor shares, into different mathematical forms which resemble neoclassical production functions. Estimation of these forms, as is done in the literature discussed in the paper, poses serious problems for the interpretation of the results.
The Foreignness of Germs: The Persistent Association of Immigrants and Disease in American Society
Authors: Markel Howard , Stern Alexandra Minna
Published: March 2003

During the 20th century the united states witnessed sweeping social, political, and economic transformations as well as far‐reaching advancements in medical diagnosis and care. Despite the dramatic changes in demography, the meaning of citizenship, and the ability to treat and cure acute and chronic diseases, foreigners were consistently associated with germs and contagion. In this article we explore why, at critical junctures in American history, immigrants have been stigmatized as the etiology of a wide variety of physical and societal ills. Anti‐immigrant rhetoric and policy have often been framed by an explicitly medical language, one in which the line between perceived and actual threat is slippery and prone to hysteria and hyperbole.

Our examination focuses on three periods of immigration history: (1) the late 19th century to the passage of the National Origins Act in 1924 when millions of newcomers arrived in the United States and increasingly stringent quotas were enacted; (2) an era of retrenchment and exclusion from 1924 to 1965 when far fewer immigrants entered yet their identification with disease and contamination remained intact; (3) and the period from 1965 to the present, when family reunification laws became the centerpiece of immigration policy and spawned the migration of millions of Asians and Latin Americans to this country.

During the 20th century the United States witnessed social, political, and economic transformations as well as advancements in medical diagnosis and care. Despite changes in demography, the meaning of citizenship, and the ability to treat and cure acute and chronic diseases, foreigners were consistently associated with germs and contagion. This article explores why, at critical junctures in American history, immigrants have been stigmatized as the etiology of a variety of physical and societal ills. The article analyzes three periods from 1880 to the present and suggests that now, as germs progressively and, often, indiscriminately cross national, social, and economic boundaries through multiple vectors, the mistakes of the past must not be repeated. Protecting the public health in the current era of globalization requires an ecumenical, pragmatic, and historically informed approach to understanding the links between immigration and disease.
Determinants of Change in Medicaid Pharmaceutical Cost Sharing: Does Evidence Affect Policy?
Authors: Soumerai Stephen B. , Ross‐Degnan Dennis , Fortess Eric E. , Walser Bryan L.
Published: March 2003

Since 1980, many Medicaid programs have instituted, adjusted, or abolished pharmaceutical copayments or limitations on the number of prescriptions per patient (caps). Studies indicate that prescription caps can harm patients and increase Medicaid costs. However, because there is little information on how state policy makers select and evaluate such policies, in‐depth telephone interviews were conducted with key informants in Medicaid programs that had recently made changes in cost‐sharing policies. Among the barriers to evidence‐based policy making were lack of political power, skills, and infrastructure; crisis‐oriented decisions; compartmentalized budgeting; lack of advocates for disadvantaged patients; and the absence of timely research. Research was applied successfully when the interests of patient advocates and the drug industry were aligned and when Medicaid analysts were able to identify and communicate relevant research to policy makers at the time, or “teachable moment,” that policy was being changed.
From Managed Competition to Managed Cooperation: Theory and Lessons from the British Experience
Authors: Light Donald W.
Published: March 2003

The United Kingdom led the world in transforming the largest single health care system from a publicly administered service to a set of interlocking contracts. Policy lessons that can be adapted by employers, nations, and other large payers are identified. These lessons are drawn from the improvements that the British made over the design of managed competition, the mistakes and problems they experienced, the underlying trends toward privatization and class discrimination, and the limitations to competition that have led the British toward managed cooperation in collaborative purchasing for the health needs of communities. Yet market reform and the rhetoric of efficiency have justified the shrinking of health services, the shift of costs to household budgets, and the use of public moneys to support private services and investors at greater expense by moving properties and services off the public ledger. In these ways, managed competition can Americanize health care and pose fundamental questions about what policy goals are really being pursued.
Understanding Integrated Rural Health Networks
Authors: Moscovice Ira , Wellever Anthony , Christianson Jon , Casey Michelle , Yawn Barbara , Hartley David
Published: March 2003

In an era of constraints on public and private sector health care budgets, organizational restructuring of hospital and physician practice, and the shifting of financial risk to patients and providers, rural health professionals and communities are grappling with the issue of how to assure access to a comprehensive and affordable set of health care services. In recent years, rural health providers have turned to the strategy of developing voluntary network relations as an alternative to system or diversification strategies that entail ownership and management by one entity. A systematic analysis of the cooperative efforts of selected providers results in a proposed definition of integrated rural health networks and highlights critical aspects of their formation and development.
Continuous Quality Improvement: Does It Make a Difference?
Authors: Darling Helen
Published: March 2003

A corporate benefits consultant suggests that dynamic leadership is needed to bring about a serious commitment to continuous quality improvement in the health care field.
Public Advocacy and Allocation of Federal Funds for Biomedical Research
Authors: Dresser Rebecca
Published: March 2003

Members of Congress and officials of the National Institutes of Health face heightened pressure from public advocacy groups seeking more funding for research on specific health conditions. In response, Congress and the Institute of Medicine have urged the NIH to create more opportunities for the public to participate in decision making on allocation of biomedical research resources. The ethical and policy implications of including advocates in the deliberations are explored, leading to the conclusion that public participation could contribute to more defensible decisions under three conditions: public participants are fairly selected and meaningful opinions are solicited; public participants look beyond their narrow constituencies to consider the health needs of the broader public; and NIH officials develop materials to assist participants with their deliberations.
Infected Physicians and Invasive Procedures: National Policy and Legal Reality
Authors: Tereskerz Patti Miller , Pearson Richard D. , Jagger Janine
Published: March 2003

Recent reports of the transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV from physicians to patients during invasive procedures have again raised the question of whether physicians infected with bloodborne pathogens should perform invasive procedures that place patients at risk, and if so, under what conditions. Attempts to formulate a national policy on this subject must consider the competing interests of the patient's welfare versus the physician's livelihood. A review of the legal aspects of this topic is provided to assist policy makers and to serve as a foundation for the recommended establishment of a multidisciplinary committee to develop a uniform national policy. Both legal and medical realities call for the formulation of a clear policy to guide those who must make the decisions on this issue.
Germany’s Long‐Term‐Care Insurance: Putting a Social Insurance Model into Practice
Authors: Geraedts Max , Heller Geoffrey V. , Harrington Charlene A.
Published: March 2003

A growing population of elderly has intensified the demand for long‐term care (LTC) services. In response to the mounting need, Germany put into effect a LTC Insurance Act in 1995 that introduced mandatory public or private LTC insurance for the entire population of 82 million. The program was based on the organizational principles that define the German social insurance system. Those individuals in the public system and their employers each pay contributions equal to 0.85 percent of each employee’s gross wages or salary. Ten percent of the population with the highest incomes have chosen the option of purchasing private long term care insurance. Provisions were made for uniform eligibility criteria, benefits based on level of care needs, cost containment, and quality assurance. Over the first four years of its operation, the system has proved financially sound and has expanded access to organized LTC services. The German system thus may serve as an example for other countries that are planning to initiate social LTC insurance systems in other nations.
Perceived Outcomes of Public Health Privatization: A National Survey of Local Health Department Directors
Authors: Keane Christopher , Marx John , Ricci Edmund
Published: March 2003

Almost three quarters of the nation's local health departments (LHDs) have privatized some services. About half of LHD directors who privatized services reported cost savings and half reported that privatization had facilitated their performance of the core public health functions. Expanded access to services was the most commonly reported positive outcome. Of those privatizing, over two‐fifths of LHDs reported a resulting increase in time devoted to management. Yet, one‐third of directors reported difficulty monitoring and controlling services that have been contracted out. Communicable disease services was cited most often as a service that should not be privatized. There is a pervasive concern that by contracting out services, health departments can lose the capacity to respond to disease outbreaks and other crises.
What Happened to Long‐Term Care in the Health Reform Debate of 1993–1994? Lessons for the Future
Authors: Wiener Joshua M. , Estes Carroll L. , Goldenson Susan M. , Goldberg Sheryl C.
Published: March 2003

During 1993 and 1994, the United States debated but did not enact major health care reform. Although the reform efforts focused on providing health coverage for the uninsured and controlling acute care costs, many proposals included substantial long‐term care initiatives. President Clinton proposed creating a large home‐care program for severely disabled people of all ages and all income groups, among several other initiatives. By stressing non‐means‐tested public programs, the president's plan was a major departure from the Medicaid‐dominated financing system for long‐term care. In designing the long‐term care component, the Clinton administration addressed many of the basic policy choices that must be decided in all reform efforts, including whether initiatives should be limited to older people or cover people of any age, how to balance institutional and noninstitutional care, whether to rely on government programs or on the private sector, and how to control costs. Analyzing the political and intellectual history of long‐term care during the health reform debate provides lessons for future reform.
Changes in the Structure, Composition, and Activity of Hospital Governing Boards, 1989–1997: Evidence from Two National Surveys
Authors: Alexander Jeffrey A. , Weiner Bryan J. , Bogue Richard J.
Published: March 2003

Hospital governance arrangements affect institutional policymaking and strategic decisions and can vary by such organizational attributes as ownership type/control, size, and system membership. A comparison of two national surveys shows how hospital governing boards changed in response to organizational and environmental pressures between 1989 and 1997. The magnitude and direction of changes in (1) board structure, composition, and selection; (2) CEO‐board relations; and (3) board activity, evaluation, and compensation are examined for the population of hospitals and for different categories of hospitals. The findings suggest that hospital boards are engaging in selective rather than wholesale change to meet the simultaneous demands of a competitive market and traditional institutional orientations to community, the disenfranchised, and philanthropic service. Results also suggest parallel increases in collaboration between boards and CEOs and in board scrutiny of CEOs.
A Loss of Faith: The Sources of Reduced Political Legitimacy for the American Medical Profession
Authors: Schlesinger Mark
Published: March 2003

Writing at the beginning of the 20thcentury, Shaw identified one of the significant contemporary transformations in industrial democracies. In part as the result of advances in science and technology, in part as a rejection of the monopolistic abuses of industrialization, and in part as a consequence of assiduous efforts by the professions themselves, this was a period in which the legitimacy and social authority of professionals increased dramatically (Brint 1994;Krause 1996;Larson 1977;Sandel 1996). Nowhere was this more evident than in medicine. Over several decades, medicine changed from an occupation with a mixed reputation and little political influence into one that would “dominate both policy and lay perceptions of health problems” (Freidson 1994, 31). In a number of countries, the professional authority and political influence of physicians also rose during this era (Coburn, Torrance, and Kaufert 1983;Krause 1996;Stone 1980), most dramatically in the United States (Starr 1982).

The political legitimacy and policymaking influence of the medical profession have greatly declined in American society over the past 30 years. Despite speculation about the causes, there has been little empirical research assessing the different explanations. To address this gap, data collected in 1995 are used to compare attitudes of the American public and policy elites toward medical authority. Statistical analyses reveal that (1) elites are more hostile to professional authority than is the public; (2) the sources of declining legitimacy are different for the public than they are for policy elites; and (3) the perceptions that most threaten the legitimacy of the medical profession pertain to doubts about professional competence, physicians' perceived lack of altruism, and limited confidence in the profession's political influence. This article concludes with some speculations about the future of professional authority in American medicine.
1. Just Feed Me the Sausage: One Congressional Staffer's View
Authors: Fishman Linda E.
Published: March 2003

Policymakers are often faced with many complex policy options and, as a consequence, need tools to distinguish among these options and to understand their effects and costs. The forecasting models that policymakers depend on to estimate these effects are numerous and varied and often produce inconsistent and undependable results. Because we live in a world of uncertainty, imperfect information, and constant change, these models are inherently flawed. Nevertheless, modelers do the best they can to estimate complex effects with limited data as well as limited empirical evidence on which to base a model's assumptions. As Sherry Glied and her colleagues demonstrated, we often lack needed or adequate data to model complex aspects of human behavior. Furthermore, the models are often black boxes, so the users of the results, such as myself, a congressional staffer, have no idea what data the models used or what assumptions they were based on.
Rationality and Schizophrenic Delusion
Authors: Gold Ian , Hohwy Jakob
Published: March 2003

The theory of rationality has traditionally been concerned with the investigation of the norms of rational thought and behaviour, and with the reasoning pro‐cedures that satisfy them. As a consequence, the investigation of irrationality has largely been restricted to the behaviour or thought that violates these norms. There are, how‐ever, other forms of irrationality. Here we propose that the delusions that occur in schizophrenia constitute a paradigm of irrationality. We examine a leading theory of schizophrenic delusion and propose that some delusions can be traced to a violation of a condition on thought we call egocentricity. We argue that the violation of egocen‐tricity leads to irrational states that cannot be explained by the traditional categories of irrationality and conclude, therefore, that these states belong in a new branch of the theory of irrationality, that of experiential irrationality.
Nativism in Cognitive Science
Authors: Samuels Richard
Published: March 2003

AbstractThough nativist hypotheses have played a pivotal role in the development of cognitive science, it remains exceedingly obscure how they—and the debates in which they figure—ought to be understood. The central aim of this paper is to provide an account which addresses this concern and in so doing: a) makes sense of the roles that nativist theorizing plays in cognitive science and, moreover, b), explains why it really matters to the contemporary study of cognition. I conclude by outlining a range of further implications of this account for current debate in cognitive science.
Nietzsche as a Theological Resource
Authors: Westphal Merold
Published: March 2003

If theology interprets itself onto‐theo‐logically and God is the highest being, it will have no use for Nietzsche as a resource. Such a theology would demand that God should always make sense to our intellects in their present (finite and fallen) condition — thus subjecting itself to Feuerbach’s objections. Nietzsche is a resource, not like Scripture and tradition, but like a prophet whose perspectivisic hermeneutics of finitude illuminates our creation and whose hermeneutics of suspicion illuminates our fall. A number of objections are addressed, including whether this is not bringing coals to the Newcastle of theology practiced at the American Academy of Religion.
“Where Theologians Fear to Tread”
Authors: Pauw Amy Plantinga
Published: March 2003

This essay appeals to the practice of Baroque musical ornamentation as an analogy to the place of reflection on angels and demons in Christian theology. In ways left to the discretion of the performer, this reflection functions to enhance the main theological melody of God, Christ, human salvation, and, in particular, eschatology. Jonathan Edwards and Karl Barth are the text cases for this thesis. While Edwards' treatment of angels and Satan mutes his eschatology of glory by drawing attention to the humility and suffering of Christ, Barth's treatment underscores the sovereignty of God and Christ's victory over sin.
Karl Barth's ‘Dialectical Catholicity’: Sic et Non
Authors: Hütter Reinhard
Published: March 2003

This essay attempts to achieve three things. First, it brings to the foreground an important but largely forgotten conversation partner of Karl Barth's theology: Roman Catholicism, and sketches Barth's critical and constructive engagement of it from his teaching at the University of Muenster (1925–1930) to his late booklet “Ad Limina Apostolorum”. Second, it argues that Barth's engagement of Roman Catholicism functions as a crucial moment of his “dialectical catholicity”, through which he discursively applies his critical, reflexive principle of “genuine Protestantism”. Third, the essay puts forth a critique of Barth's transcendental account of “genuine Protestantism” by drawing on Martin Luther's concrete, ecclesially embodied pneumatology.
Avoiding Charges of Legalism and Antinomianism in Jewish‐Christian Dialogue
Authors: Novak David
Published: March 2003

This article sets forth a theological approach to Jewish‐Christian dialogue on the issue of law, which is often thought to be beyond the grasp of that dialogue because Judaism and Christianity are supposed to be in diametrical opposition here. Christians must recognize that for Jews, law is not in opposition to grace as a substitute for faith but, rather, law is the faithful response to grace in the covenant. Christians cannot be antinomians without simultaneously rejecting the very authority of God to command any faithful response. The issue between Judaism and Christianity is which law, Jewish or Christian, best enables a human being to be in the fullest possible relationship with God in the yet unredeemed world. On many points, though, Jewish and Christian law will overlap, thus reveal some essential commonalities.
Enigmatic Authority: Levinas and the Phenomenonal Effacement
Authors: Gibbs Robert
Published: March 2003

I follow Levinas through a series of more complex accounts of absence and presence in relation to the other person. From Husserl's apperception, to the face as not a phenomenon, to the trace of a God who has passed by, finally to the inspiration of a written text. In the written text, God appears at the risk of immanence, in order to withdraw. The commands are inscribed in order to free the people. I then offer texts from Holy Scripture, where the inscription of the Name of God is described, displaying God's enigmatic authority within the text.
(Re‐)Forming Freedom: Reflections “after Veritatis splendor” on Freedom's Fate in Modernity and Protestantism's Antinomian Captivity
Authors: Hütter Reinhard
Published: March 2003

This essay unfolds in four steps. First, it sketches the way the fate of freedom in modernity – the freedom of the Promethean self – has set the stage for Protestantism's antinomianism as well as for the theological intervention of Veritatis Spendor. The essay focuses here on Kant, Fichte, Nietzsche. Secondly, it shows how Veritatis Spendor overcomes modernity's autonomist conception of freedom. The essay, thirdly, turns to Protestantism “after Veritatis Spendor” and argues that the encyclical's vision of freedom puts into clear relief the antinomian captivity of contemporary Protestantism. Here, the essay also offers a fresh perspective on Luther's largely unknown opposition to antinomianism. It concludes with ten theses “after the Promethean self” that point the way forward, intimating how freedom will need to be rethought theologically in order to overcome the antinomian captivity of contemporary Protestantism.
Motion According to Aquinas and Newton
Authors: Oliver Simon
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to examine the theological basis of the understanding of motion in the work of Aquinas and Newton. As well as the Aristotelian roots of Aquina's view, attention is also paid to motion understood as a participation in the perfect ‘motionless motion’ of the emanation of the Son from the Father. This is contrasted with the crucial theological context of Newton's view of motion as expressed in the Principia, namely his Arianism and theological voluntarism. Motion becomes a purely physical and spatial category predicted on violent competition rather than mutual enhancement and the goal of perfection. Meanwhile, it is suggested that Newton has to resort to unmediated divine action within absolute and eternal space in order to describe how a universe in motion might have anything to do with God.
Recent Scholarship on Aquinas
Authors: Burrell David B.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

John Bowlin, Contingency and Fortune in Aquinas's Ethics

John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., Knowledge and Faith in Thomas Aquinas

John Milbank and Catherine Pickstock, Truth in Aquinas
Christianity and Bakhtin
Authors: Wood Ralph C.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Ruth Coates, Christianity in Bakhtin: God and the Exiled Author
Sacrifice and Suffering: Beyond Justice, Human Rights, and Capitalism
Authors: Bell, Jr. Daniel M.
Published: March 2003

This essay recovers the redemptive significance of “sacrifice” as the form of Christian resistance to global capitalism. The argument unfolds by way of a comparison of sacrifice, as presented by Anselm, with one of the most compelling contemporary theological accounts of justice and human rights—that of the Latin American liberationists. After showing how the liberationists' vision is implicated in the capitalist order, I argue that Anselm's account of sacrifice displays the advent of the aneconomic order of divine charity and that it is only the recovery of life in this aneconomic mode of donation and gift that can deliver us from capitalism.
Jesuit Sensuality and Feminist Bodies
Authors: McAleer Graham J.
Published: March 2003

The stated goal of Donna Haraway's “Cyborg feminism” is to liberate sensuality from violence. In examining her book alongside that of Jesuit Toletus it becomes clear that both argue that sensuality is a place of metaphysical violence. The first two sections of the essay demonstrate this, and, in addition that Toletus' commentary on Aquinas is hardly accurate. This fact will help justify the claim that the Jesuit tradition includes a rather particular theory of sensuality, the origin of which is perhaps Giles of Rome. A third section shows how the Jesuit Gaston Fessard rediscovered Aquinas' own theory of sensuality through a thoroughgoing critique of Hegelian and Marxist dialectic. The essay concludes that Haraway would do well to adopt Aquinas' non‐violent theory of sensuality as her own.
The option to work at home: another privilege for the favoured few?
Authors: Felstead Alan , Jewson Nick , Phizacklea Annie , Walters Sally
Published: March 2003

This paper compares and contrasts the demographic and employment characteristics of those who have the option to work at home with those who actually carry out paid work where they live. The results suggest that having the opportunity to choose where to work represents another perk for those already occupying an advantaged position in the labour market. However, some of the most disadvantaged in society are found among those who actually do most of their work at home.
A Reconciliation of Some Paradoxical Empirical Results on the Expectations Model of the Term Structure
Authors: Driffill John , Psaradakis Zacharias , Sola Martin
Published: March 2003

In this paper we attempt to reconcile contradictory empirical results for the expectations model of the term structure which are found when it is tested by a variety of methods based on single‐equation and VAR models. Using monthly data for one‐month and three‐month interest rates, we show that the expectations hypothesis is rejected for the US and UK term structures on the basis of some popular tests. However, tests based on VAR models or on IV regressions of yield spreads on future short rate changes provide no evidence against the expectations model with a random component in the term premium.
Testing for Unit Roots with Breaks: Evidence on the Great Crash and the Unit Root Hypothesis Reconsidered
Authors: Nunes Luis C. , Newbold Paul , Kuan Chung‐Ming
Published: March 2003

Nelson and Plosser (1982), in a classic paper, failed to find strong evidence against the null hypothesis of a generating process with a unit autoregressive root for thirteen US macroeconomic time series. Perron (1989) claimed that such evidence was available for a majority of these series if the alternative hypothesis was of trend stationarity with a break in 1929. Zivot and Andrews (1992) treated the break date as endogenous, then finding strong evidence agcainst the null for a minority of these series. Our own analysis extends theirs by permitting a break under the null as well as the alternative hypothesis, and allowing for the sequential nature of the testing. Our empirical findings complete the circle. We find no strong evidence against the unit root hypothesis for any of the thirteen Nelson–Plosser series.
Frequency Domain Tests for Residual Serial Correlation in Cointegration Regressions
Authors: Choi In , Mark Nelson
Published: March 2003

This paper introduces tests for residual serial correlation in cointegrating regressions. The tests are devised in the frequency domain by using the spectral measure estimates. The asymptotic distributions of the tests are derived and test consistency is established. The asymptotic distributions are obtained by using the assumptions and methods that are different from those used in Grenander and Rosenblatt (1957) and Durlauf (1991). Small‐scale simulation results are reported to illustrate the finite sample performance of the tests under various distributional assumptions on the data generating process. The distributions considered are normal and t‐distributions. The tests are shown to have stable size at sample sizes as large as 50 or 100. Additionally, it is shown that the tests are reasonably powerful against the ARMA residuals. An empirical application of the tests to investigate the ‘weak‐form’ efficiency in the foreign exchange market is also reported.
The Cyclicality of Markups in a Model with Adjustment Costs: Econometric Evidence for US Industry
Authors: Galeotti Marzio , Schiantarelli Fabio
Published: March 2003

In this paper we investigate the impact of demand fluctuations on market power in US manufacturing industries. We impose on a model with adjustment costs the minimum structure necessary to recover a measure of markups. Markups are allowed to vary with both the state and future evolution of demand and estimates of price‐cost margins are obtained from the Euler equation for capital. We conduct the empirical investigation for US two‐digit manufacturing industries using annual data covering the 1952–1985 period. We find that markups are inversely related to current demand. However, given the state of demand, they vary directly with expectations of future demand changes.
The Meaning and Determinants of Skills Shortages
Authors: Green Francis , Machin Stephen , Wilkinson David
Published: March 2003

In this paper we use establishment‐level data to examine what managers mean when they report having skills shortages. We find that the concept of a skills shortage is not always the same as a hard‐to‐fill vacancy despite the latter being used by many authors who have considered the economic consequences of skills shortages.

It seems that, while employers appear not to have any problems for themselves in interpreting questions on ‘skills shortages’, we cannot rely on them being perceived in a uniform way by all employers. Indeed, many employers stress that, amongst both their existing workforce and job applicants, there appear to be important shortfalls in motivational and attitudinal skills, leading us to believe that social skills are an important part of the skills said to be in shortage.

Our findings point to two main conclusions for future research. First, studies that investigate the causes and effects of ‘skill shortages’ need to pay greater attention to their definition and measurement. Secondly, in future research on establishments and their skill formation practices, further steps could be taken to gain clarification either directly or indirectly from respondents as to the experiences they choose to classify as a skills shortage.
The Hiring Function Reconsidered: on Closing the Circle
Authors: Mumford Karen , Smith Peter N.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the matching of job searchers with vacant jobs: a key component of the dynamics of worker reallocation in the labour market. The job searchers may be unemployed, employed or not in the labour force and we estimate matching or hiring functions including all three groups. We show that previous studies, which ignore both employed job seekers and unemployed job seekers who are considered to be out of the labour force, produce biased estimates of the coefficients of interest. By considering only unemployment outflows into jobs and ignoring interdependencies with other flows, these studies overlook an important aspect of job matching. Our estimates on Australian data support a more general approach and produce models that dominate those proposed previously. We find that concentrating on the aggregate matching function alone does not reveal the full extent of the interaction across job searchers. Indeed, we find that job searchers from the three groups do not receive a fair share of hires: there appears to be segmentation of hiring opportunities which may be explained by a form of ranking of applicants. Together these results demonstrate that the disaggregate worker flows and their interdependence are key features on the labour market and should be included in studies of the hiring process.
Pretty Vacant: Recruitment in Low‐Wage Labour Markets
Authors: Manning Alan
Published: March 2003

This paper is a study of the process by which employers in five relatively low‐wage British firms fill vacancies. It studies the determinants of the number and quality of applicants, the way in which these applicants are selected for interviews and offered jobs. The main conclusions are that thenumber of applicants is relatively small, the monetary and non‐monetaryaspects of jobs are important determinants of the number of applicants forjobs, but that firms do eventually fall virtually all vacancies. Non‐employedjob applicants have more difficulty in getting a job interview than those whoare currently employed but, once interviewed, do not appear to face any further difficulties in getting employment.
Gender and Racial Discrimination in Pay and Promotion for NHS Nurses
Authors: Pudney Stephen , Shields Michael A.
Published: March 2003

For many years the NHS has been subject to allegations that gender and racial discrimination are a feature of the internal labour market for qualifiednurses. This paper examines this issue with regard to the promotion process using 1994 survey data. We start by rejecting the assumption of covariate exogeneity inherent in the ordered probit model. A full simultaneous modelis then developed which has important consequences for estimates of the influence of gender, ethnicity, training and career interruptions. We findevidence of significant differences in speed of promotion between gender and ethnic groups, which imply large differences in career earnings.
Lighting practices in early Greece (from the end of the Mycenaean world to the 7th century BC
Authors: Parisinou Eva
Published: March 2003

Reconsideration of the materials of lighting from a number of Early Greek sites leads to a review of the long‐standing scholarly argument about an abrupt break in the use of typologically distinctive lamps in the period between the 11th and early 7th centuries BC. According to this, there is a marked absence of easily identifiable lamp‐types, after the elaborate stone and clay Minoan and Mycenean series. Drawing on a combined approach to both its literary and archaeological aspects, I shall attempt to re‐assess the truth of this ‘traditionally’ negative argument. In particular, certain pottery series, such as bowls, kothons and similar categories of plain pots with wide geographical distribution and popularity from the Mycenaean to Historical times (mainly until the 3rd century BC) will be reviewed and suggested as possible sources of light. In addition, I shall suggest — with the aid of a simple experiment — other simple ways of lighting a lamp by means directly available from nature.
Roman Interaction in North‐Western Iberia
Authors: Millett Martin
Published: March 2003

The Iron Age in the North‐West of Iberia is characterized by settlement patterns in which small hilltop enclosures or castros were dominant. Recent field‐survey work has revealed more about the distribution of rural settlement sites in part of this area, and an analysis has been made of the pattern of rural site distributions in relation to the castros. This confirms the continued focal role of castros into the Roman period. An explanation for the settlement pattern in this region and the absence of typically Roman features like developed villas is sought in the nature and extent of Roman military recruitment from the region.
Reforming Tariffs and Subsidies in International Trade
Authors: Kowalczyk Carsten
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes unilateral and multilateral reform of ad valorem tariffs and subsidies. The paper shows that under substitutability, extensive subsidization of exports is required for an increase in the lowest tariff rate to raise economic welfare. The paper derives also conditions for when a radial reduction of ad valorem tariffs and subsidies may fail to raise economic welfare.
A Monetary Target Model: The Case of Taiwan
Authors: Cheng Jen‐Chi , Huang Cliff J.
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes a methodology to estimate the monetary target and the probability of monetary intervention in Taiwan. The methodology is based on the estimation of a regime switching model. Empirical results show that a target band between 0.95 and 2.17 percent per month has been in effect, and most often the monetary authority has followed a non‐interventionist policy. It is probable that the monetary authority engaged in an expansionary policy when intervention was warranted. Adjustments of the rediscount rate by the central bank were found to be consistent with the magnitude of the intervention pressure as predicted by the model.
Export expansion and economic growth: Evidence from Chinese Provinces
Authors: Lin Shuanglin
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the effect of exports on economic growth based on the data of 30 Chinese provinces from 1978 to 1995. A theoretical model is based on the neoclassical production function, in which exports can affect output growth. It was found that the growth rate of exports and the growth rate of per capita output are positively related; i.e. provinces with faster growth of exports grew faster than the provinces with slower export growth. It was also found that investment in state enterprises was insignificantly related to output growth, while investment in private enterprises was positively related to growth.
Welfare Comparisons of Customs Unions and Other Free Trade Associations
Authors: Kemp Murray C.
Published: March 2003

The main purpose of this note is to establish a precise version of the proposition that, in the context of a worldwide constituency, a customs union is more beneficial or less harmful than a comparable but distinct free trade association. It is shown that, corresponding to each feasible tariff‐ridden world trading equilibrium, there is a Pareto‐preferred and feasible free trade association; and, corresponding to each free trade association, there is a Pareto‐preferred and feasible Kemp–Wan customs union.
Capital Mobility and Investor Confidence: The Case of Hong Kong’s Reversion to China’s Sovereignty
Authors: Bumgarner Mary K. , Prime Penelope B.
Published: March 2003

The paper hypothesizes that capital flows to and from Hong Kong in the years prior to its reversion to Chinese sovereignty were determined in part by the credibility of China’s economic and political policies towards Hong Kong. During the transition period, several events occurred that caused investors, foreign and domestic, to reexamine and revise their perceptions about concentrating their investment in Hong Kong. These events were the ongoing negotiations between China and Great Britain that resulted in the signing of the Joint Resolution and the Basic Law, the 1989 Tiananmen Square incident, and Deng Xaioping’s visit to China’s southern provinces in 1992. As a result, Hong Kong provides a particularly relevant example of the impact government policies can have on investor confidence and capital mobility.
Diversification Versus Concentration: A Note on the Allocation of Effort Among Risky Research Projects
Authors: Beckmann Martin J.
Published: March 2003

Under what conditions is concentration as against diversification the better strategy in allocating research effort up to a given capacity limit? This note compares the short and the long run and various types of interdependence. This is a theoretical analysis based on a negative exponential relationship between the probability of success and the amount of research input.
Macroeconomic Control in the Transforming Chinese Economy: An Analysis of the Long‐Run Effect
Authors: Fung Michael K. Y. , Ho Wai‐Ming , Zhu Lijing
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the issue of macroeconomic control in the Chinese economy where there is a dual structure (consisting of a state sector and a non‐state sector) and the financial sector is still under tight control by the government. Given the dual structure and financial repression, when inflation is a severe problem, the authors investigate whether it is possible for the government to bring inflation under control without hampering long‐term economic growth performance. The investigation is conducted within the context of an endogenous growth model that incorporates the two major institutional features of the transforming Chinese economy. The paper evaluates the long‐run effects of changes in government monetary and fiscal policies on the major macroeconomic aggregates. The analysis suggests that increasing in the interest rate on government bonds will reduce inflation without affecting the growth rate of output; while increasing the nominal interest rate on bank deposits will exert a stagflationary effect on the economy: raising the inflation rate but reducing the growth rate of output.
The euro: Major policy implications for Europe and the global economy
Authors: Neumann Manfred
Published: March 2003

The paper examines the potential of the euro as an international currency. Owing to a large home base the long‐run potential is substantial. Much depends on whether the European Central Bank will be able to gain the reputation of a tough authority that issues a stable currency. Based on a comparison with the concepts of monetary targeting and inflation targeting, it is argued that the ECB’s policy strategy is inferior as regards providing guidance to inflation expectations. The paper also discusses exchange rate policy and concludes that it is unlikely that Europe will join a new international exchange rate system.
Effects of Marriage, Education and Occupation on the Female / Male Wage Gap in China
Authors: Hughes James , Maurer‐Fazio Margaret
Published: March 2003

In the present study the way in which the gender wage gap in urban China differs according to marital status, education and occupation, is examined. Married Chinese women experience much larger absolute gender wage gaps than their unmarried counterparts. The proportion of the gender wage gap unexplained by differences in the levels of productive characteristics is also higher for married women than single women. Gender wage gaps are smaller for more educated women. These findings suggest that occupational segregation is not as important a factor as industrial segregation in accounting for the gender wage gap in China’s urban labour markets.
The Tragedy of the Commons Revisited
Authors: Hartwick John M. , Yeung David W.K.
Published: March 2003

The Malthus–Hardin tragedy of the commons is formulated as a dynamic game between “clans”. At each date a member of a clan desires more newborns of her/his type and more current consumption, harvested from the commons. Equilibrium in the dynamic game yields a steady state level of per capita consumption and a steady population level for each clan (births equal deaths). Four outcomes are obtained, depending on the assumptions about the discount rates of members of a clan and about the mode of competition for “large populations” for each clan. Lack of property rights for agricultural land in the commons leads to equilibrium with excessive populations and low per capita consumption.
Intra‐competition between the Asian Four Little Dragons in US Markets
Authors: Chao Chi‐Chur , Pakotiprapha Saowanee
Published: March 2003

Using an optimizing model of import demands, the degree of competition between the Four Little Dragons in the US market are examined. This paper finds that the exports by Hong Kong can be substituted by Taiwan, and vice versa. Hong Kong and Singapore have some degree of substitution, although Singapore tends to have low elasticities of substitution with Taiwan and South Korea. Moreover, the relatively low own‐price elasticities for Singapore and South Korea indicate their exporting goods are up‐scaled. This suggests that non‐price factors like product quality may be of importance in penetrating the US market.