bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOIL ATTRIBUTES AFTER THE CONVERSION FROM FOREST TO PASTURE IN AMAZON
Authors: de Souza Braz A. M. , Fernandes A. R. , Alleoni L. R. F.
Published: February 2011

The conversion from forest to grassland is drastically changing soil characteristics in Amazon, leading to land degradation when it is poorly managed. Chemical and physical changes of a Typic Hapludox were evaluated as a function of the conversion (by means of fire) from forest to Brachiaria brizantha cultivation. Samples from the remaining forest were also sampled. Treatments were made to pastures eight (P8), thirteen (P13) and fifteen (P15) years after conversion, and to land under continuous grazing, and to a remaining forest area (control). The forest soil was more acidic than the pasture soils. Soil density and Ca+2 increased after the conversion, regardless of the period of grazing. Carbon stocks varied from 31·2 t ha−1 in the forest soil to 37·4 (P8), 33·5 (P13) and 30·7 t ha−1 (P15). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
pH‐ and Temperature‐Sensitive Chitosan Hydrogels: Swelling and MRI Studies
Authors: Goycoolea Francisco M. , Fernández‐Valle María E. , Aranaz Inmaculada , Heras Ángeles
Published: February 2011

MRI and swelling experiments are used to probe the state of water and infer the microstructure of chitosan hydrogels. SEM reveals a porous open scaffold‐type structure for hydrogels that were equilibrated at 2 °C before freezing as compared to those equilibrated at 37 °C. ADC MRI measurements reveal an anisotropy in the microstructure of these gels. T1 relaxation MRI values were larger as the pH increased from 7.6 to 12.0, the result of a lower rate of exchange between protons of the hydration sphere of the polymer and bulk water. The thermosensitive and pH‐sensitive properties of these hydrogels can be utilized in the development of innovative materials for biotechnological and biomedical applications, including criobiocatalysis and bioremediation as well as in programmed drug delivery.

magnified image
Dramatic Solvent Effect on Interaction Kinetics and Self‐Organization of Phenyl‐C61 Butyric Acid Methyl Ester in a Triblock Copolymer
Authors: Alok Chaurasia , Gan Leong Huat , Hu Xiao
Published: February 2011

The interactions of a triblock copolymer containing a PEO central and two 4VP end blocks with PCBM were studied in different solvents. The interaction is too slow to be detected in toluene, but in THF a well‐defined charge transfer complex is formed, allowing the interaction kinetics to be studied. Rate constants along with other kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were determined. The 4VP units in the copolymer interact with the fullerene derivative more than two orders of magnitude faster than a small model compound. There is interplay between charge complextaion kinetics and self‐assembled supramolecular micellar structures of the copolymer/PCBM system. The findings should provide useful insight in design and formation of nanoscale domains of fullerene and derivatives in polymer blend systems.

magnified image
Cyclic‐Amine‐Based Dithiocarbamate Chain Transfer Agents for the RAFT Polymerization of Less Activated Monomers
Authors: Jana Satyasankar , Parthiban Anbanandam
Published: February 2011

A series of pyrrolidine‐, piperidine‐, and imidazoline‐based dithiocarbamate CTAs have been synthesized and utilized to control the polymerization of vinyl monomers. The controlling ability of the CTAs depends on the presence of both activating and re‐initiating groups and the monomer used. Pyrrolidine‐ and piperidine‐based CTAs proved reasonably good for controlling vinyl acetate polymerizations. The living nature of the vinyl acetate polymerizations was studied by kinetics and chain extension reactions. Interestingly the vinyl acetate polymers synthesized using these pyrrolidine and piperidine based CTAs were almost colorless when precipitated and, therefore, were interesting considering the industrial applications of these polymers.

magnified image
Silicon‐Containing Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins with Systematically Varied Functionalities: Synthesis and Structure/Property Relationships
Authors: Liu Wanshuang , Wang Zhonggang
Published: February 2011

The manipulation of the properties of cycloaliphatic epoxy resins by systematical variations of the molecular structure is demonstrated. Specifically, four cycloaliphatic epoxy resins with silicon‐center linked via methyl, phenyl, and epoxy groups of different number were synthesized. The cured epoxides had remarkably changed crosslinking density from 0.45 × 10−3 to 9.64 × 10−3 mol · cm−3, glass transition temperature from 133 to 237 °C, and considerably decreased thermal expansion coefficient from 6.44 × 10−5 to 4.83 × 10−5 K−1. It was proved that the higher crosslinking density was related to more opened segments by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The physical properties of cured products and their correlations with the chemical structures were investigated in detail.

magnified image
An application of multicriteria decision making to built heritage. The redevelopment of Venice Arsenale
Authors: Giove Silvio , Rosato Paolo , Breil Margaretha
Published: February 2011

The paper presents a multiple criteria model for the evaluation of the sustainability of projects for the economic re‐use of historical buildings in Venice. The model utilizes the relevant parameters for the appraisal of sustainability, aggregated into three macro‐indicators: intrinsic sustainability, context sustainability and economic‐financial feasibility. The model has been calibrated by a panel of experts and tested on two reuse hypothesis of the Old Arsenal in Venice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Versatility of perforator‐based V‐Y advancement flaps in reconstruction of complex mid back wounds
Authors: Gözü Aydin , Akkuş Ali̇ , Seyi̇thanoǧlu Hakan , Özkan Nezi̇h , Özsoy Zafer
Published: February 2011

Reconstruction of complex mid back wounds is challenging due to the patient comorbidities and scarcity of reliable regional flap alternatives. Four consecutive cases treated with perforator based V‐Y advancement flaps are reported. An effective repair was achieved in all the patients and the mean follow up period was 28 months. Our results indicate the efficacy of adipocutaneous flaps in complex spinal soft tissue repair and may help to refine the relevant algorhythm. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
The pruitt‐inahara carotid shunt as an assisting tool to anastomose the arterial free flap pedicle to the internal carotid artery in the vessel‐depleted neck
Authors: Salgarello Marzia , Snider Francesco , Finocchi Valerio , Bussu Francesco , Paludetti Gaetano , Almadori Giovanni
Published: February 2011

Microvascular free tissue transfer in head and neck reconstruction requires suitable recipient vessels which are frequently compromised by prior surgery or radiotherapy to the neck. This article details a new technique of arterial free flap pedicle anastomosis to the internal carotid artery in a vessel‐depleted neck. A 63‐year‐old female was referred because of recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, which involved the left‐sided tongue base and pharynx with circumferential involvement of the homolateral external carotid artery. This artery and its branches were excluded as potential recipients. To close the defect after tumor excision, a free vertical rectus abdominis muscle arterial flap pedicle was anastomosed to the homolateral internal carotid artery with the help of a Pruitt‐Inahara outlying carotid shunt. The venous anastomosis was performed to the internal jugular vein. The VRAM flap survived without complications. This procedure is to be considered an alternative rescue technique for salvage reconstruction in vessel depleted necks. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
Microvascular reconstructions of traumatic‐combined tissue loss at foot and ankle level
Authors: Battiston Bruno , Antonini Andrea , Tos Pierluigi , Daghino Walter , Massazza Giuseppe , Riccio Michele
Published: February 2011

Severe injuries at foot and ankle level with loss of soft tissues and bone are often treated by means of amputation. The transfer of composite free flaps from various donor sites may provide anatomical reconstruction of the foot and ankle and function. Ten patients who sustained severe combined tissue injuries of the foot requiring reconstruction with composite free flaps were studied with a mean follow‐up of 3.4 years. A thorough clinical examination was performed, and gait analysis was carried out with kinetic and kinematic parameters. Bone integration and healing was observed with satisfactory foot morphology. All the patients returned to normal activities, although biomechanical gait analysis showed some functional disorders mainly in joint angular kinematics. Our results showed that microvascular flaps afford successful combined tissue reconstruction of the foot. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
False aneurysm of the common digital artery. Is reconstruction with an arterial graft worth the efforts? A case report
Authors: Lucchina Stefano , Nistor Alexandru , Stricker Hans , Fusetti Cesare
Published: February 2011

False aneurysms in the hand are rare. A false aneurysm of the common digital artery in the palm for the second and third finger is reported, illustrating our experience with arterial graft reconstruction after excision as a valid alternative surgical therapy to a vein graft, when ligation or end‐to‐end anastomosis are not indicated or feasible. The superficial palmar branch of the radial artery was chosen as donor vessel based on the similarity in vessel diameter and wall thickness to the common digital arteries. Ease of harvesting and performing the microvascular anastomosis using an arterial graft allows for a viable reconstruction after false aneurysm excision in the palm. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
Coexpression and estrogen‐mediated regulation of TRPV6 and PMCA1 in the human endometrium during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Yang Hyun , Choi Kyung‐Chul , Hyun Sang‐Hwan , Jeung Eui‐Bae
Published: February 2011

Maintenance of calcium balance in the uterus is essential for many of its functions, including embryo implantation. The plasma membrane Ca2+‐pumping ATPase proteins are encoded by four genes designated PMCA1‐4, and PMCA1 is expressed in the uterus of rats during the estrous cycle. Although transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V, member 6 (TRPV6), has been detected in the human placenta, pancreas and the prostate gland, expression patterns of uterine TRPV6 and PMCA1 and their potential roles in the human endometrium remain to be elucidated. In the present study, the expression patterns of TRPV6 and PMCA1 were examined to predict their potential roles in the human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Human classified endometrial tissues (total n = 40) were separated into three groups according to menstrual cycle phase: menstrual, proliferative (early‐, mid‐, late), and secretory phase (early‐, mid‐, late). The expression of TRPV6 and PMCA1 mRNA and protein in the uterine endometrium during the menstrual cycle increased by 1.5‐ to 1.8‐fold at the proliferative phase (early‐, mid‐, and late‐) in comparison to the other phases. Estrogen treatment caused a significant increase in TRPV6 and PMCA1 mRNA expression. Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of TRPV6 and PMCA1 in the uterus revealed that both proteins are abundantly expressed in the cytoplasm of endometrial and glandular epithelial cells during menstrual phases. Taken together, these results suggest that uterine expression of TRPV6 and PMCA1 may be involved in human reproductive function. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:274–282, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory self‐gated multiple gradient recalled echo sequence for free‐breathing abdominal R2* mapping
Authors: Jin Ning , Zhang Zhuoli , Zhang Longjiang , Lu Guangming , Larson Andrew C.
Published: February 2011

Abdominal effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) mapping is critical for a wide range of applications. However, respiratory motion can lead to significant image quality deterioration and R2* overestimation. For this work, we explored the feasibility of combining respiratory self‐gating techniques with a multiple gradient‐recalled echo sequence for free‐breathing abdominal R2* measurements. In a series of eight normal volunteers, respiratory self‐gated–multiple gradient‐recalled echo methods effectively avoided motion artifacts to produce quantitative R2* measurements in liver, spleen, and kidneys that were comparable to R2* measurements produced while breath‐holding. Respiratory self‐gated–multiple gradient‐recalled echo methods demonstrated the potential to avoid the need for breath‐holding during abdominal R2* mapping. For clinical application, respiratory self‐gated–multiple gradient‐recalled echo approaches could be particularly useful for R2* measurements in those patients unable or unwilling to sustain sufficiently long breath‐holds to avoid motion artifacts. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative conductivity and permittivity imaging of the human brain using electric properties tomography
Authors: Voigt Tobias , Katscher Ulrich , Doessel Olaf
Published: February 2011

The electric properties of human tissue can potentially be used as an additional diagnostic parameter, e.g., in tumor diagnosis. In the framework of radiofrequency safety, the electric conductivity of tissue is needed to correctly estimate the local specific absorption rate distribution during MR measurements. In this study, a recently developed approach, called electric properties tomography (EPT) is adapted for and applied to in vivo imaging. It derives the patient's electric conductivity and permittivity from the spatial sensitivity distributions of the applied radiofrequency coils. In contrast to other methods to measure the patient's electric properties, EPT does not apply externally mounted electrodes, currents, or radiofrequency probes, which enhances the practicability of the approach. This work shows that conductivity distributions can be reconstructed from phase images and permittivity distributions can be reconstructed from magnitude images of the radiofrequency transmit field. Corresponding numerical simulations using finite‐difference time‐domain methods support the feasibility of this phase‐based conductivity imaging and magnitude‐based permittivity imaging. Using this approximation, three‐dimensional in vivo conductivity and permittivity maps of the human brain are obtained in 5 and 13 min, respectively, which can be considered a step toward clinical feasibility for EPT. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motion correction using coil arrays (MOCCA) for free‐breathing cardiac cine MRI
Authors: Hu Peng , Hong Susie , Moghari Mehdi H. , Goddu Beth , Goepfert Lois , Kissinger Kraig V. , Hauser Thomas H. , Manning Warren J. , Nezafat Reza
Published: February 2011

In this study, we present a motion correction technique using coil arrays (MOCCA) and evaluate its application in free‐breathing respiratory self‐gated cine MRI. Motion correction technique using coil arrays takes advantages of the fact that motion‐induced changes in k‐space signal are modulated by individual coil sensitivity profiles. In the proposed implementation of motion correction technique using coil arrays self‐gating for free‐breathing cine MRI, the k‐space center line is acquired at the beginning of each k‐space segment for each cardiac cycle with 4 repetitions. For each k‐space segment, the k‐space center line acquired immediately before was used to select one of the 4 acquired repetitions to be included in the final self‐gated cine image by calculating the cross correlation between the k‐space center line with a reference line. The proposed method was tested on a cohort of healthy adult subjects for subjective image quality and objective blood‐myocardium border sharpness. The method was also tested on a cohort of patients to compare the left and right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction measurements with that of standard breath‐hold cine MRI. Our data indicate that the proposed motion correction technique using coil arrays method provides significantly improved image quality and sharpness compared with free‐breathing cine without respiratory self‐gating and provides similar volume measurements compared with breath‐hold cine MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety of influenza and H1N1 vaccinations in patients with myasthenia gravis, and patient compliance
Authors: Auriel Eitan , Regev Keren , Dori Amir , Karni Arnon
Published: February 2011

Myasthenia gravis (MG) exacerbations may be triggered by infections.In the winter of 2009/2010, the Israeli Ministry of Health recommended that each individual with a chronic condition be vaccinated against both the seasonal influenza and the H1N1 virus. We examined vaccination practices in 74 MG patients. Only 38 patients (51.4%) received the seasonal influenza vaccine, and 24 (32.4%) received the H1N1 vaccine. No exacerbation of MG was found, and therefore seasonal influenza and H1N1 vaccines seem to be safe in MG. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Nerve compression, membrane excitability, and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Han S. Eric , Lin Cindy S.‐Y. , Boland Robert A. , Kiernan Matthew C.
Published: February 2011

Introduction: In this study we investigated the changes in axonal excitability and the generation of neurological symptoms in response to focal nerve compression (FNC) of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods: Sensory excitability recordings were undertaken in 11 CTS patients with FNC being applied at the wrist using a custom‐designed electrode. Results: During FNC, refractoriness increased significantly (62.4 ± 3.4%; P < 0.001), associated with a rapid reduction in superexcitability (16.9 ± 2.8%; P < 0.001) and sensory nerve action potential amplitude (SNAP) (32.4 ± 3.9%; P < 0.001), consistent with axonal depolarization. Associated with these changes, paresthesiae steadily increased throughout FNC, as did numbness. Reductions in SNAP amplitude and superexcitability developed more rapidly for CTS patients during FNC compared with controls, and these changes were associated with more marked symptoms. Conclusions: Axonal responses to compression are impaired in CTS. This may suggest a greater reliance on axonal membrane Na+/K+‐ATPase function. Muscle Nerve 44: 402–409, 2011
SPH truncation error in estimating a 3D derivative
Authors: Amicarelli Andrea , Marongiu Jean‐Christophe , Leboeuf Francis , Leduc Julien , Neuhauser Magdalena , Fang Le , Caro Joëlle
Published: February 2011

Following the procedure proposed in Quinlan et al. (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng. 2006; 66:2064–2085) for a 1D generic derivative, a 3D formulation of the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) truncation error (εT) has been derived and validated. We have then underlined the differences between traditional SPH simulations, which are not consistent, and estimations using renormalization, a first‐order consistency technique. The consistency order is here defined as the highest degree of a generic polynomial function, which can be exactly reproduced by an SPH approximation.

Under the homogeneous conditions assumed in our analyses renormalization generally reduces the relative truncation error by 1 or 2 orders of magnitude, both at inner points and boundary locations. Due to renormalization the error tends to a lowest constant value as the kernel support size (h) goes to zero, while in general with no consistency the error behaves like 1/h. In contrast to formulations without any consistency estimations, using renormalization there is a weak dependence of the error on the absolute value of the displacement of the particles from their volume barycentre (δ). In addition, for simulations with renormalization, the best choice for the kernel function seems to be the closest to Dirac's delta, while for the ones with no consistency, the preferences are altered. Furthermore, we observe that renormalization reduces the number of neighbors that are necessary to obtain a discretization error that is negligible with respect to the integral error. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ballistic performance study of fabric armor based on numerical simulations with multiscale material model
Authors: Xia Weijie , Adeeb Samer M. , Nadler Ben
Published: February 2011

Based on a multiscale model for fabric materials, dynamic simulations of the fabric ballistic performance were implemented. Through parameter research, it was found that the ballistic performance and mechanical behavior of the fabric materials are determined by a combination of factors and conditions rather than by the material properties alone. The material mechanical properties reflect the inherent strength of the fabric; the fabric weaving structure, boundary conditions, material orientation, and projectile shape also play important roles and have a significant influence on the ballistic performance of the fabric.

The multiscale material model incorporates not only the membrane‐like properties of the fabric but also the underlying weaving structure, yarn interaction, and yarn composition. The simulations results show good agreement with the experimental data. Various physical phenomena can be observed in the simulations, such as yarn decrimping, material anisotropy, and two types of damage modes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From database to face‐to‐face —wateraid's donor development programme
Authors: Pugh Marcus , Young Jane
Published: February 2011

This paper was first presented at the Henry Stewart Conference, ‘Relationship marketing for charities: Latest thinking and best practice’, on 23rd February, 1996.

The paper describes the implementation of the Donor Development Programme at WaterAid and the lessons learned during this process. The analogy of a courtship is used for the development of the relationship between the supporter and the charity.
Whatever happened to the pub crawl? — a change in attitude to charitable fundraising
Authors: Shaw Martin
Published: February 2011

This paper argues that there needs to he greater clarity in the role of today's charities and calls for structured research and evaluation of modern fundraising techniques and strategies, particularly to help smaller charities. It also blames the many councils of voluntary organisations and umbrella associations supporting the smaller charities for failing to provide adequate information and training in fundraising.
American arts service organisations: Conduits for millions in funding
Authors: Reiss Alvin H.
Published: February 2011

Although national arts service organisations in the United States existed prior to the establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts in 1965, the real growth and development of the arts service field owes a large debt to the emergence of government as an official supporter of the cultural industry. As the number of arts organisations multiplied at a frightening pace throughout the mid 'sixties and early 'seventies, the need for concrete data and for new insights into funding and audience development techniques grew quickly. As the need for arts funding increased, private foundations felt a growing strain on their resources. Many larger foundations discovered that in order to make a significant impact with a far‐reaching programme in a key area of concern, involving scores of grantees, the logistics could be staggering. An answer to this problem lay in the use of conduits, as potential grant recipients that could best serve the programme's needs. In turning to national arts service organisations to help them administer some of their key programmes foundations found more than willing partners.

The following paper surveys some of the interesting, cost‐effective and productive programmes that have linked foundations and arts service organisations to meet the needs of the arts industry.
Charity brands: A qualitative study of current practice
Authors: Tapp Alan
Published: February 2011

A number of fundraising managers and directors of UK charities were interviewed with the objective of understanding to what extent branding was used in the sector, what development possibilities exist for commercial techniques in charities, and what the constraints may be on such practices.

It was found that many charities already use day‐to‐day brand techniques, (without describing them as ‘branding’), but brand development work was scarce.

Charities have a number of objectives competing with fundraising when considering their brand content. They must also satisfy the need to respect issues about how the cause itself is communicated, and possible needs to re‐educate the donor community or the public.

One commercial practice in particular could be developed further in charity branding: this is the idea of using the personality of the charity itself as something with which donors could associate positively.
Database segmentation: An alternative to recency, frequency, value?
Authors: Lister John
Published: February 2011

This paper argues that recency, frequency, value (RFV), the engines of database segmentation in the voluntary sector, are by no means the only profitable approaches to database segmentation. The use of response models based on core statistical theorems offers an alternative to RFV that may be more discriminatory in targeting both those who are most likely to respond (the people we want to communicate with), and also those least likely to respond (the people we want to avoid).
Profiling the charity donor: A case study of the game conservancy trust
Authors: Sargeant Adrian
Published: February 2011

This paper identifies the key fundraising problems faced by the Came Conservancy Trust and describes the donor research that was undertaken in an attempt to resolve these key issues. A survey of 1,000 donors was undertaken and the respondents were profiled according to demographic variables and their response to 20 attitudinal statements. These statements were then subjected to a factor analysis to identify the underlying psychographic variables. Seven such variables were identified and subjected (along with a range of demographic variables) to a regression analysis with a view to identifying which of them would prove to be significant indicators of a propensity to donate larger sums to this organisation. A number of the psychographic factors were indeed found to be significant indicators of the level of support a particular donor might be predisposed to provide. In the light of these findings the paper concludes with a number of recommendations to the Trust for changes to its fundraising strategy.
Assessing and maximizing corporate social initiatives: a strategic view of corporate social responsibility
Authors: Maltz Elliot , Thompson Fred , Ringold Debra Jones
Published: February 2011

Corporations are under increasing pressure to play more than their traditional role of creating value for shareholders. However, managers are still struggling with how to systematically assess the value of corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts. In this article we suggest two reasons for their difficulty. First, they have not considered how to think strategically about maximizing the value of CSR investments. That is, they have not assessed how they can utilize scarce resources available to the firm to maximize the shared value generated. This requires considering which stakeholders should be considered in the estimation of shared value and estimating the costs and benefits to the stakeholders of initiatives being considered. Second, while there has been some effort at developing measurement protocols to measure shared value, the existing methods are limited because they either don't jointly consider the costs and benefits and/or don't adequately consider the strategic issues identified above in the calculations. These two factors inhibit managers' ability to think strategically and track the results of corporate social initiatives. With this in mind, we propose an externalities‐based methodology integrating insights from stakeholder and resource‐based views of the firm to sharpen their strategic thinking about potential CSR investments and the measuring of shared value. An example is provided to illustrate the insights that our approach can bring to managers interested in maximizing the shared value of CSR initiatives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathogenese, Klinik und Therapie der Virusgrippe. Vom harmlosen Infekt bis zur Intensivstation
Authors: Herold Susanne
Published: February 2011

Influenzaviren infizieren Epithelien des oberen Respirationstraktes und führen in der Regel zu unkomplizierten fieberhaften Infekten mit Allgemeinsymptomen und respiratorischen Beschwerden. Selten beobachtet man bei Influenza‐Infektionen eine rasche Virusausbreitung bis in die distalen Luftwege mit Beteiligung des Lungenparenchyms (Influenza‐Pneumonie), häufig gefolgt vom akuten Lungenversagen (ARDS) mit der Indikation zur maschinellen Beatmung oder extrakorporalen Oxygenierungsverfahren (ECMO). Bakterielle Superinfektionen mit Pneumokokken, Haemophilus influenzae und Staphylococcus aureus sind insbesondere bei beatmeten Patienten häufig. Infektionen mit pandemischen Influenza‐Viren (A/H1N1v) verliefen öfter schwer und zeigten eine besondere Häufung bei Kleinkindern und jungen Erwachsenen. Die Diagnostik der saisonalen Influenza wird in erster Linie klinisch gestellt; an Labortests stehen vor allem der Antigen‐Schnelltest und die PCR zur Verfügung. Die Therapie der unkomplizierten Grippe erfolgt meist symptomatisch, für schwere Verläufe besteht die Indikation zur antiviralen Therapie mit Oseltamivir oder Zanamivir. Die STIKO empfiehlt die jährliche Schutzimpfung für Risikogruppen.
Grippe‐Impfstoffe. Herstellung, Zulassung und Weiterentwicklung
Authors: Pfleiderer Michael
Published: February 2011

Influenza‐Impfstoffe sind seit vielen Jahrzehnten verfügbar. Ihr breiter Einsatz, der sich insbesondere auf die öffentlichen Impfempfehlungen stützt, hat sich jedoch erst in den letzten 15 bis 20 Jahren etabliert. Dies ist insbesondere aus den stetig steigenden Produktions‐ und Absatzzahlen ersichtlich. In dieser Zeit unterlag die Herstellung, Prüfung und Zulassung von Influenza‐Impfstoffen einer Reihe von bedeutenden Wandlungsprozessen, die in der Summe bewirkt haben, dass es jedes Jahr aufs Neue möglich ist, gut charakterisierte saisonale Influenza‐Impfstoffe rechtzeitig zur Verfügung zu stellen.

Vor diesem wissenschaftlichen und regulatorischen Hintergrund haben sich auch geeignete Mechanismen zur Herstellung und Produktion pandemischer Influenza‐Impfstoffe herausgebildet.

Bemerkenswert ist, dass Influenza‐Impfstoffe nach wie vor die einzige Virusimpfstoffklasse darstellen, die sich gegen höchst variable Erregerformen richtet. Die pharmazeutischen, logistischen und regulatorischen Hürden, die dabei zu meistern sind, wurden beschrieben. Als Konsequenz dieser Anstrengungen können Influenza‐Impfstoffe aller Art als höchst sichere Arzneimittel angesehen werden, deren Nutzen die möglichen Impfrisiken bei weitem überwiegt.

Aufbauend auf unserem heutigen Wissen werden in den kommenden Jahren neue Influenza‐Impfstoffe hinzukommen, z.B. basierend auf lebend attenuierten Impfstämmen oder mit neuen Adjuvanzien versehen, durch die eine noch breitere Anwendung möglich sein wird. Dies kann natürlich nur auf der Grundlage einer umfangreichen klinischen Charakterisierung geschehen. Im positiven Falle mag es eines Tages wirklich möglich sein saisonale und pandemische Influenza‐Aktivitäten umfassender zu kontrollieren als diese derzeit der Fall ist.
Grippeimpfstoff‐Herstellung in Hühnereiern. Der jährliche Zyklus
Authors: Neumeier Elisabeth
Published: February 2011

Die Zusammensetzung des aus drei Virusstämmen hergestellten Grippeimpfstoffs ändert sich jedes Jahr und wird zentral von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) festgelegt. Die WHO veröffentlicht im Februar die Empfehlung für die Zusammensetzung des Impfstoffs für die nördliche Hemisphäre. Von einem der WHO‐Referenzlabore werden die Referenzstämme für die Impfstoffherstellung bereitgestellt. Influenzaviren werden für die Mehrzahl der zugelassenen Grippe‐Impfstoffe zunächst in bebrüteten Hühnereiern vermehrt, dann geerntet, gereinigt, inaktiviert und zu Fertigimpfstoff verarbeitet. Vom Eingang der Referenzstämme bis zur Auslieferung des fertigen Grippe‐Impfstoffs stehen den Herstellern in der Regel sechs bis sieben Monate zur Verfügung.
Strategien für die Entwicklung neuartiger Grippemittel. Neue Wirkstoffstrategien gegen Influenzaviren
Authors: Steinmetzer Torsten
Published: February 2011

In den letzten Jahren wurden viele potentielle Targets für die Entwicklung neuer Grippemittel gefunden. Inzwischen sind einzelne Verbindungen in klinischer Entwicklung, für die Mehrzahl der Zielstrukturen wurden jedoch nur sporadisch erste Wirkstoffe beschrieben. Besonders bei den Verbindungen, die gegen virale Targets gerichtet sind, wird in der Regel eine mehr oder weniger stark ausgeprägte Spezifität für bestimmte Stämme beobachtet. Neben der geringen Wirksamkeit auf andere Stämme muss auch immer mit dem raschen Auftreten von Resistenzen gerechnet werden. Ein möglicher Ausweg könnte die Entwicklung alternativer Wirkstoffe gegen humane Zielstrukturen sein, die für die Replikation der Influenzaviren essentiell sind.
BAL30072 – ein Eisen‐komplexierendes β‐Lactam‐Antibiotikum gegen multiresistente Gram‐negative Bakterien
Authors: Schmitz Jens
Published: February 2011

Obwohl gerade bei den Gram‐negativen Bakterien in den letzten Jahren vermehrt Resistenzen auftreten, herrscht ein großer Mangel an neuen Antibiotika gegen diese Erregergruppe. Ende November 2010 gab Basilea Pharmaceutica bekannt, eine Phase‐I‐Studie des von ihnen entwickelten β‐Lactam‐Antibiotikums BAL30072 initiiert zu haben, das in In‐vitro‐Untersuchungen eine gute Aktivität gegen multiresistente Gram‐negative Bakterien aufweist.
Initial testing (stage 1) of the polyamine analog PG11047 by the pediatric preclinical testing program
Authors: Smith Malcolm A. , Maris John M. , Lock Richard , Kolb E. Anders , Gorlick Richard , Keir Stephen T. , Carol Hernan , Morton Christopher L. , Reynolds C. Patrick , Kang Min H. , Houghton Peter J.
Published: February 2011

Background

PG11047 is a novel conformationally restricted analog of the natural polyamine, spermine that lowers cellular endogenous polyamine levels and competitively inhibits natural polyamine functions leading to cancer cell growth inhibition. The activity of PG11047 was evaluated against the PPTP's in vitro and in vivo panels.

Procedures

PG11047 was evaluated against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96 hr exposure at concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 100 µM. It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 100 mg/kg administered by the intraperitoneal route weekly for 6 weeks.

Results

In vitro PG11047 demonstrated a concentration–response pattern consistent with cytostatic activity. The median EC50 for PG11047 was 71 nM. Cell lines of the Ewing sarcoma panel had a lower median EC50 value compared to the remaining cell lines in the panel, while cell lines of the neuroblastoma panel had a higher median EC50 value. In vivo PG11047 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 5 of 32 (15.6%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 0 of 7 (0%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. The single case of tumor regression occurred in an ependymoma xenograft.

Conclusions

Further pediatric development of PG11047 will require better defining a target population and identifying combinations for which there is a tumor‐selective cytotoxic effect. The regression observed for an ependymoma xenograft and the exquisite sensitivity of some Ewing sarcoma cell lines to the antiproliferative effects of PG11047 provide leads for further preclinical investigations. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 268–274. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Initial testing of lenalidomide by the pediatric preclinical testing program
Authors: Reynolds C. Patrick , Kang Min H. , Keir Stephen T. , Gorlick Richard , Kolb E. Anders , Lock Richard , Maris John M. , Carol Hernan , Morton Christopher L. , Billups Catherine A. , Smith Malcolm A. , Houghton Peter J.
Published: February 2011

Background

Lenalidomide, a novel immunomodulatory agent, is reported to modulate stem cell differentiation, and have direct antiproliferative activity as well as inhibit inflammation and hyperalgesia. On the basis of this varied pharmacological profile, lenalidomide is under investigation as a treatment for a range of oncologic indications.

Procedures

Lenalidomide was evaluated against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96‐hr exposure at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 10 µM. It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 30 mg/kg administered orally (PO) once daily for a planned for 6 weeks.

Results

In vitro activity was not observed at concentrations up to 10 µM. Lenalidomide was well tolerated, and induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 7 of 37 (18.9%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 0 of 8 (0%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. The best response in the solid tumor panel was PD2 [progressive disease with growth delay (EFS T/C > 1.5)], observed in 4 of 37 (10.8%) solid tumor xenografts. A single ALL xenograft showed a PD2 response.

Conclusions

Direct antiproliferative effects of lenalidomide were not observed in vitro. In vivo lenalidomide demonstrated low activity against tumors in immune‐deficient mice. Our results suggest that lenalidomide's utility in the pediatric clinical setting may depend upon its ability to induce antitumor activity through effects on host immune and stromal cells rather than through direct effects on tumor cells. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 606–611. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mediating effects of family functioning on psychosocial outcomes in healthy siblings of children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Gold Jeffrey I. , Treadwell Marsha , Weissman Lina , Vichinsky Elliott
Published: February 2011

Background

Children with siblings coping with chronic illness experience stresses and disruptions in daily life as families work together to care for the affected child. Research suggests that children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) may be at risk for adjustment problems, impaired psychosocial functioning, and reduced quality of life. These potential stressors affect the child with SCD as well as their caregivers and other family members. This study examined the role of family functioning on the psychosocial functioning of healthy siblings of children with SCD.

Procedure

Participants were 65 healthy African–American siblings of children with SCD with a mean age of 11.19 years (range: 7–16) and their primary caregiver. Caregivers completed questionnaires assessing family functioning and child adjustment including demographic surveys, the Family Relations Scale (FRS), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).

Results

Increased number of emergency room visits (β = −0.28, P < 0.05) predicted poor psychosocial adjustment in siblings. Family functioning mediated this effect (β = 0.27; P < 0.05). High levels of family expressiveness (total score, r = −0.34; P < 0.01), support (total score, r = −0.54; P = 0.001), and low levels of family conflict (total score, r = 0.41; P < 0.001) were associated with improved adjustment among healthy siblings of children with SCD.

Conclusions

Awareness of the possible negative psychosocial outcomes of living with a sister or a brother with SCD is important for clinicians. In particular, interventions that focus on family expressiveness, support, and conflict are indicated for this population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 1055–1061. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sickle cell disease in California: Sociodemographic predictors of emergency department utilization
Authors: Wolfson Julie A. , Schrager Sheree M. , Khanna Rachna , Coates Thomas D. , Kipke Michele D.
Published: February 2011

Background

Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) visit emergency departments (EDs) in rates leading to a significant health system burden. However, limited comprehensive evaluations of utilization patterns have been published using data connecting visits to patients across facilities. This study aims to examine sociodemographic predictors of ED utilization in SCD.

Procedure

This retrospective cohort study employed 2007 data from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD). Data included all ED encounters from California hospitals; identifiers connected each visit to an individual patient, across all facilities in the state. Multivariate regression techniques evaluated sociodemographic predictors of utilization while adjusting for confounding variables.

Results

In 2007, 2,920 California patients with SCD made 16,364 ED visits. Adults ≥21 years of age had higher ED visit rates than children and were more likely to both be in the highest tier of users and visit multiple facilities. Patients living further from a self‐identified provider of comprehensive SCD care had higher rates of ED visits and a lower likelihood of hospitalization from the ED. Publicly insured patients had higher rates of ED visits and were more likely to be in the highest tier of users than were the privately insured or uninsured.

Conclusions

Adulthood ≥21 years of age, distance from comprehensive SCD care, and insurance status are significant predictors of ED utilization in SCD. As a routine source of care decreases ED utilization, these findings prompt concern that these factors act as barriers to accessing comprehensive SCD care. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 66–73. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic on pediatric patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: George Alex , Benton Jennifer , Pratt Jesse , Kim Mi‐Ok , Kalinyak Karen A. , Kalfa Theodosia A. , Joiner Clinton H.
Published: February 2011

Background

Respiratory infections are associated with clinically significant illness in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was perceived as a significant threat to this population.

Methods

We undertook a chart review of all patients with SCD followed at our institution to identify those with confirmed H1N1 infection. Further chart and laboratory data was collected on affected patients to analyze clinical courses and the factors that correlated with disease severity.

Results

Approximately half of the patients with confirmed H1N1 infection were managed successfully on an outpatient basis with oseltamivir therapy. Among the patients admitted, the most common diagnosis was acute chest syndrome (ACS). Most admitted patients had uncomplicated clinical courses, with a median length of admission of 3 days and no mortality or requirement for mechanical ventilation. A past history of ACS or reactive airway disease correlated with a higher rate of admission and of ACS incidence during the acute illness. Chronic transfusion therapy or hydroxyurea therapy with high hemoglobin F levels had a strong inverse correlation with incidence of ACS.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that that in general the impact of the H1N1 influenza pandemic on patients with SCD was mild but that past clinical history correlated with the severity of illness. Additionally, effective hydroxyurea therapy and chronic transfusion therapy appeared to be protective against the incidence of ACS. Our results suggest guidelines for the management of patients with SCD during future influenza pandemics as well as during seasonal influenza epidemics. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 648–653. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Association of minor congenital anomalies and childhood cancer
Authors: Durmaz Asude , Durmaz Burak , Kadioglu Bengu , Aksoylar Serap , Karapinar Deniz , Koturoglu Guldane , Orman Mehmet N. , Ozkinay Ferda , Cogulu Ozgur
Published: February 2011

Background

Although the association of some congenital malformations and specific genetic syndromes is well understood, the association between minor anomalies and cancer is not well known. In recent years some researchers have reported studies establishing this association in different types of cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence and patterns of age‐independent minor anomalies in childhood cancer patients.

Procedure

Two hundred patients with various types of cancer and 200 healthy controls were examined by two different medical geneticists for minor anomalies who evaluated all the cases and controls simultaneously. Besides minor anomalies, information on the consanguinity between the parents and occurrence of cancer in relatives were also recorded. The types of minor anomalies in different types of cancer, the number of minor anomalies in patients and controls, the association between cancer and the occurrence of different types of minor anomalies were also evaluated.

Results

The consanguinity and the history of cancer in relatives were significantly more prevalent in patients (P = 0.04 and P < 0.001, respectively). The number of minor anomalies in patients were significantly higher compared to the controls (P < 0.01). Particularly, the presence of hypertelorism, high‐arched palate (approximately 40‐fold higher, 95% CI: 12.895–125.037) and hand‐foot anomalies were found to be more prevalent in patients having cancer compared to the controls.

Conclusion

The common pathways during the embryogenesis may play a role in the development of cancer. The presence and the combination of minor anomalies seem to be associated with a higher prevalence of cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:1098–1102. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mussel‐mimetic tissue adhesive for fetal membrane repair: a standardized ex vivo evaluation using elastomeric membranes
Authors: Haller C. M. , Buerzle W. , Brubaker C. E. , Messersmith P. B. , Mazza E. , Ochsenbein‐Koelble N. , Zimmermann R. , Ehrbar M.
Published: February 2011

Objective

Iatrogenic preterm premature rupture of membranes (iPPROM), the main complication of invasive interventions in the prenatal period, seriously limits the benefit of diagnostic or surgical prenatal procedures. This study aimed to evaluate preventive plugging of punctured fetal membranes in an ex vivo situation using a new mussel‐mimetic tissue adhesive (mussel glue) to inhibit leakage.

Methods

A novel biomechanical test device that tests the closure of injured membranes under near‐physiological conditions was used. Mussel glue, a poly(ethylene glycol)‐based hydrogel, was used to seal membrane defects of up to 3 mm in mechanically well‐defined elastomeric membranes with three different degrees of stiffness.

Results

Elastomeric test membranes were successfully employed for testing mussel glue under well‐defined conditions. Mussel glue plugs were distended by up to 94%, which translated to an improved sealing efficiency on elastomeric membranes with high stiffness. For the stiffest membrane tested, a critical burst pressure of 48 mbar (36 mmHg) was accomplished in this ex vivo setting.

Conclusions

Mussel glue appears to efficiently seal membrane defects under well‐standardized ex vivo conditions. As repaired membranes resist pressures measured in amniotic cavities, mussel glue might represent a novel sealing method for iatrogenic membrane defects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.