bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tree stem bases are sources of CH4and N2O in a tropical forest on upland soil during the dry to wet season transition
Authors: Welch Bertie , Gauci Vincent , Sayer Emma J.
Published: October 2018

Tropical forests on upland soils are assumed to be a methane (CH4) sink and a weak source of nitrous oxide (N2O), but studies of wetland forests have demonstrated that tree stems can be a substantial source of CH4, and recent evidence from temperate woodlands suggests that tree stems can also emit N2O. Here, we measured CH4and N2O fluxes from the soil and from tree stems in a semi‐evergreen tropical forest on upland soil. To examine the influence of seasonality, soil abiotic conditions and substrate availability (litter inputs) on trace greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, we conducted our study during the transition from the dry to the wet season in a long‐term litter manipulation experiment in Panama, Central America. Trace GHG fluxes were measured from individual stem bases of two common tree species and from soils beneath the same trees. Soil CH4fluxes varied from uptake in the dry season to minor emissions in the wet season. Soil N2O fluxes were negligible during the dry season but increased markedly after the start of the wet season. By contrast, tree stem bases emitted CH4and N2O throughout the study. Although we observed no clear effect of litter manipulation on trace GHG fluxes, tree species and litter treatments interacted to influence CH4fluxes from stems and N2O fluxes from stems and soil, indicating complex relationships between tree species traits and decomposition processes that can influence trace GHG dynamics. Collectively, our results show that tropical trees can act as conduits for trace GHGs that most likely originate from deeper soil horizons, even when they are growing on upland soils. Coupled with the finding that the soils may be a weaker sink for CH4than previously thought, our research highlights the need to reappraise trace gas budgets in tropical forests.
The Traffic Light of Headache: Simplifying Acute Migraine Management for Physicians and Patients Using the Canadian Headache Society Guidelines
Authors: Marissa Lagman‐Bartolome Ana , Lay Christine
Published: October 2018

Migraine is a disabling neurological condition and it is well described that early treatment is more effective and less likely to lead to headache recurrence. While it would seem intuitive for a migraine sufferer to treat early, despite well‐established guidelines by the Canadian Headache Society, many sufferers continue to treat late. As a result, acute therapy is less effective, resulting in higher associated disability and a longer lasting attack. Pain scales can help patients determine how to treat; however, we propose a simple, easily recalled traffic light system to help patients determine which drug to use based upon how they feel. The traffic light system is based on the associated disability of the migraine attack, with green being a “I can still go” headache, a yellow being a “I have to slow down” headache, and a red being a “I have to stop” headache. The traffic light system leads to earlier more effective treatment with a reduction in migraine‐associated disability.
Barriers to Behavioral Treatment Adherence for Headache: An Examination of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Psychiatric Factors
Authors: Matsuzawa Yuka , Lee Yuen Shan Christine , Fraser Felicia , Langenbahn Donna , Shallcross Amanda , Powers Scott , Lipton Richard , Simon Naomi , Minen Mia
Published: October 2018

Background/Objectives

Nonpharmacological interventions, such as biofeedback, cognitive behavioral therapy, and relaxation techniques are Level‐A evidence‐based treatments for headache. The impact of these interventions is often equivalent to or greater than pharmacological interventions, with fewer side effects. Despite such evidence, the rate of participation in nonpharmacological interventions for headache remains low. Once obstacles to optimizing use of behavioral interventions, such as local access to nonpharmacological treatment and primary headache providers are traversed, identification of barriers contributing to low adherence is imperative given the high levels of disability and cost associated with treating headache disorders. In this review of factors in adults associated with underuse of nonpharmacological interventions, we discuss psychological factors relevant to participation in nonpharmacological treatment, including attitudes and beliefs, motivation for change, awareness of triggers, locus of control, self‐efficacy, acceptance, coping styles, personality traits, and psychiatric comorbidities associated with treatment adherence. Finally, future prospects and approaches to optimizing treatment matching and minimizing adherence issues are addressed.

Methods

An interdisciplinary team conducted this narrative review. Neuropsychologists conducted a literature search during the month of July 2017 using a combination of the keywords (“headache” or “migraine”) and (“adherence” or “compliance”) or “barriers to treatment” or various “psychological factors” discussed in this narrative review. Content experts, a psychiatrist, and a complementary and integrative health specialist provided additional commentary and input to this narrative review resulting in integration of additional noteworthy studies, book chapters and books.

Results

Various psychological factors, such as attitudes and beliefs, lack of motivation, poor awareness of triggers, external locus of control, poor self‐efficacy, low levels of acceptance, and engagement in maladaptive coping styles can contribute to nonadherence.

Conclusions

To maximize adherence, clinicians can assess and address an individual’s level of treatment acceptance, beliefs that may present as barriers, readiness for change, locus of control, self‐efficacy and psychiatric comorbidities. Identification of barriers to adherence as well as the application of relevant assessment and intervention techniques have the potential to facilitate adherence and ultimately improve treatment success.
Dental general anaesthetic pre‐assessments completed by a specialist—does it change patient outcomes? A UK‐based study
Authors: Brown Lucy , Kenny Kate , O'Sullivan Elizabeth
Published: October 2018

Background

In the United Kingdom, assessments for dental general anaesthetics (DGA), completed by a Specialist in Paediatric Dentistry, are purported to be the gold standard.

Aim

To evaluate the outcome of dental assessments completed by a Specialist in Paediatric Dentistry after a referral for an exodontia DGA by the patients’ General Dental Practitioner (GDP).

Design

Six hundred and forty‐two sets of notes were reviewed from patients referred for exodontia DGA at a community dental service in the United Kingdom. Information was gathered regarding patients’ oral health and the treatment they had received at three key points; at initial assessment by the Specialist in Paediatric dentistry, hypothetically if the GDPs treatment plan had been followed, and following specialist assessment and treatment.

Results

Statistically significant differences were found in the dental assessment and the subsequent treatment children received between GDP plans and specialist plans. Proposed exodontia plans were changed by the specialist in 85% of cases, with more than 12% of the sample avoiding the need for a DGA.

Conclusions

An assessment by a Specialist in Paediatric Dentistry prior to an exodontia GA significantly changed the outcome for patients. Further work is required to investigate whether there is any long‐term effect of specialist DGA assessment on oral health.
Review of a recently delineated longitudinal lesion of the nail: onychopapilloma
Authors: Haneke E.
Published: October 2018

Linked article: This is a commentary on C. Delvaux et al., pp. 2025–2030 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15037
Professional soccer and skin temperature
Authors: Pfab F.
Published: October 2018

Linked article: This is a commentary on D. Rodriguez‐Sanz et al., pp. 2020–2024 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14966
Laboratory workflow to obtain long‐term injected resin composite interim restorations from an additive manufactured esthetic diagnostic template
Authors: Piedra Cascón Wenceslao , Parra Nuñez Alberto , Charlén Díez Ignacio , Revilla‐León Marta
Published: October 2018

Objective

An analogue and digital workflow for the fabrication of a diagnostic 3D printed polymer template and its duplication for long‐term injected composite resin interim restorations is described, because of the lack of scientific evidence in 3‐dimensional (3D) printing applied to dentistry in terms of printer technology, printer parameters, postpolymerization processes, and material characteristics. In addition, in the case of 3D printed temporary resins, they cannot be relined successfully and its mechanical properties in the mouth have not been tested yet.

Conclusions

The main benefits of this approach relate to the improvement of clinical and laboratory procedures, as conventional waxing is eliminated, conventional master casts are not needed and the process is entirely automatized, improving the workflow, with minimal intervention of the laboratory technician.

Clinical Significance

The additive manufactured diagnostic template represents the materialization of the digital diagnostic waxing and provides a powerful tool to visualize the digital diagnostic waxing in the patient's mouth and face. Furthermore, the diagnostic 3D printed template can be used for multiple applications including interim restorations, radiographical, or surgical guide fabrication. The duplication technique described provides a predictable workflow to obtain long‐term injected resin composite restorations from an additive manufactured esthetic diagnostic template, improving the laboratory and chairside procedures.
The One step‐No prep technique: A straightforward and minimally invasive approach for full‐mouth rehabilitation of worn dentition using polymer‐infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) CAD‐CAM prostheses
Authors: Mainjot Amélie Karine Jacques
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To introduce a novel approach for full‐mouth rehabilitation of severely worn dentition using polymer‐infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) computer‐aided‐design and manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) restorations, without tooth tissue preparation and provisional phase.

Clinical considerations

Three patients with generalized tooth wear, suffering from dental pain, masticatory dysfunction, bruxism and neck and back pain, were selected and treated in collaboration with physiotherapists. Occlusal analyses were performed and full‐mouth diagnostic wax‐ups were designed on the basis of estimated tissue loss. Deficient direct restorations were replaced and low‐thickness PICN (Vita Enamic) restorations (up to 0.2 mm) were CAD‐CAM designed from wax‐ups, milled, tried‐in and then bonded within two consecutive days. To mask palatal veneers, either buccal direct composites or glass‐ceramic veneers were later performed. An occlusal splint was realized. Clinical results were shown to be successful after a follow‐up of 22, 18, and 13 months, respectively. The absence of provisional phase did not engender any inconveniences. Patient reported outcomes were very positive, showing a reduction in neck and back pain and a well‐being increase.

Conclusion

The proposed protocol is particularly minimally invasive and straightforward compared to classical techniques. PICNs exhibit several advantages compared to other materials. Preliminary results of this multidisciplinary approach are promising but deserve further clinical research.

Clinical significance

The development of CAD‐CAM technologies offers the possibility of improving treatment of severe worn dentition, reducing chairtime and need of tooth tissue preparation, and introducing a new class of composite materials (hybrid ceramics), which exhibit interesting properties for this indication. The influence of the proposed multidisciplinary approach, particularly the collaboration with physiotherapists, needs to be further explored with respect to treatment of associated symptoms, such as masticatory muscles hypertrophy and neck pain.
A review on chemical composition, mechanical properties, and manufacturing work flow of additively manufactured current polymers for interim dental restorations
Authors: Revilla‐León Marta , Meyers Matthew J. , Zandinejad Amirali , Özcan Mutlu
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies can be used to fabricate 3D‐printed interim dental restorations. The aim of this review is to report the manufacturing workflow, its chemical composition, and the mechanical properties that may support their clinical application.

Overview

These new 3D‐printing provisional materials are typically composed of monomers based on acrylic esters or filled hybrid material. The most commonly used AM methods to manufacture dental provisional restorations are stereolithography (SLA) and material jetting (MJ) technologies. To the knowledge of the authors, there is no published article that analyzes the chemical composition of these new 3D‐printing materials. Because of protocol disparities, technology selected, and parameters of the printers and material used, it is notably difficult to compare mechanical properties results obtained in different studies.

Conclusions

Although there is a growing demand for these high‐tech restorations, additional information regarding the chemical composition and mechanical properties of these new provisional printed materials is required.

Clinical Significance

Additive manufacturing technologies are a current option to fabricate provisional dental restorations; however, there is very limited information regarding its chemical composition and mechanical properties that may support their clinical application.
The effect of position change on vital signs, back pain and vascular complications following percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Mert Boğa Selda , Öztekin Seher Deniz
Published: October 2018

Aims and objectives

To determine the effect of position change that is applied after percutaneous coronary intervention on vital signs, back pain and vascular complications.

Background

In order to minimise the postprocedural complications, patients are restricted to prolonged bed rest that is always accompanied by back pain and haemodynamic instability.

Design

Randomised‐controlled quasi‐experimental study.

Methods

The study sample chosen for this study included 200 patients who visited a hospital in Turkey between July 2014–November 2014. Patients were divided into two groups by randomisation. Patients in the control group (CG, n = 100) were put in a supine position, in which the head of the bed (HOB) was elevated to 15°, the patient's leg on the side of the intervention was kept straight and immobile; positional change was applied to patients in the experimental group (EG, n = 100).

Results

After the procedure in the EG, the systolic blood pressure (T4–T6), the rate of postprocedural vascular complications (1%) and the back pain scores were significantly lower (between T5–T6) than the CG, also, the back pain was the lowest level in the standard fowler's position in the 6th hr wherein the HOB was elevated by 45–60°.

Conclusions

It was found that systolic blood pressure and back pain were at the lowest levels in the standard fowler's position in the 6th hr after the procedure when the HOB was elevated 45–60° and the result was clinically significant and the position change decreased back pain without causing any vascular complications.

Relevance to clinical practice

Low fowler's position was applied in which HOB was elevated 15–30° and standard fowler's position was applied in which the HOB was elevated 45–60° could be safe and applicable in patients by nurses after the procedure.
The synergistic effect of NOD2 and TLR4 on the activation of autophagy in human submandibular gland inflammation
Authors: Li Jiajie , Li Bo , Cheng Yong , Meng Qingong , Wei Lili , Li Wei , Zhang Jiali , Huang Shengfu
Published: October 2018

Background

Sialadenitis is a nonneoplastic disease that causes salivary dysfunction. Autophagy may be involved in helping protect salivary function when the salivary gland is impaired; this process is primarily activated by sensors of innate immunity, such as Toll‐like receptors and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors. The role of these pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the regulation of salivary gland tissue defense and homeostasis has been underappreciated. This study hypothesized that NOD2 and TLR4 have a synergistic effect on the activation of autophagy in human submandibular gland (HSG) inflammation.

Methods

Submandibular gland inflammation was modeled by treating HSG cell lines in vitro with muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hours. The mRNA and protein expression of NOD2, TLR4 and autophagy‐related proteins (ATG5, LC3, Beclin1) were evaluated by real‐time PCR and Western blot. Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence were used to analyze the presence, distribution and colocalization of the aforementioned indicators in HSG tissues.

Result

The mRNA and protein expression of autophagy‐related proteins were significantly increased in HSG cells costimulated with LPS and MDP for 24 hours. NOD2, TLR4 and the autophagy‐related proteins were also highly expressed in residual acini and dilated ducts of chronic submandibular sialadenitis tissues. In addition, PRRs and autophagy markers were obviously colocalized in chronic submandibular sialadenitis tissues and HSG cells.

Conclusion

TLR4 and NOD2 have unique expression sites in salivary glands, and they may synergistically activate autophagy in salivary glands under conditions of inflammation.
Influence of Communicative Openness on the Psychological Adjustment of Internationally Adopted Adolescents
Authors: Aramburu Alegret Inés , Pérez‐Testor Carles , Mercadal Rotger Josep , Salamero Baró Manel , Davins Pujols Montse , Mirabent Junyent Vinyet , Aznar Martínez Berta , Brodzinsky David
Published: October 2018

This study evaluated the predictive relationship between the communicative openness and psychological adjustment of adopted adolescents, controlling for preplacement risk factors. One hundred Spanish international adoptees aged 12–18 took part in the study. Data were gathered with a structured interview, the Youth Self Report and the Adoption Communication Scale. A history of maltreatment prior to the adoption was associated with more closed communication between parents and children. Prenatal drug exposure shows a relationship with the presence of externalizing behaviors and attention problems in adolescents. Finally, a lower degree of communicative openness regarding the child's origins was significantly associated with the presence of all the adolescent behavioral problems studied.
Crossmodal contributions to the perception of piquancy/spiciness
Authors: Spence Charles
Published: October 2018

The last 500 years or so has seen a phenomenal increase of interest in piquant/spicy food around the world. In this review, the latest research documenting the crossmodal influences on the perception of oral piquancy/spiciness that have been established to date are summarized: Everything from the color of the foodstuff through the color of the plateware on which that food is served has been found to influence both the expected and experienced piquancy/spiciness of food. Furthermore, certain musical parameters have also been shown to enhance the perceived piquancy of the food in a restaurant setting. By contrast, spicy smells have not, as yet, attracted anything like as much research interest from the scientific community. Intriguingly, many of the crossmodal influences on piquancy/spiciness that have been documented to date appear to be more pronounced when the actual experience on tasting the food is close to the preconsumption expectations. And while many of the crossmodal effects in this area appear to mirror those found previously for basic taste and flavor stimuli, there is a sense in which the broader range of intensities of sensation experienced in relation to chili/capsaicin may mean that crossmodal influences are somewhat different in this case.

Practical applications

Piquancy/spiciness is a highly desirable food attribute. In fact, chiles are eaten by one in four of us every day. As yet, however, it has not attracted anything like the research interest that the basic tastes have. This review draws attention to the multisensory factors (including color, sound, etc.) that have recently been shown to modulate the experienced piquancy/spiciness of a dish. Given its widespread appeal, gaining a better understanding of this most desirable of oral sensations is likely to benefit food providers.
Exploring the decision component of the Activation‐Decision‐Construction‐Action Theory for different reasons to deceive
Authors: Cassidy Hannah , Wyman Joshua , Talwar Victoria , Akehurst Lucy
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To explore how reasons to lie impact upon the decision component of Activation‐Decision‐Construction‐Action Theory.

Design

Specifically, the study looked at how beneficiary of the lie (self vs. another) and additional cost of lying (no cost vs. cost to self/other) might influence decisions to lie.

Methods

Ninety‐one undergraduate students read four hypothetical scenarios representing the four reasons to lie. They stated whether they would decide to tell the truth/lie for each scenario and also estimated the probability and valence of being believed, or not, if they did decide to tell the truth/lie. These estimations were inputted into the ADCAT formulae.

Results

Higher expected values of truth‐telling only reduced likelihood to decide to lie when the lie benefitted another. Beneficiary of the lie and additional cost together did not moderate any of the relationships between the ADCAT variables and hypothetical decisions to lie. However, the additional cost (e.g., to self or another) was a significant predictor of anticipated lying behaviour. The more likely there was a cost to self or other, the less likely the participants were to decide to lie.

Conclusions

Weighing up the expected cost and benefits of truth‐telling and lying was associated with hypothetical decisions to lie or not. However, other variables, such as additional cost to self or another, should be considered in the ADCAT model to extend our understanding of this decision‐making process. Future research is required to investigate whether these relationships can be manipulated to promote honesty and deter deceit.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage in biliary strictures after liver transplantation: Long‐term outcome predictors and influence on patient survival
Authors: Heinemann Melina , Tafrishi Bita , Pischke Sven , Fischer Lutz , Rösch Thomas , Lohse Ansgar W. , Sterneck Martina , Denzer Ulrike W.
Published: October 2018

Background & Aims

Biliary strictures are common complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography evolved as standard and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage as alternative therapy. This study analysed predictors of long‐term success of biliary strictures after endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and/or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage and its impact on patient survival.

Methods

All adult patients with biliary strictures receiving endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and/or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage between 2009 and 2015 at the University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf were retrospectively analysed. Potential predictors of long‐term success (≥12 months) were identified by univariate and logistic regression analyses. Patient survival was analysed by Kaplan‐Meier method and log‐rank test.

Results

Hundred and sixteen patients were treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and/or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage, including 67 patients with anastomotic strictures, 22 with nonanastomotic strictures and 27 with both stricture types. Eighty‐five patients received endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, 17 percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage and 14 both techniques. Long‐term success was achieved in 60 patients (52%). Predictors of treatment failure were a preinterventional C‐reactive protein >8 g/dL in anastomotic strictures (P = 0.039) and a body mass index ≤21 kg/m2 in nonanastomotic strictures (P = 0.021). In patients who received endoscopic retrograde cholangiography only, balloon dilatation of anastomotic strictures with larger diameters favoured success (P = 0.015). Achievement of long‐term success was associated with prolonged patient survival in anastomotic strictures (P = 0.036) and nonanastomotic strictures (P = 0.025), but not in combined strictures (P = 0.739).

Conclusion

In post‐orthotopic liver transplantation biliary strictures treated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and/or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage, patient BMI and preinterventional C‐reactive protein may influence prognosis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with larger balloon diameter may favour success in anastomotic strictures. Long‐term success by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and/or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage is associated with superior survival in patients with anastomotic strictures and nonanastomotic strictures only.
Concurrent wasting and stunting among under‐five children in Niakhar, Senegal
Authors: Garenne Michel , Myatt Mark , Khara Tanya , Dolan Carmel , Briend André
Published: October 2018

The study describes the patterns of concurrent wasting and stunting (WaSt) among children age 6–59 months living in the 1980s in Niakhar, a rural area of Senegal under demographic surveillance. Wasting and stunting were defined by z scores lower than −2 in weight for height and height for age. Both conditions were found to be highly prevalent, wasting more so before age 30 months, stunting more so after age 30 months. As a result, concurrent WaSt peaked around age 18 months and its prevalence (6.2%) was primarily the product of the two conditions, with an interaction term of 1.57 (p < 10−6). The interaction was due to the correlation between both conditions (more stunting if wasted, more wasting if stunted). Before age 30 months, boys were more likely to be concurrently wasted and stunted than girls (RR = 1.61), but the sex difference disappeared after 30 months of age. The excess susceptibility of younger boys could not be explained by muscle mass or fat mass measured by arm or muscle circumference, triceps, or subscapular skinfold. Concurrent WaSt was a strong risk factor for child mortality, and its effect was the product of the independent effect of each component, with no significant interaction.
Contact call diversity in natural beluga entrapments in an Arctic estuary: Preliminary evidence of vocal signatures in wild belugas
Authors: Vergara Valeria , Mikus Marie‐Ana
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Broadband, pulsed contact calls have been described for captive and temporarily restrained belugas, but little information exists on their usage in the wild. We examined vocal production during 14 natural beluga entrapments in a shallow channel in Cunningham Inlet, as isolation events offer ideal contexts to study contact calls. Drone footage, overhead photos, and shore‐based photos confirmed the number of individuals and age composition in each entrapment. Contact calls comprised the majority (61%) of vocalizations produced by entrapped whales compared to the free‐ranging herd (10%). We divided contact calls into complex (80%), those with a stereotyped, spectrographically prominent component overlapping the pulse train that characterizes all beluga contact calls, and simple (20%), those with no overlapping component. For each entrapment, we generated a catalogue of complex contact call types, totaling 87 types. Our classification was corroborated both quantitatively and by 55 naïve human judges. Occasional instances of overlapping contact calls of the same type indicated dyadic production. The number of contact call types per entrapment was strongly related to (never exceeding) the number of individuals, excluding neonates. Although this suggests a system of vocal signatures in belugas, consistent with their fission‐fusion society and earlier findings, whether signature identity is encoded individually or shared with related animals remains unknown.
Examination of relationships between stable isotopes and cortisol concentrations along the length of phocid whiskers
Authors: Karpovich Shawna A. , Skinner John P. , Kapronczai Luciene A. , Smith Justin A. , Janz David M.
Published: October 2018

Alaskan seals are found in remote and sometimes inaccessible locations, making it difficult to collect time‐series information. This study explores a novel method to examine temporal changes in diet and physiological status of ringed (Pusa hispida), spotted (Phoca largha), and harbor (Phoca vitulina) seals using cortisol concentrations and δ15N and δ13C stable isotopes (SIs) measured in serial sections of whiskers. As whiskers grow, whisker tissue is deposited sequentially making these measurements temporally aligned. Whisker cortisol presented in a distinct pattern with elevated concentrations at the root section followed by a curvilinear decline moving toward the tip of most whiskers. Comparing SIs at the root to the rest of the whiskers, δ13C values were slightly lower in ringed and harbor seal whiskers and δ15N values were slightly higher in harbor seal whiskers. The data were modeled controlling for the observed trends in cortisol concentrations and further associations between cortisol concentrations and SIs were detected in spotted and harbor seal whiskers. Additional research examining the source and stability of whisker cortisol is warranted. However, the methods presented here demonstrate that whiskers could prove valuable to gather long‐term and naturally aligned dietary and physiological information.
CO2 enrichment and soil type additively regulate grassland productivity
Authors: Polley H. Wayne , Aspinwall Michael J. , Collins Harold P. , Gibson Anne E. , Gill Richard A. , Jackson Robert B. , Jin Virginia L. , Khasanova Albina R. , Reichmann Lara G. , Fay Philip A.
Published: October 2018

Atmospheric CO2 enrichment usually increases the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of grassland vegetation, but the magnitude of the ANPP–CO2 response differs among ecosystems. Soil properties affect ANPP via multiple mechanisms and vary over topographic to geographic gradients, but have received little attention as potential modifiers of the ANPP–CO2 response.

We assessed the effects of three soil types, sandy loam, silty clay and clay, on the ANPP response of perennial C3/C4 grassland communities to a subambient to elevated CO2 gradient over 10 yr in Texas, USA. We predicted an interactive, rather than additive, effect of CO2 and soil type on ANPP.

Contrary to prediction, CO2 and soil additively influenced grassland ANPP. Increasing CO2 by 250 μl l−1 increased ANPP by 170 g m−2 across soil types. Increased clay content from 10% to 50% among soils reduced ANPP by 50 g m−2. CO2 enrichment increased ANPP via a predominant direct effect, accompanied by a smaller indirect effect mediated by a successional shift to increased dominance of the C4 tallgrass Sorghastrum nutans.

Our results indicate a large, positive influence of CO2 enrichment on grassland productivity that resulted from the direct physiological benefits of CO2 augmented by species succession, and was expressed similarly across soils of differing physical properties.
Not all ‘pine cones’ flex: functional trade‐offs and the evolution of seed release mechanisms
Authors: Losada Juan M. , Blanco‐Moure Nuria , Leslie Andrew B.
Published: October 2018

Seed dispersal is critical for plants, but the evolution of mechanisms that actually release seeds from their parents is not well understood. We use the reproductive cones of conifers, specifically the Pinaceae clade, to explore the factors driving the evolution of different release mechanisms in plants.

We combine comparative anatomical and phylogenetic analyses to test whether fundamental trade‐offs in the mechanical and hydraulic properties of vasculature underlie the evolution of two seed release mechanisms: cone scale flexion and cone scale shedding. We then test whether these mechanisms are linked with differences in seed size, dispersal syndrome and reproductive allocation.

Cone scale xylem in flexing species is tough, but poorly conductive. Xylem in shedding species is less extensive, fragile and highly conductive; its thin‐walled tracheids allow scales to easily fracture at maturity. Shedding is also consistently associated with large, densely packed seeds.

Pinaceae cones exploit a well‐known trade‐off in xylem mechanical strength vs hydraulic efficiency to generate release mechanisms that allow seeds of various sizes to leave the protecting cone. The linkage among release mechanisms, vascular anatomy and seed traits illustrates how a wide variety of selective pressures may influence the function and physiology of reproductive structures.
Adding rooms onto a house we love: Central banking after the global financial crisis
Authors: Johnson Juliet , Arel‐Bundock Vincent , Portniaguine Vladislav
Published: October 2018

This article examines the extent to which central bankers have been willing and able to rethink their beliefs about monetary policy in the wake of the global financial crisis. We show that despite the upheaval, the core pre‐crisis monetary policy paradigm remains relatively intact: central bankers believe that they should primarily pursue price stability through targeting a low inflation rate in a transparent manner, and that they need operational independence in order to achieve this goal. In a bid to address post‐crisis conditions and maintain their credibility, however, central bankers have also layered new elements onto this paradigmatic core. We document both the resilience of pre‐crisis beliefs and the process of layering using computer‐assisted text analysis and qualitative analysis of 13,586 speeches given between 1997 and 2017 by central bankers from around the world.
Exome sequencing in families with severe mental illness identifies novel and rare variants in genes implicated in Mendelian neuropsychiatric syndromes
Authors: Ganesh Suhas , Ahmed P. Husayn , Nadella Ravi K. , More Ravi P. , Seshadri Manasa , Viswanath Biju , Rao Mahendra , Jain Sanjeev ,   The ADBS Consortium, Mukherjee Odity
Published: October 2018

Aim

Severe mental illnesses (SMI), such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, are highly heritable, and have a complex pattern of inheritance. Genome‐wide association studies detect a part of the heritability, which can be attributed to common genetic variation. Examination of rare variants with next‐generation sequencing may add to the understanding of the genetic architecture of SMI.

Methods

We analyzed 32 ill subjects from eight multiplex families and 33 healthy individuals using whole‐exome sequencing. Prioritized variants were selected by a three‐step filtering process, which included: deleteriousness by fivein silicoalgorithms; sharing within families by affected individuals; rarity in South Asian sample estimated using the Exome Aggregation Consortium data; and complete absence of these variants in control individuals from the same gene pool.

Results

We identified 42 rare, non‐synonymous deleterious variants (~5 per pedigree) in this study. None of the variants were shared across families, indicating a ‘private’ mutational profile. Twenty (47.6%) of the variant harboring genes were previously reported to contribute to the risk of diverse neuropsychiatric syndromes, nine (21.4%) of which were of Mendelian inheritance. These included genes carrying novel deleterious variants, such as theGRM1gene implicated in spinocerebellar ataxia 44 and theNIPBLgene implicated in Cornelia de Lange syndrome.

Conclusion

Next‐generation sequencing approaches in family‐based studies are useful to identify novel and rare variants in genes for complex disorders like SMI. The findings of the study suggest a potential phenotypic burden of rare variants in Mendelian disease genes, indicating pleiotropic effects in the etiology of SMI.
Abscisic acid promotes root system development in birch tissue culture: a comparison to aspen culture and conventional rooting‐related growth regulators
Authors: Vaičiukynė Miglė , Žiauka Jonas , Žūkienė Rasa , Vertelkaitė Lidija , Kuusienė Sigutė
Published: October 2018

The research aim was to assess the effects of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and the growth regulator paclobutrazol (PBZ) on root system development during the in vitro culture of different birch and aspen genotypes. The studied genotypes involved two aspen (Populus tremula and Populus tremuloides × P. tremula) and two silver birch (Betula pendula) trees, with one of the birches characterized by its inability to root in vitro. For experiments, apical shoot segments were cultured on nutrient medium enriched with either ABA or PBZ. Additionally, the analysis of the endogenous hormones in shoots developed on hormone‐free medium was conducted by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The endogenous concentration of auxin indole‐3‐acetic acid was much higher in the aspens than that in the birches, while the highest concentration of ABA was found in the root‐forming birch. The culturing of this birch genotype on medium enriched with ABA resulted in an increased root length and a higher number of lateral roots without any negative effect on either shoot growth or adventitious root (AR) formation, although these two processes were largely inhibited by ABA in the aspens. Meanwhile, PBZ promoted AR formation in both aspen and birch cultures but impaired secondary root formation and shoot growth in birches. These results suggest the use of ABA for the in vitro rooting of birches and PBZ for the rooting of aspens.
How transparent film applied on dermatologic imaging devices in order to prevent infections affects image quality?
Authors: Cinotti Elisa , Campoli Marco , Pataia Giacomo , Ouerdane Youcef , Thuret Gilles , Gain Philippe , Tognetti Linda , Perrot Jean Luc , Rubegni Pietro
Published: October 2018

Background

In the clinical practice, transparent films are used as sterile interfaces in in vivo dermatologic imaging in order to prevent the transmissions of infections. However, in our experience, the use of a transparent film can alter skin images. Our study aimed to compare the optical quality of a series of different plastic films used as interfaces in order to understand if some might be more suitable for imaging.

Materials and methods

We tested the optical properties of 11 different protective transparent films that are marketed in France with a transparency meter and a spectrophotometer.

Results

Transmission, minimal diffusion, amount of gray, and contrast were obtained for each transparent film. Transmission ranged from 93.24% to 96.88% (mean 95.36; standard deviation SD 1.02), minimal diffusion from 88.28% to 123.87% (mean 101.04; standard deviation SD 10.02) and contrast from 11.01 to 15.88 (mean 13.93 and SD 1.3). For some films, the transmission was lower at lower wavelengths.

Conclusion

All tested films had excellent optical properties. However, some of them had better optical qualities and seemed more suitable for their use in dermatologic imaging.
How Good Is Your Evidence and How Would You Know?
Authors: Hahn Ulrike , Merdes Christoph , von Sydow Momme
Published: October 2018

This paper examines the basic question of how we can come to form accurate beliefs about the world when we do not fully know how good or bad our evidence is. Here, we show, using simulations with otherwise optimal agents, the cost of misjudging the quality of our evidence. We compare different strategies for correctly estimating that quality, such as outcome‐ and expectation‐based updating. We also identify conditions under which misjudgment of evidence quality can nevertheless lead to accurate beliefs, as well as those conditions where no strategy will help. These results indicate both where people will nevertheless succeed and where they will fail when information quality is degraded.
Initial Validation of the Teacher-Created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire in Physical Education
Authors: Milton Daniel , Appleton Paul R. , Bryant Anna , Duda Joan L.
Published: October 2018

Purpose: Guided by Duda’s hierarchical conceptualization of the motivational climate that draws from self-determination and achievement goal theories, this study provides initial evidence of the psychometric properties of the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire in physical education (EDMCQ-PE). Method: Questionnaire based with two samples of Welsh secondary school pupils. Results: Exploratory structural equation modeling provided a better fit of the data to the hypothesized model than confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, a two-factor composite (i.e., empowering and disempowering) lower-order model provided an acceptable fit and clear parameter estimates. This two-factor model also demonstrated scalar gender measurement invariance. Discussion: The evidence from this study suggests the EDMCQ-PE is a promising scale for the assessment of secondary school pupils’ perceptions of the empowering and disempowering features of the motivational climate created by their physical education teachers. Conclusion: Moving forward, the statistical approach employed in this paper can inform future studies that develop questionnaire methodology in physical education and from an applied perspective; the EDMCQ-PE can be used by researchers and teachers to assess the motivational climate in PE and help inform the pedagogy underpinning teachers’ classes.
Practice Makes Perfect: Student Employee Transferable Skill Utilization in Campus Recreation
Authors: Anderson Austin R. , Ramos William D. , Knee Eric
Published: October 2018

Student employment is a vital aspect of development for many college students during their matriculation. This exploratory study examined the self-reported utilization of desirable transferable skills by student employees in a variety of campus recreation settings. A survey of 417 campus recreation student employees was conducted, asking how often different transferable skills were utilized within the course of their employment. While it is recognized that no one environment may be able to provide for all transferable skills, analyses were undertaken with regard to the skills that were reported to be the least utilized (writing and computer skills) in an effort to understand what recreational environments better allow for the ongoing development of these skills and to identify areas of improvement for student employees in campus recreation with regard to transferable skill development.
Uncommon presentation of desmoplastic fibroblastoma on the tongue of a female patient
Authors: Tokura Takaaki , Kobayashi Jun-ichi , Okamoto Jun-ya , Miyazaki Akihiro
Published: October 2018

Desmoplastic fibroblastoma (DF) is a rare benign soft tissue with spindle-to-stellate-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts embedded in a prominent collagenous background. DF, mainly affecting subcutaneous and muscle tissue, very rarely occurs in the oral cavity. Hitherto, only one case of DF on the tongue has been reported. Here, we report another case. A 66-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with a mass formation in the tongue. On examination, a well-circumscribed, elastic, soft tumour with normal surface mucosa, measuring 13×12 mm, was observed on the left dorsal surface of her tongue. MRI and ultrasonography confirmed the mass, and a benign tongue tumour was suspected. The tumour was surgically resected under general anaesthesia 1 month later, leading to the histopathological diagnosis of DF. She experienced an uneventful clinical recovery after surgery, with no recurrence noted for more than 1 year postoperatively.
Concurrent testicular torsion and acute incarcerated inguinal hernia in an adolescent boy
Authors: Nisly Darren , Barnett Sean , Herzing Karen , Aranda Arturo
Published: October 2018

Testicular torsion and acute incarcerated inguinal hernia are both common surgical emergencies in the paediatric population. We present the unusual case of a 16-year-old adolescent boy who presented with both of these conditions concurrently. He had a history of a right inguinal hernia, but ultrasound confirmed a testicular torsion and we employed manual detorsion in the emergency department prior to taking him to the operating room. We successfully salvaged the testicle in addition to performing inguinal hernia reduction and repair. The goal of this report is to emphasise the importance of maintaining a broad differential and early utilisation of ultrasound in the patient with acute groin pain.
Health literacy, cognitive ability and smoking: a cross-sectional analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Fawns-Ritchie Chloe , Starr John M , Deary Ian J
Published: October 2018

Objectives

We used logistic regression to investigate whether health literacy and cognitive ability independently predicted whether participants have ever smoked and, in ever smokers, whether participants still smoked nowadays.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

This study used data from Wave 2 (2004–05) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, which is a cohort study of adults who live in England and who, at baseline, were aged 50 years and older.

Participants

8734 (mean age=65.31 years, SD=10.18) English Longitudinal Study of Ageing participants who answered questions about their current and past smoking status, and completed cognitive ability and health literacy tests at Wave 2.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

The primary outcome measures were whether participants reported ever smoking at Wave 2 and whether ever smokers reported still smoking at Wave 2.

Results

In models adjusting for age, sex, age left full-time education and occupational social class, limited health literacy (OR=1.096, 95% CI 0.988 to 1.216) and higher general cognitive ability (OR=1.000, 95% CI 0.945 to 1.057) were not associated with reporting ever smoking. In ever smokers, limited compared with adequate health literacy was associated with greater odds of being a current smoker (OR=1.194, 95% CI 1.034 to 1.378) and a 1 SD higher general cognitive ability score was associated with reduced odds of being a current smoker (OR=0.878, 95% CI 0.810 to 0.951), when adjusting for age, sex, age left full-time education and occupational social class.

Conclusions

When adjusting for education and occupation variables, this study found that health literacy and cognitive ability were independently associated with whether ever smokers continued to smoke nowadays, but not with whether participants had ever smoked.