bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF LEVEL OF FEED CONSUMPTION ON RATE AND EFFICIENCY OF GAIN BY STEERS FED AN ALL-BARLEY RATION
Authors: Hironaka R. , Slen S. B.
Published: March 2010

Steers were individually offered an all-barley ration at levels calculated to meet the maintenance requirements of the animals and to obtain a gain of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 pounds per day. The gains obtained were 0.97, 1.45, 1.95, and 2.03 pounds per day and the corresponding feed: gain ratios were 10.92, 8.51, 7.02, and 7.05. The feed: gain ratio was higher in Lot 1 than in Lots 2, 3, and 4 (P <.01) and, also, was higher in Lot 2 than in 3 and 4 (P <.05). The correlation coefficient of −0.92 between average daily gain and feed: gain ratio was significant (P <.01).The digestible energy of the barley was a calculated value based on the energy requirement for maintenance and gain and was found to be 1911 kilocalories per pound. No correlation was found between fat in the 9th, 10th, 11th rib section and urinary creatinine. Significant correlations were found between urinary creatinine excretion and both average daily gain and feed: gain ratio.
THE PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC ACIDS IN THE PIG: I. THE EFFECT OF DIET ON THE PROPORTIONS OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS IN PIG FECES
Authors: Friend D. W. , Nicholson J. W. G. , Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of diet, level of feeding and age and/or weight on the proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the feces of pigs. Cellulose was added to the control ration fed in one experiment and dried whey or bran to that fed in another experiment. When the level of intake of the cellulose-supplemented ration was reduced, the digestibility of crude fiber in the ration increased. The proportion of fecal acetic acid also increased, but the difference observed did not reach statistical significance at P = 0.05. Differences in the proportion of acetic, butyric and valeric acid due to cellulose supplementation of the control ration were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The whey and the bran-supplemented rations gave statistically significant differences (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) for the proportions of fecal valeric, propionic or acetic acid. The proportions of fecal VFA appeared to be relatively unaffected by the age and/or weight of pigs from weaning to market weight.
THE INFLUENCE OF RESTRICTED FEED INTAKE OF CONFINEMENT-REARED PULLETS ON THEIR PERFORMANCE DURING THE LAYING PERIOD
Authors: Gardiner E. E. , MacIntyre T. M.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to measure some of the effects of varying the length and the degree of feed restriction of confinement-reared pullets on laying-house performance. In general, increases in the length of time of restriction were followed by an increase in the number of days required to reach 50 per cent production, an increase in the initial egg size (first 8000 eggs), and a decrease in body weight at either 21 or 22 weeks of age. Feed restriction, in most cases, changed the pattern of egg production so that the birds came into production later than full-fed birds but subsequently "peaked" at a higher rate of production and maintained a higher rate of production for the remainder of the experimental period. Restricting the feed intake of the growing pullets resulted in a substantial feed saving during the growing period, but had no measurable effect on feed consumption during the laying period.
THE EFFECT OF ORAL HYPOGLYCEMICS ON BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL OF TURKEYS
Authors: Blakely R. M. , MacGregor H. I.
Published: March 2010

Blood sugar determinations were made on 8- to 13-week-old turkey males before and after being treated with the oral hypoglycemics Tolbutamide (Orinase) and Phenformin. Normal blood sugar level, for birds sampled [Formula: see text] hours after commencement of feeding following a 10-hour fast, ranged from 208 to 277 milligrams per cent. They averaged 227 milligrams per cent with a S.D. of 14.71.Orinase at 0.25 grams per bird (approximately 60 milligrams/kilogram body weight), administered orally in tablet form, caused a reduction of 27 to 44 per cent in blood sugar level within 2 hours. This had not fully returned to normal 7 hours after treatment. Limited data indicated that Phenformin was ineffective as an oral hypoglycemic when administered, dissolved in water, at levels of 0.25 gram and 0.5 gram per bird.Orinase as a feed additive at 2,000 p.p.m. of diet had no effect on blood sugar level, feed consumption or weight gains.
NOTE ON THE TOXICITY OF TALL BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS ACRIS L.) TO CATTLE
Authors: Therrien H. P. , Hidiroglou M. , Charette L. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
GRAZING SYSTEMS FOR EWES AND LAMBS
Authors: Calder F. W. , Nicholson J. W. G. , Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to compare forward creep grazing of lambs with other grazing management systems for ewes and lambs. In the first experiment, forward creep grazing with and without creep feeding of concentrates was compared with rotational grazing, using 7 ewes with single lambs per plot of [Formula: see text] acres. The first lambs reached market weight by the 57th day of the experiment, at which time the average lamb gains were higher on the creep grazed-creep fed groups, but there was no difference in the gains on the other two systems. The experiment was continued for 35 days and during this period the lamb gains on the creep grazed plots were higher than on the rotationally grazed areas. This later period coincided with a period of reduced herbage growth due to below normal precipitation. The average daily gains for the entire experimental period were.45,.51 and.57 pounds for rotational, creep, and creep fed-creep grazed systems respectively.In the second experiment, forward creep grazing was compared with rotational grazing and free range grazing, using a higher stocking rate of 8 ewes and 10 lambs per plot. The average daily gains for the experiment were.38,.40 and.34 pounds for rotational, creep grazed, and free range systems respectively. The differences between grazing systems were not statistically significant at P = 0.05. Both the ewe and lamb gains were lower on the free-range system than on the other systems. The ewe gains were higher on the rotationally grazed areas than the forward creep grazed areas in both experiments. This indicates that forward creep grazing of lambs can be advantageous under conditions where herbage is abundant.Evidence obtained from helminth ova counts on fecal samples, and examination of representative digestive tracts of the lambs marketed, indicated that the forward creep grazing of lambs reduced but did not prevent a build-up of internal parasites.
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CANADIAN YORKSHIRE SWINE: III. A STUDY OF THE U.S. N.R.C (1959) NUTRIENT STANDARDS FOR SWINE BY LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Authors: Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Pigs were individually fed rations electronically formulated by linear programming methods, with 14 nutrients under experimental control in least-cost rations. The test periods involved three successive phases between weights of 50–200 pounds with ration changes at 100 and 150 pounds. The criteria included weight gains, feed consumption, digestibility or energy and protein, and carcass measurements at 200 pounds.Five grower rations were fed to the pigs between 50–100 pound weights: 1) a control: 2) a ration with nutrient specifications equal to the minimum requirements; 3) as 2), plus 25 p.p.m. aureomycin; 4) a ration having levels of 12 nutrients increased by 15 per cent over the minimum requirements; 5) as 4) plus 25 p.p.m. aureomycin.Four finisher rations were tested, involving the four possible combinations of digestible energy (DE) and protein levels as specified for ’meat’ and ’bacon’ type pigs at 100- and 150-pound weights.The results obtained in the growing period indicated significant superiority of rations with augmented nutrient levels. By comparing the nutrient contents of the various rations it was concluded that rations based on minimum requirements were adequate in methionine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, calcium and vitamin B12. On indirect evidence it was considered improbable that vitamins A and D, zinc or phosphorus NRC specifications were too low. The failure of the ’minimum standards’ ration appeared to involve protein, lysine and/or tryptophan levels. All pigs, however, utilized their DE more efficiently than NRC standards imply. The question of an optimum DCP:DE ratio is discussed. The antibiotic had no significant effect on gains or feed efficiency but, even though discontinued at 100-pound weight, aureomycin influenced carcass quality.The finishing period results favored higher protein levels and lower DE levels from the standpoint of carcass quality but gains equal to NRC standards were possible with less DE and, in the 150–200 pound weight range, with lower DCP:DE ratios than specified for bacon pigs.
NATIVE LOWLAND HAY IN PELLETED AND NON-PELLETED RATIONS FOR SHEEP: I. EFFECTS ON FEED CONSUMPTION, RATE OF GAIN, EFFICIENCY OF FEED UTILIZATION AND DIGESTIBILITY
Authors: Grieve C. M. , Robblee A. R. , Berg R. T. , McElroy L. W.
Published: March 2010

Feeding trial and digestibility experiments with seven groups of 4 lambs and digestibility experiments with 5 rumen fistulated mature wethers were conducted to compare effects of the inclusion of different levels of poor quality lowland or slough hay in pelleted vs. non-pelleted rations. Lambs fed pelleted rations containing from 45 to 90 per cent of the test hay consumed from 1.8 to 4 times as much feed daily, gained 3 to 8 times more rapidly, and required [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] as much feed per unit gain as did those fed corresponding non-pelleted rations.For the pelleted vs. non-pelleted comparisons, digestibility coefficients for crude protein and gross energy did not follow any consistent pattern. In the case of lambs, pelleting appeared to reduce (P <.05) the digestibility of gross energy in the ration containing 45 per cent test hay, to have no effect at the 60 per cent hay level, and to increase digestibility of crude protein when the ration contained 90 per cent of the test hay. In the case of the mature wethers fed the hay at levels of 60 to 90 per cent, there were no differences in digestibility coefficients for the pelleted vs. non-pelleted comparisons.
EFFECTS OF PELLETING RATIONS ON DISTRIBUTION OF INGESTA IN THE ALIMENTARY TRACT OF SHEEP
Authors: Pritchard G. I. , Heaney D. P.
Published: March 2010

The amount of fill in the digestive tract of sheep fed fixed amounts of ground and pelleted hay was lower than for those fed an equal quantity of the same hay chopped. Much of the dry matter decrease was due to a drop in the amount of crude fiber in the reticulo-rumen although a similar trend occurred in the omasum, abomasum and small intestine. Protein, ether extract and nitrogen-free extract were affected but accounted for less of the total change in dry matter. These decreases were in part compensated by larger quantities of the various constituents in the large intestine. Quantities of short-chain fatty acids tended to decrease in the fore-tract and increase in the large intestine, supporting the concept that the grinding and pelleting of hay causes a partial shift in fermentation processes to the posterior part of the digestive tract. In contrast to the pattern found with the 100 per cent hay rations, the grinding and pelleting of a ration of 30 per cent barley and 70 per cent hay showed little effect on the distribution of constituents in the ingesta throughout the tract.
DICOUMAROL STUDIES: I. ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF SYNTHETIC DICOUMAROL TO VARIOUS CLASSES OF SHEEP AND CATTLE
Authors: Linton J. H. , Goplen B. P. , Bell J. M. , Jaques L. B.
Published: March 2010

In one experiment 3 steers, 4 bull calves and 4 wether lambs were orally administered 2 milligrams dicoumarol per kilogram body weight and blood-clotting time measurements were made over a 4-day period. All animals responded to the dicoumarol but differences were evident between sheep and cattle; sheep were apparently more tolerant of the drug.The ’one-stage prothrombin’ test was more reliable and sensitive than the clotting tests employed for factor VII, factor X and prothrombin concentration.In a second experiment, 16 ewes in late pregnancy were fed rations containing 0 to 30 p.p.m. of synthetic dicoumarol and vitamin K3 as a cross treatment. Evidence of abnormal clotting power of ewe blood was observed in ewes fed diets containing 10 p.p.m. of dicoumarol. There was some indication of cumulative effects at this level after 32 days on test. At intake levels of 20 and 30 p.p.m. clotting times were affected more markedly and some ewes exhibited extended bleeding times after 2 to 4 weeks on test. No unusual hemorrhaging occurred at parturition. In general, the lambs’ blood did not reflect the pre- or post-partum dicoumarol intake of their mothers but a few lambs, as in the case of the ewes, exhibited low tolerance for dicoumarol without showing much disturbance in terms of clotting time. A large single oral dose of menadione sodium bisulphite demonstrated the effectiveness of vitamin K3 as an antidote. However, vitamin K3 as a ration supplement at 12 milligrams per pound feed failed to protect ewes against the effects of dicoumarol.
EFFECT OF SODIUM CITRATE ON THE CONSUMPTION OF PELLETED HAY BY CATTLE AND SHEEP
Authors: Heaney D. P. , Pritchard G. I. , Jordan W. A.
Published: March 2010

Sodium citrate at levels of 1.5 to 4.5 per cent of the ration depressed intake of ground-pelleted hay by ewes. A study with lambs showed that 1.5 per cent sodium citrate reduced consumption, whereas levels of 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 per cent had no effect. When added to the ration of steers, 2.5 per cent tended to increase consumption although this increase was not significant (P =.05) nor as large as obtained in an earlier study (3). Animals receiving sodium citrate drank more water than the controls. No changes in digestibility of the ground-pelleted hays were observed with sodium citrate supplementation.
NOTE ON AN APPARATUS FOR THE COLLECTION OF TURKEY FECES
Authors: Blakely R. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON FEED DIGESTION, WATER METABOLISM, BODY TEMPERATURE, AND CERTAIN BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF SHEEP
Authors: Bailey C. B.
Published: March 2010

In each of four periods, sheep were maintained at 20 °C for 1 week, at −11 °C for the following week, and at 20 °C again for the third week. In one period water intake was voluntary; in the other three periods the sheep received either 1000, 2000, or 3000 g water per day through rumen fistulas. The change from the warm to the cold occasioned no change in feed digestibility but when the sheep were returned to the warm, the apparent digestion of both dry matter and fiber increased. When water intake was voluntary, water consumption, urine water loss, and apparent insensible water loss were lower in the cold than in the warm. During the second week at 20 °C, the apparent insensible water loss was higher than during the first week at 20 °C. When water intake was controlled at the three different levels, urine and fecal water losses tended to reflect the differences in water intake. Temperatures in the rectum and subcutaneous tissues exhibited a decrease when the sheep were transferred from warm to cold and a transient increase on return to the warm. When water intake was voluntary or 1000 g per day, transfer of the sheep to the cold was accompanied by increases of packed cell volume and plasma sodium and phosphate and small increases of potassium and chloride.
INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AND PROTEIN LEVEL IN RATIONS FOR FINISHING MARKET PIGS ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Waldern D. E.
Published: March 2010

Ninety-six Yorkshire pigs, reared during the growing period on high energy–high protein rations, were used in a 2 × 2 factorial feeding experiment to compare two levels of protein at two levels of energy in self-fed finishing rations. Pigs fed a high energy ration gained 0.34 lb more per day, consumed less feed, had more loin and back fat, lower Record of Performance (R.O.P.) scores, and received lower commercial grades than those fed the lower energy ration. The level of protein fed did not affect significantly, rate of gain, feed utilization, or carcass quality. An interaction existed between protein and energy whereby the adverse effects on carcass quality of the high level of energy were modified by the high level of protein with the result that average loin area was increased and a higher R.O.P. score and a higher percentage of grade A carcasses was obtained.
BLOAT INVESTIGATIONS: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DAILY BLOAT INCIDENCE AND GRASS MINIMUM TEMPERATURES, DRY MATTER, AND CERTAIN PLANT NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF FORAGE
Authors: Miltimore J. E. , Mason J. L. , McArthur J. M.
Published: March 2010

Daily bloat incidence in 14 milking Jersey cows fed bloat-inducing alfalfa was recorded during 111 days of one grazing season. Bloat occurred on 86 days. A multiple regression equation was calculated with bloat incidence as the dependent variable and with grass minimum temperature and the percentage dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium, and magnesium contents of alfalfa as the independent variables. The average daily bloat incidence per cow was −.16+.51 N%. Nitrogen content of alfalfa accounted for 29% of the variation in bloat incidence but none of the other variables accounted for significant variation in bloat at the 5% level. Sulphur and dry matter were significantly correlated with bloat incidence but these correlations arose from associations between these two variables and nitrogen.
A COMPARISON OF WEANING DAIRY CALVES BY BODY WEIGHT VERSUS AGE FROM WHOLE MILK OR MILK-REPLACER
Authors: Gorrill A. D. L.
Published: March 2010

Ayrshire bull calves were weaned from whole milk or milk-replacer at 7 weeks of age, and at two different body weights, namely 55 and 46 kg. A maximum of 1.82 kg starter was fed daily to 15 weeks of age and 1.82 kg grower concentrate to 180 days of age.Calf performance did not differ significantly by weaning at 7 weeks or 55 kg. Weight gains to weaning and to 15 weeks were significantly lower for calves weaned at 46 kg. The average 180-day body weights for calves weaned at 7 weeks, 55, and 46 kg were 150, 146, and 140 kg, respectively.Whole milk or milk-replacer feeding produced identical calf growth to 180 days of age. Milk-replacer tended to increase preweaning and decrease post-weaning growth of calves weaned at 46 kg compared with whole milk. The augmented preweaning starter intake by calves fed replacer is discussed in relation to the digestible energy content of milk-replacers. It is suggested that energy supplied by plant carbohydrates should not be included in replacers for early-weaned calves, due to the low digestibility of starch by calves until 3 or 4 weeks of age.
PRODUCTION TRAITS IN SHEEP AS AFFECTED BY BREEDS AND ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Lambe Jr. J. W. , Bowman G. H. , Rennie J. C.
Published: March 2010

Production records from the Ontario Agricultural College sheep flock collected during the years 1950 to 1960 inclusive were analyzed to determine the effects of breeds (Suffolk, Hampshire, and Southdown), age of dam, year, and type of birth and rearing on three production traits (birth weight, weaning weight, and first fleece weight).Suffolks were superior to Hampshires and Hampshires to Southdowns in all three production traits. The effects of years were large but essentially random except for birth weight which progressively declined with time. Single lambs outweighed twins by 0.93 lb at birth and 7.80 lb at weaning. Lambs from mature ewes were 0.38 lb heavier at birth and 0.88 lb heavier at weaning than were those from 3-year-old ewes, which in turn produced lambs that were 0.34 lb heavier at birth and 3.35 lb heavier at weaning than were those from 2-year-old ewes. Age of dam and type of birth did not substantially influence first fleece weight. The analysis indicates that comparisons among sheep should be made within years. Adjusting birth weights for the effects of age or dam and type of birth and rearing will add further accuracy. Appropriate adjustment factors are given.
A HARNESS AND FECES COLLECTION BAG FOR DIGESTIBILITY TRIALS WITH HORSES
Authors: Friend D. W. , Nicholson J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
PERFORMANCE OF TURKEYS ON FINISHING DIETS CONTAINING DIFFERENT FATS
Authors: Blakely R. M. , MacGregor H. I. , Hanel Donna
Published: March 2010

A series of experiments comparing rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and tallow as energy supplements in turkey finishing diets showed that rapeseed oil was as satisfactory an energy supplement as the other fat sources. There was no indication of a growth depressant effect from the rapeseed oil with birds of this age. Feed:gain ratio, carcass finish, and metabolizable energy values from the rapeseed-oil-supplemented diets were all significantly (P < 0.05) better than from the basal diets, but did not differ significantly from those supplemented with the other fat sources. There was, however, a trend towards a slightly higher metabolizable energy value for the rapeseed oil diets compared with the soybean-oil- and tallow-supplemented diets.
FERTILITY, PROLIFICACY, WEANED LAMB PRODUCTION, AND LAMB SURVIVAL ABILITY IN FOUR RANGE BREEDS OF SHEEP
Authors: Vesely J. A. , Peters H. F.
Published: March 2010

Fertility, prolificacy, weaned lamb production (productivity), and survival ability of lambs were studied in Rambouillet, Romnelet, Canadian Corriedale, and Romeldale sheep. The experiment lasted 4 years, with 1014 lambs born and 830 lambs weaned from 769 ewes bred. Fertility was measured by percent ewes lambing of ewes bred, prolificacy by percent lambs born of ewes lambing, productivity by percent lambs weaned of ewes bred and by kilograms lamb weaned of ewes bred, and lamb survival ability by percent lambs weaned of lambs born (including stillbirths).There were no significant differences between breeds in any of these traits, but year effects were significant (P < 0.01) for all traits. Two-year-old ewes were inferior (P < 0.01) to middle-aged ewes in all traits but fertility. The effects of all factors studied (breed, year, age of dam, sex, type of birth) represented less than 10% of the variability (sums of squares) in fertility, prolificacy, productivity of ewes, and survival ability of lambs.
EFFECTS OF THIAMINE INHIBITORS ON CELLULOSE DIGESTION AND VOLATILE FATTY ACID PRODUCTION IN ARTIFICIAL RUMEN FERMENTATIONS
Authors: Milligan L. P. , Asplund J. M. , Robblee A. R.
Published: March 2010

The effect of the inclusion of thiamine inhibitors in a rumen fermentation medium on cellulose digestion and volatile fatty acid production by rumen microorganisms in vitro was studied. The addition of the structural analogues oxythiamine and neopyrithiamine to the fermentation medium at concentrations up to 4000 μM and 2000 μM, respectively, did not influence cellulose digestion or volatile fatty acid production. The addition of thiopental and hexetidine to the fermentation medium affected both cellulose digestion and volatile fatty acid production. Some inhibition of cellulose digestion and of volatile fatty acid production occurred with concentrations of thiopental and hexetidine in the fermentation medium as low as 720 μM and 15 μM respectively.
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CANADIAN YORKSHIRE SWINE: V. A STUDY OF THE LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF FINISHING PIGS WEIGHING FROM 100 TO 200 LB
Authors: Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Ninety-six pigs (48 barrows, 48 gilts) were allotted according to sex and previous ration to three linear-programmed finisher rations: (1) 13% protein and 0.55% lysine, (2) 13% protein and 0.67% lysine, and (3) 16% protein and 0.67% lysine. Growth rates, digestibility coefficients for energy and protein, feed consumption, and carcass data were obtained.In terms of growth rates and efficiency of energy utilization 16% protein rations were superior to 13%, but increasing lysine from 0.55 to 0.67% with 13% protein rations was as effective as increasing the protein level. However when cross-sectional area of longissimus dorsi muscle and back fat deposition were considered, increasing the protein level was more effective than extra lysine in promoting a high lean:fat ratio.Evidence of an inverse relationship was observed between rate of gain during the growing period and rate of gain during the finishing period, particularly in barrows.
EVALUATING CHROMIC OXIDE SUSTAINED RELEASE PELLETS IN DIGESTIBILITY STUDIES WITH RUMINANTS
Authors: Fisher L. J. , Williams C. M. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Sustained release pellets were prepared containing chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as an indicator for digestibility studies using plaster of paris, portland cement, or china clay as binding agents. The pellets released the Cr2O3 at a constant rate in vitro but when placed in the reticulum of steers or wethers failed to mix uniformly with the reticulorumen contents. The percentage difference between the indicator method estimate and the total fecal collection method was 12.7 for estimating dry matter digestibility and 9.7 for energy digestibility. The percentage difference between the calculated and actual dry matter intake was 35.3. The sustained release pellets as prepared in this study are not satisfactory for administering the Cr2O3 indicator to estimate digestibility or feed intake.
THE EFFECT OF HORMONES ON THE RATE OF GAIN AND FEED CONSUMPTION OF HOLSTEIN–FRIESIAN STEERS SLAUGHTERED AT 340, 522, AND 703 KILOGRAMS BODY WEIGHT
Authors: Forrest R. J. , Sather Lois A.
Published: March 2010

The estrogenic hormones diethylstilbestrol and progesterone plus estradiol–17-β-benzoate significantly increased (p < 0.05) the daily rate of gain and feed efficiency of Holstein–Friesian steers when they were implanted at 181, 363, and 544 kg body weight and slaughtered at 340, 522, and 703 kg respectively. The effects of the two hormone implants were not significantly different. Growth enhancement was greatest in steers implanted at 363 and slaughtered at 522 kg body weight. During this stage the treated steers gained 1.42 kg per day as compared with 1.08 kg for their controls. Steers implanted at 181 and 544 kg gained 1.31 and 1.27 kg per day. Their respective control groups gained 1.15 and 0.97 kg per day at these two growth stages.Hormone treatment also significantly increased (p < 0.05) the daily feed consumption of the medium and heavy weight steers when approximately 80% of the ration consisted of concentrates.A flavor panel evaluation of rib roast samples from 67 of the 72 test steers indicated a flavor preference for the untreated control animals.
A STUDY OF THE GERMINATION OF BARLEY SEED TREATED TO CONTROL LOOSE SMUT
Authors: Machacek J. E. , Wallace H. A. H.
Published: March 2010

Tests of barley seed treated by the water-soak and the Spergon method to control loose smut (Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr.) have shown that both treatments reduce germination, the Spergon treatment being the more injurious of the two. A part of the reduction may be due to an induced dormancy, but usually the ungerminated seeds are dead.Varieties of barley vary greatly in susceptibility to injury from treatment, but an equally great variation may occur among different lots of seed of the same variety. Susceptibility to the water-soak treatment is closely correlated with susceptibility to the Spergon treatment. Treatment with Ceresan M improves germination and there is a correlation between improvement by this treatment and reduction in germination caused by the water-soak or the Spergon treatment.Treatment of barley seed by the water-soak and Spergon methods destroys a part of the Alternaria contaminant usually present in such seed, but has less effect on it than Ceresan M. Treatment of the seed by the anaerobic-incubation method as used in this study had scarcely any suppressive effect on Alternaria.
NOTE ON POLLINATION CONDITIONS AS A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF VARIATION IN ALFALFA FORAGE YIELDS
Authors: LESINS KARLIS
Published: March 2010

not available
METHODS OF EVALUATING STOCK/SCION COMPATIBILITY IN APPLE TREES
Authors: Evans W. D. , Hilton R. J.
Published: March 2010

Field and laboratory trials were carried out to test compatibility in two scion varieties grafted on eight lines of seedling crabapple rootstocks, and to compare several methods of evaluating stock/scion compatibility. Scion varieties were Rescue and Haralson; rootstocks were seedlings of Alberta, Beauty, Battleford, Columbia, Dolgo, Eisa, Osman and mixed seed of ornamental crabapples. Evaluation methods were per cent bud "take", water conductivity through unions, macroscopic and microscopic scoring of the unions, strength-at-union and type of union break under stress. No obvious cases of incompatibility were found. Under these conditions, no marked correlations could be established between any of the evaluation methods, nor did these methods yield similar results. One or more of the methods evaluated may be reliable, however, where a greater range in compatibility is being studied.
THE INHERITANCE OF RUST RESISTANCE. III. THE INHERITANCE OF STEM RUST RESISTANCE IN NINE KENYA VARIETIES OF COMMON WHEAT
Authors: Knott D. R.
Published: March 2010

The inheritance of resistance to races 15B and 56 of stem rust was studied in the varieties Kenya 58, Kenya 117A, Kenya C9906, Kenya 338.AC.2.E.2, Kenya Governor, Kenya B286, Kenya 291.J.1.I.1, Kenya 321.BT.1.B.1 and Kenya 350.AD.9.C.2. The first five varieties had been studied previously and crosses involving them were not repeated. The genetic analysis of the varieties was based on diallel crosses and backcrosses to a susceptible parent, Marquis.All nine varieties proved to carry Sr7, a gene which conditions resistance to race 15B. Four varieties, Kenya 58, Kenya C9906, Kenya 291 and Kenya 350, carry the gene Sr6, which conditions a hypersensitive reaction to both race 15B and race 56. In addition, four of the varieties carry Sr9 and five carry Sr10, two genes which produce moderate resistance to race 56. Kenya 338.AC.2.E.2 carries two additional dominant, complementary genes, Sr11 and Sr12, which condition resistance to race 56.The genes, Sr9, Sr10, Sr11 and Sr12 are important modifiers of the resistance to race 15B conditioned by Sr7, with Sr9 probably having the greatest effect.
INHERITANCE OF PERSISTENT SEPALS IN GREEN SPROUTING BROCCOLI
Authors: Sampson D. R.
Published: March 2010

Persistent sepals in broccoli are controlled by ps, a single recessive gene. Intermediate phenotypes sometimes occur. Ps is linked with the S locus.
THE USE OF POLLEN INSERTS FOR TREE FRUIT POLLINATION
Authors: Townsend G. F. , Riddell R. T. , Smith M. Y.
Published: March 2010

Tests conducted in the Niagara and Georgian Bay fruit-growing areas for the past 3 years have indicated that pollen distributed from inserts placed at the entrances of honeybee colonies is effective as a means of cross-pollinating tree fruits. This technique is particularly useful in seasons when honeybee foraging activities are limited by unfavourable weather, or in plantings where a sufficient number of pollinator varieties for natural cross-pollination have not been provided.
THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON YIELD AND MALTING QUALITY OF BARLEY IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Bendelow V. M.
Published: March 2010

Comparisons were made of the yield and malting quality of Montcalm barley grown on dryland and on irrigated plots in two different rotations at the Experimental Sub-station, Taber, Alberta. A supplementary study of the effect of fertilizer was introduced into the experiment. Irrigation significantly increased the yield of grain and improved malting quality, mainly by increasing extract. An increase in yield was also shown on fertilizer treated plots under irrigation, but the amount of increase depended on environmental factors associated with the crop rotation system. The effect of fertilizer on malting quality was insignificant.
THE USE OF A VARIABLE DOSAGE SPRAYER IN WEED CONTROL RESEARCH
Authors: Friesen George
Published: March 2010

A variable dosage sprayer was used in a series of weed control experiments. These tests demonstrated the diversity of problems that can readily be studied with the aid of such a machine. Undoubtedly further applications will be found as the machine becomes more widely used.The machine was found to have several advantages over conventional plot sprayers used in weed research:1. The accuracy with which the toxicity or selectivity of a herbicide could be measured.2. The suitability for studies on the effect of admixtures of herbicides such as oil in the carrier.3. A substantial reduction in the number of plots needed to obtain the required information with a resulting saving of time and effort.
EVALUATION OF ALFALFA FOR RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL WILT IN FIELD AND GREENHOUSE TESTS
Authors: Peake R. W. , Cormack M. W. , Downey R. K.
Published: March 2010

This paper describes the application of improved methods to large scale field and greenhouse tests of alfalfa for resistance to bacterial wilt, Corynebncterium insidiasum (McCull.) Jeoson. In field tests rooted cuttings or seedlings were inoculated by the bare-root soak method when planted in the field in May and by hypodermic injection of each root in the fall. In the following spring or fall the plants were cut off below ground with a special blade, pulled and individually evaluated for wilt resistance. In the greenhouse the root-ball soak method of inoculation was used and readings of seedlings were made after 3 months.Greenhouse tests were as reliable as those obtained in the field, and were particularly useful for rapid screening of large populations. Field tests proved desirable for simultaneous studies on wilt resistance, growth habit, winter hardiness, and other qualities, and for final evaluation of potential variety material.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF WHEAT CHROMOSOMES: I. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED METHODS
Authors: Unrau John
Published: March 2010

The F1obtained from crossing a substitution line with the recipient variety will be heterozygous only for genes on one pair of chromosomes. Crossing-over at meiosis, therefore, will result in recombinations only with respect to genes carried by this pair of chromosomes. The products of such recombinations will be obtained as univalent chromosomes of monosomics when such F1's are used to pollinate a line of the recipient variety deficient (nullisomic or monosomic) for the chromosome under study. When the monosomics so obtained are individually selfed, approximately 25 per cent of the offspring will be disomic, and homozygous for the genetic constitution of the backcross monosomics. The relative frequencies of progenies with different genetic constitutions will indicate directly the number and arrangement of genes differentiating the donor from the recipient variety chromosome.Genetic differences can be determined specifically for chromosome arms if, instead of whole-chromosome deficient lines of the recipient variety, those with telocentrics are used.The possible usefulness of the method for breeding, as well as studies of evolution, is briefly discussed.
NOTE ON NORLEA PERENNIAL RYE GRASS
Authors: MacVICAR R. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON A FLOTATION APPARATUS FOR REMOVING INSECTS FROM SOIL
Authors: READ D. C.
Published: March 2010

In studies on the life histories and habits of root maggots and their predators in Prince Edward Island, a method was required by which larvae and puparia could be separated uninjured from soil. The flotation methods described recently by Lafrance (1) and Read (2) for collecting puparia were unsuitable because of the stirring or pressure mechanisms, which often injured the insects. A new apparatus lacking these mechanisms was developed and provided a rapid and efficient method for separating many kinds of insects from sandy, loam, or clay loam soils.
RECOVERY IN WHEAT FROM EARLY INFECTIONS BY HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM AND FUSARIUM CULMORUM
Authors: Sallans B. J.
Published: March 2010

The tendency of wheat plants to recover from initial stunting by Helminthosporium sativum and Fusarium culmorum was studied under field conditions by comparing areas of the successively formed leaves of the main culm. The yields of grain were taken as the over-all measure of the influence of disease on the plants.H. sativum when applied to seed caused significant reduction in areas of the first and second leaves of the seedlings. Successive leaves were progressively larger in relation to those of the uninoculated plants. The two varieties in the experiment were about equally stunted in the early seedling stage. Reward made a notable recovery as indicated by increased areas of the later leaves and a substantially greater yield of grain than in the controls. Thatcher made only a partial recovery and its yield of grain was slightly depressed.F. culmorum produced less stunting than H. sativum in seedling leaves, and recovery as indicated in the later leaves was less marked though significant.H. sativum and F. culmorum on the same plants caused more initial stunting of leaves followed by greater recovery than with either fungus alone.
A SMALL BARLEY DE-AWNER
Authors: Kemp J. G. , Hannah A. E. , Kalbfleisch V.
Published: March 2010

A unit for de-awning small samples of barley is described. De-awning is accomplished by use of a rotor with square peg teeth which rotate through similar fixed teeth protruding from the cylinder wall. This Unit can also be used fur assessing the relative de-hulling characteristics of barley varieties and hybrids. Certain threshing and buffing operations can also be accomplished for other grains. The de-awner mechanizes procedures formerly done by hand and is capable of de-awning thirty 5- to 30-gm. samples per hour. Plans far construction of the unit are available.
POTASSIUM IN PLANT METABOLISM.: II. EFFECT OF POTASSIUM UPON THE CARBOHYDRATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF POTATO PLANTS
Authors: Ward G. M.
Published: March 2010

Potato plants grown in sand culture and fed varying quantities of potassium responded with more vegetative growth and produced more and larger tubers as potassium application increased. Seven treatments ranging from complete deficiency to luxury consumption levels resulted in increasing amounts of potassium in all plant tissues and in decreasing amounts of sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron and copper in certain tissues. The amount of starch in the leaves was a direct function of the amount of potassium applied, but the starch content of the tubers was not.
VARIETAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON RAPESEED: I. ISOTHIOCYANATE AND THIOOXAZOLIDONE CONTENT
Authors: Wetter L. R. , Craig B. M.
Published: March 2010

The isothiocyanate and thiooxazolidone content was determined on seven rapeseed varieties grown at seven locations across Western Canada. The isothiocyanate content varied significantly for varieties but not for stations whereas the thiooxazolidone content differed significantly for both varieties and stations. The Argentine-type could easily be distinguished from the Polish-type as the thiooxazolidone content was approximately three times greater in the former. No such varietal distinction was found for the isothiocyanate content.
INFLUENCE OF THE ESTER OF 2,4-D APPLIED AT VARIOUS GROWTH STAGES FOR THE CONTROL OF RUSSIAN THISTLE (SALSOLA PESTIFER NELS.) IN FLAX
Authors: Sexsmith J. J.
Published: March 2010

Linseed flax, growing with naturally occurring infestations of Russian thistle at Lethbridge, Alta., was treated with three rates (2, 3, and 6 oz. acid equivalent per acre) of the butyl ester of 2,4-D at 5-day intervals from the seedling stage to boll formation in each of the 5 years 1952 to 1956, inclusive.Two peaks of weed control were determined, the first being at the early growth stages between 19 and 35 days after crop seeding when some measure of weed stand reduction was obtained. The second peak occurred from 45 to 60 days after seeding when the Russian thistle plants were 6 to 8 in. tall, the control being characterized by a "curl-down" of weed growth which persisted to harvest time. Mature flax height was relatively unaffected except when the crop was treated at or near the first-bud stage of growth. Height of flax above the weed mass was 9.7 and 13.2 in. in 1954 and 1955, respectively, as a result of the best-timed 6-oz. treatment. Such height differences would make it possible to combine-harvest flax seed containing a minimum of weed material. Maturity delays of only 2 or 3 days resulted from treatments made within 1 month after seeding, whereas delays of up to 33 days resulted from treatments made when the flax was in full bloom. On the average for all three treatment rates, flax yields equal to or better than those from untreated weedy plots were obtained in each of the 5 test years when the 2,4-D was applied prior to 36 days after seeding. Thus, for adequate control of a Russian thistle infestation and the undelayed harvest of a good yield of flax seed, it would appear that, 25 to 30 days after seeding, the crop should be treated with a 6-oz. rate of the butyl ester of 2,4-D. Slightly earlier treatment is indicated if cool, wet conditions prevail after seeding.
NOTE ON MERIT SOYBEAN
Authors: DIMMOCK F.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF RYANIA AND RYANODINE ON THE APPARENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF McINTOSH APPLE LEAVES
Authors: Helson V. A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of ryania, ryanodine and ryanodine-free-ryania (powdered wood) on the apparent photosynthesis of attached apple leaves have been determined by following the CO2 exchange of the leaves with an infrared gas analyser.After one application, ryanodine decreased photosynthesis by 15 per cent but the photosynthesis had returned to normal within 7 days of treatment. Four applications of ryanodine at 10-day intervals caused no further decrease in photosynthesis than was obtained by a single application.Ryania and powdered wood progressively reduced photosynthesis with each of four applications at 10-day intervals, until photosynthesis was reduced 40 per cent.These results indicate that ryanodine has no marked chemical effect on apple leaves but heavy deposits of either ryania or powdered wood on the apple leaves either shade or interfere with the gas exchange of the leaves.The rates of photosynthesis of untreated apple leaves reached a maximum of 14.95 mg. CO2/dm.2 × hr. when the leaves were 92 per cent of full leaf expansion but had decreased when the leaves were fully expanded and continued to decrease during senescence.
L'ENRACINEMENT DES BOUTURES D'ORME D'AMERIQUE (ULMUS AMERICANA L.) SOUS UN FAIBLE ECLAIREMENT
Authors: Ouellet C. E.
Published: March 2010

The main difficulty encountered in the propagation of American elm (Ulmus Americana L.) by softwood stem cuttings was the premature wilting of foliage, keeping them from subsequent rooting. Decreasing the natural intensities of illumination in our greenhouse during rooting proved to be a satisfactory method of controlling premature wilting. Good results were generally obtained with an illumination of about 1200 lux. It is believed that the transpiration of cuttings is decreased by the reduction of illumination, which so favours rooting. The effect of illumination has seemed to be influenced by three main factors: 1) The time of raking cuttings during summer; at the end of the summer a somewhat higher degree of illumination was advantageous. 2) Meteorological conditions during the season of taking cuttings; good rooting was still obtained within cuttings taken during very rainy summers and containing a high percentage of moisture even under an illumination lower than 1200 lux. 3) The age of parent-trees; the cuttings coming from old trees seemed to be more influenced by the degree of illumination than those coming from young ones.
INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL PRACTICES ON INCIDENCE OF COMMON ROOTROT IN WHEAT IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Ledingham R. J. , Sallans B. J. , Wenhardt A.
Published: March 2010

Mouldboard ploughing of stubble land in preparation for a second consecutive wheat crop was compared with surface tillage for effect on common rootrot and yield in a study at the Experimental Farm, Swift Current, Sask., during the years 1951–58. Ploughing was found to be effective in reducing the incidence of rootrot in the seedling stage. As the season advanced increasing numbers of plants became infected and by maturity of the crop differences between ploughing and surface tillage frequently had disappeared. In general, yields were not significantly increased by ploughing.
EFFECTS OF CUTTING TREATMENTS ON LADINO CLOVER GROWN ALONE AND IN MIXTURE WITH GRASSES: II. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FORAGE
Authors: Gervais Paul
Published: March 2010

Ladino clover grown alone and in mixture with timothy and smooth bromegrass was cut two, four and six times per season to a height of [Formula: see text] and 3 inches. Forage harvested in 1955 and 1956 from a seeding made in 1954 at the Experimental Farm, Lennoxville, Quebec, was chemically analysed.Ladino clover contained more K but less N-free extract and Ca when grown alone than when associated with a grass. Bromegrass had a higher content of crude protein, ash, P and K, and a lower content of N-free extract than timothy.Height of cutting failed to modify the chemical composition of the grasses. In the clover, close cutting reduced the fat and K contents and increased the ash content.The crude protein content increased and the crude fibre and N-free extract contents decreased in both forage fractions with increasing cutting frequencies. Fat was highest in the clover cut four times and in the grasses cut four and six times. The ash content in the clover was not significantly altered by cutting frequency but tended to decrease with increasing maturity in the grasses. The Ca content was lowest in the clover cut six times and in the grasses cut twice. In both forage fractions, the P and K contents were higher with either four or six cuttings than with two cuttings.
QUALITY OF RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS SEED AS INFLUENCED BY TIME AND METHOD OF HARVESTING
Authors: Lawrence T.
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted -with Russian wild ryegrass, Elymus junceus Fisch., to relate seed quality to stage of maturity of the seed at rime of harvest and method of harvesting. Removal of the seed from the seed culms at an immature stage (straight combining), and drying the seed immediately after, had a detrimental effect on the germinability of the seed. This effect decreased as maturity advanced until there was no appreciable germination loss 2 to 3 days before complete maturity. On the other hand, if the seed was left attached to the seed culms until dry and then threshed (swather method) the loss of seed quality attributable to reduced germination was considerably less. However, seed harvested more than 6 days before maturity by both methods had a rather low 100-kernel weight which might he reflected in lower seed yields.
NOTE ON A TECHNIQUE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF STERILE SULPHUR-FREE POT CULTURES FOR LEGUMES
Authors: Ashford R. , Bolton J. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON THE MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS OF THE STRATIFYING MEDIA FOR SEED OF CARAGANA ARBORESCENS, LAM.
Authors: Lindquist C. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
ECONOMIC LOSSES CAUSED BY WEED COMPETITION IN MANITOBA GRAIN FIELDS: II. EFFECT OF WEED COMPETITION ON THE PROTEIN CONTENT OF CEREAL CROPS
Authors: Friesen G. , Shebeski L. H. , Robinson A. D.
Published: March 2010

Economic losses caused by weed competition in Manitoba grain crops were studied on 142 farm fields during a 3-year period, 1956 to 1958 inclusive. Ten paired plots were located in each farm field, one-half of each paired plot being kept weed-free throughout the growing season. Per cent protein was determined on wheat, barley and oat samples collected from 60 of these farm fields. Significant increases in protein content were obtained following weed removal in 22 of the 60 grain fields studied and small increases were noted in most other fields. In the combined analysis of all fields, removal of weeds resulted in significant increases (P =.01) in both protein content and yield of wheat, barley and oats. This suggests that weeds compete very effectively with grain crops for available nitrogen and that reductions in crop yields resulting from weed competition are generally accompanied by reductions in protein content as well.