bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Second Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1988
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

A corn field near Delmont, SD was chosen for evaluating 4 European corn borer (ECB), treatments which were applied 3 Aug using a central pivot injector (Zimmatic low-pressure irrigation system delivering 0.25 inches of water.) Rows were spaced 76.2 cm apart with approximately 23,000 plants/acre. Preapplication counts indicated a uniform distribution of first-, second-, or third-instar ECB larvae in and above the primary ear of 30% of corn stalks sampled. The experiment was arranged in a completely random design with 4 samples of 20 stalks each. Stalks were split from the base to the tassel and examined for second generation ECB tunnelling (in or above primary ear) damage. The number and length of ECB cavities were recorded and analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure with means being compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Corn Borer Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1989
Authors: Dick G. L. , Sloderbeck P. E. , Buschman L. L.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a furrow-irrigated corn field at the Southwest Research-Extension Center. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft), 50 ft long with a 10 ft border of untreated corn on each side and a 10 ft alley between plots. The simulated chemigation applications were made using 3 Delavan 100/140, 0.75 inch rain drop nozzles mounted on a high clearance sprayer at tassel height between rows. This system was calibrated to deliver the equivalent of a 0.16 inch irrigation on the 2 center rows (4374 gal/acre). The standard treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (one nozzle directly over the row and one on each side of the row on 18 inch drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal/ acre using a ground speed of 2.3 mph and 30 psi. Treatments of Andalin, Dimilin, and Capture were applied on 7 Aug and all other treatments were applied on 9 Aug. The Lorsban treatments received additional applications on 21 and/or 29 Aug. Corn borer counts were made between 15 Sep and 2 Oct by dissecting 15 corn plants from the center 2 rows of each plot. The number of larvae, the number of tunnels, and length of tunneling was recorded for each plant.
First Generation European Corn Borer and Corn Earworm, Efficacy Trials, Kansas, 1989
Authors: Higgins R. A.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested whorl-stage yellow field corn was treated on 19 Jun. Fifteen insecticides and one untreated control were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. All plots consisted of 4 contiguous rows, each 12 m in length with 76 cm row spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with a CO2 powered system held above the canopy. Each treated row received spray from 1 nozzle (HC-12) suspended over the row applied at 40 psi. Granular products were applied manually with a funnel and band spreader system. Band spreaders were positioned approximately 5 cm above the whorl and distributed products over a 20 cm band. Thirty plants from the 2 center rows were destroyed and examined from 7 through 11 Jul. Shotholing and tunnels/30 plants were recorded.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1989
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandy
Published: March 2022

Two insecticide evaluation studies were conducted for control of mixed populations of northern and western corn rootworm. At least 50% of the population was western corn rootworm. Experiment A was conducted at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA. Corn (Doeblers 65X) was planted no-till on 19 May using a 2-row John Deere Max Emerge planter with 30-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 5 × 40 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications/treatment. On 23 Jun plants were counted. Root damage ratings were evaluated 19-21 Jul, taking 5 plants per plot and using the Iowa 1 to 6 system. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting each plot for shelled corn. Experiment B was conducted on the Reese farm, Centre County, PA. Corn (Jacques 5700) was planted 1 Jun using the same 2-row planter in a chisel-plowed field. Insecticides were applied to 5 × 40 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications per treatment. Slug bait was applied 23 Jun on all blocks except replication number one and plants were counted 7 Jul. Root damage ratings were evaluated 26 Jul, taking 5 plants/plot and using the Iowa 1 to 6 system. Plots were not harvested because of highly variable plant mortality due to slug damage. Excessive rain was recorded through Jul at these test sites.
First-Generation Borer Control, 1989
Authors: Kinney Karl K. , Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan
Published: March 2022

Granular and liquid formulations of registered and experimental insecticides were evaluated at the Shaw Farm, University of Illinois Foundation, Champaign County, IL. Corn was planted in rows 30 inches wide on 17 May. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was 4 rows wide (10 ft) and 50 ft long. On 27 Jun, 10 consecutive plants in each of the middle 2 rows of each plot were infested with ca. 50 first instar larvae that were mixed with corn grits and discharged into the whorl of each plant with a hand-held bazooka applicator. An average of 8 ECB larvae/plant were found in the whorl prior to insecticide applications on 5 Jul. Liquid insecticides were banded over the row with even flat spray tips (Teejet 8002E) delivering 24.8 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granular insecticides were metered over the whorls in a 7-inch band with Noble units. On 14-16 Aug, artificially infested plants were cut at the base and number of cavities and length of each cavity per plant were recorded.
First Generation European Cornborer Insecticide Trials, 1988
Authors: McCartney D. A. , Stinner B. R. , Reed J. P.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established at the OARDC, Wooster, OH, to evaluate control of first generation ECB with various labeled and experimental insecticides. Pioneer 3780 was planted in 30 inch rows on 12 May with a 2 row Allis Chalmers planter into a conventional till continuous corn field. Plot size was 2 rows wide by 20 ft in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granular treatments were applied with 12 V electric motor driven Gandy metering units in a 7 inch band over the row. Spray treatments were broadcast at a delivery rate of 20 gal/acre using 8003E nozzles at 1.5 mph. Twenty first instar ECB larvae were infested in the whorls of 10 plants of each row on 23 Jun. Insecticides were applied on 24 Jun when corn was approximately 24 inches high. Ten plants/plot (5 plants/row) were dissected to count surviving larvae/ plant and determine percent damaged plants on 8 Jul. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Least Significant Difference was used to rank means. Results are presented as percent ECB damaged plants and surviving ECB larvae/plant.
Aphid Control, 1989
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 2-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block. There were 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Treatments were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Per-acre rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Dates of applications were 10-12 Jun with the exception of Safer Insecticide Concentrate, which was applied on 23 Jun and 18 Jul. Aphid densities were determined by counting aphids on the most infested leaf and on three tagged terminals/tree. Counts were taken at one-wk intervals.
Slug Control, 1989
Authors: McCartney D. A. , Reed J. P. , Stinner B. R.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established at the Coshocton Hydrological Station, Coshocton County, OH, in a field of production corn planted with no-tillage methods into grass sod on 25 May. High slug populations were observed 6 Jun and plots were treated 7 Jun. Plots measured 30 ft by 30 ft and row spacing was 30 inches. A Latin square design,replicated 4 times was used. Four treatments were evaluated to determine slug control by various Larvin formulations. The treatments were Larvin at 0.4 lb (AI)/acre in 10 and 20 lb of cracked corn bait and the third treatment was a dribble bait of Larvin 1.0 lb (AI)/acre in an aqueous carrier. The fourth treatment was the untreated check. The cracked corn and liquid baits were prepared by mixing an equivalent rate of 17.6 oz beer, 17.6 oz molasses and 70 oz of water plus appropriate toxicant/100 lb cracked corn and 25 gal total carrier volume, respectively. The liquid baits were applied as a dribble by fitting 0.75 inch diam by 6 inch long tygon tube to 8001E spray nozzles operated at 10 psi spaced 20 inches apart over the row and travelling 3 mph. The cracked corn baits were applied by a hand-operated rotary spreader. Data on surviving plant density and percent defoliation was collected on 21 June. Yields and final plant density were obtained 31 Aug and are based upon harvestable grain/1000 acre.
Wireworm Control in Replanted Corn, 1989
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Hwang Y. , Chaddha S.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was established near Porter, MN, in a ridge-till corn field requiring partial replanting from wireworm damage. Plots, each measuring 1 row (30-inch centers) × 800 ft, were located in a low-lying area with severe stand loss. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. Corn was replanted on 23 May with an International Cyclo 800 planter seeding 24,100 plants/acre on ridges. Granular insecticides were applied during this replanting with International granular applicators that were field-calibrated to deliver the desired rate. All insecticides were applied in-furrow except Thimet 20 G, which was applied in a 7-inch band behind the presswheel. The ridges scraped at planting provided a moist soil surface but no significant rainfall fell between planting and the initial performance evaluation (29 DAT). Performance was evaluated by censusing surviving stand in each plot on 20 Jun and by harvesting each plot by combine on 11 Oct. Treatment differences were detected by ANOVA and means separated with DMRT.
Evaluation of Application Methods, 1989
Authors: Reed J. P. , McCartney D. A.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time, cultivation-layby and slot injection treatment trials were conducted at Wooster, OH. The specific soil type for the sites was a Wooster silt loam. A randomized complete block design with 4 and 3 replicates was employed for soil insecticide evaluation in conventional and no-tillage plots, respectively. Plots were 40 ft long and 2 rows wide. Corn was planted 18 May in 30 inch rows. Planting time treatments were applied with Gandy metering units driven by 12 V electric motors mounted on a two row John Deere Max-Merge planter that applied granules ahead of the press wheel in 7-inch bands. Planting time treatments were made at recommended rates. Slot injection insecticide treatments were applied at a rate of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre and 0.33 lb (AI)/acre at 500 psi, delivery rate was 20 gal/acre of finished spray. All Brace treatments were applied at 0.66 instead of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre for planting and injection treatments. Nozzles were spaced 5 inches off center on both sides of the row (2 rows) and injected into a 3-inch deep slot made by a fluted coulter. Injection and cultivation-layby treatments were applied 11 Jun and 1 Jul in the conventional tillage plots respectively, there were no cultivation-layby treatments in the no-tillage plots. Root rating according to the Iowa 1-6 rating scale was done 18 Jul. Five root masses/replicate were dug and rated.
Efficacy of Insecticides Applied to Twospotted Spider Mites on Field Corn in West Central Nebraska, 1987
Authors: Seymour Ronald C. , Campbell John B.
Published: March 2022

Cygon 400, Capture 2 EC, and Comite were aerially applied in one trial 16 Aug to dough-stage field corn. Capture 2 EC was applied through a center pivot irrigation system; Counter 15 G and Parathion 8 EC were aerially applied 19 Aug to field corn in a second trial. Plots to be aerially applied were 120 ft wide by field length. Chemigation treatments were applied to 8 acre triangular-shaped plots. All treatments were replicated twice in a randomized complete block design. Sizes of naturally-occurring twospotted spider mite colonies were rated on the under surface of 7 leaves starting with 3 leaves below the ear through 3 leaves above the ear. Ratings were made with a 0-6 scale where 0 equaled no mites on the leaf, 1 equaled individual mites present, 2 equaled well-formed colonies ... up to 6 where mite colonies were so large that the under side of the leaf was completely covered and the leaf had died due to mite feeding. Mites were evaluated on 4 plants located about 250 ft from the edge and in the center of each plot. Evaluations were made 1 d prior to application, 12 and 21 d post-application in the first trial; 7 and 14 d post-application in the second trial.
Impact of Cropping History and Insecticides on Cutworm and Chinch Bug Infestations in Corn, 1989
Authors: Treacy Mike
Published: March 2022

Two small-plot field trials were conducted on a commercial corn field located near Wharton, TX. Trial 1 was conducted on a portion of the field which was planted to corn in 1988, whereas Trial 2 was conducted on a portion of the field which was left fallow and weed-infested in 1988; the 2 trials were separated by only 40 rows of corn. Methods and materials were identical for both studies, except for the addition of Force as a treatment in Trial 1. Insecticides and an untreated check were compared in 2-row by 500-ft plots of corn planted 13 Mar on 38-in rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. At planting time, each insecticide (except Force) was applied into the open seed furrow. Force was applied in a 6-in band over a partially open seed furrow (i.e., each row-bander was located between the seed-drop and press wheel). Insecticides were applied with a John Deere Max-Emerge planter equipped with Kinze applicator boxes. Texture of soil at the test location was medium, and soil moisture at planting time was excellent. One inch of rain fell at the test location during the first 3 wk after planting time. Insecticide efficacy was evaluated by (1) inspecting 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot for damage caused by cutworms and (2) inspecting 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot for numbers of adult chinch bugs. Plant-stand was estimated for each treatment by counting numbers of plants (cutworm-damaged plus non-damaged plants) per 13.75 row-ft at 2 sites in each plot.
Lorsban Phytotoxicity Test, 1989
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

A hand-pushed ‘V belt seeder was used to plant seeds in each treatment row. A 2-4 inch band of meat and bone meal was placed over each row to increase SM oviposition. Each plot consisted of single row treatments 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Row lengths were 15 ft for Showcase and SS Jubilee, with 90 and 96 seeds per row, respectively. Jubilee had 7-ft rows with 47 seeds per row. An average percent damage was calculated by recording the injury to 25 seed pieces/row after they were dug and washed. Seeds were treated 23 Jun and the plot was planted 3 Jul. Damage counts were made 12 Jul.
Cotton, Cotton Bollworm, Tobacco Budworm and Cotton Boll Weevil Control with Pyrethroids, 1989
Authors: Guillebeau L. P. , All J. N. , Roberts P. M. , Nault B. A. , Hsiao W. F.
Published: March 2022

Cotton seed was planted 28 Apr, University of Georgia Experiment Station, Midville, GA. Soil type was Dothan loamy sand. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4-row plots × 50 ft long × 38 in row width and 15 ft alleys with 5 replicates. Plants were treated with a high cycle sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row at 60 psi in a final volume of 10.0 gal H20/acre. Plots were sprayed 8 times beginning 25 Jul and continuing Aug 3, 6, 15, 22, 29, Sep 7 and 12. All treatments were sprayed with malathion at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre, in accordance with the APHIS/GA Dept of Agriculture protocol for the Boll Weevil Eradication Program, on 5 Jun, Jul 5, 19, Aug 9, 16, 23, 30 and 20 Sep. Twenty squares or small bolls per replicate in each treatment were examined for worm or weevile damage prior to spraying on each date.
Spatial Distribution and Behavior of TBW Larvae on Treated Plants, 1989
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Pickel S. L. , Benedict J. H.
Published: March 2022

A greenhouse study was conducted to measure the spatial distribution and behavior of third instar larvae on amitraz (ATZ)-treated and untreated plants. TBW eggs were obtained from ICI Americas' cypermethrin-resistant (R) and -susceptible cultures. Neonate larvae were placed on pinto bean diet in plastic cups and held in an incubator at 27 ± 2°C with a 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod until they reached third instar. Squaring cotton was sprayed with aqueous dilutions of ATZ using a CO2 pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal/acre through 2, size 3X hollow-cone nozzles per row. The third instars were placed on the third mainstem internode below the shoot terminal of each plant 1 h following application of ATZ. Treatments were placed randomly in the greenhouse. Larval location and activity were observed on each plant at 15 min intervals for 6 h or until the larva left the plant. Locations recorded were shoot terminals, squares, leaf blades and stem/petioles. Vertical migration of the larva was measured by recording the number of the mainstem internode from which the plant structure arose where the larva was located. Feeding/scraping, resting, locomotion and spin-down were the larval behaviors recorded. The 6 treatments were replicated 20 times. The percent occurrence of each larva at each location, and larval behavior at each location for the 6-h observation period was a replicate.
Early Season Insect Control with In-Furrow Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This study was designed to compare formulations of different insecticides applied in-furrow for control of early-season insects in cotton and their effect on plant growth The soil type in this experiment was Houston clay. Cotton was treated with standard fungicides, planted with a John Deere flex-71 planter, and insecticides were applied through John Deere insecticide boxes which were ground driven. Planting was made in low beds, 3 to 3.5 inches high, on 22 Apr. Plants emerged to stand by 2 May. The experimental design was a randomized complete block of 4 row, 40 ft plots, with 4 replications. The soil condition stayed wet and cold until 1 Jun. Poor cotton growing conditions characterized the spring growing period. Thrips, adults and larvae, were collected by beating 25 randomly selected plants over hardware cloth on 11, 18, 25, and 31 May. Aphids were counted 18 and 25 May. Plant-feeding bugs were collected on 7 Jun with a D-vac machine, sampling 40 row ft/plot. On 7 Jun, 10 consecutive plants in a row were collected, leaves were removed and weighed, and the number of squares were counted. Plants were about 30 days old. Previous data showed a good correlation between leaf weight and leaf area when measured with an area meter. Yields were estimated by harvesting the center 2 rows with a brush stripper on 31 Aug, 131 d after planting.
Two Spotted Spider Mite Control with Azodrin as Compared to Thuringiensin, 1988
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was infested with twospotted spider mites by placing 1 infested bean plant every 6 steps along each row on 14 Jun. Ammo at the rate of 0.04 lb Al/acre was sprayed on the entire area on 16 Jun and weekly thereafter. Plots were 8 rows wide and 40 ft long arranged in 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 24 Jun with a highboy with spraytips every 20 inches at the rate of 10 gal/acre. The percent infested leaves in the 6th and 8th position from the terminal was determined by examining 25 leaves on the center 2 rows of each plot. Dates of sample were 28 Jun, 5, 12, 19, and 26 Jul. Yield was determined by stripping 2 rows from each plot on 6 Sep.
Cotton Aphid Control, 1989
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Burris Gene
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were applied 17 Jul to a cotton field located on a commercial farm near St. Joseph, LA. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) by 50 ft. Insecticide treatments were applied with a hand held boom and CO2 charged spraying system calibrated to deliver 8 gal total spray solution/acre through Teejet X-6 nozzles (2/row) at 38 psi. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design and replicated 4 times. The treatments were evaluated 48 h posttreatment by collecting 5 cotton plant terminals from each plot and placing them into glass (1 qt) jars. The sample consisted of all shoot growth just above the first fully expanded leaf. In the laboratory, aphids were washed from the plant samples onto 300-mesh screens, backwashed on ruled filter paper (7 cm) and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. The test plots had been previously treated with multiple applications of organophosphates, all of which failed to provide satisfactory control.
Screening of Aphis Gossypii for Insecticide Tolerance, 1989
Authors: O'Brien P. J. , Hardee D. D. , Grafton-Cardwell E. E.
Published: March 2022

Colonies of A. gossypii were assayed for insecticide tolerance using a leaf-dip test. Two colonies represented collections made from areas of control failures in Stoneville, MS, and Lawrence County, AL, and were reared in the greenhouse on DES 119 cotton 3 mon before a susceptible colony was established from aphids collected from Earlimart, CA. Cotton terminals were swirled 15 sec in water (control) or in a solution of formulated insecticide at a concentration causing approximately 90% mortality of susceptible insects: Lorsban 300 ppm, Thiodan 300 ppm, Capture 10 ppm, Metasystox-R 100 ppm, and Bidrin 100 ppm. Terminals were allowed to dry 45 min, placed in water wicks, and infested on leaf undersides using ventilated clip cages. Infested terminals were held at 80° F, 50% RH, and 14:10 L:D. Four replications (1 replication = 1 terminal) of 10 wingless adults/replication of similar size and color (green/black) from each colony were run. Mortality was determined 24 h later. Additionally, Lorsban and Thiodan were assayed using a laboratory spray table at field rates (1.0 lb and 0.33 lb (AI)/acre, respectively), calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre (30 psi, TX 6 nozzle, 2 mph). Six replications of 10 aphids/replication were run for each treatment; caging, holding conditions, and test duration were the same as for dip bioassays.
Delta Aphid Test-III, 1988
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Nineteen treatments were evaluated for relative efficacy against aphids on irrigated cotton planted 11-12 May on the Avery farm near Shaw, MS. Plots were 8 rows by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 1 Aug to the 4 inner rows of each plot by high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air-plot spray system with 2 TX-4 nozzles/row calibrated for 5 gal/acre. Prior to this test 8 applications of insecticide had already been applied to the field as follows (rates are lb [AI]/acre); 3 applications of Orthene 75 S at 0.25; Swat 8 E at 0.15; Bidrin 8 E at 0.2; Swat 8 E at 0.25; Azodrin 5 E at 1.0. Prior to treatment, the mean number and standard error of aphids on Vb of each of 10 leaves from each of 20 plots (5 random plots/rep) from the upper third of the canopy was 469.8 and 237.1, respectively. Although the standard error was high, the minimum number of aphids/plot was greater than 40.2 aphids/leaf. Posttreatment data were collected 4 Aug by counting aphids on ½ of each of 10 leaves from each of 2 levels (4th leaf down, and one from mid-plant) per plot.
Evaluation of Pyrethroid and Organophosphate Insecticides for Aphid Control on Cotton—Northeast Mississippi Location, 1989
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Eight treatments were tested for relative efficacy against aphids on non-irrigated cotton planted 8 May at the Northeast Mississippi Branch Experiment Station, Verona, MS. Plots were 8 rows wide by 50 ft with 40 inch centers and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air plot spray system calibrated for 8 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row, with the outside nozzles on 13 inch drops. Applications were made on 3 and 11 Aug. Environmental conditions during both applications were excellent. Aphids were sampled in each plot on each of 10 leaves picked at random from each of 2 levels of the plant. The leaves sampled were the third or fourth fully expanded leaf below the terminal and a leaf arising from the mainstem approximately M> of the plant height down the plant from the terminal. All data were collected from the center 2 rows.
Evaluation of Early Season Thrips Control on Cotton—Delta Location, 1989
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen treatments were evaluated for thrips control in cotton planted 26 May in sandy loam soil on the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. Plots were 4 rows by 50 ft with 4 rows of cotton planted between plots. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Granular materials were applied with granule applicator boxes on a John Deere planter. All other treatments except the Orthene treated seed were liquids and were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle positioned above and in line with the furrow to direct all the spray into the furrow at a rate of 5.3 gal/acre. Water was used as the carrier for sprayed insecticides. Thrips samples were obtained after collecting 10 plants at random from each plot, placing them in a quart jar and transporting them to the laboratory. In the laboratory the plants were washed with a few drops each of detergent and sodium hyperchlorite bleach/liter of water, and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. The thrips were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting under a binocular dissection microscope. Plants were collected for sampling on 9, 15, and 21 Jun, and the plants from 21 Jun were measured from the point of soil contact to the apical meristem to evaluate plant height differences. Boll counts were made on 30 Oct. Based on the identification of adult specimens, the majority of the thrips were tobacco thrips. Western flower thrips, soybean thrips, and a very few miscellaneous species composed the remainder of the population.
Thrips Control in Peanuts Using At-Plant Insecticide Applications, North Carolina, 1989
Authors: Rrandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

At-plant, in-furrow insecticides were evaluated for tobacco thrips control near Hertford in Perquimans Co. Peanuts were planted on 24 May using a Cole planter (36 inch rows) at approximately 100 lb seed/acre. Soil series was Roanoke silt loam with 0.5% H.M. and pH 5.7. At planting, the soil was moist and 70°F. Post emergence treatments of Poast + crop oil and Storm + surfactant were used for early season weed control. Plots were 2 rows wide × 50 ft long, and each plot was separated by 2 buffer rows. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plot ends were separated by a 5 ft barren strip. Treatments, rates, and application techniques are listed in the table below. In-furrow treatments were placed in the furrow with the seed using electric Gandy® boxes. Foliar treatments were applied on 13 Jun using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi using 8002 flat-fan nozzles. All pegging treatments were applied using a Noble metering unit mounted on a bicycle wheel cart. Each plot (including the second Temik treatment applied 18 Jul) was treated with Mocap 10 G for rootworm control on 18 Jul. Peanuts were otherwise managed under standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by determing the abundance of damaged leaflets/plot. Fifty newly-opened leaflets/plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage. The number of damaged leaflets was recorded. Sampling was conducted on 3 dates: 13, 20, and 27 Jun. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented.
Corn Earworm Control in 'NC 6' Peanut in Virginia, 1989
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against CEW. Peanuts were planted 15 May with 36-inch row spacing. Temik 15 G at 1 lb (AI)/acre was applied in-furrow at planting. Test treatments were applied on 25 Aug using a CO2 compressed-air backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 12.5 gal formulation/acre at 30 psi using 3 D2-13 disc-core cone spray nozzles/row. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 2 rows by 25 ft. Treatments were evaluated before and 1, 3 and 7 DAT by comparing numbers of small, medium and large sized CEW larvae, corresponding to lst-2nd, 3rd-4th and 5th-6th instar groupings, respectively, per 6 row-ft.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant, 1989
Authors: White C. A. , Bessin R. T. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

The study utilized 32 plots of approximately %-acre size in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 8 treatments. Prior to initiation, fire ant mounds (both single and multiple queen colonies present) were counted and marked with 12-inch garden stakes in each plot. A centrally located Vi-acre circle was designated in each plot for fire ant population monitoring. The study began 15 Aug 1989 in a 30-acre field at the LSU St. Gabriel Research Station in Iverville Parish, LA. Applications were initiated on 1 Sep and were completed on 11 Sep. Tralomethrin and Lorsban were applied to individual mounds using a solo backpack sprayer (14 psi), 1 pt of finished formulation sprayed over the surface of each mound. Amdro and Fortress individual mound treatments were applied using 1-qt "shaker" jars with holes in the lids. Amdro and Dursban broadcast treatments were applied using a cyclone spreader. Bengal Fire Ant Killer (tralomethrin 0.3 EC) broadcast treatments were applied with a tractor-sprayer (40 psi). After treatment, each mound was designated with a painted stake for further monitoring. Counts for population monitoring and % control were made on 12 Oct and 9 Nov.
Insect Control with Thiodan in Winter Rapeseed, 1989
Authors: David Buntin G. , Raymer Paul L.
Published: March 2022

Thiodan was evaluated for control of CA and CSW in winter rapeseed at Griffin and Plains, GA. Rapeseed was planted on 10-20 Oct in 7 inch rows in plots measuring 20 by 20 ft. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Spray was applied at full bloom on 29 Mar at Plains and 1 Apr at Griffin with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with No. 4 flat fan nozzles which delivered 27.5 gal/acre. Sprayed plots were retreated 16-d after the first spray. The percentage of CA infested stalk was recorded before and after the first spray. The percentage of CSW infested pods was measured by inspecting 200 pods/plot before harvest; but no CSW pod damage was observed at Plains. Plots were harvested with a small plot combine and yield was adjusted to 80% moisture content.
Soybean Insect Control in Georgia, 1989
Authors: McPherson R. M.
Published: March 2022

Ten insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling soybean loopers and threecornered alfalfa hoppers in soybean. Soybeans were planted on 10 Jul in conventionally prepared seedbeds on 36 inch rows at the University of Georgia Bowen Research Farm in Tift County, GA. Individual plots were 4 rows wide by 25 ft with 6-ft alleys at the beginning and end of the plots. A complete randomized block experimental design was utilized with 4 replications. Insecticides were foliar-applied on 30 Aug. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered compressed air sprayer, with 4 TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom, at 35 psi and 17.2 gal/acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 2, 6, and 12 d after application by comparing the number of insect pests per 6 ft of row in the treated plots to those in the untreated checks. A 6 ft ground cloth sample (3 ft of 2 adjacent rows) was taken from each plot on each sampling date.
Season-Long Insecticide Block Treatments, 1989
Authors: Johnson James W. , Biddinger David
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to mature trees at a rate of 100 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of 3 rows by 4 trees (12 trees/unit), each replicated 3 times. Applications were made on 12 May, 1 Jun, 14 Jun, 26 Jun, 8 Jul, 21 Jul, 1 Aug, 13 Aug, 26 Aug, 6 Sep, and 18 Sep. Bayleton, Nustar, Cyprex, Captec, Stik, and Baycor were applied separately to all treatments. Harvest fruit finish data were taken on 2 Oct from 100 fruit taken randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, for a total of 300 fruit/treatment.
Insecticide Evaluation Against Mexican Rice Borer on Sugarcane, 1989
Authors: Pfannenstiel R. S. , Meagher R. L. , Saldana R. R.
Published: March 2022

A block of 1st ratoon sugarcane located in Hidalgo Co., near Santa Rosa, TX was sectioned into plots of 8 rows (60-inch centers) × 90 ft (0.083 acre). A 10 ft buffer of standing cane was left between plots. Insecticide treatments were randomly assigned to plots in a complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied at 45 psi in 0.9 gal of water/plot (11 gal/acre) using a ground sprayer with a 20 ft boom with 1 nozzle on either side and the top of each row of sugarcane. Nozzles on the sides of the sugarcane rows were lowered 3 ft into the canopy and directed toward the plants. A prespray count of borers and bored internodes (20 stalks/ plot) was taken on 28 Jun. Weekly samples of all plots were conducted, and when the Azodrin 5-treated (standard insecticide) plots reached 10% stalks with infested leafsheaths (action threshold), all plots were sprayed. Insecticide treatments were applied 29 Jun, 7, 18 Jul, and 8 Aug. Only 4 applications were made due to residue restrictions. Efficacy (% bored internodes) was evaluated 21 Aug by examining randomly-selected sugarcane stalks (20 stalks/plot) from each plot.
Insecticide Evaluation for Wireworm Control in Sugarcane, 1989
Authors: White C. A. , Bessin R. T. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for control of wireworms in sugarcane using small plot field trials at the LSU St. Gabriel Experiment Station in Iberville Parish, LA. A randomized complete block design was used with 6 replications, each plot with 3 rows spaced 6 ft apart by 72.6 ft in length (0.03 acre). Applications were made on 28 Sep, 1988 using 1 qt "shaker" jars with holes in the lids. Sugarcane growth and stand counts in each plot were determined on 28 Nov 1988-and 23 Aug 1989. Soil samples were taken and analyzed for nematode infestation levels on 10 Jul 1989. A height measurement (from soil surface to whorl) consisting of 12 random stalks from each plot was made on 21 Jul. SC borer injury was additionally determined on 19 Oct by comparing percent bored internodes in treated and untreated plots following examination of 12 stalks/plot for external signs of SCB entrance and exit holes. The weight of 10 stalks of the 12 evaluated for SCB injury was recorded and evaluations of Brix and polarity made.
Control of Tobacco Aphids with Foliar Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S.
Published: March 2022

On 15 May tobacco was planted at the Central Crops Research Station near Clayton, NC, in a field with Norfolk loamy sand soil. Plots 2 rows wide (45 inches apart) and 45 ft in length (23 or 24 plants) separated by 2 untreated buffer rows were marked out on 10 Jul according to a randomized complete-block design with 11 treatments and 4 replicates. From within each plot, 1 leaf with from 50 to 100 aphids in the upper Vi of the plant were selected from 10 plants and tagged with fluorescent surveying tape. All aphids on the tagged leaves were counted and recorded. Treatments were applied on 11 Jul with a tractor mounted CO2 sprayer. Sprays were applied through a single Spraying Systems D2-33 nozzle per row at 60 psi and 25 gpa. Three, 10, and 17 DAT, the number of surviving aphids on the tagged leaves was counted and recorded. Using this data, the percent control was calculated using Abbott’s formula. Before ANOVA, the percent control was transformed to arcsine Vpercent/100. Waller-Duncan K-ratio t tests (K = 100) were used to separate treatment means. The means of the raw percent control are reported.
Control of Tobacco Flea Beetles and Tobacco Aphids with Preplant Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted at the Central Crops Research Station near Clayton, NC, on 15 May in a field with a Norfolk loamy sand soil. Plots were replicated 4 times and arranged according to a randomized complete-block design having 5 treatments. Individual plots were 2 rows (45 inches apart) by 42.5 ft (ca. 22 plants) and were separated by an untreated buffer row. Before transplanting, treatments were applied using either a CO2-powered sprayer or a Nobel granular applicator. Sprayable materials were applied at 20 psi and 26.6 gal/acre through Spraying Systems 8004 flat-fan nozzles spaced 20 inches apart on a 5 nozzle boom. Granular materials were applied in a 12 inch band centered over the row. Materials were incorporated immediately after application with a rolling cultivator and rows were rigid. At the time of application, soil moisture was excellent. Tobacco flea beetle adults were counted on 10 consecutive plants in row 2 of each plot. Tobacco aphid abundance per plant on all plants in row 2 of each plot was rated as follows: 0 = no aphids, 1 = 1-100, 2 = 101-500, 3 = 501-1,000, 4 = 1,001-2,000, 5 = 2,001-4,000, and 6 = >4,000. Using this information, the average aphid rating per plot was calculated. ANOVA was performed and Waller-Duncan K-ratio t tests (K = 100) were used to separate treatment means.
Control of Black Cutworms and Flea Beetles with Karate, 1989
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 15 May in a Norfolk loamy sand. Plots were 2 rows (45 inches apart) by 22 plants (ca. 45 ft) arranged in a randomized-complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. Plots were separated by one untreated buffer row. On 31 May, 6 consecutive plants in row 1 were individually encircled with a 16 inch diam plastic-lawn edging barrier. Near each plant, a small indentation was made in the soil by hand and 3 third-instar black cutworm larvae were released. After the larvae were released, they were covered with a small amount of wheat straw to prevent bird predation and dehydration. Soil moisture was excellent. On the evening of 1 Jun, treatments were applied at 60 psi and a rate of 25 gal/acre through a single D2-33 Spraying Systems nozzle/ row using a CO2-powered sprayer. At the time of application winds were calm, temp, was 90°F and relative humidity was high. On 5 Jun, the soil inside the barrier was sifted and examined for dead and surviving larvae. Individual plants were rated for cutworm damage as follows: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight damage (>5 small holes per plant), 2 = mild damage (>5 small holes or <3 large holes per plant), 3 = moderate damage (>3 large holes, portions of leaves eaten or 1 cut leaf), 4 = heavy damage (numerous large holes, several leaves or but cut), 5 = dead (cut) plant. On 9 Jun, the number of tobacco flea beetle adults and tobacco flea beetle feeding holes were counted on 10 consecutive plants in row 2 from each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Waller-Duncan K-ratio t tests (K = 100) were used to separate treatment means. Counts of the number of surviving black cutworm larvae and the flea beetle adult and feeding hole counts were transformed to count + 0.5 before ANOVA.
Tobacco Aphid Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T. , Barnes Martha L.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted into a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil (pH 6.1; O.M. 1.3) at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station near Blackstone, VA, on 24 May. The plots were 40 ft (24 plants) long, 4 ft (1 row) wide and separated by single untreated guard rows. Treatment units were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Telone II (15 gal/acre) and Mocap 6 EC (1 gal/acre) were applied on 14 Apr and 17 May, respectively, for control of tobacco cyst nematodes. Insecticide treatments were applied 7 Jul with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer that delivered 20 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-10 nozzles/row. Weather conditions were clear and 80°90°F at the time of application. Wind speed was less than 5 mph. TA populations were estimated for the 4 upper leaves on 10 plants/plot 1 day before treatment and at 3, 7 and 14 DAT. During the post-treatment period it rained 1.1, 0.5 and 1.05 inch at 7, 8 and 9 DAT, respectively. Tobacco was harvested and leaves were cured, weighed and graded for yield and value determinations. Count data were transformed to Log10(X + 1) for analysis. Actual means are presented.
Control of Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid in Winter Wheat, 1989
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Pitman R. M.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against aphids in winter wheat in VA. Wheat was planted on 8 Oct with 7-inch row spacing. Treatments were applied on 12 Apr using a CO2 compressed-air backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 25 gal formulation/acre at 22 psi, broadcast with 8004 flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the boom. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 6 rows by 20 ft. Treatments were evaluated by comparing numbers of aphids/row-ft before and 1, 7, and 17 DAT. Yield was based on cutting (23 Jun), drying, combining and weighing grain from 2 center rows (40 row-ft)/plot.
First Generation Walh Insecticide Experiment, 1989
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 9-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 single tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Most test materials were approved for use in organic orchards in Washington. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves/tree (80 leaves/treatment). Some were expected to provide some degree of leafhopper control; others were codling moth materials with unknown activity on leafhoppers. Standard insecticides were Thiodan and Phosphamidon.
Codling Moth Control with XRD-473,1989
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Cover spray programs of the insect growth regulator (IGR) XRD-473 by itself and in combination with Lorsban were compared to a standard Guthion program. Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 28-yr-old pear trees. Treatment rates given assume a spray volume of 400 gal/acre. Each treatment consisted of 4 single-tree replicates arranged in a randomized complete block. Streptomycin was applied to the whole block for control of fireblight. Cover sprays were timed to codling moth phenology (see Washington State University Extension Bulletin 1072). The IGR XRD-473 was applied 100 to 150°D (base 50°F) earlier than organophosphate cover sprays to coincide with the beginning and peak of egglaying activity. Fruit (25/tree) was checked in mid-season at the end of the first CM generation and at harvest. Stings as well as entries were recorded. The harvest fruit sample was also checked for pear psylla as well as pear rust mite russet. Leaf samples were taken 10 Jul and 21 Aug and checked for PP, spider mites and PRM. Ten terminals were sampled on a tree by removing a leaf from the top, middle and bottom of a terminal (30/leaves/tree; 120/treatment). Mites as well as PP immatures were removed from leaves with a mite brushing machine onto a sticky glass plate and counted under a stereo microscope.
Methyl Bromide Control of Codling Moth on Nectarines Packed in Export Shipping Containers, 1989
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y. , Miller Gina T. , Hartsell Preston L.
Published: March 2022

Nectarines exported to Japan are currently fumigated unpacked in field bins with a methyl bromide quarantine treatment of 48 g/m3 for 2 h at 21°C or above and 50% load to disinfest the fruit of potential codling moth infestations. Large-scale tests were used to determine efficacy of the quarantine treatment to control 1- d-old codling moth eggs, the least susceptible stage to methyl bromide, on nectarines in shipping containers. Nectarines that had been washed, sorted and packed in thermal-form-molded 32-cup styrene trays (35 by 41.5 cm) were obtained from a packinghouse. The fruit (n = 524) were infested with codling moth eggs in 5 infestation cages containing 800 to 1,000 adults/cage. Eggs collected on waxed paper sheets in each cage and unfumigated eggs on nectarines were used for controls. Infested and uninfested fruit were randomized in trays. A tray was placed into each of 9 Bliss-style, single wall, corrugated fiberboard shipping containers (37 by 41.5 by 11 cm). A macerated paper-filled pad (35 by 41.5 cm) was placed on the bottom and top of the tray. A paper instruction sheet and self-adhesive labels were placed in the container simulating commercial shipping materials. The container was sealed with hot melt adhesive and transparent box sealing tape. Containers with infested fruit were placed in nine positions in a 3.12 m3 fumigation chamber. The remainder of the chamber was filled to make a 50% load with containers packed with uninfested fruit. Fumigations using the quarantine treatment schedule were replicated 3 times. After aeration for 3.5 h, fumigated eggs were placed in an isolated area at about 23°C. Fumigated and control egg survival was determined weekly for 3 wk and 2 wk after treatment, respectively.
Insecticide Evaluations for Variegated Grape Leafhopper, 1989
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , Sybouts Mark G.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticide treatments were applied post harvest to grapes located near Dateland, AZ. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each treatment plot was 48 ft long of one row. Adjoining rows were not treated to allow for reinfestation. Applications were made on 24 Aug by a tractor pulled Rears converted airblast sprayer with an over-the-top 5-nozzle boom calibrated to deliver 130 gal/acre. Triton B-1956 was added to each treatment at the rate of 0.25%. Daytime high temperatures averaged 102.9°F the 15 d period following treatment, low temperatures averaged 72.1°F. Plots were sampled 8, 15, 22 and 29 DAT (1 Sep, 8 Sep, 15 Sep and 22 Sep). Samples consisted of the terminal 10 leaves/vine examined. Two to 6 of these samples were taken per plot dependent upon nymph density by week.