bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
White adipose tissue lacks significant vagal innervation and immunohistochemical evidence of parasympathetic innervation
Authors: Giordano Antonio , Song C. Kay , Bowers Robert R. , Ehlen J. Christopher , Frontini Andrea , Cinti Saverio , Bartness Timothy J.
Published: June 2006

Converging evidence indicates that white adipose tissue (WAT) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) based on immunohistochemical labeling of a SNS marker (tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]), tract tracing of WAT sympathetic postganglionic innervation, pseudorabies virus (PRV) transneuronal labeling of WAT SNS outflow neurons, and functional evidence from denervation studies. Recently, WAT para-SNS (PSNS) innervation was suggested because local surgical WAT sympathectomy (sparing hypothesized parasympathetic innervation) followed by PRV injection yielded infected cells in the vagal dorsomotor nucleus (DMV), a traditionally-recognized PSNS brain stem site. In addition, local surgical PSNS WAT denervation triggered WAT catabolic responses. We tested histologically whether WAT was parasympathetically innervated by searching for PSNS markers in rat, and normal (C57BL) and obese ( ob/ob) mouse WAT. Vesicular acetylcholine transporter, vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivities were absent in WAT pads (retroperitoneal, epididymal, inguinal subcutaneous) from all animals. Nearly all nerves innervating WAT vasculature and parenchyma that were labeled with protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5; pan-nerve marker) also contained TH, attesting to pervasive SNS innervation. When Siberian hamster inguinal WAT was sympathetically denervated via local injections of catecholaminergic toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (sparing putative parasympathetic nerves), subsequent PRV injection resulted in no central nervous system (CNS) or sympathetic chain infections suggesting no PSNS innervation. By contrast, vehicle-injected WAT subsequently inoculated with PRV had typical CNS/sympathetic chain viral infection patterns. Collectively, these data indicate no parasympathetic nerve markers in WAT of several species, with sparse DMV innervation and question the claim of PSNS WAT innervation as well as its functional significance.
Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels and Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies
Authors: Khosravani Houman , Zamponi Gerald W.
Published: June 2006

The idiopathic generalized epilepsies encompass a class of epileptic seizure types that exhibit a polygenic and heritable etiology. Advances in molecular biology and genetics have implicated defects in certain types of voltage-gated calcium channels and their ancillary subunits as important players in this form of epilepsy. Both T-type and P/Q-type channels appear to mediate important contributions to seizure genesis, modulation of network activity, and genetic seizure susceptibility. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the roles of these channels and associated subunits in normal and pathological brain activity within the context of idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
Adenosine and Kidney Function
Authors: Vallon Volker , Mühlbauer Bernd , Osswald Hartmut
Published: June 2006

In this review we outline the unique effects of the autacoid adenosine in the kidney. Adenosine is present in the cytosol of renal cells and in the extracellular space of normoxic kidneys. Extracellular adenosine can derive from cellular adenosine release or extracellular breakdown of ATP, AMP, or cAMP. It is generated at enhanced rates when tubular NaCl reabsorption and thus transport work increase or when hypoxia is induced. Extracellular adenosine acts on adenosine receptor subtypes in the cell membranes to affect vascular and tubular functions. Adenosine lowers glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by constricting afferent arterioles, especially in superficial nephrons, and acts as a mediator of the tubuloglomerular feedback, i.e., a mechanism that coordinates GFR and tubular transport. In contrast, it leads to vasodilation in deep cortex and medulla. Moreover, adenosine tonically inhibits the renal release of renin and stimulates NaCl transport in the cortical proximal tubule but inhibits it in medullary segments including the medullary thick ascending limb. These differential effects of adenosine are subsequently analyzed in a more integrative way in the context of intrarenal metabolic regulation of kidney function, and potential pathophysiological consequences are outlined.
Transmembrane Transport of Endo- and Xenobiotics by Mammalian ATP-Binding Cassette Multidrug Resistance Proteins
Authors: Deeley Roger G. , Westlake Christopher , Cole Susan P. C.
Published: June 2006

Multidrug Resistance Proteins (MRPs), together with the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR/ABCC7) and the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR1/ABCC8 and SUR2/ABCC9) comprise the 13 members of the human “C” branch of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily. All C branch proteins share conserved structural features in their nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) that distinguish them from other ABC proteins. The MRPs can be further divided into two subfamilies “long” (MRP1, -2, -3, -6, and -7) and “short” (MRP4, -5, -8, -9, and -10). The short MRPs have a typical ABC transporter structure with two polytropic membrane spanning domains (MSDs) and two NBDs, while the long MRPs have an additional NH2-terminal MSD. In vitro, the MRPs can collectively confer resistance to natural product drugs and their conjugated metabolites, platinum compounds, folate antimetabolites, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, arsenical and antimonial oxyanions, peptide-based agents, and, under certain circumstances, alkylating agents. The MRPs are also primary active transporters of other structurally diverse compounds, including glutathione, glucuronide, and sulfate conjugates of a large number of xeno- and endobiotics. In vivo, several MRPs are major contributors to the distribution and elimination of a wide range of both anticancer and non-anticancer drugs and metabolites. In this review, we describe what is known of the structure of the MRPs and the mechanisms by which they recognize and transport their diverse substrates. We also summarize knowledge of their possible physiological functions and evidence that they may be involved in the clinical drug resistance of various forms of cancer.
Physiology of Local Renin-Angiotensin Systems
Authors: Paul Martin , Poyan Mehr Ali , Kreutz Reinhold
Published: June 2006

Since the first identification of renin by Tigerstedt and Bergmann in 1898, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been extensively studied. The current view of the system is characterized by an increased complexity, as evidenced by the discovery of new functional components and pathways of the RAS. In recent years, the pathophysiological implications of the system have been the main focus of attention, and inhibitors of the RAS such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin (ANG) II receptor blockers have become important clinical tools in the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy. Nevertheless, the tissue RAS also plays an important role in mediating diverse physiological functions. These focus not only on the classical actions of ANG on the cardiovascular system, namely, the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis, but also on other functions. Recently, the research efforts studying these noncardiovascular effects of the RAS have intensified, and a large body of data are now available to support the existence of numerous organ-based RAS exerting diverse physiological effects. ANG II has direct effects at the cellular level and can influence, for example, cell growth and differentiation, but also may play a role as a mediator of apoptosis. These universal paracrine and autocrine actions may be important in many organ systems and can mediate important physiological stimuli. Transgenic overexpression and knock-out strategies of RAS genes in animals have also shown a central functional role of the RAS in prenatal development. Taken together, these findings may become increasingly important in the study of organ physiology but also for a fresh look at the implications of these findings for organ pathophysiology.
Nuclear Lamins: Laminopathies and Their Role in Premature Ageing
Authors: Broers J. L. V. , Ramaekers F. C. S. , Bonne G. , Yaou R. Ben , Hutchison C. J.
Published: June 2006

It has been demonstrated that nuclear lamins are important proteins in maintaining cellular as well as nuclear integrity, and in maintaining chromatin organization in the nucleus. Moreover, there is growing evidence that lamins play a prominent role in transcriptional control. The family of laminopathies is a fast-growing group of diseases caused by abnormalities in the structure or processing of the lamin A/C ( LMNA) gene. Mutations or incorrect processing cause more than a dozen different inherited diseases, ranging from striated muscular diseases, via fat- and peripheral nerve cell diseases, to progeria. This broad spectrum of diseases can only be explained if the responsible A-type lamin proteins perform multiple functions in normal cells. This review gives an overview of current knowledge on lamin structure and function and all known diseases associated with LMNA abnormalities. Based on the knowledge of the different functions of A-type lamins and associated proteins, explanations for the observed phenotypes are postulated. It is concluded that lamins seem to be key players in, among others, controlling the process of cellular ageing, since disturbance in lamin protein structure gives rise to several forms of premature ageing.
Astrocyte Control of Synaptic Transmission and Neurovascular Coupling
Authors: Haydon Philip G. , Carmignoto Giorgio
Published: June 2006

From a structural perspective, the predominant glial cell of the central nervous system, the astrocyte, is positioned to regulate synaptic transmission and neurovascular coupling: the processes of one astrocyte contact tens of thousands of synapses, while other processes of the same cell form endfeet on capillaries and arterioles. The application of subcellular imaging of Ca2+ signaling to astrocytes now provides functional data to support this structural notion. Astrocytes express receptors for many neurotransmitters, and their activation leads to oscillations in internal Ca2+. These oscillations induce the accumulation of arachidonic acid and the release of the chemical transmitters glutamate, d-serine, and ATP. Ca2+ oscillations in astrocytic endfeet can control cerebral microcirculation through the arachidonic acid metabolites prostaglandin E2 and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids that induce arteriole dilation, and 20-HETE that induces arteriole constriction. In addition to actions on the vasculature, the release of chemical transmitters from astrocytes regulates neuronal function. Astrocyte-derived glutamate, which preferentially acts on extrasynaptic receptors, can promote neuronal synchrony, enhance neuronal excitability, and modulate synaptic transmission. Astrocyte-derived d-serine, by acting on the glycine-binding site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, can modulate synaptic plasticity. Astrocyte-derived ATP, which is hydrolyzed to adenosine in the extracellular space, has inhibitory actions and mediates synaptic cross-talk underlying heterosynaptic depression. Now that we appreciate this range of actions of astrocytic signaling, some of the immediate challenges are to determine how the astrocyte regulates neuronal integration and how both excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory signals (adenosine) provided by the same glial cell act in concert to regulate neuronal function.
How Valid Are Family Proxy Assessments of Stroke Patients’ Health-Related Quality of Life?
Authors: Williams Linda S. , Bakas Tamilyn , Brizendine Edward , Plue Laurie , Tu Wanzhu , Hendrie Hugh , Kroenke Kurt
Published: June 2006

Background and Purpose—

Proxy respondents are often needed to report outcomes in stroke survivors, but they typically systematically rate impairments worse than patients themselves. The magnitude of this difference, the degree of agreement between patients and proxies, and the factors influencing agreement are not well known.

Methods—

We compared patient and family proxy health-related quality of life (HRQL) responses in 225 patient–proxy pairs enrolled in a clinical trial for poststroke depression. We used paired t-tests and the intraclass correlation (ICC) statistic to evaluate the agreement between patient and proxy domain scores and the overall Stroke-specific Quality of Life (SS-QOL) score. We used multivariate linear regression to model patient- and proxy-reported SS-QOL scores.

Results—

Patients were older (63 versus 55 years) and less often female (48% versus 74%) than proxies. Proxies rated all domains of SS-SQOL slightly worse than patients. The Mood, Energy, and Thinking domains had the greatest disparity with mean patient–proxy differences of 0.45, 0.37, and 0.37 points, respectively. The ICC for each domain ranged from 0.30 (role function) to 0.59 (physical function). Proxy overall SS-QOL score was also lower (worse) than patient score (3.7 versus 3.4,
P
<0.001) with ICC of 0.41. Agreement was higher among patient–proxy pairs with higher patient depression scores and with lower proxy report of caregiving burden.

Conclusions—

Proxies systematically report more dysfunction in multiple aspects of HRQL than stroke patients themselves. Agreement between patient and proxy HRQL domain scores is modest at best and is affected by patient depression and proxy perception of burden. These differences may be large enough to impact the outcome assessment in stroke clinical trials.
Fn14 Is Upregulated in Cytokine-Stimulated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Is Expressed in Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques
Authors: Muñoz-García Begoña , Martín-Ventura Jose Luis , Martínez Elena , Sánchez Santiago , Hernández Gonzalo , Ortega Luis , Ortiz Alberto , Egido Jesús , Blanco-Colio Luis Miguel
Published: June 2006

Background and Purpose—

Interaction between different members of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily and their receptors elicits diverse biologic actions that are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We have analyzed the expression of Fn14 and its ligand TWEAK in carotid atherosclerotic plaques and its potential modulation by atorvastatin in vivo. Furthermore, we have studied whether proinflammatory cytokines regulate Fn14 expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells (hASMCs) in culture as well as the potential regulation by atorvastatin treatment.

Methods—

Fn14 and TWEAK expression was analyzed in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, Fn14 expression was studied in hASMCs in culture.

Results—

Fn14 and TWEAK are expressed in macrophages and smooth muscle cells in carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and interferon-γ) upregulate Fn14 expression in hASMCs. This effect was prevented by atorvastatin treatment and reversed by mevalonate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor, toxin B (Rac and Rho inhibitor), C3 exoenzyme (Rho inhibitor), and Y-27632 (Rho kinase inhibitor) also decreased Fn14 expression, implicating the Rho/Rho kinase pathway in the regulation of Fn14 expression. Finally, atorvastatin treatment reduced Fn14 expression in vivo.

Conclusions—

TWEAK and Fn14 are expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and could be novel mediators of atherosclerosis. Atorvastatin diminishes Fn14 expression in vitro and in vivo providing novel information of the beneficial properties of statins.
A Sham-Controlled Trial of a 5-Day Course of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Unaffected Hemisphere in Stroke Patients
Authors: Fregni Felipe , Boggio Paulo S. , Valle Angela C. , Rocha Renata R. , Duarte Julia , Ferreira Merari J.L. , Wagner Tim , Fecteau Shirley , Rigonatti Sergio P. , Riberto Marcelo , Freedman Steven D. , Pascual-Leone Alvaro
Published: June 2006

Background and Purpose—

It has been recently shown that a single session of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the unaffected hemisphere can improve motor function in stroke patients; however, this improvement is short-lasting. We therefore conducted a randomized, sham-controlled, phase II trial to evaluate whether five sessions of low-frequency rTMS can increase the magnitude and duration of these effects and whether this approach is safe.

Methods—

Fifteen patients with chronic stroke were randomized to receive active or sham rTMS of the unaffected hemisphere. A blinded rater assessed motor function and corticospinal excitability at baseline, during and after 2 weeks of treatment. Safety was assessed using a neuropsychologic battery and electroencephalogram.

Results—

Active rTMS resulted in a significant improvement of the motor function performance in the affected hand that lasted for 2 weeks. These effects were not observed in the sham rTMS group (affected and unaffected hand) and in the unaffected hand in the active rTMS group. Corticospinal excitability decreased in the stimulated, unaffected hemisphere and increased in the affected hemisphere. There was a significant correlation between motor function improvement and corticospinal excitability change in the affected hemisphere. Cognitive performance and electroencephalogram were not changed significantly throughout the trial in both groups of treatment.

Conclusions—

These results support and extend the findings of previous studies on rTMS in stroke patients because five consecutive sessions of rTMS increased the magnitude and duration of the motor effects. Furthermore, this increased dose of rTMS is not associated with cognitive adverse effects and/or epileptogenic activity.
Recent Evidence for an Involvement of Rho-Kinase in Cerebral Vascular Disease
Authors: Chrissobolis Sophocles , Sobey Christopher G.
Published: June 2006

Background and Purpose—The small G protein rhoA and its downstream effector rho-kinase are both expressed in vascular cells and are involved in several cellular processes. One of these processes is the regulation of the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain in vascular muscle and thus, the development of force. Recently, considerable evidence for increased activity of this pathway in cerebral and noncerebral vessels has been reported in several cardiovascular diseases associated with increased vascular tone.

Summary of Review—The main aim of this brief review is to summarize current evidence for the involvement of rhoA/rho-kinase signaling in dysfunction of the cerebral circulation in disease states, such as cerebral vasospasm, hypertension, diabetes, and ischemic brain injury. We will also briefly consider the novel hypothesis that augmented activity of endothelial rho-kinase decreases nitric oxide production and contributes to increased vascular tone in disease and the possibility of this action being a key therapeutic target of statins (inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase) in cerebral and noncerebral arteries.

Conclusions—Considerable evidence indicates that rhoA/rho-kinase activity is commonly increased in cerebral vascular disease, not only in vascular muscle, but also in the endothelium and possibly in inflammatory cells and neurons.
An Integrated Automated Analysis Method for Quantifying Vessel Stenosis and Plaque Burden From Carotid MRI Images
Authors: Adame Isabel M. , de Koning Patrick J.H. , Lelieveldt Boudewijn P.F. , Wasserman Bruce A. , Reiber Johan H.C. , van der Geest Rob J.
Published: June 2006

Background and Purpose—

We report the evaluation of a semiautomated method for in vivo assessment of the severity of carotid atherosclerosis with minimal user interaction that combines 3-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) and vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods—

Lumen and outer-wall contours were automatically detected, and stenosis and plaque burden were estimated. The method was tested on 22 subjects (352 postcontrast, T1-weighted cross sections and 3-dimensional CE-MRA).

Results—

We observed good correlation with expert contours: lumen and outer-wall area (
r
=0.96) and the degree of stenosis (
r
=0.97).

Conclusions—

The fusion of MRA and MRI reduces user interaction and improves contour detection, providing reproducible parameters to assess the severity of atherosclerosis.
Narrowing the Digital Divide
Authors: Chen Jie-Qi , Price Valerie
Published: June 2006

The Digital Divide originates with inequalities in children’s access to computers. It is deepened by disparities in teacher readiness to use computers for educational purposes. This article describes a computer training program designed to help Head Start teachers develop attitudes, skills, and practices that maximize the educational benefits children gain from computer use in the classroom. Guided by a set of pedagogical principles, the training program achieved its goals. Program teachers gained more confidence, developed more sophisticated computer skills, and applied more extensive classroom practices than teachers who did not participate in the program. Lessons learned from the training program point to key issues in supporting early childhood teacher development in computer technology. Corresponding recommendations for program design are discussed.
Urban Teachers’ Beliefs on Teaching, Learning, and Students
Authors: Song Kim Hyunsook
Published: June 2006

Less qualified urban teachers may contribute to the achievement gap between urban and nonurban students. A pilot study is conducted in an urban teacher education institution to examine teachers’ beliefs in teaching, learning, and students. The objectives are to describe teachers’ beliefs of the 28 pre-service and 26 in-service teachers in general and to investigate differences in their beliefs on a 26-item survey. Mean scores and standard deviations are used to describe teachers’ beliefs, and a t test is used to examine the differences. The results from the urban pre-service and in-service teachers in this study do not support characteristics of culturally relevant teachers to meet urban students’ needs.
Lowering the Bar or Moving the Target: A Wage Decomposition of Michigan's Charter and Traditional Public School Teachers
Authors: Harris Debbi C.
Published: June 2006

Background: The quality of a school's teaching force has a significant effect on student learning. One potential lever for increasing teacher quality is through selecting and rewarding teachers with desired characteristics.

Purpose: To analyze differences and similarities in the salary determinants of Michigan's charter and traditional public schools.

Participants: The representative sample included 723 full-time traditional public school teachers and 468 full-time charter school teachers in Michigan during the 1999-2000 school year.

Research Design: This is a multivariate analysis of quantitative data. A secondary analysis of survey data was performed, allowing for greater generalizability across the population of interest.

Data Collection and Analysis: The 1999-2000 Schools and Staffing Survey was the data source. This NCES survey provides comprehensive data on school and staff characteristics that are representative at the state level.

Findings: The average Michigan charter school teacher earns more than $15, 000 less than the average Michigantraditionalpublic school teacher. Two thirds of this salary difference is because charter school teachers often have lower endowments of valued characteristics, such as experience and certification.

Conclusions: Charter school administrators appear to be selecting and rewarding teachers in innovative ways thatcouldhavea positive impactonteacher quality. They are hampered in these efforts by the depressed salaries offered in many charter schools.
School Ethnicity and Governance Influences on Work Absence of Teachers and School Administrators
Authors: Rosenblatt Zehava , Shirom Arie
Published: June 2006

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the extent to which school ethnic affiliation (Jewish vs. Arab) and site-based management affected the absence of teachers and school administrators.

Research Design: Background individual and organization-level data on the population of elementary and middle-school teachers (52, 056 teachers at 2, 145 schools) in the Israeli public education system were studied by means of multi-level analysis (HLM).

Findings: Controlling for individual workload, school size, and school level, the authors found that the higher a teacher's administrative position, the fewer his or her absence spells. This tendency was more pronounced in the Arab-sector schools, although being affiliated to Arab schools tended to increase teachers'absenteeism.

Value: The study contributes to our understandingof the influenceof a school's ethnic affiliationandotherschool-level characteristics onwork absenteeism, a topictraditionally studied at the individual level of analysis. When, as in the present case, ethnic affiliation coincides with resource deprivation and marginalization in the broader society, an increase in withdrawal behavior such as work absence can be expected. The school hierarchy and one's position in it also emerge as important factors to be considered in the planning and design of further research on teachers'absence behavior.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Pegfilgrastim in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Roskos Lorin K. , Lum Peggy , Lockbaum Pamela , Schwab Gisela , Yang Bing‐Bing
Published: June 2006

This analysis was conducted to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pegfilgrastim and to develop a pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic model to describe the granulopoietic effects of pegfilgrastim and the homeostatic regulation of pegfilgrastim clearance in healthy subjects. Pegfilgrastim serum concentration data and differential white cell counts were obtained from an open‐label, single‐dose, dose escalation study. Healthy subjects (8 subjects/dose group) received a single subcutaneous dose of 30, 60, 100, or 300 μg/kg pegfilgrastim. Pegfilgrastim exhibited nonlinear pharmacokinetics; clearance decreased with increasing dose. A dose‐dependent increase in absolute neutrophil count with an increase in the percentage of band cells was observed. A pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic model was developed that adequately described the nonlinear pharmacokinetics of pegfilgrastim, feedback regulation of pegfilgrastim clearance by neutrophils, and the differential effects of pegfilgrastim on neutrophil populations in blood.
Drug‐Drug Interaction After Single Oral Doses of the Furanocoumarin Methoxsalen and Cyclosporine
Authors: Rheeders Malie , Bouwer Marlène , Goosen Theunis C.
Published: June 2006

Furanocoumarins increase the bioavailability of drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates. A possible interaction of methoxsalen with cyclosporine was evaluated in 12 healthy volunteers following oral administration of 40 mg methoxsalen, 200 mg cyclosporine, or a combination of both in a randomized crossover study. Methoxsalen increased area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of cyclosporine by 29% (range, −20% to 172%;P<.05) and 8% (range, −10% to 26%;P< .05), respectively, compared to cyclosporine alone. The AUC geometric means ratio (95% confidence interval) for cyclosporine plus methoxsalen/cyclosporine alone was 1.14 (1.02, 1.27), and treatments were therefore not bioequivalent. Methoxsalen causes a clinically significant interaction with cyclosporine in some susceptible individuals. The reasons for susceptibility and the clinical implications for chronic cyclosporine administration have not been established. Caution is recommended in combination therapy, and more frequent monitoring of cyclosporine plasma levels and clinical monitoring is advised.
Three Decades of Thought on Planning Education
Authors: Frank Andrea I.
Published: June 2006

This annotated bibliography provides an overview of the literature on planning education addressing issues ranging from curriculum content to pedagogy and program accreditation to nation-specific planning education. Its focus is on academic, English language journal texts; however, some key books and Web sites with significant sections devoted to planning education were also included. It was compiled as part of the author’s work at the Subject Centre for Education in the Built Environment (CEBE) in the School of City and Regional Planning, Cardiff University with the principal goal to develop a subject-specific educational resource for academics. As such, the bibliography seeks to facilitate informed discussion, the identification of themes and knowledge gaps for further research, and to support the development of a research culture in planning education. Spanning a period of thirty plus years, the compilation offers an opportunity to link change in education to those in planning practice and higher education.
Keeping the Unit Safe: A Grounded Theory Study
Authors: Johnson Mary E. , Delaney Kathleen R.
Published: June 2006

It is critical for researchers to develop multidimensional models of prevention that reflect the complexity of the organization of a psychiatric unit. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to develop a midrange theory of violence prevention on inpatient psychiatric units. DESIGN: Grounded theory methods were used for data collection and analysis. Data collection and analyses were conducted simultaneously, and the constant comparative method was used for analysis. RESULTS: The staff and patients were observed on two inpatient psychiatric units for approximately 400 hours. A total of 28 patients and staff was interviewed. The basic social process that emerged from the study was Keeping the Unit Safe. The dimensions of this process are ideology, people, space, and time. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study can be used to assess the safety of particular units and to identify changes that could potentially influence the outcome of patient and staff safety.
Effects of Music in Reducing Disruptive Behavior in a General Hospital
Authors: Helmes Edward , Wiancko Donna C.
Published: June 2006

There are few controlled studies in acute care of the effectiveness of distracting music in reducing the frequency of noise produced by dementing individuals. OBJECTIVE: The authors tested whether a randomized intervention of playing baroque music for 30-min periods would reduce the frequency of repetitive shouting and banging in elderly patients in a teaching hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Single case studies with 9 participants (7 females, 2 males), with a mean age of 82.7 years (SD = 7.44). Observations were made at different times of day for a minimum of four sessions. RESULTS: Trials with distracting music in seven cases had a reduced frequency of disruptive noises of from 89% to 63% from peak levels in control trials. In 2 participants with an extremely high frequency of incidents, the frequency of outbursts of noise was reduced by up to 31% on trials with music compared to control trials. CONCLUSIONS: The use of music to reduce disruptive noise in an acute care setting appears to be as effective as other such interventions have been in residential care facilities.
Dimensions of Cognition in an Insect, the Honeybee
Authors: Menzel Randolf , Giurfa Martin
Published: June 2006

This review provides evidence for the enormous richness of insect behavior, its high flexibility, and the cross-talk between different behavioral routines. The memory structure established by multiple forms of learning represents sensory inputs and relates behaviors in such a way that representations of complex environmental conditions are formed. Navigation and communication in social hymenoptera are particularly telling examples in this respect, but it is fair to conclude that similar integrated forms of dealing with the environment will be found in other insects when they are studied more closely. In this sense, research addressing behavioral complexity and its underlying neural substrates is necessary to characterize the real potential of insect learning and memory. Usually, such an approach has been used to characterize behavioral simplicity rather than complexity. It seems therefore timely to focus on the latter by studying problem solving alongside and in addition to elemental forms of learning.
Rethinking citizenship education in England
Authors: Faulks Keith
Published: June 2006

The introduction of compulsory citizenship education in England’s schools, following the Crick Report’s recommendations of 1998, has proved controversial and, according to a growing body of evidence, largely unsuccessful in its implementation. If citizenship education is to play an effective role in democratic renewal this article argues that its form and content needs to be reconsidered beyond the limits of Crick. Contemporary citizenship theory, and especially notions of intimate and multiple citizenship, provide useful conceptual tools for this critical revaluation. Having first set the Crick Report in political context, this article develops a critique of the Report’s sociological naivety and its contradictory recommendations. The analyses of intimate and multiple citizenship that follow further point to the limits of Crick and suggest the need for a broader and bolder approach to citizenship education. The final section draws out some of the implications of this argument for the citizenship curriculum in schools.
Educational administration and social justice
Authors: Bates Richard
Published: June 2006

After observing that texts in educational administration have largely failed to address the problem of the justice and fairness of social and educational arrangements, this article goes on to examine the necessary relationships between ethical leadership, community and the notion of social justice. Such relationships are argued to be necessarily political, although the field of leadership has historically seen administration as a substitute for politics. The relationship between social justice and disadvantage is examined, as are current approaches to community, choice and diversity. The importance of both redistributive and recognitional approaches to social justice is emphasized as a basis for a model of educational administration centred on the problem of the justice and fairness of social and educational arrangements.
Myelodysplastic syndromes and acute leukemia developing after imatinib mesylate therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Kovitz Craig , Kantarjian Hagop , Garcia-Manero Guillermo , Abruzzo Lynne V. , Cortes Jorge
Published: June 2006

During therapy with imatinib, some patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) develop chromosomal abnormalities in Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-negative cells. These abnormalities are frequently transient and their clinical consequence is unclear. Although some reports have suggested that the abnormalities might be associated with secondary myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), the diagnosis has not always been established using standard criteria. We report 3 cases of patients treated with imatinib for CML who were subsequently found to have chromosomal abnormalities in Ph-negative cells. One of them developed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and the other 2 developed high-risk MDS that rapidly transformed to AML. These cases were identified in a total study group of 1701 patients. Although these occurrences are rare, the findings highlight the need for close monitoring of patients with CML treated with imatinib.
Identifying nurses' rewards: a qualitative categorization study in Belgium
Authors: De Gieter Sara , De Cooman Rein , Pepermans Roland , Caers Ralf , Du Bois Cindy , Jegers Marc
Published: July 2006

Background

Rewards are important in attracting, motivating and retaining the most qualified employees, and nurses are no exception to this rule. This makes the establishment of an efficient reward system for nurses a true challenge for every hospital manager. A reward does not necessarily have a financial connotation: non-financial rewards may matter too, or may even be more important. Therefore, the present study examines nurses' reward perceptions, in order to identify potential reward options.

Methods

To answer the research question "What do nurses consider a reward and how can these rewards be categorized?", 20 in-depth semi-structured interviews with nurses were conducted and analysed using discourse and content analyses. In addition, the respondents received a list of 34 rewards (derived from the literature) and were asked to indicate the extent to which they perceived each of them to be rewarding.

Results

Discourse analysis revealed three major reward categories: financial, non-financial and psychological, each containing different subcategories. In general, nurses more often mentioned financial rewards spontaneously in the interview, compared to non-financial and psychological rewards. The questionnaire results did not, however, indicate a significant difference in the rewarding potential of these three categories. Both the qualitative and quantitative data revealed that a number of psychological and non-financial rewards were important for nurses in addition to their monthly pay and other remunerations. In particular, appreciation for their work by others, compliments from others, presents from others and contact with patients were highly valued. Moreover, some demographical variables influenced the reward perceptions. Younger and less experienced nurses considered promotion possibilities as more rewarding than the older and more senior ones. The latter valued job security and working for a hospital with a good reputation higher than their younger and more junior colleagues.

Conclusion

When trying to establish an efficient reward system for nurses, hospital managers should not concentrate on the financial reward possibilities alone. They also ought to consider non-financial and psychological rewards (in combination with financial rewards), since nurses value these as well and they may lead to a more personalized reward system.
Development and function of naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Toda Akiko , Piccirillo Ciriaco A
Published: June 2006

The immune system has evolved numerous mechanisms of peripheral T cell immunoregulation, including a network of regulatory T (Treg) cells, to modulate and down-regulate immune responses at various times and locations and in various inflammatory circumstances. Amongst these, naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ Treg cells (nTreg) represent a major lymphocyte population engaged in the dominant control of self-reactive T responses and maintaining tolerance in several models of autoimmunity. CD4+CD25+ Treg cells differentiate in the normal thymus as a functionally distinct subpopulation of T cells bearing a broad T cell receptor repertoire, endowing these cells with the capacity to recognize a wide range of self and nonself antigen specificities. The generation of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells in the immune system is genetically controlled, influenced by antigen recognition, and various signals, in particular, cytokines such as interleukin-2 and transforming growth factor-β1, cotrol their activation, expansion, and suppressive effector activity. Functional abrogation of these cells in vivo or genetic defects that affect their development or function unequivocally promote the development of autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases in animals and humans. Recent progress has shed light on our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of CD4+CD25+ Treg cell-mediated immune regulation. This article discusses the relative contribution of CD4+CD25+ nTreg cells in the induction of immunologic self-tolerance and provides a comprehensive overview of recent finding regarding the functional properties and effector mechanism of these cells, as revealed from various in vitro and in vivo models.
TLR4 gene dosage contributes to endotoxin-induced acute respiratory inflammation
Authors: Togbe Dieudonnée , Schnyder-Candrian Silvia , Schnyder Bruno , Couillin Isabelle , Maillet Isabelle , Bihl Franck , Malo Danielle , Ryffel Bernhard , Quesniaux Valerie F J
Published: June 2006

Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 is critical for endotoxin recognition and cellular responses. Using Tlr4 transgenic mice, we investigated the influence of Tlr4 gene dosage on acute respiratory response to endotoxin. Transgenic mice expressing three, six, or 30 copies of Tlr4, control, and Tlr4-deficient mice received intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ug), and the airway response was analyzed by plethysmography, lung histology, cell recruitment, cytokine and chemokine secretion and protein leakage into the bronchoalveolar space. We demonstrate that overexpression of Tlr4 augmented a LPS-induced bronchoconstrictive effect, as well as tumor necrosis factor and CXC chemokine ligand 1 (keratinocyte-derived chemokine) production. Neutrophil recruitment, microvascular and alveolar epithelial injury with protein leak in the airways, and damage of the lung microarchitecture were Tlr4 gene dose-dependently increased. Therefore, the TLR4 expression level determines the extent of acute pulmonary response to inhaled endotoxin, and TLR4 may thus be a valuable target for immunointervention in acute lung inflammation as a result of endotoxins.
Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells differentiated in the presence of IL-2 produce proinflammatory cytokines and prime Th1 immune response
Authors: Sanarico Nunzia , Ciaramella Antonio , Sacchi Alessandra , Bernasconi Daniela , Bossù Paola , Mariani Francesca , Colizzi Vittorio , Vendetti Silvia
Published: June 2006

Interleukin (IL)-2 plays an important role in the control of the immune responses, and it is released in a variety of tissues in response to inflammatory stimuli. As monocytes and mature dendritic cells (DCs) express CD25, the high-affinity subunit of IL-2 receptor, we examined the effect of exogenous IL-2 on the in vitro generation and maturation of DCs from monocytes. Human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) were generated by culturing monocytes with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-4 in the presence or absence of IL-2. The cytokine was added at the beginning and after 5 days of culture. Our findings indicate that IL-2 does induce monocytes to differentiate into DCs with the same morphology and phenotype of that obtained in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 alone, but with some distinctive functional properties. DCs differentiated in the presence of IL-2 secreted significantly more IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-12 p70 in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation and induced allogeneic, naïve T cells to release a significantly higher amount of interferon-γ if compared with DCs obtained by culturing monocytes with GM-CSF and IL-4. These results indicate unrecognized effects of IL-2 on human MDDCs and suggest that an IL-2-rich environment during differentiation and maturation of DCs can modify their T helper cell-inducing properties.
Roles, service knowledge and priorities in the provision of palliative care: a postal survey of London GPs
Authors: Burt Jenni , Shipman Cathy , White Patrick , Addington-Hall Julia
Published: June 2006

Objectives: To explore general practitioners' (GPs) current involvement in and attitudes towards the provision of palliative care in primary care. Methods: Postal survey of 356 London-based GPs, assessing attitudes towards palliative care provision, district nursing and specialist palliative care services, and priorities for future service development. Results: Currently, 65% of GPs were providing palliative care to patients on their list; 72% agreed or strongly agreed palliative care was a central part of their role; and 27% wanted to hand care over to specialists. Most GPs (66%) disagreed with the statement that ‘palliative care is mainly district nursing (DN) work'. Many were unaware of out-of-hours DN and specialist palliative care services. Multi-variable analysis found four GP characteristics – larger practice size, more years experience as a GP, receipt of palliative care education, and current provision of palliative care – were associated with agreement that palliative care was central to a GP's role. Conclusion: A minority of NHS GPs in London would rather have no involvement in palliative care in primary care. Knowledge of current services for palliative care is generally poor among GPs. These findings highlight potential gaps in services, particularly in small practices. Specialists will need to consider these factors in working with GPs to develop primary palliative care and to enable greater access to specialist palliative care.
The last two days of life of nursing home patients – a nationwide study on causes of death and burdensome symptoms in the Netherlands
Authors: Brandt Hella E , Ooms Marcel E , Deliens Luc , van der Wal Gerrit , Ribbe Miel W
Published: June 2006

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the direct causes of death and to evaluate the presence of burdensome symptoms in the last two days of life of terminally ill nursing home (NH) patients. Methods: Prospective study of patients with a maximum life expectancy of six weeks in 16 nursing homes representative for the Netherlands (n =463). Symptoms were measured after death in conscious patients with the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and the Resident Assessment Instrument Minimum Data-Set Palliative Care (RAI MDS-PC draft 1.8). Direct causes of death were assessed in all patients. Results: Most patients died from pneumonia, renal failure or dehydration. Loss of consciousness was common. The prevalence of burdensome symptom(s) at 48 and 24 hours before death was 51.3 and 28.4%, respectively. Conclusion: In practice, it appears that, for many patients, the last days of life are spent unconscious or conscious with one or more burdensome symptom(s), which suggests the potential for improvement of symptom management.
Schizophrenia and violence: from correlations to preventive strategies
Authors: Mullen Paul E.
Published: June 2006

People with schizophrenia make a significant contribution to violence in our communities and, in so doing, often lay waste to their own lives. The 10% or so from which will emerge the perpetrators of most of the serious violence are identifiable in advance. A structured programme in which the criminogenic personality and behavioural factors, substance misuse and social dislocation are managed together with the active symptoms of the disorder could prevent the progress to violence. Such systems of care could significantly reduce serious criminal violence and homicide, reduce the number of people with schizophrenia who end up in prison, stop the rising number of forensic psychiatric beds and, most importantly, improve the lives of many of the most disturbed and disadvantaged of those with the disorder.
Identification of young people at risk of psychosis
Authors: Parker Sophie , Lewis Shôn
Published: June 2006

Operational criteria for detecting prodromal, or at-risk, mental states have been developed largely on the basis of individuals seeking help for attenuated or brief, self-limiting symptoms that do not meet threshold criteria for psychotic disorder. These individuals present largely to primary care and other non-specialist mental health settings. Follow-up studies have confirmed that 15–40% will make the transition to full psychosis within 12 months. Cognitive therapy alone or in combination with low-dose atypical antipsychotics has been shown to be efficacious in reducing or delaying the transition to psychosis, as well as in ameliorating the severity of non-psychotic symptoms and distress. Antipsychotic medication alone has not shown significant efficacy, but results are suggestive of some advantage from drug treatment. Further work is needed to clarify the relative merits of these interventions.
Old drug, new data
Authors: Ferrier I. Nicol , Ferrie Lindsey J. , Macritchie Karine A.
Published: June 2006

New data have emerged over the past 10 years regarding the efficacy and mechanisms of action of lithium. This article briefly summarises the evidence for the use of lithium to treat affective disorders and psychosis, reviews its putative anti-suicidal effect, highlights new research on its mechanism of action and provides an update on some important side-effects and consequences of its use.