bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La salud pública en la Argentina en tiempos de coronavirus
Authors: Ramacciotti Karina Inés
Published: March 2021

Resumen El surgimiento de los primeros casos de coronavirus en Argentina puso en discusión las características del sistema de salud y sus formas de acceso a los servicios y prestaciones. En esta intervención se revisan los momentos en los cuales se produjeron modificaciones en el proceso de adquisición de los derechos sanitarios durante los siglos XX y XXI. El proceso ha sido complejo y cargado de tensiones.
Gripe española y coronavirus en Argentina: leer el pasado y entender el presente
Authors: Carbonetti Adrián
Published: March 2021

Resumen Se comparan los escenarios que se generaron en las pandemias de gripe española de 1918-1919 y de covid-19 en Argentina. Se analizan las políticas gubernamentales y desequilibrios estructurales en esa pandemia tomando como casos la ciudad de Buenos Aires y la provincia de Salta. Posteriormente se estudian los mismos tópicos para la pandemia de covid-19. Se describen las políticas nacionales y se analiza la provincia de Jujuy donde el sistema de salud se saturó. Se concluye que a fin de administrar la pandemia es necesario la elaboración de políticas de consenso y solución de los desequilibrios estructurales del país.
Phosphorus fertilization in the implantation of a silvopastoral system: morphogenic and structural characteristics of Mombaça grass
Authors: PACHECO Thais Valéria Souza Silva , SOUSA Luciano Fernandes , SANTOS Antônio Clementino dos , SANTOS José Geraldo Donizetti dos , DIM Valdinéia Patrícia , SILVA Hiran Marcelo Siqueira da , PACHECO Weverton Filgueira
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of phosphate fertilization on morphogenic and structural characteristics of Mombasa grass under conditions of implantation of silvopastoral system with eucalyptus and monoculture in the Amazon/Cerrado ecotone. The experiment was conducted at UFT-EMVZ during the rainy seasons of the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 agricultural years. The experimental area was subdivided into two cultivation systems, Mombaça grass monoculture, with 0.25 hectare and silvopastoral system, intercropping eucalyptus with Mombaça grass, with 0.75 hectare area. The design used was a 4 x 2 factorial IHD with four doses of phosphorus (0; 50; 100; 200 kg.ha -1 P2O5 year-1) and two cultivation systems (monoculture and silvopastoral) with three repetitions. Three cycles were evaluated for an average rest period of 21 days. Weekly measurements were taken to evaluate structural and morphogenic characteristics of plants. In general, factors tested such as phosphorus fertilization, cultivation system and year (implantation and following year) showed influence, altering the development of Mombaça grass, reflecting on the morphogenic and structural characteristics. Tiller population density, crop growth rate, leaf area index showed interactions between phosphorus fertilization and the cultivation systems analyzed (P <0.05). Phosphorus fertilization used in the implantation, moment of greatest requirement of the plant, influenced forage development by increasing the crop growth rate, leaf appearance, as well as leaf and stem elongation in the two evaluated systems.
Helminthfauna of road-killed cougars (Puma concolor) from the Northeastern Region of São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Benatti Danise , De Santi Mariele , Werther Karin , Tebaldi José Hairton , Hoppe Estevam Guilherme Lux
Published: March 2021

Abstract As the second-largest Neotropical carnivore, cougars (Puma concolor) are especially important for maintenance of the biodiversity and ecosystem health. Five wild adult cougars (Puma concolor), found roadkilled in highways in the Northeastern region of São Paulo, were evaluated in search for parasites. Ten species representing nine families were identified. The most prevalent helminths were Uncinaria bidens, Lagochilascaris major, Spirometra sp., and Oncicola canis, followed by Cylicospirura subaequalis, Toxascaris leonina, Taenia omissa, Echinococcus sp., Filaroides sp. and Oncicola oncicola. It is important to note that some helminths found in this study, such as L. major, Spirometra sp., O. oncicola, O. canis, Echinococcus sp., T. leonina, C. subaequalis, and Filaroides sp. are known to affect domestic carnivores, which may indicate interaction between wild and domestic hosts. This study represents a new host record for four of the species found in cougars, U. bidens, L. major, O. canis, and Filaroides sp., and new locality records for U. bidens, T. leonina, C. subaequalis, and Filaroides sp.
Composition and structure of the diamond/low carbon steel transition zone obtained by contact heating in vacuum at Fe–C eutectic temperature
Authors: Sharin P. P. , Akimova M. P. , Makharova S. N. , Yakovleva S. P. , Popov V. I.
Published: March 2021

The study covers the structure, elemental and phase composition of products formed in the contact interaction between diamond and low-carbon steel in vacuum at the Fe–C eutectic melting temperature. Cylindrical tablets made of low carbon steel with a maximum carbon content of 0.1 wt.% and natural diamond crystals in the form of a pyramid (or truncated pyramid) were used as contact pairs. The flat bases of diamond crystals were mounted on the horizontal surface of steel tablets with the load applied to the top of diamond crystals. Contact samples were sintered in a vacuum furnace at a maximum heating temperature of ~1165 °C. After holding at this temperature for 5 minutes, the furnace was turned off and the temperature in its chamber decreased in free cooling mode. Sintered diamond/steel tablet samples were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the Fe–C eutectic melt forms in the diamond/steel tablet contact zone, a thin layer of which, when solidified, welds a diamond crystal to the steel tablet under the temperature-time heating mode specified in the experiment. Their bonding strength is such that welded samples without separation can withstand intense cyclic loads during grinding and polishing when making longitudinal sections of samples necessary for metallographic studies. It was shown that the Fe–C eutectic alloy is a gray cast iron with a ferrite-perlite metal base and lamellar graphite inclusions. The microhardness of the solidified Fe–C eutectic was ~1714 MPa. The initial steel tablet with a ferrite-perlite structure was subjected to cementation during sintering in contact with diamond. The most intensive cementation occurred in the ~110 μm thick unmelted upper layer of the steel tablet, which adjoined the Fe–C eutectic during sintering. The microhardness of this layer was ~4945 MPa. As it deepens into the steel tablet there is a gradual transition of the perlite-cementite structure to a perlite one and further to the initial ferrite-perlite microstructure inwards the steel tablet. At the same time, the microhardness changes from ~ 4945 to 1570 MPa.
Assessment of Socio-economic Situation of the Border Territories of Zabaikalye Territory in Terms of Joining the Far-Eastern Federal District
Authors: Kovalchuk Lyudmila
Published: March 2021

The article assesses the level of economic development and the state of the social sphere of the border territories of Zabaikalye Territory. Twelve districts of Zabaikalye Territory have a border position. Five of them are located along the border with Mongolia, seven - with People’s Republic of China. The article shows that formation of social and economic spheres of the border districts territories was influenced by historical and geographical factors. Formation of the economic complex of the border territories in the historical perspective was subsidized. The change of the historical conditions for development of the border territories contributed to reduction of production, destruction of industrial and social infrastructure, emergence of stable negative trends in the social sphere. The study shows that all border districts are differentiated by the level of economic development. The districts located in the South-West of the Territory along the border with Mongolia, show the greatest lag in the sphere of economy. The greatest contribution to economic development of Zabaikalye Territory is made by the border districts located in the south-eastern part along the border with China: Gazimuro-Zavodsky, Krasnokamensky, Mogochinsky districts. At the same time, all border territories are characterized by relatively low quality and standard of living, that causes socio-cultural degradation and determine a high level of migration of the population from the border areas. The article makes an assumption that the increasing differentiation in the level of socio-economic development of the border districts causes the uneven socio-cultural space of Zabaikalye Territory. In the context of joining the Far-Eastern Federal District, the excessive unevenness of the Territory’s socio-economic space consolidates its position in the zone of backwardness and decreases its readiness for cross-border and interregional cooperation.
Risks of Integration of Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur Railways with International Transport Corridors of Eurasia
Authors: Dinets Darya
Published: March 2021

The article is devoted to describing the main trends of Eurasian transport corridors integration in terms of assessment of the participants’ risks. It shows that the format of the transport integration peculiar to the trans-regional alliances initiates risk synergy at the level of business profiles of the amalgamating countries, but not only in the sphere of the transport communication. Besides, the inconformity in the structure of the frights, carried in various directions in Eurasia, means additional financial burden to support the infrastructure and the rolling stock to meet the integration challenges. All these problems lead to impossibility of payback of the transport investment projects both at the level of a single country and any union of countries. Thus, the financial and economic risks of integration projects in transport, with respect to the structure of the energy balances of the countries uniting the transport corridors, request higher demands for the return of capital employed, and, consequently, they are translated into all related industrial sectors on the continent. Ignoring the integration risks in substantiating the projects of international transport corridors leads to increased expectations in regard to socio-economic and geopolitical consequences for international trade agreements, holds back on the volumes of foreign economic activity of the countries, leads to isolationist tendencies at the level of economic entities. As a measure directed to obtaining an effect of the scale sufficient to compensate the business risks of the transport integration, the article offers to organize the transport communication on the continent on the principle of “Management of United Corridor”, involving various types of transport, using the transport logistic hubs. This kind of principle of international cooperation in the transport is particular profitable for the Russo-Chinese relationships, with Russia being a provider of the transport services, and China being the place of origin of the major part of freights transported through international transport corridors.
History of North-Eastern China in Exposition of Jilin Province Museum
Authors: Postnikov Valery
Published: March 2021

The article presents a brief overview of the history of Jilin Province of People’s Re-public of China based on the materials of the main museum of the region. It translates information on the findings of the regional most ancient human remains 26–30 thousand years old, on the development of cultures in the epoch of exploiting metals, on the archaeological heritage of the empires of Liao and Jin in Jilin, on the develop-ment of the region in Ming and Qing dynasties, on the formation of modern Jilin in the XIX – first half of XX centuries under the influence of the policy of the Central Government and foreign powers. It shows how convincingly the museum builds this unique and relatively young region into the official scheme of the united historical path of China.
The Origin and Initial Development of Chinese Documentaries (1905-1931)
Authors: Han Xiaoxin , Sun Feng
Published: March 2021

This article discusses the origins and early development of Chinese documentaries. Cinematography in almost all countries began with documentaries, because from the very beginning cinema existed as a means of recording. Chinese documentaries, which appeared in 1905, are no exception either. Documentaries reveal the history of Chinese cinematography. The first film produced by the Chinese was a piece from the Beijing Opera.
The development of science and technology, especially photography, created necessary preconditions for the invention of cinema. In 1839, a photography emerged. In 1840, a reduction in exposure time was invented. In 1851, a photograph with moving person and an animal was taken. In 1851, the first photograph was taken. In 1878, a camera roll was invented. In 1888, the French physiologist Dules Marey presented the French Academy of Sciences with the world’s first film camera. In 1888, the film was invented. In 1892, Mr. Marei’s assistant showed moving photographs on the screen. On 28 December 1895, the Frenchman Louis Lumière in one of the cafes of Paris officially showed his films: «The doors of the factory», «The arrival of the train» etc. It is believed that in different countries of the world that this show started the era of cinematography.
In early 1896, Lumière hired more than 20 people as assistants, and sent them around the world to show his film. At this time, China, India and Japan had their first film screenings. In addition, Lumière had sent many cameramen around the world to shoot the film, including to China. Therefore, the earliest films about China were not made by the Chinese themselves, but by foreign entrepreneurs. Under the influence of «Western Shadow Theatre» the Chinese also began their attempts in film production organization. In 1905, the Chinese made their first silent film in Beijing.
Language Contacts as a Source of Borrowing
Authors: Li Su
Published: March 2021

Borrowings are the evidence of cultural contacts. They play a positive role in political, economic, cultural and linguistic contacts. Then closer the contacts between countries, then more borrowings mutually penetrate in the language system. Territorial proximity always facilitates the penetration of linguistic units and their elements into the lexicology.
Today, a large number of borrowings comes from the eastern side of Russia, including China. A new wave of Chinese-Russian relations has actively introduced lexemes in both languages that have no analogue.
The article analyzes groups of borrowings of morphological, etymological and semantic types, explores the reasons for borrowing a new layer of vocabulary from Chinese into Russian.
The survey determined the frequency of use of the old and new wave of borrowings from the Chinese language in the Russian lexical base.
The results of the survey showed that, along with such old borrowings as tea, pearls, silk, etc., such tokens as kunya, tofu, wushu, etc., which entered in the everyday Russians life.
It should be noted that some lexical borrowings did not linger in Russian and, having not had time to assimilate, they disappeared.
The Chinese language has a much lesser impact on Russian than English and other European languages, but it has a significant impact on the lexical composition and culture of Russian society nowadays.
Competitive Advantages of the Chinese Economy: Experience for Russia
Authors: Balashova Maria , Trufanova Anastasiia
Published: March 2021

The article intends to consider the principle of the world economy evolution which is evidence that the competitive advantages of countries have always taken priority over the comparative ones, nature-driven growth reserves of national economies. Initially, a special role in their generation and ongoing improvement was played by the ability of domestic economic actors, including the state itself, to be able to create products with higher added value in order to achieve goals within the framework of the formulated strategies on the basis of their own resource base. The study revealed that over the years, practice has shown that a unique position in the system of international economic relations can be achieved by those countries that form their own competitive advantage through the use of foreign resource base, while maintaining domestic resource factors of production. The text refers to China which is a good example of a country that has followed this path and was able to form a sustainable competitive advantage, whose experience could be useful for Russia.
Reviewing the Speaker's Decision: A Brief Synopsis of UDM v Speaker of the National Assembly 2017 5 SA 300 (CC)
Authors: Slade Bradley BV
Published: March 2021

In United Democratic Movement v Speaker of the National Assembly 2017 5 SA 300 (CC), the Constitutional Court set out certain factors that the Speaker of the National Assembly must consider when deciding the manner in which voting in a motion of no confidence proceeding must be conducted. These factors would ostensibly also be relevant when the Speaker's decision as to the proper voting procedure is reviewed in future.

This note considers the law governing the review of the Speaker's decisions and finds that although the Speaker's decision is reviewable in South African law, after the UDM decision there is still uncertainty as to whether the Speaker's decision can be reviewed only on the basis of legality or whether it constitutes administrative action reviewable in terms of PAJA. Furthermore, the Court's exposition of certain factors against which the Speaker's decision can now be reviewed creates uncertainty as to whether the review in terms of legality is a basic rationality review as is generally the case or a stricter form of review closer to review that is possible under PAJA.

The argument is that the potential of reviewing the Speaker's decision on the basis of a number of factors that in totality appears to set out a test that is stricter than a basic rationality test may hold severe implications for the separation of powers doctrine, as it now appears that the Court is increasing its supervisory jurisdiction in a manner that is not fully substantiated. Although the Court, or courts in general, has the power to review the exercise of public power in a system of constitutional supremacy, it should consider the impact that its judgments may have on co-equal branches of government, as a failure to do so may negatively impact on the relationship between the different branches of government and dilute the already frayed separation of powers doctrine.
Reflecting on the Role and Impact of the Constitutional Value of uBuntu on the Concept of Contractual Freedom and Autonomy in South Africa
Authors: Coleman Theophilus Edwin
Published: March 2021

Private parties have the freedom and autonomy to enter into a contract. This autonomy is deeply rooted in their dignity and personal liberties. Private individuals, in furtherance of their autonomy and freedom to enter into a contract, have certain reasonable expectations, most fundamental of which is the desire that maximum respect is given to their legitimately concluded agreement. The concept of contractual freedom and autonomy connotes the idea that private individuals (natural and juristic) have the liberty to arrange their affairs in a manner that meets their economic interest without governmental inhibition, control and/or interference. However, the operative scope and the practical manifestations of the concept of contractual freedom are circumscribed in the constitutional, statutory, legislative and other socio-cultural orders of States. This article seeks to reflect on the role and influence of the constitutional value of ubuntu on the principle of contractual freedom and autonomy, and the naturally accompanying concepts of pacta sunt servanda and sanctity of contract in South Africa. The article provides an analysis of the judicial interpretation and views on the concept of contractual freedom and autonomy relative to other competing values that underlie the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Furthermore, the article appraises the impact of those judicial views on international commercial agreements. The article also discusses the extent to which communitarian values such as the concept of ubuntu have been infused into South African contract law and further reflects on the implication of infusing such communitarian values in both domestic and international contracts. The article concludes with a suggestion that the introduction of traditional African values in South African contract law fundamentally alters the theoretical foundations of the principle of contractual freedom and autonomy in both domestic and international contracts.
Crowdfunding para el rescate de microempresas. Factores y percepciones de inversionistas potenciales en México
Authors: Segura Mojica Francisco Javier
Published: March 2021

Durante el confinamiento asociado a la contingencia sanitaria por la COVID-19, casi cuatrocientas mil micro y pequeñas empresas se vieron forzadas a cerrar en México. En este documento se presentan los resultados de una investigación cuantitativa, de alcance descriptivo, cuyo objetivo fue rastrear percepciones de microinversionistas y factores que influirían sobre su decisión de ayudar al rescate de microempresas y empleos en el escenario de la contingencia económica derivada de la COVID-19. Como metodología se utilizó la Actor-Network Theory (ANT) y como herramienta de análisis el Chi Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID). Se encontró que, en el escenario de recesión económica, aproximadamente 23% de las personas económicamente activas cuentan con excedentes que podrían destinarse al financiamiento colectivo; además, se ha reforzado el interés de los micro inversionistas hacia proyectos que crean empleos o ayudan a conservar los ya existentes; por otra parte, como elemento que ayuda a rastrear las asociaciones entre inversionistas y emprendedores se identificó una variable que llamamos mediación; con base en lo anterior, se definió un listado de criterios que podrían ayudar a diseñar una plataforma de financiamiento colectivo con enfoque de red descentralizada y solidaria. Además, se encontró que la digitalización es clave para que una microempresa aspire a obtener financiamiento colectivo, y por lo tanto, para mejorar sus posibilidades de sobrevivencia en un escenario de contingencia económica
Risk-based efficiency assessment of information systems
Authors: Isaev Eugeni , Pervukhin Dmitry , Rytikov Georgy , Filyugina Ekaterina , Hayrapetyan Diana
Published: March 2021

The implementation of information systems is aimed at improving the financial performance of a company, creating a transparent reporting system and improving many other competitive factors. However, the acquisition of these benefits does not negate the complexity of making a decision whether or not to implement a particular IT project. The total cost of ownership of the information system throughout the life cycle is usually not considered in comparison with the expected benefits from the use of the system, due to the uncertainty of such benefits. Comparative certainty of approaches and methods is present only in terms of costs, both for a priori (planned) and a posteriori (actual) assessment. It is possible to determine both capital and operating costs accurately enough. Indirect definition of the positive influence of an information system on the activity of the organization also seems possible. However, there are currently no generally recognized methods for analyzing the expected positive effect of an IT project. At the same time, large companies, in accordance with the requirements of the respective regulators and / or due to internal management considerations, build a risk management system to determine the level of capabilities, losses and to prevent adverse events. This study considers the feasibility of an approach to analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of the information system on the basis of the company’s risk reduction, leading to a decrease in economic benefits. It takes into account the internal risks of the information system that occur during the installation of the system, its operation and the termination of work with the system.
Statistical sustainability of a digital organization
Authors: Ananyin Vladimir , Zimin Konstantin , Lugachev Mikhail , Gimranov Rinat
Published: March 2021

An important feature of a digital organization is its ability to change rapidly. For an organization to remain capable of rapid change, it must be on the brink of resilience, since a resilient organization always resists change. The article examines the borderline state of the organization, which is on the verge of its stability and instability. In this state, the organization begins to lose predictability in the details of behavior, but still retains predictability in general. The authors called this borderline state the statistical sustainability of the organization. The phenomenon of statistical sustainability of an organization is very similar to the property of stability of the frequency of mass events and average values described in mathematical statistics by a similar term. To analyze the nature of the statistical sustainability of the organization, the authors used the ideas of strange attractors and modes with sharpening from the theory of complex systems. A strange attractor is an area of the organization’s behavior that, outside this area, is an area of stability for the organization, and inside it is an area of complete unpredictability. The theory of complex systems has shown that it is in the regions of strange attractors that the conditions for the variability of systems are created, and the theory of modes with aggravation shows the conditions under which this variability can lead to self-organization, that is, the spontaneous emergence of new structures. This article shows that systematic digitalization objectively leads to the formation of the statistical sustainability of the organization and creates the preconditions for maintaining the organization’s ability to make rapid changes. In traditional management, the statistical sustainability of an organization is viewed as a threat and a source of risk. Therefore, in the context of systematic digitalization, traditional approaches to management should be significantly refined.
Using out-of-sample Cox–Snell residuals in time-to-event forecasting
Authors: Rumyantseva Ekaterina , Furmanov Kirill
Published: March 2021

The problem of assessing out-of-sample forecasting performance of event-history models is considered. Time-to-event data are usually incomplete because the event of interest can happen outside the period of observation or not happen at all. In this case, only the shortest possible time is observed and the data are right censored. Traditional accuracy measures like mean absolute or mean squared error cannot be applied directly to censored data, because forecasting errors also remain unobserved. Instead of mean error measures, researchers use rank correlation coefficients: concordance indices by Harrell and Uno and Somers’ Delta. These measures characterize not the distance between the actual and predicted values but the agreement between orderings of predicted and observed times-to-event. Hence, they take almost “ideal” values even in presence of substantial forecasting bias. Another drawback of using correlation measures when selecting a forecasting model is undesirable reduction of a forecast to a point estimate of predicted value. It is rarely possible to predict the timing of an event precisely, and it is reasonable to consider the forecast not as a point estimate but as an estimate of the whole distribution of the variable of interest. The article proposes computing Cox–Snell residuals for the test or validation dataset as a complement to rank correlation coefficients in model selection. Cox–Snell residuals for the correctly specified model are known to have unit exponential distribution, and that allows comparison of the observed out-of-sample performance of a forecasting model to the ideal case. The comparison can be done by plotting the estimate of integrated hazard function of residuals or by calculating the Kolmogorov distance between the observed and the ideal distribution of residuals. The proposed approach is illustrated with an example of selecting a forecasting model for the timing of mortgage termination.
PREVALENCE OF LATENT MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS INFECTIONS AMONG DIABETIC PATIENTS ATTENDING SHILAN PRIVATE HOSPITAL, DUHOK CITY
Authors: Salih Ahmed
Published: March 2021

Background 

One-third of the world’s population is estimated to have latent tuberculosis infection. There is a well-documented association between diabetes and active tuberculosis, but evidence of the association between diabetes combined with other factors and latent tuberculosis infection remains limited and inconsistent. 

Objectives 

The study aimed at evaluating the association between diabetes linked to other risk factors with the latent tuberculosis infection. 

Patients and Methods

In the present cross-sectional study, 385 diabetic patients were enrolled between the period of May 2016 and May 2017 at Shilan private hospital labs- Duhok city. Of these, 282 patients accepted to participate. The delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to Mycobacterium tuberculosis was evaluated by the tuberculin skin test (TST). This test involved the intradermal injection of 5 tuberculin units per test dose of 0.1 mL of purified protein derivative (Mantoux). Out of the 282 patients, 205 patients completed the TST evaluation and 77 patients did not.

Results

Of the 205 diabetes mellitus patients completed the study, 33 (16.1%) patients showed latent tuberculosis infection, and 2 (0.9%) patients had active tuberculosis (TB) (one pulmonary TB and one TB lymphadenitis). As a result, 203 diabetic patients were included in this study. The majorities of the patients were older than 50 years (66.50%) and they were females (69.95%). Diabetic patients with latent tuberculosis infection were significantly associated with injectable or combination antidiabetic therapy, and also with smoking. No significant association with other variables was found. 

Conclusion

The presence of diabetes mellitus did not significantly affect the rate of latent tuberculosis infection on its own. However, when diabetes mellitus was linked with injectable, combined antidiabetic, or smoking, the rate of latent tuberculosis infection has shown to be significantly increased.
EARLY OUTCOME OF MEATAL MOBILIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR DISTAL HYPOSPADIAS: BASED ON 5 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE IN A PEDIATRIC SURGERY CENTRE-SHAR HOSPITAL-SULAIMANI CITY-KURDISTAN REGION-IRAQ
Authors: Marif Mahdi
Published: March 2021

Background 

Hypospadias is a challenging field of urogenital reconstructive surgery with different techniques being currently used. Numerous reconstruction techniques have been described previously; none can be used to correct all forms of hypospadias. The ideal result of surgery is the construction of a good caliber urethra with a slit-like urethral meatus at the tip of the glans and a straight penis.

Objectives 

Assessing the early outcome of the meatal mobilization technique for repairing distal hypospadias regarding parent’s satisfaction for the cosmetic appearance of glans, position of the meatus, and urine stream.

Patients and Methods

The work approved by the ethics committee of the College of Medicine – University of Sulaimani (no.5, on 19/2/2019). Sixty male children enrolled in the pediatric surgery center in Shar hospital/ Sulaimani city /Kurdistan region-Iraq in the period of 5 years from July first, 2013 to June 30th 2018. Informed consent was taken from the parents in the form of face to face interview in the Kurdish language; for discussion of the options of treatment and possible complications. All the patients were followed up, weekly in the first month and monthly in the first 6 months, and yearly there after postoperatively.

Results

Patients enrolled in the study their age ranged from 6 months to 7 years, most of them were from the age group 7-12 months. The second and third age group were (13-18 months), (19-24 months) respectively. The most common complication following hypospadias repair by meatal mobilization technique (MEMO) technique was meatal stenosis (n=3, 5%) followed by urethrocutaneous fistula, breakdown requiring re-do surgery, and urethral stricture (n=2, 3.33%) (n=2, 3.33%) (n=1, 1.66%) respectively. The majority of the patient’s parents were satisfied with the result of the repair, regarding the position of the opening, cosmetic appearance, and urine stream. While satisfaction among the parents concerning the stream of the urine was (n=54 90%).

Conclusion

Meatal Mobilization Technique is a relatively safe and effective procedure for correction of all types of distal hypospadias including glandular, coronal, and subcoronal variants.it is associated with a minimal complication rate and a good parental satisfaction rate regarding the cosmetic appearance and urine stream.
CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS ON HEMODIALYSIS IN SULAIMANI CITY
Authors: Mohammed Mohammed , Gharib Kalthum , Gharib Soran
Published: March 2021

Background 

Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Cardiovascular disease is a group of disorders of the heart and the blood vessels. The end-stage renal disease required dialysis. Currently, Sulaimani city, has approximately 400 patients on hemodialysis.

Objectives 

To determine the level of cardiovascular disease risk factors according to the World Health Organization / International Society of hypertension risk prediction charts to assess cardiovascular disease risk factors among patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis.

Patients and Methods

This study is quantitative design (descriptive, cross-sectional) study, which was performed in two dialysis centers in Sulaimani City; those are the dialysis department-Shar teaching hospital and the dialysis center in Qrga. From September 2018 to March 2019, one hundred end-stages renal disease patients on hemodialysis were recruited. The socio-demographic, history and risks of cardiovascular disease, vital signs, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory investigations, were analyzed. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version (24) (SPSS) was used, the data analyzed was performed through; Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum and range). Inferential statistics (correlation test, chi-square, p-value, Fisher Exact Test).

Results

The mean age of the participants was 55.6 ±14.4 years. (53%) female (47%) male. Total cardiovascular disease risk levels were; (75%) low risk, (10%) moderate risk, (6%) high risk (9%) very high risk. Risk factors of cardiovascular disease were; hypertension (89%), diabetes mellitus (38%), smoker (27%), alcoholic (8%). Laboratory parameters; cholesterol of (8%) was more than 200mg/dl, Triglyceride of (14%) was more than 150 mg/dl. There was significant association between different CVD risk levels and some variables; age (p=0.016), SBP (p=<0.001) and respiratory rate (p=0.039) with CVD risk levels.

Conclusion

Most of the participants were married, female, illiterate, urban residence, and were on hemodialysis less than 1-year duration. A significant association between cardiovascular disease risks and each of Age, occupation, diabetes mellitus, history of ischemic heart disease, Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and 2 hr. postprandial blood glucose.
Radicals of soft intersectıonal ideals in semigroups
Authors: AYGUN Emin , ERDAL Betül
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we introduce IS-radical, IS-quasi radical, IS-interior radical and IS-nil radical in semigroups. We obtain radical structures that will contribute to the theoretical studies of soft sets. We consider the ideal structures of intersectional soft sets in semigroups and we define IS-radical, IS-quasi radical, IS-interior radical and IS-nil radical. We use two different methods to define the soft radicals and give the results. In our study, we also give several examples and propositions to see differences among these structures.
Construction of a bivariate copula by Rüschendorf’s method
Authors: YILMAZ Mehmet , BEKÇI Muhammet
Published: March 2021

In this paper, a new copula model with given unit marginals is proposed, based on Rüschendorf’s Method. A new bivariate copula family is introduced by adding a proper term to independence copula. Thus, we avoid the complexity of the proposed copula model. By choosing a baseline copula from the same marginal, we derive a new copula that can approach from above towards the independence copula. Furthermore, it is established that a bivariate copula constructed by this method allows some flexibility in the dependence measure according to Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Additionally, tail dependence measures are investigated. Illustrative examples are given taking into account the specific choices of a baseline copula.
Systematic discrimination of heptane isomers with femtosecond laser linear time of flight mass spectrometry
Authors: GÜNDOĞDU Yasemin , TAŞER Mehmet , KILIÇ Hamdi Şükür
Published: March 2021

The dissociative ionization processes of heptane molecule with nine isomers have been investigated and presented experimentally in detail by courtesy of femtosecond laser mass spectrometry technique with a fundamental wavelength of 800 nm and 90 fs pulse duration in this study. It has been aimed to show that the classification of heptane isomers using factor analysis as statistical method reducing the dimension of obtained data. The main mass ratio of heptane isomers is known as m/z 100 which is obtained. The dissociation process on the parent molecule was dominant at the laser intensity about 1.42 x 1014 W/cm2 used for all isomers. The ions obtained by the breakdown of the main ion peak were primarily determined as factors which were clearly distinguished from each other according to factor 1 and factor 2 axes by applying factor analysis.
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Teucrioside and investigation of its antibacterial activity
Authors: KAPLAN Özlem , GÖKŞEN Nazan
Published: March 2021

Teucrioside, 9′-decarboxyrosmarinic acid 4′-O-α-rhamnosyl-(1‴→6‴)-O-β-galactosyl-(1‴→4″)-Oα-rhamnoside is a natural phenolic compound. It has been isolated and identified from the genus Teucrium. Teucrium genus is widely used in traditional medicine for its antioxidant, diuretic, antiulcer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antibacterial properties. Since silver nanoparticles have superior physicochemical properties, they have an important role in biology and medicine. In this study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out using Teucrioside and AgNO3. The effect of five independent variables (pH, AgNO3 concentration, Teucrioside volume/total volume, microwave power and time) on nanoparticle formation was evaluated using a central composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology (RSM). Nanoparticle formation was demonstrated by UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR analysis. The particle size and zeta potential of silver nanoparticles were determined by dynamic light scattering method (DLS). The results showed that 5 mM AgNO3, Teucrioside volume/total volume:0.3, 475 watt, 60 sec. and pH:7.5 were optimal reaction parameters. The antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was tested against common pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumonia. Obtained results demonstrated that biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Teucrioside have great potential as a new antibacterial agent.
On the Euler method of summability and concerning Tauberian theorems
Authors: SEZER Sefa Anıl , ÇANAK İbrahim
Published: March 2021

For any two regular summability methods (U) and (V), the condition under which V-limx_n=λ implies U-limx_n=λ is called a Tauberian condition and the corresponding theorem is called a Tauberian theorem. Usually in the theory of summability, the case in which the method U is equivalent to the ordinary convergence is taken into consideration. In this paper, we give new Tauberian conditions under which ordinary convergence or Cesàro summability of a sequence follows from its Euler summability by means of the product theorem of Knopp for the Euler and Cesàro summability methods.
¿Sobre qué vamos a escribir ahora que ya no hay guerra?
Authors: Cabrales Vega Rodolfo Adrián
Published: March 2021

A partir de una descripción del discurso oficial sobre el continuum memoria/olvido y su rol en la reconstitución del pasado, en el presente ensayo se repasa brevemente el papel de la literatura colombiana desde el periodo conocido como La Violencia hasta la actualidad. De esta manera, son destacados los textos literarios posteriores al pacto del Frente Nacional, algunos contemporáneos, y se analizan ciertos apartes de las novelas El olvido que seremos (2006) y Traiciones de la memoria (2009) del escritor Héctor Abad Faciolince. Finalmente, en lo que refiere a esta nueva etapa histórica conocida como “posconflicto”, se propone una estética de la memoria como vía alterna de comprensión de la violencia en Colombia, partiendo del reconocimiento de la vulnerabilidad que ella posee, así como de la capacidad restitutiva que tiene el olvido.
impacto de las relaciones de género en la migración calificada
Authors: Ciurlo Anna Alessandra , Salvatori Sara
Published: March 2021

El presente artículo se propone analizar de manera comparativa el impacto de las relaciones de género en la experiencia migratoria de mujeres calificadas. Los contextos de estudio refieren, por un lado, a las mujeres mexicanas que de Monterrey se dirigen a Houston y, por otro, a las mujeres colombianas que emigran hacia Buenos Aires. La comparación se realiza mediante la articulación de las variables género, posición social, etnia y origen nacional en las diferentes fases del proceso migratorio, motivado en los dos casos bien sea por razones de trabajo y/o de estudio. Las investigaciones han sido desarrolladas a partir del metodo cualitativo mediante la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas e historias de vida.  Los resultados evidencian cambios y permanencias de los roles de género con procesos de re-tradicionalización que, en conjunto, plasman la auto-representación y percepción del ser mujer de las migrantes.
FEN BİLİMLERİ, BİYOLOJİ VE FİZİK DERSİ ÖĞRETİM PROGRAMLARININ SOSYOBİLİMSEL KONULAR AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: Et Sümeyra Zeynep , Gömleksiz Mehmet
Published: March 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacını fen bilimleri (ilkokul ve ortaokul 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ve 8. sınıflar) ortaöğretim biyoloji ve fizik dersi (9, 10, 11 ve 12. sınıflar) öğretim programlarında sosyobilimsel konulara yer verilme durumunun incelenmesi oluşturmaktadır. Oluşturulan amaç doğrultusunda araştırmada nitel yöntem benimsenmiştir. Fen bilimleri (İlkokul ve Ortaokul 3., 4., 5., 6., 7. ve 8. sınıflar), biyoloji ve fizik dersi (9., 10., 11. ve 12. sınıflar) öğretim programları veri kaynağı olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu öğretim programlarının kazanımları incelenerek öğretim programları değerlendirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda fen bilimleri dersi öğretim programında 17 kazanımın, biyoloji dersi öğretim programında ise 8 kazanımın sosyobilimsel konularla ilgili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Fizik dersi öğretim programında toplamda 213 kazanımın olduğu ve bu kazanımlardan sadece 5 tanesinin sosyobilimsel konular ile ilgili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlardan yola çıkılarak sosyobilimsel konuları fen eğitimine dâhil edebilmek için öğretim programlarında sosyobilimsel konulara ilişkin kazanımlara daha fazla ağırlık verilmesi gerektiği söylenebilir.
Inter-American Development Bank Fourth Annual Report 1963
Authors:   Inter-American Development Bank
Published: March 2021

The Fourth Annual Report contains a review of the Bank's operations in 1963.
Inter-American Development Bank Fifth Annual Report 1964
Authors:   Inter-American Development Bank
Published: March 2021

The Fifth Annual Report contains a review of the Bank's operations in 1964.
Qualidade da Informação como Antecedente do uso da Tecnologia: Análise da Mídia Social Youtube sob a Ótica de Graduandos do Curso de Ciências Contábeis
Authors: Santos Mariele Castro dos , Fernandes Carla Milena Gonçalves , Frare Anderson Betti , Quintana Alexandre Costa
Published: March 2021

As mídias sociais, como o YouTube, estão cada vez mais presentes no cotidiano das pessoas, não sendo diferente no contexto educacional. Contudo, alguns aspectos podem ser favoráveis à aceitação dessas tecnologias, como a qualidade da informação. Nesta perspectiva, o estudo tem como objetivo analisar a influência da qualidade da informação como antecedente do uso da tecnologia, especificamente relacionado à mídia social YouTube no tocante aos graduandos do curso de ciências contábeis de uma universidade pública federal. O referencial teórico apoia-se a duas vertentes: (i) qualidade da informação; (ii) a aceitação da tecnologia em contextos educacionais, especificamente acerca do modelo de aceitação de tecnologia. Após a revisão da literatura, sete hipóteses foram criadas. A partir de uma survey, com envio de questionário eletrônico, obteve-se uma amostra de 58 estudantes. Para a análise dos dados, foi empregada a modelagem de equações estruturais. Complementarmente, a análise de efeitos diretos (hipóteses estabelecidas), efetuou-se a análise de efeitos indiretos. Os achados apontam efeito direto nas relações: (H1) qualidade da informação na facilidade percebida de uso; (H3) facilidade percebida de uso na utilidade percebida; (H5) utilidade percebida na atitude; (H7) atitude na intenção comportamental. Como implicações para prática, ressalta-se a relevância do uso de tal mídia como um meio complementar de aprendizado para os discentes de ciências contábeis. Pelo viés de implicações teóricas, o estudo contribui ao elencar a pertinência da qualidade da informação como um antecedente da aceitação da tecnologia.
Estratégias de cuidado para pacientes idosos com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Rosa de Carvalho Dayara De Nazaré , Neres Martins Jaqueline Dantas , Ribeiro Bendelaque Dandara De Fátima , Do Vale Batista Abigail Das Mercês , Ribeiro da Costa Rafael Everton Assunção , Ferreira de Aguiar Viviane Ferraz
Published: March 2021

In recent years, there has been an increase in the elderly population and the cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Brazil. It should be noted that the senescence process causes physiological subtractions in the body, to a greater or lesser degree, which also implies an increase in the number of CKD cases in the elderly. Thus, the present study sought to identify the profile of the elderly with CKD in Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) and their main nursing diagnoses in order to outline the most important care strategies for elderly people with CKD on hemodialysis. It is an Integrative Literature Review (ILR). The following databases were used: LILACS, SciELO and BDENF. The final sample consisted of 06 articles, with 3 categories. In the articles listed, it was identified that nursing diagnoses for elderly patients with CKD should be performed by nurses, as it minimizes future complications. This study revealed the profile of elderly patients with CKD described in the literature and their main nursing diagnoses, revealing the fragility and the physiological, psychological and social vulnerability of these patients.