bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inter-organizational ethnography
Authors: Berthod Olivier , Grothe-Hammer Michael , Sydow Jörg
Published: April 2018

Olivier Berthod, Michael Grothe-Hammer, and Jörg Sydow report an unconventional research design using multi-site ethnography. The aim is to study inter-organizational relationships, which are not well understood, and are not addressed by single-site ethnographic methods. Ethnography is a popular and established methodology in organization studies. However, organizing is a process that crosses boundaries, and the traditional approach that involves immersing the ethnographer in one defined social or organizational setting means that inter-organizational phenomena are overlooked. The challenge is to conduct fieldwork at multiple sites, across which inter-organizational relations may be conducted with varying degrees of formality, and be more or less visible. Inter-organizational ethnography thus builds on the combination of several techniques. Four techniques are explored: following boundary objects, capturing network enactments, using several investigators, and repeat interviews. The methodology is illustrated with a study of the network of eighty organizations that deal with large-scale crises and emergencies in Düsseldorf.
Methodology matters
Authors: Buchanan David A.
Published: April 2018

David A. Buchanan explores what these chapters reveal about the status of unconventional methodology in organization and management research. Clearly, there is an appetite for new perspectives, and a body of researchers who are developing fresh approaches. These innovations are driven by a desire to find new lenses and perspectives, to cover new ground, to capture information that conventional methods cannot reach, and to generate fresh insights. Some commentators have criticized the pursuit of ‘novelty’ in research in our field, but this argument is directed towards novel contributions to theory, an emphasis that discourages replication studies and the accumulation of evidence. That argument is not aimed at methodological innovation. Journal editors broadly support attempts to break methodological rules, as long as these departures are adequately explained and justified. Based on a survey of journal editors, this chapter concludes with advice to researchers considering the use of unconventional methodology.
Introduction
Authors: Adams-Prassl Jeremias
Published: April 2018

The Introduction outlines the main topics covered in this book which looks in depth at work in the gig economy across the world: its opportunities, its problems, and its wider implications. It then outlines the coverage of the individual chapters. The aim of this book is to consider the variety of approaches and business models within the gig economy, and look at how these constantly evolve to meet new market demands and regulatory challenges. In addition, chapters examine the competing narratives surrounding 'gigs', sharing, and collaboration and the reality of platforms reliant on on-demand workforces. The final chapters in this book develop a blueprint to solve the problems facing on-demand workers, platforms, and their customers.
Disrupting the Disruptors
Authors: Adams-Prassl Jeremias
Published: April 2018

This chapter turns to the regulation of work in the on-demand economy. To the extent that ‘disruption’ has become tech-speak for breaking the law, the time has come to ‘disrupt the disruptors’. On-demand gigs, tasks, and rides are work, rather than entrepreneurship—and should be recognized as such. This means that the industry needs to be brought within the scope of employment law. Legal systems across the world have learned to respond to employers’ attempts to mischaracterize work as independent entrepreneurship by focusing on the reality of the underlying relationship instead; in more complex multilateral scenarios, a further question crops up as to who should be the responsible employer. The time has come to rethink substantive employment law norms, from portable ratings to higher wages for non-guaranteed hours.
Introduction
Authors: Levine Joseph
Published: April 2018

In this paper I chart the evolution of my thinking on the metaphysical status of consciousness from the position defended in Purple Haze: The Puzzle of Consciousness to the present. Originally I argued that materialism is very likely true, but we still couldn’t understand how it could be true, whereas now I believe, on the basis of inference to the best explanation, that it is likely false. However, I still maintain that there is no direct argument from conceivability considerations to the falsehood of materialism. In the rest of the paper I give a brief overview of the papers included in the volume.
On the Phenomenology of Thought
Authors: Levine Joseph
Published: April 2018

In this paper I address the debate over the existence and nature of “cognitive phenomenology,” the alleged contribution to phenomenal consciousness made by non-sensory, cognitive states. I distinguish various versions of the position that there is cognitive phenomenology, evaluate what I take to be the two principal arguments for its existence, and then conclude that only one of the weaker versions is supported by the argument that survives criticism. The two principal arguments are the self-knowledge argument and the phenomenological argument, also known as the “phenomenal contrast” argument. While I endorse the latter, I argue that the former is ultimately question-begging. I end with some speculative considerations.
Conscious Awareness and (Self-)Representation
Authors: Levine Joseph
Published: April 2018

Another kind of representational theory of phenomenal character is higher-order theory, which identifies our awareness of our conscious states with a higher-order representation of them. One version of such a theory is the “self-representational” theory, according to which phenomenally conscious states are those that include a representation of themselves, along with whatever perceptual content they possess. I criticize this approach for not properly capturing conscious subjectivity, which is its alleged principal virtue. In particular, I argue that the kind of cognitive relation that obtains between ourselves and the contents of our conscious experience cannot be appropriately modeled on the causal relations that underlie any materialist theory of representation.
The Modal Status of Materialism
Authors: Levine Joseph
Published: April 2018

It is quite common to assume that Materialism, if true, is only contingently true. After all, couldn’t there have been a dualist world of immaterial souls, even if this world doesn’t happen to be one? We argue that, contrary to appearances, Materialism, if true, is necessarily true. In the course of making this argument we clarify what we take to be the core of the Materialist thesis, which differs crucially from the way it’s often presented. Rather than a specification of the nature of the material that underlies mentality, it is more a claim that mental states are realized, not basic.
Modality, Semantics, and Consciousness
Authors: Levine Joseph
Published: April 2018

Here I present an overall assessment of how Chalmers and I differ on the argumentative route to any form of anti-Materialism. I reframe my objection to the semantic framework he appeals to in his argument and also present reasons for thinking that no choice to adopt one semantic framework over another can yield the metaphysical conclusions he wishes to draw. One basic problem I present is that, using a semantic argument to establish that some realm of phenomena is fundamental, seems to unjustifiably assume a link between the semantically fundamental and the metaphysically fundamental. I also criticize his appeal to modal rationalism as a basis for disallowing so-called “strong necessity.”
Introduction
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: April 2018

The case of Roper v. Simmons (543 U.S. 551) presents a set of facts that test almost anyone’s intuitions favoring the idea that kids should be shielded from the worst punishments, punishments that are justifiably heaped on adults. More for the thrill of it than anything else, Christopher Simmons, together with two friends, broke into a randomly chosen home in the middle of the night, abducted Shirley Crook from her bedroom, bound her hands, legs, and head tightly with duct tape, and threw her off a bridge. She drowned in the waters below. Simmons later bragged about the murder, saying that he did it “because the bitch seen my face.” This repulsive remark was an evident lie, not that it matters, since there was ample evidence that Simmons had planned to kill Crook well before he and his friends even entered her home. Shirley Crook left behind a grief-stricken husband and daughter, both of whom testified at the sentencing phase of the trial to the havoc that the murder had wreaked on their lives. One and only one thing can be said on Simmons’ behalf, and it was duly noted by the attorneys in the case when addressing the jury that sentenced him to die: Christopher Simmons was 17 years old at the time of the crime. Eventually the Supreme Court of the United States reached the conclusion that this one fact was significant enough to warrant withholding from Simmons the worst that the state can do to a person: the court saved Simmons’ life, ruling that no one under 18 at the time of a crime could be executed for it, no matter how heinous the conduct....
Making Logoi
Authors: Dillery John
Published: April 2018

This paper argues that the several allusions to Hecataeus of Miletus, especially to his F 1, in Book 2 of Herodotus’ History constitute a carefully articulated polemic by the younger historian against the elder. Picking up the phrase ‘the logoi of the Greeks’ from Hecataeus F 1, Herodotus deploys the term logos [a ‘story’ or ‘account’] and logopoios [a maker of logoi] artfully throughout Book 2 to show that Hecataeus was just as guilty of the fault he had levelled against the Greeks: an overreliance on Greek concepts of the past when his own autopsy and knowledge gained through non-Greeks was available. Such an argument obviously assumes that Book 2 is something of a unity and the product of a mature thinker reacting to an important predecessor, not an early experiment in ethnographic history.
Dogs That Do Not (Always) Bark
Authors: Tuplin Christopher
Published: April 2018

The chapter collects and discusses the historical information provided by Herodotus about Egypt between the Persian conquest and his own time. Egypt attracts more post-conquest attention than Lydia or Babylonia, but it is still very modest: it mostly comes through histoire événementielle and lacunae; lack of system abounds, allusions can be tantalizing, misrepresentation is not absent, and some of the omissions (notably the revolt of 522 or fate of the Saite kings’ Greco-Carian mercenaries) seem decidedly peculiar. The mixture of surprises and silences does not suggest that Herodotus is consciously expressing a coherent judgement about Persian rule of the country, but there is a thematic interest in custom, continuity, and discontinuity.
Herodotus and his World
Authors: Skinner Joseph
Published: April 2018

Whilst meticulous in its analysis of individual books or logoi, modern scholarship has either taken Herodotus’ engagement with his wider world predominantly for granted or concerned itself primarily with merely ‘explaining’ certain aspects of Herodotus’ work or his achievement with reference to a single context or genre. In attempting to provide a more rounded consideration of questions of Herodotean audience reception, one that incorporates shared knowledge of Homeric epic or traditions relating to (still) powerful clans or families, ethnographic knowledge, Herodotean source ascriptions, and the rise and fall of great states and individuals, this chapter demonstrates that there is much to be gained from studying Herodotus’ engagement with both his world and the audiences that he set out to inform, challenge, and entertain.
Herodotus and Democracy
Authors: Rhodes P. J.
Published: April 2018

This chapter surveys the words used by Herodotus to characterize political entities and regimes. It then studies his use of them in particular contexts, and argues that the contrast most important to him was between freedom and despotism. Herodotus approved of freedom, but, although he sometimes used the language of democracy with reference to freedom, he did not distinguish between democracy and oligarchy except in his Persian Debate, and he did not express an opinion on democracy as distinct from oligarchy.
The End of the Histories and the End of the Atheno-Peloponnesian Wars
Authors: Irwin Elizabeth
Published: April 2018

This article argues that the end of the Histories has been designed in multiple ways to allude to the end of the Atheno-Peloponnesian wars and to offer a critique of the figure whose policies were most responsible for its outbreak and continuance, namely, Pericles. The fate of Artaÿctes, the ‘temple-robber’ who forgoes the safety of the stronghold of Sestos only to find himself caught at Aegospotami, has been designed to allude both to accusations levelled at Pericles and at the Athenians in relation to financing the war and to position on the ethics of retaliation, particularly in victory. The article’s conclusion explores the relationship between Herodotus and Thucydides in light of this late date for our Histories, and includes a coda on the story of Masistes’ wife.
Simplifying Primitive Equations: Rotating Shallow-Water Models and their Properties
Authors: Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: April 2018

In this chapter, one- and two-layer versions of the rotating shallow-water model on the tangent plane to the rotating, and on the whole rotating sphere, are derived from primitive equations by vertical averaging and columnar motion (mean-field) hypothesis. Main properties of the models including conservation laws and wave-vortex dichotomy are established. Potential vorticity conservation is derived, and the properties of inertia–gravity waves are exhibited. The model is then reformulated in Lagrangian coordinates, variational principles for its one- and two-layer version are established, and conservation laws are reinterpreted in these terms.
Instabilities of Jets and Fronts and their Nonlinear Evolution
Authors: Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: April 2018

Notions of linear and nonlinear hydrodynamic (in)stability are explained and criteria of instability of plane-parallel flows are presented. Instabilities of jets are investigated by direct pseudospectral collocation method in various flow configurations, starting from the classical barotropic and baroclinic instabilities. Characteristic features of instabilities are displayed, as well as typical patterns of their nonlinear saturation. It is shown that in the Phillips model of Chapter 5, new ageostrophic Rossby–Kelvin and shear instabilities appear at finite Rossby numbers. These instabilities are interpreted in terms of resonances among waves counter-propagating in the flow. It is demonstrated that the classical inertial instability is a specific case of ageostrophic baroclinic instability. At the equator it appears also in the barotropic configuration, and is related to resonances of Yanai waves. The nature of the inertial instability in terms of trapped modes is established. A variety of instabilities of density fronts is displayed.
Rotating Shallow-Water Models with Full Coriolis Force
Authors: Zeitlin Vladimir
Published: April 2018

The derivation of the rotating shallow-water model by vertical averaging is carried on in the tangent plane approximation without neglecting the vertical component of the Coriolis force, and contributions of the vertical component of velocity in its horizontal component (‘non-traditional’ terms), leading to one- and two-layer ‘non-traditional’ rotating shallow-water models. A similar approach on the whole sphere encounters difficulties with conservation of angular momentum. Consistent ‘non-traditional’ rotating shallow-water equations in this case are obtained from the variational principle, which is first formulated for full primitive equations. It is shown that columnar motion hypothesis should be replaced by solid-angle motion one on the sphere. Two-layer non-traditional rotating shallow-water equations are used to analyse inertial instability of jets and compare the results with Chapter 10. It is shown that non-traditional terms can increase the growth rates up to 30% in some configurations and can also change the structure of the unstable modes.
Introduction
Authors: Budelmann Felix , Phillips Tom
Published: April 2018

After a brief discussion of the anthropological model that has transformed lyric scholarship in recent decades (highlighting both achievements and areas that have received little attention), two meanings of ‘Textual Events’ are set out. The first relates to pragmatics: lyric texts create their own settings, which variously interact with the actual circumstances of the performance. The second gestures to the concept of ‘event’ in contemporary philosophy: lyric creates unique interpretative, sensory, and emotive encounters with each listener and reader. A case is made for applying the term ‘literary’ to Greek lyric, despite (and because of) its anachronism. The remainder of the Introduction develops the notion of context (to encompass intellectual context), discussing continuities and discontinuities with context in book lyric; sets out ‘lyric moves’ (micro-traditions within the genre); and discusses aspects of performance not fully captured by the anthropological paradigm.
Sailing and Singing
Authors: Uhlig Anna
Published: April 2018

This chapter suggests that it is time to take a new look at Alcaeus’ so-called ‘ship of state’ poems. Although few scholars now question that these poems should be read allegorically, this consensus is a relatively recent phenomenon, due, it is contended, to a desire to situate the poems in a historical performance context (whether political or otherwise) that is now lost to us. The interpretative emphasis on conditions of performance context obscures the maritime concerns of these poems, grounded as they are in the very real seafaring trade of Alcaeus’ native Mytilene. The chapter suggests that scholars should pay more attention to the maritime ‘surface’ meaning of Alcaeus’ work, and that such ‘surface reading’ can serve as a model for how lyric poetry strives to create imaginative spaces beyond the frames of its historical performance.
Sappho and Cyborg Helen
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores Sappho’s depiction of Helen through the lens of Donna Haraway’s cyborg theory. The epic Helen is presented as a mixture of the human, the divine, the animal, and the artificial, but this interstitiality marks her as an ‘illegitimate fusion’ (as Haraway would put it), an object to be controlled. Sappho, by contrast, depicts Helen (as a number of scholars have noted) as full of agency. The argument is set forth that Helen is for Sappho a cyborg fusion of poet and poem, and indeed an embodiment of the paradoxical nature of lyric poetry itself, which ever mediates between the specific here-and-now and the universal. Sappho’s reclaiming of Helen thus parallels Haraway’s revaluation of the cyborg as a site of feminist resistance.
Event and Artefact
Authors: Spelman Henry
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the Homeric Hymn to Apollo as a case study in order to explore early Greek ideas of authorship, occasionality, literary permanence, and reception. The comparanda deployed come from archaic lyric and especially from Pindar’s epinicians. The first section claims that the speaker identifies himself as Homer and discusses some implications for how audiences conceptualize the hymn. The second section describes how the hymn anticipates its own reception on Delos and abroad. Getting the most out of this text, it is proposed, involves approaching it both as an enacted event and as a perpetuated artefact. The conclusion attempts to account for congruencies with lyric.
Introduction
Authors: Papadia Francesco , Vӓlimӓki Tuomas
Published: April 2018

Fundamental questions about the optimal set-up for central banks are examined in this book. In particular, we ask whether the model of an independent central bank devoted to price stability,1 which affirmed itself in most advanced economies at the turn of the last century, is the final resting point of a long and complex development that started centuries ago. We dissect the hypothesis that the Great Recession has prompted a reassessment and a possible revision of that model....
Introduction
Authors: Fair Alistair
Published: April 2018

Historians to date have paid little attention to the new civic, repertory, and university theatres that were built across Britain between the 1950s and the 1980s. This period saw debates about the nature of performance and the actor–audience relationship, but it also witnessed a significant change in the way that the arts were funded in Britain. The introduction of subsidy for the arts in the 1940s meant that certain kinds of theatre were increasingly understood as a public amenity. New conceptions of theatre’s purpose prompted new approaches to the design of theatre buildings, and the emergence of a consciously modern playhouse.
Towards a New Theatre Architecture, 1945–60
Authors: Fair Alistair
Published: April 2018

This chapter considers the evolution of a new image of theatre architecture in the 1940s and 1950s. Beginning with a brief discussion of the international sources on which theatre architects might draw, the chapter continues by examining a selection of built and unbuilt projects from the 1940s and 1950s. It shows how modern architecture was thought to connote the new status of theatre as a subsidized amenity, and to embody the growing confidence of the country’s subsidized repertory companies. Key examples discussed include: the Congress Theatre, Eastbourne; early designs for the National Theatre in London; and the Belgrade Theatre, Coventry.
‘The Second Positive Stage’
Authors: Fair Alistair
Published: April 2018

This chapter acknowledges the emergence within Britain of ‘brutalism’ during the late 1950s as a kind of architectural style that prized material and structural honesty, but argues that there may be more productive ways in which to consider new theatres of the 1960s. The chapter demonstrates how a selection of these theatres might be understood in terms of their contribution to broader debates about the nature of public architecture and the development of modernism. Examples considered include theatres by Basil Spence, as well as the Nottingham Playhouse, the National Theatre, the Young Vic in London, and the Crucible in Sheffield.
The Constitution of the Church of England
Authors: Hill QC Mark
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the constitution of the Church of England, beginning with a discussion of the Anglican Communion of which the Church of England is a component Church. The Anglican Communion is a worldwide network of thirty-nine autonomous national and regional churches, each belonging to the Communion by virtue of a common tradition, ecclesiology and doctrine. The Archbishop of Canterbury is a focus of unity for the Communion, as are the three so-called instruments of unity, the Lambeth Conference, the Anglican Consultative Council and Primates Meeting. The chapter also considers the synodical government of the Church of England and provides an overview of the composition, purpose and function of the Archbishops' Council, General Synod, diocesan synods, and deanery synods. Finally, it describes the Church Commissioners, courts and tribunals, and the Court of Faculties.
The Canons of the Church of England
Authors: Hill QC Mark
Published: April 2018

This section presents the canons of the Church of England. It begins with a background on the Church of England, focusing on the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, The Book of Common Prayer, and the form and manner of making, ordaining, and consecrating of bishops, priests, and deacons, along with the doctrine and government of the Church, the royal supremacy, and schisms within the Church of Christ. The chapter proceeds by discussing the Church's divine service and administration of the sacraments; church ministers, their irdination, functions, and charge; the order of deaconesses; the lay officers of the Church; things appertaining to churches; the ecclesiastical courts; and the synods of the Church. Finally, it explains how any canon to the repealed enactment may be interpreted.
Epilogue
Authors: More Alison
Published: April 2018

The epilogue draws the major threads of narratives that have unfolded throughout the book to a conclusion. In tracing the threads of monasticization that wove their way around pious laywomen it has drawn attention to the ways in which dynamic communities came to be remembered only for their piety and obedience. At the same time, this epilogue revisits the creation of fictive histories and illustrates some of the ways that they have continued to influence women religious in the modern world.
Fichte's Ethics
Authors: Kosch Michelle
Published: April 2018

This book offers a systematic, historically informed reconstruction of Fichte’s ethical theory of the Jena period, highlighting that theory’s very substantial potential for contribution to various contemporary debates. One of Fichte’s most important ideas—that nature can place limits on our ability to govern ourselves, and that anyone who values autonomy is thereby committed to the value of basic research and of the development of autonomy-enhancing technologies—has received little attention in the interpretative literature on Fichte, and has little currency in contemporary ethics. This book is an effort to address both deficits. Beginning from a reconstruction of Fichte’s theory of rational agency, it examines his arguments for the thesis that rational agency so understood must have two constitutive ends: substantive and formal independence. It argues for a novel interpretation of Fichte’s conception of substantive independence, and shows how Fichte’s account of moral duties is derived from the end of substantive independence on that conception. It also argues for a novel interpretation of Fichte’s conception of formal independence, and explains why the usual understanding of this end as providing direct guidance for action must be mistaken. It encompasses a systematic reconstruction of Fichte’s first-order claims in normative ethics and the philosophy of right.
Dispensing with Existence
Authors: Williams Donald C.
Published: April 2018

This chapter is about the nature of existence. It is argued that there are no subsistent entities or other realms of being beyond actual reality. This is in line with the doctrine of actualism that was defended in earlier chapters. It is proposed that there are only actual beings and that these beings exist in one determinate mode. Furthermore, there is no real first-order property of existence that is had by actual entities. Existence just is the sum of these actual entities. Therefore, existence thought of as a unique mode of being or special kind of activity can be dispensed with.
The Sea Fight Tomorrow
Authors: Williams Donald C.
Published: April 2018

This chapter is the first of this book to deal specifically with the metaphysics of time. This chapter defends the pure manifold theory of time. On this view, time is just another dimension of extent like the three dimensions of space, the past, present, and future are equally real, and the world is at bottom tenseless. What is true is eternally true. For example, it is now true that there will be a sea fight tomorrow or that there will not be a sea fight tomorrow. It is argued that the pure manifold theory does not entail fatalism and that contingent statements about the future do not imply that only the past and present exist.
The Shape of Time
Authors: Williams Donald C.
Published: April 2018

This chapter is about the arrow or direction of time against the backdrop of the pure manifold theory. It is accepted that the fact that time has a direction ought to be explained. It is proposed that the arrow of time is grounded in deeper facts about the four-dimensional nature of each object in the manifold and in facts about the overall four-dimensional shape of the universe. Towards the end of the chapter the possibility of time travel is discussed. It is argued that time travel is metaphysically possible and that there is a reasonable and intelligible sense in which a time traveler can and cannot change the past, according to the pure manifold theory.
G.F. Stout’s Theory of Tropes
Authors: MacBride Fraser
Published: April 2018

This chapter provides a new account of G.F. Stout’s doctrine of abstract particulars. Stout advanced this doctrine to avoid the excesses of nominalism on the one hand and realism on the other. But his arguments have been widely misconceived as metaphysical. Stout’s arguments are in fact ideological and epistemological; he argued that our epistemic practices would break down if only universals were given to us. It is commonly supposed that G.E. Moore’s famous (1921) criticisms of Stout missed their mark. But, this chapter argues, Moore was onto something and Stout failed to account for predication in general.
The Fund’s Fiscal Policy Views and the Politics of Austerity
Authors: Clift Ben
Published: April 2018

This chapter drills down into IMF/advanced economy government interactions and Fund efforts to influence the international economic policy debate during the Great Recession. It situates Fund thinking within the wider politics of austerity, charting how the Fund’s post-crash views on fiscal policy efficacy and economic stabilization were increasingly at odds with other key European players. The IMF mobilized its knowledge bank and scientific reputation to correct what key Fund figures saw as mistaken premises of austerity policies. Notably, the IMF counselled against precipitate exit from stimulus, debunked the notion that fiscal consolidation is in itself ‘growth friendly’, underlined that fiscal consolidation can be self-defeating, and, as the recession drew on, advised further counter-cyclical fiscal policy interventions to support the recovery. The Fund’s empirically backed policy advice advocated a ‘less now, more later’ approach to consolidation by countries with fiscal space.
Verb-initial declaratives in Old High German and in later German
Authors: Petrova Svetlana
Published: April 2018

This chapter investigates the syntactic properties and the pragmatic behaviour of verb-initial declarative clauses in the history of German. The focus is on OHG because in this period, verb-initial declaratives represent a frequent, well-known alternative to canonical verb-second main clauses. It is argued that verb-initial declaratives are native in origin, and that they are derivable under a special interpretation of the verb-second rule. The main part of the chapter deals with the pragmatic properties of verb-initial declaratives in OHG, summarizing the various attempts at explaining the distribution of these orders and showing that further research is needed to arrive at a more adequate understanding of their function in the discourse. The chapter closes up with the discussion of the later development of verb-initial declaratives in German, sketching the controversial treatments of this question in the literature on German diachronic syntax.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Ferraresi Gisella , Jäger Agnes
Published: April 2018

The chapter provides an overview of the main issues and contributions of Part II of the volume. This part discusses various phenomena concerning the middle field in the historical stages of German. In particular, the discussion concerns the question of the relative order of elements and the factors influencing changes of this order. In the left-most part of the middle field—the Wackernagel position, where light and clitic elements appear—the order of pronouns and their interplay with complementizer agreement is an intriguing topic. Another relevant aspect concerns the order of full NPs and the role that syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors play for the relative order of these constituents over the course of the language history. Finally, negation and its grammaticalization along Jespersen’s Cycle is a phenomenon of the middle field which is discussed in this part of the book.
Serialization of full noun phrases in the history of German
Authors: Speyer Augustin
Published: April 2018

The serialization of object full NPs is relatively free in Modern German. In OHG, the order IO > DO was heavily preferred; the preference weakened only in the ENHG period. The most important factor for the serialization of object full NPs in OHG is ‘animate before inanimate’, which continues to be an important factor up to the present day. The order IO > DO falls out from that, as the accusative (DO case) tends to be assigned to the least agent-like referent. The loosening of the object order in ENHG is a consequence of other factors becoming more important, for instance ‘given before new’. With respect to structure binding facts suggest that the DO c-commands the IO, the animacy factor being responsible for re-ordering to IO > DO.
OV versus VO in Old High German
Authors: Petrova Svetlana , Weiß Helmut
Published: April 2018

This chapter surveys the word order variation in the right periphery of the clause in OHG. The investigation is based on a corpus including all dependent clauses introduced by the complementizer thaz ‘that’ in the minor OHG documents, a collection of up to forty smaller texts of various genres. The analysis shows that the majority of the data can be explained within a standard OV grammar, assuming additional extraposition of heavy XPs to the right. But apart from these cases, there is evidence supporting the assumption of leftward movement of the verb to an intermediate functional projection vP which is optional with basic OV but obligatory with basic VO. In addition, the chapter presents patterns which evidently involve verb movement to a higher functional head, above vP, and discusses the nature of the landing site of the verb in these cases.
Periphrastic verb forms
Authors: Speyer Augustin
Published: April 2018

The origin of periphrastic verb forms in German is seen in the context of an articulated grammaticalization theory, where grammaticalization is understood as a series of a semantic change (‘bleaching’, read as: stripping of semantic features) followed by a syntactic reanalysis with subsequent extension. The development of several German periphrastic forms is illustrated under this view, focusing on the passive, the periphrastic perfect, and the future tense. Two waves of grammaticalization are distinguished, one in OHG (passive, perfect), one in MHG (future tense). Differences in the ordering frequencies of the non-finite and finite part of the verb form between some forms suggest structural differences, which might mirror different stages in the grammaticalization process.
The Journal 1889–1939
Authors: Ferguson Sam
Published: April 2018

This chapter addresses the place of Gide’s Journal 1889–1939 in the development of his diary-writing, a work which has long been considered a landmark in the history of the journal intime. Its importance is strange, since most of its contents had already been published in earlier volumes, especially in Gide’s Œuvres complètes (1932–1939). Compared with these earlier publications, the paratextual presentation of the Journal 1889–1939 emphasizes its unity and independence, and makes an unprecedented claim for the diary to constitute a literary œuvre in its own right. In different ways, this publication builds on all Gide’s earlier experimentation with the diary. It provided a model for later diarists to present their diaries as a literary œuvre, and its legacy can be seen in the work of Roland Barthes and Jean-Paul Sartre (both discussed here), who draw on its refashioning of the literary œuvre and author-figure.
Raymond Queneau’s Œuvres complètes de Sally Mara
Authors: Ferguson Sam
Published: April 2018

This chapter follows the development of Raymond Queneau’s works published under the pseudonym (or auteur supposé) of Sally Mara, including her journal intime, at a time when diary-writing and the writing subject itself were out of favour with the literary avant-garde. A novel published in 1947 attributed to Sally Mara, followed by her Journal intime (1950) and her Œuvres complètes (1962), draw on Gide’s experiments with diary-writing, but comically expose the formal processes by which an author-figure and literary œuvre are constructed. This is often done by creating conflict between the several authorial figures involved (Queneau, Mara, and the fictional editor Michel Presle), and by processes of metalepsis (the transgresssion of boundaries in a narrative framework). Yet the works do not reduce the author-figure to an entirely textual, discursive phenomenon, disconnected from reality, and they tend to endorse a reader’s curiosity about the ‘real’ author.
Markets as Open Systems: Organizing and Reorganizing a Financial Market
Authors: Jutterström Mats
Published: April 2018

What are the drivers of market reorganization? Based on an in-depth longitudinal example—frequent reorganizations of a huge financial market—this chapter focuses on contextual drivers of market reorganization. The chapter highlights three drivers of reorganization that made the lives of the organizers both unexpected and difficult: side markets, general ideas diverging from practice, and new ideas. Moreover, the question of market reform frequency is addressed; the study illustrates how it may be propelled by contextual dynamics and unrealistic ideas still hoped for. The chapter demonstrates the relevance of an open system perspective on markets, recognizing both their technical and institutional environments as drivers of individual market reorganization.
Multiplicity, Complexity, and Recurrent Change
Authors: Brunsson Nils , Jutterström Mats
Published: April 2018

The empirical studies presented in the book are used to describe four types of market organizers observed—sellers, buyers, profiteers, and ‘others’—and to describe the elements of organization used. In the cases analysed most of the organization elements were used many times, to the extent that the term market bureaucracy is appropriate. Often market organization was supported with information and artefacts. The processes of market organizing and reorganizing were complex and dynamic. They involved several organizers with different interests, including organizations primarily active in other markets, recurrently or even perpetually reorganizing the market. Market organization often led to unintended consequences and met resistance, ideals of how to organize often shifted, and market organizers were more or less able to learn from their experience of organizing. The organization of markets tends to lead to a fragile order. The present state of market organization must be understood as a (temporary) result of organizing processes rather than a stable state due to some inherent characteristics of a market.
Pathways to Archaic Citizenship
Authors: Duplouy Alain
Published: April 2018

Referring to the main primary sources, this introductory chapter explores some of the pathways that have been taken by historians and archaeologists over the last century in investigating Greek citizenship. Through selected topics—the Aristotelian model, law and institutions, economy, terminology, and material culture—the chapter offers an overview of landmark studies. It acknowledges both the advances made in a century of scholarly research on archaic Greece and the many different schools of thought that are still debating the very nature of archaic citizenship. Arguing against the old trend of observing archaic Greece through the eyes and with the concepts of a classical scholar, it opens new pathways to archaic citizenship by advocating a more respectful approach to the peculiarities of archaic societies and the diversity of ancient documents, from texts to material culture.
Retracing Steps
Authors: Blok Josine
Published: April 2018

Disengaging the notion of ‘citizenship’ from the Aristotelian definition as characterized by ‘political office’, citizenship in archaic Greece may be identified by criteria for membership of the polis as a community and by rules for participation in it. Looking back from the classical era when these criteria were formalized more stringently and in greater detail, in the archaic age we see them gradually taking shape: sharing in common cults, and claims to shared descent incorporated into formal rules of legitimacy in the family and the polis. The earliest written laws were concerned with establishing precisely these criteria of membership and regulating participation, anchored in rules on property and inheritance, with concomitant prerogatives and obligations of male and female citizens.
The Spartan Contribution to Greek Citizenship Theory
Authors: Cartledge Paul
Published: April 2018

One of the major current scholarly debates surrounding ancient Sparta concerns its status as a unicum—or not: how was Sparta ‘different', if indeed it was, from all or most other Greek poleis? One of those possible ways concerns its politeia, that is both its ‘constitution’ and—the original sense of the word—its mode of citizenship. In this chapter it is argued that Sparta may have made a pioneering contribution to Greek citizenship theory. If the so-called ‘Great Rhetra’ is a genuine seventh-century BC document, if Tyrtaeus is the first extant ancient Greek source to use a form of ‘politai’ (polis-persons, citizens) in his verses, if…As with most aspects of early Spartan history, alas, the sources are inadequate, and the ‘mirage’ gets in the way. But there are glimpses of an unexpectedly (given the mirage) progressive Sparta that contradict its later image of fossilized conservatism.
Understanding Hobbes
Authors: Boucher David
Published: April 2018

Oakeshott and Skinner both emphasize the importance of context in the interpretation of Hobbes. Skinner wishes to deny any special character to political philosophy that differentiates it from written interventions of other genres. They are, in his view, all ideological, and require the reconstruction of political debates, such as those surrounding the Engagement Controversy. The immediate historical context is the most important context if we are to achieve an adequate understanding of what Hobbes was doing in writing his tracts of political philosophy. Their character as works of political philosophy is irrelevant to such an endeavour. Political interventions are nevertheless, in Oakeshott’s view, incidental to philosophy, which is an enterprise released from considerations of conduct and has no practical bearing when it is consistent with its character as philosophy. Philosophy operates at a different and higher level of discourse from ideology and requires a more inclusive context for its elucidation.
From Reconstruction to the Post-War Boom
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio
Published: April 2018

This chapter reviews the early post-war history of the world economy as reviewed in the Survey. It first looks at the task of reconstruction, which the Survey considered to have been very successful. It then looks at the successful transition to rapid growth in the 1950s, though with persistent concern about the recurrence of crises. The evolution of the system of international trade and payments is analysed next, with world trade embarking in the 1950s on its major historical boom but showing from early on an East/West divide and greater difficulties in reconstructing the system of multilateral payments. Finally, the chapter looks at the early post-war experience of the ‘underdeveloped countries’, where poverty remained ‘as stubborn as ever’.
Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Quiggin John
Published: April 2018

This chapter covers the macroeconomic aspects of the Global Financial Crisis, the subsequent Great Recession/Lesser Depression and the policy responses in developed and developing countries. DESA was one of the first international bodies to recognize the impending threat of financial crisis and to advocate the use of Keynesian fiscal stimulus. In the aftermath of the crisis, the goal of most international institutions was to seek an early return to pre-crisis ‘normality’. This was reflected in a rapid turn towards fiscal consolidation, justified by the expectation that private sector expansion would offset public sector austerity. By contrast, WESP correctly warned of the dangers of a premature end to fiscal stimulus.
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism
Authors: Kende Mathias
Published: April 2018

This book is the first academic monograph to provide a critical analysis of the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). In order to do so, it first looks at the TPRM’s historical development into the WTO’s mechanism for peer review. In this context, the book provides a historical analysis of the concept of peer review and distils a peer review mechanism’s theoretical core elements in terms of objectives, structure and participants. It then applies these elements to the five defining institutional phases of the TPRM (Article X of the GATT (1947), the Tokyo Round negotiations resulting in the Understanding Regarding Notification, Consultation, Dispute Settlement and Surveillance (1979), the report ‘Trade Policies for a Better Future: Proposals for Action’ (1985), the Functioning of the GATT System (FOGS) negotiations (1986), and the provisional adaption of the TPRM during the Montreal mid-term review of the Uruguay Round (December 1988)). The book then measures to which degree the TPRM has been performing well as the WTO’s mechanism for peer review. In order to do so, it follows the first five institutionally mandated appraisals of the TPRM (1999, 2005, 2008, 2011, and 2013). The book concludes that the TPRM has functioned well but that its performance could and should be improved in order to remain politically relevant. In order to do so, it provides some recommendations which are tested against the background of the last (sixth) appraisal which precede the upcoming Eleventh WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires (December 2017).
An Avant-garde Theological Generation
Authors: Kirwan Jon
Published: April 2018

This book offers a clearer understanding of the nouvelle théologie, an influential French reform movement that flourished during the 1930s and 1940s, championed ressourcement, or, a ‘return to the sources’, and hoped to build a certain rapprochement with modernity by appropriating the historical method, aspects of phenomenology, and social engagement. Comprised of theologians and philosophers from the Jesuit theologate Fourvière in Lyon and the Dominican house at Le Saulchoir in Belgium, they were led by such figures as Henri de Lubac, Jean Daniélou, Marie Dominique Chenu, and Yves Congar. After identifying a lacuna in the secondary literature, the book remedies certain historical deficiencies by constructing a history more sensitive to the wider intellectual, political, economic, and cultural milieu of the French interwar crisis, that establishes continuity with the Modernist crisis and the First World War. It examines the modern French avant-garde generations that shaped intellectual and political thought in France. The historical narrative examines various stages of older generational influence on the development of the nouveaux théologiens, including the influence of the Modernists as well as older generations of Jesuit and Dominican mentors. Moreover, the effects of the First World War are examined, as is their religious formation in the 1920s, the emergence of their wider generation during the crisis years of the 1930s, and their own participation in the wider intellectual thirst for revolution. It explores the 1940s, when the generation of 1930 rose to prominence and the global triumph of their thought during the 1960s.