bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peptides derived from histidine and methionine‐rich regions of copper transporter 1 exhibit anti‐angiogenic property by chelating extracellular Cu
Authors: Narayanan Iyer Gomathy , Natarajan Sulochana K.
Published: November 2017

Angiogenesis is a process of synthesis of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature. Copper (Cu) as a micronutrient is important to many proteins for their physiological roles. Cu is transported by ceruloplasmin from liver to other parts of the body. Copper transporter 1 (CTR1) is a transmembrane protein which participate in Cu transport across the cell. It is also known to be involved in angiogenesis. In this study, we have designed three peptides from copper‐binding regions of CTR1 which are rich in histidine and methionine. These peptides were screened for their inhibitory effect on angiogenesis in the HUVEC model. Mass spectroscopy studies revealed that all the three peptides derived from CTR 1 (Pep 1, 2, and 3) bound to Cu. The intracellular Cu levels estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy showed decreased levels of copper in peptide‐treated cells as compared to control. These peptides inhibited proliferation, migration, and tube formation in HUVEC by sequestering copper, preventing its entry into the cell and thereby inhibiting angiogenesis.
Development of Gender Typicality and Felt Pressure in European French and North African French Adolescents
Authors: Hoffman Adam J. , Dumas Florence , Loose Florence , Smeding Annique , Kurtz‐Costes Beth , Régner Isabelle
Published: November 2017

Trajectories of gender identity were examined from Grade 6 (Mage = 11.9 years) to Grade 9 in European French (n = 570) and North African French (n = 534) adolescents, and gender and ethnic group differences were assessed in these trajectories. In Grade 6, boys of both ethnic groups reported higher levels of gender typicality and felt pressure for gender conformity than girls. European French girls and boys and North African French girls reported decreasing gender typicality from Grade 6 to Grade 9, whereas North African French boys did not change. Felt pressure decreased among girls, did not change in European French boys, and increased in North African French boys. Ethnic and gender differences in gender identity development are discussed.
Clinical and genetic characteristics of Pseudohypoparathyroidism in the Chinese population
Authors: Chu Xueying , Zhu Yan , Wang Ou , Nie Min , Quan Tingting , Xue Yu , Wang Wenbo , Jiang Yan , Li Mei , Xia Weibo , Xing Xiaoping
Published: November 2017

Background

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is caused by mutations and epimutations in the GNAS locus, and characterized by the possibility of resistance to multiple hormones and Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. PHP can be classified into the forms 1A/C, sporadic 1B and familial 1B.

Objectives

To obtain an overall view of the clinical and genetic characteristics of the Chinese PHP patient population.

Methods

From 2000 to 2016, 120 patients were recruited and studied using Sanger sequencing, methylation‐specific multiple ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MS‐MLPA) and combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA). Of these patients, 104 had positive molecular alterations indicative of certain forms of PHP and were included in data analysis. Clinical and laboratory features were compared between PHP1A/C and PHP1B patients.

Results

Ten PHP1A/C, 21 familial PHP1B and 73 sporadic PHP1B patients were identified. Four novel GNAS mutations were discovered in these patients, including c.1038+1G>T, c.530+2T>C, c.880_883delCAAG and c.311_312delAAG, insT. The most common symptoms in this series were recurrent tetany (89.4%) and epilepsy (47.1%). The prevalence of weight excess increased with age for PHP1B (10%‐35%) and PHP1A/C (50%‐75%). Intracranial calcification had a prevalence of 94.6% and correlated with seizures (r = .227, P = .029). Cataracts occurred in 56.2% PHP patients, and there was a trend towards longer disease duration in patients with cataracts (P = .051). Statistically significant differences (P < .05) were observed when comparing certain clinical characteristics between PHP1B and PHP1A/C patients, including age of onset (10 vs 7 year), short stature (21.3% vs 70%), rounded face (60.6% vs 100%), brachydactyly (25.5% vs 100%), ectopic ossification (1.1% vs 40%) and TSH resistance (44.6% vs 90%), respectively.

Conclusions

This study is the largest single‐centre series of PHP patients and summarizes the clinical and genetic features of the Chinese PHP population. While there was substantial clinical overlap between PHP1A/C and PHP1B, differences in disease progression were observed.
FOXE3 mutations: genotype‐phenotype correlations
Authors: Plaisancié J. , Ragge N.K. , Dollfus H. , Kaplan J. , Lehalle D. , Francannet C. , Morin G. , Colineaux H. , Calvas P. , Chassaing N.
Published: November 2017

Microphthalmia and anophthalmia (MA) are severe developmental eye anomalies, many of which are likely to have an underlying genetic cause. More than 30 genes have been described, each of which is responsible for a small percentage of these anomalies. Among these, is the FOXE3 gene, which was initially described in individuals with dominantly inherited anterior segment dysgenesis and, subsequently, associated with recessively inherited primary aphakia, sclerocornea and microphthalmia. In this work, we describe 8 individuals presenting with an MA phenotype. Among them, 7 are carrying biallelic recessive FOXE3 mutations and 2 of these have novel mutations: p.(Ala78Thr) and p.(Arg104Cys). The last of our patients is carrying in the heterozygous state the recessive p.(Arg90Leu) mutation in the FOXE3 gene. To further understand FOXE3 involvement in this wide spectrum of ocular anomalies with 2 different patterns of inheritance, we reviewed all individuals with ocular abnormalities described in the literature for which a FOXE3 mutation was identified. This review demonstrates that correlations exist between the mutation type, mode of inheritance and the phenotype severity. Furthermore, understanding the genetic basis of these conditions will contribute to overall understanding of eye development, improve the quality of care, genetic counseling and, in future, gene‐based therapies.
Acute oral sodium propionate supplementation raises resting energy expenditure and lipid oxidation in fasted humans
Authors: Chambers Edward S. , Byrne Claire S. , Aspey Karen , Chen Yanjie , Khan Saadiyah , Morrison Douglas J. , Frost Gary
Published: November 2017

Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced from fermentation of dietary fibre by the gut microbiota, have been suggested to modulate energy metabolism. Previous work using rodent models has demonstrated that oral supplementation of the SCFA propionate raises resting energy expenditure (REE) by promoting lipid oxidation. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of oral sodium propionate on REE and substrate metabolism in humans. Eighteen healthy volunteers (9 women and 9 men; age 25 ± 1 years; body mass index 24.1 ± 1.2 kg/m2) completed 2 study visits following an overnight fast. Tablets containing a total of 6845 mg sodium propionate or 4164 mg sodium chloride were provided over the 180‐minute study period in random order. REE and substrate oxidation were assessed by indirect calorimetry. Oral sodium propionate administration increased REE (0.045 ± 0.020 kcal/min; P = .036); this was accompanied by elevated rates of whole‐body lipid oxidation (0.012 ± 0.006 g/min; P = .048) and was independent of changes in glucose and insulin concentrations. Future studies are warranted to determine whether the acute effects of oral sodium propionate on REE translate into positive improvements in long‐term energy balance in humans.
Comparison of medication adherence and persistence in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: McGovern Andrew , Tippu Zayd , Hinton William , Munro Neil , Whyte Martin , de Lusignan Simon
Published: November 2017

Limited medication adherence and persistence with treatment are barriers to successful management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Register of Controlled Trials, PsychINFO and CINAHL for observational and interventional studies that compared the adherence or persistence associated with 2 or more glucose‐lowering medications in people with T2D. Where 5 or more studies provided the same comparison, a random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed, reporting mean difference (MD) or odds ratio (OR) for adherence or persistence, depending on the pooled study outcomes. We included a total of 48 studies. Compared with metformin, adherence (%) was better for sulphonylureas (5 studies; MD 10.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.5‐14.7) and thiazolidinediones (TZDs; 6 studies; MD 11.3%, 95% CI 2.7%‐20.0%). Adherence to TZDs was marginally better than adherence to sulphonylureas (5 studies; MD 1.5%, 95% CI 0.1‐2.9). Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors had better adherence than sulphonylureas and TZDs. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists had higher rates of discontinuation than long‐acting analogue insulins (6 studies; OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.17‐3.27). Long‐acting insulin analogues had better persistence than human insulins (5 studies; MD 43.1 days; 95% CI 22.0‐64.2). The methods used to define adherence and persistence were highly variable.
Inhibitory activity towards human α‐amylase in wheat flour and gluten
Authors: Gélinas Pierre , Gagnon Fleur
Published: November 2017

Wheat α‐amylase inhibitors (AI) have been targeted as potential triggers of noncoeliac gluten or wheat sensitivity (NCGS). The aim of this study was to determine AI activity towards α‐amylase from human source in wheat cultivars. Contrary to barley, buckwheat, or oats, high level of AI activity was found in wheat and, to a lesser extent, rye. AI activity (mean IC50 = 137 μg mL−1) did not vary with respect to ancient or recently developed wheat cultivars. Vital wheat gluten had very high and heat‐stable AI activity (mean IC50 = 23 μg mL−1), higher than wheat starch (˃10 000 μg mL−1) or acarbose (40 μg mL−1), a medication for the management of hyperglycaemia and potentially causing digestive disorders due to the accumulation of undigested carbohydrates in the intestine. Data suggest that eating raw wheat gluten, flour or dough could pose a health risk.
The contribution of flight capability to the post‐fledging dependence period of golden eagles
Authors: Weston Ewan D. , Whitfield D. Philip , Travis Justin M. J. , Lambin Xavier
Published: November 2017

The period prior to an individual emigrating from its natal site and initiating dispersal is important for developing the skills that are ultimately required for surviving natal dispersal. Using a novel method to quantify the early movements of 35 juvenile golden eagles fitted with satellite transmitters, we hypothesised that variation in golden eagles’ post‐fledging dependence period (PFDP) was determined by variation in how quickly movement skills were acquired in order to become independent and disperse. Twenty nine young eagles exhibited an initial increase in mobility (‘ontogenic phase’) levelling off after a median of 68 d, followed by a period of maintained mobility (‘maintained phase’) that lasted a median of 99 d (range 24–176). Eagles that developed their mobility more quickly during the ontogenic phase had a correspondingly shorter ontogenic phase. Despite this, most of the inter‐individual variation in the length of the PFDP resulted from variation in the length of the ‘maintained phase’. In general, females (the larger sex) developed more slowly and had a longer ontogenic phase. Males exhibited dispersal strategies around two modes with some dispersing early (mode 1: 89.5 d) and others late (mode 2: 220 d). In contrast females dispersed around a unimodal distribution of timing (mode 167.5 d). Apart from six individuals (mostly males) which dispersed with no discernible maintained phase, most offspring remained in the parental home range after they were fully mobile, even those that developed mobility quickly, suggesting that the PFDP in golden eagles is not simply a function of physical capacity for independence, but also a period when young eagles decide to remain, and are tolerated by parents, in their parental home range before dispersing. We suggest that delaying dispersal may be a beneficial strategy for young raptors facing a competitive environment after PFDP.
Sympatric population divergence within a highly pelagic seabird species complex (Hydrobates spp.)
Authors: Taylor Rebecca S. , Bailie Anna , Gulavita Previn , Birt Tim , Aarvak Tomas , Anker‐Nilssen Tycho , Barton Daniel C. , Lindquist Kirsten , Bedolla‐Guzmán Yuliana , Quillfeldt Petra , Friesen Vicki L.
Published: November 2017

Both physical and non‐physical barriers can restrict gene flow among seabird populations. Understanding the relative importance of non‐physical barriers, such as breeding phenology, is key to understanding seabird biodiversity. We investigated drivers of diversification in the Leach's storm‐petrel species complex (Hydrobates spp.) by examining population genetic structure across its range. Variation in the mitochondrial control region and six microsatellite loci was assayed in birds sampled from breeding colonies throughout the North Atlantic and North Pacific (H. leucorhoa leucorhoa), as well as from San Benito Islands (H. l. chapmani), and two seasonal populations in Guadalupe (summer breeding H. socorroensis and winter breeding H. cheimomnestes), Mexico. Weak but significant differentiation was found between populations of H. l. leucorhoa breeding in the Atlantic versus North Pacific, as well as between H. l. chapmani and H. l. leucorhoa, and between H. socorroensis and H. cheimomnestes within Guadalupe. In contrast, strong differentiation in both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites was found between H. leucorhoa and both H. socorroensis and H. cheimomnestes. Phylogenetic reconstruction suggested the Guadalupe seasonal breeding populations are sister taxa, at least in their mitochondrial DNA. Non‐physical barriers to gene flow appear to be more important than physical barriers in driving divergence within the Leach's storm‐petrel species complex. In particular, allochronic speciation may have occurred between the seasonal populations within Guadalupe. Further work should include higher resolution sequencing to confirm results, and an increased sampling effort, particularly within the California area, to fully resolve the relationship between H. l. leucorhoa and H. l. chapmani.
Mineral equilibria constraints on open‐system melting in metamafic compositions
Authors: Stuck Tristan J. , Diener Johann F. A.
Published: November 2017

The recent development of activity–composition relations for mineral and melt phases in high‐grade metamafic rocks allows mineral equilibria tools to be used to further aid our understanding of partial melting and the mineralogical consequences of melt segregation in these rocks. We show that bulk compositional data from natural amphibolites cover a wide compositional range, with particular variability in the content and ratios of Ca, Na and K indicating that low‐grade metasomatic alteration can substantially alter the igneous protolith chemistry and potentially affect the volume and composition of melt generated. Mineral equilibria calculations for five samples that span the compositional variability in our data set indicate that melting occurs primarily via the fluid‐absent breakdown of amphibole+quartz to produce a pressure‐sensitive peritectic assemblage of augite, orthopyroxene and/or garnet. The introduction of orthopyroxene at the onset of the amphibolite‐to‐granulite‐facies transition at lower pressure results in an increased rate of melt production until quartz is typically exhausted, and this is similarly seen for the introduction of garnet at higher pressure. Calculated melt compositions are dependent on the protolith composition, but initial solidus melting and biotite breakdown produce 1–3 mol.% of K‐rich granitic melts. As hornblende melting proceeds, 15–20 vol.% of either more granodioritic‐to‐tonalitic or granodioritic‐to‐trondhjemitic melt is produced. Once quartz is exhausted, intermediate to mafic melt compositions are produced at ultrahigh‐temperature conditions. Quartz‐rich lithologies with high Ca coupled to low Na and K are the most fertile under orogenic conditions, yielding up to 25 mol.% of sub‐alkalic granitic melt by 850°C. Such rocks did not experience significant subsolidus alteration. Altered compositions with low Ca and elevated Na and K are not as fertile, yielding less than 15 mol.% of alkalic granitic melt by 850°C. These melt volumes are enough to be segregated, and can make a contribution to granite magmatism and intracrustal differentiation that should not be overlooked.
Mechanistic contributions of FBXO7 to Parkinson disease
Authors: Joseph Sabitha , Schulz Jörg Bernhard , Stegmüller Judith
Published: November 2017

Parkinson disease (PD) is, without doubt, a burden on modern society as the prevalence increases significantly with age. Owing to this growing number of PD cases, it is more critical than ever to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PD to identify therapeutic targets. The discovery of genetic mutations associated with PD and parkinsonism paves the way toward this goal. Even though, familial forms of the disease represent the minority of PD cases and some forms are so rare that there are only a few affected families, the research on the associated genes is invaluable. Recent additions to PARK mutations are those in PARK15 that encodes the F‐box protein O‐type 7 (FBXO7). In this review, we highlight the recent research on FBXO7, which advances our knowledge of the etiopathological pathways and fills unexpected gaps therein, justifying the dedicated study of rare variants of PD.

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School Climate and College Attendance for Black Adolescents: Moving Beyond College‐Going Culture
Authors: Minor Kelly A. , Benner Aprile D.
Published: November 2017

Understanding how contexts promote positive educational outcomes is a critical objective of adolescent research. This study provides support for the established link between school climate and educational outcomes and expands our understanding of this association by examining multiple aspects of school climate in a sample of Black adolescents in the United States (N = 1,740). Data were drawn from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, and multinomial logistic regression and multiple group modeling in a structural equation modeling framework revealed that Black high school students’ perceptions of school safety, school liking, and academic press were associated with enrollment in higher education. Null moderation results suggest that these facets of school climate operate similarly for all students regardless of their gender or socioeconomic status.
Perceptual identification of talker ethnicity in Vancouver English
Authors: Wong Phoebe , Babel Molly
Published: November 2017

Studies of ethnolinguistic variation typically begin by describing the speech production variables used to index social groups. In this study, we begin with indexical recognition – the perceptual identification of speakers’ self‐identified ethnic groups – to determine whether speakers produce ethnolinguistic variation and whether listeners are sensitive to it. Speech samples were recorded from thirty individuals from Metro Vancouver who self‐identified as Chinese, East Indian, or White Canadian. These utterances were used in a perception task where listeners categorized speakers’ ethnicities. Listeners’ social networks were labeled according to the ethnic group with which they reported spending the most time. Analyses indicate that while speakers vary in their productive expression of ethnolinguistic variation, listeners are consistent in their labeling choices. Listener accuracy was higher for voices from the listeners’ reported social group and White voices. These results suggest that familiarity with ethnic groups through social networks and mainstream culture influences indexical recognition.
In ovo feeding of nutrients and its impact on post‐hatching water and feed deprivation up to 48 hr, energy status and jejunal morphology of chicks using response surface models
Authors: Ghanaatparast‐Rashti M. , Mottaghitalab M. , Ahmadi H.
Published: November 2017

A Box–Behnken design (BBD) in a response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the response of broiler chicks to in ovo feeding (IOF) of beta‐hydroxy beta‐methylbutyrate (HMB), dextrin and the timing of the first water and feed deprivation. On day 18th of incubation, 1,500 eggs were randomly assigned to 15 experimental runs of BBD, each with 4 replicates, as 3 levels IOF of HMB (0%, 0.5% and 1%) and dextrin (0%, 20% and 40%), and 3 levels of the first water and feed deprivation (6, 27 and 48 hr). Day‐old chicks from each replicate were then used to assess the effect of IOF and time first water and feed access on chick's responses. The IOF of dextrin leads to respectively 9.7%–15.5% lower hatchability for 20% and 40% inclusion (p < .05), whereas HMB inclusion appeared with no effect on hatchability (p > .05). Administration of dextrin or HMB into the amnion of embryos elevated length, width and surface area of villus, and increased glycogen content of liver and breast (p < .05). In all parameter models, the linear terms showed highest contribution (R2 = 0.81–0.97) to explain existing variation in chick's responses. The first water and feed deprivation had largest effect on BW2 and glycogen content of liver and breast. It is concluded that if possible, place chicks before 7 hr of hatch to preserve BW loss and have maximum response from IOF. If not possible, use IOF with 40% dextrin + 0.5% HMB to preserve gut integrity and energy status up to 48 hr. This should give advantage to chicks to recover fast after feeding, but that would have to be confirmed by trials growing birds to slaughter age.
The biomechanical construction of the horse's body and activity patterns of three important muscles of the trunk in the walk, trot and canter
Authors: Kienapfel K. , Preuschoft H. , Wulf A. , Wagner H.
Published: November 2017

The activity patterns of trunk muscles are commonly neglected, in spite of their importance for maintaining body shape. Analysis of the biomechanics of the trunk under static conditions has led to predictions of the activity patterns. These hypotheses are tested experimentally by surface electromyography (EMG). Five horses, with and without a rider, were examined in the walk, trot and canter. Footfall was synchronised with EMG by an accelerometer. Averages of ten consecutive cycles were calculated and compared by statistical methods. The start and stop times of the muscle activities of 5–10 undisturbed EMG plots were determined and the averages and standard deviations calculated. In walking, muscle activities are minor. Electromyography (EMG) activity was increased in the m. rectus during the three‐limb support. When the bending moments assume their greatest values, for example while the horses' mass is accelerated upward (two times earth acceleration) in the diagonal support phases in trot and canter the m. rectus, connecting the sternum with the pubic bone is most active. The m. obl. externus is most active when the torsional and bending moments are greatest during the same support phases, but not bilaterally, because the forces exerted on one side by the (recorded) m. obl. externus are transmitted on the other side by the (not recorded) m. obl. internus. While the hindlegs touch the ground in the trot and canter, ground reaction forces tend to flex the hip joint and the lumbar spine. Therefore, the vertebral column needs to be stabilised by the ipsilateral m. longissimus dorsi, which in fact can be observed. As a whole, our EMG data confirm exactly what has been predicted by theoretical analysis.
Clinical application of biological variation data to facilitate interpretation of canine and feline laboratory results
Authors: Campora C. , Freeman K. P. , Baral R.
Published: November 2017

Interpretation of laboratory results is based on comparison of the patient's own results against established decision thresholds or reference intervals in the context of the clinical presentation and history. Blood measurand analysis has pre‐analytical, analytical and physiological sources of variation, which may complicate interpretation of results. Biological variation describes the physiological random fluctuation of blood measurands around a homeostatic set point, which varies within and between individuals. This article reviews the practical applications of biological variation in the everyday clinical setting. Examples are offered to highlight how biological variation can be used to: (1) assess the usefulness of subject‐based reference intervals, (2) determine measurand homeostatic set points, (3) interpret single or serial results for diagnosis of disease and (4) evaluate changes in serial results during monitoring.
Reliability of CT measurement of induced radioulnar step in dogs using a circle superimposition technique
Authors: Burton N. J. , Meakin L. , Hosworth A. , Parsons K. J.
Published: November 2017

Objectives

To evaluate the reliability of CT measurement of canine elbow axial radioulnar congruence using a duplicated circle superimposition technique.

Materials and Methods

CT of six cadaveric canine elbows was performed following either: (1) placement of an external fixator on the radius with ostectomy and radial shortening of 1 to 5 mm; (2) radial lengthening of 1 to 5 mm using a radial lengthening system; or, (3) no axial length adjustment. Four observers, on two occasions, blinded to the amount of radial adjustment, placed a circle of best fit of the ulnar trochlear notch on a sagittal image that was duplicated and transposed to the articular contour of the radial head; then the axial distance between circles relative to the dorsal radius was measured. Statistical analysis assessed differences between actual and observer‐assessed radial length adjustment; inter−/intra‐observer interclass correlation coefficients and sensitivity/specificity were calculated to evaluate measurement reliability.

Results

There was not a significant difference between actual and observer measures of radioulnar congruence. Inter‐ (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.98) and intra‐observer reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.94 to 0.99) were almost perfect for measurement of radioulnar incongruence when compared to the actual radial adjustment. A Bland–Altman plot revealed a 95% confidence interval range of −1.31 to 1.16 mm. Sensitivity and specificity were high for correct identification of congruent elbows and elbows with 1 or 2 mm incongruency.

Clinical Significance

The duplicated circle superimposition technique provides a simple and accurate means of assessing radioulnar axial incongruence.
Innovative technologies for point‐of‐care testing of viral hepatitis in low‐resource and decentralized settings
Authors: Duchesne L. , Lacombe K.
Published: November 2017

According to the Global Burden of Diseases, chronic viral hepatitis B and C are one of the most challenging global health conditions that rank among the first causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Low‐ and middle‐income countries are particularly affected by the health burden associated with HBV or HCV infection. One major gap in efficiently addressing the issue of viral hepatitis is universal screening. However, the costs and chronic lack of human resources for using traditional screening strategies based on serology and molecular biology preclude any scaling‐up. Point‐of‐care tests have been deemed a powerful potential solution to fill the current diagnostics gap in low‐resource and decentralized settings. Despite high interest resulting from their development in recent years, very few point‐of‐care devices have reached the market. Scaling down and automating all testing steps in 1 single device (eg, sample preparation, detection and readout) is indeed challenging. But innovations in multiple disciplines such as nanotechnologies, microfluidics, biosensors and synthetic biology have led to the creation of chip‐sized laboratory systems called “lab‐on‐a‐chip” devices. This review aims to explain how these innovations can overcome technological barriers that usually arise for each testing step while developing integrated point‐of‐care tests. Point‐of‐care test prototypes rarely meet the requirements for mass production, which also hinders their large‐scale production. In addition to logistical hurdles, legal and economic constraints specific to the commercialization of in vitro diagnostics, which have also participated in the low transfer of innovative point‐of‐care tests to the field, are discussed.
Temporal genetic patterns of diversity and structure evidence chaotic genetic patchiness in a spiny lobster
Authors: Villacorta‐Rath Cecilia , Souza Carla A. , Murphy Nicholas P. , Green Bridget S. , Gardner Caleb , Strugnell Jan M.
Published: November 2017

Population structure of many marine organisms is spatially patchy and varies within and between years, a phenomenon defined as chaotic genetic patchiness. This results from the combination of planktonic larval dispersal and environmental stochasticity. Additionally, in species with bi‐partite life, postsettlement selection can magnify these genetic differences. The high fecundity (up to 500,000 eggs annually) and protracted larval duration (12–24 months) and dispersal of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, make it a good test species for chaotic genetic patchiness and selection during early benthic life. Here, we used double digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to investigate chaotic genetic patchiness and postsettlement selection in this species. We assessed differences in genetic structure and diversity of recently settled pueruli across four settlement years and between two sites in southeast Australia separated by approximately 1,000 km. Postsettlement selection was investigated by identifying loci under putative positive selection between recently settled pueruli and postpueruli and quantifying differences in the magnitude and strength of the selection at each year and site. Genetic differences within and among sites through time in neutral SNP markers indicated chaotic genetic patchiness. Recently settled puerulus at the southernmost site exhibited lower genetic diversity during years of low puerulus catches, further supporting this hypothesis. Finally, analyses of outlier SNPs detected fluctuations in the magnitude and strength of the markers putatively under positive selection over space and time. One locus under putative positive selection was consistent at both locations during the same years, suggesting the existence of weak postsettlement selection.
Isolation by distance, not incipient ecological speciation, explains genetic differentiation in an Andean songbird (Aves: Furnariidae: Cranioleuca antisiensis, Line‐cheeked Spinetail) despite near threefold body size change across an environmental gradient
Authors: Seeholzer Glenn F. , Brumfield Robb T.
Published: November 2017

During the process of ecological speciation, reproductive isolation results from divergent natural selection and leads to a positive correlation between genetic divergence and adaptive phenotypic divergence, that is, isolation by adaptation (IBA). In natural populations, phenotypic differentiation is often autocorrelated with geographic distance, making IBA difficult to distinguish from the neutral expectation of isolation by distance (IBD). We examined these two alternatives in a dramatic case of clinal phenotypic variation in an Andean songbird, the Line‐cheeked Spinetail (Cranioleuca antisiensis). At its geographic extremes, this species shows a near threefold difference in body mass (11.5 to 31.0 g) with marked plumage differences. We analysed phenotypic, environmental and genetic data (5,154 SNPs) from 172 individuals and 19 populations sampled along its linear distribution in the Andes. We found that body mass was tightly correlated with environmental temperature, consistent with local adaptation as per Bergmann's rule. Using a PST–FST analysis, we found additional support for natural selection driving body mass differentiation, but these results could also be explained by environment‐mediated phenotypic plasticity. When we assessed the relative support for patterns of IBA and IBD using variance partitioning, we found that IBD was the best explanation for genetic differentiation along the cline. Adaptive phenotypic or environmental divergence can reduce gene flow, a pattern interpreted as evidence of ecological speciation's role in diversification. Our results provide a counterexample to this interpretation. Despite conditions conducive to ecological speciation, our results suggest that dramatic size and environmental differentiation within C. antisiensis are not limiting gene flow.
On externalization and cognitive continuity in language evolution
Authors: Fitch W. Tecumseh
Published: November 2017

In this commentary on Berwick and Chomsky's “Why Only Us,” I discuss three key points. I first offer a brief critique of their scholarship, notably their often unjustified dismissal of previous thinking about language evolution. But my main focus concerns two arguments central to the book's thesis: the irrelevance of externalization to language evolution and the discontinuity between human conceptual representations and those of other animals. I argue against both stances, using cognitive data from nonhuman species to show that externalization is not irrelevant to understanding the biology of language, and that many human conceptual structures have clear animal homologs.
The Linguistic Determination of Conscious Thought Contents
Authors: Vicente Agustín , Jorba Marta
Published: November 2017

In this paper we address the question of what determines the content of our conscious episodes of thinking, considering recent claims that phenomenal character individuates thought contents. We present one prominent way for defenders of phenomenal intentionality to develop that view and then examine ‘sensory inner speech views’, which provide an alternative way of accounting for thought‐content determinacy. We argue that such views fare well with inner speech thinking but have problems accounting for unsymbolized thinking. Within this dialectic, we present an account of the nature of unsymbolized thinking that accords with and can be seen as a continuation of the activity of inner speech, while offering a way of explaining thought‐content determinacy in terms of linguistic structures and representations.
Deficient Pain Modulation in Patients with Chronic Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain
Authors: Kashi Yafit , Ratmansky Motti , Defrin Ruth
Published: November 2017

Background

Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) following stroke significantly affects the individual's function and quality of life. The mechanism of HSP is not clearly understood; hence, it is unclear why HSP resolves spontaneously or following routine care in some patients, while in others it becomes persistent. The aim was therefore to study whether HSP is associated with deficient pain modulation.

Methods

Thirty post‐stroke patients—16 with HSP and 14 without HSP—and 20 matched controls participated. Pain adaptation and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) were measured as indicators of pain modulation, in the affected (hemiplegic) and contralateral shoulder as well as in the affected shin among post‐stroke patients, and in comparable body regions among controls. Post‐stroke patients also underwent functional and physical evaluation of the shoulder.

Results

Pain adaptation was absent among HSP patients, in both the painful shoulder and the affected shin, but existed in the 2 control groups. In addition, the affected shoulder and shin among the HSP group had reduced thermal sensibility compared to the contralateral regions. CPM was similar across groups. Shoulder functional status and physical status were similar for the 2 post‐stroke groups.

Conclusions

The results suggest that HSP is associated with a lack of pain adaptation, characteristic not only of the painful shoulder but also of the affected side. Although we cannot determine whether lack of pain adaptation precedes the HSP or results from it, interventions that enhance descending pain inhibition may improve management and prevent HSP chronification.
Comparative proteomics illustrates the molecular mechanism of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuberization inhibited by exogenous gibberellins in vitro
Authors: Cheng Lixiang , Wang Yuping , Liu Yueshan , Zhang Qingquan , Gao Huihui , Zhang Feng
Published: November 2017

Among the multiple environmental signals and hormonal factors regulating potato tuberization, gibberellins (GAs) are important components of the signaling pathways in these processes. To understand the GAs‐signaling response mechanism of potato tuberization, a comparative proteomics approach was applied to analyze proteome change of potato tuberization in vitro subjected to a range of exogenous GA3 treatments (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 μM) using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. Quantitative image analyses showed that a total of 37 protein spots have their abundance significantly altered more than 2‐fold. Among these proteins, 13 proteins were up‐regulated, 13 proteins were down‐regulated, one protein was absent and 10 proteins were induced after treatment by exogenous GA3. The MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS analyses led to the identification of differentially abundant proteins that are mainly involved in bioenergy and metabolism, storage, signaling, cell defense and rescue, transcription, chaperones, transport. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of GA3‐responsive proteome allowed for general elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms of potato tuberization inhibited by exogenous GA3. Most of these cellular processes were not conducive to the transition from stolon elongation to tuber formation, including a blockage of starch and storage protein accumulation, the accelerated carbohydrate catabolism, a blockage of JA biosynthesis but an elevated endogenous GAs level, the amplification of GA3 signal transduction by other signaling pathways, and the regulation of cellular RNA metabolism for controlling tuberization. Our results firstly integrated physiology and proteome data to provide new insights into GA3‐signaling response mechanisms of potato tuberization in vitro.
Neural basis of exertional fatigue in the heat: A review of magnetic resonance imaging methods
Authors: Tan X. R. , Low I. C. C. , Stephenson M. C. , Soong T. W. , Lee J. K. W.
Published: November 2017

The central nervous system, specifically the brain, is implicated in the development of exertional fatigue under a hot environment. Diverse neuroimaging techniques have been used to visualize the brain activity during or after exercise. Notably, the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become prevalent due to its excellent spatial resolution and versatility. This review evaluates the significance and limitations of various brain MRI techniques in exercise studies—brain volumetric analysis, functional MRI, functional connectivity MRI, and arterial spin labeling. The review aims to provide a summary on the neural basis of exertional fatigue and proposes future directions for brain MRI studies. A systematic literature search was performed where a total of thirty‐seven brain MRI studies associated with exercise, fatigue, or related physiological factors were reviewed. The findings suggest that with moderate dehydration, there is a decrease in total brain volume accompanied with expansion of ventricular volume. With exercise fatigue, there is increased activation of sensorimotor and cognitive brain areas, increased thalamo‐insular activation and decreased interhemispheric connectivity in motor cortex. Under passive hyperthermia, there are regional changes in cerebral perfusion, a reduction in local connectivity in functional brain networks and an impairment to executive function. Current literature suggests that the brain structure and function are influenced by exercise, fatigue, and related physiological perturbations. However, there is still a dearth of knowledge and it is hoped that through understanding of MRI advantages and limitations, future studies will shed light on the central origin of exertional fatigue in the heat.
HLA‐DQB1*02:102, a novel allele identified by next‐generation sequencing in a Spanish individual
Authors: Enrich E. , Mongay L. , Caro‐Oleas J. L. , Herrero‐Mata M. J. , Rudilla F.
Published: November 2017

HLA‐DQB1*02:102 differs from DQB1*02:01:01 by a single‐nucleotide substitution resulting in an amino acid change.
Comparison of iatrogenic articular cartilage injury in canine stifle arthroscopy versus medial parapatellar mini‐arthrotomy in a cadaveric model
Authors: Rogatko Cleo P. , Warnock Jennifer J. , Bobe Gerd , Verpaalen Valentine D.
Published: November 2017

Objective

To assess iatrogenic articular cartilage injury (IACI) resulting from arthroscopy versus medial parapatellar mini‐arthrotomy of the stifle.

Study design

Paired comparison of canine cadaver stifles treated with arthroscopy or mini‐arthrotomy

Animals

Paired canine stifles from 14 cadavers (≥20 kg).

Methods

Stifles (N = 28) were assigned to arthroscopy or arthrotomy. Full stifle joint exploration and meniscal probing were performed. Joints were disarticulated and India ink assay performed. IACI was defined as sharply delineated lesions with India ink uptake. Incidence, number, and lesion area in defects articular cartilage, incision length, surgery duration, and joint structures visualized were recorded.

Results

Arthroscopy resulted in greater IACI than mini‐arthrotomy, including incidence of IACI (arthroscopy: 13 stifles, mini‐arthrotomy: 4 stifles; P = .009), number of IACI per stifle (arthroscopy: 3.4 ± 2.90, mini‐arthrotomy: 0.9 ± 1.96; P = .04), and IACI area (arthroscopy: 5.9 ± 7.58 mm2, mini‐arthrotomy: 1.7 ± 4.50 mm2; P = .003). Incision length was shorter with arthroscopy (1.0 ± 0.38 cm) versus mini‐arthrotomy (5.3 ± 0.61 cm; P < .0001). Surgical duration was not significantly different between groups (arthroscopy: 12.5 ± 3.49 minutes, mini‐arthrotomy: 11.05 ± 1.60 minutes; P = .21). Visualization of articular structures was incomplete in 14/14 mini‐arthrotomy stifles and 1/14 arthroscopy stifles (P < .001).

Conclusion

Incidence, number, and area of IACI were greater in the arthroscopy group versus the mini‐arthrotomy group. Mini‐arthrotomy resulted in a longer incision and incomplete joint visualization. Methods of preventing IACI and clinical significance of IACI warrant further investigation.
Enhanced effect of human mesenchymal stem cells expressing human TNF‐αR‐Fc and HO‐1 gene on porcine islet xenotransplantation in humanized mice
Authors: Lee Han‐Sin , Song Sanghyun , Shin Du Yeon , Kim Geun‐Soo , Lee Jong‐Hyun , Cho Chan Woo , Lee Kyo Won , Park Hyojun , Ahn Curie , Yang Jaeseok , Yang Heung‐Mo , Park Jae Berm , Kim Sung‐Joo
Published: November 2017

Background

Porcine islet xenotransplantation is considered an attractive alternative treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, it is largely limited because of initial rejection due to Instant Blood‐Mediated Inflammatory Reaction (IBMIR), oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Recently, soluble tumor necrosis factor‐ɑ receptor type I (sTNF‐αR) and heme oxygenase (HO)‐1 genes (HO‐1/sTNF‐αR) have been shown to improve the viability and functionality of porcine islets after transplantation.

Methods

In this study, genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) expressing the HO‐1/sTNF‐αR genes (HO‐1/sTNF‐αR‐MSC) were developed using an adenoviral system, and porcine islet viability and function were confirmed by in vitro tests such as GSIS, AO/PI, and the ADP/ATP ratio after coculturing with HO‐1/sTNF‐αR‐MSCs. Subsequently, isolated porcine islets were transplanted underneath the kidney capsule of diabetic humanized mice without MSCs, with MSCs or with HO‐1/sTNF‐αR‐MSCs.

Results

According to the results, the HO‐1/sTNF‐αR‐MSC‐treated group exhibited improved survival of porcine islets and could reverse hyperglycemia more than porcine islets not treated with MSCs or islets cotransplanted with MSCs. Moreover, the HO‐1/sTNF‐αR‐MSC group maintained its morphological characteristics and the insulin secretion pattern of transplanted porcine islets similar to endogenous islets in immunocompetent humanized mice.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that HO‐1/sTNF‐αR‐MSCs are efficient tools for porcine islet xenotransplantation, and this study may provide basic information for pre‐clinical animal models and future clinical trials of porcine islet xenotransplantation.
Saudi Science Teachers' Perceptions of Implementing Inquiry in Science Class
Authors: Alabdulkareem Saleh Abdullah
Published: November 2017

This study aims to measure science teachers’ perception about their students’ practices in science class, and to measure their model of inquiry teaching. The sample consisted of 127 middle school science teachers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 65 males and 62 females, in the school year 2016/2017, and utilized a questionnaire with two parts, 11 items for their students’ practices, and 27 items related to model of inquiry teaching. The results showed that the general average of teacher’s assessment of their students’ practices in science class was "average", except for finding relevant literature was "low". Teachers' perceptions of their degree of practices of inquiry showed that all the three models "structured, guided, and open" rated as "average". In "Structured Inquiry", the means of males’ responses ranged between (3.60) and (2.61), while the females ranged between (3.92) and (3.02), indicating that both of them are practicing structured inquiry with a range from moderate to high practice. For the "Guided Inquiry" the means ranging between (3.52) and (2.97) for males, and (3.58) and (2.74) for females, indicating that the range from moderate to high practice. And for the perceptions of practicing "Open Inquiry" the means ranged between (3.38) and (2.42) for males, and (3.34) and (2.13) for females, indicating that they practice "Open Inquiry" between moderate and low practice. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female teachers’ perceptions for their students’ practices and of the degree to which they exercised all models of inquiry. Based on the findings, the researcher suggests a number of pedagogical implications.
Computerized clinical decision support system utilization in nursing: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Ortiz Dóris Ribeiro , Maia Flávia de Oliveira Motta , Ortiz Diley Cardoso Franco , Peres Heloísa Helena Ciqueto , Sousa Paulino Artur Ferreira de
Published: November 2017

Review question/objective:

The objective of this scoping review is to comprehensively identify and examine the available literature on computerized clinical decision support systems utilized in nursing. The following focus questions will be used as an initial starting point in order to map and discuss important characteristics of the work done in this field:

i) What is the nature of computerized clinical decision support systems (CCDSSs) utilized in nursing?

ii) What is the nature of the research conducted on CCDSSs utilized in nursing, particularly, how has the research been conducted, what topics/aspects have been investigated, and what topics/aspects represent knowledge gaps?

iii) What impact/outcomes have been reported through the use of CCDSSs utilized in nursing?