bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Different Lengths of Rubber Tube on Patients After Esophageal Stent Implantation Using a Silk Thread
Authors: Li Shuangxi , Dang Lei , Chen Jie , Liang Yali , Song Laichang , Wang Wenhui
Published: November 2017

Our objective was to compare the efficacy of different lengths of rubber tube (6 French) on patients with esophageal stent implantation performed using a silk thread. We measured the effects in terms of pain and foreign body sensation felt in the pharynx and esophageal mucosa of the patients. A retrospective analysis was conducted using records of 65 patients who were divided into 3 groups. Group A had 20 cases with the distal end of the tube toward the nasal cavity, Group B had 21 cases with the distal end of the tube reaching the nasopharynx without exceeding the soft palate, and Group C had 24 cases with the distal end of the tube toward the upper end of the stent. Follow-up was performed on 1 day, 2 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks postoperatively. During each period, the pain scores for Groups B and C were lower than those for Group A (p < .05), whereas no difference was observed when Groups B and C were compared. Although no variations were seen between the 3 groups in terms of the proportion of patients with foreign body sensation on the first day (p > .05), Groups A and B had a lower proportion than Group C (p < .05) at those periods. No difference was observed when Groups A and B were compared. In conclusion, the Group B method was successful in alleviating the side effects caused by the silk thread.
Physiologically Triggered Digital Cognitive Aid Facilitates Crisis Management in a Simulated Operating Room
Authors: Lipps Jonathan , Meyers Lori , Winfield Scott , Durda Michael , Yildiz Vedat , Kushelev Michael
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Although the benefits of using cognitive aids in anesthesia care have previously been demonstrated, several challenges remain. It must be presented in a timely manner, and providers must be amenable to using the tool once it is available. We hypothesized that anesthesia residents would perform superiorly when presented with a digital cognitive aid (DCogA) that is automatically triggered by a set vital sign aberration.

Methods

Thirty anesthesia residents were randomized to either control (with access to hard copy of the cognitive aid) or receive a DCogA projected on their anesthesia information management system with the onset of heart block and associated hypotension. The scenario ended upon commencement of pacing, and the times to interventions were recorded.

Results

Fourteen participants were randomized to the control group and 16 to the intervention group DCogA. In the control group, 6 of 14 participants failed to pace, and in the DCogA group, all participants initiated pacing (P < 0.01). Those in the DCogA group were also faster to pace [260.1 (137.5) s vs. 405.1 (201.8) s, P = 0.03]. Both groups were similar with respect to their knowledge of advanced cardiovascular life support as measured by a pretest (P = 0.92).

Conclusions

We found those participants who were presented with electronic, physiologically triggered cognitive aids were more likely to appropriately treat heart block by initiating transcutaneous pacing. We believe that adoption of a high-functioning anesthesia information management system designed to detect physiologic perturbations and present appropriate decision support tools would lead to safer intraoperative care.
Restoring Genital Hiatus to Normative Values After Apical Suspension Alone Versus With Level 3 Support Procedures
Authors: Carter-Brooks Charelle M. , Lowder Jerry L. , Du Angela L. , Lavelle Erin S. , Giugale Lauren E. , Shepherd Jonathan P.
Published: November 2017

Objective

The aim of the study was to evaluate postoperative genital hiatus after apical suspension procedures without a level 3 support procedure (L3SP), posterior repair, and perineorrhaphy, compared with normative-value genital hiatus of 3.4 cm.

Methods

This an analysis of a pre-existing retrospectively collected database that included all minimally invasive sacrocolpopexies and uterosacral ligament suspensions performed at a tertiary medical center from January 2009 to August 2015.

Results

We identified 1006 surgical cases: 160 (15.9%) apical suspensions with L3SPs and 846 (84.1%) without. Mean (SD) age was 59 (9) years and body mass index was 27.6 (4.7) kg/m2. Women were mainly white (97.4%) with stage III prolapse (67.8%). Those who underwent L3SPs were more likely to be premenopausal and undergo hysterectomy and USLS.

Baseline genital hiatus was similar with and without L3SPs (4.8 [1.2] cm vs 4.6 [1.1] cm, P = 0.096). Postoperative genital hiatus was reduced beyond normative (3.4 cm) after apical suspension without (3.0 [0.7] cm, P < 0.001) and with (2.8 [0.9] cm, P < 0.001) L3SPs. Postoperative genital hiatus after L3SPs was similar to those without (2.8 [0.9] cm vs 3.0 [0.7] cm, P = 0.06). We found that change in genital hiatus was greater, by 0.7 cm, when L3SP was performed versus not performed (2.3 [1.2] cm vs 1.6 [1.1] cm, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Level 3 support procedures may be unnecessary to restore genital hiatus to normal at time of apical suspension procedures and should be reserved for select patients.
Dimerization of the Pragmin pseudo-kinase regulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation
Authors: Lecointre Céline , simon Valérie , kerneur Clément , Allemand Frédéric , Fournet Aurélie , Montarras Ingrid , Pons Jean-Luc , Gelin Muriel , Brignatz Constance , Urbach Serge , Labesse Gilles , Roche Serge
Published: November 2017

The pseudo-kinase and signaling protein Pragmin has been linked to cancer by regulating protein tyrosine phosphorylation via unknown mechanisms. Here we present the crystal structure of the Pragmin 906-1368 amino acids C-terminus, which encompasses its kinase domain. We show that Pragmin contains a classical protein kinase fold devoid of catalytic activity. A particular inhibitory triad, conserved in a Pragmin/SgK269/PEAK1/C19orf35 superfamily, tightly holds the catalytic lysine (K997) to prevent ATP binding. By proteomics, we discovered that this pseudo-kinase uses the tyrosine kinase CSK to induce protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human cells. Interestingly, the protein kinase domain is bordered by N- and C-terminal extensions forming an original dimerization domain that regulates Pragmin self-association and stimulates CSK activity. A1329E mutation in the C-terminal extension destabilizes Pragmin dimerization and reduces CSK activation. Thus, our results reveal a new dimerization mechanism by which a pseudo-kinase can induce protein tyrosine phosphorylation.
Endospores and other lysis-resistant bacteria comprise a widely shared core community within the human microbiota
Authors: Kearney Sean M. , Gibbons Sean M. , Poyet Mathilde , Gurry Thomas , Bullock Kevin , Allegretti Jessica R. , Clish Clary B. , Alm Eric J.
Published: November 2017

Endospore-formers in the human microbiota are well adapted for host-to-host transmission, and an emerging consensus points to their role in determining health and disease states in the gut. The human gut, more than any other environment, encourages the maintenance of endospore formation, with recent culture-based work suggesting that over 50% of genera in the microbiome carry genes attributed to this trait. However, there has been limited work on the ecological role of endospores and other stress-resistant cellular states in the human gut. In fact, there is no data to indicate whether organisms with the genetic potential to form endospores actually form endosporesin situand how sporulation varies across individuals and over time. Here, we applied a culture-independent protocol to enrich for endospores and other stress-resistant cells in human feces to identify variation in these states across people and within an individual over time. We see that cells with resistant states are more likely than those without to be shared among multiple individuals, which suggests that these resistant states are particularly adapted for cross-host dissemination. Furthermore, we use untargeted fecal metabolomics in 24 individuals and within a person over time to show that these organisms respond to shared environmental signals, and in particular, dietary fatty acids, that likely mediate colonization of recently disturbed human guts.
Reversed depth in anti-correlated random dot stereograms and central-peripheral difference in visual inference
Authors: Zhaoping Li , Ackermann Joelle
Published: November 2017

1

Two images of random black and white dots, one for each eye, can represent object surfaces in a threedimensional scene when the dots correspond interocularly in a random dot stereogram (RDS). The spatial disparities between the corresponding dots represent depths of object surfaces. If the dots become anti-correlated such that a black dot in one monocular image corresponds to a white dot in the other, disparity-tuned neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) respond as if their preferred disparities become non-preferred and vice versa, thereby reversing the disparity signs reported to higher visual areas. Humans have great difficulty perceiving the reversed depth, or any depth at all, in anti-correlated RDSs. We report that the reversed depth is more easily perceived when the RDSs are viewed in peripheral visual field, supporting a recently proposed central-peripheral dichotomy in mechanisms of feedback from higher to lower visual cortical areas for visual inference.
Shared Spatiotemporal Category Representations in Biological and Artificial Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Greene Michelle R. , Hansen Bruce C.
Published: November 2017

Understanding the computational transformations that enable invariant visual categorization is a fundamental challenge in both systems and cognitive neuroscience. Recently developed deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) perform visual categorization at accuracies that rival humans, providing neuroscientists with the opportunity to interrogate the series of representational transformations that enable categorization in silico. The goal of the current study is to assess the extent to which sequential visual representations built by a CNN map onto those built in the human brain as assessed by high-density, time-resolved event-related potentials (ERPs). We found correspondence both over time and across the scalp: earlier ERP activity was best explained by early CNN layers at all electrodes. Later neural activity was best explained by the later, conceptual layers of the CNN. This effect was especially true both in frontal and right occipital sites. Together, we conclude that deep artificial neural networks trained to perform scene categorization traverse similar representational stages as the human brain. Thus, examining these networks will allow neuroscientists to better understand the transformations that enable invariant visual categorization.
Conformational study of (Z)-5-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3H-imidazol-4(5H)-one in different environments: insight into the structural properties of bacterial efflux pump inhibitors
Authors: Żesławska Ewa , Nitek Wojciech , Handzlik Jadwiga
Published: November 2017

The 2-amine derivatives of 5-arylidene-3H-imidazol-4(5H)-one are a new class of bacterial efflux pump inhibitors, the chemical compounds that are able to restore antibiotic efficacy against multidrug resistant bacteria. 5-Arylidene-3H-imidazol-4(5H)-ones with a piperazine ring at position 2 reverse the mechanisms of multidrug resistance (MDR) of the particularly dangerous Gram-negative bacteria E. coli by inhibition of the efflux pump AcrA/AcrB/TolC (a main multidrug resistance mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria, consisting of a membrane fusion protein, AcrA, a Resistant-Nodulation-Division protein, AcrB, and an outer membrane factor, TolC). In order to study the influence of the environment on the conformation of (Z)-5-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3H-imidazol-4(5H)-one, (3), two different salts were prepared, namely with picolinic acid {systematic name: 4-[(Z)-4-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-5-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-ium pyridine-2-carboxylate, C16H20ClN4O2
+·C6H4NO2
−, (3

a
)} and 4-nitrophenylacetic acid {systematic name: 4-[(Z)-4-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-5-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-ium 2-(4-nitrophenyl)acetate, C16H20ClN4O2
+·C8H6NO4
−, (3

b
)}. The crystal structures of the new salts were determined by X-ray diffraction. In both crystal structures, the molecule of (3) is protonated at an N atom of the piperazine ring by proton transfer from the corresponding acid. The carboxylate group of picolinate engages in hydrogen bonds with three molecules of the cation of (3), whereas the carboxylate group of 4-nitrophenylacetate engages in hydrogen bonds with only two molecules of (3). As a consequence of these interactions, different orientations of the hydroxyethyl group of (3) are observed. The crystal structures are additionally stabilized by both C—H...N [in (3

a
)] and C—H...O [in (3

a
) and (3

b
)] intermolecular interactions. The geometry of the imidazolone fragment was compared with other crystal structures possessing this moiety. The tautomer observed in the crystal structures presented here, namely 3H-imidazol-4(5H)-one [systematic name: 1H-imidazol-5(4H)-one], is also that most frequently observed in other structures containing this heterocycle.
Mechanism design and kinematic analysis of a robotic manipulator driven by joints with two degrees of freedom (DOF)
Authors: Huang He , Dong Erbao , Xu Min , Yang Jie , Low Kin Huat
Published: November 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to introduce a new design concept for robotic manipulator driven by the special two degrees of freedom (DOF) joints. Joint as a basic but essential component of the robotic manipulator is analysed emphatically.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed robotic manipulator consists of several two-DOF joints and a rotary joint. Each of the two-DOF joints consists of a cylinder pairs driven by two DC motors and a universal joint (U-joint). Both kinematics of the robotic manipulator and the two-DOF joint are analysed. The influence to output ability of the joint in terms of the scale effect of the inclined plane is analysed in ADAMS simulation software. The contrast between the general and the proposed two-DOF joint is also studied. Finally, a physical prototype of the two-DOF joint is developed for experiments.

Findings

The kinematic analysis indicates that the joint can achieve omnidirectional deflection motion at a range of ±50° and the robotic manipulator can reach a similar workspace in comparison to the general robotic manipulator. Based on the kinematic analysis, two special motion modes are proposed to endow the two-DOF joint with better motion capabilities. The contrast simulation results between the general and the proposed two-DOF joints suggest that the proposed joint can perform better in the output ability. The experimental results verify the kinematic analysis and motion ability of the proposed two-DOF joint.

Originality/value

A new design concept of a robotic manipulator has been presented and verified. The complete kinematic analysis of a special two-DOF joint and a seven-DOF robotic manipulator have been resolved and verified. Compared with the general two-DOF joint, the proposed two-DOF joint can perform better in output ability.
Smart cities for wellbeing: youth employment and their skills on computers
Authors: Picatoste Jose , Pérez-Ortiz Laura , Ruesga-Benito Santos Miguel , Novo-Corti Isabel
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Smart cities can be understood as an inclusive space for each and everyone to achieve their best options, within the framework of sustainable development, where institutions boost information and technology environments that help achieve the highest individual and social well-being with the aim of improving the lives of citizens. The youth group (between 15 and 24 years) was severely affected by the crisis. In this paper, youth employability, in relation to the new challenges of smart cities, is analyzed in the EU with the aim of assessing the influence of information and communication technologies (ICTs) skills on youth employability.

Design/methodology/approach

By means of a mean analysis and structural equation modeling, the differences between the Eurozone and the other countries in the EU is analyzed, as well as the importance of information technologies and the computer skills for increasing youth employability.

Findings

The results indicate that awareness of the importance of IT skills is greater in the Eurozone and that computer skills are highly significant to explain the employability of young people.

Practical implications

The achieved conclusions point out to the training on computers skills as a key factor for boosting youth employment.

Social implications

This work could provide some tools to help policymakers design instruments for increasing youth employment, as well as to provide training mechanisms to obtain the skilled workforce needed for the enterprises that emerged in the environment of smart cities.

Originality/value

The main original value of this work is to relate computers skills and the employment rates for youth in the framework of the European Union.
Shifts in North Sea forage fish productivity and potential fisheries yield
Authors: Clausen Lotte W. , Rindorf Anna , van Deurs Mikael , Dickey‐Collas Mark , Hintzen Niels T.
Published: November 2017

Forage fish populations support large scale fisheries and are key components of marine ecosystems across the world, linking secondary production to higher trophic levels. While climate‐induced changes in the North Sea zooplankton community are described and documented in literature, the associated bottom‐up effects and consequences for fisheries remain largely unidentified.

We investigated the temporal development in forage fish productivity and the associated influence on fisheries yield of herring, sprat, Norway pout and sandeel in the North Sea. Using principal component analysis, we analysed 40 years of recruitment success and growth proxies to reveal changes in productivity and patterns of synchroneity across stocks (i.e. functional complementarity). The relationship between forage fish production and Calanus finmarchicus (an indicator of climate change) was also analysed. We used a population model to demonstrate how observed shifts in productivity affected total forage fish biomass and fisheries yield.

The productivity of North Sea forage fish changed around 1993 from a higher average productivity to lower average productivity. During the higher productivity period, stocks displayed a covariance structure indicative of functional complementarity. Calanus finmarchicus was positively correlated to forage fish recruitment, however, for growth, the direction of the response differed between species and time periods. Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and the associated fishing mortality (Fmsy) decreased by 33%–68% and 26%–64%, respectively, between the higher and lower productivity periods.

Synthesis and applications. The results demonstrate that fisheries reference points for short‐lived planktivorous species are highly dynamic and respond rapidly to changes in system productivity. Furthermore, from an ecosystem‐based fisheries management perspective, a link between functional complementarity and productivity, indicates that ecosystem resilience may decline with productivity. Based on this, we advise that system productivity, perhaps monitored as forage fish growth, becomes an integral part of management reference points; in both single species and ecosystem contexts. However, to retain social license of biological advice when fish catch opportunities are reduced, it is crucial that shifts in productivity are thoroughly documented and made apparent to managers and stakeholders.
Comparative efficacy of endodontic medicaments and sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms
Authors: Plutzer B , Zilm P , Ratnayake J , Cathro P
Published: November 2017

Background

Many studies have investigated the effectiveness of root canal irrigants and medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of commonly used medicaments against E. faecalis cultured as a biofilm on dentine substrate.

Methods

An E. faecalis biofilm was established on human dentine slices using a continuous flow cell. Each test medicament (Ledermix, Ca(OH)2, Odontopaste, 0.2% chlorhexidine and 50:50 combinations of Ledermix/Ca(OH)2 and Odontopaste/Ca(OH)2) was introduced into the flow cell and biofilms were harvested and quantitated by determining cellular protein. Cellular viability was determined using serial plating and the number of colony‐forming units was normalized against cellular protein to allow treatment protocols to be compared. Qualitative scanning electron microscopy analyses of the biofilm were performed after a 48‐h exposure to each test agent.

Results

Sodium hypochlorite achieved total bacterial elimination. Ledermix and Odontopaste had no significant effect on the E. faecalis biofilm. Ca(OH)2 and 50:50 combinations of Ca(OH)2/Ledermix or Ca(OH)2/Odontopaste reduced the viability by more than 99% while 0.2% chlorhexidine reduced bacterial numbers by 97%.

Conclusions

Sodium hypochlorite remains the gold standard for bacterial elimination in root canal therapy. However, Ca(OH)2 in isolation and combined with Ledermix, and Odontopaste was highly effective in reducing bacterial viability.
Hepatitis B reactivation and outcomes in persons treated with directly acting antiviral agents against hepatitis C virus: results from ERCHIVES
Authors: Butt A. A. , Yan P. , Shaikh O. S. , Abou‐Samra A.‐B.
Published: November 2017

Background

Higher risk of hepatitis B reactivation (HBV‐r) has been reported in patients with hepatitis C treated with newer directly acting antiviral agents (DAAs).

Aim

To determine the proportion of persons who develop HBV‐r and its clinical consequences among DAA treated vs pegylated interferon/ribavirin (PEG/RBV) treated persons.

Methods

We calculated the proportion of persons who developed HBV viral reactivation (HBV‐r; new detectable HBV DNA or increase of >1 log10); serum alanine aminotransferase flare (>5 times baseline); all‐cause mortality and hepatic decompensation in persons treated with a newer DAA regimen or PEG/RBV. Kaplan‐Meier curves were used to demonstrate survival and hepatic decompensation by treatment group and HBV‐r.

Results

In 34 632 persons treated with DAA and 23 475 treated with PEG/RBV, HBV‐r rate per 1000 person‐years was 30.04 (10.41, 49.67) and 25.42 (95% CI 17.23, 33.62) respectively (P = .8). When stratified by SVR or by baseline HBsAg status, HBV‐r was not different between groups. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves comparing each regimen stratified by presence or absence of HBV‐r did not demonstrate a significant difference in incidence of hepatic decompensation over time. For overall survival, there was no difference between PEG/RBV treated persons with or without HBV‐r. For DAA treated persons, those with HBV‐r had a shortened survival, though the numbers at risk were small.

Conclusions

HBV‐r is relatively uncommon after DAA therapy and not higher than among those treated with a PEG/RBV regimen. The small numbers of persons treated with a DAA regimen who do develop HBV‐r have a shortened survival compared to those without HBV‐r.
MYD88 wild‐type Waldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia: differential diagnosis, risk of histological transformation, and overall survival
Authors: Treon Steven P. , Gustine Joshua , Xu Lian , Manning Robert J. , Tsakmaklis Nicholas , Demos Maria , Meid Kirsten , Guerrera Maria L. , Munshi Manit , Chan Gloria , Chen Jiaji , Kofides Amanda , Patterson Christopher J. , Yang Guang , Liu Xia , Severns Patricia , Dubeau Toni , Hunter Zachary R. , Castillo Jorge J.
Published: November 2017

MYD88 mutations are present in 95% of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia (WM) patients, and support diagnostic discrimination from other IgM‐secreting B‐cell malignancies. Diagnostic discrimination can be difficult among suspected wild‐type MYD88 (MYD88WT) WM cases. We systematically reviewed the clinical, pathological and laboratory studies for 64 suspected MYD88WT WM patients. World Health Organization and WM consensus guidelines were used to establish clinicopathological diagnosis. Up to 30% of suspected MYD88WT WM cases had an alternative clinicopathological diagnosis, including IgM multiple myeloma. The estimated 10‐year survival was 73% (95% confidence interval [CI] 52–86%) for MYD88WT versus 90% (95% CI 82–95%) for mutated (MYD88MUT) WM patients (Log‐rank P < 0·001). Multivariate analysis only showed MYD88 mutation status (P < 0·001) as a significant determinant for overall survival. Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was diagnosed in 7 (15·2%) and 2 (0·76%) of MYD88WT and MYD88MUT patients, respectively (Odds ratio 23·3; 95% CI 4·2–233·8; P < 0·001). Overall survival was shorter among MYD88WT patients with an associated DLBCL event (Log‐rank P = 0·08). The findings show that among suspected MYD88WT WM cases, an alternative clinicopathological diagnosis is common and can impact clinical care. WM patients with MYD88WT disease have a high incidence of associated DLBCL events and significantly shorter survival versus those with MYD88MUT disease.
Can non‐clinical repolarization assays predict the results of clinical thorough QT studies? Results from a research consortium
Authors: Park Eunjung , Gintant Gary A , Bi Daoqin , Kozeli Devi , Pettit Syril D , Pierson Jennifer B , Skinner Matthew , Willard James , Wisialowski Todd , Koerner John , Valentin Jean‐Pierre
Published: November 2017

Background and Purpose

Translation of non‐clinical markers of delayed ventricular repolarization to clinical prolongation of the QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) (a biomarker for torsades de pointes proarrhythmia) remains an issue in drug discovery and regulatory evaluations. We retrospectively analysed 150 drug applications in a US Food and Drug Administration database to determine the utility of established non‐clinical in vitro IKr current human ether‐à‐go‐go‐related gene (hERG), action potential duration (APD) and in vivo (QTc) repolarization assays to detect and predict clinical QTc prolongation.

Experimental Approach

The predictive performance of three non‐clinical assays was compared with clinical thorough QT study outcomes based on free clinical plasma drug concentrations using sensitivity and specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, positive (PPVs) and negative predictive values (NPVs) and likelihood ratios (LRs).

Key Results

Non‐clinical assays demonstrated robust specificity (high true negative rate) but poor sensitivity (low true positive rate) for clinical QTc prolongation at low‐intermediate (1×–30×) clinical exposure multiples. The QTc assay provided the most robust PPVs and NPVs (ability to predict clinical QTc prolongation). ROC curves (overall test accuracy) and LRs (ability to influence post‐test probabilities) demonstrated overall marginal performance for hERG and QTc assays (best at 30× exposures), while the APD assay demonstrated minimal value.

Conclusions and Implications

The predictive value of hERG, APD and QTc assays varies, with drug concentrations strongly affecting translational performance. While useful in guiding preclinical candidates without clinical QT prolongation, hERG and QTc repolarization assays provide greater value compared with the APD assay.
The governance of land use strategies: Institutional and social dimensions of land sparing and land sharing
Authors: Jiren Tolera S. , Dorresteijn Ine , Schultner Jannik , Fischer Joern
Published: November 2017

Agricultural land use is a key interface between the goals of ensuring food security and protecting biodiversity. “Land sparing” supports intensive agriculture to save land for conservation, whereas “land sharing” integrates production and conservation on the same land. The framing around sparing versus sharing has been extensively debated. Here, we focused on a frequently missing yet crucial component, namely the governance dimension. Through a case‐study in Ethiopia, we uncovered stakeholder preferences for sparing versus sharing, the underlying rationale, and implementation capacity challenges. Policy stakeholders preferred sparing whereas implementation stakeholders preferred sharing, which aligned with existing informal institutions. Implementation of both strategies was limited by social, biophysical, and institutional factors. Land use policies need to account for both ecological patterns and social context. The findings from simple analytical frameworks (e.g., sparing vs. sharing) therefore need to be interpreted carefully, and in a social‐ecological context, to generate meaningful recommendations for conservation practice.
A Study on Choosing Tales for Utilising as Teaching Materials in Turkish Language Education
Authors: Ayrancı Bilge Bağcı
Published: November 2017

Fairy tales are used intensively by Turkish teachers in Turkish lessons. Elements in tales need to be examined in many respects such as their suitability for cultural transmission, psychological benefits, and harms, correct and effective use of language and so on. The opinions of the Turkish teachers in the field are very important for this subject which needs to be examined in depth.This research’s model is descriptive, semi-structured interview is a data collection tool for this research.Participants except one seem to have found tales interesting for all students. It is seen that teachers use talents primarily for semantic knowledge and moral values, and then for language skills achievements. Teachers have answers that they use tales more for values such as goodness, honesty, respect, and love. There may be an interpretation that teachers often do not encounter situations where students generally look askance at tales. It is seen that teachers are leading the opinion that there is not a fairy tale that should not be read. This answer is followed by the response that tales with negative contents should not be read. Ranking of tales of most positive reactions given by students can be done respectively as: all tales which have a happy ending, Keloğlan tales, Snow white tales, Aesop's Fables… According to teachers, tales which should be absolutely read by students are listed as follows: Keloğlan, Grimm Brothers, One Thousand and One Nights,..
Sub-damage-threshold plasma etching and profile tailoring of Si through laser-stimulated thermal desorption
Authors: Peck Jason A. , Ruzic David N.
Published: November 2017

A laser-assisted plasma etch process is presented as an alternative to reactive ion etching for Si wafer processing in upcoming integrated circuit technology nodes. Poly-Si films were etched using an upstream 13.56 MHz inductively coupled plasma source while simultaneously being exposed to a pulsed Nd:YAG laser using the 532 nm line, with 100 Hz and 7 ns Gaussian pulse duration. For a fluorocarbon etch recipe of 50:8 sccm Ar:C4F8 with varied O2 flow, a minimum laser intensity for etch onset was necessary to overcome CFx polymer deposition in the absence of substrate bias. This etch onset occurred at 20 ± 3 mJ/cm2/pulse for 0 sccm O2 flow, dropping to 8 ± 2 mJ/cm2/pulse for 1.5 sccm O2. Beyond this onset, the etch rate increased linearly with laser intensity. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy depth profiling data showed that the no-bias 532 nm laser-assisted etch process preserved the distinction between the Si surface and the CFx polymer, with minimal uptake of etch gas residuals (C/F/O) in the Si. On the other hand, RIE showed significant straggle of the Si layer, spreading 3.5 nm through the CFx polymer layer at 1.0 W/cm2 radio-frequency bias and −140 V direct self-bias. comsol modeling of 532 nm incident on 22 nm half-pitch trench features showed strong polarization dependence, with deep-trench heating possible with polarization perpendicular to the trench line. This effect was confirmed in brief laser-assisted SF6 etching of pre-existing 50 nm half-pitch linear trenches.
Batch fabrication of AFM probes with direct positioning capability
Authors: Zheng Shuo , Zhu Chenxu , Dey Ripon Kumar , Cui Bo
Published: November 2017

One major problem for most commercial atomic force microscope (AFM) probes is the uncertainty of the tip location relative to its cantilever. In most scenarios, AFM probes have tips 5–25 μm away from the very end of the cantilever, and it is thus impossible to know where exactly the tip is because the camera in an AFM system shows only the backside of the AFM cantilever. This uncertainty of the tip location has raised some major problems, e.g., the initial scanning area must be set very large to ensure that the area of interest is within the scanning field. Here, the authors will show a straightforward fabrication method that can convert a wafer of regular pyramidal-shaped probes into direct positioning probes, for which the tip is located either at the very end of its cantilever or next to a through-cantilever hole that is visible when viewed from the backside of the cantilever. Our method involves angle evaporation of a hard mask layer onto the AFM probe, followed by dry etching of silicon that etches the area not covered by the metal layer, i.e., the shadow area of the pyramid-shaped tip. As an additional benefit, because our process etched away half of the tip pyramid, the resulting tip is sharper with a smaller half cone angle than the original one, leading to higher resolution imaging.
Last call: Passive acoustic monitoring shows continued rapid decline of critically endangered vaquita
Authors: Thomas Len , Jaramillo-Legorreta Armando , Cardenas-Hinojosa Gustavo , Nieto-Garcia Edwyna , Rojas-Bracho Lorenzo , Ver Hoef Jay M. , Moore Jeffrey , Taylor Barbara , Barlow Jay , Tregenza Nicholas
Published: November 2017

The vaquita is a critically endangered species of porpoise. It produces echolocation clicks, making it a good candidate for passive acoustic monitoring. A systematic grid of sensors has been deployed for 3 months annually since 2011; results from 2016 are reported here. Statistical models (to compensate for non-uniform data loss) show an overall decline in the acoustic detection rate between 2015 and 2016 of 49% (95% credible interval 82% decline to 8% increase), and total decline between 2011 and 2016 of over 90%. Assuming the acoustic detection rate is proportional to population size, approximately 30 vaquita (95% credible interval 8–96) remained in November 2016.
Two laboratory methods of assessing annoyance due to railway noise and vibration
Authors: Maigrot Philéas , Marquis-Favre Catherine , Parizet Étienne
Published: November 2017

In laboratory experiments, total annoyance due to combined noise and vibration and partial annoyances due to each source in the presence of the other can be assessed in two ways: during separate sessions dedicated to the evaluation of each kind of annoyance, and during the same session. This letter examines the difference between annoyance responses provided by the two methods. No differences were found between partial (respectively, total) annoyance responses measured during separate sessions and those measured during the same session. The latter procedure allows reducing the number of stimuli to which the participants are subjected.
Seasonal Training Load and Wellness Monitoring in a Professional Soccer Goalkeeper
Authors: Malone James J. , Jaspers Arne , Helsen Werner , Merks Brenda , Frencken Wouter G.P. , Brink Michel S.
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this investigation was to (1) quantify the training load practices of a professional soccer goalkeeper and (2) investigate the relationship between the training load observed and the subsequent self-reported wellness response. One male goalkeeper playing for a team in the top league of the Netherlands participated in this case study. Training load data were collected across a full season using a global positioning system device and session-RPE (rating of perceived exertion). Data were assessed in relation to the number of days to a match (MD− and MD+). In addition, self-reported wellness response was assessed using a questionnaire. Duration, total distance, average speed, PlayerLoad™, and load (derived from session-RPE) were highest on MD. The lowest values for duration, total distance, and PlayerLoad™ were observed on MD−1 and MD+1. Total wellness scores were highest on MD and MD−3 and were lowest on MD+1 and MD−4. Small to moderate correlations between training load measures (duration, total distance covered, high deceleration efforts, and load) and the self-reported wellness response scores were found. This exploratory case study provides novel data about the physical load undertaken by a goalkeeper during 1 competitive season. The data suggest that there are small to moderate relationships between training load indicators and self-reported wellness response. This weak relation indicates that the association is not meaningful. This may be due to the lack of position-specific training load parameters that practitioners can currently measure in the applied context.
An Experimental Method to Estimate Upper Limbs Inertial Parameters During Handcycling
Authors: Azizpour Ghazaleh , Lancini Matteo , Incerti Giovanni , Gaffurini Paolo , Legnani Giovanni
Published: November 2017

This study proposes an experimental method to estimate personalized inertial parameters of upper limbs during handcycling by using a planar dynamic model. The handle forces are expressed as a product of a matrix describing the kinematics terms and a vector of inertial parameters of arm and forearm. The parameters are estimated by measuring the handle forces during a suitable “passive test” and inverting the mentioned matrix. The data were acquired while an operator actuated the handle and the subject’s muscles were relaxed. To validate the estimation procedure, it was applied to a custom-made artificial arm mechanism, and the results were compared with its known parameters. The method was then used to estimate the inertial parameters of 6 human subjects. The estimated parameters were used to compute the exchanged forces and compared with the measured ones obtaining an average error of 14% both for Fx and Fy. These errors are significantly smaller than those obtained using dynamic parameters extracted from the literature to compute the forces, which were 50% for Fx and 19% for Fy. An individual evaluation of inertial parameters better describes interaction forces during handcycling, especially for subjects whose body structures are different from the average population.
Becoming Part of the Team: Female Student Athletes’ Engagement in Initiation Activities
Authors: Lafferty Moira , Wakefield Caroline
Published: November 2017

The aim of this study was to explore female student athletes’ participation in initiation activities, specifically to examine whether activities in the United Kingdom followed trends similar to those reported elsewhere. A sample of 8 female athletes representing both traditional and nontraditional team and individual sports (Mage = 20 yr 3 mo,SD = 1 yr 3 mo) who met inclusion criteria of having taken part in an initiation ceremony consented to participate in a semistructured interview. Thematic content analysis resulted in the emergence of 6 higher order themes represented by 2 general dimensions: the initiation event and initiation outcomes. Findings indicated that female student athletes’ initiation activities encompassed discrete stages as they moved from team newcomers to accepted team members. Of particular concern is the direct and indirect role of alcohol in these events and the health and behavioral risks.
Networks of enzymatically oxidized membrane lipids support calcium-dependent coagulation factor binding to maintain hemostasis
Authors: Lauder Sarah N. , Allen-Redpath Keith , Slatter David A. , Aldrovandi Maceler , O’Connor Anne , Farewell Daniel , Percy Charles L. , Molhoek Jessica E. , Rannikko Sirpa , Tyrrell Victoria J. , Ferla Salvatore , Milne Ginger L. , Poole Alastair W. , Thomas Christopher P. , Obaji Samya , Taylor Philip R. , Jones Simon A. , de Groot Phillip G. , Urbanus Rolf T. , Hörkkö Sohvi , Uderhardt Stefan , Ackermann Jochen , Vince Jenkins P. , Brancale Andrea , Krönke Gerhard , Collins Peter W. , O’Donnell Valerie B.
Published: November 2017

Activation of an enzymatically oxidized phospholipid network from blood cells contributes to a human thrombotic disorder.
Papers of note in
Science Translational Medicine
9
(417)
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: November 2017

This week’s articles describe a better diagnostic marker for pediatric biliary atresia and insights into CAR T cell biology that may enable optimization of CAR T cell–based therapy.
Papers of note in
Science Immunology
2
(17)
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: November 2017

This month’s articles show how a hypha-associated fungal peptide triggers an antifungal immune response and how the lipid PIP
2
sustains B cell receptor signaling.
Treatment of advanced colorectal cancer in a patient with cardiotoxic reactions to 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine using suboptimal doses
Authors: Cioffi Joseph H , Estes Derek J , Florou Vaia , Ardalan Bach
Published: November 2017

A 32-year-old female with stage IV colorectal cancer and metastasis to the liver experienced cardiotoxic reactions after treatment with 5-fluorouracil and its oral prodrug capecitabine even at two-thirds the recommended dose. After careful considerations, the decision was made to attempt capecitabine retrial at a further suboptimal dose with combination chemotherapy where she no longer experienced cardiac events. As a result, the liver tumour shrank and rectal mass stabilised, tumour markers dropped and she underwent surgical resection of both masses. Later there was local recurrence of disease near the previous liver tumour, so the suboptimal capecitabine therapy was restarted without complaint. The patient became a candidate for a NanoKnife procedure, offering a potentially curative therapy. This case report summarises a novel treatment strategy for those patients with advanced colorectal cancer who experience cardiotoxic reactions to fluoropyrimidines, the active agent of gold standard treatment.
Can we predict the clinical outcome of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy? A systematic review
Authors: Eijgenraam Susanne M , Reijman Max , Bierma-Zeinstra Sita M A , van Yperen Daan T , Meuffels Duncan E
Published: November 2017

NHS-Prospero registration number

42016048592

Objective

In order to make a more evidence-based selection of patients who would benefit the most from arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM), knowledge of prognostic factors is essential. We conducted a systematic review of predictors for the clinical outcome following APM.

Design

Systematic review

Data sources

Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PubMed Publisher, Google Scholar

Inclusion criteria

Report an association between factor(s) and clinical outcome; validated questionnaire; follow-up >1 year.

Exclusion criteria

<20 subjects; anterior cruciate ligament-deficient patients; discoid menisci; meniscus repair, transplantation or implants; total or open meniscectomy.

Methods

One reviewer extracted the data, two reviewers assessed the risk of bias and performed a best-evidence synthesis.

Results

Finally, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. Moderate evidence was found, that the presence of radiological knee osteoarthritis at baseline and longer duration of symptoms (>1 year) are associated with worse clinical outcome following APM. In addition, resecting >50% of meniscal tissue and leaving a non-intact meniscal rim after meniscectomy are intra-articular predictive factors for worse clinical outcome. Moderate evidence was found that sex, onset of symptoms (acute or chronic), tear type or preoperative sport level are not predictors for clinical outcome. Conflicting evidence was found for the prognostic value of age, perioperative chondral damage, body mass index and leg alignment.

Summary/conclusion

Long duration of symptoms (>1 year), radiological knee osteoarthritis and resecting >50% of meniscus are associated with a worse clinical outcome following APM. These prognostic factors should be considered in clinical decision making for patients with meniscal tears.
Cohort profile: the TrueNTH Global Registry - an international registry to monitor and improve localised prostate cancer health outcomes
Authors: Evans Sue M , Millar Jeremy L , Moore Caroline M , Lewis John D , Huland Hartwig , Sampurno Fanny , Connor Sarah E , Villanti Paul , Litwin Mark S
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Globally, prostate cancer treatment and outcomes for men vary according to where they live, their race and the care they receive. The TrueNTH Global Registry project was established as an international registry monitoring care provided to men with localised prostate cancer (CaP).

Participants

Sites with existing CaP databases in Movember fundraising countries were invited to participate in the international registry. In total, 25 Local Data Centres (LDCs) representing 113 participating sites across 13 countries have nominated to contribute to the project. It will collect a dataset based on the International Consortium for Health Outcome Measures (ICHOM) standardised dataset for localised CaP.

Findings to date

A governance strategy has been developed to oversee registry operation, including transmission of reversibly anonymised data. LDCs are represented on the Project Steering Committee, reporting to an Executive Committee. A Project Coordination Centre and Data Coordination Centre (DCC) have been established. A project was undertaken to compare existing datasets, understand capacity at project commencement (baseline) to collect the ICHOM dataset and assist in determining the final data dictionary. 21/25 LDCs provided data dictionaries for review. Some ICHOM data fields were well collected (diagnosis, treatment start dates) and others poorly collected (complications, comorbidities). 17/94 (18%) ICHOM data fields were relegated to non-mandatory fields due to poor capture by most existing registries. Participating sites will transmit data through a web interface biannually to the DCC.

Future plans

Recruitment to the TrueNTH Global Registry-PCOR project will commence in late 2017 with sites progressively contributing reversibly anonymised data following ethical review in local regions. Researchers will have capacity to source deidentified data after the establishment phase. Quality indicators are to be established through a modified Delphi approach in later 2017, and it is anticipated that reports on performance against quality indicators will be provided to LDCs.
Feynman propagators on static spacetimes
Authors: Dereziński Jan , Siemssen Daniel
Published: November 2017

We consider the Klein–Gordon equation on a static spacetime and minimally coupled to a static electromagnetic potential. We show that it is essentially self-adjoint on [Formula: see text]. We discuss various distinguished inverses and bisolutions of the Klein–Gordon operator, focusing on the so-called Feynman propagator. We show that the Feynman propagator can be considered the boundary value of the resolvent of the Klein–Gordon operator, in the spirit of the limiting absorption principle known from the theory of Schrödinger operators. We also show that the Feynman propagator is the limit of the inverse of the Wick rotated Klein–Gordon operator.