bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Cameron James
Published: November 2017

The introductory chapter outlines an established consensus that the United States’ shift from a policy of nuclear superiority over the Soviet Union to a policy that emphasized arms control, mutual assured destruction, and nuclear parity was the result of nuclear-strategic calculus. It then shows how declassified records of Nixon’s conversations with his advisors on the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) disprove that thesis. It goes on to outline how Kennedy and Johnson administration officials also acted in ways that contradicted their private comments. Through brief summaries of the subsequent chapters, it then explicates the central argument of the book: that all three presidents were engaged in a double game to reconcile their personal doubts regarding the utility of nuclear weapons with the prevailing public and congressional mood during their administrations. It concludes by suggesting this dynamic is of enduring relevance to the formulation of American nuclear strategy.
The Great Society and the Politics of Assured Destruction, 1963–1966
Authors: Cameron James
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how Lyndon Baines Johnson and Robert McNamara attempted to reconcile the US emphasis on nuclear superiority with the administration’s new Great Society program and the consequent need to limit military spending. McNamara’s strategy of assured destruction tried to balance these imperatives by positing that the Soviet Union would not attempt to gain nuclear parity with the United States because it had forces sufficient to assure America’s destruction if it attacked the USSR. Assured destruction also left the United States’ antiballistic missile program in a state of perpetual research and development. This was partly due to its ineffectiveness, but also because the expense of deployment would endanger the administration’s budgetary priorities, particularly after the escalation of the Vietnam War. An unexpected Soviet nuclear buildup upset this balance between budgetary control and strategic coherence, necessitating an American diplomatic approach to the Soviet Union for talks on limiting strategic armaments.
First Steps toward SALT, 1966–1969
Authors: Cameron James
Published: November 2017

The chapter analyzes the Johnson administration’s failure to begin substantive strategic arms limitation talks with the Soviet Union. Johnson and McNamara were overly optimistic regarding the USSR’s willingness to concede nuclear superiority to the United States, believing that the strain of an arms race on the Soviet economy would be too great. The chapter argues that this economic determinism based on a US-centric model of modernization that privileged living standards over other goals was similar to that which underpinned the administration’s bombing strategy in the Vietnam War. Rather than being a completely separate initiative, Johnson’s strategy of détente with the USSR based on arms control stemmed from the same outlook as that which underpinned Vietnam. When Soviet willingness to enter talks failed to materialize, the Johnson White House was unable to agree to talks that would be based on strategic parity, fearing the domestic political consequences of doing so.
Reconciliation with Necessity and the Race to the Summit, 1971–1972
Authors: Cameron James
Published: November 2017

This chapter agues that Nixon and Kissinger reconciled themselves to their weak hand during the final eighteen months of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. With negotiations on Vietnam dragging on and no US–China breakthrough in prospect, Nixon and Kissinger effectively adopted US–Soviet détente based on strategic arms limitation as the central fulfilment of Nixon’s promise to open “an era of negotiation” with the communist world. With eroding support for the US ABM program, this necessitated agreeing to almost all Soviet demands at SALT. The agreement banned national missile defenses and left the USSR with a commanding lead in offensive ballistic missile launchers. Contradicting his personal feelings on the importance of US superiority, Nixon publicly embraced the rhetoric of arms control advocates that emphasized the importance of stability based on superpower parity and mutual assured destruction.
Conclusion
Authors: Cameron James
Published: November 2017

The conclusion summarizes the argument of the book as a whole, pointing to the central importance of domestic public and congressional opinion since the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson, and through the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks of Richard Nixon’s administration, in the formulation of US nuclear strategy, even when such opinion diverges fundamentally from the views of the president. This forces presidents into playing a double game in their attempt to reconcile their personal beliefs on nuclear weapons with public expectations. The chapter argues that this dilemma is common across U.S. national security policymaking, but is especially acute in the case of nuclear strategy because of its extremely abstract nature. The chapter concludes by showing how the double game between presidents and their publics played out for the rest of the Cold War. It then offers a tentative prediction regarding its resurgence as the United States’ global commitments come under new pressure from Russia and China.
Introduction
Authors: Greyser Naomi
Published: November 2017

Critics have defined sentimentalism as a stylized genre that represents and cultivates sympathy and tears. On Sympathetic Grounds demonstrates that sentimentalists evoked sympathy to express a desire for a place that was territorial and emotional, what Greyser calls an affective geography. Affective geographies describe a sense of intimacy across distance that defies linear cartography. This introduction offers affective geographies as a method for analyzing sentimentalism and its place in the production of space. Whether through true friendship, deep understanding, or the power of sympathy to heal social violence, sentimentalists experienced, and mapped, an array of transcendent connections. These spatial arrangements have enriched conditions for living and have also mercilessly enlisted some bodies and lives as the grounds for others’ well-being.
“Spectres of Liberty” and the Archive
Authors: Greyser Naomi
Published: November 2017

This epilogue considers the legacy of nineteenth-century sentimentalism, turning to contemporary civic statuary that memorializes nineteenth-century sentimentalists. Juxtaposing this statuary with the hauntingly ephemeral installation The Ghost of Liberty Street Church, the chapter offers postpresentist inquiry as a method that regards the archive as an urgent and poignantly incomplete political project. Where historicist approaches emphasize distance and difference from history through periodization, and charges of presentism name historians’ overidentification with the past, postpresentism holds in view intimacy and distance between past and the present. The epilogue lays out postpresentist readings of sculptures of Harriet E. Wilson in Milford, New Hampshire; Winnemucca Hopkins and Sojourner Truth in the United States Capitol Rotunda; and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Amelia Bloomer, and Susan B. Anthony in Seneca Falls, New York. These statues’ site-specific installations bring into relief the raced, gendered, and colonial legacies of the grounds beneath their podia and feet.
Introduction
Authors: Grimm Stephen R.
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews some important questions concerning the nature of understanding and offers an overview of the papers in the volume.
Philosophy, Knowledge, and Understanding
Authors: Graham Gordon
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins with the unfavorable comparison that has often been made between the substantial progress the natural and social sciences have made, and the interminable and inconclusive debates that philosophers engage in. It examines the Humean attempt to make philosophy more scientific and the Lockean conception of philosophy as an “under-labourer for the sciences. It argues instead for a conception of philosophy as the pursuit of cognitive goals other than the kind of knowledge and explanation that are marks of the sciences.
{ introduction }
Authors: Rivett Sarah
Published: November 2017

In 1664, French Jesuit Louis Nicolas arrived in Quebec. Upon first hearing Ojibwe, Nicolas declared that he had encountered the most barbaric language in the world. But after listening to and studying approximately fifteen Algonquian languages over a ten-year period in New France, he took a different view. Now, Nicolas wrote that he had “discovered all of the secrets of the most beautiful languages in the universe.”...
Imperial Millennialism and the Battle for American Indian Souls
Authors: Rivett Sarah
Published: November 2017

Indigenous words offered a rich resource for rescripting national and colonial narratives in a time of intensified imperial conflict. Millennial zeal pitted Jesuit and Protestant forces against each other with renewed fervor during a purportedly secular period of diplomacy from the Glorious Revolution (1688) to the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), even as developments in natural history undermined previously accepted truths of Mosaic history. The British sought national uniformity by imposing English-language instruction on Indian proselytes, while the French continued to augment their own linguistic skills through a rigorous culture of dictionary writing and hymnody that helped to secure military alliances. This chapter argues that missionary linguistics played an integral role in consolidating British and French nationalism among indigenous populations, even as the shared knowledge forged in specific missionary locations helped native populations undermine imperial scripts.
Pre-emptive Rules and the Scope of Defensive Rights
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak
Published: November 2017

This essay advances a morality of defensive harm, which I call “Rule-SD.” Rule-SD resolves in a new way two types of difficult cases. It entails that if certain conditions are met, a defender has the right to kill a man who is innocently falling on her, if this is necessary for her survival. Moreover, Rule-SD yields the “free competition resolution” in some symmetrical cases; it implies that two people who innocently threaten each other might have a right to kill each other if necessary for their survival. Rule-SD’s core claim is that a defender’s right of self-defense might arise from a “pre-emptive rule” rather than from facts about the liability of the attacker. In those cases, the defender is subject to a rule that permits self-preference.
An Axiomatic Theory of Just War
Authors: Kershnar Stephen
Published: November 2017

This chapter defends the following thesis: forfeiture theory best explains just war. Specifically, it explains when a war is just and when it is morally permissible to kill people and break things. This theory has strong implications for who is liable to be killed. In particular, except in the case where killing is necessary to avoid a catastrophe, only those who forfeit their rights are liable to be killed in wartime. Hence, at the heart of the theory is an account of when people forfeit their rights in general and in the particular context of wartime. This theory also has implications for which, if any, of the commonly cited restrictions on wartime killing (imminence, necessity, proportionality, and discrimination) are relevant.
Legalism, Justice, and the War on Terrorism
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: November 2017

Some standard norms of conduct in war are morally unsustainable. The “noncombatant immunity” principle that prohibits deliberate use of force against noncombatants represents one such norm. Standard noncombatant immunity is limited, its focus on intention, allowing, in effect, ordinary noncombatants to be harmed routinely through lawful attacks by combatants. These noncombatant casualties often are likely, foreseeable, and avoidable and thus not merely accidental. Apart from the moral problem of just war legalism, the practical problem is this: a military power cannot expect to win hearts and minds in foreign populations, as the war on terrorism requires, when its approach to fighting expresses relatively little concern for noncombatant lives. Greatly reducing noncombatant casualties is a pragmatic imperative that recommends fighting to a much higher standard—even when prevailing moral and legal norms allow collaterally harming noncombatants.
If the Walls Could Speak
Authors: Müller Anna
Published: November 2017

This book is a collective history about imprisoned women in post-1945 Poland. It focuses on how these women adapted to confinement and remade their lives in a prison cell through words during interrogations; through their senses, by which they oriented themselves in the prison’s spatial organization and created a feeling of security; and through their physicality as a confirmation of their gender identity and a means of exerting pressure on authorities. Their creativity helped them rebuild a semblance of normal life in a cell despite confinement and the abuses that they encountered from interrogation officers and guards. The sense of normalcy was based on a return to traditional women’s roles and political passivity, which was a reversal from their prewar activism. The underlying question is whether Communist ideology had any impact on these women. In oral interviews, they denied Communism had any impact on them. However, the prisons do not appear to be a school of resistance either. The women remained disengaged from prison reality, instead withdrawing into a world they created in their cells. In general, they did not reject, nor did they accept the system. Their disengagement continued after their release. They began reconstructing stories and creating circles of former prisoners in the 1980s during the time of Solidarity, but during this moment of growing opposition in Poland, these female prisoners did not participate in the outburst of independent activism.
Learning One’s Cell, Learning Oneself
Authors: Müller Anna
Published: November 2017

This chapter is devoted to the process of adapting to cell life in an interrogation prison, the process throughout which the women were learning what their bodies could endure. It centers on how the women were recreating conditions of normalcy while adapting to the space. During even their first moments in prison, when they did not know the space or the capacity of their bodies to function under extreme conditions, women prisoners had to learn how to transform their cells into safe places to regroup and gather strength. Some women used their bodies to achieve social visibility as women. They also used their bodies to liberate themselves from the limitations prescribed by their physicality, for example, through a hunger strike, fasting, or suicide. Throughout this adaptation process, the body was becoming a site of transformation and emancipation from the state of being merely a prisoner.
The Tenacious Life of the Hypothetical Blind Man
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: November 2017

The chapter provides a survey of the history of the figure of the “man born blind” or what the author calls the hypothetical blind man in the theories of such thinkers as Descartes, Locke, and Diderot. These representations rely on an over-determined, one-to-one analogy between the eyes of the sighted man and the hands of the blind man. If the sighted theorists are assumed to be “all eyes,” the hypothetical blind man is “all hands.” The chapter goes on to put representations in conversation with biographical and autobiographical accounts of actual blind people from the eighteenth century until the present, with particular attention to their treatment of their own conceptualization of visual phenomena, imagination, and dreams.
Hearsay
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: November 2017

This chapter returns to Denis Diderot and speculates on how his life-long fascination with blindness may have influenced his theories on visual art. For example, why does he open “Notes on Painting” (1765) with a description of a blind woman? His Salon Reviews, which are considered by many to be foundational works of art criticism, employ a number of techniques to describe art work for people who could not see it for themselves. This chapter closely examines his account of his friendship with a young blind woman, Melanie de Salignac, and compares their conversations to autobiographical accounts of other blind writers, activists, scientists, and artists discussing their tactile perceptions and mental imaging.
Blind Self-Portraits
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses artists with impaired sight, specifically their self-portraits. Jacques Derrida observes a connection between traditional self-portraits and visual portrayals of blind people, such as Pablo Picasso’s Blind Man’s Meal. He observes that in both instances the viewer’s eye is drawn to the hands of the figure, and concludes that in this way the artist is drawing attention to his own handiwork. I collect examples of self-portraits by blind artists where blindness is a theme of the work. Some focus on a sense of loss, others simulate the experience of their visual impairment, while others represent a transition to nonvisual ways of knowing which are intended to be experienced through nonvisual modalities.
Threatening Women
Authors: Manne Kate
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the killings by Elliot Rodger, in Isla Vista, California, in May 2014, and the widespread denials that his actions were symptoms of a culture of misogyny—or even involved misogyny whatsoever. This was despite Rodger’s primary, explicit, long-held intention of punishing the “hot blonde sluts” who refused to give him sex, love, and attention. Such denials owe to a “naïve conception” of misogyny, according to which misogyny is primarily a property of hate-filled individuals, who are hostile to any and every woman, or admitting only limited exceptions. The naïve conception is criticized for making misogyny a psychologically puzzling and predictably rare phenomenon in what ought to be its native habitat: social environments with patriarchal norms and expectations. For, when women know their place, what’s to hate, exactly? Why would even the least enlightened of men insist on biting the hand that soothes and serves him?
Ameliorating Misogyny
Authors: Manne Kate
Published: November 2017

According to the positive “ameliorative” analysis of misogyny developed in this chapter, misogyny is primarily a property of social environments in which girls and women are prone to face hostility because of the enforcement and policing of patriarchal norms and expectations—e.g., insofar as they are deemed guilty of violating patriarchal law and order. Alternatively, women may be singled out and treated as representative targets, as Rush Limbaugh’s attacks on Sandra Fluke indicate. Because misogyny functions to uphold or reinstate male dominance, we would hence expect misogyny’s primary targets to be certain kinds of women: those who challenge or disrupt existing gender hierarchies. But virtually any woman is potentially the target of misogynist aggression. Since any woman can typically stand in imaginatively for a whole host of others, they may serve as an outlet for many different grudges. Expressions of frustration, protest, lashing out, and “punching down” behavior are further possibilities.
Humanizing Hatred
Authors: Manne Kate
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores and contests a popular rival approach to “man’s inhumanity to man”—or, in this case, women—as applied to misogyny. On this view, dubbed “humanism,” misogyny would have its source in a failure to recognize women’s full humanity. But that misogyny takes women to be human, all-too-human, is suggested by some of the ways they are resented, blamed, and punished for social norm violations. Dehumanizing attitudes and treatment are explained (away) in terms of insults, defusing the psychic threat posed by certain women, and taking revenge on those who, in failing to provide dominant men with feminine-coded care, make him feel like less of a person. Finally, women’s socially unexpected behavior may lead to disgusted, startled responses, and ascribing to her an “uncanny,” robotic quality. But this, too, involves recognizing her successful participation in characteristically human activities, albeit in ways that effect gendered role reversals.
Suspecting Victims
Authors: Manne Kate
Published: November 2017

The ideology of so-called victim culture casts women who attest to being wronged—especially by privileged male perpetrators of misogyny—as not only epistemically but morally suspect—e.g., as melodramatic, manipulative, and self-pitying. These claims are contested and connected in this chapter with women being designated moral “givers” of, e.g., care, sympathy, and attention. Such obligations debar women from the role of victims in victim/victimizer narratives. The person who occupies the victim position is in the moral spotlight, as the designated recipient of moral attention, for the duration of the narrative. This is contraindicated for women by patriarchal norms, telling her to provide a sympathetic audience and soothing ministrations for the wounds of others. She is supposed to direct her moral energies outward, rather than attracting attention to herself, or even directing her energies to her own person (as in “self-care”). This last often garners suspicions of narcissism and selfishness.
Understanding Small-Handedness
Authors: Deahl Lora , Wristen Brenda
Published: November 2017

Small-handedness continues to be overlooked, discounted, or else treated as a stigmatized disability to the present day. Chapter 1 provides the reader with a historical context for understanding the nature of small-handedness and its impact upon piano playing. Topics include the evolving history of the piano and its relationship to small-handedness, the physiological parameters of hand size, the demographics of small-handedness, and pedagogical and gender biases. The innovation of ergonomically scaled piano keyboards (ESPKs) is briefly addressed. Small-handedness is explored as a risk factor for the development of playing-related injury, and the role of the piano teacher in working with small-handed students is discussed.
Integration and Exploration
Authors: Deahl Lora , Wristen Brenda
Published: November 2017

Chapter 8 integrates the adaptive strategies outlined in previous chapters and presents tables that small-handed pianists can use to diagnose and resolve commonly encountered problems. These tables focus on broad categories where obstacles encountered by pianists with small hands can be found—chords, arpeggios, leaps, octaves, broken intervals, legato, and voicing. The tables outline solutions drawn from throughout the book, thus integrating a variety of approaches to each problem. The effectiveness of these tools in a particular context should be evaluated on the basis of sound, comfort, reliability, and ease of execution. Examples from the intermediate and advanced piano literature are used to demonstrate a synthesized approach to problem solving.
News of War
Authors: Galvin Rachel
Published: November 2017

Drawing on original archival research, providing detailed, socio-historically attentive readings, and featuring new translations, this book offers a compelling model of comparative, transnational poetics scholarship. It charts a cross-cultural dilemma from the Spanish Civil War through World War II: how to write a war poem that acknowledges the civilian’s distance from war. Civilian witnessing is problematic within an epistemic framework that deems physical experience of combat a necessary warrant for knowledge of war. Acknowledging this dilemma spurred noncombatant poets writing in English, Spanish, and French to draw on both journalistic structures and classical rhetoric in their wartime writing. Galvin examines the work of W. H. Auden, César Vallejo, Wallace Stevens, Raymond Queneau, Marianne Moore, and Gertrude Stein, who regularly wrote prose for periodicals in addition to poems inspired by press coverage of war. These poets developed what Galvin calls meta-rhetoric, or self-reflexive rhetorical tropes and schemes that reveal their own mechanisms. She argues that meta-rhetoric’s self-scrutiny and self-interference constitute a significant civilian poetics. By spotlighting the speaker’s distance from war and the problem of receiving war news via print journalism, such strategies make manifest problems of literary and moral authority. Ultimately, Galvin shows that the apparent impediment of limited access to firsthand experience actually proved highly generative for civilian poetics. An epilogue argues that U.S.-based noncombatant poets in the twenty-first century write about war using similar strategies, even as they cite and ironize poetry of the 1930s and 1940s.
Introduction
Authors: Galvin Rachel
Published: November 2017

The introduction examines the effects of the prevalent idea that civilian poets, in comparison with veteran writers, lack legitimacy in writing about war. It demonstrates that this apparent impediment in fact generated a significant civilian poetics during the Spanish Civil War and World War II. This argument is based on analysis of the work of an international set of poets writing in English, Spanish, and French who made use of self-reflexive rhetoric as they engaged with news of war: W. H. Auden, César Vallejo, Wallace Stevens, Raymond Queneau, Marianne Moore, and Gertrude Stein. After setting out the book’s key terms and claims, the introduction outlines the essential yet under-researched relationship between civilian poetics and forms of the news. It closes with a discussion of the ethical demands placed upon poetry in wartime and considers some ways that civilian poems urge readers to take critical distance from war culture.
Wallace Stevens in a “Sudden Time”
Authors: Galvin Rachel
Published: November 2017

Although Wallace Stevens’s work is often read as hermetic and aestheticizing in a time of radical politics, examining its formal properties shows that responding to the news of World War II was integral to Stevens’s poetics. His poetry conveys an abiding belief in the epistemological value of soldiers’ witnessing war in the flesh. How, then, can a civilian with no immediate experience of war press back against violence through a poem, as Stevens wrote? Contradictions, obstacles, and silences turn back upon themselves in Stevens’s wartime poems through rhetoric that indicates figures of relation and reflects on its own process of bridging distance. This chapter contends that, for Stevens, a civilian war poem must be self-reflexive to be ethical. It must dramatize its process; it must be responsive to current events and contemporary speech; and it must involve its readers in recognizing that the imagination’s relation to reality is mediated by war.
Marianne Moore and the Eyewitness Bind
Authors: Galvin Rachel
Published: November 2017

As an American woman and a civilian, Marianne Moore was at two degrees of remove from the events of World War II and would seem to have had little footing from which to write about war. The issue of gender intensifies the exclusions of an epistemic framework in which physical experience of combat is understood as the ultimate warrant for knowledge of war. This chapter argues that receiving mediated information ultimately proved generative for Moore, fueling her 1930s and 1940s poetics of self-deprecation, understatement, and self-distrust. Her World War II–era poems spotlight civilian literary and moral authority precisely as a way to convey the difficulty of writing based on news of war. Uncovering Moore’s interest in the material supports of war information shows that she was far more self-conscious about her own subject position than she is conventionally held to have been.
Magical Vanishing Point
Authors: Sizemore Michelle
Published: November 2017

This chapter advances a new understanding of the historical romance as a medium for constituting the people via the readerly experience of enchantment. The motif of vanishing in the revolutionary romance, a generic subcategory, signals the absent historical present and the related challenge of representing the people in process. Contrary to a long tradition of literary criticism, the chapter argues that the genre of historical romance seeks to trace out the historical present amid lived conditions of uncertainty. In William Austin’s “Peter Rugg, the Missing Man” (1824) and Catharine Sedgwick’s The Linwoods (1835), two different forms of enchantment (supernatural and affective; the latter is The Linwood’s version of eros) serve as diagnostics on the present, as does the genre’s simultaneous prediction of the future and recreation of the past.
Questioning the European Union’s “Democratic Deficit”
Authors: Psygkas Athanasios
Published: November 2017

This chapter challenges the notion of the EU democratic deficit by demonstrating that exclusive reliance on the parliamentary democracy tradition is misplaced. The reality of extensive administrative policymaking raises questions of accountability that are not unique to the EU level. Indeed, the book argues that the structure of the EU regulatory system may enhance the democratic accountability of national regulatory agencies. This chapter focuses on a preliminary conceptual issue: the accountability-enhancing view of EU law presupposes a different model of democratic accountability, one that does not rest upon the classic representative variant. I call this the “deliberative-participatory model.” The proposed model finds its normative underpinnings in Habermas’s theory of deliberative democracy which is distinguished from other normative accounts. The chapter further outlines the fundamental operative elements of the deliberative-participatory model in practice and compares it to the model of adversarial legalism.
Legitimation through Decentralization in the European Union
Authors: Psygkas Athanasios
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that EU mandates in the electronic communications sector have had an accountability-enhancing effect at the member-state level, an effect that can be better appreciated if considered in the context of the decentralized EU regulatory structure. The chapter begins by providing some context and outlining certain substantive EU regulatory initiatives. The focus then moves to institutional and procedural EU mandates, which, as the case studies will further demonstrate, generate the “democratic surplus.” I argue that the enhancement of democratic accountability was a side effect of the EU advancing the substantive goal of an internal telecommunications market. The chapter further assesses the impact of these procedural provisions against the backdrop of the decentralized EU regime. It considers traditional theoretical arguments in favor of decentralization (regulatory competition, experimentation/innovation, and democratic participation) and applies them to the novel context of regulatory processes. Last, the chapter explains the case selection.
Greece
Authors: Psygkas Athanasios
Published: November 2017

The chapter traces Greece’s traditional focus on conventional notions of administrative accountability through legislative delegation and the involvement of the Council of State as a consultative and judicial body. The pattern of state-society relations in the country has also been described as statist. The EU public consultation mandates were therefore transposed into an institutional environment which, like France, was not particularly hospitable to the idea of open public involvement in policymaking. Nevertheless, the Greek case is distinctive. The chapter assesses the transformative impact of EU law against the specific background of the twin challenge facing Greece: weak administrative capacity and an underdeveloped civil society. The case illustrates that the introduction of participatory processes is a necessary but not always a sufficient condition for the new accountability paradigm to take strong roots. It may, however, helpfully turn the spotlight on structural deficiencies and the need for institutional reform.
Increasing the “Democratic Surplus”: What Should the Path to the Future Look Like?
Authors: Psygkas Athanasios
Published: November 2017

This chapter concludes by exploring how the findings in the previous chapters can inform future developments in the EU regulatory system and further enhance democratic accountability at both the national and the supranational levels. The chapter first tells a story of convergence: in all three country cases, EU mandates transformed aspects of the preexisting administrative governance, and brought about accountability gains on all prongs of the deliberative-participatory model. However, cross-national variations still exist. This invites consideration of proposals for further EU-driven convergence through the creation, for instance, of a European telecommunications regulatory agency. The chapter suggests that at this stage this idea would result in losses in democratic accountability and would therefore be unwise. Instead, I put forth a proposal that harnesses the accountability benefits of the EU regulatory architecture by tapping into the institutional creativity of the member states and incrementally incorporating further EU-level requirements through a system of feedback loops.
The Emptying of Gesture
Authors: Smith Matthew Wilson
Published: November 2017

How can one read another’s true thoughts and feelings? Many philosophical texts and acting manuals reached the same answer to this age-old question: we can read another’s hidden mental states through careful observation of gesture—especially unconscious gesture. Gesture, in this account, offered a promise that words could not, the promise of a natural, universal language and a royal road to the psyche. This chapter tells a story of this promise’s disintegration and the gradual replacement of gestures by nerves as reliable signs of mental states. The chapter’s first part traces connections between acting handbooks of the period, the plays of Joanna Baillie, and the scientific work of two of Britain’s most prominent medical researchers: Joanna’s brother, Matthew Baillie, and Charles Bell. These interactions indicate both the continuing cultural importance of natural-language theories of gesture and its fraying in the face of neurological developments. The second half examines the ways that Percy Shelley’s play The Cenci rends this fraying fabric.
Institutionalizing Soviet Islam, 1944‒1958
Authors: Tasar Eren
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults (CARC), created by Stalin in 1944 in order to supervise all officially recognized religions in the USSR with the exception of Russian Orthodox Christianity. CARC vigorously promoted an interpretation of Stalin’s 1943‒44 religious reforms that stressed moderation toward religion and the sanctity of freedom of conscience. As a result of this posture, CARC invested heavily in SADUM’s right to control Muslim communities and enjoy autonomy from local government authorities. It also began to sift through the maze of Central Asian Islamic practices in order to build a vision of a tolerable “Soviet Islam.” Thanks largely to CARC, the 1950s ended up being the most relaxed decade in terms of Soviet pressure on Islam.
The Anti-Religious Campaign, 1959–1964
Authors: Tasar Eren
Published: November 2017

With Party chairman Nikita Khrushchev’s success against the “Anti-Party Group” in 1957, the hard line against religion once again became a viable project for the first time since the 1930s. Khrushchev launched his anti-religious campaign in late 1958 as a “corrective” to what he viewed as the state’s unacceptable lethargy toward religion in the period since World War II. His campaign restricted SADUM’s finances significantly. However, it also coincided with Moscow’s drive to enhance Soviet ties with the Muslim world. As a result, the muftiate suffered financially at home but enjoyed a significant boost in its overseas prominence. Ironically, SADUM emerged from the Khrushchev years even more indispensable to the state than before.
The Muftiate on the International Stage
Authors: Tasar Eren
Published: November 2017

From the late 1950s onward, SADUM was called upon to assist the Soviet state in winning over allies across the Muslim world. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, it formed relationships with foreign Islamic organizations on the basis of a shared anti-colonial nationalism. By the 1970s, SADUM operated as an agency for Soviet public diplomacy in all but name, cooperating closely with the Foreign Ministry and embassies abroad. Foreign ties, which were restricted for all citizens of the USSR, offered the muftiate important symbolic legitimacy in the eyes of many Central Asian Muslims, particularly when it came to the annual pilgrimage to Mecca.
Introduction
Authors: Lambert Erin
Published: November 2017

The introduction explores the ways in which the meaning of “belief” was altered in the course of the Reformation, beginning with the implicit faithfulness that was the mark of the medieval Christian and arriving at the post-Reformation understanding of belief as a body of teachings that one professed. It also examines the state of historians’ understandings of belief in the sixteenth century, arguing that the historiographical evolution from confessional histories to confessionalization has paradoxically pushed belief to the margins of our conception of the Reformation. Finally, the introduction suggests that the themes of bodily resurrection and devotional song, which were implicitly linked to one another in medieval Christianity in the chanting of the Creed, can together reveal the full complexity of sixteenth-century belief.
Perpetual Light
Authors: Lambert Erin
Published: November 2017

Through the visual and musical symbolism of the funerals of Ferdinand I, this chapter considers the ways in which resurrection’s role in the medieval community of faith was reimagined in Counter-Reformation Catholicism. By the time of Ferdinand’s death in 1564, the image of a universal Christianity had fractured, and the Holy Roman Empire was never again to be united by faith. In the imperial funerals in Vienna and Prague, however, ceremonial objects and polyphonic motets transformed resurrection’s ancient promises of reunion and triumph over decay into prophecies for the future of empire and of Catholicism. The funerals presented an overarching argument about the community of faith that marks a fundamental shift: whereas symbols of resurrection had been implicitly understood as common bonds, observers at Ferdinand’s funerals recast them as promises clear only to those whose faith had taught them to hear and see in particular ways.
Toxicology
Authors: Laumbach Robert , Gochfeld Michael
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the basic principles of toxicology and their application to occupational and environmental health. Topics covered include pathways that toxic substances may take from sources in the environment to molecular targets in the cells of the body where toxic effects occur. These pathways include routes of exposure, absorption into the body, distribution to organs and tissues, metabolism, storage, and excretion. The various types of toxicological endpoints are discussed, along with the concepts of dose-response relationships, threshold doses, and the basis of interindividual differences and interspecies differences in response to exposure to toxic substances. The diversity of cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity, including enzyme induction and inhibition, oxidative stress, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and teratogenesis, are discussed and the chapter concludes with examples of practical applications in clinical evaluation and in toxicity testing.
Clinical Occupational and Environmental Health Practice
Authors: Rogers Bonnie
Published: November 2017

This chapter addresses elements of clinical occupational and environmental health practice. The chapter emphasizes the multidisciplinary approach and discusses the role of the occupational medicine physician and members of the occupational health and safety team, including the occupational health nurse, occupational and environmental hygienist, and safety specialist. Another section describes assessing work in the work environment in the context of responsibilities for clinicians and includes a brief discussion of ethical conflicts. Various types of occupational and environmental health clinical visits are described, including preplacement evaluations, drug testing evaluations, specific work approvals and work restrictions, and fitness for duty and return to work evaluations. Case examples are provided as they relate to workplace accommodations. In addition, the importance of case management is addressed relative to not only clinical care, but also returning the worker safely to the work environment.
Chemical Hazards
Authors: Gochfeld Michael , Laumbach Robert
Published: November 2017

Building on the principles of toxicology, this chapter describes chemicals by structure, source, use, mechanism of action, environmental properties, and target organ. Major advances in toxic effects include more detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which toxic chemicals damage receptors at the subcellular, cellular, and organ level. The chapter describes properties of various types of inorganic and organic chemicals and their adverse health effects. It discusses asphyxiants, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide; heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium; organic solvents, such as benzene and trichlorethylene; pesticides, including chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphates; and a variety of other toxic chemicals to which people are exposed in the home, community, or workplace environment. Several cases are presented to illustrate various concepts concerning chemical hazards in occupational and environmental health.
Skin Disorders
Authors: Tapp Loren C. , Lushniak Boris D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes skin disorders primarily associated with hazardous workplace exposures. These exposures include physical insults, chemical substances, and biological agents that effect the skin by direct contact. Chapter sections feature contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, dermatologic infectious diseases, and skin cancer. All sections include a discussion of public health importance, populations at risk, diagnosis, etiologic agents, and prevention based on a recent review of the scientific literature. National data sources provided incidence and prevalence rates for each of these major categories of skin disorders, although some categories had limited data. Contact dermatitis is the most common occupational skin disorder and has been studied more extensively than the other skin disorders. Thus, the contact dermatitis section is more detailed than the other sections and includes data on economic impact and prognosis of occupational contact dermatitis.
Cardiovascular Disorders
Authors: Rosenman Kenneth D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes cardiovascular disorders related to occupational and environmental exposures. Sections of the chapter address cardiovascular disease due to carbon monoxide, nitrates, particulate air pollution, and psychosocial factors. The chapter also addresses shift work and sedentary work. A section describes arrhythmias due to various specific chemical exposures. Another section describes hypertension related to lead, excessive noise, and other factors. Finally, a section addresses peripheral vascular disease and Raynaud disease. Cardiovascular disorders are very common and recognition of how occupational and environmental exposures contribute to the occurrence and exacerbation of cardiovascular disorders is important in their prevention, diagnosis, and management.
Protecting Disaster Rescue and Recovery Workers
Authors: Reissman Dori B. , D’Alessandro Maryann M. , Delaney Lisa , Piacentino John
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes disaster worker protection strategies and health surveillance activities in terms of temporal phases to address disaster safety management before, during, and after a disaster event. The protective strategies discussed in the chapter integrate assessments of on-scene hazards and health or safety impacts and require pre-event planning and coordination across multiple entities. The chapter also addresses the integration of physical, psychological and behavioral health approaches. The chapter addresses the complexities of hazard assessment and control, worker education and training, worker illness and injury surveillance, and access to healthcare services, along with a box on community preparedness. These activities are performed by diverse groups of occupational and environmental health professionals. Various illustrative examples are presented to describe how basic concepts of protection and medical evaluation are applied in specific situations. The U.S. federal system for protecting disaster rescue and recovery workers is described in detail.
Contributions of Contemporary Political Science to an Understanding of the Common Good
Authors: Matthew Carnes S.J.
Published: November 2017

The transformation of political science in recent decades opens the door for a new but so far poorly cultivated examination of the common good. Four significant “turns” characterize the modern study of politics and government. Each is rooted in the discipline’s increased emphasis on empirical rigor, with its attendant scientific theory-building, measurement, and hypothesis testing. Together, these new orientations allow political science to enrich our understanding of causality, our basic definitions of the common good, and our view of human nature and society. In particular, the chapter suggests that traditional descriptions of the common good in Catholic theology have been overly irenic and not sufficiently appreciative of the role of contention in daily life, on both a national and international scale.
Public Policy and the Common Good
Authors: Bane Mary Jo
Published: November 2017

Although the common good, particularly from a theological perspective, entails dimensions of life beyond the ken of the social sciences, public policy analysis has much to contribute to a religious assessment of and recommendations for achieving the common good. It can provide an empirical complement to theological understandings of human flourishing by examining how people behave and articulate their aspirations and values. It provides both data for deciding what is important and urgent as well as an assessment of alternative policy approaches to promote the common good, particularly concerning poverty, wealth, inequality, and the fraying of traditional institutions like marriage and religious communities. Critically, it can clarify the trade-offs that inevitably accompany efforts to improve human well-being, whether by government or by voluntary associations.
What Can Social Science Teach Catholic Social Thought About the Common Good?
Authors: Cloutier David
Published: November 2017

Recent Catholic literature on the common good centers on the state’s creation of the social condition for the flourishing of individuals. This view stands in contrast with a premodern conception of the common good as shared participation in the enterprise of the social whole, which appears incompatible with liberal pluralist societies. To get beyond this forced choice between individualism and imposed collectivism, Catholic social teaching can learn much from how social science’s richer description of the social whole depicts shared participatory structures of contention and competition as crucial for the achievement of the common good. Yet, following insights from both social science and the philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre, prudence must be developed to distinguish between structures of competition that do promote the common good and others that do not. The essay concludes with a revised definition of the common good that includes these insights.