bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Female skeletal health and socioeconomic status in medieval Norway (11th–16th centuries AD): Analysis of bone mineral density and stature
Authors: Brødholt Elin T. , Gautvik Kaare M. , Benedictow Ole J. , Günther Clara‐Cecilie , Sjøvold Torstein , Holck Per
Published: November 2022

Little is known about the possible impact of socioeconomic status on bone health in medieval Norway. We measured bone mineral density in the skeletal remains of 101 females from five medieval burial sites in Eastern Norway representing distinct socioeconomic groups by comparing results from dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and osteological analysis. Young adult females of high status were taller than parish population females (5.3 cm,p = 0.01), although their femoral neck bone mineral density did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.127). We found that the parish population females had a significantly higher occurrence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in old adulthood (p = 0.003), with an estimated disease risk of 0.53 versus 0.16 in the high‐status group, possibly related to a lower attained maximum bone mineral density. We discuss environmental and genetic factors in light of relevant research literature on life in medieval Norway and offer an explanation for the significant taller stature among high‐status females and the higher risk for osteopenia/osteoporosis in the parish population. This work adds to our knowledge of young adult bone mineral density and bone loss in relation to socioeconomic status in a medieval female population of Norway.
Operators Need to Know Source Water Basics
Authors: Adams Hunter , Ash Steve , Ikehata Keisuke , Furatian Laith , Southard Mark
Published: November 2022

Understanding different types of drinking water sources is key for operators to provide effective treatment.
Free Chlorine Residual Measurement and Manganese Interference: Is the DPD Method a Fair Judge?
Authors: Brandhuber Philip , Alexander Mathew T. , Arora Hemant , Meteer Laura , Malkov Vadim , Pei Yu
Published: November 2022

Water treatment plant operators need to understand manganese's effects on the DPD method when measuring free chlorine.
Quantitative analysis of tongue changes with aging using diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kondo Takumi , Muraoka Hirotaka , Ito Kotaro , Hirahara Naohisa , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Iwai Erika , Komiya Masamichi , Kaneda Takashi
Published: November 2022

Objective

This study aimed to quantitatively assess the changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of the tongue with aging using diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI).

Methods

In this retrospective study, we analyzed the ADC map of 480 patients (230 men, 250 women; mean age, 53.66 years; age range, 20–89 years) with the tongue not affected by disease, between January 2018, and February 2020. The Mann–Whitney U test was performed with the ADC value as the explanatory variable and the sex as the criterion variable. Moreover, we calculated the Spearman's correlation coefficient with age as the criterion variable and ADC value as the explanatory variable.

Results

A significantly positive correlation was found between age and ADC values of the tongue in the men and women groups (P < 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed between the sex and the ADC values of the tongue (P = 0.19).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that age should be taken into consideration when making a differential diagnosis of the tongue using ADC values.
A review on electrospun nanofibers for multiple biomedical applications
Authors: Patel Pratikshkumar R. , Gundloori Rathna Venkata Naga
Published: November 2022

Electrospinning is a well‐known technique since 1544 to fabricate nanofibers using different materials like polymers, metals oxides, proteins, and many more. In recent years, electrospinning has become the most popular technique for manufacturing nanofibers due to its ease of use and economic viability. Nanofibers have remarkable properties like high surface‐to‐volume ratio, variable pore size distribution (10–100 nm), high porosity, low density, and are suitable for surface functionalization. Therefore, electrospun nanofibers have been utilized for numerous applications in the pharmaceutical and biomedical field like tissue engineering, scaffolds, grafts, drug delivery, and so on. In this review article, we will be focusing on the versatility, current scenario, and future endeavors of electrospun nanofibers for various biomedical applications. This review discusses the properties of nanofibers, the background of the electrospinning technique, and its emergence in chronological order. It also covers the various types of electrospinning methods and their mechanism, further elaborating the factors affecting the properties of nanofibers, and applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, nanofibers as biosensor, skin cancer treatment, and magnetic nanofibers.
A facile fabricating method for smart soft robotic hand
Authors: Du Haiyang , Yao Yongtao , Zhou Xiaoli
Published: November 2022

A facile fabricating method was proposed for a smart soft robotic hand (SSRH) composed of shape memory alloy (SMA) wires, stainless‐steel springs, and silicon rubber matrix by one‐step curing technology. The SMA wires were embedded into a flexible matrix by pouring silicon rubber into a 3D‐printed hand‐like polylactic acid mold. The good demoulding property was verified after curing at room temperature for 6 h. In addition, the reversible bending behaviors of SSRH were demonstrated by Joule heating actuation. Moreover, the high load‐bearing capability was evaluated by suspending the weight experiment. All the results can provide a new guide for soft robotic hands in future medicinal applications.
Accuracy of lung and diaphragm ultrasound in predicting successful extubation in extremely preterm infants: A prospective observational study
Authors: Mohsen Nada , Nasef Nehad , Ghanem Mohab , Yeung Telford , Deekonda Veena , Ma Carmen , Kajal Dilkash , Baczynski Michelle , Jain Amish , Mohamed Adel
Published: November 2022

Objective

Chest ultrasound has emerged as a promising tool in predicting extubation readiness in adults and children, yet its utility in preterm infants is lacking. Our aim was to assess the utility of lung ultrasound severity score (LUSS) and diaphragmatic function in predicting extubation readiness in extremely preterm infants.

Study Design

In this prospective cohort study, preterm infants < 28 weeks gestational age (GA) who received invasive mechanical ventilation for ≥12 h were enrolled. Chest ultrasound was performed before extubation. The primary outcome was lung ultrasound accuracy for predicting successful extubation at 3 days. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were done using SPSS version 22.

Results

We enrolled 45 infants, of whom 36 (80%) were successfully extubated. GA and postmenstrual age (PMA) at extubation were significantly higher in the successful group. The LUSS was significantly lower in the successful group compared to failed group (11.9 ± 3.2 vs. 19.1 ± 3.1 p < 0.001). The two groups had no statistically significant difference in diaphragmatic excursion or diaphragmatic thickness fraction. Logistic regression analysis controlling for GA and PMA at extubation showed LUSS was an independent predictor for successful extubation (odd ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval [0.23–0.9], p = 0.02). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.95 (p ˂ 0.001) for LUSS, and a cut‐off value of ≥15 had 95% sensitivity and 85% specificity in detecting extubation failure.

Conclusion

In extremely preterm infants, lung ultrasound has good accuracy for predicting successful extubation. However, diaphragmatic measurements were not reliable predictors.
Leptosphaeria biglobosa inhibits the production of sirodesmin PL by L. maculans
Authors: Fortune James A. , Bingol Evren , Qi Aiming , Baker Daniel , Ritchie Faye , Karandeni Dewage Chinthani S. , Fitt Bruce D. L. , Huang Yong‐Ju
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND

Phoma stem canker is caused by two coexisting pathogens, Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa. They coexist because of their temporal and spatial separations, which are associated with the differences in timing of their ascospore release. L. maculans produces sirodesmin PL, while L. biglobosa does not. However, their interaction/coexistence in terms of secondary metabolite production is not understood.

RESULTS

Secondary metabolites were extracted from liquid cultures, L. maculans only (Lm only), L. biglobosa only (Lb only), L. maculans and L. biglobosa simultaneously (Lm&Lb) or sequentially 7 days later (Lm+Lb). Sirodesmin PL or its precursors were identified in extracts from ‘Lm only’ and ‘Lm+Lb’, but not from ‘Lm&Lb’. Metabolites from ‘Lb only’, ‘Lm&Lb’ or ‘Lm+Lb’ caused significant reductions in L. maculans colony area. However, only the metabolites containing sirodesmin PL caused a significant reduction to L. biglobosa colony area. When oilseed rape cotyledons were inoculated with conidia of ‘Lm only’, ‘Lb only’ or ‘Lm&Lb’, ‘Lm only’ produced large gray lesions, while ‘Lm&Lb’ produced small dark lesions similar to lesions caused by ‘Lb only’. Sirodesmin PL was found only in the plant extracts from ‘Lm only’. These results suggest that L. biglobosa prevents the production of sirodesmin PL and its precursors by L. maculans when they grow simultaneously in vitro or in planta.

CONCLUSION

For the first time, L. biglobosa has been shown to inhibit the production of sirodesmin PL by L. maculans when interacting simultaneously with L. maculans either in vitro or in planta. This antagonistic effect of interspecific interaction may affect their coexistence and subsequent disease progression and management. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
A Systematic Study of Spin‐Dependent Recombination in GaAs1−xNx as a Function of Nitrogen Content
Authors: Ulibarri Agatha C. , Kothari Rishabh , Garcia Alejandro , Harmand Jean-Christophe , Park Sangjun , Cadiz Fabian , Lassailly Yves , Peretti Jacques , Rowe Alistair C. H.
Published: November 2022

A systematic study of spin‐dependent recombination (SDR) under steady‐state optical pumping conditions as a function of nitrogen content, x, in dilute nitride alloys of the form GaAs1−xNx is reported. Use of high‐excitation power densities up to 107 W cm−2 allows measurement of the full SDR versus power curves, even at relatively high nitrogen contents of x = 0.039. Alloy contents for are determined within by fitting the photoluminescence (PL) spectra using a Roosbroeck–Shockley relation, and values consistent with those obtained by studying the intensity of the GaN‐like LO2 Raman mode are found. PL intensity increases by a factor known as the SDR ratio when switching from linearly to circularly polarized pump excitation. This factor reaches 5 for x = 0.022 and decreases with increasing x, falling to 1.5 for x = 0.039. Moreover, the excitation power required for maximum SDR increases with increasing x, varying from 0.6 mW for x = 0.022 to 15 mW for x = 0.039. These observations indicate an increase in the density of electronically active defects with increasing nitrogen content, both responsible for the SDR and other, standard Shockley–Read–Hall centers. The result demonstrates the importance of including nonspin‐dependent recombination channels in a complete model of SDR.
Topological Phase Transition of Non‐Hermitian Systems with Particle–Hole Symmetry
Authors: Shen Shiwen , Zhang Wei , Huang Liangliang , Liu Hao , Zhang Zhengzhong
Published: November 2022

As an effective description of general open systems, the non‐Hermitian (NH) Hamiltonians have attracted much attention recently. New topological properties unique to NH have been discovered. Herein, the one‐dimensional NH systems in the presence of particle–hole symmetry are considered and demonstrate that the topological phase transition happens when the momentum of states touches the unit circle of the generalized Brillouin zone. This criterion is in agreement with the critical point that zero modes are annihilated into the continuum bands, i.e., the gap of continuum bands is closed. This criterion of phase transition is also verified for the models of the Kitaev chain and Alicea nanowire, by introducing two NH terms including the Hatano–Nelson term and complex chemical potential. It is found that the skin effect enhances the localization of zero modes. Moreover, the NH Kitaev chain and Alicea nanowire with electric circuits for further experiments are realized.
Transient positive antimitochondrial M2 in sera of patients with connective tissue diseases after intravenous immunoglobulin infusions
Authors: Yang Lijuan , Wei Xiuning , Li Qianhua , Li Honggui , Ouyang Zhiming , Zeng Aiqi , Zheng Donghui , Dai Lie , Mo Yingqian
Published: November 2022

Background

Although antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), anti‐SSA and anti‐Ro52, are present in immunoglobulin preparations, it is unknown whether intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy influences the testing of serum autoantibodies in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTDs). The present study aimed to investigate the dynamic change over time of serum ANA‐related autoantibodies in patients with CTDs receiving IVIG therapy.

Methods

Serum ANA‐related autoantibodies were monitored in two patients with CTD before IVIG therapy and at different times after therapy. These autoantibodies were tested in different batches of immunoglobulin preparations from seven pharmaceutical companies.

Results

One patient developed a new ANA pattern (cytoplasmic dense fine speckled pattern, AC‐19) just after IVIG therapy. Both patients developed de novo positivity for AMA‐M2 and anti‐SSA, but returned negative 1 month after IVIG therapy. The residual liquid in patients' immunoglobulin preparations showed positive ANAs with a high titer of AC‐19 (1:640), a low titer of the nuclear fine speckled pattern (AC‐4, 1:80), positive AMA‐M2, and positive anti‐SSA. ANA‐related autoantibodies were tested in 16 batches of immunoglobulin preparations and all had positive ANAs with two patterns: AC‐19 (1:640 or 1:320) and AC‐4 (1:80). AMA‐M2 and anti‐SSA were positive in 100% of the batches.

Conclusion

Our study highlights high‐titer AMA‐M2 autoantibodies in immunoglobulin preparations and suggests their transient transfer into a patient's circulation via IVIG therapy. To avoid incorrect clinical decisions based on postinfusion antibody titers, our data recommend retesting 1–2 months after high‐dose IVIG immunomodulatory treatment.
Domain stabilization in probability in a fixed time for nonlinear stochastic systems via feedback control
Authors: Yin Juliang , Khoo Suiyang , Yu Xin
Published: November 2022

This paper is concerned with the domain stabilization in probability in a fixed time for nonlinear stochastic systems. More specifically, given a target domain , a probability and a fixed time , we aim to find suitable state feedback control laws such that the trajectory of the resulting closed‐loop system, starting from outside , will reach the target domain in the fixed time with the minimum probability . To this end, we prove a local existence and uniqueness result of solutions to nonlinear stochastic systems under mild conditions, and derive upper bounds of the mean of the first hitting time with respect to under various rigorous conditions. By these results, a Lyapunov‐based controller design is given to guarantee the domain stability for nonlinear stochastic systems with affine control inputs. Besides, inequalities of quadratic forms focusing on semi‐linear stochastic systems are used to design a linear state feedback controller for achieving the domain stability in probability. Several examples are given for demonstration.
Upgrading of Tall Fescue Grass Pyrolytic Bioliquid and Catalytic Valorization of The Biofurfural Obtained
Authors: Musci Juan J. , Casoni Andrés I. , Gutiérrez Victoria S. , Ocsachoque Marco A. , Merlo Andrea B. , Volpe María A. , Lick Ileana D. , Casella Mónica L.
Published: November 2022

The production of added value products following catalytic hydrogenation reactions of bioliquids was studied. These bioliquids were obtained from the pyrolysis of raw and acid‐treated (H3PO4) Tall Fescue (Fescue arundinacea) waste. Before the pyrolytic test, the biomass samples were analyzed by a micro thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR spectroscopy (TGA‐IR), which enables the chemical identification of functional groups of gaseous molecules originated by solid/gas transformations. From these results, the pyrolysis temperature was selected, and bench scale pyrolysis reactions were carried out. The pyrolysis bioliquids showed high furfural concentration, 46 and 70 % for fescue and acid washed fescue, respectively. The bioliquid with the highest furfural concentration was catalytically hydrogenated in aqueous phase. A batch reactor was employed, with Ru/C and Ru−Sn/C catalysts to produce high added value alcohols.
Recent Advances in Graphene and Graphene‐Based Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts: C−C And C−Y Coupling Reactions in Liquid Phase
Authors: Paunkumar Ponnusamy , Babu Sundaram Ganesh
Published: November 2022

Up to date, graphene has been widely used in organic transformations as a supporting material due to its superior physical and chemical properties as well as being cost‐effective. Metal nanocomposite as a catalyst has been studied in the formation of carbon‐carbon and carbon‐heteroatom bonds formation reactions such as Suzuki, Ullmann, Heck, Sonogashira, C−O, C−N, and C−S cross‐coupling reactions. The efficient catalysts were characterized by analytical and microscopic techniques and investigated their reusability. The reactions gave the desired products (pharmaceutical intermediate products) an easier path. This review mainly focuses on metal nanoparticles supported by graphene derivatives towards the C−C and C−Y (Y=O, S, N) cross‐coupling reactions in liquid phase heterogeneous catalysis.
Ag‐doped CoP Hollow Nanoboxes as Efficient Water Splitting Electrocatalysts and Antibacterial Materials
Authors: Tong Xianfeng , Liao Wenhao , Fu Yingyan , Qian Min , Dai Haojiang , Mei Lu , Zhai Yali , Chen Tianyun , Yang Liu , Yang Qinghua
Published: November 2022

Functionalized designs such as doping can effectively reduce charge transfer impedance and accelerate charge transfer dynamics. In this study, we reported a facile method to synthesize Ag‐doped ZIF‐67 hollow nanoboxes (Ag‐CoP HNBs) by introducing Ag into cobalt‐centered zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐67). Its unique hollow structure results in higher stability, more active sites and bigger specific surface area with excellent HER and OER performance. Specifically, Ag‐CoP HNBs requires only 97 and 256 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for HER and OER in 1.0 M KOH, respectively. Meanwhile, merely a voltage of 1.53 V is needed for delivering a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for overall water splitting. Moreover, Ag‐CoP HNBs exhibits excellent antibacterial activity for different bacteria due to the presence of Ag. In conclusion, this study provided a facile, feasible and productive way for developing Ag contained bifunctional electrocatalysts with antibacterial activity, which might have potential use in seawater splitting.
Design, Synthesis, Docking, 2D‐QSAR Modelling, Anticancer and Antioxidant Evaluation of Some New Azo‐Compounds Derivatives and Investigation of Their Fluorescence Properties
Authors: Hamed Eman O. , Elsayed Doaa A. , Assy Mohamed G. , Shehab Wesam S.
Published: November 2022

2,2′ (2,4‐dioxopentane‐3,3‐diyl) bis(diazene‐2,1‐diyl) dibenzoic acid was produced in this work, which was derived from the coupling reaction between two moles of diazonium salt and one mole of acetylacetone in an alkaline medium. Some derivatives based on this starting material were investigated. The structures of the good yielded synthesized composites were well characterized by different spectral techniques such as IR,1H‐ NMR,13C‐ NMR, and mass spectrometry. Due to the outrageous spread of cancer, these compounds were tested for the cytotoxicity against human tumor cells (HEPG‐2) and (MCF‐7) as a wide spread type of cancers in Egypt. The study illustrated that compounds11aand11bhad a very powerful effect on two separate cell lines (HEPG‐2 and MCF‐7) and compounds8and6had a strong effect. The results of anticancer were supported by molecular docking and 2D‐QSAR modeling. In addition to testing the compounds as anticancer drugs, they were examined as antioxidant by using [DPPH] technique, antimicrobial activity (gram‐positive and gram‐negative) and antifungal activity which provided satisfactory results. The fluorescence properties were tested as an analytical application for the produced substances with good results.
Synthesis of 4‐Azaindole‐morpholine‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole Conjugates as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors
Authors: Hari Gangadhar Kotni , Benarjee Velaga , Ratnamala Annapragada
Published: November 2022

Herein, we synthesized some new 4‐azaindole‐morpholine‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole conjugates (11 a–n) and evaluated for their in vitro anticancer potency towards three human cancer cell lines namely MCF‐7, A549 and HepG2 using MTT assay. Among all, compounds (1‐((5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl)methyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyridin‐3‐yl) (morpholino) methanone (11 d), 4‐(5‐((3‐(morpholine‐4‐carbonyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyridin‐1‐yl)methyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl) benzonitrile (11 f) and (1‐((5‐(4‐chloro‐3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl)methyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyridin‐3‐yl)(morpholino) methanone (11 k) displayed greater in vitro activity against all the cell lines than the erlotinib with IC50 values ranging from 1.12 to 14.15 μM. The active compounds 11 d, 11 f and 11 k were also screened for their inhibiting power of tyrosine kinase EGFR and results revealed that the compounds 11 d and 11 f exhibited more inhibition than the standard erlotinib. Further, docking studies of compounds 11 d, 11 f and 11 k on EGFR revealed that compound 11 d had highest binding energy (−10.37 kcal/mol). Finally, compounds 11 d and 11 f followed the rules of Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan rule and Muegge rules without any deviation.
Reduced Graphene Oxide‐Gold Nanoparticle Nanohybrid Modified Cost‐Effective Paper‐Based Biosensor for Procalcitonin Detection
Authors: Gupta Yachana , Pandey Chandra Mouli , Ghrera Aditya Sharma
Published: November 2022

The present study reports the fabrication of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/gold nanoparticles (AuNP) nanocomposites modified cellulose fiber paper‐based electrochemical biosensor for procalcitonin (PCT) biomarker detection. PCT is a biomarker specific for bacterial infection (BI) detection and has gained much attention as a potential solution to the problems associated with determining appropriate antibiotic use. In sepsis and other severe infections, serum PCT levels increase to values above 100 ng mL−1 in response to pro‐inflammatory stimulation. The structural and morphological characterization of the rGO‐AuNP composite are investigated using UV‐Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Monoclonal antibodies specific to PCT were covalently immobilized onto the rGO‐AuNP nanocomposite modified paper to fabricate an electrochemical biosensor. The fabricated biosensor exhibits linearity in the PCT concentration range 10 −15×103 pg mL−1, with a low detection limit 10 pg mL−1. Furthermore, the proposed biosensor also exhibited good selectivity and could detect PCT biomarkers even in the presence of other interfering electroactive species such as glucose, oxalic acid, and urea. The proposed CF‐based biosensor has been proven as an accelerated simple point‐of‐care (POC) exploratory approach for early PCT diagnosis in inadequate areas with limited production facilities, computational techniques, and highly skilled experts.
Rongalite Promoted Reductive Esterification of Sulfonyl Chlorides: An Efficient Preparation of Sulfinic Esters
Authors: Zhang Guofu , Sang Zhimin , Wu WenLiang , Fan Qiankun , Ding Chengrong
Published: November 2022

A method for the synthesis of sulfinic esters was developed by using rongalite [CH2(OH)SO2Na] promoted esterification of sulfonyl chloride with alcohol. Various functional groups are compatible with the green strategy. It can be easily executed at gram level. Furthermore, mechanistic studies confirmed that this process can proceed via a radical mechanism. It represents a new method for green and efficient conversion of readily available sulfonyl chloride.
Benzimidazolium Ionic‐Liquid‐Functionalized Star‐shaped Copolymer Stationary Phase for Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Chen Ruonan , Cai Zhiqiang , Huang Qiuchen , Zhang Wei , Jin Keyun , Zhao Yi , Li Yiwen , Sun Tao , Ji Hongying , Li Shuai
Published: November 2022

In this work, a novel star‐shaped copolymer functionalized by benzimidazolium ionic liquid (Star‐PEG‐PCL2‐2Bim) was synthesized and applied as stationary phase in capillary gas chromatography (GC). After static coating, the Star‐PEG‐PCL2‐2Bim column exhibited a column efficiency of 2655 plates/m and moderate polarity. The Star‐PEG‐PCL2‐2Bim column showed preferential retention and high resolving capability for hydrogen‐bonded and aromatic analytes, showing advantages over the ordinary polysiloxane phase. Impressively, it attained high resolution for the isomer mixtures of halogenated benzene, nitrobenzene, phenol and benzaldehydes with good peak shapes. The advantageous separation performance shows the good potential of the Star‐PEG‐PCL2‐2Bim stationary phase for GC analysis.
Superstructures of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks to Single‐ and Multiatom Sites for Electrochemical Energy Conversion
Authors: Patil Rahul , Liu Shude , Yadav Anubha , Khaorapapong Nithima , Yamauchi Yusuke , Dutta Saikat
Published: November 2022

The exploration of electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity and long‐term stability for electrochemical energy conversion is significant yet remains challenging. Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)‐derived superstructures are a source of atomic‐site‐containing electrocatalysts. These atomic sites anchor the guest encapsulation and self‐assembly of aspheric polyhedral particles produced using microreactor fabrication. This review provides an overview of ZIF‐derived superstructures by highlighting some of the key structural types, such as open carbon cages, 1D superstructures, hollow structures, and the interconversion of superstructures. The fundamentals and representative structures are outlined to demonstrate the role of superstructures in the construction of materials with atomic sites, such as single‐ and dual‐atom materials. Then, the roles of ZIF‐derived single‐atom sites for the electroreduction of CO2 and electrochemical synthesis of H2O2 are discussed, and their electrochemical performance for energy conversion is outlined. Finally, the perspective on advancing single‐ and dual‐atom electrode‐based electrochemical processes with enhanced redox activity and a low‐impedance charge‐transfer pathway for cathodes is provided. The challenges associated with ZIF‐derived superstructures for electrochemical energy conversion are discussed.
Deterministic Excitation of Polarization‐Sensitive Extrinsic Anapole State in Si Nanodisk Clusters
Authors: Ma Churong , Zhou Fangrong , Huang Pengfei , Li Meng , Zhao Feng , Feng Ziwei , Liu Ying , Li Xiangping , Guan Bai‐ou , Chen Kai
Published: November 2022

Nanoparticle clusters provide new degrees of freedom for light control due to their mutual interaction compared with an individual one. Here, the authors demonstrate theoretically and experimentally a type of optical anapole (a nonradiating state) termed as extrinsic anapole, with mode field spreading across Si nanodisk dimers unlike the intrinsic one that is confined within individual nanodisks. The extrinsic anapole is sensitive to the polarized excitation. When the electric vector E of excitation is perpendicular to the dimer axis, the coupled toroidal dipole (TD) mode is largely enhanced and broadened to be spectrally overlapped with the electric dipole (ED) mode. The destructive interference of these two modes results in the generation of the extrinsic anapole. However, it vanishes when E is parallel to the dimer axis. Such polarization dependence can be relieved with the participation of the third nanodisk. Scattering spectra of Si nanodisk trimers stay almost unchanged under different polarized excitations, although the near‐field distributions are quite different. Finally, enhanced white‐light emission is observed in Si nanodisk clusters, which can be attributed to the near‐infrared absorption enhancement induced by extrinsic anapole states. The findings manifest that high‐index all‐dielectric nanodisk clusters are promising for light manipulation based on mode interference.
Synergy of Platinum Single Atoms and Platinum Atomic Clusters on Sulfur‐Doped Titanium Nitride Nanotubes for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Yan Jing , Xi Zichao , Cong Linlin , Lv Kun , Xin Ruiyun , Cao Bo , Liu Baocang , He Jinlu , Zhang Jun
Published: November 2022

Highly dispersed Pt, such as Pt single atoms and atomic clusters, has great potential in the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to the high atomic efficiency and unique electronic configuration. Rationally regrating the electronic structure of Pt catalysts is desirable for promoting the HER performance. Herein, a 3D self‐supported monolithic electrode consisting of Pt single atoms (PtSAs) and Pt atomic clusters (PtACs) anchored on sulfur‐doped titanium nitride nanotubes (S‐TiN NTs) encapsulated in polyaniline (PANI) on Ti mesh (PANI@Pt/S‐TiN NTs/Ti) via a facile electrochemical strategy for efficient HER is designed and synthesized. Contributed by the unique structure and composition and the synergy of PtSAs, PtACs and S‐TiN NTs, the PANI@Pt/S‐TiN NTs/Ti electrode exhibits ultrahigh HER activities with only 12, 25 and 39 mV overpotentials at −10 mA cm−2 in acidic, alkaline and neutral media, respectively, and can maintain a stable performance for 25 h. Impressively, the mass activities are respectively up to 26.1, 22.4, and 17.7 times as that of Pt/C/CC electrode. Theoretical calculation results show that the synergistic effect of PtSAs, PtACs, and S‐TiN NTs can optimize the electronic structure of Pt and generate multiple active sites with a thermodynamically favorable hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔGH*), thereby resulting in an enhanced HER activity.
Persistent urachal remnant in a 3‐year‐old guinea pig
Authors: Baldrey Vicki , Hedley Joanna , Davidson Gordon , Skarbek Adrianna , Martineau Henny
Published: November 2022

A 3‐year‐old, female, entire guinea pig presented with an 8‐week history of dysuria and vocalising when urinating. Investigations included radiography, ultrasonograpy and urine culture, which did not yield a definitive diagnosis. Medical management continued over a 3‐month period during which time, the clinical signs waxed and waned. A computed tomography scan was performed, which revealed cystitis, cystolithiasis and evidence of a persistent urachal remnant. Surgical resection of the urachal remnant was performed. The guinea pig made a good recovery from the procedure, and clinical signs have not returned 9 months later.
Availability of lesser prairie‐chicken nesting habitat impairs restoration success
Authors: Berigan Liam A. , Aulicky Carly S. H. , Teige Elisabeth C. , Sullins Daniel S. , Haukos David A. , Fricke Kent A. , Reitz Jonathan H. , Rossi Liza G. , Schultz Kraig A. , Ricketts Andrew M.
Published: November 2022

Regional populations of lesser prairie‐chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) have been declining irregularly since the early 1900s (Jensen et al. 2000). Populations in the Sand Sagebrush Prairie Ecoregion of Kansas and Colorado, USA, have been experiencing declines during the last 2 decades. Ecoregion‐wide declines included the Cimarron and Comanche National Grasslands in southwestern Kansas and southeastern Colorado, respectively, from which lesser prairie‐chickens were nearly extirpated by 2016. In 2014, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Forest Service created a vegetation management plan to restore lesser prairie‐chicken nesting habitat on the National Grasslands. We used management plan recommendations to evaluate available nesting habitat on National Grasslands and surrounding areas for 394 transmitter‐marked lesser prairie‐chickens translocated to the Sand Sagebrush Prairie Ecoregion during 2016–2019. We found that a small proportion of vegetation measurements met the USDA–Forest Service's 100% visual obstruction guidelines of 25.4 to 38.1 cm (Cimarron: 5.3–21.8% of observations among cover types; Comanche: 1.5–3.0%), and grass species with a high value for nesting were rare (Cimarron: 0.5–20.1% of observations within each cover type; Comanche: 1.5–3.0%). Lesser prairie‐chickens selected for 2 of the 10 National Grasslands' cover types (shrubland state and warm season shortgrass state) during breeding season movements, but only shrubland state was selected for during nesting. Our results indicate that nesting habitat for lesser prairie‐chickens is limited on Cimarron and Comanche National Grasslands. As private grassland was also avoided during nesting, lesser prairie‐chickens in Baca and Morton counties are currently primarily relying on Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands to meet nesting habitat thresholds (Morton, KS: 17.7% CRP; Baca, CO: 16.6% CRP), which may be insufficient to sustain a viable population. Due to the impermanence of CRP, efforts to sustain local populations are likely to depend on increased improved lesser prairie‐chicken nesting habitat on National Grasslands. Grazing strategies such as rest‐rotation and year‐long deferments may provide opportunities to restore lesser prairie‐chicken habitat on sand sagebrush prairie.
Determination and Imaging of Small Biomolecules and Ions Using Ruthenium(II) Complex-Based Chemosensors
Authors: Wu Miaomiao , Zhang Zexi , Yong Jiaxi , Schenk Peer M. , Tian Dihua , Xu Zhi Ping , Zhang Run
Published: November 2022

Luminescence chemosensors are one of the most useful tools for the determination and imaging of small biomolecules and ions in situ in real time. Based on the unique photo-physical/-chemical properties of ruthenium(II) (Ru(II)) complexes, the development of Ru(II) complex-based chemosensors has attracted increasing attention in recent years, and thus many Ru(II) complexes have been designed and synthesized for the detection of ions and small biomolecules in biological and environmental samples. In this work, we summarize the research advances in the development of Ru(II) complex-based chemosensors for the determination of ions and small biomolecules, including anions, metal ions, reactive biomolecules and amino acids, with a particular focus on binding/reaction-based chemosensors for the investigation of intracellular analytes’ evolution through luminescence analysis and imaging. The advances, challenges and future research directions in the development of Ru(II) complex-based chemosensors are also discussed.
Sichtweise Geflüchteter auf das Leben in ländlichen Regionen
Authors: Kordel Stefan , Weidinger Tobias , Spenger David
Published: November 2022

Das Kapitel adressiert Erfahrungen von Geflüchteten hinsichtlich ihres Lebensalltags in ländlichen Regionen in Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft. Als empirische Datengrundlage dienen partizipativ-orientierte, qualitative Interviews mit Geflüchteten und Fokusgruppengespräche. Fokussiert werden Exklusions- und Inklusionsprozesse in den Bereichen Wohnen, Bildung, Arbeit und Gesundheit.
Bleibeorientierung Geflüchteter, die Rolle der Aufnahmegesellschaft und Haltestrategien der Lokalpolitik
Authors: Kordel Stefan , Gasch Simone , Glorius Birgit , Mehl Peter , Osigus Torsten , Schammann Hannes , Schneider Hanne , Spenger David , Weidinger Tobias , Younso Christin
Published: November 2022

Das Kapitel fokussiert erstens die Bleibeorientierung von Geflüchteten in ländlichen Wohnorten. Dafür werden sowohl statistische Daten aus dem Ausländerzentralregister (AZR) als auch narrative Interviews analysiert. Neben der Frage, wie viele bleiben und wer bleibt, werden auch strukturelle Rahmenbedingungen und individuelle Konstellationen, die das Bleiben wahrscheinlicher machen, thematisiert. Zweitens diskutiert das Kapitel, wie Bleiben mit Einstellungen der Lokalbevölkerung zusammenhängt und drittens inwiefern Haltestrategien von der Lokalpolitik artikuliert werden.
The Brownian loop soup stress-energy tensor
Authors: Camia Federico , Foit Valentino F. , Gandolfi Alberto , Kleban Matthew
Published: November 2022

Abstract

The Brownian loop soup (BLS) is a conformally invariant statistical ensemble of random loops in two dimensions characterized by an intensity λ > 0. Recently, we constructed families of operators in the BLS and showed that they transform as conformal primary operators. In this paper we provide an explicit expression for the BLS stress-energy tensor and compute its operator product expansion with other operators. Our results are consistent with the conformal Ward identities and our previous result that the central charge is c = 2λ. In the case of domains with boundary we identify a boundary operator that has properties consistent with the boundary stress-energy tensor. We show that this operator generates local deformations of the boundary and that it is related to a boundary operator that induces a Brownian excursion starting or ending at its insertion point.
Nonautonomous semilinear Wentzell problems in fractal domains
Authors: Lancia Maria Rosaria , Vernole Paola
Published: November 2022

We study a nonautonomous semilinear parabolic problem with a dynamical boundary condition in an irregular domain with fractal boundary. Local existence, uniqueness and regularity results for the mild solution are established via a family of evolution operators. A sufficient condition on the initial datum for global existence is given.
Gesundheitsinformationsverhalten und Gesundheitskompetenzen zur COVID-19-Schutzimpfung von Menschen in Deutschland – Befunde der CoSiD-Studie
Authors: Bosle Catherin , Orth Boris , Reibling Nadine , Merkel Christina , Muschalik Carolin , von Rüden Ursula
Published: November 2022

Hintergrund

Obwohl die COVID-19-Schutzimpfung schwere Krankheitsverläufe sowie Hospitalisierungen und Todesfälle reduziert, ist jede vierte bis fünfte Person in Deutschland nicht gegen COVID-19 geimpft. Um diese Menschen zu erreichen, werden effektive Informations- und Kommunikationsmaßnahmen benötigt. Dafür ist es wichtig, den subjektiven Informationsstand, das Informationsverhalten sowie die Gesundheitskompetenzen im Bereich der COVID-19-Schutzimpfung insbesondere von bisher Ungeimpften zu kennen.

Methoden

Die dritte repräsentative Bevölkerungsbefragung (Nov./Dez. 2021; n = 4366) der CoSiD-Studie (Corona-Schutzimpfung in Deutschland) wurde als kombinierte Telefon- und Online-Befragung durchgeführt. Untersucht wurden bivariate Zusammenhänge zwischen Informationsstand, Informationsverhalten bzw. subjektiven Gesundheitskompetenzen und Impfstatus und -absicht. Zudem wurden multivariate Zusammenhänge soziodemografischer Merkmale mit subjektiven Gesundheitskompetenzen untersucht.

Ergebnisse

Unentschlossene und eher Impfbereite berichten seltener einen guten subjektiven Informationsstand (46,1 %; 41,1 %) sowie die Kompetenz, Informationen zur COVID-19-Schutzimpfung zu bewerten (36,5 %; 38,8 %) und sich darauf basierend zu entscheiden (39,0 %; 35,9 %). Ungeimpfte ohne Impfabsicht schätzen Informationen häufiger als unglaubwürdig oder falsch ein (60,3 %). Menschen mit niedrigerem Bildungsniveau, Jüngere und Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund berichten geringere Gesundheitskompetenzen in Bezug auf die COVID-19-Schutzimpfung.

Diskussion

Kommunikationsmaßnahmen zur Förderung der Gesundheitskompetenzen sollten gezielt Personen mit unsicherer Impfabsicht sowie Jüngere, Menschen mit niedrigerem Bildungsniveau und Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund zielgruppenspezifisch adressieren.
Stellenwert der Computertomographie in der präoperativen Diagnostik der Otosklerose
Authors: Stenz Nadja Angela , Hashmi Salman , Lehnick Dirk , Treumann Thomas , Linder Thomas
Published: November 2022

Hintergrund

Die Otosklerose ist ein häufig gesehenes Krankheitsbild in der HNO-ärztlichen Sprechstunde und führt durch einen Knochenumbau der otischen Kapsel zu einer progredienten Schwerhörigkeit. Die bildgebenden Methoden, insbesondere die Computertomographie (CT) und die digitale Volumentomographie (DVT), gewinnen in der Diagnose der Otosklerose zunehmend an Bedeutung.

Ziel der Studie

Gibt es eine Korrelation zwischen dem Ausmaß der Otosklerose in der Bildgebung mittels CT oder DVT und der Hörminderung im Reintonaudiogramm?

Material und Methoden

Aus bereits publizierten Einteilungskriterien zur Beurteilung von Otoskleroseherden wurde eine Klassifikation erarbeitet. Die präoperativen CT-Datensätze der im Zeitraum zwischen 2015 und 2019 operierten Patient*innen mit Otosklerose wurden von zwei unabhängigen HNO-Ärzt*innen evaluiert und klassifiziert. Die präoperativen Audiogramme wurden ausgewertet und mit den CT-Befunden verglichen.

Resultate

Eingeschlossen wurden 168 Ohren von 156 Patient*innen mit intraoperativ bestätigter Otosklerose. Eine Korrelation zwischen der Ausdehnung der Otoskleroseherde bzw. dem errechneten Score und der Hörminderung (Luftleitung, Knochenleitung und Air-Bone-Gap) im Reintonaudiogramm konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden.

Schlussfolgerung

Eine präoperative Diagnostik mittels CT ist nicht obligat. Die Bildgebung, bevorzugt mit einer DVT, kann jedoch zum Ausschluss weiterer Mittel- und Innenohrpathologien sowie zur Planung eines operativen Eingriffs im Kontext von Otoskopie und Audiometrie durchaus begründet sein. Eine Korrelation zur gemessenen Hörminderung bleibt weiterhin unklar und konnte in unserer Kohorte nicht nachgewiesen werden.
Macroalgal physical structure predicts variation in some attributes of temperate fish assemblages better than macroalgal species composition
Authors: Srednick Griffin S. , Steele Mark A.
Published: November 2022

The importance of vegetative habitat in influencing distribution patterns, species interactions, and biodiversity is well documented in marine ecosystems, yet most previous studies on macroalgal–fish relationships have focused on influences of density and identity of macroalgae, often ignoring how the unique physical structure provided by each alga contributes to patterns. We tested whether the distribution, abundance, and biomass of rocky reef fishes could be predicted as well or better by measures of physical structure of macroalgae than by species identity and abundance. Divers visually sampled fishes and macroalgae at seven sites spread over several km at Santa Catalina Island, California, over a 1-year period, to examine how the distribution patterns of fishes related to spatiotemporal differences in the macroalgal assemblage. We found that variation in the composition, density, and diversity of the fish assemblage was equally or better explained by macroalgal structure (total surface area and height) than by macroalgal species density. In contrast, biomass and vertical distribution of fishes were better predicted by macroalgal species identity and density than by macroalgal physical structure. Of the macroalgal attributes, surface area was the best predictor of fish abundance and multivariate assemblage structure (species and their densities). However, much of the spatiotemporal variation in the fish assemblage was not explained by macroalgae, indicating that even in habitats visually dominated by macroalgae, macrophytes are only one of many factors that drive spatiotemporal variation in community structure. Our results suggest that quantifying the physical structure provided by marine macroalgae can be more useful than macroalgal species identity in predicting some aspects of fish assemblage structure.
Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women
Authors: Hengist Aaron , Davies Russell G. , Rogers Peter J. , Brunstrom Jeff M. , van Loon Luc J. C. , Walhin Jean-Philippe , Thompson Dylan , Koumanov Françoise , Betts James A. , Gonzalez Javier T.
Published: November 2022

Purpose

To determine the effects of dietary sugar or carbohydrate restriction on physical activity energy expenditure, energy intake, and physiological outcomes across 24 h.

Methods

In a randomized, open-label crossover design, twenty-five healthy men (n = 10) and women (n = 15) consumed three diets over a 24-h period: moderate carbohydrate and sugar content (MODSUG = 50% carbohydrate [20% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); low sugar content (LOWSUG = 50% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); and low carbohydrate content (LOWCHO = 8% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 77% fat). Postprandial metabolic responses to a prescribed breakfast (20% EI) were monitored under laboratory conditions before an ad libitum test lunch, with subsequent diet and physical activity monitoring under free-living conditions until blood sample collection the following morning.

Results

The MODSUG, LOWSUG and LOWCHO diets resulted in similar mean [95%CI] rates of both physical activity energy expenditure (771 [624, 919] vs. 677 [565, 789] vs. 802 [614, 991] kcal·d−1; p = 0.29] and energy intake (2071 [1794, 2347] vs. 2195 [1918, 2473] vs. 2194 [1890, 2498] kcal·d−1; P = 0.34), respectively. The LOWCHO condition elicited the lowest glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to breakfast (P < 0.01) but the highest 24-h increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.001), with no differences between the MODSUG and LOWSUG treatments. Leptin concentrations decreased over 24-h of consuming LOWCHO relative to LOWSUG (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

When energy density is controlled for, restricting either sugar or total dietary carbohydrate does not modulate physical activity level or energy intake over a 24-h period (~ 19-h free-living) despite substantial metabolic changes.

Clinical trials registration ID

NCT03509610, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03509610
Endoscopic management of refractory leak and gastro-cutaneous fistula after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Negm Said , Mousa Bassam , Shafiq Ahmed , Abozaid Mohamed , Allah Ehab Abd , Attia Adel , AbdelKader Taha , Farag Ahmed
Published: November 2022

Background

Gastro-cutaneous fistula is a rare complication after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) with incidence of occurrence 1–2%. Most of gastro-cutaneous fistulae do not respond to conservative management and need intervention either surgically or endoscopically.

Methods

This prospective randomized clinical study included referred patients who had LSG performed at our department or other centers, and complicated with post-LSG leak or gastro-cutaneous fistula between December/2019 and March/2021. Included patients were ASA Physical status I–II. Primary and secondary outcomes were recurrence of the fistula and mortality in each group after the intervention during the 18 months follow-up period, respectively.

Results

Thirty patients were randomized into two groups: Surgery Group (SG, n = 15) and Endoscopy Group (EG, n = 15). Mean age of patients was 42.3 ± 8.7 and 42.6 ± 8.3 years-old in SG and EG, respectively. Females constituted 73.3% and 80% in SG and EG, respectively. Median time-to-gastric leak post LSG was six (range: 4–7) days in both groups. SG patients were surgically managed with primary repair of the gastric fistula and gastrojejunostomy in 13 patients or converting SG into Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in two patients, while EG patients were endoscopically managed with stitching, stenting, stenting and dilation, and clipping and dilation in 5, 4, 4 and 2 patients, respectively. Incidence of recurrent leak during 1st week was significantly higher in SG than EG (p < 0.001). No mortality reported in EG, while 2 patients died in SG (p = 0.48).

Conclusion

Endoscopic intervention may offer a successful modality in managing post-LSG gastric leak and gastro-cutaneous fistula that do not respond to conservative measures in stable patients.