bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health and Community-Based Service Use
Authors: Mitchell Jim , Mathews Holly F , Griffin Linner W.
Published: March 2007

Responses from personal interviews with a random sample of 2,178 adults aged 60 years and older living in their homes in eastern North Carolina were used to examine the effects of predisposing, enabling, and need indicators on differences in the use of health and community-based services separately for African American and White elders. Health services include primary care visits and visits to specialists. Community-based services were categorized into personal care services and financial assistance. Logistic regression analyses were done in an attempt to explain why African American elders are more likely than are Whites to use both kinds of community-based services, are less likely than are Whites to use specialty care, and whether there are differences by race in the use of primary care physicians. Results indicate that the odds of using financial assistance and medical care vary by race according to selected predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics. There is little difference by race, however, in the use of financial assistance services. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Women's Views of Institutional Versus Community-Based Long-Term Care
Authors: Kelly Lynn E. , Knox V. Jane , Gekoski William L.
Published: March 2007

Young, middle-age, and old women (N = 434) read factual descriptions of institutional and community-based care, and then made long-term care choices for elderly female targets with varying degrees of functional impairment, cognitive impairment, and informal support. Respondents also indicated what they would prefer in the target's situation. Results indicated that (1) community care was more positively perceived than institutional care, (2) only one-third had negative feelings about institutional care, (3) the greater the level of impairment the more likely institutional care was the preferred alternative, and (4) the less informal support a woman had the more likely that institutional care was the preferred care alternative. It was concluded that women's views of institutional care are not strongly negative, and that the availability of informal support is an even stronger predictor of long-term care choice for others or for the imagined self than is level of impairment. The implications of these findings for public policy are discussed.
Educational Strategies and Interventions Targeting Adults Age 50 and Older for HIV/AIDS Prevention
Authors: Strombeck Rita , Levy Judith A.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the need for targeting adults age 50 and older for HIV/AIDS prevention education. First, the authors consider a variety of educational strategies that can address both primary prevention (risk reduction) and secondary prevention (prompt identification and treatment) with regard to older adults. Examples of existing prevention education programs designed for older adults are presented together with a discussion of what has been learned about effective educational strategies and interventions among other targeted groups. Finally, suggestions are made for future research needed to help design and implement effective HIV/AIDS education programs for older adults.
Effect of Giving Care on Caregivers’Health
Authors: Haug Marie R. , Ford Amasa B. , Stange Kurt C. , Noelker Linda S. , Gaines Atwood D.
Published: March 2007

This longitudinal study of 121 caregivers of the elderly evaluates the change in their self-assessed mental and physical health over two years. The care recipients, who were drawn from a random sample of noninstitutionalized urban elders, showed increased need for help with personal and instrumental activities of daily living in this period. Both the physical and mental health of the caregivers declined significantly during the study. Predictors of decline in physical health of the caregivers at the end of the study were poorer physical health at the start, the amount of help they provided, a decline in their own mental health, and an increase in the number of other persons also available to provide care. In contrast, decline in caregivers’ mental health at the end was predicted only by poorer mental health at the start and by decline in physical health.
The Ground Floor of the World: On the Socio-Economic Consequences of Linguistic Globalization
Authors: van Parijs Philippe
Published: March 2007

As English emerges as the first world-wide lingua franca, countries whose native language is not English increasingly face the following dilemma: either they will have to lose their soul (by switching off the protection of their national language and culture) or they will have to lose their heart (by scaling down the redistributive component of their welfare state). This conclusion rests on the following premises, which the article presents and vindicates: (1) If weaker languages are to survive, the countries in which they are spoken will have to insist on the linguistic territoriality principle. (2) Plurilingual portfolios do now and increasingly will tend to include English. (3) If some area’s native language emerges as a world lingua franca and if the territoriality principle is in place elsewhere, the migration of the high-skilled will display a growing bias towards the lingua-franca countries, here called for this reason the ground floor of the world. (4) If there is a significant asymmetric skill drain, then the other countries’ governments will have no real option but to reduce net taxation on high-skilled labour income. The article closes with a brief discussion of various conceivable strategies for avoiding, or at least softening the dilemma.
Cultural Movements and Social Actors in the New Regional Scenarios: The Case of Mercosur
Authors: Jelin Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on societal and cultural transformations that take place in the context of the process of regional integration in the case of Mercosur, and asks how these policies affect societal actors and movements as the policies of economic integration are advanced by governments and powerful economic actors from above. Rather than assuming a linear process of societal integration, the article explores how the Mercosur process is becoming a new framework for societal activities, implying a multiplication of international exchanges and contacts. Its analysis of the experience of border areas and of social movements suggests that the ongoing societal processes do not necessarily imply cooperation and integration. Often, new conflicts emerge, and the results may lead to strengthening, rather than to weakening, nationalisms.
Trust, Social Capital, Civil Society, and Democracy
Authors: Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2007

The importance of trust has long been emphasised by social and political theorists from Locke and Tocqueville to Putnam and civil society theorists. However, individual survey data casts substantial doubt on this powerful tradition of thought. There is little evidence of (1) an overlap between social and political trust, (2) a syndrome of trust and membership of voluntary organizations, and (3) the existence of trusting/distrusting dispositions among individuals. However, at the aggregate national level there is evidence to support the theory, and the author concludes that the classic theory is correct but needs modification and qualification.
Can Parties Police Themselves? Electoral Governance and Democratization
Authors: Lehoucq Fabrice E.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines the logic and consequences of the classical theory of electoral governance. By empowering the executive with the administration of elections and the legislature with the certification of the vote tally, the theory expected elected officials to generate widely acceptable election results. This article argues that the classical theory breaks down when the same party controls the executive and the legislature. Developments in several presidential systems offer tentative support for its central hypothesis. Only when parties delegated election governance to an autonomous court system did election conflicts stop promoting political instability. Comparisons between us and Latin American separation of power systems also suggest that political developments in North and South America are much more similar than commonly assumed.
Preparing for Enlargement in the European Union: The Tensions Between Economic and Political Integration
Authors: Nello Susan Senior
Published: March 2007

Since 1989 an extremely rapid process of integration through the market has been taking place between the eu and Central and Eastern Europe. This operates through the three vehicles of integration: trade, foreign direct investment, and outward-processing trade, and has been encouraged by trade concessions and the process of legal approximation. In contrast, many of the political questions relating to enlargement in areas such as the Common Agricultural Policy, the Structural Funds, and Economic and Monetary Union still have not been resolved definitively. There remains a binomial asymmetry between the economic (market) and political aspects of integration.
Nuclear Weapons and the Indo-pakistani Conflict: Global Implications of a Regional Power Cycle
Authors: Geller Daniel S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the implications of possession of nuclear weapons for war between India and Pakistan. Existing literature derived from us-Soviet interaction during the Cold War may have little relevance to conflicts between developing nations with small and vulnerable nuclear arsenals. Applying power cycle theory within a regional context, this study explores possible global ramifications of a South Asian nuclear arms race. Power cycle theory suggests that Indo-Pakistani military competition may accelerate shifts in the relative power trends throughout Asia, causing abrupt changes in future foreign policy expectations and security that could ultimately affect the nuclear programs of both Russia and the United States.
Federal Evolution in Spain
Authors: Agranoff Robert
Published: March 2007

The gradual development of federal arrangements in Spain through its regional governments is examined within five perspectives on “post-modern” federalism: differentiation of the Spanish unitary state through the autonomous communities; evolutionary compacting through negotiated agreements, creating “self-rule plus shared rule”; complementary building of democratic institutions and territorial distribution of power; federalism's contribution to accommodating and managing center-periphery conflicts; and the use of federal arrangements in building the Spanish welfare state. While the Spanish system to date represents “incomplete federation,” the noncentralized estado de las autonomías exemplifies the increasing federal character of states on the international scene.
Theory and Urban Politics
Authors: Stoker Gerry
Published: March 2007

This article presents the main themes in the theoretical debates taking place in urban political theory. The first debate is around the analysis of community power and its renewal through such theoretical approaches as growth machines and urban regime theory. The analysis of urban protest is a second debate and the author suggests that the renewal of this analysis should come through the investigation of third force organizations, neither private nor public. The third and final debate is that regarding the emergence of contextual theory, including approaches relating to globalization and regulation theory. The article concludes that urban political science has remained open to new theoretical approaches.
Pancapitalism and Migration in Historical Perspective
Authors: Tehranian Majid
Published: March 2007

World system development has been always triggered by large-scale population movements. Ibn Khaldun, a fourteenth-century Islamic historian and perhaps the first world system theorist, viewed history as a continuing struggle for hegemony between nomadic and sedentary populations. He thus provided an ingenious explanation for the rise and fall of successive dynasties in the Islamic world. But he also provided a key for understanding much of world history in terms of population movements and migrations. This article argues that his perspective may explain some of the major trends of our own times, notably those of globalization, localization, and indigenization movements, such as that of Islamism.
Attempts to Resolve a Disability in Walking
Authors: JOHNSON NAN E.
Published: March 2007

This study analyzed the first two waves (1993-1994 and 1995-1996) of the national Survey on Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old. It focused on the prevalence of a common intrinsic disability at Wave 1—an unaided physiological hardship in walking across a room—and sought which factors eliminated the hardship so that there was no actual disability. Nonmetro and metro elderly people with this intrinsic disability were equally likely to use personal help in walking across a room and to resort to the same walking devices. Yet, nonmetro elderly people were less successful than their metro counterparts in avoiding mild residual hardship in interior ambulation. Reasons included a larger number of lower-body limitations among the nonmetro elderly and the greater absence of accommodative architectural features from nonmetro homes. This article concludes with a discussion of public policies that could assist disabled elders to remain community dwellers.
Classifying Family Violence
Authors: SCHUMM WALTER R. , MARTIN MICHAEL J. , BOLLMAN STEPHAN R. , JURICH ANTHONY P.
Published: March 2007

A typology of family violence was derived from the reports of 181 adolescent family members in intact rural and urban families sampled in the Midwest. Discriminant analysis was used in an attempt to differentiate nonviolent, verbally violent, and both verbally and physically violent families as a function of variables said to be significant predictors of family violence in a decade review by Gelles. Results indicate that the predictor variables fail to account consistently for differences among the three groups. As Gelles has suggested, a “woozle effect” may be operating in which frequent citations of relatively poor studies mislead us into thinking we know more about the causes of family violence than we really do.
Family Policy
Authors: CHERLIN ANDREW
Published: March 2007

This article examines the question of how family professionals should respond to the conservative “profamily” movement. It is argued that the response of liberal family professionals to date—consisting largely of a defense of pluralism—has been inadequate. Instead, family professionals need to develop a concrete agenda based on what they think are the most important issues facing families currently.
The Organization of Family Care for Impaired Elderly
Authors: NOELKER LINDA S. , WALLACE ROBERT W.
Published: March 2007

Although families currently provide the bulk of care for aged relatives, demographic changes affecting family structure and documentation of the negative effects of caregiving have resulted in reservations about its continued prevalence. The purpose of this research was to examine the assumptions underlying these reservations as well as the notion that caregiving is facilitated by a large and active support network. In contrast to previous research, this study used interview data from 597 families in which the impaired elder resided with and was cared for by household kin. Findings indicated that caregiving occurred in diverse household configurations involving a substantial proportion of male caregivers, employed caregivers, and multi-generational contexts. Despite the diversity, most caregivers indicated a permanent commitment to the role. Although each day they provided on average three hours of personal care alone, wide variation was found in the incidence and severity of stress effects. Informal and formal supports, though present, seemed to supply relatively little hands-on care.
Changes in Role Orientations of Women
Authors: McBROOM WILLIAM H.
Published: March 2007

Longitudinal data were used to estimate the extent to which changes in life situations affected sex role traditionalism of women during a five-year period. An overall decrease in traditionalism was found, which was more pronounced for younger women. Multiple regression analysis indicated that experiences such as becoming married, having a child, and becoming employed were associated with lessened traditionalism. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Combining Methods:
Authors: TEMPLE BOGUSIA
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author looks at the processes involved in constructing concepts such as family and household using different methods. The author argues that the choice of method does matter but that there is no a priori link between method and construct or between method and epistemological position. However, the extent to which different methods can be used in a complementary way depends on the epistemology that the researcher adopts. If households or families are seen as objectively independent of the researcher's interpretations of them, then merging findings may be seen as unproblematic. If, however, concepts such as family are seen as the joint production of researcher and subject, then the production process itself must become the focus of analysis before data set up using different methods can be merged. The extent of overlap between constructs produced by different methods must be investigated rather than assumed.
Rethinking Marriage
Authors: BARICH RACHEL ROSEMAN , BIELBY DENISE D.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the relationship between individuals' expectations for marriage and their beliefs about the social world. Drawing on the neoinstitutionalist perspective and employing a repeated cross-section design, this study analyzes survey data on young adults from 1967 and 1994 to examine the relationship between attitudes about social relationships and marriage expectations, stability and change over time in marital expectations, and changes in institutionalized notions of marriage. We find evidence of both stability and change in marriage expectations and that cultural notions of marriage differ for men and women. Overall, this study provides support for the contention that marriage expectations are formed within an institutional context that is influential in shaping individual strategies of action.
The Difference Between Divorced and Never-Married Mothers' Participation in the Aid to Families With Dependent Children Program
Authors: LONDON REBECCA A.
Published: March 2007

In this study, I examine the way in which divorced and never-married single mothers differ in their decisions to participate in Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC). Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), I find that divorced mothers are twice as likely to receive AFDC benefits than never-married mothers. When the gap between the participation rates is decomposed, I find that at most 25% is due to differences in the distribution of measured characteristics. The remaining portion is due to differences in the AFDC decision-making process. Hence, in attempting to move disadvantaged single mothers off welfare, policies need to address issues broader than modifying individual behavior. The decision-making process potentially encompasses influences from family and the community. Without addressing these forces, many single mothers will prefer to remain AFDC participants given their set of available options.
Families in Poverty
Authors: ORTHNER DENNIS K.
Published: March 2007

The articles in this special issue represent key themes in research on families in poverty. These themes include: There is substantial diversity across poor families, mother-child relationships are crucial to child and parent outcomes, father involvement in these families is often unreliable, social support is very important to these families, interventions targeted toward the poor must be very intensive to be effective, and social policy targeted toward these families is not always as helpful as had been planned.
Counting on Grandmothers: Black Mothers' and Fathers' Reliance on Grandmothers for Parenting Support
Authors: HUNTER ANDREA G.
Published: March 2007

This article examines Black young adult parents' reliance on grandmothers for parenting support. The sample of 487 parents, 18 to 34 years old, was drawn from the National Survey of Black Americans. Parents most often nominated grandmothers as the person they could count on for child care assistance and parental guidance. Mothers and fathers did not differ in their overall nominations of grandmothers. However, mothers were more likely than fathers to rely on grandmothers for both child care assistance and parenting advice. Fathers were more likely than mothers to rely on grandmothers for child care assistance only. Factors affecting parents' reliance on grandmothers for parenting support varied by gender. For mothers, family closeness, the number of generations in multigeneration family lineages, residence in the rural South, and family proximity were related to increased reliance on grandmothers for parenting support. Among fathers, being employed and family proximity increased their reliance on grandmothers.
Parent-Teen Communication About Sexual Topics
Authors: RAFFAELLI MARCELA , BOGENSCHNEIDER KAREN , FLOOD MARY FRAN
Published: March 2007

Parent-teen communication about sexual topics was examined in 666 mother-teen and 510 father-teen pairs. Parents and their 8th- through 12th-grade children completed parallel surveys that assessed demographic, relationship, and attitudinal variables hypothesized to be linked to sexual communication. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine which variables were linked to teens' reports of “one good talk” about each of three sexual topics (whether teen sex is okay, the dangers of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, and birth control) in the past year. Aside from gender of parents and teens, demographic variables were largely nonsignificant in the final models. Instead, relationship and attitudinal variables were linked to sexual discussions in both mother-teen and father-teen dyads. Discussion focused on implications for program development and directions for future research.
“Things you Can See from there you Can’t See from Here”
Authors: Bernstein Alina
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the theory of globalization and its relevance to the coverage of the Olympic games based both on a theoretical discussion and the author’s empirical study of the 1992 Barcelona games. Employing content analysis, supplemented with interviews with journalists, it examines, comparatively, the buildup and coverage in British and Israeli newspapers in the context of the theoretical discussion. The findings of the empirical analysis show that despite the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) declarations, which in essence go toward a united world, the local—in this case national—perspective was the prevailing one in the coverage of this global event.
Asians' and Caucasians' Purposes for Engaging in Physical Activity
Authors: Shifflett Bethany , Buliavac Alison , Howd Pennie , O'Brien Jeannine , Seifert Laura
Published: March 2007

This study examined the purposes reported by Asian and Caucasian students for participating in physical activity. Data from subjects (N=413) in coeducational activity classes self-identified as Caucasian (n=250) or Asian (n=163) were collected using the Purposes for Engaging in Physical Activity Scale (PEPAS). Chi square analyses revealed significant relationships between (a) choice of activity and ethnicity, (b) commitment to an active lifestyle and ethnicity, and (c) perceived skill level and ethnicity. Items from the PEPAS that best distinguished the two groups pertained to catharsis, motor control, and socio-cultural issues.
A Uniform Code To Regulate Athlete Agents
Authors: Miller Lori K. , Fielding Lawrence W. , Pitts Brenda G.
Published: March 2007

Several trends throughout the 1970s and 1980s have heightened the demand for the sports agent (Dunn, 1988; Rypma, 1990; Shropshire, 1989, 1990; Sobel, 1991). However, promising athletes are often reluctant to secure an agent as a result of the unethical practices of a few agents. Recent attempts to regulate abuses have been unsuccessful (Cosgrove, 1990; Dunn, 1988; Goodman, 1990; Rypma, 1990; Sullivan, 1984; Sobel, 1990). This article addresses the strengths and weaknesses of institutional, state regulatory, and suggested federal remedies which attempt to stop the abuses of unruly athlete agents. The paper proposes the idea of a uniform code as a remedy to athlete agent abuse. Six key areas are integral to the uniform code: 1) a broad definition of both the pro fessional player an d the agent, 2) a "quasi-judicial legislative system" (Carlsen, 1991), 3) defined agent qualifications and certifications, 4) a bond requirement, 5) criminal penalties for code violators, and 6) itemization of prohibited activities for all involved parties.
WOMEN SPORTS REPORTERS: HAVE THEY CAUGHT UP?
Authors: Ordman Virginia L. , Zillmann Dolf
Published: March 2007

A sports reporter's perceived competence and actual persuasiveness were examined as a function of reporter's gender, audience member's gender, athletes' gender, and communication medium. Two different sports commentaries were created, concerning men's basketball and women's gymnastics. One of the two commentaries was presented to each respondent, either in the form of a sports magazine column or as a radio sportscast. In the commentary, either a male or a female sports reporter promoted an unlikely winner in NCAA competition. The reporter's perceived competence was significantly influenced by his or her gender: The female reporter was rated less competent than the male. This effect was consistent across male and female respondents, across men's basketball and women's gymnastics, and across print and broadcast media. No differences were observed in the respondents' acceptance of the reporter's projections of a long-shot winner. However, when the commentaries challenging the “consensus” winner (e.g., Duke in basketball) were attributed to a female reporter, compared to a male reporter, respondents adhered more strongly to the consensus team in their own choices of expected winners. Respondents thus resisted the reporter's arguments against the consensus team significantly more if the reporter was female. This effect also was consistent across respondent gender, athlete gender, and medium.
EMOTIONALITY IN THE STANDS AND IN THE FIELD: EXPRESSING SELF THROUGH BASEBALL
Authors: Trujillo Nick , Krizek Bob
Published: March 2007

This article discusses two field studies that examined how people enacted their emotions and expressed their identities at the closing of two major league ballparks: Old Comiskey Park, former home of the Chicago White Sox, and Arlington Stadium, former home of the Texas Rangers. The authors conducted observations of and informal interviews with those in attendance (fans at Comiskey, fans and employees at Arlington) at the final series at each ballpark. Despite the differences in the ballparks, the cities, and the types of individuals observed and interviewed, the people studied enacted and expressed similar feelings and emotions about the importance of baseball in their lives and of the places where it is played. In this article, the authors examine several dimensions of ballpark culture and show how the people studied define themselves through baseball. The authors conclude the article with two autobiographical accounts that reveal how we as researchers also define ourselves through baseball in general and through our ballpark ethnographies in particular.
THE GENDER GAP IN THE ENJOYMENT OF TELEVISED SPORTS
Authors: Sargent Stephanie Lee , Zillmann Dolf , Weaver James B.
Published: March 2007

Does spectator gender exert an appreciable influence on the enjoyment of sports? Are men generally more intrigued with athletic competition, or might there be a gender gap in enjoyment that is specific to particular sports? The findings of the present investigation show that male and female spectators enjoy distinctly different types of sports. Males were found to be partial to football, ice hockey, basketball, soccer, baseball, boxing, and karate. Females, by contrast, expressed greater enjoyment of gymnastics, skiing, diving, and figure skating. The enjoyment differentiation by gender suggests that men extract gratification mostly from seeing athletic confrontations that emphasize combative coordination, whereas women are more gratified when seeing competition that avoids overt aggressiveness and highlights the stylish movement of individual bodies in terms of beauty.
Participants' Understanding of the Treatment in Policy Experimentation
Authors: Nicholson Walter , Wright Sonia R.
Published: March 2007

Participants' understanding of the treatment in social science experiments is raised as an issue in the specification of statistical models of policy evaluation. A statistical model is offered which shows that a failure to consider participants' understanding may intro duce biases of unknown direction into policy parametric estimates. Data from the New Jersey-Pennsylvania Negative Income Tax Experiment show that the negative income tax treatment was not well understood by the experimental participants, that under standing was correlated with experience and the treatment parameters themselves, and that the inclusion of "knowledge" variables in the labor supply equations used in the formal evaluation of the experiment changes some estimates of work disincentives.
The Mathematics of Behavioral Change
Authors: Maltz Michael D. , McCleary Richard
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a new method of calculating the failure rate of programs involving behavioral change. The method overcomes a threat to construct validity implicit in the previous calculation method. Using it, one can estimate the failure rate as well as the fraction of program participants who are ultimately expected to remain successful. We illustrate the use of the method with data from a cohort of parolees. However, it should be of interest to those engaged in evaluating other programs that attempt to change individual behavior.
Individualized Patient Programming
Authors: Willer Barry S.
Published: March 2007

This paperpresents a detailed evaluation of an experimental hospital psychiatryprogram: Individualized Patient Programming. Using concepts common to systems theory, the program emphasized the use of evaluation and feedback for increased program effectiveness. In order to make evaluation and feedback possible, and also to provide greater assurance of patients' receiving the best possible treatment, patients were assigned individually to case coordinators who were responsible for evaluation of the treatment program. Informationflow was facilitated through development ofa computerized clinical record and evaluation of patients' community adjustment and satisfaction with services. Results indicated partial success for the program with greater community adjustment compared with a no-treatment control program, and lowerrehospitalization ratesfor male patients. The successes realized through adoption of the experimental program were considered the result of increased individualization and evaluation of patients' programs and not necessarily considered to be realized through attempts at systematic feedback on outcomes .
Grandma Moses and the "Corruption" of Data
Authors: Cochran Nancy
Published: March 2007

Distortion of data is caused by purposeful, goal-oriented activity of people who produce data, as well as by attempts to cheat or manipulate social service delivery systems. Failure to recognize a constructive motivational component is attributed to an over-reliance on positivism in the social sciences. It is argued that increased regulation may actually increase distortion and decrease the availability of valid information about social services. Legitimization, self-knowledge, and understanding dynamic processes are suggested as alternatives to using program evaluation for measuring effects of social intervention.
The Randomized Response Approach
Authors: Fox James Alan , Tracy Paul E.
Published: March 2007

A considerable amount of attention has been afforded the randomized response approach over the past decade in an attempt to refine this method of reducing evasive answer bias in surveys of sensitive information. In this article we review these developments in an introductory fashion and address various concerns in designing a randomized response instrument. Last, the potential applicability of this approach to criminal justice research and evaluation is discussed.
The Power of Hypothesis Tests in a Regression Context
Authors: Ohls James C.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses and illustrates methods of computing the statistical power of hypothesis tests in regression analysis of the impacts of social policies. It first considers the importance of such calculations, both in interpreting the results of regression analysis and in designing evaluation research. The succeeding sections present technical details of the power calculations. Finally, these techniques are illustrated in the context of analysis of data from the Seattle and Denver income maintenance experiments, which were sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare in order to examine the various impacts of a negative income tax.
Neighborhoods of Leased Public Housing
Authors: Roncek Dennis W. , Weinberger Gail E.
Published: March 2007

A major problem in the operation of housing programs is finding suitable locations for public housing. We examine the characteristics of the locations used by the Section 23 Leased Housing Program in San Diego. Our concern is whether or not this program, which uses privately owned dwellings, is able to provide low-income households with "suitable living environments." We compare the characteristics of city blocks that became Section 23 locations with blocks that did not on safety, population concentration, and social composition. The results are that theprogram is only partially successful. Section 23 housing was relatively dispersed throughout the city, but refined analysis techniques show that Section 23 housing is concentrated in more disadvantaged areas than those that did not become Section 23 locations.
On Validity
Authors: Howard George S.
Published: March 2007

Employing criterion validation procedures in cases where constructs are being assessed has resulted in contamination of many validation efforts by mono-operation bias. One result of this mistake is that self-reports, which are typically validated against behavioral measures, appear to have poor validity, leading to disenchantment with self-report techniques. Results of several investigations, wherein criterion measures are multiply operationalized, have demonstrated that self-report measures are more valid than the behavioral indices which were employed as criterion measures in previous studies to validate those self-reports. The relative strengths and weaknesses of introspective versus extraspective assessment approaches are then discussed.
Two Ceta Youth Employment Programs
Authors: Hedrick Terry E. , Oros Cheryl J. , Schmutte Gregory T.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a collaborative effort between university researchers and a CETA prime sponsor aimed at "knowledge development" in employment and training services for disadvantaged out-of-school youth. The article describes the impetus for the evaluation, outlines the original evaluation design, discusses implementation problems, presents the results, and assesses the usefulness of the endeavor. Discussion is also included on the general feasibility of experimental evaluation for youth employment programs in a local setting.
Errors in Variables and Articles
Authors: Director Steven M.
Published: March 2007

Quasi-experimental evaluations of manpower training may be biased when the mean value of preprogrammed earnings differs for participants and nonparticipants or when the two groups differ in the degree to which they deviate from the long-run trend of earnings. Both sources of bias are addressed in Director (1979).
A Binary Time-Series Analysis of Domestic Child Homicide
Authors: Maney A.C. , Kedem Benjamin
Published: March 2007

In this article we have sought to evaluate the significance of variations in the number of domestic child homicides and to do this in a way that facilitates the searchfor causes in a community's child protection system. Domestic child homicide is but one of many possible outcome measures, one seldom used and almost never related to other events in the system designed to protect children from such catastrophe. The study proposes a novel solution to the statistical problems associated with the evaluation of rare events. In doing so, it provides a tool for monitoring future incidence and initiating exploration of related systemic events that can be used in program management as well as in systems research.
Developing a Multidimensional Clinical Rating Scale
Authors: Filstead William J. , Shadish William R. , Crandell John S. , Altman David B. , Gottlieb David B. , Visotsky Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the reliability and validity of a multidimensional clinical rating scale for use in evaluating the impact of mental health services.
Beyond the Technical and Bureaucratic Theories of Utilization
Authors: Heilman John G.
Published: March 2007

Technical and bureaucratic considerations frame current theories of utilization. These theorees distract attention from the range of broad substantive knowledge evaluators have generated. Two proposals recognize that this knowledge reservoir can help promote use if its contents are properly organized; both, however, have limitations. Data synthesis assumes scores of statistically comparable studies. Social problem study groups are not well-designed for making the knowledge frontiers they define generally accessible. This article suggests supplementing these approaches to building knowledge with an increased emphasis on synthesizing reviews. Even though such reviews currently enjoy modest status at best, they serve to strengthen the profession and promote utilization.
Measuring Degrees of Successful Implementation
Authors: Palumbo Dennis J. , Maynard-Moody Steven , Wright Paula
Published: March 2007

The Oregon Community Corrections Act was passed in 1977, partly due to the need to relieve overcrowding in the state's prisons. Our research was undertaken to determine whether degrees of successful achievement of the goals of the Act are due to the way in which community corrections legislation is being implemented-and, specifically, to determine if the roles of street-level bureaucrats and modifications of the program during implementation are the keys to successful achievement of goals. In Oregon, we found that there is wide variation from county to county in the way the legislation is being imple mented and the degree to which goals are being achieved. Even though not all specific statutory goals are being achieved, the general policy goals are being met. The more successful counties have reached a higher level of implementation in individual and county efforts than the least successful counties. In addition, the former are more likely to have a "fixer" active in getting the program established and making it work, street-level imple mentors who often have a higher level of commitment to the program, modifications to meet local needs, and a higher degree of support from elected officials and the community.
Conservation Program Evaluations
Authors: Newcomb Tim M.
Published: March 2007

The Seattle City Light Department evaluated its weatherization program for low-income homeowners to determine how much electricity was conserved, and whether the program was cost-effective. The study employed a control group offuture program participants in order to avoid the biased estimate that could result because participants are a voluntary, nonrandom group of utility customers. Surveys, energy audits, and electricity meter data confirmed the similarity of the experimental and control groups prior to home weatherization. Following the installation of conservation measures, the consumption of the experimental group declined by an average of 3400 Kwh per year, when compared with the control group. This experimental design is believed to have nullified the potential biases due to selection, testing, regression, history, and instrumentation. The bias due to mortality, defined in this study as customer turnover, was seen to be very minor. This design can be applied to evaluate programs that operate continuously, provided that the guidelines for the program do not change and that clearly defined measurements of program success are available.
P/G% Analysis
Authors: Nagel Stuart , Long John
Published: March 2007

Microcomputers increasingly are being used to aid program evaluators in their word processing, data retrieval, and statistical/mathematical calculations. A new development is the use of microcomputers to process information concerning alternative programs, policies, decisions, or other options in order to aid in deciding which option or combination is the best. Using microcomputers in this way enables one to avoid the drudgery of the arithmetic, to be prompted into clarifying goals, alternatives, and relations, to try numerous changes to see their effects, and to have one's creativity stimulated in developing better program evaluation.
The Hood River Conservation Project
Authors: Hirst Eric
Published: March 2007

The Hood River Conservation Project (HRCP) was a major residential conservation project, intended to test the upper limits of a utility retrofit program. It was proposed by the Natural Resources Defense Council, funded by the Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville) and operated by Pacific Power & Light Company (Pacific) in Hood River, Oregon. Thisfive-year, $20 million research and demonstration project installed as many cost-effective conservation measures in as many electrically heated homes in Hood River as possible. The measures were aimed at the building shell to reduce electricity use for space heating and at water-heating retrofits. This article summarizes the remarkable (and largely successful) efforts to design a comprehensive evaluation to address energy-policy issues important to the Pacific Northwest. Evaluation results are presented concerning project performance in three critical areas: the number of eligible households that participated, the number of recommended conservation actions adopted by participants and financed by HRCP, and the actual electricity use and savings achieved by HRCP.
Bilingual Education
Authors: Behuniak Peter , Hubert John A. , LaFontaine Hernan , Nearine Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Bilingual education has had a complex and controversial history in the United States. Bilingual education evaluators have been hampered by a lack of administrative support, a controversial political environment, and numerous technical difficulties. Since bilingual education programs are quite complex from an evaluation standpoint, it is not at all obvious how evaluators should best proceed in order to design and conduct useful evaluations. This article reviews part of the history of bilingual education and its implications for evaluation practice. Technical problems in conducting a bilingual evaluation are identified and strategies for coping with these problems are discussed. These strategies are based on the evaluation design that has been developed and implemented statewide in Connecticut. Finally, strategies for improving evaluation capabilities and for using evaluation results at the federal, state, and local levels are presented.
Evaluating Product-Related Hazards At the Consumer Product Safety Commission
Authors: Rodgers Gregory B.
Published: March 2007

Multivariate qualitative response models, such as logit regression models, are useful in evaluating product-related risk at the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). They are used to determine and quantify the factors associated with accidents, and can suggest or justify appropriate regulatory responses. This article applies the method to evaluating risks associated with all-terrain vehicles. A logit regression model is used to analyze data from surveys of users and accident victims. Both driver and vehicle characteristics are found to be associated with accidents, and conditional probabilities of injury are calculated. Policy implications are discussed and suggestions for the further application of this method are provided.
Effects of Program Implementation on Adolescent Drug Use Behavior
Authors: Pentz Mary Ann , Trebow Elizabeth A. , Hansen William B. , MacKinnon David P. , Dwyer James H. , Johnson C. Anderson , Flay Brian R. , Daniels Stacey , Cormack Calvin
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the relationship between level of program implementation and change in adolescent drug use behavior in the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP), a school- and community-based program for drug abuse prevention. Trained teachers implemented the pro gram with transition year students. Implementation was measured by teacher self-report and validated by research staff reports. Adolescent drug use was measured by student self-report; an expired air measure of smoking was used to increase the accuracy of self-reported drug use. Regression analyses were used to evaluate adherence; exposure, or amount of implementation; and reinvention. Results showed that all schools assigned to the program condition adhered to the research by implementing the program. Exposure had a significant effect on minimizing the increase in drug use from baseline to one year. Exposure also had a larger magnitude of intervention effect than experimental group assignment. Reinvention did not affect drug use. Results are discussed in terms of research assumptions about quality of program implementation, and possible school-level predictors of implementation.
Assessing the Validity of Randomized Field Experiments
Authors: Dennis Michael L.
Published: March 2007

Randomized field experiments are often logistical failures. They are particularly difficult to implement when the intervention involves a large number of components or service providers. Although surmountable, potential methodological problems with using randomized experiments to evaluate intervention programs under field (i.e., real world) conditions must be anticipated and resolved for the experiment to succeed. This article examines six potential major problems: treatment dilution, treatment contamination or confounding, inaccurate caseflow and power estimates, violations of the random assignment process, changes in the environmental context, and changes in the treatment regimens. It describes the general problem, several methodological developments related to them, and how the authors are attempting to deal with these problems in an experiment at the Research Triangle Institute. Developing designs and implementation strategies to deal with these six problems is crucial to extending the usefulness of randomized field experiments to evaluate social policies and experiments.
AIDS and Pediatric Research
Authors: Nolan Kathleen
Published: March 2007

This article describes basic epidemiologic and clinical features of HIV disease in infants, children, and adolescents and explores controversies about pediatric research in the specific context of AIDS. Because many potentially therapeutic agents will initially be available only through clinical trials, it is essential that pediatric populations have access to such trials yet not be exposed to undue risks. Distinguishing clearly between risks posed by research interventions versus those associated with attempts to provide treatment may guide the resolution of apparent ethical dilemmas. Special attention must also be given to concerns raised by trials that involve placebo administratcon, perinatal interventions, enrollment of foster children, and consent by adolescents without parental notification .