bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XV.—On the Criterion for Stable Flow of a Fluid in a Uniform Channel
Authors: Levy H.
Published: June 2016

The conditions determining the stable flow of a viscous fluid in a uniform channel and in a uniform circular pipe were investigated experimentally for water by Osborne Reynolds in a searching series of papers.
On the Claim recently made for Gauss to the Invention (not the Discovery) of Quaternions
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

It is only within a few months that my attention has been (at first accidentally) called to this matter. For, though I owe to the kindness of Prof. Klein a copy of his and Sommerfeld's Theorie des Kreisels, I had passed over, in reading the work, the “Digression on Quaternions” which it contains. But Prof. C. N. Little, in the course of correspondence about his remarkable paper on Knots (whose passage through the press I was looking after), referred me for a numerical detail to an article by Prof. Klein on the progress of publication of Gauss' Gesammelte Werke. Shortly afterwards Prof. Joly called my attention to the same article from another point of view. These references have led me to write the present paper; whose somewhat puzzling title is explained in the first section below.
On the Rectal Gland of the Elasmobranchs
Authors: Crawford J.
Published: June 2016

The so–called rectal gland of Elasmobranch fishes claimed notice early in the history of scientific research, as might indeed be expected from the obviousness of its appearance and the invariability of its occurrence. But, in spite of this fact, the rectal gland remains one of those organs the knowledge of the structure of which is unsatisfactory, and the conjecture as to the function of which is consequently hazy.
A New Form of Myograph and its Uses
Authors: Mahalanobis S. C.
Published: June 2016

In connection with some investigations dealing with the velocity of muscular contraction under different conditions, I found it necessary to design a special apparatus for certain experiments. It subsequently occurred to me that, with some modification, this instrument could with advantage be used for various myographic purposes. I was thus induced to make the necessary additions and alterations—adapting the instrument for some special, as well as for most of the ordinary experiments in which a myograph is used.
On the Motion produced in an Infinite Elastic Solid by the Motion through the Space occupied by it of a body acting on it only by Attraction or Repulsion
Authors: Kelvin Lord
Published: June 2016

The title of the present communication describes a pure problem of abstract mathematical dynamics, without indication of any idea of a physical application. For a merely mathematical journal it might be suitable, because the dynamical subject is certainly interesting both in itself and in its relation to waves and vibrations. My reason for occupying myself with it, and for offering it to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, is that it suggests a conceivable explanation of the greatest difficulty hitherto presented by the undulatory theory of light; the motion of ponderable bodies through infinite space occupied by an elastic solid.
Note on Pairs of Consecutive Integers the Sum of whose Squares is an Integral Square
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

The solution of the problem of finding such pairs of integers is not a thing of yesterday, as may be seen by consulting Hutton's translation of Ozanam's Recreations, i. pp. 46–8 (1814).
Simple Proof of Gibbs' Phase-rule
Authors: Kuenen
Published: June 2016

About a year ago, while writing a Text-book on Heat in which the use of higher mathematics had to be avoided, it appeared tome that the phase-rule could be rigorously proved by a process which does not involve the deduction of the somewhat difficult thermodynamical equations used by Gibbs, Planck and others; Quite lately, however, I discovered that proofs somewhat similar to mine had been previously given by Nernst and Bancroft, and I must therefore not be understood to claim originality in thispaper. Seeing, however, that modern thermodynamics do not yet command in this country the interest they deserve, it will not be superfluous to draw the attention of the Society to the subject.
On Hair in the Equidæ
Authors: Marshall F. H. A.
Published: June 2016

The taxonomic value of hair has long been recognised. The different types of human hair have been made use of as a basis for classification of the varieties of Man by Primer Bey and many others, while Waldeyer in his Atlas has described briefly the hair characters of well known members of the Mammalian orders. In the present paper it is proposed to deal with hair within the limits of a single family, that of the Equidæ, and to describe certain peculiarities in the hairs of members of that group, which the author is of opinion are probably of specific value. But before dealing with the hair characters by which the species may be distinguished from one another, something must be said about those of the group as a whole.
Photographs of the Corona taken during the Total Solar Eclipse of May 28th, 1900
Authors: Heath Thos.
Published: June 2016

In June of last year I had the honour of reading before this Society a preliminary account of the Scottish expedition for the observation of the Total Solar Eclipse of May 28th, 1900, at Santa Pola, on the south-east coast of Spain (long. 0° 30′ W., lat. 38° 13′ N.). I have now to lay before the Society the results of the part of the expedition specially assigned to me, which was to obtain photographs of the Corona. I succeeded in securing four, that being the largest number I considered it advisable to attempt in the very short total phase of eclipse, only 75 seconds being available for the exposures and necessai'y manipulation of the camera backs.
IV.—Period of Survival of the Shore-Crab (Carcinus mænas) in Distilled Water
Authors: Lim Robert K. S.
Published: June 2016

1. The period of survival in distilled water is shortest with post-moult crabs, longer with pre-moult, and longest with inter-moult.

2. Further, a relatively constant percentage of salts is lost, irrespective of size; hence one of the determining factors in survival is the rate of loss of these salts. The other factor is the rate of osmosis of water, causing œdema.

3. With regard to the moult cycle, the concentration of the blood and the structure of the membranes are seemingly little altered, but the amount of calcium in the latter varies with moult-age, being least in post-moult and most in inter-moult membranes.

4. It is concluded, that the higher the percentage of calcium, the less permeable are the membranes and the longer is the duration of survival.

5. Œdema and loss of salts naturally disturb the tonicity equilibrium of the body fluid, and thus cause death.
V.—Thermodynamics of Adsorption
Authors: Williams A. M.
Published: June 2016

1. The adsorption of a gas has been investigated thermodynamically with special reference to the heat effects accompanying adsorption.

2. Expressions are developed for three isothermal heats of adsorption of a gas and for the heat of immersion of a powder in a liquid.

3. The effect of the variation of the surface of an adsorbent when adsorbing is examined, and it is shown from Titoff's observations (assuming, of course, the adsorption to be reversible) that the divergence between calculated and observed values of the heat of adsorption can be explained on the assumption of a change of surface area. The fractional change of surface per c.cm. adsorbed can be calculated, and also the surface energy per grm. adsorbent in vacuo.
VII.—Experiments on the Respiratory Mechanism of the Shore Crab (Carcinus mænas)
Authors: Lim Robert K. S.
Published: June 2016

(a) The direction of the respiratory current is postero-anterior, whether the crab is above the sand or buried in it.

(b) Reversal of this direction also occurs and is more frequent when the animal is buried or when a strong ink suspension is used during an experiment.

(c) The sub-branchial cleft may be divided into four separate spaces which are in direct communication with gaps between certain gill origins, the whole constituting the sub-branchial inlets.

(d) The direction of these inlets varies from postero-anterior to almost latero-medial.

(e) They determine the direction of the inhaled currents within the branchial chambers.

(f) The relation between the position of the gills and these inlets allows for a convenient and maximal flow.
X.—Note on the Strathmore Meteorite of 1917 Dec. 3
Authors: Sampson R. A.
Published: June 2016

On Monday, 3rd December 1917, in brilliant weather, a meteor was observed by many persons in S.E. Scotland. Its luminous course lasted apparently for some seconds. It is described as extremely bright, like limelight, or a length of wire at white heat; it left a trail, part of which became detached but continued to follow it, and it was accompanied by two thin streamers. It was seen from Hexham, Northumberland, 120 miles from where it fell, low down on the horizon. From Edinburgh several observers noticed it at an angle which may be put at 45° from the horizon and a bearing somewhat to the east of north. From Dunfermline it was reported at “no great altitude” and travelling in a line inclined about 15° to the horizon.
XI.—Studies in Clocks and Time-keeping: No. 1. Theory of the Maintenance of Motion
Authors: Sampson R. A.
Published: June 2016

The studies of which the present paper is the first are intended to accumulate observations and discussions on all necessary points connected with exact time-keeping, such as the maintenance of motion, air-resistance, barometric error, escapement error, temperature compensation, and so forth. It may be taken that no clock so far made behaves uniformly so as to keep regular time. The clock is one of the fundamental measuring instruments of astronomy, but astronomical practice has kept in advance of the precision reached by its clocks by determining the clock error in the midst of each set of observations and so dispensing with the need for carrying forward for any length of time a doubtful clock rate. But there are many reasons why we should not be content with this, which amounts to an elimination of the clock. In the first place, it is not always feasible.
XII.—The Sound-Waves and other Air-Waves of the East London Explosion of January 19, 1917
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: June 2016

The explosion which occurred in East London at 6.51 p.m. on January 19, 1917, was one of the greatest ever experienced in this country. The sitex of the explosion is indicated approximately by the star in the accompanying maps. The total amount of explosives lost is known, if at all, only to those in authority.

In order to determine the forms of the sound-areas, I wrote letters to most of the principal newspapers published in London and within and near the districts concerned, and I am greatly indebted to the courtesy of many editors in allowing me space for which there were so many important claims, and also to the numerous correspondents who so kindly answered my inquiries. After the boundaries of the sound-areas had been drawn from an unusually large number of positive records, I wrote to the incumbents of many parishes in small towns and large villages, and to superintendents of police within the silent zone and just within and for some distance outside the boundaries of the sound-areas as I had drawn them. The total number of positive records is 571 from 391 places, and of negative records 75 from 71 places. In addition to these, there are 79 records from 71 places at which the sound was apparently not observed, but at which windows were shaken or pheasants disturbed; making a total of 725 records from 533 places.
XIV.—Note on the Construction of an Orthogonant
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

(1) The essence of Cayley's mode* of arriving at the formation of an orthogonal substitution lies, as is known, in the observation that if two sets of variables

x, y, z, w, and ξ, η, ζ, ω

be taken linear functions of a third set

in such a way that the determinant of the coefficients is in the one case

and in the other the conjugate of this, then the first and second set of variables are orthogonally related.
XV.—The Formation of the Germ-Band in the Egg of the Holly Tortrix Moth, Eudemis nævana (Hb.)
Authors: Huie L. H.
Published: June 2016

During the spring of 1916, while making observations from an economic point of view on the Holly Tortrix Moth, Eudemis nœvana (Hb.), I found that, owing to the transparency of the egg and its flattened form, the development could be followed in the living egg in a general way with unusual clearness.

Investigations have been carried out on the embryology of about eighteen species of Lepidoptera, but as far as I am aware no account has been published of the embryology of the Tortricidæ.
I.—Induction Proofs of the Relations between certain Asymptotic Expansions and Corresponding Generalised Hypergeometric Series.
Authors: MacRobert T. M.
Published: June 2016

The subject of this paper was studied by Orr (Camb. Phil. Trans., vol. xvii, 1898, pp. 171–199; 1899, pp. 283–290), and later by Barnes (Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., ser. 2, vol. v, 1906, pp. 59–116), in whose paper a number of references to earlier work on the subject are given. Formulæ equivalent to (9), (18), and (20) below were given by, Barnes, who derived them by his well‐known method of integrating products and quotients of Gamma Functions. In this paper the formulæ are deduced by induction from simpler formulæ which are established in section 2. In order to simplify the notation, four functions, denoted by P, E, Q, and H, are introduced, the first two in section 3, the last two in section 5. The P and Q functions are merely generalised hypergeometric functions multiplied by convenient factors. The E function, which is equivalent to Barnes's contour integral, is defined as a multiple integral, and from it the asymptotic expansion, with a useful form for the remainder, is easily derived. The H function is a multiple of the E function.
VIII.—Factors affecting the Hatching Weight of Brown Leghorn Chickens
Authors: Galpin N.
Published: June 2016

Routine observations on the growth of chickens from a flock of Brown Leghorns maintained at this Institute indicated that factors, apparently closely associated with season of the year, caused considerable variations in the rate of growth. It is possible to conceive of two distinct means by which seasonal factors may produce their effect (1) directly on the growing chick, or (2) indirectly in that their influence may be exerted on the hen and transmitted to the egg from which the chick subsequently develops; either or both may contribute to the final variations obtained.
X.—The Anatomy of the Polychæte Ophelia cluthensis McGuire 1935
Authors: Brown Robert S.
Published: June 2016

Ophelia cluthensis is a Polychæte worm which has been known for some years from specimens taken from the sands around Millport, and particularly from Kames Bay. It was described for the first time by McGuire in 1935, and its general appearance may be seen in the Plate, figs. A, B.
III.—Notes on some Turbellaria from Scottish Lochs.
Authors: Martin C.H.
Published: June 2016

In this paper I wish to refer to some of the more interesting Turbellaria found during the months of July, August, and September 1905 at Ardeonaig on Loch Tay, and during August and the early part of September 1906 at Tarbet on Loch Lomond.

I also wish to describe in more detail a newly discovered Kalyptorhynch, and to put forward some observations on the origin of the nematocysts in someMicrostoma lineare.

The opportunity of working on these forms occurred in connection with the work of the Scottish Lake Survey under Sir John Murray, to whom, for his unfailing kindness, I owe a very deep debt of gratitude.
IV.—An Account of a Brachydactylous Family.
Authors: Drinkwater H.
Published: June 2016

Abnormalities of the digits occur under a great variety of forms, and with such frequency that most medical men interested in the subject are more or less familiar with them.

In studying such cases one cannot fail to be struck with the fact that, although the tendency to abnormality may be inherited, the inheritance is not always “true,” i.e. the precise form is not accurately reproduced in the offspring. Especially, perhaps, is this the case where the abnormality consists in a deficiency of digits. One individual of a family may have four fingers, another three, and another two, or even one, and that one very imperfect. Such cases have often been recorded (see B.M.J., 1886, vol. ii. p. 976).
V.—Notolepis Coatsi, Poisson pélagique nouveau recueilli par l'Expédition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise.
Authors: Dollo Louis , Traquair M. R. H.
Published: June 2016

Bien que les Orcades du Sud aient été découvertes dès 1821, par Powell, sur le Dove, et bien que ces îles aient été visitées à nouveau:

En 1822–23, par Weddell, qui donna le nom au groupe, avec la Jane et le Beaufoy;

En 1838, par Dumont d'Urville, avec l'Astrolabe et la Zélée;

En 1874, par Dallmann, avec le Grönland;

En 1893, par Larsen, avec le Jason;

rien n'était connu de la faune ichthyologique de ces parages au moment où ils furent explorés par l'Expédition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise (1902–1904).
VI.—The Body-Temperature of Fishes and other Marine Animals.
Authors: Simpson Sutherland
Published: June 2016

The body-temperature of the following fishes, crustaceans, and echinoderms has been examined and compared with the temperature of the water in which they live:—Cod-fish (Gadus morrhua), ling (Molva vulgaris), torsk (Brosmius brosme), coal-fish or saithe (Gadus virens), haddock (Gadus œgelfinus), flounder (Pleuronectes flesus), smelt (Osmerus eperlanus), dog-fish (Scyllium catulus), shore crab (Carcinus mœnas), edible crab (Cancer pagurus), lobster (Homarus vulgaris), sea-urchin (Echinus esculentus), and starfish (Asterias rubens). The minimum, maximum, and mean temperature difference for each species are given in the following table:—

The excess of temperature is most evident in the larger specimens. This is well shown in the case of the coal-fish, where in the adult it was 0°·7 C., and in the great majority (11 out of 12) of the young of the first year, 0°·0 C. The body-weight and the conditions under which the fish are captured probably form the most important factors in determining the temperature difference.

In 14 codfish, where the rectal, blood, and muscle temperatures were recorded in the same individual, it was found to be highest in the muscle and lowest in the rectum, the mean temperature difference being 0°·46 C. for the muscle, 0°·41 C for the blood, and 0°·36 C. for the rectum.
VII.—Classification of Igneous Rocks according to their Chemical Composition.
Authors: Warth H.
Published: June 2016

In my previous paper (see Geological Magazine, March 1906, p. 131) I explained a method of separating igneous rocks into sixteen groups of chemically similar individual rocks. A more minute subdivision appears, however, desirable for the special purpose of identifying and describing particular rocks. I have therefore devised the following further classification with four times as many groups, and I trust that the proximity thus attained between the individual rocks of each group will amply meet all requirements.
XI.—The Product of the Primary Minors of an n-by-(n + 1) Array.
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

(1) IN a paper by A. Scholtz entitled “Sechs Punkte eines Kegelschnittes” (Archiv d. Math. u. Phys., lxii. pp. 317–324, year 1878) there appears a statement which, after correction of two misprints, runs thus:—

where ξln=ylzn − ynzl. A year or so later there was published a paper by Hunyady with the title “Beitrag zur Theorie des Flächen zweiten Grades” (Crelle's Journ., lxxxix. pp. 47–69), in which it is asserted, again without proof, that

The object of the present note is to formulate and prove a general theorem of which these are cases, and to draw certain deductions therefrom.
XIII.—The Systematic Motions of the Stars.
Authors: Dyson
Published: June 2016

Many attempts have been made to interpret the systematic proper motions of the stars as the result of a movement of the solar system in space. In recent years several elaborate and extensive investigations have been made, but the increase of the available material in amount and accuracy has not led to a corresponding increase in the accuracy of the so-called “Solar Apex.” Instead, determinations from different groups of stars have shown larger differences than can be attributed to accidental error, and in particular a determination by Kobold, using Bessel's method, has given results at variance with those obtained by Airy's method.
XIV.—On a Sensitive State induced in Magnetic Materials by Thermal Treatment.
Authors: Gray James G. , Ross Alexander D.
Published: June 2016

1. Specimens of steel cooled from high temperatures are, as regards their magnetic properties, in a “sensitive state.”

2. After magnetisation, reversal of the field reduces the susceptibility.

3. Cyclic reversals of the field between definite limits bring the magnetic quality to a definite lower value for fields lying between these limits.

4. So long as the field is not changed in sign, the “sensitive state” persists.

5. Cyclic reversals of the field between narrow limits reduce the susceptibility for fields beyond these limits, but not to its lowest possible value.

6. The rate of cooling from the high temperature—if not very rapid—has little influence on the magnitude of the effect.

7. The “sensitive state” does not wear off with time.

8. Mechanical vibration of the specimens considerably reduces the phenomenon.

9. The “sensitive state” is most pronounced in hard steels.

10. The effect is induced to a slight degree in some varieties of steel by temperatures as low as 100° C. It increases with increasing temperatures to about 700° C. Further increase in temperature has little influence.

11. Similar effects are noticeable in cast iron and in cobalt. The “sensitive state” is absent, or is present to only a very slight extent, in soft iron.

12. The effect has a maximum value for fields which give large values of μ, and tends to zero as the saturation point is approached.
XV.—On a Test for Continuity.
Authors: Young W. H.
Published: June 2016

§ 1. THE usual method of proving that a function defined as the limit of a sequence of continuous functions is continuous is by proving that the convergence is uniform. This method may fail owing to the presence of points at which the convergence is non-uniform although the limiting function is continuous. In such a case it would be necessary to apply a further test, e.g. that of Arzelà (“uniform convergence by segments”).

In some cases the continuity may be proved directly by means of a totally different principle, without reference to modes of convergence at all. It is, in fact, a necessary and sufficient condition for the continuity of a function that it should be possible to express it at the same time as the limit of a monotone ascending and of a monotone descending sequence of continuous functions.
XX.— The Arterial Pressure in Man. I.: Methods.
Authors: Gibson G. A.
Published: June 2016

IN approaching the consideration of the problems afforded by the arterial pressure in man, it is unnecessary to enter deeply into the history of the subject. Tigerstedt (1), Hill (2), Vaschide and Lahy (3), and Janeway (4) have fully analysed the voluminous literature which has grown up around it. It will be sufficient to mention the original experiment of Hales (5), in which the arterial pressure was measured by the height to which the blood rose in a vertical tube connected with the artery, and of Poisseuille (6), and Ludwig (7), who introduced and improved the method of estimating the arterial pressure by means of the mercurial manometer, which has since been modified by many subsequent observers. To obviate some of the disadvantages of the mercurial manometer, which will engage attention at a later stage, Chauveau and Marey (8), and Fick (9), almost simultaneously introduced elastic or spring manometers. These have undergone many alterations at the hands of numerous followers.
XXXI.—On the “Negative” Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions.
Authors: Taylor W. W. , Moore T. W.
Published: June 2016

THE subject of the “negative” viscosity of solutions has of late attracted considerable attention. Since the publication of the paper by one of us with Ranken in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, there have appeared a paper by Jones and Veazey, and two by Getman.

Since the latter of the papers by Getman contains a comprehensive review of the older literature on the subject, it is unnecessary for us to do more than indicate those points which are of fundamental importance. First noticed by Hübner in 1873, “negative” viscosity was observed by Sprung in the course of his extensive researches to occur in solutions of several potassium and ammonium salts, while corresponding sodium salts do not cause it. Later investigations added to the salts which are known to give rise to it; mention may be made of hydrobromic acid, in which it occurs at low temperatures but not at higher temperatures, whilst it does not occur at all in the case of hydrochloric acid.
XXXIV.—Algebra after Hamilton, or Multenions.
Authors: McAulay Alex
Published: June 2016

Ever since I have learnt something of the meanings of Grassmann's Ausdehnungslehre, and have at the same time learnt to regard the beauties of that system with something akin to awe, I have been persuaded that on the lines of Quaternion Algebra there is to be built a system very much like the Ausdehnungslehre, but an improvement thereon. Of course it will be matter for differing opinions whether what I call Multenions is really an improvement on the Ausdehnungslehre. I here record my own personal opinion that it is.

I do not suppose that anybody will maintain that a multitude of different kinds of multiplication within the bounds of one method can be regarded as anything but a blemish,—a blemish that may be justified by necessity and utility. The Ausdehnungslehre seems to me to have this blemish, and Multenions not to have it. Whether along with the absence of the blemish there becomes present an additional difficulty of manipulation is questionable. I have not found it so, but this may be due to the fact that I have so long been in the habit of thinking through the quaternion machinery.

I think these general remarks are all that can be usefully set down as a summary. The paper itself appears to be too condensed to admit of a true summary other than a mere table of contents.
XXXV.—The Inca Bone: Its Homology and Nomenclature.
Authors: Smith W. Ramsay
Published: June 2016

The inca bone in the human skull is usually regarded as the homologue of the interparietal of some other mammals. The commonest or best-known form of the interparietal occurs in the rabbit as a single somewhat oval bone, its long axis being transverse, filling up a space between the parietals just in front of the line or curve of the occipital.

Carl Vogt (Lectures on Man, London Anthropological Society, 1864) makes frequent and detailed reference to a Helvetian skull. From the woodcuts, p. 52, fig. 15; p. 66, fig. 22; p. 70, fig. 26; p. 389, fig. 124; and p. 390, fig. 125, it is clear that a small round undivided bone occurred in this skull in a situation roughly corresponding with the position of the interparietal in the rabbit. I say “roughly,” because the posterior border of the bone in the Helvetian skull just touches the occipital at the lambdoid suture, while in the rabbit the interparietal for about half the extent of its perimeter is in contact with the occipital.
XXXVII.—On a Sensitive State induced in Magnetic Materials by Thermal Treatment.
Authors: Gray James G. , Ross Alexander D.
Published: June 2016

1. Nickel and the Heusler alloy give “sensitive states” of nearly 2 and about 5 per cent. respectively for a magnetising field of 8 C.G.S. units.

2. Steel wire specimens dropped vertically on a stone slab from a height of 1 metre showed a reduction of 37 per cent, in the “sensitive state” for a single fall, 49 per cent, for three falls, 62 per cent, for ten falls, and 73 per cent, for fifty falls.

3. After the “sensitive state” has been removed from a specimen by the process of demagnetising by reversals, it cannot be completely restored by reannealing. That is, the specimens exhibit a fatigue effect.

4. In the case of one variety of steel, the “sensitive state” had been reduced to less than one-half its original value after seven annealings, and to one-fifth after seventeen.

5. No recovery from the fatigue condition was observed in specimens which had been laid aside for fifty-four days.

6. Repeated annealings without intermediate magnetic testing showed neither an augmentation of the “sensitive state” nor a fatigue effect.

7. Specimens demagnetised at −190° C., heated to room temperature, and cooled again to −190° C., showed a small “sensitive state” at that temperature.

8. Larger effects were induced by heating from −190° C. to 15° C., or by cooling from 15° C. to −190° C.

9. A “sensitive state” could be induced by any variation of temperature, but not by exposure to a steady temperature, either high or low. The effect is associated solely with change of temperature.

10. The amount of “sensitive state” induced by equal temperature alterations varies with the position of the range on the temperature scale and with the material.

11. The change from the “sensitive” to the normal condition is unaccompanied by any appreciable change in the specific electrical resistance or elastic constants of the material.
XXXVIII.—The Preparation of a Glass to conduct Electricity.
Authors: Phillips Charles E. S.
Published: June 2016

The electrical conductivity of most glasses at a temperature of about 100°C is barely a measurable quantity.

For this reason, and on account of the fact that glass conforms to the general rule applicable to non-conductors in showing an increase of resistivity for a fall of temperature, this material has come to be regarded .as practically incapable when cold of allowing the passage of an electric current.

With a view to the further study of electrical conduction in glass, and also because of certain experimental advantages which a conducting glass would possess, I have endeavoured to produce a transparent vitreous substance having that property.
XL.—The Variation of Young's Modulus under an Electric Current.
Authors: Walker Henry
Published: June 2016

IN my first paper on this subject the behaviour of soft iron, steel, copper, and platinum was examined. In this paper the experiments have been carried a stage further, viz. the reaching of the cyclically steady state with a small load, the effect when the load is increased, and the heating by the ordinary method.

As the behaviour of the wire when heated by the current was somewhat complicated, I considered it necessary, for purposes of comparison, to heat the wire in some other manner. To effect this, a double-walled tube of tinned iron was made, through the inner tube of which the wire was passed, and the ends plugged with cotton-wool. The wire was horizontal, and measurements were made with the microscopes as in the other experiments.
I.—The Molecular Spectra of the Hydrogen Isotopes. I.—Application of the Rotating Vibrator Model to the States of D2
Authors: Sandeman Ian
Published: June 2016

The theory of the rotating vibrator has been developed by the late J. L. Dunham (1932). The essential step in Dunham's treatment of this question is his replacement of the potential expression occurring in the Schrödinger equation for the diatomic molecule by an arbitrary function in terms of the nuclear separation. When this replacement is made, the Schrödinger equation can be solved by methods developed by Wentzel (1926), Brillouin (1926), and Kramers (1926), and the energy of the rotating vibrator can be expressed as a power series in the quantum numbers in a form convenient for application to spectral data.
III.—Importance of Dialysis in the Study of Colloids. V.—Colloidal Gold. VI.—Colloidal Vanadium Pentoxide
Authors: Desai B. N. , Barve P. M. , Paranjpe Y. S.
Published: June 2016

In previous papers by Desai and collaborators (Desai and Borkar, 1933a; Desai and Desai, 1933b; Mankodi, Barve, and Desai, 1936a; and Joshi, Barve, and Desai, 1936b) it has been shown that the changes which are produced in the charge on the colloidal particles during dialysis of ferric hydroxide, thorium hydroxide, prussian blue, and arsenious sulphide sols are not so simple as is usually supposed, and that data for viscosity and stability towards electrolytes do not necessarily give direct information with regard to the charge on the colloidal particles. In the present paper measurements of cataphoretic speed in the presence and absence of electrolytes, stability towards electrolytes, and conductivity of colloidal solutions of gold and vanadium pentoxide which have been dialysed, diluted, allowed to age, and exposed to sunlight to different extents, have been presented and the interpretations given in the previous papers amplified.
IV.—Some Eocene Ostracoda from North-West India
Authors: Latham Mary H.
Published: June 2016

The collections of Eocene Ostracoda described in the following paper were made by Lieut.-Colonel L. M. Davies, R.A., and by Mr Pinfold of the Attock Oil Company. The specimens are of particular interest and importance owing to the fact that very few fossil entomostraca had previously been collected in India.
VII.—The Fertility of Scottish Married Women, with Special Reference to the Period 1926–1935
Authors: Barclay R. S. , Kermack W. O.
Published: June 2016

In a previous communication (Barclay and Kermack, 1938) it has been shown that the specific legitimate fertility rates of Sweden and Denmark, viewed broadly over several decades, exhibit well-marked regularities, briefly described as conformity to a “diagonal law.” The procedure is to express the specific fertility rate, observed for any particular age-group at a certain period, as a percentage of the rate for the same age-group at a time preceding the decline of the birth-rate (“standard rate”). If now these percentages are plotted as contours on a graph, in which the abscissæ represent calendar years and the ordinates women's age, it is found that, when the age-group 15–20 is excluded, the constant percentage curves are approximately straight lines, running parallel to the diagonals in such a sense that, along any line, increase in calendar years corresponds to decrease in women's age. In Finland, the same general effect is apparent, though it is somewhat obscured by minor disturbances. It is found that, in the case of England and Wales, predictions made on the basis of the law give a reasonable agreement with estimated fertility rates calculated by the Registrar-General on the basis of census data.
XVIII.—Tests of Significance of the Differences between Regression Coefficients derived from Two Sets of Correlated Variates
Authors: Yates F.
Published: June 2016

The calculation of the partial regression of different, but correlated, dependent variates on the same set of independent variates is of common occurrence. Frequently, also, the differences between the resultant regression coefficients are of interest, and tests of significance for these differences are consequently required. In the classical wheat experiments on Broadbalk field at Rothamsted, for example, the influence of rainfall on yield has been investigated for the various plots, which receive different manurial treatments (Fisher, 1924). An extension of the method of partial regressions was used, which analytically amounted to the evaluation, for each plot separately, of the regression of yield on quantities representing the amount and distribution of rain in each year, these quantities being the same for all plots, since the plots were situated on the same field. One of the most interesting aspects of these results was the differences which were revealed between the effects of rainfall on the differently manured plots. (See also Cochran, 1935.)
XXI.—Reciprocity and the Number 137. Part I.
Authors: Born Max
Published: June 2016

Professor A. Landé has kindly sent me a manuscript of a paper in which he develops some most important ideas on the meaning and the value of the number 137. His work is founded on the principle of reciprocity which I recently suggested (Born, 1938). Landé adds to this principle a new assumption about the wave functions, representing an electron, and he finds a linear integral equation for these containing a parameter the value of which may be expected to be 137. It is Landé's great merit to have shown that the reciprocity principle leads to a condition for the Planck constant ћ (the value of which in natural units, c = 1, e = 1, is 137), and to have discovered the root of the peculiar order of magnitude of the number. But some difficulties which I encountered led me to reconsider the problem.
II.—The Preparation and Properties of Basic Copper Nitrate and the Hydrates of Copper Nitrate
Authors: Cumming Alexander Charles , Gemmell Alexander
Published: June 2016

1. Graham states that when nitric acid of specific gravity greater than 1·4 acts on copper oxide a basic nitrate is obtained. We were unable to obtain a basic salt under these conditions.

2. Copper oxide and approximately 100 per cent. nitric acid yield copper nitrate trihydrate, nitrogen peroxide, and oxygen. The equation for the reaction is probably
CuO + 6HNO3 = Cu(NO3)2, 3H2O + 4NO2 + O2.

3. The only basic nitrate of copper appears to be Cu(NO3)2·3Cu(OH)2. The product obtained by heating the trihydrate to 100° has this composition, and is not Cu(NO3)2·2Cu(OH)2, as stated by Graham.

4. Dehydration of copper nitrate does not yield anhydrous copper nitrate, but results in decomposition, with formation of basic copper nitrate, whether the dehydration is performed at ordinary or higher temperatures.

5. Copper oxide does not interact with nitric anhydride.

6. The only hydrates of copper nitrate appear to be the trihydrate and hexahydrate. The transition temperature is 24·65° (±0·05) corr.

7. Concentrated nitric acid dehydrates the hexahydrate, while dilute nitric acid hydrates the trihydrate. It was not found possible to determine the concentration of nitric acid, which would be in equilibrium with both hydrates.
V.—Observations on the Body Temperature of some Diving and Swimming Birds
Authors: Simpson Sutherland
Published: June 2016

Observations were made on the body temperature of a large number of diving and swimming birds of eighteen different species in the Orkney Islands and Firth of Forth, Scotland, and on and around Cayuga Lake, N.Y., U.S.A., immediately after they were killed by shooting.

1. In all the species examined, where the sex was determined, it was found that the rectal temperature of the male was slightly below that of the female.

2. Of the orders examined the highest temperatures were found in the Longipennes and the lowest in the Tubinares. When arranged according to body temperature the series does not run parallel with the zoological series.

In conclusion, I wish to express my indebtedness to Dr H. D. Reed and Dr A. H. Wright for help in identifying the specimens obtained from Cayuga Lake and the surrounding district.
VI.—Note upon the Structure of Ternary Alloys
Authors: Gulliver G. H.
Published: June 2016

In a simple class of ternary alloys the solid phases are the three component metals, each holding in solution a relatively small proportion of the other two. Any one of the three phases may be present as a separate constituent, any two may be associated together as a binary eutectic, and the three together form a ternary eutectic. The structural constituents of such a ternary alloy are—

(1) Primary crystals of one phase,

(2) Binary eutectic of two phases,

(3) Ternary eutectic of three phases.
XVI.—The Sun as a Fog Producer
Authors: Aitken John
Published: June 2016

I Fear that most, on reading the above title, will think it is either a printer's or an author's error, and that the title ought to have been “The Sun as a Fog Disperser.” We are familiar with the sun's power of clearing away fogs; we so often see fogs clear away as the sun rises, that we seem to have shut our eyes to another side of the question, which is, that under certain conditions the very opposite of this happens, the air thickening and fogging as the sun rises. Some years ago it was noticed at Falkirk, especially during the winter months, that on many mornings on which the air was clear before sunrise it gradually thickened to a dense haze, or to a dense fog, while in pure country air the observer never noticed similar changes. The question naturally suggested itself, what was the cause of this difference between the air at Falkirk and that of the country? A series of meteorological observations was therefore begun to ascertain whether this occasional fogging after sunrise was merely an accident, or if it had any connection with the sun; that is, to ascertain whether its appearance was what we call fortuitous, or if it appeared according to any law in nature.
XIX.—On the use of Antiseptics in Autolysis of Animal and Vegetable Matter
Authors: Court Dorothy
Published: June 2016

In a previous publication (1) allusion was briefly made to the difficulty which had been experienced in preserving sterility in material during a series of auto-digestion experiments. Contrary to expectation, it was found that a mixture of ground barley and water, when incubated at 37° for a few days, developed, even in the presence of chloroform or toluol in excess, a strong butyric acid fermentation.

Since this question was one not only of vital interest to the work in hand but also of great general importance, it was decided to carry out a series of experiments in the endeavour to determine the position with regard to the use of antiseptics in the study of biochemical processes.
XXIV.—The Railway Transition Curve
Authors: Horsburgh E. M.
Published: June 2016

If a railway circular curve spring directly from the tangent, the curvature at the point of contact is discontinuous, since it is zero for the straight line, and finite for the circle. This causes shock whenever rolling stock enters the curve, and at high speeds this is a matter of danger. Further, the outer rail is elevated on the curve, while the rails are at the same level on the straight. This indicates a further discontinuity. The transition curve is introduced to give both a gradual change of curvature and a gradual cant or super-elevation of the outer rail.
XXV.—The Elastic Strength of Flat Plates: An Experimental Research
Authors: Crawford W. J.
Published: June 2016

The question of the elastic strength of flat plates, supported or fixed at the edges, and subjected to uniform or concentrated loads upon their areas, is, from an engineering standpoint, one of the most unsatisfactory parts of mechanics; for exact solutions, rigorously based upon the laws of elasticity, have been obtained in only a few cases, chiefly for circular and elliptical forms.

Amongst practical engineers the confusion that exists on the subject is remarkable, for the author has, in the course of his inquiries, elicited the most contrary results. As a case in point, there seems no real knowledge whether rectangular and square plates should be ribbed along the diagonals or across the diameters. Again, as an instance of the doubt existing concerning the stress values in these plates, it may be mentioned that, in reply to an inquiry asking for help in this connection, a correspondent in the American Machinist, under date August 7, 1909, deplores the fact that he can obtain no assistance from English or American text-books and states that there is an entire absence of experimental data. Although the latter statement is not quite accurate, yet it can be confidently asserted that there have been very few experimental results recorded, and these few, for the most part, are not available in English.
XXVII.—Experiments in Radioactivity; the Production of the Thorium Emanation and its Use in Therapeutics: Thorium X
Authors: Turner Dawson
Published: June 2016

The thorium emanation is given off more or less freely from the compounds of thorium, the best source, according to Professor Soddy, being a preparation of radiothorium in a moist condition. The important members of this group from the medical point of view are mesothorium, thorium X and its emanation.

The presence of the emanation can by shown by the ionising effect in discharging an electroscope, by the phosphorescence it imparts to zinc sulphide, and by its behaviour as a gas. The ionising effect can be produced at a considerable distance, and in consequence after a certain lapse of time. At a distance of ten feet there is a delay of about half a minute before the leaves begin to fall; when once the fall has begun, it continues steadily until the leaves are discharged.
II.—Observations on the Auditory Organ in the Cetacea
Authors: Turner Wm.
Published: June 2016

Early in September of this year I received from the Falkland Islands a box, dispatched by Mr G. Millen Coughtrey, a former student of the University, now an employé in the New Zealand Whaling Company. It contained a number of specimens which illustrated the anatomy of the auditory apparatus in the Cetacea. The whales were caught in the South Atlantic, mostly at South Shetland, though some were from Graham's Land, at which place he had been whaling last season.
VI.—The Kinetic Energy of Viscous Flow through a Circular Tube
Authors: Gibson A. H.
Published: June 2016

In the stream-line flow of a viscous fluid through a circular pipe of radius a, the velocity of flow at any radius x is given by

where
XI.—A Study of the Curvatures of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Cranium
Authors: Büchner L. W. G. , Berry R. J. A.
Published: June 2016

The extinction of the Tasmanian aboriginal in 1876 closed, for all practical purposes, the further scientific study of this ancient and highly interesting race, and it appeared almost certain that our knowledge of this people would remain dependent on the earlier works of those who were fortunate enough to have studied them during life, and on the few remains housed in such fortunate centres as London, Paris, Edinburgh, Oxford, and Cambridge.
XII.—The Place in Nature of the Tasmanian Aboriginal as deduced from a Study of his Calvaria.–Part II. His Relation to the Australian Aboriginal
Authors: Berry Richard J. A. , Robertson A. W. D.
Published: June 2016

In December 1910 we published, in conjunction with Dr K. Stuart Cross, in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1, 2, 3, 4) a series of four papers dealing with the relations of the Tasmanian aboriginal to Pithecanthropus erectus and to primitive man generally. In an earlier publication, published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria (5), we also made available the material upon which our Tasmanian work was based. In the present publication we propose to deal with the question of the relationship of the Tasmanian aboriginal to the Australian, with a view to deciding, if possible, the vexed questions as to whether the Tasmanian and the Australian are one and the same race, or, if not, if the Australian is a homogeneous or a heterogeneous race.