bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in Contemporary Research on Shamanism
Authors: DuBois Thomas A.
Published: April 2014

Recent research on the topic of shamanism is reviewed and discussed. Included are
works appearing since the early 1990s in the fields of anthropology, religious studies,
archaeology, cognitive sciences, ethnomusicology, medical anthropology, art history,
and ethnobotany. The survey demonstrates a continued strong interest in specific ethnographic
case studies focusing on communities which make use of shamanic practices.
Shamanic traditions are increasingly studied within their historical and political
contexts, with strong attention to issues of research ideology. New trends in the study
of cultural revitalization, neoshamanism, archaeology, gender, the history of anthropology,
and the cognitive study of religion are highlighted.
A global review of arthropod-mediated ecosystem-services in Vaccinium berry agroecosystems
Authors: Jones Matthew S. , Vanhanen Henri , Peltola Rainer , Drummond Frank
Published: April 2014

Native beneficial arthropods, including bees, predators, and parasitoids, provide valuable ecosystem services, which help to maintain agricultural productivity and reduce the need for pesticide inputs.Vacciniumberry species are somewhat unique compared to many of the world’s fruit crops in that, up until recently, most of the harvesting and culture of species for food occurred in the geographic regions of their origin. This suggests that insects involved in many of the ecosystem services for these berries are native species that have a shared co-evolutionary history. Due to the shared phylogenetic origins of theVacciniumspp. agroecosystems, the shared need for efficient pollination, and a number of shared agricultural pests, the potential exists for research from these related systems to closely apply to agroecosystems within the same genus. This review brings together research regarding arthropod-mediated ecosystem services from a number of prominentVacciniumagroecosystems worldwide. In total, thirty-nine ecosystem service studies are discussed. These studies quantified arthropod-mediated ecosystem services being provisioned toVacciniumagroecosystems. Additionally, thirty-nine surveys of arthropods closely associated and/or providing ecosystem services toVacciniumsystems are also reviewed. Studies took place almost exclusively in temperate regions with a heavy emphasis on insect pest biological control and pollination services. It is our hope that by synthesizing this body of literature, researchers and growers might be able to utilize research methods, results, and conservation recommendations despite differences in production practices and local arthropod fauna.
Biogeography and taxonomic status of Myotis keaysi pilosatibialis LaVal 1973 (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Authors: MANTILLA-MELUK HUGO , MUÑOZ-GARAY JAVIER
Published: April 2014

We document the first confirmed Colombian records of Myotis keaysi pilosatibialis LaVal, 1973 from various localities on the Colombian Caribbean and the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. These records confirm geographic overlap between M. k. pilosatibialis and the nominate subspecies M. k. keaysi J. A. Allen, 1914, in northeastern Colombia, questioning the subspecific status of M. k. pilosatibialis. Models of potential distribution, produced for the two taxa by the application of the Maxent algorithm, show a potential geographic overlap in the northeastern portion of the Andes of Colombia and Venezuela. In order to clarify the taxonomic status of putative M. keaysi variants, we analyzed the variation of Colombian representatives of M. keaysi through a Principal Components Analysis (PCA), and a Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) performed on 18 cranio-dental measurements, as well as the analysis of discrete characters. The morphological independence between M. k. keaysi and M. k. pilosatibialis was supported statistically in our PCA and DFA, as well as by the presence of unique discrete characters, lending support to the recognition of M. k. pilosatibialis as full species. Herein, we include new discrete characters setting apart M. pilosatibialis from the morphologically similar species M. keaysi.
Eviota brahmi n. sp. from Papua New Guinea, with a redescription of Eviota nigriventris (Teleostei: Gobiidae)
Authors: Greenfield David W. , TORNABENE LUKE
Published: April 2014

Greenfield & Randall (2011) described the gobiid fishes Eviota dorsogilva from Fiji and E. dorsopurpurea from Papua New Guinea as new species in what they termed the Eviota nigriventris complex. They also extended the range of E. nigriventris, type locality Banda Sea, to Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea. In the present paper, we describe their misidentified E. nigriventris from Papua New Guinea as a new species, E. brahmi, and redescribe E. nigriventris based on new material from near the type locality. The four species of this complex differ mainly in coloration, but are also shown to be distinct using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.
The status of Leptopelis barbouri Ahl, 1929 and eleven other nomina of the current tree-frog genus Leptopelis (Arthroleptidae) described from East Africa, with a redescription of Leptopelis grandiceps Ahl, 1929
Authors: GVOŽDÍK VÁCLAV , TILLACK FRANK , MENEGON MICHELE , LOADER SIMON P.
Published: April 2014

An investigation of name-bearing types and other relevant type specimens of twelve nominal Leptopelis taxa described from or distributed in the Eastern Arc Mountains in East Africa was carried out. Our aim was to clarify their status and where necessary revise respective nomina. We suggest several nomenclatural and taxonomic actions: 1) Leptopelis barbouri Ahl, 1929 is transferred to the synonymy of Leptopelis flavomaculatus (Günther, 1864) as a junior subjective synonym; 2) Leptopelis grandiceps Ahl, 1929 is resurrected from the synonymy of Leptopelis uluguruensis Barbour & Loveridge, 1928 as a valid species conforming to the tree frogs which have been known as ‘L. barbouri’ and a lectotype is designated; 3) Leptopelis usambarae Ahl, 1929 is transferred from the synonymy of L. uluguruensis Barbour & Loveridge, 1928 to the synonymy of L. grandiceps Ahl, 1929 as a subjective synonym; 4) a lectotype of Leptopelis amaniensis Ahl, 1929 (synonym of L. uluguruensis), Hylambates johnstoni Boulenger, 1897 (synonym of L. flavomaculatus) and Leptopelis signifer Ahl, 1929 (synonym of L. vermiculatus) is designated to stabilize identity of the nomina; and 5) the type locality of Leptopelis martiensseni Ahl, 1929 and Leptopelis tanganus Ahl, 1929 is corrected.
The Continuous Mutual Evolution of Equatorial Waves and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation of Zonal Flow in the Equatorial Stratosphere*
Authors: Cai Ming , Barton Cory , Shin Chul-Su , Chagnon Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2014

The continuous mutual evolution of equatorial waves and the background quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is demonstrated using daily NCEP–U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis for the period from 1 January 1979 to 31 December 2010. Using a novel diagnostic technique, the phase speed, vertical tilting, and form stress of equatorial waves in the stratosphere are obtained continuously on a daily basis. The results indicate that, on top of a weak-amplitude annual-cycle signal, all of these wave properties have a pronounced QBO signal with a downward propagation that evolves continuously together with the background QBO. The analysis also highlights the potential role of wave-induced form stress in driving the QBO regime change.

Dominant waves in the equatorial stratosphere propagate very slowly relative to the ground at all times, implying that their observed intrinsic phase speed evolution follows the background QBO nearly exactly but with opposite sign, as the established theory predicts. By revealing the continuous evolution of the form stress associated with the vertically tilted waves, the new diagnostic method also demonstrates the dominance of eastward-tilted, eastward-propagating waves contributing to a deceleration of easterly flow at high altitudes, which causes a downward propagation of the easterly flow signal. Similarly, the dominance of westward-tilted, westward-propagating waves acts to reverse westerly flow to easterly flow and causes a downward propagation of westerly flow signal. The results suggest that in addition to the wave-breaking processes, such continuously alternating downward transfer of westerly and easterly angular momentum by westward-tilted, westward-propagating waves and eastward-tilted, eastward-propagating waves contributes to the wave–mean flow interaction mechanism for the QBO.
A Contrast in Precipitation Characteristics across the Baiu Front near Japan. Part I: TRMM PR Observation
Authors: Yokoyama Chie , Takayabu Yukari N. , Kanada Sachie
Published: April 2014

Contrasts in precipitation characteristics across the baiu front are examined with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) data near Japan during June–July (1998–2011). The vertical structure of atmospheric stratification differs between the tropics and midlatitudes. On an average, the baiu front is found around the latitude that roughly divides the midlatitude atmosphere from the tropical atmosphere. Precipitation characteristics are compared between the southern and northern sides of the reference latitude of the baiu front, which is detected with equivalent potential temperature at 1000 hPa of 345 K in terms of the boundary between the tropics and midlatitudes.

The results show that there are obvious differences in precipitation characteristics between the southern and northern sides. In the south, convective rainfall ratios (CRRs) are 40%–60%, which are larger than those in the north (20%–40%). Greater rainfall intensity and taller/deeper precipitation are also observed in the south. Moreover, the characteristics of precipitation features (PFs), which are contiguous areas of nonzero rainfall, differ between the southern and northern sides. In the north, wide stratiform precipitation systems with CRRs of 0%–40% and heights of 8–11 km are dominant. In the south, organized precipitation systems with heights of 12–14 km and CRRs of 30%–50% and those with very large heights (14–17 km) and CRRs of 50%–80% are dominant in addition to wide stratiform precipitation systems. These results suggest that the mechanisms to bring rainfall are different between the southern and northern regions of the baiu front.
Estimates of Twenty-First-Century Flood Risk in the Pacific Northwest Based on Regional Climate Model Simulations
Authors: Salathé Eric P. , Hamlet Alan F. , Mass Clifford F. , Lee Se-Yeun , Stumbaugh Matt , Steed Richard
Published: April 2014

Results from a regional climate model simulation show substantial increases in future flood risk (2040–69) in many Pacific Northwest river basins in the early fall. Two primary causes are identified: 1) more extreme and earlier storms and 2) warming temperatures that shift precipitation from snow to rain dominance over regional terrain. The simulations also show a wide range of uncertainty among different basins stemming from localized storm characteristics. While previous research using statistical downscaling suggests that many areas in the Pacific Northwest are likely to experience substantial increases in flooding in response to global climate change, these initial estimates do not adequately represent the effects of changes in heavy precipitation. Unlike statistical downscaling techniques applied to global climate model scenarios, the regional model provides an explicit, physically based simulation of the seasonality, size, location, and intensity of historical and future extreme storms, including atmospheric rivers. This paper presents climate projections from the ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM) global climate model dynamically downscaled using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model implemented at 12-km resolution for the period 1970–2069. The resulting daily precipitation and temperature data are bias corrected and used as input to a physically based Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model. From the daily time step simulations of streamflow produced by the hydrologic model, probability distributions are fit to the extreme events extracted from each water year and flood statistics for various return intervals are estimated.
A Study of Two Propagating Heavy-Rainfall Episodes near Taiwan during SoWMEX/TiMREX IOP-8 in June 2008. Part II: Sensitivity Tests on the Roles of Synoptic Conditions and Topographic Effects
Authors: Wang Chung-Chieh , Chieh-Sheng Hsu Jason , Tai-Jen Chen George , Lee Dong-In
Published: April 2014

This study is the second of a two-part series to investigate two rainfall episodes in the Hovmöller space near Taiwan during the eighth intensive observing period (IOP-8, 12–17 June 2008) of the Southwest Monsoon Experiment/Terrain-influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (SoWMEX/TiMREX). The first episode moved eastward and the second westward, and both caused heavy rainfall in Taiwan. The goal of Part I was to better understand the mechanism and controlling factors for the organization and propagation of the episodes. Here in Part II, the detailed roles played by synoptic conditions and terrain effects are further examined. Three sensitivity tests (at 2.5-km grid spacing) are designed to include only the effects of synoptic evolution (SNP), and those from land–sea distribution–diurnal variations on top of a mean background with/without topography (DIU/DNT). As the benchmark, the control (CTL) experiment captures the 6-day event successfully and is validated in Part I.

In SNP, the two episodes are reproduced with overall similarity to CTL and the observation, and this confirms that the general location/time of rainfall are mainly controlled by synoptic forcing in this case, in contrast to typical warm-season conditions in the central United States. Even so, diurnal effects can still exert discernible impacts and modulate local convective development in many instances, particularly an afternoon enhancement over terrain, and the averaged diurnal cycle in CTL over southeastern China resembles those in DIU/DNT rather than that in SNP (with no land). The steep topography of Taiwan is especially important for its rainfall distribution, including the heavy rainfall on 16 June through processes as postulated by Xu et al.
Verification of European Subseasonal Wind Speed Forecasts
Authors: Lynch Kieran J. , Brayshaw David J. , Charlton-Perez Andrew
Published: April 2014

Analysis of the forecasts and hindcasts from the ECMWF 32-day forecast model reveals that there is statistically significant skill in predicting weekly mean wind speeds over areas of Europe at lead times of at least 14–20 days. Previous research on wind speed predictability has focused on the short- to medium-range time scales, typically finding that forecasts lose all skill by the later part of the medium-range forecast. To the authors’ knowledge, this research is the first to look beyond the medium-range time scale by taking weekly mean wind speeds, instead of averages at hourly or daily resolution, for the ECMWF monthly forecasting system. It is shown that the operational forecasts have high levels of correlation (~0.6) between the forecasts and observations over the winters of 2008–12 for some areas of Europe. Hindcasts covering 20 winters show a more modest level of correlation but are still skillful. Additional analysis examines the probabilistic skill for the United Kingdom with the application of wind power forecasting in mind. It is also shown that there is forecast “value” for end users (operating in a simple cost/loss ratio decision-making framework). End users that are sensitive to winter wind speed variability over the United Kingdom, Germany, and some other areas of Europe should therefore consider forecasts beyond the medium-range time scale as it is clear there is useful information contained within the forecast.
Ziqitza Healthcare Limited: Challenge of Scaling up Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in India using Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Mode
Authors: Gupta Rakesh , Basu Sriparna
Published: April 2014

Ziqitza Healthcare Limited (ZHL) launched Dial 1298 ambulance services in Mumbai (India) in 2005 to provide quality and timely emergency medical services (EMS). They adopted tiered pricing strategy based on cross-subsidy model to make their services widely available to all sections of society and make the venture financially sustainable. With funding support from Acumen Fund, ZHL quickly expanded its operations within Mumbai but wanted to expand their reach across India to make a larger social impact. Recognizing the commitment and work of ZHL and the pressing need for quality and affordable emergency medical services, many state governments showed interest in partnering with ZHL. Experts suggested Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode as a way forward to improve the quality and expand the reach of these services. It was in this back drop that ZHL was awarded a three year contract by the Rajasthan Government in 2010 to operate their fleet of more than 300 medical ambulances. ZHL saw it as an opportunity to fulfil its social mission and expand its footprints. However, the founders were apprehensive of working with the government and unsure whether this should be the next step to expand the reach of EMS across India at an affordable price.
Green Ergonomics and Green Buildings
Authors: Thatcher Andrew , Milner Karen
Published: April 2014

In this article, we explore the individual and organizational outcomes associated with a move from traditional buildings to three green buildings. Our findings revealed that high-level organizational measures were not notably affected by the move. Changes were, however, seen in physical well-being and perceived environmental comfort. The primary drivers were air quality and lighting. The need to consider human factors/ergonomics in green building design has been recognized by the Green Building Council of South Africa as an industry standard and as the starting point for the development of an interior design rating tool. Longer-term impacts of green buildings on organizationally relevant indicators still need to be established.
Feedback Design Heuristics for Energy Conservation
Authors: Trinh Kevin , Jamieson Greg A.
Published: April 2014

This article reviews a selection of the literature on strategies for and challenges to eliciting energy conservation behaviors from residential and commercial building inhabitants. We highlight visceral influences as one challenge in particular that has been neglected. We argue that feedback design opportunities are underexploited by designers of energy-consuming devices. To help address this problem, we identify and demonstrate feedback design heuristics that human factors/ergonomics practitioners can employ.
Bicycle Promotion as a Response to Climate Change
Authors: Ayres Thomas J.
Published: April 2014

Increased use of bicycles and other human-powered cycles for transportation is one way to slow climate change while providing health and economic benefits. HF/E professionals can make valuable contributions to this effort through research on actual and perceived barriers to utility (transportation) cycling and on effective means to reduce these barriers.
With(out) pleasure: Desexualization, gender and sexuality at work
Authors: Sullivan Katie R.
Published: April 2014

This article explores desexualization in massage therapy as a complex interaction between therapists and clients wherein sexual subjectivities are co-constructed, reified and in one case revised to highlight how workers can create a professional sexual identity in the spaces between desexualization and re-eroticization. Findings suggest that organizational mandates for desexualization as well as therapists’ own framing maintains gendered subjectivities that paint men as aggressors and women as victims. It also offers, through the philosophy of one female therapist, an alternative to desexualization that seeks to encourage sexuality based on professionalism, respect and choice. A key implication of this study is that a more holistic and context-dependent view of work and workers is necessary for scholars and practitioners to understand the promise and perils of organizational desexualization.
Similar and dissimilar resistance spot welding of advanced high strength steels: welding and heat treatment procedures, structure and mechanical properties
Authors: Wei S. T. , Lv D. , Liu R. D. , Lin L. , Xu R. J. , Guo J. Y. , Wang K. Q.
Published: April 2014

Similar and dissimilar combinations of a 1000 MPa galvanised dual phase (DP) steel and a 980 MPa transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel were resistance spot welded under different welding and heat treatment parameters. The microstructure and mechanical properties of spot welds were evaluated using metallographic technique, microhardness and tensile shear tests. The results showed that the tendency to fail in the pullout mode increased in the order of DP/DP, TRIP/TRIP and DP/TRIP welds, which was caused by the different hardness distribution, carbon equivalent and susceptibility to shrinkage void formation of spot welds for different combinations. In the study of the effects of heat treatments on the DP/TRIP welds, the pre-heating procedure improved the splash of welding to some extent. When the cooling time was larger than or equal to 1000 ms, the post-heating procedure improved the mechanical properties of spot welds owing to the temper of spot weld microstructure.
Reconnecting the Late Neolithic Social Landscape: A Micro-Regional Study of Objects, Settlements and Tombs from Iberia
Authors: Jorge Ana
Published: April 2014

The contrast between monumentalized burials and almost invisible settlements has dominated Neolithic studies in western Europe, reinforcing an artificial divide between ceremonial and economically productive landscapes. By combining a material culture approach with a landscape scale, comparative artefact studies can trace connections between people, places, and social contexts. This paper investigates social networks in Late Neolithic Portugal by examining artefact provenance, biographies, and deposition on the Mondego Plateau. It focuses on three sites and four object categories characteristic of this period. The study reveals great diversity of raw materials, circulation of everyday objects, and regional availability of resources previously thought to be imports. It suggests that people used dispersed resource areas in an integrated way, and that exchange was an integral part of routine life. Evidence for links across the region is not restricted to tombs. Burial assemblages resulted from a complex web of social relations that preceded, accompanied, and followed the actions surrounding death. Understanding these places and fundamental questions about Neolithic social production and reproduction requires reconnecting tombs and settlements into wider lived landscapes.
Nanoporous metal organic framework materials for smart applications
Authors: Ryder M. R. , Tan J-C.
Published: April 2014

This review is concerned with the recent advances in metal organic framework (MOF) materials. We highlight the unique combination of physicochemical and thermomechanical characteristics associated with MOF-type materials and illustrate emergent applications in three challenging technological sectors: energy, environmental remediation and biomedicine. MOFs represent an exciting new class of nanoporous crystalline solids constituting metal ions/clusters and multifunctional organic linkages, which self-assemble at molecular level to generate a plethora of ordered 3D framework materials. The most intriguing feature of a MOF lies in its exceptionally large surface area, far surpassing those of the best activated carbons and zeolites. Next generation multifunctional materials encompassing MOF based thin films, coatings, membranes and nanocomposites have potential for exploitation in an immense array of unconventional applications and smart devices. We pinpoint the key technological challenges and basic scientific questions to be addressed, so as to fulfil the translational potential for bringing MOFs from the laboratory into commercial applications.
Stimulation of the B-cell receptor activates the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells
Authors: Rozovski Uri , Wu Ji Yuan , Harris David M. , Liu Zhiming , Li Ping , Hazan-Halevy Inbal , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Burger Jan A. , O’Brien Susan , Jain Nitin , Verstovsek Srdan , Wierda William G. , Keating Michael J. , Estrov Zeev
Published: April 2014

Key Points

Stimulation of the BCR activates JAK2 and STAT3 in CLL cells. The JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib induces apoptosis of CLL cells.
Dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26) defines leukemic stem cells (LSC) in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Herrmann Harald , Sadovnik Irina , Cerny-Reiterer Sabine , Rülicke Thomas , Stefanzl Gabriele , Willmann Michael , Hoermann Gregor , Bilban Martin , Blatt Katharina , Herndlhofer Susanne , Mayerhofer Matthias , Streubel Berthold , Sperr Wolfgang R. , Holyoake Tessa L. , Mannhalter Christine , Valent Peter
Published: April 2014

Key Points

DPPIV (CD26) is a new specific marker of CML LSC that aids CML diagnostics and the measurement, characterization, and purification of LSC. DPPIV on CML LSC degrades SDF-1 and thereby promotes the niche-escape of LSC, which may contribute to extramedullary myeloproliferation in CML.
Human innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Hazenberg Mette D. , Spits Hergen
Published: April 2014

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are lymphoid cells that do not express rearranged receptors and have important effector and regulatory functions in innate immunity and tissue remodeling. ILCs are categorized into 3 groups based on their distinct patterns of cytokine production and the requirement of particular transcription factors for their development and function. Group 1 ILCs (ILC1s) produce interferon γ and depend on Tbet, group 2 ILCs (ILC2s) produce type 2 cytokines like interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-13 and require GATA3, and group 3 ILCs (ILC3s) include lymphoid tissue inducer cells, produce IL-17 and/or IL-22, and are dependent on RORγt. Whereas ILCs play essential roles in the innate immune system, uncontrolled activation and proliferation of ILCs can contribute to inflammatory autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the characteristics of ILCs in the context of health and disease. We will focus on human ILCs but refer to mouse studies if needed to clarify aspects of ILC biology.
Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection associates with an increased risk of colorectal polyps in African Americans
Authors: Brim Hassan , Zahaf Marwah , Laiyemo Adeyinka O , Nouraie Mehdi , Pérez-Pérez Guillermo I , Smoot Duane T , Lee Edward , Razjouyan Hadie , Ashktorab Hassan
Published: April 2014

Background

Gastric Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and colorectal polyps are more prevalent in African Americans than in the general population. We aimed to investigate whether gastric H. pylori infection is associated with colorectal polyps in African Americans.

Methods

Medical records of African Americans, 40 years and older (n = 1256) who underwent bidirectional gastrointestinal endoscopy on the same day were reviewed. H. pylori status was assessed by immunohistochemistry on gastric specimens. Colorectal polyps were confirmed by histological examination of colorectal biopsies. A subset of serum samples from healthy and polyp-bearing patients (n = 163) were analyzed by ELISA for anti-H. pylori and anti-CagA antibodies. The crude and adjusted effect of H. pylori on the risk of colorectal adenoma and polyp were computed by logistic regression models.

Results

The prevalence of colorectal polyps and adenomas were 456 (36%) and 300 (24%) respectively. Colorectal polyps were more prevalent in gastric H. pylori infected than non-infected subjects [43% vs. 34%; Odds Ratio (OR) (95% CI): 1.5 (1.2-1.9), P = 0.001]. Patients with H. pylori-associated chronic active gastritis were at high risk to have adenomas [Unadjusted OR (95% CI): 1.3 (1.0-1.8); P = 0.04]. There was no difference in histopathology, size, or location of polyps with respect to H. pylori status. Gastric H. pylori infection, age, male gender and high risk clinical presentations were independent risk factors for colorectal polyps. Serological testing also revealed a higher prevalence of H. pylori and its toxin Cag-A in polyp patients vs. non polyp patients’ sera, although in a non-statistically significant manner.

Conclusions

This study showed that current gastric H. pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of colorectal polyps in African Americans. Patients with H. pylori induced gastritis may benefit from early screening colonoscopy as a preventative measure for colorectal cancer.
An outcome prediction model for exsanguinating patients with blunt abdominal trauma after damage control laparotomy: a retrospective study
Authors: Wang Shang-Yu , Liao Chien-Hung , Fu Chih-Yuan , Kang Shih-Ching , Ouyang Chun-Hsiang , Kuo I-Ming , Lin Jr-Rung , Hsu Yu-Pao , Yeh Chun-Nan , Chen Shao-Wei
Published: April 2014

Background

We present a series of patients with blunt abdominal trauma who underwent damage control laparotomy (DCL) and introduce a nomogram that we created to predict survival among these patients.

Methods

This was a retrospective study. From January 2002 to June 2012, 91 patients underwent DCL for hemorrhagic shock. We excluded patients with the following characteristics: a penetrating abdominal injury, age younger than 18 or older than 65 years, a severe or life-threatening brain injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] ≥ 4), emergency department (ED) arrival more than 6 hours after injury, pregnancy, end-stage renal disease, or cirrhosis. In addition, we excluded patients who underwent DCL after ICU admission or later in the course of hospitalization.

Results

The overall mortality rate was 61.5%: 35 patients survived and 56 died. We identified independent survival predictors, which included a preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score < 8 and a base excess (BE) value < -13.9 mEq/L. We created a nomogram for outcome prediction that included four variables: preoperative GCS, initial BE, preoperative diastolic pressure, and preoperative cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR).

Conclusions

DCL is a life-saving procedure performed in critical patients, and devastating clinical outcomes can be expected under such dire circumstances as blunt abdominal trauma with exsanguination. The nomogram presented here may provide ED physicians and trauma surgeons with a tool for early stratification and risk evaluation in critical, exsanguinating patients.
Pattern and predictors of maternal care-seeking practices for severe neonatal jaundice in Nigeria: a multi-centre survey
Authors: Ezeaka Chinyere V , Ugwu Rosemary O , Mukhtar-Yola Mariya , Ekure Ekanem N , Olusanya Bolajoko O
Published: April 2014

Background

Nigeria is frequently associated with disproportionately high rates of severe neonatal jaundice (NNJ) underpinned by widespread Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Timely and appropriate treatment of NNJ is crucial for preventing the associated morbidity and neuro-developmental sequelae. Since mothers are likely to be the first mostly to observe the onset of severe illness in their newborns, we set out to identify the pattern and predictors of maternal care-seeking practices for NNJ in three culturally-distinct settings in Nigeria.

Methods

A multi-centre study was conducted among women attending antenatal clinics in Abuja, Lagos and Port Harcourt from October 2011 to April 2012 using a pretested questionnaire. Predictors of awareness of NNJ, accurate recognition of NNJ, use of potentially harmful therapies and preference for future hospital treatment were determined with multivariate logistic regressions.

Results

Of the 488 participants drawn from the three locations, 431 (88.3%) reported awareness of NNJ, predominantly (57.8%) attributable to professional health workers. A total of 309 (63.3%) mothers with prior knowledge of NNJ claimed they could recognise NNJ, but 270 (87.4%) from this group accurately identified the features of NNJ. Multiparous mothers (Adjusted odds ratio, AOR:4.05; 95% CI:1.75-9.36), those with tertiary education (AOR:1.91; CI:1.01-3.61), and those residing in Lagos (AOR:2.96; CI:1.10-7.97) were more likely to have had prior knowledge of NNJ. Similarly, multiparous mothers (AOR:2.38; CI:1.27-4.46) and those with tertiary education (AOR:1.92; CI:1.21-3.05) were more likely to recognise an infant with jaundice accurately. Mothers educated by health workers were 40% less likely to resort to potentially harmful treatment for NNJ (AOR:0.60; CI:0.39-0.92) but more likely to seek hospital treatment in future for an infant suspected with jaundice (AOR:1.88; CI:1.20-2.95).

Conclusions

Women with tertiary education and multiparous mothers who attend routine antenatal clinics are more likely than less educated women, to be associated with appropriate care-seeking practices for infants with NNJ regardless of the socio-cultural setting. Systematic efforts by professional health workers are warranted, as part of routine antenatal care, to engage other groups of mothers especially those likely to indulge in self-use of potentially harmful therapies.
Epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) exhibit in vitro antiangiogenic and in vivo antitumor activity by disrupting the HIF-1α/p300 complex in a preclinical model of prostate cancer
Authors: Reece Kelie M , Richardson Emily D , Cook Kristina M , Campbell Tessa J , Pisle Stephen T , Holly Alesia J , Venzon David J , Liewehr David J , Chau Cindy H , Price Douglas K , Figg William D
Published: April 2014

The downstream targets of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) play an important role in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Therefore, inhibition of HIF-mediated transcription has potential in the treatment of cancer. One attractive strategy for inhibiting HIF activity is the disruption of the HIF-1α/p300 complex, as p300 is a crucial coactivator of hypoxia-inducible transcription. Several members of the epidithiodiketopiperazine (ETP) family of natural products have been shown to disrupt the HIF-1α/p300 complexin vitro; namely, gliotoxin, chaetocin, and chetomin. Here, we further characterized the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of these ETPs using a preclinical model of prostate cancer. In the rat aortic ring angiogenesis assay, gliotoxin, chaetocin, and chetomin significantly inhibited microvessel outgrowth at a GI50of 151, 8, and 20 nM, respectively.In vitroco-immunoprecipitation studies in prostate cancer cell extracts demonstrated that these compounds disrupted the HIF-1α/p300 complex. The downstream effects of inhibiting the HIF-1α/p300 interaction were evaluated by determining HIF-1α target gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Dose-dependent decreases in levels of secreted VEGF were detected by ELISA in the culture media of treated cells, and the subsequent downregulation ofVEGFA,LDHA, andENO1HIF-1α target genes were confirmed by semi-quantitative real-time PCR. Finally, treatment with ETPs in mice bearing prostate tumor xenografts resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth. These results suggest that directly targeting the HIF-1α/p300 complex with ETPs may be an effective approach for inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor growth.
Strong anisotropic lifetime orientation distributions of a two-level quantum emitter around a plasmonic nanorod
Authors: Liu Jia-Ming , Liu Jing-Feng , Yu Yi-Cong , Zeng Ling-Yu , Wang Xue-Hua
Published: April 2014

Spontaneous emission lifetime orientation distributions of a two-level quantum emitter in metallic nanorod structures are theoretically investigated by the rigorous electromagnetic Green function method. It was found that spontaneous emission lifetime strongly depended on the transition dipole orientation and the position of the emitter. The anisotropic factor defined as the ratio between the maximum and minimum values of the lifetimes along different dipole orientations can reach up to 103. It is much larger than those in dielectric structures which are only several times usually. Our results show that the localized plasmonic resonance effect provides a new degree of freedom to effectively control spontaneous emission by the dipole orientation of the quantum emitters.

PACS: 78.67.Qa; 73.20.Mf; 42.50.-p
Morphological effect of oscillating magnetic nanoparticles in killing tumor cells
Authors: Cheng Dengfeng , Li Xiao , Zhang Guoxin , Shi Hongcheng
Published: April 2014

Forced oscillation of spherical and rod-shaped iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) via low-power and low-frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF) was firstly used to kill cancer cells in vitro. After being loaded by human cervical cancer cells line (HeLa) and then exposed to a 35-kHz AMF, MNPs mechanically damaged cell membranes and cytoplasm, decreasing the cell viability. It was found that the concentration and morphology of the MNPs significantly influenced the cell-killing efficiency of oscillating MNPs. In this preliminary study, when HeLa cells were pre-incubated with 100 μg/mL rod-shaped MNPs (rMNP, length of 200 ± 50 nm and diameter of 50 to 120 nm) for 20 h, MTT assay proved that the cell viability decreased by 30.9% after being exposed to AMF for 2 h, while the cell viability decreased by 11.7% if spherical MNPs (sMNP, diameter of 200 ± 50 nm) were used for investigation. Furthermore, the morphological effect of MNPs on cell viability was confirmed by trypan blue assay: 39.5% rMNP-loaded cells and 15.1% sMNP-loaded cells were stained after being exposed to AMF for 2 h. It was also interesting to find that killing tumor cells at either higher (500 μg/mL) or lower (20 μg/mL) concentration of MNPs was less efficient than that achieved at 100 μg/mL concentration. In conclusion, the relatively asymmetric morphological rod-shaped MNPs can kill cancer cells more effectively than spherical MNPs when being exposed to AMF by virtue of their mechanical oscillations.
Ultrasonography of the distal limbs in Nellore and Girolando calves 8 to 12 months of age
Authors: Gonçalves Pryscilla VR , Silva Luiz AF , Silva Luiz H , Costa Ana Paula A , Bragato Nathalia , Cardoso Julio R , Kofler Johann , Borges Naida C
Published: April 2014

Background

Ultrasonography can be used anywhere and allows rapid, noninvasive differentiation of soft tissue structures of the musculoskeletal system. The objectives of this study were to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the structures of the metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal and the interphalangeal joints, the appearance of the growth plates of the distal metacarpus/metatarsus and of the proximal phalanx and to measure the cross-sectional dimensions of the DDFT and SDFT in Nellore and Girolando calves eight to 12 months of age.

Results

In the longitudinal dorsal view the common digital extensor tendon and the digital extensor tendon were depicted as echogenic parallel fiber bundles located directly under the skin. The joint spaces appeared as anechoic interruptions of the hyperechogenic bone surfaces. The normal amount of synovial fluid could not be depicted. The growth plates were seen as anechoic interruptions of the bone surface proximal and distal to the fetlock joint space. In transverse sonograms of the distal palmar/plantar regions, the flexor tendons and branchs of the suspensory ligament were imaged as echogenic structures. The lumen of the digital flexor tendon sheath could not be imaged in these normal cattle. The thin digital distal annular ligament and the reversal of positions of the DDFT and SDFT could be appreciated. No significant differences were found between the cross-sectional measurements of the DDFT and the SDFT from Nellore and Girolando in any age, thoracic/pelvic limbs, right/left sides and lateral/medial digits.

Conclusions

The results of this study establish important ultrasonographic reference data of the normal structures of the distal limbs and the normal dimensions of the flexor tendons in Nellore and Girolando calves for use in clinical practice.
Mind the gap: rigour and relevance in collaborative heritage science research
Authors: Dillon Catherine , Bell Nancy , Fouseki Kalliopi , Laurenson Pip , Thompson Andrew , Strlič Matija
Published: April 2014

Background

This paper examines if there is a ‘rigour-relevance gap’ in collaborative heritage science research and what enables and impedes effective collaboration between academic researchers and users of research evidence in practice. A quantitative attitudes questionnaire was distributed amongst the heritage science community: 210 responses were received. Respondents answered in relation to one project they had worked on in the UK in the previous five years. They were asked about their personal goals in relation to the project and whether these were achieved, satisfaction levels in relation to project outcomes and impact, level of agreement with a series of attitude statements to ascertain what helped and hindered projects, personal characteristics and project characteristics. The questionnaire was analysed using a factor analytic, segmentation and profiling approach.

Results

Most respondents sought both rigour and relevance in collaborative research, were generally satisfied with the outcomes of projects and reported positive experiences of collaboration. However, respondents were less satisfied that the impact of projects would be realised. Practice-focussed goals were associated with lower levels of self-rated achievement than academic goals and a sizeable minority reported challenges in collaborative research. Furthermore, researchers and users differed in terms of their goals, experiences and level of satisfaction. Users had high expectations that research would translate into practice, but did not always feel this was realised.

Conclusion

Results from this project will inform how to improve heritage science research collaborations.
Pretreatment of garden biomass by alkali-assisted ultrasonication: effects on enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrastructural changes
Authors: Gabhane Jagdish , William SPM Prince , Vaidya Atul Narayan , Anand Duraisamy , Wate Satish
Published: April 2014

The present investigation aims at studying the effectiveness of alkali-assisted ultrasonication on pretreatment of garden biomass (GB). Dry and powdered GB suspended in 1% NaOH was ultrasonicated for 15, 30 and 60 minutes at a frequency of 25 KHZ. The mode of action and effectiveness of alkali-assisted ultrasonication on GB was established through microscopic, scanning electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction studies. A perusal of results showed that alkali-assisted ultrasonication led to fibrillation of GB which ultimately facilitated enzymatic hydrolysis. The results also indicated that alkali-assisted ultrasonication is an efficient means of pretreatment of GB at moderate (45-50°C) working temperature and low (1%) concentration of alkali. The yield of reducing sugar after enzymatic hydrolysis increased almost six times as compared to control due to alkali-assisted ultrasonication.
Expression of endogenous Mkp1 in 6-OHDA rat models of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Collins Louise M , Gavin Aisling M , Walsh Sinead , Sullivan Aideen M , Wyatt Sean L , O’Keeffe Gerard W , Nolan Yvonne M , Toulouse André
Published: April 2014

We have previously demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1, Mkp1, is expressed in the developing and rat adult substantia nigra and striatum, where it promotes the growth of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Mkp1 may therefore have therapeutic potential for Parkinson’s disease. In the present study, we have assessed the expression of Mkp1 and TH in the substantia nigra and striatum of parkinsonian rat models. Expression was measured at 4 and 10 days post-lesion in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) medial forebrain bundle lesion model and after 4, 10 and 28 days in the 6-OHDA striatal lesion model. Our results show that Mkp1 expression was transiently up-regulated in the substantia nigra at 4 days post-6-OHDA administration in the two models while TH expression was decreased at the later time-points examined. These data suggest that Mkp1 may play a role in counteracting the neurotoxic effects of 6-OHDA in nigral dopaminergic neurons.
Association of inflammatory and endothelial cell activation biomarkers with acute kidney injury after sepsis
Authors: Powell T Clark , Powell Stephen L , Allen Bryant K , Griffin Russell L , Warnock David G , Wang Henry E
Published: April 2014

Objective

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sequela of sepsis associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We sought to determine if individuals with elevated baseline levels of inflammation and endothelial cell activation are at increased risk for future AKI after sepsis.

Methods

We conducted an analysis of individuals developing sepsis in the national 30,239 subject REGARDS cohort. Biomarkers measured at the beginning of an 8-year observation period included high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), E-selectin, inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and urinary Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). We defined subsequent sepsis as hospitalization for a serious infection with ≥2 Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) criteria. We excluded patients with prior dialysis or kidney transplantation, or those receiving less than two serum creatinine (sCr) measurements during hospitalization. We defined AKI as an increase in sCr ≥0.3 mg/dL from the initial sCr measurement, or the initiation of hemodialysis. Using logistic regression, we evaluated the associations between AKI and biomarker quartiles, adjusting for comorbidities.

Results

We identified 212 sepsis cases encompassing 41 (19.3%) AKI. Elapsed time from biomarker measurement to sepsis episode was 3.1 years (IQR 1.6-4.5). Compared with non-AKI, AKI individuals exhibited higher TNF-α (9.4 vs. 6.2 pg/mL, p = 0.003) and ACR (504.82 vs 61.81 mg/g, p < 0.001). hsCRP, IL-6, E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were similar between AKI and non-AKI. After adjustment for confounders, AKI after sepsis was more likely in those with higher E-selectin (adjusted ORs 2.91 (0.95-8.93), 1.99 (0.61-6.47), 4.01 (1.30-12.35), test of linear trend p = 0.04), and higher ACR (adjusted ORs 2.29 (0.99-5.30), 10.67 (3.46-32.90), test of linear trend p < 0.001). Baseline hsCRP, TNF-α, IL-6, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were not associated with AKI after sepsis.

Conclusion

Elevated baseline levels of E-selectin and ACR are associated with future AKI in the setting of sepsis. Baseline inflammatory and endothelial activation biomarkers may be useful for predicting future risk of AKI in sepsis.