bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteogenomics for environmental microbiology
Authors: Armengaud Jean , Marie Hartmann Erica , Bland Céline
Published: May 2013

Proteogenomics sensu stricto refers to the use of proteomic data to refine the annotation of genomes from model organisms. Because of the limitations of automatic annotation pipelines, a relatively high number of errors occur during the structural annotation of genes coding for proteins. Whether putative orphan sequences or short genes encoding low‐molecular‐weight proteins really exist is still frequently a mystery. Whether start codons are well defined is also an open debate. These problems are exacerbated for genomes of microorganisms belonging to poorly documented genera, as related sequences are not always available for homology‐guided annotation. The functional annotation of a significant proportion of genes is also another well‐known issue when annotating environmental microorganisms. High‐throughput shotgun proteomics has recently greatly evolved, allowing the exploration of the proteome from any microorganism at an unprecedented depth. The structural and functional annotation process may be usefully complemented with experimental data. Indeed, proteogenomic mapping has been successfully performed for a wide variety of organisms. Specific approaches devoted to systematically establishing the N‐termini of a large set of proteins are being developed. N‐terminomics is giving rise to datasets of experimentally proven translational start codons as well as validated peptide signals for secreted proteins. By extension, combining genomic and proteomic data is becoming routine in many research projects. The proteomic analysis of organisms with unfinished genome sequences, the so‐called composite proteomics, and the search for microbial biomarkers by bottom‐up and top‐down combined approaches are some examples of proteogenomic‐flavored studies. They illustrate the advent of a new era of environmental microbiology where proteomics and genomics are intimately integrated to answer key biological questions.
Bringing proteomics into the clinic: The need for the field to finally take itself seriously
Authors: Martens Lennart
Published: May 2013

Proteomics has fast become a standard tool in the life sciences, with increasingly sophisticated approaches and instruments delivering ever growing numbers of identified and quantified proteins. Yet despite the enormous technological progress, and the triumphant papers published on whole‐cell proteomes being collected and analyzed, proteomics has so far failed to enter the clinic for routine applications. This is a peculiar contradiction, and one that warrants some closer study. I here argue that for proteomics to make a difference in the clinic, it needs to stop shirking responsibility, and to mature into an analytical, transparent, and reproducible discipline that also invests in the consolidation of its technology rather than only focusing on the next big leap forward. A key enabling factor in this maturation process is quality control and quality assurance, with bioinformatics, in its least noticeable but most influential form, as a key underlying technology.
Vapour phase co‐deposition of Al—Cu thin film alloys
Authors: Hafner Martina , Mardare Andrei Ionut , Hassel Achim Walter
Published: May 2013

The fabrication and characterisation of Al—Cu thin film alloys obtained using co‐deposition geometry from individual Al and Cu sources were addressed. A compositional gradient ranging from 36 to 93 at.% Cu was obtained. The surface microstructure evolved with a strong influence on the Cu content. This was connected to the presence of the Cu(111) in the alloys. The electrical resistivity showed a decrease by almost one order of magnitude in the Cu rich region of the Al—Cu combinatorial library. Al—Cu thin films evaporated from a single source produced a surface compositional gradient of 7 at.%. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling revealed an in‐depth compositional gradient as well. This behaviour was attributed to the gas phase dynamics of Al and Cu during the thin film formation.
Surface plasmon resonance‐based DNA microarrays: Comparison of thiol and phosphorothioate modified oligonucleotides
Authors: Jiménez‐Monroy K. L. , Kick A. , Eersels K. , van Grinsven B. , Wagner P. , Mertig M.
Published: May 2013

We present the use of thiol‐modified and phosphorothioate (PT)‐modified oligonucleotides for building DNA microarrays on the gold surface of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chips. PT‐modified oligonucleotides (PTOs) have several advantages in comparison to thiol‐modified ones. They do not form disulfides and the PT groups can be introduced in any desired position of the molecular backbone of the oligonucleotide. Additionally, modifications with PT groups are not as cost‐intensive as thiol groups. The direct immobilization of the oligonucleotides via thiol and PT groups is compared. The affinity of the PT groups to gold is lower than that of thiol groups. Nevertheless, the hybridization kinetics of a model polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product could be studied in real time on a DNA microarray for both types of modified oligonucleotides. This contributes to clarification of previous, contradictory reports on the use of PTOs for their attachment to gold surfaces. The immobilization of PTOs could be improved by the introduction of iodoacetylated surfaces, which are reactive to bind PTs as well as thiols with high efficiency. Furthermore, the influence of the probe structure on the probe density and the hybridization was investigated.
Mode‐locked Yb:LuAG ceramics laser
Authors: Luo Dewei , Zhang Jian , Xu Changwen , Lin Hui , Yang Hao , Zhu Haiyong , Shao Guodong , Tang Dingyuan , Kong Lingbing
Published: May 2013

A diode‐pumped Yb:LuAG ceramics laser was investigated. CW laser performance was achieved. Passively femtosecond mode‐locked laser operation was also successfully realized by using a SESAM mirror. The mode‐locked pulse duration as short as 650 fs was obtained with a maximum output power of 200 mW. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties and laser performance of Ho:LuAG ceramics
Authors: Yang Hao , Zhang Jian , Luo Dewei , Lin Hui , Chen Hao , Shen Deyuan , Tang Dingyuan
Published: May 2013

Lutetium aluminum garnet (LuAG) is a garnet isostructure similar to yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG). High optical quality of 1.0 mol% Ho3+ doped LuAG transparent polycrystalline ceramics were fabricated successfully by reactive sintering method. The microstructures, optical properties and laser performance of the Ho:LuAG ceramics were investigated in this study. The in‐line transmittance of Ho:LuAG transparent ceramics is higher than 84% at 2500 nm. The absorption coefficient of 1.0 mol% Ho:LuAG is 0.88 cm–1 at 1906 nm and its absorption cross section is calculated to be 0.62×10–20 cm2. The laser oscillation of Ho:LuAG transparent ceramic without coated was also firstly obtained in this study. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐temperature thermoelectric properties of p‐type skutterudites Ybx Co3FeSb12
Authors: Dong Yongkwan , Puneet Pooja , Tritt Terry M. , Nolas George S.
Published: May 2013

Partially filled polycrystalline p‐type skutterudites of nominal compositions Ybx Co3FeSb12 were synthesized and their thermoelectric properties characterized. The compositions and filling fractions were confirmed with a combination of Rietveld refinement and elemental analysis. The thermoelectric properties were evaluated from 300 K to 810 K. The Seebeck coefficient and resistivity increase while the thermal conductivity decreases with increasing Yb content. A maximum ZT value of 0.85 was obtained at 810 K. This work is part of a continuing effort to enhance the thermoelectric properties of p‐type skutterudites, as this class of materials continues to be of interest for thermoelectrics applications. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Propagation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation through the Maritime Continent and scale interaction with the diurnal cycle of precipitation
Authors: Peatman Simon C. , Matthews Adrian J. , Stevens David P.
Published: May 2013

The convectively active part of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) propagates eastward through the warm pool, from the Indian Ocean through the Maritime Continent (the Indonesian archipelago) to the western Pacific. The Maritime Continent's complex topography means the exact nature of the MJO propagation through this region is unclear. Model simulations of the MJO are often poor over the region, leading to local errors in latent heat release and global errors in medium‐range weather prediction and climate simulation.

Using 14 northern winters of TRMM satellite data it is shown that, where the mean diurnal cycle of precipitation is strong, 80% of the MJO precipitation signal in the Maritime Continent is accounted for by changes in the amplitude of the diurnal cycle. Additionally, the relationship between outgoing long‐wave radiation (OLR) and precipitation is weakened here, such that OLR is no longer a reliable proxy for precipitation. The canonical view of the MJO as the smooth eastward propagation of a large‐scale precipitation envelope also breaks down over the islands of the Maritime Continent. Instead, a vanguard of precipitation (anomalies of 2.5 mm day−1 over 106 km2) jumps ahead of the main body by approximately 6 days or 2000 km. Hence, there can be enhanced precipitation over Sumatra, Borneo or New Guinea when the large‐scale MJO envelope over the surrounding ocean is one of suppressed precipitation.

This behaviour can be accommodated into existing MJO theories. Frictional and topographic moisture convergence and relatively clear skies ahead of the main convective envelope combine with the low thermal inertia of the islands, to allow a rapid response in the diurnal cycle which rectifies onto the lower‐frequency MJO. Hence, accurate representations of the diurnal cycle and its scale interaction appear to be necessary for models to simulate the MJO successfully.
Preparation of MoS2‐Coated Three‐Dimensional Graphene Networks for High‐Performance Anode Material in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Cao Xiehong , Shi Yumeng , Shi Wenhui , Rui Xianhong , Yan Qingyu , Kong Jing , Zhang Hua
Published: May 2013

A novel composite, MoS2‐coated three‐dimensional graphene network (3DGN), referred to as MoS2/3DGN, is synthesized by a facile CVD method. The 3DGN, composed of interconnected graphene sheets, not only serves as template for the deposition of MoS2, but also provides good electrical contact between the current collector and deposited MoS2. As a proof of concept, the MoS2/3DGN composite, used as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, shows excellent electrochemical performance, which exhibits reversible capacities of 877 and 665 mAh g−1 during the 50th cycle at current densities of 100 and 500 mA g−1, respectively, indicating its good cycling performance. Furthermore, the MoS2/3DGN composite also shows excellent high‐current‐density performance, e.g., depicts a 10th‐cycle capacity of 466 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 4 A g−1.
An ARIMA‐ANN Hybrid Model for Time Series Forecasting
Authors: Wang Li , Zou Haofei , Su Jia , Li Ling , Chaudhry Sohail
Published: May 2013

Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model has been successfully applied as a popular linear model for economic time series forecasting. In addition, during the recent years, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used to capture the complex economic relationships with a variety of patterns as they serve as a powerful and flexible computational tool. However, most of these studies have been characterized by mixed results in terms of the effectiveness of the ANNs model compared with the ARIMA model. In this paper, we propose a hybrid model, which is distinctive in integrating the advantages of ARIMA and ANNs in modeling the linear and nonlinear behaviors in the data set. The hybrid model was tested on three sets of actual data, namely, the Wolf's sunspot data, the Canadian lynx data and the IBM stock price data. Our computational experience indicates the effectiveness of the new combinatorial model in obtaining more accurate forecasting as compared to existing models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teaching With Interactive Picture E‐Books in Grades K–6
Authors: Schugar Heather Ruetschlin , Smith Carol A. , Schugar Jordan T.
Published: May 2013

This article presents general implications for using interactive electronic picture books in the classroom. The suggestions are rooted in research with middle grades readers in a tutoring setting and kindergarten through fourth‐grade classroom settings. Specific attention is given toward those features in eBooks that may distract, support, or extend comprehension. The article also addresses ways to familiarize students with multi‐touch tablet devices while encouraging students and teachers to transfer print‐based reading strategies to this new medium. In addition, the authors provide a framework for considering the relationship between interactive features in eBooks and students’ comprehension while establishing the need for more scaffolding of reading instruction when using ebooks.
The reproductive biology of two understory plants in the Atlantic rain forest, Brazil
Authors: Stein Katharina , Hensen Isabell
Published: May 2013

Outcrossing and sexual reproduction of most flowering plants depends on pollinators. Plant traits likely to be involved in pollinator attraction include flower color, shape, and size. Furthermore, plant or flower density and the temporal flowering pattern may have an effect on reproduction. In this study, we examine the pollination ecology, breeding system, female reproductive output, and germination of two tropical understory species, Stenostephanus lobeliiformis (Acanthaceae) and Besleria melancholica (Gesneriaceae), which differ in these traits. Pollinator observations revealed that the dense flowering S. lobeliiformis with pinkish flowers received a higher diversity of pollinators, but visitor frequency measured as visits per flower per hour was much less (0.1 h−1) than that to B. melancholica, which has a smaller floral display of dull‐colored flowers (1.5 h−1). Pollination experiments revealed that S. lobeliiformis but not B. melancholica is pollen‐limited. In addition, both species are partially self‐incompatible and depend on pollinators for outcrossing. Natural fruit set of open‐pollinated unmanipulated flowers (control treatment) in both species is 22–26 %. Germination studies indicated inbreeding depression in S. lobeliiformis. We conclude that the pollination ecology of these species is influenced by a broad set of traits and that very different combinations of these traits can be successful in terms of reproduction.
How to Attain an Ultralow Interfacial Tension and a Three‐Phase Behavior with a Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 2. Performance Improvement Trends from Winsor's Premise to Currently Proposed Inter‐ and Intra‐Molecular Mixtures
Authors: Salager Jean‐Louis , Forgiarini Ana M. , Márquez Laura , Manchego Lisbeth , Bullón Johnny
Published: May 2013

The minimum interfacial tension occurrence along a formulation scan at the so‐called optimum formulation is discussed to be related to the interfacial curvature. The attained minimum tension is inversely proportional to the domain size of the bicontinuous microemulsion and to the interfacial layer rigidity, but no accurate prediction is available. The data from a very simple ternary system made of pure products accurately follows the correlation for optimum formulation, and exhibit a linear relationship between the performance index as the logarithm of the minimum tension at optimum, and the formulation variables. This relation is probably too simple when the number of variables is increased as in practical cases. The review of published data for more realistic systems proposed for enhanced oil recovery over the past 30 years indicates a general guidelines following Winsor's basic studies concerning the surfactant–oil–water interfacial interactions. It is well known that the major performance benefits are achieved by blending amphiphilic species at the interface as intermolecular or intramolecular mixtures, sometimes in extremely complex formulations. The complexity is such that a good knowledge of the possible trends and an experienced practical know‐how to avoid trial and error are important for the practitioner in enhanced oil recovery.
Synthesis and Properties of Mono or Double Long‐Chain Alkanolamine Surfactants
Authors: Zhang Ya , Xu Yongshen , Qiu Shouji , Yang Lei
Published: May 2013

Two types of N‐substituted long‐chain alkanolamine surfactants were prepared. Firstly, octadecyl glycidyl ether was synthesized from octadecanol and epichlorohydrin. Subsequently, a ring‐opening reaction of the epoxide ring of octadecyl glycidyl ether was performed with monoethanolamine and diethanolamine to synthesize bis(octadecyloxy)‐2‐ hydroxypropylmonoethanolamine (D‐MEA)and octadecyloxy‐2‐hydroxypropyldiethanolamine(M‐DEA) without catalyst at 60 °C, respectively. And their corresponding tertiary amine salts bis(octadecyloxy)‐2‐hydroxypropylmonoethanolamine hydrochloride (D‐MEAS) and octadecyloxy‐2‐hydroxypropyldiethanolamine hydrochloride (M‐DEAS) were attained by neutralization with hydrochloric acid. The study on these four surfactants included their surface active properties, foaming abilities, emulsifying properties, lime‐soap dispersion abilities and wetting abilities. The results show that D‐MEAS possesses the best surface active property and lime‐soap dispersion ability. D‐MEA has better foaming ability and foaming stability. The wetting ability of M‐DEA and the emulsifying property of M‐DEAS are prominent.
New Long Chain Bases in Lipophosphonoglycan of Acanthamoeba Castellanii
Authors: Karaś Magdalena A. , Russa Ryszard
Published: May 2013

The polymer called lipophosphonoglycan (LPG) was isolated from Acanthamoeba castellanii membranes after exhaustive delipidation and butanol extraction. A novel extremely long phytosphingosine was revealed in glycoinositolphosphosphingolipid (GIPSL). All data obtained by gas–liquid chromatography coupled with MS analyses of products liberated during acid methanolysis and products of sodium metaperiodate and permanganate–periodate oxidations showed an unusual pattern of long chain bases (LCB) with branched bases (anteiso‐C24, anteiso‐C25, anteiso‐C26, iso‐C26, anteiso‐C27, and anteiso‐C28) and normal ones (C24, C25, C26, C27). The phytosphingosines with hexa‐, hepta‐, and octacosanoic chains have not been detected in Acanthamoeba cells up to now. Also, the isomer configuration of long chain bases in LPG of A. castellanii was not defined in earlier reports. In the GC–MS chromatograms, the component forming a peak corresponding to anteiso‐C25 phytosphingosine was the most abundant and constituted more than 50 % of all LCB.
Analysis of discrete time schemes for milling forces control under fractional order holds
Authors: Rubio Luis , De la Sen Manuel , Longstaff Andrew Peter , Myers Alan
Published: May 2013

In this paper, discrete time model reference control schemes for practical milling using different discretization of the continuous-time plant are presented. First, a basic controller scheme is addressed where a fractional order hold with pre-fixed value of the gain is used. Secondly, a multi-model scheme, which outputs different discretization in parallel with the continuous-time milling system transfer function under a fractional order hold (FROH) of correcting β ∈ [−1, 1], is dealt with. Then, an intelligent design framework is designed as a supervisory scheme with two hierarchical levels in order to find the most appropriate value for the gain β. For choosing the value of β, a tracking performance index is designed. It evaluates each pre-defined discretization of the continuous time milling transfer function and the scheme chooses the one with the smallest value of the index in order to generate the real control input to the plant. Two different methods of adjusting this value are presented and discussed. The first one selects a β-value among a fixed pre-defined set of possible values, while the second one the value of β is updated by adding or subtracting a small quantity.
Influences on Pregnancy-Termination Decisions in Matlab, Bangladesh
Authors: DaVanzo Julie , Rahman Mizanur , Ahmed Shahabuddin , Razzaque Abdur
Published: May 2013

We investigate factors affecting women’s decisions to terminate pregnancies in Matlab, Bangladesh, using logistic regression on high-quality data from the Demographic Surveillance System on more than 215,000 pregnancies that occurred between 1978 and 2008. Variables associated with the desire not to have another birth soon (very young and older maternal age, a greater number of living children, the recent birth of twins or of a son, a short interval since a recent live birth) are associated with a greater likelihood of pregnancy termination, and the effects of many of these explanatory variables are stronger in more recent years. Women are less likely to terminate a pregnancy if they don’t have any living sons or recently experienced a miscarriage, a stillbirth, or the death of a child. The higher the woman’s level of education, the more likely she is to terminate a pregnancy. Between 1982 and the mid-2000s, pregnancy termination was significantly less likely in the area of Matlab with better family planning services.
Conditions at infinity for the inhomogeneous filtration equation
Authors: Punzo Fabio , Grillo Gabriele , Muratori Matteo
Published: May 2013

We investigate existence and uniqueness of solutions to the filtration equation with an inhomogeneous density in

\mathbb{R}^{N}

(

N⩾3

), approaching at infinity a given continuous datum of Dirichlet type.
Aktiv leben nach Krebs mit gesundheitsorientierten Trainingsangeboten
Authors: Scharhag-Rosenberger Friederike
Published: May 2013

Einleitung

Die Anzahl Krebsüberlebender steigt stetig an. Da Krebsbetroffene ein erhöhtes Risiko für Begleit- und Folgeerkrankungen aufweisen, stellen sie eine Herausforderung für das Gesundheitswesen dar. Gesundheitsorientierte Bewegungsprogramme tragen dazu bei, die Lebensqualität Krebsüberlebender zu verbessern, gesundheitlichen Problemen entgegenzuwirken und eventuell das Sterberisiko zu senken. Die Entwicklung spezieller Bewegungsangebote für Krebsüberlebende ist deshalb eine Aufgabe und ein Zukunftsmarkt für verschiedene Akteure im Gesundheits- und Fitnessbereich.
Comprehensive On-site Medical and Public Health Training for Local Medical Practitioners in a Refugee Setting
Authors: Asgary Ramin , Jacobson Karen
Published: May 2013

Objectives

In refugee settings, local medical personnel manage a broad range of health problems but commonly lack proper skills and training, which contributes to inefficient use of resources. To fill that gap, we designed, implemented, and evaluated a curriculum for a comprehensive on-site training for medical providers.

Methods

The comprehensive teaching curriculum provided ongoing on-site training for medical providers (4 physicians, 7 medical officers, 15 nurses and nurse aids, and 30 community health workers) in a sub-Saharan refugee camp. The curriculum included didactic sessions, inpatient and outpatient practice-based teaching, and case-based discussions, which included clinical topics, refugee public health, and organizational skills. The usefulness and efficacy of the training were evaluated through pretraining and posttraining tests, anonymous self-assessment surveys, focus group discussions, and direct clinical observation.

Results

Physicians had a 50% (95% CI 17%-82%; range, 25%-75%) improvement in knowledge and skills. They rated the quality and usefulness of lectures 4.75 and practice-based teaching 5.0 on a 5-point scale (1=poor to 5=excellent). Evaluation of medical officers’ knowledge revealed improvements in (1) overall test scores (52% [SD 8%] to 80% [SD 5%]; P < .0001); (2) pediatric infectious diseases (44% [SD 9%] to 79% [SD 7%]; P < .001); and (3) noninfectious diseases (57% [SD 16%] to 81% [SD 10%] P < .01). Main barriers to effective learning were lack of training prioritization, time constraints, and limited ancillary support.

Conclusions

A long-term, ongoing training curriculum for medical providers initiated by aid agencies but integrated into horizontal peer-to-peer education is feasible and effective in refugee settings. Such programs need prioritizing, practice and system-based personnel training, and a comprehensive curriculum to improve clinical decision making.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:82-88)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Parents and Youth After Health-Related Disasters
Authors: Sprang Ginny , Silman Miriam
Published: May 2013

Objectives

This study investigated the psychosocial responses of children and their parents to pandemic disasters, specifically measuring traumatic stress responses in children and parents with varying disease-containment experiences.

Methods

A mixed-method approach using survey, focus groups, and interviews produced data from 398 parents. Adult respondents completed the University of California at Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (PTSD-RI) Parent Version and the PTSD Check List Civilian Version (PCL-C).

Results

Disease-containment measures such as quarantine and isolation can be traumatizing to a significant portion of children and parents. Criteria for PTSD was met in 30% of isolated or quarantined children based on parental reports, and 25% of quarantined or isolated parents (based on self-reports).

Conclusions

These findings indicate that pandemic disasters and subsequent disease-containment responses may create a condition that families and children find traumatic. Because pandemic disasters are unique and do not include congregate sites for prolonged support and recovery, they require specific response strategies to ensure the behavioral health needs of children and families. Pandemic planning must address these needs and disease-containment measures. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:105-110)
Iwasawa Theory for K2n
Authors: Ji Qingzhong , Qin Hourong
Published: May 2013

Given a number field F and a prime number p; let Fn denote the cyclotomic extension with [Fn : F] = pn; and let $\mathematical script capital(O)_F_n\$ denote its ring of integers. We establish an analogue of the classical Iwasawa theorem for the orders of K2i ($\mathematical script capital(O)_F_n\$){p}.
Kingship by Descent or Kingship by Election? The Contested Title of James VI and I
Authors: Kanemura Rei
Published: May 2013

Throughout the reign of Elizabeth I, a steady stream of tracts appeared in English print to vindicate the succession of the most prominent contenders, Mary and James Stuart of Scotland. This article offers a comprehensive account of the polemical battle between the supporters and opponents of the Stuarts, and further identifies various theories of English kingship, most notably the theory of corporate kingship, developed by the Stuart polemicists to defend the Scottish succession. James's accession to the English throne in March 1603 marked the protracted end of the debate over the succession. The article concludes by suggesting that, while powerfully renouncing the opposition to his succession, over the course of his attempt to unify his two kingdoms, James and his supporters ultimately departed from the polemic of corporate kingship, for a more assertive language of kingship by natural and divine law.
Closed form Solution for Degenerate Scale Problem of Joukowcki Airfoil Configuration in Antiplane Elasticity
Authors: Chen Y. Z.
Published: May 2013

This paper provides a closed form solution for degenerate scale problem of the Joukowcki thin airfoil configuration in antiplane elasticity. The solution depends on a conformal mapping function for the Joukowcki thin airfoil configuration.
How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression
Authors: KING GARY , PAN JENNIFER , ROBERTS MARGARET E.
Published: May 2013

We offer the first large scale, multiple source analysis of the outcome of what may be the most extensive effort to selectively censor human expression ever implemented. To do this, we have devised a system to locate, download, and analyze the content of millions of social media posts originating from nearly 1,400 different social media services all over China before the Chinese government is able to find, evaluate, and censor (i.e., remove from the Internet) the subset they deem objectionable. Using modern computer-assisted text analytic methods that we adapt to and validate in the Chinese language, we compare the substantive content of posts censored to those not censored over time in each of 85 topic areas. Contrary to previous understandings, posts with negative, even vitriolic, criticism of the state, its leaders, and its policies are not more likely to be censored. Instead, we show that the censorship program is aimed at curtailing collective action by silencing comments that represent, reinforce, or spur social mobilization, regardless of content. Censorship is oriented toward attempting to forestall collective activities that are occurring now or may occur in the future—and, as such, seem to clearly expose government intent.
Cold Case File: Indictable Acts and Officer Accountability inMarbury v. Madison
Authors: ORREN KAREN , WALKER CHRISTOPHER
Published: May 2013

Starting from the position that officer accountability is a core value of American constitutionalism, this article reassessesMarbury v. Madisonin light of the indictable acts connected to the nondelivery of Marbury's commission. First, it reads Chief Justice Marshall's opinion against the background of personal and political hostility among the principals, including between Marbury and President Jefferson. Second, it identifies avenues of further redress open to Marbury before and after the Supreme Court's refusal of the mandamus order, and it considers why they were not pursued. Finally, having identified alternative procedural traditions on which Marshall could have drawn, and reviewed decisions by state and federal judges in analogous suits against officers, it concludes thatMarbury'sdeepest contribution was to elevate the principle of jurisdiction over the imperative of remedy in constitutional decision making.
Temporal trends in biodiversity of the middle-slope assemblages in Sardinian seas (Central-Western Mediterranean)
Authors: Sabatini Andrea , Locci Ivan , Deiana Anna M. , Follesa Maria C. , Gastoni Alice , Pendugiu Antonio A. , Pesci Paola , Cau Angelo
Published: May 2013

It has been amply demonstrated that trawl fishing affects overall biomass, size and species structure of demersal fish communities, and an increasing number of studies are proving that this could have even greater unexpected effects on biological diversity. The aims of this study are: (1) to examine the temporal trends of several ecological diversity indices for middle-slope communities in specific locations within the Sardinian seas, which have been recently subject to increasing fishing capacity; and (2) to simulate the Shannon's entropy (H′) temporal trend, using a multiple linear regression, in order to investigate about the relationships between fishing effort and species diversity. The data come from 11 MEDITS trawl surveys (1994 to 2004). Temporal trends in fishing effort were analysed and ecological diversity indices were measured. Analysis was conducted for four areas (NW, NE, SE, SSW). Significant variations over time in both fishing pressure and ecological diversity indices were found for the southern zones. More precisely, the SE zone showed an increase in fishing effort (+120% in 2004), and a decrease of Shannon–Weiner's diversity. The SSW zone exhibited a 22.6% increase of fishing effort and a decrease of species richness. The best model of H′ incorporates species richness and fishing effort expressed as number of boats per trawling area. Our results seem to indicate that fishing pressure affected the species richness and the abundance of middle-slope species and that variation in ecological diversity indices differed with different levels of fishing effort.
‘That Used to be a Famous Village’: Shedding the past in rural north India
Authors: PHILLIMORE PETER
Published: May 2013

This paper examines the changing reputation of one village in Himachal Pradesh, India, looking back over 30 years. This village has long had a singular identity and local notoriety for its association withjadu(‘witchcraft’). I argue that in this village today the idea of ‘witchcraft’ as a potent malignant force is losing its old persuasiveness, and with this change the village is also shedding its unwanted reputation. Against claims for ‘the modernity of witchcraft’ in various parts of the world, I argue that, in this case at least, witchcraft is construed as distinctly unmodern. The capacity ofjaduto cause fear and, equally, its value as an explanatory idiom are, I suggest, being overwhelmed by social changes, the cumulative effect of which has been to reduce the previous insularity of this village and greatly widen the social networks of its members. I pose two main questions. Why should this village have held such a particular reputation? And why should it now be on the wane? Linked to the second question is the relationship between this decline and local understandings of ‘modernity’. In developing my argument around the specificity of an unusual village, I also consider the significance of ‘the village’ as both social entity and, formerly, one cornerstone of the anthropological project. Finally, I reflect on the methodological opportunities of long-term familiarity with a setting, exemplified in the iterative nature of learning ethnographically, as the children known initially in early fieldwork become the adult conversationalists of today, partners in interpreting their own village's past. In exploring their explanations for the decline in the salience ofjadu, the pivotal impact of education and the pressures of ‘time’ created by the ‘speed’ of modernity are both salient.
British Drug Policy and the Modern State: Reconsidering the Criminalisation Thesis
Authors: SHINER MICHAEL
Published: May 2013

Recent developments in the drug field have prompted claims that criminal justice has displaced health from its formerly dominant position and have also been used to support general claims about the criminalisation of social policy. This article critically assesses such claims and offers an alternative interpretation, arguing that British drug policy has been shaped and reshaped by the broader workings of the modern state. Early controls reflected the influence of medicine and public health over emerging forms of state interventionism, while subsequent arrangements were consistent with the penal-welfare tradition that dominated criminal justice for much of the last century. More recently, it is the transformation of this tradition that has played a key role in reshaping the drug field, producing evidence of both continuity and change. What others have attributed to ‘criminalisation’, therefore, is said to reflect broader changes in the nature of criminal justice itself. Whilst the transformation of penal-welfarism helps to explain the development of more punitive and coercive forms of drug control, this is only part of the story. As with criminal justice more generally, the limitations of the sovereign state have given rise to various adaptive strategies and it is here that considerable continuity can be seen, particularly in relation to the on-going importance of drug treatment and harm reduction.
‘Le bon public de la Haye’. Local governance and the audience in the French opera in The Hague, 1820–1890
Authors: FURNÉE JAN HEIN
Published: May 2013

In nineteenth-century The Hague, the French opera performances in the Royal Theatre were the most important occasions during the winter season at which men and women from almost all social ranks experienced a strong sense of social cohesion in a common leisure pursuit, albeit one in which social hierarchies were clearly demarcated. This article analyses the changing social composition of the opera audience through analysis of subscription and admission records, and evaluates the changing composition of the audience in relation to changes in taste, theatre architecture and policy. Although it was almost impossible to exploit financially and was also a constant object of political, musical and moral criticism, the French opera succeeded in maintaining its central position in The Hague's musical and social life throughout the nineteenth century.
Suburbia, marketing and stakeholders: developing Ilford, Essex, 1880–1914
Authors: HELLER MICHAEL
Published: May 2013

This article examines the development and marketing of suburbia through a case-study of the suburb of Ilford, Essex, between 1880 and 1914. It discusses how Ilford positioned itself, the white-collar clerical workers it targeted, its principal developers and the marketing and development strategies it pursued. It is argued that Ilford achieved success through a comprehensive and integrated marketing strategy which involved a policy of clear positioning, alignment with its target market, close co-operation between its principal stakeholders and the implementation of long-term, sustainable policies.
Superiority, equivalence or non-inferiority?
Authors: Cipriani Andrea , Girlanda Francesca , Barbui Corrado
Published: May 2013

One of the most important critical decision to be taken when designing a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in clinical psychopharmacology is the choice of the comparator. This choice is crucial because it affects many issues related to both internal and external validity. The aim of a RCT may be to establish efficacy in absolute terms, against an inert treatment (usually a placebo), or to establish efficacy with respect to another treatment (also known ascomparator), a trial may be designed to demonstrate that the new drug is superior to the control intervention or, by contrast, that the new drug is similar to the control intervention in terms of, say, symptoms' reduction. Three kinds of RCTs may be designed: Superiority trials, Equivalence studies, Non-inferiority studies.
PERCEPTIONS OF RACE AND REGION IN THE BLACK REVERSE MIGRATION TO THE SOUTH
Authors: Pendergrass Sabrina
Published: May 2013

This study examines how African Americans perceive and manage race and region as they migrate to the U.S. South—a region with a tenuous image of racial prejudice. The analysis is juxtaposed to literature that provides an inconsistent view of regional differences in prejudice. Some researchers argue that regional differences in levels of prejudice are now small, while other researchers argue that the South continues to be a place of much greater racial hostility. Guided by a spatial boundaries approach and using 127 narrative interviews with Black interregional migrants to Charlotte, North Carolina, results indicate that Black migrants focus less on levels of racial prejudice across regions and focus more on six dimensions of everyday racism they consider during migration. These dimensions include—the overtness/subtlety of prejudice, verbal and physical harassment, group economic opportunity, physical distance, racial symbols, and paternalism. Among these migrants, there is no consensus that the South is more or less racially hostile than other regions. They perceive most saliently that they are trading more subtle prejudice, higher levels of racial residential segregation, and greater constraints on Black economic opportunity in the North, for more overt prejudice, greater paternalism, and exposure to Confederate symbols in the South. Patterns also emerged in perceptions of regional boundaries based on class, motivation for moving, gender, and generation. Implications for theories of race and regionalism are discussed.
Global morphological analysis of marine viruses shows minimal regional variation and dominance of non-tailed viruses
Authors: Brum Jennifer R , Schenck Ryan O , Sullivan Matthew B
Published: May 2013

Viruses influence oceanic ecosystems by causing mortality of microorganisms, altering nutrient and organic matter flux via lysis and auxiliary metabolic gene expression and changing the trajectory of microbial evolution through horizontal gene transfer. Limited host range and differing genetic potential of individual virus types mean that investigations into the types of viruses that exist in the ocean and their spatial distribution throughout the world’s oceans are critical to understanding the global impacts of marine viruses. Here we evaluate viral morphological characteristics (morphotype, capsid diameter and tail length) using a quantitative transmission electron microscopy (qTEM) method across six of the world’s oceans and seas sampled through the Tara Oceans Expedition. Extensive experimental validation of the qTEM method shows that neither sample preservation nor preparation significantly alters natural viral morphological characteristics. The global sampling analysis demonstrated that morphological characteristics did not vary consistently with depth (surface versus deep chlorophyll maximum waters) or oceanic region. Instead, temperature, salinity and oxygen concentration, but not chlorophyll a concentration, were more explanatory in evaluating differences in viral assemblage morphological characteristics. Surprisingly, given that the majority of cultivated bacterial viruses are tailed, non-tailed viruses appear to numerically dominate the upper oceans as they comprised 51–92% of the viral particles observed. Together, these results document global marine viral morphological characteristics, show that their minimal variability is more explained by environmental conditions than geography and suggest that non-tailed viruses might represent the most ecologically important targets for future research.
Can we detect oceanic biodiversity hotspots from space?
Authors: De Monte Silvia , Soccodato Alice , Alvain Séverine , d’Ovidio Francesco
Published: May 2013

Understanding the variability of marine biodiversity is a central issue in microbiology. Current observational programs are based on in situ studies, but their implementation at the global scale is particularly challenging, owing to the ocean extent, its temporal variability and the heterogeneity of the data sources on which compilations are built. Here, we explore the possibility of identifying phytoplanktonic biodiversity hotspots from satellite. We define a Shannon entropy index based on patchiness in ocean color bio-optical anomalies. This index provides a high resolution (1 degree) global coverage. It shows a relation to temperature and mid-latitude maxima in accordance with those previously evidenced in microbiological biodiversity model and observational studies. Regional maxima are in remarkable agreement with several known biodiversity hotspots for plankton organisms and even for higher levels of the marine trophic chain, as well as with some in situ planktonic biodiversity estimates (from Atlantic Meridional Transect cruise). These results encourage to explore marine biodiversity with a coordinated effort of the molecular, ecological and remote sensing communities.
Proteolytic cleavage and truncation of NDRG1 in human prostate cancer cells, but not normal prostate epithelial cells
Authors: Ghalayini Mohammad K. , Dong Qihan , Richardson Des R. , Assinder Stephen J.
Published: May 2013

NDRG1 (N-myc downstream regulated gene-1) is a metastasis suppressor that is down-regulated in prostate cancer. NDRG1 phosphorylation is associated with inhibition of metastasis and Western blots indicate two bands at ~41 and ~46 kDa. Previous investigations by others suggest the higher band is due to NDRG1 phosphorylation. However, the current study using a dephosphorylation assay and the Phos-tag (phosphate-binding tag) SDS/PAGE assay, demonstrated that the 46 kDa NDRG1 protein band was not due to phosphorylation. Further experiments showed that the NDRG1 protein bands were not affected upon glycosidase treatment, despite marked effects of these enzymes on the glycosylated protein, fetuin. Analysis using RT–PCR (reverse transcriptase–PCR) demonstrated only a single amplicon, and thus, the two bands could not result from an alternatively spliced NDRG1 transcript. Western-blot analysis of prostate cancer cell lysates identified the 41 kDa band to be a truncated form of NDRG1, with MS confirming the full and truncated proteins to be NDRG1. Significantly, this truncated protein was not present in normal human PrECs (prostate epithelial cells). Western-blot analysis using anti-NDRG1 raised to its N-terminal sequence failed to detect the truncated protein, suggesting that it lacked N-terminus amino acids (residues 1–49). Sequence analysis predicted a pseudotrypsin protease cleavage site between Cys49–Gly50. Such cleavage of NDRG1 in cancer cells may result in loss of NDRG1 tumour suppressive activity.
Modification of dislocation behavior in GaN overgrown on engineered AlN film-on-bulk Si substrate
Authors: Tungare Mihir , Weng Xiaojun , Leathersich Jeffrey M. , Suvarna Puneet , Redwing Joan M. , (Shadi) Shahedipour-Sandvik F.
Published: May 2013

The changes that the AlN buffer and Si substrate undergo at each stage of our substrate engineering process, previously shown to lead to a simultaneous and substantial reduction in film crack density and dislocation density in overgrown GaN, are presented. Evidence of ion-implantation assisted grain reorientation for AlN islands coupled with physical isolation from the bulk Si substrate prove to be the dominating driving forces. This is further emphasized with x-ray diffraction analysis that demonstrates a reduction in the in-plane lattice constant of AlN from 3.148 Å to 3.113 Å and a relative change in rotation of AlN islands by 0.135° with regard to the Si substrate after substrate engineering. Misfit dislocations at the AlN-Si interface and disorder that is normally associated with formation of amorphous SiNx at this interface are considered to be two of the major contributors to dislocation nucleation within overgrown GaN. Following our technique, the disappearance of disorder at the AlN-Si interface is observed. Extensive ellipsometry and transmission electron microscopy suggests that larger AlN islands with a smoother surface morphology could further reduce the dislocation density below that previously reported. A 1.2 μm GaN layer deposited on an AlN buffer with larger islands and smoother morphology exhibits a 14× reduction in surface pit density after undergoing the ion-implantation assisted substrate modification technique.
Performance of dispersion-corrected double hybrid density functional theory: A computational study of OCS-hydrocarbon van der Waals complexes
Authors: Pakhira Srimanta , Sen Kaushik , Sahu Chandan , Das Abhijit K.
Published: May 2013

The performance of double hybrid density functionals (DHDFs) has been assessed by studying the spectroscopic properties and potential energy curves of OCS–C2H4 (carbonyl sulfide-ethylene) and OCS–C4H6 (carbonyl sulfide-dimethylacetylene) van der Waals complexes. Both dispersion corrected and uncorrected DHDF theories have been applied to study the intermolecular interaction energies, stability, spectroscopic parameters, rigidity, and binding energies or depths of the potential well of the weakly bound complexes and also to explore the possibility of formation of three isomers of each complex. The correlation consistent valence triple zeta quality basis set is used to investigate the complexes. The calculated results provide insight into the computational methods applied to the weakly bound complexes. The double hybrid density functional B2PLYP and mPW2PLYP methods with dispersion corrections (B2PLYP-D2, B2PLYP-D3 and mPW2PLYP-D2, mPW2PLYP-D3) performed better over the B2PLYP and mPW2PLYP density functional methods without dispersion correction to deal with the weak dispersion interaction that prevails in these complexes. The results obtained by the dispersion-corrected density functional mPW2PLYP-D2 and mPW2PLYP-D3 methods agree very well with the earlier experimental values wherever available. The contributing components of the interaction energy have been analyzed by the symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT, here, SAPT0) to get insight into the interaction energy.