bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prostate Cancer: A Review of Genetics, Current Biomarkers and Personalised Treatments
Authors: Wilson Trevor K. , Zishiri Oliver T.
Published: October 2024

Background

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men, second only to lung cancer. Despite this, diagnosis and prognosis methods remain limited, with effective treatments being few and far between. Traditionally, prostate cancer is initially tested for through a prostate serum antigen (PSA) test and a digital rectum examination (DRE), followed by confirmation through an invasive prostate biopsy. The DRE and biopsy are uncomfortable for the patient, so less invasive, accurate diagnostic tools are needed. Current diagnostic tools, along with genes that hold possible biomarker uses in diagnosis, prognosis and indications for personalised treatment plans, were reviewed in this article.

Recent Findings

Several genes from multiple families have been identified as possible biomarkers for disease, including those from the MYC and ETS families, as well as several tumour suppressor genes, Androgen Receptor signalling genes and DNA repair genes. There have also been advances in diagnostic tools, including MRI‐targeted and liquid biopsies. Several personalised treatments have been developed over the years, including those that target metabolism‐driven prostate cancer or those that target inflammation‐driven cancer.

Conclusion

Several advances have been made in prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment, but the disease still grows year by year, leading to more and more deaths annually. This calls for even more research into this disease, allowing for better diagnosis and treatment methods and a better chance of patient survival.
Mechanism of Drug Resistance to First‐Line Chemotherapeutics Mediated by TXNDC17 in Neuroblastomas
Authors: Zeng Chenggong , Li Zhuoran , Wei Zhiqing , Chen Tingting , Wang Juan , Huang Junting , Sun Feifei , Zhu Jia , Lu Suying , Zhen Zijun
Published: October 2024

Background

The prognosis of high‐risk neuroblastomas (NB) that are resistant to first‐line induction chemotherapy is relatively poor. This study explored the mechanism of resistance to first‐line chemotherapeutics mediated by TXNDC17 and its potential solutions in NB.

Methods

The genetic and clinical data of patients with NB were obtained from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments dataset. TXNDC17 and BECN1 expressions in NB cells were up‐ and downregulated by transfection with plasmids and shRNA, respectively. Autophagy‐related proteins were detected by western blot. Cell viability was determined using cell proliferation and toxicity experiments. Apoptotic cells were detected using flow cytometry.

Results

Overall, 1076 pediatric and adolescent patients with NB were enrolled in this study. The 10‐year overall survival (OS) rates and event‐free survival (EFS) rates for the patients with a mutation of BECN1 were 37.4 ± 9.1% and 34.5 ± 8.8%, respectively. For patients with a mutation of TXNDC17, the 10‐year OS and EFS were 41.4 ± 5.9% and 24.3 ± 5.1%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the unaltered group. The overexpression of BECN1 and TXNDC17 reduced NB sensitivity to cisplatin (DDP), etoposide (VP16), and cyclophosphamide (CTX). Autophagy mediated by BECN1 was regulated by TXNDC17, and this process was involved in the resistance to DDP, VP16, and CTX in NB. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) can enhance the sensitivity and apoptosis of NB cells to chemotherapeutics by inhibiting TXNDC17, ultimately decreasing autophagy‐mediated chemoresistance.

Conclusions

Acquired resistance to first‐line chemotherapeutics was associated with autophagy mediated by BECN1 and regulated by TXNDC17, which can be reversed by SAHA.
Model‐Informed Drug Development‐Based Approval of Intravenous Secukinumab for the Treatment of Adult Patients with Active Psoriatic Arthritis, Active Ankylosing Spondylitis, and Active Non‐Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Pisal Dipak S. , Li Yangbing , Golding Amit , Nair Raj , Nikolov Nikolay P. , Madabushi Rajanikanth , Zhu Hao , Doddapaneni Suresh , Sahajwalla Chandrahas , Bi Youwei , Chen Jianmeng
Published: October 2024

On October 6, 2023, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an intravenous (IV) formulation and dosage of Cosentyx® (secukinumab), for the treatment of adult patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA), active ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and active non‐radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr‐axSpA) with objective signs of inflammation. Clinical pharmacokinetics (PK), efficacy, and short‐term placebo‐controlled safety data were available from clinical studies (NCT04156620 and NCT04209205) with the to‐be‐marketed IV formulation using a maintenance dosage 3 mg/kg every 4 weeks (q4w), which was different from the dose approved (1.75 mg/kg q4w). The IV dosage of 3 mg/kg utilized in these two trials resulted in exposures (Cmax,ss) significantly higher than those for the approved subcutaneous (SC) regimens. Further, there is limited long‐term safety information available for this 3 mg/kg q4w IV dose. To address this important limitation, a model‐informed drug development (MIDD) approach was employed to leverage available clinical PK, efficacy, and safety data from the secukinumab development program to identify a maintenance IV dosing regimen, 1.75 mg/kg IV q4w, that better approximated the relevant SC secukinumab exposures for which efficacy and safety have been established. The MIDD analyses were used to support approval of this IV dosing regimen not directly studied in the indications sought for licensure, PsA, AS, and nr‐AxSpA.
Electrodeposited Manganese Dioxides and Their Composites as Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion Reactions
Authors: Nakayama Masaharu , Yoshida Wataru
Published: October 2024

Enhancing the efficiencies of electrochemical reactions for converting renewable energy into clean chemical fuels as well as generating clean energy is critical to achieving carbon neutrality. However, this enhancement can be achieved using materials that are not constrained by resource limitations and those that can be converted into devices in a scalable manner, preferably for industrial applications. This review explores the applications of electrochemically deposited manganese dioxides (MnO2) and their composites as electrochemical catalysts for oxygen evolution (OER) and hydrogen evolution reactions for converting renewable energy into chemical fuels. It also explores their applications as electrochemical catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and bifunctional OER/ORR for the efficient operation of fuel cells and metal–air batteries, respectively. Manganese is the second most abundant transition metal in the Earth′s crust, and electrodeposition represents a binder‐free and scalable technique for fabricating devices (electrodes). To propose an improved catalyst design, the studies on the electrodeposition mechanism of MnO2 as well as the fabrication techniques for MnO2‐based nanocomposites accumulated in the development of electrodes for supercapacitors are also included in this review.
Naturally acquired adaptive immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae is impaired in rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Ercoli Giuseppe , Selway‐Clarke Hugh , Truijen Dena , Folkmanaite Milda , Oulton Tate , Norris‐Grey Caitlin , Nakajima Rie , Felgner Philip , Wren Brendan W , Tetteh Kevin , Croucher Nicholas J , Leandro Maria , Cambridge Geraldine , Brown Jeremy S
Published: October 2024

Objectives

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased susceptibility to infections, including those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Why RA is associated with increased susceptibility to S. pneumoniae is poorly understood. This study aims to assess the effects of RA and B‐cell depletion therapy on naturally acquired antibody responses to 289 S. pneumoniae protein antigens using a novel protein array.

Methods

IgG responses to S. pneumoniae were characterised in serum from RA patients and disease controls (myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)) using whole‐cell ELISA, a flow cytometry opsonisation assay and an S. pneumoniae protein array. For the RA patients, results were compared before and after B‐cell depletion therapy.

Results

Compared to a well‐characterised disease control group of ME/CFS patients, RA patients had reduced antibody responses to multiple S. pneumoniae protein antigens, with significant IgG recognition of approximately half the number of antigens along with reduced median strengths of these responses. Reduction in multiple array antigen‐specific responses also correlated with reduced IgG opsonisation of S. pneumoniae. Although B‐cell depletion therapy with rituximab did not reduce overall IgG recognition of S. pneumoniae in the RA group, it was associated with marked disruption of pre‐existing IgG repertoire to protein antigens in individual patients.

Conclusion

These data show RA is associated with major disruption of naturally acquired adaptive immunity to S. pneumoniae, which can be assessed rapidly using a protein antigen array and is likely to contribute towards the increased incidence of pneumonia in patients with RA.
A Comparative Study of the Paris System and Common Reporting System for Urine Cytology With Cyto‐Histology Correlation: A Study of 829 Urine Cytology Specimens
Authors: Khairwa Anju , Swati  , Mahajan Prerna , Diwaker Preeti , Maroof Khan Amir
Published: October 2024

Background

The Paris System (TPS) diligently detects high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) and creates a uniform, standardized, reproducible reporting system for urine cytology. However, many centres might still use a common reporting system (CRS). The study aims to compare TPS and CRS for urine cytology with histology correlation.

Method

It was a cross‐sectional study done from July 2016 to December 2022.

Results

The study included 829 urine cytology samples (96% voided urine) from 478 patients. Histology correlation was available for 138 (16.6%) samples of 115 patients. The frequency of NHGUC, AUC, HGUC and SHGUC was 40.6%, 17.4%, 12.2% and 5.5%, respectively, in TPS. In contrast, in CRS, the frequency of NM, AUS, SM and PM was 69.2%, 13.3%, 4.5% and 13.0%, respectively. TPS and CRS had 64% agreement overall with the kappa test (κ‐value 0.479, moderate strength). The agreement between TPS and CRS was 39.8% for NHGUC, 10.97% for AUC and 10.85% for HGUC. After combining a few TPS categories, the agreement increased to 87.7% (κ‐value 0.7640, good strength). Histological concordance for AUC, HGUC and NHGUC was 75%, 31.8% and 31.3% in TPS, and it was 50% and 33.3% for AUS and PM, respectively, in CRS. The sensitivity and specificity of TPS and CRS against histology were 37.5% vs. 26.0%, p = 0.0005 and 76.5% vs. 85.3%, p = 0.0083, respectively.

Conclusion

TPS and CRS have moderate strength of agreement for urine cytology. TPS was more sensitive than CRS. It may be easy for institutes to transition to a newer TPS system if they still use a CRS.
Waxy‐ or Putty‐Like Materials as a Novel Drug Preparation for Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists: Detection in Prisons and In Vitro Cannabinoid Receptor Activity
Authors: Timmerman Axelle , Deventer Marie H. , Andrews Rachael , Reid Robert , Marland Victoria , Edwards Darren , Pudney Christopher R. , Nic Daéid Niamh , Stove Christophe P. , Norman Caitlyn
Published: October 2024

After the Scottish Prison Service (SPS) introduced mail photocopying procedures in December 2021, a shift in smuggling methods was observed for synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) and other new psychoactive substances (NPS) from drug‐infused papers back to traditional sample matrices (e.g., tablets and powders), although new matrices also emerged. This study reports on waxy‐ or putty‐like materials as a novel drug preparation for SCRAs and other drugs seized from UK prisons. In 2023, 22 of these new preparations were seized from Scottish prisons, with eight found in sealed vape pods. The materials were positive for SCRAs, phytocannabinoids, novel benzodiazepines, and/or gabapentinoids. Additionally, 11 preparations were seized from an English prison, all containing the SCRAs MDMB‐4en‐PINACA and MDMB‐INACA. MDMB‐INACA was pharmacologically characterized using in vitro CB1 and CB2 bioassays, revealing moderate efficacy but low potency at CB1. Furthermore, the in vitro CB1 bioassay was also used to evaluate the CB1 activating potential of extracts from eight seized samples. Six of these showed high CB1 activity, whereas the samples lacking SCRAs or containing only MDMB‐INACA showed no or only weak CB1 activity, respectively. Lastly, applying the bioassay as an activity‐based “untargeted” screening method effectively identified the presence of SCRAs in one waxy preparation, which was initially not detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). This underscores the effectiveness of the bioassay for evaluating these new waxy‐ or putty‐like materials for the presence of SCRAs.
Impella malrotation affects left ventricle unloading in cardiogenic shock patients
Authors: Baldetti Luca , Romagnolo Davide , Festi Mariagiulia , Beneduce Alessandro , Gurrieri Davide , Peveri Beatrice , Frias André , Gramegna Mario , Sacchi Stefania , Cianfanelli Lorenzo , Calvo Francesco , Pazzanese Vittorio , Chieffo Alaide , Ajello Silvia , Scandroglio Anna Mara
Published: October 2024

Aims

Impella malrotation—inlet orientation away from the left ventricular (LV) apex with normal console waveforms and proper device depth—is commonly observed and possibly associated worse haemodynamics. This study aimed to characterize the haemodynamic consequences of Impella malrotation in cardiogenic shock (CS) patients.

Methods and results

We included 100 CS patients (60 ± 12 years; 79.0% males) with available echocardiography during Impella support and pulmonary artery catheter assessment before and during (at 48 h) Impella support. Impella malrotation was identified in 36%. At 48 h, malrotation patients had higher pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP, 16.0 ± 8.2 vs. 13.0 ± 4.6 mmHg; P = 0.033), higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAP, 35.0 ± 11.3 vs. 29.5 ± 9.0 mmHg; P = 0.015), higher diastolic‐PAP (19.3 ± 8.1 vs. 15.1 ± 6.1 mmHg; P = 0.007), higher mean‐PAP (25.7 ± 9.1 vs. 20.8 ± 6.8 mmHg; P = 0.005), higher right atrial pressure (10.3 ± 4.8 vs. 7.7 ± 4.3 mmHg; P = 0.009), higher pulmonary vascular resistance index (4.78 ± 2.75 vs. 3.49 ± 1.94 WUm2; P = 0.020) and higher pulmonary artery elastance (0.91 ± 0.60 vs. 0.67 ± 0.40 mmHg/mL; P = 0.045). Serum lactate at 48 h was higher in malrotation patients (6.63 ± 6.25 vs. 3.60 ± 4.21 mmol/L; P = 0.004). Malrotation patients presented larger LVEDD during support (52 ± 10 vs. 46 ± 11 mm; P = 0.006), higher rates of aortic regurgitation (AR, 86 vs. 56%; P = 0.004) and higher increase in AR severity (+0.94 ± 0.92 vs. + 0.46 ± 0.95; P = 0.016). No significant differences were found in major adverse outcomes.

Conclusions

In CS patients, Impella malrotation is associated with suboptimal unloading of the LV, worse pulmonary haemodynamics and worse indexes of right ventricular afterload.
Selective Access to 2‐Phenylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐Ones and 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐Ones from Same Precursors in Organic Salts Derived DES
Authors: Dutta Bidyutjyoti , Priyam Borah Ramyata , Bahsis Lahoucine , Dutta Apurba , Sarma Bipul , Singh Kuldeep , Kumar Arvind , Sarma Diganta
Published: October 2024

A binary mixture of organic salts, also known as ionic liquids, [C12mim][Br]:[MPIM][HCOO] denoted as BmIL1 has been explored as bifunctional catalyst for the selective synthesis of 2‐phenylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones and 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐(1H)‐ones from same precursors under metal, ligand and additive free conditions. The methodology has been extended to the synthesis of 2‐phenylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones via another pathway from different precursors under the same catalytic system. Greener synthesis of existing drugs reestablished the multifunctionality of BmIL1. Gram scale synthesis of both the products, DFT calculations and sc‐XRD data add significance to the developed protocol. Moreover, high atom economy and eco score values justify the sustainability of the methodology.
Heteroarylation of Organophosphonium Salts with Indoles in Water: Synthesis of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical 3,3′‐Bisindolylmethane Derivatives.
Authors: Luo Xin‐Long , Ji Wen‐Jun , Yu Zi‐Lun , Wang Ming‐Ming , Pang Chao‐Bin , Chu Xue‐Qiang , Ge Danhua
Published: October 2024

A method for the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical 3,3′‐bis(indolyl)methanes (3,3′‐BIMs) has been developed through the direct heteroarylation of indolyl‐containing di(hetero)aryl phosphonium salts with indole derivatives in aqueous media. This metal‐free reaction proceeds smoothly under mild conditions, eliminating the need for hazardous solvents and expensive additives/catalysts typically used in conventional synthesis routes, thereby highlighting the synthetic practicality and efficiency of the process. The success of this approach is largely attributed to the role of water as a promoter, facilitating the C−P bond functionalization of the phosphonium salts. Furthermore, the reaction demonstrates a broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and excellent scalability. Moreover, the protocol can also be extended to the synthesis of triindolylmethane compound and diarylmethylated indole.
Photocatalytic Cascade Trifluoromethylation/Cyclization: Selective Synthesis of Trifluoroethylated Benzopyran and Benzopyranone Derivatives
Authors: Lv Yangjing , Luo Hongmei , Jiang Xiaomeng , Yu Zhichen , Ding Yuxin , Zhang Changjun , Xie Yuanyuan
Published: October 2024

We have realized a photocatalytic radical cascade cyclization reaction enabling the one‐step synthesis of rare trifluoroethyl benzopyran derivatives with a wide variety of structures in excellent yields. Furthermore, the approach exhibits low catalyst loading, high regioselectivity and wide applicability under mild conditions. The selectivity of this transformation is influenced by the length of the carbon chain of the benzaldehyde, as demonstrated by density functional theory calculations. Additionally, scaling up the photocatalytic process can be readily accomplished.
Summary, Future, and Challenges of Fluoride‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Jingwen , Li Mingqiang , Weng Haochen , Xu Shuailiang
Published: October 2024

Due to the limitations of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), there is an urgent need to explore alternative energy storage technologies. However, the high‐energy density of fluoride‐ion batteries (FIBs) has attracted widespread attention as a potential successor to LIBs. FIBs are emerging as a low‐cost, safe, and versatile energy storage solution, with a broad operating temperature range. With continuous efforts from researchers, significant progress has been made in the field of FIBs. Nevertheless, compared to traditional batteries, research on FIBs remains limited, and many challenges and unexplored avenues persist. This article elucidates the principles of FIBs, summarizes the materials for both cathodes and anodes, discusses electrolytes, and addresses existing issues. It also outlines future directions and potential applications of FIBs. As it is continued to innovate and explore, FIBs hold promise for revolutionizing energy storage technology, offering enhanced performance, safety, and sustainability.
Pt and Pt‐group transition metal 0D vacancy ordered halide perovskites: A review
Authors: Liu Huilong , Bansal Shubhra
Published: October 2024

Lead halide perovskites (LHPs), have attracted considerable attention across various applications owing to their exceptional optoelectronic properties. However, the main challenge hindering the broad adoption of lead halide perovskites lies in their stability and toxicity. In this review, we summarize the outstanding properties of platinum (Pt) halide perovskites, with a particular focus on the stability and applications of Cs2PtI6 and its derivatives. Cs2PtI6 has shown promising efficiency for photovoltaic devices, as well as photoelectrochemical water splitting with stable behavior in acid or basic conditions. Cs2PtI6 also shows promise in gas sensing and thermoelectric devices. The emergence of 2D Pt (II) halide perovskites opens up new avenues for environmentally friendly materials for photonic and optoelectronic devices like room temperature phosphoresce and triplet‐triplet annihilation (TTA) based up‐conversion.

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Between institutions and narratives: Understanding collective action in innovation policy processes
Authors: Esposito Giovanni , Taffoni Gaia , Terlizzi Andrea , Crutzen Nathalie
Published: October 2024

Explanations for collective action focus on both institutions and narratives. On the one hand, institutional approaches emphasize the role of rules that guide human behavior. On the other hand, accounting for the narratives through which policy actors make sense of their actions helps in understanding strategic behavior. However, applying institutional and narrative perspectives together is daunting, in part because there has not been a common way to integrate the two approaches. In this article, we draw from Actor‐Network Theory (ANT) to elaborate a novel analytical approach that combines ANT with the Institutional Grammar Tool (IGT) and the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF). We use IGT's and NPF's analytical categories in a processual perspective to examine how policy‐makers strategically use institutions and narratives to create and stabilize a network of actors in innovation policy processes. We illustrate our approach through an in‐depth analysis of the development of a smart city.
Choline ameliorates tris (2‐chloroisopropyl) phosphate‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by inhibiting ROS/Nrf2/Keap1‐mediated autophagy
Authors: Wang Chen , Li Meng‐chu , Huang Si‐yu , Huang Wen‐ge , He Tong‐tong , Wusiman Maierhaba , Zhu Hui‐lian , Liu Zhao‐yan
Published: October 2024

Tris (2‐chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) is an emerging environmental pollutant associated with liver diseases. However, its effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. Choline, a necessary dietary nutrient, has previously demonstrated inhibitory effects on HCC. Therefore, elucidating the underlying mechanism of TCPP exposure on HCC development and investigating whether choline could mitigate these effects may improve the prognosis of HCC patients. In this study, we examined the tumor‐promoting effects of TCPP on HCC and explored the protective effects of choline. Our findings revealed that choline treatment attenuated the tumor‐promoting effects of TCPP exposure on HCC cells’ epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and lung metastasis. Further investigation showed that TCPP exposure induced ROS production via NOX4 upregulation, while choline inhibited ROS generation, thereby mitigating the effects of TCPP on EMT and metastasis in HCC cells. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that excessive ROS inhibited levels of Keap1, leading to upregulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which promoted autophagy flux and accelerated EMT and metastasis of HCC cells. However, choline treatment significantly impaired TCPP‐induced autophagy by attenuating the ROS/Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. Overall, our data illustrate the adverse effects of TCPP on the malignant progression of HCC and suggest that choline may serve as a potential nutrient to counteract the tumor‐promoting effects of TCPP on HCC.
Nutritional Benefits of Lycopene and Beta‐Carotene: A Comprehensive Overview
Authors: Tufail Tabussam , Bader Ul Ain Huma , Noreen Sana , Ikram Ali , Arshad Muhammad Tayyab , Abdullahi Muhammed Adem
Published: October 2024

Certain carotene components, such as lycopene and beta‐carotene, are found in tomatoes, carrots, sweet potatoes, etc. and are good for human health. It gives plants their distinctive red color. A class of lipid‐soluble natural pigments known as carotenoids is the precursor of vitamin A and is vital for antioxidant defense against peroxides in cells and tissues. This review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge and research on the sources, structures, physiochemical properties, absorption and metabolism, functional advantages, and prevention of many diseases associated with lycopene and beta‐carotene. These antioxidants have been linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and they also help draw pollinators to flowers. Carrots and sweet potatoes are also rich sources of beta‐carotene, which strengthens the immune system and improves eye health. The vivid color of many plants reproductive organs, including flowers and fruits, is caused by carotenoid, a secondary metabolite that is produced in plastids. The distinctive red color and many other health advantages are attributed to lycopene. When ingested through food or supplements, lycopene and beta‐carotene help manage and prevent a number of diseases, including cancer, metabolic, inflammatory, cardiovascular, hepatic, ophthalmic, skeletal, and infertility disorders. The main point is that toxicity is uncommon, and these carotenoids are generally accepted to be safe at different doses. Including these nutrients in your diet can improve your general health and provide illness prevention.
Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Netherlands: A Population‐Based Study of 568 Cases Diagnosed in 2008–2021
Authors: van de Velde Lise J. , Scheurleer W. F. Julius , Braunius W. Weibel , Speksnijder Caroline M. , de Ridder Mischa , Devriese Lot A. , de Bree Remco , Breimer Gerben E. , Rijken Johannes A. , van Dijk Boukje A. C.
Published: October 2024

Background

Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma is known for its rarity and poor prognosis. This study aims to investigate the trends in the incidence of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma in the Netherlands and to analyze patient characteristics and treatment practices in order to assess their relation with patient outcomes.

Methods

In this prospectively designed population‐based cohort study, all patients diagnosed with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma between 2008 and 2021 in the Netherlands were included. Patients with a squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule were excluded, leading to a definitive study population of 568 cases.

Results

The annual incidence rate for the overall population displayed a slight upward trend over the inclusion period with an annual percentage change of 1.6%. The 5‐year overall, disease‐free, and relative survival were 43.0%, 52.0%, and 47.2%, respectively. Relative survival decreased marginally over the course of the inclusion period.

Conclusion

Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma is rare with approximately stable incidence rates. There is a limited, non‐statistically significant, decrease in survival between 2008 and 2021. Therefore, there is a clear need for innovative treatment approaches to improve outcomes for patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma.
Improving airway management in pediatric emergency intubation: A narrative review with a focus on bougie guidance in settings with limited resources
Authors: Belal Mohamed Mohamed , Olatunji Gbolahan , Kokori Emmanuel , Aderinto Nicholas , Shubietah Abdalhakim , Alsabri Mohammed
Published: October 2024

Background

Effective airway management in pediatric emergency settings, especially in resource‐limited environments, presents unique challenges that necessitate innovative solutions.

Objectives

This review investigates the role of bougie‐guided pediatric intubation as a crucial technique in addressing these challenges.

Methods

A comprehensive search of peer‐reviewed literature was conducted using reputable databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Suitable keywords and Medical Subject Headings terms were employed. Data extraction focused on study design, patient demographics, intervention protocols, primary outcomes, and safety profiles. A qualitative synthesis was performed to provide a comprehensive narrative review.

Results

Pediatric bougies, known for their cost‐effectiveness and adaptability, emerge as promising tools for successful and efficient pediatric intubation. Comparative studies indicate that bougie use results in superior first‐pass success rates and reduced intubation times. Case studies highlight the bougie's versatility in managing difficult pediatric airways.

Conclusions

The bougie's cost‐effectiveness positions it as a practical solution to disparities in treatment levels. Successful pediatric intubation in resource‐limited settings requires improved accessibility, standardized proficiency, and infrastructure readiness. Integrating the bougie into pediatric airway management guidelines represents a proactive approach to these challenges.
Geomorphological and Sedimentological Rationale for Staged Sand Dam Construction
Authors: Viducich Jonathan M. G. , Gulduren Sevval S. , Ellingson Joe M. , Selker John S.
Published: October 2024

Stream sediment transport results from a convolution of climate, weather, geology, topography, biology, and human influence. In addition to providing water and food security for rural dryland communities, sand dams—small weirs designed to trap only the coarse fractions of transported sediments in seasonal and ephemeral streams—highlight many complexities of geomorphological dynamics. Sand dams store water in interstitial riverbed pores and the size of deposited sediment particles largely determines the recoverability of stored water: Fine materials limit transmission and provide lower volumetric yield. In this study, we seek to identify a practical method for evaluating the theoretical effect of staged sand dam crest construction on key sediment‐trapping processes for a proposed dam site. We argue that the Rouse number provides a useful criterion for identifying regimes where the target material grades are trapped. These ideas were tested using sediment data collected in Kenya and US Army Corps of Engineers River Analysis System numerical simulations to evaluate the sensitivity of sedimentation processes to crest height. We show that constructing sand dams in stages results in more targeted trapping of coarse material. Sedimentation is shown to be more sensitive to variation in crest height than the flood hydrograph, especially when a dam's crest height is small. By introducing a method to assess the necessity and inform design of staged crest construction based on local flow dynamics, this study offers a framework for optimising sand dam performance in data‐scarce environments. This approach provides a means to balance construction costs with expected benefits, enhancing the sustainability and functionality of sand dams in arid and semi‐arid regions.
FIGO position statement on opportunistic salpingectomy as an ovarian cancer prevention strategy
Authors: Mor‐Hadar Danielle , Wilailak Sarikapan , Berek Jonathan , McNally Orla M. ,   the FIGO Committee on Women's Cancer
Published: October 2024

Epithelial ovarian cancer, with the highest mortality rate among gynecologic malignancies, often goes undetected until advanced stages due to non‐specific symptoms. Traditional prevention strategies such as bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy (BSO) are limited to high‐risk women and induce surgical menopause, often leading to significant health concerns. Recent findings suggest that many serous epithelial ovarian cancers originate in the fallopian tubes rather than the ovaries. This has led to the hypothesis that salpingectomy, with preservation of the ovaries, may reduce the risk of ovarian cancer while avoiding the adverse effects of early menopause. Studies show that bilateral salpingectomy (BS) significantly reduces ovarian cancer incidence even in average‐risk women. Bilateral salpingectomy has been demonstrated to be safe with minimal added operative time, no adverse effects on ovarian function and is also cost effective. Opportunistic salpingectomy (OS), at the time of non‐gynecologic surgeries, is a promising strategy for reducing ovarian cancer risk, especially among average‐risk women who have completed childbearing. It offers a safe and cost‐effective alternative to traditional methods. Emerging data supports incorporating OS into standard surgical practices for benign gynecologic conditions and considering it during unrelated abdominal/pelvic surgeries after adequate patient counseling and informed consent. Further training of non‐gynecologic surgeons in OS is recommended to expand its preventive benefits.
Using sign tracking to experimentally increase self‐control in rats
Authors: Mahmoudi Saba , Madden Gregory J.
Published: October 2024

Impulsive choice describes a preference for a smaller‐sooner reward (SSR) over a larger‐later reward (LLR). A large body of research has examined different procedures for decreasing impulsive choice in nonhuman subjects. One limitation of these procedures is the extensive training duration required to achieve the desired results. To address this limitation, the current experiment examined the effects of a brief course of Pavlovian training, designed to establish a conditioned stimulus (CS) that could be strategically used to encourage LLR choices. Forty male Long‐Evans rats were randomly assigned to appetitive Pavlovian or unpaired training. A lever insertion signaled an upcoming unconditioned stimulus (i.e., food presentation) for Pavlovian rats and it acquired CS properties. The lever was uncorrelated with the US in the unpaired group, and it did not acquire CS properties. In the subsequent impulsive‐choice assessment, the lever from the training phase served as the lever rats pressed to choose the LLR. After an LLR choice, the lever remained in the chamber during the delay to the LLR, just as the SSR lever remained in the chamber until that reward was delivered. Pavlovian‐trained rats sign tracked toward the lever CS and made significantly fewer impulsive choices than did rats in the unpaired group.
Autologous platelet‐rich plasma and fibrin‐augmented minced cartilage implantation in chondral lesions of the knee leads to good clinical and radiological outcomes after more than 12 months: A retrospective cohort study of 71 patients
Authors: Blanke Fabian , Warth Franziska , Oehler Nicola , Siegl Johanna , Prall Wolf Christian
Published: October 2024

Purpose

The treatment of cartilage lesions remains a challenge. Matrix‐associated autologous chondrocyte implantation has evolved to become the gold standard procedure. However, this two‐step procedure has crucial disadvantages, and the one‐step minced cartilage procedure has gained attention. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome of an all‐autologous minced cartilage technique in cartilage lesions at the knee joint.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, 71 patients (38.6 years ± 12.0, 39,4% female) with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed grade III–IV cartilage defect at the medial femur condyle (n = 20), lateral femur condyle (n = 2), lateral tibia plateau (n = 1), retropatellar (n = 28) and at the trochlea (n = 20) were included. All patients were treated with an all‐autologous minced cartilage procedure (AutoCart™). Clinical knee function was evaluated by the Tegner score, visual analogue scale, the subjective and objective evaluation form of the International Knee Documentation Committee and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). MRI analyses were performed by magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) 2.0 knee score. Follow‐up examination was 13.7 ± 4.2 (12–24) months postoperative.

Results

All clinical scores significantly improved after surgical intervention (p < 0.0001), especially the subgroup sports and recreation of KOOS showed clear changes from baseline in the follow‐up examination. In the postoperative MRI evaluation, 39 of 71 patients showed a complete fill of the cartilage defect without subchondral changes in 78% of the patients in the MOCART 2.0 score in the follow‐up analysis. None of the patients showed adverse effects, which are linked to the minced cartilage procedure during the time of follow‐up.

Conclusion

An all‐autologous minced cartilage technique for chondral lesions at the knee joint seems to be an effective and safe treatment method with good clinical and radiological short‐term results.

Level of Evidence

Level IV.
The LTAR Common Experiment: Facilitating improved agricultural sustainability through coordinated cross‐site research
Authors: Liebig Mark A. , Abendroth Lori J. , Robertson G. Philip , Augustine David , Boughton Elizabeth H. , Bagley Gwendolynn , Busch Dennis L. , Clark Pat , Coffin Alisa W. , Dalzell Brent J. , Dell Curtis J. , Fortuna Ann‐Marie , Freidenreich Ariel , Heilman Philip , Helseth Christina , Huggins David R. , Johnson Jane M. F. , Khorchani Makki , King Kevin , Kovar John L. , Locke Martin A. , Mirsky Steven B. , Schantz Merilynn C. , Schmer Marty R. , Silveira Maria L. , Smith Douglas R. , Soder Kathy J. , Spiegal Sheri , Stinner Jedediah , Toledo David , Williams Mark , Yost Jenifer
Published: October 2024

Long‐term research is essential for guiding the development of agroecosystems to meet escalating production demands in a manner that is environmentally sound and socially acceptable. Research must integrate biophysical and socioeconomic factors to provide geographically scalable knowledge that involves stakeholders across the research‐education‐extension‐policy spectrum. In response to this need, the Long‐Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network developed a “Common Experiment,” which seeks to develop and disseminate multi‐region, science‐based information to enable implementation of visionary agricultural innovations while simultaneously promoting food security, well‐being, environmental quality, and climate adaptation and mitigation. The core design of the Common Experiment contrasts prevailing and alternative/aspirational production systems, with the latter including novel innovations hypothesized to advance sustainable intensification in locally appropriate ways. Treatments in the Common Experiment represent a diversity of production systems under cropland, grazing land, and integrated crop/grazing land management. Where possible, treatments are evaluated at multiple spatial scales (e.g., from plot to enterprise) and are designed to evolve over the course of the experiment with stakeholder input. A common assessment framework guides data collection for the experiment and is complemented by metric‐specific protocols and an emerging data management infrastructure. Currently, there are large differences among sites in the application of the experimental framework and degree of stakeholder engagement; differences largely grounded in pragmatic issues related to land access, site expertise, and resource availability. The full potential of the LTAR Common Experiment may be realized with strategic investments in network capacity.
Comparison of nanoimaging and nanoflow based detection of extracellular vesicles at a single particle resolution
Authors: Xu Shihan , Zhang Zhengrong , Melvin Bridgette C. , Basu Ray Nibedita , Ikezu Seiko , Ikezu Tsuneya
Published: October 2024

The characterization of single extracellular vesicle (EV) has been an emerging tool for the early detection of various diseases despite there being challenges regarding how to interpret data with different protocols or instruments. In this work, standard EV particles were characterized for single CD9+, single CD81+ or double CD9+/CD81+ tetraspanin molecule positivity with two single EV analytic technologies in order to optimize their EV sample preparation after antibody labelling and analysis methods: NanoImager for direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM)‐based EV imaging and characterization, and Flow NanoAnalyzer for flow‐based EV quantification and characterization. False positives from antibody aggregates were found during dSTORM‐based NanoImager imaging. Analysis of particle radius with lognormal fittings of probability density histogram enabled the removal of antibody aggregates and corrected EV quantification. Furthermore, different machine learning models were trained to differentiate antibody aggregates from EV particles and correct EV quantification with increased double CD9+/CD81+ population. With Flow NanoAnalyzer, EV samples were prepared with different dilution or fractionation methods, which increased the detection rate of CD9+/CD81+ EV population. Comparing the EV phenotype percentages measured by two instruments, differences in double positive and single positive particles existed after percentage correction, which might be due to the different detection limit of each instrument. Our study reveals that the characterization of individual EVs for tetraspanin positivity varies between two platforms—the NanoImager and the Flow NanoAnalyzer—depending on the EV sample preparation methods used after antibody labelling. Additionally, we applied machine learning models to correct for false positive particles identified in imaging‐based results by fitting size distribution data.
Genotype‐phenotype associations in individuals with Diamond Blackfan anaemia
Authors: Gianferante D. Matthew , Mendez Kyra J. W. , Cole Sarah , Gadalla Shahinaz M. , Alter Blanche P. , Savage Sharon A. , Giri Neelam
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Diamond Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is a rare disorder characterized by failure of red blood cell production, congenital abnormalities and cancer predisposition, primarily caused by pathogenic germline variants in genes encoding ribosomal proteins.

Methods

We conducted a genotype‐phenotype and outcome study of 121 patients with DBA spanning the 20‐year history of the National Cancer Institute's Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes study. Patient phenotypes were compared by large versus small ribosomal protein genes, across genes with >5 cases (RPS19, RPS29, RPS26 and RPL35A) and by type of pathogenic variants (hypomorphic versus null, large deletions versus others).

Results

A pathogenic germline variant was identified in 71% of patients (n = 86/121) from 54 families. After adjusting for multiple testing, we found that patients with RPS29 variants were least likely to need treatment for anaemia while those with large ribosomal protein subunit variants had a higher proportion of intellectual disability and gastrointestinal abnormalities compared with small ribosomal protein subunit variants (p < 3.5 × 10−4). There were no statistically significant differences in overall survival or cancer incidence among patients with large or small ribosomal subunit genes.

Conclusion

This detailed genotype‐phenotype study of DBA improves our understanding of the role of germline genetics in the clinical manifestations that may help guide the management of people with DBA.
Risk factors for poor outcome in adult patients with respiratory syncytial virus infection evaluated at the emergency department
Authors: Gil‐Mosquera Manuel , Gómez‐Guerra Ruth , Sanz‐Rodríguez Elena , Mata‐Martínez Aránzazu , López‐Medrano Francisco , San Juan Rafael , Origüen Julia , Castro‐Arias Lorena , Aguado José María , Fernández‐Ruiz Mario
Published: October 2024

Respiratory syncytial virus‐associated acute respiratory infection (RSV‐ARI) constitutes an emerging cause of morbidity in the adult population. The present retrospective study was aimed at identifying factors predictive of poor outcome that may be assessed at the first evaluation in the Emergency Department (ED). We included 275 adult patients with laboratory‐confirmed RSV‐ARI that required hospital admission from the ED between January 2018 and December 2019. Poor outcome (composite of progression to high‐flow oxygen therapy, non‐invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, or intensive care unit admission, and/or 30‐day all‐cause mortality) occurred in 31 patients (11.2%). Immunosuppression was present in 59 patients (21.5%). Although bacterial co‐infection was rare, antibiotic therapy was commonly initiated. Ribavirin was administered in 10 patients. Cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR]: 2.452; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.990–6.072), concurrent oral anticoagulation (OR: 3.099; 95 CI: 1.287–7.464) and a pulse oximetry oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (SpO2/FiO2) ratio <382 at ED admission (OR: 3.013; 95 CI: 1.306–6.950) were independent risk factors for poor outcome, whereas influenza vaccination in the current season was protective (OR: 0.324; 95% CI: 0.138–0.763). Various factors easily available at the ED are useful for early risk stratification in adult patients with RSV‐ARI.
An evaluation of the performance of stopping rules in AI‐aided screening for psychological meta‐analytical research
Authors: König Lars , Zitzmann Steffen , Fütterer Tim , Campos Diego G. , Scherer Ronny , Hecht Martin
Published: October 2024

Several AI‐aided screening tools have emerged to tackle the ever‐expanding body of literature. These tools employ active learning, where algorithms sort abstracts based on human feedback. However, researchers using these tools face a crucial dilemma: When should they stop screening without knowing the proportion of relevant studies? Although numerous stopping rules have been proposed to guide users in this decision, they have yet to undergo comprehensive evaluation. In this study, we evaluated the performance of three stopping rules: the knee method, a data‐driven heuristic, and a prevalence estimation technique. We measured performance via sensitivity, specificity, and screening cost and explored the influence of the prevalence of relevant studies and the choice of the learning algorithm. We curated a dataset of abstract collections from meta‐analyses across five psychological research domains. Our findings revealed performance differences between stopping rules regarding all performance measures and variations in the performance of stopping rules across different prevalence ratios. Moreover, despite the relatively minor impact of the learning algorithm, we found that specific combinations of stopping rules and learning algorithms were most effective for certain prevalence ratios of relevant abstracts. Based on these results, we derived practical recommendations for users of AI‐aided screening tools. Furthermore, we discuss possible implications and offer suggestions for future research.
Perfectly normal nonrealcompact spaces under Martin's Maximum
Authors: Ishiu Tetsuya
Published: October 2024

We analyze the behavior of a perfectly normal nonrealcompact space on such that for every , is ‐open and is ‐closed under Martin's Maximum. We show that there exists a club subset of such that for a stationary subset of , for all ‐open neighborhood of , there exists such that for all , is unbounded in .