bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ئاریشێن قوتابیێن فاكولتییا زانستێن په‌روه‌رده‌یى زانكۆیا دهوك توش دبنێ دبابه‌تێ ڤه‌كولینا ده‌رچوونێدا ل دیف دیتنا وان
Authors: Ibrahim Alan J. , Aldirshoy Abdulmaiman A.
Published: October 2017

ئارمانج ژ ڤێ ڤه‌كولینێ ده‌ستنیشانكرنا ئاریشێن قوتابیێن فاكولتییا زانستێن په‌روه‌رده‌یى ل زانكویا دهوك توش دبنێ د بابه‌تێ ڤه‌كولینا ده‌رچوونێدا ل دیف دیتنا وان. و زانینا بیروڕاێن وان ل دیف گوراوێ ره‌گه‌زى.كومه‌ڵا ڤه‌كۆلینێ ژ هه‌مى قوتابیێن قوناغا چارێ ل فه‌كولتیا زانستێن په‌روه‌رده‌یى/زانكۆیا دهوك بۆ ساڵا خواندنێ (2014 - 2015) پێك دهات، و سه‌مپله‌ك ب هه‌ره‌مه‌كى هاته‌ هه‌لبژارتن كو ژ(104) قوتابیێن كور و كچ ژ سكولا په‌روه‌رده‌ و دروونناسى/ پشكا په‌روه‌رده‌ و ده‌روونناسى هاته‌ هه‌لبژارتن.ڤه‌كولینێ پشت ب راپرسینێ به‌ست ئه‌وا ژلایێ هه‌ردوو ڤه‌كوله‌ران هاتییه‌ به‌رهه‌ڤكرن وپێشئیخستن، و بشتی كومكرنا داتایا ژی سه‌مپلا ڤه‌كولینێ و شڵوڤه‌كرنا وان ب بكارئینانا تاقیكرنا(t.test) بو دوو سه‌مپلین سه‌ربه‌خۆ، و ژماره‌كا دى ژ هۆكارێن ئامارى وه‌ك ناڤه‌نده‌كا له‌وانه‌ ( الوسگ المرجح) وكێشا رێژه‌یی، ئه‌نجامان ئاماژه‌ بوێ چه‌ندێ دا كو به‌هراپترا ئه‌و ئارێشین قوتابی تووش دبنێ كو ب قه‌باره‌كا مه‌زن دهێته‌ هژمارتن ، ئه‌و ژی ئه‌ڤه‌نه‌:- ژێده‌رین كوردى د په‌رتوكخانا زانكویێ دا كێمن.- گیربوون د راگه‌هاندنا ناڤ ونیشانێن ڤه‌كولینان و ئه‌وێن سه‌رپه‌رشت ل سه‌ر ڤان ڤه‌كولینا د سه‌روكاتیا پشكا زانستى دا. - لاوازییا خزمه‌تێن ئینته‌رنێتێ د زانكویێ دا.- زانیاریێن وى ژ بۆ بكارئینانا شیوازین ئامارى یێن گونجاى یا كێمه‌.- نه‌گرنگى پێدانا هنده‌ك ماموستایان ب حوكومدانێ لسه‌ر بكێر هاتنا ئامێرێن ڤه‌كولینێ - دیفچوونا سه‌رپه‌رشتێ بۆ قوناغێن به‌رهه‌ڤكرنا ڤه‌كولینا ده‌رچوونێ لاوازه‌.هه‌ر وه‌سا لده‌رئه‌نجامادا دیاربوویه‌ كو جوداهییا راماندارییا ئاماری نینه‌ دناڤبه‌را ئاڤه‌نده‌ بیروڕاین قوتابیین كور و كچ ل دۆر وان ئارێشێن تووش دبنێ د بابه‌تێ ڤه‌كولینا ده‌رچوونێ.و ل دوماهییا ڤه‌كولینێ هه‌ردوو ڤه‌كوله‌ران ئاموژگاریی ب وچه‌ندێ داینه‌ ب گرنگییا كاركرنا برژد و دڵكار ژپێخه‌مه‌ت دابێنكرنا ژێده‌رێن ب زمانێ كوردی هاتینه‌ نڤێسین، و كاركرن لسه‌ر ئێكسه‌ر راگه‌هاندنا ناڤ و نیشانێن ڤه‌كولێنان ل ده‌ستپێكا ساڵا خواندنێ، و دیاركرنا پلانا كاری ژلایێ ماموستایێن سه‌رپه‌رشتیار ڤه‌، و گرنگیدان ب ئاماده‌كرن و راهێناندانا قوتابی لسه‌ر ئه‌نجامدانا ڤه‌كولینێن زانستی، و ب تایبه‌تی د بوارێ ئاماری دا.
الكرسي رمزاً شعرياً في ديوان الكرسي لشيركو بيكه س
Authors: Younis Abdullah B. , Abdullah Hussein A.
Published: October 2017

حفلت التجربة الشعرية الحداثية بالعديد من الظواهر الفنية لعلّ أبرزها: استخدام الرمز، فاهتمّ الشعراءُ بتوظيفه واغنائه خدمة لغاياتهم في بلوغ الاتقان الفني، والقدرة على التوصيل والتأثير.

ويُعدُّ الشاعر شيركو بيكه س واحداً من الشعراء الذين نزعوا إلى توظيف الرمز، يساعده ميلٌ فيه إلى هذا منذ ولوجه عالم الشعر، وقد تقلّبت به صروفُ الدهر وكان غالبها يدفعه إلى مزيد من الولوع به والولوج فيه، حتى إذا مضى به العمر وكثرة دواوينه اجتمع لديه من الرموز ما لم يجتمع لغيره ولعلّه غدا من أكثر شعراء بني جلدته في هذا المضمار توظيفاً له، وخاصة في آخر ديوانه "الكرسي".

يروي الشاعر شيركو بيكه س في ديوان (الكرسي) _مادة هذا البحث_  قصّة كرسي ويسرد حكايته مذ كان شجرة يافعة خضراء في البراري والسهول إلى أن وقع خشبها تحت يد نجّار ماهر صنع منها ما شاء: (عصاً، سريراً، مجداف زورق، نافذة، طاولة حانة، رفّاً ، خشبة مسرح، أعمدة مشانق، خشبة غسل الموتى وتوابيتهم....إلخ)، ومع  هذه التحوّلات الكثيرة  للكرسي نجد بيكه س وهو يُصغي ملياً إلى أوجاعه وأتراحه وإلى مسرّاته، عبْر لغة غنية بالدلالات والرموز، وموظفاً تقانات كالتذكّر والسرد والحكي عن ذكريات تُمثِّل تاريخاً شاملاً ممتدّاً للإنسانية، بمن فيه من بشر وجماد ، وهو بذلك يُثبتُ تجذّره في أرضه وتشبّثه بقضيّته وتراثه، وليبعث رسالته إلى الآخر عساه أن يتدبّر معانيها ومقاصدها، ويحرّضه على نبش ما وراء الظاهر بحثاً عن كامن خفيّ منشود. 

وبما أن الرمز من أهمِّ الأسس الأسلوبية التي بنى عليها تشكيل صورة الكرسي عند الشاعر شيركو بيكه س، وأحد مكوّناتها الأساسية لذا ارتأينا أن نقف عنده لنميط اللثام عن كيفية اشتغاله ببناء الصورة إلى جنب بقية المكوّنات.
A Fibra Ótica nas Comunicações Eletrónicas
Authors: Ramos Sérgio Filipe Carvalho
Published: October 2017

A satisfação das necessidades e a defesa dos interesses dos consumidores de comunicações eletrónicas passa por infraestruturas de telecomunicações modernas, fiáveis e adaptadas aos serviços disponibilizados pelos operadores de telecomunicações.
Automação Industrial
Authors: Tavares Jorge Manuel Teixeira
Published: October 2017

De que é que falamos quando nos referimos a AUTOMAÇÃO? - Estamos no âmbito da engenharia eletrotécnica, da mecânica, da eletrónica, da programação, das comunicações, da instrumentação, da pneumática, ....?Na realidade referimo-nos a um pouco disto tudo - a automação será possivelmente a área de engenharia mais pluridisciplinar e integradora de tecnologia.Quererá isto dizer que se trata de uma atividade de Engenharia complexa e densa?- Sim e não! - Vejamos; é vasta e densa porque o seu exercício obriga ao conhecimento de um alargado e diversificado leque de tecnologias mas, a sua base teórica, ou se quisermos os seus “algoritmos”, são bastante simples; baseiam-se em lógica e em sequências temporais.Que competências serão então necessárias para se exercer Automação?- Um conhecimento transversal de engenharia, com particular foco na Engenharia Eletrotécnica e uma boa experiência de terreno.
Regulação de Velocidade em Motores de Corrente Contínua
Authors: Carvalho José António Beleza de
Published: October 2017

Uma grande parte das aplicações em que se utiliza força motriz beneficiaria, em termos de consumo de energia elétrica e de desempenho global, se a velocidade do motor se ajustasse às necessidades do processo. Existem muitas aplicações em que é necessário regulação e controlo de velocidade, como em máquinas ferramentas, ventoinhas, elevadores, veículos de tração elétrica, entre outras.A utilização de variadores eletrónicos de velocidade (VEVs) permite responder a alterações nas condições de carga do motor através da variação da sua velocidade. Através da regulação da velocidade de rotação dos motores, os variadores eletrónicos de velocidade proporcionam uma melhoria das condições de funcionamento dos processos, um menor desgaste dos componentes mecânicos, um menor ruído de funcionamento e, fundamentalmente, uma substancial poupança de eletricidade.Os motores de corrente contínua (DC) são ainda muito utilizados em sistemas que requerem variação de velocidade. Nestes motores, o controlo e a regulação de velocidade acima e abaixo da respetiva velocidade nominal é facilmente conseguido, sendo os reguladores de velocidade destas máquinas mais simples e menos dispendiosos que os reguladores de velocidade usados nas máquinas de corrente alternada (AC).As tecnologias inerentes ao controlo e regulação de velocidade evoluiu muito nos últimos anos.No sistema clássico pelo método Ward-Leonard, máquinas rotativas eram utilizadas para variar a velocidade dos motores DC. Atualmente, são utilizados conversores eletrónicos com semicondutores de estado sólido para esta finalidade.
ITED – 3ª Edição 2015: Manual Evolutivo e Reconstrutivo
Authors: Ramos Sérgio Filipe Carvalho
Published: October 2017

Ao longo das últimas décadas Portugal tem assistido a um abrandamento na construção civil e, naturalmente, na construção de edificado novo. Porém, subsiste a necessidade de requalificar os edifícios já existentes que serão, indubitavelmente, o grande nicho de negócio nas décadas vindouras.Paralelamente, a legislação e as especificações e prescrições técnicas das diversas instalações específicas, designadamente as Infraestruturas de Telecomunicações em Edifícios (ITED), devem convergir para a harmonização com as Normas Europeias e adaptadas à realidade económica do país.Assim, é com naturalidade que se prevê uma nova edição do Manual ITED (a 3ª Edição) para o próximo ano de 2015 que vise fundamentalmente, a atualização das especificações e prescrições técnicas à realidade tecnológica atual (e futura), à normalização europeia e uma convergência com a real situação económica portuguesa.O presente artigo propõem, de uma forma sucinta, evidenciar as principais alterações decorrentes da proposta do novo enquadramento das Infraestruturas de Telecomunicações em Edifício (ITED) a ser criada pela 3ªEdição do respetivo Manual.
Regulação de Velocidade em Motores Assíncronos de Corrente Alternada
Authors: Carvalho José António Beleza de
Published: October 2017

O motor assíncrono de indução é uma máquina essencialmente de velocidade constante, alimentado por uma fonte de energia elétrica de tensão e frequência constantes.A velocidade de funcionamento em regime nominal é muito próxima da velocidade síncrona. Se o binário da carga aumenta, a velocidade do motor decresce ligeiramente. É, como tal, uma máquina orientada para aplicações que requerem velocidade constante. Entretanto, muitas aplicações necessitam de vários escalões ou ajuste contínuo de velocidade.Tradicionalmente, estas tarefas que necessitavam de variação de velocidade eram efetuadas por motores de corrente contínua (motores DC).
Descripción del costo en medicamentos en pacientes atendidos en una unidad de atención en medicina complementaria: estudio preliminar
Authors: Véliz Arribasplata Maria Luisa , Santisteban Fernández José Eduardo , López Castillo Edith Karim , Mayo Simón Betty
Published: October 2017

Objetivo. Describir los gastos en medicamentos en los pacientes usuarios de la Unidad de MedicinaComplementaria San Juan de Lurigancho durante el periodo de enero a julio de 2009. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo. Se evaluaron las historias clínicas electrónicas de 40 pacientes atendidos en  la Unidad de Medicina Complementaria (UMEC) San Juan de Lurigancho, atendidos en los meses de enero a julio del año 2009. Se calcularon los gastos por medicamentos mediante los costos unitarios proporcionados por el software de Sistemas, Aplicaciones y Productos en Procesamiento de datos (SAP), se calculó un promedio mensual de gastos antes y después de iniciar tratamiento en los servicios de medicina complementaria. Resultados. Diecisiete pacientes (42,5%) tuvieron tres atenciones y 16 (40,0%) tuvieron dos atenciones previas al inicio de terapias complementarias. El gasto promedio mensual, después de tres atenciones en los servicios de medicina complementarias, fue de 278,82 ± 39,66 soles. La diferencia promedio mensual de gastos después de iniciar consultas con los servicios de medicina complementaria fue de 120,35±24,73 soles. Conclusiones. El gasto en medicamentos después de tres atenciones en los servicios de medicina complementaria de la UMEC Vitarte representa un 30% menos, en comparación a los gastos realizados en el Servicio de Medicina Convencional del Hospital I Aurelio Díaz Ufano. Se recomienda realizar estudios con una mejor metodología para determinar el impacto económico de estos servicios en el sistema de salud.
Anti–CD3 Antibody Treatment: a Promising Immunotherapeutic for Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Ali Riyasat , Kumar Sudhir
Published: October 2017

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by spontaneous pancreatic beta cells destruction. The central cause of T1D is mainly the weakening of central and peripheral tolerance. So, the induction of tolerance is a major goal for most of the immunotherapies. Investigations over the last couple of decades have shown that anti–CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their therapeutic variants effectively treat autoimmune disease in animal models, and have also shown promise in clinical trials. Tolerance induction by anti–CD3 mAbs is mainly related to the induction of Th2 type immune response and regulatory T cells (Tregs) development that control pathogenic autoimmune responses. Here, we review main findings of last couple of decades research, and current scenario of anti–CD3 mediated immune tolerance, and preclinical and clinical studies in which anti–CD3 mAbs have been used.
Thermochemical stability of Li–Cu–O ternary compounds stable at room temperature analyzed by experimental and theoretical methods
Authors: Lepple Maren , Rohrer Jochen , Adam Robert , Cupid Damian M. , Rafaja David , Albe Karsten , Seifert Hans J.
Published: October 2017

Compounds in the Li–Cu–O system are of technological interest due to their electrochemical properties which make them attractive as electrode materials, i. e., in future lithium ion batteries. In order to select promising compositions for such applications reliable thermochemical data are a prerequisite. Although various groups have investigated individual ternary phases using different experimental setups, up to now, no systematic study of all relevant phases is available in the literature. In this study, we combine drop solution calorimetry with density function theory calculations to systematically investigate the thermodynamic properties of ternary Li–Cu–O phases. In particular, we present a consistently determined set of enthalpies of formation, Gibbs energies and heat capacities for LiCuO, Li2CuO2 and LiCu2O2 and compare our results with existing literature.
The careering naturalists: creating career paths in natural history, 1790–1830 (Patron's review)
Authors: Gibson S.
Published: October 2017

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, before the professionalization of the sciences, naturalists followed career paths without any clearly defined structure. Each individual naturalist was compelled to carve out a niche for himself – deciding how he would enter the field, establish a reputation, win an audience, and earn an income. To elucidate some of the options open to aspiring naturalists, I examine the career of Edward Donovan (1768–1837) who worked as a writer, artist, engraver, collector, curator and popularizer of natural history. I compare elements of his career to those of contemporaries George Shaw (1751–1813) and Alexander Macleay (1767–1848) to show how different choices could affect one's life and livelihood in natural history. This close study exposes the inherent idiosyncrasies of a career in natural history, and demonstrates some of the practical difficulties of commercializing the field.
Effect of Steel Fiber and Different Environments on Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Authors: Barkhordari Bafghi Mohammad , Amini Fereydon , Safaye Nikoo Hamed , Sarkardeh Hamed
Published: October 2017

The main kind of deterioration in marine Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures and other infrastructures is steel bar corrosion due to cracks in concrete surfaces, which leads to the reduction of the load carrying capacity, ductility, and structural safety. It seems that steel fibers can reduce and delay the cracking, and increase the flexural strength and ductility of marine RC structures. To do so, in marine atmosphere and the tidal zone of the Oman Sea and fresh water, the flexural behavior of beams containing Plain Concrete (PC), Concrete with Steel fiber Reinforcement (SFRC), RC, Concrete with Steel fiber, and bar Reinforcement ((R+S)C) at 28, 90 and 180 days were determined. Beams were 99 un-cracked and pre-cracked beams, with dimensions of 200 × 200 × 750 mm. Based on results and at 180 days, the flexural strength and toughness of pre-cracked (R+S)C beams were 22%–43% higher than the pre-cracked RC beams. The effect of steel fiber on the increment of load capacity and the toughness of pre-cracked RC beams were approximately the same. By addition of steel fiber to un-cracked RC beams, load capacity and toughness were increased up to 20%. The load capacity and toughness in marine atmosphere and tidal zone were approximately 15% lower than the fresh water condition.
Material Optimization for a High Power Thermoelectric Generator in Wearable Applications
Authors: Lee Gyusoup , Choi Garam , Kim Choong , Kim Yong , Choi Hyeongdo , Kim Seongho , Kim Hyo , Lee Won , Cho Byung
Published: October 2017

Thermoelectric power generation using human body heat can be applied to wearable sensors, and various applications are possible. Because the thermoelectric generator (TEG) is highly dependent on the thermoelectric material, research on improving the performance of the thermoelectric material has been conducted. Thus far, in developing thermoelectric materials, the researchers have focused on improving the figure of merit, ZT. For a TEG placed on the human body, however, the power density does not always increase as the material ZT increases. In this study, the material properties and ZT of P-type BiSbTe3 were simulated for carrier concentration ranging from 3 × 1017 to 3 × 1020 cm−3, and the power density of a TEG fabricated from the material dataset was calculated using a thermoelectric resistance model for human body application. The results revealed that the maximum ZT and the maximum power density were formed at different carrier concentrations. The material with maximum ZT showed 28.8% lower power density compared to the maximum obtainable power density. Further analysis confirmed that the mismatch in the optimum carrier concentration for the maximum ZT and maximum power density can be minimized when a material with lower thermal conductivity is used in a TEG. This study shows that the ZT enhancement of materials is not the highest priority in the production of a TEG for human body application, and material engineering to lower the thermal conductivity is required to reduce the optimum point mismatch problem.
Impact of Madden–Julian Oscillation upon Winter Extreme Rainfall in Southern China: Observations and Predictability in CFSv2
Authors: Ren Hong-Li , Ren Pengfei
Published: October 2017

The impact of Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) upon extreme rainfall in southern China was studied using the Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index and daily precipitation data from high-resolution stations in China. The probability-distribution function (PDF) of November–March rainfall in southern China was found to be skewed toward larger (smaller) values in phases 2–3 (6–7) of MJO, during which the probability of extreme rainfall events increased (reduced) by 30–50% (20–40%) relative to all days in the same season. Physical analysis indicated that the favorable conditions for generating extreme rainfall are associated with southwesterly moisture convergence and vertical moisture advection over southern China, while the direct contributions from horizontal moisture advection are insignificant. Based on the above results, the model-based predictability for extreme rainfall in winter was examined using hindcasts from the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) of NOAA. It is shown that the modulations of MJO on extreme rainfall are captured and forecasted well by CFSv2, despite the existence of a relatively small bias. This study suggests the feasibility of deriving probabilistic forecasts of extreme rainfall in southern China based on RMM indices.
Impact of Prenatal and Subsequent Adult Alcohol Exposure on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Brain Regions Necessary for Simple Recognition Memory
Authors: Terasaki Laurne , Schwarz Jaclyn
Published: October 2017

Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are important and necessary for appropriate neural development; however, activation of microglia, concomitant with increased levels of secreted immune molecules during brain development, can leave the brain susceptible to certain long-term changes in immune function associated with neurological and developmental disorders. One mechanism by which microglia can be activated is via alcohol exposure. We sought to investigate if low levels of prenatal alcohol exposure can alter the neuroimmune response to a subsequent acute dose of alcohol in adulthood. We also used the novel object location and recognition memory tasks to determine whether there are cognitive deficits associated with low prenatal alcohol exposure and subsequent adulthood alcohol exposure. We found that adult rats exposed to an acute binge-like level of alcohol, regardless of gestational alcohol exposure, have a robust increase in the expression of Interleukin (IL)-6 within the brain, and a significant decrease in the expression of IL-1β and CD11b. Rats exposed to alcohol during gestation, adulthood, or at both time points exhibited impaired cognitive performance in the cognitive tasks. These results indicate that both low-level prenatal alcohol exposure and even acute alcohol exposure in adulthood can significantly impact neuroimmune and associated cognitive function.
Oxygen Sensing by the Hybrid Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Iridium(III) Complexes and Synthetic Saponite on the Basis of Energy Transfer
Authors: Sato Hisako , Tamura Kenji , Yamagishi Akihiko
Published: October 2017

An ultra-thin hybrid film of amphiphilic iridium(III) complexes and synthetic saponite was manipulated by means of the modified Langmuir-Blodgett method. In the film deposited onto a quartz substrate, the external mixed molecular layer of amphiphilic iridium(III) complexes was reinforced by the inner layer of exfoliated synthetic saponite. As components of the molecular layer, two iridium(III) complexes were used: [Ir(dfppy)2(dc9bpy)]+ (dfppyH = 2-(4′,6′-difluorophenyl) pyridine; dc9bpy = 4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-bipyridine) (denoted as DFPPY) and [Ir(piq)2(dc9bpy)]+ (piqH = 1-phenyisoquinoline)) denoted as PIQ). The emission spectra from the films changed from blue to red maxima with the decrease of a ratio of DFPPY/PIQ due to the energy transfer from excited DFPPY to PIQ. The intensity of red decreased with the increase of oxygen pressure through the quenching of excited iridium(III) complexes, promising a possibility as an oxygen-sensing film.
Influence of Coating Formulation on Its Mechanical Properties and Cracking Resistance
Authors: Podgorski Laurence , De Meijer Mari , Lanvin Jean-Denis
Published: October 2017

The mechanical properties of coatings strongly influence wood coatings’ performance, as coatings may be stressed by dimensional variations of wood when exposed outdoors. Within the European project SERVOWOOD (2014–2016), the influence of coating formulation on mechanical properties and cracking resistance has been studied. Several acrylic and alkyd formulations with different pigment volume concentrations (PVCs), with and without UV protection have been applied on pine samples and exposed to artificial weathering (EN 927-6) for 12 weeks. Persoz hardness of coatings applied on wood was assessed before and after weathering. Tensile tests on free films have been carried out at −10 °C, 20 °C, and 45 °C. For each formulation, elastic modulus, tensile strength, and strain at break have been determined for the three test temperatures. For each test temperature, there was no correlation between the elastic modulus and strain at break, nor between tensile strength and strain at break. The results showed a relation between Persoz hardness and elastic modulus. The best performing formulation had a mean elastic modulus at room temperature lower than 400 MPa and a mean strain at break higher than 30%.
Formation of Cellular Structure on Metastable Solidification of Undercooled Eutectic CoSi-62 at. %
Authors: Jeon Sangho , Matson Douglas
Published: October 2017

The relationship between emissivity, delay time, and surface growth for metastable solidification of CoSi-62 at. % eutectic alloys is reported from undercooling experiments conducted using electrostatic levitation. A fraction of the undercooled melt is first solidified to CoSi2 with subsequent nucleation in the mushy-zone of CoSi after an observed delay time. During this double recalescence event, the temperature of the secondary recalescence exceeds the liquidus, indicating that the spectral emissivity has changed. This emissivity change increases with longer delay times during solidification and is linked to the growth of cellular structure on the sample surface. Density measurements showed that the cellular structure begins to grow rapidly at a certain time during metastable solidification. This phenomenon is likely associated with the constitutional undercooling of the remaining melt.
The Heart Club: How Cyanotic Heart Disease Was Reframed
Authors: Treasure Tom
Published: October 2017

In April 1948, the thoracic surgeon, Russell Brock, convened a meeting at Guy’s Hospital [...]
Constraints on the Formation of M31’s Stellar Halo from the SPLASH Survey
Authors: Gilbert Karoline
Published: October 2017

The SPLASH (Spectroscopic and Photometric Landscape of Andromeda’s Stellar Halo) Survey has observed fields throughout M31’s stellar halo, dwarf satellites, and stellar disk. The observations and derived measurements have either been compared to predictions from simulations of stellar halo formation or modeled directly in order to derive inferences about the formation and evolution of M31’s stellar halo. We summarize some of the major results from the SPLASH survey and the resulting implications for our understanding of the build-up of M31’s stellar halo.
How Can Remote Sensing Help in Detecting the Threats to Archaeological Sites in Upper Egypt?
Authors: Chyla Julia
Published: October 2017

The analysis of contemporary and archival satellite images and archaeological documentations presents the possibility of monitoring the state of archaeological sites in the Near East (for example, Palmyra in Syria). As it will be demonstrated in the case of Upper Egyptian sites, the rapid growth of agricultural lands and settlements can pose a great threat to sites localized on the border of fields and the desert. As a case study, the Qena district was chosen, a region of significance for the history of ancient Egypt. To trace the expansion of agriculture and the development of modern settlements, a synthesis of archival maps (from the last 200 years), and archival and contemporary satellite images was created. By applying map algebra to these documents, it was possible to determine areas which may be marked as “Archaeological Hazard Zones”. The analysis helped to trace the expansion of agricultural areas during the last 200 years and the influence of both—ancient Egyptians and the Nile—on the local landscape.
What Else? The Basics and Beyond for Effective Consultations with Youth with Special Healthcare Needs
Authors: Elliott April S. , Jericho Monique C.
Published: October 2017

Youth with special healthcare needs (YSHCN) require medical support for disease management and equally require that providers be responsive to their ever-changing and sometimes unique psychosocial and developmental needs. This paper reviews the fundamentals of adolescent consultation reminding the reader that YSHCN are, after all, still youth with the same basic needs as their healthy peers. Beyond the basics, consultations with this population are characterized by complexities which are best managed by providers who can nimbly adjust their clinical stance. In non-urgent clinical scenarios, clinicians can adopt a coaching stance which we introduce and expand upon in this paper. Characterized by the five elements of non-judgment, curiosity, empathy, openness, and flexibility, the coaching stance can be adopted without specific training. We demonstrate its application using TGROW (Topic, Goal, Reality, Options and Wrap Up), a coaching framework that holds promise for use in clinical settings. Consultants may consider incorporating the coaching stance and TGROW into their practice repertoire, as both may be particularly helpful when consulting with adolescents with chronic illness.
“It’s a Battle… You Want to Do It, but How Will You Get It Done?”: Teachers’ and Principals’ Perceptions of Implementing Additional Physical activity in School for Academic Performance
Authors: Van den Berg Vera , Salimi Rosanne , De Groot Renate , Jolles Jelle , Chinapaw Mai , Singh Amika
Published: October 2017

School is an ideal setting to promote and increase physical activity (PA) in children. However, implementation of school-based PA programmes seems difficult, in particular due to schools’ focus on academic performance and a lack of involvement of school staff in program development. The potential cognitive and academic benefits of PA might increase chances of successful implementation. Therefore, the aim of this qualitative study was: (1) to explore the perceptions of teachers and principals with regard to implementation of additional PA aimed at improving cognitive and academic performance, and (2) to identify characteristics of PA programmes that according to them are feasible in daily school practice. Twenty-six face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with primary school teachers (grades 5 and 6) and principals in The Netherlands, and analysed using inductive content analysis. Teachers and principals expressed their willingness to implement additional PA if it benefits learning. Time constraints appeared to be a major barrier, and strongly influenced participants’ perceptions of feasible PA programmes. Teachers and principals emphasised that additional PA needs to be short, executed in the classroom, and provided in “ready-to-use” materials, i.e., that require no or little preparation time (e.g., a movie clip). Future research is needed to strengthen the evidence on the effects of PA for academic purposes, and should examine the forms of PA that are both effective as well as feasible in the school setting.
Distance, Duration, and Velocity in Cycle Commuting: Analyses of Relations and Determinants of Velocity
Authors: Schantz Peter
Published: October 2017

Background: The distance, duration, and velocity of cycling for transport purposes are used in health economic assessments, epidemiological studies, traffic modelling, and planning. It is therefore of value to determine relevant levels for them, and analyze how they relate, as well as to what extent other relevant variables may affect cycling velocities. 1661 cycle commuters (34% males) in Greater Stockholm, Sweden have been studied for that purpose. Methods: The participants were recruited with advertisements. They received questionnaires and individually adjusted maps to draw their normal cycling route. Route distances were measured by a criterion method. Age, sex, weight, height, and cycling durations to work were self-reported. The commuting routes were positioned in relation to inner urban and/or suburban–rural areas. Linear multiple regression analyses were used. Results: Cycling speeds were positively related to commuting distances or durations, being male, of younger age, having higher body weight but lower body mass index (BMI), and using the last digits 1–4 or 6–9 in duration reports (as compared to 0 and 5), as well as cycling in suburban (versus inner urban) areas. Conclusions: The study provides new knowledge about how distance and duration, as well as other factors, relate to the velocity of commuter cycling. It thereby enables the use of more appropriate input values in, for instance, health economic assessments and epidemiological health studies.
Adapting Tai Chi for Upper Limb Rehabilitation Post Stroke: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Pan Shujuan , Kairy Dahlia , Corriveau Hélène , Tousignant Michel
Published: October 2017

Background: Tai chi (TC) has been reported as being beneficial for improving balance post stroke, yet its utility in upper limb rehabilitation remains unknown. Methods: Twelve chronic stroke survivors with persistent paresis of an upper limb underwent 60 minutes of adapted TC twice a week for eight weeks, with a 4-week follow up. A 10-min TC home program was recommended for the days without sessions. TC level of performance, attendance to the sessions, duration of self-practice at home, and adapted TC movements used were recorded. Results: Eleven participants completed the study. A clinical reasoning algorithm underlying the adaptation of TC was elaborated throughout the trial. Participants with varying profiles including a severely impaired upper limb, poor balance, shoulder pain, and severe spasticity were not only capable of practicing the adapted TC, but attended all 16 sessions and practiced TC at home for a total of 16.51 ± 9.21 h. The degree of self-practice for subgroups with low upper limb function, shoulder pain, or moderate-to-severe spasticity was similar to that of subgroups with greater upper limb function, no shoulder pain, and minimal-to-no spasticity. Conclusion: Adapted TC seems feasible for upper limb rehabilitation post stroke. Although the study was based on a small sample size and requires confirmation, low upper limb function, insufficient balance, spasticity, and shoulder pain do not appear to hinder the practice of TC.
Numerical Simulation of Ti/Al Bimetal Composite Fabricated by Explosive Welding
Authors: Li Yan , Liu Cuirong , Yu Haibo , Zhao Fei , Wu Zhisheng
Published: October 2017

In this paper, a 2D numerical model that is more physically realistic was established to simulate the complete process of Ti/Al explosive welding. Basing on the ANSYS/AUTODYN software package, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) were used for running this simulation. The numerical model can capture the typical physics in the explosive welding process, including the expansion of explosives, flyer plate bending, the impact of metal plates, jetting, and the wavy interface. The variable physical parameters during the explosive welding process were discussed. Most parts of the jet originated from the aluminum plate. According to the model, the jet velocity reached 7402 m/s. The pressure at the detonation point was too small to make the two plates to bond. The pressure could reach an order of magnitude of 107 kPa when the detonation energy tended to be stable and was far more than the yield strength of both materials, which resulted in an obvious narrow region of plastic strain emerging close to the collision zone. The signs of shear stresses between the two plates were the opposite. The interface morphology changed from straight to wave along the propagation of the detonation wave in the simulation, which was consistent with the experimental results.
Small Molecules Derived from Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) and Their Use in Solution Processed Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Garcias-Morales Cesar , Romero-Borja Daniel , Maldonado José-Luis , Roa Arián , Rodríguez Mario , García-Merinos J. , Ariza-Castolo Armando
Published: October 2017

In this work, microwave synthesis, chemical, optical and electrochemical characterization of three small organic molecules, TPA-TPD, TPA-PT-TPD and TPA-TT-TPD with donor-acceptor structure and their use in organic photovoltaic cells are reported. For the synthesis, 5-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6(5H)-dione was used as electron withdrawing fragment while the triphenylamine was used as electron donating fragment. Molecular electronic geometry and electronic distribution density were established by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and confirmed by optical and chemical characterization. These molecules were employed as electron-donors in the active layer for manufacturing bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, where [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) was used as electron-acceptor. As cathode, Field′s metal (FM), an eutectic alloy (Bi/In/Sn: 32.5%, 51%, and 16.5%, respectively) with a melting point above 62 °C, was easily deposited by drop casting under vacuum-free process and at air atmosphere. Prepared devices based on TPA-TPD:PC71BM (1:4 w/w ratio) presented a large VOC = 0.97 V, with JSC = 7.9 mA/cm2, a FF = 0.34, then, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.6%.
Characterization and Trypanocidal Activity of a Novel Pyranaphthoquinone
Authors: Dantas Elen , De Souza Fabia , Nogueira William , Silva Cláudia , De Azevedo Pedro , Soares Aragão Cícero , Almeida Patricia , Cardoso Mariana , Da Silva Fernando , De Azevedo Eduardo , Guimarães Barbosa Euzébio , Lima Emerson , Ferreira Vitor , Lima Ádley
Published: October 2017

Chagas disease is an endemic parasitic infection that occurs in 21 Latin American countries. New therapies for this disease are urgently needed, as the only two drugs available (nifurtimox and benznidazol) have high toxicity and variable efficacy in the disease’s chronic phase. Recently, a new chemical entity (NCE) named Pyranaphthoquinone (IVS320) was synthesized from lawsone. We report herein, a detailed study of the physicochemical properties and in vitro trypanocidal activity of IVS320. A series of assays were performed for characterization, where thermal, diffractometric, and morphological analysis were performed. In addition, the solubility, permeability, and hygroscopicity of IVS320 were determined. The results show that its poor solubility and low permeability may be due to its high degree of crystallinity (99.19%), which might require the use of proper techniques to increase the IVS320’s aqueous solubility and permeability. The trypanocidal activity study demonstrated that IVS320 is more potent than the reference drug benznidazole, with IC50/24 h of 1.49 ± 0.1 μM, which indicates that IVS320 has potential as a new drug candidate for the treatment of Chagas disease.
Versatility of 7-Substituted Coumarin Molecules as Antimycobacterial Agents, Neuronal Enzyme Inhibitors and Neuroprotective Agents
Authors: Kapp Erika , Visser Hanri , Sampson Samantha , Malan Sarel , Streicher Elizabeth , Foka Germaine , Warner Digby , Omoruyi Sylvester , Enogieru Adaze , Ekpo Okobi , Zindo Frank , Joubert Jacques
Published: October 2017

A medium-throughput screen using Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was employed to screen an in-house library of structurally diverse compounds for antimycobacterial activity. In this initial screen, eleven 7-substituted coumarin derivatives with confirmed monoamine oxidase-B and cholinesterase inhibitory activities, demonstrated growth inhibition of more than 50% at 50 µM. This prompted further exploration of all the 7-substituted coumarins in our library. Four compounds showed promising MIC99 values of 8.31–29.70 µM and 44.15–57.17 µM on M. tuberculosis H37Rv in independent assays using GAST-Fe and 7H9+OADC media, respectively. These compounds were found to bind to albumin, which may explain the variations in MIC between the two assays. Preliminary data showed that they were able to maintain their activity in fluoroquinolone resistant mycobacteria. Structure-activity relationships indicated that structural modification on position 4 and/or 7 of the coumarin scaffold could direct the selectivity towards either the inhibition of neuronal enzymes or the antimycobacterial effect. Moderate cytotoxicities were observed for these compounds and slight selectivity towards mycobacteria was indicated. Further neuroprotective assays showed significant neuroprotection for selected compounds irrespective of their neuronal enzyme inhibitory properties. These coumarin molecules are thus interesting lead compounds that may provide insight into the design of new antimicrobacterial and neuroprotective agents.
A Review of the Biomedical Applications of Zerumbone and the Techniques for Its Extraction from Ginger Rhizomes
Authors: Kalantari Katayoon , Moniri Mona , Boroumand Moghaddam Amin , Abdul Rahim Raha , Bin Ariff Arbakariya , Izadiyan Zahra , Mohamad Rosfarizan
Published: October 2017

Zerumbone (ZER) is a phytochemical isolated from the subtropical Zingiberaceae family and as a natural compound it has different biomedical properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory anti-proliferative activity. ZER also has effects on angiogenesis and acts as an antitumor drug in the treatment of cancer, showing selective toxicity toward various cancer cell lines. Several techniques also have been established for extraction of ZER from the rhizomes of ginger. This review paper is an overview of recent research about different extraction methods and their efficiencies, in vivo and vitro investigations of ZER and also its prominent chemopreventive properties and treatment mechanisms. Most of the studies mentioned in this review paper may be useful use as a knowledge summary to explain ZER extraction and anticancer activities, which will show a way for the development of strategies in the treatment of malignancies using ZER.
Inhibitory Effects of Total Triterpenoid Saponins Isolated from the Seeds of the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) on Human Ovarian Cancer Cells
Authors: Jia Ling-Yan , Wu Xue-Jin , Gao Ying , Rankin Gary O. , Pigliacampi Alexa , Bucur Heather , Li Bo , Tu You-Ying , Chen Yi Charlie
Published: October 2017

Ovarian cancer is regarded as one of the most severe malignancies for women in the world. Death rates have remained steady over the past five decades, due to the undeniable inefficiency of the current treatment in preventing its recurrence and death. The development of new effective alternative agents for ovarian cancer treatment is becoming increasingly critical. Tea saponins (TS) are triterpenoidsaponins composed of sapogenins, glycosides, and organic acids, which possess a variety of pharmacological activities, and have shown promise in the anti-cancer field. Through cell CellTiter 96® Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation assay (MTS) assay, colony formation, Hoechst 33342 staining assay, caspase-3/7 activities, flow cytometry for apoptosis analysis, and Western blot, we observed that TS isolated from the seeds of tea plants, Camellia sinensis, exhibited strong anti-proliferation inhibitory effects on OVCAR-3 and A2780/CP70 ovarian cancer cell lines. Our results indicate that TS may selectivity inhibit human ovarian cancer cells by mediating apoptosis through the extrinsic pathway, and initiating anti-angiogenesis via decreased VEGF protein levels in a HIF-1α-dependent pathway. Our data suggests that, in the future, TS could be incorporated into a potential therapeutic agent against human ovarian cancer.
Magnetically Separable MoS2/Fe3O4/nZVI Nanocomposites for the Treatment of Wastewater Containing Cr(VI) and 4-Chlorophenol
Authors: Lu Haijiao , Wang Jingkang , Hao Hongxun , Wang Ting
Published: October 2017

With a large specific surface area, high reactivity, and excellent adsorption properties, nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) can degrade a wide variety of contaminants in wastewater. However, aggregation, oxidation, and separation issues greatly impede its wide application. In this study, MoS2/Fe3O4/nZVI nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by a facile step-by-step approach to overcome these problems. MoS2 nanosheets (MNs) acted as an efficient support for nZVI and enriched the organic pollutants nearby, leading to an enhanced removal efficiency. Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) could not only suppress the agglomeration and restacking of MNs, but also facilitate easy separation and recovery of the nanocomposites. The synergistic effect between MNs and Fe3O4 NPs effectively enhanced the reactivity and efficiency of nZVI. In the system, Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) by nZVI in the nanocomposites, and Fe2+ produced in the process was combined with H2O2 to further remove 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) through a Fenton reaction. Furthermore, the nanocomposites could be easily separated from wastewater by a magnet and be reused for at least five consecutive runs, revealing good reusability. The results demonstrate that the novel nanocomposites are highly efficient and promising for the simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and 4-CP in wastewater.
Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Phases from Anisotropic Nanomaterials
Authors: Dierking Ingo , Al-Zangana Shakhawan
Published: October 2017

Liquid crystals are an integral part of a mature display technology, also establishing themselves in other applications, such as spatial light modulators, telecommunication technology, photonics, or sensors, just to name a few of the non-display applications. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend to add various nanomaterials to liquid crystals, which is motivated by several aspects of materials development. (i) addition of nanomaterials can change and thus tune the properties of the liquid crystal; (ii) novel functionalities can be added to the liquid crystal; and (iii) the self-organization of the liquid crystalline state can be exploited to template ordered structures or to transfer order onto dispersed nanomaterials. Much of the research effort has been concentrated on thermotropic systems, which change order as a function of temperature. Here we review the other side of the medal, the formation and properties of ordered, anisotropic fluid phases, liquid crystals, by addition of shape-anisotropic nanomaterials to isotropic liquids. Several classes of materials will be discussed, inorganic and mineral liquid crystals, viruses, nanotubes and nanorods, as well as graphene oxide.
Effects of Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds on Inflammation in the Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Souza Priscilla , Marcadenti Aline , Portal Vera
Published: October 2017

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is responsible for more than 7 million deaths worldwide. In the early stages of the development of atherosclerotic plaques, cardiovascular risk factors stimulate vascular endothelial cells, initiating an inflammatory process, fundamental in the pathogenesis of CAD. The inclusion of potentially cardioprotective foods, such as olive oil, to the diet, may aid in the control of these risk factors, and in the reduction of cytokines and inflammatory markers. The present review aims to address the interaction between phenolic compounds present in olive oil, and inflammation, in the prevention and treatment of CAD. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that phenolic compounds, such as hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and their secoiridoid derivatives, may reduce the expression of adhesion molecules and consequent migration of immune cells, modify the signaling cascade and the transcription network (blocking the signal and expression of the nuclear factor kappa B), inhibit the action of enzymes responsible for the production of eicosanoids, and consequently, decrease circulating levels of inflammatory markers. Daily consumption of olive oil seems to modulate cytokines and inflammatory markers related to CAD in individuals at risk for cardiovascular diseases. However, clinical studies that have evaluated the effects of olive oil and its phenolic compounds on individuals with CAD are still scarce.
QCM Biosensor Based on Polydopamine Surface for Real-Time Analysis of the Binding Kinetics of Protein-Protein Interactions
Authors: Wu Chunli , Li Xueming , Song Siyu , Pei Yuxin , Guo Lili , Pei Zhichao
Published: October 2017

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor based on polydopamine (PDA) surface was developed for real-time analysis of the binding kinetics of protein-protein interactions. The biosensor was fabricated by simply immersing the gold sensor chip into an aqueous dopamine solution at pH 8.5 leading to a spontaneous deposition of PDA film onto the sensor chip surface, which was followed by incubation with the protein to immobilize it onto the PDA-coated sensor chip surface via Michael addition and/or Schiff base reactions. In this paper, the interaction between monoclonal anti-myoglobin 7005 antibody (IgG1) and its antigen human cardiac myoglobin was used as a model system for real-time analysis of biomolecule interactions on the biosensor surface. The kinetic parameters of the interaction between anti-myoglobin 7005 and myoglobin were studied on the biosensor surface, which were consistent with the results obtained via amine coupling. The biosensor based on PDA surface has excellent regenerability, reproducibility, and specificity. Compared with the most frequently/typically used amine coupling method for immobilization of proteins on carboxylated substrates, the modification methodology presented in this paper is simple, mild and is not subjected to the limitations of the isoelectric point (pI) of the protein. In addition, the PDA biosensor chip can be easily reused, which makes QCM biosensor analysis more efficient and cost effective.