bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emergency Department Point-of-Care Tests during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to Predict Cardiac Arrest Outcomes
Authors: Timilsina Ghanashyam , Sahu Ankit Kumar , Jamshed Nayer , Singh Satish Kumar , Aggarwal Praveen
Published: May 2023

Introduction:

This study evaluated the role of point-of-care tests (POCT) such as blood lactate, anion gap (AG), base deficit, pH, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and troponin as the predictors of cardiac arrest outcomes in the emergency department (ED).

Methods:

We conducted a prospective, observational study in the ED of a tertiary care hospital in India. All the adult patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the ED were included in the study. Blood samples were collected within 10 min of initiation of CPR for assay of POCTs. Outcomes assessed were the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 24-h survival, survival to hospital discharge (STHD), survival at 7 days, and favorable neurological outcome (FNO) at day 7 of admission.

Results:

One hundred and fifty-one patients were included in the study (median age: 50 years, 65% males). Out of 151 cases, ROSC, survival at 7 days, STHD, and FNO was observed in 86 patients, six patients, five patients, and two patients, respectively. “No-ROSC” could be significantly predicted by raised lactate (odds ratio [OR]: 1.14, 95% confidence interval: 1.07–1.22) and NT-proBNP (OR: 1.05, 1.01–1.09) values at the time of cardiac arrest. “24-h mortality” could be significantly predicted by the raised lactate (OR: 1.14, 1.01–1.28), low arterial pH (OR: 0.05, 0.01–0.52), raised AG (OR: 1.08, 1.01–1.15), and lower base deficit (<−15) (OR: 1.07, 1.01–1.14). None of the other POCTs was found to be a predictor of other cardiac arrest outcomes.

Conclusion:

Among various POCTs, raised lactate assayed within 10 min of cardiac arrest can predict poor outcomes like “no-ROSC” and 24-h mortality.
Pattern of Bone Marrow Involvement in B-cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Experience from a Tertiary Care Center in North India
Authors: Akhter Shareefa , Bashir Nusrat , Mir Mohmad Hussain , Manzoor Fahim , Ayub Maniza , Rasool Malik Tariq , Bilal Sheikh
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:

Bone marrow (BM) examination is an important investigation for staging or primary diagnosis of malignant lymphomas. The frequency of BM infiltration by lymphoma is quite variable. There are limited data available from developing countries on the pattern of BM involvement in patients of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). The aim of this study was to see the pattern of BM involvement by B-Cell NHL from a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India.

Materials and Methods:

All cases of B-cell NHL with BM involvement were included in this study. Peripheral blood smear, BM aspiration, and biopsy were performed for diagnosis and staging in all patients.

Results:

A total of 43 patients were diagnosed as B-cell NHL on BM aspiration and biopsy. The median age of our patients was 54.26 ± 15.07 years with a male: female ratio of 2.9:1. Twenty-four were indolent B-cell NHL cases and 19 patients had aggressive B-cell NHL. Indolent lymphomas such as SLL/CLL, MCL, FL, and marginal zone lymphoma are more common compared to aggressive NHL such as DLBCL and Burkitt’s lymphoma. Indolent lymphoma was more common in females than males (37.5% vs. 10.5%). The classical B-symptoms were present in 32.6% (n = 14). The BM was hypercellular in 62.8% of cases (n = 27) and cellular in 14% (n = 6). The pattern of BM biopsy involvement was diffuse in 65.1% (n = 28), interstitial in 23.3% (n = 10), and nodular in 11.6% (n = 5). Diffuse involvement of marrow was more frequent than nodular in aggressive lymphomas compared to indolent ones.

Conclusions:

In patients with B-cell NHL, BM involvement is more common in the indolent disease. The pattern of diffuse marrow involvement is more common in our region.
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Imported Frozen European Hake Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus 1758)
Authors: Mustapha Moshood Keke , Patrick Rosemary
Published: May 2023

This research looked at the concentration levels of some heavy metals in tissues and organs of imported frozen European hake Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758). This to ascertain the safety of the fish for consumption and whether long time freezing could bio concentrate heavy metals in the fish. Fish were procured from the market, muscles, gills and liver removed, digested for analysis of Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cd, and Pb using AAS. Fe was the most accumulated metal with 4.393±0.19 mg/kg, Cadmium (Cd) was the least with 0.004±0.00 mg/kg (Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd>Mn). Muscle accumulated the most metals. Concentrations of the metals were below maximum limit recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), which shows the fish is safe for consumption. It also showed that long time freezing does not bio concentrate heavy metals in the fish about a month of freezing. It is recommended that regulatory authorities should always conduct an assessment of the heavy metals in imported frozen marine fishes before it is cleared for human consumption. This will guide against any adverse health risk associated with consumption of fish with high levels of heavy metals.
Когерентные пучки, классы Чженя и суперсвязности на компактных комплексно-аналитических многообразиях
Authors: Bondal Alexey Igorevich , Rosly Alexei Andreevich
Published: May 2023

Мы строим твист-замкнутое оснащение ограниченной производной категории $\mathcal{D}^b_{\mathrm{coh}} (X)$ комплексов $\mathcal{O}_X$-модулей с когерентными когомологиями с помощью DG-категории $\overline\partial$-суперсвязностей. Мы используем технику $\overline\partial$-суперсвязностей, чтобы определить классы Чженя и классы Ботта-Чженя для объектов этой категории, в частности, для когерентных пучков.
Библиография: 32 наименования.
The Influence of Carbon Fiber Composite Specimen Design Parameters on
Artificial Lightning Strike Current Dissipation and Material Thermal
Damage
Authors: Millen Scott , Kumar Vipin , Murphy Adrian
Published: May 2023

Previous artificial lightning strike direct effect research has examined a broad
range of specimen design parameters. No works have studied how such specimen
design parameters and electrical boundary conditions impact the dissipation of
electric current flow through individual plies. This article assesses the
influence of carbon fiber composite specimen design parameters (design
parameters = specimen size, shape, and stacking sequence) and electrical
boundary conditions on the dissipation of current and the spread of damage
resulting from Joule heating. Thermal-electric finite element (FE) modelling is
used and laboratory scale (<1 m long) and aircraft scale (>1 m long)
models are generated in which laminated ply current dissipation is predicted,
considering a fixed artificial lightning current waveform. The simulation
results establish a positive correlation between the current exiting the
specimen from a given ply and the amount of thermal damage in that ply. The
results also establish that the distance to ground, from the strike location to
the zero potential boundary conditions (ground), is the controlling factor which
dictates the electric current dissipation in each ply. Significantly, this
distance to ground is dependent on each of the specimen shape, dimensions,
stacking sequence, and location of ground boundary conditions. Therefore, it is
not possible to decouple current dissipation and damage from specimen design and
boundary condition setup. However, it is possible to define a specimen size for
a given specimen shape, stacking sequence, and waveform which limit the
influence of specimen dimensions on the resulting current distribution and
damage. For a rectangular specimen design which appears in literature multiple
times, as 100 × 150 mm and with a stacking sequence of
[45/0/−45/90]4s, a specimen design of greater than 300 × 200 mm
is required to limit the influence of specimen dimensions on current
distribution and damage.
A Literature Review of Simulation Fidelity for Autonomous-Vehicle
Research and Development
Authors: Johnson Christopher , Graupe Elan , Kassel Maxfield
Published: May 2023

This article explores the value of simulation for autonomous-vehicle research and
development. There is ample research that details the effectiveness of
simulation for training humans to fly and drive. Unfortunately, the same is not
true for simulations used to train and test artificial intelligence (AI) that
enables autonomous vehicles to fly and drive without humans. Research has shown
that simulation “fidelity” is the most influential factor affecting training
yield, but psychological fidelity is a widely accepted
definition that does not apply to AI because it describes how well simulations
engage various cognitive functions of human operators. Therefore, this
investigation reviewed the literature that was published between January 2010
and May 2022 on the topic of simulation fidelity to understand
how researchers are defining and measuring simulation fidelity
as applied to training AI. The results reported herein illustrate that
researchers are generally using agreed-upon terms such as physical
fidelity, but there is an emerging definition of functional
fidelity that is being adopted to replace the concept of
psychological fidelity for training AI instead of
humans.
Investigation of In-Cylinder Pressure Measurement Methods within a
Two-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Ausserer Joseph K. , Polanka Marc D. , Litke Paul J. , Grinstead Keith D.
Published: May 2023

This work describes an investigation of measurement techniques for the indicated
mean effective pressure (IMEP) on a 55 cc single-cylinder, 4.4 kW, two-stroke,
spark ignition (SI) engine intended for use on Group 1 and Group 2 remotely
piloted aircraft (RPAs). Three different sensors were used: two piezoelectric
pressure transducers (one flush mount and one measuring spark plug) for
measuring in-cylinder pressure and one capacitive sensor for determining the top
dead center (TDC) position of the piston. The effort consisted of three
objectives: to investigate the merits of a flush mount pressure transducer
compared to a pressure transducer integrated into the spark plug, to perform a
parametric analysis to characterize the effect of the variability in the engine
test bench controls on the IMEP, and to determine the thermodynamic loss angle
for the engine. The results indicate that as a spark plug, the measuring spark
plug is not statistically different from the stock spark plug at the 95%
confidence level. The results indicate a statistically significant, 4%
difference in the measured IMEP between the pressure transducer in the measuring
spark plug and the flush mount transducer. The results also suggest a
statistically significant difference in performance between the modified and
unmodified engine heads, verifying the suppositions of other researchers who
suggested that even a small modification to a combustion chamber this size could
measurably affect the engine performance. While run-to-run variation resulted in
a 2% to 5% variation in IMEP, a sensitivity analysis determined that 1% to 3% of
that variation arose from variability in the control variables, while the
remainder was caused by variation in other engine operating parameters. Between
1000 rpm and 2000 rpm, where the engine was typically motored to determine the
TDC, the thermodynamic loss angle was 0.3 crank angle degrees (CAD) to 0.7 CAD,
larger than loss angles observed in automotive-sized gasoline engines. The
results indicate that using tabulated thermodynamic loss angles to set the TDC
location of the engine using a mono-directional peak pressure method would lead
to a −1% to −2.5% bias in the IMEP.
Investigation of Lubricant Additive Interactions on Gasoline
Particulate Filters
Authors: Lance Michael J. , Toops Todd , Moses-DeBusk Melanie , Kaul Brian C. , Lambert Christine , Liu Xin , Luo Huimin , Qu Jun , Rieth Ryan , Ritchie Andrew , Huff Shean P. , Maricq Matti , Dobson Douglas , Gangopadhyay Arup , Chanko Timothy
Published: May 2023

To understand how the composition of novel lubricant additives and their ash
interact with gasoline particulate filters (GPFs), an accelerated aging protocol
was conducted using three lubricant additive formulations and two GPF types. The
additive packages (adpaks) consisted of Ca+Mg detergent in a 3:1 or 0:1 ratio
and an anti-wear component—either zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) or a novel
phosphonium-phosphinate ionic liquid (IL) substitute. The particulate sampling
captured amount/compositions of particulate matter (PM) generated, total
particulate number, and size distribution. Five ash loadings were completed. GPF
position and adpak composition affected the backpressure, ash composition, ash
morphology, and captured mass. The particulate sampling indicated that the ash
component consisted primarily of particles less than 50 nm in size and that the
Mg-only adpak resulted in more particulate of 50–400 nm in size. Postmortem
materials characterization indicated GPFs in the underfloor position had deeper
penetration of ash into the walls compared to the close-coupled position.
Additionally, the Mg-only adpak had a higher filter collection efficiency
(>90%) and the ash particles consisted of a higher concentration of dense ash
material. In contrast, four of the 3:1 Ca:Mg lubricant adpaks resulted in a
collection efficiency of only 40–50%. Although the collection efficiency was
higher with the Mg-only adpak, the ash layer in the GPF was not thicker, nor was
the penetration into the wall more significant, and surprisingly the full useful
life (FUL) backpressure was lower than with Ca:Mg adpaks. The higher density of
the Mg-derived ash was the only detectable difference. A possible explanation of
this observation is that Mg ash has a lower melting point and is more
susceptible to densification during combustion or GPF regeneration. The
substitution of IL in place of the ZDDP did not lead to any notable changes in
collection efficiency or location of the ash.
Squeak and Rattle Analysis of Automotive Interiors Considering
Contact Nonlinearity
Authors: Li Tianyi , Li Peiran , Jiang Dayong , Qiu Bin
Published: May 2023

In order to improve the squeak and rattle (S&R) performance level of
automotive interiors, the contact nonlinear characteristics of structural
components need to be considered when performing interior noise analysis. The
finite element model of S&R analysis of the interior assembly is built, and
the time-domain vibration characteristics of the contact points between the
interior panels are analyzed by applying external forced excitation. The
interaction force between contact points is obtained according to the contact
equivalent model between interior materials. The external excitation and
internal interaction force are analyzed as the total excitation to obtain the
response results. Through experimental verification, compared with the S&R
performance division method, the analysis results are consistent with the test
results. Based on this model, S&R risk optimization is carried out, and the
risk level is significantly reduced. The research shows that the level of
S&R performance can be accurately predicted by considering the nonlinear
contact problem of the contact point in the S&R analysis of interior
assembly, which has important guiding significance for the forward development
and optimization design of automobile S&R performance.
Classification of Roadway Infrastructure and Collaborative Automated
Driving System
Authors: Ran Bin , Cheng Yang , Li Shen , Li Hanchu , Parker Steven
Published: May 2023

The latest developments in vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and
vehicle-to-anything (V2X) technologies enable all the entities in the
transportation system to communicate and collaborate to optimize transportation
safety, mobility, and equity at the system level. On the other hand, the
community of researchers and developers is becoming aware of the critical role
of roadway infrastructure in realizing automated driving. In particular,
intelligent infrastructure systems, which leverage modern sensors, artificial
intelligence, and communication capabilities, can provide critical information
and control support to connected and/or automated vehicles to fulfill functions
that are infeasible for automated vehicles alone due to technical or cost
considerations. However, there is limited research on formulating and
standardizing the intelligence levels of road infrastructure to facilitate the
development, as the SAE automated driving levels have done for automated
vehicles. This article proposes a five-level intelligence definition for
intelligent roadway infrastructure, namely, connected and automated highway
(CAH). The CAH is a subsystem of the more extensive collaborative automated
driving system (CADS), along with the connected automated vehicle (CAV)
subsystem. Leveraging the intelligence definition of CAH, the intelligence
definition for the CADS is also defined. Examples of how the CAH at different
levels operates with the CAV in the CADS are also introduced to demonstrate the
dynamic allocation of various automated driving tasks between different entities
in the CADS.
Using Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services Corrections in a Consumer-Grade Lane-Level Positioning System for Connected Vehicles
Authors: Williams Nigel , Vu Alex , Wu Guoyuan , Barth Matthew , Zhou Kun
Published: May 2023

Connected vehicle (CV) technology has the potential to greatly improve the safety, mobility, and environmental sustainability of traffic. Many CV applications require the vehicle position as input, which is primarily provided by global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Although a large number of those applications (e.g., Intersection Movement Assist) require vehicle positioning to have lane-level accuracy, it has been shown that the type of positioning system typically used by CVs currently cannot provide consistent lane-level accuracy, even under open-sky conditions. In order to address this gap, we have evaluated an enhanced positioning system that adds little, if any, to the cost of the CV. It consists of a single-frequency real-time kinematic (RTK)-capable GNSS receiver onboard the vehicle, which utilizes Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM) differential corrections transmitted over dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) by the roadside infrastructure. Tests on a moving vehicle show that this system could provide lane-level accuracy over 95% of the time in open-sky conditions. These tests also show the DSRC to be an effective means of disseminating RTCM corrections, given the intersection spacings and communication ranges in the test. However, neither RTCM nor the more commonly used space-based augmentation system (SBAS) differential corrections appeared to improve the positioning accuracy of GNSS in urban canyons.
Automotive Crankshaft Development in Austempered Ductile Iron Casting
Authors: Yerra Umamaheswara , Gopal Manish , Kolhe Vivek M , Palkar Vishal , Kumbhar Dipak
Published: May 2023

The automotive industry is facing a challenge as efficiency improvements are required to address the strict emission norms which in turn requires high performance downsized, lightweight IC engines. The increasing demand for lightweight engine needs high strength to weight ratio materials. To meet high strength to weight ratio, castings are preferable. However due to strength limitations for critical crankshaft applications, it forces to use costly forgings such as micro alloyed forging steel and Martensitic (after heat treatment) forging steel. To reduce the cost impact, high strength Austempered Ductile iron (ADI) casting is developed for crankshaft applications to substitute steel forgings. Austempered Ductile Iron is having an excellent mechanical properties due to aus-ferritic structure. The improved properties of developed ADI Crankshaft over steel forged crankshaft offers additional weight advantage. The ADI Crankshaft was subjected to rig test and meets the fatigue and durability life at the required Factor of Safety.
Development and Performance Studies of a Lightweight AA6061/Ti Particulate Surface Composite through Friction Stir Processing
Authors: Hussain Ilyas , Immanuel Jose
Published: May 2023

Surface engineering is becoming increasingly crucial for several automotive and aerospace components that involve intense surface interactions. Friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as an effective surface modification and hardening technique in recent days. The technique also allows the incorporation of reinforcement into the modified surface to enhance the strength and hardness further. This work applied FSP to develop a pure Ti particulate reinforced AA6061 metal matrix composite (MMC). Six different strategies were adapted (in the form of micro grooves, micro drills on the surface) to effectively infuse reinforcement on the alloy surface. Microstructural changes before and after FSP were studied using SEM and EBSD. Other tests such as post-mortem EDS, XRD, hardness, and compression were also done to examine the performance of developed composite. Microstructural lineaments revealed a more uniform dispersion of reinforcement particles in the matrix when the particles were impregnated using a multi-groove approach. Details on the development strategy, microstructural evolution and various strengthening mechanisms involved in enhancing the mechanical properties are presented in this manuscript.
Role of Silicone Based Thermal Encapsulants for 2&3W Battery Module Thermal Management Applications
Authors: Parasumanna Ajeet Babu , Ambhore Yogesh , Karle Ujjwala , Kumar Ravindra , Udawant Kishor
Published: May 2023

The Indian market for battery-powered electric vehicles (xEV) is growing exponentially in the coming years, fueled by tumbling lithium-ion battery prices and favorable government policies. Lithium-ion battery is leading in clean mobility ecosystem for electric vehicles. LiBs efficient and safe performance for tropical climatic conditions is one of the primary requirements for xEV to succeed in India.

The performance of LiBs, however, is impacted due to ambient temperature as well as the heat generated within cell due to the load cycle electrochemical reaction. The acceptable operating temperature region for LiBs normally is between 20 °C to 45 °C and anything outside of this region will lead to degradation of performance and irreversible damages. Therefore, understanding the thermal behavior is very crucial for an efficient battery thermal management.

In this study the authors have focused on battery module thermal management by incorporating the thermal interface material (TIM) considering the target application of 2W & 3W EVs. A 3X3 battery module of 3s3p configuration were made with 21700 cylindrical form factor cells. The role of thermally conductive & electrically insulating silicone encapsulant for the thermal benefit and better thermal management was studied whose conductivity ranges from 0.48 W/mK to 2.7 W/mK. The experiments were carried out in two ambient temperature i.e. 25 °C & 45 °C. The discharging of the module was carried out at 1C. To analyze the thermal profile of the cells in the module, temperature measurements were acquired at eight locations with thermistors. It was observed that there is significant drop of Maximum temperature (Tmax) of greater than 10°C with TIM and the temperature uniformity (ΔT) is observed to be within 3 °C along with TIM. All the experiment was first carried out through virtual simulation. Equivalent circuit model of the cell was modelled from HPPC test and electro thermal virtual simulation of the experiments were carried out at cell and module level. Good correlation is observed and used for optimization of the BTMS design. Based on the output, authors conclude that the silicone-based TIM have greater role to play for the efficient battery thermal management in the battery pack.
Characterization of TiN Precipitates and It’s Morphology in Spring Steel for Commercial Vehicle Leaf Spring Suspension
Authors: Chauhan Shiv , Shende Deodatta , Dhadange Ravi , Ponkshe Shripadraj
Published: May 2023

Leaf springs are used for vehicle suspension to support the load. These springs are made of flat sections of spring steel in single or in stack of multiple layers, held together in bracketed assembly. The key characteristics of leaf spring are defined as ability to distribute stresses along its length and transmit a load over the width of the chassis structures. The most common leaf spring steels are carbon steels alloyed with Cr and micro-alloyed with Ti, V and Nb. The specific thermomechanical process and alloying elements result in specific strength and fatigue properties for spring steels. The unique properties which facilitate use of spring steel in leaf spring suspensions are ability to withstand considerable twisting or bending forces without any distortion. The microstructure of these steel determines the performance and reflects the process of steel manufacturing. The performance is mainly determined by evaluating fatigue life durability. The microstructural phases mainly precipitate of carbides play a vital role in fatigue life. At one side, controlled size and morphology helps in performance whereas coarse size of the precipitates is detrimental to fatigue life. In this work, attempt was made to characterize the microstructure which includes TiN precipitates and various steel phases. Detailed analysis on TiN particle size and morphology was carried out. Optical microscopy and Electron microscopy along with EDX analysis were utilized for characterization. The microstructural details were also correlated with fatigue failure of leaf spring.
Test Methods for Evaluating Materials for High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas Applications
Authors: Kivisäkk Ulf , Bosbach Björn , Cederberg Emil , Borggren Ulrika , Zhou Nian , Ojha Rohit
Published: May 2023

The clean nature of hydrogen as an energy source is propelling the rapid development of applications and infrastructure for its production, storage, and distribution. One of the challenges for the widespread adoption of hydrogen as a fuel is identifying materials that can safely handle high pressures of hydrogen. Hydrogen Embrittlement is a well-known but not very well-understood mechanism of material failure in such applications. This paper gives a literature review of hydrogen embrittlement and the test methods that can be employed for measuring and qualifying materials for hydrogen applications. Slow Strain Rate Testing (SSRT) and fractography results for three austenitic steel grades performed at 85-87.5 MPa hydrogen pressure are described. Grade Alleima HP160 showed good resistance against hydrogen embrittlement despite its low Ni content compared to the two UNS 31603 alloys with different Ni contents. The results are interpreted in light of the Nickel equivalent of the alloys.
As-Manufactured Part Performance: Impact of Residual Stresses
Authors: Shinde Swapnil , Mannaru Vinod Kumar
Published: May 2023

Historically manufacturing variability has been considered as a noise factor due to limited insights about manufacturing history and its influence on part performance. With improvement in computational power and enhancements in commercial simulation tools, it is now feasible to study the influence of manufacturing process on product life in addition to manufacturability. This study demonstrates the concept of as manufactured part performance prediction utilizing forming simulation software to capture deformed geometry along with residual stresses and its integration to performance simulation tool using sheet drawing operation. Simulation predictions are verified and validated with available experimental data.

This approach helps to visualize the variation in part performance with respect to manufacturing process change including process sequence, process parameters and tooling design change. It further helps to create integrated digital model enabling design optimization thereby reducing product cycle time and physical trials.
High-Reliability Lead-Free Solders for Automotive Electronics
Authors: Choudhury Pritha , Kumar Anil , Augustine Prathap , Kosuri Divya , Sarkar Siuli , Salerno Paul , Ribas Morgana
Published: May 2023

Requirements for high-reliability lead-free solder alloys in automotive electronics are becoming more challenging as assembly designs require increased powder densities and miniaturization in combination with harsh operating conditions. Thermal cycling performance has been the primary factor for deciding on the suitability of a solder alloy for such applications. Solder joint reliability under thermal and mechanical stresses depends on the solder, packages, PCB, and assembly, including global and local CTE mismatch.

Automotive electronic assemblies for critical applications commonly require operational temperatures around 150oC, while soldering temperatures need to be as low as possible (<250oC). To resolve performance gaps in Sn-Ag-Cu solders for such applications, alloying additives can be used for: i) lowering the melting temperature, ii) improving creep properties, and iii) improving fatigue life. This is exemplified here by comparing a high reliability alloy, commonly known as “Innolot” and SAC305. This work reviews some of the aspects related to such board level accelerated reliability tests and discusses these experimental results in terms of alloy composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties.
Fuel Economy Measurement Road Test Procedure
Authors:   Light Duty Vehicle Performance and Economy Measure Committee
Published: May 2023

This SAE Standard incorporates driving cycles that produce fuel consumption data relating to Urban, Suburban, and Interstate driving patterns and is intended to be used to determine the relative fuel economy among vehicles and driving patterns under warmed-up conditions on test tracks, suitable roads, or chassis dynamometers.1
Outboard Mounted Brake Drum/Disc Wheel Hub Interface Dimensions - Truck and Bus
Authors:   Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
Published: May 2023

This recommended practice contains dimensions and tolerances for outboard mounted brake drums and disc wheel hubs in the interface areas. This recommended practice is intended for outboard mounted brake drums and disc wheel hubs commonly used on class 7 and 8 commercial vehicles. Included are SAE J694 mounting systems II, III, IV, XIV, and X. Special and less common applications are not covered.
Gasoline, Alcohol, and Diesel Fuel Surrogates for Materials Testing
Authors:   Fuel Systems Standards Committee
Published: May 2023

This SAE Recommended Practice presents recommendations for test fuels and fluids that can be used to simulate real world fuels. The use of standardized test fluids is required in order to limit the variability found in commercial fuels and fluids. Commercial fuels can vary substantially between manufacturers, batches, seasons, and geographic location. Further, standardized test fluids are universally available and will promote consistent test results for materials testing. Therefore, this document:

a

Explains commercial automotive fuel components

b

Defines standardized components of materials test fluids

c

Defines a nomenclature for test fluids

d

Describes handling and usage of test fuels

e

Recommends fluids for testing fuel system materials

The test fluid compositions specified in Section 7 of this document are recommended solely for evaluating materials. They are not intended for other activities, such as engine development, design verification, or process validation unless agreed upon by the contracting parties. Most marketplace fuels contain additives for such purposes as oxidation stability, intake and combustion chamber deposit control, anti-foaming, electrostatics, octane, corrosion mitigation, etc., applied at a parts per million basis. It is not the intention of this document to include a surrogate for the potential effects of these additives. As far as this committee is aware, current additives do not adversely affect fuel system materials. Those contemplating new or improved additives for future applications could use the basic test fluids or fuels from this document, and specify the fuel is to be unadditized in order to inject such additives and use the resulting mixtures to assess whether these new additives might affect fuel system materials.

For the purposes of this document, the term FUEL is used in conjunction with fully blended hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon oxygenate mixtures for use in commercial automotive engines. The term FLUID is applied to mixtures of specific controlled components used to simulate the effects of fuels.
Automatic Transmission Hydraulic Pump Test Procedure
Authors:   Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
Published: May 2023

This SAE Recommended Practice provides a method to determine the performance characteristics of the hydraulic oil pumps used in automatic transmissions and automatic transaxles. This document outlines the specific tests that describe the performance characteristics of these pumps over a range of operating conditions and the means to present the test data. This document is not intended to assess pump durability.
Power Cylinder Oil Consumption: Methods of Measurements
Authors:   Piston and Ring Standards Committee
Published: May 2023

This document describes the major techniques for measuring oil consumption. It does not cover all the sub-variations that might be used to make this measurement.
User’s Manual for the Small Adult Female Hybrid III Test Dummy
Authors:   Dummy Testing and  Equipment Committee
Published: May 2023

This user’s manual covers the small adult female Hybrid III test dummy. It is intended for technicians who work with this device. It covers the construction and clothing, disassembly and reassembly, available instrumentation, external dimensions and segment masses, as well as certification and inspection test procedures. It includes instructions for safe handling of the instrumented dummy, repairing dummy flesh, and adjusting the joints throughout the dummy.
Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices Infrastructure-Mounted Pantograph (Cross-Rail) Connection
Authors:   Hybrid - EV Committee
Published: May 2023

This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/1 details the infrastructure-mounted pantograph, or cross-rail connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection.

This document covers the connection interface relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive automated connection device (ACD) based on a cross-rail design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices Vehicle-Mounted Pantograph (Bus-Up)
Authors:   Hybrid - EV Committee
Published: May 2023

This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/2 details the vehicle-mounted pantograph, or the bus-up connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection.

This document covers the connection interface relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive automated charging device based on a conventional rail vehicle pantograph design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
Application Protocol and Requirements for Maneuver Sharing and Coordinating Service
Authors:   Advanced Applications Technical Committee
Published: May 2023

This SAE Standard provides requirements to support applications for the maneuver sharing and coordinating service (MSCS) beyond broadcast of basic safety messages (BSMs). This is to improve road safety and traffic efficiency by sharing and coordinating vehicle maneuvers via vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. This document lays out use case scenarios and defines vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) application protocols, system requirements and message sets for MSCS. The defined message sets for MSCS will result in identifying new message types, data frames, and data elements for SAE J2735.
Best Practices for Storage of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors:   Battery Transportation Committee
Published: May 2023

This document aids in mitigating risk for the storage of lithium-ion cells, traction batteries, and battery systems intended for use in automotive-type propulsion systems and similar large format (e.g., stationary, industrial) applications. Nothing precludes other industries and applications from using these recommendations.
Special Purpose Alloys ("Superalloys")
Authors:   Metals Technical Executive Steering Committee
Published: May 2023

The data given in Tables 1-4 are typical values only and are not intended for design parameters. Mechanical properties of the special purpose alloys depend greatly upon processing variables and heat treatment. It is recommended that design data be obtained by actual testing or by consultation with the producers of the alloys.
Tail Lamp (Rear Position Lamp) for Use on Motor Vehicles Less than, Equal to, or Greater than 2032 mm in Overall Width
Authors:   Signaling and Marking Devices Stds Comm
Published: May 2023

This SAE Standard provides test procedures, requirements, and guidelines for tail lamps (rear position lamps) intended for use on vehicles of less than, equal to, or greater than 2032 mm in overall width.
Coolants for Internal Combustion Engines
Authors:   Cooling Systems Standards Committee
Published: May 2023

This SAE Information Report is a source of information concerning the basic properties of engine coolants which are satisfactory for use in internal combustion engines. Engine coolant concentrate (antifreeze) must provide adequate corrosion protection, lower the freezing point, and raise the boiling point of the engine coolant. For additional information on engine coolants, refer to ASTM D3306, ASTM D4985, and ASTM D6210.
The Value of Religious Tolerance in the Interpretation of the Qur'an and its Relevance in Learning in Higher Education
Authors: Mahmud Abdullah , Zamroni Zamroni , Ilyas Hamim
Published: May 2023

·       This paper tries to reveal the values of tolerance in the Qur'an through the interpretation of The Glorious Kur'an by Yousuf Ali and The Message of Qur'an by M. Asad. After an in-depth study of the verses that are the focus of study in the two works of interpretation, the author finds values of tolerance such as, prohibition against denouncing the deities of other religions, prohibition of degrading people of other religions, may dialogue/debate with followers of other religions, freedom of religion, prohibition of forcing others to follow religion, belief, religious law, or moral law that we believe, do not hate followers of other religions,  and always huznudzan against them, as well as acknowledging the existence of other religions. After finding the values of tolerance above, the author tries to reveal the relevance of these values to the learning of Al-Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan (AIK) at the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta (UMS) through field research. Field data were obtained through observation and interviews. Broadly speaking, AIK learning at UMS can be categorized into three learning models: 1. Baitul Arqam: semesters 1-2 (for Muslim students), 2. Classical Learning: semesters 1-2 (specifically for non-Muslim students), 3. Classical Learning: semesters 3-4 (for Muslim and non-Muslim students). After in-depth research, it was found that the various tolerance values mentioned above are in accordance with AIK learning at UMS.
The Turmoil of Europe’s Economy, Food and Energy Stability: Will It Ends Western Sanctions on Russia?
Authors: Nandana Yassar , Runturambi Arthur Josias Simon , Daryanto Eko
Published: May 2023

Ukrainian and Russian War had a significant impact on the European economy, food, and energy. As one of the strategy to stop the war, the Western had imposed several sanctions on Russia that raised critical questions on whether or not this sanction is an appropriate and effective measure that should be pursued. Reflecting on history, economic weapons through economic sanctions are often ineffective against big countries that do have resilience. Not only that, the view that sanctions will suppress aggressive actions when material interests are disturbed is not always an appropriate case considering that countries and their leaders, especially autocratic ones, have other priorities. Through this articles, we’re going to discuss how the turmoil of Europe’s economy, food and energy stability may affect Western decisions to end their sanction to Russia. We concludes that the West, especially Europe, has no other way but to negotiate with Russia to carry out a ceasefire and negotiations regarding gas & oil supplies and in turns will end Western sanction to Russia gradually.
Criminal Responsibility of Child Cyber Grooming Perpetrators as a Form of Child Sexual Abuse on Social Media
Authors: Wirogioto Ali Johardi
Published: May 2023

Human rights are the most important part of the rule of law. Every individual must respect and uphold the human rights of other individuals regardless of age. Human rights are meant not only in the real world but also in cyberspace. The development of technology has a negative impact, namely the birth of crimes that utilize technology, one of which is sexual crimes against children, namely child cyber grooming.  Method: This study uses normative juridical research type. In this study, the formulation of the problem is whether child cyber grooming is a sexual crime in the digital era. And what is the criminal liability for perpetrators of child cyber grooming? Result: Childcyber grooming is a sexual crime against children using technology. This is because in its implementation it uses things that contain elements of sexuality. Perpetrators of child cyber grooming can be charged using the Pornography Law and the ITE Law.
Pattern of Substance Use and Suicide Probability in Poly-Drug Users
Authors: Baalash Amany A , Othman Ibrahim H , Osman Mohammed A
Published: May 2023

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and suicidal probability among sample of patients with poly-substance use disorder, and to examine the relation between pattern of drug use and suicidal thoughts. Study design: cross sectional case control study. Place and duration of study: Inpatient words of psychiatric and surgery departments of Tanta General, and University hospitals, Egypt, from May 2015 to June 2019. Methodology: Participants were 220 subjects, aged 18-45 years. We reviewed 110 individuals who fulfilled the DSM-5 criteria of substance use disorder for three or more substances, and their data were compared with that collected from 110 control persons. Results: Suicidal cases are highly present among patients with poly-substance use disorder 25.45%. Most of suicidal cases started using illicit substances under effect of peer pressure. Tramadol and cannabis dominated the list of used substances (94.55%), (62.73%) respectively. A statistically significant association with suicidality was found with longer duration of substance use (p<0.001), using cannabis (p=0.014), alcohol (p<0.001) and volatile (p=0.02), using substances while alone (p<0.05), and positive history of accidental overdose (p<0.05). Suicidal cases showed significant higher scores (P <0.0001) of suicide probability scale and subscales. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that abusing certain substances for long duration while being alone, in addition to history of overdose may trigger suicidal thoughts in patients with poly-substance use disorder, and that suicide probability is common consequences of poly-substance abuse.
Business Ethics Violation on Hit Products in the Practical Gorund of PT Megasari Makmur: Halal Perspective Analysis
Authors: Muhtadi Muhtadi , Said Muhammad
Published: May 2023

The rise of cases of violations of business ethics cases, one of which was by PT. Megarsari Makmur who committed an act of violation that had a major impact on consumers because it had endangered consumers by adding two dangerous chemicals and not applying detailed ingredient information on product labels. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method that utilizes data collection techniques for literature and document studies. PT. Megarsari Makmur is more concerned with personal gain by keeping production costs as low as possible, however, it is detrimental to many parties. The purpose of this research is to examine further about the problem analysis and the solution chosen by PT. Megarsari Makmur based on a review of the halal industry. The chosen form of problem solving is by withdrawing all HIT products that have been spread throughout the market
Actors Distortion of News Agencies Framing Surveys in Online Mass Media about Political Parties Bearer Presidential-Candidates 2024
Authors: Dwinarko Dwinarko , Sjafrizal Tabrani , Muhamad Pagi , Akbar Moh. Rivaldi
Published: May 2023

This research aims to acknowledge the News Framing of political actors in online mass media in determining presidential candidates in 2024. A political actor is an individual who plays a role in networking and Communication actions, acting as individuals, groups, or organizations. Political actors in the black box in the theory of actor networks are framed through the processing of information resulting from the social interactions of individual actors involved in everyday life, who are tied to systems and ideologies regarding their views on a political party reality. The actions of actors Survey institutions and online mass media in the community model network of actors with a situational approach. The theory used is the theory of actor networks and qualitative descriptive research methods with a narrative approach to analyzing online mass media news framing. The study’s result shows an integrated black box between the theory of actor networks and the theory of communicative actions. The news framing indicates a distortion of survey agency actors through online mass communication networks due to the efforts of survey agency actors. Unreliable survey results deceive political party actors in the presidential nomination of the Republic of Indonesia in 2024 who cannot carry actors in political parties. Political Parties are distorted due to the lack of use of internal survey agencies of political parties and the role of Political Parties Actors, which is still minimal to socialize with constituents, as well as dependence on external survey agencies, which are profit organizations. Political Parties are incapable of producing leaders who are already institutionally managed. Further research recommendations on the role of Political Parties actors in managing quality Human Resources in collecting and preparing actors ready to become national leaders.