bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation based cardiovascular system education in nursing: What recent studies say?
Authors: Er Zeynep Karakus
Published: January 2018

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally: people die annually from CVDs than from other cause. In this way nursing education system has key role of bringing to student the knowledge, skills and experience of managing CVDs.  The aim of this review is to indicate the importance of simulation based cardiovascular system education in nursing. We conducted a systematic literature review to evaluate the study results within the simulation based cardiovascular system education in nursing. Akdeniz University center electronic databases including MEDLINE, CINAHL and PUBMED e.g. were searched studies published in English within the last five years with â€œnursing educationâ€, â€œsimulation based cardiovascular system educationâ€ and â€œsimulation based education in nursingâ€ key words. In the recent literature review, there are six-research studies simulation based cardiovascular system educations in nursing. A study conducted by Tawalbeh and Tubaishat (2014) indicated that traditional training is an effective teaching strategy; however, simulation is significantly more effective than traditional training. Another study has shown that use of the deliberate practice model and a simulation-based curriculum to learn cardiovascular assessment and diagnostic reasoning skills was found to be very important. Pilot students' data of another study in a multi-center research model reflected that undergraduate nursing students who received the simulation-based training achieved statistically significant pre-to-posttest improvement in cardiopulmonary assessment skills and cognitive knowledge. The study results conducted by Heidarzadeh and colleagues (2014) indicated that both of the simulation methods increased the perception of self-efficacy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Another RCT results conducted by Aqel and Ahmad (2014) indicated that high-fidelity simulation (HFS) provides students with interactive learning experiences in a safe controlled environment. Simulation is an effective teaching strategy for cardiovascular system education includes ACLS, cardiovascular assessment and diagnostic reasoning.  Keywords: Cardiovascular; nursing; CVD.
Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the clinical COPD questionnaire
Authors: Tuluce Derya
Published: January 2018

This study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Clinical COPD Questionnaire developed to evaluate respiratory symptoms, restrictions in physical activity, and emotional problems experienced by the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) within the past one week. The study was conducted on 100 patients with COPD who were admitted to the pulmonary diseases outpatient clinic at a training and research hospital in Ankara between January 2 and February 10, 2017. In studies in methodological kind, patient information form and the Clinical COPD Questionnaire it was used. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of total scores of the questionnaire was 0.903 and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was found to be 0.80. The Cronbach's alpha values and ICCs of the subscale of the questionnaire were 0.878 and 0.734 for the functional state, 0.867 and 0.846 for mental state, and 0.827 and 0.828 for the symptoms. The questionnaire was re-administered one week after. The study concludes that the Turkish version of Clinical COPD Questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool to be used in the Turkish population.   Keywords: COPD; nursing; Clinical COPD questionnaire; validity; reliability.
Impact of having leg amputation on sexual health: a systematic review
Authors: Cicek Ecem
Published: January 2018

Amputation is a life-changing event that leads to depression along with the challenges it brings. It affects the lives of individuals in terms of various limitations in professional performances; social, entertaining and sexual activities. But, in all societies, the sexuality of individuals with disabilities is being ignored and almost never mentioned in this field. The aim of this study is to examine the sexual health problems and the difficulties in sexual life of the individuals who comes to the disabled state after the amputation.For the study, 13 data bases were scanned in totaly. Scanning was done in English and Turkish languages by use of MeSH terms; ''leg/limb amputation'' (or amputation) and ''sexual life'' (or sexual health, sexuality, sexual behaviour, sexual disfunction). The publications reached as a result of the scanned databases were evaluated according to the inclusion criteria. As a result of the screening, five studies were included in the study.As a result of the studies, it has been found that the individuals who have amputation experience sexual problems and the amputation affects the sexual health. In rehabilitation practice that are consulted after amputation, it is mentioned that sexuality is not a primary issue, but it is highly signÄ±ficant and it should be emphasized more. It, also, not considered enough by health professionals who provide rehabilitation services, and they stated that this issue should be discussed with great importance by health professionals.The fact that studies on limb amputation are very few and there is no existence of any work done in Turkey on this subject shows the necessity of giving more importance to the subject. Studies have shown that health professionals do not provide for counseling on sexuality, they do not have sufficient knowledge and skills in this area, and the patientsâ€™ needs are not supplied enough.  Keywords: Amputation, sexuality, sexual Health.
In which part of operating rooms is ethic? It is where the nurses are
Authors: Bilik Ozlem
Published: January 2018

Health, one of the fundamental human rights, should be eligible and attainable and it should be provided equal to everybody. Advances in the field of medicine and technology today may sometimes cause the line between life and death to become uncertain in health field. Also, along with some value problems the importance of ethic in working life has increased gradually. Ethic is a department of philosophy which investigates the quality and fundamentals of values underlying the relations between people and  it is to examine good or bad or right or wrong morally. It leads to what should or should not be do in professional works and presents the necessary moral values so that science and technology do not damage the society.The concept of ethic has a different importance for operating room nursery as well as in all fields of nursery. Operating rooms are the areas where patients expose to a significant attempt like surgery. They are stressful atmospheres that patients are unconscious due to anaesthesia, there are many technological devices around, a multidisciplinar team works together, there are life-threatening situations and the events that require to make fast decisions happen very often in this process. In addition, they are the places where harmful risks such as encountering of patients with injury, infection and tocsic materials are high. Because of all of these features, operating room nurses may often experience ethical problems. Eventually, nurses who are important members of health teams often encounter with the situations that require to make decisions due to their expanding roles and responsibilities, continuous communication with patients and team and busy working conditions. Nurses have to decide according to ethical principles and take the responsibility of these decisions. Thus, ethical sensitivity has to be developed in risky environments where ethical problems are often experienced such as operating rooms. In this context, educators in undergraduate education should effort to bring basic ethical principles to nursery students, to make the importance of ethic in professional work to be understood and to develop ethical sensitivity. Nurse administrators also should reinforce this development in post-graduate process. Importance of ethic for operating room nurses, study results for frequently encountered ethical problems and operating room nursery in terms of general ethical principles are presented in this collection. 

Keywords: Health; room; nursery
The effect of simulator use on students' skill enhancements
Authors: Yikar Seda Karacay
Published: January 2018

Nursing education is a training that requires many cognitive and psychomotor skills to be given to the students. Especially, it is expected that students should do every application skillfully before going out to hospital practice.This study was carried out in order to determine the effect of simulation usage on nursing skill development.These work is a review.There are many advantages to using the simulation in nursing education. These; critical thinking, clinical decision-making and problem-solving skills, a specific situation,skill in simulated education and a case example case can be revitalized versatile. Thus, it is possible to provide students with active learning opportunities to create coherent and comparable experiences; Help students integrate knowledge and skills. Through simulation laboratories, students develop their practice and as a result, mistakes they may make can be reduced.  Keywords: Simulation; nursing education; skill development in nursing.
The link between nurse workplace environment and patient satisfaction with nursing care services
Authors: Hadrawi Hayder AL-
Published: January 2018

Patient satisfaction has become an integral part of the process of measuring the quality of the provided care. Patientsâ€™ satisfaction about healthcare services increases in institutions that provide healthy workplace environment for nurses.This quantitative study aims to measure the impact of nurse practice environment on patientsâ€™ satisfaction with the provided nursing care services. A cross-sectional design was conducted to survey 75 male and female nurses and 107 inpatients who were hospitalized at least one day and aged 17 years and older. Sample was selected from medical and surgical wards of two main teaching hospitals in AL-Najaf province, Iraq.The results show that 80% of the nurses work in poor practice environment. About 52% of the patients were partially satisfied with nursing care; whereas, about 47% of the patients were unsatisfied. A significant correlation was found between nurse practice environment and patientsâ€™ satisfaction p < .05; regression analysis shows that patientsâ€™ satisfaction can be predicted based on nurse-patient ratio. Conclusion: Enhancing the practice environment of nurses helps improving the quality of healthcare and achieving better level of patientsâ€™ satisfaction with nursing care services.  Keywords: Nurses workplace; patient satisfaction; practice environment; nursing care;
Determining reasons why old people come to old age asylum
Authors: Ayar Tugce
Published: January 2018

This study was made descriptive-cross sectional in order to identify the reasons why old people come to old age nursing home. This descriptive study was conducted with the participation of 64 old people among 69 who stayed in a nursing home in Samsun between 13.04.2016 and 15.06.2016, who could communicate with us and who were willing to participate. The data was collected by a survey form prepared by the researchers in line with the literature. Survey form consists of 59 questions aiming to determine the socio-demographical properties of old people and their social and family living conditions before coming to a nursing home. In the evaluation of data percentage calculation and chi-square test were used. The age average of old people is 74.9Â±8.4. 32.8% of the old people are women and 67.2% of them are men. 34.4% of them were graduated from primary school. 53.1% of them have chronic diseases, 40.6% of them do not have a relative to take care of them, 23.4% of them came to nursing home as they faced decline in proceeding with daily activities without dependence on others, 53.3% of them do not communicate with their children, 43.8% do not have any visitors coming to the institution. 76.6% of them expressed that they stay in the nursing home since their families consider the old people in the family as a burden. 45.3% of them describe the nursing home as a place where they wait for the end of their lives, 25% of them express that they were not wanted by their relatives before coming to a nursing home. 3.1% of them faced physical violence from the relatives with whom they stayed together. In this study, it was observed that reasons, why old people preferred to live in the nursing home, are the absence of individuals to give them care, loneliness, and conflict with children. It is suggested that interventions should be made in order to increase the interactions of old people with family members and convert nursing homes to joyful places where old people can perform social activities with their coevals.  Keywords: Family, care, nursing home, loneliness, senescence.
АЛГОРИТМИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА: РОЛЬ АРТИКЛЯ ПРИ АНАЛИЗЕ И ПЕРЕВОДЕ НЕМЕЦКОГО ТЕКСТА
Authors: Ямшанова Виктория А. , Новикова Елена Н.
Published: January 2018

Новый профессиональный вызов – обучение магистрантов немецкому языку как второму иностранному языку с нулевого уровня в объеме 80 аудиторных часов побудил преподавателей определить содержание обучения как извлечение информации из научного текста экономического содержания. В качестве основного средства обучения выбран алгоритмический подход, проявляющийся в использовании языковых алгоритмов для приобретения знаний по немецкой грамматике и компьютерных обучающих программ для закрепления навыков перевода. Действие нового, алгоритмического, метода демонстрируется на примере работы над грамматической темой «Артикль».
ANALIZA USPEŠNOSTI SPONTANOG USVAJANJA VEŠTINE PISANJA APSTRAKATA NA OSNOVNIM AKADEMSKIM STUDIJAMA FILOZOFIJE
Authors: Goran Rujević M. , Una Popović Lj.
Published: January 2018

Česta predispitna obaveza studenata filozofije na Filozofskom fakultetu u Novom Sadu je pisanje seminarskih radova, što, zajedno sa praksom čitanja naučnih radova, za cilj ima da obuči studente u pisanju filozofskih tekstova u adekvatnoj naučnoj formi. Pisanje valjanih apstrakata značajna je veština u okviru tog zadatka, te je ovom prilikom ispitivano da li studenti na kasnijim godinama studija pišu bolje apstrakte uz svoje seminarske radove. Na uzorku od 317 radova izvršena je analiza kvaliteta apstrakata tih radova po kriterijumima adekvatnosti obima, prezentacije teme, prezentacije metode, navođenja rezultata i navođenja značaja rada. Utvrđeno je da ne postoji korelacija između godina studiranja i kvaliteta apstrakata, što znači da studenti na kasnijim godinama studija ne pišu primetno bolje apstrakte od studenata na ranijim godinama. Ovi rezultati ukazuju na to da spontano usvajanje dobrih praksi pisanja naučnih radova nije učinkovito, pa je poželjno formiranje posebnog kursa sa ciljem osposobljavanja studenata za akademsko pisanje i naučnu argumentaciju.
УПОТРЕБА ФОТОГРАФИЈЕ У НАСТАВИ ИСТОРИЈЕ НА ТЕМУ ХОЛОКАУСТА
Authors: Крчмар Никола З.
Published: January 2018

У раду се разматрају најоптималнији избори облика рада и наставних метода који се могу користити у наставној јединици о холокаусту. Акценат је на научним, методичким, педагошким и психолошким компетенцијама наставника као основним предусловом за извођење ваљаног часа у настави историје. Указаће се на који начин ликовни материјал историјског садржаја, као очигледно средство у настави историје, може да се примени заједно са осталим наставним методама водећи рачуна да једна другу исправно допуњавају. Фотографија као материјал документарног карактера може да се користи у великом броју наставних јединица и то не само на часовима историје већ и у структури осталих наративних предмета где се значајно место даје селекцији материјала. Важан сегмент у настави који се овде уочава јесте и питање мотивације коју треба поспешити комбиновањем различитих наставних облика. У раду ће бити изложени најважнији методички принципи којих се наставник мора придржавати.
Maquinaria da privacidade
Authors: Kanashiro Marta Mourão , Bruno Fernanda Glória , Evangelista Rafael de Almeida , Firmino Rodrigo José
Published: January 2018

É cada vez mais difícil pensar em comunicação na atualidade desvinculada da possibilidade de monitoramento. Este trabalho aborda este tema e sua relação com novos sentidos que a noção de privacidade vem adquirindo. O contexto dessa discussão é o big data ou as crescentes possibilidades de agregar e extrair valor de um gigantesco volume de dados esparsos e não estruturados, que cresce em velocidade vertiginosa. A partir dos contratos de privacidade para utilização de serviços de e-mail, de armazenamento de dados e redes sociais, e das exigências de privacidade por parte de grupos ativistas, podemos observar a reconstrução deste conceito e o embate no qual se insere. Esta é uma pesquisa em andamento que busca dar continuidade a três estudos anteriores sobre 1) câmeras de vigilância no Brasil, 2) reconhecimento biométrico no novo documento de identidade brasileiro, e 3) um mapeamento de aspectos da vigilância de dados no Brasil e no México. Nessas ocasiões, observou-se um rol de transformações ligadas ao monitoramento, incluindo a desestabilização de conceitos como indivíduo; segurança; democracia. Este trabalho reflete sobre a noção de privacidade no cotidiano contemporâneo.
Poesia: línguas, sentidos, prazeres
Authors: Sampaio Thalita Miranda Gonçalves
Published: January 2018

Buscamos compreender neste trabalho, como se dá o deslizamento polissêmico nos procedimentos metafóricos da música Babylon (2000) do compositor Zeca Baleiro, pensando o poético enquanto propriedade da língua, visto que, a linguagem não se apresenta como algo plano e de significado estático, mas, como algo opaco que é passível de significar de diversos modos a partir de sua condição de produção. Levaremos em consideração a memória discursiva, a historicidade e o pré-construído da língua poética.
No leva-e-traz da política científica: Uma interrogação sobre as “relações sociais”
Authors: Orlandi Eni Puccinelli
Published: January 2018

Em uma reflexão que se sustenta em uma experiência de pesquisa com um grupo de mulheres, e através de atividades exercidas em comum, expondo-as a processos de interpretação, buscamos compreender os sentidos do que é social, grupo social e, sobretudo, observar o que se poderia considerar como “relações sociais” mantidas pelo grupo e dentro do grupo. Os resultados de nossas reflexões estão expostas neste artigo.
Viva Pêcheux, Orlandi e Guimarães! Para ler o arquivo hoje: 20 anos... Labeurb
Authors: Araújo Angela de Aguiar
Published: January 2018

GUIMARÃES, Eduardo (Org.). Cidade, linguagem e tecnologia: 20 anos de História. Campinas, SP: Labeurb, 2013. 212 p.Esta obra está articulada por dois eixos fundamentais. De um lado, é uma obra que reúne trabalhos vinculados à área de pesquisa “Saber Urbano e Linguagem”, que organiza as atividades de pesquisa do Laboratório de Estudos Urbanos, do Nudecri da Unicamp. Estes textos são de pesquisadores que têm relação com a história do Labeurb (tanto pesquisadores do próprio Labeurb, quanto de outras instituições que mantêm relações de trabalho com o Laboratório). Por outro lado é uma obra que se faz como parte do registro dos 20 anos de atividades do Laboratório (completados em 2012, momento em que se projetou a organização desta obra que ora se publica). E nesta medida é uma obra que reúne também poesia e um registro fotográfico de sua história. Deste modo ela cruza trabalhos que fazem operar de vários modos a multidisciplinaridade. De um lado cruza trabalhos de disciplinas científicas do domínio das ciências humanas e sociais e de outro cruza estes trabalhos com o domínio da arte, tanto porque se ocupa de análises sobre produções artísticas nos artigos de sua primeira parte, quando pela publicação de dois poemas e de um itinerário fotográfico-histórico.
Construindo ombros fortes: a roupa ressignificando o corpo feminino
Authors: Perez Leonardo , Curcino Luzmara
Published: January 2018

Neste trabalho, baseados nas reflexões de Jean-Jacques Courtine sobre o corpo como forma de manifestação de discursos, construído como objeto simbólico sobre o qual atuam as injunções da cultura e da história, buscaremos analisar como a moda, especialmente no que concerne ao vestuário, pode ressignificar o valor simbólico do corpo. Assim, apoiados nos estudos da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, pretendemos analisar – a partir de imagens veiculadas em revistas de moda dos anos 1980 – como se deu a circulação de discursos sobre a mulher, sobre o poder, manifestos por diversas materialidades, entre elas aquela de delineação de uma silhueta antes restrita aos homens e que possibilitou uma ressignificação do corpo feminino, buscando em Margaret Thatcher um marco desse acontecimento discursivo.
Família, educação e vulnerabilidade social: uma análise da Região Metropolitana de Campinas.
Authors: Stoco Sergio
Published: January 2018

As relações sociais, e as desigualdades delas decorrentes, inclusive as educacionais, produzem o espaço social, o território. Não há como dissociar a sociedade do espaço. Este trabalho irá recuperar os processos sociais, em uma abordagem materialista (capitais), que caracterizam os mecanismos sociais mobilizados pelas famílias na sua função educacional (ativos) considerando sua posição social, seu lugar no espaço habitado e suas relações (estrutura de oportunidades). Estes mecanismos foram analisados a partir do conceito de vulnerabilidade social aplicado em pesquisa na RMC.
Análise de discurso em perspectiva: teoria, método e análise
Authors: Rasia Gesualda dos Santos
Published: January 2018

Resenha do livro:PETRI, Verli; DIAS, Cristiane Pereira (Org.). Análise de discurso em perspectiva: teoria, método e análise. Santa Maria,: Editora da UFSM, 2013. 312 p. ISBN 9788573911947(broch.).
O skate invade as ruas: história e heterotopia
Authors: Brandão Leonardo
Published: January 2018

Este artigo tem por objetivo relacionar a noção de heterotopia, proposta por Michel Foucault, com o momento de emergência do Street Skate durante a década de 1980. Para tanto, utiliza-se como fonte três publicações do período, as revistas Yeah!, Overall e Skatin’. Trata-se, fundamentalmente, de pensar a cidade revelando espaços de enunciações subjetivas que, gradualmente, foram sendo incorporados, interpretados e utilizados como elementos de diversão, desafio e subversão da ordem estabelecida.
Rede social, colaboração e mobilidade: o caso do aplicativo urbano Colab no Brasil
Authors: Silva Alexandre Campos , Policarpo Clayton
Published: January 2018

São várias as alternativas, embora muitas vezes se manifestem de forma discreta, que surgem com o intuito de integrar o cidadão à cidade e seus problemas. É notório que as TICs3 desempenham um papel fundamental neste processo, dado o seu caráter ubíquo cada vez mais reforçado pela disseminação de dispositivos móveis e locativos. Assim, o presente trabalho propõe uma análise dos modos de intervenção na metrópole contemporânea pautada pela informação, tendo como estudo a rede social Colab.
Quando o editorial é carta enigmática: uma análise discursiva do rébus
Authors: Baalbaki Angela Corrêa Ferreira
Published: January 2018

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar uma materialidade significante específica, o rébus. A partir de proposta teórica da Análise do Discurso, consideramos o rébus como um processo de significação complexa que conjuga tanto a materialidade opaca do desenho quanto o da letra. Desta forma, tomamos o rébus como um efeito metafórico, considerando o deslizamento de sentidos. Os rébus analisados foram recortados de dois editoriais de uma revista de divulgação científica para crianças.
Discursividades, materialidades e entremeios: dizeres e sentidos das artes visuais em espaços arquitetônicos na cidade de Maringá
Authors: Dias Guilherme Radi , Lara Renata Marcelle
Published: January 2018

Neste artigo, coloca-se em relação discursos ligados às artes visuais, materializados nos dizeres dos sujeitos envolvidos com as artes, e discursos ligados aos espaços arquitetônicos, em Maringá, observando sentidos neles produzidos pelas propostas artísticas visuais. Busca-se mobilizar discussões sobre os modos de funcionamento dos sentidos em trânsito pela inscrição do artístico em espaços constitutivos da materialidade urbana, marcando-se em uma perspectiva discursiva materialista do real da cidade.
Cáceres - nome luso de cidade mato-grossense
Authors: Zattar Neuza
Published: January 2018

Vários foram os nomes dados à Villa Maria do Paraguay (1778) até a sua transformação em cidade nomeada como Cáceres (1938) em acontecimentos do dizer perpassados pela história e pela memória luso-brasileira. Neste artigo, desenvolvido na perspectiva da Semântica do Acontecimento, tomamos os nomes próprios de vila e cidade como uma construção linguística e histórica exposta à exterioridade, cujos sentidos se alteram, dispersam e também se mantêm. Em relação à legislação urbana, observamos que exceto a ata de fundação que institui um plano de edificação para a vila, os Códigos de Postura (1860, 1876, 1948) funcionam como o interpretável do que se diz em relação a um passado de enunciações em que os nomes foram se dando.
Apresentação
Authors: Editorial Equipe
Published: January 2018

A Revista Rua, após ter tido o privilégio de comemorar, no decorrer do ano de 2014, seus 20 anos de publicação, lança seu vigésimo-primeiro número ciente de sua responsabilidade no campo interdisciplinar do saber urbano e linguagem, no campo multidisciplinar dos estudos urbanos, e também no campo de uma política científica condizente com sua atuação inovadora que abre espaço para o debate e para a visibilidade de diferentes abordagens do espaço da cidade enquanto simbólico e político, trazendo a linguagem como um modo possível de compreensão das tensas e contraditórias relações que se embatem nos diferentes espaços no/do urbano...
Hot Spot Temperature and Grey Target Theory Based Dynamic Modelling for Reliability Assessment of Transformer Oil-Paper Insulation Systems: A Practical Case Study
Authors: Cheng Lefeng , Yu Tao , Wang Guoping , Yang Bo , Zhou Lv
Published: January 2018

This paper develops a novel dynamic correction method for the reliability assessment of large oil-immersed power transformers. First, with the transformer oil-paper insulation system (TOPIS) as the target of evaluation and the winding hot spot temperature (HST) as the core point, an HST-based static ageing failure model is built according to the Weibull distribution and Arrhenius reaction law, in order to describe the transformer ageing process and calculate the winding HST for obtaining the failure rate and life expectancy of TOPIS. A grey target theory based dynamic correction model is then developed, combined with the data of Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) in power transformer oil, in order to dynamically modify the life expectancy calculated by the built static model, such that the corresponding relationship between the state grade and life expectancy correction coefficient of TOPIS can be built. Furthermore, the life expectancy loss recovery factor is introduced to correct the life expectancy of TOPIS again. Lastly, a practical case study of an operating transformer has been undertaken, in which the failure rate curve after introducing dynamic corrections can be obtained for the reliability assessment of this transformer. The curve shows a better ability of tracking the actual reliability level of transformer, thus verifying the validity of the proposed method and providing a new way for transformer reliability assessment. This contribution presents a novel model for the reliability assessment of TOPIS, in which the DGA data, as a source of information for the dynamic correction, is processed based on the grey target theory, thus the internal faults of power transformer can be diagnosed accurately as well as its life expectancy updated in time, ensuring that the dynamic assessment values can commendably track and reflect the actual operation state of the power transformers.
Somaclones of Cereus peruvianus Mill. (Cactaceae) with High Morphological Divergence May Generate New Varieties of Ornamental Cacti and Provide Relevant Chemical Compounds
Authors: Martin Paula , Faria-Tavares Juliana , Mangolin Claudete , Machado Maria de Fátima
Published: January 2018

Somaclones with typical and atypical shoots were regenerated from a callus culture in the same culture medium and in equal culture conditions. Since the genetic relationship among regenerated somaclones has not been investigated, current study employed heterologous microsatellite primers to examine the molecular diversity within and among somaclones, showing typical and atypical phenotypes with high morphological divergence. Nei identity value calculated between the somaclones was high (I = 0.929) and AMOVA showed higher genetic variation within (96%) than among (4%) the samples of somaclones. The polymorphism in the microsatellite loci indicated high levels of mean observed and expected heterozygosity in atypical somaclones, presumably with high adaptive potential and as source of genotypes for generation of new varieties of ornamental cacti. Low molecular divergence between typical and atypical morphologies of somaclones is a promising perspective for use of the atypical somaclones as source of chemical compounds of commercial and industrial interest. The somaclonal variations occurring in vitro callus culture has generated phenotypically differentiated subpopulations with low molecular divergence, however with high genetic variability, enough to be recommended as a source of genotypes to generate new varieties of ornamental cacti and of plants with new traits, necessary for breeding programs.
Investigation of Clay Balls in Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Zhang Weiguang , Lee Jusang , Ahn Hyung Jun
Published: January 2018

Clay ball is a pavement surface defect which refers to a clump in which clay or dirt is mixed with hot asphalt mixture. Clay ball is typically caused by a combination of aggregate contamination of clay or soil, high aggregate moisture, and low production temperature at the asphalt plant. It usually appears a few weeks or months after paving under traffic load, after being liquefied and knocked from the pavement surface. Clay balls can be the source of potholing, raveling, and other issues such as moisture infiltration and reduced ride quality. This paper presents an investigation of the clay balls on US-31 one winter after construction in Hamilton County, Indiana. In order to understand the pavement condition, their severity was measured using both visual observation and infrared image collection system. In addition, a clay ball distribution pattern, its density, and cores condition were evaluated. A precipitation effect on clay ball formation was investigated for finding a cause of the clay balls. The investigation found that infrared image collection system was appropriate in detecting the clay balls. The clay balls were elliptic in shape with 1 inch to 4 inches in diameter, and the maximum clay ball depth is almost penetrating the entire surface course. It was also found that the asphalt paving on the raining days or right after raining could increase the potential of clay balls. Monitoring of aggregate moisture during construction on or after raining days should be able to reduce the risk of clay balls.
Falling Water Ice Purification of Ice-Binding Proteins
Authors: Adar Chen , Sirotinskaya Vera , Bar Dolev Maya , Friehmann Tomer , Braslavsky Ido
Published: January 2018

Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) have several functions that permit their hosts to thrive in the presence of ice. The ability of IBPs to control ice growth makes them potential additives in various industries ranging from food storage and cryopreservation to anti-icing systems. For IBPs to be used in commercial applications, however, methods are needed to produce sufficient quantities of high-quality proteins. Here, we describe a new method for IBP purification, termed falling water ice purification (FWIP). The method is based on the affinity of IBPs for ice. A crude IBP solution is allowed to flow continuously over the large chilled vertical surface of a commercial ice machine. The temperature of the surface is lowered gradually until ice crystals are produced, to which the IBPs bind but other solutes do not. As in other ice affinity methods, FWIP does not require molecular tags and is suitable for purifying recombinant IBPs as well as IBPs from natural sources. The advantage of FWIP over other ice affinity methods is that it exploits an ice machine designed to produce large volumes of clear ice daily. This system can be easily scaled up and suits the purification of industrial quantities of IBPs. The FWIP method significantly advances the use of IBPs in research and industry.
The Effects of Household Medical Expenditures on Income Inequality in the United States
Authors: Christopher Andrea S. , Himmelstein David U. , Woolhandler Steffie , McCormick Danny
Published: January 2018

Objectives. To assess the effect of households’ outlays for medical expenditures on income inequality and changes since the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).

Methods. We analyzed data from the US Current Population Surveys for calendar years 2010 through 2014. We calculated the Gini index of income inequality before and after subtracting households’ medical outlays (including insurance premiums and out-of-pocket costs) from income, the financial burden of medical outlays for each income decile, and the number of individuals pushed below poverty by medical outlays.

Results. In 2014, the Gini index was 47.84, which rose to 49.21 after medical outlays were subtracted, indicating that medical outlays effectively redistributed about 1.37% of total income from poorer to richer individuals, a slightly smaller redistribution compared with the years before the ACA. Medical outlays reduced the median income of the poorest decile by 47.6% versus 2.7% for the wealthiest decile and pushed 7.013 million individuals into poverty.

Conclusions. The way we finance medical care exacerbates income inequality and impoverishes millions of Americans. This regressive financing pattern improved minimally in the wake of the ACA.
Preventable Emergency Department Visits for Nontraumatic Dental Conditions: Trends and Disparities in Nevada, 2009–2015
Authors: Zhou Wenlian , Kim Pearl , Shen Jay J. , Greenway Joseph , Ditmyer Marcia
Published: January 2018

Objectives. To examine trends and socioeconomic disparities for preventable dental-related emergency department (ED) visits in Nevada.

Methods. We pooled retrospective data containing 66 267 ED visits involving dental conditions from Nevada hospital ED databases from 2009 to 2015. The dependent variable was nontraumatic dental conditions identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes; 3 independent variables included treatment year, health insurance status, and race/ethnicity.

Results. Odds of ED visits for nontraumatic dental conditions increased 16% annually from 2009 to 2015 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13, 1.19). Medicaid (OR = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.96, 2.39) and uninsured patients (OR = 2.75; 95% CI = 2.52, 3.00) presenting with nontraumatic dental conditions were 1 to 2 times more likely than those with private dental insurance to seek ED treatment. Black patients were more likely than White patients to seek ED treatment (OR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.24).

Conclusions. Socioeconomic and demographic factors were significantly associated with ED visits for nontraumatic dental conditions, with a steady increase in trends and a widening of socioeconomic disparities in recent years.
Intermittent Preventive Therapy in Pregnancy and Incidence of Low Birth Weight in Malaria-Endemic Countries
Authors: Cates Jordan E. , Westreich Daniel , Unger Holger W. , Bauserman Melissa , Adair Linda , Cole Stephen R. , Meshnick Steven , Rogerson Stephen J. ,   for the Maternal Malaria and Malnutrition (M3) Initiative
Published: January 2018

Objectives. To estimate the impact of hypothetical antimalarial and nutritional interventions (which reduce the prevalence of low midupper arm circumference [MUAC]) on the incidence of low birth weight (LBW).

Methods. We analyzed data from 14 633 pregnancies from 13 studies conducted across Africa and the Western Pacific from 1996 to 2015. We calculated population intervention effects for increasing intermittent preventive therapy in pregnancy (IPTp), full coverage with bed nets, reduction in malaria infection at delivery, and reductions in the prevalence of low MUAC.

Results. We estimated that, compared with observed IPTp use, administering 3 or more doses of IPTp to all women would decrease the incidence of LBW from 9.9% to 6.9% (risk difference = 3.0%; 95% confidence interval = 1.7%, 4.0%). The intervention effects for eliminating malaria at delivery, increasing bed net ownership, and decreasing low MUAC prevalence were all modest.

Conclusions. Increasing IPTp uptake to at least 3 doses could decrease the incidence of LBW in malaria-endemic countries. The impact of IPTp on LBW was greater than the effect of prevention of malaria, consistent with a nonmalarial effect of IPTp, measurement error, or selection bias.
Low Prevalence of Hip and Knee Arthritis in Active Marathon Runners
Authors: Ponzio Danielle Y. , Syed Usman Ali M. , Purcell Kelly , Cooper Alexus M. , Maltenfort Mitchell , Shaner Julie , Chen Antonia F.
Published: January 2018

Background:

Existing evidence on whether marathon running contributes to hip and knee arthritis is inconclusive. Our aim was to describe hip and knee health in active marathon runners, including the prevalence of pain, arthritis, and arthroplasty, and associated risk factors.

Methods:

A hip and knee health survey was distributed internationally to marathon runners. Active marathoners who completed ≥5 marathons and were currently running a minimum of 10 miles per week were included (n = 675). Questions assessed pain, personal and family history of arthritis, surgical history, running volume, personal record time, and current running status. Multivariable analyses identified risk factors for pain and arthritis. Arthritis prevalence in U.S. marathoners was compared with National Center for Health Statistics prevalence estimates for a matched group of the U.S. population.

Results:

Marathoners (n = 675) with a mean age of 48 years (range, 18 to 79 years) ran a mean distance of 36 miles weekly (range, 10 to 150 miles weekly) over a mean time of 19 years (range, 3 to 60 years) and completed a mean of 76 marathons (range, 5 to 1,016 marathons). Hip or knee pain was reported by 47%, and arthritis was reported by 8.9% of marathoners. Arthritis prevalence was 8.8% for the subgroup of U.S. marathoners, significantly lower (p < 0.001) than the prevalence in the matched U.S. population (17.9%) and in subgroups stratified by age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity level (p < 0.001). Seven marathoners continued to run following hip or knee arthroplasty. Age and family and surgical history were independent risk factors for arthritis. There was no significant risk associated with running duration, intensity, mileage, or the number of marathons completed (p > 0.05).

Conclusions:

Age, family history, and surgical history independently predicted an increased risk for hip and knee arthritis in active marathoners, although there was no correlation with running history. In our cohort, the arthritis rate of active marathoners was below that of the general U.S. population. Longitudinal follow-up is needed to determine the effects of marathon running on developing future hip and knee arthritis.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Effect of a Heat Wave on Lentil Grown under Free‐Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) in a Semi‐Arid Environment
Authors: Bourgault M. , Löw M. , Tausz‐Posch S. , Nuttall J. G. , Delahunty A. J. , Brand J. , Panozzo J. F. , McDonald L. , O'Leary G. J. , Armstrong R. D. , Fitzgerald G. J. , Tausz M.
Published: January 2018

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have been increasing from ∼280 to 405 mmol mol−1 air from the preindustrial era until now. As this rise is a major driver for global warming and increasing variability in weather patterns, it is predicted that the frequency and duration of heat waves will continue to increase in many arable regions during this century. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a cool‐season crop whose production has recently expanded into areas where it is subject to high temperature stress during pod filling (e.g., Australia). The objective of this experiment was to determine whether growth at elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (e[CO2], imposed by free‐air CO2 enrichment [FACE]) is able to compensate for the negative impact of a 3‐d heat wave event imposed at the flat pod stage on two lines of lentil. Grain yield under e[CO2] subjected to the heat wave were equivalent to grain yield under ambient without the heat wave event. The heat wave reduced grain yield by 33%, but this was not made more or less severe by e[CO2]. This reduction was attributed to a small decrease in aboveground biomass (6%) and a larger decrease in harvest index (16%) due to the heat wave event. The number of pods and grains per square meter were reduced by the heat wave (29–32%), whereas seed size was not affected. The effects of the heat wave during the event were evident on the foliar canopy temperature measured with an infrared thermometer, which increased by 6°C, and on the electron transport rate calculated from the quantum efficiency of photosystem II obtained with chlorophyll fluorescence measurements.
Low‐Field Borehole NMR Applications in the Near‐Surface Environment
Authors: Kirkland Catherine M. , Codd Sarah L.
Published: January 2018

Core Ideas

Low‐field borehole NMR characterizes subsurface heterogeneities from pore to macro scales.

Borehole NMR is sensitive to biogeochemical processes and conversions in the subsurface.

Development of borehole NMR benefits hydrogeology, soil management, and engineering.

The inherent heterogeneity of the near subsurface (<200 m below the ground surface) presents challenges for agricultural water management, hydrogeologic characterization, and engineering, among other fields. Borehole nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has the potential not only to describe this heterogeneity in space nondestructively but also to monitor physical and chemical changes in the subsurface with time. Nuclear magnetic resonance is sensitive to parameters of interest like porosity and permeability, saturation, fluid viscosity, and formation mineralogy. Borehole NMR tools have been used to measure soil moisture in model soils, and recent advances in low‐field borehole NMR instrumentation allow estimation of hydraulic properties of unconsolidated aquifers. We also demonstrate the potential for low‐field borehole NMR tools to monitor field‐relevant biogeochemical processes like biofilm accumulation and microbially induced calcite precipitation at laboratory and field scales. Finally, we address some remaining challenges and areas of future research, as well as other possible applications where borehole NMR could provide valuable complementary data.
Vegetation Growth Models Improve Surface Layer Flux Simulations of a Temperate Grassland
Authors: Klein Christian , Biernath Christian , Heinlein Florian , Thieme Christoph , Gilgen Anna Katarina , Zeeman Matthias , Priesack Eckart
Published: January 2018

Core Ideas

Detailed description of plant growth dynamics improves heat flux simulations.

Harvest cannot be neglected to adequately simulate boundary layer energy fluxes.

Complex plant growth models improve flux exchanges under drought conditions.

Grassland models represent interactions of plant growth with soil and agricultural management based on underlying processes in different degrees of detail. To better understand the impact of these differences on the simulation of energy and matter exchange at the land‐surface layer, we compared the ability of five land‐surface models with different degrees of complexity to simulate energy fluxes in an intensively managed grassland in Switzerland. The aim was to evaluate the impacts of biomass growth, biomass harvest, soil profile characterization, and rooting depth on the dynamics of simulated near‐surface soil moisture contents and energy fluxes. The case study included a comparison of model results with continuous observations of latent heat, sensible heat, and net radiation for a site‐year. Energy fluxes were simulated more accurately by including a biomass growth model, encompassing the abrupt decline in leaf area caused by harvest. Site‐specific soil parametrization in combination with the absence of restrictions on rooting depth also improved the simulation results. The simulated energy fluxes of the five models differed significantly in the hot, dry month of July 2010 but were negligible under moist conditions in May. We conclude that the application of dynamic vegetation growth models improves energy flux simulations at the field scale in intensively managed grasslands during summer if biomass harvest dates and site‐specific soil profile descriptions are considered. Our results imply that regional‐scale simulations of grasslands will benefit significantly from high‐resolution input information on soil properties, land use, and management.
Quantitative Assessment of the Heterogeneity and Reproducibility of Repacked Silica Sand Columns
Authors: Xiong Yunwu , Dai Jiayu , Zhang Xueyang , Huang Guanhua , Furman Alex
Published: January 2018

Core Ideas

We quantified heterogeneity and reproducibility of repacked sand column microstructure.

The averaged pore geometric properties were quantified using Minkowski functionals.

Spatial heterogeneity was analyzed using a mathematical morphological operation.

Column experiments are widely used for mechanism and application studies in different fields. A major challenge and an advantage of the repacked porous column are its uniformity and reproducibility. Bulk density is a commonly used parameter to evaluate the uniformity and consistency of random packing. The internal structure of pore space is usually ignored and lumped into the bulk density. However, flow and transport characteristics of the repacked porous media are not fully defined from the bulk density but also depend on the internal structure. In this paper, we quantitatively assessed the heterogeneity and reproducibility of repacked sand columns using integral geometry methodology. X‐ray computed tomography is applied to visualize the pore space of the column repacked with different silica sands. The acquired tomography images are processed and quantitatively analyzed using Minkowski measures. The Minkowski functionals combined with the granulometric density function were applied to describe the spatial heterogeneity of microstructures. The results have demonstrated that the Minkowski functionals proportional to the well‐known geometric quantities are able to characterize the average geometrical properties of complex pore space. The pore size distributions of sand column are obtained through morphological opening operation. The two‐parameter Weibull distribution has been found reasonably describe the granulometric density acquired from the morphology analysis. The Minkowski densities joint with the critical pore diameter as well as parameters of Weibull function at different locations of each column have demonstrated the heterogeneity of the sand column. The small variation in the finer sand column indicates the heterogeneity is relatively smaller than that of the coarser ones. The relatively small differences among the repetitions of finer sand columns suggest more reliable reproducibility in comparison to the coarser sand columns.