bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Why I Can't Stand Out in Front of My House?”: Street‐Identified Black Youth and Young Adult's Negative Encounters With Police
Authors: Payne Yasser Arafat , Hitchens Brooklynn K. , Chambers Darryl L.
Published: October 2017

This street participatory action research (StreetPAR) study organized 15 residents to document street‐identified Black youth and adult's negative experiences with police in Wilmington, Delaware. Data were collected on mostly street‐identified Black men and women aged 18–35 in the forms of (1) 520 surveys, (2) 24 individual interviews, (3) four dual interviews, (4) three group interviews, and (5) extensive field observations. Forty‐two percent of survey participants reported being stopped by police in the last year. However, with the exception of being “stopped,” participants overall reported little negative contact with police at least within the past year. Chi‐square andANOVAanalyses suggest an interactional relationship exists between race, gender, and age on experiences with police. Younger Black men (18–21) were found to have the most negative contact with police. Analysis suggests a smaller, more hardened mostly male variant of the larger street community has had repeated contact with police. Qualitative analysis reveals at least two major themes: (1) disrespect and disdain for residents and (2) low motivation for working with police. StreetPARmethodology was also found to be instrumental in working with local residents and the Wilmington Police Department to improve conditions between residents and police.
Influence of soil properties on Ni accumulation in food crops and corresponding dietary health risk with a typical Chinese diet
Authors: Luo D. , Zheng H. , Chen Y. , Deleporte P. , Xie T. , Staunton S. , Wang G.
Published: October 2017

Nickel (Ni), an essential micronutrient, is toxic to plants and animals at elevated levels. Fewer data are available on the dynamics of Ni than for trace metals such as Cu and Zn. Dietary intake is the major source of Ni, but almost no information is available on dietary intake for Asian populations whose diet contains much less animal products and processed foods than in Western countries. In south‐eastern China, most food is grown on peri‐urban agricultural land and thus, food crops from these areas should be the major source of dietary Ni. A large‐scale survey of Ni in soils and edible crops, including 515 sites and 24 crop species from 10 crop groups, was conducted in Fujian Province, SE China, to assess Ni intake for a typical SE Asian diet. Correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and data mining were used to identify soil and plant factors that determine Ni accumulation in crops. Both soil Ni content and plant species contributed to Ni accumulation. Crop Ni (Nicrop) was positively correlated with soil Ni DTPA‐extractible (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) (NiDTPA) for many crops. PCA did not identify strong relations between soil‐to‐crop transfer factors and any soil properties. Stepwise linear correlations found positive correlations between Nicrop and NiDTPA; however, relationships between Nicrop and both silt content and pH varied between crops. Dietary intake of foods containing mean Ni content could lead to health risks, especially for children. It was concluded that sandy soils, rich in organic matter with a large Ni content, are unsuitable for the production of rice and legumes.
Geography and neuroscience: Critical engagements with geography's “neural turn”
Authors: Pykett Jessica
Published: October 2017

Geographers are increasingly interested in understanding the significance of developments in neuroscience, psychology and the behavioural sciences. Indeed, consideration of these disciplines has arguably shaped the trajectories of human geography since at least the 1960s, but its “neural turn” has only recently been acknowledged. This paper provides an original analysis of the intersections of research on neuroscience and geography. With reference to qualitative interviews with cognitive scientists and neuroscientists based in the UK, it identifies how geographical concepts have been approached within contemporary neuroscience while also identifying the broad trajectories of geographers’ engagements with neuroscience. The discussion demonstrates the political implications of these disciplinary trends for a geographical account of brain culture and brain‐based explanations in policy and practice. Specifically it proposes the development of a “critical neuro‐geography” capable of providing an overarching analysis of these phenomena. The paper's novel synthesis of hitherto disconnected engagements between geography, cognitive science and neuroscience establishes the rationale for a more sustained and critical engagement between neuroscience and geography sensitive to issues of situated subjectivity, power, inequality and difference.
Investigation of the correlation of serum IL‐31 with severity of dermatitis in an experimental model of canine atopic dermatitis using beagle dogs
Authors: Marsella Rosanna , Ahrens Kim , Sanford Rachel
Published: October 2017

Background

IL‐31 is a cytokine that is believed to play an important role in atopic dermatitis (AD). IL‐31 levels positively correlate with disease severity in children with AD. Currently, there is no study that has investigated such a correlation in atopic dogs.

Hypothesis/objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between IL‐31 serum levels and severity of dermatitis. It was hypothesized that a positive correlation exists between severity of AD and circulating levels of IL‐31.

Animals

Sixteen atopic beagles experimentally sensitized to house dust mites.

Methods

Atopic beagles were exposed to dust mites epicutaneously twice weekly for four weeks. Severity of dermatitis was scored by the Canine Atopic Dermatitis and Extent Severity Index, 3rd iteration (CADESI‐03) on days 0 and 28. Blood samples were taken on days 0 and 28 to measure serum IL‐31 using a commercially available ELISA.

Results

Correlation between CADESI‐03 scores and serum IL‐31 levels was not detected on day 0 (Pearson, r = −0.2609, P = 0.3291). After flare‐up of dermatitis was induced with allergen exposure, a significant positive correlation was detected between serum IL‐31 and CADESI‐03 on Day 28 (r = 0.6738, P = 0.004).

Conclusions and clinical importance

Positive correlation was detected in active disease between severity of dermatitis and circulating levels of IL‐31. Additional studies are needed to investigate this correlation in other breeds of dogs and to test whether circulating levels of IL‐31 may predict clinical response to biological agents aimed at IL‐31.
An unresponsive progressive pustular and crusting dermatitis with acantholysis in nine cats
Authors: Outerbridge Catherine A. , Affolter Verena K. , Lyons Leslie A. , Crothers Samantha L. , Lam Andrea T. H. , Bonenberger Terri E. , Ihrke Peter J. , White Stephen D.
Published: October 2017

Background

Between 2000 and 2012, nine cats were examined with a visually distinctive, progressive crusting dermatitis that was poorly responsive to all attempted therapies.

Objectives

Documentation of clinical and histopathological findings of this disease.

Animals

Nine privately owned cats.

Methods

Retrospective study.

Results

Eight neutered males and one (presumably spayed) female ranging in age from two to eight years, presented for a progressive, well‐demarcated, crusting dermatitis with variable pruritus of 1.5 months to five years duration. All cats lived in northern California, USA; seven lived within a 30 mile radius. Two males were littermates. Histopathological investigation showed both parakeratotic and orthokeratotic crusts, intraepidermal pustules and superficial folliculitis with rare to frequent acantholytic cells. Bacterial and fungal cultures were performed in six cats: meticillin‐susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was isolated in three cats, two colonies of Trichophyton terrestre and three of Malassezia pachydermatis were isolated from one cat each. Treatment with various antibiotics, antifungal and a variety of immunosuppressive medications did not alter the progressive nature of the skin disease.

Conclusions and clinical importance

The described disease shares some clinical and histopathological features with pemphigus foliaceus, but the lack of response to treatment, its progressive nature and the possible relatedness of some of the cats set it apart. The aetiology of this acantholytic dermatitis remains unknown.
Clinical outcome and prognosis of dogs with histopathological features consistent with epitheliotropic lymphoma: a retrospective study of 148 cases (2003–2015)
Authors: Chan Catherine M. , Frimberger Angela E. , Moore Antony S.
Published: October 2017

Background

Limited information is available regarding the treatment and outcome of dogs with epitheliotropic lymphoma. The disease typically has a poor prognosis.

Objectives

To characterize the clinical signs, identify prognostic factors and evaluate the treatment outcome of dogs with epitheliotropic lymphoma.

Methods

A retrospective review of medical records from 2003 to 2015. Treatment details, tumour response and survival time were recorded for 148 dogs. Potential prognostic factors were evaluated for their statistical effect on median survival time.

Results

The overall median survival time for dogs was 264 days (cutaneous: 130 days; mucocutaneous/mucosal: 491 days). On multivariate analysis, a shorter median survival time was associated with the cutaneous form (P< 0.001) and the presence of multiple lesions (P< 0.001). Among 80 dogs with cutaneous lesions, chemotherapy treatment (P< 0.001) and having a solitary lesion (P< 0.001) were associated with longer median survival. In 72 dogs with multiple cutaneous lesions, chemotherapy intervention (P< 0.001), retinoid treatment (P= 0.001) and complete remission (P= 0.001) were associated with longer median survival. In 68 dogs with mucocutaneous/mucosal lesions, decreasing age (P= 0.020) and a solitary lesion (P= 0.015) were associated with longer median survival.

Conclusion

Canine epitheliotropic lymphoma may be divided into cutaneous and mucocutaneous/mucosal forms. Solitary lesions have a better prognosis. Dogs with multiple lesions appear to benefit from chemotherapy and retinoid treatment, with those attaining complete remission having longer survival times. Multi‐agent chemotherapy could be considered in dogs with cutaneous lesions that fail to respond to single‐agent chemotherapy.
Temporal trends in Giardia occurrence in the Grand River and surrounding tributaries, Waterloo, Ontario (2005–2013), a retrospective analysis of surveillance data
Authors: Swirski A. L. , Pearl D. L. , Peregrine A. S. , Thomas J. , Pintar K.
Published: October 2017

Giardia contamination in the Grand River Watershed (south‐western Ontario, Canada) was monitored from 2005 to 2013 as part of FoodNet Canada. Our study objectives were to describe the temporal pattern of Giardia occurrence and determine whether water quality parameters and bacterial indicators could act as effective markers for Giardia occurrence. Water samples were collected monthly from the Grand River near a drinking water intake point (2005–2013) and also collected intermittently from other areas in the watershed during the study period. Samples were tested for Giardia cysts using the US EPA method 1623. Samples were also tested for chemical and microbial water quality indicators. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models were built to examine whether temporal, water quality and bacterial indicators were associated with Giardia cyst concentration. Giardia cysts were identified in 89% of samples (n = 228), with highest measured concentrations downstream of a waste water treatment plant outfall. Year and season were found to be predictors for Giardia occurrence. Concentrations were significantly higher in the winter and fall compared to the summer, and significantly higher in 2007 compared to other study years. After controlling for season, year and sampling location, dissolved oxygen was the only variable significantly associated with Giardia cyst concentration. Seasonal peaks in Giardia cyst concentrations in samples collected near the intake for the drinking water plant did not align with the seasonal peak in human Giardiasis cases in this region that are reported annually by public health authorities. This suggests that the risk of contracting Giardiasis from treated drinking water in this community is possibly low when the treatment plant is functioning adequately. Instead, waterborne exposure is likely the result of seasonal behaviours surrounding recreational water use. Therefore, the collective findings of our study are important to help inform future risk management studies and guide public health protection policies.
A cross‐sectional study of intestinal parasitoses in dogs and children of the periurban area of La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina): Zoonotic importance and implications in public health
Authors: Cociancic P. , Zonta M. L. , Navone G. T.
Published: October 2017

A cross‐sectional study was performed between school term dates 2014 and 2015 to diagnose intestinal parasites in dogs and children living with them. The socio‐environmental characteristics and hygiene practices of the children were also evaluated in terms of risk factors for parasitic infection of periurban neighbourhoods of La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Serial coproparasitological samples of 78 dogs and 211 children were analysed by means of concentration and flotation techniques. Socio‐environmental variables and hygiene practices of children were evaluated through semi‐structured questionnaires which were answered by every family. The study showed that 82.1% of dogs were parasitized. The specific richness was of 11 species; Ancylostoma caninum (69.2%), Uncinaria stenocephala (41.0%), Trichuris vulpis (28.2%) and Toxocara canis (21.8%) were the most prevalent. The study also revealed that 67.8% of children were positive. Also, 11 species were identified and the most prevalent were Blastocystis sp. (36.0%), Enterobius vermicularis (27.5%) and Giardia lamblia (21.3%). The risk for parasitosis was higher in 6‐year‐old children and older (OR = 1.9, 95% IC: 1.0–3.7) and in those who did not wash their hands or did it occasionally after playing with their pets (OR = 2.8, 95% IC: 1.4–5.5). Blastocystis sp. and Entamoeba coli infection risks were greater in children whose parents had a basic level of education (OR = 3.4, 95% IC: 1.3–8.7 and OR = 3.6, 95% IC: 0.8–15.9, respectively). In addition, the risk of infection for E. coli was higher in children who lived in floodable houses (OR = 4.4, 95% IC: 0.9–16.6). Likewise, the risk of infection for E. vermicularis was greater in children with onychophagia (OR = 1.6, 95% IC: 0.7–3.7) and in 6 year olds and older whose parents completed only primary studies (OR = 3.6, 95% IC: 1.4–9.1). The results obtained show the existence of a worrying epidemiological scenario that stresses the importance of zoonotic parasitosis as a serious problem of public health.
Neurocognitive performances of visuospatial attention and the correlations with metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in adults with obesity
Authors: Tsai Chia‐Liang , Huang Tsang‐Hai , Tsai Meng‐Che
Published: October 2017

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Obesity is linked to cognitive deficits, elevated energy metabolic indices and low‐grade systemic inflammation. Do the relationships between neurocognitive performance and the biochemical markers (e.g. energy metabolic indices and inflammatory cytokines) occur independently of factors known to be associated with neurocognitive dysfunction (i.e. cardiorespiratory fitness) in young adults?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Young obese adults showed poorer neuropsychological performances, aberrant neural activity and higher C‐reactive protein and energy metabolic indices. The higher leptin and C‐reactive protein concentrations showed a significant negative association with lower P3 amplitudes. However, leptin was the sole predictive factor, implicating hyperleptinaemia in the altered neurocognitive function observed in obesity.

The present study was designed to explore the neurophysiological mechanism of visuospatial attention deficits in obese adults and to examine the relationships between neurocognitive (neuropsychological and neurophysiological) performances and the biochemical markers. Thirty obese adults and 30 healthy‐weight control subjects, categorized by body mass index and percentage fat as measured with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, provided a fasting blood sample and performed a visuospatial attention protocol with concomitant electrophysiological recording. The obese group showed slower reaction times and smaller P3 amplitudes when performing the cognitive task. Even when controlling for the covariable of cardiorespiratory fitness, the results remained. In addition, the serum concentrations of insulin, glucose, leptin and C‐reactive protein were significantly higher in the obese group relative to the control group, but not those of interleukin‐6, interleukin‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α. Partial correlations adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness showed that leptin and C‐reactive protein concentrations in the obese group were negatively associated with poorer neurophysiological (i.e. P3 amplitude) performance. However, the regression analysis showed that leptin was the sole predictor of P3 amplitude in the obese group. These findings indicate that the individuals with obesity exhibited neurocognitive deficits when performing the visuospatial attention task, and serum leptin concentrations could be one of the influential factors.
Role of NO in highly selective SiN/SiO2 and SiN/Si etching with NF3/O2 remote plasma: Experiment and simulation
Authors: Barsukov Yuri , Volynets Vladimir , Lee Sangjun , Kim Gonjun , Lee Byoungsu , Nam Sang Ki , Han Kyuhee
Published: October 2017

This paper describes the study of mechanisms of highly selective silicon nitride etching, in particular, the role of NO in silicon nitride etching by atomic fluorine. This paper presents experimental and simulation data about SiN, SiO2, and Si etching with NF3/O2 remote plasma. Quantum chemistry simulations show that NO reacts with the F–N bond in a SiN cluster with lower activation energy than the F-atom. Thus, NO increases the rate of fluorine migration on the silicon nitride surface from the nitrogen atom to the silicon atom during the etching process. In the absence of NO, such migration proceeds with relatively high activation energy, which limits the etching rate. The analytical model based on the SiN etching mechanism taking into account the fluorine migration is proposed. The results of calculations with the analytical model show a good agreement with the experimental SiN, SiO2, and Si etch rates.
ACOUSTICAL NEWS–USA
Authors: Moran Elaine
Published: October 2017

Editor's Note: Readers of this journal are encouraged to submit news items on awards, appointments, and other activities about themselves or their colleagues. Deadline dates for news and notices are 2 months prior to publication.
Sound field reconstruction within an entire cavity by plane wave expansions using a spherical microphone array
Authors: Wang Yan , Chen Kean
Published: October 2017

A spherical microphone array has proved effective in reconstructing an enclosed sound field by a superposition of spherical wave functions in Fourier domain. It allows successful reconstructions surrounding the array, but the accuracy will be degraded at a distance. In order to extend the effective reconstruction to the entire cavity, a plane-wave basis in space domain is used owing to its non-decaying propagating characteristic and compared with the conventional spherical wave function method in a low frequency sound field within a cylindrical cavity. The sensitivity to measurement noise, the effects of the numbers of plane waves, and measurement positions are discussed. Simulations show that under the same measurement conditions, the plane wave function method is superior in terms of reconstruction accuracy and data processing efficiency, that is, the entire sound field imaging can be achieved by only one time calculation instead of translations of local sets of coefficients with respect to every measurement position into a global one. An experiment was conducted inside an aircraft cabin mock-up for validation. Additionally, this method provides an alternative possibility to recover the coefficients of high order spherical wave functions in a global coordinate system without coordinate translations with respect to local origins.
Parents’ Perspectives of Physical Activity in Their Adult Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Social-Ecological Approach
Authors: Buchanan Alice M. , Miedema Benjamin , Frey Georgia C.
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate parent perceptions of the physical activity (PA) engagement of their adult children with autism spectrum disorders. The theoretical framework used in this study was social ecology. Participants were nine parents from families with one adult child with autism spectrum disorder whose ages ranged from 18 to 42. Using phenomenological interviews, which explored parents’ life experience and meaning making, four themes were generated: supports and advocacy for PA, engaging in PA independently, benefits of PA, and barriers to or reasons for disengaging in particular activities. Parents’ interview comments showed that intrapersonal factors, interpersonal relationships, and community factors were essential for keeping the individuals with autism spectrum disorder engaged in PA. Families and practitioners can take advantage of that by seeking PA opportunities in community settings or with other individuals.
Sport Participation for Elite Athletes With Physical Disabilities: Motivations, Barriers, and Facilitators
Authors: McLoughlin Gabriella , Weisman Fecske Courtney , Castaneda Yvette , Gwin Candace , Graber Kim
Published: October 2017

There are many reasons why individuals are motivated to participate in sports. Less attention, however, is given for studying motivation and athlete development in adapted sport. The purpose of this study was to identify the motivations, facilitators, and barriers to sports participation of elite athletes with a physical disability. Participants (N = 23, 17 males, six females, mean age: 24.3 years) were recruited through online listservs, e-mails, and snowball sampling. A semistructured interview guide was employed. Analysis was conducted and grounded in self-determination theory and literature surrounding barriers and facilitators of sports participation. Through coding by multiple researchers, six themes emerged. Themes indicated that athletes attributed participation to constructs of self-determination theory as well as overcoming specific barriers such as cost, time constraints, and lack of opportunity. Among facilitators to their athletic development, there were empowerment and advocacy, increased health, college scholarships, and achieving performance-related goals.
Metalenses: Versatile multifunctional photonic components
Authors: Khorasaninejad Mohammadreza , Capasso Federico
Published: October 2017

Looking sharp with metalenses

High-end imaging lenses have tended to be based on bulk optical components. Advances in fabrication techniques have enabled the development of ultrathin, lightweight, and planar lenses (metalenses) that have unprecedented functionalities. These metalenses have the potential to replace or complement their conventional bulk counterparts. Khorasaninejad and Capasso review the evolution of metalenses, summarizing achievements and applications and identifying future challenges and opportunities. Metalenses can have numerous applications, ranging from cellphone camera modules, to wearable displays for augmented and virtual reality and machine vision, to bio-imaging and endoscopy.

Science
, this issue p.
eaam8100
Even-denominator fractional quantum Hall states in bilayer graphene
Authors: Li J. I. A. , Tan C. , Chen S. , Zeng Y. , Taniguchi T. , Watanabe K. , Hone J. , Dean C. R.
Published: October 2017

Exotic states pop up in bilayer graphene

Particles with exotic quantum statistics are expected to be able to support an especially appealing flavor of quantum computing (QC) called topological QC. A particular fractional quantum Hall state in the semiconductor GaAs has long been thought to possess excitations with these favorable properties, but proving so has turned out to be tricky. Working with bilayer graphene instead of GaAs, Li
et al.
found four states that appear to be consistent with the theoretical description of states with the required quantum statistics. The researchers were able to tune the properties of these states by applying an electric field, adding a valuable control knob.

Science
, this issue p.
648
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Uncultured
Armatimonadetes
Associated with a
Microcystis
sp. (
Cyanobacteria
) Isolate
Authors: Woodhouse Jason N. , Makower A. Katharina , Grossart Hans-Peter , Dittmann Elke
Published: October 2017

Two genome sequences of the phylum
Armatimonadetes
, derived from terrestrial environments, have been previously described. Here, two additional
Armatimonadetes
genome sequences were obtained via single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing of an enrichment culture of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium
Microcystis
sp. isolated from a eutrophic lake (Brandenburg, Germany). The genomes are most closely affiliated with the class
Fimbriimonadales
, although they are smaller than the 5.6-Mbp type strain genome.
Complete Genome Characterization of Novel Chinese Porcine Deltacoronavirus Strain SD
Authors: Liu Can , Zhang Xing , Zhang Ziqi , Chen Rui , Zhang Zhigang , Xue Qinghong
Published: October 2017

A porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was isolated and identified from feces of diarrheic piglets in Shandong Province of the Chinese mainland, and the complete genome of the Chinese PDCoV strain, SD, was sequenced and analyzed to further characterize PDCoV circulating in China.
Draft Genome Sequence of Gordonia lacunae BS2
T
Authors: Durrell Kim , Prins Alaric , Le Roes-Hill Marilize
Published: October 2017

We report here the draft genome sequence of the soil bacterium
Gordonia lacunae
BS2
T
(= DSM 45085
T
= JCM 14873
T
= NRRL B-24551
T
), isolated from an estuary in Plettenberg Bay, South Africa. Analysis of the draft genome revealed that more than 40% of the secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes encode new compounds.
Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas stutzeri Strain KMS 55, an Endophytic Diazotroph Isolated from Rice Roots
Authors: Annapurna Kannepalli , Govindasamy Venkadasamy , Sharma Meenakshi , Rajrana Yuvika , Swarnalakshmi Karivaradharajan , Paul Sangeeta , Ghosh Arpita , Chikara Surendra K.
Published: October 2017

Pseudomonas stutzeri
strain KMS 55 (MTCC 12703) is an isolate from the root tissues of rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) that displays a high biological nitrogen fixation ability. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of this strain, which contains 4,637,820 bp, 4,289 protein-coding genes, 5,006 promoter sequences, 62 tRNAs, a single copy of 5S-16S-23S rRNA, and a genome average GC content of 51.18%. Analysis of the ~4.64-Mb genome sequence will give support to increased understanding of the genetic determinants of host range, endophytic colonization behavior, endophytic nitrogen fixation, and other plant-beneficial roles of
Pseudomonas stutzeri
.
Draft Genome Sequence of Methylobacterium radiotolerans Strain MAMP 4754, a Bacterial Endophyte Isolated from
Combretum erythrophyllum
in South Africa
Authors: Photolo Mampolelo M. , Mavumengwana Vuyo , Serepa-Dlamini Mahloro H. , Tlou Matsobane G.
Published: October 2017

We announce here the draft genome sequence of
Methylobacterium radiotolerans
strain MAMP 4754, isolated from the roots of the medicinal plant
Combretum erythrophyllum
.
M. radiotolerans
has a genome size of 7,389,282 bp with 7,166 genes and a G+C content of 70.5%.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Type Strain Aeromonas salmonicida subsp.
salmonicida
ATCC 33658
Authors: Valderrama Katherinne , Soto-Davila Manuel , Santander Javier
Published: October 2017

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the type strain
Aeromonas salmonicida
subsp.
salmonicida
ATCC 33658 isolated from
Salmo salar
. The size of the genome is 4,728,143 bp with a G+C content of 58.5%. The
A. salmonicida
subsp.
salmonicida
ATCC 33658 genome lacks essential virulence genes that were likely lost during genomic rearrangements.
Draft Genome Sequence Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Isolated in 2013 from Humans and Chickens in Nigeria
Authors: Sharma Poonam , Gupta Sushim K. , Adenipekun Eyitayo O. , Barrett John B. , Hiott Lari M. , Woodley Tiffanie A. , Iwalokun Bamidele A. , Oyedeji Kolawole S. , Oluwadun Afolabi , Ramadan Hazem , Frye Jonathan G. , Jackson Charlene R.
Published: October 2017

Here, we present the draft genome sequences of nine multidrug-resistant
Escherichia coli
strains isolated from humans (
n
= 6) and chicken carcasses (
n
= 3) from Lagos, Nigeria, in 2013. Multiple extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes were identified in these isolates.
Complete Genome Sequences of the Plant Pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum Type Strain K60 and R. solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 Strain UW551
Authors: Hayes Madeline M. , MacIntyre April M. , Allen Caitilyn
Published: October 2017

Ralstonia solanacearum
is a globally distributed plant pathogen that causes bacterial wilt diseases of many crop hosts, threatening both sustenance farming and industrial agriculture. Here, we present closed genome sequences for the
R. solanacearum
type strain, K60, and the cool-tolerant potato brown rot strain
R. solanacearum
UW551, a highly regulated U.S. select agent pathogen.
Complete Genome Coding Sequences of Artashat, Burana, Caspiy, Chim, Geran, Tamdy, and Uzun-Agach Viruses (
Bunyavirales
:
Nairoviridae
:
Orthonairovirus
)
Authors: Alkhovsky Sergey V. , Lvov Dmitry K. , Shchetinin Alexey M. , Deriabin Petr G. , Shchelkanov Mikhail Y. , Aristova Valeriya A. , Morozova Tatyana N. , Gitelman Asya K. , Palacios Gustavo F. , Kuhn Jens H.
Published: October 2017

The bunyaviral monogeneric family
Nairoviridae
currently includes 12 species for 35 distinct viruses. Here, we present the complete genome coding sequences of an additional seven nairoviruses. Five of them can be assigned to established species, whereas two of them (Artashat and Chim viruses) ought to be assigned to two novel species.
Closed Genome Sequences of Seven Histophilus somni Isolates from Beef Calves with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
Authors: Harhay Gregory P. , Harhay Dayna M. , Bono James L. , Smith Timothy P. L. , Capik Sarah F. , DeDonder Keith D. , Apley Michael D. , Lubbers Brian V. , White Bradley J. , Larson Robert L.
Published: October 2017

Histophilus somni
is a fastidious Gram-negative opportunistic pathogenic
Pasteurellaceae
that affects multiple organ systems and is one of the principal bacterial species contributing to bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) in feed yard cattle. Here, we present seven closed genome sequences isolated from three beef calves showing sign of BRDC.
Complete Genome Sequences of Weissella cibaria Strains CMU, CMS1, CMS2, and CMS3 Isolated from Infant Saliva in South Korea
Authors: Kang Mi-Sun , Yeu Ji-Eun , Oh Jong-Suk , Shin Boo-Ahn , Kim Jin-Hee
Published: October 2017

Weissella cibaria
strain CMU is used as a commercial oral care probiotic in South Korea. Here, we present the complete genome sequences of four
W. cibaria
strains (CMU, CMS1, CMS2, and CMS3) isolated from the saliva of an infant living in Gwangju, South Korea.
Complete Genomic Sequence of Dengue Virus Serotype 4 Isolated from Plasma Collected from a Haitian Child in 2014
Authors: Elbadry Maha A. , White Sarah K. , Loeb Julia C. , Tagliamonte Massimiliano S. , Salemi Marco , Beau De Rochars Valery Madsen , Telisma Taina , Rashid Mohammed , Morris J. Glenn , Lednicky John A.
Published: October 2017

While data are limited, there is increasing evidence that infections by dengue viruses are endemic in Haiti. In 2014, an outbreak caused by dengue virus 4 (DENV-4) followed a chikungunya fever outbreak. We present here the complete genome sequence of one isolate grouped within the genotype II South America and Caribbean DENV-4 clades.
Macular pigment is associated with glare-affected visual function and central visual field loss in glaucoma
Authors: Siah We Fong , O’Brien Colm , Loughman James J
Published: October 2017

Aim

To evaluate the relationship between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and glare disability in open-angle glaucoma.

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data (88 subjects; median age, 67 (range 36–84) years) collected during the Macular Pigment and Glaucoma Trial (ISRCTN registry number: 56985060). MPOD at 0.25°, 0.5° and 1° of retinal eccentricity was measured using customised heterochromatic flicker photometry. Mesopic contrast sensitivity with glare (mCSg), photostress recovery time (PRT) and self-reported glare symptoms were evaluated. Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography was used to analyse ganglion cell complex (GCC) and identify foveal involvement.

Results

Low spatial frequency (f) mCSg was significantly correlated with MPOD at 0.25°(3 cycles per degree (cpd): r=0.25, p=0.04) and 0.5° (3 cpd: r=0.23, p=0.04) of retinal eccentricity. Those with foveal GCC loss exhibited lower MPOD, had worse low spatial fmCSg (1.5 cpd and 3 cpd, p=0.02 each) and prolonged PRT (p=0.02) in comparison with those without foveal involvement. The depth of central 10° field loss was related to MPOD at all eccentricities (p<0.01 for all). Those who reported glare symptoms had a significantly lower MPOD at all retinal eccentricities (0.25° and 1°: p=0.05 each; 0.5°: p=0.04), including those with foveal involvement (0.25°: p=0.05; 0.5°: p<0.01; 1°: p=0.01).

Conclusions

Macular pigment level may be an important consideration among those experiencing disability glare in glaucoma, including those with foveal involvement.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN56985060, Post-results.
In vitro synergy of natamycin and voriconazole against clinical isolates of Fusarium, Candida, Aspergillus and Curvularia spp
Authors: Sradhanjali Swatishree , Yein Bandana , Sharma Savitri , Das Sujata
Published: October 2017

Aim

To determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of voriconazole and natamycin, alone and in combination, against the clinical isolates of Fungus and to evaluate the synergy between the drugs in an experimental in vitro study.

Methods

In an experimental in vitro study, clinical isolates of Fusarium, Aspergillus, Candida and Curvularia spp were maintained on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and used for the study. The MICs of natamycin and voriconazole, used alone and in combination, were evaluated by checkerboard microdilution technique based on the standard protocol proposed by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. The interactions were assessed using the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) Index model.

Results

Tested with all the clinical isolates, the MICs ranged between 0.125 and 8 µg/mL both for natamycin and voriconazole. In descending order, maximum synergism (FIC ≤0.5) was observed in Candida spp (33.3%) followed by Curvularia spp and Fusarium spp (23.1%). Synergism was least for Aspergillus spp (22.2%). However, at 61.5% (8/13), maximum additive effect (>0.5–1) was observed in Aspergillus spp and minimum (33.3%, 2/6) in Candida spp. Indifference (FIC value >1 and≤4) was observed in 22.2% (2/9) of Aspergillus spp, 15.4% (2/13) of Fusarium spp, 33.3% (2/6) of Candida spp and 23.1% (3/13) of Curvularia spp. No cases of antagonism (FIC >4) were observed.

Conclusions

Natamycin and voriconazole in combination demonstrated more effective antifungal activity than single-use in vitro treatment in all species tested, which implies that these combinations may be helpful in treating fungal keratitis. There was no antagonism between these two drugs.
Advances in dry eye imaging: the present and beyond
Authors: Chan Tommy C Y , Wan Kelvin H , Shih Kendrick C , Jhanji Vishal
Published: October 2017

New advances in imaging allow objective measurements for dry eye as well as define new parameters that cannot be measured by clinical assessment alone. A combination of these modalities provides unprecedented information on the static and dynamic properties of the structural and functional parameters in this multifactorial disease. A literature search was conducted to include studies investigating the use of imaging techniques in dry eye disease. This review describes the application of non-invasive tear breakup time, optical coherence tomography, meibomian gland imaging, interferometry, in vivo confocal microscopy, thermography and optical quality assessment for this condition.
The Laser in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension (LiGHT) trial. A multicentre randomised controlled trial: baseline patient characteristics
Authors: Konstantakopoulou Evgenia , Gazzard Gus , Vickerstaff Victoria , Jiang Yuzhen , Nathwani Neil , Hunter Rachael , Ambler Gareth , Bunce Catey
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The laser in glaucoma and ocular hypertension (LiGHT) trial aims to establish whether initial treatment with selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) is superior to initial treatment with topical medication for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT).

Design

LiGHT is a prospective unmasked, multicentre, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial (RCT).

Participants

718 previously untreated patients with POAG or OHT were recruited at 6 UK centres between 2012 and 2014.

Methods

Patients were randomised to initial SLT followed by medical therapy or medical therapy without laser. Participants will be monitored for 3 years, according to routine clinical practice. The primary outcome is EQ-5D-5L. Secondary outcomes are treatment pathway cost and cost-effectiveness, Glaucoma Utility Index (GUI), Glaucoma Symptom Scale, Glaucoma Quality of Life (GQL), pathway effectiveness, visual function, safety and concordance.

Results

A total of 555 patients had POAG and 163 OHT; 518 patients had both eyes eligible. The mean age for patients with POAG was 64 years and for OHT 58 years. 70% of all participants were white. Median IOP for OHT eyes was 26 mm Hg and 23 mm Hg for POAG eyes. Median baseline visual field mean deviation was −0.81 dB for OHT eyes and −2.82 dB for POAG eyes. There was no difference between patients with POAG and patients with OHT on the EQ-5D-5DL; the difference between OHT and POAG on the GUI was −0.02 and 1.23 on the GQL.

Conclusions

The LiGHT trial is the first RCT to compare the two treatment options in a real-world setting. The baseline characteristics of the LiGHT cohort compare well with other landmark glaucoma studies.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN32038223, Pre-results.
Macular capillary plexuses after macular hole surgery: an optical coherence tomography angiography study
Authors: Kim Yoon Jeon , Jo Jaehyuck , Lee Joo Yong , Yoon Young Hee , Kim June-Gone
Published: October 2017

Aims

To investigate the structural changes of the superficial capillary plexuses (SCP) and deep capillary plexuses (DCP) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) in patients with idiopathic macular hole (MH) after surgery, determine the factors related to changes of macular capillary plexuses and evaluate its association with postoperative visual outcomes.

Methods

Thirty-three patients with unilateral MH who were followed for ≥6 months after surgery were included. Ophthalmologic evaluations included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and spectral-domain OCT before surgery and 6 months postsurgery. En face OCTA images were obtained for both eyes at 6 months postsurgery, and the postoperative foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and parafoveal vascular density were identified.

Results

Compared with fellow eyes, eyes after MH surgery had a smaller FAZ area in both SCP and DCP (p<0.05 for all). The FAZ area was positively correlated with postoperative foveal thickness of the whole, inner and outer layers (p<0.05 for all). In the parafoveal region, eyes after MH surgery had a tendency to have lower parafoveal vascular density, particularly in DCP (p=0.019). The parafoveal vascular density in DCP was positively correlated with retinal thickness of the whole, inner and outer layers (p<0.05 for all). Correlations between BCVA and FAZ area in both SCP and DCP were significant 6 months after MH surgery (p<0.05 for all).

Conclusion

Assessment of macular capillary plexuses using OCTA may be useful for monitoring retinal structural and functional changes in MH.
Computer simulation models of pre-diabetes populations: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Leal Jose , Khurshid Waqar , Pagano Eva , Feenstra Talitha
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Diabetes is a major public health problem and prediabetes (intermediate hyperglycaemia) is associated with a high risk of developing diabetes. With evidence supporting the use of preventive interventions for prediabetes populations and the discovery of novel biomarkers stratifying the risk of progression, there is a need to evaluate their cost-effectiveness across jurisdictions. In diabetes and prediabetes, it is relevant to inform cost-effectiveness analysis using decision models due to their ability to forecast long-term health outcomes and costs beyond the time frame of clinical trials. To support good implementation and reimbursement decisions of interventions in these populations, models should be clinically credible, based on best available evidence, reproducible and validated against clinical data. Our aim is to identify recent studies on computer simulation models and model-based economic evaluations of populations of individuals with prediabetes, qualify them and discuss the knowledge gaps, challenges and opportunities that need to be addressed for future evaluations.

Methods and analysis

A systematic review will be conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, EconLit and National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database. We will extract peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2016 that describe computer simulation models of the natural history of individuals with prediabetes and/or decision models to evaluate the impact of interventions, risk stratification and/or screening on these populations. Two reviewers will independently assess each study for inclusion. Data will be extracted using a predefined pro forma developed using best practice. Study quality will be assessed using a modelling checklist. A narrative synthesis of all studies will be presented, focussing on model structure, quality of models and input data, and validation status.

Ethics and dissemination

This systematic review is exempt from ethics approval because the work is carried out on published documents. The findings of the review will be disseminated in a related peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences.

Reviewregistration number

CRD42016047228.
Understanding the health economic burden of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) with epilepsy: a retrospective cohort study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)
Authors: Shepherd Charles , Koepp Matthias , Myland Melissa , Patel Keyur , Miglio Cristiana , Siva Vathani , Gray Elizabeth , Neary Maureen
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Epilepsy is highly prevalent in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a multi-system genetic disorder. The clinical and economic burden of this condition is expected to be substantial due to treatment challenges, debilitating co-morbidities and the relationship between TSC-related manifestations. This study estimated healthcare resource utilisation (HCRU) and costs for patients with TSC with epilepsy (TSC+E) in the UK.

Methods

Patients with TSC+E in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) linked to Hospital Episodes Statistics were identified from April 1997 to March 2012. Clinical data were extracted over the entire history, and costs were reported over the most recent 3-year period. HCRU was compared with a matched Comparator cohort, and the key cost drivers were identified by regression modelling.

Results

In total, 209 patients with TSC+E were identified, of which 40% recorded ≥2 other primary organ system manifestations and 42% had learning disability. Treatment with ≥2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) was prevalent (60%), potentially suggesting refractory epilepsy. Notwithstanding, many patients with TSC+E (12%) had no record of AED use in their entire history, which may indicate undertreatment for these patients.

Brain surgery was recorded in 12% of patients. Routine electroencephalography and MRI were infrequently performed (30% of patients), yet general practitioner visits, hospitalisations and outpatient visits were more frequent in patients with TSC+E than the Comparator. This translated to threefold higher clinical costs (£14 335 vs £4448), which significantly increased with each additional primary manifestation (p<0.0001).

Conclusions

Patients with TSC+E have increased HCRU compared with the general CPRD population, likely related to manifestations in several organ systems, substantial cognitive impairment and severe epilepsy, which is challenging to treat and may be intractable. Disease surveillance and testing appears to be inadequate with few treatments trialled.

Multidisciplinary care in TSC clinics with specialist neurologist input may alleviate some of the morbidity of patients, but more innovative treatment and management options should be sought.
Bypassing nearest hospital for more distant neuroscience care in head-injured adults with suspected traumatic brain injury: findings of the head injury transportation straight to neurosurgery (HITS-NS) pilot cluster randomised trial
Authors: Lecky Fiona Elizabeth , Russell Wanda , McClelland Graham , Pennington Elspeth , Fuller Gordon , Goodacre Steve , Han Kyee , Curran Andrew , Holliman Damian , Chapman Nathan , Freeman Jennifer , Byers Sonia , Mason Suzanne , Potter Hugh , Coats Timothy , Mackway-Jones Kevin , Peters Mary , Shewan Jane
Published: October 2017

Objective

Reconfiguration of trauma services, with direct transport of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) to specialist neuroscience centres (SNCs)—bypassing non-specialist acute hospitals (NSAHs), could improve outcomes. However, delays in stabilisation of airway, breathing and circulation (ABC) may worsen outcomes when compared with selective secondary transfer from nearest NSAH to SNC. We conducted a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial to determine the feasibility and plausibility of bypassing suspected patients with TBI —directly into SNCs—producing a measurable effect.

Setting

Two English Ambulance Services.

Participants

74 clusters (ambulance stations) were randomised within pairs after matching for important characteristics. Clusters enrolled head-injured adults—injured nearest to an NSAH—with internationally accepted TBI risk factors and stable ABC. We excluded participants attended by Helicopter Emergency Medical Services or who were injured more than 1 hour by road from nearest SNC.

Interventions

Intervention cluster participants were transported directly to an SNC bypassing nearest NSAH; control cluster participants were transported to nearest NSAH with selective secondary transfer to SNC.

Outcomes

Trial recruitment rate (target n=700 per annum) and percentage with TBI on CT scan (target 80%) were the primary feasibility outcomes. 30-day mortality, 6-month Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale and quality of life were secondary outcomes.

Results

56 ambulance station clusters recruited 293 patients in 12 months. The trial arms were similar in terms of age, conscious level and injury severity. Less than 25% of recruited patients had TBI on CT (n=70) with 7% (n=20) requiring neurosurgery. Complete case analysis showed similar 30-day mortality in the two trial arms (control=8.8 (2.7–14.0)% vs intervention=9.4(2.3–14.0)%).

Conclusion

Bypassing patients with suspected TBI to SNCs gives an overtriage (false positive) ratio of 13:1 for neurosurgical intervention and 4:1 for TBI. A measurable effect from a full trial of early neuroscience care following bypass is therefore unlikely.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN68087745.