bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Constructs of a Business Model Redefined: A Half-Century Journey
Authors: Peric Marko , Durkin Jelena , Vitezic Vanja
Published: September 2017

Despite its growing popularity, the term business model has not been uniquely defined so far. Within the management science and practice, it has been frequently confused with other popular terms. This article aims to bring clarity into what stands behind the business model concept by providing a review of the most common themes used in defining business model elements. It also discusses the relationship between the concept of a business model, on one hand, and strategy and sustainability, on the other. A few conclusions emerge. First, although there are no generally accepted definitions for either the business model or its building blocks, academics and practitioners agree that a business model is all about value. Second, a business model is not the same as a strategy but it has an important role in strategy implementation. Third, sustainability is found to be a hot topic for business models and has been increasingly used in symbiosis with this concept. Besides being a theoretical contribution to a definition of the business model as an independent concept, the findings may be particularly helpful to managers and business practitioners seeking ways to enable their firms to deal with complex market challenges and gain competitive advantage.
The Effects of Student Reflection on Academic Performance and Motivation
Authors: Cavilla Derek
Published: September 2017

Building upon reflection as a tool for enhanced metacognition, the researcher postulated that a positive correlation would exist between application of a reflection instrument and students’ level of academic performance and motivation in an urban high school English class. A statistically insignificant correlation was found between either construct; however, qualitative analysis provides implications for teachers on the power of student reflection. Foremost, reflective activities do not appear to detract from academic performance nor have a negative correlation with student motivation. Furthermore, reflective activities in the short term appear to affect students on an affective level rather than a cognitive level.
Arthroscopic Stabilization After a First-Time Dislocation: Collision Versus Contact Athletes
Authors: Ranalletta Maximiliano , Rossi Luciano A. , Alonso Hidalgo Ignacio , Sirio Adrian , Puig Dubois Julieta , Maignon Gastón D. , Bongiovanni Santiago L.
Published: September 2017

Background:

There is no universally accepted definition of “contact” or “collision” sports in the literature. The few available studies evaluating contact and collision sports consider them to be synonymous. However, athletes in collision sports purposely hit or collide with each other or with inanimate objects with greater force and frequency than in contact sports, which could jeopardize functional outcomes.

Purpose:

To compare the functional outcomes, return to sports, and recurrences in a series of contact and collision athletes with a first-time anterior shoulder dislocation treated using arthroscopic stabilization with suture anchors.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

A total of 56 athletes were enrolled in this study, including 22 contact athletes and 34 collision athletes. All athletes underwent arthroscopic shoulder stabilization using suture anchors. Range of motion, the Rowe score, a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System (ASOSS) were used to assess functional outcomes. Return to sports and recurrences were also evaluated.

Results:

The mean age at the time of surgery was 22.2 years, and the mean follow-up was 62.4 months (range, 36-94 months). No significant difference in shoulder motion was found between preoperative and postoperative results or between the contact and collision groups. The Rowe, VAS, and ASOSS scores showed statistical improvement in both groups after surgery ( P = .001). Patients in the contact group returned to sports significantly faster than those in the collision group (5.2 vs 6.9 months, respectively; P = .01). In all, 43 athletes (76.8%) returned to near-preinjury sports activity levels (≥90% recovery) after surgery: 86.4% of patients in the contact group and 70.6% in the collision group ( P = .04). The total recurrence rate was 8.9%. There were 5 recurrences (14.7%) in the collision group and no recurrences in the contact group ( P < .01).

Conclusion:

Arthroscopic stabilization for anterior instability of the shoulder is a reliable procedure with respect to shoulder function, range of motion, and postoperative return to sports in contact and collision athletes. Compared with the contact group (0%), the collision group yielded a higher failure rate (14.7%). Moreover, patients in the contact group returned significantly faster (5.2 vs 6.9 months, respectively) and to and more returned to preinjury or near-preinjury activity levels (86.4% vs 70.6% of patients, respectively) than patients in the collision group.
The Persistent Black-White Gap in and Weakening Link between Expecting to Move and Actually Moving
Authors: Foster Thomas B.
Published: September 2017

This paper leverages four decades of longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to document Black-White gaps in the translation of mobility expectations into actual mobility, track those racial gaps over time in the context of declining mobility among all Americans, and identify a substantial weakening in the ability of both Black and White householders to move when they expect to. Results show a substantial racial gap in the realization of mobility expectations with foundations in the relative inability of Black householders to leverage socioeconomic resources in segmented housing markets. There is no indication of significant improvement or growth in this gap over time. While householders’ expressed expectations are the best predictor of future mobility, this predictive relationship has weakened significantly since 1970, primarily because of a decline in mobility among expectant householders. Trends in the expectation of mobility offer support for the notion that declining mobility is indicative of voluntary “rootedness” among Whites but also suggest that a substantial share of Americans (and Blacks in particular) are increasingly likely to be “stuck” expecting to move but unable to do so.
Postural Hypotension and Cognitive Function in Older Adults
Authors: McLeod Kenneth J. , Jain Teesta
Published: September 2017

Background: Cognitive decline in the elderly is associated with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. While many forms of exercise can slow or reverse cognitive decline, compliance in unsupervised exercise programs is poor. Objective: We address whether passive exercise, that is, muscle stimulation, is capable of reversing postural hypotension in an older adult population sufficiently to significantly improve cognitive function as measured by executive function tests. Subjects and Methods: In this study, 50- to 80-year-old women underwent cognitive testing, long-duration cardiac hemodynamic recordings during quiet sitting, and 60 min of soleus muscle stimulation with continued hemodynamic recording. Results: Two thirds of our subjects were hypotensive (diastolic blood pressure [DBP] < 70 mmHg) after 30 min of quiet sitting. Cognitive performance was significantly better in individuals with higher DBPs (0.79 s per 1-mmHg increase in DBP). Soleus muscle stimulation resulted in an average increase in DBP of 6.1 mmHg, which could translate into a 30% or greater improvement in cognitive performance. Conclusions: Incongruent Stroop testing provides high statistical power for distinguishing differential cognitive responses to resting DBP levels. These results set the stage to investigate whether regular use of calf muscle pump stimulation could effectively reverse age-related cognitive impairment.
Testing a Digital Inequality Model for Online Political Participation
Authors: Büchi Moritz , Vogler Florian
Published: September 2017

Increasing Internet use is changing the way individuals take part in society. However, a general mobilizing effect of the Internet on political participation has been difficult to demonstrate. This study takes a digital inequality perspective and analyzes the role of Internet expertise for the social structuration of online political participation. Analyses rely on two nationally representative surveys in Switzerland and use cluster analysis and structural equation modeling. A distinct group of political online participants emerged characterized by high education and income. Further, online political participation is predicted by political interest and Internet skills, which increasingly mediated the effects of social position. Digital information policies should therefore consider Internet skills and effective use, particularly in marginalized social groups, to avoid reinforcing traditional participatory inequalities in the digital society.
Sonographic Criteria for Diagnosing Jarcho-Levin Syndrome
Authors: Lutke Terrie
Published: September 2017

This is a case study of Jarcho-Levin syndrome, which is a rare genetic disorder described as a malformation of bones in the spinal column and the ribs. This disorder can be an autosomal recessive or dominant trait. Those affected by this disorder have respiratory insufficiency and potentially other abnormalities. Recurrent respiratory infections are expected. In milder cases, surgery is a possibility, but in severe cases, prognosis is poor. OB sonography can aid in diagnosis of Jarcho-Levin syndrome in patients with no known family history of the disease, but it is particularly helpful in known at-risk cases.
Petroleum system of Miocene troughs of the Pannonian Basin in southern Hungary, based on 3D basin modeling
Authors: Lemberkovics Viktor , Kissné Pável Edina , Badics Balázs , Lőrincz Katalin , Rodionov Alexander , Galimullin Iskander
Published: September 2017

The role of the Middle-Upper Miocene source rocks in the Late Neogene petroleum system of the Pannonian Basin is undoubtedly significant, but it is not entirely understood. Only a few general publications exist that describe these sediments and their importance. We have focused on understanding the Neogene tectono-stratigraphic development and petroleum systems of these relatively small syn-rift grabens in southern Hungary. We have developed a workflow for organic geochemical, seismic, and facies interpretation; basin subsidence; and 3D basin modeling to better understand the Miocene-Pliocene-age petroleum system in a [Formula: see text] study area. This area fully covers two small-scale (less than [Formula: see text] size each) troughs filled by syn-rift and postrift deposits in large thickness with significantly different structural histories. During our investigation, six source rock beds were identified and built into the model. Thousands of meters of Lower Miocene, (Karpatian age) sediment accumulated in a “pull-apart,” but later structurally inverted Kiskunhalas Trough in the south, where four moderate- to good-quality (2 wt% estimated original total organic carbon [TOC], 200 HI), dominantly gas-prone, immature to wet gas mature source rock beds were identified. In the overlying Middle Miocene (Badenian age) sediments, generally good quality (2 wt% estimated original [TOC], 300–500 HI, type II and II-S), oil-prone, dominantly oil mature source bed was identified. This layer, as the regional Miocene source rock, is mainly responsible for the known hydrocarbon (HC) accumulations. The 3D basin and petroleum system modeling helped us understand the HC migration into the already-discovered fields as well as identify possible future exploration objects.
“Not the Stereotypical View of the South”
Authors: Kayser Casey
Published: September 2017

This article discusses the convergence of the perspectives of literary, gender, and regional studies in the implementation of an oral history project as a service-learning requirement in an upper-level southern women's literature course, providing information about the model and examining learning outcomes as presented through the final projects and student reflections.
Toward the Soul of a Transformational Praxis
Authors: Boccio Rachel
Published: September 2017

This essay addresses education's paradoxical binding to disciplinary and hierarchical formulas and to social change and personal transformation, an irony uniquely extreme within the prison classroom. It juxtaposes two pedagogical models — one conventionally liberal, the other significantly more radical — to question the purpose and potential of prison education. In the process, the essay measures close reading, a textual practice that is also the hallmark of literary study, against the highest possible liberationist goals of the prison abolition movement.
Beyond Pacifism
Authors: Wexler Joyce
Published: September 2017

The military historian Yuval Noah Harari accounts for the enduring allure of war by calling attention to a change in soldiers' memoirs that occurred in the mid-eighteenth century. Soldiers began to describe how they felt rather than what they did. Harari introduces the term flesh-witnessing to distinguish inner experience from eyewitness testimony. Flesh-witnesses speak of combat as a transformative and indescribable experience comparable to the sublime. This view is often attributed to militarists, but Harari shows that it also motivates pacifists. Even antiwar arguments like those of Erich Maria Remarque are based on the authority of the flesh-witness. To test Harari's claims, I invited ROTC officers to speak to students enrolled in a course titled British Literature: The Twentieth Century about their military experience. The juxtaposition of Harari's research and the officers' comments provided a framework for teaching All Quiet on the Western Front and other texts about war. Whether war is portrayed as painful or exhilarating, degrading or ennobling, it is widely idealized as a crucible for the development of the self. This view makes war stories irresistible, whatever political views writers and readers may hold.
Human Capital Persistence and Development
Authors: Rocha Rudi , Ferraz Claudio , Soares Rodrigo R.
Published: September 2017

This paper documents the persistence of human capital over time and its association with long-term development. We exploit variation induced by a state-sponsored settlement policy that attracted immigrants with higher levels of schooling to particular regions of Brazil in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. We show that one century after the policy, municipalities that received settlements had higher levels of schooling and higher income per capita. We provide evidence that long-run effects worked through higher supply of educational inputs and shifts in the structure of occupations toward skill-intensive sectors. (JEL I26, J22, J24, J61, N36, O15, Z13)
The management of acute myocardial infarction in the Russian Federation: protocol for a study of patient pathways
Authors: Kontsevaya Anna , Bobrova Natalia , Barbarash Olga , Duplyakov Dmitry , Efanov Alexey , Galyavich Albert , Frants Maria , Khaisheva Larisa , Malorodova Tatyana , Mirolyubova Olga , Nedbaikin Andrei , Osipova Irina , Platonov Dmitry , Posnenkova OIga , Syromiatnikova Liudmila , Bates Katie , Leon David A , McKee Martin
Published: September 2017

Background: Death rates from cardiovascular disease in Russia are among the highest in the world. In recent years, the Russian government has invested substantially in the healthcare system, with a particular focus on improving access to advanced technology, especially for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This protocol describes a study to understand the management of AMI in different Russian regions, investigating the role of patient, clinical, and health system characteristics.

Methods: A prospective observational study has recruited a representative sample of AMI patients from 16 hospitals in 13 regions across Russia. Criteria for inclusion are being aged 35-70 years with a confirmed diagnosis of AMI and surviving until the day after admission. Information being collected includes health system contacts and features of clinical management prior to the event and in the 12 months following discharge from hospital. Following initial exploration of the data to generate hypotheses, multilevel modelling will be applied to assess the role of these characteristics in both treatment decisions and any delays in time critical interventions. Between June 2015 and August 2016, 1,122 patients have been recruited at baseline and follow-up to 12 months post-discharge is scheduled to be completed by autumn 2017. The study is unique in examining patient factors, clinical management prior to admission and in hospital in the acute phase and throughout the critical first year of recovery across a diverse range of geographies and facilities. It uses standardized instruments to collect data from patients and health care providers and includes regions that are diverse in terms of geography and development of cardiology capacity. However, given the limited health services research capacity in the Russian Federation, it was not possible to obtain a sample that was truly nationally representative.
Slippery Slopes and Other Consequences
Authors: Hinton Martin David
Published: September 2017

The aim of this paper is to illustrate where previous attempts at the characterisation of Slippery Slope Arguments (SSAs) have gone wrong, and to provide an analysis which better captures their true nature. The first part describes Walton’s [10] arguments in support of his views on SSAs and also considers the characterisations put forward by other researchers. All of these are found wanting due to their failure to capture the essence of the slippery slope and their inability to distinguish SSAs from other consequentialist forms of argument. The second part puts forward a clearer analysis of what is special about SSAs and proposes an argumentation scheme which allows them to be easily distinguished from other arguments from consequences.
Complementarity of Signals in Early-Stage Equity Investment Decisions: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment
Authors: Bapna Sofia
Published: September 2017

This study employs a randomized field experiment to causally identify what type of signal is likely to complement another signal in the context of financing technology ventures. The study examines the effect of product certification by expert intermediaries, prominent customers, and social proof (that is, others’ interest in investing in a venture) on interest in investing. These three signals are primarily signals of a venture’s product, market, and investment characteristics, respectively. The study finds that signals of product certification and prominent customers, and product certification and social proof are complements. In particular, investors who were able to view the combined product certification and prominent customer signals have a 72% higher likelihood of indicating an interest in making an equity investment than those who did not receive any of the three signals. Similarly, investors who were able to view the combined product certification and social proof signals have a 65% higher likelihood of indicating an interest in investing. These results suggest that in the context of technology ventures, a signal about product characteristics is the key to unlocking the value of signals of market or investment characteristics.

This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
Customer Acquisition, Retention, and Service Access Quality: Optimal Advertising, Capacity Level, and Capacity Allocation
Authors: Afèche Philipp , Araghi Mojtaba , Baron Opher
Published: September 2017

Problem definition

We provide guidelines on three fundamental decisions of customer relationship management (CRM) and capacity management for profit-maximizing service firms that serve heterogeneous repeat customers, whose acquisition, retention, and behavior depend on their service access quality to bottleneck capacity: how much to spend on customer acquisition, how much capacity to deploy, and how to allocate capacity and tailor service access quality levels to different customer types.

Academic/ practical relevance

These decisions require a clear understanding of the connections between customers’ behavior and value, their service access quality, and the capacity allocation. However, existing models ignore these connections.

Methodology

We develop and analyze a novel fluid model that accounts for these connections. Simulation results suggest that the fluid-optimal policy also yields nearly optimal performance for large stochastic queueing systems with abandonment.

Results

First, we derive new customer value metrics that extend the standard ones by accounting for the effects of the capacity allocation, the resulting service access qualities, and customer behavior: a customer’s lifetime value; her Vμ index, where V is her one-time service value and μ her service rate; and her policy-dependent value, which reflects the Vμ indices of other served types. Second, we link these metrics to the profit-maximizing policy and to new capacity management prescriptions, notably, optimality conditions for rationing capacity and for identifying which customers to deny service. Further, unlike standard index policies, the optimal policy prioritizes customers based not on their Vμ indices, but on policy- and type-dependent functions of these indices.

Managerial implications

First, our study highlights the importance of basing decisions on more complete metrics that link customer value to the service access quality; marketing-focused policies that ignore these links may reduce profits significantly. Second, the proposed metrics provide guidelines for valuing customers in practice. Third, our decision guidelines help managers design more profitable policies that effectively integrate CRM and capacity management considerations.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2017.0635 .
Escaping the Dark, Gray City
Authors: Johnson Benjamin Heber
Published: September 2017

This book is an exploration of the Progressive-era conservation movement, and its lasting effects on American culture, politics, and contemporary environmentalism. The turn of the twentieth century caught America at a crossroads, shaking the dust from a bygone era and hurtling toward the promises of modernity. Factories, railroads, banks, and oil fields all reshaped the American landscape and people. In the gulf between growing wealth and the ills of an urbanizing nation, the spirit of Progressivism emerged. Promising a return to democracy and a check on concentrated wealth, Progressives confronted this changing relationship to the environment, not only in the countryside but also in dense industrial cities and leafy suburbs. Drawing on extensive work in urban history and Progressive politics, this book weaves together environmental history, material culture, and politics to reveal the successes and failures of the conservation movement and its lasting legacy. By following the efforts of a broad range of people and groups—women's clubs, labor advocates, architects, and politicians—the book shows how conservation embodied the ideals of Progressivism, ultimately becoming one of its most important legacies.
The Mongols and the Islamic World
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: September 2017

This book is an epic historical consideration of the Mongol conquest of Western Asia and the spread of Islam during the years of non-Muslim rule. The Mongol conquest of the Islamic world began in the early thirteenth century when Genghis Khan and his warriors overran Central Asia and devastated much of Iran. This book offers a fresh and fascinating consideration of the years of infidel Mongol rule in Western Asia, drawing from an impressive array of primary sources as well as modern studies to demonstrate how Islam not only survived the savagery of the conquest, but spread throughout the empire. The book goes beyond the well-documented Mongol campaigns of massacre and devastation to explore different aspects of an immense imperial event that encompassed what is now Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Afghanistan, as well as Central Asia and parts of Eastern Europe. It examines in depth the cultural consequences for the incorporated Islamic lands, the Muslims' experience of Mongol sovereignty, and the conquerors' eventual conversion to Islam.
The Criterion for Distinguishing Legal Opinions from Judicial Rulings and the Administrative Acts of Judges and Rulers
Authors: al-Qarafi al-Maliki Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Idris
Published: September 2017

This book is the first and much-needed English translation of a thirteenth-century text that shaped the development of Islamic law in the late middle ages. Scholars of Islamic law can find few English language translations of foundational Islamic legal texts, particularly from the understudied Mamluk era. This edition addresses this gap, finally making the great Muslim jurist Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi's seminal work available to a wider audience. The book's examination of the distinctions among judicial rulings, which were final and unassailable; legal opinions, which were advisory and not binding; and administrative actions, which were binding but amenable to subsequent revision, remained standard for centuries and are still actively debated today.
Cnut the Great
Authors: Bolton Timothy
Published: September 2017

This book is a biography of the underappreciated eleventh-century Scandinavian warlord-turned-Anglo-Saxon monarch who united the English and Danish crowns to forge a North Sea empire: Cnut. The book offers a fascinating reappraisal of Cnut, one of the most misunderstood of the Anglo-Saxon kings: the powerful Danish warlord who conquered England and created a North Sea empire in the eleventh century. The book draws from a wealth of written and archaeological sources to provide the most detailed accounting to date of the life and accomplishments of a remarkable figure in European history, a forward-thinking warrior-turned-statesman who created a new Anglo-Danish regime through designed internationalism.
Stepping in the Same River Twice
Authors: Kress W. John
Published: September 2017

This book explores the critically important process of replication in biological and biomedical research. Without replication, the trustworthiness of scientific research remains in doubt. Although replication is increasingly recognized as a central problem in many scientific disciplines, repeating the same scientific observations of experiments or reproducing the same set of analyses from existing data is remarkably difficult. This book addresses challenges and solutions for valid replication of research in medicine, ecology, natural history, agriculture, physiology, and computer science. After the introduction to important concepts and historical background, the book offers paired chapters that provide theoretical overviews followed by detailed case studies. These studies range widely in topics, from infectious diseases and environmental monitoring to museum collections, meta-analysis, bioinformatics, and more. The closing chapters explicate and quantify problems in the case studies, and the volume concludes with important recommendations for best practices.
Borges on Replication and Concept Formation
Authors: Ben-Menahem Yemima
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines three stories by Jorge Luis Borges: “Funes: His Memory,” “Averroës's Search,” and “Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote.” Each of these highlights the intricate nature of concepts and replication in the broad sense. The common theme running through these three stories is the word–world relation and the problems this relation generates. In each story, Borges explores one aspect of the process of conceptualization, an endeavor that has engaged philosophers ever since ancient Greece and is still at the center of contemporary philosophy of language and philosophy of mind. Together, Borges's stories present a complex picture of concepts and processes of conceptualization.
The Imprint of Congress
Authors: Mayhew David R.
Published: September 2017

What kind of job has America's routinely disparaged legislative body actually done? This book provides an insightful historical analysis of the U.S. Congress's performance from the late eighteenth century to today, exploring what its lasting imprint has been on American politics and society. The book offers a unique perspective on the evaluation of the American constitutional system. It suggests that Congress has balanced the presidency in a surprising variety of ways, and in doing so, it has contributed to the legitimacy of a governing system faced by an often fractious public. The book will be of interest for anyone interested in American political and policy history.
Plugged In
Authors: Valkenburg Patti M. , Piotrowski Jessica T
Published: September 2017

This book is an illuminating study of the complex relationship between children and media in the digital age. Now, as never before, young people are surrounded by media, thanks to the sophistication and portability of the technology that puts it literally in the palms of their hands. Drawing on data and empirical research that cross many fields and continents, this book examines the role of media in the lives of children from birth through adolescence, addressing the complex issues of how media affect the young and what adults can do to encourage responsible use in an age of selfies, Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. The book looks at both the sunny and the dark side of media use by today's youth, including why and how their preferences change throughout childhood, whether digital gaming is harmful or helpful, the effects of placing tablets and smartphones in the hands of toddlers, the susceptibility of young people to online advertising, the legitimacy of parental concerns about media multitasking, and more.
The Long Space Age
Authors: MacDonald Alexander
Published: September 2017

The early years of the twenty-first century have seen the rise to prominence of private-sector American spaceflight. The result is a new phase of space development—one where human spaceflight is no longer the exclusive domain of governments, but an activity increasingly driven by the interests and motivations of individuals and corporations. In order to understand this phenomenon, we need to examine the long-run economic history of American space exploration. This book examines three critical phases of that history. The first phase is the financing and construction of American astronomical observatories from Colonial America to the middle of the twentieth century. The second is the career of Robert Goddard, the American father of liquid-fuel rocketry, whose efforts constituted the world’s first spaceflight development program. The third is the American political history of the Cold War ‘Space Race’ and subsequent NASA human spaceflight initiatives in the twentieth century. Examining these episodes from an economic perspective results in a new view of American space exploration—one where personal initiative and private funding have been dominant long-run trends, where the demand for impressive public signals has funded large space exploration projects across two centuries, and where government leadership in the field is a relatively recent phenomenon.
High and Dry
Authors: Alley William M , Alley Rosemarie
Published: September 2017

Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water for half of the world’s population and is critical for global food security. Simultaneously, groundwater provides enormous environmental benefits by sustaining rivers, lakes, and wetlands, especially during droughts. A growing global population, widespread use of industrial chemicals, and climate change now threaten this vital resource. Groundwater depletion and contamination has spread from isolated areas to many countries throughout the world.
Groundwater is shared among many users and effective groundwater governance is hard to achieve. Solutions require active community engagement and collaboration of diverse stakeholders. External pressure is usually also required to achieve necessary changes and accountability. Groundwater depletion and contamination are prime examples of how many of the world’s most pressing environmental problems require cooperation and collective action.
Drawing on examples from around the world, this book examines groundwater from key scientific and socioeconomic perspectives. Major themes woven throughout the book are: (1) the importance of integrating groundwater into overall water and land management, (2) how to achieve sustainable long-term yields from aquifers, (3) protection of groundwater quality, (4) groundwater and surface water as a single resource, (5) preservation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems, (6) measures to address the delayed effects of groundwater pumping, and (7) the role of groundwater in the face of climate change. While addressing the serious nature of groundwater problems, the book includes stories of people who are making a difference in protecting this critical resource.
Introduction
Authors: Wagenaar Hendrik , Amesberger Helga , Altink Sietske
Published: September 2017

The introduction describes the historical involvement of the state in the regulation of prostitution. It introduces the concept of public policy and its neglect in the academic literature on prostitution. We argue that the literature avoids a systematic discussion of public policy by focusing on a host of other factors that shape prostitution in society, such as large extraneous influences, broad (national) policy regimes, international human rights governance, discourse, broad shifts in governmentality. Instead, it is the concerted actions of national and local policy makers in designing regulation that shape the different manifestations of prostitution: the places where it is practised, the type of prostitution that is prevalent in a society, and the position and rights of sex workers. The chapter describes the three goals of the book: to provide an overview and critique of how prostitution policy has been analysed; to provide a policy analytical approach that both recognizes the particular challenges of the field and applies the concepts and tools of public policy analysis; and to provide suggestions for how policy-makers can move forward in establishing a fairer and more humane policy.
Challenges of prostitution policy
Authors: Wagenaar Hendrik , Amesberger Helga , Altink Sietske
Published: September 2017

All public policy faces general and domain-specific challenges. General challenges are key tasks, such as mobilising support for an agenda, or transforming policy goals into policy design, that need to be adhered to to realize a policy. In addition we distinguish five domain-specific challenges in prostitution. These are: The pervasive stigma and the urge to control and restrict prostitution that follows from that. Prostitution is morality politics, which results in an ideologically charged, emotive debate about prostitution and a tendency toward symbolic politics. Prostitution policy gets mixed up with immigration policy. Precise, reliable data on prostitution are generally unavailable. And, local policy making is essential for understanding the process and outcomes of prostitution policy. Local policy often deviates from, and is more repressive than national policy making. In our analysis we use concepts and theories of the policymaking process as formulated in the academic policy literature. But above all, by putting the domain-specific challenges central in describing and analysing prostitution policy, we consistently reason from the perspective of the elected official and public administrator.
Summary and conclusion
Authors: Wagenaar Hendrik , Amesberger Helga , Altink Sietske
Published: September 2017

The final chapter of the book summarises its main results and conclusions. It formulates two insights. First, prostitution policy is fragile. Legalisation and decriminalisation are easily reversed, and revert back to criminalisation and heavy-handed regulation and control. This is a complex process that, triggered by the ever present sigma on prostitution and a dominant neo-abolitionist discourse, largely occurs at the local level, thereby deviating from, and even undoing, national policymaking. Second, without a detailed exposition and analysis of the design and implementation of prostitution policy at different scales of governance, statements about its nature or outcomes remain necessarily superficial and are at worst misleading. We conclude with the question: What can policy makers do to negotiate the complexity and unpredictability of the prostitution domain? Stimulating variation, facilitating new communication lines and selecting and promoting solutions that work are general strategies for effectively navigating such complexity. This requires the inclusion of stakeholders, particularly of more vulnerable groups such as sex workers, in policy formulation and implementation.
Rapid urbanization and the growing demand for urban infrastructure in Africa
Authors: Lufumpa Charles Leyeka , Yepes Tito
Published: September 2017

Africa is undergoing a rapid urban transition and is set to be the fastest urbanizing region in the coming decades. This shift has profound implications for achieving the continental and global targets for inclusive growth and transformation. Theory and global experience show that urbanization and structural transformation are closely linked—but less so in Africa. Urbanization in many African countries has not been driven by improving agricultural productivity. Indeed, most countries are urbanizing rapidly amid declining or stagnant industrial output and low agricultural productivity. The infrastructure development agenda has to make cities more productive and liveable yet with great reliance on the provision of sizable resources. However, matching the investment agenda to the goals of urbanization is a complex task, encompassing regional, national, urban, and rural dimensions which together determine the quality of the urbanization process. Institutional reforms should be undertaken to positively drive urbanization in Africa.
OTIMIZAÇÃO E VALIDAÇÃO DO MÉTODO ANALÍTICO VOLUMÉTRICO PARA QUANTIFICAÇÃO DO ÁCIDO TIOGLICÓLICO EM CREMES COSMÉTICOS
Authors: Santa Barbara Maria Cristina , Miyamaru Ligia Luriko
Published: September 2017

O ácido tioglicólico é um ativo utilizado em cremes cosméticos capilares com a função de alisar, ondular e depilar. A Resolução RDC 7/2015 da Anvisa, classifica os produtos em grau de risco I e II. Os de grau I não requerem informações detalhadas quanto ao modo e restrição de uso e os de grau II necessitam indicações específicas e suas características exigem comprovação de segurança e/ou eficácia. A RDC 3/2012 aprova a lista de substâncias permitidas em cosméticos e estabelece os limites máximos permitidos. Os produtos contendo ácido tioglicólico são classificadoscomo risco II e seu teor é permitido na concentração máxima de 8,0% (p/p) para uso geral, 11,0% (p/p) profissional e 5% (p/p) em depilatórios. O setor de cosméticos registrou um crescente aumento no uso de alisantes, sendo o controle do ativo importante para garantir a segurança de seu uso. O objetivo deste estudo foi otimizar e validar o método para determinação do teor de ácido tioglicólico em alternativa ao publicado no Guia de Controle de Qualidade de Produtos Cosméticos – Anvisa. Os métodos foram comparados e foi feita a validação do método em estudo. O método foi validado utilizando amostra fortificada em três concentrações (4,0%, 7,0% e 10,0%). Para a avaliação dos resultados foram empregadas as ferramentas estatísticas utilizando os testes t-Student e F para a comparação e a validação do método em estudo. Os resultados obtidos dmostraram que o método validado é adequado para determinação do teorde ácido tioglicólico.
IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE PACIENTES COM HIPERTENSÃO RESISTENTE E PSEUDORRESISTENTE EM UMA UNIDADE DE SAÚDE DA FAMÍLIA
Authors: Da Silva Felipe Vieira , De Amorim Martha Gabriela Zambrana , De oliveira filho Alfredo Dias , Neves Sabrina Joany Felizardo
Published: September 2017

A Hipertensão Resistente (HAR) se manifesta quando os valores de pressão arterial (PA) permanecem acima da meta, apesar do uso regular de três classes de fármacos anti-hipertensivos, incluindo um diurético. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a HAR e a hipertensão pseudo-resistente em pacientes atendidos em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com pacientes hipertensos em uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos atendidos em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde localizada no município de Maceió, por meio de entrevistas, com aplicação de questionário estruturado durante visitas domiciliares. Os valores de PA dos pacientes foram monitorados durante três semanas consecutivas. A adesão terapêutica foi determinada por meio da aplicação da Escala de Adesão Terapêutica de oito itens de Morisky (MMAS-8). Foram investigados 50 pacientes, com média de idade de 66,4 anos (DP = 13,5), sendo que a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (74%). Entre os pacientes estudados, 39 foram classificados com hipertensão pseudo-resistente (78%); destes, 28 utilizavam esquemas anti-hipertensivos considerados inapropriados e 11 eram não aderentes ao tratamento. No presente estudo, 8% dos hipertensos foram diagnosticados com HAR. Em relação à PA sistólica (PAS) e PA diastólica (PAD), não foi demonstrada a influência de sexo, fumo e atividade física. A prescrição apropriada apresentou relação com o controle da PAS, porém, não apresentou relação com o controle da PAD. O grau de aderência influenciou tanto a PAS como a PAD. Foi observada ainda a influência do subtipo de hipertensão sobre as médias de PAS e PAD.
PERFIL SOCIOECONÔMICO E FARMACOTERAPÊUTICO DOS USUÁRIOS DO PROGRAMA FARMÁCIA POPULAR EM JUAZEIRO DO NORTE- CE
Authors: Silva Saraiva Emanuela Machado , Mota Florêncio Aron Paiva , Pinto Natália Bitu , Do Souto Ricardo Peres , Barreto Maria de Fátima Rocha , Alencar Gustavo de Oliveira , Bezerra Camila Alencar
Published: September 2017

De acordo com a Constituição Brasileira, Saúde é um direito de todos e dever do Estado. Algumas políticas foram e continuam sendo adotadas com o intuito de elevar a qualidade dos serviços de saúde e alargar o acesso da população aos medicamentos essenciais, a exemplo dessas políticas o governo federal instituiu em 2004, o Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil (PFPB). O presente artigo tem como objetivo traçar o perfil socioeconômico e farmacoterapêutico dos usuários do Programa Farmácia Popular atendidos na unidade de Juazeiro do Norte-CE. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa com amostra de 100 entrevistados de ambos os sexos, entre 20 e 70 anos, sendo a coleta de dados realizada através de questionário semiestruturado. Dentre os 100 participantes da pesquisa, 77% eram do sexo feminino; 22% têm entre 61-70 anos de idade; 79% declaram-se não alfabetizado; 78% afirma ter renda familiar entre 1-2 salários mínimos; 22% dos entrevistados eram hipertensos; 61% dos medicamentos destinam-se ao tratamento da hipertensão; 96% afirmam que o PFPB atende suas expectativas; 69% declara não ter condições de custear o tratamento medicamentoso. Além da perspectiva de saúde pública, o PFPB, desempenha um papel social importante de responsabilidade pública para com a população carente efetividade e viabilidade desse programa, demonstra-se o perfil do seu usuário, ao passo que se sugere estratégias que permitam um maior alcance do programa, tais como a revisão do elenco de medicamentos para inclusão de mais fármacos e maior divulgação.
Flexible work from past to present
Geçmişten bugüne esnek çalışma
Authors: Yücel Esin
Published: September 2017

Flexible work is a system which offers relative benefits and disadvantages to workers and employers depending on life and country conditions. But more importantly, since the concept of flexibility has began to be debated, huge differences have existed in the perception of the social partners (workers-employers) and the writers. It seems that the flexibility that has been discussed for many years through developments experienced has become a political concept. In this study, flexible working systems will be examined within the framework of the "Labor Law and the Law Concerning the Amendment on the Turkish Labor Institution Law", which entered into force on May 20, 2016, along with the views of the parties on their preferences and issues. Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetEsnek çalışma sistemleri işçi ve işverene, ülke ve yaşam şartlarına bağlı olarak göreceli fayda ve sakıncalar sunar. Fakat dikkat çeken nokta, esneklik kavramının tartışılmaya başlandığı günden bu yana işçi ve işverenlerin konuyu algılayışı bakımından çok büyük farklılıkların olmasıdır. Yaşanan gelişmelerle uzun yıllardır tartışılan esnekliğin, politik içerikli bir kavram haline geldiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada esnek çalışma sistemlerini ortaya çıkaran gelişmeler ve tarafların tercih sebepleri, konuya farklı açılardan yaklaşan görüşlerle birlikte 20 Mayıs 2016’da yürürlüğe giren "İş Kanunu ile Türkiye İş Kurumu Kanunu’nda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun" kapsamında ele alınacaktır.
Determining the functional autonomy level of preoperative elderly patients: A Turkish case study
Authors: Kalkan Nevra , Karadağ Ayişe
Published: September 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the functional autonomy level of preoperative elderly patients.Method and materials: In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, the statistical sample comprised 153 preoperative elderly patients who were hospitalized at a university hospital general surgery, neurosurgery, urological, and orthopaedic clinics in Ankara. Data were collected using a personal information form, which was based on the researcher’s work and the Functional Autonomy Measurement System. Data were obtained through face-to-face interviews conducted between October 1 and December 31, 2012.Results: Patients’ total scale median score was -4.5 (min:-60, max:0), activities of daily living subscale median score was -3.5 (min:-53, max:0), communication subscale median score was 0.0 (min:-4, max:0), and mental functions subscale median score was -1.0 (min:-3, max:0). The factors affecting the level of functional independence the most were as follows (in order): using walking aids, polypharmacy, education status, nutrition status, and participation in social activities.  While use of walking aids and polypharmacy have the most effect on decrease in functional independence level; primary school and higher education, regular nutritional status and participation in social activities have the most effect on increase in functional independence level.Conclusions: In this study, the functional independence level of the elderly patients was on the border of the maximal scale score.// // // //