bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De facto, non de jure ou De facto, hoc de jure? Incursions dans la pratique de l’interaction entre le droit étatique et le droit coutumier rom en Roumanie
Authors: Mișcoiu Sergiu , Herța Laura Maria
Published: July 2018

Les Roms sont le seul peuple d’Europe ayant (encore) un droit coutumier vivant. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons d’explorer et d’analyser les hypostases de l’interaction entre le droit coutumier des Roms en Roumanie et le droit étatique roumain. Pour ce faire, dans un premier temps, nous allons brièvement exposer le cadre théorique qui guide notre démarche analytique — le pluralisme normatif. Puis, nous allons présenter les différences fondamentales entre les deux ordres juridiques en relation avec les modes d’organisation sociopolitique respectifs. Enfin, nous esquisserons et explorerons les trois hypostases de l’interaction entre le droit coutumier rom et le droit étatique roumain — la non-coplanarité officielle, l’intersection marginale et la subordination exceptionnelle.
The secrets of the stability of the HIV-1 capsid
Authors: Obr Martin , Kräusslich Hans-Georg
Published: July 2018

Structural and biophysical studies help to follow the disassembly of the HIV-1 capsid in vitro, and reveal the role of a small molecule called IP6 in regulating capsid stability.
Satellite tracking of juvenile whale sharks in the Sulu and Bohol Seas, Philippines
Authors: Araujo Gonzalo , Rohner Christoph A. , Labaja Jessica , Conales Segundo J. , Snow Sally J. , Murray Ryan , Pierce Simon J. , Ponzo Alessandro
Published: July 2018

The whale shark Rhincodon typus was uplisted to ‘Endangered’ in the 2016 IUCN Red List due to >50% population decline, largely caused by continued exploitation in the Indo-Pacific. Though the Philippines protected the whale shark in 1998, concerns remain due to continued take in regional waters. In light of this, understanding the movements of whale sharks in the Philippines, one of the most important hotspots for the species, is vital. We tagged 17 juvenile whale sharks with towed SPOT5 tags from three general areas in the Sulu and Bohol Seas: Panaon Island in Southern Leyte, northern Mindanao, and Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP). The sharks all remained in Philippine waters for the duration of tracking (6–126 days, mean 64). Individuals travelled 86–2,580 km (mean 887 km) at a mean horizontal speed of 15.5 ± 13.0 SD km day−1. Whale sharks tagged in Panaon Island and Mindanao remained close to shore but still spent significant time off the shelf (>200 m). Sharks tagged at TRNP spent most of their time offshore in the Sulu Sea. Three of twelve whale sharks tagged in the Bohol Sea moved through to the Sulu Sea, whilst two others moved east through the Surigao Strait to the eastern coast of Leyte. One individual tagged at TRNP moved to northern Palawan, and subsequently to the eastern coast of Mindanao in the Pacific Ocean. Based on inferred relationships with temperature histograms, whale sharks performed most deep dives (>200 m) during the night, in contrast to results from whale sharks elsewhere. While all sharks stayed in national waters, our results highlight the high mobility of juvenile whale sharks and demonstrate their connectivity across the Sulu and Bohol Seas, highlighting the importance of the area for this endangered species.
Best in the company of nearby males: female success in the threatened cycad,Zamia portoricensis
Authors: Lazcano-Lara Julio C. , Ackerman James D.
Published: July 2018

Variation in plant reproductive success is affected by ecological conditions including the proximity of potential mates. We address the hypothesis that spatial distribution of sexes affects female reproductive success (RS) in the dioecious cycad,Zamia portoricensis.Are the frequencies of males, operational sex ratios, and distances to the nearest mate associated with RS in females? We studied the spatial distribution of sexes in two populations in Puerto Rico and compared RS of target females with the number of males and operational sex ratios. Population structure suggests regular successful recruitment. Adults, males, and females were randomly distributed with respect to one another. Reproductive success of females was highly variable, but was higher in neighborhoods with more males than females and generally decreased with increasing distance to the nearest male, becoming statistically significant beyond 190 cm. This possible mate-finding Allee effect indicates that pollinator movement among plants may be limited for this mutually dependent plant-pollinator interaction. Yet being close to male plants is a matter of chance, perhaps a factor generating the high intra-population genetic diversity inZ. portoricensis.
Longitudinal evaluation of the impact of traditional rainbow trout farming on receiving water quality in Ireland
Authors: Tahar Alexandre , Kennedy Alan M. , Fitzgerald Richard D. , Clifford Eoghan , Rowan Neil
Published: July 2018

In the context of future aquaculture intensification, a longitudinal ten-year evaluation of the current traditional rainbow trout production in Ireland was performed. Publically available and independent data obtained from local authorities were gathered and analysed. Inlet and outlet concentrations of parameters such as BOD5, ammonium, nitrite, dissolved oxygen and pH for four consecutive flow-through fish farms covering the four seasons over a ten-year period (2005–2015) were analysed. The objectives of the study were (i) to characterize the impact of each fish farm on water quality in function of their respective production and identify any seasonal variability, (ii) to quantify the cumulative impact of the four farms on the river quality and to check if the self-purification capacity of the river was enough to allow the river to reach back its background levels for the analysed parameters, (iii) to build a baseline study for Ireland in order to extrapolate as a dataset for expected climate change and production intensification. For most of the parameter analysed, no significant impact of the fish farming activity on water quality/river quality was observed. These results, the first ones generated in Ireland so far, will have to be completed by a survey on biodiversity and ecotoxicology and compared after production intensification and the likely future introduction of water treatment systems on the different sites.
Morphometric relationships and seasonal variation in size, weight, and a condition index of post-settlement stages of the Caribbean spiny lobster
Authors: Martínez-Calderón Rogelio , Lozano-Álvarez Enrique , Briones-Fourzán Patricia
Published: July 2018

Spiny lobsters have a protracted pelagic, oceanic larval phase. The final larval stage metamorphoses into a non-feeding postlarva (puerulus) that actively swims towards the coast to settle in shallow habitats and does not resume feeding until after the molt into the first-stage juvenile. Therefore, the body dimensions and nutritional condition of both settled pueruli and first juveniles are likely to vary over time, potentially playing a crucial role in the recruitment to the benthic population. We compared carapace length (CL), height (CH), and width (CW); total length (TL), and body weight (W) between pueruli and first juveniles of the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, as well as morphometric relationships between both developmental stages. Except for CL, all other dimensions were larger in first juveniles, but more markedly CH and W. The slopes of the CH vs CL, CW vs CL, and W vs CL regressions differed significantly between stages, and all log-transformed relationships showed isometry in both stages, except for the CH vs CL relationship, which showed positive allometry. These results reflect a morphological change from the flatter, more streamlined body of the puerulus, to the heavier, more cylindrical body of the juvenile. We also analyzed seasonal variations in CL, W, the W/CL index (a morphometric condition index), and a modified W/CL index (i.e. after controlling for a significant effect of CL) of both stages using individuals monthly collected over 12 consecutive seasons (Autumn 2010–Summer 2013). In both stages, all three variables exhibited significant seasonal variation. For pueruli, the modified W/CL index differed from average in only two seasons, winter 2011 (higher) and summer 2013 (lower), but showed great within-season variation (larger coefficients of variation, CV), potentially reflecting variability in nutritional condition of larvae prior to metamorphosis and in the distances swum by individual pueruli to the settlement habitats. For first juveniles, the modified W/CL index was higher than average in winter and spring 2011, and lower in autumn 2011 and winter 2012, but showed less within season variation (smaller CVs), suggesting a combination of carry-over effects of puerulus condition and effects of local conditions (e.g., food availability and predation risk). These findings warrant further investigation into factors potentially decoupling settlement from recruitment processes.
How much can we trust GPS wildlife tracking? An assessment in semi-free-ranging Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon
Authors: Liu Dongping , Chen Lixia , Wang Yihua , Lu Jun , Huang Songlin
Published: July 2018

GPS tracking has been increasingly used for wildlife studies in recent decades, but its performance has not been fully assessed, especially for newly developed lightweight transmitters. We assessed the performance of eight GPS transmitters developed in China by attaching them to Crested Ibises Nipponia nippon confined to two acclimation cages mimicking real habitats. We calculated the distance between GPS locations and the centroid of the cages as the positioning error, and used the 95% (95th percentile) positioning errors to define the accuracy. The positioning success averaged 92.0%, which is much higher than that of previous studies. Locations were not evenly distributed by Location Class (LC), with the LC A and B locations accounting for 88.7%. The observed 95% positioning error in the locations of LC A (9–39 m) and B (11–41 m) was quite accurate, while up to 6.9–8.8% of poor-quality locations were detected in LC C and D with >100 m or even >1, 000 m positioning error. Positioning success and accuracy were different between the test sites, probably due to the difference in vegetation structure. Thus, we argue that the tested transmitters could provide a large proportion of high-quality data for fine-scale studies, and a number of poor-quality locations that need attention. We suggest that the HPOD (horizontal dilution of precision) or PDOP (positional dilution of precision) be reported instead of the LC as a measurement of location accuracy for each location to ensure identification and filtering of implausible locations.
C-Reactive Protein Was an Early Predictor of Postoperative Infectious Complications After Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Atsumi Yosuke , Aoyama Toru , Kazama Keisuke , Murakawa Masaaki , Shiozawa Manabu , Kobayashi Satoshi , Ueno Makoto , Morimoto Manabu , Oshima Takashi , Yukawa Norio , Yoshikawa Takaki , Rino Yasushi , Masuda Munetaka , Morinaga Soichiro
Published: July 2018

Objective

The study objective was to assess the predictive value of C-reactive protein (CRP) for the early detection of postoperative infectious complications (PICs) after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Summary of Background Data

The incidence of PICs after pancreaticoduodenectomy still remains high and a clinically relevant problem, despite improvements in the surgical procedure.

Methods

We examined 110 consecutive patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for primary pancreatic cancer between 2006 and 2014. The predictive value was assessed by estimating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Clinical and laboratory data, including CRP, were analyzed with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify predictors of PICs of grade III or higher according to the Clavien-Dindo classification.

Results

PICs of grade III or higher occurred in 13 patients [11.8%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 6.45%–19.36%]. CRP level on postoperative day 3 (POD 3) was a good predictor of PICs (AUC, 0.815; 95% CI, 0.651–0.980), showing the highest accuracy among clinical and laboratory data. A cutoff value of 13.2 mg/dL yielded a sensitivity of 0.846 and a specificity of 0.794. On multivariate analysis, a POD 3 CRP level of 13.2 mg/dL or higher (odds ratio, 20.0; 95% CI, 4.07–97.9; P = 0.002) was a significant predictor of PICs after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Conclusions

CRP elevation above 13.2 mg/dL on POD 3 is a significant predictive factor for PICs and should prompt an intense clinical search and therapeutic approach for PICs.
MicroRNA‐17 as a promising diagnostic biomarker of gastric cancer: An investigation combining TCGA, GEO, meta‐analysis, and bioinformatics
Authors: Hu GaoFeng , Lv QianWen , Yan JiaXiu , Chen LiJun , Du Juan , Zhao Ke , Xu Wei
Published: July 2018

Integrated studies of accumulated data can be performed to obtain more reliable information and more feasible measures for investigating potential diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer (GC) and to explore related molecular mechanisms. This study aimed to identify microRNAs involved in GC by integrating data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus. Through our analysis, we identified hsa‐miR‐17 (miR‐17) as a suitable candidate. We performed a meta‐analysis of published studies and analyzed clinical data from TCGA to evaluate the clinical significance and diagnostic value of miR‐17 in GC. miR‐17 was found to be upregulated in GC tissues and exhibited a favorable value in diagnosing GC. In addition, we predicted that 288 target genes of miR‐17 participate in GC‐related pathways. Enrichment of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, Gene Ontology analysis, and protein–protein interaction analysis of the 288 target genes of miR‐17 were also performed. Through this study, we identified possible core pathways and genes that may play an important role in GC. The possible core pathways include the cAMP, phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase–Akt, Rap1, and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathways. miR‐17 may be involved in several biological processes, including DNA template transcription, the regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters, and cell adhesion. In addition, cellular components (such as cytoplasm and plasma membrane) and molecular functions (such as protein binding and metal ion binding) also seemed to be regulated by miR‐17.
Autonomic functioning in reactive versus proactive aggression: The influential role of inconsistent parenting
Authors: Kassing Francesca , Lochman John E. , Glenn Andrea L.
Published: July 2018

Research has consistently supported autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning as a predictor of aggressive behavior in youth. Several studies have further examined how the functioning of the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) branches of the ANS interact with environmental factors to predict behavioral outcomes. One factor that has yet to be studied in this context however, is parenting practices. Given that many interventions for externalizing behavior target parenting practices, such as increasing consistent discipline, it may be particularly important to assess whether parenting practices interact with SNS and PNS functioning in the child to influence risk for aggressive behavior. Therefore, the current study addressed this question by examining inconsistent discipline as a moderator of the relationship between baseline SNS versus PNS activity and reactive versus proactive aggression. Data were collected from a sample of fourth graders identified as at‐risk for aggression (N = 188). Results indicated that baseline SNS activity was positively related to proactive aggression under high levels of inconsistent discipline, but negatively related to proactive aggression under very low levels of inconsistent discipline. Baseline PNS activity was negatively associated with reactive aggression under low levels of inconsistent discipline. No main effects were found for SNS or PNS functioning and either form of aggression, emphasizing the importance of taking a biosocial approach to examining the predictors of aggressive behavior in at‐risk youth. Results from this study help to better understand the circumstances under which children are most likely to exhibit reactive versus proactive aggression, better informing targeted prevention and treatment.
The co‐occurrence and correlates of anxiety disorders among adolescents with intermittent explosive disorder
Authors: Galbraith Todd , Carliner Hannah , Keyes Katherine M. , McLaughlin Katie A. , McCloskey Michael S. , Heimberg Richard G.
Published: July 2018

We examined the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders (ADs) among adolescents with lifetime intermittent explosive disorder (IED), as well as the impact of co‐occurring ADs on anger attack frequency and persistence, additional comorbidity, impairment, and treatment utilization among adolescents with IED. IED was defined by the occurrence of at least three anger attacks that were disproportionate to the provocation within a single year. Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey‐Adolescent Supplement (N = 6,140), and diagnoses were based on structured lay‐administered interviews. Over half (51.89%) of adolescents with IED had an AD, compared to only 22.88% of adolescents without IED. Compared to adolescents with IED alone, adolescents with IED and comorbid ADs: (a) were more likely to be female; (b) reported greater impairment in work/school, social, and overall functioning; (c) were more likely to receive an additional psychiatric diagnosis, a depressive or drug abuse diagnosis, or diagnoses of three or more additional disorders; and (d) had higher odds of receiving any mental/behavioral health treatment as well as treatment specifically focused on aggression. Adolescents with IED alone and those with comorbid ADs did not differ in the number of years experiencing anger attacks or the highest number of anger attacks in a given year. ADs frequently co‐occur with IED and are associated with elevated comorbidity and greater impairment compared to IED alone. Gaining a better understanding of this comorbidity is essential for developing specialized and effective methods to screen and treat comorbid anxiety in adolescents with aggressive behavior problems.
Myeloid‐Derived Suppressor Cell Membrane‐Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics by Inducing Macrophage Polarization and Synergizing Immunogenic Cell Death
Authors: Yu Guang‐Tao , Rao Lang , Wu Hao , Yang Lei‐Lei , Bu Lin‐Lin , Deng Wei‐Wei , Wu Lei , Nan Xiaolin , Zhang Wen‐Feng , Zhao Xing‐Zhong , Liu Wei , Sun Zhi‐Jun
Published: July 2018

A major challenge for traditional cancer therapy, including surgical resection, chemoradiotherapy, and immunotherapy, is how to induce tumor cell death and leverage the host immune system at the same time. Here, a myeloid‐derived suppressor cell (MDSC) membrane‐coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle (MNP@MDSC) to overcome this conundrum for cancer therapy is developed. In this study, MNP@MDSC demonstrates its superior performance in immune evasion, active tumor‐targeting, magnetic resonance imaging, and photothermal therapy (PTT)‐induced tumor killing. Compared with red blood cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles (MNPs@RBC) or naked MNPs, MNP@MDSCs are much more effective in active tumor‐targeting, a beneficial property afforded by coating MNP with membranes from naturally occurring MDSC, thus converting the MNP into “smart” agents that like to accumulate in tumors as the source MDSCs. Once targeted to the tumor microenvironment, MNPs@MDSC can act as a PTT agents for enhanced antitumor response by inducing immunogenic cell death, reprogramming the tumor infiltrating macrophages, and reducing the tumor's metabolic activity. These benefits, in combination with the excellent biocompatibility and pharmacological kinetics characteristics, make MNP@MDSC a promising, multimodal agent for cancer theranostics.
High‐Security Nanocluster for Switching Photodynamic Combining Photothermal and Acid‐Induced Drug Compliance Therapy Guided by Multimodal Active‐Targeting Imaging
Authors: Cheng Kai , Yang Xiao‐Quan , Zhang Xiao‐Shuai , Chen Jun , An Jie , Song Yuan‐Yang , Li Cheng , Xuan Yang , Zhang Ruo‐Yun , Yang Chun‐Hua , Song Xian‐Lin , Zhao Yuan‐Di , Liu Bo
Published: July 2018

High‐security nanoplatform with enhanced therapy compliance is extremely promising for tumor. Herein, using a simple and high‐efficient self‐assembly method, a novel active‐targeting nanocluster probe, namely, Ag2S/chlorin e6 (Ce6)/DOX@DSPE‐mPEG2000‐folate (ACD‐FA) is synthesized. Experiments indicate that ACD‐FA is capable of specifically labeling tumor and guiding targeting ablation of the tumor via precise positioning from fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. Importantly, the probe is endowed with a photodynamic “on‐off” effect, that is, Ag2S could effectively quench the fluorescence of chlorin e6 (89.5%) and inhibit release of 1O2 (92.7%), which is conducive to avoid unwanted phototoxicity during transhipment in the body, and only after nanocluster endocytosed by tumor cells could release Ce6 to produce 1O2. Moreover, ACD‐FA also achieves excellent acid‐responsive drug release, and exhibits eminent chemo‐photothermal and photodynamic effects upon laser irradiation. Compared with single or two treatment combining modalities, ACD‐FA could provide the best cancer therapeutic effect with a relatively low dose, because it made the most of combined effect from chemo‐photothermal and controlled photodynamic therapy, and significantly improves the drug compliance. Besides, the active‐targeting nanocluster notably reduces nonspecific toxicity of both doxorubicin and chlorin e6. Together, this study demonstrates the potency of a newly designed nanocluster for nonradioactive concomitant therapy with precise tumor‐targeting capability.
Self‐Adhesive and Ultra‐Conformable, Sub‐300 nm Dry Thin‐Film Electrodes for Surface Monitoring of Biopotentials
Authors: Nawrocki Robert A. , Jin Hanbit , Lee Sunghoon , Yokota Tomoyuki , Sekino Masaki , Someya Takao
Published: July 2018

Accurate and unobtrusive monitoring of surface biopotentials is of paramount importance for physiological studies and wearable healthcare applications. Thin, light‐weight, and conformal bioelectrodes are highly desirable for biopotential monitoring. This report demonstrates the fabrication of sub‐300 nm thin, dry electrodes that are self‐adhesive and conformable to complex 3D biological surfaces and thus capable of excellent quality of biopotential (surface electromyogram and surface electrocardiogram) recordings. Measurements reveal single‐day stability of up to 10 h. In addition, the bending stiffness of the sensor is calculated to be ≈0.33 pN m2, which is comparable to stratum corneum, the uppermost layer of human skin, and this stiffness is over two orders of magnitude lower than the bending stiffness of a 3.0 µm thin sensor. Laminated on a prestretched elastomer, when relaxed, the sensor forms wrinkles with a period and amplitude equal to 17 and 4 µm, respectively, which these values agree with theoretical calculations. Finally, with skin vibrations of up to ≈15 µm, the sensor exhibits motion artifact‐less monitoring of surface biopotentials, in contrast to a wet adhesive electrode that shows much greater influence.
Highly Conductive Cable‐Like Bicomponent Titania Photoanode Approaching Limitation of Electron and Hole Collection
Authors: Tian Zhangliu , Wang Dong , Bu Kejun , Lin Jie , Zhang Shaoning , Zhao Wei , Qin Peng , Huang Fuqiang
Published: July 2018

TiO2‐based materials are cheap and stable choices for photoelectrochemical devices. However, the activity is still limited by the inefficient charge extraction. Here a highly conductive cable‐like bicomponent titania photoanode, consisting of reduced anatase‐coated TiO2‐B nanowires, is proposed to simultaneously establish effective electron and hole transport channels separately, which meets the requirements of electronic dynamics for efficient water splitting. A synergistic effect of charge separation from the built‐in electric field is demonstrated with this 1D TiO2‐B/anatase heterojunction, in which a high electron collection efficiency of up to 97.1% at 0.6 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode is achieved. The efficient electron collection approaching the limitation is also attributed to the large electron conducting region in the photoanode. Moreover, the O‐deficient amorphous layer is found to be more catalytic toward the oxygen evolution reaction through quantifying rate constants for charge recombination and charge transfer. It can reduce onset potential and suppress charge‐carrier recombination simultaneously, prompting surface hole collection efficiency up to 95% at 0.6 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode.
Crystallization‐Directed Anisotropic Electroactuation in Selectively Solvated Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers: A Thermal and (Electro)Mechanical Property Study
Authors: Armstrong Daniel P. , Spontak Richard J.
Published: July 2018

Dielectric elastomers (DEs), a class of soft electroactive polymers that change size upon exposure to an external electric field, constitute an increasingly important class of stimuli‐responsive polymers due primarily to their large actuation strains, facile and low‐cost fabrication, scalability, and mechanical robustness. Unless purposefully constrained, most DEs exhibit isotropic actuation wherein size changes are the same in all actuation directions. Previous studies of DEs containing oriented, stiff fibers have demonstrated, however, that anisotropic actuation along a designated direction is more electromechanically efficient since this design eliminates energy expended in nonessential directions. To identify an alternative, supramolecular‐level route to anisotropic electroactuation, we investigate the thermal and mechanical properties of novel thermoplastic elastomer gels composed of a selectively solvated olefinic block copolymer that not only microphase‐separates but also crystallizes upon cooling from the solution state. While these materials possess remarkable mechanical attributes (e.g., giant strains in excess of 4000%), their ability to be strain‐conditioned enables huge anisotropic actuation levels, measured to be greater than 30 from the ratio of orthogonal actuation strains. This work establishes that crystallization‐induced anisotropic actuation can be achieved with these DEs.
Low‐Temperature Eutectic Synthesis of PtTe2 with Weak Antilocalization and Controlled Layer Thinning
Authors: Hao Song , Zeng Junwen , Xu Tao , Cong Xin , Wang Chenyu , Wu Chenchen , Wang Yaojia , Liu Xiaowei , Cao Tianjun , Su Guangxu , Jia Lanxin , Wu Zhangting , Lin Qian , Zhang Lili , Yan Shengnan , Guo Mengfan , Wang Zhenlin , Tan Pingheng , Sun Litao , Ni Zhenhua , Liang Shi‐Jun , Cui Xinyi , Miao Feng
Published: July 2018

Metallic transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have exhibited various exotic physical properties and hold the promise of novel optoelectronic and topological devices applications. However, the synthesis of metallic TMDs is based on gas‐phase methods and requires high‐temperature condition. As an alternative to the gas‐phase synthetic approach, lower temperature eutectic liquid‐phase synthesis presents a very promising approach with the potential for larger‐scale and controllable growth of high‐quality thin metallic TMD single crystals. Here, the first realization of low‐temperature eutectic liquid‐phase synthesis of type‐II Dirac semimetal PtTe2 single crystals with thickness ranging from 2 to 200 nm is presented. The electrical measurement of synthesized PtTe2 reveals a record‐high conductivity of as high as 3.3 × 106 S m−1 at room temperature. Besides, the weak antilocalization behavior is identified experimentally in the type‐II Dirac semimetal PtTe2 for the first time. Furthermore, a simple and general strategy is developed to obtain atomically thin PtTe2 crystal by thinning as‐synthesized bulk samples, which can still retain highly crystalline and exhibits excellent electrical conductivity. The results of controllable and scalable low‐temperature eutectic liquid‐phase synthesis and layer‐by‐layer thinning of high‐quality thin PtTe2 single crystals offer a simple and general approach for obtaining different thickness metallic TMDs with high melting‐point transition metal.
Secondary‐Component Incorporated Hollow MOFs and Derivatives for Catalytic and Energy‐Related Applications
Authors: Yang Haozhou , Wang Xun
Published: July 2018

Their highly functional nature has endowed metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with diverse applications. On this basis, a higher demand has been proposed for the preparation of novel‐structured MOFs. Hollow MOFs have been intensively studied and exhibited versatile properties, and among the various methods, secondary‐component incorporation has been proved promising in the design and preparation of complex structures with requisite properties. Herein, the synthesis and applications of secondary component incorporated MOFs and their derivatives are systematically reviewed. Two main methodologies, preincorporation and postmodification, are discussed in detail, and the role of the secondary component is demonstrated. Based on these introductions, the applications of those materials, including chemical catalysis, electrocatalysis, and energy storage applications, are summarized. Finally, a personal outlook for the future opportunities and challenges in this field is given.
Organic Semiconductor Single Crystals for Electronics and Photonics
Authors: Zhang Xiaotao , Dong Huanli , Hu Wenping
Published: July 2018

Organic semiconducting single crystals (OSSCs) are ideal candidates for the construction of high‐performance optoelectronic devices/circuits and a great platform for fundamental research due to their long‐range order, absence of grain boundaries, and extremely low defect density. Impressive improvements have recently been made in organic optoelectronics: the charge‐carrier mobility is now over 10 cm2 V−1 s−1 and the fluorescence efficiency reaches 90% for many OSSCs. Moreover, high mobility and strong emission can be integrated into a single OSSC, for example, showing a mobility of up to 34 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a photoluminescence yield of 41.2%. These achievements are attributed to the rational design and synthesis of organic semiconductors as well as improvements in preparation technology for crystals, which accelerate the application of OSSCs in devices and circuits, such as organic field‐effect transistors, organic photodetectors, organic photovoltaics, organic light‐emitting diodes, organic light‐emitting transistors, and even electrically pumped organic lasers. In this context, an overview of these fantastic advancements in terms of the fundamental insights into developing high‐performance organic semiconductors, efficient strategies for yielding desirable high‐quality OSSCs, and their applications in optoelectronic devices and circuits is presented. Finally, an overview of the development of OSSCs along with current challenges and future research directions is provided.
Interface Characterization and Control of 2D Materials and Heterostructures
Authors: Liu Xiaolong , Hersam Mark C.
Published: July 2018

2D materials and heterostructures have attracted significant attention for a variety of nanoelectronic and optoelectronic applications. At the atomically thin limit, the material characteristics and functionalities are dominated by surface chemistry and interface coupling. Therefore, methods for comprehensively characterizing and precisely controlling surfaces and interfaces are required to realize the full technological potential of 2D materials. Here, the surface and interface properties that govern the performance of 2D materials are introduced. Then the experimental approaches that resolve surface and interface phenomena down to the atomic scale, as well as strategies that allow tuning and optimization of interfacial interactions in van der Waals heterostructures, are systematically reviewed. Finally, a future outlook that delineates the remaining challenges and opportunities for 2D material interface characterization and control is presented.
The Sub‐Nanometer Scale as a New Focus in Nanoscience
Authors: Ni Bing , Shi Yuang , Wang Xun
Published: July 2018

Size is one of the central issues in nanoscience. The practical meaning of the term “sub‐nanometric material (SNM)” requires two aspects: (1) its size should be at the atomic level; (2) it shows unique (size‐related) properties compared to its nano‐counterparts with larger sizes. Here, SNMs in the form of wires (SNWs) and the unique properties arising from their special size are reviewed. First, their polymer‐like behavior, including rheological behavior and self‐assembly, is dicussed. Their origins may stem from the special size and the ligands around the wire. Even a slight increase in diameter would risk the polymer‐like behavior. Meanwhile, the ligands on SNWs are proportional to the inorganic entity at this scale. Consequently, surface ligands should have a profound impact on the properties, like catalysis, self‐assembly, optics, etc. To reveal more potential applications, their applications in energy conversion are comprehensively reviewed. To some extent, characterization can greatly influence the way things are observed. Thus, some appropriate characterization techniques are briefly introduced. Finally, another emerging part of SNWs (atomic chain material) is briefly introduced. It is hoped that this review can provide new insights to this special scale.
Surface Engineering of Nanostructured Energy Materials
Authors: Xu Wenjing , Bai Yaocai , Yin Yadong
Published: July 2018

All nanostructures share a common feature of large surface‐to‐volume ratio, which makes surface engineering a vital tool for exploring their new and important applications in many different areas. Particularly, inorganic nanostructures represent a class of intriguing catalysts that can find wide uses in energy conversion, energy storage, and environmental remediation. Here, a number of surface engineering strategies, including morphology control, defect incorporation, and interface manipulation for tailoring the shape, facet, defect, interfacial property, and composition of nanostructures, aiming at controlling the chemical and physical properties such as energy bandgap and surface energy toward great enhancement in catalytic performance, are discussed.
Emerging Applications of Plasmons in Driving CO2 Reduction and N2 Fixation
Authors: Yang Jianhua , Guo Yanzhen , Lu Wenzheng , Jiang Ruibin , Wang Jianfang
Published: July 2018

The photochemical production of fuels using sunlight is an innovative way for meeting the quickly increasing energy demands. One of the largest challenges is to develop high‐performance photocatalysts that can meet the requirements of practical applications. Owing to their intriguing localized surface plasmon resonances, noble metal nanoparticles and nanostructures show a great potential for enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency and thereby have attracted rapidly growing interest recently. Here, for the first time, the latest achievements in the utilization of plasmons in driving CO2 reduction and N2 fixation into high‐value products are comprehensively described. The involved plasmonic enhancement mechanisms in the two types of reactions are fully illustrated. A particular emphasis is given to the outlook on the direction and prospects for future work in this topic.
Perovskite Nanoparticle Composite Films by Size Exclusion Lithography
Authors: Minh Duong Nguyen , Eom Sangwon , Nguyen Lan Anh Thi , Kim Juwon , Sim Jae Hyun , Seo Chunhee , Nam Jihye , Lee Sangheon , Suk Soyeon , Kim Jaeyong , Kang Youngjong
Published: July 2018

Perovskite nanoparticle composite films with capability of high‐resolution patterning (≥2 µm) and excellent resistance to various aqueous and organic solvents are prepared by in situ photosynthesis of acrylate polymers and formamidinium lead halide (FAPbX3) nanoparticles. Both positive‐ and negative‐tone patterns of FAPbX3 nanoparticles are created by controlling the size exclusive flow of nanoparticles in polymer networks. The position of nanoparticles is spatially controlled in both lateral and vertical directions. The composite films show high photoluminescence quantum yield (up to 44%) and broad color tunability in visible region (λpeak = 465–630 nm).
Large‐Scale Transparent Molybdenum Disulfide Plasmonic Photodetector Using Split Bull Eye Structure
Authors: Sourav Adhikary , Li Zhiwen , Huang Zhonghui , Botcha Venkata Divakar , Hu Cong , Ao Jin‐Ping , Peng Yangfan , Kuo Hao‐Chung , Wu Jing , Liu Xinke , Ang Kah‐Wee
Published: July 2018

A high performance photodetector array on transparent substrate is highly sought after for enabling next‐generation imaging technology at the visible wavelengths. 2D materials such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are attractive for such application owing to its superior optoelectronic properties and transparency when scaled to atomic thinness. Here, direct growth of MoS2 on centimeter‐scale transparent Al2O3 substrate is reported using a high yield and scalable chemical vapor deposition approach. This enables a large area photodetector array to be demonstrated, wherein aluminum split bull eye (SBE) plasmonic structure is integrated to achieve further performance boost due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect. For a wavelength of 405 nm, the plasmonic MoS2 detector achieves an ultralow noise equivalent power of ≈6.2 × 10–14 W Hz−1/2 and a high responsivity of 7.26 A W−1 at a small bias of 1.0 V, which is more than 6× larger than the reference detector due to SPR effect. Finite‐difference time‐domain simulation confirms a higher concentration of optical field distribution at the center of the SBE structure, which is responsible for the enhancement of photocurrent and sensitivity even at low‐light condition.
Reaction of β‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐α,β‐Ynones with Tosyl Isocyanate: Experimental and Computational Investigations
Authors: Rode Navnath D. , Aschi Massimiliano , Chiarini Marco , Del Vecchio Luana , Marinelli Fabio , Arcadi Antonio
Published: July 2018

A practical metal‐free approach to the synthesis of 2‐aroyl‐N‐tosyl‐1H‐indole‐3 carboxamides through an unprecedented sequential 5‐endo‐dig cycloamination /carboxamidation reaction of β‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐α,β‐ynones with the tosyl isocyanate is described. A computational model gives a plausible rationale for the unexpected results.

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Integrated Adsorbent Process Optimization for Minimum Cost of Electricity Including Carbon Captureby a VSA Process
Authors: Khurana Maninder , Farooq Shamsuzzaman
Published: July 2018

Assessing vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) technology for postcombustion CO2capture and concentration (CCC) using energy and productivity indicators are useful, but its ultimate test must be the cost of electricity from a power plant including CCC. Here, our integrated optimization platform (Khurana and Farooq,AlChE J. 2017;63:2987–2995) developed earlier to simultaneously obtain the optimum adsorbent and process conditions is extended to include a comprehensive costing framework. The framework is complete with scale‐up design and column scheduling, and compliant with National Energy Technology Laboratory costing guidelines for carbon capture. This is the ultimate tool that enables integrated optimization to minimize the cost of electricity. The Shell Cansolv CO2capture system is used as the benchmark for evaluating the best performance of two VSA cycles for two adsorbents. The operating conditions and isotherm shapes necessary to achieve the lowest possible cost of electricity for the two VSA cycles are also presented to facilitate designing or searching the best adsorbent for CCC. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 65: 184–195, 2019
Primary myelofibrosis: 2019 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification and management
Authors: Tefferi Ayalew
Published: July 2018

Disease overview

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized by stem cell‐derived clonal myeloproliferation that is often but not always accompanied by JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutations; additional disease features include bone marrow stromal reaction including reticulin fibrosis, abnormal cytokine expression, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH), constitutional symptoms, cachexia, leukemic progression, and shortened survival.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of PMF is based on bone marrow morphology. Presence of JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutation, expected in ∼ 90% of the patients, is supportive but not essential for diagnosis. The revised 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification system distinguishes “prefibrotic” from “overtly fibrotic” PMF; the former might mimic ET in its presentation and it is prognostically relevant to distinguish the two.

Risk stratification

Two new prognostic systems for PMF have recently been introduced: GIPSS (genetically inspired prognostic scoring system) and MIPSS70+ version 2.0 (mutation‐ and karyotype‐enhanced international prognostic scoring system). GIPSS is based exclusively on mutations and karyotype. MIPSS70+ version 2.0 utilizes both genetic and clinical risk factors. GIPSS features four and MIPSS70+ version 2.0 five risk categories. MIPSS70+ version 2.0 requires an online score calculator (http://www.mipss70score.it) while GIPPS offers a lower complexity prognostic tool.

Risk‐adapted therapy

Observation alone is advised for MIPSS70+ version 2.0 “low” and “very low” risk disease (estimated 10‐year survival 56%‐92%); allogeneic stem cell transplant is the preferred treatment of choice for “very high” and “high” risk disease (estimated 10‐year survival 0‐13%); treatment‐requiring patients with intermediate‐risk disease (estimated 10‐year survival 30%) are best served by participating in clinical trials. All other treatment approaches, including the use of JAK2 inhibitors, are mostly palliative and should not be used in the absence of clear treatment indications. Conventional treatment for anemia includes androgens, prednisone, thalidomide and danazol, for symptomatic splenomegaly hydroxyurea and ruxolitinib and for constitutional symptoms ruxolitinib. Splenectomy is considered for drug‐refractory splenomegaly and involved field radiotherapy for nonhepatosplenic EMH and extremity bone pain.
Associations between risk factors for schizophrenia and concordance in four monozygotic twin samples
Authors: Pepper Edward J. , Pathmanathan Sasi , McIlrae Shona , Rehman Faiz‐ur , Cardno Alastair G.
Published: July 2018

Concordance for schizophrenia is high in monozygotic twins but the extent to which concordance varies according to the presence of other schizophrenia risk factors is not well established. We aimed to investigate this in systematically ascertained twin samples. DSM‐III‐R/DSM‐IV diagnoses were made from original data or published case histories from four systematically ascertained monozygotic twin samples. Probandwise concordance for schizophrenia was calculated according to the presence of psychotic disorder in first‐degree relatives, birth order, gender, and age‐at‐onset. Logistic regression analysis was also performed to adjust for potential confounders. Psychotic disorder in parents and earlier age‐at‐onset were significantly associated with higher probandwise concordance for schizophrenia, including after adjustment for potential confounders. For example, when no parents had a psychotic disorder concordance was 34/88 (38.6%) versus 10/16 (62.5%) when one parent was affected; and for age‐at‐onset <23 years concordance was 25/46 (54.3%), declining to 13/44 (29.5%) for age‐at‐onset >30 years. These results are consistent with psychotic disorder in parents and age‐at‐onset being markers of the level of familial liability to schizophrenia and these factors may be useful in genetic counseling of monozygotic twins and in identifying and managing those at particularly high risk, if these findings are further replicated.
Iron‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage and Construction of C−N Bonds: A Facile Method for Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Trisubstituted Pyridines
Authors: Gopalaiah Kovuru , Rao Devarapalli Chenna , Mahiya Kuldeep , Tiwari Ankit
Published: July 2018

Abundant and inexpensive iron, readily catalyzed the oxidative tandem reactions of arylalkylketones and benzylamines using molecular oxygen as the green oxidant in one‐pot solvent‐free conditions. 2,4,6‐Triaryl pyridines containing a wide variety of functional groups are synthesized from easily available starting materials. The synthetic importance of this reaction protocol has been demonstrated by preparing topoisomerase I and II inhibitors, and other valuable pyridine derivatives. Key intermediates are isolated and a plausible mechanism has been proposed.
Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders
Authors: Choi Woo Ri , Jeong Hyeon‐Yeong , Kim Ji Heui
Published: July 2018

Background

The Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD) is a self‐report questionnaire that provides subjective information about olfactory dysfunction. The QOD is widely used in clinical practice because of its high level of reliability and efficacy in Western countries. In this study we evaluated the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the QOD.

Methods

A total of 213 patients with subjective olfactory dysfunction completed 2 different surveys (the QOD and the 36‐item Short‐Form Health Survey [SF‐36]). Patients’ olfactory function was evaluated by a screening cross‐cultural smell identification test or the Korean version of the Sniffin' Sticks (KVSS) II Test. The Korean version of the QOD was evaluated for split‐half reliability and internal consistency. Criterion validity of QOD was determined by comparing with the SF‐36.

Results

The split‐half reliability was 0.967. Cronbach α coefficients for internal consistency of the QOD parosmia statements (QOD‐P), QOD life quality statements (QOD‐LQ), QOD sincerity statements (QOD‐S), and QOD visual analog scale statements (QOD‐VAS) were 0.705, 0.909, 0.243, and 0.953, respectively. There were statistically significant correlations between the SF‐36 and the QOD‐P, QOD‐LQ, QOD‐S, and QOD‐VAS scores. There were no significant differences in QOD scores among patients with anosmia, hyposmia, and normosmia on the olfactory function test. Mean scores on the QOD‐P, QOD‐LQ, and QOD‐VAS were significantly higher in 15 patients with normosmia on the olfactory function test when compared with 13 healthy controls.

Conclusion

The Korean version of the QOD has proven to be a generally reliable and valid questionnaire to assess the degree of subjective olfactory dysfunction in the evaluation of Korean patients suspected of having olfactory dysfunction.
A Hierarchical Coding Strategy for Live Cell Imaging of Protein‐Specific Glycoform
Authors: Li Siqiao , Liu Yiran , Liu Lu , Feng Yimei , Ding Lin , Ju Huangxian
Published: July 2018

Live cell imaging of protein‐specific glycoforms holds great promise for revolutionizing the study of glycochemistry. The imaging protocols developed thus far build upon the paired interplay of probe units, thus limiting the number of monosaccharide identification channels. A hierarchical coding (HieCo) imaging strategy, with DNA coding and decoding of protein and monosaccharides executed in fidelity to the hierarchical order of target glycoprotein, is reported herein and features expandable monosaccharide identification channels. A proof‐of‐concept protocol has been developed for MUC1‐specific imaging of terminal sialic acid (Sia) and fucose (Fuc) on MCF‐7, T47D, MDA‐MB‐231, and PANC‐1 cells, revealing distinct monosaccharide patterns for four types of cells. The protocol also permits dynamic monitoring of changes in MUC1‐specific monosaccharide patterns associated with both the alteration of cellular physiological states and the occurrence of a biologically important process.