bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a New Green‐Revertible Albino Mutant in Rice
Authors: Wu Liquan , Li Ruiqing , Shu Qingyao , Zhao Haijun , Wu Dianxing , Li Juan , Wang Rongfu
Published: October 2011

The rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant G9, isolated from ‘Guangzhan63S’ exposed to 60Co γ irradiation in combination with in vitro tissue culture, exhibits albino and growth stage‐dependent green‐revertible phenotypes. The albino phenotype was observed in the mutant seedlings up to the fourth leaf (L4) stage, and then the seedlings entered into a transit period when old and newly extended leaves gradually revert to partial green. Finally, the leaves turn into full green at the sixth leaf (L6) stage. Chlorophyll abundance in the mutant seedlings at the second leaf (L2) stage was quite low and increased to about 1/4 of wild type Guangzhan63S at the L4 stage. At the L6 stage, the levels of chlorophyll in G9 were almost identical to that in Guangzhan63S. Ultra‐microstructure analysis showed that the G9 mutant had no chloroplast at the L2 stage and fewer and smaller undifferentiated plastids at the L4 stage than Guangzhan63S at the same stage; no significant difference in chloroplast structure was found between G9 and Guangzhan63S at the L6 stage. We also performed the simple sequence repeat (SSR) haplotype analysis to map the gene(s) responsible for the albino phenotype. Our data revealed that the green‐revertible albino trait of G9 was controlled by a single recessive nucleic gene, named clbGZ, located between the indel markers of IDJ6 (0.16 cM) and IDJ12 (0.25 cM) on the rice chromosome 11.
Changes of Glutenin Subunits due to Water–Nitrogen Interaction Influence Size and Distribution of Glutenin Macropolymer Particles and Flour Quality
Authors: Li Yong , Yin Yanping , Zhao Qi , Wang Zhenlin
Published: October 2011

The composition of high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunit (HMW‐GS) and low‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunit (LMW‐GS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernel affects the size of glutenin macropolymer (GMP), which is considered the important flour quality traits in wheat. Three wheat cultivars with different end‐use quality were used to study the effects of water–nitrogen (W × N) management on relative HMW‐GS and GMP contents. Under irrigation, increased N levels promoted the accumulation of HMW‐ and LMW‐GS, GMP content, and the proportion of the larger particle of GMP, with higher yield and better end‐use quality. Under rainfed conditions, increased N fertilizer also increased protein content in the three cultivars. As opposed to ‘Gaocheng8901’, ‘Shannong1391’ and ‘Taishan23’ got higher HMW‐ and LMW‐GS contents and larger GMP particles, but reduced yields of both. Irrigation increased the yield markedly, the N application significantly affected the glutenin, but the W × N interaction was not significant. On one hand, increased N levels improved the dough development time by increasing the numbers of larger GMP particles and enhancing volume and surface area percentages on the other. It was suggested that the interaction was a complicated network and some individual effect might be important. When managing for wheat yield and quality, growers should first consider the water factor, then the N fertilizer factor to improve the end‐use quality of wheat.
Genetic Relatedness of Mexican Common Bean Cultivars Revealed by Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Blair Matthew W. , Díaz Lucy M. , Gill‐Langarica Homar R. , Rosales‐Serna Rigoberto , Mayek‐Perez Netzhahualcoyotl , Acosta‐Gallegos Jorge A.
Published: October 2011

Mexico has various types of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and a long history of breeding in multiple commercial classes. In this study, our goal was to evaluate a wide collection of commercial cultivars of common beans from Mexico, including Azufrado, Bayo, Flor de Mayo, Flor de Junio, Pinto, and black bean types, to discover their level of relatedness with 32 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Eight panels of end‐labeled fluorescent SSR loci were used in an automated detection system and 85% of loci were read. A total of 204 alleles were detected in the study, showing the diversity among the Mexican cultivars. Through population structure and principal components analyses, Andean and Mesoamerican genotypes as well as three subgroups within the Mesoamerican genepool were distinguished. The divisions corresponded to a group of Andean cultivars, two subgroups of the Durango–Jalisco (DJ) complex, and one group equivalent to race Mesoamerica. This latter race was much less diverse than the DJ complex and had little gene flow with other groups. This study shows the value of fluorescent SSR markers for evaluating commercial cultivars of common beans. Given the importance of Mexico as a primary center of origin for common beans, as a major market for the crop, and as the second largest producer in Latin America, this study has implications for the global evaluation of common bean cultivars.
Stable Quality Traits of Soft Winter Wheat under Nonlimiting Nitrogen Conditions
Authors: González‐Torralba Jon , Arazuri Silvia , Jarén Carmen , Arregui Luis M.
Published: October 2011

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) quality is determined by genotype and environment. The aim of this work was to find gluten proteins related to wheat quality independent of crop environment and under nonlimiting N conditions for wheat yield. Field experiments assessing the effect of N rate in soft winter wheat quality parameters were performed in three locations in Navarra (in northern Spain) during 5 yr with a randomized complete block design and four replications. The minimum N rate that produced maximum grain yield (Nop) was determined for each year. Grain samples from N treatments equal to or above Nop were milled. Gliadins and glutenins were extracted from white flour. They were separated into α plus β‐, γ‐, ω‐gliadins, high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS), and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW‐GS) and they were quantified by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). Although an increase in N fertilizer rate led to increases in gliadin and glutenin contents as well as dough strength and extensibility, environmental variability differentially affected the synthesis or polymerization of each gliadin and glutenin type. In terms of protein fractions, both HMW‐GS and LMW‐GS were determined to be the protein fractions best correlated to dough strength (R2 = 0.78) whereas γ‐gliadins were the best correlated to dough extensibility (R2 = 0.72) independent of N nutrition, environmental conditions, and water availability.
On Estimation of Genotypic Correlations and Their Standard Errors by Multivariate REML using the MIXED Procedure of the SAS System
Authors: Piepho Hans‐Peter , Möhring Jens
Published: October 2011

This paper explains a simple strategy to develop code for multivariate (multitrait) mixed‐model analysis using the MIXED procedure of the SAS System, when the corresponding univariate model has a simple variance components form. Such models are needed for estimating genotypic and phenotypic correlation among traits in plant breeding experiments, and they provide best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) of genetic effects which may be more accurate than univariate BLUP. We give some hints how to speed up computations, and it is shown how to obtain asymptotic standard errors of correlation estimates with little effort.
Confirmation of QTL Reducing Aflatoxin in Maize Testcrosses
Authors: Mayfield K. L. , Murray S. C. , Rooney W. L. , Isakeit T. , Odvody G. A.
Published: October 2011

Aflatoxins, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr, constrain maize (Zea mays) production in some regions. Difficulties in breeding resistance to this toxin make it a good target for quantitative trait locus (QTL) identification and molecular‐assisted breeding. Multiple QTL have been identified for aflatoxin resistance in inbred lines per se; however, it has not been determined if aflatoxin resistance QTL would be useful in hybrids or have deleterious pleiotropic effects. The objectives were to confirm the presence, in testcrosses, of QTL estimates previously identified in lines per se; estimate new QTL for reducing aflatoxin accumulations and agronomic traits in hybrids; and evaluate co‐localization of QTL that suggest pleiotropic effects with measured traits. Plant height, flowering time, starch, oil, and protein were also included in the analysis. Significant environment and genetic × environment interaction were detected for most traits. Heritability estimates were equivalent to those previously reported, and no meaningful correlations were detected between aflatoxin accumulation and other traits. Ninety‐three QTL were detected across 14 traits measured in five environments. Aflatoxin‐reducing QTL detected in per se analyses were detected in testcrosses on chromosome 1, with new QTL detected on chromosomes 3, 4, 8, and 9. Co‐localization of aflatoxin‐reducing QTL detected on chromosome 9 with QTL for silking date suggests a pleiotropic effect based on avoidance or agronomics and not a resistance QTL.
Molecular Analysis of Mutant Alleles for Elevated Palmitate Concentration in Soybean
Authors: De Vries Brian D. , Fehr Walter R. , Welke Grace A. , Dewey Ralph E.
Published: October 2011

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil with increased palmitate concentration may be useful for some food and industrial applications. Chemical mutagenesis was used to develop mutant alleles for elevated palmitate concentration that were designated as fap2(A21), fap4(A24), fap5(A27), fap6(A25), and fap7(A30) based on classical genetic analysis. The objective of our study was to determine whether the elevated palmitate phenotypes in any of these lines were associated with mutations in either of the two known 3‐ketoacyl‐ACP synthase II (KAS II) genes of soybean, GmKAS IIA and GmKAS IIB. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence analysis revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that differentiated mutant and wild‐type alleles in one of the GmKAS genes in lines A21, A25, A27, and A30 but not in A24. The identified SNPs resulted in nonconservative amino acid substitutions that were predicted to impair enzyme function. The fap2(A21) allele was associated with two consecutive SNPs within the GmKAS IIA gene, confirming its allelic relationship to fap2(C1727) that was known to have a mutant SNP within the same gene. The allele designated fap5(A27) also had a SNP within the GmKAS IIA gene, indicating that its designation should be changed to fap2(A27). The fap6(A25) and fap7(A30) alleles each contained a single SNP at different locations within the GmKAS IIB gene. We propose that the designation of the mutant allele in A25 remain fap6(A25) and that the allele in A30 be changed from fap7(A30) to fap6(A30).
Catalytic synthesis of warfarin acetals by using different heteropolyacid catalysts
Authors: Gharib Ali , Jahangir Manouchehr , Roshani Mina , Scheeren J. , Mohadeszadeh Sara , Bakhtiari Lida , Lagzian Shirin
Published: October 2011

Catalytic synthesis of warfarin acetals by using different heteropolyacid catalysts

In this research, we report on the synthesis of warfarin acetals by using Preyssler's anion, [NaP5W30O110]-14 and heteropolyacids (HPAs) catalysts. This reaction was performed using methanol and ethanol at reflux temperature conditions. Under these conditions we have excellent yields and high selectivity. Preyssler heteropolyacid catalyst were easily recycled recovery and reused without the loss of its catalytic activities. The synthesis of warfarin acetals has been achieved using the catalytic amounts of green, inexpensive and eco-friendly Keggin types heteropolyacids. The products were obtained in high yields.
Modified halloysite as a filler for epoxy resins
Authors: Legocka Izabella , Wierzbicka Ewa , Al-Zahari Talal , Osawaru Osazuwa
Published: October 2011

Modified halloysite as a filler for epoxy resins

The modification methods of halloysite and further applications of the modified mineral as a filler for epoxy resins have been presented. The advantage of ultrasound treatment prior to chemical modification with an organic compound in order to obtain a hybrid filler was confirmed. The analysis of the composites obtained with the use of the modified halloysite (3-5 wt.% range) as a filler for epoxy resins indicates an improved interphase interaction and mechanical properties in comparison to the composites based on neat halloysite.
Census of migrating raptors at Breginjski Stol (NW Slovenia) - the first confirmed bottleneck site in Slovenia
Authors: Denac Katarina
Published: October 2011

Census of migrating raptors at Breginjski Stol (NW Slovenia) - the first confirmed bottleneck site in Slovenia

From 4 to 31 May 2010, raptor migration was monitored daily between 9.00 and 17.00 hrs CET at Breginjski Stol (NW Slovenia). In all, 2,385 raptor passes were counted, belonging to at least 17 species that were divided into resident and migratory birds. Residents (n = 875 passes) foraged, bred or daily migrated over the area. Among them, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus was the most frequent species (n = 575 passes) with the largest observed group of 35 individuals on 26 May. In the morning, Griffon Vultures were flying from west to east in search of food, whereas in the afternoon they were returning in the opposite direction to their colony in Forgaria nel Friuli (Italy). Their numbers increased after 15 May, when Croatian Griffons joined those from Italy. Altogether, 1,510 individuals of migratory raptors were counted, belonging to at least nine species. Among them, Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus was the most common (1,368 ind., 90.6% of migratory raptors). The migration peak was reached on 14 May, with 552 individuals. Most raptors were seen migrating solitarily or in small flocks (2-4 ind.), whereas on five days (4, 7, 11, 13, 14 May) over 20% of all observed flocks were either medium-sized (5-15 ind.) or large (> 15 ind.). Raptors mostly migrated between 9.00 and 13.00 hrs. Taking into consideration several factors - short observation period and limited number of observation hours per day, overlooked raptors due to human- and topography-related causes, movements of observers between observation points, extremely bad weather and night migration of raptors - we estimate that the actual number of migratory raptors that passed Breginjski Stol in spring 2010 was 3,060-4,660 individuals. Thus, Breginjski Stol is the first confirmed bottleneck site of European importance for migratory raptors in Slovenia, as defined by BirdLife International IBA criterion B1iv, and a natural continuation of migratory pathways from northern Italy.
Polyaxial Figures of the Moon
Authors: İz H. , Ding X. , Dai C. , Shum C.
Published: October 2011

Polyaxial Figures of the Moon

This study investigates various models to represent the gross geometric shape of the Moon. Asymmetric polyaxial geometric models-namely three-, four- and six-axial lunar figure - are compared and contrasted with the axially symmetric three-axis ellipsoidal model derived from Chang'e 1 and SELENE laser altimetry data. All solutions confirm a hydrostatically stable lunar shape shifted with respect to the lunar center of mass by topography. Model solutions with increasing complexity offer additional information about the regional properties of the lunar topography. Solution statistics suggest that axially symmetric lunar figures and their center of figure parameters can be replaced by an equivalent asymmetric lunar shape centered at the center of mass of the Moon. Thus, using only three shape parameters, one can derive an "egg" shape that better accommodates the true geometry of the Moon.
Quality Estimates in Geoid Computation by EGM08
Authors: Sjüberg L.
Published: October 2011

Quality Estimates in Geoid Computation by EGM08

The high-degree Earth Gravitational Model EGM08 allows for geoid determination with a resolution of the order of 5'. Using this model for estimating the quasigeoid height, we estimate the global root mean square (rms) commission error to 5 and 11 cm, based on the assumptions that terrestrial gravity contributes to the model with an rms standard error of 5 mGal and correlation length 0:01° and 0:1°, respectively. The omission error is estimated to—0:7Δg [mm], where Δg is the regional mean gravity anomaly in units of mGal.

In case of geoid determination by EGM08, the topographic bias must also be considered. This is because the Earth's gravitational potential, in contrast to its spherical harmonic representation by EGM08, is not a harmonic function at the geoid inside the topography. If a correction is applied for the bias, the main uncertainty that remains is that from the uncertainty in the topographic density, which will still contribute to the overall geoid error.
Self-tuning run-time reconfigurable PID controller
Authors: Pelc Mariusz
Published: October 2011

Self-tuning run-time reconfigurable PID controller

Digital PID control algorithm is one of the most commonly used algorithms in the control systems area. This algorithm is very well known, it is simple, easily implementable in the computer control systems and most of all its operation is very predictable. Thus PID control has got well known impact on the control system behavior. However, in its simple form the controller have no reconfiguration support. In a case of the controlled system substantial changes (or the whole control environment, in the wider aspect, for example if the disturbances characteristics would change) it is not possible to make the PID controller robust enough. In this paper a new structure of digital PID controller is proposed, where the policy-based computing is used to equip the controller with the ability to adjust it's behavior according to the environmental changes. Application to the electro-oil evaporator which is a part of distillation installation is used to show the new controller structure in operation.
Durability and narrow pore size distribution (PSD) of carbons fabricated from Salix viminalis wood
Authors: Łukaszewicz Jerzy , Zieliński Krzysztof
Published: October 2011

Durability and narrow pore size distribution (PSD) of carbons fabricated from Salix viminalis wood

Microporous carbon molecular sieves of extremely narrow pore size distribution were obtained by carbonization of a novel raw material (Salix viminalis). The precursor is inexpensive and widely accessible. The pore capacity and specific surface area are upgradable by H3PO4 treatment without significant change of narrowed PSD. The dominating pore size indicates that these molecular sieves are a potential competitor to other nanoporous materials such as opened and purified carbon nanotubes.
Clinical Laboratory Method for Detection of IGHV Mutation Status in Patients with CLL Validated by Igblast and IMGT/V-QUEST
Authors: Lasabova Z. , Plank L. , Flochova E. , Burjanivova T. , Vanochova A. , Mihok L. , Ilencikova D.
Published: October 2011

Clinical Laboratory Method for Detection of IGHV Mutation Status in Patients with CLL Validated by Igblast and IMGT/V-QUEST

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent type of adult leukemia in Western countries. Recently, new molecular prognostic markers like 17p deletion, 11q deletion, 13q deletion, trisomy 12, the mutational status of the immunoglobulin variable heavy chain genes (IGHV) genes, expression of ZAP-70 and CD38 were identified as prognostically significant. The CLL patients with mutated IGHV have a more favorable prognosis while non-mutated cases with the mutation's number less than 2% compared to the germline sequence suffer from more aggressive diseases. Here, we describe a clinical laboratory method for the detection of the mutation status of IGHV in patients with CLL using reverse transcription PCR and dideoxysequencing, and the evaluation using two immunoglobulin databases IMGT/V-QUEST and IgBLAST. We analyzed 37 different clonal rearrangements in 35 patients. Using two different databases, we identified 13 mutated and 24 non-mutated clones. The most preferred subfamilies were VH1, VH3, and VH4. The CLLs using the subfamily 1-69 were all non-mutated. Unlike previous reports, there were no significant differences between the used databases observed. The clinical trials are already incorporating new prognostic molecular markers such IGHV mutational status, so it is important to use standardized clinical laboratory methods and databases for a reliable identification of the mutation status in CLL.
Malnutrition of Under-Five Children: Evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Siddiqi Md. Nure Alam , Haque Md. Nuruzzaman , Goni Md. Abdul
Published: October 2011

Objective: The objectives of this study are to describe the differentials and associated risk factors of malnutrition among under-five children in Bangladesh. Material & Methods: The data extracted from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS)-2007. Basic anthropometric variables were used for finding prevalence of anthropometric indices (stunting, wasting and under weight) to assess child’s nutritional statuses. Chi- Square test and Logistic Regression technique were used to find out the significant factors associated with child’s nutritional status. Results: The study results showed the high prevalence of stunting and underweight, for instance 42% and 40% of under-five children were stunted and underweighted respectively. The analyses of the study also revealed that household economic status, mother’s education, father’s education, mother’s antenatal visit (s), mother’s age at birth and mother’s BMI are the most significant factor /determinant s of child’s malnutrition. Conclusion: The magnitude of the Child’s malnutrition still is of great concern in Bangladesh. Significant association between maternal related factors and child’s nutritional status has been found in this study. For improving the nutritional status of children or for getting healthy babies the intervention program(s) must connect not only children but also newly mothers and prospective mothers. Key Words: Anthropometric measurement; Malnutrition; Stunting; Underweight; Wasting DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i2.3662 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 113-119
Chitin-Methacrylate: Preparation, Characterization and Hydrogel Formation
Authors: Khor Eugene , Wu Hong , Lim Lee Yong , Guo Chang Ming
Published: October 2011

Chitin-methacrylate (CM) was prepared by the reaction of methacrylic acid on chitin in 5% LiCl/DMAc in the presence of N,N’-dicyclocarbodiimide and dimethylaminopyridine. The resultant chitin-methacrylate product was isolated in 61% yield and was found to be readily water-soluble. The derivative was found to be a mixture of methacrylate and methacrylic-dimethylaminopyridine complex substituents at the C-6 position in approximately equal amounts. In order to evaluate the activity of the methacrylate double bond, a chitin-methacrylate water solution was photo-crosslinked in the presence of Irgacure 2959 photo-initiator to generate CM-hydrogel. The CM-hydrogel was evaluated for its biodegradability characteristics by enzymatic degradation with lysozyme solutions of varying concentrations. Completely water-soluble products were obtained within 48 h. In vitro cytotoxicity assays of the CM-hydrogel and its extract against three cell lines, NCTC clone 929, IMR-90 and MG-63, indicated the hydrogel was non-cytotoxic with cells able to adhere and proliferate well on the hydrogel.
Observations on the defences of roman forts in North Africa
Authors: Welsby D.A.
Published: October 2011

This article examines the evidence for the date of the extant defences of the legionary fortress at Lambaesis and the relationship of the gates at angle and interval towers to the defensive curtain. The dating of the porta praetoria on typological grounds is assessed in the light of other recent finds of gates of the same type elsewhere in the Empire. Analogies for the unusual towers of the portae principales and the angle towers are sought and an attempt is made to explain their form and function.
Le monument funéraire de Numisia Marcellina : problèmes de typologie
Authors: Ferchiou Naidé
Published: October 2011

To complete the study of Mme L. Ladjimi-Sebaï, is set the problem of the typology of the funerary monument of Numisia Marcellina. The funerary altar seems to have been let in the wall of an enclosure, and probably constituted the head of the wall, on the left of the entrance.
Afrique et Armorique. A propos d'une amphore d'Afrique du Nord mise au jour à Rennes
Authors: Galliou Patrick
Published: October 2011

Mise au jour dans l'une des nécropoles de Rennes, une petite amphore contenant un trésor de monnaies et de bijoux de la fin du IIIe siècle ap. J.C. appartient à un type relativement mal connu, sans doute produit en Tunisie. Elle témoigne d'échanges marginaux entre le Nord-Ouest de la Gaule et le Bassin méditerranéen.
L'armée romaine en Afrique : l'apport des inscriptions relevées par J. Marcillet-Jaubert
Authors: Dupuis Xavier
Published: October 2011

J. Marcillet-Jaubert, disparu en septembre 1987, avait copié ou révisé un grand nombre d'inscriptions trouvées en Algérie. Plusieurs d'entre elles, relatives à l'armée romaine, sont présentées ici. Elles permettent de compléter ou de préciser la documentation déjà très riche relative aux légats, aux officiers, aux soldats de tous grades et aux vétérans de la IIIe Légion Auguste et de ses unités auxiliaires. La révision des documents appelés « listes militaires » a notamment parfois permis d'en améliorer considérablement la lecture et la présentation, ajoutant de nouveaux noms ou patries de soldats, en corrigeant d'autres. Un examen attentif de ces inscriptions met surtout bien en évidence le fait que certaines d'entre elles ont été gravées en deux ou trois exemplaires au moins, qui présentent parfois des fautes ou des variantes non négligeables.
L. Domitivs Aurelianvs perpetuus imperator
Authors: Daguet Anne
Published: October 2011

A series of milestones, principaly african, qualifies the emperor Aurelian (270-275 A.D.) as perpetuus imperator. The study hereunder shows that the stones date from the end of the reign (274 nay 275), after Aurelian has restaured the unity of the Empire. This series, therefore, constitues a campaign of propaganda in honour of the prince, commandant in chief perpetualy victorious. The formula perpetuus imperator appears then for the first time and becomes at the end of the third and in the fourth century a usual element of the imperial titulature. The study of those inscriptions, besides, shows that there were some notable differences between the formularies, according as the stones come from Numidia (developped formulary) or from Africa Proconsularis (reduced formulary) ; it is, thereby, possible to bring some little rectifications to the frontier-line.
Convergent evolution of a symbiotic duet: The case of the lichen genus Polychidium (Peltigerales, Ascomycota)
Authors: Muggia Lucia , Nelson Peter , Wheeler Tim , Yakovchenko Lidia S. , Tønsberg Tor , Spribille Toby
Published: October 2011

• Premise of the study: Thallus architecture has long been a powerful guide for classifying lichens and has often trumped photobiont association and ascomatal type, but the reliability of these characters to predict phylogenetic affinity has seldom been tested. The cyanolichen genus Polychidium unites species that have strikingly similar gross morphology but consort with different photobiont genera. If Polychidium were found to be monophyletic, photobiont switching among closely related species would be suggested. If, however, species were found to arise in different lineages, a convergent body plan and ascomatal type evolution would be inferred.

• Methods: We tested the monophyly of Polychidium with a multilocus phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from all known Peltigeralean families and reconstructed ancestral states for specific thallus architecture and ascomatal ontogeny types relative to Polychidium and other clades.

• Key results: We found that Polychidium consists of two species groups that arose independently in different suborders within the Peltigerales, associated with Nostoc and Scytonema photobionts, respectively. We infer from ancestral character state reconstruction that dendroid thallus architecture evolved independently in these two lineages.

• Conclusions: The independent development of similar dendroid thallus architecture in different fungal suborders with different photobionts represents a clear and previously overlooked example of convergent evolution in lichens. Our results also suggest a pattern of character state conservation, loss, and reversion in ascomatal ontogeny types, hitherto considered conserved traits useful for higher level ascomycete systematics.
Cyclometalated Complexes of Ruthenium, Rhodium and Iridium as Catalysts for Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones and Imines
Authors: Pannetier Nicolas , Sortais Jean‐Baptiste , Issenhuth Jean‐Thomas , Barloy Laurent , Sirlin Claude , Holuigue Alexandre , Lefort Laurent , Panella Lavinia , de Vries Johannes G. , Pfeffer Michel
Published: October 2011

A library of organometallic compounds derived from primary and secondary amines cyclometalated by ruthenium(II), rhodium(III) and iridi‐ um(III) was tested in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of a number of ketones and imines. All compounds displayed high catalytic activity for the reduction of ketones under mild conditions. The most enantioselective catalysts were based on secondary amines containing two asymmetric carbon atoms bound to the nitrogen atom. For the reduction of aryl alkyl ketones [Ar(CO)R where R=CH3 or CH2R′] the cyclometalated ruthenium and rhodium derivatives of the (2R,5R)‐2,5‐diphenylpyrrolidine ligand displayed the best results with respect to activity and selectivity (ees up to 97%). However, for the reduction of aryl tert‐alkyl ketones [Ar(CO)R′′ in which R′′ is a tertiary alkyl group] the best catalyst was a ruthenium compound derived from bis[(R)‐1‐phenylethyl]amine, allowing the reduction of isobutyrophenone and cyclohexyl phenyl ketone which were both reduced with high enantioselectivities (ees up to 98%). This shows that the cyclometalated compounds have a high substrate specificity. In addition, acyclic and cyclic imines were reduced with good selectivities by both rhodium(III) and iridium(III) metalacycles built up with (2R,5R)‐2,5‐diphenylpyrrolidine.
The Roles of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Electrode Buffers in Efficient Polymer Photovoltaics
Authors: Jeng Jun‐Yuan , Lin Ming‐Wei , Hsu Yao‐Jane , Wen Ten‐Chin , Guo Tzung‐Fang
Published: October 2011

The role of poly(ethylene oxide) polymer is investigated as an effective buffer with Al electrodes to markedly improve the electrode interface and enhance the open‐circuit voltage (VOC) and the power conversion efficiency (PCE, η) of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)‐based bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. A unique process is developed by thermally co‐evaporating the poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDE, Mn ca. 2000) polymer with Al metal simultaneously at different ratios in vacuum (10−6 Torr) to prepare the electrode buffers. The instant formation of a carbide‐like junction at the ethylene oxide/Al interface during the thermal evaporation is of essential importance to the extraction of electrons through the Al electrode. The performance of P3HT:PCBM‐based solar cells can be optimized by modulating the co‐evaporation ratios of the PEGDE polymer with Al metal due to the changes in the work functions of the electrodes. The VOC and η for devices fabricated with Al electrode are 0.44 V and 1.64%, respectively, and significantly improve to 0.58 V and 4.00% when applying the PEGDE:Al(2:1)/Al electrode. This research leads to a novel electrode design – free of salts, additives, complicated syntheses, and having tunable work function – for fabricating high‐performance photovoltaic cells.
ftz Evolution: Findings, hypotheses and speculations (response to DOI 10.1002/bies.201100019)
Authors: Heffer Alison , Löhr Ulrike , Pick Leslie
Published: October 2011

In a recent paper, Merabet and Hudry discuss models explaining the functional evolution of fushi tarazu (ftz) from an ancestral homeotic to a pair‐rule segmentation gene in Drosophila. As most of the experimental work underlying these models comes from our research, we wish to reply to Merabet and Hudry providing an explanation of the experimental approaches and logical framework underlying them. We review experimental data that support our hypotheses and discuss misconceptions in the literature. We emphasize that the change in ftz function required changes in both expression pattern and protein function and review the evidence that these functional changes involved a switch in cofactor‐interaction motifs during arthropod radiations. While agreeing with Merabet and Hudry that protein context likely contributes to Ftz function, we argue that until supporting evidence for alternative mechanisms is obtained, the role of cofactor‐interaction motifs in driving a functional switch remains compelling.
Facile Access to the Pnictocenium Ions [Cp*ECl]+ (E=P, As) and [(Cp*)2P]+: Chloride Ion Affinity of Al(ORF)3
Authors: Kraft Anne , Beck Jennifer , Krossing Ingo
Published: October 2011

The pnictocenium salts [Cp*PCl]+[μCl]− (1 a), [Cp*PCl]+[ClAl(ORF)3]− (1 b), [Cp*AsCl]+[ClAl(ORF)3]− (2), and [(Cp*)2P]+[μCl]− (3), in which Cp*=Me5C5, μCl=(FRO)3AlClAl(ORF)3, and ORF=OC(CF3)3, were prepared by halide abstraction from the respective halopnictines with the Lewis superacid PhF→Al(ORF)3.1 The X‐ray crystal structures of 1 a, 2, and 3 established that in the half as well as in the sandwich cations the Cp* rings are attached in an η2‐fashion. By using one or two equivalents of the Lewis acid, the two new weakly coordinating anions [μCl]− and [ClAl(ORF)3]− resulted. They also stabilize the highly reactive cations in PhF or 1,2‐F2C6H4 solution at room temperature. The chloride ion affinities (CIAs) of a range of classical strong Lewis acids were also investigated. The calculations are based on a set of isodesmic BP86/SV(P) reactions and a non‐isodesmic reference reaction assessed at the G3MP2 level.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Thorium(IV) Sulfates.
Authors: Knope Karah E. , Wilson Richard E. , Skanthakumar S. , Loderholm L.
Published: October 2011

The structures of Th(SO4)2 (H2O)7·2H2O [see CI 2011‐42‐017], (II) and (III) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot β‐Chloro‐N′‐tosylamidination of Olefins with Chloramine‐T.
Authors: Murali Annamalai , Sen Suman Kumar , Baskaran Sundarababu
Published: October 2011

The synthetic potential of the products is shown by the stereoselective synthesis of imidazoline (V) and diamine (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphites as Ligands in Ruthenium‐Benzylidene Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis.
Authors: Schmid Thibault E. , Bantreil Xavier , Citadelle Cecilia A. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Cazin Catherine S. J.
Published: October 2011

A novel ruthenium phosphite complex is prepared and efficiently applied as catalyst in ring closing metatheses of alkenes (I), (III), and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound‐Promoted Ligand‐Free Heck Reaction in Water.
Authors: An Guanghui , Ji Xiaoyun , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi
Published: October 2011

The title reaction is found to be sensitive for both base and solubilizer.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Peroxides: Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Malononitrile and Cyanoacetic Ester Derivatives by tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide at the α‐Position.
Authors: Terent'ev Alexander O. , Borisov Dmitry A. , Semenov Vsevolod V. , Chernyshev Vladimir V. , Dembitsky Valery M. , Nikishin Gennady I.
Published: October 2011

Optimized conditions allow the preparation of the desired title compounds from either dinitriles (I) or cyanoesters (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfoxide‐Mediated α‐Arylation of Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Huang Xueliang , Maulide Nuno
Published: October 2011

The α‐arylation of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with aryl sulfoxides (II) proceeds smoothly in the absence of transition metal catalysts, only by use of triflic anhydride of trifluoroacetic anhydride as activating agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Aziridination of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Deiana Luca , Dziedzic Pawel , Zhao Gui‐Ling , Vesely Jan , Ibrahem Ismail , Rios Ramon , Sun Junliang , Cordova Armando
Published: October 2011

The procedure can be applied to aliphatic and aromatic enals, α‐substituted‐α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes and α,β‐disubstituted‐α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes giving trans‐aziridines in high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel MgI2‐Mediated Unusual Dimerization—Spirocyclopropanation of Bromo Isomerized Morita—Baylis—Hillman Adduct of Isatin: A Facile Synthesis of 3‐Spirocyclopropane‐2‐oxindole Derivatives.
Authors: Lingam Kandapalam Arun Prasath , Mandal Asit Baran , Shanmugam Ponnusamy
Published: October 2011

Treatment of bromides (I) and (IV) with MgI2 results in an unusual dimerization to yield functionalized cyclopropanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Carbazoles and 1,2‐Dihydrocarbazoles by Domino “Twofold Heck/6π‐Electrocyclization” Reactions of Di‐, Tri‐, and Tetrabromoindoles.
Authors: Hussain Munawar , Toguem Serge‐Mitherand Tengho , Ahmad Rasheed , Tung Dang Thanh , Knepper Ingo , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: October 2011

Dihydrocarbazoles are synthesized by two‐fold Heck/ 6π‐electrocyclization at 120°C and are transformed by Pd/C‐catalyzed dehydrogenation into the corresponding carbazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Antimicrobial Activities of New (Cyano‐NNO‐azoxy) Pyrazole Derivatives.
Authors: Boschi Donatella , Guglielmo Stefano , Aiello Stefania , Morace Giulia , Borghi Elisa , Fruttero Roberta
Published: October 2011

Treatment of nitroso derivatives (I) with a mixture of cyanamide (II) and (diacetoxy)iodobenzene yields the azoxycyano derivatives (III), probably through the intermediate formation of cyanonitrene.
ChemInform Abstract: IBX‐Mediated One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzimidazoles from Primary Alcohols and Arylmethyl Bromides.
Authors: Moorthy Jarugu Narasimha , Neogi Ishita
Published: October 2011

The process is successful for both substrate types in the presence of only 1.1—1.5 equiv.
ChemInform Abstract: NbCl5‐Catalyzed, Solvent‐Free, One‐Pot Synthesis of Coumarins.
Authors: Gao Shu‐Tao , Li Chao , Wang Yanen , Ma Jing‐Jun , Wang Chun , Zhang Jing‐Wen
Published: October 2011

Niobium(V) chloride is found to be an efficient catalyst for the Pechmann condensation reaction between phenols and β‐keto esters leading to coumarin derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: First SNAr Reaction Using TDAE‐Initiated Carbanions in Quinazoline Series.
Authors: Since Marc , Khoumeri Omar , Verhaeghe Pierre , Maillard‐Boyer Martine , Terme Thierry , Vanelle Patrice
Published: October 2011

Treatment of o‐nitrobenzyl chlorides with TDAE results in formation of carbanions which undergo SNAr reaction with 4‐chloroquinazolines bearing trihalomethyl substituents to give the substituted derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Method for Synthesis of Thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidine Derivatives in a One‐Pot Procedure.
Authors: Singh Sukhdeep , Schober Andreas , Gebinoga Michael , Gross G. Alexander
Published: October 2011

Careful α‐bromination of ketones with elemental bromine and direct addition of pyrimidine‐2‐thiones and triethylamine renders possible a direct two‐step one‐pot synthesis of the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Difluoromethylphosphonamidates by Direct Addition of Amine.
Authors: Aliouane Lucie , Rigaud Baptiste , Pfund Emmanuel , Jean Ludovic , Renard Pierre‐Yves , Lequeux Thierry
Published: October 2011

Lithiation of phosphonate (I) and direct addition of primary and secondary amines affords the title compounds as model compounds for prodrugs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Atom‐Economic Synthesis of Imidazoles with Chalcogenophosphoryl Substituents via Free‐Radical Addition of Secondary Phosphine Chalcogenides to 1‐Vinylimidazoles.
Authors: Gusarova Nina K. , Malysheva Svetlana F. , Belogorlova Nataliya A. , Parshina Lidiya N. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: October 2011

The process affords the corresponding anti Markovnikov adducts in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoluminescent Selenospirocyclic and Selenotetracyclic Derivatives by Domino Reactions of Amines and Imines.
Authors: Singh Vijay P. , Singh Harkesh B. , Butcher Ray J.
Published: October 2011

The reaction of selenides (I) with bromine and subsequent treatment of the brominated intermediate with Et3N leads to novel photoluminescent selenospirocycles (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Autocatalytic Formation of Fluorinated Ferrocenophanes from 1,1′‐Bis(trifluorovinyl)ferrocene.
Authors: Roemer Max , Lentz Dieter
Published: October 2011

The Negishi reaction of 1,1′‐diiodoferrocene (I) with trifluorovinylzinc chloride (II) leads to fluorinated derivative (III) in high yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Revision of Phomopsin B, a Novel Polyketide Carrying a 10‐Membered Cyclic‐Ether Ring.
Authors: Izuchi Yuko , Koshino Hiroyuki , Hongo Yayoi , Kanomata Nobuhiro , Takahashi Shunya
Published: October 2011

The oxecine structure (I), proposed for phomopsin B, does not match with the spectral data of the natural product.
ChemInform Abstract: Flavonoids from Daphne aurantiaca and Their Inhibitory Activities Against Nitric Oxide Production.
Authors: Liang Shuang , Tian Jun‐Mian , Feng Yi , Liu Xiao‐Hua , Xiong Zhi , Zhang Wei‐Dong
Published: October 2011

Three new flavonoids, daphnotin A (I), daphnotin B (II) and 3′′‐epi‐dihydrodaphnodrin B (III), are isolated together with 29 known flavonoids.
ChemInform Abstract: Laser Surface Modification for Corrosion Protection
Authors: Liu Zhu , Viejo Fernando , Coy Ana , Rahkes Mohsen , Aburas Zakria
Published: October 2011

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Materials Design Through Mechanochemical Processing
Authors: Senna Mamoru
Published: October 2011

Review: 112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Oxidation, Ketone‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation of Alkenes and Synthetic Applications
Authors: Shi Yian
Published: October 2011

Review: 250 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic One‐Pot Production of Small Organics rom Polysaccharides
Authors: Verendel J. Johan , Church Tamara L. , Andersson Pher G.
Published: October 2011

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoalignment and Photoinduced Molecular Reorientation of Photosensitive Materials
Authors: Kawatsuki Nobuhiro
Published: October 2011

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis Methods of (1‐Aminocyclopropyl)phosphonic Acids
Authors: Gulyukina N. S. , Makukhin N. N. , Beletskaya I. P.
Published: October 2011

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein Modification by Strain‐Promoted Alkyne—Azide Cycloaddition
Authors: van Hest Jan C. M. , van Delft Floris L.
Published: October 2011

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Generated Chiral Quaternary Ammonium (Hypo)iodite Catalysis: Enantioselective Oxidative Cyclizations
Authors: Uyanik Muhammet , Ishihara Kazuaki
Published: October 2011

Review: 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Polymerizations of Polysaccharides
Authors: van der Vlist Jeroen , Loos Katja
Published: October 2011

Review: 287 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Precision Polysaccharide Synthesis Catalyzed by Enzymes
Authors: Kadokawa Jun‐ichi
Published: October 2011

Review: 320 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Functionalization of 4‐Substituted Quinazolines as Kinase Templates
Authors: Harris Craig S. , Hennequin Laurent , Morgentin Remy , Pasquet Georges
Published: October 2011

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Reduction of Nitrogen‐Based Heteroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Wang Da‐Wei , Zhou Yong‐Gui , Chen Qing‐An , Wang Duo‐Sheng
Published: October 2011

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Mono‐dinitromethyl‐1,3,5‐triazine Salts
Authors: Bakharev Vladimir V. , Gidaspov Alexander A. , Zalomlenkov Vladimir A. , Nazarova Irina S. , Palatova Yuliya T.
Published: October 2011

Review: 12 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanobiodevices for Genome Analysis, Proteome Analysis, and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Baba Yoshinobu
Published: October 2011

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transforming Ligands into Transcriptional Regulators: Building Blocks for Bifunctional Molecules
Authors: Hoejfeldt Jonas W. , Van Dyke Aaron R. , Mapp Anna K.
Published: October 2011

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: DNA Templated Photonic Arrays and Assemblies: Design Principles and Future Opportunities
Authors: Su Wu , Bonnard Vanessa , Burley Glenn A.
Published: October 2011

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Journey Through 12 Years of Interacting Molecules: From Artificial Amino Acid Receptors to the Recognition of Biomolecules and Switchable Nanomaterials.
Authors: Schmuck Carsten
Published: October 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Evaluation of Peptide‐Bond Isosteres
Authors: Choudhary Amit , Raines Ronald T.
Published: October 2011

Review: ca. 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Reaction Analysis of Ketones Reduction Using NaBH4/MeOH
Authors: Teshima Takao
Published: October 2011

Review: 16 refs.
Synthesis, growth, morphology and characterization of ferroelectric glycine phosphite single crystals
Authors: Devi K. Renuka , Srinivasan K.
Published: October 2011

Glycine phosphite (NH3CH2COO.H3PO3), a potential ferroelectric material, was grown as single crystals from aqueous solutions by slow evaporation and slow cooling methods. Laboratory synthesized title compound was purified by recrystallization method and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and Laser Raman studies. Temperature dependent solubility in double distilled water in the range between 288 and 328 K was determined by gravimetric method. Morphological importance of various growth faces were studied by optical goniometry. Powder x‐ray diffraction study performed on the grown crystals confirms the crystal system and lattice parameters of the unit cell. Optical transparency of the grown crystals in the ultraviolet–visible ‐near infrared region was studied by spectroscopic method. Thermal stability of the grown crystals in the temperature region above ambient until melting was studied using differential scanning calorimetry. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thickness and substrate orientation dependence of ferromagnetism in Mn doped ZnO thin films
Authors: Gopalakrishnan N. , Balakrishnan L. , Brindha A. , Jayalakshmi G.
Published: October 2011

The effect of film thickness and substrate orientation on ferromagnetism in Mn doped ZnO thin films have been studied. The Mn doped ZnO films of different thickness (15, 35 and 105 nm) have been grown on both Si (100) and Si (111) substrates. The structural, electrical, optical, elemental and magnetic properties of the films have been investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Hall Effect measurements, photoluminescence (PL), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. It is found that all the properties are strongly influenced by the film thickness and substrate orientation. The XRD analysis confirmed that the formation of high quality monophasic hexagonal wurtzite structure for all the grown films. The room temperature VSM measurements showed that the films of lower thickness have better ferromagnetism than that of the thicker films grown on both the substrates. Among the lower thickness films, the film grown on Si (111) substrate has higher saturation magnetization (291×10‐5 emu cm‐3) due to high density of the defects. The observed ferromagnetism has been well justified by XRD, Hall measurements and PL. The presence of Mn atoms in the film has been confirmed by EDS. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)