bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The continuity of colour, design, art, and science. I. The philosophy of the total appearance concept and image measurement
Authors: Hutchings John
Published: June 2007

Appearance images play a large part in directing and controlling human behavior. Such images are of different types, but all have their origins in the physics and design of the scene. the Total Appearance concept traces events leading to the formation of four image types. the approach is designed to embrace all scenes from the manufactured product, to interior design, to the performing and fine arts. This article represents an attempt to emphasize the continuity of science and art, helping practitioners of these traditionally disparate disciplines work together to achieve a greater understanding and control of the visual images we create and manage in our crowded world. Communication between designer and technologist can be based on a quantitative understanding of the basic perceptions of form, colour, translucency, gloss, and movement. Central to this is the understanding and use of colour. Rather than attempt an exhaustive treatment, an outline of the principles involved is given. In this way, the general application and breadth of the approach, as well as the integrated nature of the philosophy, can be better appreciated. Both scientist and nonscientist have much to contribute to the understanding of Total Appearance. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
The continuity of colour, design, art, and science. II. Application of the total appearance concept to image creation
Authors: Hutchings John
Published: June 2007

The philosophy of the Total Appearance concept and its application to the measurement of scenes have been described in Part I of this article. The part played by the concept in the creation of images is now outlined with respect to six real scenes. Widely different types of scenes are described in terms of the images that might be engendered in the perceiver. The sources of these images are traced in terms of the properties of the scene and the characteristics of the perceiver. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Locating basic colours in the munsell space
Authors: Sturges Julia , Whitfield T. W. Allan
Published: June 2007

This experiment extends the work of Boynton and Olson by providing a replication of their OSA studies, but using the Munsell system. It aims to define the location of the eleven basic surface colours within Munsell space using a monolexemic colour naming technique, and to improve sampling from the red and neutral regions. A comparison of the Munsell and OSA results reveals that while the centroids obtained using the two systems correspond reasonably well, the Munsell focal samples have a much higher saturation than their OSA counterparts. This is undoubtedly due to the more restricted range of the OSA system and calls into question the status of the focal samples previously identified. the existence of Berlin and Kay's eleven basic colour categories is confirmed and their locations identified within Munsell colour space.
Puzzling colours
Authors: Claessen J. P. , Overbeeke C. J. , Smets G. J. F.
Published: June 2007

Previous research has shown the effects of hue and lightness on judgments of perceived size. Findings are that red stimuli appear larger than blue ones, and that lighter stimuli seem to be larger than darker ones. Applicability of these results in product or interface design is limited, since the size‐effect of colour has not been studied in relation to the user's task. In this article, the effect of colour on perceived fit between objects is studied in a puzzle task. Subjects are asked to select a peg fitting to a hole. the response mode is varied by pointing or actually handling the pegs, feedback being only available in the latter condition. A comparison between colour appearance is made by using surface (real puzzle) and self‐luminous colours (computer screen). the hypotheses are that red pegs that are too small are chosen more often than blue ones, and that lighter coloured pegs that are too small are chosen more often than darker pegs. In the real puzzle task, perceived fit is not influenced by hue but is influenced by brightness when using a fluorescent colour. Hypotheses on the effects of hue and brightness are both confirmed when judging self‐luminous colours on a computer screen.
Self‐Assembly of Dimeric MnIII–Schiff‐Base Complexes Tuned by Perchlorate Anions
Authors: Bermejo Manuel R. , Fernández M. Isabel , Gómez‐Fórneas Esther , González‐Noya Ana , Maneiro Marcelino , Pedrido Rosa , Rodríguez M. Jesús
Published: June 2007

The synthesis and structural and spectroscopic characterisation of 12 manganese(III)–Schiff‐base complexes of the formula [MnLn(H2O/CH3OH)2](ClO4)(mH2O) (m = 0, 1) are described. The multidentate H2Ln and H4Ln Schiff‐base ligands were obtained by condensation of different diamines (1,2‐diaminoethane, 1,2‐diamino‐2‐methylethane, 1,2‐diamino‐2,2‐dimethylethane, 1,3‐diamino‐2,2‐dimethylpropane) and 2,3‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3‐methoxy‐2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde or 3‐ethoxy‐2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde. The crystal structures of H2L3 and H4L10 ligands were solved by X‐ray crystallography, revealing their ability to bind metal centres. Recrystallisation of complexes 2 and 8 from methanol yielded single crystals of [MnL2(H2O)2](ClO4) and [MnL8(H2O)2](ClO4). Their X‐ray characterisation shows a tetragonally elongated octahedral geometry for the manganese coordination sphere, formed by the chelation of the N2O2 donor set of the inner compartment of the Schiff base to the equatorial plane of the octahedron and by the binding of two water molecules in the axial positions. The octahedron entities are linked in pairs by μ‐aquo bridges between neighbouring axial water molecules and also by π–π stacking interactions, establishing dimeric structures. Perchlorate anions are accommodated in the cavities of the framework and form hydrogen bonds with the aqua ligands, leading to infinite spirals of the complexes generated by a screw axis along a. Moreover, the peroxidase activity of the crystallographically solved complexes 2 and 8, studied in the presence of the water‐soluble trap ABTS, agrees with the predicted rate according to the activity/rhombicity correlation.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis and Characterization of a Gold Complex Containing [SbPh]2– and [SbPh2]– Anions as Bridging Ligands
Authors: Fenske Dieter , Rothenberger Alexander , Wieber Stephan
Published: June 2007

The synthesis and structural characterization of the gold antimony complex [Au8(SbPh)2(SbPh2)4(PEt3)6] (1) is reported. Complex 1 can be obtained by the reaction of [AuCl(PEt3)] with a mixture of PhSb(SiMe3)2 and Ph2(SbSiMe3) in presence of the bidentate phosphane ligand dppm [dppm = bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane]. Complex 1 consists of a distorted heterocubic central [Au6Sb2] unit connected to two annulated five‐membered rings on two opposite edges. The AuI ions show weak aurophilic interactions and are bridged by [SbPh]2– and [SbPh2]– anions. Despite the high oxidation potential of AuI, the reaction mixtures and crystals are surprisingly stable. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
On familiarity and recall of events by rats
Authors: Eacott Madeline J. , Easton Alexander
Published: June 2007

Memory for a previously experienced event such as seeing a particular object can involve either a sense of familiarity for the object or of recall for seeing the object on a particular occasion. In humans, it has been claimed that recall and familiarity can be selectively impaired as they are based on dissociable neural systems. However, most tasks used to test memory in nonhuman animals use recognition memory tasks, in which successful performance can be based entirely on familiarity cues. Without the means to selectively investigate recall and familiarity in nonhuman animals, it has until recently proved difficult to dissociate the neural basis of these processes, and their very existence as separable entities has been questioned. Here we discuss a number of studies from our laboratory in which we have developed tasks that require recall and contrast these with recognition memory tasks that can be performed using familiarity alone. We use these tasks to begin to unravel familiarity and recall in the rat and the underlying neural bases of these processes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal modulation of locomotor activity induced by focal activation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the core of the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Rouillon Christophe , Abraini Jacques H. , David Hélène N.
Published: June 2007

The locomotor effects of intra‐NAcc injection of dopamine receptor agonists following discrete lesion or inhibition of the DH or the VH have been poorly investigated using only the indirect dopamine receptor agonist amphetamine. In the present study, we investigated how lidocaine in the DH or the VH modulated hyperlocomotion induced by focal injection into the NAcc core of the selective D1‐like receptor agonist, SKF 38393, or coinjection of SKF 38393, and the selective D2‐like receptor agonist, LY 171555; the latter pharmacological condition being required for the full expression of the postsynaptic effects of D2‐like receptor agonists, and recognized to produce a locomotor response mainly mediated by D2‐like postsynaptic receptors. Rats were given the D1‐like receptor agonist SKF 38393 alone or in combination with the D2‐like receptor agonist LY 171555 into the NAcc core, and lidocaine into the DH or the VH. Then, locomotor activity was recorded. Focal injection into the NAcc core of SKF 38393 alone or in combination with LY 171555 resulted in an increase of locomotor activity. Administration of lidocaine into the DH further potentiated the increase in locomotor activity induced by activation of D1‐like receptors or co‐activation of D1‐like and D2‐like receptors in the NAcc core. Administration of lidocaine into the VH also potentiated the increase in locomotor activity induced by D1‐like receptor activation, but decreased that produced by co‐activation of D1‐like and D2‐like receptors in the NAcc core. Taken together, these results suggest that under lidocaine‐free conditions the DH may exert a tonic inhibitory modulation on hyperlocomotion mediated by D1‐like and D2‐like postsynaptic receptors in the NAcc core, while the VH may exert a tonic inhibitory on hyperlocomotion mediated by D1‐like receptors and a tonic facilitatory control on hyperlocomotion mediated by D2‐like postsynaptic receptors. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prefrontal‐hippocampal‐fusiform activity during encoding predicts intraindividual differences in free recall ability: An event‐related functional‐anatomic MRI study
Authors: Dickerson B.C. , Miller S.L. , Greve D.N. , Dale A.M. , Albert M.S. , Schacter D.L. , Sperling R.A.
Published: June 2007

The ability to spontaneously recall recently learned information is a fundamental mnemonic activity of daily life, but has received little study using functional neuroimaging. We developed a functional MRI (fMRI) paradigm to study regional brain activity during encoding that predicts free recall. In this event‐related fMRI study, ten lists of fourteen pictures of common objects were shown to healthy young individuals and regional brain activity during encoding was analyzed based on subsequent free recall performance. Free recall of items was predicted by activity during encoding in hippocampal, fusiform, and inferior prefrontal cortical regions. Within‐subject variance in free recall performance for the ten lists was predicted by a linear combination of condition‐specific inferior prefrontal, hippocampal, and fusiform activity. Recall performance was better for lists in which prefrontal activity was greater for all items of the list and hippocampal and fusiform activity were greater specifically for items that were recalled from the list. Thus, the activity of medial temporal, fusiform, and prefrontal brain regions during the learning of new information is important for the subsequent free recall of this information. These fronto‐temporal brain regions act together as a large‐scale memory‐related network, the components of which make distinct yet interacting contributions during encoding that predict subsequent successful free recall performance. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro approaches to evaluate palytoxin‐induced toxicity and cell death in intestinal cells
Authors: Valverde I. , Lago J. , Vieites J. M. , Cabado A. G.
Published: June 2007

Palytoxin isolated from the genus Palythoa is the most potent marine toxin known. The aim of the present study was to quantify palytoxin‐induced cellular injury in the human intestinal cell line Caco‐2. Cellular damage was measured by evaluating cell proliferation, cell membrane permeability, cell morphology and apoptotic markers. Furthermore, changes in F‐actin were studied after exposure of cells to increasing amounts of palytoxin. The results show that cell proliferation decreased in a concentration‐dependent manner with a mean IC50 value of about 0.1 nM. A noticeable increase of cell detachment correlated with cell rounding and F‐actin depolymerization was observed in palytoxin‐treated cells. Moreover LDH was released from the cells in a dose and time dependent manner, although under these conditions there was no propidium iodide uptake. On the other hand, palytoxin impaired mitochondrial activity but other apoptotic markers, such as DNA fragmentation or caspases activation, were not observed. The results obtained in this paper suggest that the effects of palytoxin in Caco‐2 cells were very potent and unspecific, since a primary necrosis and a secondary apoptosis seem to occur under these conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychotherapy in Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Kumaraswamy N.
Published: June 2007

Clinical psychologists face unique challenges in developing Southeast Asian countries because mental health care has not received the kind of attention it deserves. In part, this has been the result of lack of knowledge or misunderstanding about mental health and adherence to various religious and traditional beliefs. In this article, the practice of psychotherapy in Brunei Darussalam is reviewed and then illustrated with a typical case, Mrs. A Asian psychotherapists need more comprehensive knowledge of prevailing cultural beliefs and religious practices among multiethnic population groups. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 735–744, 2007.
Psychotherapy in Iran: A case study of cognitive‐behavioral family therapy for Mrs. A
Authors: Khodayarifard M. , Rehm Lynn P. , Khodayarifard Saba
Published: June 2007

Family plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of depression. It has also been shown that cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) can be effective in treating depression. The prominent role of family in Iranian culture makes the application of CBT in family context preferable. In this article, we describe the evolution of psychotherapy in Iran and illustrate it through a case of CBT family therapy for Mrs. A. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 745–753, 2007.
Community and political involvement in adolescence: What distinguishes the activists from the uninvolved?
Authors: Pancer S. Mark , Pratt Michael , Hunsberger Bruce , Alisat Susan
Published: June 2007

What distinguishes adolescents who are active in community and political life from those who are not? In an attempt to answer this question, students in their last years of secondary school completed a measure of community and political activities, along with measures of parent and peer interactions, identity development, and adjustment. Cluster analysis of activities reported in the questionnaire identified 4 distinct groupings of adolescents: Activists (who had high levels of involvement in a wide range of political and community activities); Helpers (who were involved in helping individuals from their communities but not in political activities); Responders (who responded to but did not initiate helping or political activities); and Uninvolved adolescents. Comparisons revealed several differences among the groups in terms of parent and peer interactions, identity development, and adjustment, with the Activists and Helpers showing more frequent discussions with parents and peers, more advanced identity development, and better adjustment than the Responders and Uninvolved adolescents. Results are discussed with regard to the role that family and peers may play in fostering adolescents' community and political involvements and the relationship between involvement and the development of adolescent identity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 741–759, 2007.
Civic participation and the development of adolescent behavior problems
Authors: Vieno Alessio , Nation Maury , Perkins Douglas D. , Santinello Massimo
Published: June 2007

This study assessed the links between civic participation and adolescent behavior problems (bullying, physical fighting, and alcohol and tobacco use), and whether civic engagement could be a moderator of the negative effects of parent/family detachment. Participants were 7,097 11‐, 13‐, and 15‐year‐olds (48.6% girls) in a region of Northern Italy. Twenty percent were involved in some level of civic participation, the majority of which was faith‐based. Results showed that adolescents who are involved in civic associations reported slightly less fighting and alcohol and tobacco use, but this relationship varies by sex, age, detachment from parents and family, and the frequency of adolescent participation. For the sample as a whole, a U‐shaped relationship was found between civic participation and behavior problems, with the fewest behavior problems associated with moderate frequency of participation (1 to 4 times per week). The expected hypothesis that civic participation moderates the relationship between parent/family detachment and problem behaviors was suggested only for 15‐year‐old girls but not for younger girls or for boys. Implications for preventive interventions are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 761–777, 2007.
Synthesis of a Novel Bifunctional Photoinitiator: Hybrid Coatings on Polycarbonate
Authors: Kahraman Memet Vezir , Kayaman‐Apohan Nilhan , Akdemir Zumrut Seden , Boztoprak Yalçin , Güngör Atilla
Published: June 2007

The objective of this study was to synthesize a new bifunctional photoinitiator by the reaction between 1‐hydroxy‐cyclohexyl‐phenyl‐ketone and 3‐isocyanato propyl trimethoxysilane (ICPTMS) and examine its capability in the photoinitiation process comparing it with the unmodified photoinitiator. This new photoinitiator also acts as a coupling agent for inorganic and organic phases. Therefore, its effect on the physical and mechanical properties of UV‐curable transparent organic‐inorganic hybrid coatings was investigated. The presence of the new bifunctional photoinitiator and TEOS, increased the abrasion resistance and also improved the hardness of the polymeric films.

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Monodomain Liquid Crystal Main Chain Elastomers by Photocrosslinking
Authors: Beyer Patrick , Terentjev Eugene M. , Zentel Rudolf
Published: June 2007

A new synthetic strategy for the preparation of macroscopically oriented smectic main chain liquid crystal elastomers (MC‐LCE) by the photocrosslinking of laterally functionalized polyesters is presented. X‐ray measurements proved the formation of the monodomain and allowed a quantitative determination of the order parameter. The thermo‐actuation of our material at the phase transition from the liquid‐crystalline to the isotropic phase was demonstrated by temperature dependent measurements of the sample length, showing a fully reversible shape change of ≈40%. Mechanical measurements showed that the sample can be stretched by up to 60% along the smectic layer normal without any reorientation of the structure, in contrast to earlier experiments and theoretical predictions. The results are discussed in the context of limited smectic layer correlation in different types of smectic materials.

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New york's model housing code
Authors: Newman Bernard J.
Published: June 2007

Mr. Newman is a stern critic of the Model Housing Code recommended by the New York state board of housing.
Do business men want good government?
Authors: Dimock Marshau E.
Published: June 2007

Dr. Dimock questions whether they do but believes that they should.
Administrative reorganization in Cincinnati
Authors: Bennett Emmett L.
Published: June 2007

Cincinnati's new administrative code is a marvel in simplicity. Number of departments is reduced to four, with jive independent non‐departmental staf ofies. Power is vested in manager to organize subdiwisions and bureaus.
Irregularities in custody of state funds in Missouri
Authors: Faust Martin L.
Published: June 2007

Failure of a county bank holding state deposits reveals irregular practices for which the state treasurer denies responsibility. Governor's suspension of treasurer as prowided by law declared uncowditutional. Weaknesses in Missouri's treasury system.
Why not a tax disarmament conference?
Authors: Crosser C. A.
Published: June 2007

The lime has come to organize the tax reduction advocates. Tax spenders have received too much attention.
American citizenship and Australian election methods
Authors: Stratton Ira W.
Published: June 2007

Since Aiutralia adopted compulsory voting for commonwealth electirms the percentage of eligibles voting has averaged well over 90 percent. Is the system applicable to the United States?
Administrative reorganization in maine
Authors: Hormell Orren C.
Published: June 2007

Maine promises to be the next addition to the honor roll of states which have simplified and modernized their administrative structure.
American governors since 1915
Authors: Solomon Samuel R.
Published: June 2007

This study was suggested by an article which appeared i n the NATIONAL MUNICIPAL REVIEW in November, 1927, which covered the governors from 1900 to 1910. Since 1910, the office of governor has increased in importance and new powers have been added, so that it is not surprising that the conclusions of this study do not agree entirely with those of the November, 1927, article.
How the teletype aids New Jersey police work
Authors: Murnake J. E.
Published: June 2007

New Jersey state police are well pleased with their new teletype system, the effectiveness of which increases as more and more cities and counties tie in with it.
Pennsylvania moves to modernize election code
Authors: Maris Albert B.
Published: June 2007

Pennsylvania's election machinery is founded on an act passed in 1839. It is obsolete in almost every respect. It is an invitation to fraud, as the records show.
San Francisco approves plan for consolidation with san mateo county
Authors: Campion Alfred H.
Published: June 2007

The scheme for a consolidated government for San Francisco and San Mateo County, approved by the voters of San Francisco, will now be presented to the voters of the county.
Public power and the people of Nebraska
Authors: Lancaster Lane W.
Published: June 2007

The pros and cons of Nebraska's new power act designed to aid municipal electric light plants.
The political sabotage of the Cleveland municipal light plant
Authors: Husselman R.
Published: June 2007

The plant has been „sabotaged,”︁ writes Mr. Husselman, not by willful violence, but by failure to expand iik size and market as modern conditions dictate.
The bonded debt of 257 cities as at January 1, 1931
Authors: Rightor C. E.
Published: June 2007

Mr. Rightor's ninth annual tabulation and analysis of City debts.
Detroit feeds its Hungry
Authors: Lovett William P.
Published: June 2007

Detroit has been appropriating more than $1,500,000 per month for public relief. Approximately 45,OOO families have been on the relief roll for more than a year. But politics and fraud have marred the record.
How indianapolis combines poor relief with public work
Authors: Book William H.
Published: June 2007

The emergency work committee i n cooperation with public officials finds useful public work for those needing unemployment relief.
Brain muddle in Chicago
Authors: Simpson Herbert D.
Published: June 2007

Chicago's financial difficulties no longer spring from mere squabbles of politicians but involve conficts of economic interests of various tax paying and moneylending groups.
State centralization in north Carolina
Authors: Wager Paul W.
Published: June 2007

Secure greater efficieny in administration, the state has assumed historic county functions, involving shift in tax base away from general property.
How magistrates' courts defile justice
Authors: Ervin Spencer
Published: June 2007

The auther of the report on the Magistrates' Courts of Philadelphia exposes their workings. It is the duty of the Bar to assume leadership in reform.
Wisconsin asks „how good is your town?”︁
Authors: Wlliams Aubrey W.
Published: June 2007

Using carefdlg prepared appraisal fomzp, Wisconsin communities take stock of their government facilities and services.
The value of community planning
Authors: Morrow Dwight W.
Published: June 2007

A few days before his death Senator Morrow delivered the following address before a dinner in Trenton held under the auspices of the Engineers' Club for the presentation of the County Plan to the people of Mercer County, New Jersey. Senator Morrow had no opportunity to correct the stenographic report of his remarks which are here reproduced, but REVIEW readers will recognize in them an inspiring argument for city, county and regional planning by me whose broad understanding of public aJairs makes his passing a national calamity.
American cities and the business depression
Authors: Bird Frederick L.
Published: June 2007

Assessed valuations rising or stationary, lower general property taxes exceptional. tax delinquency increasing, little resort yet to wage reduelions, many cities showing insuficient degree of foresight and good management.
A plea for the regulation of the power industry
Authors: Cooke Morris Llewellyn
Published: June 2007

The advantages to be derived from improved public control of the power industry as compared with public ownership.
Citizens' committee supervises expenditure of St. Louis bond issue
Authors: Lawrence F. E.
Published: June 2007

A citizens' bond issue supervisory committee successfully cooperates with the city government in the expenditure of an $87,000,000 bond issue.
Berlin's new government
Authors: Norden Walter
Published: June 2007

The law of 1920 which set up a metropolitan government for Greater Berlin was revised last March to provide greater centralization of executive power. The posiEion of chief burgomaster is strengthened.Municipal Jinances and public utilities raise perplexing questions.
Utica battles for the manager plan
Authors: Laves Walter H. C.
Published: June 2007

But ineffective citizens' organization bows before efficient election day tactics of political machine.
Citizen responsibility under the manager plan
Authors: Hickok Clifton E.
Published: June 2007

Without organization the friends of good government are no match for professional politicians.
My town—what can i do to boost its credit?
Authors: Smith Rose E.
Published: June 2007

Prize‐winning essay in National Municipal League's high school contest.
My town—what can i do to boost its credit?
Authors: Smelo Leon S.
Published: June 2007

Prize‐winning essay in National Municipal League's university student contest.
The worries of 1500 city officials
Authors: Baumes Harold I.
Published: June 2007

New sources of revenue and financial administration problems turn hair of city fathers gray these days.
Annual appraisal of municipal reports
Authors: Ridley Clarence E.
Published: June 2007

Berkeley, Cal., heads list with rating of 95; Cincinnati and Wichita next.
Turning knowledge into votes
Authors: White William Allen
Published: June 2007

Telling voters what the experts know; step towards expert government.
Causes and effects of deterioration in municipal credit
Authors: Linen John S.
Published: June 2007

A banker reviews our municipal financial troubles and suggests remedies.
The advance of rational liquor legislation
Authors: Gulick Luther
Published: June 2007

Secretary of the National Municipal League Committee on Liquor Legislation reports progress.
The federal government recognizes the cities
Authors: Merriam Charles E.
Published: June 2007

Why the future city must place its reliance on the nation and not the state.
Missouri fumbles liquor control
Authors: Heinberg J. G.
Published: June 2007

A state law that complicates city enforcement.
Campaign promises—before and after
Authors: Leonard J. M.
Published: June 2007

Political fare would improve if we made candidates eat their own words.
Housing under the new deal
Authors: Milar John H.
Published: June 2007

Citizen leadership needed if housing is to secure the attention it deserves.
Philadelphia's bar primary
Authors: Reinhold F. L.
Published: June 2007

How one machine ridden city seeks to improve its judiciary by professional endorsement of candidates.
Public bodies and the P. W. A
Authors: Waite Henry
Published: June 2007

The “New Deal” creates new municipal opportunities.
Requirements of new state liquor laws
Authors: Laine Elizabeth , Gulick Luther
Published: June 2007

A report by the National Municipal League Committee on Liquor Legislation.
Still the United States
Authors: Mott Rodney L.
Published: June 2007

Suggesting that states still have many indispensable functions.
A home rule experiment in texas
Authors: Beck Walter
Published: June 2007

New county charters are forward steps in self‐government.
The bonded debt of 254 cities as at January 1, 1934
Authors: Rightor C. E.
Published: June 2007

Majority of cities reduce indebtedness, but net per capita debt increases.
Internships in practical government
Authors: Wingo Otis T.
Published: June 2007

Laboratory training in the practical operations of government planned for students of political science.
Washington and the cities: 1934
Authors: Betters Paul V.
Published: June 2007

Depression binds federal and municipal governments in a new and closer relationship.
Overhauling state revenue systems
Authors: Walker Mabel L.
Published: June 2007

Numerous reforms suggested for tax revision.
Missouri reorganizes its administrative structure
Authors: Short Lloyd M.
Published: June 2007

State‐wide campaign for economy results in the passage of laws which permit more effective direction and control of administration.
Wisconsin's broadcasting system
Authors: Woolpert Elton D.
Published: June 2007

Radio proves a strong link between the public and its government.
Reducing school bills by consolidation
Authors: Little Harry A.
Published: June 2007

Reorganization of school attendance units recommended as economy measure.
The problem of special assessments
Authors: Hackett Robert Phillip
Published: June 2007

Wise managemest and accurate accounting needed for successful operation of assessment funds.
Economic recovery and the public employee
Authors: Cline Denzel C.
Published: June 2007

Public employees first to suffer and last to benefit by changing level in the cost of living.
The county manager plan proves itself
Authors: Cottrell Edwin A. , Spicer George W. , Rankin Robert S.
Published: June 2007

Reports from California, Virginia, and North Carolina, where the plan is in actual operation.
County home rule: Pro and con
Authors: Bromage Arthur W. , Porter Kirk H.
Published: June 2007

Presenting two sides of an important question on county government.
City‐county consolidation
Authors: Reed Thomas H.
Published: June 2007

Another problem, the solution of which may depend on regenerating county government.
Significance of public utilities a modern municipality
Authors: Dykstra C. A.
Published: June 2007

Recognition of the fact that utilities and consumers are necessary to each other should help to smooth the difficulties between them.
The work or the federal Power commission
Authors: Manly Basil
Published: June 2007

Development and use of water power has been greatly increased by Uncle Sam's power guardian.
Electric utilities in the depression
Authors: Cray John H.
Published: June 2007

Electric companies have weathered the storm and experienced little suffering during the past few years.
New York utility legislation 1934
Authors: Palmer Winthrop
Published: June 2007

Consumer the victor in legislative fight between utilities and Governor.
How municipal lighting plants survive hard times
Authors: Bird Frederick L.
Published: June 2007

Publicly owned electric utilities have materially assisted their owner‐cities by low rates and contributions to tax relief and other current expenses.
Tax free cities
Authors: Bartlett Louis
Published: June 2007

Shall cities finance themselves from profits of publicly owned utilities.
Requisites of effective public ownership
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

Comprehensive survey needed in every state for the establishment of a definite utility program.
Forty years of progress in municipal affairs
Authors: Seasongood Murray
Published: June 2007

President's report, delivered at the fortieth annual meeting of the National Municipal League, held November 26 and 27, at Pittsburgh, Pa.
A greater city
Authors: Dykstra C. A.
Published: June 2007

Constructive planning needed to make the city of the future a fit place in which to live.
Rehousing the slum dweller is not enough
Authors: Rosahn Beatrice Greenfield
Published: June 2007

Rehabilitation of the tenant as well as the building he occupies must be included in batter housing plans.
The story of New York in interest rates
Authors: Zukerman T. David
Published: June 2007

Significant reflection of bad and good administration in bond market costs city's taxpayers unnecessary millions.
Comparative tax rates for 261 cities, 1934
Authors: Rightor C. E.
Published: June 2007

Slight increase in average tax rate offset by reduction in assessed valuations.
A Kriging‐based error‐reproducing and interpolating kernel method for improved mesh‐free approximations
Authors: Shaw Amit , Bendapudi Shravan , Roy D.
Published: June 2007

An error‐reproducing and interpolating kernel method (ERIKM), which is a novel and improved form of the error‐reproducing kernel method (ERKM) with the nodal interpolation property, is proposed. The ERKM is a non‐uniform rational B‐splines (NURBS)‐based mesh‐free approximation scheme recently proposed by Shaw and Roy (Comput. Mech. 2007; 40(1):127–148). The ERKM is based on an initial approximation of the target function and its derivatives by NURBS basis functions. The errors in the NURBS approximation and its derivatives are then reproduced via a family of non‐NURBS basis functions. The non‐NURBS basis functions are constructed using a polynomial reproduction condition and added to the NURBS approximation obtained in the first step. In the ERKM, the interpolating property at the boundary is achieved by repeating the knot (open knot vector). However, for most problems of practical interest, employing NURBS with open knots is not possible because of the complex geometry of the domain, and consequently ERKM shape functions turn out to be non‐interpolating. In ERIKM, the error functions are obtained through localized Kriging based on a minimization of the squared variance of the estimate with the reproduction property as a constraint. Interpolating error functions so obtained are then added to the NURBS approximant. While enriching the ERKM with the interpolation property, the ERIKM naturally possesses all the desirable features of the ERKM, such as insensitivity to the support size and ability to reproduce sharp layers. The proposed ERIKM is finally applied to obtain strong and weak solutions for a class of linear and non‐linear boundary value problems of engineering interest. These illustrations help to bring out the relative numerical advantages and accuracy of the new method to some extent. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why do developing country anti‐corruption commissions fail to deal with corruption? Understanding the three dilemmas of organisational development, performance expectation, and donor and government cycles
Authors: Doig Alan , Watt David , Williams Robert
Published: June 2007

The article reviews aspects of the literature on public sector organisational development in developing countries, and on Anti‐Corruption Agencies or Commissions (ACC), to set the context for its empirical research into five African countries' ACCs1. This argues that ACCs are as likely to be affected by the same problems as any other public sector institution, but the approaches taken by donors and the consequential expectations on performance fail to recognise this.

The article further argues that, in addition to these two dilemmas relating to the conditions necessary to promote organisational development and performance expectation––organisational continuity––of ACCs, a third dilemma––differing cycles of donor and government activity––also poses problems for that development.

This has practitioner and policy relevance. With multilateral and bilateral donors still continuing to establish ACCs as the lead agency to address corruption there is a need to address the future organisational development of existing ACCs as well as using the lessons from the performance of such ACCs to provide the continuity for new ACCs to be capable of dealing with corruption. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The agencies visited were those with a responsibility for addressing corruption: the Anti‐Corruption Bureau (ACB) in Malawi; the Inspectorate of Government (IG), Uganda; the Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ) and the Serious Fraud Office (SFO), Ghana; the Anti‐Corruption Commission (ACC), Sierra Leone; the Prevention of Corruption Bureau (PCB), Tanzania; the Anti‐Corruption Commission (ACC), Zambia. The authors would like to thank the staff for their cooperation; the views in the article are solely those of the authors. Part of the field research was for a U4 research project.
Fetal pleural effusion
Authors: Rustico Maria Angela , Lanna Mariano , Coviello Dario , Smoleniec John , Nicolini Umberto
Published: June 2007

Fetal pleural effusion, a nonspecific accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, is an uncommon anomaly which can be associated with aneuploidy and a range of other structural malformations or genetic syndromes. Spontaneous resolution is not rare and confers a good prognosis. Perinatal outcome is better for those fetuses without hydrops than those presenting with hydrops. A detailed review of the literature indicates that, for fetuses with persistent effusions, in utero intervention (repeated thoracocentesis, intrauterine shunting and pleurodesis) may improve the chances of survival. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fully automated FISH examination of amniotic fluid cells
Authors: Wauters Jan , Assche Elvire Van , Antsaklis Aristidis , Tepperberg James , Sharp S. Michael , Kilpatrick Michael W. , Tafas Triantafyllos , Tsipouras Petros
Published: June 2007

Objective Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis has become a valuable adjunct in cytogenetics, providing a rapid screen for common chromosome abnormalities that is particularly helpful in prenatal diagnosis. FISH analysis using standard microscopy is expensive and labor intensive, requiring both a high skill level and subjective signal interpretation. A reliable fully automated system for FISH analysis could improve laboratory efficiency and potentially reduce errors and costs.

Methods The efficacy of an automated system was compared to standard manual FISH analysis. Two sets of slides were generated from each of 152 amniotic fluid samples. Following hybridization with a standard panel of five chromosome FISH probes, one set of slides was evaluated using manual microscopy. The other set was evaluated using an automated microscopy system.

Results A diagnostic outcome was obtained for all 152 samples using manual microscopy and for 146 of 152 (96%) samples using automated microscopy. Three cases of aneuploidy were detected. For those samples for which a diagnostic outcome was determined by both manual and automated microscopy, 100% concordance was observed. All FISH analysis results were confirmed by karyotype.

Conclusion These data suggest that an automated microscopy system is capable of providing accurate and rapid enumeration of FISH signals in amniocytes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isovalent impurity‐vacancy complexes in germanium
Authors: Chroneos A.
Published: June 2007

Electronic structure simulations are used to predict the structures and relative energies of clusters formed between isovalent impurities and lattice vacancies in germanium and for comparison in silicon. The structures and relative energies of a series of different carbon‐vacancy complexes in germanium are considered. The technique is also used to predict the effect of carbon atoms on the binding of tin‐vacancy pairs in germanium. For germanium and silicon different configurations containing carbon, tin and vacancies are stable. The calculations highlight important differences in the stability of clusters in germanium compared to silicon. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dilute nitride Ga(NAsP)/GaP‐heterostructures: toward a material development for novel optoelectronic functionality on Si‐substrate
Authors: Kunert B. , Volz K. , Stolz W.
Published: June 2007

The current status of the development of the novel dilute nitride Ga(NAsP)/GaP for the monolithic integration of optoelectronic functionality to Si is summarized from the concept, design and epitaxial optimization to the verification of direct energy gap and the realization of electrical injection laser devices at room temperature. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Physics, growth, and performance of (In,Ga)As–AlP/InP quantum‐cascade lasers emitting atλ< 4 μm
Authors: Masselink W. Ted , Semtsiv Mykhaylo P. , Dressler Sebastian , Ziegler Mathias , Wienold Martin
Published: June 2007

The design strategy and performance for short wavelength (λ⪅ 4 μm) quantum‐cascade lasers (QCLs) is discussed. The QCLs are based on strain‐compensated AlAs–In0.73Ga0.27As heterostructures grown using gas‐source molecular‐beam epitaxy on InP substrates. Both composite barriers based on AlAs–In0.55Al0.45As and composite wells based on In0.73Ga0.27As–In0.55Al0.45As are used to achieve laser emission at wavelengths as short as 3.05 µm by avoiding leakage from the upper laser state into either the higher‐lying miniband or into indirect states within the heterostructure. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Naturally occurring tyrosinase inhibitors: mechanism and applications in skin health, cosmetics and agriculture industries
Authors: Parvez Shoukat , Kang Moonkyu , Chung Hwan‐Suck , Bae Hyunsu
Published: June 2007

Tyrosinase is a copper‐containing enzyme, which is widely distributed in microorganisms, animals and plants and is a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis, involved in determining the color of mammalian skin and hair. In addition, unfavorable enzymatic browning of plant‐derived foods by tyrosinase causes a decrease in nutritional quality and economic loss of food products. The inadequacy of current conventional methods to prevent tyrosinase action encourages researchers to seek new potent tyrosinase inhibitors for food and cosmetics.

This article presents a study on the importance of tyrosinase, biochemical characteristics, type of inhibitions, activators from various natural sources with its clinical and industrial importance in recent prospects is discussed in this paper. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of Desmodium gangeticum fractions in carrageenan‐induced inflamed rats
Authors: Govindarajan R. , Vijayakumar M. , Rao Ch. V. , Shirwaikar A. , Kumar Santhosh , Rawat A. K. S. , Pushpangadan P.
Published: June 2007

Flavonoid and alkaloid fractions of Desmodium gangeticum were evaluated for antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities in carrageenan‐induced inflamed rats with the aim of studying the promising fraction for inhibitory action on ferrous sulphate induced lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and total reduced glutathione in liver and spleen homogenates of inflamed rats. The results showed that the flavonoid fraction of D. gangeticum possesses potent antioxidant activity compared with the alkaloid fraction and also with respect to the standard drug indomethacin, in terms of augmentation of the liver and spleen SOD, CAT and GPX activities, concomitant with a reduction in lipid peroxidation (TBARS). In addition, the quantification of caffeic and chlorogenic acid in the flavonoid fraction has also been carried out using HPLC, which can be utilized as a marker compound in the standardization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes in the development of hypogonadal osteoporosis in an ovariectomized rat model: possible phytoestrogenic efficacy of oil extract of garlic to preserve skeletal health
Authors: Mukherjee M. , Das A. S. , Das D. , Mukherjee S. , Mitra S. , Mitra C.
Published: June 2007

This study was to examine whether skeletal health deterioration in the hypogonadal situation is a consequence of an alteration in the functional status of peripheral mononuclear cells and its amelioration, if any, by an oil extract of garlic. The results suggest that hypogonadism‐induced oxidative stress of peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes could be reduced by supplementation with an oil extract of garlic. However, estrogen deficiency did not cause any significant change in DNA fragmentation of peritoneal macrophages. The hypogonadism‐induced increase in the serum levels of IL‐6 and TNF‐α were significantly reduced by an oil extract of garlic. Further, such supplementation could revive the hypogonadism‐induced decrease in serum estrogen titer and counter‐balance the increase in bone turnover as determined by low bone tensile strength and alterations in bone related biochemical variables such as urinary calcium, hydroxyproline, calcium to creatinine ratio and serum tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity (TRAP). The garlic oil supplemented partial recovery of the serum estrogen titer in hypogonadal rats was found to be persistently associated with reduced oxidative stress of peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes, reduced serum interleukins and better preservation of bone mass. This study proposes that the hypogonadism‐induced bone loss has a direct correlation with the functional status of lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages, and garlic can prevent this. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Vitro cytotoxic activity of some Korean medicinal plants on human cancer cell lines: enhancement in cytotoxicity by heat processing
Authors: Yoo Hye Hyun , Park Jeong Hill , Kwon Sung Won
Published: June 2007

The goal of this study was to examine the in vitro antiproliferative activity of crude methanol extracts of three traditional Korean medicinal plants: Achyranthes fauriei, Epimedium koreanum Nakai and Scutellaria baicalensis before and after heat processing. The extracts were screened for antitumoral potential by means of an MTT assay on four human cancer cell lines: lung cancer cells (Lu1), colon cancer cells (Col2), oral epidermoid carcinomas (KB) and hormone‐dependent prostate cancer cells (LNCaP). None of the extracts showed significant activity against any of the cancer cell lines. However, after treatment with steam, the processed Achyranthes fauriei extract exhibited a slight, but enhanced cytotoxic activity against all four of the cancer cell lines. The processed Scutellaria baicalensis extract exerted a potent cytotoxic activity against the Lu1 cell line in a specific manner with an IC50 value of 14.3 µg/mL. The Epimedium koreanum extract showed no cytotoxic effects against any of the cancer cell lines with or without heat processing. These results suggest that the heat processing of medicinal plants represents a possible route to the development of antitumor agents. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.