bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a Novel Ourmia-Like Mycovirus Infecting Magnaporthe oryzae and Implications for Viral Diversity and Evolution
Authors: Li Chang Xin , Zhu Jun Zi , Gao Bi Da , Zhu Hong Jian , Zhou Qian , Zhong Jie
Published: March 2019

Here, the molecular characterization of a novel mycovirus that was isolated from a phytopathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and designed as Magnaporthe oryzae ourmia-like virus 4 (MOLV4) is reported. MOLV4 has a genome that is 2497 bp long and possesses a single open reading frame (ORF), which encodes the product RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Sequence similarities were found between the MOLV4 encoded RdRp and the counterparts of a few previously reported ourmia-like mycoviruses. Virus-curing and biological comparison indicate that the virus has no or mild effects on the morphology and mycelium growth rate of the host fungus. Phylogenetic analysis using the RdRp aa sequences was performed. The results show that MOLV4 is clustered with the ourmia-like mycoviruses, forming a clade closely related to ourmiaviruses but distinct from narnaviruses. In addition, database searches revealed that several MOLV4-related sequences are present in the transcriptome shotgun assembly (TSA) library, expressed sequence tag database (ESTdb), whole-genome shotgun (WGS) library, and genomic survey sequences (GSS) libraries of a few other species of eukaryote organisms. Our results show that MOLV4, together with other similar ourmia-like mycoviruses, might represent a virus clade that links the plant ourmiaviruses and fungal narnaviruses and has a wide range of hosts.
Quantitative Assessment Model for the Effects of Drought Mitigation on Regional Agriculture Based on an Expectation Index of Drought Mitigation Effects
Authors: Zhang Yuliang , Jin Juliang , Jiang Shangming , Ning Shaowei , Zhou Yuliang , Wu Zhiyong
Published: March 2019

The extent of water deficit and drought loss mitigation, through human activities such as defense, mitigation, and resistance to drought risk, is revealed by its effects on agriculture. To analyze the distribution regularities of the effects of drought mitigation on agriculture and to provide better insight on drought mitigation actions, an expectation index of drought mitigation effects (EDRE) was formulated based on the definitions of the drought system. The crop yield when no drought mitigation measures were implemented was calculated via tests and simulations, and expectations of drought-related yield loss with and without drought mitigation measures (EDRL and EDRM, respectively) were calculated in the drought loss risk assessment model. Then, a quantitative assessment model for the effects of drought mitigation on regional agriculture was built. Using a case study from the Huaibei Plain in the Anhui Province of China, it was found that drought mitigation effects decrease gradually from North to South. Moreover, small values of drought mitigation effects correspond to large EDRM and small EDRL values. It is necessary to urgently improve drought mitigation measures in locations where EDRE is small and EDRL is large, or where EDRE is small and EDRM is large. The main drought mitigation measures were identified through correlation analysis. Additionally, the adaptation of drought mitigation measures to local conditions leads to a spatial distribution regularity.
Diversity of Bacteria in Lakes with Different Chlorophyll Content and Investigation of Their Respiratory Activity through a Long-Term Microcosm Experiment
Authors: Karayanni Hera , Macingo Sofia C. , Tolis Vasilis , Alivertis Dimitrios
Published: March 2019

Bacterial community structure and metabolism are critical factors for ecosystem functioning since they affect remineralization of nutrients and carbon flow. We used Illumina sequencing of 16SrRNA V3-V4 regions to investigate whether bacterial assemblage composition differs between four samples from two lakes in the geographic region of Epirus (Greece) characterized by distinct oligotrophic to eutrophic/hypereutrophic conditions as revealed by chlorophyll-a values. We found high similarity (>60%) for bacterial assemblages recovered from the two lakes when eutrophic/hypereutrophic conditions prevailed. Distinct bacterial communities appeared in oligotrophic and mesotrophic waters. Low temperature was occasionally an important factor in shaping the bacterial community. In parallel, microcosm experiments were performed to estimate respiration rates of bacterioplankton at in situ temperature and under a 2 °C temperature increase scenario. Differently assembled communities were found to display similar rates except under hypereutrophic conditions when respiration increased significantly, leading to hypoxic conditions. Temperature increase did not affect respiration rates. Overall this study indicated a clear differentiation of bacterial communities between sites of different trophic state. However, different communities responded similarly under a specific range of chlorophyll-a values and resisted small scale temperature perturbations. Different results were found for hypereutrophic conditions and this has implications for ecosystems functioning, given the increasing occurrence of eutrophication events.
Statistical Assessment of Rainfall Characteristics in Upper Blue Nile Basin over the Period from 1953 to 2014
Authors: Samy Abeer , G. Ibrahim Mona , Mahmod Wael Elham , Fujii Manabu , Eltawil Amr , Daoud Waled
Published: March 2019

Investigating the trends of hydro-meteorological variables and checking its variability are of great importance for water resources management and development in the River Nile basin. The present study aimed to analyze the rainfall variability and trends in the Upper Blue Nile Basin (UBNB) over a period from 1953 to 2014. Variability analysis showed that the basin has been suffering from variable rainfall events causing severe droughts and floods over different years. According to precipitation concentration index calculations, the basin had irregular and strong irregular rainfall distribution over the annual and dry seasons, while the basin had a uniform and moderate rainfall distribution during the rainy season and small rainy season. For the total annual rainfall, Mann–Kendall test indicated that, for the eastern central part of the basin, a significant increasing trend of 12.85 mm/year occurred over the studied period, while, for the southwestern part of the basin, a significant decrease of 17.78 mm/year occurred. For the rainy season, a significant increasing trend over the northeastern and eastern central parts of the basin with the magnitude of 3.330–12.625 mm/year occurred. Trend analysis was applied on the monthly averaged rainfall over the whole basin and revealed that July and August are the most contributors of rainfall to the basin with 23.32% and 22.65%. Changing point assessment revealed that at Lake Tana outlet there is a decreasing of the rainfall of 17.7% after 1977 that matched with the trend analysis results. The data and results contained herein provide updated information about the current situation in the UBNB. The results can be used to predict future precipitation and estimate the uncertainty in future precipitation prediction models.
An Analysis of Consumer Incentives in Support of Electric Vehicle Uptake: An Australian Case Study
Authors: Broadbent Gail Helen , Metternicht Graciela , Drozdzewski Danielle
Published: March 2019

Transitioning from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to innovative technologies, including electric vehicles (EVs), can be a crucial pathway to reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and other negative externalities arising from fossil-fueled cars used for personal transport. Government action to correct insufficient market incentives has been essential in countries working to enhance EV acceptance; however, to date in Australia, there has been little government support to enact EV uptake. This paper identifies barriers and incentives to EV adoption in Australia through a survey of pro-environmental motorists, including an experimental component to test information provision influences on attitude change. Results evidence that wide ranging factors influence vehicle choice including EVs. Purchase barriers are focused on lack of a comprehensive recharge network and high EV purchase price. Factors encouraging fully EV uptake showed affordable price (56%) increased vehicle range (26%) and an adequate recharge network (28%) were mentioned most often; only 13% specifically indicated environmental regard as influential. Information provided about EVs increased the likelihood of positive attitudes towards EV purchase and decreased uncertainty about the technology. Recommendations arising from this research could be considered by laggard countries that, like Australia, have yet to take significant action to encourage transition to EVs.
Nutlin-3-Induced Sensitization of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Stem Cells to Axitinib-Induced Apoptosis Through Repression of Akt1/Wnt Signaling
Authors: Wang Meng , Wang Xin , Li Yuan , Xiao Qiang , Cui Xiao-Hai , Xiao Guo-Dong , Wang Ji-Chang , Xu Chong-Wen , Ren Hong , Liu Dapeng
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential biological activities of nutlin-3 in the regulation of growth and proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) stem cells (CSCs), which may help in sensitizing to axitinib-induced apoptosis. Nutlin-3 induction of p53 expression
was used to test its role in controlling the cell division pattern and apoptosis of NSCLC cells. A549 cells and H460 cells were pretreated with nutlin-3 and then treated with either an Akt1 activator or shRNA-GSK3β, to investigate the potential role of p53 sensitization in the biological
effects of axitinib. We also determined the expression levels of GSK3β and p-Akt1 in patients with NSCLC and determined their potential association with survival data using Kaplan‐Meier plots and CBIOTAL. Increased p53 expression stimulated the induction of apoptosis by axitinib
and promoted asymmetric cell division (ACD) of NSCLC CSCs. The repression of Akt phosphorylation induced by nutlin-3 promoted the ACD of lung CSCs, decreasing the proportion of the stem cell population. In addition to the induction of apoptosis by axitinib through inhibition of Wnt signaling,
nutlin-3 treatment further enhanced axitinib-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Akt1/GSK3β/Wnt signaling. The low expression of GSK3β and increased expression of p-Akt in patients with NSCLC were closely associated with the development of NSCLC. TP53 stimulates the induction of apoptosis
in NSCLC by axitinib and the ACD of lung CSCs through its regulatory effects on the p53/Akt/GSK3β pathways.
Distinction in Locals' Support for a Major and Mega-Event: Case of Expo 2020 Dubai and Grand Prix F1
Authors: Valek Nataša Slak
Published: March 2019

The purpose of the present research is to examine and explain any possible variance in the perception of local Emiratis towards hosting a major and a mega-event in the preevent phase. The Grand Prix Formula One was considered as a major event, which is organized yearly in Abu Dhabi.
The EXPO Dubai 2020 was considered as an example of a one-time mega-event. Data of Emirati nationals living in UAE were collected in person in the fall 2016. A self-administered questionnaire was developed that consisted of tourism perception, negative and positive impacts of the events, and
individual support for the events. The questionnaire was adjusted to each event and N = 360 were collected for EXPO 2020 Dubai and N = 533 were received for the Grand Prix F1 Abu Dhabi questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and t tests were used to identify differences
in participants' perception of the events. Results show that significant differences exist in locals' perspectives towards a major and mega-event, especially in perceptions of positive impacts and individual support. UAE residents have never experienced a mega-event such as EXPO or Olympics
organized on their soil, which means they do not know exactly what to expect. The perceived impacts of EXPO might be different after the first experience. Thus, the present research opens more questions, which may be considered for a future research. This work contributes to knowledge base
and it confirms a need to specifically and independently approach by size different events.
Efficacy and Safety of Combined Androgen Blockade with Antiandrogen for Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Yang Y. , Chen R. , Sun T. , Zhao L. , Liu F. , Ren S. , Wang H. , Lu X. , Gao X. , Xu C. , Sun Yinghao
Published: March 2019

Background: Combined androgen blockade (CAB) is a promising treatment modality for prostate cancer (PCA). In the present meta-analysis, we compared the efficacy and safety of first-line CAB using an antiandrogen (AA) with castration monotherapy in patients with advanced PCA. Methods: PubMed, embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTS) published through 12 December 2016. Hazard ratios (HRS) with 95% confidence intervals (CIS) were determined for primary outcomes: overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Subgroup analyses were performed for Western compared with Eastern patients and use of a nonsteroidal AA (NSAA) compared with a steroidal AA (SAA). Results: Compared with castration monotherapy, CAB using an AA was associated with significantly improved OS (n = 14; HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.84 to 0.97; p = 0.003) and PFS (n = 13; HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.80 to 1.00; p = 0.04). No significant difference in OS (p = 0.71) and PFS (p = 0.49) was observed between the Western and Eastern patients. Compared with castration monotherapy, CAB using a NSAA was associated with significantly improved OS (HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.82 to 0.95; p = 0.0009) and PFS (HR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.73 to 0.98; p = 0.007)—a result that was not achieved with CAB using a SAA. The safety profiles of CAB and monotherapy were similar in terms of adverse events, including hot flushes, impotence, and grade 3 or 4 events, with the exception of risk of diarrhea and liver dysfunction or elevation in liver enzymes, which were statistically greater with CAB using an AA. Conclusions: Compared with castration monotherapy, first-line CAB therapy with an AA, especially a NSAA, resulted in significantly improved OS and PFS, and had an acceptable safety profile in patients with advanced PCA.
Clinical Trial Implications for Study Participants Accessing Medical Assistance in Dying
Authors: Henry Blair , Bean S. , Ko Y. J. , Selby D.
Published: March 2019

The legalization of medical assistance in dying (maid) in June 2016 expanded options for end-of-life care in Canada [...]
INVESTIGATIONS OF BUILDING ELEMENTS WITH HIGH—THERMAL RESISTANCE FOR ADDITIONAL INSULATION FROM THE INSIDE/STATYBINIŲ DETALIŲ, SKIRTŲ PASTATAMS APŠILTINI IŠ VIDAUS, TYRIMAI
Authors: Puodžiukynas Rimvydas , Puodžiukynienė Milda
Published: March 2019

An effective decrease of investments in additional insulation of buildings could be achieved by insulation from the inside by special building elements with high—thermal resistance. It is suggested by the authors to produce such elements from expanded polystyrene with additives decreasing combustibility. The insulating elements could be of two types:

large expanded polystyrene boards (equal to the height of rooms) and 5.5 or 8.5 cm thickness and 18 or 25 kg/m3 density from one side covered by 2 mm layer of polymergypsum plaster and glass fibre with textured surface;

insulating combined blocks of 25 cm width and 40–100 cm length and thickness of 7 or 10 cm, where expanded polystyrene board with thickness of 5.5 or 8.5 cm is covered by 0,75 layer of polymergypsum plaster.

The description of such combined insulating elements construction is presented in the paper as well as the research data of physical-mechanical, thermal properties and test results on combustibility. The investigation data are summarised in 2 Tables and 7 Figures. As the conclusion, the recommendations for additional insulation blocks of flats from the inside by combined insulating boards and blocks are presented. Then the thermal resistance of external expanded clay concrete walls could be increased up to 2.0–2.1 m2 ·K/W, applying the insulating elements with thermal resistance of 1.3–1.4 m2·K/W and thermal resistance of ceramic brick masonry—up to 3.0–3.1 m2·K/W, applying insulating elements with thermal resistance of 2.0–2.1 m2·K/W. The test results on combustibility which the elements under discussion are recognised as material with low fire spread and could be applied as the insulation inside buildings, are presented. The results of economical calculations are presented too. It is pointed out that the proposed additional insulating blocks of flats from the inside by suggested insulating elements with high—thermal resistance is significantly cheaper in comparison with the well-known external insulation.
FROST RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT FOR ROOF CERAMIC TILE/ÜBER DIE BESTIMMUNG DER FROSTBESTÄNDIGKEIT KERAMISCHER DACHZIEGEL UND ZIEGEL
Authors: Sadūnas Antanas , Mörtel Heinrich , Cimmers Andris , Švinka Visvaldis , Būrė Domas
Published: March 2019

Up today in Europe there is no unanimous opinion which method is necessary for a correct assessment of roof ceramic tile frost resistance corresponding to the climatic conditions of application.

Even the latest EU standards offer four methods of the assessment of the frost resistance for roof ceramic tile. Those standards refer to investigations carried out in various West Europe countries.

Aluminosilicate laboratories of Vilnius Pedagogical University by cooperating with Erlangen-Nurenberg University and Riga Technical University have carried out investigation of roof ceramic tile frost resistance by applying two different methods (three-side and one-side freezing-thawing). Besides, deformations under one-side freezing-thawing and others physical-mechanical indices of the ceramic tile were investigated.

Referring to the results of investigation of tiles manufactured by CO Lode (Latvia) and CO “Palemono keramika” (Lithuania), we have proved that three-side freezing-thawing method is erroneous for estimating frost resistance of the roof ceramic tile.

Research of frost resistance of roof tile and brick is carried out at three research institutes. Tiles were tested using one-side and three-side (volume) freezing. In addition, rapid frost resistance evaluation method was determined using deformation measurement under cyclic frost-thawing process, textures and water adsorption, saturation coefficient under boiling conditions or vacuum environment of the samples tested. One-side freezing-thawing method using water or artificial rain for thawing of samples was determined as the mostly suitable testing method. Distribution of sizes of pores and capillars was determined as not tightly bound.

The equations 2 and 4 indicate the possibility to forecast frost resistance of roof tile by two physical parameters: deformation size and water coefficient saturation in vacuum.

Frost resistance of solid brick in one-sided freezing-method corresponds to the service conditions in brick walls better than for roof tile. Rapid forecast of frost resistance of solid brick is possible by the use of four physical parameters according to equation 5.
ABOUT METHODS OF THE SUBSTANTIATION OF AN ALLOWABLE RISK LEVEL
Authors: Perelmuter Anatoly V.
Published: March 2019

The problem of admissible risk optimisation is described in detail, especially for the case of possible human victims. Different points of view on the problem of «human being cost» are compared, and the approach based on comparing the numbers of saved lives and the risk for the persons, providing the life saving are considered. An information on actual risk level for different kinds of human activities is presented. The mathematical model of creating the public opinion in case of accidents and analysis of changing the function of society discomposibility function in time are presented. Effects commonly ignored during risk estimation are analysed—like departure from the principle of equal providing the risks for objects of equal responsibility, but different quantity and presence of non-linear dependence between the severity of accidents and public reaction.
RAIN WITH WIND INFLUENCE ON MOISTURE CONTENT IN BUILDINGS PROTECTIVE-DECORATIVE OUTER WALLS/LIETAUS SU VĖJU POVEIKIS PASTATŲ IŠORINIŲ SIENŲ APSAUGINĖS-APDAILINĖS SIENUTĖS DRĖGMINIAM BŪVIUI
Authors: Paukštys Valdas
Published: March 2019

Dry walls in buildings are the main conditions predetermining the durability of a building, the comfort of premises and service life expenses for repair. The probability of rain sorption into external layer of a wall is increased when porous concrete, lightweight bricks and high-insulated structures are applied for walls.

Several methods of moisture penetration into building structures could be defined. If a building envelope is characterised by high air permeability, the speed of the wind during rain time has the most important influence on the moisture penetration. When porous materials are used which are known for high capillary water saturation, the duration of rain could be considered as the most important indicator of moisture penetration.

With the purpose of estimating the effect of pressure on moisture penetration, small dimension wall fragments of silicate bricks with split surface, samples of concrete-lime mortar and separate samples of them were taken for investigating rain penetration under wind pressure in a special climatic chamber. Materials were selected due to the fact that significant part exterior surfaces in Lithuanian houses are namely of silicate bricks. Silicate bricks with split surfaces absorb moisture well and are suitable as the object of study.

In order to study the impact of rain with wind on the moisture content in the walls, a special stand was used (Fig 2). The speed of the wind (m/s) was simulated respectively to pressure (Pa) to facilitate the experiment. The stand was attached to the surfaces of the wall under investigation. Equivalent pressure was formed in the stand during the irrigation. The dependency of the saturation speed upon the rain intensity and formed pressure determined in the entire structure and for separate samples.

The results of testing saturated wall fragments have proved that the wall of split silicate bricks with concrete mortar becomes soaked much faster in comparison with considered samples of materials. First, the spots of moisture on the other side of the wall appear over seams. It means that the permeability of structure is usually related to constructional peculiarities of junctions, the quality of mounting and, less often, to certain peculiarities of the material itself. Water together with infiltrated airflow is moving through voids, chink and leaky points in seams. The higher the speed of wind, the higher the pressure on surface of a wall, which predetermines the volume of infiltrated air. Consequently, when the volume of infiltrated air increases, the probability that the wall shall become soaked faster also increases.
COMPLEX EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF ECONOMICAL ACTIVITIES IN CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISES/STATYBOS ĮMONIŲ KOMERCINĖS-ŪKINĖS VEIKLOS EFEKTYVUMO KOMPLEKSINIS ĮVERTINIMAS
Authors: Ginevičius Romualdas , Podviezko Valentinas
Published: March 2019

The means used at the present time for a complex evaluation of the efficiency of building enterprise activities are either oversimplified or too complicated. Therefore it is necessary to develop for practical needs convenient, simple and understandable means. The problem can be solved by methods based on a graphical-analytical interpretation. Among the comparatively simple means applied now for a complex evaluation are: by the sum of work places; evaluation based on a geometrical average; evaluation based on the sum of partial indices, etc. More complicated means include the multi-criteria complex proportional evaluation, etc. In case of the suggested graphical-analytical complex evaluation, different charts may be used, including pie charts. Three dimensions differ in them: partial indices, the corresponding central angles and the circle radius. There exist some cases of graphical-analytical evaluation. In the first case, the circle area in divided into n sectors, the area of each sector being equal to the value of a corresponding partial criterion. In the second case, the circle is also divided into n sectors. The radius of each sector equals the value of a corresponding partial index. The generalised index is equal to the sum of all sector areas, too. In the third case, the radii of all sectors are the same and their angles are proportional to the values of partial angles of each sector. After connecting by a line the points got in that way, a figure is obtained which describes the corresponding criterion. The sum of areas of all such figures reflects the value searched for. In all three cases the importance of partial indices can be estimated additionally. The calculations performed according to all existing and suggested cases have shown that the means for graphical-analytical complex evaluation are precise and can be applied in everyday activities.
COURSE AND RESULTS OF TESTING A SUSPENDED COMPOSITE STRUCTURE/KABAMOSIOS BETONŠERDĖS KONSTRUKCIJOS BANDYMO EIGA IR REZULTATAI
Authors: Šaraškinas iaceslavas , Kvedaras Audronis Kazimieras
Published: March 2019

Testing a suspended roof structure has been performed. The span of construction is 10.65 m, the support height 2.60 m. Element supports are pins. Joint between elements in the middle of span is a pin, too. Structural elements were made from steel tubes with hollow concrete core. The thickness of the tube wall 1.60 mm, and a concrete core wall about 20 mm. The length of elements 5.35 m. The tested roof structure was loaded with 8 vertical loads. The strain distribution in 3 sections of the composite elements was analysed. In seven points of the structure, vertical deflections were measured. The horizontal reaction was measured too as it is shown in Fig 10. Additionally, horizontal deflections of columns were controlled by 3 indicatory tenzometers.

The roof structure resistance was analysed and indicated loads of the ultimate and the serviceability limit states were reached.

During the test, the serviceability limit state was reached under the load of 3,40 kN/m. The vertical deflection at the ¼ of span exceeded L/300, the ultimate value for member under asymmetrical loading. Failure occured under the load of 9,80 kN/m, when one of the composite roof elements collapsed close to its supporting zone at a distance of about 1 m from the support. The normal stress of this cross-section reached the value of steel tensile strength. An experimental ultimate load is by about 27% less than the theoretical one determined for flexural member.

Investigation shows the developed equipment and applied methods being useful for testing suspended structures of final flexural stiffness made from straight concrete-filled steel tubular members. It has been finalised that overall behaviour of the tested structure is very close to that of straight suspension steel members of final flexural stiffness. It has been experimentally determined that the failure load łą 9.80 kN/m was achieved when total tension strength of the external steel shell was used up. The presented value is greater than the ultimate one calculated only for the flexural member. Because composite members of the suspended structure are not only flexural but also tensional ones, it is necessary, for prediction of their limit state, to take into account the interaction between both components of composite cross-section (external steel shell and hollow concrete core) under such loading conditions.
COMPOSITE MULTIHOLLOW SLABS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTORY BUILDINGS/KOMPLEKSINĖS DAUGIAKIAURYMĖS PLOKŠTĖS GELŽBETONINIUOSE DAUGIAAUKŠČIUOSE PASTATUOSE
Authors: Kudzys Algirdas
Published: March 2019

https://journals.vgtu.lt/index.php/JCEM/article/view/9287
METHODS FOR RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONCRETING AT LOW TEMPERATURES/BETONAVAMO ŽEMOJE TEMPERATŲROJE RIZIKOS VALDYMO METODAI
Authors: Pasławski Jerzy
Published: March 2019

Pirmiausia patcikiami rizikos valdymo teoriniai pagrindai. Antrojoje studijos dalyje analizuojamas sprendimų, susijusių su betonavimu žemoje temperatūroje, priėmimas. Pateikti tam tikri COLCON patariamosios sistemos sprendimams priimti betonuojant žemoje teinperatūroje elcmentai.

Pateiktas rizikos ir neapibrėžtumo—pagrindinių punktų, kurie įvairiais požiūriais yra analizuojami nurodytoje literatūroje, apibrėžimas. Siūlomi metodai ir jų taikymo, atsižvel- giant į riziką ir neapibrėžtumo sąlygas, galimybės. Tuo pagrįstos sufonnuluotos rizikos valdymo betonuojant žemoje temperatūroje strategijos. Daug dėmesio skiriama bendrai kompensuojančiajai dviejų pagrindinių strategijų: rizikos išvengimo ir jos mažinimo, charakteristikai. Kaip pagrindinis elementas priimant sprendimus, susijusius su rizikos valdymu pasirenkant bendrą strategiją, išskirta išlaidų analizė.
Source Structure and Molecular Gas Properties from High-resolution CO Imaging of SPT-selected Dusty Star-forming Galaxies
Authors: Dong 董 Chenxing 辰兴 , Spilker Justin S. , Gonzalez Anthony H. , Apostolovski Yordanka , Aravena Manuel , Béthermin Matthieu , Chapman Scott C. , Chen 陳 Chian-Chou 建州 , Hayward Christopher C. , Hezaveh Yashar D. , Litke Katrina C. , Ma 马 Jingzhe 京哲 , Marrone Daniel P. , Morningstar Warren R. , Phadke Kedar A. , Reuter Cassie A. , Sreevani Jarugula , Stark Antony A. , Vieira Joaquin D. , Weiß Axel
Published: March 2019

We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of high-J CO lines (J
up = 6, 7, 8) and associated dust continuum toward five strongly lensed, dusty, star-forming galaxies at redshift z = 2.7–5.7. These galaxies, discovered in the South Pole Telescope survey, are observed at 0.″2–0.″4 resolution with ALMA. Our high-resolution imaging coupled with the lensing magnification provides a measurement of the structure and kinematics of molecular gas in the background galaxies with spatial resolutions down to kiloparsec scales. We derive visibility-based lens models for each galaxy, accurately reproducing observations of four of the galaxies. Of these four targets, three show clear velocity gradients, of which two are likely rotating disks. We find that the reconstructed region of CO emission is less concentrated than the region emitting dust continuum even for the moderate-excitation CO lines, similar to what has been seen in the literature for lower-excitation transitions. We find that the lensing magnification of a given source can vary by 20%–50% across the line profile, between the continuum and line, and between different CO transitions. We apply Large Velocity Gradient modeling using apparent and intrinsic line ratios between lower-J and high-J CO lines. Ignoring these magnification variations can bias the estimate of physical properties of interstellar medium of the galaxies. The magnitude of the bias varies from galaxy to galaxy and is not necessarily predictable without high-resolution observations.
Massive Stars in the SDSS-IV/APOGEE-2 Survey. II. OB-stars in the W345 Complexes
Authors: Roman-Lopes Alexandre , Román-Zúñiga Carlos G. , Tapia Mauricio , Hernández Jesús , Ramírez-Preciado Valeria , Stringfellow Guy S. , Ybarra Jason E. , Kim Jinyoung Serena , Minniti Dante , Covey Kevin R. , Kounkel Marina , Suárez Genaro , Borissova Jura , García-Hernández D. A. , Zamora Olga , Trujillo Juan David
Published: March 2019

In this work, we have applied a semi-empirical spectral classification method for OB-stars using the APOGEE spectrograph to a sample of candidates in the W3–W4–W5 (W345) complexes. These massive star-forming regions span over 200 pc across the Perseus arm and have a notorious population of massive stars, from which a large fraction are members of various embedded and young open clusters. From 288 APOGEE spectra showing H-band spectral features typical of O- and B-type sources, 46 probably correspond to previously unknown O-type stars. Therefore, we confirm that Br11–Br13 together with He ii
λ16923 (7–12) and He ii
λ15723 (7–13) lines contained in the APOGEE spectral bands are useful in providing spectral classification down to one spectral sub-class for massive stars in regions as distant as d ≈ 2 kpc. The large number of newly found O-type stars as well as the numerous intermediate-mass population confirm that W345 is a very efficient massive star factory, with an integral stellar population probably amounting several thousand solar masses.
Evidence for a Merger-induced Shock Wave in ZwCl 0008.8+5215 with Chandra and Suzaku
Authors: Di Gennaro G. , van Weeren R. J. , Andrade-Santos F. , Akamatsu H. , Randall S. W. , Forman W. , Kraft R. P. , Brunetti G. , Dawson W. A. , Golovich N. , Jones C.
Published: March 2019

We present the results from new deep Chandra (∼410 ks) and Suzaku (∼180 ks) observations of the merging galaxy cluster ZwCl 0008.8+5215 (z = 0.104). Previous radio observations revealed the presence of a double radio relic located diametrically west and east of the cluster center. Using our new Chandra data, we find evidence for the presence of a shock at the location of the western relic, RW, with a Mach number

from the density jump. We also measure

and

from the temperature jump, with Chandra and Suzaku, respectively. These values are consistent with the Mach number estimate from a previous study of the radio spectral index, under the assumption of diffusive shock acceleration (

). Interestingly, the western radio relic does not entirely trace the X-ray shock. A possible explanation is that the relic traces fossil plasma from nearby radio galaxies that is reaccelerated at the shock. For the eastern relic we do not detect an X-ray surface brightness discontinuity, despite the fact that radio observations suggest a shock with

. The low surface brightness and reduced integration time for this region might have prevented the detection. The Chandra surface brightness profile suggests

, while the Suzaku temperature measurements found

. Finally, we also detect a merger-induced cold front on the western side of the cluster, behind the shock that traces the western relic.
Probing Cosmic Acceleration Using Model-independent Parameterizations and Three Kinds of Supernova Statistics Techniques
Authors: Luo Xiaolin , Wang Shuang , Wen Sixiang
Published: March 2019

In this work, we explore the evolution of the dark energy equation of state ω using Chevalliear–Polarski–Linder parameterization and binned parameterizations. For binned parameterizations, we adopt three methods to choose the redshift interval: (1) ensure that “△z = const,” where △z is the width of each bin; (2) ensure that “n△z = const,” where n is the number of SN Ia in each bin; and (3) treat redshift discontinuity points as model parameters, i.e., “free △z.” For observational data, we adopt JLA SN Ia samples, SDSS DR12 data, and Planck 2015 distance priors. In particular, for JLA SN Ia samples, we consider three statistic techniques: magnitude statistics, which is the traditional method; flux statistics, which reduces the systematic uncertainties of SN Ia; and improved flux statistics, which can reduce the systematic uncertainties and give tighter constrains at the same time. The results are as follows. For all the cases, ω = −1 is always satisfied at the 1σ confidence regions; this means that ΛCDM is still favored by current observations. For magnitude statistics, the “free △z” model will give the smallest error bars. However, this conclusion does not hold true for flux statistics and improved flux statistic. The improved flux statistic yields the largest present fractional density of matter Ω
m
; in addition, this technique will give the largest current deceleration parameter q
0 , which reveals the universe with the slowest cosmic acceleration.
Contacts of Water Ice in Protoplanetary Disks—Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Musiolik Grzegorz , Wurm Gerhard
Published: March 2019

Water ice is abundant in protoplanetary disks. Its sticking properties are therefore important during phases of collisional growth. In this work, we study the sticking and rolling of 1.1 mm ice grains at different temperatures. We find a strong increase in sticking between 175 and 200 K, which levels off at higher temperatures. In terms of surface energy this is an increase with a factor of 63.4, e.g., from γ = 0.0029 to γ = 0.19 J m−2, respectively. We also measured critical forces for inelastic rolling. The critical rolling distance is constant with a value of 0.19 mm. In view of planetesimal formation at low temperatures in protoplanetary disks, the surface energy is not larger than for silicate dust, and ice aggregation will share the same shortcomings. In general, water ice has no advantage over silicates for sticking, and collisional growth might not favor ice over silicates.
Des ouvrières en lutte dans l’après 1968
Authors: Gallot Fanny , Meuret-Campfort Eve
Published: March 2019

À partir du cas des ouvrières de l’usine Chantelle de Saint-Herblain, cet article revient sur la manière dont des femmes syndicalistes d’entreprise – CGT et CFDT – envisagent le féminisme en théorie et en pratique. Tandis que les deux confédérations marquent leurs distances vis-à-vis du féminisme qui se massifie alors, des militantes d’extrême gauche établies en importent les idées et les pratiques à l’usine. Alors même que la plupart des ouvrières en rejettent l’appellation, notamment pour marquer leur appartenance à la classe ouvrière, dans le quotidien de l’usine les ouvrières échangent sur leurs vies privées, faisant de ces moments de travail des moments d’entraide et d’échange. Lors des grèves, elles mettent en avant leur dignité d’ouvrières de Chantelle, tout autant travailleuses que femmes, contre des discours stigmatisants, et conquièrent par l’action une nouvelle identité, individuelle et collective, associée à la lutte et à l’insoumission. L’article analyse ainsi le déploiement d’une agency parmi les ouvrières, c’est-à-dire d’une capacité à s’arranger avec les normes de genre qui pèsent sur elles, notamment leur assignation au travail domestique.
Entre dépendance et rêve d’autonomie. Les usages populaires de l’État au Venezuela contemporain
Authors: Tarragoni Federico
Published: March 2019

Après les désillusions de la gouvernance néo-libérale, de nombreux États latino-américains s’ouvrent progressivement à une « société civile populaire » via la généralisation de dispositifs participatifs hybrides, agençant responsabilisation des bénéficiaires des politiques publiques dans les barrios et activation d’une « démocratie de surveillance ». En se fondant sur des enquêtes ethnographiques réalisées entre 2007 et 2011 sur les Conseils communaux vénézuéliens, cet article montre que les nouveaux rapports populaires à l’État peuvent être lus en croisant deux variables sociologiques, l’explicitation d’un état de dépendance et la production de nouveaux référents pour l’autonomie. Quatre types d’« usages populaires de l’État » apparaissent ainsi clairement (la dépendance refoulée, le victimisme, le conflit et la dépendance assumée), témoignant de la complexité des formes de politisation populaire enclenchées par le nouvel « État participatif ».
Grandeurs de l’écologie
Authors: Granjou Céline
Published: March 2019

Cet article contribue à explorer les revendications contemporaines de statut et d’importance de l’écologie à partir du cas des grandes infrastructures expérimentales de recherche que sont les écotrons. On s’appuie sur une enquête empirique réalisée autour des deux écotrons français construits à la fin des années 2000 et sur leur comparaison avec l’écotron construit à Londres au début des années 1990. On montre que l’agenda des recherches en écotrons combine l’inscription de l’écologie dans un registre classique de grandeur par la « dureté » sur le modèle de la physique, avec l’affirmation d’un registre de grandeur par la « pertinence » sur le modèle des sciences du climat. Dans les écotrons, l’utilisation des scénarios climatiques et l’attention portée au rôle fonctionnel des micro-organismes concourent en particulier à négocier la grandeur de l’écologie en termes d’anticipation du changement global et d’optimisation des fonctions et services des écosystèmes. On pointe finalement comment, d’un écotron à l’autre, l’économie des grandeurs scientifiques se trouve renégociée à distance des questions de conservation des espèces et de la biodiversité, au profit d’un horizon de sécurisation des écosystèmes et des services qu’ils rendent aux sociétés.
Le savant, le cobaye et l’antivivisectionniste
Authors: Carrié Fabien
Published: March 2019

Le XIX e  siècle constitue une période de développement considérable d’un rationalisme expérimental dans les sciences du vivant, rationalisme fondé entre autres sur des pratiques et méthodes d’investigation à vif d’animaux cobayes, les vivisections. Savoirs, concepts et modes d’interaction avec l’animal constitutifs de ces sciences – et notamment de la première d’entre elles, la physiologie expérimentale – n’obtiennent pas pour autant la reconnaissance immédiate qu’une lecture téléologique du phénomène laisserait supposer. Les modalités de leur diffusion et acceptation varient en effet considérablement d’un espace national à l’autre, les contrastes et décalages étant particulièrement marqués entre, d’un côté, la France, qui constitue avec l’Allemagne l’un des centres depuis lesquels se développent ces magistères et, de l’autre, l’Angleterre, où l’importation des schèmes de la physiologie expérimentale favorise dans la seconde moitié du siècle le développement de l’antivivisectionnisme, mobilisation collective et idéologie hostile à l’implantation de ces nouvelles sciences. Cet article propose à partir d’une approche synthésiste articulant l’analyse de différents niveaux d’intégration de rendre compte de l’universalisation différenciée entre la France et l’Angleterre des principes de vision de ces sciences.
Capter et (co)produire des savoirs sous contraintes : le tournant expert de Surfrider Foundation Europe
Authors: Weisbein Julien
Published: March 2019

Parce qu’il se focalise essentiellement sur le processus d’association entre scientifiques et non-scientifiques, le modèle de la coproduction de la science tend à homogénéiser dans un même espace social et cognitif des acteurs multiples et différents. Sans pour autant réinstaurer la nécessité d’une rupture avec le sens commun mais tout en gardant l’exigence de conserver l’hétérogénéité des acteurs à travers leur processus d’association, cet article est consacré à la façon dont l’association Surfrider Foundation Europe a investi le registre scientifique dans son répertoire militant. Il s’agit d’insister sur les asymétries de pouvoir ouvertes par le fait de se revendiquer de la science et ce, par la prise en compte des logiques du jeu politique (notamment la déstabilisation des réseaux de politiques publiques constitués sur la question littorale) et en considérant également les dimensions morales des activités de production et de mobilisation de connaissances spécialisées (saisies ici au sens du modèle des économies de la grandeur).
Stigmatisation et rédemption
Authors: Beaugé Julien
Published: March 2019

Pour supporter les difficultés qu’elles rencontrent au quotidien en raison de leur voile, les musulmanes que nous avons interrogées mobilisent une représentation originale du problème du voile en France : le thème religieux de la patience face à l’épreuve. Bien loin d’un appel à la mobilisation collective au nom de l’islam, il relève plutôt de « ce que Weber appelait la “théodicée de la souffrance” [soit] la manière dont la religion donne un sens à la souffrance, la transformant de cause de révolution [ou, plus modestement, de protestation] en véhicule de rédemption » (Peter Berger). Après avoir montré comment la stigmatisation des musulmanes voilées est transfigurée en « épreuve » par le discours religieux, nous identifions les usages qu’elles font de ce thème et les raisons pour lesquelles elles peuvent s’y retrouver.
Mechanisms and immunomodulatory properties of pre- and probiotics
Authors: Peters V.B.M. , van de Steeg E. , van Bilsen J. , Meijerink M.
Published: March 2019

The human body is exposed to many xenobiotic, potentially harmful compounds. The intestinal immune system is crucial in protecting the human body from these substances. Moreover, many microorganisms, residing in the gastrointestinal tract, play an important role in modulating immune responses. Pre- and probiotics may have beneficial effects on the microbial composition and activity within the human gut, subsequently affecting the immune system. Prebiotics can exert their effects via different mechanisms, like selectively stimulating the growth of bacteria by providing substrates or via direct immune stimulation. Probiotics may have beneficial health effects via competition with pathogens for substrates and binding intestinal sites, bioconversions of for example sugars into fermentation products with inhibitory properties, production of growth substrates like vitamins for the host, direct antagonism of pathogens via antimicrobial peptide production, reduction of inflammation and stimulation of immune cells. This review focuses on the different mechanisms via which the pre- and probiotics exert their beneficial effects on the host, addressing their immunomodulatory properties in particular.
Effective Factors for Development of Gerontological Nursing Competence: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Purfarzad Zahra , Bahrami Masoud , Keshvari Mahrokh , Rafiei Mohammad , Sivertsen Nina , Cert Grad
Published: March 2019

Background:

Many nurses working in hospitals are not prepared to provide appropriate care for older people. This qualitative study aimed to identify factors influencing the development of gerontological nursing competence in Iranian hospitals.

Method:

Twenty-six participants (nine nurses, 12 nurse managers, four clinical instructors, one physician) who worked in four teaching hospitals and nursing schools were interviewed by semistructured interview method. Conventional content analysis was used.

Results:

Two main categories emerged from the data: (a) management factors with the subcategories of meritocracy in elderly nursing, leadership style of nursing managers, educational system, the quality of working life, and performance management; (b) organizational factors with the subcategories of organizational learning, and organizational support.

Conclusion:

These findings can help nurse managers and clinical instructors identify, develop, and implement strategies for further development of gerontological nursing competence.[J Contin Educ Nurs.2019;50(3):127–133.]
Coleccionismo de antigüedades y recepción del clasicismo. Relaciones entre Italia y España en el siglo XVIII
Authors: Mora Gloria , Cacciotti Beatrice
Published: March 2019

En el marco de las relaciones entre España e Italia durante el siglo XVIII, este trabajo analiza la influencia que las colecciones de antigüedades —fundamentalmente esculturas—, formadas en Roma y Nápoles y traídas a España, tuvieron en la difusión de las ideas sobre el mundo clásico en la misma, así como su recepción por parte de la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando y su utilización por los artistas al servicio de la dinastía borbónica. Asimismo se estudia brevemente la aportación de los viajeros españoles por Italia al conocimiento de las antigüedades hispanas, y se discute el mito de Pompeya y Herculano como fuente inspiradora del arte neoclásico.