bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continued Word Associations and Free Recall
Authors: Matthews W. A.
Published: July 2007

Two experiments on the short-term free recall of 12-word associated and non-associated lists are reported. Degree of association (derived from norms obtained by continuous controlled association) and word frequency were varied. Significant facilitation as a result of the associative manipulations was obtained and clustering of the responses was positively related to this. Clustering was also affected by the method of presentation of the associated words; this occurred more often when they were grouped in presentation than when they were presented randomly arranged among other words in the list. Low frequency associated word lists were generally found to be more efficiently recalled than those of comparable association values but consisting of high frequency words.
Negative Recency and Event-Dependence
Authors: Winefield A. H.
Published: July 2007

In a two-choice situation with event-probabilities of 0.67 and 0.33, recency effects were studied as a function of (a) event-dependence and (b) fore-knowledge of event-probabilities. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Belief in some kind of event-dependence is a necessary condition for the occurrence of negative recency; (2) Foreknowledge of the event-probabilities does not affect recency phenomena; (3) The behaviour of subjects in the two-choice situation, is less irrational than some writers have claimed.
Short-Term Recognition Memory for Single Letters and Phonemic Similarity of Retroactive Interference
Authors: Wickelgren Wayne A.
Published: July 2007

Copying 12 letters produces more retroactive interference in recognition memory for a single letter when the interference letters possess a vowel sound in common with the letter to be remembered than when they do not. Compared to interference lists that do not include the presented letter, inclusion in the interference list of the letter to be remembered improves recognition memory when the other interference letters have no vowel sound in common with the letter to be remembered, but not otherwise. False recognition rates are greater when the test letter contains a vowel sound in common with the presented letter than when the vowel sounds of these two letters are different. The findings are in complete accord with analogous findings for short-term recall and indicate that short-term recognition memory uses the same phonemic-associative memory system as short-term recall.
Repetition and Alternation in Rats
Authors: Still A. W.
Published: July 2007

An experiment is reported in which rats were forced equally often to each arm of a T-maze, and, following each forced trial, were given a free trial. Group R were rewarded for repeating (i.e. choosing the side to which they had just been forced), group A for alternating. All rats began by alternating, but group R eventually learned to repeat. Various delays between free and forced trials were introduced, and the forgetting curve was found to be similar for the two groups. It is argued that these results show: (i) The decline in alternation with delay found in experiments on spontaneous and rewarded alternation is due to loss of information rather than a decline in the alternation tendency. (ii) The trace involved is sufficiently general to be regarded as a memory trace. The fact that rats can learn to repeat is inconsistent with the accounts of the memory trace suggested by the theories of Deutsch and Walker.
The Role of the Interpolated Task in Short-Term Retention
Authors: Conrad R. , Hull A. J.
Published: July 2007

It has been proposed that a single set of operations based on classical interference theory is adequate to describe the phenomena of both short- and long-term memory. An article by Keppel and Underwood (1962) argues that short-term forgetting is due to proactive interference and, by implication, not a result of trace decay. An experiment which varied retention interval and the nature of the interpolated task, gave results which indicate that when the amount forgotten and the nature of errors are considered, a decay model is supported, the proactive interference suggestion being untenable.
Proactive Inhibition as an Artefact of the Method of Paced Anticipation
Authors: Clarkson J. K.
Published: July 2007

Sixty-one subjects partly learned serial lists of 12 two-syllable adjectives presented for a set number of learning trials on two successive days. Recall was obtained 24 hr. later. One group of 30 subjects learned by the method of paced anticipation, the remaining 31 learned by silently watching the items. Free recall within a period of 1 min. was used both as a criterion for original learning and for subsequent retention. On three independent criteria for the existence of proactive inhibition (PI) the paced anticipation group showed significant PI and the silent group did not. I is suggested that PI was due to the identity of learning method, probably unique in a näive subject's experience, rather than similarity of verbal material. It is also hypothesized that difficulty in interpreting conflicting data from existing PI studies may be due to the fact that learning of verbal material is confounded with learning the S-R skill or paced anticipation.
Identification of Consonants and Vowels Presented to Left and Right Ears*
Authors: Shankweiler Donald , Studdert-Kennedy Michael
Published: July 2007

The results of earlier studies by several authors suggest that speech and nonspeech auditory patterns are processed primarily in different places in the brain and perhaps by different modes. The question arises in studies of speech perception whether all phonetic elements or all features of phonetic elements are processed in the same way. The technique of dichotic presentation was used to examine this question.

The present study compared identifications of dichotically presented pairs of synthetic CV syllables and pairs of steady-state vowels. The results show a significant right-ear advantage for CV syllables but not for steady-state vowels. Evidence for analysis by feature in the perception of consonants is discussed.
On Procuring Human Subjects
Authors: Laming D. R. J.
Published: July 2007

A large number of subjects was required for a series of choice-reaction experiments. An ample supply of volunteer subjects was obtained without excessive trouble by sending a circular letter to every undergraduate in Trinity College, Cambridge. Several different types of circular were compared, but none of them proved any more effective than the others. A probabilistic model is developed which accounts adequately for the times times taken by the undergraduates to reply. The discussion following covers the implication of this model, and a technical reason why the different letters should appear equally effective.
Shorter Articles and Notes the Interpretation of the Passive Voice
Authors: Johnson-Laird P. N.
Published: July 2007

It was hypothesized that sentences in the passive voice emphasize the importance of the things referred to by their grammatical subjects to a greater extent than sentences in the active voice. Each subject had to produce simple diagrams to represent two sentences, one active and one passive, and it was assumed that the size of areas in these diagrams could be taken as an index of importance. In Group EQ, the sentences specified an equivalent arrangement of colours, e.g. “Red follows Blue,” “Blue is followed by Red”; in Group CO, they specified converse arrangements, e.g. “Red follows Blue,” “Red is followed by Blue.” The predictions, that (i) the subjects of all sentences would tend to be represented as larger than the objects, and that (ii) the subjects of passives would be represented as larger than those of actives, were confirmed.
On Conrad's Prefix and Grouping in Short-Term Memory
Authors: Savin Harris B.
Published: July 2007

Requiring a subject to say a redundant prefix before he recalls a sequence of digits impairs his ability to recall that sequence. Evidence reported below suggests that the prefix functions exactly as an extra nonredundant digit—that the subject performs exactly as if the prefix had to be learned anew on each trial.
One-Trial Learning with Control of Item-Difficulty
Authors: Pizzurro Salvatore A. , Van Laer John
Published: July 2007

Ratings of difficulty were obtained for each of 2,500 letter-number pairs. The ratings were used to construct three pools of items: Homogeneous Easy, Homogeneous Difficult, and Heterogeneous. Rock's (1957) experiment was conducted thrice, once with each pool of rated items. Each replication used 30 subjects. The manipulation of rated item-difficulty permitted a direct attack on the widely discussed problem of item-selection in Rock's procedure. Notwithstanding the control of item-selection, the performance of subjects in the drop-out condition did not differ significantly from the performance of those who learned in the ordinary way, with repetition. The geometric distribution provided a good fit to the obtained distributions of waiting times to the first correct response to an item. This finding accords well with an all-or-none view of associative learning.
Some Anomalies in the Study of Experimental Pain
Authors: Haslam Diana R.
Published: July 2007

The experiment was designed in an attempt to throw some light on certain anomalies connected with the assessment of pain threshold by the Limiting Method. It is argued that an anchoring effect, similar to that described by Helson (1947), accounts for the low pain threshold values found when a small stimulus-interval is used.
Rehearsal Strategies and the Serial-Position Curve in Immediate Free Recall of Ordered Items
Authors: Buschke Herman , Kintsch Walter
Published: July 2007

Immediate free recall of random strings of 10 numbers was studied under four experimental conditions: as each number was presented, subjects either had to recall the previous number (Recall n–1), recall the number just presented (Recall n), read the number (Read aloud), or were silent (Free Recall). Overall recall was the same in all conditions. Recall and order of recall by serial-position changed systematically, with an increasing recency and decreasing primacy effect from Free Recall through Read Aloud and Recall n to Recall n–1. These changes in recall order and serial-position curves suggest that differential rehearsal of items is decreased by requiring retrieval during presentation.
Behavioural Contrast and Preference in a Double Chained Schedule
Authors: Bloomfield T. M. , Russell D. G.
Published: July 2007

Pigeons peck faster during a signal for reward (S+) when that signal alternates with one for absence of reward (S−). This “contrast effect” has been shown to involve diminished preference for S + compared with a stimulus not involved in a discrimination. The present experiment demonstrates that the signal produced by pecks to S+ in a chained schedule is responded to in proportion to the contrast effect during S +. The result suggests that a prior interpretation of contrast, in terms of Amsel's frustration theory, is not the correct one.
Forgetting of an Operant Response: Physostigmine-Produced Increases in Escape Latency in Rats as a Function of Time of Injection
Authors: Biederman G. B.
Published: July 2007

Latency of a fixed ratio (FR) 3 escape response in rats was found to be a U-shaped function of the interval between training and injection of the anticholinesterase drug physostigmine, for intervals from 30 min. to 5 days between training and injection. An increase in FR 3 escape latency was found at 28 days. FR 1 escape groups produced a latency curve of a shape similar to that of the FR 3 group. These data confirm the results of earlier experiments using a different training procedure, and a different response measure. These results are consistent with the theory that the physiological correlate of rat memory lies in synaptic change.
Four Effects of Exogenous Insulin on Food Intake
Authors: Lovett D. , Booth D. A.
Published: July 2007

After a subcutaneous injection of bovine insulin into the rat, at first there is an augmentation of the satiety produced by nutrient eaten immediately before injection. Later, with large enough doses, as has been commonly observed, feeding is elicited—perhaps simply by hastening the passage of satiety. A third type of effect is behavioural disruption, reducing food and water intake when food is withheld for an hour after injection and producing postural changes even when food is present. Fourth, repeated pairing of insulin injection with intake of water of a particular flavour (even when drunk over half an hour beforehand) depresses subsequent intake of water having that flavour, whether presented alone or together with water of another flavour which has been paired with control injections. The acquired discriminated intake change involves the initial acceptability of the flavour but changes in the inhibition of acceptability during an intake bout have not been excluded.
Order of Fixation Effects in Classification of Word-Shape Pairs
Authors: Seymour Philip H. K.
Published: July 2007

Twelve undergraduate subjects classified the word-shape configurations circle/CIRCLE, square/SQUARE, circle/SQUARE and square/CIRCLE by reporting “yes” for a relationship of congruence, and “no” for a relationship of incongruence. The latency of initiation of these reports was recorded, measured from the simultaneous onset of the displays. The order in which the word and shape were inspected had consistent effects on the latency, times being shorter where the word was seen before the shape. The relevance of this finding to an account of the conversion operations involved in a word-shape comparison is discussed.
Lateral Dominance in the Perception of Size and of Pain
Authors: Haslam Diana R.
Published: July 2007

Perception of size and perception of pain were studied in a group of right-handed and a group of left-handed subjects. For right-handed subjects a significant relationship was found between these two types of perception in that subjects who tended to underestimate size with the dominant hand also had a higher pain threshold for that hand as compared with the non-dominant hand.
The Learning of Surface Structure Clues to Deep Structure by a Puppet Show Technique
Authors: Cromer Richard F.
Published: July 2007

Fifty-six children were classified in terms of their developmental level on the linguistic structure “John is easy/eager to please”, and an experiment was carried out teaching them “new” (nonsense) words in related transformations by a puppet show technique. These transformations serve as frames for differentiating those new words which indicate a surface structure derived from a transformed deep structure, from those which do not. Results showed that children used different strategies at different developmental levels. Of children who did not use fixed strategies, only children who had correctly performed on all normal adult words (“Passers”) were able to learn which deep structures were called for by some of the new words; all other groups performed at chance levels on all types of new words. However, even these Passers performed correctly only on words given in structures indicating that the tested structure was to be treated as a transformation. The possibility of a language-learning principle related to the marked/unmarked distinction in natural languages is discussed.
Rehearsal Strategy as a Function of Recall Expectation
Authors: Cermak Laird S.
Published: July 2007

The subjects were divided into three groups with respect to their expectations concerning a recall task given after the final trial of the usual STM distractor procedure. Group 1 were told only that they would have to recall during each trial's recall interval, thus did not expect to have to recall again. Group 2 were told that they would have to recall all the words presented in the experiment at the end of the last trial, in addition to the trial-by-trial recall. Group 3 were told only that they would have to recall after all words had been presented and they sat passively through the presentation trials. In addition to their recall expectations, half of the subjects in each group received a 2-s presentation and half received a 5-s presentation interval. It was found that the length of the presentation interval had an effect on the number of words recalled at the end of all trials, but recall expectancy did not. However, expectancy did determine the rehearsal strategies of subjects and hence the serial positions from which items were recalled.
Refractoriness in Same-Different Judgments
Authors: Raeburn Barbara J. , Corballis Michael C.
Published: July 2007

Subjects judged as “same” or “different” pairs of visual stimuli, each either an X or an O, whose onsets were separated by intervals of 50, 100, 150 or 200 ms. When the interstimulus interval (ISI) was held constant within a block of 40 trials (Experiment I), decision time was independent of ISI. But when ISI was varied unpredictably from trial to trial (Experiments II and III), decision times increased the shorter the ISI. This effect was more marked for “same” than for “different” decisions. These results fail to support a single-channel interpretation, but suggest that variations in decision time depend on the subject's expectancy as to when the second stimulus will follow the first.
Markedness and Perspective in the Interpretation of the Active and Passive Voice
Authors: Klenbort Irene , Anisfeld Moshe
Published: July 2007

The subjects were presented with active and passive sentences. For each sentence, they had to choose between two alternative implications. The pattern of choices indicates that in the passive the logical subject was interpreted by the subjects as the focal point of the information asserted by the sentence and as the carrier of overall responsibility for the sentential proposition. In contrast to the passive, there was no clear pattern of preferences for the active. The difference between the two voices was attributed to their markedness asymmetry, the passive being marked and the active unmarked. It is concluded that the active offers a neutral structure for conveying information; a structure available for use when one does not want to superimpose on the information content any stylistic or connotational implications. The passive, on the other hand, suggests special connotations in addition to the basic message.
Short-Term Visual Memory: The Importance of the Spatial and Temporal Separation of Successive Stimuli
Authors: Walker Peter
Published: July 2007

When two successively presented letters are visually identical (for example, AA) rather than identical in name only (for example, aA) subjects can more quickly name the second letter and can more quickly decide if the two letters have the same name. For both tasks the maximum interstimulus interval (ISI) over which this visual priming effect is observed depends upon the relative spatial positioning of the two stimuli. When they are superimposed the effect can survive an ISI of between 6 and 15 s, but when they appear in increasingly different spatial locations the maximum ISI is reduced to between 0.5 and I. O. S. With successive letters spatially separated in the naming task the visual priming effect is replaced by a comparable name priming effect as the ISI is extended beyond 0.5-1.0 s. Previous studies of letter matching (for example, Posner and Keele, 1967) have underestimated the durability of visual memory, a fact that is difficult to reconcile with the “levels of analysis” approach to visual memory.
Binocular Interactions in Flicker
Authors: Cavonius C. R.
Published: July 2007

Sherrington's (1904) study of binocular flicker was extended by measuring observers’ sensitivity to light that was modulated sinusoidally at frequencies between 0·1 and 50 Hz. Compared with the condition in which both eyes are stimulated in-phase, about 40% more modulation is needed to detect high-frequency flicker when the two eyes are stimulated in counterphase; at low frequencies this difference is even greater. These results suggest that the earlier c.f.f. studies underestimate the amount of binocular interaction in the detection of flicker.
Sex Differences in the Reading Process Revealed by a Letter-Detection Task
Authors: Jorm A. F.
Published: July 2007

Four experiments used a task in which males and females had to work through a passage and circle instances of a target letter. Coltheart, Hull and Slater (1975) have previously used this task to show that females have greater difficulty than males in detecting target letters, especially letters in the and other silent letters. The four experiments failed to replicate Coltheart et al.'s findings and, in fact, frequently found significant sex differences in the opposite direction. This discrepancy in results could not be accounted for in terms of procedural differences between the two studies. It was concluded that Coltheart et al.'s (1975) results with the letter detection task may not be reliable.
Pictorial Representations in Adults and Children
Authors: Tversky Barbara
Published: July 2007

Reaction time to make same-object judgements was measured for pairs of identical pictures, picture synonyms, identical words, word synonyms, and picture-word combinations in adults and children. At all ages, synonym comparisons took longer than identical comparisons. Adults, but not children responded no faster to picture-word pairs than to picture synonym pairs. This is taken as evidence for the use of abstract pictorial information by adults but not by children. Children seem to compare two different exemplars of the same object verbally in the absence of well-integrated abstract pictorial representations.
Improvement, Learning and Retention of Skill at Visual Search
Authors: Rabbitt Patrick , Cumming Geoffry , Vyas Subhash
Published: July 2007

Three experiments examined factors responsible for improvement in visual search. In Experiment I three groups of subjects were each trained for 3000 trials to search for a particular set of target letters among a particular set of background letters. After intervals of 2, 4, or 6 weeks without further practice they were re-tested, either with the same displays or on new displays which they searched for the same target items among new background items. Negative transfer suggested that memory for specific cue-systems distinguishing target from background letters is retained for as long as 4 weeks.

Experiment II examined performance of three very highly practised subjects. After 25 days practice, variations in the size of the target set no longer affected search time. This could not be explained by learning of specific cue systems, since after this amount of practice subjects showed perfect transfer to displays which they searched for the same target items among new background items. Experiment III suggested that practised subjects achieve this high level of competence by learning to make two independent successive decisions, first to locate any member of the target set on the display and next to identify which particular member of the target set has been located.
Backward Recognition Failure: A Case of Retrieval Success
Authors: le Voi M. E. , Rawles R. E.
Published: July 2007

Tulving and Wiseman (1975) have demonstrated that a systematic relationship exists between the recognition probability of recallable words and the overall level of recognition. However, this relationship has only been shown in the paradigms examining “forward” recognition failure, as defined by Rabinowitz, Mandler and Barsalou (1977). A reanalysis of their data shows that just such a systematic relationship exists in “backward” recognition failure experiments, and a model developed from the tenets of Fragmentation Theory is shown to predict this. A critical experiment which falsifies the dual-coding, dual-access model used by Rabinowitz et al. (1977) is also reported, thereby extending the generality of the Fragmentation Model.
The Control of Movement in the Preferred and Non-Preferred Hands
Authors: Annett J. , Annett Marian , Hudson P. T. W. , Turner Ann
Published: July 2007

The nature of the difference in skill between the preferred and non-preferred hands was investigated using a peg-board task. The first experiment examined the effects of varying movement amplitude and target tolerance on performance. The difference between hands was found to be related to tolerance rather than movement amplitude. The second study analysed a film record of well-practised subjects, confirming the hypothesis that most of the difference between hands is due to relative slowness of the non-preferred hand in the positioning phase involving small corrective movements. Analysis of the type and number of errors further suggested that this result is not due to differences in duration of movements but to their increased frequency, implying greater accuracy of aiming with the preferred hand. Thus whilst the initial gross analysis implicated feedback processing in skill differences the more detailed analysis suggests that motor output of the nonpreferred hand is simply more variable.
Effects of Medial and Lateral Septal Lesions on the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect at Short Inter-Trial Intervals
Authors: Feldon J. , Gray J. A.
Published: July 2007

Rats sustained electrolytic lesions either in the medial septal (MS) area (of a kind known to eliminate the hippocampal theta rhythm) or in the dorso-lateral septal (LS) area (of a kind known to spare theta) and were compared to sham-operated controls in three experiments in the straight alley with food reward on continuous (CRF) or partial (PRF) reinforcement and inter-trial intervals of 3-8 min. With 6 acquisition trials MS lesions increased resistance to extinction and enhanced the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE). With 48 acquisition trials MS lesions did not alter resistance to extinction after either CRF or PRF training, but LS lesions abolished the PREE by increasing resistance to extinction in rats trained with CRF and decreasing it in rats trained with PRF. With 96 acquisition trials LS lesions were without effect on resistance to extinction after either CRF or PRF training, as previously reported by Henke (1974) using total septal lesions. Thus the impairment in the PREE previously shown after large septal lesions is due to damage to the lateral, not the medial, septal area.
Interocular Delay Produces Depth in Subjectively Moving Noise Patterns
Authors: Morgan M. J. , Ward Roger
Published: July 2007

Brief apparent motion sequences were introduced into a dynamic visual dot display by spatially shifting selected dots between successive frames. This causes the display to look as if it is drifting continuously in one direction. When such a display is observed with an interocular delay the drifting dots appear to be displaced in depth, even though there is no conventional retinal disparity in the display. We found that the magnitude of this depth shift increased with the duration of the apparent motion sequences. With sequences of five or more frames duration the depth effect was very similar to that which would have been predicted with a continuously moving target. With briefer sequences the size of the depth effect decreased rapidly. We suggest that apparent motion cascades form the basis of Tyler's dynamic visual noise stereophenomenon, and we question his “random spatial disparity” hypothesis.
Functional Differences between Upright and Rotated Images
Authors: Roldan C. E. , Phillips W. A.
Published: July 2007

In Experiment I subjects imaged an alphanumeric character either upright or upside-down, and triggered a test display character. Their task was to decide as quickly as possible whether the test character was NORMAL or MIRRORED. On 72% of the trials the test was at the orientation imaged. Reaction time (RT) was then about 200 ms longer in the upside-down image condition. This difference reduced with practice. On the remaining trials the orientation of the test character differed from that of the prepared image. For upright images RT increased monotonically with the angular difference in orientation between test and image. For upside-down images RT did not increase monotonically with angular difference as there was a wide dip around the upright. Further experiments suggested that upside-down images can be rotated, but at considerably slower rates than upright ones, and that the apparent rates of rotation for upside-down images are dependent upon the width of the sector tested. These results indicate that visual short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) are distinct; that the process of mental rotation does not operate directly upon LTM; and that functionally, upright and rotated images may differ in important ways.
Post-Conditioning Devaluation of an Instrumental Reinforcer has no Effect on Extinction Performance
Authors: Adams Christopher D.
Published: July 2007

The extent to which a representation of the reinforcer controls an instrumental response can be assessed by studying the effect of post-conditioning changes in the reinforcer value. In the first experiment rats were trained to press a lever for sucrose pellets on a variable-interval (VI) schedule. The sucrose was subsequently devalued by pairing with Lithium Chloride (LiCl). This had no effect on lever pressing in extinction, although it profoundly reduced reacquisition responding and consumption. In Experiment II rats were trained to shuttle between the two distinctive chambers of a choice-box, in which lever pressing was reinforced in one chamber by sucrose and in the other chamber by food pellets programmed on independent VI schedules. A LiCl-induced taste-aversion was conditioned to the sucrose, and although this markedly affected reacquisition, extinction responding in the sucrose chamber and chamber preference were unaffected. These results indicate that instrumental performance can be independent of the current value of the reinforcer, and are discussed with reference to stimulus-response theory and second-order Pavlovian conditioning.
Matching to Reinforcer Value: Human Concurrent Variable-Interval Performance
Authors: Cliffe Michael J. , Parry Stephen J.
Published: July 2007

A male paedophile offender chose between pairs of sexual stimulus classes in a two-operandum procedure with reinforcement arranged according to concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules. Condition 1 involved choice between slides of women and slides of men; condition 2, slides of men vs. slides of children; and condition 3, slides of women vs. slides of children. On the assumption that the subject matched his ratios of responses and times on the two operanda to reinforcer value, estimates were obtained from the data in conditions 1 and 2 of the values of slides of women and of children relative to slides of men. These yielded predictions of the relative allocations of responses and of time in condition 3. The predicted and obtained outcomes were similar. The results support the use of matching-based scaling of reinforcer values in the prediction of choice between qualitatively different reinforcers and extend the application to a human subject, the two-operandum procedure, and sexual stimuli.
A response to Malony and Carroll
Authors: Haartman Keith
Published: July 2007

Haartman responds to points made by Malony and Carroll. Malony suggests that Methodist repentance was characterized by “devotion” and “joyous possession” rather than fear. Haartman argues that the hysterical crises and the persecutory ideation that accompanied Methodist conversion was often triggered by Wesley's invitation to accept God's love. The data points to a conflict model involving rage and anxiety, as well as devotion. Haartman concedes to Carroll's argument that the majority of Methodists hailed from the lower working class and that the psychology of evangelical nurture does not apply to this constituency. However, the authors of the official autobiographies were drawn from the middling ranks and revealed struggles with authoritarian parenting. Haartman challenges Carroll's emphasis on orality and regression as the primary psychoanalytic explanation for Methodist spirituality.
Inward, Outward, Upward Prayer and Big Five Personality Traits
Authors: Ladd Kevin L. , Ladd Meleah L. , Harner Julie , Swanson Ted , Metz Tricia , Pierre Kate St. , Trnka Danielle
Published: July 2007

Personality and prayer are both conceptualized as focusing on issues of connectivity with the self and beyond. Individual participants each recruited a peer to join the study (total N = 140). Participants (n = 70) rated themselves according to multi-item scales that detail five personality factors (extraversion, intellect, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability; Abridged Big Five Circumplex). They also responded to an instrument specifying eight foci of the inward, outward, and upward cognitive content of prayer (examination, tears, intercession, petition, radical, suffering, rest, and sacrament); these eight foci were reduced to three prayer themes: internal concerns, embracing paradox, and bold assertion. Finally, respondents reported the strength of six “basic” emotions (happiness, surprise, anger, disgust, fear, and sadness) that may be experienced during their typical prayer. Using the same instruments, each peer (n = 70) rated her or his matched participant. Results reveal discrete patterns between self and peer ratings, with respect to links among prayer and personality variables. Both self and peer ratings emphasize a relation between prayer and the personality traits of agreeableness and conscientiousness (e.g., prayer themes of internal concerns correlated with agreeableness). Several concluding points highlight the value of the present conceptualization of personality and prayer with relation to connectivity, potential differences between personal and corporate prayers, and the potential role of sex differences in the disclosure of prayer's content and emotional influence.
Meeting Global Deaf Peers, Visiting Ideal Deaf Places: Deaf Ways of Education Leading to Empowerment, An Exploratory Case Study
Authors: De Clerck Goedele A. M
Published: July 2007

In a Flemish case study, deaf role models revealed a moment of awakening, indicated by the Flemish sign WAKE-UP. Contact with deaf cultural rhetoric made them wake up, and deconstruct and reconstruct their lives, a process represented by a circle of deaf empowerment. Flemish deaf leaders mentioned acquiring this rhetoric during visits to deaf dream worlds (in Flemish Sign Language, WORLD DREAM): places with ideal conditions for deaf people. Such global deaf encounters (Breivik, Haualand, & Solvang, 2002) lead to the "insurrection of subjugated [deaf] knowledges" (Pease, 2002, p. 33). Whereas deaf education had never provided them with deaf cultural rhetoric and was depositing upon them oppressive societal conventions (Jankowski, 1997), a common sign language (Mottez, 1993) and global deaf experience (Breivik et al., 2002; Murray, in press) in barrier-free environments (Jankowski, 1997) provided deaf ways of deaf education (Erting, 1996; Reilly, 1995).
A Tool for Monitoring the Development of Written English: T-Unit Analysis Using the SAWL
Authors: White Alfred H
Published: July 2007

The article reports the development of the Structural Analysis of Written Language (SAWL), an instrument designed for use by classroom teachers in objectively documenting the ability of children to write in English. The SAWL allows teachers to use T-unit analysis to quantitatively assess language improvement regardless of whether the student writes perfect English, flawed English, and/or generates "wordstrings" with minimal English structure. The SAWL introduces two new indexes of linguistic maturity, morphemes per T-unit (MTU) and the word efficiency ratio (WER). The SAWL also allows teachers to (a) objectively compare a child's written composition with printed material and (b) make a seamless comparison of a student's written English across his or her academic life using the same indexes of measurement.
Moving Pictures, Still Lives: Staging National Tableaux and Text in Prospero's Books
Authors: Trimm Ryan S
Published: July 2007

Peter Greenaway's Prospero's Books works against the heritage film's generic obsession with setting by foregrounding its soundstage as a textual and performative space.
Terror, Terrorism, and Horror in Conrad's Heart of Darkness
Authors: Singh Frances B
Published: July 2007

The paper considers Heart of Darkness as an example of rhetorical counter-terrorism. Conrad's language partly relies of that of the Gothic discourse of horror, especially when horror manifests itself as an entity with teeth \-\- a zone of contact between the individual and the horror which can consume, absorb the individual. In Gothic horror fiction the sites where "terror" and "horror" reached their climax were frequently related to the practice of cannibalism. In Heart of Darkness, Conrad's Marlow points out that the so-called cannibals, identified as such by their fanged teeth, are neither terrifying nor horrifying. The real cannibal, in the figurative sense, is Kurtz, perpetrator and victim of the Belgian colonial terror, whose image, complete with a toothless but voracious mouth, is associated with human heads on posts surrounding his bungalow – a psychological substitute for the severed hands collected by the basketful by Belgian agents. By translating "hands" into "heads," by using the motifs from the well-known discourse of cannibalism to represent the Belgian terror tactic, Conrad provided his readers with an already valorized language, a semiotics for comprehending this particular horror, and a stimulus for a response to it.
Effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid on the genetic expression profile of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) determined by microarray
Authors: Salazar Juliana , Camacho Mercedes , Masana Lluís , Vila Luis , Ribalta Josep
Published: July 2007

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:829–34.
Zur Kristallzüchtung von Cadmiumsulfid und anderen II—VI‐Verbindungen durch Sublimation in verschiedenen Gasgemischen. I. Chemische Technik zur Gewinnung plättchenförmiger Kristalle des Cadmium‐ und Zinksulfids
Authors: Flögel P.
Published: July 2007

Zur Gewinnung großer, glatter, plättchenförmiger CdS‐Einkristalle durch Sublimation in verschiedenen Trägergasen wird der Einfluß der Zusammensetzung und der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Gases sowie der Temperatur für eine feste experimentelle Anordnung mit gegebener Temperaturverteilung untersucht. Die günstigsten Bereiche für die gegebenen Bedingungen werden abgegrenzt. Einige entsprechende Erfahrungen bei der Sublimation von Zinksulfid werden mitgeteilt.
Electrical structure of the surface of crystalline substrates and its influence on nucleation and growth processes
Authors: Distler G. I.
Published: July 2007

The electrical structure of crystalline substrates has been studied by a new technique based on selective crystallization of decorating material and selective deposition of charged colloidal particles. Silver chloride was found to be a very effective indicator of the electrical relief of crystal surfaces. At early stages of thermal condensation, it crystallizes orientedly on negatively charged regions of the surface and randomly on those charged positively. The method has been applied to the study of triglycine sulphate, LiF, and NaCl crystals. It has been found that the surface of real crystals consists as a rule of positive and negative regions, representing assemblies of charged point defects. Near the cleavage steps certain “dead zones” arise, in which a local compensation of charges takes place. Nucleation occurs mainly at charged point defects and oriented coalescence of islands proceeds with different velocity on surface local regions of different signs. The selectivity of crystallization depends on the relation of the sign and magnitude of potential between different smooth areas of the surfaces of crystalline substrates, on the one hand, and between steps and smooth areas, on the other. The charged point defects and their assemblies which are present on the surface of crystalline substrates induce polarization structures of the electret type in amorphous interfacial layers. These structures are “frozen” in interfacial layers in so stable a manner that the layers turn out to be electrical copies of crystal surfaces, thus reflecting the distribution of potential of the surface. Such copies preserve the “electrical memory” even after they are detached from the surfaces of crystals and can hence be used as active substrates for various heterogeneous processes, in particular, for epitaxy.
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung zur Struktur aufgedampfter Nickel/Chrom‐Schichten
Authors: Schippel E.
Published: July 2007

Zur elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung von auf Glas und keramischen Substraten aufgedampften Ni/Cr‐Schichten wurde Zellin als wasserlösliche Abdruckmatrize verwendet.

Zur Erkennung der Schichtstruktur war eine Anätzung der Oberfläche erforderlich, die aufgrund der Passivierung des vorliegenden Schichtmaterials besonders schwierig ist. Die getemperte Legierungsschicht zeigt im Elektronenmikroskop zwei verschiedene Phasen. Die Ni‐reiche, kubisch kristalline Phase mit ausgeprägten idiomorphen Kristallen ist eingelagert in einer “schotterartigen” Cr‐reichen Phase.
Nucleation and crystal growth during sulphidation and oxidation of thin zinc and cadmium films
Authors: Weissmantel Chr. , Hecht G. , Herberger J. , Glauche R. , Wagner I.
Published: July 2007

The kinetics of sulphidation and oxidation of evaporated zinc and cadmium films in pure sulphur vapour and oxygen has been investigated. In the temperature range from 100 to 250°C a rapid gas sorption occurs which may be described by logarithmic expressions such as a = const · log (t – t0). Subsequently a slow reaction is observed the time laws of which can also be represented by logarithmic expressions or by a general power law of the type a = const · t1/n.

Electron‐optical and X‐ray studies taken at various stages of the reaction reveal a substantial effect of nucleation and recrystallization processes on the kinetics of layer growth. In detail the following phases of layer growth could be confirmed:

Coating of the metal with a very fine (d ≈ 50 Å) nonoriented layer.

Growth of oriented sulphide or oxide nuclei with diameters of 102–103 Å.

Coalescence of these nuclei and formation of a coherent layer (in the case of CdS and CdO formation of medium‐size oriented crystallites).

Formation of whiskers at slightly higher temperatures.

The results show that nucleation and recrystallization processes strongly affect the kinetics of the formation of surface films on metals. Therefore it can be concluded that it is necessary considerably to modify the theoretical attempts for a quantitative description of layer growth which in most cases are based on a homogeneous layer structure.
Untersuchungen an Systemen aus Salzen und gemischten Lösungsmitteln (XII) Kristallographische Eigenschaften und Zersetzung der Methanolsolvate des MgSO4
Authors: Emons H.‐H. , Seyfarth H.‐H. , Winkler F.
Published: July 2007

Es werden die mikroskopischen und IR‐spektroskopischen Eigenschaften von MgSO4 · 2 CH3OH und MgSO4 · 2 CH3OH · 2 H2O, der strukturelle Aufbau und die mikroskopische Verfolgung der thermischen Zersetzung beschrieben sowie einige kinetische Daten mitgeteilt.
Isomorphiebeziehungen bei den Heptahydratsulfaten von einigen zweiwertigen Metallen (Mg2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Co2+)
Authors: Balarew Chr. , Karaivanova V. , Aslanian S.
Published: July 2007

Die Isomorphiebeziehungen bei den Heptahydratsulfaten von Mg2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Fe2+ und Co2+ werden untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß wenn die Endglieder der betrachteten isomorphen Reihen in gleichen Strukturen kristallisieren, eine lückenlose Reihe der Mischkristalle existiert. Wenn die Endglieder der untersuchten isomorphen Reihen in verschiedenen Strukturen kristallisieren, bildet sich eine Lücke in der Reihe der Mischkristalle. Auf Grund der Kristallfeld‐Theorie wird eine qualitative Erklärung der Unterschiede in den Kristallstrukturen von MgSO4 · 7H2O, ZnSO4 · 7H2O und NiSO4 · 7H2O einerseits und von FeSO4 · 7H2O und CoSO4 · 7H2O anderseits zu geben versucht.
Preparation and X‐ray study of single crystals of solid solutions of γ‐tungsten oxide with germanium and silicon
Authors: Horyń R.
Published: July 2007

Single crystals of two solid solutions of γ‐tungsten oxide with germanium and silicon have been obtained with HCl as transport reagent. Improved values of lattice constants of the γ‐tungsten oxide phase have also been determined.
Studies of Dislocations in Single Crystals of Alumo‐Yttrium Garnet (YAG)
Authors: Arsenev P. A. , Baranov B. A. , Klinchikov S. A.
Published: July 2007

Studies of dislocations in single crystals of Aluminium–Yttrium Garnet (YAG). Description is given to the distribution of the average density of dislocations in YAG crystals grown by Czochralski'S method. Effect of various growth factors on the structural perfection of crystals is determined. Certain methods of improving crystal quality are discussed.
The Thermal Etching of GaP
Authors: Kocsis S. , Lendvay E.
Published: July 2007

The thermal decomposition and etching of GaP have been investigated. The {111} GaP surfaces were treated in 10−2—10−5 torr vacuum, and in hydrogen and argon atmosphere, in a temperature range of 900—1300 K. Under the different experimental conditions the etched surfaces show different morphological characteristics and polar properties, from which the suitable range for thermal etching or polishing can be choosen. All experiments show that the evaporation mechanism in vacuum and argon is similar, but in hydrogen the process is different.
Quality evaluation of crystals of mixed oxides of elements of the third group of the periodic system
Authors: Arsenev P. A. , Kamensky E. I. , Potyemkin A. V.
Published: July 2007

Mathematical modelling methods are considered for the evaluation of perspective use of various materials, dielectric crystals as matrices for laser elements of a certain application. Garnet structure crystals and perovskite structure crystals on the basis of mixed oxides of elements of the Third Group of the Periodic System are considered in detail. The determining influence of crystal‐chemical aspects on the crystal quality and its further application is defined. On the basis of calculations a certain advantage of perovskite structure crystals (aluminate and scandates of rare earths) of garnets during their application as matrices for active elements of optical quantum generators is deduced. A possibility of creating laser elements on the basis of solid solutions of perovskite structure combinations is emphasized.
Mechanische Eigenschaften von Si‐Whiskern aus der Gasphase
Authors: Seidowski E. , Bleeck P.
Published: July 2007

Es wird die Zugfestigkeit aus der Gasphase erhaltener und mit Platin dotierter Si‐Whisker untersucht. Der Bruchmechanismus der Whisker wird untersucht, verschiedenen Modelle werden betrachtet und in Abhängigkeit vom Dotierungsgrad ihre Anwendbarkeit diskutiert.
Studies on the microscopic condition of switching channels and on the number of switching cycles of bistable Cu2O devices
Authors: Bäther K.‐H. , Brückner W.
Published: July 2007

The distribution of Cu and Ag concentration in the conductive channel of bistable AgCu2OAg switching devices was investigated with the electron beam micro‐probe. A quasi‐metallic channel centre (Cu content >92 weight‐%) can be distinguished from the remaining channel (Cu deficiency, CuxO, x < 2). A precipitation of electrode material was established in the switching channel. The switching devices are withstanding up to maximum of 104 switching cycles. The reasons for this limited “life” are given.