bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Importance of specimen length during temporal artery biopsy (Br J Surg 2011; 98: 1556–1560)
Authors: Rohman L , Phillips A W
Published: January 2012

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
The Effect of Shame and Shame Memories on Paranoid Ideation and Social Anxiety
Authors: Matos Marcela , Pinto‐Gouveia José , Gilbert Paul
Published: January 2012

Background

Social wariness and anxiety can take different forms. Paranoid anxiety focuses on the malevolence of others, whereas social anxiety focuses on the inadequacies in the self in competing for social position and social acceptance. This study investigates whether shame and shame memories are differently associated with paranoid and social anxieties.

Method

Shame, traumatic impact of shame memory, centrality of shame memory, paranoia and social anxiety were assessed using self‐report questionnaires in 328 participants recruited from the general population.

Results

Results from path analyses show that external shame is specifically associated with paranoid anxiety. In contrast, internal shame is specifically associated with social anxiety. In addition, shame memories, which function like traumatic memories, or that are a central reference point to the individual's self‐identity and life story, are significantly associated with paranoid anxiety, even when current external and internal shame are considered at the same time. Thus, traumatic impact of shame memory and centrality of shame memory predict paranoia (but not social anxiety) even when considering for current feelings of shame.

Conclusion

Our study supports the evolutionary model suggesting there are two different types of ‘conspecific’ anxiety, with different evolutionary histories, functions and psychological processes. Paranoia, but less so social anxiety, is associated with traumatic impact and the centrality of shame memories. Researchers and clinicians should distinguish between types of shame memory, particularly those where the self might have felt vulnerable and subordinate and perceived others as threatening and hostile, holding malevolent intentions towards the self. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Shame and shame memories are distinctively related to paranoia and social anxiety.

External shame is especially associated with paranoid ideation, whereas internal shame is specifically linked to social anxiety.

The historical route of shame memories, especially those structured as traumatic and central memories to personal identity and life story, may play a significant role in paranoia, perhaps more so than in social anxiety.

Therapy for paranoia or social anxiety should integrate strategies to work with shame.

Therapeutic interventions with patients experiencing paranoid anxiety should evaluate and address their shame memories, particularly those that function as traumatic and central memories to their self‐identity and life narrative.
The need for complex ideas in anorexia nervosa: Why biology, environment, and psyche all matter, why therapists make mistakes, and why clinical benchmarks are needed for managing weight correction
Authors: Strober Michael , Johnson Craig
Published: January 2012

Anorexia nervosa remains an enigma and its clinical challenge is intimidating. But the potential for new insights has been advancing, largely as a result of elegant research in the neurosciences that has modeled behavioral processes resembling key features of the illness. Unfortunately, many in the eating disorder field seem to know little of this work or the implication it holds for treatment philosophy. Instead, the knowledge void has been taken up recently by a host of misguided notions about etiology, blatantly dismissive attitudes toward psychological concepts, and ill‐conceived beliefs about therapy priorities. This article is a clinical perspective on these issues. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Klebsiellapneumoniae (NBRC 3319) Mediated Asymmetric Reduction of α‐Substituted β‐Oxo Esters and Its Application to the Enantioiselective Synthesis of Small‐Ring Carbocycle Derivatives
Authors: Bhuniya Rajib , Mahapatra Tridib , Nanda Samik
Published: January 2012

Ketoreductases from Klebsiella pneumoniae (NBRC 3319) selectively reduce several 2‐substituted ethyl 3‐oxobutyrates to yield the corresponding syn‐β‐hydroxy esters with remarkable stereocontrol (de > 99 %, ee > 99 %). The enantiopure hydroxy oxo esters were synthetically manipulated to access new small‐ring carbocycles.
Thermal malfunction criteria of fire safety electrical equipment in nuclear power plants
Authors: Gay Laurent , Gracia Robert , Wizenne Eric
Published: January 2012

Malfunctions of nuclear power plants' (NPP) fire safety electrical equipment may be the consequence of a fire, leading to an increase of temperature and heat fluxes in a room and its adjacent ones. Electrical equipment manufacturers issue a so‐called ‘maximum temperature of normal operation’ under which a continuous function is guaranteed. However, this manufacturer temperature does not correspond to the notably higher real maximum operating temperature. Exactly knowing this temperature has two impacts: adequate selection of fire safety equipment and new fire probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) damage threshold. Those levels are today very conservative for performance‐based design: 40°C for electronic boards and 55°C for electromechanical materials.

That is why Electricité de France, Research and Development Division (EDF R&D), performed several tests in the MILONGA facility to investigate the thermal malfunction levels of cabinet equipment classified as ‘Important for Safety’ by

first defining what malfunction means, according to the material type and its required function;

defining a relevant and reliable methodology of tests;

testing a sample of electromechanical materials and electronic boards used in NPP and

suggesting new temperature criteria for Fire PRA.

Although the equipment behaviour may be dependent upon the materials of construction and equipment layout, the main results are the malfunction temperatures of 130°C for electromechanical materials and 95°C for electronic boards. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multirate time stepping for accelerating explicit discontinuous Galerkin computations with application to geophysical flows
Authors: Seny B. , Lambrechts J. , Comblen R. , Legat V. , Remacle J.‐F.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents multirate explicit time‐stepping schemes for solving partial differential equations with discontinuous Galerkin elements in the framework of Large‐scale marine flows. It addresses the variability of the local stable time steps by gathering the mesh elements in appropriate groups. The real challenge is to develop methods exhibiting mass conservation and consistency. Two multirate approaches, based on standard explicit Runge–Kutta methods, are analyzed. They are well suited and optimized for the discontinuous Galerkin framework. The significant speedups observed for the hydrodynamic application of the Great Barrier Reef confirm the theoretical expectations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The challenge of sustainable electricity
Authors: Fox Jessica , Maki Todd
Published: January 2012

If ever there were a word used loosely in the business community, it is sustainability. This is partly because the term is so broadly defined. At its most basic level, sustainability refers to the management of resources to ensure the long‐term well‐being of ourselves and our planet.
Electric prices: FERC forecast shows electric prices rising in many regions
Authors:   Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Published: January 2012

The Winter Energy Assessment is staff's opportunity to share observations about natural gas, electricity, and other energy markets as we enter the winter.
Natural gas—production: Survey of energy resources: Shale gas—What's new worldwide
Authors:   World Energy Council
Published: January 2012

In mid‐2010, the World Energy Council published a comprehensive report on shale gas. Given the slow pace of change and long lead‐times typical in the energy sector, it is amazing to note how different the global outlook for shale gas is today compared to last year.
Timing of posterior parahippocampal gyrus activity reveals multiple scene processing stages
Authors: Bastin Julien , Committeri Giorgia , Kahane Philippe , Galati Gaspare , Minotti Lorella , Lachaux Jean‐Philippe , Berthoz Alain
Published: January 2012

Posterior parahippocampal gyrus (PPHG) is strongly involved during scene recognition and spatial cognition. How PPHG electrophysiological activity could underlie these functions, and whether they share similar timing mechanisms is unknown. We addressed this question in two intracerebral experiments which revealed that PPHG neural activity dissociated an early stimulus‐driven effect (>200 and <500 ms) and a late task‐related effect (>600 and <800 ms). Strongest PPHG gamma band (50–150 Hz) activities were found early when subjects passively viewed scenes (scene selectivity effect) and lately when they had to estimate the position of an object relative to the environment (allocentric effect). Based on single trial analyses, we were able to predict when patients viewed scenes (compared to other visual categories) and when they performed allocentric judgments (compared to other spatial judgments). The anatomical location corresponding to the strongest effects was in the depth of the collateral sulcus. Our findings directly affect current theories of visual scene processing and spatial orientation by providing new timing constraints and by demonstrating the existence of separable information processing stages in the functionally defined parahippocampal place area. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serotonin protects mouse liver from cholestatic injury by decreasing bile salt pool after bile duct ligation
Authors: Jang Jae-Hwi , Rickenbacher Andreas , Humar Bostjan , Weber Achim , Raptis Dimitri Aristotle , Lehmann Kuno , Stieger Bruno , Moritz Wolfgang , Soll Christopher , Georgiev Panco , Fischer David , Laczko Endre , Graf Rolf , Clavien Pierre-Alain
Published: January 2012

Obstructive cholestasis induces liver injury, postoperative complications, and mortality after surgery. Adaptive control of cholestasis, including bile salt homeostasis, is necessary for recovery and survival. Peripheral serotonin is a cytoprotective neurotransmitter also associated with liver regeneration. The effect of serotonin on cholestatic liver injury is not known. Therefore, we tested whether serotonin affects the severity of cholestatic liver injury. We induced cholestasis by ligation of the bile duct (BDL) in either wild-type (WT) mice or mice lacking peripheral serotonin (Tph1
−/− and immune thrombocytopenic [ITP] mice). Liver injury was assessed by the levels of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and tissue necrosis. Bile salt–regulating genes were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Tph1
−/− mice displayed higher levels of plasma AST, ALT, bile salts, and hepatic necrosis after 3 days of BDL than WT mice. Likewise, liver injury was disproportional in ITP mice. Moreover, severe cholestatic complications and mortality after prolonged BDL were increased in Tph1
−/− mice. Despite the elevation in toxic bile salts, expression of genes involved in bile salt homeostasis and detoxification were not affected in Tph1
−/− livers. In contrast, the bile salt reabsorption transporters Ostα and Ostβ were up-regulated in the kidneys of Tph1
−/− mice, along with a decrease in urinary bile salt excretion. Serotonin reloading of Tph1
−/− mice reversed this phenotype, resulting in a reduction of circulating bile salts and liver injury. Conclusion: We propose a physiological function of serotonin is to ameliorate liver injury and stabilize the bile salt pool through adaptation of renal transporters in cholestasis. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:209–218)
Significance of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-positive cells in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Molecular mechanism of IgG4 reaction in cancer tissue
Authors: Harada Kenichi , Shimoda Shinji , Kimura Yasushi , Sato Yasunori , Ikeda Hiroko , Igarashi Saya , Ren Xiang-Shan , Sato Hirohide , Nakanuma Yasuni
Published: January 2012

IgG4 reactions consisting of marked infiltration by immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-positive plasma cells in affected organs is found in cancer patients as well as patients with IgG4-related diseases. Notably, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas accompanying marked IgG4 reactions clinicopathologically mimic IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis. The regulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 is thought to induce the differentiation of IgG4-positive cells. In this study, to clarify the mechanism of the IgG4 reaction in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, we investigated nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) generating IL-10–producing regulatory T cells (anergy T cells) and Foxp3-positive regulatory cells producing IL-10. Immunohistochemistry targeting IgG4, HLA-DR, CD80, CD86, and Foxp3 was performed using 54 cholangiocarcinoma specimens from 24 patients with gallbladder cancer, 22 patients with common bile duct cancer, and eight patients with cancer of the Papilla of Vater. Moreover, a molecular analysis of Foxp3 and IL-10 was performed using a cultured human cholangiocarcinoma cell line. Consequently, 43% of the cholangiocarcinomas were found to be abundant in IgG4. Those expressing HLA-DR but lacking costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and those expressing Foxp3 detected by an antibody recognizing the N terminus accounted for 54% and 39% of cases, respectively. Moreover, the number of IgG4-positive cells was larger in these cases than in other groups. In cultured cells, the presence of a splicing variant of Foxp3 messenger RNA and the expression of IL-10 were demonstrated. Conclusion: Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is often accompanied by significant infiltration of IgG4-positive cells. Cholangiocarcinoma cells could play the role of nonprofessional APCs and Foxp3-positive regulatory cells, inducing IgG4 reactions via the production of IL-10 indirectly and directly, respectively. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:157–164)
High plasma level of nucleocapsid-free envelope glycoprotein-positive lipoproteins in hepatitis C patients
Authors: Scholtes Caroline , Ramière Christophe , Rainteau Dominique , Perrin-Cocon Laure , Wolf Claude , Humbert Lydie , Carreras Martine , Guironnet-Paquet Aurélie , Zoulim Fabien , Bartenschlager Ralf , Lotteau Vincent , André Patrice , Diaz Olivier
Published: January 2012

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles associate viral and lipoprotein moieties to form hybrid lipoviral particles (LVPs). Cell culture–produced HCV (HCVcc) and ex vivo–characterized LVPs primarily differ by their apolipoprotein (apo) B content, which is low for HCVcc, but high for LVPs. Recombinant nucleocapsid-free subviral LVPs are assembled and secreted by apoB-producing cell lines. To determine whether such subviral particles circulate in HCV-infected individuals, LVPs complexed with immunoglobulin were precipitated with protein A from low-density plasma fractions of 36 hepatitis C patients, and their lipid content, apolipoprotein profile, and viral composition were determined. HCV RNA in LVPs was quantified and molar ratios of apoB and HCV genome copy number were calculated. LVPs lipidome from four patients was determined via electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry. Protein A–purified LVPs contained at least the envelope glycoprotein E2 and E2-specific antibodies. LVPs were present in every patient and were characterized by high lipid content, presence of apolipoproteins characteristic of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), HCV RNA, and viral glycoprotein. Importantly, save for four patients, LVPs fractions contained large amounts of apoB, with on average more than 1 × 106 apoB molecules per HCV RNA genome. Because there is one apoB molecule per TRL, this ratio suggested that most LVPs are nucleocapsid-free, envelope glycoprotein-containing subviral particles. LVPs and TRLs had similar composition of triacylglycerol and phospholipid classes. Conclusion: LVPs are a mixed population of particles, comprising predominantly subviral particles that represent a distinct class of modified lipoproteins within the TRL family. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:39–48)
Disruption of phospholipid and bile acid homeostasis in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Tanaka Naoki , Matsubara Tsutomu , Krausz Kristopher W. , Patterson Andrew D. , Gonzalez Frank J.
Published: January 2012

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease that can develop into cirrhosis, hepatic failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although several metabolic pathways are disrupted and endogenous metabolites may change in NASH, the alterations in serum metabolites during NASH development remain unclear. To gain insight into the disease mechanism, serum metabolite changes were assessed using metabolomics with ultraperformance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and a conventional mouse NASH model induced by a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet. Significant decreases in serum palmitoyl-, stearoyl-, and oleoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and marked increases in tauro-β-muricholate, taurocholate and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) were detected in mice with NASH. In agreement with these metabolite changes, hepatic mRNAs encoding enzymes and proteins involved in LPC degradation (lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase [Lpcat] 1-4), basolateral bile acid excretion (ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member [Abcc] 1/4/5 and organic solute transporter β), and 12-HETE synthesis (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) were significantly up-regulated. In contrast, the expression of solute carrier family 10 member 1 (Slc10a1) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member (Slco) 1a1 and 1b2, responsible for transporting bile acids into hepatocytes, were markedly suppressed. Supplementation of the MCD diet with methionine revealed that the changes in serum metabolites and the related gene expression were derived from steatohepatitis, but not dietary choline deficiency or steatosis. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β1 induced the expression of Lpcat2/4 and Abcc1/4 and down-regulated Slc10a1 and Slco1a1 in primary hepatocytes, suggesting an association between the changes in serum LPC and bile acids and proinflammatory cytokines. Finally, induction of hepatitis in ob/ob mice by D-galactosamine injection led to similar changes in serum metabolites and related gene expression. Conclusion: Phospholipid and bile acid metabolism is disrupted in NASH, likely due to enhanced hepatic inflammatory signaling. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:118–129)
Evaluation of novel combined carbogen USPIO (CUSPIO) imaging biomarkers in assessing the antiangiogenic effects of cediranib (AZD2171) in rat C6 gliomas
Authors: Burrell Jake S. , Walker‐Samuel Simon , Baker Lauren C.J. , Boult Jessica K.R. , Jamin Yann , Ryan Anderson J. , Waterton John C. , Halliday Jane , Robinson Simon P.
Published: January 2012

The recently described combined carbogen USPIO (CUSPIO) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method uses spatial correlations in independent imaging biomarkers to assess specific components of tumor vascular structure and function. Our study aimed to evaluate CUSPIO biomarkers for the assessment of tumor response to antiangiogenic therapy. CUSPIO imaging was performed in subcutaneous rat C6 gliomas before and 2 days after treatment with the potent VEGF‐signaling inhibitor cediranib (n = 12), or vehicle (n = 12). Histological validation of Hoechst 33342 uptake (perfusion), smooth muscle actin staining (maturation), pimonidazole adduct formation (hypoxia) and necrosis were sought. Following treatment, there was a significant decrease in fractional blood volume (−43%, p < 0.01) and a significant increase in hemodynamic vascular functionality (treatment altered ΔR2*carbogen from 1.2 to −0.2 s−1, p < 0.05). CUSPIO imaging revealed an overall significant decrease in plasma perfusion (−27%, p < 0.05) following cediranib treatment, that was associated with selective effects on immature blood vessels. The CUSPIO responses were associated with a significant 15% reduction in Hoechst 33342 uptake (p < 0.05), but no significant difference in vascular maturation or necrosis. Additionally, treatment with cediranib resulted in a significant 40% increase in tumor hypoxia (p < 0.05). The CUSPIO imaging method provides novel and more specific biomarkers of tumor vessel maturity and vascular hemodynamics, and their response to VEGF‐signaling inhibition, compared to current MR imaging biomarkers utilized in the clinic. Such biomarkers may prove effective in longitudinally monitoring tumor vascular remodeling and/or evasive resistance in response to antiangiogenic therapy.
Mutant allele‐specific imbalance modulates prognostic impact of KRAS mutations in colorectal adenocarcinoma and is associated with worse overall survival
Authors: Hartman D. J. , Davison J. M. , Foxwell T. J. , Nikiforova M. N. , Chiosea S. I.
Published: January 2012

The prognostic impact of distinct KRAS mutations in colorectal carcinomas is not fully characterized. We hypothesized that the prognostic impact of KRAS mutations is modulated by KRAS mutant allele‐specific imbalance (MASI). KRAS MASI was assessed by sequencing electropherograms in KRAS‐mutated colorectal carcinomas (N = 394, prospectively tested). The mechanism of KRAS MASI was studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH; N = 50). FISH showed that KRAS MASI developed by chromosome 12 hyperploidy (9/18, 50%) or KRAS amplification (1/18, 5.5%). KRAS MASI was more common in tumors with KRAS codon 13 than with codon 12 mutations [24/81, 30% vs. 54/313, 17%; odds ratio (OR), 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2–3.5; p = 0.01]. KRAS MASI was correlated with overall survival (N = 358, median follow‐up = 21 months). In a multivariate analysis, KRAS codon 13 MASI was an independent adverse prognostic factor (compared to codon 13 mutants without MASI combined with all codon 12 mutants; adjusted hazard ratio, 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2–3.9; p = 0.01). KRAS MASI arises through chromosome 12 hyperploidy or KRAS amplification and, when affects KRAS codon 13, is associated with worse overall survival.
Rewriting Identities: Creating Spaces for Students and Teachers to Challenge the Norms of What It Means to Be a Reader in School
Authors: Hall Leigh A.
Published: January 2012

In this commentary, I discuss what reading identities are, and how they are defined, created, and enacted in schools by teachers and students. I then consider the positive and negative consequences associated with asking students to take up institutionalized norms around reading. Finally, I share how we can create spaces for students to talk back and rewrite the identities that are often forced on them by schools. I conclude by discussing the importance of creating reading partnerships between teachers and students.
Using Urban Fiction to Engage At‐Risk and Incarcerated Youths in Literacy Instruction
Authors: Guerra Stephanie F.
Published: January 2012

The article presents a discussion of the potential of young adult urban fiction to engage at‐risk and incarcerated students in literacy instruction. The author provides an overview of the genre and an analysis of why young adult urban fiction is a good choice for educational use with at‐risk and incarcerated teens. The author also offers an evaluative process for selecting the best young adult urban fiction to use with these populations, and she shares some instructional ideas, including a list of books that met her evaluative criteria in her survey of 100 young adult urban fiction titles.
Enhancing the bioactivity of zirconia and zirconia composites by surface modification
Authors: Dehestani Mahdi , Ilver Lars , Adolfsson Erik
Published: January 2012

Among bioceramics, zirconia (ZrO2) and alumina (Al2O3) possess exceptional mechanical properties suitable for load‐bearing and wear‐resistant applications but the poor bioactivity of these materials is the major concern when bonding and integration to the living bone are desired. This article investigates two different approaches and their underlying mechanisms to improve the bioactivity of zirconia (3Y‐TZP) and a zirconia composite with alumina (10Ce‐TZP/Al2O3). Chemical treatment approach applied on 3Y‐TZP where the substrates were soaked in 5MH3PO4to create chemically functional groups on the surface for inducing apatite nucleation. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to detect chemical changes and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to monitor phase changes on the surface before and after acid treatment. Alternate soaking approach applied on 10Ce‐TZP/Al2O3consisted of soaking the composite substrates in CaCl2and Na2HPO4solutions alternately to make a precursor for apatite formation. The bioactivity was evaluated by apatite‐forming ability of surface‐treated materials in simulated body fluid (SBF). Both methods resulted in the formation of hydroxyapatite on the surface of materials; however, alternate soaking approach showed to be a simpler, faster, and more effective method than the chemical treatment approach for enhancing the bioactivity of zirconia materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity of Mg–35Zn–3Ca alloy for surface modified biodegradable implant material
Authors: Park Ran Sook , Kim Yu Kyoung , Lee Sook Jeong , Jang Yong Seok , Park II Song , Yun Yeo Heung , Bae Tae Sung , Lee Min Ho
Published: January 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the biocompatibility of Mg–Zn–Ca ternary alloy as a biodegradable material. The casting alloy underwent anodization in an alkaline electrolyte at current density 300 mA/cm2 and frequency 50 Hz to obtain porous oxide layer. Plasma anodization film using pulse was shown to form irregular porous oxide film. As a result of corrosion test, the corrosion current was shown to decrease and the corrosion voltage was shown to increase in the anodized group, which showed the improvement of corrosion resistance after surface treatment. Sodium silicate (0.1 M) was directly oxidized due to high charges caused by spark and then formed SiO2, and the compounds produced inside the film were shown MgO, Mg2SiO4, and SiO2. In the histological examination in rats, all samples of the untreated group were shown to be absorbed 3 weeks later into the body. After the magnesium alloy was implanted, blood vessel expansion and tissue change were shown in the adjacent tissues. However, the changed tissues were shown to return to normal muscle tissues 4 weeks later when the alloy was completely absorbed. These results suggest that anodized Mg–35Zn–3Ca alloy has good biocompatibility in vivo and controls the absorption rate of biomaterials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Mechanical properties of totally permeable titanium composite pylon for direct skeletal attachment
Authors: Pitkin M. , Pilling J. , Raykhtsaum G.
Published: January 2012

Composite pylons containing a solid titanium core with drilled holes surrounded by a porous sintered titanium shell have been fabricated and tested in bending along with the raw cores and pylons composed of the porous titanium alone. The new pylons were designed with the concept of enhanced in‐growth of bone and skin cells and are intended for direct skeletal attachment of limb prostheses considering requirements for long‐lasting anchorage to the residuum bone and a need for a safe skin‐implant seal. Load–displacement thresholds were determined after which the integrity of the porous component may be compromised. The composite pylons have a flexural strength and stiffness substantially greater than that of pylons composed of the porous titanium alone. The drilled holes in the solid insert have been shown to have virtually no effect on the flexural strength of the pylon, while meeting a requirement for total permeability of the device for unrestricted cell ingrowth. The predicted strength of the pylons and associated failure modes are in close agreement with those measured. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Direct measurement of the interaction force between immunostimulatory CpG–DNA and TLR9 fusion protein
Authors: Klein Dionne C. G. , Øvrebø Kirsti Marie , Latz Eicke , Espevik Terje , Stokke Bjørn T.
Published: January 2012

The specific interaction between human Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9)–ectodomain (ECD)–fusion protein and immunostimulatory CpG–DNA was measured using force spectroscopy. Flexible tethers were used between receptors and surface as well as between DNA and atomic force microscope tip to make efficient recognition studies possible. The molecular recognition forces detected are in the range of 50 to 150 ± 20 pN at the used force‐loading rates, and the molecular interaction probability was much reduced when the receptors were blocked with free CpG–DNA. A linear increase of the unbinding force with the logarithm of the loading rate was found over the range 0.1 to 30 nN/s. This indicates a single potential barrier characterizing the energy landscape and no intermediate state for the unbinding pathway of CpG–DNA from the TLR9–ECD. Two important kinetic parameters for CpG–DNA interaction with TLR9–ECD were determined from the force‐loading rate dependency: an off‐rate of koff = 0.14 ± 0.10 s‐1 and a binding interaction length of xβ = 0.30 ± 0.03 nm, which are consistent with literature values. Various models for the molecular interaction of this innate immune receptor binding to CpG–DNA are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of extraction method on quality of orange juice: hand‐squeezed, commercial‐fresh squeezed and processed
Authors: Baldwin Elizabeth A , Bai Jinhe , Plotto Anne , Cameron Randall , Luzio Gary , Narciso Jan , Manthey John , Widmer Wilbur , Ford Bryan L
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Fresh orange juice is perceived to be more wholesome than processed juice. Fresh juice may have flavor and nutrients that differ from pasteurized or processed juice.

RESULTS: ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges were extracted using a commercial food service juicer, pasteurized or not, resulting in fresh‐commercial juice (FCJ) or pasteurized juice (FCPJ) for comparison with pasteurized processed juice (PPJ) in 2009, and gently hand‐squeezed ‘Valencia’ juice (HSJ) in 2010 for quality attributes. There was higher peel oil, lower pectin content, and less cloud loss in FCJ/FCPJ compared to PPJ and HSJ regardless of pasteurization. Titratable acidity was generally higher and the ratio of solids to acids lower in FCJ/FCPJ or HSJ compared to PPJ. FCJ/FCPJ had generally higher levels of most aroma volatiles than did PPJ and, overall, the highest esters and terpenes, while methanol and ethanol levels were highest in HSJ. For sensory evaluation, FCJ/FCPJ had more peel oil and PPJ more cooked flavor than other samples, while ‘Valencia’ HSJ was preferred over the other juices.

CONCLUSION: High peel oil content and thermo‐pasteurization process decreased cloud loss of orange juice. Extraction and finishing processes rather than pasteurization or oil content were major factors in influencing orange juice flavor quality. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate–dependent protein kinase a signaling prevents liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice
Authors: Ji Haofeng , Shen Xiu-da , Zhang Yu , Gao Feng , Huang Cynthia Y. , Chang William W. , Lee Coney , Ke Bibo , Busuttil Ronald W. , Kupiec-Weglinski Jerzy W.
Published: January 2012

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs in multiple clinical settings, including liver transplantation. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)–dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway inhibits hepatocellular apoptosis and regulates toll-like receptor 4–triggered inflammation responses in vitro. Here we examined the function and therapeutic potential of cAMP-PKA activation in a murine (C57/BL6) model of liver warm ischemia (90 minutes) followed by reperfusion. Liver IRI triggered cAMP-PKA activation, whereas the administration of its specific inhibitor, H89, exacerbated hepatocellular damage. Conversely, forskolin therapy, which activates PKA by elevating cAMP levels, protected livers from IRI; this was evidenced by diminished serum alanine aminotransferase levels and well-preserved tissue architecture. Liver protection due to cAMP-PKA stimulation was accompanied by diminished neutrophil and macrophage infiltration/activation, reduced hepatocyte necrosis/apoptosis, and increased cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) expression and augmented interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression. The neutralization of IL-10 restored liver damage in otherwise ischemia/reperfusion-resistant, forskolin-treated mice. In vitro, cAMP-PKA activation diminished macrophage tumor necrosis factor α, IL-6, and IL-12 in an IL-10–dependent manner and prevented necrosis/apoptosis in primary mouse hepatocyte cultures. Our novel findings in a mouse model of liver IRI document the importance of cAMP-PKA signaling in hepatic homeostasis and cytoprotection in vivo. The activation of cAMP-PKA signaling differentially regulates local inflammation and prevents hepatocyte death, and this provides a rationale for novel therapeutic approaches to combating liver IRI in transplant recipients.
Morphology Tailoring of Thin Film Block Copolymers on Patterned Substrates
Authors: Ye Xianggui , Edwards Brian J. , Khomami Bamin
Published: January 2012

It is well known that chemically patterned substrates can direct the assembly of adsorbed layers or thin films of block copolymers. For a cylinder‐forming diblock copolymer on periodically spot‐patterned substrates, the morphology of the block copolymer follows the pattern at the substrate; however, with different periodic spacing and spot size of the pattern, novel morphologies can be created. Specifically, we have demonstrated that new morphologies that are absent in the bulk system can be tailored by judiciously varying the mismatch between the width of the pattern and the periodic spacing of the bulk block copolymer, the top surface affinity, and spot size. New morphologies can thus be achieved, such as honeycomb and ring structures, which do not appear in the bulk system. These results demonstrate a promising strategy for fabrication of new nanostructures from chemically patterned substrates.
Improved MR‐based characterization of engineered cartilage using multiexponential T2 relaxation and multivariate analysis
Authors: Reiter David A. , Irrechukwu Onyi , Lin Ping‐Chang , Moghadam Somaieh , Thaer Sarah Von , Pleshko Nancy , Spencer Richard G.
Published: January 2012

Noninvasive monitoring of tissue quality would be of substantial use in the development of cartilage tissue engineering strategies. Conventional MR parameters provide noninvasive measures of biophysical tissue properties and are sensitive to changes in matrix development, but do not clearly distinguish between groups with different levels of matrix development. Furthermore, MR outcomes are nonspecific, with particular changes in matrix components resulting in changes in multiple MR parameters. To address these limitations, we present two new approaches for the evaluation of tissue engineered constructs using MR, and apply them to immature and mature engineered cartilage after 1 and 5 weeks of development, respectively. First, we applied multiexponential T2 analysis for the quantification of matrix macromolecule‐associated water compartments. Second, we applied multivariate support vector machine analysis using multiple MR parameters to improve detection of degree of matrix development. Monoexponential T2 values decreased with maturation, but without further specificity. Much more specific information was provided by multiexponential analysis. The T2 distribution in both immature and mature constructs was qualitatively comparable to that of native cartilage. The analysis showed that proteoglycan‐bound water increased significantly during maturation, from a fraction of 0.05 ± 0.01 to 0.07 ± 0.01. Classification of samples based on individual MR parameters, T1, T2, km or apparent diffusion coefficient, showed that the best classifiers were T1 and km, with classification accuracies of 85% and 84%, respectively. Support vector machine analysis improved the accuracy to 98% using the combination (km, apparent diffusion coefficient). These approaches were validated using biochemical and Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopic analyses, which showed increased proteoglycan and collagen with maturation. In summary, multiexponential T2 and multivariate support vector machine analyses provide improved sensitivity to changes in matrix development and specificity to matrix composition in tissue engineered cartilage. These approaches show substantial potential for the evaluation of engineered cartilage tissue and for extension to other tissue engineering constructs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vaccine discontinuation and switching following regulatory interventions in response to rotavirus vaccine contamination with porcine circovirus DNA fragments
Authors: Dore David D. , Turnbull Bruce R. , Seeger John D.
Published: January 2012

Purpose

The Food and Drug Administration temporarily suspended monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) use following discovery of contamination with porcine circovirus fragments and subsequently announced similar contamination of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5) but recommended continued use of the product. We assessed the utilization of these vaccines in relation to the announcements.

Methods

Using claims submitted to a commercial health insurer for administration of RV1 and RV5, we estimated the number of administrations of the vaccines and the extent of switching between RV1 and RV5. Procedure codes on submitted claims identified vaccine administrations among infants ≤ 1 year old through 16 June 2010. Among infants who received a first dose of vaccine before the corresponding announcement, and whose second dose was anticipated following the announcement, we estimated the number who received no second dose of rotavirus vaccine.

Results

There were 31 178 RV1 initiators and 514 357 RV5 initiators. We observed a 93% reduction in RV1 doses in the month following the recommended suspension of use, coupled with extensive switching to RV5 (90% of subsequent doses) and a reduction in second RV1 doses (from 35.5% incomplete to 40.9%). There was a 15% increase in number of RV5 administrations following announcement of its contamination, with little switching to RV1 but with a possible decrease in completion.

Conclusions

Recommended suspension of RV1 use led to a substantial decrease in use and extensive switching to RV5. The announcement that RV5 was similarly contaminated, but without a corresponding recommendation to suspend use, had little effect on use. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New polyelectrolytes based on 4‐vinyl‐1,2,3‐triazole and 1‐vinylimidazole
Authors: Danilovtseva Elena N. , Chafeev Mikhail A. , Annenkov Vadim V.
Published: January 2012

Copolymers of 4‐vinyl‐1,2,3‐triazole and 1‐vinylimidazole (VI) were obtained by radical copolymerization of (4‐vinyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)methyl pivalate with VI followed by alkali hydrolysis. Reactivity ratios of the triazole and imidazole monomers are 0.51 and 0.30, respectively. Theoretical quantum‐chemical calculations by the PM3 semiempirical method give close values, which show that the obtained reactivity ratios reflect the activity of the vinyl groups. Polyelectrolyte properties of the copolymers were studied by potentiometric titration. Hydrogen bonds between the protonated triazole cycle and the triazole or imidazole units were found to considerably influence the solubility and solution properties of the copolymers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Validation of sleep‐related breathing disorder scale in Hong Kong Chinese snoring children
Authors: Chan Amy , Chan Chung‐Hong , Ng Daniel K.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study is to validate the previously‐validated Taiwan Chinese version of Sleep‐Related Breathing Disorder scale (SRBD scale) in Hong Kong Chinese snoring children. SRBD scale is an instrument used for prediction of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. (OSA) The Chinese version of SRBD scale were previously translated and validated in Taiwan. The same questionnaire were administered in a group of 102 snoring children (mean age: 10.7 and 65 boys) from a sleep laboratory in Hong Kong before their sleep studies. The SRBD scores were then validated against the results from sleep studies. By using the definition of apnea‐hypopnea index larger than 1.5 as OSA, 28 children (27.5%) had polysomnography‐confirmed OSA. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio of the previously validated cut‐off of SRBD score > 0.33 for OSA were 0.5, 0.55, 1.12, and 0.90, respectively. The area under ROC curve was only 0.58, indicates suboptimal performance of SRBD score in predicting OSA. In summary, our study concluded that the previously reported Chinese SRBD scale is not accurate in identifying presence of OSA in Hong Kong Chinese snoring children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012. 47:795–800. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stability control and recurrent switching rules
Authors: Bacciotti Andrea
Published: January 2012

Recently, it has been enlightened the interest of a class of switching rules with good properties, which are called eventually periodic: more precisely, it has been proven that a finite family of linear vector fields of can be stabilized by means of eventually periodic switching rules provided that it is asymptotically controllable and satisfies an additional finite time controllability condition. Unfortunately, simple examples point out that in general, eventually periodic switching rules are not robust with respect to state measurement errors.

In this paper, we introduce a new type of switching rules with improved robustness properties, which are called recurrent switching rules. They are subject to the construction of a finite sequence of complete cones Γ1, … ,ΓH of . We shown that, if a stabilizing eventually periodic switching rule for is known, then Γ1, … ,ΓH can be constructed in such a way that is stabilized by any recurrent switching rule subject to Γ1, … ,ΓH. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secure data transmission with cloud computing in heterogeneous wireless networks
Authors: Chu Chung‐Hua , Ouyang Yen‐Chieh , Jang Chang‐Bu
Published: January 2012

In this paper, we propose a secure handoff scheme for data transmission in integration of 3G and 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs). The handoff between 802.11 WLAN and the 3G suffers from some drawbacks and has been hijacked through the middle of a communication session. We propose an architecture based on cloud computing to build our scheme to fix the problems in such heterogeneous wireless networks. Adaptive Key Exchange Protocol is proposed to protect data transmission as 3G users hand over to an 802.11 WLAN. The approach includes three phases, and all steps of each phase are protected by robust public‐key encryption. Therefore, no information can be hijacked in such environment. The security analysis shows that data transmission between 802.11 WLAN and 3G is robust and secure in various aspects. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time of flight elastic recoil detection analysis with toroidal electrostatic analyzer for ultra shallow dopant profiling
Authors: Abo Satoshi , Horiuchi Hidemasa , Wakaya Fujio , Battistig Gabor , Lohner Tivadar , Takai Mikio
Published: January 2012

A time of flight (TOF) elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) with a toroidal electrostatic analyzer (TEA) using 100 keV Ar+ probe was developed for B profiling in a Si substrate with low energy ion implantation for shrunk semiconductor devices. In the original ERDA, Bohr energy straggling at a stopping foil affects an energy resolution. Thus, in this study, a flight time from the sample to the TEA detector was used for a mass separation in ERDA without the stopping foil. A beam incident angle normal to the sample and a recoil scattering angle were 75° and 50°, respectively. The samples were Si substrates with and without B+ implantation at 2 keV with a dose of 1.5 × 1016/cm2. A boron depth profile was calculated from the difference of the ERDA spectra with TEA for the Si samples with and without B+ implantation. The recoiled B+ and Si+ signals were well separated in the TOF‐ERDA spectra for B+ implanted Si with TEA applied voltages of 0.45 to 1.13 kV. The TOF‐ERDA spectra with TEA applied voltages of 0.45 to 3.44 kV were converted to the ERDA spectra for B+ and Si+. The B segregation at the surface was observed in both B depth profile calculated from the decrease in the Si yield by ERDA and the ERDA spectrum for B+ converted from the TOF‐ERDA spectra. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: ISO 18115‐2:2010 – Surface chemical analysis – Vocabulary—Terms used in scanning probe microscopy
Authors: Seah M P
Published: January 2012

This International Standard revises ISO 18115:2001 and the two subsequent amendments by bringing the material up to date and by separating the general terms and terms used in spectroscopy into Part 1 and terms relating to scanning probe microscopy into Part 2. This part, Part 2, covers 227 terms used in scanning probe microscopy as well as 86 acronyms. The terms cover words or phrases used in describing the samples, instruments and theoretical concepts involved in surface chemical analysis. Copyright © 2012 Crown copyright.
Maladaptive Emotion Regulation is Related to Distressed Personalities in Cardiac Patients
Authors: Messerli‐Bürgy Nadine , Barth Jürgen , von Känel Roland , Schmid Jean‐Paul , Saner Hugo , Znoj Hansjörg
Published: January 2012

Background

Cardiac patients with Type D (‘distressed’) personality perceive more stress. It is unclear to what extent Type D personality might represent deficits in emotion regulation that are known to play an important role in the development of mental disorders. This study evaluated the relationship between emotion regulation and Type D personality and assessed the influence of mood and stress on Type D.

Methods

Emotion regulation, mood, perceived stress and Type D personality were assessed in 163 cardiac patients.

Results

Maladaptive emotional regulation was more pronounced in Type D patients. Depressed mood and perceived partner‐related stress were higher in patients with Type D than in those with Non‐Type D. Regression models revealed a stronger association between emotion regulation and Type D personality (odds ratio = 3.16; 95% confidence interval = 1.53, 6.54) than for depressed mood (odds ratio = 1.19; 95% confidence interval = 1.02, 1.38).

Conclusion

Patients with deficits in emotion regulation are more likely to have Type D personality. Deficits in emotion regulation might be an agent for future intervention studies to change Type D and its prognostic effect. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.