bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Half-heard sounds in the summer air: electroacoustic music in Wellington and the South Island of New Zealand
Authors: Norris Michael , Young John
Published: July 2002

This article traces the evolution of electroacoustic music in Wellington and the South Island of New Zealand. Electroacoustic music has a well-established tradition in New Zealand, dating back to Douglas Lilburn's pioneering work
in the early 1960s. The Victoria University of Wellington Electronic Music Studios (VUW/EMS) that Lilburn established in 1966 became a focal point for electronic music activities in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This article
examines current approaches to electroacoustic music composition, and discusses the facilities at Victoria University, the University of Canterbury and the University of Otago.
New spaces / new places: a Sound House for the performance of electroacoustic music and sonic art
Authors: Emmerson Simon
Published: July 2002

The author has written articles and papers on the possibilities of differentiated spaces in the composition of electroacoustic music (Emmerson 1994, 1998). He extends this into a more practical discussion on the spaces used for the presentation of electroacoustic music (acousmatic music and ‘live electronic’ music), sound installations and other sonic art. The move into more informal ‘club’ environments is not without controversy. The ‘sampling’ approach to the very act of listening and ‘consuming’ sonic art has challenged traditional concert hall presentation. This paper brings various possibilities into plans (at once conceptual but also intended to have practical application) for a multi-space ‘Sound House’: a centre for the performance of the sonic arts. This centre is socially embedded within interpersonal human interaction and is not to be found in the current performance possibilities of the Internet – though it may be connected to others of its kind through this means.
The Contribution of Child and
Adolescent Mental Health
Specialists to Care Planning in
Child Care Proceedings
Authors: Sturge Claire
Published: July 2002

In September 1997 the President's Interdisciplinary Committee

organised a conference to look at issues around
Care Planning. As important as the content of the
conference was the aim of fostering mutual understanding
and the cross-fertilisation of ideas across disciplines.
Papers were given by judges, social services directors,
guardians, Department of Health representatives, researchers,
and child and adolescent mental health specialists. Interdisciplinary
workshop discussions followed each
paper generating group views and papers. All the papers
have just been published as a book (Clarke, 1998).

Dominating themes were the question of what, if any,
influence the judge can exert over the Care Plan, the
possibility of refusing to make a Care Order because of an
unsatisfactory Care Plan, the value of the Care Plan and
the accuracy of its details as a way of furthering and
protecting a child's needs, the uncertainty about the
proportion of cases where the Care Plan is altered or
abandoned for good or bad reasons or major drift occurs,
and ways of improving the quality of Care Plans through
interdisciplinary co-operation. Various ways of dealing
with these issues were suggested.
Evaluation of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Typing with Invader on PCR Amplicons and Its Automation
Authors: Mein Charles A. , Barratt Bryan J. , Dunn Michael G. , Siegmund Thorsten , Smith Annabel N. , Esposito Laura , Nutland Sarah , Stevens Helen E. , Wilson Amanda J. , Phillips Michael S. , Jarvis Nancy , Law Scott , de Arruda Monika , Todd John A.
Published: July 2002

Large-scale pharmacogenetics and complex disease association studies will require typing of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in thousands of individuals. Such projects would benefit from a genotyping system with accuracy >99% and a failure rate <5% on a simple, reliable, and flexible platform. However, such a system is not yet available for routine laboratory use. We have evaluated a modification of the previously reported Invader SNP-typing chemistry for use in a genotyping laboratory and tested its automation. The Invader technology uses a Flap Endonuclease for allele discrimination and a universal fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) reporter system. Three hundred and eighty-four individuals were genotyped across a panel of 36 SNPs and one insertion/deletion polymorphism with Invader assays using PCR product as template, a total of 14,208 genotypes. An average failure rate of 2.3% was recorded, mostly associated with PCR failure, and the typing was 99.2% accurate when compared with genotypes generated with established techniques. An average signal-to-noise ratio (9:1) was obtained. The high degree of discrimination for single base changes, coupled with homogeneous format, has allowed us to deploy liquid handling robots in a 384-well microtitre plate format and an automated end-point capture of fluorescent signal. Simple semiautomated data interpretation allows the generation of ∼25,000 genotypes per person per week, which is 10-fold greater than gel-based SNP typing and microsatellite typing in our laboratory. Savings on labor costs are considerable. We conclude that Invader chemistry using PCR products as template represents a useful technology for typing large numbers of SNPs rapidly and efficiently.
Organization of Mouse Iroquois Homeobox Genes in Two Clusters Suggests a Conserved Regulation and Function in Vertebrate Development
Authors: Peters Thomas , Dildrop Renate , Ausmeier Katrin , Rüther Ulrich
Published: July 2002

Iroquois proteins comprise a conserved family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors involved in patterning and regionalization of embryonic tissues in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Earlier studies identified four murine Iroquois(Irx) genes. Here we report the isolation of two additional members of the murine gene family, Irx5 and Irx6. Phylogenetic analysis of the Irx gene family revealed distinct clades for fly and vertebrate genes, and vertebrate members themselves were classified into three pairs of cognate genes. Mapping of the murine Irx genes identified two gene clusters located on mouse chromosomes 8 and 13, respectively. Each gene cluster is represented by three Irx genes whose relative positions within both clusters are strictly conserved. Combined results from phylogenetic, linkage, and physical mapping studies provide evidence for the evolution of twoIrx gene clusters by duplication of a larger chromosomal region and dispersion to two chromosomal locations. The maintenance of two cognate Irx gene clusters during vertebrate evolution suggests that their genomic organization is important for the regulation, expression, and function of Irx genes during embryonic development.

[The sequence data in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database under accession nos. AJ271053, AJ271054, AJ271055.]
Toward High-Throughput Genotyping: Dynamic and Automatic Software for Manipulating Large-Scale Genotype Data Using Fluorescently Labeled Dinucleotide Markers
Authors: Li Jin-Long , Deng Hongyi , Lai Dong-Bing , Xu Fuhua , Chen Jian , Gao Guimin , Recker Robert R. , Deng Hong-Wen
Published: July 2002

To efficiently manipulate large amounts of genotype data generated with fluorescently labeled dinucleotide markers, we developed a Microsoft Access database management system, namedGenoDB. GenoDB offers several advantages. First, it accommodates the dynamic nature of the accumulations of genotype data during the genotyping process; some data need to be confirmed or replaced by repeat lab procedures. By usingGenoDB, the raw genotype data can be imported easily and continuously and incorporated into the database during the genotyping process that may continue over an extended period of time in large projects. Second, almost all of the procedures are automatic, including autocomparison of the raw data read by different technicians from the same gel, autoadjustment among the allele fragment-size data from cross-runs or cross-platforms, autobinning of alleles, and autocompilation of genotype data for suitable programs to perform inheritance check in pedigrees. Third, GenoDB provides functions to track electrophoresis gel files to locate gel or sample sources for any resultant genotype data, which is extremely helpful for double-checking consistency of raw and final data and for directing repeat experiments. In addition, the user-friendly graphic interface ofGenoDB renders processing of large amounts of data much less labor-intensive. Furthermore, GenoDB has built-in mechanisms to detect some genotyping errors and to assess the quality of genotype data that then are summarized in the statistic reports automatically generated by GenoDB. The GenoDBcan easily handle >500,000 genotype data entries, a number more than sufficient for typical whole-genome linkage studies. The modules and programs we developed for the GenoDB can be extended to other database platforms, such as Microsoft SQL server, if the capability to handle still greater quantities of genotype data simultaneously is desired.
Targeting of Two Arabidopsis H+-ATPase Isoforms to the Plasma Membrane
Authors: DeWitt N. D. , Hong B. , Sussman M. R. , Harper J. F.
Published: July 2002

More than 11 different P-type H+-ATPases have been identified in Arabidopsis by DNA cloning. The subcellular localization for individual members of this proton pump family has not been previously determined. We show by membrane fractionation and immunocytology that a subfamily of immunologically related P-type H+-ATPases, including isoforms AHA2 and AHA3, are primarily localized to the plasma membrane. To verify that AHA2 and AHA3 are both targeted to the plasma membrane, we added epitope tags to their C-terminal ends and expressed them in transgenic plants. Both tagged isoforms localized to the plasma membrane, as indicated by aqueous two-phase partitioning and sucrose density gradients. In contrast, a truncated AHA2 (residues 1–193) did not, indicating that the first two transmembrane domains alone are not sufficient for plasma membrane localization. Two epitope tags were evaluated: c-myc, a short, 11-amino acid sequence, and β-glucuronidase (GUS), a 68-kD protein. The c-myc tag is recommended for its sensitivity and specific immunodetection. GUS worked well as an epitope tag when transgenes were expressed at relatively high levels (e.g. with AHA2-GUS944); however, evidence suggests that GUS activity may be inhibited when a GUS domain is tethered to an H+-ATPase complex. Nevertheless, the apparent ability to localize a GUS protein to the plasma membrane indicates that a P-type H+-ATPase can be used as a delivery vehicle to target large, soluble proteins to the plasma membrane.
Xyloglucan Octasaccharide XXLGol Derived from the Seeds ofHymenaea courbaril Acts as a Signaling Molecule1
Authors: Vargas-Rechia Carem , Reicher Fany , Rita Sierakowski Maria , Heyraud Alain , Driguez Hugues , Liénart Yvette
Published: July 2002

Treatment of the xyloglucan isolated from the seeds of Hymenaea courbaril with Humicola insolensendo-1,4-β-d-glucanase I produced xyloglucan oligosaccharides, which were then isolated and characterized. The two most abundant compounds were the heptasaccharide (XXXG) and the octasaccharide (XXLG), which were examined by reference to the biological activity of other structurally related xyloglucan compounds. The reduced oligomer (XXLGol) was shown to promote growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) coleoptiles independently of the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). In the presence of 2,4-D, XXLGol at nanomolar concentrations increased the auxin-induced response. It was found that XXLGol is a signaling molecule, since it has the ability to induce, at nanomolar concentrations, a rapid increase in an α-l-fucosidase response in suspended cells or protoplasts of Rubus fruticosus L. and to modulate 2,4-D or gibberellic acid-induced α-l-fucosidase.
Expression of Tobacco Carbonic Anhydrase in the C4Dicot Flaveria bidentis Leads to Increased Leakiness of the Bundle Sheath and a Defective CO2-Concentrating Mechanism
Authors: Ludwig Martha , von Caemmerer Susanne , Dean Price G. , Badger Murray R. , Furbank Robert T.
Published: July 2002

Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze, a C4 dicot, was genetically transformed with a construct encoding the mature form of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) carbonic anhydrase (CA) under the control of a strong constitutive promoter. Expression of the tobacco CA was detected in transformant whole-leaf and bundle-sheath cell (bsc) extracts by immunoblot analysis. Whole-leaf extracts from two CA-transformed lines demonstrated 10% to 50% more CA activity on a ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase-site basis than the extracts from transformed, nonexpressing control plants, whereas 3 to 5 times more activity was measured in CA transformant bsc extracts. This increased CA activity resulted in plants with moderately reduced rates of CO2 assimilation (A) and an appreciable increase in C isotope discrimination compared with the controls. With increasing O2 concentrations up to 40% (v/v), a greater inhibition of A was found for transformants than for wild-type plants; however, the quantum yield of photosystem II did not differ appreciably between these two groups over the O2 levels tested. The quantum yield of photosystem II-to-A ratio suggested that at higher O2 concentrations, the transformants had increased rates of photorespiration. Thus, the expression of active tobacco CA in the cytosol of F. bidentis bsc and mesophyll cells perturbed the C4 CO2-concentrating mechanism by increasing the permeability of the bsc to inorganic C and, thereby, decreasing the availability of CO2 for photosynthetic assimilation by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.
Gibberellin Dose-Response Regulation of GA4 Gene Transcript Levels in Arabidopsis1
Authors: Cowling Rachel J. , Kamiya Yuji , Seto Hideharu , Harberd Nicholas P.
Published: July 2002

The gibberellins (GAs) are a complex family of diterpenoid compounds, some of which are potent endogenous regulators of plant growth. As part of a feedback control of endogenous GA levels, active GAs negatively regulate the abundance of mRNA transcripts encoding GA biosynthesis enzymes. For example, Arabidopsis GA4 gene transcripts encode GA 3β-hydroxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of inactive to active GAs. Here we show that active GAs regulateGA4 transcript abundance in a dose-dependent manner, and that down-regulation of GA4 transcript abundance is effected by GA4 (the product of 3β-hydroxylation) but not by its immediate precursor GA9 (the substrate). Comparison of several different GA structures showed that GAs active in promoting hypocotyl elongation were also active in regulating GA4transcript abundance, suggesting that similar GA:receptor and subsequent signal transduction processes control these two responses. It is interesting that these activities were not restricted to 3β-hydroxylated GAs, being also exhibited by structures that were not 3β-hydroxylated but that had another electronegative group at C-3. We also show that GA-mediated control of GA4 transcript abundance is disrupted in the GA-response mutants gaiand spy-5. These observations define a sensitive homeostatic mechanism whereby plants may regulate their endogenous GA levels.
The Chemically Inducible Plant Cytochrome P450 CYP76B1 Actively Metabolizes Phenylureas and Other Xenobiotics
Authors: Robineau Tiburce , Batard Yannick , Nedelkina Svetlana , Cabello-Hurtado Francisco , LeRet Monique , Sorokine Odile , Didierjean Luc , Werck-Reichhart Danièle
Published: July 2002

Cytochrome P450s (P450s) constitute one of the major classes of enzymes that are responsible for detoxification of exogenous molecules both in animals and plants. On the basis of its inducibility by exogenous chemicals, we recently isolated a new plant P450, CYP76B1, from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) and showed that it was capable of dealkylating a model xenobiotic compound, 7-ethoxycoumarin. In the present paper we show that CYP76B1 is more strongly induced by foreign compounds than other P450s isolated from the same plant, and metabolizes with high efficiency a wide range of xenobiotics, including alkoxycoumarins, alkoxyresorufins, and several herbicides of the class of phenylureas. CYP76B1 catalyzes the doubleN-dealkylation of phenylureas with turnover rates comparable to those reported for physiological substrates and produces nonphytotoxic compounds. Potential uses for CYP76B1 thus include control of herbicide tolerance and selectivity, as well as soil and groundwater bioremediation.
Characterization of the Brassica napusExtraplastidial Linoleate Desaturase by Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Reed Darwin W. , Schäfer Ulrike A. , Covello Patrick S.
Published: July 2002

The substrate specificity and regioselectivity of the Brassica napus extraplastidial linoleate desaturase (FAD3) was investigated in vivo in a heterologous expression system. A strain of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae producing the plant enzyme was constructed and cultured in media containing a variety of fatty acids. The products of desaturation of these potential substrates were determined by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis of the yeast cultures. The results indicate that the enzyme has: (a) ω-3, as opposed to Δ-15 or double-bond-related regioselectivity, (b) the ability to desaturate substrates in the 16 to 22 carbon range, (c) a preference for substrates with ω-6 double bonds, but the ability to desaturate substrates with ω-6 hydroxyl groups or ω-9 or ω-5 double bonds, and (d) a relative insensitivity to double bonds proximal to the carboxyl end of the substrate.
Genetic Repair of Mutations in Plant Cell-Free Extracts Directed by Specific Chimeric Oligonucleotides
Authors: Rice Michael C. , May Gregory D. , Kipp Peter B. , Parekh Hetal , Kmiec Eric B.
Published: July 2002

Chimeric oligonucleotides are synthetic molecules comprised of RNA and DNA bases assembled in a double hairpin conformation. These molecules have been shown to direct gene conversion events in mammalian cells and animals through a process involving at least one protein from the DNA mismatch repair pathway. The mechanism of action for gene repair in mammalian cells has been partially elucidated through the use of a cell-free extract system. Recent experiments have expanded the utility of chimeric oligonucleotides to plants and have demonstrated genotypic and phenotypic conversion, as well as Mendelian transmission. Although these experiments showed correction of point and frameshift mutations, the biochemical and mechanistic aspects of the process were not addressed. In this paper, we describe the establishment of cell-free extract systems from maize (Zea mays), banana (Musa acuminata cv Rasthali), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Using a genetic readout system in bacteria and chimeric oligonucleotides designed to direct the conversion of mutations in antibiotic-resistant genes, we demonstrate gene repair of point and frameshift mutations. Whereas extracts from banana and maize catalyzed repair of mutations in a precise fashion, cell-free extracts prepared from tobacco exhibited either partial repair or non-targeted nucleotide conversion. In addition, an all-DNA hairpin molecule also mediated repair albeit in an imprecise fashion in all cell-free extracts tested. This system enables the mechanistic study of gene repair in plants and may facilitate the identification of DNA repair proteins operating in plant cells.
Incorporation of Prior Phase Information Strengthens Maximum-Likelihood Structure Refinement
Authors: Pannu Navraj S. , Murshudov Garib N. , Dodson Eleanor J. , Read Randy J.
Published: July 2002

The application of a maximum-likelihood analysis to the problem of structure refinement has led to striking improvements over the traditional least-squares methods. Since the method of maximum likelihood allows for a rational incorporation of other sources of information, we have derived a likelihood function that incorporates experimentally determined phase information. In a number of different test cases, this target function performs better than either a least-squares target or a maximum-likelihood function lacking prior phases. Furthermore, this target gives significantly better results compared with other functions incorporating phase information. When combined with a procedure to mask `unexplained' density, the phased likelihood target also makes it possible to refine very incomplete models.
Consumer loyalty in the restaurant industry
Authors: Clark Mona A. , Wood Roy C.
Published: July 2002

This article looks at the outcome of a questionnaire designed to explore factors relevant to engendering consumer loyalty in restaurant choice. The sampling frame comprises people with relatively homogeneous characteristics who dine out with some frequency. The overall objective was to question certain assumptions that have become current in academic discussions of consumer behaviour with particular relevance to consumer loyalty. Findings suggest that the quality and range or type of food are key determinants in consumer loyalty, but that the concept of “quality of food” offers a range of interpretations and thus requires more careful investigation. Additionally, the concept of the “meal experience” as a holistic abstraction in the consumer’s mind is called into question as a consequence of the analysis. Tangible rather than intangible factors are identified as being of greater importance in consumer loyalty.
Business press articles and higher level learning skills in accounting courses
Authors: Nathan Siva , Dunn Kimberly A.
Published: July 2002

Proponents for change in accounting education have raised concerns over the effectiveness of education received by recent US accounting graduates and have defined a desirable set of skills required of accounting majors. These include effective reading, writing, analytical, conceptual thinking and critical thinking skills, an ability to solve problems in unstructured settings, an understanding of organizations, international and multicultural knowledge and the ability to resolve ethical dilemmas. Discusses in a US context how articles from the business press can be used in the classroom to develop the above skills in higher level undergraduate and graduate accounting courses. Through the use of articles discussing the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) proposal on stock options, the relationship between the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the FASB, earnings manipulation by management, and international accounting, we describe how business press articles can be used to achieve the above‐mentioned learning objectives. Describes techniques which can also be applied in other countries with the instructor’s choice of locally relevant business press articles.
Reducing the cost of subsidence damage despite global warming
Authors: Page R.C.J.
Published: July 2002

Much of the housing stock in the UK is built on shrinkable clay soils, particularly in the south‐east of the country. When the moisture content of the clay soils is reduced the clay shrinks causing downward movement. This extraction of moisture from the clay may occur in a number of ways, but the main causes are either prolonged periods of dry weather (a combination of high average temperatures and low average rainfall) or tree roots extracting the moisture from the soil in close proximity to a property. The most extreme cases occur when a combination of the two causes is evident. Over the past few years the UK has seen some of the driest periods of weather on record which has meant that clay soils have not been able to replenish their seasonal moisture loss during the winter months. This has caused an increase in the number of cracks appearing in properties and a rise in the number of subsidence claims made against insurance companies. If climatologists are right about global warming, then subsidence damage has become an endemic hazard of home ownership. Prolonged periods of dry weather will continue to cause serious and very expensive damage to the country’s housing stock. The annual subsidence bill of £300 million can only be reduced by improving education and communication within the construction industry and encouraging house owners to look after their investments more carefully. This paper attempts to identify how the cost of subsidence damage can be reduced despite the changes in climate conditions.
Organic substrates for environmentally friendly electronic devices
Authors: Fischer T. , Hähnlein J. , Haas W. , Landes V.
Published: July 2002

Legislation in Germany and in many other countries states that electronic devices should be protected against fire. In accordance with this, most electronic and electrical products contain substances which are flame retarding, but have harmful environmental implications. Thus, the protection of the environment makes it necessary to eliminate these harmful substances. The described base material consists of silicone filled with alumina. Silicone is a non‐toxic material. The filler increases the thermal conductivity of the material. As a result of its good thermal properties, the material does not need flame retarding substances, but is still able to satisfy the fire protection requirements. The properties of the material itself and the construction allow the building of an excellent, non‐flame retarded and therefore environmentally friendly 3D‐circuit board.
Learning aspects of knowledge management and new technologies
Authors: Petrovic Otto , Kailer Norbert , Scheff Josef , Vogel Doug
Published: July 2002

Owing to shorter innovation cycles, increasing competitive pressure and the need for more flexibility in an uncertain business environment, we need more efficiency and effectiveness in education and training. Computers provide an added degree of freedom that can be used both within and external to traditional classroom environments and can be coupled with new as well as “tried and true” structures and techniques. This paper presents results of a survey of Austrian and German enterprises and universities as part of an extended research program.
Decision‐making autonomy in multinational corporation subsidiaries operating in Scotland
Authors: Bowman Sally , Duncan James , Weir Charlie
Published: July 2002

The increasing globalisation of markets has generated new debates about the decision‐making role of MNC subsidiaries. Globalisation may be expected to result in greater centralisation of the decision‐making process. This study analyses the extent to which subsidiaries are being given control over a range of decisions. A sample of MNC subsidiaries operating in Scotland was sent questionnaires which dealt with financial, production, employment and research and development decision making. It was found that considerable authority was devolved to subsidiaries in terms of operational decisions. However, strategic decision making remained very much under the control of the parent. This indicates that the control systems being imposed on subsidiaries are selective and that the benefits created for local economies may be not be as great as it initially appears.
Detecting structural changes in viral capsids by hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Lintao , Lane Leslie C. , Smith David L.
Published: July 2002

Amide hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry have been used to study the pH‐induced structural changes in the capsid of brome mosaic virus (BMV). Capsid protein was labeled in a structurally sensitive way by incubating intact viral particles in D2O at pH 5.4 and 7.3. Deuterium levels in the intact coat protein and its proteolytic fragments were determined by mass spectrometry. The largest deuterium increases induced by structural alteration occurred in the regions around the quasi‐threefold axes, which are located at the center of the asymmetric unit. The increased levels of deuterium indicate loosening of structure in these regions. This observation confirms the previously proposed swelling model for BMV and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) and is consistent with the structure of swollen CCMV recently determined by cryo‐electron microscopy and image reconstruction. Structural changes in the extended N‐ and C‐terminal arms were also detected and compared with the results obtained with other swollen plant viruses. This study demonstrates that protein fragmentation/amide hydrogen exchange is a useful tool for probing structural changes in viral capsids.
Backbone dynamics of the regulatory domain of calcium vector protein, studied by 15N relaxation at four fields, reveals unique mobility characteristics of the intermotif linker
Authors: Théret Isabelle , Cox Jos A. , Mispelter Joel , Craescu Constantin T.
Published: July 2002

CaVP is a calcium‐binding protein from amphioxus. It has a modular composition with two domains, but only the two EF‐hand motifs localized in the C‐terminal domain are functional. We recently determined the solution structure of this regulatory half (C‐CaVP) in the Ca2+‐saturated form and characterized the stepwise ion binding. This paper reports the 15N nuclear relaxation rates of the Ca2+‐saturated C‐CaVP, measured at four different NMR fields (9.39, 11.74, 14.1, and 18.7 T), which were used to map the spectral density function for the majority of the amide HN‐N vectors. Fitting the spectral density values at eight frequencies by a model‐free approach, we obtained the microdynamic parameters characterizing the global and internal movements of the polypeptide backbone. The two EF‐hand motifs, including the ion binding loops, behave like compact structural units with restricted mobility as reflected in the quite uniform order parameter and short internal correlation time (< 20 nsec). Comparative analysis of the two Ca2+ binding sites shows that site III, having a larger affinity for the metal ion, is generally more rigid, and the amide vector in the second residue of each loop is significantly less restricted. The linker fragment is animated simultaneously by a larger amplitude fast motion and a slow conformational exchange on a microsecond to millisecond time scale. The backbone dynamics of C‐CaVP characterized here is discussed in relation with other well‐characterized Ca2+‐binding proteins.
Stimulation of pulmonary vagal C‐fibres by anandamide in anaesthetized rats: role of vanilloid type 1 receptors
Authors: Lin You Shuei , Lee Lu‐Yuan
Published: July 2002

This study was carried out to determine the effect of intravenous injection of anandamide on pulmonary C‐fibre afferents and the cardiorespiratory reflexes. In anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats, intravenous bolus injection of anandamide near the right atrium immediately elicited the pulmonary chemoreflex responses, characterized by apnoea, bradycardia and hypotension. After perineural treatment of both cervical vagi with capsaicin to block the conduction of C‐fibres, anandamide no longer evoked these reflex responses. In open‐chest, and artificially ventilated rats, anandamide injection evoked an abrupt and intense discharge in vagal pulmonary C‐fibres in a dose‐dependent manner. After injection of the high dose, the fibre discharge generally started within 1 s, reached a peak in ∼2 s, and returned to baseline within 7 s. The stimulation of C‐fibres by anandamide was completely and reversibly blocked by pretreatment with capsazepine, a competitive antagonist of the vanilloid type 1 receptor. Anandamide (0.4 mg kg−1) stimulated ∼93 % of pulmonary C‐fibres that were activated by capsaicin at a much lower dose (0.6 μg kg−1); the response to anandamide showed similar intensity, but had slightly longer latency and duration than that to capsaicin. In conclusion, intravenous bolus injection of anandamide evokes a consistent and distinct stimulatory effect on pulmonary C‐fibre terminals, and this effect appears to be mediated through an activation of the vanilloid type 1 receptor.
Specific localization of an inwardly rectifying K+ channel, Kir4.1, at the apical membrane of rat gastric parietal cells; its possible involvement in K+ recycling for the H+‐K+‐pump
Authors: Fujita Akikazu , Horio Yoshiyuki , Higashi Kayoko , Mouri Tomoyoshi , Hata Fumiaki , Takeguchi Noriaki , Kurachi Yoshihisa
Published: July 2002

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is produced in parietal cells of gastric epithelium by a H+‐K+ pump. Protons are secreted into the gastric lumen in exchange for K+ by the action of the H+‐K+‐ATPase. Luminal K+ is essential for the operation of the pump and is thought to be supplied by unidentified K+ channels localized at the apical membrane of parietal cells. In this study, we showed that histamine‐ and carbachol‐induced acid secretion from isolated parietal cells monitored by intracellular accumulation of aminopyrine was depressed by Ba2+, an inhibitor of inwardly rectifying K+ channels. Among members of the inwardly rectifying K+ channel family, we found with reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analyses that Kir4.1, Kir4.2 and Kir7.1 were expressed in rat gastric mucosa. With immunohistochemical analyses, Kir4.1 was found to be expressed in gastric parietal cells and localized specifically at their apical membrane. The current flowing through Kir4.1 channel expressed in HEK293T cells was not affected by reduction of extracellular pH from 7.4 to 3. These results suggest that Kir4.1 may be involved in the K+ recycling pathway in the apical membrane which is required for activation of the H+‐K+ pump in gastric parietal cells.
Swallowing‐related activities of respiratory and non‐respiratory neurons in the nucleus of solitary tract in the rat
Authors: Saito Yoshiaki , Ezure Kazuhisa , Tanaka Ikuko
Published: July 2002

Swallowing‐related activity was examined in respiratory (n= 60) and non‐respiratory (n= 82) neurons that were located in and around the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in decerebrated, neuromuscularly blocked and artificially ventilated rats. Neurons that were orthodromically activated by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) were identified, and fictive swallowing was evoked by SLN stimulation. The pharyngeal phase of swallowing was monitored by hypoglossal nerve activity. Two types of non‐respiratory neurons with swallowing‐related bursts were identified: ‘early’ swallowing neurons (n= 24) fired during periods of hypoglossal bursts, and ‘late’ swallowing neurons (n= 8) fired after the end of hypoglossal bursts. The remaining non‐respiratory neurons were either suppressed (n= 21) or showed no change in activity (n= 29) during swallowing. On the other hand, respiratory neurons with SLN inputs included 56 inspiratory and four expiratory neurons. Inspiratory neurons were classified into two major types: a group of neurons discharged simultaneously with hypoglossal bursts (type 1 neurons,n= 19), while others were silent during bursts but were active during inter‐hypoglossal bursts when swallowing was provoked repetitively (type 2 neurons,n= 34). Three of the expiratory neurons fired during hypoglossal bursts. Many of the swallowing‐related non‐respiratory neurons and the majority of the inspiratory neurons received presumed monosynaptic inputs from the SLN. Details of the distribution and firing patterns of these NTS neurons, which have been revealed for the first time in a fictive swallowing preparation in the rat, suggest their participation in the initiation, pattern formation and mutual inhibition between swallowing and respiration.
The Ultimate Motion Graph
Authors: Stadtfeld Hermann J. , Gaiser Uwe
Published: July 2002

The innovation was to develop a gear geometry that reduces or eliminates gear noise and increases the strength of gears. Gear noise is a common problem in all bevel and hypoid gear drives. A variety of expensive gear geometry optimizations are applied daily in all hypoid gear manufacturing plants, to reduce gear noise. In many cases those efforts have little success. Additional expensive finishing operations (lapping after the grinding) are applied to achieve the goal of quiet and stong gear sets. The ultimate motion graph is a concept for modulating the tooth surfaces that uses a physical effect to cancel out the dynamic disturbances that are naturally generated by all up-to-date known kind of gears. The ultimate motion graph also eliminates the sensitivity of gears against deflection under load or displacements because of manufacturing tolerances. Lower dynamic disturbances will also increase the dynamic strength. [S1050-0472(00)00203-8]
3-D Stress Intensity Factors for Internal Cracks in an Overstrained Cylindrical Pressure Vessel—Part II: The Combined Effect of Pressure and Autofrettage
Authors: Perl M. , Nachum A.
Published: July 2002

K IA and KIP stress intensity factors (SIF) for three-dimensional semi-elliptical, surface, radial cracks prevailing in a pressurized or autofrettaged thick-walled cylinder were evaluated and discussed in Part I of this paper and in Perl et al. 1996, “Three-Dimensional Interaction Effects in an Internally Multicracked Pressurized Thick-Walled Cylinder—Part I: Radial Surface Cracks,” AMSE J. Pressure Vessel Technol. 118, pp. 357–363), respectively. These SIFs were calculated for a wide range of configurations: for cracks pertaining to large arrays of up to 180 cracks, with ellipticities of a/c=0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, depth ratios of a/t=0.05−0.6, and for various levels of autofrettage. In Part II of this paper, the effect of the combined SIF KIN=KIP+KIA is considered, which enables the prediction of fracture endurance, crack growth rate, and the total fatigue life for a modern gun barrel. The results reconfirm the impact autofrettage has on delaying crack initiation and propagation. This favorable effect is found to be governed by ψ=σ0/p—the ratio of the vessel’s material yield stress to its internal pressure. The higher ψ is, the more effective autofrettage becomes. While KIA and KIP reach their maximum absolute values, usually, for an array of n=2 cracks, the largest combined SIF-KIN occurs for arrays of 2–16 cracks. Finally, the similarity in the behavior of KIA and KIP along the crack front is studied as well as its relation to the respective stress fields.
Assessment of Damage Affecting All Structural Properties Using Experimental Modal Parameters
Authors: Kaouk Mohamed , Zimmerman David C. , Simmermacher Todd W.
Published: July 2002

Recently, the authors proposed computationally attractive algorithms to determine the location and extent of structural damage for undamped and damped structures assuming damage results in a localized change in a subset (not full set) of the property matrices (mass, stiffness and damping matrices). The algorithms make use of a finite element model and a subset of measured eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The developed theories approach the damage location and extent problem in a decoupled fashion. First, a theory is developed to determine the location of structural damage. With location determined, a damage extent theory is then developed. The damage extent algorithm is a minimum rank perturbation, which is consistent with the effects of many classes of structural damage on a finite element model. In this work, the concept of the Minimum Rank Perturbation Theory (MRPT) is adopted to simultaneously determine the damage extent of all property matrices of undamped and proportionally damped structures. Note that the property matrices are the mass, stiffness and damping matrices. Illustrative examples are presented to show the performance of the proposed theory. [S0739-3717(00)01904-8]
Discrete Sliding Mode Control Design With Invariant Sliding Sectors
Authors: Yu Xinghuo , Yu Shuanghe
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a new concept of invariant sliding sector is proposed for the design of discrete time sliding mode control. A methodology is developed which ensures the existence of the invariant sliding sector and conditions to guarantee the existence of the invariant sliding sector are derived. The second-order discrete sliding mode control systems are used to inform the discussion. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the concept and effectiveness of the methodology proposed. It should be noted that most of the design procedure could be extended to higher order discrete sliding mode control systems. [S0022-0434(00)02004-9]
Long-Term Structural Analysis of 3-D Ship Structures Using a New Stiffened Plate Element
Authors: Kumar Y. V. Satish , Mukhopadhyay Madhujit , Sarkar Tanmay
Published: July 2002

The paper presents the development of a technique for long-term 3-D structural analysis of the complete ship using a new stiffened plate element. The 3-D analysis involves the 3-D finite element modeling of the vessel and evaluation of hydrodynamic pressures using the 3-D linear diffraction theory. The elegance of the present stiffened plate element is that it can accommodate any number of arbitrarily oriented stiffeners within the plate element. Thus, the formulation obviates the use of mesh lines strictly along the longitudinals and transverses of the ship, which minimizes the required number of degrees of freedom of the finite element model of the complete vessel and reduces the computational effort considerably. The long-term prediction for the worst hydrodynamic pressures in the lifetime of the ship is carried out using the ISSC spectrum and scatter tables of Indian coastal waters. As an example problem, long-term structural analysis of a mini-bulk carrier in Indian coastal waters is presented in the paper. The long-term pressures are estimated with a probability of exceedence of 10−4 and principal stresses are calculated. It is shown that the present method provides a new, elegant, and economic technique for long-term 3-D structural analysis of the complete ship.
Fuel Composition Effects on Emissions From a Spark-Ignited Engine Operated on Simulated Biogases
Authors: Midkiff K. C. , Bell S. R. , Rathnam S. , Bhargava S.
Published: July 2002

Measurements are reported for a spark-ignited (SI) engine burning natural gas and three simulated biogas fuels (natural gas, CO2, and N2 mixtures). Exhaust concentrations of CO, CO2,O2,NOx, and unburned hydrocarbons, as well as brake power and brake specific energy consumption, were measured. Leaner mixtures, retarded spark timing and diluent addition CO2,N2 yielded reduced NOx emissions. NOx reductions up to 50 percent were achieved at MBT timing through diluent addition. Reduced peak temperatures caused by diluent addition, lean conditions, and retarded spark timing reduced combustion quality slightly, as evidenced by small increases in CO and unburned hydrocarbons emissions.
Modeling of Laminar-Turbulent Transition for High Freestream Turbulence
Authors: Steelant J. , Dick E.
Published: July 2002

To simulate transitional skin friction or heat transfer, the conditionally averaged Navier-Stokes equations are used. To describe the diffusion of freestream turbulence into the boundary layer and the intermittent laminar-turbulent flow behavior during transition, a turbulence weighting factor τ is used. A transport equation is presented for this τ-factor including convection, diffusion, production, and sink terms. In combination with the conditioned Navier-Stokes equations, this leads to an accurate calculation of flow characteristics within the transitional layer. The method is validated on transitional skin friction and heat transfer measurements, respectively on a flat plate and in a linear turbine cascade.
Determination of Burst Pressure and Location of the DOT-39 Refrigerant Cylinders
Authors: Kisioglu Y. , Brevick J. R. , Kinzel G. L.
Published: July 2002

The burst pressure of DOT-39 refrigerant cylinders is determined using both experiment and finite element analysis (FEA) approaches. The experimental burst test investigations were carried out by hydrostatic test in which the cylinders were internally pressurized with water. In the case of the FEA modeling process, these refrigerant cylinders were subjected to incremental internal pressures from zero pressure to burst pressure. Two different types of nonlinear models, uniform and nonuniform, have been developed and evaluated. These models are utilized are nonhomogeneous material conditions and analyzed in the nonlinear field. For the analysis, the required actual drawn shell properties, including weld zone properties and drawn shell thickness variations, are investigated. These properties, in addition to the blank sheet (SAE-1008) material properties, are used in the computer models. The results of the burst pressures and their locations are predicted and compared to experimental results.
Interface Shape and Thermally-Driven Convection in Vertical Bridgman Growth of Gallium Selenide: A Semiconductor With Anisotropic Solid-Phase Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Lee Hanjie , Pearlstein Arne J.
Published: July 2002

For vertical Bridgman growth of thermally anisotropic semiconductors, we present a detailed model accounting for heat transfer, flow driven by thermal buoyancy and solidification shrinkage, and interface deformation. The model allows for anisotropic solid-phase thermal conductivity, characteristic of nonlinear optical materials, as well as conduction in the ampoule wall, and conduction and convection in the liquid. The interface shape is determined as part of the solution of a moving boundary problem. For the nonlinear optical material gallium selenide and a range of growth conditions of practical interest, we present steady axisymmetric computations of the isotherms, flow, and interface shape. For ampoule-wall temperature profiles typical of three-zone Bridgman furnaces, the strength of the flow and deflection of the interface increase considerably with increasing growth rate, while the temperature distribution is relatively insensitive, except near the interface. Interface deflection decreases as the maximum ampoule-wall temperature gradient increases. The flow depends significantly on whether the melting temperature is “centered” between the high and low temperatures. The 23°C uncertainty in the melting temperature of GaSe is shown to have little effect on the flow and interface shape over the entire range of growth conditions. We show that properly accounting for thermal anisotropy is critical to predicting the flow and interface shape, both of which are relatively insensitive to the temperature dependence of the viscosity and thermal conductivities. We also show that localized heating along the ampoule wall can both reverse the direction of flow along the interface, which is expected to significantly influence distribution of dopants or impurities in the solid phase, as well as reduce interfacial curvature. When GaSe is grown under zero gravity conditions, the only flow is due to solidification shrinkage, and is essentially normal to the interface, whose shape is similar to those computed at normal gravity. Comparison of results for GaSe to previous work for benzene, a surrogate for organic nonlinear optical materials, shows that the qualitatively different results are associated with differences in the anisotropy of the thermal conductivity.