bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solving Heat Dissipation Problems in Unidirectional Composite Structure
Authors: Amazouz M. , Gauvin R.
Published: July 2017

Due to their poor thermal conductivity, plastic based composites could have high local temperatures when heated. The rigidity of the material could then decrease dramatically leading to a premature failure when it's loaded. In order to avoid such problem, heat dissipation is necessary. When heat transfer by cooling becomes difficult, conductive material fillers could be added to the raw material, providing that they would not reduce its strength. Metallic fillers are used in the industry under various forms depending on the manufacturing process.

This paper presents the results of a finite element analysis of the heat dissipation capacity of a unidirectional GFRE in which highly heat conductive carbon fibers are added. The study shows the effect of the thermal conductivity, the amount and the dispersion of such fillers on the temperature decrease in the composite submitted to a concentrated transient heat source. An increase of the filler conductivity has a significant effect on the temperature drop at the neutral axis of the unidirectional composite. However, when the filler conductivity is high, a "breakover" point beyond which continued increase in the filler thermal conductivity has small benefits. In this paper, it is shown that the replacement of a small amount of glass fibers by carbon fibers, leads to an important decrease in the temperature in the composite. A continued increase in the volume fraction of the conductive material, has little effect on the temperature decrease. The study also shows that the distribution of the conductive fibers in the composite cross-section has an important effect on its thermal efficiency.
On the Use of Higher Order Plate Theories for Determining Free-Edge Stresses
Authors: Whitney James M.
Published: July 2017

The minimum number of kinematic variables in conjunction with higher order plate theories for approximating the stresses in the free-edge zone of a laminate under uniaxial inplane tension is examined. It is well recognized that classical shear deformation theory is not appropriate for such problems. The through-the-thickness normal strain component must be non-zero in order to obtain reasonable results. Two classes of higher order theories are compared for approximating interlaminar stress distributions in the free-edge zone. These theories employ kinematic relations which lead to constant and linear distributions of transverse normal strain through-the-thickness of the laminate. Interlaminar stresses in the free-edge zone at the midplane and at the 00/900 interface of a bidirectional laminate are considered.
Test Methods for Estimation of Interfacial Normal Strength in Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Tandon G. P. , Kim R. Y.
Published: July 2017

In this work, two specimen geometries, namely, model single fiber composite and block specimen have been suggested for estimating the interfacial normal strength in unidirectional fiber reinforced composites. Analytical modeling of both the specimens has also been done to estimate the interfacial stresses in terms of constituent material properties. Finally, some failure criteria have been employed in conjunction with the experimental observations to estimate the normal bond strength of the interface. This methodology is applied to several fiber/matrix combinations with appropriate variations of the fiber-matrix interfacial bond strength. The results indicate good agreement between the two proposed specimen designs for estimating the normal strength of the strongly bonded interface.
Calculation of Effective Moduli of Filament Wound Tubes
Authors: Anlas G. , Ardih E. S. , Gediz A.
Published: July 2017

In this study a method has been developed for the calculation of effective moduli of filament wound composite tubes. Composite tubes made of two different types of fibres and an epoxy resin are tested for tension and inner pressure for three different patterns and three different winding angles. Using the results of pressure test and the properties obtained from coupon tests, and applying laminated composite plate theory, the elastic moduli are determined. Calculated elastic moduli are then checked by using the data obtained from the tension tests. Results for effective moduli are tabulated for different winding patterns and different winding angles.
A Study of the Effects of Fiber Waviness on the Buckling Characteristics of Laminated Plates
Authors: Raouf R. A.
Published: July 2017

The equations of equilibrium of a composite plate within-plane fiber waviness are derived and the effects of waviness on the buckling loads are studied. The plate is assumed to be in cylindrical bending and the resulting eigenvalue problem is solved using a combination of a shooting algorithm and the secant method. A numerical example of a plate with sinusoidal fiber waviness shows that the buckling load decreases as the amplitude of the waviness increases. However, results indicate that it is possible to enhance the stability characteristics of the plate by introducing artificial fiber waviness to increase its buckling load.
Long-Term Durability of Carbon and Glass-Epoxy Composite Materials in Wet Environments
Authors: Tsotsis T. K. , Lee S. M.
Published: July 2017

A study of the long-term exposure to moisture and pH was performed for modified epoxy composites reinforced with either AS4D carbon or S2-glass. The emphasis of this work was on resin-dominated and interfacial properties such as fracture (Mode I, Mode II, and Edge Delamination) and diffusion phenomena. Unidirectional laminate coupons were exposed to up to several thousand hours at 38°C (1 00°F) in solutions with pH levels of 7, 8.5, and 10.5; fracture coupons were conditioned at a pH of 7 only. The increased alkaline levels of the solutions used is related to the fact that glass fibers may be subject to alkaline attack. Diffusion phenomena were examined by measuring moisture uptake as a function of various pH levels. Surprisingly, changes in pH had little influence on the diffusion behavior of the laminates. Some physical insight into the reasons for the observed behavior were given. Fickian models were used to characterize the moisture. Comparisons were made between carbonand glass-fiber fracture specimens in both dry and wet conditions to differentiate the failure mechanisms such as resin property variations, fiber pull-out, and fiber-matrix interface. Fiber/matrix interfacial properties were further examined via microscopic analyses of edge delamination specimens whose fracture behavior is strongly dependent on the interface. Neat resin coupons were examined for their changes in properties due to moisture: resin compression modulus, yield strength, and fracture toughness were measured and compared to composite results. Results to date indicate that even long-term exposure has little effect on resin-dominated fracture properties such as GiC and GIC. Edge delamination results along with SEM observations suggest that such longterm exposure has not degraded the fiber-matrix interface for the systems studied.
Predicting Actual Temperature Distributions in a Polymer Stream Using an Adjustable-Depth, Exposed-Tip Thermocouple Assembly
Authors: McCullough Thomas W. , Spalding Mark A.
Published: July 2017

Knowledge of melt temperature distributions in transfer lines is needed for many polymer fabrication processes. Measurement of actual temperatures with melt thermocouples, however, is very difficult because their signals are influenced by heat transfer with other equipment. A numerical technique is presented here that uses measurements from an adjustable-depth, exposed-tip thermocouple to predict the actual temperature distribution across a polymer stream. This model accounts for heat transfer within the thermocouple assembly and with the polymer stream.
Parametric Dynamic Instability Analysis of Laminated Composite Conical Shells
Authors: Ganapathi M. , Patel B. P. , Sambandam C. T.
Published: July 2017

The dynamic instability analysis of parametrically excited truncated conical shells subjected to periodic in-plane loads is investigated using CO two-noded shear flexible shell element. The present model accounts for in-plane and rotary inertia effects. The boundaries of the principal instability region obtained here are conveniently represented in the non-dimensional excitation frequency-non-dimensional load amplitude plane. The influences of various parameters such as cone orthotropicity, cone angle, ply-angle and elastic edge restraint on dynamic stability are brought out.
Technetium 99m Ethylcysteinate Dimer Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) During Intellectual Stress Test in Children and Adolescents With Pure Versus Comorbid Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Lorberboym Mordechai , Watemberg Nathan , Nissenkorn Andreea , Nir Batia , Lerman-Sagie Tally
Published: July 2017

Children and adolescents with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can have comorbid conditions such as conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (comorbid type). The purpose of our study was to compare the pattern of regional cerebral perfusion in these two groups of children with ADHD during a computerized performance test. Nineteen children and adolescents were enrolled in the study. Seven boys and one girl with pure ADHD (group 1: mean age 12 years, range 9—16 years) and nine boys and two girls with comorbid ADHD (group 2: mean age 11 years, range 8—16 years) were studied by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The patients were not receiving any medication for at least 48 hours prior to the study. All patients were injected with 99mTc- ethylcysteinate dimer while doing a computerized performance test. Nine age-matched control children (five boys and four girls, mean age 12 years, range 9—17 years) with a normal brain SPECT served as controls. All patients in group 2 showed significantly decreased perfusion in the temporal lobes ( P < .005). Five patients had decreased frontal lobe perfusion. Additionally, two patients in group 2 had decreased perfusion in the basal ganglia (not significant). Four of eight patients in group 1 had decreased frontal lobe perfusion (not significant). In addition, two patients had bilateral temporal lobe abnormalities, whereas two patients had a normal SPECT. Three patients in group 1 also had decreased basal ganglia perfusion. In contrast to previous studies of brain perfusion in ADHD that focused mainly on frontal and prefrontal cortical abnormalities, our study demonstrates that temporal lobe perfusion abnormalities are more common in patients with the comorbid type of ADHD. We postulate that these findings can have therapeutic implications and explain the decreased response to stimulants in this group of patients. ( J Child Neurol 2004; 19: 91—96).
Gabapentin to Control Seizures in Children Undergoing Cancer Treatment
Authors: Khan Raja B. , Hunt Daniel L. , Thompson Stephen J.
Published: July 2017

Hepatic clearance of chemotherapy drugs is increased by many antiepilepsy drugs. At our institution, new-onset seizures in children on chemotherapy are treated with gabapentin, a nonhepatic enzyme inducer. The charts of all children given gabapentin for seizures were reviewed. At a median follow-up of 34 months, seizures were controlled in 74% of 50 children given gabapentin monotherapy as initial treatment: 91% of the leukemia group, 57% of the brain tumor group, and 75% of the other tumor group. Seizures were controlled in 49% of 59 children in whom gabapentin was added to other antiepilepsy drugs: 43% of the leukemia group, 53% of the brain tumor group, and 50% of the other tumor group. More than one seizure at presentation, focal neurologic deficits, high-dose methotrexate, brain irradiation, and T2-weighted signal abnormality around the brain tumor cavity predicted uncontrolled seizures. Only 8 children (7%) reported adverse effects, and the drug was discontinued in two. Gabapentin effectively controls seizures in children receiving chemotherapy and is well tolerated. ( J Child Neurol 2004;19:97—101).
Antenatal Risk Factors Associated With Unfavorable Neurologic Status in Newborns and at 2 Years of Age
Authors: Stelmach Tiina , Kallas Eha , Pisarev Heti , Talvik Tiina
Published: July 2017

The aim of this prospective cohort study was to evaluate the influence of different antenatal factors on neurologic signs in the first days of life and neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age. The study group consisted of 390 children drawn from a cohort of 828 consecutive live births. The data about potential antenatal risk factors, birth complications, and neonatal course were abstracted from pregnancy and delivery records and the hospital register. Odds ratio estimates with 95% confidence intervals were used to measure the associations between antenatal factors and neurologic status in newborns and at 2 years of age. Significance level was set at P < .05. At the mean age of 2 years, 49 of 390 children exhibited adverse neurodevelopmental outcome (cerebral palsy and other developmental disorders). The development of 341 children was normal. Comparative analysis of risk factors was conducted. The strongest correlation with development of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy during the first days of life was found in trichomoniasis during pregnancy (odds ratio 4.34; 95% confidence interval 1.32—14.23) and acute respiratory disease (temperatures 38°C) in the second half of pregnancy (odds ratio 2.86; 95% confidence interval 1.08—7.58). Of various antenatal factors, bacterial vaginosis combined with impending abortion in the first half of pregnancy (odds ratio 4.96; 95% confidence interval 1.35—18.26) had a significant association with adverse outcome at 2 years of age. The presence of at least one complication at delivery placed the child at risk of adverse neurologic outcome (odds ratio 2.44; 95% confidence interval 1.32—4.54). The study provides supportive evidence that antenatal factors associated with maternal infections can influence the development of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and later neurodevelopmental outcome. These children should be assigned to risk groups for early intervention. ( J Child Neurol 2004;19:116—122).
Congenital Hydrocephalus and Continuous Spike Wave in Slow-Wave Sleep—A Common Association?
Authors: Ben-Zeev Bruria , Kivity Sara , Pshitizki Yehuda , Watemberg Nathan , Brand Nathan , Kramer Uri
Published: July 2017

Early-onset hydrocephalus was identified as the common denominator in 5 of 12 consecutive patients with Landau-Kleffner syndrome or continuous spike wave in slow-wave sleep who presented during the last 6 years. This association seems to be more common than expected, and the course of epileptic disease and outcome differs from that of previous reports. We present the clinical cases and discuss the possible connection between early hydrocephalus and epilepsy, especially continuous spike wave in slow-wave sleep. A retrospective analysis was undertaken of the clinical course and electroencephalographic (EEG) data before and after the development of continuous spike wave in slow-wave sleep in a group of five children with early-onset hydrocephalus identified in three epilepsy clinics in Israel. Landau-Kleffner syndrome or continuous spike wave in slow-wave sleep was identified in 12 patients during 6 years (1995—2000). Five patients had a history of early-onset hydrocephalus. Three patients had ventriculoperitoneal shunts; two of them were never shunted. Patients' seizures and continuous spike wave in slow-wave sleep epileptiform activity was resistant to appropriate anticonvulsant treatment. Pediatric neurologists and neurosurgeons should be aware of the association between continuous spike wave in slow-wave sleep and early-onset hydrocephalus. When a child with hydrocephalus presents with behavioral, cognitive, or motor deterioration, he or she should undergo sleep EEG in addition to investigation of shunt function. Our series demonstrated the presence of continuous spike wave in slow-wave sleep and localization-related epilepsy that did not originate from the shunt site. This group of patients is heterogeneous, and the exact trigger for continuous spike wave in slow-wave sleep development is still unclear. ( J Child Neurol 2004;19:129—134).
Cerebral Glycolipidoses: Clinical Characteristics of 41 Pediatric Patients
Authors: Nalini Atchayaram , Christopher Rita
Published: July 2017

A retrospective clinical and biochemical analysis of 41 pediatric patients with cerebral lipidoses seen between 1995 to 2003 was performed at a tertiary referral center for neurologic disorders in southern India. Enzyme assays in serum and leukocytes, including histopathology, neuroimaging, and neurophysiology studies, were performed. There were 20 cases of metachromatic leukodystrophy (infantile, 14; juvenile, 6), 12 cases of Tay-Sachs disease (infantile, 9; late G M2-M3 gangliosidoses, 3), 8 cases of Sandhoff's disease, and 1 male case with multiple sulfatase deficiency. Consanguinity was present in 51.2% of cases. The male-to-female ratio was 23:17. Similar illness in the families was noted in 24.4%. The prominent clinical features in sulfatide lipidoses were regression of motor and mental milestones, seizures, and speech impairment, and in GM2 gangliosidoses, the features were delayed milestones, startle myoclonus, seizures, and the presence of cherry-red spots. The case with multiple sulfatase deficiency had low levels of arylsulfatase A and B. This study indicates that these autosomal recessive inherited disorders are indeed prevalent in India. ( J Child Neurol 2004; 19:447-452).
Magnetoencephalographic Analysis of Rolandic Discharges in a Patient With Rolandic Epilepsy Associated With Oromotor Deficits
Authors: Kubota Masaya , Takeshita Kazuhide , Saitoh Makiko , Kimura Ikumi , Sakakihara Yoichi
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to clarify the neurophysiologic basis of oromotor deficits in a patient with atypical rolandic epilepsy. We investigated magnetoencephalographic analysis of rolandic discharges with right predominance before and during clonazepam therapy. Before clonazepam administration, current sources of rolandic discharges were broadly distributed in the secondary sensory cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and parietal association area in addition to hand and orofacial division of the primary somatosensory cortex. During clonazepam therapy, oromotor deficits were improved, along with a decrease in rolandic discharge, and current sources of residual right-sided rolandic discharges were shifted to the right superior parietal lobule. Taking the clinical course and magnetoencephalographic findings together, the distributed rolandic discharge focus might be closely related to oromotor deficits, and clonazepam was effective for the disorder. ( J Child Neurol 2004;19:456-459).
Bone Mineral Status in Pediatric Outpatients on Antiepileptic Drug Monotherapy
Authors: Tekgul Hasan , Serdaroglu Gul , Huseyinov Afig , Gökben Sarenur
Published: July 2017

Drug-induced osteopenia has been reported in institutionalized children on chronic antiepileptic drug therapy. The aim of this study was to assess longitudinally bone mineral status in pediatric outpatients on antiepileptic drug monotherapy. The study group consisted of 30 ambulatory children on a normal diet: 15 on valproic acid, 11 on carbamazepine, and 4 on phenobarbital monotherapy. Bone mineral density, serum active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D), and certain biochemical markers of bone formation (calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, intact parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, calcitonin, and urinary calcium to serum creatinine and urinary phosphorus to serum creatinine ratios) were studied at the beginning of antiepileptic drug monotherapy and at the end of 2 years of treatment. Age- and sex-specific Z-scores of bone mineral density were measured at anterior-posterior L2—L4 by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Drug-induced osteopenia was defined in only two patients (one on carbamazepine and the other on phenobarbital monotherapy), with Z-scores of bone mineral density less than —1.5. Serum levels of active vitamin D and biochemical markers were not significantly correlated with the Z-scores of bone mineral density. We detected a frequency of antiepileptic drug—induced osteopenia of 6.7% in pediatric outpatients after 2 years of monotherapy. However, osteopenia was not attributed to a defect in serum active vitamin D production owing to hyperparathyroidism in children on antiepileptic drug monotherapy. ( J Child Neurol2006;21:411—414; DOI 10.2310/7010.2006.00066).
Topical Review: Animal Models of Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
Authors: Balasubramaniam Janani , Del Bigio Marc R.
Published: July 2017

Germinal matrix hemorrhage refers to bleeding that arises from the subependymal (or periventricular) germinal region of the immature brain. Clinical studies have shown that infants who experience germinal matrix hemorrhage can develop hydrocephalus or suffer from long-term neurologic dysfunction, including cerebral palsy, seizures, and learning disabilities. Understanding the causative factors and the pathogenesis of subsequent brain damage is important if germinal matrix hemorrhage is to be prevented or treated. Appropriate animal models are necessary to achieve this understanding. A number of animal species, including mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, and primates, have been used to model germinal matrix hemorrhage. This literature review critically evaluates the animal models of germinal matrix hemorrhage. Each model has its own advantages and disadvantages; no single model is suitable for the study of all aspects of brain damage. ( J Child Neurol 2006;21:365—371; DOI 10.2310/7010.2006.00074).
Leukoencephalopathy with Bilateral Anterior Temporal Lobe Cysts
Authors: Bodensteiner John B. , Kerrigan John F. , Johnsen Stanley D.
Published: July 2017

Recently, several reports describing patients with a nonprogressive clinical course, increased signal in the cerebral white matter, and cystic changes in the anterior temporal lobes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have appeared. To date, 25 patients with this very distinctive condition have been described. We report four new cases of this newly recognized entity. All have been identified primarily because of the distinctive MRI features consisting of the very unusual anterior temporal lobe cystic changes. The clinical features are characterized by severe, disabling, but nonprogressive mental and motor retardation. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has shown increased myo-inositol and decreased N-acetylaspartate in the cerebral white matter. This is a distinctive, probably genetic, condition with characteristic neuroimaging and clinical features. In the appropriate clinical situation, the neuroimaging features are diagnostic. ( J Child Neurol2006; 21:419—422; DOI 10.2310/7010.2006.00092).
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy in Arab Children
Authors: Habeeb Yousif K. R. , Al-Bloushi Maliha A. , Al-Jumah Eman S. , De Souza Thomas M. , Moosa Allie
Published: July 2017

The congenital muscular dystrophies are autosomal recessive disorders with different clinical phenotypes, the spectrum of which varies between different ethnic communities. We report our findings in 21 Arab children with congenital muscular dystrophy. All 21 cases were of the pure type, with normal mental status, except 1 case with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic insult. Fourteen were laminin α2 (merosin) deficient, and six were laminin α2 positive; laminin α2 status was not determined in one patient. None of the laminin α2—deficient patients achieved independent ambulation, whereas three of the laminin α2—positive patients were able to walk. The elevated levels of serum creatine kinase did not differentiate the two groups and tended to decrease after the age of 5 years. Radiologic evaluation demonstrated an abnormal central white-matter signal in 11 of 13 laminin α2—deficient and in 1 of 5 laminin α2—positive patients; none had evidence of brain dysplasia. Nerve conduction velocities were normal in 5 of 5 laminin α2—positive patients, whereas in the laminin α2—deficient patients, it was slow in 9 of 11 for the motor nerves and normal in 8 of 9 for the sensory nerve. Two of the laminin α2—positive patients had pseudohypertrophy of the calves, and two of the laminin α2—deficient ones had seizures. The patient in whom the laminin α2 status was not determined had a severe course, an abnormal central white-matter signal, and epilepsy and resembled more the laminin α2—deficient group. ( J Child Neurol2006;21:400—405; DOI 10.2310/7010.2006.00104).
Fault detection and flow regime identification based on analysis of signal noise from electromagnetic flowmeters
Authors: Perovic S , Higham E H , Unsworth P J
Published: July 2017

The signal conditioning and processing circuits of conventional electromagnetic flowmeters have been designed to provide an accurate average flowrate measurement signal, principally for the purpose of process control. One consequence of this is that the ‘noise’ and other low frequency components of the electrode signal are suppressed. Hitherto, the possibility that they may carry potentially useful information has been overlooked, but there are studies which show that information regarding the flow regime can be identified by spectral analysis of the higher frequency or ‘noise’ components of the sensor signals from some other types of flowmeters. If the entire electrode signal is analysed, using well-established signal analysis methods, diagnostic information regarding the flow regime in which the flowmeter is operating can be recovered and several distinctly different flow regimes can be identified, such as increased turbulence, swirling flow, flow pulsations and two-phase flow, all of which adversely affect the performance of the flowmeter. This paper presents the results of laboratory simulations of these flow regimes and describes a fuzzy logic method for identifying them. It also suggests a change to the conventional mode of operation and signal processing which would enable the additional functions to be implemented without involving any modification to the design or construction of the conventional flowtube. The potential benefits which arise from its application include the identification of flow regimes which adversely affect the performance of the flowmeter in its installed position and the ability to verify, on line, that the flowmeter is functioning correctly.
Approximate method for calculating the characteristics of a radial flow pump
Authors: Zaher M A
Published: July 2017

Similarity in flow patterns between fans and pumps provides the possibility of suggesting an approximate method for calculating radial flow pump characteristics. The proposed method uses relations expressing the energy balance of real fluids. Calculations of velocity triangles are given for a flow ahead of an impeller operating in sections with half-output, recognized as an average value. The results followed the expression within blade theory for radial impellers. While the exit angle helps to understand the blade shape at the no-lift position, the impeller losses, on the other hand, are related in a certain way to the angle of incidence. Losses at different elements of the pump are treated, at a selected point of operation, as having a constant coefficient of loss. Values of losses are calculated from the actual pressure heads. The flow through spiral bodies takes an approximate kinetic model. A spiral section having the shape of a circle provides the suitable conditions guaranteeing the operation of a single impeller along its circumference while still having the same optimum value of pump efficiency. The illustrated figures are the result of calculations made on radial impellers measured from several pump investigations.
Fundamental aspects of centrifugal membrane separation
Authors: Bergen A , Wild P M , Djilali N , Vickers G W
Published: July 2017

A new membrane filtration process which uses the dynamic environment created on board a centrifuge rotor to enhance the performance of the separation process is described. Centrifugal membrane separation (CMS) combines the energy savings associated with centrifugal reverse osmosis (CRO) with the natural alleviation of concentration polarization and fouling due to the dynamic environment. A research centrifuge was constructed to compare the CMS process directly with a conventional process. An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effects of centripetal and Coriolis acceleration on membrane performance. A description of the apparatus and the experimental results for various membrane orientations are presented. Significant reduction in the fouling rate and virtual elimination of concentration polarization have been shown.
A repeatable method for determination of carboxyhemoglobin levels in smokers
Authors: Smith Carr J , Guy Thomas D , Stiles Mitchell F , Morton Michael J , Collie Barbara B , Ingebrethsen Bradley J , Robinson John H
Published: July 2017

Fourteen male smokers participated in ten afternoon test sessions to determine the daily variation in expired breath carbon monoxide (CO), and whole blood percent carboxyhemoglobin (%COHb), hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Each individual's test session was conducted at approximately the same time of day to estimate CO-related measures under relatively stable conditions. Subjects smoked ad libitum prior to testing. The `usual brand' cigarette was smoked during the first measurement week (sessions 1-5 held on Monday through Friday) and a research cigarette prototype which primarily heats rather than burns tobacco (TOB-HT) was smoked by 12 of the 14 subjects for 3 weeks prior to and during the second measurement week (sessions 6-9 held on Tuesday through Friday). Following the last `usual brand' measurement session, subjects completed 21 days of ad libitum smoking of the TOB-HT cigarette before starting sessions 6-9 to allow acclimation to the TOB-HT research cigarette. Following session 9, 11 of the 14 subjects continued to smoke the TOB-HT cigarette for an additional 3 weeks and then participated in an additional test session (session 10). The data indicate that daily measurements of afternoon%COHb and expired breath CO values for an individual are reproducible when using this protocol. Carboxyhemoglobin and expired breath CO levels were elevated by 24.4 and 30.6%, respectively, after switching to the TOB-HT cigarette. This increase was not due to an increase in the number of cigarettes consumed since the subjects smoked an average of 21 cigarettes prior to the measurement session when smoking either their `usual brand' or the TOB-HT cigarette.
A Horn Analysis of the Factors Measured by the WAIS-R, Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT), and Two New Brief Cognitive Measures for Normal Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Kaufman Alan S. , Ishikuma Toshinori , Kaufman Nadeen L.
Published: July 2017

Data obtained on 255 normal individuals, ages 16-83, were factor analyzed. Variables included subtests from the WAIS-R, KAIT, and two new brief cognitive measures (K-FAST, K-SNAP). Four factors emerged that were interpreted from Horn's theory of intelligence: Crystallized (Gc), Fluid (Gf), Short-term Acquisition and Retrieval (SAR), and a blend of Broad Visualization (Gv) and Fluid. Results were interpreted in the context of previous Horn analyses of the KAIT and Wechsler's scales, with particular attention paid to the question of whether the WAIS-R Performance Scale measures fluid intelligence or whether it is primarily a measure of Gv, as some researchers contend.
Recognition Memory for Words and Faces Before and After Temporal Lobectomy
Authors: Naugle Richard I. , Chelune Gordon J. , Schuster Joneen , Lüders Hans O. , Comair Youssef
Published: July 2017

To assess the sensitivity of Warrington's Recognition Memory Test (RMT) “Words” and “Faces” subtests to lateralized temporal lobe seizure foci and effects of epilepsy surgery, 27 left- and 39 right-temporal lobectomy patients were tested before and after surgery. Only surgical patients who were seizure-free after surgery were studied. The temporal lobectomy patients were compared to 50 seizure patients who were tested twice without having undergone surgery. RMT scaled scores were analyzed using a 3 × 2 × 2, Group by Pre-post by Content repeated measures ANOVA, which revealed significant Group by Pre-post, Group by Content, and Pre-post by Content interactions. A 3 × 2, Group by Pre-post repeated measures ANOVA of the discrepancy between Words and Faces raw scores revealed a significant Group effect only. Left-temporal lobectomy patients tended to show smaller raw score discrepancies than right-temporal lobectomy patients and seizure controls. Attempts to classify patients as having left- or right-temporal epileptogenic pathology on the basis of difference scores (as described in the RMT manual) revealed that left-temporal patients were frequently misclassified as right temporal; however, those who met classification criteria for left-temporal dysfunction included few patients with right-temporal seizures.
The Equivalence of the MMPI and MMPI-2
Authors: Gaston Michele F. , Nelson W. M. , Hart Kathleen J. , Rojdev Roza
Published: July 2017

Since the MMPI-2 was developed, it has been assumed that the new version is comparable to the MMPI. This study explored the comparability of the MMPI and MMPI-2 by examining the similarities between their respective T-score means, profile configurations, score distributions, and rank-order correlations on the standard 3 validity and 10 clinical scales. Eighty-four undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of four groups in a test-retest (4-month interval) counterbalanced design–MMPI/MMPI, MMPI/MMPI-2, MMPI-2/MMPI, or MMPI-2/MMPI-2. In this college sample, MMPI-2 mean scores tended to be lower than respective MMPI counterpart scales, which is consistent with previous research. There were notable similarities between the MMPI and the MMPI-2 in terms of profile characteristics, score distributions, and rank ordering of scales. Using these criteria, the equivalency of the two forms was generally supported and further equivalency issues are discussed.
Goal Cognition and Its Clinical Implications
Authors: Karoly Paul , Ruehlman Linda S.
Published: July 2017

Reports on the development and validation of the Goal Systems Assessment Battery (GSAB), a set of four questionnaires designed to gauge individual differences in personal goal construal as viewed within Ford's control theory model of conscious self-regulation. The Directive Function Questionnaire addresses attributions concerning goal-relevant self-efficacy and value. Self-monitoring of goal activity and social comparison evaluations are assessed via the Regulatory Function Questionnaire. The Control Function Questionnaire taps planning, self-reward, and self-criticism. The Arousal Function Questionnaire evaluates positive and negative arousal during goal pursuit. The GSAB was administered to college students ( N = 723) and a national sample of adults ( N = 246) to establish (a) its conceptual structure, (b) the factorial invariance of the instruments across distinct goal types, (c) temporal stability, (d) minimal susceptibility to social desirability bias, and (e) the relation of the GSAB to indexes of personal adjustment. Results of five studies support the psychometric and preliminary clinical utility of the instruments.
Exploring the Factor Structure of the Personality Assessment Inventory
Authors: Deisinger Julie A.
Published: July 2017

This study examined the factor structure of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Factor analyses were conducted on all 22 PAI scales, as well as on the 11 clinical scales alone. When analyzing all scales, four factors related to general psychological distress, narcissism, impulsivity, and social functioning were obtained. An analysis of only clinical scales yielded three factors associated with distress, impulsivity, and substance abuse. Although methods other than those utilized by Morey were employed for the factor extractions and rotations, the latent factors derived in this study were very similar to those reported previously. These findings support the stability of the underlying factor structure of the PAI.
Discriminant Validity of the MMPI Depression Subtle (D-S) and Depression Obvious (D-O) Scales
Authors: Zalewski Christine , Schatz Caroline T. , Gottesman Irving I. , Nichols David S.
Published: July 2017

This study examined the relationship between diagnostic group membership (i.e., life-time depressed, n = 367; lifetime mixed psychiatric, n = 367; and nonpsychiatric, n = 367) and scores on the Wiener-Harmon Subtle-Obvious scales (Depression Subtle, D-S, and Depression Obvious, D-O) for the Depression ( D) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Additionally, the impact of current versus past depressive symptomatology on D-S and D-O scores was examined. As expected, D-O scores were significantly related to diagnostic group membership, with higher mean scores found in the depressed groups. However, D-S scores were either unrelated or inversely related to the presence or history of depression. The results are discussed in the context of current empirical literature and clinical practice.
Attorneys Influence Expert Evidence in Forensic Psychological and Neuropsychological Cases
Authors: Lees-Haley Paul R.
Published: July 2017

Converging lines of evidence suggest that attorneys are influencing data relied upon by psychological experts in forensic cases. This is a problem because a consequence of attorney prompting may be invalid expert opinions that mislead rather than inform the trier of fact. Attorneys influence psychological data by a variety of means. They advise their clients how to respond to psychological tests, make suggestions of what to tell examining psychologists and what to emphasize, and lead patients not to disclose certain information important to psychologists. The purpose of this article is to alert psychologists to a growing threat to the validity of psychological and neuropsychological evaluations in forensic matters. Several examples of attorney preparation of clients for examinations are described.
The Impact of a Defensive Response Set on the Relationship Between MMPI and Cognitive Tests Among Heart Transplant Candidates
Authors: Putzke John D. , Williams Mark A. , Millsaps Cheryl L. , McCarty Harry J. , Azrin Richard L. , LaMarche Judith A. , Boll Thomas J. , Bourge Robert C. , Kirklin James K. , McGiffin David C.
Published: July 2017

Examination of the relationship between self-reported psychological symptoms (e.g., depression and anxiety) and cognitive tests assumes individuals are highly motivated to both openly disclose psychological symptoms and to extend best-effort on cognitive tests. Situations that change this ideal motivational state on either self-report questionnaires or cognitive tests attenuate the validity of this assumption. To illustrate this problem, this study examined the emotional-cognitive correlation in a clinical series of 136 cardiac patients undergoing psychosocial and cognitive evaluation as part of a standard protocol for entry into a cardiac transplant program. The evaluative nature of the psychosocial assessment motivates some candidates to respond in a defensive manner, thereby decreasing the validity of self-report psychological measures. This same situation likely promotes high performance motivation on cognitive tests. It was hypothesized that a defensive response set on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), as measured by the F-K (Frequency-Correction) Gough Dissimulation Index, would attenuate the strength of the emotional-cognitive relationship. Cognitive factor scores were generated and correlated with the MMPI state clinical scales (i.e., scales 2, 7, and 8) for both nondefensive and defensive ( F-K ≥ −15) groups. Results show increased emotional distress was reliably associated with decreased cognitive functioning ( rs = −.22 to −.27) among the nondefensive group, but was unrelated in the defensive group. The importance of considering the influence of performance contingencies within research and clinical settings is discussed.
Los Angeles Symptom Checklist: Psychometric Evidence With an Adolescent Sample
Authors: Foy David W. , Wood Jenifer L. , King Daniel W. , King Lynda A. , Resnick Heidi S.
Published: July 2017

The Los Angeles Symptom Checklist (LASC) is a self-report measure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and general distress that has been used with a variety of adult trauma populations. This study provided psychometric support for the instrument's use with adolescents. Internal consistency estimates were .90 and .95 for the 17-item PTSD index and the 43-item full-scale index, respectively. When mean scores were compared across trauma exposure groups, results were supportive of the LASC's ability to detect symptoms of posttrauma sequelae. Confirmatory factor analysis findings supported three highly correlated factors representing the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) symptom categories of reexperiencing, avoidance and numbing, and arousal.
Positive Self-Presentation Effects and the Detection of Defensiveness on the NEO PI-R
Authors: Ross Scott R. , Bailley Steven E. , Millis Scott R.
Published: July 2017

Recent investigations suggest that the five factors are highly susceptible to faking. Three studies are presented that address the effects of positive self-presentational set on the revised edition of the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R). Study 1 involves a within-subjects design ( N = 100) for the purposes of determining the effects of positive self-presentation on NEO PI-R domain and facet scales. Study 2 reports the development of two multivariate functions for the classification of fake-good protocols and provides results supporting the generalizability of these equations. Finally, Study 3 addresses the issue of specificity in a low base-rates sample ( N = 254) and lends further evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of these functions. These findings suggest that the NEO PI-R is clearly vulnerable to faking and support the contention that profiles derived under socially desirable conditions can be accurately identified.
Comparison of WAIS-R Selected Subtest Short Forms in a Mixed Clinical Population
Authors: Abraham Elizabeth , Axelrod Bradley N. , Paolo Anthony M.
Published: July 2017

Abbreviated forms of the revised edition of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) attempt to shorten the administration time of the test without adversely affecting the results. Seven different short forms of the WAIS-R were compared in a mixed clinical sample to evaluate short form predictions of Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). Correlation coefficients for each short form indicate that Ward's seven-subtest short form predicts IQ scores most closely to FSIQ scores across ranges of intellectual functioning. In this sample, 96% of the patients obtained FSIQ scores within 5 points of their actual FSIQ when using this short form. Two tetrad short forms yielded scores that were close to actual FSIQ scores, however to a lesser degree. These results are consistent with other studies using Ward's seven-subtest short form, and, therefore, suggest that this particular version is a reliable and valid substitute for a full WAIS-R when time is limited.
A New High-Performance Adaptive Engine Mount
Authors: Foumani Mahmoud S , Khajepour A. , Durali Mohammad
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we introduce a new high-performance adaptive hydraulic engine mount. The mount is tuned to road and engine conditions by changing the length of the inertia track and effective decoupler area in low-frequency road and high-frequency engine excitations. A single actuator is used to tune the mount in both low-frequency and high-frequency regimes. Sensitivity analysis is used to show that changing the length of the inertia track and decoupler area is the most effective way to tune an adaptive mount. Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed design can significantly improve the performance of a passive hydraulic mount.
Coexisting Attractors and Their Control in an Angular Motion Transfer Mechanism
Authors: Ragulskis Minvydas
Published: July 2017

It is shown that even simple models of angular motion transfer mechanisms possess features characteristic to non-linear dynamical systems: coexistence of periodic attractors, non-synchronous motion modes, chaotic solutions. Some of those features are quite unique. The transition to chaos takes place when the damping of the output element is increased. The basin boundaries of strange attractors are not fractal. The existence of multiple stable attractors enables the design of a new type of control strategy for angular motion transfer mechanisms.
Delayed Reference Control of a Two-Mass Elastic System
Authors: Gallina P , Trevisani Alberto
Published: July 2017

An innovative non-time-based control scheme for path tracking and vibration control of a two-mass system is introduced in this paper. The basic idea of the scheme, called delayed reference control (DRC), is to make the path reference of the system be a function of an action reference parameter which depends both on time and a variable which plays the role of a time delay. By suitably computing the value of the delay on the basis of the vibration measured, such vibration can be actively suppressed while an independent position regulator ensures an accurate tracking of the desired path. The DRC scheme is therefore suitable for those applications, in particular in the robotic field, where a pre-defined path through space must be followed precisely while the time taken to carry out the task is not a primary concern. In this paper the stability of the system is investigated, and numerical results are provided to assess the performance of the proposed method, compared to that of an optimal linear quadratic regulator.
Insights Into Signaling in Cell-Based Therapy for Heart Disease
Authors: Rieger Angela C , Tompkins Bryon A , Banerjee Monisha , Natsumeda Makoto , Florea Victoria , Schulman Ivonne H
Published: July 2017

Over the past several decades, stem cell therapy for heart disease has been translated from the bench to the bedside and in clinical trials improves cardiac structure and function in both ischemic and nonischemic cardiac disease. Although the regenerative effects of stem cells in cardiac disease are mediated by both paracrine and cell-to-cell contact mechanisms, many of the downstream signaling pathways remain to be fully elucidated. This review outlines what is currently known about the main signaling pathways involved in mesenchymal stem cell and cardiac stem cell survival, proliferation, and migration and mechanisms of action to repair the damaged heart.