bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘It’s tantalising evidence . . . . but you’ve got to look at the wider picture’: Rap music as evidence in joint enterprise cases
Authors: Young Tara , Hulley Susie
Published: November 2024

This article explores the growing trend of using rap lyrics and music videos as evidence in criminal trials and considers the discriminatory implications of such practice. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 43 police staff (officers and civillian investigators) and lawyers experienced in investigating, prosecuting or defending cases of serious violence, it focuses on instances where ‘joint enterprise’ (or secondary liability in criminal law) has been invoked to charge and prosecute groups of individuals. The findings reveal that despite legal safeguards designed to prevent prejudicial use of such evidence, its application persists in serious youth violence cases in which secondary liability is used to convict black and brown young men. Our research indicates the use of rap audiovisuals in court encourages jurors to view this content as autobiographical evidence of gang affiliation, bad character, criminal intent and complicity which could compromise the principle of due process.
Identifying the agile project management implementation barriers for sustainable residential buildings
Authors: Elseknidy Mohamed , Kineber Ahmed Farouk , Oke Ayodeji Emmanuel , Elshaboury Nehal , Abunada Ziyad , Zamil Ahmad , Alhusban Mohammad , Ilori Samuel Adebobola
Published: November 2024

Incorporating sustainability concepts at all decision-making stages in the construction of residential buildings is essential to maximize benefits without compromising functionality. This study aimed to identify and analyze the obstacles hindering the application of Agile Project Management (APM) in residential construction projects. The research specifically addressed the following questions: What are the key barriers to APM adoption in Nigerian residential construction projects? How do these barriers impact the effectiveness of APM in promoting sustainability? A questionnaire survey was distributed to 120 construction professionals in Nigeria, capturing insights on APM challenges. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to categorize these obstacles into four main areas: social, economic, human factors, and culture and expectations. Subsequently, partial least squares-structural equation modeling was used to construct a model assessing the significance of these barriers. The findings revealed that economic factors, with a statistical significance coefficient of 0.516, are the most significant barriers to APM adoption. Social factors, cultural expectations, and human factors also play notable roles, though to a lesser extent. The outcomes provide valuable guidance for decision-makers in Nigeria’s construction sector, emphasizing the need for strategies that address economic constraints and foster greater adoption of APM practices to achieve cost reduction and enhanced sustainability.
Trend of Pediatric Tracheostomy in Taiwan: A Population-Based Survey from 2000 to 2019
Authors: Kang Kun-Tai , Lee Chia-Hsuan , Lin Che-Yi , Hsu Wei-Chung
Published: November 2024

Background

The outcomes of recent advancements in pediatric tracheostomy remain unclear. This study was conducted to identify the trends in pediatric tracheostomy in Taiwan.

Methods

This population-based survey was conducted using data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. We identified inpatients younger than 18 years who had undergone tracheostomy in Taiwan between 2000 and 2019. The study period was divided into subperiods (2000-2004, 2005-2009, 2010-2014, and 2015-2019). We analyzed patient characteristics and trends related to age, gender, hospital level, surgical indications, hospital stay duration, and mortality rates. The trends were analyzed for all pediatric patients (age <18 years) and infants (age <1 year).

Results

This study included 2465 pediatric patients (mean age: 8.7 ± 6.9 years; boys: 64%). The incidence of pediatric tracheostomy decreased from 3.3 events per 100,000 individuals in 2000 to 2.1 events per 100,000 individuals in 2019 ( P for trend < .001). The proportion of infants who received tracheostomy increased from 22.8% in 2000-2004 to 32.5% in 2015-2019 ( P for trend = .06). The proportion of pediatric patients who received tracheostomy at medical centers increased and those at regional hospitals or district hospitals decreased (74.7%-81.0% vs 25.3%-19.0%, P for trend = .003). The proportion of pediatric patients with trauma or brain injury as a surgical indication decreased from 36.6% to 28.7% ( P for trend = .001). The duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stays increased from 30 days in 2000-2004 to 50 days in 2015-2019 ( P for trend < .001), and that of hospital stay increased from 58 days in 2000-2004 to 71 days in 2015-2019 ( P for trend = .001). The 5-year mortality rate slightly decreased from 38.0% in 2000-2004 to 33.3% in 2005-2009 and 31.0% in 2010-2014 ( P for trend = .006).

Conclusions

Our findings revealed that during the study period, the number of pediatric patients receiving tracheostomy decreased, but the proportion of infants receiving tracheostomy increased. The trends in pediatric tracheostomy indicated extended ICU stay, prolonged hospital stay, and reduced 5-year mortality rates.
The Effectiveness of Digital Health Lifestyle Interventions on Weight Loss in People With Prediabetes: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression
Authors: Fredensborg Holm Tanja , Udsen Flemming Witt , Giese Iben Engelbrecht , Færch Kristine , Jensen Morten Hasselstrøm , von Scholten Bernt Johan , Hangaard Stine
Published: November 2024

Background:

Digital health lifestyle interventions (DHLI) may offer scalable solutions to manage prediabetes in clinical practice; however, their effectiveness on people with prediabetes has not been systematically investigated and reviewed. Hence, in this systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression the effectiveness of DHLI on prediabetes-related outcomes was investigated.

Methods:

Four databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of DHLI on adults with prediabetes published before 23 February 2024. The primary outcome was the change in body weight, with secondary outcomes including, among others, glycemic status, body composition, and feasibility outcomes. Meta-analyses were conducted to provide overall effect estimates of outcomes. In addition, meta-regressions on the primary outcome were conducted. The study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Results:

A total of 33 studies were included (n = 14 398). The study duration ranged from 3 to 60 months. The digital interventions varied from in-person meetings combined with pedometers and telephone calls to fully digital interventions. The overall estimated treatment difference in change in body weight favored the intervention (mean difference: -1.74 kg; 95% confidence interval: -2.37, -1.11; P < .01) with moderate certainty. Statistically significant overall effect estimates favoring the intervention were also found for secondary outcomes with very low to moderate certainty.

Conclusion:

Digital health lifestyle interventions can result in statistically significant change in body weight and other secondary outcomes among people with prediabetes.
A Registered Report on Gender Bias in Interpersonal Dishonesty: Are Females and Males Cheated Differently?
Authors: Martuza Jareef
Published: November 2024

This registered report investigates the role of the target’s sex in selfish dishonest behavior. Informed by moral typecasting theory, we hypothesized individuals to be more dishonest toward male than female targets, and this effect will be stronger among male than female decision-makers. A total of 3,166 male and female participants from nine countries were incentivized to lie and increase their payoffs at the cost of another same-sex, opposite-sex, or unmentioned-sex participant with zero risks of detection, punishment, or reputational consequences. We did not find statistically significant evidence of female targets being cheated less than male targets overall. However, we found a significant interaction between the target and decision-maker, albeit a different nature than predicted. Female decision-makers cheated female (vs. male) targets 53.6% less, while male decision-makers cheated male and female targets similarly. Linking target characteristics and moral decision-making, our research suggests that female ingroup favoritism may underlie gender bias in interpersonal dishonest behavior.
Exploring the impact of e-learning instructional designs on students’ learning approaches and knowledge gain
Authors: Jayawardena Chantha K , Dissanayake Mudiyanselage Ruwinee T , Marambe Kosala , Nawarathna Lakshika S
Published: November 2024

Designing educational materials for digital resources that accommodate different learning styles and educational backgrounds is challenging due to the complexity of student engagement with content. This study examined the impact of E-learning instructional designs on students’ knowledge gain, focusing on learning approaches and perceived usefulness. The 'Virtual Histology Lab.’ (VHL), a self-learning E-resource, was developed to deliver theoretical knowledge on microscope slide preparation, incorporating cognitive scaffolding strategies such as contextualized trigger questions, map-based visualizations, and multimedia elements grounded in sound pedagogical principles. Fifty-one students with no prior exposure to slide preparation participated in the study. Knowledge gain was assessed through pre-test and post-test scenarios, while three questionnaires evaluated learning approaches, perceived usefulness, ease of use, and student perspectives on the VHL’s content. The findings revealed that 78% of students predominantly adopted a deep learning approach, while a smaller proportion exhibited a surface approach. No significant differences were observed between the pre-test and post-test scores of students with deep or surface learning approaches. However, all students demonstrated a statistically significant increase in post-test scores, indicating substantial knowledge gains across diverse learning styles. This study shares instructional design strategies to accommodate different learning styles, increase knowledge gain, and promote meaningful learning experiences.
Effects of Probiotic Therapy on Periodontal and Peri-implant Treatments: An Umbrella Review
Authors: Mendonça C. , Marques D. , Silveira J. , Marques J. , de Souza R.F. , Mata A.
Published: November 2024

Introduction:

The effectiveness of nonsurgical periodontal treatment is related to patient- and tooth-related factors. To overcome the limitations of the conventional approach, probiotics are one of the adjunct therapies that have been studied.

Objectives:

This umbrella review answered the focused question: in adult patients with periodontal diseases or peri-implant diseases, does the use of probiotic therapy as an adjuvant to nonsurgical periodontal treatment when compared with nonsurgical periodontal treatment alone affect treatment effectiveness and clinical disease parameters?

Methods:

A systematic electronic search to identify systematic reviews according to PICOS criteria, defined a priori, was used, and 5 electronic databases were searched (Medline, LILACS, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, and DANS EASY). Included systematic reviews were rated using quality assessment tools by 2 independent reviewers.

Results:

Thirty systematic reviews were identified evaluating the effectiveness of probiotics in periodontal and peri-implant disease treatment. A quantitative analysis of the results was not possible due to the high heterogeneity of clinical data. Seventeen of 31 reviews reported clinically relevant benefits of probiotic therapy as an adjuvant to scaling and root planning. Twenty-two reviews had a low risk of bias, 7 had a moderate risk, and 2 had a high risk.

Conclusion:

The evidence from the available studies is conflicting, which means that no definitive conclusions can be made about the effectiveness of probiotic therapy as an adjuvant to nonsurgical periodontal treatment. High-quality primary research studies are needed that control for known confounding variables.

Knowledge Transfer Statement:

This umbrella review provides some evidence regarding the efficacy of probiotics as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal therapy, despite some equivocal findings. However, short-term probiotic use alongside therapy appears to be advantageous; there is currently no evidence supporting their long-term benefits. We have also identified that probiotic research is primarily constrained by its origins in gastrointestinal applications, resulting in a lack of approved probiotics for dental use. This review highlights the need for extensive clinical research to ascertain their effectiveness in the oral environment. Nevertheless, the utilization of probiotics alongside periodontal treatment seems safe, with no reported adverse effects in patients. Thus, further clinical validations in oral health care settings are crucial.
Investigating racial differences in mortality and survival outcomes following radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ali Abraish , Siddiqui Samia Shaukat , Malik Ghulam Mustafa Ali , Shah Muhammad Shahmeer Ullah , Batool Farwa , Asif Maheen , Ali Yusuf Hasan , Ashraf Saad
Published: November 2024

Background

Notable variations in cancer rates, survival rates, mortality exist among certain populations in the US. We aim to examine how prostate cancer prognosis differs among black and white men from various ethnic backgrounds undergoing radical prostatectomy.

Methods

We performed a comprehensive search across MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases from inception to March 2023 for observational studies including black and white men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Outcomes of interest included either overall survival, prostate cancer survival, biochemical recurrence, or all-cause mortality. Studies were pooled using hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Review Manager (RevMan) version 5.4.1.

Results

In patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, the risk of all-cause mortality was significantly greater in blacks in comparison to whites ([HR] 1.16, 95% CI 1.12–1.21; I2 = 51%; p < 0.00001). Pooled analysis shows higher rate of prostate-specific mortality in blacks treated compared to whites ([HR]: 1.08, 95% CI 0.86–1.37; I2 = 81%; p = 0.50). The risk of biochemical recurrence was significantly higher in blacks undergoing radical prostatectomy than in whites (HR: 1.27; 95% CI 1.11–1.45; I2 = 58%; p = 0.0007). On regional subgroup analysis, the mid-west and multi-institutional centers revealed a higher rate of biochemical recurrence in blacks than in whites. No significant difference was noted between blacks and whites for overall survival.

Conclusions

Our research demonstrated elevated rates of all-cause mortality, prostate-specific mortality, and biochemical recurrence, with no significant differences in overall survival between blacks and whites. Further research is warranted to assess ethnic and geographic differences at a large scale.
Oceanic islands act as drivers for the genetic diversity of marine species: Cardita calyculata (Linnaeus, 1758) in the NE Atlantic as a case-study
Authors: Sinigaglia Livia , Baptista L , Alves C , Feldmann F , Sacchetti C , Rupprecht C , Vijayan T , Martín-González E , Ávila SP , Santos AM , Curto M , Meimberg H
Published: November 2024

Geographic distribution, as well as evolutionary and biogeographic processes and patterns of marine invertebrate benthic species are strongly shaped by dispersal ability during the life cycle. Remote oceanic islands lie at the brink of complex biotic and abiotic interactions which have significantly influenced the biodiversity patterns we see today. The interaction between geological environmental change and taxon-specific dispersal modes can influence species evolutionary patterns, eventually delimiting species-specific biogeographic regions. In this study, we compare the population genetic patterns of the marine bivalve Cardita calyculata in the northeast Atlantic, discussing the role of Macaronesian islands during past climatic cycles. The genetic structure and diversity patterns were outlined based on SSR-GBAS loci of 165 individuals and on the mitochondrial COI marker of 22 individuals from the Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores and the Mediterranean. The highly structured genetic pattern found among regions and within archipelagos suggests the central role of oceanic islands in promoting the divergence of the species in both the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The high degree of divergence in the COI dataset (> 7%) suggests the existence of potential cryptic speciation that needs to be further explored with a more comprehensive sampling. Such patterns are only congruent with a scenario where C. calyculata populations were maintained during glacial/interglacial cycles, supporting the role of the studied archipelagos as drivers of diversity for marine biota. We stress the importance of developing studies for species with various life history and dispersal modes. In such a way, a more profound understanding of the biogeographic and evolutionary significance of oceanic islands can catalyse directed conservation efforts, especially in the context of the ongoing climate crisis.
Prolonged outpatient parenteral antimicrobial treatment: frequency and evolution over a six-year period in a Swiss University Hospital
Authors: A. Munting , J. Damas , L. Arensdorff , M. Cavassini , S. de Vallière
Published: November 2024

Background

Emerging research indicates the potential for early transition from intravenous to oral antimicrobial therapy in certain infections. This trend may have implications for outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) programs, as the demand for prolonged intravenous treatment could decrease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency and evolution of OPAT courses of ≥ 14 days over the years and determine the medical justification for those prolonged treatments.

Methods

All patients treated intravenously for ≥ 14 days by the OPAT program at Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, between 2017 and 2022 were included in the study. Data were extracted from a prospectively established OPAT database. Prevalence of prolonged antibiotic treatment and its clinical and microbiological information were identified.

Results

During the study period, a total of 2,448 treatment courses were administered: 1,636 intravenous (IV) and 812 oral treatments. Of the IV treatments courses, 749 (36%) were of a duration of ≥ 14 days, without discernible trend over the 6-year study period. The most common type of infections needing prolonged treatment were bone and joint infections (31%), endovascular infections (18%), complicated intra-abdominal infections (15%), and urinary tract infections (11%), with only minor fluctuations in these proportions during the study period. Finally, the use of second-line antibiotics (piperacillin-tazobactam, carbapenems and vancomycin) did not increase over the years, suggesting that prolonged intravenous antibiotic therapy is not linked to an increase of anti-microbial resistance in our cohort.

Conclusions

Despite the general trend towards shorter intravenous treatment courses in infectious diseases, our OPAT unit did not observe a decline in the use of prolonged intravenous antibiotic therapy between 2017 and 2022, suggesting that OPAT units will probably not see a decrease in their activities in the near future.
Effectiveness of behaviour change techniques in lifestyle interventions for non-communicable diseases: an umbrella review
Authors: Nadal Iliatha Papachristou , Angkurawaranon Chaisiri , Singh Ankur , Choksomngam Yanee , Sadana Vidhi , Kock Loren , Wattanapisit Apichai , Wiwatkunupakarn Nutchar , Kinra Sanjay
Published: November 2024

Objective

To identify the most commonly reviewed behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and their effectiveness based on consistency across reviews for lifestyle interventions of non-communicable diseases.

Design

Umbrella review of systematic reviews.

Data sources

PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL, Global Health.

Data extraction and synthesis

A narrative synthesis of extracted findings was conducted. The Behaviour Change Technique v1 Taxonomy was used to identify and code behaviour change techniques (e.g., goal setting) in a standardised manner, which were independently assessed by two reviewers. Study quality was independently assessed by two reviewers using the assessment of multiple systematic review tools.

Results

26 reviews were included with a total of 72 BCT labels evaluated across the different lifestyle interventions and non-communicable diseases. A total of 13 BCT clusters were identified to be reported as effective. The most commonly reviewed BCTs and their effectiveness/ineffectiveness were as follows: ‘Goals and Planning’ (12 effective/1 ineffective), ‘Feedback and monitoring’ (9 effective/3 ineffective), ‘Social support’ (9 effective/1 ineffective), ‘Shaping knowledge’ (11 effective/1 ineffective), and ‘Natural consequences’ (6 effectiveness/ 2 ineffective). The vast majority of the studies were conducted in high-income and a few in upper middle-income countries, with hardly any studies from lower middle-income and lower income studies.

Conclusion

The most common BCTs were ‘Goals and Planning’, ‘Feedback and Monitoring’, ‘Shaping Knowledge’, ‘Social Support’, and ‘Natural Consequence’. Based on consistency across reviews, several BCTs such as ‘Goals and Planning’, Feedback and Monitoring’, ‘Shaping Knowledge’, and ‘Social Support’ have demonstrated effectiveness (Recommendation Grade A) in improving health behaviours across a limited range of NCDs. The evidence is less clear for other BCT techniques. It is also likely that not all BCTs will be transferable across different settings. There is a need for more research in this area, especially in low-middle-income countries.

Protocol registration

Registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; PROSPERO (CRD42020222832).
Resilience and hopelessness mediate the relationship between benevolent childhood experiences and life satisfaction: evidence from a cross-cultural study
Authors: Sever Melih , Tatlıcıoğlu Oktay , Almeida Telma Catarina , Abdul Azeez E. P. , Caridade Sónia , Cunha Olga
Published: November 2024

Background

A growing body of literature focuses on the role of benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) in predicting adulthood well-being, in addition to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). However, cross-cultural differences are generally ignored in this endeavor. Hence, this study aimed to explore the role of BCEs in predicting life satisfaction, resilience, and hopelessness. We also examined the potential of resilience and the role of hopelessness in mediating the relationship between BCE and life satisfaction.

Methods

A total of 850 university students from Turkey (n = 371), Portugal (n = 248), and India (n = 231), aged 17 to 58 years (M = 22.12, SD = 4.41), participated in the study. Participants completed an online protocol consisting of measures to assess BCEs, life satisfaction, resilience, and hopelessness.

Results

BCEs, hopelessness, and life satisfaction have significantly differed among the samples based on the country of residence. BCEs were positively correlated to resilience and life satisfaction and negatively to hopelessness. In the sequential mediation model, after controlling for country and sex, resilience and hopelessness sequentially mediated the relationship between BCEs and life satisfaction. BCEs were associated with life satisfaction, resilience, and hopelessness across countries and sexes. The model explains 42.8% of the variability.

Conclusion

Despite differences between countries, BCEs are important predictors of adult well-being in all three countries and should be monitored along with ACE. Further, resilience seems to have an important role in lowering the negative consequences of lower BCEs and feelings of hopelessness, pointing to the need to strengthen psychological resilience among adults.
Feasibility of a custom-tailored, evidence-based, theory-informed, intervention to prevent burnout and reduce stress for healthcare professionals: protocol for a single-arm trial
Authors: Schröter Marleen , Berschick Julia , Koch Anna K. , Schiele Julia K. , Bogdanski Martin , Steinmetz Melanie , Stritter Wiebke , Kessler Christian S. , Seifert Georg
Published: November 2024

Background

Healthcare professionals face high levels of occupational stress, time pressure, workload, and poor organizational support. This makes them particularly vulnerable to burnout. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated this situation. This single-arm, multicenter, mixed-methods feasibility study pilots the LAGOM program: A tailored, evidence-based intervention to prevent burnout and reduce stress among healthcare professionals.

Methods

Participants will include healthcare professionals (N = 30) working at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Immanuel Hospital, Berlin. LAGOM focuses on support for individual behavior change and personal resources and also addresses the organizational level. The intervention´s feasibility will be evaluated through a non-randomized feasibility trial with a mixed methods process evaluation. The exploratory primary study aims are to assess the acceptability and feasibility of the (1) evaluation procedures and of the (2) intervention content and structure using study records, standardized questionnaires, protocol checklists, and diaries. Exploratory effectiveness analysis will take place as well. Further, semi-structured interviews (n = 3 to 6) and electrophysiological measurements (n = 20) will be conducted.

Discussion

Custom-tailored, well-implemented multi-level interventions are needed to prevent burnout and reduce stress among healthcare professionals. Long-term strategies are warranted to sustainably implement effective programs. This feasibility study helps to refine trial procedures and content of the LAGOM program for a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the intervention’s effectiveness.

Trial registration

German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00032014, registered 17th October 2023.
Magnetic resonance imaging-guided single-fraction preoperative radiotherapy for early-stage breast cancer (the RICE trial): feasibility study
Authors: Qadir Ayyaz , Singh Nabita , Dean Jenna , Brown Kerryn , Tacey Mark , Mann Bruce , Kron Tomas , Cahoon Glenn , Lau Eddie , Scott Andrew M. , Yeo Belinda , Loh Su-Wen , Uribe Sergio , Moe Aung Aung Kywe , Ireland-Jenkins Kerryn , McAuley Rosly , McDermont Leah , Ooi Wei Ming , Ng Suat , Chao Michael , Foroudi Farshad
Published: November 2024

Background

Over the past decade, the adoption of screening programs, digital mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has increased early-stage breast cancer diagnosis rates. Mortality rates have decreased due to early detection and improved treatments, including personalized therapies. Accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI) is emerging as a convenient and effective treatment for some patients, with studies exploring its preoperative use. Preoperative APBI, especially with MRI guidance, offers improved tumor targeting and potentially reduced side effects. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Single-Fraction Pre-Operative Radiotherapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer (RICE trial) aims to assess the feasibility and efficacy of MRI-guided single-dose radiotherapy (RT) for early-stage breast cancer.

Methods

The RICE study is a prospective, single-arm study evaluating single-fraction preoperative, APBI treatment for patients with early-stage breast cancer using a magnetic resonance imaging linear accelerator (MRI linac). Eligible patients enrolled in this study will have a core biopsy to confirm estrogen receptor-positive and HER2-negative sub-type. RT planning will use a planning computed tomography (CT) co-registered with a MRI with the patient in either the supine or prone position. For the diagnostic workup, [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT ([18F] FDG PET/CT) and [18F] fluoroestradiol positron emission tomography/CT ([18F] FES PET/CT) will be performed prior to treatment. Thirty patients will receive a single ablative RT dose of 21 Gray to the tumor. Pre-treatment and post-treatment MRI scans will be acquired at baseline and 5 weeks post-RT respectively. Breast-conserving surgery will be scheduled for 6 weeks after APBI treatment using the MRI linac.

The primary study endpoint is the successful administration of a single fraction of preoperative breast RT under the guidance of an MRI linac. Secondary endpoints include evaluating the utility of MRI, [18F] FDG PET/CT, and [18F] FES PET/CT as a non-invasive method for assessing treatment response in patients undergoing single-fraction preoperative APBI.

Conclusion

The RICE trial represents a significant step in breast cancer treatment, offering insights that could lead to treatment protocols with minimized RT appointments and enhanced patient outcomes.

Trial registration

This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). Registered 31st of May 2021. Registration number: ACTRN12621000659808.
Corynoxine suppresses lung adenocarcinoma proliferation and metastasis via inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway and suppressing Cyclooxygenase-2 expression
Authors: Chen Liping , Xing Jing , Lv Jiapei , Si Sainv , Wang Huaying , Yu Wanjun
Published: November 2024

Background

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common lung cancer subtype, and the prognosis of affected patients is generally poor. The traditional Chinese medicine Uncaria rhychophaylla has been reported to exhibit anti-lung cancer properties. Accordingly, the main bioactive ingredient in Uncaria rhychophaylla, Corynoxine, may hold great value as a treatment for lung cancer.

Methods

The impact of Corynoxine on the viability of LUAD cells was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Apoptosis in A549 cells was evaluated via flow cytometry. Migration and invasion capabilities were determined through wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. The key pathways targeted by Corynoxine in LUAD were identified using a network pharmacology approach. Additionally, Western immunoblotting, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and ELISA assays were conducted to validate the underlying mechanisms. The in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of Corynoxine was assessed in xenograft nude mice.

Results

In this study, Corynoxine treatment was found to markedly suppress in vitro LUAD cell proliferative, migratory, and invasive activity. It additionally downregulated Vimentin and promoted E-cadherin upregulation consistent with the disruption of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction while also accelerating apoptotic death. Furthermore, network pharmacology analysis revealed that the PI3K/AKT pathway is a potential target of Corynoxine in LUAD. In vitro assays demonstrated that treatment with Corynoxine resulted in the suppression of PI3K/AKT signaling and a consequent drop in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. These findings were further confirmed in vivo in mice harboring A549 tumor xenografts in which Corynoxine was able to interfere with the PI3K/AKT/COX-2 signaling axis.

Conclusion

This study elucidated the potential effects of Corynoxine in suppressing proliferation and metastasis in LUAD, along with investigating the underlying mechanisms. These data highlight the promise of Corynoxine as a novel therapeutic tool for the treatment of individuals diagnosed with LUAD.
HOXD9/APOC1 axis promotes macrophage M1 polarization to exacerbate diabetic kidney disease progression through activating NF-κB signaling pathway
Authors: Feng Ya , Zhang Yalan , Gao Fang , Liu Miaomiao , Luo Yangyan
Published: November 2024

Background

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a complication caused by end-stage diabetes mellitus and usually results in glomerular podocyte injury. Exosomes are important for intercellular information exchange. However, the effect of podocyte exosomes on DKD has not been elucidated.

Methods

GEO, PROMO, and GSE1009 databases were used to identify the gene APOC1 and transcription factor HOXD9. qRT-PCR, western blot, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were investigated to confirm APOC1 change in high glucose-treated podocytes and exosomes. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, qPCR, immunoblotting, wound healing, Transwell invasion assays, dual luciferase assay, and ChIP-PCR assay were performed to detect the effect of APOC1 and HOXD9 on macrophage polarization in high glucose-treated podocytes and exosomes. qRT-PCR and immunoblotting assays were employed to assess the impact of APOC1 knockdown on the M1 polarization of macrophages in response to liraglutide treatment.

Results

The results suggested that the expression of APOC1 in human podocytes (HPC) and exosomes was elevated. High glucose-treated HPC exosomes promoted macrophage M1-type polarization, which was reversed by adding sh-APOC1. Afterward, HOXD9 was identified as a potential transcription factor for APOC1. Knockdown of HOXD9 led to macrophage M2 polarization, and overexpression of APOC1 polarized macrophage M1. In addition, enhanced p65 phosphorylation verified that HOXD9/APOC1 induced macrophage M1-type polarization by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Knocking down APOC1 enhanced the inhibitory effect of liraglutide on macrophage M1 polarization.

Conclusion

Our findings highlighted that HOXD9/APOC1 was a key player in causing podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease and led to macrophage M1 polarization through the NF-κB signaling pathway.
A proactive defense method against eavesdropping attack in SDN-based storage environment
Authors: Liu Yuming , Wang Yong , Feng Hao
Published: November 2024

The integration of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) in storage centers aims to enhance storage performance. However, this integration also introduces new concerns, particularly the potential eavesdropping attacks that pose a substantial risk to data privacy. By issuing flow tables (e.g., via compromised SDN switches), attackers can conveniently collect target traffic and extract confidential information with session reassembly methods. To proactively mitigate such attacks by preventing session reassembly, various moving target defense methods, such as end hopping, have been proposed. However, this study uncovers several deficiencies within existing end hopping methods. To address these deficiencies, we propose a novel linkage-field-based self-synchronizing end hopping method, which obfuscates end information (e.g., IP, Port) and linkage fields (e.g., sequence number and ID number) without third-party assistance. Furthermore, to counter the potential invalidation of end hopping methods resulting from brute-force reassembly of a small number of sessions, we propose a fake segment injection method. Extensive experiments have been conducted both in simulation and real-world environment to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed methods. The results demonstrate that our proposed methods can effectively defend against eavesdropping attacks with acceptable performance overhead.
Cascaded compressed-sensing single-pixel camera for high-dimensional optical imaging
Authors: Park Jongchan , Gao Liang
Published: November 2024

Single-pixel detectors are popular devices in optical sciences because of their fast temporal response, high sensitivity, and low cost. However, when being used for imaging, they face a fundamental challenge in acquiring high-dimensional information of an optical field because they are essentially zero-dimensional sensors and measure only the light intensity. To address this problem, we developed a cascaded compressed-sensing single-pixel camera, which decomposes the measurement into multiple stages, sequentially reducing the dimensionality of the data from a high-dimensional space to zero dimension. This measurement scheme allows us to exploit the compressibility of a natural scene in multiple domains, leading to highly efficient data acquisition. We demonstrated our method in several demanding applications, including enabling tunable single-pixel full-waveform hyperspectral light detection and ranging (LIDAR) for the first time.
Beliefs on Causes of Cancer in the General Population, and the Association With Risk Perception and Lifestyle in a Multiethnic Setting
Authors: Bujang Nur-Nadiatul-Asyikin , Kong Yek-Ching , Danaee Mahmoud , Munisamy Murallitharan , Kaur Ranjit , Rajah Harenthri Devy Alagir , Menon Hariharan , Subramaniam Shridevi , Ying Kelly Lai Ming , Bustamam Ros Suzanna , Yip Cheng-Har , Bhoo Pathy Nirmala
Published: November 2024

PURPOSE

Beliefs on causes of cancer, although sometimes aligned with known risk factors, may be influenced by personal experiences, cultural narratives, and misinformation. We investigated the prevalence of beliefs on causes of cancer and their association with cancer risk perception and lifestyle in a multiethnic Asian population.

METHODS

In total, 2,008 Malaysian adults with no previous cancer were surveyed using a 42-item questionnaire adapted from the Awareness Measure and the Cancer Awareness Measure–Mythical Causes Scale. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to evaluate measurement models.

RESULTS

Despite high educational attainment, only about half of the respondents believed that 7 of the 21 listed established risk factors caused cancer. Factors associated with accurate beliefs included higher socioeconomic status (SES) and having family or friends with cancer. However, 14 of the 21 listed mythical/unproven factors were correctly believed as not cancer-causing by the majority. Women and those with lower SES were more likely to hold misconceptions. Beliefs on established risk factors were significantly associated with perceived risk of cancer. Individuals with stronger beliefs in established risk factors were less likely to be associated with healthy behaviors. Conversely, stronger beliefs in mythical or unproven factors were more likely to be associated with healthy lifestyles.

CONCLUSION

Findings highlight the importance of prioritizing cancer literacy as a key action area in national cancer control plans. The counterintuitive associations between cancer beliefs and lifestyle emphasize the complexity of this relationship, necessitating nuanced approaches to promote cancer literacy and preventive behaviors.
The unique functions of Runx1 in skeletal muscle maintenance and regeneration are facilitated by an ETS interaction domain
Authors: Yu Meng , Thorner Konrad , Parameswaran Sreeja , Wei Wei , Yu Chuyue , Lin Xinhua , Kopan Raphael , Hass Matthew R.
Published: November 2024

The conserved Runt-related (RUNX) transcription factor family are master regulators of developmental and regenerative processes. Runx1 and Runx2 are expressed in satellite cells (SCs) and in skeletal myotubes. Here, we examined the role of Runx1 in mouse satellite cells to determine the role of Runx1 during muscle differentiation. Conditional deletion of Runx1 in adult SCs negatively impacted self-renewal and impaired skeletal muscle maintenance even though Runx2 expression persisted. Runx1 deletion in C2C12 cells (which retain Runx2 expression) identified unique molecular functions of Runx1 that could not be compensated for by Runx2. The reduced myoblast fusion in vitro caused by Runx1 loss was due in part to ectopic expression of Mef2c, a target repressed by Runx1. Structure-function analysis demonstrated that the ETS-interacting MID/EID region of Runx1, absent from Runx2, is essential for Runx1 myoblast function and for Etv4 binding. Analysis of ChIP-seq datasets from Runx1 (T cells, muscle)- versus Runx2 (preosteoblasts)-dependent tissues identified a composite ETS:RUNX motif enriched in Runx1-dependent tissues. The ETS:RUNX composite motif was enriched in peaks open exclusively in ATAC-seq datasets from wild-type cells compared to ATAC peaks unique to Runx1 knockout cells. Thus, engagement of a set of targets by the RUNX1/ETS complex define the non-redundant functions of Runx1 in mouse muscle precursor cells.
Revisiting the specific and potentially independent role of the gonad in hormone regulation and reproductive behavior
Authors: Farrar Victoria S.
Published: November 2024

Gonadal sex steroid hormones are well-studied modulators of reproductive physiology and behavior. Recent behavioral endocrinology research has focused on how the brain dynamically responds to – and may even produce – sex steroids, but the gonadal tissues that primarily release these hormones receive much less attention as a potential mediator of behavioral variation. This Commentary revisits mechanisms by which the reproductive hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis can be modulated specifically at the gonadal level. These mechanisms include those that may allow the gonad to be regulated independently of the HPG axis, such as receptors for non-HPG hormones, neural inputs and local production of conventional ‘neuropeptides'. Here, I highlight studies that examine variation in these gonadal mechanisms in diverse taxa, with an emphasis on recent transcriptomic work. I then outline how future work can establish functional roles of gonadal mechanisms in reproductive behavior and evaluate gonad responsiveness to environmental cues. When integrated with neural mechanisms, further investigation of gonadal hormone regulation can yield new insight into the control and evolution of steroid-mediated traits, including behavior.
Cognitive bias modification for social anxiety: protocol for a living systematic review of human studies and meta-analysis
Authors: Kennett Jaycee , Friedrich Claire , Chiocchia Virginia , Blackwell Simon E. , Furukawa Toshi , Carlbring Per , Tonia Thomy , Homiar Ava , Wright Simonne , Opiepie Kelvin , Mojica Richardson , Schenk Paulina , Michie Susan , Hastings Janna , Dehdarirad Hossein , Stansfield Claire , Thomas James , Potts Jennifer , Salanti Georgia , Cipriani Andrea
Published: November 2024

Background Social anxiety is a heightened fear and discomfort in social situations which can be experienced in varying degrees of severity. Cases of elevated distress and impaired functioning and quality of life can lead to a clinical diagnosis of social anxiety disorder. Altering cognitive biases associated with social anxiety has been suggested as potentially beneficial; however, little is known about the comparative effectiveness of such interventions. The aim of this living systematic review is to examine the efficacy of cognitive bias modification for reducing social anxiety, including in people who have not been diagnosed with the disorder. Methods We will search multiple electronic databases for randomised controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of cognitive bias modification for people diagnosed with social anxiety and people exposed to a simulated social stressor. The primary outcome will be change in social anxiety related symptoms; secondary outcomes will be changes in social functioning and quality of life and adverse events. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment will be done by at least two reviewers using pre-defined tools. We will synthesise data from people with social anxiety diagnosis and those subjected to a simulated social stressor separately using random effects meta-analyses. Heterogeneity will be evaluated by investigating characteristics of included studies. We will appraise the strength of the evidence for each outcome by reviewing the overall association, internal and external validity, and reporting biases. Where data allows, we will triangulate the evidence from both sources with a multidisciplinary group of experts. The review will begin in living mode and the database search will be rerun every three months to identify and integrate potential new evidence. We will co-produce this review with members of a global lived experience advisory board. This protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024601380) on 15.10.2024.
Geopolitics. In 2 tt. Volume 2
Authors: Muhaev Rashid
Published: November 2024

What does the world expect as a result of the geopolitical transformation associated with the transition from a unipolar to a multipolar world order? Will this result in a just and secure world order in which there will be no hegemon, the chosen and the outcasts? What will the geostructure of the first half of the XXI century represent? The answers to these questions can be found in volume 2 of this textbook.
Geopolitics is considered as a science and a set of practices of global positioning of states in the context of the totality of factors determining their strategic potential in the modern world. A systematic presentation of geopolitics as a scientific discipline is presented, the evolution of geopolitical ideas and concepts is traced, and the current state of geopolitics is revealed. The practices and technology of the formation of geopolitical spatial models underlying the world political order at different stages of the historical development of mankind are considered. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the current phase of the geopolitical development of the world system associated with the formation of a multipolar world order, possible geostrategies of the leading countries of the world and regions in the context of the confrontation between the global North led by the United States and the global South led by Russia and China are identified.
For students studying in the fields of 41.03.04 "Political Science", 41.03.05 "International Relations", 38.03.04 "State and Municipal Administration", 41.03.02 "Regional Studies", and graduate students.
The Theory-Based View and Strategic Pivots: The Effects of Theorization and Experimentation on the Type and Nature of Pivots
Authors: Valentine Jacob , Novelli Elena , Agarwal Rajshree
Published: November 2024

We examine how formalization in cognitive processes (theorization) and evidence evaluation (experimentation) influence the type (frequency and radicalness) and nature (impetus, clarity, and coherence) of entrepreneurial pivots. We use a mixed-method research design to analyze rich data from over 1,600 interviews with 261 entrepreneurs within a randomized control trial in London. A quantitative analysis that complements human-coded and machine learning-coded measures reveals that conditional on pivoting, theorization and experimentation are complementary in their association with making single radical pivots. The extensive qualitative-case comparison further elucidates interactions between theorization and experimentation that generate differences in the nature of pivots that range from purposeful (clear and coherent rationale deriving from articulated theory and experimentation), postulatory (informed by articulated theory but not incorporating nuances or surprises generated from experimentation), and remedial (stemming from adjustments to preformed theories that drew on prior experiences) to reactive (driven by environmental stimuli absent a clear theory of value). These insights contribute to the theory-driven strategic decision-making literature and offer practical insights for entrepreneurs, incubators, and policymakers on the benefits of a scientific approach to entrepreneurship.

History: This paper has been accepted for the Strategy Science Special Issue on Theory-Based View.

Funding: The authors acknowledge financial support from the UK Government Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy—Innovate UK [Project 104754, “A Scientific Approach to SMEs Productivity”].

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2024.0183 .