bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bertin was Right: An Empirical Evaluation of Indexing to Compare Multivariate Time‐Series Data Using Line Plots
Authors: Aigner W. , Kainz C. , Ma R. , Miksch S.
Published: January 2011

Line plots are very well suited for visually representing time‐series. However, several difficulties arise when multivariate heterogeneous time‐series data is displayed and compared visually. Especially, if the developments and trends of time‐series of different units or value ranges need to be compared, a straightforward overlay could be visually misleading. To mitigate this, visualization pioneer Jacques Bertin presented a method called indexing that transforms data into comparable units for visual representation. In this paper, we want to provide empirical evidence for this method and present a comparative study of the three visual comparison methods linear scale with juxtaposition, log scale with superimposition and indexing. Although for task completion times, indexing only shows slight advantages, the results support the assumption that the indexing method enables the user to perform comparison tasks with a significantly lower error rate. Furthermore, a post‐test questionnaire showed that the majority of the participants favour the indexing method over the two other comparison methods.
‘You can’t ask for a Dubonnet and lemonade!’: working class masculinity and men’s health practices
Authors: Dolan Alan
Published: January 2011

In recent years, much research concerning men’s health has focused on men’s health‐related practices. While this body of research has often sought to contextualise men’s health practice it has done so primarily in terms of gender not social class. The need remains therefore to link theories of masculinity and health to broader theories regarding social class and health which highlight the social and economic context of people’s lives, in order to develop more complex understandings regarding the interactions between social class, gender and men’s health practices. The aim of this article is to explore these interactions via a qualitative examination of the ways in which two groups of working class men living in two contrasting socio‐economic areas construct masculinity and how this intertwines with their class position to impact on their health practices. This study highlights how men’s conceptualisations of masculinity coupled with their class position informed their understanding of male roles and the expectations that flow from this. It shows how certain risky practices are firmly rooted in the material reality of men’s lives, not simply in their gender, and how aspects of masculinity and class position intimately entwine to structure men’s health seeking behaviour.
Joining the Dark Side: Women in Management in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Rodriguez Jenny K.
Published: January 2011

This article presents evidence of the challenges faced by women in management in their interactions with men and other women, contesting the idea that men organizationally oppress women and suggesting instead that both men and women can be organizational oppressors of women. Using empirical evidence, this article provides new insights into the working lives and challenges of women in a Latin American and Hispanic Caribbean context. The article highlights struggles of power and credibility in women in management's relationships with men and other women. It draws on findings of research conducted in the public sector in the Dominican Republic, where in‐depth semi‐structured interviews were conducted with professional men and women. This article has significant implications for advancing understanding of the dynamics of gender and organizations in developing countries, in particular, the experiences of women in management.
Gender Mainstreaming — Hidden Leadership?
Authors: Page Margaret L.
Published: January 2011

This article intends to open a discussion of what it might mean to lead gender equality mainstreaming in the context of significant changes in equality legislation and in the governance of the public services. The research data are drawn from two sources: a research workshop with public service managers in the south‐west of England and interviews with equality advisors in five English local government organizations. The analysis contributes to a growing stream of feminist and critical leadership research that is concerned with the gendered, relational and interpretive practices of leading. It also contributes to research into forms of leadership that are emerging in the context of changes in the public services in the UK and more widely in the European Union. Leadership of gender mainstreaming is conceptualized in its gendered, relational and interpretive qualities.
A life of fear: Sex workers and the threat of HIV in Uganda
Authors: Schoemaker Juan , Twikirize Janestic
Published: January 2011

Schoemaker J, Twikirize J. A life of fear: sex workers and the threat of HIV in Uganda

The way individuals perceive their risk to certain threats influences their adoption of preventive behaviour. This study explored sex workers' perception of risk of HIV infection within the context of other serious threats. The study was carried out in Kampala, Uganda, using peer ethnography. Sex workers were well aware of their risk of HIV infection but this risk was eclipsed by other more immediate and frightening threats. Sex workers' willingness to gamble with HIV is explained by the fact that their existence is already very dangerous, and taking risks is an inherent part of their trade. Decriminalising sex work could make their lives somewhat safer, motivating them to better protect themselves, but this is unlikely to happen in Uganda. Attempting to enforce some coercive control mechanisms would not work, given the pervasive corruption in law enforcement and the judiciary, the institutions that would be responsible for implementing such control.
Nuclear Argonaute 2 regulates adipose tissue‐derived stem cell survival through direct control of miR10b and selenoprotein N1 expression
Authors: Kim Bong Sun , Jung Jin Sun , Jang Jin Hwa , Kang Kyung Sun , Kang Soo Kyung
Published: January 2011

Argonaute 2 (Ago2) has a leading function in miRNA‐induced RNA silencing, a conserved gene regulatory mechanism in cells and organisms. miRNAs are critical for stem cell self‐renewal, development, and other functions. Here, we report that nuclear Ago2, by binding to a specific region of functional genes, directly controls adipose tissue–derived stem cell (ATSC) survival in response to a critical dose of reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated oxidative cell damage or senescence. The role of nuclear Ago2 has not been previously reported. Here, we show that human ATSCs in which Ago2 was downregulated underwent apoptosis. Silencing of Ago2 in ATSCs significantly induces upregulation of miR10b and miR23b expression. These miRNAs directly interfere with ROS‐scavenging gene expression, such as TXNL1 and GPX3. Upregulation of miR10b and miR23b is sufficient to induce ATSC cell apoptosis via p38 MAPK phosphorylation and caspase 3 activation. In addition, Ago2 overexpression or interference by miR10b and miR23b expression in ATSCs partially rescued H2O2/ROS‐mediated apoptotic cell death by upregulating the expression of TXNL2, JUNK, caspase‐3, and cytochrome C. Nuclear Ago2‐mediated miR10b and miR23b downregulation also allows cells to escape senescence, which results in telomerase reverse transcriptase, stemness overexpression, and improved self‐renewal and differentiation through Wnt5a/β‐catenin activation. Argonaute 2 expression is critical for stem cells to escape senescence by downregulating miR10b and miR23b. The Ago2‐binding gene selenoprotein N1 (SEPN1) was also effectively involved in ATSC survival and self‐renewal through ROS‐mediated p38 MAPK inactivation.
Crossing Borders: Linking Environmental and Genetic Developmental Factors
Authors: JOLES JAAP A.
Published: January 2011

Please cite this paper as: Joles (2011). Crossing Borders: Linking Environmental and Genetic Developmental Factors. Microcirculation 18(4), 298–303.

Besides the impact of direct environmental factors, the occurrence of non‐communicable adult disease is determined by non‐genetic and genetic developmental factors. The broad developmental categories, developmental programing and genetic variation are often viewed as being independent of each other. The object of this review, focusing on hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, is to identify interaction between genetic and non‐genetic developmental factors influencing risk factors that can contribute to the occurrence of non‐communicable adult disease.
Change in the frequency of HRT use from 2000 to 2005 and reasons to discontinue: follow‐up of a normal cohort in Finland
Authors: JALAVA‐BROMAN JAANA , MÄKINEN JUHA , OJANLATVA ANSA , JOKINEN KIRSI , SILLANMÄKI LAURI , RAUTAVA PÄIVI
Published: January 2011

Objective. To examine frequencies of the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in a follow‐up cohort of women aged 57–61 years in 2005 and to discover reasons why the women who used HRT in 2000 discontinued it. Design. Questionnaire survey. Setting. Five‐year cross‐sectional follow‐up study. Sample. Cohort of 52‐ to 56‐year‐old Finnish women. Methods. Single‐ and multi‐predictor model analyses. Main Outcome Measures. Frequency of HRT users and quitters and reasons behind the discontinuation. Results. Altogether, 35.9% of the women aged 57–61 years used HRT in 2005. Main reasons for the initial use of HRT among users and among those who discontinued included the perceived experience of severe climacteric symptoms as well as maintenance of health and prevention of mostly cardiovascular diseases. Main reasons to discontinue HRT included desire to stay without medication, side‐effects, reaction to recent controversial findings in ‘HRT publications’ and fear of cancer. Those women who used but discontinued HRT had used it for less time than those who continued. Women who discontinued were older and initially started using HRT to maintain health. Neither the severity of climacteric symptoms nor reporting on positive or negative effects prior to starting use had influence on the women's discontinuance of HRT. Conclusions. The use of HRT was still frequent in Finland in 2005 despite the impact of controversial research results from the early 2000s. For those who discontinued HRT, these reports played an important role.
Physical measurement and evaluation of skin color changes under normal condition and post‐ultraviolet radiation: a comparison study of Chromameter CM 2500d and Maxmeter MX18
Authors: Tian Yan , Wang Y. X. , Gu W. J. , Zhang P. , Sun Y. , Y. E.  , Liu W.
Published: January 2011

Objective: To compare the data correlation between two kinds of instruments, Chromameter CM2500d and Maxmeter MX18, in the measurement of skin color changes under normal condition and post‐ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Method: The data points of Chromameter CM2500d are based on L*a* values, while Maxmeter MX18 are based on M and E values, in order to compare the data correlation between these two kinds of instruments in skin color measurement on both non‐exposed and exposed sites. In addition, an evaluation of the correlation of post‐UV irradiation between these two instruments was conducted. Four different kinds of parameters post‐UV radiation were measured including minimal erythema dose (MED), immediate pigmentation dose (IPD), minimal persistent pigmentation dose (MPPD) and repeated UV radiation. The following UV radiation dosages were applied as Day 1=1.0 MED, Day 2=0.5 MED and Day 3=0.5 MED for repeated UV radiation, of which the erythema and pigmentation changes were recorded.

Result: Chromameter CM2500d and Maxmeter MX18 showed good data correlation when measuring both non‐exposed and exposed sites on normal skin. L* values were affected more easily by UV‐induced erythema than M values on skin color changes after 1 MED and repeated UV exposures. IPD, MPPD and the pigmentation data showed good correlations with the measurement of the intensive erythema formation induced by repeated UV exposures. a* value was shown to be equally effective as E value with skin erythema measurements in response to various MEDs. However, increased erythema induced by repeated UV radiations was able to reduce the correlations between a* and E values. On the other hand, a* and E were shown to be equally effective in recording the erythema change courses after strong erythema responses post‐UV radiations.

Conclusion: This comparative study showed that the data correlations between the two kinds of instruments were different depending on measurement conditions. Both Chromameter CM2500d and Maxmeter MX18 instrumental measurement results should be carefully evaluated by experimental conditions.
Expression of selected genes escaping from X inactivation in the 41, XXY* mouse model for Klinefelter’s syndrome
Authors: Werler Steffi , Poplinski Andreas , Gromoll Jörg , Wistuba Joachim
Published: January 2011

Aim: We hypothesized that patients with Klinefelter’s syndrome (KS) not only undergo X inactivation, but also that genes escape from inactivation. Their transcripts would constitute a significant difference, as male metabolism is not adapted to a ‘female‐like’ gene dosage. We evaluated the expression of selected X‐linked genes in our 41, XXY* male mice to determine whether these genes escape inactivation and whether tissue‐specific differences occur.

Methods: Correct X inactivation was identified byXistexpression. Relative expression of X‐linked genes was examined in liver, kidney and brain tissue by real‐time PCR in adult XXY* and XY* males and XX females.

Results: Expression of genes known to escape X inactivation was analysed. Relative mRNA levels ofPgk1(control, X inactivated), and the genesEif2s3x,Kdm5c,Ddx3xandKdm6aescaping from X inactivation were quantified from liver, kidney and brain.Pgk1mRNA expression showed no difference, confirming correct X inactivation. In kidney and liver, XXY* males resembled the female expression pattern in all four candidate genes and were distinguishable from XY* males. Contrastingly, in brain tissue XXY* males expressed all four genes higher than male and female controls.

Conclusion: Altered expression of genes escaping X inactivation probably contributes directly to the XXY* phenotype.
Undergraduate geriatric education through community service learning
Authors: Brondani Mario A. , Chen Alex , Chiu Angela , Gooch Simon , Ko Kevin , Lee Kevin , Maskan Arash , Steed Brett
Published: January 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00444.x

Undergraduate geriatric education through community service learning

Introduction:  Despite the exponential growth of the elderly population worldwide, geriatric education has been a formal component of only a few dental schools’ curricula.

Objective:  To describe the geriatric community service learning (CSL) component of the professionalism and community service (PACS) module, and to explore a CSL project carried out by a group of first year dental students at a long‐term care facility.

Methods:  A literature review was performed to present and describe the CSL component of the PACS module. Students’ personal reflections were used to illustrate some of the joys and challenges of experiencing a long‐term care facility environment.

Results:  The newly developed PACS module combines community service learning with the long‐term care experience. Students develop, apply and evaluate an educational health promotion activity in a long‐term care facility.

Conclusions:  The PACS module has encouraged students to acquire comprehensive knowledge and awareness of the needs and dynamics of a long‐term care as they collaboratively interacted with personnel from the facility to develop their projects. The authors would like to engage other schools in discussing the need to integrate community‐based geriatric education into their dental curricula.
Prudence, Commitments and Intertemporal Conflicts
Authors: HUCKFELDT VAUGHN
Published: January 2011

Typical justifications of prudence are based on the fact that we are temporally extended agents who remain numerically identical over time. After showing that prudential considerations should instead be based on our identity at a particular time, I outline a normative context for prudential reasons, based on a present commitment to temporal neutrality. I then consider how contingency in the content of a present commitment to temporal neutrality provides a flexible context that can help to resolve current debates about whether agents are required to maximize value, maximin value, minimax loss or are required to conform to any of a host of other options on how to adjudicate various types of conflict between present and future values.
Linguistic Know‐How: The Limits of Intellectualism
Authors: TSAI CHENG‐HUNG
Published: January 2011

In “Knowing How”, Jason Stanley and Timothy Williamson (2001) propose an intellectualist account of knowledge‐how, according to which all knowledge‐how is a type of propositional knowledge about ways to act. In this article, I examine this intellectualist account by applying it to the epistemology of language. I argue that (a) Stanley and Williamson mischaracterize the concept of knowledge‐how in the epistemology of language, and (b) intellectualism about knowledge of language fails in its explanatory task. One lesson that can be drawn from this case study is that Stanley and Williamson's intellectualism is limited in its explanatory scope and power insofar as it cannot explain the knowledge of language, which is usually conceived as knowledge‐how and as non‐propositional in character. Their intellectualist claim that all knowledge‐how is knowledge‐that should be withdrawn.
Gender differences in teachers’ perceptions of students’ temperament, educational competence, and teachability
Authors: Mullola Sari , Ravaja Niklas , Lipsanen Jari , Alatupa Saija , Hintsanen Mirka , Jokela Markus , Keltikangas‐Järvinen Liisa
Published: January 2011

Background. Student's temperament plays a significant role in teacher's perception of the student's learning style, educational competence (EC), and teachability. Hence, temperament contributes to student's academic achievement and teacher's subjective ratings of school grades. However, little is known about the effect of gender and teacher's age on this association.

Aims. We examined the effect of teacher's and student's gender and teacher's age on teacher‐perceived temperament, EC, and teachability, and whether there is significant same gender or different gender association between teachers and students in this relationship.

Sample. The participants were population‐based sample of 3,212 Finnish adolescents (M= 15.1 years) and 221 subject teachers.

Methods. Temperament was assessed with Temperament Assessment Battery for Children – Revised and Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey batteries and EC with three subscales covering Cognitive ability, Motivation, and Maturity. Data were analyzed with multi‐level modelling.

Results. Teachers perceived boys’ temperament and EC more negatively than girls’. However, the differences between boys and girls were not as large when perceived by male teachers, as they were when perceived by female teachers. Males perceived boys more positively and more capable in EC and teachability than females. They were also stricter regarding their perceptions of girls’ traits. With increasing age, males perceived boys’ inhibition as higher and mood lower. Generally, the older the teacher, the more mature he/she perceived the student.

Conclusions. Teachers’ ratings varied systematically by their gender and age, and by students’ gender. This bias may have an effect on school grades and needs be taken into consideration in teacher education.
The Batbjerg complex, east Greenland: a unique ultrapotassic Caledonian intrusion
Authors: Brooks C. K. , Fawcett J. J. , Gittins J. , Rucklidge J. C.
Published: January 2011

Batbjerg is an ultrapotassic igneous complex of Caledonian age (445 Ma) at the western extremity of Kangerdlugssuaq Fiord, east Greenland. The part of the arcuate complex not covered by Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier extends 7 km with a 1000 m relief. The dominant intrusive member is alkaline pyroxenite grading to jacupirangite and ijolite but containing leucite as well as nepheline. Dominant mineralogy is clinopyroxene, magnetite, nepheline, and leucite. No feldspar is present except as fingerprint intergrowths of nepheline with potassium feldspar. Intergrowths of kalsilite with potassium feldspar are thought to be derived from leucite by subsolidus breakdown. Leucite has not previously been reported from a plutonic intrusion, and kalsilite only once. Other intrusive members are olivine gabbro, dikes of syenite to granite, and diatremes of appinitic character cutting the basement gneiss outside the alkaline pyroxenite. A partial screen of limestone is the cauldron-subsided remnant of a former Paleozoic sedimentary cover not previously known in this part of east Greenland. The intrusion extends Caledonian magmatism 250 km south of its previous limit, and is about 150 km west of the previously supposed position of the Caledonian front. It is probably part of a predrift Caledonian petrographic province that includes the Assynt alkaline suite of northwest Scotland, and may imply a westward-dipping subduction zone under this region in Caledonian time.
Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Pleistocene deposits (Riddell Member, Floral Formation, Late Rancholabrean), Saskatoon, Canada
Authors: Woolf T. Skwara
Published: January 2011

The Pleistocene Floral Formation has been described from across central and southern Saskatchewan. In the Saskatoon area it comprises four distinct lithological units: a basal sand overlain by till and an upper sand overlain by till. The upper sand, here named the Riddell Member, contains the rich vertebrate composite Riddell fauna. The fossils are sufficiently distinctive to date the Riddell Member as Late Rancholabrean. This age is considerably younger than the age of the Wascana Creek ash and indicates that various deposits assigned to the Floral Formation are not correlative.Paleoecological analysis indicates that five ecological communities are represented in the composite Riddell fauna; the largest and most extensive habitat is the dry upland prairie. The sympatry of the represented taxa is unusual for central Saskatchewan and suggests that a temperate, equable climate prevailed. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction implies that the Riddell fauna is not synchronous with the Echo Lake fauna, but may be synchronous with the "Sangamon fauna" from Medicine Hat, Alberta.
Zebras (Genus Equus) from nine Quaternary sites in Kenya, East Africa
Authors: Churcher C. S.
Published: January 2011

The Olduvai zebra, Equus oldowayensis, is identified or confirmed from the following sites: Olorgesailie, Lake Magadi; Marsabit Road, Northern Kenya; Chemoigut Beds (Chesowanja), Baringo Basin; Wajir, Northeast Kenya; Bura, Tana River; Makalia River (MacInnes Site), Rift Valley; Legetet, Koru; Karmosit, Suguta River; and Kanjera, Homa Mountain, all in Kenya, on the evidence from isolated teeth and other fragments. Burchell's zebra, E. burchellii, appears to have been absent from all the sites except possibly Olorgesailie and the Chemoigut Beds.E. oldowayensis is known from about 1.8 Ma ago in Bed I at Olduvai Gorge and from about 1.9 Ma ago in the Shungura Formation (Member G) in the Omo deposits, before which no reliable records are recognised. It was the common and dominant zebra of the latest Pliocene and Pleistocene in the East African plains and was replaced by the present common zebra, E. burchellii, only during the latest Pleistocene and Holocene times. E. oldowayensis is similar to modern Grevy's zebra, E. grevyi, to which it gave rise, and these two zebras are not directly related to Burchell's zebra.
Distribution of active glaciers and rock glaciers compared to the distribution of permafrost landforms, based on freezing and thawing indices
Authors: Harris Stuart A.
Published: January 2011

Climatic stations near glacial termini and equilibrium lines show a distribution of freezing and thawing indices that does not conform to the boundaries derived from data for stations in areas of continuous and discontinuous permafrost. Active tongue-shaped rock glaciers have similar limits of freezing and thawing indices to the equilibrium lines of glaciers, while active lobate rock glaciers have limits paralleling the limit for stations in the zone of continuous permafrost.This difference between the distributions of lobate and tongue-shaped rock glaciers explains why the active tongue-shaped rock glaciers can be used for indicating the limits of the permafrost areas in the Alps (a maritime regime), but cannot be used in that way in continental climates, e.g., Alberta, interior Yukon, and the Northwest Territories.
Conodont paleontology and biostratigraphy of Ordovician carbonates and petroliferous carbonates on Southampton, Baffin, and Akpatok islands in the eastern Canadian Arctic
Authors: McCracken Alexander D. , Nowlan Godfrey S.
Published: January 2011

Carbonate and petroliferous carbonate units ("oil shales") on Southampton, Baffin, and Akpatok islands have yielded a total of 2277 conodonts, the more biostratigraphically useful of which indicate not all units are correlative. The Boas River "shale", the lower of the two petroliferous units on Southampton Island, overlies the Bad Cache Rapids Group and contains a diverse fauna, including elements of Amorphognathus ordovicicus Branson and Mehl. Previous reports have indicated the presence of Culumbodina penna Sweet, a species whose range only barely overlaps that of A. ordovicicus in the middle Maysvillian. Carbonate beds and bedding-plane surfaces of the higher Red Head Rapids Formation at Sixteen Mile Brook yielded A. ordovicicus faunas containing Aphelognathus cf. A. divergens Sweet. These beds are likely Richmondian, since A. divergens is known elsewhere only from Richmondian strata. A metasicula of "Glyptograptus" hudsoni Jackson, several natural conodont assemblages, and fused enigmatic coniform elements were also found at Sixteen Mile Brook.The petroliferous unit in unnamed strata at Amadjuak Lake on Baffin Island contains Belodina area Sweet, which is indicative of a late Edenian to early Maysvillian age. Conodonts from the petroliferous strata at Jordan River on Baffin Island suggest a Trentonian to early Maysvillian age. The conodonts recovered from unnamed strata on Akpatok Island are not very diagnostic but indicate an age range from Shermanian to Gamachian.
Early Silurian paleopole for redbeds and volcanics of the King George IV Lake area, Newfoundland
Authors: Buchan K. L. , Hodych J. P.
Published: January 2011

Redbeds and felsic and mafic volcanics of the King George IV Lake area of the Dunnage Zone in southwestern Newfoundland have been studied paleomagnetically. After unfolding, both hematite and magnetite carry a consistent direction of magnetization (D = 29.6°; I = 1.0°; k = 19.3; α95 = 11.3°) corresponding to a near-equitorial paleolatitude (0.5°N ± 6°) and yielding a paleopole at 84.6°E, 35.9°N (dm = 11.3°; dp = 5.6°). A positive fold test shows that the remanence was acquired before Devonian deformation. A positive conglomerate test and a reversal of the magnetization in a continuous redbed sequence demonstrates that the remanence was acquired at the time of formation, which has been assigned to the Early Silurian on the basis of a U–Pb zircon date of 431 ± 5 Ma.No other undisputed primary or pre-fold remanence has been reported from Atlantic Canada for the Late Ordovician – Silurian period. Therefore, from paleomagnetic data it is not yet possible to estimate the amount of post-Silurian movement within the Canadian Appalachians. Pre-fold magnetizations from Late Ordovician and Silurian rocks of cratonic North America predict a paleolatitude of 16°S ± 12 °for Newfoundland. However, further results are necessary to determine whether any significant displacement has occurred between Newfoundland and the craton since the Early Silurian.
The Alberta foreland basin: relationship between stratigraphy and Cordilleran terrane-accretion events
Authors: Cant Douglas J. , Stockmal Glen S.
Published: January 2011

A foreland-basin sequence resulting from accretion of a terrane to a continental passive margin ideally should be unconformity bounded, with a shallowing-upward pattern, like the classic Flysch to Molasse sequence of Alpine foreland basins. The basal unconformity is cut as the peripheral bulge associated with lithospheric flexure migrates cratonward ahead of the basin and the advancing overthrusts. The shallowing occurs because sediment supply at first is low – early stages of accretion near the continental slope generate little or no topography above sea level; later stages result in significant tectonic uplift, and much sediment is shed into the foreland, filling the basin. The upper unconformity is cut as lithospheric bending stresses are relaxed following overthrusting, and reduction of the flexural load on the lithosphere through erosion and (or) tectonic denudation of the overthrusts causes regional uplift or basin "rebound". Actual sequences show differences from this idealized version in that (i) basal unconformities may not develop under conditions of high eustatic sea level; and (ii) they may not shallow upward in all cases. These differences can occur because later terranes that accrete onto the seaward side of a previously accreted terrane may simply push it farther onboard, thus initiating sediment supply as rapidly as the load-induced subsidence. Also, in this way, a small terrane can influence the filling of a foreland basin that is more than one "lithospheric flexural half-wavelength" away from the site of accretion.The stratigraphy of the Alberta basin has been divided after comparison with the idealized sequence resulting from an individual accretion event. The six clastic wedges recognized (Fernie–Kootenay, Mannville, Dun vegan, Belly River, Edmonton, and Paskapoo) show a temporal correlation with the times of accretion of terranes (Intermontane superterrane, Bridge River, Cascadia, Insular superterrane, Pacific Rim – Chugach, and Olympic, respectively) in the Cordillera. Therefore, the stratigraphy of the foreland basin may be best interpreted in terms of Cordilleran tectonics rather than sea-level fluctuations. Eustatic sea-level variations are believed to affect the internal stratigraphy and sedimentology of some clastic wedges and are responsible for the deposition of some thin units, but they appear to operate on time scales that differ from those of the clastic wedges identified here.
Late Quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the inner shelf seaward of the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, Canadian Beaufort Sea
Authors: Héquette Arnaud , Hill Philip R.
Published: January 2011

This paper describes the seismic stratigraphy of the Quaternary sediments on the inner shelf (< 20 m water depth) of the Canadian Beaufort Sea, seaward of the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula. Two regional unconformities and three seismic sequences are defined from the high-resolution seismic records. The deeper sequence (sequence III) is characterized by large-scale cross-beds. This sequence has been correlated with the Tingmiark Sand lithostratigraphic unit, which was previously defined farther offshore and is thought to be a glaciofluvial unit deposited during lower-than-present sea-level conditions in the Late Wisconsinan. The lower boundary of the overlying sequence (sequence II) is an unconformity (u/c 2), interpreted as the pre-transgression land surface. Sequence II is discontinuous and consists of localized basin-fill and channel-fill units. Most of these are remnants of thermokarst lakes partially eroded during the Holocene transgression. This sequence is separated from the uppermost sequence (sequence I) by another unconformity (u/c 1), which is the shoreface erosion surface generated by the Holocene sea-level rise. Sequence I is composed of a transgressive sand sheet overlain, in deeper areas, by recent marine muds. Seaward of Hutchison Bay, a large subbottom depression within sequence III in interpreted as a Late Wisconsinan fluviatile channel. According to our seismic interpretation, the Tuk Phase morainal and glaciofluvial deposits existing onland on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, previously assigned to the Early Wisconsinan, would be of Late Wisconsinan age.
Revised stratigraphic nomenclature and age determinations for mid-Cretaceous volcanic rocks in southwestern British Columbia
Authors: Thorkelson Derek J. , Rouse Glenn E.
Published: January 2011

Mid-Cretaceous volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks in southwestern British Columbia, east of the Fraser Fault System, constitute two principal lithostratigraphic units. The lower unit, a composite succession of basaltic to rhyolitic lavas and various clastic rocks, is exposed in a 215 km linear belt from near Pavilion to south of Princeton. The upper unit, mostly amygdaloidal andesite, is restricted to the centre of the belt between Spences Bridge and Kingsvale, where it overlies the lower unit and contiguous basement rocks. Both units were deposited subaerially, concurrent with folding and faulting, and share a contact that varies from gradational, near Kingsvale, to unconformable, near Spences Bridge.The names "Spences Bridge Group" and "Kingsvale Group" were used by several authors for various parts of the volcanic stratigraphy. We suggest revision of nomenclature whereby the lower and upper units are named "Pimainus Formation" and "Spius Formation", respectively; together they constitute the Spences Bridge Group. The term "Kingsvale Group" is abandoned.Assemblages of fossil leaves and palynomorphs, collected from one Spius and seven Pimainus localities, include several species of early angiosperms. A late Albian age is thereby indicated for both formations; this is largely corroborated by isotopic dates from the volcanic strata and cross-cutting granitic plutons.
Frost bursting: a violent expression of frost action in rock
Authors: Michaud Yves , Dionne Jean-Claude , Dyke Larry D.
Published: January 2011

The breakdown of rock by forces attributable to the freezing of water is one of the various weathering processes included under the general term "frost action." Field observations in the Guillaume–Delisle Gulf area, subarctic Quebec, suggest that under certain conditions the process can be rapid, even explosive. By analogy to rockbursting, the term "frost bursting" is proposed as the equivalent to the French term "éclatement". Frost bursting is the process by which intact and massive rock is shattered when water saturated and submitted to intense and rapid freezing. Hydrostatic pressure developed either in pore spaces or rock cracks allows strain energy to be stored in the freezing rock. Frost bursting will occur if the material is stiff and strong enough to exhibit release of a large quantity of stored strain energy.
Hydrothermal alteration, veining, and fluid-inclusion characteristics of the Kalzas wolframite deposit, Yukon
Authors: Lynch J. V. Gregory
Published: January 2011

Kalzas is a sheeted vein and stockwork wolframite deposit, crosscutting continental margin sedimentary rocks of the Proterozoic Windermere Supergroup in central Yukon. Mineralization is synchronous with Cretaceous post-tectonic granites of the Selwyn Plutonic Suite.Parallel sets of planar quartz veins contain coarse euhedral wolframite and are generally oriented perpendicular to southeast-plunging fold axes. Widespread alteration of the host rocks and intense stockwork veining surround the veins. Alteration and mineralization show a distinct concentric zonation across a 2.5 km long southeast-trending oval. The core zone is characterized by orthoclase contained within quartz–tourmaline–wolframite veins. Minor phases include apatite, molybdenite, bismuthinite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite. Host rocks are prevasively tourmalinized and sericitized. Hydrothermal alteration here at the core of the system overprints early biotitization of the host rocks. The biotitization appears to have been the result of earlier contact metamorphism from a hidden pluton situated beneath the deposit that converted the chloritic groundmass of the metasediments to biotite. At the fringe of wolframite mineralization, cassiterite occurs with quartz, muscovite, and tourmaline, whereas orthoclase is distinctly lacking. The outer periphery of the concentrically zoned sequence features pervasive sericitization, disseminated pyrite, and the disappearance of tourmaline. Here, quartz veins are barren except for minor galena.Three main stages mark the mineralogical evolution of the deposit: (1) early biotitization of the chloritic host rocks in the core area; (2) quartz-dominated veining with internally complex timing relations, hydrothermal alteration, and zoning; and (3) carbonate veining and replacement of wolframite by scheelite.Fluid inclusions within quartz are dominated by H2O and contain variable amounts of CO2 as well as minor CH4 and NaCl. The CO2 content ranges from approximately 0 to 6 mol%. The fluids are generally dilute but locally contain as much as 7 wt.% NaCl equivalent. Homogenization temperatures are variable: for quartz, 160–340 °C; for cassiterite, 280–350 °C; and for apatite, 220–360 °C. Minimum hydrothermal pressures at the time of mineralization are estimated to have been in the range 300–600 bar (1 bar = 100 kPa). Fluctuations in pressure with cooling appear to have resulted in CO2 immiscibility and the formation of late-stage carbonates at the termination of hydrothermal activity.
Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Early Proterozoic Wisconsin magmatic terranes of the Penokean Orogen
Authors: Sims P. K. , Schmus W. R. Van , Schulz K. J. , Peterman Z. E.
Published: January 2011

The Early Proterozoic Penokean Orogen developed along the southern margin of the Archean Superior craton. The orogen consists of a northern deformed continental margin prism overlying an Archean basement and a southern assemblage of oceanic arcs, the Wisconsin magmatic terranes. The south-dipping Niagara fault (suture) zone separates the south-facing continental margin from the accreted arc terranes. The suture zone contains a dismembered ophiolite.The Wisconsin magmatic terranes consist of two terranes that are distinguished on the basis of lithology and structure. The northern Pembine–Wausau terrane contains a major succession of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline volcanic rocks deposited in the interval 1860–1889 Ma and a more restricted succession of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks deposited about 1835 – 1845 Ma. Granitoid rocks ranging in age from about 1870 to 1760 Ma intrude the volcanic rocks. The older succession was generated as island arcs and (or) closed back-arc basins above the south-dipping subduction zone (Niagara fault zone), whereas the younger one developed as island arcs above a north-dipping subduction zone, the Eau Pleine shear zone. The northward subduction followed deformation related to arc–continent collision at the Niagara suture at about 1860 Ma. The southern Marshfield terrane contains remnants of mafic to felsic volcanic rocks about 1860 Ma that were deposited on Archean gneiss basement, foliated tonalite to granite bodies ranging in age from about 1890 to 1870 Ma, and younger undated granite plutons. Following amalgamation of the two arc terranes along the Eau Pleine suture at about 1840 Ma, intraplate magmatism (1835 Ma) produced rhyolite and anorogenic alkali-feldspar granite that straddled the internal suture.
Formation of volcanic-exhalative nickel-sulfide deposits at a Late Proterozoic spreading ridge in the proto-Arabian Shield
Authors: Carten Richard B. , Tayeb Jamal M.
Published: January 2011

Field and petrologic studies indicate that the strata-bound nickeliferous sulfide deposits of Jabal Mardah were formed contemporaneously with sedimentation of an active spreading ridge. Mineralization is distributed discontinuously over a strike length of 10 km within a 20–250 m thick sequence of basaltic turbidites of submarine-canyon to inner-fan-channel facies. These rocks are stratigraphically underlain and overlain by pillow basalts of the Late Proterozoic Darb Zubaydah ophiolite. Individual deposits (as large as 1.5 Mt at 0.8% Ni) exhibit characteristics that indicate formation by volcanic exhalation, such as (i) soft-sediment deformation, (ii) graben-controlled geometries, and (iii) underlying zones of stockwork mineralization. The assemblage pyrite + polydymite (Ni3S4) + vaesite (NiS2) filled veins and replaced wall rock in the stockwork zone; pyrite + millerite (NiS) + polydymite partially replaced unconsolidated sedimentary particles and directly precipitated in pore spaces. Cu and Zn sulfides are scarce. Hydrothermal alteration that was overprinted by lower greenschist-facies metamorphism is principally albite + chlorite + epidote in deeper portions of the turbidite sequence and albite + chlorite + calcite or quartz + chlorite + calcite in shallower portions. Epiclastic basaltic sediments were deposited intermittently during periods of mineralization. Graben structures controlled the distribution of sediments and the discharge of mineralizing fluids. Thick sedimentary piles acted as chemical sinks for upwelling fluids and prevented significant precipitation of sulfides on the sea floor. Contemporaneous mineralization, sedimentation, and erosion (indicated by basal scour zones) produced a complex pattern of sulfide distribution near points of fluid discharge. These nickeliferous deposits are similar in most physical aspects to ophiolite-related Cu–Zn deposits of Phanerozoic age. The divergence in mineralogy at Jabal Mardah principally resulted from the discharge of lower temperature (less than 200°) fluids, lower [Formula: see text], and probably higher [Formula: see text].
THEORY OF THE ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT IN METALLIC SINGLE-WALL NANOTUBES
Authors: FUJITA S. , TAKATO Y. , SUZUKI A.
Published: January 2011

A metallic (semiconducting) single-wall nanotube contains an irrational (integral) number of carbon hexagons in the pitch. The room-temperature conductivity is higher by two to three orders of magnitude in metallic nanotubes than in semiconducting nanotubes. Tans et al. [Nature386 (1997) 474] measured the electrical currents in metallic single-wall carbon nanotubes under bias and gate voltages, and observed non-Ohmic behaviors. The original authors interpreted their data in terms of a ballistic transport due to the Coulomb blockage on the electron-carrier model. The mystery of why a ballistic electron is not scattered by impurities and phonons is unexplained, however. An alternate interpretation is presented based on the Cooper pair (pairon)–carrier model. Superconducting states are generated by the Bose–Einstein condensation of the ± pairons at momenta 2πℏn/L, where L is the tube length and n a small integer. As the gate voltage changes the charging state of the tube, the superconducting states jump between different n. The normal current peak shapes appearing in the transition are found to be temperature-dependent, which is caused by the electron–optical phonon scattering.
FIRST-PRINCIPLES CALCULATIONS OF STRUCTURE, STABILITY AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF fcc-6LiT UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES
Authors: HU CHENGHUA , WANG FENG , XIA CHUANHUI , ZHENG ZHOU , REN WEIYI
Published: January 2011

We perform first-principles calculations for fcc-6 LiT in order to study its structure, stability and thermodynamic properties under high temperatures and pressures. We find that melting point of 6 LiT (0 GPa) is about 680 K, and rise with the pressures. Reverse equivalent pressure P r and critical pressure P c of different temperatures are predicted from [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], and they are found to increase with temperature. 6 LiT should be stable under the condition of P < 80 GPa and T < 680 K . We also find that pressure and temperature will cause different effect of shear on the {100} and {110} planes. Heat capacity of different pressures increase with temperature and closes to the Dulong–Petit limit at higher temperatures. Debye temperature decreases with temperature, and increases with pressure.
CONE-CUTTING: A VARIANT REPRESENTATION OF PIVOT IN SIMPLEX
Authors: WANG PEI-ZHUANG
Published: January 2011

This study presents a variant representation of pivot in simplex, which performs cone-cutting on a cone C in dual space to match the pivot performed on a basis B, while the edge-vectors of C are indicated by the row vectors of the feature matrix F = B-1 in the simplex table. Under this representation, we can see the dual cone C of basis B through the feature matrix F directly, and we can perform pivot motivated by the monitor viewing toward the dual space. As an example, a constraint plane in the dual space is delete-able for the optimal searching if it does not pass through the dual optimal point, while such a plane corresponds to a variable being not in the optimal basis. Motivated by the cone-cutting's vision, a variable-sifting algorithm is presented in Sec. 3, which marks those variables corresponding to delete-able planes into a list to forbid them enter pivot and put zero to their components in the final solution.
SEMANTIC INTEGRATION IN GEOSCIENCES
Authors: MALIK ZAKI , REZGUI ABDELMOUNAAM , MEDJAHED BRAHIM , OUZZANI MOURAD , KRISHNA SINHA A.
Published: January 2011

We present an approach for the semantic integration of geoscience data, and a system implementing this approach. Specifically, we demonstrate the use of data ontologies and application of markup languages for semantic integration of data and services. We introduce a domain level object ontology, called Earth and Planetary ONTology (EPONT) to explore, extract, and integrate information from heterogeneous geologic data sets. As proof of concept, we define the DIA engine, an extensible infrastructure for the Discovery, Integration, and Analysis of geoscience data, tools, and services. DIA provides a collaborative environment where scientists can share their resources (e.g., geochemical data, filtering services, etc.) by registering them through well-defined ontologies. We envision the DIA infrastructure to also use other classes of ontologies, namely process and service, for knowledge creation.
EFFECT OF CORNER INFORMATION IN SIMULTANEOUS PLACEMENT OF k RECTANGLES AND TABLEAUX
Authors: ANZAI SHINYA , CHUN JINHEE , KASAI RYOSEI , KORMAN MATIAS , TOKUYAMA TAKESHI
Published: January 2011

We consider the optimization problem of finding k nonintersecting rectangles and tableaux in n × n pixel plane where each pixel has a real valued weight. We discuss existence of efficient algorithms if a corner point of each rectangle/tableau is specified.
DISCOVERING PAIRWISE COMPATIBILITY GRAPHS
Authors: YANHAONA MUHAMMAD NUR , BAYZID MD. SHAMSUZZOHA , RAHMAN MD. SAIDUR
Published: January 2011

Let T be an edge weighted tree, let dT(u, v) be the sum of the weights of the edges on the path from u to v in T, and let d min and d max be two non-negative real numbers such that d min ≤ d max . Then a pairwise compatibility graph of T for d min and d max is a graph G = (V, E), where each vertex u' ∈ V corresponds to a leaf u of T and there is an edge (u', v') ∈ E if and only if d min ≤ dT(u, v) ≤ d max . A graph G is called a pairwise compatibility graph (PCG) if there exists an edge weighted tree T and two non-negative real numbers d min and d max such that G is a pairwise compatibility graph of T for d min and d max . Kearney et al. conjectured that every graph is a PCG [3]. In this paper, we refute the conjecture by showing that not all graphs are PCG s . Moreover, we recognize several classes of graphs as pairwise compatibility graphs. We identify two restricted classes of bipartite graphs as PCG. We also show that the well known tree power graphs and some of their extensions are PCGs.