bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Critical Mass in Collective Action
Authors: Marwell Gerald , Oliver Pamela
Published: April 2010

The problem of collective action is that each member of a group wants other members to make necessary sacrifices while he or she 'free rides', reaping the benefits of collective action without doing the work. Inevitably the end result is that no one does the work and the common interest is not realized. This book analyses the social pressure whereby groups solve the problem of collective action. The authors show that the problem of collective action requires a model of group process and cannot be deduced from simple models of individual behaviour. They employ formal mathematical models to emphasize the role of small subgroups of especially motivated individuals who form the 'critical mass' that sets collective action in motion. The book will be read with special interest by sociologists, social psychologists, economists and political scientists. It will also be of concern to those in industrial relations and communications research working on issues in collective action and rational choice.
Natural Law in Jurisprudence and Politics
Authors: Murphy Mark C.
Published: April 2010

Natural law is a perennial though poorly represented and understood issue in political philosophy and the philosophy of law. In this 2006 book, Mark C. Murphy argues that the central thesis of natural law jurisprudence - that law is backed by decisive reasons for compliance - sets the agenda for natural law political philosophy, demonstrating how law gains its binding force by way of the common good of the political community. Murphy's work ranges over the central questions of natural law jurisprudence and political philosophy, including the formulation and defense of the natural law jurisprudential thesis, the nature of the common good, the connection between the promotion of the common good and requirement of obedience to law, and the justification of punishment.
Symbolic Worlds
Authors: Scheffler Israel
Published: April 2010

Symbolism is a primary characteristic of the mind, deployed and displayed in every aspect of our thought and culture. In this important and broad-ranging book, Israel Scheffler explores the various ways in which the mind functions symbolically. This involves considering not only the world of science and the arts, but also such activities as religious ritual and child's play. The book offers an integrated treatment of ambiguity and metaphor, analyses of play and ritual, and an extended discussion of the relations between scientific symbol systems and reality. What emerges is a picture of the basic symbol-forming character of the mind. In addition to philosophers of art and science, likely readers of this book will include students of linguistics, semiotics, anthropology, religion, and psychology.
Axiomatic Theory of Bargaining with a Variable Number of Agents
Authors: Thomson William , Lensberg Terje
Published: April 2010

In this book, Professor Thomson and Professor Lensberg extrapolate upon the Nash (1950) treatment of the bargaining problem to consider the situation where the number of bargainers may vary. The authors formulate axioms to specify how solutions should respond to such changes, and provide new characterizations of all the major solutions as well as generalizations of these solutions. The book also contains several other comparative studies of solutions in the context of a variable number of agents. Much of the theory of bargaining can be rewritten within this context. The pre-eminence of the three solutions at the core of the classical theory is confirmed. These are the solutions introducted by Nash (1950) and two solutions axiomatized in the 1970s (Kalai-Smorodinsky and egalitarian solutions).
The Correspondence of Alfred Marshall, Economist
Authors: Marshall Alfred
Published: April 2010

This is the first of a three-volume work constituting a comprehensive, scholarly edition of the correspondence of the English economist, Alfred Marshall (1842–1924), one of the leading figures in the development of economics and the founder of the Cambridge School of Economics. The edition fills a long-standing gap in the history of economic thought with hitherto unpublished material. Students will find it a basic resource for understanding the development of economics and other social sciences in the period since 1870. In particular, it provides much new information about Marshall's views on economic, social and political issues, his struggles to promote the teaching of economics at the University of Cambridge, and his relations with colleagues in Cambridge and elsewhere. Marshall's letters are notable for their frankness and spontaneity.
Economic Ideology and Japanese Industrial Policy
Authors: Gao Bai
Published: April 2010

In this major addition to the literature on modern Japanese development, Bai Gao emphasizes the role of ideas and ideology in industrial policy, and explores how the Japanese themselves perceived the issue of economic development. During the Great Depression and World War II, the ideology of developmentalism - characterized by a nationalistic perspective, a production orientation, and a strategic view of the economy including restraint of market competition and rejection of the profit principle - emerged and strongly influenced policy innovation in Japan and institutional reforms in its economy. Liberal capitalism in the postwar era demilitarized the Japanese economy, and forced developmentalism to adapt to democratic political institutions and the free trade regime. Nevertheless, the economic principles that served to combat the Great Depression and sustain total war during the period 1931–45 survived. Transformed from a military to a trade strategy, developmentalism became the basic framework of Japanese industrial policy, facilitating economic growth and the development of modern economic institutions.
Energy, Force and Matter
Authors: Harman Peter M.
Published: April 2010

By focusing on the conceptual issues faced by nineteenth century physicists, this book clarifies the status of field theory, the ether, and thermodynamics in the work of the period. A remarkably synthetic account of a difficult and fragmentary period in scientific development.
Critical Assembly
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Henriksen Paul W. , Meade Roger A. , Westfall Catherine L. , Baym Gordon , Hewlett Richard , Kerr Alison , Penneman Robert , Redman Leslie , Seidel Robert
Published: April 2010

This 1993 volume is a lucid and accurate history of the technical research that led to the first atomic bombs. The authors explore how the 'critical assembly' of scientists, engineers and military personnel at Los Alamos, responding to wartime deadlines, collaborated to create a new approach to large-scale research. The book opens with an introduction laying out major themes. After a synopsis of the prehistory of the bomb project, from the discovery of nuclear fission to the start of the Manhattan Engineer District, and an overview of the early materials programme, the book examines the establishment of the Los Alamos Laboratory, the implosion and gun assembly programmes, nuclear physics research, chemistry and metallurgy, explosives, uranium and plutonium development, confirmation of spontaneous fission in pile-produced plutonium, the thermonuclear bomb, critical assemblies, the Trinity test, and delivery of the combat weapons. Readers interested in history of science will find this volume a crucial resource for understanding the underpinnings of contemporary science and technology.
Analytical Dynamics
Authors: Udwadia Firdaus E. , Kalaba Robert E.
Published: April 2010

Constrained motion is of paramount importance in the design and analysis of mechanical systems and central to the study of analytical dynamics. The problem of constrained motion was first posed over two hundred years ago, and it has been worked on vigorously ever since. This book offers a fresh approach to the subject. Eminently readable, it is written as an introduction to analytical dynamics, with emphasis on fundamental concepts in mechanics. The connection between generalized inverses of matrices and constrained motion is a central theme. The book begins with a description of the motion of a particle subjected to holonomic and nonholonomic constraints and presents explicit equations of motion. Examples are provided throughout the book, and carefully formulated problems at the end of each chapter reinforce the material covered. This computationally appealing approach will be useful to students in engineering and the applied sciences.
Combinatorics of Finite Geometries
Authors: Batten Lynn Margaret
Published: April 2010

This book is an introductory text on the combinatorial theory of finite geometry. It assumes only a basic knowledge of set theory and analysis, but soon leads the student to results at the frontiers of research. It begins with an elementary combinatorial approach to finite geometries based on finite sets of points and lines, and moves into the classical work on affine and projective planes. The next part deals with polar spaces, partial geometries, and generalised quadrangles. The revised edition contains an entirely new chapter on blocking sets in linear spaces, which highlights some of the most important applications of blocking sets from the initial game-theoretic setting to their recent use in cryptography. Extensive exercises at the end of each chapter ensure the usefulness of this book for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students.
Normal Forms and Bifurcation of Planar Vector Fields
Authors: Chow Shui-Nee , Li Chengzhi , Wang Duo
Published: April 2010

This book is concerned with the bifurcation theory, the study of the changes in the structures of the solution of ordinary differential equations as parameters of the model vary. The theory has developed rapidly over the past two decades. Chapters 1 and 2 of the book introduce two systematic methods of simplifying equations: centre manifold theory and normal form theory, by which the dimension of equations may be reduced and the forms changed so that they are as simple as possible. Chapters 3–5 of the book study in considerable detail the bifurcation of those one- or two-dimensional equations with one, two or several parameters. This book is aimed at mathematicians and graduate students interested in dynamical systems, ordinary differential equations and/or bifurcation theory. The basic knowledge required by this book is advanced calculus, functional analysis and qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations.
Union Business
Authors: Willman Paul , Morris Tim , Aston Beverly
Published: April 2010

It is fashionable to speak of trades unions in the UK as organisations in decline. However, it is their organisation and, in particular, their financial status, which ultimately dictates unions' ability to survive, recruit, and influence employers. This book provides the first systematic picture of union financial status for thirty years, and reveals a dramatic picture. Though, overall, unions have become financially less healthy in the post-war period, many unions experienced an improved financial position during the membership contraction of the Thatcher years. It also shows that the long term financial decline of unions has been more affected by competition between unions for membership than by the effects of traumatic industrial disputes.
The American Epic
Authors: McWilliams, Jr John P.
Published: April 2010

John McWilliams's 1990 book was the first thorough account of the many attempts to fashion an epic literature (the anxiously anticipated 'American Epic') from a wide range of potentially heroic New World subjects. At the outset, McWilliams considers the many problems - cultural, political and literary' - of adapting Enlightenment views of republican progress to a genre that had traditionally celebrated the greatness of warriors. After a survey of the many epic poems written during and after the American Revolution, McWilliams shows how and why the epic had to be transformed from imitative narrative poetry into the new, open genres of prose history (Irving, Prescott and Parkman), fictional romance (Cooper and Melville) and free verse (Whitman). Believing that reviews are an important and slighted agent of literary change, McWilliams has written his book in the form of chronological literary history. His book, however, is no march of dates within tired categories. The American Epic suggests that imaginative writers of the Romantic era were in fact far less proscriptive about the boundaries of literary genre than many a twentieth-century writer and scholar.
What America Owes the World
Authors: Brands H. W.
Published: April 2010

For two hundred years, Americans have believed that they have an obligation to improve the lot of humanity. This belief has consistently shaped US foreign policy. Yet within this consensus, two schools of thought have contended: the 'exemplarist' school (Brands' term) which holds that what America chiefly owes the world is the benign example of a well-functioning democracy, and the 'vindicationist' school which argues that force must sometimes supplement a good example. In this book, H. W. Brands traces the evolution of these two schools as they emerged in the thinking and writing of the most important public thinkers of the last two centuries. This book, first published in 1998, is both an intellectual and moral history of US foreign policy and a guide to the fundamental question of America's relations with the rest of the world - a question more pressing than ever in the confusion that has succeeded the Cold War: What does America owe the world?
The Professionalization of Psychology in Nazi Germany
Authors: Geuter Ulfried
Published: April 2010

It has been widely believed that psychology in Germany, faced with political antipathy and mass emigration of its leading minds, withered under national Socialism. Yet in The Professionalisation of Psychology in Nazi Germany Ulfried Geuter tells a radically different story of how German psychology, rather than disappearing, rapidly grew into a fully developed profession during the Third Reich. Geuter makes it clear that the rising demands of a modern industrial nation gearing up for a war afforded psychology with a unique opportunity in Nazi Germany: to transform itself from a marginal academic discipline into a state-sanctioned profession. This opportunity was mainly presented byWehrmacht, whose demand for psychological expertise led to increasing support for academic departments, and to the expansion and standardisation of training programmes - a process of professionalization which culminated in 1941 with the creation of a state examination for Diplom, a professional psychology degree. Although the Wehrmacht's demand for its services fell along with the fortunes of the Nazi regime, the professional base psychology has carved for itself remained for the duration of the war and to this date.
New insight into Cainozoic sedimentary basins and Palaeozoic suture zones in southeast Australia from ambient noise surface wave tomography
Authors: Arroucau P. , Rawlinson N. , Sambridge M.
Published: April 2010

Detailed images of Rayleigh wave group velocity are derived from ambient seismic noise recorded by WOMBAT, a large rolling seismic array project in southeast Australia. Group velocity maps sensitive to crustal structure exhibit low velocity anomalies in the presence of sedimentary basins and recent hot‐spot volcanism, and high velocities in regions of out‐cropping metamorphic and igneous rocks. Distinct and well‐constrained patches of low velocity within the Murray Basin provide new insight into the spatial extent and possible composition of pre‐Tertiary infra‐basins. In a broader tectonic context, our results show little evidence for the Palaeozoic building blocks of the southeast Australian continent that have been inferred from geological mapping and potential field data. This may mean that apparent changes in basement terrane near the surface are not associated with major changes in composition at depth.
Fabrication and optical properties of Ce-doped ZnO nanorods
Authors: Lang Jihui , Han Qiang , Yang Jinghai , Li Changsheng , Li Xue , Yang Lili , Zhang Yongjun , Gao Ming , Wang Dandan , Cao Jian
Published: April 2010

Ce-doped ZnO nanorods were prepared under mild hydrothermal condition. The microstructures, morphologies and optical properties of as-synthesized nanorods were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), and Raman spectroscopy. XRD and XPS results demonstrated that Ce ions were successfully incorporated into the lattice position of Zn ions in ZnO. TEM images illustrated that the average diameter of Ce-doped ZnO nanorods was 8 nm. PL measurements revealed that both the undoped and Ce-doped ZnO nanorods had an UV emission and a defect emission and the Ce ions doping induced a redshift in the UV emission and a small enhancement in the defect emission. The slight shift in A1L and E1L in Raman spectra increased with the Ce ions doping also indicated that the Ce doping changed the free carrier concentration in the ZnO nanorods.
Structure and magnetic properties of Fe–Nb–B amorphous/nanocrystalline alloys produced by compaction of mechanically alloyed powders
Authors: Ipus J. J. , Blázquez J. S. , Franco V. , Conde A. , Krasnowski M. , Kulik T. , Lozano-Pérez S.
Published: April 2010

Mechanical alloying of Fe75Nb10B15 and Fe85Nb5B10 systems has been performed from an initial mixture of elemental powders. A bcc supersaturated solid solution is developed during milling for both alloys. However, Fe75Nb10B15 alloy also develops an amorphous phase, which amount increases with milling time. Milled powder samples were compacted at 7.7 GPa at different temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy images show that the presence of amorphous phase enhances the quality of compaction. Compaction at 823 K preserves both microstructure and magnetic properties of as-milled powders in both alloys. Compaction at 973 K affects mainly the crystalline fraction of the alloy with 10 at. % Nb. Compaction at 1273 K yields the formation of bcc Nb and fcc Fe23B6 phases, which magnetically harden the material.
Collision of a suddenly released bent carbon nanotube with a circular graphene sheet
Authors: Duan W. H. , Wang C. M. , Tang W. X.
Published: April 2010

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to investigate the mechanical strain energy release of a bent single wall carbon nanotube (CNT) and its mechanical collision with a circular graphene sheet that is fixed at its edges. The MD simulations show that the CNT is able to store a vast amount of mechanical strain energy because of the formation of kinks on its wall at the regions of maximum curvature. The sudden release of the strain energy upon releasing the bent CNT can cause its tip to approach a speed of 7000 m/s. Even with such a high speed collision with a monolayer graphene sheet, the CNT and the monolayer graphene sheet remain completely intact and do not suffer any damage. The instantaneous average impact pressure between the CNT and the graphene sheet is calculated to be in the range of 1–10 GPa for different temperatures and aspect ratios of the CNT. These results indicate the promising application of a CNT and a graphene sheet as a nanoknife and a nanocutting board, respectively, for nanocleavage processes such as sequence-specific DNA cleaving processes.
Physical mechanisms for hot-electron degradation in GaN light-emitting diodes
Authors: Leung K. K. , Fong W. K. , Chan P. K. L. , Surya C.
Published: April 2010

We report investigations on the degradation of GaN-based light-emitting diodes due to high dc current stress by examining two types of devices with the same fabrication procedures except for the growth conditions for the InGaN quantum wells (QWs). Higher trimethylindium and triethylgallium fluxes are used for type A devices resulting in a threefold increase in the InGaN QWs growth rate compared to type B devices. Detailed structural and optoelectronic properties of the devices are investigated by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, thermal imaging, I-V measurements, and the low-frequency noise properties of the devices as a function of the stress time, tS. The experimental data show that the QWs in type B devices are dominated by spiral growth and they have substantially higher strain nonuniformity than type A devices. The highly strained GaN/InGaN interfaces in device B are also responsible for the faster increase in the defect density due to hot-electron injection. The defects enhance the trap-assisted tunneling in the multiple quantum wells (MQWs) resulting in the development of hot spots among type B devices after high current stressing of the MQWs. This in turn leads to an increase in the defect generation rate resulting in a thermal run-away condition that ultimately resulted in the failure of the device. The data show that an increase in the growth rate in the InGaN layer led to the domination by the step flow growth mode over the spiral growth mode in the MQWs. This is the main reason for the reduction in the dislocation density in type A devices and hence their increase in device reliability.
Utilizing the interface adsorption of nitrogen for the growth of high-quality GaInAsN/GaAs quantum wells by metal organic chemical vapor deposition for near infrared applications
Authors: Albo Asaf , Cytermann Catherine , Bahir Gad , Fekete Dan
Published: April 2010

We have investigated the composition and optical properties of GaInAsN/GaAs single quantum wells grown using metal organic chemical vapor epitaxy at 500 °C. Using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and photoluminescence spectroscopy, we have shown the presence of a 1–2 nm thick nitrogen-rich interfacial layer at the first interface grown. The inhomogeneous asymmetric distribution of nitrogen atoms along the growth direction is attributed to the dominance of surface kinetics, nonlinear dependence of N incorporation on In content, and the strain gradient effect on the effective diffusion of N. We have utilized this finding to grow high quality quantum wells.
Laser-induced Zn doping in GaN based light-emitting diode
Authors: Xue Zheng-Qun , Huang Sheng-Rong , Zhang Bao-Ping , Chen Chao
Published: April 2010

By laser-induced Zn doping, hole concentration in the p-type GaN contact layer of conventional GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is increased and improvement of the LED property is confirmed. Compared with LED with no use of laser-induced doping, the forward voltage under 20 mA current is decreased from 3.33 to 3.13 V and the thermal resistance of the chip is decreased from 18.6 to 9.7 K/W. In addition, the lifetime of the device is increased about 41%. These results are attributed to the improvement of the p-type Ohmic contact due to laser-induced doping of Zn to the p-GaN contact layer.
Detachment stabilization with n/m=1/1 resonant magnetic perturbation field applied to the stochastic magnetic boundary of the Large Helical Device
Authors: Kobayashi M. , Masuzaki S. , Yamada I. , Tamura N. , Feng Y. , Sato K. , Goto M. , Narushima Y. , Akiyama T. , Miyazawa J. , Shoji M. , Morita S. , Peterson B. J. , Funaba H. , Ohyabu N. , Narihara K. , Morisaki T. , Yamada H. , Komori A. ,   LHD Experimental Group, Reiter D.
Published: April 2010

It is found that the remnant island structure created by n/m=1/1 resonant magnetic perturbation field in the stochastic magnetic boundary of the Large Helical Device (LHD) [A. Komori et al., Nucl. Fusion 49, 104015 (2009)] has a stabilizing effect on formation of radiating plasma, realizing stably sustained divertor detachment operation with the core plasma being unaffected. The data from the several diagnostics, (profiles of electron temperature and density, radiation and temporal evolution of divertor particle flux) indicate selective cooling around X-point of the island and thus peaked radiation there, which is stabilized outside of the last closed flux surface throughout the detachment phase. The vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy measurements of high Z impurity (iron) emission shows significant decrease during the detachment, indicating core plasma decontamination. The results from the three-dimensional (3D) edge transport code, edge Monte Carlo 3D (EMC3) [Y. Feng et al., Contrib. Plasma Phys. 44, 57 (2004)]-EIRENE [D. Reiter et al., Fusion Sci. Technol. 47, 172 (2005)] show similar tendency in the radiation pattern. The island size and its radial location are varied to investigate the magnetic topology effects on the detachment control. The divertor particle flux and neutral pressure exhibit intermittent oscillation as well as modification of recycling pattern during the detachment, which are found to reflect the island structure.
Energy transfer efficiency of a spherical theta pinch
Authors: Teske C. , Jacoby J. , Senzel F. , Schweizer W.
Published: April 2010

A pulsed inductive plasma source for vacuum ultraviolet generation and plasma stripper applications with an operating frequency of 12 kHz has been developed. The setup consists of a series resonance circuit with a load capacitance of 27 μF and a large diameter induction coil surrounding a spherical discharge vessel with a discharge volume of 4000 ml. Measurements have been made to evaluate the transfer efficiency of the pulsed inductive discharge in argon with 2.8% hydrogen at gas pressures from 0.6 up to 100 Pa at load voltages from 4 to 8 kV. Pulsed coil currents reached a maximum value of 18 kA with current rise times of 2 kA/μs while achieving a maximum energy transfer efficiency of 85% between the driving circuit and the plasma. Pulsed power peak values inside the plasma were higher than 2 MW fore pulse energies of 1 kJ. The experimental evidence suggests that the high transfer efficiency obtained with the spherical theta pinch is due to the improved transformer coupling between primary circuit and discharge plasma.
Long-range attraction of negatively charged dust particles in weakly ionized dense dust clouds
Authors: de Angelis U. , Regnoli G. , Ratynskaia S.
Published: April 2010

The new Plasma Kristall Experiment (PK-4) is scheduled to fly on the International Space Station in 2012 with one of the experiments designed to investigate the existence of two fluid phases and a critical point in complex plasmas. A crucial issue is the parameter regime where the critical point could be found and this requires, as a first step, knowledge of the parameter range where dust-dust attraction can exist. This problem is addressed in the present work, extending previous works on long-range screening and attraction of negatively charged dust particles in plasmas. The roles of nonlinearities, ion-neutral collisions, electron dynamics, and plasma source on the depth and long-range behavior of the attractive well are established and the impact of these results on the PK-4 experiments is discussed.
Modeling of particle trajectories in an electrostatically charged channel
Authors: Wu Mengbai , Kuznetsov Andrey V. , Jasper Warren J.
Published: April 2010

Modeling and analyses of filtration efficiency in electrostatically charged monolith filters are important for evaluating and designing this class of filters. Unlike traditional fibrous filters which comprise external flow around a fiber, monolith filters are modeled as internal flow through small channels. Analogous to single fiber theory for external flows, single channel theory is used to analyze basic fluid mechanics in monolith filters and predict filtration efficiencies. The model incorporates three forces: hydrodynamic forces, electrostatic forces, and Brownian motion. Fluid velocity within the channels is calculated by using an analytical solution for circular channel flow, within which the slip boundary condition is considered because of small length scales. This velocity field is then used to evaluate the drag force on the particle according to Stokes’s law. For this model, a one-way coupling between the fluid flow and the particle motion is assumed due to the fact that the relaxation time for the particles simulated in this paper is very small compared to the time the particles spend in the channel. The electrostatic field is computed assuming a uniform charge distribution on the inner surface of a cylindrical channel of finite length. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, particles are randomly injected into a single channel to determine the filtration efficiency.
Diffusion via space discretization method to study the concentration dependence of self-diffusivity under confinement
Authors: Sant Marco , Papadopoulos George K. , Theodorou Doros N.
Published: April 2010

The concentration dependence of self-diffusivity is investigated by means of a novel method, extending our previously developed second-order Markov process model to periodic media. Introducing the concept of minimum-crossing surface, we obtain a unique decomposition of the self-diffusion coefficient into two parameters with specific physical meanings. Two case studies showing a maximum in self-diffusivity as a function of concentration are investigated, along with two cases where such a maximum cannot be present. Subsequently, the method is applied to the large cavity pore network of the ITQ-1 (Mobil tWenty tWo, MWW) zeolite for methane (displaying a maximum in self-diffusivity) and carbon dioxide (no maximum), explaining the diffusivity trend on the basis of the evolution of the model parameters as a function of concentration.
Mach number dependence of electron heating in high Mach number quasiperpendicular shocks
Authors: Matsukiyo Shuichi
Published: April 2010

The efficiency of electron heating through microinstabilities generated in the transition region of a quasiperpendicular shock for a wide range of Mach numbers is investigated by utilizing particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation and model analyses. In the model analyses saturation levels of effective electron temperature as a result of microinstabilities are estimated from an extended quasilinear (trapping) analysis for relatively low (high) Mach number shocks. Here, modified two-stream instability (MTSI) is assumed to become dominant in low Mach number regime, while Buneman instability (BI) is assumed to become dominant in high Mach number regime. It is revealed that Mach number dependence of the effective electron temperature in the MTSI dominant case is essentially different from that in the BI dominant case. The effective electron temperature through the MTSI does not depend much on the Mach number, although that through the BI increases with the Mach number as in the past studies. The results are confirmed to be consistent with the PIC simulations both in qualitative and quantitative levels. The model analyses predict that a critical Mach number, above which a steep rise in electron heating rate occurs, may arise at the Mach number of a few tens.
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of (Sb0.75Bi0.25)2Te3 compound from first-principles calculations
Authors: Lv H. Y. , Liu H. J. , Pan L. , Wen Y. W. , Tan X. J. , Shi J. , Tang X. F.
Published: April 2010

The electronic properties of (Sb0.75Bi0.25)2Te3 compound are examined by using the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method. The transport coefficients are then calculated within the semiclassical Boltzmann theory, and further evaluated as a function of chemical potential assuming a rigid band picture and constant relaxation time. The ZT value is thus estimated by inserting an averaged thermal conductivity. Our theoretical calculations give a valuable insight on how to enhance the thermoelectric performance of this compound, and many potential doping elements and their optimal concentrations are suggested.
Replica-exchange method in van der Waals radius space: Overcoming steric restrictions for biomolecules
Authors: Itoh Satoru G. , Okumura Hisashi , Okamoto Yuko
Published: April 2010

We present a new type of the Hamiltonian replica-exchange method, where the van der Waals radius parameter and not the temperature is exchanged. By decreasing the van der Waals radii, which control spatial sizes of atoms, this Hamiltonian replica-exchange method overcomes the steric restrictions and energy barriers. Furthermore, the simulation based on this method escapes from the local-minimum free-energy states and realizes effective sampling in the conformational space. We applied this method to an alanine dipeptide in aqueous solution and showed the effectiveness of the method by comparing the results with those obtained from the conventional canonical and replica-exchange methods.
Free-energy correction due to center-of-mass constraint in crystals
Authors: Navascués G. , Velasco E.
Published: April 2010

The evaluation of the free-energy correction ΔFCM involved in lifting the center-of-mass constraint to compute the free energy of crystalline solids is discussed. The key quantity in this correction, the probability density of the center of mass, p0, is computed for a few model systems, and its main features are discussed. We argue that previous works on this problem, based on the Frenkel and Ladd method, have misinterpreted the correction, leading to an incorrect thermodynamic limit for the free energy. The impact of this error is quantitatively small. However, the unknown functional dependence of p0 on density, number of particles, and geometry of simulation box makes problematic the correct evaluation of the thermodynamic limit.
On the effect of impurities in metallic glass formation
Authors: Yu J. S. , Zeng Y. Q. , Fujita T. , Hashizume T. , Inoue A. , Sakurai T. , Chen M. W.
Published: April 2010

We report atomic-scale characterization of impurity elements in a Pd40Ni40P20 metallic glass by state-of-the-art atom probe tomography combining with transmission electron microscopy. The significant partitioning of the impurities in heterogeneous nanocrystals of the primarily crystallized glass provides compelling evidence that minor impurities dramatically influence the stability of supercooled liquids by manipulating heterogeneous crystallization of metallic glasses.
Strain states in a quantum well embedded into a rolled-up microtube: X-ray and photoluminescence studies
Authors: Deneke Ch. , Malachias A. , Kiravittaya S. , Benyoucef M. , Metzger T. H. , Schmidt O. G.
Published: April 2010

The shift in the optical response of a quantum well (QW) embedded in the wall of a rolled-up microtube along the tube axis is examined. The microtube is investigated by x-ray microdiffraction to deduce the strain state of the rolled-up heterostructure. Using these results, the optical response of the QW is calculated. A good agreement of the lattice parameters determined by diffraction and photoluminescence is found, if a double shell tube is assumed for certain parts of the tube. Our results indicate that a rolled-up multiwalled microtube experiences different strains on different windings at the same lateral position.
Electron field emission from Fe-doped TiO2 nanotubes
Authors: Wang Chih-Chieh , Wang Kuan-Wen , Perng Tsong-Pyng
Published: April 2010

Titanium dioxide nanotubes were prepared by refluxing TiO2 in 10 M NaOH at 200 °C for 12 h. The light absorption edge was slightly shifted to a longer wavelength when 0.025 mol % of iron was incorporated to TiO2 nanotubes. A turn-on field at 12 V/μm and a maximum current density of 12 mA/cm2 at 19 V/μm was observed for the Fe-doped but not for pure TiO2. The field emission behavior can be correlated with the geometry and electronic states of the nanotubes.
Assessment of the performance of common density functional methods for describing the interaction energies of (H2O)6 clusters
Authors: Wang F.-F. , Jenness G. , Al-Saidi W. A. , Jordan K. D.
Published: April 2010

Localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis and symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) calculations are used to analyze the two- and three-body interaction energies of four low-energy isomers of (H2O)6 in order to gain insight into the performance of several popular density functionals for describing the electrostatic, exchange-repulsion, induction, and short-range dispersion interactions between water molecules. The energy decomposition analyses indicate that all density functionals considered significantly overestimate the contributions of charge transfer to the interaction energies. Moreover, in contrast to some studies that state that density functional theory (DFT) does not include dispersion interactions, we adopt a broader definition and conclude that for (H2O)6 the short-range dispersion interactions recovered in the DFT calculations account about 75% or more of the net (short-range plus long-range) dispersion energies obtained from the SAPT calculations.
Effect of incident light power on Schottky barriers and I-V characteristics of organic bulk heterojunction photodiodes
Authors: Guvenc Ali Bilge , Yengel Emre , Wang Guoping , Ozkan Cengiz S. , Ozkan Mihrimah
Published: April 2010

The space charge region (SCR) width of the Schottky barrier (SB) that forms on the interface between aluminum and organic semiconductor polymer of bulk-heterojunction (BH) organic photodiodes (OPD) based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methylester (PCBM) blend, has been investigated according to reverse voltage bias over the OPD. We focused on the effect of incident light power (ILP) on the SCR and the I-V characteristics of the devices. Comparison of the mathematical models and experimental data measured under different ILPs indicate a dependency of SCR to the ILP.
Angle resolved intensity and velocity distributions of N2 desorbed by N2O decomposition on Rh(110)
Authors: Kondo Takahiro , Sakurai Masataka , Matsushima Tatsuo , Nakamura Junji
Published: April 2010

The angle resolved intensity and velocity distributions of desorbing product N2 were measured under a steady-state N2O+CO reaction on Rh(110) by cross-correlation time-of-flight techniques. Three-dimensional intensity distribution of N2 has been constructed from the angle resolved intensity distributions in the planes along different crystal azimuths. N2 desorption has been found to split into two lobes sharply collimated along 50–63° off normal toward [001] and [001¯] directions, suggesting that N2O is decomposed through the transition state of N2O adsorbed with the molecular axis parallel to the [001] direction. From the velocity distribution analysis, each desorption lobe is found to consist of two components with different peak angles, ca. 50° and 74° off normal. In both lobe cases, desorption components have been interpreted by the model of two adsorption sites; N2O at on-top site emits N2 to 50° and that at bridge site emits to 74°.
Unipolar recovery of dielectric breakdown in fully silicided high-κ gate stack devices and its reliability implications
Authors: Raghavan N. , Pey K. L. , Liu W. H. , Wu X. , Li X.
Published: April 2010

We report observations of unipolar recovery of dielectric breakdown in fully silicided NiSi-gate HfSiON–SiOx bilayer dielectric based high-κ metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) gate stack, analogous to resistive switching in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nonvolatile memory devices. The dependence of the recovery voltage on breakdown hardness and filament location is analyzed and the physics behind MIS recovery, governed by joule heating induced oxygen vacancy trap passivation, is explained using failure analysis and statistical investigations. The observed MIS recovery phenomenon can be a tool to design for reliability in novel metal gate high-κ gate stacks.
Surface enhanced Raman scattering from multiwalled carbon nanotubes at low temperatures
Authors: Gohil Smita , Ghosh Shankar
Published: April 2010

We report temperature dependent Raman spectra of multiwalled carbon nanotubes deposited as dilute dispersions on surface enhanced Raman scattering active substrate. At low temperature, i.e, below 30 K both the tangential and the disorder mode acquire additional spectral features which are otherwise absent in the room temperature spectra. Further, we observe that the surface enhancement effect is more for modes involving motion of atoms in the direction perpendicular to the substrate which is consistent with the surface selection rules. These experiments provide access to certain spectral features of multiwalled carbon nanotubes which are otherwise very difficult to see.
Nanopatterning of carbonaceous structures by field-induced carbon dioxide splitting with a force microscope
Authors: Garcia R. , Losilla N. S. , Martínez J. , Martinez R. V. , Palomares F. J. , Huttel Y. , Calvaresi M. , Zerbetto F.
Published: April 2010

We report a tip-based nanofabrication method to generate carbon nanopatterns. The process uses the field-induced transformation of carbon dioxide gas into a solid material. It requires the application of low-to-moderate voltages ∼10–40 V. The method allow us to fabricated sub-25 nm dots and it can be up scaled to pattern square centimeter areas. Photoemission spectroscopy shows that the carbon is the dominating atomic species of the fabricated structures. The formation of carbon nanostructures and oxides by atomic force microscope nanolithography expands its potential by providing patterns on the same sample with different chemical composition.
Impact of defect distribution on transport properties for Au/ZnO Schottky contacts formed with H2O2-treated unintentionally doped n-type ZnO epilayers
Authors: Lee Sejoon , Lee Youngmin , Kim Deuk Young , Won Kang Tae
Published: April 2010

The Au/ZnO Schottky contacts fabricated using H2O2-treated unintentionally doped ZnO epilayers showed an abnormal behavior in their transport properties; i.e., the background carrier density-dependent trade-off relation between the barrier height and the ideality factor was observed. This result is attributed to the difference in carrier transport mechanisms for each sample fabricated using ZnO epilayers with different background carrier concentrations; namely, the observed trade-off relation originates from a result that the difference in the distribution of oxygen vacancies near the surface and depletion regions, which depends on the initial background carrier concentration of each sample, causes the different carrier transport mechanism.
Identifying and characterizing epitaxial graphene domains on partially graphitized SiC(0001) surfaces using scanning probe microscopy
Authors: Kellar Joshua A. , Alaboson Justice M. P. , Wang Qing Hua , Hersam Mark C.
Published: April 2010

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), lateral force microscopy (LFM), and conductive AFM (cAFM) are employed to characterize epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001). Of particular interest are substrates that possess single-layer and bilayer graphene domains, which form during thermal decomposition of silicon from SiC(0001). Since these samples are often partially graphitized, characterization techniques are needed that can distinguish domains of epitaxial graphene from the adjacent (6√3×6√3)R30° reconstructed SiC(0001) surface. The relative merits of STM, AFM, LFM, and cAFM for this purpose are outlined, thus providing nanometer-scale strategies for identifying and characterizing epitaxial graphene.
Biphase micro/nanometer sized single crystals of organic semiconductors: Control synthesis and their strong phase dependent optoelectronic properties
Authors: Wang Chengliang , Liu Yaling , Wei Zhongming , Li Hongxiang , Xu Wei , Hu Wenping
Published: April 2010

The control synthesis of α and β phase micro/nanometer sized single crystals of semiconductor 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene were achieved; the device performance of individual α and β phase single crystals showed strong phase dependence; devices of β phase single crystals exhibited very high photoswitch performance (on/off current ratio ∼6×103, one of the highest values reported for organic materials), and those of α phase displayed high field-effect performance.
Spectrin mutations that cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 impair axonal transport and induce neurodegeneration in Drosophila
Authors: Lorenzo Damaris N. , Li Min-gang , Mische Sarah E. , Armbrust Karen R. , Ranum Laura P. W. , Hays Thomas S.
Published: April 2010

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the SPTBN2 gene encoding β-III–spectrin. To investigate the molecular basis of SCA5, we established a series of transgenic Drosophila models that express human β-III–spectrin or fly β-spectrin proteins containing SCA5 mutations. Expression of the SCA5 mutant spectrin in the eye causes a progressive neurodegenerative phenotype, and expression in larval neurons results in posterior paralysis, reduced synaptic terminal growth, and axonal transport deficits. These phenotypes are genetically enhanced by both dynein and dynactin loss-of-function mutations. In summary, we demonstrate that SCA5 mutant spectrin causes adult-onset neurodegeneration in the fly eye and disrupts fundamental intracellular transport processes that are likely to contribute to this progressive neurodegenerative disease.
Tropomodulin isoforms regulate thin filament pointed-end capping and skeletal muscle physiology
Authors: Gokhin David S. , Lewis Raymond A. , McKeown Caroline R. , Nowak Roberta B. , Kim Nancy E. , Littlefield Ryan S. , Lieber Richard L. , Fowler Velia M.
Published: April 2010

During myofibril assembly, thin filament lengths are precisely specified to optimize skeletal muscle function. Tropomodulins (Tmods) are capping proteins that specify thin filament lengths by controlling actin dynamics at pointed ends. In this study, we use a genetic targeting approach to explore the effects of deleting Tmod1 from skeletal muscle. Myofibril assembly, skeletal muscle structure, and thin filament lengths are normal in the absence of Tmod1. Tmod4 localizes to thin filament pointed ends in Tmod1-null embryonic muscle, whereas both Tmod3 and -4 localize to pointed ends in Tmod1-null adult muscle. Substitution by Tmod3 and -4 occurs despite their weaker interactions with striated muscle tropomyosins. However, the absence of Tmod1 results in depressed isometric stress production during muscle contraction, systemic locomotor deficits, and a shift to a faster fiber type distribution. Thus, Tmod3 and -4 compensate for the absence of Tmod1 structurally but not functionally. We conclude that Tmod1 is a novel regulator of skeletal muscle physiology.
Chaperoning ribosome assembly
Authors: Karbstein Katrin
Published: April 2010

Chaperones help proteins fold in all cellular compartments, and many associate directly with ribosomes, capturing nascent chains to assist their folding and prevent aggregation. In this issue, new data from Koplin et al. (2010. J. Cell Biol. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200910074) and Albanèse et al. (2010. J. Cell Biol. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201001054) suggest that in addition to promoting protein folding, the chaperones ribosome-associated complex (RAC), nascent chain–associated complex (NAC), and Jjj1 also help in the assembly of ribosomes.