bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Physical Phenomena of Pipeline Decompression
Authors: Zhou X. L. , Moore R. G. , King G. G.
Published: October 2016

Pipeline decompression is an important aspect of risk assessment during the design and operation of high-pressure gas transmission pipelines. As numerical simulation technology improves, more sophisticated multiphase decompression flow models are emerging. A complete understanding of physical phenomena occurring during rapid pipeline decompression is essential in developing an accurate, advanced and fundamentally sound multiphase flow model.

Pipeline decompression is a complex process that involves many thermodynamic and hydrodynamic non-equilibrium phenomena that govern the characteristics of fluid flow in the pipe. It is affected by parameters such as pipeline geometry, heat transfer, fluid characteristics, and various interactions between them.

In this paper, we describe and discuss the pipeline decompression process, critical flow phenomena, fluid phase behavior, thermodynamic and hydrodynamic non-equilibria, characteristics of fluid mechanics, heat transfer and pipeline mechanics. Hopefully, this will enhance understandings of the predictive capabilities and limitations of various types of pipeline decompression models currently used for this process.
Pipeline Optimization by Computer Simulation
Authors: Cleveland Tony , Milinusic Mike
Published: October 2016

The optimization of the design of a pipeline to transmit fluids involves a number of variables, which include pipe diameter, pressure, temperature, line length, space between pumping or compressor stations, required inlet and delivery pressures and delivery quantity.
The Business of Pipeline Simulation
Authors: Wike Andrew
Published: October 2016

Pipeline simulation is the creation and operation of a “virtual pipeline” that closely replicates the physical pipeline and its operation. Pipeline simulation uses mathematics, specifically the laws of fluid mechanics and conservation of mass and energy to represent the hydraulic behavior of the fluid. A simulation can be as simple as calculating pressure drop in a single pipeline segment, or as complex as taking live measurement data from an operating pipeline network and using these data to drive a virtual pipeline side-by-side with its real-world counterpart. A virtual pipeline is also an extremely effective tool for training pipeline operators.

Critics of Information Services (IS) departments coined the phrase “islands of automation” to characterize the uncoordinated evolution of their Information Technology (IT) infrastructures. Pipeline simulation, as a compute-intensive application, has been critically dependent on the available IT platforms, and has been marooned on these islands for years. This paper charts how the application of simulation technology has changed over time as the available IT platforms have evolved. It offers suggestions as to how, in the coming years, pipeline simulation applications will be freed from these technology shackles as IS departments embrace new architectures in response to corporate business requirements.
Modeling and Optimization of Potable Water Network
Authors: Djebedjian Berge , Herrick Ahmed , Rayan Magdy Abou
Published: October 2016

A potable water network hydraulic analysis is presented in this paper. A mathematical model was developed, the model treats looped network. A computer program is developed in order to facilitate water distribution system design, which satisfies all constraints including pipe diameter and nodal pressure.

An optimization technique is developed in order to evaluate the optimum network configuration and cost, the parameters are pipe diameter, flow rate, corresponding pressure and hydraulic losses. A non-linear technique was adopted in the solution. The model uses the sequential unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT) of Fiacco and McCormick (1964) to solve the optimal design of network. The adopted optimization technique decreases the required number of design iterations which for example may reach 1.48 billion iterations for a network with 8 pipes and a set of 14 available commercial pipes.

The initially assumed pipe diameters are successively adjusted to suit the existing standard commercial pipe diameters. The technique was applied on a simple case study of gravity-fed network.

The objective of the present investigation is to present a practical tool to help in the optimization of water distribution system, design and operation.
Modeling of Buried Natural Gas Pipeline Decompression
Authors: Zhou X. L. , King G. G. , Moore R. G.
Published: October 2016

A pseudo-homogeneous multi-component equilibrium model is developed to study fluid flow behavior and heat transfer during decompression of a buried natural gas pipeline. The model includes non-isentropic effects of heat transfer and viscous dissipation. The heat transfer involves transient heat conduction through the pipe wall and the soil. A numerical scheme is developed to efficiently solve the resulting conservation equations simultaneously with the heat transfer equation. The study shows that the inclusion of transient heat transfer is necessary for accurate modeling the decompression of natural gas pipelines. The temperature reduction on the pipe wall due to fluid expansion can be crucial for the proper design of pipelines to prevent brittle behavior of the pipe steel.
Experimental Investigation of Rotating Stall Characteristics in a Radial Vaneless Diffuser
Authors: Abidogun K. B. , Ahmed S. A.
Published: October 2016

Rotating stall characteristics in a radial vaneless diffuser model was investigated experimentally. Measurements were made using hot-wires and pressure transducers (static and dynamic). The mass flowrate through the blower, at constant impeller speed, was gradually reduced until flow instability occurred in the diffuser. This enabled the onset and propagation of rotating stall to be fully described. The blower was operated without the vaneless diffuser in order to ascertain the cause of the flow instability. It was discovered that the impeller did not stall at the flow rates at which the blower was operated with the diffuser. The critical flow angles measured at the diffuser inlet, and midway between the diffuser walls, were in good agreement with earlier reported values in the open literature. The maximum number of rotating stall cells found in this study was two. The single-stall cell structure was found to be dominant over the two-stall cell structure at flow coefficients much lower than the critical flow coefficient.
An Investigation of the Flow Distribution Inside a Radial Sidestream Inlet of a Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Liu Zheji , Hill D. Lee , Colby Gary
Published: October 2016

A radial sidestream inlet is commonly utilized in multi-stage centrifugal compressors to introduce additional gas into the mid-stage of the compressor. The flow distribution after the junction of the sidestream and the main return channel of the upstream stage can significantly affect the performance of the next stage. In this study, the mixing between the fluid from the sidestream component and the fluid from the main return channel was investigated numerically using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A variety of CFD models of different geometry, different boundary conditions, and different grid density were developed to analyze the uniformity of the flow entering the impeller of the next stage. The flow distribution difference between the sidestream CFD model and the CFD model with the sidestream coupled to the main return channel suggests that both the return channel and the sidestream have to be modeled together to get meaningful results. The results of this effort were used in conjunction with production test data to help resolve a performance shortfall of a multi-stage centrifugal compressor with sidestream injection. The test data from the final design is also provided to show the resulting improvement in head rise.
MOPICO: Operating Experience With a Unique Pipeline Compressor System
Authors: Ryrie John , McLean George S.
Published: October 2016

This Paper presents the main design features and describes operating experience to date of a unique gas pipeline compression system marketed under the name MOPICO (Motor Pipeline Compressor). MOPICO has been developed jointly by four companies in USA and Europe. A prototype unit was works tested in 1990 and subsequently installed as an extension to an existing gas booster station in Alabama, where it has been in industrial operation since 1991.

The main elements of the motor/compressor design and the overall system performance capabilities are described briefly. Operational experience on a grass-roots station equipped with three units connected in series in a booster station in the US north east, and two single unit stations in the Province of Quebec are presented in detail.
Totally Enclosed Inline Electric Motor Driven Gas Compressors
Authors: Miller Harry , Johnson Anders T. , Ahrens Markus , Flanery T. Kenton
Published: October 2016

A team forms to address the challenge of low cost, low maintenance gas compression that can be quickly ramped up to meet peak demands. The Natural Gas Industry recognizes the importance of efficient, flexible compression equipment for the transmission of gas. In the early 1900s the Gas Industry met its compression objectives with many small reciprocating compressor units. As competition increased, Gas Companies began employing more cost effective larger units 3.7 MW (5,000 bhp) and eventually gas turbines 11+ MW (15,000+ bhp) became the prime mover of choice. While gas fired engine driven compressors are convenient for gas companies; they are becoming increasingly difficult to install. Environmental restrictions have tightened making permitting difficult. The larger gas turbine units seemed a solution because they were the low capital cost prime mover and clean burning. However, gas turbines have not yet achieved the high degree of flexibility and fuel efficiency gas transporters hoped. Flexibility has become an increasingly important issue because of the new “Peaking Power Plants” that are coming online. Gas companies are trying to solve the problem of low cost, low maintenance compression that can be quickly ramped up to meet peak demands. The idea of using electric motors to drive compressors to minimize the environmental, regulatory, and maintenance issues is not new. The idea of installing an electrically powered, highly flexible, efficient, low maintenance compressor unit directly into the pipeline feeding the load, possibly underground where it won’t be seen or heard, is a new and viable way for the gas and electric industries to do business together.

This paper examines the application of totally enclosed, variable speed electric motor driven gas compressors to applications requiring completely automated, low maintenance, quick response gas pressure boosters. In this paper we will describe how a natural gas transporter, compressor manufacturer, motor manufacturer, and power company have teamed up to design the world’s first gas compressor that can be installed directly in the pipeline. We will discuss methodologies for installing the proposed compressor, the environmental benefits — no emissions, a small footprint, minimal noise — and the benefit of being able to install compression exactly where it is needed to meet the peaking requirements of today’s new loads.
Thermodynamic Assessment of Hybrid PSOFC/GT Systems for Mechanical/Electric Power Generation
Authors: Botros K. K. , Price G. R. , Parker R.
Published: October 2016

Hybrid PSOFC/GT cycles consisting of pressurized solid oxide fuel cells integrated into gas turbine cycles are emerging as a major new power generation concept. These hybrid cycles can potentially offer thermal efficiencies exceeding 70% along with significant reductions in greenhouse gas and NOX emissions. This paper considers the PSOFC/GT cycle in terms of electrical and mechanical power generation with particular focus on gas pipeline companies interested in diversifying their assets into distributed electric generation or lowering pollutant emissions while more efficiently transporting natural gas. By replacing the conventional GT combustion chamber with an internally reformed PSOFC, electrical power is generated as a by-product while hot gases exiting the fuel cell are diverted into the gas turbine for mechanical power. A simple one-dimensional thermodynamic model of a generic PSOFC/GT cycle has shown that overall thermal efficiencies of 65% are attainable, whilst almost tripling the specific work (i.e. energy per unit mass of air). The main finding of this paper is that the amount of electric power generated ranges from 60–80% of the total power available depending on factors such as the system pressure ratio and degree of supplementary firing before the gas turbine. Ultimately, the best cycle should be based on the “balance of plant”, which considers factors such as life cycle cost analysis, business and market focus, and environmental emission issues.
A Performance Comparison of Aero-Derivative Gas Turbines and Electric Variable Speed Drives in Pipeline Compressor Duty on TransCanada’s Canadian Mainline
Authors: Betts Robert , Duchon Guenther , Williams David L.
Published: October 2016

Since the early 1960’s, the use of aero-derivative and industrial gas turbines on TransCanada’s natural gas transmission system has been the norm, with a total of 245 units installed to date. In 1996 and 1997 the company installed six high-speed, 30.6 MW, variable speed, electric drive systems. In the same time period eight aero-derivative gas turbines of similar power, with Dry Low Emissions, were installed.

After an elapse of three years running time we now have enough data to compare the performance of the two different compressor drivers.

A comparison of the performance of the two prime movers is made in a number of different ways. Operation and maintenance costs of the two different systems are considered, including the fuel costs of the natural gas and electricity, from three different Canadian electric power utilities.
Environmental Update of Frame-3 Gas-Pumping Units
Authors: Soudarev A. , Vinogradov E. , Zakharov Yu. , Leznov A.
Published: October 2016

Due to its robust design, the General Electric Frame 3 MS3002 gas turbine is highly reliable and has reasonably good maintenance qualities, which explains why it is so widely used all over the world. At present, there are nearly 1000 units in this series, the bulk thereof are operated as gas-pumping units (GPU) to drive natural gas compressors.
The Design of a Control System for Pipeline Compression Applications
Authors: Staroselsky Naum , Mirsky Saul , Shcharansky Leonid , Mints Lev , Budzulyak Bogdan V. , Remizov Valery V. , Shaykhutdinov Alexander Z. , Sedykh Alexander D. , Boyko Anatoliy M.
Published: October 2016

The Russian natural-gas distribution system includes 125,000 miles of pipe and some 250 major pumping stations equipped with 3,700 turbine-driven compressor units. A majority of these stations were built in the 1970s and 1980s: consequently, their operational efficiency is lower than modern stations equipped with high-efficiency compressor units. In order to improve the efficiency of these compressor stations, over half of the compressor units are being retrofitted with integrated, turbine-and-compressor control systems allowing them to operate closer to pipe pressure, turbine temperature-pressure limits, and compressor surge. It is projected, and results so far confirm, that these new control systems will not only increase compressor-station efficiency and significantly reducing the amount of gas diverted to fuel the downstream pumping stations, but will increase the amount of gas that can be transported. Additionally, several of the new or refined control algorithms, developed to meet customer expectations and acceptance tests, should be applicable in other areas and applications.
Risk-Based Management of Rotating Equipment
Authors: Van Hardeveld Thomas
Published: October 2016

There is increasing emphasis on improving the effectiveness of all physical assets, particularly major assets such as rotating equipment where the financial and business consequences of failure are significant. A number of approaches to asset (or maintenance) management have been proposed and attempted with varying degrees of success. Maintenance philosophies such as Total Productive Maintenance, Condition-Based Maintenance and Reliability Centered Maintenance are being heavily promoted by users and consultants alike. However, a consistent and comprehensive solution to business needs has not always resulted and implementation of these new techniques has often been only partially successful. This lack of success is often caused by the absence of a comprehensive approach to asset management that considers all aspects of the equipment life cycle. It is now beginning to be recognized that a risk-based approach offers a unique opportunity for providing an integrated perspective on the management of physical assets. Risk-based methods not only offer a powerful method for assisting in decision-making that can span from high level to lower level decisions but also provides specific tools that can be brought to bear on design, operational and maintenance needs. These methods fully support a life cycle view of assets that optimizes their effectiveness in the context of overall business goals and objectives. This paper describes the application of risk-based management and associated techniques to the life cycle of major rotating equipment in pipeline operation. A comprehensive framework consistent with best practices and international standards is established providing the basis for design, construction, operation and maintenance phases of the life cycle. Of key importance is the presentation of a decision-making process based on integrated risk that brings major value to operators of physical assets. Relevant risk-based techniques are described and evaluated for applicability to rotating equipment.
Economic Justification of Mechanical Dry Seals for Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Sears John , Hosking Derek
Published: October 2016

This paper discusses an approach to calculate the economic justification for using mechanical dry seals in centrifugal compressors. This evaluation is based on the full dry gas seal system cost compared to the associated operational and maintenance savings over standard oil seal systems. The economic evaluation is applicable for both the retrofit of existing equipment and for the installation into new equipment. However, the focus of this paper is on the cost savings with respect to the dry gas seal retrofits. Although the economic justifications are shown for centrifugal compressors in pipeline and refinery services, the same basic philosophy can be used to evaluate the economic justification of dry gas seals for compressors in other types of service.

Different areas of potential cost savings and environmental drivers are discussed, including a method calculating the associated savings. In addition, an example calculation for a specific compressor is presented. It must be emphasized that the economic benefits and the associated costs are highly dependent on the type and size of compressor as well as the particular application.
Refurbishment of Rolls-Royce 501 Turbo-Generators for Oil Production in Ecuador
Authors: Ascherl Mike J. , Kendig Bryan K.
Published: October 2016

During 1997–1999 an energy company based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada added approximately 17.5 megawatts of electrical generating capacity to its oil production facility in Ecuador. Reservoir pressure was insufficient to permit free flow into the transportation pipeline. Therefore, a series of motor driven, bottom hole pumps had been installed. As is typical with many remote well sites, an electricity source was not available to achieve reliable operation of the bottom hole pumps. Therefore, a decision was made to install seven (7) refurbished on-site turbo-generator sets. The turbo-generators are based on the Rolls-Royce 501K gas generator, were commissioned during the first half of 2000, and today provide electricity for the facility.

This paper discusses the refurbishment of the turbo-generator sets. The refurbishment is a noteworthy achievement given the fact that the units sat idle for many years within the unprotected environment of the Venezuelan rain forest. The refurbishment methods and technologies are discussed. Factory test data are also presented.
Flat and highly flexible composite stamps for nanoimprint, their preparation and their limits
Authors: Papenheim Marc , Mayer Andre , Wang Si , Steinberg Christian , Scheer Hella-Christin
Published: October 2016

To reduce the overall costs, replica stamps have become more and more relevant in the past years. These replicas often are composite stamps with at least two layers, a structured top layer and a backplane. In most cases, the composite stamps are rigid, which limits their use for rolling processes or low-pressure imprints. Flexible composite stamps avoid these limitations. However, due to the flexibility, preparation-induced bending may occur. A concept to avoid such a bending will be introduced and verified by the preparation of a flat and flexible composite stamp consisting of a structured OrmoStamp top layer and a polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS) backplane. To increase the adhesion between both layers, two measures will be adopted: one relies on an increase in the surface energy of the PDMS and the other one on an increase in the interface area. Finally, these flat and highly flexible composite stamps are tested in a critical imprint situation, where particles are dusted to the substrate before imprint. Imprint defects and stamp damage due to these particles will be examined.
Converting sunlight into audible sound by means of the photoacoustic effect: The Heliophone
Authors: Roozen N. B. , Glorieux C. , Liu L. , Rychtáriková M. , Van der Donck T. , Jacobs A.
Published: October 2016

One hundred and thirty-five years after Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter explored the photoacoustic effect, and about 40 years after Rosencwaig and Gersho modeled the effect in a photoacoustic cell configuration, the phenomenon is revisited in a “Heliophone” device that converts sunlight into sound. The light is focused on a carbon blackened copper coated Kapton foil in an acoustic cell by means of a compound parabolic collimator, and its intensity is modulated by a mechanical chopper. A horn is employed to make the sound audible without electronic amplification. The description of the photoacoustic effect that was introduced by Rosencwaig and Gersho is extended to a cell-horn configuration, in which the periodically heated air above the foil acts as an oscillating piston, driving acoustic waves in the horn. The pressure in the cavity-horn assembly is calculated by considering the air layer piston as an equivalent volume velocity source. The importance of the carbon black (soot) layer to enhance light absorption, but above all to enhance the photothermal excitation efficiency, is elucidated by means of an experimentally supported physical model.
Coaching in Brazil Sport Coaching as a Profession in Brazil: An Analysis of the Coaching Literature in Brazil From 2000-2015
Authors: Galatti Larissa , Bettega Otavio Baggiotto , Brasil Vinícius Zeilmann , de Souza Sobrinho Antonio Evanhoé Pereira , Bertram Rachael , Tozetto Alexandre Vinicius Bobato , Rodrigues Heitor Andrade , Collet Carine , Nascimento Juarez , Milistetd Michel
Published: October 2016

Sport coaches in Brazil have been recognized as professionals since the implementation of law 9696 in 1998. However, little is known about the impact of this law on the production of coaching science in this country. In an attempt to situate the sports coaching research produced in Brazil since then, the aim of the current study was to show an overview of Brazilian publications from 2000 to 2015. Eight journals were selected and a review was performed in 425 issues of the journals from 2000 to 2015. As a result, 82 published articles were analyzed. On average, five articles were published each year, with 81.7% of the articles published from 2009 to 2015. The findings illustrate that 37.7% of the articles were focused on coaches’ thinking and 29.5% on coaches’ behaviors, 48.7% used qualitative methods, while 40.3% used quantitative methods and 20.9% used mixed methods. Only two articles attempted to explore the impact of the 1998 legislation on the development of sport coaches in Brazil. In general, research on sport coaching in Brazil seems to be emerging on an international level, as there has been an increase in publications over the past seven years, especially in the lead-up to the Rio2016 Summer Olympic Games.
Exploring How Well UK Coach Education Meets the Needs of Women Sports Coaches
Authors: Vinson Don , Christian Polly , Jones Vanessa , Williams Craig , Peters Derek M.
Published: October 2016

Inclusive and equitable processes are important to the development of sports coaching. The aim of this study was to explore how well UK coach education meets the needs of women sports coaches to make recommendations to further enhance the engagement of, and support for, aspiring and existing women coaches. The national governing bodies (NGBs) of four sports (Cycling, Equestrian, Gymnastics and Rowing) volunteered to participate and semistructured interviews using the tenants of Appreciative Inquiry (AI) within a Self Determination Theory (SDT) framework were undertaken with 23 coaches, eight coach educators and five NGB officers. The data themed into an analytic structure derived from SDT comprising ‘Autonomy: Freedom to coach’, ‘Coaching competence’, and ‘Relatedness and belonging’. The coaches perceived potential benefit from enhanced relatedness and belonging within their sport with the findings suggesting that NGBs should embrace coach-led decision making in terms of the developmental topics which are important and should adopt the development of competence, rather than assessing technical understanding, as the foundational principle of more inclusive coach education. Future research should investigate the impact of the inclusive practices which are recommended within this investigation such as the softening of the technocratic focus of formal coach education.
The Interplay Between Learning, Knowledge, Biography and Practice: The Tale of an Experienced Track & Field Athletics Coach
Authors: Oldridge Luke , Nelson Lee , Greenough Kenny , Potrac Paul
Published: October 2016

This paper examines how the learning biography of Jack (pseudonym), an experienced track and field athletics coach, shaped his thoughts about coaching practice. Data were collected through seven in-depth, semistructured, narrative-biographical interviews that formed part of a cyclical and iterative data analysis process. Our analysis of Jack’s narrative revealed how his understanding of two distinct features of his coaching practice (i.e., implementation of periodization and pedagogical delivery style) developed in contrasting ways. Jack’s story was primarily, although not exclusively, interpreted using Alheit’s concepts of biographical learning and biographicity, Biesta and Tedder’s writings on agency and learning in the life-course, and Jarvis’ discussion of learning as a process of becoming. The findings of this study raise significant questions for how the field of sports coaching seeks to understand coach learning.
Values-Based Sport Programs and Their Impact on Team Success: The Competitive Sport Model at the United States Military Academy
Authors: Pim Ralph L.
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this paper is to examine the values-based competitive sport program at the United States Military Academy (West Point), and to determine if the components of character and leadership development were associated with team success. Strategies employed at West Point to develop cultures that produced leaders of character and teams of significance were reviewed. Major points of emphasis in the competitive sport program included (i) teaching values through sport, (ii) identifying and defining core values, (iii) developing warrior athletes of character, (iv) building teams and cultures of significance, (v) reinforcing values through recognition, and (vi) assessing character and leader development of athletes and teams. Characteristics and specific behaviors of great leaders and teams were identified. A rubric for assessing character and leader development in sport and a survey evaluating the competitive sport experience on the desired learning outcomes of the West Point Cadet Leader Development System were presented. Results indicated that competitive sports programs built on values encouraged and developed behaviors that produced success both on and off the field. Subsequent investigations are recommended to identify how character and leadership development can be integrated into the coaching process and applied in civilian secondary schools and institutions of higher learning.
A New Era in Sport Organizations and Coach Development in Finland
Authors: Hämäläinen Kirsi , Blomqvist Minna
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this article is to describe recent actions for sport organizations and coach development in Finland. Finnish Sport organizations and systems especially in high-performance sports have been in a transition phase in recent years. The high-performance sport systems have been analyzed and reorganized and new strategic goals were set. Coach development was chosen as one of the focus areas and the leadership of coach development is at the new High Performance Unit of the Olympic Committee. There are different education paths for coaches and all the organizations which provide coach education belong to a network for coach development. This network works for developing programs, learning concepts and tools and sharing of expertise. One key idea of the development work has been to conduct systematic research among Finnish coaches to gain objective information of coaches’ needs and learning experiences. As a result of this work, the Finnish Coach Competence Model was created as a tool and for creating common understanding of coaches’ competences and for developing education programs and coaches’ assessment. Creating a new learning culture and a network have been the main steps so far and the further development for those are also the main goals in future.
The International Sport Coaching Bachelor Degree Standards of the International Council for Coaching Excellence
Authors: Lara-Bercial Sergio , Abraham Andy , Colmaire Pascal , Dieffenbach Kristen , Mokglate Olivia , Rynne Steven , Jiménez Alfonso , Bales John , Curado José , Ito Masamitsu , Nordmann Lutz
Published: October 2016

Sport coaching is at a pivotal moment in its short history. The publication of the International Sport Coaching Framework by the International Council for Coaching Excellence (ICCE) in 2013 has drawn attention to coaching world-wide and fostered a step change in the way coaching systems are understood and built. Within this evolving context, higher education institutions are increasingly playing a greater role in the education and development of coaches in many countries. One way in which they are doing so is through the delivery of partial or full sport coaching degrees. ICCE recognises this emerging landscape. In this article we present an introduction to the newly developed International Sport Coaching Bachelor Degree Standards. The Standards are the culmination of a 12-month process of cooperation and consultation between an expert group and the coaching community at large. They aim to respond to the needs of higher education institutions and serve as an internationally accepted reference point to aid the development of bachelor coaching degrees that prepare coaches to effectively support athletes and participants.
Asynchronous Alterations of Muscle Force and Tendon Stiffness Following 8 Weeks of Resistance Exercise with Whole-Body Vibration in Older Women
Authors: Han Seong-won , Lee Dae-yeon , Choi Dong-Sung , Han Boram , Kim Jin-Sun , Lee Hae-Dong
Published: October 2016

This study aimed to examine whether muscle force and tendon stiffness in a muscle-tendon complex alter synchronously following 8-week whole-body vibration (WBV) training in older people. Forty older women aged 65 years and older were randomly assigned into control (CON, n = 15) and whole-body vibration (WBV) training groups (exposure time, n = 13; vibration intensity, n = 12). For the training groups, a 4-week detraining period was completed following the training period. Throughout the training/detraining period, force of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle and stiffness of the Achilles tendon were assessed four times (0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks) using a combined system of dynamometer and ultrasonography. While muscle force gradually increased throughout the training period (p < .05), a significant increase in tendon stiffness was observed after 8 weeks (p < .05). These findings indicated that, during the early phase of WBV training, muscle force and tendon stiffness changed asynchronously, which might be a factor in possible musculotendinous injuries.
The Role of Servant Leadership in Developing an Ethical Climate in Sport Organizations
Authors: Burton Laura J. , Welty Peachey Jon , Wells Janelle E.
Published: October 2016

Evaluation of leadership as a necessary component to reform sport could be critical to fostering a more ethical climate and reducing the frequency and severity of ethical improprieties within this context. However, limited research has examined the relationship between leadership and ethical climate. Servant leadership, due to its ethical component and people-centered focus, is a leadership approach that may best support development of an ethical climate. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of servant leadership on perceptions of an ethical climate in intercollegiate athletic departments, with an examination of how trust and perceptions of organizational justice indirectly influence the relationship between servant leadership and perceptions of an ethical climate. Findings indicated that servant leadership was directly related to trust in leadership and perceptions of an ethical climate. Further, both trust in the leader and procedural justice indirectly influenced the relationship between servant leadership and ethical climate.
Talking Doping: A Frame Analysis of Communication About Doping Among Talented, Young, Norwegian Road Cyclists
Authors: Sandvik Morten Renslo , Strandbu Åse , Loland Sigmund
Published: October 2016

In everyday communication, participants can critically explore their understanding of morally complex phenomena. There has been little effort within the social sciences to provide insight into whether and how athletes communicate among themselves about morally contested topics. This study attempts to fill this gap in the literature. Through focus group interviews and with the help of Goffman’s frame analysis, we explore how a group of young, Norwegian road cyclists communicates about doping. The article demonstrates that this communication is strongly norm-regulated and often appears as brief, assertive, and evasive. We show how the communication reflects a hegemonic discourse of doping as immoral and inexcusable. We conclude that this discourse limits explorative communication and may limit young athletes’ preparation for doping-related dilemmas and social pressures.
Draft Genome Sequence of a
Pseudomonas
sp. Strain Carrying
bla
IMP-25
and
bla
VIM-2
Carbapenemase Genes from Hospital Sewage
Authors: Hu Yiyi , Wu Wenjing , Feng Yu , Zhang Xiaoxia , Zong Zhiyong
Published: October 2016

Pseudomonas
strain WCHP16 recovered from hospital sewage in West China Hospital, Chengdu, China was found to carry two carbapenemase genes
bla
IMP-25
and
bla
VIM-2
. Here, we report its 5.7-Mb draft genome sequence, comprising 141 contigs and an average 59.53% G+C content. The genome contained 5,504 coding sequences and 67 tRNA genes.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Capripoxvirus
Strain KSGP 0240 from a Commercial Live Attenuated Vaccine
Authors: Vandenbussche Frank , Mathijs Elisabeth , Haegeman Andy , Al-Majali Ahmad , Van Borm Steven , De Clercq Kris
Published: October 2016

Capripoxviruses cause economically important diseases in domestic ruminants in regions endemic for these viruses. We report here the complete genome sequence of the KSGP 0240 vaccine strain from the live attenuated vaccine Kenyavac (JOVAC).
Complete Genome Sequence of a Low-Virulence Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Strain
Authors: Dobler G. , Bestehorn M. , Antwerpen M. , Överby-Wernstedt A.
Published: October 2016

We report here the complete genome sequence (GenBank accession no. KX268728) of tick-borne encephalitis strain HB171/11, isolated from an
Ixodes ricinus
tick from a natural focus where human neurological disease is rare. The strain shows unique characteristics in neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Fungus
Paraphoma
sp. B47-9, a Producer of a Biodegradable Plastic–Degrading Enzyme
Authors: Sameshima-Yamashita Yuka , Koike Hideaki , Koitabashi Motoo , Saika Azusa , Morita Tomotake , Yarimizu Tohru , Kitamoto Hiroko
Published: October 2016

Paraphoma
sp. B47-9 is a producer of a biodegradable plastic–degrading enzyme. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of this strain. The draft genome assembly has a size of 39.3 Mb with a GC content of 52.4% and consists of 185 scaffolds.
Evidence of lateral thermomechanical erosion of basalt by Fe-Ni-Cu sulfide melt at Kambalda, Western Australia
Authors: Staude Sebastian , Barnes Stephen J. , Le Vaillant Margaux
Published: October 2016

The Fe-Ni-Cu sulfide ores at Kambalda, Western Australia, are interpreted to be the result of thermomechanical erosion of underlying rocks by the host komatiite lava flows. However, there is a long-standing argument about the extent of the erosion process, and the degree to which the linear embayments that host the ores were eroded by lava as opposed to formed by tectonic processes. This controversy has fundamental implications for the origin of magmatic sulfide ore, as well as for sinuous rilles on terrestrial planets. The controversy at Kambalda hinges on pinchout features, where sulfide ore at the edges of embayments penetrates laterally into footwall rocks. The most recently published studies of these features interpret them as forming by thrusting of basalts over sulfide-komatiite contacts along the margins of tectonic embayments. Field evidence and X-ray fluorescence element mapping on underground exposures in the Moran deposit demonstrate that sulfide liquid melted its way both downward and laterally into basalt, generating complex plumose melt layers, melt emulsions, and hybridized chromite-decorated contacts. These observations confirm an origin for the pinchouts by thermomechanical erosion, driven by the high temperature, high density, and low viscosity of the sulfide melt. They also provide some intriguing insights into the nature of interactions between sulfide melt and melting silicate rocks in magmatic Ni-Cu-platinum group element sulfide ore deposits in general.
Testing the accuracy of genus-level data to predict species diversity in Cenozoic marine diatoms
Authors: Wiese Robert , Renaudie Johan , Lazarus David B.
Published: October 2016

Correlations between past biotic diversity and climate can inform humanity’s response to predictions of future global climate change, e.g., extinction risk with global warming. Paleodiversity studies, however, frequently use genera as a proxy for species diversity, a practice that has often been questioned. Tests using actual data of the impact of using species-level versus genus-level taxonomy in paleodiversity-paleoenvironmental studies are also lacking. We conduct such a test, based on a recent study that showed a strong correlation of Cenozoic marine planktonic diatom species diversity to geochemical climate proxies. Using an updated version of the data set, we still find a strong correlation of Cenozoic diatom species diversity to environment. Using identical data but instead genera results in the loss of all significant correlations of diversity to environmental change. This occurs due to the earlier rise and later stability in genus versus species diversity data, a pattern known to be common between taxonomic ranks in the fossil record, and in general models of diversification. We conclude that studies of paleodiversity, particularly those addressing biotic responses to future environmental change, need to demonstrate the adequacy of genera as a proxy for species diversity, or use species-level data.
Breathing more deeply: Deep ocean carbon storage during the mid-Pleistocene climate transition
Authors: Lear Caroline H. , Billups Katharina , Rickaby Rosalind E.M. , Diester-Haass Liselotte , Mawbey Elaine M. , Sosdian Sindia M.
Published: October 2016

The ∼100 k.y. cyclicity of the late Pleistocene ice ages started during the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT), as ice sheets became larger and persisted for longer. The climate system feedbacks responsible for introducing this nonlinear ice sheet response to orbital variations in insolation remain uncertain. Here we present benthic foraminiferal stable isotope (δ18O, δ13C) and trace metal records (Cd/Ca, B/Ca, U/Ca) from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 607 in the North Atlantic. During the onset of the MPT, glacial-interglacial changes in δ13C values are associated with changes in nutrient content and carbonate saturation state, consistent with a change in water mass at our site from a nutrient-poor northern source during interglacial intervals to a nutrient-rich, corrosive southern source during glacial intervals. The respired carbon content of glacial Atlantic deep water increased across the MPT. Increased dominance of corrosive bottom waters during glacial intervals would have raised mean ocean alkalinity and lowered atmospheric pCO2. The amplitude of glacial-interglacial changes in δ13C increased across the MPT, but this was not mirrored by changes in nutrient content. We interpret this in terms of air-sea CO2 exchange effects, which changed the δ13C signature of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep water mass source regions. Increased sea ice cover or ocean stratification during glacial times may have reduced CO2 outgassing in the Southern Ocean, providing an additional mechanism for reducing glacial atmospheric pCO2. Conversely, following the establishment of the ∼100 k.y. glacial cycles, δ13C of interglacial northern-sourced waters increased, perhaps reflecting reduced invasion of CO2 into the North Atlantic following the MPT.
Central retinal artery occlusion as a presenting manifestation of polycythaemia vera
Authors: Rao Karthik , Shenoy Shailaja Bhat , Kamath Yogish , Kapoor Smita
Published: October 2016

A 60-year-old woman with no premorbidities presented with symptoms of sudden painless vision loss in the left eye (LE). Best-corrected visual acuity in the LE was counting fingers close to face. A relative afferent pupillary defect was observed in the LE. Ocular fundus examination of LE was suggestive of central retinal artery occlusion. Systemic evaluation revealed splenomegaly and normal cardiac and carotid arteries. Haematological investigations revealed increased haemoglobin, haematocrit, platelet count and leucocytosis with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Features of myeloproliferative neoplasm were noted on bone marrow aspiration. An assay forJAK2mutation was positive. Since erythropoietin levels were normal, a diagnosis of primary polycythaemia vera was made and treated with aspirin and phlebotomy twice weekly until the target haematocrit of under 45% was achieved.
Neuromuscular ultrasound in the evaluation of inclusion body myositis
Authors: Vu Quang , Cartwright Michael
Published: October 2016

This case report illustrates the role of using neuromuscular ultrasound to diagnose inclusion body myositis (IBM) in a patient who was previously diagnosed with polymyositis. Emerging studies have demonstrated the accuracy of MRI in detecting the selective involvement of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle in those with IBM. However, there have been only few reports on the use of ultrasound in diagnosing this condition. Our case demonstrates the benefit of using this ultrasonographic approach, which is simple, clear, inexpensive, painless and radiation-free, and provides another modality to assist in the evaluation of this sometimes difficult to diagnose condition.
Rare case of T-cell lymphoma presenting as acute myelopathy
Authors: Samara Verena Clarissa , de Havenon Adam
Published: October 2016

Acute myelopathy is a rare presentation of systemic T-cell lymphoma. We present the case of a man aged 68 years with a diffuse erythematous maculopapular rash, followed by lower extremity paresthesias and progressive lower extremity weakness. Spinal MRI showed longitudinally extensive T2 hyperintensity with diffuse contrast enhancement. An atypical clonal T-lymphocyte population was identified in cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate, indicating a malignant T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. The patient was treated with intrathecal and systemic chemotherapy. Unfortunately, he was not responsive to chemotherapy.
Medical claims-based case–control study of temporal relationship between clinical visits for hand syndromes and subsequent diabetes diagnosis: implications for identifying patients with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hou Wen-Hsuan , Li Chung-Yi , Chen Lu-Hsuan , Wang Liang-Yi , Kuo Li-Chieh , Kuo Ken N , Shen Hsiu-Nien , Chiu Chang-Ta
Published: October 2016

Objectives

To investigate whether a temporal relationship is present between clinical visits for diabetes-related hand syndromes (DHSs) and subsequent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis and, accordingly, whether DHSs can be used for identifying patients with undiagnosed T2DM.

Design

This study had a case–control design nested within a cohort of 1 million people from the general population, which was followed from 2005 to 2010. The odds of prior clinical visits for DHSs, namely carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), flexor tenosynovitis, limited joint mobility and Dupuytren's disease, were estimated for cases and controls. We used a conditional logistic regression model to estimate the OR and 95% CI of T2DM in association with a history of DHSs. The validity and predictive value of using the history of DHSs in predicting T2DM diagnosis were calculated.

Setting

Taiwan National Health Insurance medical claims.

Participants

We identified 33 571 patients receiving a new diagnosis of T2DM (cases) between 2005 and 2010. Each T2DM case was matched with 5 controls who had the same sex and birth year and were alive on the date of T2DM diagnosis.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

The primary outcome measure was T2DM diagnosis.

Results

The OR of T2DM in association with prior clinical visits was significantly increased for overall DHS and CTS, being 1.15 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.20) and 1.22 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.29), respectively. Moreover, 11% of patients with T2DM made clinical visits for CTS within 3 months prior to T2DM diagnosis. The history of DHSs had low sensitivity (<0.1% to 5.2%) and a positive predictive value (9.9% to 11.7%) in predicting T2DM.

Conclusions

Despite the unsatisfactory validity and performance of DHSs as a clinical tool for detecting patients with undiagnosed T2DM, this study provided evidence that clinical visits for DHSs, particularly for CTS, can be a sign of undiagnosed T2DM.
One Welfare – a platform for improving human and animal welfare
Authors: Pinillos R. García , Appleby M. C. , Manteca X. , Scott‐Park F. , Smith C. , Velarde A.
Published: October 2016

Adopting the concept of One Welfare could help to improve animal welfare and human wellbeing worldwide, argue Rebeca García Pinillos, Michael Appleby, Xavier Manteca, Freda Scott‐Park, Charles Smith and Antonio Velarde