bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origins of Engineering in Lancashire
Authors: Musson A. E. , Robinson E.
Published: August 2016

It is extraordinary how little is known about the engineers who produced the water wheels, steam engines, textile and other machinery of the early Industrial Revolution. In most economic histories of this period there are merely a few brief and vague references to smiths, carpenters, and millwrights, based on Smiles or Fairbairn, with no contemporary evidence whatever. Most accounts of the development of mechanical engineering normally begin with Bramah and Maudslay, from about 1800, and carry on with such renowned nineteenth-century names as Fairbairn, Roberts, Whitworth, and Nasmyth. Before the nineteenth century, we are usually led to believe, mechanical engineering hardly existed. This belief is largely based on nineteenth-century evidence. William Fairbairn, for example, stated that when he first came to Manchester, in 1814, “the whole of the machinery was executed by hand. There were neither planing, slotting, nor shaping machines; and, with the exception of very imperfect lathes, and a few drills, the preparatory operations of construction were effected entirely by the hands of the workmen.” Similarly, the Select Committee on Exportation of Machinery reported in 1841 that “[machine] tools have introduced a revolution in machinery, and tool-making has become a distinct branch of mechanics, and a very important trade, although twenty years ago it was scarcely known.”
The Growth of Real Product in the United States Before 1840: New Evidence, Controlled Conjectures
Authors: David Paul A.
Published: August 2016

Scholarly opinion currently evinces disturbing symptoms of latent schizophrenia on the subject of economic growth in the ante-bellum United States. Virtually every student of the era now appears convinced that the long-term rate of growth of aggregate product per capita underwent a significant acceleration “somewhere during the period between 1815 and 1860,” as Douglass North recently phrased it. And, if many economic historians protest W. W. Rostow's labeling the years following 1843 as the period of the U.S. “take-off,” most do not seem to balk at accepting the guess hazarded by Raymond Goldsmith: “a fairly sharp break in the trend of real national product per head … occurred not very long before 1839,” quite probably during the 1830's. To the uninitiated, it might seem obvious that everybody also subscribes to an explicit set of assertions about the secular rate of growth of per capita product during the period from, say, the founding of the nation to the date of the putative acceleration; otherwise, how could all agree that a significant alteration in the trend had occurred?
The Role of the Samurai in the Development of Modern Banking in Japan
Authors: Yamamura Kozo
Published: August 2016

That the modernization of Japanese political and economic institutions during the Meiji period was spearheaded by the government and the samurai class that manned the government is a widely accepted view. One could, with little effort, assemble numerous quotations (in English or Japanese) reiterating this theme with little or no variation. Government-samurai endeavors such as pioneering in modern technology, subsidy programs (tangible and intangible), dissemination of new knowledge (to include modern business practices), and other aspects of “community-centered entrepreneurship” all support the theme. The purpose of this article is to question this well-entrenched view by submitting the findings of a close examination of the emergence of modern banking in Japan. Although this is only one aspect of the general theme, few students of Japanese economic history would deny that it has been often cited as one of the most typical examples of samurai leadership and of government initiative in the modernization of Japan. Eiichi Shibusawa, a former samurai, has invariably been linked with this development, in an attempt to stress that modern banking was a creation of the samurai class.
Materials for the Study of the Economic History of Modern China
Authors: Feuerwerker Albert
Published: August 2016

Given the present state of the study of Chinese economic history, this survey ought either to be limited to a single paragraph—or else it should comprise a monograph of several hundred pages. Thirty pages of selected titles may leave the reader with a false impression that these are the cream of a very large crop; on the other hand, within this space I can barely adumbrate the thousands of potential sources—printed and in manuscript, ephemeral and lasting—that will eventually have to be digested before the economic history of China will be definitively written.
Origins of the American Business Corporation
Authors: Handlin Oscar , Handlin Mary F.
Published: August 2016

The concentration of business enterprise in corporate structures at the end of the last century called the attention of scholars to the history of the business corporation, the chartered joint-stock company. Even those who agreed that “the honour of originally inventing these political constitutions entirely belongs to the Romans” realized that their modern economic functions were relatively recent and demanded explanation. In this country, Williston's brilliant essay, the studies of Simeon Baldwin, and a number of other investigations probed into the origin and nature of the institution at about the period when it became a pressing social issue.
The Historical Explanation of Land Use in New Zealand
Authors: Clark Andrew H.
Published: August 2016

A Weakness often apparent in interpretations of economic history lies in failure to evaluate properly the factor of relative location and the mechanism of cultural diffusion through which it operates to affect the changing character of regions. In studies of the historical geography of New Zealand, for example, extant interpretations have both emphasized an almost teleological view of unilinear cultural descent and shown a strong tendency toward environmental determinism. Neither of these philosophies or approaches in the writing of history has proved satisfactory in itself, but, taken together (antithetical though they may seem), they have provided a deceptively simple interpretive base upon which there has been almost universal reliance.
Issues Confronting the Stock Markets in a Period of Rising Institutionalization
Authors: Freund William C.
Published: August 2016

The facts of increased institutional trading on the nation's securities markets are by now well known. On the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the six major institutional groups—insurance companies, investment companies, noninsured pension funds, nonprofit institutions, common trusts, and mutual savings banks, now own more than one-fourth of the market value of listed shares compared with less than 16 percent at the end of 1956. But, ownership is merely the tip of the perennial iceberg, since institutional trading of stock has become much more significant than institutional ownership. This fact is pointed up in the recent SEC Study of Institutional Investors. It shows that there has been a relatively slow increase in the share of outstanding stock owned by institutions in all markets, but the institutional share of trading has mushroomed.
Abstract: A Portfolio Model for Identifying Banks Operating under Capital Constraints
Authors: Carleton Willard T. , McLaughlin Hugh S.
Published: August 2016

The paper presents evidence suggesting that banks with very low and very high capital positions respond to interest rate changes differently from other banks. The concept of a capital constraint is introduced to explain this phenomenon. The hypothesis is that banks with a binding capital constraint should exhibit different asset management decisions from those banks which are unconstrained. The regression results indicate that low-capital banks for the years 1973-74 and 1974-75 did not respond to earnings in an economic fashion.
Abstract: A Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates and the Valuation of Interest-Dependent Claims
Authors: Cox John C. , Ingersoll Jonathan E. , Ross Stephen A.
Published: August 2016

The main focus of this study concerns the pricing of default-free bonds in a risky economy inhabited by risk-averse consumers. The methodology of the paper draws upon recent work in the fields of intertemporal asset pricing and valuation by arbitrage principles. We develop a general equilibrium model for the expected rates of return on “created financial assets” (such as bonds) dependent upon the risk attitudes of investors and the uncertain real investment opportunities available.
Abstract: Direct Evaluation and Corporate Financial Theory
Authors: Beja A. , Leland Hayne
Published: August 2016

This paper develops a comprehensive approach to project selection and financing decisions, when firms' securities are traded in competitive markets and investors prefer “more to less.” The technique is based on direct inferences from observed security prices.
Abstract: The Effect of Limited Information and Estimation Risk on Optimal Portfolio Diversification
Authors: Klein Roger W. , Bawa Vijay S.
Published: August 2016

This paper analyzes the effect of limited information and estimation risk on optimal portfolio choice when the joint probability distribution of security returns is multivariate normal and the underlying parameters (means and variance-covariance matrix) are unknown. We first consider the case of limited, but sufficient information (the number of observations per security exceeds the number of securities or the prior distribution of the underlying parameters is “sufficiently” informative). We show that for a general family of conjugate priors, the admissible set of portfolios, taking estimation risk into account, may be obtained by the traditional mean-variance analysis. As a result of estimation risk the optimal portfolio choice differs from that obtained by traditional analysis.
Abstract: A Multiple Discriminant Analysis of Technical Indicators on the NYSE
Authors: Daigler Robert T. , Fielitz Bruce D.
Published: August 2016

This study investigates the ability of daily technical indicators to predict the direction of change in the Standard and Poor's 500 Index (as measured by price relatives). Two sets of variables widely used by technical analysts are employed, and are designated “regular” variables and “percentage” variables. Examples of relevant “regular” variables are: volume; proportion of stocks advancing, declining, and remaining unchanged; off-lot purchases, sales, and short-sales; and new highs and new lows.
Environmental quality assessment of El Bibane lagoon (Tunisia) using taxonomic and functional diversity of meiofauna and nematodes
Authors: Jouili Soufiane , Essid Naceur , Semprucci Federica , Boufahja Fehmi , Nasri Ahmed , Beyrem Hamouda , Mahmoudi Ezzeddine
Published: August 2016

The lagoon of El Bibane (Tunisia) is a Mediterranean coastal area that is affected by an increasing human impact. Thus, an estimation of its biodiversity and an ecological quality assessment are very urgent. This study investigates the meiofaunal and nematode communities of the El Bibane lagoon both from a taxonomic and a functional point of view. Nematodes were the dominant group as is common in brackish water systems. The nematode community was made up of 62 genera in 22 families. Xyalidae, Chromadoridae and Cyatholaimidae were the richest and most abundant families. The taxonomic composition and biodiversity of nematodes were comparable to those found in other European and Mediterranean transitional areas. Both meiofauna and nematodes showed a clear subdivision between marginal and central areas. The central stations, represented by fine sediments and higher amounts of organic carbon, seemed to be characterized by low meiofaunal densities, nematode diversity and a strong dominance of 1B and 2B trophic guilds. These trends could be related not only to the grain size and organic load, but also to a possible influence of tidal currents that can transport pollutants in the central area of the lagoon coming from the adjacent coastal areas. Shannon diversity and life strategies are not always in agreement in defining the ecological quality, but an overall worse ecological quality was detected especially at S6. The results of this study are an important starting point for the future monitoring of the potential and actual human impact on the El Bibane area over time.
The inscribed Epigram and the Person commemorated
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: August 2016

On the front of the shaft is an epigram of three hexameter verses, neatly engraved on a slightly sunk panel, every letter of which is unmistakably legible. The panel is 27·5 cm. high and 11 cm. broad, and the letters are 1·5 cm. in height. The script shows the influence of the cursive writing in the ‘lunar’ forms of ΕСΩ the slight prolongation of the right-hand stroke of ΑΔΛ above the top of the left-hand stroke, and the curved form of Μ but the letters are not tall, narrow, and crowded, as is often the case with the cursive script. A has an unbroken cross-bar, the straight stroke of ⊖ touches the circumference on both sides, and the horizontal stroke of Θ extends to right and left considerably beyond the verticals. All letters are represented except ΖΞΦΨ The ends of many strokes are thickened so as to form rudimentary serifs. The syllabic division of words is strictly observed, though this has necessitated the introduction of a leaf-ornament to fill the vacant space at the end of 1. 5 and the continuation of 1. 8 beyond the edge of the panel. A mark of punctuation like a Greek colon indicates the close of the first metrical verse.
Using Written Accounts in Qualitative Research
Authors: Handy Jocelyn , Ross Kirsty
Published: August 2016

This article discusses the methodological implications of using written accounts as the primary source of data in qualitative research. Data from a pilot study into family relationships in two families with an anorexic child is presented to illustrate the ways in which this strategy can facilitate the interpretation of different family members' perspectives. Written accounts are shown to be a time-efficient means of gathering good-quality, descriptively rich data. Differences between oral and written modes of communication mean that participants' written accounts are more highly focused and reflective than transcripts from oral interviews, facilitating data analysis and interpretation. Relationships between researchers and researched are more circumscribed than in face-to-face interviewing, which may limit opportunities to explore emergent issues or make informal observations during the interview process. However, the more circumscribed contact between researchers and respondents may also make it easier to manage the complex social dynamics that can emerge when researching families. Whilst written accounts cannot be used as a direct substitute for oral interviews their strengths appear to be undervalued in qualitative research in psychology.
A cohort analysis of illicit psychoactive drug use in Australia 1988-98
Authors: Williams Paul , McAllister Ian
Published: August 2016

Objective: To examine birth cohort trends in the prevalence, age of initiation and durability of the use of psycho-stimulant and psycho-depressant drugs in Australia between 1988 and 1998.

Method: Nine synthetic birth cohorts were constructed from a pooled dataset of the three National Drug Strategy Household Surveys (1988, 1993, 1998). The design-effect adjusted weighted lifetime and recent prevalence, age of initiation and durability of use, of three popular psycho-stimulants (amphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy) and three popular psycho-depressants (cannabis, heroin and inhalants) were estimated. Significance tests of difference use chi-square statistics and the sociodemographic predictors of trends were tested using logistic regression techniques.

Results: Lifetime and recent prevalence and durability of use increased and ages of initiation decreased, with each successive cohort. Psycho-stimulants were predictors for psycho-depressant use and vice versa. Being male, aged under 35 years, Australian born, employed or in fulltime education, and a tobacco smoker were significant predictors of increased risk of using both classes of drugs. Being married or having no post-secondary education qualifications were significant predictors of lower risk of using either class of drugs.

Conclusions: Younger cohorts are more likely to use both classes of psychoactive drugs, to have commenced using the drugs earlier and to have maintained their drug habits longer, compared to older cohorts. While increased availability is an important factor in the likelihood of exposure to illicit drugs, interventions implemented since the National Drug Strategy began in 1985 do not appear to have reduced the probability that young people will initiate and maintain illicit psychoactive drug use, exposing them to associated health and legal consequences.
Does kava cause hallucinations in Aboriginal populations in eastern Arnhem Land (Australia)?
Authors: Clough Alan R
Published: August 2016

Background: Isolated reports exist in the literature of hallucinations occurring as harmful outcomes of kava use. Kava's well-known mood-altering qualities contrast sharply with reports of such serious unwanted side effects. Arnhem Land Aboriginal people have used kava since 1982. Is there any evidence that kava use is associated with these kinds of effects in this population?

Objectives: This paper describes the context and circumstances for 18 individuals who were reported to have experienced hallucinations in a sample of the Miwatj population in eastern Arnhem Land (Northern Territory. NT) (see Clough. Cairney. Maruff, Burns & Currie. 2001). The role of kava use in these occurrences is discussed. Alcohol, tobacco, cannabis use and petrol sniffing as well as psycho-social factors were also noted in community health clinic files and health worker reports.

Results and conclusions: There was no evidence that hallucinations recorded in individuals were related to kava use. Instead, social and personal stress, pre-existing psychiatric conditions and excessive use of alcohol were more prominent. To describe the kinds of perceptual shifts experienced by kava users as hallucinations would seem imprudent without consideration of other environmental factors.
Collective guilt and pro-social behaviour: Implications for Indigenous and Non-Indigenous reconciliation in Australia
Authors: Roger Michelle S. B.
Published: August 2016

The existence of collective guilt and its influence on pro-social behaviours was investigated in the context of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous reconciliation in Australia. After the presentation of one of three (negative, positive, ambiguous) one-page Australian histories, 80 psychology undergraduates (47 females) from the Northern Territory University, aged from 18-50 years, indicated their level of national identity, perceived in-group variability, feelings of collective guilt, and how participants and the government should compensate Indigenous groups. Participants were also shown an internet petition, a ‘Sorry list’ apologising to Indigenous Australians, to which they could add their name. Perceptions of in-group variability, collective guilt, and out-group compensation were found to be dependent on participants' level of national identity. In order to facilitate reconciliation, the present data indicate psychographic segmentation of the Australian population, in order to tailor specific reconciliation information to these groups.
Bullying of, and Retaliation by, Aboriginal Students in an Australian Urban High School
Authors: Emery Christine , Hayes Rita T. , Parlet Madalyn Kelly
Published: August 2016

Qualitative research methods were used to explore the dynamics of racist bullying of, and retaliation by. Aboriginal students in a large, predominantly White, urban high school. Transcripts of recorded interviews and discussion groups with 11 Aboriginal students aged between 13 and 17 were analysed. Bullying by White students mainly took the form of verbal abuse, whereas retaliation by Aboriginal students was predominantly in the form of physical attacks. Aboriginal students tended to deal with bullying at the peer group level rather than by seeking adult intervention. This appears to have been because of poor teacher response and institutional racism. Recommendations are made for dealing with bullying issues in the school setting, and for future research.
Response Bias in Computerised Tests
Authors: Fogarty Gerard J.
Published: August 2016

Choosing a response format is a problem when designing computerised tests. Programmers often solve this problem by highlighting a response option and allowing the user to select this option or choose another by using the cursor keys. It is possible that such well-meaning attempts to make computers more user-friendly may heighten response style tendencies. The two experiments to be reported in this study were designed to test the effect of cursor positioning in personality and ability tests. In the first experiment, sixty two Participants were randomly assigned to two groups and asked to complete computerised versions of Forms A and B of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The position of the highlight was manipulated to produce a two-by-two factorial design with repeated measures on one factor. Results showed that there was evidence of a cursor effect but that it was confined to one of the conditions in the design. Experiment two employed the same sort of manipulation in a computerised version of the ACER Word Knowledge Test with another sample of 36 Participants. Here, no evidence was found for any effect of cursor positioning. Overall, it was concluded that the highlighting technique itself is unlikely to have any effect on measures of cognitive ability but that it may have some effect in the more subjective personality testing domain.
The use of a rapid priming technique I: Word recognition development in children
Authors: Castles Anne , Davis Chris
Published: August 2016

The masked priming procedure has been widely used in adult psycholinguistic research as a means of exploring early and automatic processes in written word recognition (see Davis & Castles, this issue). In this paper, we discuss the recent extension of this technique for use in exploring written vocabulary development in children learning to read. We first report data to show that robust masked priming effects can be produced in children as young as seven years old. We then outline the results of some recent studies which illustrate how masked priming data can uncover the processes by which children access written word representations and the ways in which these processes may change over time.
A review of cognitive and neurolinguistic deficits in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Watters Paul A. , Gurd Jennifer M.
Published: August 2016

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurological disorder which appears to be increasing in prevalence in the Asia-Pacific region among the elderly. Although PD is considered by many as a motor syndrome, its physiological basis in dopaminergic pathways has recently been associated with cognitive and neurolinguistic changes. This paper attempts to synthesise the common threads running through clinical and empirical work which has supported a specific cognitive word-finding deficit in PD. Recent computational accounts of the observed deficits are also reviewed as one way of testing theories of PD-like lexical-semantic errors, and generating empirically-testable hypotheses.
The Development of Psychology in Papua New Guinea: A Brief Review
Authors: Marai Leo
Published: August 2016

The development of psychology in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is briefly and critically reviewed in this paper. The primary foci in PNG, both in teaching and research, have been clinical psychology and selection testing. Despite significant developments during the colonial era, the period since independence has witnessed a stagnation, as reflected in outmoded selection procedures, low employer awareness of psychology, and a dearth of relevant, indigenous research. The primary causes of this stagnation are identified as cross-cultural psychology, the influence of expatriates, and political decisions. The paper concludes with some suggestions for regenerating psychology in PNG, including a project to assess what Papua New Guineans themselves would expect from any genuine indigenisation process.
Job satisfaction and burnout among nurses in a metropolitan hospital in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Kuaru Terence
Published: August 2016

93 female nurses in a metropolitan hospital in Papua New Guinea (PNG) responded to the Burnout Inventory (BI), the Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (JSQ), and a performance index to ascertain the existence of burnout among PNG nurses, its severity, and its relationship with performance and job satisfaction. Results showed that the majority of nurses in PNG do not experience burnout. The intensity and frequency of burnout symptoms were not related to any of the demographic variables assessed, or to job satisfaction and/or job performance.

The term “burnout” was first used by Herbert Freudenberger in 1974 to describe physical and psychological manifestations apparent in workers employed in the “helping” professions (Perlman & Hartman, 1982). The term was coined to distinguish it from what is commonly known as stress.

Technically, burnout differs from ordinary fatigue, depression, (Pines, Aronson, & Kafry, 1981), and stress (Fitter, 1986). Nevertheless, some see burnout as a stress induced condition (Reilly & Clevenger, 1988; Fitter, 1986). This view originated from the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model of stress pioneered by Hans Selye during the 1950's (Selye, 1976; 1983).
Metacognition, cognition and learning: Old dubitations and new directions
Authors: Davidson Graham
Published: August 2016

Research into metacognition, a relatively new construct in the cognitive sciences, has been prodigious over the last decade. This is despite continuing doubts about its heuristic value. Initial doubts emphasised difficulties associated with definition of the construct, the limited predictive power of metacognitive task performance in relation to actual cognitive task or test performance and, relatedly, difficulties in operationalising the construct in specific thinking and problem solving contexts. Subsequent cross-cultural research has focussed on the degree to which metacognitive thinking is situationalised according to cultural context and thinking task, despite the implication that such thinking, by nature, is “multicontextual.” It then questioned the extent to which different social and cultural groups differ in their construction of the metacognitive level of knowledge and its relevance to their everyday life task performance and thinking.
Personality and dietary correlates of coronary heart disease among Indians
Authors: Khanna S. , Sharma O. P. , Kotia B. L.
Published: August 2016

98 cases of first heart attack were selected for the study. The group included 4 patients from business, 24 housewives and 70 from the service class. Ages ranged from 23 to 70 years. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and a Diet Inventory were administered. Diet variables included: (a) caffeine (b) saturated fat (c) unsaturated fat, (d) cooking fat, (e) type of milk used, and (f) total fat consumed. Patients were classified as neurotics (67.3% of cases), extroverts (19.4% of cases), and liars (13.3% of cases) on the basis of their EPQ scores (there were no patients classed as psychotics). The three groups differed on tea consumption, cooking fat consumption, and total fat consumption. Neuroticism was associated with “coronary heart disease;” extroversion and lying were related to “heart attack.”

There is evidence from both sides of Atlantic that, with increasing wealth, there is increased consumption of meat, salt, vegetables, refined cereal and an increased intake of alcohol and tobacco (World Health Organisation, 1982). These increases are associated with increased incidence of degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease and hypertension, and all are common causes of death and disability in industrialized countries (World Health Organisation,1982).
Mind as Brain
Authors: Galloway Graeme A.
Published: August 2016

Views presented in this journal by Lea (1991) and Mules (1992) concerning whether human mental states can be studied empirically are evaluated in this article; I conclude that both authors' positions are self-defeating. Specifically, Lea's subjectivistic analysis of mind results in it being impossible to know the meaning of mental terms both in our own case and in the case of others; this problem cannot be avoided by using argument by analogy. The relativistic theory of knowledge, within which Mules suggests that the empirical study of mind can proceed, does not enable us to have knowledge about mental states or anything else. It is argued that mind-brain identity theory provides a defensible account of the mind which does not rule out in principle the possibility of studying it empirically.
What Shall We Do with Sport Psychology?
Authors: Boorer David R.
Published: August 2016

Sport psychology has attracted the support of athletes and coaches in recent years but has yet to win the approval of mainstream academic psychology. This article considers arguments for and against the proposition that sport psychology is a legitimate subdiscipline within psychology.
Why do Philosophers and Psychologists Prefer to Ignore Each Other's Work?
Authors: Lea David R.
Published: August 2016

This paper aims to clarify certain assumptions, methods and conclusions which have tended to divide philosophy and psychology. In order to demonstrate these diffenees, I have selected certain issues and developments within the philosophy of language which are relevant to behaviourism and cognitive theory. What I will demonstrate is that the assumptions, methods, and conclusions of an enquiry are often related to beliefs about the duality of the human subject. I also point out that philosophers are not unanimous about the existence of this alleged duality. Accordingly, I show that when philosophers abandon the dualistic interpretation, they also reject the idea that philosophy and psychology are fundamentally irreconcilable disciplines. In demonstrating this point, I refer to the work of Noam Chomsky on linguistic structure and cognitive capacity.
A Look at Psychology in Papua New Guinea Since Independence
Authors: Price John R.
Published: August 2016

When the New Guinea Psychologist ceased publication, psychology in Papua New Guinea effectively lost its voice. The journal had been closely linked with both the P.N.G. branch of the Australian Psychological Society (A.Ps.S.) and the Psychological Services Branch of the Public Service Commission. The decision to wind-up the A.Ps.S. in Papua New Guinea was taken in anticipation of independence, and the same event saw substantial changes in the personnel of the Public Service. As a result, the New Guinea Psychologist also went out of existence, and the only journal in P.N.G. devoted specifically to the publication of psychological reports and discussion became extinct.

In the post-independence years, many changes occurred in melanesian psychology, but they were less adequately discussed and publicised than in earlier times. Research did not cease; if anything it expanded during that time. However, the absence of a readily identifiable forum for psychological discussion meant that most research received less attention from practicing psychologists in P.N.G. because the material was published in reports, which had limited circulation, or in overseas journals, or was not publishld at all. The final issue of New Guinean Psychologist was published in December 1974, by which time both Editors had left the country. Plans for the further development of the journal never came to fruition. The purpose of the present paper is to review developments in psychology since 1974.
Appropriate Community Psychology in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Forsyth Stewart
Published: August 2016

To ensure that psychological procedures fit into the community, seven dimensions of ‘appropriateness’ must be evaluated. Counselling training, which has been provided to community workers, is considered in terms of these criteria including its relevance to dealing with the behavioural problems of urban Papua New Guineans.
Darkness Into Light: Missionaries, Modernists and Aboriginal Education
Authors: Christie Michael J.
Published: August 2016

One of the early missionaries at Milingimbi is said to have rounded up men from a ceremony and hosed off the sacred designs they had painted on their chests. I have often been told that story, always by Balanda1 usually as a way of illustrating how terrible missionaries can be. Ali the same, other Balanda in other places were often a lot worse. Missionaries for example did not poison water holes and flour. Moreover the missionaries were not always feared or distrusted.
Traeger Park School: Closing the Options
Authors: Walton Chris
Published: August 2016

This paper will explore some of the pedagogical, social and political issues surrounding a 1991 decision to dose an urban school servicing Aboriginal students in the Northern Territory. In order to contextualise the discussion, a brief description of recent State and Federal government policy documents will be provided, along with a description of the school. This will be followed by an analysis of the decision and subsequent events. Some comparisons will be made with similar events and other court cases in Australia and overseas. This discussion highlights the conflict between the Federal government's policy of self-determination and the Territory government's assimilationist practices as well as the discourses used to override the parents' aspirations to keep the school open.
Aboriginal Studies Units: Holy Rosary School – Derby
Authors: Familari Tony
Published: August 2016

This is a P-7 school with 200 students. Aboriginal students: 85%. There are 2 qualified Aboriginal teachers in the school while some Aboriginal Teaching Assistants (ATAs) are in their second and third year of teacher training. Ngarinyin, Worrorra, Wunambal, Nyikina, Bardi and Kriol are all spoken in Derby.
Outstation School.S - A Case History
Authors: Pugh Derek
Published: August 2016

Maningrida is one of the largest of the Aboriginal communities in the ‘Top End’ of the Northern Territory. It is located on the eastern bank of the Liverpool River and is home for some 1000 residents. Maningrida is identified on most maps but what is not so readily identified is the large number of smaller communities, located within a 100 kilometre radius of Maningrida and provided with services from there (see Map 1). These small communities (outstations or homeland centres) are found on the homelands of the families who live within them and the groups are usually quite small.
Stand Up My Country, Stand Up! Aboriginal Views on Education Since Colonisation
Authors: Frawley Jack
Published: August 2016

Aboriginal artists, authors and songwriters have expressed their thoughts and experiences about Aboriginal education through plays, poems, short stories, novels and songs. Their views cover a broad spectrum of educational issues that focus on educational experiences since contact, the teaching of traditional Aboriginal knowledge as part of the school curriculum, and other issues in both ways education.
Aboriginal Students and Social Justice
Authors: Wellington David
Published: August 2016

Social justice has emerged over the past decade to ensure that all Australians have the opportunity to participate fully and effectively in creating and sharing the nation's resources. The South Australian Social Justice Strategy Unit (1989, p.7), suggests that “a sense of social justice fair and equal treatment is built into the Australian character”. Social justice can be applied to all aspects of the Australian society. Health, welfare and education, to name a few.
School Days in the Early Seventies in Far North Queensland
Authors: Deemera Edward
Published: August 2016

At Yarrabah primary school, Mr. Flighter was my normal teacher when I was in grade seven. He taught us every morning and then we went to different classes.
Teaching Aboriginal Studies: Some Problems of Culturalism in an Inner City School#
Authors: Crowley Vicki
Published: August 2016

Aboriginal Studies has now been a part of the South Australian curriculum for many years and most of the writing about teaching Aboriginal Studies has focused on appropriate content and pedagogues with little critical appraisal of the actual implementation of Aboriginal Studies curricula. A research project carried out in an inner city Adelaide secondary school suggests that it is crucial for those of us engaged in the teaching of Aboriginal Studies and Aboriginal students, to turn attention to the taken-for-granted presuppositions and ideologies that inform teacher understandings and practices in Aboriginal Studies.
Ayeye Ntyarlke-kerte: The story of the Ntyarlke Caterpillar The making of a ground Mosaic
Authors: Bowden Mike
Published: August 2016

The Ntyarlke Unit is a special program unit of the Catholic High School (CHS) offering education to Aboriginal youth from the town camps of Mparntwe (Alice Springs). These students are mostly Arrernte speakers and descendants of the traditional owners of the McDonnell Range country of Central Australia.
A

n

angu Empowerment
Authors: Costi Richard , Deans Helen
Published: August 2016

In the International Year of the World's Indigenous Peoples, it is appropriate to celebrate the successes of Anangu empowerment in the Anangu schools.
Science and Aboriginal Education
Authors: Edwards Peter
Published: August 2016

In our society success in science is important for students as a means to full participation, empowerment, and access to career/further study options. Science in schools is an area of concern for Aboriginal education because of the low number of Aboriginal students who experience this success. Goal 3 of the Common And Agreed National Goals For Schooling In Australia (May, 1989) speaks of “equality of educational opportunities” and providing for “groups with special learning requirements”. For Aboriginal students, academic success and cultural identity are twin priorities: achievement and success need to go hand in hand with a strengthening and deepening of cultural identity. Students' Aboriginality must not be denied by learning programs which define science purely in terms of the dominant Western culture.
Moving into the System; Early Childhood Programs as a Bridge to School for Aboriginal Communities
Authors: Glover Anne
Published: August 2016

This a report on a study of the early childhood service needs of six South Australian Aboriginal communities, commissioned by the South Australian Children's Services Office and funded by the SA Aboriginal Education and Training Advisory Committee.
Structures of Discourse: Some Implications for Teachers of Aboriginal Children
Authors: Gledhill Ruth
Published: August 2016

The English language differs from others both in the patterns and the sociolinguistic conventions of its discourse. This paper uses forms of greeting as a specific reference as to how cross cultural communication can break down when Aboriginal people and English speakers interact.
Aboriginalizing Post Primary Curriculum
Authors: Christie Michael
Published: August 2016

When we talk about Aboriginalizing education, we have to find ways of describing or analyzing what happens in education, which will help us to understand what needs to be done. For me, one of the most useful ways of thinking about education is to make a clear distinction between what is taught (the content, or message of education), and how it is taught (the methods, or processes or the medium of education). In traditional white education, both the content and the process of education reflect the white ways of looking at the world. In traditional Aboriginal education, the process and content of education are both Aboriginal.
The Junior Health Worker Program at Lajamanu
Authors: Napaljarri T.Matthews , Nicholls C. , Henssler J. , Prosser M.
Published: August 2016

Lajamanu is a remote, traditionally oriented Aboriginal community on the Northern edge of the Tanami Desert. The population comprises about 700 Warlpiri people, and 40 white people most of whom are involved in the delivery of public services.
Effective Teachers
Authors: O’Keefe E.A. (Tim)
Published: August 2016

This article is essentially a review of an article by J.P. Fanshawe which appeared some 12 years ago inThe Aboriginal Child at School[Vol.4 No.3, 1976]. The comments are still valid today and will probably be valid ten years hence.

In the article Fanshawe puts forward a particularly sound argument on what personal and professional characteristics are necessary for a teacher to become effective in teaching nontraditionally oriented adolescent Aborigines. I believe that many of the attributes Fanshawe advocates are equally applicable to teachers involved in teaching Aborigines in the Primary school and indeed, to teachers in general.
Learning the Mature Way - a Case Study
Authors: Smith Anne-Marie
Published: August 2016

This paper centres on the theme of adult learning by reporting through specific illustration how a small group of mature students successfully got over the formal learning hurdle of education when faced with pre-tertiary syllabus components. The study also presents a concrete breakdown and examples of the students’ approach to work or, to use Christie's phrase again, of the “product goals” they were aiming at.
The Emu Hunting Kit – An Analysis and Evaluation
Authors: McGinty Suzanne
Published: August 2016

This essay provides an analysis and evaluation of The Emu Hunting Kit. It looks at the background to the production of the materials and the problem which arose in deciding in which language to publish. Then the kit is discussed under five clusters of issues which relate to the production of a kit of Aboriginal Studies: the preparation, presentation, content, cultural attitudes and the teaching of the unit.
Culture Boundaries, Culture Maintenance-in-Change, and Two-Way Aboriginal Schools
Authors: Harris Stephen
Published: August 2016

Remote Aboriginal culture(s) and Western culture(s) are two of the most diverse culture groups on earth. In the context of these two fundamentally different world views, Aboriginal formal schooling is facing a major dilemma. Simply put this dilemma is that while most Aboriginal parents have a deep desire for their children to ‘grow up Aboriginal’, they also want their children to succeed in Western schooling and to perform successfully in some aspects of white culture, thereby reducing dependency on white expertise in their communities.
Literacy, Genocide and the Media
Authors: Christie Michael J.
Published: August 2016

The structures of a traditional school curriculum, time-table, and teaching practices can, by their very nature, be destructive of Aboriginal identity and traditional Aboriginal education, even when, on the surface, the content of the school curriculum is Aboriginal. This article explores the idea that the processes of reading and writing and making books, movies and videos can also be very destructive of Aboriginal identity when these things are controlled by the imagination of white educators and media makers.
Aboriginal Hearing Program: NT Department of Education
Authors: Hayhurst Bev
Published: August 2016

Otitis Media or middle ear infection is more common in Australian Aboriginal children than in any other population. The associated hearing loss causes added learning difficulties for these children particularly when learning a second language.

We are all aware of the results of numerous prevalence surveys taken over the past 25 years which suggest that 25 - 50% of all Aboriginal children in school classrooms are likely to be suffering a significant hearing loss at any one time (Neinhuys, 1988; Quinn 1983; Stuart et al., 1972, 1973; Willis, 1985). The incidence of infection varies from place to place and seasonally as well. In some school populations as many as 54% of children have been shown to have significant hearing loss (Quinn, 1985). There is a widely held view that a fluctuating conductive hearing loss over a long period of time can prove to have serious implications on the child’s developing behaviour, language competence and educational performance.
A Preliminary Report on the Establishment of the Remote Area Teacher Education Program (RATEP) at Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Sites in North Queensland
Authors: McGarvie Neil
Published: August 2016

The Queensland Department of Education has instigated, planned and supported, over a significant period of time, various programs to enable Aboriginal and Islander entrants to become trained and qualified teachers. Such programs have included for example:

● teacher training which did not lead to a formal teacher qualification, such as the Aboriginal/Islander course provided at the then North Brisbane {Kedron Park) CAE;

● the Associate Diploma of Education at Cairns College of TAFE, which led to employment as an Aboriginal/Islander Community Teacher;

● the programs with enclave support, (such as those at Mt Gravatt CAE, Kelvin Grove CAE, James Cook University Aboriginal and Islander Teacher Education Program, AITEP), leading to a Diploma of Teaching or further awards, with full teacher registration.
Mild Hearing Loss and Aboriginal Children’s Learning
Authors: Howard Damien
Published: August 2016

The failure at school of Aboriginal students from traditional backgrounds has generally been ascribed to cultural differences. This study, however, investigated the relationship between Aboriginal children's learning and hearing loss. Aboriginal students with hearing loss were found to be different in that they used the highly verbal teacher-oriented behaviours, which were associated with school success, less than other students. There was evidence that some students with hearing loss used alternative peer-oriented learning strategies with some success. Also compensatory practises by teachers, including using Aboriginal teaching styles, appeared to assist some students with hearing loss.
Developing an Orthography for Bardi: Some Problems
Authors: Neville Maurice
Published: August 2016

If you work in a school which has an Aboriginal language program, you may have heard a new teacher make a comment similar to the one above. You may even remember making such a comment yourself! Teachers often become confused and frustrated when they try to use school resources, books and other teaching materials, only to find that the Aboriginal language has not always been written in the same way. The development of an orthography, a way of writing a language, is not a simple matter. Many, if not most, Aboriginal languages have been written in various ways over the years as linguists and others have revised the work of those before them. In this article I look at some of the problems encountered when developing an orthography for the Bardi language, in order to give teachers, and particularly new teachers, some understanding of the complications that can be involved. These include practical linguistic problems, as well as broader social issues that arise with such linguistic work.
So You’ve Been Appointed to a Torres Strait School: A Thumbnail Sketch of the Socio-Historical Context of Torres Strait Education
Authors: Osborne Barry
Published: August 2016

On the basis of my own experience as a teacher in Torres Strait from 1968-1972 and feedback from preservice teachers studying “Education in Torres Strait”, I have decided to provide teachers and principals new to the region some background information on the context in which they find themselves. My position is that education is constrained by its present socio-political context which has been shaped by its past.