bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Session 1: Introduction to COPE
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 3 outlines the first treatment session of the COPE program. This includes a detailed outline of the program and the treatment procedures used, the development of treatment goals and the treatment contract. Breathing exercises designed to reduce stress are also explored.
Session 6: Imaginal Exposure Continued and Awareness of High-Risk Thoughts
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 8 discusses the sixth COPE treatment session. This session involves a review of the patient’s goals and progress with regards to their substance abuse, and an imaginal exposure exercise. High-risk thoughts are also introduced and explored. These include the desire for escape or relaxation, socialization, nostalgia, or testing control.
Session 8: Imaginal Exposure Continued and Refusal Skills
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 10 outlines the eighth session of the COPE program. This session focuses on the development of skills to effectively refuse alcohol or drugs when they are presented (including nonverbal and verbal refusal behaviors).
Session 11: Final Imaginal Exposure and Anger Management
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 13 outlines the eleventh COPE program session. A final imaginal exposure is performed, and the chapter discusses anger management strategies (such as reassessment of the situation, and challenging thoughts using the ABC model)
Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE)
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) is a an integrated treatment cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy program designed for patients who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a co-occurring alcohol or drug use disorder. COPE represents an integration of two evidence-based treatments: Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy for PTSD and Relapse Prevention for substance use disorders, where both the PTSD and substance use disorder are addressed concurrently in therapy by the same clinician, and patients can experience substantial reductions in both PTSD symptoms and substance use severity. The program includes information about how PTSD symptoms and substance use interact with one another; information about the most common reactions to trauma; techniques to help the patient manage cravings and thoughts about using alcohol or drugs; coping skills to help the patient prevent relapse to substances; a breathing retraining relaxation exercise; and in vivo (real life) and imaginal exposures to target the patient's PTSD symptoms.
Outline of This Treatment Program
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides the therapist with an outline of the COPE treatment and components of each session (e.g. check-in, review homework, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD] focus, substance use disorder focus). Questions regarding who can deliver the therapy are addressed, as well as questions regarding the role of medications. Finally, special considerations for delivering treatment to patients with PTSD and comorbid substance use disorders are reviewed for the therapist.
Session 5: Imaginal Exposure Continued and Planning for Emergencies
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes session 5 of the COPE therapy. The therapist’s instructions for how to provide and process imaginal exposure are reviewed in this chapter. Then, the therapist will be guided on how to help the patient generate a personal emergency coping plan for high-risk situations that may increase risk for using alcohol or drugs. The difference between a lapse (e.g. a slip) and a relapse is reviewed for the therapist.
Session 7: Imaginal Exposure Continued and Managing High-Risk Thoughts
Authors: Back Sudie E. , Foa Edna B. , Killeen Therese K. , Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Cotton Bonnie Dansky , Carroll Kathleen M. , Brady Kathleen T.
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes session 7 of the COPE therapy. This chapter instructs the therapist to conduct and process the imaginal exposure. This chapter shows the therapist how to teach patients about the ABC model (Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences), as well as the basics of cognitive restructuring.
Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders
Authors: Barlow David  H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

This online therapist guide is a radical departure from disorder-specific treatments of various emotional disorders, and is designed to be applicable to all anxiety and unipolar mood disorders, as well as other disorders with strong emotional components, such as many somatoform and dissociative disorders. It covers the Unified Protocol (UP), which capitalizes on the contributions made by cognitive-behavioral theorists by distilling and incorporating the common principles of CBT present in all evidenced based protocols for specific emotional disorders, as well as drawing on the field of emotion science for insights into deficits in emotion regulation. It covers the seven modules of UP, and focuses on four core strategies to help patients: becoming mindfully aware of emotional experience; reappraising rigid emotion laden attributions; identifying and preventing behavioral and emotional avoidance; and facilitating exposure to both interoceptive and situational cues associated with emotional experiences.
Module 5: Emotion Avoidance
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 10 discusses the fifth module of treatment on emotion avoidance. Emotion avoidance is introduced and common emotion-avoidance strategies are linked to the disorder with which they are most often associated. In-session exercises are provided to demonstrate emotion avoidance.
Theoretical Foundation for the Body Project
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

The Body Project is grounded in both the Dual Pathway model of eating pathology and Cognitive Dissonance theory. The Dual Pathway model posits that women's internalization of the thin-ideal of beauty and the sociocultural pressures to be thin lead to body dissatisfaction. Body dissatisfaction is thought to lead to eating disordered behaviors through dietary restriction and negative affect. Cognitive Dissonance theory states that when behaviors are inconsistent with cognitions, psychological discomfort results which leads people to change their thoughts or behaviors to restore consistency. In the Body Project participants discuss the costs of pursuing the unrealistic thin-ideal, which prompts a reduction in this attitudinal risk factor for eating disorders.
Stable Fluorescent and Enzymatic Tagging of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens to Analyze Host-Plant Infection and Colonization
Authors: Ledermann Raphael , Bartsch Ilka , Remus-Emsermann Mitja N. , Vorholt Julia A. , Fischer Hans-Martin
Published: June 2015

Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110 (formerly named Bradyrhizobium japonicum) can fix dinitrogen when living as an endosymbiont in root nodules of soybean and some other legumes. Formation of a functional symbiosis relies on a defined developmental program mediated by controlled gene expression in both symbiotic partners. In contrast to other well-studied Rhizobium-legume model systems that have been thoroughly examined by means of genetically tagged strains, analysis of B. diazoefficiens host infection has been impaired due to the lack of suitable tagging systems. Here, we describe the construction of B. diazoefficiens strains constitutively expressing single-copy genes for fluorescent proteins (eBFP2, mTurquoise2, GFP+, sYFP2, mCherry, HcRed) and enzymes (GusA, LacZ). For stable inheritance, the constructs were recombined into the chromosome. Effectiveness and versatility of the tagged strains was demonstrated in plant infection assays. (i) The infection process was followed from root-hair attachment to colonization of nodule cells with epifluorescent microscopy. (ii) Monitoring mixed infections with two strains producing different fluorescent proteins allowed rapid analysis of nodule occupancy and revealed that the majority of nodules contained clonal populations. (iii) Microscopic analysis of nodules induced by fluorescent strains provided evidence for host-dependent control of B. diazoefficiens bacteroid morphology in nodules of Aeschynomene afraspera and Arachis hypogaea (peanut), as deduced from their altered morphology compared with bacteroids in soybean nodules.
Loss of bcbrn1 and bcpks13 in Botrytis cinerea Not Only Blocks Melanization But Also Increases Vegetative Growth and Virulence
Authors: Zhang Chenghua , He Yifan , Zhu Pinkuan , Chen Lu , Wang Yiwen , Ni Bing , Xu Ling
Published: June 2015

Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes gray mold disease in a broad range of plants. Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is a major component of the extracellular matrix of B. cinerea, but knowledge of the exact role of melanin biosynthesis in this pathogen is unclear. In this study, we characterize two genes in B. cinerea, bcpks13 and bcbrn1, encoding polyketide synthase and tetrahydroxynaphthalene (THN) reductases, respectively, and both have predicted roles in DHN melanin biosynthesis. The ∆bcpks13 and ∆bcbrn1 mutants show white and orange pigmentation, respectively, and the mutants are also deficient in conidiation in vitro but show enhanced growth rates and virulence on hosts. Moreover, the mutants display elevated acidification of the complete medium (CM), probably due to oxalic acid secretion and secretion of cell wall–degrading enzymes, and preferably utilize plant cell-wall components as carbon sources for mycelium growth in vitro. In contrast, overexpression of bcbrn1 (OE::bcbrn1 strain) results in attenuated hydrolytic enzyme secretion, acidification ability, and virulence. Taken together, these results indicate that bcpks13 and bcbrn1 participate in diverse cellular and developmental processes, such as melanization and conidiation in B. cinerea in vitro, but they negatively regulate the virulence of this pathogen.
Cyclopropyl-methoxycarbonyl Metomidate
Authors: Santer Peter , Pejo Ervin , Feng Yan , Chao Wei , Raines Douglas E.
Published: June 2015

AbstractAbstract

A 1-h cyclopropyl-methoxycarbonyl metomidate infusion produced less suppression of adrenocortical steroid synthesis, less elevated plasma inflammatory cytokine concentrations, and lower mortality than did an etomidate infusion in an Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide rat model of sepsis.

Background:

Cyclopropyl-methoxycarbonyl metomidate (CPMM) is a rapidly metabolized etomidate analog that is currently in clinical trials. The goal of this study is to assess CPMM’s potential value as an anesthetic agent for use in patients with sepsis by defining its actions in an acute inflammatory model of sepsis.

Methods:

Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg) was injected intravenously into Sprague–Dawley rats. Thirty minutes later, CPMM, etomidate, or vehicle (n = 8 per group) was infused for 1 h. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosterone, and cytokine (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α) concentrations were measured before, during, and after infusion.

Results:

After lipopolysaccharide injection, adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations changed similarly over time in all three groups. Compared with vehicle group rats, CPMM group rats had significantly lower corticosterone concentrations at only a single study time point during infusion and no significant differences in cytokine concentrations at any time during the study period. Compared with etomidate group rats, CPMM group rats had significantly higher corticosterone concentrations (up to nine-fold) during and after hypnotic infusion. Cytokine concentrations in CPMM group rats and vehicle group rats were not significantly different, but they were significantly lower than those in etomidate group rats. Postinfusion mortality was 40% in etomidate group rats and 0% in CPMM and vehicle group rats.

Conclusion:

Compared with etomidate, CPMM produces less adrenocortical suppression, lower plasma cytokine concentrations, and improved survival in a lipopolysaccharide inflammatory model of sepsis. These results suggest that CPMM may be a safer alternative to etomidate in patients with sepsis.
Chromosome Conformation Capture Carbon Copy (5C) in Budding Yeast
Authors: Belton Jon-Matthew , Dekker Job
Published: June 2015

Chromosome conformation capture carbon copy (5C) is a high-throughput method for detecting ligation products of interest in a chromosome conformation capture (3C) library. 5C uses ligation-mediated amplification (LMA) to generate carbon copies of 3C ligation product junctions using single-stranded oligonucleotide probes. This procedure produces a 5C library of short DNA molecules which represent the interactions between the corresponding restriction fragments. The 5C library can be amplified using universal primers containing the Illumina paired-end adaptor sequences for subsequent high-throughput sequencing.
Immunostaining Using an Antibody against Active Caspase-3 to Detect Apoptotic Cells in Drosophila
Authors: Denton Donna , Kumar Sharad
Published: June 2015

The activation of mammalian caspase-3 after proteolytic cleavage adjacent to residue Asp175 produces a large (17/19-kDa), active subunit. A commercially available antibody recognizes the large, active subunit of caspase-3 but not the full-length inactive caspase-3. This antibody has also been shown to detect active Drosophila effector caspases. Here, we present a protocol showing how this antibody can be used to detect apoptotic cells in various Drosophila tissues and developmental stages and discuss the specificity of the antibody.
Two-Photon Imaging of Neuronal Structural Plasticity in Mice during and after Ischemia
Authors: Murphy Timothy H.
Published: June 2015

To gain insight into the dendritic structural changes that occur within minutes of ischemia, as well as circuit-level plasticity that occurs over days to weeks, it is necessary to devise stroke models for anesthetized transgenic mice that are compatible with in vivo imaging methods. In particular, we are interested in examining events during the first few minutes of ischemia that are associated with a wave of ischemic depolarization. Given the short latency to ischemic depolarization (∼2 min), we have found it necessary to develop ischemia models that can be initiated while the animal is within the two-photon microscope for in vivo imaging. We describe both a global ischemia model and a targeted photothrombotic ischemia model in green fluorescent protein- and yellow fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice in which in vivo imaging of dendritic structure can be performed. The advantage of the global model is the speed with which ischemia can be induced and reversed, whereas the focal model lacks precise temporal control but can be targeted to a select region.
Why individualized contact policies are critical in the mass affluent market
Authors: Bitran Gabriel , Mondschein Susana
Published: June 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the optimal contact policies for customers that belong to the mass affluent market.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors formulate a stochastic dynamic programming model to determine the optimal frequency of contacts in order to maximize the expected return of the company.

Findings

The authors show that personalized marketing strategies provide a competitive advantage to companies that contact their customers directly through, for example, phone calls or meetings. The authors show that a threshold policy is only optimal for customers with increasing sensitivity to contact. In all other cases, optimal policies might have a less intuitive structure. The authors also study the importance of the size of the customer database and determine the optimal maximum recency when maintenance costs are present.

Practical implications

Contact policies should be tailored for each company/industry individually, due to their sensitivity to customers’ purchasing behavior.
Work-life interface of Portuguese international business travelers
Authors: Pinto Luísa Helena , Maia Helena Salgueirinho
Published: June 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the narratives of the work-life interface (WLI) of Portuguese international business travelers.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured interviews with 14 Portuguese international business travelers were conducted to expose the narratives of the WLI in terms of demands, resources, and coping and how these work-life events shape work-identity.

Findings

The findings show that: work-life events are interconnected and are sources of conflict and enrichment; work-life boundaries are personally managed and socially enacted; and WLI shapes work-identity. The analysis shows that occupational travel can be both a source of positive self-regard and fulfillment that entails high work-identity and low boundary control or a source of conflict and identity threat. In either case, work-life coping is devised to prompt self-worth.

Originality/value

Following the findings from this exploratory study, several research propositions are outlined for international business travelers, highlighting the interactions between work-life centrality, work-life boundary management and work-identity. In extending the work-life research to international business travelers this study reveals the extent to which the advancement of work-life research benefits from the theoretical and empirical contributions of the literature on work-identity.
The role of information technology in the environmental performance of the firm
Authors: Gimenez Cristina , Sierra Vicenta , Rodon Juan , Rodriguez Jorge Andres
Published: June 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of information technologies (IT) in the impact of environmental practices on environmental performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use data from the fifth (2009) round of the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS) which includes responses from manufacturing plants within the manufacturing industry in Brazil, China, Germany, Hungary and USA. The authors use multiple regression analysis to test the relationship between environmental practices and environmental performance and the moderating effect of IT.

Findings

The paper finds evidence that IT strengthens the relationship between environmental practices and environmental performance. The IT construct is operationalized through IT-enabled control and IT-enabled coordination. The results confirm the established relationship between environmental practices and environmental performance and show that IT-enabled coordination moderates the relationship between environmental practices and environmental performance.

Originality/value

This research contributes to the literature of green operations in the following ways: First, this paper offers an alternative explanation about the role of IT; the authors provide evidence that existing IT resources that support the coordination between product design and manufacturing strengthen the effect of environmental practices. Second, this paper provides evidence that environmental practices can take advantages of the IT resources embedded in daily plants’ routines to enhance plants’ environmental performance. Overall, this research provides suggestions to managers about the role that IT plays in the implementation of environmental practices.
Functional leaf traits of vascular epiphytes: vertical trends within the forest, intra‐ and interspecific trait variability, and taxonomic signals
Authors: Petter Gunnar , Wagner Katrin , Wanek Wolfgang , Sánchez Delgado Eduardo Javier , Zotz Gerhard , Cabral Juliano Sarmento , Kreft Holger
Published: June 2015

Analysing functional traits along environmental gradients can improve our understanding of the mechanisms structuring plant communities. Within forests, vertical gradients in light intensity, temperature and humidity are often pronounced. Vascular epiphytes are particularly suitable for studying the influence of these vertical gradients on functional traits because they lack contact with the soil and thus individual plants are entirely exposed to different environmental conditions, from the dark and humid understorey to the sunny and dry outer canopy.

In this study, we analysed multiple aspects of the trait‐based ecology of vascular epiphytes: shifts in trait values with height above ground (as a proxy for vertical environmental gradients) at community and species level, the importance of intra‐ vs. interspecific trait variability, and trait differences among taxonomic groups. We assessed ten leaf traits for 1151 individuals belonging to 83 epiphyte species of all major taxonomic groups co‐occurring in a Panamanian lowland forest.

Community mean trait values of many leaf traits were strongly correlated with height and particularly specific leaf area and chlorophyll concentration showed nonlinear, negative trends.

Intraspecific trait variability was pronounced and accounted for one‐third of total observed trait variance. Intraspecific trait adjustments along the vertical gradient were common and seventy per cent of all species showed significant trait–height relationships. In addition, intraspecific trait variability was positively correlated with the vertical range occupied by species.

We observed significant trait differences between major taxonomic groups (orchids, ferns, aroids, bromeliads). In ferns, for instance, leaf dry matter content was almost twofold higher than in the other taxonomic groups. This indicates that some leaf traits are taxonomically conserved.

Our study demonstrates that vertical environmental gradients strongly influence functional traits of vascular epiphytes. In order to understand community composition along such gradients, it is central to study several aspects of trait‐based ecology, including both community and intraspecific trends of multiple traits.
Response of bacterial colonization in Nematostella vectensis to development, environment and biogeography
Authors: Mortzfeld Benedikt M. , Urbanski Szymon , Reitzel Adam M. , Künzel Sven , Technau Ulrich , Fraune Sebastian
Published: June 2015

The establishment of host–bacterial colonization during development is a fundamental process influencing the fitness of many organisms, but the factors controlling community membership and influencing the establishment of the microbial ecosystem during development are poorly understood. The starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis serves as a cnidarian model organism due to the availability of laboratory cultures and its high tolerance for broad ranges of salinity and temperature. Here, we show that the anemone's epithelia are colonized by diverse bacterial communities and that the composition of its microbiota is tightly coupled to host development. Environmental variations led to robust adjustments in the microbial composition while still maintaining the ontogenetic core signature. In addition, analysis of bacterial communities of Nematostella polyps from five different populations revealed a strong correlation between host biogeography and bacterial diversity despite years of laboratory culturing. These observed variations in fine‐scale community composition following environmental change and for individuals from different geographic origins could represent the microbiome's contribution to host acclimation and potentially adaptation, respectively, and thereby contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis due to environmental changes.
Concentration and retention of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by marine snails demonstrate a novel mechanism for transmission of terrestrial zoonotic pathogens in coastal ecosystems
Authors: Krusor Colin , Smith Woutrina A. , Tinker M. Tim , Silver Mary , Conrad Patricia A. , Shapiro Karen
Published: June 2015

The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is an environmentally persistent pathogen that can cause fatal disease in humans, terrestrial warm‐blooded animals and aquatic mammals. Although an association between T. gondii exposure and prey specialization on marine snails was identified in threatened California sea otters, the ability of kelp‐dwelling snails to transmit terrestrially derived pathogens has not been previously investigated. The objective of this study was to measure concentration and retention of T. gondii by marine snails in laboratory aquaria, and to test for natural T. gondii contamination in field‐collected snails. Following exposure to T. gondii‐containing seawater, oocysts were detected by microscopy in snail faeces and tissues for 10 and 3 days respectively. Nested polymerase chain reaction was also applied as a method for confirming putative T. gondii oocysts detected in snail faeces and tissues by microscopy. Toxoplasma gondii was not detected in field‐collected snails. Results suggest that turban snails are competent transport hosts for T. gondii. By concentrating oocysts in faecal pellets, snails may facilitate entry of T. gondii into the nearshore marine food web. This novel mechanism also represents a general pathway by which marine transmission of terrestrially derived microorganisms can be mediated via pathogen concentration and retention by benthic invertebrates.
Population dynamics of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in Sikhote‐Alin Biosphere Zapovednik: 1966–2012
Authors: MIQUELLE Dale G. , SMIRNOV Evgeny N. , ZAUMYSLOVA Olga Yu. , SOUTYRINA Svetlana V. , JOHNSON Douglas H.
Published: June 2015

In 2010, the world's tiger (Panthera tigris) range countries agreed to the goal of doubling tiger numbers over 12 years, but whether such an increase is biologically feasible has not been assessed. Long‐term monitoring of tigers in Sikhote‐Alin Biosphere Zapovednik (SABZ), Russia provided an opportunity to determine growth rates of a recovering population. A 41‐year growth phase was followed by a rapid decline in tiger numbers. Annual growth rates during the growth phase averaged 4.6%, beginning near 10% in the earliest years but quickly dropping below 5%. Sex ratio (females per male) mirrored growth rates, declining as population size increased. The rapid decline from 2009 to 2012 appeared to be tied to multiple factors, including poaching, severe winters and disease. Reproductive indicators of this population are similar to those of Bengal tiger populations, suggesting that growth rates may be similar. These results suggest that, first, tiger populations likely in general grow slowly: 3–5% yearly increases are realistic and larger growth rates are likely only when populations are highly depressed, mortality rates are low and prey populations are high relative to numbers of adult females. Second, while more research is needed, it should not be assumed that tiger populations with high prey densities will necessarily grow more quickly than populations with low prey densities. Third, while growth is slow, decline can be rapid. Fourth, because declines can happen so quickly, there is a constant need to monitor populations and be ready to respond with appropriate and timely conservation interventions if tiger populations are to remain secure. Finally, an average annual growth rate across all tiger populations of 6%, required to reach the Global Tiger Initiative's goal of doubling tiger numbers in 12 years, is a noble but unlikely scenario.
Engagement, Alienation, and Anthropology's New Moral Dilemmas
Authors: Moskowitz Nona
Published: June 2015

Recent calls for increased engagement are befitting the moral humanitarianism of anthropological purpose. However, various forms of engagement pose particular challenges to the field. In stepping outside the academic realm, anthropologists confront differential stances on and expectations for the production of knowledge. These different positions strike at the heart of anthropological self‐definitions and pose certain dilemmas for the discipline. In particular, resolving the disjuncture between academic and engaged goals for anthropological activity potentially entails maintaining contradictory, and at times hypocritical, stances or it entails redefining the form of anthropological knowledge content. In this paper, I consider these dilemmas as moral dilemmas because of the way they intersect with disciplinary understandings of the field's own sense of purpose.
Neonatal outcome of singleton term breech deliveries in Norway from 1991 to 2011
Authors: Vistad Ingvild , Klungsøyr Kari , Albrechtsen Susanne , Skjeldestad Finn E.
Published: June 2015

Introduction

The objective of this study was to examine the association between planned mode of delivery and neonatal outcomes in breech deliveries.

Material and methods

In this retrospective cohort study we studied singleton term breech deliveries in Norway from 1991 to 2011 (n = 30 861) using the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. We compared planned vaginal delivery with planned cesarean delivery across two time periods: from 1 January 1991 to 31 October 2000 (first period) and from 1 November 2000 to 31 December 2011 (second period). Intrapartum and neonatal deaths were validated against source data in medical records, autopsy reports, and other relevant documents. The main outcome measures were intrapartum and neonatal mortality within the first 28 days of life, 5‐min Apgar‐scores <7 and <4, neonatal intensive care unit stays ≥4 days, respiratory morbidity, and intracranial bleeding disorders.

Results

Rate of planned cesarean delivery increased from 34.4 to 51.3% over the period. Simultaneously, early neonatal mortality rate (0–6 days) declined (from 0.10% to 0.04%, p = 0.04). During the second period, 30.7% of term breech presentations were delivered vaginally. Eight deaths in the planned vaginal vs. four in the planned cesarean groups were observed (OR 2.11 95% CI 0.64–7.01). Neonatal morbidity outcomes were significantly worse in planned vaginal deliveries compared with planned cesarean deliveries in both periods.

Conclusion

Overall intrapartum and neonatal mortality decreased during the entire period. Higher mortality in planned vaginal delivery relative to planned cesarean delivery in the second period was not statistically significant. However, neonatal morbidity was significantly higher in planned vaginal than planned cesarean deliveries in both periods. This warrants continuous surveillance of breech deliveries.
Connecting the Latent Multinomial
Authors: Schofield Matthew R. , Bonner Simon J.
Published: June 2015

Link et al. (2010, Biometrics  66, 178–185) define a general framework for analyzing capture–recapture data with potential misidentifications. In this framework, the observed vector of counts, , is considered as a linear function of a vector of latent counts, , such that , with assumed to follow a multinomial distribution conditional on the model parameters, . Bayesian methods are then applied by sampling from the joint posterior distribution of both and . In particular, Link et al. (2010) propose a Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to sample from the full conditional distribution of , where new proposals are generated by sequentially adding elements from a basis of the null space (kernel) of . We consider this algorithm and show that using elements from a simple basis for the kernel of may not produce an irreducible Markov chain. Instead, we require a Markov basis, as defined by Diaconis and Sturmfels (1998, The Annals of Statistics  26, 363–397). We illustrate the importance of Markov bases with three capture–recapture examples. We prove that a specific lattice basis is a Markov basis for a class of models including the original model considered by Link et al. (2010) and confirm that the specific basis used in their example with two sampling occasions is a Markov basis. The constructive nature of our proof provides an immediate method to obtain a Markov basis for any model in this class.
Controversial fluorescence in situ hybridization cytogenetic abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: new insights from a large cohort
Authors: Davids Matthew S. , Vartanov Alexander , Werner Lillian , Neuberg Donna , Dal Cin Paola , Brown Jennifer R.
Published: June 2015

The significance of rarer cytogenetic abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) remains controversial. We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) prior to initial therapy on 618 CLL patients seen at our centre between 2005 and 2012. With a median follow‐up of 5·6 years, we found that 55 patients harbouring 14q32 rearrangements without t(14;18) had a shorter time to first treatment (TTFT) (median 26 months, P = 0·03) than patients with t(14;18) (median not reached). Patients with mono‐ or bi‐allelic del(13q) as a sole abnormality had a similarly long TTFT (median not reached). Those patients who harboured 3 or more FISH abnormalities without del(17p) had a short TTFT (4·6 months), comparable to patients with del(17p) (8 months); however, the overall survival for patients with 3 or more FISH abnormalities was longer than for patients with del(17p) with 0 or 1 additional abnormalities (median not reached vs. 54 months). FISH cytogenetics remains a useful genetic tool in the clinic, even in the era of next generation sequencing and, as such, our data provide valuable new insights for counselling patients.
Making literature reviews more reliable through application of lessons from systematic reviews
Authors: Haddaway N.R. , Woodcock P. , Macura B. , Collins A.
Published: June 2015

Review articles can provide valuable summaries of the ever‐increasing volume of primary research in conservation biology. Where findings may influence important resource‐allocation decisions in policy or practice, there is a need for a high degree of reliability when reviewing evidence. However, traditional literature reviews are susceptible to a number of biases during the identification, selection, and synthesis of included studies (e.g., publication bias, selection bias, and vote counting). Systematic reviews, pioneered in medicine and translated into conservation in 2006, address these issues through a strict methodology that aims to maximize transparency, objectivity, and repeatability. Systematic reviews will always be the gold standard for reliable synthesis of evidence. However, traditional literature reviews remain popular and will continue to be valuable where systematic reviews are not feasible. Where traditional reviews are used, lessons can be taken from systematic reviews and applied to traditional reviews in order to increase their reliability. Certain key aspects of systematic review methods that can be used in a context‐specific manner in traditional reviews include focusing on mitigating bias; increasing transparency, consistency, and objectivity, and critically appraising the evidence and avoiding vote counting. In situations where conducting a full systematic review is not feasible, the proposed approach to reviewing evidence in a more systematic way can substantially improve the reliability of review findings, providing a time‐ and resource‐efficient means of maximizing the value of traditional reviews. These methods are aimed particularly at those conducting literature reviews where systematic review is not feasible, for example, for graduate students, single reviewers, or small organizations.
Low bone mineral density and fat‐free mass in younger patients with a femoral neck fracture
Authors: Al‐Ani Amer N. , Cederholm Tommy , Sääf Maria , Neander Gustaf , Blomfeldt Richard , Ekström Wilhelmina , Hedström Margareta
Published: June 2015

Background

Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) together with muscle wasting and dysfunction, that is sarcopenia, emerges as a risk factor for hip fracture. The aim of this study was to examine body composition and BMD and their relationship with trauma mechanisms in young and middle‐aged patients with femoral neck fracture.

Materials and methods

Altogether, 185 patients with femoral neck fracture aged 20–69 were included. BMD, body composition and fat‐free mass index (FFMI) were determined by dual‐X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), and trauma mechanisms were registered.

Results

Ninety per cent of the whole study population had a femoral neck BMD below the mean for age. In the young patients (< 50 years), 27% had a Z‐score of BMD ≤ −2 SD. More than half of the middle‐aged patients (50–69 years) had osteopenia, that is T‐score −1 to −2·5, and 35% had osteoporosis, that is T‐score < −2·5, at the femoral neck. Patients with low‐energy trauma, sport injury or high‐energy trauma had a median standardised BMD of 0·702, 0·740 vs. 0·803 g/cm2 (P = 0·03), and a median FFMI of 15·9, 17·7 vs. 17·5 kg/m2 (P < 0·001), respectively. FFMI < 10th percentile of an age‐ and gender‐matched reference population was observed in one‐third.

Conclusions

A majority had low BMD at the femoral neck, and one‐third had reduced FFMI (i.e. sarcopenia). Patients with fracture following low‐energy trauma had significantly lower femoral neck BMD and FFMI than patients with other trauma mechanisms. DXA examination of both BMD and body composition could be of value especially in those with low‐energy trauma.
Cocaine self‐administration disrupts mesolimbic dopamine circuit function and attenuates dopaminergic responsiveness to cocaine
Authors: Siciliano Cody A. , Ferris Mark J. , Jones Sara R.
Published: June 2015

Dopaminergic projections from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) have long been implicated in encoding associations between reward availability and environmental stimuli. As such, this circuit is instrumental in guiding behaviors towards obtaining maximal rewards based on previous experience. Cocaine acts on the dopamine system to exert its reinforcing effects and it is thought that cocaine‐induced dysregulation of dopamine neurotransmission contributes to the difficulty that cocaine addicts exhibit in selecting environmentally appropriate behaviors. Here we used cocaine self‐administration combined with in vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry in anesthetised rats to examine the function of the ventral tegmental area to NAc projection neurons. Over 5 days of cocaine self‐administration (fixed‐ratio 1; 1.5 mg/kg/injection; 40 injections/day), animals increased their rate of intake. Following cocaine self‐administration, there was a marked reduction in ventral tegmental area‐stimulated NAc dopamine release. Additionally, there was a decreased augmentation of stimulated dopamine overflow in response to a cocaine challenge. These findings demonstrate that cocaine induces a hypodopaminergic state, which may contribute to the inflexible drug‐taking and drug‐seeking behaviors observed in cocaine abusers. Additionally, tolerance to the ability of cocaine to elevate dopamine may lead to increased cocaine intake in order to overcome decreased effects, another hallmark of cocaine abuse.
Intransitive competition is widespread in plant communities and maintains their species richness
Authors: Soliveres Santiago , Maestre Fernando T. , Ulrich Werner , Manning Peter , Boch Steffen , Bowker Matthew A. , Prati Daniel , Delgado‐Baquerizo Manuel , Quero José L. , Schöning Ingo , Gallardo Antonio , Weisser Wolfgang , Müller Jörg , Socher Stephanie A. , García‐Gómez Miguel , Ochoa Victoria , Schulze Ernst‐Detlef , Fischer Markus , Allan Eric
Published: June 2015

Intransitive competition networks, those in which there is no single best competitor, may ensure species coexistence. However, their frequency and importance in maintaining diversity in real‐world ecosystems remain unclear. We used two large data sets from drylands and agricultural grasslands to assess: (1) the generality of intransitive competition, (2) intransitivity–richness relationships and (3) effects of two major drivers of biodiversity loss (aridity and land‐use intensification) on intransitivity and species richness. Intransitive competition occurred in > 65% of sites and was associated with higher species richness. Intransitivity increased with aridity, partly buffering its negative effects on diversity, but was decreased by intensive land use, enhancing its negative effects on diversity. These contrasting responses likely arise because intransitivity is promoted by temporal heterogeneity, which is enhanced by aridity but may decline with land‐use intensity. We show that intransitivity is widespread in nature and increases diversity, but it can be lost with environmental homogenisation.
The introduced signal crayfish and native noble crayfish have different effects on sublittoral macroinvertebrate assemblages in boreal lakes
Authors: Ercoli Fabio , Ruokonen Timo J. , Koistinen Sofia , Jones Roger I. , Hämäläinen Heikki
Published: June 2015

We investigated differences in the abundance, community composition and taxon richness of sublittoral macroinvertebrates in boreal lakes containing introduced invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) or native noble crayfish (Astacus astacus). We hypothesised that sublittoral macroinvertebrate assemblages in lakes containing noble crayfish, which reportedly prefer the shallow littoral, would differ little from those in lakes without crayfish, in contrast to assemblages in lakes containing signal crayfish, which reportedly forage at greater depths.

In a set of 24 small and medium‐sized Finnish lakes, eight lakes contained signal crayfish, eight had noble crayfish and eight control lakes had no crayfish. At three sites per lake, we sampled macroinvertebrates quantitatively from soft sediment in the sublittoral.

The sublittoral macroinvertebrate assemblage in lakes with noble crayfish and control lakes was similar. In contrast, lakes with signal crayfish had a lower density of Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera, as well as a lower density and species richness of Chironomidae, and a lower overall benthic density and taxon richness.

In contrast to some previous reports from other habitats, we infer that introduced signal crayfish have stronger negative effects than native noble crayfish on sublittoral macroinvertebrates. Hence, the ecological equivalence or differences of crayfish species cannot be generalised across habitats.
Glacial refuges for three‐spined stickleback in theIberianPeninsula: mitochondrialDNAphylogeography
Authors: Sanz Nuria , Araguas Rosa M. , Vidal Oriol , Viñas Jordi
Published: June 2015

Analyses of the mtDNAof 183 three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), from freshwater Iberian populations, were performed to reconstruct the phylogeography of this species and to inform conservation recommendations on the basis of genetic diversity and the geographical distribution of variation.

A high degree of population structure, with high overall genetic diversity but very low intrapopulation variation, was observed. Haplotypes were distributed according to a geographical pattern with most samples fixed by a unique haplotype.

Phylogenetic analyses supported two independent lineages in the Mediterranean region, highly divergent from Atlantic (Portuguese) haplotypes. Analyses of the historical demography confirmed that the Iberian Mediterranean three‐spined stickleback diverged prior to the last glaciation.

Phylogeographic reconstruction, together with 114 representative sequences of the European three‐spined stickleback, revealed eight mtDNAlineages and related our Iberian Mediterranean haplotypes to those previously described in the lower Rhône (southern France). Multiple ancient Pleistocene lineages were described through the Adriatic, Black Sea and Mediterranean regions. The highly structured network fits well with a freshwater habit of the three‐spined stickleback in the ancient colonisation of southern Europe.

Results suggested a Middle Adriatic and Black Sea origin of the European post‐glacial three‐spined stickleback, but additional colonisation from the northern Adriatic and even from Atlantic marine refuges cannot be discarded. Mediterranean three‐spined sticklebacks probably did not contribute to this post‐glacial colonisation.

Conservation priorities should be established in the Iberian Mediterranean, where the three‐spined stickleback has many endemic genotypes whose habitats are threatened. On the basis of the genetic data, we recommend that each river system is considered as an independent conservation unit.
US Guidelines for immune tolerance induction in patients with haemophilia a and inhibitors
Authors: Valentino L. A. , Kempton C. L. , Kruse‐Jarres R. , Mathew P. , Meeks S. L. , Reiss U. M. ,   the International Immune Tolerance Induction Study Investigators
Published: June 2015

Introduction

The development of anti‐factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies (inhibitors) is the most serious treatment‐related complication in patients with hemophilia A, rendering standard replacement therapy ineffective, heightening the risk for uncontrollable bleeding and morbidity, decreasing quality of life, and increasing healthcare costs.

Aim

Formulate evidence‐based guidelines for optimizing immune tolerance induction (ITI) in patients with hemophilia A and inhibitors.

Methods

Results from the International ITI study and other available evidence were used to develop guidelines for ITI.

Results

Predictors of ITI success were identified and recommendations made for ITI with regard to candidates, timing, product, regimen, monitoring, defining success, concurrent immunomodulation, duration of treatment, and bleed management before and during ITI.

Conclusion

Evidence‐based recommendations to guide treatment decisions may increase the likelihood of successful inhibitor eradication and the induction of FVIII tolerance in patients with hemophilia A who develop inhibitory antibodies.
Søren Kierkegaard and Karl Barth: Reflections on a Relation and a Proposal for Future Investigation
Authors: Bender Kimlyn J.
Published: June 2015

Karl Barth's relationship to Kierkegaard is one that is complex but often solely understood by means of Barth's own explicit reflections on Kierkegaard near the end of his life. This article revisits this history not only to cast light on the reasons for Barth's explicit distancing of himself from Kierkegaard's work, but also to provide evidence that Kierkegaard's influence upon Barth's thinking may have ranged further and in more subtle ways than is often acknowledged. This is particularly seen when Kierkegaard's understanding of Christology and the objectivity, rather than subjectivity, of faith is taken into account. Such an examination may provide warrant for a reappraisal of the relation between these two figures.