bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Nucleoside Analogues Bearing One Pyrimidine Moiety and Two D-Ribofuranosyl Residues
Authors: Andreeva Olga V. , Garifullin Bulat F. , Zarubaev Vladimir V. , Slita Alexander V. , Yesaulkova Iana L. , Volobueva Alexandrina S. , Belenok Mayya G. , Man’kova Maria A. , Saifina Liliya F. , Shulaeva Marina M. , Voloshina Alexandra D. , Lyubina Anna P. , Semenov Vyacheslav E. , Kataev Vladimir E.
Published: June 2021

A series of 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogues in which 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl-β-d-ribofuranosyl fragments are attached via polymethylene linkers to both nitrogen atoms of the heterocycle moiety (uracil, 6-methyluracil, thymine, quinazoline-2,4-dione, alloxazine) or to the C-5 and N-3 atoms of the 6-methyluracil moiety was synthesized. All compounds synthesized were evaluated for antiviral activity against influenza virus A/PR/8/34/(H1N1) and coxsackievirus B3. Antiviral assays revealed three compounds, 2i, 5i, 11c, which showed moderate activity against influenza virus A H1N1 with IC50 values of 57.5 µM, 24.3 µM, and 29.2 µM, respectively. In the first two nucleoside analogues, 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl-β-d-ribofuranosyl fragments are attached via butylene linkers to N-1 and N-3 atoms of the heterocycle moiety (6-methyluracil and alloxazine, respectively). In nucleoside analogue 11c, two 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl-2′,3′,5′-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-ribofuranose fragments are attached via propylene linkers to the C-5 and N-3 atoms of the 6-methyluracil moiety. Almost all synthesized 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogues showed no antiviral activity against the coxsackie B3 virus. Two exceptions are 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogs 2f and 5f, in which 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl-2′,3′,5′-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-ribofuranose fragments are attached to the C-5 and N-3 atoms of the heterocycle moiety (6-methyluracil and alloxazine respectively). These compounds exhibited high antiviral potency against the coxsackie B3 virus with IC50 values of 12.4 and 11.3 µM, respectively, although both were inactive against influenza virus A H1N1. According to theoretical calculations, the antiviral activity of the 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogues 2i, 5i, and 11c against the H1N1 (A/PR/8/34) influenza virus can be explained by their influence on the functioning of the polymerase acidic protein (PA) of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). As to the antiviral activity of nucleoside analogs 2f and 5f against coxsackievirus B3, it can be explained by their interaction with the coat proteins VP1 and VP2.
Experimental, DFT and MD Assessments of Bark Extract of Tamarix aphylla as Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel Used in Desalination Plants
Authors: Ali Ismat H.
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to examine the extract of barks of Tamarix aphylla as a corrosion inhibitor. The methodology briefly includes plant sample collection, extraction of the corrosion inhibitor, gravimetric analysis, plotting potentiodynamic polarization plots, electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements, optimization of conditions, and preparation of the inhibitor products. The results show that the values of inhibition efficiency (IE%) increased as the concentrations of the inhibitor increased, with a maximum achievable inhibition efficiency of 85.0%. Potentiodynamic polarization (PP) tests revealed that the extract acts as a dual-type inhibitor. The results obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements indicate an increase in polarisation resistance, confirming the inhibitive capacity of the tested inhibitor. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the steel surface follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and involves competitive physio-sorption and chemisorption mechanisms. The EIS technique was utilized to investigate the effect of temperature on corrosion inhibition within the 298–328 K temperature range. Results confirm that the inhibition efficiency (IE%) of the inhibitor decreased slightly as the temperature increased. Lastly, the thermodynamic parameters for the inhibitor were calculated.
Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite in Seawater Simultaneously Based on Partial Least Squares
Authors: Wang Hu , Ju Aobo , Wang Lequan
Published: June 2021

A direct, reagent-free, ultraviolet spectroscopic method for the simultaneous determination of nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), and salinity in seawater is presented. The method is based on measuring the absorption spectra of the raw seawater range of 200–300 nm, combined with partial least squares (PLS) regression for resolving the spectral overlapping of NO3−, NO2−, and sea salt (or salinity). The interference from chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) UV absorbance was reduced according to its exponential relationship between 275 and 295 nm. The results of the cross-validation of calibration and the prediction sets were used to select the number of factors (4 for NO3−, NO2−, and salinity) and to optimize the wavelength range (215–240 nm) with a 1 nm wavelength interval. The linear relationship between the predicted and the actual values of NO3−, NO2−, salinity, and the recovery of spiked water samples suggest that the proposed PLS model can be a valuable alternative method to the wet chemical methods. Due to its simplicity and fast response, the proposed PLS model can be used as an algorithm for building nitrate and nitrite sensors. The comparison study of PLS and a classic least squares (CLS) model shows both PLS and CLS can give satisfactory results for predicting NO3− and salinity. However, for NO2− in some samples, PLS is superior to CLS, which may be due to the interference from unknown substances not included in the CLS algorithm. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of NO3−, NO2−, and salinity in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary water samples and the results are comparable with that determined by the colorimetric Griess assay.
Synthesis of 1-(2-Fluorophenyl)pyrazoles by 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of the Corresponding Sydnones
Authors: Dumitrescu Denisa , Shova Sergiu , Draghici Constantin , Popa Marcel Mirel , Dumitrascu Florea
Published: June 2021

3-Arylsydnones bearing fluorine and bromine atoms on the benzene ring were synthesized from N-nitroso-2-fluorophenylglycines and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. These were employed further in synthesis of the corresponding 1-(2-fluorophenyl)pyrazoles by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) as activated dipolarophile. The sydnones as reaction intermediates were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis showing interesting features such as halogen bonding as an important interaction in modeling the crystal structure.
Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan and Its Derivatives: A Concise Review
Authors: Confederat Luminita Georgeta , Tuchilus Cristina Gabriela , Dragan Maria , Sha’at Mousa , Dragostin Oana Maria
Published: June 2021

Despite the advantages presented by synthetic polymers such as strength and durability, the lack of biodegradability associated with the persistence in the environment for a long time turned the attention of researchers to natural polymers. Being biodegradable, biopolymers proved to be extremely beneficial to the environment. At present, they represent an important class of materials with applications in all economic sectors, but also in medicine. They find applications as absorbers, cosmetics, controlled drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc. Chitosan is one of the natural polymers which raised a strong interest for researchers due to some exceptional properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, non-antigenicity, low-cost and numerous pharmacological properties as antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunoenhancing. In addition to this, the free amino and hydroxyl groups make it susceptible to a series of structural modulations, obtaining some derivatives with different biomedical applications. This review approaches the physico-chemical and pharmacological properties of chitosan and its derivatives, focusing on the antimicrobial potential including mechanism of action, factors that influence the antimicrobial activity and the activity against resistant strains, topics of great interest in the context of the concern raised by the available therapeutic options for infections, especially with resistant strains.
Role of Withaferin A and Its Derivatives in the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives
Authors: Das Rajib , Rauf Abdur , Akhter Saima , Islam Mohammad Nazmul , Emran Talha Bin , Mitra Saikat , Khan Ishaq N. , Mubarak Mohammad S.
Published: June 2021

Globally, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorders associated with cognitive decline and memory deficits due to beta-amyloid deposition (Aβ) and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. To date, approximately 47 million people worldwide have AD. This figure will rise to an estimated 75.6 million by 2030 and 135.5 million by 2050. According to the literature, the efficacy of conventional medications for AD is statistically substantial, but clinical relevance is restricted to disease slowing rather than reversal. Withaferin A (WA) is a steroidal lactone glycowithanolides, a secondary metabolite with comprehensive biological effects. Biosynthetically, it is derived from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Acnistus breviflorus (Gallinero) through the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways. Mounting evidence shows that WA possesses inhibitory activities against developing a pathological marker of Alzheimer’s diseases. Several cellular and animal models’ particulates to AD have been conducted to assess the underlying protective effect of WA. In AD, the neuroprotective potential of WA is mediated by reduction of beta-amyloid plaque aggregation, tau protein accumulation, regulation of heat shock proteins, and inhibition of oxidative and inflammatory constituents. Despite the various preclinical studies on WA’s therapeutic potentiality, less is known regarding its definite efficacy in humans for AD. Accordingly, the present study focuses on the biosynthesis of WA, the epidemiology and pathophysiology of AD, and finally the therapeutic potential of WA for the treatment and prevention of AD, highlighting the research and augmentation of new therapeutic approaches. Further clinical trials are necessary for evaluating the safety profile and confirming WA’s neuroprotective potency against AD.
Single-Sided Portable NMR Investigation to Assess and Monitor Cleaning Action of PVA-Borax Hydrogel in Travertine and Lecce Stone
Authors: Stagno Valeria , Genova Chiara , Zoratto Nicole , Favero Gabriele , Capuani Silvia
Published: June 2021

In this work, we investigated the potential of PVA-borax hydrogel for cleaning limestones and the dependence of the cleaning on the porosity of the rock and on the action time of the hydrogel treatment. Towards this goal, we used a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer, developed for non-invasive and non-destructive applications on cultural heritage. T2-NMR parameters were quantified on different samples of Lecce stone and Travertine cut perpendicular (Pe) and parallel (Pa) to the bedding planes under different experimental conditions: untreated samples, treated with Paraloid B72 and cleaned with PVA-PEO-borax hydrogel applied for 4 min and 2 h. The T2 results suggest that the effectiveness of the cleaning strongly depended on the porosity of the stones. In Lecce stone, the hydrogel seemed to eliminate both the paramagnetic impurities (in equal measure with 4 min and 2 h treatment) and Paraloid B72. In Travertine Pe, characterized by a smaller pore size compared to Lecce stone, no significant effects were found regarding both the cleaning and the treatment with Paraloid B72. In Travertine Pa, characterized by a larger pore size than the other two samples, the hydrogel seemed to clean the paramagnetic agents (it worked better if applied for a longer time) but it did not appear to have any effect on Paraloid B72 removal.
Copper-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of N-Sulfonyl Amidines from Sulfonyl Hydrazine, Terminal Alkynes and Sulfonyl Azides
Authors: Zhao Yu , Zhou Zitong , Chen Man , Yang Weiguang
Published: June 2021

N-Sulfonyl amidines are developed from a Cu-catalyzed three-component reaction from sulfonyl hydrazines, terminal alkynes and sulfonyl azides in toluene at room temperature. Particularly, the intermediate N-sulfonylketenimines was generated via a CuAAC/ring-opening procedure and took a nucleophilic addition with the weak nucleophile sulfonyl hydrazines. In addition, the stability of the product was tested by a HNMR spectrometer.
The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of a γ-Lactone Isolated from Ostrich Oil of Struthio camelus (Ratite) and Its Formulated Nano-Emulsion in Formalin-Induced Paw Edema
Authors: Eltom Salah E. M. , Abdellatif Ahmed A. H. , Maswadeh Hamzah , Al-Omar Mohsen S. , Abdel-Hafez Atef A. , Mohammed Hamdoon A. , Agabein Eiman ME. , Alqasoomi Ibrahim , Alrashidi Salem A. , Sajid Mohammed S. M. , Mobark Mugahid A.
Published: June 2021

The ostrich oil of Struthio camelus (Ratite) found uses in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory in eczema and contact dermatitis. The anti-inflammatory effect of a γ-lactone (5-hexyl-3H-furan-2-one) isolated from ostrich oil and its formulated nano-emulsion in formalin-induced paw edema was investigated in this study. Ostrich oil was saponified using a standard procedure; the aqueous residue was fractionated, purified, and characterized as γ-lactone (5-hexyl-3H-furan-2-one) through the interpretation of IR, NMR, and MS analyses. The γ-lactone was formulated as nano-emulsion using methylcellulose (MC) for oral solubilized form. The γ-lactone methylcellulose nanoparticles (γ-lactone-MC-NPs) were characterized for their size, shape, and encapsulation efficiency with a uniform size of 300 nm and 59.9% drug content. The γ-lactone was applied topically, while the formulated nanoparticles (NPs) were administered orally to rats. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (diclofenac gel) was used as a reference drug for topical use and ibuprofen suspension for oral administration. Edema was measured using the plethysmograph method. Both γ-lactone and γ-lactone-MC-NPs showed reduction of formalin-induced paw edema in rats and proved to be better than the reference drugs; diclofenac gel and ibuprofen emulsion. Histological examination of the skin tissue revealed increased skin thickness with subepidermal edema and mixed inflammatory cellular infiltration, which were significantly reduced by the γ-lactone compared to the positive control (p-value = 0.00013). Diuretic and toxicity studies of oral γ-lactone-MC-NPs were performed. No diuretic activity was observed. However, lethargy, drowsiness, and refusal to feeding observed may limit its oral administration.
Application of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Derived from Oyster Shell in Fabricating Superhydrophobic Sponge for Efficient Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Liu Chao , Chen Su-Hua , Yang-Zhou Chi-Hao , Zhang Qiu-Gen , Michael Ruby
Published: June 2021

The exploration of nonhazardous nanoparticles to fabricate a template-driven superhydrophobic surface is of great ecological importance for oil/water separation in practice. In this work, nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAp) with good biocompatibility was easily developed from discarded oyster shells and well incorporated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to create a superhydrophobic surface on a polyurethane (PU) sponge using a facile solution–immersion method. The obtained nano-HAp coated PU (nano-HAp/PU) sponge exhibited both excellent oil/water selectivity with water contact angles of over 150° and higher absorption capacity for various organic solvents and oils than the original PU sponge, which can be assigned to the nano-HAp coating surface with rough microstructures. Moreover, the superhydrophobic nano-HAp/PU sponge was found to be mechanically stable with no obvious decrease of oil recovery capacity from water in 10 cycles. This work presented that the oyster shell could be a promising alternative to superhydrophobic coatings, which was not only beneficial to oil-containing wastewater treatment, but also favorable for sustainable aquaculture.
Accelerated Solvent Extractions (ASE) of Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (Kratom) Leaves: Evaluation of Its Cytotoxicity and Antinociceptive Activity
Authors: Goh Yong Sean , Karunakaran Thiruventhan , Murugaiyah Vikneswaran , Santhanam Rameshkumar , Abu Bakar Mohamad Hafizi , Ramanathan Surash
Published: June 2021

Mitragyna speciosa Korth (kratom) is known for its psychoactive and analgesic properties. Mitragynine is the primary constituent present in kratom leaves. This study highlights the utilisation of the green accelerated solvent extraction technique to produce a better, non-toxic and antinociceptive active botanical extract of kratom. ASE M. speciosa extract had a dry yield (0.53–2.91 g) and showed a constant mitragynine content (6.53–7.19%) when extracted with organic solvents of different polarities. It only requires a shorter extraction time (5 min) and a reduced amount of solvents (less than 100 mL). A substantial amount of total phenolic (407.83 ± 2.50 GAE mg/g and flavonoids (194.00 ± 5.00 QE mg/g) were found in ASE kratom ethanol extract. The MTT test indicated that the ASE kratom ethanolic leaf extract is non-cytotoxic towards HEK-293 and HeLa Chang liver cells. In mice, ASE kratom ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg) demonstrated a better antinociceptive effect compared to methanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts. The presence of bioactive indole alkaloids and flavonols such as mitragynine, paynantheine, quercetin, and rutin in ASE kratom ethanolic leaf extract was detected using UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis supports its antinociceptive properties. ASE ethanolic leaf extract offers a better, safe, and cost-effective choice of test botanical extract for further preclinical studies.
A Complete In Vitro Toxicological Assessment of the Biological Effects of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles: From Acute Toxicity to Multi-Dose Subchronic Cytotoxicity Study
Authors: García-Salvador Adrián , Katsumiti Alberto , Rojas Elena , Aristimuño Carol , Betanzos Mónica , Martínez-Moro Marta , Moya Sergio E. , Goñi-de-Cerio Felipe
Published: June 2021

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are of significant relevance due to their unique properties, which have been exploited for widespread applications. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) are one of most exploited ENM in the industry due to their excellent catalytic and multi-enzyme mimetic properties. Thus, the toxicological effects of these ENMs should be further studied. In this study, the acute and subchronic toxicity of CeO2-NPs were assessed. First, an in vitro multi-dose short-term (24 h) toxicological assessment was performed in three different cell lines: A549 and Calu3 were used to represented lung tissue and 3T3 was used as an interstitial tissue model. After that, a sub-chronic toxicity assessment (90 days) of these NPs was carried out on a realistic and well-established reconstituted primary human airway epithelial model (MucilAir™), cultured at the Air–Liquid Interface (ALI), to study the long-term effects of these particles. Results showed minor toxicity of CeO2-NPs in acute exposures. However, in subchronic exposures, cytotoxic and inflammatory responses were observed in the human airway epithelial model after 60 days of exposure to CeO2-NPs. These results suggest that acute toxicity approaches may underestimate the toxicological effect of some ENMs, highlighting the need for subchronic toxicological studies in order to accurately assess the toxicity of ENM and their cumulative effects in organisms.
Computing with DFT Band Offsets at Semiconductor Interfaces: A Comparison of Two Methods
Authors: Conesa José C.
Published: June 2021

Two DFT-based methods using hybrid functionals and plane-averaged profiles of the Hartree potential (individual slabs versus vacuum and alternating slabs of both materials), which are frequently used to predict or estimate the offset between bands at interfaces between two semiconductors, are analyzed in the present work. These methods are compared using several very different semiconductor pairs, and the conclusions about the advantages of each method are discussed. Overall, the alternating slabs method is recommended in those cases where epitaxial mismatch does not represent a significant problem.
Enhancement of Photodetective Properties on Multilayered MoS2 Thin Film Transistors via Self-Assembled Poly-L-Lysine Treatment and Their Potential Application in Optical Sensors
Authors: Seo Seung Gi , Ryu Jae Hyeon , Kim Seung Yeob , Jeong Jinheon , Jin Sung Hun
Published: June 2021

Photodetectors and display backplane transistors based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have been regarded as promising topics. However, most studies have focused on the improvement in the performances of the MoS2 photodetector itself or emerging applications. In this study, to suggest a better insight into the photodetector performances of MoS2 thin film transistors (TFTs), as photosensors for possible integrated system, we performed a comparative study on the photoresponse of MoS2 and hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) TFTs. As a result, in the various wavelengths and optical power ranges, MoS2 TFTs exhibit 2~4 orders larger photo responsivities and detectivities. The overall quantitative comparison of photoresponse in single device and inverters confirms a much better performance by the MoS2 photodetectors. Furthermore, as a strategy to improve the field effect mobility and photoresponse of the MoS2 TFTs, molecular doping via poly-L-lysine (PLL) treatment was applied to the MoS2 TFTs. Transfer and output characteristics of the MoS2 TFTs clearly show improved photocurrent generation under a wide range of illuminations (740~365 nm). These results provide useful insights for considering MoS2 as a next-generation photodetector in flat panel displays and makes it more attractive due to the fact of its potential as a high-performance photodetector enabled by a novel doping technique.
Robust LSPR Sensing Using Thermally Embedded Au Nanoparticles in Glass Substrates
Authors: Figueiredo Nuno M. , Serra Ricardo , Cavaleiro Albano
Published: June 2021

The poor adhesion and chemical and thermal stability of plasmonic nanostructures deposited on solid surfaces are a hindrance to the longevity and long-term development of robust localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based systems. In this paper, we have deposited gold (Au) nanolayers with thicknesses above the percolation limit over glass substrates and have used a thermal annealing treatment at a temperature above the substrate’s glass transition temperature to promote the dewetting, recrystallization, and thermal embedding of Au nanoparticles (NPs). Due to the partial embedding in glass, the NPs were strongly adherent to the surface of the substrate and were able to resist to the commonly used cleaning procedures and mechanical adhesion tests alike. The reflectivity of the embedded nanostructures was studied and shown to be strongly dependent on the NP size/shape distributions and on the degree of NP embedding. Strong optical scattering bands with increasing width and redshifted LSPR peak position were observed with the Au content. Refractive index sensitivity (RIS) values between 150 and 360 nm/RIU (concerning LSPR band edge shift) or between 32 and 72 nm/RIU (concerning LSPR peak position shift) were obtained for the samples having narrower LSPR extinction bands. These robust LSPR sensors can be used following a simple excitation/detection scheme consisting of a reflectance measurement at a fixed angle and wavelength.
Identifying Low Value Malnutrition Care Activities for De-Implementation and Systematised, Interdisciplinary Alternatives—A Multi-Site, Nominal Group Technique Approach
Authors: Rushton Alita , Elmas Kai , Bauer Judith , Bell Jack J.
Published: June 2021

Malnutrition risk is identified in over one-third of inpatients; reliance on dietetics-delivered nutrition care for all “at-risk” patients is unsustainable, inefficient, and ineffective. This study aimed to identify and prioritise low-value malnutrition care activities for de-implementation and articulate systematised interdisciplinary opportunities. Nine workshops, at eight purposively sampled hospitals, were undertaken using the nominal group technique. Participants were asked “What highly individualised malnutrition care activities do you think we could replace with systematised, interdisciplinary malnutrition care?” and “What systematised, interdisciplinary opportunities do you think we should do to provide more effective and efficient nutrition care in our ward/hospital?” Sixty-three participants were provided five votes per question. The most voted de-implementation activities were low-value nutrition reviews (32); education by dietitian (28); assessments by dietitian for patients with malnutrition screening tool score of two (22); assistants duplicating malnutrition screening (19); and comprehensive, individualised nutrition assessments where unlikely to add value (15). The top voted alternative opportunities were delegated/skill shared interventions (55), delegated/skill shared education (24), abbreviated malnutrition care processes where clinically appropriate (23), delegated/skill shared supportive food/fluids (14), and mealtime assistance (13). Findings highlight opportunities to de-implement perceived low-value malnutrition care activities and replace them with systems and skill shared alternatives across hospital settings.
Standardized Methodologies to Utilize Exosome Treatment as Potential Nano Substances in Hearing Loss
Authors: Park Dong Jun
Published: June 2021

Recently, studies on the mechanism and clinical application of stem cell-derived exosomes have increased. Although the number of patients with hearing loss is increasing, there is no ideal therapy for the recovery of auditory cells of an independent organ in humans. In this review, we proposed the use of stem cell-derived exosomes for treating hearing loss and summarized the exosome research strategy platform for preclinical studies. It is necessary to select a research direction to assess direct or indirect effects on recipients based on the physiological mechanisms of exosomes that deliver useful molecules (called payloads) to recipient cells or tissues. To apply exosomes in the auditory field, researchers should select a model for assessing the toxicity to the auditory cells and analyzing their mechanisms in the recipient tissue. Such in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models have been designed and reported in previous studies. The analytical strategies in various models can evaluate the mechanism of exosomes based on exosome surface markers or the payload, thus helping the researchers in finding evidence regarding the efficacy of exosomes. Here, we propose three strategies for exosome application research in the auditory field.
Development of a Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies against African Swine Fever Virus
Authors: Yuan Fangfeng , Petrovan Vlad , Gimenez-Lirola Luis Gabriel , Zimmerman Jeffrey J. , Rowland Raymond R. R. , Fang Ying
Published: June 2021

The incursion of African swine fever virus (ASFV) into Eurasia presents a threat to the world’s swine industry. Highly sensitive and specific diagnostic assays are urgently needed for rapid detection during an outbreak, post-outbreak investigation, and disease surveillance. In this study, a highly specific and repeatable blocking ELISA (bELISA) was developed using a recombinant p30 protein as the antigen combined with biotinylated mAb against p30 as the detection antibody. Initial test validation included sera from 810 uninfected animals and 106 animals experimentally inoculated with ASFV or recombinant alphavirus/adenovirus expressing p30. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the data calculated an optimal percentage of inhibition (PI) cutoff value of 45.92%, giving a diagnostic sensitivity of 98.11% and diagnostic specificity of 99.42%. The coefficient of variation of an internal quality control serum was 6.81% for between runs, 6.71% for within run, and 6.14% for within plate. A time course study of infected pigs showed that bELISA was able to detect seroconversion as early as 7 days post-inoculation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that bELISA can be used as an alternative serological test for detecting ASFV infection.
Preclinical In Vitro Studies with 3D Spheroids to Evaluate Cu(DDC)2 Containing Liposomes for the Treatment of Neuroblastoma
Authors: Hartwig Friederike , Köll-Weber Monika , Süss Regine
Published: June 2021

Preclinical in vitro studies of drug candidates for anticancer therapy are generally conducted on well-established 2D cell models. Unfortunately, these models are unable to mimic the properties of in vivo tumors. However, in vitro 3D models (spheroids) have been proven to be superior in reflecting the tumor microenvironment. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC−) is the active metabolite of Disulfiram, an approved drug for alcoholism and repurposed for cancer treatment. DDC− binds copper in a molar ratio of 2:1 resulting in a water-insoluble Cu(DDC)2 complex exhibiting anticancer activities. Delivery of the Cu(DDC)2 complex using nanoparticulate carriers provides decisive advantages for a parental application. In this study, an injectable liposomal Cu(DDC)2 formulation was developed and the toxicity was compared with a 2D neuroblastoma and a 3D neuroblastoma cell model. Our results indicate that Cu(DDC)2 liposomes complied with the size requirements of nanoparticles for intravenous injection and demonstrated high drug to lipid ratios as well as colloidal stability upon storage. Furthermore, an efficient cytotoxic effect on neuroblastoma 2D cell cultures and a very promising and even more pronounced effect on 3D cell cultures in terms of neuroblastoma monoculture and neuroblastoma co-culture with primary cell lines was proven, highly encouraging the use of Cu(DDC)2 liposomes for anticancer therapy.
Edge and Contrast Enhancement Using Spatially Incoherent Correlation Holography Techniques
Authors: Anand Vijayakumar , Rosen Joseph , Ng Soon Hock , Katkus Tomas , Linklater Denver P , Ivanova Elena P , Juodkazis Saulius
Published: June 2021

Image enhancement techniques (such as edge and contrast enhancement) are essential for many imaging applications. In incoherent holography techniques such as Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH), the light from an object is split into two, each of which is modulated differently from one another by two different quadratic phase functions and coherently interfered to generate the hologram. The hologram can be reconstructed via a numerical backpropagation. The edge enhancement procedure in FINCH requires the modulation of one of the beams by a spiral phase element and, upon reconstruction, edge-enhanced images are obtained. An optical technique for edge enhancement in coded aperture imaging (CAI) techniques that does not involve two-beam interference has not been established yet. In this study, we propose and demonstrate an iterative algorithm that can yield from the experimentally recorded point spread function (PSF), a synthetic PSF that can generate edge-enhanced reconstructions when processed with the object hologram. The edge-enhanced reconstructions are subtracted from the original reconstructions to obtain contrast enhancement. The technique has been demonstrated on FINCH and CAI methods with different spectral conditions.
A Review of Chenopodium quinoa (Willd.) Diseases—An Updated Perspective
Authors: Colque-Little Carla , Amby Daniel Buchvaldt , Andreasen Christian
Published: June 2021

The journey of the Andean crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to unfamiliar environments and the combination of higher temperatures, sudden changes in weather, intense precipitation, and reduced water in the soil has increased the risk of observing new and emerging diseases associated with this crop. Several diseases of quinoa have been reported in the last decade. These include Ascochyta caulina, Cercospora cf. chenopodii, Colletotrichum nigrum, C. truncatum, and Pseudomonas syringae. The taxonomy of other diseases remains unclear or is characterized primarily at the genus level. Symptoms, microscopy, and pathogenicity, supported by molecular tools, constitute accurate plant disease diagnostics in the 21st century. Scientists and farmers will benefit from an update on the phytopathological research regarding a crop that has been neglected for many years. This review aims to compile the existing information and make accurate associations between specific symptoms and causal agents of disease. In addition, we place an emphasis on downy mildew and its phenotyping, as it continues to be the most economically important and studied disease affecting quinoa worldwide. The information herein will allow for the appropriate execution of breeding programs and control measures.
Induction of Polyploidy and Metabolic Profiling in the Medicinal Herb Wedelia chinensis
Authors: Tsai Yung-Ting , Chen Po-Yen , To Kin-Ying
Published: June 2021

Wedelia chinensis, which belongs to the Asteraceae family, is a procumbent, perennial herb. It has medicinal anti-inflammatory properties and has been traditionally used as folk medicine in East and South Asia for treating fever, cough and phlegm. In Taiwan, W. chinensis is a common ingredient of herbal tea. Previous studies showed that the plant leaves contain four major bioactive compounds, wedelolactone, demethylwedelolactone, luteolin and apigenin, that have potent antihepatoxic activity, and are thus used as major ingredients in phytopharmaceutical formulations. In this study, we set up optimal conditions for induction of ploidy in W. chinensis. Ploidy can be an effective method of increasing plant biomass and improving medicinal and ornamental characteristics. By using flow cytometry and chicken erythrocyte nuclei as a reference, the DNA content (2C) or genome size of W. chinensis was determined to be 4.80 picograms (pg) in this study for the first time. Subsequently, we developed the successful induction of five triploid and three tetraploid plants by using shoot explants treated with different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 g/L) of colchicine. No apparent morphological changes were observed between these polyploid plants and the diploid wild-type (WT) plant, except that larger stomata in leaves were found in all polyploid plants as compared to diploid WT. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify the four index compounds (wedelolactone, demethylwedelolactone, luteolin, apigenin) in these polyploid plants, and fluctuating patterns were detected. This is the first report regarding polyploidy in the herbal plant W. chinensis.
The Anti-Inflammatory and the Antinociceptive Effects of Mixed Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Extract
Authors: Feng Jing-Hui , Kim Hyun-Yong , Sim Su-Min , Zuo Guang-Lei , Jung Jeon-Sub , Hwang Seung-Hwan , Kwak Youn-Gil , Kim Min-Jung , Jo Jeong-Hun , Kim Sung-Chan , Lim Soon-Sung , Suh Hong-Won
Published: June 2021

Arthritis is a common condition that causes pain and inflammation in a joint. Previously, we reported that the mixture extract (ME) from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (AP) and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM) could ameliorate gout arthritis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of ME and characterize the mechanism. We compared the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of a positive control, Perna canaliculus powder (PC). The results showed that one-off and one-week treatment of ME reduced the pain threshold in a dose-dependent manner (from 10 to 100 mg/kg) in the mono-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA) model. ME also reduced the plasma TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP levels. In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, ME inhibited the release of NO, PGE2, LTB4, and IL-6, increased the phosphorylation of PPAR-γ protein, and downregulated TNF-α and MAPKs proteins expression in a concentration-dependent (from 1 to 100 µg/mL) manner. Furthermore, ME ameliorated the progression of ear edema in mice. In most of the experiments, ME-induced effects were almost equal to, or were higher than, PC-induced effects. Conclusions: The data presented here suggest that ME shows anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, indicating ME may be a potential therapeutic for arthritis treatment.
Identification of the Group III WRKY Subfamily and the Functional Analysis of GhWRKY53 in Gossypium hirsutum L.
Authors: Yang Dongjie , Liu Yuanyuan , Cheng Hailiang , Wang Qiaolian , Lv Limin , Zhang Youping , Song Guoli , Zuo Dongyun
Published: June 2021

WRKY transcription factors had multiple functions in plant secondary metabolism, leaf senescence, fruit ripening, adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress, and plant growth and development. However, knowledge of the group III WRKY subfamily in fiber development in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is largely absent. Previous studies have shown that there were 21 putative group III WRKY members in G. hirsutum L. These putative amino acid sequences from the III WRKY group were phylogenetically clustered into three clades. Multiple alignment, conservative motif analysis, and gene structure analysis showed that the members clustered together in the phylogenetic tree had similar motifs and gene structures. Expression pattern analysis revealed that variation in the expression levels of these genes in different tissues and fiber development stages. To better understand the functions of putative group III WRKY genes in G. hirsutum L., we selected the cotton fiber initiation-related gene GhWRKY53 for cloning and functional identification. The subcellular localization experiment of GhWRKY53 in Nicotiana tabacum leaves showed that it was located in the nucleus. The heterologous expression of GhWRKY53 in Arabidopsis thaliana could significantly increase the density of trichomes. Twelve proteins that interacted with GhWRKY53 were screened from the cotton fiber cDNA library by yeast two-hybrid experiment. This study findings lay a foundation for further research on the role of the GhWRKY53 during cotton fiber development and provide a new insight for further studying putative group III WRKY genes in G. hirsutum L. Our research results also provide vital information for the genetic mechanism of high-quality cotton fiber formation and essential genetic resources for cotton fiber quality improvement.
Rheology in Polymer Processing: Modeling and Simulation, Krzysztof Wilczyński, Hanser Publishers, 1st Edition. 2020, ebook ISBN: 978-1-56990-661-3; Print ISBN: 978-1-56990-660-6; 390 Pages
Authors: Vlachopoulos John
Published: June 2021

In 1945, about one million tons of polymer resins were produced globally, and due to rapid growth, 400 million tons were produced in 2020 [...]
System Size Dependence in the Zimm–Bragg Model: Partition Function Limits, Transition Temperature and Interval
Authors: Badasyan Artem
Published: June 2021

Within the recently developed Hamiltonian formulation of the Zimm and Bragg model we re-evaluate several size dependent approximations of model partition function. Our size analysis is based on the comparison of chain length N with the maximal correlation (persistence) length ξ of helical conformation. For the first time we re-derive the partition function of zipper model by taking the limits of the Zimm–Bragg eigenvalues. The critical consideration of applicability boundaries for the single-sequence (zipper) and the long chain approximations has shown a gap in description for the range of experimentally relevant chain lengths of 5–10 persistence lengths ξ. Correction to the helicity degree expression is reported. For the exact partition function we have additionally found, that: at N/ξ≈10 the transition temperature Tm reaches its asymptotic behavior of infinite N; the transition interval ΔT needs about a thousand persistence lengths to saturate at its asymptotic, infinite length value. Obtained results not only contribute to the development of the Zimm–Bragg model, but are also relevant for a wide range of Biotechnologies, including the Biosensing applications.
Foamed Phase Change Materials Based on Recycled Polyethylene/Paraffin Wax Blends
Authors: Sobolčiak Patrik , Mrlik Miroslav , Popelka Anton , Minařík Antonín , Ilcikova Marketa , Srnec Peter , Nogellova Zuzana , Ouederni Mabrouk , Krupa Igor
Published: June 2021

Foamed phase-change materials (FPCMs) were prepared using recycled linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) blended with 30 wt.% of paraffin wax (PW) and foamed by 1,1′-azobiscarbamide. The protection of pores’ collapse during foaming process was insured through chemical cross-linking by organic peroxide prior foaming. This work represents one of very few attempts for a preparation of polymeric phase change foams without a use of micro-encapsulated phase change component leading to the enhancement of the real PCM component (PW) within a final product. The porous structure of fabricated foams was analyzed using micro-computed tomography, and direct observation, and reconstruction of the internal structure was investigated. The porosity of FPCMs was about 85–87 vol.% and resulting thermal conductivity 0.054–0.086 W/m·K. Differential Scanning Calorimetry was used to determine the specific enthalpies of melting (22.4–25.1 J/g) what is the latent heat of materials utilized during a heat absorption. A stability of samples during 10 heating/cooling cycles was demonstrated. The phase change changes were also investigated using the dynamic mechanical analysis from 0° to 65 °C during the 10 cycles, and the mechanical stability of the system and phase-change transition were clearly confirmed, as proved by DSC. Leaching test revealed a long-term release of PW (around 7% of its original content) from samples which were long term stored at temperatures over PW melting point. This is the usual problem concerning polymer/wax blends. The most common, industrially feasible solution is a lamination of products, for instance by aluminum foils. Finally, the measurement of the heat flow simulating the real conditions shows that samples containing PW decrease the energy passing through the sample from 68.56 to 34.88 kJ·m−2. In this respect, FPCMs provide very effective double functionality, firstly common thermal insulators, and second, as the heat absorbers acting through melting of the PW and absorbing the excessive thermal energy during melting. This improves the heat protection of buildings and reduces temperature fluctuations within indoor spaces.
Rheological and Microstructural Features of Plant Culture Media Doped with Biopolymers: Influence on the Growth and Physiological Responses of In Vitro-Grown Shoots of Thymus lotocephalus
Authors: Coelho Natacha , Filipe Alexandra , Medronho Bruno , Magalhães Solange , Vitorino Carla , Alves Luís , Gonçalves Sandra , Romano Anabela
Published: June 2021

In vitro culture is an important biotechnological tool in plant research and an appropriate culture media is a key for a successful plant development under in vitro conditions. The use of natural compounds to improve culture media has been growing and biopolymers are interesting alternatives to synthetic compounds due to their low toxicity, biodegradability, renewability, and availability. In the present study, different culture media containing one biopolymer (chitosan, gum arabic) or a biopolymer derivative [hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)], at 100 or 1000 mg L−1, were tested regarding their influence on the growth and physiological responses of Thymus lotocephalus in vitro culture. Cellulose-based biopolymers (HEC and CMC) and gum arabic were used for the first time in plant culture media. The results showed that CMC at 100 mg L−1 significantly improved shoot elongation while chitosan, at the highest concentration, was detrimental to T. lotocephalus. Concerning only the evaluated physiological parameters, all tested biopolymers and biopolymer derivatives are safe to plants as there was no evidence of stress-induced changes on T. lotocephalus. The rheological and microstructural features of the culture media were assessed to understand how the biopolymers and biopolymer derivatives added to the culture medium could influence shoot growth. As expected, all media presented a gel-like behaviour with minor differences in the complex viscosity at the beginning of the culture period. Most media showed increased viscosity overtime. The surface area increased with the addition of biopolymers and biopolymer derivatives to the culture media and the average pore size was considerably lower for CMC at 100 mg L−1. The smaller pores of this medium might be related to a more efficient nutrients and water uptake by T. lotocephalus shoots, leading to a significant improvement in shoot elongation. In short, this study demonstrated that the different types of biopolymers and biopolymer derivatives added to culture medium can modify their microstructure and at the right concentrations, are harmless to T. lotocephalus shoots growing in vitro, and that CMC improves shoot length.
Oxidative Extractive Desulfurization System for Fuel Oil Using Acidic Eutectic-Based Ionic Liquid
Authors: Rajasuriyan Sarrthesvaarni , Mohd Zaid Hayyiratul Fatimah , Majid Mohd Faridzuan , Ramli Raihan Mahirah , Jumbri Khairulazhar , Lim Jun Wei , Mohamad Mardawani , Show Pau Loke , Yuliarto Brian
Published: June 2021

The biggest challenge faced in oil refineries is the removal of sulfur compounds in fuel oil. The sulfur compounds which are found in fuel oil such as gasoline and diesel, react with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce sulfur oxide (SOx) gases when combusted. These sulfur compounds produced from the reaction with oxygen in the atmosphere may result in various health problems and environmental effects. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is the conventional process used to remove sulfur compounds from fuel oil. However, the high operating conditions required for this process and its inefficiency in removing the organosulfur compounds turn to be the major drawbacks of this system. Researchers have also studied several alternatives to remove sulfur from fuel oil. The use of ionic liquids (ILs) has also drawn the interest of researchers to incorporate them in the desulfurization process. The environmental effects resulting from the use of these ILs can be eliminated using eutectic-based ionic liquids (EILs), which are known as greener solvents. In this research, a combination of extractive desulfurization (EDS) and oxidative desulfurization (ODS) using a photocatalyst and EIL was studied. The photocatalyst used is a pre-reported catalyst, Cu-Fe/TiO2 and the EIL were synthesized by mixing choline chloride (ChCl) with organic acids. The acids used for the EILs were propionic acid (PA) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (TSA). The EILs synthesized were characterized using thermogravimetry analyser (TGA) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis to determine the physical properties of the EILs. Based on the TGA analysis, ChCl (1): PA (3) obtained the highest thermal stability whereas, as for the DSC analysis, all synthesized EILs have a lower melting point than its pure component. Further evaluation on the best EIL for the desulfurization process was carried out in a photo-reactor under UV light in the presence of Cu-Fe/TiO2 photocatalyst and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Once the oxidation and extraction process were completed, the oil phase of the mixture was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the sulfur removal efficiency. In terms of the desulfurization efficiency, the EIL of ChCl (1): TSA (2) showed a removal efficiency of about 99.07%.