bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction and Optimization of Water Flux Distribution for Flat Nozzles in Slab Continuous Casting
Authors: Wang Huisheng , Zhang Jiangshan , Tao Biao , Huang Weili , Wu Jun , Guan Min , Liu Qing
Published: November 2024

Flat nozzles are widely used in the continuous casting process due to their stable spraying effect, wide spraying area, and strong applicability. The type and arrangement of nozzles have a direct effect on cooling efficiency and blank quality. Herein, the spray characteristics of flat nozzles in slab continuous casting are investigated with a detecting apparatus developed by University of Science and Technology Beijing and Jiangsu Boji Company (named USTB‐BOJI DA), and a prediction model for water flux distribution under different flat nozzle arrangements is established. The results show that the nozzles in a foot roller zone have good spray performance and water flow distribution, while the nozzles in bending zones are poor. Comparing the predicted and measured results of water flux distributions, the average error is less than 0.24%, indicating that the predictive model is reliable. In addition, the evaluation index is defined for water flux distribution under multinozzle arrangement, and the solution equations are given by applying the predictive model. Combining the above research, a new design and optimization strategy/method for flat nozzle arrangements is proposed, which can significantly improve the uniformity of the water flux distribution of the spray in the secondary cooling zones during continuous casting.
Isolation, Synthesis, and Identification of Process‐Related Impurities From Morinidazole
Authors: Li Li , Dong Zongyue , Kong Xiangyu , Ma Yan , Yang Kehao , Xue Na , Hua Yuan , Qi Xiaolin , Han Chunhua , Zhang Kai
Published: November 2024

Morinidazole belongs to the category of third‐generation nitroimidazole antibacterial drugs. In the course of morinidazole production, the mother liquor from the recrystallization process was subjected to analysis for the identification and detection of eight process‐related impurities through high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The eight impurities (Imp‐A, Imp‐B, Imp‐C, Imp‐D, Imp‐E, Imp‐F, Imp‐G, and Imp‐H) included three new impurities (Imp‐A, Imp‐B, and Imp‐C) that were previously unreported and one potential genotoxic impurity (Imp‐H). Purity separation from the recrystallization mother liquor was carried out using preparative HPLC. To characterize these eight process‐related impurities, high‐resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were utilized, followed by direct synthesis. The retention times of the impurities were confirmed through co‐injection via HPLC. Additionally, Imp‐B, Imp‐C, and Imp‐G were detected in commercial morinidazole products. A detailed discussion was conducted on the possible pathways leading to the formation of these impurities. Furthermore, the toxicities of these compounds were predicted using ADMET/PK property prediction software based on artificial intelligence algorithm—ADMET Predictor. These results will provide technical support for the quality control of morinidazole.
Experimental investigation on the effect of natural fire exposure on the post‐fire behavior of reinforced concrete beams using electric radiant panel
Authors: Jovanović Balša , Caspeele Robby , Reynders Edwin , Lombaert Geert , Put Florian , Lucherini Andrea , Van Coile Ruben
Published: November 2024

In this study, the effects of natural fire exposure on the post‐fire behavior of concrete beams are investigated. The study is based on laboratory tests where three reinforced concrete beams were subjected to fire exposure using an electric radiant panel. This panel enables a precise application of radiative heat exposure closely mimicking natural fire exposure in a safe manner. During the test, the deflections, deformations and temperature changes are measured for all three concrete beams. Additionally, finite element modeling (FEM) is applied to supplement these tests, demonstrating the performance of existing structural fire engineering calculation tools in evaluating the burnout performance of concrete beams. The results of the tests show that the electric radiant panel provide a novel approach for fire simulation which is effective in replicating natural fire conditions, by applying the heat flux as specified in the Eurocode Parametric Fire Curve in a highly controlled manner. The uniformity of the temperature field measured inside the beams and the consistent deformations observed during the heat exposure across all three tests underscores the accuracy of the fire simulation. Furthermore, post‐fire assessments reveal that while the exposed beams suffered some reduction in load‐bearing capacity, they retained a significant portion of their original strength that was consistent across all three beams. The numerical simulations conducted in this study demonstrate a high level of accuracy in predicting the behavior of the concrete beams during fire exposure. These simulations effectively mirrored the experimental results, validating that they are a valuable tool for assessing concrete structures' performance in fire scenarios.
Microwave Shock Synthesis of Porous 2D Non‐Layered Transition Metal Carbides for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Fan Miao , Tian Haoran , Wu Zhiao , Dai Jiao , Ma Xiaorui , You Yongfei , Huang Jingru , Feng Yutong , Ding Wanting , Jiang Huiyu , Xu Weilin , Jin Huanyu , Wan Jun
Published: November 2024

Transition metal carbides (TMCs) serve as efficient catalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs), holding significant importance in promoting hydrogen production for carbon neutrality. To optimize interfacial catalytic activity, structurally designing TMCs into two‐dimensional (2D) and porous structures to expose more practical surface areas and enhance electronic configurations is a common and effective strategy. Particularly, porous 2D non‐layered TMCs (2D NL‐TMCs) demonstrate richer active sites distinct from layered interfacial inertness. However, mainstream selective etching and chemical deposition growth mechanisms struggle to prepare highly active porous 2D NL‐TMCs due to constraints posed by their high structural strength and formation temperature. Herein, we successfully synthesized porous 2D W2C (2D p‐W2C) rapidly using a microwave shock method. Mechanistic verification reveals that leveraging transient high temperature and rapid on‐off properties of microwave effectively combines with an oxidation‐induced porosity mechanism, facilitating the evolution of porous 2D structures. These low‐dimensional nanostructures with abundant edge defect sites aid in efficient adsorption reactions of intermediate species in HER. Moreover, the successful preparation of a series of porous 2D NL‐TMCs (Mo2C, NbC, TaC) confirms the universality of this method, with the synthesized 2D p‐W2C exhibiting optimal HER performance. This strategy offers new insights into the topological synthesis of porous 2D NL crystals.
Pupillary Light Reflex and Menace Response in Neonatal Camel Calves (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Raoofi Afshin , Asgari Rad Hassan , Shokri Arman
Published: November 2024

Background

Pupillary light reflex (PLR) and menace response are among the tests used in neurological and ophthalmic examinations in animals.

Objective

The intent of this study was to investigate the development of the PLR and menace response in neonatal camel calves.

Methods

Thirty healthy camel calves were studied after birth until the menace response and PLR were well established. The menace response was assessed by applying a non‐tactile visual threat to each eye. The direct PLR was tested by shining a bright light into each eye and observing constriction of the pupil in the ipsilateral eye.

Results

PLR was positive in all camel calves in the first test performed after birth. The first menace response developed at the age of 14 days, with 4 camel calves developing a menace response last, at 18 days of age. The menace response developed in most camel calves at 16 days old. The time to develop the menace response was not statistically different between the two sexes.

Conclusion

The PLR is present in camel calves immediately after birth. Menace response in camel calves develops within 18 days after birth.
Correlation of Shared Automated Vehicles Real Traffic Performance and Passengers’ Acceptance Data
Authors: Papadopoulos Alexandros , Spanos Georgios , Pont Jordi , Lalas Antonios , Votis Konstantinos , Gkemou Maria , Anund Anna , Lambauer Karl , De La Iglesia Lucia Isasi , Tzovaras Dimitrios , Bekiaris Evangelos
Published: November 2024

The perception of comfort and safety among passengers of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) is crucial and significantly influences their adoption in current Public Transport systems. It is essential to align the objective perception with an analysis of vehicle performance data to identify vulnerabilities and factors affecting passenger comfort and safety. This paper presents the first comprehensive correlation between objective and subjective data from autonomous fleets in three well-established pilot locations (Graz, Madrid, Linköping), each using different technologies and experiencing varying environmental conditions. Our analysis (i) revealed significant differences between the three pilot sites in terms of perceived safety and comfort (both perceived and actual) and (ii) confirmed a strong correlation between safety and comfort levels and the vehicles’ behaviour in terms of speed and acceleration, particularly noting the impact of hard braking events as those were defined by the SHOW consortium.
Open and Modular Service-Oriented CCAM Architecture
Authors: Bolovinou Anastasia , Spanos Georgios , Lalas Antonios , Votis Konstantinos , De Verdalle Emmanuel , Benyahya Meriem , Collen Anastasija , Nijdam Niels A. , Antonakopoulou Anna , Sourlas Vassilis , Gkemou Maria
Published: November 2024

Seamless integration of new types of mobility such as those realized by Connected Automated Vehicles (CAVs) into the existing public transport service requires new service-oriented orchestration platforms. In this work, we present a framework for automated mobility of passengers and goods, realized by the service-oriented architecture of the EU-funded research project SHOW (GA No 857730). As part of the framework, intra-systems and cloud-to-everything interfaces are proposed, while high-level design specifications of architecture alternatives are critically reviewed. An actual example of how such an inclusive architecture is instantiated in Trikala SHOW pilot site for city-specific SHOW services deployment is presented. Finally, lessons learnt that are relevant to data access, interoperability and cybersecurity, based on the experience from all SHOW pilot sites, are outlined.
Experimental Study on Physical and Mechanical Characteristics and Microstructure of Sandstone After High Temperature-Water Cooling Treatment
Authors: Lu Jinbin , Zheng Lifeng , Chen Feng , Yang Liang , Zhang Qiang
Published: November 2024

In geothermal energy development, high-temperature rock mass will go through the process of water cooling. It is of great significance to study the physical and mechanical characteristics and microstructure of high-temperature rock after water cooling for the long-term stability analysis of underground engineering. Based on this, the surface characteristics, mass, and volume variation of sandstone cooled by water at high temperatures (100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 °C) were investigated. Using the Rock Top multifield coupling tester, a series of axial compressions and longitudinal wave velocity tests of the sandstone after a high temperature-water cooling treatment are performed. The microstructure characteristic obtained by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope was studied, and the effect of high temperature-water cooling behavior on the mechanical properties of sandstone was investigated. The results show that: (1) The mass loss rate, volume expansion rate and peak strain of sandstone increase with increasing temperature, while peak strength decreases gradually. When the temperature exceeds 400 °C, the physical and mechanical parameters of sandstone change markedly. (2) When the temperature is less than 400 °C, corresponds to the compressive and line-elastic phases, the stable crack propagation phase, the rapid crack propagation phase and the destructive phase during the failure process of sandstone, the wave velocity of sandstone are steadily increasing, oscillating, and sharply decreasing, respectively. While the temperature is below 1000 °C, the wave velocity of sandstone is oscillation increases, slows down and drops sharply, respectively. (3) When the temperature is below 400 °C, the mineral content of sandstone varies less. While the temperature exceeds 400 °C, there is an overall increasing trend in the sodium feldspar content of sandstone. (4) The increase in temperature promotes the development of pore fractures within the sandstone, especially at higher temperature states where microcracks expand along the intergranular to form microcrack networks, leading to an increase in the scale and number of defects such as fractures within the sandstone.
Experimental Study on Strength of Luminous Concrete with Double Admixture of Fly Ash and Slag Powder
Authors: Li Meng , Fang Guangxiu , Wu Haonan , Wang Chunming , Li Huaiyu , Li Zhoutong
Published: November 2024

Luminescent concrete is based on ordinary concrete, in which zinc sulfide luminescent material is added to make ordinary concrete with luminescent function of concrete, and its mechanical properties are greatly affected by the dosage of luminescent powder and mineral admixture. In order to study the mechanical properties and optical properties of luminescent concrete, luminescent concrete composite adding different dosages of fly ash and slag powder compressive test and flexural test, obtained different fly ash and slag powder dosage of luminescent concrete compressive strength and flexural strength with the curing time of the change curve and based on this proposed luminescent concrete compressive strength and flexural strength of the correction coefficient, for the subsequent light-emitting concrete. The research and engineering application of luminous concrete provides theoretical basis.
Preparation and Blast Responses of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) Bar Reinforced Shield Tunnelling Segments
Authors: Jiang Ruiyi , Feng Jiang , Hou Min
Published: November 2024

BFRPs has the advantages of light weight, corrosion resistance and good durability compared with steels, which is expected to solve the above problems when applied to shield tunnelling segments. In this study, the preparation process of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bar reinforced shield tunnelling segment (BSTS) is described in detail against the background of shield tunnelling segment actually used in engineering. In order to investigate the blast resistance performance of the BSTS under blast loading, the test process is simulated using LS-DYNA finite element analysis software. The results show that the main damage modes of BSTS under proximity blast loading can be categorized as cratering, cracking, spalling and rupture. With the decreasing Scaled distance, the top surface blast crater is expanding, and the concrete on the back surface is further spalling, showing more obvious local damage characteristics. Provide reference for the design of shield tunnel lining structure's anti-explosion performance.
Seismic Behavior of Steel-Polypropylene Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall
Authors: Zhang Luyang , Yao Jitao , Tong Yuting
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the loading mechanism of SPFRC shear walls by conducting low-cycle repeated loading tests on two steel-polypropylene hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (SPFRC) shear walls and one reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall. Furthermore, this study analyzed the impact of fiber content and axial compression ratio on the failure mode, shear carrying capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity of the shear walls. The test results show that hybrid fibers effectively restrain the development of cracks in shear walls, and improve the shear carrying capacity, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation capacity of the shear walls. Considering the contributions of hybrid fibers, horizontal and vertical distributed steel reinforcement, concrete diagonal struts, and concealed columns to shear carrying capacity, a calculation formula for the shear carrying capacity of SPFRC shear walls has been established based on the truss-diagonal brace mechanism. This formula has been validated using data from this study and relevant domestic literature. The average ratio of measured shear carrying capacity to calculated values is 1.01, with a standard deviation of 0.17, indicating a good agreement between them.
A Procedure for Strength Parameters Inversion of Rock Slopes Based on Statistical Regression and Seepage-Stress Coupling: A Case Study
Authors: Chen Rong , Liu Detan , Zhang Haiku , Liao Mao , Huang Zhangxin , Xu Liqun
Published: November 2024

Massive slope engineering exists in large water conservancy projects. The artificial and natural rock slopes are high and steep with diverse lithologies, and the stability and safety of high slopes are the guarantee for the overall project to be effective. This paper presents a parameter inversion procedure for rock slopes based on statistical regression models using monitoring data and coupled analysis of seepage and stress. It is applied to the intake slope of a hydropower station in Southwest China. The results show that based on the strength parameters from inversion, the relative error between the measured and calculated displacement of the monitoring points is less than 4.55% under the water level rise and fall inversion conditions, and less than 4.01% under the validation condition, meeting the requirements for engineering applications. The slope stability safety factor meets the requirements specified in the regulations. The inversion procedure proposed in this paper can provide reference for the determination of high slope strength parameters in this project and other projects.
Multi-component dark matter from Minimal Flavor Violation
Authors: Mescia Federico , Okawa Shohei , Wu Keyun
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Minimal Flavor Violation (MFV) offers an appealing framework for exploring physics beyond the Standard Model. Interestingly, within the MFV framework, a new colorless field that transforms non-trivially under a global SU(3)3 quark flavor group can naturally be stable. Such a new field is thus a promising dark matter candidate, provided it is electrically neutral. We extend the MFV framework for dark matter and demonstrate that dark matter can naturally be multi-component across a broad parameter space. For illustration, we consider a gauge singlet, flavor triplet scalar field and identify parameter spaces for multi-component dark matter, where only the lightest flavor component is absolutely stable and heavy flavor components are decaying with lifetimes sufficiently longer than the age of the universe. Phenomenological, cosmological and astrophysical aspects of multi-component flavored dark matter are briefly discussed.
Development of a straightforward direct injection UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of plastic additive chemicals in roadside retention ponds
Authors: McKenzie Katie , Pllu Angela , Campbell Iain , Lawton Linda A. , Petrie Bruce
Published: November 2024

There is growing interest in road pollution that enters surface waters. Additive chemicals used in the manufacture of plastics, including tyre rubber, are mobile pollutants that pose a threat to aquatic life. Therefore, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to measure 25 plastic additive chemicals in road runoff and water of retention ponds used to manage road runoff. A straightforward direct injection methodology was adopted to minimise sample handling and risk of contamination. Using this approach, the method quantitation limits (MQLs) ranged from 4.3 × 10−3 to 13 µg/L. These were adequate to determine most chemicals at or below their freshwater predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). Method trueness ranged from 18 to 148% with most chemicals being within 80–120%. The method was applied to water from four retention ponds in series to measure additive chemicals entering the ponds (i.e., in road runoff) and passing through each pond. Greatest concentrations were observed in road runoff during heavy rainfall following dry weather. Here, 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) exceeded its current PNEC of 1.05 µg/L. Notably, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone) was determined at 0.13 µg/L which is greater than its lowest acute toxicity threshold (0.095 µg/L). Similarity in additive chemical concentrations throughout the retention ponds during steady flow suggests little or no removal occurs. However, further studies are needed to assess the fate and removal of plastic additive chemicals in retention ponds and the risk posed to aquatic environments. Such research can be facilitated by this newly developed UHPLC-MS/MS method.

Graphical Abstract
Optimizing US for HCC surveillance
Authors: Rodgers Shuchi K. , Fetzer David T. , Seow James H. , McGillen Kathryn , Burrowes David P. , Fung Christopher , Udare Ashlesha S. , Wilson Stephanie R. , Kamaya Aya
Published: November 2024

Ultrasound is the primary imaging modality used for surveillance of patients at risk for HCC. In 2017, the American College of Radiology Liver Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (ACR LI-RADS) introduced US LI-RADS to standardize the performance, interpretation, and reporting of US for HCC surveillance, with the algorithm recently updated as LI-RADS US Surveillance v2024. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) recommends reporting both the examination-level LI-RADS US Category as well as the US Visualization Score. The US Category conveys the overall findings of the exam and primarily determines follow up recommendations. The US Visualization Score conveys the expected sensitivity of the test and stratifies patients into appropriate surveillance pathways. One of the goals of routine surveillance is the detection of HCC at an early, potentially curable stage. Therefore, optimizing US technique is of critical importance. Increasing North American and worldwide utilization of LI-RADS US Surveillance, which includes technical recommendations, through education and outreach will undoubtedly benefit patients undergoing US HCC surveillance.
Surgical management of achalasia
Authors: Mustian Margaux , Wong Kristen
Published: November 2024

Achalasia is a chronic esophageal motility disorder comprised of ineffective esophageal peristalsis and incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. This disease had historically been managed through medical means as well as endoscopic dilations. However, surgical interventions are now considered standard of care, including minimally invasive Heller myotomy, which was popularized in 1990s, followed by per oral endoscopic myotomy in the 2010s. Both surgical approaches provide acceptable resolution of dysphagia symptoms. Classification of the achalasia as well as other patient-level factors may drive the clinical decision-making between the two approaches, as well as surgical training and surgeon preference.
Advances in Etiology and Prevention of Capsular Contracture After Breast Implantation
Authors: Li Dan-Dan , Lan Nan , Zhao Ping , Tang Yi-Yin
Published: November 2024

Capsular contracture (CC) is one of the most common complications of breast implant usage in breast augmentation or reconstruction. The CC approach can cause breast hardening, pain, and varying degrees of deformity, affecting the quality of life of patients. Considerably, it has become one of the most common reasons for frequent surgeries. Nonetheless, the etiology and pathogenesis of CC remain unclear. Moreover, there exist still a lot of uncertainties regarding prevention and treatment measures. In this article, we present discussions on the research status of the etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment measures of CC. In summary, this study provides a reference for further research on CC and clinical use.

Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Mapping tree canopy thermal refugia for birds using biophysical models and LiDAR
Authors: Strydom Lara H. , Conradie Shannon R. , Smit Izak P. J. , Greve Michelle , Boucher Peter B. , Davies Andrew B. , McKechnie Andrew E.
Published: November 2024

Accurately predicting exposure of animals to climate change requires evaluating the effects of warming on the microclimates they occupy. Birds, like many other taxa, make extensive use of cool microsites in vegetation during hot weather. Taking advantage of recent advances in modelling tree canopy microclimates, we combined LiDAR-based individual tree canopy mapping and biophysical modelling to evaluate the current and future availability of cool microsites in a subtropical African savanna landscape. We constructed biophysical models for two common bird species, an ~ 40-g bulbul and an ~ 200-g hornbill, and modelled exposure to conditions under which the body temperature (Tb) of individuals resting in canopies exceeds 42 °C, equivalent to ~ 2 °C above resting thermoneutral Tb. At present, 34.5% of trees taller than 2 m in our 139-ha study site provide microclimates in which resting Tb remained below 42 °C for both species during our study period. Under a Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 climate change scenario and assuming no change in vegetation structure, by the end of the Century the availability of microsites characterized by Tb < 42 °C will decrease to just 0.4% and 3.8% for bulbuls and hornbills, respectively. The proportion of trees in whose canopies bulbuls’ and hornbills’ exposure to Tb > 42 °C is limited to < 10 d summer− 1 will decrease from 98 to 99% currently to 3.0% and 24.3% by end-century, respectively. These findings reveal the magnitude of changes for birds in a savanna thermal landscape under a business-as-usual emissions scenario.
Streustromkorrosion von Stahlfaserbeton
Authors: Evangelatos Alexandros , Schaber Benjamin , Galler Robert
Published: November 2024

Der Trend zur Nachhaltigkeit erfordert auch im Tunnelbau eine Reduktion von CO2-intensiven Baustoffen wie Stahl. In diesem Kontext stellt Faserbeton, insbesondere Stahlfaserbeton, eine vielversprechende Alternative dar. Aufgrund der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit der Stahlfasern wird dabei auch die Bewertung der Streustromkorrosion relevant, nicht nur bei Stahlbeton, wobei in Österreich derzeit keine normativen Regelungen bestehen. Streustromkorrosion entsteht durch ungewollte elektrische Ströme, die zu Korrosion an Betonbauteilen mit Stahleinlagen führen können. Besonders Tunnelbauwerke mit Gleichstrom-Straßenbahnen sind hiervon betroffen. Zur Untersuchung der Streustromkorrosion in Stahlfaserbeton wurde das Perkolationsprinzip angewendet, das den Übergang von isolierendem zu leitendem Verhalten in Abhängigkeit vom Fasergehalt beschreibt. Dabei wird die sogenannte Perkolationsschwelle bestimmt. Experimentelle Untersuchungen, die im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts und einer Bachelorarbeit durchgeführt wurden, zeigten, dass die Perkolationsschwelle höher als theoretisch erwartet bei einem Fasergehalt von über 125 kg/m3 liegt. Vor Erreichen dieser Schwelle blieb die elektrische Leitfähigkeit gering, was auf ein minimales Risiko der Streustromkorrosion hindeutet. Zur Berechnung des Streustromrisikos wurde ein angepasster Wert vorgeschlagen, wobei jedoch weitere Untersuchungen zur genauen Validierung erforderlich sind.
Solitary waves for the power degenerate NLS - existence and stability
Authors: Iyer Vishnu , Stefanov Atanas G.
Published: November 2024

We consider a semilinear Schrödinger equation, driven by the power degenerate second order differential operator

$$\nabla \cdot (|x|^{2a} \nabla ), a\in (0,1)$$

∇
·
(
|
x

|

2
a

∇
)
,
a
∈

(
0
,
1
)

. We construct the solitary waves, in the sharp range of parameters, as minimizers of the Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg’s inequality. Depending on the parameter a and the nonlinearity, we establish a number of properties, such as positivity, smoothness (away from the origin) and almost exponential decay. Then, and as a consequence of our variational constrcution, we completely characterize the spectral stability of the said solitons. We pose some natural conjectures, which are still open - such as the radiality of the ground states, the non-degeneracy and most importantly uniqueness.
Electroacupuncture with extensor exercise improves the contraction elastic density of quadriceps in short and long term for knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Xing Bingfeng , Liu Yuanyuan , Zhou Xin , He Guanheng , Pei Wenya , Liang Zhanmou , Ruan Jingwen , Duan Yinghua
Published: November 2024

Background

Extensor training improves the quadriceps contraction intensity of knee osteoarthritis. But the duration of effects is limited. This study aimed to assess whether electroacupuncture (EA) with extensor training (EA + E) has better short-and long-term effects than simple extensor training (E).

Methods

Fifty-four patients were categorized into EA + E and E groups. Elastic shear wave imaging was employed to ascertain the quadriceps elastic modulus values (EMV) at different time points and extension angles. WOMAC scale was used to measure knee function.

Results

Compared to before EA, the vastus lateralis (VL) EMV with 180° knee extension immediately after EA increased significantly. After 1 month, the vastus medialis (VM) EMV with 180° extension increased and WOMAC scores decreased significantly than immediately after EA. The EMV of the VM and VL of group EA + E increased, and WOMAC scores decreased significantly compared to group E after 1 month. After 6 months, EMV of the VM and VL in EA + E group significantly increased, and WOMAC scores significantly decreased compared to E group.

Conclusions

In short- and long-term, EA with extensor training enhances the contraction strength of the quadriceps and knee function for OA.

Trial registration

This prospective single-center randomized controlled trial was approved by the Review Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Registration date: 28/02/2023, Ethical Number: [2023] 005; The Clinical trial registration number: ChiCTR2300076651.

Key Points

• The contraction strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle in OA was detected with shear wave elastic ultrasound, and electroacupuncture immediately enhanced the contraction strength.

• After the completion of electroacupuncture treatment, the quadriceps strength and the function of knee joint in OA can be continuously improved, which will last for 6 months.

• In short and long term, electroacupuncture with extensor training has better enhancement of quadriceps contraction strength of and knee function for OA than extention only.
Manure processing as energy efficient fertilizer production technology
Authors: Jabłoński Sławomir , Łukaszewicz Marcin , Kułażyński Marek
Published: November 2024

Modern agriculture relies on nitrogen fertilizers produced through the energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process. This industrial ammonia synthesis process demands a significant amount of energy (41 GJ/1000 kg of nitrogen) and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions (1920 kg of carbon dioxide when natural gas is used). While, efforts have been made to shift towards renewable energy sources for nitrogen fixation, fossil fuels remain the primary energy source.

In contrast, meat production generates substantial amounts of manure containing nitrogen compounds. The utilization of manure-derived fertilization offers potential for a circular economy. However, in regions with intensive animal production, alternative forms of manure utilization may be necessary. Manure fertilization is challenging due to transport and application energy demand, environmental pollution and health risks, making it less convenient compared to mineral fertilizers. Manure application consumes up to 63% of energy required for synthesis and application of equivalent urea fertilizer.

This article aims to address the critical issues related to manure fertilization and explores potential technological solutions for nitrogen recovery, with a focus on energy consumption. Our results suggest that implementation of nitrogen recovery technology significantly (more than 50% in comparison to manure) reduces energy demand for fertilizer application and transport. The lowest general fertilizer handling cost was achieved for struvite precipitation, followed by stripping and reversed osmosis concentration.

By recovering nitrogen from manure and converting it into usable fertilizers, we can significantly reduce energy consumption and mitigate the environmental impact of traditional nitrogen fertilizers.

Graphical abstract
Life cycle assessment of enhanced geothermal systems with CO2 as a working fluid—polish case study
Authors: Starczewska M. , Strojny M. , Sowiżdżał A. , Gładysz P. , Pająk L.
Published: November 2024

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology used to quantify the sustainability of a product, system, or process over its lifetime. The approach allows us to determine energy and material consumption at all life cycle stages, from raw material extraction to the end of a product's life, including the design, production, operation, and end-of-life stages. The LCA aims to assess the overall environmental impact of a facility, consider its strengths and weaknesses, and identify possible solutions to reduce the environmental burden sustainably. This research focuses on a novel approach to using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a working medium. The following research combines two key aspects of electricity production and carbon dioxide sequestration, a solution that can contribute to producing clean energy and reducing CO2 in the atmosphere. This paper aimed to assess the impact of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) through a life-cycle analysis carried out under Polish conditions for the Gorzow block. It includes differentiating the main impact categories and key system components that indicate the most vulnerable areas. A framework available in the literature and the modelling results performed within the EnerGizerS project were adapted to carry out the study. Calculations were performed using SimaPro software. The work was performed for EGS with supercritical CO2 (sCO2-EGS) as the working fluid in a configuration involving direct expansion in a turbine for electricity production. An environmental impact assessment was conducted, including estimating the carbon footprint for such an installation and different working fluid mass flows. The main objective of the environmental analysis is to examine how the project will affect the various environmental elements (air, water, soil) or forms of nature conservation and to identify ways to prevent, reduce or minimise the effects of the planned investment. The study results show that the construction phase, which includes well drilling and hydraulic fracturing, has the most significant impact on the environment with climate change values for different working fluid mass flows. This phase dominates the indicators obtained, which are considered typical for renewable energy sources.

Graphical Abstract
Interspecific relationships in a suboptimal habitat, an unexpected ally for the survival of the threatened Tenerife speckled lizard (Gallotia intermedia)
Authors: Albaladejo Robles Gonzalo , Escánez Alejandro , Perera-Castro Alicia V
Published: November 2024

Anthropogenic-driven environmental changes are pushing species to the limits of their habitats. More often species are restricted to relic or suboptimal habitats that present the minimum requirements to sustain species populations. In this scenario of accelerated environmental change and biodiversity loss, is fundamental to understand why species can survive in such suboptimal conditions. In this study, we show how the Tenerife speckled lizard (Gallotia intermedia), a critically endangered endemic reptile from the Canary Islands, can maintain stable populations in relic habitats thanks to its interactions with the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) colony. A stable isotope analysis revealed that G. intermedia relies on marine subsidies for its diet and that the foraging area of this reptile is likely to be restricted to the limits of L. michahellis breeding colony. Furthermore, an antipredator behaviour analysis showed that L. michahellis displayed a strong anti-predator or mobbing response against cats, one of the main threats for G. intermedia, thus potentially providing some protection to the reptiles inhabiting the seabird colony. Our results show how unusual and poorly studied biotic interactions can provide valuable resources and conditions for the conservation of a critically endangered species inhabiting a suboptimal or relict habitat.
Exploring the development trajectory of single-machine production scheduling
Authors: Ying Kuo-Ching , Pourhejazy Pourya , Huang Tz-chi
Published: November 2024

The Single-Machine Scheduling Problem (SMSP) serves as the cornerstone of scheduling theory. Almost all developments in production planning and control were initially introduced and tested within single-machine production settings. Exploring the literature on SMSPs illuminates the entire development trajectory of scheduling theory. This study employs the Main Path Analysis (MPA) for a systematic review that is the first of its kind in the literature on SMSPs. By analyzing 2904 articles, the main path and key branches that highlight the most significant documents in the development trajectory as well as the specifics in different development stages of the field are identified. The literature is analyzed in four stages of development, following a chronological order. Within this framework, the focus of the studies, key technologies, and characteristics of each period are discussed. Cluster and keyword analysis are employed alongside MPA to identify and explore the predominant themes in the field, including SMSPs with deterioration and/or learning effects, solution methods for SMSPs with various constraints, solving SMSPs integrated with maintenance-related variables and constraints, advanced solution methods and constructive heuristics for minimizing delays, as well as agent-based methods for single-machine scheduling. The review outcomes consist of directions for future research based on the development trajectories of SMSPs.
In-situ X-ray analysis of cold alkali dissolution of cellulose pulps of various origin
Authors: Wojtasz Joanna , Bengtsson Jenny , Ulmefors Hanna , Bernin Diana , Östlund Åsa , Yu Shun
Published: November 2024

This article elucidates the dissolution of cellulose from different raw materials in NaOH aqueous solution via the combination of synchrotron-radiation-based SAXS/WAXS characterization. The X-ray measurements probed the mesostructure of the cellulose samples during the freeze-thawing cycle allowing tracking the initial swelling of the structure, the kinetics of disintegration of the cellulose crystallites as well as controlling the final state of the cellulose solution, i.e. presence or absence of cellulose aggregates. The individual SAXS and WAXS measurements were fitted and modelled to enable visualisation and tracking of the changes in the structure in relation to temperature during cooling and warming phases. To further increase the understanding of the parameters affecting dissolution different cellulose samples and solution compositions were considered. For this purpose the effect of increasing the concentration of NaOH and adding Zn2+ has been carefully investigated as well as the importance of the cellulose origin. We found consistent development that the dissolution occurs faster at higher concentrations of NaOH and with Zn2+ regardless the origin. Nevertheless, SAXS data show that materials with a larger amount of cellulose I show more apparent swelling in mesoscopic structure than bleached agricultural containing cellulose II. Despite few crystalline residues after the complete cooling-heating cycle shown by WAXS, some cellulose was not completely dissolved as some network structure remained in the samples under the test condition as suggested by SAXS.
Elusive privilege: class, race and gender in Ukrainian war migrants’ (un)employment in France
Authors: Gorbach Denys , Polshchykova Yevheniia , Ryabchuk Anastasiya
Published: November 2024

What happens when the state removes the usual obstacles preventing refugees to ‘integrate’? Our article analyses the case of Ukrainians who fled the war to settle in France. Their legal status is different from that of ‘classic’ refugees: the EU directive on temporary protection gives them the freedom to move and the right to work. Moreover, they benefit from a rather positive attitude of the general public. The absence of racist stereotypes and institutional barriers, however, does not translate into easy integration into the labour market: 2 years after the beginning of the Ukrainian exile, two thirds of the refugees in Western Europe remain unemployed. Based on our fieldwork made in three French regions from February to August 2023, we analyse the predicament of Ukrainian war migrants. We conclude that granting formal access to jobs and putting racist discrimination on pause is not enough to overcome other handicaps: lack of language and other ‘soft’ skills; lack of social capital that would allow insertion into formal and informal labour markets; the burden of social reproduction magnified by forced single motherhood; and the temporary nature of one’s supposedly generous legal status. The latter turns the perceived privilege into a handicap: Ukrainians are tolerated temporarily and being increasingly differentiated into ‘deserving’ and ‘undeserving’, ‘productive’ and ‘unproductive’ migrants. While those deemed ‘productive’ may be encouraged to remain in the EU, those who fail to integrate into the labour market are likely to gradually be cut off from social support and forced to return to Ukraine.
An investigation of personality in the Creek Chub, Semotilus atromaculatus
Authors: Barrett Jacob P. , Cashner Mollie F.
Published: November 2024

Intraspecific variation in personality traits is increasingly recognized as an important driver of ecological processes, particularly within the context of species invasions. However, relatively few studies have investigated personality in native fauna with more localized dispersal patterns, and information regarding the existence of personality in stream fishes native to the southeastern US is particularly lacking. In this study, we investigated personality in a native and widespread minnow species, the Creek Chub (Semotilus atromaculatus). Because of its piscivorous diet, use of its nests by nest-associating minnows, and its role as a colonizer of intermittent streams, the Creek Chub is an appropriate species for investigating the broad importance of personality-dependent processes to stream communities. We identified personality traits by estimating the repeatability of sociability, boldness, exploration, and activity in two separate behavioral assays and interpreted correlations between traits as evidence of behavioral syndromes. We did not detect repeatability for measures of sociability, possibly due to predatory interactions within this species. However, boldness, exploration, and activity were significantly repeatable and positively correlated, pointing to the existence of a bold-exploratory-active syndrome in this species. Larger individuals tended to be less active, and, despite a relatively small sample size, we detected significant differences between source populations for measures of boldness. This is the first study to identify the existence of a behavioral syndrome in Creek Chub and points to the importance of considering the role of personality in ecological processes involving native fauna.
Community pharmacists’ knowledge of, and role in, managing anticholinergic burden among patients with dementia in primary care: a cross-sectional survey study
Authors: Shawaqfeh Bara’a , Hughes Carmel M. , McGuinness Bernadette , Barry Heather E.
Published: November 2024

Background

Anticholinergic medications and associated anticholinergic burden can impair cognitive function and increase mortality rates in patients with dementia.

Aim

To explore community pharmacists’ knowledge of anticholinergic burden and perceptions of their role in anticholinergic burden management amongst patients with dementia.

Method

A self-administered, postal questionnaire was distributed to all registered community pharmacies in Northern Ireland (n = 526) on two occasions (October and November 2022). The questionnaire comprised four sections: (1) demographics associated with pharmacists and pharmacies, (2) contact between community pharmacists and patients with dementia/their carers, and types of medication-related queries received by pharmacists, (3) understanding and knowledge about anticholinergic burden, and (4) community pharmacist role in management of anticholinergic burden in patients with dementia. Data were analysed descriptively using Stata v17.

Results

A response rate of 15.2% (80/526) was achieved. Most contact was with patients with dementia/carers in their own homes. Community pharmacists lacked knowledge about anticholinergic burden in dementia, did not use any anticholinergic burden scales in their practice (n = 77, 96.3%), and rarely discussed anticholinergic burden with patients, carers (n = 60, 75.0%), or other healthcare professionals (n = 42, 52.5%). However, they were positive about their role in future interventions and saw value in managing anticholinergic burden in patients with dementia as part of a multidisciplinary primary healthcare team (n = 67; 83.3%).

Conclusion

Despite the low response rate, the study findings have highlighted community pharmacists’ willingness to contribute to the management of anticholinergic burden in patients with dementia. Further research is required to understand how this can be achieved.