bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Lexical Semantic Explanation for ‘Quirky’ Case Marking in Hindi
Authors: Narasimhan Bhuvana
Published: March 2003

The case canonically assigned to subjects across languages is nominative or ergative case. In a number of languages including Tamil, Russian, Finnish, Icelandic, Malayalam and Hindi, subjects can receive dative case marking. This phenomenon, labelled ‘quirky’ or ‘lexical’ case‐marking, is generally accounted for in terms of the association of dative case with an argument bearing a particular thematic role in the lexical entries of individual verbs (Zaenen, Maling & Thrainsson, 1985). Such an account does not account for all the data, neither does it explain why certain thematic roles should get dative case marking. In this paper, I show that the case‐marking patterns in Hindi can be accounted for in a principled manner in terms of the interaction of the aspectual characteristics of the construction, its adicity, and the relative prominence of the arguments of the verb on the Thematic Hierarchy. My account of this phenomenon is formulated within the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (Foley & Van Valin 1984; Van Valin 1991, 1993).
On presuppositions and (non)coreference
Authors: Authier J.‐Marc
Published: March 2003

The central objective of this paper is to explore some as yet to be understood aspects of the status and character of Bare Output Conditions, those conditions which, in Chomsky’s Minimalist framework, are assumed to be imposed from the ‘outside’ by cognitive systems that use information from the computational (syntactic) component. I argue for a more articulated theory of the syntax‐semantics interface, one which recognizes the ability of BOCs such as referential disjointness conditions to make reference to semantic information from two distinct sources, one of which uses lexically encoded material known as conventional implicature or semantic presupposition. This hypothesis accounts for why lexical elements such as even, only, emphatic anaphors, etc. seem to allow the nominal elements which they focus to freely violate the well‐known disjointness requirements known as Condition B, Condition C and Weak Crossover. It also leads to the conclusion that Condition A is not a BOC and that proposals which attempt to derive its effects from movement constraints internal to the computational system are probably on the right track.
Verb semantics and the acquisition of tense‐aspect in L2 English
Authors: Housen Alex
Published: March 2003

Studies on the L2‐acquisition of Tense‐Aspect (TA) have argued that the emergence and development of verb morphology is constrained by semantic‐conceptual prototypes in a way that coincides with the claims of the Aspect Hypothesis (AH) (Andersen & Shirai 1996). This paper presents results from a longitudinal study of the development of TA in L2 English which suggests that the influence of such prototypes is itself constrained by other factors, notably L1‐induced predispositions to mark specific temporal categories, the morphophonemic nature of different grammatical categories, and the nature of the processing mechanisms that operate in the learning of grammatical morphology.
An Extremal Problem Concerning the Derivatives of a Polynomial at Its Roots
Authors: Oaxaca‐Adams Guillermo , Verde‐Star Luis
Published: March 2003

Let w be a monic polynomial of degree n+1 with roots xj in the interval [−1, 1]. We consider the problem of finding the roots xj for which the minimum of ¦w′(xj)¦, for 0≤j≤n, is as large as possible. We prove that the Clenshaw–Curtis points cos(jπ/n) are the only solution when n is even and that they get asymptotically close to the solution for odd values of n, as n goes to infinity. Our problem is related to the problem of minimizing the norm of inverse Vandermonde matrices.
Singularity Structure of Third‐Order Dynamical Systems. II
Authors: Sachdev P. L. , Ramanan Sharadha
Published: March 2003

The singularity structure of the solutions of a general third‐order system, with polynomial right‐hand sides of degree less than or equal to two, is studied about a movable singular point. An algorithm for transforming the given third‐order system to a third‐order Briot–Bouquet system is presented. The dominant behavior of a solution of the given system near a movable singularity is used to construct a transformation that changes the given system directly to a third‐order Briot–Bouquet system. The results of Horn for the third‐order Briot–Bouquet system are exploited to give the complete form of the series solutions of the given third‐order system; convergence of these series in a deleted neighborhood of the singularity is ensured. This algorithm is used to study the singularity structure of the solutions of the Lorenz system, the Rikitake system, the three‐wave interaction problem, the Rabinovich system, the Lotka–Volterra system, and the May–Leonard system for different sets of parameter values. The proposed approach goes far beyond the ARS algorithm.
Two‐dimensional Models for Nonlinear Vorticity Waves in Shear Flows
Authors: Voronovich V. V. , Shrira V. I. , Stepanyants Yu. A.
Published: March 2003

The evolution of weakly nonlinear wave perturbations in shear flows of stratified fluid is investigated for large Reynolds numbers. The study is focused on the vorticity waves, i.e., the wave‐like motions caused by the mean flow vorticity gradient. A situation typical of the upper ocean is considered.The shear flow is supposed to be localized near the surface and to have no inflection points. The vertical scale of stratification is much larger than that of the shear current. Description of the dynamics of essentially three‐dimensional wave perturbations is reduced by a systematic asymptotic procedure to a single nonlinear evolution integrodifferential equation for (2+1)‐dimensions. The small parameters are the ratio of the vertical scale of the shear to the typical wavelength of the perturbations and the amplitude parameter. The equation does not contain viscous terms, but the regime of evolution it describes occurs owing to small but finite viscosity. The viscosity inhibits generation of strongly nonlinear vortices in the critical layer. Possible existence of localized two‐dimensional stationary solutions of the equation is investigated. Axially symmetric soliton solutions are found for a fluid of arbitrary depth in the limit of vanishing stratification. In stratified flows a linear resonant interaction between shear flow perturbations and internal waves is found to play the major role. The radiation damping of vorticity waves due to these resonances makes the existence of similar lump solitary structures in stratified fluid impossible.
A Note on the Linear Stability of Burgers Vortex
Authors: Crowdy Darren G.
Published: March 2003

A two‐parameter family of analytical solutions of the linearized equations for axially dependent disturbances to the three‐dimensional base strain field associated with the well‐known axisymmetric Burgers vortex is presented. The solutions are valid asymptotically at large axial distances from the stagnation point. By a formal perturbation analysis, perturbative solutions are also found for disturbances to the Burgers vortex for small Reynolds numbers. The solutions are believed to provide important insights into the nature of the as‐yet‐unsolved problem of the linear stability of Burgers vortex to axially varying disturbances.
Disintegration of Cnoidal Waves over Smooth Topography
Authors: Agnon Yehuda , Pelinovsky Efim , Sheremet Alexandru
Published: March 2003

The transformation of cnoidal waves in a basin with smooth topography is studied in the frame of the variable‐coefficient Korteweg–de Vries equation and the generalized Zakharov's system. It is shown that the cnoidal structure of the propagating nonlinear wave is destroyed if the topography contains a periodic component with a characteristic scale close to the nonlinearity length. Focusing on waves in intermediate depth, a simple analytical model based on a two‐harmonic representation of the cnoidal wave demonstrates the main features of the process of disintegration of the cnoidal structure of the nonlinear wave. Numerical simulations of the interaction of several harmonics confirm the analytical conclusions.
The Second Painlevé Equation in the Large‐parameter Limit I: Local Asymptotic Analysis
Authors: Joshi Nalini
Published: March 2003

In this article, we find all possible asymptotic behaviors of the solutions of the second Painlevé equation y″=2y3+xy+α as the parameter α→∞ in the local region x≪α2/3. We prove that these are asymptotic behaviors by finding explicit error bounds. Moreover, we show that they are connected and complete in the sense that they correspond to all possible values of initial data given at a point in the local region.
Analytic and Numerical Study of N‐Waves Governed by the Nonplanar Burgers Equation
Authors: Sachdev P. L. , Rao Ch. Srinivasa , Joseph K. T.
Published: March 2003

In this article, evolution of N‐waves under the nonplanar Burgers equation, which takes into account geometrical expansion or contraction, is treated analytically. An exact asymptotic solution, generalizing that for the planar Burgers equation, is given for the case of expansion. An approximate treatement, using a balancing argument, gives asymptotic analytic results for both expansion and contraction. The analysis is fortified by an accurate numerical solution of the problem. This study is brought in close conjunction with the earlier work of Crighton and Scott [13] and Sachdev, Joseph and Nair [3].
Lump Interactions and Collapse in the Modified Zakharov–Kuznetsov Equation
Authors: Sipcic R. , Benney D. J.
Published: March 2003

Two‐dimensional solitary wave (lump) interactions and the formation of singularities in the modified Zakharov–Kuznetsov (mZK) equation are considered. The mZK equation represents an anisotropic two‐dimensional generalization of the Korteweg–deVries equation and can be derived in a magnetized plasma for small amplitude Alfvén waves at a critical angle to the undisturbed magnetic field. The radially symmetric positive solutions (lumps) for the mZK equation are computed. It is shown that when two lumps interact, the initial energy exchange between them is followed by the emergence of a single collapsing lump and a radiation field behind it. Connections to the analytic theory of collapse for the mZK equation are discussed.
Convergent Expansions for Solutions of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations Having a Simple Turning Point, with an Application to Bessel Functions
Authors: Dunster T. M.
Published: March 2003

Second‐order linear ordinary differential equations with a large parameter u are examined. Classic asymptotic expansions involving Airy functions are applicable for the case where the argument z lies in complex domain containing a simple turning point. In this article, such asymptotic expansions are converted into convergent series, where u appears in an inverse factorial, rather than an inverse power. The domain of convergence of the new expansions is rigorously established and is found to be an unbounded domain containing the turning point. The theory is then applied to obtain convergent expansions for Bessel functions of complex argument and large positive order.
Evolution of Bounding Functions for the Solution of the KPP–Fisher Equation in Bounded Domains
Authors: Rodrigo M.
Published: March 2003

The KPP–Fisher equation was proposed by R. A. Fisher as a model to describe the propagation of advantageous genes. Subsequently, it was studied rigorously by Kolmogorov, Petrovskii, and Piskunov. In this paper, we study the dynamics of the KPP–Fisher equation in bounded domains by giving bounds on its solution. The bounding functions satisfy nonlinear equations which are linearizable to the heat equation. In addition to describing the dynamics of the KPP–Fisher equation, we also recover some previous results concerning its asymptotic behavior. We perform numerical simulations to compare the solution of the Fisher equation and the bounding functions.
The Nonparallel Evolution of Nonlinear Short Waves in Buoyant Boundary Layers
Authors: Denier James P. , Bassom Andrew P.
Published: March 2003

Buoyant boundary‐layer flows, typified by the flow over a heated flat plate, have the curious property that they can exhibit regions of “overshoot” in which the streamwise velocity exceeds its free‐stream value. A consequence of this is the streamwise velocity develops a local maximum and is inflectional in nature. It is therefore inviscidly unstable, and the fastest growing wave mode is known to be one whose wavelength is short compared to the boundary‐layer thickness. In this work we consider the nonparallel evolution of these short waves and show that they can be described in terms of the solution of a system of ordinary differential equations. Numerical and asymptotic studies enable us to explain the ultimate fate of the wave and show, depending on a key parameter which is a function of the underlying boundary layer, that two possibilities can arise. Nonparallelism may be sufficiently stabilizing so as to extinguish the linearly unstable waves or, in other cases, the mode may intensify but concentrate itself in a very thin zone surrounding the maximum in the streamwise velocity. These findings enable us to give some indication of the part these modes play in the transition to turbulence in buoyant boundary layers.
Singularities, Shocks, and Instabilities in Interface Growth
Authors: Tsemekhman V. , Wettlaufer J. S.
Published: March 2003

Two‐dimensional interface motion is examined in the setting of geometric crystal growth. We focus on the relationships between local curvature and global shape evolution displaying the dual role of singularities and shocks depending on the parameterization of the curve—the crystal surface. Discontinuities in surface slope accompany regions of asymptotically decreasing curvature during transient growth, whereas an absence of discontinuities preempts such asymptotic curvature evolution. In one parameterization, these discontinuities manifest themselves as a finite‐time continuous blowup of curvature, and in another, as a shock and hence a localized divergence of curvature. Previously, it has been conjectured, based on numerical evidence, that the minimum blowup time is preempted by shock formation. We prove this conjecture in the present paper. Additionally we prove that a class of local geometric models preserves the convexity of the surface. These results are connected to experiments on crystal growth.
Initial Boundary‐Value Problems for a Pair of Conservation Laws
Authors: Yong Darryl H. , Kevorkian J.
Published: March 2003

We describe a multiple‐scale technique for solving the initial boundary‐value problem over the positive x‐axis for a one‐dimensional pair of hyperbolic conservation laws. This technique involves decomposing the solution into waves and incorporating slow temporal and stretched spatial scales in different parts of the solution domain. We apply these ideas to a wavemaker problem for shallow water flow and show why the presence of source terms in the conservation laws makes the analytic solution more complicated.
Pygmalion Lives On
Authors: Wearmouth Janice
Published: March 2003

Knowledge of the possible effects of teacher expectation on the behaviour and achievement of pupils has been with us for several decades. Special educational needs co‐ordinators are familiar with the expression frequently put to them that ‘you can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear’. Stubborn views persist that failure is due almost entirely to the individual’s attitude or background and not with teacher expertise and expectation. Janice Wearmouth neatly encapsulates this in a thought‐provoking case study. The findings of Rosenthal and Jacobsen continue to haunt us.
Strengthening the Teaching Team: Teachers and Paraprofessionals Learning Together
Authors: Morgan Jill , Ashbaker Betty , Forbush Dave
Published: March 2003

The traditional classroom staffed by a single teacher is rapidly being replaced by one in which a team of adults collaborate to meet pupil needs. Paraprofessionals are an invaluable resource to teachers, not only in representing extra time spent with individual pupils or an extra pair of hands, but in the experience they bring to the job. Many have few formal qualifications, but a number of states and school districts in the USA have begun to provide training, as have some local education authorities in the UK. The most appropriate and useful format for paraeducator training is on the job. However, few teachers have received training in supervising or providing training to other adults. This article describes an observation and self‐evaluation procedure which enables teachers and paraprofessionals to identify and begin to meet their own professional development needs.
Reading Recovery: Its Effectiveness in the Long Term
Authors: Moore Maggie , Wade Barrie
Published: March 2003

The introduction of the ‘literacy hour’ into primary schools is causing concern because it is largely unresearched. Maggie Moore and Barrie Wade suggest that in the pursuit of better standards of reading a substantial body of evidence for other solutions, principally Reading Recovery, are being ignored. They detail some of the very positive results they have obtained from the Marie Clay programme in Australia and New Zealand. The government should, perhaps look more closely at existing well‐documented projects before embarking on a massive policy that may have little effect.
Special Educational Needs Coordinators and the Code: No Longer Practising
Authors: Davies John Dwyfor , Lee John , Garner Philip
Published: March 2003

The authors of this article have developed an interesting method of identifying the perceptions of special educational needs coordinators. The use of ‘concept maps’, while not new, brings out contrasting views of the role. While the complexity of the job does not lend itself easily to simplistic analysis, as the writers concede, the technique can be deployed constructively in staff training.
Social constructivism in the classroom
Authors: Watson Judith
Published: March 2003

In this article, Judith Watson uses examples from classroom practice to demonstrate how, within a framework of social constructivism, small changes in teachers' practice can promote effective teaching in pupils of all ages and levels of ability, across the curriculum.
Learning from each other: practitioners in school–based support for children with language and communication needs
Authors: Miller Carol
Published: March 2003

In this article Carol Miller describes a small–scale project in which speech and language therapists worked alongside teachers and assistants to support children in schools. Outcomes are discussed in terms of activities undertaken and the professional learning experienced by the practitioners who worked together.
From Scotswood Road to Alexandra House
Authors: Marshall Chris
Published: March 2003

Chris Marshall graduated in psychology at the University of Durham in 1964. After teaching in Croydon he was appointed an assistant educational psychologist (EP) in Newcastle upon Tyne, subsequently doing his formal EP training at Birmingham University. Some research on seven–year–old readers led to an M.Ed. from Newcastle upon Tyne and in 1970 he returned to Durham as a lecturer in the Institute of Education, tutoring the one–year diploma course in remedial education. In 1976 he became principal educational psychologist of Northamptonshire. He was also involved in part–time teaching and tutoring for the Open University, including the course on the teaching of reading. In 1978 he was appointed HMI, where he remained until his retirement in 2001. He became leader of the special needs team in 1984 and in 1987 the professional head of the Assessment of Performance Unit. He subsequently acted as adviser to the DfEE on assessment, and on appeals and complaints in relation to the 1981 Education Act. He was involved in the setting up of the SEN Tribunal. The final part of his career from 1996 was again as the special needs team leader for HMI, now part of Ofsted.
The Logical Problem of Language Change: A Case Study of European Portuguese
Authors: Niyogi Partha , Berwick Robert C.
Published: March 2003

In this article we present new results of a novel computational approach to the interaction of two important cognitive‐linguistic phenomena: (1) language learning; and (2) language change over time (diachronic linguistics). We exploit the insight that while language learning takes place at the individual level, language change is more properly regarded as an ensemble property that takes place at the level of populations of language learners. We show by analytical and computer simulation methods that language learning can be regarded as the driving force behind a dynamical systems account of language change. We apply this model to the specific case of historical change from Classical Portuguese to European Portuguese, demonstrating how a particular language learning model coupled with data on the differences between Classical and European Portuguese leads to specific predictions for possible language‐change envelopes. The main investigative message of this paper is to show how this methodology can be applied to a specific case, that of Portuguese. The main moral underscores the individual/population difference; we show that simply because an individual will choose a particular grammar does not mean that all other grammars will be eliminated.
A–movement and the EPP
Authors: Bošković Željko
Published: March 2003

The article argues that the EPP should be eliminated. It is shown that in a number of constructions the EPP does not hold at all. Where it does appear to hold, its effects follow from independent mechanisms of the grammar. EPP effects concerning the final landing site of A–movement follow from Case theory. Intermediate [Spec,IP]s are filled as a result of the requirement of successive cyclicity (i.e., locality); otherwise they remain empty, which is unexpected if the EPP were to hold. In particular, intermediate [Spec,IP]s remain empty in constructions involving expletive subjects, which I argue do not move at all. It is also argued that the requirement of successive cyclicity should not be tied to a property of intermediate heads, as in the feature–checking/filled–specifier requirement approach to successive cyclicity, but to a property of the movement itself.
Intransitive Dice
Authors: Deshpande M. N.
Published: March 2003

In a recent issue of Teaching Statistics, an intransitive dice competition was published. In this article some further interesting results about such dice are presented.
Web‐Based Project and Key Skills Work
Authors: Connor Doreen , Davies Neville , Payne Bradley
Published: March 2003

Pupils in England and Wales are increasingly being asked to undertake investigative‐type work, be it the new compulsory projects in data handling for GCSE Mathematics (age 14–16) (see Browne 2002) or the Key Skills topic application of number. This article shows how teachers can generate realistic project scenarios using real data and produce indicative model solutions from the same data. The projects range from simple presentational problems for data, through hypothesis testing to complex modelling scenarios.
Understanding Correlation
Authors: Kharshikar A.V. , Kunte S.
Published: March 2003

This article uses a simple counter‐intuitive example to point out a common misinterpretation of correlation.
A Statistician's Approach to Goldbach's Conjecture
Authors: Sheldon Neil
Published: March 2003

Goldbach's conjecture is explored by means of probability.
Joachim Wach's “Master and Disciple” Revisited: A Contemporary Symposium
Authors: Denny Frederick M. , Miles Margaret R. , Hallisey Charles , Waugh Earle H.
Published: March 2003

Joachim Wach's classic 1924 treatment of two types of teaching and learning relationships is summarized by Professor Denny and commented on from three contemporary perspectives by three teaching scholars who raise the basic question, “Are Wach's models of student and disciple adequate for the nineties?”

Following an introduction by Frederick M. Denny, the contributions presented are: I. Are Wach's Models of Student and disciple Adequate for the Nineties?, by Margaret R. Miles, II. Response to Joachim Wach's “Master and Disciple: Two Religio‐Sociological Studies”: Buddhism, by Charles Hallisey and III. Wach and the Double Truth, by Earle H. Waugh.
Dialogue for Accountability: Pedagogical Proficiency and Religious Scholarship
Authors: Talvacchia Kathleen T.
Published: March 2003

The author believes that the value of teaching in the academy will continue to be diminished as long as teaching and scholarship are viewed as separate and unequal. Thus, pedagogical proficiency is a fundamentally important component of religious and theological scholarship. Pedagogical skills allow scholars to be in dialogue with people outside of their content specialization and outside of the academy; therefore, they enable dialogue with the people of a religious tradition who are not scholarly specialists, but who are the living community of the religious tradition. The article seeks first to articulate a clear understanding of teaching competency, drawing on the concept of pedagogical proficiency. The case is then made for the role of teaching in scholarly research and, finally, its specific role in religious and theological research, showing that research accountability to a living religious tradition necessarily demands teaching competency.
Making ‘bad’ deaths ‘good’: the kinship consequences of posthumous conception
Authors: Simpson Bob
Published: March 2003

Recent developments in assisted reproduction mean that a child may now be born long after its father’s demise. Acts of posthumous conception raise a host of complex ethical and social issues. The article draws attention to these by means of an analysis of the medical, legal, and political commentaries generated by the case of Diane Blood in her dispute with the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, which had prevented her from using her deceased husband’s sperm to become pregnant. Analysis of this and similar cases reveals that the desire for offspring following the death of a husband or partner has significant consequences for notions of marriage, paternity, memoriam, and inheritance .The article identifies as an underlying theme in acts of posthumous conception an attempt to ameliorate the grief of a widow, a family, and the wider society by making ‘bad’ deaths to some extent ‘good’. To achieve this transformation the meaning of sperm within reproductive transactions is subject to radical reinterpretations which simultaneously commodotize and sacralize human gametes.
Changing Places: Relatives and Relativism in Java
Authors: Beatty Andrew
Published: March 2003

This article examines the social context of conceptual and moral relativism; more specifically, it explores links between religious orientation and experience in an ideologically plural setting. I argue that cultural models of ‘changing places’ serve to guide a number of Javanese practices: child–borrowing, gender–switching, language use, and even religious conversion. These models, formed in childhood experience, engender and express a relativism which is highly valued in rural Java.
The Fundamentals of Fertility: Cosmology and Conversion in a Southwestern Nigerian Town
Authors: Renne Elisha P.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the place of religion in the process of ‘becoming modern’, associated with conversion to Christianity and with literacy, in one Ekiti Yoruba town in southwestern Nigeria. It questions theories of modernization that presume a shift from communal ‘traditional’ to private, secularized religious practice, focusing on beliefs about the genesis of life, specifically cosmology and fertility. This approach provides a means for examining assumptions about the separation of the secular and religious, evidenced through an examination of local interpretations of biblical texts associated with barrenness and extraordinary births. How these stories have been interpreted by Ekiti Yoruba women and men offers a perspective on the processes whereby forms of ‘modern hybrids’ are constructed, altered, and reconstructed, as well as on how the fundamental bases of fertility are understood in particular social contexts.
A Geopolitical Approach to China's Future as an Empire
Authors: Eronen Jarmo
Published: March 2003

A geopolitcal theory developed by Randall Collins (1986) predicted the fall of the Soviet empire. The question now being asked is how long China will exist within its present frontiers. The unity of the state is threatened by overextension of resources, growing economic inequality, and ethnic separatism. An attempt is made to quantify the potential for separatism of the Chinese provinces. The highest scores were received by Xinjiang, Tibet, Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang. The pull of the strong Hong Kong and Taiwanese economies may create an integrated South Chinese economic space, stretching from Hainan to Shanghai. The pull from the Turkic and Islamic states in Central Asia may increase separatist tendencies in Xinjiang.
‘Flags of Convenience’: Geoeconomics and Regulatory Minimisation
Authors: Barton Jonathan R.
Published: March 2003

Geoeconomics is an increasingly powerful conditioning factor within the organisation of ‘the global’. Flags of Convenience (shipping registries) are highlighted as an example of this importance. Shipping companies have traditionally sought to take advantage of different regulatory conditions around the world by registering under a particular ‘flag’, selecting a sovereign state with regulations that suit the company in question. This situation establishes difficulties associated with the global regulation of merchant shipping. Geoeconomic developments during the second half of the twentieth century have resulted in international flexibility and the relative ease of transboundary movements of capital and products between firms and markets. This paper utilises the example of Flags of Convenience as one of the oldest examples of geoeconomic flexibility within the global geo‐political economy, and one that exposes the complexities of increasing globalisation and regulation at the turn of the millennium.
Sectoral and Structural Considerations in China's Rural Development
Authors: Kirkby Richard , Xiaobin Zhao
Published: March 2003

Since 1984, China's rural‐based non‐agricultural sector (the Township Village, and Private enterprises – TVEs) has seen dynamic growth, underpinning the rapid improvement in livelihood of some hundreds of millions of rural dwellers. Within the rural economy, however, serious tensions have arisen between TVEs and agricultural production per se. The Chinese government now confronts a central policy dilemma in which further development of the collectively owned TVE sector in particular is counterpoised against the maintenance of stable agricultural output, especially that of food grains. This paper examines the causes of the dilemma, focusing on the impact of the off‐farm sector on agricultural production, and the structural imbalances that now need to be addressed. The paper argues that under current conditions, in which farming communities are pulled in two directions – traditional crop production or rural industries – the absence of functional and spatial segregation is creating serious economic and ecological imbalances in China's countryside. The authors suggest possible solutions which rest upon clearer physical differentiation between urban and rural spheres.
Flexible Retailing: Gap Inc. and the Multiple Spaces of Shopping in the United States
Authors: Marston Sallie A. , Modarres Ali
Published: March 2003

In the last 15 years a range of new and revitalised forms of retailing have emerged in cities and suburbs across the USA. Power centres, hybrid centres, speciality retail centres, and street‐based retailing have complicated the existing mix of shopping centres, malls, factory outlet/off‐price centres, and festive/restoration centres. After examining the literature on retail change and establishing our theoretical framework, we analyse the history of mall construction and contrast it with a representative retail firm, Gap Inc., in order to gain some insights into the diversity of contemporary American retailing. Through this empirical examination we argue that retailing in the USA is currently operating through a range of spatial forms. This diversity in retail forms has been assisted and promoted by the emergence and increasing predominance of large corporate retailers – from clothiers to home furnishing vendors to booksellers – who are able to operate profitably in a range of spatial settings. As mall construction nationally has declined new shopping centre formats and the recent revival of street‐based retailing appear as innovative spatial forms that extend the opportunities and broaden the experiential aspects of shopping for a wide range of consumers. We conclude that contemporary retailing, like manufacturing, has become increasingly flexible in its locational practices.
Conditions for the development of high‐tech industry: the case of Israel
Authors: Kellerman Aharon
Published: March 2003

The Israeli extensive high‐tech industry is examined in the light of a model that presents the process chain from knowledge and capital formation through innovation and invention to production. The deeper roots for the Israeli high‐tech industry lie in Jewish cultural traits of scholastic learning and international communications, rather than in prolonged industrial development. Within a modern context, the industry based itself through a strong security accent, because of the Arab–Israeli conflict. The phases in the development of the Israeli high‐tech industry moved from the creation of a domestic base for R&D in information technology to a growing global one, blending between a leading domestic accumulation of knowledge, entrepreneurship, and limited capital on the one hand, and global capital and demands for technology on the other. The high‐tech industry and the services for its operation are centred on metropolitan Tel‐Aviv.
Using GIS to Assess the Environmental Justice Consequences of Transportation System Changes
Authors: Chakraborty Jayajit , Schweitzer Lisa A. , Forkenbrock David J.
Published: March 2003

Although environmental justice research has typically focused on locations of industrial toxic releases or waste sites, recent developments in GIS and environmental modeling provide a foundation for developing measures designed to evaluate the consequences of transportation system changes. In this paper, we develop and demonstrate a workable GIS‐based approach that can be used to assess the impacts of a transportation system change on minorites and low‐income residents. We focus specifically on two adverse affects: vehicle‐generated air pollution and noise. The buffer analysis capabilities of GIS provide a preliminary assessment of environmental justice. We integrate existing environmental pollution models with GIS software to identify the specific locations where noise and air pollution standards could be violated because of the proposed system change. A comparison of the geographic boundaries of these areas with the racial and economic characteristics of the underlying population obtained from block level census data provides a basis for evaluating disproportionate impacts. An existing urban arterial in Waterloo, Iowa, is used to illustrate the methods developed in this research.
Development of a University Training Center for Environmental GIS Applications in Poland
Authors: Fürst J. , Ignar S.
Published: March 2003

A training center for environmental GIS applications was established at the Warsaw Agricultural University (WAU) in a cooperative effort of nine Polish and nine western European universities, as well as public authorities and private consulting companies. The project was part of the “Structural Joint European Project” entitled “Joint Curricula Development for Sil and WAter Resources Protection (SWARP)”, and funded under the framework of the TEMPUS program. In compliance with TEMPUS guidelines and national Polish priorities, promotion of GIS technology for environmental management was assigned a high priority, reflected in the specific objectives for the GIS training center: (1) to become a center of competence for environmental GIS applications, with up‐to‐date resources of hardware, software, staff and expertise; and (2) to promote the integration of GIS technology for environmental management into the educational programs of the partner institutions. This paper describes how support for hardware and software equipment, curricula development, transfer of expertise through intensive short courses and a staff mobility program was used to increase GIS infrastructure in Poland.
Time‐variant GIS Databases of Changing Historical Administrative Boundaries: A European Comparison
Authors: Gregory Ian N.
Published: March 2003

The advantages of using digital boundary data as part of the process of analysing and visualising census data are well known. In many countries census data and their associated boundaries are now published as an integrated digital product. To truly understand the present, however, we must also understand the past and the changes that have led us to the present. Several European countries and regions have, therefore, created GISes of their changing administrative boundaries as a first stage in fully understanding the spatial and temporal complexities of long‐term socio‐economic change. Many others have plans to do so. In June 2000 a European Science Foundation funded workshop was held in Florence organised by Drs H Southall, M Goerke, and G Thorvaldsen. The meeting’s title was “Mapping Europe’s historic boundaries and borders: An exploratory workshop” (Southall et al. 2000). The meeting included a session on “Constructing historic boundary GISes” in which representatives of projects from various countries and regions reported on how their project had approached the problem of creating time‐variant GISes of changing socio‐economic units. This paper examines the different approaches to creating temporal GISes that are described in the literature and compares this to the actual methods used by these European projects.
Another Look at Clitics in Old English
Authors: Koopman Willem F.
Published: March 2003

Personal pronouns have distributional properties which are in important respects different from those of full NPs. Pronominal objects of a preposition, personal pronoun subjects and objects have therefore been analysed as clitics. A clitic analysis has also been proposed for adverbs. In this paper I concentrate on the question of how we can recognise clitics. Some proposed criteria are tested on the Old English material, leading to the conclusion that there is some support for a clitic analysis, but that it cannot be concluded that personal pronouns are always clitics. It is likely that they behave sometimes like ordinary NPs. Adverbs are unlikely to be clitics.
A fresh look at the origin of an interesting survival of the dual in Russian
Authors: Cooper Brian
Published: March 2003

After an introduction briefly outlining features of the dual number in relation to paired body parts, and some of its survivals in Russian and other Slavonic languages, a short lexicological and, in particular, etymological study is offered on an interesting Russian survival of this type (mude‘testicles’) and its Slavonic cognates, with information on ways in which it has been re‐interpreted, on its use and derivatives, especially its occurrence in vernacular phytonyms, on some previously proposed but mainly unconvincing etymologies, the most plausible of which is examined in detail, and on two new suggestions for a possible etymon.
Convergence in language change: morpho‐syntactic patterns in mingrelian (and Laz)
Authors: Hewitt George
Published: March 2003

The paper examines two features of Mingrelian (a member of the Kartvelian, or South Caucasian, language family): (i) the marking of subordinate clauses by either clause‐final suffix ‐n(i)/‐i/alone or this suffix + a full subordinating conjunction (or relative pronoun); (ii) the ‘Conditional’ forms in ‐k’o(n(i)), which are peculiar within Kartvelian to Mingrelian and its close sister Laz. Influence exerted long ago by the North West Caucasian language Abkhaz, whose speakers may be presumed to have been in close contact with the Zan ancestors of Laz‐Mingrelians, it is claimed, might feasibly underlie these phenomena. The discussion finally touches upon consideration of the possible role played by parataxis in the development of some hypotactic constructions in the history of at least some languages, especially in light of a recent attempt to refute the notion that hypotaxis can be so derived.
How Gaps and substitutions can become optimal: the pronominal affix paradigms of Yimas
Authors: Wunderlich Dieter
Published: March 2003

In order to describe the possible and impossible pronominal prefix combinations in the Yimas verb, a set of partially ordered constraints is proposed within the correspondence format of Optimality Theory (OT). These constraints simultaneously explain the split in the inventory, the order of prefixes, why gaps appear in some category combinations, and why less specified prefixes substitute for fully specified ones in other combinations. Moreover, I will show that the Yimas inventory of ergative and accusative morphemes is rather stabile under the given constraint ranking. A scenario in which Yimas shifts to a pure accusative system is more imaginable than a scenario in which it shifts to a pure ergative system, despite the fact that the ergative morphemes outnumber the accusative ones. Thus, an OT account may result in evaluations of the inventory that differ from more intuitive judgments.
The International Competitiveness of CEEC Agriculture
Authors: Gorton Matthew , Davidova Sophia
Published: March 2003

The paper surveys the price competitiveness of agricultural production in Central and East European Countries (CEECs). It draws together empirical work conducted by tje authors and other studies that have estimated domestic resource cost (DRC) ratios for agriculture in various CEECs. The paper identifies that in general CEEC crop production is more internationally competitive than livestock farming. During the mid‐1990s, wheat production in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia was internationally competitive. In contrast, during the same period, milk production was not internationally competitive. However, there is also a considerable degree of variation from country to country; very little of Slovenia's agricultural production is internationally competitive. In the livestock sector the greatest problems lie where large herds have been broken up resulting in fragmented production. This has particularly affected beef and milk production. Considering variations in DRCs by farm type, larger private farms in Hungary and the Czech Republic are more internationally competitive than smaller private farms in crop production. If CEEC producers faced average EU prices for their traded inputs and output, most could be price competitive. However, conclusions should be treated with caution due to sensitivity of DRC ratios to changes in international prices and the choice of the shadow prices for non‐tradeable inputs
Movement of Natural Persons and the GATS
Authors: Chanda Rupa
Published: March 2003

Trade in services has expanded considerably in recent years, However, numerous regulatory barriers constrain such trade, especially when it involves the temporary cross‐border movement of labour, also termed, movement of natural persons. Many developing countries have the potential to export services through cross‐border movement of professional, semi‐skilled and unskilled labour. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) seeks to progressively liberalise trade in services via different modes of supply, including the movement of natural persons. Under the first round of GATS negotiations, member countries have made sectoral and cross‐sectoral commitments to promote trade in services for these different modes of supply. This paper discusses the significance of and various constraints to the movement of natural persons in service trade. It also assesses the nature of liberalisation that has occurred in this mode of supply under GATS and notes the limited progress made in this regard. In view of the ongoing round of GATS negotiations, it suggests ways to stregthen the overall GATS framework through greater transparency and specificity in the commitments on movement of natural persons and through the introduction of various multilateral disciplines.
A World Environmental Organisation: The Wrong Solution to the Wrong Problem
Authors: Newell Peter
Published: March 2003

The starting point for a discussion of reform of the global environmental machinery should be an enquiry into the causes of the ineffectiveness of current arrangements. The argument made here is, firstly, that many of the criticisms made of the existing architecture by advocates of a WEO are misplaced, while ignoring other key faults. Secondly, that the suggested form of a WEO is problematic and may exacerbate existing problems, particularly for developing countries. I focus here more on the notion that a WEO should pursue the internalisation of environmental externalities. I argue that while this goal is worth pursuing, proposals for a deal‐brokering body are unlikely to make much progress in delivering it because of misplaced assumptions about the existing political order and the ability of a WEO to remedy current weaknesses.
English in Flanders (Belgium)
Authors: Goethals Michaël
Published: March 2003

This contribution should be read as an addendum to Arthur van Essen’s description of English in Mainland Europe and more specifically in the Netherlands (this issue). Belgium is a federal state, with Dutch‐speaking Flanders as the northern half, French‐speaking Wallonia as the southern half, and a German‐speaking minority in the East, and with the ‘officially bilingual’ Brussels capital district as a largely French‐speaking ‘island’ in the middle. Due to the educational and cultural autonomy of the language communities, language teaching and cultural development develop differently (see OECD, 1991). Facts and comments will be given on the position of English in Flemish education (teacher training and certification of language proficiency, types and intensity of EFL courses, materials and methods), in Flemish society and in daily life; on its image and the quality of its use; and on its status, in competition with Dutch, the standard L1 language in Flanders, and with French, the L1 of the other half of the country.
Generic Power at the Gate
Authors: Chew Phyllis Ghim‐Lian
Published: March 2003

Generic power is the ability to anticipate elements in a predictable sequence in a communicative event. This paper examines the role of such power in a crucial situation, namely the admission interview in the Republic of Singapore. In such a strategic occasion, both the interviewer (IR) and the interviewee (IE) are strictly constrained by generic expectations which restrict their discoursal patterns and interpretations. This paper argues that knowledge of generic conventions cannot be divorced from the institutional and cultural constraints peculiar to each speech event and that the possession of ‘generic power’ in crucial sites can arm their owners with a critical advantage.