bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NUCLEAR DATA FOR REACTOR NEUTRONICS CALCULATIONS - ROSFOND DATA LIBRARY AND ABBN-RF GROUP DATA SYSTEM
Authors: Manturov G , Nikolaev M , Koshcheev V
Published: January 2022

The work is devoted to one of the most important scientific and technical problems in reactor physics related to the development and verification of codes and nuclear data that provide reliable and highly accurate calculations of neutron-physical characteristics of fast reactors and radiation shielding, including nuclear fuel cycle, criticality and radiation safety parameters. The designed neutronics characteristics of fast reactors should be based on certified, qualified sets of codes and nuclear constants: the calculation tools should be related to the modern state of scientific knowledge and computational techniques, and used nuclear physics constants should be adequate to the most reliable evaluations of nuclear data. In connection with rapid development of the computing engineering and all greater introduction in practice of calculation Monte Carlo codes, the methodical constituent of calculation error falls down substantially. In these terms the nuclear constant’s constituent of error of calculations becomes fully qualificatory. A situation is intensifyed by the fall-off of financing of experimental works, why in this connection the amount of fast critical stands in the world diminishes sharply. The paper consider the state of art of the constant’s providing system CONSYST/ABBN, created on the basis of the national library of neutron data files ROSFOND and libraries of multigroup constants ABBN-93 and ABBN-RF. One of the most important problems under consideration here also is the methodical and software for estimating of errors of the calculated physical characteristics. System of codes and nuclear data for reactor neutronics calculations is based on the unified methodological basis that ensures the transparency of the procedure for obtaining the data used in the calculations, the reliability of their verification and the obtaining of guaranteed accuracy of the calculated physical reactor characteristics.
THE SCHEDULE OF THE NEUTRON FIELDS SPECTROMETRY IN THE SM REACTOR AFTER THE MODERNIZATION
Authors: Enin S , Belozerova A , Pavlov V , Chernisheva T
Published: January 2022

A program for refining the energy spectra of neutron radiation in the neutron trap, core and reflector of the SM-3 reactor after modernization using the certified equipment and verified methods is presented in the article. The relevance of the article lies in familiarization with the experimental implementation of the methods in order to compare the experimental neutron-physical characteristics of the reactor before and after the last reconstruction. During the program creation, the previous experience of spectrometric measurements was taken into account, as well as experiments were carried out under conditions close to those of spectrometry after reconstruction. The results of the research are necessary for the planning of irradiation experiments and verification of calculation methods for determining the neutron-physical characteristics. The results of the described researches cover most science and technology areas, many aspects of human practice, including healthcare. The authors presented results of accompanying experiments, which made it possible to work out the regulations and features of short-term measurements. The developed and optimized program of neutron spectrometry in the SM-3 reactor channels will allow to obtain reliable information on the density of neutron fluxes for the first time after modernization to verify analytical data and to optimize the use of the SM-3 reactor facility to increase the production of transplutonium elements and radionuclide products.
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF ZIRCONIUM HYDRIDES MORPHOLOGY AT WIDELY VARIED COOLING RATES
Authors: Kolesnik M , Aliev T , Likhanskii V
Published: January 2022

Computation study of the average zirconium hydride length on the cooling rate was performed using the precipitate nucleation and growth model. The cooling rate was varied in the range equal to six orders between typical values for the spent nuclear fuel dry storage conditions to values typical for laboratory tests modeling the dry storage. The calculations showed that as the cooling rate decreases, the hydrides concentration decreases, and their average length increases linearly on a double logarithmic scale. These dependencies have no limit if hydrides were abscended in the sample before the cooling began. If there were hydrides in the sample before the start of cooling, then they will grow and new hydrides will not nucleate in the limit of low cooling rates. For spent nuclear fuel dry storage, these results mean that if hydrides remain in the fuel claddings at the initial storage period, then hydrides morphology and hydrogen embrittlement at the end of the storage period are similar values gained under laboratory conditions with sufficiently slow cooling. If hydrides in fuel claddings are completely dissolved at the beginning of dry storage, then their length will be significantly greater than in laboratory tests at the end of the storage. Therefore, if the threshold values for the circumferential stresses are exceeded in fuel claddings, the hydrogen embrittlement can be expected to be higher than after faster cooling in typical laboratory studies. In this case, the hydrogen embrittlement assessment should be performed in a conservative approach assuming that radial hydrides have an average length equal to the thickness of the fuel cladding.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ANNULAR FIN OF A RECTANGULAR PROFILE WITH ENERGY RELEASE
Authors: Levchenko V , Kascheev M , Dorokhovich S , Zaytsev A , Sorokin A
Published: January 2022

The heat conduction equation for an annular fin with an arbitrary profile in the presence of energy release in the fin is obtained in the article. The resulting equation differs from the approximate equation given in the literature by the presence of energy release and a more accurate determination of the length of the arc element. As boundary conditions, the temperature of the base of the fin is set, and at the end of the fin, heat exchange occurs according to the Newton - Richmann law with the environment. The equation for the fin of a rectangular profile is an inhomogeneous modified Bessel equation. Its solution contains the Bessel functions of the imaginary argument of the first and second kind of zero order. The efficiency of the fin and the heat flow through the base of the fin are determined. The energy release in the fin increases its efficiency compared to the efficiency of the fin in the absence of energy release, and also reduces the heat flow. The restriction by the values of energy release in the fin is found as condition for the applicability of the finning. The fin efficiency must be less than one. If the efficiency exceeds one, the fin plays the opposite role: the flow is directed in the reverse side. In the article, an expression is obtained for the surface build-up coefficient kh. When calculating the heating (cooling) of a body with a finned surface, the heat transfer coefficient should be increased by kh times.
Analisis Penggunaan Kohesi Leksikal pada Teks Cerita Pendek Siswa Kelas XI SMA Negeri 4 Bogor
Authors: Suhendra Suhendra , Patriani R Alma
Published: January 2022

This research aims to describe the use of types of lexical cohesion tools in short story texts of eleventh grade SMA Negeri 4 Bogor. The method in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The data collection technique in this research is literature study. The validity checking of the data in this study used triangulation. The source of this research is short story text of eleventh grade SMA Negeri 4 Bogor. The focus of lexical cohesion tool in this research are repetition, synonym, antonym, hyponym, collocation, and equivalence. Based on the results of data analysis found 140 lexical cohesion tools were used. The first number of findings, the use of reps was 36 findings (26%). The tool of lexical cohesion was found in repetition of incomplete words in person pronouns, whole words in person pronouns, and whole words in time adverbs. Second, it is synonymous with a total of 14 findings (10%). In general this cohesion tool was found by looking at the form of language whose meaning is similar or similar to other forms of language. Third, antonym with a total of 24 findings (17%). This cohesion tool can be identified by looking at words that have different meanings in other words. Fourth, hyponym with a total of 10 findings (7%). Hyponyms are related to words that have a narrower meaning and are covered in the meaning of one more general word. Fifth, 24 collocations were found (17%). Collocation, related to the relationship of words and other words in the same environment. Finally, equivalence with a total of 32 findings (23%).  The tool for lexical cohesion in general, deals with the use of meaning that is very close because of the use of the same basic words. Thus, from this number it can be concluded that in the short story students found many uses of lexical cohesion tools from 25 short stories found as many as 140 data findings and the use of the most dominant lexical cohesion tool found in the use of repetition with data findings of 26% data. Repetition is widely used by students to express affirmation of the object being told. In addition, the cohesion tool is also used with the intention of repetition with the replacement of the word referenced by the word that replaces it.
Analisis Psikologi Tokoh dalam Naskah Drama Pinangan Karya Anton P. Chekhov Saduran Jim Lim Suyatna Anirun dengan Pendekatan Psikologi Analitis Carl Gustav Jung serta Implikasinya Terhadap Pembelajaran
Authors: Mubarock Wildan Fauzi
Published: January 2022

Literary works are very broad, and drama scripts are included. In general the drama script raised about the story of human life. The story of human life is played beautifully by each character. Each character has their own psychology which describes the personality structure that exists in him. This paper will examine the characters in the drama script Pinangan by Anton P. Chekhov adaptation of Jim Lim Suyatna Anirun based on aspects of Carl Gustav Jung's Analytical Psychology. The focus of this research is to analyze the psychology of the main character in the script play Pinangan by Anton P. Chekhov adaptation of Jim Lim Suyatna Anirun with Carl Gustaf Jung's Analytical Psychological approach and its implications for learning Indonesian in high school. The purpose of this study is to determine the psychology that exists in the main character and its implications in learning Indonesian. This shows that the conflict in the story presented in the drama script is about love and debate, and no one wants to reduce their egos in dealing with every problem that comes. Thus, it can be concluded that the main character of the drama script Pinangan is a person who has a personality structure according to Carl Gustav Jung's Analytical Psychological theory. The implications of the Pinangan drama script in Indonesian language learning are contained in the basic competencies of 3.18 and 4.18 2013 curriculum which emphasizes that students can show one of the characters in a drama that is read or watched orally in a literary work, this is in accordance with the personality of the main character that is very unique and interesting for students to play and to hone the acting talent in students.
Rhetoric of Food as Medicine
Authors: Hanganu-Bresch Cristina
Published: January 2022

Guest editor's introduction to the special issue on the rhetoric of food and health.
Toxically Clean
Authors: Crowe Julie Homchick
Published: January 2022

The public’s declining trust in health advice from traditional outlets has long been noted by scholars. But what makes alternative sources for health information appear more trustworthy to some audiences? In this analysis, the author traces the use of expertise and experience as forms of multivocality in the textual artifacts of Gwyneth Paltrow and her enterprise, Goop—specifically those that promote clean eating and detox diets. The analysis illustrates how Goop creates a superficially neutral platform for different voices that make the texts seem polyphonic and by extension more trustworthy given that readers can choose which health plan is right for them. But upon further analysis the author illustrates that Goop blends each voice so that they “move in step” as a choir, combining with Paltrow’s own voice, and ultimately creating an illusion of polyphony and masking a dominant homophonic message that ties together mandates to “ask questions,” empower ourselves, and embrace the assumption that young, slender bodies are signifiers of health and wellness.
A Review of Women's Health Advocacy: Rhetorical Ingenuity for the 21st Century
Authors: Kalodner-Martin Elena
Published: January 2022

Review of: White-Farnham, J., Siegel Finer, B., & Molloy, C. (Eds.) (2020). Women's health advocacy: Rhetorical ingeniuty for the 21st century. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429201165
First-principles Calculations of the Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Graphene-like InxAl1-xN Monolayers
Authors: WANG Xuewen , ZHAO Yanbo , BAI Haiting , ZHANG Yuanmeng , GAO Jie , ZHAI Chunxue , DAI Yang
Published: January 2022

This paper employs the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE) function to research electronic structures of monolayer InxAl1-xN with different compositions (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) based on the first-principles, and the optical properties of single-layer InxAl1-xN are calculated by Generalized Gradient Approximation-Perdew Burke Ernzerhof (GGA-PBE) function. The influence of the electronic structure on the properties has been analyzed. Then the influence of doping quantity on the characteristics has been summarized, which also indicates the trend of the complex dielectric function and absorption spectrum. The calculation results show that with the increase of x, the static dielectric constant increases, the electron transition ability increases, and the absorption peak intensity in the light absorption spectrum increases. It can conclude that the InxAl1-xN compound can theoretically achieve the adjustable Eg and photoelectric performance with x, which will apply in making various optoelectronic devices, including solar cells and sensors.
Dann klappt’s auch mit den Nerds! Eine Reflektion von Kooperationen zwischen Informatiker*innen und Journalismusforscher*innen samt Hilfestellung für die erfolgreiche Zusammenarbeit
Authors: Reimer Julius
Published: January 2022

Angesichts eines zunehmend durch digital-vernetzte Endgeräte und Plattformen, Automatisierung, Datafizierung usw. geprägten Journalismus sind Journalismusforscher*innen aufgefordert, verstärkt mit Informatiker*innen zusammenzuarbeiten, um relevante Fragestellungen ihres Gegenstandsbereichs angemessen bearbeiten zu können. Interdisziplinäre Kooperationen sind jedoch weder trivial, noch werden Wissenschaftler*innen wirklich auf ihre Besonderheiten und Fallstricke vorbereitet. Vor diesem Hintergrund leistet der Beitrag einen ersten Erfahrungstransfer: Geleitet von Erkenntnissen der Wissenschaftsforschung werden zwei interdisziplinäre anwendungsorientierte Forschungsprojekte unter Beteiligung von Informatiker*innen und Journalismusforscher*innen reflektiert und so Erfolgsfaktoren und Herausforderungen sowie Bewältigungsstrategien für letztere identifiziert.
„Dasein“: Die Integration kulturanthropologischer Konzepte in die Journalismusforschung
Authors: Broer Irene , Schmidt Jan-Hinrik
Published: January 2022

Der ethnografische „Werkzeugkasten“ aus der Kulturanthropologie hat sich in der Journalismusforschung seit den klassischen Redaktionsethnografien der 1970er Jahre als wertvolles Instrument erwiesen, um die Praktiken, Kulturen und Strukturen, die die journalistische Realität ausmachen, sichtbar zu machen. In einer Zeit der verschwimmenden Grenzen, in der sowohl die journalistische als auch die wissenschaftliche Arbeit zunehmend in digitalen Räumen stattfindet, ist es allerdings geboten, Kontext und Konsequenzen des ethnografischen Vorgehens zu überdenken. Anhand unserer eigenen Erfahrungen mit einer hybriden Ethnografie mit virtueller und physischer Präsenz im Science Media Center Germany diskutieren wir, wie kulturanthropologisch informierte Journalismusforscher:innen ihre eigene Situiertheit reflektieren können, wenn sie die Praktiken der Nachrichtenproduktion in einer zunehmend digitalen Arbeits- und Lebenswelt erforschen. Indem wir die Entstehung einiger Kernkonzepte der Kulturanthropologie und die daraus resultierende Herangehensweise an die Ethnografie skizzieren, regen wir zugleich eine stärkere Integration anthropologischer Fragen und Konzepte in die ethnografische Journalismusforschung an.
Repolitisierung des Journalismus – Rollen und Aufgaben in einer agonalen Demokratie. Perspektiven journalistischer Rollen aus einer poststrukturalistischen Diskurs- und Hegemonietheorie und des amerikanischen Pragmatismus
Authors: Banholzer Volker M.
Published: January 2022

Journalismus und Medien sind Teil der kritischen Infrastruktur der Demokratie. Es wächst allerdings die Kritik am Ausfüllen dieser Rolle. In der Kritik stehen die aus der deliberativen Demokratietheorie abgeleiteten Vorgaben der Objektivität und Neutralität sowie das von einer neutralen Vermittlerrolle dominierte berufliche Selbstverständnis. Journalismus fungiere als Echokammer von Eliten, erschöpfe sich in der reinen Wiedergabe von Äußerungen politischer Akteure und verzichte auf Einordnung. Das trägt nach Ansicht der Kritik dazu bei, Entpolitisierung und damit auch Entdemokratisierung zu befördern. Internationale Studien schlagen vor, „Das Politische“ als Kern pluralistischer und konflikthafter Demokratie für den Journalismus (wieder) zu entdecken. Die Bezüge der Journalismusforschung auf politische Theorien der deliberativen Demokratie scheinen hier an Grenzen zu stoßen. Politikwissenschaftliche Diskurse zu Ent- sowie die Repolitisierung können auch für die Journalistik wichtige Impulse geben. Hierzu zählen das agonistische Modell von Chantal Mouffe, aber vor allem die Öffentlichkeitstheorie des demokratischen Experimentalismus eines John Dewey, die Perspektiven einer Repolitisierung und damit einen Beitrag zu einem sich wandelnden Rollenverständnis von Journalismus in seiner Gleichzeitigkeit als Beobachter und Akteur in der pluralistischen Demokratie leistet.
Thomas Manns Krieg
Authors: Boes Tobias
Published: January 2022

Thomas Manns Kampf gegen Nazi-Deutschland als Schriftsteller von internationalem Rang in Amerika.

Als Thomas Mann 1938 im amerikanischen Exil eintraf, wurde er mit Beifall empfangen und schon bald als »Hitlers Intimfeind« gefeiert. Es war eine außergewöhnliche Wendung für einen Autor, der im Ersten Weltkrieg noch zum »Gedankendienst mit der Waffe« angetreten war, sich inzwischen aber als internationaler Schriftsteller verstand. In den folgenden Jahren machte Mann geschickt Gebrauch von seinem Ruhm, um in Essays, Reden, öffentlichen Briefen und Rundfunkansprachen Stellung gegen das Nazi-Regime zu beziehen.

»Thomas Manns Krieg« erzählt, wie ein Autor, der oftmals als »repräsentativer Deutscher« belächelt wurde, geschickt seine Reputation im Ausland genutzt hat. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei nicht die Frage, welche Auswirkung Amerika auf die intellektuelle Entwicklung Thomas Manns gehabt haben mag, sondern stattdessen, welchen Einfluss er auf Amerika hatte. Aus dieser Perspektive gesehen entpuppt sich Thomas Mann auch als Vorreiter des Literaturbetriebs im 21. Jahrhundert - einer Zeit, in der Schriftsteller aus krisengeschüttelten Ländern oftmals als Botschafter gefährdeter kultureller Traditionen angesehen werden.
Von Berlin nach Timbuktu
Authors: Marx Christoph
Published: January 2022

Ein Reisender ohne kolonialistischen Blick - das Leben eines der großen Entdecker und Forscher des 19. Jahrhunderts.

Heinrich Barth (1821-1865) war der bedeutendste Afrikaforscher des 19. Jahrhunderts. Durch seine ab 1849 unternommene fünfeinhalbjährige Afrikareise, die ihn bis nach

Timbuktu führte, wurde er in ganz Europa berühmt. Seine umfassenden Forschungen zur Geographie, Ethnographie, Geschichte und Linguistik fanden ihren Niederschlag in seinem umfassenden Reisebericht, der bis heute eine der wichtigsten Quellen zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte Westafrikas ist. Als Reisender zeigte Barth ein für Europäer außergewöhnliches Maß an Interesse an den afrikanischen Kulturen. Sein Blick war dabei ungetrübt von imperialistischen und rassistischen Sichtweisen, die sonst so häufig die Entdecker und Eroberer des heraufkommenden Kolonialzeitalters kennzeichneten.

Weniger bekannt sind seine sonstigen Forschungsreisen. So unternahm er zahlreiche Expeditionen in den Mittelmeerraum, dessen geographische Erforschung sein zweites großes Thema war.

Für seine Biographie konnte Christoph Marx auf den kürzlich erschlossenen umfangreichen Briefwechsel zurückgreifen. Anlässlich des 200. Geburtstags Heinrich Barths zeichnet der Autor das umfassende Bild eines Mannes, der bahnbrechend als Geograph, Historiker und Ethnologe wirkte und bis heute ein Vorbild für eine Wissenschaft ohne Vorurteile ist.
Positive Leadership Experiences of Software Professionals in Information Technology Organisations
Authors: Andrew Patrick Harold , Kumar Ramdas Sunil , Kareem Jacqueline
Published: January 2022

Today’s corporate culture frequently treats distrust like a virtue; however positive teams are more effective. A workplace that instils confidence, and supports collaboration and creativity attracts committed and talented employees. Positive psychology plays a pivotal role in influencing numerous conceptual leadership models of which, positive leadership is one such concept. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight and recognise the value of positive leadership at workplace, this chapter aims to provide evidences of how positive leadership and its sub-dimension’s act as a link between employees and organisations positive outcomes. Judgement and stratified sampling technique was adopted to draw software professionals and to select information technology organisations (ITOs). Nine hundred and eighty three software professionals participated from around 25 IT organisations. The positive leadership measure (PLM) was administered. Results indicate that software professionals did experience positive leadership and the immediate supervisor’s positive behaviour lays down the foundation for a successful organisation. The sub-dimensions significantly impacted positive outcomes. The chapter details the results, discussion, implications and suggestions.
Elements of the Nonlinear Theory of Elasticity Based on Tensor-Nonlinear Equations
Authors: F. Komkov Kirill
Published: January 2022

The chapter contains information that forms the basis of a new direction in the nonlinear theory of elasticity. The theory, having adopted the mathematical apparatus obtained in the middle of the last century, after its analysis, is used with significant changes. This concept allows us to more accurately reveal the mechanism of deformation of materials, the elastic nature of which significantly depends on the type of stress state, due to the growth of additional volumetric deformation associated with the accumulation of defects, called dilatation. The work is original — after abandoning the elasticity characteristics in the form of modules - constants, the main role is assigned to material functions, which represent statistical characteristics. Their relation can be considered a coefficient of variation and a parameter of tensor nonlinearity, which makes it possible to represent the deformation in the form of two parts, different in origin.
Clinical and Laboratory Data Which Are Not Typical of De Novo Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Magomedova Aminat , Misyurina Anna , Kravchenko Sergey , Babaeva Fatima , Vorobiev Andrey
Published: January 2022

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous group of diseases of the lymphatic system, which is represented by de novo and secondary tumors resulting from the transformation of indolent lymphomas. In the absence of a long history of the disease at the stage of histological transformation (HT), it is difficult to distinguish between de novo and secondary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. According to the data of a randomized study, we obtained clinical and laboratory data that are not typical for de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. These include exclusive, predominant retroperitoneal localization, compression of the ureters/kidneys with or without the development of acute renal failure (ARF), unilateral lymphostasis of the leg due to compression of the inguinal, iliac lymph nodes by the conglomerate, intratumor in the central nervous system (CNS) at the onset/relapse/progression of the disease, discordant bone marrow involvement, blood involvement, paraprotein secretion.
Marijuana, a Journey through the Endocannabinoid System: Unmasking the Paradoxical Effect - Part 1
Authors: Lucas McKinley Ryan
Published: January 2022

This two-part section helps the reader to achieve a better understanding of how cannabis works as a viable medication for the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and central nervous system (CNS) in humans by identifying individual synergies between cannabinoids, or cannabinoids and terpenes in their journey through the ECS and CNS in various mammalian patient indicators to unmask this paradoxical effect. The specific biphasic/paradoxical manner in question was researched and inevitably identifies cannabis use that manipulates tryptophan uptake, serotonin release, and dopamine actuation. Therefore, a patient’s diet may demand a higher tryptophan and dopa-L supplementation to avoid a paradoxical agitation on the receptor level. This chapter explains the pathology of how cannabis consistently reacts in the ECS for every individual, only separated by metabolism and disruption/trauma in the ECS and CNS, implying that there was no found paradoxical effect existing in cannabis, but in the patient, and thus is perceived the same in every individual, only mediated by metabolism, environment (surroundings), and the exception for individuals who process stimulants and tryptophan and/or serotonin in a disrupted manner causing a perceived paradoxical effect or the build-up to and/or what will be referred to as ASR/ATD. The cannabis industry, growers/breeders, interpeners/cannabis sommeliers/bud tenders, and dispensaries need to continue to constantly strive for more knowledge, just as the researchers and FDA need to continue their work to understand the benefits of cannabis, and most importantly, all must work together to remove cannabis from the Schedule I and Schedule 2 classification.
A Review on the Botanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics of Cuscuta Spp.
Authors: Ahmadi Khahdijeh , Omidi Heshmat , Amini Dehaghi Majid
Published: January 2022

Parasitic life is an example of interaction between two species. The result is positive for one and negative for another. Parasitic plants are more evolved than other species in the same family. Cuscuta spp. or dodder is one of the medicinal herbs that belong to the Convolvulaceae plant family. They are annual parasitic plants that reproduce by seed. These parasitic plants do not have any roots, leaves or chlorophyll to produce their own food. Dodders live by attaching to a host plant with small appendages (called “haustoria”) and extract its necessary growth elements. The active compounds of Cuscuta species include flavonoids, lignans, quinic acid and poly-saccharides. Flavonoids are kinds of effective antioxidants, and polysaccharides are the effective constituents to improve the immune system. Cuscuta epithymum is an important herbal medicine that is effective in the treatment of liver and kidney failure, sexual impotence and vision weakness. It also prevents abortion senescence and aging. C epithymum possesses anticancer, immuno-stimulatory, anti-oxidant and anti-osteoporotic activities.
Terahertz Sensing Based on Photonic Crystal Fibers
Authors: Ahasan Habib Md. , Shamim Anower Md. , Nazmul Islam Md.
Published: January 2022

Photonic-crystal-fiber (PCF) based sensors in the terahertz spectrum have been immensely studied and implemented due to their unique advantages and high sensitivity. At an early stage, conventional and hybrid structured porous core PCF-based sensors were proposed, but the sensitivity was not so high. With the advancement of PCF fabrication technology, hybrid structured hollow-core PCFs have been reported and offer superior sensing characteristics than the previous types. In this chapter, both porous core and hollow-core PCF-based THz sensors are analyzed and the propagation characteristics are explained using terahertz spectrum. Finally, some promising terahertz sensors are studied and compared at the end of this chapter.
Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Cancers
Authors: Amoah Barnie Prince , Afrifa Justice , Ofori Gyamerah Eric , Amoani Benjamin
Published: January 2022

Extracellular vesicles refer to exosomes, apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and large oncosomes, which are membrane bound structures secreted by cells including cancer cells. The pathological role and translational potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancers are receiving research attention recently. The cargoes of cancer-derived EVs retain the molecular properties of their sources and cancer cells actively release EVs into body fluids that are easy to access. EVs released from cancer cells not only promote cancer progression through the delivery of cancer-associated molecules but also reflect alterations in the state of cancers during therapy. They are considered promising biomarkers for therapeutic response evaluation, especially resistance to therapy and diagnostics. This chapter discusses the various roles of extracellular vesicles in cancers and their potential as therapeutic targets.
Perspective Chapter: Additive Manufactured Zirconia-Based Bio-Ceramics for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Kumaresan Sakthiabirami , Vaiyapuri Soundharrajan , Kang Jin-Ho , Dubey Nileshkumar , Manivasagam Geetha , Yun Kwi-Dug , Park Sang-Won
Published: January 2022

Zirconia was established as one of the chief vital ceramic materials for its superior mechanical permanency and biocompatibility, which make it a popular material for dental and orthopedic applications. This has inspired biomedical engineers to exploit zirconia-based bioceramics for dental restorations and repair of load-bearing bone defects caused by cancer, arthritis, and trauma. Additive manufacturing (AM) is being promoted as a possible technique for mimicking the complex architecture of human tissues, and advancements reported in the recent past make it a suitable choice for clinical applications. AM is a bottom-up approach that can offer a high resolution to 3D printed zirconia-based bioceramics for implants, prostheses, and scaffold manufacturing. Substantial research has been initiated worldwide on a large scale for reformatting and optimizing zirconia bioceramics for biomedical applications to maximize the clinical potential of AM. This book chapter provides a comprehensive summary of zirconia-based bioceramics using AM techniques for biomedical applications and highlights the challenges related to AM of zirconia.
Current Concepts: Pediatric Dog Bite Injuries
Authors: VanDerhoef Katlin , P. Louie Jeffrey
Published: January 2022

Dog bite wounds are an increasingly common occurrence, particularly in children. Providers must be able to manage bite injuries, as well as identify wound infections and how to treat them. This chapter discusses common dog bite injuries, immediate and delayed sequelae of a bite wound, wound closure, and antibiotic treatment regimens. Facial injuries are common in pediatrics and may require surgical consultation. Knowledge of the immunization status of the patient and dog is essential in the prevention and sequala of tetanus and rabies. The subsequent information is essential for any physician working with children and their families, particularly in the emergency setting.
Precautions on Contact Dermatoscopy and Other Practices in the Pandemic of COVID-19
Authors: Al-Zyoud Walid , Erekat Dana
Published: January 2022

In the age of the pandemic of COVID-19, there is a considerable need for hospitals that triggers many challenges for health care providers to keep themselves and their patients protected from any nosocomial infections, including viral, fungal and bacterial infections. Among health care providers, dermatologists play a vital role in performing dermatoscopy free from Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus, and Corynebacterium species reported to be identified on the dermoscopic lenses and their adaptors. There is also a possibility for SARS-CoV-2, a member of coronaviruses, to be transmissible from patient to a physician or vice versa or even from a physician to one of her or his family members. SARS-CoV-2 can be transferred through the mucus membranes of the human eyes. This chapter will flag the importance of having a detailed list of precautions for dermatologists and patients to make clinical practice as safe as possible.
Phenotypes Associated with Down Syndrome and Causative Genes
Authors: Söylemez Fatma
Published: January 2022

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal condition associated with mental retardation and is characterized by a variety of additional clinical findings. It occurs in approximately 1 of 800 births worldwide. DS is associated with number of phenotypes including heart defects, leukemia, Alzheimer’s disease, hypertension etc. Individuals with DS are affected by these diseases to variable rates, so understanding the reason for this variation is an important challenge. Multiple genes located both on chromosome 21 and other regions of the genome such as the polymorphism of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene contribute to clinical variations. Information on these genetic variations allows early diagnosis and treatment of phenotypes associated with DS. In this chapter, an overview of disease management will be provided by reviewing the genes or miRNAs that cause DS-associated phenotypes.
Autonomous Vehicle Path Planning Using MPC and APF
Authors: Elmi Zahra , Elmi Soheila
Published: January 2022

Autonomous vehicles have been at the forefront of academic and industrial research in recent decades. This study’s aim is to reduce traffic congestion, improve safety, and accidents. Path planning algorithms are one of the main elements in autonomous vehicles that make critical decisions. Motion planning methods are required when transporting passengers from one point to another. These methods have incorporated several methods such as generating the best trajectory while considering the constraints of vehicle dynamics and obstacles, searching a path to follow, and avoiding obstacles that guarantee comfort, safety, and efficiency. We suggested an effective path planning algorithm based on Model Predictive Controller that determines the maneuvers mode such as lane-keeping and lane-changing automatically. We utilized two different artificial potential field functions for the road boundary, obstacles, and lane center to ensure safety. On the four scenarios, we examined the proposed path planning controller. The obtained results show that when a path planning controller is used, the vehicle avoids colliding with obstacles and follows the rules of the road by adjusting the vehicle’s dynamics. An autonomous vehicle’s safety is ensured by the path planning controller.
Surprising Empirical Directions for Thomistic Moral Psychology: Social Information Processing and Aggression Research
Authors: Jeffrey Anne , Mehari Krista ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2022

One of the major contemporary challenges to Thomistic moral psychology is that it is incompatible with the most up-to-date psychological science. Here Thomistic psychology is in good company, targeted along with most virtue-ethical views by philosophical Situationism, which uses replicated psychological studies to suggest that our behaviors are best explained by situational pressures rather than by stable traits (like virtues and vices). In this essay we explain how this body of psychological research poses a much deeper threat to Thomistic moral psychology in particular. For Thomistic moral psychology includes descriptive claims about causal connections between certain cognitive processes and behaviors, even independent of whether those processes emerge from habits like virtues. Psychological studies of correlations between these can provide evidence against those causal claims. We offer a new programmatic response to this deeper challenge: empirical studies are relevant only if they investigate behaviors under intentional descriptions, such that the correlations discovered are between cognition and what Aquinas calls human acts. Psychological research on aggression already emphasizes correlations between cognition and intentional behavior, or human acts, and so is positioned to shed light on how well Thomistic moral psychology fits with empirical data. Surprisingly, Aquinas’s views have quite a lot in common with a leading model of aggression, the social information processing (SIP) model. We close by suggesting how we might examine claims of Thomistic moral psychology from an empirical perspective further using research on social information processing and aggression.
Killing Races and Witches
Authors: Scales Stephen ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2022

Since the concept of race is scientifically nonreferential, it is tempting to think that we can simply eliminate it right away from our lexicon, from our statistical categories, from our lives. But those of us who are eliminativists about race in the long run need to take a more roundabout path in killing off this concept. Through the painstaking work of teaching our students that race, though biologically nonreferential, remains part of various systems of oppression, and engaging in open dialogue and political organization in order to make racial categories economically and politically irrelevant, the concept of race must die a slow and painful death.
Demographic summary of Serbia in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Penev Goran
Published: January 2022

In Serbia, from a demographic point of view, 2020 certainly stands out as one of the most significant years of the twenty-first century and, with respect to mortality, of the period after the end of the Second World War. This is mainly linked to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has spread across the planet at an unprecedented rate. The aim of this paper is to present the analysis of Serbia's basic demographic data during the first year of the pandemic and to highlight the most important demographic consequences of the epidemic of the current coronavirus disease. As of 31 December 2020, according to the official SORS estimates, Serbia had 6,871,500 inhabitants, 55,000 fewer than in 2019. The decline is 74% higher than the 20-year average. As the estimates do not include net migration, the real population size is significantly smaller and, according to the author's opinion, it reaches a maximum of 6.7 million (as in 1961). The death toll was 116,850 and it is 15.2% higher than in 2019. This is the highest annual number of deaths, as well as the highest annual increase, since 1950. There have been 10,365 COVID-19 deaths (8.9% of total mortality and 67.2% of excess mortality). At the same time, a record was set in terms of the number of births, but in the opposite direction. In 2020, 61,692 babies were born, which is 4.2% less than in 2019 and was also the smallest number of births since 1900. The changes in the age structure are negligible compared to 2019, but very significant compared to the age-pyramids in 2002 and 2011. The share of people aged 65 years or over (21.3%) as well as the median age of 44.0 years indicate that, in 2020, Serbia belongs to the group of ten oldest populations in the world.
Labour migration, COVID-19 pandemic and the Western Balkans: Measures to encourage temporary, circular and return migration
Authors: Predojević-Despić Jelena
Published: January 2022

The aim of this paper is to consider measures that contribute to the regulation of temporary and circular migration, as well as reintegration in the countries of the Western Balkans, which have long faced numerous and diverse challenges of labor emigration. Immediately after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of migrant workers returned to the countries of the Western Balkans. Migrant workers, especially those who are staying abroad temporarily, have faced sudden and numerous migration challenges, but they also want to return to work abroad as soon as the conditions are met. Therefore, in order to improve the position and protect the rights of international migrants as efficiently as possible in the future, it is necessary to develop measures that can complement the activities of the Western Balkan countries to regulate and encourage temporary and circular migration, as well as reintegration of migrant workers upon return. This is particularly important in the context of the complex challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, as the contribution of both highly-skilled and low-skilled foreign workers has been shown to be an integral part of the sustainability of the state system in immigration countries. They will increasingly direct immigration policies towards measures to attract the necessary foreign workers. Therefore, emigration countries should work on improving legislation, developing inter-institutional cooperation and strengthening the capacity of actors at both national and local levels of government and building an approach that includes cooperation of whole of government approach, including the scientific and civil sector. After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was shown that migration policy should rapidly develop measures that reduce the costs and negative effects of migration to the lowest possible level, both for migrants and their families who often remain in the country of origin.
Hepatotoxic products of cyanobacteria and their toxicological effects
Authors: Karadžić Vesna , Jovanović Jelena , Živković-Perišić Snežana , Jovanović Dragana , Milenković Milan
Published: January 2022

Chronic human exposure to water contaminated with hepatotoxic cyanobacterial compounds (cyanotoxins) can lead to an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma or other forms of liver disease. Humans can be exposed to cyanotoxins through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact, i.e. by using contaminated drinking water, recreational water, water used for hemodialysis or via food. Among hepatotoxic cyanotoxins, cyclic peptides microcystins and nodularin should be emphasized, as well as the tricyclic alkaloid cylindrospermopsin. In addition, the existence of a new hepatotoxic cyanobacterial secondary metabolite, called limnotrixin, has been investigated in recent years. Due to the different chemical structures of these cyanotoxins, mechanisms of their toxic effects also differ. Globally, hepatotoxins are the most common cyanobacterial toxins and, among them, microcystins are the most frequently detected during cyanobacterial blooms and also the most extensively studied. The latter is also the case in the Republic of Serbia, where cases of cyanobacterial blooms in water bodies used for water supply are mostly related to species that are potential microcystin producers (e.g. representatives of the genera Microcystis and Planktothrix). Additionally, microcystins are the only group of hepatotoxic cyanotoxins for which regular monitoring has been established in our country, which primarily refers to the water bodies used as water supply sources. However, since there is an increased frequency of cyanobacterial blooming, both worldwide and in our country, it is very important to monitor potential risks and understand the toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of hepatotoxic products of cyanobacteria, which was the main aim of this study
Shooting velocity differences between shooting positions in top level handball
Authors: Foretić Nikola , Pavlinović Vladimir , Veršić Šime
Published: January 2022

Shooting velocity is one of the most important features that influence successful shooting performance in handball. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine differences in shooting velocity between shooting positions in top level handball. A total of 784 shots were analyzed. Shooting velocity was measured with iBall (SELECT, Denmark), that has a built-in chip for tracking and distributing data in real time regarding ball velocity, shot detection, shot position and the position of the ball in the goal (Kinexon, Germany). Shooting position (SP) is defined as a geometrical point and a tactical situation from which a shot was taken. Differences between shooting positions were calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Significant difference in shooting velocity was noticed between shooting positions (Chi-Square=95.83). Post-hoc analysis revealed that shots executed outside the nine meter perimeter are significantly faster than from other shooting positions. Shots taken outside the 9-meter perimeter require the fastest shots since players cannot outsmart goalkeepers with modified slow shots (e.g. lob shot, shot with rotation or "dry leaf" shot). Modified slow shots are commonly used in closer distance shots like wing shot, fast break shot, breakthrough shot or penalty shot. In these situations, players have more demanding angle in which shooting velocity is not always an advantage.
How withdrawing arable land affected the productive capacity of Haplic Kastanozems after 19 years of fallowing in dry steppes of the Ural piedmont
Authors: Rakhimgaliyeva Saule , Tošić Sonja , Eulenstein Frank , Schindler Uwe , Saljnikov Elmira
Published: January 2022

The fertile arable lands in the dry steppe zone of the Ural piedmont, which were intensively used for cereal production for 30 years of the last century, have been withdrawn from cultivation and abandoned for the last 20 years. The Republic of Kazakhstan's new strategy to restore the productivity of natural pasture presents a challenge to scientists when it comes to restoring the natural soil properties to the natural pastoral conditions of the dark chestnut soils studied (Haplic Kastanozems). This chapter presents the results of a project devoted to investigating the changes in the soil's physical and chemical morphology due to the past cultivation history of Haplic Kastanozem soils that have been in a fallow state for the last 19 years. Some changes in the soils' morphological characteristics were caused by the changes in the soils' physical properties due to their past long-term cultivation. The changes observed in the soils' agrochemical characteristics were due to the changes in the soils' physical properties and to the past fertilization history. A minor increase in soil salinity was observed due to the greater accumulation of soluble salts in the arable layer of fallow soil compared to its virgin Haplic Kastanozem analogue. The changes and transitions in the vegetation composition need to be investigated further, and techniques should be developed for the accelerated restoration of fallow soils in dry-steppes of Western Kazakhstan.