bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

In Polynesian lore, Tane was one of the sons of Rangi, the sky god, and Papa, the earth goddess. He was the son who succeeded in separating his parents and thus in raising the sky to allow light into the world. In some traditions, Tane was considered the god of light, but more commonly he was known as the god of trees and forests. Tane, along with his brothers, featured in many Polynesian myths as one of the most active deities in the pantheon.
X
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

Xiuhtecuhtli was the Aztec fire god, who some said presided over the birth of the sun, raised the four trees that held up the sky, and cast Tezcatlipoca, as the sun god, into the four cardinal directions. Also referred to as Huehueteotl, the Old God, the fire god was the oldest of gods. The Aztec understood fire as the sole reason for their advancement. So they placed Xiuhtecuhtli at the center of their world and considered him the driving force of the cosmos.
R
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

The religion of ancient Egypt was dominated by sun worship, and Ra, or Re, was the primary sun god. Ra was the primeval sun called Atum, and he existed in the waters of Nu, the primordial ocean, then emerged to create the other eight principal gods. Ra and these other gods formed a group of deities called the Ennead, who were worshipped at Heliopolis, the City of the Sun. But the worship of Ra entered into the rituals of every cult. The sun god was a cosmic hero. He battled the forces of evil each night in the Underworld, and then renewed the world each morning as he emerged reborn from the womb of Nut, the sky goddess.
Hoofprint of the Ox
Authors: Sheng-yen Master , Stevenson Dan
Published: November 2023

This book offers a comprehensive introduction to the Chan (Japanese, Zen) Buddhist Path. The author, Chan Master Sheng-yen, is a revered figure in the Chinese Buddhist diaspora who divides his time between institutions in Taipei and New York. Although Zen Buddhism originated and evolved in China and is experiencing a revival there today, most Westerners are far more familiar with its Japenese manifestation as popularised by D.T. Suzuki. Master Sheng-yen hopes this book will rectify this situation. Most of the book is given over to normative instructions on the Buddhist path, intended for readers with a personal interest in Buddhist thought and practice. Sheng-yen offers readers a course that blends academic learning, study of Buddhist doctrine, and rigorous meditation practice. The title of the book refers to the Ten Ox-herding Pictures - a set of diagrams used by Buddhists in East Asia since at least the 12th century to chart the stages of spiritual progress on the Chan Path. In the early stages of practice, the learner has to follow the "hoofprints of the ox", which represents the teachings offered by scripture and oral tradition. The ox itself is the Buddha nature, which the practitioner must first recognise and ultimately master. The final chapter of the book consists of an exegesis of these famous diagrams. Throughout the book, master Sheng-yen takes care to place Chan within its proper context in relation to other traditional froms of Buddhist teaching and practice.
Prologue: The “True Egyptains”
Authors: Hasan S S
Published: November 2023

The Copts perceive Egypt’s geography in their own way, through their own religious memory of the journey of the Holy Family in flight from Judah and the early Christian luminaries, saints, and martyrs who resided in Egypt. Its spatial dimension is therefore experienced differently by them than by their Muslim compatriots, inasmuch as, to borrow a conceptual term introduced to us by Pierre Nora, their sites of memory (lieux de memoire) are a merger of both places and topics, the concrete and abstract.1 Rituals and commemorations of specific events, of sufferings and sacrifices with which that community can identify, are as much part of these sites of memory as are certain landscapes and material remnants of Christian civilization in Egypt during late antiquity. In short, the Copts’ collective memory is both action and representation in Maurice Hallwach’s sense.2 Coptic history, in tum, is a combination of both written and oral history, which can be continuously reconstructed, or in Benedict Anderson’s terms “imagined” to answer their circumstances and suit the times.
Coptic Cultural Nationalism
Authors: Hasan S S
Published: November 2023

One of the hypotheses informing this work is that the church under Pope Shenuda has capitalized on the great value placed on religious identity in fin de siecle Egypt, to outbid the state for the loyalty of its beleaguered Christian citizens. It has done so by organizing a plethora of communal activities, by clericalizing laymen on a massive scale and above all by nurturing a potent religious culture. The numerous religio-cultural activities of the Bishopric of Youth aim, in part, to imbue the faithful with the conviction that the church is the social space where one receives one’s true identity and that spaces that exclude it are a negation of the Coptic patrimony.
Conclusions—The Nexus of Athletics, Religion, Gender, and Eros
Authors: Scanlon Thomas F
Published: November 2023

The individual chapters of this work have examined some ways in which Greek athletics was connected with religion and cults, with the shaping of male and female youth in their transition to adulthood, and with homo- and hetero-erotic phenomena. I begin my conclusions with a chronological overview of these phenomena. and some suggestions regarding their broader interrelationship over time. I then proceed to general observations on the ways in which athletics, religion, paideia, and erōs both link us to and distance us from the ancient Greeks. affording us some insights into our own culture.
Explanations of British Abolitionism
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

The subject of british abolitionism has long been controversial, complex, and even baffling. It also raises the issue of moral progress in history— whether groups of reformers and even nations can succeed in eliminating deeply entrenched forms of human oppression, and if so, by what methods, misconceptions, and under what conditions? We now know that with respect to economic self-interest, British humanitarianism, at least in its abolitionist form, did not pay.
Introduction
Authors: Zagzebski Linda , Fairweather Abrol
Published: November 2023

The name “virtue epistemology” has come to designate a class of recent theories that focus epistemic evaluation on properties of persons rather than properties of beliefs or propositions. The direction taken by this approach and the issues it raises are strikingly different from those that dominated American epistemology at the beginning of the last quarter of the twentieth century. At that time it was almost always taken for granted that knowledge is justified true belief, and epistemic discourse was dominated by competing analyses of the concept of justification. The demise of the definition had already been initiated when Edmund Gettier published his famous essay in 1963,1 generating a long series of attempts to respond to his counterexamples without giving up the essence of the definition. Perhaps the best of these attempts was the defeasibility theory, which was proposed when it was noticed that in typical Gettier cases in which one has a justified true belief B that is not knowledge, B depends upon or otherwise “goes through” a false proposition. When the false proposition is corrected and added to the reasons justifying B,B is no longer justified.2
Corning and the Craft of Innovation
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T
Published: November 2023

For 150 years, Corning Incorporated has repeatedly succeeded in their quest to create new products for an ever-changing marketplace. Corning and the Craft of Innovation is the story of the extraordinary research and development strategy that propelled this company to its leadership position in leading-edge technologies for the new world economy. Since its founding in the mid-nineteenth century, Corning has placed a premium on research and development in tandem with an unending spirit of innovation. Corning's innovations made possible such essential items as light bulbs, television, Pyrex, catalytic converters for cars, and high-speed telecommunications through fiber optics. Most impressive is Corning's evolution into a highly innovative producer of specialty materials. In its early days, Corning developed specialty glass for use in railroad signal lenses that had to withstand the rigors of high and low temperatures; and developed its high speed Ribbon Machine - still used today - to produce glass envelopes for light bulbs more quickly and efficiently than anyone else. Today Corning leads the world in fibre optics and is a premier provider of cable and photonic products. In 1999 Wired magazine nominated Corning for its coveted Wired Index, confirming Corning's astonishing staying power as a leading-edge company. Corning and the Craft of Innovation examines how Corning fostered a culture of innovation while showing extraordinary patience in backing long-term projects. The book illustrates how a pattern of deliberate, regular, and profitable innovation begun 150 years ago has put Corning at the vanguard of leading-edge technologies for the fastest-growing markets of the global marketplace. It will be essential reading for anyone interested in strategic management, innovation, science and technology or knowledge management.
Lost Christianities
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

The early Christian Church was a chaos of contending beliefs. Some groups of Christians claimed that there was not one God but two or twelve or thirty. Some believed that the world had not been created by God but by a lesser, ignorant deity. Certain sects maintained that Jesus was human but not divine, while others said he was divine but not human. In Lost Christianities, Bart D. Ehrman offers a fascinating look at these early forms of Christianity and shows how they came to be suppressed, reformed, or forgotten. All of these groups insisted that they upheld the teachings of Jesus and his apostles, and they all possessed writings that bore out their claims, books reputedly produced by Jesus's own followers. Modern archaeological work has recovered a number of key texts, and as Ehrman shows, these spectacular discoveries reveal religious diversity that says much about the ways in which history gets written by the winners. Ehrman's discussion ranges from considerations of various "lost scriptures"--including forged gospels supposedly written by Simon Peter, Jesus's closest disciple, and Judas Thomas, Jesus's alleged twin brother--to the disparate beliefs of such groups as the Jewish-Christian Ebionites, the anti-Jewish Marcionites, and various "Gnostic" sects. Ehrman examines in depth the battles that raged between "proto-orthodox Christians"-- those who eventually compiled the canonical books of the New Testament and standardized Christian belief--and the groups they denounced as heretics and ultimately overcame. Scrupulously researched and lucidly written, Lost Christianities is an eye-opening account of politics, power, and the clash of ideas among Christians in the decades before one group came to see its views prevail.
Opportunities and Identities: Bridge-Building in the Study of Social Movements
Authors: Meyer David S
Published: November 2023

Students of social movements fought, and won, a lengthy battle to legitimate academic interest in the field. As the study of social movements is increasingly embraced by the academy, however, practitioners and scholars now face the challenge of using this hard-won legitimacy to afford the time and space to ask and answer important questions about collective action and social movements: How and why do movements emerge? Why do they take the forms they do? When and how do protest movements bring about meaningful social change? Alas, the exigencies of academic study often lead scholars to cultivate niches and burrow more deeply into narrow areas of inquiry, rather than return to the issues that gave rise to the study of social protest in the first place. The essays in this volume represent a concerted effort to build bridges among people researching collective action and social movements and to encourage the construction of comprehensive and synthetic approaches to the study of social movements.

In this introductory essay, I mean to explain the need for bridge-building within this area of study and suggest ways to cross disciplinary and subdisciplinary boundaries, for none has a monopoly on useful knowledge on movements. The important things that have to happen in the study of social protest involve connecting what distinct groups of scholars do into a larger whole. The puzzles of social protest politics mandate a response from the academy that is inherently collective. Indeed, if substantial progress in the study of social movements is really to occur, it will come from a community of scholars that triangulates (cf. Tarrow 1995a) the problems described here, working on pieces of the problems.
Multiple Mediations: The State and the Women’s Movements in India
Authors: Desai Manisha
Published: November 2023

These quotations demonstrate the ambivalent and complex strategy of working in and against the state articulated by the contemporary women’s movements in India. In this chapter, I explicate this strategy in three different phases of the contemporary movement and show how the strategy has shifted in keeping with the changing focus of the postcolonial Indian state. Each phase has been influenced by the earlier phase, and the latter two coexist as dis­tinct strands, even as they interact with each other (Desai 2001).

In the first, affiliated phase of the movement, primarily urban and rural students and some Left and Gandhian parties organized nonparty political formations or the Indian new Left to confront the development state. The nonparty political formations were a response to the failure of the state and political parties in reducing poverty in independent India (e.g., Omvedt 1993). Women demanded land reform, minimum wages for agricultural work, and microcredit for self-employment from local bureaucracies.
The “Mesa” in Social Movement Research
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Beginning in the 1980s, many sociologists began to call for theories that connected micro-level interactions with macro-level social structures and changes (cf. Alexander et al. 1987; Huber 1991; Knorr-Cetina and Cicourel 1981). Scholars also became interested in making connections among levels of analysis to develop more complete theories of social movements. In an influential review of the field, McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald (1988) examined some relationships between macro- and micro-level dynamics and called for more research at the intermediate “meso” level of analysis. In the past ten years, a number of theorists have heeded their call to better conceptualize the meso level and link levels of analysis in social movement research, but we still need to do more of this type of theorizing.

My goal in this chapter is to encourage new research on meso-level structures and processes that mediate between the micro and the macro in social movements. I begin by discussing promising approaches to linking micro and macro dynamics. I then illustrate how meso-level research and connections among levels of analysis are important to explanations of movement emergence, maintenance, and outcomes and provide examples of the type of research needed.
More Than One Feminism: Organizational Structure and the Construction of Collective Identity
Authors: Reger Jo
Published: November 2023

Conventional wisdom holds that organizations need homogeneity to avoid internal conflict and factionalism. Scholars argue that the more diverse a group’s membership, the higher the risk of factionalism (McCarthy and Zald 1987). Others argue that organizational structure is the key, with less formalized collectivist groups more susceptible to factionalism over new political ideas, beliefs, or goals (Staggenborg 1989, 1995). By examining the link between structure and culture, I argue that groups can accommodate diverse ideologies or identities and not suffer from divisive factionalism. Groups will adjust to new, seemingly oppositional political beliefs if the organization gains significant advantages. The resulting accommodation provides a structural “niche” for the formation of a new activist identity, which minimizes conflict between identities through boundary construction. Therefore, factionalism, when accommodated, can simultaneously preserve group diversity and organizational integrity.

Because of its history of contested definitions of feminism and organizational factionalism, the contemporary women’s movement provides an excellent location to examine the link between culture and structure (see Arnold 1995; Davis 1991; Ferree and Hess 1985/1995; Freeman 1973, 1975; Friedan 1977). In a case study of a National Organization for Women (NOW) chapter, I found that to increase member recruitment and commitment New York City (NYC) NOW feminists modified the chapter’s structure to accommodate the process of consciousness raising (CR). In doing so, members created a site for the construction of a new feminist identity. To decrease intragroup conflict, the new identity is structurally segmented from the rest of the chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Gibbons Reginald , Segal Charles
Published: November 2023

For the nineteenth-century idealist German philosopher Hegel, Antigone is “one of the most sublime, and in every respect most consummate, work[s] of art human effort ever produced. Not a detail in this tragedy but is of consequence.” Hegel’s dazzling accolade is typical of the high esteem for the play in the early nineteenth century. For Hegel, Antigone plays a major role in the evolution of European consciousness, one of whose early stages is exemplified by Antigone’s conict between State and individual, or more accurately between “the public law of the State and the instinctive family-love and duty towards a brother.” This division in turn is an aspect of a larger conflict between Nature and Spirit and so a step toward the emergence of Spirit (Geist). The individual bearer of such consciousness is essentially tragic because he or she enters into the division between the divine law, embodied in the polis or state, and the human law, embodied in the family, and in entering into that division is destroyed.
Self (Co)Constitution: Slave Theology from Everyday Cultural Elements
Authors: Hopkins Dwight N
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines how, out of their everyday cultural elements, enslaved African Americans attempted to coconstitute themselves aided by divine intent. That is to say, through their daily cultural practices, enslaved blacks perceived their ultimate concern, and this ultimate concern, or God, worked with them to refashion themselves within and, at times, beyond the confines of their chattel existence. Therefore, co-constitution is the God-human encounter working together for the forging of the new human being. “Culture” here builds on Raymond Williams’s notion of culture “as the study of relationships between elements in a whole way of life.”1 On the basis of the cultural lifestyles of enslaved African Americans, I modify Williams’s definition in the following manner. Culture is always religious insofar as the way of life of all human beings entails some yearning for, belief in, and ritualization around that which is ultimate—that which is both part of and greater than the self. Culture is religious because the ultimate concern is both present in cultural material and transcends it. Therefore, for my purposes, culture refers to religious culture as a total way of life.
Philosophy, Religion, and the Hermeneutic Imperative
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

This is an essay about the meaning of life. It is hence about our hermeneutical self-understanding. The word meaning notoriously has many meanings, and indeed in at least two senses of that term in its primary occurrence in the preceding sentence. And it might be thought that when we seek the meaning of a text and the meaning of our life we are seeking not simply different meanings, but different kinds of things entirely-that the first inquiry is properly hermeneutical and that the second is perhaps religious, or at least phenomenological.
Introduction
Authors: Glassner Barry , Hertz Rosanna
Published: November 2023

How much does personal biography matter in research? How much does a person’s research matter to her biography? These are the central questions addressed in the twenty two chapters by prominent American sociologists in this volume. Even as sociologists’ research shapes the discipline of sociology and how the social world is understood, their personal and professional lives shape their research. Many of the authors in this book were profoundly affected by tragedies and triumphs in their daily lives and in the workplace. Situations beyond their control, such as illness, reproductive mishaps, or loss of a loved one, became opportunities for learning and new insights that continue to shape and reshape their worldviews. At other times it was a political event or the fate of a social movement that profoundly influenced the course of a person’s research.
From Vietnam till Today
Authors: Schuman Howard
Published: November 2023

In November 1969, my wife and fourteen-year-old son set out on an overnight bus trip to Washington to join what turned out to be the largest protest ever held against the Vietnam War. Many of my friends and colleagues were also traveling to the capital for the same purpose. I shared their opposition to the war and felt the pull to participate, but at the same time I had vague doubts about the effects of such a mass demonstration. The doubts were not then based on any systematic look at data. But I had a sense that the demonstrators might be overestimating the extent to which the larger public would be positively influenced by such a protest. For one thing, in a study done after the urban riots of 1967, it became evident that much of the public did not distinguish clearly between nonviolent civil rights protests and outright violence, so that even large demonstrations could backfire unless carefully carried out and carefully portrayed.1 The media focus made a difference for the Southern civil rights movement only because the crude violence of segregationist officials and mobs contrasted so sharply with the peaceful demonstrations led by Martin Luther King Jr., and others.
Social-Class Tensions and Value Conflicts in the Disability World
Authors: Albrecht Gary L
Published: November 2023

Riding the New York subway on the way to a late afternoon class one cold January day, I read a preprint version of C. Wright Mills’s The Sociological Imagination. In the first few pages he says: The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relationship between the two within society. That is its task and its promise ... It is by means of the sociological imagination that men now hope to grasp what is happening to themselves as minute points of the intersection of biography and history within society.
Feminism in the Field
Authors: Miller Jody
Published: November 2023

A long-standing tension in ethnographic research revolves around issues of immersion-how much distance to maintain from research participants or sites, that is, how “native” to go and what level of membership (if any) to strive for in negotiating field roles. Ethnographers who follow the traditional Chicago model opt for maintaining greater distance and detachment, even as participant-observers, because the potential for over identification, or going native, is viewed as a threat to validity and objectivity. On the other hand, some contemporary ethnographers have pushed these boundaries-from peripheral and active membership roles to complete membership, whether by going native in a research setting or studying one’s own community.
My Life in Social Movements From 1960s Activist to Lesbian Den Mother
Authors: Taylor Verta
Published: November 2023

Some things in which I take a great deal of pride are not on my curriculum vitae: that I am the first person in my family to graduate from college, that I was almost kicked out of school for my campus activism in the 1960s, and that a lesbian colleague tells me that I am known as the “lesbian den mother of sociology” for my mentoring of lesbian students and junior scholars. What is there in black and white is that I am a scholar of social movements, especially the women’s and gay/lesbian movements. As the unlisted items suggest, my participation in social movements has been both bad and good for my career in academia. But despite the occasional negative effect, what is most important is that my participation in social movements has profoundly shaped-and enriched-what I write and teach.
Sextus Empiricus
Authors: Floridi Luciano
Published: November 2023

The subject is Sextus Empiricus, one the chief sources of information on ancient philosophy and one of the most influential authors in the history of skepticism. Sextus' works have had an extraordinary influence on western philosophy, and this book provides the first exhaustive and detailed study of their recovery, transmission, and intellectual influence through Late Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. This study deals with Sextus' biography, as well as the history of the availability and reception of his works. It also contains an extensive bibliographical section, including editions, translations, and commentaries.
Fortuna
Authors: Floridi Luciano
Published: November 2023

It seems ironically appropriate that we should know almost nothing about the life of Sextus Empiric us, our chief source of information on ancient skepticism. Though interesting, the biographical details we can collect or infer from his own writings are scanty, while the few external sources available so far have thrown no definite light on his biography. Apart from some textual evidence, summarized in the text, it is worth mentioning a coin, now in the British Museum, which bears the portrait of a “Sextus,”1 and was for some time thought to represent Sextus Empiricus.2 It was published by Claude Huart in his French translation of the Outlines, where the alleged portrait of Sextus appears facing the title page. Popkin ( 1956) provides a full description of the coin and a careful analysis of the various speculations to which it gave rise.
Varying the Vinaya: Creative Responses to Modernity
Authors: Prebish Charles S
Published: November 2023

In an interesting article published in the first issue of the online Journal of Buddhist Ethics, Paul Numrich recounts the famous dialogue, included in a variety of Theravada sources, between the Buddhist monk Mahinda and King Devanampiya Tissa of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) concerning Buddhism’s establishment in Sri Lanka. The king, properly concerned, wants to know precisely when this new religion’s roots may be considered to be firmly established on the island. Mahinda’s reply: “When a young man, born of Ceylonese parents on the island of Ceylon, having gone forth on the island of Ceylon and learned the monastic discipline in this same island of Ceylon, when he will recite that discipline on the island of Ceylon— then, Great king, will the roots of the religion indeed be deep.”1 In other words, as Numrich points out, recitation of the precepts of the Pratimoksa by indigenous monks is a requisite for the establishment of Buddhism. Numrich then cites Michael Carrithers’s often quoted remark: “No Buddhism without the Sangha and no Sangha without the Discipline.”2 As such, the growth of Buddhism into countries beyond its Indian birthplace, and its survival in those countries, required and was predicated upon the establishment of the monastic sangha and the fortnightly recitation of the monastic code.
Transitions in the Practice and Defense of Chinese Pure Land Buddhism
Authors: Jones Charles B
Published: November 2023

Once upon a time, nearly two thousand five hundred years ago, the world was quite diVerent from the way it is today. When Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment and became the Buddha, the Awakened One, he turned his newly omniscient eye to view the world and see if there were beings around of sharp faculties and advanced religious practice who would be able to comprehend the fullness of his vision. When he had found such people, he went to them, preached to them, trained them, and led them to escape from the world of deWlement and suffering into the peace of Nirvana. Sadly, however, the world has changed and grown turbid since that time. Human lifespans have shortened, so that people who wish to practice do not have suffcient time to achieve enlightenment. Violence is rampant, virtuous teachers are scarce, and the chance of escape has all but disappeared. Traditional means of Buddhist practice—meditation, moral conduct, philosophical reXection, and so on—no longer provide a realistic hope for the vast majority of Suffering beings. The Age of the Decline of the Dharma (Ch.: mo fa) has arrived. Nevertheless, hope still remains for those trapped in the burning house of samsara. Long ago, in an age separated from our own by countless eons, a monk named Dharmakara made a series of vows before a fully enlightened Buddha named Loke2vararaja. He would do whatever it takes, for however long it takes, to achieve a level of enlightenment so perfect that his pure karma would create a buddha-land of utmost purity.
“By Imperial Edict and Shogunal Decree”: Politics and the Issue of the Ordination Platform in Modern Lay Nichiren
Authors: Stone Jacqueline I
Published: November 2023

Observers are often struck by the “engaged” or even “political” character of modern Japanese Nichiren Buddhist movements. In the Wrst decades of the twentieth century, the movement known as Nichirenshugi (“Nichirenism”), led by Tanaka Chigaku (1861–1939) and Honda Nisshò (1867–1931),1 deployed Nichiren Buddhist doctrine in a way that bolstered modern nationalistic agendas and justiWed militant imperialism; in the postwar period, the small monastic order Nipponzan Myòhòji espoused a stance of absolute paciWsm, taking active part in the anti-nuclear campaign, while the rapidly expanding lay organization Sòka Gakkai ran candidates for the National Diet and even started a political party. More recently the Sòka Gakkai—like Risshò Kòseikai movement, another large lay Buddhist organization with roots in the Nichiren tradition—has become a nongovernmental organizational member of the United Nations and now engages in global networking for peace, protection of the environment, aid to refugees, and a host of other issues. This “activist” orientation, on one hand, exempliWes the emphasis on social engagement found in Buddhist modernism worldwide. On the other hand, such eVorts can be seen as attempts to reappropriate, in modern or contemporary contexts, the vision of the founder Nichiren (1222–1282), who taught that exclusive devotion to the Lotus Sutra could transform the present world into a Buddha land. One aspect of the medieval Nichiren Buddhist vision, however, has proved difficult for modern practitioners.
“A Mere Calculation of Profits and Loss”: The Southern Clergy and the Economic Culture of the Antebellum North
Authors: Startup Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Employing a vituperative cadence that suggested long practice, an anonymous writer for the Southern Presbyterian Reviewplaced the Confederate success at the Battle of First Manassas—and the larger war—in a cosmic context: The still young war represented the unfolding of ‘‘long delayed [divine] wrath upon the unjust, tl1e avaricious, the covenant-breaking, tl1e usurping, tyrannical, and licentious, and God-defying, Sabbatl1-breaking, and Bible perverting nations.’’ To be sure that no one misunderstood, the writer specifically indicted the North for ‘‘falsified faitl1, and covenant-breaking, and [a] sectional self aggrandizement policy of seventy years’’ now culminating in a terrible war.1 For the purposes of this chapter, avariceis significantly prominent in the litany of malfeasance cited above. It was a venerable loadstone of antebellum Southern sermonology, often employed alongside the more generic, more commonplace term mammonism. These were words and ideas that had pro vided Southern clergymen with much of their pulpit and printed rhetoric during the decades immediately before tl1e war. Few themes—-excluding the general call to repentance and salvation—rivaled, in force or in quantity, the minister’s antimammon message.
Pride And Progress: Education, Literacy, and the Little Red Schoolhouse
Authors: Walbert David
Published: November 2023

On three muggy evenings in the early summer of 1929, thousands of Lancaster Countians packed Franklin and Marshall College’s football stadium to watch their history come alive. To mark the county’s bicentennial, several hundred of their neighbors had staged a “Pageant of Gratitude” for two centuries of God’s blessing. The figure of William Penn opened the pageant, establishing the colony of Pennsylvania as a haven for the oppressed of body and spirit and proclaiming it “destined to be blessed by God.” Hans Herr and his band of Mennonites followed close behind, fleeing the Old World’s persecution to find in Lancaster County “a land of plenty where peace and liberty shall be our portion.” From there the actors traced the county’s growth through the major events of the nation’s history: revolution, civil war, and world war. Modeled after the drama of ancient Greece, the pageant came complete with a narrative chorus of Lancaster’s townships and boroughs and climaxed with a procession of the Fruits of the Soil, of Civilization, and of the Spirit before an Altar of Gratitude.
Dutch Country: The Amish and Tourism
Authors: Walbert David
Published: November 2023

The second was drawn in stark contrast by the Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Cen-ter’s annual tourist guide. Inside, grinning cartoon Amishmen hawked bologna and “modern” diner food, while the Little Red School Gift and Gourmet Shop promised the authentic experience of a one-room schoolhouse recently converted into a gift shop. Articles by the Folklore Center’s staff taught tourists how to “cuss” in the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect and gave them advice on photographing the Amish:
Time Effects
Authors: Corso Phaedra S , Haddix AnneC
Published: November 2023

Costs and benefits in prevention-effectiveness studies typically spread out over multiple years. Further, economic costs and benefits from published data are frequently available for years that are different from the study period under consideration. Because there are differences in the timing of costs and benefits or when information is available, they need to be converted to a common point in time to make them comparable. This chapter introduces the concept of differential timing of costs and benefits and the mechanics of discounting, inflation, and annuitization.
Delirium
Authors: Cohen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Delirium is one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses and is perhaps the most lethal one. Despite often being iatrogenic in nature, clinicians frequently ignore or misdiagnose it. Delirium also provides us with an excellent example of a syndrome best discussed using the disease perspective. Given this, we first will consider the clinical syndrome of delirium—its bedside phenomenology, prevalence, and associated morbidity and mortality. Then, we will move one level “deeper,” to the pathology of delirium. As was discussed in the last chapter, a variety of pathologic insults can be responsible for causing the same final clinical picture. After this, we will move even deeper, examining some etiologies associated with these various forms of pathology. Lastly, we will move “upward” again to the bedside in order to discuss the various ways that delirium is treated. As will prove to be the case for all diseases, some treatment strategies are nonspecific and provide only symptomatic relief. For example, agitated or disorganized behavior and psychotic symptoms can be treated through appropriate monitoring, behavioral interventions, or the prescription of psychotropic medications. In contrast, other strategies are specific, designed to address the underlying etiology of the delirium. For example, delirium due to infection is best treated by prescribing an appropriate antibiotic.
Mood Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Mood disorders are common. For example, each year in the United States, 1.2 million people are diagnosed with major depressive disorder, an incidence of 5%–10%. Major depressive disorder affects at least 20% of women and 12% of men at some point in their lives. Mood disorders also are costly. For example, major depressive disorder not only is more prevalent than arthritis, diabetes, or heart disease; it also causes more emotional and physical impairment. Further, it affects patients’ health indirectly, by increasing the morbidity and mortality associated with coexisting medical conditions. A recent study of premature mortality and disability ranked major depressive disorder as the fourth leading cause of worldwide disease burden. Finally, mood disorders can be lethal; up to 15% of such patients die by suicide. Despite all of this (and despite the availability of effective treatments), mood disorders remain underrecognized and undertreated. Mood disorders resist reductionistic explanatory theories. Substantial evidence suggests that mood disorders are diseases. However, they are diseases that become intertwined with patients’ individual life stories and personalities. Adverse life events trigger or exacerbate mood disorders, and the illness may then become the major adverse event in a patient’s life. Furthermore, up to 85% of depressed patients experience multiple episodes of illness, such that it becomes increasing difficult to distinguish the “illness” from the “person.”
Eating Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

We could approach the eating disorders from any of the four psychiatric perspectives. For example, review the case presented at the outset of Chapter 3, which involves a patient who presents with anorexia nervosa. Note how, given the complexity of this presentation, no single perspective fully accounts for her illness. Clearly, anorexia and bulimia nervosa are associated with biological abnormalities and one therefore could treat them as “diseases.” They also tend to occur in people who have particular personality vulnerabilities and particular types of life stories. However, we might most fruitfully approach the eating disorder syndrome from the perspective of motivated behavior. In doing so, we place the emphasis squarely on the eating behavior itself; other elements of her presentation look different when viewed from this particular vantage point. In this case, in using the dimensional perspective we would have emphasized the patient’s obsessive–compulsive personality features; in using the life-story perspective we would have focused on the stress that she felt in the gifted student program or the pressure that she felt to lose weight in her ballet class; using the disease perspective, we would have noted how her current symptoms meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive disorder.
Why Does God Require Prayer?
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: November 2023

Ordinary Christian believers of every period have in general taken prayer to be fundamentally a request made of God for something specific believed to be good by the one praying. The technical name for such prayer is “impetration”; I am going to refer to it by the more familiar designation “petitionary prayer.” There are, of course, many important kinds of prayer which are not requests; for example, most of what is sometimes called “the higher sort of prayer”-praise, adoration, thanksgiving-does not consist in requests and is not included under petitionary prayer. But basic, common petitionary prayer poses problems that do not arise in connection with the more comtemplative varieties of prayer, and it is petitionary prayer with its special problems that I want to examine. The cases which concern me in this paper are those in which someone praying a petitionary prayer makes a specific request freely (at least in his own view) of an omniscient, omnipotent, perfectly good God, conceived of in the traditional orthodox way. I am specifying that the prayers are made freely because I want to discuss this problem on the assumption that man has free will and that not everything is predetermined.
Does God know the future?
Authors: Cahn Steven M
Published: November 2023

In the Book of Deuteronomy, God says to the people of Israel, “I have put before you life and death, blessing and curse. Choose life-if you and your offspring would live “ Did God know which option the people would choose? If so, how could their choice have been free? For if God knew they would choose life, then to have chosen death would have confuted God’s knowledge-which is impossible. If God knew they would choose death, then to have chosen life would also have confuted God’s knowledge. But God gave the people a genuine choice. So even God did not know how they would choose. I find this line of argument persuasive, but many notable thinkers have believed it unsound. In what follows I shall present briefly a sampling of their objections and my replies. Objection 1. “Just as your memory does not force the past to have happened, God’s foreknowledge does not force the future to happen.” So argued St. Augustine. Reply. Admittedly, my remembering that an event occurred does not cause the event’s occurrence. And God’s foreknowledge that an event will occur does not cause its occurrence.
The Howl of Oedipus, the Cry of Heloise: From Asceticism to Postmodern Ethics
Authors: Wyschogrod Edith
Published: November 2023

Asceticism is a complex of widely varying practices, beliefs and motives that have appeared in particular historical and cultural contexts. It is, to use the language of art criticism, site-specific. If the historical and phenomenological integrity of asceticism's many manifestations is to be preserved, it is beyond dispute that ascetic phenomena must be allowed to emerge in discrete material and psycho-social meaning constellations.
Women and Asceticism in Late Antiquity: The Refusal of Status and Gender
Authors: Clark Gillian
Published: November 2023

This paper takes one kind of historical approach to the question of origins and meanings: it seeks to consider late antique asceticism in relation to a social context which in recent years, thanks to some brilliant and persuasive writing, has become more clearly visible. It asks what ascetics were reacting against or refusing, what signals their lifestyles sent within a particular cultural range, whether late antique asceticism was an intensification of familiar practices, or a radical break from them. Christian ascetics in the fourth and fifth centuries were pioneers in working out what must be done by people who find the ordinary human concerns of household and city an intolerable distraction from their commitment to God. They experimented with styles and structures; tried out and competed with each other's techniques for strengthening the soul against harmful desires and demonic attack; and shared and analyzed their experience. Writers of the period—Athanasius, Jerome, Augustine, Basil—present the ascetic as hero or heroine, as the standard of true Christian commitment in an age when commitment was no longer tested by martyrdom. They suggest, and their writings also helped to create, an intense and widespread interest in ascetic practice.
Asceticism and Anthropology: Enkrateia and "Double Creation" in Early Christianity
Authors: Gasparro Giulia Sfameni Gasparro
Published: November 2023

The correspondence between Dionysius, the bishop of Corinth (166-175 CE), and Pinytus of Knossus, which was briefly but plainly referred to by Eusebius of Caesarea, 1 effectively presented a series of problems central to early Christian life during the first few centuries after Christ. Since these problems addressed the existential condition of humanity, they necessarily involved the ethical sphere of behavior and the theoretical realm of anthropology defined in light of Christian salvation.
Ascetic Closure and the End of Antiquity
Authors: Cameron Avenl
Published: November 2023

I wish to explore in this paper the idea of an "ascetic closure"—in historical terms, the notion of a closing in of possibilities, a contraction of horizons, somehow to be connected with the predominance of asceticism. Four recent books, in all of which early Christian asceticism plays a large role, have each emphasized this notion of closing in, of a narrowing of the horizons of society at large. Thus, the complex of ideas and practices labeled "asceticism" can be transferred to considerations of broader historical change.1 The language used is instructive: "silence"; "icy overtones"; "frailty"; "bizarre, postclassical shapes." Ascetic thought and practice is, it seems, identified as dominating the movement from antiquity to the Middle Ages, from an open society to a closed one.
Deconstruction of the Body in Indian Asceticism
Authors: Olwelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

Asceticism, modern scholarship has often argued, is a cornerstone of Indian religions. It was fashionable not too long ago to contrast Indian religions, with their life-and-world-negating tendencies, to the life-affirming religions of the West.1 Louis Dumont's (1960) seminal study, "World Renunciation in Indian Religions," pointed out the inadequacy of that generalization by showing what Heesterman (1985) has called "the inner conflict of the tradition," that is, the conflict between world-renouncing and world-affirming ideologies within the history of Indian religious traditions. Dumont's own emphasis on world renunciation as the dominant and creative force within Indian religious history has been recently subjected to review and correction (Madan 1987). Indeed, Dumont's structural dichotomy between the renouncer and the man in the world is tenable only at the level of ideal types: the lived reality of both the ascetics and people living in society was much more complex and much less tidy.
Asceticism in the Church of Syria: The Hermeneutics of Early Syrian Monasticism
Authors: Griffith Sidney H
Published: November 2023

Many commentators on the history of asceticism in the Syrian Orient in the early Christian period have highlighted what they often call its encratic features. They cite the harsh and seemingly bizarre forms of ascetic life that flourished there. And everyone who knows anything at all about asceticism in Syria knows that it was home to that peculiar ascetical institution, the stylite—the holy man or woman who passed his or her life elevated above the cares of contemporaries, dwelling on a platform secured to the top of a pillar, and served by a monastic community gathered below. One might borrow a phrase from Peter Brown to say that in the popular scholarly imagination the Syrian tradition of asceticism "admitted more vivid gestures than it did in the Greek world.
The Founding of the New Laura
Authors: Hirschfeld Yizhar
Published: November 2023

We have various written accounts of disagreements that broke out in the monastic communities in the Judean desert. One example is the dispute between Gerasimus and members of the laura he had founded near the Jordan River.2 According to the anonymous author of the biography of Gerasimus, some of the cell dwellers of the laura requested an improvement in their quality of life (permission to cook food in their cells and to light a lamp during night prayers), but Gerasimus rejected these requests outright.