bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the MDM2 promoter polymorphisms SNP309T>G and SNP285G>C on the risk of ovarian cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers
Authors: Bjørnslett Merete , Knappskog Stian , Lønning Per Eystein , Dørum Anne
Published: October 2012

Background

While BRCA mutation carriers possess a 20-40% lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer, knowledge about genetic modifying factors influencing the phenotypic expression remains obscure. We explored the distribution of the MDM2 polymorphisms SNP309T>G and the recently discovered SNP285G>C in Norwegian patients with BRCA related ovarian cancer.

Methods

221 BRCA related ovarian cancer cases (BRCA1; n = 161 and BRCA2; n = 60) were tested for the MDM2 polymorphisms. Results were compared to healthy controls (n = 2,465).

Results

The SNP309G allele was associated with elevated OR for ovarian cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers (SNP309TG: OR 1.53; CI 1.07-2.19; p = 0.020; SNP309GG: OR 1.92; CI 1.19-3.10; p = 0.009; SNP309TG+GG combined: OR 1.61; CI 1.15-2.27; p = 0.005). In contrast, the SNP285C allele reduced risk of BRCA1 related ovarian cancer in carriers of the SNP309G allele (OR 0.50; CI 0.24-1.04; p = 0.057). Censoring individuals carrying the SNP285C/309G haplotype from the analysis elevated the OR related to the SNP309G allele (OR 1.73; CI 1.23-2.45; p = 0.002). The mean age at disease onset was 3.1 years earlier in carriers of SNP309TG+GG as compared to carriers of SNP309TT (p = 0.068). No such associations were found in BRCA2 related ovarian cancer.

Conclusions

Our results indicate the SNP309G allele to increase and the SNP285C allele to reduce the risk of BRCA1 related ovarian cancer. If confirmed in independent studies, this finding may have implications to counseling and decision-making regarding risk reducing measures in BRCA1 mutation carriers.
“Souls of the ancestor that knock us out” and other tales. A qualitative study to identify demand-side factors influencing malaria case management in Cambodia
Authors: O’Connell Kathryn A , Samandari Ghazaleh , Phok Sochea , Phou Mean , Dysoley Lek , Yeung Shunmay , Allen Henrietta , Littrell Megan
Published: October 2012

Background

Appropriate case management of suspected malaria in Cambodia is critical given anti-malarial drug resistance in the region. Improving diagnosis and the use of recommended malarial treatments is a challenge in Cambodia where self-treatment and usage of drug cocktails is widespread, a notable difference from malaria treatment seeking in other countries. This qualitative study adds to the limited evidence base on Cambodian practices, aiming to understand the demand-side factors influencing treatment-seeking behaviour, including the types of home treatments, perceptions of cocktail medicines and reasons for diagnostic testing. The findings may help guide intervention design.

Methods

The study used in-depth interviews (IDIs) (N = 16) and focus group discussions (FGDs) (N = 12) with Cambodian adults from malaria-endemic areas who had experienced malaria fever in the previous two weeks. Data were analysed using NVivo software.

Results

Findings suggest that Cambodians initially treat suspected malaria at home with home remedies and traditional medicines. When seeking treatment outside the home, respondents frequently reported receiving a cocktail of medicines from trusted providers. Cocktails are perceived as less expensive and more effective than full-course, pre-packaged medicines. Barriers to diagnostic testing include a belief in the ability to self-diagnose based on symptoms, cost and reliance on providers to recommend a test. Factors that facilitate testing include recommendation by trusted providers and a belief that anti-malarial treatment for illnesses other than malaria can be harmful.

Conclusions

Treatment-seeking behaviour for malaria in Cambodia is complex, driven by cultural norms, practicalities and episode-related factors. Effective malaria treatment programmes will benefit from interventions and communication materials that leverage these demand-side factors, promoting prompt visits to facilities for suspected malaria and challenging patients’ misconceptions about the effectiveness of cocktails. Given the importance of the patient-provider interaction and the pivotal role that providers play in ensuring the delivery of appropriate malaria care, future research and interventions should also focus on the supply side factors influencing provider behaviour.
Supportive development of functional tissues for biomedical research using the MINUSHEET® perfusion system
Authors: Minuth Will W , Denk Lucia
Published: October 2012

Functional tissues generated under in vitro conditions are urgently needed in biomedical research. However, the engineering of tissues is rather difficult, since their development is influenced by numerous parameters. In consequence, a versatile culture system was developed to respond the unmet needs.

Optimal adhesion for cells in this system is reached by the selection of individual biomaterials. To protect cells during handling and culture, the biomaterial is mounted onto a MINUSHEET® tissue carrier. While adherence of cells takes place in the static environment of a 24 well culture plate, generation of tissues is accomplished in one of several available perfusion culture containers. In the basic version a continuous flow of always fresh culture medium is provided to the developing tissue. In a gradient perfusion culture container epithelia are exposed to different fluids at the luminal and basal sides. Another special container with a transparent lid and base enables microscopic visualization of ongoing tissue development. A further container exhibits a flexible silicone lid to apply force onto the developing tissue thereby mimicking mechanical load that is required for developing connective and muscular tissue. Finally, stem/progenitor cells are kept at the interface of an artificial polyester interstitium within a perfusion culture container offering for example an optimal environment for the spatial development of renal tubules.

The system presented here was evaluated by various research groups. As a result a variety of publications including most interesting applications were published. In the present paper these data were reviewed and analyzed. All of the results point out that the cell biological profile of engineered tissues can be strongly improved, when the introduced perfusion culture technique is applied in combination with specific biomaterials supporting primary adhesion of cells.
Modeling and analysis of compaction-induced traveltime shifts for multicomponent seismic data
Authors: Shawn Smith Steven , Tsvankin Ilya
Published: October 2012

Modeling of time shifts associated with time-lapse (4D) seismic surveys is helpful in evaluating reservoir depressurization and inverting for subsurface stress. Using coupled geomechanical and full-waveform seismic modeling, we study the influence of compaction-induced stress and strain around a simplified reservoir on compressional (P), shear (S), and mode-converted (PS) waves. We estimate compaction-induced time shifts and analyze their dependence on reflector depth and pressure drop inside the reservoir. Time shifts between synthetic baseline and monitor surveys are obtained by processing techniques that are potentially applicable to field data. Although P-wave time-shift lags for reflectors in the overburden are indicative of induced anisotropy, they are two to three times smaller than S-wave time-shift leads for reflectors beneath the reservoir. We also investigate the contributions of the deviatoric and volumetric stains to the time shifts for all three modes. Time shifts for S- and PS-waves are strongly influenced by elevated volumetric and deviatoric strains inside the reservoir. Almost constant S-wave time shifts for a range of offsets and source locations indicate that the contribution of stress-induced velocity anisotropy to shear-wave signatures is weak because the symmetry is close to elliptical. Our modeling also shows that mild tilt of a rectangular reservoir, or its replacement with an elliptically shaped reservoir of the same aspect ratio, has little influence on time shifts. Potentially, the developed methodology can be applied to estimate compaction-induced stress fields using simple compartmentalized reservoir models.
SEG Short Course in Beijing, 5–6 April 2012
Authors: Liu Gary
Published: October 2012

The short course “Opportunities, Challenges, and Technologies for Optimizing Shale Gas Development,” taught by Mark Zoback of Stanford University, was held 5–6 April 2012 at the Geosciences International Conference Centre, China University of Geosciences, in Beijing. Gary Liu, chief representative of SEG China, and Jie Zhang, chairman of the SEG China Advisory Committee, presided at the opening. The 176 attendees came mainly from research institutes/universities, CNPC, SINOPEC, CNOOC/COSL, Baker Hughes, other international oil and services companies, and several local medium/small-sized companies. Three members of the SEG China Advisory Committee attended the course as did Chang Xu, director of Earth Resources Bureau, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Gaming/Writing and Evolving Forms of Rhetorical Awareness
Authors: Lamberti Adrienne P. , Richards Anne R.
Published: October 2012

This article on digital writing identifies a range of genres that are employed by gamers, many of which evince dialogic rhetoric. Such discourse offers potential to decenter group power relations and thus suggests an opportunity to promote a democratic classroom.
Dual targeting of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to the mitochondrion and complex plastid in chlorarachniophytes
Authors: Hirakawa Yoshihisa , Burki Fabien , Keeling Patrick J.
Published: October 2012

In plants, many nucleus-encoded proteins are targeted to both mitochondria and plastids, and this process is generally mediated by ambiguous N-terminal targeting sequences that are recognized by receptors on both organelles. In many algae, however, plastids were acquired by secondarily engulfing green or red algae, which were retained within the endomembrane system. Protein targeting to these secondary plastids is more complex, and because they do not reside directly in the cytoplasm, dual targeting cannot function as it does in plant cells. Here we investigate dual targeting of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) in chlorarachniophytes, which are complex algae that possess secondary plastids and a relict nucleus derived from a green algal endosymbiont. Chlorarachniophytes have four genome-containing compartments, but almost all the aaRSs are nucleus-encoded and present in fewer than four copies (some as few as two), suggesting multiple targeting. We characterized the subcellular localization of two classes, HisRS (three copies) and GlyRS (two copies), using GFP fusion proteins. In both cases, one copy was dually targeted to mitochondria and plastids, but unlike plants this was mediated by translation initiation variants. We also found that the periplastidal compartment (the relict green algal cytoplasm) lacks both GlyRS and a cognate tRNA, suggesting that pre-charged host tRNAs are imported into this compartment. Leader analysis of other aaRSs suggests that alternative translation is a common strategy for dual targeting in these complex cells. Overall, dual targeting to mitochondria and plastids is a shared feature of plastid-bearing organisms, but the increased complexity of trafficking into secondary plastids requires a different strategy.
Intracapsular algae provide fixed carbon to developing embryos of the salamanderAmbystoma maculatum
Authors: Graham Erin R. , Fay Scott A. , Sanders Robert W.
Published: October 2012

Each spring, North American spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) females each lay hundreds of eggs in shallow pools of water. Eggs are surrounded by jelly layers and deposited as large gelatinous masses. Following deposition, masses are penetrated by a mutualistic green alga, Oophila amblystomatis, which enters individual egg capsules, proliferates, and aggregates near the salamander embryo, providing oxygen that enhances development. We examined the effects of population density of intracapsular Oophila on A. maculatum embryos, and show that larger algal populations promote faster embryonic growth and development. Also, we show that carbon fixed by Oophila is transferred to the embryos, providing the first evidence of direct translocation of photosynthate from a symbiont to a vertebrate host.
Emulsified Microemulsion as Solvent-free Carrier for an Amorphous Solid Plant Protection Agent
Authors: Engelskirchen Sandra , Maurer Reinhard , Levy Tatjana , Berghaus Rainer , Auweter Helmut , Glatter Otto
Published: October 2012

Plant protection agents are mostly lipophilic, solid substances. Formulations therefore often contain organic cosolvents and additives. Prochloraz® is a hydrophobic amorphous solid below 48 °C. In the present contribution, we demonstrate two main findings. First, emulsified microemulsions can be loaded with high amounts of Prochloraz® without using organic cosolvents or additives. Secondly, increasing the viscosity of the continuous water phase by adding the high-temperature gelator methylcellulose allowed the formation of a monodisperse emulsified microemulsion without precipitation and breaking upon cooling.
Gram-scale Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanorods in Basic Ethanol Solutions
Authors: Kubo Shoichi , Nakagawa Masaru
Published: October 2012

ZnO nanocrystals were obtained by adding an alcoholic solution of sodium methoxide containing a small amount of water to an alcoholic solution of zinc acetate dihydrate. Rod-like ZnO nanocrystals were obtained in ethanol solutions, while cubic ZnO nanocrystals were obtained in methanol solutions. X-ray diffraction analysis, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that ZnO nanorods having a length of about 50 nm and width of about 5 nm were thus synthesized easily on a gram scale.
Chemically Active Colloidal Particles as Carriers: Cargo-controlled Motion
Authors: Popescu Mihail N
Published: October 2012

Chemically active colloidal particles suspended in a liquid can move by, e.g., self-diffusiophoresis by generating solute gradients through chemical reactions taking place on parts of their surfaces. Thus, they have the potential of acting as carriers at the microscale. The subtleties of such carrier–cargo system are emphasized via a simple model: a spherical particle with its whole surface being active (and thus motionless when isolated) connected by a thin rigid rod to a chemically inert cargo spherical particle. We show that the direction of the motion as well as the velocity of this carrier–cargo system can be controlled by the surface properties of the cargo.
Striation Pattern of Impurity Particles in Charged Colloidal Crystals Formed by Stepwise Thermally Induced Crystallization
Authors: Sugao Yukihiro , Yoshizawa Koki , Toyotama Akiko , Okuzono Tohru , Yamanaka Junpei
Published: October 2012

Charged colloids form “crystal” structures, wherein the colloidal particles are regularly arranged as a result of strong electrostatic interparticle interactions. We have reported that silica colloids containing pyridine (Py) form colloidal crystals upon heating. Herein, we report that in Py + silica colloids including small numbers of fluorescent polystyrene (PS) particles, the PS particles are arranged in stripe patterns upon stepwise unidirectional crystallization when the temperature is increased by 1 °C every 10 and 15 min. We think that the present stripe patterns are closely analogous to the thermally induced striations found in a number of crystalline materials.
Chemodegradable Gemini Alanine-based Cationic Surfactants: Synthesis and Antifungal Activity
Authors: Luczynski Jacek , Frackowiak Renata , Szczepaniak Joanna , Krasowska Anna
Published: October 2012

The aim of the present study was to synthesize and examine the biological properties of soft gemini bis-quaternary surfactants, derivatives of bis-alanine esters. As a model system for the investigation of the activity of gemini surfactants Candida albicans strains with deletions of gene encoded ABC transporters were used. TMPAL-12Br was more active than TMPAL-10Br in dislodging of the C. albicans biofilms. The results of the present study may prove useful in antifungal applications.
Morphological Transition from Nanosheet to Nanosphere in Ternary Comb Copolymers with Carbazole Rings
Authors: Kaneko Yohei , Fujimori Atsuhiro
Published: October 2012

The transition behavior of ternary comb copolymers containing carbazole rings from a monolayer on a water surface to a single particle layer has been investigated by surface pressure–area isotherms and atomic force microscopy. It has been found that these copolymers form a monolayer in the low-surface-pressure region and a single particle layer in the high-surface-pressure region.
The association between popliteal vein compression and deep venous thrombosis: results of a pilot study
Authors: Huber D , Huber J , De young E
Published: October 2012

Objective:

A pilot study to clarify the association between popliteal vein compression (PVC)and deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

Method:

It is assumed that PVC and the associated change in blood flow increases the likelihood of DVT. We have selected patients who were referred to a vascular laboratory for a DVT duplex and scanned for both DVT and PVC. Duplex criteria for the diagnosis of a DVT were lack of flow and inability to compress the vein. The study was performed over 12 weeks.

Results:

Of the 54 eligible patients, 16 had a DVT. Five of 18 patients with PVC had a distal DVT (27.7%), while five of 36 patients without PVC had distal DVT (16.7%). The difference was statistically significant (relative risk 2.9, P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

There appears to be an association between the presence of PVC and an increased likelihood of developing a DVT. If confirmed in larger studies, this will have strong implications for patient positioning in theatres, as there is a high incidence of PVC in supine anaesthetized patients.
Venous filling time using air-plethysmography correlates highly with great saphenous vein reflux time using duplex
Authors: Lattimer C R , Azzam M , Kalodiki E , Geroulakos G
Published: October 2012

Objectives:

Venous filling time (VFT90) is the time taken to reach 90% of the venous volume in the calf. It is recorded by air-plethysmography (APG®) and is assumed to measure global venous reflux duration. However, this has never been confirmed by duplex. The aim of the study was to compare VFT on APG to venous reflux time/duration (RT) measured simultaneously with duplex on the same patients.

Method

Twenty-six consecutive patients, M: F = 16:10, age (25–78), C1 = 1, C2 = 4, C3 = 8, C4a = 6, C4b = 4, C5 = 2, C6 = 1, underwent simultaneous APG with duplex. The venous filling index (VFI, mL/second), VFT90 (seconds), great saphenous vein (GSV) RT on duplex, averaged thigh GSV diameter and thigh length (length) between the APG sensor air-cuff and duplex transducer were recorded. The VFT100 was calculated by VFT90/0.9. The additional time taken to fill the thigh was achieved using the VFI, length and deep vein diameter ( d), to determine the corrected reflux duration: CRD = VFT100 + (length × π d2/4 (1/VFI)).

Results

Twenty-five patients are presented. One patient with very mild reflux (VFT90 = 55.9 seconds) had an indeterminate endpoint on duplex and was excluded. The median (range) VFI and GSV diameter was 4.9(1.3–15.5) mL/second and 7(4–17) mm, respectively. The VFT90 and VFT100 both correlated with RT on duplex (Spearman, P < 0.0005) at: r = 0.933, r2 linea r = 0.72 and r = 0.933, r2 linea r = 0.68, respectively. The median (interquartile range) filling time with VFT90 was less than the duplex RT at 24 (16.9) versus 28 (20) seconds respectively P < 0.0005 (Wilcoxon). The median percentage underestimation improved from 24% to 16% and then 4% using the VFT90, VFT100 and CRD, respectively.

Conclusions

This is the first study to compare APG parameters with duplex by performing simultaneous measurements. There was an excellent correlation between the VFT90 versus duplex RT, thereby comparing reverse flow in a single superficial vein against the legs overall venous haemodynamic status. These tests can both be used in the quantification of reflux.
A ‘Political Suspension of the Ethical’: To Be Straight With You (2007) and An Evening with Psychosis (2009)
Authors: Tomlin Liz
Published: October 2012

This article explores the tension between the ‘political’ and ‘ethical’ dimensions of contemporary verbatim practice, through an application of Slavoj Žižek’s theory of the universal symptom to two productions – DV8’s To Be Straight
With You (2007) and Point Blank’s An Evening with Psychosis (2009). The article looks in particular at the treatment of transcripts from interviewees who offer testimonies in support of the institutional discourses that are the target of each production’s ideological critique.
By drawing on Žižek’s understanding of ethical codes that are never ‘universal’, but always constituted in relations of power, the article argues that the satirical and Brechtian treatment of certain verbatim testimonies through their theatrical framing and
style of presentation constitutes a justifiable ‘political suspension of the ethical’ in each instance.
Abdominal obesity and intra-abdominal pressure: a new paradigm for the pathogenesis of the hypogonadal-obesity-BPH-LUTS connection
Authors: Cohen Paul G.
Published: October 2012

The pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia-lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH-LUTS) is complicated, multifactorial, and incompletely understood. A number of recent observations have provided for new insights and offer a better appreciation for, and the understanding of, the pathophysiological and hormonal contributions for the development and progression of prostatic enlargement. A major paradox has been the progressive increase in the prostate size at a time when the peripheral blood testosterone levels are decreasing as men age. This has been associated with the findings of increasing obesity-related states and the manifestation of BPH-LUTS. Several converging and new findings combine the mechanisms that result in an integration of the hypogonadal-obesity-increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP)-BPH-LUTS connection. The net positive caloric balance results increased the IAP and damaged the one-way valves of the internal spermatic veins. This results in an increased venous back pressure that leads to the reflux of the high testicular testosterone concentrations and venous pressures that are transmitted to the communicating prostatic venous system. Simultaneously, increasing obesity results in an increased aromatase activity, which leads to a reduction of the testosterone levels. Consequently, there is also an increased estradiol production, which inhibits gonadotropin secretion and the production of testosterone. This hypogonadal obesity cycle eventually results in a progressive hypogonadal state, while the prostate continues to enlarge and produce increasing LUTS.
Evaluation of J Integral for Clay Soils Using a New Ring Test
Authors: Costa Susanga , Kodikara Jayantha
Published: October 2012

Fracture behaviour of clay soils is an important area in soil mechanics that needs further development. Currently, there is no test method to determine fracture properties of clay soils during desiccation. The past work has been mostly on the use of fracture toughness as applicable to linear elastic fracture mechanics using external loading of specimens. However, importance of considering likely plasticity in fracture propagation, especially with soft soils, has been highlighted. J integral is an important parameter in elasto-plastic fracture mechanics, which accounts for the change in potential energy with fracture propagation. This paper presents an innovative test method to evaluate the fracture behaviour, in particular to determine J integral, as applicable to desiccating soils. The challenging task of calculating strains and stresses of slurry clays has been dealt with using an image-analysis technique. Starting from the fundamentals of fracture mechanics, J integral is expressed as a summation of several line integrals. The major advantage of the new method is its suitability for wet or slurry soils for which load tests are impossible.
Discussion of “Development of a Substructure Instrumentation System at the New I-10 Twin Span Bridge and Its Use to Investigate the Lateral Behavior of Batter Piles”
Authors: Chung Jae H. , Bollmann Henry T.
Published: October 2012

The interpretation of the load test results presented in the paper may mislead design engineers to an unconservative estimation of design loads for bridge subfoundations. Lack of error checking in the authors’ finite element analysis (FEA) model might have resulted in invalid assessment of the validity of the FB-MultiPier FEA software program.
Recent Developments in Faulting Simulators for Geotechnical Centrifuges
Authors: Rojhani Mahdi , Moradi Majid , Ebrahimi Mohammad Hossein , Galandarzadeh Abbas , Takada Shiro
Published: October 2012

In addition to the dynamic effects of faulting that cause earthquake wave propagation, large-scale deformation of faulting is a hazard for structures near the fault. Analytical and numerical studies have been conducted on fault rupture propagation through soil deposits and soil-structure interactions such as buried pipelines and buildings. However, evaluating the results is difficult because well-documented field case histories are limited. Researchers resort to physical modeling and laboratory tests to address this deficiency. Because full-scale modeling is time consuming and costly, centrifuge modeling is the best option. The first step for centrifuge modeling of faulting is to design and manufacture a fault simulator in a centrifuge. In this paper, all available information about fault simulators worldwide is presented as an archive for researchers. A detailed report on the design and manufacture of the new fault simulator at the Univ. of Tehran is also presented and the testing of a simulated buried continuous pipeline subjected to normal and reverses faulting is discussed. The fault simulator results were shown to correspond to natural faulting deformation.
Closure to Discussion by Jae Chung and Henry Bollmann on “Development of a Substructure Instrumentation System at the New I-10 Twin Span Bridge and Its Use to Investigate the Lateral Behavior of Batter Piles” [Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTJ103109, Vol. 34, No. 4]
Authors: Abu-Farsakh Murad , Yoon Sungmin , Ha Da , Marr W. Allen , Zhang Zhongjie
Published: October 2012

An instrumentation system was installed at M19 eastbound pier of the new I-10 Twin Span Bridge for short-term and long-term monitoring of the bridge, and was used to monitor the lateral behavior of the pier during a unique lateral load test. The system includes strain gauges, In-Place Inclinometers, triaxial accelerometers, water pressure cells, tiltmeters, and corrosion meters. The strains and deformations within the foundation piles were measured during the lateral load test using the strain gauges and IPI inclinometers. The horizontal movement of the pier was also monitored using an automated survey station. The results of lateral load test were compared with the FB-MultiPier predicted values. This article presents the closure to the discussion on the Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTJ103109, Vol. 34, No. 4.
Inhomogeneity Screening Criterion for the ASTM E1921 T Estimate Based on the SINTAP Lower-Tail Methodology
Authors: Wallin Kim R. W.
Published: October 2012

The master curve brittle fracture toughness estimation method described in the ASTM E1921-11 test standard is based on a theoretical scatter and size effect assumption and makes use of a maximum likelihood estimation method to determine the fracture toughness transition temperature T0. The estimation method in E1921-11 is valid only for macroscopically homogeneous steels. If the steel is inhomogeneous, the maximum likelihood method applied in E1921-11 becomes unreliable. Here, a simple screening criterion, based on the SINTAP lower-tail estimation method, is proposed, and the efficiency and limitations of the criterion are shown for a variety of different types of inhomogeneity.
Measurement of Switching Cost on the Customer Retention in the Banking Industry
Authors: Wang Yi-Hsien , Shih Kuang-Hsun , Huang Ya-Chi
Published: October 2012

This study discusses the relationships among switching costs, inertia, and customer retention in the case of customers of banking service industries and discusses in depth whether inertia affects switching costs. In this study, we surveyed 500 existing banking account holders in Taiwan and acquired 404 valid responses. The respondents were required to submit viewpoints regarding their most familiar financial institutions. The results show that the perception of switching costs and inertia has a positive impact on banking service industries’ customer retention. Customer word of mouth is a major factor in customer retention, the attraction of new customers, and customer retention intent. Financial service providers should also attach importance to customer segmentation in order to satisfy the real needs of various types of customers and thereby increase profits and competitiveness. This paper is an important empirical analysis highlighting the significance of the effects of switching costs and inertia on customer retention in banks.
An Integral Predictive Model of Financial Distress
Authors: Lee Mushang , Wu Tsui-Chih
Published: October 2012

Traditional statistic models for financial distress are subject to constraints which may lead to imprecise prediction. To contribute to the issue, we construct a two-staged integral model by applying a stepwise regression analysis and a data-mining approach. Specifically, we employ stepwise regression and rough set analysis in feature selection to sieve out variables, and perform decision tree, neural network, and logistic regression analysis to classify firms with financial distress. The findings show that the rates of accuracy for the combinations in descending order are stepwise regression-logistic, stepwise regression-neutral network, stepwise regression-decision tree, rough set theory-neutral network, rough set theory-decision tree, and rough set theory-logistic.
Bioética e cuidados paliativos: tomada de decisões e qualidade de vida
Authors: Wittmann-Vieira Rosmari , Goldim José Roberto
Published: October 2012

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o processo de tomada de decisão e a qualidade de vida de pacientes adultos, oncológicos, internados em unidade de cuidados paliativos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado ao longo de 12 meses, incluiu 89 pacientes que aceitaram participar respondendo aos instrumentos de Desenvolvimento Psicológico-Moral, WHOQOL-OLD e WHOQOL-BREF. RESULTADOS: Na avaliação do Desenvolvimento Psicológico-Moral, os pacientes demonstraram ter capacidade para tomar decisões em seu melhor interesse. Nos domínios do WHOQOL-OLD, a Participação social teve a menor média, e a Intimidade, a melhor. Na aplicação do instrumento WHOQOL-BREF, o domínio Físico teve a menor média, sendo o Meio Ambiente o de melhor desempenho. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes demonstraram-se satisfeitos com a capacidade de estabelecer relações sociais, pessoais e íntimas, mesmo estando internados.
Speciation of Phosphorus in a Fertilized, Reduced‐Till Soil System: In‐Field Treatment Incubation Study
Authors: Khatiwada Raju , Hettiarachchi Ganga M. , Mengel David B. , Fei Mingwei
Published: October 2012

Phosphorus management in reduced‐tillage systems is a great concern for farmers. Conclusive positive results of deep‐banding P fertilizers compared with broadcast application and the chemistry of reduced‐tillage systems remain unclear. Knowledge of the dominant solid P species present in soil following application of P fertilizers and the resulting potential P availability would help us understand and efficiently manage P in reduced‐tillage systems. The objective of this research was to study the influence of placement (broadcast vs. deep‐band P), fertilizer source (granular vs. liquid P), and time on the reaction products of P under field conditions. Changes in soil pH, resin‐extractable P, total P, and speciation of P were determined at different distances from the point of fertilizer application at 5 wk and 6 mo after P application at a rate of 75 kg ha−1 to a soil system that was under long‐term reduced tillage. Resin‐extractable P was lower for broadcast treatments compared with deep‐band treatments for both time periods. Resin‐extractable P was greater in the liquid P‐treated soils than in the granular P‐treated soils. Speciation results showed that granular P fertilizers tended to form Fe–P‐like forms, whereas liquid forms remained in adsorbed P‐like forms in the soil 5 wk after application; moreover, speciation results showed granular P fertilizers precipitated less when deep‐banded. During the 6‐mo period following application, reaction products of broadcast granular, broadcast liquid, and deep‐band granular fertilizers transformed to Ca‐phosphate or mixtures of Ca‐, Fe‐ and adsorbed‐phosphate‐like forms, whereas deep‐band liquid P remained as mainly adsorbed P‐like forms. Deep‐banding of P would most likely provide a solution that is both agronomically and environmentally efficient for reduced‐till farmers.
Landscape and weather controls on fine-scale calcareous fen hydrodynamics
Authors: Duval Tim P. , Waddington J. M.
Published: October 2012

Calcareous fens are species-rich peatlands thought to form at discrete alkaline groundwater discharge points. Here the spatial and temporal variability in the peat pore-water hydrodynamics at a fine (plot) scale of three calcareous fens in southern Ontario was investigated over three growing seasons to evaluate the sensitivity of these wetlands to weather fluctuation and landscape position. Only a small area of the fens demonstrated patterns of groundwater upwelling, and positive vertical hydraulic gradients (VHG) were low, peaking at 0.1. Local decreases in saturated hydraulic conductivity generated areas of pore-water over-pressuring in the peat profile through much of the fens. Several areas were subjected to large negative VHG (max = −0.2), causing sustained groundwater recharge. In this study the strength of the connection to the principal source area of water (alkaline stream) determined the pattern and variability of calcareous fen peat hydrodynamics amongst three growing seasons differing markedly in precipitation. The range of pore-water hydrodynamics evident in this study provides evidence for the processes controlling the sensitivity of calcareous fens to climate and land-use change. A conceptual model linking calcareous fen landscape position to weather- and climate-induced hydrodynamic variability is presented to guide management of these biodiverse ecosystems.
Physically-based modelling, good modelling practice including uncertainty – reply to comment by Ewen et al. (2012)
Authors: Refsgaard Jens Christian , Storm Børge , Clausen Thomas
Published: October 2012

As stated explicitly in the paper by Refsgaard et al. (‘Système Hydrologique Europeén (SHE): review and perspectives after 30 years development in distributed physically-based modelling’, published in Hydrology Research41 (5), 355–377), our paper was ‘confined to a historical analysis based on our own experience through our work at DHI and, to a minor extent, the initiatives and work by DHI's ASHE partners’. We therefore welcome the comments by Ewen et al. (in this issue's Comment paper, pp. 945–947) hereafter referred to as EOBBKPO, with the views of another ASHE partner. This provides us with the opportunity to state our views even more clearly.
Long-term temperature and precipitation trends at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, North Carolina, USA
Authors: Laseter Stephanie H. , Ford Chelcy R. , Vose James M. , Swift Lloyd W.
Published: October 2012

Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, located in western North Carolina, USA, is a 2,185 ha basin wherein forest climate monitoring and watershed experimentation began in the early 1930s. An extensive climate and hydrologic network has facilitated research for over 75 years. Our objectives in this paper were to describe the monitoring network, present long-term air temperature and precipitation data, and analyze the temporal variation in the long-term temperature and precipitation record. We found that over the period of record: (1) air temperatures have been increasing significantly since the late 1970s, (2) drought severity and frequency have increased with time, and (3) the precipitation distribution has become more extreme over time. We discuss the implications of these trends within the context of regional and global climate change and forest health.
Spatial and temporal distribution of snow water content and response to air temperature in seasonal snow in the western Tianshan Mountains, China
Authors: Han Xi , Wei Wenshou , Liu Mingzhe , Lu Heng , Chen Xia , Hong Wen
Published: October 2012

The snow water content was measured with a portable instrument (Snow Fork) in the Tianshan Station for Snow-cover and Avalanche, Chinese Academy of Sciences (TS) during the snow period in the winter of 2009–2010. The results indicated that the variation of snow water content increases exponentially over time. In the accumulation-stable period, the migration of liquid water is from the bottom to the surface of the snow profile. In the snowmelt period, the migration direction is reversed. In the transition period, both directions of transfer exist simultaneously. There are three different types of response to air temperature: (a) when the average temperature is below −7 °C, the snow water content has a best fit with the accumulated air temperature with a simple linear function; (b) when the average temperature is between −7 and −1 °C, the snow water content has a best fit with the average air temperature, with an exponential function; and (c) when the average air temperature is higher than −1 °C, the snow water content has a best fit with the maximum air temperature, with an exponential function.
Physically-based modelling, uncertainty, and pragmatism – Comment on: ‘Système Hydrologique Europeén (SHE): review and perspectives after 30 years development in distributed physically-based hydrological modelling’ by Jens Christian Refsgaard, Børge Storm and Thomas Clausen
Authors: Ewen John , O'Connell Enda , Bathurst James , Birkinshaw Steve J. , Kilsby Chris , Parkin Geoff , O'Donnell Greg
Published: October 2012

The Système Hydrologique Europeén (SHE) modelling system and physically-based distributed modelling (PBDM) were discussed in Refsgaard et al.'s Système Hydrologique Europeén (SHE): review and perspectives after 30 years development in distributed physically-based hydrological modelling (Hydrology Research41, pp. 355–377). The opportunity is taken here to correct some oversights and potentially misleading perspectives in that paper and mount a more robust defence of PBDM.
Artificial neural network prediction of the aluminum extraction from bauxite in the Bayer process
Authors: Djuric Isidora , Mihajlovic Ivan , Zivkovic Zivan
Published: October 2012

This paper presents the results of statistical modeling of the bauxite
leaching process, as part of Bayer technology for an alumina production.
Based on the data, collected during the period between 2008 - 2009 (659 days)
from the industrial production in the alumina factory Birac, Zvornik (Bosnia
and Herzegovina), the statistical modeling of the above mentioned process was
performed. The dependant variable, which was the main target of the modeling
procedure, was the degree of Al2O3 recovery from boehmite bauxite during the
leaching process. The statistical model was developed as an attempt to define
the dependence of the Al2O3 degree of recovery as a function of input
variables of the leaching process: composition of bauxite, composition of the
sodium aluminate solution and the caustic module of the solution before and
after the leaching process. As the statistical modeling tools, Multiple
Linear Regression Analysis (MLRA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were
used. The fitting level, obtained by using the MLRA, was R2 = 0.463, while
ANN resulted with the value of R2 = 0.723. This way, the model, defined by
using the ANN methodology, can be used for the efficient prediction of the
Al2O3 degree of recovery as a function of the process inputs, under the
industrial conditions of the alumina factory Birac, Zvornik. The proposed
model also has got a universal character and, as such, is applicable in other
factories practicing the Bayer technology for alumina production.
The Chief Information Officer and Chief Financial Officer Dyad in the Public Sector: How an Effective Relationship Impacts Individual Effectiveness and Strategic Alignment
Authors: Schobel Kurt , Denford James S.
Published: October 2012

Within the domain of Information Technology Governance (ITG), the study of Chief Information Officer (CIO) relationships has historically focused on the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the Top Management Team (TMT). Within knowledge-intensive, publicly funded, and not-for-profit organizations, the specific relationship between the CIO and the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) is a critical pairing, which impacts both individual effectiveness and strategic alignment. Findings from multiple case studies suggest that while the CIO and CFO pair are similar to other TMT relationships in many ways, their perceptions of the other's strategic role within the organization is a key differentiator that can lead to effective or adversarial relationships with individual and firm-level outcomes. The research model in this paper suggests that when the relationship is positive, both individual role effectiveness and strategic alignment improve.
Sliding dichotomy compared with fixed dichotomization of ordinal outcome scales in subarachnoid hemorrhage trials
Authors: Ilodigwe Don , Stat. M. , Murray Gordon D. , Kassell Neal F. , Torner James , Kerr Richard S. C. , Molyneux Andrew J. , Macdonald R. Loch
Published: October 2012

Object

In randomized clinical trials of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in which the primary clinical outcomes are ordinal, it has been common practice to dichotomize the ordinal outcome scale into favorable versus unfavorable outcome. Using this strategy may increase sample sizes by reducing statistical power. Authors of the present study used SAH clinical trial data to determine if a sliding dichotomy would improve statistical power.

Methods

Available individual patient data from tirilazad (3552 patients), clazosentan (the Clazosentan to Overcome Neurological Ischemia and Infarction Occurring After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage trial [CONSCIOUS-1], 413 patients), and subarachnoid aneurysm trials (the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial [ISAT], 2089 patients) were analyzed. Treatment effect sizes were examined using conventional fixed dichotomy, sliding dichotomy (logical or median split methods), or proportional odds modeling. Whether sliding dichotomy affected the difference in outcomes between the several age and neurological grade groups was also evaluated.

Results

In the tirilazad data, there was no significant effect of treatment on outcome (fixed dichotomy: OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.80–1.07; and sliding dichotomy: OR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.87–1.19). Sliding dichotomy reversed and increased the difference in outcome in favor of the placebo over clazosentan (fixed dichotomy: OR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.65–1.74; and sliding dichotomy: OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.52–1.39). In the ISAT data, sliding dichotomy produced identical odds ratios compared with fixed dichotomy (fixed dichotomy vs sliding dichotomy, respectively: OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.55–0.82 vs OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.53–0.85). When considering the tirilazad and CONSCIOUS-1 groups based on age or World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade, no consistent effects of sliding dichotomy compared with fixed dichotomy were observed.

Conclusions

There were differences among fixed dichotomy, sliding dichotomy, and proportional odds models in the magnitude and precision of odds ratios, but these differences were not as substantial as those seen when these methods were used in other conditions such as head injury. This finding suggests the need for different outcome scales for SAH.
Comparison of safety and stability of C-2 pars and pedicle screws for atlantoaxial fusion: meta-analysis and review of the literature
Authors: Elliott Robert E. , Tanweer Omar , Boah Akwasi , Smith Michael L. , Frempong-Boadu Anthony
Published: October 2012

Object

Some centers report a lower incidence of vertebral artery (VA) injury with C-2 pars screws compared with pedicle screws without sacrificing construct stability, despite biomechanical studies suggesting greater load failures with C-2 pedicle screws. The authors reviewed published series describing C-2 pars and pedicle screw implantation and atlantoaxial fusions and compared the incidence of VA injury, screw malposition, and successful atlantoaxial fusion with each screw type.

Methods

Online databases were searched for English-language articles between 1994 and April of 2011 describing the clinical and radiographic outcomes following posterior atlantoaxial fusion with C-1 lateral mass and either C-2 pars interarticularis or pedicle screws. Thirty-three studies describing 2975 C-2 pedicle screws and 11 studies describing 405 C-2 pars screws met inclusion criteria for the safety analysis. Seven studies describing 113 patients treated with C-2 pars screws and 20 studies describing 918 patients treated with C-2 pedicle screws met inclusion criteria for fusion analysis. Standard and formal meta-analysis techniques were used to compare outcomes.

Results

All studies provided Class III evidence. Ten instances of VA injury occurred with C-2 pedicle screws (0.3%) and no VA injury occurred with pars screws. The point estimate of VA injury for C-2 pedicle screws was 1.09% (95% CI 0.73%–1.63%) and was similar to that of C-2 pars screws (1.48%, 95% CI 0.62%–3.52%). Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference in the rate of clinically significant screw malpositions (1.14% [95% CI 0.77%–1.69%) vs 1.69% [95% CI 0.73%–3.84%]). Radiographically identified screw malposition occurred in a higher proportion of C-2 pedicle screws compared with C-2 pars screws (6.0% [95% CI 3.7%–9.6%] vs 4.0% [95% CI 2.0%–7.6%], p < 0.0001). Pseudarthrosis occurred in a greater proportion of patients treated with C-2 pars screws (5 [4.4%] of 113) compared with those treated with C-2 pedicle screws (2 [0.22%] of 900). Point estimates with 95% confidence intervals show a slightly higher rate of successful atlantoaxial fusion in the pedicle screw cohort (97.8% [CI 96.0%–98.8%] vs 93.5% [CI 86.6%–97.0%]; p < 0.0001). Q-testing ruled out heterogeneity between the study groups.

Conclusions

With a thorough knowledge of axis anatomy, surgeons can place both C-2 pars and C-2 pedicle screws accurately with a small risk of VA injury or clinically significant malposition. There may be subtle trade-off of safety for rigidity when using axial pedicle instead of pars screws, and the decision to use either screw type must be made only after careful review of the preoperative CT imaging and must take into account the surgeon's expertise and the particular demands of the clinical scenario in any given case.