bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permian exhumation of the Buffalo Pitts orogenic peridotite massif, northern Cordillera, Yukon
Authors: Johnston S T , Canil D , Heaman L H
Published: June 2007

We report the results of a geochemical and UPb zircon geochronological study aimed at constraining the timing and tectonic setting of the exhumation of an orogenic peridotitic mantle massif in central Yukon within northern Canadian Cordillera. The Buffalo Pitts orogenic massif is inferred to have been exhumed into continental metasedimentary rocks within the pericratonic YukonTanana terrane. Structurally admixed with the peridotite were boudins of metaleucogabbro and metatroctolite. A metamorphic aureole, defined by migmatite with abundant leucosome, characterizes the metasedi mentary wall rocks to the massif. Whole-rock chemical analyses indicate significant light rare-earth element enrichment of the leucogabbro and the metatroctolite, characteristics commonly ascribed to within-plate or rift settings. Crystallization of the leucogabbro occurred at 261.5 ± 2.3 Ma. The metatroctolite yields a similar crystallization age. These ages are coeval with metamorphism of the wall rocks to the orogenic massif, as indicated by leucosome crystallization at 262.3 ± 0.43 Ma. These geochemical and geochronological data are consistent with the orogenic massif having been exhumed within a continental rift at about 262 Ma, giving rise to metamorphism of the upper crustal rocks into which the massif was exhumed, and coeval with rift-related magmatism. Regional considerations suggest that rifting occurred within the back arc of a northeast-facing magmatic arc, represented by the Klondike schist. Coeval eclogite and blueschist along the northeast margin of the YukonTanana terrane may mark the paleo-trench, along which a southwest-dipping slab is assumed to have subducted beneath YukonTanana terrane.
Detrital zircon geochronology and provenance of the southeastern Yukon–Tanana terrane
Authors: Nelson JoAnne , Gehrels George
Published: June 2007

Two samples of late Paleozoic grit and Late Mississippian quartzite–chert conglomerate collected from southeastern Yukon–Tanana terrane (YTT) — a composite thrust sheet resting structurally above North American parautochthonous strata and intervening imbricate sheets of the late Paleozoic oceanic Slide Mountain terrane — yielded, respectively, 89 and 74 concordant or nearly concordant (<20% discordant) U–Pb ages on single detrital zircons. They provide constraints on the provenance of this allochthonous pericratonic terrane. Zircons in the grit range from 1770 to 2854 Ma, with a well-defined Early Proterozoic peak between 1800 and 2100 Ma. Precambrian zircons in the conglomerate also show a dominant peak between 1800 and 2100 Ma and smaller peaks between 2200 and 3200 Ma, with a few older grains, and younger grains with ages of 998, 1219, 1255, 1256, and 1417 Ma. The conglomerate also yielded three Devonian grains, with ages of 366 ± 23, 373 ± 12, and 379 ± 23 Ma. Their ages are approximately coeval with the oldest felsic to intermediate arc- and rift-related magmatism in the YTT. The age spectra from southeastern YTT units compare closely with those from Mississippian and older pericratonic units in the Coast Mountains, confirming correlations previously made on lithologic grounds. They also strongly resemble detrital zircon populations from craton-derived Paleozoic units of the northern North American autochthon. This robust U–Pb data set lends support to the idea that YTT once formed part of the outer, active margin of the North American continent, prior to Mississippian rifting and marginal ocean basin development.
Spindle-shaped Ediacara fossils from the Mistaken Point assemblage, Avalon Zone, Newfoundland
Authors: Gehling James G , Narbonne Guy M
Published: June 2007

The Mistaken Point assemblage of the Ediacara fossils is dominated by rangeomorphs with homologous fractal branching elements. The most distinctive are the fusiform fossils, herein named Fractofusus misrai n.gen., and n.sp., and Fractofusus andersoni n.gen., and n.sp. Although endemic to the Newfoundland portion of the Avalonia terrane, they dominated deep sea-floor communities below the photic zone, in the mid-Ediacaran Period (ca. 575–560 Ma). Their biological affinities remain uncertain, but their architecture suggests a phylogenetic position near the base of the Metazoa.
Improvement of hydrothermal stability of an ordered mesoporous molecular sieve via multistage recrystallization
Authors: Luo Yong M , Hou Zhao Y , Li Rong T , Zheng Xiao M
Published: June 2007

A highly ordered mesoporous aluminosilicate molecular sieve, designated as MSAMS-4, has been synthesized via multistage recrystallization. Hydrothermal-stability tests revealed that MSAMS-4 has retained a well-ordered hexagonal-symmetry mesostructure both after treatment with 100 °C water for 120 h and after steaming at 800 °C for 6 h.Key words: aluminosilicates molecular sieves, mesoporous materials, multistage recrystallization, hydrothermal stability.
SECRET SHARING OF N-ATOM ENTANGLED STATE IN CAVITY QED
Authors: MAN ZHONG-XIAO , XIA YUN-JIE , ZHANG ZHAN-JUN
Published: June 2007

We propose a scheme to secret sharing of an unknown N-atom entangled state in driven cavity QED. The scheme needs only atomic Bell states as the quantum channels and joint Bell-state measurement is unnecessary. In addition, the scheme is insensitive to the cavity decay and the thermal field.
PREDICTION OF NONLINEAR SYSTEM IN OPTICS USING GENETIC PROGRAMMING
Authors: RADI AMR
Published: June 2007

It is difficult to predict the dynamics of systems which are nonlinear and whose characteristic is unknown. In order to build a model of the system from input and output data without any knowledge about the system, we try automatically to build prediction model by Genetic Programming (GP).

GP has been used to discover the function that describes nonlinear system to study the effect of wavelength and temperature on the refractive index of the fiber core. The predicted distribution from the GP based model is compared with the experimental data. The discovered function of the GP model has proved to be an excellent match to the experimental data.
A P-STABLE EIGHTEENTH-ORDER SIX-STEP METHOD FOR PERIODIC INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS
Authors: WANG CHUNFENG , WANG ZHONGCHENG
Published: June 2007

In this paper we present a new kind of P-stable eighteenth-order six-step method for periodic initial-value problems. We add the fourth derivatives to our previous P-stable six-step method to increase the accuracy. We apply two classes of well-known problems to our new method and compare it with the previous methods. The numerical results show that the new method is much more stable, accurate and efficient than the previous methods.
ADAPTIVE SYNCHRONIZATION FOR A CLASS OF HIGH-DIMENSIONAL AUTONOMOUS UNCERTAIN CHAOTIC SYSTEMS
Authors: WANG XINGYUAN , WANG MINGJUN
Published: June 2007

This paper addresses the adaptive synchronization and parameters identification problem of a class of high-dimensional autonomous uncertain chaotic systems. It is proved that the controller and update rule can make the states of the drive system and the response system with unknown system parameters asymptotically synchronized, and identify the response system's unknown parameters. Chen system, coupled dynamos system and Rössler hyperchaotic system are used as examples for detailed description. The results of numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the adaptive controller.
THE EFFECT OF "CLOSED FISHING" IN CHINA
Authors: PAN QIUHUI , LI MENGPING , HE MINGFENG , MU XIAOJIA
Published: June 2007

A fishing model is presented in this paper. A year is divided into four seasons on the basis of the Penna model. We define the rules of death, reproduction, fishing and so on for fish. And "closed fishing" in China is introduced in this model. Then we discuss the population size of fish and the fishing products in the case of "closed fishing" or not. At last the conclusion is obtained that the policy will be significant if fishing intensity is in a certain range. And reducing fishing intensity is essential policy, and "closed fishing" is just an accessorial policy.
A PIECEWISE PARABOLIC METHOD FOR BAROTROPIC TWO-FLUID FLOWS
Authors: ZHENG J. G. , LEE T. S. , MA D. J.
Published: June 2007

In this paper, a third-order Piecewise Parabolic Method for barotropic two-fluid flows with Tait equation of state is presented. In transition layers between two different fluids, a mixture model system based on the assumption of equilibrium pressure is introduced. It conserves the mass of each fluid, the total momentum and energy of the mixture and is supplemented with an advection equation for the volume fraction of one of the two fluids. To close the model and recover the pressure, a nonbarotropic equation of state describing the thermodynamic properties of the mixture is used. However, in pure barotropic fluid regions, the isentropic version of Euler equations is employed. In addition, the third-order Piecewise Parabolic Method is employed to solve the model equations. The governing equations are first evolved in the Lagrangian coordinate system and then the computed results are mapped onto the fixed Eulerian grid in the following remapping step. As compared with other methods, a remarkable feature of our approach is that the scheme is third-order accurate in smooth regions of the solution and is able to give a steeper representation of discontinuities. Numerical results demonstrate satisfactory performances of this approach.
BI-DIRECTIONAL ANT TRAFFIC ON TRAILS
Authors: HUANG DING-WEI
Published: June 2007

We study the non-stationary traffic flow of the ant-trail model. The nontrivial boundary conditions are adopted. The fundamental diagram is distinctly different from that of a closed system. A shock wave is generated when the first ant reaches the food source. The shock wave propagates backward to the nest long before the first ant returns. We revise the pheromone mechanism to ensure that the ants follow the leader on a complex network. The breaking of following-the-leader is also discussed.
A FACTORIZATION OF THE CONWAY POLYNOMIAL AND COVERING LINKAGE INVARIANTS
Authors: TSUKAMOTO TATSUYA , YASUHARA AKIRA
Published: June 2007

Levine showed that the Conway polynomial of a link is a product of two factors: one is the Conway polynomial of a knot which is obtained from the link by banding together the components; and the other is determined by the [Formula: see text]-invariants of a string link with the link as its closure. We give another description of the latter factor: the determinant of a matrix whose entries are linking pairings in the infinite cyclic covering space of the knot complement, which take values in the quotient field of ℤ[t, t-1]. In addition, we give a relation between the Taylor expansion of a linking pairing around t = 1 and derivation on links which is invented by Cochran. In fact, the coefficients of the powers of t - 1 will be the linking numbers of certain derived links in S3. Therefore, the first non-vanishing coefficient of the Conway polynomial is determined by the linking numbers in S3. This generalizes a result of Hoste.
STRUCTURES OF SMALL CLOSED NON-ORIENTABLE 3-MANIFOLD TRIANGULATIONS
Authors: BURTON BENJAMIN A.
Published: June 2007

A census is presented of all closed non-orientable 3-manifold triangulations formed from at most seven tetrahedra satisfying the additional constraints of minimality and ℙ2-irreducibility. The eight different 3-manifolds represented by these 41 different triangulations are identified and described in detail, with particular attention paid to the recurring combinatorial structures that are shared amongst the different triangulations. Using these recurring structures, the resulting triangulations are generalised to infinite families that allow similar triangulations of additional 3-manifolds to be formed.
A CUSUM CHART WITH LOCAL SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION FOR DETECTING A RANGE OF UNKNOWN SHIFTS
Authors: HAN DONG , TSUNG FUGEE , LI YANTING
Published: June 2007

The cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart is one of the most dominant statistical process control schemes. Despite its simplicity, its performance deteriorates when the actual mean shift is unknown. In this paper, we present an effective alternative approach called the CUSUM chart with local signal amplification (LSA-CUSUM) by amplifying or weakening local signals to improve the power of the traditional CUSUM chart in detecting an unknown mean shift over a range. Additionally, we introduce a measure for evaluating the efficiency of the LSA-CUSUM chart to detect a pre-specified mean shift range and describe a procedure to find an approximately optimal LSA-CUSUM chart over a mean shift range. Comparisons of the simulation results show that the proposed approxmated optimal LAS-CUSUM chart outperforms its traditional counterpart.
RISK-DRIVEN SOFTWARE TESTING AND RELIABILITY
Authors: SCHNEIDEWIND NORMAN F.
Published: June 2007

We develop a risk-driven reliability model and testing process that borrows concepts from classical sequential testing methodology that is used for hardware, with adaptation to software. Both consumer and producer risk are considered, reflecting the fact the consumer (e.g., customer) and producer (e.g., contractor) have different perspectives concerning what they consider to be tolerable risks of software failure. Similarly, there is also a differentiation based on what the consumer and producer consider to be acceptable reliability. Using the consumer-producer framework, we develop a model and process for executing sequential tests, based on software risk and reliability and model risk and reliability prediction accuracy. Test rules are specified for determining at each decision point in testing whether the software and the model prediction accuracy are acceptable. In addition, the test rules serve as stopping criteria for testing. Both empirical and predicted quantities are assessed. The test rules are integrated with several levels of criticality of software (i.e., the higher the criticality, the more stringent the tests). Based on our experience, we provide lessons learned with the objective of improving the model and process for future applications. We start the analysis by developing a model and process template based on the Poisson distribution of failures. This hypothetical example allows us to debug the model and process before it is applied to a real application involving the NASA Space Shuttle flight software.
ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED TESTS USING THE GENERAL LAW OF RELIABILITY
Authors: BASKIN E. M.
Published: June 2007

An analysis of accelerated tests for some items using the General Law of Reliability has been presented. It has been shown that depending on the nature of a correlation between the variation coefficient and the mean time to failure at change of stress items can be subdivided into two classes: those with positive and negative correlation respectively. To explain this we use concepts of inhomogeneity for mixes and structure inhomogeneity for items. It has been demonstrated that these classes are characterized by different statistical properties, which should be taken into consideration while selecting the failure model.
APPROXIMATE QUERY PROCESSING USING MULTILAYERED DATA MODEL TO HANDLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS, PRIVACY AND AVOIDING INFERENCES
Authors: NARAYANAN MUTHUKUMAR , MADRIA SANJAY KUMAR , CLAIR DAN ST.
Published: June 2007

In this paper, we describe a query approximation system which uses the Multi-Layered Database (MLDB), a collection of summarized relational data generated using domain-based concept hierarchies. The system generates approximate answers to queries to handle environmental constraints and access control levels, thus preserving the privacy and security of data. Using concept hierarchy (CH), we generalize attributes to transform base relations to different layers of summarized relations corresponding to access control levels. The summary databases thus formed are the compression of the tuples in the main database using the CH constructed using the domain set. The query is rewritten by traversing the MLDB layers according to the user's access control level. We present summarization methods, query rewriting algorithms, implementation and experimental results of the system. In addition, we analyze some of the known inferences in Multi Level Secure (MLS) databases and then proceed to explore their effects on an approximate query processor that uses the MLDB model. The common relationships among inferential queries are found by analyzing them, and are used in possible solutions to detect and prevent inference problems. These patches are added to the query processor in MLDB to form a system that provides approximate results by preserving privacy and at the same time block the possible inferences. We have observed that these extra patches introduce only very small overheads in the MLDB generation and query processing.
A FLEXIBLE MEDIATION PROCESS FOR LARGE DISTRIBUTED INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Authors: LAMARRE PHILIPPE , LEMP SANDRA , CAZALENS SYLVIE , VALDURIEZ PATRICK
Published: June 2007

We consider distributed information systems that are open, dynamic and provide access to large numbers of distributed, heterogeneous, autonomous information sources. Most of the work in data mediator systems has dealt with the problem of finding relevant information providers for a request. However, finding relevant requests for information providers is another important side of the mediation problem which has not received much attention. In this paper, we address these two sides of the problem with a flexible mediation process. Once the qualified information providers are identified, our process allows them to express their interest in a request via a bidding mechanism. It also requires to set up a requisition policy, because a request must always be answered if there are qualified providers. This work does not concern pure market mechanisms because we counter-balance the providers' bids by considering their quality wrt a request. We validate our process on a set of simulations in the context of load balancing, which is a good indicator of the system's overall performance. The results show that the mediation process provides a very good long-run regulation of the system, in particular when providers can leave the system. However, load balancing is not the natural application of the flexible mediation and additional testing is required to show the generality of the approach to non-depletable resources.
Promoter Hypermethylation of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Urine from Patients with Cervical Neoplasia
Authors: Feng Qinghua , Hawes Stephen E. , Stern Joshua E. , Dem Amadou , Sow Papa Salif , Dembele Birama , Toure Papa , Sova Pavel , Laird Peter W. , Kiviat Nancy B.
Published: June 2007

We examined the feasibility of using detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in combination with the presence of aberrantly methylated genes (DAPK1, RARB, TWIST1, and CDH13) for urine-based cervical cancer screening. Urine samples from 129 Senegalese women, aged 35 years or older, 110 with (same day) biopsy-proven cervical neoplasia [cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN-1): n = 9; CIN-2–3/carcinoma in situ (CIS): n = 29; invasive cervical cancer (ICC): n = 72], and 19 without cervical neoplasia on biopsy were examined. Hypermethylation of at least one of the four genes identified 62% of ICC and 28% of CIN-2–3/CIS and was present in only 4% of CIN-1 or normal urines. High-risk HPV DNA was detected in urine in 70% of those with biopsy-proven ICC, 59% of those with CIN-2–3/CIS on biopsy, 44% of those with CIN-1 on biopsy, and only 11% of women negative for cervical neoplasia on biopsy. Urine-based detection of either high-risk HPV or hypermethylation of any of the four genes identified 84% of ICC, 64% of CIN-2–3/CIS, 44% of CIN-1, but only 19% of women negative for cervical neoplasia. The sensitivity for detection of CIN-2–3/CIS/ICC by high-risk HPV DNA or aberrant DNA methylation of four genes seems to be comparable to that of an exfoliated cervical cytology. This study shows the potential feasibility of using molecular markers detected in urine for cervical cancer screening. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1178–84)
Exposure to Magnetic Fields and Survival after Diagnosis of Childhood Leukemia: A German Cohort Study
Authors: Svendsen Anne Louise , Weihkopf Thomas , Kaatsch Peter , Schüz Joachim
Published: June 2007

Inspired by a recent U.S. study showing poorer survival among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) exposed to magnetic fields above 0.3 μT, we examine this relationship in a German cohort of childhood leukemia cases derived from previous population-based case-control studies conducted between 1992 and 2001. A total of 595 ALL cases with 24-h magnetic field measurements are included in the analysis with a median follow-up of 9.5 years. We calculate the hazard ratios (HR) using the Cox proportional hazards model for overall survival, adjusted for age at diagnosis, calendar year of diagnosis, and gender. Elevated hazards are found for exposures between 0.1 and 0.2 μT [HR, 2.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.3-5.2], based on 34 cases with 9 deaths as well as for exposures above 0.2 μT (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.6-4.4), based on 18 cases with 4 deaths. After adjustment for prognostic risk group, the hazard for exposures above 0.2 μT increases to HR, 3.0 (95% CI, 0.9-9.8). In conclusion, this study is generally consistent with the previous finding; however, we report the excess risk at field levels lower than those in the U.S. study. In all, the evidence is still based on small numbers, and a biological mechanism to explain the findings is not known. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1167–71)
Acceleration to Death from Liver Cancer in People with Hepatitis B Viral Mutations Detected in Plasma by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chen Jian Guo , Kuang Shuang Yuan , Egner Patricia A. , Lu Jian Hua , Zhu Yuan Rong , Wang Jin Bing , Zhang Bao Chu , Chen Tao Yang , Muñoz Alvaro , Kensler Thomas W. , Groopman John D.
Published: June 2007

Liver cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in many regions of the world. With the goal to discover biomarkers that reflect subsets of high-risk individuals and their prognosis, we nested our study in a male cohort of 5,581 hepatitis B surface antigen carriers in Qidong, People's Republic of China, who were recruited starting in 1989. By December 2003, 667 liver cancer cases were diagnosed in this group and plasma samples collected at the initial screening at enrollment were available in 515 cases who had succumbed to liver cancer. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA could be isolated in 355 (69%) of these samples. In 14%, 15%, 19%, 31%, and 22%, screening took place at ≤1.5, 1.51 to 3, 3.01 to 5, 5.01 to 9, and >9 years before death, respectively; and 39% died at age below 45 years. The relation between mutations in HBV and time to death were determined by logistic regression for the odds of mutation and by survival analyses methods with age as the time scale. In 279 (79%) of these individuals, the samples contained a two-nucleotide 1762T/1764A HBV mutation. Sixteen samples lacking the 1762T/1764A mutation had novel mutations elsewhere in the 1761 to 1767 region of the HBV genome. There was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.012) for the high prevalence of the HBV mutations in the men who died from hepatocellular carcinoma under the age of 45 years relative to those who died after 55 years of age and HBV mutations accelerated death (relative hazard, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.85) and that the effect was attenuated by age from 2.04 for age 35 years to 1.0 for age 65 years with the 90% confidence band being above 1 for ages <50 years. These findings provide a conceptual framework to explain the acceleration of mortality in individuals infected with HBV. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1213–8)
The Future of Tobacco-Control Research
Authors: Morgan Glen D. , Backinger Cathy L. , Leischow Scott J.
Published: June 2007

Recent epidemiologic data on the stabilization of adult and youth smoking rates underscore the need for vigorous research across the cancer control spectrum on tobacco use interventions. The steady decline in adult rates of smoking has stalled for the first time in 8 years, and certain race, ethnic, and population groups are disproportionately at risk to tobacco-related cancers because of disparities in tobacco use or access to effective interventions. Although substantial progress has been made across levels of basic through applied research, tobacco-control research across the discovery and delivery continuum must be accelerated to further reduce the cancer burden. Following a brief review of the prevalence and trends affecting tobacco use initiation and cessation, we identify and describe four domains of extraordinary research opportunities: genetics and gene-environment interactions, bioinformatics and health informatics, disparities and disproportionate risk, and prevention and treatment. Evolutionary scientific changes, like rapidly advancing technology and emphasis on the paradigm of team science research approaches, provide both a challenge as well as unparalleled opportunities for scientific advancement and public health progress. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1077–80)
Family History and the Risk of Kidney Cancer: a Multicenter Case-control Study in Central Europe
Authors: Hung Rayjean J. , Moore Lee , Boffetta Paolo , Feng Bing-Jian , Toro Jorge R. , Rothman Nathanial , Zaridze David , Navratilova Marie , Bencko Vladimir , Janout Vladimir , Kollarova Helena , Szeszenia-Dabrowska Neonila , Mates Dana , Chow Wong-Ho , Brennan Paul
Published: June 2007

An elevated familial relative risk may indicate either an important genetic component in etiology or shared environmental exposures within the family. Incidence rates of kidney cancer are particularly high in Central Europe, although no data were available on the familial aggregation or genetic background of kidney cancer in this region. We have, therefore, investigated the role of family history in first-degree relatives in a large multicenter case-control study in Central Europe. A total number of 1,097 cases of kidney cancer and 1,555 controls were recruited from 2000 to 2003 from seven centers in Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, and Russia. The risk of kidney cancer increased with the increasing number of relatives with history of any cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.15; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.00-1.31 per affected relative], and this association seemed to be more prominent among subjects with young onset (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.09-2.20 per affected relative). Overall, the OR was 1.40 (95% CI, 0.71- 2.76) for the subjects who had at least one first-degree relative with kidney cancer after adjusting for tobacco smoking, body mass index, and medical history of hypertension, and this association was most apparent among subjects with affected siblings (OR, 4.09; 95% CI, 1.09-15.4). Based on the relative risk to siblings in our study population, we estimated that 80% of the kidney cancer cases are likely to occur in 20% of the population with the highest genetic risk, which indicate the importance of further investigation of genetic factors in cancer prevention for kidney cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1287–90)
Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Type Distribution in Male Anogenital Sites and Semen
Authors: Nielson Carrie M. , Flores Roberto , Harris Robin B. , Abrahamsen Martha , Papenfuss Mary R. , Dunne Eileen F. , Markowitz Lauri E. , Giuliano Anna R.
Published: June 2007

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted and causes cervical cancer. Although HPV can infect men and women, little is known about infection in men. Specifically, the prevalence of type-specific HPV infection and the distribution of infections by anogenital anatomic site in men are incompletely characterized.

Methods: We tested 463 men ages 18 to 40 years for HPV at the glans/corona, penile shaft, scrotum, urethra, perianal area, anal canal, and in a semen sample. Eligible men acknowledged no history of genital warts and had sexual intercourse with a woman within the past year. HPV testing by PCR and reverse line blot genotyping for 37 types was conducted on each of the specimens from the seven sampling sites.

Results: When HPV results from any sampling site were considered, 237 (51.2%) men were positive for at least one oncogenic or nononcogenic HPV type, and another 66 (14.3%) men were positive for an unclassified HPV type. The types with the highest prevalence were HPV-16 (11.4%) and 84 (10.6%). External genital samples (glans/corona, shaft, and scrotum) were more likely than anal samples to contain oncogenic HPV (25.1% versus 5.0%). HPV-positive penile shaft and glans/corona samples were also more likely to be infected with multiple HPV types than other sites.

Conclusions: More complete anogenital sampling and sensitive detection for 37 HPV types resulted in a higher HPV prevalence in primarily asymptomatic men than reported previously. The penile shaft was the site most likely to be HPV positive and harbored the greatest proportion of multiple type and oncogenic infections. These results have implications for research of HPV among men and transmission between partners. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1107–14)
The Role of Osteopontin in Tumor Progression and Metastasis in Breast Cancer
Authors: Rodrigues Lígia R. , Teixeira José A. , Schmitt Fernando L. , Paulsson Marie , Lindmark-Mänsson Helena
Published: June 2007

The use of cancer biomarkers to anticipate the outlines of disease has been an emerging issue, especially as cancer treatment has made such positive steps in the last few years. Progress in the development of consistent malignancy markers is imminent because advances in genomics and bioinformatics have allowed the examination of immense amounts of data. Osteopontin is a phosphorylated glycoprotein secreted by activated macrophages, leukocytes, and activated T lymphocytes, and is present in extracellular fluids, at sites of inflammation, and in the extracellular matrix of mineralized tissues. Several physiologic roles have been attributed to osteopontin, i.e., in inflammation and immune function, in mineralized tissues, in vascular tissue, and in kidney. Osteopontin interacts with a variety of cell surface receptors, including several integrins and CD44. Binding of osteopontin to these cell surface receptors stimulates cell adhesion, migration, and specific signaling functions. Overexpression of osteopontin has been found in a variety of cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, and melanoma. Moreover, osteopontin is present in elevated levels in the blood and plasma of some patients with metastatic cancers. Therefore, suppression of the action of osteopontin may confer significant therapeutic activity, and several strategies for bringing about this suppression have been identified. This review looks at the recent advances in understanding the possible mechanisms by which osteopontin may contribute functionally to malignancy, particularly in breast cancer. Furthermore, the measurement of osteopontin in the blood or tumors of patients with cancer, as a way of providing valuable prognostic information, will be discussed based on emerging clinical data. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1087–97)
Association of Polymorphisms in One-Carbon Metabolism Genes and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Incidence
Authors: Stevens Victoria L. , McCullough Marjorie L. , Pavluck Alexandre L. , Talbot Jeffrey T. , Feigelson Heather S. , Thun Michael J. , Calle Eugenia E.
Published: June 2007

The interconversion of folates by the one-carbon metabolism pathway is essential for the synthesis of precursors used in DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation. Perturbations in this pathway can disrupt these processes and are hypothesized to facilitate carcinogenesis. We investigated associations of 25 candidate polymorphisms in nine one-carbon metabolism genes with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer using 502 cases and 505 controls from the Cancer Prevention II Nutrition Cohort. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in three different genes were significantly associated with breast cancer. The nonsynonymous R134K SNP in methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase/formyltetrahydrofolate synthase [MTHFD1; odds ratio (OR), 1.40; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.06-1.85 for CT + TT] and an intronic SNP in formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FTHFD; OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.09-4.54 for CC) were associated with a significant increase in risk. Significantly decreased risk was associated with an intronic SNP in FTHFD (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58-0.98 for CT + CC) and the A360A SNP in cystathionine β-synthase (CBS; OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.41-0.96 for TT). The presence of at least one variant from both the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C SNPs was also associated with increased risk (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.34-3.48 for 677 CT + TT/1,298 AC + CC). Investigations into interactions of the associated SNPs with each other and with dietary factors yielded inconclusive results. Our findings indicate that genetic variation in multiple one-carbon metabolism genes may influence risk of postmenopausal breast cancer and may involve changes in methyl donor synthesis. However, larger studies are needed to further examine gene/gene and gene/diet interactions in this pathway. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1–8)
Sun Exposure and Prostate Cancer Risk: Evidence for a Protective Effect of Early-Life Exposure
Authors: John Esther M. , Koo Jocelyn , Schwartz Gary G.
Published: June 2007

Mounting experimental and epidemiologic evidence supports the hypothesis that vitamin D reduces the risk of prostate cancer. Some evidence suggests that prostate cancer risk may be influenced by sun exposure early in life. We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study to examine associations of prostate cancer risk with early-life and adult residential sun exposure and adult sun exposures that were assessed through self-report, physician report, and dermatologic examination. We used solar radiation in the state of birth as a measure of sun exposure in early life. Follow-up from 1971 to 1975 (baseline) to 1992 identified 161 prostate cancer cases (102 nonfatal and 59 fatal) among non-Hispanic white men for whom sun exposure data were available. Significant inverse associations were found for men born in a region of high solar radiation (relative risk, 0.49, 95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.90 for high versus low solar radiation), with a slightly greater reduction for fatal than for nonfatal prostate cancer. Frequent recreational sun exposure in adulthood was associated with a significantly reduced risk of fatal prostate cancer only (relative risk, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.99). These findings suggest that, in addition to sun exposure in adulthood, sun exposure in early life protects against prostate cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1283–6)
Association between Germline Variation in theFHITGene and Prostate Cancer in Caucasians and African Americans
Authors: Levin Albert M. , Ray Anna M. , Zuhlke Kimberly A. , Douglas Julie A. , Cooney Kathleen A.
Published: June 2007

Many studies have established that loss of heterozygosity and/or altered expression of the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene is a common event in a number of tumor types including prostate carcinoma. Encompassing the most active fragile site in the human genome, FRA3B, FHIT has become the model fragile site–associated tumor suppressor gene. In a recent study, linkage and association between germline genetic variation in FHIT (specifically single nucleotide polymorphism rs760317) and prostate cancer were reported. We sought to confirm this finding in two independent samples: (a) a family-based sample of 817 men with (n = 434) and without (n = 383) prostate cancer from 323 Caucasian families, and (b) a community-based case-control sample of African American men with (n = 133) and without (n = 342) prostate cancer. Using a family-based association test, rs760317 was associated with prostate cancer in Caucasians (P = 0.031), with a reduction in the risk of prostate cancer among carriers of the minor allele (odds ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-1.04; P = 0.074). African American carriers experienced a similar risk reduction (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.96; P = 0.032). These results are remarkably consistent across ethnic samples but are in opposition to results from the original study, which showed an association between the minor allele of rs760317 and an increased risk of prostate cancer. Taken together, the consistently significant but flipped association between single nucleotide polymorphism rs760317 and prostate cancer in three independent samples suggests that rs760317 may be in linkage disequilibrium with one or more prostate cancer susceptibility variants in or near FHIT. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1294–7)
Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-I and IGF-Binding Protein-3 Concentrations and Prostate Cancer Risk: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Allen Naomi E. , Key Timothy J. , Appleby Paul N. , Travis Ruth C. , Roddam Andrew W. , Rinaldi Sabina , Egevad Lars , Rohrmann Sabine , Linseisen Jakob , Pischon Tobias , Boeing Heiner , Johnsen Nina Føns , Tjønneland Anne , Grønbæk Henning , Overvad Kim , Kiemeney Lambartus , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. Bas , Bingham Sheila , Khaw Kay Tee , Tumino Rosario , Berrino Franco , Mattiello Amalia , Sacerdote Carlotta , Palli Domenico , Quirós José Ramón , Ardanaz Eva , Navarro Carmen , Larrañaga Nerea , Gonzalez Carlos , Sanchez Maria-José , Trichopoulou Antonia , Travezea Cryssoula , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Jenab Mazda , Ferrari Pietro , Riboli Elio , Kaaks Rudolf
Published: June 2007

Background: Some studies suggest that elevated serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I concentrations are associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer and, in particular, with an increased risk of advanced-stage prostate cancer.

Methods: We analyzed the association between prediagnostic serum concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and prostate cancer risk in a case-control study nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. This study includes 630 incident prostate cancer cases and 630 matched control subjects. Odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for prostate cancer risk associated with increasing IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations using conditional logistic regression.

Results: The risk of total prostate cancer in the highest versus the lowest third of serum peptide concentration was 1.35 (95% CI, 0.99-1.82; Ptrend = 0.08) for IGF-I, 1.39 (95% CI, 1.02-1.89; Ptrend = 0.12) for the IGF-I residuals after adjusting for IGFBP-3, 1.22 (95% CI, 0.92-1.64; Ptrend = 0.38) for IGFBP-3, and 1.01 (95% CI, 0.74-1.37; Ptrend = 0.75) for the IGFBP-3 residuals after adjusting for IGF-I. There was no significant difference in the association of peptide hormones and prostate cancer by stage of disease, although the association of serum IGF-I concentration with risk was slightly stronger for advanced-stage disease; the odds ratio for the highest versus the lowest third was 1.65 (95% CI, 0.88-3.08; Ptrend = 0.21) for IGF-I and 1.76 (95% CI, 0.92-3.40; Ptrend = 0.11) for IGF-I adjusted for IGFBP-3.

Conclusions: In this large nested case-control study, serum IGF-I concentration is not strongly associated with prostate cancer risk, although the results are compatible with a small increase in risk, particularly for advanced-stage disease; no association for IGFBP-3 was observed. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1121–7)
Clinical Biology of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma after Surgery Is Influenced by Nuclear Factor-κB Expression
Authors: Izzo Julie G. , Malhotra Usha , Wu Tsung-Teh , Luthra Rajalakshmi , Correa Arlene M. , Swisher Stephen G. , Hofstetter Wayne , Chao K.S. Clifford , Hung Mien-Chie , Ajani Jaffer A.
Published: June 2007

Background: The expression of transcriptional factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in untreated esophageal cancer specimens from patients who receive preoperative chemoradiation is associated with aggressive clinical biology. We hypothesized that nuclear NF-κB would define clinical biology even when surgery is used as primary therapy.

Methods: Consecutive patients who did not receive any preoperative therapy were selected. Surgical cancer specimens were examined for nuclear NF-κB and correlated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS).

Results: One hundred twenty-three patients (stage I, 9%; stage II, 24%; stage III, 53%; stage IV, 15%) with adenocarcinoma who underwent surgery as primary therapy were analyzed. Most patients were men (90%) and the median age was 63 years. For all 123 patients, the median DFS was 21 months and the median OS was 28 months. Nuclear NF-κB was associated with shortened DFS (P = 0.001) in 123 patients but also in stage II (P = 0.03) and stage III (P = 0.04). Nuclear NF-κB was associated with shortened OS (P = 0.002) in 123 patients and in stage II (P = 0.04) and showed trend in stage III (P = 0.17). Numbers are too small for stages I and IV. In multivariate models, nuclear NF-κB was an independent predictor for both DFS and OS (P = 0.005 and P = 0.01).

Conclusions: Our data are the first to show that NF-κB status significantly correlates with DFS and OS for patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma undergoing surgery as primary therapy. NF-κB is an independent prognosticator of outcome, even for individual stages (e.g., stages II and III). More comprehensive molecular studies could help the design of strategies to individualize therapy of esophageal adenocarcinoma. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1200–5)
Phase I Dose Escalation Pharmacokinetic Study in Healthy Volunteers of Resveratrol, a Potential Cancer Chemopreventive Agent
Authors: Boocock David J. , Faust Guy E.S. , Patel Ketan R. , Schinas Anna M. , Brown Victoria A. , Ducharme Murray P. , Booth Tristan D. , Crowell James A. , Perloff Marjorie , Gescher Andreas J. , Steward William P. , Brenner Dean E.
Published: June 2007

The red grape constituent resveratrol possesses cancer chemopreventive properties in rodents. The hypothesis was tested that, in healthy humans, p.o. administration of resveratrol is safe and results in measurable plasma levels of resveratrol. A phase I study of oral resveratrol (single doses of 0.5, 1, 2.5, or 5 g) was conducted in 10 healthy volunteers per dose level. Resveratrol and its metabolites were identified in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV. Consumption of resveratrol did not cause serious adverse events. Resveratrol and six metabolites were recovered from plasma and urine. Peak plasma levels of resveratrol at the highest dose were 539 ± 384 ng/mL (2.4 μmol/L, mean ± SD; n = 10), which occurred 1.5 h post-dose. Peak levels of two monoglucuronides and resveratrol-3-sulfate were 3- to 8-fold higher. The area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) values for resveratrol-3-sulfate and resveratrol monoglucuronides were up to 23 times greater than those of resveratrol. Urinary excretion of resveratrol and its metabolites was rapid, with 77% of all urinary agent-derived species excreted within 4 h after the lowest dose. Cancer chemopreventive effects of resveratrol in cells in vitro require levels of at least 5 μmol/L. The results presented here intimate that consumption of high-dose resveratrol might be insufficient to elicit systemic levels commensurate with cancer chemopreventive efficacy. However, the high systemic levels of resveratrol conjugate metabolites suggest that their cancer chemopreventive properties warrant investigation. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1246–52)
A Prospective Cohort Study of Cancer Incidence Following the Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Driver Jane A. , Logroscino Giancarlo , Buring Julie E. , Gaziano J. Michael , Kurth Tobias
Published: June 2007

Background: Prior studies suggest a decreased risk of cancer among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods: Matched cohort analysis among the 22,071 participants in the Physician's Health Study. A total of 487 incident cases of PD without preceding cancer were identified by self-report. Each PD case was matched by age to a reference participant who was alive and cancer free at the time of PD diagnosis. Both cohorts were followed for incident cancer. We used proportional hazards models to calculate adjusted relative risks (RR) for cancer.

Results: A total of 121 cancers were confirmed during a median follow-up of 5.2 years (PD) and 5.9 years (reference). Those with PD developed less cancer (11.0% versus 14.0%), with an adjusted RR of 0.85 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.59-1.22]. Reduced risk was present for smoking-related cancers such as lung (RR, 0.32), colorectal (RR, 0.54), and bladder (RR, 0.68), as well as for most non–smoking-related cancers such as prostate cancer (RR, 0.74). In contrast, PD patients were at significantly increased risk (RR, 6.15; 95% CI, 1.77-21.37) for melanoma. PD patients who smoked were at reduced risk for smoking-related cancer (RR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.12-0.92), whereas nonsmokers with PD were at increased risk (RR, 1.80; 95% CI, 0.60-5.39). This interaction was statistically significant (Pinteraction = 0.02).

Conclusions: Our results suggest a decreased incidence of most cancers in patients with PD. PD patients had a significantly increased risk of malignant melanoma, a finding consistent with prior studies. We confirmed an interaction between smoking and the relationship of PD to smoking-related cancer that may fit the pattern of a gene-environment interaction. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1260–5)
Allergy-Related Polymorphisms Influence Glioma Status and Serum IgE Levels
Authors: Wiemels Joseph L. , Wiencke John K. , Kelsey Karl T. , Moghadassi Michelle , Rice Terri , Urayama Kevin Y. , Miike Rei , Wrensch Margaret
Published: June 2007

Previous studies have shown that glioma patients report allergies less frequently than controls, harbor lower atopy-associated IgE levels, and harbor different frequencies of polymorphisms in the IL13 and IL4 pathways than controls. We sought to confirm this latter result and extend the analysis to IgE levels. Glioma patients (n = 456) and controls (n = 541) were genotyped for genetic variants in IL4, IL4R, and IL13 and tested for total IgE levels (n = 248 controls and 289 cases). Among Whites, IL4 and IL4R polymorphisms and haplotypes were neither significantly associated with IgE levels in controls nor associated with glioma status. IL13 R110G and C-1112T were associated with increased IgE levels in controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.04, respectively), and IL13 C-1112T was inversely associated with case-control status (P = 0.05, test for trend in dose model). An IL4R haplotype was borderline associated with increased risk in case-control analysis [odds ratio (OR), 1.5; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.0-2.3]. In addition, a rare haplotype for IL4 was associated with decreased risk (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.07-0.83), and a common haplotype in IL13 was associated with decreased risk (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.53-1.00). Our data provide evidence for a role of IL13 polymorphisms on IgE levels and a role for IL4, IL4R, and IL13 haplotypes on case-control status. We did not find any evidence that the interleukin (IL) polymorphisms exerted their effect on glioma risk via their effects on IgE levels. Further exploration of immune susceptibility factors, including genetics, in glioma etiology is advisable. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1229–35)