bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The stationarity paradigm revisited: Hypothesis testing using diagnostics, summary metrics, and DREAM(ABC)
Authors: Sadegh Mojtaba , Vrugt Jasper A. , Xu Chonggang , Volpi Elena
Published: September 2015

Many watershed models used within the hydrologic research community assume (by default) stationary conditions, that is, the key watershed properties that control water flow are considered to be time invariant. This assumption is rather convenient and pragmatic and opens up the wide arsenal of (multivariate) statistical and nonlinear optimization methods for inference of the (temporally fixed) model parameters. Several contributions to the hydrologic literature have brought into question the continued usefulness of this stationary paradigm for hydrologic modeling. This paper builds on the likelihood‐free diagnostics approach of Vrugt and Sadegh () and uses a diverse set of hydrologic summary metrics to test the stationary hypothesis and detect changes in the watersheds response to hydroclimatic forcing. Models with fixed parameter values cannot simulate adequately temporal variations in the summary statistics of the observed catchment data, and consequently, the DREAM(ABC)algorithm cannot find solutions that sufficiently honor the observed metrics. We demonstrate that the presented methodology is able to differentiate successfully between watersheds that are classified as stationary and those that have undergone significant changes in land use, urbanization, and/or hydroclimatic conditions, and thus are deemed nonstationary.
Tremor‐genic slow slip regions may be deeper and warmer and may slip slower than non‐tremor‐genic regions
Authors: Montgomery‐Brown E. K. , Syracuse E. M.
Published: September 2015

Slow slip events (SSEs) are observed worldwide and often coincide with tectonic tremor. Notable examples of SSEs lacking observed tectonic tremor, however, occur beneath Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, the Boso Peninsula, Japan, near San Juan Bautista on the San Andreas Fault, California, and recently in Central Ecuador. These SSEs are similar to other worldwide SSEs in many ways (e.g., size or duration), but lack the concurrent tectonic tremor observed elsewhere; instead, they trigger swarms of regular earthquakes. We investigate the physical conditions that may distinguish these non‐tremor‐genic SSEs from those associated with tectonic tremor, including slip velocity, pressure, temperature, fluids, and fault asperities, although we cannot eliminate the possibility that tectonic tremor may be obscured in highly attenuating regions. Slip velocities of SSEs at Kīlauea Volcano (∼10−6 m/s) and Boso Peninsula (∼10−7 m/s) are among the fastest SSEs worldwide. Kīlauea Volcano, the Boso Peninsula, and Central Ecuador are also among the shallowest SSEs worldwide, and thus have lower confining pressures and cooler temperatures in their respective slow slip zones. Fluids also likely contribute to tremor generation, and no corresponding zone of high vp/vs has been noted at Kīlauea or Boso. We suggest that the relatively faster slip velocities at Kīlauea Volcano and the Boso Peninsula result from specific physical conditions that may also be responsible for triggering swarms of regular earthquakes adjacent to the slow slip, while different conditions produce slower SSE velocities elsewhere and trigger tectonic tremor.
Infragravity‐wave modulation of short‐wave celerity in the surf zone
Authors: Tissier M. , Bonneton P. , Michallet H. , Ruessink B. G.
Published: September 2015

The cross‐shore evolution of individual wave celerity is investigated using two high‐resolution laboratory experiments on bichromatic waves. Individual waves are tracked during their onshore propagation and their characteristics, including celerity, are estimated. The intrawave variability in celerity is low in the shoaling zone but increases strongly after breaking. It is maximum when the infragravity‐wave height to water depth ratio is the largest, that is to say close to the shoreline. There the observed range of individual wave celerity can be as large as the mean celerity value. This variability can be largely explained by the variations in water depth and velocity induced by the infragravity waves. The differences in celerity are such that they lead to the merging of the waves in the inner surf zone for most of the wave conditions considered. Again, the location at which the first waves start merging strongly correlates with the infragravity‐wave height to water depth ratio. The consequences of these findings for celerity‐based depth‐inversion techniques are finally discussed. Surprisingly, accounting for the infragravity‐wave modulation of the velocity field in the celerity estimate does not significantly improve depth estimation in the surf zone. However, it is shown that the occurrence of bore merging decreases significantly the coherence of the wavefield in the surf zone. This loss of coherence could hamper celerity estimation from pixel intensity time series and explain, at least partly, the relatively poor performance of depth‐inversion techniques in the inner surf zone.
Direct measurements of World Ocean tidal currents with surface drifters
Authors: Poulain Pierre‐Marie , Centurioni Luca
Published: September 2015

Velocities of surface drifters are analyzed to study tidal currents throughout the World Ocean. The global drifter data set spanning the period 1979–2013 is used to describe the geographical structure of the surface tidal currents at global scale with a resolution of 2°. Harmonic analysis is performed with two semidiurnal, two diurnal, and four inferred tidal constituents. Tidal current characteristics (amplitude of semimajor axis, rotary coefficient, tidal ellipse inclination, and Greenwich phase) are mapped over the World Ocean from direct observations. The M2 currents dominate on all the shallow continental shelves with magnitude exceeding 60 cm/s. They are also substantial (4–5 cm/s) over the main deep topographic features such as the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, the Southwest Indian Ridge, and the Mariana Ridge. The S2 currents have amplitudes typically half the size of the M2 currents, with a maximum of about 30 cm/s. The K1 and O1 currents are important in many shallow seas. They are large in the vicinity of the turning latitudes near 30°N/S where they merge with inertial motions of the same frequency. They are also substantial in the South China Sea and Philippine Sea. Maps of rotary coefficients indicate that all tidal motions are essentially clockwise (anticlockwise) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. The rotary coefficient of the tidal currents is compared with the theory of freely and meridionally propagating baroclinic inertia‐gravity waves. The Greenwich phase of the M2 constituent has large‐scale coherent propagation patterns which could be interpreted as the propagation of the barotropic tide.
Unveiling the Mechanism of Water‐Triggered Diplex Transformation and Correlating the Changes in Structures and Separation Properties
Authors: Cao Li‐Hui , Wei Yong‐Sheng , Xu Hong , Zang Shuang‐Quan , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: September 2015

Recently, great attention has been devoted to the initial and final structures of single‐crystal to single‐crystal (SCSC) transformations and dissolution‐recrystallization structural transformations (DRSTs), whereas the isolation and characterization of crucial intermediates and the unequivocal mechanism of the dynamic conversion process receive comparatively little consideration. Herein, a CuII‐based porous coordination polymer (PCP), which possesses a Kagomé lattice, is solvothermally synthesized. Triggered by water, the 2D Kagomé lattice (PCP‐1) primarily undergoes a reversible SCSC transformation to a distorted Kagomé intermediate (PCP‐2), which is followed by a DRST process to form a 3D NbO framework (PCP‐3) in situ. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a mixed SCSC and DRST transformation process. Notably, the sequential transformations result in the formation of the intermediate and the final product, which could not be obtained by direct synthesis. Regarding the intermediate, we have characterized the transformation separately and propose a plausible mechanism. More interestingly, the adsorption isotherms of water, methanol, and ethanol for the activated materials are distinctly different from one another. PCP‐2′ can uptake all three vapors with different adsorption capacities; however, the 3D transformed material PCP‐3′ only significantly absorbs water, which is concomitant with an amorphous‐to‐crystalline transformation, leading to the selective extraction of water from alcohol.
Using Vinyl Acetate, N‐Hydroxymethyl Acrylamide, and Montmorillonite Intercalated by a Dioctadecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Bromide Surfactant to Prepare Exfoliated Nanocomposite through In Situ Polymerization
Authors: Cui Hui‐Wang , Fang Qun , Du Guan‐Ben
Published: September 2015

In this study, vinyl acetate, N‐hydroxymethyl acrylamide (NMA), and organic montmorillonite intercalated by a dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide surfactant (MMT‐DOAB) were used to prepare exfoliated nanocomposites through in situ polymerization. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, power‐law function equation, Newtonian fluid flow equation, Cross–Williamson model viscous equation, Hooke's law, and Poisson's ratio equation revealed the structures, dispersion, rheology, and static tensile properties. The exfoliated nanocomposites were pseudoplastic non‐Newtonian fluids with good dispersion in water, great storage stability, and high static tensile strength at 6.89–8.15 MPa. The contents of NMA and MMT‐DOAB increased with the changes in synthesis precursors, as the calculated molecular weights did.
Low‐Temperature and Hysteresis‐Free Electron‐Transporting Layers for Efficient, Regular, and Planar Structure Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Hou Yi , Quiroz Cesar Omar Ramirez , Scheiner Simon , Chen Wei , Stubhan Tobias , Hirsch Andreas , Halik Marcus , Brabec Christoph J.
Published: September 2015

With the aim of fully utilizing the low processing temperatures of perovskite solar cells, significant progress in replacing high temperature processed TiO2 by various low‐temperature solution processed electron transporting layers (LT‐ETLs) was recently reported. Here, recent progress in the development of LT‐ETLs for regular planar structure perovskite solar cells, which is essential for achieving high efficiency in parallel to avoiding hysteresis, is reviewed. In addition, the application of a novel hysteresis‐free LT‐ETLs for regular planar perovskite solar cells in our laboratory is briefly discussed. By incorporating a low temperature processed WOx nanoparticular layer in combination with a mixed fullerene functionalized self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs), a regular, planar structure, and hysteresis‐free perovskite solar cell with a maximum efficiency of almost 15% can be fabricated.
Synthesis of a Light‐Driven Motorized Nanocar
Authors: García‐López Víctor , Chu Pin‐Lei E. , Chiang Pinn‐Tsong , Sun Jiuzhi , Martí Angel A. , Tour James M.
Published: September 2015

The design and synthesis of a 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY)‐based motorized nanocar and two control molecules for single‐molecule fluorescence microscopy studies (SMFM) is described. The nanocar incorporates a fast rotatory light‐driven motor (3 MHz at 25 °C) that is expected to move in circles. In addition, two control molecules without wheels and bearing a fast or a slow motor (2 revolutions per hour) were also synthesized to investigate the role of the motor, wheels, and the photocompatibility of the light‐driven rotary motor with the BODIPY fluorophore. The high quantum yields of 0.40–0.78 of these molecules make them suitable for future SMFM studies.
Investigation of bacterial repopulation after sinus surgery and perioperative antibiotics
Authors: Hauser Leah J. , Ir Diana , Kingdom Todd T. , Robertson Charles E. , Frank Daniel N. , Ramakrishnan Vijay R.
Published: September 2015

Background

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) enjoys high success rates, but repopulation with pathogenic bacteria is 1 of the hallmarks of poorer outcomes. There are many hypothesized sources of repopulating bacteria; however, this process remains largely unexplored. This study examined changes in the sinus microbiome after ESS and medical therapies to identify potential sources for postsurgical microbial repopulation.

Methods

Samples from the anterior nares, ethmoid sinus, and nasopharynx were taken at the time of surgery from 13 subjects undergoing ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Patients were treated postoperatively with 2 weeks of oral antibiotics and saline rinses. The ethmoid sinus was sampled at 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively; microbiota were characterized using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing. The Morisita‐Horn beta‐diversity index (M‐H) was used to compare similarity between samples.

Results

The bacterial burden of the ethmoid was higher 2 weeks postoperatively than 6 weeks postoperatively (p = 0.01). The 6‐week samples most closely represented the anterior nares and ethmoid at surgery (M‐H = 0.58 and 0.59, respectively), and were least similar to the nasopharynx (M‐H = 0.28). Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plots illustrate that the ethmoid microbiota temporarily shifted after surgery and antibiotics but returned toward baseline in many subjects.

Conclusion

Bacterial communities colonizing the ethmoid 6 weeks postoperatively were most similar to anterior nasal cavity and pretreatment sinus microbial profiles, indicating a high degree of resilience in the sinonasal microbiome of most subjects. Interestingly, surgery and postoperative antibiotic therapy does not appear to reduce bacterial burden, but rather, shifts the microbial consortia.
Cyanoalkylierung: Alkylnitrile in katalytischen C‐C‐Kupplungen
Authors: López Rosa , Palomo Claudio
Published: September 2015

Alkylnitrile zählen zu den am weitesten verbreiteten stickstoffhaltigen Verbindungen, und sie werden vielfach in Reaktionen eingesetzt, die die Umwandlung der Nitrilgruppe in andere Funktionalitäten beinhalten. Ihre Verwendung als Kohlenstoff‐Pronucleophile in Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Kupplungen wurde jedoch durch Schwierigkeiten erschwert, die hauptsächlich mit der katalytischen Erzeugung aktiver Spezies wie α‐Cyanocarbanionen und/oder metallierter Nitrile im Zusammenhang stehen. In neuesten Untersuchungen wurden nun mehrere Aktivierungsarten für Alkylnitrile entwickelt. Dieser Kurzaufsatz veranschaulicht diese Erkenntnisse, die die Grundlage für praktische und konzeptionell neue katalytische direkte Cyanoalkylierungsmethoden bilden.
John D. Roberts: In His Own Words and Those of His Friends
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I.
Published: September 2015

In honor of the 97th birthday of Professor John D. Roberts, the author has assembled a collection of poignant quotes and anecdotes, mostly written by Roberts himself, which embody his philosophies of life and his wide‐ranging experiences and interests. A brief summary of Roberts’s major scientific accomplishments is also presented.
BME academic flight from UK to overseas higher education: aspects of marginalisation and exclusion
Authors: Bhopal Kalwant , Brown Hazel , Jackson June
Published: September 2015

This paper describes the experiences of Black and minority ethnic (BME) academics who consider moving overseas for career opportunities. It explores the barriers that BME academics report in UK higher education, which affects their decisions for overseas higher education migration. Our findings suggest that BME academics were significantly more likely than White academics to have ever considered moving overseas to work, although reasons such as family commitments led to many remaining in the UK. However, those BME academics who eventually move overseas report positive experiences. In contrast those who stay in the UK report various barriers to career progression. We suggest significant change is needed in the UK higher education sector in order to retain BME academics who consider moving overseas.
Co‐precipitation synthesis and luminescence properties of K2TiF6:Mn4+ red phosphors for warm white light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Liao Jinsheng , Nie Liling , Zhong Laifu , Gu Qingjie , Wang Qi
Published: September 2015

K2TiF6:Mn4+ red phosphors with different Mn4+ doping concentrations were obtained using the co‐precipitation method. X‐Ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra and decay curves were used to characterize the properties of K2TiF6:Mn4+ phosphors. Under excitation at 470 nm, an intense red emission peak around 631 nm corresponding to the 2Eg–4A2 transition of Mn4+ was observed for 2.48 mol% K2TiF6:Mn4+ phosphors and was used as the optimum doping concentration. The excellent luminescent properties of K2TiF6:Mn4+ suggest that this material might be a promising red phosphor for generating warm white light in phosphor‐converted white light‐emitting diodes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic profiling of Bacillus licheniformis reveals a stress response mechanism in the synthesis of extracellular polymeric flocculants
Authors: Yu Wencheng , Chen Zhen , Shen Liang , Wang Yuanpeng , Li Qingbiao , Yan Shan , Zhong Chuan‐Jian , He Ning
Published: September 2015

Some bioflocculants composed of extracellular polymeric substances are produced under peculiar conditions. Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC2876 is a microorganism that secretes both extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and poly‐gamma‐glutamic acid (γ‐PGA) under stress conditions. In this work, SWATH acquisition LC‐MS/MS method was adopted for differential proteomic analysis of B. licheniformis, aiming at determining the bacterial stress mechanism. Compared with LB culture, 190 differentially expressed proteins were identified in B. licheniformis CGMCC2876 cultivated in EPS culture, including 117 up‐regulated and 73 down‐regulated proteins. In γ‐PGA culture, 151 differentially expressed proteins, 89 up‐regulated and 62 down‐regulated, were found in the cells. Up‐regulated proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis were found to account for 43% and 41% of the proteomes in EPS and γ‐PGA cultivated cells, respectively. Additionally, a series of proteins associated with amino acid degradation were found to be repressed under EPS and γ‐PGA culture conditions. Transcriptional profiling via the qPCR detection of selected genes verified the proteomic analysis. Analysis of free amino acids in the bacterial cells further suggested the presence of amino acid starvation conditions. EPS or γ‐PGA was synthesized to alleviate the effect of amino acid limitation in B. licheniformis. This study identified a stress response mechanism in the synthesis of macromolecules in B. licheniformis, providing potential culture strategies to improve the production of two promising bioflocculants. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 797–806. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LC‐MS based metabolomics identification of novel biomarkers of tobacco smoke‐induced chronic bronchitis
Authors: Ren Xiaolei , Zhang Jiayu , Fu Xiaorui , Ma Shuangshuang , Wang Chunguo , Wang Juan , Tian Simin , Liu Siqi , Zhao Baosheng , Wang Xueyong
Published: September 2015

Tobacco smoke (TS) is a major causative agent to lead to chronic bronchitis (CB). However the mechanisms of CB induced by TS are unclear. In this report, rats were exposed to different concentrations of TS and the metabolic features of CB were characterized by using a nontargeted metabolic profiling method based on liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) to detect the altered metabolic patterns in serum from CB rats and investigate the mechanisms of CB. 11 potential biomarkers were identified in serum of rats. Among them, the levels of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (18:1), lysophosphatidic acid (18:1), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (18:0), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (16:0), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (20:4), docosahexaenoic acid, 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 5′‐carboxy‐γ‐tocopherol were higher in TS group compared to control group. Conversely, the levels of 4‐imidazolone‐5‐propionic acid, 12‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and uridine were lower in TS group. The results indicated that the mechanism of CB was related to amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism, particularly lipid metabolism. In addition, lysophosphatidylethanolamines were proved to be important mediators, which could be used as biomarkers to diagnose CB. These results also suggested that metabolomics was suitable for diagnosing CB and elucidating the possible metabolic pathways of TS‐induced CB. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Vindication of Lamarck? Epigenetics at the Intersection of Law and Mental Health
Authors: DeLisi Matt , Vaughn Michael G.
Published: September 2015

Research on epigenetic mechanisms is gaining traction, yet is poorly understood by criminologists and behavioral scientists. The current objective is to review relevant studies of interest to behavioral scientists who study crime, and to translate admittedly challenging scientific information into text that is digestible to the average criminologist. Using systematic search procedures the authors identified and reviewed 41 studies of epigenetic mechanisms in psychiatric and behavioral phenotypes among humans. Findings revealed significant epigenetic effects in an assortment of genes that are implicated in the etiology of depression, suicidality, callous–unemotional traits, and chronic and intergenerational aggressive behavior. Several polymorphisms that mediate the HPA axis, neurotransmission, immune response, brain development, serotonin synthesis, and other processes were found. Although prescriptive knowledge based on epigenetic findings to date is premature, epigenetics is a new and exciting scientific frontier not too different in spirit from Lamarck's observations centuries ago. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prédiction de l'enthalpie et de l'entropie de vaporisation normale par la méthode de contribution de groupes avec interactions des hydrocarbures purs, mélanges simples et fractions pétrolières
Authors: Rebas Ouardia , Boutra Belkacem , Skander Nachida , Chitour Chems Eddine
Published: September 2015

The objective of this study is the establishment of new correlations based on the principle of contribution of groups with intramolecular interactions for the prediction of the enthalpy of normal vaporization, and the entropy of normal vaporization of pure hydrocarbons belonging to various families : n‐paraffins, iso‐paraffins, alkenes, aromatics, and naphthenes. We compared our correlation to the other methods in the literature and obtained a good reliability.

We tested these new correlations on mixtures of pure substances of known compositions. We have also tried our correlation with light, average, and heavy oil fractions. The results obtained are acceptable compared to the literature.
Monitoring and improving performance in human–computer interaction
Authors: Carneiro Davide , Pimenta André , Gonçalves Sérgio , Neves José , Novais Paulo
Published: September 2015

Monitoring an individual's performance in a task, especially in the workplace context, is becoming an increasingly interesting and controversial topic in a time in which workers are expected to produce more, better and faster. The tension caused by this competitiveness, together with the pressure of monitoring, may not work in favour of the organization's objectives. In this paper, we present an innovative approach on the problem of performance management. We build on the fact that computers are nowadays used as major work tools in many workplaces to devise a non‐invasive method for distributed performance monitoring based on the observation of the worker's interaction with the computer. We then look at musical selection both as a pleasant and as an effective method for improving performance in the workplace. The proposed approach will allow team coordinators to assess and manage their co‐workers' performance continuously and in real‐time, using a distributed service‐based architecture. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A scalable framework for continuous query evaluations over multidimensional, scientific datasets
Authors: Tolooee Cameron , Malensek Matthew , Pallickara Sangmi Lee
Published: September 2015

Efficient access to voluminous multidimensional datasets is essential for scientific applications. Fast evolving datasets present unique challenges during retrievals. Keeping data up‐to‐date can be expensive and may involve the following: repeated data queries, excessive data movements, and redundant data preprocessing. This paper focuses on the issue of efficient manipulation of query results in cases where the dataset is continuously evolving. Our approach provides an automated and scalable tracking and caching mechanism to evaluate continuous queries over data stored in a distributed storage system. We have designed and developed a distributed updatable cache that ensures the query output to contain the most recent data arrivals. We have developed a dormant cache framework to address strains on caching capacity due to intensive memory requirements. The data to be stored in the dormant cache are selected using the cached continuous query scheduling algorithm that we have designed and developed. This approach is evaluated in the context of Galileo, our distributed data storage framework. This paper includes an empirical evaluation performed on Amazon Web Services' cluster and a private cluster. Our performance benchmarks demonstrate the efficacy of our approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards an autonomous decentralized orchestration system
Authors: Jaradat Ward , Dearle Alan , Barker Adam
Published: September 2015

Orchestrating workflows needed for modern scientific data analysis presents a significant research challenge: they are typically executed in a centralized manner such that all data pass through a single compute server known as the engine, which causes unnecessary network traffic that leads to a performance bottleneck. This paper presents a scalable decentralized orchestration system that relies on a functional, high‐level data coordination language for executing workflows. This system consists of distributed execution engines, each of which is responsible for executing part of the overall workflow. It exploits parallelism in the workflow by partitioning it into smaller sub‐workflows and determines the most appropriate engines to execute them using network resource monitoring and placement analysis. This permits the computation logic of the workflow to be moved towards the services providing the data, which improves the overall execution time. The system supports data‐driven execution that allows each sub‐workflow to be executed as soon as the data needed for its execution become available from other sources. Therefore, a scheduling mechanism is not required to manage the order in which the sub‐workflows are orchestrated. This paper provides an evaluation of the proposed system, which demonstrates that decentralized orchestration provides scalability over centralized orchestration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Repairing multiple failures adaptively with erasure codes in distributed storage systems
Authors: Pei Xiaoqiang , Wang Yijie , Ma Xingkong , Xu Fangliang
Published: September 2015

Repairs of multiple failures in distributed storage systems have posed the challenges for erasure coding: how to minimize the repair time with the least extra repair network traffic cost. However, existing repair schemes designed for single failure suffer from the high network traffic cost due to the serial repairs for multiple failures. Repair schemes designed for multiple failures suffer from long repair time due to the centralized repair structure. In this paper, we propose a decentralized adaptive repair scheme, called DARS, to minimize the repair time with the least extra network traffic cost. Specially, we propose a three‐layer repair model to support the repairs for both the single and multiple failures. For low repair time, a bandwidth‐aware node selection technique is proposed to guide the selection of nodes, and a line‐structured data transmission technique is proposed to organize the data transmission between the providers and the newcomer. For the least extra network traffic cost, a core‐based data distribution technique is proposed to organize the data transmission between the coordinator and other newcomers, and an intersection provider adjustment technique is proposed to adaptively adjust the number of intersection providers. Moreover, we adopt the ‘lazy repair’ within a stripe to further reduce the repair network traffic cost. We implement and evaluate DARS on our raid distributed storage system under various parameter settings with 30 physical machines and 200 virtual machines. Experimental results confirm that DARS reduces the repair time by 29% and 55% on average compared with tree‐structured repair and CORE, respectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Romanowsky staining using liquid‐based cytology: A pilot study using Cytolyt®/HESPANDER® processing solution for ThinPrep® preparations
Authors: Kinoshita Yuichi , Yuri Takashi , Yoshizawa Katsuhiko , Takasu Kosho , Emoto Yuko , Tsubura Airo , Shikata Nobuaki
Published: September 2015

Background

Liquid‐based cytology (LBC) has been used to prepare and examine many types of samples. However, the use of Romanowsky stains for LBC has not yet been evaluated. Herein, we report a technique for the use of the Romanowsky May–Grünwald–Giemsa (MGG) stain using a ThinPrep® preparation technique (MGG‐LBC).

Methods

KPL‐1 breast cancer cells at a density of 1.25 × 105/20 ml were compared in conventional smear and MGG‐LBC preparations. Cell size, nucleus/cytoplasm (N/C) ratio, and morphological findings were investigated. Clinical samples including voided urine and pleural effusion were also examined in MGG‐LBC preparations.

Results

Cellularity appeared lower with MGG‐LBC compared with Papanicolaou‐stained smears using the ThinPrep® method, though the cell size and N/C ratio showed similar tendencies. Reactive mesothelial cells, normal urothelial cells, urothelial carcinoma cells, crystals, and bacteria were all clear enough for diagnostic purposes after MGG‐LBC.

Conclusion

Romanowsky staining is necessary for the cytodiagnosis of some conditions. MGG‐LBC may contribute to the cytodiagnostic results using LBC preparations. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:960–965. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A personal journey with bioactive lipids
Authors: Hannun Yusuf A.
Published: September 2015

The concept of lipids acting as signaling and regulatory molecules is now taken for granted. However 3–4 decades ago, this was a rather unthinkable proposition even though the “writing was on the wall” since at least the 1950s. Here, I summarize briefly key historical landmarks in the evolution of the field of bioactive lipids and then describe studies from my group over 3 decades, focusing on the contemporaneous development of understanding of bioactive sphingolipids.

Lipid‐based signaling modules. A stimulus (e.g., in the form of a receptor ligand) provides the Input whereas a regulated enzyme is the transducer of the input. There are at least 30 distinct enzymes (products of distinct genes) involved in regulating the levels of the key bioactive sphingolipids. The lipid product, through interaction with distinct targets, provides the Output in this simplest formulation of lipid‐mediated signaling. The diversity of bioactive sphingolipids, especially with the 2 dozen enzymes involved in ceramide generation and the more than 100 distinct ceramides, provides for unprecedented specialization and richness of sphingolipid‐mediated cell regulation.
Spatial and temporal trends in contaminant concentrations in Hexagenia nymphs following a coal ash spill at the Tennessee Valley Authority's Kingston Fossil Plant
Authors: Smith John G. , Baker Tyler F. , Murphy Cheryl A. , Jett R. Trent
Published: September 2015

A dike failure at the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant in East Tennessee, United States, in December 2008, released approximately 4.1 million m3 of coal ash into the Emory River. From 2009 through 2012, samples of mayfly nymphs (Hexagenia bilineata) were collected each spring from sites in the Emory, Clinch, and Tennessee Rivers upstream and downstream of the spill. Samples were analyzed for 17 metals. Concentrations of metals were generally highest the first 2 miles downstream of the spill, and then decreased with increasing distance from the spill. Arsenic, B, Ba, Be, Mo, Sb, Se, Sr, and V appeared to have strong ash signatures, whereas Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb appeared to be associated with ash and other sources. However, the concentrations for most of these contaminants were modest and are unlikely to cause widespread negative ecological effects. Trends in Hg, Cd, and Zn suggested little (Hg) or no (Cd, Zn) association with ash. Temporal trends suggested that concentrations of ash-related contaminants began to subside after 2010, but because of the limited time period of that analysis (4 yr), further monitoring is needed to verify this trend. The present study provides important information on the magnitude of contaminant exposure to aquatic receptors from a major coal ash spill, as well as spatial and temporal trends for transport of the associated contaminants in a large open watershed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1159–1171. Published 2015 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
A microcosm study to support aquatic risk assessment of nickel: Community-level effects and comparison with bioavailability-normalized species sensitivity distributions
Authors: Hommen Udo , Knopf Burkhard , Rüdel Heinz , Schäfers Christoph , De Schamphelaere Karel , Schlekat Chris , Garman Emily Rogevich
Published: September 2015

The aquatic risk assessment for nickel (Ni) in the European Union is based on chronic species sensitivity distributions and the use of bioavailability models. To test whether a bioavailability-based safe threshold of Ni (the hazardous concentration for 5% of species [HC5]) is protective for aquatic communities, microcosms were exposed to 5 stable Ni treatments (6–96 μg/L) and a control for 4 mo to assess bioaccumulation and effects on phytoplankton, periphyton, zooplankton, and snails. Concentrations of Ni in the periphyton, macrophytes, and snails measured at the end of the exposure period increased in a dose-dependent manner but did not indicate biomagnification. Abundance of phytoplankton and snails decreased in 48 μg Ni/L and 96 μg Ni/L treatments, which may have indirectly affected the abundance of zooplankton and periphyton. Exposure up to 24 μg Ni/L had no adverse effects on algae and zooplankton, whereas the rate of population decline of the snails at 24 μg Ni/L was significantly higher than in the controls. Therefore, the study-specific overall no-observed-adverse-effect concentration (NOAEC) is 12 μg Ni/L. This NOAEC is approximately twice the HC5 derived from a chronic species sensitivity distribution considering the specific water chemistry of the microcosm by means of bioavailability models. Thus, the present study provides support to the protectiveness of the bioavailability-normalized HC5 for freshwater communities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1172–1182. © 2015 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Information Content of Trading Activity in Precious Metals Futures Markets
Authors: Pradkhan Elina
Published: September 2015

This study examines the predictive power of trading activity for returns in precious metals futures markets. Based on a Markov switching model, two market regimes are distinguished: “bull” markets that are characterized by rising prices and a low return volatility and “bear” markets that are associated with negative mean returns and a high return variability. There is robust evidence of significant Granger‐causal effects from trading activity to returns in “bull” and “bear” markets that are not detected by models without regime switching. Moreover, the relationship between trading activity and subsequent returns is often asymmetric in different market regimes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 36:421–456, 2016
Natural Gas Prices May Trend Up Only by 2020
Authors: Ditzel Ken , Donovan Thomas C.
Published: September 2015

There is one major question preoccupying natural gas producers and electricity generators: Is there a reasonable scenario where natural gas prices break from their current slump and extend beyond $4.00 per million Btu's in the near future? That scenario is difficult to imagine after natural gas prices bottomed below $2.00 per million Btu's in 2012, strengthened in 2013 and 2014, and then retrenched to a 2015 range of $2.50–$3.40 per million Btu's (through the end of July). A combination of a warmer‐than‐usual 2014–15 winter and increasing production has pushed storage levels beyond the five‐year trailing range and has kept prices depressed.
Utility Use of Social Media in Siting
Authors: Lee Brian N.
Published: September 2015

Consumers have evolved.
“Entry/Exit” Pipeline Pricing in Gas “Islands” Enables EU to Resist Competition
Authors: Makholm Jeff D.
Published: September 2015

[With this issue, we welcome Dr. Jeff Makholm as a columnist on international natural gas and electricity issues—RW]
Reduced prefrontal oxygenation in mild cognitive impairment during memory retrieval
Authors: Uemura Kazuki , Shimada Hiroyuki , Doi Takehiko , Makizako Hyuma , Tsutsumimoto Kota , Park Hyuntae , Suzuki Takao
Published: September 2015

Background

Memory impairment is considered a hallmark of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and dementia. Emerging evidence suggests that the prefrontal lobe is required to maintain memory functions. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether older adults with aMCI have decreased prefrontal oxygenation during memory encoding and retrieval compared with age‐matched healthy older adults, using multi‐channel near‐infrared spectroscopy.

Methods

We examined 64 older adults with aMCI (mean 71.8 years) and 66 cognitively healthy control subjects comparable in age and gender (mean 71.7 years). The concentration of oxy‐hemoglobin, which is a reliable biomarker of changes in regional cerebral blood flow, was measured in the prefrontal cortex during encoding and delayed retrieval of a list of 10 target words. Task performance was evaluated as average number of correct answers in the retrieval task.

Results

Subjects with aMCI showed reduced activation in the bilateral dorsolateral cortex (approximately Brodmann area 9) and provided fewer correct answers in the retrieval period than control subjects. There were no significant differences during encoding.

Conclusions

Reduced activation in the dorsolateral cortex during retrieval may cause deficits in memory performance, which may be used as a marker of aMCI. Further studies are required to examine the predictive validity of this decreased activation pattern for the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Viscosity of Ag/Oil Based Nanofluids: A Correlation
Authors: Aberoumand Sadegh , Jafarimoghaddam Amin , Aberoumand Hossein , Javaherdeh Kourosh
Published: September 2015

An oil based nanofluid including silver as to be nanoparticles was created by EEW method as a one‐step method in three different volume fractions have been experimentally studied. Assessing the stability and viscosity of the nanofluids was involved in this work. The results show that the nanofluids behave in both of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian in different volume concentrations. Also, an enhancement in viscosity of nanofluids has been recognized. In addition, based on the experimental results of this study and the other previous published studies on the oil based nanofluids, a correlation for predicting viscosity of oil based nanofluids has been developed and a good agreement between the experimental viscosity of applied nanofluids in this study and the predicted one has been achieved.
Properties of the Dialectical Behavior Therapy Ways of Coping Checklist in a Diagnostically Diverse Partial Hospital Sample
Authors: Stein Aliza T. , Hearon Bridget A. , Beard Courtney , Hsu Kean J. , Björgvinsson Thröstur
Published: September 2015

Objective

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was developed for treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD), and adapted forms of DBT are currently used to treat bipolar disorder, eating disorders, anxiety, and depression. This study was designed to validate the Dialectical Behavior Therapy Ways of Coping Checklist (DBT‐WCCL) DBT Skills subscale (DSS) for use in a diagnostically heterogeneous sample.

Method

We used naturalistic data from 228 patients receiving treatment at a partial hospital program to assess psychometric properties of the DBT‐WCCL DSS. We assessed interitem correlations, internal consistency, factor structure, construct validity and sensitivity to change.

Results

Internal consistency, construct validity, and sensitivity to change were good. The measure displayed good convergent and discriminant validity. Factor analysis results were consistent with previous research indicating a 1‐factor solution for this subscale.

Conclusions

Psychometric properties were similar to the original BPD sample, indicating that this measure can be used as an assessment tool for DBT skill use in a diverse psychiatric population.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Rifampicin in Chinese Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Jing Ying , Zhu Li Qin , Yang Jian Wei , Huang Shu Ping , Wang Qian , Zhang Jie
Published: September 2015

Rifampicin (RIF) induces cytochrome P450, which in turn catalyzes drug metabolism; however, pharmacokinetic studies on this phenomenon in the Chinese population, especially in the context of disease, are limited. Therefore, we sought to establish population‐based pharmacokinetic models of RIF in a Chinese population with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Clinical data were retrospectively collected from 54 patients with pulmonary TB and analyzed alongside RIF blood levels from 95 samples collected prior to RIF administration and between 2 and 12 hours after treatment. HPLC was used to measure serum RIF concentrations. A nonlinear mixed model used to characterize RIF pharmacokinetics and the data generated from the present study were validated using a bootstrap method. Covariates, including demographics, as well as hematological and biological indicators were analyzed. We observed a 1‐compartment model with first‐order absorption. Typical population values of apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (VD/F) were 4.02 L/h and 57.8 L, respectively. No covariate significantly changed the parameters of CL/F and VD. The present study may serve as a foundation for individualized therapy and offer a basis for pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) analysis.
Low wavenumber Raman scattering of cobalt nanoparticles self‐organized in 3D superlattices far from surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Simon G. , Meziane L. , Courty A. , Colomban Ph. , Lisiecki I.
Published: September 2015

We report the first observation of low wavenumber Raman scattering from cobalt nanoparticles under 514.5nm laser excitation. These 7.4nm diameter particles were self‐organized in 3D superlattices, but we assign the Raman signature to vibrations of the individual nanoparticles, according to Lamb's elastic sphere model. We estimate the relative Raman intensity to be around 500 times lower than it would be for silver nanoparticles, but our results demonstrate that surface plasmon–phonon resonance coupling is not mandatory to observe Lamb's modes in metal nanoparticles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of kinetic plots in gas and liquid chromatography for the optimization of separation conditions
Authors: Kurganov Alexander , Kanateva Anastasiia , Yakubenko Elena
Published: September 2015

This review describes the recent achievements and historical background of investigations in optimization procedures in gas and liquid chromatographic techniques. The optimization parameters are varied depending on researcher interests and may include separation efficiency, analysis time, column operation pressure, packing characteristics, etc. As it is shown the kinetic performance limit is one of the most used and vital concepts for gas and liquid chromatography. Application of the concept sometimes requires additional cumbersome calculations but nevertheless it provides the most grounded comparison of different packings, columns, and techniques.
Long‐Term Consequences of Early Trauma on Coronary Heart Disease: Role of Familial Factors
Authors: Rooks Cherie , Veledar Emir , Goldberg Jack , Votaw John , Shah Amit , Bremner J. Douglas , Vaccarino Viola
Published: September 2015

Early childhood trauma has been associated with increased risk for subsequent coronary heart disease (CHD), but little is known regarding what role genetic and shared familial factors play in this relationship. Early trauma was measured retrospectively in 562 male middle‐aged twins with the Early Trauma Inventory. CHD was assessed by history and by myocardial perfusion imaging with positron emission tomography [13N] ammonia. Coronary flow reserve, a measure of coronary microcirculatory function, was defined as the ratio of myocardial blood flow at rest to flow during stress. Early trauma was associated with a higher prevalence of CHD by clinical history, OR = 1.48 per early trauma inventory quartile increase, 95% CI [1.18, 1.86]. When within‐ and between‐pair effects were estimated, only the between‐pair association was significant, OR = 1.76, 95% CI [1.30, 2.40], showing that the odds of CHD in the twin pair increased as the average early trauma exposure in the pair increased. A marginal between‐pair (but not within‐pair) relationship was also found between early trauma and coronary flow reserve (n = 416, unstandardized B = −0.04, SE B = 0.02, p = .036). In conclusion, early trauma was associated with CHD and familial factors played a key role.
Mobile Vacuum in Pocket Format
Authors: Schneider André , Gumenyuk Andrey , Rethmeier Michael
Published: September 2015

The presented apparatus enables laser beam welding of thick materials under local reduced pressure conditions, thus improving the quality of welds and reducing the laser beam power necessary for complete penetration welding. The vacuum cap presented in this article uses a local reduced ambient pressure environment in a tight zone around the welding area and, in contrast to a conventional vacuum chamber, it is movable in the welding direction. The mobile installation is very compact and reaches pressure values of around 200 mbar. The reduced pressure in the vacuum cap is sufficient to generate 50 % higher penetration depth in comparison to welding under ambient pressure conditions. The low pressure around the keyhole reduces the vapour‐plasma plume and therefore prevents a defocusing and scattering of the laser radiation. This allows to raise the amount of laser beam power entering the keyhole as well as the effective power density.