bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Driving cycle construction and combined driving cycle prediction for fuzzy energy management of electric vehicles
Authors: Pan Chaofeng , Gu Xiwei , Chen Long , Chen Liao , Yi Fengyan
Published: March 2020

Energy management strategies (EMSs) play an important role in battery electric vehicles (BEVs). However, the efficiency of an EMS is significantly affected by the driving cycle (DC). On the one hand, because of the differences in driving type, torque characteristics, and speed response of BEVs differ from those of internal combustion‐powered vehicles. Meanwhile, on the other hand, typical DCs that are widely used as evaluation indexes cannot reflect changes in the road slope and the driving characteristics of BEVs in a specific city. To solve this problem, a novel EMS based on combined DC prediction (CDCP) is proposed, and three efforts are made. First, a large volume of driving data is collected based on a BEV. The DC for a specific city is constructed using the principal component analysis and K‐means cluster algorithm combined with 15 characteristic parameters of speed, acceleration, slope, and running state rate. Second, CDCP is adopted to overcome the disadvantage that the speed cannot be predicted initially using standard rolling prediction. The state transmission matrix based on the constructed DC is employed to predict the speed when the vehicle starts to run. Third, a fuzzy EMS that considers the CDCP is proposed in order to adapt to the real‐time changes of DCs. Compared with the other predictions, the simulation results show that the proposed EMS has a longer driving range and lower energy consumption rate.
MARPL: A crosslayer approach for Internet of things based on neighbor variability for mobility support in RPL
Authors: Kniess Janine , de Figueiredo Marques Vinicius
Published: March 2020

Internet of things (IoT) proposes the use of devices with low energy capacity, processing, and memory power for a range of applications such as environmental monitoring and smart health. Such devices usually have sensing and wireless communication capabilities. Low power and lossy networks on mobile devices are a common type of wireless network in IoT applications. This article proposes the mobility aware RPL (MARPL), which is an extension of the IPv6 routing protocol for low‐power and lossy network (RPL) in order to enhance its performance in networks with mobile nodes. The mobility of nodes increases packet loss in the canonical RPL protocol. The MARPL mobility mechanism adopts a crosslayer approach. The network layer uses signal strength measurements from the media access layer to calculate a node's variability neighborhood. Performance evaluation results obtained by the Cooja simulator confirm the effectiveness of MARPL regarding link disconnection prevention, packet delivery rate, low overhead, and energy consumption when compared with other protocols.
Terbium oxide‐based solar thermochemical CO2 splitting cycle: A thermodynamic investigation
Authors: Bhosale Rahul R.
Published: March 2020

A Tb2O3/TbO2 thermochemical CO2 splitting cycle was thermodynamically scrutinized in this study. Equilibrium and efficiency analysis are the two major sections of this thermodynamic investigation. As a first step of the thermodynamic analysis, the temperatures required for the thermal reduction (TR) of Tb2O3 and the re‐oxidation of the TbO2 via CO2 splitting (CS) reaction were identified. The equilibrium analysis indicates that the temperature in the range of 2234–2530 K was required for the increase in the percentage TR of Tb2O3 from 5% to 100%. The efficiency analysis was conducted by following a process flow arrangement, which includes a solar reactor, a CS reactor, a CO2 heater, multiple coolers, and a fuel cell. The obtained results indicate that the increased from 3.4% to 5.6% when the %TR‐Tb upsurged from 5% to 25%. A further rise in the %TR‐Tb from 25% to 100%, however, resulted in a decrease in the from 5.6% to 3.5%. By employing 100% heat recuperation, the maximum = 9.6% attained at a %TR‐Tb equal to 20% ( = 2296 K). © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Update on Distal C(sp3)−H Functionalization Involving 1,5‐HAT Emerging from Nitrogen Radicals
Authors: Goswami Nupur , Maiti Debabrata
Published: March 2020

Methods to selectively functionalize any one sp3 C−H bond among all others, has been well documented in literature. Radical reactions, which are essentially mild reaction conditions has provided a significant improvement over the standard functionalization pathways. Although radical recombinations are fast and feasible, the selectivity is always guided by the electronic biasness in the system. 1,n‐Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions are extremely useful in determining regioselectivity, the involvement of a 1,5‐HAT protocol made the reaction pathway energetically much more favourable to functionalize the desired remote C(sp3)−H bond. In this review we are going to give a brief overview of the methods involved in the functionalization of distal aliphatic C−H bond by 1,5‐HAT transformation pathway.
Dose dependency of γ‐H2AX formation in the rat urinary bladder treated with genotoxic and nongenotoxic bladder carcinogens
Authors: Yamada Takanori , Toyoda Takeshi , Matsushita Kohei , Morikawa Tomomi , Ogawa Kumiko
Published: March 2020

We previously reported that immunostaining for γ‐H2AX, a biomarker of DNA damage, in the rat urinary bladder is useful for early detection of bladder carcinogens in 28‐day toxicity studies. Here, we aimed to examine the dose dependency of γ‐H2AX formation in the urinary bladder of rats. Male F344 rats (aged 6 weeks) were orally administeredN‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN; 0%, 0.0001%, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.02%, or 0.05% in drinking water), a genotoxic bladder carcinogen, and melamine (0%, 0.3%, 1.0%, or 3.0% in the diet), a nongenotoxic bladder carcinogen, for 2 days or 4 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that γ‐H2AX‐ and Ki67‐positive epithelial cells in the bladder urothelium were significantly increased, with a clear dose dependency, in both BBN‐ and melamine‐treated groups. Additionally, γ‐H2AX formation was detected from the lower‐dose group, without increased Ki67 expression or histopathologic findings. The ratios of γ‐H2AX‐positive cells at week 4 in both BBN‐ and melamine‐treated groups were higher than those on day 2, indicating the time‐dependent increase in γ‐H2AX formation. Immunofluorescence double‐staining revealed that γ‐H2AX single‐positive cells without Ki67 expression were often found in the urothelium of BBN‐treated rats, whereas most γ‐H2AX‐positive cells were Ki67‐positive in the melamine group. Our results demonstrated that γ‐H2AX formation in the urinary bladder increased in a clear dose‐dependent manner and that γ‐H2AX immunostaining has the potential to detect bladder carcinogens after a 2‐day administration. Furthermore, the association of genotoxic mechanisms in bladder carcinogenesis could be determined by analyzing the colocalization of γ‐H2AX and Ki67 in the urothelium.
Curcumin inhibits alloxan‐induced pancreatic islet cell damage via antioxidation and antiapoptosis
Authors: Xia Zhen‐hong , Jiang Xue , Li Ke , Li Li‐xia , Chen Wen‐bo , Wang Yu‐xiang , Liu Yan‐qiang
Published: March 2020

The present study elucidates the possible protective effects of curcumin on β‐cells damaged by oxidative stress and its significance in controlling diabetes mellitus in in vitro experiments. Pancreatic islet (RIN‐m5F) cells were treated with 25 mmol/L alloxan (AXN) to induce cell damage and the protective effects of curcumin were observed. The results showed that curcumin significantly promoted the cellular activity of AXN‐treated RIN‐m5F cells, decreased the ratio of apoptosis, downregulated the level of malondialdehyde, upregulated the levels of superoxide dismutase and reactive oxygen species, increased the expression of Bcl‐2, cleaved caspase‐3, and cleaved PARP1, and decreased the expression of Bax in AXN‐treated cells. These results suggest that curcumin inhibits AXN‐induced damage in RIN‐m5F cells via antioxidative and antiapoptotic mechanisms.
A Randomized, Doubled‐Blind Clinical Trial on the Effect of Zataria multiflora on Clinical Symptoms, Oxidative Stress, and C‐Reactive Protein in COPD Patients
Authors: Ghorani Vahideh , Rajabi Omid , Mirsadraee Majid , Rezaeitalab Fariba , Saadat Saeideh , Boskabady Mohammad Hossein
Published: March 2020

The effects of Zataria multiflora on clinical symptoms, pulmonary function tests, oxidative stress, and C‐reactive protein levels in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients were evaluated. Forty‐five patients were allocated to 3 groups: placebo group and 2 groups that received 3 and 6 mg/kg/day Z. multiflora extract (Z3 and Z6) for 2 months. Clinical symptoms, pulmonary function tests, oxidative stress, and serum C‐reactive protein levels were evaluated pretreatment (step 0) and 1 (step I) and 2 (step II) months after treatment. Clinical symptoms including breathlessness and chest wheeze in Z3‐ and Z6‐treated groups and sputum production only in the Z6‐treated group were significantly improved 1 and 2 months after treatment compared with baseline values (P < .01 to P < .001). The FEV1 was significantly increased after 2 months of treatment with Z3 and Z6 (P < .05 to P < .01). Malondialdehyde and nitrite levels were significantly decreased after a 2‐month treatment with Z6 compared with step 0 (P < .05 to P < .01). The thiol contents in the Z6 group as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in both groups treated with the extract were significantly increased in step II compared with step 0 (P < .05 to P < .01). The C‐reactive protein level at the end of the study was significantly reduced compared with the step 0 in both treated groups (P < .05 for both cases). Two‐month treatment with Z. multiflora improved clinical symptoms, pulmonary function tests, oxidative stress, and C‐reactive protein in COPD patients. The results suggest that this herbal medicine could be of therapeutic value as a preventive drug for the treatment of COPD.
Osteosarcopenia: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment—facts and numbers
Authors: Kirk Ben , Zanker Jesse , Duque Gustavo
Published: March 2020

Background

Osteosarcopenia, the presence of osteopenia/osteoporosis and sarcopenia, is an emerging geriatric giant, which poses a serious global health burden.

Methods and results

The prevalence of osteosarcopenia ranges in community‐dwelling older adults [5–37% (≥65 years)] with the highest rates observed in those with fractures (low‐trauma fracture: ~46%; hip fracture: 17.1–96.3%). Among 2353 community‐dwelling adults, risk factors associated with osteosarcopenia include older age [men: 14.3% (60–64 years) to 59.4% (≥75 years); women: 20.3% (60–64 years) to 48.3% (≥75 years), P < 0.05], physical inactivity [inverse relationship: 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46–0.88 (sexes combined)], low body mass index (inverse relationship: men: 0.84, 95% CI 0.81–0.88; women: 0.77, 95% CI 0.74–0.80), and higher fat mass (men: 1.46, 95% CI 1.11–1.92; women: 2.25, 95% CI 1.71–2.95). Among 148 geriatric inpatients, osteosarcopenic individuals demonstrate poorer nutritional status (mini‐nutritional assessment scores: 8.50 ± 2.52 points, P < 0.001) vs. osteoporosis or sarcopenia alone, while among 253 older Australians, osteosarcopenia is associated with impaired balance and functional capacity [odds ratios (ORs): 2.56–7.19; P < 0.05] vs. non‐osteosarcopenia. Osteosarcopenia also associates with falls (ORs: 2.83–3.63; P < 0.05), fractures (ORs: 3.86–4.38; P < 0.05), and earlier death [hazard ratio (1‐year follow‐up): 1.84, 95% CI; 0.69–4.92, P = 0.023] vs. non‐osteosarcopenia.

Conclusions

This syndrome is expected to grow in age‐related and disease‐related states, a likely consequence of immunosenescence coinciding with increased sedentarism, obesity, and fat infiltration of muscle and bone. Evidence suggests the pathophysiology of osteosarcopenia includes genetic polymorphisms, reduced mechanical loading, and impaired endocrine functioning, as well as altered crosstalk between muscle, bone, and fat cells. Clinicians should screen for osteosarcopenia via imaging methods (i.e. dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry) to quantify muscle and bone mass, in addition to assessing muscle strength (i.e. grip strength) and functional capacity (i.e. gait speed). A comprehensive geriatric assessment, including medical history and risk factors, must also be undertaken. Treatment of this syndrome should include osteoporotic drugs [bone anabolics/antiresorptives (i.e. teriparatide, denosumab, bisphosphates)] where indicated, and progressive resistance and balance exercises (at least 2‐3 times/week). To maximize musculoskeletal health, nutritional recommendations [protein (1.2–1.5 g/kg/day), vitamin D (800–1000 IU/day), calcium (1300 mg/day), and creatine (3–5 g/day)] must also be met. It is anticipated that diagnosis and treatment for osteosarcopenia will become part of routine healthcare in the future. However, further work is required to identify biomarkers, which, in turn, may increase diagnosis, risk stratification, and targeted treatments to improve health outcomes.
Temporal regulation of children with autism spectrum disorder exposed to a differential‐reinforcement‐of low‐rates schedule
Authors: Gaucher Mélissa , Forget Jacques
Published: March 2020

This study investigated temporal adjustment of children with autism spectrum disorder under a differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rates (DRL) schedule. Sixteen participants, aged 3.2 to 7 years, were exposed to two conditions, DRL 5 s and DRL 20 s. Children participated in 7 sessions in each condition, except for 1 participant who attained the adjustment criteria in the DRL 5‐s schedule. Temporal adjustment was measured with the proportion of reinforced interresponse times (IRTs) and the mean IRT. The operant response was a press on a touch screen and the reinforcers were cartoons. IQ and receptive language were measured prior to the DRL sessions. Results showed that the mean proportion of reinforced IRTs was slightly higher in the DRL 5‐s schedule. The mean IRT was above the IRT requirement in both conditions. However, substantial individual variability was observed. Children with higher IQ and receptive language scores presented a greater proportion of reinforced IRTs in both conditions. Moreover, participants who adjusted their responses to the DRL 5‐s schedule were more likely to adjust responding to the DRL 20‐s schedule. This suggests that some children might be more sensitive to reinforcement contingencies than others. This study points at future research in the field of timing in children.
Mechanisms of TREG cell adaptation to inflammation
Authors: Alvarez Fernando , Al-Aubodah Tho-Alfakar , Yang Yujian H , Piccirillo Ciriaco A
Published: March 2020

Inflammation is an important defense mechanism. In this complex and dynamic process, drastic changes in the tissue micro-environment play key roles in dictating the nature of the evolving immune response. However, uncontrolled inflammation is detrimental, leading to unwanted cellular damage, loss of physiological functions, and even death. As such, the immune system possesses tools to limit inflammation while ensuring rapid and effective clearance of the inflammatory trigger. Foxp3+ regulatory T (TREG) cells, a potently immunosuppressive CD4+ T cell subset, play a crucial role in immune tolerance by controlling the extent of the response to self and non-self Ags, all-the-while promoting a quick return to immune homeostasis. TREG cells adapt to changes in the local micro-environment enabling them to migrate, proliferate, survive, differentiate, and tailor their suppressive ability at inflamed sites. Several inflammation-associated factors can impact TREG cell functional adaptation in situ including locally released alarmins, oxygen availability, tissue acidity and osmolarity and nutrient availability. Here, we review some of these key signals and pathways that control the adaptation of TREG cell function in inflammatory settings.
Effectiveness of essential oil extracted from pompia leaves against Penicillium digitatum
Authors: Danzi Donatella , Ladu Gianfranca , Veltkamp Prieto Cristina , Garitas Bullon Amada , Petretto Giacomo L , Fancello Francesco , Venditti Tullio
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

In recent years, interest in the use of natural compounds as possible substitutes for chemicals, to prevent microbial food spoilage has grown. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils (EOs) is well known and nowadays there is renewed interest in their application as natural preservatives in postharvest management. The aims of this study were to characterize the EO extracted from pompia leaves and to evaluate its effectiveness for the control of the postharvest decay agent Penicillium digitatum, when applied as vapor contact in new airtight boxes, supplied with a heating system.

RESULTS

Fumigation was performed in vitro and on food using two concentrations of the EO, heated at controlled temperature. The headspace analysis revealed that the heating of the EO favored the evaporation of the volatile compounds, without altering their functionality. The treatments reduced the pathogen growth in vitro and rot on inoculated food by about 50%.

CONCLUSION

The chemical analysis of the vapor composition demonstrated that heating the oil did not alter the components and thus the antimicrobial effect of the oil. The treatment by vapor contact with the EO was effective in controlling the pathogen growth in vitro but, above all, it was successful in halving rot in vivo. Due to their bioactivity in the vapor phase, EOs could be delivered as fumigants during postharvest protection; however, the techniques commonly employed are not ideal for simulating real pre‐treatment conditions. The new device allows real large‐scale conditions to be reproduced. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Photobiomodulation Decreases Hyperalgesia in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: An Experimental Mouse Model Subjected to Nicotine
Authors: Rodrigues Mariana , Cardoso Ramon B. , Kuriki Heloyse U. , Marcolino Alexandre M. , de Oliveira Guirro Elaine Caldeira , Barbosa Rafael I.
Published: March 2020

Background and Objectives

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is defined as an extreme and chronic pain condition, and photobiomodulation has relevance as a complementary treatment for CRPS. The objective of this study was to verify the effects of photobiomodulation (PBMT) therapy protocols at two wavelengths 660 and 830 nm, associated or not to nicotine in complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS‐I).

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Sixty‐four Swiss mice were divided into the following groups: (i) Naive, (ii) Sham, (iii) Control, (iv) 660 nm, (v) 830 nm, (vii) Nicotine, (vii) Nicotine/660 nm, and (viii) Nicotine/830 nm. CRPS‐I was induced in an experimental ischemia/reperfusion model by affixing an elastic ring, proximal to the ankle joint of the right hind mouse paw, for 3 hours. Nicotine, in the respective groups was administered for 28 days prior to the induction of CRPS‐I. PBMT was applied immediately after the procedure and for 20 consecutive days. The animals were evaluated for mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, paw edema at baseline and for 7, 14, and 21 days. Statistical analyses comprised a mixed‐effects model, using the Tukey post hoc test (P < 0.05).

Results

The PBMT wavelengths in 660 and 830 nm groups had beneficial effects (P < 0.05) in reducing mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, but the effects at 660 nm were significantly better than 830 nm. At reducing edema, both wavelengths had significant effects statistically, absolutely no difference between them.

Conclusions

The use of PBMT (660 and 830 nm) was effective in reducing mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia; however, PBMT at 660 nm generated significant results. In reducing edema, both wavelengths had similar effects, which were significant statistically. The deleterious effects of nicotine were evident statistically and were softened when treated with PBMT (P < 0.05). Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Al2O3–TiO2 composite coatings with enhanced anticorrosion properties for 316L stainless steel
Authors: Dai Jiamin , Yang Jiaqi , Zhuge Lanjian , Wu Xuemei
Published: March 2020

316L stainless steel is used as an important structural material in various industries. However, its service life is limited in the presence of chloride ions due to severe chemical corrosion. Herein, a facile radiofrequency magnetron sputtering process is reported for the synthesis of various Al2O3–TiO2 composite coatings as an anticorrosion layer for 316L stainless steel substrates. The enhanced chemical stability of Al2O3–TiO2 composite coatings was investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. Moreover, the high specific surface area of Al2O3–TiO2 composite coatings displayed better hydrophobic property which can be confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements. Finally, the direct characterization of anticorrosion properties was carried out using electrochemical tests. All of the above results exhibited the enhanced anticorrosion properties of Al2O3 coating after the incorporation of TiO2. Significantly, the Al2O3–TiO2 composite coatings with 15.56% Ti content provided the best corrosion resistance for 316L stainless steel.
Listening to mother: Long‐term maternal effects in mammalian development
Authors: Ruebel Meghan L. , Latham Keith E.
Published: March 2020

The oocyte is a complex cell that executes many crucial and unique functions at the start of each life. These functions are fulfilled by a unique collection of macromolecules and other factors, all of which collectively support meiosis, oocyte activation, and embryo development. This review focuses on the effects of oocyte components on developmental processes that occur after the initial stages of embryogenesis. These include long‐term effects on genome function, metabolism, lineage allocation, postnatal progeny health, and even subsequent generations. Factors that regulate chromatin structure, genome programming, and mitochondrial function are elements that contribute to these oocyte functions.
Anxiety, distress, and pain in pediatric urodynamics
Authors: Finkelstein Julia B. , Cahill Dylan , Graber Kelsey , Tulley Kelsey , O'Connell Brianna , Mednick Lauren , Rosoff James S. , Bauer Stuart B. , Weinstock Peter , Estrada Carlos R.
Published: March 2020

Aims

No one has assessed urodynamic studies (UDS) to determine those steps that elicit the greatest anxiety, distress, and pain in children. We sought to systematically evaluate a child's UDS experience to mollify these reactions.

Methods

Prospective study involving children aged ≥5 undergoing UDS over a 6‐month period (from 10 December 2018 to 22 May 2019). Upon arrival, patients completed a visual analog scale for anxiety (VAS‐A, 0‐10) about the upcoming procedure. A research assistant assessed the patient's behavior during each major step of UDS using a validated brief behavioral distress scale. Nursing staff also obtained patients’ pain ratings (0‐10) for these key elements. Immediately after UDS, each child completed a posttest VAS‐A along with a survey about the UDS experience.

Results

A total of 76 UDS were observed; almost half included sphincter needle electromyography (EMG). Mean patient VAS‐A scores were 2.3 before UDS, compared to 0.8 afterward (P < .001). The highest proportion of distressful behaviors were observed during EMG needle (31%) and urethral catheter (29%) insertion, in agreement with the highest mean pain scores of 3.2 and 2.7, respectively. Fifty‐four percent of children reported not being completely aware of what was going to happen before the procedure and 50% of those patients exhibited at least one interfering or potentially interfering behavior. Similarly, 60% of children with no prior history of UDS exhibited at least one interfering or potentially interfering behavior.

Conclusions

EMG needle and urethral catheter placement, initial urodynamic testing and not knowing what to expect were associated with greater pain and distress during pediatric UDS.
One‐step Synthesis of End‐Functionalized Hydrogenated Nitrile‐Butadiene Rubber by Combining the Functional Metathesis with Hydrogenation
Authors: Liu Juan , Sun Jingyu , Zhang Zhengguo , Yang Hui , Nie Xiaojuan
Published: March 2020

End‐functionalized hydrogenated polymers obtained from nitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) yield new materials with suitable properties for a number of applications as sealing material and adhesives. We investigated the one‐step synthesis of ester end‐functionalized hydrogenated nitrile‐butadiene rubber (EF‐HNBR) by combining the functional metathesis with the hydrogenation of NBR in the presence of the 2nd generation Grubbs catalyst and a functionalized olefin as a chain transfer agent (CTA). We established the operating conditions for the effective production of saturated functional polymers with a high degree of hydrogenation, high chemo‐selectivity and moderate molecular weight. The structures of the products were confirmed by FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, rubber molecular weight, and distribution determined by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC); their thermal properties were determined by thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA) and different scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Productivity growth and policy changes: A decomposition analysis of Indian metallic mining
Authors: Sahoo Auro Kumar , Sahoo Dukhabandhu , Sahu Naresh Chandra
Published: March 2020

Indian mining sector adopted the National Mineral Policy in 1993 and fully open up for foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2005. Prior to 1993, private participation in mining operation was restricted, and public sector played a dominant role in mineral exploration. Metallic minerals hold a vital position in the Indian mining sector and fulfil the input demand of industrial sector by supplying basic raw materials. This paper attempts to estimate and analyse the productive performance of the Indian metallic mining sector by decomposing the total factor productivity (TFP) growth into different components using firm‐level data for the period 1988–89 to 2014–15. Furthermore, the possibility of changes in productivity and its constituent components in different policy regimes have been unravelled. The analysis shows that the average TFP growth of the metallic mining is 0.07% during the study period, which is largely due to technological progress and technical efficiency change. However, TFP growth has declined from 0.28% in 1989–2005 to −0.33% in the period during complete allow of FDI. The decomposition of TFP growth using stochastic production frontier reveals that decline in productivity is due to change in scale efficiency and allocative efficiency components. It could be suggested that to improve the productivity growth further, metallic mining should upgrade to advance technology in operation and take the benefit of the scale factor.
Rheological, tensile, and thermal properties of poly(butylene succinate) composites filled with two types of cellulose (kenaf cellulose fiber and commercial cellulose)
Authors: Soatthiyanon Niphaphun , Aumnate Chuanchom , Srikulkit Kawee
Published: March 2020

Kenaf cellulose fiber was extracted from kenaf locally grown in Thailand as a potential local renewable resource for the cellulose fiber. In this study, the biodegradable polymer composites, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/cellulose fiber composites with different types of cellulose were prepared. The kenaf fiber treated with hydrochloric acid (KTH), extracted cellulose fiber (EC), and commercial cellulose fiber (CC) were selected as alternative renewable fillers in the PBS (the biodegradable polymer). Regarding the fiber characteristics, the aspect ratio of the EC (11.5) was found to be higher than that of the CC (6.1). In a similar manner, the EC contained 65.9% crystallinity, which was higher than that of the CC (37.0%) and the KTH (58.9%). Moreover, the EC exhibited higher thermal stability (Td[Max] = 362.9°C) than the CC (Td[Max] = 302.0°C) and the KTH (Td[Max] = 353.8°C). For PBS/cellulose fiber composites, the rheological, tensile, and thermal properties were studied. The rheology results revealed that the addition of the fiber changed the PBS microstructure. The EC fiber dispersion in the PBS seemed to be better than the others; however, the KTH fiber dispersion was poor. The addition of the fiber raised the elastic moduli of the composites by 5‐26%; however, it reduced the tensile strengths (by 14‐53%) and the decomposition temperatures (by 1‐2%). Furthermore, the addition of the fiber slightly affected the crystallization temperatures and melting temperatures of the composites. The yellowness and whiteness of the composites were marginally reduced. The composite with the EC fiber showed a significant improvement in the elastic modulus as compared to the composite with the CC fiber, while the tensile strength and the strain at maximum stress were comparable. Thus, according to the rheological, thermal, and tensile properties of the composites, the EC fiber showed a possibility of using as an alternative reinforcement material from a local renewable resource.
Creating online animated videos to reach and engage youth: Lessons learned from pain science education and a call to action
Authors: Pate Joshua W. , Heathcote Lauren C. , Simons Laura E. , Leake Hayley , Moseley G. Lorimer
Published: March 2020

Engaging youth in evidence‐based health education has the capacity to positively impact their experiences of health and illness across the lifespan. In particular, pain science education is now an established part of the treatment arsenal for persistent pain conditions in adults, and there are calls to build educational resources for youth with pain. In this paper, we argue that high‐quality online animated videos are a potentially excellent medium to engage youth at a mass level in pain science education. We present and compare two collaborations between clinician‐scientists and industry to create and disseminate online animated videos for pain science education (“Mysterious Science of Pain” and “Tame the Beast”). We discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and methods of evaluation for each approach, as well as summarizing overall lessons learned. We provide this information as a guiding framework for clinician‐scientists to collaborate with industry in building engaging and impactful health education resources for young people.
The prevalence of lower airway anomalies in children with Down syndrome compared to controls
Authors: De Lausnay Mariska , Verhulst Stijn , Boel Lieve , Wojciechowski Marek , Boudewyns An , Van Hoorenbeeck Kim
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Children with Down syndrome (DS) often present with chronic respiratory symptoms. Congenital airway anomalies have been described but data about prevalence is scarce and a comparison to controls is lacking. We aim to compare the endoscopic and clinical data of children with DS to controls without significant medical history.

Methods

All endoscopic procedures under general anesthesia (broncho‐ and/or direct laryngoscopy) in patients with DS were reviewed. We compared clinical and endoscopic data to a cohort of children with respiratory symptoms but without any other relevant medical history.

Results

Endoscopic data were available for 65 patients with DS. The median age was 2.9 years (range: 0.2‐17), 63% were boys. The most common clinical presentation was recurrent respiratory infections (37%). Other major symptoms were chronic cough and/or noisy breathing (23%) and stridor (20%). Endoscopy was normal in 29% of patients. The largest group of patients (44%) had some form of airway malacia. Tracheal bronchus and subglottic stenosis were each isolated findings in 3.1% of patients. Twenty percent presented with combined airway anomalies. The control group consisted of 150 children (matched for age and sex) without significant underlying disease. The most common presentations were chronic cough and/or noisy breathing (29%), persistent radiographic abnormalities (20%), and suspicion of aspiration of a foreign body (15%). In the majority of controls (68%), no airway anomaly was found. Other findings were malacia (22%), tracheal bronchus (1%), and subglottic stenosis (1%). A combined anomaly was found in 5%.

Conclusion

Congenital airway anomalies were seen in 71% of patients with DS, compared with 32% of controls. Combined anomalies are more frequent in DS. Complete lower airway endoscopy is recommended in patients with DS as it may influence therapeutic decision‐making.
DNA repair gene polymorphisms, tumor control, and treatment toxicity in prostate cancer patients treated with permanent implant prostate brachytherapy
Authors: Carignan Damien , Lessard Trystan , Villeneuve Lyne , Desjardins Sylvie , Magnan Sindy , Després Philippe , Martin André‐Guy , Foster William , Guillemette Chantal , Lévesque Éric , Vigneault Eric
Published: March 2020

Background

Radiotherapy and brachytherapy are common treatments for localized prostate cancer (PCa). However, very few studies evaluated the association of variations in DNA damage response genes and treatment outcomes and toxicity in brachytherapy‐treated patients.

Purpose

To evaluate the association of inherited germline variations in DNA repair‐associated genes with tumor control and treatment toxicity in patients treated with low‐dose‐rate prostate brachytherapy (LDRB).

Material and Methods

The cohort consists of 475 I‐125 LDRB patients with a median follow‐up of 51 months after seed implantation. Patients were genotyped for 215 haplotype tagging single nucleotide variations (htSNPs) in 29 candidate genes of DNA damage response and repair pathways. Their association with biochemical recurrence (BCR) was assessed using Cox regression models and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Linear regressions and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) between early and late International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) with htSNPs were used to evaluate the association with urinary toxicity.

Results

After adjustment for the established risk factors, six htSNPs in five genes were found to be significantly associated with an altered risk of BCR, with adjusted hazard ratios (HRadj.) ranging between 3.6 and 11.1 (P < .05). Compared to carriers of the ERCC3 rs4150499C allele, patients homozygous for the T allele (n = 22) had a significant higher risk of BCR with a HR of 11.13 (IC95 = 3.9‐32.0; P < .0001; q < 0.001). The Kaplan–Meier survival curve revealed a mean BCR‐free survival time reduced from 213 ± 7 to 99 ± 12 months (log‐rank P < .0001) for homozygous T carriers compare to noncarriers. For late IPSS (>6 months after treatment), htSNP rs6544990 from MSH2 showed a statistically significant b‐coefficient of 1.85 ± 0.52 (P < .001; q < 0.1). Homozygous carriers of the MSH2 rs6544990C allele (n = 62) had a mean late IPSS 3.6 points higher than patients homozygous for the A allele (n = 132). This difference was significant when tested by ANCOVA using pretreatment IPSS as a covariate (P < .01).

Conclusions

This study suggests an association of the intronic variants of the DNA nucleotide excision repair ERCC3 and DNA mismatch repair MSH2 genes with elevated risk of BCR and late urinary toxicity respectively after LDRB. Further validation is required before translational clinical advances.
Dropping out of university: a literature review
Authors: Behr Andreas , Giese Marco , Teguim Kamdjou Herve D. , Theune Katja
Published: March 2020

This study provides a comprehensive review of the phenomenon of students dropping out from tertiary education. Student withdrawal is the result of a long decision‐making process and complex interaction between several determinants. We first provide an overview of definitions, theoretical models and perspectives of dropping out. Referring to previous theoretical and empirical evidence from a wide range of disciplines, we then focus on a detailed discussion of determinants affecting the decisions of students to drop out. There are three main reasons for students to leave the higher education system without a degree. These are 1) the national education system, e.g., the country’s financing policy, 2) the higher education institutions, e.g., the type of institution or teaching quality, and 3) the students themselves, with this last aspect subdivided into a) pre‐study determinants, such as the secondary school type, and b) study‐related aspects, such as working while studying. Based on these findings, we discuss the implications for further research, especially the application of modern data mining techniques on comprehensive data sets covering a wide range of relevant determinants which may lead to new insights into the dropping out process. The results will provide helpful tools for universities wishing to implement early warning systems and to support students at risk, at an early stage of their study.
Viscous Flow Behaviors of Cr‐Bearing High‐Titanium Melting Slag with Different MgO Contents
Authors: Ma Jing , Li Wei , Fu Guiqin , Zhu Miaoyong
Published: March 2020

Herein, the viscous flow behaviors of Cr‐bearing high‐titanium melting slag with different MgO contents are evaluated via thermodynamic calculation, melting temperature measurement, viscosity measurement, phase composition, and microcosmic analysis. The melting morphology of slag is observed in situ using the melting point melting rate tester, and the results show that the melting temperature decreases as a function of increasing MgO content. Simultaneously, the viscosity is obtained via the comprehensive melt property tester, which shows that the viscosity change trend is parallel to that of the melting point. FactSage thermodynamic software is used to predict the type and content of the precipitated phase. The composition and microstructure of the actual precipitated phase are assessed using X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Results show that anosovite is the most abundant precipitated phase. Furthermore, with the increase in MgO content, the precipitated contents of perovskite, spinel, and pyroxene increase; however, sphene and anorthite decrease.
Separation of histidine enantiomers by capillary electrochromatography with molecularly imprinted monolithic columns
Authors: Şarkaya Koray , Aşir Süleyman , Göktürk Ilgım , Ektirici Sisem , Yilmaz Fatma , Yavuz Handan , Denizli Adil
Published: March 2020

In this study, we aimed to separate the enantiomeric forms of d,l‐histidine, one of the essential amino acids, through molecular imprinted monolithic capillary electrochromatography columns prepared using hydrophobic N‐methacryloyl‐(l)‐phenylalanine methyl ester as the functional monomer, and l‐histidine as the template molecule. We investigated the effect of monomer ratio, temperature, template molecule mole ratio, crosslinker ratio, and porogen ratio to improve the permeability properties of the monolithic column. Characterization studies of the column were evaluated by attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The chromatographic performance of the column was investigated using alkylbenzene‐derived compounds. We evaluated some parameters to determine the optimum conditions for electrochromatographic studies such as electric field, organic solvent ratio, and pressure effect. The calculated imprinting factor (2.18) proved that the l‐histidine imprinted amino acid‐based monolithic column separated d,l‐histidine molecules efficiently (percent relative standard deviation < 1.5) from each other using molecular imprinting technique with high‐resolution values (resolution value > 1.5). As a result, selective d,l‐histidine separation was achieved in less than 10 min at pH 7.0 without using a ligand or extra modification step for the first time.
Fetal cerebrovascular response to maternal hyperoxygenation in congenital heart disease: effect of cardiac physiology
Authors: Hogan W. J. , Moon‐Grady A. J. , Zhao Y. , Cresalia N. M. , Nawaytou H. , Quezada E. , Brook M. , McQuillen P. , Peyvandi S.
Published: March 2020

Objective

Fetal cerebrovascular resistance is influenced by several factors in the setting of intact autoregulation to allow for normal cerebral blood flow and oxygenation. Maternal hyperoxygenation (MH) allows for acute alterations in fetal physiology and can be a tool to test cerebrovascular reactivity in late‐gestation fetuses. In this study, we utilized MH to evaluate cerebrovascular reactivity in fetuses with specific congenital heart disease (CHD).

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study of fetuses with complex CHD compared to controls without CHD. CHD cases were grouped according to physiology into: left‐sided obstructive lesion (LSOL), right‐sided obstructive lesion (RSOL) or dextro‐transposition of the great arteries (d‐TGA). Subjects underwent MH testing during the third‐trimester fetal echocardiogram. The pulsatility index (PI) was calculated for the fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA), umbilical artery (UA) and branch pulmonary artery (PA). The change in PI from baseline to during MH was compared between each CHD group and controls.

Results

Sixty pregnant women were enrolled (CHD, n = 43; control, n = 17). In the CHD group, there were 27 fetuses with LSOL, seven with RSOL and nine with d‐TGA. Mean gestational age was 33.9 (95% CI, 33.6–34.2) weeks. At baseline, MCA‐PI Z‐score was lowest in the LSOL group (−1.8 (95% CI, −2.4 to −1.2)) compared with the control group (−0.8 (95% CI, −1.3 to −0.3)) (P = 0.01). In response to MH, MCA‐PI Z‐score increased significantly in the control and d‐TGA groups but did not change significantly in the LSOL and RSOL groups. The change in MCA‐PI Z‐score was significantly higher in the control group than in the LSOL group (0.9 (95% CI, 0.42–1.4) vs 0.12 (95% CI, −0.21 to 0.45); P = 0.03). This difference was more pronounced in the LSOL subgroup with retrograde aortic arch flow. Branch PA‐PI decreased significantly in response to MH in all groups, with no difference in the change from baseline to MH between the groups, while UA‐PI was unchanged during MH compared with at baseline.

Conclusions

The fetal cerebrovascular response to MH varies based on the underlying CHD diagnosis, suggesting that cardiovascular physiology may influence the autoregulatory capacity of the fetal brain. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical implications of these findings on long‐term neurodevelopment in these at‐risk children. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Universal chromosomal microarray analysis reveals high proportion of copy‐number variants in low‐risk pregnancies
Authors: Stern S. , Hacohen N. , Meiner V. , Yagel S. , Zenvirt S. , Shkedi‐Rafid S. , Macarov M. , Valsky D. V. , Porat S. , Yanai N. , Frumkin A. , Daum H.
Published: March 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the yield and utility of the routine use of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) for prenatal genetic diagnosis in a large cohort of pregnancies with normal ultrasound (US) at the time of genetic testing, compared with pregnancies with abnormal US findings.

Methods

We reviewed all prenatal CMA results in our center between November 2013 and December 2018. The prevalence of different CMA results in pregnancies with normal US at the time of genetic testing (‘low‐risk pregnancies’), was compared with that in pregnancies with abnormal US findings (‘high‐risk pregnancies’). Medical records were searched in order to evaluate subsequent US follow‐up and the outcome of pregnancies with a clinically relevant copy‐number variant (CNV), i.e. a pathogenic or likely pathogenic CNV or a susceptibility locus for disease with > 10% penetrance, related to early‐onset disease in the low‐risk group.

Results

In a cohort of 6431 low‐risk pregnancies that underwent CMA, the prevalence of a clinically significant CNV related to early‐onset disease was 1.1% (72/6431), which was significantly lower than the prevalence in high‐risk pregnancies (4.9% (65/1326)). Of the low‐risk pregnancies, 0.4% (27/6431) had a pathogenic or likely pathogenic CNV, and another 0.7% (45/6431) had a susceptibility locus with more than 10% penetrance. Follow‐up of the low‐risk pregnancies with a clinically significant early‐onset CNV revealed that 31.9% (23/72) were terminated, while outcome data were missing in 26.4% (19/72). In 16.7% (12/72) of low‐risk pregnancies, an US abnormality was discovered later on in gestation, after genetic testing had been performed.

Conclusion

Although the background risk of identifying a clinically significant early‐onset abnormal CMA result in pregnancies with a low a‐priori risk is lower than that observed in high‐risk pregnancies, the risk is substantial and should be conveyed to all pregnant women. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Proof‐of‐concept modular fluid handling prototype integrated with microfluidic biochemical assay modules for point‐of‐care testing
Authors: Sathish Shivani , Toda‐Peters Kazumi , Shen Amy Q.
Published: March 2020

Large populations around the world suffer from numerous but treatable health issues, caused by either lifestyle choices or environmental factors. Over the past decades, point‐of‐care testing kits have been developed to circumvent the reliance on laboratories, by allowing users to perform preliminary health or environmental testing from the privacy of their homes. However, these kits heavily rely on the precision of the user to perform the procedures, leading to increased variability in final assessments. To eliminate user‐induced errors, we present an integrated, completely sealed, and disposable point‐of‐care testing prototype that exploits the benefits of microfluidics and 3D‐printing fabrication techniques. The palm‐sized modular prototype consists of a manually operated fluid handling device that allows precise mixing, filtration, and delivery of fluids to an on‐board microfluidic assay unit for subsequent detection of specific biochemical analytes, with a minimized risk of contamination.
Promising methods for detection of novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Liu Ran , Fu Aisi , Deng Zixin , Li Yan , Liu Tiangang
Published: March 2020

A very recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus, COVID‐19, in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and its subsequent spread within and across China have resulted in several deaths and infections. Presently, nucleic acid amplification test is essential for the confirmation of COVID infection. In this report, we summarized the six promising methods, including whole‐genome sequencing, real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, nanopore target sequencing, antibody‐based immunoassay techniques, use of paper‐based biomolecular sensors, and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats‐Cas system‐based technology, which can also be deployed for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2. We further introduced the principles of these methods, discussed the scope and practicability of application of the available products and methods, and highlighted the potential approaches to develop additional products and techniques for early diagnosis of COVID‐19.