bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Residues in Foods of Animal Origin: Review
Authors: Mgonja Frida Richard , Paul Kaswija John
Published: January 2023

Antibiotic residue in food is a serious public health issue that demands much attention and has a harmful impact on consumer health. The presence of antibiotic residue in food of animal origin creates challenges in global trade in animals and animal products. Public health implications of antibiotic residue in food include the development and propagation of antimicrobial drug resistance, hypersensitivity reactions, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, bone marrow suppression, and disruption of normal intestinal flora. Improper use of antibiotics in animals results in the existence of residues beyond maximum limit levels and is associated with harmful health effects in humans. Supervision of antibiotics is required to ensure the safety of animal products. In this review, the use of antibiotics in food animals, antibiotic residues in foods of animal origin, and the effect of different cooking techniques on antibiotic residue levels are discussed.
Konsep Penebusan Kristus Dalam Perspektif Teologi Pentakosta
Authors: Harefa Otieli , Sanjaya Yudhy , Harefa Desetina , Sidabutar Dewi Lidya , Ferry Yusak Hentrias
Published: January 2023

This paper is a theological affirmation of the concept of Christ's redemption in Pentecostal theology. This article aims to answer misconceptions about the concept and results of Christ's atoning work on the cross for believers. The method that the authors use to achieve the objectives of this study is to use a descriptive qualitative approach. Through the process of study and analysis, the writer concludes the following points: First, the redemptive work of Christ is a manifestation of God's grace to sinful humans. Second, Christ's death was the act of paying the penalty for human sin. Third, the terms used in redemption affirm that everyone is free from all the wrath of God. Fourth, Christ's redemptive work reconciles man to God, so that every believer has the assurance of eternal life.
Etis Teologis Keteladanan Guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen Bagi Peserta Didik
Authors: Adu Selfiana Carolina , Fernando Andreas , Triposa Reni
Published: January 2023

Kemajuan teknologi di abad 21 disertai dengan meningkatnya kasus kekerasan pada anak. Perundungan dan kemerosotan moral terjadi di kalangan siswa. Guru pendidikan agama Kristen berperan sebagai model karakter yang dibutuhkan siswa agar dapat merubah perilaku peserta didik serta mencapai tujuan pendidikan agama Kristen yaitu mengenal Allah dan mengalami Allah. Kepribadian dan karakter dapat mempengaruhi perubahan perilaku pada siswa  Keteladanan yang ditunjukkan guru setiap hari akan mempengaruhi perilaku siswa. Keteladanan guru PAK bermuara pada keteladanan yang ditunjukkan Yesus sang Guru Agung dalam Alkitab. Guru pendidikan agama Kristen yang telah mengalami kelahiran baru dan berjuang setiap saat melakukan kebenaran Firman Tuhan setiap hari melalui tuntunan Roh Kudus dapat memengaruhi perilaku peserta didik. Keteladanan guru ditunjukkan melalui pengetahuan dan pemahaman Akitab sebagai fondasi pengajaran. Keteladan guru pendidikan agama Kristen terlihat dari perkataan, karakter kasih serta tanggung jawa dalam melaksanakan tugas. Karakter dan cara pandang guru pendidikan agama Kristen lahir dari pertumbuhan kerohaniannya setiap hari juga melalui proses mengasosiasikan peristiwa yang dialaminya dan apa kata alkitab berkaitan dengan solusi masalah tersebut. Keteladanan berbicara lebih keras dibandingkan nasehat-nasehat yang disampaikan guru. Bagi guru pendidikan agama Kristen mengajar bukan mentransfer pengetahuan dari kepala ke kepala melainkan mentransfer pengetahuan dari hati ke hati  kepada siswa.
The Ileal Ureter: Over a Century of Urologic Innovation
Authors: Ninomiya Mark , Hasman Linda , Rabinowitz Ronald , Ajay Divya
Published: January 2023

Objectives Surgical techniques to repair a ureteral stricture may depend on the stricture’s etiology, length, and location. Options may range from primary ureteral reimplantation for short, distal strictures, buccal mucosa onlay ureteroplasty for complex proximal or mid ureteral defects, to Boari flap or even autotransplantation for longer mid to distal ureteral defects. Replacement of the entire ureter with a segment of ileum is rare but may provide durable results when indicated. Our objective was to illustrate how the history and evolution of the ileal ureter entered the contemporary surgical armamentarium. Methods A comprehensive literature review was performed in conjunction with library resources in the History of Medicine section at the University of Rochester. We used PubMed to identify contemporary medical literature, ILLiad to access archived texts and historic surgical and urological textbooks to obtain additional historical information and references. Results We documented perhaps the first description of the ileal ureter in a canine model by Guido Tizzoni and Alfonso Foggi in 1888. Adaptations of ileal ureters over the next century, and beyond, have increased the safety, feasibility, and reproducibility of thre procedure for replacement of the ureter rendered unsalvageable by strictural disease, trauma, or malignancy. Conclusions Tizzoni and Foggi described the first ileal ureter in the canine model in 1888.
First Sex- The Natufian Statue and Professor Dorothy Garrod
Authors: Sairam Nikil , Moran Michael
Published: January 2023

Objectives Our knowledge of the social structure of pre-historic peoples is limited by the scant physical record, largely limited to archeological fragments of biological materials, tools, and funereal art. The Natufian, who lived near present day Jerusalem around 9000 BCE, was a culture first identified by Dorothy Garrod, a British paleo-archeologist. The Natufian produced what may be the world’s first expression of sexuality in art in the Ain-Sakhri statue, depicting two figures intertwined in a coital embrace. Our aim was to better illustrate Garrod’s seminal work, and the significance of the Ain Sakhri statue in our understanding of pre-historical concepts of sexual self-awareness. Methods Archives of the British Museum (London), the Pitts River Museum and the Dorothy Garrod Photographic Archive (Oxford), the Mathurin collection at the Musée des Antiquités Nationales (St Germain-en-Laye, France), and digital. humanities.ox.ac.uk were consulted to identify biographical information on Dorothy Garrod and her archeological work. Secondary sources on the Natufian peoples and their art were identified through PubMed, digital archive sources, and the Garrod archives as cited. Results Dorothy Garrod (1892-1968) was a prolific early 20th century scientist in paleo archeology and a pioneer for women in a male-dominated field, the first prehistorian, and first woman, to be elected to a professorship at Cambridge University (19391952). She established comprehensive excavations in the Levant in the Middle East on Mount Carmel near Jerusalem where she identified the ancient Natufian cultures. There, her mentor, AH Breuil, had found a 10 cm stone figure, now known as the ‘Ain Sakhri’ figurine, from 9,000 BCE and identified by him to be a product of Garrod’s Natufian culture. Unlike other contemporary Natufian sculptures found in the Wadi Khareitoun region, which were worked in bone or antler, the Ain Sakhri was chiseled from calcite. The Ain Sakhri, depicting two intertwined figures and with a phallic shape, is regarded as the world’s oldest known sculpture of people making love. Conclusions Dorothy Garrod was a ground-breaking pioneer in paleo archeology and the 1st female professor at Cambridge from 1939-1952. Her early 20th century work on the Natufian people revealed a complex, sophisticated pre-historic culture which produced the Ain Sakhri, the first sculpted depiction of coitus, predating the historical record of sexual self-awareness by thousands of years.
Radiation pneumonitis after repeat stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: A case series of two patients
Authors: Tasaki Yutaro , Ashizawa Kazuto , Nakamura Daisuke , Mizowaki Takashi
Published: January 2023

Introduction: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a well-established treatment option for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We retrospectively identified 82 patients with early-stage NSCLC treated with SBRT at our institution between November 2009 and September 2019. Among these patients, two developed local recurrence or new primary lung cancer and lung metastasis or new primary lung cancer, respectively, and were treated with repeat SBRT. We herein report a case series of two patients with radiation pneumonitis after repeat SBRT.

Case Series: Case A was an 80-year-old woman diagnosed with stage I (T1aN0M0) squamous cell carcinoma. She received initial SBRT at an irradiation dose of 48 Gy in 4 fractions at the isocenter. Two years and three months after initial SBRT, the patient was clinically diagnosed with post-SBRT local recurrence or primary lung cancer and, thus, was treated with repeat SBRT at an irradiation dose of 60 Gy in 10 fractions. Six months later, the patient developed grade 5 radiation pneumonitis. Case B was an 89-year-old man diagnosed with stage I (T1cN0M0) adenocarcinoma. He received initial SBRT at an irradiation dose of 48 Gy in 4 fractions at the isocenter. Three years and six months after initial SBRT, the patient was clinically diagnosed with post-SBRT lung metastasis or primary lung cancer and, thus, was treated with repeat SBRT at an irradiation dose of 50 Gy in 4 fractions. Six months later, the patient developed grade 3 radiation pneumonitis.

Conclusion: Caution is needed when performing repeat SBRT.
Distribution of the Green Forest Lizard Calotes calotes (Linnaeus, 1758) (Squamata: Agamidae) in India
Authors:   Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Station, Chennai, India, Aengals R. , Ganesh S.R. ,   Chennai Snake Park, Rajbhavan Post, Chennai, India
Published: January 2023

We analysed the distribution pattern in India, of the agamid lizard Calotes calotes based on localities of the many voucher specimens that we examined, direct field observations by us and literature records. Our preliminary MaxEnt analysis run based on 48 localities revealed that hilly terrain of the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats are the most ideal regions (>70% prediction) within its range. We also elaborate on the morphology of examined specimens, especially from the eastern parts of its Indian range, viz. the Coromandel Coastal Plains and the Eastern Ghats, so as to categorically confirm its occurrence in eastern parts of Southern India, where its presence had remained equivocal and contentious at best.
Species diversity and distribution pattern of avifauna from Thane creek, Maharashtra, India
Authors:   Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641108, India, Bhave Siddhesh
Published: January 2023

Bird survey in Thane creek was conducted during winter season in 2015-2016. Total 69 species of birds were encountered belonging to 11 orders and 17 families in the entire creek. As per the IUCN Red list, of the 69 bird species, six near threatened and one vulnerable species were recorded. 60.87 percent birds were migratory winter visitors, 36.23 percent birds were residents and local migrants, and the remaining 2.89 percent birds were residents as well as winter visitors. Scolopacidae family had the highest representation with 14 bird species. Order Phoenicopteriformes had the highest number of individuals (N = 20539) with lesser flamingo contributing 80.22 percent. The Shannon-Weiner diversity indices revealed higher diversity upstream (2.56) followed by midstream (1.78) and downstream (1.12). Similarly, the evenness index showed the species were more evenly distributed upstream (0.219) followed by midstream (0.110) and downstream region (0.060). On the contrary, the dominance was higher downstream (0.501) followed by midstream (0.319) and upstream region (0.124). Order Phoenicopteriformes had the highest percent encounter rate with majority encountered in downstream followed by midstream region and sporadically distributed in the upstream region of the creek. The family with moderate to less number of individuals are majorly encountered in the upstream region of the creek. The birds showed a specific distribution pattern primarily because of food availability and also because of other biotic and abiotic factors.
Determination of artificial insemination timing in Banteng based on follicle size and uterine enlargement
Authors:   Division of Reproduction and Obstetric, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science,  IPB University, Indonesia, Setiadi Dedi R.
Published: January 2023

The Banteng (Bos Javanicus d'Alton 1823) is an endemic species in Indonesia that is threatened with extinction and whose population continues to decline in the wild. The aim of this study is to determine the timing of artificial insemination (AI) in the Banteng based on follicle size and uterine enlargement. For this study, two female Banteng were used in Taman Safari Indonesia, Cisarua, Bogor. Habituation was performed to facilitate data collection. Optimal timing for AI is determined by examining the reproductive organs using Ultrasonography (USG) to detect changes in the uterus and ovaries and monitor clinical signs of estrus. Follicle size and uterine examination was performed on days -1, 0, and +1 for 3 estrus cycles. Insemination was performed 2-3 times during estrus until ovulation occurred. The results showed that the average follicle size of both Banteng was 1.09 ± 0.02 cm on day -1, 1.31 ± 0.02 cm on day 0, and 1.33 ± 0.03 cm on day +1. Artificial insemination was performed with a double dose of frozen semen when the Banteng were still rideable, and the follicle size ranged from 1.23-1.38 cm. Pregnancy was examined by ultrasound on day 21 after mating; both Banteng females were pregnant after AI. It can be concluded that AI technique can be used in captive Banteng breeding program by studying the development of follicles and uterine enlargement.
Yönetişim Yaklaşımının Kuramsal Değerlendirilmesi ve İdare Hukuku Bağlamında Analizi
Authors: ERDEM Ali , ÇİÇEKLİ Atıf
Published: January 2023

Yönetişim kavramı günümüzde kamu yönetimi açısından yeni bir dünya gibi görülmekte bunun yanı sıra yerindelik ve katılımcılığın vurgusuyla her derde deva olduğu düşünülmektedir. Hem özel sektör yönetim teknikleri aktarımı, hem yönetim içinde etken ve edilgen olarak nitelenebilecek farklı grupların aynı potada buluşmasını öngören, çözümsel bir model olarak sunulmaktadır. Modern dünyanın en önemli örgüt modeli sayılan Weberyen bürokrasi ve türev modeller, eksik kalan kısımlarıyla eleştirilmektedir. Dönüşüm/devinim/gelişim devam ettikçe yeni modellere ve yönetimsel formülasyonlara ihtiyaç duyulması kaçınılmaz görünmektedir. Günümüzde, kamu yönetimi anlamında, Yeni Kamu Yönetimi (YKY) ve Yeni Kamu İşletmeciliği gibi modellemeler ve bu hibrit modellerin ortak lokomotif öznesi yönetişim kavramıdır. İdari yapılanma modellerindeki değişim, paydaş sayısını ve idari yapılanmanın temelini oluşturan mevzuatı da dönüştürmüştür. Çalışmada nitel yöntem benimsenmiş olup lüteratür incelemesi tekniği uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada; bazen bir sonuç, bazen de ise yönetsel/örgütsel değişimin önceli olarak ortaya çıkan idare hukuku alanındaki değişimin; idare-yönetim kavramları arasında teknik bir inceleme yapılmaksızın, yönetişim kavramı üzerinden anlatılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu anlamda, yönetişim kavramı, kavramı önceleyen/temellendiren kavram ve kuramlardan olan klasik bürokrasi anlayışı eleştirisi ile yeni kamu yönetimi üzerinden anlatılmaya çalışılacaktır. Sonuç olarak; bahse konu kuram ve kavramların yönetimsel teknik değişimleri ile örgütsel yeniden yapılandırmalar sonucu ile, idare hukuku alanının özel hukuk lehine daraldığı aktarılmaya çalışılacaktır.
Literary Education and War as a Civil Anti-value
Authors:   New Bulgarian University, Georgieva-Teneva Ognyana
Published: January 2023

The article presents the theoretical classification of values as positive and negative and argues for the view that war is an anti-value against which the fundamental value of human life stands; defends the thesis that literary education has ample opportunities to form moral values against war; problematizes various images of war in children's literature and suggests ways to include them in the reading list of elementary and junior high school students; analyzes high school literature curricula as a starting point for the formation of an aspiration for peaceful resolution of conflicts and of intolerance to armed conflicts. In accordance with the normative construction of intertextual connections between works from the mandatory list and others that are freely selected, the anthology “Poetry Against the Waˮ is brought to the attention of teachers, highlighting its main artistic and merits.
[Literary Education in a Civic Perspective
Authors:   Shumen University, Yoveva Rumiana
Published: January 2023

The review is devoted to a monograph that investigates one of the most significant problems of education – the possibilities of literary education to form civic consciousness. It argues the view that the work fills a blank field in Bulgarian methodical thought by discussing the theoretical and practical aspects of the research question. It analyzes the author's model for creating civic competences through literature lessons in grades VIII-XII; emphasizes the concepts of knowledge, skills and attitudes that relate to literary images with civic sense, to meta-literary discourse, critical thinking, argumentative speaking and writing, the formation of values personal freedom, democracy, freedom of speech, entrepreneurship.
Corpus Linguistic in Teaching Bulgarian as a Foreign Language
Authors:   Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Radkova Antonia
Published: January 2023

The article presents some possible approaches of the implementation of corpus data in teaching Bulgarian as a foreign language. An incorporation of corpus data and material can be made on different phases: planning phase; development of teaching materials; source for teaching or learning; tool to study the language. Proposals are illustrated with examples.
Content, Functional and Technological Features of the Development of Civic Skills for Students from Bulgarian Schools Abroad
Authors:   Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Padeshka Maya
Published: January 2023

The article discusses issues related to developing the civic competence of students from Bulgarian schools abroad. An analysis is made of current curricula and the key competencies embedded in them. A comparative analysis of these programs with Italian normative documents related to the development of civic culture is also offered. A variety of digital learning content is being argued as an effective resource for civic skill formation.
Application of the Literary Concept of “Chronotope” in the Sociological Analyses
Authors:   University of National and World Economy, Mihailova Katia
Published: January 2023

The article presents an interdisciplinary theoretical attempt to transfer the concept of chronotope from science of literature into the methodological coordinate of sociological analysis
Application of Project-based Learning in the Literature Lessons (1st – 4th grade)
Authors:   Burgas Free University, Dimitrova Zlatina
Published: January 2023

Children of the XXI century communicate globally and have unlimited access to information resources. But often this abundance of information does not lead to systematic knowledge, which indicates that children must learn to absorb it properly. The article examines the possibilities of applying project-based learning in literature lessons in the primary educational stage. This innovative method offers a new type of pedagogical interaction regarding the learning content of the subject, related to achieving the necessary basic level of native language communication in the 1st – 4th grade stage. Project-based learning is also applicable in the context of building literary competences by working with a literary text, which is a major part of the formation of language literacy and is associated with students' skills to recognize, understand and interpret the specific information it carries.
Freud and Jentsch read Hoffmann’s Uncanny Automata
Authors:   Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Spassova Kamelia
Published: January 2023

The following paper examines the elaboration of the concept of uncanny between literature and psychoanalysis. In shaping the concept, both Ernst Jentsch in “On the Psychology of the Uncanny” (1906) and Sigmund Freud in “The Uncanny” (1919) carefully read Hoffmann’s fantastic stories of automata. While Freud develops his theory of the uncanny (concerning the automatism of unconscious repetition) by reading “The Sandman”, Jentsch dwells on “Automata” in his approach on intellectual uncertainty. In this paper I also discuss anthropomorphic machines and the idea of uncanny valley in robotics, concluding that the notion of uncanny always involves negative anagnorisis, or misrecognition between inside/outside; human/automaton; animate/inanimate.
Recreology Training Model in the Medical Cosmetics
Authors:   Medical University – Pleven, Asparuhova Hreta , Vacheva Danelina
Published: January 2023

The need to train specialized staff in medical cosmetology in higher education is determined by the desire to improve the quality of life of modern man. The purpose of this survey is to determine the need for inclusion in the curriculum of the specialty “Medical Cosmetics” training of disciplines related to specialized services in the field of recreation. Made are documents’ study (curriculum) and survey among 47 students from Medical College – Pleven (Bulgaria), on issues related to satisfaction with training and opportunities for professional realization. The comparative analysis of the curricula with other educational institutions shows that the education model presented by the Medical University – Pleven, includes a significantly larger number of study hours and credits in the study disciplines of recreology. The model for recreology training developed and tested at the MU – Pleven, provides a versatile and in-depth training for specialists in medical cosmetics and opportunity for realization in a wider field of activity.
Studying the Interest, Motivation and Expectations of Fairer Sex Football Referees
Authors:   Trakia University, Zheleva Donka
Published: January 2023

The article presents a scientific study on the interest of female football referees in Bulgaria and the society's attitude towards them. Both current and former football referees (girls and women) were subjected to research in order to establish the motives for practicing football refereeing, the aspirations and expectations for personal development and improvement. The method of pedagogical research survey in the form of an online survey was used. The obtained results found uniform results regarding the motivation and expectations of the respondents and diversity in the answers regarding the interest in women's football refereeing. The difficulties that women experience in their professional path as football referees are also determined, as well as the reasons for ending a refereeing career
Examination Anxiety in Integrated Modular Curriculum: Perceptions of Dental Students
Authors: Janjua Qasim Mehmood , Khan Faheem , Mukhtar Sara
Published: January 2023

Introduction:The universal driving force for learning is assessment, however, it accompanies anxiety, commonly known as exam

or test anxiety. There is increasing evidence that exam modality and gender play a significant role in generating anxiety in medical students. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of exam anxiety in different assessment modalities with same examination standards and criteria among dental students at University College of Dentistry (UCD), The University of Lahore (UOL).

Method:We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of over 250 dental students from years 1 to 4, at UCD to assess the test anxiety in dental students with different exam modalities. Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the variations of perceptions among male and female students of UCD. Chi-square was used to test for analysis of academic years with different modalities of exams.

Results:The analysis suggested that “extensive course load” with highest anxiety mean score of 4 was most anxiety provoking followed by “studying all night” (mean score=3) in all assessment modalities. The single most test-anxiety provoking modality was “OSCE station with examiner”, with an average combined mean score of 57, followed by “Long-case” (mean score=56). The data revealed that “psychological issues” (p=0.05), “OSCE station with the examiner” (p=0.02) and “exam taking strategy” (p=0.00) were found statistically significant with respect to genders. The combined score of all exam modalities under the domain of “information needs” was highly significant (p=0.02) with highest mean rank observed in final year dental students followed by 2nd-year students.

Conclusion:We conclude that face-to-face assessments evoke anxiety in students, especially in females. This may be because it also involves confidence and presentation other than theoretical knowledge as in short answer questions (SAQ). The mock assessments shall be made part of the syllabus as this will increase students’ preparedness and will also be helpful for examiners.

 

KEYWORDS

Exam, Anxiety, Assessment, Modalities, Dental students
Social Media Policies of Medical Colleges of Pakistan
Authors: Joiya Sakina Muhammad , Qutab Maheen
Published: January 2023

Introduction: A total of 144 medical colleges are contributing to the country’s progress. Excessive usage of social media is a cause of not only the deterioration of physical and psychological health of medical students, but has also become a defining reason of procrastination and attaining less than ideal grades. Where most western institutes implement strict social media policies in medical schools, those in Pakistan are gravely lacking.Objective: The objective of this research implementation of social media in medical schools of Pakistan and then identify the need to develop such policies.Methods: We conducted qualitative research in which method of data collection was primarily focus group discussions (FGD) of a total of 40 participants from five different medical colleges of Pakistan. The participants included medical practitioners and medical students(n=20) who were further divided into four groups of five participants each. FGD was conducted online.Results: Content analysis revealed seven core themes as point of discussions to be highlighted. Almost all participants were grossly unaware of the importance of social media usage regulation and its implementation in medical schools.Conclusion: At the end of the FGD it was unanimously agreed upon that there must be a uniform and standard social media policy defined by the regulating bodies of medical schools. This research may further be conducted by including policymakers in the sample.KEYWORDS: Social media, policy, medical colleges.
Medical students' perception of online assessment at a private medical college
Authors: Iftikhar Sundus , Mahmood Cheema Khalid
Published: January 2023

Introduction: During COVID-19 lockdown, Shalamar Medical College opted for an unproctored online formative assessment. Medical institutes have conducted online assessments before COVID-19 and literature presents contrasting views on its acceptability by teachers and students alike.

Objective: This study aims to determine medical students’ perception of the unproctored online assessments.

Methods: A survey questionnaire was disseminated through Google forms to all MBBS students of SMDC on WhatsApp. Consent to take part in the survey was added to the questionnaire and students consenting to be a part of the survey were requested to fill in the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of closed ended as well as open-ended questions. The data was analyzed by IBM SPSS 20.

Results: Network issues are believed to be a major issue in taking online tests (83%) and 45% of the students feel it is more difficult to take an online test. Fifty-eight percent of the students feel it is easy to cheat on online tests. A considerable number of students (P = 0.00) believe that MCQS are more reliable than SEQs.

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that students do not consider online tests as reliable and effective as classroom tests because of network issues, and unconducive environment at home, limited time, and academic dishonesty. However,if they are unavoidable, students would be more receptive to MCQs than SEQs.

KEYWORDS: Reliability, cheating, effectiveness, online assessment
The “Crisis and Concerns: A cross-sectional study on Junior Doctors during COVID-19 pandemic”.
Authors: Siddiqui Faezah , Malik Ali Awais , Malik Javaria
Published: January 2023

Introduction: Doctors committed to the care of patients are trying to fulfill their duty in a difficult situation, but the consequential impacts of COVID-19 outbreak on Junior Doctors mental health are far too complex.Objective: The objective of this study was to gain insight into Junior Doctors’levels of concerns during a global pandemic of COVID-19.Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study, utilizing a 23-item validated questionnaire was conducted on two hundred and fifty doctors of various disciplines and nationalities working on training and non-training posts.Results: The response rate was (77 %) and the levels of concern score among Junior doctors during COVID-19 pandemic in the NHS was found to be (41.35±4.9). With regard to gender differences, 32.5% of males and 27.5% females had a moderate concern score of 40 to 47. In regard to safety at work (85%) agreed that they are not safe,(100%) agreed that they are at risk to contract a COVID-19 infection at work and (100%) felt that they will transmit COVID-19 to their families but (95%) agreed that were obliged to take care of patients. In addition, (97.5%) doctors were not confident with the current infection control measures and (77.5%) felt frustrated with poor infection control training offered to them.Conclusion: Therefore, measures to strengthen personal protection and adequate support to Junior Doctors should be addressed urgently by the Healthcare system.KEYWORDS: COVID-19, Doctors, PPE, Concerns, Psychological impact.
Stres Akademik berhubungan dengan Kejadian Disminore Primer pada Remaja Putri
Authors: Fatimah Siti , Mintasih Sri , Ruswanti Ruswanti
Published: January 2023

Introduction: As many as 90% of teenage girls worldwide experience problems during menstruation, 50% of women experience primary dysmenorrhea and 10-20% of them suffer from symptoms that are quite severe.
Objectives: To determine the relationship between academic stress and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in young women at SMA N 1 Ciemas Sukabumi.
Method: The design of this study uses a descriptive correlation with a cross-sectional approach. The samples taken in this study were 55 respondents. The instruments used were the Adolescent Stress Scale (ESSA) and the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ).
Result: From the univariate test results, it was found that the distribution of young women experiencing dysmenorrhea (85.5%) and academic stress was in the high category (60.0%). And the results of the bivariate test showed that there was a relationship between academic stress and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in young women with a p-value of 0.016.
Conclusion: From the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the higher the academic stress, the higher the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea.
Hubungan Riwayat Makanan Pendamping ASI dan Perilaku Makan Orang Tua dengan Status Gizi Anak Picky Eater
Authors: Shintya Rasunah Mutiara
Published: January 2023

Introduction: Picky eater is a picky eating behavior in children. Picky eaters are a common problem with children's eating patterns. The factors that cause picky eaters are a history of complementary foods and parental eating behavior. A good child's diet will affect the nutritional status of children to be good.
Objective: To determine the relationship between the history of complementary feeding and the eating behavior of parents with the nutritional status of picky eater children
Methods: This research design uses correlation with a cross-sectional approach. A sample of 52 respondents was taken using purposive sampling. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using Chi-square.
Result: Statistical test using Chi-Square test with a significance level of a = 0.05 or 95%. The results of the research found that the value of p = 0.012 < a = 0.05 and p = 0.043 < a = 0.05.
Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the history of complementary feeding and parents’ eating behavior with the nutritional status of picky eater children.
Hubungan Kondisi Lingkungan, Kebiasaan Merokok Orang Tua dan Perilaku Cuci Tangan dengan Kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut pada Anak di RSUD Matraman
Authors: Gandaria Pebrina
Published: January 2023

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections in toddlers are caused by factors such as the condition of the home environment and toddler factors (nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, completeness of immunization, baby's age and low birth weight). Conditions in the home environment that can affect the air quality in the house can trigger the occurrence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), including environmental tobacco smoke or affect cigarette smoke in the house.
Objective: To determine the relationship between environmental conditions, parents' smoking habits and hand-washing behavior with the incidence of ARI in children at Matraman Hospital
Methods: The research design is analytic with a cross-sectional approach. In this study, the population was 58 children who experienced acute respiratory infections at the Matraman Hospital. The sampling technique used Accidental sampling. the research instrument used a questionnaire/questionnaire and was analyzed using the Chi-Square Test.
Results: Based on the results of the Chi-Square test, it was found that there was a relationship between environmental conditions and the incidence of ARI in children with a P-value = 0.017 and an OR value of 4.615. The relationship between parents' smoking habits at home and the incidence of ARI in children has a P-value = 0.001 and an OR value of 8.640. The relationship between handwashing behavior at home and the incidence of ARI in children has a P-value = 0.003 and OR 6.750.
Conclusion: The description of the results of the study was that in most of the incidents of mild ARI, environmental conditions were good, parents' smoking habits at home were good and hand-washing behavior at home was good. There is a relationship between environmental conditions, parents' smoking habits at home and hand-washing behavior at home with the incidence of ARI in children at Matraman Hospital. The most influential factor in the incidence of ARI in children at Matraman Hospital is parents' smoking habits at home
Managing the cyber-physical security for unmanned aerial vehicles used in perimeter surveillance
Authors: Al-Bkree Mahmod
Published: January 2023

This paper discusses the vulnerabilities of perimeter surveillance unmanned aerial vehicles to cyber-physical security threats and discusses some approaches to manage them, as most cyber threats to the UAVs coming through their onboard wireless transceiver, we are suggesting an Antennas propagation type that limit the vector of the threat, also the importance of vulnerabilities scanner to evaluate the system risks. And addressing the limited energy and computation power resources onboard, a computation efficient onboard encryption method is proposed, and a sign cutting machine vision algorithm to provide warning of suspicious activity detected on interrupted surveillance imagery. The focus of this analysis is to manage the vulnerabilities of the system during both its operation time and its standby time, this is done by performing a checklist of computerized tests periodically and comparing two or more results to discover any unexpected changes. We showed that the onboard resources can be utilized more efficiently securing itself and the system from possible intrusion, however, some heavy calculation tasks still need to be performed on the ground control station which is causing some latency problem to such time sensitive operation. We have demonstrated that image registration techniques have produced useful results when applied to analyze the differences between two scene images.
The University’s Autonomy, Academic Freedom, and the State: A Century of Tension and Mistrust
Authors: Paivandi Saeed
Published: January 2023

At the beginning of the 14th SH century, the Iranian university was a small, utilitarian, masculine, and state-dependent institution with less than one thousand students. At the end of the SH century, the university has grown to be an important institution in terms of size and geographical spread, with over 3.2 million students (48.5% of whom are women). Nevertheless, despite this remarkable quantitative growth, higher education in Iran has failed to achieve autonomy and academic freedom. This article investigates the reasons for this historical failure and the role of governments in violating university autonomy and academic freedom. The first section of the article highlights the significance and meaning of autonomy and academic freedom in the university’s and society’s scientific activities. Other sections examine the relationship between the university and the state, and the role of the institution from the turn of the SH century to the period following the Cultural Revolution and the Islamization of higher education.
Clergy and the Turn of the Century: From Clergy Against Power to Clergy in Power
Authors: Mottaghi Mohsen
Published: January 2023

This article examines the development of the clergy in the fourteenth SH century. The foundations of this institution date back to the time of the Safavids, who, upon ascending to power and establishing Shiism as the state religion, laid the groundwork for the establishment of this institution to legitimize the monarchy. After this period until the success of the Iranian revolution in 1979, this institution and its relationship to political power and social movements have seen enormous upheavals and transformations. To facilitate comprehension of these developments, we have split them into two stages. The first stage, spanning the first half of the fourteenth century, begins with the defeat of the constitutional movement and continues with the foundation of the Pahlavi regime. In this era, the clergy confronts the modern world and its values, forcing them to reconsider the relationship between religion and the modern world. For some, the wind of modernity, and for others, the storm of this event, prompted the clergy to consider sustaining its institution. The establishment of Ayatollah Haeri Yazdi in Qom and the establishment of the Qom seminary played a significant role in the stabilization of this institution in the 14th SH century. The first event was the attempt to transfer the center of clergy and marja’iyyat from Najaf to Qom, which began with the establishment of the Qom seminary. The second event was the death of Ayatollah Borujerdi in 1340 SH, which precipitated a crisis of marja’iyyat within the clerical institution and gradually paved the way for the ascension of Ayatollah Khomeini and the foundation of his power. The clergy was put to a new test with the success of the Iranian revolution and the installation of the theocracy, which marked the beginning of the second stage. In the second half of the 14th century, beginning in the 1360s SH, the institution of the clergy formed a government that controlled political authority and depended on political power to establish Sharia law. The article examines religious fundamentalism led by Misbah Yazdi, who favored the implementation of Sharia law, as well as Muslim reformers or neo-thinkers who wished to activate the republic and implement modern procedures within the government and the clergy. The article focuses on presenting the perspectives of two mujtahids from outside the government, Mehdi Haeri Yazdi and Seyyed Kamal Heydari, who support the participation of the people in government and their representation in the occultation era.
Investigating the “Oil Curse Theory”: Political Economy and Development in the Pahlavi Period and the Islamic Republic
Authors: Emdadi Nima
Published: January 2023

The oil curse theory emphasizes that the damages that oil has imposed on oil-owning nations are more than its benefits. This study engages the oil curse theory to examine historical planning and organization issues around oil in Iran in political perspective with a focus on the history of oil revenues in the country. The methods used to conduct this study include: objective hermeneutics, discourse analysis, meta-analysis, and narrative analysis. The simultaneous inflow of oil revenues into Iran coincided with the phenomenon of modern state-building by the Pahlavi government, which implemented dictatorial Western development practices without understanding their various dimensions or setting appropriate conditions for progress, growth, and efficiency. In the Islamic Republic, oil revenues were viewed in the form of distribution and charity, so that the speed of oil consumption and the distribution of rents were linked in their increases. The Plan Organization, as the developmental architect of the country, warned of the serious dangers of unregulated spending of oil revenues. This paper argues that, rather than being a simple gift or curse, in the absence of a democratic government, oil revenues are powerful tools that, if not contextually understood, may lead to social degredation and bankruptcy instead of development and progress.
Intermediary Intellectuals, Civil Society, Democratization, Women, and Labor Movements in Iran Over the Past Twenty Years
Authors: Miri Ashtiani Hadi
Published: January 2023

This article examines the role of civil society organizations in the formation of social movements over the last twenty years in Iran. Civil society can be considered as an area between social, economic, and cultural sub-systems in which the focus is on non-governmental organizations, labor unions, trade unions, and voluntary organizations, such as guilds. In this study, using the content analysis method and reviewing articles written on this topic in the last twenty years, several main themes and categories are identified as being central to understanding social movements in Iran. The essay particularly advances understanding of the role of civil society and its institutions such as unions and non-governmental organizations in Iranian social movements by linking the two concepts of the intermediary intellectual and civil society.
What Drives Iran’s Population Rejuvenation Policy?
Authors: Chamlou Nadereh
Published: January 2023

In spring/summer of 2022, amid backbreaking crises and sanctions, the Islamic Republic pushed a ‘population rejuvenation policy’ with a ‘double-urgent’ legislative priority through Parliament, the Guardian Council, and readied it for quick implementation, despite extensive public opposition to its debatable mechanisms. This article argues that the Islamic Republic is less concerned with the future graying of Iran’s population, and more worried about rebuilding its eroding political base. It has realized that its supporters have become outnumbered by secular-minded Iranians. Under the bland term of “population rejuvenation”, the regime is putting in place incentives that are more acceptable to its conservative and compliant followers and rejected by more progressive citizens. The mechanisms include inter alia such disputed institutions as child marriage, temporary unions, or legal polygamy, and are promoted through generous financial incentives. By contrast, family planning services are considerably reduced and are at high cost to poorer women. In this manner, the regime hopes to bring about a differential fertility rate between its dependents and its detractors, which will over time increase the share of the former over the latter group, and keep political representation in its favor. This ideological approach is not new. In fact, the methods of the Islamic Republic are akin to the “great replacement theory”– a term used by white supremacists, Christian nationalists, and rightwing Western groups to represent the view that their demographic share is dwindling relative to their more secular opponents. In the West, too, under euphemistic slogans such as “family values “or “saving the unborn,” these groups have pushed for decades pro-natalist policies that target women’s reproductive rights and limit access to contraception and abortion – essentially limiting women’s choices to plan their lives. Behind the crowning moment of the Dobbs case – the overturning of the right to abortion in Roe v Wade by the U.S. Supreme Court – lies the belief that reproductive rights have facilitated “white replacement”. And, by taking away these rights, white women will have more children and thus increase the white population’s share vis-à-vis non-whites, particularly since the latter has gained consistently more political power and representation.
Fecal Microbiota of Rhinoceros Unicornis as a Reservoir of Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Das Sangeeta
Published: January 2023

The presence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) bacteria in wildlife indicates the possible role of wild animals as efficient AMR reservoirs and dispersers of resistant bacteria to the human, livestock and natural environments. The presence of AMR bacteria not only has serious public health consequences, but also threatens native wildlife populations. In this study, we investigate the occurrence and antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal microbiota of Rhinoceros unicornis in Assam. Sixty two freshly voided dung samples of rhinoceros were collected from Kaziranga National Park of Assam in 2018. Fecal samples were tested for the presence of bacterial species and submitted to National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, National Research Centre on Equines, (NC-VTCC, NRCE) Hisar for identification. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) was determined using the disk diffusion method and antibiotic resistance patterns were assessed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. Overall, 24 isolates were identified that belonged to 19 different bacterial genera including Klebsiella spp., Achromobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Alishewanella spp., Wautersiella spp., Moraxella spp., Inquilinus spp., Weeksella spp., Oligella spp., Myroides spp., Paracoccus spp., Ochrobactrum spp., Psychrobacter spp., Pannonibacter spp., Shewanella spp., Sphingobacterium spp., Sphingomonas spp. (4% each), Escherichia coli (8%) and Acinetobacter spp. (21%). Of the 24 isolates found in rhinoceros fecal samples tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, 13 isolates showed resistant to three or more than three substance classes. Results indicate that overall, most of the bacterial species from R. unicornis were multi-drug-resistant, which may reflect not only several risk factors leading to the origin of AMR in wild animals but also wildlife as natural reservoir of resistant bacteria. Therefore, efforts must be initiated to monitor the occurrence of such AMR bacteria in wildlife and understand their potential effect on wildlife conservation and public health.