bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Can Increased Tax Improve a City’s Development
Authors: Leung Hon Sum
Published: March 2023

Taxation is a huge help in the development of city; however, the help is not always apparently visible. In this article, the benefits of taxation have brought to urban development will be analyzed in detail. The purpose of this paper is to reveal in what aspects can tax revenue help cities to better develop. To further address the topic, this article examines the benefits of higher taxes for urban development in three parts: The first part focuses on how higher taxes can reduce urban overcrowding and, by doing so, mitigate the social problems associated with urban overcrowding. The second part examines how raising government-owned or private transportation taxes can help reduce the cost of maintaining roads and provide valuable funding for basic infrastructure, which also helps reducing the crime rate of the city. The third part describes how higher environmental taxes have stimulated the generation of clean energy, reduced transportation costs and inputs for cleaning up urban pollution. The final part focuses on how tax revenue can provide the cities with capital to survive and recover from unpredictable economic and natural crisis. This paper demonstrates that tax revenue has been successfully improving cities’ development in the four aspects discussed above by reviewing previous studies on the subject, and presenting data related to the development of various cities.
Case Analysis of Supercell’s Marketing Strategy
Authors: Huang Pengxu , Zhang Guanrong
Published: March 2023

As the game industry provides increasingly high profit to each countries, majority of people are interesting in how this latest industry can develop in such a skyrocketing speed. To figure out the answer, it is necessary to apply marketing’s 4p theory to a typical game company. Supercell is chose as the case to analyze. At the same time, analyze the existing problems of the representative company and give legitimate suggestion toward those problems as well. As the results, the attraction of products, acceptability of price, accessibility of placement and agility of promotion have led to predominate position of game industry. But the lack of creativity, players’ socialization and in-game systems have been the main problems for some companies to lose profits consecutively.
Financial Risk Analysis of Internet M&A: Evidence from Alibaba's Acquisition of Ele.Me
Authors: Zhang Jian
Published: March 2023

The Internet economy has become an important force driving China's economic development. Through mergers and acquisitions, Internet companies have expanded their scale, reduced operating costs, and promoted the development of corporate diversification. Meanwhile, the disruptive development and innovation of Internet enterprises have added many risk factors to the road of Internet M&A. Therefore, it is necessary to take the Internet industry as the entry point to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the financial risk prevention. In this case, one can control in the process of M&A, and seek the path and method that can promote the success of M&A. This study puts forward a series of management and control suggestions. Primarily, one needs to cooperate with third-party professional institutions to reduce information asymmetry and select a valuation method suitable for the target company. In addition, it should expand the company's financing channels and choose a reasonable capital structure. Last but not least, reasonable arrangement of payment time, flexible use of multiple payment methods ought to be presented. These studies provide enlightenment for the further exploration of Internet M&A.
Research On Performance Continuity of Mixed Funds Based on FF Five Factor Model
Authors: Yue Gao
Published: March 2023

In the Chinese market, many retail investors believe in the law of "the strong will always be strong and the weak will always be weak" when making fund investment for speculative purposes, and select stocks mainly based on the fund's previous performance data. Therefore, through the comparison of monthly returns, quarterly returns and annual returns of the fund, it is found that the performance continuity is more obvious at the monthly level. At the quarterly level, the fund as a whole appears reversal effect, momentum effect disappeared. In the semi-annual level, it is found that there are several reversals, the fund performance changes irregularly, only in a few groups there is a certain continuity, from the overall view of the fund performance there is no continuity. From the perspective of factors, the fund is greatly affected by CMA, while the explanatory ability of other factors gradually weakens with the extension of investment time, and the five factors only show significant explanatory ability in the short term.
FINTECH STARTUPS IN INDIA & A COMPETITIVE MARKET STUDY
Authors: Mishra Khushi
Published: March 2023

The increased dependency on technology of every service has led to various significant socio-economic alters. Accessibility of financial assistance and services have become convenient and easier. Financial Technology (Fin-tech) aims to deliver uninterrupted and personalized assistance competing with traditional means of monetary services. These digital innovations are responsible for new business models, creation of employment, reduction in transaction costs and many more. The research paper discusses coherent mechanisms and schemes implemented along with the growth of fintech giants in the Indian market. Acquisition of newer potential prospects with introduction of newer financial models governed by a set of rules has been a major goal. However, advancement in technology has created newer challenges. Stability and integrity, Privacy of data, efficiency, competition, accordance with financial authorities and a lot of other factors are still the area of concern. The research also puts light upon working of various types of Fintech and includes detailed analysis of some popular firms that exist in the market. Keywords Fintech, Startups, India, Social impact
Soil conditions and vegetation cover of the «Oruku-Shynaa» cluster of the «Ubsunurskaya Hollow» reserve (southern part of the Republic of Tyva)
Authors: Kurbatskaya Svetlana Surunovna , Samdan Andrey Mikhailovich , Oorzhak Chochagai Oskal-oolovna
Published: March 2023

The paper presents the results of the study of soils and vegetation cover of the Oruku-Shynaa cluster, a natural feature of the Ubsunur Hollow Biosphere Reserve, which is a possible acquisition of the UNESCO heritage. The Ubsunur Hollow, the northernmost of the inland basins of Northwestern Mongolia, is the destination of Inner Asia, where nature preserves an exceptional parade of landscapes of unusual diversity, which predetermines the creation of biosphere reserves in Russia and Mongolia by a cluster approach. Nine clusters have been created on the territory of the Republic of Tuva (Russia). One of them is Oruku-Shynaa. The purpose of creating the Oruku-Shynaa cluster is to study natural complexes and objects, preserve biodiversity, and carry out long-term environmental monitoring of the reference territories of the Ubsunur Hollow. The background soils are brown desert-steppe soils, which have local hydromorphic manifestations of meadow, saline, and solonetsous soils. The study of the temperature of soils in the middle of summer showed that the most mobile dynamics of soil temperature is observed at a depth of 5 cm from the surface. The reaction of meadow-peaty soil is neutral, in solonchak soils it is strongly alkaline, the humus content in solonchak soil is negligible (0,42%), and in meadow-peaty-humus soil it is quite high (9,24%). There is quite a lot of magnesium in saline soils (up to 29 mmol/100 g of soil), and nitrogen (1,10%) in meadow-peat-humus soil. There is a lack of phosphorus in all soils. The cluster is characterized by a high complexity of vegetation cover, expressed in a combination of phytocoenoses of real (glycophytic), saline (halophytic) meadows, steppes, reed beds and woody shrub vegetation. The soil and vegetation cover of the Oruku-Shynaa cluster of the Ubsunur Hollow Nature Reserve generally reflects the regional specifics of the natural situation of floodplain-channel complexes of arid Central Asian territories. The largest areas are open spaces occupied by halophytic vegetation under brown meadow-desert-steppe soils on lake-alluvial deposits. The introduction of the protected regime caused a restructuring in the structure of phytocoenoses, where signs of waterlogging are observed, peat accumulation in the upper horizon of the soil profile, an increase in dead mass (mortmass) in plant communities; an active salinization process is underway in the soil cover.
Price Incentives and Supply Response in Cocoa -A Case of Border Regions of Ghana
Authors: Jebuni-Dotsey Salamatu
Published: March 2023

Smuggling of cocoa between Ghana and its neighbouring producing countries such as Cote d’Ivoire and Togo is a frequent occurrence often to the advantage of the country posting higher producer price. Ghana is a net loser with regards to the smuggling of cocoa given relatively lower real producer price compared to its counterparts in production. Additionally, the close geographical location of key producing regions to the border lends support to such activities. This study investigates the supply response of cocoa in producing region such as Western North, Western South and Brong-Ahafo with proximity to Cote d’Ivoire and Volta which shares borders with Togo using data from 1981 to 2017. The study further estimates the volume of cocoa crop lost from these regions to the country’s neighbours from 2000 to 2017. In the findings, relative price differences significantly impact the volumes of reported crop for the country with 1% higher price abroad driving down production volumes in Western North, South and Brong-Ahafo by 0.53%, 0.48%, and 0.11% respectively. In 2013/14 crop year the country lost averagely 25,494 MT and 21,883 MT due to smuggling out of Western North and South, moderating to 1,559 and 1,358 in 2016/17. The Volta region consistently records outflow in each crop year except for 1999/2000, with peak losses in 2010/11 of 2,160 MT moderating to 1,197 in 2016/17. Net gains into the country from cocoa smuggling spanning from 1999/2000 to 2016/17 is averagely 23,534 MT and 15,336MT into Western North and South. However cocoa smuggling for both Ghana and its neighbours is on the descent in recent years as price disparities reduce. Intensifying the collaboration between Ghana and its close counterparts to minimize real crop price differences will effectively curtail the menace and the negative fallout of this to each country.
THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FORMATION OF CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP / ԽԱՐԻԶՄԱՏԻԿ ԼԻԴԵՐՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԿԱՅԱՑՄԱՆ ԱՐԺԵՔԱՅԻՆ ԲԱԶՄԱՉԱՓՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ
Authors: MARGARYAN MARIAM
Published: March 2023

Against the backdrop of contemporary turbulence and ambiguities,
the multi-dimensional aspect of the values of charismatic leadership
has been studied as a socioculutural and ethnocultural phenomenon. It
has been claimed that the latest information and communication
technologies have had a substantial impact on that phenomenon. The
advancement of those technologies has made it possible to change the
political and psychological atmosphere of a country via the
readujustment of the image of the politician. Thus, the improvement of
political technologies has led to the qualitatively new and specially
constructed “false charisma” that we deal with now. Our starting point
is that the establishment of the multi-dimensional values of charismatic
leadership functions like a game. Having said that, the multidimensional values of the formation of charismatic leadership have
been analyzed emphasizing the anthropological and civilizational
approaches within the realm of comparative politics. According to the
author, this approach will create an opportunity to generalize
interdisciplinary findings constructing a holistic image of the
sociopolitical transformation of the subject matter.
ԻՍԼԱՄԸ ՄԵՐՁԱՎՈՐ ԱՐԵՎԵԼՔԻ ՔԱՂԱՔԱԿԱՆ ԱՊԱԳԱՅԻ ԶԱՐԳԱՑՄԱՆ ԳՈՐԾԸՆԹԱՑՈՒՄ / THE PLACE AND ROLE OF ISLAM IN THE CONTEXT OF FOREIGN POLICY TRANSFORMATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
Authors: POGHOSYAN GARIK
Published: March 2023

Islam, both as a faith and as a civilization, continues to play an increasingly important role in international relations, especially in the context of the formation of a new world order in the Middle East. Taking into account the complex geopolitical environment created for Armenia after the 2020 war, we attach importance to the constant revision and study of political and civilizational dimensions in political, socio-cultural, anthropological domains in order to establish the place and role of the Islamic civilization and political Islam within the framework of contemporary Armenian political thought.
ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ СТУДЕНТА В СИСТЕМЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ / ՈՒՍԱՆՈՂԻ ՄԱՍՆԱԳԻՏԱԿԱՆ ՆՈՒՅՆԱԿԱՆԱՑՄԱՆ ՁԵՎԱՎՈՐՈՒՄԸ ԲԱՐՁՐԱԳՈՒՅՆ ԿՐԹՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԱՄԱԿԱՐԳՈՒՄ. ՀՈԳԵԲԱՆԱԿԱՆ ՏԵՍԱՆԿՅՈՒՆ
Authors: AVANESYAN HRANT , MURADYAN ELENA , MANUKYAN MARIAM
Published: March 2023

The article analyzes two problems: the formation of a student's
professional identity and the humanization of higher education. The
relationship between them is shown. The most significant aspects of the
educational process from the point of view of ensuring its quality are
identified and considered in a psychological way. The process of
humanization of higher education through the formation of a "civilized
ecological mentality" in a student is presented. Its influence on the formation
of such a “professional mentality”, which ensures the development of the
“proper” professional identity of the student, is noted. It is proposed to
consider the student's professional identity as a "marker" which allows to
identify the success (or failure) of the humanization of the educational process.
A Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Framework for UAV Path Planning in Tactical Environments
Authors: ALPDEMİR Mahmut Nedim
Published: March 2023

Tactical UAV path planning under radar threat using reinforcement learning involves particular challenges ranging from modeling related difficulties to sparse feedback problem. Learning goal-directed behavior with sparse feedback from complex environments is a fundamental challenge for reinforcement learning algorithms. In this paper we extend our previous work in this area to provide a solution to the problem setting stated above, using Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (HRL) in a novel way that involves a meta controller for higher level goal assignment and a controller that determines the lower-level actions of the agent. Our meta controller is based on a regression model trained using a state transition scheme that defines the evolution of goal designation, whereas our lower-level controller is based on a Deep Q Network (DQN) and is trained via reinforcement learning iterations. This two-layer framework ensures that an optimal plan for a complex path, organized as multiple goals, is achieved gradually, through piecewise assignment of sub-goals, and thus as a result of a staged, efficient and rigorous procedure.
Assessing Crime Prevention through Government Programs
Authors: Cruda Kirstie Amor V. , Dellomes Novejoy C. , Matao John Alexander , Cubillo Joseph Bruce
Published: March 2023

The government plays a crucial role in crime prevention. This can be carried out through various programs that mitigate the occurrence of crime. The study was conducted to assess crime prevention through Government Programs. The study is quantitative by design. The researchers devised a researcher made questionnaire using the following measures of crime prevention (different sports practices, different organizational setting, and different welfare regimes). The results show that the overall level of crime prevention garnered a very high descriptive level (x=4.39). Furthermore, recommendations were made based on the results.
Keeping up with CFIUS: A Practitioner’s Report on National Security Trends in the United States
Authors: Jalinous Farhad , Sensenig Timothy
Published: March 2023

Keeping up with CFIUS: A Practitioner’s Report on National Security Trends in the United States

Since the enactment of the Foreign Investment Risk Review and Modernization Act of 2018, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (or CFIUS or the Committee), has enjoyed some of its broadest authority since its establishment almost fifty years ago. Tasked with screening cross-border transactions that ‘threaten to impair the national security of the United States’, the Committee has discretion to define ‘national security’, and historically the definition has evolved with, among other elements, the geopolitical tenor of the day. Most recently, the Committee’s focus has been mostly on foreign investment in U.S. businesses involved with sensitive personal data, critical technologies or critical infrastructure.
Hoe zal het perspectiefbesluit volwassen worden?
Authors: van der Leij D. , Goei S.I.L.V.
Published: March 2023

Hoe zal het perspectiefbesluit volwassen worden?

In deze bijdrage onderzoeken de auteurs de huidige stand van zaken rond het perspectiefbesluit. Zij verkennen daartoe jurisprudentie en benoemen een mogelijke vorm waarin het perspectiefbesluit een plek kan krijgen in de wet.
A Case of Triple-Infection with SARS-CoV-2, Chikungunya, and Dengue Fever in a Returning Traveler
Authors: Arif Sally , Murray Milena , Harting Brian , Siddiqui Sarah
Published: March 2023

Chikungunya (CHIKV) and dengue (DENV) fever are caused by arboviruses with a shared vector and often overlap in tropical endemic areas. COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has a similar presentation to CHIKV and DENV. The case of a 39-year-old woman with a triple viral infection (DENV, CHIKV, and SARS-CoV-2) is presented. Co-infection with endemic viruses post-travel is likely underreported due to overlapping clinical presentations and timelines. Awareness of illness in returning travelers and prompt co-infection diagnosis are needed to optimize patient outcomes.
Biological activity and toxicity of extracts from Artemisia sieversiana Willd
Authors: Altantuul Amarbayasgalan , Dorjbat Janchivmaa , Amarjargal Baatarkhuu , Nasantogtokh Bazarvaani , Sarantsetseg Purevsuren , Suvdmaa Tuvaanjav
Published: March 2023

In our study, we determined the biochemical and biological activity and toxicity of Artemisia sieversiana Willd., which grows in Mongolia. The amount of moisture, acidity, protein, oil, total and crude carbohydrates, vitamins and secondary metabolites in the dry weight of the plant was determined. A group of extracts was taken out and the chemical compounds of each group were identified by thin layer chromatography, and antioxidant activity was determined, IC50 value was calculated. IC50 values were calculated for hexane extract >200 μg/ml, chloroform extract 62.2 μg/ml, ethyl-acetate extract 54.8 μg/ml, n-butanol extract 55.9 μg/ml, aqueous extract 84.34 μg/ml. Ethylacetate, chloroform and hexane extracts showed growth inhibition zones for S.aureus ATCC2592 and B. subtilis ATCC6633. Each group of extracts was prepared at four different concentrations and the toxicity to Artemia salina crab larvae was determined and the LC50 value was calculated by Clarkson's toxicity index.
Cеверсийн шарилж (Аrtemisia sieversiana Willd.)-ийн хандны биологийн идэвх, хорон чанарын судалгаа
Хураангуй: Бид судалгаандаа Монгол оронд ургадаг Северсийн шарилж (Artemisia sieversiana Willd.)-ийн биохими болон биологийн идэвх, хорон чанарыг тодорхойлов. Үүнд ургамлын хуурай жинд чийг, хүчиллэг, уураг, тос, нийт болон ангижирсан нүүрс ус, витамин, хоёрдогч метаболитуудийн хэмжээг тодорхойлов. Бүлэг хандуудыг гарган авч нимгэн үеийн хроматографийн аргаар бүлэг ханд тус бүрийн химийн нэгдлүүдийг таньж, антиоксидант идэвхийг тодорхойлон IC50 утгыг тооцоход гексан ханд >200 мкг/мл, хлороформын ханд 62.8 мкг/мл, этил-ацетатын ханд 54.8 мкг/мл, н-бутанолын ханд 55.9 мкг/мл, усан ханд 84.34 мкг/мл. Этил-ацетат, хлороформ, гексан ханд S.aureus ATCC2592, B.subtilis ATCC6633 бактерийн өсөлтийг дарангуйлах ариун бүс үүсгэв. Бүлэг ханд тус бүрийг дөрвөн өөр концентрацтайгаар бэлтгэж хорон чанарыг Artemia salina хавчийн авгалдайд тодорхойлон, LC50 утгыг тооцож Кларксоны хорон чанарын индексээр үнэлэхэд этилацетатын ханд 414.43 мкг/мл буюу дунд зэргийн хортой бусад ханд хоргүй байв.
Түлхүүр үг: Brine shrimp, царван, S.aureus, ургамлын хоёрдогч метаболит, шарилж
study of adsorption activity of chromium ion (Cr(VI)) in chitosan based new materials
Authors: Enkhtuya Majigsuren , Nasanjargal Shirendev , Ulziidelger Byambasuren , Ganchimeg Yunden
Published: March 2023

In this research work, a new type of absorbent material was obtained using kaolin which is produced by clay of the "Tsogt-Ovoo" deposit in Umnogovi province. The kaolin was produced by removing its mechanical impurities from clay and treating it to acid and heat treatment. When producing a chitosan based new absorbent bead, pure chitosan and mixtures of chitosan and kaolin (8:1, 8:2 and 8:3) with certain ratios were subjected to chemical processing. It was determined that the absorption capacity of chromium ion (Cr(VI)) was the highest when chitosan and kaolin mass ratio was 8:2. The adsorption activity of Cr(VI)in chitosan-based adsorbent was studied depending on the pH of the solution, time, temperature, initial concentration of chromium ion solution and mass of adsorbent material. The degree of absorption was the highest (80.25%) when initial concentration of thechromium ion solution is 50 mg/l, temperature is 250C, contact time is 3h and the mass of the adsorbent material is 0.1 g. It shows that this chitosan based adsorbent bead can be used for the separation of chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solutions.

Читосан суурьтай шинэ материалын +6 валенттай хром шингээх идэвхийн судалгаа

Хураангуй: Тус судалгааны ажлын хүрээнд Өмнөговь аймгийн нутагт орших “Цогт-Овоо” ордын шаврын дээжийг механик хольцоос салган, хүчлийн ба дулааны боловсруулалтад оруулж бэлтгэсэн каолиныг ашиглан шинэ төрлийн шингээгч материал гарган авав. Читосан суурьтай, үрэл хэлбэрийн шинэ төрлийн шингээгч материалыг гарган авахдаа цэвэр читосан болон тодорхой харьцаа бүхий читосан ба каолины (8:1, 8:2 ба 8:3) хольцыг химийн боловсруулалтад оруулж гарган авсан. Туршилтаар 8:2 массын харьцаа бүхий читосан ба каолинын хольцыг ашиглан гарган авсан үрэл хэлбэрийн шингээгч материалын +6 валенттай хром (Cr(VI)) шингээх шингээлтийн багтаамж хамгийн өндөр болохыг тогтоов. Читосан суурьтай шинэ төрлийн шингээгч материалын усан уусмалаас Cr(VI) шингээх идэвхийг уусмалын рН, хугацаа, температур, хромын уусмалын анхны концентраци ба шингээгч материалын массаас хамааруулан судалж үзэхэд уусмалын орчин pH 3, шингээлтийн хугацаа 3 цаг, шингээлтийн температур T= 25℃, хромын уусмалын анхны концентраци 50 мг/л, шингээгч материалын масс 0.1 г байх нөхцөлд шингээлтийн зэрэг хамгийн өндөр буюу 80.25% байна. Энэхүү шинэ материалыг усан уусмалаас хромыг (Cr(VI)) ялгахад ашиглах боломжтой гэж үзэж байна.

Түлхүүр үг: адбсорбент, металлын ион, усан орчин, шингээлтийн багтаамж
Results of rubric-based evaluation of 5e lesson planning
Authors: Batchimeg Bat-Unench , Nyamgerel Choijilsuren
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the lesson planning of chemistry teachers of secondary school using rubrics. The rubric for evaluating the lesson planning of the 5E learning model has been developed with 15 criteria, each criterion has 4 levels of performance, and a total of 112 descriptors. 20 chemistry lesson plans of 15 secondary school teachers were evaluated separately by 3 raters using a rubric. Inter-rater reliability was analyzed by intraclass correlation and analysis was performed in SPSS22 software. The results of the analysis showed that the inter-rater reliability was acceptable for most of the criteria of the rubric. Therefore, it is concluded that lesson planning of the 5E learning model can be evaluated using this rubric. The 5E learning model has 5 stages: engage, explore, explain, elaborate, and evaluate. According to the rubric's evaluate, elaborate, and explain stage criteria results, secondary school teachers lack the ability to plan these stages. However, the research revealed that they are able to plan the stages of engage and explore.

5Е загварын хичээлийн төлөвлөлтийг рубрикаар үнэлсэн үр дүн

Хураангуй: Энэхүү судалгааны ажил нь ЕБС-ийн химийн багш нарын хичээл төлөвлөлтийг рубрик ашиглан үнэлэх зорилготой. 5Е сургалтын загварын хичээлийн төлөвлөлтийг үнэлэх рубрик нь 15 шалгуур үзүүлэлттэй, шалгуур бүр гүйцэтгэлийн 4 түвшинтэй, нийт 112 тодорхойлогчтойгоор боловсруулсан. ЕБС-ийн 15 багшийн химийн хичээлийн 20 төлөвлөлтийг рубрик ашиглан 3 үнэлэгч бие биеэсээ хамааралгүйгээр үнэлсэн. Үнэлэгч хоорондын үнэлгээний найдвартай байдлыг интракласс корреляциар шинжилсэн ба анализыг SPSS22 программ дээр гүйцэтгэсэн. Анализын үр дүнгээс харахад рубрикийн ихэнх шалгуурын хувьд үнэлэгч хоорондын найдварт байдал зөвшөөрөгдөх түвшинд байна. Иймээс 5E сургалтын загварын хичээлийн төлөвлөлтийг энэхүү рубрикийг ашиглан үнэлэх боломжтой гэж дүгнэсэн. 5Е сургалтын загвар нь оролцох, шинжлэн судлах, тайлбарлах, нарийвчлах, үнэлэх гэсэн 5 үе шаттай бөгөөд рубрикийн үнэлэх, нарийвчлах, тайлбарлах шатны шалгуурын үр дүнгээс харахад багш нарын хувьд уг шатуудыг төлөвлөх чадвар дутмаг байна. Харин оролцох, шинжлэн судлах шатуудыг төлөвлөж чадаж байгаа нь судалгаагаар илэрсэн.

Түлхүүр үг: 5Е сургалтын загвар, үнэлэгч ,рубрик.
Editorial
Authors: Tuvshintogtokh Indree
Published: March 2023

No abstract in English

Өмнөх үг
Geographic differences of common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) upper lemma length on modern samples and archeological excavations in Mongolia
Authors: Narantsetseg Amartuvshin , Baast Battsetseg , Buyantogtokh Bolor
Published: March 2023

In modern samples, common millet’ upper lemma length was 2.99 mm, 2.9 mm and 2.76-2.81 mm in Bulgan sum (Ӧmnӧgovi administrative province), Bayantsogt sum (Tӧv province) and other sites. Geographically, upper lemma length in Bulgan and Bayantsogt sums was same with common millet’ upper lemma lengths in China and Middle Asia while its length in Shaamar, Zuunkharaa (Selenge province) and Jargalant (Tӧv province) sums with in Russia. In archeological excavations, common millet’ upper lemma length has shorter in Noyon Uul (Tӧv province) than in Ikh tamir and Gol mod sites (Arkhangai province). The upper lemma lengths are not different between in Xiongnu burials and modern samples but it was longer in Great Mongolian burial. The results suggest that common millet’ upper lemma length had been different geographically during Xiongnu dynasty and this difference has been kept to nowadays. Also, the upper lemma lengths were shorter in Altanbulag (Tӧv province), Galt (Khuvsgul province), Khutag-Undur (Bulgan province) sums, Salkhit tomb site (Darkhan-Uul province) and Noyon Uul than other sites. It means that common millet was cultivated in the basin Orkhon-Selenge rivers during Xiongnu dynasty.

Монгол нутагт археологийн малтлагаар олдсон болон орчин үеийн Тарианы харбудаа (Panicum miliaceum L.)-ны цэцгийн доод хайрсны уртын газарзүйн ялгаа

Хураангуй: Өмнөговь аймгийн Булган сумын нутгаас түүсэн тарианы харбудааны цэцгийн доод хайрсны урт 2.99 мм, Төв аймгийн Баянцогт сумын тариалангийн талбай орчмоос цуглуулсан дээжид 2.9 мм, бусад газруудынх 2.76-2.81 мм байна. Газарзүйн хувьд, Өмнөговь аймгийн Булган, Төв аймгийн Баянцогт сумын нутагт дахь энэ ургамлын цэцгийн доод хайрсны урт нь Хятад, Дундад азийнхтай; Сэлэнгэ аймгийн Шаамар, Зүүнхараа, Төв аймгийн Жаргалант сумынх ОХУ-ынхтай илүү ойролцоо юм. Ноён уулнаас олдсон хайрс нь Архангай аймгийн Их тамир, Гол модны малтлагаар олдсон хайрснаас богино юм. Хүннүгийн үеийн малтлагаар олдсон цэцгийн доод хайрсны урт нь орчин үеийнхтэй адил, харин их монголын үеийнх бусад дээжнийхээс эрс урт байна. Малтлага судалгаагаар олдсон тарианы харбудааны цэцгийн доод хайрсны урт газарзүйн хувьд тодорхой ялгаатай байсан бөгөөд энэ ялгаа нь өнөөг хүртэл хадгалагдан ирсэн болохыг судалгааны дүн илтгэж байна. Төв аймгийн Алтанбулаг, Хөвсгөл аймгийн Галт, Булган аймгийн Хутаг-Өндөр, Дархан уул аймгийн Салхит хэмээх газар, Ноён уулын хүннүгийн булшнаас олдсон цэцгийн доод хайрс судалгаанд хамрагдсан бусад газрынхаас богино буюу хэмжээний хувьд ОХУ-ынхтай илүү ойролцоо байгаа нь хүннүчүүд тарианы харбудааг Орхон-Сэлэнгийн сав газраар тариалж хүнсэндээ хэрэглэдэг байсныг илтгэнэ.

Түлхүүр үгс: Тарианы харбудаа, Хүннү, цэцгийн доод хайрсны урт.
Vegetation of Tsenkher soum, Arkhangai province
Authors: Tuvshintogtokh Indree , Manidari Damdindorj , Munkhzul Oyunbileg , Nyambayar Nyamjantsan , Bilguun Tserendavaa
Published: March 2023

Tsenkher soum of Arkhangai aimag has a total area of 322.3 thousand hectares, of which about 60 percent is pasture. Pastureland degradation is intensifying in the soum due to overpopulation, overgrazing and mining. In the summer of 2021, we made 62 vegetation records. Based on this, the dominant plant criteria were classified. According to our study, 17 plant communities belonging to 4 types and 9 subtypes were distinguished in the soum. Based on this vegetation classification, a 1:200,000 scale vegetation map was made. We found that 3.66% (11746.7 ha) of the total area of the soum is high mountain, 26.62% (91818.2 ha) is forest, 47.58% (142699 ha) is steppe, and 20.14% (64649 ha) is meadow.

Архангай аймгийн Цэнхэр сумын ургамалжил

Хураангуй. Бид 2020 онд явуулсан хээрийн судалгаагаар Монгол Дагуурын уулын ойт хээрийн ургамал-газарзүйн тойрогт Мейерийн өлөн (Carex meyeriana Kunth), Ямаан бургас（Salix caprea L.), Гордеевын бургас (Salix gordejevii Y.L.Chang & Skvortsov), Тахир банга (Crepis lyrata (L.) Froel.), Наймалдай зохимон (Senecio nemorensis L.) гэсэн 5 зүйл ургамлыг шинээр бүртгэв. Архангай аймгийн Цэнхэр сум нь нийт 322.3 мянган га нутаг дэвсгэртэй бөгөөд үүний 60 орчим хувийг бэлчээр бүрдүүлдэг. Монголын үндэсний статистикийн төв хорооны 1970-2020 оны мэдээллээр тус сум нь мал тооллого эхэлсэн 1970 онд 76570, мал хувьд шилжсэн 1990 онд 74570, 2010 онд 107680, 2020 онд 336108 толгой мал тус тус тоолуулж, малын тоо толгой тасралтгүй өссөөр ирсэн. Бэлчээрийн судалгааны суурь нь ургамалжлын судалгаа байдаг тул бид Цэнхэр сумын ургамалжлын судалгаа явуулж, түүний төлөв байдлыг үнэлэх шаардлага байсан. Бид 2021 оны зун ургамалжлын хээрийн судалгаа явуулж, нийт 62 геоботаникийн бичиглэл үйлдэж, 300 орчим ургамлын дээж цуглуулсан. Цуглуулсан материалд боловсруулалт хийж, бүлгэмдлийн зонхилогч ургамал, зүйлийн нийт бүрэлдэхүүн, мезорельефыг шалгуур болгон тус сумын нутагт 4 хэвшинж, 9 дэд хэвшинжид хамаарах 17 бүлэг эвшлийг ялгаж ангиллаа. Энэхүү ангилааг үндэслэн 1:200000 хэмжээст ургамалжлын зургийг зохиов. Тус сумын нийт нутаг дэвгэрийн 3.66% (11746.7 га)-ийг өндөр уулын хэвшинж, 26.62% (91818.2 га)-ийг ойн хэвшинж, 47.58% (142699 га)-ийг хээрийн хэвшинж, 20.14% (64649 га)-ийг нуга, намгийн хэвшинж тус тус бүрдүүлж байна.

Түлхүүр үгс: Цэнхэр сум, ургамалжил, ургамалжлын зураг
Pastureland State and Carrying Capacity in Tsenkher Soum, Arkhangai Province
Authors: Munkhzul Oyunbileg , Tuvshintogtokh Indree , Manidari Damdindorj , Dalaikhuu Usukhjargal , Nyambayar Nyamjantsan , Bilguun Tserendavaa
Published: March 2023

Pasture ecosystems make up more than 70 percent of Mongolia's land area and about 120 million sheep unit livestock graze here. Due to rapid livestock growth, loss of livestock structure, and overgrazing, half of the total pastureland has deteriorated, with 16% losing some ecosystem services and 12% losing basic ecosystem services.

Tsenkher soum of Arkhangai aimag has a total area of 322.3 thousand hectares, of which 46.2% is agricultural lands. In the summer of 2021, a total of 62 plots were surveyed to assess the condition and carrying capacity of pasture in the soum. We found that the number of livestock in the soum exceeded 2.46 times and the carrying capacity of 1 hectare of pasture exceeded 2-3.5 times. In addition, 75.1% of the summer-autumn pastures and the entire winter[1]spring pastures were overloaded when the seasonal pasture carrying capacity was calculated at the soum level.

Архангай аймгийн Цэнхэр сумын бэлчээрийн төлөв байдал, даац

Хураангуй: Монгол орны нийт газар нутгийн 70 гаруй хувийг бүрдүүлдэг бэлчээрийн экосистемд 120 орчим сая хонин толгой мал бэлчээрлэж байна. Малын тоо толгойн хэт өсөлт, мал сүргийн бүтэц алдагдах, бэлчээрийн даац хэтрэх зэрэг шалтгааны улмаас нийт бэлчээрийн тэн хагас нь ямар нэгэн хэмжээгээр доройтолд өртөж, 16% нь экосистемийн зарим үйлчилгээгээ, 12% нь экосистемийн үндсэн үйлчилгээгээ алдаад байна. Архангай аймгийн Цэнхэр сумын нийт нутаг дэвсгэрийн 46.2%-ийг бүрдүүлдэг бэлчээрт 823629 хонин толгой мал бэлчээрлэдэг. Иймд бид 2021 оны зун тус сумын бэлчээрийн төлөв байдал, даацыг үнэлэх судалгааг хийж гүйцэтгэлээ. Судалгаагаар нийт 62 цэгт геоботаникийн дэлгэрэнгүй бичиглэл хийж, ургамлын биомассын дээж цуглууллаа. Энэхүү судалгаагаар бид тус сумын бэлчээрийн 71.5% нь ямар нэгэн хэмжээгээр доройтсон болохыг илрүүлээ. Мөн сумын малын тоо толгой байвал зохих хэмжээнээс 2.5 дахин, 1 га бэлчээрийн даац 2-3.5 дахин, сумын зун-намрын бэлчээрийн 75.1%, өвөл-хаврын бэлчээр бүхэлдээ даац хэтэрсэн байгааг тус тус тогтоолоо.

Түлхүүр үгс: Цэнхэр сум, бэлчээрийн төлөв байдал, бэлчээрийн даац
Natural regeneration and plant community change of the subtaiga larch forest affected by fire in Eastern Khentei of Mongolia
Authors: Munkhuu Undraa , Chimidnyam Dorjsuren
Published: March 2023

The research results on the main characteristics of subtaiga larch forest, the regeneration of young trees, and of plant cover change 40 years after the fire in Eastern Khentii are included. Mesophyte herbs subtaiga larch forests were replaced by grass-herbs community with larch-birch stands 40 years after the fire. Due to the combined effects of fires and pests, the succession and regeneration of mesophyte herbs subtaiga larch forests tends to delay.

Түймэрт нэрвэгдсэн Зүүн Хэнтийн тайгархаг шинэсэн ойн ургамлан бүлгэмдлийн өөрчлөгдөл, ойн байгалийн сэргэн ургалт

Хураангуй: Зүүн Хэнтийн тайгархаг шинэсэн ойн түймрийн дараах таксацийн үндсэн үзүүлэлт, өсвөр моддын сэргэн ургалт, ургамал бүрхэвчийн хөдлөлзүйн 40 жилийн дараах судалгааны үр дүнг оруулав. Чийгсүү алаг өвст тайгархаг шинэсэн ой нь түймрээс хойш 40 жилийн дараа үетэн- алаг өвст бүлгэмдэл бүхий шинэс-хусан ой үүсэн бүрэлдэж шинэс модны байгалийн сэргэн ургалт хангалтгүй байна. Түймэр, хөнөөлт шавжийн хамтын нөлөөлөлд өртсөний улмаас чийгсүү алаг өвст тайгархаг шинэсэн ойн ургамал бүлгэмдлийн сукцесс, сэргэн ургалтын явц удаашрах хандлагатай байна.

Түлхүүр үгс: тайгархаг ой, ургамал бүлгэмдлийн өөрчлөлт, ойн сэргэн ургалт, шинэс, хус
Allometric equations for the above-ground biomass of Gmelin larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.), Chekanovsky larch (Larix czekanowskii Szaf) in the Ereen Forest-Vegetation Province of Mongolia
Authors: Altanzagas Baatar , Altansukh Batbaatar , Ariunbaatar Tumurbaatar , Dorjsuren Chimidnyam
Published: March 2023

The sample trees of Gmelin larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) and Chekanovsky larch (Larix czekanowskii Szaf ) were destructively sampled for stem volume and above ground biomass study in the Ereen Mountain Forest-Vegetation Province of Mongolia. Allometric equations for the estimation of the single-tree stem volume and aboveground biomass (AGB) of Larix czekanowskii and Larix gmelinii using the independent variables as tree height (H), stem diameter at breast height (D) and D2H. The best-fit equation for stem volume modeling was lnŶ=-7.829+0.748ln(D²×H) for Larix gmelinii and lnŶ=-11.416+0.903lnD+2.9×lnH for Larix czekanowskii. The best performing single-tree biomass model was found for the allomеtric equations lnŶ=lna+b×lnD+c×lnH for total AGB, stem, branch, foliage biomass of Larix czekanowskii and total AGB and stem biomass of Larix gmelinii, lnŶ = lna + b×lnD for branch and foliage biomass of Larix gmelinii.
Монгол орны Эрээний нурууны Гмелиний болон Чекановскийн шинэс модны газрын дээрх биомассын аллометрийн тэгшитгэл
Хураангуй: Энэхүү судалгааны үр дүнд Монгол орны ой-ургамалжлын мужлалын Эрээн нурууны хошууны Гмелиний (Дагуур) шинэс (Larix gmelinii Rupr.), Чекановскийн шинэс (Larix Czekanowskii Szaf.) модны газрын дээрх биомассыг судалж, модны ишний эзлэхүүн, газрын дээрх биомассыг ишний 1.3 м өндөр дэх диаметр (D), өндөр (H) болон D2Н зэрэг үзүүлэлтийг ашиглан тооцоолох аллометрийн загвар боловсруулав. Модны ишний эзлэхүүнийг тооцоолоход Гмелиний шинэс модонд lnŶ=-7.829+0.748ln(D²×H), Чекановскийн шинэс модонд lnŶ=-11.416+0.903lnD+2.9×lnH тэгшитгэл сайн тохирч байна. Гмелиний шинэс модны иш, мөчир, шилмүүс, газрын дээрх нийт биомассыг загварчлахад хоёр хувьсагчтай lny=lna+b×lnD+c×lnH тэгшитгэл хамгийн тохиромжтой.. Чекановскийн шинэс модны хувьд иш, газрын дээрх биомассыг lny=lna+b×lnD+c×lnH тэгшитгэлээр, харин мөчир, шилмүүсний биомассыг lnŶ = lna + b×lnD гэсэн нэг хувьсагчтай логарифм тэгшитгэлээр тооцоолох нь илүү нарийвчлалтай болно.
Түлхүүр үгc: Гмелиний шинэс (Larix gmelinii Rupr.), Чекановскийн шинэс (Larix Czekanowskii Szaf.) модны эзлэхүүн, газрын дээрх биомасс, аллометрийн тэгшитгэл.
discurso visual de los rótulos de la Zona Rosa de Bogotá
Authors: Albao Delgadillo Paola Andrea
Published: March 2023

La investigación aborda la relación entre el discurso y el diseño gráfico en el escenario comercial. Los rótulos, como piezas de diseño gráfico expuestas en las fachadas de los negocios, se analizan para evidenciar su lenguaje persuasivo en los lugares y con las personas. A partir del análisis del discurso visual se hace énfasis en los elementos compositivos de los rótulos ubicados en la Zona Rosa bogotana, en diálogo con las fachadas y los aspectos socioculturales que expone la zona; comprendiendo que los discursos visuales toman sentido para deliberar su mensaje. Los resultados permiten plantear que la rotulación comercial urbana refleja la dinámica de la sociedad.
Connecting the dots across the writing continuum
Authors: Subramanian Ambika
Published: March 2023

A medical writer has a unique opportunity to be involved with documents across the various stages of a product’s lifecycle. At the start of their careers, writers typically specialise in documents that are created in a particular phase of drug development and are accordingly titled as early phase writers, late phase writers, publication writers, and so on. As writers progress in their careers, depending on each writer’s interests, they could be exposed to a plethora of documents across the writing continuum (starting from pre-clinical to post-approval phases of drug development). Writers thus have the potential to play an important role in ensuring data is disseminated to various stakeholders in a coherent and seamless manner throughout the product’s lifecycle. Let’s take a look at the various aspects to keep in mind as writers move from one document to the next and help connect the dots!
Autoconcepto físico e intención de ser físicamente activos en atletas prejuveniles y juveniles.
Authors: Guamán Jiménez Luis Xavier , Bravo Navarro Wilson Hernando , Rodríguez Zárate Natalia María
Published: March 2023

El objetivo del presente estudio fue demostrar como el autoconcepto físico puede ser uno de los factores predictores de la intención de ser físicamente activo mediante un análisis correlacional. La presente investigación tiene un diseño no experimental de corte transversal, enfoque cuantitativo y alcance correlacional. La muestra se obtuvo mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, teniendo a 43 atletas, 23 varones y 20 mujeres de edades comprendidas entre los 10 y 17 años (M=15,3), pertenecientes a la Escuela de Atletismo Corredores del Sur del cantón Paltas, provincia Loja. (M=15,3), los instrumentos que se aplicaron fueron; la escala de Autoconcepto Físico (PSPP) y Medida de la Intencionalidad para ser Físicamente Activo (MIFA); una vez aplicados los cuestionarios se realizó un análisis estadístico en el programa SPSS 25. Tras un análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio de correlación y de regresión lineal, los resultados revelaron que la intención de ser físicamente activo es predicha por el autoconcepto físico. De todas las dimensiones de este constructo, la competencia percibida fue el mayor predictor. Algunos autores consideran sumamente importante, en la promoción de la práctica físico-deportiva, que el profesor de educación física establezca estrategias de intervención en su proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje para mejorar la percepción de competencias, condición física, fuerza, imagen corporal y autoestima.
La ansiedad precompetitiva y su incidencia en el rendimiento deportivo en los futbolistas.
Authors: Orozco Remache Carlos Roberto , Aldas Arcos Helder Guillermo
Published: March 2023

La práctica deportiva de alta competencia a veces puede provocar estrés, trastornos de sueño, depresión y otras alteraciones de índole cardiaco y mental. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la ansiedad precompetitiva en el rendimiento deportivo en futbolistas del equipo de segunda categoría Loja Federal. El diseño de este artículo es de tipo descriptivo, con un enfoque cuantitativo de corte transversal. En el estudio participaron 25 futbolistas con edades entre 16 a 25 años del equipo de segunda categoría Loja Federal. A ellos se les aplicó el test de la Ansiedad de Martens (CSAI-2) para medir los niveles de ansiedad precompetitiva. Los resultados del test aplicado muestran que la ansiedad cognitiva, la ansiedad somática y la autoconfianza tienen una relación inversamente proporcional, ya que el aumento de una provoca la disminución de la otra, y viceversa. Posteriormente se estableció una propuesta de técnicas prácticas de reducción de ansiedad.
Presidential system in crisis? an analysis of governability and political crises
Authors: Carvalho Eduardo Fortes Portela de
Published: March 2023

The 1988 Federal Constitution defined the presidential as the system of government and implemented a multi-party system. Linz (1990) argues that this combination would generate constant political crises, as it would hinder the formation of legislative majorities and lead to ungovernability. In addition, the constitutional text conferred legislative powers to the president, such as the possibility of issuing provisional measures. Mainwaring (1993) argues that minority presidents could use this power to bypass the legislature and impose their political agenda, leading to instability between the branches. It is undeniable that since the promulgation of CF/88 political crises has been recurrent, including two presidents who had their terms of office prematurely terminated by the Legislative Branch. This study aims to analyze whether the presidential system combined with the multiparty system and the agenda powers attributed to the president are determinants to generate ungovernability and foster institutional crises within the Legislative Branch.
Urbanización y cobertura vegetal en la Zona Metropolitana de Cuernavaca
Authors: Sánchez Ramos Cristy Monserratt , Martínez Granados José Guadalupe
Published: March 2023

Hay una mayoría de personas que viven en ciudades a escala mundial y nacional porque la urbanización se ha visto como un sello distintivo del desarrollo de estas áreas. Es así, que el crecimiento del territorio urbano conocido como expansión urbana se ha podido ver a través de cambios morfológicos. Tal fenómeno se produce cuando el entorno de las ciudades consolidadas se integra paulatinamente a la dinámica de la ciudad y ello ha implicado una serie de efectos sobre los hábitats naturales. Por lo que, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo identificar el crecimiento urbano y sus efectos en el cambio de la cobertura de los suelos vegetales en dos temporalidades. El análisis fue con un enfoque cuantitativo y se desarrolló en la Zona Metropolitana de Cuernavaca (ZMC). Como resultados, se identificaron los cambios territoriales que se han dado en las áreas urbanas y en la vegetación primaria.
Pertinencia pedagógica del juego en niños de 6 a 36 meses en Centros de Desarrollo Infantil Urbanos – Cantón Antonio Ante
Authors: Vásquez Orbe Saúl , Mora Grijalva Milton Marino , Álvarez Ramos Sandra Elizabeth , Buitrón Jácome Pablo , Meneses Salazar Elmer
Published: March 2023

La pertinencia pedagógica alrededor del juego influye en la práctica docente, puesto que el desconocimiento de este afecta en la calidad de su aplicación. Por ello el propósito principal del presente estudio fue analizar la calidad y pertinencia del empleo del juego en los Centros de Desarrollo Infantil (CDI) del sector urbano del cantón Antonio Ante con la finalidad de que se determine el nivel de conocimiento y efectividad de las estrategias que usan las docentes. La investigación parte de un enfoque mixto, los métodos fueron inductivo-deductivo, se aplicó la encuesta y la observación, cuyos instrumentos fueron: el cuestionario y una ficha de registro respectivamente, la muestra fue de 36 docentes y 510 niños de hasta 36 meses en el nivel de Educación Inicial. El juego no es considerado como el recurso didáctico más importante para el logro de destrezas en los niños.
Violencia íntima de pareja: experiencias de hombres perpetradores
Authors: Morales Narváez Luisa María , Oñate Porras José Fernando , Jaramillo Mantilla Juan Fernando , Morales Fonseca Cristhian Fabricio
Published: March 2023

Se realizó una revisión sistemática con la finalidad de estudiar los antecedentes en la infancia de los hombres perpetradores de violencia íntima de pareja (VIP) y los trastornos mentales en niños y hombres asociados con esta problemática. Adicionalmente, se realizó una revisión de las estrategias de prevención e intervención que pueden ser utilizadas para atender casos de violencia infantil y para hombres con diagnósticos mentales que son a su vez perpetradores de violencia íntima de pareja. La información recopilada sirve para generar conciencia sobre la necesidad de su incorporación en las estrategias de detección, prevención e intervención dirigidas a la perpetración de violencia íntima de pareja por parte de hombres.
A ROADMAP FOR SUCCESSFUL MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS: RESEARCH, ROLES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT PRACTITIONERS
Authors: Craig Gary W.
Published: March 2023

Despite the seminal research pioneered by J. Robert “Bob” Carleton when he introduced the corporate world of mergers and acquisitions to his idea of Cultural Due Diligence in 1997, most mergers or acquisitions still fail due to the lack of willingness on the part of “dealmakers” and others involved in the process to do what is needed to ensure success. Performance improvement practitioners, including those from the disciplines of human resources (HR), organization development, and training and development need to step up, take responsibility, and provide needed guidance and direction for those executives or senior managers responsible for the integration of two or more cultures coming together in a new organization following a merger or acquisition.
EVIDENCE-BASED SURVEY DESIGN: ADDING “MODERATELY” OR “SOMEWHAT” TO LIKERT SCALE OPTIONSAGREEANDDISAGREETO GET INTERVAL-LIKE DATA
Authors: Hutchinson Douglas , Chyung Seung Youn (Yonnie)
Published: March 2023

Likert scales (although ordinal scales) are often treated as interval scales during statistical analyses. There have been attempts to add a modifier (such as moderately, somewhat, or slightly) to the intermediate anchors of Likert scales (i.e., disagree and agree) to help them become interval-like scales. However, the research findings are inconsistent. For interval-like 5-point and 4-point Likert scales, a recent study suggests using strongly disagree, moderately disagree, neutral, moderately agree, strongly agree (in either ascending or descending response order), and strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, strongly disagree (in descending order). However, practitioners and researchers should be aware that research evidence in this regard has been inconsistent.