bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photoperiod and Temperature Interact to Affect Immune Parameters in Adult Male Deer Mice
Authors: Demas Gregory E. , Nelson Randy J.
Published: March 2007

Nontropical rodents often experience large seasonal fluctuations in both food availability and energy demands. The energy required for thermoregulation is highest during the winter when food availability may be at an annual minimum. Failure to cope with winter probably accounts, in part, for the increased prevalence of disease and death relative to that in summer. Winter conditions may elevate circulating glucocorticosteroid levels, which can compromise immune function. To increase the odds of surviving the energetic demands of winter, individuals of some rodent species appear to enhance immune function before conditions deteriorate. Previous laboratory studies suggest that immune enhancement can be induced by short days. These findings contrast with the results of several field studies reporting suppressed immune function during the winter. To resolve this conflict, the authors hypothesized that winter stressors present in field studies counteracted the short-day enhancement of immune function reported in laboratory studies. If true, then immune function of captive mice in short days should be compromised by low temperature or reduced food availability. Both ambient temperature and photoperiod were manipulated in the present study to assess their effects on immune parameters in male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Animals in short days regressed their reproductive systems and also displayed significantly higher immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels than did those in long days. Deer mice maintained in low temperatures had significantly reduced splenic masses and basal IgG levels independent of day length. Animals maintained in both short days and low temperatures displayed IgG levels comparable to those of mice in long-day/mild-temperature conditions. Animals maintained in long days and low temperatures had significantly higher serum corticosterone levels than did animals maintained in long days at mild temperatures. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that immune parameters are enhanced in short days to counteract stress-mediated immune suppression occurring during the winter.
Change in Photoperiodic Cycle Affects Life Span in a Prosimian Primate (Microcebus murinus
Authors: Perret Martine
Published: March 2007

The lesser mouse lemur, a small prosimian primate, exhibits seasonal rhythms strictly controlled by photoperiodic variations. Exposure to day lengths shorter than 12 h results in complete sexual rest, fattening, lethargy, and reduced behavioral activities; whereas exposure to day lengths greater than 12 h induces sexual activity, an increase in behavioral activities, and high hormonal levels. The objective of this study was to test whether long-term acceleration of seasonal rhythms may affect survival and longevity of this primate. In captivity, acceleration of seasonal rhythms was obtained by exposing the animals to an accelerated photoperiodic regimen consisting of 5 months of long photoperiod followed by 3 months of short photoperiod. The age-specific survival rate in animals exposed from birth to accelerated photoperiodic conditions (n = 89) was compared to the age-specific survival rate of animals maintained under a natural photoperiod (n = 68). Independent of sexes, the mean life span (45.5 ± 2.1 months) and maximal survival (79.3 ± 3.3 months) were significantly (p < .01) shortened in mouse lemurs exposed to the accelerated photoperiodic cycle compared to those in animals living under annual photoperiod (63.2 ± 2.5 and 98 ± 3.9 months for mean life span and maximal survival, respectively). This reduction of about 30% of life span was not accompanied by a desynchronization of biological rhythms under photoperiodic control and was not related to an increase in reproduction or in duration of time spent in active conditions. However, when the number of seasonal cycles experienced by 1 individual is considered rather than chronological age, the mean life span was 5 seasonal cycles and maximum survival reached 9-10 cycles, independent of sex or of photoperiodic regimen. These results suggest that in mouse lemurs, as in other seasonal mammals, longevity may depend on the expression of a fixed number of seasonal cycles rather than on a fixed biological age.
Rhythmic Expression of a PER-Reporter in the Malpighian Tubules of Decapitated Drosophila: Evidence for a Brain-Independent Circadian Clock
Authors: Hege David M. , Stanewsky Ralf , Hall Jeffrey C. , Giebultowicz Jadwiga M.
Published: March 2007

The protein product (PER) of the Drosophila clock gene, period ( per), is involved in a molecular feedback loop in which PER inhibits the transcription of its own mRNA. This feedback causes the PER protein to cycle in a circadian manner, and this cycling in specific regions of the brain (the presumed location of the central pacemaker) is responsible for the rhythmicity of locomotor activity and possibly eclosion. PER has also been detected in several nonneural tissues in the abdomen, but whether PER exhibits free-running and light-sensitive cycles in any of these tissues is not known. In this study, the authors assayed the spatial and temporal distribution of a PER-reporter expressed in transgenic flies carry ing a per-lacZ construct, which was shown to cycle in per-expressing brain cells. The authors demonstrate that this PER-reporter fusion protein cycles in the Malpighian tubules, showing first cytoplasmic accumulation, which is then followed by translocation of the signal into the nucleus. To test whether this rhythm was controlled by the brain, flies were decapitated and assayed for 3 days after decapitation. Expression patterns of PER-reporter in decapitated flies were nearly identical to those in intact flies reared in normal light-dark cycles, reversed light-dark cycles (phase shifted), and constant darkness. These results suggest that the Malpighian tubules contain a circadian pacemaker that functions inde pendently of the brain.
Demographic Research on Gentrlfication and Displacement
Authors: Gale Dennis
Published: March 2007

Generally, empirical studies of gentrification have concurred on the socioeconomic and racial characteristics of gentrifier households. There is less research and therefore, less uniformity, in findings about the characteristics of displaced households. Empirical research leans strongly on the conclusion that by national and regional norms, displacement is a relatively infrequent occurence; there is more agreement that its incidence is higher in a few central cities. Studies of the net effects of gentrification on central cities during the late 1960s and early 1970s suggest that there was relatively little impact on population, income and racial, and secioeconomic succession patterns. The existing state of knowledge about gentrification and displacement begs further research on the mobility patterns of migrants both to and from gentrifying neighborhoods. It also implies that the central housing policy issue is not the amount or effects of gentrification-induced reinvestment but rather, the impact of all forms of disinvestment and reinvestment on the total supply of lowand moderate-income housing in metropolitan areas and central cities.
The Quiet Evolution Continues
Authors: Kelly Eric Damian
Published: March 2007

Most recent discussions of land-use law have focused on possible damage awards against local governments as a result of two Supreme Court decisions in 1987. However, most of the news for local governments has actually been good. Appellate courts have to date favored damage awards in only a few, generally egregious, cases. A variety of courts have upheld restrictive land-use controls, including some based solely on aesthetic considerations. Courts have also been friendly to tougher enforcement measures. The concept of impact fees has enjoyed more recent play in the literature than in the courts, while the friendly treatment of linkage requirements in the literature has not been supported by the courts.
Evolving Views of Computer-Aided Planning
Authors: Klosterman Richard E.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the planning profession's changing views of the role of computer technology in planning practice, research, and education. It begins by reviewing the literature reflecting the enthusiasm that greeted the introduction of computers in the 1960s and the harsh lessons that were learned in the 1970s. It then examines the current literature focusing on practical issues of applying microcomputer technology to professional practice and the political characteristics of public sector computing. The article concludes by evaluatingfuture prospects for computer-aided planning and suggesting useful directions for the future.
Ode to Rob Mier: The Planner of our Time
Authors: Blakely Edward J.
Published: March 2007

Robert Mier, activist and professor of urban planning and public administration at the University of Illinois at Chicago, died in February at the age of 52 as a result of exposure during the Vietnam War to the exfoliant Agent Orange. He founded the Center for Urban Economic Development at the university in 1978 to help communities help themselves through technical assistance and research. He served as Chicago's director of development under Mayors Harold Washington and Eugene Sawyer, and was the chief architect of the city's highly regarded 1984 Chicago Works Together development plan, which emphasized jobs, neighborhoods, and the equitable distribution of resources and opportunities to combat racism and poverty. Mier was a nationally recognized expert on urban economic development and equity planning, and served as a consultant for numerous cities, including Oakland and Los Angeles, California, and Belfast, Northern Ireland. He published several books, the most recent of which was Social Justice and Local Development Policy (Sage Publications 1993). In the years preceding his death, his interests turned to regional antipoverty coalitions and global networking of equity planners.
Taking a Holistic Approach to Suburbs
Authors: Varangu Anne
Published: March 2007

This holistic bibliography integrates the various dimensions of suburbs and at the same time draws attention to the inherent value of different perspectives. These perspectives, when viewed together, create a picture of suburbs that has a richness, range, and depth that is not normally found in suburban research. Multiple literature searches resulted in about 1,500 references that are sorted intofifty categories. The references in each category are preceded by a list of search terms, a short introduction, and key words and phrases that are often links to other categories in this bibliography. An author index and a geographic index are provided to facilitate access to the references in each category.
Tensions Between Black Women and White Women: A Study
Authors: See Letha A. Lee
Published: March 2007

Despite the gains that women have made because of the women's liberation movement, black women have not embraced the move ment. This article reports on a pilot study of 94 black women and white women that examined the tensions between these two groups and their failure to unite to combat the oppressive patriarchal system. The variables that were studied included the women's liberation movement, the feud over black men, white women supervisors and black women workers, and the labeling of black women as matriarchs.
Women and AIDS: A Psycho-Social Perspective
Authors: Kaspar Barbara
Published: March 2007

For the most part, articles on AIDS focus on issues pertaining to gay men. Little has been written specifically about women with AIDS, particularly within a feminist framework. This article explores, from a feminist perspective, the special impact that AIDS has on women as potential victims, carriers of the disease, and caretakers of others with the disease. It emphasizes how the sexual politics of this disease influence society's view of women with AIDS, as well as the delivery of services to this population.
Female Social Workers: Career or Family?
Authors: Rotman Anita
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a study in which 54 retired women social workers were interviewed in depth about their commitment to work vis-à-vis their family responsibilities during their working years. Family responsibilities were measured by a variable, degree of family responsibility (DFR), operationalized by the author. Work commitment was measured by the duration of employment, status achieved, and the Simpson work-commitment scale. No differences in the commitment to work based on the DFR were found, which suggests that women need not be assigned to one or the other role exclusively but can be involved in both family and work.
Learned Helplessness: A Factor in Women's Depression
Authors: Kiefer Linda M.
Published: March 2007

This article explores depression in women and its relationship to the theory of learned helplessness. The revised model of this theory is used to examine how women are socialized into helpless behaviors in Western culture and how this socialization contributes to the high rates of depression in women. The author calls for a new awareness of helpless behaviors as women's first step in their quest for empowerment. Feminist therapists have much to offer women as together they explore society's expectations of them as females, career women, wives, and mothers.
Abortion: Ambiguous Criteria and Confusing Policies
Authors: Figueira-McDonough Josefina
Published: March 2007

The focus of this article is the woman-fetus conflict of rights, subsumed in the abortion debate. The issue is first examined from the perspective of distributive justice in a liberal society. In the absence of universal criteria of the personhood of the fetus, the results of recent opinion polls are analyzed as proxies of "aggregate intuition" on this issue. The analysis leads to a reframing of the terms of the conflict of rights in the abortion debate and a reexamination of contemporary policies on the subject.
Poor Women in a Bind: Social Reproduction Without Social Supports
Authors: Abramovitz Mimi
Published: March 2007

The current effort to use social policy to restore the traditional nuclear family reflects deep-seated fears about the changing structure of the middle-class family, as well as distrust of the caretaking capacity of the poor. The concepts of the family ethic and social reproduction are used to examine and explain the cutbacks in social welfare and the state's increasingly punitive treatment of poor women and their families.
On Feminism in Action
Authors: Glassman Carol
Published: March 2007

This article explores the tensions and contradictions between feminist values and ideology and the values and realities of direct practice. It presents a series of personal and professional dilemmas that emerge when social workers attempt to implement their feminist values in a practice arena. The author calls on the profession and on individual practitioners to engage in self-examination and dialogue to deepen understanding, resolve conflicts, and serve clients better.
Personal Power in Black Mothers of Handicapped Sons
Authors: Morris Judith Kolb
Published: March 2007

This article presents findings from a study of black urban mothers that delineate three patterns of acceptance toward their handicapped sons: active, passive, and limited. Locus of control, which involves a sense of personal power, was found to be central to these patterns, affecting self-esteem, attitudes toward the child, and ability to gain access to resources. Implications for social work interventions include guidelines for delivering differential services that are based on patterns of acceptance and locus of control.
Appalachian Women: The Path from the "Hollows" to Higher Education
Authors: Egan Marcia
Published: March 2007

Appalachian women who are the first of their families to pursue higher education must prevail against cultural and family norms. This qualitative study of the experiences of 12 such women students revealed the influences of culture and family on the women's decisions to go to college and on their development while in college. Its findings reflect the importance of subtle messages and images from significant others and from educators.
Battered Women: Keeping the Secret
Authors: Fiene Judith Ivy
Published: March 2007

This report of a qualitative study of eight battered women in a rural Appalachian shelter disclosed that the women's social isolation was a product of their batterers' actions, the women's sense of shame, and the stigma associated with their abuse. It proposes a social dynamics model for planning intervention that considers the nature of privacy and secrecy in couple relationships, the myth of the happy family, and the power of labels of deviance.
Identifying Gendered Outcomes of Gender-Neutral Policies
Authors: Quinn Peggy
Published: March 2007

Most social policies are written in gender-neutral language, but their effects are frequently different for men and women. This article analyzes two policies—the Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963, which was the basis for deinstitutionalization, and the Social Security Amendments of 1983, which established diagnosis-related groups—both of which depend on unstated assumptions that women are informal caretakers. To help uncover gendered assumptions that may have negative effects on women, the article concludes with some questions that can be used to supplement existing policy analysis models.
Childbearing Among Unwed African American Adolescents: A Critique of Theories
Authors: Stevens Joyce West
Published: March 2007

Although nonmarital births are on the rise for all women, they are disproportionately high for adolescents, especially those who are poor and African American. Scholars agree that adolescent childbearing results in negative outcomes. This critique of the problem of adolescent pregnancy from various theoretical paradigms argues that the alternate-lifestyle paradigm is a rational explanatory model for the analysis of adolescent pregnancy. That is, some female adolescents, regardless of race, see childbearing as a rite of passage to adulthood.
History of Forced Sex in Association With Drug Use and Sexual HIV Risk Behaviors, Infection With STDs, and Diagnostic Medical Care
Authors: MOLITOR FRED , RUIZ JUAN D. , KLAUSNER JEFFREY D. , McFarland WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

Data from a population-based, door-to-door survey of young women were used to investigate the relationship between forced sex and STD/HIV risk behaviors and history of diagnostic medical care. The Young Women Survey recruited women from low-income neighborhoods within five California counties including and near San Francisco. A history of forced sex was related to use of alcohol and illicit drugs, injection drug use, history of anal intercourse, sex with an injection drug user, and prostitution. Women who had experienced forced sex reported a younger age for first vaginal intercourse, a greater number of lifetime male sex partners, and more acts of vaginal intercourse, but were less likely to have sex with condoms. Associations were also found between forced sex and reported STD-related symptoms and diagnosis. Not surprisingly, women reporting forced sex perceived themselves to be at greater risk for HIV infection, but were less likely to have had an HIV test or a routine gynecological checkup.
Alcohol and Sexual Aggression
Authors: TESTA MARIA , LIVINGSTON JENNIFER A.
Published: March 2007

Although alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems are positively associated with women's experiences of sexual aggression, the direction of causality is not clear. A longitudinal design was used to examine the impact of women's alcohol consumption and alcohol problems on subsequent experiences of sexual aggression and to examine the impact of sexual aggression experiences on subsequent alcohol use and alcohol problems. The sample consisted of 93 single women, ages 20 to 35, who were at elevated risk for both alcohol-related problems and sexual aggression. After controlling for initial sexual aggression, alcohol problems predicted subsequent sexual aggression. Initial sexual aggression did not result in increased alcohol consumption or alcohol-related problems. Previous sexual aggression experiences and alcohol consumption were associated with higher perceived vulnerability to subsequent sexual aggression. Furthermore, perceived vulnerability to sexual aggression was positively associated with actual Time 2 experiences of aggression, suggesting some degree of accuracy in appraisals of risk.
Mandatory Court Review and Batterer Program Compliance
Authors: GONDOLF EDWARD W.
Published: March 2007

A naturalistic pre-experiment/postexperiment was conducted to examine the impact of periodic court review on compliance to 12 weeks of court-referred batterer counseling. To determine compliance, court dockets and clinical records were reviewed for the year prior to implementation, immediately after implementation, and 2 years after implementation. Background questionnaires were administered to test for any changes in case characteristics (n = 321), and court procedures were observed to identify external influences on compliance. Compliance to program intake increased from 64% of those who were referred by the court in 1994 to 94% in 1997. Program completion by those who appeared for program intake remained approximately 70%. The percentage of court referrals that completed the program rose from 48% in 1994 to 65% in 1997. The findings suggest the utility of court review with pretrial referrals in improving compliance and the importance of considering court procedures in assessing program outcomes.
The Cost of Batterer Programs
Authors: JONES ALISON SNOW
Published: March 2007

This article documents the economic costs of four geographically and programmatically diverse batterer treatment programs and illustrates the components and procedures of a program cost analysis. Such analyses provide an essential component of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and can assist policy makers in understanding how the structure and scope of batterer programs influence the costs. Cost per batterer session at the four sites was similar ($22-$32) despite differences in organizational structure and scope of services provided even when cost figures are adjusted ($17-$22) for other services offered by the sites. The estimated cost of program completion in 1995 ranged from $264 to $864. Completion costs that take account of other services that these sites provide range from $261 to $622, with three of the sites reporting completion costs less than $400. Much of the cost of these programs is borne by batterers.
Attributions About Rape in a Continuum of Dissolving Marital Relationships
Authors: EWOLDT CORRIE A. , MONSON CANDICE M. , LANGHINRICHSEN-ROHLING JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

This study explored what actions taken by married women to dissolve their marital relationships might result in different attributions about husband rape perpetration. A sample of 233 undergraduates (120 men, 114 women) read one of three rape scenarios in which a married woman changed her marital status with her husband perpetrator (moved out, legally separated, or divorced). Two other scenarios (currently married and stranger) were used as comparison situations. Participants answered questions to assess their rape-supportive and sex role stereotypical attributions of victim blame. Results indicated that participants endorsed the most rape-supportive attributions in the currently married situation. Participants made intermediate levels of rape-supportive attributions in the legally separated, moved out, and divorced scenarios. The least rape-supportive attributions were made in the stranger rape situation. Across all scenarios, men were more likely to make rape-supportive and sex role stereotypical victim blame attributions than women. Legal and theoretical implications are discussed.
Rural, Urban Influenced, and Urban Differences Among Domestic Violence Arrestees
Authors: LOGAN T K , WALKER ROBERT , LEUKEFELD CARL G.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article was to examine a statewide random sample of rural, urban influenced, and urban males arrested for perpetrating domestic violence against an intimate partner on demographic, criminal justice history, substance use, relationship characteristics, child abuse, and treatment exposure factors. The study used a 9% random sample of 1,112 pretrial interview records on males arrested for domestic violence in 1997 in Kentucky. The study examined perpetrators in three geographical areas to examine regional differences. Results indicated that community context is critical in understanding domestic violence. In general, rural males appear to present more significant problems given their lower employment rates, lower educational attainments, greater use of psychoactive medications, and higher arrest rates. Alcohol use was significantly prevalent across all three groups, but combined alcohol and nerve pill drug use was more prevalent among rural domestic violence arrestees. Implications are discussed.
Predicting Violence by Serious Wife Assaulters
Authors: HILTON N. ZOE , HARRIS GRANT T. , RICE MARNIE E.
Published: March 2007

Assessing violence risk among wife assaulters is receiving increasing attention in the literature, but risk assessment tools specifically for this population are just beginning to be developed. The literature on wife assaulters suggests the importance of antisocial personality and behavior. The present study examines psychopathy; the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG), a validated actuarial risk assessment tool for violent recidivism; and motives thought to be related to wife assault, in predicting violent recidivism among 88 men with a history of serious wife assault. Violent recidivism was lower among wife assaulters (24%) than among a larger sample of generally violent offenders (44%). Score on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised was a good predictor of subsequent violence, r = .35, and score on the VRAG was a significantly better predictor, r = .42, area under the curve (AUC) = .75. The prospects for predicting lethal wife assault and violence against specific victims are discussed.
Differences in the Dispositional Empathy of Juvenile Sex Offenders, Non-Sex-Offending Delinquent Juveniles, and Nondelinquent Juveniles
Authors: LINDSEY RALPH E. , CARLOZZI ALFRED F. , EELLS GREGORY T.
Published: March 2007

Differences in dispositional empathy between juvenile sex offenders, non-sex-offending delinquent juveniles, and nondelinquent juveniles were explored controlling for age and race. Participants were 81 males ranging in age from 13 to 18 from a southwestern state. Their scores on Davis's Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) were analyzed using a one-way randomized block multivariate analysis of variance. Postomnibus analyses included mean vector comparisons followed by univariate analyses comparing the means on each IRI subscale. Juvenile sex offenders and non-sex-offending delinquent juveniles scored significantly higher than nondelinquents on the Personal Distress subscale. Non-sex-offending delinquent juveniles scored significantly higher than the juvenile sex offenders on the Empathic Concern subscale.
Domestic Violence Screening Among Medical Residents
Authors: ZLOTNICK CARON , POWRIE RAYMOND O.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the rate of documentation of inquiry about domestic violence status by 3rd year internal medicine residents who participated in an ambulatory and inpatient general medicine consult service. Between 6 and 16 consults for each resident were randomly selected and reviewed for the presence of somatic complaints that are believed to be markers of potential domestic violence (DV). Of the 674 consults reviewed for documentation of inquiries regarding whether the woman was or had been a victim of DV, 92.7% were classified as appropriate for domestic violence screening. In only 9 of the 674 consults reviewed was the presence or absence of DV noted. The findings of this study suggest that third year residents on consultative services at our center are not documenting DV screening as part of their evaluation of women with somatic complaints that have been associated with DV.
Ethnic Status, Stigmatization, Support, and Symptom Development Following Sexual Abuse
Authors: FEIRING CANDICE , COATES DEBORAH L. , TASKA LYNN S.
Published: March 2007

This study examined ethnic group differences in abuse characteristics, appraisal processes, primary caregiver support, and adjustment following sexual abuse discovery. One hundred thirty children from African American, European American, and Hispanic families were seen within 8 weeks of abuse discovery and 1 year later. Hispanic children more often reported abuse by a parent figure of 1 year or longer in duration and living with the perpetrator. European American children reported more internal attributions for the abuse. For European American children, but not Hispanic or African American children, high abuse severity predicted higher levels of shame and a pessimistic attributional style. For Hispanic children, but not the other ethnic groups, high abuse severity was related to lower levels of satisfaction with primary caregiver support. The discussion questions the utility of ethnic group membership as a meaningful way of understanding the role of culture in children's adjustment following sexual abuse discovery.
Adolescent Suicide Risk and Peer-Related Violent Behaviors and Victimization
Authors: EVANS WILLIAM P. , MARTE RICARDO M. , BETTS SHERRY , SILLIMAN BENJAMIN
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study seeks to better understand the link between peer-related violence (perpetration and victimization) and suicide risk among youth. The study uses data gathered from Arizona, Nevada, and Wyoming, where the highest rates of adolescent suicide in the United States are found. The data derive from in-school surveys of eighth-grade students conducted during 1998 and 1999. Higher levels of reported suicide risk were prominent among the multiethnic, urban, and female respondents. Male and female respondents who perpetrated violence by initiating fights, threatening to use weapons, and using weapons to assault others were more likely to be classified in the high-risk suicide group than those who did not. General results were similar for victims and those witnessing violence. Implications for prevention programming and future research are discussed.
The Tendency to Arrest Victims of Domestic Violence
Authors: SAUNDERS DANIEL G.
Published: March 2007

The arrest of victims of domestic violence occurs at an unexpectedly high rate and is a problem of growing concern. In this study of 111 police officers, it was predicted that those inclined to arrest the victim would have more negative stereotypes and attitudes toward victims and women in general and would tend to justify the violence. Results showed that officers with an inclination to arrest victims in vignette depictions of domestic violence believed that domestic violence is justified in some situations and that women stay in violent relationships for psychological reasons. They also reported less comfort in talking with victims. General sex-role beliefs were unrelated to their responses. Suggestions are made for officer training and further research.
Group Treatment of Sexually Abused Latency-Age Girls
Authors: ZAIDI LISA Y. , GUTIERREZ-KOVNER VICTORIA M.
Published: March 2007

Little has been written regarding specific techniques useful with sexually abused girls between the ages of 8 and 12 despite reports that school-age children are particularly prone to post-abuse psychopathology. This paper describes a pilot group developed to address the traumagenic stigmatization, powerlessness, betrayal, and sexualization that characterize victims of sexual abuse (Finkelhor & Browne). Six treatment modules developed within this framework focused on the following: (a) group cohesiveness, (b) discussion of specific abuse experiences, (c) new coping strategies, (d) sexuality, (e) prevention of future victimization, and (f) termination. The therapeutic approach incorporated art therapy techniques, psychodrama, therapeutic games, relaxation exercises, and novel treatment strategies developed by the authors.
Sexual Offenders' Modus Operandi
Authors: KAUFMAN KEITH L. , HILLIKER DANIEL R. , LATHROP PATTY , DALEIDEN ERIC L. , RUDY LESLIE
Published: March 2007

Clinical practice has long supported the use of structured interviews with both perpetrators and victims of sexual offenses. However, empirical studies have not examined the differential utility of structured interviews and self-report questionnaires for obtaining information about sex offenders' modus operandi. This investigation compared the ability of these two assessment approaches to provide details regarding sexual offenders' modus operandi from the perspective of victims, incarcerated offenders, and offenders in outpatient treatment. Study findings indicated that structured interviews and questionnaires yielded consistent information for most items across participant groups. For modus operandi items that were not consistently reported, more information was obtained via the questionnaire format. However, in one instance, the interview format obtained significantly more information about incarcerated offenders' use of threats and coercion to gain victim co operation in sexual activity. Implications for child sexual abuse prevention, offender and victim treatment, and future research are discussed.
The Relationship Between Violence, Social Support, and Self-Blame in Battered Women
Authors: BARNETT OLA W. , MARTINEZ TOMAS E. , KEYSON MAE
Published: March 2007

This study hypothesized that battered women compared with nonbattered women use more violence, receive lower levels of social support, and experience higher levels of self-blame. Also hypothesized is that these three variables are interrelated. A sample of 95 women constituted 3 groups: battered women, nonbattered women in counseling, and nonbattered, noncounseled women. The women completed the Conflict Tactics Scales, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and a 61-item self-blame scale. Results supported all of the major hypotheses and revealed that female-to-male violence in battered women is negatively related with level of perceived social support and positively linked with level of self-blame. The latter correlation rested primarily on the association between nonphysical CTS abuse items and self-blame measures. These findings help provide further specificity about battered women's perceived lack of social support and help to clarify reported inconsistencies about self-blame.
Violence in the Lives of Homeless Mothers in a Substance Abuse Treatment Program: A Descriptive Study
Authors: NORTH CAROL S. , THOMPSON SANNA J. , SMITH ELIZABETH M. , KYBURZ LINDA M.
Published: March 2007

Substance abuse programs for homeless women would benefit from knowing the degree of victimization and violence they may encounter in the population they serve. A substance abuse treatment program for homeless mothers with young children operating over a 2-year period encountered high rates of victimization and violence. Ongoing patterns of victimization and violence in these mothers continued during their time in the program. This report presents statistical information on rates of violence and victimization in program participants, with accompanying anecdotal case detail to provide a greater appreciation of the depth and effects of the problem. The majority of the women acknowledged incidents of childhood and adult victimization. The majority also reported having engaged in adult aggressive or abusive acts, behaviors that had often begun in childhood. Implications for effective substance abuse programs in this population are discussed.
The Role of Criminal Fantasy in Predatory and Opportunist Sex Offending
Authors: DEU NASHATER , EDELMANN ROBERT J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the role of criminal fantasy in premeditated and repetitive sex offending. Forty-eight males participated in two experimental groups, predatory sex offenders and opportunist sex offenders, and two control groups, non-sex offenders and a group of non-offenders living in the community. The offenders were Special Hospital patients. All participants completed a measure of impulsivity and a task designed to elicit criminal fantasies. The findings confirmed the hypotheses that, compared to opportunist sex offenders, predatory sex offenders were significantly more organized and elaborate in their criminal fantasies and more likely to report that the crimes were planned. There were no between-group differences on a measure of impulsivity. In line with previous research, it is suggested that fantasy provides a forum for prior rehearsal of repetitive and premeditated sex offenses.
System Intervention Trauma to Child Sexual Abuse Victims Following Disclosure
Authors: HENRY JIM
Published: March 2007

This study attempts to discover if further traumatization occurs to sexually abused children through societal system interventions. The Traumagenic Model, developed by David Finkelhor, which explains the dynamics of trauma in child sexual abuse, was employed as the theoretical framework to understand how societal system interventions can produce or reinforce the previous trauma from sexual abuse. Ninety sexually abused children ages 9 to 19 were selected from three counties that have contrasting societal system interventions. The results of the study indicated that the number of interviews children experienced and a trusting relationship with a professional were statistically significant predictors of trauma scores. Other major system interventions, testifying and removal of the child from the home, were not statistically correlated to trauma scores. The majority of the children found the system a positive support in assisting them with the stress of the intervention and personal loss.
Intimacy Development
Authors: DUCHARME JENNIFER , KOVEROLA CATHERINE , BATTLE PAULA
Published: March 2007

There is consensus in the physical abuse literature that victims of abuse experience difficulty with early attachment, basic trust, and peer relationships. The intimacy literature suggests that these factors would predispose individuals to have difficulty with the development of intimacy. The purpose of this brief report was to investigate the influence of childhood physical abuse and gender on intimacy. Participants included 128 male and 148 female undergraduate psychology students. Results indicated that, as hypothesized, nonabused respondents were significantly higher in intimacy than abused respondents (p = <. 01) on the Intimacy Attitude Scale Revised. No significant gender differences were found. Clinical implications of these results are discussed.
Self-Discrepancies in Young Adults and Childhood Violence
Authors: BREWIN CHRIS R. , VALLANCE HANNAH
Published: March 2007

Drawing on Higgins, Klein, and Strauman's (1985) self-discrepancy theory of anxiety and depression, we investigated the relation between violence in childhood and later discrepancies in young adults between their perceptions of their actual self and the self they felt they ought to be or would ideally like to be. Reports of early violence were significantly associated with actual-ought self-discrepancies, and also with perceived parental actual-ought discrepancies, but not with actual-ideal discrepancies. The data were consistent with two main possibilities: first, that violence creates parental discrepancies that subsequently lead to self-discrepancies in their children and, second, that parental perceptions that their children are not as they ought to be lead independently both to greater violence and to the creation of self-discrepancies in their offspring.
Sexual Offender Research and Treatment in the Netherlands
Authors: FRENKEN JOS , GIJS LUK , VAN BEEK DAAN
Published: March 2007

The number of men in the Netherlands who were convicted of sexual offenses rose significantly between 1980 and 1994. Empirical studies of offenders are relatively scarce, although interest in the field is growing. Since the late 1980s, the number of outpatient treatment facilities for these men has increased—especially now that some child molesters are given a choice by the courts between treatment and prison sentence. Since the 1930s, sexual offenders with severe personality disorders that are held not responsible for their offenses are court-ordered to be treated in maximum security forensic psychiatric clinics. Until the mid-1980s, the treatment model for these offenders was based on a derivation of psychoanalytic and Rogerian therapy aimed at personality reconstruction. Since the 1990s, however, the focus has been on the behavior itself, and directive cognitive behavioral elements are now included in the eclectic treatment in several clinics.
How to Answer the Question
Authors: MARQUES JANICE K.
Published: March 2007

Although sex offender treatment is an established clinical specialty, evidence regarding its effectiveness has been slow to accumulate. One ongoing treatment outcome study, California's Sex offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP), is used to highlight several problems that are inherent in this type of research, and to illustrate that even well-designed studies make only a limited contribution to our empirical database on treatment effectiveness. SOTEP findings are also used to show that the broad question, “Does sex offender treatment work?” needs to be broken down into a number of more specific and useful questions. Given the diversity of clients and programs in this field, outcome data are from a wide range of treatment programs that vary in approach, setting, intensity, and types of offenders treated. Program managers and clinicians are urged to evaluate the impact of their services in order to contribute to our knowledge base on treatment effectiveness.
The Differential Correlates of Sexual Coercion and Rape
Authors: TESTA MARIA , DERMEN KURT H.
Published: March 2007

Typically, sexual coercion has been viewed as a less serious form of sexual aggression than attempted rape or rape. However, sexual coercion may be better understood as a qualitatively different type of sexual aggression experience. We examined the correlates of sexual coercion and rape/attempted rape experiences separately among a sample of young women who were at increased risk of sexual victimization as a result of their high levels of sexual activity and alcohol consumption. We hypothesized that personality variables would be associated with sexual coercion but not rape experiences. We found that low self-esteem, low assertiveness, and high sexrelated alcohol expectancies were associated with sexual coercion experiences but not with rape or attempted rape. Higher levels of casual sexual activity and alcohol consumption were associated with both types of experiences. Findings suggest that sexual coercion may be prevented by improving sexual assertiveness and weakening alcohol expectancies to emphasize personal control.
Battered Women's Views of Their Children
Authors: STEPHENS DEBRA LYNN
Published: March 2007

Given that so many children are exposed to domestic violence and that such exposure is harmful to their short-as well as long-term functioning and well-being, it is critical to understand why some caretakers act to protect their children from the violence and others show greater passivity. To that end, in-depth interviews were conducted with 26 women victims of domestic violence, all of whom had children. The interviews addressed the women's feelings about and views of their children and their caregiving responses in the face of the violence. Two sets of themes emerged that help explain individual differences in protective and nurturing behaviors: adultification of children and psychological traps involving the batterer's role in the children's lives. Based on these themes, recommendations for interventions to better serve the needs of battered women and their children are offered.
Physical Punishment by Mothers and Fathers in British Homes
Authors: NOBES GAVIN , SMITH MARJORIE , UPTON PENNEY , HEVERIN ANDREA
Published: March 2007

The relative extent to which mothers and fathers administer physical punishment sheds light on family relationships, parental roles and, perhaps, the identity of potential abusers. In this study, British mothers (n = 362) and fathers (n = 103) of randomly selected children from 366 two-parent families were interviewed. According to self-reports, the proportions of mothers and fathers who had used physical punishments were similar, as were the frequencies with which they used them. About 50% more mothers than fathers smacked or hit their children weekly or more often, whereas fathers were more prone to restrain or push their children. A (nonsignificantly) higher proportion of fathers than mothers had used severe punishments. Fathers who took an equal share in caretaking used no more frequent or severe physical punishments than did mothers. These findings are compared with those of previous studies and discussed in terms of mothers' and fathers' caretaking and disciplinarian roles in different families.
When Jobs Become Team Roles, What do you Pay for?
Authors: Gross Steven E.
Published: March 2007

Teams won't be effective unless the team roles and goals are clarified and team members and leaders support the process. Team development must involve a partnership of HR strategists, line managers, and team members. Otherwise, as experience shows, teams will most likely fail to meet expectations. Every team champion has to face the following teamwork design challenges: reward and recognition; management processes and systems; individual and team competencies; organization; team and job design; work processes and business systems; values and cultures; and leadership. In addition to tackling these issues, organizations must take a holistic approach to pay for teams-reconsidering what they pay for and how their pay is positioned.
International Sources of Salary Data
Authors: Hansen Fay
Published: March 2007

General market data on salaries and wages are available from the central government statistics agencies in most countries. Beyond public sources, private sources for high quality salary data are plentiful in some countries and scarce in others. This guide provides a sampling of public and private sources of compensation data in a variety of countries. The list emphasizes online Web sites because the Web is now the quickest and most efficient means for finding and evaluating general market data.
Danger To Police During Domestic Encounters: Assaults On Baltimore County Police, 1984-86
Authors: Uchida Craig D. , Brooks Laure W. , Kopers Christopher S.
Published: March 2007

How dangerous are domestic encounters to police officers? This question, posed by police, policymakers, and researchers, has been answered through anecdotes and assumptions, and more recently by empirical data. But the findings have been mixed. Police training manuals have focused on the danger of family disputes, citing high figures reported by the FBI of law enforcement officers killed. Researchers on family violence (Straus, et al., 1980), violent police-citizen encounters (Lester, 1980), and police response to spouse assaults (Parnas, 1967, and Buchanan and Perry 1986) agree that the domestic disturbance is the most dangerous police activity. Other researchers dispute this contention. Margarita (1980), Konstantin (1984), and Garner and Clemmer (1986) have found that robberies and burglaries are more dangerous than domestic disputes.