bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
North Pacific subtropical sea surface temperature frontogenesis and its connection with the atmosphere above
Authors: Zhang Leying , Xu Haiming , Ma Jing , Shi Ning , Deng Jiechun
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The frontogenesis of the North Pacific subtropical sea surface temperature front (NPSTF) occurring from October to the following February is examined quantitatively based on the mixed-layer energy budget equation, with a focus on its connection with the atmosphere above. Diagnosis results show that the net heat flux dominates the frontogenesis from October to December, while the meridional temperature advection in the ocean contributes equally as or even more than the net heat flux in January and February. The atmosphere is critical to the frontogenesis of the NPSTF, including the direct effect of the net heat flux and the indirect effect through the Aleutian low. Further analyses demonstrate that the latent heat flux (the shortwave radiation) dominates the net heat flux in October (from November to February). The meridional temperature advection in the ocean is mostly owing to the meridional Ekman convergence, which is related to the Aleutian low. Climatologically, the strengthening and southward migration of the Aleutian low from October to the following February are characterized by the acceleration and southward shift of the westerly wind to the south, respectively, which can drive southward ocean currents. Correspondingly, the southward ocean currents give the colder meridional advection to the north of the NPSTF in January and February, favoring the frontogenesis. In addition, the Aleutian low plays a role in transforming the dominant effect of the net heat flux to the joint effect of the meridional temperature advection and the net heat flux in January. CESM1.0.3 model with a slab ocean model further confirms the important influence of the atmosphere on the frontogenesis and on the meridional temperature advection.
Climate or land cover variations: what is driving observed changes in river peak flows? A data-based attribution study
Authors: De Niel Jan , Willems Patrick
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Climate change and land cover changes are influencing the hydrological regime of our rivers. The intensification of the hydrological cycle caused by climate change is projected to cause more flooding in winters and an increased urbanization could amplify these effects by a quicker runoff on paved surfaces. The relative importance of both drivers, however, is still uncertain and interaction effects between both drivers are not yet well understood. In order to better understand the hydrological impact of climate variability and land cover changes, including their interaction effects, we fitted a statistical model to historical data over 3 decades for 29 catchments in Flanders, covering various catchment characteristics. It was found that the catchment characteristics explain up to 18 % of changes in river peak flows, climate variability 6 % and land cover changes 8 %. Interaction terms explain up to 32 %. An increase in urban area of +1 % might cause increases in river peak flows up to +5 %.
Tsunamis boulders on the rocky shores of Minorca (Balearic Islands)
Authors: Roig-Munar Francesc Xavier , Vilaplana Joan Manuel , Rodríguez-Perea Antoni , Martín-Prieto José Ángel , Gelabert Bernadí
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Large boulders have been found on marine
cliffs of 24 study areas on Minorca, in the Balearic archipelago. These large
imbricated boulders of up to 229 t are located on platforms that comprise
the rocky coastline of Minorca, several tens of meters from
the edge of the cliff, up to 15 m above the sea level and kilometers away
from any inland escarpment. They are mostly located on the south-eastern
coast of the island, and numerical models have identified this coastline as a
zone with a high probability of tsunami impact. The age of the boulders of
the studied localities range between 1574 AD and recent times, although most
of them are concentrated around the year 1790 AD. Although some storm waves
might play a role in their dislodging, the distribution of the boulder sites
along the Balearic Islands, the degree and direction of imbrication and the
run-up necessary for their placement suggest transport from northern African
tsunami waves that hit the coastline of Minorca.
Effects of Working Memory Load and Age on the Comprehension of Passive Sentences
Authors: Liu Xinmiao
Published: July 2018

The ability of older adults to comprehend sentences may decline due to the cognitive changes in working memory. Therefore, an increase in working memory demands during sentence comprehension would result in poorer performance among older adults. To test this hypothesis, the present study explored sentence comprehension as a result of manipulations of age and working memory loads using a sentence-picture matching task. 35 older adults and 35 younger adults were required to match Mandarin passive sentences (high working memory load) and active sentences (low working memory load) with pictures. Passive sentences were found to be more difficult than active sentences for all participants. Older adults responded to passive sentences more slowly than younger adults. However, no significant age difference was found in accuracy of responses. Accuracy on passive sentence comprehension was marginally correlated with syntactic complexity effect among older adults. Compared with younger adults, older adults seem to be more disrupted by the increased WM load in passive sentence comprehension, but they can compensate for the decline in the accuracy of comprehension by spending extra time on sentences with high WM load.
Wat ons gezegd wordt over kernenergie
Authors: Van Impe Michelle
Published: July 2018

What we are told about nuclear energy. An analysis of ideological strategies in the discourse of the Belgian nuclear lobby and government

Nuclear energy is a controversial topic in Belgium and the government strives for a nuclear exit by 2025. However, there are few notable policy efforts which prepare the country for such a future. The framing of nuclear energy is crucial in the ongoing debate about its usage. In this article, the author analyses the discourse of the nuclear lobby and government through a green criminological lens. She compares the discourse with academic literature about nuclear energy and identifies ideological strategies via the analytical framework of Larrain (1983).
Alle dieren tellen mee!
Authors: Janssen Janine
Published: July 2018

All animals count! On non-speciesism in criminology

Criminology traditionally focuses on the human experience. However, several criminologists have seriously criticized this anthropocentric perspective. In their view from a criminological perspective humans and other than human animals should be given equal attention. Although they advocate a non-speciesist criminology, they are not trying to fundamentally change criminology as we know it. Instead, their appeal is to not consider other than human creatures as passive objects and solely from the perspective of their usefulness for humans. Yet, this objective poses substantial methodological challenges to criminologists.
Naar een blauwe criminologie?
Authors: Huisman Wim , Camphuysen Kees , Bijleveld Catrien
Published: July 2018

Towards a blue criminology? On illegal fishing, fish fraud, and criminology

Illegal (IUU) fishing is a relatively understudied area within criminology. In this article the authors briefly describe what IUU fishing entails, what is known about the consequences of such fishing, and will list law enforcement issues. They illustrate how illegal fishing can be organized in different ways, and will give some examples of fish fraud. The authors also discuss the (massive) measurement issues. The ecological impact of IUU fishing constitutes an important reason for more research into this phenomenon.
Drie perspectieven op de illegale vogelhandel in Nederland
Authors: van Uhm Daan , Spapens Toine
Published: July 2018

Three perspectives on the illicit trade in protected birds in the Netherlands

The Netherlands are considered as an important hub for the illicit trade in species of endangered birds protected by the CITES convention. In this article the authors analyze five substantial criminal cases from three different perspectives. First, from a criminal business perspective, the cases illustrate that logistics vary from relatively simple to highly complex, but always require in-depth knowledge of the animals as well as regulations, to be able to keep the birds alive to make a profit, and to smuggle them to the Netherlands, respectively. Second, from a network perspective, it is clear that those who are involved in the illicit trade – suppliers, traders and customers – are part of a closed and often long-lasting group of people who know the trade. Finally, from a green criminological perspective, the authors conclude that harms of the illicit trade in protected birds are mentioned only to a limited extent in court rulings, contrary to what one might expect based on social construction theories of criminalization and sentencing.
Intersecciones entre género y raza en las representaciones del arte contemporáneo dominicano.
Authors: Sánchez Sánchez Suset
Published: July 2018

La arraigada tradición católica, el deficitario sistema de educación pública, la estratificación de la sociedad, el machismo, la violencia, la superstición, la pobreza, el racismo y los conflictos fronterizos con Haití, la emigración y las formaciones diaspóricas en Nueva York y Europa, son factores que en su combinación han convertido a la mujer afrodescendiente en una figura heroica que bascula entre la fragilidad y la resistencia dentro de la sociedad actual en la República Dominicana. Resulta arriesgado hablar del arte dominicano contemporáneo en términos de movimiento afrodescendiente o de agencia política afrodescendiente y feminista. No obstante, diferentes poéticas artísticas ahondan en investigaciones estéticas y sociales sobre las políticas de la diferencia en la sociedad dominicana hoy; así como en las construcciones históricas de “lo dominicano” que han situado en una posición subalterna las voces afrodescendientes y las representaciones de la diáspora africana. Se analizarán los lugares de enunciación desde los que determinadas prácticas artísticas interpelan al sistema moderno-colonial de género para articular una performatividad que cuestiona los esencialismos identitarios atravesados por categorías de raza, clase, género y sexualidad.
El Caribe desde España. Curaduría, identidad regional y postcolonialidad en el espacio ibérico.
Authors: Garrido Castellano Carlos
Published: July 2018

El presente artículo analiza tres exposiciones de arte caribeño organizadas en España entre los años 90 y la década del 2000: Caribe Insular: Exclusión, Fragmentación y Paraíso; Islas; y Utrópicos. Centroamérica y Caribe. XXXI Bienal de Pontevedra. A través de la revisión de los presupuestos curatoriales presentes en cada proyecto, el texto problematizará la relación entre las diferentes identidades regionales y nacionales, las políticas institucionales y los discursos expositivos sobre el Caribe. De ese modo, se planteará la estrecha relación entre las diferentes visiones del área caribeña que cada exposición construye y las coordenadas geoculturales en las que se enmarca cada proyecto.
CHRONOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY METHODS ON EXAMPLE OF DEPOSITS OF REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN
Authors: Belyaeva Albina S. , Nikitina Anna A. , Kunakova Raiykhana V. , Movsum-zade Eldar M.
Published: July 2018

In this paper the evolution of the methods of oil production intensification and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in the USSR and the Russian Federation is considered. By authors were identified and described the historical stages of development of the secondary and tertiary EOR fields on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan with the indication of major events that have had a significant impact on the technology development of deposits in the country.
PRODUCTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN 2,5-DIAMINO- 1,3,4-THIADIAZOLE AND p-AMINOBENZALDEHYDE
Authors: Tyutina Marina A. , Kudayarova Tatyana V. , Danilova Elena A.
Published: July 2018

5-Amino-2N-benzylidene-4'-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 2,5 bis (N-benzylidene-4'-amino) - 1,3,4-thiadiazole was synthesized by interaction between 2,5-diamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole and p –ami-nobenzaldehyde in ethanol environment. The structure was established on data of mass spectrometry, the elemental analysis, UV-Vis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy. An electronic and geometrical structure of the synthesized compounds was studied by methods of quantum chemistry.
EFFECT OF pH ON ADSORPTION KINETICS OF ANTICOAGULANT WARFARIN ON MESOPOROUS SILICA MATERIALS
Authors: Parfenyuk Elena V. , Dolinina Ekaterina S. , Vlasenkova Mariya I.
Published: July 2018

Synthesis and study of drug composites based on porous silica is promising area for development of new drug formulations with improved pharmacological and consumer properties. Adsorption is one of easiest and fruitful preparation method of drug composites with porous materials. To develop conditions of preparation of novel silica composites with anticoagulant warfarin by adsorption, the influence of medium pH on kinetics of warfarin adsorption on mesoporous silica materials with different  surface chemistry was studied. For this purpose unmodified mesoporous silica was synthesized by sol-gel method. The phenyl and mercaptopropyl modified silica materials were prepared by grafting. The results of kinetic study showed that the warfarin adsorption predominantly follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The rate constants of the pseudo-second-order (k2) were found to be dependent on pH and presence of the organic surface groups. The effects were explained by pH-dependent structural diversity of the drug and surface charge of the silica adsorbents as well as their surface heterogeneity. It was established that film diffusion is the rate-controlling step of the adsorption.
STUDY OF EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN PIGMENTS ON FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF POLYUREA GREASES
Authors: Koshelev Vladimir N. , Tonkonogov Boris P. , Kilyakova Anastasia Yu. , Aleksanyan Karine G. , Movsumzade Eldar M. , Aleksanyan David R. , Glicheva Karolina R.
Published: July 2018

In connection with development of techniques and technologies and unification and substitution the most important task for Russia is to solve the problem of development and introduction of modern high-quality domestic greases. The most suitable in this respect is greases with the urea derivatives thickener — organic compounds containing in molecules one or more urea (urea, wreath) groups. In recent years, the production of these lubricants attracts increased attention of specialists, because they have unique exploitation characteristics: the combination of high-hydrolytic and chemical resistance, operability in a wide temperature range, thermo-strengthening lack, retention its properties at high speeds and specific loads, in contact with adverse environments, etc.  We received greases based on poly urea with the addition of pigment. The synthesized pigments have different structure and belong to different classes of compounds. We conducted a search for the most optimal structures and concentrations of pigments which are included in the poly urea grease.
PALLADIUM FREE ACTIVATION OF DIELECTRICS SURFACES AND CARBON MATERIALS WITH SALTS OF MONOVALENT COPPER
Authors: Rakhmetulina Lidiya A. , Yakovlev Andrey V. , Finaenov Aleksandr I. , Nevernaya Olga G. , Zakirova Svetlana M.
Published: July 2018

In this work the original way of activation of a surface of carbon material in solutions on the basis of Cu(I) for the subsequent metallization is offered. In work results of research of properties of chemically deposited copper covering with preliminary activation are presented.
SELECTIVE GROWTH OF THIN CARBON FILMS ON DIELECTRICS SUBSTRATES
Authors: Sedlovets Daria M. , Knyazev Maxim A.
Published: July 2018

The method of control of the quality of thin carbon films obtained by ethanol vapor pyrolysis on the surface of dielectric substrates which was preliminary irradiated by e-beam is described. The influence of the exposure doses on the structural perfection of the obtained films was studied.
INFLUENCE OF COPPER SUBLAYER ON NUCLEATION OF DIAMOND CRYSTALS ON SURFACE OF TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
Authors: Vokhmyanin Dmitriy S.
Published: July 2018

The buffer copper sublayer on the surface of tungsten carbide was obtained with the chemical deposition from aqeous solutions. With the using the methods of SEM, AFM, XRF it was established that at temperature of 23 °C the layer structure is porous that do not observed at negative temperatures. The sublayer structure influences the character of nucleation of diamond crystals and their form. The phase composition was determined with Raman spectroscopy. The spectrum shows the lines of diamond (1334 cm-1), sp2 of carbon and trans-polyacetylene (1170 сm-1).
CARBON FIBERS MODIFIED WITH TRANSITION METAL OXIDES FOR As(V) REMOVAL FROM SOLUTIONS
Authors: Zemskova Larisa A. , Voit Alexey V. , Shlyk Darya H. , Barinov Nikolaiy N.
Published: July 2018

Perspectives of use of activated carbon materials modified with transition metal oxides for purification of water from arsenic were considered. Sorption isotherms for two types of hybrid sorbents based on carbon fibers modified with manganese oxide as birnessite as well as on fiber and chitosan-carbon materials on its basic modified with molybdenum determining affinity of the sorbents to arsenate-ions are presented.
Awareness of Hepatitis B Infection Amongst the People of Southeastern Anatolia: A Seroprevalence Study
Authors: ÇALIŞIR Metin
Published: July 2018

Objective: Viral hepatitis has
become a silent epidemic worldwide. The aim of the present study is to
determine the knowledge and awareness of Hepatitis B infection amongst patients
who refer to our clinic and their relatives.

Material-Method: 244 patients randomly
selected from among patients admitted to our clinic were included this study
and data about Hepatitis were obtained. Then, hepatitis condition of the
patients was determined by The
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data were compared.

Results: 72 patients were Antibody to the hepatitis
B surface antigen(+) (anti-HBs (+)). 25 patients had
received three doses of the hepatitis B vaccine and 47 patients were unaware of
their anti-HBs (+) status. 14 patients were Hepatitis B surface antigen(+) (HBsAg (+)). 11
patients had known HBsAg (+) and 3 patients were unaware of their condition.

Conclusions: In order to decrease the burden of
hepatitis in dental health care workers, it is recommended that the dental
professionals should receive immunization against hepatitis virus and should
use individual protective equipment such as gloves, head caps, masks, etc.
Necessary tests for the infectious diseases should be applied to all patients
admitted to the clinic.
Arising role of photovoltaic and wind energy in the power sector and beyond: Changing the Northeast Asian power landscape
Authors: Bogdanov Dmitrii , Farfan Javier , Sadovskaia Kristina , Fasihi Mahdi , Child Michael , Breyer Christian
Published: July 2018

Accordingly to the COP21 Paris Agreement a net zero greenhouse gas emission energy system must be built no later than 2050. Such a fast power system transition will be very challenging for the conditions of Northeast Asia, a region with a large and fast growing power demand. Power system transition modelling was performed in order to check the technical feasibility of such a transition. The results of the simulation show that the transition can be accomplished and a 100% renewable energy system is both technically feasible and economically viable in Northeast Asia with average electricity generation cost of around 55 €/MWh. Solar photovoltaic (PV) will become the major energy source in Northeast Asia with a generation share of more than 70%; wind energy will contribute to 18% of the generation. Decarbonisation of the system can be achieved quite fast: by 2035 CO2eq emissions in the power sector will decrease by 95 and 99% by 2045, respectively.
Scholarly Communication Librarians’ Relationship with Research Impact Indicators: An Analysis of a National Survey of Academic Librarians in the United States
Authors: Miles Rachel Ann , Konkiel Stacy , Sutton Sarah
Published: July 2018

INTRODUCTION Academic librarians, especially in the field of scholarly communication, are often expected to understand and engage with research impact indicators. However, much of the current literature speculates about how academic librarians are using and implementing research impact indicators in their practice. METHODS This study analyzed the results from a 2015 survey administered to over 13,000 academic librarians at Carnegie-classified R1 institutions in the United States. The survey concentrated on academic librarians’ familiarity with and usage of research impact indicators. Results: This study uncovered findings related to academic librarians’ various levels of familiarity with research impact indicators and how they implement and use research impact indicators in their professional development and in their library job duties. DISCUSSION In general, academic librarians with regular scholarly communication support duties tend to have higher levels of familiarity of research impact indicators. In general, academic librarians are most familiar with the citation counts and usage statistics and least familiar with altmetrics. During consultations with faculty, the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) and citation counts are more likely to be addressed than the author h-index, altmetrics, qualitative measures, and expert peer reviews. The survey results also hint towards a growing interest in altmetrics among academic librarians for their professional advancement. CONCLUSION Academic librarians are continually challenged to keep pace with the changing landscape of research impact metrics and research assessment models. By keeping pace and implementing research impact indicators in their own practices, academic librarians can provide a crucial service to the wider academic community.
Marine cyanolichens from different littoral zones are associated with distinct bacterial communities
Authors: West Nyree J. , Parrot Delphine , Fayet Claire , Grube Martin , Tomasi Sophie , Suzuki Marcelino T.
Published: July 2018

The microbial diversity and function of terrestrial lichens have been well studied, but knowledge about the non-photosynthetic bacteria associated with marine lichens is still scarce. 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing was used to assess the culture-independent bacterial diversity in the strictly marine cyanolichen speciesLichina pygmaeaandLichina confinis, and the maritime chlorolichen speciesXanthoria aureolawhich occupy different areas on the littoral zone. Inland terrestrial cyanolichens from Austria were also analysed as for the marine lichens to examine further the impact of habitat/lichen species on the associated bacterial communities. TheL. confinisandL. pygmaeacommunities were significantly different from those of the maritimeXanthoria aureolalichen found higher up on the littoral zone and these latter communities were more similar to those of the inland terrestrial lichens. The strictly marine lichens were dominated by the Bacteroidetes phylum accounting for 50% of the sequences, whereas Alphaproteobacteria, notablySphingomonas, dominated the maritime and the inland terrestrial lichens. Bacterial communities associated with the twoLichinaspecies were significantly different sharing only 33 core OTUs, half of which were affiliated to the Bacteroidetes generaRubricoccus,TunicatimonasandLewinella, suggesting an important role of these species in the marineLichinalichen symbiosis. Marine cyanolichens showed a higher abundance of OTUs likely affiliated to moderately thermophilic and/or radiation resistant bacteria belonging to the Phyla Chloroflexi, Thermi, and the families Rhodothermaceae and Rubrobacteraceae when compared to those of inland terrestrial lichens. This most likely reflects the exposed and highly variable conditions to which they are subjected daily.
Autocommunication
Authors: Christensen Lars Thøger
Published: July 2018

Autocommunication is fundamental to human existence and an integral dimension of social identity. Like other social actors, organizations autocommunicate whenever they act as receivers of the messages they convey. By communicating with and about themselves in public forums, organizations have a tendency to confirm already established identities and perspectives. At the same time, however, autocommunication allows organizations to explore new ideals and standards and inspire aspirations and expectations among internal and external audiences. Autocommunication, thus, is an essential source of organizational maintenance and a vital dimension of change.
Spreading depolarizations trigger caveolin‐1–dependent endothelial transcytosis
Authors: Sadeghian Homa , Lacoste Baptiste , Qin Tao , Toussay Xavier , Rosa Roberto , Oka Fumiaki , Chung David Y. , Takizawa Tsubasa , Gu Chenghua , Ayata Cenk
Published: July 2018

Objective

Cortical spreading depolarizations (CSDs) are intense and ubiquitous depolarization waves relevant for the pathophysiology of migraine and brain injury. CSDs disrupt the blood–brain barrier (BBB), but the mechanisms are unknown.

Methods

A total of six CSDs were evoked over 1 hour by topical application of 300 mM of KCl or optogenetically with 470 nm (blue) LED over the right hemisphere in anesthetized mice (C57BL/6 J wild type, Thy1‐ChR2‐YFP line 18, and cav‐1–/–). BBB disruption was assessed by Evans blue (2% EB, 3 ml/kg, intra‐arterial) or dextran (200 mg/kg, fluorescein, 70,000 MW, intra‐arterial) extravasation in parietotemporal cortex at 3 to 24 hours after CSD. Endothelial cell ultrastructure was examined using transmission electron microscopy 0 to 24 hours after the same CSD protocol in order to assess vesicular trafficking, endothelial tight junctions, and pericyte integrity. Mice were treated with vehicle, isoform nonselective rho‐associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor fasudil (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally 30 minutes before CSD), or ROCK‐2 selective inhibitor KD025 (200 mg/kg, per oral twice‐daily for 5 doses before CSD).

Results

We show that CSD‐induced BBB opening to water and large molecules is mediated by increased endothelial transcytosis starting between 3 and 6 hours and lasting approximately 24 hours. Endothelial tight junctions, pericytes, and basement membrane remain preserved after CSDs. Moreover, we show that CSD‐induced BBB disruption is exclusively caveolin‐1–dependent and requires rho‐kinase 2 activity. Importantly, hyperoxia failed to prevent CSD‐induced BBB breakdown, suggesting that the latter is independent of tissue hypoxia.

Interpretation

Our data elucidate the mechanisms by which CSDs lead to transient BBB disruption, with diagnostic and therapeutic implications for migraine and brain injury.
Induction chemotherapy in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Clinical outcomes and patterns of care
Authors: Gabani Prashant , Barnes Justin , Lin Alexander J. , Rudra Soumon , Oppelt Peter , Adkins Douglas , Rich Jason T. , Zevallos Jose P. , Daly Mackenzie D. , Gay Hiram A. , Thorstad Wade L.
Published: July 2018

The role of induction chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains controversial. The primary aim of this study was to use the National Cancer Database to evaluate the patterns of care of induction chemotherapy in NPC and its impact on overall survival (OS). Patients with NPC from 2004 to 2014 were obtained from the NCDB. Patients were considered to have received induction chemotherapy if it was started ≥43 days before the start of RT and concurrent CRT if chemotherapy started within 21 days after the start of RT. Propensity score matching was used to control for selection bias. Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine significant predictors of OS. Logistic regression model was used to determine predictors of the use of induction chemotherapy. Significance was defined as a P value <.05. A total of 4857 patients were identified: 4041 patients (87.2%) received concurrent CRT and 816 patients (16.8%) received induction chemotherapy. The use of induction therapy remained stable between 2004 and 2014. Younger patients and those with higher T‐ and N‐stage had a higher likelihood of being treated with induction chemotherapy. The 5‐year OS in patients treated with induction chemotherapy and CRT was 66.3% vs 69.1%, respectively (P = .25). There was no difference in OS when these two groups were analyzed after propensity score matching. No differences in OS existed between these treatment groups in patients with T3‐T4N1 or TanyN2‐3 disease (P = .76). Propensity score matching also did not reveal any difference in OS in patients with T3‐T4N1 or TanyN2‐3 disease. The use of induction chemotherapy has remained stable in the last decade. In this study of patients with NPC, induction chemotherapy was not associated with improved OS compared to CRT alone.
Conservation of energy, density of states, and spin lattice relaxation
Authors: Khaneja Navin
Published: July 2018

The starting point of all NMR experiments is a spin polarization which develops when we place the sample in static magnetic field B0. There are excess of spins aligned along B0 (spin up with lower energy) than spins aligned opposite (spin down with higher energy) to the field B0. A natural question is what is the source of this excess spin polarization because relaxation mechanisms can flip a up spin to a down spin and vice‐versa. The answer lies in the density of states. When a molecule with spin down flips to spin up it loses energy. This energy goes into increasing the kinetic energy of the molecule in the gas/solution phase. At this increased kinetic energy, there are more rotational‐translational states accessible to the molecule than at lower energy. This increases the probability the molecule will spend in spin up state (higher kinetic energy state). This is the source of excess polarization. In this article, we use an argument based on equipartition of energy to explicitly count the excess states that become accessible to the molecule when its spin is flipped from down to up. Using this counting, we derive the familiar Boltzmann distribution of the ratio of up vs down spins. Although prima facie, there is nothing new in this article, we find the mode counting argument for excess states interesting. Furthermore, the article stresses the fact that spin polarization arises from higher density of states at increased kinetic energy of molecules.
Systemic inflammation in acute cardiorenal syndrome: an observational pilot study
Authors: Linhart Christoph , Ulrich Christof , Greinert Daniel , Dambeck Stefanie , Wienke Andreas , Girndt Matthias , Pliquett Rainer U.
Published: July 2018

Aims

Acute cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) with and without consideration of the volume state was assessed with regard to inflammatory parameters.

Methods and results

Blood samples from patients with acute CRS (Ronco type 1 or 3, Group 1, n = 15), end‐stage renal disease (Group 2, n = 12), hypertension (Group 3, n = 15), and, in a second cohort, with acute CRS and hypervolemia (Group 4, n = 9) and hypertension (Group 5, n = 10) were analysed with regard to lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (LBP), interleukins (ILs), and monocyte function (flow cytometry) both on admission (all groups) and on discharge (Groups 1 and 4). By discharge, one Group 1 patient died. LBP (ANOVA for Groups 1–3: P = 0.001) and IL‐6 (Kruskal–Wallis for Groups 1–3: P < 0.0001) were higher in Group 1 (LBP: 11.7 ± 2.0 μg/mL; IL‐6: 15.0 ± 6.1 pg/mL) and in Group 2 (LBP: 10.4 ± 1.4 μg/mL; IL‐6: 14.6 ± 3.8 pg/mL) than in Group 3 (LBP: 5.8 ± 0.4 μg/mL; IL‐6: 1.8 ± 0.4 pg/mL). In a direct comparison, the proportion of activated monocytes (CD14 and CD16 positive) was higher in Group 1 (6.9% ± 0.7%) vs. Group 3 (5.1% ± 0.6%; P = 0.018). Group 4 patients had higher IL‐6 plasma levels (34.2 ± 10.1 pg/mL) than Group 1 patients (15.0 ± 6.1 pg/mL; P = 0.03). All other findings obtained in CRS groups (Groups 1 and 4) were comparable.

Conclusions

In acute CRS, a state of systemic inflammation was found, which is comparable with the end‐stage renal disease situation. In comparison with hypertensive controls, a monocytic activation was found in acute CRS regardless of volume state.
Natural extracts from fresh and oven‐dried winemaking by‐products as valuable source of antioxidant compounds
Authors: Marchante Lourdes , Gómez Alonso Sergio , Alañón María Elena , Pérez‐Coello María Soledad , Díaz‐Maroto María Consuelo
Published: July 2018

Winemaking by‐products are a natural source of antioxidant components; however, due to their highly perishable and seasonal nature, they may require a prior conservation step before being processed. Natural extracts from fresh and oven‐dried red grape agro‐industrial by‐products were obtained by ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), using a hydroalcoholic solution as extracting solvent. Extracts were analyzed by HPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS, to know the feasibility of winemaking by‐products as natural sources of phenolic compounds, as well as the effect of the oven‐drying treatment on the phenolic composition. Oven‐drying at 45°C caused a significant decrease on the total phenolic content, which implied a reduction of the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Also, it produced a decrease in total and individual flavan‐3‐ols, stilbenes, and flavonols, being greater in those extracts from stems. Respect to anthocyanins, which were only identified in grape pomace extracts, oven‐drying caused an important decrease, being the peonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside the more thermosensitive compound. Natural extracts from fresh or oven‐dried winemaking by‐products could be used in other food industries as a valuable source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. However, further studies on other drying methods are required for addressing the preservation of phenolic compounds from winery by‐products successfully.
Entrepreneurship Assessment in Higher Education: A Research Review for Engineering Education Researchers
Authors: Huang‐Saad Aileen Y. , Morton Christina S. , Libarkin Julie C.
Published: July 2018

Background

Despite the wide adoption of entrepreneurship by United States engineering programs, there have been few advances in how to measure the influences of entrepreneurial education on engineering students. We believe the inadequate growth in engineering entrepreneurship assessment research is due to the limited use of research emerging from the broader entrepreneurship education assessment community.

Purpose

This paper explores entrepreneurship education assessment by documenting the current state of the research and identifying the theories, variables, and research designs most commonly used by the broader community. We then examine if and how these theories and constructs are used in engineering entrepreneurship education.

Scope/Method

Two literature databases, Scopus® and Proquest, were searched systematically for entrepreneurship education assessment research literature. This search yielded 2,841 unique papers. Once inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 359 empirical research papers were coded for study design, theory, variables measured, instruments, and validity and reliability.

Conclusions

While there has been growth in entrepreneurship education assessment research, little exchange of ideas across the disciplines of business, engineering, and education is occurring. Nonempirical descriptions of programs outweigh empirical research, and these empirical studies focus on affective, rather than cognitive or behavioral, outcomes. This pattern within the larger entrepreneurship community is mirrored in engineering where the use of theory‐based, validated entrepreneurship education assessment instruments generally focuses on the context of intent to start a new company. Given the engineering community's goals to support engineering entrepreneurship beyond business creation, the engineering education community should consider developing assessment instruments based in theory and focused on engineering‐specific entrepreneurship outcomes.
Synthesis of Novel Bis[(5‐cyanopyridin‐6‐yl)sulfanyl]butanes, Bis(2‐S‐alkylpyridines), and Bis(3‐aminothieno[2,3‐b]pyridines) Incorporating 2,6‐Dibromophenoxy Moiety
Authors: Sanad Sherif M. H. , Hefny Mahmoud I. M. , Ahmed Ahmed A. M. , Elneairy Mohamed A. A.
Published: July 2018

The synthetic precursors pyridine‐2(1H)‐thiones 2a,b and bis(pyridine‐2(1H)‐thione) derivative 4, using aldehydes 1a,b incorporating 2,6‐dibromophenoxy moiety, were prepared and used to synthesize the novel target materials bis[(5‐cyanopyridin‐6‐yl)sulfanyl]butanes 5a,b, bis(2‐S‐alkylpyridines) 8a,b, and bis(3‐aminothieno[2,3‐b]pyridines) 13a–c through facile procedures. Characterization of the newly prepared compounds via elemental analyses and spectral data is established.
Ultrasonic Aptitude of Regioselective Reaction of 6‐bromo‐spiro‐3,1‐benzoxazinone2,1′‐isobenzofuran‐3′,4‐dione Towards Some Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Reagents
Authors: El‐Hashash Maher A. , Rizk Sameh A. , El‐Badawy Azza A.
Published: July 2018

In the present work, the 2‐benzoxazinonyl benzoic acid (BBA) could be isomerized to the stereogenic spiro products (SBI) via ultrasonic and basic reaction conditions. The spiro compounds (SBI) have both electrophilic and nucleophilic centers. A series of nitrogen nucleophiles such as hydrazine hydrate, glycine, 2‐aminopyridine, 2‐picolinylamine, 4‐anisidine, 4‐aminoacetophenone and carbon electrophiles such as oxiranylmethylchloride, ethylchloroacetate, chloroacetylchloride, Mannich reagents, for example, formaldehyde with piperidine or morpholine can be treated with 2‐benzoxazine‐2‐yl benzoic acid (BBA) via multicomponent reaction. The basicity of previous nucleophiles can be controlled on the course of reaction of 2‐benzoxazinonyl benzoic acid. The chemical structure of the synthesized compounds can be confirmed by microanalytical, spectral data and optimized by quantum chemical parameters.
Inoculation of tomato plants with selected PGPR represents a feasible alternative to chemical fertilization under salt stress
Authors: Cordero Irene , Balaguer Luis , Rincón Ana , Pueyo José J.
Published: July 2018

Plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are soil bacteria that colonize the rhizosphere of plants, enhance plant growth, and may alleviate environmental stress, thus constituting a powerful tool in sustainable agriculture. Here, we compared the capacity of chemical fertilization to selected PGPR strains to promote growth and alleviate salinity stress in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). A pot experiment was designed with two main factors: fertilization (chemical fertilization, bacterial inoculation with seven PGPR, or a non‐fertilized non‐inoculated control) and salt stress (0 or 100 mM NaCl). In the absence of stress, a clear promotion of growth, a positive effect on plant physiology (elevated Fv/Fm), and enhanced N, P, and K concentrations were observed in inoculated plants compared to non‐fertilized controls. Salinity negatively affected most variables analyzed, but inoculation with certain strains reduced some of the negative effects on growth parameters and plant physiology (water loss and K+ depletion) in a moderate but significant manner. Chemical fertilization clearly exceeded the positive effects of inoculation under non‐stressed conditions, but conversely, biofertilization with some strains outperformed chemical fertilization under salt stress. The results point at inoculation with selected PGPR as a viable economical and environment‐friendly alternative to chemical fertilization in salinity‐affected soils.
Effect of activity states on habitat selection by black‐tailed deer
Authors: Bose Samhita , Forrester Tavis D. , Casady David S. , Wittmer Heiko U.
Published: July 2018

Habitat selection is a complex hierarchical process and in ungulates typically varies at broad spatial and temporal scales and among individuals. Recent advancements in the ability of global positioning system (GPS)‐collars to collect activity data provide opportunities to understand underlying mechanisms or trade‐offs responsible for fine‐scale variation in habitat selection. Based on data from 64 female black‐tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) fitted with GPS‐collars in northern California, USA, between 2004 and 2013, we first investigated habitat selection at the home range scale. We then used data from a subset of 27 individuals to determine if habitat selection within home ranges was influenced by activity states (active or inactive). Habitat selection by black‐tailed deer varied between summer and winter and was mostly explained by differences in elevation, terrain, and vegetation. Within their home ranges, black‐tailed deer showed fine‐scale selection for habitats that varied with activity states. In summer, selection for edge density and forest types varied across activity states highlighting important fine‐scale selection patterns. Activity state also affected our conclusions about the selection of habitats including slope, canopy cover, and forest types by black‐tailed deer in winter. During both seasons, deer selected for apparently secure habitat when inactive, likely to minimize risk of predation. These results highlight the importance of considering activity states when evaluating habitat selection from animal location data. This is particularly important in multi‐use landscapes such as national forests where habitat needs of ungulates are important considerations in management decisions, including timber harvest. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
American woodcock singing‐ground survey sampling of forest type and age
Authors: Tavernia Brian G. , Nelson Mark D. , Rau Rebecca , Garner James D. , Perry Charles H.
Published: July 2018

The American Woodcock Conservation Plan calls for halting and reversing declines of American woodcock (Scolopax minor) populations through creation and management of early successional forest (ESF). Counts of displaying male woodcock along routes of the American woodcock singing‐ground survey (SGS) are used to assess regional population status and trends, and there is a need to assess whether SGS routes represent the region. We assessed whether individual SGS routes (330‐m buffers) in the Boreal‐Hardwood and Prairie‐Hardwood Transitions of Minnesota, USA represented land covers within local landscapes, defined using simulated 10‐minute blocks, and whether the routes, in aggregate, represented land covers of our study region. Our land covers included non‐forest classes, age‐based ESF (≤20 years), and persisting classes for deciduous‐mixed and evergreen forests and woody wetlands. We found that the median value of mean absolute differences (MAD) between percentages for route buffer and block cover classes was 3.78 percentage points. Twenty‐two of 81 (27%) route buffers had MAD values ≥5 percentage points. Within Minnesota, more of these routes (19 of 22) occurred in the Boreal‐Hardwood Transition than in the Prairie‐Hardwood Transition. Relative to local landscapes, route buffers most frequently and strongly under‐represented open water, barren land, evergreen ESF, persisting woody wetlands, and woody wetland ESF and over‐represented developed land and grassland‐pasture. When we compared routes in aggregate to our study region, the magnitude of percentage point differences for individual covers did not exceed 5, except for open water. Given the relatively small differences we observed, we conclude that SGS routes well represent land covers within our study region. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Exome sequencing of 85 Williams–Beuren syndrome cases rules out coding variation as a major contributor to remaining variance in social behavior
Authors: Kopp Nathan D. , Parrish Phoebe C. R. , Lugo Michael , Dougherty Joseph D. , Kozel Beth A.
Published: July 2018

Background

Large, multigenic deletions at chromosome 7q11.23 result in a highly penetrant constellation of physical and behavioral symptoms known as Williams–Beuren syndrome (WS). Of particular interest is the unusual social‐cognitive profile evidenced by deficits in social cognition and communication reminiscent of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) that are juxtaposed with normal or even relatively enhanced social motivation. Interestingly, duplications in the same region also result in ASD‐like phenotypes as well as social phobias. Thus, the region clearly regulates human social motivation and behavior, yet the relevant gene(s) have not been definitively identified.

Method

Here, we deeply phenotyped 85 individuals with WS and used exome sequencing to analyze common and rare variation for association with the remaining variance in social behavior as assessed by the Social Responsiveness Scale.

Results

We replicated the previously reported unusual juxtaposition of behavioral symptoms in this new patient collection, but we did not find any new alleles of large effect in the targeted analysis of the remaining copy of genes in the Williams syndrome critical region. However, we report on two nominally significant SNPs in two genes that have been implicated in the cognitive and social phenotypes of Williams syndrome, BAZ1B and GTF2IRD1. Secondary discovery driven explorations focusing on known ASD genes and an exome wide scan do not highlight any variants of a large effect.

Conclusions

Whole exome sequencing of 85 individuals with WS did not support the hypothesis that there are variants of large effect within the remaining Williams syndrome critical region that contribute to the social phenotype. This deeply phenotyped and genotyped patient cohort with a defined mutation provides the opportunity for similar analyses focusing on noncoding variation and/or other phenotypic domains.
Association of hemoglobin with arterial stiffness evaluated by carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity among Chinese adults
Authors: Zhang Zhen‐Zhen , Wang Ping , Kong Xiang‐Lei , Mao Wen‐Li , Cui Mei‐Yu
Published: July 2018

Objective

Increased hemoglobin (Hb) levels are known to be associated with increased cardiovascular events and mortalities. Therefore, we assumed that high Hb levels were associated with arterial stiffness. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a simple and noninvasive method for measuring arterial stiffness to assess cardiovascular disease in general populations. Accordingly, we conducted a cross‐sectional study to explore the association of Hb with PWV.

Methods

A total of 6642 adults aged 54.5 ± 11.2 years undergoing physical examinations were enrolled, 71.7% of whom were males. Arterial stiffness was evaluated by carotid‐femoral PWV (cfPWV). Multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between Hb and increased cfPWV.

Results

In this study, the mean Hb (per 10 g/L increase) was 144.7 ± 13.9 g/L, and the mean cfPWV was 15.1 ± 3.1 m/s. cfPWV was significantly higher in high hemoglobin groups ≥15.4 g/L (Quartile 4) than in the lowest hemoglobin group (Quartile 1 ≤ 13.6 g/L; P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that Hb positively correlated with cfPWV (β = 0.16, P < 0.01). Univariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that Hb was associated with increased cfPWV, with an odd ratio (OR) of 1.46 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39–1.54). After adjusting for potential confounders, Hb and the highest Hb quartile group were also independently associated with increased cfPWV, with a fully adjusted OR of 1.11 (95% CI, 1.02–1.20) and 1.45 (95% CI, 1.01–2.08), respectively.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that Hb levels significantly correlate with increased cfPWV.