bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A genetic screen for aldicarb resistance of C
aenorhabditis
elegans dauer larvae uncovers 2 alleles of dach-1, a cytochrome P450 gene
Authors: Son Sangwon , Choi Myung-Kyu , Lim Daisy S , Shim Jaegal , Lee Junho
Published: October 2022

Animals exhibit phenotypic plasticity through the interaction of genes with the environment, and little is known about the genetic factors that change synaptic function at different developmental stages. Here, we investigated the genetic determinants of how animal’s sensitivity to drugs that alter synaptic activity is regulated at a specific developmental stage using the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans enters the stress-resistant dauer larval stage under harsh conditions. Although dauer is known to have reduced permeability and increased resistance to most known exogenous chemicals, we discovered that dauer is hypersensitive to a cholinesterase inhibitor, aldicarb. To investigate genes regulating dauer-specific acetylcholine transduction, we first screened for aldicarb-resistant mutations in dauer and then performed a secondary screen to rule out aldicarb-resistant mutations that also affect adults. We isolated 2 different mutations of a single gene called cyp-34A4 or dach-1 encoding a cytochrome P450. In the nondauer stages, dach-1 is mainly expressed in the intestine, but its expression is robustly increased in the epidermis of dauers. By tissue-specific rescue experiments, we found that dach-1 modulates aldicarb sensitivity in a cell nonautonomous manner. In addition, dach-1 plays pleiotropic functions in dauers by regulating quiescence and surviving heat shock and hyperosmolar stress. Our study reveals novel functions of the cytochrome P450 in synaptic and physiological changes during the developmental plasticity.
The contribution of sex chromosome conflict to disrupted spermatogenesis in hybrid house mice
Authors: Kopania Emily E K , Watson Eleanor M , Rathje Claudia C , Skinner Benjamin M , Ellis Peter J I , Larson Erica L , Good Jeffrey M
Published: October 2022

Incompatibilities on the sex chromosomes are important in the evolution of hybrid male sterility, but the evolutionary forces underlying this phenomenon are unclear. House mice (Mus musculus) lineages have provided powerful models for understanding the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility. X chromosome–autosome interactions cause strong incompatibilities in M. musculus F1 hybrids, but variation in sterility phenotypes suggests a more complex genetic basis. In addition, XY chromosome conflict has resulted in rapid expansions of ampliconic genes with dosage-dependent expression that is essential to spermatogenesis. Here, we evaluated the contribution of XY lineage mismatch to male fertility and stage-specific gene expression in hybrid mice. We performed backcrosses between two house mouse subspecies to generate reciprocal Y-introgression strains and used these strains to test the effects of XY mismatch in hybrids. Our transcriptome analyses of sorted spermatid cells revealed widespread overexpression of the X chromosome in sterile F1 hybrids independent of Y chromosome subspecies origin. Thus, postmeiotic overexpression of the X chromosome in sterile F1 mouse hybrids is likely a downstream consequence of disrupted meiotic X-inactivation rather than XY gene copy number imbalance. Y chromosome introgression did result in subfertility phenotypes and disrupted expression of several autosomal genes in mice with an otherwise nonhybrid genomic background, suggesting that Y-linked incompatibilities contribute to reproductive barriers, but likely not as a direct consequence of XY conflict. Collectively, these findings suggest that rapid sex chromosome gene family evolution driven by genomic conflict has not resulted in strong male reproductive barriers between these subspecies of house mice.
Identifying an oligodendrocyte enhancer that regulatesOlig2expression
Authors: Fan Chuandong , Kim Dongkyeong , An Hongjoo , Park Yungki
Published: October 2022

Olig2 is a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor that plays a critical role in the central nervous system. It directs the specification of motor neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from neural progenitors and the subsequent maturation of OPCs into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OLs). It is also required for the development of astrocytes. Despite a decade-long search, enhancers that regulate the expression of Olig2 remain elusive. We have recently developed an innovative method that maps promoter-distal enhancers to genes in a principled manner. Here, we applied it to Olig2 in the context of OL lineage cells, uncovering an OL enhancer for it (termed Olig2-E1). Silencing Olig2-E1 by CRISPRi epigenome editing significantly downregulated Olig2 expression. Luciferase assay and ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq data show that Olig2-E1 is an OL-specific enhancer that is conserved across human, mouse and rat. Hi-C data reveal that Olig2-E1 physically interacts with OLIG2 and suggest that this interaction is specific to OL lineage cells. In sum, Olig2-E1 is an evolutionarily conserved OL-specific enhancer that drives the expression of Olig2.
Gamete donation: anti-anonymity does not equate to anti-donation
Authors: Groll Daniel
Published: October 2022

What is the relationship between the position that anonymous gamete donation is wrong (i.e. the anti-anonymity position) and the position that all gamete donation is wrong (i.e. the anti-donation position)? Some argue that people who accept the anti-anonymity position should also accept the anti-donation position on the grounds that the two positions share the same main arguments. But that’s not true. One argument in favor of anti-anonymity does not generate genuine dialectical pressure to accept the anti-donation position. The other anti-anonymity arguments do generate dialectical pressure, but not in a way that pushes toward the anti-donation position. Instead, they push toward what we might call the ‘pro-known-donation’ position. So, either there is no dialectical pressure or, where there is, it doesn’t flow toward the anti-donation position.
Telling stories to understand research impact: narratives from the Lenfest Ocean Program
Authors: Hudson Charlotte G , Knight Emily , Close Sarah L , Landrum Jason P , Bednarek Angela , Shouse Ben
Published: October 2022

For almost 20 years, the Lenfest Ocean Program has funded research projects around the world to generate information that managers, policymakers, and communities can use to develop solutions to ocean and coastal threats. To assess our grantmaking, we wanted to understand whether our philanthropic contribution has had an impact both inside and outside of academic circles. We found that narrative storytelling, as an alternative to a formal analysis, allowed us to explore the different dimensions of research impact, such as how scientific information can prompt progress toward sustainable management or policy change, how a research project’s structure can facilitate impact, and how building relationships and trust among project participants throughout a project may increase the use of future research results. Both the process of documenting the activities and events that resulted from funded projects from various perspectives and the writing of the story itself, helped us understand how science was or wasn’t used. By sharing what we have learned about projects that successfully informed management decisions as well as projects that fell short of their goals, we hope to shed light on the complex relationship between science and environmental decision-making through the lens of research impact.
Safety and Efficacy of Propofol- and Ketamine-Based Procedural Sedation Regimen in Pediatric Patients During Burn Repetitive Dressing Change: 10 Years Single Center Experience
Authors: Yabrodi Mouhammad , Shieh Yu Jeffrey , Slaven James E , Lutfi Riad , Abulebda Kamal , Abu-Sultaneh Samer
Published: October 2022

It is crucial to provide an adequate level of sedation and analgesia during burn dressing changes in the pediatric population due to the amount of pain and anxiety patients experience during the procedure. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an intensivist-based deep sedation regimen using a combination of propofol and ketamine to provide procedural sedation to pediatric burn patients. This is a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients who underwent inpatient burn wound dressing changes from 2011 through 2021. Demographic and clinical data, including age, length of the procedure, recovery time, medication doses, and adverse events, were collected. A total of 104 patients aged between 45 and 135 months with a median total burn body surface area (TBSA) of 11.5 percent (interquartile range [IQR] 4.0, 25.0) underwent 378 procedural sedation encounters with propofol- and ketamine-based sedation. The median total dose of propofol was 7 mg/kg (IRQ 5.3, 9.2). Of these sedations, 64 (17 percent) had minor adverse events, of which 50 (13 percent) were transient hypoxemia, 12 (3 percent) were upper airway obstruction, and 2 (0.5 percent) were hypotension. There were no serious adverse events. Hypoxemia was not related to age, weight, gender, burn TBSA, or total dose of propofol. There were 35 (33.6 percent) patients who had repetitive sedation encounters with no statistically significant changes in propofol dose or adverse events with the repeated encounters. Children can be effectively sedated for repetitive inpatient burn dressing changes. Given the high-risk patient populations, this procedure should be performed under the vigilance of highly trained providers.
Can a MacIntyrian Care about Severely Disabled Strangers?
Authors: McCracken Gennady
Published: October 2022

I argue that Alasdair MacIntyre has important resources to provide in the debate over the moral status of severely disabled people. In contrast, Gregory Poore suggests that MacIntyre’s virtue theory cannot account for our responsibilities to severely disabled people. Given that MacIntyre bases his theory around community membership, this charge is made especially severe in the case of severely disabled strangers. I present an interpretation of MacIntyre that accounts for responsibilities to severely disabled strangers. I then argue that Poore is wrong to conclude that MacIntyre does not include severely disabled people in communities.
Current Smoking and Risk of Coronavirus Infection and Illness in a Highly Controlled Challenge Study: A Re-analysis of the British Cold Study
Authors: Dove Melanie S , Leistikow Bruce N , Khan Nossin , Tong Elisa K
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Meta-analyses have shown an association between smoking and the risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease severity, but the risk of smoking and coronavirus infection is less clear.

Aims and Methods

We re-analyzed data from the British Cold Study, a 1986–1989 challenge study that exposed 399 healthy adults to 1 of 5 “common cold” viruses (including n = 55 for coronavirus 229E). Participants with cotinine levels below 15 ng/mL (noncurrent smokers) were compared with participants with higher cotinine levels or self-reported smoking (current smokers). We calculated overall and coronavirus-specific unadjusted and adjusted relative risks (RRs) for current smoking and each outcome (infection and illness), and tested whether each association was modified by the type of respiratory virus.

Results

Current smokers had a higher adjusted risk than noncurrent smokers for infection (adjusted RR [aRR] = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.25) and illness (aRR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.96). Neither association was modified by an interaction term for smoking and type of virus (infection: p = .44, illness: p = .70). The adjusted RR estimates specific to coronavirus 229E for infection (aRR = 1.22, 95% CI: .91, 1.63) and illness (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: .62, 2.08) were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

These RRs provide estimates of the strength of associations between current smoking and infection and illness that can be used to guide tobacco control decisions.

Implications

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have found an association between smoking and COVID-19 disease severity, but fewer studies have examined infection and illness. The British Cold Study, a high-quality challenge study that exposed healthy volunteers to respiratory viruses including a coronavirus, provides an opportunity to estimate the RR for current smoking and infection and illness from coronaviruses and other viruses to guide tobacco control decisions. Compared with noncurrent smokers, current smokers had a 12% increased risk of having a laboratory-confirmed infection and a 48% increased risk of a diagnosed illness, which was not modified by the type of respiratory virus including a coronavirus.
In Reply: Neoadjuvant TKI Study in Early- and Intermediate Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Osanto Susanne , Woei-A-Jin F J Sherida H , Coenraad Minneke J , Weijl Nir I , Burgmans Mark C , Burggraaf Jacobus
Published: October 2022

This letter to the editor responds to comments from Rizzo et al on recently reported results of a phase II study of dovitinib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Scottish Presbyterians
Authors: Beebe Keith Edward
Published: October 2022

This chapter argues that the sixteenth-century Scottish Reformation was an evangelical movement comprising all the biblicist, crucicentrist, conversionist, and activist characteristics normally associated with the broader evangelicalism that emerged in the 1730s. These characteristics, and the revival tradition that embodied them, were essential features of Scottish religion and identity into the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By highlighting the important contributions Scottish Presbyterians made to the broader evangelical movement in the eighteenth century and beyond, the chapter goes on to demonstrate the crucial role they played in shaping the movement that came to be known as evangelicalism.
The New Divinity
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A.
Published: October 2022

This essay assesses the history and legacy of the New Divinity movement. The New Divinity movement built on the work and ministry of Jonathan Edwards following his death. This movement had at least two subtraditions: one stemming from the sharp-edged polemics of Hopkinsians, another emanating from the pastoral and ecumenical strains of Edwards’s student Joseph Bellamy and grandson Timothy Dwight. American scholar Joseph Haroutunian set the paradigm for New Divinity scholarship throughout most of the twentieth century. Haroutunian was critical of Edwards’s successors, but his work was eclipsed in the late twentieth century by revisionary scholarship. Joseph Conforti’s work symbolized most clearly the changing tides of scholarship, and scholars began to appreciate the Edwardseans’ contributions more fully. The New Divinity movement coalesced around two theological principles: the distinction between the natural and moral ability to obey God and an insistence on immediate repentance. The movement utilized its social ties (including its “schools of the prophets” and the group consciousness they cultivated) and institutional initiatives to gain clout throughout America. Its growth and popularity—including its members, publications, and benevolent endeavors—are a testament to its influence and the role it played in shaping the American religious landscape.
Anti-Catholicism
Authors: Haydon Colin
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines the anti-Catholicism of early evangelicals, chiefly in Great Britain, Ireland, and North America. It investigates the subject in the light of shifting national and international contexts, sometimes focusing on specific topics, such as Jacobitism, British imperial politics, the Gordon riots, the French Revolution, and evangelical responses to the possibility of the British Parliament granting Catholic emancipation. The opinions of leading evangelicals, notably John Wesley and members of the Clapham Sect, are outlined. Above all, the article stresses evangelicals’ hostility to much “popish” theology and their desire to convert Roman Catholics, whose souls they considered imperiled by the doctrines of “Popery.”
Slavery
Authors: Harvey Paul
Published: October 2022

Evangelicals developed ideas that made the evangelicalism of slaves possible. At the same time, they produced a theology that justified the institution of slavery itself. Meanwhile, early African and Native converts challenged those who would define whiteness as Christianity, and the early abolition movement in England was empowered by the tireless efforts of religious activists. Early evangelicals developed proto-versions of the “positive good” pro-slavery argument. But the premises of evangelicalism, followed to their logical conclusion, also could undermine that very argument, particularly when set within the context of a liberal democratic society in America and parliamentary efforts in England to end the slave trade. And yet American evangelicals in the South produced the most sustained religious defense of slavery, one never successfully refuted by abolitionists. Early evangelicalism, then, had a complicated relationship with slavery, one that varied considerably between England and America/the United States. The evangelical role in early anti-slavery in England produced a massive change in sentiment toward slavery internationally, but American evangelicalism became a crucial part of the most powerful slave society created in the modern world.
Jonathan Edwards’s Life and Thought
Authors: Minkema Kenneth P.
Published: October 2022

As part of the effort to define early evangelicalism as a distinct movement, this chapter considers the eighteenth-century British-American theologian and revivalist Jonathan Edwards according to the parameters set by prominent historian of early modern religion W. R. Ward. The discussion utilizes his template for identifying early evangelicals, including an emphasis on the mystical tradition; the use of small-group religion; an eschatology that places the end-times at a “middle distance”; adherence to an experimental devotional method; a reaction against Aristotelianism; and employment of a vitalist conception of nature. The tasks are to evaluate the construct, “early evangelicalism,” and determine whether Edwards fits within such a construct. While he by and large bears out Ward’s hexagon, there are some important ways in which he does not fit it.
Olaudah Equiano, Phillis Wheatley Peters, and the Black Evangelical Experience
Authors: Carretta Vincent
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses the ways in which authors such as Phillis Wheatley Peters, Quobna Ottobah Cugoano, and Olaudah Equiano represent chattel slavery as paradoxically a fortunate fall because the secular fall of his or her physical body into slavery offered to the enslaved the spiritual freedom found through the gospel message. Exposure to Protestant Christianity, particularly to Methodism and its emphasis on literacy to gain access to the Bible, as well as its use of lay preachers, gave authors of African descent the authority to minister to their readers through print. Black authors employed various genres, including poetry, spiritual autobiography, and the jeremiad, to invoke Christianity to argue both indirectly and overtly for the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade and/or chattel slavery.
American Congregationalism
Authors: Brown Robert E.
Published: October 2022

Representing the largest and most culturally influential religious body of the era, the Congregational Church was the foundational institution of early American evangelicalism. It was the location of the earliest strands of revivalist religious experience and provided the pivotal theological architects and promoters of evangelical Christianity. By the early nineteenth century, its leaders stood at the forefront of nearly every important social reform movement in the country and helped to found many of its most important missions agencies, both domestic and foreign. It also produced some of the strongest backlash against evangelicalism, chiefly manifested in the institutional development of American Unitarianism. Evangelical impulses in Congregationalism were used to advance the social equality of marginalized groups such as women, African Americans, and poor Whites, as well as to buttress the hierarchical status quo. It was the seedbed of some of the most original, imaginative, and important theological movements in early America.
The Moravians
Authors: Peucker Paul
Published: October 2022

The Moravian Church originated in 1722, when Protestant refugees from Moravia founded the town of Herrnhut on the estate of Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf. Herrnhut developed into an independent religious community, only loosely connected to the local Lutheran parish church under the leadership of Zinzendorf, who was not only their secular lord but also their spiritual leader. This “renewed Moravian Church” quickly spread through the European continent, Britain, and North America. Moravian missionaries went to the enslaved in the Caribbean, to the Inuit in Greenland and Labrador, to the American Indians, and to the Khoi in southern Africa. Within a few decades, Herrnhut had become the center of one of the significant religious transatlantic movements of the eighteenth century, attracting Germans, Dutch, English, Scandinavians, American Indians, and enslaved men and women in the Caribbean.
Methodism
Authors: Ceri Jones David
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines the emergence and development of Methodism. Historical writing on Methodism has been dominated by John Wesley and the branch of Methodism that he founded. However, this chapter argues that Methodism was a more varied movement, that there were Methodisms, rather than a singular Methodism. It examines the beginnings of the Methodist revival in England under the leadership of George Whitefield and in Wales by Howel Harris and Daniel Rowland in the late 1730s. It then charts the divergence of the revivals along Calvinist and Arminian/Wesleyan lines. As well as teasing out the character of early Methodism, it also suggests some ways in which early Methodism shaped the wider evangelical movement. It concludes with some reflections on the contrasting fortunes of Calvinistic Methodism in England and Wales and some reasons for the ultimate dominance of Wesley’s brand of Methodism in England and further afield.
Dutch Evangelicalism
Authors: van Lieburg Fred
Published: October 2022

This chapter offers a tentative sketch of features and figures in Dutch (Reformed) Protestantism that usually are embedded in the history of Pietism (including the waning of the so-called Nadere Reformatie movement), but also could be incorporated in a (pre)history of Evangelicalism. Starting in the late seventeenth century, when the religious landscape of the Northern Netherlands had stabilized with a majority of Reformed people in the public church, the story of inner and outward piety in theological discourse and popular practice tells about emotional forms of preaching, reading, and believing in a context of growing openness to the world beyond local congregations and private meetings. After 1760, the breakthrough of Enlightenment in mainstream culture facilitated initiatives for religious sociability, missionary action, and Bible distribution, paving the way for a culture of moderate orthodoxy and civil piety which characterized Dutch Protestantism well into the nineteenth century. All the time, parallel to German Lutheran as well as Reformed Pietism (as described in this volume by Jan Stievermann), personal contacts and correspondence with British and American fellow spirits marked the international space of evangelicalism.
Effective Filtering: Language Comprehension and Testimonial Entitlement
Authors: Grodniewicz J P
Published: October 2022

It is often suggested that we are equipped with a set of cognitive tools that help us to filter out unreliable testimony. But are these tools effective? I answer this question in two steps. Firstly, I argue that they are not real-time effective. The process of filtering, which takes place simultaneously with or right after language comprehension, does not prevent a particular hearer on a particular occasion from forming beliefs based on false testimony. Secondly, I argue that they are long-term effective. Some hearers sometimes detect false testimony, which increases speakers’ incentives for honesty and stabilizes the practice of human communication in which deception is risky and costly. In short, filtering prevents us from forming a large number of beliefs based on false testimony, not by turning each of us into a high-functioning polygraph but by turning the social environment of human communication into one in which such polygraphs are not required. Finally, I argue that these considerations support strong anti-reductionism about testimonial entitlement.
COMPARISON OF PEDIATRIC LENS DOSE MEASUREMENTS BETWEEN AXIAL SCAN MODE WITHOUT ACTIVE COLLIMATOR AND HELICAL SCAN MODE WITH ACTIVE COLLIMATOR BY USING A 64 DETECTOR-ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANNER
Authors: Masuda Takanori , Funama Yoshinori , Nakaura Takeshi , Sato Tomoyasu , Urayama Kotaro , Kiguchi Masao , Oku Takayuki , Arao Shinichi , Ono Atsushi , Hiratsuka Junichi , Awai Kazuo
Published: October 2022

To investigate the pediatric eye lens entrance surface dose for both axial scan modes without an active collimator and helical scan modes with an active collimator on 64 detector-row computed tomography (CT) scanner. We used three pediatric anthropomorphic phantoms with axial and helical scan modes from the superior orbitomeatal line to the crown of the head. We compared the measured dose values of the real-time skin dosemeter at the surfaces of the lens and the image noise at different scan modes. The median measured dose values for the lens of newborn, 1-year-old and the 5-year-old phantom were 31.3, 0.97 and 0.65 mGy, respectively, in the axial scan mode and 0.89, 1.21 and 0.71 mGy, respectively, in the helical scan mode. Compared with helical scans with an active collimators, axial scans can reduce the lens dose by ∼10% during head CT on 64 detector-row CT scanner without deterioration of image noise.
Impact of storage conditions and premix type on water-soluble vitamin stability
Authors: Saensukjaroenphon Marut , Jones Cassandra K , Evans Caitlin E , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , Stark Charles R , Bergstrom Jon R , Paulk Chad B
Published: October 2022

Mitigation options to reduce the risk of foreign animal disease entry into the United States may lead to degradation of some vitamins. The objective of Exp. 1 was to determine the impact of 0, 30, 60, or 90 d storage time on water-soluble vitamin (riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and cobalamin) stability when vitamin premix (VP) and vitamin trace mineral premix (VTM) were blended with 1% inclusion of medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) (1:1:1 blend of C6:C8:C10) or mineral oil (MO) with different environmental conditions. Samples stored at room temperature (RT) (approximately 22 °C) or in an environmentally controlled chamber set at 40 °C and 75% humidity, high temperature high humidity (HTHH). The sample bags were pulled out at day 0, 30, 60, and 90 for RT condition and HTHH condition. Therefore, treatments were analyzed as a 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 factorial, with two premix types (vitamin premix vs. VTM), two oil types (MO vs. MCFA), two storage conditions (RT vs. HTHH), and three time points (day 30, 60, and 90). The objective of Exp. 2 was to determine the effect of heat pulse treatment and MCFA addition on water-soluble vitamin (riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and cobalamin) stability with two premix types. A sample from each treatment was heated at 60 °C and 20% humidity. Therefore, treatments were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial, with two premix types (VP vs. VTM) and two oil types (MO vs. MCFA). For Exp. 1, the following effects were significant for riboflavin: main effect of premix type (P < 0.0001), storage condition (P = 0.015), and storage time (P < 0.0001); for pantothenic acid: premix type × storage time × storage condition (P = 0.003) and premix type × oil type (P < 0.0001) interactions; and for cobalamin: premix type × storage condition (P < 0.0001) and storage time × storage condition (P < 0.0001) interactions and main effect of oil type (P = 0.018). The results of Exp. 2 demonstrated that there was an interaction between oil type and premix type for only pantothenic acid (P = 0.021). The oil type did not affect the stability of riboflavin, niacin, or cobalamin and pantothenic acid stability was not different within similar premixes. The only difference in water-soluble vitamin stability between VP and VTM was for pantothenic acid (P < 0.001). The results of this experiment demonstrated that the stability of water soluble vitamins are dependent on the vitamin of interest and the conditions at which it is stored.
Yield Loss and Integrated Disease Control of Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1 Using Seed Treatment and Sowing Rate of Oilseed Rape
Authors: Jayaweera Dasuni P. , Ray Rumiana V.
Published: October 2022

Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG) 2-1 is an ubiquitous soilborne pathogen causing severe damping-off of oilseed rape (OSR). In the absence of varietal resistance to AG2-1, there are limited methods for integrated disease management. The objectives of these field studies were to quantify yield losses due to AG2-1 and to determine the effectiveness of integrated control using sedaxane, fludioxonil, and metalaxyl-M applied as seed treatment on two OSR genotypes at a sowing rate of 40 (low) or 80 (high) seeds m−2. Crop assessments of green area index (GAI), vigor, and cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB) Psylliodes chrysocephala damage were carried out at GS16, while pathogen DNA in soil was quantified using real-time PCR at GS32. Yield and seed weight losses of 41 and 18%, respectively, were associated with reduced establishment, GAI, vigor, and delayed development and flowering of OSR. Seed treatment reduced AG2-1 DNA in soil by 80%, resulting in a 94, 16, and 64% increase of establishment, thousand seed weight (TSW), and yield, respectively. Seed treatment also mitigated the effects of AG2-1 on delaying plant development, resulting in increased uniformity of crop flowering. OSR plants infected with AG2-1 suffered 27% more damage by the CSFB, indicating positive pathogen-pest interaction at the expense of the OSR host. Optimum control of AG2-1 infection was achieved by integrating low sowing rate and seed treatment. However, under dual pest and pathogen attack, high sowing rates should be combined with the use of seed treatment to mitigate seedling death and delayed development caused by AG2-1 and CSFB damage.
Validation of High-Throughput Sequencing as Virus Indexing Test for Musa Germplasm: Performance Criteria Evaluation and Contamination Monitoring Using an Alien Control
Authors: Rong Wei , Rollin Johan , Hanafi Marwa , Roux Nicolas , Massart Sebastien
Published: October 2022

High-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies have brought tremendous improvements in the ability to detect plant viruses and have great potential for application in virus routine diagnostics. The performance criteria of an HTS test need therefore to be estimated and compared with traditional virus indexing tests before it can be used in routine diagnostics. In this study, 78 Musa accessions previously indexed for viruses by molecular tests and/or electron microscopy were tested individually or in pools using an HTS protocol based on total RNA sequencing. The analytical sensitivity of HTS and RT-PCR was also compared by independent testing on serial dilutions of RNA extracts. In total, 136 libraries were sequenced in five batches, and the sequences were analyzed for virus detection. The external alien control, a wheat sample infected by barley yellow dwarf virus, monitored the contamination burden and determined an adaptative detection threshold. Overall, the HTS test displayed a better analytical sensitivity than the RT-PCR and a better inclusivity than the classical indexing protocol, as distant isolates and new viral species were only detected by the HTS test. The repeatability and reproducibility of virus detection were both 100%, although differences in number of sequencing reads per virus were observed between replicates. The diagnostic sensitivity was very high, but false positive results were observed. Finally, the results also underlined the need for expert judgement in the interpretation of the results. In conclusion, the HTS test with an alien control and completed by expert evaluation fulfilled the criteria of the virus indexing protocol for Musa germplasm.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Screening and Assessing Biological Differences Among Oomycete-Parasitic Trichoderma asperellum Isolates for Biological Control Development
Authors: Tancos Matthew A. , Thomas Jami L. , Widmer Timothy L.
Published: October 2022

Trichoderma are ubiquitous soil-inhabiting fungi that produce numerous extracellular proteins critical to saprophytic, mutualistic, and mycoparasitic lifestyles. Trichoderma are effective mycoparasites and produce diverse chitinolytic enzymes, glucanases, and proteases to actively degrade microbial cell walls. The diversity of extracellular proteins and the unique parasitic features of Trichoderma species have resulted in their development as biocontrol agents for numerous plant pathogens. The objective of this study was to characterize biological features important to the selection and commercialization of promising oomycete-parasitic T. asperellum isolates. Nine globally collected T. asperellum isolates previously evaluated for parasitism against Phytophthora ramorum were screened for morphological and sporulation differences with regard to temperature and pH and the conservation of the commonly screened mycoparasitism-associated chitinase gene, chi42. Sporulation and growth variability was evident between the diverse T. asperellum isolates, but a single copy of the chi42 gene was conserved in all isolates. Screening numerous biological features is important to the selection and development of promising microbial-based biocontrol agents; however, determining the presence or absence of individual parasitism-associated genes could lead to selective biases if relied on during the initial screening phase. The described analyses will provide a trialed approach to select a promising Trichoderma biocontrol agent.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Patient blood management and patient safety
Authors: Zacharowski Kai , Zoller Heinz , Steinbicker Andrea U.
Published: October 2022

Purpose of review

The particular fields within patient blood management (PBM) and patient safety reviewed here include novel insights into bleeding therapy, autologous cell salvage, and perioperative anemia therapy.

Recent finding

World Health Organization has published that implementation of PBM is important but has not yet been performed in all hospitals. Two antibodies that mimic the function of FVIII, Emicizumab, and Mim8 have been developed. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been investigated further in patients with hip surgery and shows reduction of bleeding. Thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is a particular concern that has been investigated in another trial. The use of autologous cell salvage was updated in form of a review and meta-analysis. And last but not least, intravenous iron in preoperative anemia therapy can reduce the number of transfusions, but especially iron carboxymaltose can cause hypophosphatemia.

PBM should be further implemented in more hospitals. Emicizumab and Mim8 are indicated in acquired hemophilia or hemophilia A with inhibitors. TXA was confirmed to reduce bleeding. Autologous cell salvage is state of the art to reduce transfusion requirements in major cardiac and noncardiac surgery. Serum phosphate concentrations should be monitored after administration of intravenous iron compounds.
Logistic Regression With Machine Learning Sheds Light on the Problematic Sexual Behavior Phenotype
Authors: Jiang Shui , Wallace Keanna , Yang Esther , Roper Leslie , Aryal Garima , Lee Dawon , Lodhi Rohit J. , Arnau Randolph , Isenberg Rick , Green Bradley , Wishart David , Aitchison Katherine J.
Published: October 2022

Objectives

There has been a longstanding debate about whether the mechanisms involved in problematic sexual behavior (PSB) are similar to those observed in addictive disorders, or related to impulse control or to compulsivity. The aim of this report was to contribute to this debate by investigating the association between PSB, addictive disorders (internet addiction, compulsive buying), measures associated with the construct known as reward deficiency (RDS), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Methods

A Canadian university Office of the Registrar invited 68,846 eligible students and postdoctoral fellows. Of 4710 expressing interest in participating, 3359 completed online questionnaires, and 1801 completed the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. PSB was measured by combining those screening positive (score at least 6) on the Sexual Addiction Screening Test—Revised Core with those self-reporting PSB. Current mental health condition(s) and childhood trauma were measured by self-report. OCD was assessed by a combination of self-report and Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview data.

Results

Of 3341 participants, 407 (12.18%) screened positive on the Sexual Addiction Screening Test—Revised Core. On logistic regression, OCD, attention deficit, internet addiction, a family history of PSB, childhood trauma, compulsive buying, and male gender were associated with PSB. On multiple correspondence analysis, OCD appeared to cluster separately from the other measures, and the pattern of data differed by gender.

Conclusions

In our sample, factors that have previously been associated with RDS and OCD are both associated with increased odds of PSB. The factors associated with RDS appear to contribute to a separate data cluster from OCD and to lie closer to PSB.
The Extensor Indicis Proprius Transposition for the Ulnar Collateral Ligament Stabilization in Thumb Hypoplasia Grades II-IIIa
Authors: Ozols Dzintars , Laucis Rudolfs , Osins Reinis , Berezovska Marisa Maija , Kalnina Linda , Mikitins Aleksandrs , Petersons Aigars
Published: October 2022

Congenital upper extremity deformities are rare, the reported incidence is from 0.15% to 0.2%. The thumb is very important for a hand’s functionality, as it provides up to 50% of its total performance. Proper pinch grip formation at the age of 12 to 16 months is part of normal development; however, no functional development can affect a child’s psychoemotional development. Well-described techniques such as third or fourth superficial flexor transposition can be found in the literature. There is a paucity of studies on using the extensor indicis proprius (EIP) transposition for stabilization of the ulnar collateral ligament for the first metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ). Techniques for the usage of EIP tendon for the reconstruction of absent extensor pollicis longus tendon are more commonly practiced as they create abduction and extension for the thumb hypoplasia grade II-IIIa. We performed EIP transposition with subperiosteally fixation for the ulnar collateral ligament stabilization for thumb hypoplasia patients with a mean age of 38 months (11 to 128) and grade II (n=9), grade IIIa (n=4), and grade IIIb (n=1). Long-term follow-up (2 to 10 y) for the esthetical and functional study was performed. Patients and parents are satisfied with functional and esthetic outcomes. We believe that the EIP tendon transposition can be an alternative method for thumb hypoplasia patients grade II-IIIa reconstruction.
Impact of a Dedicated Pleural Clinic on Indwelling Pleural Catheter Related Outcomes
Authors: Malcolm Katherine B. , Seeley Eric J. , Gesthalter Yaron B.
Published: October 2022

Background:

Recurrent pleural effusions are a major cause of morbidity and frequently lead to hospitalization. Indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) are tunneled catheters that allow ambulatory intermittent drainage of pleural fluid without repeated thoracentesis. Despite the efficacy and safety of IPCs, data supporting postplacement follow-up is limited and variable. Our study aims to characterize the impact of a dedicated pleural clinic (PC) on patient outcomes as they relate to IPCs.

Methods:

Patients who underwent IPC placement between 2015 and 2021 were included in this retrospective study. Differences in outcomes were analyzed between patients with an IPC placed and managed by Interventional Pulmonology (IP) through the PC and those placed by non-IP services (non-PC providers) before and after the PC implementation.

Results:

In total, 371 patients received IPCs. Since the implementation of the PC, there was an increase in ambulatory IPC placement (31/133 pre-PC vs. 96/238 post-PC; P=0.001). There were fewer admissions before IPC placement (18/103 vs. 43/133; P=0.01), and fewer thoracenteses per patient (2.7±2.5 in PC cohort vs. 4±5.1 in non-PC cohort; P<0.01). The frequency of pleurodesis was higher in the PC cohort (40/103 vs. 41/268; P<0.001). A Fine and Gray competing risks model indicated higher likelihood of pleurodesis in the PC cohort (adjusted subhazard ratio 3.8, 95% CI: 2.5-5.87).

Conclusion:

Our experience suggests that the implementation of a dedicated PC can lead to improved patient outcomes including fewer procedures and admissions before IPC placement, and increased rates of pleurodesis with IPC removal.
COVID-19-associated AKI
Authors: Matsumoto Kenki , Prowle John R.
Published: October 2022

Purpose of review

While it is now widely established acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and important complication of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) disease, there is marked variability in its reported incidence and outcomes. This narrative review provides a mid-2022 summary of the latest epidemiological evidence on AKI in COVID-19.

Recent findings

Large observational studies and meta-analyses report an AKI incidence of 28–34% in all inpatients and 46–77% in intensive care unit (ICU). The incidence of more severe AKI requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) in ICU appears to have declined over time, in data from England and Wales RRT use declined from 26% at the start of the pandemic to 14% in 2022. The majority of survivors apparently recover their kidney function by hospital discharge; however, these individuals appear to remain at increased risk of future AKI, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline and chronic kidney disease. Importantly even in the absence of overt AKI a significant proportion of survivors of COVID-19 hospitalisation had reduced eGFR on follow-up.

This review summarises the epidemiology, risk factors, outcomes and treatment of COVID-19-associated AKI across the global pandemic. In particular the long-term impact of COVID-19 disease on kidney health is uncertain and requires further characterisation.
Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome
Authors: De Waele Jan J.
Published: October 2022

Purpose of review

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) has been acknowledged as an important contributor to organ dysfunction in critically ill patients, both in surgical and medical conditions. As our understanding of the pathophysiology evolves, risk factors are better recognized, preventive measures can now be implemented and therapeutic interventions tailored to the physiology of the patient. In the current review, we want to highlight developing insights in the epidemiology and treatment of patients with IAH and ACS.

Recent findings

The impact of IAH and ACS on kidney function and other outcomes continues to draw attention in recent studies. New methods for IAP measurement are under development, and the search for biomarkers to detect IAH or ACS continues. In conditions wherein IAH and ACS are common, recent studies allow better prevention and treatment of these conditions, based on the contemporary ICU management consisting of IAP measurement, judicious fluid resuscitation and decompressive laparotomy where necessary. Surgical treatment options including open abdomen therapy continue to be improved with demonstrable impact on outcomes.

In this manuscript, we provide an overview of recent insights and developments in the epidemiology, monitoring and treatment of patients with IAH and/or ACS.
Outcomes of Critically Ill Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Cytokine Release Syndrome Due to Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy: US, Multicenter PICU, Cohort Database Study
Authors: Logan Grace E. , Miller Kristen , Kohler M. Eric , Loi Michele , Maddux Aline B.
Published: October 2022

OBJECTIVES:

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a potentially lethal toxicity associated with chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Outcomes after critical illness due to severe CRS are poorly described. Our aim was to characterize critical illness outcomes across a multicenter cohort of PICU patients with ALL and CRS.

DESIGN:

Multicenter retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:

Twenty-one PICUs contributing data to Virtual Pediatric Systems, LLC (January 2020–December 2021).

PATIENTS:

PICU patients with ALL or unclassified leukemia and CRS.

INTERVENTIONS:

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:

We identified 55 patients; 34 (62%) were 12 years or older, 48 (87%) were admitted from a hospital inpatient ward, and 23 (42%) received advanced organ failure support or monitoring. Fifty-one survived to PICU discharge (93%) including 19 of 23 (83%) who received advanced organ failure support or monitoring defined as receipt of noninvasive or invasive ventilation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, continuous renal replacement therapy, or placement of a tracheostomy, arterial catheter, hemodialysis catheter, or intracranial catheter. Twelve patients (22%) received invasive ventilation, nine of whom survived to PICU discharge. Two of four patients who received continuous renal replacement therapy and one of three patients who required cardiopulmonary resuscitation survived to PICU discharge. Lengths of PICU stay were median 3.0 days (interquartile range, 1.4–7.8 d) among PICU survivors, 7.8 (5.4–11.1) among those receiving advanced organ failure support or monitoring, and 7.2 days (interquartile range, 2.9–14.7 d) among nonsurvivors. Of the 51 patients who survived to PICU discharge, 48 (94%) survived the hospitalization.

CONCLUSIONS:

PICU patients with CRS frequently received a high level of support, and the majority survived their PICU stay and hospitalization. Additional multicenter investigations of severe CRS are necessary to inform evidence-based practice.
The Martinsburg Initiative: A Collaboration Between Public Safety, Public Health, and Schools to Address Trauma and Substance Use
Authors: Wisdom April C. , Villamil Vanessa , Govindu Madhumita , Kursey Margaret , Peppard Lora , Bates Rebecca A. , Myrick Amie , Snyder Caroline , Noonan Rita K.
Published: October 2022

The Martinsburg Initiative (TMI) is a community-based model developed in Martinsburg, West Virginia, that implements a comprehensive approach to adverse childhood experiences and substance use prevention and mitigation by leveraging partnerships in public health and health care, public safety, and education. TMI receives coordinated federal funding and technical assistance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Washington-Baltimore High Intensity Drug Trafficking Agency, and the National Association of County and City Health Officials to integrate evidence-based and promising strategies. It advances such strategies by translating them for implementation within the community, evaluating the reach and potential impact of the model, and by engaging key stakeholders. Preliminary results describing program reach and short-term outcomes collected for a subset of the interventions during implementation are presented. The model uses touchpoints across multiple community sectors in the city of Martinsburg to break the cycle of trauma and substance use across the life span.