bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration and Temporal Processing of Asynchronous Audiovisual Speech
Authors: Simon David M. , Wallace Mark T.
Published: November 2017

Multisensory integration of visual mouth movements with auditory speech is known to offer substantial perceptual benefits, particularly under challenging (i.e., noisy) acoustic conditions. Previous work characterizing this process has found that ERPs to auditory speech are of shorter latency and smaller magnitude in the presence of visual speech. We sought to determine the dependency of these effects on the temporal relationship between the auditory and visual speech streams using EEG. We found that reductions in ERP latency and suppression of ERP amplitude are maximal when the visual signal precedes the auditory signal by a small interval and that increasing amounts of asynchrony reduce these effects in a continuous manner. Time–frequency analysis revealed that these effects are found primarily in the theta (4–8 Hz) and alpha (8–12 Hz) bands, with a central topography consistent with auditory generators. Theta effects also persisted in the lower portion of the band (3.5–5 Hz), and this late activity was more frontally distributed. Importantly, the magnitude of these late theta oscillations not only differed with the temporal characteristics of the stimuli but also served to predict participants' task performance. Our analysis thus reveals that suppression of single-trial brain responses by visual speech depends strongly on the temporal concordance of the auditory and visual inputs. It further illustrates that processes in the lower theta band, which we suggest as an index of incongruity processing, might serve to reflect the neural correlates of individual differences in multisensory temporal perception.
Moulting of the semi-terrestrial crab Chiromantes haematocheir (De Haan, 1833) (Decapoda, Sesarmidae) in Taiwan
Authors: Liu Hung-Chang , Jeng Ming-Shiou , Hartnoll Richard G.
Published: November 2017

Population structure and moulting of the semi-terrestrial crab Chiromantes haematocheir (De Haan, 1833) were studied in Taiwan. The crab moults nocturnally in small freshwater pools, and newly moulted crabs and cast integuments were used to assess moult increment. Males reached a larger size (max. CW 36 mm, ) than females (max. CW 33 mm, ): from 22 mm CW males increasingly dominated the population. Size at maturity was estimated at 17.5 mm CW.

The percentage moult increment averaged 11.5% in males (5.5-19%, ) and 13.9% in females (7-23%, ). Female increment exceeded male increment for all overlapping size classes. The larger size of mature males, despite a smaller percentage increment, is explained by a higher post-puberty moult frequency. Of the moulting crabs, 25% of males and 38% of females had one or more missing or regenerating peraeopods. In both sexes this reduced the percentage increment, more so the larger number of limbs affected. The moulting conditions for C. haematocheir are not ideal, with constraints in relation to calcium supplies, and shelter. So the moult increments are unsurprisingly less than those of shallow water marine crabs moulting in an optimal environment, but larger than those of land crabs moulting without access to standing water.
On the identity of Photophilus Folkmanová, 1928: A new generic synonymy (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Geophilidae)
Authors: DÁNYI LÁSZLÓ , TUF IVAN HADRIÁN
Published: November 2017

The enigmatic monotypic genus Photophilus Folkmanová, 1928 and its type species, Photophilus griseus Folkmanová, 1928, were described almost 90 years ago from the Czech Republic. The new genus was erected not only based on some morphological characters, but also on behavioural features rather peculiar among Central European geophilomorphs. Although the patria of these taxa is among the best studied regions regarding Chilopoda, and focussed effort has been made to collect further representatives of these taxa, none have been found since the original description As the type material is lost and we failed to collect new specimens from the type locality, we tried to elucidate the true identity of these genus and species by analysing the characters given in the original description in comparison to all other geophilomorphs known from Europe. The structure of the mouth-parts, the shape of the ventral pore-fields and the arrangement of the coxal pores indicate Photophilus to be in the closest relation with the genus Geophilus Leach, 1814 from which it is separated by characters which are shown here as artefacts or misinterpretations according to the judgement of the original descriptions illustrations. Considering the remaining characters of Photophilus and its type species—including the behavioural features—they actually fit only to the widespread European species Geophilus carpophagus Leach, 1815, which is formerly proposed here to be the subjective senior synonym of Photophilus griseus Folkmanová, 1928 (syn. nov.). Photophilus is formerly proposed here as subjective junior synonym of Geophilus (syn. nov.).
A new species of Wallacea Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Bothryonopini) infesting coconut palm in the Indian Ocean Islands of Andaman & Nicobar
Authors: PRATHAPAN K. D. , SHAMEEM K. M.
Published: November 2017

Wallacea jarawa n. sp. infesting coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L., Arecaceae) in the Indian Ocean Islands of Andaman & Nicobar is described and illustrated. The structure of the endophallic sclerites is illustrated and used in species recognition. Borassus flabellifer L. (Arecaceae) and an unidentified rattan cane (? Calamus sp., Arecaceae) are reported as additional host plants.
Characterising the growth in palliative care prescribing 2011–2015: Analysis of national medical and non-medical activity
Authors: Ziegler Lucy , Bennett Michael I , Mulvey Matt , Hamilton Tim , Blenkinsopp Alison
Published: November 2017

Background:

The role of non-medical prescribers working in palliative care has been expanding in recent years and prescribers report improvements in patient care, patient safety, better use of health professionals’ skills and more flexible team working. Despite this, there is a lack of empirical evidence to demonstrate its clinical and economic impact, limiting our understanding of the future role of non-medical prescribers within a healthcare system serving an increasing number of people with palliative care needs.

Aim:

We developed a unique methodology to establish the level of non-medical prescribers’ activity in palliative care across England and consider the likely overall contribution these prescribers are making at a national level in this context in relation to medical prescribing.

Setting/participants:

All prescriptions for 10 core palliative care drugs prescribed by general practitioners, nurses and pharmacists in England and dispensed in the community between April 2011 and April 2015 were extracted from the Prescribing Analysis Cost Tool system.

Design:

The data were broken down by prescriber and basic descriptive analysis of prescription frequencies by opioid, non-opioids and total prescriptions by year were undertaken. To evaluate the yearly growth of non-medical prescribers, the total number of prescriptions was compared by year for each prescribing group.

Results:

Non-medical prescribers issued prescriptions rose by 28% per year compared to 9% in those issued by medical prescribers. Despite this, the annual growth in non-medical prescribers prescriptions was less than 1% a year in relation to total community palliative care prescribing activity in England. Impact on medical prescribing is therefore minimal.
Defining a Good Death: A deliberative democratic view
Authors: Raisio Harri , Vartiainen Pirkko , Jekunen Antti
Published: November 2017

Many attempts to define a good death have been recorded in the academic literature. In most of these attempts, the methods used have been surveys, interviews, and focus groups. These methods have yielded important information, but they have failed to provide an opportunity for public deliberation, whereby people engage collectively with an issue, consider it from all sides, and struggle to understand it. We believe that a well-orchestrated public deliberation could contribute to defining a good death. We gathered data from four deliberative forums implemented in Finland in November 2013. The results paint a picture that differs from those painted by the previous research, which focused mainly on individual and idealized views of a good death. Our findings have brought to light the messy reality of a good death. Deliberation elicited the concern that society could not provide a good death for all and in the process highlighted the lack of proper palliative care and the dominant role of healthcare professionals in defining a good death. Participants also came to terms with the inherent complexity of dying well and gained a better understanding of the challenges related to providing a good death via euthanasia. Their perspectives broadened, proving that defining a good death is a dynamic process rather than a static one.
False-Positive Diagnosis of Brain Death Following the Pediatric Guidelines: Case Report and Discussion
Authors: Shewmon D. Alan
Published: November 2017

A 2-year-old boy with severe head trauma was diagnosed brain dead according to the 2011 Pediatric Guidelines. Computed tomographic (CT) scan showed massive cerebral edema with herniation. Intracranial pressures were extremely high, with cerebral perfusion pressures around 0 for several hours. An apnea test was initially contraindicated; later, one had to be terminated due to oxygen desaturation when the Pco2 had risen to 57.9 mm Hg. An electroencephalogram (EEG) was probably isoelectric but formally interpreted as equivocal. Tc-99m diethylene-triamine-pentaacetate (DTPA) scintigraphy showed no intracranial blood flow, so brain death was declared. Parents declined organ donation. A few minutes after withdrawal of support, the boy began to breathe spontaneously, so the ventilator was immediately reconnected and the death declaration rescinded. Two hours later, life support was again removed, this time for prognostic reasons; he did not breathe, and death was declared on circulatory-respiratory grounds. Implications regarding the specificity of the guidelines are discussed.
Occlusal Angles of Equine Incisors
Authors: Listmann Laura , Schrock Patricia , Failing Klaus , Staszyk Carsten
Published: November 2017

The angulation of equine incisors is frequently used as a parameter for dental corrections. However, the term incisor angle is only vaguely defined, and no studies exist presenting a series of reliable measurements in individual incisors of multiple horses. The aim of this study was to establish an exact method to determine incisor angles and to test whether clinically accessible landmarks (facial crest and bars) are suitable to estimate incisor angles. Eighteen horses were used to create 3-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the skulls from computed tomography (CT) data sets. Reference planes (median and transverse plane) were calculated using defined anatomical landmarks. Subsequently, occlusal planes for incisors and for incisor quadrants were calculated. Occlusal table angles were measured in relation to the reference planes. For each incisor, sagittal and transverse angles were measured. Mean values of individual incisor angles ranged from 3.5° to 6.8° (transverse angle) and from 32.6° to 44.9° (sagittal angle). No significant differences were detected in mean between the left and the right side when teeth in same Triadan positions were compared. However, in individual horses, marked differences between the left and the right side of the jaws occurred. Mandibular incisors showed significantly steeper sagittal angles than maxillary incisors. Furthermore, angles of opposing incisors were correlated with each other. The facial crest and the upper jaw bars featured a curved shape and were therefore of limited use to estimate the angulation of the upper incisors. In contrast, the lower jaw bars were suitable to determine the angulations of lower incisors.
Fixed-term employment in Norway and Sweden: A pathway to labour market marginalization?
Authors: Svalund Jørgen , Berglund Tomas
Published: November 2017

We compare the effects of relatively liberal regulations on the use of temporary employment in Sweden and more restrictive rules in Norway. We find not only that temporary work may be a stepping stone out of unemployment but also that fixed-term employees are exposed to significant risks of long-term marginalization. Moreover, fixed-term employees in Sweden face greater risks of long-run unemployment and low earnings compared to those in Norway.
Anti-cancer effects of F16: A novel vascular endothelial growth factor receptor–specific inhibitor
Authors: Rathinavelu Appu , Alhazzani Khalid , Dhandayuthapani Sivanesan , Kanagasabai Thanigaivelan
Published: November 2017

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 is a dynamic target for therapeutic intervention in various types of cancers. This study was aimed to explore the anti-angiogenic activity of a novel vascular endothelial growth factor receptor–specific inhibitor named F16 in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. This compound effectively reduced cell proliferation, tube formation, and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner by directly inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor binding and subsequent vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 phosphorylation. The F16 was also able to inhibit the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B–mediated survival and migration pathways in cancer in addition to inhibiting the focal adhesion kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases–mediated signaling in GI-101A cancer cells. The chorioallantoic membrane assay followed by tumor growth inhibition measurements with GI-101A breast cancer xenograft implanted athymic nude mice confirmed the in vivo tumor reductive effects of F16. It was interesting to observe a decrease in tumor burden after F16 treatment which correlated very well with the decrease in the plasma levels of mucin-1 (MUC-1). Our studies so far have confirmed that F16 is a specific inhibitor of angiogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo models. The F16 also works very efficiently with Taxol in combination by limiting the tumor growth that is better than the monotherapy with any one of the drugs that were tested individually. Thus, F16 offers a promising anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects with better specificity than some of the existing multi-kinase inhibitors.
Precarious Situations of Care Workers in Home-Based Elder Care in Slovenia
Authors: Hrženjak Majda
Published: November 2017

Based on policy analysis and individual interviews, the author analyzes the care workers’ precarious situations in home-based elder care in Slovenia, a post-socialist, European Union country characterized by a rapidly aging population and delays in adapting a long-term care system to this new social risk. Employment and quasi-employment positions which coexist in home-based care can be sorted along two continuums: between public and market service; between formal and informal work. The author argues that working conditions in home-based care differ according to the position of the care worker on these two continuums, that is, being employed in public services, being self-employed, working in informal care markets, holding a status of family assistant, or being an informal family caregiver. Although the working conditions in public services are deteriorating, the analysis shows that precarity is more severe in market and informal care, while formalization and socialization of care bring about less precarious conditions.
Dynamic analysis of a cylindrical cavity in inhomogeneous elastic half-space subjected to SH waves
Authors: Yang Zailin , Jiang Guanxixi , Tang Haiyi , Sun Baitao , Yang Yong
Published: November 2017

Based on complex function methods and a multipolar coordinate system, the scattering induced by a cylindrical cavity in a radially inhomogeneous half-space is investigated. Mass density of the half-space varies depending on the distance from the centre of the cavity while the shear modulus is always constant. The wave velocity is expressed as a function of radius vector and the Helmholtz equation is a partial differential equation with a variable coefficient. By means of a conformal mapping technique, the Helmholtz equation with a variable coefficient is transferred into its normal form. Then, displacement fields and corresponding stress components are deduced. Applying the boundary conditions, dynamic stress concentration factors around the cavity are obtained and analyzed. Typical numerical results are presented to demonstrate the distribution of dynamic stress concentration factors when influencing parameters are assumed.
Colonic hydrogen sulfide produces portal hypertension and systemic hypotension in rats
Authors: Huc Tomasz , Jurkowska Halina , Wróbel Maria , Jaworska Kinga , Onyszkiewicz Maksymilian , Ufnal Marcin
Published: November 2017

Hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas, at low concentrations is also a biological mediator in animals. In the colon, hydrogen sulfide is produced by intestinal tissues and gut sulfur bacteria. Gut-derived molecules undergo liver metabolism. Portal hypertension is one of the most common complications contributing to the high mortality in liver cirrhosis. We hypothesized that the colon-derived hydrogen sulfide may affect portal blood pressure. Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained either on tap water (controls) or on water solution of thioacetamide to produce liver cirrhosis (CRH-R). Hemodynamics were measured after administration of either saline or Na2S, a hydrogen sulfide donor, into (1) the colon, (2) the portal vein, or (3) the femoral vein. Expression of enzymes involved in hydrogen sulfide metabolism was measured by RT-PCR. CRH-R showed a significantly higher portal blood pressure but a lower arterial blood pressure than controls. Saline did not affect hemodynamic parameters. In controls, intracolonic hydrogen sulfide decreased arterial blood pressure and portal blood flow but increased portal blood pressure. Similarly, hydrogen sulfide administered into the portal vein decreased arterial blood pressure but increased portal blood pressure. In contrast, hydrogen sulfide administered into the systemic vein decreased both arterial and portal blood pressures. CRH-R showed significantly greater responses to hydrogen sulfide than controls. CRH-R had a significantly higher liver concentration of hydrogen sulfide but lower expression of rhodanese, an enzyme converting hydrogen sulfide to sulfate. In conclusion, colon-administered hydrogen sulfide increases portal blood pressure while decreasing the systemic arterial blood pressure. The response to hydrogen sulfide is more pronounced in cirrhotic rats which show reduced hydrogen sulfide liver metabolism. Therefore, colon-derived hydrogen sulfide may be involved in the regulation of portal blood pressure, and may contribute to portal hypertension.

Impact statement

Accumulating evidence suggests that gut-derived molecules affect the control of the circulatory system. Mechanisms controlling liver circulation have been profoundly studied; however, the effects of gut bacteria-derived molecules on portal blood pressure have not been established. In the colon, hydrogen sulfide is produced by intestinal tissues and gut sulfur bacteria. We found that colon-administered hydrogen sulfide increases portal blood pressure while decreasing the systemic arterial blood pressure. The hemodynamic response to hydrogen sulfide was more pronounced in cirrhotic rats which showed reduced hydrogen sulfide liver metabolism, i.e. lower expression of rhodanese, an enzyme converting hydrogen sulfide to sulfate. We propose that colon-derived hydrogen sulfide may affect the regulation of portal and arterial blood pressures and may be involved in portal hypertension.
Recent trends in publications of US vascular surgery program directors
Authors: Aurshina Afsha , Hingorani Anil , Hingorani Amrit , Zainab Ayisha , Marks Natalie , Blumberg Sheila , Ascher Enrico
Published: November 2017

Objective

In order to examine the academic productivity of US vascular surgery program directors, the number of vascular publications listed in PubMed from 2001 to 2015 for US vascular surgery program directors was reviewed. We suggest that this can be used as a benchmark for academic productivity.

Methods

The names of the program directors were taken from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) website at two time points: December 2009 (Independent Programs) and December 2015 (Independent + Integrated). This was used to query PubMed, which listed 5196 publications: 3284 from 2001 to 2009 and 1912 from 2010 to 2015.

Results

There were 104 program directors (2001–2009) and 114 program directors (2010–2015) with average number of publications in PubMed per program director as 3.68/year (SD ± 2.31) and 2.80/year (SD ± 2.73), respectively ( P = .01). From 2001 to 2009, 1215 (37%) and in 2010 to 2015, 860 (45%) of the publications were from Journal of vascular surgery. The top third produced 67% and 69% of publications in the two time-points. No statistical difference was ascertained regionally: northeast, southeast, midwest and west ( P = .46). The numbers of publications/year decreased by 17% compared to first 10 years. From 2001 to 2009, there were no programs with no publications which increased to five and three with no Journal of Vascular Surgery publications which increased to 21 in 2010–2015. The independent and integrated program directors published average of 2.85 (SD ± 2.69) and 3.47 (SD ± 3.1) total publications; 1.25 (SD ± 1.4) and 3.47 (SD ± 1.7) Journal of Vascular Surgery papers/year, respectively ( P = .28, P = .23). Changes in the study subject were noted by percentage of total publications: endovascular lower extremity arterial (4.7% to 8.9%), Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR) (4.5% to 9.9%), Arterio-Venous (AV) access (0.0% to 3.0%), basic science (14.7% to 6.8%), open thoracic (3.0% to 0.6%).

Conclusion

There seems to be a significant decline in the number of publications over the last 15 years. Yet, the subject of the publications has progressed from Open to TEVAR with an increase in endovascular publications. However, basic science publications reduced by half.
Postural Stability in Healthy Child and Youth Athletes: The Effect of Age, Sex, and Concussion-Related Factors on Performance
Authors: Paniccia Melissa , Wilson Katherine E. , Hunt Anne , Keightley Michelle , Zabjek Karl , Taha Tim , Gagnon Isabelle , Reed Nick
Published: November 2017

Background:

Postural stability plays a key role in sport performance, especially after concussion. Specific to healthy child and youth athletes, little is known about the influence development and sex may have on postural stability while considering other subjective clinical measures used in baseline/preinjury concussion assessment. This study aims to describe age- and sex-based trends in postural stability in uninjured child and youth athletes at baseline while accounting for concussion-related factors.

Hypotheses:

(1) Postural stability performance will improve with age, (2) females will display better postural stability compared to males, and (3) concussion-like symptoms will affect postural stability performance in healthy children and youth.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3.

Methods:

This study comprised 889 healthy/uninjured child and youth athletes (54% female, 46% male) between the ages of 9 and 18 years old. Participants completed preseason baseline testing, which included demographic information (age, sex, concussion history), self-report of concussion-like symptoms (Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory [PCSI]–Child and PCSI-Youth), and measures of postural stability (BioSway; Biodex Medical Systems). Two versions of the PCSI were used (PCSI-C, 9- to 12-year-olds; PCSI-Y, 13- to 18-year-olds). Postural stability was assessed via sway index under 4 sway conditions of increasing difficulty by removing visual and proprioceptive cues.

Results:

In children aged 9 to 12 years old, there were significant age- ( P < 0.05) and sex-based effects ( P < 0.05) on postural stability. Performance improved with age, and girls performed better than boys. For youth ages 13 to 18 years old, postural stability also improved with age ( P < 0.05). In both child and youth subgroups, postural stability worsened with increasing concussion-like symptoms ( P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

There are developmental and baseline symptom trends regarding postural stability performance.

Clinical Relevance:

These findings provide a preliminary foundation for postconcussion comparisons and highlight the need for a multimodal approach in assessing and understanding physical measures such as postural stability.
Increased wound complication with intramedullary screw fixation of clavicle fractures: Is it thermal necrosis?
Authors: Domos Peter , Tytherleigh-Strong Graham , Van Rensburg Lee
Published: November 2017

Purpose:

Adult mid-shaft clavicle fractures are common injuries. For displaced fractures, open reduction with plate or intramedullary (IM) fixation is the widely used techniques. All methods have their own potential drawbacks, especially related to local soft tissue complications. There is little information about outcome and management of local wound complications after clavicle fracture fixations.

Methods:

Ninety-seven patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation, 17 were treated with IM screw fixation and 80 with plate fixation. Wound complication occurred in eight patients (8.2%) and rates differed significantly between IM and plate fixations (29.4% vs. 3.8%). Patients were assessed on average 58.3 months with visual analogue pain scores (VASs), Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), and QuickDash (QD) score.

Results:

Five patients had wound breakdown and three patients had wound erythema. In seven patients with stable fixation, it was possible to “dress and suppress” with average 3 weeks of oral antibiotics. One patient had unstable fixation and required longer antibiotic treatment with early screw removal. One patient developed a chronic discharging wound, requiring debridement and later plate removal. At final follow-up, all wounds remained healed, bony union was achieved in all. The average scores were: VAS 1, OSS 46, and QD 4.5.

Conclusions:

Good function with dry healed wound and united clavicle can be achieved. Further studies are required to investigate the difference in soft tissue complication rates, which may be due to the IM technique of retrograde drilling with a guide wire and due to aseptic thermal bone necrosis, rather than true infection.
Cervical artery dissection after sports – An analytical evaluation of 190 published cases
Authors: Schlemm Ludwig , Nolte Christian H , Engelter Stefan T , Endres Matthias , Ebinger Martin
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Cervical artery dissections may be preceded by mechanical trigger events, often related to sports.

Methods

Using the MEDLINE database, we identified case reports and case series of sports-related cervical artery dissections. Information of the type of sport, age and gender of the patient, affected vessels, associated infarction, time delay, and neurological sequelae were extracted. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between sport groups using analysis of variance and Chi square tests. Differences were further assessed with adjusted post hoc tests and homogenous subsets.

Results

A total of 115 reports describing 190 patients with cervical artery dissections related to 45 different sports were identified. The mean age of all patients was 35 years; 26% of all patients were women. Anterior and posterior circulation, as well as left and right side were affected with similar frequency. Patients belonging to different sport categories differed significantly with regard to age ( p < 0.001), gender ( p < 0.001), and affected circulation (anterior vs. posterior, p = 0.02). The posterior circulation was most often affected in golf players (88%) and least often in individuals engaging in exercise (23%) and scuba divers (29%). Laterality (left vs. right) and mortality were similar between sport groups.

Discussion

We performed a comprehensive review and analytical evaluation of case reports describing patients with cervical artery dissections after sport. Confirmation of our findings in prospective studies is needed.

Conclusion

Cervical artery dissection has been described in relation to a wide variety of sports. The risk of injury to particular neurovascular structures may depend on the type sport involved. Discipline-specific incidence rates are not known.
The Lattice Boltzmann method and computational analysis of bone dynamics-I
Authors: Javed Sana , Sohail Ayesha , Maqbool Khadija , Butt Saad Ihsan , Chaudhry Qasim Ali
Published: November 2017

Bone is comprised of an enormously hierarchical construction that promotes transportation of necessary fluids and solids, guaranteeing accurate function and growth. Bone remodeling is a combined process of bone creation and destruction. A number of mathematical models have been developed for the balanced and imbalanced bone remodeling. A brief overview regarding mathematical modeling of bone remodeling is provided. The Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has widely been implemented in CFD simulations, and it is becoming more suitable in the application of image processing amongst several others. Mainly, the LBM simulates the communication between synthetic particles dispersed in a lattice. Canaliculi and tortuous channels that have more or less roughly circular structure link among oval bodies identified as lacunae, and are vital to the function of bone. As there is a lack of equipment to inspect flow in channels on the order of measure of canaliculi, so the use of computational methods are more advantageous to give perceptivities into the nature of the flows. In this article, the computational fluid dynamics analysis is descried, using the Lattice Boltzmann method, to examine the result of the microscopic surface roughness of the canalicular wall, which is formed by collagen fibrils, on the flow profiles in the pericellular space.
Li4B4M3O12Cl (M = Al, Ga): An Electrochemically Stable, Lithium-Ion-Conducting Cubic Boracite with Substituted Boron Sites
Authors: Kajihara Koichi , Tezuka Naoto , Shoji Mao , Wakasugi Jungo , Munakata Hirokazu , Kanamura Kiyoshi
Published: November 2017

A cubic boracite with substituted boron sites, Li4B4M3O12Cl (M = Al, Ga), derived by fully replacing the tetrahedral BO4 units in the parent lithium chloroboracite, Li4B7O12Cl, with AlO4 or GaO4 units, has been discovered. These substituted compounds have the largest unit cell dimensions of known boracites and are formed as the stable primary phase in highly crystalline glass-ceramics derived from the Li2O–B2O3–M2O3–LiCl quarternary system. The conductivity of Li4B4M3O12Cl glass-ceramics at room temperature was ∼10−5 S cm−1, an order of magnitude larger than the highest conductivity recorded for Li4B7O12Cl glass-ceramics. The Li4B4Al3O12Cl glass-ceramic is stable in contact with Li metal and exhibits a wide electrochemical window between 0 and 6 V vs. Li/Li+ and a Li+ ion transport number of ∼1.
Triathlon Injuries: Transitioning from Prevalence to Prediction and Prevention
Authors: Kienstra Carolyn M. , Asken Tristen R. , Garcia Jennifer D. , Lara Vanessa , Best Thomas M.
Published: November 2017

The Ironman triathlon began in Hawaii in 1978 with 50 participants. Since then, the race has continued to grow in popularity. Injuries are very common among triathletes. Studies have looked at the relationship between injuries and many different factors. Sex, age, and morphological characteristics, such as height, weight, and body mass index, have not been shown to correlate with injury. The association between training volume and injury has shown inconsistent results. This could be due to multiple factors in study design including definitions and evaluation of training volume. Recent literature highlights the complex relationship between risk factors and injury occurrence. This article reviews the epidemiology and risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in Ironman distance triathletes as well as general research and theories on training volume assessment and injury risk to provide recommendations for future studies and strategies for injury prevention.
The Pension System of Ukraine: On Its Way to a Fundamental Reform
Authors: Shumylo Mykhailo
Published: November 2017

Research focused on the sphere of the Ukrainian pension system is an important element of welfare research as a whole. Being an integral part of the economy, the pension system is subject to both positive and negative trends. The article examines legislative changes in the field of special pension, which are observed to be intensifying, and the introduction of an accumulative pension system is noted. The problems that exist with Ukraine’s pension legislation and its application by the courts are examined.
Catastrophe Aversion and Risk Equity in an Interdependent World
Authors: Bernard Carole , Rheinberger Christoph M. , Treich Nicolas
Published: November 2017

Catastrophe aversion and risk equity are important concepts both in risk management theory and practice. Keeney [Keeney RL (1980) Equity and public risk. Oper. Res. 28(3):527–534] was the first to formally define these concepts. He demonstrated that the two concepts are always in conflict. Yet his result is based on the assumption that individual risks are independent. It has therefore limited relevance for real-world catastrophic events. We extend Keeney’s result to dependent risks and derive the conditions under which more equity and more correlation between two risks imply a more catastrophic situation. We then generalize some of the results for multiple correlated risks.

This paper was accepted by Manell Baucells, decision analysis.
Rational use of antibiotics in skin disease
Authors: Paterson Sue
Published: November 2017

Antimicrobial resistance has become more common in recent years in both human and veterinary medicine. To try to limit the development of antibiotic resistance, responsible stewardship of antibiotics should be practiced. Systemic antibiotics are commonly administered in dermatology cases. When they are used they should only be prescribed when infection is confirmed on cytology and where topical therapy is deemed inappropriate. When antibiotics are used the clinician should select, where possible, drugs based on culture and susceptibility, and ensure that the correct dose is used for the correct length of time based on the depth of the infection.
Fine needle aspiration of canine appendicular bone lesions
Authors: Tuan Jayson
Published: November 2017

Canine appendicular bone lesions are relatively commonly encountered in small animal practice, and a presumptive diagnosis of malignant bone tumour can be made based on signalment, history, physical examination findings, and radiographic changes. Histopathological evaluation is often recommended prior to making decisions involving aggressive treatment. However, obtaining bone biopsies is not without significant disadvantages, and fine needle aspiration (FNA) offers important benefits. Cytology from a FNA has been reported to have similar accuracy to histology (correctly identifying 27–100% of benign and 83.3–92% of malignant lesions) and its use should be considered to help guide treatment decisions in affected dogs.
Biofilms: their importance in veterinary medicine
Authors: Paterson Sue
Published: November 2017

Traditionally, bacteria were known to exist as free-floating ‘planktonic organisms’. However, the predominant form of microbial growth is now recognised to be in biofilms attached to surfaces. Microbes in biofilms show an altered phenotype with respect to growth rate and gene transcription compared to the free-living forms of the same organisms. Biofilms are clinically important in both human and veterinary medicine, having the ability to form on both medical devices and living tissue, and they are formed by organisms such as Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Malassezia spp. The formation, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of biofilms is discussed.
Veterinary care of hamsters. Part 1: husbandry and emergency care
Authors: Pellett Sarah , Mancinelli Elisabetta
Published: November 2017

Hamsters are very popular pets in the UK, and owner expectations regarding advice and treatment for their pets is increasing. Several species are commonly seen in captivity, including the Syrian or golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), the Russian Dwarf Campbell hamster (Phodopus campbelli), the Russian Dwarf Winter White hamster (Phodopus sungorus), the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and the Roborovski hamster (Phodopus roborovskii). Hamsters may be presented for routine procedures such as health checks, but are more often presented for treatment of illnesses. As hamsters are prey species they instinctively hide any signs of illness, so frequently present later into a disease process, therefore it is important to provide aggressive supportive care for these patients. Diagnosis and common diseases will be covered in Part 2.
Effectiveness of compression bandaging education for wound care nurses
Authors: Tidhar D. , Keren E. , Brandin G. , Yogev M. , Armer J.M.
Published: November 2017

Objective:

Compression bandaging is an essential component in the treatment of venous leg ulcers (VLUs). An adequate pressure and stiffness is needed in order for the treatment to be successful. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a training workshop on compression bandaging among wound care nurses who had no previous experience in application of compression bandages, immediately post-training and six months after training.

Method:

A quasi-experimental design, conducted at Maccabi Healthcare Services, in which nurses underwent a four-hour educational session, including practising with a device that measures sub-bandage pressure.

Results:

We assessed 37 nurses. Before training, 5.4% of nurses bandaged in the optimal range; after training, 58% bandaged in optimal range, and six months post-training, 37% bandaged in optimal range. At post- and six months post-training, no nurse bandaged ‘too low’ (≤20mmHg). Stiffness of the bandage was achieved in only 5.4% of nurses before training; 62% immediately after, and 75% six months after training.

Conclusion:

We conclude that the proposed educational session using a device that measures the pressure applied is an effective way to teach wound care nurses how to use compression bandages. However, more practise is needed to achieve an optimal range of pressure over time.
Understanding antimicrobial stewardship in care homes
Authors: While Alison
Published: November 2017

Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant health risk. In this article, Alison While discusses the correct use of both antibiotics and infection prevention and control measures to minimise the speed at which resistance emerges, and improve outcomes for everyone
Supporting people with dementia at end of life
Authors: Dening Karen Harrison
Published: November 2017

There are many ways that people with dementia can be supported at end of life. In the second article in a two-part series, Karen Harrison Dening gives practical examples of how those providing care can help people with dementia to die with dignity
Practical ways to help others stay active in later life
Authors: Swann Julie
Published: November 2017

There is a wide range of physical activities that older people can partake in from the comfort of the care home. In the second article of a two-part series, Julie Swann explains how care home staff can help their residents live a more active life, without risk of injury
Undertaking legal audits to check the health of the home
Authors: Bernstein Adam
Published: November 2017

A legal audit is the business equivalent of a full-body health check. In this article, Adam Bernstein outlines what this entails, how it can help protect the care home against any areas of weakness, and ready management for the hurdles it will likely face in the future
The importance of health and safety in the care home
Authors: Henney Catherine
Published: November 2017

Robust health and safety procedures can help staff, residents, and visitors in avoiding injuries in the care home. In this article, Catherine Henney gives advice on how management can ensure that the home's policies are as watertight as possible
CQC's inspection methodology from November 2017
Authors: Frankova Helena
Published: November 2017

The Care Quality Commission's inspection methodology has changed. In this article, Helena Frankova explains what has changed, and what care providers need to know about how inspections will operate, moving forward.

(Helena Frankova is a pseudonym. The author wishes to remain anonymous.)
Reflecting on the nurse's role in record keeping
Authors: Ashurst Adrian
Published: November 2017

Keeping an up-to-date record of a resident's health and wellbeing forms an essential part of providing the best possible person-centred care. In this article, Adrian Ashurst discusses why this is so important, and what staff should be documented on a daily basis
Options for individualizing therapy for postoperative central diabetes insipidus
Authors: Dzeranova Larisa K. , Mikaylova Darya S. , Pigarova Ekaterina A. , Mokrysheva Natalia G. , Rozhinskaya Lyudmila Y. , Grigoriev Andrey Yu. , Ivashchenko Oksana V.
Published: November 2017

Postoperative diabetes insipidus is a common life-threatening morbidity after pituitary surgery. More frequent neurosurgeon interventions make drugs adjustment very important for higher life quality in the case of postoperative complications. We present the case of personalized adjustment of drug dosage to treat postoperative diabetes insipidus in patient undergoing reccurent transnasal adenomectomy.
KAJIAN POLITIK HUKUM TENTANG PERUBAHAN KEWENANGAN PEMBERIAN IZIN USAHA PERTAMBANGAN MINERAL DAN BATUBARA
Authors: Putri Rizkyana Zaffrindra , A.L.W Lita Tyesta
Published: November 2017

Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 mengatur pemberian Izin Usaha Pertambangan (IUP)menjadi kewenangan pemerintah provinsi dan pemerintahpusat. Permasalahan tesis ini adalah apa politik hukum latar belakang perubahan kewenangan pemberianIUP dan apa dampak yuridis dari perubahan kewenangan pemberian IUP. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan dalam tesis ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif. Spesifikasi penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitis. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan data sekunder melalui studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa latar belakang politik hukum perubahan kewenangan pemberian IUP adalah banyaknya penyimpangan dilakukan oleh pemerintah kabupaten/kota. Dampak yuridis perubahan tersebut adalah surat edaran menteri diterbitkan untuk menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM KAWASAN KARST TERHADAP KEGIATAN PERTAMBANGAN KAITANNYA DENGAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN (STUDI KASUS PENAMBANGAN BATU GAMPING DI KAWASAN KARST GOMBONG SELATAN, KEBUMEN, JAWA TENGAH)
Authors: Amalia Wisda , Samekto Adji , Prihatin Eko Sabar
Published: November 2017

Kawasan Penambangan Batu Gamping di Gombong Selatan, Kabupaten Kebumen, Jawa tengah, merupakan Kawasan Bentang Alam Karst, yang secara yuridis tidak boleh ditambang, namun faktanya kawasan tersebut masih terus ditambang oleh masyarakat sekitar, sehingga banyak dampak kerusakan lingkungan yang terjadi. Fenomena ini akhirnya memunculkan pertanyaan, mengapa pemerintah daerah belum memberikan perlindungan hukum terhadap Kawasan Karst Gombong secara optimal. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi ketidakoptimalan pemerintah daerah dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum, selain karena faktor ekonomi yang mendominasi, faktor dilematis pemerintah dalam menertibkan para penambang yang hanya menambang skala kecil pun, akhirnya semakin menyebabkan regulasi yang ada tidak berjalan secara optimal. Ditambah, dengan beralihnya kewenangan Izin Pertambangan Rakyat ke provinsi, yang justru semakin mempersulit dan memperlemah pengawasan pemerintah daerah. Realita ini menunjukkan bahwa masih lemahnya penegakan hukum di daerah tersebut, oleh karena itu penting adanya penguatan kembali secara kelembagaan, aturan, serta budaya hukum, sehingga hukum dapat berfungsi dengan baik dan lebih efektif.
PENERAPAN ASAS ULTIMUM REMEDIUM DALAM RANGKA PERLINDUNGAN ANAK PECANDU NARKOTIKA
Authors: Zahra Afni , Sularto RB
Published: November 2017

Anak merupakan bagian dari generasi muda sebagai salah satu sumber daya manusia yang merupakan potensi dan penerus cita-cita perjuangan bangsa di masa yang akan datang, yang memiliki peran strategis dan mempunyai ciri dan sifat khusus. Adanya putusan pengadilan anak yang cenderung menjatuhkan pidana penjara dari pada tindakan terhadap anak yang melakukan tindak pidana, sebenarnya tidak sesuai dengan filosofi dari pemidanaan dalam hukum pidana anak. Dengan meningkatnya jumlah penyalahguna narkotika khususnya pecandu yang menjerat anak di bawah umur membuat mereka harus berurusan dengan proses peradilan yang panjang. Sanksi pidana dijadikan sarana pembalasan atas perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh anak. Sanksi pidana harusnya menjadi suatu (ultimum remedium) obat terakhir apabila sarana lain dirasa tidak mampu menanggulangi. Anak yang terjerat kasus hukum terutama disebabkan penyalahgunaan narkotika tidak sepenuhnya adalah pelaku dan penjahat yang harus di hukum layaknya orang dewasa, mereka juga merupakan korban yang belum dapat bertanggungjawab seluruhnya atas perbuatannya maka perlu adanya perlindungan hukum terhadap anak pecandu narkotika. Selain itu asas ultimum remedium menjadi sangat penting karena pidana seharusnya menjadi pilihan terakhir dalam mengembalikan kondisi anak menjadi lebih baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana negara ini memiliki payung hukum dalam melindungi anak penyalahgunaan narkotika dan mengetahui optimalisasi penerapan asas ultimum remedium terhadap pecandu narkotika yang dilakukan oleh anak. Dalam mencapai tujuan penelitian, maka metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode normatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitis. Metode pengumpulan data yang dipakai adalah kepustakaan baik secara hukum maupun teori yang dianalisis dan dideskripsikan untuk memberikan gambaran yang konkrit. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan, bahwa Undang – Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perlindungan Anak telah mengatur perlindungan itu meliputi upaya pengawasan, pencegahan, perawatan dan rehabilitasi yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dan masyarakat. Penerapan asas ultimum remedium terhadap anak menjadi upaya terakhir dengan adanya ketentuan UU No. 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak yang mewajibkan setiap anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum untuk dilakukan upaya diversi sebelum dilakukan upaya peradilan dan penjatuhan pidananya pun harus bersifat non- custodial.