bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuning Structures of Mesogen‐Jacketed Liquid Crystalline Polymers and Their Rod–Coil Diblock Copolymers by Varying Chain Rigidity
Authors: Pan Hongbing , Ping Jing , Zhang Mengyao , Xiao Anqi , Lyu Xiaolin , Shen Zhihao , Fan Xinghe
Published: April 2018

Two mesogen‐jacketed liquid crystalline (LC) polymers with different rigid side‐chain cores, poly[2,5‐bis(tert‐butoxylcarbonyl)styrene] (PM1) and poly[2,5‐bis(4‐tert‐butoxylcarbonyl phenyl)styrene] (PM3), as well as their corresponding block copolymers (BCPs), poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐b‐PM1 (PDMS‐b‐PM1) and PDMS‐b‐PM3, are synthesized and characterized. The LC phase structures of the homopolymers and the microphase‐separated structures of the BCPs can be controlled by changing the rigidity of the polymer chains with the different rigid side‐chain cores used. The LC phase structure of PM1 homopolymer is dependent on its molecular weight (MW). On the other hand, PM3 is always amorphous below thermal decomposition temperature regardless of its MW, owing to much higher rigidity of PM3 compared with that of PM1. Although both BCPs can self‐assemble into lamellae (LAM) and hexagonally packed cylinders (HEX) with varying compositions, PDMS‐b‐PM3 can form the HEX structure at a smaller weight fraction of the PM3 block because PDMS‐b‐PM3 possesses a larger geometric asymmetric factor compared with PDMS‐b‐PM1. For PDMS‐b‐PM1 with a large enough MW, it can form hierarchically ordered nanostructures, including the LAM or HEX nanostructure of the BCP and the columnar nematic phase of the PM1 block.
Isometries of Lipschitz type function spaces
Authors: Ranjbar‐Motlagh Alireza
Published: April 2018

In this article, we describe isometries over the Lipschitz spaces under certain conditions. Indeed, we provide a unified proof for the main results of and in a more general setting. Finally, we extend our results for some other functions spaces like the space of vector‐valued little Lipschitz maps and pointwise Lipschitz maps.
Free radical‐initiated peptide sequencing (FRIPS)‐based cross‐linkers for improved peptide and protein structure analysis
Authors: Iacobucci Claudio , Schäfer Mathias , Sinz Andrea
Published: April 2018

Free radical‐initiated peptide sequencing (FRIPS) has recently been introduced as an analytical strategy to create peptide radical ions in a predictable and effective way by collisional activation of specifically modified peptides ions. FRIPS is based on the unimolecular dissociation of open‐shell ions and yields fragments that resemble those obtained by electron capture dissociation (ECD) or electron transfer dissociation (ETD). In this review article, we describe the fundamentals of FRIPS and highlight its fruitful combination with chemical cross‐linking/mass spectrometry (MS) as a highly promising option to derive complementary structural information of peptides and proteins. FRIPS does not only yield exhaustive sequence information of cross‐linked peptides, but also defines the exact cross‐linking sites of the connected peptides. The development of more advanced FRIPS cross‐linkers that extend the FRIPS‐based cross‐linking/MS approach to the study of large protein assemblies and protein interaction networks can be eagerly anticipated.
The effect of entrant brand's ownership on national brands' positioning strategies
Authors: Tyagi Rajeev , Raju Jagmohan
Published: April 2018

National brand manufacturers face the threat of new product entry from not only their traditional competitors (other national brand manufacturers) but also from their own customers (the retailer). We compare how national brands can limit the loss due to entry of these two types of entrants by positioning of their brands. Our results show that national brands position farther from one another when the new entrant is a store brand than when the entrant is another national brand. We also find that due to different positioning strategies of these two types of entrant brands—the entrant store brand positioning “in‐between” incumbent national brands whereas the entrant national brand positioning “away” from incumbent national brands—incumbent national brands may lose more from the entry of a weaker store brand than from the entry of a stronger national brand. Finally, we find that taking into consideration both pricing and product positioning decisions, consumer and social welfare are generally higher from store brand entry than from national brand entry.
Technical Note: A proposal of air ventilation system design criteria for a clinical room in a heavy‐ion medical facility
Authors: Kum Oyeon
Published: April 2018

Purpose

An optimized air ventilation system design for a treatment room in Heavy‐ion Medical Facility is an important issue in the aspects of nuclear safety because the activated air produced in a treatment room can directly affect the medical staff and the general public in the radiation‐free area.

Methods

Optimized design criteria of air ventilation system for a clinical room in 430 MeV/u carbon ion beam medical accelerator facility was performed by using a combination of MCNPX2.7.0 and CINDER’90 codes. Effective dose rate and its accumulated effective dose by inhalation and residual gamma were calculated for a normal treatment scenario (2 min irradiation for one fraction) as a function of decay time. Natural doses around the site were measured before construction and used as reference data.

Results

With no air ventilation system, the maximum effective dose rate was about 3 μSv/h (total dose of 90 mSv/y) and minimum 0.2 μSv/h (total dose of 6 mSv/y), which are over the legal limits for medical staff and for the general public. Although inhalation dose contribution was relatively small, it was considered seriously because of its long‐lasting effects in the body. The integrated dose per year was 1.8 mSv/y in the radiation‐free area with the 20‐min rate of air ventilation system.

Conclusion

An optimal air ventilation rate of 20 min is proposed for a clinical room, which also agrees with the best mechanical design value.
Dynamic characteristics of a large‐diameter pile in saturated soil and its application
Authors: Xiao Si , Wang Kuihua , Gao Liu , Wu Juntao
Published: April 2018

This study theoretically investigates the dynamic response of an end‐bearing pile embedded in saturated soil considering the transverse inertial effect of the pile. The saturated soil surrounding the pile is described by Biot poroelastic theory, and the pile is represented by a Rayleigh‐Love rod because both the vertical and radial displacements at the soil‐pile interface are considered. The potential function decomposition method and variable separation method are introduced to solve the governing equations of the soil, in which the vertical and radial displacement components are coupled. The governing equation of the pile is solved using the continuity conditions at the pile‐soil interface. Next, the velocity admittance in the frequency domain and the velocity response in the time domain at the pile top are presented based on the Laplace transform and inverse Fourier transform, respectively. Subsequently, the reduced solution is compared with a 1‐dimensional model solution to verify the validity, and the influences of the slenderness ratio of the pile on the transverse inertial effect of the pile are analyzed. Moreover, Poisson ratio, the slenderness ratio of the pile, and the pile‐soil modulus ratio are studied. Finally, the theoretical and measured curves in the engineering project are compared, and the results demonstrate the good application prospects of the solution presented in this article.
Overview of Intensive Care Unit‐Related Physical and Functional Impairments and Rehabilitation‐Related Devices
Authors: Koester Katie , Troeller Heidi , Panter Sara , Winter Emily , Patel Jayshil J.
Published: April 2018

Rehabilitation after critical illness requires a multidisciplinary effort. Nutrition support of critically ill patients aims to correct the imbalance between protein synthesis and protein degradation to maximize strengthening and muscle mass, whereas physical and occupational therapists focus on optimizing strength and mobility through functional activity to help intensive care (ICU) patients return to their precritical illness level of function and improve quality of life. Early mobility has become the new standard of care for ICU patients. Therapists utilize various devices and technologies to increase the feasibility of early mobility and enhance the rehabilitation process to ensure that patients reach their rehabilitation goals. Tools such as electrical stimulation, cycle ergometers, dynamic tilt tables, and resistive bands aid in strengthening. Therapists use safe patient‐handling equipment and ambulation aids to address gait impairments. Adaptive toileting, dressing, bathing, and feeding tools facilitate greater independence with activities of daily living. Augmentative and alternative communication devices promote well‐being and communication of basic needs. Splints prevent joint contracture and maintain functional range of motion. Overall, many rehabilitation devices are safe and feasible for use in an ICU setting and serve to maximize strength and functional independence. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the benefits and limitations of available rehabilitation devices in the context of critical illness rehabilitation goals.
A disjunctive program formulation to generate regular public transit timetables adhering to prioritized planning requirements
Authors: Lückerath Daniel , Ullrich Oliver , Rishe Naphtali , Speckenmeyer Ewald
Published: April 2018

Timetable regularity, that is, equability of headways, is an important measure for service quality in high frequency public transit systems, assuring an evenly distributed passenger load as well as improving product attractiveness. However, to be feasible during daily operation a timetable may also have to adhere to other planning requirements, such as departure time coordination with other service providers or deliberately short headways to reduce the passenger load of follow‐up vehicles. In this article, a disjunctive program formulation combining aspects of two previous optimization models is proposed, to generate regular public transit timetables adhering to planning requirements. The modeled requirements not only allow for the consideration of feasibility constraints from daily operations, but also for the consideration of simultaneous departures for transfer connections, an objective traditionally opposed to regularity. To show its applicability the approach is applied to two models of artificial transit networks as well as to models of the public transit network of Cologne, Germany. The results show that the proposed formulation can be used to generate timetables for network instances of realistic size in acceptable time. For networks consisting of multiple connected components it is shown that a decomposition approach can significantly reduce run times.
In situ development of bio‐based polyurethane‐blend‐epoxy hybrid materials and their nanocomposites with modified graphene oxide via non‐isocyanate route
Authors: Doley Simanta , Sarmah Asish , Sarkar Chandrama , Dolui Swapan K
Published: April 2018

We developed a series of sunflower oil‐based non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU)‐blend‐epoxy hybrid materials (HNIPUs) and their nanocomposites with amine‐functionalized graphene oxide (AF‐GO). Firstly, carbonated sunflower oil (CSFO) containing five‐membered cyclocarbonate groups was synthesized by the reaction of epoxidized sunflower oil with carbon dioxide (CO2) at a pressure of 50 bar and temperature of 110 °C. Then, a series of HNIPUs were synthesized using a mixture of CSFO and a commercially available epoxy resin in various amounts (10, 20 and 30 wt% with respect to CSFO) using isophorone diamine as the curing agent. The HNIPU with 30 wt% epoxy showed the best mechanical properties. Finally, nanocomposites of 30 wt% HNIPU‐based composition were prepared with various amounts of AF‐GO (0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 wt%) and were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. These results emphasize the potentiality of this environmentally friendly approach for preparing renewable HNIPU and nanocomposite materials of high performances. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Connotations of ancestral home: An exploration of place attachment by multiple generations of Chinese diaspora
Authors: Li Tingting Elle , Chan Eric Tak Hin
Published: April 2018

This paper explores the connotations of ancestral home by investigating how multiple generations of Chinese migrants sustain their place attachment to China. Based on 50 in‐depth interviews with Chinese migrants from the first to the sixth generation, we unpacked the meanings of ancestral home from the “place,” “person,” and “process” dimensions and identified 3 types of connections: personally attached to ancestral home, cognitively connected to a generic China and the Chinese culture, and spiritually connected to a symbolic China. Factors were identified in each type of place attachment in illustrating how Chinese diaspora members sustain their ancestral home connections. The personally attached group ground their attachment in strongly valued personal involvement with the physical and social ties. They are more sensitive to migration background, social relationships, and home return mobility. The cognitively connected group, in contrast, is more aware of the influence of their own families and the Chinese communities and embed their connections in understandings, knowledge, and Chinese cultural practices. The spiritually connected group maintain their connection through collective memories, sense of pride and appreciation for family ancestry, and interests in personal past. The findings suggest that the meanings of ancestral home are diverse and dynamic, reflecting both individual and family's migration history, personal experiences, cultural exposures, social relationships, and mobility. This study offers empirical insights into diaspora members' experiences of engaging with their place of origin and contributes to the understanding of place attachment by integrating a generational view.
Becoming mobile and growing up: A “generationed” perspective on borderland mobilities, youth, and the household
Authors: Huijsmans Roy
Published: April 2018

Drawing on ethnographic research with Lao village youth in a Lao–Thai borderland, I argue that their involvement in cross‐border day labour illuminates the interplay between the dynamics of “becoming mobile” and “growing up.” Despite the autonomy Lao village youth displays in cross‐border day labour, the practice is shaped by, situated within, and at the same time reproduces structural relations of inequality constituting the borderland. The social organisation of the networks of cross‐border day labour skew the practice towards youth from ethnic Lao original households. This has repercussions on how youth from the more marginalised settler households become mobile and assert their youthfulness. The “generationed” perspective presented in this article contributes to the situating of young people's agency in borderland mobilities, understanding agency as shaped by, and shaping the intersection of gendered life course dynamics, household histories, and the sociocultural and politico‐economic dynamics constituting the borderland.
Spatial dispersion of U.S. national origin groups: Characteristics of dispersed immigrants and settlement places
Authors: Kritz Mary M. , Gurak Douglas T.
Published: April 2018

This article examines the individual and economic context correlates of foreign‐born dispersion in the 2007–2011 period using confidential American Community Surveys and census data. For 40 national origin groups and other foreigners from 7 world regions, group‐specific settlement indicators for 741 geographic areas were used to estimate dispersion relationships to human capital, acculturation, settlement region, and economic context. A fixed‐effect model estimated with individual indicators, net of national origin, indicated that human capital and acculturation had relationships to dispersion that conformed to human capital and spatial assimilation theories but found that those relationships were attenuated or no longer significant after controlling for economic context. Individual and economic context correlates of dispersion also differed for Mexicans and non‐Mexicans. For both groups, the economic context measures that had the strongest relationships to dispersion were labour force shares in education/research/technology fields, and native‐born employment change between 1990 and 2000. Employment in agriculture and the military were significant for both Mexicans and non‐Mexicans but shares employed in manufacturing and construction were only significant for non‐Mexicans. Ordinary least squares (OLS) models for 40 origin countries indicated that internal migration status, residence in a household with a native‐born head, never married status, and English language fluency were significant correlates of dispersion for most groups. Having an advanced degree was also significantly related to dispersion for over half of the groups. Future studies should focus on the linkages between immigration histories and immigrants' human capital and how they shape the dispersion pathways that national origin groups take to different economic contexts.
Neutral Binuclear Ag(I) and Au(I) N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Axially Chiral and Racemic Scaffolds: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Mahule Sonali Ramgopal , Gangwar Manoj Kumar , Vishnoi Pratap
Published: April 2018

Neutral bimetallic silver(I) and gold(I) complexes of N‐ heterocyclic carbene ligands derived from racemic biphenyl and axially chiral binapthyl frameworks have been synthesized and structurally characterized. In particular, the neutral bimetallic silver(I) complexes of the type {L(NHC)2M2} (M=Ag, Au) [L=2,2′‐dioxo‐biphenyl, NHC=1‐methyl‐3‐(‐2‐phenyl‐acetamido)‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene (1 f); L=2,2′‐dioxo‐binapthyl, NHC=1‐methyl‐3‐(‐2‐phenyl‐acetamido)‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene (2 e)] are synthesized from the corresponding imidazolium chloride salts (1‐2)d by the reaction with Ag2O in quantitative yields. The gold(I) complexes are synthesized by the transmetallation of their corresponding {L(NHC)2}Ag2 complexes. Quite interestingly, a weaker argentophilic interaction was observed in the solid state X‐ray crystalllographic structure of binapthyl derivative 2 e, as Ag⋅⋅⋅Ag contact of 3.3011 Å while in case of biphenyl derivative 1 f there is no such aurophilic interaction exhibited a significant Au⋅⋅⋅Au contact.
Knowledge complexity and the performance of inter‐unit knowledge replication structures
Authors: Kim Sungho , Anand Jaideep (Jay)
Published: April 2018

Research Summary: Intra‐firm replication of complex knowledge is difficult yet critical to firm growth and the exploitation of competitive advantage. Inter‐unit organizational structures can facilitate the replication of complex knowledge between a source unit and a recipient unit. This study examines how inter‐unit organizational structures perform at different levels of knowledge complexity. We dimensionalize the patterns of information‐processing interactions according to three specific factors: the degree of inter‐unit connectivity, the extent of mirroring between the structure and the knowledge configuration, and coordination mechanisms. Simulation analyses offer a set of novel findings on how the information‐processing and bounded‐rationality concerns of organizational design impact the replication performance of the structures. We derive optimal structures for different levels of knowledge complexity, and articulate their theoretical and practical implications.

Managerial Summary: The growth of firms often involves redeployment of their complex knowledge to new subunits or markets, in the context of acquisitions, alliances, or the creation of multinational subsidiaries. Complex knowledge is difficult to imitate, and thus, serves as a source of competitive advantage. However, it is also challenging to replicate within a firm, which limits firms’ ability to redeploy their capabilities in pursuit of new opportunities. A proper design of inter‐unit structures can facilitate the replication of complex knowledge between intra‐firm units. This study examines how the design of inter‐unit structures affects the outcome of this replication. Our results suggest that managers in charge of redeployment efforts should be mindful of the connectivity among units, coordination mechanisms, information overload, and the level of knowledge complexity.
Cross‐Plane Carrier Transport in Van der Waals Layered Materials
Authors: Najmaei Sina , Neupane Mahesh R. , Nichols Barbara M. , Burke Robert A. , Mazzoni Alexander L. , Chin Matthew L. , Rhodes Daniel A. , Balicas Luis , Franklin Aaron D. , Dubey Madan
Published: April 2018

The mechanisms of carrier transport in the cross‐plane crystal orientation of transition metal dichalcogenides are examined. The study of in‐plane electronic properties of these van der Waals compounds has been the main research focus in recent years. However, the distinctive physical anisotropies, short‐channel physics, and tunability of cross layer interactions can make the study of their electronic properties along the out‐of‐plane crystal orientation valuable. Here, the out‐of‐plane carrier transport mechanisms in niobium diselenide and hafnium disulfide are explored as two broadly different representative materials. Temperature‐dependent current–voltage measurements are preformed to examine the mechanisms involved. First principles simulations and a tunneling model are used to understand these results and quantify the barrier height and hopping distance properties. Using Raman spectroscopy, the thermal response of the chemical bonds is directly explored and the insight into the van der Waals gap properties is acquired. These results indicate that the distinct cross‐plane carrier transport characteristics of the two materials are a result of material thermal properties and thermally mediated transport of carriers through the van der Waals gaps. Exploring the cross‐plane electron transport, the exciting physics involved is unraveled and potential new avenues for the electronic applications of van der Waals layers are inspired.
Effective second moment of area of uniform built‐up members
Authors: Snijder H.H.
Published: April 2018

Dedicated to Prof. Dr.‐Ing. habil. Joachim Lindner on the occasion of his 80th birthday

For built‐up compression members, Eurocode 3 in part EN 1993‐1‐1 [1] includes the shear stiffness to account for the effect of shear deformations directly into the amplification factor when determining second‐order forces. Built‐up members loaded in bending are not treated at all in EN 1993‐1‐1 [1]. This article is based on a study [2] performed at Eindhoven University of Technology and introduces the concept of effective second moment of area to account for the influence of the finite shear stiffness of built‐up members. This article is largely based on [3] but is an updated and improved version. The effective second moment of area is checked by numerical models. The shear stiffness is derived for a simple configuration of a battened built‐up member and for more complex configurations and for laced built‐up columns shear stiffnesses are presented. The design rules for built‐up compression members in EN 1993‐1‐1 [1] are analysed and suggestions for modifications are made to include the concept of the effective second moment of area. It is advantageous that the concept of the effective second moment of area can be used for both built‐up columns and beams. For built‐up beams, the effective second moment of area including the shear stiffness allows the deflections to be calculated with the standard rules for flexural bending.
A Novel Oncolytic Herpes Capable of Cell-Specific Transcriptional Targeting of CD133± Cancer Cells Induces Significant Tumor Regression
Authors: Terai Kaoru , Bi Danse , Liu Zhengian , Kimura Kyle , Sanaat Zohreh , Dolatkhah Roya , Soleimani Mina , Jones Christopher , Bright Allison , Esfandyari Tuba , Farassati Faris
Published: April 2018

The topic of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is of significant importance due to its implications in our understanding of the tumor biology as well as the development of novel cancer therapeutics. However, the question of whether targeting CSCs can hamper the growth of tumors remains mainly unanswered due to the lack of specific agents for this purpose. To address this issue, we have developed the first mutated version of herpes simplex virus-1 that is transcriptionally targeted against CD133+ cells. CD133 has been portrayed as one of the most important markers in CSCs involved in the biology of a number of human cancers, including liver, brain, colon, skin, and pancreas. The virus developed in this work, Signal-Smart 2, showed specificity against CD133+ cells in three different models (hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and melanoma) resulting in a loss of viability and invasiveness of cancer cells. Additionally, the virus showed robust inhibitory activity against in vivo tumor growth in both preventive and therapeutic mouse models as well as orthotopic model highly relevant to potential clinical application of this virus. Therefore, we conclude that targeting CD133+ CSCs has the potential to be pursued as a novel strategy against cancer.
A risk dispatching model with Muskingum constraints for cascaded hydro systems
Authors: Ge Xiaolin , Zhong Junling , Xia Nenghong , Jin Yan
Published: April 2018

A risk dispatching model for short‐term cascaded hydro scheduling during high‐water season is proposed in this paper taking into consideration of uncertainty factors and the process of water flow. The uncertainty of natural inflow and market price is simulated by the multi‐scenarios method. The conditional value at risk (CVAR) is introduced to quantify the risk caused by these uncertainties. In the objective function, the added CVAR represents the risk preference of the hydropower producer. Based on the degree of risk aversion of the producer, the generation profit and risk are coordinated. In addition, the Muskingum model is used to formulate the process of water flow between upstream and downstream stations. A mixed‐integer linear programming model of short‐term cascaded hydro system scheduling in the high‐water season is developed and solved. Numerical studies demonstrate that the proposed approach can balance the risk and generation profit in the high‐water season and the model with the Muskingum constraint is more refined. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cover Image, Volume 8, Issue 3
Authors: Biczysko Malgorzata , Bloino Julien , Puzzarini Cristina
Published: April 2018

The cover image, by Malgorzata Biczysko et al., is based on the Advanced Review Computational challenges in Astrochemistry, DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1349.

image
Taking science to the countryside: fictionalizing the country through novels for young people in early twentieth-century Portugal
Authors: ZILHÃO ISABEL
Published: April 2018

This article addresses and discusses one of the first literary attempts to extend the communication of science to young people – agriculture being the case in point – through moralizing and educational novels in early twentieth-century Portugal. In this study, I show that a set of popular books on agriculture addressing horticulture, poultry farming, beekeeping, dairy farming, silkworm breeding, orchard culture and fish farming written for young people by the agricultural engineer João Coelho da Motta Prego – coupled with popularizing articles about agricultural policy and agronomy written by him in the daily press – clearly served the purpose of re-educating the Portuguese rural inhabitant and reviving the country's agriculture-based economy. The article showcases how locality drives the way science and technology are addressed, what is communicated, who writes for whom, and the purpose of the writing itself. It highlights how science popularization/popular science, in its various formats (i.e. science, technology and medicine), can be more than a way to teach science to a lay audience.
Are posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex-PTSD distinguishable within a treatment-seeking sample of Syrian refugees living in Lebanon?
Authors: Hyland P. , Ceannt R. , Daccache F. , Abou Daher R. , Sleiman J. , Gilmore B. , Byrne S. , Shevlin M. , Murphy J. , Vallières F.
Published: April 2018

Background

The World Health Organization will publish its 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) in 2018. The ICD-11 will include a refined model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a new diagnosis of complex PTSD (CPTSD). Whereas emerging data supports the validity of these proposals, the discriminant validity of PTSD and CPTSD have yet to be tested amongst a sample of refugees.

Methods

Treatment-seeking Syrian refugees (N = 110) living in Lebanon completed an Arabic version of the International Trauma Questionnaire; a measure specifically designed to capture the symptom content of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD.

Results

In total, 62.6% of the sample met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD or CPTSD. More refugees met the criteria for CPTSD (36.1%) than PTSD (25.2%) and no gender differences were observed. Latent class analysis results identified three distinct groups: (1) a PTSD class, (2) a CPTSD class and (3) a low symptom class. Class membership was significantly predicted by levels of functional impairment.

Conclusion

Support for the discriminant validity of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD was observed for the first time within a sample of refugees. In support of the cross-cultural validity of the ICD-11 proposals, the prevalence of PTSD and CPTSD were similar to those observed in culturally distinct contexts.
Gravity currents propagating into two-layer stratified fluids: vorticity-based models
Authors: Khodkar M. A. , Nasr-Azadani M. M. , Meiburg E.
Published: April 2018

The vorticity-based modelling approach originally introduced by Borden & Meiburg (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 726, 2013b, R1) is extended to gravity currents propagating into two-layer stratified ambients. Vorticity models are developed for three different flow configurations: no upstream-propagating wave, an upstream-propagating expansion wave only and an upstream-propagating expansion wave and a bore. For a given gravity current height and stratification strength, along with ambient inflow layer thicknesses and velocities, the models yield the gravity current velocity, the bore and expansion wave properties and the ambient outflow layer thicknesses and velocities. We furthermore establish which of the three configurations will occur in a given parameter regime. Since energy-related closure assumptions are not required for any of the configurations, we can determine the dissipation as a function of the gravity current height, for a given set of flow parameters. To investigate which gravity current height is selected in real flows, we carry out two-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations for comparison. These yield gravity current heights close to the vorticity model solutions for energy-conserving flows. Hence we adopt these energy-conserving solutions as the vorticity model predictions. We subsequently discuss these predictions in the context of earlier models by other authors, and of two-layer stratified flows over obstacles.
Asymptotic theory of fluid entrainment in dip coating
Authors: Qin Jian , Gao Peng
Published: April 2018

When a contact line moves with a sufficiently large speed, liquid or gas films can be entrained on a solid depending on the direction of contact-line movement. In this work, the contact-line dynamics in the situation of a generic two-fluid system is investigated. We demonstrate that the hydrodynamics of a contact line, no matter whether advancing or receding, can formally reduce to that of a receding one with small interfacial slopes. Since the latter can be well treated under the classical lubrication approximation, this analogy allows us to derive an asymptotic solution of the interfacial profiles for arbitrary values of contact angle and viscosity ratio. For the dip-coating geometry, we obtain, with no adjustable parameters, an analytical formula for the critical speed of wetting transition, which in particular predicts the onset of both liquid and gas entrainment. Moreover, the present analysis also builds a novel connection between the Cox–Voinov law and classical lubrication theory for moving contact lines.
A perturbation-based solution of Burnett equations for gaseous flow in a long microchannel
Authors: Rath Aishwarya , Singh Narendra , Agrawal Amit
Published: April 2018

In this paper, an analytical investigation of two-dimensional conventional Burnett equations has been undertaken for gaseous flow through a long microchannel. The analytical solution is obtained by using perturbation analysis around the classical Navier–Stokes solution with appropriate boundary conditions. The perturbation expansion is employed with the smallness parameter$\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$, taken as the ratio of height to length of the microchannel. The solution for pressure is obtained by solving the cross-stream momentum equation while the velocity distribution is obtained from the streamwise momentum equation. The resulting ordinary differential equations in pressure and velocity are third-order and second-order, respectively. The required boundary conditions for pressure are obtained from direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) data. The obtained analytical solution matches the available DSMC solution well. This is perhaps the first analytical solution of the Burnett equations using the perturbation approach.
Prevalence and diversity of piroplasms and ticks in young raccoons and an association of Babesia sensu stricto infections with splenomegaly
Authors: Garrett Kayla Buck , Schott Renee , Peshock Lea , Yabsley Michael J.
Published: April 2018

Piroplasms are intraerythrocytic parasites that are often transmitted by ixodid ticks, but vertical transmission is an alternative route for some species. In the USA, raccoons (Procyon lotor) are hosts for two known species, a Babesia microti-like sp. and Babesia lotori (in Babesia sensu stricto group). To better understand the natural history of Babesia in raccoons, we tested young raccoons from Minnesota and Colorado for Babesia spp., examined them for ticks, and assessing for splenomegaly as a sign of clinical disease. Raccoons from both states were infected with B. microti-like sp. and Babesia sensu stricto spp. Infections of B. microti-like were common, even in 1-week-old raccoons, suggesting vertical transmission. Babesia sensu stricto infections were more common in older raccoons. Raccoons infected with Babesia sensu stricto had significantly higher spleen:body weight ratios compared with uninfected or B. microti-like sp.-infected raccoons. Ticks were only found on raccoons from Minnesota. The most common and abundant tick was Ixodes texanus but Ixodes scapularis and Dermacentor variabilis were also found on raccoons. We report piroplasm infections and infestations with several tick species in very young raccoons. Young raccoons infected with Babesia sensu stricto spp. had higher spleen:body weight ratios, suggesting a disease risk.
PRIME SPECTRA OF AMBISKEW POLYNOMIAL RINGS
Authors: FISH CHRISTOPHER D. , JORDAN DAVID A.
Published: April 2018

We determine sufficient criteria for the prime spectrum of an ambiskew polynomial algebra R over an algebraically closed field 𝕂 to be akin to those of two of the principal examples of such an algebra, namely the universal enveloping algebra U(sl2) (in characteristic 0) and its quantization Uq(sl2) (when q is not a root of unity). More precisely, we determine sufficient criteria for the prime spectrum of R to consist of 0, the ideals (z − λ)R for some central element z of R and all λ ∈ 𝕂, and, for some positive integer d and each positive integer m, d height two prime ideals P for which R/P has Goldie rank m.
The purpose shapes the vocative: Prosodic realisation of Colombian Spanish vocatives
Authors: Huttenlauch Clara , Feldhausen Ingo , Braun Bettina
Published: April 2018

The question of whether intonation contours directly signal meaning is an old one. We revisit this question using vocatives in Colombian Spanish (Bogotá). We recorded speakers' productions in three pragmatic conditions – greeting, confirmation-seeking, and reprimand – and compared proper names (vocatives) to situation-specific one-word utterances, such as¡Hola!‘Hello’ (non-vocatives). Intonational analyses showed no direct one-to-one correspondence between the pragmatic conditions and intonation contours: (a) for vocatives, e.g. a rising–falling contour occurred in both greetings and reprimands; and (b) for non-vocatives, e.g. a step-down contour (a.k.a. calling contour) occurred in both greeting and confirmation-seeking conditions. Looking beyond intonation to consider other phonetic variables – spectral tilt, duration, alignment of tonal targets, f0-range, f0-slope – the results showed that the intonation contours that occurred in more than one pragmatic condition differed in phonetic realisation, e.g. rising–falling vocatives showed differences in f0-range of the rise and spectral tilt. However, the corresponding non-vocatives did not show the same differences. Furthermore, vocatives in greeting contexts were realised differently from non-vocatives in greeting contexts. In sum, the pragmatic condition affects the prosodic realisation of (non-)vocatives, but the relationship is complex. The results are discussed in the light of prosodic constructions, leading to the conclusion that the prosodic realisation of vocatives and non-vocatives in Bogotá Colombian Spanish cannot be easily modelled by prosodic constructions.
ANALYSIS OF A CLEARING QUEUEING SYSTEM WITH SERVER MAINTENANCE AFTER N NEGATIVE FEEDBACKS
Authors: Jiang Tao
Published: April 2018

This paper is devoted to the study of a clearing queueing system with a special discipline. As soon as the server receives N negative feedbacks from customers, all present customers are forced to leave the system and the server undergoes a maintenance procedure. After an exponential maintenance time, the system resumes its service immediately. Using the matrix analytic method, we derive the steady-state distributions, which are then used for the computation of other performance measures. Furthermore, using first step analysis, we obtain the Laplace–Stieltjes transform of the sojourn time of an arbitrary customer. We also study the busy period of the system and derive the generating function of the total number of lost customers in a busy period. Finally, we investigate a long-run rate of cost and explore the optimal N value that minimizes the total cost per unit time. We also present some numerical examples to illustrate the impact of several model parameters to the performance measures.
ACADEMIC BUOYANCY
Authors: Yun Saerom , Hiver Phil , Al-Hoorie Ali H.
Published: April 2018

This article reports the first attempt to test the relevance of buoyancy—the capacity to overcome the setbacks, challenges, and pressures that are part of the ordinary course of school life—for instructed second language (L2) learning. Questionnaire data from 787 college-level L2 learners in South Korea assessed their academic buoyancy and a set of six hypothesized predictors. A two-step cluster analysis of the data identified five prominent L2 learner archetypes, providing evidence for the existence of L2 domain-specific buoyancy profiles. Using structural equation modeling, we examined links among the six predictor variables, buoyancy, and L2 achievement and grade point average (GPA). The results showed that buoyancy significantly predicted both L2 achievement and GPA and mediated the effect of the predictors on these two outcome variables. Buoyancy, thus, captures a dimension of L2 motivation that is conceptually and empirically distinct from existing constructs, and represents an essential yet underexplored capacity for success in language learning.
Force of infection ofHelicobacter pyloriin Mexico: evidence from a national survey using a hierarchical Bayesian model
Authors: Alarid-Escudero F. , Enns E. A. , MacLehose R. F. , Parsonnet J. , Torres J. , Kuntz K. M.
Published: April 2018

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori)is present in the stomach of half of the world's population. The force of infection describes the rate at which susceptibles acquire infection. In this article, we estimated the age-specific force of infection ofH. pyloriin Mexico. Data came from a nationalH. pyloriseroepidemiology survey collected in Mexico in 1987–88. We modelled the number of individuals withH. pyloriat a given age as a binomial random variable. We assumed that the cumulative risk of infection by a given age follows a modified exponential catalytic model, allowing some fraction of the population to remain uninfected. The cumulative risk of infection was modelled for each state in Mexico and were shrunk towards the overall national cumulative risk curve using Bayesian hierarchical models. The proportion of the population that can be infected (i.e. susceptible population) is 85.9% (95% credible interval (CR) 84.3%–87.5%). The constant rate of infection per year of age among the susceptible population is 0.092 (95% CR 0.084–0.100). The estimated force of infection was highest at birth 0.079 (95% CR 0.071–0.087) decreasing to zero as age increases. This Bayesian hierarchical model allows stable estimation of state-specific force of infection by pooling information between the states, resulting in more realistic estimates.
The Pediatric Heart Network Scholar Award programme: a unique mentored award embedded within a multicentre network
Authors: Minich L. LuAnn , Pemberton Victoria L. , Shekerdemian Lara S. , Millar Morgan M. , Newburger Jane W. , Glatz Andrew C. , Graham Eric M. , Czosek Richard J. , Pasquali Sara K. , Seed Mike , Border William L.
Published: April 2018

Background

The Pediatric Heart Network designed a career development award to train the next generation of clinician scientists in paediatric-cardiology-related research, a historically underfunded area. We sought to identify the strengths/weaknesses of the programme and describe the scholars’ academic achievements and the network’s return on investment.

Methods

Survey questions designed to evaluate the programme were sent to applicants – 13 funded and 19 unfunded applicants – and 20 mentors and/or principal investigators. Response distributions were calculated. χ2 tests of association assessed differences in ratings of the application/selection processes among funded scholars, unfunded applicants, and mentors/principal investigators. Scholars reported post-funding academic achievements.

Results

Survey response rates were 88% for applicants and 100% for mentor/principal investigators. Clarity and fairness of the review were rated as “clear/fair” or “very clear/very fair” by 98% of respondents, but the responses varied among funded scholars, unfunded applicants, and mentors/principal investigators (clarity χ2=10.85, p=0.03; fairness χ2=16.97, p=0.002). Nearly half of the unfunded applicants rated feedback as “not useful” (47%). “Expanding their collaborative network” and “increasing publication potential” were the highest-rated benefits for scholars. Mentors/principal investigators found the programme “very” valuable for the scholars (100%) and the network (75%). The 13 scholars were first/senior authors for 97 abstracts and 109 manuscripts, served on 22 Pediatric Heart Network committees, and were awarded $9,673,660 in subsequent extramural funding for a return of ~$10 for every scholar dollar spent.

Conclusions

Overall, patient satisfaction with the Scholar Award was high and scholars met many academic markers of success. Despite this, programme challenges were identified and improvement strategies were developed.
A BOUND FOR THE INDEX OF A QUADRATIC FORM AFTER SCALAR EXTENSION TO THE FUNCTION FIELD OF A QUADRIC
Authors: Scully Stephen
Published: April 2018

Let$q$be an anisotropic quadratic form defined over a general field$F$. In this article, we formulate a new upper bound for the isotropy index of$q$after scalar extension to the function field of an arbitrary quadric. On the one hand, this bound offers a refinement of an important bound established in earlier work of Karpenko–Merkurjev and Totaro; on the other hand, it is a direct generalization of Karpenko’s theorem on the possible values of the first higher isotropy index. We prove its validity in two key cases: (i) the case where$\text{char}(F)\neq 2$, and (ii) the case where$\text{char}(F)=2$and$q$isquasilinear(i.e., diagonalizable). The two cases are treated separately using completely different approaches, the first being algebraic–geometric, and the second being purely algebraic.
‘False-positive’ self-reported psychotic experiences in the general population: an investigation of outcome, predictive factors and clinical relevance
Authors: van der Steen Y. , Myin-Germeys I. , van Nierop M. , ten Have M. , de Graaf R. , van Dorsselaer S. , van Os J. , van Winkel R.
Published: April 2018

Aims.

Self-reported psychotic experiences (SRPE) by individuals from the general population are often unconfirmed by clinical interview and referred to as ‘false-positive’ (FP) SRPE. FP SRPE have been suggested to represent the mildest form of risk along the extended psychosis continuum. However, little is known about their (clinical) outcome and evolution over time. Aims of this study were to prospectively examine, in individuals with FP SRPE, (1) the prevalence of remission, persistence and transition to validated PE at 3-year follow-up; (2) potential baseline psychopathological and psychosocial predictors of persistence of FP SRPE and transition to validated PE; and (3) whether those with persistent FP SRPE and validated PE already differed on psychopathology and psychosocial factors at baseline. We tested the hypotheses that (i) individuals with FP SRPE would be more likely to have SRPE and validated PE at follow-up; and (ii) that FP SRPE would be predictive of lower functioning and more psychopathology and help-seeking behaviour at follow-up.

Methods.

Baseline (n = 6646) and 3-year follow-up (n = 5303) data of the second the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS-2), a general population research project on prevalence, incidence, course and consequences of psychiatric disorders was used. Self-report of PE was followed by clinical interview to determine clinical validity. The presence of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders, childhood adversity, help-seeking and functioning as well as PE characteristics (number, frequency, distress and impact) were used in the analyses which included only individuals with complete data for both assessments waves (n = 4683).

Results.

At baseline, 454 participants had any FP SRPE; of these 372 participants had complete follow-up data available. Those with baseline FP SRPE were significantly more likely to report SRPE (OR = 3.58; 95% CI 2.38–5.40, p < 0.001) and validated PE (OR = 6.26; 95% CI 3.91–10.02, p < 0.001) at follow-up. Baseline FP SRPE also predicted the presence of mood and anxiety disorders, reduced functioning and help-seeking at follow-up. Several baseline psychopathological, psychosocial and PE characteristics were predictive for the persistence of SRPE. These factors also differentiated groups with FP SRPE or validated PE from those with remitted FP SRPE at follow-up.

Conclusions.

‘FP SRPE’ are not truly ‘false’ as they index risk for the development of clinically relevant psychotic symptoms, development of mood and anxiety disorders and reduced functioning. Self-reported PE, even unconfirmed, warrant ‘watchful waiting’ and follow-up over time, especially when they are reported by individuals with reduced psychosocial functioning and general psychiatric problems.