bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

Chapter 1 covers the years 1904 to 1915, from Archie Leach’s birth through his childhood to age 11. It offers information on the city of his birth, Bristol, and it considers his extended family’s background. It is revealed that his mother’s side of the family, the Kingdons, were particularly troubled and impoverished: his maternal grandfather died in the workhouse, his aunt was committed to a workhouse and subsequently the Bristol Lunatic Asylum, and one of his uncles spent his adolescence in a borstal-like facility. It also considers his mother’s aspirational nature and his parents’ unhappy marriage, which culminated in his mother’s disappearance just after his 11th birthday.
Chapter 3
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

Covering the years 1918 to 1922, and taking Archie from 14 to 18 years old, this chapter explores the reasons Archie ran away from home and joined the Pender Troupe of acrobats at age 14. It explains the nature of the troupe’s act and Archie’s training as a stilt-walker and gymnast. It offers details about their tours of Britain, their home base in Brixton (south London), their move to New York to join the show Good Times (1920), and their subsequent tour of North America. It explores Archie’s relationship with Bob and Margaret Pender, who became surrogate parents to him, and also his burgeoning friendship with the American comedian Don Barclay.
Chapter 7
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

In 1932, Cary Grant had his first major role in a high profile film, working with the famed star-director team Josef von Sternberg and Marlene Dietrich in Blonde Venus (1932). Chapter 7 explores the making of this classic film, and Cary Grant’s discomfort working alongside these two very temperamental personalities. It considers the crucial element that von Sternberg brought to Cary Grant’s image: his razor sharp hair parting. It also offers accounts of the making of Hot Saturday (1932) and Madame Butterfly (1932), and, in the process, the slow but steady improvement in Grant’s acting and on-screen presence.
Chapter 8
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

This chapter considers the burgeoning relationship between Cary Grant and the actress Virginia Cherrill, who would become his first wife. It explains Cherrill’s background, her prominent role in Charlie Chaplin’s City Lights (1931), and his intense and at times impulsive attraction to her. The chapter offers an account of the making of She Done Him Wrong (1932) and considers why Cary Grant disliked the film’s star, Mae West, so much. In later years, West often said that she “discovered” Cary Grant, a claim he vehemently denied, but there is no doubt that She Done Him Wrong, together with the next film that he made with West, I’m No Angel (1933), were the only box-office hits from this period of his career. The chapter reviews the other films from this period—The Woman Accused (1933), The Eagle and the Hawk (1933), and Gambling Ship (1933)—and considers why they failed to win favour with critics and audiences.
Chapter 13
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

In 1937, Cary Grant’s career as a freelance star began with three screwball comedies that established him as the master of this genre. Topper (1937), made by the independent producer Hal Roach, initiated this sharp upturn in his career. This stylish screwball comedy brought out a new playful, wry, ironic dimension in Grant’s performance style. Improvisation on the set was key to his new screen persona, and he was given even greater reign to improvise in his first Columbia film, Leo McCarey’s The Awful Truth (1937). Legend has it that he was uncomfortable working with McCarey, but McCarey helped him to mould the Cary Grant star persona, unique for combining debonair and slapstick qualities. He signed a contract with Columbia Pictures that gave him the power to choose which films he made, and control over both his publicity and his wardrobe, but it was a non-exclusive contract, allowing him to make his next film at RKO Pictures. In Bringing Up Baby (1938), director Howard Hawks encouraged a frenzied edge to his performance. This is perfectly exemplified in the famous scene in which Grant leaps in the air, shouting “I just went gay all of the sudden”—a line he improvised on the set and one that demonstrates the liberated, unconventional mores of screwball comedy. Bringing Up Baby had a mixed reception on first release in 1938, but in later years, through repeated revivals and screenings on television, it became one of his best known and most admired films.
Chapter 20
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

The immediate post-war years saw Cary Grant’s box-office drawing power stronger than ever before. Jack Warner had bought out his contract with Columbia so that Grant could play the songwriter Cole Porter in the musical biopic Night and Day (1946). His first Technicolor film, Night and Day is bright and breezy, and it is filled with popular songs. The production, however, was troubled. Grant and director Michael Curtiz were in constant conflict. Grant was much happier working with Alfred Hitchcock and co-star Ingrid Bergman on the next film, Notorious (1946). These three became lifelong friends while making this wonderfully dark, gothic, spy story. Hitchcock was so keen on the darker side of the Cary Grant star persona that he proposed making a film of Hamlet with him, but legal complications prevented this. Grant then had a hiatus from filmmaking that allowed him to travel to Bristol for the first time since 1939. There, he saw his mother and also the terrible damage the city suffered during the blitz. He returned to make one of his most frivolous films, The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947), with Myrna Loy and the child-star turned teenager Shirley Temple. This light-as-a-feather screwball comedy continued his box-office winning streak.
Chapter 27
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

By the time Cary Grant and Betsy Drake announced their separation in 1958, Grant had followed Drake’s lead by embarking on an intensive form of psychotherapy using the hallucinogenic drug LSD. In clinically supervised sessions, he took the drug, which was not yet illegal, and explored his unconscious mind. This, he maintained, allowed him to peer into his past and overcome the childhood memories and experiences that haunted him. He revealed this to a prominent journalist, Joe Hyams, and then vehemently denied the story when it made headlines across the country. Yet the story did not dent his popularity with audiences. Operation Petticoat (1959), directed by Blake Edwards, became his biggest box-office success. Its humour is dated now, but it is still notable as the film that paired Grant with Tony Curtis, the actor who imitated him so memorably in Some Like It Hot (1959). The Grass is Greener (1960), directed by Stanley Donen, tried to repeat the success of the sophisticated comedy-romance Indiscreet (1958), but fell short of that mark. The screwball comedy A Touch of Mink (1962) paired Grant with Doris Day, the most popular screen actress of the period. They did not enjoy working together, but the film’s star power ensured that it was a hit. These successes, together with Grant’s lucrative contract with Universal-International Pictures, led the trade weekly Variety to declare that he was the “richest actor” and “most astute businessman” working in Hollywood.
A History of Emotion in Western Music
Authors: Spitzer Michael
Published: October 2020

This book is the first history of musical emotion in any language. Combining intellectual history, music studies, philosophy, and cognitive psychology, it unfolds a history of musical emotion across a thousand years of Western art music, from chant to pop. It affords a new way of analyzing music, revealing the relationship between emotion and musical structure. The book also provides an introduction to the latest approaches to emotion research, as well as an original theory of how musical emotion works. The book is disposed in two parts. Part I (Chapters 1–4) comprises the theoretical foundation of the book. Part II (Chapters 5–9) provides an historical narrative from medieval to contemporary music. Chapter 1 summarizes contemporary theories of emotion in general, and of musical emotion in particular, bringing together seminal philosophers and psychologists. Chapter 2 contains the core of the book’s original thesis: that five basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, tenderness, and fear) constitute five categories of musical emotion throughout the common-practice period. Chapter 3 outlines a variety of complex musical emotions, such as wonder, nostalgia, envy, and disgust. Chapter 4 explores the historiography of emotion, including the seminal writings of Elias, Rosenwein, and Reddy. Part II of the book (Chapters 5–9) explores a millennium of Western music in terms of shifting categories of emotion: from affections and passions through sentiments, emotions proper, to modern affect.
Introduction
Authors: Spitzer Michael
Published: October 2020

The introduction asks the important question of why music studies have been left behind by the affective turn informing the humanities and social sciences. It outlines the main themes explored by the book’s nine chapters, and contextualizes the book within the author’s long-running development of a concept of musical style. The broad aim is to tell a history both of musical emotion across a thousand years of European music; and to unfold the genealogies of individual emotions, including emotions embedded within specific historical and socio-cultural contexts. The introduction also disposes of some early objections to writing a history of musical emotion. And it frames the enterprise within the resurgence of interest in Charles Darwin and of the impact of biology over the humanities.
Categories
Authors: Spitzer Michael
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores five musical emotions, describing their behavioral properties in analytical detail across Baroque, Classical, and Romantic styles. It begins by reconsidering the popular circumplex model of musical emotion. It then develops the attitudinal theory by bringing into play the notion of cognitive processing styles (after Galen Bodenhausen): the idea that emotions are also ways of thinking and hearing—indeed, that thinking and hearing are types of behavior. The major part of the chapter then uses these tools to analyze five musical emotions. Each section constitutes a “very short history of emotion” focusing on a basic emotional category (happiness, anger, sadness, tenderness, and fear) and ranging across analytical examples from the entire common practice period, in broadly chronological order.
The Augustinian Ascent
Authors: Spitzer Michael
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores different pre-modern models of emotion. It surveys the sweep of pre-modern Western music, from chant to Monteverdi, in terms of four “flavors” of emotion: the Augustinian ascent, the Thomist descent, Neoplatonism, and Epicurianism. Augustine’s philosophy of love, epitomized by affection, resonated with the surges of chant. Aquinas’s relational model of emotion, based on reciprocity, chimes with “contrapuntal” models of emotion. Neoplatonism, exemplified by Ficino’s theories, resonated with the pneumatic flow of emotion through the cosmos. Petrarchan Epicurianism is reflected in the atomism of emotion, from madrigals to early opera. All told, the history of premodern emotion illuminates the changing musical styles from Hildegard, Machaut, Dufay, Ockeghem, Josquin, and Willaert, to Monteverdi.
Affects
Authors: Spitzer Michael
Published: October 2020

This final chapter, a complement to Chapter 5, considers music “after emotion,” shaped by theories of affect. Affect attends to the microscopic nuances of feeling not captured by the “garden variety” emotional categories. I consider varieties of affect through stages of European modernism (from Debussy, Stravinsky, and Schoenberg to Boulez, Stockhausen, and Lachenmann), the neo-realism of “American Cool” (including Copland, Reich, and Cage), and then within a range of contemporary popular music (including Radiohead, Eminem, Beyoncé, and music for gaming). Regarding theories of affect, the chapter contextualizes these musical styles within two diverging “lines of flight” emanating, respectively, from the vitalism of Bergson and Deleuze, and the phenomenology of Husserl, Heidegger, and Sartre. The chapter, and the book, concludes by asking why interest in musical emotion is so current.
Identity
Authors: Dhanda Meena
Published: October 2020

Three stories—of a blind photographer, a Jain monk, and a stockbroker with a kidney transplant, in a unique film The Ship of Theseus—frame several challenging puzzles about identity discussed in this chapter. From the analytic tradition of philosophy it considers what matters in identity: memory and/or the body, to indicate residual problems in conceptualizing the problem of identity by using this binary. It suggests using the Continental tradition of philosophy to explain identity in terms of the idea of being-in-the-world and of body schema. Identity as personal integrity is illustrated using examples from the film, foregrounding the importance of wholeness, habituated being, and situated being limiting the possibilities of action open to one. It argues that discussions fueled by imaginary cases of body/memory swaps ignore the pertinence of embodiment in determining our being-in-the-world, a lacunae corrected by feminist philosophers’ focus on the constitution of bodily identity.
Autonomy
Authors: Khader Serene J.
Published: October 2020

This chapter explains three conceptions of personal autonomy through a discussion of two teen girls’ struggles for self-definition. Autonomy is the ability to live a life that is genuinely one’s own. Starr, the protagonist of Angie Thomas’s The Hate You Give, struggles to know herself because the demands of upward mobility seem to ask her to disavow her Blackness. Kiara, the author of a blog post on oppressive beauty standards, struggles to find self-worth in a society that devalues the way she looks. The chapter discusses how coherentist, reasons-responsiveness, and socially constitutive conceptions of autonomy illuminate the girls’ lives. It also explains why autonomy should not be conceived of as the rejection of all social influence.
Race
Authors: Winnubst Shannon
Published: October 2020

This chapter introduces the fraught concept of race through the mythical and historical girl named Venus, who suffers the abduction of the transatlantic slave trade. Quite different from the abduction of Persephone that introduces this volume of essays, the story of Venus has never been fully told and digested by Western philosophy. The abduction of this girl, Venus, ontologically changes the meaning of “human.” Consequently, the chapter argues that, if philosophy is to wrangle with this unthought historical event, it must reconceptualize three fundamental categories: ontology, race, and blackness. The chapter, ultimately argues that the concept of “race” aids and abets the perpetuation of anti-blackness.
Consciousness-Raising
Authors: Leggett Tabatha
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines consciousness-raising as a means of challenging oppression. Bringing the #MeToo movement into contact with first-person accounts and criticisms of the radical feminist consciousness-raising groups that formed in New York and Chicago in the 1960s and 1970s, it suggests that they remain an essential force to challenge female oppression today. It touches on the various ways that patriarchal structures silence women, how consciousness-raising undercuts this silencing by giving women a collective voice, and how social media can amplify this voice. Finally, it addresses common criticisms of consciousness-raising movements, especially concerning the disproportionate focus on white women’s concerns that they have historically represented and universalized. It touches on Kimberlé Crenhaw’s theory of intersectionality as well as Paulo Friere’s conception of critical consciousness theory to explore the notion of truly inclusive consciousness-raising movements.
Tzedek
Authors: Shapiro Devora
Published: October 2020

Tzedek, from the Jewish tradition, is often translated as “justice,” and it is the root of Tzedakah, or “charity.” But this virtue called tzedek can more significantly be understood as “doing what must be done.” This chapter introduces the story of Jael, a girl who saves her village from cruelty and oppression. In doing so, Jael does not do what is easy; instead she knows that what she does is right and just, and so she does what must be done. Jael illustrates how the virtue of tzedek can cultivate and reinforce integrity, responsibility, and self-trust. The author discusses the virtue of tzedek and highlights how tzedek can aid one in resisting the forces of shame that societal structures and expectations can inappropriately wield against young women. Doing what must be done requires people to own their actions, allowing them to be the authors of their own lives.
Empathy
Authors: Gruen Lori
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the role that empathy plays in understanding the experiences of human and nonhuman others. The chapter first distinguishes between two often confused concepts, sympathy and empathy, to show how empathy builds connections with others by trying to understand their perspectives and worlds. The chapter then traces different kinds of empathy (affective resonance, and storied empathy) to argue for a concept of entangled empathy, which requires recognizing the manifold relationships people are in, including social and material conditions. The chapter also addresses worries about empathy. The chapter concludes by showing how entangled empathy can help people address the ways that many human and nonhuman animals can be and are oppressed.
Hauptruhepuncte and Haupttheile
Authors: Burstein L. Poundie
Published: October 2020

Multiple Sätze can group together to form a Haupttheil (main section) that leads to a Hauptruhepunct des Geistes (main resting point of the spirit). These groups can arise through the use of repetitions, appendices, insertions, or a combination of these techniques. Among other things, grasping the role and nature of Haupttheile and Hauptruhepuncte helps explain how there can be successive motions to the same type of resting point without creating a sense of redundancy. Furthermore, understanding Haupttheile and Hauptruhepuncte is often vital for being able to chart the interpunctische Folge der Theile (punctuation sequence) that forms a structural backbone of Galant expositions.
Standard Punctuation Form
Authors: Burstein L. Poundie
Published: October 2020

It is quite common for a Galant exposition to be articulated by a standard punctuation sequence without suggesting distinct theme sections (such as a transition or secondary theme group) and without any of the punctuations standing out as the sole medial caesura. Such a layout was conventional for the time, and thus an exposition framed in such a manner need not be understood as one in which an expected medial caesura and secondary theme has been suppressed, or one in which extra medial caesura and secondary theme has been added. In this chapter, a number of such expositions are analyzed, and they are also contrasted with an exposition from the high Classical era (by Beethoven) that does suggest division into distinct theme zones.
Expositions with Two Half-Cadential Breaks
Authors: Burstein L. Poundie
Published: October 2020

Many Galant expositions are demarcated by two half-cadential breaks—one following a resting point on V and the other following a resting point on the new-key V—each followed by a passage in the secondary key. In several of these cases, neither of the breaks convincingly stands out as the sole medial caesura and neither of the new-key themes convincingly stands out as the sole secondary theme. Modern theory has attempted to discuss such layouts via various proposed paradigms, with mixed results; these include evocations of layouts involving expositions with either a two-part subordinate theme, a two-part transition, or a so-called trimodular block. From the standpoint of eighteenth-century punctuation form, however, this expositional layout is entirely normal: it was discussed by many theorists from the time as a standard structure and is amply reflected in the repertoire from the time. Coming to grips with expositions with two half-cadential breaks, each followed by a new-key theme, helps highlight the difference between the eighteenth-century journey metaphors for form vs. modern container metaphors for form.
Division Following Arrival on Tonic
Authors: Burstein L. Poundie
Published: October 2020

Sometimes a perfect authentic cadence can delineate a resting point that appears in mid-Periode. This can occur, for instance, if a perfect authentic cadence in the secondary key forms a new-key Grundabsatz that (1) marks the end of a Passo di mezzo that appears in the middle of the second theme; (2) appears in the middle or prior to a transition; or (3) marks the end of a transition, thereby forming a “third-level default medial caesura.” A third-level default medial caesura may also be established by a formal cadence, so that what in modern terminology might be understood as a secondary theme corresponds to a Nebenperiode. Finally, it is also possible in rare cases for a perfect authentic cadence in the home key to articulate the end of a transition section, thereby forming a “fourth-level default medial caesura.”
Uncommon Divisions
Authors: Burstein L. Poundie
Published: October 2020

At times one finds Galant expositions that are framed by punctuation sequences of types not specifically cited by Heinrich Christoph Koch. These include punctuation sequences that involve (1) resting points over less typical harmonies, such as a submediant or subdominant triad; (2) successive, contrasting Absätze that lead to the same type of resting point; and (3) standard resting points that appear out of their normal order. Some of these layouts nonetheless may be understood as stylistic generic (if somewhat less common) options. In other instances, however, these unusual punctuation sequences are best understood as expressive deviations that are in dialog with more conventional successions of expositional resting points.
Fichte's Moral Philosophy
Authors: Ware Owen
Published: October 2020

This book develops and defends a new interpretation of Fichte’s moral philosophy as an ethics of wholeness. While virtually forgotten for most of the twentieth century, Fichte’s System of Ethics (1798) is now recognized by scholars as a masterpiece in the history of post-Kantian philosophy and a key text for understanding the work of later German idealist thinkers. This book provides a careful examination of the intellectual context in which Fichte’s moral philosophy evolved and of the specific arguments he offers in response to Kant and his immediate successors. A distinctive feature of the study is a focus on the foundational concepts of Fichte’s ethics—freedom, morality, feeling, conscience, community—and their connection to his novel but largely misunderstood theory of drives. By way of conclusion, the book shows that what appears to be two conflicting commitments in Fichte’s ethics, a commitment to the feelings of one’s conscience and a commitment to engage in open dialogue with others, are two aspects of his theory of moral perfection. The result is a fresh understanding of Fichte’s System of Ethics as offering a compelling resolution to the personal and interpersonal dimensions of moral life.
Origins
Authors: Ware Owen
Published: October 2020

After touching upon the conflicted reception of Fichte’s 1798 System of Ethics, this chapter explores Fichte’s early efforts to reconcile the needs of the heart with the demands of the understanding. The chapter then investigates the impact of Kant’s ethics on Fichte’s emerging philosophical position, focusing on Kant’s view of our higher and lower faculties of desire. Working through this material provides a background for understanding the path to Fichte’s System of Ethics, which ultimately rejects Kant’s faculty psychology. The alternative that Fichte proposes centers on his notion of an ‘original drive’ (Urtrieb), which he defines as our state of undivided wholeness. By way of conclusion, the chapter proposes that Fichte’s idea of an Urtrieb holds the key to rethinking his moral philosophy as an ethics of wholeness.
Freedom
Authors: Ware Owen
Published: October 2020

This chapter introduces a constellation of thinkers who had a major influence on Fichte: Kant, Reinhold, and Maimon. It begins with Kant’s effort to defend the coexistence of freedom and causal mechanism, leading up to his thesis that a free will and a will under moral laws are ‘reciprocal concepts.’ Reinhold criticizes this thesis on the grounds that it renders free yet immoral action impossible, and he proposes a new definition of freedom as our capacity to choose between our ‘selfish drive’ and our ‘unselfish drive.’ However, as Maimon observes, this new definition gives rise to the question of what, if anything, determines the agent to act one way or the other. The solution Fichte proposes in §10 of the System of Ethics comes in the form of his Genetic Model of freedom: the idea that indeterminacy and determinacy of choice are but stages in the emergence of freedom.
The Good Representation of Women
Authors: Celis Karen
Published: October 2020

Chapter 3 marks a key step in the development of the authors feminist design thinking, contending that electoral politics should institutionalize new representative processes. In so doing, it visualizes new relationships between elected representatives and those they represent in ways that are attendant to debates over what is in the interests of women, and all the time conceiving of the political representation of women in the round. Critically, the feminism of Feminist Democratic Representation refers not to a definition rooted in one or other type of feminism, or one or other set of feminist policies, but to processes characterized by three principles: inclusiveness, responsiveness, and egalitarianism. Chapter 3 also engages head on with critics, and the accusation that in shifting from a content to a procedural approach to women’s substantive representation we had effectively permitted “anything” to count. The authors disagreed then with this criticism, and here they extend their commitment to feminist processes of political representation.
Designing for Feminist Democratic Representation
Authors: Celis Karen
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 opens the second part of Feminist Democratic Representation. It first offers a discussion of the recent institutional and representational turn in democratic theory. Four ideals are identified that speak to concerns with women’s political representation: (i) democratic representation connects the institutional and the societal, (ii) democratic representation is creative and educative, (iii) democratic representation is deliberative, and (iv) democratic representation unifies and builds trust. These normative ideals are very promising but on their own only go so far. Added to them are the feminist principles of inclusiveness, responsiveness, and egalitarianism. Together these produce the feminist democratic effects that the authors seek. To this end, an introduction is provided to the design thinking and the specificities of the design practices envisaged. Chapter 4 is, therefore, where the authors’ approach is situated within the emerging literature on democratic design.
Affected Representatives, Group Advocacy, and Account Giving
Authors: Celis Karen
Published: October 2020

Chapter 5 introduces a new category of political actors—the affected representatives of women—and discusses the key features of twin institutional augmentations, group advocacy and account giving. The affected representatives connect women to the formal representation process, establish new representative relations, and, importantly, generate a new context for deliberation by elected representatives on women’s issues. Affected representatives advocate for differently affected groups of women and hold elected representatives to account for their parliamentary deliberations and decisions. The standard according to which elected representatives will be publicly judged is reaching just and fair decisions for all women. Designed in this way, women’s group representation is better able to address women’s ideological and intersectional differences and tackle women’s inequality vis-à-vis men and within-group processes of privileging and marginalization. It is a much more solid answer to women’s failing representation compared with an overreliance on women’s descriptive representation and gender quota, the key first-generation design.
Conclusion
Authors: Celis Karen
Published: October 2020

The Conclusion recaps the transformative potential of Feminist Democratic Representation, before reflecting a final time on the vignettes. This chapter explores how the representational problematics experienced by women might fare were the authors’ feminist democratic process of representation in place. The first effect is a changed composition of elected political institutions: accomplished by supplementing descriptive representation. In transforming the membership of legislatures via the affected representatives of women, the institutional agenda and deliberation are rebalanced in women’s favor, reflective of the diversity of women. The design thus makes meaningful political participation possible, creates stronger representative relationships, and ensures systematic accountability—re-connecting formal politics with the represented. In these ways—through a feminist process of representation—women’s poverty of representation is redressed.
The Outer Limit of Freedom
Authors: McKean Benjamin L.
Published: October 2020

This chapter draws on G. W. F. Hegel and John Rawls to develop a novel account of freedom that shows how many people can see themselves as having an interest in resisting unjust institutions. Taking seriously the effects that social and political institutions have on people before they could ever choose them means that freedom has an essentially retrospective element; a key experience of freedom is the recognition that the institutions which have shaped individuals are ones that could have been freely chosen. Rawls calls this “the outer limit of freedom” and says it is expressed in the dispositions that are acquired from just institutions. In a well-ordered society, citizens both meet their political obligations and express their freedom when they are disposed to reciprocity with each other. Highlighting these Hegelian dimensions of Rawls’s thought shows how egalitarian liberals can be part of a broader egalitarian coalition.
The Significance of Solidarity
Authors: McKean Benjamin L.
Published: October 2020

This chapter argues that bringing about egalitarian justice under neoliberal circumstances requires being disposed to solidarity with others who are also subject to unjust institutions. When unjust institutions cross state borders, people should regard others who are subject to those institutions as potential partners in efforts to resist them. Seeing these others as partners means that people should be alert to appeals to act from those they rely on, open to hearing out claims that they have misperceived their political status, and ready to understand the robustness of their freedom as partly dependent upon theirs. Such solidarity is mutually beneficial because people have a common interest in the removal of some shared obstacle to freedom. The advantages of the view are shown through comparison with rival accounts by Iris Marion Young, Sally Scholz, Avery Kolers, and others.
The Making of the Populist Movement
Authors: Slez Adam
Published: October 2020

This book provides a field theoretic account of the origins of electoral populism, which first emerged in the American state of South Dakota in 1890, at the height of what was known as the Populist movement. Lasting from roughly 1877 to 1896, the movement brought together farmers throughout the agrarian periphery in an effort to combat material hardship at the hands of railroads and banks. The book argues that the rise of electoral populism in the American West was a strategic response to a political field in which the configuration of positions was literally locked in place, precluding the success of new contenders or otherwise marginal actors. This argument is developed in two parts. The first part of the book examines the transformation of physical space resulting from the simultaneous expansion of both state and market. Together, these two processes contributed to the stability of the political field, where the struggle for power was synonymous with a struggle for position in an emerging urban hierarchy. The second part of the book examines the subsequent push for market regulation and the rise of the Populist movement in southern Dakota. Unable to make headway through social movement organizations such the Farmers’ Alliance and administrative agencies such as the Dakota Territory Board of Railroad Commissioners, farmers in southern Dakota looked to third-party alternatives as means of affecting change. The result was the People’s Party which, for a brief period between 1892 and 1896, threatened to destroy the prevailing party system.
From Guantánamo to K2
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian
Published: October 2020

This chapter lays out the empirical puzzle and theoretical explanation with which the book is concerned. Prior to the Second World War, foreign military presences could be understood only in terms of the subjugation of the host state. However, in contemporary security politics, states may enter contractual arrangements governing such presences and end them as desired. This development is rooted in a change in relations between military presence and territorial authority occasioned by the exigencies of the war and the early Cold War. Mainstream theories of international relations cannot adequately account for this development. Turning to practices and a pragmatist understanding of action helps explain the origins of what I call “sovereign basing,” as well as its persistence through recent changes in international politics. The chapter lays the foundation for the study by carefully defining the practice of sovereign basing and setting the bounds of the investigation.
Pragmatism
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian
Published: October 2020

Explaining changes in practices of sovereignty and the origins of new practices depends on a foregrounding of processes and relations in understanding the social world. This chapter develops a processual-relational approach to social analysis and contrasts it to the substantialism that dominates much international relations theory and that inherently limits analyses of novelty and change. The aim is to replace the conceptualization of actors, norms, and institutions as substantive things with an understanding of these entities as emerging through ongoing transactions and relations—an approach that also emphasizes the unavoidable intersubjectivity, and therefore normativity, of all action. This provides a foundation for the subsequent development of the key pragmatist concepts of habit, disruption, and deliberative innovation. Together, these concepts provide a general account of change in normative orientations and the emergence of novelty and help explain the historic change in the practices of sovereignty. I accompany this theoretical framework with a brief overview of the empirics.
Sovereignty
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian
Published: October 2020

This chapter delves into the historical record to illustrate the stark change in practices of sovereignty following the Second World War. Prior to the war, the practice of sovereignty was, in part, constituted by a naturalized association between the presence of a state’s military in a given territory and the state’s authority over that territory. To host a foreign military was understood to entail subjugation. This was a robust and unquestioned aspect of sovereignty, which I illustrate through a discussion of the practices of naval power projection and the predicament of weak states in the crises prior to the outbreak of the Second World War. I contrast this with the situation today, in which the linkage between military presence and territorial authority is contingent. Basing agreements are concluded for a variety of reasons, some quite trivial. Moreover, the practice is durable, having outlived the conditions under which it first developed.
Colonial Collisions, 1938–1941
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian
Published: October 2020

This chapter begins the exploration of the origins of contemporary basing practices with a close look at the 1941 Leased Bases Agreement between the United States and Britain and the developments from which it emerged. Concerned only with colonial territory, the agreement can now be seen, in hindsight, as a stepping stone to contemporary practices. The focus is on how policymakers wrestled with the issue of territorial sovereignty in the context of a rapidly evolving and deteriorating security situation immediately prior to the outbreak of the Second World War. Negotiators on both sides worked within the traditional understandings of the relationship between military presence and territorial authority, which made it extremely difficult to come to terms with a foreign military presence. American policymakers expected to retain broad authority in the territories hosting US bases—authority that had significant continuities with colonial governance—while British policymakers feared the loss of British sovereignty.
Here to Stay?
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian
Published: October 2020

After briefly recapping how a pragmatist perspective informs our understanding of normative orientations by embedding them in practice and process, the concluding chapter discusses how this approach helps to make sense of the future of sovereign basing. While emerging out of a specific historical configuration of factors, sovereign basing as a strategy has persisted and will likely endure for the foreseeable future because strategies are not mere tools with which actors have an instrumental relationship. Rather, as a habit that informs how power is exercised and interests are conceived, policymakers cannot easily discard sovereign basing, and we will likely see continued and perhaps even increasing recourse to it not only by the United States but other states as well, particularly China. Barring developments that stimulate broad reflection and an intersubjective re-articulation of practices of sovereignty that excludes sovereign basing, recurring controversy over specific basing arrangements is unlikely to have a significant effect.
Implications for Molecular-Kinetic Theory
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav
Published: October 2020

The question in this chapter is what evidential bearing Perrin’s extraordinary findings on Brownian motion have on molecular-kinetic theory without having to assume that his measured kinetic energies match those of molecules in the surrounding liquid. Three possibilities are assessed: (1) they provide a successful test of the claim that Brownian motion is caused by molecular motion; (2) they “ground” molecular-kinetic theory by establishing values for its fundamental parameters; and (3) they add legitimacy to certain hypothetical molecular phenomena through establishing that Brownian motion exhibits counterparts to them. The conclusion in each case is that Perrin’s results provide some evidence, but of less moment than has generally been claimed. The chapter concludes that his results nevertheless do provide conclusive evidence not that molecules exist, but that sustained, highly localized random fluctuations are occurring in the liquid, fluctuations that are incompatible with its acting as a continuum.
Our Initial Issues, Revisited
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav
Published: October 2020

In addition to giving summary answers to the two issues singled out in Chapter 1—concerning (1) what Perrin established about Brownian motion itself and (2) how the standing of molecular theory changed between 1905 and 1913—the chapter answers three further questions raised by the intervening chapters: (3) What did Perrin and Brownian motion contribute to the new standing? (4) Given that Ostwald had already come to accept molecules before he encountered Perrin’s work, what led him to do so and what did the new standing amount to in his eyes? (5) How did the success in determining values for the interlinked principal molecular constants during the period of 1905 to 1913 contribute to the reliance on evidence from complementary theory-mediated measurements of interlinked “fundamental constants” that has been at the center of research in microphysics ever since?
Situated Knowledge, the Construction of Meaning, and Political Action
Authors: Echeverri-Gent John , Sadiq Kamal
Published: October 2020

This chapter has drawn from the work of Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph to elaborate an interpretative approach to political analysis. It began by showing that the Rudolphs’ work is deeply rooted in the writings of Max Weber, a scholar who, like the Rudolphs, was concerned with embedding a more complex and human model of decision-making in the understandings of social context. Next, the authors synthesized insights from the Rudolphs’ corpus of work into an interpretative analytical framework. They began by showing how the Rudolphs’ interpretative approach offers a richer and more complex understanding of social context. Then, they highlighted the importance of human intermediation between context and action by insisting that political action required people to formulate reasons to motivate their action or inaction. The situated-knowledge model elaborated in this chapter accounts for the idiosyncrasies of individual and local practice while enabling contingent generalizations across cases.
Does Class Matter in Politics?
Authors: Agarwala Rina , Herring Ronald
Published: October 2020

Agarwala and Herring make the important observation that our view of class politics is often skewed by a misleading preoccupation with the patterns of class politics that arose in nineteenth and twentieth century Europe. They develop this point by analysing the rise of India’s informal workers and its agrarian producers. After decades of being excluded from the formal labour movement, self-employed workers, domestic workers, recycling and sanitation workers, and home-based garment workers have organized to gain legal recognition as workers and secure new forms of labour protection. In agriculture, despite the political decline of ‘bullock capitalists’ in recent years, Agarwala and Herring analyse a new basis for agrarian mobilization—the right to grow genetically engineered Bt cotton. Their analysis of these cases shows that the mutual constitution of class, caste, and local culture affects the success and direction of political mobilization.
From Gandhi to Modi
Authors: Basu Amrita
Published: October 2020

Amrita Basu utilizes the Rudolphs’ analysis of Gandhi to develop a better understanding of Narendra Modi’s political leadership and charismatic leadership more generally. She observes that both Gandhi and Modi possess profound psychological insights into the ethos of their era. Both used strategic reinterpretation of religion to craft scripts that spoke to people’s emotions and daily experience. Basu shows that Gandhi and Modi also exhibit profound differences. For Gandhi, change began with the individual. Modi and the RSS devalue the individual and emphasize the community. Gandhi deeply opposed strong, centralized state institutions, while Modi has concentrated power in the central government’s executive while curtailing institutional checks on it. Basu points out, both Gandhi and Modi ‘are as much the products of their environment as the architects who design it’, a fact that highlights the importance of historical context in enabling the emergence and efficacy of political leaders.
Civil–Military Relations and Democratic Stability
Authors: Wilkinson Steven I.
Published: October 2020

Steven Wilkinson builds on the Rudolphs’ (1964) seminal analysis of India’s civilian–military relations to explain why India, in contrast to many other countries, has succeeded in preventing military intervention in domestic politics. He reviews recent concerns arising from the efforts by retired military leaders to become involved in politics, the widespread mobilization among India’s three million veterans by leaders of the ‘One Rank One Pension’ campaign, and disagreements between military leaders and political leaders in the Ministry of Defense. Wilkinson finds that the biggest threat to the stability of civilian–military relations results from the diminishing insulation of soldiers from conflicts and tensions in their villages, states, and the wider society due to developments in telecommunication and social media. He sees no threatening conflict on the horizon at the moment. Wilkinson views the failure to modernize conventional weapons systems as the most serious problem now confronting the military.
Sin of Survival
Authors: Roye Susmita
Published: October 2020

The abolition and criminalization of the sati rite brought into light by the mid-nineteenth century a different kind of politics: that of stereotyping the (high-caste Hindu) widow. Widowhood was considered the biggest curse showered on a woman to chastise her for crimes and sins perpetrated in her earlier births. It was also deemed the widow’s fault that she survived her husband. Accordingly, the orthodox society treated her with utmost severity, punishing her for her sins. In a scenario where women’s issues were debated and weighed without women’s outlook or participation, contemporaneous women writers focused on the issue of widowhood. Resentment, entreaty, dismay, dignified silence, self-respect—a plethora of emotions is at display in women’s writings touching upon one of the most difficult and ubiquitous aspect of their lives. This chapter focuses on Shevantibai Nikambe’s and Krupabai Satthianadhan’s literary portrayal of widows.
Transition to Colonialism
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: October 2020

The eighteenth-century economy of the Indian subcontinent was an uneven one. On the one hand, there were present a rich indigenous commercial tradition; territorial states that respected private property in land and trade; a literate elite running the fiscal administration; and rich cities that were home to highly skilled artisans. But much of that wealth was confined to the riparian, deltaic, and seaboard regions. The greater part of peninsular India consisted of drylands, poor peasants, few roads, slow traffic, few towns, forests, waterless uplands, and uninhabited deserts. With such divergent initial conditions, the onset of globalization and the emergence of British power led to a variety of trajectories, as Chapter 2 shows.
Small-Scale Industry
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: October 2020

In 1900, the majority of India’s industrial workers were in industries that did not use either machinery or large factories. This chapter describes their experience. Traditional handicrafts formed a large part of this set. According to a popular interpretation, the handicrafts declined owing to competition from machine-made goods imported from Britain. Recent scholarship questioned and revised that view to suggest that the effect was more differentiated because small-scale industry was quite diverse within. The chapter builds on that reinterpretation.
Population
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: October 2020

India’s population, long-stagnant or growing only at a slow pace, began to grow rapidly from the 1920s. Given the large initial size of the population, demographic change in this region was a turning point in world population history. What had changed to produce this turn? Chapter 10 considers the demographic transition with attention paid to population growth, famines, epidemics, and migration.