bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Radiation Exposure to Caregivers of Patients with Thyroid Diseases Treated with Iodine-131: A Review
Authors: Abdulhasan Kadhim Ali , Sheikhzadeh Peyman , Farzanefar Saeed , Yavari Shima , Mousa Jber Majdi , Ay Mohammad Reza
Published: November 2020

This review paper aimed to examine radiation safety issues related to relatives as well as caregivers of patients with thyroid diseases treated with radioiodine (I-131). During I-131 therapy for thyroid disorders such as hyperthyroidism, patients receiving I-131 doses (200-800 MBq) emit radioactive radiations which pose a prospective risk to other people. Critical groups are patients’ visitors and families, especially children. Following the updated international guidelines, the doses received by members of the public as a proportion of the therapy of a patient have been decreased. The public annual dose limits are 1 mSv, although higher doses are permitted for adults in the patient’s family, provided that the maximum 5 mSv is not surpassed for 5 years. Without compliance with the current recommendations, extended hospitalizations for patients are essential. Family members should therefore limit close interactions with an individual for some duration following thyroid therapy with I-131.
Applicability of Data Mining and Predictive Analysis for Tobacco Cessation: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Rijhwani Kavita , Mohanty Vikrant R , YB Aswini , Singh Vaibhav , Hashmi Sumbul
Published: November 2020

Objectives: Predictive analysis can be used to evaluate the enormous data generated by the healthcare industry to extract information and establish relationships amongst the variables. It uses artificial intelligence to reveal associations not suspected by the healthcare professionals. Tobacco cessation is clearly beneficial; however, many tobacco users respond differently as it is based on multitude of factors.  Our objectives were to assess the data mining techniques using the WEKA tool, evaluate its role in predictive analysis, and to predict the quit status of patients using prediction algorithms in tobacco cessation. 
Materials and Methods: WEKA, a data mining tool, was used to classify the data and evaluate them using 10-fold cross-validations. The various algorithms used in this tool are Naïve Bayes, SMO, Random Forest, J-48, and Decision Stump to further analyze its role in determining the quit status of patients. For this, secondary data of 655 patients from a tobacco cessation clinic were utilized and described using 20 different attributes for prediction of quit status.
Results: The Decision Stump and SMO were found to be having the best prediction and accuracy for prediction of the quit status. Out of 20 attributes, previous quitting attempt, type of intervention, and number of years since the habit was initiated were found to be associated with early quitting rate.
Conclusion: This study concluded that data mining and predictive analytical models like WEKA tool will not only improve patient outcomes but identify variables or a combination of variables for effective interventions in tobacco cessation.
Persistence of SARS-COV-2 in body fluids: a bystander or whistle blower
Authors: Bora Ishani , Gogoi Sanjib , Venkatasubramanian Vaishnavi , Mathew Roshan , Mohindra Ritin
Published: November 2020

The novel Coronavirus COVID-19 is wrecking a havoc across the globe and has been declared as a pandemic by WHO. Apart from transmission and shedding of the virus through respiratory secretions in the form of droplets (mainly), several studies have shown the presence of the virus in various samples such as stool, urine and occasionally in blood, semen, tears and breastmilk. Whereas government authority guidelines consider a person as cured from COVID-19 when along with clinical improvement no more virus can be detected primarily on respiratory samples along with clinical improvement; the persistence of the virus in these body fluids even after clinical recovery and negative RT-PCR test results on respiratory samples, has raised many questions about the elusive nature of this novel virus along with the possibility of other routes of transmission of this virus in the community. Although studies performed till now across the globe on persistence of SARSCOV-2 in various body fluids are sparse, in this review we would like to present and analyse the results of those studies performed globally on the aforesaid topic to get a better insight of this side of the COVID-19 story.
The efficacy of remdesivir in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review
Authors: Roshanshad Amirhossein , Kamalipour Alireza , Ashraf Mohammad Ali , Roshanshad Romina , Jafari Sirous , Nazemi Pershang , Akbari Mohammadreza
Published: November 2020

Background and Objectives: Researchers all around the world are working hard to find an effective treatment for the new coronavirus 2019. We performed a comprehensive systematic review to investigate the latest clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of treatment with Remdesivir in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methods: We performed a systematic search in Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Google scholar and MedRxiv for relevant observational and interventional studies. The outcomes measures were mortality rates, improvement rates, time to clinical improvement, all adverse event rates and severe adverse event rates. Results: Three randomized controlled trials and 2 cohort studies were included in our study. In the 2 cohort studies, patients received Remdesivir for 10 days. 2 RCTs evaluated 10-day efficacy of treatment with Remdesivir versus placebo group and the other RCT compared its 5-day regimen versus 10-day regimen. Visual inspection of the forest plots revealed that the efficacy of Remdesivir was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates. Besides, 10-day treatment regimen overpowered 5-day treatment and placebo in decreasing time to clinical improvement. All adverse event rates did not have a significant difference; however, severe adverse event rate was lower in the 5-day Remdesivir group compared to the 10-day and placebo groups. Conclusion: 5-day course of Remdesivir therapy in COVID-19 patients is probably efficacious and safe, and patients without invasive mechanical ventilation benefit the most. Treatment can be extended to 10 days if satisfactory improvement is not seen by day 5. Most benefits from Remdesivir therapy take place in the first 14 days of the start of the treatment.
Antibiotic resistance pattern and phylogenetic groups of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infections in Hamedan, west of Iran
Authors: Bakhtiari Somayeh , Mahmoudi Hassan , Khosravi Seftjani Sara , Amirzargar Mohammad Ali , Ghiasvand Sima , Ghaffari Mohammad Ebrahim , Adabi Maryam
Published: November 2020

Background and Objectives: Escherichia coli is the most common causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 90-80% of patients in all age groups. Phylogenetic groups of these bacteria are variable and the most known groups are A, B1, B2 and D. The present study aimed to evaluate the phylogenetic groups of E. coli samples obtained from UTIs and their relation with antibiotic resistance patterns of isolates. Materials and Methods: In this study 113 E. coli isolates were isolated from distinct patients with UTIs referred to Hamadan hospitals. After biochemical and molecular identification of the isolates, typing and phylogenetic grouping of E. coli strains were performed using multiplex PCR targeting chu, yjaA and TSPE4.C2 genes. The anti-microbial susceptibility of the isolates to amikacin, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, imipenem, aztreonam, gentamicin, meropenem, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid and cefazolin was determined using disk diffusion method. Results: Of 113 isolates, 50 (44.2%), 35 (31%), 23 (20.4%) and 5 (4.4%) of samples belonged to group B2, group D, group A and group B1 phylogenetic groups respectively. All isolates were susceptible to meropenem, imipenem (100%), followed by amikacin (99.1%). The highest resistance rates were observed against ampicillin (74.3%) and nalidixic acid (70.8%). Correlation between phylogenetic groups and antibiotic susceptibilities was significant only with co-amoxiclav (P = 0.006), which had the highest resistance in phylogenetic group A. Conclusion: Prevalence of different phylogroup and resistance associated with them in E. coli samples could be variable in each region. Therefore, investigating of these items in E. coli infections, could be more helpful in selecting the appropriate antibiotic treatment and epidemiological studies.
Distribution of Pilus island and antibiotic resistance genes in Streptococcus agalactiae obtained from vagina of pregnant women in Yazd, Iran
Authors: Nabavinia Mahdieh , Bagher Khalili Mohammad , Sadeh Maryam , Eslami Gilda , Vakili Mahmood , Azartoos Nastaran , Mojibiyan Mahdiye
Published: November 2020

Background and Objectives: Due to the important role of Streptococcus agalactiae, Group B streptococci (GBS), in production of invasive disease in neonates, investigation regarding the pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance factors is necessary in selecting the appropriate therapeutic agents. Beside capsule, the pilus has been currently recognized as an important factor in enhancing the pathogenicity of GBS. Resistance of GBS to selected antibiotics is noticeably increasing which is mainly due to the anomalous use of these drugs for treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pili genes followed by antibiotic susceptibility of GBS, previously serotyped, isolated from pregnant women in the city of Yazd, Iran. Materials and Methods: Fifty seven GBS from pregnant women were subjected to multiplex PCR for determination of PI-1, PI-2a and PI-2b pilus-islands and simultaneously, the phenotype of antibiotic resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamycin and levofloxacin was determined. Antibiotic resistance genes (ermA, ermB, mefA, tetM, int-Tn) were further diagnosed using PCR and multiplex PCR. Results: PI-1+PI-2a with 71.9%; followed by PI-2a (21.1%) and PI-2b (7%) were observed. PI-1+PI-2a in serotype III was (73.2%), serotype II, Ia, Ib and V were 12.2%, 9.8%, 2.4% and 2.4% respectively. GBS penicillin sensitive was 89.5% and 96.5% resistance to tetracycline. The frequency of resistance genes were as follows: tetM (93%), ermA (33.3%), ermB (8.8%), int-Tn (80.7%) and mefA (0). Conclusion: Majority of GBS contained PI-1+PI-2a. Hence presence of this pilus stabilizes the colonization, therefore designing a program for diagnosing and treatment of infected pregnant women seems to be necessary.
Proteomic analysis of Lactobacillus casei in response to different pHs using two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI TOF mass spectroscopy
Authors: Dadfarma Narges , Karimi Golgis , Nowroozi Jamileh , Nejadi Naser , Kazemi Bahram , Bandehpour Mojgan
Published: November 2020

Background and Objectives: Lactobacillus casei, an acid-resistant bacterium, has a protective role against the pathogens. So we aimed to determine the proteome of Lactobacillus casei ATCC39392 strain in response to different pHs of 5 and 7 using proteomic analysis. Materials and Methods: Supernatant and bacterial extraction of Lactobacillus casei ATCC39392 adapts at pHs 5 and 7 were isolated using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The comparison of results showed that 7 protein spots were seen in pH 5 but not in pH 7. Afterward, they were excised and sent for MALDI TOF mass spectrometry to be identified. Results: Seven different proteins (four secretory and three structural) with different roles in human body health were identified. Prescribed proteins include putative cell wall associated Hydrolase, Glycoside Hydrolase, beta-N-Acetyl hexosaminidase, Histidine Kinase, Chaperonin, metal dependent Hydrolase and Lysozyme. Conclusion: Seven isolated proteins with anti-cancer and digestive impresses are proper subjects in therapy or drug delivery approaches especially oral drug usage for protection against stomach acidic area.
Effects of probiotics on the enhancement of the innate mucosal immune response against pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Darma Andy , Athiyyah Alpha Fardah , Ranuh Reza Gunadi , Endaryanto Anang , Budiono Budiono , Marto Sudarmo Subijanto
Published: November 2020

Background and Objectives: Probiotics have been widely used for host immune system enhancement but with limited knowledge regarding the immunomodulation mechanisms by which they assist the mucosal innate immune response. We investigated the effects of probiotics on the modulation of the innate mucosal immune response particularly in association with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and p105. Materials and Methods: We randomized 24 male BALB/c mice into four groups. Two groups were administered probiotics for 21 consecutive days; one of these groups was challenged with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 15. The third group was challenged with only LPS. The fourth group remained untreated. All mice were sacrificed after 21 days. An immunohistochemistry procedure on the ileum was performed and monoclonal antibodies specific for TLR-2, TLR-4 and NF-κB p65 and p105 were used for the analysis of innate lymphoid cells. Results: In the LPS-only treated group, there was a significant decrease in p105, indicating an alternative transcription pathway for the process of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In the probiotics-only treated group there was significant enhancement of TLR-2 and TLR-4 and NF-κB p65 and p105. When mice treated with probiotics were exposed to LPS, there was a significant decrease in NF-κB p65 and p105, indicating employment of the classical pathway for pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Conclusion: Probiotics can enhance the innate mucosal immune response in healthy mice and can maintain the homeostasis of the gut mucosal immune response against LPS through the activation of the classical NF-κB pathway.
Quorum sensing-regulated functions of Serratia marcescens are reduced by eugenol
Authors: Fekrirad Zahra , Gattali Basira , Kashef Nasim
Published: November 2020

Background and Objectives: Serratia marcescens has emerged as a nosocomial pathogen responsible for human infections, where antibiotic resistance further complicates the treatments. In S. marcescens, biofilm formation and virulence factor production are controlled via quorum sensing (QS) system. QS is a signaling system that enables gene regulation to control diverse physiological functions in bacteria. Essential oils have shown to be potential in diminishing the pathogenicity and virulence of drug-resistant bacteria. This study was performed to determine whether eugenol would affect QS system, biofilm formation and virulence factor production of S. marcescens. Materials and Methods: Biofilm formation, extracellular virulence factor production (hemolysin and protease), swarming motility and pigment formation of S. marcescens ATCC 13880 and S. marcescens Sm2 were assessed after eugenol exposure at 1.25 and 2.5 µg/ml concentrations. The expression of genes involved in motility (flhD), attachment (fimC), biofilm formation (bsmB, bsmA), and QS regulatory (swrR) were also evaluated. Results: Eugenol treatment at 1.25 and 2.5 µg/ml concentrations caused a significant reduction in biofilm formation. The pigment, hemolysin and protease production of two studied S. marcescens strains, also reduced significantly by eugenol treatments (p<0.05). The bsmA, bsmB, flhD and fimC genes were down-regulated after eugenol treatment. The swrR gene expression was also reduced significantly by eugenol in both S. marcescens strains (p<0.05). Conclusion: Eugenol inhibited quorum sensing-regulated functions of two studied S. marcescens strains.
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) greater than 6.5 may reflect the progression of COVID-19 towards an unfavorable clinical outcome
Authors: Pirsalehi Ali , Salari Sina , Baghestani Ahmadreza , Vahidi Mohammad , Jalilian Khave Laya , Esmaeil Akbari Mohammad , Bashash Davood
Published: November 2020

Background and Objectives: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first described during a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, has attracted tremendous attention in a short period of time as the death toll and the number of confirmed cases is growing unceasingly. Although molecular testing is the gold standard method of SARS-CoV-2 detection, the existence of the false-negative results presents a major limitation to this method. Materials and Methods: This retrospective Double-Centre study was conducted on 1320 COVID-19 patients recruited at Taleghani and Shohadae Tajrish Hospitals in Tehran, Iran. We analyzed the leukocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil counts of hospitalized cases both on admission and at discharge. We also evaluated the alteration of these parameters within a seven-day follow-up. Results: Of the whole, 1077 (81.6%) neither were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) nor experienced death, and were defined as the mild-moderate group. Of 243 severe cases, while 59 (24.3%) were admitted to ICU and cured with the intensive care services, 184 (75.7%) patients died of the disease, either with or without ICU admission. Calculation of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) revealed that the mild-moderate cases had a lower ratio at discharge. On the other hand, the ratio was significantly higher in the death group as compared to the ICU group; highlighting the fact that patients with a higher degree of neutrophilia and a greater level of lymphopenia have a poor prognosis. Conclusion: We suggest that NLR greater than 6.5 may reflect the progression of the disease towards an unfavorable clinical outcome, with this notion that the ratios higher than 9 may strongly result in death.
Prevalence of overt and occult hepatitis B virus infections among 135 haemodialysis patients attending a haemodialysis centre at Al-Nasiriyah city, Iraq
Authors: Musa Muslim Dhahr , Ateya Hekmat Kadhum
Published: November 2020

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among haemodialysis (HD) patients has been well documented. In addition to overt infection, occult Hepatitis B infection exists in which a patient who is diagnosed seronegative for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) shows positive HBV-DNA on using more accurate molecular methods. This study aims to determine the prevalence of overt and occult HBV infection among the HD patients who had attended Al-Nasiriyah dialysis centre during a two-month period. Materials and Methods: Serological qualitative detection of HBsAg by rapid test (strips), enzyme immunoassay (EIA, HBsAg) and molecular (real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR)) was conducted for quantitative detection of HBV in HD patients’ serum. Results: The prevalence of overt HBV infection among HD patients was 3.7%. The viral load of HBV positive patients was ranging from 5.85 × 101 to 2.16 × 106 copies/ml of serum with median (7.4 × 105 copies/ml). Occult Hepatitis B was not detected in any of the seronegative HD patients (0%). Overt infection was found more in males (80%) than females (20%) (P<0.05). Similarly, infection was found to be higher among patients who had blood transfusions (80%) than those who had not (20%) with statistical significant p<0.05. Although not statistically significant, the mean duration of HD was higher among HBV positive HD patients (17.6) than HBV negative HD patients (14.3). A dual infection of HBV and HCV was not detected in this study. Conclusion: Nosocomial transmissions at HD centres and blood transfusion are important risk factors. Besides serological screening, real-time PCR offers a safeguard against the spread of overt and occult HBV infection and determines the viral load of the positive patients.
Molecular epidemiology of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) in Iranian military trainees with acute respiratory symptoms in 2017
Authors: Karbalaie Niya Mohammad Hadi , Salimi Jeda Ali , Tavakoli Ahmad , Sohani Hesam , Tameshkel Safarnezhad , Panahi Mahshid , Izadi Morteza , Zamani Farhad , Keyvani Hossein
Published: November 2020

Background and Objectives: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in many populations, including military recruits receiving basic training. Therefore, this study was set out to determine the molecular epidemiology, genotype and phylogenetic features of RSVs in patients with respiratory infection as a case study. Materials and Methods: In this study, military barracks of Tehran, Iran, between January to March 2017 exposed to respiratory diseases were used for sampling. Throat swabs were taken, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) assay was performed to identify RSV and then the genotyping and phylogenetic analyses of RSVs in patients with a respiratory infection. Results: Among 400 Iranian military trainees with respiratory symptoms, RSV infection was identified in 2.75% (11/400) using RT-PCR. Sequencing showed the incidence of type A (2.5%, n=10) to be much higher than type B (0.25%, n=1); Sore throat was the most common symptom among RSV patients. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of strains from the studied samples were more consistent with those from the Philippines and the US strains. Conclusion: This study is the first to document RSV as a major cause of acute respiratory illness among military trainees in Iran. The prevalence of RSV is substantial in the cold season and the prevalence of genotype A is dominant in the country, leading to take essential steps in preparing a preventive vaccine against this viral infection.
Correlation between phenotypic and genotypic drug resistance to kanamycin and amikacin in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Ahmadi Azam , Sadrnia Maryam , Arjomandzadegan Mohammad , Titov Leonid
Published: November 2020

The article's abstract is not available.
El principio cooperativo de educación, formación e información desde una perspectiva histórica y doctrinal
Authors: Martínez Charterina Alejandro
Published: November 2020

El principio de educación ha sido considerado razonablemente la “regla de oro” del cooperativismo. Constituye la puerta al conocimiento de los caracteres esenciales de la cooperativa y al ejercicio de los derechos y responsabilidades de los socios. Al mismo tiempo acerca la cooperativa como empresa a la sociedad, y muy especialmente a los jóvenes que pueden encontrar en ella un futuro satisfactorio, dando continuidad al movimiento cooperativo en el tiempo.

Recibido: 03 junio 2020Aceptado: 19 septiembre 2020
Gestión del riesgo, reflexiones desde América Latina
Authors: Ortíz Ríos Alejandro , Parra Oscar I.
Published: November 2020

Para comprender la constitución de los riesgos y sus elementos adjuntos, es necesario reflexionar sobre las discusiones teóricas y epistemológicas al respecto. Por ende, es oportuno un debate sobre la gobernabilidad y un estudio de las nuevas aproximaciones a la conceptualización y gestión de los riesgos. Estos nuevos análisis, como el enfoque basado en procesos, liderado por Allan Lavell, se construyen a partir de las observaciones de los procesos y los elementos locales necesarios para ampliar las percepciones del riesgo. Los esfuerzos por unificar los procesos de la gestión de riesgos son fundamentales para su mitigación. Esto es particularmente cierto en América Latina, donde hay que reconocer la complejidad de sus problemas de seguridad.
Detektivska dejavnost in upravičenost nadzorovanja zaposlenih: Priročnik za naročnike in ponudnike detektivskih storitev v Republiki Slovenij
Authors: Dvojmoč Miha
Published: November 2020

V Sloveniji je opazen izrazit porast potrebe po storitvah na področju detektivske dejavnosti, kar je posledica več faktorjev; na eni strani pereč problem absentizma na delovnem mestu, ki se mnogokrat odraža tudi v slabših poslovnih rezultatih, hkrati pa delodajalci na podlagi svojih pravic vse večkrat posegajo po zakonitih in nezakonitih oblikah nadzora zaposlenih. Z naraščanjem povpraševanja po storitvah, se povečuje tudi število nadzorov, ki so na meji zakonitosti. Problem projekta je predstavljalo oblikovanje predloga načina odločanja za nadzor nad zaposlenimi ob potencialni kršitvi delovnopravne zakonodaje, ki je predstavljen v priročniku za naročnike in omogoča prepoznavanje in analizo kompetenc posameznikov, ki izvajajo storitve v okviru detektivske dejavnosti. Naročnik bo pregledal njegove pravice in dolžnosti ob tem pa uvidel tudi možnost vključitve detektivov: ali naj jih nadzira sam kot delodajalec ali jih nadzira oseba, ki ima potrebne kompetence ter deluje na podlagi zakonskih upravičenj.
Global Oil Price Shocks and Effects on Economic Growth: An Econometric Investigation of Nigeria
Authors: Success Ikechi Kanu , Anthony Nwadiubu
Published: November 2020

This study is necessitated for the reason that global oil price shocks are bound to affect the pace of economic growth in Nigeria. Given that Nigeria is a net oil-exporting country makes it particularly vulnerable to oil price fluctuations. The study made use of secondary data covering the period from 1990 to 2019. While the Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test was used for preliminary analysis; ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis was used for short-run estimates. A combination of Johansen Co-integration test, Vector Auto Regression analysis, Granger causality test, Variance Decomposition, Impulse Response tests and the ARCH/ GARCH modelling techniques were used for long run estimation All the tests helped to confirm the integrity of our models. The findings of the study indicate that, in the short run, there was sufficient evidence to show that oil price changes have a significant effect on economic growth. For the long run test, the Trace statistics and Max Eigenvalue tests point to a case of non-integration. At a ten year horizon, 71.31% of the variance in economic growth is explained by shocks; while the balance of 28.69% was accounted for by the changes in the global price of crude oil. In other words, the growth of the Nigerian economy has to do with the economy itself and to some extent, fluctuations or instability associated with the global prices of oil shocks. The ARCH/GARCH analysis indicates that there exists a first-order ARCH effect and that the GARCH in mean term was also significant. Succinctly put, the above results suggest that though erratic, there is evidence of volatility clustering of oil price on economic growth in Nigeria. The study, therefore, recommends that Nigeria splay down on the continued dominance of primary production and export and low-value addition. There is a need for a paradigm shift. Nigeria’s economic growth should be driven by a diversified production structure, essentially driven by growth in manufacturing as it would increase job offer, raise productivity and incomes. Otherwise, the Nigerian economy will remain trepid, fragile and susceptible to shocks emanating from global oil price fluctuations. Poverty is likely to persist in Nigeria without a robust manufacturing sector where innovation and technology would improve value addition and raise productivity. Lastly, since an average economy is cyclical, whence the Nigerian economy can pull through the present economic recession occasioned by the Coronavirus pandemic, she must learn to save for the rainy day. Nigeria should draw lessons from history and from past mistakes in order to avert the vagaries associated with oil price volatilities and consequent budget alignment and re-alignments.
Financial Derivatives, Hedge Accounting and Tax Aggressiveness in Brazil
Authors: Lopo Martinez Antonio , Teixeira Reinoso José Enrique , Moreira Antonio Rafael , Santos Rogiene
Published: November 2020

This study investigated the relationship between the use of financial derivatives by non-financial corporations and tax aggressiveness in Brazil. In research on the American market, evidence was identified that non-financial entity users of financial derivatives were more tax aggressive. However, there is no reason to assume that this behavior is replicated in the Brazilian market, since tax legislation does not offer the same economic incentives, i.e., since it imposes limits on the tax deductibility of losses with these financial instruments, except in derivatives’ well-documented and proven use as a hedge tool. To verify this point, companies were classified into users and non-users of first-generation financial derivatives, and associated this classification with tax aggression metrics. The study focus was 384 non-financial companies listed on the B3 in the period from 2005 to 2015. The results of regression analysis using a probit estimate have pointed, in a distinctly different way than the American reality, that the most tax aggressive companies tend to use fewer financial derivatives. Nevertheless, when the use of derivative instruments as a hedge was controlled, it was found that when a company adopts hedge accounting, it is more likely it will be more tax aggressive. The result is presumably explained by the Brazilian tax treatment that authorizes the deductibility of losses, regardless of earnings, when using the derivative as a hedge.
Participación en el aula y formación ciudadana para la democracia: un análisis de caso
Authors: Delbury Perrine , Carcamo Héctor
Published: November 2020

El objetivo del artículo es comprender cómo la participación cotidiana del alumnado en un salón de clase de secundaria en un liceo chileno contribuye a su formación ciudadana para la democracia. La metodología cualitativa con enfoque etnometodologico usa técnicas de revisión documental, observación participante, y entrevistas no estructuradas. El análisis es de tipo inductivo general. Los resultados develan una falta de definición de la participación en los documentos institucionales y una participación pasiva o por consulta consensuada en el aula, donde sus intervenciones espontáneas son consideradas interrupciones irrelevantes e ilegítimas en sus formas de expresión. Se concluye que la participación del alumnado contribuye negativamente en el desarrollo de sus competencias democráticas.
Sustainability Assessment in Soy, Family and Agroforestry Farms: Application of the Rise Tool to the Cerrado
Authors: Miller Mark L. , Schermer Markus , Löbmann Michael , Zbinden Veronika S. , Zerbe Stefan
Published: November 2020

Over the last 30 years, extensive areas of Cerrado, the Brazilian savannah, have been converted to export-oriented agribusinesses. The social, environmental and economic impact of such large-scale land-use conversion is massive. To understand whether the current farming development in the Cerrado is sustainable, this study analyzes the sustainability performance of single farms applying the triple bottom line approach. Its aim is to assess the sustainability of soy, family and agroforestry farms. Fifteen farms were analyzed through the indicator-based sustainability assessment tool «RISE». The sustainability scores of RISE themes revealed that soy farms are economically sustainable, while their socio-environmental sustainability degree is rather critical. They scored lower than the other two farm types in all RISE themes except in the «economic viability» and «water use». Family farms and agroforestry are environmentally sustainable according to RISE.The sustainability degree of their social themes is either critical or scarcely positive mainly due to the high number of working hours and the low wage and income level. Looking at the economic sustainability, family farms reached a critical degree and agroforestry farms a barely positive degree. While the difference of sustainability performance between soy farms and the two others is large, it is minimal between agroforestry and family farms. RISE was a valid tool to assess with a moderate amount of data the sustainability performance of highly diverse farm types in the Cerrado.
El caso lava jato en el Perú: descripción, valoración y aplicación de normas
Authors: Guimaray Mori Erick
Published: November 2020

Los hechos delictivos complejos no sólo lo son por sus imbricados sistemas de coordinación e intervención, sino por el poder político y económico del que se asisten sus protagonistas. El caso peruano denominado no solo resulta de importancia debido a ser de aquellos realizados por aquellos con poder sino, además, por las consecuencias económicas y políticas.La complejidad de un caso judicial se mide por su probanza y sus implicaciones, por lo cual es necesario escindir los principales elementos de la trama, vincularlos con la criminalidad que le da soporte e interpretar nuestras normas penales de manera coherente y sostenible en el tiempo. La importancia y valoración del injusto del extraneus en casos de gran corrupción es un buen ejemplo de esa tarea.
El génesis de la parte general del bürgerliches gesetzbuch
Authors: Mendoza del Maestro Gilberto
Published: November 2020

En este artículo, el autor realiza una aproximación histórica a la Parte General del Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, realizando importantes anotaciones sobre el contexto político y social en el que se gestó. Asimismo, ello supone una revisión del proceso de producción de esta norma, en términos de comisiones y trabajos preliminares.Para lograr esta caracterización, se hace un recorrido por algunas de las críticas más agudas que se realizaron a los intentos de codificación, y por el debate surgido en torno a la existencia misma de una Parte General o incluso de una codificación para el entorno germano. Finalmente, no se deja de lado la relación de la elaboración alemana con otras normas surgidas en países notoriamente influenciados por ella.
La economía llegó a la atmósfera: el reto de la ley marco de cambio climático para la adaptación como Política Pública
Authors: Salvador Cárdenas Gabriela
Published: November 2020

El cambio climático es uno de los principales problemas que afrontamos no sólo como país, sino a nivel mundial y que ha puesto en jaque a los diferentes estados a fin de lograr un viraje en las políticas estatales, con miras a la transversalidad del componente climático.Es por ello que el objetivo del presente artículo es argumentar la importancia de una política pública orientada a la adaptación ante el cambio climático y, la influencia de la Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, para la obligatoriedad de la toma de decisión a fin de ejecutar dicha política. Ello, en tanto nos cuesta –como país– entender la necesidad de políticas de adaptación, distintas a la mitigación, con miras al aseguramiento de la sostenibilidad ambiental para las generaciones futuras. Así, la adaptación al cambio climático requiere una reformulación normativa transversal, que permita el resguardo de recursos naturales y la convivencia entre medio ambiente y ciudadanía.
¿Quién se robó mi propiedad? el tratamiento de los recursos naturales mineros a la luz de las teorías de dominio público y su aplicación en el Perú
Authors: Mutsios Ramsay Milagros
Published: November 2020

La forma en como está estructurado el régimen de la propiedad privada muchas veces delimita la manera en que está organizada una sociedad. En el aspecto minero, la propiedad de los recursos naturales es generalmente la razón principal del buen funcionamiento del sistema o de las disputas interminables entre comunidades nativas y organismos del Estado.En este sentido, para poder entender de mejor manera cómo está estructurado el sistema de dominio público sobre los recursos naturales en nuestro país, Milagros Mutsios explica en este artículo las cuatro principales teorías de dominio público de los recursos naturales y ahonda acerca de los diversos conceptos que influyen en la adopción o funcionamiento de cada uno de estos.
Breves comentarios a los mecanismos implementados para la participación ciudadana efectiva dentro de la certificación ambiental por parte de Senace
Authors: Queirolo Romero Ana Paula
Published: November 2020

Muchos proyectos de extracción minera se han llevado a cabo pasando por alto el derecho a la participación ciudadana de quienes se ven afectados por ellos. Factores como las brechas de género y culturales impiden su ejercicio efectivo. Con el fin de garantizar el derecho a la participación ciudadana ambiental, el SENACE ha incorporado al procedimiento de evaluación ambiental dos enfoques: de Género e Intercultural.En este artículo, la autora parte de revisar el concepto de participación ciudadana para luego analizarlo en su variante ambiental. Posteriormente, en el contexto de las evaluaciones ambientales, analiza el reconocimiento e implicancias de la participación ciudadana ambiental, para así evaluar la necesidad de considerar los Enfoques Intercultural y de Género. Finalmente, analiza el rol del Estado como garante del derecho a la participación ciudadana y valora la incorporación de estos enfoques por el SENACE.
Bases conceptuales para el estudio interdisciplinario del sistema jurídico y las futuras generaciones: Perspectiva teórica y empírica desde el Derecho Ambiental
Authors: Foy Valencia Pierre
Published: November 2020

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal sentar en nuestro medio las bases iniciáticas o preliminares para el estudio interdisciplinario del Sistema Jurídico en relación con las futuras generaciones, aplicando conceptual y empíricamente al Derecho ambiental con una perspectiva intergeneracional.El autor se adentra en la doctrina actual relevante y esboza las principales líneas de investigación del tópico, proponiendo al estudioso las diversas áreas que integran el actual debate respecto a las herramientas jurídicas que coadyuvarían a la conservación de la Tierra.
Jornada laboral: importancia y aspectos críticos de su regulación
Authors: Ávalos Rodríguez Brian
Published: November 2020

En el presente artículo se analizan los beneficios de la limitación de la jornada laboral y las razones por las cuales dicha medida beneficia a los trabajadores, al Estado y a la sociedad en su conjunto. El autor hace referencia a la regulación de la jornada laboral en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano y presenta propuestas que permiten mayor flexibilidad para el trabajador, de forma que este pueda desarrollarse plenamente.
Igualdad salarial entre hombres y mujeres: defensas y excepciones
Authors: Blume Moore Iván
Published: November 2020

Desde la expedición de una serie de normas que prohíben la discriminación remunerativa entre hombres y mujeres, se ha concretizado la efectividad de dicha prohibición en el Perú. Sin embargo, la prohibición a la discriminación remunerativa no opera de manera absoluta, en la cual pueden darse excepciones y justificaciones al desbalance remunerativo entre hombres y mujeres.

El presente artículo explora las normas relevantes y hace énfasis en las excepciones y justificaciones a la prohibición a la discriminación remunerativa, examinando los casos donde estos podrían desenvolverse.
¿Empresas tercerizadoras y trabajadores no registrados?: a propósito de la Casación Laboral 11312-2016-Junín
Authors: Guzmán Estrada Lucía Alejandra
Published: November 2020

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los problemas jurídicos identificados respecto a los criterios jurisprudenciales empleados para declarar la desnaturalización, en particular ante la figura de la tercerización, a partir de la Casación Laboral 11312-2016 Junín, sentencia emitida por la Segunda Sala Constitucional y Social de la Corte Suprema del Perú.

La autora inicia el análisis desarrollando un breve marco jurídico sobre la tercerización de servicios en el Perú para, posteriormente, esbozar los antecedentes de la Casación Laboral 11312-2016-Junín. A continuación, analiza sus fundamentos e identifica, critica y problematiza dos problemas jurídicos. Finalmente, a modo de conclusión, expone un juicio crítico sobre la resolución del caso.
Mediación laboral y su impacto en las relaciones colectivas de trabajo en Perú
Authors: Cadillo Ángeles Carlos
Published: November 2020

En el presente artículo se analiza el impacto de la mediación laboral en las relaciones de trabajo en el Perú y cómo ese mecanismo alternativo de solución supone una manera idónea de resolver conflictos. Para ese fin se analiza la importancia de la mediación laboral en los conflictos que surgen entre los empleadores y las organizaciones sindicales.

El autor busca explicar por qué resulta necesario revalorar la mediación laboral y devolverle el significado, ya que supone un ambiente en el cual las partes podrán resolver los conflictos de manera pacífica.
Apuntes a la responsabilidad civil derivada de despido incausado o fraudulento en el sistema peruano: la retórica de los punitive damages y la desnaturalización del lucro cesante
Authors: Campos García Héctor
Published: November 2020

La Corte Suprema peruana ha considerado en el V Pleno Jurisdiccional Laboral que las remuneraciones dejadas de percibir en los casos de despido incausado o fraudulento tienen naturaleza indemnizatoria, lo cual ha ocasionado que se recurra de forma retórica a la noción del “daño punitivo” y que se fijen reglas diferenciadas sin justificación alguna con relación al despido nulo.En el artículo se exponen las razones por las cuales la Corte Suprema asumió tal posición y se formula una crítica a la misma. Finalmente, se expone una propuesta de solución para que los magistrados no apliquen el V Pleno Laboral en casos concretos.
El derecho del trabajo en la era del Turbocapitalismo
Authors: Arias Domínguez Ángel
Published: November 2020

Con el nacimiento de la economía capitalista, el Derecho del Trabajo surgió para dar respuesta a las necesidades de los trabajadores. Pero, tras el paso a una economía turbocapitalista, en que la velocidad y el consumo redefinen la dinámica laboral, se reclama la adaptación del Derecho del Trabajo a este nuevo contexto.El autor propone la necesidad de una revisión histórica al contenido del Derecho del Trabajo. Parte de situar el contexto económico que originó su surgimiento, para, posteriormente, identificar cuáles son sus elementos esenciales y su fi nalidad. Finalmente, detalla los cambios introducidos por el turbocapitalismo en la dinámica de las relaciones laborales y propone una relectura de los elementos esenciales del Derecho del Trabajo en clave de las exigencias de esta nueva etapa de la economía.
La asignación de servicios en los contratos de consorcios sin contabilidad independiente y su inafectación según la legislación del Impuesto General a las Ventas
Authors: Escalante Alpaca Gonzalo Alonso
Published: November 2020

La inafectación se configura como una institución legal mediante la cual se exime de cualquier imputación de carga fiscal a los hechos económicos que no se encuentran subsumidos dentro de la hipótesis de incidencia tributaria.

Este artículo analiza la configuración del supuesto de inafectación prevista en el inciso n) del artículo 2 de la Ley del Impuesto General a las Ventas en lo relacionado a la asignación de servicios dentro de un contrato de consorcio sin contabilidad independiente en el cual uno de los consorciados ejerce la función de operador.
El impacto de los influencers en la decisión de compra de los usuarios de Instagram en Lima Metropolitana
Authors:   ,   Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Flores Calderon Jhonatan Alberto , Flores Valladares Shirley Ivet
Published: November 2020

El presente proyecto sobre el impacto de los influencers en la decisión de compra de los usuarios de Instagram en Lima Metropolitana nos muestra como ha evolucionado la manera de comunicar y llegar a los consumidores. La masificación a nivel mundial del internet y el surgimiento de las redes sociales dio origen a que aparezcan los llamados influencers, quienes se han vuelto en una nueva herramienta usadas por diversas empresas para comunicar sus productos y servicios de una forma más dirigida a su público objetivo. En el capítulo 1, se desarrolla la evolución del proceso de decisión de compra del consumidor actual, el nacimiento de las redes sociales y se menciona qué son los influencers, cuáles son sus características, además de cuales son los influencers con mayor recordación. En el capítulo 2, se explicará de manera detallada los objetivos principales y secundarios de la investigación, también se presentará la hipótesis y la justificación correspondiente. En el capítulo 3 y 4, se explica la metodología de investigación usada y se realiza el análisis del resultado.
A Study on Finding the Factors, Hindering the use of digital wallets among youth in Developing Countries
Authors: Nimansa A.T. , Kuruwitaarachchi N.
Published: November 2020

A digital wallet or eWallet is a mobile based software application that securely persists consumer’s payment information and passwords for numerous payment methods. By using an eWallet, users can complete their transactions easily and quickly with technologies such as Quick Response (QR) and near-field communications (NFC). In the modern world, people use digital wallets to engage in financial and non-financial activities using the internet. It stores physical financial instruments digitally and provides high availability to convenience to the user. Typically, to facilitate high security to those financial assets, in the digital wallet of the user, and to maintain reliability and availability, mobile application developing organizations follow different authorization mechanisms. The problem prevailing in a developing country similar to Sri Lanka is the less use of digital wallets in day to day transactions.  The final outcome of the research will be to find the factors which affect the use of digital wallets in Sri Lankan students who study in western province universities. The advantage of finding the mentioned factors is to help eWallet developers to enhance their products to attract and onboard more customers. The eWallet developers can think about these measures when developing a solution and use it to promote the application. Further, when developers create an optimal solution, the consumer of eWallets will be highly benefited with an efficient financial application.
Perubahan Histopatologi Ginjal Tikus Putih yang Diberikan Ekstrak Etanol Sarang Semut dan Gentamisin Dosis Toksik
Authors: Kusuma Putu Winatha , Sudira I Wayan , Berata I Ketut , Merdana I Made
Published: November 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa pemberian gentamisin dosis toksik mempengaruhi struktur histopatologis ginjal dan mengetahui efek sarang semut terhadap ginjal tikus putih. Sampel dalam penelitian sebanyak 24 ekor tikus putih jantan yang terdiri dari empat perlakuan yaitu: kontrol negatif (P0) yang diberikan pakan dan minum. Kontrol positif (P1) yang diberikan gentamisin 100 mg/kgBB secara injeksi. Kelompok (P2) diberikan gentamisin 100 mg/kgBB secara injeksi dan ekstrak sarang semut 250 mg/kgBB secara oral. Kelompok (P3) diberikan tujuh hari ekstrak sarang semut dilanjutkan dengan pemberian gentamisin 100 mg/kgBB secara injeksi, dan sarang semut 250 mg/kgBB. Tikus yang telah diberikan perlakuan, kemudian di ambil organ ginjalnya untuk di buat preparat histopatologi. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pewarnaan Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) dan diperiksa di bawah mikroskop dengan pembesaran 400x. variabel yang diperiksa meliputi degenerasi, kongesti, pendarahan, dan nekrosis. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan hasil kerusakan ginjal berupa degenerasi, kongesti, pendarahan, dan nekrosis. Uji Kruskall-Wallis menunjukan adanya perbedaan yang nyata rerata degenerasi, kongesti, pendarahan, dan nekrosis dari kelompok yang diuji. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah gentamisin dosis 100 mg/kgBB dapat menyebabkan kerusakan ginjal. Sarang semut dosis 250 mg/kgBB dapat mengurangi kerusakan jaringan.
Understanding Children’s Harmful Work: A Review of the Methodological Landscape
Authors: Roelen Keetie , Barnett Inka , Johnson Vicky , Lewin Tessa , Thorsen Dorte , Ton Giel
Published: November 2020

Children’s engagement with work has been widely researched using a wide variety of methods. However, the extent to which such methods and their combination provides insight into forms of children’s harmful work (CHW) is not obvious. This paper reviews and assesses respective opportunities and challenges of the main methods that have been used to study children’s engagement with work. It proposes research design principles and a methodological landscape for an integrated approach to child-centred, inclusive, and ethical research of CHW.