bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response to ‘Multicentre Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial 1: key primary data remain unavailable’
Authors: Faries Mark B. , Cochran Alistair J. , Thompson John F.
Published: August 2022

Linked article: Dixon et al. Br J Dermatol 2022; https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.21712
Morphological evaluation of melanocytic lesions with three-dimensional line-field confocal optical coherence tomography: correlation with histopathology and reflectance confocal microscopy. A pilot study
Authors: Perez-Anker Javiera , Puig Susana , Alos Llucia , García Adriana , Alejo Beatriz , Cinotti Elisa , Orte Cano Carmen , Tognetti Linda , Lenoir Clement , Monnier Jilliana , Machuca Natalia , Castillo Paola , Rosés-Gibert P , Rubegni Pietro , Suppa Mariano , Perrot Jean Luc , del Marmol Veronique , Malvehy Josep
Published: August 2022

Background

Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is a new in vivo emerging technique that provides cellular resolution, allows deep imaging (400 μm) and produces real-time images in both the horizontal and vertical plane and in three dimensions. No previous description of different subtypes of melanocytic lesions and their correlation with histopathology and reflectance confocal microscopy has been reported.

Aim

To describe the features of melanocytic lesions by LC-OCT and their correlation with histopathology and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) findings.

Methods

Selected melanocytic benign lesions and melanomas were imaged in vivo with RCM and LC-OCT at the Fundación Hospital Clinic (Barcelona, Spain). A minimum area of 4 × 4 mm (block image) at four depths (stratum granulosum, suprabasal, layer dermoepidermal junction and upper dermis) were acquired with RCM and a minimum of three cubes with LC-OCT. Horizontal, vertical sections and three-dimensional (3D) cubes of LC-OCT were matched with RCM (Vivablock two-dimensional composite mosaic) and histopathology, with ~5 μm lateral resolution accuracy (the same cell nuclei were measured in X, Y and Z) and evaluated by three observers experienced in using RCM and histopathology.

Results

In total, 12 melanocytic tumours (2 in situ melanomas, 2 invasive melanomas, 4 atypical naevi, 2 intradermal naevi, 1 compound naevus and 1 junctional naevus) were included. High correlation with 5 μm accuracy between RCM and LC-OCT was observed for each tumour. The 3D images of melanocytic lesions were obtained with cellular resolution and correlated with both RCM and histopathology, allowing an understanding of the architecture and precise correlation at the cellular level with RCM. Similarities between LC-OCT and RCM for the described diagnostic features and architecture (nests of melanocytic cells, ringed and meshwork pattern, and cellular details of tumour cells as dendritic and pagetoid cells) were confirmed. The main advantage of diagnosis by RCM fixed probe was the ability to produce larger scans of the lesion using mosaicing compared with an LC-OCT handheld probe.

Conclusion

LC-OCT allows the architectural and cellular description of different types of melanocytic lesions. LC-OCT showed high correlation with histopathology (vertical sections) and RCM (horizontal sections) in melanocytic lesions. Diagnostic criteria for RCM were similar to those for LC-OCT.
Indigenous insights on human–wildlife coexistence in southern India
Authors: Jolly Helina , Satterfield Terre , Kandlikar Milind , TR Suma
Published: August 2022

As human–wildlife conflicts escalate worldwide, concepts such as tolerance and acceptance of wildlife are becoming increasingly important. Yet, contemporary conservation studies indicate a limited understanding of positive human–wildlife interactions, leading to potentially inaccurate representations of human–animal encounters. Failure to address these limitations contributes to the design and implementation of poor wildlife and landscape management plans and the dismissal of Indigenous ecological knowledge. We examined Indigenous perspectives on human–wildlife coexistence in India by drawing ethnographic evidence from Kattunayakans, a forest‐dwelling Adivasi community living in the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala. Through qualitative field study that involved interviews and transect walks inside the forests, we found that Kattunayakans displayed tolerance and acceptance of wild animals characterized as forms of deep coexistence that involves three central ideas: wild animals as rational conversing beings; wild animals as gods, teachers, and equals; and wild animals as relatives with shared origins practicing dharmam. We argue that understanding these adequately will support efforts to bring Kattunayakan perspectives into the management of India's forests and contribute to the resolution of the human–wildlife conflict more broadly.
A comprehensive review of Strongyloides stercoralis infection after solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Abad Cybele Lara R. , Bhaimia Eric , Schuetz Audrey N. , Razonable Raymund R.
Published: August 2022

Background

We reviewed the scientific literature to gain insight on the epidemiology and outcome of Strongyloides stercoralis infections after transplantation.

Methods

CINAHL, PUBMED, and OVID/MEDLINE were reviewed from inception through March 31, 2022 using key words Strongyloides and transplantation.

Results

Our review identified 108 episodes of Strongyloides infection among 91 solid organ transplant (SOT) and 15 hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. Median time to infection was 10.8 (range, .14–417) and 8.8 (range, 0–208) weeks after SOT and HCT, respectively. Gastrointestinal symptoms were frequent (86/108 [79.6%]), while skin rash (22/108 [20.3%]) and fever (31/103 [30%]) were less common. Peripheral eosinophilia was observed in half of patients (41/77 [53.2%]). Bacteremia (31/59 [52.5%]) was frequently due to Gram‐negative organisms (24/31 [77.4%]). Abnormal chest radiologic findings were reported in half (56/108 [51.9%]). The majority had hyperinfection syndrome (97/108 [89.8%]) while disseminated strongyloidiasis was less common (11/108 [10.2%]). Thirty‐two cases were categorized as donor‐derived infection (DDI), with donors (23/24 [95.8%]) who had traveled to or lived in endemic areas. Median time to DDI was 8 weeks (range .5–34.3 weeks) after transplantation. Treatment consisted of ivermectin (n = 26), a benzimidazole (n = 27), or both drugs (n = 28). There was high all‐cause mortality (48/107, 44.9%) and a high Strongyloides‐attributable mortality (32/49, 65.3%).

Conclusions

Strongyloidiasis should be strongly considered among recipients with epidemiologic risk factors for infection, even in the absence of eosinophilia or rash. A policy that provides guidance on pro‐active screening is needed, to ensure preventive measures are provided to recipients at increased risk.
Are cultural or psychosocial factors associated with patient‐reported outcomes at the conclusion of kidney transplant evaluation?
Authors: Swift Samuel L. , Leyva Yuri , Wang Shu , Chang Chung‐Chou H. , Dew Mary Amanda , Shapiro Ron , Unruh Mark , Kendall Kellee , Croswell Emilee , Peipert John Devin , Myaskovsky Larissa
Published: August 2022

Background

Kidney transplant evaluation (KTE) is a period marked by many stressors for patients, which may lead to poorer patient‐reported outcomes (PROs). Research on the association of cultural and psychosocial factors with PROs during KTE is lacking, even though cultural and psychosocial variables may mitigate the relationship between acceptance status and PROs.

Methods

Using a prospective cohort study of 955 adults referred for KTE, we examined whether cultural factors and psychosocial characteristics, assessed at the initiation of KTE, are associated with PROs at KTE completion, controlling for demographics and medical factors. Also, we analyzed whether these factors moderate the relationship between transplant acceptance status and PROs.

Results

In multivariable regression models, a stronger sense of mastery was associated with higher physical and mental QOL. A stronger sense of self‐esteem was associated with higher kidney‐specific QOL. Depression was associated with a lower mental QOL, but only in those who were accepted for transplant. Having low levels of external locus of control was associated with better mental QOL in those who were not accepted for transplant. Higher anxiety was associated with poorer kidney‐specific QOL among those who were not accepted for KT, but trust in physician was only associated with greater satisfaction in transplant clinic service for those who were accepted for KT.

Conclusions

Targeting interventions to increase patient mastery and external locus of control, and reduce depression and anxiety in patients undergoing kidney transplant evaluation may be useful approaches to improve their experience during this stressful period.
Dual impact of donor service area removal from kidney allocation system and Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic on access to transplantation
Authors: Tandukar Srijan , Tandukar Zenith
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Donor service area was removed from kidney and pancreas allocation system in the United States on March 15, 2021 in favor of a distance based policy to provide geographic equity to access to transplantation. The policy change was introduced at a time when ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic cases were declining following the first delta wave.

Methods

In this Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients based study, deceased donor kidney transplant recipients between March 15 and December 2 of 2019, 2020 and 2021 were compared representing pre‐policy change, pre‐COVID cohort; pre‐policy change, early COVID cohort; and post‐policy change, late COVID cohort.

Results

There were 11336, 11808, and 12914 kidney transplants in the 2019, 2020, and 2021 cohorts, respectively. Proportion of kidney transplants increased from 8798 (78%) to 9496 (80%) to 11152 (86%), and decreased from 2538 (22%) to 2312 (20%) to 1762 (14%) within and beyond 250 nautical miles in subsequent years. Median distance between donor and transplant hospital increased (73 vs. 63 vs. 119 nautical miles, P < .001) and mean cold ischemia time increased (18.1 vs. 17.8 vs. 19.9 h, P < .001). Access to transplantation did not change for various racial groups (P = .07), pediatric patients (P = .29), dialysis vintage of >5 years (P = .21), veterans (P = .07) and decreased for those with calculated PRA of 99% and 100% (P < .001). Rate of kidney discard (19.6% vs. 20.4% vs. 24%) remained high. Although there were numerical increases in transplants from donors with donation after circulatory death, donor acute kidney injury, kidney donor profile index >85% and donor age >60 years in successive years, rates of kidney discard also increased proportionally.

Conclusion

Improvement in the access to transplantation following the policy change was attenuated by the concurrent prevalence of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Tirzepatide suppresses palatable food intake by selectively reducing preference for fat in rodents
Authors: Geisler Caroline E. , Antonellis Meghan P. , Trumbauer Wolfgang , Martin Jennifer A. , Coskun Tamer , Samms Ricardo J. , Hayes Matthew R.
Published: August 2022

Aim

To investigate the role of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) agonists alone or combined with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) agonists to regulate palatable food intake and the role of specific macronutrients in these preferences.

Methods

To understand this regulation, we treated mice and rats on several choice diet paradigms of chow and a palatable food option with individual or dual GIPR and GLP‐1R agonists.

Results

In mice, the dual agonist tirzepatide suppressed total caloric intake, while promoting the intake of chow over a high fat/sucrose diet. Surprisingly, GIPR agonism alone did not alter food choice. The food intake shift observed with tirzepatide in wild‐type mice was completely absent in GLP‐1R knockout mice, suggesting that GIPR signalling does not regulate food preference. Tirzepatide also selectively suppressed the intake of palatable food but not chow in a rat two‐diet choice model. This suppression was specific to lipids, as GLP‐1R agonist and dual agonist treatment in rats on a choice paradigm assessing individual palatable macronutrients robustly inhibited the intake of Crisco (lipid) without decreasing the intake of a sucrose (carbohydrate) solution.

Conclusions

Decreasing preference for high‐caloric, high‐fat foods is a powerful action of GLP‐1R and dual GIPR/GLP‐1R agonist therapeutics, which may contribute to the weight loss success of these drugs.
Effects of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of lacosamide in Korean patients with epilepsy
Authors: Ahn Seon‐Jae , Oh Jaeseong , Kim Do‐Yong , Son Hyoshin , Hwang Sungeun , Shin Hye‐Rim , Kim Eun Young , Lee Han Sang , Lee Woo‐Jin , Moon Jangsup , Lee Soon‐Tae , Jung Keun‐Hwa , Park Kyung‐Il , Jung Ki‐Young , Lee SeungHwan , Yu Kyung‐Sang , Chu Kon , Lee Sang Kun
Published: August 2022

Objective

Many pharmacokinetic studies of lacosamide (LCM) have been reported, but no large‐scale clinical study has been conducted on genetic polymorphisms that affect the metabolism of LCM. Therefore, we designed a pharmacogenetic study of LCM to explore the effect of genetic polymorphisms on serum LCM concentration. We evaluated the pharmacodynamic characteristics of LCM, including clinical efficacy and toxicity.

Methods

Adult patients with epilepsy who received LCM at Seoul National University Hospital were enrolled. Blood samples were obtained from 115 patients taking LCM for more than 1 month with unchanged doses and were used to analyze the serum LCM concentration, the concentration/dose (C/D) ratio and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C9 and CYP2C19 genes. In addition, clinical information—including efficacy, toxicity, and concomitant drugs—was collected.

Results

The serum LCM concentration showed a linear correlation with the daily dose (r = .66, p < .001). In genetic analysis, 43 patients (38.7%) were extensive metabolizers (EMs), 51 (45.9%) were intermediate metabolizers (IMs), and 17 (15.3%) were poor metabolizers (PMs). In the group comparison, mean serum concentrations and the C/D ratio showed significant differences between the three groups (p = .01 and p < .001, respectively). The C/D ratios of IM (27.78) and PM (35.6) were 13% and 39% higher than those of EM (25.58), respectively. In the pharmacodynamic subgroup analysis, patients in the ineffective LCM group had significantly lower serum concentrations (6.39 ± 3.25 vs. 8.44 ± 3.68 μg/ml, p = .024), whereas patients with adverse events had higher serum concentrations than those without adverse events (11.03 ± 4.32 vs. 7.4 ± 3.1 μg/ml, p < .001). Based on this, we suggest a reference range for LCM in the Korean population (6–9 μg/ml).

Significance

Genetic polymorphisms of the CYP2C19 gene affect the serum LCM concentration. Because efficacy and toxicity are apparently related to serum LCM levels, the genetic phenotype of CYP2C19 should be considered when prescribing LCM for patients with epilepsy.
Serotonin receptor expression in hippocampus and temporal cortex of temporal lobe epilepsy patients by postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression duration
Authors: Leitner Dominique Frances , Devore Sasha , Laze Juliana , Friedman Daniel , Mills James D. , Liu Yan , Janitz Michael , Anink Jasper J. , Baayen Johannes C. , Idema Sander , van Vliet Erwin Alexander , Diehl Beate , Scott Catherine , Thijs Roland , Nei Maromi , Askenazi Manor , Sivathamboo Shobi , O'Brien Terence , Wisniewski Thomas , Thom Maria , Aronica Eleonora , Boldrini Maura , Devinsky Orrin
Published: August 2022

Objective

Prolonged postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression (PGES) is a potential biomarker for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which may be associated with dysfunctional autonomic responses and serotonin signaling. To better understand molecular mechanisms, PGES duration was correlated to 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptor protein expression and RNAseq from resected hippocampus and temporal cortex of temporal lobe epilepsy patients with seizures recorded in preoperative evaluation.

Methods

Analyses included 36 cases (age = 14–64 years, age at epilepsy onset = 0–51 years, epilepsy duration = 2–53 years, PGES duration = 0–93 s), with 13 cases in all hippocampal analyses. 5HT1A and 5HT2A protein was evaluated by Western blot and histologically in hippocampus (n = 16) and temporal cortex (n = 9). We correlated PGES duration to our previous RNAseq dataset for serotonin receptor expression and signaling pathways, as well as weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to identify correlated gene clusters.

Results

In hippocampus, 5HT2A protein by Western blot positively correlated with PGES duration (p = .0024, R2 = .52), but 5HT1A did not (p = .87, R2 = .0020). In temporal cortex, 5HT1A and 5HT2A had lower expression and did not correlate with PGES duration. Histologically, PGES duration did not correlate with 5HT1A or 5HT2A expression in hippocampal CA4, dentate gyrus, or temporal cortex. RNAseq identified two serotonin receptors with expression that correlated with PGES duration in an exploratory analysis: HTR3B negatively correlated (p = .043, R2 = .26) and HTR4 positively correlated (p = .049, R2 = .25). WGCNA identified four modules correlated with PGES duration, including positive correlation with synaptic transcripts (p = .040, Pearson correlation r = .52), particularly potassium channels (KCNA4, KCNC4, KCNH1, KCNIP4, KCNJ3, KCNJ6, KCNK1). No modules were associated with serotonin receptor signaling.

Significance

Higher hippocampal 5HT2A receptor protein and potassium channel transcripts may reflect underlying mechanisms contributing to or resulting from prolonged PGES. Future studies with larger cohorts should assess functional analyses and additional brain regions to elucidate mechanisms underlying PGES and SUDEP risk.
Do sheep (Ovis aries) perform third‐party interventions?
Authors: Papadaki Kallirroi , Laliotis George P. , Koutsouli Panagiota , Pafilis Panayiotis , Bizelis Iosif
Published: August 2022

Most ungulate mammals are social species that live in large groups where agonistic encounters with con‐specifics are common. Such interactions may be a source of distress and can pose a threat to group's cohesion. Group stability may be achieved by third‐party interventions, defined as the behavior of individuals (interveners) interrupting agonistic interactions between two con‐specifics through direct physical contact, interposition, or threats. This can be costly for the intervener but may lead to benefits like reciprocity, group cohesion, and enhance lifetime fitness. The study investigated whether sheep (Ovis aries) perform third‐party interventions. Adult rams (n = 13) reared under intensive farming were observed during three different periods (A, B, C). At period A, rams formed one stable group of eight individuals. Period B started when five familiar rams returned to the group simultaneously and period C, when rams formed one stable group of 13 individuals. Scan sampling was used to record close proximity. Social behaviours between individuals were collectedad libitumto increase the number of social interactions because of the low‐sample size. In total, 125 interventions occurred. Interventions were higher in period B (N = 69; frequency = 2.55) followed by period C (N = 45; frequency = 0.56) and period A (N = 12; frequency = 0.18). Only a few individuals played a crucial role in performing this behaviour. Interventions were positively correlated with agonistic interactions. Interveners were high or middle ranked, rose faster in the social hierarchy and spent more time in social proximity. The supported animals performed more frequent affiliative behaviors. The study presents preliminary evidence of third‐party interventions in agonistic encounters of sheep, suggesting that such behaviour may act as a preventive tool towards the disruption of group stability, by enhancing long‐term fitness of interveners and supported individuals and providing valuable information for sheep welfare.
Sulfur: A potential resource crisis that could stifle green technology and threaten food security as the world decarbonises
Authors: Maslin Mark , Van Heerde Livia , Day Simon
Published: August 2022

Sulfur in the form of sulfuric acid is a crucial part of our modern industrial society. It is required for the production of phosphorus fertiliser and manufacturing lightweight electric motors and high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries. Over 246 million tonnes of sulfuric acid are used annually. Rapid growth in the green economy and intensive agriculture could see demand increase to over 400 million tonnes by 2040. Today over 80% of the global sulfur supply comes from desulfurisation of fossil fuels to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas. Decarbonisation of the global economy to deal with climate change will greatly reduce the production of fossil fuels. This will create a shortfall in the annual supply of sulfuric acid of between 100 and 320 million tonnes by 2040, depending on how quickly decarbonisation occurs. Unless action is taken to reduce the need for sulfuric acid, a massive increase in environmentally damaging mining will be required to fill this resource demand.
“If we don't do it, who will?” Strategies of social reproduction at the margins
Authors: Nassif Gabriella
Published: August 2022

Migrant domestic workers (MDW) in Lebanon suffer grave human rights abuses as highly exploited social reproduction laborers under the kafala, or visa sponsorship system. Amidst the current economic and political crises in Lebanon, compounded by the spread of COVID‐19, MDW find themselves in an even more precarious situation. As funding from international and local nongovernment organizations is unable to keep up with the increasing demands for support, MDW community leaders and activists have shifted their labor in order to support some of the most marginalized members of this community of workers. To do this, these workers strategically use their often‐minimal personal sources of social reproduction resources to create this network of support. In so doing, the grassroots work of these MDW become yet another “fix” to capital's continuing crises and equally challenge their construction as a class of workers whose social reproduction needs can be disregarded.
PREDICTIONS WITHOUT FUTURES*
Authors: Hong Sun‐ha
Published: August 2022

Modernity held sacred the aspirational formula of the open future: a promise of human determination that doubles as an injunction to control. Today, the banner of this plannable future is borne by technology. Allegedly impersonal, neutral, and exempt from disillusionment with ideology, belief in technological change saturates the present horizon of historical futures. Yet I argue that this is exactly how today's technofutures enact a hegemony of closure and sameness. In particular, the growing emphasis on prediction as AI's skeleton key to all social problems constitutes what religious studies calls cosmograms: universalizing models that govern how facts and values relate to each other, providing a common and normative point of reference. In a predictive paradigm, social problems are made conceivable only as objects of calculative control—control that can never be fulfilled but that persists as an eternally deferred and recycled horizon. I show how this technofuture is maintained not so much by producing literally accurate predictions of future events but through ritualized demonstrations of predictive time.
Structure‐terahertz property relationship in sodium borosilicate glasses
Authors: Tostanoski Nicholas J. , Möncke Doris , Youngman Randall , Sundaram S. K.
Published: August 2022

We report, for the first time, an early evidence of structure‐terahertz (THz) property relationship for two tie‐lines within the sodium borosilicate glass system. The NaBSi series was chosen to study the effect of the substitution of silicon dioxide for boron oxide, whereas the BNaSi series studies the substitution of silicon dioxide for sodium oxide. Nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared absorption, and Raman spectroscopies were used to determine structural changes across both series. THz time‐domain spectroscopy was used to record the refractive index over the measured bandwidth. Individual measurements at .502 THz were used as a frequency of focus for comparisons. The foundation for the proposed structure‐THz property relationship is based on higher measurable THz refractive index changes correlated to a depolymerized glass network, R > .5, a network consisting of SiO4 tetrahedra and charge‐deficient [BØ4]− tetrahedra‐forming borosilicate danburite and reedmergnerite rings with mixed Si–O–B bridges, and the formation of nonbridging oxygen (nbO) atoms on silicate tetrahedra. A polymerized glass network, R < .5, consists of homonuclear boroxol and silica rings within sodium borate and silicate subnetworks. Calculated and experimental fractions of tetrahedral borate and silicate tetrahedra with one nbO, optical basicity, density, and network connectivity data support the structure‐THz property relationship.
Biomarkers for the early detection of pressure ulcers in the intensive care setting: A comparison between sub‐epidermal moisture measurements and interleukin‐1α
Authors: McEvoy Natalie , Patton Declan , Curley Ger , Boland Fiona , Kearney Cathal , Hogan Grace , Keogh Aoife , Clarke Jennifer , Moore Zena
Published: August 2022

Pressure ulcer (PU) prevention in the intensive care unit (ICU) is an important clinical issue as critically unwell patients are at high risk of developing PUs. However, current methods of PU detection are limited, especially for early detection. This study aimed to establish the correlation between Interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α)/total protein (TP) and sub‐epidermal moisture (SEM) measurements in the early identification of PUs in ICU patients. This study employed an observational research design using the STROBE guidelines. Following ethical approval, 53 participants were recruited and sebum was obtained using Sebutape from weight‐bearing areas (sacrum, heels and a control site). SEM measurements were taken from the same anatomical sites. Both measures were taken at the same time and participants were followed up for 5 days, or until discharge or death. Correlations between SEM delta measurements, IL‐1α, TP and PU incidence and other demographic information were explored using Spearman's correlation for data not normally distributed, and Pearson's R correlation coefficient for normally distributed data. Mean baseline SEM delta measurements indicate abnormal readings for all anatomical sites except the control site, consistent with previous studies. Mean baseline IL‐1α/TP readings were higher for the sacrum versus both heels and, on average, readings were higher for the control site versus all other anatomical locations. This is conflicting, given that the control site was non‐weight bearing. There were very weak or weak correlations between SEM delta measurements and IL‐1α/TP readings. SEM measurements are quick and easy to obtain and results are instant, however Sebutape sampling takes significantly longer and is challenging to conduct among haemodynamically unstable patients. Obtaining SEM measurements is more practical and feasible than Sebutape sampling to assess for the presence of inflammation.
Energetics of reactions between ceramic coating materials and their binary oxide components with silicate melts
Authors: Costa Gustavo , Harder Bryan J. , Bansal Narottam P. , Stokes Jamesa L. , Lilova Kristina , Subramani Tamilarasan , Ushakov Sergey V. , Meisner Kevin J. , Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: August 2022

This paper summarizes our previous and current studies of using high‐temperature calorimetry to investigate the energetics of reactions of ceramic coating materials (e.g., yttrium disilicate and 7‐wt% yttria‐stabilized zirconia) and their binary oxide components with silicate melts in the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (CMAS) system. Such interactions are found to become stronger (more exothermic) with increasing difference in acid–base character between these materials and the melt. Our results suggest that the reactivity between the coating materials and the melt increases with decreasing thermodynamic stability (less exothermic enthalpy of formation from oxide components) of the coating material. They also suggest that ceramic coating materials made from binary oxides that have less exothermic enthalpies of solution and mixing are less susceptible to CMAS melt corrosion when in contact with an acidic, relatively polymerized, melt rich in SiO2. Thus, we propose that new coating material formulation and CMAS melt corrosion mitigation strategies should be optimized based on the energetic contributions of their binary oxide components.
Flexible multiplex PCR to detect SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus OC43 and influenza A virus in nasopharyngeal swab samples
Authors: Pelegri-Martinez Eduardo , Guruceaga Xabier , Martin-Souto Leire , Abad-Diaz-de-Cerio Ana , Rementeria Aitor , Dominguez-Monedero Alazne , Gallego Mikel , Martinez Oscar , Arana-Arri Eunate , Aranzamendi Maitane , Ramirez-Garcia Andoni
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is the leading tool to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Given that it will almost certainly continue to coexist with other respiratory viruses in the coming years, our study aimed to design a multiplex PCR system not affected by supplier outages and with reduced cost compared to the existing commercially available kits.

Methods and results

In this study, combinations of four primers/probe sets were used to construct a flexible RT-qPCR assay which is capable of discriminating between SARS-CoV-2 and the seasonal human coronavirus HCoV-OC43, or even influenza A virus. Additionally, the human RPP30 gene was used as an internal control. To demonstrate the robustness of the assay, it was applied to a collection of 150 clinical samples. The results showed 100% sensitivity and specificity compared to the automatized system used at the hospital and were better when indeterminate samples were analysed.

Conclusions

This study provides an efficient method for the simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-OC43 and influenza A virus, and its efficacy has been tested on clinical samples showing outstanding results.

Significance and impact of the study

The multiplex RT-qPCR design offers an accessible and economical alternative to commercial detection kits for hospitals and laboratories with limited economic resources or facing situations of supply shortage.
Effects of supplementing with Humulus scandens on the growth performance and gut microbiota in piglets
Authors: Hao Lihong , Wang Cheng , Wang Huaizhong , Wang Jiancai , Wang Yong , Hu Hongmei
Published: August 2022

Aims

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding Humulus scandens (Hu) on growth performance and gut microbiota in piglets.

Methods and Results

A total of 120 piglets were allocated to four dietary treatments (1) CON, basal diet; (2) T1, basal diet + 2.0% Hu; (3) T2, basal diet + 2.8% Hu and (4) T3, basal diet + 3.6% Hu. The results showed that dietary H. scandens supplementation increased the final body weight and average daily gain. Furthermore, H. scandens supplementation in T1 groups increased the content of total protein, globulin and IgG in serum and the apparent digestibility of crude protein. Gut microbiota analysis showed that H. scandens treatment in T1 groups increased the abundances of Lactobacillus, Ruminococcaceae, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas in cecum content.

Conclusions

These findings suggested that dietary H. scandens supplementation improved the growth performance, immunological function and nutrient apparent digestibility as well as modulating the gut microbiota in piglets.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This study contributed to developing new feed resources and might provide an alternative strategy for growth promotion in piglets.
Hybrid incompatibility between Drosophila virilis and D. lummei is stronger in the presence of transposable elements
Authors: Castillo Dean M. , Moyle Leonie C.
Published: August 2022

Mismatches between parental genomes in selfish elements are frequently hypothesized to underlie hybrid dysfunction and drive speciation. However, because the genetic basis of most hybrid incompatibilities is unknown, testing the contribution of selfish elements to reproductive isolation is difficult. Here, we evaluated the role of transposable elements (TEs) in hybrid incompatibilities between Drosophila virilis and D. lummei by experimentally comparing hybrid incompatibility in a cross where active TEs are present in D. virilis (TE+) and absent in D. lummei, to a cross where these TEs are absent from both D. virilis (TE−) and D. lummei genotypes. Using genomic data, we confirmed copy number differences in TEs between the D. virilis (TE+) strain and both the D. virilis (TE−) strain and D. lummei. We observed F1 postzygotic reproductive isolation exclusively in the interspecific cross involving TE+ D. virilis but not in crosses involving TE− D. virilis. This mirrors intraspecies dysgenesis where atrophied testes only occur when TE+ D. virilis is the paternal parent. A series of backcross experiments, that accounted for alternative models of hybrid incompatibility, showed that both F1 hybrid incompatibility and intrastrain dysgenesis are consistent with the action of TEs rather than genic interactions. Thus, our data suggest that this TE mechanism manifests as two different incompatibility phenotypes. A further Y‐autosome interaction contributes to additional, sex‐specific, inviability in one direction of this cross‐combination. These experiments demonstrate that TEs that cause intraspecies dysgenesis can increase reproductive isolation between closely related lineages, thereby adding to the processes that consolidate speciation.
Effects of mitochondrial haplotype on pre‐copulatory mating success in male fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
Authors: Koch Rebecca E. , Dowling Damian K.
Published: August 2022

While mitochondria have long been understood to be critical to cellular function, questions remain as to how genetic variation within mitochondria may underlie variation in general metrics of organismal function. To date, studies investigating links between mitochondrial genotype and phenotype have largely focused on differences in expression of genes and physiological and life‐history traits across haplotypes. Mating display behaviours may also be sensitive to mitochondrial functionality and so may also be affected by sequence variation in mitochondrial DNA, with consequences for sexual selection and fitness. Here, we tested whether the pre‐copulatory mating success of male fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) varies across six different mitochondrial haplotypes expressed alongside a common nuclear genetic background. We found a significant effect of mitochondrial haplotype on our measure of competitive mating success, driven largely by the relatively poor performance of males with one particular haplotype. This haplotype, termed ‘Brownsville’, has previously been shown to have complex and sex‐specific effects, most notably including depressed fertility in males but not females. Our study extends this disproportionate effect on male reproductive success to pre‐copulatory aspects of reproduction. Our results demonstrate that mutations in mitochondrial DNA can plausibly affect pre‐copulatory mating success, with implications for future study into the subcellular underpinnings of such behaviours and the information they may communicate.
Cryptic female choice within individual males – A neglected component of the postmating sexual selection?
Authors: Kekäläinen Jukka
Published: August 2022

Cryptic female choice (CFC) is commonly assumed to act only in polyandrous mating systems, which allows females to bias fertilization towards the sperm of particular males. However, accumulated evidence has demonstrated that sperm show significant phenotypic and genotypic variation also within single ejaculates, which have important consequences for offspring phenotype and fitness. Here, I argue that these neglected sources of intra‐male sperm variation often allow CFC to act also within individual males and facilitate fertilization bias towards genetically compatible (or otherwise preferred) sperm haplotypes. In this article, I explain prerequisites for within‐male CFC, the criteria for demonstrating it and summarize accumulated evidence for this emerging selection process. Then, I evaluate prevalence of within‐male CFC and review its potential evolutionary consequences. The aim of this article is to broaden the current definition of CFC by demonstrating that CFC has potential to act in all mating systems, in both internally and externally fertilizing species. Incorporation of the within‐male CFC concept into the current models of sexual selection may provide novel insights into the deeper understanding of selective factors driving the evolution of mating systems and reproductive proteins. Finally, within‐male CFC towards particular sperm haplotypes may increase our understanding of non‐Mendelian inheritance.
Effect of homo‐ and hetero‐fermentative lactic acid bacteria on physicochemical properties, amino acid, and volatile flavor compounds during paocai fermentation by pure culture
Authors: Liu Zhanggen , Xiao Muyan , Xu Yazhou , Li Danyang , Zhu Wenhuan , Huang Tao , Peng Fei , Guan Qianqian , Peng Zhen , Xie Mingyong , Xiong Tao
Published: August 2022

This study investigated the physicochemical properties, amino acid, and volatile flavor compounds of paocai inoculated with homo‐ (Lactobacillus pentosus NCU050008 and Lactobacillus plantarum NCU001290) and hetero‐fermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Leuconostoc mesenteroides NCU018030 and Lactobacillus brevis NCU002227). The lactic acid, arginine, cysteine, cineole, and (+)‐3‐carene mainly contributed to the characteristics of paocai fermented inoculated with homo‐fermentative LAB, while the acetic acid, proline, histidine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, glycine, phenylalanine, methionine, and trans‐3‐caren‐2‐ol mainly contributed to the characteristics of paocai fermented inoculated with hetero‐fermentative LAB. Principal Component Analysis showed that the metabolism of paocai samples fermented inoculated with homo‐fermentative LAB significantly differed from those in paocai with hetero‐fermentative LAB. This study provides insights into the effects of homo‐ and hetero‐fermentative lactic acid bacteria on the physicochemical properties, amino acid, and volatile flavor in paocai and might help for industrial paocai production.

Novelty impact statement

The results of this study showed the physicochemical properties, amino acid, and volatile flavor compounds of paocai inoculated with homo‐fermentative lactic acid bacteria significantly differed from those of paocai inoculated with hetero‐fermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Leuconostoc mesenteroides NCU018030 and Lactobacillus brevis NCU002227). Moreover, the characteristic compounds of paocai fermented inoculated with homo‐fermentative LAB also differed from those of paocai fermented and inoculated with hetero‐fermentative LAB. Therefore, the data obtained in this study provides a better understanding of the effects of homo‐fermentative lactic acid and hetero‐fermentative lactic acid bacteria on the paocai and would be very beneficial for the production of high‐quality paocai.
Association between changes in loneliness identified through screening and changes in depression or anxiety in older adults
Authors: Steiner John F. , Ross Colleen , Stiefel Matthew , Mosen David , Banegas Matthew P. , Wall Alena E. , Martin Cally , Kelly Tammy S. , Paolino Andrea R. , Zeng Chan
Published: August 2022

Background

Changes in loneliness are associated with corresponding changes in depression, anxiety, and general health in population surveys, but few studies have assessed these associations through repeated screening in clinical settings.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study among individuals ≥age 65 in an integrated health care system who completed loneliness screening before two annual wellness visits, separated by a mean of 12.9 (SD 2.0) months, between 2013 and 2018. Their responses identified four subgroups: individuals who were persistently lonely; not lonely; experienced an increase (recently lonely); or decrease (previously lonely) in loneliness. Loneliness was assessed with a single item. Depression was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire‐2. Anxiety was assessed with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐2. Fair/poor general health was assessed by a single item. Linear mixed effects models assessed changes in outcomes after covariate adjustment.

Results

The cohort comprised 24,666 individuals (19.2% of older adults in the system). Mean age was 73.7 years (SD 6.4); 54.6% were female, and 11.6% were members of racial and ethnic minority groups. Of these individuals, 1936 (7.8%) were persistently lonely, 1687 (6.8%) were recently lonely, 1551 (6.3%) were previously lonely, and 19,492 (79.0%) were not lonely at either time point. After adjustment for sociodemographic, clinical and social variables, recent loneliness was associated with increases in depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.41–2.19) and anxiety (aOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.32–2.10). Previous loneliness was associated with decreases in depression (aOR, 0.46, 95% CI 0.36–0.58) and anxiety (aOR 0.69, 95% CI 0.54–0.90). Changes in loneliness were not associated with changes in general health.

Conclusions

Changes in loneliness identified through screening were associated with corresponding changes in depression and anxiety. These findings support the potential value of identifying social risk factors in clinical settings among older adults.
Development of a nomogram for predicting nosocomial infections among patients after cardiac valve replacement surgery
Authors: Yao Xue , Li Na , Lu Ranran , Wang Xujing , Zhang Yujun , Wang Shuhui
Published: August 2022

Aims and objectives

To construct a predictive nomogram of the risk of nosocomial infections among patients after cardiac valve replacement surgery.

Background

Nosocomial infections are a standout challenge that worsens the prognosis of patients after valve replacement surgery. However, studies on the nomogram of nosocomial infections in these patients have remained scarce.

Design

A retrospective cohort study.

Methods

Patients (n = 720) following valve replacement surgery from 2018 to 2019 were selected. LASSO regression and multivariate logistic regression were utilised to ascertain predictors of nosocomial infections. The predictive performance of the nomogram was appraised by calibration and discrimination. Decision and impact curves were used to assess the clinical utility. Internal validation was implemented via 1000 bootstrap samples to mitigate overfitting. TRIPOD guidelines were used in this study.

Results

One hundred and fifty one patients (20.97%) experienced nosocomial infections following valve replacement surgery. Heart failure, preoperative anaemia, valve material, American Society of Anesthesiologists score ≥ IV, prolonged duration of surgery, duration of mechanical ventilation ≥ 24 h and indwelling nasogastric tube were predictors of nosocomial infections. Using these variables, we developed a predictive nomogram of the occurrence of nosocomial infections and the internal validation results demonstrated good discrimination and calibration of the nomogram. The clinical decision and impact curve revealed significant clinical utility.

Conclusions

The present study constructed a nomogram for predicting the risk of nosocomial infections in patients following cardiac valve replacement surgery. This nomogram may strengthen the effective screening of patients at high risk of nosocomial infections.

Relevance to clinical practice

This risk warning tool can assist clinical staff in making decisions and providing individualised infection control measures for patients, which has a significant reference value for clinical practice.

No patient or public contribution

The data for this study were obtained from the hospital database, and the entire process of the study did not involve patient participation.
Patients' experiences of cognitive impairment following critical illness treated in an intensive care unit: A scoping review
Authors: Alrø Anette Bjerregaard , Nedergaard Helene Korvenius , Svenningsen Helle , Jensen Hanne Irene , Dreyer Pia
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Treatment with modern technology in an intensive care unit has increased critical illness survival. However, many patients are affected by their critical illness for months or years following discharge, as they experience cognitive impairments. Long‐term cognitive impairments can severely affect patients' quality of life. Exploring patients' experiences on how and which cognitive impairments affect their everyday lives is important to improve planning of relevant research into interventions that may alleviate the burden of post‐intensive cognitive impairments.

Aim

To review the literature on patients' experiences of cognitive impairment following critical illness treated in an intensive care unit.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Cinahl, PsycInfo and Embase in March–May 2021. References and citations in relevant studies were explored. The Covidence tool was used by two independent researchers to identify relevant studies for inclusion. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used for critical appraisal. The JBI methodology for scoping reviews and the PRISMA‐ScR checklist were used (Supporting Information File ).

Results

We identified 11 relevant qualitative and/or quantitative studies. Four themes were found: ‘Experiencing poor memory’, ‘Managing everyday life’, ‘Unsupported by the healthcare system’ and ‘Strategies for support in recovery’. Patients used various strategies during their recovery and rehabilitation to regain independence and avoid being a burden. They needed information to support their recovery and rehabilitation; otherwise, they felt unsupported and betrayed by the healthcare system.

Conclusion

Patients experienced various cognitive impairments following critical illness in the intensive care unit, affecting and challenging their quality of life and adaption to everyday life.

Relevance to clinical practice

Knowledge gained by exploring patients' experience of cognitive impairments following critical illness in the intensive care unit can contribute to improve clinical practice by targeting and optimising patients' rehabilitation process.

Patient or public contribution

No patient or public involvement in this scoping review.
Graphene Coated Ti‐6Al‐4V Exhibits Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties Against Oral Pathogens
Authors: Wang Xu , Zhao Weiwei , Zhao Chen , Zhang Wenqing , Yan Zhimin
Published: August 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to explore the antimicrobial properties of graphene coated Ti‐6Al‐4V to oral pathogens.

Materials and methods

Graphene directly synthesized on Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, live/dead fluorescent staining and SEM were used to analyze the antimicrobial properties of graphene coated Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy to Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was monitored to reveal the antimicrobial mechanism.

Results

Graphene coated Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy caused a significant reduction in the presence of both bacterial and fungal pathogens as compared to uncoated Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy. P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and C. albicans on graphene coated Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy were less active than on uncoated Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy, and tended to become shrunk and deformed. Meanwhile, graphene coated Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy induced more generation of ROS in the pathogens than uncoated Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy.

Conclusions

Graphene coated Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy exhibited antimicrobial properties against oral pathogens, the induction of oxidative stress might be involved in its antimicrobial mechanisms.