bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential risk in the organic poultry production and its prevention
Authors: Kucheruk M. , Galaburda M.
Published: February 2021

The article provides general information on organic production, in order to obtain quality and safe poultry products that meet the requirements of current national, European and international legislation. Factors that may cause a risk in the roduction of organic food of animal origin are considered, taking into account the stages of primary production and specific requirements for keeping organic poultry, given the requirements for animal welfare. There have been identified biological, chemical and physical hazards that can reduce the profitability of production and affect the quality of poultry products, taking into account the peculiarities of organic livestock management and ensuring the welfare of animals in organic production. The given list of natural prophylactic drugs that can be used in organic livestock as an alternative to antimicrobial drugs, and demonstrated an example of prophylactic use in organic farming of young poultry, which resulted in increased poultry safety. It were compared certain parameters of the microclimate under conditions of intensive poultry farming vs poultry kept under the requirements of organic production. Microbiological air contaminations in poultry houses at industrial poultry farming system were exceeding the standard limits, when in organic poultry farming condition a significant reduction of the number of bacteria in the air was indicated. The list of national, European and international regulations governing the requirements for keeping poultry during organic production is given. It has been established the necessity of comprehensive approach for supporting the health of animals, their feeding and management, systematic monitoring of compliance with health and hygiene requirements of animals and poultry farming, products processing, obtaining high-quality, safe products to avoid risks in the chain for the successful development of the organic production. Key words: organic production, poultry farming, hazards, risk analysis, microclimate, organic food, probiotics.
Targets of State Road Safety System in Russian Federation
Authors:   V.P.Serbskiy National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation, Shport S.V. , Bakanov K.S. ,   Scientific State Institution of Road Safety, the Ministry of the Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation,   Academy of Management, the Ministry of the Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation, Kekelidze Z.I. ,   V.P.Serbskiy National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: February 2021

The state road safety programs are presented. The article considers the target indicators of the road safety and the ways to achieve them in the Russian Federation and the world community. The article describes the changes in the targets for ensuring road safety during socio-economic crises. The order of accounting of the main indicators of the state of road safety in the Russian Federation is analyzed.
KEBIJAKAN HUKUM PIDANA SEBAGAI UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN KEDARURATAN COVID-19
Authors: Firdaus Aras , Pakpahan Rudy Hendra
Published: February 2021

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) berpotensi menimbulkan kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat. Peraturan hukum perihal Covid-19 disahkan oleh pemerintah agar masyarakat berpartisipasi mencegah penyebaran Covid-19. Masyarakat tidak taat terhadap peraturan hukum terkait upaya penanggulangan Covid-19 dapat diupayakan melalui pendekatan hukum pidana sebagai efek jera. Hal tersebut dilakukan agar memutus rantai penyebaran Covid-19. Permasalahannya, yakni bagaimana kebijakan hukum pidana sebagai sarana untuk optimalisasi penanggulangan kedaruratan Covid-19. Metode penelitian menggunakan normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dilakukan dengan menelaah semua undang-undang dan regulasi yang bersangkut paut dengan isu hukum yang sedang ditangani. Pendekatan perundangundangan adalah pendekatan dengan menggunakan legislasi dan regulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan langkah optimalisasi kebijakan hukum pidana sebagai upaya penanggulangan wabah pandemic Covid-19 perlu peran masyarakat dalam menaati peraturan hukum tersebut. Sehingga penyebaran Covid-19 dapat terhenti. Kesimpulan penelitian ialah optimalisasi kebijakan hukum pidana penanggulangan Covid-19 dapat dicapai jika menggabungkan beberapa strategi seperti peningkatan kebijakan hukum, budaya hukum, dan penegakan hukum yang tegas, konsisten dan terpadu. Saran peneliti ialah optimalisasi kebijakan hukum melalui peraturan hukum perihal wabah pandemi Covid-19 dapat berjalan jika pemerintah menghasilkan kebijakan yang memberikan keadilan hukum, kepastian hukum, dan kemanfaatan hukum bagi masyarakat. Kesadaran hukum masyarakat diperlukan agar berjalannya kebijakan hukum dan terhentinya wabah pandemic Covid-19.
PRINSIP PROPORSIONALITAS DALAM KEBIJAKAN ASIMILASI DAN INTEGRASI NARAPIDANA PADA MASA PANDEMI PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Baihaki M. Reza , Nurhalimah Siti
Published: February 2021

Artikel ini secara teoritis akan mengkaji problematika kebijakan asimilasi dan integrasi warga binaan lembagapemasyarakatan yang ditetapkan oleh Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia pada masa pandemi. Lebihlanjut, Kebijakan tersebut, di satu sisi, dianggap sebagai bagian dari upaya pencegahan serta pemutusan matarantai wabah covid-19 dalam Lembaga Pemasyarakatan (Lapas), mengingat kapasitas Lapas saat ini, yang dinilai secara proporsional sudah tidak memadai lagi bagi penghuni Lapas. Namun, di lain sisi, kebijakan tersebut dinilai kontra produktif dari prinsip keadilan, sebab prinsip penghukuman yang dianut dalam pemasyarakatan disamping bertujuan untuk mengembalikan Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan sebagai warga yang baik, lembaga pemasyarakatan juga harus menjamin akan tujuan melindungi masyarakat terhadap kemungkinan diulanginya tindak pidana oleh Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan (residivis). Tulisan ini akan menggunakan penelitian normatifdoktrinal, yaitu dengan berupaya mengkaji sebuah kebijakan menggunakan dasar teoritis dan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah kebijakan asimilasi dan integrasi dalam masa pandemi dilakukan dengan prinsip proporsionalitas, sehingga secara praktik dapat dinilai sebuah kebijakan yang progresif, namun tentu dibutuhkan pranata yang lebih evaluatif untuk menerapkan program asimilasi dan integrasi pada masa pandemi.
Eficiência do creep feeding sobre o desempenho de ovelhas Ideal e cordeiros Merino Australiano x Ideal
Authors: Menezes Leonardo de Melo , Fernandes Marcus Vinícius Bentancur , Silva Itubiara Maciel da
Published: February 2021

Os índices médios de desmame de cordeiros no estado do Rio Grande do Sul giram em torno de 60%, tornando a atividade pouco competitiva pela baixa escala de produção. Além disso, parte da safra de animais desmamados não chega a terminação em idade jovem (categoria de cordeiro), o que desvaloriza o produto frente ao consumidor. Assim, justifica-se o estudo de técnicas de nutrição animal diferenciada para esta categoria, no intuito de tornar a pecuária ovina mais rentável. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da suplementação através do sistema creep feeding sobre o desempenho de um sistema de produção de cordeiros Merino Australiano x Ideal, manejados sobre campo nativo. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Santana do Livramento e compreendeu o período de julho a dezembro de 2020. Foram analisadas as variáveis peso final (PF) dos grupos tratamento e controle após o período de suplementação, ganho médio diário (GMD) entre grupos e escore de condição corporal (ECC) das ovelhas após a desmama. Houve efeito do tratamento tanto para machos quanto para fêmeas, para as variáveis peso final e ganho médio diário. O escore de condição corporal das ovelhas não foi influenciado pelo sistema de creep feeding. O sistema de criação de ovinos sob creep feeding promove incremento no peso e na velocidade de crescimento dos cordeiros, apresentado-se como uma alternativa para intensificação da pecuária ovina.
Chuvas intensas na bacia do rio Manuel Alves da Natividade, Tocantins, Brasil
Authors: Prólo Tamara Thalia , Silva Neto Virgilio Lourenço , Carmo Ezequiel Lopes do , Silveira Junior Otacilio , Silva Luziano Lopes da
Published: February 2021

A correta previsão e análise da distribuição espacial das precipitações pluviométricas intensas é importante para o planejamento dos recursos hídricos em bacias hidrográficas, além de dar suporte aos estudos climatológicos, meteorológicos e elaboração de projetos com finalidades distintas e/ou integradas. A utilização de técnicas de espacialização, disponíveis nos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas, facilita a verificação da forma como estas precipitações se distribuem no espaço, bem como a associação com diferentes fatores do ambiente. Estas técnicas permitem abranger grandes regiões com agilidade e precisão. Este estudo está voltado para o mapeamento de chuvas intensas na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Manuel Alves da Natividade. Foi feito o mapeamento de chuvas intensas com durações de 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 120, 180, 360, 720 e 1440 minutos, associadas aos tempos de retorno de 5, 50 e 100 anos. Foram analisadas séries históricas de 25 postos pluviométricos, com período padronizado entre 1986 e 2016. Foi constatado uma área com chuvas intensas de maior magnitude para curtas durações com 10, 20, 30 e 40 minutos, considerando os 3 tempos de retorno, na porção oeste da Bacia. Para durações de 50, 60, 120 e 180 minutos, com tempos de retorno de 5, 50 e 100 anos, a porção oeste da bacia apresentou as maiores intensidades, com destaque para o tempo de retorno de 100 anos. Nas durações 240, 360, 720 e 1440, apesar dos valores maiores serem encontrados na porção oeste, estes não representam grandes intensidades de precipitações, variando de 3 a 46 mm h-1.
The impact of unrestricted access to direct-acting antiviral among incarcerated hepatitis C virus-infected patients
Authors: Wong Yu Jun , Thurairajah Prem Harichander , Kumar Rahul , Fock Kwong Ming , Law Ngai Moh , Chong Sin-Yoong , Manejero Fria Gloriba , Ang Tiing-Leong , Teo Eng Kiong , Tan Jessica
Published: February 2021

Background/Aims: Despite the disproportionally high prevalence rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) amongst the incarcerated population, eradication remains challenging due to logistic and financial barriers. Although treatment prioritization based on disease severity is commonly practiced, the efficacy of such approach remained uncertain. We aimed to compare the impact of unrestricted access to direct-acting antiviral (DAA) among incarcerated HCV-infected patients in Singapore.Methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed all incarcerated HCV-infected patients treated in our hospital during the restricted DAA era (2013–2018) and unrestricted DAA access era (2019). Study outcomes included the rate of sustained virological response (SVR), treatment completion and treatment default. Subgroup analysis was performed based on the presence of liver cirrhosis, HCV genotype and HCV treatment types.Results: A total of 1,001 HCV patients was followed-up for 1,489 person-year. They were predominantly male (93%) with genotype-3 HCV infection (71%), and 38% were cirrhotic. The overall SVR during the restricted DAA access era and unrestricted DAA access era were 92.1% and 99.1%, respectively. Unrestricted access to DAA exponentially improved the treatment access among HCV-infected patients by 460%, resulting in a higher SVR rate (99% vs. 92%, P=0.003), higher treatment completion rate (99% vs. 93%, P<0.001) and lower treatment default rate (1% vs. 9%, P<0.001).Conclusion: In this large cohort of incarcerated HCV-infected patients, we demonstrated that unrestricted access to DAA is an impactful strategy to allow rapid treatment up-scale in HCV micro-elimination.
The effects of nutritional state, sex and body size on the marine migration behaviour of sea trout
Authors: Eldøy SH , Bordeleau X , Lawrence MJ , Thorstad EB , Finstad AG , Whoriskey FG , Crossin GT , Cooke SJ , Aarestrup K , Rønning L , Sjursen AD , Davidsen JG
Published: February 2021

The sea trout (anadromous brown troutSalmo trutta) displays extensive among-individual variation in marine migration behaviour. We studied the migration behaviour of 286 sea trout (27-89 cm) tagged with acoustic transmitters in the spring, in 7 populations located in 2 distinct marine fjord systems in Norway. We examined whether individual nutritional state, sex and body size influenced marine migration behaviour in terms of (1) the decision to migrate to the sea or remain resident in freshwater and/or estuarine habitats, (2) seasonal timing of sea entry, (3) duration of the marine residency and (4) migration distance at sea from the home river. Most sea trout were in a poor nutritional state in the spring prior to migration. Sea trout with low body condition factors and low plasma triglyceride levels were more likely to migrate to sea, and low triglyceride levels were also associated with earlier sea entry. Poor body condition also increased the probability of individuals remaining at sea longer and migrating further offshore compared to fish in better condition. Females were more likely to migrate to the sea than males. Larger fish were also more likely to migrate to the sea instead of remaining in freshwater and estuaries, and dispersed over greater distances from the river than smaller fish. In conclusion, this study documented general trends across multiple populations and showed that nutritional state, sex and body size influence important aspects of the marine migration behaviour of sea trout.
Fabricating Elastomeric Photomask with Nanosized-Metal Patterns for Near-Field Contact Printing
Authors: Paik Sangyoon , Kim Gwangmook , Seo Dongchul , Shim Wooyoung
Published: February 2021

When an elastomeric photomask is used for near-field contact printing, the high deformability of the elastomer mask plate enables gap-free full contact with the substrate, minimizing the effect of diffraction. This image-transfer technique provides sub-50 nm resolution and depth-of-focus-free lithographic capability with cost-efficient equipment. However, the method’s application is limited due to the lack of a wellestablished protocol for fabricating a nanoscale mask pattern on an elastomeric substrate, which remains a major technical challenge in the field of near-field contact printing. In this study, we present a reliable protocol for fabricating a metal-embedded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) photomask. Our fabrication protocol uses conventional nanofabrication processes to fabricate nanosized chromium mask patterns and then transfers the chromium patterns to an elastomeric mask plate using a sacrificial Ni layer. Our protocol provides a high flexibility mask pattern design, and highly stable metal patterns during transferring process. By careful optimizing the experimental parameters, we determined a perfect pattern transfer ratio, which avoided any mechanical failure of the metal pattern, such as debonding or wrinkling. We then fabricated a PDMS photomask and confirmed its nanoscale patterning resolution, with the smallest feature 51 nm in width under a 400-nm light source. We anticipate that our fabrication protocol will enable the application of cost-efficient and high-resolution near-field photolithography.
LOS CONTROLES Y BALANCES EN LA HISTORIA CONSTITUCIONAL ECUATORIANA
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Chimborazo Andrés , Vilcacundo Xavier ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador
Published: February 2021

El Ecuador ha tenido a lo largo de su historia veintiún Constituciones. Los diferentes textos constitucionales que han sido promulgados trajeron consigo una serie de malformaciones respecto a la estructura del Estado. La división de poderes estaba establecida sin un efectivo sistema de controles y balances en el poder público. Las diferentes funciones del Estado ecuatoriano han sido facultadas constitucionalmente para ejercer el control referente a otra, sin embargo, dicho control no ha sido el adecuado debido a las coyunturas políticas a las que han estado ligadas. Cada Constitución ha sido modificada de manera que a cada gobierno de turno le resulte posible conservar el orden democrático estatal. En ese orden de ideas se ha observado que las falencias constitucionales han dado pie a diferentes atentados a la democracia y estabilidad institucional tornando al Estado, ingobernable. En el presente tema se realizó un análisis histórico observando el enfoque que se le ha dado a cada una de las Constituciones ecuatorianas sobre todo aquellas que han estado vigentes al momento de una interrupción al orden democrático. Por las consideraciones anteriores es pertinente señalar que la Constitución ecuatoriana ha sido cómplice de las actuaciones que traen consigo su propio perjuicio, contempla en su esencia su propio altercado.
LA PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO Y LA EDUCACIÓN DE LOS PROFESIONALES. CASO CARRERA DE SECRETARIADO EJECUTIVO
Authors:   Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí: Manta, Manabí, Cedeño Marcillo Gardenia , Soto Calderon Daysi ,   Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí: Manta, Manabí, Núñez Aguiar Rocío ,   Universidad Estatal de Bolívar, Zambrano Vásquez Pamela ,   Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí: Manta, Manabí
Published: February 2021

The main problem that is manifested in this research is the evidence that even in the fields of professional development of individuals, the thought is maintained that some careers and work functions should only be developed by women and others are exclusively for men. These stereotypes have been expressed in a general way in professions such as the executive secretary, which has been a manifestation of the gender inequality that still prevails. This study had a qualitative approach, considering as historical-logical methods that allowed us to understand the dynamics of the conception of the career of Executive Secretariat in its historical evolution; the documentary-bibliographic, for the compilation of previous investigations; analysis and synthesis throughout the investigative and inductive-deductive process, to analyze in detail the general elements through the determination of the analysis indicators. The professionals of the ULEAM Executive Secretariat Career, from the cohorts (1975-1979; 2019 (1) and 2019 (2) are taken as an empirical reference. The results of the current behavior of this profession do not show greater evolution in Regarding gender equality, since the number of graduates is still very small in relation to the number of graduates; and in general, 100% of the interviewees highlighted that they have felt uncomfortable in the processes of insertion and job performance, due to gender stereotypes assigned to this profession .
Activation of Human Osteoblasts via Different Bovine Bone Substitute Materials With and Without Injectable Platelet Rich Fibrin in vitro
Authors: Kyyak Solomiya , Blatt Sebastian , Schiegnitz Eik , Heimes Diana , Staedt Henning , Thiem Daniel G. E. , Sagheb Keyvan , Al-Nawas Bilal , Kämmerer Peer W.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The aim of the in vitro study was to compare the effect of four bovine bone substitute materials (XBSM) with and without injectable platelet-reach fibrin for viability and metabolic activity of human osteoblasts (HOB) as well as expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), and osteonectin (OCN).

Materials and Methods

Cerabone® (CB), Bio-Oss® (BO), Creos Xenogain® (CX) and MinerOss® X (MO) ± i-PRF were incubated with HOB. At day 3, 7, and 10, cell viability and metabolic activity as well as expression of ALP, OCN, and BMP-2, was examined.

Results

For non-i-PRF groups, the highest values concerning viability were seen for CB at all time points. Pre-treatment with i-PRF increased viability in all groups with the highest values for CB-i-PRF after 3 and 7 and for CX-i-PRF after 10 days. For metabolic activity, the highest rate among non-i-PRF groups was seen for MO at day 3 and for CB at day 7 and 10. Here, i-PRF groups showed higher values than non-i-PRF groups (highest values: CB + i-PRF) at all time points. There was no difference in ALP-expression between groups. For OCN expression in non-i-PRF groups, CB showed the highest values after day 3, CX after day 7 and 10. Among i-PRF-groups, the highest values were seen for CX + i-PRF. At day 3, the highest BMP-2 expression was observed for CX. Here, for i-PRF groups, the highest increase was seen for CX + i-PRF at day 3. At day 7 and 10, there was no significant difference among groups.

Conclusion

XBSM sintered under high temperature showed increased HOB viability and metabolic activity through the whole period when compared to XBSM manufactured at lower temperatures. Overall, the combination of XBSM with i-PRF improved all cellular parameters, ALP and BMP-2 expression at earlier stages as well as OCN expression at later stages.
Susceptibility to COVID-19 in Pregnancy, Labor, and Postpartum Period: Immune System, Vertical Transmission, and Breastfeeding
Authors: Vale Adson José Martins , Fernandes Amélia Carolina Lopes , Guzen Fausto Pierdoná , Pinheiro Francisco Irochima , de Azevedo Eduardo Pereira , Cobucci Ricardo Ney
Published: February 2021

The new coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) was first identified in late 2019 as the new RNA virus in the coronaviridae family responsible for causing COVID-19 in the residents of China's Hubei province. In mid-March 2020 WHO declared the pandemic caused by this virus as a result of thousands of people infected all over the world. Epidemiological evidence obtained from other pandemics, such as influenza and ebola, suggest that pregnant women are more susceptible to serious complications and death from viral infection. Physiological changes in the anatomical structure of the respiratory system as well as in the immune system during the pregnancy-puerperal period seem to contribute to this greater risk. Thus, pregnant women are more susceptible to be infected by the SARS-COV-2 or other viruses and to have serious COVID-19 disease. In fact, COVID-19 can alter immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface, affecting the well-being of both mother and her fetus. There is still no sufficient evidence in the literature to support the occurrence of vertical transmission and through breastfeeding, but the prevalence of prematurity was high among pregnant women infected by SARS-Cov-2. In this review, the changes in the immune system that may increase susceptibility to SARS-Cov-2 are discussed as well as the possible mechanisms involved in the transmission of the virus to the fetus by vertical transmission and during breastfeeding.
Immune-Mediated Mechanisms in Cofactor-Dependent Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis: Effect of Cofactors in Basophils and Mast Cells
Authors: Muñoz-Cano Rosa , San Bartolome Clara , Casas-Saucedo Rocío , Araujo Giovanna , Gelis Sonia , Ruano-Zaragoza Maria , Roca-Ferrer Jordi , Palomares Francis , Martin Margarita , Bartra Joan , Pascal Mariona
Published: February 2021

Cofactors may explain why in some cases food ingestion leads to anaphylaxis while in others elicits a milder reaction or tolerance. With cofactors, reactions become more severe and/or have a lower allergen threshold. Cofactors are present in up to 58% of food anaphylaxis (FAn). Exercise, NSAIDs, and alcohol are the most frequently described, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly known. Several hypotheses have suggested the influence of these cofactors on basophils and mast cells (MCs). Exercise has been suggested to enhance MC activation by increasing plasma osmolarity, redistributing blood flow, and activating adenosine and eicosanoid metabolism. NSAIDs’ cofactor effect has been related with cyclooxygenase inhibition and therefore, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Indeed, overexpression of adenosine receptor 3 (A3) gene has been described in NSAID-dependent FAn; A3 activation potentiates FcϵRI-induced MC degranulation. Finally, alcohol has been related with an increase of histamine levels by inhibition of diamino oxidase (DAO) and also with and increase of extracellular adenosine by inhibition of its uptake. However, most of these mechanisms have limited evidence, and further studies are urgently needed. In conclusion, the study of the immune-related mechanisms involved in food allergic reactions enhanced by cofactors is of the utmost interest. This knowledge will help to design both tailored treatments and prophylactic strategies that, nowadays, are non-existent.
Case Report: A Novel TNFAIP3 Mutation Causing Haploinsufficiency of A20 With a Lupus-Like Phenotype
Authors: Shaheen Zachary R. , Williams Sarah J. A. , Binstadt Bryce A.
Published: February 2021

Genetic mutations that result in loss-of-function of the protein A20 result in an early-onset autoinflammatory disease—haploinsufficiency of A20 (HA20). The reported clinical presentations of HA20 include a Behcet’s disease-like phenotype and a more lupus-like phenotype. We have identified a novel mutation in the gene encoding A20 in a pediatric patient with chronic lymphadenopathy, lupus-like symptoms, and progressive hypogammaglobulinemia. This case illustrates the wide range of clinical symptoms, including immunodeficiency, that can occur in patients with HA20.
Rationality of Time-Dependent Antimicrobial Use in Intensive Care Units in China: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Liu Jiao , Zhang Sheng , Huang Sisi , Chen Yizhu , Zhang Lidi , Du Hangxiang , Wang Tao , Liu Yongan , Xu Yan , Chen Dechang
Published: February 2021

Background: Extended/continuous infusion and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of time-dependent antimicrobials are recommended for optimizing drug exposure for patients in intensive care units (ICUs), although practical application of these measures remains uncertain. We surveyed current practices in infusion and monitoring of commonly prescribed time-dependent antimicrobials in ICUs across China.

Methods: From December 2019 to January 2020, we sent online questionnaires about various aspects of infusion and monitoring of time-dependent antimicrobials to intensivists across China. Responses from clinicians were matched with their professional titles using the Sankey diagram. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to find factors associated with TDM.

Results: A total of 3,687 ICU specialists from 31 provincial administrative regions of China responded to our questionnaires. Antibiotic stewardship (ABS) teams were available in hospitals as reported by 3,243 (88.0%) intensivists, including 1,308 (35.5%) who were ABS team members. Although most intensivists (3,490, 94.7%) were acquainted with the concept of prolonged/continuous infusion, nearly half of them (1,634, 44.3%) commonly administered β-lactam antibiotics intermittently. Nearly two-thirds of the respondents reported that their hospitals could not perform TDM. Our multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that at the hospital level, knowledge of drug sample timing and attitude toward monitoring treatment effects, and drug trough or peak concentration influenced the decision to conduct TDM.

Conclusions: We found great variability in prescribing practices, from drug administration to TDM, for several time-dependent antibiotics commonly used for patients with severe infections. Further studies are necessary to effectively evaluate strategies to promote consistent prescribing behavior.
Digital Medication Adherence Support: Could Healthcare Providers Recommend Mobile Health Apps?
Authors: Backes Claudine , Moyano Carla , Rimaud Camille , Bienvenu Christine , Schneider Marie P.
Published: February 2021

Adherence to prescribed medication is suboptimal in 50% of the chronic population, resulting in negative medical and economic outcomes. With the widespread use of mobile phones worldwide, medication adherence apps for mobile phones become promising medication adherence aids thanks to simplicity, user-friendliness, and accessibility for the public. Yet, until today, there is insufficient evidence in favor of using mobile health (mHealth) apps to increase medication adherence. This study aims to develop a methodology for scientific and end-user (patient) mHealth evaluation (a) to identify medication adherence apps search terms, (b) to evaluate identified apps based on scientific criteria, and (c) to report best smartphone apps evaluated by patients. Search terms were identified via literature review and expertise. Firstly, an online questionnaire was developed to identify frequently used search terms by recruited patients. Related medication adherence apps were identified and selected using predefined inclusion criteria. Secondly, identified apps were evaluated thanks to a scientific evaluation method and a created online questionnaire for patient feedback. Recruited patients were invited to test and evaluate the selected apps. Out of 1,833 free-of-charge and 307 paid apps identified, only four free-of-charge and three paid apps remained included in the study after eligibility criteria. None of the selected app reached a high score. Looking at the overall scores, Medisafe (59%), MyTherapy (56%), and Meds on time (44%) received the highest scores in the scientific app evaluation. In the patient evaluation, Dosecast (3.83 out of five points), Medisafe (3.62), and SwissMeds (3.50) received the highest scores. None of the apps in this research has undergone a process for certification, for example, CE marking, through a notified body. Security and data protection aspects of existing apps highly contribute to these low evaluation scores through little information on patient's data processing and storage. This might be corrected through the introduction of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Economic Area (EEA) and more scrutiny through regulatory bodies in the EU/EEA and the USA. None of the applications should be recommended by healthcare providers. In addition, clinical studies with chronic patients are necessary to measure long-term app impacts.
Levofloxacin Detection Using l-Cysteine Capped MgS Quantum Dots via the Photoinduced Electron Transfer Process
Authors: Hashmi S. Z. H. , Dhiman Tarun Kumar , Chaudhary Navneet , Singh Avinash Kumar , Kumar Rahul , Sharma Jai Gopal , Kumar Anil , Solanki Pratima R.
Published: February 2021

Antibiotics resistance is becoming one of the biggest problems of the 21st century. The prior detection of antibiotics resistance can help human beings in better treatment of diseases. Here, we have used l-Cysteine capped magnesium sulfide quantum dots (L-Cyst-MgS QDs) to detect Levofloxacin antibiotic. L-Cyst-MgS QDs were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. Transmission electron microscopy study showed monodispersed L-Cyst-MgS QDs of 2–4 nm in size. Energy dispersive x-ray photoemission spectroscopy study confirmed the elemental composition of the L-Cyst-MgS QDs without any impurity. UV-vis absorption study showed a peak centered around 340 nm. The photoluminescence study exhibited the maximum peak at 410 nm for 340 nm of excitation wavelength. L-Cyst-MgS QDs were studied with thirteen antibiotics, namely Thiamphenicol, Gentamicin, Erythromycin, Ofloxacin, Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Florfenicol, Amoxicillin, Moxifloxacin, Norfloxacin, and Levofloxacin. Among these, Levofloxacin showed the most significant change in the peaks’ intensity and was further used for the interaction study. In the interaction study, the peak corresponding to MgS showed a continuous decrease, while the peak corresponding to Levofloxacin showed an increase with the increased concentrations (0–100 μg/ml) of Levofloxacin. Linear behavior was obtained in the range of 1–90 μg/ml. FT-IR study confirmed the interaction of the Levofloxacin with L-Cyst-MgS QDs. The Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy showed identical lifetime for both the samples and no spectral overlap confirm the FRET free system. The underlying mechanism is explained based on the electron transfer from the conduction band of the L-Cyst-MgS QDs to the HOMO of Levofloxacin. The limit of detection was found to be 0.21 μg/ml.
Excitability of the Ipsilateral Primary Motor Cortex During Unilateral Goal-Directed Movement
Authors: Matsumoto Takuya , Watanabe Tatsunori , Kuwabara Takayuki , Yunoki Keisuke , Chen Xiaoxiao , Kubo Nami , Kirimoto Hikari
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Previous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have revealed that the activity of the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to an active hand (ipsi-M1) plays an important role in motor control. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ipsi-M1 excitability would be influenced by goal-directed movement and laterality during unilateral finger movements.

Method

Ten healthy right-handed subjects performed four finger tapping tasks with the index finger: (1) simple tapping (Tap) task, (2) Real-word task, (3) Pseudoword task, and (4) Visually guided tapping (VT) task. In the Tap task, the subject performed self-paced simple tapping on a touch screen. In the real-word task, the subject tapped letters displayed on the screen one by one to create a Real-word (e.g., apple). Because the action had a specific purpose (i.e., creating a word), this task was considered to be goal-directed as compared to the Tap task. In the Pseudoword task, the subject tapped the letters to create a pseudoword (e.g., gdiok) in the same manner as in the Real-word task; however, the word was less meaningful. In the VT task, the subject was required to touch a series of illuminated buttons. This task was considered to be less goal-directed than the Pseudoword task. The tasks were performed with the right and left hand, and a rest condition was added as control. Single- and paired-pulse TMS were applied to the ipsi-M1 to measure corticospinal excitability and short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI) in the resting first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle.

Results

We found the smaller SICI in the ipsi-M1 during the VT task compared with the resting condition. Further, both SICI and LICI were smaller in the right than in the left M1, regardless of the task conditions.

Discussion

We found that SICI in the ipsi-M1 is smaller during visual illumination-guided finger movement than during the resting condition. Our finding provides basic data for designing a rehabilitation program that modulates the M1 ipsilateral to the moving limb, for example, for post-stroke patients with severe hemiparesis.
Trajectories of Mother-Infant Communication: An Experiential Measure of the Impacts of Early Life Adversity
Authors: Granata Lauren , Valentine Alissa , Hirsch Jason L. , Honeycutt Jennifer , Brenhouse Heather
Published: February 2021

Caretaking stability in the early life environment supports neurobehavioral development, while instability and neglect constitute adverse environments that can alter maturational processes. Research in humans suggests that different types of early life adversity (ELA) can have differential effects on caretaker relationships and later cognitive and social development; however, identifying mechanistic underpinnings will require animal models with translational validity. Two common rodent models, maternal separation (MS) and limited bedding (LB), influence the mother-infant relationship during a critical window of development. We hypothesized that these paradigms may affect the development of communication strategies on the part of the pup. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are a care-eliciting mechanism and ethologically relevant response to stressors in the rat pup. USV emission rates and acoustic parameters change throughout early development, presenting the opportunity to define developmental milestones in USVs that would reflect neurobehavioral aberrations if disrupted. This study investigated the effects of MS or LB on the dam-pup relationship by quantifying pup USVs, maternal behavior, and the relationship between the two. First, we used a generalized additive model approach to establish typical developmental trajectories of USV acoustic properties and determine windows of change in MS or LB rearing. Additionally, we quantified maternal behaviors and the predictability of maternal care sequences using an entropy rate calculation. MS and LB each shifted the developmental trajectories of USV acoustic parameters and call types in a sex-specific manner. MS more often impacted male USVs, while LB impacted female USVs. MS dams spent more time passive nursing, and LB dams spent more time on the nest. The predictability of maternal care was associated with the rate of USV emissions exclusively in females. Taken together, findings demonstrate sex- and model-specific effects of rearing environments on a novel developmental trajectory involving the mother-infant relationship, facilitating the translation of animal ELA paradigms to assess later-life consequences.
Responses to Maximal Strength Training in Different Age and Gender Groups
Authors: Kittilsen Hans Torvild , Goleva-Fjellet Sannija , Freberg Baard Ingegerdsson , Nicolaisen Iver , Støa Eva Maria , Bratland-Sanda Solfrid , Helgerud Jan , Wang Eivind , Sæbø Mona , Støren Øyvind
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The present study aimed to investigate the potential impact of age, gender, baseline strength, and selected candidate polymorphisms on maximal strength training (MST) adaptations.

Methods

A total of 49 subjects (22 men and 27 women) aged 20–76 years, divided into five age groups, completed an 8 weeks MST intervention. Each MST session consisted of 4 sets with 4 repetitions at ∼85–90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) intensity in leg-press, three times per week. 1RM was tested pre and post the intervention and blood samples were drawn to genotype candidate polymorphisms ACE I/D (rs1799752), ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739), and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678).

Results

All age groups increased leg-press 1RM (p < 0.01), with a mean improvement of 24.2 ± 14.0%. There were no differences in improvements between the five age groups or between male and female participants, and there were no non-responders. Baseline strength status did not correlate with 1RM improvements. PPARGC1A rs8192678 T allele carriers had a 15% higher age- and gender corrected baseline 1RM than the CC genotype (p < 0.05). C allele carriers improved 1RM (%) by 34.2% more than homozygotes for the T allele (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report improvement in leg-press maximal strength regardless of gender, baseline strength status in all age groups. The present study is also first to demonstrate an association between the PPARGC1A rs8192678 and maximal strength and its trainability in a moderately trained cohort. MST may be beneficial for good health and performance of all healthy individuals.
The Spatiotemporal Evolution of Storm Pulse Particulate Organic Carbon in a Low Gradient, Agriculturally Dominated Watershed
Authors: Blair Neal E. , Bettis Elmer Arthur , Filley Timothy R. , Moravek Jessie A. , Papanicolaou A. N. Thanos , Ward Adam S. , Wilson Christopher G. , Zhou Nina , Kazmierczak Breanna , Kim Jieun
Published: February 2021

Streams and rivers integrate and transport particulate organic carbon (POC) from an array of aquatic and terrestrial sources. Storm events greatly accelerate the transport of POC. The sequences by which individual POC inputs are mobilized and transported are not well-documented but are predicted to be temporally transient and spatially dependent because of changes in forcing functions, such as precipitation, discharge, and watershed morphology. In this study, the 3rd−4th order agricultural stream network, Clear Creek in Iowa, U.S.A., was sampled at a nested series of stations through storm events to determine how suspended POC changes over time and with distance downstream. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were used to identify changes in POC. A temporal sequence of inputs was identified: in-channel algal production prior to heavy precipitation, row crop surface soils mobilized during peak precipitation, and material associated with the peak hydrograph that is hypothesized to be an integrated product from upstream. Tile drains delivered relatively 13C- and 15N-depleted particulate organic carbon that is a small contribution to the total POC inventory in the return to baseflow. The storm POC signal evolved with passage downstream, the principal transformation being the diminution of the early flush surface soil peak in response to a loss of connectivity between the hillslope and channel. Bank erosion is hypothesized to become increasingly important as the signal propagates downstream. The longitudinal evolution of the POC signal has implications for C-budgets associated with soil erosion and for interpreting the organic geochemical sedimentary record.
Epidemiology of Bovine Tuberculosis and Its Zoonotic Implication in Addis Ababa Milkshed, Central Ethiopia
Authors: Tulu Begna , Zewede Aboma , Belay Mulugeta , Zeleke Miserach , Girma Mussie , Tegegn Metasebia , Ibrahim Fozia , Jolliffe David A. , Abebe Markos , Balcha Taye Tolera , Gumi Balako , Martineau Henny M. , Martineau Adrian R. , Ameni Gobena
Published: February 2021

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) continues to be one of the most widely distributed chronic infectious diseases of zoonotic importance, which causes a significant economic loss in animal production. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of bTB and its associated risk factors and type the Mycobacterium bovis isolated in central Ethiopia. A total of 65 dairy farms and 654 cattle were tested for bTB using a single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test. Data on farm management, animal-related characteristics, and the owner's knowledge of the zoonotic importance of bTB were collected using a structured questionnaire. In addition, a total of 16 animals from different farms were identified for postmortem examination. Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) culture was also conducted, and spoligotyping was used to type the M. bovis strains isolated. Chi-square test and logistic regression models were used to analyze the herd- and animal-level risk factors. Herd- and animal-level prevalence rates of bTB were 58.5% (95% CI: 46.2%−69.2%) and 39.3% (95% CI: 35.5%−43.5%), respectively. At the herd level, poor farm management was the predictor for bTB positivity (p < 0.05). Animal breed, poor BCS, farm type, and poor farm management conditions were significant predictors of bTB positivity (p < 0.05) at an individual animal level. All animals identified for postmortem examination were found to have gross TB-like lesions. A total of 14 M. bovis strains were identified from 12 animals that were positive for LJ culture. The strain with the largest number of clusters (five isolates) was SB1176, followed by SB0134 (three isolates), SB0192 (two isolates), and SB2233 (two isolates), and two new strains, each consisting of only one isolate. The majority (58.5%) of the respondents did not know the zoonotic importance of bTB. The result of this study showed a high prevalence of bTB in the Addis Ababa milkshed and a low level of consciousness of the owners on its transmission to humans. Therefore, the launching of acceptable control measures of bTB and the creation of public awareness about its zoonotic transmission and prevention measures are required.
Periodyzacja najnowszych dziejów polszczyzny (1939–2019)
Authors: Dubisz Stanisław
Published: February 2021

Periodisation of the latest history of the Polish language (1939–2019) Periodisations of history are usually presented in synthesising studies. Analysis of the hitherto periodisations of the history of the Polish language enables compilation of a summary proposition, which includes also the recent history of Polish (since 1939). Its internal periodisation is based on the following criteria: 1) record of qualitative intra-linguistic changes; 2) hierarchy of intralinguistic development trends of the system of the Polish language; 3) system of sociolinguistic trends; 4) infl uences of extra-linguistic and non-linguistic processes.
Między gramatyką opisową a normatywną. Jeszcze o Józefie Mrozińskim.
Authors: Bugajski Marian
Published: February 2021

Between descriptive and prescriptive grammar. Once again about Józef Mroziński Summary Józef Mroziński is a well-known fi gure in linguistics. He is normally perceived as the fi rst modern Polish grammarian–descriptivist, who endeavoured to formulate the rules governing the Polish language. His achievements have been an object of numerous studies and one could have the impression that everything has already been written about them. Yet, it is worth examining them once again as, apart from theoretical assumptions and description of the language, his studies present also prescriptive assumptions, which had not been applied until the 20th century. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the assumptions.
Wielka litera w tekstach urzędowych. Wybrane problemy związane ze stosowaniem kryterium znaczeniowego.
Authors: Gębka-Wolak Małgorzata , Kaproń-Charzyńska Iwona
Published: February 2021

This paper discusses the orthographic standard of the modern Polish
language as regards capitalisation. On selected examples, we point to the fact
that the general nature of orthographic rules governing capitalisation makes
them ignore numerous phenomena characteristic of the economic and legal
sphere. The absence of an up-to-date and diverse sample material illustrating
the individual rules, in turn, hampers making prescriptive decisions with regard
to the spelling of specifi c expressions from the domain of the latest offi cial
Polish language. As a consequence, the mismatch between codifi cation and
usage increases, which is exemplifi ed in the analytical part of the paper. The
conducted research leads to the conclusion that such standardisation of the
spelling of specialist varieties of Polish as satisfi es the needs of its users is an
urgent matter.
Informacyjne determinanty rozwoju społeczno-ekonomicznego w XXI wieku: perspektywa infobrokeringu
Authors: Potocki Przemysław
Published: February 2021

An article presents selected theoretical and empirical aspects of functioning information in social and economical dimensions of contemporary democratic political systems. Quantitative and qualitative levels of analysis were highlighted. New developmental forms of the information society were the object of consideration. Some skills related to the use of information and communication technologies were presented. The labour market’s situation in the digital economy was include in the analysis. Profession of the information broker was used as an empirical example of that situation. Lastly, a sequential model of information broker’s activity was proposed.
Inwigilacja elektroniczna jako metoda pozyskiwania informacji – ewaluacja i prognozy
Authors: Tomczyk Paweł , Mider Daniel , Grzegorczyk Józef
Published: February 2021

The text focuses on one of the elements belonging to the surveillance society – surveillance with the use of electronic tools. The authors attempt to answer the following questions. What types of negative phenomena are produced and intensified by electronic surveillance technologies? How deep is the state of the „vulnerability” of modern societies, what are the possibilities of surveillance devices? Is it possible to practically oppose them, how and what are the limits? What is the genesis of these phenomena and what future scenarios can be sketched based on the anticipation of observed trends? A set of research questions defined in this way required both sociological and technical perspectives at the same time. The authors recognize the negative phenomena associated with electronic surveillance: escalation, professionalization, institutionalization and normalization.