bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in atmospheric sulfur burdens and concentrations and resulting radiative forcings under IPCC SRES emission scenarios for 1990–2100
Authors: Pham M. , Boucher O. , Hauglustaine D.
Published: March 2005

Simulations of the global sulfur cycle under the IPCC SRES scenarios have been performed. Sulfur dioxide and sulfate burdens, as well as the direct and first indirect radiative forcing (RF) by sulfate aerosols only, are presented for the period 1990 to 2100. By 2100, global sulfur emission rates decline everywhere in all scenarios. At that time, the anthropogenic sulfate burden ranges from 0.34 to 1.03 times the 1990 value of 0.47 Tg S. Direct and indirect global and annually mean RFs relative to the year 1990 are near 0 or positive (range of −0.07 to 0.28 Wm−2 and 0.01 to 0.38 Wm−2 for the direct and indirect effects, respectively). For reference these forcings amount respectively to −0.42 and −0.79 Wm−2 in 1990 relative to preindustrial conditions (around 1750). Sulfur aerosols will therefore induce a smaller cooling effect in 2100 than in 1990 relative to preindustrial conditions. For the period 1990 to 2100, the forcing efficiencies (computed relatively to 1990) are fairly constant for the direct effect (around −160 W (g sulfate)−1). The forcing efficiencies for the indirect effect are around −200 and −100 W (g sulfate)−1 for negative and positive burden differences, respectively. This is due to a shift in regional patterns of emissions and a saturation in the indirect effect. The simulated annually averaged SO2 concentrations for A1B scenario in 2020 are close to air quality objectives for public health in some parts of Africa and exceed these objectives in some parts of China and Korea. Moreover, sulfate deposition rates are estimated to increase by 200% from the present level in East and Southeast Asia. This shows that Asia may experience in the future sulfur‐related environmental and human health problems as important as Europe and the United States did in the 1970s.
Holocene volcanic history as recorded in the sulfate stratigraphy of the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C (EDC96) ice core
Authors: Castellano E. , Becagli S. , Hansson M. , Hutterli M. , Petit J. R. , Rampino M. R. , Severi M. , Steffensen J. P. , Traversi R. , Udisti R.
Published: March 2005

A detailed history of Holocene volcanism was reconstructed using the sulfate record of the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C (EDC96) ice core. This first complete Holocene volcanic record from an Antarctic core provides a reliable database to compare with long records from Antarctic and Greenland ice cores. A threshold method based on statistical treatment of the lognormal sulfate flux distribution was used to differentiate volcanic sulfate spikes from sulfate background concentrations. Ninety‐six eruptions were identified in the EDC96 ice core during the Holocene, with a mean of 7.9 events per millennium. The frequency distribution (events per millennium) showed that the last 2000 years were a period of enhanced volcanic activity. EDC96 volcanic signatures for the last millennium are in good agreement with those recorded in other Antarctic ice cores. For older periods, comparison is in some cases less reliable, mainly because of dating uncertainties. Sulfate depositional fluxes of individual volcanic events vary greatly among the different cores. A volcanic flux normalization (volcanic flux/Tambora flux ratio) was used to evaluate the relative intensity of the same event recorded at different sites in the last millennium. Normalized flux variability for the same event showed the highest value in the 1100–1500 AD period. This pattern could mirror changes in regional transport linked to climatic variations such as slight warming stages in the Southern Hemisphere (Southern Hemisphere Medieval Warming–like period?).
Improved perturbative treatment of electronic energies from a minimal-norm approach to many-body perturbation theory
Authors: Juhász Tamás , Mazziotti David A.
Published: March 2005

We propose a zeroth-order Hamiltonian for many-body perturbation theory based on the unitary decomposition of the two-particle reduced Hamiltonian. For the zeroth-order Hamiltonian constrained to be diagonal in the Hartree–Fock basis set, the two-particle reduced perturbation matrix is chosen to have a minimal Frobenius norm. When compared with the Møller–Plesset partitioning, the method yields more accurate second-order energies.
Transient electric birefringence of wormlike macromolecules in electric fields of arbitrary strength: A computer simulation study
Authors: Pérez Sánchez H. E. , García de la Torre J. , Díaz Baños F. G.
Published: March 2005

We have studied the birefringence decay of linear models of macromolecules for two different types of flexibility, the broken-rod chain and the wormlike chain, using a computer simulation of a transient electric birefringence experiment. We have paid particular attention to the influence of the intensity of the orienting field, including two orienting mechanisms, the induced dipole, and the permanent dipole. We have compared wormlike and broken-rod models of the same radius of gyration, finding that they present a different decay curve under the influence of the same intensity of the field. We have seen that these differences are due to the faster relaxation times (smaller in the wormlike chain model) and amplitudes, because, regardless of the type of flexibility, the overall size of a molecule (measured by the radius of gyration) essentially determines the longest relaxation time. We have also analyzed how the relaxation process is affected by the degree of flexibility, the orientation mechanisms, and the intensity of the field. Studying a different aspect, we have paid attention to the deformation of a molecule in a transient electric birefringence experiment as a source of information. In this work we have developed equations to characterize this deformation in terms of one of the components of the gyration tensor, if a dynamic light scattering experiment under the influence of an electric field could be performed. To develop this work we have simulated the Brownian dynamics of the different models, relaxing after the removal of an orienting external electric field of arbitrary strength. A comparison with other methods such a the rigid body treatment or the correlation analysis of Brownian trajectories has also been included. We have seen that differences between the two Brownian dynamics methods are small and that the rigid-body treatment is only an acceptable approximation to obtain the longest relaxation time.
Optical nonlinear response function with linear and diagonal quadratic electron-vibration coupling in mixed quantum-classical systems
Authors: Toutounji Mohamad
Published: March 2005

While an optical linear response function of linearly and quadratically coupled mixed quantum-classical condensed-phase systems was derived by Toutounji [J. Chem. Phys. 121, 2228 (2004)], the corresponding analytical optical line shape is derived. The respective nonlinear correlation functions are also derived. Model calculations involving photon-echo, pump-probe, and hole-burning signals of model systems with both linear and quadratic coupling are provided. Hole-burning formula of Hayes–Small is compared to that of Mukamel in mixed quantum-classical systems.
Deoxidation of gallium arsenide surface via silicon overlayer: A study on the evolution of the interface state density
Authors: Ivanco J. , Kubota T. , Kobayashi H.
Published: March 2005

The GaAs surface with the native oxide formed by wet etching has been gradually deoxidized via evaporation of a silicon overlayer. Both chemical and electronic properties of such structures have been examined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and “XPS under biases,” respectively. The latter technique enables a direct assessment of the interface state density of insulator∕semiconductor interfaces. We have concluded that gap states incident to the native oxide∕GaAs interface have annihilated due to replacement of Ga–O bonds by Ga–Si and As–Si bonds.
Direct observation of a liquid film under a vapor environment in a pool boiling using a nanofluid
Authors: Bang In Cheol , Chang Soon Heung , Baek Won-Pil
Published: March 2005

The existence of a liquid film separating a vapor bubble from a heated solid surface is confirmed using a nanofluid. The existence of such a liquid film had been a theoretical premise of the critical heat flux mechanism, significantly difficult to verify through experimental observations. Here, we show that a liquid film under a massive vapor bubble adheres to a heated solid surface. The liquid film comes into being trapped in a dynamic coalescence environment of nucleate bubbles, which grow and depart continuously from the heated surface. In its dryout process, the liquid film displays vapor “holes” originating from the rupture of discrete nucleating bubbles. The dryout process of the liquid film can be understood from the vaporization of rims of the holes and of smooth film region.
Influence of surface morphology on D2 desorption kinetics from amorphous solid water
Authors: Hornekær L. , Baurichter A. , Petrunin V. V. , Luntz A. C. , Kay Bruce D. , Al-Halabi A.
Published: March 2005

The influence of surface morphology/porosity on the desorption kinetics of weakly bound species was investigated by depositing D2 on amorphous solid water (ASW) films grown by low temperature vapor deposition under various conditions and with differing thermal histories. A broad distribution of binding energies of the D2 monolayer on nonporous and porous ASW was measured experimentally and correlated by theoretical calculations to differences in the degree of coordination of the adsorbed H2 (D2) to H2O molecules in the ASW depending on the nature of the adsorption site, i.e., surface valleys vs surface peaks in a nanoscale rough film surface. For porous films, the effect of porosity on the desorption kinetics was observed to be a reduction in the desorption rate with film thickness and a change in peak shape. This can be partly explained by fast diffusion into the ASW pore structure via a simple one-dimensional diffusion model and by a change in binding energy statistics with increasing total effective surface area. Furthermore, the D2 desorption kinetics on thermally annealed ASW films were investigated. The main effect was seen to be a reduction in porosity and in the number of highly coordinated binding sites with anneal temperature due to ASW restructuring and pore collapse. These results contribute to the understanding of desorption from porous materials and to the development of correct models for desorption from and catalytic processes on dust grain surfaces in the interstellar medium.
Nanomechanical characterization of cavity growth and rupture in hydrogen-implanted single-crystal BaTiO3
Authors: Park Young-Bae , Nardi Patrick , Li Xiaodong , Atwater Harry A.
Published: March 2005

A thermodynamic model of cavity nucleation and growth in ion-implanted single-crystal BaTiO3 layer is proposed, and cavity formation is related to the measured mechanical properties to better understand hydrogen implantation-induced layer transfer processes for ferroelectric thin films. The critical radius for cavity nucleation was determined experimentally from blistering experiments performed under isochronal anneal conditions and was calculated using continuum mechanical models for deformation and fracture, together with thermodynamic models. Based on thermodynamic modeling, we suggest that cavities grow toward the cracking criteria at a critical blister size whereupon gas is emitted from ruptured cavities. The main driving force for layer splitting is the reduction of the overall elastic energy stored in the implanted region during the cavity nucleation and growth as the gaseous H2 entrapped within the cavities is released. Nanoindentation measurements reveal locally the mechanical property changes within the vicinity of a single cavity. Using the measured mechanical properties at the single-cavity level, we developed three-dimensional strain and stress profiles using finite element method.
Dynamics of nonlinear photonic crystal atoms characterized by numerical simulations in a pump-probe scheme
Authors: Lan Sheng , Chen Xiong-Wen , Chen Jing-Dong , Lin Xu-Sheng , Gopal Achanta Venu
Published: March 2005

We investigate the dynamics of nonlinear photonic crystal (PC) atoms by use of numerical simulations in a pump-probe scheme based on a finite-difference time-domain technique. A two-dimensional nonlinear PC atom with multimode is intentionally employed for the numerical simulations. The use of the multimode PC atom makes it possible that the pump and probe waves are set at different frequencies, ensuring the clear identification of the dynamics of the nonlinear PC atom. The physical model for the dynamics of nonlinear PC atoms has been established and very good agreement between the analytical and simulation results has been achieved.
Sensitive detection of nanomechanical motion using piezoresistive signal downmixing
Authors: Bargatin I. , Myers E. B. , Arlett J. , Gudlewski B. , Roukes M. L.
Published: March 2005

We have developed a method of measuring rf-range resonance properties of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) with integrated piezoresistive strain detectors serving as signal downmixers. The technique takes advantage of the high strain sensitivity of semiconductor-based piezoresistors, while overcoming the problem of rf signal attenuation due to a high source impedance. Our technique also greatly reduces the effect of the cross-talk between the detector and actuator circuits. We achieve thermomechanical noise detection of cantilever resonance modes up to 71MHz at room temperature, demonstrating that downmixed piezoresistive signal detection is a viable high-sensitivity method of displacement detection in high-frequency NEMS.
Uniform embeddings of bounded geometry spaces into reflexive Banach space
Authors: Brown Nathanial , Guentner Erik
Published: March 2005

We show that every metric space with bounded geometry uniformly embeds into a direct sum of

l
p

(

N

)

l^p ({\mathbb N})

spaces (

p
p

’s going off to infinity). In particular, every sequence of expanding graphs uniformly embeds into such a reflexive Banach space even though no such sequence uniformly embeds into a fixed

l
p

(

N

)

l^p ({\mathbb N})

space. In the case of discrete groups we prove the analogue of a-

T
T

-menability – the existence of a metrically proper affine isometric action on a direct sum of

l
p

(

N

)

l^p ({\mathbb N})

spaces.
Vanishing and bases for cohomology of partially trivial local systems on hyperplane arrangements
Authors: Kawahara Yukihito
Published: March 2005

In this paper we prove a vanishing theorem and construct bases for the cohomology of partially trivial local systems on complements of hyperplane arrangements. As a result, we obtain a non-resonance condition for partially trivial local systems.
Gateaux derivative of 𝐵(𝐻) norm
Authors: Kečkic̀ Dragoljub
Published: March 2005

We prove that for Hilbert space operators

X
X

and

Y
Y

, it follows that
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="limit Underscript t right-arrow 0 Superscript plus Baseline Endscripts StartFraction StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue upper X plus t upper Y StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue minus StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue upper X StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue Over t EndFraction equals StartFraction 1 Over StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue upper X StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue EndFraction inf Underscript epsilon greater-than 0 Endscripts sup Underscript phi element-of upper H Subscript epsilon Baseline comma StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue phi StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue equals 1 Endscripts upper R e mathematical right-angle upper Y phi comma upper X phi mathematical right-angle comma">

lim

t
→

0
+

|

|

X
+
t
Y

|

|

−

|

|

X

|

|

t

=

1

|

|

X

|

|

inf

ε
>
0

sup

φ
∈

H
ε

,

|

|

φ

|

|

=
1

Re
⁡

⟩
Y
φ
,
X
φ
⟩

,

\lim _{t\to 0^+}\frac {||X+tY||-||X||}t=\frac 1{||X||} \inf _{\varepsilon >0}\sup _{\varphi \in H_\varepsilon ,||\varphi ||=1} \operatorname {Re}\left >Y\varphi ,X\varphi \right >,

\]
where
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper H Subscript epsilon Baseline equals upper E Subscript upper X Sub Superscript asterisk Subscript upper X Baseline left-parenthesis left-parenthesis StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue upper X StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue minus epsilon right-parenthesis squared comma StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue upper X StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue squared right-parenthesis">

H
ε

=

E

X
∗

X

(
(

|

|

X

|

|

−
ε

)
2

,

|

|

X

|

|

2

)

H_\varepsilon =E_{X^*X}((||X||-\varepsilon )^2,||X||^2)

. Using the concept of

φ
\varphi

-Gateaux derivative, we apply this result to characterize orthogonality in the sense of James in

B
(
H
)

B(H)

, and to give an easy proof of the characterization of smooth points in

B
(
H
)

B(H)

.
On the classes of ℒ^{𝜆}, quasi-ℒ^{ℰ} and ℒ^{𝜆,ℊ} spaces
Authors: Rivera María
Published: March 2005

The two better-known ways of understanding the notion of local unconditional structure allow us to define successive extensions of the well-known class of the

L

p

\mathcal {L}^p

spaces of Lindenstrauss and Pelczyǹski. This paper also studies stability properties of these classes under ultrapowers, biduals and complemented subspaces.
Free products arising from elements of finite order in simple rings
Authors: Shirvani M. , Gonçalves J.
Published: March 2005

Our main result implies that, if

R
R

is a simple artinian ring which is not a matrix ring over an absolute field, then any noncentral element of

R
R

, of prime order not dividing the characteristic, is a factor in a free product with a unit which has infinite order in

R
R

. Unexpected consequences follow for division rings and group algebras.
On residualities in the set of Markov operators on 𝒞₁
Authors: Bartoszek Wojciech , Kuna Beata
Published: March 2005

We show that the set of those Markov operators on the Schatten class

C

1

\mathcal {C}_1

such that

lim

n
→
∞

‖

P
n

−
Q
‖
=
0

\lim _{n \to \infty } \| P^n - Q \| = 0

, where

Q
Q

is one-dimensional projection, is norm open and dense. If we require that the limit projections must be on strictly positive states, then such operators

P
P

form a norm dense

G

δ

G_{\delta }

. Surprisingly, for the strong operator topology operators the situation is quite the opposite.
Spaces of type BLO for non-doubling measures
Authors: Jiang Yinsheng
Published: March 2005

The spaces of type BLO for the positive Radon measures satisfying a growth condition on

R

d

\mathbb R^d

are introduced. It is shown that some properties which hold for the classical space BLO when

μ
\mu

is a doubling measure remain valid for the spaces of type BLO introduced in this paper, without assuming

μ
\mu

doubling.
Fibonacci numbers that are not sums of two prime powers
Authors: Luca Florian , Stănică Pantelimon
Published: March 2005

In this paper, we construct an infinite arithmetic progression

A

\mathcal A

of positive integers

n
n

such that if

n
∈

A

n\in {\mathcal A}

, then the

n
n

th Fibonacci number is not a sum of two prime powers.
There is no Bogomolov type restriction theorem for strong semistability in positive characteristic
Authors: Brenner Holger
Published: March 2005

We give an example of a strongly semistable vector bundle of rank two on the projective plane such that there exist smooth curves of arbitrary high degree with the property that the restriction of the bundle to the curve is not strongly semistable anymore. This shows that a Bogomolov type restriction theorem does not hold for strong semistability in positive characteristic.
A note on exponential decay properties of ground states for quasilinear elliptic equations
Authors: Li Yi , Zhao Chunshan
Published: March 2005

We give an explicit formula for exponential decay properties of ground states for a class of quasilinear elliptic equations in the whole space

R

N

\mathbb {R}^{N}

.
Rodrigues type formula for orthogonal polynomials on the unit ball
Authors: Xu Yuan
Published: March 2005

For a class of weight functions invariant under reflection groups on the unit ball, a family of orthogonal polynomials is defined via a Rodrigues type formula using the Dunkl operators. Their properties and their relation with several other bases are explored.
Hilbert spaces of martingales supporting certain substitution-dynamical systems
Authors: Dutkay Dorin , Jorgensen Palle
Published: March 2005

Let

X
X

be a compact Hausdorff space. We study finite-to-one mappings

r
:
X
→
X

r\colon X\rightarrow X

, onto

X
X

, and measures on the corresponding projective limit space

X
∞

(
r
)

X_\infty (r)

. We show that certain quasi-invariant measures on

X
∞

(
r
)

X_\infty (r)

correspond in a one-to-one fashion to measures on

X
X

which satisfy two identities. Moreover, we identify those special measures on

X
∞

(
r
)

X_\infty (r)

which are associated via our correspondence with a function

V
V

on

X
X

, a Ruelle transfer operator

R
V

R_V

, and an equilibrium measure

μ
V

\mu _V

on

X
X

.
TheXenopusTACC Homologue, Maskin, Functions in Mitotic Spindle Assembly
Authors: O'Brien Lori L. , Albee Alison J. , Liu Lingling , Tao Wei , Dobrzyn Pawel , Lizarraga Sofia B. , Wiese Christiane
Published: March 2005

Maskin is the Xenopus homolog of the transforming acidic coiled coil (TACC)-family of microtubule and centrosome-interacting proteins. Members of this family share a ∼200 amino acid coiled coil motif at their C-termini, but have only limited homology outside of this domain. In all species examined thus far, perturbations of TACC proteins lead to disruptions of cell cycle progression and/or embryonic lethality. In Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and humans, these disruptions have been attributed to mitotic spindle assembly defects, and the TACC proteins in these organisms are thought to function as structural components of the spindle. In contrast, cell division failure in early Xenopus embryo blastomeres has been attributed to a role of maskin in regulating the translation of, among others, cyclin B1 mRNA. In this study, we show that maskin, like other TACC proteins, plays a direct role in mitotic spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts and that this role is independent of cyclin B. Maskin immunodepletion and add-back experiments demonstrate that maskin, or a maskin-associated activity, is required for two distinct steps during spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts that can be distinguished by their response to “rescue” experiments. Defects in the “early” step, manifested by greatly reduced aster size during early time points in maskin-depleted extracts, can be rescued by readdition of purified full-length maskin. Moreover, defects in this step can also be rescued by addition of only the TACC-domain of maskin. In contrast, defects in the “late” step during spindle assembly, manifested by abnormal spindles at later time points, cannot be rescued by readdition of maskin. We show that maskin interacts with a number of proteins in egg extracts, including XMAP215, a known modulator of microtubule dynamics, and CPEB, a protein that is involved in translational regulation of important cell cycle regulators. Maskin depletion from egg extracts results in compromised microtubule asters and spindles and the mislocalization of XMAP215, but CPEB localization is unaffected. Together, these data suggest that in addition to its previously reported role as a translational regulator, maskin is also important for mitotic spindle assembly.
Biodiversity trends in Europe: development and testing of a species trend indicator for evaluating progress towards the 2010 target
Authors: de Heer M , Kapos V , ten Brink B.J.E
Published: March 2005

This paper presents a trial of a species population trend indicator for evaluating progress towards the 2010 biodiversity target in Europe, using existing data. The indicator integrates trends on different species (groups), and can be aggregated across habitats and countries. Thus, the indicator can deliver both headline messages for high-level decision-making and detailed information for in-depth analysis, using data from different sources, collected with different methods.

International non-governmental organizations mobilized data on over 2800 historical trends in national populations of birds, butterflies and mammals, for a total of 273 species. These were combined by habitat and biogeographical region to generate a pilot pan-European scale indicator. The trial indicator suggests a decline of species populations in nearly all habitats, the largest being in farmland, where species populations declined by an average of 23% between 1970 and 2000.

The indicator is potentially useful for monitoring progress towards 2010 biodiversity targets, but constraints include: the limited sensitivity of the historical data, which leads to conservative estimates of species decline; a potential danger of ambiguity because increases in opportunistic species can mask the loss of other species; and failure to account for pre-1970 population declines. We recommend mobilizing additional existing data, particularly for plants and fishes, and elaborating further the criteria for compiling representative sets of species. For a frequent, reliable update of the indicator, sound, sensitive and harmonized biodiversity monitoring programmes are needed in all pan-European countries.
Tropical forest cover change in the 1990s and options for future monitoring
Authors: Mayaux Philippe , Holmgren Peter , Achard Frédéric , Eva Hugh , Stibig Hans-Jürgen , Branthomme Anne
Published: March 2005

Despite the importance of the world's humid tropical forests, our knowledge concerning their rates of change remains limited. Two recent programmes (FAO 2000 Forest Resources Assessment and TREES II), exploiting the global imaging capabilities of Earth observing satellites, have recently been completed to provide information on the dynamics of tropical forest cover. The results from these independent studies show a high degree of conformity and provide a good understanding of trends at the pan-tropical level.

In 1990 there were some 1150 million ha of tropical rain forest with the area of the humid tropics deforested annually estimated at 5.8 million ha (approximately twice the size of Belgium). A further 2.3 million ha of humid forest is apparently degraded annually through fragmentation, logging and/or fires. In the sub-humid and dry tropics, annual deforestation of tropical moist deciduous and tropical dry forests comes to 2.2 and 0.7 million ha, respectively. Southeast Asia is the region where forests are under the highest pressure with an annual change rate of −0.8 to −0.9%. The annual area deforested in Latin America is large, but the relative rate (−0.4 to −0.5%) is lower, owing to the vast area covered by the remaining Amazonian forests. The humid forests of Africa are being converted at a similar rate to those of Latin America (−0.4 to −0.5% per year).

During this period, secondary forests have also been established, through re-growth on abandoned land and forest plantations, but with different ecological, biophysical and economic characteristics compared with primary forests. These trends are significant in all regions, but the extent of new forest cover has proven difficult to establish.

These results, as well as the lack of more detailed knowledge, clearly demonstrate the need to improve sound scientific evidence to support policy. The two projects provide useful guidance for future monitoring efforts in the context of multilateral environmental agreements and of international aid, trade and development partnerships. Methodologically, the use of high-resolution remote sensing in representative samples has been shown to be cost-effective. Close collaboration between tropical institutions and inter-governmental organizations proved to be a fruitful arrangement in the different projects. To properly assist decision-making, monitoring and assessments should primarily be addressed at the national level, which also corresponds to the ratification level of the multilateral environmental agreements. The Forest Resources Assessment 2000 deforestation statistics from countries are consistent with the satellite-based estimates in Asia and America, but are significantly different in Africa, highlighting the particular need for long-term capacity-building activities in this continent.
Evaluating the design of retail financial service environments
Authors: Greenland Steve , McGoldrick Peter
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Effective retail environments are crucial for customer acquisition and retention. However, the environment behaviour relationship is complex and producing the ideal design is difficult. Whilst substantial research reports the affects of specific design components, studies investigating the impact of multiple store environment stimuli upon consumer perceptions, attitudes and behaviour are limited.

Design/methodology/approach

The environment response model provides a conceptual framework for examining the impact of retail settings upon cognitive, affective and cognitive consumer responses. Its applicability is tested in retail banking environments. Research empirically links survey data to a design audit and reveals that more modern branch styles and features are statistically more likely to induce favourable customer reaction.

Findings

Research empirically links survey data to a design audit and reveals that more modern branch styles and features are statistically more likely to induce favourable customer reaction. This finding in some ways helps justify expenditure on refurbishment. However, features having a positive impact in one respect may also be negative in another, highlighting the complexity of the environment behaviour relationship and the difficulties facing retail designers.

Research limitations/implications

The limitations of this research is the relatively small branch sample size.

Originality/value

Contributes to the literature on the impact of retail settings on consumer responses.
New technologies for a sustainable printed circuit board manufacturing process: initial results
Authors: Bains Narinder , Geraghty Kate , Goosey Martin
Published: March 2005

Purpose

To present the initial results from a project recently undertaken by Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials Europe Ltd, in collaboration with a number of European partners, to develop individual elements of the traditional PCB manufacturing process towards a sustainable and zero‐discharge alternative.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents initial results from work aimed at enabling PCB manufacturing to become more sustainable. Novel processes evaluated include special electroplating techniques, advanced oxidation methods to remove organic contaminants, and new ion exchange systems. Work has been carried out to develop these processes into viable demonstrators and the results of progress to date are reported. Descriptions of how these individual technologies may be combined to provide an integrated approach to a more sustainable PCB manufacturing methodology are also given.

Findings

Initial results indicate that a more sustainable PCB manufacturing process may be achieved by combining the use of organic and metal capture resins with advanced oxidation and electrochemical recovery technologies.

Originality/value

The value of the paper lies in its provision of information from a project that is integrating available treatment technologies in a novel approach that will take the PCB manufacturing process closer to a zero effluent discharge situation.
Solderability of electroless deposited Ni‐P coatings with Sn‐3.8Ag‐0.7Cu and Sn‐3.5Ag lead‐free solder alloys
Authors: Li Dezhi , Liu Changqing , Conway Paul P.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

To study the influence of storage time and environment on the solderability of electroless nickel plated samples with Sn‐3.8Ag‐0.7Cu and Sn‐3.5Ag lead‐free solders and to provide criteria for the use of an electroless nickel (Ni‐P) under bump metallization (UBM) without immersion gold protection.

Design/methodology/approach

Electroless nickel coatings were deposited onto pure aluminium foil through a procedure developed for the UBM of wafers prior to flip chip bumping. Their solderability with lead‐free solders was studied using the wetting balance technique. Samples stored in different environments for different periods of time were tested to study the dependence of the solderability of Ni‐P coatings on the storage time and temperature. The degree of oxidation of the Ni‐P coatings was examined by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the surface microstructure and roughness of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.

Findings

It was found that the Ni‐P coatings were unacceptable for direct soldering without the assistance of a flux, due to poor wettability, even when using a freshly prepared Ni‐P coating. Therefore, a suitable flux with nitrogen inerting had to be applied to assist the soldering process. The results also show that the solderability of Ni‐P coatings was affected by the phosphorus content, and the Ni‐P coating with high phosphorus content had a good solderability. The storage time and temperature did not influence the wettability significantly with the assistance of strong flux.

Research limitations/implications

The stability of the plating solution and the consistence of the phosphorus content in the coating are not easily controlled. This has resulted in implications for surface analysis and wetting testing. Ni‐P coatings with different levels of phosphorus content are being investigated in detail.

Originality/value

The value of the paper lies in its study on the solderability of lead‐free solders to Ni‐P coating after storage in different environments and for different periods, which can provide some criteria for the use of Ni‐P UBM without immersion gold protection.
Von Foerster meets Kohonen
Authors: Honkela Timo
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Studies aspects of Heinz von Foerster's work that are of particular importance for cognitive science and artificial intelligence.

Design/methodology/approach

Kohonen's self‐organizing map is presented as one method that may be useful in implementing some of Von Foerster's ideas. The main foci are the distinction between trivial and non‐trivial machines and the concept of constructive learning. The self‐organizing map is also presented as a potential tool for alleviating the participatory crisis discussed by von Foerster.

Findings

The participatory crisis in society is discussed and the concept of change is handled within the framework of information systems development.

Originality/value

Considers the importance of considering change in information systems development.
Observing quantum systems
Authors: Grössing Gerhard
Published: March 2005

Purpose

As any attempts at explaining quantum theory in terms of simple, local “cause‐and‐effect” models have remained unsatisfactory, approaches from the perspectives of systems theory seem called for, which is rich in a variety of more complex understandings of causality.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents one option for such approaches, which the author has introduced previously as “quantum cybernetics”: considering waves (but not “wave functions”!) and “particles” as mutually dependent system components, and thus defining “organizationally closed systems” characterized by a fundamental circular causality. Using such an approach, a new look can be achieved on both classical and quantum physics.

Findings

It was found that quantum theory's most fundamental equation, the Schrödinger equation, can actually be derived from classical physics, once the latter is considered anew, i.e. under said approach involving both particles and (Huygens) waves. In fact, the only difference to existing views is that Huygens waves are here considered to be real, physically effective waves in some hypothesized sub‐quantum medium, rather than mere formal tools.

Originality/value

What is particularly new in the present paper is that quantum systems can be described by what Heinz von Foerster has called “nontrivial machines”, whereas the corresponding classical counterparts turn out to behave as “trivial machines”. This should provide enough stimulus for discussing system theoretical issues also in the context of the foundations of quantum theory.
New localism and the management of regeneration
Authors: Coaffee Jon
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Aims to unpack the development and subsequent growth in the UK of so‐called new localism concepts and policies post‐1997.

Design/methodology/approach

Highlights both the political rhetoric and the practical applications of such policies. In this context, introduces the articles in this special issue which focus on various dimensions of new localism‐style policy, predominantly in the UK, but provide a series of arguments and illustrate a number of contradictions that are equally applicable in many Western countries.

Findings

Tension exists between centralising focus and constructing prescribed policy at national state level, and decentralising power and responsibility to a more inclusive group of stakeholders in order to develop increasingly nuanced and locally specific sets of regeneration priorities and outcomes.

Originality/value

The articles in this special issue illuminate a number of lessons for regeneration practitioners and managers, and for academics engaged in research and evaluation of public sector policy.
A plague on all your partnerships: theory and practice in regeneration
Authors: Coulson Andrew
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Much of the writing on partnerships implicitly assumes that they are beneficial. Other literature points out that partnerships are seldom of equals, and can become instruments of oppression whereby a strong partner gains at the expense of weaker members. This has been taken up by community development specialists with particular reference to the position, at best ambiguous, of representatives or residents of local communities on the boards of regeneration partnerships. This paper aims to review this theory.

Design/methodology/approach

Reviews partnerships and briefly considers three types of partnership in the UK: private finance initiatives (PFI) or public‐private partnerships (PPP); local strategic partnerships; and local area regeneration partnerships.

Findings

Concludes that partnerships need time to grow for confidence to be gained inside as well as outside the partnership; partnerships are not usually of equals, and the position of “community representatives” on the boards of partnerships is intrinsically problematic. However, local area partnerships need them: to make “decisions”, to test the likely reception of new ideas, to help sell what is going on. It is likely to prove a serious problem for some PFI/PPP partnerships which are contractually bound for 25 or 30 years; but one may surmise that in many cases partners will fall out and it will be difficult then to deliver the promises that have been made.

Originality/value

Partnerships vary, and hence generalisation is difficult. But some important points from the discussion can add to the ongoing dialogue about the nature of partnerships in regeneration.
Maintaining privacy in anomaly‐based intrusion detection systems
Authors: Sodiya A.S. , Longe H.O.D. , Akinwale A.T.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

The goal of our work is to discuss the fundamental issues of privacy and anomaly‐based intrusion detection systems (IDS) and to design an efficient anomaly‐based intrusion IDS architecture where users' privacy is maintained.

Design/methodology/approach

In this work, any information that can link intrusion detection activity to a user is encrypted so as to pseudonyze the sensitive information. A database of encrypted information would then be created which becomes the source database for the IDS. The design makes use of dynamic key generation algorithm that generates key randomly when an intrusion is detected. The keys are only released when an intrusion occurs and immediately swapped to protect harm access to the mapping database.

Findings

The result after testing the new privacy maintained IDS architecture on an application package shows greater improvement over the ordinary IDSs. Privacy complaints reduced considerably from between 8 and 16 per week to about 1‐2.

Research limitations/implications

We only tested the new privacy maintained IDS on a package, it would also be interesting to test the design on some other systems. There is a possibility that time to detection would increase because of the encryption/decryption part of the new design. All the same, we have designed an IDS architecture where privacy of users on the systems is guaranteed.

Practical implications

This work provides a background for researchers in IDS and it requires further improvements and extensions.

Originality/value

The work shows that it is possible to design an IDS architecture for maintaining privacy of users on the network. The result shows the originality of the new design.
Carinthia, Interculturalism, and Austrian National Identity: Cultural Reflections on 10 October 1920
Authors: Fiddler Allyson
Published: March 2005

abstract

The history of Slovene‐Carinthian relations in the twentieth century has been extremely fraught, with Carinthia continuing to be a region of Austria in which nationalist sentiment is openly expressed and where Austrians’ political and cultural anxiety towards their neighbours and former imperial partners is much more than a superficial or suppressed attitude. The ‘Abwehrkampf’ of 1918–19 and the subsequent plebiscite of 10 October 1920 allowing the Carinthian people to decide whether their territory should join the state of Yugoslavia or remain in Austria is a major historical referent in the cultural and political life of Carinthia, and the date is celebrated annually. The paper demonstrates that 10 October 1920 continues to function as part of the ‘narrative’ (Stuart Hall) of Carinthia's regional and Austria's national identity and examines some of the ways in which it has been mobilised to political effect. In analysing the continuing endurance of the 10 October celebrations, the discussion focuses on a number of cultural responses which provide a strong critique of the predominant nationalist use of the plebiscite and offer literary impetus for a more tolerant and productive intercultural exchange in Carinthia.
Pattern and process: competition causes regular spacing of individuals within plant populations
Authors: STOLL PETER , BERGIUS ELKE
Published: March 2005

We used simulated and experimental plant populations to analyse mortality‐driven pattern formation under size‐dependent competition. Larger plants had an advantage under size‐asymmetric but not under symmetric competition. Initial patterns were random or clumped.

The simulations were individual‐based and spatially explicit. Size‐dependent competition was modelled with different rules to partition overlapping zones of influence.

The experiment used genotypes ofArabidopsis thalianawith different morphological plasticity and hence size‐dependent competition. Compared with wild types, transgenic individuals over‐expressed phytochrome A and had decreased plasticity because of disabled phytochrome‐mediated shade avoidance. Therefore, competition among transgenics was more asymmetric compared with wild‐types.

Density‐dependent mortality under symmetric competition did not substantially change the initial spatial pattern. Conversely, simulations under asymmetric competition and experimental patterns of transgenic over‐expressors showed patterns of survivors that deviated substantially from random mortality independent of initial patterns.

Small‐scale initial patterns of wild types were regular rather than random or clumped. We hypothesize that this small‐scale regularity may be explained by early shade avoidance of seedlings in their cotyledon stage.

Our experimental results support predictions from an individual‐based simulation model and support the conclusion that regular spatial patterns of surviving individuals should be interpreted as evidence for strong, asymmetric competitive interactions and subsequent density‐dependent mortality.
Darkness visible: reflections on underground ecology
Authors: FITTER A. H.
Published: March 2005

Soil science and ecology have developed independently, making it difficult for ecologists to contribute to urgent current debates on the destruction of the global soil resource and its key role in the global carbon cycle. Soils are believed to be exceptionally biodiverse parts of ecosystems, a view confirmed by recent data from the UK Soil Biodiversity Programme at Sourhope, Scotland, where high diversity was a characteristic of small organisms, but not of larger ones. Explaining this difference requires knowledge that we currently lack about the basic biology and biogeography of micro‐organisms.

It seems inherently plausible that the high levels of biological diversity in soil play some part in determining the ability of soils to undertake ecosystem‐level processes, such as carbon and mineral cycling. However, we lack conceptual models to address this issue, and debate about the role of biodiversity in ecosystem processes has centred around the concept of functional redundancy, and has consequently been largely semantic. More precise construction of our experimental questions is needed to advance understanding.

These issues are well illustrated by the fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizas, the Glomeromycota. This ancient symbiosis of plants and fungi is responsible for phosphate uptake in most land plants, and the phylum is generally held to be species‐poor and non‐specific, with most members readily colonizing any plant species. Molecular techniques have shown both those assumptions to be unsafe, raising questions about what factors have promoted diversification in these fungi. One source of this genetic diversity may be functional diversity.

Specificity of the mycorrhizal interaction between plants and fungi would have important ecosystem consequences. One example would be in the control of invasiveness in introduced plant species: surprisingly, naturalized plant species in Britain are disproportionately from mycorrhizal families, suggesting that these fungi may play a role in assisting invasion.

What emerges from an attempt to relate biodiversity and ecosystem processes in soil is our extraordinary ignorance about the organisms involved. There are fundamental questions that are now answerable with new techniques and sufficient will, such as how biodiverse are natural soils? Do microbes have biogeography? Are there rare or even endangered microbes?