bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graft-Versus-Host Reactions and Activation of Host Antibody-Forming Cells Induced by in vitro Stimulated Syngeneic Lymphocytes
Authors: Lindholm Leif
Published: July 2009

Lymphocytes, which had been stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A, were found to be able to give rise to weak graft-versus-host reaction when injected into syngeneic mice. Stimulated lymphocytes also had the ability to enhance 7S antibody production. Stimulation of host 7S antibody-forming cells could be obtained with extracts from the stimulated lymphocytes as well as with fractionated culture medium from the in vitro stimulated lymphocytes. The stimulated lymphocytes incorporated 3H-leucine into two factors with different molecular weights, and stimulation of antibody-forming cells was obtained with the factor showing the highest molecular weight (≥ 75×106 daltons). The results obtained are compatible with the hypothesis that stimulated T cells secrete an antigen nonspecific factor capable of stimulating differentiation of antigen-primed B cells into 7S antibody-forming cells.
Adjuvant Activity for Alkylamines of Immune Responses to Ovalbumin, Myelin Basic Protein and a Tumor
Authors: Shier Thomas , Trotter, III Joseph T. , Reading Christopher L. , Lennon Vanda A.
Published: July 2009

Emulsions of ovalbumin in alkylamines, particularly octadecylamine, were compared with an emulsion of ovalbumin in complete Freund’s adjuvant for ability to induce humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in rats. Under defined conditions alkylamine emulsions induced significantly higher IgG immune responses to ovalbumin, but cell-mediated immunity was not significantly different from that induced with complete Freund’s adjuvant. Emulsions of syngeneic myelin basic protein in octadecylamine failed to induce either humoral or cell-mediated immunity to basic protein and neither clinical nor histologic signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis ensued. An intranodular injection of octadecylamine into a solid tumor caused significantly enhanced growth of the tumor despite marked necrosis of tumor tissue at the site of injection.
Mast Cell Degranulation: A Comparison of the Inhibitory Actions of Disodium Cromoglycate, Drugs Known to Influence the Level of Intracellular Cyclic Nucleotide and Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)
Authors: Taylor W.A. , Sheldon Dianne
Published: July 2009

Rat peritoneal mast cells have been used to study further the effect of drugs on the calcium-independent and calcium-dependent stages of phospholipase-A-induced mast cell degranulation. Evidence is presented which suggests that disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and drugs known to raise the level of intracellular cyclic AMP block the degranulation process during, or after, the calcium-dependent step. The cyclic AMP active drugs and DSCG also potently inhibited calcium-independent compound 48/80-induced degranulation. In contrast diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), which potently inhibited antigen-induced mast cell degranulation, completely failed to inhibit either calcium-independent 48/80- or calcium-independent noradrenaline-induced degranulation. It is concluded that the DFP-sensitive step in the process of antigen-induced mast cell degranulation is independent of the cyclic nucleotide system and that the therapeutic effect of DSCG does not involve the DFP-sensitive step.
Humoral Immune Response to Allografts of Bone
Authors: Elves Michael W.
Published: July 2009

A study of production of cytotoxic antibodies in rats receiving Ag-B disparate cortical or cancellous bone allografts has been made. The results indicate that marrow-containing cancellous grafts elicit a pattern of antibody production which is very similar to that following skin grafts. In contrast, the response to allogeneic spleen cells injected intradermally is more rapid. Grafts of marrow-free cancellous or cortical bone give rise to an antibody response which is delayed in onset. Fresh grafts treated with X-irradiation or grafts preserved by freezing or freeze-drying fail to elicit any antibody production. Grafts which are identical with the host for the major Ag-B antigen system also fail to elicit a humoral immune response. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The Effect of Gonadectomy on Antibody Production by Inbred Rats
Authors: Vasilakis George J. , Kunz Heinz W. , Gill, III Thomas J.
Published: July 2009

Highly responding ACI, medium responding WF and low responding F344 inbred rats were gonadectomized or sham-operated at various intervals after birth, and then they were immunized with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15). Gonadectomy did not affect antibody production in either males or females. Its only effect was to increase the size of the thymus in males. Therefore, we conclude that sex hormones do not play a signifciant role in the regulation of antibody formation, in the system being studied, under physiological conditions.
Bursal and Postbursal Cells in Chicken
Authors: Toivanen Paavo , Toivanen Auli , Molnár Gábor , Sorvari Tapani
Published: July 2009

Germinal center formation in the spleen of immunized, intact chickens was found to be an age-dependent phenomenon. Generation of germinal centers was at a maximum at the age of 4–5 weeks, which is the time of maximal size of the bursa of Fabricius. Thereafter, a rapid decline occurs. Age-dependence was most clearly demonstrated if autopsies were carried out 5 days after a second antigenic stimulation. Although germinal centers were found in the spleen of 20-month-old chickens 10–20 days after immunization, they appeared at a slower rate and to a lesser extent than in young chickens (4.5 weeks). An analogous finding was made after transplantation of mature postbursal cells into cyclophosphamide-treated chicks. These cells, taken from 10-week-old donors, were able to restore the production of germinal centers in the recipients, but not to the same extent and at the same rate as found after transplantation of bursal stem cells taken from 3-day-old donors. Only a few germinal centers were found in the lymphoid tissue of the cecal tonsil of intact, immunized chickens during the newly-hatched period. Later in life, no influence of age in the germinal center formation in the cecal tonsil was observed.
Hapten-Specific IgM and IgG Antibody Responses in Mice against a Thymus-Independent Antigen (DNP-Salmonella)
Authors: Shinohara Nobukata , Tada Tomio
Published: July 2009

2,4-Dinitrophenyl hapten, when coupled to Salmonella choleraenuis bacilli (DNP-Salm), was capable of inducing sequential IgM and IgG antihapten antibody responses in the mouse, both of which were found to be totally thymus-independent. The antigen could also elicit a secondary antihapten antibody response of both IgM and IgG classes in mice preimmunized with the hapten coupled to either homologous or heterologous carrier. No ‘helper’ or ‘suppressor’ acitivity was found in salmonella-primed T cells. However, this antigen was not capable of inducing IgE antibody response even with the aid of adjuvants. Furthermore, the time-dependent increase in antibody affinity (maturation) did not occur following repeated injections of DNP-Salm.
Immune Basophil Degranulation: Detection by Iodonitrotetrazolium Dehydrogenase Stain
Authors: Shelley Walter B.
Published: July 2009

An indirect test for the detection in man of immediate type hypersensitivity to penicillin G is described. It is based on an iodonitrotetrazolium stain for succinic dehydrogenase in the basophil leucocyte granules. Rabbit basophils, enriched by differential centrifugation, and passively sensitized by exposure to plasma from subjects with known penicillin sensitivity, showed in the presence of penicillin a marked reduction in this INT formazan staining, as compared with those exposed to control plasma.
Species Specificity of Skin Antigens Prepared by Phenol Water Extraction
Authors: Krogh H.K. , Maeland J.A. , Tönder O.
Published: July 2009

Trypsin-digested homogenates of callus of man, whole skin of guinea pig and rabbit were extracted with phenol water and the water phase (TPW water phase) preparations compared in serological tests. The TPW water phase from all three species sensitized erythrocytes for agglutination by normal human and animal sera irrespective of the species origin of the sensitizing antigen. Sera from individuals of the same species exhibited autospecificity in haemagglutination tests. Results of tests for inhibition of haemagglutination and of absorption experiments using pooled human serum indicated that the sensitizing antigens are species-specific. In addition to antibodies directed against these antigens, human serum probably also contain cross-reacting antibodies, indicating common stratum corneum antigens.
Populations of Guinea Pig Lymphocytes and Kurloff Cells Characterised by Rosette-Forming Reactions
Authors: Revell P.A. , Wilson Anne B. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: July 2009

The affinity of guinea pig lymphoid cells for rabbit red cells was employed for the detection of T cells, while B cells were identified by antibody opsonic (Fc), complement receptor (EAC) and mixed antiglobulin reactions. Rabbit red cells formed rosettes both with blood lymphocytes (18–42%) and with Kurloff cells (7–34%) indicating a possible thymic influence on the latter. There was no correlation between numbers of T lymphocytes and reacting Kurloff cells. Sub-optimal rosetting reactions were obtained when either the rabbit red cells or the blood lymphocytes were stored at 4 °C for several days. There were no significant differences in percentages of rosette-forming lymphocytes, or Kurloff cells when reacted with red cells from 7 rabbits. The highest results in tests for B lymphocytes in blood were obtained with the mixed antiglobulin reaction (2–27%) but all three reactions were usually negative on Kurloff cells. The possible significance of these findings is discussed. There was little daily variation in levels of T and B lymphocytes in the blood of normal guinea pigs. The percentages of T and B cells were also measured in lymph nodes (8–11% T and 7–23% B) and thymus (60–82% T and 2% B) of normal guinea pigs. It is apparent that in all tissues tested there is a variable number of cells which react neither with rabbit red cells, nor in the mixed antiglobulin reaction. Rosette-forming reactions provide a convenient method of assessing T and B lymphocyte levels in the guinea pig blood. The results have a normal frequency distribution and levels for a group of 46 normal guinea pigs were 26.5 ± 8.3% for T and 6.5 ± 4.3% for B lymphocytes.
Synthesis of the Ninth Component of Guinea Pig Complement (C9) in Response to Experimentally Induced Inflammation
Authors: Takahashi M. , Kawachi-Takahashi S. , Yamamoto K.
Published: July 2009

Effect of turpentine-induced inflammation on the serum content of C9 was studied in guinea pigs. A transient increase in the serum content as measured by an immunochemical method of Mancini et al. was observed in all guinea pigs suffering from inflammation. The serum C9 reached a maximum of approximately 200% of the initial serum level at 4 days after the injection of inflammatory agent. From studies involving incorporation of 14C-leucine into C9, it was shown that the rate of C9 synthesis in guinea pigs with turpentine-induced inflammation was increased significantly over that observed in normal guinea pigs.
Studies on the Cytotoxic Immune Reaction
Authors: Whiteside Theresa L. , Manski W.J.
Published: July 2009

Fluorescein-tagged duck anti-rabbit cornea serum was used to demonstrate changes in the localization of metabolically dependent antigens (MDA) on surfaces of resting versus activated corneal endothelial cells. Actively growing cells in culture exhibited uniform membrane staining which was most pronounced at the periphery of the tissue cultures. In the metabolically less-active center, spotty rather than continuous fluorescence was seen. Cells with a very low metabolic activity, e.g., those kept at 4 °C, did not stain at all. This inhibition was reversible, as the cells transferred back to 37 °C were able to bind the antibodies. Cultured cells dispersed with pronase or trypsin reacted with the tagged antiserum and demonstrated membrane fluorescence. However, dispersed cells from excised normal cornea did not stain. The MDA, although not detectable on normal-cell surfaces, were present in these cells, for the isolated cell membrane fraction was capable of absorbing out antibodies to the MDA. The antigenic determinants involved in the reaction with fluorescein-tagged anti-tissue antibodies are thus present but masked in cell membranes of normal tissues in vivo and can be unmasked by an increase in cellular metabolism and/or cell division but not by treatment with proteolytic enzymes.
Immunodeficiency and Autoimmunity
Authors: Kornstad Leif , Nordhagen Rannveig
Published: July 2009

The incidence of a selective IgA deficiency was examined in sera from 682 patients with high-titered thyroglobulin and/or thyroid microsomal autoantibodies, and in sera from 2,985 blood donors. There was no statistically significant difference between the two series.
Further Studies on the Inheritance of Responsiveness to Pertussis HSF in Mice
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Caiazza Stephen S.
Published: July 2009

Inheritance of responsiveness to histamine-sensitizing factor of pertussis bacilli (HSF) was investigated in (C3H/HeJ × C57BL/6J)F1 hybrids, back-cross progeny of this hybrid to C57BL/6J parent (C3H/HeJ × DBA/2J)F1 hybrids, and in backcross progeny of this hybrid to DBA/2J parent. It was found that transmission is not by virtue of a single autosomal dominant gene, as has been postulated. Rather, inheritance of responsiveness to HSF is far more complex, probably involving polygenic transmission.
PCA Reactions with Mouse Antibodies in Mice and Rats
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Caiazza Steven S. , Kojima Somei
Published: July 2009

Mouse IgE was titrated in rats. The sensitization period was 2h. The results were consistent and corresponded to the titers obtained in young adult SJL mice using a sensitization period of 48 h. With longer sensitization periods in rats, higher antibody titers were obtained. The optimum sensitization period in rats was found to be 48 h. Old CFW mice are inadequate for mouse IgE titration. IgG1 will not give a PCA reaction in rats. IgG1 titers are higher in SJL or A/J mice than in young CFW mice, and markedly higher than in old CFW mice.
Immunological Studies of an Antigen Common to many Gram-Negative Bacteria with Special Reference to E. coli
Authors: Kaijser B.
Published: July 2009

A number of different bacterial strains were analyzed for the presence of common antigens using immunodiffusion techniques. Most of the studied E. coli strains had many common antigens. Especially one antigen was found in all investigated E. coli as well as Proteus and Pseudomonas strains and antibodies to this antigen were also recognized in antimeningococcal antiserum. The antigen was found possibly to be at least partly a protein with low carbohydrate content located in the inner part of the cell wall and specific antiserum to it was produced by immunizing rabbits. Antiserum to the common antigen did not protect against intraperitoneal infection in mice, or against hematogenous pyelonephritis in rabbits. Irregularly in a few patients with pyelonephritis, a very low antibody response was indicated using indirect hemagglutination technique. A possible significance of the antigen for the future quantitation of antibodies to gram-negative bacteria is discussed, as well as of the specific antiserum for the diagnosis of gram-negative bacterial strains using immunodiffusion techniques.
Double Diffusion in Gel Tests with Paul-Bunnell Antibodies of Infectious Mononucleosis Sera
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Loza Ulana , Kano Kyoichi
Published: July 2009

Double diffusion tests in gel were employed for studies of reactions between infectious mononucleosis sera and extracts of bovine, sheep and equine erythrocyte stromata. The extracts were obtained by ultrasonication of stromata prepared from trypsin-digested erythrocytes. The reaction with bovine stroma extract was composed, in many instances, of two lines. A single line was observed in reactions with sheep and equine stroma extracts. This line merged into a reaction of partial or complete identity with one of the lines formed with bovine stroma extract. Evidence was obtained that some infectious mononucleosis sera may contain heterophile (Paul-Bunnell) antibodies belonging to IgG class in addition to those of IgM nature.
Increased Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity in Platelets of Asthmatic Children
Authors: Coffey Ronald G. , Middleton, jr. Elliott
Published: July 2009

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities were compared in platelets of asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. Significantly elevated Mg2+- and Ca2+-dependent ATPase activities were found in particulate and soluble fractions of platelets from nonsteroid-treated asthmatic children compared to steroid-treated asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. The most pronounced increase (greater than twofold) occurred in the Ca2+-ATPase of the soluble fraction which contains platelet contractile protein. Intact cell surface or ecto ATPase activity was not significantly increased in platelets of asthmatic children. The findings are consistent with adrenergic imbalance in asthma involving depressed adenylate cyclase activity (β-adrenergic) and increased ATPase activity (α-adrenergic) and may relate to abnormal platelet aggregation patterns.
Studies on the Mechanism of Macrophage-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Ziegler F.G. , Lohmann-Matthes Marie-Luise , Fischer H.
Published: July 2009

MCF is a product of sensitized T lymphocytes, which is actively synthesized and secreted when lymphocytes are incubated with the appropriate target cells. The process of macrophage activation leading to cytotoxicity needs a period of 24 h. Macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity is restricted to the specific target cell. B cell antibody does not seem to be involved. The reaction cannot be inhibited by rabbit antimouse immunoglobulin. However, various conditions, which may interfere with this specificity, are discussed.
Effect of Carrageenan on the Development of Hypersensitivity (Schistosoma mansoni Egg) and Foreign Body (Divinyl-Benzene Copolymer Beads and Bentonite) Granulomas
Authors: Boros Dov. L. , Schwartz Howard J.
Published: July 2009

The effect of carrageenan on the development of hypersensitivity and foreign body granulomas was examined. Repeated intraperitoneal injections of the polysaccharide caused a strong suppression of the primary, hypersensitivity granulomas forming around the eggs of Schistosoma mansoni worms in the lungs of mice, but had no effect on the secondary, enhanced egg granulomas in the previously sensitized animals. Carrageenan treatment virtually abolished the granulomatous reactions forming around plastic beads or bentonite particles. It is concluded that carrageenan exerted its suppressive effect not through macrophage toxicity but rather by affecting plasma factors which regulate vascular permeability and cellular traffic during the process of inflammation.
Immunoglobulin Classes Carrying Homocytotropic and Passive Hemagglutinating Antibody Activities in the Marsupial Setonix brachyurus (the Quokka)
Authors: Lynch N.R. , Turner K.J. , Bell R.G.
Published: July 2009

On the basis of their physicochemical and antigenic properties, and by analogy with guinea pig immunoglobulins, two antibody classes in the serum of the marsupial Setonix brachyurus have been classified as IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes. The analogy between these marsupial immunoglobulins and those of eutherian (placental) species was extended by an investigation of their biological activities. The electrophoretically slow antibody (IgG2) fixed hemolytic complement, precipitated soluble antigen and predominated early in the response mounted when quokkas were immunized with antigen emulsified in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA). The more anodic antibody (IgG1) in this marsupial did not fix complement, was inefficient in precipitating antigen and was the predominant antibody synthesized by quokkas immunized with antigen adsorbed to alumina gel. The IgG1 isotype in this marsupial appears to possess both passive hemagglutinating (HA) and homocytotropic antibody (HCA) activities. However, the HCA and IgG1 HA activities did not develop in parallel during the course of the immune response, thus suggesting that only a functional subpopulation of the IgG1 antibodies possess homocytotropic activity.
Drug-Induced Tolerance: Selective Induction with Immunosuppressive Drugs and Their Synergistic Interaction
Authors: Hyman Lawrence R. , Kovacs Katalin , Steinberg Alfred D.
Published: July 2009

Drug-induced tolerance to polyinosinic·polycytidylic acid was studied in NZB/W mice. A single injection of cyclophosphamide (CY) or methotrexate (MTX) induced tolerance when given 24 h after antigen, whereas azathioprine (AZ) and methylprednisolone (MP) did not. However, MP and MTX each synergized with a nontolerogenic dose of CY. In addition, MP and AZ further reduced the tolerance induced by low but tolerogenic doses of CY. Drug combinations in the induction of tolerance may have wide application in the fields of clinical immunology and transplantation.
Subcellular Fractions from Dermis and Epidermis in Contact Sensitization of Guinea Pigs to 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
Authors: Camm E.L. , Mitchell J.C. , McMaster W.R. , Towers G.H.N.
Published: July 2009

Subcellular fractions were prepared from the epidermis of guinea pigs which had been painted with 1-chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene 14 h previously. The microsomal fraction showed less activity than other fractions in the MIF test. Similarly, the microsomal fraction from the dermis of skin irritated with croton oil before DNCB painting was relatively inactive. However, the microsomal fractions from the epidermis and more especially from the dermis of skin painted with DNCB while undergoing allergic contact dermatitis from pentadecylcatechol showed significant MIF activities.
Use of Immunofluorescent Localization in the Normal Guinea Pig Eye to Differentiate Three Autoantisera
Authors: Kalsow Carolyn M. , Wacker W.B.
Published: July 2009

Three distinct immunofluorescent patterns were demonstrated in normal guinea pig eyes by autoantisera prepared to three different ocular tissue preparations. Anti-U serum (antiserum to uveal homogenate) exhibited specific fluorescence in the area of Bruch’s membrane. Anti-P serum (antiserum to a suspension of the sedimentable portion of retina homogenate) exhibited specific fluorescence in the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells. Anti-S serum (antiserum to retinal homogenate extract) demonstrated specific fluorescence in the outer portion of the retina extending from the outer plexiform layer to the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells. The ability of anti-S and anti-P sera immunofluorescent activities to cross species lines was demonstrated.
Studies in Immunodermatology
Authors: Jablonska S. , Chorzelski T.P. , Jarzabek-Chorzelska M. , Beutner E.H.
Published: July 2009

Biopsies of skin lesions from 50 cases of psoriasis and from 42 cases with other dermatoses were studied by the methods described in the foregoing report, that is by the four-compartment immunofluorescent (IF) system for detecting stratum corneum autoantibodies and in vivo binding of IgG in psoriatic scales at the site of the stratum corneum antigen. They were also studied histologically. Early and fully developed psoriatic lesions tended to have more widespread deposits of IgG in the stratum corneum than receding lesions. In biopsies with widespread IgG deposits the stratum corneum antigen usually could not be demonstrated because of blocking by in vivo bound IgG. Of the 42 control biopsies of skin lesions from patients with other dermatoses which were examined with this system two gave the IF staining patterns which were seen most commonly in psoriatic lesions. In these two cases strong widespread IgG deposits occurred in compartment 3, and 4 was very similar to compartment 3. One case was diagnosed as lichen planus and one as cornu cutaneum. Comparisons of the IF findings in psoriatic and control lesion biopsies indicate that significantly more of the former have: (1) IgG deposits at the combining sites of stratum corneum antibodies (92 vs. 50%) and (2) no demonstrable stratum corneum antigen because of ‘blocking’ by in vivo bound IgG, i.e. compartment 3 like 4 (56 vs. 7%). A highly significant inverse relation between the in vivo deposits of IgG and demonstrability of stratum corneum antigen appeared regardless of the clinical condition. This observation lends support to the view that the IgG which is bound to the sites of the stratum corneum antigen in skin lesions may in fact be in vivo bound stratum corneum autoantibody.
Observations on Rabbit Thymocytes and Peripheral T Cells
Authors: Wilson Anne B. , Gurner B.W. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: July 2009

The affinity of rabbit thymocytes and a proportion of lymphocytes for homologous and autologous erythrocytes has been investigated. Thymocytes were found to rosette strongly with untreated, washed erythrocytes, although reactions on peripheral lymphocytes from blood and lymph nodes were weaker. Enzyme treatment of the erythrocytes was used in attempts to improve reactions with peripheral lymphocytes. While neuraminidase-treated cells showed no increased reactivity, erythrocytes treated with papain were more firmly bound and reacted with greater numbers of blood and lymph node cells. Evidence was obtained to show that peripheral lymphocytes which have an affinity for papain-treated erythrocytes belong to the thymus-derived T cell population.
Leukocyte Reactivity to α-Gliadin in Dermatitis Herpetiformis and Adult Coeliac Disease
Authors: Allardyce Randall A. , Shearman David J.C.
Published: July 2009

The leukocyte adherence inhibition test has been used to study leukocyte reactivity to α-gliadin in 20 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and 11 patients with adult coeliac disease. Leukocytes from both groups of patients showed a significant inhibition of leukocyte adherence thus indicating possible cell-mediated reactivity to this fraction of gluten.
Potentiating Effect of D2O on the Ascaris-Induced, Reagin-Mediated Model of Asthma in the Rhesus Monkey Studied with a Double Aerosolized Antigen Challenge Technique
Authors: Patterson Roy , Irons John S. , Harris Kathleen E.
Published: July 2009

Rhesus monkeys with IgE-mediated sensitivity have respiratory reactions following aerosol challenge with antigen. Studies of agents affecting this response have previously been limited by variations in animal responsiveness at different times. A method for avoiding this variability was tested in these experiments by comparing the degree of response to two antigen challenges during the same experiment and subsequently repeating the experiment with antigen dissolved in a mixture of H2O and D2O. D2O was selected for testing because it should theoretically potentiate histamine-mediated respiratory responses. The results of the studies indicated that there is a potentiating effect of D2O on the antigen-induced respiratory response in rhesus monkeys. The double antigen challenge system described should have potential use for study of a variety of inhibiting or potentiating agents on the rhesus model of asthma.
Immune Response in the Guinea Pig to Penicillin-Autologous Carrier Proteins
Authors: Girard J.-P. , Cuevas M.
Published: July 2009

The spontaneous fixation of penicillin G on guinea pig serum protein was studied. Serum albumin and Ig were shown to fix firmly over 95% of penicillin. Therefore, guinea pigs were immunized with penicillin alone or penicillin-autologous carrier protein conjugates. The production of hemagglutinating antibody, of MIF and the in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes were analyzed as immunological parameters. The results showed that in all cases the strongest immunological response was obtained with animals immunized with the protein-hapten conjugates, whereas no response could be obtained with the carrier protein alone. Finally it was shown that the conjugates significantly stimulated purified T cell population. These results suggest that the antigenic recognition of penicillin involves the participation of lymphocytes.
Correlation between Mature and Immature Thymocytes
Authors: Kasahara Tadashi , Shioiri-Nakano Kohei , Osawa Toshiaki
Published: July 2009

Low-dense mature thymocytes (MT) and high-dense immature thymocytes (IMT) were investigated. Immature thymocyte-potentiating factor (IMPF) was found in the supernatant from MT stimulated by Con A. On the other hand, suppressing activity was present in the supernatant from the unstimulated IMT. IMPF was different from Con A itself. Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography of IMPF revealed that the activity was recovered at the position between bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin.
Detection of Cellular Hypersensitivity among Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients to 6/94 Virus; a Parainfluenza Type 1 Isolate from MS Brain Tissue
Authors: Rauch Helene C. , King Karen M. , Lewandowski Leon J.
Published: July 2009

Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and normal subjects were tested for cellular hypersensitivity, using the leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMI), to a parainfluenza-1-virus (6/94), previously isolated from brain biopsy tissue of an MS patient. The response of MS patients as a group was not greater than that of normals to 6/94, but a significant increase in the response was observed among selected patients in the early active and chronic advanced stages of the disease. MS patients, however, did not differ from normal subjects in their cell response to Sendai virus, a similar parainfluenza type 1 virion used for comparison.
On the Question of Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier to Botulinum Toxin
Authors: Boroff † Daniel A. , Chen Gregory Shu
Published: July 2009

The clinical symptoms of botulinum intoxication suggest that besides the involvement of the peripheral nervous system, the central nervous system is also affected. Studies were undertaken to determine whether pure toxin of Clostridium botulinum type A could be demonstrated in the brains of poisoned mice. With the aid of autoradiography of the toxin marked with 125I and indirect fluorescent labeling it was possible to show the presence of the toxin in the parenchyma of the brain.
Effect of Substitution on Reactivity of B 512 Dextran Fractions with Anti-B 512 Dextran in Heterologous Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
Authors: Richter Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

The influence of type and degree of substitution of B 512 dextran fractions on reactivity with rabbit antibodies against unmodified B 512 dextran was studied in heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Low degrees of substitution, i.e. 1 substituent group per 7–30 glucose residues, affected reactivity with anti-dextran only slightly or not at all. This was shown for the following substituents: sulphate, carboxymethyl, phosphate, diethylaminoethyl, hydroxypropyl, butyryl, caprylyl, stearoyl, and fluoresceinoyl groups. With high degress of substitution, i.e. 1–3 substituents per 2 glucose residues, reactivity with anti-B-512-dextran is completely abolished for some substituents, and a new immunological identity conferred on the substituted dextran. Strongly charged groups like sulphate, carboxymethyl and diethylaminoethyl abolish reactivity with anti-B-512-dextran at relatively lower degrees of substitution than more neutral groups like methyl and acetyl. The anti-B-512-dextran represents a specific reagent for α-1,6-linked polyglucose, as evidenced by complete cross-reactivity with synthetic linear dextran; its specificity is emphasized by non-reactivity with α-1,6-linked synthetic mannan, the monomeric residues of the two polymers differing only in position of the C2 hydroxyl groups.
Unique Serum Requirement for Histamine Release from Human Basophils
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Levine Bernard B.
Published: July 2009

Basophil histamine release in a patient with an IgE-mediated seminal plasma allergy had a requirement for serum. Washed leukocytes, in the absence of serum, released little histamine on challenge with seminal plasma antigen. The addition of serum markedly enhanced the release. However, serum had only a mild effect on ragweed antigen induced histamine release from the same cells of this individual. Serum from normal donors was equally effective as autologous serum. Heating the serum and treating it with mercaptoethanol did not destroy this activity. The serum effect was unique in that another patient with seminal plasma allergy did not demonstrate this phenomenon. It is postulated that the effect of the serum is to stabilize the antibody-antigen step at the basophil surface.
Ontogeny of Spontaneous Rosette-Forming Cells in the Chicken
Authors: Tufveson Gunnar , Alm Gunnar V.
Published: July 2009

Cells forming rosettes (RFC) with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and rabbit erythrocytes (RRBC) were studied during the ontogeny of the bursa of Fabricius of the chicken. The frequency of SRBC-RFC was low but significant in the bursa of 15-day-old embryos, and increased thereafter in an approximately linear fashion with the age of the bursa donor until at least in 43-day-old chickens. The total number of SRBC-RFC per bursa increased throughout the ontogeny with no evidence for any abrupt increase after hatch. The mean number of SRBC bound per RFC also increased after hatch. In contrast the frequency of bursal RRBC-RFC was high in 15-day-old embryos, significantly decreased on embryonic day 18, remained low until at least 7 days after hatch and then increased significantly. The total number of RRBC-RFC per bursa in contrast remained relatively constant during the embryonic period and the first week after hatch and thereafter increased markedly. No change in the mean number of RRBC bound per RFC could be demonstrated during the ontogeny. RRBC-RFC were also frequent in the yolk sac, spleen, and thymus of 15-day-old embryos.
Impairment of Mitochondrial Respiratory Control by Activated Lymphocytes
Authors: Bootello A. , Fernandez-Cruz E. , Kreisler M. , Arnaiz-Villena A. , Jimenez L. , Segovia de Arana J.M. , Gosalvez M. , Blanco M.F.
Published: July 2009

Mitochondria isolated from rat livers were used as a source of antigens capable of producing in vitro activation of lymphocytes that had previously been sensitized in vivo with the same antigen. Such lymphocytes were shown to have an injurious effect on target mitochondria, as was demonstrated by a new biochemical approach based on the study of the inhibition by these cells of mitochondrial respiratory control. A somewhat milder injurious capacity was also observed in normal and sensitized lymphocytes activated in vitro with the mitogen PHA. The alteration of the respiratory control of mitochondria by lymphocytes correlated with an increase in DNA synthesis in these cells.
Effect of Prednisolone on Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in vitro
Authors: Sanderson Colin J. , Franks David
Published: July 2009

The effect of prednisolone on the kinetics of killing of Detroit-6 cells by rat lymphocytes has been studied utilizing the release of 51Cr as a measure of target cell death. The results show that in both killing by allergized lymphocytes, and killing of antibody coated target cells by normal lymphocytes, there is a short (less than 15 min) prednisolone-sensitive induction phase. Prednisolone has no effect on the reaction after this phase. The inhibition of induction by prednisolone appears to have two mechanisms. The first occurs rapidly following the addition of the drug to the cells, and must involve a primary action of prednisolone. Washing the cells free of prednisolone allows initiation, and killing can proceed almost normally, but if these washed cells are preincubated before mixing with target cells, then a secondary inhibition of induction develops progressively.
Inhibition of Xenogeneic Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in the Rat by Antiglobulin Sera
Authors: Franks David , Kelly Monica M. , Sanderson Colin J.
Published: July 2009

Differences can be demonstrated between the lysis of xenogeneic target cells by lymphocytes of injected rats, which is inhibited by antiglobulin serum, and the lysis of antibody-coated xenogeneic target cells by normal rat lymphoid cells, which is much less readily inhibited. This difference is demonstrated by the dilution of antiglobulin which is effective, and by the fact that inhibition of lysis produced by allergic lymphocytes can be shown if the lymphocytes are treated with antiglobulin and then washed. Differences can also be shown in the time course of inhibition, since to be effective antiglobulin must be present at the time of mixing normal lymphocytes and antibody-coated target cells, whereas addition of antiglobulin to allergized lymphocytes 4h after mixing with target cells still produces significant inhibition. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that allergic lymphocytes have immunoglobulin on their surfaces and kill by a different mechanism from the lymphoid cells which lyse antibody-coated target cells.
Inhibition of the Terminal Stage of Complement-Mediated Lysis (Reactive Lysis) by Zinc and Copper Ions
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Takahashi M.
Published: July 2009

The effect of various metal ions, Fe++, Fe+++, Cu++, Zn++, Co++, on the terminal stage of reactive lysis (a form of complement-mediated hemolysis in which only late-acting components of complement are required) was studied. Only Cu++ and Zn++ exhibited an inhibitory effect on the lysis of EC5678 (sheep erythrocytes reacted with C56, C7 and C8) induced by C9. The mode of action of these metal ions was further explored. Both Cu++ and Zn++ inhibited the formation of hemolytically active EC56789 from EC5678 and C9. Their effect appeared to be primarily due to the inhibition of C9 binding to EC5678 through their reversible interaction with C9. Furthermore, Cu++ is shown to inactivate irreversibly the hemolytic activity of EC5678. EC5678 pretreated with Cu++ was capable of binding C9, but the resulting EC56789 was hemolytically inactive. Besides their effect on complement, both metal ions were shown to affect directly the erythrocyte membrane, since the mechanical lysis of hemolytic intermediate cells (E, EC567, EC5678) was suppressed by Cu++ and Zn++. The lysis of EC56789, a process of internal activation, was also inhibited by both Cu++ and Zn++.
Effect of T-Cell Depletion on the Growth of BCG in the Mouse Footpad
Authors: Collins F.M. , Auclair L. , Montalbine V.
Published: July 2009

The growth of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG Montreal) and M. tuberculosis Erdman was determined in normal and T-cell depleted (THXB) mice when injected subcutaneously into a hind footpad. The bacilli multiplied only to a limited extent within the footpad itself but the infection quickly spread to the draining popliteal lymph node to eventually reach the liver, spleen and lung. The amount of systemic growth seen in the THXB mice was 10–100 times greater than in the normal controls, all of which developed a tuberculin hypersensitivity and an immune response in 14–18 days. T-cell depletion completely inhibited the expression of tuberculin sensitivity by the infected host as well as ablating the antituberculous response against both the vaccinating BCG population and a superinfecting Erdman challenge inoculum. Incorporation studies in the THXB mice indicated a striking reduction in cell division within the draining lymph node but there was an unexpected elevation in the level of incorporation by the lung cells as the BCG infection progressed. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the possible use of the BCG footpad model for studies of leprosy immunity.
Quantitation of Human Peripheral Blood T and B Lymphocytes
Authors: Whiteside Theresa L. , Berardi Ronald S. , Rabin Bruce S.
Published: July 2009

Centrifugation of heparinized peripheral blood on Ficoll-Hypaque under defined conditions is a most common method of lymphocyte purification in clinical studies. A loss of 25–30% of lymphocytes may occur during this procedure due to incomplete recovery of lymphocytes from the plasma layer after the gradient centrifugation and/or to poor recovery during the washing process. The loss is not selective since T and B cells are lost in the same proportions as determined by several different methods for T and B cell identification. Quantitation of T and B lymphocytes in terms of total number/mm3 of peripheral blood is necessary in order to determine deficiencies in either of these two cell populations. The percentage values are inadequate in clinical evaluations. Thus, patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia show elevated absolute number of T cells as compared to normals, even though the percentage values are much lower. The absolute numbers of T and B cells as well as percentages ought to be reported in all clinical studies.
Anti-DNA Investigated by the DNA Bentonite Flocculation Technique
Authors: Diederichsen Hans , Nielsen Ole Saxtrup
Published: July 2009

The DNA bentonite flocculation test was used to investigate the presence of antibody to DNA. In most sera a prozone-like phenomenon was found, caused by a non-specific inhibition of serum. Anti-DNA was found with extreme frequency in patients with SLE, chronic liver disease, acute hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, and blood donors over the age of 60, but was found rarely or not at all in patients with some other diseases or blood donors under 60 years of age.
Two Pancreas ‘Tissue-Specific’ Antigens in Normal Human Urine, One Being an Esterase
Authors: Greene E.L. , Halbert S.P. , Kiefer D.
Published: July 2009

Hyperimmune antiserum to human pancreas was exhaustively absorbed with plasma, kidney, and submaxillary gland. The resulting antiserum showed up to seven antigens in pancreas extracts by gel diffusion methods, but failed to react detectably with extracts of 17 other organs and tissues. However, this apparently ‘tissue-specific’ anti-pancreas reagent regularly revealed two of the pancreas antigens in normal human urine concentrates. One of the latter was an anodal esterase. Although the identity of the second is not yet known, it was shown to be devoid of the following enzyme activities: amylase, catalase, glucosaminidase, glucuronidase, cystine-aminopeptidase, phosphatases and sulfatase.
Inhibition by Nicotinamide of an Homologous PCA Reaction and Antigen-Induced Histamine Release from Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Wyczółkowska Janina , Maśliński Cz.
Published: July 2009

The antigen-induced release of histamine both in vitro from rat peritoneal cell suspensions containing mast cells actively sensitized with IgE antibody and in vivo from passively sensitized skin can be inhibited by relatively high doses of nicotinamide. The action of nicotinamide on the cellular mechanism involved in the regulation of antigen-induced histamine release is discussed.
Effects of Reduced Oxygen and Glucose Levels on Ocular Cells in vitro: Implications for Tissue Models
Authors: Sander Edward A. , Nauman Eric A.
Published: July 2009

An important goal of tissue engineering is the development of better in vitro tissue models for the study and treatment of diseases, especially those that are difficult to model in animals, such as glaucoma. In order to properly interpret experimental results designed to mimic in vivo conditions, it is necessary to characterize the metabolic state of the in vitro culture. The goal of this study was to determine how porcine lamina cribrosa cells (PLC), porcine scleral fibroblasts (PSC) and rat astrocytes (RAS) respond metabolically to reduced glucose and oxygen levels compared to normal in vitro culture conditions. Throughout the culture period, cell number and the levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glutamate were characterized. Cell number in the PLC and PSC was more sensitive to glucose level than oxygen, while the RAS exhibited sensitivities to both variables. While the pyruvate and glutamate levels did not vary substantially between groups, glucose consumption and lactate production were dependent on culture condition. In addition, the ΔL/ΔG ratio was dependent on glucose and oxygen levels, but not cell type at early time points. By day 7, however, the RAS exhibited ratios consistently lower than the other cell types. The results of this study serve as a basis for future studies into the degenerative matrix remodeling in the glaucomatous optic nerve head, and may prove insightful for other tissue engineering applications.
Endothelial Cell Transduction in Primary Cultures from Regressing Mesonephros
Authors: Nacher Víctor , Carretero Ana , Navarro Marc , Ayuso Eduard , Ramos David , Luppo Mariana , Rodríguez Alfonso , Mendes Luisa , Herrero-Fresneda Immaculada , Ruberte Jesús
Published: July 2009

Loss of renal function during normal aging is associated with vascular alterations. Consequently, new therapeutic approaches, including gene therapy, to protect renal endothelial cells are expected to be greatly beneficial. Quail mesonephros is a transitory embryonic kidney that has been used for the study of vascular development and involution. Vascular alterations in regressing mesonephros are similar to those observed in aging kidney. In the present study, we examined adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to endothelial cells in primary cultures from developing and regressing quail mesonephros. Quail embryos with developing and regressing mesonephros were examined on day 6 (30HH) and day 11 (40HH) of incubation, respectively. The senescence markers, associated β-galactosidase activity and p16INK4a, were examined in whole mesonephros. Quail embryos were injected intracardiacally with adenoviral vectors (rAd-CMV-LacZ) and endothelial cell transduction examined. In addition, primary cell cultures from mesonephros were exposed to adenoviral vectors. Endothelial cells in primary cultures were identified as QH1(+), LEP100(–) and acidic phosphatase(–) cells and adenovirus-transduced cells were those positive for bacterial-associated β-galactosidase activity. We report that endothelial cells in the whole regressing mesonephros and primary cell cultures expressed senescence markers. In addition, we observed that adenoviral vectors were able to transduce endothelial cells in the whole regressing mesonephros, and that cultured endothelial and macrophagic cells from the regressing mesonephros were more efficiently transduced than those derived from the developing mesonephros. Our results suggest that quail mesonephros provides a practical model to assay gene transfer to endothelial cells in regressing/senescent vessels.
Inhibition of 3H-Thymidine Incorporation into Human Lymphocytes by Dialyzable Material of Streptokinase-Streptodornase
Authors: Kuroume T. , Suzuki S. , Nemoto H. , Shibasaki M. , Matsumura T.
Published: July 2009

Using the 3H-thymidine incorporation test, the lymphocyte-stimulating activity of streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD, Varidase) and its fractions were evaluated. The dose-response curves of all the preparations except the third fraction had two peaks with the maximum around 5 and 40 μg. The dialyzable fraction of Sk-SD (D-SK-SD) occupying approximately half of the original sample had almost no lymphocyte-stimulating activity; and conversely, it had a potent inhibitory effect on the 3H-thymidine incorporation into lymphocytes that normally occurs with non-dialyzable SK-SD (ND-SK-SD), PPD and PHA-P. Therefore, it will be desirable to remove the dialyzable fraction from the commercial SK-SD preparation when it is used for the determination of the capacity of cellular immunity against SK-SD.
Binding of Morphine by Serum Globulins from Morphine-Treated Rabbits
Authors: Beranek Jiri T. , DeCato Louis , Adler Frank L.
Published: July 2009

Data are presented which show that the increased binding of morphine by sera from rabbits which had been treated with morphine in an appropriate manner is mediated by immunoglobulins and is specific. These observations, together with findings reported in the preceding paper, suggest that morphine or one of its derivatives can evoke specific immune responses. It seems most likely that the response is evoked by a complex, formed in vivo, of a tissue or serum protein and morphine or one of its metabolites.