bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deconstruction and Reconstruction
Authors: McGee John
Published: January 2015

Disintermediation is a well known phenomenon by which the proprietary links within firms that hold together the value chain give way to the coordination mechanisms of marketplaces – thus, outsourcing takes place. When this replacement of internal activities ceases to be piecemeal and becomes systematic, then we have
deconstruction
. This arises from developments in knowledge such that the conventional tacit knowledge that binds organizations together is giving way to new and explicit knowledge available more widely.
Reconstruction
is the phenomenon by which existing proprietary knowledge is applied to new (to the firm) business activities (value chains) to create new economies of scale and scope. What is changing is the tacit, idiosyncratic knowledge that sustains the firm is increasingly being made explicit, being appropriated by others, being diffused and replicated, and is becoming industrialized (i.e., being produced in large volumes at lower cost). If the tacit knowledge base of the firm were to become substitutable by external knowledge providers then the nature of the firm changes because its vertical integration and diversification patterns will become unsustainable, first eroding and then being replaced by different patterns. As knowledge changes, proprietary links give way to markets.
Innovation Blowback
Authors: Sammut‐Bonnici Tanya
Published: January 2015

Innovation blowback refers to the unforeseen outcomes of investments that corporations make in emerging markets. The setting up of business in new territories often encourages local companies to improve their processes, products, and performance and to create competition for the original investors, both in the local and the home markets.

Companies in emerging markets have proven to be more aggressive with innovation practices than the foreign investors. Their ability to engage in frugal, creative innovation provide them with the competitive capability to produce efficient low‐cost products. The low price of the products creates a high demand for them from the mass market at the base of the economic pyramid.

The scale of the demand for mass‐market products provides the companies in the emerging markets with new economic power. The innovative products and services that they develop quickly evolve into a major source of supply both in the emerging and the developed markets.
Strategy Director
Authors: Angwin Duncan
Published: January 2015

This article identifies the nature and work of strategy directors. It observes that their characteristics vary by geographic context. The article argues strategy directors have a critical role in handling paradoxes and tensions within organizations that strive to become more agile in turbulent contexts.
Privatization
Authors: Avgeropoulos Stephanos
Published: January 2015

Privatization is the transfer of a controlling interest in a state‐owned organization, to private ownership.
post‐acquisition integration
Authors: Angwin Duncan
Published: January 2015

This article observes that value is created or destroyed in the post‐acquisition integration phase. It highlights four distinct post acquisition integration strategies which can enable acquirers to benefit from an acquisition. It also identifies the critical role of speed, leadership and communication during this process.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Angwin Duncan
Published: January 2015

This article reviews merger waves and comments on the drivers for deals taking place. It also comments on successes and failures in M&A and links this to the way in which these phenomena have been studied overtime; from a planning and positioning to process and practice perspectives.
Diversification
Authors: Simmonds Paul
Published: January 2015

Over time, companies will follow an evolutionary path that, depending on their appetite for growth (organic or acquisitive), will take them from being focused on a single business activity to having a portfolio of unrelated business activities. The Model of Corporate Development has these two corporate forms at its extremes with dominant business and related diversified business companies as intermediate stages. Companies may choose not to progress beyond a particular stage and, after a general movement toward greater diversification through much of the second half of the twentieth century, the flow over the last 20 years or so has been toward greater focus.
Technology Intelligence in the Era of Open Innovation
Authors: Durand Thomas
Published: January 2015

TI is about scanning the environment in search of scientific breakthroughs and new technological options, assessing the associated risks and potential benefits, and monitoring strategic technological moves by competitors. TI serves two processes: strategy elaboration and innovation. TI surveys both current and future technologies and tracks competitors. TI scans through publications and patent databases, deal flows of venture capital funds, emerging start‐ups in incubators and technology parks, while calling on technical experts and additional informal sources. TI relies on surveys and foresight methods to produce scenarios about potential technological futures that can feed the strategy and innovation processes. TI calls upon a variety of formats to present its deliverables to those players within the organization who need these as inputs. Conversely, all those exposed to bits and pieces of information about technology are to be coordinated within the organization to collectively collect, analyze, compile, synthesize and disseminate useful technological information
Options and the Analysis of Technology Projects
Authors: Nelling Edward
Published: January 2015

The traditional method of analyzing corporate projects, referred to as capital budgeting, involves discounted cash flow computations to determine the project's net present value (NPV).
Types of Innovation
Authors: Garcia Rosanna
Published: January 2015

In this article we offer an organizing framework, or typology, for the different types of innovations that a firm may create or experience. Because of the plethora of terms used to label innovations, the focus here is on the most widely referenced types of innovations: product/service versus process, radical versus incremental, technological versus administrative, architectural versus modular, and disruptive versus sustaining. Having a common way of conceptualizing innovations provides researchers and managers a foundation for gaining a greater understanding on how to manage different types of innovations in the firms portfolio.
Diffusion of Innovation
Authors: Di Benedetto C. Anthony
Published: January 2015

Diffusion of innovation is the process by which an innovative product spreads within a market. Several models have been proposed to describe this process. According to Rogers' model, the diffusion rate is influenced by product characteristics and diffusion progresses by word of mouth. Moore's crossing‐the‐chasm model focuses on differences between customer segments, and notes that word‐of‐mouth may not necessarily flow from early to later adopters. Both Rogers' and Moore's models offer managerial insights and implications. Diffusion models, such as Bass's model of durable goods sales, are often used to predict the rate of diffusion of innovative products into the market. Intriguing questions still remain regarding global diffusion of products.
Consumer Interaction with Novel Interfaces: A Typology of Learning from Product Use
Authors: Ziamou Paschalina Lilia
Published: January 2015

A central factor in the adoption of technological innovations is the nature of consumer interaction with new interfaces and how this interaction ultimately impacts adoption. The challenge for firms commercializing novel interfaces is not only to understand how this learning occurs but also to anticipate how they can proactively facilitate consumers' learning process. We propose four types of learning processes that are likely to facilitate adoption: two consumer driven and two firm driven.
Technology Strategy
Authors: Floyd Steven W. , Wolf Carola
Published: January 2015

Technology strategy represents managers' efforts to think systematically about the role of technology in decisions affecting the long‐term success of the organization.
The Generations ofR&Dand Innovation Management
Authors: Miller William L.
Published: January 2015

Since 1900, there have been four generations of innovation and R&D management theory and practice. The first three generations were based on a linear model and process that begins with research and but generally does not effectively progress through development to commercialization. The current fourth generation (4G) has twelve new principles that improve the effectiveness and efficiency of innovation and R&D management. The linear model is replaced in 4G with a nonlinear model and iterative nonlinear process in the “front‐end” of innovation. 4G extends the previous model of entrepreneurship to coordinate innovation among a group of suppliers called a “galaxy” in which a set of latent market and industry needs have to be identified and the components of a solution also have to be determined to satisfy the needs. The 4G solution is based on (i) a set of new capabilities for suppliers to deliver a different set of capabilities to customers, (ii) new business models linked among suppliers, and (iii) new market or industry structures. 4G facilitates the discovery of the latent needs and the creation of a solution that can become a dominant design which will govern the radical innovation in a transformed market or industry.
Dual Career Ladders in Organizations
Authors: Weer Christy H. , Greenhaus Jeffrey H.
Published: January 2015

Organizations with dual career ladders provide technical employees with alternative opportunities for organizational advancement. Technical professionals may choose to advance through one of two ladders – the management ladder or the technical ladder. Ideally, both ladders provide similar career advancement opportunities and organizational rewards. It has been suggested that providing technical professionals with career advancement alternatives can benefit employees as well as organizations. Individuals who work for organizations with dual ladder systems should experience increased job satisfaction and motivation as they are able to pursue the career path that best suits their skills, talents, and desires. Moreover, organizations that successfully implement dual‐ladder systems should be better able to attract and retain key technical professionals. However, dual‐ladder systems have also received criticism. It has been said that in some organizations, dual ladders may indeed be available, however, they are often less than equal in status and rewards. In addition, advancing on the technical side often takes significantly longer than advancing through managerial ranks.
Human Resources inR&D
Authors: Farris George F. , Chen Yi‐Yu
Published: January 2015

Effective management of technical professionals has been studied for many years, yet it remains a challenging topic for managers and scholars alike.
The
S
tage‐
G
ate® Product Innovation System: from Idea to Launch
Authors: Cooper Robert G.
Published: January 2015

A Stage‐Gate® system is a conceptual and operational map for moving a new‐product project from idea through to launch and beyond – a blueprint for managing the product innovation process to improve effectiveness and efficiency.
Learning and Experience
Authors: Olk Paul , McGowan Robert
Published: January 2015

Effective management of knowledge and how an organization learns from its experiences have become increasingly relevant to most technology‐effective and innovation management issues. Organizational learning has been identified in technology and innovation management research as critical to a firm achieving and sustaining a competitive advantage. We address this development by focusing on what is meant by knowledge, how individual knowledge leads to organizational learning, and the various ways firms learn.
Organizing for Innovation
Authors: Jelinek Mariann
Published: January 2015

This article summarizes the history of efforts to organize innovation. Organizing for innovation is an apparent oxymoron: “organizing” suggests continuity and reliability, while “innovation” emphasizes change. Efforts to address this dichotomy have drawn on different tools over time, initially beginning with structure, then moving to systems – especially systems for information sharing and authority – and most recently to teams. Contemporary innovation efforts highlight the collaborative, extra‐organizational character of much innovation, where networks of firms cooperate to create new technology, design products and production processes, market and distribute, and provide after‐sales service. Networked teams of partners across organizations, and sophisticated agreements on sharing gains, are the current state of the art, typically making extensive use of digital information sharing and communication, to include online collaboration and virtual meetings, among other technologies.
Project Management Under High Uncertainty
Authors: Sommer Svenja C. , Loch Christoph H.
Published: January 2015

A project can be defined as a sequence of activities undertaken to accomplish a temporary endeavor (with a defined completion date) to create a unique product or service (Meredith and Mantel.
Evaluating Innovation Projects
Authors: Rice Mark P.
Published: January 2015

Established enterprises have highly developed and broadly implemented practices for evaluation of projects that support ongoing operations. In contrast, managerial practices for evaluation of innovation projects that embody high uncertainty are often limited and less mature. This article illuminates and discusses the difference in evaluation processes/systems for two different categories of innovation projects: those that support or extend ongoing operations and that are marked by relatively low uncertainty (product/brand support, and derivative or incremental innovation); and those involving more than incremental change with respect to ongoing operations and that are marked by relatively high uncertainty on multiple dimensions (platform, radical, break through, discontinuous, or game‐changing innovation). The questions about project evaluation that are addressed include the following. (i) Why is project evaluation important? (ii) How should project evaluation be conducted? (iii) When should project evaluation occur? (iv) What criteria should be used for project evaluation? (v) Who should engage in project evaluation?
Managing Project–Organization Coupling in Breakthrough Innovation
Authors: Heller Trudy
Published: January 2015

The relationship between an innovation project and its host organization is the arena wherein the marrying of the innovation to established organizational capabilities and strategies is consummated. This article explores loosely‐coupled systems as an apt metaphor for this interface.Because the model calls attention tomutual influences of innovators and managers and to ways in which projects and organizations are at once loosened from and coupled to each other, it complements other studies that focus oneitherthe innovation project or the sponsoring organization. Findingsshed light on how to manage the relative independence of innovation projectsfrom their sponsoring corporations.

Based on prior studies of 13 innovation projects in two Fortune 500 corporations, everyday actions that loosen and couple innovation projects to the strategy and organizational capabilities of the corporation are identified. Findings include: (i) Ordinary, daily decisions, not just extraordinary actions of champions, determine the relative independence of projects and organizations; (ii) Projects may be given independence at a local level of organization, yet be closely scrutinized by senior management; (iii) Innovators may experience a motivational surge if the innovation project allows them to work with greater independence – or a decrease in motivation if the project work reduces their independence.
Innovation at the National Level
Authors: Peters Lois S. , Narayanan V. K. , O'Connor Gina C. , Tribbitt Mark
Published: January 2015

This article introduces the reader to the evolution of the concept of innovation systems at the national level. National Innovation systems (NIS) are variously defined as a system for generating and diffusing new technologies or, or as a tool to identify key linkages in the system of technical institutions and other organizations to create and manage innovation. Government support and area of technological focus are two components that contribute to the effectiveness of a national innovation system but they are not a sufficient explanation for high performing systems. Examples of other factors contributing to a nation's innovation are its level of education, its ability to commercialize innovation, and its overall social and cultural climate. NIS policy studies aim to describe and compare the most important institutions, organizations, activities, and interactions of public and private actors that take part in or influence the innovation process of a country. NIS thinking has led to a structurally different view of how government can stimulate the innovation performance of a country. It shifts focus away from labor and wages and draws policy makers' attention to “getting the institutional environment right.”
National Innovation System in Singapore
Authors: Koh Winston , Phan Phillip
Published: January 2015

Since independence in 1965, Singapore enjoyed an annual growth averaging 8.5%. According to the Global Competitiveness Report, her economy is consistently ranked in the top 10 globally. Singapore has no external debt, and her foreign exchange reserves of more than US$250 billion ranks as one of the highest in the world. Singapore's development strategy has shifted from emphasizing using technology to creating it through four phases of transition. An industrial take‐off phase from the 1960s to the mid‐1970s, based on technology transfer from foreign MNCs; growth in technological process development supported by local industry to the late‐1980s; rapid expansion of applied R&D and publicly funded R&D institutions to the late‐1990s; and now, an emphasis on high tech start‐ups and technology creation capabilities.
J
apan's National Innovation System
Authors: Watanabe Chihiro , Fukuda Kayano
Published: January 2015

Japan's high‐tech miracle as an industrial society up until the end of the 1980s prompts the postulate that coevolutionary dynamism between innovation and institutional systems is decisive for an innovation‐driven economy and that Japan indigenously incorporates a sophisticated capacity in such dynamism. Japanese industry's R&D intensity (R&D expenditure per GDP, gross domestic product) ranks second after Sweden in 30 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development) countries, while its government ratio of R&D to industry R&D is the lowest. This demonstrates Japan's sophisticated capacity to induce vigorous R&D from its industry.

However, Japan's contrasting economic stagnation in an information society, resulting in a “lost decade” in the 1990s, prompts another postulate that such stagnation can be attributed to a system conflict between a new paradigm in an information society and the traditional business model formed by organizational inertia and further that an innovation‐driven economy may stagnate if institutional systems cannot adapt to innovations.

Although Japan's dynamism fell by the wayside in the 1990s, resulting in a lost decade, it reemerged in the early 2000s. This is attributable to the coevolution between indigenous strength developed in an industrial society and the effects of cumulative learning from competitors in an information society. This is based on the hybrid management of technology (MOT) fusing the East (indigenous strength) and the West (learning from what can only be described as a digital economy).
National Innovation System of the
R
ussian Federation
Authors: Cooper Julian
Published: January 2015

The Russian Federation possesses a large R&D system in terms of personnel and funding but it is debatable whether it has a national innovation system in the normally understood sense. In terms of personnel the system has contracted to a significant degree since the collapse of the USSR but from an institutional point of view it still retains many features of the Soviet R&D system. State‐owned organisations predominate, budget funding plays a major role and the economy, while now working on market principles, is characterised by poor innovative performance. Furthermore, the share of military R&D remains relatively large. The number of scientists has begun to stabilise but the average age is high and the retention of young specialists is often difficult because of inadequate rates of pay. In recent years the government has devoted considerable attention to improving the R&D system and boosting innovation. New “institutions of development” have been established and the role in research of the higher educational system, relatively weak in Soviet times, has been enhanced. Russia now faces intense competition from China and other emerging economies: boosting the performance of the innovation system has become a central policy goal.
National Innovation System inGermany
Authors: Allen Matthew M.C.
Published: January 2015

This article examines the development of Germany innovation system. It focuses on the institutional supports for the development of new products and services. The role of research institutes, funding bodies, political initiatives, educational systems, and vocational training schemes are analyzed. The characteristics of these institutions can often help to explain German competitive strengths in medium‐high‐technology industries. Such industries often require long‐term financing and workers with well‐developed industry skills. The national innovation system in Germany is well placed to provide these resources to companies. However, this can create difficulties for companies in high‐tech industries. Various government initiatives have sought to redress this imbalance. It is too soon to tell how successful those efforts have been.
The Dutch Innovation System: Raising the Lowland?
Authors: van der Duin Patrick
Published: January 2015

In the last 50 years, the Dutch innovation system has contributed significantly to the country's economic and social prosperity. Its most important strengths are the high quality of its scientific institutions, good access to ICT and the existence of very diversified industrial networks. However, in order to stay innovative. The Dutch innovation system should improve considerably when it comes to topics like the “innovation paradox”, the willingness of Dutch managers to take entrepreneurial risks, the amount of spending (both commercial and governmental) on R&D, and the development of a government policy that is focused more on the process of innovation than on deciding in which innovative opportunities to invest government funds.
National Innovation System of Italy
Authors: Virgillito Daniele , Romano Marco
Published: January 2015

The aim of this section is to answer the following question: What kind of national system of innovation lies at the base of the Italian economy?

Italy represents one of the most successful examples of post–World War II economic growth.
Creating Knowledge and Innovation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Tribbitt Mark
Published: January 2015

Total spending by the United Kingdom across universities, research institutes and companies is discussed. Further, this spending is evaluated in terms of its influence on investment in knowledge, scientific performance, and technological performance is examined. In an effort to assess its overall performance as a nation the United Kingdom is compared to three different blocks of countries: (i) major industrialized countries – France, Germany, US, and Japan; (ii) small, high‐tech countries – Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland; and (iii) newcomer countries – Brazil, China, India, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Findings suggest that the United Kingdom is a leader in terms of publication output, but falls behind other nations in terms of patent output in the major science and technology areas of the world.
What are Emerging Technologies?
Authors: Narayanan V. K. , O'Connor Gina C.
Published: January 2015

Emerging technologies is a term used to cover the description of novel technologies, the processes by which they begin to infuse themselves into the commercial market place and the nature of their impact over time. They are arenas where major competitive battles are fought and won. This article also summarizes Perez, who provides a convenient way of describing the emergence process.
Biotechnology: The Technology of the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Mehta Shreefal
Published: January 2015

The twenty‐first century has been called “the Biotech Century”: a reference to the potential of emerging biotechnologies and their applications to significantly impact our lives and economies in the coming decades.
The Continuing Economic Potential of Nanotechnology
Authors: Peters Lois S.
Published: January 2015

Nanotechnology is an emerging technology that already has had commercial impact and potentially could revolutionize manufacturing and industry ecosystems. Drawing on interviews with company representatives, and discussions with nanotechnology scientists and engineers as well as secondary data, this article reviews the history of scientific developments, patents, products, company activities,nanotech business models, government resources, nanotechnology infrastructure and ethical, legal, social and educational dimensions of the nanotechnology platform to illustrate opportunities and challenges of nanotechnology commercialization. The continuing growth of nanotechnology enabled businesses and products and pace of technological development make observers increasingly convinced that nanotechnology will have a significant impact on society, business, and economic growth.
Emerging
W
eb Technologies
Authors: Anandarajan Murugan , Arinze Bay , Govindarajulu Chittibabu , Zaman Maliha
Published: January 2015

The Internet has radically transformed the way millions of people work and play, as well as all types of industries across the board.
Open Innovation
Authors: Vanhaverbeke Wim , Roijakkers Nadine
Published: January 2015

In the past 10 years, numerous interesting articles, book chapters, and books have been written on open innovation strategies in mainly large companies. While closed innovation models have resulted in important breakthrough innovations, many large companies have abandoned vertical integration strategies in recent years and have moved toward a combination of both closed and open innovation models that are used for reaching different sets of innovative goals. The definition of open innovation as proposed by Chesbrough is still the most commonly used notion of the concept. However, several respectable open innovation researchers have added to the theory and have offered valuable extensions to Chesbrough's widely used definition. While the open innovation literature strongly builds on important existing theories of innovation, there are several new contributions of the open innovation literature to the established body of literature: a strong focus on external technology commercialization; the positioning of the business model as the connection between a firm's innovation efforts and strategy; and the appreciation of the value associated with recognizing false negatives. Open innovation strategies are potentially useful in several different settings: in product innovation and in commodities; in high‐tech industries as well as in low‐tech sectors; and in small and large companies. However, research also shows that in all of these settings companies that have the necessary internal conditions in place find open innovation models to be the most useful. For the next 10 years, there are several interesting research themes in open innovation for researchers, both established scholars and young researchers, to explore.
Cloud Computing
Authors: Anandarajan Murugan , Arinze Bay
Published: January 2015

Cloud computing is a paradigm shift in which server hardware and software are not located onsite, but instead, accessed over the Internet on demand in a dynamically scalable and virtualized form. In this article, we discuss about cloud computing, the different forms and business/service models it can take, and suggest ways in which those service models should be matched to a subscriber's information processing requirements.
Do Police Officers' Beliefs About Emotional Witnesses Influence the Questions They Ask?
Authors: Kleider‐Offutt Heather M. , Cavrak Sarah E. , Knuycky Leslie R.
Published: January 2015

High emotional arousal associated with witnessing a crime promotes memory error. Police are trained to use open‐ended questioning (i.e., Cognitive Interview) to guard against contaminating fragile witness memory, but do they follow this protocol? We investigated whether officers' belief about arousal's impact on crime scene memory influenced their questioning procedures. Officers read crime scenarios describing the witness/victim as either emotionally distraught or calm, and then they chose among open‐ended and close‐ended question options for witness interviews. Results showed that emotionally aroused witnesses were asked more closed questions by officers who believed arousal did not hurt memory, while officers who believed arousal negatively impacted memory accuracy asked more open‐ended questions. This relationship was not influenced by police experience. Results suggest that regardless of training and empirical findings, beliefs about the arousal–memory relationship may guide the questioning technique that officers employ, potentially contaminating already vulnerable witness memory. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fan‐equipped reactor for dust explosion tests
Authors: Di Benedetto Almerinda , Russo Paola , Sanchirico Roberto , Di Sarli Valeria
Published: January 2015

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was developed with the aim at simulating the turbulent flow field and associated dust dispersion in an agitated spherical explosion vessel. Simulations were performed in the presence of two counter‐rotating fans and also after having switched‐off the fans. Numerical results have shown that the dust mainly accumulates at the center of the sphere in the space left by the four vortices formed. After the switch‐off of the fans, the dust particles start filling the empty volumes inside the sphere, reaching a quite uniform distribution (with concentration equal to the nominal value) and simultaneously ensuring a controlled value of turbulent kinetic energy. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1572–1580, 2015
Studies of polylactide/zinc oxide nanocomposites: influence of surface treatment on zinc oxide antibacterial activities in textile nanocomposites
Authors: Doumbia Awa Soronfé , Vezin Hervé , Ferreira Manuela , Campagne Christine , Devaux Eric
Published: January 2015

Polylactide (PLA)/zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposite filaments were produced with a melt‐spinning process, with the aim of obtaining antibacterial textiles. ZnO, an inorganic antibacterial nanofiller, is used to impart antibacterial properties to PLA. These nanoparticles suit the melt‐spinning process because of their high thermal stability and low granulometry. Generally, metallic oxides (e.g., ZnO) are used to recycle PLA via catalyzed unzipping depolymerization. In this study, we used different ways to finely disperse ZnO in PLA and produce filaments with a minimum degradation of the thermal and mechanical properties. Optimized antibacterial properties were obtained with a fabric containing ZnO with specific surface treatments. The reasons for this better antibacterial activity, related to the study of the antibacterial mechanism of ZnO, were investigated with different characterization techniques [X‐ray, electron probe microanalysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)]. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41776.
Counteracting ammonia inhibition during anaerobic digestion by recovery using submersible microbial desalination cell
Authors: Zhang Yifeng , Angelidaki Irini
Published: January 2015

Ammonia inhibition is one of the most frequent and serious problems in biogas plants. In this study, a novel hybrid system consisting of a submersible microbial desalination cell (SMDC) and a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) was developed for counteracting ammonia inhibition during anaerobic digestion (AD) with simultaneous in situ ammonia recovery and electricity production. The SMDC was powered by acetate in a buffer solution, while synthetic ammonia‐rich wastewater was used as the feeding of the CSTR. Under continuous operation, ammonia recovery rate of 86 g‐N/m2/day and current density of 4.33 A/m2 were achieved at steady‐state condition. As a result, 112% extra biogas was produced due to ammonia recovery by the SMDC. High‐throughput sequencing showed that ammonia recovery had an impact on the microbial community structures in the SMDC and CSTR. Considering the additional economic benefits of biogas enhancement and possible wastewater treatment, the SMDC may represent a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly method for waste resources recovery and biomethanation of ammonia‐rich residues. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1478–1482. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Personalized evolutionary hypothesis of breast neoplasm based on differential hybridization signals of subtelomeric probes
Authors: Mehdipour Parvin , Javan Firoozeh , Savad Shahram , Karbassian Hamid , Atri Morteza
Published: January 2015

The limited availability of data on somatic gene evolution in breast cancer is challenging item to apply an appropriate clinical management for each individual. As human subtelomeric sequences are diverse‐prone and variable, they can be considered as hot spots for analysis of the health or disease status. We compared the hybridization signals of subtelomeric sequences in normal cells with those in auxiliary lymph nodes (ALNs) isolated from a single patient. Distinct signal intensities were found in all chromosomes: weak (5, 6, 9–12, and 16–19), medium (1, 5–9, 19, and X), and strong (2, 5, 9, 10, 16, and 18) intensities. Signal intensities in the patient's ALN and lymphocytes were higher than in normal tissues. The absence and presence of one or more hybridization signals and the presence of signals in the p and q arms were also variable. Whereas chromosomes 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 16, 18, 20, and X showed three hybridization spots, chromosomes 1, 4, 9, 12, 17, and 18–19 presented a reduced signal in the ALN and lymphocytes. In addition, signal intensity in the p arm was higher than in the q arm in most patients’ chromosomes. Therefore, we propose that subtelomeric hybridization be followed periodically in individuals with breast neoplasm to provide specific patterns. Such profiling could be considered as a prediction marker throughout the patients’ life. Together with the Ki67, cyclin D1, and cyclin E expression profiles, the subtelomeric hybridization profile could provide complementary information for cancer management.
Neomultitestis aspidogastriformis Bray and Cribb, 2003 (Digenea, Lepocreadiidae): mature spermatozoon and sperm morphologies in the Lepocreadioidea
Authors: Bakhoum Abdoulaye J. S. , Quilichini Yann , Justine Jean‐Lou , Bray Rodney A. , Bâ Cheikh T. , Marchand Bernard
Published: January 2015

Spermatological characteristics are described for the first time in the genus Neomultitestis Machida, 1982, belonging to the family Lepocreadiidae Odhner, 1905. Adult Neomultitestis aspidogastriformis were collected from the digestive tract of Platax teira, caught off New Caledonia. The mature spermatozoon of N. aspidogastriformis is described by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It includes two axonemes with 9 + “1” pattern of Trepaxonemata, an antero‐lateral electron‐dense material, attachment zones, two mitochondria, a nucleus, two bundles of parallel cortical microtubules, external ornamentation of the plasma membrane, spine‐like bodies, and granules of glycogen. Certain ultrastructural characteristics of the spermatozoon, especially the antero‐lateral electron‐dense material, are shared by N. aspidogastriformis and all species of the superfamily Lepocreadioidea studied so far. The antero‐lateral electron‐dense material, present in different families of lepocreadioids, supports the monophyletic status of the superfamily. We also list several ultrastructural characteristics which characterize the mature spermatozoon of the Lepocreadioidea.
Optical coherence tomography versus intravascular ultrasound in the evaluation of observer variability and reliability in the assessment of stent deployment: The OCTIVUS study
Authors: Magnus Patrick C. , Jayne John E. , Garcia‐Garcia Hector M. , Swart Michael , van Es Gerrit‐Anne , Tijssen Jan , Kaplan Aaron V.
Published: January 2015

Objectives

To compare the variability in the assessment of coronary stents among interventional cardiologists (readers) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).

Background

IVUS is established and validated in the evaluation of coronary stent. For cardiologists without core lab expertise, the utility of IVUS is limited by image quality. OCT yields higher image resolution; however, the consistency with which these readers interpret OCT images has not been fully evaluated or compared with IVUS.

Methods

OCT and IVUS image sets (five pairs) obtained after stent placement were reviewed by readers with clinical experience in both modalities. Parameters assessed included stent expansion and symmetry, reference vessel and in‐stent cross‐sectional area (CSA) and diameter, and stent strut apposition as well as Multicenter Ultrasound Stenting in Coronaries criteria. These interpretations were compared with core lab readings and examined for interobserver variability.

Results

The interobserver variability for measurement of in‐stent CSA was 1.34 mm2 using IVUS compared with 0.85 mm2 using OCT (P = 0.024). Variation in the deviation from core lab measurement of in‐stent CSA for IVUS was 1.48 mm2 compared with 0.87 mm2 for OCT (P = 0.042). The interobserver agreement for obtaining the Multicenter Ultrasound Stenting in Coronaries criteria using IVUS was 80.4% compared with 81.1% using OCT (P = 0.78). Compared with the corelab measurement, the readers obtained an agreement of 72.7% using IVUS vs. 67.3% using OCT (P = 0.43).

Conclusion

In the assessment of deployed coronary stents by practicing cardiologists, OCT images are interpreted more consistently compared with IVUS and can be used to assess stent deployment using IVUS‐validated metrics. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of coronary artery stent edge dissections on long‐term clinical outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome: An optical coherence tomography study
Authors: Bouki Konstantina P. , Sakkali Eleni , Toutouzas Konstantinos , Vlad Delia , Barmperis Dimitrios , Phychari Stavroula , Riga Maria , Apostolou Thomas , Stefanadis Christodoulos
Published: January 2015

Aims

The purpose of the present study was to assess the incidence, predictors and long term prognosis of stent edge dissections identified by (OCT) after the implantation of bare metal (BMS) and drug eluting stents (DES).

Methods and Results

We studied 74 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) because of an acute coronary syndrome. Edge dissections were found in 29 of 74 patients (39.1%). Independent predictors of edge dissections were: the presence of ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (P = 0.005, odds ratio 11.78; 95% Cl 2.06–67.10), the small reference lumen diameter (P = 0.009, odds ratio 0.11; 95% Cl 0.02–0.58) and the short stents implanted (P = 0.013, odds ratio 0.83; 95% Cl 0.72–0.96). During a follow‐up period of 25.6 ± 9.4 months 11 patients presented with at least one major adverse cardiac event. Event free survival was significantly decreased in patients with edge dissection with a flap thickness >0.31 mm compared to patients with thinner flap or without any dissection (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

OCT frequently detects edge dissections, usually related to STEMI presentation and to PCI technique. Deep vessel wall injury at stent edges with a dissection flap thickness more than 0.31mm carries an adverse clinical impact on long‐term clinical outcome. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Different Doping Effect on Physical Properties of Non‐Magnetic Pt and Ga in CaFe4As3.
Authors: Wu Dapeng
Published: January 2015

Single crystals of CaFe3.64M0.36As3 (M: Pt, Ga) are grown from stoichiometric amounts of the elements in a Sn flux (alumina crucible in evacuated quartz tube, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanum Lead Oxide Hydroxide Nitrates with a Nonlinear Optical Effect.
Authors: Wang Genxiang , Luo Min , Lin Chensheng , Ye Ning , Zhou Yuqiao , Cheng Wendan
Published: January 2015

Crystals of [LaPb8O(OH)10(H2O)] (NO3)7 (I) and [LaPb8O(OH)10(H2O)] (NO3)7·2H2O (II) are hydrothermally synthesized under subcritical conditions from mixtures of Pb(NO3)2, H2O, and 0.5 and 1 equiv.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel [(UO2)O6(NO3)n] (n = 1, 2) Based Units in Organically Templated Uranyl Compounds.
Authors: Siidra Oleg I. , Nazarchuk Evgeny V. , Zadoya Anastasiya I.
Published: January 2015

The new compounds (III) and (IV) are prepared by evaporation of aqueous solutions at room temperature and characterized by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of the p‐Tolylsulfinyl Group as a Chiral Inductor in Stereoselective [4 + 3] Cycloaddition Reactions: Preparation of Enantiopure Polysubstituted 8‐Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐6‐en‐3‐one Systems Having up to Five Stereocenters.
Authors: Montana Angel M. , Grima Pedro M. , Batalla Consuelo , Sanz Francisca , Kociok‐Koehn Gabriele
Published: January 2015

Several 8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐6‐en‐3‐ones are prepared by cycloaddition reaction of chiral furanes such as (I) and (VII) with dibromoketone (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Furans Through the RuII‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Diazodicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Xia Likai , Lee Yong Rok
Published: January 2015

A novel cascade process for the regioselective synthesis of highly functionalized furans from readily available acyclic and cyclic diazodicarbonyl compounds and terminal alkynes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: New Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Bearing Polyether Clamp in N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes Ligands.
Authors: Hryniewicka Agnieszka , Misztalewska Iwona , Czajkowska‐Szczykowska Dorota , Urbanczyk‐Lipkowska Zofia , Morzycki Jacek W. , Witkowski Stanislaw
Published: January 2015

A catalyst bearing a handle prolonged by a CH2‐O‐CH2‐group provides the products with comparable yield and E‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 2,2,4,4,6,6‐Hexanitroadamantane under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Ling Yifei , Zhang Pingping , Sun Lu , Lai Weipeng , Luo Jun
Published: January 2015

Two routes to 2,2,4,4,6,6‐hexanitroadamantane (IX) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Nucleophilic Monofluorobenzylation of Allyl and Propargyl Halides Mediated by a Remote Sulfinyl Group: Synthesis of Homoallylic and Homopropargylic Fluorides.
Authors: Arroyo Yolanda , Sanz‐Tejedor M. Ascension , Parra Alejandro , Alonso Ines , Garcia Ruano Jose Luis
Published: January 2015

The process affords the unsaturated fluorides as optically pure compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: O‐Trifluoromethylation of N,N‐Disubstituted Hydroxylamines with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents.
Authors: Matousek Vaclav , Pietrasiak Ewa , Sigrist Lukas , Czarniecki Barbara , Togni Antonio
Published: January 2015

A mild and chemoselective O‐trifluoromethylation reaction of hydroxylamines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Homogeneous Pd‐Catalyzed Transformation of Terminal Alkenes into Primary Allylic Alcohols and Derivatives.
Authors: Tomita Ren , Mantani Kohei , Hamasaki Akiyuki , Ishida Tamao , Tokunaga Makoto
Published: January 2015

The Pd‐catalyzed addition of oxygen nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, and phenols to terminal alkenes is developed using 2,5‐di‐tert‐butyl p‐benzoquinone as the oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free: A Novel and Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Amines to Oximes Using N,N′,N′′‐Trihydroxyisocyanuric Acid and Acetaldoxime as Catalysts in Water.
Authors: Yu Jiatao , Lu Ming
Published: January 2015

In contrast to aromatic or alkenyl substituted primary oximes, aliphatic oximes are inaccessible using this method.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Catalyzed Oxidative Radical Addition of Ketones to Olefins.
Authors: Schweitzer‐Chaput Bertrand , Demaerel Joachim , Engler Hauke , Klussmann Martin
Published: January 2015

The method is suitable for various styrenes and ketones in the presence of tBu‐O‐OH to produce γ‐peroxyketones as valuable intermediates for many transformations.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of Sterically Demanding Chiral Dirhodium Catalysts in Site‐Selective C—H Functionalization of Activated Primary C—H Bonds.
Authors: Qin Changming , Davies Huw M. L.
Published: January 2015

Various substrates bearing different alkyl chains are prepared and subjected to the functionalization procedure with diazoesters (II) and (V) in the presence of the optimal catalyst Rh2(BPCP)4(antipodes).
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐Supported PPh3 as a Reusable Organocatalyst for the Mukaiyama Aldol and Mannich Reaction.
Authors: Matsukawa Satoru , Fukazawa Kazuki , Kimura Junya
Published: January 2015

Polymer‐supported phosphane efficiently catalyzes the reactions of silyl ketene acetal (I) with a broad range of aldehydes and imines under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective Acetoxylation of Sulfonamides via Using Phenyliodine(III) Diacetate.
Authors: Wang Sichang , Ni Zhangqin , Wang Yanjie , Pang Yihui , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: January 2015

This economic, highly regioselective acetoxylation is not influenced by electronic effects of the substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Aminosulfonylation of Aryl Iodides by Using Na2SO3 as the SO2 Source.
Authors: Li Wanfang , Li Haoquan , Langer Peter , Beller Matthias , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: January 2015

SO2 is formed ex situ by adding Na2SO3 to conc.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Trifluoromethylthiolation of Alcohols under Mild Reaction Conditions: Conversion of R—OH into R—SCF3.
Authors: Nikolaienko Pavlo , Pluta Roman , Rueping Magnus
Published: January 2015

Starting from allylic or benzylic alcohols a novel method for the synthesis of trifluoromethylthioethers is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: p‐Toluenesulfonohydrazide as Highly Efficient Initiator for Direct C—H Arylation of Unactivated Arenes.
Authors: Song Qiao , Zhang Dongmei , Zhu Qihua , Xu Yungen
Published: January 2015

A highly efficient and relatively mild direct arylation of unactivated arenes with aryl iodides, bromides, or chlorides without the need of any transition metal is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Catalyst for Suzuki—Miyaura and Sonogashira Reactions of Aryl and Heteroaryl Chlorides in Water.
Authors: Peng Hui , Chen Ya‐Qin , Mao Shu‐Lan , Pi Yun‐Xiao , Chen You , Lian Ze‐Yu , Meng Tong , Liu Sheng‐Hua , Yu Guang‐Ao
Published: January 2015

A sulfonated dicyclohexylphosphine ligand is prepared and successfully employed in eco‐friendly Suzuki—Miyaura and Sonogashira reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Carboxylate Switch Between Hydro‐ and Carbopalladation Pathways in Regiodivergent Dimerization of Alkynes.
Authors: Zatolochnaya Olga V. , Gordeev Evgeniy G. , Jahier Claire , Ananikov Valentine P. , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: January 2015

The title process is studied in detail with theoretical and experimental investigations.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Site‐Selective Amidation of Unactivated C(sp3)—H Bonds.
Authors: Wu Xuesong , Zhao Yan , Ge Haibo
Published: January 2015

The presented reaction gives chemoselective access to a broad scope of aliphatic, aromatic, or spirocyclic substituted azetidin‐2‐ones in high to excellent yields.