bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scrutiny of Steganalysis for Flipping Steganography Method
Authors: Rashid Aqsa , Rahim Muhammad Khurrum
Published: April 2019

Steganography is the skill of hiding data inside other information in such a way that it is hard or even impossible to tell that it is there. There are many different carriers for steganography but the most popular is digital images. In recent times, there it has been supposed that terrorist cells are using steganography to hide their clandestine policies, and consequently it is fetching increasingly significant to notice the images that contain steganography such that we can decrease criminal action. This counter-technique is known as steganalysis. In comparison to the importance of papers that examine either steganography or steganalysis methods, this paper presents in-depth metaphors of steganalysis.
Extension of ACM for Computing the Geometric Progression
Authors: Annamalai Chinnaraji
Published: April 2019

This paper presents a novel approach to ACM-geometric progression [1,3] and it is very useful for research in science and technology [3].
Synergistic Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Croton Zabensicus and Vernonia amygdalina Leaves as an Antihyperglycemic Agent in an Alloxan Induced Diabetic Albino Rats
Authors: Hassan I. A. , Abdulraheem I. , Emun H. O. , Lawal D. M.
Published: April 2019

Aims: This study was aimed at investigating the antihyperglycemic effect of a combined extract of Vernonia amygdalina and croton zabensicus compare with a hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide.

Methodology: Twenty 20 experimental animals were used (albino rats); the rats were divided equally into four groups of five rats each; namely A (control), B (glibenclamide 10 mg/kg body weight), C (synergetic treatment 1000 mg/kg body weight), D (synergetic treatment 500 mg/kg of body weight). Diabetes was induced intraperitoneal using Alloxan Monohydrate to all the animals and their blood glucose rise above 200 mg/dl.

Results: It was observed that group B and group C treated with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg body weight) and synergetic aqueous extract (1000 mg/kg body weight) show significant decrease in the blood glucose level from 451.75 mg/dl to 64.50 mg/dl and 339.50 mg/dl to 182.50 mg/dl respectively compared with group D with 278.25 mg/dl to 194.75 mg/dl. However, a change was also observed in the body weight of the groups; Group A (Normal control) showed a continuous increase in the body weight, Group B, C and D were observed to have decreased in body weight from induction period, but a steady increase was observed as treatment commences.

Conclusion: Hence this combined extract can be used as antihyperglycemic; only that it is slower in remediation compared with the glibenclamide; but without side effect, as may be in the case of most standard drug.
Assessment of Wood Ash Application on Yield Advantage Indices of Maize and Lima Beans in an Intercrop
Authors: Ajala R. O. , Awodun M. A. , Adeyemo A. J. , Dada B. F.
Published: April 2019

Alternate planting combinations of maize (Zea mays L.) with lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) using wood ash as soil amendments were compared with the sole planting of each crop during the late 2014  and early 2015 planting seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Technology, Akure. The experiment in each season adopted three patterns of intercropping using ash as a soil amendment and laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment comprised 10 treatments: Sole planting of maize amended, sole planting of maize unamended, sole planting of lima beans amended and sole planting of lima beans unamended. Others were; 75:25 maize-lima beans amended, 75:25 maize-lima beans unamended, 50:50 maize-lima beans amended, 50:50 maize-lima beans unamended, 25:75 maize-lima beans amended and 25:75 maize-lima beans unamended. Wood ash was applied two weeks after planting at the rate of 2.4 kg (4 tons per hectare) to each plot. The combined yield advantage in terms of land equivalent ratio (LER) indices was greatest (1.95) in the case of 3 rows of maize and 1row of lima beans intercropping arrangements. Competition indices (CR) for all crops in all intercropping arrangements were more than 0.1 indicating that both crops were equally competitive.  However, crop aggressivity (A) showed that maize was more dominant than lima beans due to plant population. Costs and returns analysis revealed that maize and lima beans intercropping at all proportions were more profitable than their corresponding monocrops.
Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction among Nurse Educators in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Authors: Taiye Bello Hussainat , Kehinde Bello Hassanat , Abdul Maimuna. , Mustapha Hadiza B.
Published: April 2019

Aims: This research was carried out on occupational stress and job satisfaction among nurse educators in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria with the aim of identifying the type of stress nurse educators encounter in their work, determining the influence of level of education on the stress encountered, identifying the satisfaction nurse educators derive from their job.

Study Design: The study population includes nurse educators. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used with a sample size of 185 respondents. A multistage sampling and simple random sampling technique were used where nurse educators were stratified based on their ranks.

Results and Discussion: The result of the findings showed that majority of nurse educators the stress of insufficient teaching facilities i.e 42.62% (104), the influence of level of education on stress encountered is that of positive influence i.e 90% (144), respect and recognition for a job is the commonest factor that enhances the respondent's job satisfaction 28.71% (960) and the satisfaction derived by respondents is that of impaction of knowledge on junior/student nurses.

Conclusion: Occupational stress is high among nurse educators due to insufficient teaching facilities thus negatively affect their satisfaction. Therefore it is recommended that teaching facilities should be provided as well as working holidays so as to reduce job stress and thus enhance satisfaction.
Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antityrosinase and Cytotoxic Potentials of Isatis cappadocica subsp. alyssifoli as a Potent Pharmaceutical Resource
Authors: Güner Meltem , Kanbolat Seyda , Korkmaz Nuriye , Aliyazicioglu Rezzan , Abudayyak Mahmoud , Kandemir Ali , Karaoglu Sengul Alpay , Kalaycioglu Atila Taner , Ozgen Ufuk
Published: April 2019

Isatis species, which are endemic across most of Turkey, exhibit antibacterial, anticancer and antiviral effects. The aim of this study was to determine of antioxidant, antimicrobial, tyrosinase inhibitor, cytotoxic activities, and phenolic profile of polar extracts of Isatis cappadocica Desv. We analyzed the antioxidant properties of extracts using total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The phenolic composition of methanolic extract of I. cappadocica was analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Extracts’ antimicrobial properties were evaluated based on the agar well diffusion technique. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was measured colorimetrically. Methanolic extract yielded better FRAP and CUPRAC results and aqueous extract yielded better DPPH activity. Benzoic acid, and sinapic acid were detected as major phenolic compounds. Methanolic extract was particularly effective against all the bacteria investigated, apart from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Methanol extract was exhibited tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The methanol extract has caused to death of cells by dosage in the high concentrations cytotoxic activity on the PC-3 and 3T3 cell lines. The results showed that I. cappadocica could be used as a natural source in the food, cosmetic, and drug industries due to their rich antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and tyrosinase inhibitor activities.
Teaching Schizophrenia: 8-Minutes Video Based Lecture Versus 1-hour Traditional Lecture
Authors: Alshammari Elham
Published: April 2019

Video-based teaching module is well known and practiced in some university courses but the effort to validate this type of education tool in medical and health education system is yet to be expanded and explored especially from pharmacy students’ perspective. Materials and method: forty pharmacy students evaluated their experience from attending a one-hour lecture and watching a short video-based lecture lasted for eight minutes both were about clinical presentation and diagnosis of schizophrenia. Result and discussion: 70% of the sample (n=28) preferred video-based lecturing. Advantages and disadvantages varied from faculty and students’ perspectives, but it saved time, was enjoyable and memorable. Conclusion: positive agreement of pharmacy students toward schizophrenia video-based lecture was assured and effort must be put on validating video-based lecture content.
Analysis of Transmission Dynamics of Anthrax in Animals: A Modeling Approach
Authors: Githire George Thiong’o , Kimathi George , Wainaina Mary
Published: April 2019

This paper seeks to develop a SIR model with vaccination compartment in the study of anthrax transmission dynamics in animal population. The model employ ordinary differential equations in the formulation of its equation. The model’s steady states solutions are investigated. The disease free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium of the model are analyzed qualitatively. Vaccination rate below a certain critical value causes the anthrax disease to persist. Recruitment and contact rates are the most sensitive parameters that significantly contribute to the basic reproductive ratio.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a novel negative regulator of interleukin‐17‐mediated signaling and inflammation in vitro
Authors: Li Hui , Hong Wei , Jin Xiangyu , Li Guangliang , Zhou Guoming , Fan Liping
Published: April 2019

Interleukin (IL)‐17 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammation and autoimmune diseases. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a transcription factor responsible for the elimination of xenobiotic chemicals. However, it remains unknown whether AHR is involved in IL‐17 signaling. Here, we demonstrate that knockdown of AHR significantly enhances, while overexpression or activation of AHR inhibits IL‐17‐induced inflammation in Hela cells. AHR specifically suppresses IL‐17‐induced p38 activation, and inhibition of p38 activity markedly reverses the effect of AHR knockdown on IL‐17‐induced inflammation. Mechanistically, AHR physically interacts with TAK1 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 3/6 (MKK3/6) and disrupts TAK1‐MKK3/6 interaction, leading to impaired IL‐17 signaling. Thus, our study indicates that AHR negatively regulates IL‐17‐mediated signaling and inflammation at least partially through interfering with the interaction between TAK1 and MKK3/6.
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1A) regulates transcription of O‐GlcNAc transferase in a negative feedback mechanism
Authors: Zhang Chuanhui , Xie Fei , Li Ling , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Yong , Ying Wantao , Liu Li , Yan Xuli , Yin Futao , Zhang Lianwen
Published: April 2019

O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT)‐catalyzed protein O‐GlcNAcylation is implicated in diverse cellular events. In the present study, we report the regulation of ogt transcription by the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homologue A (HNF1A) in HEK293T cells. We first identified a core ogt promoter (−150 to +200 bp) and confirmed its binding to the transcription factor HNF1A. We found that HNF1A regulates ogt transcription in a time‐dependent manner and that O‐GlcNAcylation of HNF1A represses ogt transcription. Electron‐transfer dissociation based tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed 14 O‐GlcNAc sites on HNF1A, six of which are predominantly modified, including Ser303/304, Ser471, Ser560 and Thr563/564. We further found that loss of O‐GlcNAcylation at Ser303/304 or Thr563/564 significantly elevates ogt transcription. These findings highlight a negative feedback mechanism for ogt transcription, which partially explains the homeostasis of cellular O‐GlcNAcylation.
Patient‐Reported Outcome Data From an Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Trial: Opportunities for Broadening the Scope of Treating to Target
Authors: Van der Elst Kristien , Verschueren Patrick , Stouten Veerle , Pazmino Sofia , De Groef An , De Cock Diederik , Joly Johan , Moons Philip , Westhovens René
Published: April 2019

Objective

Treating early, intensively, and to target leads to rapid disease control, preventing joint damage and loss of function in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We report the effect of such an approach on patient‐reported outcomes and explore the contribution of rapid and persistent disease control to well‐being after 1 year of treatment.

Methods

This study is part of the Care in EarlyRAtrial, a prospective, 2‐year, investigator‐initiated, randomized controlled trial rooted in daily practice and implementing the treat‐to‐target principle. Short Form 36 (SF‐36) health survey and Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ‐R) data were collected prospectively. We defined 4 clinical response profiles based on speed and consistency of the treatment response within the first year, defined as the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the C‐reactive protein level <2.6. Linear regression analyses including these response profiles and treatment type were constructed to predict theSF‐36 dimensions of vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health, and theIPQ‐R illness perception subscales of consequences, treatment control, and illness coherence at year 1.

Results

A total of 333 patients were available for the main analyses, including 140 early persistent responders. Variation in each of the psychosocial outcomes at year 1 was explained mostly by baseline values, followed by the clinical response profiles. Patients with an early persistent response reported significantly higher vitality, more positive beliefs about disease consequences and treatment effect. Treatment type did not matter.

Conclusion

Rapid and persistent disease control and not treatment type were associated with favorable patient‐reported health and illness perceptions at year 1, but baseline psychosocial variables mattered most. Our data indicate opportunities to broaden the scope of the treat‐to‐target principle in earlyRA.
Precipitation Behavior of Spherical γ′ Phase in Eutectic Area of Ni3Al‐Based Alloy
Authors: Xia Xing Chuan , Peng Yuan Yi , He Xin , Li Chong , Ding Jian , Jiang Shan , Liu Yong Chang
Published: April 2019

Understanding and mastering initial status in eutectic area (γ′–γ) of Ni3Al‐based alloy under solution treatment conditions are beneficial to its aging treatment and applications. In this work, optimal solution treatment process parameters of JG4246A Ni3Al‐based alloy are investigated based on microstructure observation, chemical composition analysis, and micro‐hardness test. Results show that the alloy with solution temperature of 1270 °C for 6 h possess smoother eutectic area (γ′–γ) boundaries, more stable carbides, and relatively higher micro‐hardness. More importantly, to clarify the evolution behavior of Ni3Al (γ′) phase in eutectic area (γ′–γ) under solution treatment conditions, short‐time (3 h) and long‐time (18 h) solution treatments at 1270 °C are applied and the evolution behavior is analyzed by TEM. Results show that plenty of spherical Ni3Al (γ′) phase appears in eutectic area (γ′–γ), with its dimensions changing little with solution time increasing. Vacancies, lattice distortion, and thermo‐stress mainly contribut to the precipitation and growth of spherical Ni3Al (γ′) phase.
Implantable Vascularized Liver Chip for Cross‐Validation of Disease Treatment with Animal Model
Authors: Lee Jung Bok , Park Jeong Su , Shin Young Min , Lee Da Hyun , Yoon Jeong‐Kee , Kim Dae‐Hyun , Ko Ung Hyun , Kim YongTae , Bae Soo Han , Sung Hak‐Joon
Published: April 2019

Artificial liver models have been extensively developed for pathological modeling and toxicological studies. However, the prediction of existing in vitro liver models rarely corresponds to what is consequently observed in vivo owing to the structural and functional complexity of the liver. Here, a new liver model designed to enable the implantation and maintenance of liver buds in perfusable 3D hydrogels where a microvascular network develops within a 200 µm diffusion limit is developed. This system replicates inflammation, lipid accumulation, and fibrosis during the progressive processes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, in which this model predicted the results from a mouse model. This model reveals that a hepatic steatosis‐reducing drug restored mitochondrial activities with significant reduction of inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation. This liver model is not only highly predictive but also scalable and easy to apply to high‐throughput drug screening and implantation studies, suggesting a promising alternative to animal models.
Ferroelectric, Photoelectric, and Photovoltaic Performance of Silver Niobate Ceramics
Authors: He Xiang , Chen Chen , Li Chunbo , Zeng Huarong , Yi Zhiguo
Published: April 2019

Ferroelectrics coupled with solar energy conversion are receiving intensive research interest. However, most ferroelectrics with a large remnant polarization can only harvest ultraviolet light in the solar spectrum. Herein, high‐quality silver niobate (AgNbO3) ceramics prepared by spark plasma sintering is reported with a bandgap of ≈2.75 eV and a long tail absorption until 800 nm, leading to outstanding photoelectric properties featured by the visible‐light response over 550 nm. Instantaneous photoresponse measurement using a 355 nm nanosecond pulse laser shows a fast response speed in nanoseconds. Moreover, the ceramic exhibits an intriguing photovoltaic effect under either electric poling or mechanical polishing. Both approaches have switchable characteristics and produce a stable photovoltage as well as photocurrent, while temperature dependence behavior reveals distinctions between ferroelectric polarization and ferroelastic strains in determining the photovoltaic properties. Piezoelectric force microscopy characterization further confirms distinctions between the underlying mechanisms. The electric poling induced photovoltaic effect stems from the aligned polarization involving the ferroelectric component, whereas the mechanical polishing induced photovoltaic effect is associated with the flexoelectricity induced by strain gradients. These results not only show AgNbO3 to be a promising material for photoelectric application but also deepen the understanding of the mechanism underlying ferroelectric photovoltaics.
Anti‐Oxygen Leaking LiCoO2
Authors: Sharifi‐Asl Soroosh , Soto Fernando A. , Foroozan Tara , Asadi Mohammad , Yuan Yifei , Deivanayagam Ramasubramonian , Rojaee Ramin , Song Boao , Bi Xuanxuan , Amine Khalil , Lu Jun , Salehi‐khojin Amin , Balbuena Perla B. , Shahbazian‐Yassar Reza
Published: April 2019

LiCoO2 is a prime example of widely used cathodes that suffer from the structural/thermal instability issues that lead to the release of their lattice oxygen under nonequilibrium conditions and safety concerns in Li‐ion batteries. Here, it is shown that an atomically thin layer of reduced graphene oxide can suppress oxygen release from LixCoO2 particles and improve their structural stability. Electrochemical cycling, differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and in situ heating transmission electron microscopy are performed to characterize the effectiveness of the graphene‐coating on the abusive tolerance of LixCoO2. Electrochemical cycling mass spectroscopy results suggest that oxygen release is hindered at high cutoff voltage cycling when the cathode is coated with reduced graphene oxide. Thermal analysis, in situ heating transmission electron microscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy results show that the reduction of Co species from the graphene‐coated samples is delayed when compared with bare cathodes. Finally, density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations show that the rGO layers could suppress O2 formation more effectively due to the strong COcathode bond formation at the interface of rGO/LCO where low coordination oxygens exist. This investigation uncovers a reliable approach for hindering the oxygen release reaction and improving the thermal stability of battery cathodes.
Polymers with Side Chain Porosity for Ultrapermeable and Plasticization Resistant Materials for Gas Separations
Authors: He Yuan , Benedetti Francesco M. , Lin Sharon , Liu Chao , Zhao Yanchuan , Ye Hong‐Zhou , Van Voorhis Troy , De Angelis M. Grazia , Swager Timothy M. , Smith Zachary P.
Published: April 2019

Polymer membranes with ultrahigh CO2 permeabilities and high selectivities are needed to address some of the critical separation challenges related to energy and the environment, especially in natural gas purification and postcombustion carbon capture. However, very few solution‐processable, linear polymers are known today that access these types of characteristics, and all of the known structures achieve their separation performance through the design of rigid backbone chemistries that concomitantly increase chain stiffness and interchain spacing, thereby resulting in ultramicroporosity in solid‐state chain‐entangled films. Herein, the separation performance of a porous polymer obtained via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization is reported, which possesses a flexible backbone with rigid, fluorinated side chains. This polymer exhibits ultrahigh CO2 permeability (>21 000 Barrer) and exceptional plasticization resistance (CO2 plasticization pressure > 51 bar). Compared to traditional polymers of intrinsic microporosity, the rate of physical aging is slower, especially for gases with small effective diameters (i.e., He, H2, and O2). This structural design strategy, coupled with studies on fluorination, demonstrates a generalizable approach to create new polymers with flexible backbones and pore‐forming side chains that have unexplored promise for small‐molecule separations.
Anisotropic Plasmonic Metal Heterostructures as Theranostic Nanosystems for Near Infrared Light‐Activated Fluorescence Amplification and Phototherapy
Authors: Chang Yun , Feng Yanlin , Cheng Yan , Zheng Runxiao , Wu Xiaqing , Jian Hui , Zhang Dawei , Tang Zhaohui , Wang Zhenxin , Hao Jiaming , Zhang Haiyuan
Published: April 2019

The development of sophisticated theranostic systems for simultaneous near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging and phototherapy is of particular interest. Herein, anisotropic plasmonic metal heterostructures, Pt end‐deposited Au nanorods (PEA NRs), are developed to efficiently produce hot electrons under 808 nm laser irradiation, exhibiting the strong electric density. These hot electrons can release the heat through electron‐phonon relaxation and form reactive oxygen species through chemical transformation, as a result of potent photothermal and photodynamic performance. Simultaneously, the confined electromagnetic field of PEA NRs can transfer energy to adjacent polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐linked NIR fluorophores (CF) based on their energy overlap mechanism, leading to remarkable NIR fluorescence amplification in CF‐PEA NRs. Various PEG linkers (1, 3.4, 5.0, and 10 kD) are employed to regulate the distance between CF and PEA NRs of CF‐PEA NRs, and the maximum fluorescence intensity is achieved in CF5k‐PEA NRs. After further attachment with i‐motif DNA/Nrf2 siRNA chimera to simultaneously suppress both cellular antioxidant defense and hyperthermia resistance effects, the final biocompatible CF5k‐bPEA@siRNA NRs present promising NIR fluorescence imaging ability and 808 nm laser‐activated photothermal and photodynamic therapeutic effect in MCF7 cells and tumor‐bearing mice, holding great potential for cancer therapy.
Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Electrical Conductors: Fabrication, Optimization, and Applications
Authors: Zhang Songlin , Nguyen Nam , Leonhardt Branden , Jolowsky Claire , Hao Ayou , Park Jin Gyu , Liang Richard
Published: April 2019

The lack of progress to obtain commercially available large‐scale production of continuous carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers has provided the motivation for researchers to develop high‐performance bulk CNT assemblies that could more effectively transfer the superb mechanical, electrical, and other excellent properties of individual CNTs. These wire‐like bulk assemblies of CNTs have demonstrated the potential for being used as electrical conductors to replace conventional conductive materials, such as copper and aluminum. CNT conductors are extremely lightweight, corrosive‐resistive, and mechanically strong while being potentially cost‐effective when compared to other conventional conductive materials. However, great technical challenges still exist in transferring the superior properties of individual CNTs to highly conductive bulk CNT assemblies, such as continuous wires, cables, and sheets. This paper gives an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art advances in CNT‐based conductors in terms of fabrication methods, characterization, conduction mechanisms, and applications. In addition, future research directions and possible attempts to improve performance are analyzed. The opportunities and challenges for related nonmetal competitive conductors are also discussed.
Carboxylic‐Acid‐Activated Olefins in Decarboxylative Reactions
Authors: Bojanowski Jan , Albrecht Anna
Published: April 2019

This Minireview summarizes the application of carboxylic‐acid‐activated olefins in organic synthesis. The ability of carboxylic acid moiety to increase the electrophilic character of alkenes combined with the possibility to remove it under mild reaction conditions via decarboxylation process allows for the development of new reactivity patterns. These strategies involve mainly cascade reactions consisting of either Michael addition followed by decarboxylation or cycloaddition followed by decarboxylation. New synthetic possibilities provided by these approaches are summarized and discussed within this review article.
Heteropaternity of twins in ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)
Authors: Parga Joyce A. , Nansen Shira C.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

This project investigated paternity among 14 sets of twins born into a colony of ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) on St. Catherines Island, GA. Female L. catta commonly mate with >1 male, and twins of different sexes confirm that dizygotic twinning can occur in this species. However, no study has previously evaluated twins using genetic data to measure the proportion of mono versus dizygotic twinning in L. catta, and no study has tested for heteropaternity (sirehood by two different males) in this species. We predicted that L. catta would show a predominance of dizygosity and evidence for heteropaternity.

Materials and methods

Paternity was determined for 28 infants (14 sets of twins) via paternity exclusion analyses using 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers, and data were collected on sexual behavior across four mating seasons during the first cycle of mating in each year, which overlapped with the conceptive periods of these infants.

Results

All twins were found to be dizygotic, as evidenced by dissimilar multilocus genotypes between the two infants of each twin pair. Heteropaternity was found in 3 of 14 (21% of) twin pairs, whereas the remaining 11 pairs of twins (79%) shared the same sire. In one case of heteropaternity, one sire was a resident male, and one sire was an extra‐group male. An extra‐group male also sired one of the same‐sire twin pairs. All other sires of twins were group residents.

Discussion

Female multiple mating, which is common to many primates including L. catta, can be viewed as an adaptive reproductive strategy whose function—in addition to fertility assurance or stimulating sperm competition—may be to increase the genetic diversity of a female's offspring, even among infants born in the same birth event. Therefore, during the course of primate evolution, the adaptive benefits of heteropaternity would be expected to have contributed to positive selection for female promiscuity.
Animal models of acute gastric mucosal injury: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation
Authors: Simões Sandra , Lopes Rui , Campos Maria Celeste Dias , Marruz Maria João , da Cruz Maria Eugénia Meirinhos , Corvo Luísa
Published: April 2019

Acute gastric mucosal injury is a common disorder of the gastrointestinal tract and the search for new therapeutics is ongoing. The aim of this study is to update and expand the information related to the most widely used rat models of acute gastric ulcer, the ethanol‐induced ulcer and the indomethacin‐induced ulcer. These two models are compared in terms of macroscopic and microscopic features. Experimentally, ethanol was given orally in a single dose and indomethacin was subcutaneously injected into male Wistar rats. After ulcerative challenges, the stomachs were removed and visually inspected. Anti‐ulcerative drugs were used to validate the models. Histological analysis of the stomachs determined the microscopic score. The methodology used for model evaluation applied to macroscopic and microscopic gastric lesions. With these methods it was possible to induce lesions in the gastric mucosa. Microscopic evaluation permitted assessment of the inflammatory and apoptotic impact in the mucosa not observable by macroscopic evaluation. Groups of animals were treated with two standard drugs: sulcralfate suspension or lansoprazole solution. Both drugs reduced macroscopic and microscopic lesions, particularly the hemorrhagic ones. Both models induced acute gastric mucosal injury and no single evaluation method can address all the aspects of the pathology of gastric lesions. As a complement to macroscopic evaluation, microscopy appears to be a relevant tool to selectively identify specific aspects of the development of mucosal injury, quantify the extent of lesions, and contribute to an appropriate interpretation of results. The score systems established here offer a reliable method for testing antiulcer drugs.
Paraplesia after surfing in a young female novice surfer: a case report on surfer's myelopathy
Authors: Nakano Hidehiko , Yamamoto Daisuke , Yamagami Hiroshi , Sekine Ichiro , Ofuchi Hisashi
Published: April 2019

Background

Surfer's myelopathy is a non‐traumatic spinal cord injury that was first described in a publication in 2004. However, most emergency physicians are not familiar with this rare disease.

Case Presentation

The patient was a 19‐year‐old female novice surfer. She had experienced back discomfort without trauma during her surfing lessons. The discomfort turned to dysesthesia of both legs. She could not walk after 1 h and was brought to our hospital. Physical examination revealed weakness and dysesthesia of both legs, absent deep tendon reflexes, bilaterally positive Babinski reflex, and bladder and rectal disturbance. Spine magnetic resonance imaging revealed T2 prolongation from T7 to the medullary cone. She was diagnosed with surfer's myelopathy and treated conservatively. She recovered well and was discharged on day 28.

Conclusion

Emergency physicians must be better informed about surfer's myelopathy. Novice surfers and instructors should be educated on the early signs and symptoms of this condition.
Ni3N as an Active Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction Catalyst in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Ni Weiyan , Krammer Anna , Hsu Chia‐Shuo , Chen Hao Ming , Schüler Andreas , Hu Xile
Published: April 2019

Hydroxide‐exchange membrane fuel cells can potentially utilize platinum‐group‐metal (PGM)‐free electrocatalysts, offering cost and scalability advantages over more developed proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells. However, there is a lack of non‐precious electrocatalysts that are active and stable for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) relevant to hydroxide‐exchange membrane fuel cells. Here we report the discovery and development of Ni3N as an active and robust HOR catalyst in alkaline medium. A supported version of the catalyst, Ni3N/C, exhibits by far the highest mass activity and break‐down potential for a PGM‐free catalyst. The catalyst also exhibits Pt‐like activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline medium. Spectroscopy data reveal a downshift of the Ni d band going from Ni to Ni3N and interfacial charge transfer from Ni3N to the carbon support. These properties weaken the binding energy of hydrogen and oxygen species, resulting in remarkable HOR activity and stability.
CeVO4 Nanozymes Catalyze the Reduction of Dioxygen to Water without Releasing Partially Reduced Oxygen Species
Authors: Singh Namrata , Mugesh Govindasamy
Published: April 2019

In this study, we report a remarkably active CeVO4 nanozyme that functionally mimics cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the terminal enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain, by catalyzing a four‐electron reduction of dioxygen to water. The nanozyme catalyzes the reaction by using cytochrome c (Cyt c), the biological electron donor for CcO, at physiologically relevant pH. The CcO activity of the CeVO4 nanozymes depends on the relative ratio of surface Ce3+/Ce4+ ions, the presence of V5+ and the surface‐Cyt c interactions. The complete reduction of oxygen to water takes place without release of any partially reduced oxygen species (PROS) such as superoxide, peroxide and hydroxyl radicals.
Oxidizable Ketones: Persistent Radical Cations from the Single‐Electron Oxidation of 2,3‐Diaminocyclopropenones.
Authors: Strater Zack M. , Rauch Michael , Jockusch Steffen , Lambert Tristan H.
Published: April 2019

Single electron oxidation of 2,3‐diaminocyclopropenones is shown to give rise to stable diaminocyclopropenium oxyl (DACO) radical cations. Cyclic voltammetry reveals reversible oxidations in the range of +0.70–1.10 V (vs. SCE). Computational, EPR, and X‐ray analysis support the view that the oxidized species is best described as a cyclopropenium ion with spin density located on the heteroatom substituents, including 23.5 % on oxygen. The metal–ligand behavior of the DACO radical is also described.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Coupling of Benzothiophenes and Styrenes in a Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted (E,Z)‐1,3‐Dienes
Authors: Šiaučiulis Mindaugas , Ahlsten Nanna , Pulis Alexander P. , Procter David J.
Published: April 2019

A transition metal‐free one‐pot stereoselective approach to substituted (E,Z)‐1,3‐dienes was developed by using an interrupted Pummerer reaction/ligand‐coupling strategy. Readily available benzothiophene S‐oxides, which can be conveniently prepared by oxidation of the parent benzothiophenes, undergo Pummerer coupling with styrenes. Reaction of the resultant sulfonium salts with alkyllithium/magnesium reagents generates underexploited hypervalent sulfurane intermediates that undergo selective ligand coupling, resulting in dismantling of the benzothiophene motif and the formation of decorated (E,Z)‐1,3‐dienes.
Peripheral Nerve Anatomy Revisited: Modern Requirements for Neuroimaging and Microsurgery
Authors: Konschake Marko , Burger Florian , Zwierzina Marit
Published: April 2019

Detailed anatomic investigation of peripheral nerve topography underlies the correct application of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) and ultrasonography, both well‐established methods to prevent nerve palsy during surgical operations and to elucidate pathomechanisms in disease. In this study, we analyzed the anatomy of selected peripheral nerves in the head and neck regions to improve the outcome of endocrine and migraine surgeries. Anatomic dissections of 204 hemilarynges were performed to study the topography of the inferior laryngeal nerve (ILN). Measurements were taken from the lower rim of the cricoid and from the Zuckerkandl tubercle to the beginning of the furcation of the ILN. For the analysis of peripheral nerves contributing to migraine pathogenesis, 22 hemifaces were investigated by dissection and ultrasonography. The supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves and their relationship to the corrugator supercilii muscle are described. For identification of the ILN, the cricoid offers a suitable intraoperative landmark. A single branch existed in 5% of specimens on the left side and in 3% on the right side. Bifurcation was present in 72.5% and 62% and trifurcation in 18% and 29% of cases, respectively. IONM signals from the vagus nerve were positive if derived proximal to and negative if derived distal to the branching off of a nonrecurrent ILN (nrILN). By ultrasonographic identification of a brachiocephalic trunk, an nrILN could be excluded. For migraine surgery, possible compression points of the supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves were identified, and a workflow algorithm for ultrasound visualization of these nerves is provided. Anat Rec, 302:1325–1332, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using score distributions to compare statistical significance tests for information retrieval evaluation
Authors: Parapar Javier , Losada David E. , Presedo‐Quindimil Manuel A. , Barreiro Alvaro
Published: April 2019

Statistical significance tests can provide evidence that the observed difference in performance between 2 methods is not due to chance. In information retrieval (IR), some studies have examined the validity and suitability of such tests for comparing search systems. We argue here that current methods for assessing the reliability of statistical tests suffer from some methodological weaknesses, and we propose a novel way to study significance tests for retrieval evaluation. Using Score Distributions, we model the output of multiple search systems, produce simulated search results from such models, and compare them using various significance tests. A key strength of this approach is that we assess statistical tests under perfect knowledge about the truth or falseness of the null hypothesis. This new method for studying the power of significance tests in IR evaluation is formal and innovative. Following this type of analysis, we found that both the sign test and Wilcoxon signed test have more power than the permutation test and thet‐test. The sign test and Wilcoxon signed test also have good behavior in terms of type I errors. The bootstrap test shows few type I errors, but it has less power than the other methods tested.
Techno‐economic comparative assessment of novel lignin depolymerization routes to bio‐based aromatics
Authors: Vural Gursel Iris , Dijkstra Jan W. , Huijgen Wouter J.J. , Ramirez Andrea
Published: April 2019

This paper presents a techno‐economic assessment of three novel routes for the production of bio‐based aromatics from lignin. It aims to provide insights into their feasibility and hotspots at an early stage of development to guide further research and development and to facilitate commercialization. The lignin conversion routes are: (non‐catalytic) lignin pyrolysis, direct hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), and hydrothermal upgrading (HyThUp). The products generated are mixed oxygenated aromatic monomers (MOAMON), light organics, heavy organics, and char. For the technical assessment, conceptual design followed by process modeling in Aspen Plus was based on experimental yields. The models generated indispensable data on material and energy flows. An economic assessment was then conducted by estimating operating and capital costs. Return on investment (ROI), payback period (PBP), and net present value (NPV) were used as key performance indicators. Downstream processing was especially demanding in the HyThUp process due to the presence of a significant flow rate of water in the system, which significantly increased external utility requirements. Due to complex separations, the HyThUp process showed the highest capital cost (35% more than pyrolysis). Operating costs were the highest for the direct HDO process (34% more than pyrolysis) due to the use of hydrogen. Overall, the direct HDO process showed the highest ROI (12%) and the shortest PBP (5 years) due to high yields of valuable heavy organics (32%) and MOAMON (24%). Direct HDO was found to be feasible with a positive NPV based on prices used in the assessment. Among the three processes investigated, the direct HDO process therefore appeared to be the most promising, and consideration should be given to further development and commercialization of this process. © 2019 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel, linked bioreactor system for continuous production of biologics
Authors: Gagnon Matthew , Nagre Shashikant , Wang Wenge , Coffman Jon , Hiller Gregory W.
Published: April 2019

A novel, alternative intensified cell culture process comprised of a linked bioreactor system is presented. An N‐1 perfusion bioreactor maintained cells in a highly proliferative state and provided a continuous inoculum source to a second bioreactor operating as a continuous‐flow stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR). An initial study evaluated multiple system steady‐states by varying N‐1 steady‐state viable cell densities, N‐1 to CSTR working volume ratios, and CSTR dilution rates. After identifying near optimum system steady‐state parameters yielding a relatively high volumetric productivity while efficiently consuming media, a subsequent lab‐scale experiment demonstrated the startup and long‐term operation of the envisioned manufacturing process for 83 days. Additionally, to compensate for the cell‐specific productivity loss over time due to cell line instability, the N‐1 culture was also replaced with younger generation cells, without disturbing the steady‐state of the system. Using the model cell line, the system demonstrated a two‐fold volumetric productivity increase over the commercial‐ready, optimized fed‐batch process.
Travel burden associated with rare cancers: The example of Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Jain Rahul , Menzin Joseph , Lachance Kristina , McBee Patrick , Phatak Hemant , Nghiem Paul T.
Published: April 2019

Background

There are limited data on the travel burden for cancer patients with rare tumor types, such as Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC).

Objective

The objective of this study was to understand the travel burden of MCC patients.

Methods

This study used data from an MCC registry at the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA). All MCC patients enrolled at SCCA with a valid 3‐digit ZIP code were included. Patients were followed up from January 1, 2012 until their last follow‐up, death, or end of data (January 1, 2017). Travel burden was measured by one‐way travel distance to SCCA from each patient's 3‐digit ZIP code. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and follow‐up visit were evaluated and stratified by one‐way driving distance of ≤300 and >300 miles.

Results

A total of 391 MCC patients were included (68% men, mean age = 67 years [±SD = ±11 years], 67% residing in the West, and 70% white). At diagnosis, 53% of the patients had Stage III or IV MCC. Mean one‐way distance traveled by patients was 1,137 (median: 813) miles, and 57% of patients traveled >300 miles. Compared to patients who traveled ≤300 miles, those who traveled >300 miles were more likely to be <70 years old (46% vs 65%; P < 0.001), were diagnosed with advanced stage (III or IV) MCC (46% vs 59%; P = 0.01), had shorter follow‐up in the cancer registry (mean: 509 vs 212 days; P < 0.001), and had fewer visits during follow‐up (mean: 5.2 vs 2.5; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In this single cancer center study, the majority of MCC patients trav‐eled long distances to receive expert care. Longer travel distances appeared to be associated with younger age, a more advanced stage of cancer at study entry and fewer in‐clinic visits, suggesting that travel burden may impact timely and adequate patient care for this rare cancer.
Prospective validation of the prognostic 31‐gene expression profiling test in primary cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Keller Jennifer , Schwartz Theresa L. , Lizalek Jason M. , Chang Ea‐sle , Patel Ashaki D. , Hurley Maria Y. , Hsueh Eddy C.
Published: April 2019

Background

Gene expression profiling (GEP) has been integrated into cancer treatment decision‐making in multiple neoplasms. We prospectively evaluated the prognostic utility of the 31‐GEP test (DecisionDx‐Melanoma, Castle Biosciences, Inc) in cutaneous melanoma (CM) patients undergoing sentinel node biopsy (SNB).

Methods

One hundred fifty‐nine patients (age 26‐88) diagnosed with melanoma between 01/2013 and 8/2015 underwent SNB and concurrent GEP testing. GEP results were reported as low‐risk Class 1 (subclasses 1A and 1B) or high‐risk Class 2 (subclasses 2A and 2B). Statistical analyses were performed with chi‐square analysis, t tests, log‐rank tests, and Cox proportional hazard models. Recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS) were estimated using Kaplan‐Meier method.

Results

Median follow‐up was 44.9 months for event‐free cases. Median Breslow thickness was 1.4 mm (0.2‐15.0 mm). There were 117 Class 1 and 42 Class 2 patients. Gender, age, Breslow thickness, ulceration, SNB positivity, and AJCC stage were significantly associated with GEP classification (P < 0.05 for all). Recurrence and distant metastasis rates were 5% and 1% for Class 1 patients compared with 55% and 36% for Class 2 patients. Sensitivities of Class 2 and SNB for recurrence were 79% and 34%, respectively. Of 10 SNB‐positive/Class 2 patients, 9 recurred. By multivariate analysis, only SNB result and GEP class were statistically associated with both RFS (P = 0.008 and 0.0001) and DMFS (P = 0.019 and 0.001).

Conclusions

Gene expression profiling Class 2 result and SNB positivity were independently associated with recurrence and distant metastasis in primary CM patients. GEP testing may have additive prognostic utility in initial staging work‐up of these patients.
Occupational class differences in pancreatic cancer survival: A population‐based cancer registry‐based study in Japan
Authors: Zaitsu Masayoshi , Kim Yongjoo , Lee Hye‐Eun , Takeuchi Takumi , Kobayashi Yasuki , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: April 2019

Background

Little is known about occupational class differences in pancreatic cancer survival.

Methods

Using a population‐based cancer registry in Japan, 3 578 patients with incident pancreatic cancer (1970‐2011) were followed up for 5 years (median follow‐up time 0.42 years). We classified patients into four occupational classes based on their longest‐held jobs: white‐collar (professional and managers), service, blue‐collar, and those not actively employed. Using white‐collar class as the reference group, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overall death were estimated by Cox proportional hazard model. Covariates included age, sex, and year of diagnosis. Prognostic variables (pathology, stage, and treatment) and smoking behaviors were additionally adjusted as possible mediating factors.

Results

Overall survival was poor in this population (median, 0.50 and 0.33 years in white‐collar and service classes, respectively). Compared with white‐collar patients, survival was significantly poorer across all occupational classes, most pronounced in the service worker group: mortality HRs ranged from 1.11 (95% CI 1.00‐1.24) in blue‐collar workers to 1.24 (95% CI 1.12‐1.37) in service workers. Even after controlling for potential mediating factors, service workers showed worse survival.

Conclusion

We documented occupational class disparities in pancreatic cancer survival in Japan. Even in the setting of lethal prognostic cancer with universal health coverage, high‐occupational class groups may enjoy a health advantage.