bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time budgets of Snow GeeseChen caerulescensand Ross's GeeseChen rossiiin mixed flocks: implications of body size, ambient temperature and family associations
Authors: JÓNSSON JÓN EINAR , AFTON ALAN D.
Published: December 2008

Body size affects foraging and forage intake rates directly via energetic processes and indirectly through interactions with social status and social behaviour. Ambient temperature has a relatively greater effect on the energetics of smaller species, which also generally are more vulnerable to predator attacks than are larger species. We examined variability in an index of intake rates and an index of alertness in Lesser Snow GeeseChen caerulescens caerulescensand Ross's GeeseChen rossiiwintering in southwest Louisiana. Specifically we examined variation in these response variables that could be attributed to species, age, family size and ambient temperature. We hypothesized that the smaller Ross's Geese would spend relatively more time feeding, exhibit relatively higher peck rates, spend more time alert or raise their heads up from feeding more frequently, and would respond to declining temperatures by increasing their proportion of time spent feeding. As predicted, we found that Ross's Geese spent more time feeding than did Snow Geese and had slightly higher peck rates than Snow Geese in one of two winters. Ross's Geese spent more time alert than did Snow Geese in one winter, but alert rates differed by family size, independent of species, in contrast to our prediction. In one winter, time spent foraging and walking was inversely related to average daily temperature, but both varied independently of species. Effects of age and family size on time budgets were generally independent of species and in accordance with previous studies. We conclude that body size is a key variable influencing time spent feeding in Ross's Geese, which may require a high time spent feeding at the expense of other activities.
Central venous access to the cranial vena cava via the omobrachial vein in the dog
Authors: Radlinsky MaryAnn G. , Koenig Amie
Published: December 2008

Background– The omobrachial vein is a superficial vein that crosses the brachial region of the dog. It terminates in the cranial vena cava, offering a novel site for central venous catheterization into the cranial thorax.

Case Summary– The omobrachial vein served as a point of access to the cranial vena cava for treatment and monitoring of a critical canine patient in this report. The omobrachial vein was catheterized using the modified‐Seldinger technique due to contamination of or lack of availability of commonly used central venous catheter insertion sites.

Conclusion– Access to the cranial vena cava via the omobrachial vein was easily achieved, and the catheter was maintained without complication for 10 days. Although the site was successfully used in the patient in this report, omobrachial vein anatomy is not consistent in all dogs.
Hemorrhagic bile pleuritis and peritonitis secondary to traumatic common bile duct rupture, diaphragmatic tear, and rupture of the spleen in a dog
Authors: Peddle Gordon D. , Carberry Carol A. , Goggin Justin M.
Published: December 2008

Objective– To describe the diagnosis and successful treatment of bile pleuritis and peritonitis secondary to traumatic rupture of the common bile duct and a diaphragmatic tear in a young dog.

Case Summary– A 1‐year‐old German Shepherd dog was referred for evaluation of vomiting and icterus 4 days after being hit by a car. Thoracic radiographs, thoracic and abdominal ultrasonographic examinations, thoraco‐ and abdominocentesis, and positive contrast celiogram indicated hemorrhagic pleuritis and peritonitis, left dorsal diaphragmatic tear, and rupture and infarct of the spleen. Surgical exploration of the abdomen confirmed these findings in addition to a circumferential tear of the common bile duct, leading to a diagnosis of hemorrhagic bile pleuritis and peritonitis. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture of the abdominal fluid yielded no growth. Surgical correction of the traumatic injuries was achieved via common bile duct anastomosis, cholecystojejunostomy, repair of the diaphragm, and splenectomy. The dog developed postoperative signs consistent with aspiration pneumonia but was successfully treated and discharged from the hospital. Clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities resolved and the dog was alive and healthy 8 months after discharge.

New or Unique Information Provided– Bile pleuritis is rare in dogs and cats and is usually associated with penetrating, not blunt, abdominal trauma. Multiple organ injury in cases of traumatic bile duct rupture is uncommon; in this dog, rupture of the common bile duct was accompanied by rupture of the diaphragm and spleen.
Helium‐oxygen gas‐carrier mixture (heliox): a review of physics and potential applications in veterinary medicine
Authors: Byers Christopher G. , Romeo Katelyn , Johnson Anthony S. , Campoy Luis
Published: December 2008

Background –To review the physics of helium with regard to airway physiology, as well as known human and potential veterinary applications of administration of inhaled helium‐oxygen gas‐carrier mixture (heliox).

Data Sources –Human and veterinary studies.

Human Data Synthesis –Helium‐oxygen mixtures have been used in human medicine for over 70 years as an adjunct therapy in various upper and lower respiratory disorders. Helium's low density promotes laminar flow through partially obstructed airways, resulting in a decreased work of breathing.

Veterinary Data Synthesis –Little to no evidence‐based medicine exists to support or oppose the use of heliox in veterinary species. However, domestic animal species and humans share several common pathophysiologic aspects of various obstructive airway disorders. Thus, veterinary patients may also ultimately and significantly benefit from this novel therapy.

Conclusion –Prospective studies are needed in veterinary medicine to determine the utility of heliox in clinical scenarios.
Successful management of saltwater submersion injury in a dog using mechanical ventilation
Authors: Haas Sharlee A. , Davidow Elizabeth
Published: December 2008

Objective–To describe successful management of saltwater near‐drowning in a dog using mechanical ventilation.

Case Summary–A 7‐year‐old spayed female Golden Retriever weighing 37 kg was referred for mechanical ventilation after saltwater submersion injury. The dog had a history of rare seizures characterized by pre‐ictal agitation. On the morning of the event, the dog became agitated and ran toward Puget Sound. The owners discovered the dog unconscious in approximately 25.4 cm (10 in) of water, with her head submerged. The owners estimated that the dog was submerged for approximately 30 seconds. The dog was presented immediately to the nearest emergency facility where initial diagnostic testing and treatment included venous blood gases, nasal oxygen, and IV fluids. The dog was dyspneic despite nasal oxygen administration and was referred for mechanical ventilation. Upon arrival the patient was cyanotic with an arterial partial pressure of oxygen of 38 mm Hg (reference interval 85–100 mm Hg) and oxygenation saturation of 62% (reference interval >95%). Thoracic radiographs were taken and revealed severe, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. The patient was ventilated for 70 hours and was discharged 4 days later. Complications included pneumonia and phlebitis at the site of a cephalic IV catheter. Follow up thoracic radiographs 10 days after discharge were within normal limits and the owners report a full recovery at 1 year.

New or Unique Information Provided–Submersion injury can result in acute respiratory distress syndrome in dogs. Mechanical ventilation provided critical support during pulmonary recovery in this dog.
Rauwolfia serpentinatoxicity in a dog
Authors: Good Jennifer M. , Mandell Deborah C.
Published: December 2008

Objective–To describe the clinical manifestations and treatment ofRauwolfia serpentinatoxicity in a dog.

Case Summary–A 9‐month‐old intact male mixed breed dog was presented following ingestion of an antihypertensive medication containing alkaloids fromR. serpentina. R. serpentinaalkaloids cause depletion of the biologic amines: norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. The dog experienced hypotension, mental depression, bradycardia, diarrhea, bronchoconstriction, and gastrointestinal ulceration similar to the adverse effects reported in humans. The dog was released from the hospital after 4 days of supportive care.

New Information Provided–This is the first case of accidentalR. serpentinatoxicity in a dog reported in the literature. This case had a good clinical outcome with supportive care and monitoring of all the subsequent adverse effects.
Medical and surgical management of severe barium aspiration in a dog
Authors: Meola Stacy D. , Mazzaferro Elisa M. , Wheeler Jason L. , McKiernan Brendan
Published: December 2008

Objective– To describe the medical and surgical management of a unique case of barium sulfate aspiration pneumonia in a dog.

Case Summary– A 5‐year‐old spayed female black Labrador Retriever weighing 33 kg was presented for evaluation of barium aspiration pneumonia. Approximately 200 mL of barium had been instilled into the caudal lung lobes via an improperly placed orogastric tube. Right caudal, right middle, and accessory lung lobectomies were performed, and the dog was managed intensively for 19 days in the hospital.

New or Unique Information Provided– This is the first report of a complete diagnostic work‐up including bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, culture, thoracotomy, and pulmonary histopathology for severe barium sulfate aspiration in a dog with an excellent outcome.
Measurement of tissue oxygen saturation levels using portable near‐infrared spectroscopy in clinically healthy dogs
Authors: Hall Kelly E. , Powell Lisa L. , Beilman Greg J. , Shafer Karin R. , Skala Vickie K. , Olmstead Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2008

Objective
–
To establish a reference interval for tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) levels measured by a portable near‐infrared spectroscope and determine site(s) for reproducibly measuring StO2 levels in dogs.

Design
–
Prospective experimental study.

Setting
–
Veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals
–
Seventy‐eight healthy dogs.

Measurements and Main Results
–
A portable device that quantitatively measures StO2 levels directly in muscle tissue using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was topically applied to shaved sites over 4 muscle bodies. Readings from the sartorius muscle were obtained 100% of the time. The digital extensors and biceps femoris muscles provided similar readings, but less consistently obtained StO2 values (70% and 67%, respectively). Mean StO2 levels measured over these 3 sites were not statistically different from one another. When readings from these 3 sites were combined, a mean ±1 SD of 92.9±7.4% was obtained. The epaxial muscles produced a significantly lower mean ±1 SD (68.5±22.4%), and readings were obtained only 60% of the time.

Conclusions
–
In dogs, a mean ±1 SD of 92.9±7.4% can be used to investigate clinical applications of NIRS. The sartorius muscle most consistently allows for detection of StO2 levels (100%). The epaxial muscles are not consistent or reliable for obtaining StO2 readings and are not recommended for clinical application of near‐infrared spectroscope. Sex does not significantly affect StO2 readings at any site. Body condition score only affects readings obtained from the sartorius muscle.
Severe soft tissue infections in dogs: 47 cases (1996–2006)
Authors: Buriko Yekaterina , Van Winkle Thomas J. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Rankin Shelley C. , Syring Rebecca S.
Published: December 2008

Objective– To describe the patient population, microbiological findings, treatment and outcome in dogs with severe soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and to compare survivors to nonsurvivors.

Design– Retrospective study.

Animals– Forty‐seven dogs with confirmed soft tissue infections originating from the SC tissues, muscle or fascia.

Interventions– None.

Measurements and Main Results– Physical and clinicopathologic data on presentation, microbiological and histopathological findings, antimicrobial treatment and outcome. Dogs with SSTIs were predominantly large breed dogs with a median body weight of 35.6 kg. Incidence of pre‐existing conditions (immunomodulating diseases, blunt trauma, injections, clean surgical procedures) that could have contributed to development of SSTIs was 34%. Abnormal physical examination and diagnostic parameters on presentation included increased body temperature (median temperature 39.5 °C [103.1 °F]) and low arterial blood pressure (median systolic blood pressure 103.5 mm Hg). While Streptococcus species were the most commonly isolated bacteria, the incidence of polymicrobial infections differed between antemortem (38.7%) and postmortem (57.1%) cultures. The overall survival rate was 46.8%. Survivors had a higher body weight and higher respiratory rate on presentation than nonsurvivors. Nonsurvivors had a significantly lower WBC count and higher lactate, BUN, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin concentrations. Histopathologic examination of tissue specimens showed that the degree of necrosis was higher in survivors compared with nonsurvivors.

Conclusions– SSTIs in dogs are serious conditions associated with high mortality, significant inflammatory changes, and cardiovascular compromise. A number of conditions, including those that compromise skin integrity and immunomodulating diseases have been identified in our patient population and could have contributed to development of SSTIs. Polymicrobial infections occurred in many cases, necessitating broad‐spectrum antimicrobial coverage.
The neurophysiology of dyspnea
Authors: Mellema Matthew Scott
Published: December 2008

Objective
–
To review the human and veterinary literature regarding the neurophysiology of dyspnea and to provide evidence for the beneficial effects of several novel therapies aimed at the alleviation of dyspneic sensations.

Data Sources
–
Data sources included scientific reviews, case reports, original research publications, and recent research conference proceedings.

Human Data Synthesis
–
The use of blood oxygenation level‐dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging technology has revealed that the brain regions activated by air hunger in humans are also those activated by fear, pain, and thirst perception. In human subjects, it has been found that agents known to enhance the firing of pulmonary slowly adapting receptors (SARs) can alleviate the sensation of dyspnea without altering central respiratory drive. Several small studies have also shown that nebulized opioids can reduce the sensation of dyspnea apparently via activation of peripheral opioid receptors in the lung.

Veterinary Data Synthesis
–
There are several animal models relevant to both small and large animal clinical patient populations. Treatment of rats with a nebulized SAR sensitizing agent (furosemide) enhances SAR firing in response to lung inflation. Behavioral escape responses to airway occlusion are reduced in lightly anesthetized cats when treated with nebulized furosemide. Opioid agonists have been shown to inhibit the release of acetylcholine and other mediators from the airways of dogs and guinea pigs. Studies using a goat model with bilateral destruction of the pre‐Bötzinger Complex do not support current paradigms of air hunger origination.

Conclusions
–
Veterinary patients may benefit from an approach to dyspnea that incorporates an understanding of the origins of the unpleasant sensations associated with the condition. Several novel therapies have shown promise in alleviating dyspneic sensations without altering respiratory drive. Further study is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these therapies in veterinary patients.
Chronic Pain Treatment: A High Moral Imperative with Offsetting Personal Risks for the Physician—A Medical Student's Perspective
Authors: Nathan Jonathan I.
Published: December 2008

There is a clear need for physicians who specialize in the treatment of chronic pain, and these specialists must be empowered to use legally available and medically acceptable pain therapies, including opioids. However, prescribing opioids (or not prescribing them) for chronic pain treatment exposes pain physicians to medicolegal risks with serious personal consequences. This article summarizes, from a medical student's perspective, the basis for the specialization in pain medicine, and actions that place pain physicians at risk for serious professional harm. Regulatory issues of opioid prescription, physician litigation, and the ethical and legal implications on pain management from the perspective of a medical student are discussed. Existing data suggest that legal and regulatory issues have impacted and will continue to impact the treatment of pain. Creating uncertainty about legal issues and instilling fear in the prescribing physician are the best ways to discourage the use of opioids for legitimate medical purposes. In addition, the personal risks associated with the treatment of pain are likely to deter medical students from choosing pain management as their specialty. It is concluded that pain management is both a moral imperative and a moral obligation of clinicians that stems from the Hippocratic Oath. It is clear that there are many misconceptions and ethical concerns surrounding the use of opioids to treat pain. It is imperative that legal and regulatory issues do not discourage medical students from specializing in pain medicine.
Somatic Poetry in Amazonian Ecuador
Authors: Uzendoski Michael
Published: December 2008

In this article, I explore two healing experiences, one in Amazonian Ecuador and the other in Amazonian Peru. I argue that these experiences can be theorized through the idea of “somatic poetry,” which I define as the process of making and experiencing beauty so that life and the story become part of the same thread. I discuss how somatic poetry involves drama and coauthoring with nonhuman natural beings, including spirits. I also explore how somatic poetry works textually in interconnecting past lives, history, myth, the body, and the myriad and various subjectivities of the Amazonian landscape.
Thick Description of a Visit Home: In Tribute to Clifford Geertz
Authors: Rautman Alison E.
Published: December 2008

A journey home after my parents' deaths combined elements of pilgrimage, mortuary ritual, and ritual of reincorporation. This exercise in thick description (Clifford Geertz 1973) explores the meaning of my tragicomic adventure using Renato Rosaldo's (1989) ideas of ritual as public markers along private paths. When my personal mourning ritual could not fit into any available cultural category, I stumbled, disoriented, into a carnival world of boundary transgression, status inversion, and farce.
Domesticating Imperialism: Sexual Politics and the Archaeology of Empire
Authors: VOSS BARBARA L.
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT  The archaeology of empire is permeated by sexual narratives. This has been especially true of archaeological research on the Spanish Americas, where the material remains of colonial settlements have often been interpreted as products of a literal and figurative marriage between two cultures. However, investigating colonization as a consensual domestic arrangement has masked the ways in which imperial projects relied on the exercise of power, including sexual regulations and sexual coercion. Recent archaeological and ethnohistoric research at the Spanish‐colonial military settlement of El Presidio de San Francisco affords a different perspective, one in which the public and institutional exercise of sexual control was central to the imperial project.
Gospel of Wealth, Gospel of Work: Counterhegemony in the U.S. Working Class
Authors: PAUL DURRENBERGER E. , DOUKAS DIMITRA
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT  In this article, we marshal qualitative and quantitative evidence for a distinctive U.S. working‐class perspective that criticizes and dissents from the society's consumerist orthodoxy. On the basis of ethnographic and archival research in white central New York and eastern Pennsylvania, Doukas suggested that the frugal, work‐centered ideology of historical U.S. working classes—the “gospel of work”—persisted as counterhegemonic in today's “gospel of wealth” consumerism. Durrenberger quantitatively tested for “gospel of work” orientations and found confirmation among predominantly white central Pennsylvanian labor unionists. We argue that the combination of methods warrants a more confident generalization and that the “wage of whiteness” needs to be assessed in regional and historic context. We conclude that “gospel of work” values are widely held despite a century‐long corporate‐sponsored campaign to promote consumerism and caution against assuming consumerist hegemony in the United States.
From Health to Human Rights: Female Genital Cutting and the Politics of Intervention
Authors: SHELL‐DUNCAN BETTINA
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT  The international campaign to eliminate female genital cutting (FGC) has, since the early 1990s, actively attempted to divorce itself from a health framework, adopting instead a human rights framework to justify intervention. Several key questions emerge regarding the prominent placement of FGC in the international human rights movement: What are the ramifications of framing FGC as a human rights violation? What actions are mandated by a human rights approach? What perils and pitfalls potentially arise from the adoption of a rights‐based framework, and how might they be avoided? In exploring these questions it becomes clear that, although a human rights approach is promising, careful deliberation is required to develop action strategies that offer both protection and respect for the culture and autonomy of those women and families concerned.
The Seductive Gaze Through the Gold Filter: Representation, Color Manipulation, and Technology Choices in Visual Ethnography
Authors: FEWKES JACQUELINE H.
Published: December 2008

Cultural representation begins before image production as visual ethnographers make equipment purchasing decisions. In this article I examine the choices made at this stage in relation to one particular category of equipment and technology choices, color filters. I explore ideas about their use and their image manipulation potential in comparison with other common visual technologies. These ideas form the basis for a recommendation toward developing a critical approach to the role of image‐producing technologies in visual representations of culture, and for creating a visual framework where aesthetics and accuracy are not mutually exclusive categories.
Snap of the Whip/Crossroads of Shame: Flogging, Photography, and the Representation of Atrocity in the Congo Reform Campaign
Authors: PEFFER JOHN
Published: December 2008

This article examines the recurrent iconography of the black body under the whip, and its ambivalent reception among British evangelical Christians during the colonial era. Flogging images have often been mixed signs, generating variously sympathetic, antipathetic, and even voyeuristic responses toward those pictured as being in pain. They are linked to a wider world of images of pain used variously, both publicly and privately, as an accusation and as a source of shameful pleasure. The specific case explored is the novel use of photography of flogging and other atrocities in the historic campaign to expose and end abuses in the Congo during the first decade of the 20th century. I describe how pictures of atrocities served as marks of painful contact between Africa and Europe, and salvation and shame. This is followed by a discussion of the ethics of reenactment and representation of the pain of others.
The Politics of Antiracism & Social Justice: The Perspective of a Human Rights Network in the U.S. South
Authors: Harrison Faye V.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Since 9/11 the sociopolitical and legal climate of the country has deteriorated, engendering a moral panic over national security and intensifying a longstanding trend of violating the human rights of a portion of the citizenry and immigrant population. These segments of the populace lived under de facto conditions of a police state long before the War on Terror and the USA Patriot Act. This repression implicates the War on Drugs and a racially‐ and class‐biased system of criminal (in)justice with which Homeland Security intersects. Problems such as these have attracted the attention of both social scientists and activists mobilizing for social justice. Among the latter is a southeastern network of human rights organizers who map their region as part of the Global South. A multiracial group organized around the vision of three African American women, the Southern Human Rights Organizers Network promotes consciousness and praxis shaped by the vernacularization of international human rights discourse and the reclamation of the history of African American and broader Afro‐Atlantic struggles for expanding the terms of what it means to be human.
A novel monoclonal antibody recognizing β(1–3) glucans in intact cells of Candida and Cryptococcus
Authors: KONDORI N. , EDEBO L. , MATTSBY‐BALTZER I.
Published: December 2008

The cell walls of all medically important fungi contain a unique polyglucose compound, β(1–3) glucan. In the present study, murine monoclonal antibodies were produced against linear and β(1–6) branched β(1–3) glucans, and their specificities were characterized for reactivity to other β glucans, fungal cell wall fragments, and fungal cells. Their reactivity was also compared with that of rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against the same immunogens. Two mouse monoclonal antibodies (AG and BG) recognized immunoreactive epitopes in β(1–3)(1–6) glucan by ELISA. In an inhibition assay of the anti‐β(1–3)(1–6) activity of the monoclonals, the homologous antigen effectively inhibited the activity as expected, while β(1–3) also inhibited the assay but to a much lesser extent. No inhibition was obtained by β(1–3)(1–4) or β(1–6), while a cell wall extract of Candida albicans (PPM) effectively inhibited both monoclonals. Cell wall fragments of C. albicans (CaCW) and Cryptococcus neoformans (CnCW) inhibited the anti‐β(1–3)(1–6) activity of AG, while BG was much less or not inhibited at all. Immunofluorescence confirmed the unique antibody specificity of AG by its recognition of a β(1–3)(1–6)‐associated epitope on the cell surfaces of C. albicans,C. krusei, C. glabrata, and nonencapsulated C. neoformans. The epitope for the AG antibody is suggested to be present in the branching point of β(1–3)(1–6), or in the randomly coiled β(1–3) polyglucan due to the presence of branches. Thus, monoclonal antibodies to β(1–3)(1–6) glucans may have potential as tools in the laboratory diagnosis of invasive yeast infections.
Heat shock proteins 27, 60 and 70 as prognostic markers of prostate cancer
Authors: GLAESSGEN AXEL , JONMARKER SARA , LINDBERG ANNA , NILSSON BO , LEWENSOHN ROLF , EKMAN PETER , VALDMAN ALEXANDER , EGEVAD LARS
Published: December 2008

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) protect cells against stress‐associated injury and are overexpressed in several malignant tumors. We aimed to investigate their value as prognostic markers in prostate cancer. A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed of 289 prostate cancers from radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens with median follow‐up of 48.9 months. Slides were immunostained for HSP27, HSP60 and HSP70. Intensity and extent of immunoreactivity (IR) and their product (IRp) was evaluated by two observers. The IRp of HSP27 and HSP60, but not of HSP70, significantly predicted biochemical recurrence (p=0.014, 0.034 and 0.160, respectively). Recurrence‐free survival in patients with strong HSP27 and HSP60 staining was shorter than in those with weak expression (p=0.019 and 0.001, respectively). IRp of HSP27 and HSP60 correlated with Gleason score (p<0.01). HSP60 was an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence in multivariate analysis, including extraprostatic extension, margin status, seminal vesicle invasion and Gleason score. Weighted kappa for interobserver agreement of HSP27, HSP60 and HSP70 IR was 0.613–0.823 for intensity and 0.584–0.719 for IRp, but only 0.036–0.244 for extent, raising the question whether staining extent should be estimated on TMA. We conclude that HSP27 and HSP60 are predictors of biochemical recurrence after RP.
Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from the Arkhangelsk region, Russia: antimicrobial susceptibility, molecular epidemiology, and distribution of Panton‐Valentine leucocidin genes
Authors: VOROBIEVA V. , BAZHUKOVA T. , HANSSEN A. M. , CAUGANT D. A. , SEMENOVA N. , HALDORSEN B. C. , SIMONSEN G. S. , SUNDSFJORD A.
Published: December 2008

A total of 91 consecutive clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were collected at the Regional Hospital of Arkhangelsk, Russia, from May to December 2004, and examined for antimicrobial susceptibility, methicillin resistance and presence of Panton‐Valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes. Epidemiological typing was performed by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were examined by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. High‐to‐moderate rates of resistance to penicillin (β‐lactamase production; 93%), tetracycline (40%), erythromycin and clindamycin (32%) were observed. Forty out of ninety‐one (44%) isolates were positive for PVL genes. Thirty‐six (40%) PVL‐positive methicillin‐susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains were shown by PFGE and MLST typing (ST121, ST681, ST837) to be part of a nosocomial outbreak caused by clonal complex (CC) 121. PFGE, MLST and SCCmec typing revealed three MRSA clones. Sequence type (ST) 239‐III (n=11), ST1097‐III (n=1) and ST8‐IV (n=3) belong to CC8 of epidemic multiresistant MRSA, whereas ST426‐MRSA‐IV/CC395 (n=1) has not been reported previously. All MRSA strains were PVL negative. The overall results underline the necessity of microbiological sampling, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and epidemiological typing as a rational basis for antimicrobial treatment of S. aureus infections, and infection control measures to limit the spread of multiresistant MRSA and epidemic MSSA clones.
Oestrogen receptor‐β1 but not oestrogen receptor‐βcx is of prognostic value in apocrine carcinoma of the breast
Authors: HONMA NAOKO , SAJI SHIGEHIRA , KURABAYASHI RIE , AIDA JUNKO , ARAI TOMIO , HORII RIE , AKIYAMA FUTOSHI , IWASE TAKUJI , HARADA NOBUHIRO , YOUNES MAMOUN , TOI MASAKAZU , TAKUBO KAIYO , SAKAMOTO GOI
Published: December 2008

Apocrine carcinoma of the breast, which frequently expresses oestrogen receptor‐β (ER‐β) in the absence of ER‐α and only infrequently is treated endocrinologically, gives an opportunity to investigate the clinicopathological role of ER‐β in breast cancer independent of ER‐α expression or tamoxifen treatment. Several isotypes of ER‐β, ER‐β1–5 etc., have been identified thus far; however, the clinicopathological importance of each ER‐β isotype in breast cancer is still uncertain. Here we aimed to clarify the clinicopathological importance of ER‐β1 and ER‐βcx (ER‐β2) in apocrine carcinomas, immunohistochemically examining expressions of ER‐β1 and ER‐βcx in 47 apocrine carcinomas. Positivity for ER‐β1 and ER‐βcx was observed in 41 (87%) and 18 (38%) of 47 cases, respectively. ER‐β1 positivity was related to smaller tumor size (P=0.0359), lower histological grade (P=0.0322), and higher disease‐free survival (P<0.0001), whereas ER‐βcx status was related to none of these parameters. ER‐β1 positivity was also associated with favorable clinical outcome in 24 so‐called triple‐negative (ER‐α‐negative/PR‐negative/HER2‐negative) apocrine carcinomas. ER‐β1 itself, independent of ER‐α expression and tamoxifen treatment, seems to have a tumor‐suppressive effect, at least in apocrine carcinomas. Further study of ER‐β1 is desired to optimize breast cancer treatment.
Inhibition of PI3K/Akt partially leads to the inhibition of PrPC‐induced drug resistance in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Liang Jie , Ge Fulin , Guo Changcun , Luo Guanhong , Wang Xin , Han Guohong , Zhang Dexin , Wang Jianhong , Li Kai , Pan Yanglin , Yao Liping , Yin Zhanxin , Guo Xuegang , Wu Kaichun , Ding Jie , Fan Daiming
Published: December 2008

Cellular prion protein (PrPC), a glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol‐anchored membrane protein with unclear physiological function, was previous found to be upregulated in adriamycin (ADR)‐resistant gastric carcinoma cell line SGC7901/ADR compared to its parental cell line SGC7901. Overexpression of PrPC in gastric cancer has certain effects on drug accumulation through upregulation of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), which is suggested to play an important role in determining the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy and is linked to activation of the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway. In the present study, we further investigate the role of the PI3K/Akt pathway in PrPC‐induced multidrug‐resistance (MDR) in gastric cancer. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscope detection suggest a positive correlation between PrPC and phosphorylated Akt (p‐Akt) expression in gastric cancer. Using established stable PrPC transfectant cell lines, we demonstrated that the level of p‐Akt was increased in PrPC‐transfected cells. Inhibition of PrPC expression by RNA interference resulted in decreased p‐Akt expression. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway by one of its specific inhibitors, LY294002, or by Akt small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in decreased multidrug resistance of SGC7901 cells, partly through downregulation of P‐gp induced by PrPC. Taken together, our results suggest that PrPC‐induced MDR in gastric cancer is associated with activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt by LY2940002 or Akt siRNA leads to inhibition of PrPC‐induced drug resistance and P‐gp upregulation in gastric cancer cells, indicating a possible novel mechanism by which PrPC regulates gastric cancer cell survival.
SUBCRITICAL WATER EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM ZATARIA MULTIFLORA BOISS
Authors: KHAJENOORI M. , ASL A. HAGHIGHI , HORMOZI F. , EIKANI M.H. , BIDGOLI H. NOORI
Published: December 2008

The essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss., cultivated in Iran, was extracted by subcritical water extraction (SCWE) and compared with two conventional methods, including hydrodistillation and Soxhlet extraction. The extraction efficiencies of different temperatures (100, 125, 150 and 175C), mean particle sizes (0.25, 0.50 and 1 mm) and water flow rates (1, 2 and 4 mL/min) were investigated at 20 bar. The separation and identification of the components were carried out by gas chromatrography (GC)‐flame ionization detection and GC‐mass spectrometry. The best operating conditions for the SCWE of Z. multiflora Boiss. were determined to be at 150C temperature, 0.50‐mm mean particle size and 2 mL/min flow rate for 150 min extraction time. The SCWE method resulted in a more valuable essential oil with respect to the oxygenated components.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Subcritical water can be used in many different fields of applications. In recent years, the extraction of flavors, fragrances and antioxidant components from plant materials, and the hydrolysis of carbohydrates, vegetable oils and fatty acids have been widely investigated by many researchers. Using subcritical water for analytical purposes and for soil remediation, and applying it as a reaction media are some other interesting fields for practical applications.
APPLICATION OF ULTRASONICATION OR HIGH‐PRESSURE EXTRACTION OF FLAVONOIDS FROM LITCHI FRUIT PERICARP
Authors: PRASAD K. NAGENDRA , YANG BAO , ZHAO MOUMING , RUENROENGKLIN NEUNGNAPA , JIANG YUEMING
Published: December 2008

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit pericarp (LFP) contains a high amount of flavonoids, which could be used as natural antioxidants. Some emerging novel technologies, such as ultrasonic extraction (UE) and high‐pressure extraction (HPE), have exhibited great potential for flavonoid extraction. Experiments were conducted to comparatively investigate the effects of conventional extraction (CE), 40‐KHz UE and 200‐ or 400‐MPa HPE on the extraction efficiency of flavonoids from LFP. After 30 min of extraction, the extract yield, total phenolic content, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide anion scavenging ability were examined. The crude extract yields by the UE, 400 HPE and CE were 24, 30 and 1.83%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity tested among these three different extractions at the same concentration. In addition, two flavonoids, namely epicatechin and epicatechin gallate, were identified and quantified as the major compounds, while catechin and procyanidin B2 were identified as the minor compounds. The total flavonoid content detected was 0.65, 0.75, 0.29 and 0.07 mg/g dry weight by HPE at 200 and 400 MPs, UE, and CE, respectively. Thus, the HPE technique showed a higher efficiency in extracting flavonoids from LFP, and the HPE could reduce the extraction time and increase the amount of the extracted phenolics.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a subtropical fruit that originated in Southeast Asia. As litchi fruit is gradually accepted by consumers for its delicious taste and attractive red skin, litchi production has steadily increased in recent decades, with increasing exports to Europe and North America from both the southern and northern hemisphere production areas. Litchi fruit pericarp (LFP) accounts for approximately 16% by weight of the whole fresh fruit and is comprised of a significant amount of flavonoids. Therefore, LFP tissues may be considered an important source of dietary flavonoids. This work showed that HPE technique has a high efficiency in extracting flavonoids from LFP tissues, which may help the litchi industry develop new extraction methods to better utilize the flavonoids from LFP tissues.
Measuring the cultural impact of zoos and aquariums
Authors: FRASER J. , SICKLER J.
Published: December 2008

Zoos and aquariums claim to accomplish their conservation mission, in part, through the learning experiences they create for visitors to their institutions. In this paper, the authors explore the disconnect that exists between mission, the experiences provided, assessments of success by zoos and aquariums, and the perspectives of the visitors, funders and social influencers who intersect with these institutions. Public perceptions of zoos are key and greatly under‐examined in the effort to advance a conservation mission effectively and efficiently within communities. Based on their research in the United States, the authors propose a new framework for studying and measuring how zoos and aquariums are valued in society in order to provide zoo and aquarium professionals with the tools for more targeted assessment of the greatest opportunities for social impact. They offer suggestions on how community perspectives can be leveraged in programme design to promote environmental sustainability, and what further research may be required to engage fully with the question of how zoos and aquariums can contribute to a culture of sustainability. The authors conclude that by thinking about how the social value of zoos is perceived from a community lens, the zoo and aquarium community will be better equipped to align programmes with community need without compromising their core conservation mission.
Sustainable education at a developing‐world field site: developing programmes linked to conservation work in‐country
Authors: FREEMAN K.
Published: December 2008

In a poverty‐stricken developing country such as Madagascar, it is sometimes difficult to promote conservation strategies and actions when they are at seeming odds with the urgent need for agricultural output. We explore the various methods and approaches used to promote more sustainable land use and, consequently, better protection of natural habitats using the case study of Parc Ivoloina and the Betampona Reserve in the eastern rainforest belt of Madagascar. The key factors in this approach are: the targeting of a diverse audience spanning all age ranges and social niches, identification and development of good quality local trainers and, most importantly, a long‐term approach enabling trusting relationships to be built up with local partners and genuine progress to be seen on the ground.
Recruitment and retention in front‐line services: the case of childcare
Authors: Carroll Marilyn , Smith Mark , Oliver Gwen , Sung Sirin
Published: December 2008

This article highlights how problems of recruitment and retention in front‐line services create a particular challenge to traditional HRM models and solutions. Private day nurseries make an interesting example of the challenges facing managers in the service sector as the combination of a feminised workforce, a price‐sensitive service, public–private competition and state regulation create particular difficulties. We report on a study of 33 day nurseries involving interviews with managers and employees over an eight‐month period. Our findings show that childcare providers have to cope with recruitment and retention problems associated with high‐end interactive service provision compounded by gender segregation and small business characteristics. Our analysis of employer and employee perspectives examines labour market issues affecting recruitment, and categorises the reasons for staff turnover into internal ‘push’ factors, external ‘pull’ factors, outside factors and functional turnover.
Management strategy and HR in international mergers: choice, constraint and pragmatism
Authors: Rees Chris , Edwards Tony
Published: December 2008

The article combines consideration of the range of contextual factors that impact on management strategy and HR in the post‐merger period (such as corporate structures and cultures, pressures from shareholders and regulatory and legal environments at national and international level) with an examination of the interests and power of various groups of actors within the firm. Specifically, we apply a framework which integrates the insights of market‐based, institutionalist and micro‐political approaches. We locate our analysis within the relevant international HRM literature, most notably recent debates concerning multinational corporation (MNC) merger dynamics. International mergers and acquisitions provide particularly useful scenarios through which to explore the interdependence between choice and constraint, illustrated here by processes of negotiation, compromise and balance across a range of issues in several case study organisations. The key areas highlighted concern: (1) the integration of HR strategies, and (2) processes of post‐merger rationalisation.
Effect of UV‐C on Algal Evolution and Differences in Growth Rate, Pigmentation and Photosynthesis Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algae
Authors: Gao Yang , Cui Yunluan , Xiong Wei , Li Xiaobo , Wu Qingyu
Published: December 2008

Insight into the influence of UV‐C radiation on the evolutionary relationship between prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae was studied in seven species of algae exposed to different UV‐C irradiances. The order of their acclimation (from most tolerant to sensitive) is Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 (Cyanophyta), Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (Cyanophyta), Chlorella protothecoides (Chlorophyta), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyta), Phaeodactylum  tricornutum (Bacillariophyta), Alexandrium  tamarense (Pyrrhophyta) and Dicrateria  zhanjiangensis (Chrysophyta). These results are in accordance with the algal evolution process that is generally accepted and proved by fossil record. It shows that UV‐C radiation is an important environmental factor that cannot be ignored in the evolutionary process from prokaryotic algae to eukaryotic algae. The threshold of UV‐C radiation at which prokaryotic algae can survive but eukaryotic algae cannot was found to be approximately 0.09 W m−2. This was the first time to determine with precision the irradiance level at which UV‐C contributed as a selection pressure of evolution. Furthermore, the effects of UV‐C radiation on photosynthetic performance, growth rate and pigment content were investigated in two species of prokaryotic algae: Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, and two species of eukaryotic algae: C. reinhardtii and C. protothecoides. After 6 days of exposure, the contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids decreased in all species, moreover reduction in C. reinhardtii and C. protothecoides was more obvious than in Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. The ability to photosynthesize followed the same trend as the pigments.
Untangling the Complex Web of IL-4– and IL-13–Mediated Signaling Pathways
Authors: Wills-Karp Marsha , Finkelman Fred D.
Published: December 2008

Understanding how IL-4 and IL-13 signaling differ could result in the development of better anti-inflammatory therapies.
Cripto Localizes Nodal at the Limiting Membrane of Early Endosomes
Authors: Blanchet Marie-Hélène , Le Good J. Ann , Oorschot Viola , Baflast Stéphane , Minchiotti Gabriella , Klumperman Judith , Constam Daniel B.
Published: December 2008

Cripto facilitates ALK4 signaling by attenuating intraendosomal sorting of internalized Nodal.
Entry Code
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: December 2008

Phosphorylation of serine residues within a short motif triggers the nuclear translocation of various signaling proteins in a nuclear localization signal–independent manner.
Cancer Genomes: From Chaos Comes Order?
Authors: Kiberstis Paula A.
Published: December 2008

Genomic analyses identify genes disrupted in pancreatic tumors and glioblastoma multiforme.
A Wnt-fall for Gene Regulation: Repression
Authors: Hoverter Nate P. , Waterman Marian L.
Published: December 2008

Recognition of a nonclassical Wnt-response element by the transcription factor TCF results in β-catenin acting as a transcriptional repressor of certain Wnt target genes.
Synaptic Signaling to a Separate Population?
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2008

Spontaneous and evoked glutamate release may activate different populations of NMDA receptors.
Putting the STING in Innate Immunity
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: December 2008

A protein associated with protein transport machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum appears to function in signaling detection of viral infection.
Homing In on the Hub
Authors: Vinson Valda J.
Published: December 2008

The stressosome, a huge multiprotein complex, has a virus capsid–like core and variable extensions that detect and integrate signals to activate the stress response.
Seeing About Succinate
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2008

Succinate signals through a G protein-coupled receptor to promote retinal angiogenesis.
Not So Homologous?
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: December 2008

Vertebrate Hedgehog proteins bind to cell-surface proteins in a manner different from that of their
Drosophila
counterparts.
Nematode Immune Defenses
Authors: Kelner Katrina L.
Published: December 2008

In the worm
C. elegans
, sensory neurons surprisingly can inhibit innate immune responses, in part through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway.
A Complex Role for Lrp4?
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2008

Lrp4 acts as an agrin receptor that enables the agrin-dependent activation of MuSK.
Focus Issue: From Input to Output—Are All Paths Equal?
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: December 2008

The consequences of various input signals must first be understood to gain a systems-level explanation of signaling networks.
A Scaffold Makes the Switch
Authors: Dohlman Henrik G.
Published: December 2008

The location of a scaffolding protein determines whether activation of MAPK signaling in yeast will produce a graded or binary response.
Preventing Seed Germination
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: December 2008

Seed germination involves a complex interplay between gibberellic acid signaling and abscisic acid signaling that is mediated by transcriptional repressors.
The HIF-1α–C/EBPα Axis
Authors: Janardhan Harish P.
Published: December 2008

Interactions between HIF-1α and C/EBPα may mediate reciprocal functional effects.