bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Self-Compensation Approach for Backlash on Gear Pair
Authors: Karba Bahadır , Yıldırım Nihat
Published: January 2022

The way to properly account for variations in operating center distance and in functional tooth thickness are not obvious. The method presented here will give a good estimate of the range of operating backlash, provided the range of operating center distance and the range of operating functional tooth thickness is known. A method of estimating the functional tooth thickness from a combination of the nominal tooth thickness range and the elemental tolerances are presented. In unidirectional or bidirectional cases, gears have a certain amount of space usually called “backlash” between meshing teeth flanks are allowed for functional reasons. While backlash is a requirement for efficient performance of a gear pair under lubrication and possible occurrence of interference duties, it is also a hard to control parameter under manufacturing, and assembly errors, heating of the gearbox elements. However, optimum/correct value of the required backlash is not well defined and calculated before the actual gear pairs are put into operation. Researchers and engineers who study on power transmission field, mechanical design, and controlling field have been focused to backlash by investigating its influence onto gear behavior, predict, remove, minimize, and optimize.

In this approach, probabilities of minimum backlash configurations have been performed creating adjacent pitch deviation document which is effectful parameter based on manufacturing reports approximately via MATLAB. Thus, how backlash is minimum could via certain configurations between gears have been evaluate using phasing methodology under defined contact teeth which are provides minimum backlash chance.
Data-Driven Multi-Criteria Decision-Making for Smart and Sustainable Machining
Authors: Bhatia Purvee , Liu Yang , Nagaraj Sohan , Achanta Varshita , Pulaparthi Bharat , Diaz-Elsayed Nancy
Published: January 2022

This paper proposes a multi-criteria decision-making analysis of the alternatives for smart and sustainable machining processes to provide visibility and clarity on the factors that can affect production performance. Identification of such parameters can aid in the adoption of smart manufacturing technologies. The framework developed for decision making utilizes fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to compare alternative machining scenarios. Machining with Tool Condition Monitoring (TCM) and machining with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for modeling ambient conditions are analyzed for their application and form use cases in the framework. Feasibility of TCM via vibration analysis when milling 17-4 Stainless Steel is investigated and a positive trend is observed between the surface roughness of the work piece and the cutting tool vibration at time steps where tool wear is predicted. Thus, a viable low-cost solution for TCM is available. The ambient conditions of the machining environment have been modelled with CFD to study temperature and airflow gradients. The CFD model can be used to reduce thermal errors for precision machining and enhance operator efficiency. The result from the decision-making framework shows a clear preference for smart machining alternatives as compared to the conventional machining. In all, machining with TCM and CFD is found to be the most preferred.
A New Microfluidic Device Integrated With Quartz Crystal Microbalance to Measure Colloidal Particle Adhesion
Authors: Ji Siqi , Ran Ran , Chiniforooshan Esfahani Ilia , Wan Kai-tak , Sun Hongwei
Published: January 2022

Polystyrene particles simulating bacteria flow down a micro-channel in the presence of potassium chloride solution. Depending on the ionic concentration or flow rates, portion of the particles are trapped on the glass substrate due to intrinsic surface forces. A novel quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is built into the microfluidic device to track the real-time particle deposition by shift of the resonance frequency. The new technique is promising to quantify water filtration.
Deep Learning Approach to Evaluate Fracture Parameters From Photoelastic Images
Authors: Sasikumar Sachin , Ramesh K.
Published: January 2022

Since the inception of Fracture mechanics, the ability of photoelastic techniques to show significant geometric changes in the isochromatic fringe field has directed the mathematical modeling of stress field near the crack tip. The evaluation of fracture parameters, viz., stress intensity factors (SIFs) and T-stress is of utmost importance in predicting crack growth directions and estimating the life of the component. The current state-of-the-art technique for fracture parameters’ evaluation uses the photoelastic fringe data to evaluate the coefficients of a multi-parameter stress field equation by minimizing the convergence error iteratively in a non-linear least squares sense. This is a multi-stage, semi-automatic approach.

In this paper, the power of convolutional neural networks (CNN) that are well suited for recognizing complex spatial patterns is exploited to fully automate the evaluation of fracture parameters with the isochromatic image as the input. The network is pretrained on a large volume of simulated dataset which can later be fine-tuned for smaller experimental dataset. This approach helps to circumvent the requirement for large experimentally labeled dataset which is hard to obtain.
A Practical Approach for Determining Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) of Transmission Gas Pipelines
Authors: Ebrahimnia Bajestan Ehsan , Saad Bassam , Arjmand Mohammad
Published: January 2022

Gas transmission pipes are required to have sufficient material toughness at their minimum working temperature, (here, called Minimum Design Metal Temperature, MDMT) to avoid brittle fracture. This paper proposes a new practical approach in predicting the MDMT for buried natural gas transmission pipes. This approach is based on a thermal-hydraulic mathematical model to simulate the conjugate heat transfer through the pipe metal, the gas flow inside the pipe, the soil medium surrounding it, and ambient. For the gas flow inside the pipe, a 1D thermal-hydraulic model was utilized to simulate the convective heat transfer, Joule-Thomson effect, and heating of the gas due to pipe wall friction. Using computational simulations in conjunction with regression analyses, a simplified analytical model was developed to predict the temperature field in the surrounding soil for the parameter ranges of interest, including time-varying ambient air temperature. This model was then incorporated as a boundary condition in the 1D thermal-hydraulic gas flow model above to reflect the thermal interaction among the ambient air temperature, soil medium, pipe metal, and the gas flow inside the pipe. Based on the results, daily average ambient temperature data results in the same soil temperature as the hourly data. The initial soil temperature distribution also affects MDMT prediction. The model has been successfully validated against numerical analysis studies in the literature. The proposed approach can replace the transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for practical MDMT prediction in pipelines.
An Experimental Study on Sustainable Bandsawing Solutions for Structural Applications
Authors: Rakurty C. S. , Rangasamy Nithin
Published: January 2022

In this study, a fundamental investigation on the effect of cutting fluid application and type of fluid on sawing I-beams was carried out. This research hypothesizes that the minimum quantity fluid system with the right coolant/lubricant can be an effective and a sustainable sawing solution for structural applications by reducing cutting forces and surface roughness. A 41 mm bimetal band saw blade with 4/6 TPI (variable tooth per inch) was used on an Amada horizontal scissor saw at a constant feed and speed to saw I-beams. The Saw Blade Lube System™ by UNIST was the minimum quantity fluid system used in this study, and the system was used as recommended by the manufacturers. Four different cutting fluid applications and coolant combinations, namely, dry, flood application using synthetic oil + water, minimum quantity application using biodegradable vegetable oil + compressed air (recommended by the manufacturer), and minimum quantity application using the synthetic oil + water, are studied. Surface roughness, micro-hardness, and sawing forces were recorded/measured and analyzed for all four cutting fluid conditions. Chip welding/built-up edge formation and flank wear were studied to understand the interactional effects of the cutting fluid applications. Based on the results, it is evident that lubrication is more important than cooling in sawing I-beam due to the interrupted nature of sawing. This study lays a road map for optimizing the cutting fluid application for band sawing.
Blockchain Applications of Manufacturing Systems: A Survey
Authors: Song Jinwoo , Wang Jinbo , Moon Young B.
Published: January 2022

In recent years, future manufacturing systems following a vision of Industry 4.0 has been accelerated in order to enable more personalized, smart, and sustainable production. However, unsolved security challenges from their enlarged accessibility and connectivity have delayed realizing such systems. To address the emerging issues, the blockchain technology can be adopted to utilize its inherent generic security capabilities. However, research regarding the use of blockchain in manufacturing systems has only begun in the past few years while their research findings have been disseminated through a wide range of different outlets. This paper presents a literature review covering how manufacturing systems can adopt the blockchain technology while maintaining their production capacity, flexibility, and cost-efficiency. In addition to the survey, five categories of manufacturing systems striving to achieve the goal of Industry 4.0 are defined to provide a system model-based analysis. Also, a technology roadmap — that visualizes the chronological history of the technology — has been adopted to present the research trend and identify opportunities for future studies.
Analysis and Design Software for Integration of Renewable Energy and Energy Storage With CHP Devices
Authors: Naman Yasin , Kowalski Gregory J. , Zenouzi Mansour
Published: January 2022

Software with a user-friendly interface is presented for integrating energy storage and renewable energy sources with co-generation and tri-generation (CHP) systems. This simulation provides a first level screening of CHP systems and determines the effects of including renewable energy or storage systems. The inputs consist of the application’s electric load and thermal load as well as the parameters for the power producing devices, back up boilers/furnaces, vapor compression refrigeration COP and the generator and inverter efficiency. The output is the energy utilization factor (EUF), the rates of carbon dioxide production and entropy production. The simulation is based on using the thermal load to power ratio, HLRP, as a basic scaling parameter and the ratio of the cooling to total thermal load, CHR. A single design point investigation or continuous load information as well as the renewable energy output and energy storage data is controlled by the user. A dashboard report and an excel format is provided to allow the user to perform their own detail summary of the calculated results. Results comparing the performance of a CHP plant for different applications are provided. As expected, the CHP device outperforms the traditional means producing electricity.
Bounds of Reliability Function for Structural Systems Subjected to Imprecise Seismic Actions
Authors: Genovese Federica , Muscolino Giuseppe , Sofi Alba
Published: January 2022

The present paper focuses on reliability analysis of structural systems under ground motion acceleration taking into account the inherent random nature of the excitation as well as epistemic uncertainties affecting the definition of its spectrum. Specifically, seismic excitation is modelled as a zero-mean stationary Gaussian random process fully characterized by an imprecise power spectral density (PSD) function i.e. with interval parameters. The ranges of such interval parameters are determined by analysing a large set of accelerograms recorded on rigid soil deposits. To discard outliers, the Chauvenet’s Criterion is applied iteratively. The proposed imprecise PSD function may be viewed as representative of the actual accelerograms recorded on rigid soil deposits. Reliability assessment is carried out by incorporating the imprecise PSD function of ground motion acceleration into the formulation of the classical first-passage problem using Vanmarcke’s failure criterion. Due to imprecision of the excitation, the reliability function and the fractile of order p of the selected extreme value response process turn out to have an interval nature. Thus, the aim of reliability analysis is the evaluation of the bounds of such functions which define the range of structural performance. Numerical results show that neglecting imprecision of the PSD may lead to significant overestimation of the safety level.
Simulation of a Terrain Versatile Walker-Wheelchair With Torso Support
Authors: Manzer James , Simon Sosa Gabriel , Piovesan Davide
Published: January 2022

Much of the population have mobility disabilities. A market analysis highlighted the lack of a low-cost mobility solution that could provide terrain versatility, torso support, combined wheelchair functionality, and sit-to-stand assistance. Furthermore, the use of common, readily available parts for device life maintenance is advantageous for the intended use in rural areas.

This study describes a design for a mobility solution. A simulation and analysis are performed using multi-body software to determine the interaction between the vehicle on different types of obstacles, as well as determine forces in the riskiest parts of the design for connection strength analysis.

To complete this simulation, several determinations had to be obtained to use proper constraints for the system, such as the force the caregiver would push with and the damping of the tires. A physical test is performed to find the average force required to push a wheelchair and patient over outdoor, bumpy terrain. This study makes multiple suggestions for mobility device design that contrast with trending design priorities in the medical device industry and provides evidence for these recommendations. The results of the created simulations are used to make design choices regarding wheel configuration and size.
Contrasting the Traditional Engineering and Business Approaches to the Teaching of Engineering Economics
Authors: Armstrong Aaron
Published: January 2022

Engineering economics instruction tends to fall within two approaches, a business-oriented approach similar to what might be taught in a business finance or cost accounting class, and an engineering-based approach which follows the solution methods and general pedagogy used with other engineering topics. These disparate approaches can lead to different learning and performance outcomes for the students of this important topic. This paper provides a background in the various methods for teaching the subject and contrasts these two general approaches. Detailed examples are provided for each approach. The various advantages and disadvantages of each approach are then discussed in terms of their respective instructional techniques and learning outcomes. A survey of the approaches used by textbooks in the topic area is then presented. The respective implications for the instruction of the topic of engineering economics as well as the broader implications for the future of the engineering profession are then discussed with directions toward future development in this area.
The Influence of Plain-Orifice Geometry on Pintle Injector Flow Discharge Coefficient
Authors: Harms Colton , Fazeli Hamid , Vanaken Jordan
Published: January 2022

In this study, an experiment was carried out to understand the behavior of incompressible flow passing through the plain-orifices of pintle injector to characterize the discharge coefficient (Cd) for different orifice geometries. Three types of orifices, including primary, secondary, and film-cooling orifices, were utilized to characterize the discharge coefficient and understand each orifice flow pattern with high-speed imaging. Each of these orifices will be separated and tested in their test article. The impacts of parameters, including shape and size, on discharge coefficient were studied. The discharge coefficient was determined for each test article by subjecting the orifices to a range of flow rates and measuring the pressure differential. The results obtained for the test article F show a good agreement with the choked fit curve obtained from the analytical relation. In contrast, the results of other test articles show an inconsistency due to the cavitation phenomenon as an unstable flow in their trends. However, they show that after the cavitation, they precisely follow the expected trends.
Numerical Investigation Into the Cutting Forces, Chip Formation Mechanism, and Burr Formation During Slot Milling of Laminated CFRP Composites
Authors: Hassan Md Mahmudul , Ma Jeff , Jahan M. P.
Published: January 2022

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites have been attracting wide attention to industrial applications, such as in aerospace and automotive industries, because of their superior specific strength/ stiffness, excellent damage tolerance and fatigue life, and outstanding corrosion resistance along with their distinguished thermal and acoustic insulation capacity. The availability of laminated CFRP sheets has made it easy to manufacture many complex shapes accompanied by these wonderful properties Machining (post-processing) the laminated CFRP workpiece is of great importance, as it helps to achieve the desired shapes along with the desired dimensional accuracy. In this research, ABAQUS, a powerful commercial finite element method (FEM) software package, is utilized to model and simulate the milling of laminated CFRP composites. The effect of machining parameters (spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) has been assessed in terms of stress distribution, temperature distribution, cutting forces, burr formation, and material removal mechanisms. In this research, coupled temperature-displacement elements are used in order to capture the effect of machining on both deformation and temperature distribution. A combination of shear damage, ductile damage and Johnson-Cook constitutive and damage models have been used to account for the damages in the fiber and matrix. A total of 12 laminates are stacked together using traction separation laws with quadratic damage cohesive model. Layers with four different fiber orientations (0-135-90-45 degrees) have been stacked. A rigid plate is modeled and attached to the bottom face of the bottom laminate and the reference point of this rigid plate is used to capture the history of cutting forces in three directions. It is found that the maximum cutting forces generated has almost linear relationship with respect to feed rate per revolution as well as with spindle speed. The chip formation mechanism is influenced by the rigidity of the tool, cutting tool geometry, fiber reinforcement directions, and laminate workpiece properties. During machining CFRP composites, failure mechanisms of fibers and matrix are different than those during traditional metal machining. Finally, the simulation results reveal that the ABAQUS FEM model can predict the cutting, stress and temperature distributions, chip formation, and burr formation during machining of CFRP laminate composites.
Concurrent Design for Gravity-Balancing and Rigidity Enhancing of a New Interconnected Manipulator
Authors: Nehad Mostafa Ezz El-Din , Fanni Mohamed , Mohamed Abdelfatah M.
Published: January 2022

Interconnected manipulators possess the advantages of both parallel and serial manipulators to a great extent since they combine the serial and parallel structures inherently, which differentiates them from the hybrid manipulators. However, the passive joints in such manipulators degenerate their rigidity. The gravity balancing of a newly developed interconnected manipulator is achieved by adding springs connecting the driving links with the base. Such springs do not affect the rigidity of the manipulator. In this work, we design a new balancing system where the springs are distributed between the manipulator links without using any auxiliary links. The methodology for balancing this interconnected manipulator depends mainly on dividing it into several serial kinematic chains with passive-revolute joints. Each link of these kinematic chains is transformed into a single-link-equilibrator subsystem which can be easily balanced. The balancing of this subsystem is carried out by attaching a spring between the considered link and a vertical link attached with it by a revolute joint. The distribution of springs between the links transfers the main loads, which are the vertical gravitational loads, to other directions and locations. This new distribution of forces produces lower bending moments and hence decreases greatly the main vertical deflection of the end-effector. The results show that not only the gravity balancing has been achieved, but also the rigidity of the system is greatly enhanced.
Experimental Study of a Piezoelectric Strain-Based Energy Harvester for Intelligent Tires of Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Aliniagerdroudbari Haniph , Esmaeeli Roja , Farhad Siamak
Published: January 2022

In recent years, autonomous vehicles are at the forefront of the vehicle industry’s attention. Due to the fact that autonomous vehicles are driverless, the safety of these type of vehicles is more important to ensure the passengers safety. To improve the vehicle safety, intelligent tires can be used to provide tire and tire-pavement condition information to the autonomous vehicle control system. For this purpose, intelligent tires are equipped with different sensors such as temperature, pressure, wear and friction. These sensors need a sustainable and reliable power source so that the autonomous vehicle control system has access to the tire information at any conditions. Energy harvesters are proven to be applicable for tire waste strain energy harvesting to provide power for small on-board electronics. In this paper a strain-based energy harvester with the use of piezoelectric material is built and experimentally tested. A measurement system with wireless communication is also developed for online reading of the piezoelectric voltage and power. It is experimentally observed that the generated power by the piezoelectric energy harvester is enough to run the sensors tire. The effects of tire inflation pressure and normal load are also studied on the piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) output voltage.
Investigation of Skin Material Models for Ballistic Response
Authors: Pandey Punit Kumar , Ganpule Shailesh
Published: January 2022

Skin can be modeled using a variety of material models to depict its mechanical behavior. Skin shows different behavior like anisotropy, nonlinearity, strain rate dependency, viscoelasticity. Several experiments are conducted and presented in the literature for the mechanical characterization of skin. The primary skin material models are elastic, viscoelastic, and hyperelastic. The best suitable material model among them in case of ballistic or penetrating impact is not studied. The objective of this work is to study the sensitivity of choice of material model to the ballistic response. Towards this end, the data from the projectile-skin impact experiments are used to assess the suitability of a specific material model. The number of ballistic impact simulations are performed using 0.16-, 0.49- and 1.1-gram fragment simulating projectile (FSP) using various material models of skin. A dynamic explicit solver LS-Dyna is used to investigate ballistic limit, failure mechanism, and stress-strain responses. Detailed results are presented and discussed in terms of agreement between simulation and experiments against the aforementioned parameters. Viscoelastic material model was found best suitable material for ballistic impact simulation on skin. This work will be helpful in selecting the skin material model for penetrating ballistic impacts.
Analysis of Film Cooling Effectiveness on a Gas Turbine Blade With An Unsteady Wake Using Fast Response Pressure Sensitive Paint
Authors: Sounik Jeremy L. , Wright Lesley M.
Published: January 2022

The transient effect of unsteady wakes on film cooling effectiveness using a fast response pressure sensitive paint (PSP) was studied. Testing was performed in a five passage, low speed wind tunnel using a scaled-up high pressure, blade profile. The blowing ratios studied include 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 with a density ratio of 1.0 at each blowing ratio. Upstream unsteady wakes were produced by a spoked wheel type wake generator. The wake generator produced Strouhal numbers of 0.1 and 0.3 while the wind tunnel inlet mainstream Reynolds number was held at a constant value of 300,000 for every test case. The results in this paper confirm the overall time averaged reduction in film cooling effectiveness with the addition of an unsteady wake while providing more detailed information on the transient response of the film cooling effectiveness, presented in the form of film cooling effectiveness RMS values. Results show that film cooling effectiveness RMS values follow the same general trends as film cooling effectiveness values in relation to Strouhal numbers. The RMS values increase on the leading edge region of the blade and decrease on the suction side of the blade with an increase in Strouhal number. The pressure side of the blade shows little change in both film cooling effectiveness and film cooling effectiveness RMS values when increasing the Strouhal number.
Current Status and Prospects of Multi-Jet Fusion (MJF) Based 3D Printing Technology
Authors: Singh Aman Preet , Pervaiz Salman
Published: January 2022

Additive manufacturing has been of interest in the recent years due to its popularity in small scale production and rapid prototyping. There is a wide variety of additive manufacturing processes that are practiced today such as Material Extrusion, Material Jetting, Binder Jetting and more. Although, quite a few of these processes generally offer low build rate, resolution and mechanical performance when compared to other machining processes. To overcome these flaws, a technique called Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) has been developed by HP in 2016. MJF utilizes an inkjet array of fusing and detailing agents that are carefully applied across a bed of powdered material layer by layer, which then are fused together by a heating element. MJF offers low machining time, competitive part properties and minimal post production finishing, which all are desirable for various industry applications. In this paper, a comprehensive review of MJF technology will be presented. The review will discuss and evaluate principle operation of MJF, current knowledge of material characteristics, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of printed parts, parameters affecting the properties, its potential when compared to other similar technologies and future scope. This paper shall help serve as a guideline for 3D printing with MJF technology in the industry.
Numerical Analysis of Multiple Jets Impinging on a Moving Surface
Authors: Barbosa Flavia , Teixeira Jose , Silva João , Teixeira Senhorinha
Published: January 2022

Multiple jet impingement is an effective heat transfer process that enables uniformization of the cooling process. In addition to flow and geometry variables, the motion of the target plate is paramount to several applications, such as reflow soldering process, food processing, drying, and heat treatments, which increases the complexity of the flow over the surface. This work analyses numerically the effect of the target plate motion in multiple jet impingement performance and compares the results with a static plate case. To conduct this research, a widespread commercial software, the ANSYS FLUENT, is used. Between the different turbulence models available to conduct the numerical simulations, the SST k-ω model is implemented since it provides accurate predictions of impinging flows at reduced computational costs. From the numerical modeling, a detailed characterization of the flow is performed, and the heat transfer is analyzed at the vicinity of the target plate. Since a low nozzle-to-plate distance (H/D = 2) and jet-to-jet spacing (S/D = 3) are implemented, strong interactions between jets are identified. These interactions are well predicted in both static and moving plates. Jet’s shear layer interactions are observed prior to the impingement as well as wall jets collisions over the surface. Moreover, the increased turbulence intensity of the flow, induced by the plate motion, is accurately predicted by the numerical model. Strong shear layers, generated in direction to the motion, are observed, which leads to a modification of the boundary layer compared with the static plate. This effect increases the local heat transfer rate over the moving plate as well as the complexity of the flow compared with the static plate.
A Numerical Study to Investigate Machining Aspects of Convex Surface Drilling
Authors: Lewis Jonathan , Pervaiz Salman , Kannan Sathish
Published: January 2022

Metallic alloys with convex curved surfaces have large scale applications in several industries such as in the automotive, marine and aerospace industries. These curved surfaces are used in the applications where surface integrity is extremely important. A large amount of research has been conducted related to the finishing processes, such as surface milling, that improve the finish quality of the manufactured part. However, there is a lack of knowledge of on how the curvature of the parts affect machining performance. Drilling of non-flat surfaces are not easier to conduct due to slippage and less accuracy. The cutting mechanism on the conventional drilling process is well studied in the conventional metal cutting literature, but on curved non-flat surfaces it is not studied. The thrust force signature in convex curved surface drilling is different from the conventional drilling because of the difference in engagement of chisel edge and cutting lips. It is also observed in the conventional drilling process that cutting parameters such as feed rate and cutting speed have controlling influence on the drilling performance. There is a need to investigate the influence of these cutting parameters on convex curved surfaces as well. Similarly chip clogging and evacuation are very important and decisive factors in the conventional drilling. It would be interesting to visualize and discuss these factors in convex surface drilling. In the case of convex surface drilling, curvature of surface being drilled is also an important factor that can limit the drilling process. The curvature of surface also defines the tool – workpiece engagement and cutting action of chisel edge and cutting lips. Due to convex curved surface, variation in chip load is expected due to variation in the cutting area.

Titanium alloy Ti6Al4Vis a commonly used alloy used in the aerospace industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of curvature of a titanium alloy, Ti6Al4V, on the cutting forces experienced during the drilling process. The effects of the curvature of the surface were compared to the effects of the cutting speed and feed rate, in order to establish the significance of the effect of the curvature compared to other factors that affect the drill machining process. The effects of these parameters on the power and temperature during the drilling process were also analyzed and compared. The study is beneficial for the metal cutting academia and industry as it can provide the basic understanding and open up new areas of application.
Tailored Energy Absorption for 3D Printed Multi-Material Cellular Structures Using ABS and TPU
Authors: Khatri Nava Raj , Egan Paul F.
Published: January 2022

Advances in multi-material 3D printing technologies are enabling the construction of advantageous engineering structures for diverse applications. Multi-material printing allows the combination of contrasting engineering materials in a single part to gain synergistic performance increases. Cellular structure such as honeycomb structures provide high-energy absorption to weights ratio that could benefit through multi-material strategies for tailored responses in applications such as design of helmets and prosthetics. In this study, we investigate the compressive response and the energy absorption for combinations of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) printed lattices. Results demonstrate energy absorption increases from pure TPU samples of 2.18kN.mm in a non-linear fashion to pure ABS samples of 11.47kN.mm as bands of TPU are added to ABS. Splitting a single band of TPU into multiple bands with the same total thickness changes the behavior of first and second peak before densification. Testing with in-plane loading demonstrated more similar behavior among the differently designed multi-material lattices, with collapsing occurring with sequential failures of unit cell rows. These results demonstrate the feasibility in constructing multi-material lattice systems with ABS and TPU combinations, while highlighting their benefits for enabling controlled energy absorption and deformation responses based on designed material combinations.
Structure-Borne Power Flow Sensitivity Analysis for General Structural Modifications
Authors: Young Jon , Myers Kyle
Published: January 2022

Power flow between source and passive receiver structures is a common metric for characterizing the dynamics of coupled structures. The objective is generally to reduce the amount of power flow between the structures by means of structural modifications, insofar as to reduce the overall levels of vibration of the coupled system. As such, the sensitivity of power flow to changes in inertial, elastic, and dissipative properties of the structure is quantified. It is shown that power flow into a receiver is not always directly proportional to the amount of damping in the receiver, but is also dependent on the amount of damping present in the source at a given frequency. The sign of the sensitivity can provide information as to when a change in damping will increase or decrease power flow; positive indicates an increase in power flow, negative indicates a decrease. A similar analysis is performed on modifications made to a structure’s mass and stiffness properties. Relationships between power flow and power flow sensitivity are shown for a simple single degree of freedom source-receiver coupling, and is extended to a multi-degree of freedom coupling between two beam structures.
Gamma Loop Dysfunction as a Possible Neurophysiological Mechanism of Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Authors: Konishi Yu , Yoshii Ryo , Ingersoll Christopher D.
Published: January 2022

Context: Quadriceps activation failure has been observed following various pathological conditions in a knee joint such as knee surgery, pain, effusion in knee, and osteoarthritis also could be aging matter. Those patients are unable to attain maximal quadriceps strength for a long period of time although their quadriceps itself is not damaged. This impairment is termed arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI). AMI has been of concern to clinicians because this weakness hinders the rehabilitation process considerably and delays recovery because strengthening protocols for the AMI could be largely ineffective. Clinically, it is important to understand neurophysiological mechanisms of the AMI to treat patients with the impairment. Objectives: This is a narrative review of the literature. The purpose of this review is to understand the following: (1) Why investigations of only peripheral spinal reflexive pathways are not enough for elucidation of the mechanisms of the AMI? (2) What we know about the role of the gamma spindle system in AMI so far? (3) Could a dysfunctional gamma spindle system contribute to AMI lead neural changes in upper central nervous system? and (4) Concerns that a clinician should take into consideration when deciding whether to apply therapeutic interventions for AMI. Data Sources: The databases PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL were searched with the terms arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), reflex inhibition, joint mechanoreceptor, gamma loop, corticospinal pathway, spinal reflex, effusion, and joint injury. The remaining citations were collected from references of similar papers. Conclusions: AMI is a limiting factor in the rehabilitation of joint injury. Motor unit recruitment could be hindered in patients with AMI as a result of a dysfunctional gamma spindle system. Clinicians should understand the mechanism of AMI well in order to establish effective rehabilitation programs for AMI. Indeed, AMI is not caused by a single factor, but rather, multiple neural factors can change over time following the appearance of AMI. Therefore, multiple interventions targeting different neural pathways should be combined to achieve the ideal therapeutic goal for the treatment of AMI.
Human Movement: In Search of Borderlands Between Philosophy and Physics
Authors: Kretchmar Scott , Latash Mark L.
Published: January 2022

In this essay, we adopt a theory of behavior developed by the French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty in an attempt to find common ground between philosophy and physics. We look for ways to reconcile matter with meaning, physical motion with the principles of ethics, body with mind. We proceed in three steps, first by providing a review of Merleau-Ponty’s theory; second by showing how ethical behavior is constrained and shaped by factors found in physics, chemistry, and biology; and, finally, by describing how physical motion is affected by factors that transcend the laws of classical physics. For the latter purpose, we accept a theory of parametric control of movements with spatial referent coordinates. Our purpose is not to solve specific problems of motor control or moral decision making but, rather, to test a general theoretical scheme that carries a number of practical implications for both research and education, including the need for collaboration between and among diverse research subdisciplines in kinesiology.
Protein rings are critical to the remarkable signaling properties of bacterial chemotaxis nanoarrays
Authors: Thompson Lynmarie K.
Published: January 2022

Bacteria build an extensive sensory nanoarray to collect information that guides their swimming. In this issue of
Science Signaling
, Piñas
et al.
demonstrate that a key element of these arrays that enhances chemotaxis responses are hexameric rings of CheW, one of two types of rings that couple the responses of core signaling units to achieve remarkable signaling properties such as single-molecule detection.
MGF360-9L Is a Major Virulence Factor Associated with the African Swine Fever Virus by Antagonizing the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhang Keshan , Yang Bo , Shen Chaochao , Zhang Ting , Hao Yu , Zhang Dajun , Liu Huanan , Shi Xijuan , Li Guoli , Yang Jinke , Li Dan , Zhu Zixiang , Tian Hong , Yang Fan , Ru Yi , Cao Wei Jun , Guo Jianhong , He Jijun , Zheng Haixue , Liu Xiangtao
Published: January 2022

African swine fever—an acute, febrile, hemorrhagic, highly contacting, and highly lethal disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV)—jeopardizes the global pig industry. Understanding the mechanism ASFV employs to evade host defense during infection is essential for developing targeted drugs and vaccines against ASFV.
Structure of the Core Postfusion Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Fusion Protein
Authors: Dean Trevor T. , Serrão Vitor Hugo B. , Lee Jeffrey E.
Published: January 2022

Class I viral fusion proteins represent a diverse group of fusogens that catalyze membrane fusion. Although structural studies have focused on those from exogenous viruses, ancient retroviral infections of germ line cells have immortalized ancient fusogens in eukaryotic genomes.
Two-Metal Ion-Dependent Enzymes as Potential Antiviral Targets in Human Herpesviruses
Authors: DiScipio Katherine A. , Weerasooriya Savithri , Szczepaniak Renata , Hazeen Akram , Wright Lee R. , Wright Dennis L. , Weller Sandra K.
Published: January 2022

Human herpesviruses (HHVs) establish lifelong latent infections, which undergo periodic reactivation and remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Currently, HHV infections are treated primarily with agents that target viral DNA polymerase, including nucleoside analogs; however, long-term treatment can be complicated by the development of drug resistance.
Assessment of Plasmodium falciparum Artemisinin Resistance Independent of
kelch13
Polymorphisms and with Escalating Malaria in Bangladesh
Authors: Nima Maisha Khair , Mukherjee Angana , Sazed Saiful Arefeen , Hossainey Muhammad Riadul Haque , Phru Ching Swe , Johora Fatema Tuj , Safeukui Innocent , Saha Anjan , Khan Afsana Alamgir , Marma Aung Swi Prue , Ware Russell E. , Mohandas Narla , Calhoun Barbara , Haque Rashidul , Khan Wasif Ali , Alam Mohammad Shafiul , Haldar Kasturi
Published: January 2022

Malaria elimination is a Millennium Development Goal. Artemisinins, fast-acting antimalarial drugs, have played a key role in malaria elimination.
Functional Irreplaceability of Escherichia coli and Shewanella oneidensis OxyRs Is Critically Determined by Intrinsic Differences in Oligomerization
Authors: Sun Weining , Fan Yanlin , Wan Fen , Tao Yizhi J. , Gao Haichun
Published: January 2022

Evolution may drive homologous proteins to be functionally nonexchangeable in different organisms. However, much is unknown about the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon beyond amino acid substitutions.
Inhibiting Mycobacterium abscessus Cell Wall Synthesis: Using a Novel Diazabicyclooctane β-Lactamase Inhibitor To Augment β-Lactam Action
Authors: Dousa Khalid M. , Nguyen David C. , Kurz Sebastian G. , Taracila Magdalena A. , Bethel Christopher R. , Schinabeck William , Kreiswirth Barry N. , Brown Sheldon T. , Boom W. Henry , Hotchkiss Richard S. , Remy Kenneth E. , Jacono Frank J. , Daley Charles L. , Holland Steven M. , Miller Alita A. , Bonomo Robert A.
Published: January 2022

Durlobactam (DUR) is a potent inhibitor of Bla
Mab
and provides protection of amoxicillin and imipenem against hydrolysis. DUR has intrinsic activity and forms stable acyl-enzyme complexes with Ldt
Mab2
and Ldt
Mab4
. The ability of DUR to protect amoxicillin and imipenem against Bla
Mab
and its intrinsic activity along with the dual β-lactam target redundancy can explain the rationale behind the potent activity of this combination.
Measurement of Macromolecular Crowding in Rhodobacter sphaeroides under Different Growth Conditions
Authors: Khoo Jia Hui , Miller Helen , Armitage Judith P.
Published: January 2022

The bacterial cytoplasm is known to be crowded, with that crowding suggested to change with growth, chromosome replication, and under stress conditions. Many physiological activities depend on proteins and substrates diffusing through the cytoplasm; in some cases, large complexes need to diffuse from pole to pole.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Host Organs for Microbial Symbiosis in Tortoise Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
Authors: Fukumori Kayoko , Oguchi Kohei , Ikeda Hiroshi , Shinohara Tadashi , Tanahashi Masahiko , Moriyama Minoru , Koga Ryuichi , Fukatsu Takema
Published: January 2022

Insects represent the biodiversity of the terrestrial ecosystem, and their prosperity is attributable to their association with symbiotic microorganisms. By sequestering microbial functionality into their bodies, organs, tissues, or cells, diverse insects have successfully exploited otherwise inaccessible ecological niches and resources, including herbivory enabled by utilization of indigestible plant cell wall components. In leaf beetles of the subfamily Cassininae, an ancient symbiont lineage,Stammera, whose genome is extremely reduced and specialized for encoding pectin-degrading enzymes, is hosted in gut-associated symbiotic organs and contributes to the host’s food plant digestion.
Global Regulatory Pathways Converge To Control Expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type IV Pili
Authors: Coggan Kimberly A. , Higgs Matthew G. , Brutinel Evan D. , Marden Jeremiah N. , Intile Peter J. , Winther-Larsen Hanne C. , Koomey Michael , Yahr Timothy L. , Wolfgang Matthew C.
Published: January 2022

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections. An extensive repertoire of virulence factors aid in
P. aeruginosa
pathogenesis.
Identification of Key Determinants of Cerebral Malaria Development and Inhibition Pathways
Authors: Cha Sung-Jae , Yu Xiang , Gregory Brian D. , Lee Yong Seok , Ishino Tomoko , Opoka Robert O. , John Chandy C. , Jacobs-Lorena Marcelo
Published: January 2022

Liver infection byPlasmodiumsporozoites is a required step for infection of the organism. We found that alternate pathways of sporozoite liver infection differentially influence cerebral malaria (CM) development.
Nicotinamide Riboside-Conditioned Microbiota Deflects High-Fat Diet-Induced Weight Gain in Mice
Authors: Lozada-Fernández Valery V. , deLeon Orlando , Kellogg Stephanie L. , Saravia Fatima L. , Hadiono Matthew A. , Atkinson Samantha N. , Grobe Justin L. , Kirby John R.
Published: January 2022

With obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) at epidemic levels, we need to understand the complex nature of these diseases to design better therapeutics. The underlying causes of both obesity and T2D are complex, but both are thought to develop, in part, based on contributions from the gut microbiota.
Parkinson’s Disease Medication Alters Small Intestinal Motility and Microbiota Composition in Healthy Rats
Authors: van Kessel Sebastiaan P. , Bullock Amber , van Dijk Gertjan , El Aidy Sahar
Published: January 2022

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is known to be associated with altered gastrointestinal function and microbiota composition. We previously showed that the gut bacteria harboring tyrosine decarboxylase enzymes interfere with levodopa, the main treatment for PD (S. P. van Kessel, A. K. Frye, A. O. El-Gendy, M. Castejon, A. Keshavarzian, G. van Dijk, and S. El Aidy, Nat Commun 10:310, 2019).
F Plasmid Lineages in Escherichia coli ST95: Implications for Host Range, Antibiotic Resistance, and Zoonoses
Authors: Cummins Max Laurence , Reid Cameron J. , Djordjevic Steven Philip
Published: January 2022

E. coli
ST95 is one of five dominant ExPEC lineages globally and noted for causing urinary tract and bloodstream infections and neonatal meningitis in humans and colibacillosis in poultry. Using high-resolution phylogenomics, we show that F replicon sequence type is linked to ST95 clade structure and zoonotic potential.
Genome-Resolved Metagenomic Insights into Massive Seasonal Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea Blooms in San Francisco Bay
Authors: Rasmussen Anna N. , Francis Christopher A.
Published: January 2022

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) carry out key transformations of ammonia in estuarine systems such as San Francisco Bay (SFB)—the largest estuary on the west coast of North America—and play a significant role in both local and global nitrogen cycling. Using metagenomics and 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries, we document a massive, recurrent AOA bloom in South SFB that co-occurs with months of high nitrite concentrations in the oxic water column.
Supplemental Material: Large-scale, flat-lying mafic intrusions in the Baltican crust and their influence on basement deformation during the Caledonian orogeny
Authors: Lescoutre Rodolphe , al. et
Published: January 2022

Table S1: Acquisition parameters and spatial extent of various aeromagnetic surveys compiled by the SGU from the Jämtland, Västernorrland and Gävleborg counties (central Sweden); Table S2: Gravity measurements along the COSC Composite Seismic Profile (Jämtland county, Sweden).