bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrakon, a Framework for Measuring Indicators of Deception in Emulated Monitoring Systems
Authors: Papazis Kon , Chilamkurti Naveen
Published: December 2024

The current cybersecurity ecosystem is proving insufficient in today’s increasingly sophisticated cyber attacks. Malware authors and intruders have pursued innovative avenues to circumvent emulated monitoring systems (EMSs) such as honeypots, virtual machines, sandboxes and debuggers to continue with their malicious activities while remaining inconspicuous. Cybercriminals are improving their ability to detect EMS, by finding indicators of deception (IoDs) to expose their presence and avoid detection. It is proving a challenge for security analysts to deploy and manage EMS to evaluate their deceptive capability. In this paper, we introduce the Hydrakon framework, which is composed of an EMS controller and several Linux and Windows 10 clients. The EMS controller automates the deployment and management of the clients and EMS for the purpose of measuring EMS deceptive capabilities. Experiments were conducted by applying custom detection vectors to client real machines, virtual machines and sandboxes, where various artifacts were extracted and stored as csv files on the EMS controller. The experiment leverages the cosine similarity metric to compare and identify similar artifacts between a real system and a virtual machine or sandbox. Our results show that Hydrakon offers a valid approach to assess the deceptive capabilities of EMS without the need to target specific IoD within the target system, thereby fostering more robust and effective emulated monitoring systems.
Experimental Study and Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Releasing Fire-Extinguishing Bomb on Transmission Line Wildfires
Authors: Zhou Tejun , Liu Yu , Wu Wei , Zhou Tiannian
Published: December 2024

Experimental studies on the application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to extinguish high-repeatability transmission line wildfires are not available. In this study, a scheme involving a UAV releasing a fire-extinguishing bomb at a high altitude for firefighting was proposed, and a simulated fire-extinguishing experimental platform was constructed to simulate a UAV releasing a fire-extinguishing bomb. In addition, the characteristics of water-based fire-extinguishing bombs of 5, 10, 20, and 50 kg as well as dry powder bombs of 25, 30, and 50 kg were investigated by changing parameters such as the type and mass of the fire-extinguishing agent carried by the bombs. It was noted that a 30 kg or more dry powder fire-extinguishing bomb could extinguish a fire in four 1A cribs at one time. The diffusion area of the fire-extinguishing medium was obtained from the perspective of the UAV. The diffusion area was 45–90 m2 for the water-based fire-extinguishing bomb and 130–700 m2 for the dry powder bomb. As calculated from the area of the fire scene extinguished by each fire-extinguishing bomb per unit mass, the utilization rate of a fire-extinguishing medium was highest with the 30 kg fire-extinguishing bomb, followed by the 50 kg bomb. In the high wildfire incidence period during the Qingming Festival in 2024, a UAV was used to release fire-extinguishing bombs to extinguish an incipient wildfire near a transmission line at a Hunan Power Grid site.
Research Progress on Methods for Improving the Stability of Non-Destructive Testing of Agricultural Product Quality
Authors: Xu Sai , Wang Hanting , Liang Xin , Lu Huazhong
Published: December 2024

Non-destructive testing (NDT) technology is pivotal in the quality assessment of agricultural products. In contrast to traditional manual testing, which is fraught with subjectivity, inefficiency, and the potential for sample damage, NDT technology has gained widespread application due to its advantages of objectivity, speed, and accuracy, and it has injected significant momentum into the intelligent development of the food industry and agriculture. Over the years, technological advancements have led to the development of NDT systems predicated on machine vision, spectral analysis, and bionic sensors. However, during practical application, these systems can be compromised by external environmental factors, the test samples themselves, or by the degradation and noise interference inherent in the testing equipment, leading to instability in the detection process. This instability severely impacts the accuracy and efficiency of the testing. Consequently, refining the detection methods and enhancing system stability have emerged as key focal points for research endeavors. This manuscript presents an overview of various prevalent non-destructive testing methodologies, summarizes how sample properties, external environments, and instrumentation factors affect the stability of testing in practical applications, organizes and analyzes solutions to enhance the stability of non-destructive testing of agricultural product quality based on current research, and offers recommendations for future investigations into the non-destructive testing technology of agricultural products.
Exploration of Key Regulatory Factors in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Continuous Osteogenic Differentiation via Transcriptomic Analysis
Authors: Pan Yu , Liu Tao , Li Linfeng , He Liang , Pan Shu , Liu Yuwei
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the remarkable ability to differentiate into various cell types, including osteoblasts. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing MSC osteogenic differentiation is crucial for advancing clinical applications and our comprehension of complex disease processes. However, the key biological molecules regulating this process remain incompletely understood. Methods: In this study, we conducted systematic re-analyses of published high-throughput transcriptomic datasets to identify and validate key biological molecules that dynamically regulate MSC osteogenic differentiation. Our approach involved a comprehensive analysis of gene expression patterns across human tissues, followed by the rigorous experimental validation of the identified candidates. Results: Through integrated analytical and experimental approaches, we utilized high-throughput transcriptomics to identify four critical regulators of MSC osteogenic differentiation: PTBP1, H2AFZ, BCL6, and TTPAL (C20ORF121). Among these, PTBP1 and H2AFZ functioned as positive regulators, while BCL6 and TTPAL acted as negative regulators in osteogenesis. The regulatory roles of these genes in osteogenesis were further validated via overexpression experiments. Conclusions: Our findings advance our understanding of MSC differentiation fate determination and open new therapeutic possibilities for bone-related disorders. The identification of these regulators provides a foundation for developing targeted interventions in regenerative medicine.
Forage Seed Systems to Close the Ruminant Feed Deficit in Eastern Africa
Authors: Burkart Stefan , Mwendia Solomon
Published: December 2024

This study examines key challenges and opportunities for improving ruminant productivity in East Africa, with a focus on enhancing access to forage seeds critical for livestock systems in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi. Despite high potential for increased livestock production, the region faces a significant feed deficit—nearly 40% of annual feed demand remains unmet—due to the limited availability and affordability of forage seeds. The research identifies a critical gap in quality seed access, with many farmers relying on outdated materials. We propose the promotion of recently improved forage varieties and local seed production as a solution to reduce dependence on costly imports and enhance adoption. Our analysis suggests that bridging the forage deficit would require the cultivation of 2 million hectares and the involvement of 1.5 million farmers, highlighting the scale of intervention needed. Additionally, the regional forage seed market presents an economic opportunity, potentially valued at USD 877 million over the next decade, underlining the importance of government policies, the development of seed systems, and market incentives. The study concludes with recommendations for fostering seed production, improving seed distribution, and addressing socio-economic barriers to ensure widespread adoption and enhance livestock productivity in the region.
The Effect of Ferric Carboxymaltose on Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) in Children with Iron Deficiency Anemia Due to Gastrointestinal Diseases
Authors: Ntoumpara Maria , Mantadakis Elpis , Skoura Lemonia , Panagopoulou Paraskevi , Emmanouilidou-Fotoulaki Elpida , Parasidou Eleftheria , Koutra Paraskevoula , Fotoulaki Maria
Published: December 2024

Background: Hypophosphatemia is a known side-effect of parenteral iron administration, especially after intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM). Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is thought to play an important role in the pathophysiology of serum phosphate homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of FCM on FGF23 serum levels in FCM-treated pediatric patients with iron deficiency (ID)/iron deficiency anemia (IDA) caused by gastrointestinal diseases. Methods: Over 30 months, FGF23 serum levels were assessed prospectively in children with ID/IDA due to gastrointestinal diseases and treated with FCM infusion. Serum levels of intact FGF23 (iFGF23) were assessed and correlated to phosphate serum levels and factors of bone metabolism. Blood sampling was performed in three phases: before FCM infusion, 7–10 days after FCM infusion, and 6–8 weeks after FCM infusion. Results: A total of 42 FCM infusions were given to 35 children (20 girls) with a mean age (±SD) of 12.2 (±4.03) years (range: 2–16 years). The median levels of iFGF23 did not show a significant difference across the three phases (p = 0.56). No significant correlation was found between iFGF23 levels and 25-hydroxyvitamin D/parathyroid hormone/serum phosphate/serum calcium/alkaline phosphatase. No significant change was noted between pre- and post-treatment serum phosphate levels. However, four children (11.42%) developed asymptomatic and transient hypophosphatemia. Conclusions: No significant difference was found between pre-and post-FCM infusion serum iFGF23 levels and bone metabolism parameters. An increase of iFGF23 serum levels 7–10 days after FCM infusion was noted in patients with hypophosphatemia.
Immunohistochemical Localization and Expression of Aquaporin 3-2 (AQP3C1) in the Spiny Dogfish, Squalus acanthias
Authors: Cutler Christopher P. , Ojo Tolulope
Published: December 2024

The previously available coding region for the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) AQP3-2 gene was amplified from cDNAs using PCR. Agarose gel electrophoresis gave a band of the AQP3-2 coding region, as well as multiple smaller splice variant bands. The main AQP3-2 band and the largest and most fluorescently intense pair of these splice variant bands were cloned and sequenced. Amplifications were performed on a range of tissue cDNAs, but AQP3-2 was only expressed in the kidney and brain. Quantitative PCR amplifications using pre-existing kidney cDNA from an environmental salinity acclimation experiment showed that the abundance of mRNA from both the main AQP3-2 transcript and the largest splice variant (Splice Variant 1) was lower in 120% seawater (SW) acclimated fish, although only the values for Splice Variant 1 were statistically significant. A custom-made affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal AQP3-2 antibody was produced, and this gave four bands of around the correct sizes (which were 27 and 32 kDa) for the complete AQP3-2 and Splice Variant 1 proteins. Two of the bands may have been N-glycosylated forms of these proteins. Other bands were also present on the Western blot. No bands were present when the antibody was pre-blocked by the peptide antigen. In tissue sections of the dogfish kidney, immunohistochemical localization experiments showed that AQP3-2 was expressed in the early distal tubule (EDT) and late distal tubule (LDT) nephron segments. The results suggest that AQP3-2 may be involved in cell volume regulation in the EDT and water and urea absorption in the LDT nephron segment.
Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review
Authors: San Shwe Phue , Chea Rortana , Grace Delia , Roesel Kristina , Tum Sothyra , Young Stephen , Charaslertrangsi Tumnoon , Zand Nazanin , Thombathu Shetty Seetharama , Thorng Ra , Kong Leab , Fidero Kuok , Nicolaides Linda
Published: December 2024

Biological hazards in products of animal origin pose a significant threat to human health. In Cambodia, there are few comprehensive data and information on the causes of foodborne diseases or risks. To date, there has been no known published study similar to this review. This systematic review is aimed to investigate the prevalence of biological hazards and their indicators in products of animal origin from 2000 to 2022. The main objective of this study was also to contribute to strengthening Cambodia’s food control system. This review followed the established “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses” (PRISMA) guidelines. In total, 46 studies were retained for complete review. Most studies (n = 40) had been conducted by or with external researchers, reflecting the under-resourcing of the National Food Control System in terms of surveillance; areas outside the capital were relatively understudied, reflecting evidence found in Ethiopia and Burkina Faso. Five categories of hazards were reported with the highest number of studies on fish parasites. Marketed fish, often originating from different countries, had a higher mean value of parasite prevalence (58.85%) than wild-caught fish (16.46%). Viral pathogens in bat meat presented a potential spillover risk. Many potentially important hazards had not yet been studied or reported (e.g., Norovirus, Shigella, toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae). The findings of our review highlighted significant urgencies for national competent authorities to enhance food hygiene practices along the production chain, tackle import control, and enforce the implementation of a traceability system, alongside more research collaboration with neighboring countries and key trading partners. It is crucial to conduct more extensive research on food safety risk analysis, focusing on the identification and understanding of various biological hazards and their associated risk factors in food.
Neuropsychological Effects of the Lockdown Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease and Their Caregivers: The “ACQUA” (Alzheimer–COVID QUArantine Questionnaire) Study
Authors: Trebbastoni Alessandro , Margiotta Roberta , D’Antonio Fabrizia , Barbetti Sonia , Canevelli Marco , Diana Sofia , Di Vita Antonella , Imbriano Letizia , Sepe Monti Micaela , Talarico Giuseppina , Guariglia Cecilia , Bruno Giuseppe
Published: December 2024

Background: The lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, imposed in many countries in 2021, led to social isolation and the interruption of many activities that were useful in stimulating cognition. The impact of these changes has been particularly severe in older subjects with cognitive impairment. Methods: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of lockdown on Alzheimer’s disease patients (in cognition, behavior, and autonomy) and on their caregivers (in emotions, burden, and quality of life). We created a questionnaire and performed an extensive semi-structured telephone interview with each caregiver. The main outcomes were (1) changes in cognitive and behavioral symptoms and autonomy levels in the patients and (2) effects on caregivers’ emotions, burden, and quality of life. Results: The lockdown severely impaired patients’ cognition and independence and worsened behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. These effects contributed to increasing caregivers’ burden and stress levels, with a significant perceived deterioration in quality of life among caregivers with higher education levels (p = 0.047). Conclusions: This study might contribute to our understanding of the impact of lockdown on Alzheimer’s disease patients and their caregivers, to guide future public health interventions aimed at preventing and/or reducing the consequences of similar extraordinary events in frail subjects.
Forest-Going as a Risk Factor for Confirmed Malaria in Champasak Province, Lao PDR: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Gallalee Sarah , Dantzer Emily , Rerolle Francois , Chindavongsa Keobouphaphone , Phongluxa Khampheng , Lasichanh Wattana , Smith Jennifer L. , Gosling Roly , Lover Andrew , Hongvanthong Bouasy , Bennett Adam
Published: December 2024

Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) has made significant progress in reducing malaria in recent years. In the Greater Mekong Subregion, forest-going is often a risk factor contributing to continuing malaria transmission. This study assessed forest-going and other potential risk factors for malaria cases in Champasak Province, Lao PDR. Routine passive surveillance data from August 2017 to December 2018 were extracted from health facilities in three districts for a case-control study; at the time of presentation, all fever cases were asked to report any recent forest travel. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between forest-going and malaria infection while controlling for other covariates. Of 2933 fever cases with data available on forest-sleeping and malaria diagnosis from 25 health facilities, 244 (8%) tested positive (cases), and 2689 (92%) tested negative (controls). Compared with spending 0–2 nights in the forest, spending 3–7 nights in the forest was associated with 9.7 times the odds of having a malaria infection (95% CI: 4.67–20.31, p < 0.001) when adjusting for gender, occupation, and season. Forest-going, especially longer trips, is associated with increased risk for confirmed symptomatic malaria in southern Lao PDR, and appropriate and targeted intervention efforts are needed to protect this high-risk population.
FinTech Implementation Challenges in the Palestinian Banking Sector
Authors: Hurani Jamal , Abdel-Haq Mohammed Kayed , Camdzic Emir
Published: December 2024

This study addresses FinTech implementation challenges in the banking industry in Palestine. This was accomplished by adopting qualitative research methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with interviewees from the Palestinian Monetary Authority, banks, and FinTech companies. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo 12 software to identify themes in the interview scripts. Research outcomes suggest that FinTech development in Palestine encounters a range of multifaceted challenges, which can be categorised using the TOE (technological, organisational, environmental) framework. On the technological front, issues such as underdeveloped IT and telecommunications infrastructure, restricted mobile frequencies due to Israeli occupation, limited IT expertise, cyber risks, low digital literacy, and minimal FinTech awareness hinder progress. Organizationally, resistance to change, inadequate agility, limited digital skills, and slow Sharia compliance updates in Islamic banking impede innovation. Environmentally, the absence of a dedicated FinTech framework, unclear regulatory guidance, limited market size, and strict AML/CFT regulations create uncertainties for non-bank entities and restrict investment opportunities. Addressing these interconnected barriers requires coordinated efforts across legal, financial, and technological sectors to foster FinTech integration and growth in Palestine.
Characterizing A21: Natural Cyanobacteria-Based Consortium with Potential for Steroid Bioremediation in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Guevara Govinda , Espinoza Solorzano Jamileth Stefania , Vargas Ramírez Marta , Rusu Andrada , Navarro Llorens Juana María
Published: December 2024

Microalga–bacteria consortia are increasingly recognized for their effectiveness in wastewater treatment, leveraging the metabolic synergy between microalgae and bacteria to enhance nutrient removal and overall treatment efficiency. These systems offer a sustainable approach to addressing pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus. However, their potential in removing specific contaminants like steroid hormones is less explored. In this study, a natural microbial consortium, A21, has been characterized and isolated from primary sewage treatment in Madrid and its potential for bioremediation of steroid hormone effluents has been evaluated. The A21 consortium includes Alphaproteobacteria genera Sphingopyxis and Pseudorhizobium and the Cyanobacterium Cyanobium. Sphingopyxis (31.78%) is known for biodegradation, while Pseudorhizobium (15.68%) exhibits detoxification abilities. Cyanobium (14.2%) may contribute to nutrient uptake and oxygen production. The effects of pH, nitrogen sources, and Sodium chloride concentrations on growth were evaluated. The optimal growth conditions were determined to be a pH range of 7 to 9, a salt concentration below 0.1 M, and the presence of a nitrogen source. The consortium also demonstrated effective growth across various types of wastewaters (primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment effluents). Additionally, A21 exhibited the ability to grow in the presence of steroids and transform them into other compounds, such as converting androstenedione (AD) into androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) and β-estradiol into estrone.
Case Report: A Novel Homozygous Variant of the CTSK Gene in Rare Pycnodysostosis
Authors: Zhalsanova Irina Zhargalovna , Fonova Elizaveta Alekseevna , Valiakhmetov Nail Raushanovich , Kolesnikov Nikita Aleksandrovich , Gosudarkina Sofia Nikolaevna , Agafonova Anna Aleksandrovna , Ravzhaeva Ekaterina Georgievna , Seitova Gulnara Narimanovna , Stepanov Vadim Anatolyevich , Skryabin Nikolay Alekseevich
Published: December 2024

Pycnodysostosis (PD) is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia from impaired bone resorption due to osteoclastic dysfunction. The features of PD are deformity of the skull, maxilla, and phalanges; osteosclerosis; and bone fragility. We describe the case of a patient with complaints of multiple fractures of the lower extremities in the anamnesis and pain in the lower extremities, cervical spine, and shoulder girdle during physical exertion. Genetic testing revealed a novel homozygous variant c.704T>C (p.Leu235Pro) in the CTSK gene. Biallelic pathogenic variants in this gene lead to PD. Thus, the diagnosis in the patient was established by finding a novel likely pathogenic variant in the CTSK gene.
The Identification and Characterization of WOX Family Genes in Coffea arabica Reveals Their Potential Roles in Somatic Embryogenesis and the Cold-Stress Response
Authors: Dong Xiangshu , Gao Jing , Jiang Meng , Tao Yuan , Chen Xingbo , Yang Xiaoshuang , Wang Linglin , Jiang Dandan , Xiao Ziwei , Bai Xuehui , He Feifei
Published: December 2024

WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) genes play significant roles in plant development and stress responses. Difficulties in somatic embryogenesis are a significant constraint on the uniform seedling production and genetic modification of Coffea arabica, hindering efforts to improve coffee production in Yunnan, China. This study comprehensively analyzed WOX genes in three Coffea species. A total of 23 CaWOXs, 12 CcWOXs, and 10 CeWOXs were identified. Transcriptomic profile analysis indicated that about half of the CaWOX genes were actively expressed during somatic embryogenesis. The most represented CaWOXs were CaWOX2a, CaWOX2b, CaWOX8a, and CaWOX8b, which are suggested to promote the induction and development of the embryogenic callus, whereas CaWOX13a and CaWOX13b are suggested to negatively impact these processes. Co-expression analysis revealed that somatic embryogenesis-related CaWOXs were co-expressed with genes involved in embryo development, post-embryonic development, DNA repair, DNA metabolism, phenylpropanoid metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and several epigenetic pathways. In addition, qRT-PCR showed that four WOX genes responded to cold stress. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the functions of CaWOX genes during somatic embryogenesis and under cold stress. The results suggest that certain WOX genes play distinct regulatory roles during somatic embryogenesis, meriting further functional investigation. Moreover, the cold-responsive genes identified here are promising candidates for further molecular analysis to assess their potential to enhance cold tolerance.
Precision Thermostability Predictions: Leveraging Machine Learning for Examining Laccases and Their Associated Genes
Authors: Tiwari Ashutosh , Krisnawati Dyah Ika , Widodo  , Cheng Tsai-Mu , Kuo Tsung-Rong
Published: December 2024

Laccases, multi-copper oxidases, play pivotal roles in the oxidation of a variety of substrates, impacting numerous biological functions and industrial processes. However, their industrial adoption has been limited by challenges in thermostability. This study employed advanced computational models, including random forest (RF) regressors and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to predict and enhance the thermostability of laccases. Initially, the RF model estimated melting temperatures with a training mean squared error (MSE) of 13.98, and while it demonstrated high training accuracy (93.01%), the test and validation MSEs of 48.81 and 58.42, respectively, indicated areas for model optimization. The CNN model further refined these predictions, achieving lower training and validation MSEs, thus demonstrating enhanced capability in discerning complex patterns within genomic sequences indicative of thermostability. The integration of these models not only improved prediction accuracy but also provided insights into the critical determinants of enzyme stability, thereby supporting their broader industrial application. Our findings underscore the potential of machine learning in advancing enzyme engineering, with implications for enhancing industrial enzyme stability.
Neutrophil Elastase Targets Select Proteins on Human Blood-Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Cell Surfaces
Authors: Ahmed Nadia Tasnim , Kummarapurugu Apparao B. , Zheng Shuo , Bulut Gamze , Kang Le , Batheja Aashish , Hawkridge Adam , Voynow Judith A.
Published: December 2024

Neutrophil elastase (NE) has been reported to be a pro-inflammatory stimulus for macrophages. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of NE exposure on the human macrophage proteome and evaluate its impact on pro-inflammatory signals. Human blood monocytes from healthy volunteers were differentiated to macrophages and then exposed to either 500 nM of NE or control vehicle for 2 h in triplicate. Label-free quantitative proteomics analysis identified 41 differentially expressed proteins in the NE versus control vehicle datasets. A total of 26 proteins were downregulated and of those, 21 were cell surface proteins. Importantly, four of the cell surface proteins were proteoglycans: neuropilin 1 (NRP1), syndecan 2 (SDC2), glypican 4 (GPC4), and CD99 antigen-like protein 2 (CD99L2) along with neuropilin 2 (NRP2), CD99 antigen (CD99), and endoglin (ENG) which are known interactors. Additional NE-targeted proteins related to macrophage function were also measured including CD40, CD48, SPINT1, ST14, and MSR1. Collectively, this study provides a comprehensive unbiased view of selective NE-targeted cell surface proteins in chronically inflamed lungs.
A Reduction in Mitophagy Is Associated with Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration in Rodent Models of Glaucoma
Authors: Chaphalkar Renuka M. , Kodati Bindu , Maddineni Prabhavathi , He Shaoqing , Brooks Calvin D. , Stankowska Dorota L. , Yang Shaohua , Zode Gulab , Krishnamoorthy Raghu R.
Published: December 2024

Glaucoma is a heterogenous group of optic neuropathies characterized by the degeneration of optic nerve axons and the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which could ultimately lead to vision loss. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor in the development of glaucoma, and reducing IOP remains the main therapeutic strategy. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoactive peptide, has been shown to produce neurodegenerative effects in animal models of glaucoma. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying ET-1-mediated neurodegeneration in glaucoma are not completely understood. In the current study, using a Seahorse Mitostress assay, we report that ET-1 treatment for 4 h and 24 h time points causes a significant decline in various parameters of mitochondrial function, including ATP production, maximal respiration, and spare respiratory capacity in cultured RGCs. This compromise in mitochondrial function could trigger activation of mitophagy as a quality control mechanism to restore RGC health. Contrary to our expectation, we observed a decrease in mitophagy following ET-1 treatment for 24 h in cultured RGCs. Using Morrison’s model of ocular hypertension in rats, we investigated here, for the first time, changes in mitophagosome formation by analyzing the co-localization of LC-3B and TOM20 in RGCs. We also injected ET-1 (24 h) into transgenic GFP-LC3 mice to analyze the formation of mitophagosomes in vivo. In Morrison’s model of ocular hypertension, as well as in ET-1 injected GFP-LC3 mice, we found a decrease in co-localization of LC3 and TOM20, indicating reduced mitophagy. Taken together, these results demonstrate that both ocular hypertension and ET-1 administration in rats and mice lead to reduced mitophagy, thus predisposing RGCs to neurodegeneration.
Structures of Oligomeric States of Tau Protein, Amyloid-β, α-Synuclein and Prion Protein Implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease and Prionopathies
Authors: Cehlar Ondrej , Njemoga Stefana , Horvath Marian , Cizmazia Erik , Bednarikova Zuzana , Barrera Exequiel E.
Published: December 2024

In this review, we focus on the biophysical and structural aspects of the oligomeric states of physiologically intrinsically disordered proteins and peptides tau, amyloid-β and α-synuclein and partly disordered prion protein and their isolations from animal models and human brains. These protein states may be the most toxic agents in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. It was shown that oligomers are important players in the aggregation cascade of these proteins. The structural information about these structural states has been provided by methods such as solution and solid-state NMR, cryo-EM, crosslinking mass spectrometry, AFM, TEM, etc., as well as from hybrid structural biology approaches combining experiments with computational modelling and simulations. The reliable structural models of these protein states may provide valuable information for future drug design and therapies.
Characterization of Freshly Isolated Human Peripheral Blood B Cells, Monocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells, and Skin Mast Cells by Quantitative Transcriptomics
Authors: Akula Srinivas , Alvarado-Vazquez Abigail , Haide Mendez Enriquez Erika , Bal Gürkan , Franke Kristin , Wernersson Sara , Hallgren Jenny , Pejler Gunnar , Babina Magda , Hellman Lars
Published: December 2024

Quantitative transcriptomics offers a new way to obtain a detailed picture of freshly isolated cells. By direct isolation, the cells are unaffected by in vitro culture, and the isolation at cold temperatures maintains the cells relatively unaltered in phenotype by avoiding activation through receptor cross-linking or plastic adherence. Simultaneous analysis of several cell types provides the opportunity to obtain detailed pictures of transcriptomic differences between them. Here, we present such an analysis focusing on four human blood cell populations and compare those to isolated human skin mast cells. Pure CD19+ peripheral blood B cells, CD14+ monocytes, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were obtained by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and KIT+ human connective tissue mast cells (MCs) were purified by MACS sorting from healthy skin. Detailed information concerning expression levels of the different granule proteases, protease inhibitors, Fc receptors, other receptors, transcription factors, cell signaling components, cytoskeletal proteins, and many other protein families relevant to the functions of these cells were obtained and comprehensively discussed. The MC granule proteases were found exclusively in the MC samples, and the T-cell granzymes in the T cells, of which several were present in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. High levels of CD4 were also observed in MCs and monocytes. We found a large variation between the different cell populations in the expression of Fc receptors, as well as for lipid mediators, proteoglycan synthesis enzymes, cytokines, cytokine receptors, and transcription factors. This detailed quantitative comparative analysis of more than 780 proteins of importance for the function of these populations can now serve as a good reference material for research into how these entities shape the role of these cells in immunity and tissue homeostasis.
Advanced Integration of ES-MADM II in HRM: A Balanced Approach to Appraisal and Promotion Decisions
Authors: Kiratsoudis Sideris , Tsiantos Vassilis
Published: December 2024

Personnel appraisal and promotion are fundamental processes in Human Resource Management (HRM), requiring advanced methodologies that adeptly combine objective data with subjective assessments. This paper introduces ES-MADM II, an enhanced iteration of the Entropy Synergy Multi-Attribute Decision-Making model, designed to strengthen decision-making robustness and stability. The model incorporates key entropy-based indices such as Normalized Mutual Information (NMI), Criteria Effectiveness Score (CES), Conditional Stability Factor (CSF), and the newly introduced Alternatives Distinction Index (ADI). Together, these indices offer a comprehensive framework for assessing not only decision accuracy but also the overall resilience and clarity of the evaluation process. The effectiveness of ES-MADM II is showcased through military HRM case studies, illustrating how the model enhances personnel performance appraisals and promotion decisions by harmonizing subjective judgments with objective metrics. A detailed sensitivity analysis further demonstrates the model’s adaptability to variations in input data while preserving decision integrity. ES-MADM II ultimately fosters a more transparent, balanced, and equitable decision-making process, making it an indispensable tool for HR decision makers in complex organizational settings. This refined approach underscores the model’s capacity to navigate the complexities of HR evaluations with rigor and fairness.
The Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Inclusive Education: A Scoping Review
Authors: Pagliara Silvio Marcello , Bonavolontà Gianmarco , Pia Mariella , Falchi Stefania , Zurru Antioco Luigi , Fenu Gianni , Mura Antonello
Published: December 2024

This scoping review seeks to map the landscape of how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is leveraged within educational environments to support students with disabilities and inclusive strategies and experiences. The research question concerns the role and impact of AI across diverse educational settings and, in particular: “How is Artificial Intelligence (AI) being utilized within educational settings to support individuals with disabilities and promote inclusive education?”. The review explores this question under four pivotal dimensions: Educational Context, Disabilities and Special Needs, Artificial Intelligence Technologies, and Inclusivity and Inclusive Practice. Each contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the interdisciplinary nature of this inquiry. To ensure a comprehensive analysis, four major research databases have been used: Scopus, EBSCO, ERIC, and Web of Science (WoS). This robust search strategy enabled us to capture a wide array of relevant literature. The review also addresses ethical considerations essential for the responsible integration of AI in education, such as privacy, accessibility, and bias. By mapping existing research and identifying gaps, this scoping review lays the groundwork for future advancements in AI-driven inclusive educational practices.
The Species of the mali-Group of Aphelinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), with Descriptions of Three New Species, DNA Sequence Data and One Newly-Recorded Species from China
Authors: Dong Zhigang , Luo Ye , Ge Junqing , Huang Jian , Polaszek Andrew , Wang Zhuhong
Published: December 2024

Seventeen species of the mali-group of Aphelinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are reviewed worldwide, including three new species, and five previously described species in China. The mali-group was defined by a combination of characters: head and body dark with parts of metasoma pale; fore wing with a complete row of setae inside the linea calva, or also only with a few setae in the angle between the linea and marginal vein; legs with mesocoxae, metacoxae and metatibia dark, metafemur pale. In this paper, three new species, Aphelinus tuberocephalus Wang & Huang, sp.n., Aphelinus hainanensis Wang & Huang, sp.n. and Aphelinus ruellia Wang & Huang, sp.n., are described and illustrated, with notes on one species, Aphelinus coreae Hopper & Woolley, new to China. A revised key to species of the mali-group is provided. Mitochondrial (COI) partial sequences were obtained successfully for A. tuberocephalus, A. hainanensis, A. ruellia and A. coreae.
Phylogeography of the Invasive Fruit Fly Species Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South America
Authors: de Deus Ezequiel , Passos Joseane , van Sauers-Muller Alies , Jesus Cristiane , Silva Janisete Gomes , Adaime Ricardo
Published: December 2024

The carambola fruit fly, Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock, is native to Southeast Asia, infests about 150 plant species, and is considered a quarantine pest insect in several regions of the world. Bactrocera carambolae has invaded Suriname, French Guyana, and northern Brazil. In Brazil, it was first recorded in 1996 and has been restricted to the states of Amapá and Roraima due to official control efforts of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Supply (Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária—MAPA). This is the first study to estimate the genetic structure and diversity of South American populations of B. carambolae. A total of 116 individuals from 11 localities in Brazil and 7 localities in Suriname were analyzed. Additional sequences available at GenBank from Indonesia (Lampung) and Thailand (San Pa Tong and Muang District) were also used in the analysis. We sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I. A total of 35 haplotypes were found. Haplotypes from Indonesia were closest to the haplotypes from South America, separated only by a few mutational steps. This suggests that Indonesia is the likely source for the introduction of B. carambolae into South America. The Southeast Asian populations appeared as the most ancestral group in the phylogenetic trees. The high similarity and sharing of several haplotypes among populations within South America indicate a lack of genetic structure. The mismatch distribution and neutrality tests suggest that South American populations have undergone a rapid growth and expansion following a single founder event. The low genetic diversity and the population expansion evidenced by the neutrality tests lend support to the hypothesis of a recent introduction of a single lineage of the carambola fruit fly into South America.
Transposable Elements Contribute to the Regulation of Long Noncoding RNAs in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Gan Yuli , Wang Lingyan , Liu Guoxian , Guo Xiruo , Zhou Yiming , Chang Kexin , Zhang Zhonghui , Yan Fang , Liu Qi , Chen Bing
Published: December 2024

Background: Transposable elements (TEs) and noncoding sequences are major components of the genome, yet their functional contributions to long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are not well understood. Although many lncRNAs originating from TEs (TE-lncRNAs) have been identified across various organisms, their characteristics and regulatory roles, particularly in insects, remain largely unexplored. This study integrated multi-omics data to investigate TE-lncRNAs in D. melanogaster, focusing on the influence of transposons across different omics levels. Results: We identified 16,118 transposons overlapping with lncRNA sequences that constitute 2119 TE-lncRNAs (40.4% of all lncRNAs) using 256 public RNA-seq samples and 15 lncRNA-seq samples of Drosophila S2 cells treated with heavy metals. Of these, 67.2% of TE-lncRNAs contain more than one TE. The LTR/Gypsy family was the most common transposon insertion. Transposons preferred to insert into promoters, transcription starting sites, and intronic regions, especially in chromosome ends. Compared with lncRNAs, TE-lncRNAs showed longer lengths, a lower conservation, and lower levels but a higher specificity of expression. Multi-omics data analysis revealed positive correlations between transposon insertions and chromatin openness at the pre-transcriptional level. Notably, a total of 516 TE-lncRNAs provided transcriptional factor binding sites through transposon insertions. The regulatory network of a key transcription factor was rewired by transposons, potentially recruiting other transcription factors to exert regulatory functions under heavy metal stress. Additionally, 99 TE-lncRNAs were associated with m6A methylation modification sites, and 115 TE-lncRNAs potentially provided candidate small open reading frames through transposon insertions. Conclusions: Our data analysis demonstrated that TEs contribute to the regulation of lncRNAs. TEs not only promote the transcriptional regulation of lncRNAs, but also facilitate their post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation.
Expanding Soil Invertebrate Knowledge in Panama: The Genus Lepidocyrtus (Collembola, Entomobryidae) in the Parque Natural Metropolitano as a Study Case
Authors: Enguídanos García Alba , Galià-Camps Carles , Pérez-González Claudia Massiel , Víquez Dionora , Mateos Eduardo
Published: December 2024

Panama, located in the heart of the Mesoamerican hotspot, harbors an extraordinary species diversity across the Tree of Life. The Collembola species of the genus Lepidocyrtus play an important role in soil biological processes such as decomposition, being used to monitor soil health and functional parameters. However, the limitation of morphological characters and molecular resources hampers the evaluation of local soil diversity. Here, using 30 Lepidocyrtus specimens collected in the Parque Natural Metropolitano (PNM), we unravel the diversity of this Panamanian protected area through molecular tools and new taxonomic traits. Our phylogenies, in combination with species delimitation analyses, indicate that the PNM harbors an extremely rich community of Lepidocyrtus species, two of them cited in Panama for the first time, and three of them potentially new to science. We highlight that the presence of the dental tubercle and pseudopores on the BP4 region are not monophyletic and, therefore, can be used as supplementary characters to morphologically resolve species complexes. Overall, this study sheds light on the Lepidocyrtus richness of the PNM, which acts as a shelter for Panamanian and the Mesoamerican hotspot species.
Current Status of Biology–Biotechnic, Agronomic, and Biological Control of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus: A Review
Authors: Wakil Waqas , Boukouvala Maria C. , Kavallieratos Nickolas G. , Filintas Constantin S. , Eleftheriadou Nikoleta , Ghazanfar Muhammad Usman , Yasin Muhammad , Qayyum Mirza Abdul , Avery Pasco B.
Published: December 2024

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the red palm weevil (RPW), is a concealed voracious pest of different ornamental and economically important palm species, particularly the date palm. It can cause huge losses in ornamental and commercial palm plantations. RPW has spread rapidly from its original distribution in Southeast Asia to date palm-growing countries worldwide. It is now established in more than 50% of date palm-growing countries and 15% of the coconut-growing countries globally. To prevent further expansion of this pest, many countries have implemented strict legislative and quarantine measures surrounding the export of the palms plant genetic resources from RPW-infested countries. This review focuses on the general biology (life history, development), host range, geographical distribution, and management on the basis of biotechnic methods, farming practices, natural enemies, and important microbial control agents.
Botanical Pesticides: Role of Ricinus communis in Managing Bactrocera zonata (Tephritidae: Diptera)
Authors: Akbar Rasheed , Manzoor Sadia , Azad Rashid , Makai Gul , Rahim Junaid , Sheikh Umer Ayyaz Aslam , Ali Amjad , Aziz Tariq , Ahmad Hafiz Ishfaq , Ahmed Mukhtar , Du Daolin , Sun Jianfan
Published: December 2024

The melon fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a notorious pest, posing a significant threat to a wide range of fruits and vegetables, leading to substantial agricultural losses worldwide. With growing concerns over chemical pesticide resistance and environmental safety, plant-based insecticides have emerged as eco-friendly and economically sustainable alternatives. In this context, the present study delves into the insecticidal potential of Ricinus communis extracts against B. zonata. The crude extract of R. communis was systematically fractionated using a series of organic solvents with increasing polarities. The fraction demonstrating the highest insecticidal activity was further purified for the isolation of bioactive compounds, employing advanced chromatographic techniques such as Column Chromatography, coupled with state-of-the-art analytical methods including Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Bioassays were conducted on B. zonata using the crude extract and its fractions in n-hexane, methanol, and ethyl acetate. Among the isolated compounds, 11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid was identified in both the methanol and ethyl acetate fractions. This compound exhibited remarkable insecticidal efficacy, with an LC50 value of 1.36%, a linearity of R2 = 0.64, and a statistically significant probability (p < 0.01). Particularly, 11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid emerged as the most potent bioactive agent against B. zonata highlighting its potential as a natural insecticide. These findings underscore the potential of R. communis as a valuable source of bioactive compounds for the sustainable management of B. cucurbitae. This study not only broadens the scope of plant-based pest control strategies but also opens avenues for further exploration of natural compounds in integrated pest management.
Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Two Geographical Regions: Insights into Structure and Genetic Differentiation
Authors: Chen Yuhui , Su Runlang , Zhu Rui , Ding Guiling , Guo Zhanbao , Du Lin , Huang Jiaxing
Published: December 2024

The honeybee Apis cerana plays a crucial role as a pollinator, contributing significantly to biodiversity and supporting ecological processes [...]