bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Architectural and Fiber Type Distribution Properties of Selected Rhesus Leg Muscles: Feasibility of Multiple Independent Biopsies
Authors: Roy R.R. , Bodine-Fowler S.C. , Kim J. , Haque N. , De Leon D. , Rudolph W. , Edgerton V.R.
Published: July 2008

In experiments involving primates, e.g. before and after spaceflight, needle biopsies were thought to be a logical and feasible means of obtaining metabolic and morphological information from skeletal muscles. However, the feasibility of obtaining consistent, repeatable biopsies from individual muscles had to be demonstrated prior to the acceptance of this procedure. To study this approach, the architectural properties and the fiber type distributions at three levels and two regions along the proximodistal axis of the soleus, medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior of adult rhesus monkeys were determined. In each muscle, biopsies were taken from specific regions where the fiber type distribution was determined. Within each region of each muscle the fiber type populations were similar at the three levels studied. The percentage of fast or oxidative fibers in the biopsies and in the regions of the same muscle were highly correlated i. e. r = 0.98 for both comparisons. In addition based on normalized values (z scores) 25/26 and 22/26 biopsies were within the 95% confidence interval, i.e. the biopsies were a representative sample of the mean fiber type population of that region of the muscle. In all muscles the mean fiber lengths were no more than one third the length of the muscle. Together, these data indicate the feasibility of obtaining independent, repeated biopsies having similar fiber types from each of the muscles studied.
Adrenergic Nerve Fibers in the Human Fetal Sciatic Nerve
Authors: Koistinaho J.
Published: July 2008

The adrenergic inervation was studied in the human sciatic nerve at the gestational age of 16 17 18 and 21 weeks. Formaldehyde-induced catecholamine fluorescence, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry methods were used. At the gestational age of 16,17 and 18 weeks no adrenergic or NPY-positive nerve fibers were seen. At 21 weeks both fluorescence microscopy and TH immunohistochemistry showed adrenergic nerve fibers around arterioles in the epiperineurium and single nerve fibers in the endoneurium not related to blood vessels. The number of adrenergic nerve fibers appeared to be higher in the sciatic than in the tibial segment of the nerve. At this age, as at earlier stages of gestation, no NPY-positive nerve fibers were seen either in the epiperineurium or in the endoneurium. The results suggest that adrenergic nerve fibers may be associated with the epiperineurial blood vessels in the human sciatic nerve, and that the innervation starts to develop between 18 and 21 weeks of gestational age.
Effect of Bupivacaine on Muscle Tissues and New Bone Formation Induced by Demineralized Bone Matrix Gelatin
Authors: Yamashita K. , Horisaka Y. , Okamoto Y. , Yoshimura Y. , Matsumoto N. , Kawada J. , Takagi T.
Published: July 2008

Heterotopic bone formation induced by demineralized bone matrix gelatin (BMG) in bupivacaine-HCl-treated skeletal muscle was examined histologically. BMG was obtained by dehydrating diaphyseal shafts of femora and tibiae of male, 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, cutting it into chips, and demineralizing and extracting the chips with various solutions. The BMG was implanted into the rectus abdominis muscle of male, 5-week-old SD rats, bupivacaine-HCl was injected at the same site and the resulting plaques of tissue were examined histologically on days 5,10,15 and 20 after BMG implantation. Heterotopic bone formation occurred in all animals. The bupivacaine-treated group had more degenerated and injured muscle fibers, and more osteocytes than the control group. Electron microscopy showed that the basement membrane of muscle fibers was discontinuous and that many mononucleated cells resembling activated satellite cells were present on day 5. Many fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and myogenic cells were seen in the area around the BMG. In new bones there were few osteocytes on day 10, but their numbers were increased on days 15 and 20 after implantation, especially in the bupivacaine-treated group. The population of osteocytes that increased rapidly may have included mononucleated cells similar to activated satellite cells.
Systématisation de l’angioarchitectonie du corps calleux chez l’homme
Authors: Wolfram-Gabel R. , Maillot C. , Koritké J.G.
Published: July 2008

The blood supply of the corpus callosum is studied in 20 brains by injecting the vascular system with gelatinous Indian ink. The arterial vascularization derives mainly from the anterior cerebral arteries, accessorily from the median artery of the corpus callosum or from the terminal and choroidal branches of the posterior cerebral arteries. The various arteries give off perforating branches which are direct or indirect, short, of middle length or long. All these arteries concentrate on the peripheral wall of the corpus callosum. Inside of it these various arteries give off numerous terminal and collateral branches running between the nervous fibres and forming a characteristic vascular network which nourishes the capillary network. The venous vascularization of the corpus callosum is tributary to the deep venous system of the brain and concentrates on the central wall of the commissure.
Ultrastructural Study of the Effects of 17β-Oestradiol on the Lateral Prostate and Seminal Vesicle of the Castrated Guinea Pig
Authors: Tarn C.C. , Wong Y.C.
Published: July 2008

Administration of oestradiol to castrated animals induced hypertrophy of the secretory cells in the lateral prostate and seminal vesicle. In the lateral prostate, increases in the number of small highly electron-dense granules, multivesicular bodies and intercellular spaces were the prevailing effects 2 weeks after oestradiol treatment. There was also an apparent increase in the amount of cytokeratin intermediate filaments. Prolonged oestradiol administration for 4 weeks showed no appreciable changes in the glandular epithelium when compared with 2-week treatment. However, an increase in the thickness of the fibromuscular layer was observed. In the seminal vesicle, basal cell hyperplasia was associated with a concurrent increase in the size of intercellular spaces 2 weeks after oestradiol administration. There were also apparent increases in the volume of the lamina propria and in the number of stromal cells. An apparent increase in the density of collagen fibres in the stroma was observed 2 and 4 weeks after oestradiol administration. In conclusion the responses of the epithelium of the lateral prostate and seminal vesicle to a pharmacological dose of oestradiol are different. Prolonged oestradiol administration exerts a more prominent effect on the smooth muscle in the lateral prostate but not in the seminal vesicle. The effects of oestradiol may be mediated directly or indirectly through the other hormones.
Increase in Lysosomal Numbers and Activity in the Rat Uterine Luminal and Glandular Epithelium during Early Pregnancy: A Histochemical Study
Authors: Kirk A.T. , Murphy C.R.
Published: July 2008

Lysosomal acid phosphatase was studied at both the light and electron microscope level in the rat uterine luminal and glandular epithelium, at oestrous, late dioestrous and day 6 of pregnancy. At the light-microscopic level lysosomal numbers were quantified and statistically analysed. A morphological study was also carried out on the lysosomes at the electron-microscopic level in the above-mentioned stages. Quantification of lysosomal numbers found day 6 of pregnancy to have a significantly higher lysosomal population in the luminal and glandular epithelium compared to non-pregnant states. At the electron-microscopic level the luminal epithelial lysosomes were frequently observed in an invaginated or vesiculated form whereas these characteristics were rarely observed during late dioestrous and were non-existent during oestrous. Generally, the lysosomes appeared more active in the luminal epithelium at day 6 of pregnancy compared to the non-pregnant state. The findings are discussed in reference to the role of the lysosome at the time of blastocyst implantation.
Encephalic Ventricles of the Ewe (Ovis ariesL.): Conformation, Relations and Stereotaxic Topography
Authors: Lignereux Y. , Regodon S. , Marty M.H. , Franco A. , Bubien A.
Published: July 2008

Fifteen ewes, aged 3–6 years, were used for studying the conformation of the cerebral ventricles on mouldings, and the topography on scannographs and frozen cuts. The lateral ventricles show important variations, but the topography of their olfactory recess is constant.
Sagittal Kinematics of the Cervical Spine – How Constant Are the Motor Axes?
Authors: Fuss Franz K.
Published: July 2008

The aim of this study was to establish whether or not the axes of cervical spine movement in the sagittal plane are constant (an impression conveyed by the literature). Based on 60 functional radiographs (of which 24 showed degenerative discopathy or atlas subluxations), the axes of seven motor segments (C1–D1) were determined geometrically. The axes of the segments C5/C6 proved to scatter least; the further the distance of a segment is to the latter, the larger the tendency of scattering appears. Hence, the axes are neither constant in time nor in location and thus only convey the momentary kinematic situation of the cervical spine. Clearly pathologic axis positions could not be found, except in the case of an extreme atlas subluxation.
Histochimie, immunocytochimie, biométrie des fibres musculaires et de leur innervation du muscle peroneus longus
Authors: Boesiger B.
Published: July 2008

The morphology of the peroneus longus muscle of the Chinese quail was studied in relation to partial behavorial characteristics. On the basis of the actomyosin ATPase reaction after alkaline and acid preincubation, three fiber types are revealed. The indirect immunofluorescence, using specific antibodies against ‘slow’ myosin from the human vastus lateralis muscle, provokes a strong reaction on the small fiber type. The characteristics of the innervation revealed by the cholinesterase activity, concentrated in the synaptic gutters and the direct study of the nerve fibres, show focal, mono-axonal ‘en plaques’ endings, typical of the phasic motor system.
Experimental Study of the Origin of the Parathyroid Glands
Authors: Mérida-Velasco J.A.
Published: July 2008

The origin of the parathyroid glands was investigated in chick embryos (Gallus domesticus). Pieces of the third branchial arch were grafted, and its ectodermal layer formed a new structure (parathyroid III), which became separated from the placodial ectoderm. This structure continued to develop until, together with neural crest cells which gave rise to the mesenchyme, it formed a distinct parathyroid III gland by stage 28 of Hamburger and Hamilton.
Tibial Dimensions before and during the Recovery Phase in the Osteopetrotic Mutant Mouse
Authors: Wink C.S. , Sarpong D.F. , Bruck R.D.
Published: July 2008

Osteopetrosis is a genetic bone disease characterized by excessive bone mass and ‘clubbing’ of long bones. In the osteopetrotic (op) mouse, remission of the disease begins at 45 days of age. This study attempted to describe changes in the op tibia before and during remission. Osteopetrotic and normal littermates were killed at intervals from 10 to 120 days of age. Left tibiae were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Microradiographs of right tibiae were projected and drawn. Bone dimensions were compared between mutants and controls by ANOVA and bones were viewed in a scanning electron microscope. Differences between mutants and controls were: at all ages mutant tibiae were shorter than those of controls; 10-day distal shafts of mutant tibiae were significantly narrower; 30-day proximal shafts of mutant tibiae were wider, distal shafts were narrower, and there was no bone resorption along the external proximal metaphysis. At 48 days, resorption was seen along the proximal metaphyses of the mutant tibiae and by 60 days, extensive resorption areas were evident. However, proximal shafts of mutant tibiae were still significantly wider than those of controls. These results indicated that before remission there was an unequal deposition of bone on the mutant tibia. After remission, resorption occurred along the external proximal shaft, but was not enough to remove significant amounts of bone from the proximal metaphyses of mutant tibiae by 120 days of age.
Postnatal Development of the Interstitial Cells (Palisade Cells) of the Pars Intermedia in the Cat Pituitary Gland. An Immunocytochemical and Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Marin J.F. , Boya J.
Published: July 2008

The postnatal development of the interstitial agranulated cells (so-called palisade cells) of the pars intermedia in the cat was investigated immunocytochemically and at the ultrastructural level. Since the first postnatal days a strong vimentin immunoreactivity and a weaker S-100 protein immunoreactivity were detected in the marginal cells lining the pituitary cleft and in the interstitial bipolar cells located within the pars intermedia. No glial fibrillary acidic protein cells have been found in the pars intermedia of any of the animals studied. This immunocytochemical pattern was maintained throughout the postnatal development. Ultrastructurally these cells showed a vast number of cytoplasmic filaments and well-developed junctional complexes. Secretory granules were never seen. In older animals they lined microcavities and microchannels where they project microvilli and present pinocytotic vesicles on their apical surface. No transitional forms between these cells and granulated secretory cells were found. There is a large number of axons and synaptic endings in contact with the granulated secretory cells. From our findings we guess that palisade cells are not a glial derivative, but they may share a common origin with secretory granulated cells.
Anatomische Aspekte der Arteria inferior posterior cerebelli für die Chirurgie der hinteren Schädelgrube
Authors: Koperna T. , Kopriva G.
Published: July 2008

As the arteria inferior posterior cerebelli sometimes causes surprises of grave consequence at surgical approaches, its origin and course had to be described in detail. For this aim, we especially considered the local relationships of this artery with the medulla oblongata and the cranial nerves of the posterior fossa. Branches of the a. inferior posterior cerebelli supplying the medulla oblongata have been noticed in relation to the arterial supply of the medulla oblongata by corresponding vessels and the aa. spinales lateralis and posterior with special reference to all the possible collateralizations.
Changes in Lectin-Binding Patterns during Late Fetal Development of the Rat Colon
Authors: Hill R.R. , de Bruyn G.
Published: July 2008

Lectin-binding and histochemical studies were integrated with a morphological description of colon development in rat fetuses to determine whether changes in glycoprotein sugars could be identified with stages of colon organogenesis. At 16 days gestation the colon consisted of a minute lumen surrounded by 3–5 layers of cuboidal stratified epithelium, a basement membrane and undifferentiated mesenchyme. As development proceeded, epithelial spaces eventually fused with the main lumen, and fingers of mesenchyme, with a basement membrane and epithelial mantle, formed the walls of crypts lined with simple to stratified columnar cells. Goblet cells and mucin production appeared only on the 20th-21st day of gestation. Mesenchyme differentiation to a circular muscle band, the prospective tunica muscularis, occurred on days 17–18, and vascularization of the lamina propria was first detected on day 19. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin bound avidly to sugar residues in the mesenchyme matrix from day 16 but weakened as the tissue differentiated, particularly into smooth muscle. Alcian blue staining of the matrix, also weakening with time, confirmed the sialic acid nature of binding sites for WGA on matrix acid mucopolysaccharides. Under controlled conditions, WGA also detected N-acetylglucosamine-binding sites on brush borders as they developed on the apical surface of primitive enterocytes. Ulex lectin bound to fucose residues of Alcian-blue-positive, PAS-positive mucin from the first appearance of goblet cells. Concanavalin A and glycine max lectins bound only to blood group substances on both nucleated red cells between days 16 and 19 and anucleate red cells from day 19. The study shows that significant changes occur in the structure of glycosylated molecules in mesenchyme and epithelium, during the brief period of intense organogenesis of the rodent colon.
Ultrastructural Changes in Rat Colorectal Epithelium and Tumors after Treatment with N-Methyl-N’-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine and Secondary Bile Acids
Authors: Zusman I. , Zimber A.
Published: July 2008

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study ultrastructural changes that accompanied the tumorous transformation of the descending rat colon epithelial cells, following short treatment with a direct carcinogen, N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), with subsequent prolonged treatment with secondary bile acids, lithocholic (LCA) and deoxycholic (DCA), which enhanced tumor formation. Colon epithelial cells after long treatment with bile acids alone were characterized by the presence of an irregular nuclear membrane, ring-shaped rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), collagen-like tonofilaments and membrane-bound mucous vacuoles. Tumor cells which developed following treatment with MNNG alone were characterized by the irregular shape of the nuclear membrane and, sometimes, by polynuclei, accumulation of large amounts of mitochondria, loss of cell-cell contacts and by endocytosis of the cell membrane. After combined treatment with MNNG and LCA, many mitochondria lost their membranous envelope; in the cytoplasm many collagen-like tonofilaments ring-shaped RER and many free ribosomes were present. After treatment with MNNG and DCA, many polysomes were found in the cytoplasm. It was apparent that treatment with MNNG alone caused the development of adenocarcinoma-like tumors, while additional treatment with secondary bile acids significantly enhanced these changes, which were accompanied by the development of atypia and anaplasia of epithelial cells, with many irregularities in intracellular organization.
Electron-Microscopic Observations of the Alveolar Brush Cell of the Rat
Authors: Gomi T. , Kimura A. , Kikuchi Y. , Higashi K. , Tsuchiya H. , Sasa S. , Kishi K.
Published: July 2008

The alveolar brush cells in the rat lung were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The general structural features of the brush cells in this report were basically in agreement with earlier descriptions. However, this report is the first to detect long, thick microvilli with a unique form protruding into the alveolar lumen in parallel with the basement membrane, not vertically to the basement membrane. Moreover, intranuclear inclusions in the nucleus were observed for the first time in the alveolar brush cells in this study.
Characterization of the Cytoskeleton in Human Normal and Otosclerotic Osteoblast-Like Cells
Authors: Arena N. , Venti G. , Becchetti E. , Baron T. , Donti E. , Paludetti G. , Bodo M.
Published: July 2008

The localization and distribution of some cytoskeletal protein components were studied by immunostaining methods in normal and ostosclerotic osteoblast-like cells. The protein components investigated were microtubules (β-tubulin), intermediate filaments (vimentin), microfilaments (actin and myosin) and structural proteins (α-actinin and fibronectin). Although the mechanism is not yet clear, the alterations observed in the pathological cells could well play a role in the expression of otosclerosis.
Morphometric Analysis of Compartments Concerned with Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone in Male and Female Rats
Authors: Keller B. , Schraner E.M. , Wild P.
Published: July 2008

Parathyroid cells responded to estradiol application in rats by increment in surface area of the compartments concerned with parathyroid hormone secretion, i.e. the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and secretory granules [1]. We thus compared the morphology of parathyroids of male rats with those of females of the same age and same weight, respectively. Morphometric analysis revealed that (i) the mean cell volume was significantly larger and, consequently, the number of parathyroid cells lower expressed per 1 mm3 tissue and (ii) the surface area of the Golgi complex was larger expressed per mean parathyroid cell volume and per 1 mm3 tissue in female rats than in males. Diversity in cell volume seems to depend on age rather than on sex, whereas diversity in the Golgi complex is considered to be sex related. The physiological implications remain to be clarified.
Identîtication of Point Scores at Stage 23 in the Rat According to the System of Scoring in the Human Embryo
Authors: Gaubert-Cristol R. , Godlewski G.
Published: July 2008

The 8-point scores, evidenced in the human embryo of stage 23, were analysed in the rat at the end of the embryonic period. Eleven OFA rat embryos – crown-rump length 16 mm, 16th postcoital day – were submitted to serial histological sections with graphic reconstruction. The 8 internal key structures, previously observed in man by O’Rahilly – i.e. the cornea, optic nerve, cochlear duct, adenohypophysis, vomeronasal organ, submandibular gland, metanephros and humerus – were readily recognizable. The identification of these anatomical features permits to determine the end of the embryonic period and to obtain a clear distinction between this and the fetal period. The similarity and the presence of the same organs in man and rats at this period of development permits to consider the rat as a good experimental model of teratology.
Microscopic Study of the Rabbit Mandibular Periosteum and Attached Structures
Authors: Frankenhuis-van den Heuvel T.H.M. , Kuijpers-Jagtman A.M. , Maltha J.C.
Published: July 2008

The structure of the mandibular periosteum in rabbits of different ages has been studied by different histological staining techniques and polarization microscopy. The periosteum consisted of two layers. From the inner, cellular layer the functional state could be determined. A reproducible pattern of resorptive and depository areas was found on the bony surface. In the outer, fibrous periosteal layer, collagenous and elastin fibers were running in distinct directions. The masticatory muscles appeared to be attached directly endomysially or indirectly endomysially, via the perimysium or tendinous attachment. From the periosteal structures and the characteristics of muscular fiber attachments to the bone and periosteum, especially in the ramal and condylar areas, it could be concluded that a mechanical influence of the periosteum on condylar growth is very well possible, which will probably vary during life. The masticatory muscles seemed to be only of minor influence in condylar activity.
Light- and Electron-Microscopic Observations on the Mandibular Condylar Cartilages in Growing Rats on a Low-Calcium Diet
Authors: Matsumoto F. , Miyamoto Y. , Nagayama M.
Published: July 2008

In order to obtain more insight into the physiologic mechanism of endochondral ossification, histological changes occurring in the mandibular condylar cartilage of growing rats fed on a low-calcium diet were investigated by light and electron microscopy. Twenty-three-day-old rats were fed on a normal diet or a low-calcium diet for 8 weeks. For the histological observations the mandibular condyles were dissected from each animal at 1, 2, 4, 5 and 8 weeks after the initiation of the experiment. Histological changes occurring in the mandibular condylar cartilages of the rats fed on a low-calcium diet were as follows: (1) narrow proliferative and mature cell zones and a wide hypertrophic cell zone, (2) inhibition of development of cell organelles in the mature chondrocytes, (3) decrease in dead cells in the proliferative zone, (4) decrease in glycogen accumulation in the chondrocytes and (5) inhibition of calcification in the extracellular matrix of the hypertrophic cell zone. Additionally at the end of the experimental period, the following findings were observed: (1) appearance of small light cells in the mature cell zone and the hypertrophic cell zone and (2) decrease in proteoglycan granules and appearance of large collagen fibrils in the pericellular region of the hypertrophic cell zone.
Microfíbril-Microvessel Connections in the Uvea and Optic Nerve of the Mammalian Eye
Authors: Korte G.E. , Manche E.
Published: July 2008

Light- and electron-microscopic examination of arterioles, venules and capillaries of the eyes of several mammalian species has shown that the microfibrils of ocular elastic tissue attach to microvascular basement membranes throughout the uvea (iris, ciliary body, choroid) and optic nerve. Although described sporadically in prior investigations, this report shows that the connections are a common feature of the mammalian eye. The connections appear most numerous at venules and capillaries and are sparse at arterioles. The connections may provide a mechanism by which perivascular elastic tissue influences microvascular function, e.g. the control of blood pressure in them or their response to changes in intraocular pressure.
The Vestibular Apparatus of the Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) prior to and Immediately after Birth
Authors: Krause W.J.
Published: July 2008

The vestibular apparatus of the opossum was examined shortly before and immediately after birth. A band of about 20 sensory cells was observed within the forming utricle by 24 h prior to birth. Stereocilia projecting from the apices of the sensory cells appeared intimately associated with a well-defined population of overlying otoliths. These morphological observations suggest that a functional utricle may be present at the time of birth and together with other senses (tactile, olfaction) may aid the newborn of this species in its migration from the birth canal to the pouch.
Capillary and Fiber Size Interrelationships in Regenerating Rat Soleus Muscle after Ischemia: A Quantitative Study
Authors: Artacho-Pérula E. , Roldán-Villalobos R. , Vaamonde-Lemos R.
Published: July 2008

The present study examines the influence of ischemia on the muscle fibers and capillarization in rats. Muscle ischemia was achieved by a pneumatic tourniquet at a pressure of 300 mm Hg for 2, 4 and 6 h (groups I, II and III, respectively) to the right hindlimb above the knee. Numerous regenerative fibers were seen at 4 and, especially, 8 and 12 days after ischemia in groups II and III. The quantitative data revealed a significant decrease in the size of muscle fibers (regenerative fibers) in ischemic skeletal muscle, with a concomitant increase in fiber density. The capillary to fiber ratio shows a decrease at 4, 8 and 12 days after ischemia in the three experimental groups: in group I because of a decrease in capillary density; in groups II and III because of an increase in fiber density with respect to capillary density.
Morphogenesis of Cartilage Canals: Experimental Approach in the Rat Tibia
Authors: Delgado-Baeza E. , Giménez-Ribotta M. , Miralles-Flores C. , Nieto-Chaguaceda A. , Santos-Alvarez I.
Published: July 2008

This paper studies the participation of vessels in the canal morphogenesis. The proximal chondroepiphysis of the left tibia of 44 five-day-old rats was exposed and the vessels of the intercondylar fossae, near the attachment of cruciate ligaments, were cauterized. In addition to the vascular lesion this assay induced a perichondral lesion. However, the canal appeared and joined to the secondary ossification center. 36 tibiae of 4-day-old rats were removed under sterile conditions and cultured in a serum-free chemically defined medium. The cultures were carried out for as long as 15 days. A canal lumen structure was found on the first days of culture, and grew in depth to the central region of the chondroepiphysis during the culture. The secondary ossification center was not found. The vessels and mesenchymal cells observed in the control canal were not found in the culture. We suggest that the presence of vessels, perivascular cells or perichondrium does not appear to be necessary in canal morphogenesis.
Morphological Changes in the Bovine Articular Cartilage Subjected to Moderate and High Loadings
Authors: Saxena R.K. , Sahay K.B. , Guha S.K.
Published: July 2008

This study aims at examining the morphological changes in the cartilage structure of the bovine knee joint when the amputated joints are subjected to (a) a moderate load of 150 kg and (b) a high load of 300 kg and fitted on a knee joint articulating machine at 45 cycles/min for 2 h. The scanning-microscopic study of the surface structure of the experimental and control cartilage shows no appreciable change in the surface morphology of the cartilage when subjected to the moderate load of 150 kg. However, in the case of the high load (300 kg) there is appreciable change in the fibrillary structural pattern of the surface morphology. Histologically too, no appreciable change was noticed when subjected to moderate loadings, but in the case of high loading the cartilage develops roughness of the surface with occasional small clefts.
Architecture of the Myosalpinx of the Isthmus in the Guinea Pig by Means of Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Muglia U. , Vizza E. , Correr S. , Germanà G. , Motta P.M.
Published: July 2008

The three-dimensional architecture of the isthmic myosalpinx in the guinea pig was investigated by means of a technique that involves stretching the myosalpinx under a dissecting microscope followed by selective digestion of the interstitial connective tissue with KOH and, finally, observation under a scanning electron microscope. The images obtained in this way prove that the myosalpinx is arranged in single bundles of smooth muscle cells which essentially do not show any specific geometrical course. Furthermore, smooth muscle cell bundles following an oblique course, not referred in the literature prior to this report, were demonstrated. These new three-dimensional microanatomical results call for a reevaluation of the functional role of oviduct motility.
Morphometric Comparison of Uterine Glandular Epithelium in the Early Secretory Phase from Patients Treated with Different Superovulatory Drugs on an in vitro Fertilization Programme
Authors: Hosie M.J. , Murphy C.R. , Rogers P.A.W. , Dwarte D.M.
Published: July 2008

The glandular structure in the uterine epithelium of three groups of patients on standard superovulatory regimes was studied using a fully automated image analysis system. It was found that one treatment (buserelin stimulation) produced more glandular area than either of the other two. We suggest that buserelin gives the morphometric appearance of the most normal endometrial glands and find that our morphometric analysis is a reliable means to evaluate glandular structure in patients on superovulatory therapy.
Die Blutversorgung des zervikalen Ösophagus
Authors: Burger D. , Piehslinger E.
Published: July 2008

In accordance with former authors the arteries for the cervical esophagus originate mainly from the inferior thyroid artery. In a few cases additional vessels originated directly from the subclavian artery. After a variable course they approach the esophagus in a purely transverse direction. The uppermost vessels originating from the inferior thyroid artery may send branches to the posterior wall of the trachea and also supply the anterior wall of the esophagus. The surgical separation of the two organs is dangerous for the esophagus.
Total Body Bone Mineral and Pelvis Bone Mineral Content as Parameters of Bone Mass in Men
Authors: Hernandez E.R. , Revilla M. , Rico H.
Published: July 2008

Total body bone mineral content (TBBM) is a highly discriminating determinant of bone mass. We correlated TBBM with pelvis bone mineral content (PBMC) and pelvis bone mineral density (PBMD) in 179 normal men, in order to observe whether the pevis is an adequate region of bone mass evaluation. There was a good correlation between PBMC and TBBM (r = 927, p < 0.001), and significant correlations between PBMD and TBBM (r = 818, p < 0.001) and between PBMC and PBMD (r = 0.902, p < 0.001). As the pelvis does not undergo the densitometric changes so often observed in the spine, we believe that the pelvis is appropriate as anatomic region for bone mass evaluation studies.
Changes in Cellular Dry Mass during Macrophage Development
Authors: Sokol R.J. , Wales J. , Hudson G. , Goldstein D.J. , James N.T.
Published: July 2008

Measurements of dry mass were made on developing human macrophages in suspension culture using a scanning and integrating microinterferometer. The mean dry mass (± SEM) of day 0 monocytes of 19 healthy individuals was 53.6 ± 2.4 pg. There was a significant increase in cellular dry mass over the period of culture mean values at 2 4 and 6 days being 61.1, 79.8 and 110.4 pg, respectively. A comparison of the results with those obtained previously by ultrastructural morphometry inferred that there is a disproportionate increase in the water content of macrophages during development. The technique may have potential for investigating changes in mononuclear phagocytes in clinical states.
Communicating Synapses: Types and Functional Interpretation
Authors: Santander González , Cuadrado Martínez , Lobo Toledo , Alonso Martinez
Published: July 2008

The neurons of the dorsal periaqueductal nucleus of the mesencephalon and their synaptic contacts were observed under a transmission electron microscope. We found various types of synapses which constituted an exception to Cajal’s neuron theory (law of neuron independence). Some of these synapses had an open communicating or continuity ‘passage’ between the presynaptic bouton of a neuron (first neuron) and the postsynaptic portion of another neuron (second neuron). The ‘communicating’ passage (located in the synaptosome) is formed by the continuity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane, and its limits or rims are the reflexion points of the membranes. When only two neurons intervene they could be termed ‘simple communicating synapses’. We found three types: I = communicating axosomatic synapses; 11 = communicating axodendritic synapses, and 111 = communicating axoaxonic synapses’. When three neurons intervene in the synaptic contact, they could be termed ‘complex communicating synapses’. In these the first and second neurons form a normal synapse but the lateral portion of the presynaptic bouton of the first neuron also enters into contact with a third neuron, with which it establishes an open communicating or continuity passage . The points of these passages are collateral to the synapse and may be in the presynaptic or pre-postsynaptic portions simultaneously, communicating collaterally with the third neuron. We found a further three types: IV = complex communicating axosomatic and dendritic synapses; V = complex communicating axoaxonic and somatic synapses, and VI = complex communicating axodendritic and double-somatic synapses. It is suggested that communicating synapses may constitute an exception to CajaΓs neuron theory, representing functional states for the acceleration, retardation or modulation of the synaptic function. The neurotransmitters would pass en masse through the communicating passage and the depolarization wave would pass through the rims without being retarded. In the simple communicating synapses, their action would be intensifying. In the complex communicating synapses, their action would be modulating or retarding, since the collateral communicating passage would function as an ‘escape valve’ through which part of the impulse reaching the presynaptic bouton would escape.
The Human Maxillary Artery Reinvestigated: I. Topographical Relations in the Infratemporal Fossa
Authors: Pretterklieber M.L. , Skopakoff C. , Mayr R.
Published: July 2008

The topographical relations of the human maxillary artery (IM) in the infratemporal fossa were studied in 102 individuals of both sexes. In the majority of the cases (55.4%), the artery was found in a lateral position to the lower head of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPTER). In most of these specimens the IM ran also lateral to the inferior alveolar, lingual and buccal nerves (type LA, 37.2%) whereas in 16.1% only the buccal nerve crossed the IM laterally (type LB). In 4.6% the artery occupied a medial position to the LPTER. With respect to the branches of the mandibular nerve, an IM, passing deep to the LPTER, was lying either lateral to its main sensory branches (type MA, 1.9%) or coursing lateral to the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves, but medial to the buccal nerve (type MB, 23.8%). In 4.9% the artery, running medial to the LPTER and the buccal nerve, was found to pierce the inferior alveolar nerve (type MC). In 7.4% the IM was running medial to both the inferior alveolar and buccal nerves, but lateral to the lingual nerve (type MD) and in 3.9% the IM passed deep to all the branches of the mandibular nerve (type ME). Besides those common anatomical patterns, seven specimens showed different variations of the mandibular nerve. In about one third of the individuals an asymmetric position of the IM to the LPTER (LM or ML) was present. None of the four cephalometric parameters and the two cephalic indices recorded in 55 individuals showed a significant correlation to the actual position of the IM (lateral or medial).
A Case of Dextrocardia with Normal Situs
Authors: McCaskie A.W. , Thompson M.M. , Underwood M.J. , Pallot D.J.
Published: July 2008

We report here a case of dextrocardia with normal situs in an 81-year-old man who died from non-pulmonary causes. Removal of the chest wall revealed a large, but otherwise anatomically normal, left lung occupying the entire left hemithorax and extending across the midline to overlap the left border of the heart which was positioned in the right hemithorax. The gross anatomy of the heart was normal save its position and the presence of only 2 pulmonary veins. Dissection of the heart showed all chambers in their classically described positions, and there were no valvular defects. The anatomy of the great vessels was also normal. The right lung was hypoplastic and lay posterior to the heart. This lung lacked any lobular structure, but the presence of carbon particles throughout it suggested that it was capable of normal inflation.
Microscopic and Functional Anatomy of the Deal Papilla and Caecocolonic Valve in the Rat
Authors: Roger T. , Cabanie P. , Ferre J.P.
Published: July 2008

In the rat, topographic and X-ray studies of the caecum and ascending colon, together with microscopic anatomic observations of the ileal papilla and caecocolonic valve showed that junction structures contribute to prevent the backflow of the caecal content into the ileum and to direct the ileal content within the caecum whatever the various positions of the caecum in the abdominal cavity.
The Anterior Ligament of the Human Malleus
Authors: Cesarani A. , Tombolini A. , Fagnani E. , Mateu Domenech
Published: July 2008

The authors have studied the anterior ligament of the malleus (ALM) from a morphological and embryological point of view. Classical textbooks of anatomy stress the correlation between the ALM and the anterior pin of the sphenoid and define the ligament as a residual of Meckel’s cartilage. This study demonstrates the y-shaped form of the ligament, one arm of which reaches the capsule of the temporomandibular joint and the other the pin of the sphenoid bone. Meckel’s cartilage pilots the fibres of the ligament itself. Several clinical implications may be hypothesised on the basis of this study.
Innervation of the Pulp-Predentin Border Zone of the Cat following Denervation and Reinnervation
Authors: Holland G.R. , Lau S. , Truong P. , Robinson P.P.
Published: July 2008

Under general anesthesia the inferior alveolar nerves of 8 cats were transected unilaterally and the cut ends reapposed. Two of these animals were, under general anesthesia, perfused with fixative 2 days later and 6 animals 12 or 15 weeks later, and the crowns of the mandibular canine teeth were prepared for ultrastructural examination. The distribution of axons at the pulp-predentin border and in the predentinal tubules was measured on the operated and control sides. In unoperated teeth the innervation at the pulp-predentin border paralleled that in the predentinal tubules being denser more coronally. The axons at the pulp-predentin border had disappeared by 2 days after denervation but had returned by 12 weeks and later with a density and distribution similar to that of the control sides.
Computerized Tomographic Determination of the Cranial Volume of the Dog Applied to Racial and Sexual Differentiation
Authors: Regodon S. , Franco A. , Garin J.M. , Robina A. , Lignereux Y.
Published: July 2008

The volume of the cranial cavity of 70 dogs (35 males and 35 females) has been determined in two breeds, the galgo greyhound and the pointer, by radiological techniques (computerized tomography; CT) and biostatistical methods. Each head was submitted to a complete series of transverse tomographic sections taken perpendicularly to the basilar plane, every 5 mm and with a thickness of 5 mm. There is a clear difference between the breeds and the two sexes, with a minimal confidence of 99.95%. The application of the method to fit zootechnical and/or osteoarcheological needs is emphasized.
Localization of Prostatic Glycoconjugates by the Lectin-Gold Method
Authors: Chan L. , Wong Y.C.
Published: July 2008

The glycoconjugates of the lateral prostate were examined ultrastructurally by lectin-gold histochemistry in combination with a low-temperature embedding technique using Lowicryl K4M. The binding patterns of concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, Griffonia simplicifolia, soybean agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, Ricinus communis agglutinin isolectin I, Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4, Ulex europaeus isolectin I and Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin P have been documented in the subcellular compartments of the lateral prostate. The results show that the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) is rich in glycoproteins with mannosyl residues while the Golgi cisternae, secretory granules and microvilli are less so. The mannose (Man) and N-acetylgucosamine (GlcNAc) residues present in the GER of the epithelial cells may be associated with the initial assembly of the N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. The secretory granules exhibited different reactivities to lectins. Most of the lectin-binding sites confined to the limiting membranes may play a role in the transport of plasmalemma glycoconjugates to the apical plasma membrane. The epithelial Golgi stack is rich in GlcNAc, galactose (Gal), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and sialic acid residues, and a compartmental organization of the Golgi stack is apparent which might be associated with the sequential addition of sugar residues to the oligosaccharides. The plasma membrane contains abundant Man, GlcNAc, Gal, GalNAc and complex carbohydrates, especially in the micro villi, and a differential lectin labelling was noted between the apical and basolateral plasma membrane. The present study showed that fucose-containing glycoconjugates were detected in the apical plasma membrane of the lateral prostate. The stromal extracellular matrices as well as the epithelial basement membranes demonstrated weak lectin reaction. Man, GlcNAc, Gal residues and complex sugars were also noted in the stromal tissues of the lateral prostate including the extracellular matrix, capillaries and smooth muscle.
Microvascularization of the Rat Superior Cervical Ganglion
Authors: Chunhabundit P. , Thongpila S. , Somana R.
Published: July 2008

The three-dimensional image of the microvascularization of the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) was examined using the vascular corrosion cast technique in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the rat SCG was a highly vascularized organ. Arteries supplying the ganglion gave rise to a subcapsular capillary plexus before branching off to become intraganglionic capillaries. Two types of intraganglionic capillaries, large and small, were observed throughout the organ. Numerous anastomoses among these capillaries were found before they converged into venules and collecting veins. However, a pattern of blood vessels resembling portal-like intraganglionic microcirculation could not be demonstrated.
High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Mouse Submandibular Salivary Gland
Authors: Watanabe I. , Koriyama Y. , Yamada E.
Published: July 2008

The submandibular gland of the mouse was studied by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, using the osmium-dimethylsulfoxide-osmium method. The three-dimensional structures of the intracellular membranous organelles of acinar cells were clearly revealed. The luminal surface of cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus exhibited particles of 8-15 nm in diameter. The secretory canaliculi presented short microvilli which were irregularly arranged. The striated duct cells were characterized by rich mitochondria arranged vertically in the basal portion. The lamellar mitochondrial cristae were noted in three-dimensional images. The luminal surface extended short microvilli, while that of the excretory duct cell presented complicated microplicae. The capillary endotheliocytes showed a few short microvilli, and their fenestrated areas were bordered by cytoplasmic crests. Fenestrae were 50-80 nm in diameter and showed a plug in their center. The basement membranes of the acini and capillaries showed a spongy structure with various strands and meshes. Collagenous fibrils crisscrossed on their surface.
Abnormal Elevation of the Neural Folds in the Loop-Tail Mutant Mouse
Authors: Wilson D.B. , Wyatt D.P.
Published: July 2008

The processes of elevation and convergence of the spinal neural folds were analyzed in normal (+/+; Lp/+) and abnormal (Lp/Lp) embryos of the loop-tail mutant mouse in order to determine possible mechanisms underlying the dysraphic defect characterized by a failure of the neural fold to close in this mutant. The results indicate that the neural folds are already defective during very early phases of elevation, with greater distances between the apical points of the paired walls of the neural groove, larger ventral angles and higher ratios of luminal/basal linear distances occurring in the abnormal embryos relative to those in normal embryos. The cross-sectional area of the neuroepithelium is also greater in abnormals, suggesting that faulty elongation of the neuraxis may contribute to the dysraphic condition.