bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Courts and the Legislative Supremacy of the Knesset
Authors: Likhovski Eliahu
Published: June 2019

Israel, unlike most modern States, does not have a Constitution embodied in a formal document which lays down the basic political assumptions on which the system of government is founded, and which is considered the “supreme law of the land”. The student of Israel's Constitution must, as in the case of the British Constitution, collate his country's Constitution, including its unarticulated “major premises”, from a close study of the practical workings of the system of government and from a number of diverse sources of varying legal force.

From a study of the workings of the system of government, Knesset (Parliament) legislation and the decisions of the courts, it would appear that Israel's courts, lawyers and others have asserted, almost without demur, the doctrine of the legislative supremacy of the Knesset as the underlying unarticulated major premise of Israel's Constitution. In accepting that assumption they seem to have chosen to follow the constitutional trail blazed by their British forerunners. This article is intended to test that assumption and to establish its exact application in the legal system.
Evidence Excluded by State Interest
Authors: Harnon Eliahu
Published: June 2019

The general rule is established that anyone may lawfully be called to give evidence and to produce every document in his possession, unless he can show a just ground for refusal. In a number of instances the law relieves a witness from the duty of replying, or of producing a document. These are exceptional cases, however, and the burden of establishing their applicability lies on the party claiming the exemption. The modern legal tendency is, so far as possible, to restrict the claims of privilege.

Rules of evidence recognize mainly the privilege against self-incrimination, the legal professional privilege, the marital privilege, and “State secrets”, when the Administration objects to the disclosure of information relating to public security, foreign relations or other important public interests. This article deals with the last mentioned privilege—a “thorny topic”, in more than one country. Both case law and doctrinal writings have, over the years, held various views on this problem. In England, the House of Lords' opinion on it has undergone a radical change within the last twenty-five years and it is also under present examination of the Law Reform Committee. The question arose before the Israeli courts on several occasions and the Ministry of Justice drew up three separate bills aimed at its solution, the last of which is now before the Knesset for consideration.
The Sources and Nature of Jewish Law and its Application in the State of Israel, Part III
Authors: Elon Menachem
Published: June 2019

The rise of Zionism, with its call for renewed national political life and return to the national homeland, inevitably evoked a material change in the mental attitude of the Jewish people towards Jewish Law, a law possessing, as I have already said, not merely religious value but also manifest national significance. Thus a movement was mustered of Jewish lawyers and scholars and others from all ranks of society, which regarded the return of Jewish society to Jewish Law a national restoration, parallel with the restoration of the Jewish homeland and the revival of the Hebrew language.

This movement for a restoration of Jewish Law signals also a new trend in its study. From modest beginnings in the 17th century, scientific research into Jewish Law had been occupied with a variety of problems, whether of the parallelism between the Jewish legal system and other systems, the moral and philosophical theories embodied in its institutions and of its vast many-sided historical and literary expression. The common feature in all this research had been that it was pursued for its own sake, for theoretical and not for practical purposes.
Authorization of Torts
Authors: Tedeschi G.
Published: June 2019

In English law—and Israel law in this respect follows English law—there is a firm principle that a person who collaborates in the commission of a tort by another is considered as having concurrently caused the tort along with that other, even if his participation is merely indirect—as in influencing the person actually committing the tort by stimulating or strengthening the latter's desire to commit it. This hypothesis, the hypothesis of indirect participation, is related in our law to the principle that liability in torts is not limited to compensation for damages of which a person's act was the sole cause, but it may be imposed if the act was one of the causes. The principle, which is expressed in sec. 64 of the Civil Wrongs Ordinance (New Version), seems to have its roots in the theory of equivalence of conditions. According to this latter theory, but not according to it alone, there is no reason for denying X's liability simply because Y is also liable, or because the causal effect of Y's act or his culpability is likely to be regarded as greater than that of X. Neither is any distinction to be made between direct participation and merely indirect participation, that is to say, between participation in the actual commission of the tort on the one hand and influence on the person actually committing the tort on the other.
The “Completed Offence” and the Attempt—Some Problems in Criminal Law Interpretation
Authors: Bein Dan
Published: June 2019

There are two fundamental approaches to the problem of legal interpretation, one concentrating on the use of abstract concepts and their analysis by pure logic, and the second concentrating on policy considerations which underlie legal rules and the function they are to serve.

It cannot be denied that the “conceptual” method appears, at first glance, more “scientific” and precise as compared with the “functional” method, but in real fact it does not always ensure certainty and predictability. In many cases, the use of vague general concepts may lead to unexpected results, because the actual construction given to these concepts by the courts may vary according to the concrete facts involved (e.g. the concept of “proximity” in the law of attempt).

But even if, generally speaking, the “conceptual” method achieves a higher standard of certainty than the other method mentioned, one cannot overlook the fact that in some cases the use of the “conceptual” method may lead to injustice, or at least to a failure to achieve the social aims the legislator had in mind.

The importance of certainty and predictability, especially in criminal matters, is beyond dispute, but the weight given to this value in relation to other social values may differ from society to society and from time to time.
The Security Council Resolution of November 22, 1967—Its Legal Nature and Implications
Authors: Shapira Amos
Published: June 2019

More than a year has passed since the Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 242 on November 22, 1967, concerning the “grave situation in the Middle East”. On the basis of this resolution, the Secretary-General of the United Nations designated Ambassador Gunnar Jarring as a Special Representative “to proceed to the Middle East to establish and maintain contacts with the States concerned in order to promote agreement and assist efforts to achieve a peaceful and accepted settlement…” It is not proposed here to analyze all the political and diplomatic aspects of the Resolution or its practical prospects to bring about peace in the Middle East. Nor is it proposed to advance any particular interpretation of its substantive contents or to assess its merits and shortcomings. The sole purpose of this article is to examine the legal nature and implications of the Resolution within the framework of the United Nations Charter.

Intellectual curiosity and academic research are not the only motivations for this legal inquiry. Sceptics of the political relevance of such “theoretical” inquiry need only obtain the November 24, 1968 issue of Pravda, the mouthpiece of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Art Forgeries and their Prevention
Authors: Tedeschi G.
Published: June 2019

The forgery of works of art, particularly pictures, is a serious evil that besets the art business world, quite apart from its depressive effect generally. The phenomenon is not new, but never before has it been more prejudicial, perhaps because contemporary painting is far easier to imitate than that of the past, and because of the increasing flow of money into the art markets. These two elements encourage the temptation to forgery, whilst the demand for pictures would possibly be even greater were it not for this nightmare that haunts likely purchasers.

How can the world's art markets be restored to health? Clearly this problem can be tackled by a variety of means. It would resolve itself or would not exist were people honest and upright. The situation would be ameliorated if art buyers were more circumspect in their purchases and the experts consulted to confirm the authenticity of pictures were able to express firm opinions and were more of one mind among themselves. The question, however, may well be considered from another angle, to see whether an answer can be found—or at least considerably facilitated—even if the standard of reasonable care and the expertise of the experts remain as they are at present. We do not have in mind here the criminal and civil sanctions that already exist. Nor shall we inquire into the possibilities of the assistance which may be had from increasing the severity of such sanctions. We shall not examine nostrums but means of prevention.
The Tests for the Determination of the Scope of Taxes: The Territorial Location of the Object and the Personal Link of the Taxpayer to the Country
Authors: Lapidoth Aryeh
Published: June 2019

The scope of income tax is generally determined in the light of two criteria: the personal link of the taxpayer to the country and the link between the income and the territory of the country imposing the tax. The imposition of tax on the basis of the second of these criteria is known as “the source of the income” approach.

A similar term, the doctrine of “source”, was used in the British income tax system to denote a different theory. That theory was based on the idea that all income must have a “source” and that no one ought to be taxed in a given year unless it can be shown that he had a source from which income could be derived during that year. It should be noted, however, that notwithstanding the linguistic resemblance between the terms used for the two theories, in fact they deal with different matters. Hence, though perhaps historically related, the two concepts should not be confused.
Toward a Contemporary Concept of Criminal Justice
Authors: Silving Helen
Published: June 2019

The state of our “criminal law” in 1905 was described by William H. Taft as “a disgrace to our civilization”. This state had not changed much almost half a century later, when Justice Frankfurter quoted Mr. Taft's statement. Several major modern reform projects formulated since 1952 introduced some noteworthy modifications. I have in mind particularly the American Law Institute Model Penal Code, on the one hand, and the German Draft of a Penal Code, both of 1962, on the other. In the former I should like to draw attention to the serious attempt at a systematization of punishment scales, and in the latter to the effort at a systematic structuring of the “guilt principle”. The German Draft incorporated results of various revisions introduced since the collapse of the National Socialist régime, by either statutory or judicial legislation—revisions born out of the growing concern in Germany with “guilt”. Prominent among these revisions, of course, is adoption of the defence of “error of law” of ancient origin, derived from biblical, talmudic and canon law teaching. Nevertheless, these two projects have but touched the surface of the profound problems that are involved in formulating truly modern penal legislation.
The International Protection of Human Rights and the Jewish Question (An Historical Survey)
Authors: Feinberg Nathan
Published: June 2019

To mark the twentieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations designated 1968 to be the International Year for Human Rights. The call went out to peoples and States all over the world to give particular thought then to the question of human rights and freedoms and contribute to their promotion and protection. Wherever the subject is raised, discussion will no doubt dwell upon the problems of the present and the future. I believe, however, that this is a suitable occasion to widen the scope, to cast a glance over the past, and to review the role of the Jews and of the “Jewish Question” in the nineteenth, and in the early years of the twentieth, century in instilling the concept of human rights into the conscience of mankind; it is also an opportunity to examine the part played by the Jews in the advancement of those rights at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920.

From an historical point of view, the modern concept of human rights springs essentially from the rationalistic and cosmopolitan philosophy of the Enlightenment prevailing in the second half of the eighteenth century, and from the declarations framed at the end of that century in North America and, subsequently, in France during the Revolution. It was these declarations that laid the foundations of the democratic and liberal State. But the roots of the concept can be traced back to the Stoic philosophy of ancient Greece, to the teachings of the early Roman philosophers and lawyers and to the tenets of the medieval theologians; and it is, indeed, strange that only rarely have those engaged in the history of it made mention of the fact that ancient Hebrew religious thought, too, is concerned with the inherent dignity of Man and gives special prominence to the principle that all who are created in the image of God are equal—a principle clearly reflected in the status which the law of Moses assigns to “the stranger that sojourns among you”, and in the liberal attitude of that law towards the slave, as compared with that of other peoples.
The Demilitarization of Mount Scopus: A Regime That Was
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: June 2019

Under the armistice régime, now a matter of history, a peculiar legal situation prevailed in Jerusalem, for no less than four distinct régimes of demilitarization could be found in the city: the Mount Scopus régime, the régime of the Government House Area, the régime of no-man's-land, and the régime of the limitation of military forces and equipment on both sides of the demarcation lines. The object of this article is to examine one of these régimes, that which obtained on Mount Scopus.

Today, the situation in Jerusalem is, of course, drastically changed, both with respect to the régime of the City as a whole, and with respect to Mount Scopus. The Jordanian attack of June 1967 resulted in a unification of this strife-torn city. Mount Scopus, for so long separated from Western Jerusalem, its humanitarian and cultural activities so long paralyzed, is slowly returning to life. The present study, which may be of interest to students of international law and relations, is of historical value only and does not relate to the current situation.

The method followed will be that of a pragmatic case study. In view of the special circumstances surrounding the establishment of the Mount Scopus Demilitarized Zone, a comparative, deductive or theoretical approach would be of limited usefulness. A special effort has been made to use primary rather than secondary sources. The writer has had the opportunity to consult the diplomatic archives of the Government of Israel.
Unjust Enrichment in Israel Law
Authors: Elman Peter
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this paper is to collect the cases in which the principle of doctrine of unjust enrichment has been explicitly employed by the Israel courts, and to subject them to descriptive and part critical analysis. In so doing it will be possible to indicate the sources and the scope of the principle in its various applications.

One may say immediately that neither the term “unjust enrichment” nor the various categories of which it is or may be the underlying or explanatory principle, such as “quasi-contract”, “constructive trust” or “equitable lien”, figure almost at all in the reports before the establishment of the State in 1948. That is not to say of course that during the period of the Mandate the courts provided no restitutionary remedies in the appropriate circumstances, but it is difficult to gather from the various instances in which rules of a restitutionary nature were applied any independent unifying principle, as some would have it, which might lead to the recognition of a generalized right, or, as others assert, any basic principle that would provide a link connecting the cases and solutions in this area of the law or the pattern into which these might be logically fitted.
Carriage of Goods by Containers
Authors: Gottschalk R.
Published: June 2019

The transport of different items of cargo stored in one receptacle called a “container” is of recent origin and has been called the greatest development in transport since the introduction of the steam-engine.

The advantages to be derived from the use of containers are so obvious as hardly to call for explanation. The cargoes sent for transport by different shippers are stored at the beginning of the transport by rail or lorry in a closed container, transferred to a ship and again unloaded on rail or lorry for transport to the place of ultimate destination, and only there is the container opened and the goods discharged. This manner of transport reduces the risk of shortage and damage. Packing material need not be as strong and as heavy as required in the usual way of transport outside a container, the costs of loading and discharging operations are considerably reduced, saving of storage space is possible, ships will be specially adapted for this kind of transport, the time required for the transport of cargo may be considerably shortened, insurance premiums may be calculated in accordance with the diminished risk, demurrage payments may be decreased and all concerned, including the consumer, might benefit from this revolutionary kind of transport. The container can bring the goods, as has been said, “from door to door”.
Trilobites of the Upper Cambrian Ptychaspid Biomere Wilberns Formation, Central Texas
Authors: Longacre Susan Ann
Published: June 2019

Trilobites collected during the past 20 years from the Morgan Creek, Point Peak, and San Saba Members of the Wilberns Formation comprise 89 species assigned to 45 genera belonging to zones of the upper Franconian and Trempealeauan Stages of the Upper Cambrian Croixan Series. New zonal names are proposed in the interest of a regionally applicable nomenclature. Although none of the zonal nomenclature is identical to that of the 1944 Cambrian Correlation Chart of Howell et al., the four zones recognized in central Texas are equivalent to the eight highest zones on the Chart. Stratigraphically lowest is the Franconian Taenicephalus Zone, with a locally recognized Parabolinoides Subzone at its base; this zone is equivalent to the Conaspis Zone of the Correlation Chart. The Franconian Idahoia Zone, with a locally recognized Idahoia lirae Subzone at its base, is equivalent to the Ptychaspis Subzone of the Ptychaspis-Prosaukia Zone of the Correlation Chart. The sparsely fossiliferous Ellipsocephaloides Zone corresponds to the Prosaukia Subzone of the Ptychaspis-Prosaukia Zone on the Chart. Almost two-thirds of the trilobite species described occur in the Trempealeauan Saukia Zone, which corresponds to the five highest zones of the Correlation Chart; local subzones, in ascending order, are the Saukiella pyrene Subzone, the Saukiella junta Subzone, the Saukiella serotina Subzone, and the Corbinia apopsis Subzone.

The succession of ptychoparioid trilobite faunas within these zones characterizes the Ptychaspid Biomere. The base of the biomere is at the base of the Taenicephalus Zone; the top coincides with the lowest occurrence of an Ordovician trilobite fauna. Trilobite families that characterize the Ptychaspid Biomere are the Ptychaspididae and the Parabolinoididae.

Systematic descriptions include two new subfamilies, Drumaspidinae and Ptychaspidinae, and eight new species, Conaspis leptoholcis, Idiomesus infimus, Euptychaspis frontalis, Keithiella scapane, Saukiella serotina, Prosaukia remora, Calvinella prethoparia, and Westonaspis? texana.
Some aspects of colony development in corals
Authors: Oliver William A.
Published: June 2019

Many peculiarities of growth and development in colonial metazoans are related to the fact that a true colony is a clone, composed of genetically identical individuals reproduced asexually from a single founding individual. In fossil colonies the close relationship of individuals may be difficult to prove, but it must be assumed for analysis to be meaningful.

Intercolony variation is due to the interaction of genetic and environmental controls as in solitary organisms. Intracolony variation may be very limited because of the lack of genetic variation, but microenvironmental differences (situation within colony) may cause enough individual variation to mask the restrictive effect of genetic similarity.

Study of the number of major septa in some Devonian solitary and colonial rugose corals shows significantly less variation within colonies than within “populations” or species of colonial or solitary forms. Greater variation within some colonies may result from either genetic or mechanical accidents. Septal number and diameter are closely correlated in populations and species, but analyses of individuals within colonies frequently show weak or no correlation. Available data suggest: 1) that septal-number variation may be genetically limited in rugose corals and 2) that the general assumption that number of septa is a function of diameter may be in error.
Some analytic methods in the study of ontogeny in fossils with accretionary skeletons
Authors: Rudwick M. J. S.
Published: June 2019

Paleontological studies of organisms with accretionary skeletons should take full account of the implications of accretionary growth. These implications are discussed in this paper with examples from the Brachiopoda.

Descriptions of morphology should recognize the ‘dynamic’ character of preserved structures as embodying a sequence of previous growth stages; ‘static’ descriptions can result in misleading morphological characters and spurious taxonomic distinctions. Analysis of ontogeny in dynamic terms, and particularly the topological comparison of structures of varied form, can help distinguish true from false homologies, and hence evaluate the probability of inferred phyletic pathways. Such analyses can also be used to infer the morphogenetic ‘rules’ that governed the development of particular structures and, hence, to locate major phyletic innovations and discontinuities in structure.

Four distinct classes of functional interpretation are applicable to accretionary structures. Functional analysis of structures developing through ontogeny can help to discriminate between analogical and homological resemblances and to identify functional changes during ontogeny. Likewise, functional interpretation of postulated transformations of structure can be used to evaluate the phylogenies suggested; interpretation of structures that are functionally dependent on absolute size can also help to identify major adaptive innovations and discontinuities.
Biological and environmental rhythms reflected in molluscan shell growth
Authors: Pannella Giorgio , Macclintock Copeland
Published: June 2019

Tidal cycles are reflected in daily growth-increment sequences in shells of many Recent and fossil mollusks. Living specimens of the bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria were notched at the growing edge of the shell and planted intertidally in Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts. Shells from two lots, killed at intervals of 368 and 723 days after planting, show the same number of small growth increments as there were days from notching to killing. Superimposed on daily growth record are effects of winter (thin daily increments) and tides (14-day cycles of thick and thin daily increments). Comparison of Barnstable tide record with the first year's growth shows that, for each 14-day cycle, thin daily increments form during neap tides and thicker daily increments form during spring tides. Although tidal patterns are present in subtidal Mercenaria shells, they are rarely as pronounced as in intertidal ones. Spawning patterns differ from winter patterns; they are expressed in the shell by an interruption of regular deposition followed by a series of thin daily increments. Continuous sequences of bidaily patterns, one thick daily increment followed by a relatively thin one, are common in M. mercenaria.

The clearest 14-day cycles of deposition were seen in shells of the bivalve Tridacna squamosa. Each daily neap-tide increment is a simple layer consisting of a dark and light zone. Each daily spring-tide increment is a complex layer consisting of two light-dark alternations separated by a depositional break that is more pronounced than the breaks delimiting daily intervals. Preliminary results of growth-increment counts in fossils show a generally decreasing trend of the mean values of days per lunar month toward the Recent. The Pennsylvanian value is 30.07 ± 0.08, a figure that is in general agreement with those of Scrutton (1964), who counted 30.59 days per month on Devonian corals, and Barker (1966), who reported more than 30 days per month in Pennsylvanian bivalves.
Intracellular stages of Trypanosoma lewisi in fleas and attempts to find such stages in other trypanosome species
Authors: Molyneux David H.
Published: June 2019

Intracellular forms of Trypanosoma lewisi have been found in the mid-gut cells of the flea, Nosopsyllus fasciatus. These stages have been found only infrequently, and in only two of the four strains of T. lewisi studied.

Attempts to find similar stages in Trypanosoma nabiasi, evotomys and microti were not successful.

The possible significance of these forms is discussed.

The financial assistance of the Agricultural Research Council is gratefully acknowledged. The author is also indebted to Dr P. Tate for his enthusiasm, help and guidance throughout the course of the study.
A note on the defence reactions of insects to Protozoa
Authors: Salt George
Published: June 2019

It is well known that the defence reactions of insects to metazoan parasites are principally cellular rather than humoral; and it has recently been shown that the habitual parasitoids of an insect have means of resisting or avoiding the defence reactions of their host (Salt, 1968). Those two findings suffest that it may be necessary to re-examine the situation with regard to protozoan parasites, including some genera for which insects act as vectors between vertebrate hosts. Two examples will serve to draw attention to the problems involved.
Observations on the growth of Eimeria tenella in cultured cells from the parasitized chorioallantoic membranes of the developing chick embryo
Authors: Long P. L.
Published: June 2019

Eimeria tenella infections were established in the chorioallantoic membranes CAM) of developing chick embryos. At different times after infection the CAM ells were cultured in vitro in modified 199 medium. Different types of schizont were grown, some similar to those occurring in infections of the usual in vivo site and others markedly different. In schizogony of one type the merozoites appeared to develop by growing out from the periphery of cellular masses; a process similar to that described by Hammond et al. (1966) for E. bovis.

Gametocytes and infective oocysts were also grown by the tissue culture of CAM cells but only in cells infected 4–6 days previously in embryo; CAM cells infected for only 3 days before culture supported the growth of large numbers of schizonts of different types.

The majority of the stages grown developed within densely populated areas of epithelial-like cells. A temperature of 41 °C was found to be necessary for the growth of the parasite. The nutritional requirements for the growth of E. tenella are fairly well provided by the medium used. The relatively simple procedure described should be of value for the observation of E. tenella at various stages of its growth and provide a means of in vitro testing of antiparasitic substances.

I wish to thank Dr P. P. Levine for his interest and encouragement during the course of the work and Mr D. L'Amoreaux for technical assistance.
The regulation of egg output by Ostertagia ostertagi in calves infected once only
Authors: Michel J. F.
Published: June 2019

Analysis of the egg counts of calves infected with one dose of larvae showed that they followed exactly the same course as those of calves infected daily, rising to a peak 25–30 days after infection and then decreasing logarithmically.

An experiment in which calves were infected on a single occasion with different numbers of worms showed that faecal egg counts were not a reflection of worm numbers but were limited by a separate mechanism. Evidence is discussed which suggests that the number of eggs present in a female worm is not an entirely satisfactory measure of its rate of ovulation.
Observations on the faecal egg count of calves naturally infected with Ostertagia ostertagi
Authors: Michel J. F.
Published: June 2019

The faecal egg counts of seven groups of calves exposed to infection with O. ostertagi on pastures were found to follow a similar course to those of calves experimentally infected on one occasion or of calves infected daily. They declined from an early peak according to an apparently logarithmic curve. It was concluded that faecal egg counts were largely independent of worm numbers and tended to follow a stereotyped pattern. Acute clinical ostertagiasis was as liable to lead to high egg counts as was poor thriving due to the other causes. The relevance of these findings to the epidemiology of ostertagiasis and to the use of faecal egg counts in the diagnosis of parasitic gastro-enteritis are discussed.

The author thanks Miss C. N. Herbert for the calculations and curve fitting in this paper.
Nematode parasites of Oceanica.
Authors: Schmidt Gerald D. , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: June 2019

Foleyella confusa sp.nov. is described from Rana limnocharis on Luzon, near Manila. It differs from F. duboisi (Gedoelst) in arrangement and number of anal papillae, in spicule size in relation to length of body, and in overall size. Icosiella hoogstraali sp.nov. from Rana macrodon on Palawan differs from others in the genus in having a left spicule 1·955 mm long and a single preanal papilla. Gnathostoma spinigerum and Cosmocerca japonica are also reported.

We thank Dr Roy C. Anderson, University of Guelph, for reading the manuscript and offering his comments on it.

The authors wish to acknowledge the field support by Dr D. S. Rabor, Department of Biology, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Republic of the Philippines, and the technicians of the Parasitology Department of Naval Medical Research Unit no. 2 for general assistance in obtaining and examining hosts.

Initial work for this study was supported by funding under Public Law 480, Section 104 (c), by funds provided by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department Work Unit MR 005·20–0098, and by Contract No. NR 103–690/N0014–66-C 0094, between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education.

Final efforts were sponsored by Department of the Army, Contract No. DADA 17–68–C–8094.
The migration of Hymenolepis diminuta in the rat's intestine during normal development and following surgical transplantation
Authors: Bråten Trond , Hopkins C. Adrian
Published: June 2019

The normal position of attachment of the scolex of H. diminuta from day 6 to day 27 in single worm infections in male Wistar rats was determined. A migration forward from a position of attachment 30–40% down the length of the small intestine to the 10–20% region during day 7 to day 14 was confirmed. A concomitant and slightly faster movement backwards of the posterior of the worm led to the mid-point of the strobila changing from 35 to 50% down the intestine. By day 18 the worms were mature and occupied the whole small intestine except the anterior 10% and the posterior 5–10%. The worms weighed approximately 350 mg dry weight (= 1550 mg fresh weight) at maturity, no significant weight increase occurred thereafter.

6½ and 7½ day-old worms were transplanted from donor rats into the duodenum or posterior ileum. Nearly 100% recovery of the single worm transplants in recipient rats was obtained. Both anterior and posterior implanted worms returned to the region of the intestine from which they had been removed. Migration was measured over periods of 13–72 h and was found to be complete within 24 h. Worms transplanted into the duodenum continued to grow at nearly the normal rate but worm transplants into the posterior ileum lost nearly a day's growth. The significance of this point is discussed.

Opium was found to prevent migration of the tapeworm, but ligation of the bile duct did not prevent the tapeworm migrating forward from a point of insertion near the ileo-caecal junction.

The evidence confirms the concept that a tapeworm is a dynamic organism capable of recognizing a specific region of the intestine, of detecting when it is not in this region, of being able to interpret one or more stimuli to indicate direction and of having a motor system sufficiently coordinated to overcome peristalsis.

We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the Medical Research Council (London) and technical assistance from Miss Helen Stallard, B.Sc., Miss Pat Grant and Miss Gillian Moore. One of us (Trond Braten) wishes also to thank the University of Glasgow for the award of a Visiting Fellowship.
Some factors affecting the cultivationin vitroof the erythrocytic stages ofPlasmodium knowlesi
Authors: Trigg P. I.
Published: June 2019

A study was made of some of the factors which affect the growth ofPlasmodium knowlesiin blood diluted in the Harvard medium. Some slight enhancement of growth and re-invasion of new host cells was obtained whenP. knowlesiwas incubated in low oxygen tensions. Some growth but no re-invasion was obtained under anaerobic conditions. High oxygen tensions were also inhibitory.

The lipids present in the plasma are important for the growth ofP. knowlesi in vitro.Stearic acid and cholesterol are required by the parasite but do not account for all the growth promoting properties of plasma. A requirement for vitamin B12was also demonstrated.

I should like to thank Dr F. Hawking and Dr J. Williamson for their advice and for reading through the manuscript, Mr T. J. Scott-Finnigan for technical assistance, Dr K. Mervyn (Glaxo Research Ltd.) for samples of vitamin B12analogues and the Hachmeister Company (Pittsburgh) for a sample of TEM 4T. This work received financial assistance from the World Health Organization.
The use of proprietary tissue-culture media for the cultivationin vitroof the erythrocytic stages ofPlasmodium knowlesi
Authors: Trigg P. I.
Published: June 2019

An improved perfusion apparatus for the cultivation of malaria parasites is described. It consists of a sandwich of three chambers, of which the outer two contained medium and the inner contained the infected blood sample.

Using this apparatus and rocker-dilution cultures it has been shown that medium ‘199’ and medium ‘NCTC 135’ are as good as the Harvard medium for the cultivation ofP. knowlesi in vitro.

The asexual cycle ofP. knowlesitook slightly longerin vitrothanin vivo.The stage of development at which the parasite was inoculated into culture affected the amount of reinvasion of new host cells. Thus, a greater amount of re-invasion was obtained with an inoculum of schizonts than with one of ring stage parasites. The rate of multiplication of the parasite decreased at each successive subculture.

I should like to thank Dr F. Hawking and Dr J. Williamson for their advice, Mr T. J. Scott-Finnigan for technical assistance, Mr F. R. Wanless and Mr C. D. Sutton for taking the photographs, and Mr F. A. New for drawing the figures. The perfusion apparatus was made by Mr T. Harding of the Engineering Division, National Institute for Medical Research. This work received financial assistance from the World Health Organization.
Studies on ascaridoid nematodes in pythons: speciation of Ophidascaris in the Oriental and Australian regions
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2019

Ophidascaris filaria sensu lato previously redefined in the wide sense is now subdivided into four species as follows: (1) O. filaria sensu stricto in Python molurus in India; (2) O. infundibulicola (Linstow, 1903 with emended definition) in P. reticulatus in Singapore, Malaya and Thailand; (3) O. baylisi Robinson, 1934, emend. in P. reticulatus in Malaya, Singapore and Thailand; (4) O. moreliae (new species) in Morelia spilotes variegatus and Aspidites melanocephalus in Australia. The four species are differentiated particularly by their colour, the pattern of the folds of the intestine, the relative length of the spicules and vagina, the eggs, and the extent of development of the larvae in mice.

The writer gratefully acknowledges the cooperation of Professor A. G. Chabaud and his colleagues at the Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, in giving helpful suggestions and criticism and also for making Dujardin's specimens and drawings available. Thanks are also due to the following: Dr G. Hartwich, Zoological Museum of the Humboldt University of Berlin, for sending syntypes of Ascaris rubicunda; to Dr V. Zaman, Singapore, Dr Fred Dunn, Kuala Lumpur, Dr A. R. Omar, Ipoh, Dr Pradon Chatikavanij and Dr Suvajra Vajrasthira of Bangkok, Dr A. S. Dissanaike, Colombo, and Dr G. A. Schad, Calcutta, for help in obtaining specimens. Facilities to carry out this work were provided by the south-east Asian Ministers of Education Council at the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, through the Dean, Professor Chamlong Harinasuta, Bangkok. Acknowledgement is also made to the able technical assistance of Miss Marian Hollis. Financial assistance for this study was provided under grants from the Australian Research Grants Committee and the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare no. A 107023–02.
Reproduction ofNippostrongylus brasiliensisin the rat intestine
Authors: Phillipson R. F.
Published: June 2019

Evidence was obtained that copulation ofNippostrongylus brasiliensisdid not occur until at least 104 h after rats had been subcutaneously infected with 1000 3rd-stage larvae. The majority of worms copulated for the first time approximately 120 h after infection.

Females usually, but not invariably, contained infertile eggs in the uterus before the first insemination occurred. Fertile eggs were not seen in the uterus until sperm had ascended from the vagina to the seminal receptacle, a process which appeared to take about 3 h.

On average each female in a normal mixed infection was capable of producing about 1000 fertile eggs every 24 h. Females recovered from rats on the 10th day after infection and transplanted into uninfected rats, were capable of producing an average of 3500 fertile eggs each without further insemination. When newly matured females, which had received a single full insemination, were isolated from males they produced on average, between 1000 and 1500 fertile eggs each.

From these observations it was concluded that in normal mixed infections females must copulate at least once every other day and probably once a day, in order to maintain fertile egg output. It was also deduced that females are capable of storing from 4000 to 4500 sperm in the seminal receptacle.

There was clear evidence of reduced reproductive efficiency in both male and female worms recovered from rats during the expulsion phase of the infection.

The author wishes to thank Professor J. J. C. Buckley and Dr J. A. McFadzean for their suggestions, criticism and encouragement and Miss G. Merchant and Mrs P. Counsel for able technical assistance.
Meiotic and Morphological Response of Grain Sorghum to Atrazine, 2,4-D, Oil, and their Combinations
Authors: Liang George H. L. , Feltner K. C. , Russ O. G.
Published: June 2019

Grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) was sprayed in 1966 and 1967 with 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine), propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), alkanolamine salts of 2,4-D, and nonphytotoxic petroleum oil (crop oil) or their combinations when plant heights were 2 to 4, 4 to 6, and 6 to 8 inches for grass weeds, broadleaf weeds, and sorghum, respectively. Pollen mother cells from all herbicide-treated sorghum revealed chromosomal aberrations, mostly aneuploidy and polyploidy, and aberration frequencies increased when herbicides were combined. Added chromosomes were not always of the basic number. Atrazine-treated plots produced highest grain yields, kernel numbers were reflected in grain yield (r = .96), and untreated plants flowered first.
Bioassay for Bensulide, DCPA, and Siduron in Turfgrass
Authors: Mazur A. R. , Jagschitz J. A. , Skogley C. R.
Published: June 2019

Seedlings of 22 plant species were evaluated in aqueous suspensions of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide S-(O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate) (bensulide), dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), and 1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea (siduron) to determine their value as indicator plants for bioassays. The species showing the greatest sensitivity by reductions in root or shoot lengths were evaluated in soil mixtures to determine the level of sensitivity under soil conditions. These indicator plants, in most cases, proved reliable in detecting the presence and movement of bensulide, DCPA, and siduron in soils from field-treated plots. There appeared to be no accumulation in soil treated with four annual applications of bensulide, DCPA, or siduron.
Soybean Injury from Triazine Residues in Soil
Authors: Fink Rodney J. , Fletchall O. Hale
Published: June 2019

Plots were planted to corn (Zea mays L., var. Mo. 880) and treated with 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 lb/A of 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine) or 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) in 1964 and in 1965. Soybean (Glycine max L., var. Clark 63) forage yields from soil samples collected in the spring, 1 year after application, were not affected by treatments of 5.0 lb/A or less of atrazine. Yields were reduced on soils collected in the fall (6 months) after application. Following 2 years of treatment, substantial reductions in yields of soybean forage occurred. Soybeans planted in the field following 2 consecutive years of herbicide treatment, yielded similarly to the control plots except when rates of 10 lb/A had been applied.
Response of Woody Species to 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, and Picloram as a Function of Treatment Method
Authors: Coble H. D. , Upchurch R. P. , Keaton J. A.
Published: June 2019

Naturally-established individual specimens of 12 woody plant species occurring in North Carolina were treated with foliar, dormant stem, and basal applications of the propylene glycol butyl ether ester formulation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), the propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). The triethanolamine salt of 2,4,5-T also was applied as a foliar treatment. Three rates of each herbicide were used. Responses measured were percent control of original shoots, percent regrowth, shoot height, and number of live stems per plant. No differences were observed between the amine and ester formulations of 2,4,5-T applied as foliar sprays except on rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.) where the ester produced 86% control compared to 28% for the amine salt. Foliar sprays of picloram were effective in controlling all species except white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), sweet bay (Magnolia virginiana L.), and rhododendron. Control of these species averaged only 45% compared to 96% on all other species studied. No species was effectively controlled by dormant stem or basal applications of picloram. All species considered, the propylene glycol butyl ether ester of 2,4,5-T applied as a dormant stem or basal application provided the most consistent results, giving 89% and 91% control, respectively.
Precision Placement of Herbicides for Weed Control in Seedling Alfalfa
Authors: Linscott D. L. , Hagin R. D.
Published: June 2019

During the planting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), ethyl N,N-dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) was applied in subsurface bands beneath the legume seed and each of three triazine herbicides or EPTC was placed in subsurface bands between the rows. Triazines used were 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine), 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-5-triazine (atrazine), and 2-isopropylamino-4-methoxyethylamino-6-methylmercapto-s-triazine (hereinafter referred to as G-36393). EPTC applied between and within the rows, as well as simazine between the rows and EPTC within the rows, gave superior weed control with little chronic effect on alfalfa. Alfalfa yields following both treatments were increased. Other treatments were unsatisfactory because of poor weed control or because of serious damage to alfalfa.
Light Filtration by Foliar Canopies: Significance for Light-Controlled Weed Seed Germination
Authors: Taylorson R. B. , Borthwick H. A.
Published: June 2019

Light from sunlight, incandescent, and fluorescent sources was filtered through fresh tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) leaves. The spectral quality of the leaf-filtered light showed that much more of the incident red energy was absorbed than the far-red. The effect of the leaf-filtered light on the phytochrome-controlled germination of six weed species was generally to inhibit germination of seeds given a stimulatory pre-irradiation of red light from a standard source. Germination of seeds with no pre-irradiation was either not promoted or promoted to various degrees. Unfiltered light, at intensities equivalent to those under the leaf filters, caused no comparable effects. These results indicate an effect of altered spectral quality of the leaf-filtered light on the ratio of inactive/active phytochrome (Pr/Pfr) in the underlying seeds. We suggest that such phenomena could influence the germination of weed seeds in the field.
Control and Ecological Studies of Scotch Thistle
Authors: Young James A. , Evans Raymond A.
Published: June 2019

The range weed, Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium L.), is an increasing problem in the western United States. It competes with desirable forage plants and the flower stalks are a barrier to livestock movement. Prolific production of viable but dormant achenes makes this species a persistent pest. Applications of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) in the spring or fall, at rates as low as 0.03 lb/A, gave control of Scotch thistle.