bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of strength and endurance exercise order on endocrine responses to concurrent training
Authors: Jones Thomas W. , Howatson Glyn , Russell Mark , French Duncan N.
Published: November 2016

The present study examined the effect of strength and endurance training order on the endocrine milieu associated with strength development and performance during concurrent training. A randomised, between‐groups design was employed with 30 recreationally resistance‐trained males completing one of four acute experimental training protocols; strength training (ST), strength followed by endurance training (ST‐END), endurance followed by strength training (END‐ST) or no training (CON). Blood samples were taken before each respective exercise protocol, immediately upon cessation of exercise, and 1 h post cessation of exercise. Blood samples were subsequently analysed for total testosterone, cortisol and lactate concentrations. Ability to maintain 80% 1RM during strength training was better in ST and ST‐END than END‐ST (both p < .05). Immediately following the respective exercise protocols all training interventions elicited significant increases in testosterone (p < .05). ST and END‐ST resulted in greater increases in cortisol than ST‐END (both p < .05). The testosterone:cortisol ratio was similar following the respective exercise protocols. Blood lactate concentrations post‐training were greater following END‐ST and ST than ST‐END (both p < .05). Conducting endurance exercise prior to strength training resulted in impaired strength training performance. Blood cortisol and lactate concentrations were greater when endurance training was conducted prior to strength training than vice versa. As such, it may be suggested that conducting endurance prior to strength training may result in acute unfavourable responses to strength training when strength training is conducted with high loads.
Fanni Gergely: Exploring centrosome biology
Authors: Casadio Melina
Published: November 2016

Gergely investigates the roles of centrosomes in mitosis and beyond.
Type I interferon–mediated monogenic autoinflammation: The type I interferonopathies, a conceptual overview
Authors: Rodero Mathieu P. , Crow Yanick J.
Published: November 2016

Type I interferon is a potent substance. As such, the induction, transmission, and resolution of the type I interferon–mediated immune response are tightly regulated. As defined, the type I interferonopathies represent discrete examples of a disturbance of the homeostatic control of this system caused by Mendelian mutations. Considering the complexity of the interferon response, the identification of further monogenic diseases belonging to this disease grouping seems likely, with the recognition of type I interferonopathies becoming of increasing clinical importance as treatment options are developed based on an understanding of disease pathology and innate immune signaling. Definition of the type I interferonopathies indicates that autoinflammation can be both interferon and noninterferon related, and that a primary disturbance of the innate immune system can “spill over” into autoimmunity in some cases. Indeed, that several non-Mendelian disorders, most particularly systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis, are also characterized by an up-regulation of type I interferon signaling suggests the possibility that insights derived from this work will have relevance to a broader field of clinical medicine.
The Potential Role for a Nitrogen Compliance Policy in Mitigating Gulf Hypoxia
Authors: Ribaudo Marc , Key Nigel , Sneeringer Stacy
Published: November 2016

We evaluate whether expanding compliance to include nitrogen management could be an effective tool to reduce excess nitrogen applications in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB). Compliance requires farmers to meet some minimum standard of environmental protection on environmentally sensitive land as a condition for receiving federal farm program benefits. Using farm‐level data on “excess” nitrogen applications and program benefits, we estimate the level of compliance and the reduction in excess nitrogen applications to cropland in the MARB. Extending compliance provisions to nitrogen management could reduce excess applications up to 60% under ideal conditions.
Shedding of Hepatitis C Virus Into the Rectum of HIV-infected Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Foster Andrew L , Gaisa Michael M , Hijdra Rosanne M , Turner Samuel S , Morey Tristan J , Jacobson Karen B , Fierer Daniel S
Published: November 2016

Background

For over a decade we have known of an epidemic of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM), but there still remains significant controversy over which bodily fluid(s) are responsible for HCV transmission in these men.

Methods

We enrolled HIV-infected MSM with recent and chronic HCV infection and quantified HCV from rectal fluid obtained by blind swab. We compared the rectal HCV viral load (VL) with paired blood HCV VL.

Results

We found rectal HCV shedding in 20 (47%) of 43 men, only one (2%) of whom had visible bleeding. Detection of rectal HCV shedding was associated with blood VL > 5 log10 IU/mL (p = .01), and 85% with blood VL > 5 log10 IU/mL had rectal shedding. The HCV VL of the rectal fluid ranged from 2.6 to 5.5 log10 IU/mL. Based on the median rectal fluid VL, the surface of an average human penis would be exposed to at least 2,300 IU of HCV for the duration of anal intercourse.

Conclusion

This study provides the first direct evidence to our knowledge that a sufficient quantity of HCV is shed into the rectum in HIV-infected men with HCV infection to directly infect an inserted penis or be passed indirectly through fomite-like transmission to the rectum of sex partner. We must develop an appropriate public health campaign to educate MSM about these routes of HCV infection to reverse the HCV epidemic among HIV-infected MSM.
Comparing the Outcomes of Patients With Carbapenemase-Producing and
Non-Carbapenemase-Producing Carbapenem-Resistant
Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia
Authors: Tamma Pranita D. , Goodman Katherine E. , Harris Anthony D. , Tekle Tsigereda , Roberts Ava , Taiwo Abimbola , Simner Patricia J.
Published: November 2016

Background.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are associated with considerable mortality. As mechanisms of carbapenem resistance are heterogeneous, it is unclear if mortality differs based on resistance mechanisms. We sought to determine whether CRE resistance mechanism determination is prognostically informative.

Methods.

We conducted an observational study comparing 14-day mortality between patients with carbapenemase-producing (CP)-CRE compared with non-CP-CRE bacteremia. Clinical data were collected on all patients. A comprehensive DNA microarray-based assay was performed on all isolates to identify β-lactamase-encoding genes.

Results.

There were 83 unique episodes of monomicrobial CRE bacteremia during the study period: 37 (45%) CP-CRE and 46 (55%) non-CP-CRE. The majority of CP-CRE isolates were blaKPC (92%), followed by blaNDM (5%) and blaOXA-48-type (3%). CP-CRE isolates were more likely to have meropenem minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ≥16 µg/mL, while non-CP-CRE isolates were more likely to have meropenem MICs ≤1 µg/mL (P value < .001). A total of 18 (22%) patients died within 14 days, including 12 (32%) in the CP-CRE group and 6 (13%) in the non-CP-CRE group. Adjusting for severity of illness on day 1 of bacteremia, underlying medical conditions, and differences in antibiotic treatment administered, the odds of dying within 14 days were more than 4 times greater for CP-CRE compared with non-CP-CRE bacteremic patients (adjusted odds ratio, 4.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–24.81).

Conclusion.

Our findings suggest that CP-CRE may be more virulent than non-CP-CRE and are associated with poorer outcomes. This underscores the added importance of delineating underlying resistance mechanisms of CRE to direct antibiotic treatment decisions.
Discovery of a supercluster in the Zone of Avoidance in Vela
Authors: Kraan-Korteweg Renée C. , Cluver Michelle E. , Bilicki Maciej , Jarrett Thomas H. , Colless Matthew , Elagali Ahmed , Böhringer Hans , Chon Gayoung
Published: November 2016

We report the discovery of a potentially major supercluster that extends across the Galactic plane in the constellation of Vela, at a mean recessional velocity of ∼18 000 km s−1. Recent multiobject spectroscopic observations of this Vela supercluster (VSCL), using AAOmega+2dF and the Southern African Large Telescope, confirm an extended galaxy overdensity in the Zone of Avoidance (ZOA) located where residual bulk flows predict a considerable mass excess. We present a preliminary analysis of ∼4500 new spectroscopic galaxy redshifts obtained in the ZOA centred on the Vela region ($l = 272{^{\circ}_{.}}5 \pm 20^\circ , b = 0^\circ \pm 10^\circ$). The presently sparsely sampled data set traces an overdensity that covers $25^\circ$ in Galactic longitude on either side of the Galactic plane, suggesting an extent of 25 × 20 deg2, corresponding to ∼ 115 × 90 h70 Mpc at the supercluster redshift. In redshift space, the overdensity appears to consist of two merging wall-like structures, interspersed with clusters and groups. Both the velocity histogram and the morphology of the multibranching wall structure are consistent with a supercluster classification. $K_{\rm s}^{\rm o}$ galaxy counts show an enhancement of ∼1.2 over the survey area for galaxies brighter than $M_{K}^{\ast }$ at the VSCL distance, and a galaxy overdensity of δ = 0.50–0.77 within a photometric redshift shell around the VSCL, when compared with various Two Micron All-Sky Survey samples. Taking account of selection effects, the VSCL is estimated to contribute $v_\mathrm{LG} \gtrsim 50$ km s−1 to the motion of the Local Group.
Expansion of the substrate range of the gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase from Corynebacterium glutamicum for the conversion of monohydroxylated benzoates
Authors: Eppinger Erik , Stolz Andreas
Published: November 2016

The gentisate 1,2-dioxygenases (GDOs) from Corynebacterium glutamicum and various other organisms oxidatively cleave the aromatic nucleus of gentisate (2,5-dihydroxybenzoate), but are not able to convert salicylate (2-hydroxybenzoate). In contrast, the α-proteobacterium Pseudaminobacter salicylatoxidans synthesises an enzyme (‘salicylate dioxygenase’, SDO) which cleaves gentisate, but also (substituted) salicylate(s). Sequence comparisons showed that the SDO belongs to a group of GDOs mainly originating from Gram-positive bacteria which also include the GDO from C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. The combination of sequence comparisons with previously performed structural and mutational analyses of the SDO allowed to identify an amino acid residue (Ala112) which might prevent the oxidation of (substituted) salicylate(s) by the GDO from C. glutamicum. Therefore, the relevant mutation (Ala→Gly) was introduced into the GDO from C. glutamicum. The GDO variant obtained gained the ability to oxidise salicylate and several other monohydroxylated substrates. In order to screen a broader range of enzyme variants a chromogenic assay was developed which allowed the detection of bacterial colonies converting salicylate. The applicability of this test system was proven by screening a set of GDO variants obtained by saturation mutagenesis at different positions. This demonstrated that also GDO variants carrying the mutations Ala112→Ser, Ala112→Ile and Ala112→Asp converted salicylate.
Solvates of selected fenamic acids with substituted pyridines: structure, thermal stability and desolvation
Authors: Bouanga Boudiombo Jacky S. , Jacobs Ayesha
Published: November 2016

Mefenamic acid (MA) formed solvates with 2-picoline (2PIC), 3-picoline (3PIC), 4-picoline (4PIC) and 3-chloropyridine (3CLPYR). The solvates crystallized in the space group P\bar 1 with the carboxylic acid of MA hydrogen-bonded to the nitrogen of the substituted pyridine. Tolfenamic acid (TFA) formed solvates with 2PIC and 3PIC, the crystal structures successfully solved in the space groupsP21/nandPbca, respectively. The fenamate conformation varied depending on the acid and the included solvent. Similarities were observed in the structures involving MA. The two solvate structures of TFA had different packing arrangements. Grinding and slurry experiments were also successful for the preparation of all of the compounds except MA·2PIC. Recrystallization, grinding and slurry investigations of MA and 2PIC yielded a polymorph; the structure was successfully solved inP21/n. Additionally, the thermal stability of the solvates was determined. Desolvation experiments were also performed and the resultant powders were analysed using powder X-ray diffraction.
CuIIand ZnIIβ-diketonate coordination polymers based on pyrimidin-2-amine, pyrazine and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane
Authors: Perdih Franc
Published: November 2016

Copper(II) and zinc(II) bis(4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenylbutane-1,3-dionato) compounds with pyrimidin-2-amine (pyr2a), pyrazine (pyz) and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (dpet) were prepared and solid-state structures of coordination polymers [M(tfpb)2(pyr2a)]∞[M= Cu (1), Zn (2); tfpb = 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenylbutane-1,3-dionate], [M(tfpb)2(pyz)]∞[M= Cu (3), Zn (4a, 4b)] and [Cu(tfpb)2(dpet)]∞(5), respectively, were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The coordination of metal centers in all compounds is octahedral with nitrogen ligands occupying the axial positions. Compound (1) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P\bar 1, whereas (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP2/n. Differences are due to the different orientation of adjacentM(tfpb)2units, whereas the orientation of pyrimidin-2-amine is the same in both compounds. Polymeric chains in (1) and (2) contain intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonding between amino and carbonyl groups. Room-temperature structures (3) and (4a) are isomorphous adopting the monoclinic space groupC2/m; however, on cooling crystals (4a) to 150 K a single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation to (4b) possessing the triclinic space group P\bar 1 was observed. Compound (5) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P\bar 1 and contains a parallel aggregation of chains in contrast to the known structure of the non-fluorinated benzoylacetonato ligand, where chains aggregate in a perpendicular fashion. In the compounds studied intramolecular C—H...O and/or C—H...F interactions are present. The neighboring chains are linked by π...π interactions and in some compounds also by C—H...π interactions [(1), (4b), (5)].
Two cubic phases in kimzeyite garnet from the type locality Magnet Cove, Arkansas
Authors: Antao Sytle M. , Cruickshank Laura A.
Published: November 2016

The crystal structure of an optically anisotropic kimzeyite garnet from Magnet Cove, Arkansas, USA, where it was first discovered, was refined with the Rietveld method, cubic space group, Ia\overline 3 d, and monochromatic [λ = 0.41422 (2) Å] synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction (HRPXRD) data. The Rietveld refinement reduced χ2and overallR(F2) values are 1.840 and 0.0647, respectively. The sample, with the general garnet formula[8]X3[6]Y2[4]Z3[4]O12, contains an intergrowth of two cubic phases that occur initially as oscillatory growth zoning, and patchy intergrowths arise later from fluid-enhanced dissolution and re-precipitation. The two compositions obtained with electron-probe microanalyses (EPMA) are Ca3.00(Zr1.31Ti4+0.46Fe3+0.22Mn3+0.01)∑2[Al0.76Fe3+1.01Si1.23]∑3O12for phase 1aand Ca2.99(Zr1.48Ti4+0.37Fe3+0.15)∑2[Al0.87Fe3+0.98Si1.15]∑3O12for phase 1b. The weight percentage, unit-cell parameter (Å), distances (Å), and site occupancy factors (s.o.f.s) for phase 1aare as follows: 42.6 (2)%,a= 12.46553 (3) Å, average 〈X—O〉 = 2.482,Y—O = 2.059 (2),Z—O = 1.761 (2) Å, Ca (Xs.o.f.) = 0.960 (4), Zr (Ys.o.f.) = 0.809 (3), and Fe (Zs.o.f.) = 0.623 (2). The corresponding values for phase 1bare 57.4 (2)%,a= 12.47691 (2) Å, average 〈X—O〉 = 2.482,Y—O = 2.062 (1),Z—O = 1.762 (1) Å, Ca (Xs.o.f.) = 0.957 (3), Zr (Ys.o.f.) = 0.828 (2) and Fe (Zs.o.f.) = 0.617 (2). The main structural differences between the two phases are in the unit-cell parameter, Δa= 0.01138 Å,Y(s.o.f.), andY—O distance. Structural mismatch between the two cubic phases in a crystal gives rise to strain-induced optical anisotropy.
The effect of a budget-based incentive compensation scheme on job performance
Authors: Chong Vincent K. , Law Maggie B.C.
Published: November 2016

Purpose

This study aims to examine the role of trust-in-supervisor and organizational commitment on the relationship between a budget-based incentive compensation scheme and job performance.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey was conducted involving 120 managers from Australian manufacturing firms listed in the Who’s Who in Business in Australia electronic database. A partial least squares approach was used to assess the psychometric properties of the theoretical model and proposed hypotheses. Data analysis was conducted using WarpPLS Version 5.0.

Findings

The results suggest that the reliance on a high budget-based incentive compensation scheme was found to lead to higher trust-in supervisor, which in turn resulted in higher organizational commitment and improved subordinate job performance.

Research limitations/implications

This study is subject to the limitations of survey-based research.

Practical implications

This study may assist top management to better understand the importance of designing an effective budget-based incentive compensation scheme to promote high interpersonal trust and organizational commitment among subordinates. Cultivating a climate of trust may help to enhance interpersonal trust between subordinates and their superior, which in turn may lead to higher levels of organizational commitment and improvement in subordinate job performance.

Originality/value

This paper elucidates and contributes to the existing literature by suggesting that a budget-based incentive compensation scheme can directly affect subordinates’ level of trust in their supervisor, and that trust-in-supervisor can serve as an antecedent to the development and cultivation of subordinates’ commitment to the organization, which in turn improves their job performance.
Project control: an exploratory study of levers of control in the context of managing projects
Authors: Rezania Davar , Baker Ron , Burga Ruben
Published: November 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the levers of control (LOC) framework in the context of managing projects. The authors explore the impact of diagnostic systems, interactive systems, beliefs systems and boundary systems on project performance and explore the association between control levers.

Design/methodology/approach

Using data gathered from 113 project managers representing 38 organizations, the authors used the partial least squares path modelling algorithm to analyse the data.

Findings

The analysis validates the LOC framework in the context of managing projects and reveals the interrelatedness of control systems and their impact on project performance.

Research limitations/implications

The conclusions support the current emphasis on performance reporting and change control and highlight the need to consider the interdependencies between control levers.

Originality/value

This study re-conceptualizes project control by using the LOC framework in the context of managing projects as temporary organizations. This provides a model for investigating and understanding project management control systems that consider the interaction of control mechanisms. Furthermore, the associations between the four control systems and project performance are examined, rather than individual mechanisms in isolation.
Coastal tourism space in the context of climate change: discourses and strategies
Authors: Lapointe Dominic , Lebon Coralie , Guillemard Alexis
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to explore how climate change and the discourses about adaptation to climate change are altering the spatial development of the tourism industry in coastal destinations. The paper also identifies how tourist development and climate change adaptation can be combined to transform space and place, especially in coastal tourism areas.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a theoretical approach based on the concept of production of space, the study focuses on relational space, relationships expressed through representations of space and social practices. A case study method is used to analyze the socio-geographic processes at work in the adaptation to climate change in a coastal tourism community in Quebec, Canada. The analysis of the study utilized Nvivo with thematic textual queries.

Findings

The results reveal an adaptation process at work, based on a “hold the line” strategy, where private stakeholders choose to invest in defensive structures to mitigate the impact of rising sea levels and erosion. This strategy reflects coordinated action in the face of the risk and to protect high-value land property.

Research limitations/implications

This research illustrates how tourism and climate change adaptation discourses intersect. It also reveals how tourism development promotes the values and image of coastal space and how this can conflict with an efficient climate change adaptation strategy.

Originality/value

This research provides guidelines for coastal tourism communities, enabling them to design their own climate change adaptation strategy, taking into account how the different social discourses and tourism practices interact with climate change adaptation. It also provides some insights into the criteria that influence an effective climate change adaptation strategy.
Exploring climate finance for tourism adaptation development: an overview
Authors: Vieira do Nascimento Daniele
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the links between climate finance and tourism adaptation development. Besides increasing adaptation and mitigation efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions, climate change remains a major challenge in the twenty-first century and beyond especially for tourism which is highly climate sensitive. Hence, it is necessary for tourism to adapt to survive. The aim of the study is to provide a systematic overview of the topic to offer a foundation for better understanding different ways of integrating climate finance initiatives with tourism.

Design/methodology/approach

The research focused on the top-ranked, peer reviewed journals of each of the two selected research fields. To address this topic, an in-depth systematic literature review in the fields of climate change finance and tourism adaptation development was conducted. Furthermore, because it is a relatively new research topic, conference proceedings were also explored. To guarantee wide coverage of the literature, a query of the following scholarly databases was considered: Elsevier, ScienceDirect and Web of Science.

Findings

Based on the analyses of the literature available on the topic, the paper highlights the main research trends and conclusions. It is argued that there is imbalance of knowledge on climate change finance as it relates to tourism. To date, there have been relatively few published articles on this topic in the context of tourism. Based on the findings, promising areas for future research were identified, and in particular for small island communities and recommendations for future research are outlined.

Research limitations/implications

The paper is limited by the scope of the literature review accessed by the researcher. The results of this review may vary according to the databases used.

Originality/value

Currently, there is no extensive review of articles on climate finance and tourism adaptation. This paper aims at reviewing climate finance studies published in English language to explore knowledge gaps in tourism adaptation. Sets of themes being advanced are also highlighted. Recommendations for future research are provided.
Little effect of climate change on body size of herbivorous beetles
Authors: Baar Yuval , Friedman Ariel Leib Leonid , Meiri Shai , Scharf Inon
Published: November 2016

Ongoing climate change affects various aspects of an animal's life, with important effects on distribution range and phenology. The relationship between global warming and body size changes in mammals and birds has been widely studied, with most findings indicating a decline in body size over time. Nevertheless, little data exist on similar size change patterns of invertebrates in general and insects in particular, and it is unclear whether insects should decrease in size or not with climate warming. We measured over 4000 beetle specimens, belonging to 29 beetle species in 8 families, collected in Israel during the last 100 years. The sampled species are all herbivorous. We examined whether beetle body size had changed over the years, while also investigating the relationships between body size and annual temperature, precipitation, net primary productivity (NPP) at the collection site and collection month. None of the environmental variables, including the collection year, was correlated with the size of most of the studied beetle species, while there were strong interactions of all variables with species. Our results, though mostly negative, suggest that the effect of climate change on insect body size is species‐specific and by no means a general macro‐ecological rule. They also suggest that the intrapopulation variance in body size of insects collected as adults in the field is large enough to conceal intersite environmental effects on body size, such as the effect of temperature and NPP.
Volatile Compounds Produced by Lactobacillus paracasei During Oat Fermentation
Authors: Lee Sang Mi , Oh Jieun , Hurh Byung‐Serk , Jeong Gwi‐Hwa , Shin Young‐Keum , Kim Young‐Suk
Published: November 2016

This study investigated the profiles of volatile compounds produced by Lactobacillus paracasei during oat fermentation using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry coupled with headspace solid‐phase microextraction method. A total of 60 compounds, including acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, furan derivatives, hydrocarbons, ketones, sulfur‐containing compounds, terpenes, and other compounds, were identified in fermented oat. Lipid oxidation products such as 2‐pentylfuran, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, hexanal, and nonanal were found to be the main contributors to oat samples fermented by L. paracasei with the level of 2‐pentylfuran being the highest. In addition, the contents of ketones, alcohols, acids, and furan derivatives in the oat samples consistently increased with the fermentation time. On the other hand, the contents of degradation products of amino acids, such as 3‐methylbutanal, benzaldehyde, acetophenone, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide, decreased in oat samples during fermentation. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to discriminate the fermented oat samples according to different fermentation times. The fermented oats were clearly differentiated on PCA plots. The initial fermentation stage was mainly affected by aldehydes, whereas the later samples of fermented oats were strongly associated with acids, alcohols, furan derivatives, and ketones. The application of PCA to data of the volatile profiles revealed that the oat samples fermented by L. paracasei could be distinguished according to fermentation time.
Revealing beliefs: using ensemble ecosystem modelling to extrapolate expert beliefs to novel ecological scenarios
Authors: Bode Michael , Baker Christopher M. , Benshemesh Joe , Burnard Tim , Rumpff Libby , Hauser Cindy E. , Lahoz‐Monfort José J. , Wintle Brendan A.
Published: November 2016

Ecosystem‐based management requires predictive models of ecosystem dynamics. There are typically insufficient empirical data available to parameterise these complex models, and so decision‐makers commonly rely on beliefs elicited from experts. However, such expert beliefs are necessarily limited because (i) only a small proportion of ecosystem components and dynamics have been observed; (ii) uncertainty about ecosystem dynamics can result in contradictory expert judgements and (iii) elicitation time and resources are limited.

We use an ensemble of dynamic ecosystem models to extrapolate a limited set of stated expert beliefs into a wider range of revealed beliefs about how the ecosystem will respond to perturbations and management. Importantly, the method captures the expert uncertainty and propagates it through to predictions. We demonstrate this process and its potential value by applying it to the conservation of the threatened malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata) in the Murray mallee ecosystems of southern Australia.

In two workshops, we asked experts to construct a qualitative ecosystem interaction network and to describe their beliefs about how the ecosystem will respond to particular perturbations. We used this information to constrain an ensemble of 109 community models, leaving a subset that could reproduce stated expert beliefs. We then interrogated this ensemble of models to reveal experts’ implicit beliefs about management scenarios that were not a part of the initial elicitation exercises.

Our method uses straightforward questions to efficiently elicit expert beliefs, and then applies a flexible modelling approach to reveal those experts’ beliefs about the dynamics of the entire ecosystem. It allows rapid planning of ecosystem‐based management informed by expert judgement, and provides a basis for value‐of‐information analyses and adaptive management.
Healthcare costs doubled when children had urinary tract infections caused by extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing bacteria
Authors: Nieminen Oona , Korppi Matti , Helminen Merja
Published: November 2016

Aim

The impact of the emergence of antimicrobial resistant organisms has rarely been studied in children, including the healthcare costs of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing bacteria. We evaluated the effect of ESBL on UTI healthcare costs and risk factors for paediatric UTIs.

Methods

This retrospective case–control study covered 2005–2014 and focused on children below 16 years of age treated in a University hospital: 22 children with UTIs caused by ESBL‐producing bacteria and 56 ESBL‐negative UTI controls.

Results

The median healthcare costs were 3929 Euros for the 22 ESBL patients and 1705 Euros for the 56 controls (p = 0.015). The mean and standard deviation length of hospital stay was 7.4 (5.9) days for the ESBL group and 3.6 (2.3) days for the controls (p = 0.007), and the figures for antibiotic treatment were 12.3 (5.5) days versus 5.8 (3.0) days (p < 0.001), respectively. The odd ratios for ESBL were underlying disease (6.63, p = 0.013), previous hospitalisation (6.07, p = 0.009) and antibiotic prophylaxis (5.20, p = 0.035).

Conclusion

Healthcare costs more than doubled when children had ESBL‐related UTIs, mainly due to their increased length of stay. Effective oral antibiotics are urgently needed to treat paediatric infections caused by ESBL‐producing bacteria.
Comparison of the use of sodium carbonate (washing soda crystals) and apomorphine for inducing emesis in dogs
Authors: Yam E , Hosgood G , Smart L
Published: November 2016

Objective

To describe the use of sodium carbonate and apomorphine in a historical cohort of dogs, compare the occurrence of emesis and report any adverse effects recorded.

Methods

This historical, observational study included information from medical records of dogs that received an emetic agent. The occurrence of emesis with apomorphine or sodium carbonate was calculated and the association between emesis and agent was explored, with the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) reported. A non‐inferiority analysis of the occurrence of emesis for sodium carbonate was performed against an equivalence range of ±7% of the estimated occurrence of emesis with apomorphine. Owners were emailed a short survey about their dog's health after their visit to the hospital for induced emesis.

Results

Records for 787 dogs seen from January 2007 to December 2013 were included. For apomorphine, 382/392 dogs showed emesis (97%, 95%CI95–100%). For sodium carbonate, 320/395 dogs showed emesis (81%, 95%CI77–85%), which fell below the equivalence range for apomorphine (97 ± 7%, 90–100%) and was considered inferior. The odds ratio of emesis with apomorphine to sodium carbonate was 9.0 (95%CI4.6–17.6). Of 18 responses to the survey, 5 reported abnormalities after emesis (3 with sodium carbonate, 2 with apomorphine).

Conclusion

The occurrence of emesis with sodium carbonate was high but inferior to apomorphine. However, the advantages of sodium carbonate, including less expense and ease of accession compared with apomorphine, make it a viable choice in emergency medicine.
Remote chemical immobilisation method for free‐ranging Australian cattle
Authors: Hampton JO , Skroblin A , Perry AL , De Ridder TR
Published: November 2016

Background

Many situations are encountered in Australia where the capture and restraint of free‐ranging cattle (Bos taurus/Bos indicus) is required. Chemical immobilisation via darting is a potentially useful tool for managing and researching large wild herbivores; however, there is no reliable method for its application to Australian cattle. The aim of this study was to develop an efficacious, humane, cost‐effective ground darting method for free‐ranging cattle.

Methods

The 30 female cattle were darted and captured on a pastoral station in north‐west Australia from a vehicle. Xylazine (0.59 mg/kg) and ketamine (3.59 mg/kg) were used to capture animals and yohimbine (0.10 mg/kg) was used as an antagonist to xylazine to reduce recumbent time.

Results

Cattle became recumbent at a mean time of 8 min and a mean distance of 260 m from darting. The mortality rate was zero on the day of capture and 7% at 14 days post‐capture.

Conclusions

The majority of darted cattle were successfully immobilised with one dart and recovered within 30 min, with consumables costing approximately A$30 per captured animal. The technique developed represents a rapid and humane method for capturing free‐ranging cattle and, with consideration for legislation surrounding use of veterinary chemicals, could be applied in many contexts across Australia.
A Novel Scale Linking Potency and Dosage to Estimate Anticholinergic Exposure in Older Adults: the Muscarinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor ANTagonist Exposure Scale
Authors: Klamer Therese T. , Wauters Maarten , Azermai Majda , Durán Carlos , Christiaens Thierry , Elseviers Monique , Vander Stichele Robert
Published: November 2016

Quantification of the anticholinergic exposure insufficiently or imprecisely incorporates dosage information, leading to inaccurate estimations. The aim was to construct a novel scale, including potency and dosage for the quantification of the anticholinergic exposure in older adults. Potency information was retrieved from a previous systematic review. The dosage range for each drug was delineated in minimal, maintenance and maximal dosage for adults and older adults. Dosage information was collected from authoritative sources and reviewed in an expert panel. The Muscarinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor ANTagonist Exposure (MARANTE) scale was tested for clinimetric properties using cohorts of community‐dwelling older adults and nursing home residents. After three data collection rounds, data for the dosage ranges remained incomplete for 32 active substances. Remaining gaps were filled in, and 11 dosage adjustments were proposed during the expert panel meeting. We chose the values {0; 1; 2) for the categories of potency and {0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2) for the levels of dosage ranges, showing good clinimetric properties. Forty‐one anticholinergic drugs were prescribed in the two cohorts. Most (61%) were low potency anticholinergics and used for depression (19%, e.g. citalopram). There were 31.8% (median MARANTE 1.5, IQR 1.5–2.5) and 37.6% (median 2, IQR 1.5–2.5) anticholinergic users in the community‐dwelling cohort and nursing home cohort, respectively. The MARANTE scale combines potency with the dosage spectrum, to quantify the anticholinergic exposure in older adults. An open feedback system on the list of anticholinergic and proposed anticholinergic potency and dosage values is advised.
Behavioural effects of temperature on ectothermic animals: unifying thermal physiology and behavioural plasticity
Authors: Abram Paul K. , Boivin Guy , Moiroux Joffrey , Brodeur Jacques
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Temperature imposes significant constraints on ectothermic animals, and these organisms have evolved numerous adaptations to respond to these constraints. While the impacts of temperature on the physiology of ectotherms have been extensively studied, there are currently no frameworks available that outline the multiple and often simultaneous pathways by which temperature can affect behaviour. Drawing from the literature on insects, we propose a unified framework that should apply to all ectothermic animals, generalizing temperature's behavioural effects into: (1) kinetic effects, resulting from temperature's bottom‐up constraining influence on metabolism and neurophysiology over a range of timescales (from short to long term), and (2) integrated effects, where the top‐down integration of thermal information intentionally initiates or modifies a behaviour (behavioural thermoregulation, thermal orientation, thermosensory behavioural adjustments). We discuss the difficulty in distinguishing adaptive behavioural changes from constraints when observing animals' behavioural responses to temperature. We then propose two complementary approaches to distinguish adaptations from constraints, and categorize behaviours according to our framework: (i) ‘kinetic null modelling’ of temperature's effects on behaviour; and (ii) behavioural ecology experiments using temperature‐insensitive mutants. Our framework should help to guide future research on the complex relationship between temperature and behaviour in ectothermic animals.
Import dynamics and demands for protection
Authors: Hillberry Russell , McCalman Phillip
Published: November 2016

What kinds of changes in foreign competition lead domestic industries to seek import protection? To address this question, we use detailed monthly US import data to investigate changes in import composition during a 24‐month window immediately preceding the filing of a petition for import protection. A decomposition methodology allows a comparison of imports from two groups of countries supplying the same product: those that are named in the petition and those that are not. The same decomposition can be applied to products quite similar to the imports in question, but not subject to a petition. The results suggest that industries typically seek protection when faced with a specific pattern of shocks. First, a persistent positive relative supply shock favours imports from named countries. Second, a negative demand shock hits imports from all sources just prior to domestic industries’ petition for protection. The relative supply shock is a broad one; it applies both to named commodities and to the comparison product group. The import demand shock, by contrast, is narrow, hitting only named products. This negative import demand shock appears to be a key event in the run‐up to the filing of a petition. This latter shock has been missed by previous studies using more aggregated data.
Structure–function relationship of Chikungunya nsP2 protease: A comparative study with papain
Authors: Ramakrishnan Chandrasekaran , Kutumbarao Nidamarthi H. V. , Suhitha Sivasubramanian , Velmurugan Devadasan
Published: November 2016

Chikungunya virus is a growing human pathogen transmitted by mosquito bite. It causes fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, headache, and swelling in the joints. Its replication and propagation depend on the protease activity of the Chikungunya virus‐nsP2 protein, which cleaves the nsP1234 polyprotein replication complex into individual functional units. The N‐terminal segment of papain is structurally identical with the Chikungunya virus‐nsP2 protease. Hence, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to compare molecular mechanism of these proteases. The Chikungunya virus‐snP2 protease shows more conformational changes and adopts an alternate conformation. However, N‐terminal segment of these two proteases has identical active site scaffold with the conserved catalytic diad. Hence, some of the non‐peptide inhibitors of papain were used for induced fit docking at the active site of the nsP2 to assess the binding mode. In addition, the peptides that connect different domains/protein in Chikungunya virus poly‐protein were also subjected for docking. The overall results suggest that the active site scaffold is the same in both the proteases and a possibility exists to experimentally assess the efficacy of some of the papain inhibitors to inhibit the Chikungunya virus‐nsP2.
The Early Emergence of Guilt‐Motivated Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Vaish Amrisha , Carpenter Malinda , Tomasello Michael
Published: November 2016

Guilt serves vital prosocial functions: It motivates transgressors to make amends, thus restoring damaged relationships. Previous developmental research on guilt has not clearly distinguished it from sympathy for a victim or a tendency to repair damage in general. The authors tested 2‐ and 3‐year‐old children (N = 62 and 64, respectively) in a 2 × 2 design, varying whether or not a mishap caused harm to someone and whether children themselves caused that mishap. Three‐year‐olds showed greatest reparative behavior whentheyhad caused the mishapandit caused harm, thus showing a specific effect of guilt. Two‐year‐olds repaired more whenever harm was caused, no matter by whom, thus showing only an effect of sympathy. Guilt as a distinct motivator of prosocial behavior thus emerges by at least 3 years.
Nonrandom Acts of Kindness: Parasympathetic and Subjective Empathic Responses to Sadness Predict Children's Prosociality
Authors: Miller Jonas G. , Nuselovici Jacob N. , Hastings Paul D.
Published: November 2016

How does empathic physiology unfold as a dynamic process, and which aspect of empathy predicts children's kindness? In response to empathy induction videos, 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children (N = 180) showed an average pattern of dynamic respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) change characterized by early RSA suppression, followed by RSA recovery, and modest subsequent suppression during positive resolution of the empathic event. Children's capacity for this pattern of flexible RSA change was associated with their subjective empathic feelings, which were concurrently associated with more sympathetic and prosocial responses to others. Conversely, only children's dynamic RSA change longitudinally predicted prosocial behavior 2 years later. These findings have implications for understanding the dynamic and multifaceted nature of empathy, and its relation with prosocial development.
The Socialization of Culturally Related Values and Prosocial Tendencies Among Mexican‐American Adolescents
Authors: Knight George P. , Carlo Gustavo , Mahrer Nicole E. , Davis Alexandra N.
Published: November 2016

The socialization of cultural values, ethnic identity, and prosocial behaviors is examined in a sample of 749 Mexican‐American adolescents, ages 9–12; M (SD) = 10.42 years (.55); 49% female, their mothers, and fathers at the 5th, 7th, and 10th grades. Parents’ familism values positively predicted their ethnic socialization practices. Mothers’ ethnic socialization positively predicted adolescents’ ethnic identity, which positively predicted adolescents’ familism. Familism was associated with several types of prosocial tendencies. Adolescents’ material success and personal achievement values were negatively associated with altruistic helping and positively associated with public helping but not their parents’ corresponding values. Findings support cultural socialization models, asserting that parents’ traditional cultural values influence their socialization practices, youth cultural values, and youth prosocial behaviors.
Children's Sharing Behavior in Mini‐Dictator Games: The Role of In‐Group Favoritism and Theory of Mind
Authors: Yu Jing , Zhu Liqi , Leslie Alan M.
Published: November 2016

This study investigated the motivational and social‐cognitive foundations (i.e., inequality aversion, in‐group bias, and theory of mind) that underlie the development of sharing behavior among 3‐ to 9‐year‐old Chinese children (N = 122). Each child played two mini‐dictator games against an in‐group member (friend) and an out‐group member (stranger) to divide four stickers. Results indicated that there was a small to moderate age‐related increase in children's egalitarian sharing with strangers, whereas the age effect was moderate to large in interactions with friends. Moreover, 3‐ to 4‐year‐olds did not treat strangers and friends differently, but 5‐ to 6‐year‐old and older children showed strong in‐group favoritism. Finally, theory of mind was an essential prerequisite for children's sharing behavior toward strangers, but not a unique predictor of their sharing with friends.
Exploring Initiative as a Signal of Knowledge Co‐Construction During Collaborative Problem Solving
Authors: Howard Cynthia , Di Eugenio Barbara , Jordan Pamela , Katz Sandra
Published: November 2016

Peer interaction has been found to be conducive to learning in many settings. Knowledge co‐construction (KCC) has been proposed as one explanatory mechanism. However, KCC is a theoretical construct that is too abstract to guide the development of instructional software that can support peer interaction. In this study, we present an extensive analysis of a corpus of peer dialogs that we collected in the domain of introductory Computer Science. We show that the notion of task initiative shifts correlates with both KCC and learning. Speakers take task initiative when they contribute new content that advances problem solving and that is not invited by their partner; if initiative shifts between the partners, it indicates they both contribute to problem solving. We found that task initiative shifts occur more frequently within KCC episodes than outside. In addition, task initiative shifts within KCC episodes correlate with learning for low pre‐testers, and total task initiative shifts correlate with learning for high pre‐testers. As recognizing task initiative shifts does not require as much deep knowledge as recognizing KCC, task initiative shifts as an indicator of productive collaboration are potentially easier to model in instructional software that simulates a peer.