bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assault: Sexually Motivated
Authors: Payne‐James Jason
Published: September 2009

The investigation of allegations of sexual assault requires appropriate medical examinations and forensic sampling of both complainant and the alleged perpetrator. Such examinations require knowledge of normal human anatomy and physiology, principles of appropriate examination, appropriate methods of assessment and forensic sampling, appropriate means of documentation, and a full awareness of the possible clinical findings following sexual assault. The interpretation of findings will also require an awareness of law in the relevant jurisdiction. This chapter addresses these issues from the perspective of the England & Wales jurisdiction, but the broad medical principles of history taking, clinical examination and forensic sampling are applicable worldwide.
Policing and Critical Incident Teams
Authors: Gallo Frank J.
Published: September 2009

Police calls for service occasionally require the police to resolve high‐threat or special‐threat situations such as barricaded suspects, hostage situations, drug raids, or warrant services. The need for police special weapons and tactics (SWAT) teams to use special weapons and force tactics to handle these dangerous police callouts has become popular among American law enforcement agencies. This article discusses some common legal risks associated with deploying SWAT teams to handle particular police calls for service. The adequacy of a SWAT team and its training in particular uses of special weapons and tactics may give rise to a legal action when the team fails to train in the proper use of issued equipment and use of force tactics. When a SWAT team uses force, its choices must be “objectively reasonable.” In cases of alleged use of excessive force, criminal and civil liability can attach itself in the form of a team's wrongful actions under Titles 18 and 42 of the US Code, respectively. There are legal risks surrounding the intervention of a SWAT team to control and overcome hostage takers where the main concern is the protection of human life and the avoidance of hostage and bystander injuries. As when there is a need to determine “reasonableness” in other police use of force litigation, forensic experts, experienced law enforcement officers with leadership and experience credentials, are often needed to provide opinion testimony.
Drug Analysis
Authors: Chung Heesun , Han Eunyoung , Lee Sooyeun , Choi Sangkil , Lee Juseon , Choi Hyeyoung , Park Yonghoon , Kim Eunmi , Lim Miae
Published: September 2009

Drug abuse and trafficking of controlled substances is a global problem. The seized drugs may be in several forms: powders, tablets and capsules, plants or dried vegetable materials, and liquids. There are a number of steps involved in the analysis of illicit drugs including preliminary tests as well as confirmatory methods. The first step in drug analyses is to conduct one or more tests to identify the possible drug class. These include color tests, precipitation reactions, and microscopic examination. The second step is performed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) to tentatively identify the actual substance. Finally, a confirmatory test is performed using a validated instrumental method. The third step also quantifies the amount of illicit substances present in the sample. Techniques used in the screening and confirmation of illicit substances are described. The drugs most commonly found include cannabis, amphetamine, methamphetamine, opium alkaloids, other opiates, cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), phenethylamines, and indoleamines (psilocybin).
Deception: Detection of
Authors: Honts Charles R.
Published: September 2009

Deception detection is an important task in forensics and security. Criminals and terrorists are highly motivated to deceive and humans are not good in detecting deception without technical assistance. Traditional approaches to assist in the deception detection task have made use of physiological cues that a suspect may give off to detect deception. To date, only the polygraph has achieved widespread application in forensics. Although there is controversy, research suggests that in forensic settings the polygraph is about 90% accurate in discriminating truth‐tellers from deceivers. This is a considerable improvement over naïve deception detection. A second technology, voice stress analysis, has also been studied. The scientific research strongly indicates that voice stress analysis cannot discriminate truth‐tellers from deceivers.
Police Use of Force
Authors: Gallo Frank J.
Published: September 2009

Traditionally, the hallmarks of policing involve officers responding to criminal and noncriminal calls for police service, detecting and preventing criminal activity, investigating past crimes, and enforcing laws. To carry out these activities, the police have institutional authority to use force. Such authority, power, or legal right comes from rules of law, which recognize that the police must sometimes use coercive action against law‐violating citizens to accomplish legal objectives. Whenever the police invoke their legal right to use force against citizens, courts in the United States generally apply three major legal decisions that clarify standards surrounding the appropriateness of police use of force:West v. Atkins, Graham v. Connor, andTennessee v. Garner. Under the umbrella ofWest v. Atkins, the police must act under color of law to be liable for use‐of‐force actions against citizens that amount to violations of police authority. Police must make objectively reasonable use‐of‐force choices under theGrahamrules, which include a balancing test, subjective, objective, hindsight, and totality of circumstances tests. If the police decide to use deadly force against law‐violators, then theGarnerrules highlight three conditions in which deadly force may be reasonable: deadly force is necessary, suspects are dangerous, and police are able to warn suspects. Expert testimony by other experienced law enforcement officials is often required to determine and express an opinion on whether the officers acted reasonably in a particular case.

In other accusatory system jurisdictions as in civil law jurisdictions, the use of force by the police is regulated primarily by legislative acts, rules, and custom. The use of expert witnesses has somewhat less importance in those jurisdictions.
Psychopharmacology: Child and Adolescent
Authors: Lovell Robert W.
Published: September 2009

This article provides an overview of the legal aspects of the prescription of medications for psychiatric and behavioral disturbances of children and adolescents as well as a review of the majority of these agents, their indications and some controversies surrounding their use.
Evil: Illusion of
Authors: Knoll James L. , Resnick Phillip J.
Published: September 2009

Over the past several decades, there has been an increased interest in the concept of “evil” in the fields of psychiatry and psychology. This interest has included efforts to “define” evil, and even testify about “evil” in the courtroom. Such efforts are ill‐advised, as it can be argued that evil can never be scientifically or reliably defined. This is because “evil” (i) is an illusory moral concept, (ii) it does not exist in nature, and (iii) its origins and connotations are inextricably linked to religion and mythology. Mental health professionals cannot claim any special expertise in matters of religion or morality. Any attempt to study violent or deviant behavior under the rubric of “evil” will be fraught with bias and moralistic judgments. Further, embracing the termevilinto the lexicon and practice of mental health will contribute to the stigmatization of mental illness, diminish the credibility of the mental health profession, and corrupt forensic treatment efforts.
Homosexual Panic
Authors: Thomas Tracy A. , Fremouw William J.
Published: September 2009

The concept of “homosexual rage”, also referred to as “gay panic” or “homosexual panic”, has been used within legal contexts to describe an acute onset of rage and violent behavior directed towards a homosexual individual. This occurs when an individual perceives that his or her heterosexuality is being “threatened” by another's homosexual advances. Homosexual rage has been used as a legal defense in cases of violence against homosexuals, both successfully and unsuccessfully. Because homosexual rage lacks definitional specificity, extant research, or widespread acceptance within the psychological community, it is highly questionable whether it meets the Daubert standard for admissibility in legal proceedings. This article summarizes the history, theory, and controversy regarding homosexual rage.
Addictions
Authors: Gitlow Stuart
Published: September 2009

This article reviews medical issues related to addictive disease. Many studies of legal issues associated with substance use focus upon whether the subjects were intoxicated, in withdrawal, had been using an illicit substance, or had been using intoxicants on a regular basis, rather than upon whether subjects suffered from addictive disease specifically. From a forensic perspective, it is critical to properly determine whether an individual is using addictive substances as a social activity, in which a majority of our population participate on at least an occasional basis, or as a manifestation of a disease state. The first represents a lifestyle choice, one fraught with the possibility of hardship—medical sequelae of addictive substance use, accidents, and functional impairment can all take place without a disease being present. The second represents a medical illness with known epidemiology, characteristic disease course, and appropriate and effective forms of treatment. Naturally, the disease state, because it involves the use of substances, also involves the morbidity and mortality directly associated with use in addition to the morbidity directly associated with the disease state itself. The analysis of a forensic scenario in which substance use is material requires an understanding of the differences between lifestyle choice and disease state.
Parenting: Assessment of Capacity
Authors: Andrews Paul
Published: September 2009

Parenting evaluations have traditionally been associated with custody and divorce matters, but assessment to help address “best interest of the child” is also applicable to child protection or child‐dependency cases. Unlike custody evaluations, which compare one parent with another, this type of evaluation seeks to determine if a parent is capable of parenting at even a minimal level. Important to this type evaluation are determination of level of parenting skills, delineation of significant or uncontrolled risk factors associated with abuse, and evaluation of parent‐child fit and level of bonding.
Peer Review as Affecting Opinion Evidence
Authors: Moenssens Andre
Published: September 2009

“Peer review,” a term that has several meanings, is ordinarily considered to be a stage in the obtaining of recognition that novel researchers seek within a discipline of specialists. This article explains its various meanings and the procedures that are in the widest use among researchers, publishers in the professional literature, and entities awarding research grants.
Microscopy: Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Khanmy‐Vital Aita
Published: September 2009

The invention of the electron microscope allowed us to enter into the world of the nanometer. The infinite little became visible with the technology that produced resolution up to a few nanometers and a depth of field hundreds of times greater than what had been possible with conventional optical microscopes. The use of such an instrument for forensic investigations was quickly established and this technique is now widely applied. With the development of environmental scanning electron

microscopes, the application range has no limits and almost every forensic sample, even liquids, can be visualized. Associated with analytical devices, the scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) become an interesting tool allowing both visualization and compositional analysis. To appreciate the power and use of the SEM, it is necessary to know and understand the functioning of such instruments to appreciate their use in forensic matters. The operation ease of the actual SEMs makes them a very powerful tool for forensic investigations.
Poisons: Detection of Naturally Occurring Poisons
Authors: Beyer Jochen
Published: September 2009

Many plants and mushrooms contain toxic compounds that may be dangerous for humans. Despite the large number of poisonous plants, cases of fatal plant poisonings are relatively rare. The frequencies and the plants involved in poisonings are often regionally specific. Worldwide, the number of plants causing severe or fatal poisonings is relatively low. Plant poisonings can be aggregated into three categories: unintended ingestions, intended ingestions, and poisoning due to abuse of plant material. Unintended ingestions often occur in children or from a mix‐up of plants and mushrooms in adults. Intended ingestions are common in homicides and suicides. The abuse of plants and mushrooms for hallucinogenic reasons is increasingly common. The following article describes plants and fungi (e.g., mushrooms) often involved in poisonings, the symptoms of the intoxications, and briefly the method of detection of their toxic compounds in biological fluids.
DNA: Sources of
Authors: Harbison Sally‐Ann
Published: September 2009

The sources of DNA evidence are many and varied. It is now well recognized that DNA profiles can be obtained from samples that are too small to be seen and sometimes difficult or impossible to attribute to a particular cell type. Thus, the ability to obtain a DNA profile is limited more by the ability to locate and identify potential evidence than it is by the evidence itself.DNAcan be obtained from traces of sweat left on touched items, from saliva deposited on the backs of stamps, and from pollen transferred from one location to another, as well as from blood splashed and smeared at a crime scene. In this article, by reference to case reports and articles published over the last 20 years and by drawing on this author's personal experiences and those of others as practicing forensic scientists, attempts have been made to convey the huge variety of sources of DNA evidence that can be encountered, recognizing the infinite variety of samples, substrates, and case circumstances that exist.
Microsatellites
Authors: Bright Jo‐Anne
Published: September 2009

Microsatellites are short tandemly repeated sequences of DNA (commonly referred to as
short tandem repeats, STRs
) that are found throughout the genome. They are analyzed by forensic biology laboratories throughout the world as they are highly polymorphic and are amenable to PCR and automation. Microsatellites superseded minisatellites, which are larger repeated units of DNA interspersed throughout the genome and were previously used for forensic DNA analysis.
Extraction
Authors: Harbison Sally‐Ann
Published: September 2009

The extraction of DNA from forensic samples is a crucial step in the DNA analysis process. There are many different ways to extract DNA in a manner that results in DNA that is relatively free of inhibitors and concentrated enough for further processing. In this article, the most common methods in use in forensic science are described. These include organic extraction using proteinase K and phenol/chloroform, the differential extraction of semen, Chelex®methods, solid phase methods such as DNA IQ™, and Charge Switch™ extraction. In addition, methods appropriate for specific, more difficult sample types such as feces, bones, and teeth are described. Recent advances in forensic science require new methods to be developed such as those for the coextraction of DNA and RNA and for the extraction of DNA from plant material. These methods are also briefly discussed.
PowerPlex
Authors: Walsh Simon J.
Published: September 2009

The PowerPlex range of PCR‐based short tandem repeat (STR) multiplex systems are a reliable and widely used forensic DNA analysis tool.
Cofiler/Cofilerplus
Authors: Walsh Simon J.
Published: September 2009

The COfiler
™
STR multiplex system is a reliable and widely used forensic DNA analysis tool. It is commonly applied in as a compliment to the Profiler Plus
™
STR multiplex system in order to type the core set of 13 CODIS loci.
Identifiler
Authors: Walsh Simon J.
Published: September 2009

The 15‐locus Identifiler™ short tandem repeat (STR) multiplex system allows scientists to coamplify in a single polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the core loci recommended by major forensic DNA governing bodies. Along with the improved discriminating power, this is a principle advantage of this sophisticated multiplex.
Enzymes
Authors: Walsh Simon J.
Published: September 2009

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalyze important biochemical reactions. Understanding the function of enzymes has allowed scientists to harness their properties to drive specific laboratory processes.
Phenotype
Authors: Frudakis Tony
Published: September 2009

The recent completion of the human genome draft has enabled the discovery of markers and development of methods for inferring phenotype from DNA. The indirect method relies on an assessment of individual genomic ancestry admixture, the correlation between elements of population structure and phenotype in populations as well as individuals, and the use of databases relating phenotype to admixture profile in an objective, quantitative, and falsifiable manner. The direct method relies on an assessment of variants in genes that underlie a specific phenotype, and a similar use of databases to relate the variants to specific trait values. More accurate direct methods require considerably greater R&D investment and have so far only been possible with an aspect of hair color and, recently, the gross aspects of iris color (eumelanin content and resulting lightness/darkness). Research enabling the inference self‐described “race”, gross aspects of morphology, and skin, iris, and hair pigmentation from crime‐scene DNA is discussed along with a synopsis on the first applications of these methods and the major ethical and procedural issues.
Accreditation: Organizational
Authors: Schiffer Beatrice , Stauffer Eric
Published: September 2009

Over the years, the topic of crime laboratory accreditation has gained wide acceptance in the forensic community. Accreditation is a process through which an organization becomes formally recognized to perform specific services. The laboratory seeking accreditation has to establish a structure with aims/goals, a management system, and technical facilities. All of this information is then documented in a laboratory internal quality manual.

To date, there are two main accreditation norms through which forensic laboratories are accredited around the world: The American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board Legacy program and the International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission standard 17025 designed for testing and calibration laboratories.

The accreditation of a laboratory is conducted by a national institution that is duly authorized. The accreditation process is composed of three stages. First, the organization prepares for accreditation, then obtains it, and finally maintains it. The exact process then varies based on the accrediting body. However, the organization must undergo a thorough assessment conducted by a team of experts. During this assessment, the laboratory procedures and facilities are reviewed and checked against written protocols to determine compliance and noncompliance. Crime laboratory accreditation presents several advantages and drawbacks, and it is one part of creating and maintaining a comprehensive quality system.
Sex Offenders: Treatment of
Authors: Sorrentino Renee
Published: September 2009

The psychiatric treatment of sex offenders is distinct from other clinical populations. The efficacy of sex offender treatment is unknown. Although studies comparing treated and untreated sex offenders have been done, measurement of outcome is flawed. The methodological challenges inherent in the study of sex offender treatment, the treatability of sex offenders, biological and psychological modalities of treatment, and the legal and ethical issues surrounding the treatment, of sex offenders are reviewed in this article.
Quality Systems: Toxicology
Authors: Flanagan Robert J. , Whelpton Robin
Published: September 2009

Quality management (QM) is important in all aspects of laboratory operation including laboratory accreditation. ISO/IEC 17025:2005 is the main standard used by testing and reference laboratories to implement a QM system. Laboratory accreditation procedures and conformity assessment bodies are assessed against ISO/IEC 17011:2004. Key elements are the Quality Policy, a statement of the quality aims of the organization, and the Quality Manual, which defines the organization's QM system.

Laboratory operations can be divided into preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical phases. Written procedures, usually known as
standard operating procedures
(
SOPs
), should describe all aspects of laboratory operation, including management and health and safety aspects. Internal quality control (IQC), external quality assessment (EQA), staff training and development, and recording and reporting results are important aspects of QM. Internal audit is also an important component of this process. Clinical or operational audit is important in the accreditation process, as is the documentation and resolution of “quality queries”.

Batch‐assay calibration should normally be by analysis of standard solutions (six to eight concentrations across the calibration range) prepared in the appropriate matrix (e.g., analyte‐free human serum or whole blood). IQC procedures, i.e., the analysis of independently prepared solutions of known compositions that are not used in assay calibration, should be instituted; normally low, medium, and high concentrations of each analyte are prepared in an appropriate analyte‐free matrix.

Assay validation should conform as far as possible with the current requirements for bioanalytical method validation. Quantitative methods must have good precision (reproducibility) and accuracy (the results must reflect the true concentration of the analyte). Data for within‐day (repeatability), between‐day, and total precision should be calculated according to the protocol proposed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.

Implementation of QM principles and laboratory accreditation procedures helps ensure that reliable results are obtained. With the increasing use of point‐of‐care testing (POCT) or roadside devices, the principles of QM have to be applied to such procedures in order to ensure the reliability of results. Although QM principles are more difficult to apply to the clinical interpretation of results, this aspect of the laboratory's work must not be neglected.
Web Resources
Authors: Botluk Diana , Fitterman Elizabeth
Published: September 2009

This article explores online resources related to forensic science, including websites covering general forensic resources that include a variety of topics, as well as websites that focus on a variety of individual forensic topics. Another section describes websites of forensic‐related associations, and lists SWGs and TWGs. There is also a section about how to locate forensic‐related articles online.
Mass Grave Investigation
Authors: Connor Melissa
Published: September 2009

Mass graves are graves of four or more individuals buried at or about the same time. When bodies are piled on top of each other, the mass decomposes differently than a single body in a grave, owing to accumulated water and body fluids. The variation in decomposition stages, as well as the sheer size of the graves, can make the exhumations logistically challenging. Criminal mass graves rarely result from simple homicide, but often are a result of genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity. Framing a charge relies on attention to the cause and manner of death of decedents, grave demographics, artifacts, and personal effects, as well as other factors. Attention to how the grave is dug and bodies arranged can help to corroborate witness testimony on the sequence of events and mechanics of execution and body disposal.
Crime Scene Photography:
US
Perspective
Authors: Gardner Ross M.
Published: September 2009

Crime scene photography is an important part of crime scene documentation. Quality crime scene photographs are only achieved by understanding the purpose of the photographs and through proper composition of the photographs. This article discusses the following: (i) basic considerations for crime scene photography; (ii) composition of crime scene photography, understanding the basic types of crime scene photographs; (iii) camera control; and (iv) video.
Threat Assessment: Workplace
Authors: Dietz Park
Published: September 2009

Threat assessment arose in the latter half of the twentieth century through the work of a handful of pioneers of various backgrounds seeking techniques for the analysis of threatening communications. Some public agencies and private employers have developed internal capabilities to evaluate threats, but many threat assessment services are delivered by unregulated private vendors of variable quality and expertise. Standardizing use of the terms
threat
and
threat assessment
would be an important advance. The diversity of threats arising in workplaces requires that a system for recognizing, reporting, investigating, assessing, and managing threats be implemented as part of a comprehensive workplace violence prevention program.
Alcohol: Use, Abuse, Tolerance, and Dependency
Authors: Brick John
Published: September 2009

The interpretation of toxicology evidence often requires understanding and discussion of the behavioral and psychological characteristics of the alleged intoxicated person. If a diagnosis of alcohol abuse, tolerance, or alcoholism is available for clinical purposes, jurors, chemists, generalists, and others can misinterpret such terms if they are not explained using current definitions. To avoid misleading descriptions or erroneous conclusions in forensic cases involving different types of drinkers, we review and define alcohol, alcohol use, abuse, tolerance, and dependence, which are particularly relevant to forensic evaluations.
Alcohol: Behavioral and Medical Effects
Authors: Brick John
Published: September 2009

This article reviews the behavioral and medical consequences of alcohol. Alcohol, more than any other drug, is a common finding in toxicology and forensic medicine and proper understanding of its effects is critical to the interpretation of forensic evidence. Acute intoxication results in increased risk for and is a contributing factor in a variety of injuries including driving, fall‐downs, bicycling, thermal, water sport, aircraft operation, and suicide. Intoxication may also affect the outcome of certain types of injuries and shortens life. Chronic alcohol abuse also increases risk and injuries of the nature often encountered in forensic evaluations because of frequent intoxication to high blood‐alcohol concentrations. Physiological changes, such as in bone density and liver pathology can affect injury severity, behavior, pharmacokinetics, and life span.
Analysis: Neutron Activation
Authors: Moenssens Andre
Published: September 2009

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a method of determining the quantitative and qualitative presence of certain elements in minute specimens of trace evidence. While, because of the high cost associated with having samples analyzed, it was never widely used forensically except by large federal governmental agencies in the United States, it has currently seen a revival because of the entry into the business of some private as well as university‐associated laboratory services marketing the technique to civil litigators. This article briefly explains the nature of the test and its possibilities in forensic examinations.
Emergency Response Planning for Water And/Or Wastewater Systems
Authors: Warren Linda , Davis Sandra , Cyr Christopher T.
Published: September 2009

Emergency response planning is required for water and wastewater utilities to prepare for any type of emergency, whether human‐caused or natural disasters. This article contains background information on why utilities need an emergency response plan (ERP), and summarizes legislative directives that relate to utility emergency planning. Utility resiliency can be best achieved when an ERP is part of an overarching preparedness program that includes business continuity planning, training and exercises, and plans updates to keep the program current. In this article, the phases of emergency management are explained, along with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the Incident Command System, both required for use by utilities because utility staff are considered “first responders” under the Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5. Development of an ERP is discussed, and an example table of contents for a NIMS compliant ERP is included. Sections of an ERP are described and include communications, suggestions for use with staff, external agencies, the public, and critical customers.
Application of A Conditional Risk Assessment Methodology for Prioritization of Critical Infrastructure
Authors: Hecker Edward J. , Seda‐Sanabria Yazmin , Matheu Enrique E. , Morgeson James D. , Fainberg M. Anthony
Published: September 2009

In 2006, the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) initiated a preliminary risk methodology comparison study for civil infrastructure projects. The research study focused on a review of the state‐of‐practice of critical infrastructure security risk assessment, evaluating their effectiveness in addressing security and protection requirements. As a continuation to that effort, USACE and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) established an interagency agreement to further this study by evaluating comparative advantages and limitations of a number of risk assessment methodologies and identifying requirements for a risk assessment methodology that could support risk‐informed decisions considering a wide spectrum of consequences, vulnerabilities, and threats. A comprehensive evaluation process was developed to provide a standardized and objective method for comparing two or more risk methodologies. This paper discusses the preliminary findings and recommendations resulting from this joint USACE‐DHS effort.
Overview of Radar and
Li
DAR
Extended Detection Technologies
Authors: Griffin Frank W. , Hurley Rick , Keller Dan
Published: September 2009

This article provides an overview of the issues, and variables security system designers should consider when selecting radar and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technologies for fixed‐site security applications. Available technologies and operational principles are described, and an examination of the variables affecting technology selection, deployment, and installation is provided.
Design and Synthesis of Hierarchical Nanowire Composites for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Chen Zheng , Qin Yaochun , Weng Ding , Xiao Qiangfeng , Peng Yiting , Wang Xiaolei , Li Hexing , Wei Fei , Lu Yunfeng
Published: September 2009

Nanocomposites of interpenetrating carbon nanotubes and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanowires networks are synthesized via a simple in situ hydrothermal process. These fibrous nanocomposites are hierarchically porous with high surface area and good electric conductivity, which makes them excellent material candidates for supercapacitors with high energy density and power density. Nanocomposites with a capacitance up to 440 and 200 F g−1 are achieved at current densities of 0.25 and 10 A g−1, respectively. Asymmetric devices based on these nanocomposites and aqueous electrolyte exhibit an excellent charge/discharge capability, and high energy densities of 16 W h kg−1 at a power density of 75 W kg−1 and 5.5 W h kg−1 at a high power density of 3 750 W kg−1. This performance is a significant improvement over current electrochemical capacitors and is highly competetive with Ni–MH batteries. This work provides a new platform for high‐density electrical‐energy storage for electric vehicles and other applications.
Enantioseparation via EIC‐OSN: Process design and improvement of enantiomers resolvability and separation performance
Authors: Sereewatthanawut Issara , Ferreira Frederico Castelo , Ghazali Nazlee F. , Livingston Andrew G.
Published: September 2009

This article presents a mathematical model to assess and optimize the separation performance of an enantioselective inclusion complexation‐organic solvent nanofiltration process. Enantiomer solubilities, feed concentrations, solvent compositions, permeate solvent volumes, and numbers of nanofiltrations were identified as key factors for process efficiency. The model was first tested by comparing calculated and experimental results for a nonoptimized process, and then, calculations were carried out to select the best operating conditions. An important finding was that the optimal configuration varied with the objective function selected, e.g., resolvability versus yield, with a boundary on product optical purity. The model also suggested that the process efficiency could benefit from diafiltration of the distomer and from the use of higher feed concentrations. However, the latter strategy would result in higher losses of eutomer. To address this drawback, a multistage process was evaluated using the verified process model. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Workflow for managing impurities in an integrated crystallization process
Authors: Cheng Yuen S. , Lam Ka W. , Ng Ka M. , Wibowo Christianto
Published: September 2009

A workflow consisting of experiments, modeling, and synthesis is presented for managing the impurity content in the product crystals of a crystallization process taking into consideration the entire train of crystallization and downstream processing steps. Experiments on solid–liquid equilibrium, impurity inclusion, washing, and deliquoring are designed in such a way that the experimental data or the model parameters derived from these data can be readily used for process design. Guidelines for experimental design and tradeoffs in process synthesis are discussed. The workflow is illustrated using the purification of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) as a case study. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) studies of isobutane, n‐butane and propane sorption in β‐ and Y‐zeolites
Authors: Gong Kening , Subramaniam Bala , Ramachandran Palghat A. , Hutchenson Keith W.
Published: September 2009

A TEOM is used to elucidate the adsorption/desorption characteristics of alkylation reactants on USY‐ and β‐zeolites. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms were obtained on USY‐ and β‐zeolites using n‐butane, isobutane and propane as proxy reactant molecules (T = 303–398 K, adsorbate partial pressure 0–1.2 bar). Analysis of the transient adsorption/desorption profiles of these molecules from either a bed of the zeolite or pelletized particles of the crystals (with mean size < 1 μm) demonstrate that diffusion in the secondary meso‐/macroporous structure formed in the packing or the pellets controls the overall sorption rates. The experimental adsorption/desorption profiles from the pelletized zeolites were regressed with available mathematical models to obtain effective meso‐/macropore diffusivities for reactant molecules, and nearly perfect fits of the experimental and the modeled profiles. Taking into account the dead volume in the system, a criterion for reliable measurements of either micropore or mesopore diffusivities by the TEOM technique is derived. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Retrospective comparison of mobilization methods for autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma
Authors: Nakasone Hideki , Kanda Yoshinobu , Ueda Tomoki , Matsumoto Kenji , Shimizu Naomi , Minami Jiro , Sakai Rika , Hagihara Maki , Yokota Akira , Oshima Kumi , Tsukada Yuiko , Tachibana Takayoshi , Nakaseko Chiaki , Fujisawa Shin , Yano Shingo , Fujita Hiroyuki , Takahashi Satoshi , Kanamori Heiwa , Okamoto Shinichiro
Published: September 2009

The combination of cyclophosphamide and granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has widely been used to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for multiple myeloma (MM). Recently, however, alternative approaches such as G‐CSF alone or etoposide followed by G‐CSF have been investigated. We, therefore, retrospectively analyzed the effects of these mobilization methods on collection yield and disease outcome in ASCT for MM. We reviewed 146 MM patients from whom we intended to collect stem cells. For mobilization, 67, 58, and 21 patients received cyclophosphamide and G‐CSF, etoposide and G‐CSF, and G‐CSF alone (including nonmyelosuppressive chemotherapy followed by G‐CSF), respectively. Among them, 136 achieved the target number of HSCs (at least 2 × 106/kg). Lower creatinine and higher albumin levels at diagnosis were significantly associated with successful yield. A lower number of infused HSCs, use of the etoposide for mobilization and high ISS were associated with delayed hematopoietic recovery. The mobilization methods did not significantly affect either the successful collection of more than 2 × 106 CD34‐positive cells/kg or PFS after ASCT. G‐CSF alone was sufficient for stem cell mobilization for a single ASCT. The optimal approach to collect HSCs in MM remains to be elucidated. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: How best to deliver the news
Authors: Skotko Brian G. , Kishnani Priya S. , Capone George T. ,   for the Down Syndrome Diagnosis Study Group
Published: September 2009

We sought to provide evidence‐based recommendations to physicians on how to best deliver a prenatal diagnosis of DS to expectant parents. Our study design consisted of searching Medline and PsychInfo from 1960 to 2008, as well as Web sites from academic organizations and other nonprofit or private organizations, using the terms “Down syndrome,” “Trisomy 21,” “mongolism,” “prenatal diagnosis,” “postnatal care,” and “delivery of health care.” Our results showed that a health care professional knowledgeable about DS with specific training in the delivery of sensitive diagnoses should be part of the first conversation. A prenatal diagnosis of DS should be presented in person or at a pre‐established time by phone. Physicians should provide accurate information about medical conditions associated with DS and connect parents to local DS support groups and other resources. We conclude that physicians can deliver prenatal diagnoses of DS in a sensitive manner that can be appreciated by expectant parents. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Precautionary rules for exotic trout aquaculture in fishless shallow lakes of Patagonia: minimizing impacts on the threatened hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi)
Authors: Lancelotti Julio L. , Pozzi Luciana M. , Yorio Pablo M. , Diéguez María C. , Pascual Miguel A.
Published: September 2009

Conflicts between habitat use and conservation are inherent to the management of wetlands. A major challenge for their management is to preserve habitat while addressing the demands from multiple users. In southern Patagonia (Argentina), a growing aquaculture activity based on rainbow trout introductions in shallow lakes is generating concerns about the effects on the waterbird fauna, including some endemic species.

Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to analyse data on the endemic hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi) collected over a diverse set of lakes to: (1) build presence‐absence models as a function of environmental variables; (2) assess current and potential overlap with trout aquaculture; (3) explore the power of alternative lake assignment algorithms based on habitat variables to segregate critical habitat and aquaculture activities; and (4) explore the correlation between the probability of grebe presence and their abundance in given lakes.

Hooded grebe presence is clearly correlated with macrophyte cover, lake area, and water conductivity. Medium size lakes, with a combination of emerging macrophytes, adjacent to open water areas had the highest probability of both hooded grebe presence and abundance.

Different lake allocation scenarios are identified that could grant significant protection to hooded grebes without substantial losses for trout producers. The a priori probability to hold hooded grebe, assigned by the model based on lake characteristics, provides a tool that can be used by managing authorities to derive precautionary management rules to regulate aquaculture and to preserve primary hooded grebe habitat. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biogeographical and ecological context for managing threats to coral and rocky reef communities in the Lord Howe Island Marine Park, south‐western Pacific
Authors: Edgar Graham J. , Davey Adam , Kelly Geoff , Mawbey Ron B. , Parsons Karen
Published: September 2009

Quantitative subtidal surveys of fishes, macro‐invertebrates and sessile organisms at 33 sites within the Lord Howe Island Marine Park revealed a rich fauna and flora, including 164 fishes, 40 mobile invertebrate taxa, 53 coral and other sessile invertebrate taxa, 32 algal taxa, and two seagrasses. The biota in this newly‐zoned marine park was overwhelmingly tropical when species lists were tabulated; however, species with distributions centred on temperate coasts of eastern Australia and New Zealand occurred in disproportionately high densities compared with the tropical species.

Lord Howe Island reefs were generally in good condition. Virtually no bleached coral was observed (0.2% of the reef surface; 0.8% of total hard coral cover). Living scleractinian coral comprised the predominant group of organisms growing on reef surfaces, with 25.5% cover overall. Other major taxa observed were brown algae (18.8% cover) and red algae (16.9% cover).

Three distinctive community types were identified within the marine park—coral reefs, macroalgal beds and an offshore/open coast community. The distribution of these community types was strongly related to wave exposure, as indicated by an extremely high correlation with the first principal coordinates axis for biotic data (R2=0.80).

The close (<3 km) proximity of tropical coral and temperate macroalgal community types off Lord Howe Island is highly unusual, with localized patterns of nutrient enrichment suggested as the primary cause. The macroalgal community type is only known from a small area off the south‐western coast that is not protected from fishing. This community is considered highly susceptible to threats because of potential impacts of global warming and the possibility of expansion of sea urchin barrens. Coral bleaching and ocean acidification associated with global climate change also threaten the coral reef community, which includes relatively high numbers of endemic and near endemic fish species. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐pressure systems for gas‐phase free continuous incubation of enriched marine microbial communities performing anaerobic oxidation of methane
Authors: Deusner Christian , Meyer Volker , Ferdelman Timothy G.
Published: September 2009

Novel high‐pressure biotechnical systems that were developed and applied for the study of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) are described. The systems, referred to as high‐pressure continuous incubation system (HP‐CI system) and high‐pressure manifold‐incubation system (HP‐MI system), allow for batch, fed‐batch, and continuous gas‐phase free incubation at high concentrations of dissolved methane and were designed to meet specific demands for studying environmental regulation and kinetics as well as for enriching microbial biomass in long‐term incubation. Anoxic medium is saturated with methane in the first technical stage, and the saturated medium is supplied for biomass incubation in the second stage. Methane can be provided in continuous operation up to 20 MPa and the incubation systems can be operated during constant supply of gas‐enriched medium at a hydrostatic pressure up to 45 MPa. To validate the suitability of the high‐pressure systems, we present data from continuous and fed‐batch incubation of highly active samples prepared from microbial mats from the Black Sea collected at a water depth of 213 m. In continuous operation in the HP‐CI system initial methane‐dependent sulfide production was enhanced 10‐ to 15‐fold after increasing the methane partial pressure from near ambient pressure of 0.2 to 10.0 MPa at a hydrostatic pressure of 16.0 MPa in the incubation stage. With a hydraulic retention time of 14 h a stable effluent sulfide concentration was reached within less than 3 days and a continuing increase of the volumetric AOM rate from 1.2 to 1.7 mmol L−1 day−1 was observed over 14 days. In fed‐batch incubation the AOM rate increased from 1.5 to 2.7 and 3.6 mmol L−1 day−1 when the concentration of aqueous methane was stepwise increased from 5 to 15 mmol L−1 and 45 mmol L−1. A methane partial pressure of 6 MPa and a hydrostatic pressure of 12 MPa in manifold fed‐batch incubation in the HP‐MI system yielded a sixfold increase in the volumetric AOM rate. Over subsequent incubation periods AOM rates increased from 0.6 to 1.2 mmol L−1 day−1 within 26 days of incubation. No inhibition of biomass activity was observed in all continuous and fed‐batch incubation experiments. The organisms were able to tolerate high sulfide concentrations and extended starvation periods. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 524–533. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling of flow‐induced shear stress applied on 3D cellular scaffolds: Implications for vascular tissue engineering
Authors: Lesman Ayelet , Blinder Yaron , Levenberg Shulamit
Published: September 2009

Novel tissue‐culture bioreactors employ flow‐induced shear stress as a means of mechanical stimulation of cells. We developed a computational fluid dynamics model of the complex three‐dimensional (3D) microstructure of a porous scaffold incubated in a direct perfusion bioreactor. Our model was designed to predict high shear‐stress values within the physiological range of those naturally sensed by vascular cells (1–10 dyne/cm2), and will thereby provide suitable conditions for vascular tissue‐engineering experiments. The model also accounts for cellular growth, which was designed as an added cell layer grown on all scaffold walls. Five model variants were designed, with geometric differences corresponding to cell‐layer thicknesses of 0, 50, 75, 100, and 125 µm. Four inlet velocities (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 cm/s) were applied to each model. Wall shear‐stress distribution and overall pressure drop calculations were then used to characterize the relation between flow rate, shear stress, cell‐layer thickness, and pressure drop. The simulations showed that cellular growth within 3D scaffolds exposes cells to elevated shear stress, with considerably increasing average values in correlation to cell growth and inflow velocity. Our results provide in‐depth analysis of the microdynamic environment of cells cultured within 3D environments, and thus provide advanced control over tissue development in vitro. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 645–654. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.