bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Virtual Patient Interaction Fidelity With Advanced Communication Skills Learners
Authors: Carnell Stephanie , Miles Anna , Lok Benjamin
Published: January 2022

Previous research in educational medical simulation has drawn attention to the interplay between a simulation’s fidelity and its educational effectiveness. As virtual patients (VPs) are increasingly used in medical simulations for education purposes, a focus on the relationship between virtual patients’ fidelity and educational effectiveness should also be investigated. In this paper, we contribute to this investigation by evaluating the use of a virtual patient selection interface (in which learners interact with a virtual patient via a set of pre-defined choices) with advanced medical communication skills learners. To this end, we integrated virtual patient interviews into a graduate-level course for speech-language therapists over the course of 2 years. In the first cohort, students interacted with three VPs using only a chat interface. In the second cohort, students used both a chat interface and a selection interface to interact with the VPs. Our results suggest that these advanced learners view the selection interfaces as more appropriate for novice learners and that their communication behavior was not significantly affected by using the selection interface. Based on these results, we suggest that selection interfaces may be more appropriate for novice communication skills learners, but for applications in which selection interfaces are to be used with advanced learners, additional design research may be needed to best target these interfaces to advanced learners.
What Do P-Wave Velocities Tell Us About the Critical Zone?
Authors: Flinchum Brady A. , Holbrook W. Steven , Carr Bradley J.
Published: January 2022

Fractures in Earth's critical zone influence groundwater flow and storage and promote chemical weathering. Fractured materials are difficult to characterize on large spatial scales because they contain fractures that span a range of sizes, have complex spatial distributions, and are often inaccessible. Therefore, geophysical characterizations of the critical zone depend on the scale of measurements and on the response of the medium to impulses at that scale. Using P-wave velocities collected at two scales, we show that seismic velocities in the fractured bedrock layer of the critical zone are scale-dependent. The smaller-scale velocities, derived from sonic logs with a dominant wavelength of ~0.3 m, show substantial vertical and lateral heterogeneity in the fractured rock, with sonic velocities varying by 2,000 m/s over short lateral distances (~20 m), indicating strong spatial variations in fracture density. In contrast, the larger-scale velocities, derived from seismic refraction surveys with a dominant wavelength of ~50 m, are notably slower than the sonic velocities (a difference of ~3,000 m/s) and lack lateral heterogeneity. We show that this discrepancy is a consequence of contrasting measurement scales between the two methods; in other words, the contrast is not an artifact but rather information—the signature of a fractured medium (weathered/fractured bedrock) when probed at vastly different scales. We explore the sample volumes of each measurement and show that surface refraction velocities provide reliable estimates of critical zone thickness but are relatively insensitive to lateral changes in fracture density at scales of a few tens of meters. At depth, converging refraction and sonic velocities likely indicate the top of unweathered bedrock, indicative of material with similar fracture density across scales.
Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Shi Min , Yang Chao , Chen Zu-han , Xiao Ling-fei , Zhao Wen-yuan
Published: January 2022

Tranexamic acid has been shown to reduce rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage; however, whether it can reduce mortality and improve clinical outcomes is controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the tranexamic acid in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception to March 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing tranexamic acid and placebo in adults with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Handbook, and the quality of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. This meta-analysis included 13 RCTs, involving 2,888 patients. In patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage tranexamic acid had no significant effect on all-cause mortality (RR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.84–1.10, p = 0.55, I2 = 44%) or poor functional outcome (RR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.95–1.15, p = 0.41) compared with the control group. However, risk of rebleeding was significantly lower (RR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.43–0.80, p = 0.0007, I2 = 53%). There were no significant differences in other adverse events between tranexamic acid and control treatments, including cerebral ischemia (RR = 1.17; 95% CI = 0.95–1.46, p = 0.15, I2 = 53%). At present, routine use of tranexamic acid after subarachnoid hemorrhage cannot be recommended. For a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage, it is essential to obliterate the aneurysm as early as possible. Additional higher-quality studies are needed to further assess the effect of tranexamic acid on patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Real-Time Numerical Simulation for Accurate Soft Tissues Modeling during Haptic Interaction
Authors: Tripicchio Paolo , D’Avella Salvatore , Ruffaldi Emanuele
Published: January 2022

The simulation of fabrics physics and its interaction with the human body has been largely studied in recent years to provide realistic-looking garments and wears specifically in the entertainment business. When the purpose of the simulation is to obtain scientific measures and detailed mechanical properties of the interaction, the underlying physical models should be enhanced to obtain better simulation accuracy increasing the modeling complexity and relaxing the simulation timing constraints to properly solve the set of equations under analysis. However, in the specific field of haptic interaction, the desiderata are to have both physical consistency and high frame rate to display stable and coherent stimuli as feedback to the user requiring a tradeoff between accuracy and real-time interaction. This work introduces a haptic system for the evaluation of the fabric hand of specific garments either existing or yet to be produced in a virtual reality simulation. The modeling is based on the co-rotational Finite Element approach that allows for large displacements but the small deformation of the elements. The proposed system can be beneficial for the fabrics industry both in the design phase or in the presentation phase, where a virtual fabric portfolio can be shown to customers around the world. Results exhibit the feasibility of high-frequency real-time simulation for haptic interaction with virtual garments employing realistic mechanical properties of the fabric materials.
Uniformity Detection for Straws Based on Overlapping Region Analysis
Authors: Ma Junteng , Wu Feng , Xie Huanxiong , Gu Fengwei , Yang Hongchen , Hu Zhichao
Published: January 2022

Nowadays, the advanced comprehensive utilization and the complete prohibition of burning fully covered straws in croplands have become increasingly important in agriculture engineering. As a kind of direct straw-mulching method in China, conservation tillage with straw smashing is an effective method to reduce pollution and enhance fertility. In view of the high straw-returning yields, complicated manual operation, and the poor performance of straw detection with machine vision, this study introduces a novel form of uniformity detection for straws based on overlapping region analysis. An image-processing technology using a novel overlapping region analysis was proposed to overcome the inefficiency and low precision resulting from the manual identification of the straw uniformity. In this study, the debris in the gray map was removed according to region characteristics. Through using morphological theory with overlapping region analysis in low-density cases, straws of appropriate length can be identified and then uniformity detection can be accomplished. Compared with traditional threshold segmentation methods, the advantages of an accurate identification, fast operation, and high efficiency contribute to the better performance of the innovative overlapping region analysis. Finally, the proposed algorithm was verified through detecting the uniformity in low-density cases, with an average accuracy rate of 97.69%, providing a novel image recognition solution for automatic straw-mulching systems.
Effect of Dietary Vitamin E on Growth Performance, Immunity and Antioxidant Capacity in Male Jiangnan White Goslings from 1 to 28 d of Age
Authors: Sun Qingyu , Yang Haiming , Yu Jun , Liang Jingru , Xu Xuean , Wang Zhiyue
Published: January 2022

This experiment aimed to investigate effects of the different dietary levels of vitamin E (VE) on the growth performance, immunity and antioxidant capacity of goslings. A total of 240 1-day-old, male Jiangnan white goslings were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups. Each treatment included five replicates. The basal diet was supplemented with 6 concentrations of VE (0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 mg DL-α-tocopherol acetate/kg). The results were as follows: (1) The α-tocopherol content in the serum and liver of goslings increased linearly as supplemental VE increased in diet (p < 0.05). (2) The body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) increased quadratically with increasing dietary VE supplementation (p < 0.05). Dietary VE supplementation could significantly reduce the feed/gain ratio (F/G) (p < 0.05). (3) Dietary supplementation with VE could significantly improve the contents of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum of the goslings (p < 0.05). The content of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the serum was significantly reduced with VE supplementation (p < 0.05). (4) Dietary supplementation with VE could significantly improve serum and liver catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and liver total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p < 0.05); Serum and liver MDA contents were significantly reduced with VE supplementation (p < 0.05). In summary, dietary supplementation with VE could improve growth performance, immunity and antioxidant capacity. Based on broken-line regression analysis, the dietary VE supplementation level for ADG was 12.51 mg/kg, but higher supplementation level should be considered to improve immunity and antioxidant capacity.
The Dynamics behind the Likelihood of Adopting Inclusive Agrarian Innovations in Disadvantaged Central American Communities
Authors: Araque-Padilla Rafael A. , Montero-Simo Maria Jose
Published: January 2022

Although innovation studies form a consolidated field in developed countries, the same is not true in disadvantaged countries especially in agriculture, despite the importance of innovation in generating wealth and inclusiveness. With this study, we aim to contribute to the knowledge of the processes of adopting innovation in agrarian contexts of poverty. Thus, we examined the main factors that influence the probability of accepting a new product, and their interrelationships in a Central American community. Based on a qualitative methodology, we held 42 in-depth interviews with small-scale producers. All the information collected was the subject of a discursive and content analysis, with support from the NVivo 12 software programme. The results show how key factors such as culture, the market, networks, attitudes, expectations, and social references are interrelated and enhanced or hindered by other social dynamics. These findings underline the idea that the entrepreneur’s relationship with innovation is a dynamic reality where the probability of acceptance is the outcome of combining cultural, individual, institutional, and organisational factors. Any innovation support policy that arises in these contexts should be based on more systemic approaches if the acceptance of inclusive innovation is to be improved.
Towards Better Grafting: SCoT and CDDP Analyses for Prediction of the Tomato Rootstocks Performance under Drought Stress
Authors: El-Mogy Mohamed M. , Atia Mohamed A. M. , Dhawi Faten , Fouad Ahmed S. , Bendary Eslam S. A. , Khojah Ebtihal , Samra Bassem N. , Abdelgawad Karima F. , Ibrahim Mohamed F. M. , Abdeldaym Emad A.
Published: January 2022

This study aims to predict the behavior of different tomato rootstocks under drought stress conditions. SCoT and CDDP analyses were employed to characterize the genetic relatedness among a commercial drought-sensitive tomato hybrid (cv. Bark) and four wild tomato accessions (LA2711, LA1995, LA3845, and LA4285) known for their tolerance to adverse conditions. The Bark plants were grafted onto the aforementioned wild accessions and self-grafted as control, and then the behavior of all graft unions was followed under normal and drought stress conditions. Our results showed a general genotype-dependent better growth and yield of heterografts than autografts under all growth conditions. Furthermore, clustering analysis based on growth, yield quantity and quality traits, and the leaf content of minerals, ABA, GA3, and proline, in addition to the activity of APX, POD, and DHAR reflected the same grouping pattern of the studied rootstocks exhibited by SCoT and CDDP. The identical grouping pattern supports the utilization of SCoT and CDDP as a robust screening tool helpful to predict the physiological and agronomical behavior of grafting on different tomato rootstocks. Furthermore, grafting could be a cost-efficient alternative method to improve drought tolerance in sensitive tomato genotypes.
Correction: Rugira et al. Application of DSSAT CERES-Maize to Identify the Optimum Irrigation Management and Sowing Dates on Improving Maize Yield in Northern China. Agronomy 2021, 11, 674
Authors: Rugira Patrick , Ma Juanjuan , Zheng Lijian , Wu Chaobao , Liu Enke
Published: January 2022

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Stem Carbon Dioxide Efflux of Lignophytes Exceeds That of Cycads and Arborescent Monocots
Authors: Marler Thomas E.
Published: January 2022

Tree stem CO2 efflux (Es) can be substantial and the factors controlling ecosystem-level Es are required to fully understand the carbon cycle and construct models that predict atmospheric CO2 dynamics. The majority of Es studies used woody lignophyte trees as the model species. Applying these lignophyte data to represent all tree forms can be inaccurate. The Es of 318 arborescent species was quantified in a common garden setting and the results were sorted into four stem growth forms: cycads, palms, monocot trees that were not palms, and woody lignophyte trees. The woody trees were comprised of gymnosperm and eudicot species. The Es did not differ among the cycads, palms, and non-palm monocots. Lignophyte trees exhibited Es that was 40% greater than that of the other stem growth forms. The Es of lignophyte gymnosperm trees was similar to that of lignophyte eudicot trees. This extensive species survey indicates that the Es from lignophyte tree species do not align with the Es from other tree growth forms. Use of Es estimates from the literature can be inaccurate for understanding the carbon cycle in tropical forests, which contain numerous non-lignophyte tree species.
Fertilizer Deep Placement Significantly Affected Yield, Rice Quality, 2-AP Biosynthesis and Physiological Characteristics of the Fragrant Rice Cultivars
Authors: Potcho Pouwedeou Mouloumdema , Imran Muhammad , Korohou Tchalla , Kamara Nabieu , Tang Xiangru
Published: January 2022

The management of fertilizers in a context of climate change and the preservation of the environment is strongly related to the regulation and accumulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) in fragrant rice. However, the feasibility of such management strategies in terms of enhancing the accumulation of 2AP has not yet been explored in aromatic cultivars. Here, we investigated the impact of the application of two fertilizers at three depth (surface, 5 cm and 10 cm) levels of placements to improve the aromatic rice quality, including such aspects as the 2AP content-, protein-, amylose- and yield-related traits. For this purpose, two known rice cultivars, Basmati 385 (B-385) and Yunjingyou (YJY), were grown in pots during 2019 and 2020 under fluctuating climates. The deep application of fertilizer at 10 cm significantly affected the 2AP content with such values as 127.53 μg kg−1 and 111.91 μg kg−1 obtained for Fragrant Fertilizer (FF) and Urea in B-385 cultivar, and 126.5 μg kg−1 and 114.24 μg kg−1 being observed for FF and Urea in YJY, respectively, during 2019. In addition, values of 108.41 μg kg−1 and 117.35 μg kg−1 were recorded for FF and Urea in B-385, while 125.91-μg kg−1 and 90.71-μg kg−1 were measured for FF and Urea in YJY, respectively, during 2020. Similarly, B-385 had better 2AP content and yield-related traits, as well as amylose content and cooked rice elongation, as compared to the YJY rice cultivar. The 2AP accumulation and its related biochemical parameters, and their relationships in different plant tissues at different growth stages under FF and Urea treatments, were also improved. Further, the 2AP content and the P5C activity demonstrated strong correlations during the grain filling periods in both fragrant rice cultivars. In conclusion, our findings have the potential to provide useful information to farmers and agriculture extension workers in terms of the saving of fertilizers and the improvement of rice grain quality under fluctuating climate conditions.
Genomic Selection for Milk Production Traits in Xinjiang Brown Cattle
Authors: Zhang Menghua , Luo Hanpeng , Xu Lei , Shi Yuangang , Zhou Jinghang , Wang Dan , Zhang Xiaoxue , Huang Xixia , Wang Yachun
Published: January 2022

One-step genomic selection is a method for improving the reliability of the breeding value estimation. This study aimed to compare the reliability of pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (PBLUP) and single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP), single-trait and multitrait models, and the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and Bayesian methods. Data were collected from the production performance records of 2207 Xinjiang Brown cattle in Xinjiang from 1983 to 2018. A cross test was designed to calculate the genetic parameters and reliability of the breeding value of 305 daily milk yield (305 dMY), milk fat yield (MFY), milk protein yield (MPY), and somatic cell score (SCS) of Xinjiang Brown cattle. The heritability of 305 dMY, MFY, MPY, and SCS estimated using the REML and Bayesian multitrait models was approximately 0.39 (0.02), 0.40 (0.03), 0.49 (0.02), and 0.07 (0.02), respectively. The heritability and estimated breeding value (EBV) and the reliability of milk production traits of these cattle calculated based on PBLUP and ssGBLUP using the multitrait model REML and Bayesian methods were higher than those of the single-trait model REML method; the ssGBLUP method was significantly better than the PBLUP method. The reliability of the estimated breeding value can be improved from 0.9% to 3.6%, and the reliability of the genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) for the genotyped population can reach 83%. Therefore, the genetic evaluation of the multitrait model is better than that of the single-trait model. Thus, genomic selection can be applied to small population varieties such as Xinjiang Brown cattle, in improving the reliability of the genomic estimated breeding value.
Effect of Long-Acting Selenium Preparation on Health and Productivity of Sheep
Authors: Błażejak-Grabowska Justyna , Milewski Stanisław , Ząbek Katarzyna , Sobiech Przemysław , Wójcik Roman , Żarczyńska Katarzyna , Miciński Jan
Published: January 2022

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of long-acting selenium (Se) preparation in sheep. The experimental material comprised Skudda ewes and their lambs. The animals were divided into two equal groups: C-control, and E-experimental. Between days 70 and 80 of pregnancy, group E ewes were injected with Se preparation (Barium Selenate Injection, BVP Animal Care, Ireland) at f 1 mL/50 kg body weight. Hematological, biochemical and immunological blood parameters as well as Se levels were analyzed in ewes. The growth rate of lambs, the dimensions of the musculus longissimus dorsi (MLD) cross-section, and fat thickness over the loin-eye area were also determined. It was found that barium selenate stimulated the mechanisms of humoral and cellular immunity. The injection was an effective form of Se supply, which was confirmed by its increased concentration in the blood serum of lactating ewes. The offspring of the experimental ewes were characterized by a faster growth rate, and they achieved significantly higher body weight (p ≤ 0.05) at 100 days of age. The lambs also had significantly higher parameters of MLD (p ≤ 0.05) at similar carcass fat content.
Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Dog Behaviour: Pilot Study
Authors: Hunt Rebecca L. , Whiteside Helen , Prankel Susanne
Published: January 2022

Environmental enrichment (EE) can be used to enhance the environment of various animals. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the effects of seven EE activities (Bonding, Bubble machine, Conspecific play, Interactive toy, Playhouse, Stuffed food toy and Tug play) on dog behaviour, pre- and post-EE for dogs housed in an office environment during training as part of an assistance dog training programme. EE activities resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of relaxation behaviours (p < 0.01) and a significant reduction in alert (p < 0.01) and stress behaviours (p = 0.02). Results suggest various benefits of the different activities with Conspecific Play and Playhouse activities having the greatest overall positive behaviour change when compared to the other activities. The food-based EE activities (Interactive toy and Stuffed food toy) had the least behaviour change of all the activities provided. Findings will be of interest to pet owners, animal rescue centres, dog trainers and working dog organisations.
Gastrointestinal Dynamics of Non-Encapsulated and Microencapsulated Salmonella Bacteriophages in Broiler Production
Authors: Lorenzo-Rebenaque Laura , Malik Danish J. , Catalá-Gregori Pablo , Marin Clara , Sevilla-Navarro Sandra
Published: January 2022

Bacteriophage therapy is being considered as a promising tool to control Salmonella in poultry. Nevertheless, changes in gastrointestinal tract environmental conditions throughout the production cycle could compromise the efficacy of phages administered orally. The main objectives of this study were to assess the optimal timing of the phage administration over a 42-day production cycle and to compare microencapsulated and non-encapsulated phages and the spatial and temporal dynamics of the phage delivery along the gastrointestinal tract. Phage FGS011 was encapsulated in the pH-responsive polymer Eudragit® L100 using the process of spray drying. At different weeks of the chicken rearing period, 15 broilers were divided into three groups. Over a period of 24 h, group 1 received non-encapsulated phages (delivered through drinking water), group 2 received microencapsulated phages (incorporated in animal feed), and group 3 did not receive any phages. Microencapsulation was shown to enable efficient delivery of the bacteriophages to the animal gut and cecum throughout the animal rearing period. During the six weeks of application, the crop displayed the highest phage concentration for both phage delivery methods. The L100 based encapsulation offered significant protection to the phages from the harsh environmental conditions in the PV-Gizzard (not seen with phages administered in drinking water) which may help in the delivery of high phage doses to the cecum. Future Salmonella challenge studies are necessary to demonstrate the benefits of microencapsulation of phages using L100 formulation on phage therapy in field studies during the rearing period.
Selenium-Enriched Yeast Relieves Hexavalent Chromium Toxicity by Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Broiler Spleens
Authors: Zhao Yanbing , Hao Dezheng , Zhang Huan , Wang Jingqiu , Liu Ci
Published: January 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms of selenium (Se) antagonism of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+)-induced toxicity. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and selenium-enriched yeast (SeY) were used to construct the single Cr6+ and combined Se/Cr6+ exposure broiler models, and then the broilers were randomly divided into four groups (C group, Se group, Se/Cr6+ group, and Cr6+ group). After a 42-day experiment, the spleen tissues of broilers were excised and weighted. The antagonistic mechanisms of Se and Cr6+ were evaluated using histopathological assessment, serum biochemical tests, oxidative stress kits, ELISA, qPCR, and Western blotting. On the whole, there were no significant changes between the C and Se groups. The spleen organ index in the Cr6+ group was significantly decreased, but SeY increased spleen organ index to a certain extent. The levels of SOD and GSH were reduced, and the MDA content was elevated by Cr6+; however, these changes were mitigated by Se/Cr6+ exposure. Importantly, Cr6+ exposure induced a series of histopathological injuries in broiler spleen tissues, while these symptoms were significantly relieved in the Se/Cr6+group. Furthermore, Cr6+ significantly decreased the levels of T-globulin, IgA, IgM, and IgG in serum. Contrarily, dramatically more T-globulin IgA, IgM, and IgG were found in the Se/Cr6+group than in the Cr6+ group. Revealed by the results of qPCR and WB, the expressions of NF-κB, IκBα, and p-IκBα were upregulated in Cr6+ groups, while they were downregulated in Se/Cr6+ group compared to that in Cr6+ group. Besides IFN-γ and IL-2, the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly increased by Cr6+ exposure, but the SeY supplement relived the expression levels mediated by Cr6+ exposure. In conclusion, our findings suggest SeY has biological activity that can protect broiler spleens from immunosuppression and inflammation induced by Cr6+, and we speculate that the NF-κB signaling pathway is one of its mechanisms.
Genes Related to Fat Metabolism in Pigs and Intramuscular Fat Content of Pork: A Focus on Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics
Authors: Malgwi Isaac Hyeladi , Halas Veronika , Grünvald Petra , Schiavon Stefano , Jócsák Ildikó
Published: January 2022

Fat metabolism and intramuscular fat (IMF) are qualitative traits in pigs whose development are influenced by several genes and metabolic pathways. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics offer prospects in estimating nutrients required by a pig. Application of these emerging fields in nutritional science provides an opportunity for matching nutrients based on the genetic make-up of the pig for trait improvements. Today, integration of high throughput “omics” technologies into nutritional genomic research has revealed many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the mutation(s) of key genes directly or indirectly involved in fat metabolism and IMF deposition in pigs. Nutrient–gene interaction and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in fatty acid synthesis and marbling in pigs is difficult to unravel. While existing knowledge on QTLs and SNPs of genes related to fat metabolism and IMF development is yet to be harmonized, the scientific explanations behind the nature of the existing correlation between the nutrients, the genes and the environment remain unclear, being inconclusive or lacking precision. This paper aimed to: (1) discuss nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenetic mechanisms controlling fat metabolism and IMF accretion in pigs; (2) highlight the potentials of these concepts in pig nutritional programming and research.
An Exploration of Environmentally Sustainable Practices Associated with Alternative Grazing Management System Use for Horses, Ponies, Donkeys and Mules in the UK
Authors: Furtado Tamzin , King Mollie , Perkins Elizabeth , McGowan Catherine , Chubbock Samantha , Hannelly Emmeline , Rogers Jan , Pinchbeck Gina
Published: January 2022

Equestrian grazing management is a poorly researched area, despite potentially significant environmental impacts. This study explored keepers’ use of alternative grazing systems in the care of UK horses, donkeys and mules through an internet survey. The survey was available during the summer of 2020 and comprised closed and open questions, which were analysed with descriptive statistics and iterative thematic analysis, respectively. A total of 758 responses was incorporated into the analysis; the most popular system used were tracks (56.5%), Equicentral (19%), “other” (e.g., non-grass turnout) (12.5%), rewilding (7.5%) and turnout on either moorland (0.7%) or woodland (2.5%). The thematic analysis highlighted that equid keepers across the systems were highly engaged in exploring sustainable practices. Their approaches varied according to each system, yet all aimed to fulfil practices in three major categories, i.e., supporting diverse plant life (usually through restricting equid access to certain areas), supporting wildlife (through the creation of biodiverse environments) and sustainably managing droppings and helminths. Additionally, proponents of the Equicentral systems declared to be aiming to support soil health. These data provide a promising insight into equid keepers’ behaviour and attitudes to sustainability.
Chinese College Students’ Attitudes towards Animal Welfare
Authors: Platto Sara , Serres Agathe , Jingyi Ai
Published: January 2022

Understanding the attitude of stakeholders towards animals is critical for the development and improvement of animal welfare in a country. College students from veterinary, animal, and life sciences majors represent future key stakeholders that will interact with professionals from animal industries. Therefore, it is critical to understand these college students’ attitudes towards animals and their knowledge about animal welfare. The present survey aimed to investigate Chinese college students’ concerns towards different animal classes (i.e., pets, farm, laboratory, and wild animals) through the animal Sentient and Five Freedoms models. Chinese college students from different majors (i.e., related to animal sciences or not) scored very well in their attitude towards both the animal Sentient and Five Freedoms models, with differences depending on the animal class considered. Pets (dogs and cats) had better consideration for both animal Sentient and Five Freedoms models, followed by wild animals, while farm and laboratory animals were less considered. Veterinary science major students showed the strongest differences in attitudes depending on the animal classes considered compared to other majors. Furthermore, respondents showed better attitude scoring if they currently owned or had owned animals, had participated in animal welfare courses, or in laboratory work that involved animals. When compared to previous studies, our results suggest a general improvement of Chinese college students’ attitudes towards animals.
Changes of Androstenone Concentrations in Saliva of Boars with Age
Authors: Pokorná Kamila , Čítek Jaroslav , Doležal Petr , Małopolska Martyna , Tyra Mirosłav , Okrouhlá Monika , Zadinová Kateřina , Šprysl Michal , Lebedová Nicole , Stupka Roman
Published: January 2022

With the increasing age of boars, the possibility of androstenone (5α-androst-16-en-3-one (AND), 5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol (α-AND), and 5α-androst-16-en-3β-ol (β-AND)) occurrence increases as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate concentrations of androstenone compounds in the saliva of boars concerning the age of animals. In total, 72 boars were evaluated (24 boars per replication). The effect of age (three different ages—152, 163, and 172 days) was observed, and (Landrace × Large White) × Pietrain genotypes were used. Chemical analysis of saliva samples was conducted by multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MDGC/MS). Salivary α-AND increased with age (p < 0.05), and positive correlations were found between age and submaxillary salivary gland weight (p < 0.05), age, and salivary AND concentration (p < 0.05), body weight and submaxillary salivary gland weight (p < 0.05), submaxillary salivary gland weight and salivary β-AND concentration (p < 0.05), as well as submaxillary salivary gland weight and total salivary 5α-androstenone (AND total) concentration (p < 0.001). Nowadays, animal welfare is becoming a more and more discussed topic, and pig breeding is not an exception. Specifically, the castration ban is a current issue, so it is very important to know as much as possible about compounds responsible for boar taint. Androstenone’s appearance in boars’ saliva could be one of the most important precursors for future early detection of boar taint.
RNA Sequencing Reveals circRNA Expression Profiles in Chicken DF1 Cells Infected with H5N1 Influenza Virus
Authors: Chen Li , Li Guoqin , Tian Yong , Zeng Tao , Xu Wenwu , Gu Tiantian , Lu Lizhi
Published: January 2022

H5N1, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus that is prevalent in Asia, seriously harms the poultry industry and global public health. However, its pathogenesis is still not well understood. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a newly identified type of RNA, reportedly play crucial roles in various pathogenic processes. In this study, RNA sequencing was performed to analyze the expression profile of circRNAs in H5N1-infected chicken embryo fibroblast (DF1) cells. A total of 14,586 circRNAs were identified. The expression profiles of infected cells changed more significantly, relative to uninfected cells, as the infection period was extended; namely, 261, 626, and 1103 circRNAs exhibited differential expression in cells infected for 6 h, 12 h, and 20 h, respectively. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of the parental genes of the differentially expressed circRNAs for viral replication and immune response-related pathways, such as positive regulation of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter, positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling, innate immune response, and ubiquitin protein ligase activity. In conclusion, we identified the expression profile of circRNAs in H5N1-infected chicken DF1 cells. Bioinformatic analyses of the dysregulated circRNAs suggest that circRNAs might play important roles in the pathogenesis of H5N1 infection, offering new insights into the mechanisms underlying H5N1–host interaction.
TCDD Inhibition of IgG1 Production in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) and In Vitro
Authors: Nicaise Ashleigh J. , McDonald Amye , Sears Erin Rushing , Sturgis Trell , Kaplan Barbara L. F.
Published: January 2022

The environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) is a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). TCDD is well-characterized to produce immunotoxicity, including suppression of antibody production. Previously we showed that TCDD inhibited myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide-specific IgG and attenuated disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in mice. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of TCDD on IgG subclasses in EAE and in vitro and assess effects in B cells derived from various tissues. TCDD modestly suppressed intracellular IgG expression in splenocytes (SPLC), but not bone marrow (BM) or lymph node (LN) cells. To further understand TCDD’s effects on IgG, we utilized LPS and LPS + IL-4 in vitro to stimulate IgG3 and IgG1 production, respectively. TCDD preferentially suppressed IgG1+ cell surface expression, especially in SPLC. However, TCDD was able to suppress IgG1 and IgG3 secretion from SPLC and B cells, but not BM cells. Lastly, we revisited the EAE model and determined that TCDD suppressed MOG-specific IgG1 production. Together these data show that the IgG1 subclass of IgG is a sensitive target of suppression by TCDD. Part of the pathophysiology of EAE involves production of pathogenic antibodies that can recruit cytolytic cells to destroy MOG-expressing cells that comprise myelin, so inhibition of IgG1 likely contributes to TCDD’s EAE disease attenuation.
Interventions for Early-Stage Pericoronitis: Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Schalch Tânia Oppido , Martimbianco Ana Luiza Cabrera , Gonçalves Marcela Leticia Leal , Motta Lara Jansiski , Santos Elaine Marcilio , Cecatto Rebeca Boltes , Bussadori Sandra Kalil , Horliana Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini
Published: January 2022

Background: To investigate the efficacy and safety of interventions for early stage pericoronitis. Methods: We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in databases from inception to July 2020, without language restriction. RCTs assessing adolescents and adults were included. Results: Seven RCT with clinical diversity were included, so, it was not possible to conduct meta-analyses. Individual study data showed an improvement in oral health quality of life in favor of topical benzydamine versus diclofenac capsule (Mean difference (MD) −1.10, 95% Confidence interval (CI) −1.85 to −0.35), and no difference between topical benzydamine and flurbiprofen capsule (MD −0.55 95% CI −1.18 to 0.0). There was no difference between diclofenac and flurbiprofen capsules (MD 0.55, 95% CI −0.29 to 1.39). An imprecise estimate of effects was found for all outcomes, considering (i) oral versus topic pharmacological treatment, (ii) different oral pharmacological treatments, (iii) pharmacological treatment associated with laser versus placebo laser, (iv) pharmacological treatment associated with different mouthwashes, and (v) conventional treatment associated to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy versus conventional treatment, with low to very low certainty of evidence. Conclusions: Until future well-designed studies can be conducted, the clinical decision for early stage pericoronitis should be guided by individual characteristics, settings and financial aspects.
Guideline Adherence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Could Be Improved among General Practitioners in The Netherlands: A Survey Study
Authors: van Horrik Tessa M. Z. X. K. , Laan Bart J. , Platteel Tamara N. , Geerlings Suzanne E.
Published: January 2022

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a common finding in certain populations. This study assessed general practitioners’ (GPs’) knowledge about ASB and their current clinical practice regarding urine testing. Methods: An online survey was used for GPs in the Netherlands from October to December 2020. Results: In total, 99 surveys were included in the analyses. All GPs strongly agreed with the statements about their knowledge and self-confidence regarding urine diagnostics and treatment of ASB. The median knowledge score was 4 out of 6 (IQR 2 to 6). Most GPs (64 of 92; 70%) followed the guideline for the choice of urine diagnostics and reported appropriate indications for urine testing. However, 71/94 (75.5%) GPs would treat patients for ASB if they have diabetes mellitus. Further, 34 (37%) of 92 participants would inappropriately repeat a urine test after a patient was treated for a urinary tract infection (UTI). One-third of the GPs responded that ASB was insufficiently addressed within the guidelines for UTI. Conclusion: These results indicate that knowledge about ASB could be improved in primary care in the Netherlands, mainly in diabetic patients that have ASB, as well as for follow-up tests after treatment for UTI.
Stability Improvement Method for Embankment Dam with Respect to Conduit Cracks
Authors: Lee Young-Hak , Ryu Jung-Hyun , Heo Joon , Shim Jae-Woong , Lee Dal-Won
Published: January 2022

In recent years, as the number of reservoir embankments constructed has increased, embankment failures due to cracks in aging conduits have also increased. In this study, a crack in a conduit was modeled based on the current conduit design model, and the risk of internal erosion was analyzed using a large-scale model test and three-dimensional deformation–seepage analysis. The results show that when cracks existed in the conduit, soil erosion and cavitation occurred near the crack area, which made the conduit extremely vulnerable to internal erosion. Herein, a model is proposed that can reduce internal erosion by applying a layer of sand and geotextiles on the upper part of the conduit located close to the downstream slope. In the proposed model, only partial erosion occurred inside the conduit, and no cavitation appeared near the crack in the conduit. The results suggest that internal erosion can be suppressed when the water pressure acting intensively on the crack in the conduit is dispersed by the drainage layer. To validate these results, the pore water pressure, seepage line, and hydraulic gradient were investigated to confirm the erosion phenomenon and reinforcement effect.
A Matrix Effect Correction Method for Portable X-ray Fluorescence Data
Authors: Lu Jilong , Guo Jinke , Wei Qiaoqiao , Tang Xiaodan , Lan Tian , Hou Yaru , Zhao Xinyun
Published: January 2022

Portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) is an analytical technique that can be used for rapid and non-destructive analysis in the field. However, the testing accuracy and precision for trace elements are significantly affected by the matrix effect, which comes mainly from major elements that constitute most of the matrix of a sample. To solve this problem, many methods based on linear regression models have been proposed, but when extreme values or outliers occur, the application of these methods will be greatly affected. In this study, 16 certified reference materials were collected for pXRF analysis, and the major elements most closely related to the elements to be measured were employed as correction indicators to calibrate the analysis results through the application of multiple linear regression analysis. Some statistical parameters were calculated to evaluate the correction results. Compared with the calibration data obtained from simple linear regression analysis without taking major elements into account, those corrected by the new method were of higher quality, especially for elements of Co, Zn, Mo, Ta, Tl, Pb, Cd and Sn. The results show that the new method can effectively suppress the influence of the matrix effect.
Review of Studies on Joint Recovery of Macroalgae and Marine Debris by Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Authors: Kulikova Yuliya , Sukhikh Stanislav , Ivanova Svetlana , Babich Olga , Sliusar Natalia
Published: January 2022

At the moment, macroalgae blooms in sea waters, the rotting of which causes greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to the formation of a negative ecological and economic situation in coastal zones, which has become a serious problem. Fuel production through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of macroalgae and marine debris is a promising solution to this ecological problem. The article provides an overview of studies on producing fuel from macroalgae and an assessment of the possibility of their joint recovery with marine debris. The optimal process conditions and their technological efficiency were evaluated. The article shows the feasibility of using heterogeneous catalysis and co-solvent to increase the yield of bio-oil and improve its quality. An assessment of the possibility of joint processing of waste macroalgae and marine debris showed the inexpediency of this direction. The high degree of drift macroalgae contamination also raises the question of the appropriateness of the preliminary extraction of other valuable components for nutrition use, such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and their derivatives.
Lab Scale Model Experiment of Smart Hopper System to Remove Blockages Using Machine Vision and Collaborative Robot
Authors: Kim Heonmoo , Choi Yosoon
Published: January 2022

In this study, we propose a smart hopper system that automatically unblocks obstructions caused by rocks dropped into hoppers at mining sites. The proposed system captures RGB (red green blue) and D (depth) images of the upper surfaces of hopper models using an RGB-D camera and transmits them to a computer. Then, a virtual hopper system is used to identify rocks via machine vision-based image processing techniques, and an appropriate motion is simulated in a robot arm. Based on the simulation, the robot arm moves to the location of the rock in the real world and removes it from the actual hopper. The recognition accuracy of the proposed model is evaluated in terms of the quantity and location of rocks. The results confirm that rocks are accurately recognized at all positions in the hopper by the proposed system.
Assessment of the Influence of Astronomical Cyclicity on Sedimentation Processes in the Eastern Paratethys Based on Paleomagnetic Measurements Using Discrete Mathematical Analysis
Authors: Dzeboev Boris A. , Odintsova Anastasia A. , Rybkina Alena I. , Dzeranov Boris V.
Published: January 2022

The introduction of modern methods for the mathematical processing of geological data is one of the promising areas of study and development in the field of geosciences. For example, today mathematical geology makes it possible to reliably identify astronomical cycles by measuring the scalar magnetic parameters of rocks (magnetic susceptibility). The main aim of this study is to develop a mathematical tool for identifying stable oscillation cycles (periods) in the dataset of the magnetic susceptibility of rocks in a geological section. The author’s method (algorithm) is based on the concept of discrete mathematical analysis—an innovative mathematical approach to the analysis of discrete geological and geophysical data. Its reliability is also demonstrated, by comparison with the results obtained by classical methods: Fourier analysis, Lomb periodogram, and REDFIT. The proposed algorithm was applied by the authors to analyze the material of field geological studies of the Zhelezny Rog section (Taman Peninsula). As a result, stable cycles were determined for the Pontian and Lower Maeotian sedimentary strata of the Black Sea Basin (Paratethys).
A Machine Learning Framework for Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment at the Regional Scale in Earthquake and Flood-Prone Areas
Authors: Rocchi Alessandro , Chiozzi Andrea , Nale Marco , Nikolic Zeljana , Riguzzi Fabrizio , Mantovan Luana , Gilli Alessandro , Benvenuti Elena
Published: January 2022

Communities are confronted with the rapidly growing impact of disasters, due to many factors that cause an increase in the vulnerability of society combined with an increase in hazardous events such as earthquakes and floods. The possible impacts of such events are large, also in developed countries, and governments and stakeholders must adopt risk reduction strategies at different levels of management stages of the communities. This study is aimed at proposing a sound qualitative multi-hazard risk analysis methodology for the assessment of combined seismic and hydraulic risk at the regional scale, which can assist governments and stakeholders in decision making and prioritization of interventions. The method is based on the use of machine learning techniques to aggregate large datasets made of many variables different in nature each of which carries information related to specific risk components and clusterize observations. The framework is applied to the case study of the Emilia Romagna region, for which the different municipalities are grouped into four homogeneous clusters ranked in terms of relative levels of combined risk. The proposed approach proves to be robust and delivers a very useful tool for hazard management and disaster mitigation, particularly for multi-hazard modeling at the regional scale.