bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weed control in rice (Oryza sativa) nursery
Authors: P.D. SONAWANE  , A.T. AMBEKAR
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season 1991-93 to study weed control in rice (Oryza sativa L.) nursery in medium black soil, with 6 treatments consisting 3 herbicides (butachlor 1.5 kg, thiobencarb 1.5 kg and anilophos 0.3 kg a.i.lha) and other treatments being hand-weeding at 20 days after sowing, Gliricidia leaves 1 kglmZ as mulch and unweeded control. The fresh weight of rice seedlings due to application of herbicides and hand-weeding once were found significantly superiorto the unweeded control. The significant reduction in weed biomass was due to application of herbicides and hand-weeding once in comparison with the treat- ments of unweeded control and Gliricidia leaves. The saving due to use of weedicides and Gliricidia leaves for 0.10 ha nursery area over manual weeding was Rs 225 and 153 respectively.
Comparative efficiency of herbicides in controlling Asphodelus tenu~olius and other weeds in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)
Authors: R.P. YADAV  , U.K. SHRIVASTAVA  , S.C. QWlVEQl
Published: December 2023

A study was carried out during the winter season of 1995-96 and 1996-97 to determine the most effective method of weed in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson]. Two hand-weedings at 20 and 40 days after sowing being statis- tically at par with metribuzin 0.175 kg (pre-emergence) and isoproturon 0.75 kglha (pre-plant incorporation) reduced weed dry-matter significantly, increased the yield attributes and grain yield over herbicidal schedules and fetched maximum net profit.
Effect of nitrogen on pulpable biomass yield of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
Authors: T.C. SARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1995 and 1996 to study the effect of nitrogen levels on yield of pulpable biomass (stalk) of 4 varieties of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). With the increased dose of nitrogen, stalk yield was increased. Nitro- gen up to 160 kglha was found proportionate to the yield and further addition of nitrogen showed no significant result. Higher biomass was recorded in HS 7910 (15.8 tonneslha). Pulp yield unbleached 50 to 53% and bleached 45 to 47% was found comparable to the traditional raw materials like bamboo and pine.
Energetics, yield, water use and economics of rice-based cropping system
Authors: S. S. PARIHAR  , D. PANDEY  , R. K. SHUKLA  , V. K. VERMA  , N. K. CHAURE  , K. K. CHOUDHARY  , K. S. PANDYA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1993-96 at Bilaspur to study the energy requirement, water use and economics of seven different rice-based cropping systems. Among the cropping sequences tried, the energy input and output were maximum in rice-rice. However, energy output of major products was maximum in rice-peanut system. Energy use efficiency was maximum with rice- chickpea followed by rice-wheat. Rice-chickpea system recorded the highest water use efficiency followed by rice-sunflower, but the total amount of water used was more in rice-rice system. Cultivation cost was maximum with rice-rice system ( R s 25398lha) while the net return was more or less same in tice-rice, rice-wheat and rice-peanut cropping systems.
Integrated weed management in direct sown semi-dry rice (Oryza sativa) based cropping system
Authors: R. RAJENDRAN  , N. KEMPUCHElTY
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted during 1992-95 to study the weed dynamics and evolve an integrated weed management (IWM) practice in direct sown semi-dry rice (Otyza sativa L.)-groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)- greengram (Phaseolus~radialus L.) cropping system. Pre-emergence (pre-em.) pretilachlor plus 0.3 kglha followed by (fb) hand weeding (HW) 25 days after sowing (DAS) effectively controlled the weeds in semi-dry rice. Application of pre-em, thiobencarb 2.0 kglha fb post-emergence (post-em.) 2, 4-0 Na salt 1.0 kglha in semi-dry rice showed maximum carry-over effect on the control of weeds in groundnut but not on the third crop of greengram. Two hand weedings to groundnut 25 and 45 DAS recorded efficient control of weeds in the succeeding greengram. Pre-ern. pretilachlor plus 9 3 kg/ha fb hand weeding 25 DAS in semi-dry rice, pre-ern. oxyfluorfen 0.125 kgha fb hand weeding 25 DAS in groundnut and pre- em. fluchloralin 0.75 kglha fb hand weeding 25 DAS in greengram resulted in efficient control of weeds recording higher total grain productivity, net return and benefit cost ratio (B : C) in the cropping system.
Efficacy of slow release N-fertilizers for rice and their residual effect on wheat
Authors: M. K. SINGH  , U. N. VERMA  , S. K. PAL  , R. THAKUR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1989-91 on sandy clay loam soil at Ranchi to study the efficiency of forms of urea viz. prilled (PU), lac coated (LCU), rock phosphate coated (RCU), karanj cake coated (KCU) and neem cake coated (NCU) at varying N rates (40, 80, 120 kg/ha) on the productivity of rice and their residual effect on succeeding wheat. LCU had markedly higher grain yield of rice than other forms of urea. Each incremental N level recorded higher grain yield over its preceding level. However, nitrogen use efficiency decreased with increasing N levels. Application of LCU and NCU had higher soil available N after rice as compared with other forms of urea. This was reflected on the productivity of succeeding wheat. Rice fertilized with 120 kg N/ha also recorded the maximum grain yield of succeeding wheat.
Evaluation of zero tillage in wheat (Triticum aestivum) under different methods of rice (Oryza sativa) transplanting
Authors: S. C. TRIPATHI  , S. NAGARAJAN  , D. S. CHAUHAN
Published: December 2023

A two-year study was carried out at Karnal to compare the performance of zero tillage in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] under different methods of rice (Oryza sativa L.) transplanting viz. broadcast in puddled condition, transplanting, and dry seeding. Transplanting of rice (Pusa basmafi- 370) recorded 14% higher yield as compared to dry seeding of rice in kharif season. In wheat (UP 2338), zero and conventional tillage recorded comparable yield irrespective of different rice seedingltransplanting methods. Zero tillage under dry seeding of rice gave significantly higher yield (49.6 qlha) than conventionally tilled plot of transplanted rice (43.3 qlha). The study reveals that -., zero tillage in dry seeding of rice wc.s similar to that of puddled rice but better than conventional tillage. Zero tillage saved more than 16% cost of cultivation. Even total tonnage of rice and wheat in dry seeded and transplanted condition was similar.
Effect of soil enrichment in conjunction with organics and chemical fertilizer on rice (Oryza sativa)-chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cropping system
Authors: A. P. SINGH  , B. N. MITTRAI  , R. S. TRIPATHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was undertaken at Raipur (M.P.) during wet and dry seasons of 1993-94 and 1994-95 to study the direct effect of urea-N with or without organic materials (paddy straw, farmyard manure and green manure) on productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its residual effect on yield of chickpea (Cicer ari~tinum L.) grown after rice under rainfed low land vertisol. Application of fertilized green manure as Sesbania rostrata proved superior as compared to paddy straw and farmyard manure. Rice yield and N-uptake were significantly higher under combined application of green manure and urea on an equivalent N basis. Thus, urea-N can be substituted up to 50% by applying Sesbania rostrata . in rice. Residual fert~lity in terms of organic carbon was pronounced under ;s farmyard manure and paddy straw which reflected in terms of higher grain yield of chickpea grown after harvest of wet season rice. Direct application of N up to the recommended level (20 kg Nlha) increased the grain yield of chickpea considerably. However, N-use efficiency decreased with the increasing levels of N from 0 to 20 kg Nltia.
Effect of integrated nutrient management.on productivity of pearlmillet (~ennisetum g1aucum)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: R. P. SINGH  , M. C. MLINDRA  , S. C. GUPTA  , S. K. AGARWAL
Published: December 2023

In a field experiment conducted at Hisar from 1984-85 to 1996-97, integration of chemical fertilizers and organic manures in the form of FYM or green manure in the ratio of 5050 or 7525 applied in pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) and followed by 100% recommended dose of fertilizer in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend Fiori & Paol) crop gave the yield at par to that of when 100% recommended dose of fertilizers was applied to both the crops of the sequence. These treatments were significantly better than control and farmers practice. The 4.63-43.27% and 35.27-47.18% higher yields were obtained in pearlmillet-wheat respectively over farmers practices. In general, the NPK status decreased successively after harvesting of both the crops of the sequence due to removal of nutrients in large quantity by the crops. After more than one decade of experimentation at permanent site the nutrient status of soil under control and lower doses of fertilizer application declined to a much higher degree a s compared to the application of either 100% recommended dose of chemical fertilizers or combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
Nutrient depletion by pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and weeds as influenced by intercropping systems and weed management under rainfed conditions
Authors: K. S. RANA  , MAHENDRA PAL  , D. S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif seasons of 1994 and 1995 at New Delhi to study the uptake of nutrients by pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and weeds a s affected by intercropping systems and weed control methods. Sole pigeonpea recorded significantly higher seed yield than its intercropped stand. The N, P and K removed by pigeonpea and weeds were higher in sole stand of pigeonpea than in its intercropped stand either with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) or with mungbean (Phaseolus radiatus). Nutrient uptake by pigeonpea was significantly higher due to hand weeding followed by fluchloralin and unweeded check. Nutrient removal was maximum in weedy P- - check followed by fluchloralin and hand weeding. C Key words: Pigeonpea, Cowpea, Mungbearr, Intercropping system, Rainfed
Production potential and economic feasibility of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) based intercropping systems under different seeding .methods in rice fallow land
Authors: R. K. SARKAR  , A. CHAKRABORTY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the early spring season of 1996 and 1997 at Baruipur to evaluate the feasibility of intercropping greengram (Vigna radiatus L.), blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under different seeding methods in rice fallow Gangetic alluvial land. Paired-row planting (30160 cm) of sunflower intercropped with greengram (1 row) resulted in maximum sunflower-seed equivalent (1 8.78 ql ha), monetary advantage (Rs 3,555/ha), net return (Rs 7,5491ha) and income- equivalent ratio (1.1 6). The same treatment also accounted for maximum land equivalent ratio (1.31), area-time equivalent ration (1.I 5) and greater product of + . crowding coefficient (K, 3.93) with moderate aggressivity factor (+ 1.42) and higher benefit-cost ratio (1.00) and relative net return (Rs 1.29) which proved the most efficient.
Effect of nutrient coating on seedling vigour, nutrient uptake and yield of rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: A. JEYABAL  , G. KUPPUSWAMY
Published: December 2023

Pot and field experiments were conducted at Annamalainagar to evaluate the effect of seed coating with bio-digested slurry, zinc sulphate, Azospirillum, phosphobacteria and phytohormone in rice (Oryza sativa L.).Result of pot culture study showed that seed coating in combination with bio-digested slurry, zinc sulphate, Azospirillumc phasphobacteria and phytohormone improved the seedling characteristics such as plumule length, radicle length, biomass and seedling vigour. Nitrogen uptake was increased by 7.4% at seedling stage (30th day). Coating of seeds in combination with nutrients enhanced the growth and yield attributes. Seed coating in this combination increased the grain yield by 6.4% over uncoated seeds. Uptake of N, P, K and Zn was also enhanced by various coating treatments.
Weed management in rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa) under transplanted conditions GAJENDRA SINGH, R. NAYAK, R. K. SINGH,V. P. SINGH , S. S. SEN GAR^
Authors: GAJENDRA SINGH  , R. NAYAK  , R. K. SINGH  , V. P. SINGH  , S. S. SENGAR
Published: December 2023

A field experment was conducted at Ghaghra-ghat, Bahraich (U.P.) on rice (Oryza sativa L.) during wet season of 1994 and 1995. Pre-emergence application of mixture of anilofos + 2,4-DEE (0.4 + 0.5 kglha) recorded lower weed dry weight and higher grain yield than rest of the herbicidal mixtures and their single applications. Weed free up to 60 DAT gave higher weed control efficiency and grain yield followed by 2 hand weedings and anilofos + 2,4-DEE (0.4 + 0.5 kglha). Weeds caused a reduction in grain yield to the tune of 47.85% when compared with weed free up to 60 DAT. The depletion through weeds was the lowest in weed free up to 60 DAT whereas this treatment being on par with 2 hand weedings recorded higher N uptake by crop than other treatments.
Effect of seeding method and fertilizer application on weed biomass and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: A. K. MISHRA  , R. C. TIWARI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil analysing low in N and medium in P and K during rabi season of and at Varanasi to 1993-94 1994-95 evaluate the effect of different methods of sowing and fertilizer application in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). Line sowing and placement of fertilizer in rows 5 cm below the seed showed significant reduction in weed biomass and increased the yield of wheat over broadcast sowing and fertilizer application. Seed emergence was markedly reduced when fertilizer and seed were mixed and then sown in rows. The root weight of plants grown with broadcast sowing was lower than of row sown crop. The row sowing of seed and placement of fertilizer in rows or broadcast of fertilizer but sowing of seed in rows removed higher amount of N, P and K than broadcast of seed and fertilizers.
Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and seed inoculation on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
Authors: SAILESH KLIMAR MISHRA  , R. BABOO
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons of 1992.and 1993 at Lakhaoti to study the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and seed inoculation with Rhizobium culture on cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Application of 20 kg Nlha or seed inoculation with Rhizobium significantly improved the seed yield over control. Combined application of N + seed inoculation further induced significant increase in seed yield over their individual application. Successive increase in phosphorus up to 90 kg P,O Jha significantly increased the seed yield.
Effect of pre-sowing seed treatments on toria (Brassica napus) A and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) under rainfed conditions
Authors: S. R. PAUL  , N. N. SARMA  , D. SARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 1993-95 at Diphu to find out the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment on the production of toria (Brassica napus L. var. napus L. senso stricto; syn. 8. campestris L. var. toria Duth. & Full.) and lndian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Coss.]. Pre- sowing seed treatment either with 1 .O% Kcl or 1 .O% KH,P02 or 0.25% Na2HP0, or a slurry of Dithane M-45 (2 91250 ml of water) for 10 hours followed by drying to original weight resulted in an increase of seed yield by 30.1 1 to 55.20%. The crop raised from treated seeds had higher number of siliquaelplant and 1000- seed weight. Even, water soaking was found better over dry seed. TM-2 (1 23 days) yielded more than M-27 (92 days).
Effect of soil solarization on weed growth and yield of kharif groundn ut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: MUDALAGIRIYAPPA  , H. V. NANJAPPA  , B. K. RAMACHANDRAPPA
Published: December 2023

A.BSTRACT A field investigation was carried out at UAS, Bangalore during 1995 and 1996 to study the effect of soil solarization on weed growth and yield of groundnut. The increase in soil temperature due to transparent polyethylene of 0.050 mm and 0 075 mm and black polyethylene was 9.5OC, 8.1 to 8.8OC and 2.0 to 3.4OC, respectively over control. There was a significant reduction in weed count and weed dry weight even up to the harvest of groundnut due to solarization with transparent polyethylene. The transparent polyethylene of 0.050 mm was superior than of 0.075 mm. Solarization for 45 days with transparent polyethylene caused maximum reduction in weeds. The black polyethylene did not help in suppressing weeds and was on par .with control. Maximum pod yield was recorded by weed free check (21.26 q/ha) but on par with transparent polyethylene 0.050 mm for 45 days (20.64 qlha).
Effect of weed control and gypsum application on uptake of N, P, Ca and S by groundnut (Arnchis hypognen) and weeds
Authors: M  , DEVAKUMAR  , GAJENDRA GlRl
Published: December 2023

Results of an experiment conducted during kharif 1992 and 1993 on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) at New Delhi revealed that on an average weeds removed 25.8 kg N and 8.2 kg Ptha. Two hand weedings suppressed the weed dry matter and N and P uptake significantly. This resulted in higher uptake of N, P, Ca and S by groundnut. Split application of 200 and 400 kg gypsumtha brought significant improvement in the uptake of N, P, Ca and S of groundnut.
Effect of date of sowing and planting geometry on spring -. sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Authors: P. K. LEGHA  , GAJENDRA GlR
Published: December 2023

, An experiment conducted at New Delhi on spring sunflower (Helianfhus annuus L.) during 1994 and 1995 revealed that low temperatures during early growth phase of the crop, sown in the third week of January delayed the germination and subsequent phenological stages. Crop sown in the 2nd week of February recorded better yield attributes and gave higher seed and oil yield. Crop sown in the wider spacing (75 x 30 cm) produced better yield attributes. However, higher seed and oil yields were recorded at 50 x 30 cm crop geometry.
Response of sesame (Sesamum indicum) to plant population and nitrogen under irrigated condition
Authors: K. SUBRAHMANIYAN  , N. ARULMQZHI
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted during summer 1996 and 1997 to study the response of pre released sesame (Sesamum indicum) cultivar VS 91 04 and ruling variety VRI 1 to plant population (1 11,000 and 166,000 plantslha) and N (0, 35, 45 and 55 kgtha) under irrigated condition. The pre release culture VS 9104 recorded higher number of branches, capsules, dry matterlplant, 1,000- seed weight and higher yield than the variety VRI 1. A favourable increase in yield parameters was observed with a plant population of 11 1,000 plantstha. However, the plant population of 166,000 plantstha recorded significantly higher seed yield. Increasing N levels up to 55 kgtha resulted in markedly higher yield and yield attributes.
Effect of irrigation frequency and coir pith application in sesame (Sesamum indicum)
Authors: K. DURAISAMY  , G. KATHIRESAN  , A. BALASUBRAMANIAN
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted during 1992-94 in lrugur so11 series at Trichy (T.N.) to study the effect of 3 irrigation intervals and incorporation of raw and composted coir pith on sesame (Sesamum indicum). Scheduling of irrigation at 10 days interval and 15 days interval were on par but significantly superior to 20 days interval with regard to seed yield and its components. Composted coir pith application at 10 t/ha combined with 15 days irrigation interval significantly increased growth and yield attributes, seed yield and net income /ha.
Soil fertility and yield as influenced by different legume- wheat (Triticum aestivum) sequences
Authors: SANJAY KUMAR  , N.K. PRASAD
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during 1993-95 at Ranchi on sandy loam soil low in available N and P, and medium in available K. The experiment comprised of 4 legumes, viz. soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and stylo (Stylosanthes hamata L.) and 1 cereal, i.e. rice (Oyza sativa L.) in kharif and followed by 5 levels of N in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] in rabiwith, viz. 0,25,50,75 and 100 kg Nlha. The results revealed that in blackgram plots, the soil organic carbon, available N, P and K were higher in 0-15 cm soil layer over their initial status after 2 cycles of rotation. The available soil N, P and K in other legume plots were also higher compared with rice-wheat sequence. Application of 75 kg N/ha to succeeding wheat after legume augmented available N and Kin soil. The yield of wheat was markedly higher after blackgram compared with wheat after other legumes and rice. However, stylo-wheat system recorded the maximum wheat equivalent yield (WEY), being higher over other cropping systems. The yield of wheat and WEY increased with increasing level of N up to 75 kglha.
Comparative performance of intercropping of pulses and oilseeds with rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) inBangladesh
Authors: M. AZIZUR RAHMAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Jamalpur, Bangladesh, on alluvial soils during winter seasons of 1995-98 to evaluate the economically and biologically sustainable intercrop association of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.], with yellow sarson (Brassica campestris L.) and local grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.), grown for fodder and grain under rainfed condition. Intercropping of grasspea either for grain or fodder and yellow sarson with wheat was found biologically sustainable over sole wheat. Between the intercrop the association of wheat with grasspea was more beneficial than mustard. Association of wheat with grasspea (G) under either 3:l or 1 :1 and grasspea (F) under 3 : 1 row ratio was found more sustainable asthese were accounted for better value in cespect of biological parameters and were economically more remunerative. Three crop combination in alternate rows (1:l:l) failed to overcome double crops but more feasible agronomically over sole stand.
Integrated weed management in fingermillet (Eleusine coracana)
Authors: R. V. SlNGH  , M. P. S. ARYA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on fingermillet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn] during kharif 1996 and 1997 at Ranichauri under rainfed conditions. Pre-emergence spray of 0.5 kg a.i./ha of isoproturon alone and mixed with sand, and post-emergence spray of 0.75 kg a.i./ha of 2, 4-D Na-salt alone and with CaSO, gave simllar grain and stover yields but markedly higher than control. However, isoproturon alone recorded comparatively higher net returns than all other herbicidal treatments and control. Two intercultivation along with 1 hand weeding gave the minimum weed count and weed dry weight and also gave significantly higher grain yield (21.06 @ha) and monetary return (Rs 3,6@0/ha) as compared to other treatments.
Effect of seeding rate and row spacing on the yield and quality of lentil (Lens c ulinaris) varieties
Authors: R.M. SlNGH*  , R.S. VERMA
Published: December 2023

Results of the field experiment conducted during the winter (rabo seasons of 1993-94 and 1994-95 at Bichpuri, indicated that small seeded cultivar Pant L 406 of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) had highest mean yield (1,786 kg/ha) with 45 kglha seed rate and 20 cm row spacing followed by bold seeded cultivar LH 84-8 (1631 kglha). Row spacing had no effect on the yield but 45 kg seedlha gave significant response over 30 and 60 kg seedlha. Interaction between seed rate and variety was significant during both the seasons. The benefit : cost ratio was maximum (1.76) in Pant L 406 with 20 cm row spacing and 45 kglha seed rate. In K 75 and LH 84-8 with 60 kglha protein content was significantly higher than Pant L 406.
3, Effect of sowing date, sowing methods and seed soaking on yield and oil content of rainfed safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) grown in Kalahandi, Orissa
Authors: D. K. BASTIA  , A. K. ROUT  , S. K. MOHANTY  , A. M. PRUSTV
Published: December 2023

In a field experiment conducted at Bhawanipatna the maximum grain yield of safflower was noticed in 1 November sowing (12.1 3 qlha) which was 19% and 39% higher than the15 November and 30 November sowing, respectively. Seed soaking for 12 hr was found beneficial and registered grain yield of 11.65 qlha. Line sowing recorded significantly better yield (10.98 qlha) than broadcast sowing. The oil content of seeds was highest at earliest sowing (30.61%) which was 1.3% to 4.4% higher than successive sowings respectively.
Productivity and water use efficiency of niger (Guizotia abyssinica) genotypes under different dates of sowing
Authors: R.K. PAIKARAY  , K.N. MISHRA
Published: December 2023

4 A field experiment was conducted for 3 consecutive years from 1989 to 1991 to find out the effect of sowing time on productivity and water use efficiency of niger (Guizotia abyssinica Coss.) genotypes. GA 10 produced the highest seed yield of 497.4 kglha which was 3.8 and 21.3% more over IGP 76 and UN 4, respectively. The crop sown on 20 August recorded higher yield (571.9 kg seed/ ha) than earlier or later sown crops. The moisture use efficiency was maximum for GA 10 (16.08 kg seed/ha/mm and 98.5 kg total yield/ha/mm. Sowing of the crop on 20 August proved efficient in utilizing soil moisture towards seed yield (19.78 kglhalmm) while 21 July sown crop resulted in the highest water use proved efficiency for total biomass yield (117.27 kglhdmm). GA 10 showed the maximum moisture use efficiency for its seed yield when sown on 20 August. .+-
Optimization of irrigation water and nitrogen to cotton through drip irrigation system (Gossypium Species)
Authors: D.K. SHELKE  , V.G. VAISHNAVA  , G.S. JADHAV  , S.R. OZA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment were carried out during 1993-94 and 1994-95 at Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani. In the trial effect of planting patterns and irrigation schedules through drip system was tested, and in the second trial nitrogen requirement of cotton (Gossypium sp.) through drip irrigation was studied on Vertisols. Seed cotton yield was not influenced significantly by the planting patterns during both the years. Irrigation at 0.8 and 1.0 ETC was at par and proved significantly superior to 0.4 and 0.6 ETC depth in influencing seed cotton yield. Application of 100 kg Nlha through drip recorded significantly highe~ seed cotton yield over rest of treatments including its soil applicatiors at the same rate. Higher N use efficiency was observed with drip than soil application methods.
L- Influence of planting material, plant population and organic manures on yield of East Indian galangal (Kaempferia galanga), soil physico-chemical and biological properties
Authors: H. P. MAHESWARAPPA  , H. V. NANJAPPA  , M. R. HEODE  , S. R. PRABHU
Published: December 2023

Results of the field experiment conducted at Kasaragod revealed that FYM and vermicompost application alone decreased the bulk density, improved soil porosity, organic carbon, pH and maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) to a greater extent, whereas composted coir pith had its effect on these characters to lesser extent, except MWHC. The microbial population and dehydrogenase activity were also higher under FYM and VC treatments compared to CCP treatments, whereas under hlPK alone and control there was no change in physico-chemical properties but the microbial count and their activity declined. Among organic manures, FYM + NPK combination recorded significantly higher yield components and fresh rhizome yield (6.2 tlha) compared to FYM, VC, CCP and NPK applied alone. Fresh rhizome yield under mother rhizome was significantly higher compared to finger rhizome.
Effect of combined use of green-manure crop and nitrogen on productivity of-rice (Oiyza sativa)-wheat (Eticum aestivum) system under lowland rice
Authors: R.B. THAKLIR  , S.K. CHAUDHARY  , G. JHA  , . I
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1992-93 to 1993-94 to study the effect of green-manuring crop in relation to nitrogen use on productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) system. The treatments comprised 3 green-manuring crops, viz. dhaincha [Sesbania cannabina (retz.) Pers.] as green-manure, greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.) as dual purpose and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] as fodder crop, taken as pre-rainy season (kharif), apart from clean fallow in 4 main plots and 3 N rates (control, 50% and 100% of recommended dose in both crops) in subplots. Rice yield significantly responded to green-manuring, whereas succeeding wheat to the residual effect of green-manuring was only a marginal. Dhaincha and greengram showed superiority to rest of the treatments. Cowpea ranked second in position. More or less same trend was observed for economics. N level linearly responded up to 100% level in all respects. Green-manuring also improved the organic cabon of the soil irrespective of soil depth.
Energetics and economics of cropping sequences and nitrogen levels
Authors: SANJAY KUMAR  , N.K. PRASAD
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Ranchi during 1993-95, to evaluate the yield, energetics and economics of 5 cropping sequences, viz. soybean [Glycine, max (L.) Merr.] - wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpl- wheat, blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.)-wheat, stylo (Stylosanthes hamata L.)-wheat and rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat. The succeeding wheat in all the sequences was raised at 5 levels of N (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg Nlha). Wheat as a succeeding crop to blackgram gave the maximum yield. Stylo-wheat sequence as a whole proved more profitable, as it gave more net income and net benefit to each rupee of investment, and soybean-wheat sequence provided the maximum protein. Nitrogen 75 kglha was found as good as 100 kg Nlha for grain and protein yields in wheat, when grown after legume. The stylo-wheat sequence recorded the maximum output of energy for both economical and biological yields. This sequence was also found more efficient in energy utilization and productivity. Application of 75 kg N/ha to succeeding wheat was more efficient in energy utilization and productivity as compared to lower as well as higher levels of N.
Effect of nursery management techniques on nitrogen nutrition of rainfed, lowland transplanted - - rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: S.K. SINGH
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted to study nitrogen nutrition of rainfed lowland rice nursery (Oryza sativa L.) using farmyard manure (FYM), decomposd Gliricidia leaves (DGL), urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP) each @ 60 and 120 kg Nlha proved superior in terms of dry matter, plant height and seedling quality (80% superior to the control). Addition of FYM @ 60 kg Nlha, inorganic (through urea or DAP @ 60 kg Nlha) and DGL could also improved seedling quality by 75,66 and 54% respectively.
Yield and nutrient uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties under different sowing dates
Authors: S.R. PATEL  , D.S. THAKUR  , NAGESHWAR LAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of .I99445 and 1995-96 to study the effect of different sowing dates on yield attributes and yield and uptake of major nutrients by 4 varieties, viz. Lok l , Swati, Mangla and GW 173 of wheat (Tritjcum aestivum L. emend. Flori & Paol.) under rice- based cropping system in the eastern Madhya Pradesh. The study showed that sowing of wheat in the first week of December (5 December) was most suitable. Thereafter, yield decreased to 46.2-67.3 kglday with delay in sowing from 5 December to 5 January. Early sowing in the last week of ~ovember (25 November) was also inferior to sowing in the first week of December in the study area. Among the varieties, GW 173 being at par with Lok 1 gave significantly higher grain yield than Swati and Mangla. The uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium decreased significantly with delay in sowing beyond optimum date.
Effect of sowing date, nitrogen and row spacing on growth, yield attributes and yield of Indian mustard - (Brassica juncea)
Authors: G.S. BUlTAR  , C.S. AULAKH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1996-97 and 1997-98 to study the effect of date of sowing, nitrogen and row spacing on growth, yield attributes and yield of lndian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czemj. & Cosson]. The seed yield of lndian mustard obtained was significantly higher when the crop was sown on 25 October than that sown on 15 November and 5 December. The seed yield increased with increased application of N up to 125 kglha during 1997-98, which was significantly higher as compared to 100 kg and 75 kg. During 1996- 97, the N application did not show significant effect on seed yield. Significantly . higher seed yield was recorded with 15-cm-row spacing than 22.5 cm and 30 cm. The plant height decreased with delayed sowing. Yield-attributing characters, i.e. podslplant and secondary branches, were highest under early sowing.
Efficacy of weed control measures and soil persistence of atrazine in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) as influeneed by irrigation and nitrogen.
Authors: T. K. SRIVASTAVA  , G. B. SINGHI  , S. N. SRIVASTAVA
Published: December 2023

The results of the field experiment conducted at Lucknow from 1994 to 1996 revealed that varying levels of irrigation and nitrogen as well as different weed control measures significantly affected the weed growth and the yield attributes and yield of sugarcane (Saccharvm officinarvm L.). The highest cane yield (77.1 tomes/ ha) was obtained with atrazine + 2,4-D + 1 hoeing treatment, however, the benefit : cost ratio (1.69) was highest with the use of chemicals alone. Juice quality remained unaffected due to various treatments. Significant increase in nitrate reductase activity due to weed control measures was also observed. Atrazine persisted in soil varying from 45 to 60 days and its content declined with increasing A- moisture and nitrogen levels.
Weed management in fenugreek (TrigoneEla foenum-graecum)
Authors: G. R. CHAUDHARY
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during winter seasons of 1991-94 at Jobner, to study the effect of weed management on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). The weed free treatment recorded the lowest weed dry weight and the highest weed control efficiency at all the stages of observation. Among rest of the treatments, the lowest weed dry weight and the highest weed control efficiency was obtained at 25 DAS with pre-plant incorporation of fluchloralin (1.25 kg/ha) at 50 DAS with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin (1.5 kg/ha) and at 75 DAS and at harvest with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin (1.0 kgtha) supplemented with hand weeding once (50 DAS). All the weed control measures - significantly increased mean number of branches and podstplant (except metolachlor @ 1.0 kg/ha) and seed yield (except metolachlor @ 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha) was obtained under weed free condition, whereas maximum meanseed yield of 16.1 5 qtha and net return of Rs 14,304Iha with benefit : cost ratio of 3.79 were obtained with fluchloralin @ 0.75 kg/ha supplemented with hand weeding once, closely followed by hand weeding twice, weed free and oxyfluorfen @ 0.15 kg/ha supplemented with hand weeding once.
Response of gobhi sarson (Brassica napus subsp. Oleifera var. annua)soybean (Glycine max) sequence to phosphorus and sulphur
Authors: JAYESH SINGH  , JASPINDER SINGH KOLAR  , J.S. DEOL
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during 1993-94 and 1994-95 to study effect of P levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P,O$ha), and patterns of its application (residual, direct and cumulative) in combination with sulphur (0, 20 and 40 kg St ha) on gobhi sarson [Brassica napus (L.) subsp. oleifera D.C. var. annua L.] and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cropping sequence at Ludhiana. Both gobhi sarson as well as soybean responded to direct application of P up to 60 kg P,05/ha. Both the crops grown on residual phosphorus yielded significantly less as compared to direct application of P. Total productivity of gobhi sarsom soybean cropping system was also higher when both the crops were directly fertilized with P @ 60 kg P,O,/ha. Application of P to soybean alone in the system gave higher agronomic efficiency than its application to gobhi sarson. Application of 60 kg P,O$ha to either of the crops gave lower physiological efficiency than application of 30+30 kg P,OJha to both the crops. Both crops responded to sulphur application only up to 20 kglha.
Effect of nitrogen on productivity of grasses in sole and -- intercropping system in arid zone under rainfed condition
Authors: N.D. YADAVA  , R.K. BENIWAL
Published: December 2023

- An experiment conducted during 1995 and 1996 on sandy soils in rainfed condition revealed that Cenchrus ciliaris L. gave highest dry-rnatter yield (50.67 qlha) at 40 kg Nlha with 50 crn x 50 crn spacing in sole cropping, which was at par with grass planted at 100 crn x 50 cm spacing at same level of N. The response of Lasiurus sindicus to different rates of N application was not significant (1995) due to low and ill-distribution of rainfall. The highest dry forage yield (32.30 qlha) of L. sindicus was recorded at 50 crn x 50 crn with 40 kg Nlha in 1996. The intercropping of L. sindicus with C. ciliaris resulted in a highest yield of 45.33 and 47.00 qha at 40 kg Nlha with 50 cm x 50 cm spacing and was significantly higher over than that obtained at 100 cm x 50 crn spacing during 1995 and 1996 at same level of N. The lowest dry-forage yield was recorded where no nitrogen was applied at all the spacings.
Varietal behaviour of wheat (%ticum aestivum) to dates of sowing under Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: KANCHAN NAINWAL  , MAHENDRA SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, during the winter season of 1995-96 and 1996-97 with 2 dates of sowing (27 November and 27 December) and 12 varieties of wheat [Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori. & Paol.] (HD 2402, UP 2338, GW 19O, HUW 234, PBW 226, Raj 3077, Raj 3765, UP 2402, UP 2425, HS 240, LIP 2121), and LIP 2449. Late sowing reduced the grain as well as straw yield during both the years. Raj 3077 gave the highest yield, and UP 2121 gave the minimum.
Economics of weed-control measures in winter maize (Zea mays)
Authors: M.K. PORWAL
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the winter of 1994-95 and 1995-96 at Banswara, to find out effective and economical weed-control measure under various N application conditions in winter maize (Zea mays L.). Maximum weed- control efficiency (69.5%) was achieved with atrazine 1 .O kglha 30-35 days after sowing, being on a par with its pre-emergence application (60.4%). Benefit : cost ratio also followed similar trend.
Input management for sustaining mustard (Brassica juncea) production under late-sown semi-arid situations of Rajasthan
Authors: B.S. SINSINWAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1993-94 to 1995-96 to study the effect of different agronomic inputs for taking good sustainable yield of mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] under late-sown conditions. Maximum e seed yield of mustard was recorded in all the years where all the four major agro- inputs, viz. thinning, fertilizer, irrigation and plant protection, were used as per recommendations. Considering the single factor, irrigation proved to be the most critical input in this semi-arid region, when there was no winter rains and rainfall during the season was low or normal. The reduction in the yield under no irrigation was up to 39% followed by fertilizer which contributed up to 28 % yield. During the year when rainfall was more than normal, that too up to October and was accompanied with winter rain, fertilizer contributed to the yield up to 38% and proyed the most critical. In its absence reduction In the mustard yield was up to 38 %. This was followed by plant-protection measures, as during the years of sufficient rainfall in rainy season with winter rains the infestation of diseases and pests was much more, causing great reduction in yield. Thus during the years of scanty rainfall for taking good yield of mustard, Irrigation and fertilizer are the mpst critical inputs in this semi-arid tract; whereas during the years of sufficient rainfall, fertilizer and plant-protection measures are the most critical inputs .for taking good sustainable production of mustard.
Effect of drought on nutrient utilisation, yield and quality of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) varieties
Authors: P. RAMESH
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the main season (January-December) of 1996 and 1997 at Coimbatore to study the utilisation and uptake of nutrients in sugarcane (Saccharum ohkinarum L.) varieties as well as on yield and quality as influenced by drought during formative phase. Though drought treatments recorded higher concentration of plant nutrients, their uptake was significantly reduced compared with that of the control. There was not much decrease in the percentage of nitrogen and potassium, whereas it was evident in that of phosphorus at different growth phases of crop, being higher in drought treatments compared with the control. There was significant reduction in total dry-matter production (TDMP), percentage of cane sugar (CCS), and cane and sugar yields in drought conditions compared with the control. Among varieties Co 6304 recorded higher TDMP, uptakeof N and K and cane yield, whereas Co 8208 recorded higher CCS percentage and sugar yield. Cane and sugar yields were significantly negatively correlated with decrease in percentage of phosphorus and positively correlated with that of potassium from tillering to grand growth (120-240 days) and from tillering to maturity (120-360 days) phases.
Productivity and economics of soybean (Glycine m a ~ ) - based cropping sequences under irrigated conditions
Authors: B.S. RASKAR  , P.G. BHOl  , S.H. SHINDE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1995-97 at Rahuri, to study the productivity and economics of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.1-based cropping sequences under irrigated conditions. The total grain equivalent of soybean- chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (65.92 qlha) was significantly higher than the rest of sequences. Next in order was soybean-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) (50.60 qlha) and lowest was in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)- wheat (41.61 qlha). Optimum level of irrigation (at all critical growth stages) recorded the maximum grain-equivalent yield than suboptimum (elimination of 1 irrigation from recommended CGS). The total consumptive use (CU) was maximum in soybean-wheat (55 cm), while water-use efficiency (WUE) was higher in soybean-chickpea (153 kglha-cm). The total CU and WUE were 24% higher and 20% lower respectively in optimum as compared to suboptimum irrigation. The soybean-chickpea sequence gave significantly higher gross (Rs 59,274lha) and net retums (Rs 46,530lha) than rest of sequences, followed by soybean-wheat sequence. The per day productivity (Rs 270ldaylha) and retums per unit of water used (Rs 1,398lha-cm) were maximum in soybean-chickpea (4.65) than other sequences studied. The optimum irrigation recorded significantly higher gross and net retums than suboptimum irrigation. The returns per unit of water used were 15% lower ip optimum irrigation than suboptimum irrigation (Rs 1,049lha-cm).
Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and their residual effect on succeeding Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) crop
Authors: MANGAL PRASAD
Published: December 2023

An experiment conducted during May 1995-April 1998 with 3 successive croppings in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)-Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson] rotation revealed that nitrogen application up to 100 kg1 ha on cotton (cv. Pusa 8-6) significantly improved the growth, yield attributes and seed-cotton yield. Application of phosphorus-and sulphur also influenced the seed-cotton yield in 1996-97 and 1997-98. The nitrogen and phosphorus applied to cotton showed significant residual effect on the succeeding Pusa Bold lndian mustard crop. Transplanted mustard gave more seed yield (4.7 ql T ha) than direct-seeded one. After the harvest of cotton, Pusa Bold Indian mustard was successfully transplanted even in November and December for getting higher yield.
Evaluation of intercropping patterns of soybean (Glycine max) in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: G.B. HALVANKAR  , PHIUPS VARGHESE  , S.P. TAWARE  , V.M. RAUT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 1995, 1996 and 1 997 to evaluate the intercropping pattern of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] under protective irrigation. The highest soybean yield was obtained in sole soybean, however, it was at par with paired planting of soybean (30190) + 1 row of pigeonpea and planting of soybean and pigeonpea in 3:1 row proportion. Sole planting of pigeonpea gave significantly highest pigeonpea yield. Planting of soybean and pigeonpea in 3:1 row proportion recorded the highest soybean-equivalent yield, land-equivalent ratio, benefit : cost ratio and maximum gross as well as net retumslha.
Effect of nursery seeding density on seedling vigour and yield of summer rice (Oryza sativa) under varying seedling rates
Authors: B.C. NAYAK  , A.K. PATRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Chiplima, Sambalpur, Orissa, to find out the effect of nursery seeding density on seedling vigour and yield of summer rice (Oryza sativa L.) under varying seedling rates. The seedlings became taller, thinner and lighter with less leaf and root growth due to increase in the nursery seeding density.
Split application of potassium on rice (Oryza saliva) in coastal zone of West Bengal
Authors: S. PAL  , S.K. GHOSH  , A.K. MUKHOPADHYAY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted to study the responseof 2 h i i d i n g rice . (OgmsafiwaL) of different varieties, IET 1444 (Rasi) and IET 4094 (Khii) duration, to split application of potassium vis-a-vis customary full dose of 60 kg &Oha as basal duringtherainy season of 1997 and 1998 on silty day soils. Split application of potassium was significantly superior, giving up to 14.47% higher yield to its application only as basal dose. An additional return up to Rs 501.08/ha was obtained from the diierent treatments consistingof diierent time of potassium application, the most economic treatment being the one, where half of the potassium was applied at transplanting and remaining half either at panicle-initiation stage (var. IET 1444) or in2 equal splits at tillering and panicle- initiation stage (var. IET 4094) synchronizing with 1 split dose of nitrogen. Key words : Rice, Split application, K, Economics
Nutrient management in pearlmillet (Pennisetzcm glaucum) under rainfed condition
Authors: H. KHAN  , P.C. JAlN  , S.K. TRIVEDI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the rainy (kharif) season of 1996, 1997 and 1998 on sandy-loam soil of Gwalior, to determine the productivity and profitability from pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. emend. Stuntz] with the application of N both in presence or absence of farmyard manure (FYM). Response to N application was observed up to 40 kg Nlha. However, combination of FYM and nitrogen Q 2.5 tonneslha with 20 kg Nlha was found statistically at par with 40 kg Nlha alone in terms of yield, and proved better in respect of net income and benefit : cost ratio. Maximum seed yield, stover yield, net income and benefit : cost ratio were obtained with 5.0 tonnes FYM + 40 kg Nlha and the treatment proved better than 2.5 tonneslha + 20 kg Nlha.