bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health and support service needs of individuals with disability from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Pho Jacqueline Nhu Quynh , Tan Aidan Christopher , Chaudhary Katrina , Hines Sonia , Ellison Caroline , Isaac Vivian , Lim David
Published: January 2021

Background

All individuals should have the right to engage meaningfully in occupations that meet their aspirations and life goals as well as promote their health and well-being. For individuals with disability, meaningful engagement in occupations is supported by timely, effective, and adaptive health and support services. However, research has revealed multiple barriers preventing utilization of these services by individuals with disability from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. This review aims to identify gaps and solutions in health and support services of individuals with disability from CALD backgrounds to meaningfully engage in occupations.

Methods

A scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews. A detailed search strategy will be used to search CINAHL, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, PsycInfo, JBI, and Cochrane Library, as well as grey literature in Trove, Mednar, and OpenGrey from January 1974 onwards. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations and full-text articles for eligibility against specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Potential conflicts will be resolved through discussion. Data will be extracted and presented in a diagrammatic or tabular form accompanied by a narrative summary.

Discussion

The scoping review will present the health and support service needs of individuals with disability from CALD backgrounds and will extend the current reviews as it focuses the engagement in meaningful occupation. Findings from this review have the potential to inform local policy discussions and practice-based disability care.

Systematic review registration

Open Science Framework (10.17605/OSF.IO/HW2FB).
LncRNA NEAT1 promotes nucleus pulposus cell matrix degradation through regulating Nrf2/ARE axis
Authors: Li Cheng , Ma Xinjian , Ni Chenfei , Xu Jingyan , Xie Yinfei , Kan Junwei , Wei Xiaoli
Published: January 2021

Background

This study aimed to assess the role and mechanism of lncRNA NEAT1 in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVD).

Methods

LncRNA profile (GSE56081) between IVD and healthy control was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzes differential lncRNA expression. Expression of lncRNA NEAT1 in IVD tissue and TNF-α/IL-1β-stimulated nucleus pulposus cells were further measured by RT-PCR. The lncRNA NEAT1 overexpression plasmids (pcDNA-NEAT1) were constructed and transfected into nucleus pulposus cells. Catabolic biomarkers (MMP-3 and MMP-13), anabolic biomarkers (Col II and Aggrecan) and Nrf2 expression were further measured. To further investigate the function of Nrf2, nucleus pulposus cells were pretreated with or without 25 μM tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), a Nrf2 activator, for 18 h and subsequently cotreated with pcDNA-NEAT1.

Results

A total of 1432 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in GSE56081. Bioinformatic analysis found that these lncRNAs mainly enriched in Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. LncRNA NEAT1 was highly expressed in IVD tissues than that of healthy control. Moreover, TNF-α/IL-1β induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in the mRNA expression of lncRNA NEAT1 in the nucleus pulposus cells. Overexpression of lncRNA NEAT1 abates promotes nucleus pulposus cells proliferation but induces matrix degradation. Meanwhile, nucleus and cytoplasm Nrf2 expression was significantly down-regulated by lncRNA NEAT1 upregulation. Nrf2 activator (TBHQ) could partially reverse the inhibitory effects of overexpression of lncRNA NEAT1 on matrix degradation.

Conclusion

Collectively, our data unveiled the lncRNA NEAT1 promotes matrix degradation by regulating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, suggesting a potential therapeutic for IVD in the future.
Zone-dependent acute circulatory changes in abdominal organs and extremities after resuscitative balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA): an experimental model
Authors: Halvachizadeh Sascha , Mica Ladislav , Kalbas Yannik , Lipiski Miriam , Canic Marko , Teuben Michel , Cesarovic Nikola , Rancic Zoran , Cinelli Paolo , Neuhaus Valentin , Pape Hans- Christoph , Pfeifer Roman
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) may be used in severely injured patients with uncontrollable bleeding. However, zone-dependent effects of REBOA are rarely described. We compared the short-term zone- and organ-specific microcirculatory changes in abdominal organs and the extremity during occlusion of the aorta in a standardized porcine model.

Methods

Male pigs were placed under general anesthesia, for median laparotomy to expose intra-abdominal organs. REBOA placement occurred in Zone 1 (from origin left subclavian artery to celiac trunk), Zone 2 (between the coeliac trunk and most caudal renal artery) and Zone 3 (distal most caudal renal artery to aortic bifurcation). Local microcirculation of the intra-abdominal organs were measured at the stomach, colon, small intestine, liver, and kidneys. Furthermore, the right medial vastus muscle was included for assessment. Microcirculation was measured using oxygen-to-see device (arbitrary units, A.U). Invasive blood pressure measurements were recorded in the carotid and femoral artery (ipsilateral). Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R)-time was 10 min with complete occlusion.

Results

At baseline, microcirculation of intra-abdominal organs differed significantly (p < 0.001), the highest flow was in the kidneys (208.3 ± 32.9 A.U), followed by the colon (205.7 ± 36.2 A.U.). At occlusion in Zone 1, all truncal organs showed significant decreases (p < 0.001) in microcirculation, by 75% at the colon, and 44% at the stomach. Flow-rate changes at the extremities were non-significant (n.s). During occlusion in Zone 2, a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in microcirculation was observed at the colon (− 78%), small intestine (− 53%) and kidney (− 65%). The microcirculatory changes at the extremity were n.s. During occlusion in Zone 3, truncal and extremity microcirculatory changes were n.s.

Conclusion

All abdominal organs showed significant changes in microcirculation during REBOA. The intra-abdominal organs react differently to the same occlusion, whereas local microcirculation in extremities appeared to be unaffected by short-time REBOA, regardless of the zone of occlusion.
Mungbean in Southeast Asia and East Africa: varieties, practices and constraints
Authors: Sequeros Teresa , Ochieng Justus , Schreinemachers Pepijn , Binagwa Papias H. , Huelgas Zenaida M. , Hapsari Ratri Tri , Juma Maurice Ogada , Kangile Joseph Rajabu , Karimi Rael , Khaririyatun Nur , Mbeyagala Emmanuel K. , Mvungi Henry , Nair Ramakrishnan Madhavan , Sanya Losira Nasirumbi , Nguyen Thi Tan Loc , Phommalath Siviengkhek , Pinn Thira , Simfukwe Esther , Suebpongsang Pornsiri
Published: January 2021

Background

Improving the productivity of grain legumes is important to address global challenges of food security and soil degradation. This study’s objective was to quantify the adoption of improved mungbean (Vigna radiataL.) varieties and agricultural practices and to identify production constraints for six countries in Southeast Asia and three countries in East Africa.

Methods

A Delphi method using expert elicitation was applied at subnational levels and then aggregated to national levels. Each panel employed repetitive and independent questioning of experts. The study organized 31 expert panels involving 387 experts across 9 countries.

Results

The share of improved varieties in the planted area, as estimated by the expert panels, was 92% for the Philippines, 91% for Vietnam, 99% for Thailand, 84% for Cambodia, 60% for Indonesia, 35% for Laos, 91% for Kenya, 30% for Uganda and 25% for Tanzania. The average age of improved varieties was 19 years in Asia and 12 years in East Africa. Of the mungbean area in Southeast Asia, 61% was planted to varieties developed by the World Vegetable Center, but this was only 2% in East Africa. Production constraints generally included insect pests and plant diseases, unstable markets with low price and low market demand, and the lack of quality seed of suitable varieties.

Conclusions

There are ample opportunities to improve mungbean productivity through wider use of improved varieties and practices, which is important to meet the contemporary challenges of improving human nutrition and agricultural sustainability.
Dispersion modeling of PM10 from selected flow stations in the Niger Delta, Nigeria: implications on soot pollution
Authors: Nwosisi Michael Chukwuemeka , Oguntoke Olusegun , Taiwo Adewale Matthew
Published: January 2021

Background

Gas flaring in the Niger Delta releases particles which are dispersed over a wide area and have impacts on the environment and human health. The study aimed at assessing the extent of dispersion of PM10 emitted from gas flares in flow stations. Eight selected flow stations in Rivers and Bayelsa states were investigated. The concentrations of PM10 emitted from the flare stacks were monitored 60 m away from the flare stack using a hand-held Met One AEROCET 531 combined Mass Profiler and Particle Counter. Meteorological parameters such as wind speed, ambient temperature and relative humidity were monitored during the sampling campaign. PM10 and meteorological data were analysed for simple and descriptive statistics using SPSS for Windows (version 21.0). Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) was adopted to predict the dispersion of PM10 from the flow stations.

Results

Results revealed the range concentrations of PM10 from the flow stations (FS 1–8) as 19.9 µg/m3 at FS 1 to 55.4 µg/m3 at FS 8. The maximum concentration of PM10 at FS 8 was higher than the World Health organisation limit of 50 µg/m3. The dispersion of PM10 emitted from FS 1, 4 and 7 in April 2017, had a fitting spread over Port Harcourt City.

Conclusions

The modeling results revealed dispersion of PM10 from the flow stations to 14 states in Nigeria. This suggests possible detrimental health and environmental effects of PM10 on residents in the identified states.
Making the investment case for national regulatory authorities
Authors: Twesigye Gloria , Hafner Tamara , Guzman Javier
Published: January 2021

Well-functioning national regulatory authorities (NRAs) ensure access to safe, effective, quality-assured, and affordable medical products. However, the benefits of their work are often unseen and difficult to attribute, thereby making NRAs undervalued and under-resourced, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This paper offers three key arguments NRAs and other stakeholders can use to advocate for greater investment in regulatory systems strengthening—medical products regulation effectively safeguards public health; effective regulation improves health system’s efficiency by increasing access to affordable medical products, contributing to universal health coverage; and robust regulation strengthens local pharmaceutical manufacturing and bolsters pharmaceutical trade. NRAs’ critical role in health systems is indisputable, yet they need to better promote their value to receive the requisite resources to function effectively.
Correction to: Stress and pore fluid pressure control of seismicity rate changes following the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, Japan
Authors: Nakagomi Kodai , Terakawa Toshiko , Matsumoto Satoshi , Horikawa Shinichiro
Published: January 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
Visualizing heterogeneities of earthquake hypocenter catalogs: modeling, analysis, and compensation
Authors: Ogata Yosihiko
Published: January 2021

As basic data for seismic activity analysis, hypocenter catalogs need to be accurate, complete, homogeneous, and consistent. Therefore, clarifying systematic errors in catalogs is an important discipline of seismicity research. This review presents a systematic model-based methodology to reveal various biases and the results of the following analyses. (1) It is critical to examine whether there is a non-stationary systematic estimation bias in earthquake magnitudes in a hypocenter catalog. (2) Most earthquake catalogs covering long periods are not homogeneous in space, time, and magnitude ranges. Earthquake network structures and seismometers change over time, and therefore, earthquake detection rates change over time and space. Even in the short term, many aftershocks immediately following large earthquakes are often undetected, and the detection rate varies, depending on the elapsed time and location. By establishing a detection rate function, the actual seismic activity and the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of catalogs can be discriminated. (3) Near real-time correction of source locations, far from the seismic observation network, can be implemented based on better determined source location comparisons of other catalogs using the same identified earthquakes. The bias functions were estimated using an empirical Bayes method. I provide examples showing different conclusions about the changes in seismicity from different earthquake catalogs. Through these analyses, I also present actual examples of successful modifications as well as various misleading conclusions about changes in seismic activity. In particular, there is a human made magnitude shift problem included in the global catalog of large earthquakes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Correction to: Extremity soft tissue coverage in the combat zone: use of pedicled flap transfers by the deployed orthopedic surgeon
Authors: Mathieu Laurent , Plang Soryapong , de l’Escalopier Nicolas , Murison James Charles , Gaillard Christophe , Bertani Antoine , Rongieras Frédéric
Published: January 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
Expert consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cold injury in China, 2020
Authors:   Members of the Emergency Medicine Committee of the People’s Liberation Army, Jin Hong-Xu , Teng Yue , Dai Jing , Zhao Xiao-Dong
Published: January 2021

Cold injury refers to local or systemic injury caused by a rapid, massive loss of body heat in a cold environment. The incidence of cold injury is high. However, the current situation regarding the diagnosis and treatment of cold injury in our country is not ideal. To standardize and improve the level of clinical diagnosis and treatment of cold injury in China, it is necessary to make a consensus that is practical and adapted to the conditions in China. We used the latest population-level epidemiological and clinical research data, combined with relevant literature from China and foreign countries. The consensus was developed by a joint committee of multidisciplinary experts. This expert consensus addresses the epidemiology, diagnosis, on-site emergency procedures, in-hospital treatment, and prevention of cold injury.
Plasma erythropoietin level and heart failure in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Terada Kohsuke , Sumi Yuichiro , Aratani Sae , Hirama Akio , Kashiwagi Tetsuya , Sakai Yukinao
Published: January 2021

Background

Renal anemia is the important complication in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD), and heart failure (HF) is the important complication in patients on dialysis. Decreasing endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) in patients with chronic kidney disease is a major cause of renal anemia. On the other hand, high levels of EPO have been associated with the prognosis of patients with chronic HF. The association between plasma EPO and HF in patients on PD remains unclear. This study was designed to test our hypothesis that the plasma EPO level in patients on PD was associated with the markers of HF.

Methods

We investigated 39 patients undergoing PD at our hospital. We measured plasma EPO before erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) administration at the regular outpatient visits and then at 2 weeks after the final dose of ESA was administered and investigated the clinical factors. We estimated the correlations between the plasma EPO and the other parameters, and constructed univariate and multivariate logistic regression models for the risk for HF to estimate the effectiveness of plasma EPO and other factors on HF treatment in patients undergoing PD.

Results

The plasma EPO concentration was positively correlated with the ESA dose and negatively correlated with serum ferrum, transferrin saturation, and body mass index and showed no correlation with other factors, such as the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification and ferritin level. In univariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with HF risk were N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP), cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), serum creatinine (Cr), serum beta 2 microglobulin, dialysate dose, left ventricular mass index, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and weekly Kt/V. We performed a multivariate analysis with NT-pro BNP, Cr, and CTR, and all three factors were significant in the analysis.

Conclusion

The plasma EPO level in patients undergoing PD was positively correlated with the monthly ESA dose and was not significant as a marker of HF, as judged with the NYHA classification. Therefore, the plasma EPO level may not be a useful marker for HF in patients undergoing PD.
Atypical otolaryngologic manifestations of COVID-19: a review
Authors: Zahran Mohamed , Ghazy Rania , Ahmed Omar , Youssef Ahmed
Published: January 2021

Background

COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 started in China in late 2019. Clinical features include fever, cough, dyspnea, body aches, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Some COVID-19-positive patients presented with unusual manifestations such as olfactory dysfunction, parotitis, or cervical lymphadenopathy.

Main body

Since many patients are diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2, the need for an up to date review of the atypical ENT presentations of COVID-19 is mandatory. Articles from PubMed and Google searches were reviewed and the atypical presentations in otolaryngology were presented.

Conclusions

It is crucial for ENT physicians to have high index of suspicion to identify those COVID 19 patients with atypical presentations. This facilitates early case isolation to eliminate viral spread across the community.
Identification of gas hydrates and bottom-simulating reflectors in far-offset seismic images
Authors: Terry Darrell A. , Knapp Camelia C.
Published: January 2021

The presence of marine gas hydrates is routinely inferred based on the identification of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) in common-depth-point (CDP) seismic images. Additional seismic studies such as amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis can be applied for corroboration. Although confirmation is needed by drilling and sampling, seismic analysis has proven to be a cost-effective approach to identify the presence of marine gas hydrates. Single-channel far-offset seismic images are investigated for what appears to be a more reliable and cost-effective indicator for the presence of BSRs than traditional CDP processing or AVO analysis. A nontraditional approach for processing seismic data is taken to be more relevant to imaging the gas/gas hydrate contact. Instead of applying the traditional CDP seismic processing workflows from the oil industry, we more carefully review the significant amount of information existing in the data to explore how the character of the data changes as offset angle increases. Three cases from different environments are selected for detailed analysis. These include (1) stratigraphy running parallel with the ocean bottom, (2) a potential BSR, running parallel to the ocean bottom, and cross-cutting dipping reflections, and (3) a suspected thermal intrusion without a recognizable BSR. This investigation considers recently collected multichannel seismic data from the deep waters of the central Aleutian Basin beneath the Bering Sea, the preprocessing of the data sets, and the methodology for processing and display to generate single-channel seismic images. Descriptions are provided for the single-channel near- and far-offset seismic images for the example cases. Results indicate that BSRs related to marine gas hydrates, and originating due to the presence of free gas, are more easily and uniquely identifiable from single-channel displays of far-offset seismic images than from traditional CDP displays.
Investigation of Mechanical, Material, and Compositional Determinants of Human Trabecular Bone Quality in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sihota Praveer , Yadav Ram Naresh , Dhaliwal Ruban , Bose Jagadeesh Chandra , Dhiman Vandana , Neradi Deepak , Karn Shailesh , Sharma Sidhartha , Aggarwal Sameer , Goni Vijay G , Mehandia Vishwajeet , Vashishth Deepak , Bhadada Sanjay Kumar , Kumar Navin
Published: January 2021

Context

Increased bone fragility and reduced energy absorption to fracture associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) cannot be explained by bone mineral density alone. This study, for the first time, reports on alterations in bone tissue’s material properties obtained from individuals with diabetes and known fragility fracture status.

Objective

To investigate the role of T2D in altering biomechanical, microstructural, and compositional properties of bone in individuals with fragility fracture.

Methods

Femoral head bone tissue specimens were collected from patients who underwent replacement surgery for fragility hip fracture. Trabecular bone quality parameters were compared in samples of 2 groups, nondiabetic (n = 40) and diabetic (n = 30), with a mean duration of disease 7.5 ± 2.8 years.

Results

No significant difference was observed in aBMD between the groups. Bone volume fraction (BV/TV) was lower in the diabetic group due to fewer and thinner trabeculae. The apparent-level toughness and postyield energy were lower in those with diabetes. Tissue-level (nanoindentation) modulus and hardness were lower in this group. Compositional differences in the diabetic group included lower mineral:matrix, wider mineral crystals, and bone collagen modifications—higher total fluorescent advanced glycation end-products (fAGEs), higher nonenzymatic cross-link ratio (NE-xLR), and altered secondary structure (amide bands). There was a strong inverse correlation between NE-xLR and postyield strain, fAGEs and postyield energy, and fAGEs and toughness.

Conclusion

The current study is novel in examining bone tissue in T2D following first hip fragility fracture. Our findings provide evidence of hyperglycemia’s detrimental effects on trabecular bone quality at multiple scales leading to lower energy absorption and toughness indicative of increased propensity to bone fragility.
Non-Aufbau Spiro-Conjugated Quinoidal & Aromatic Charged Radicals
Authors: Medina Rivero Samara , Shang Rui , Hamada Hiroyoshi , Yan Qifan , Tsuji Hayato , Nakamura Eiichi , Casado Juan
Published: January 2021

We have studied electron acceptor and electron donor spiro-conjugated dimers based, respectively, on bis(benzoquinoidal tetracyano carbon-bridged para-phenylene-vinylene) and on bis(benzo-aromatic bis(aryl)amino carbon-bridged para-phenylene-vinylene)s. Of the latter, two molecules either with identical units of carbon-bridged para-phenylene-vinylene or featuring a carbon-bridged para-phenylene-vinylene and a fluorene unit are considered. The radical forms of their charged species have been studied to explore the existence of SOMO-HOMO energy level inversion. It turns out that the radical trianion of the quinoidal and the radical cation of asymmetric aromatic show non-Aufbau SOMO-HOMO energy property. Spiro-conjugation and accumulation of electron-electron repulsion in the trianion and para-phenylene-vinylene/fluorene segmentation or localization of the frontier orbitals in the cation both explain the “anomalous” electronic configurations. Quantum chemical calculations and UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy have been used.
Landing Asymmetry Is Associated with Psychological Factors after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: PEEBLES ALEXANDER T. , SAVLA JYOTI , OLLENDICK THOMAS H. , QUEEN ROBIN M.
Published: January 2021

Purposes

The goals of this work were to 1) determine the relationship between psychological readiness for return to sport and side-to-side symmetry during jump-landing in patients recovering from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and 2) determine whether psychological readiness for return to sport, graft type, meniscal pathology, sex, and time since surgery could predict landing symmetry in ACLR patients.

Methods

Thirty-eight patients recovering from primary unilateral ACLR (22 men/16 women; 19 patellar tendon autograft/19 hamstring autograft; age: 16.3 ± 1.9 yr; 25.7 ± 6.2 wk postoperative) completed the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) and 10 bilateral stop-jumps. Three-dimensional lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were collected at 240 and 1920 Hz, respectively. Peak knee extension moment limb symmetry index (LSI) was computed during the first landing of the stop-jump. The relationship between the ACL-RSI and peak knee extension moment LSI was determined using Pearson correlations. Multivariate regression was used to determine the ability of the ACL-RSI, graft type, meniscal pathology, sex, time since surgery, stop jump entry speed, and jump height to predict knee extension moment LSI.

Results

There was a significant relationship between the ACL-RSI and peak knee extension moment LSI (r = 0.325; P = 0.047). The backward regression model found that 36.9% of the variance in knee extension moment LSI could be explained by the ACL-RSI (P = 0.040), graft type (P = 0.006), and jump height (P = 0.027).

Conclusions

There is a significant moderate association between psychological readiness for return to sport and asymmetric landing kinetics in patients after ACLR. Future work should investigate whether improving movement confidence results in improved kinetic landing symmetry.
Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation by Simulated Sunlight or Oral D3 on Respiratory Infection during Military Training
Authors: HARRISON SOPHIE E. , OLIVER SAMUEL J. , KASHI DANIEL S. , CARSWELL ALEXANDER T. , EDWARDS JASON P. , WENTZ LAUREL M. , ROBERTS ROSS , TANG JONATHAN C. Y. , IZARD RACHEL M. , JACKSON SARAH , ALLAN DONALD , RHODES LESLEY E. , FRASER WILLIAM D. , GREEVES JULIE P. , WALSH NEIL P.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

This study aimed to determine the relationship between vitamin D status and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) of physically active men and women across seasons (study 1) and then to investigate the effects on URTI and mucosal immunity of achieving vitamin D sufficiency (25(OH)D ≥50 nmol·L−1) by a unique comparison of safe, simulated sunlight or oral D3 supplementation in winter (study 2).

Methods

In study 1, 1644 military recruits were observed across basic military training. In study 2, a randomized controlled trial, 250 men undertaking military training received placebo, simulated sunlight (1.3× standard erythemal dose, three times per week for 4 wk and then once per week for 8 wk), or oral vitamin D3 (1000 IU·d−1 for 4 wk and then 400 IU·d−1 for 8 wk). URTI was diagnosed by a physician (study 1) and by using the Jackson common cold questionnaire (study 2). Serum 25(OH)D, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and cathelicidin were assessed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

In study 1, only 21% of recruits were vitamin D sufficient during winter. Vitamin D–sufficient recruits were 40% less likely to suffer URTI than recruits with 25(OH)D <50 nmol·L−1 (OR = 0.6, 95% confidence interval = 0.4–0.9), an association that remained after accounting for sex and smoking. Each URTI caused, on average, three missed training days. In study 2, vitamin D supplementation strategies were similarly effective to achieve vitamin D sufficiency in almost all (≥95%). Compared with placebo, vitamin D supplementation reduced the severity of peak URTI symptoms by 15% and days with URTI by 36% (P < 0.05). These reductions were similar with both vitamin D strategies (P > 0.05). Supplementation did not affect salivary secretory immunoglobulin A or cathelicidin.

Conclusion

Vitamin D sufficiency reduced the URTI burden during military training.
Relationships between Lower Limb Muscle Characteristics and Force–Velocity Profiles Derived during Sprinting and Jumping
Authors: BELLINGER PHILLIP , BOURNE MATTHEW N. , DUHIG STEVEN , LIEVENS ELINE , KENNEDY BEN , MARTIN ANDREW , COOPER CHRISTOPHER , TREDREA MATTHEW , RICE HAL , DERAVE WIM , MINAHAN CLARE
Published: January 2021

Purpose

This study aimed to identify the relationships between lower limb muscle characteristics and mechanical variables derived from the vertical (jumping) and horizontal (sprinting) force–velocity–power (FVP) profiles.

Methods

Nineteen subelite male rugby league players performed a series of squat jumps and linear 30-m sprints to derive the vertical and horizontal FVP profiles, respectively. The theoretical maximal force (F
0), velocity (V
0), and power (P
max) were derived from both the vertical (i.e., vF
0, vV
0, and vP
max) and the horizontal (i.e., hF
0, hV
0, and hP
max) FVP profiles. Vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris long head, and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and lateralis muscle fascicle length, pennation angle, and thickness were measured using B-mode ultrasonography. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to calculate volumes of major lower limb muscles, whereas proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to quantify the carnosine content of the GM to estimate muscle fiber typology.

Results

Variation in vP
max was best explained by GM muscle fiber typology (i.e., greater estimated proportion of Type II fibers) and VL volume (adjusted r
2 = 0.440, P = 0.006), whereas adductor and vastus medialis volume and GM muscle fiber typology explained the most variation in hP
max (adjusted r
2 = 0.634, P = 0.032). Rectus femoris and VL volume explained variation in vF
0 (r
2 = 0.430, P = 0.008), whereas adductor and vastus medialis volume explained variation in hF
0 (r
2 = 0.432, P = 0.007). Variations in vV
0 and hV
0 were best explained by GM muscle fiber typology (adjusted r
2 = 0.580, P < 0.001) and GM muscle fiber typology and biceps femoris short head volume (adjusted r
2 = 0.590, P < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusion

Muscle fiber typology and muscle volume are strong determinants of maximal muscle power in jumping and sprinting by influencing the velocity- and force-oriented mechanical variables.
The Effects of Cannabidiol Oil on Noninvasive Measures of Muscle Damage in Men
Authors: COCHRANE-SNYMAN KRISTEN C. , CRUZ CANDELARIA , MORALES JACOBO , COLES MICHAEL
Published: January 2021

No previous study has investigated the applications of isolated cannabidiol (CBD) as a recovery aid in untrained human subjects after a bout of exercise-induced muscle damage.

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the effect of CBD oil on perceived muscle soreness, inflammation, and strength performance after eccentric exercise (ECC) of the elbow flexors.

Methods

Thirteen untrained men (mean ± SD age, 21.85 ± 2.73 yr) performed 6 sets of 10 maximal ECC isokinetic muscle actions of the elbow flexors as part of a double-blind crossover design. Noninvasive (perceived soreness, arm circumference, hanging joint angle (JA), and peak torque (PT)) measures were taken before and after ECC, and 24, 48, and 72 h after ECC. All subjects completed both the supplement (CBD: 150 mg POST, 24 h, 48 h) and placebo (PLC: POST, 24 h, 48 h) condition separated by 2 wk. Four separate two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (condition [CBD vs PLC] × time [PRE vs POST vs 24 h vs 48 h vs 72 h]) were used to analyze perceived soreness, arm circumference, JA, and PT. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA were used to decompose significant interactions and main effects.

Results

There was no condition–time interaction or main effect of condition (P > 0.05) for perceived soreness, arm circumference, JA, or PT. There were main effects for time for perceived soreness (P = 0.000, ηp
2 = 0.71) and JA (P = 0.006, ηp
2 = 0.35).

Conclusions

The current dose of 150 mg CBD oil at POST, 24 h, and 48 h had no effect on noninvasive markers of muscle damage in the upper extremity. At the current dose and schedule, CBD oil may not be beneficial for untrained men as a recovery aid after exercise-induced muscle damage.
The Athlete Food Choice Questionnaire (AFCQ): Validity and Reliability in a Sample of International High-Performance Athletes
Authors: THURECHT RACHAEL L. , PELLY FIONA E.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The Athlete Food Choice Questionnaire (AFCQ) is a novel tool for understanding factors influencing athlete food selection and providing context to nutrition knowledge and diet quality data. Reliability, face, and content validity have been previously established during development. The aim of this study is to evaluate the AFCQ’s factorial structure, reliability, and construct validity in an independent sample of international high-performance athletes.

Methods

The AFCQ contains 36 items within nine factors. Participants rate how frequently (1 never to 5 always) items influence their choices. Model consistency and construct validity was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis. Measures included model fit incidences and duplicate methods examining reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity.

Results

Athletes (n = 232) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, Gold Coast, Australia, completed the AFCQ. A modified 32-item model achieved discriminant validity for all factors and convergent validity for “emotional influence,” “food and health awareness,” “nutritional attributes of food,” “performance,” and “influence of others.” Reliability measures of all constructs except “usual eating practice” and “food values and beliefs” were above acceptable thresholds, although “usual eating practice” was considered tolerable and conditionally accepted.

Conclusion

The AFCQ was confirmed in its original nine-factor structure in an independent sample of high-performance athletes. This provides a detailed and transparent account of the construct validity of the AFCQ, adding to the foundation of evidence for this new instrument. The AFCQ captures the unique influences specific to athletes while being broad enough for application across diverse sporting and culturally mixed cohorts. This tool could assist sports science professionals in making more informed and effective decisions around strategies to support athletes, including the ability to triage for specific sports nutrition advice.
Pancreatic β-Cell Function Is Associated with Augmented Counterregulation to In-Exercise Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: MCCARTHY OLIVIA , PITT JASON , ECKSTEIN MAX L. , MOSER OTHMAR , BAIN STEPHEN C. , BRACKEN RICHARD M.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the influence of residual β-cell function on counterregulatory hormonal responses to hypoglycemia during acute physical exercise in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A secondary aim was to explore relationships between biomarkers of pancreatic β-cell function and indices of glycemia following acute exercise including the nocturnal period.

Methods

This study involved an exploratory, secondary analysis of data from individuals with T1D who partook in a four-peroid, randomized, cross-over trial involving a bout of evening exercise followed by an overnight stay in a clinical laboratory facility. Participants were split into two groups: (i) a stimulated C-peptide level of ≥30 pmol⋅L−1 (low-level secretors [LLS], n = 6) or (ii) <30 pmol⋅L−1 (microsecretors [MS], n = 10). Pancreatic hormones (C-peptide, proinsulin, and glucagon), catecholamines (epinephrine [EPI] and norepinephrine [NE]), and metabolic biomarkers (blood glucose, blood lactate, and β-hydroxybutyrate) were measured at rest, during exercise with and without a hypoglycemic (blood glucose ≤3.9 mmol⋅L−1) episode, and throughout a 13-h postexercise period. Interstitial glucose monitoring was used to assess indices of glycemic variability.

Results

During in-exercise hypoglycemia, LLS presented with greater sympathoadrenal (EPI and NE P ≤ 0.05) and ketone (P < 0.01) concentrations. Glucagon remained similar (P = 0.09). Over exercise, LLS experienced larger drops in C-peptide and proinsulin (both P < 0.01) as well as greater increases in EPI (P < 0.01) and β-hydroxybutyrate (P = 0.03). LLS spent less time in the interstitial-derived hypoglycemic range acutely postexercise and had lower glucose variability throughout the nocturnal period.

Conclusion

Higher residual β-cell function was associated with greater sympathoadrenal and ketonic responses to exercise-induced hypoglycemia as well as improved glycemia leading into and throughout the nocturnal hours. Even a minimal amount of residual β-cell function confers a beneficial effect on glycemic outcomes during and after exercise in people with T1D.
Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults
Authors: NEWSOM SEAN A. , STIERWALT HARRISON D. , EHRLICHER SARAH E. , ROBINSON MATTHEW M.
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. Specific complexes oxidize lipid and nonlipid substrates. It is unclear if aerobic exercise stimulates intrinsic oxidative metabolism of mitochondria or varies between substrates.

Methods

We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min−1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m−2. Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate–malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). Titration protocols distinguished between oxidative phosphorylation and leak respiration and included the measurement of reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2). Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β.

Results

Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). Prior exercise did not change P:O ratio. Electron leak to H2O2 increased 6% increased after exercise (P = 0.06) for lipid substrates but not for nonlipid. The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β was not different between rest and after exercise.

Conclusion

In sedentary adults, the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling induced modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates.
Anosmia and dysgeusia in SARS-CoV-2 infection: incidence and effects on COVID-19 severity and mortality, and the possible pathobiology mechanisms - a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mutiawati Endang , Fahriani Marhami , Mamada Sukamto S. , Fajar Jonny Karunia , Frediansyah Andri , Maliga Helnida Anggun , Ilmawan Muhammad , Emran Talha Bin , Ophinni Youdiil , Ichsan Ichsan , Musadir Nasrul , Rabaan Ali A. , Dhama Kuldeep , Syahrul Syahrul , Nainu Firzan , Harapan Harapan
Published: January 2021

Background: The present study aimed to determine the global prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to assess their association with severity and mortality of COVID-19. Moreover, this study aimed to discuss the possible pathobiological mechanisms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19.

Methods: Available articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and preprint databases (MedRxiv, BioRxiv, and Researchsquare) were searched on November 10th, 2020. Data on the characteristics of the study (anosmia, dysgeusia, and COVID-19) were extracted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to assess research quality. Moreover, the pooled prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia were calculated, and the association between anosmia and dysgeusia in presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was assessed using the Z test.

Results: Out of 32,142 COVID-19 patients from 107 studies, anosmia was reported in 12,038 patients with a prevalence of 38.2% (95% CI: 36.5%, 47.2%); whereas, dysgeusia was reported in 11,337 patients out of 30,901 COVID-19 patients from 101 studies, with prevalence of 36.6% (95% CI: 35.2%, 45.2%), worldwide. Furthermore, the prevalence of anosmia was 10.2-fold higher (OR: 10.21; 95% CI: 6.53, 15.96, p < 0.001) and that of dysgeusia was 8.6-fold higher (OR: 8.61; 95% CI: 5.26, 14.11, p < 0.001) in COVID-19 patients compared to those with other respiratory infections or COVID-19 like illness. To date, no study has assessed the association of anosmia and dysgeusia with severity and mortality of COVID-19.

Conclusion: Anosmia and dysgeusia are prevalent in COVID-19 patients compared to those with the other non-COVID-19 respiratory infections. Several possible mechanisms have been hypothesized; however, future studies are warranted to elucidate the definitive mechanisms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19.

Protocol registration: PROSPERO CRD42020223204.
Use of the hyperelastic model for plastic materials by example of the three-bar truss
Authors: Chekhov Vladimir V.
Published: January 2021

Particular features and traits of a model of large deformations applied for static analysis and design of metal structures with plasticity are considered. Foundations of the deformation theory of plasticity relevant for incompressible materials are formally generalized for the model of hyperelastic body described by equation of state in the Finger form. The behavior of the model is analyzed for the case of uniaxial tension. The collected results are used to explore a symmetrical three-bar truss made of two materials. Relations describing behavior of the truss under conditions of the geometric and physical nonlinearities are obtained. Specifics arising in the analysis and design of the truss using standard structural alloys are analyzed.
Continuous functions between sets with operations
Authors: Nakaoka Fumie , Oda Nobuyuki
Published: January 2021

A set with an operation is a generalization of a topological space. Two types of continuous functions are dened between sets with operations. They are characterized making use of two types of closures and interiors. Homeomorphisms between sets with operations are also characterized. Variants of subspaces, connected spaces and compact spaces are introduced in a set with an operation and some fundamental properties of them are proved.
System wielopartyjny we współczesnej Rosji: etapy powstawania i rozwoju
Authors: Szutow Andriej
Published: January 2021

Multiparty system in contemporary Russia: stages of formation and development

Multiparty system exists in Russia for a bit more than 20 years. Within different political science discussions, the questions of functioning of multiparty system, organization of the party structure, positioning of parties in the society and state, politico‑ideological identity of parties, creation of stable electoral base, cross‑party coalitions, formation of party elites as a factor of party systems’ sustainability, etc. were considered. Solving of these problems is impossible without learning of historical experience of multiparty system development in contemporary Russia. According to the analysis of party functioning, it is supposed to emphasize five stages of multiparty system development: „political pluralism” (end of 1980’s – beginning of 1990’s), „chaotic multiparty system” (beginning of 1990’s), attempt to form a multiparty system (1995-1999), and development of the „political party state” (2000-2010) and democratization of party construction (from 2011). Within these stages current questions of political system functioning were being solved, that allowed creating of large political parties with comparatively stable electoral base, significant organizational and financial resources. On the agenda of the last stage is a request for the empowerment of specific social groups, development of new party organizations and further perfection of Russian political system.
Potencjał konfliktowy federalizmu etnicznego w Rosji
Authors: Aczkasow Walerij
Published: January 2021

Conflict Potential of Russian Ethnic Federalism The uses of federative structure of the Russian state as a tool of regulation of interethnic conflicts and ways of stable democracy have been analyzed. The author accents the various models of the national – territorial method of self‑determination of ethnic communities. Particular attention is given to evaluation of negative consequences of reflection of ethnicity in the Russian structures.
Pamięć polityczna i polityka pamięci w teorii i praktyce symbolicznej dominacji elit postradzieckich
Authors: Zawierszynskij Konstantin
Published: January 2021

Political memory and politics of memory in theory and practice of symbolic domination post‑soviet elites

The article discusses methodological opportunities for conceptualization of political memory through correlation with symbolic structure of political communication. The author argues that the structure of political expectations of political memory carries out function of symbolic designing of political communication. The analysis of temporal structure of political expectations is especially important for understanding designing of „Politics of Memory” in post‑soviet spaces.
Kędy do nas?
Authors: Lipatow Aleksandr
Published: January 2021

Which way to us? In search of approaches to mutual understanding of Poles and Russians

The text stresses the necessity of scholarly research of Polish‑Russian relations. Mutual stereotypes of perception and prejudices ought to be thoroughly analyzed. Multidimensional approach towards history reveals dialectical relationship between the universal values of European culture and its local embodiments. The history of Polish‑Russian relations should be looked at without any narrowing ideological perspective. The Author emphasizes incompatibility of scholarly and ideological approaches to historical research. Cultural perspective is thought to be a reliable method, enabling discovery of differentiated mutual attitude of Poles and Russians, free of ideological simplifications. The cases of S. Polockii, A. Mickiewicz, K. Ryleev, A. Hercen, M. Glinka, S. Rimskii‑Korsakov, P. Chaikovskii and I. Brodskii are taken into account as epitomes of ability to mutual empathy and understanding.