bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Membrane-Depolarizing Channel Blockers Induce Selective Glioma Cell Death by Impairing Nutrient Transport and Unfolded Protein/Amino Acid Responses
Authors: Niklasson Mia , Maddalo Gianluca , Sramkova Zuzana , Mutlu Ercan , Wee Shimei , Sekyrova Petra , Schmidt Linnéa , Fritz Nicolas , Dehnisch Ivar , Kyriatzis Gregorios , Krafcikova Michaela , Carson Brittany B. , Feenstra Jennifer M. , Marinescu Voichita D. , Segerman Anna , Haraldsson Martin , Gustavsson Anna-Lena , Hammarström Lars G.J. , Jenmalm Jensen Annika , Uhrbom Lene , Altelaar A.F. Maarten , Linnarsson Sten , Uhlén Per , Trantirek Lukas , Vincent C. Theresa , Nelander Sven , Enger Per Øyvind , Andäng Michael
Published: January 2017

Glioma-initiating cells (GIC) are considered the underlying cause of recurrences of aggressive glioblastomas, replenishing the tumor population and undermining the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy. Here we report the discovery that inhibiting T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ and KCa channels can effectively induce selective cell death of GIC and increase host survival in an orthotopic mouse model of human glioma. At present, the precise cellular pathways affected by the drugs affecting these channels are unknown. However, using cell-based assays and integrated proteomics, phosphoproteomics, and transcriptomics analyses, we identified the downstream signaling events these drugs affect. Changes in plasma membrane depolarization and elevated intracellular Na+, which compromised Na+-dependent nutrient transport, were documented. Deficits in nutrient deficit acted in turn to trigger the unfolded protein response and the amino acid response, leading ultimately to nutrient starvation and GIC cell death. Our results suggest new therapeutic targets to attack aggressive gliomas. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1741–52. ©2017 AACR.
Type II Diabetes, Obesity, and Breast Cancer Risk: The Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Maskarinec Gertraud , Jacobs Simone , Park Song-Yi , Haiman Christopher A. , Setiawan Veronica W. , Wilkens Lynne R. , Le Marchand Loïc
Published: January 2017

Background: Obesity has been more consistently associated with breast cancer than type II diabetes. This analysis examined the combination of the two factors in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC).

Methods: Women ages 45–75 years entered the MEC in 1993–1996 by completing a questionnaire. Type II diabetes status was self-reported at baseline, two follow-up questionnaires, and confirmed by administrative data. Cancers were identified from tumor registries and deaths through vital records until 2010. Cox regression was applied to estimate HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for BMI and type II diabetes status alone and in combination.

Results: Among 103,721 (25,146 white, 20,255 African American, 7,681 Native Hawaiian, 28,012 Japanese American, 22,627 Latina) women with 14,558 type II diabetes cases, 6,692 women developed breast cancer during 14.8 ± 4.1 years of follow-up. Type II diabetes was significantly associated with breast cancer risk (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.07–1.23), but including body mass index (BMI) lowered the HR to 1.08 (95% CI, 1.00–1.16). Ethnic-specific BMI-adjusted models showed elevated risks for type II diabetes in Latinas only (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.11–1.52). In contrast, obesity predicted statistically significant 21%–46% higher risks, after type II diabetes adjustment, in all ethnic groups except Latinas (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.99–1.38).

Conclusions: As reported previously, inclusion of BMI weakened the association of type II diabetes with breast cancer. Type II diabetes status, but not BMI, was primarily associated with higher breast cancer risk in Latinas.

Impact: The role of obesity and type II diabetes in breast cancer etiology may differ by ethnicity suggesting metabolic differences related to obesity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(6); 854–61. ©2017 AACR.
Tumor BRCA1 Reversion Mutation Arising during Neoadjuvant Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Is Associated with Therapy Resistance
Authors: Afghahi Anosheh , Timms Kirsten M. , Vinayak Shaveta , Jensen Kristin C. , Kurian Allison W. , Carlson Robert W. , Chang Pei-Jen , Schackmann Elizabeth , Hartman Anne-Renee , Ford James M. , Telli Melinda L.
Published: January 2017

Purpose: In germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutation carriers, restoration of tumor BRCA1/2 function by a secondary mutation is recognized as a mechanism of resistance to platinum and PARP inhibitors, primarily in ovarian cancer. We evaluated this mechanism of resistance in newly diagnosed patients with BRCA1/2-mutant breast cancer with poor response to neoadjuvant platinum-based therapy.

Experimental Design: PrECOG 0105 was a phase II neoadjuvant study of gemcitabine, carboplatin, and iniparib in patients with stage I–IIIA triple-negative or BRCA1/2 mutation–associated breast cancer (n = 80). All patients underwent comprehensive BRCA1/2 genotyping. For mutation carriers with moderate or extensive residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy, BRCA1/2 status was resequenced in the residual surgical breast tumor tissue.

Results: Nineteen patients had a deleterious germline BRCA1/2 mutation, and four had moderate residual disease at surgery. BRCA1/2 sequencing of residual tissue was performed on three patients. These patients had BRCA1 1479delAG, 3374insGA, and W1712X mutations, respectively, with LOH at these loci in the pretreatment tumors. In the first case, a new BRCA1 mutation was detected in the residual disease. This resulted in a 14–amino acid deletion and restoration of the BRCA1 reading frame. A local relapse biopsy 4 months later revealed the identical reversion mutation, and the patient subsequently died from metastatic breast cancer.

Conclusions: We report a BRCA1 reversion mutation in a patient newly diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer that developed over 18 weeks of platinum-based neoadjuvant therapy. This was associated with poor therapy response, early relapse, and death. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); 3365–70. ©2017 AACR.
14-3-3σ Contributes to Radioresistance By Regulating DNA Repair and Cell Cycle via PARP1 and CHK2
Authors: Chen Yifan , Li Zhaomin , Dong Zizheng , Beebe Jenny , Yang Ke , Fu Liwu , Zhang Jian-Ting
Published: January 2017

14-3-3σ has been implicated in the development of chemo and radiation resistance and in poor prognosis of multiple human cancers. While it has been postulated that 14-3-3σ contributes to these resistances via inhibiting apoptosis and arresting cells in G2–M phase of the cell cycle, the molecular basis of this regulation is currently unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that 14-3-3σ causes resistance to DNA-damaging treatments by enhancing DNA repair in cells arrested in G2–M phase following DNA-damaging treatments. We showed that 14-3-3σ contributed to ionizing radiation (IR) resistance by arresting cancer cells in G2–M phase following IR and by increasing non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair of the IR-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSB). The increased NHEJ repair activity was due to 14-3-3σ–mediated upregulation of PARP1 expression that promoted the recruitment of DNA-PKcs to the DNA damage sites for repair of DSBs. On the other hand, the increased G2–M arrest following IR was due to 14-3-3σ–induced Chk2 expression.

Implications: These findings reveal an important molecular basis of 14-3-3σ function in cancer cell resistance to chemo/radiation therapy and in poor prognosis of human cancers. Mol Cancer Res; 15(4); 418–28. ©2017 AACR.
Bone Microenvironment Changes in Latexin Expression Promote Chemoresistance
Authors: Zhang Mi , Osisami Mary , Dai Jinlu , Keller Jill M. , Escara-Wilke June , Mizokami Atsushi , Keller Evan T.
Published: January 2017

Although docetaxel is the standard of care for advanced prostate cancer, most patients develop resistance to docetaxel. Therefore, elucidating the mechanism that underlies resistance to docetaxel is critical to enhance therapeutic intervention. Mining cDNA microarray from the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line and its docetaxel-resistant derivative (PC3-TxR) revealed decreased latexin (LXN) expression in the resistant cells. LXN expression was inversely correlated with taxane resistance in a panel of prostate cancer cell lines. LXN knockdown conferred docetaxel resistance to prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas LXN overexpression reduced docetaxel resistance in several prostate cancer cell lines. A mouse model of prostate cancer demonstrated that prostate cancer cells developed resistance to docetaxel in the bone microenvironment, but not the soft tissue microenvironment. This was associated with decreased LXN expression in prostate cancer cells in the bone microenvironment compared with the soft tissue microenvironment. It was identified that bone stromal cells decreased LXN expression through methylation and induced chemoresistance in prostate cancer in vitro. These findings reveal that a subset of prostate cancer develops docetaxel resistance through loss of LXN expression associated with methylation and that the bone microenvironment promotes this drug resistance phenotype.

Implications: This study suggests that the LXN pathway should be further explored as a viable target for preventing or reversing taxane resistance in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 15(4); 457–66. ©2017 AACR.
A viola caipira como instrumento musicalizador: (re/i)novação e/ou manutenção da carga cultural a ela atrelada?
Authors: Marinho Leandro Drumond
Published: January 2017

A presente comunicação é o resultado de uma experiência vivenciada por um professor/investigador junto a um projeto que ensina Música, por meio da viola caipira, a alunos de uma Escola Municipal da zona rural de São João del-Rei, em Minas Gerais. Trata-se de reflexões que surgiram a partir do entrelaçamento do que foi vivido e observado em campo com o que foi interpretado sobre alguns pensamentos de Hans-joachim Koellreutter. Em forma de questionamentos é que o movimento reflexivo flui quase que sem direção, uma vez que não almeja dar as respostas, mas sim, colocar lenha na fogueira que já está acesa e assim convidá-lo a pensar sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem em tela.
Um olhar sobre a tradição e o moderno nas Orquestras de Violeiros
Authors: Marques Luiz Antonio Barbosa Guerra
Published: January 2017

Em meio ao recente movimento cultural da viola caipira, destacam-se as Orquestras de Violeiros. Desde a criação pioneira da Orquestra de Violeiros de Osasco, em 1967, dezenas de agrupações musicais semelhantes surgiram e se espalharam pela região centrosul do Brasil. Trata-se de uma formação musical composta por vários violeiros, com repertório constituído majoritariamente pelo conhecido cancioneiro caipira. Participam das Orquestras instrumentistas de diferentes faixas etárias, escolaridade, sexo, formação musical, origens e contextos sociais, reunidos em torno da cultura e valores caipiras, com o objetivo de manutenção da tradição, aprendizado do instrumento e transmissão de técnicas de viola. As Orquestras têm sido guardiãs do repertório e da tradição da viola, contribuindo para a sobrevivência da música sertaneja raiz à margem da indústria fonográfica. Por outro lado, elas trazem consigo inovações na linguagem musical do repertório caipira, através de novos arranjos instrumentais orquestrados. Conclui-se que as Orquestras engendram uma forma muito particular de sociabilidade, onde se encontram a tradição e o moderno, o rural e o urbano. Constituem-se, ao mesmo tempo, em espaços de renovação do instrumento e preservação da memória e valores da cultura rural. Representam, enfim, uma síntese das transformações recentes da viola caipira. Tendo em vista a enorme quantidade de violeiros que hoje participam das Orquestras, torna-se essencial um mapeamento e investigação aprofundada sobre esse fenômeno. Este trabalho apresenta um panorama dessas agrupações musicais no Brasil e reflexões que sirvam de base para uma pesquisa que vise à compreensão dos aspectos sociais e musicológicos das Orquestras.
Thirty Years of Evidence on the Efficacy of Drug Treatments for Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Burnett Heather , Earley Amy , Voors Adriaan A. , Senni Michele , McMurray John J.V. , Deschaseaux Celine , Cope Shannon
Published: January 2017

Background—

Treatments that reduce mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), β-blockers (BB), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), and angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), have not been studied in a head-to-head fashion. This network meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy of these drugs and their combinations regarding all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Methods and Results—

A systematic literature review identified 57 randomized controlled trials published between 1987 and 2015, which were compared in terms of study and patient characteristics, baseline risk, outcome definitions, and the observed treatment effects. Despite differences identified in terms of study duration, New York Heart Association class, ejection fraction, and use of background digoxin, a network meta-analysis was considered feasible and all trials were analyzed simultaneously. The random-effects network meta-analysis suggested that the combination of ACEI+BB+MRA was associated with a 56% reduction in mortality versus placebo (hazard ratio 0.44, 95% credible interval 0.26–0.66); ARNI+BB+MRA was associated with the greatest reduction in all-cause mortality versus placebo (hazard ratio 0.37, 95% credible interval 0.19–0.65). A sensitivity analysis that did not account for background therapy suggested that ARNI monotherapy is more efficacious than ACEI or ARB monotherapy.

Conclusions—

The network meta-analysis showed that treatment with ACEI, ARB, BB, MRA, and ARNI and their combinations were better than the treatment with placebo in reducing all-cause mortality, with the exception of ARB monotherapy and ARB plus ACEI. The combination of ARNI+BB+MRA resulted in the greatest mortality reduction.
Use of Both Serum Cystatin C and Creatinine as Diagnostic Criteria for Contrast‐Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Its Clinical Implications
Authors: Zhang Wei‐feng , Zhang Tuo , Ding Ding , Sun Shi‐qun , Wang Xiao‐lei , Chu Shi‐chun , Shen Ling‐hong , He Ben
Published: January 2017

Background

Contrast‐induced acute kidney injury (
CI
‐
AKI
) was traditionally defined as an increase in serum creatinine (
sC
r) after contrast media exposure. Recently, serum cystatin C (
sCyC
) has been proposed as an alternative to detect acute changes in renal function. The clinical implications of combining
sCyC
and
sC
r to diagnose
CI
‐
AKI
remain unknown.

Methods and Results

One thousand seventy‐one consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography/intervention were prospectively enrolled.
SC
yC and
sC
r were assessed at baseline and 24 to 48 hours after contrast media exposure.
CI
‐
AKI
determined by
sC
r (
CI
‐
AKI
sCr
) was defined as an
sC
r increase greater than 0.3 mg/dL or 50% from baseline. Major adverse events at 12 months were assessed.
CI
‐
AKI
sCr
developed in 25 patients (2.3%). Twelve‐month follow‐up was available for 1063 patients; major adverse events occurred in 61 patients (5.7%). By receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, an
sCyC
increase of greater than 15% was the optimal cutoff for
CI
‐
AKI
sCr
detection, which occurred in 187 patients (17.4%). To evaluate the use of both
sCyC
and
sC
r as
CI
‐
AKI
diagnostic criteria, we stratified patients into 3 groups: no
CI
‐
AKI
,
CI
‐
AKI
detected by a single marker, and
CI
‐
AKI
detected by both markers. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that the predictability of major adverse events increased in a stepwise fashion in the 3 groups (no‐
CI
‐
AKI
group as the reference,
CI
‐
AKI
detected by a single marker: odds ratio=2.25, 95%
CI
: 1.24–4.10,
P
<0.01;
CI
‐
AKI
detected by both markers: odds ratio=10.00, 95%
CI
: 3.13–31.91,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

Combining
sCyC
and
sC
r to diagnose
CI
‐
AKI
would be beneficial for risk stratification and prognosis in patients after contrast media exposure.
Deterministic Chaos and the Sciences of Complexity: Psychoanalysis in the Midst of a General Scientific Revolution
Authors: Spruiell Vann
Published: January 2017

A combination of new concepts and the enormous powers of computation now available have created the beginnings of a major new scientific revolution. It does not have to do with psychoanalysis per se, but with some basic assumptions among the sciences generally. The result is already showing in new visions of nature variously called “deterministic chaos,” “nonlinear dynamics,” or “sciences of complexity.” For the first time it is possible to study complex systems in process, over time. This paper, especially attending to issues of separation and integration, focuses on two components of the new understandings, fractal geometry (part of the mathematics of topology) and deterministic chaos (the tendency of nonlinear systems to oscillate toward and away from absolute chaotic disorganization). In a diverse group of intellectual disciplines, it is now possible to describe systems in operation in detail, in terms of nonlinear differential equations. From these, computer models of multiple variables in interaction can be produced. In turn, this allows experimentation on the models by altering variables. At this time, psychoanalysis can only use deterministic chaos and fractals metaphorically, but in the future, especially if psychoanalysis is seen in terms of process or organismic theory, it is likely that such models can be produced.
Ambiguity and Scientific Authority
Authors: Panofsky Aaron , Bliss Catherine
Published: January 2017

The molecularization of race thesis suggests geneticists are gaining greater authority to define human populations and differences, and they are doing so by increasingly defining them in terms of U.S. racial categories. Using a mixed methodology of a content analysis of articles published in Nature Genetics (in 1993, 2001, and 2009) and interviews, we explore geneticists’ population labeling practices. Geneticists use eight classification systems that follow racial, geographic, and ethnic logics of definition. We find limited support for racialization of classification. Use of quasi-racial “continental” terms has grown over time, but more surprising is the persistent and indiscriminate blending of classification schemes at the field level, the article level, and within-population labels. This blending has led the practical definition of “population” to become more ambiguous rather than standardized over time. Classificatory ambiguity serves several functions: it helps geneticists negotiate collaborations among researchers with competing demands, resist bureaucratic oversight, and build accountability with study populations. Far from being dysfunctional, we show the ambiguity of population definition is linked to geneticists’ efforts to build scientific authority. Our findings revise the long-standing theoretical link between scientific authority and standardization and social order. We find that scientific ambiguity can function to produce scientific authority.
Highly sensitive faecal DNA testing of TWIST1 methylation in combination with faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin is a promising marker for detection of colorectal neoplasia
Authors: Suehiro Yutaka , Zhang Yibo , Hashimoto Shinichi , Takami Taro , Higaki Shingo , Shindo Yoshitaro , Suzuki Nobuaki , Hazama Shoichi , Oka Masaaki , Nagano Hiroaki , Sakaida Isao , Yamasaki Takahiro
Published: January 2017

Background

As TWIST1 methylation is specific to colorectal neoplasia, detection of TWIST1 methylation from faeces samples might be useful for colorectal neoplasia screening. However, because the content of human DNA in faeces is very small, it is very difficult to detect TWIST1 methylation by conventional bisulphite-based methylation assays. Therefore, we developed a new methylation assay without bisulphite treatment, the combined restriction digital PCR assay, and evaluated its sensitivity and specificity in combination with and without the faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin for colorectal neoplasia detection from faeces samples.

Methods

For the combined restriction digital PCR assay, DNA was treated with three methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes and an exonuclease, followed by measurement of TWIST1 methylation level by droplet digital PCR. Faecal DNA testing and faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin were performed on 109 patients with colorectal neoplasia and 10 control individuals.

Results

Basic performance testing showed that the combined restriction digital PCR assay enabled detection of 0.14% of the TWIST1 methylation level for the lymphocyte DNA. The combined restriction digital PCR assay from faeces samples had a sensitivity of 22.2% (95% confidence interval, 2.8–60.0%) for non-advanced adenoma, 47.1% (95% confidence interval, 23.0–72.2%) for advanced adenoma, and 33.7% (95% confidence interval, 23.7–45.0%) for colorectal cancer, and a specificity of 100.0%. Combination of faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin and faecal combined restriction digital PCR assay increased sensitivity to 82.4% (95% confidence interval, 56.6–96.2%) for the detection of advanced adenoma.

Conclusions

We developed the combined restriction digital PCR assay, a possible highly sensitive methylation assay. Combination of faecal combined restriction digital PCR assay with faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin may provide an alternative screening strategy for colorectal neoplasia, especially for potentially precancerous lesions.
Mining, Agriculture, and Manufacturing
Authors: Mahler Vincent A.
Published: January 2017

In recent years a great deal of attention has been directed to the application of multivariate statistical methods to the assessment of dependency approaches to North-South relations. This article attempts to contribute to the debate with an effort at specificity. It concentrates closely upon a single mode of North-South interaction, private direct foreign investment, and explores the consequences of investment holdings differentiated into three economic sectors—mining, agriculture and manufacturing—on income distribution and social policy in 68 Third World countries. It is found that hypotheses relating extensive foreign investment holdings to inequitable income distribution and social marginality are consistently borne out (although the effects vary somewhat by economic sector) but that hypotheses relating foreign investment to inequitable taxation and social welfare policies are not.
Political Interest in West European Women
Authors: Inglehart Margaret L.
Published: January 2017

“Political Interest in West European Women” is an analysis of the responses of women in eight European Community countries to yearly surveys taken from 1973 through 1978 to a basic question, “Are you interested in politics?” Responses were examined by sex and by nationality, and were also compared to earlier survey data from the 1950s. The pattern of political interest proved to be extremely interesting, as a correlation was found between present-day political interest of West European women and the historical background of the country in which they live. The most promising explanation for current interest seems to be whether or not the women were raised in a traditionally Protestant or traditionally Catholic country, a factor very much linked to attitudes toward women held by those countries. Although there are exceptions and complications, and also changes currently taking place, particularly in countries such as France, this hypothesis seems to be supported by the data, and well worth pursuing in future research.
Civic Attitudes, Political Participation, and System Stability in Japan
Authors: White James W.
Published: January 2017

The argument has been made that Japan's democratic polity is unstable, and that the reason for this instability is that political cynicism is peculiarly frequent in Japan, and that political cynicism (particularly when in combination with high political efficacy) conduces toward unconventional or radical individual political behavior, and that such behavior in turn is destabilizing to the polity. The conclusions of this article are that (a) the Japanese are no more politically cynical than citizens in other, unarguably stable, democracies; (b) the Japanese are no more prone to approve of or participate in unconventional protest demonstrations, or to approve the use of violence in settling political disputes, than citizens in other, unarguably stable, democracies; (c) although cynicism plus efficacy lead toward protest behavior, they lead even more strongly toward conventional forms of participation and away from violence; (d) protest behavior as it commonly occurs in Japan does not constitute a destabilizing force in politics, and the violence-prone are so few in number and divided that they pose little threat either; and (e) political trust is of little relevance in explaining conventional or unconventional participation, acceptability of violence, or systemic stability—efficacy is the variable of major importance in the attitude-behavior equation.
Short-Term Effects of Imprisonment Length on Recidivism in the Netherlands
Authors: Wermink Hilde , Nieuwbeerta Paul , Ramakers Anke A. T. , de Keijser Jan W. , Dirkzwager Anja J. E.
Published: January 2017

This article assesses the relationship between imprisonment length and recidivism. The data come from a unique longitudinal and nationwide study of Dutch prisoners, serving an average of 4.1 months of confinement ( N = 1,467). A propensity score methodology is used to examine the dose–response relationship for three types of registered recidivism (i.e., reoffending, reconviction, and reincarceration) within a 6-month follow-up period. Findings indicate that length of imprisonment exerts an overall null effect on future rates of recidivism and that this conclusion holds across the various types of recidivism. These findings contribute to continuing scholarly debates over the social and economic costs of imprisonment.
The Effect of Penal Legitimacy on Prisoners’ Postrelease Desistance
Authors: McCarthy Daniel , Brunton-Smith Ian
Published: January 2017

Studies of procedural justice and legitimacy have shown that where legal actors use formal rules in ways that are perceived to be fair and consistent by those policed, greater compliance with the law can be achieved. A number of studies have assessed how legitimacy and compliance are related using general population samples, but few have tested these links among offending groups. Drawing on data from a longitudinal survey of prisoners across England and Wales, we find that prisoners who perceive their experience of prison as legitimate are more likely to believe that they will desist from crime. However, despite the existence of desistance beliefs, these do not translate into similar effects of legitimacy on proven reconviction rates a year post release.
The impact of a TV report in schizophrenia stigma reduction: A quasi-experimental study
Authors: Bosoni Nathaly de Oliveira , Busatto Filho Geraldo , de Barros Daniel Martins
Published: January 2017

Background:

Stigma is a major problem in schizophrenia, and the most effective way to reduce it is to provide information. But literature lacks studies evaluating long-term efficacy of mass communication.

Aims:

This is a pilot study to assess if a brief intervention (TV report) may have long-term effects.

Method:

Assessing stigma scores from subjects before and after seeing a vignette.

Results:

We found that the social distance and restriction to patients not only fell after a brief intervention but also kept lower after 1 and 3 months.

Conclusion:

We conclude that even brief intervention may create persistent impact in reducing discrimination.
The emerging ‘science of social work’ in the United States and German-speaking countries: A comparison
Authors: Jindra Ines W
Published: January 2017

The aim of this article is to begin a comparison between an emerging ‘science of social work’ in the United States and German-speaking countries (Switzerland, Germany, and Austria), with the intention of moving the discussion forward. It is found that the ‘science of social work’ is more developed in German-speaking Europe than in the United States, but that similar conclusions have been developed in both contexts. However, scholars of the two continents only rarely refer to one another’s work, and the lack of communication between the two groups is hurting the discipline as a whole.
GWAS Identifies New Loci for Painful Temporomandibular Disorder: Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos
Authors: Sanders A.E. , Jain D. , Sofer T. , Kerr K.F. , Laurie C.C. , Shaffer J.R. , Marazita M.L. , Kaste L.M. , Slade G.D. , Fillingim R.B. , Ohrbach R. , Maixner W. , Kocher T. , Bernhardt O. , Teumer A. , Schwahn C. , Sipilä K. , Lähdesmäki R. , Männikkö M. , Pesonen P. , Järvelin M. , Rizzatti-Barbosa C.M. , Meloto C.B. , Ribeiro-Dasilva M. , Diatchenko L. , Serrano P. , Smith S.B.
Published: January 2017

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a musculoskeletal condition characterized by pain and reduced function in the temporomandibular joint and/or associated masticatory musculature. Prevalence in the United States is 5% and twice as high among women as men. We conducted a discovery genome-wide association study (GWAS) of TMD in 10,153 participants (769 cases, 9,384 controls) of the US Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). The most promising single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested in meta-analysis of 4 independent cohorts. One replication cohort was from the United States, and the others were from Germany, Finland, and Brazil, totaling 1,911 TMD cases and 6,903 controls. A locus near the sarcoglycan alpha ( SGCA), rs4794106, was suggestive in the discovery analysis ( P = 2.6 × 106) and replicated (i.e., 1-tailed P = 0.016) in the Brazilian cohort. In the discovery cohort, sex-stratified analysis identified 2 additional genome-wide significant loci in females. One lying upstream of the relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 ( RXP2) (chromosome 13, rs60249166, odds ratio [OR] = 0.65, P = 3.6 × 10−8) was replicated among females in the meta-analysis (1-tailed P = 0.052). The other (chromosome 17, rs1531554, OR = 0.68, P = 2.9 × 10−8) was replicated among females (1-tailed P = 0.002), as well as replicated in meta-analysis of both sexes (1-tailed P = 0.021). A novel locus at genome-wide level of significance (rs73460075, OR = 0.56, P = 3.8 × 10−8) in the intron of the dystrophin gene DMD (X chromosome), and a suggestive locus on chromosome 7 (rs73271865, P = 2.9 × 10−7) upstream of the Sp4 Transcription Factor ( SP4) gene were identified in the discovery cohort, but neither of these was replicated. The SGCA gene encodes SGCA, which is involved in the cellular structure of muscle fibers and, along with DMD, forms part of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. Functional annotation suggested that several of these variants reside in loci that regulate processes relevant to TMD pathobiologic processes.
Compartment Syndrome — Current Trends in Scottish Practice
Authors: Vassalos A , Rana B , Patterson P R N , Grigoris P
Published: January 2017

The results are reported of a postal survey into current trends in the management of compartment syndrome and the use of compartment pressure monitoring (CPM) within Scottish trauma units. The majority of consultants in the study felt that all patients, especially the obtunded, with suspected compartment syndrome should he diagnosed using a combination of clinical review and CPM. 73 % had CPM devices available representing an increase of 27% compared with previously published UK data. 43 % improvised a device using a standard CVP/Arterial-line, transducer and monitor. Marked variation in threshold pressure was noted with the majority recommending perfusion pressure (PP) of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) — intracompartmental pressure (ICP) < 30mmHg for intervention. We have found no published evidence to suggest that CPM in itself is harmful. Although a marked variation in intervention threshold exists in the literature, we would support a perfusion pressure of < 30mmHg as being a safe, familiar and conservative intervention threshold, particularly when used in conjunction with clinical assessment.
Endolymphatic Infusion of I131 in the Treatment of Malignant Melanoma: Early Experiences
Authors: Gibson T. , Flatman G. E. , Orr J. S.
Published: January 2017

The endolymphatic administration of radioactive material seems particularly applicable in malignant melanomata in which spread to regional lymph nodes occurs early and consistently. The treatment is prophylactic and is aimed at destroying small metastases at an early stage. The material used is I131 in ultra-fluid Lipiodol and a dose of about 45 mC is administered in 4 to 5 ml. The infusion infiltrates not only the inguinal nodes but also the iliac and para-aortic groups. Seventeen patients have been treated in this way but the follow-up time is still too short to assess the final clinical results. Complications have been less than expected and include transient lymphoedema, a variable uptake of I131 in the lungs and skin necrosis from leakage of the isotope in two instances.
The Isolation of Pasteurella Septica following Dog and Cat Bites: A Report of 5 Cases
Authors: Maccabe A. F. , Conn Nancy
Published: January 2017

Five cases of infection by Past. septica following dog and cat bites have been described. The organism was isolated in pure culture in 4 cases. Attention is drawn to the potential danger and care necessary in handling injured animals.
Drug-Induced Lupus Syndrome
Authors: Hothersall T. E. , Mowat A. G. , Duthie J. J. R. , Alexander W. R. M.
Published: January 2017

A case is reported of a patient with definite rheumatoid arthritis who developed the lupus syndrome while taking isoniazid and recovered spontaneously with only supportive therapy when the drug was withdrawn.
Carcinogenesis
Authors: Paul John
Published: January 2017

During the past decade the carcinogens responsible for many individual kinds of cancer have been identified, but these discoveries have not greatly altered our general concepts of factors which predispose to, or initiate cancer. The most substantial advances have been in our understanding of the phenomena associated with cancer. These have led to more sophisticated speculations about mechanisms; we may now be within sight of understanding the nature of the disease.
Kanamycin in the Treatment of Gonorrhoea in the Female
Authors: McGill M. I. , Moffett M. , Masterton G. , Schofield C. B. S.
Published: January 2017

When penicillin cannot be used in the treatment of gonorrhoea the lack of another form of therapy which is efficient, rapid and by injection is a serious problem. This paper attempts to assess the claims of kanamycin sulphate to fill this role.

One hundred consecutive female patients suffering from gonorrhoea were treated with a single intramuscular injection of 2 g. kanamycin without any toxic effect. Normal statistical analysis was not possible because of the problem of the defaulting patient, but the results obtained compare favourably with those achieved by the more familiar penicillin regimes. Accordingly, we believe that kanamycin is a useful addition to the drugs already available for the treatment of gonorrhoea, especially as an alternative injection treatment when penicillin is contra-indicated or has already failed, and furthermore, it does not mask incubating syphilis.
Cardiac Arrest Trolley
Authors: Stewart W. K. , Mackenzie L. A. , Walker W. F. , MacLeod T. M.
Published: January 2017

A cardiac arrest trolley has been designed specifically for one hospital and through use over 5 years has been progressively modified and improved. There is little doubt that such trolleys, by the provision of equipment in a compact easily accessible way, have saved lives. The total cost of a trolley and equipment is about £900, the major portion of this being for commercial electrical and electronic equipment.
Antenatal Diagnosis
Authors: Emery A. E. H. , Nelson M. M. , Gordon G. , Burt D.
Published: January 2017

The diagnosis of genetic disease in utero in early pregnancy is a new and exciting development with important applications in the management of families with a high risk of producing a child with an hereditary disorder. Techniques currently under investigation are briefly reviewed and include sex chromatin, cytogenetic and biochemical studies on amniotic fluid cells and the biochemical composition of amniotic fluid. The study of amniotic fluid and its contained cells would seem to offer a promising and important approach to the prevention of genetic disease.
Giant Hogweed Dermatitis
Authors: Drever J. C. , Hunter J. A. A.
Published: January 2017

Phyto-photo-dermatitis due to contact with the giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) is described in 13 patients. The plant, which is illustrated, is spreading rapidly in the United Kingdom, and few people have been aware of its effect on the skin. The problem was brought to the notice of the public and medical profession by carefully organised publicity, as it was felt that education provided the most effective means of prevention of the dermatitis. The only recommended form of herbicidal control is the use of 2,4-D acid in oil emulsion, or a commercial TBA+MCPA mixture.
Head Injury Admissions to a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Galbraith S. , Murray W. R. , Patel A. R.
Published: January 2017

A prospective study of head injury admissions to a city teaching hospital over one year has shown that most were minor. Of the 918 patients, 85 per cent were discharged within 48 hours, only 3 per cent required definitive neurosurgical care, and the overall mortality was 2 per cent. Most cases came to hospital after 5.00 p.m. especially at the weekend. Head injuries accounted for almost one-third of emergency admissions to male general surgical wards.
Drug Information Centres: New Role for Pharmacists?
Authors: McCabe J. C. , Henry D. A. , Lawson D. H.
Published: January 2017

In the last few decades there has been a great increase in the number of new drugs available for general use. In consequence, drug information centres have been developed, particularly in U.S.A., to disseminate information on the uses, toxicity and cost of these drugs. Such centres have been slower to appear in the United Kingdom, with the exception of certain specialised centres, e.g. Poisons Information Bureaux.

The present report describes the development of a drug information centre in Glasgow and gives preliminary data on its use during the last year. It is proposed that such centres provide a valuable aid in encouraging rational drug use particularly in hospitals. The centres may be run by a variety of interested personnel but in our view the professional group most likely to fill this role adequately is hospital pharmacists.
The Differential Diagnosis of Polycythaemia — A Bone Marrow Study (The Bone Marrow in Polycythaemia)
Authors: Sharp R.A. , Ho-Yen D.O. , MacWalter R.S.
Published: January 2017

Bone marrow sections from posterior iliac crest aspiration and/or trephine specimens have been examined in 39 patients with true polycythaemia, along with a variety of other clinical and laboratory data. The emphasis has been on objective assessment of cellularity and megakaryocyte concentration in a prospective four year study. In patients with untreated primary polycythaemia mean cellularity was 87.0% and 86.4% for aspirate and trephine specimens compared with 55.5% and 48.7% for secondary cases and 48.3% and 45.5% for controls. Eighty per cent of primary polycythaemia patients had moderate to marked megakaryocytic hyperplasia. We conclude that, in the presence of an elevated red cell volume, marrow cellularity of >75%, particularly when accompanied by megakaryocytic hyperplasia, of iliac crest aspirate or trephine specimens is sufficient per se to establish a diagnosis of polycythaemia rubra vera.
Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Thyroid in a Patient Receiving Radio-Iodine Therapy for Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis
Authors: Bridges A.B. , Davies R.R. , Newton R.W. , McNeill G.P.
Published: January 2017

We describe a case of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis following heart valve replacement in a patient with a multinodular goitre. He responded to medical therapy with carbimazole and potassium perchlorate. Subsequent therapy with radio-iodine was followed 30 weeks later by the development of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. It is possible that amiodarone caused a low uptake of radio-iodine by the thyroid. It is not known whether this possible low dose exposure to ionising radiation played a part in the development of the anaplastic carcinoma.
Home Assessments in Geriatrics Revisited: An Audit of a Routine Home Visiting Service
Authors: Gray C.S. , Drewitt D.J.N. , Lewis S.J.
Published: January 2017

Routine home visiting is a luxury not afforded to other medical specialities. The practice of routine home assessment visiting in geriatric medicine was evaluated in a prospective study of 110 consecutive referrals to determine whether; the response to general practitioners referrals could be predicted from the information given at the time of referral and; to identify where home visiting identified additional information of value in directing services more appropriately.

Requests for admission were accurately predicted in 86–96% of cases by the visiting and a control doctor respectively. Additional information of value in directing services and patient management was gained from the home visit in 30% of admissions, 58% of day hospital cases and 80% of out-patients.

It is possible to predict the outcome of home visits although implementation of such predictions without direct communication with general practitioners would result in a small number of unnecessary admissions and referrals to day hospital services.
Sorption of Caustic Solution by Formaldehyde-Crosslinked Cottons
Authors: Honold Edith , Rowland Stanley P. , Grant James N.
Published: January 2017

Differences in the ability of formaldehyde-crosslinked cotton fibers to swell are demonstrated in terms of alkali centrifuge values (ACV), i.e., the sorption of caustic solution of mercerizing strength. The wide range in ACV (310–50) emphasizes the extremes in sorptivity that can be achieved by differences in formaldehyde content and in method of introducing the cross links. In general, the ACV decreases with increasing formaldehyde content. However, ACV higher than that of the noncross-linked control cotton are reached for those samples in which a low percentage of formaldehyde was introduced into water-swollen fibers.

Various hypotheses, based on ACV and related data, are presented pertaining to the alterations in fiber structure during the cross-linking processes and during the alkali swelling centrifuge test
Cumulative Tin-Weighting of Silk with Stannic Chloride
Authors: Sakaguchi Ikuzo
Published: January 2017

In tin-weighting of silk, the weight of the silk increases directly with the number of times the process is repeated (cumulative tin-weighting). When the tin-weighting processs repeated n times, the total volume x of stannic-acid gels deposited in a minute hole of a porous, nonswelling grain can be expressed by x = v( l-yn), where v is the volume of the original pore and y is the remaining volume of the pore after the first tin-weighting process. If v = 1, then y < 1 always. The results can be applied to the cumulative tin-weighting of silk
Properties of Partially Methylated Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Wilson Katherine W. , Gamarra José , Moran Clifford , Swidler Ronald
Published: January 2017

Cotton fabrics were partially methylated by several methods and cross-linked with a commercial finishing agent. Methylation with diazomethane to a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.25 or higher enhanced fabric tensile strength, tear strength, and resistance to flex abrasion, compared with nonmethylated fabrics with comparable crease recovery angles. X-Ray diffraction studies showed that almost no decrystallization of cotton accompanied methylation with diazomethane, but that appreciable decrystallization accompanied methylation with other agents or alkylation with larger alkyl groups. The improved fabric properties resulting from treatment with diazomethane apparently require the preservation of crystallinity in the cotton as well as the deposition of polymethylene deep within the fibers. Methylation with dimethyl sulfate or methyl chloride did not enhance fabric properties, nor did substitution with ethyl, allyl, isopropyl, or benzyl groups
On Jean-Luc Godard, Jean Genet and representing the Palestinians
Authors: Krieger Antoine
Published: January 2017

In July 2014, the people who took part to the banned demonstration in Paris against the intervention of the Israeli Defence Forces in Gaza were expressing their support of a besieged people. However, this very support was also an excuse to demonstrate their religious and ethnic allegiances as well as their political opinions. The use of the Palestinian struggle for recognition as a tool in domestic political debates is not a recent trend in French political culture: it can be traced back to 1968 when the Palestinian cause was discovered in the aftermath of the Six-Day War. A pioneer of the Palestinian cause, Jean-Luc Godard, was recently accused of anti-Semitism when he was considered for a lifetime achievement award at the Oscars in 2010. The same year, in Marseille, a conference celebrating the hundredth anniversary of Jean Genet’s birth was almost cancelled because it could supposedly have caused problems of public safety. Long after their works on this topic came out, both authors’ positions regarding the Israeli–Palestinian conflict are still considered extremely controversial. This article explores the speeches of both men regarding movements of Palestinian resistance after they visited refugee camps in Jordan and Lebanon in the 1970s and the 1980s. It argues that, as fiery anti-Zionists, Jean Genet and Jean-Luc Godard unconsciously create a mythology of Palestinian struggle for recognition and independence in order to protest against its representation in the mass media of capitalistic societies.
Tourist Innovation in Air Travel
Authors: Wang Wei , Cole Shu T. , Chen Joseph S.
Published: January 2017

This essay explores the recent phenomenon associated with tourists’ adaptability to new services driven by technologies and proposes the concept of tourist innovation as the theoretical underpinnings describing tourists’ adaptability to novel services. To glean the underlying concept of tourist innovation, a series of in-depth personal interviews are deployed. An online survey containing 40 indicators representing the innovation dimensions is distributed that gathers 524 useable responses from air travelers. In the data analysis, a parsimonious model derived from a confirmatory factor analysis validates a four-dimensional solution: (1) novelty seeking, (2) vigilance, (3) hedonic experience seeking, and (4) social distinctiveness. This scale is explained by 10-item tourist innovation measurement, wherein the validity of the resultant scale is achieved.
The Profile of Stroke in Nigeria's Federal Capital Territory
Authors: Imam I , Olorunfemi G
Published: January 2017

The pattern of stroke has been well characterized in many settings in Nigeria. The profile of stroke, has, however, not been previously reported from Nigeria's new federal capital. The aim of this study was to characterize the pattern of stroke in a specialist centre in Nigeria's federal capital territory over a 5-year period.