bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical modelling of instability and supercritical oscillatory states in a Czochralski model system of oxide melts
Authors: Crnogorac N. , Wilke H. , Cliffe K. A. , Gelfgat A. Yu. , Kit E.
Published: May 2008

The motivation for this study is the need for accurate numerical models of melt flow instabilities during Czochralski growth of oxides. Such instabilities can lead to undesirable spiralling shapes of the bulk crystals produced by the growing process. The oxide melts are characterized by Prandtl numbers in the range 5<Pr <20, which makes the oxide melt flow qualitatively different from the intensively studied flows of semiconductors characterized by smaller Prandtl numbers Pr <0.1. At the same time, these flows can be modelled experimentally by many transparent test fluids (e.g. water, silicon oils, salt melts), which have similar Prandtl numbers, but allow one to avoid the extremely high melting‐point temperatures of the oxide materials. Most previous studies of melt instabilities for Prandtl numbers larger than unity suffer from a lack of accuracy that is caused by the use of coarse grids. Recent convergence studies made for a series of simplified problems and for a hydrodynamic model of Czochralski growth showed that for a second order finite volume method reliable stability results can be obtained on grids having at least 100 nodes in the shortest spatial direction. The obvious numerical difficulties call for an extensive benchmark exercise, which is proposed here on the basis of recently published experimental and numerical data, as well as some preliminary results of this study. The calculations presented are performed by two independent numerical approaches, which are based on second‐order finite volume and finite element discretizations. We start our comparison from the steady states, whose parametric dependencies sometimes exhibit turning points and multiplicity. We then compare the critical temperature differences corresponding to the onset of instability, and finally compare calculated supercritical oscillatory states and phase plots. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Psychosocial Aspects of Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy: Donor Impressions
Authors: Slakey Douglas P. , Altman Andrew M. , Bhutto Junaid , Paramesh Anil S. , Killackey Mary T. , Alper A. Brent , Zhang Rubin , Florman Sander S.
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic donation has become the most common technique for living donor kidney transplantation. Despite claims of greater patient acceptance, Significant increases in living donation, relative to the waiting list, have not been realized. Defining laparoscopic donors′ long‐term psychosocial impressions may allow for strategies to increase rates of living donation.

METHODS

The study method was a retrospective telephone survey inquiring into pre‐donation perceptions, hospital experiences, and post‐donation psychosocial issues.

RESULTS

Eighty‐one patients who had undergone laparoscopic donation with at least a 1‐year follow‐up were interviewed. Twenty‐one percent first heard about this procedure from sources other than healthcare workers or their recipients. Overall, 99% believed they were adequately informed, and 35% reported pre‐operative testing was difficult. Seventy‐four percent of patients reported a positive impression of the hospital stay, although 52% reported more post‐operative pain then expected. Sixty‐one percent of patients returned to work within a month. Nine percent reported financial burden, and 6% reported difficulties with insurance. Eighty‐four percent believed the recipient had a good outcome. Ninety‐four percent would donate again if possible.

CONCLUSION

This study confi rms that long‐term donor perceptions of laparoscopic nephrectomy remain favorable. Most donors are knowledgeable about this procedure, but perceptions may be erratic because of varied sources. Early contact with the transplant team is essential in providing an educational and streamlined experience to the laparoscopic donor in renal transplant.
B‐Natriuretic Peptide for the Prevention of Radiocontrast‐Induced Nephropathy
Authors: Kamalakannan Desikan , Lattupalli Rakesh , Mesiha Nancy , Ganoff Michelle , Steigerwalt Susan , Provenzano Robert , Khairullah Quresh , Rosman Howard
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND:

The hypothesis of the study was that infusion of B‐natriuretic peptide (BNP), by increasing renal vasodilatation and glomerular filtration, would reduce the incidence of radiocontrast nephropathy (RCIN) after cardiac catheterization in patients with preexisting renal insufficiency.

METHODS:

The study was a single‐center, prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot study of 50 patients. Patients with a baseline serum creatinine (SCr) > 1.5 mg/dL not on dialysis undergoing elective cardiac catheterization with visipaque (nonionic, iso‐osmolal contrast) were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to receive intravenous BNP or placebo infusion. RCIN was defined as SCr increase ≥ 0.5 mg/dL at 48 hours post‐contrast administration.

RESULTS:

There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. The incidence of RCIN was 3.8% (1 of 26) in the BNP group versus 12.5% (3 of 24) in the placebo group (p = 0.340). None of the patients who developed RCIN required renal replacement therapy, and all their SCr values returned to baseline on posthospital follow‐up. On logistic regression only the baseline SCr was an independent predictor of RCIN.

CONCLUSIONS:

BNP infusion shows a nonsignificant trend of reduction in the incidence of RCIN in patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing elective cardiac catheterization. Further large‐scale trials are needed to determine the usefulness of BNP infusion to prevent RCIN.
Switchable Fluorescent and Solvatochromic Molecular Probes Based on 4‐Amino‐N‐methylphthalimide and a Photochromic Diarylethene (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 15/2008)
Authors: Yan Sergey F. , Belov Vladimir N. , Bossi Mariano L. , Hell Stefan W.
Published: May 2008

The cover picture is misleading! the light‐induced changes of a newly designed photochromic, fluorescent, and solvatochromic compound. The open isomer (top) is colorless and fluorescent. Its emission changes from blue to yellow‐green with increasing polarity of the solvent (in the picture: cyclohexane, tetrachloromethane, benzene, toluene, xylene, and dioxane, from left to right). The closed isomer (bottom) is blue and nonemissive (for clarity, the picture was taken with some amount of the open isomer remaining). UV and visible (green) light interconverts both isomers. As a result, the dye provides multiple readout signals: color changes, on/off switching of the fluorescence signal, and the color of the emission that can be used to sense changes in the polarity of the microenvironment. Detailed synthesis and properties are reported in the article by M. L. Bossi et al. on p. 2531 f. Irene B?ttcher‐Gajewski (MPI for Biophysical Chemistry) is acknowledged for the photographical content of the cover picture.
Two new species and one new subspecies of AspidistraKer‐Gawl. (Ruscaceae) from Vietnam
Authors: Tillich H.‐J. , Averyanov L. V.
Published: May 2008

Two species and one subspecies of Aspidistra Ker‐Gawl. (Ruscaceae) from Vietnam new to science are described: A. brachystyla L.V.Averyanov & H.‐J.Tillich, A. nikolai L.V.Averyanov & H.‐J. Tillich, and A. fungilliformis Y.Wan subsp. formosa H.‐J.Tillich. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A survey of the orophilous shrubby vegetation of the Teide (Tenerife, Canary Islands)
Authors: Brullo C. , Brullo S. , De Marco G. , Giusso del Galdo G. , Guarino R.
Published: May 2008

A survey about the orophilous shrubby vegetation of the Teide volcano (Tenerife) is provided, based on literature and unpublished data. The investigated communities are dominated by broom‐shaped nanophanerophytes, chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes, well adapted to the climatic continentality characterizing their growing‐sites, due to the localization above the cloud layer. From the syntaxonomical point of view, in this paper is proposed to refer this vegetation to the class Cytiso‐Pinetea canariensis Rivas Goday & Esteve ex Sunding 1972, to the order Spartocytisetalia supranubii Schönfelder & Voggenreiter 1994 and to three alliances: Spartocytision supranubii Oberd. ex Esteve 1973, grouping the broom‐shrublands occurring on relatively developed andosoils; Juniperion cedri all. nova, regarding the juniper communities colonizing steep rocky slopes; Violion cheiranthifoliae all. nova, grouping the hemicryptophytic communities of screes and unstable substrata. To support the syntaxonomic proposal, a multivariate numerical analysis, considering literature and personal data, has been performed. Moreover, considerations on the role that bioclimate plays on these plant‐communities are given too. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bemerkungen zu einigen Eozän‐Originalen der Sammlungen Friedrich (Quercus L.) und Cotta (ComocladiaP.Browne) des Museums für Naturkunde, Berlin
Authors: Kahlert E. , Rüffle L.
Published: May 2008

In der vorliegenden Arbeit erfolgen Aussagen zur Systematik und Stratigraphie des Eozäns aus dem Staré Sedló‐Gebirge (Tschechien) und den Orten Riestedt, Bornstedt und Dörstewitz (Sachsen‐Anhalt) an Hand von Belegstücken der Sammlungen Friedrich und Cotta aus dem Bestand des Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin. Beziehungen zu rezenten Familien und Gattungen wurden geprüft. Fagaceae‐Epidermen geben einen Hinweis auf Beziehungen zum amerikanischen Untereozän. Die behandelten Anacardiaceae aus der Sammlung Cotta konnten der Gattung Comocladia zugeordnet werden und weisen auf Mittelamerika hin (Raven & Axelrod 1974). (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Disturbed hepatic carbohydrate management during high metabolic demand in medium-chain acyl–CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)–deficient mice
Authors: Herrema Hilde , Derks Terry G. J. , van Dijk Theo H. , Bloks Vincent W. , Gerding Albert , Havinga Rick , Tietge Uwe J. F. , Müller Michael , Smit Peter G. A. , Kuipers Folkert , Reijngoud Dirk-Jan
Published: May 2008

Medium-chain acyl–coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase (MCAD) catalyzes crucial steps in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, a process that is of key relevance for maintenance of energy homeostasis, especially during high metabolic demand. To gain insight into the metabolic consequences of MCAD deficiency under these conditions, we compared hepatic carbohydrate metabolism

in vivo

in wild-type and MCAD−/− mice during fasting and during a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute phase response (APR). MCAD−/− mice did not become more hypoglycemic on fasting or during the APR than wild-type mice did. Nevertheless, microarray analyses revealed increased hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (Pgc-1α) and decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Ppar α) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (Pdk4) expression in MCAD−/− mice in both conditions, suggesting altered control of hepatic glucose metabolism. Quantitative flux measurements revealed that the

de novo

synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) was not affected on fasting in MCAD−/− mice. During the APR, however, this flux was significantly decreased (−20%) in MCAD−/− mice compared with wild-type mice. Remarkably, newly formed G6P was preferentially directed toward glycogen in MCAD−/− mice under both conditions. Together with diminished

de novo

synthesis of G6P, this led to a decreased hepatic glucose output during the APR in MCAD−/− mice;

de novo

synthesis of G6P and hepatic glucose output were maintained in wild-type mice under both conditions. APR-associated hypoglycemia, which was observed in wild-type mice as well as MCAD−/− mice, was mainly due to enhanced peripheral glucose uptake.

Conclusion:

Our data demonstrate that MCAD deficiency in mice leads to specific changes in hepatic carbohydrate management on exposure to metabolic stress. This deficiency, however, does not lead to reduced

de novo

synthesis of G6P during fasting alone, which may be due to the existence of compensatory mechanisms or limited rate control of MCAD in murine mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.
Two sphingolipid transfer proteins, CERT and FAPP2: Their roles in sphingolipid metabolism
Authors: Yamaji Toshiyuki , Kumagai Keigo , Tomishige Nario , Hanada Kentaro
Published: May 2008

Recent discoveries of two sphingolipid transfer proteins, CERT and FAPP2, have brought the field of sphingolipid metabolism to a more dynamic stage. CERT transfers ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus, a step crucial for sphingomyelin (SM) synthesis. The pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and the FFAT motif of CERT restrict the direction of transfer and destination of ceramide through binding to phosphatidylinositol 4‐monophosphate (PI4P) at the Golgi and the ER resident proteins, VAPs, respectively. CERT is regulated by the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of serine/threonine, in which protein kinase D, possibly casein kinase I, and PP2Cε are involved. On the other hand, FAPP2 transfers glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to appropriate sites for the synthesis of complex glycosphingolipids. Like CERT, FAPP2 contains a PH domain, the binding of which to PI4P is required for its localization to the Golgi. These observations indicate that lipid transfer proteins, CERT and FAPP2, spatially regulate lipid metabolism on the cytosolic side. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(8): 511–518, 2008
Novel families of vacuolar amino acid transporters
Authors: Sekito Takayuki , Fujiki Yuki , Ohsumi Yoshinori , Kakinuma Yoshimi
Published: May 2008

Amino acids are compartmentalized in the vacuoles of microorganisms and plants. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, basic amino acids accumulate preferentially into vacuoles but acidic amino acids are almost excluded from them. This indicates that selective machineries operate at the vacuolar membrane. The members of the amino acid/auxin permease family and the major facilitator superfamily involved in the vacuolar compartmentalization of amino acids have been recently identified in studies using S. cerevisiae. Homologous genes for these transporters are also found in plant and mammalian genomes. The physiological significance in response to nitrogen starvation can now be discussed. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(8): 519–525, 2008
Unilateral serous retinal detachment in a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Harris Jonathan A. , Friedman Mark T. , Varma Mala
Published: May 2008

Ocular complications are a relatively common occurrence in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Serous retinal detachment is a rare but reported complication, with most cases being bilateral and associated with concomitant hypertension. Therapeutic plasma exchange has been used to successfully treat patients with TTP. We report a case of a 46 year old woman who presented with TTP, received therapeutic plasma exchange, and developed unilateral serous retinal detachment with retinal pigment epithelial tear in the absence of reported hypertension. The increased perfusion pressure due to hypertension, combined with the choroidal vasculature damage from TTP are thought to lead to retinal epithelial tear. This suggests that although hypertension may play a role in retinal detachment in these patients, other mechanisms may be responsible. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PARP‐1 modulates deferoxamine‐induced HIF‐1α accumulation through the regulation of nitric oxide and oxidative stress
Authors: Martínez‐Romero Rubén , Martínez‐Lara Esther , Aguilar‐Quesada Rocío , Peralta Andreína , Oliver F. Javier , Siles Eva
Published: May 2008

Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) is a nuclear protein that, once activated by genotoxic agents, modulates the activity of several nuclear proteins including itself. Previous studies have established that PARP‐1 inhibition may provide benefit in the treatment of different diseases, particularly those involving a hypoxic situation, in which an increased oxidative and nitrosative stress occurs. One of the most important transcription factors involved in the response to the hypoxic situation is the hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1). The activity of HIF‐1 is determined by the accumulation of its α subunit which is regulated, in part, by oxidative stress (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), both of them highly dependent on PARP‐1. Besides, HIF‐1α can be induced by iron chelators such as deferoxamine (DFO). In this sense, the therapeutical use of DFO to strengthen the post‐hypoxic response has recently been proposed. Taking into account the increasing interest and potential clinical applications of PARP inhibition and DFO treatment, we have evaluated the impact of PARP‐1 on HIF‐1α accumulation induced by treatment with DFO. Our results show that, in DFO treated cells, PARP‐1 gene deletion or inhibition decreases HIF‐1α accumulation. This lower HIF‐1α stabilization is parallel to a decreased inducible NO synthase induction and NO production, a higher response of some antioxidant enzymes (particularly glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and a lower ROS level. Taken together, these results suggest that the absence of PARP‐1 modulates HIF‐1 accumulation by reducing both NO and oxidative stress. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 2248–2260, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostaglandin F2α involves heparan sulphate sugar chains and FGFRs to modulate osteoblast growth and differentiation
Authors: Sabbieti Maria Giovanna , Agas Dimitrios , Materazzi Stefano , Capacchietti Mariolina , Materazzi Giovanni , Hurley Marja M. , Menghi Giovanna , Marchetti Luigi
Published: May 2008

The present investigation extends our previous studies on PGF2α‐mediated signalling in osteoblast metabolism. In particular, the role of PGF2α as modulator of heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) was evaluated. We hereby reported the novel observation that PGF2α was able to promote the formation of HSPGs/FGF‐2/FGFRs complexes. Moreover, our data suggested that PGF2α could induce new synthesis of heparan sulphate (HS) chains on osteoblasts by a mechanism involving a modulation of MAPK signalling and that HS is required for the regulation of FGF‐2 induced by PGF2α. Indeed, a proteolytic cleavage of HSPGs with heparinase III (Hep III) prior to PGF2α administration down‐regulated the basal expression of phospho‐p44/42, likely inhibiting FGFRs tyrosine kinase activity. Interestingly, MAPK signalling influenced syntheses and subcellular localization of FGF‐2, its specific receptor and HS. In addition, the proteolytic cleavage by Hep III and the MAPK kinase inhibition by PD‐98059 also revealed that PGF2α induced cell proliferation is dependent on HSPGs and FGF‐2 specific receptor, respectively. Of further relevance of this study, we demonstrated, by using a specific siRNA for FGFR1, that PGF2α modulates Runx2 expression by FGFR1 and HS. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 48–59, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PKC‐ε‐dependent cytosol‐to‐membrane translocation of pendrin in rat thyroid PC Cl3 cells
Authors: Muscella A. , Marsigliante S. , Verri T. , Urso L. , Dimitri C. , Bottà G. , Paulmichl M. , Beck‐Peccoz P. , Fugazzola L. , Storelli C.
Published: May 2008

We studied the expression and the hormonal regulation of the PDS gene product, pendrin, which is, in thyrocytes, responsible for the iodide transport out of the cell. We show that PC Cl3 cells, a fully differentiated thyroid cell line, grown without TSH and insulin, express very low level of PDS mRNA; such expression is greatly increased after stimulation with insulin or TSH. 125I pre‐loaded cells showed an 125I efflux accelerated in chloride‐containing buffer with respect to chloride‐free buffer, suggesting that this efflux is chloride dependent. By immunoblotting, pendrin was found in agonists‐stimulated cells, whereas it was barely detectable in un‐stimulated cells. An increase in both PDS mRNA and protein was also obtained using phorbol ester PMA, or using 8‐Br‐cAMP and forskolin. Stimulation with insulin (1 µg/ml; 0–40 min) provoked the cytosol‐to‐membrane translocation of pendrin and a decrease of intracellular I− content in 125I pre‐loaded cells. Insulin‐ or PMA‐treated cells also showed a cytosol‐to‐membrane translocation of PKC‐δ and ‐ε. Inhibition of both PKC‐δ and ‐ε activities by GF109203X blocked pendrin translocation, whilst the inhibition of PKA did not. The selective inhibition of PKC‐δ by rottlerin did not affect the insulin‐provoked translocation of pendrin whilst it was inhibited by a PKC‐ε translocation inhibitor peptide and also by PKC‐ε downregulation using the small interfering RNA, thus indicating that such translocation was due to PKC‐ε activity. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that, in PC Cl3 cells, pendrin expression and localisation are regulated by insulin and influenced by a PKC‐ε‐dependent intracellular pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 103–112, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of 5‐HT1A receptor‐dependent cell survival by cAMP/protein kinase A: Role of protein phosphatase 2A and Bax
Authors: Hsiung Shu‐chi , Tin Adrianne , Tamir Hadassah , Franke Thomas F. , Liu Kuo‐peing
Published: May 2008

Serotonergic 5‐HT1A receptor signaling leading to nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation appears to be critical for cell survival. Adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A (AC/PKA) are effectors of the 5‐HT1A receptor that are inhibited by Gαi subunits. Conversely, Gβγi subunits downstream from the 5‐HT1A receptor participate in the activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK1/2), phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K), Akt, and NF‐κB. To model the contribution of pro‐ and antiapoptotic signaling cascades downstream of activated 5‐HT1A receptor in cell survival, Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells were employed that exogenously overexpress 5‐HT1A receptors. Stimulation with the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT and pharmacological agonists of AC induced PKA and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, which in turn inhibited: Akt activity, IκBα degradation, nuclear translocation of NF‐κB, and expression of X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP/BIRC4). Pharmacological inhibition of PP2A with calyculin A potentiated Akt activity while attenuating ERK1/2 signaling via increased inhibitory phosphorylation of Raf (pSer259). In contrast, increased cAMP levels enhanced Bax translocation to the mitochondria, resulting in the release of cytochrome c, caspase‐3 activation, and apoptosis induction. Our data suggest a central role of cAMP/PKA‐dependent PP2A in shifting the homeostasis of intracellular signaling downstream of activated 5‐HT1A receptor toward cell death in biological systems linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of transferrin on hypomyelination induced by iron deficiency
Authors: Badaracco M. E. , Ortiz E. H. , Soto E. F. , Connor J. , Pasquini J. M.
Published: May 2008

We have used a model of iron deficiency in the rat to analyze the effects of a disruption in iron availability on oligodendroglial cell (OLGc) maturation and myelinogenesis and to explore the possible beneficial influence of an intracranial injection (ICI) of apotransferrin (aTf) at 3 days of age on this process. Studies carried out on postnatal days 17 and 24 showed that iron deficiency produced a decrease in myelin proteins and lipids at 24 days of age. Immunohistochemistry showed that in untreated iron‐deficient (ID) rats, the immunoreactivity of anti–adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and anti‐MBP antibodies decreased markedly with reference to normal controls, whereas in ID rats treated with an ICI of aTf, the immunoreactivity of these markers increased. A similar situation occurred with the immunoreactivity of H‐ferritin. In primary OLGc cultures from ID rats, there was a high number of cells positive to the antibody against the polysialylated form of the cell surface glycoprotein NCAM (PSA‐NCAM) compared with in OLGc cultures prepared from normal controls or from ID animals treated with aTf. The number of MBP+ cells in cultures from ID rats increased after treatment with aTf. The presence of lipid rafts evaluated with a specific anti–protein prion cellular (PrPc) antibody showed a smaller number of PrPc‐positive structures in ID rat cultures. Treatment of the ID animals with a single ICI of aTf stimulated myelination, producing a significant correction in the different biochemical parameters affected by ID. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HLA‐class I expression in gastric cancer
Authors: Ishigami Sumiya , Natsugoe Shoji , Nakajo Akihiro , Arigami Takaaki , Kitazono Masaki , Okumura Hiroshi , Matsumoto Masataka , Uchikado Yasuto , Setoyama Tetsuro , Sasaki Ken , Aikou Takashi
Published: May 2008

Purpose

We investigated the clinical impact of HLA‐class I tumor cells in gastric cancer.

Materials and Methods

HLA‐class I expression was immunohistochemically evaluated in specimens from 141 gastric cancer patients. The correlation between HLA‐class I expression and clinical factors was analyzed.

Results

HLA‐class I was identified in 96 (68.1%) gastric carcinomas. The loss of HLA‐class I significantly correlated with the depth of invasion (P < 0.01), nodal involvement (P < 0.05) and tumor histology (P < 0.01). According to the positivity of HLA‐class I, shallow depth and the absence of nodal metastasis increased. HLA‐class I expression was a significant prognostic factor in gastric cancer (P < 0.02); however, HLA‐class I was not an independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Our data may suggest that loss of HLA‐class I in gastric cancer did not directly reflect immunological escape from tumor antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, unlike in other cancers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:605–608. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prospective trial of intensive decongestive physiotherapy for upper extremity lymphedema
Authors: Karadibak Didem , Yavuzsen Tugba , Saydam Serdar
Published: May 2008

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of kinesiophobia, quality of life, and home exercise programs on women with upper extremity lymphedema.

Methods

A total of 62 women with lymphedema after breast cancer treatments were provided a protocol of complete decongestive therapy (CDT). This protocol involved manual lymphatic drainage (MLD), compression garments, skin care, and remedial exercises. The women were taken to a 12‐week therapy program once per day, 3 days per week. A home program, consisting of compression bandage exercises, skin care and walking was recommended. Absolute volume and percentage of volume of the lymphedema were compared before and after treatment. The kinesiophobia, quality of life, and home‐based program were assessed before and after physiotherapy.

Results

Strong correlations were found between the severity of edema and fear of movement. There was a significant negative relationship among the fear of movement, quality of life, and home‐based exercises program. Mean initial lymphedema volume was 925 ml, and the percentage of lymphedema was 47.1%. After decongestive physiotherapy, the lymphedema volume and percentage were 510 ml and 21.3% (P < 0.05), respectively. There was also a trend toward improvement in general well‐being (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

In upper extremity lymphedema, the use of complex physiotherapy programs (CDP) can decrease edema and fear of activity, and increase the quality of life. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:572–577. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sonographic lesion size of ductal carcinoma in situ as a preoperative predictor for the presence of an invasive focus
Authors: Lee Jong Won , Han Wonshik , Ko Eunyoung , Cho Jihyoung , Kim Eun‐Kyu , Jung So‐Youn , Cho Nariya , Moon Woo Kyung , Park In‐Ae , Noh Dong‐Young
Published: May 2008

Background and Objectives

To investigate the preoperative factors associated with upstage to invasive cancer in patients with core needle biopsy (CNB) diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) by ultrasound guidance alone.

Methods

Between 2000 and 2007, 201 patients with DCIS diagnosed at 11‐ or 14‐gauge CNB by ultrasound guidance alone were examined. Preoperative factors were all analyzed to correlate with the presence of invasive cancer after definitive resection. The Pearson chi‐square test and stratified analysis with the Mantel‐Haenszel chi‐squire test were used to assess the association between the preoperative factors and upstage to invasive cancer.

Results

Compared with the overall underestimation rate (84 of 201, 41.8%), 47 (60.3%) of 78 patients with abnormal breast palpation, 46 (55.4%) of 83 patients with mammographic finding of a mass lesion, and 38 (67.9%) of 56 patients with a sonographic lesion size >20 mm had invasive cancer components on the final pathology review (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.45; P = 0.04, OR = 3.66; P = 0.002, and OR = 4.13; P = 0.002 respectively).

Conclusion

A sonographic lesion size >20 mm can be used as another guideline for surgeons to consider sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with DCIS diagnosed by a sonographically guided CNB. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;98:15–20. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A note on optimal pricing for finite capacity queueing systems with multiple customer classes
Authors: Ziya Serhan , Ayhan Hayriye , Foley Robert D.
Published: May 2008

This article investigates optimal static prices for a finite capacity queueing system serving customers from different classes. We first show that the original multi‐class formulation in which the price for each class is a decision variable can be reformulated as a single dimensional problem with the total load as the decision variable. Using this alternative formulation, we prove an upper bound for the optimal arrival rates for a fairly large class of queueing systems and provide sufficient conditions that ensure the existence of a unique optimal arrival rate vector. We show that these conditions hold for M/M/1/m and M/G/s/s systems and prove structural results on the relationships between the optimal arrival rates and system capacity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008
Metabolic profiling of transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) Tissue by 1H‐NMR analysis: evidence for unusual phospholipid metabolism
Authors: Teichert Friederike , Verschoyle Richard D. , Greaves Peter , Edwards Richard E. , Teahan Orla , Jones Donald J.L. , Wilson Ian D. , Farmer Peter B. , Steward William P. , Gant Timothy W. , Gescher Andreas J. , Keun Hector C.
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND

The TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mouse model has frequently been used in preclinical studies with chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive rationales. Here the hypothesis was tested using 1H‐NMR‐based metabolic profiling that the TRAMP tumor metabolic phenotype resembles that reported for human prostate cancer.

METHODS

Aqueous extracts or intact tissues of normal prostate from 8‐ (“young”) or 28‐(“old”) week‐old C57BL/6J wild‐type mice or of prostate tumor from age‐matched TRAMP mice were analyzed by 1H‐NMR. Results were compared with immunohistochemical findings. Expression of choline kinase was studied at the protein and mRNA levels.

RESULTS

In young TRAMP mice presenting with zonal hyperplasia, the ratio of glycerophosphocholine (GPC) to phosphocholine (PC) was 22% below that in wild‐type mice (P < 0.05). In old TRAMP mice with well‐defined malignancy, reduced tumor levels of citrate (49%), choline (33%), PC (57%), GPC (66%), and glycerophosphoinositol (61%) were observed relative to normal prostate (P < 0.05). Hierarchical cluster analysis of metabolite levels distinguished between normal and malignant tissue in old but not young mice. While the reduction in tissue citrate resembles human prostate cancer, low levels of choline species in TRAMP tumors suggest atypical phospholipid metabolism as compared to human prostate cancer. TRAMP tumor and normal prostate tissues did not differ in expression of choline kinase, which is overexpressed in human prostate cancer.

CONCLUSION

Although prostate cancer in TRAMP mice shares some metabolic features with that in humans, it differs with respect to choline phospholipid metabolism, which could impact upon the interpretation of results from biomarker or chemotherapy/chemoprevention studies. Prostate 68:1035–1047, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diabetes mellitus and prostate cancer risk
Authors: Pierce Brandon L. , Plymate Stephen , Ostrander Elaine A. , Stanford Janet L.
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND

Epidemiological evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with a decrease in risk for prostate cancer (PCa). The objective of this study was to examine the association between PCa risk and several characteristics of DM (duration, age at diagnosis, treatment) in data from two population‐based, case‐control studies of PCa.

METHODS

PCa cases (n = 1,752), and controls (n = 1,644) were residents of King County, Washington identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Seattle‐Puget Sound cancer registry and random digit dialing, respectively. The majority of PCa patients had localized stage disease (78%). Using self‐reported on DM, logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for associations between DM characteristics and PCa risk.

RESULTS

After adjustment for confounding factors, DM status was not significantly associated with PCa risk (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.76–1.27). However, early‐onset DM (diagnosed before age 30) showed a significant inverse association with PCa risk (OR = 0.27; 95% CI = 0.07–0.97). Time since DM diagnosis (median = 6 years) and DM treatment types (i.e., diet changes, oral medications, and insulin) did not show significant associations with PCa risk.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that DM is not associated with PCa risk; however, early‐onset DM, possibly reflecting insulin dependent DM (type 1), may be an important component of the previously reported inverse association between DM on PCa risk, but these findings are based on a small number of observations and require further investigation. Prostate 68: 1126–1132, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3) in the prostate and in prostate cancer: Local production, distribution and secretion pattern indicate a role in stromal‐epithelial interaction
Authors: Massoner Petra , Haag Petra , Seifarth Christof , Jurgeit Andreas , Rogatsch Hermann , Doppler Wolfgang , Bartsch Georg , Klocker Helmut
Published: May 2008

Background

Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP‐3) exerts inhibitory and proapoptotic effects on prostate cancer cells. Serum levels of IGFBP‐3 were found to be associated with the risk of prostate cancer, but the data are still inconclusive. We present a detailed analysis of the expression and localization of IGFBP‐3 in the prostate and a comparison with its expression pattern in tumors.

Methods

Expression and localization of IGFBP‐3 were analyzed in cellular models and tissue by real‐time RT‐PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence.

Results

All cell types of a panel of benign epithelial, stromal and tumor prostate cells expressed IGFBP‐3. Significantly higher expression levels were registered in stromal cells. TGF‐β stimulation boosted IGFBP‐3 levels 60‐fold in stromal cells. The pattern of expression was confirmed in microdissected tissue samples. Protein levels measured by ELISA paralleled the mRNA levels and more than 80% of IGFBP‐3 was secreted. On tissue immunostaining, IGFBP‐3 was found to be mainly located in the epithelium. The pattern suggested secretion of IGFBP‐3, which was confirmed in prostate tissue cultured ex vivo and the ejaculate of vasectomized men. IGFBP‐3 levels were increased in primary tumors but did not differ from benign epithelium in metastases and local recurrent tumors.

Conclusions

We registered a significant local production of IGFBP‐3 in the prostate, which may well override the effect of protein entering from blood. The stroma—particularly reactivated stroma—is the main source of IGFBP‐3 in the prostate, suggesting that this peptide acts as a mediator of stromal‐epithelial interactions. Prostate 68: 1165–1178, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First‐principles study of the electronic structures and absorption spectra for the PbMoO4 crystal with lead vacancy
Authors: Chen Jianyu , Liu Tingyu , Cao Dunhua , Zhao Guangjun
Published: May 2008

The electronic structures and absorption spectra for the perfect PbMoO4 crystal and the crystal containing lead vacancy $ {\rm V}^{2-}_{\rm Pb} $ with lattice structure optimized are calculated using density functional theory code CASTEP. The calculated absorption spectra of the PbMoO4 crystal containing $ {\rm V}^{2-}_{\rm Pb} $ exhibit three absorption bands peaking at 2.0 eV (620 nm), 3.0 eV (413 nm) and 3.3 eV (375 nm), which are in good agreement with experimental values. The theory predicts that the 390 nm, 430 nm and 580 nm absorption bands are related to the existence of $ {\rm V}^{2-}_{\rm Pb} $ in the PbMoO4 crystal. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
NiII‐CdII Heterometallic Coordination Compounds Constructed from Metal‐Containing N, N′‐Rodlike Building Block [Ni(4′‐(3‐pyridyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine)2]2+ Cation
Authors: Gou Lei , Xu Li‐Feng , Hu Huai‐Ming , Wang Bao‐Cheng , Wu Qing‐Ran , Chen Xiao‐Li , Tang Zong‐Xun
Published: May 2008

Based on the use of [Ni(3‐pytpy)2][BF4]2 (3‐pytpy=4′‐(3‐pyridyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine) (1) as expanded 3, 3′‐N, N′‐rodlike building blocks and CdII atoms as metal “nodes”, two novel NiII‐CdII heterometallic compounds [Ni(3‐pytpy)2Cd2Cl6] (2) and [Ni(3‐pytpy)2Cd(NCS‐κN)4]·CH3OH (3) have been synthesized under different conditions. In the precursory complex 1, NiII atom is coordinated by the tpy domains of two 3‐pytpy ligands, while the pyridyl tails remain uncoordinated. In compound 2, [Ni(3‐pytpy)2]2+ adopting cis‐conformation bridges two four‐coordinated CdII into trinuclear structure. In compound 3, [Ni(3‐pytpy)2]2+ adopting trans‐conformation connects six‐coordinated CdII into 1D chain and the chains were packed into double‐chains through face‐to‐face π‐π stacking interactions.
Rietveld Analysis and Raman Spectroscopic Investigations on α‐Y2Si2O7
Authors: Kahlenberg V. , Wertl W. , Többens D. M. , Kaindl R. , Schuster P. , Schottenberger H.
Published: May 2008

Polycrystalline material of α‐Y2Si2O7has been obtained from the thermal decomposition of a precursor prepared by a sol‐gel process and subsequently characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The structure belongs to the so‐called B‐type of rare earth element disilicates and was refined using the Rietveld method. α‐Y2Si2O7is triclinic with a = 6.58620(3), b = 6.62895(4), c = 12.02723(7) Å, α = 94.4706(4)°, β = 89.0681(4)°, γ = 88.2347(4)°, V = 523.166(5) Å3, space group$P{\bar 1}$, Z = 4 and Dx= 4.39 g/cm3. The structure (Rwp= 4.7 %, RB= 2.9 %) is built from triple tetrahedral [Si3O10]‐groups and isolated [SiO4]‐units, i.e. from a structural point of view it belongs to the group of mixed anion silicates. The silicate anions are located in layers parallel to (1${\bar 1}$1). Linkage between the anionic groups is provided by Y cations having six and eight oxygen neighbours. The corresponding coordination polyhedra can be approximately described as distorted octahedra as well as bicapped trigonal prisms, respectively.
Synthese, Struktur und EPR‐spektroskopische Charakterisierung von Titanocenkomplexen mit Dimethylmalonatoliganden
Authors: Krüger Thomas , Albrecht Carolin , Rüffer Tobias , Lang Heinrich , Griebel Jan , Kirmse Reinhard , Steinborn Dirk
Published: May 2008

Synthesis, Structure, and EPR Spectroscopic Characterization of Titanocene Complexes with Dimethylmalonato Ligands

The reaction of [TiCp2(BTMSA)] (1a, Cp = η5‐C5H5, BTMSA = bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene) with dimethylmalonic acid resulted in the formation of the titanium(III) complex [{TiCp2}2{μ‐(O2C)2CMe2}] (2). Additionally, in an unprecedented case a small amount of the titanium(IV) complex [TiCp2{(O2C)2CMe2‐κO}2] (3) was formed. The identity of complex 2 was confirmed by microanalysis, IR and EPR spectroscopic measurements. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis exhibited a dinuclear structure in which the titanium atoms are distorted tetrahedrally coordinated by two cyclopentadienyl ligands and a κ2O,O′ coordinated dimethylmalonato ligand that acts as bridging ligand, too. Magnetic measurements (μeff = 1.28/Ti, T = 295 K) and EPR investigations both of solutions of 2 in toluene at r.t. and of frozen solutions (T = 130 K) gave proof of a coupling between the two TiIII centres. The fine structure tensor exhibited rhombic symmetry (gx = 1.983, gy = 1.984, gz = 1.979, D = 101·10−4 cm−1, E = 6·10−4 cm−1). Using the equation of Francesconi a Ti···Ti separation of ca 6.3Å was estimated that is in very good agreement with those obtained by X‐ray crystallography (6.685(5) Å). The single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of [TiCp2{(O2C)2CMe2‐κO}2] (3) exhibited that the Ti centre of 3 is distorted tetrahedrally coordinated by two Cp ligands and two monocoordinated (κO) dimethylmalonato ligands.
Er3F[SiO4][SeO3]2: An ErF3‐Derivative with Two Different Kinds of Complex Oxoanions
Authors: Lipp Christian , Schleid Thomas
Published: May 2008

On our way to close the gap within the lanthanoid(III) fluoride oxoselenate(IV) series of the MF[SeO3] type, where only the compounds with the elements lanthanum and lutetium have been known so far, as a by‐product of the successful synthesis of ErF[SeO3], single crystals of Er3F[SiO4][SeO3]2 appeared occasionally. Er3F[SiO4][SeO3]2 crystallizes orthorhombically in space group Pnna (no. 52) with a = 586.92(4), b = 1529.31(9), c = 1029.67(6) pm and Z = 4. The Er3+ cations reside on two different sites and exhibit coordination numbers of seven and eight. Whereas the [(Er1)O8]13− polyhedra are connected to $^{1}_{\infty}\rm \{[(Er1)(03)^{e}_{4/2}(01)^{t}_{2/1}(04)^{t}_{2/1}]^{9-}\}$ chains, the condensation of the pentagonal bipyramids [(Er2)O6F]10− results in a $^{2}_{\infty}\rm \{[(Er2)(02,5)^{e}_{4/2}(01)^{t}_{1/1}(04)^{t}_{1/1}F^{v}_{1/2}]^{5,5-}\}$ layer. Both chains and sheets are linked to a $^{3}_{\infty}\rm \{[(Er1)(Er2)_{2}O_{10}F]^{12-}\}$ network via common O···O edges. Charge balance is achieved by a single Si4+ and two Se4+ cations which are forming with all available oxygen atoms tetrahedral [SiO4]4− anions and ψ1‐tetrahedral [SeO3]2− anions. The F− anions are attached to only two Er3+ cations generating isolated boomerang‐shaped [F(Er2)2]5+ units. For the synthesis of Er3F[SiO4][SeO3]2 erbium sesquioxide Er2O3, erbium trifluoride ErF3 and selenium dioxide SeO2 (in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 : 3) were reacted with CsBr as fluxing agent for five days at a temperature of 750 °C in evacuated fused silica ampoules. The pink colored transparent crystals of bladed habit did obviously form under otherwise undesired SiO2 activation of the container material.
The Synthesis, Characterization and Photophysical Properties of Some New Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives Bearing Schiff Base
Authors: Aslan Fatih , Demirpence Zehra , Tatsiz Ramazan , Turkmen Hasan , Ozturk A. Ihsan , Arslan Mustafa
Published: May 2008

Hexa(2‐formylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (o‐CHO‐C6H4O)6N3P3 (2) was obtained from the reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (1) with salicylaldehyde in the presence of K2CO3 in THF solvent. A series of Schiff bases containing cyclotriphosphazenes such as [o‐(C6H5N=CH)C6H4O]6N3P3 (3), [o‐(1‐C10H7N=CH)C6H4O]6N3P3 (4), [o‐(p‐HOC6H4N=CH)C6H4O]6N3P3 (5), [o‐(2,3‐Cl2C6H3N=CH)C6H4O]6N3P3 (6), [o‐(3,4‐Cl2C6H3N=CH)C6H4O]6N3P3 (7), [o‐(3,5‐(CH3)2C6H3N=CH)C6H4O]6N3P3 (8), [o‐(C6H5CH2N=CH)C6H4O]6N3P3 (9), [o‐(p‐CH3OC6H4CH2N=CH)C6H4O]6N3P3 (10), [o‐(n‐CH3CH2CH2CH2N=CH)C6H4O]6N3P3 (11), [o‐(t‐(CH3)3CN=CH)C6H4O]6N3P3 (12), [o‐(n‐CH3[CH2]10CH2N=CH)C6H4O]6N3P3 (13) were synthesized from the reaction of hexa(2‐formylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (2) with aniline, 1‐naphthylamine, 2‐aminophenol, 2,3‐dichloroaniline, 3,4‐dichloroaniline, 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylaniline, benzylamine, p‐methoxybenzylamine, n‐butylamine, tert‐butylamine and 1‐dodecylamine, respectively. The synthesized compounds were obtained in good yield and high purity. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by means of IR, NMR(1H, 13C, 31P) and elemental analysis. Photophysical properties of the cyclotriphosphazene derivates were investigated in dichloromethane solvent by UV‐Vis. spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry (emission and excitation). Among the synthesized cyclotriphosphazene derivates, the compounds 2, 4, 5, 11 and 12 exhibit emission between 390 and 550 nm at room temperature.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Framework Cobalt Phosphate with One‐dimensional Channel, Co3(H2O)4(PO4)2
Authors: Lin Yuan , Ning Guiling , Ye Junwei , Fan Yong , Wang Li
Published: May 2008

A new cobalt phosphate, Co3(H2O)4(PO4)2 (1) has been synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Crystal data for 1: orthorhombic system, Pnma, a = 10.582(2) Å, b = 18.289(4) Å, c = 5.0236(10) Å, V = 972.2(3) Å3, Z = 4. The compound displays complex three‐dimensional framework containing one‐dimensional 8‐membered ring channels. In this crystal structure, CoO4 and PO4 tetrahedra connect each other by sharing‐vertex to form the infinite two‐dimensional sheet which contains the edge‐sharing four ring chain and double zig‐zag chain, then these sheets are pillared by CoO2(H2O)4 octahedra.
Synthesis, Structure, and Luminescence Properties of Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) Complexes containing the Flexible Ligand of 3,3′‐Thiodipropionic Acid
Authors: Yang Pei‐Pei , Li Bing , Wang Yu‐Hu , Gu Wen , Liu Xin
Published: May 2008

Two coordination polymers with mixed‐ligands, [ZnL(2,2′‐bipy)H2O]n (1) and [CdL(2,2′‐bipy)]n (2), (L=3,3′‐thiodipropionic acid; 2, 2′‐bipy=2, 2′‐bipyridine) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Crystal structures reveal that the synthesized complexes consist of a one‐dimensional single‐chain and a one‐dimensional double‐chain, respectively. A prominent feature of complex 1 is the formation of a vagarious double‐chain by two neighboring single‐chains interleaving with each other. It is interesting for complex 2 to assemble the double chain into a 2D ordered supramolecular structure via π···π stacking interactions. Moreover, elemental analysis, IR, and luminescent spectra of complexes 1‐2 were also determined. At room temperature, complex 1 exhibits an intense emission at 360 nm upon 328 nm excitation, while complex 2 exhibits an intense emission at 472 nm upon 457 nm excitation, which can probably be assigned to the intraligand (π – π*) fluorescent emission.
5‐Azido‐1H‐tetrazole – Improved Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Sensitivity Data
Authors: Stierstorfer Jörg , Klapötke Thomas M. , Hammerl Anton , Chapman Robert D.
Published: May 2008

Due to the highly explosive nature of 5‐azido‐1H‐tetrazole (1), its characterization has not been fully described in the literature yet. In addition, the previously published crystal structure was of low quality, and therefore the position of the hydrogen atom was not certain. In order to resolve these problems, 1 was prepared in an improved synthesis, and the results of the subsequent detailed reinvestigation and characterization are given. The reaction of cyanogen bromide with two equivalents of sodium azide at low temperatures yielded sodium 5‐azidotetrazolate, which was protonated using dilute hydrochloric acid. The product 1 was isolated and characterized using multinuclear (1H, 13C, 15N) NMR spectroscopy, vibrational (IR and Raman) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The structure of 1 in the crystalline state was determined using low‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In addition, the optimized gas‐phase structures of the 5‐azido‐1H‐tetrazole and 5‐azido‐2H‐tetrazole isomers were calculated (MP2/aug‐cc‐pVDZ) and the electronic energies were compared. The heat of formation of 1 was calculated and several detonation parameters were estimated using the EXPLO5 software. The thermal behavior was investigated using DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) and the sensitivity of this highly energetic material was tested using the BAM drophammer, ESD and friction tester. X‐ray: 1: monoclinic, P21/c, a = 13.265(2) Å, b = 4.9693(6) Å, c =16.304(3) Å, β = 127.04(1)°, V = 857.9(3) Å3, Z = 8, ρ = 1.720 g cm−3.