bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sidewall boundary layer instabilities in a rapidly rotating cylinder driven by a differentially corotating lid
Authors: Lopez Juan M. , Marques Francisco
Published: November 2010

The flow in an enclosed completely filled rapidly rotating cylinder that is driven by the differential corotation of the top lid is studied numerically. Although the flow is in a very simple geometry, the fast background rotation and large differential rotation of the lid lead to very thin boundary layers with a variety of instability modes with very fine spatial scales as well as inertial waves that are sustained in the fast rotating interior flow and that interact with the viscous modes in the sidewall boundary layer, leading to complex spatiotemporal dynamics. The numerical simulations are compared and contrasted to experimental visualizations of the sidewall boundary layer instabilities reported by Hart and Kittelman [“Instabilities of the sidewall boundary layer in a differentially driven rotating cylinder,” Phys. Fluids 8, 692 (1996)]. The experiments report observing axisymmetric rolls propagating down the sidewall layer for small differential corotation of the top lid. As the differential rotation was increased, backward tilted diagonal rolls that precess slightly retrograde with respect to the rotating sidewall and forward tilted rolls with prograde precession significantly faster than the sidewall rotation were observed. For still larger differential rotation, a wavy turbulent state that has backward tilted structures erupting from deep within the sidewall layer into the interior and is riding on the forward tilted diagonal rolls in the deep layer was observed. Our simulations capture all of these states and strongly suggest that the observed axisymmetric rolls are unstable and were only transiently observed due to the slow and continuous increase in the differential rotation employed in the experiments. The influence of inertial waves driven by the sidewall instabilities on the three-dimensional wavy turbulent state is discussed.
Injection and detection of ballistic electrical currents in silicon
Authors: Zhao Hui , Smirl Arthur L.
Published: November 2010

Ballistic electrical currents are injected in Si at 80 K by the quantum interference between the indirect one-photon and two-photon absorptions of a pair of phase-locked harmonically related pulses. The average distance that the electrons and holes move (weighted by their respective free-carrier absorption cross sections) is detected using phase-dependent differential transmission techniques that have a sensitivity of ∼10−7, nanometer spatial, and 100 fs temporal resolutions. The indirect, phonon-assisted injection process is approximately 50 times weaker than in GaAs, and it causes a relative shift in electron and hole profiles that decays in ∼100 fs, but it also results in a shift in the center of mass that persists until it is destroyed by diffusion and recombination on longer time scales. Movement of the electrons or holes of at least 0.4 nm is observed and confirms that the current is an injection, not a rectification, current.
Orbit-averaged guiding-center Fokker–Planck operator for numerical applications
Authors: Decker J. , Peysson Y. , Brizard A. J. , Duthoit F.-X.
Published: November 2010

A guiding-center Fokker–Planck operator is derived in a coordinate system that is well suited for the implementation in a numerical code. This differential operator is transformed such that it can commute with the orbit-averaging operation. Thus, in the low-collisionality approximation, a three-dimensional Fokker–Planck evolution equation for the orbit-averaged distribution function in a space of invariants is obtained. This transformation is applied to a collision operator with nonuniform isotropic field particles. Explicit neoclassical collisional transport diffusion and convection coefficients are derived, and analytical expressions are obtained in the thin orbit approximation. To illustrate this formalism and validate our results, the bootstrap current is analytically calculated in the Lorentz limit.
Injection of midinfrared surface plasmon polaritons with an integrated device
Authors: Tetienne J.-P. , Bousseksou A. , Costantini D. , Colombelli R. , Babuty A. , Moldovan-Doyen I. , De Wilde Y. , Sirtori C. , Beaudoin G. , Largeau L. , Mauguin O. , Sagnes I.
Published: November 2010

We demonstrate a compact, integrated device in which surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are injected into a passive metal waveguide. We directly excite a SPP mode at a metal-air interface using a room-temperature midinfrared quantum cascade laser which is integrated onto the microchip. The SPP generation relies on end-fire coupling and is demonstrated via both far-field and near-field imaging techniques in the midinfrared. On one hand, a metallic diffraction grating is used to scatter in the far-field a portion of the propagating SPPs, thus allowing their detection with a microbolometer camera. On the other hand, direct images of the generated SPPs in the near-field were collected with a scanning optical microscope.
Anomalous Hall effect suppression in anatase Co:TiO2 by the insertion of an interfacial TiO2 buffer layer
Authors: Lee Y. J. , de Jong M. P. , van der Wiel W. G. , Kim Y. , Brock J. D.
Published: November 2010

We present the effect of introducing a TiO2 buffer layer at the SrTiO3/Co:TiO2 interface on the magnetic and structural properties of anatase Co:TiO2 (1.4 at. % Co). Inserting the buffer layer leads to suppression of the room-temperature anomalous Hall effect, accompanied by a reduced density of Co clusters, and a different depth distribution of such clusters. Co clusters in Co:TiO2 with a buffer layer are mostly formed at the surface, such that they are situated outside the current path and cannot contribute to the transverse anomalous Hall resistivity. These results indicate extrinsic origins of magnetism in anatase Co:TiO2.
Swimming at low Reynolds number of a cylindrical body in a circular tube
Authors: Felderhof B. U.
Published: November 2010

Swimming at low Reynolds number of a cylindrical body due to wavelike surface displacement is studied for the situation where the fluid is confined to a circular tube. The body has infinite length and swims in the direction of the tube axis. The swimming speed and dissipation are calculated to second order in the surface displacement for four different strokes. Both speed and dissipation are affected significantly by the confinement. For a helical stroke the body achieves both a translational and a rotational swimming velocity.
Thermal stability of the OH–Li complex in hydrothermally grown single crystalline ZnO
Authors: Johansen K. M. , Haug H. , Lund E. , Monakhov E. V. , Svensson B. G.
Published: November 2010

The thermal stability of the prominent 3577 cm−1 infrared absorption band in ZnO, assigned to an O–H stretch mode adjacent to a Li atom on Zn site (LiZn), is studied. Employing slow sample cooling after annealing, the 3577 cm−1 peak remains at temperatures ≤1250 °C, consistent with previous reports. However, if the samples are cooled rapidly by quenching, the peak disappears after annealing for 1 h at 650 °C. A dissociation energy of less than 2.5 eV is deduced for the OH–LiZn complex and the apparent high thermal stability after slow cooling is attributed to efficient recapturing of H by LiZn. Moreover, deuterium (D) is found to replace hydrogen in OH–LiZn after 1 h at 700 °C in D2 gas.
Transspecies dimorphic allelic lineages of the proteasome subunit β-type 8 gene (PSMB8) in the teleost genusOryzias
Authors: Miura Fumi , Tsukamoto Kentaro , Mehta Ratnesh Bhai , Naruse Kiyoshi , Magtoon Wichian , Nonaka Masaru
Published: November 2010

The proteasome subunit β-type 8 (PSMB8) gene in the jawed vertebrate MHC genomic region encodes a catalytic subunit of the immunoproteasome involved in the generation of peptides to be presented by the MHC class I molecules. A teleost, the medaka (Oryzias latipes), has highly diverged dimorphic allelic lineages of thePSMB8gene with only about 80% amino acid identity, termed “PSMB8d” and “PSMB8N,” which have been retained by most wild populations analyzed. To elucidate the evolutionary origin of these two allelic lineages, seven species of the genusOryziaswere analyzed for theirPSMB8allelic sequences using a large number of individuals from wild populations. All thePSMB8alleles of these species were classified into one of these two allelic lineages based on their nucleotide sequences of exons and introns, indicating that theOryzias PSMB8gene has a truly dichotomous allelic lineage. Retention of both allelic lineages was confirmed except for one species. ThePSMB8dlineage showed a higher frequency than thePSMB8Nlineage in all seven species. The two allelic lineages showed curious substitutions at the 31st and 53rd residues of the mature peptide, probably involved in formation of the S1 pocket, suggesting that these allelic lineages show a functional difference in cleavage specificity. These results indicate that thePSMB8dimorphism was established before speciation within the genusOryziasand has been maintained for more than 30–60 million years under a strict and asymmetric balancing selection through several speciation events.
A proton current drives action potentials in genetically identified sour taste cells
Authors: Chang Rui B. , Waters Hang , Liman Emily R.
Published: November 2010

Five tastes have been identified, each of which is transduced by a separate set of taste cells. Of these sour, which is associated with acid stimuli, is the least understood. Genetic ablation experiments have established that sour is detected by a subset of taste cells that express the TRP channel PKD2L1 and its partner PKD1L3, however the mechanisms by which this subset of cells detects acids remain unclear. Previous efforts to understand sour taste transduction have been hindered because sour responsive cells represent only a small fraction of cells in a taste bud, and numerous ion channels with no role in sour sensing are sensitive to acidic pH. To identify acid-sensitive conductances unique to sour cells, we created genetically modified mice in which sour cells were marked by expression of YFP under the control of the PKD2L1 promoter. To measure responses to sour stimuli we developed a method in which suction electrode recording is combined with UV photolysis of NPE-caged proton. Using these methods, we report that responses to sour stimuli are not mediated by Na+permeable channels as previously thought, but instead are mediated by a proton conductance specific to PKD2L1-expressing taste cells. This conductance is sufficient to drive action potential firing in response to acid stimuli, is enriched in the apical membrane of PKD2L1-expressing taste cells and is not affected by targeted deletion of the PKD1L3 gene. We conclude that, during sour transduction, protons enter through an apical proton conductance to directly depolarize the taste cell membrane.
Relationship between Ca
2+
-affinity and shielding of bulk water in the Ca
2+
-pump from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Sugita Yuji , Ikeguchi Mitsunori , Toyoshima Chikashi
Published: November 2010

The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca
2+
-ATPase transports two Ca
2+
per ATP hydrolyzed from the cytoplasm to the lumen against a large concentration gradient. During transport, the pump alters the affinity and accessibility for Ca
2+
by rearrangements of transmembrane helices. In this study, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were performed for wild-type Ca
2+
-ATPase in the Ca
2+
-bound form and the Gln mutants of Glu771 and Glu908. Both of them contribute only one carboxyl oxygen to site I Ca
2+
, but only Glu771Gln completely looses the Ca
2+
-binding ability. The simulations show that: (
i
) For Glu771Gln, but not Glu908Gln, coordination of Ca
2+
was critically disrupted. (
ii
) Coordination broke at site II first, although Glu771 and Glu908 only contribute to site I. (
iii
) A water molecule bound to site I Ca
2+
and hydrogen bonded to Glu771 in wild-type, drastically changed the coordination of Ca
2+
in the mutant. (
iv
) Water molecules flooded the binding sites from the lumenal side. (
v
) The side chain conformation of Ile775, located at the head of a hydrophobic cluster near the lumenal surface, appears critical for keeping out bulk water. Thus the simulations highlight the importance of the water molecule bound to site I Ca
2+
and point to a strong relationship between Ca
2+
-coordination and shielding of bulk water, providing insights into the mechanism of gating of ion pathways in cation pumps.
Reversible methylation of promoter-bound STAT3 by histone-modifying enzymes
Authors: Yang Jinbo , Huang Jing , Dasgupta Maupali , Sears Nathan , Miyagi Masaru , Wang Benlian , Chance Mark R. , Chen Xing , Du Yuping , Wang Yuxin , An Lizhe , Wang Qin , Lu Tao , Zhang Xiaodong , Wang Zhenghe , Stark George R.
Published: November 2010

Following its tyrosine phosphorylation, STAT3 is methylated on K140 by the histone methyl transferase SET9 and demethylated by LSD1 when it is bound to a subset of the promoters that it activates. Methylation of K140 is a negative regulatory event, because its blockade greatly increases the steady-state amount of activated STAT3 and the expression of many (i.e.,
SOCS3
) but not all (i.e.,
CD14
) STAT3 target genes. Biological relevance is shown by the observation that overexpression of SOCS3 when K140 cannot be methylated blocks the ability of cells to activate STAT3 in response to IL-6. K140 methylation does not occur with mutants of STAT3 that do not enter nuclei or bind to DNA. Following treatment with IL-6, events at the
SOCS3
promoter occur in an ordered sequence, as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitations. Y705-phosphoryl-STAT3 binds first and S727 is then phosphorylated, followed by the coincident binding of SET9 and dimethylation of K140, and lastly by the binding of LSD1. We conclude that the lysine methylation of promoter-bound STAT3 leads to biologically important down-regulation of the dependent responses and that SET9, which is known to help provide an activating methylation mark to H3K4, is recruited to the newly activated
SOCS3
promoter by STAT3.
The Effects of Methods on Results in Dialectology
Authors: Bailey Guy , Wikle Thomas , Tillery Jan
Published: November 2010

Although dialectology was among the first disciplines to use the survey as a research tool, dialectologists, unlike researchers in other social sciences, have done little work in assessing the effects of their survey methods on their results. This paper attempts to begin a dialog on the effects of methods on results in dialectology by comparing results from five surveys which overlap both in their geographic coverage and in some of the linguistic information they elicit. The surveys differ in their methods of administration (face-to-face interviews vs. telephone interviews), sample construction (purposive vs. random), and the kinds of data they elicit (observations of behavior vs. self-reports). Our comparison of the different surveys shows that while different modes of administration have little effect on results, even slight differences in survey populations affect results significantly, as does the kind of data elicited. Surprisingly, self-reports seem to reflect the linguistic behavior of a population for some features better than observations of behavior do. The effects of the type of sample used are not clear from this study, although random samples have the advantage of explicitly accounting for sampling error and allow for a wide range of inferential statistics that cannot be used with purposive samples. Finally, the comparison suggests that there is no single 'best' type of survey. Different research problems require different kinds of surveys. What is important is that samples not be constructed in haphazard ways and that we explicitly take into account the effects of our methods on our results.
Indian English
Authors: D'souza Jean
Published: November 2010

The New Varieties of English (e.g. IndE, SingE, NigE) have been studied for the last several decades. In the course of this study several 'myths' have arisen about these varieties and these myths have increasingly been accepted as facts. The main aim of this paper is to examine some of these myths and to try to reveal the realities behind them. I argue that as long as the myths are accepted as givens there can be no real progress in the study of the New Varieties. I will explore the myths in the context of IndE but the arguments provided apply to all the New Varieties. The myths I will deal with are:

1) IndE is a "non-native" variety of English.

2) IndE has no standards.

3) IndE lacks creativity.

4) IndE is the language of a small but dominant elite.

5) English is the cause of most of the problems in India and in the world.
A Dialect Survey of the Lexicon of Australian English
Authors: Bryant Pauline
Published: November 2010

The first dialect study of regional variation in the lexicon of Australian English (AusE), which has generally been thought to be regionally uniform, has found two classes of regional words, obligatory and elective, which give rise to two regional distribution patterns. Mapping the distribution of regional names for 67 items has identified four major dialect regions, two of which have sub-regions, as well as two minor sub-regions, and several local regions identified by only one or two words. A comparison with other English-speaking countries found several characteristics of regional variation unique to Australia, but also strong similarities to other previously colonised countries. The nature of regional variation in AusE has obscured the existence of previously unnoticed regional diversity within the well-known uniformity of the language.
Cape English and its Future [1890-91]
Authors: Legg J.P.
Published: November 2010

The short article here reprinted from the Cape Illustrated Magazine 1 (1890-91), 94-96, draws our attention to an early stage of language contact in South Africa. Well before the Boer War, and with Pettman's scathing remarks on the English spoken in the country still to come, the author of the article points out with some concern that the local English is likely to drift away from BrE, an attitude which was of course common in British colonies of the time — when normativity and the belief in correct English (including RP pronunciation) were at a peak in Britain.
Barriers to Change
Authors: McCafferty Kevin
Published: November 2010

Work on Northern Hiberno-English (NHE) generally accepts a consensus view that plays down or overlooks interactions between ethnic division and language variation. A study of Derry/Londonderry English (DLE) indicates that, for a feature involved in ongoing change, ethnicity is a salient social factor. The (e) variable in the FACE-class is subject to change in which a distinction between "Standard" NHE [e] and vernacular [I] is giving way to a three-way distinction which for some speakers adds ingliding [is] diphthongs. The change originates in the east of Northern Ireland, especially Belfast, and may have been in progress for some time. It is entering DLE through the Protestant middle class, and diphthongs are now the predominant vernacular form among Protestant teenagers of both sexes and all class backgrounds. While it has made little progress among Catholics, it is currently found mainly among the Catholic middle class. The ethnic boundary is not an impermeable barrier, but it has a considerable delaying effect on the spread of this innovation.
Eighteenth-Century Sierra Leone English
Authors: Montgomery Michael
Published: November 2010

This essay examines the language of an expatriate community as found in letters and petitions written by African Americans who migrated to Sierra Leone by way of Nova Scotia in 1792. These documents provide some of the earliest first-hand evidence of African American English and contribute to debates about the history of that variety. The paper compares selected grammatical features in that variety to modern-day African Nova Scotian English for insights to the history of African American English and develops a case for the principled use of manuscript documents for reconstructing earlier stages of colloquial English.
The Trilateral Process in Cameroon English Phonology
Authors: Simo Bobda Augustin , Chumbow Beban Sammy
Published: November 2010

With reference to Cameroon English (CamE), this paper proposes another way of analysing non-native English features: differing from the traditional approach which limits itself to surface forms, the paper proposes the tracing of deviations down to the underlying representation (UR) and suggests that RP URs (A) are restructured to autonomous CamE URs (B). While A undergoes RP phonological rules to surface as A', B may fail to undergo these processes; it may also undergo parallel — and quite often divergent — processes and surface as B'. For example, RP UR "s[^]cceed" (A) is restructured to CamE "s[u]cceed" (B). A becomes "s[^]cceed" by Vowel Reduction and B, which does not undergo this process, surfaces unchanged as "s[u]cceed" (B'). This process can be represented on a chart which has three sides: AA', AB and BB'. Hence the name Trilateral Process. It is observed that this model is more illuminating with respect to the dynamics of the differences between native and non-native Englishes than an analysis based solely on surface observation of deviations, for a catalogue of deviations lacks the explanatory insights of a trilateral analysis.
Dialect Identity in a Tri-Ethnic Context
Authors: Wolfram Walt , Dannenberg Clare
Published: November 2010

This study examines the development of a Native American Indian variety of English in the context of a rural community in the American South where European Americans, African Americans and Native American Indians have lived together for a couple of centuries now. The Lumbee Native American Indians, the largest Native American group east of the Mississippi River and the largest group in the United States without reservation land, lost their ancestral language relatively early in their contact with outside groups, but they have carved out a unique English dialect niche which now distinguishes them from cohort European American and African American vernaculars. Processes of selective accommodation, differential language change and language innovation have operated to develop this distinct ethnic variety, while their cultural isolation and sense of "otherness" in a bi-polar racial setting have served to maintain its ethnic marking.
Evidence of an English Contact Language in the 19th Century Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands
Authors: Long Daniel
Published: November 2010

This paper contends that an English-based contact language developed on the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands in the 19th century and was used as the language of communication among the settlers there. The factors discussed in support of this contention are: (1) the diversity in the languages of the first-generation settlers, (2) the abundance of mixed-language households, (3) the absence of formal education or literacy, (4) the nature of words reported by Japanese seamen shipwrecked on the island, (5) reports of communication in English between islanders and visitors, (6) the off-island experiences of islanders, (7) written references to a contact language, (8) the continued usage of non-English words, and (9) the linguistic outcomes of similar island communities.
John Wilkins’ Essay (1668)
Authors: Salmon Vivian
Published: November 2010

One of the major achievements of Britsh linguistic scholarship before the 19th century was John Wilkins’ (1609–72) Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language (1668), which attempted to construct, for scientific purposes, a language in which the elements were isomorphic with the categories of reality (as they were perceived by Wilkins). Immediately after its publication, the Essay was presented to the scientists of the newly-founded Royal Society for their critical appraisal. Since the committee appointed to examine it never reported, it has usually been assumed that they were uninterested or disapproving. It can now be shown, however, that it was certainly not lack of enthusiasm among Wilkins’ contemporaries that led to the absence of a report, and that three members of the original committee took part in a project to revise the Essay after its author’s death. It has long been known that a small group were informally engaged on its revision in 1678, according to a report of the antiquarian John Aubrey (1626–97), F.R.S., but hitherto nothing has been known of the enterprise. Recently, their correspondence has been discovered among Aubrey’s collection of manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, and these letters, besides showing links with the original committee, illustrate the growth of linguistic insight in the would-be improvers, particularly in respect of semantic classification and various problems in the phonetics of English. The course of their discussion is traced here, and the reasons for their eventual rejection of Wilkins’ scheme. Yet the immense undertaking was never wholly forgotten; it aroused the interest of at least one eminent 18th-century scientist, and became one source of inspiration for Peter Mark Roget (1779–1869), creator of the famous Thesaurus.
John Eliot of Massachusetts and the Beginnings of American Linguistics
Authors: Miner Kenneth L.
Published: November 2010

The author puts forward the claim thatThe Indian Grammar Begun(1666) of John Eliot of Massachusetts (1604–90) constitutes the first published account of an ‘exotic’ language that can rightfully be called scientific (0.). The first portion of the argument treats Eliot’s English-based orthography and the problems it poses in the description of a language completely different from English (1.). Eliot’s use of a ‘morphophonemic’ transcription is presented (2.). Eliot’sThe Logick Primer(1672) is suggested as a source of particular insights into the Puritan understanding and use of logic (3.). Having speculated about the impact that Jesus College, Cambridge, may have had on Eliot’s linguistic accomplishments in his analysis of an Amerindian language (4.), the author concludes that Eliot derserves to be called the true founder of American linguistics, in particular since he anticipated modern use of levels of representation by more than a century (5.).
The Beginnings of Morphology
Authors: Salmon Paul B.
Published: November 2010

By providing an assured basis in morphology for subsequent phonological comparison Sir William Jones’s celebrated remarks about the resemblance and relationship between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin marked a turning point in the study of language. Some scholars anticipated his conclusions, but their findings appear to have remained largely unknown. At much the same time as the forms of languages were beginning to be compared, investigations were being made in greater detail than hitherto into structural resemblances between different species of plants and animals. In biological studies explicit evolutionary statements based on such observations are few and far between, but in the study of language, similarity of form implied filiation. The present study sets out to compare some of the lines of thought common to comparative linguistics and comparative anatomy, and to suggest that in the biological sciences, too, resemblance implied common origin sooner and more generally than is sometimes held.
The Kantian Influence on Humboldt’s Linguistic Thought
Authors: Slagle Uhlan V.
Published: November 2010

Humboldt’s theory of language reflects Kant’s influence to a far greater extent than is generally realized. In fact, Kantian cognitive and perceptual universals play a crucial role in the later formulations of Humboldt’s linguistic thinking. Indeed, not only did Humboldt derive the universals of grammatical case from the Kantian categories of relation in his mature work, but he also applied Kant’s schema concept in a systematic way to the fundamental problems of language during his last period of scholarly activity. Moreover, it can be shown that the Kantian aspects of his theory do not conflict with his widely quoted and misinterpreted formulations concerning the nature of linguistic diversity. It is suggested that much of the confusion in regard to just what Humboldt actually meant would have been dispelled long ago had researchers made adequate use of two neglected, but extremely important, major manuscripts from his mature period. More importantly still, one can plausibly argue that Humboldt was correct in assuming that Kant, not Descartes, provided linguistics with the key for dealing adequately with the central problems of language and mind.
Adam Smith and the beginnings of language typology
Authors: Coseriu Eugenio
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this paper was to show that Adam Smith (1729–90) contributed significantly to the development of language typology and, as a corollary, to demonstrate the connection between Smith’s and the German theory. For this purpose, Coseriu analyzed Smith’s ideas on language typology as he developed them in his Dissertation (1761). There, Smith presented a bipartite system grouping languages into compounded and uncompounded languages. The article evaluates from a contemporary vantage point, Smith’s system and offers the following observations based on three criteria: (1) structural: Smith’s principle is still valid: The simpler the composition, the more complex the case endings, and vice versa; (2) general-evolutionary: Smith does not always presuppose language mixing as a cause for language change; (3) concrete-historical: Regarding language change, Smith believes that periphrasis is the result of imperfect second-language learning. He also believes that structural change in language is a gradual change. In addition, Coseriu analyzes A. W. Schlegel’s ideas on language typology as he developed them in his Observations (1818). Comparing Schlegel’s presentation with that of Smith, the author arrives at the following conclusions: All of Smith’s theories on language typology reappear in Schlegel’s work. Beyond that Schlegel contributed additional insights, such as the assumption that the mixing of two synthetic languages will result in an analytic language; the introduction of new terminology (e.g., the terms synthetic and analytic); and the expansion of the analytic method by adding other parts of speech (articles, for instance). As a result of these findings, the conclusion is made that A. W. Schlegel changed Smith’s theories as follows: (1) The theories become enlarged and better founded. (2) Smith’s typology was reduced to a single language classification; i.e., Smith’s classification now becomes a subdivision of inflected languages into synthetic and analytic.
Contributors to the beginnings of language typology
Authors: Haggblade Elisabeth
Published: November 2010

Coseriu’s article, “Adam Smith und die Anfänge der Sprachtypologie”, (the translation of which precedes this article) served as the stimulus for this discussion of the contributions several scholars have made to the beginnings of language typology. The works of A. W. Schlegel, Friedrich Schlegel, Adam Smith, and Gabriel Girard are reviewed in an attempt to place the beginnings of language typology in perspective. Although several parallels are evident in the classification systems of these four, some differences, particularly with respect to the role that language development played, do exist. For example, both Smith and A. W. Schlegel considered the influence of language development, while Friedrich Schlegel did not. Moreover, both Smith and A. W. Schlegel were aware of the effect of the linguistic environment on language; they realized that language changes even in linguistic isolation, although they differed in their reasoning. A comparison between Smith’s and Girard’s systems reveals that the criteria for their classification systems were reversed. Contrary to Smith, Girard considered uninflected languages (analogues – and fixed word order) to be more logical than inflected languages (transpositives – and free word order). Smith also maintained that inflected (uncompounded) languages – and free word order – developed first because indicating modification by changing the structure of the word itself requires less abstract reasoning than does periphrasing with fixed word order.
Alfred Tonnellé Als Übersetzer und Interpret Wilhelm Von Humboldts
Authors: Kaltz Barbara
Published: November 2010

In view of the reception of Wilhelm von Humboldt’s linguistic writings in 19th-century France, it seems appropriate to draw attention to Alfred Tonnelle (1831–58), who translated Humboldt’s Über das Entstehen der grammatischen Formen (1822) into French, and prepared what he called an analyse of Humboldt’s Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues (1836). Both texts were published posthumously in 1859 and appear to be little known among historiographers of linguistics. In spite of its tentative character (it was not originally intended for publication), Tonnellé’s Entstehen translation can be said to meet the major requirement for translations as it was set by Humboldt himself (einfache Treue). Unlike Schasler (1847), Gaudefroy-Demombynes (1931) and Valverde (1955), Tonnellé’s analyse of Über die Verschiedenheit is not a critical study of the text, but rather a short summary of the most important ideas put forward by Humboldt; it consists in fact of occasional commentaries, literal translations of selected paragraphs, and summarizing passages.
La Première Société De Linguistique – Paris 1837?
Authors: Auroux Sylvain
Published: November 2010

Un article de J. Vendryes (1955), a popularisé le mythe, repris par Ε. Benveniste (1971) selon lequel la première société de linguistique, serait la Société de Linguistique de Paris, fondée en 1866. K. Koerner signalait en 1976 l’existence d’une société antérieure: la Société Internationale de Linguistique (71856–60). Le présent article est une étude sur une société de linguistique, ayant existé à Paris de 1837 à 1840, avec pour organe le ‘Journal de la langue française et des langues en général’. Une étude de l’apparition (1812) et de l’emploi du vocable ‘linguistique’ en français, permet de conjecturer qu’il s’agit selon toute vraisemblance de la première société portant ce titre. L’A. analyse son règlement, les conditions de son apparition, et de son échec qu’il relie à celui de la seconde génération des romanistes français du 19ème siècle. On trouvera également des remarques sur les rapports de la grammaire générale et de la linguistique à l’époque, une présentation des différentes sociétés savantes concernant le langage dans la première moitié du 19ème siècle, ainsi qu’une liste des membres de la société de linguistique, comprenant des renseignements bio-bibliographiques. L’étude montre qu’il est indispensable d’envisager le developpement de la linguistique du point de vue de la sociologie de la science.
Nouvelles Remarques a Propos De L’Abandon Par Trubetzkoy Des Oppositions Disjointes
Authors: Viel Michel
Published: November 2010

Quand, et pour quelles raisons, Trubetzkoy a-t-il renoncé à la division jakobsonienne de 1927 des oppositions phonologiques en corrélations et disjonctions? Martinet et Vachek ont apporté leur témoignage. L’étude de la correspondance de Trubetzkoy a permis à G. M. Eramian (1978) de resserrer la chronologie. L’auteur de cet article rappelle les faits en ajoutant de nouveaux documents, et essaie d’expliquer les différents arguments sur la date – entre 1933 et 1935 (§ 1). Il rapproche cet événement de l’abandon presque contemporain du recours à la conscience linguistique dans la description phonologique (1933–34) tout en signalent que la rareté et la brieveté des citations touchant à la faiblesse de la dichotomie initiale suggèrent une période d’incertitude chez Trubetzkoy (§ 2). Il fait état d’une classification peu connue des ‘individualités’, donnée en tête d’un recueil d’articles de Trubetzkoy (1927) relatif au movement ‘eurasien’. Cette classification complexe préfigure celle des oppositions phonologiques, sans qu’il soit possible de reporter directement les catégories ‘eurasiennes’ en linguistique. Il conclut à l’opportunité de prendre en compte une sorte de nécessité psychologique du classement chez Trubetzkoy (§ 3).
Das ‘Universal Vocabulario’ Des Alfonso Fernández De Palencia (1490) und Seine Quelle
Authors: Niederehe Hans-Josef
Published: November 2010

Two years before the Dictionarium ex sermone Latino in hispaniensem of the great humanist Elio Antonio de Nebrija (1441–1522), there appeared in Seville the Vniversal vocabulario en latin y en Romance collegido por el cronista Alfonso de Palentia. This dictionary is printed in two columns; the left-hand column contains a Latin-Latin lexicon, the right-hand one a Latin-Spanish lexicon. The latter is not an independent work; rather the Latin interpretations are here simply translated into Spanish. The authors of both dictionaries state expressly their intention of ‘rooting out’ the corrupt medieval Latin and providing a means of returning to a good form of classical Latin. However, a closer examination of the sources of the Vniversal vocabulario shows that it is based exclusively on a medieval lexicon of the 11th century, namely, on the Elementarium Doctrinae rudimentum of a certain Papias, about whom nothing further is known. The similarity between the two dictionaries is so great that the Vniversal vocabulario can simply be regarded as a reasonably faithful version of the Elementarium Doctrinae rudimentum. As a result, the achievement of Alfonso Fernández de Palencia is reduced to that of a mere translator.
A Propos Des ‘Circunloquios’ Du Verbe Castillan Chez Nebrija
Authors: Tollis Francis
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this contribution is to study the ‘Nombre Participial Infinito’ (NPI), one of the elements of speech taken into account for the Castilian language in Nebrija’s Gramática Castellana. In order to facilitate – later on and to others – the approach of what originality this discrimination may have, we have first studied the suggested definition which is supposed to establish its existence, next to the participle, the substantive noun and the infinitive. Then we have closely examined the position it is given in the ‘circunloquios’ of the verb, and particularly in the periphrasis containing ‘aver’ in ante-position, compared, for the sake of the demonstration, with periphrases with ‘aver’ in postposition (future and conditional). We have come to some conclusions on the opinion Nebrija seems to have formed on the part played in it by the NPI placed after, at a time when its invariability can already be considered as permanent and the disappearance, to the benefit of ‘aver’ only, of the ‘aver/ser’ rivalry in the making of the compound forms of the active voice, as definitely established.
Norma, Uso Y Autoridad En La Teoría Lingüística Del Siglo XVI
Authors: Yvancos José María Pozuelo
Published: November 2010

The paper discusses the significance of the concepts of ‘norm’ and ‘usage’ in the linguistic debate in 16th-century Spain. The understanding of what should be accepted as ‘norm’ and what as ‘(grammatical) correctness’ was far from uniform in that period. The concept of ‘authority’ with regard to these questions reveals various interpretations; it is by no means a simple transfer of a Latin classicist model. The authority on what should be regarded as ‘standard’ in the 16th-century discussion appears to have been established along the lines of the importance given to ‘usage’ and the meaning that each grammarian attached to this term. In this paper, altogether three positions are identified: (1) A number of scholars support the Quintilian codification and maintain the classical tradition; (2) others do not recognize any other authority but that of ‘common usage’, understood as the linguistic habits of the speakers, either in terms of a speech community (Valdés), or in terms of the individual speaker (Aldrete), and 3) those who consider ‘reason’, i.e., logic, as the sole principle guiding both grammatical doctrine and linguistic usage (Sanctius).
Sprachwandel und Etymologie in Der Spanischen Sprachwissenschaft Des Siglo De Oro
Authors: Bahner Werner
Published: November 2010

The Renaissance constitutes a new phase in the history of linguistics. The study of modern languages in particular contributed to enlarge the scope of philological concern as scholars try to promote and to codify a young national language. During this time philologists give particular attention to the origin of these vernaculars, distinguishing the different stages in their evolution and developing an especial awareness of chronology. For the representatives of a national philology, Latin is the starting point, the mould according to which the vernaculars are described and classified. Soon, however, more and more traits are recognized which are particular to these living languages, and which do not agree with the traditions of Latin grammar. On the one hand, modifications on the theoretical level are called for, and, on the other, there is a good opportunity to demonstrate the particularity of a given vernacular.

All these tendencies can be found for the first time in the writings on Cas-tillian by the great philologist Antonio de Nebrija (1444–1522). Nebrija recognized a series of phonetic correspondences which, much later in the 19th century, are transformed into ‘phonetic laws’ by a rigorous methodology. In so doing the elaboration of orthographic principles had been for him a stimulus for his explications. In his “Diálogo de la lengua”, Juan de Valdés (devoted himself more extensively to the social aspects of Castillian, to linguistic changes, and to the historical causes for the distribution of Romance languages on the Iberian peninsula, stressing expecially the role of the ‘Reconquista’. The work of Bernardo José de Aldrete (1560–1641) offers a synthesis of all these efforts concerning the evolution of Castillian. He discusses all the substrata and superstrata of the language, sketches the different stages of development of his native tongue, examines Old Castillian with the help of medieval texts, and exploits what Nebrija had noted about the phonetic correspondences. In terms of scholarship, Aldrete’s work constitutes the culmination point in the movement engaged in supporting the rights of the Castillian language et in documenting its sovereignity vis-à-vis the Latin tradition.
The semiotic aspects of Sanctius’ Minerva
Authors: Claramonte Manuel Breva
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this paper is to delineate Sanctius’ views on signs. To achieve this goal those passages have been analized in which the author made direct mention of signs as well as those where the reference is implicit. The first part of this study covers the historical background leading to Sanctius. The second, by far the longest, focuses on Sanctius, in particular his views on interjectional, gestural, and linguistic signs. Among the latter, the word and the sentence as instrumental signs reflecting reality are considered. The third and final part attempts to show how his theory possibly influenced Juan Pablo Bonet’s gesture language. It is concluded that although Sanctius is not a semioticist, his linguistic theorizing rests upon the broader knowledge provided by the field of what we now call semiotics.
José Celestino Mutis (1732–1808) and the Report on American Languages Ordered By Charles III of Spain for Catherine THE Great of Russia
Authors: Tovar Consuelo Larrucea de
Published: November 2010

It is well known that the Empress Catherine II of Russia had a personal interest in linguistics. She began to collect words and she even prepared a word list of different languages of her Empire and of the world. It is also known that she asked the King of Spain Charles III for information on the American languages. But even in the most recent bibliography many details are missing. A research in the archives of Madrid and Bogotá has permitted the discovery of many unknown details. We could find documented the petition of St.-Petersburg, the sending of documents of the Empress to Madrid, and the King’s orders, particularly to the Viceking of Nueva Granada, with their realisation, in which the great naturalist Mutis has had an important part. The Empress also asked for Spanish books on the languages of Philippines and Japan.
Conocimiento, Lenguaje Y Gramatica En La Obra De Andrés Bello (1781–1865)
Authors: Urrutia Hernán
Published: November 2010

Andrés Bello (1781–1865) is the most important Spanish grammarian of the 19th century. In his work, he attempts to apply a scientific objectivity, free from any dogmatism, to the study of language and social reality with a view to improving man and his community: Social progress, and not simply individual progress, is one of the driving ideas of his work. In linguistics, the source of his inspiration was general grammar, both synchronic and pedagogical. His work reaches its crowning in his Grammar of the Castillian Language for the use of Spanish-Americans of 1847. In his conception, it is the goal of norms and of the respect of usage that they determine to continually remind the community of speakers of a particular behaviour in order to avoid the bad consequences of a cultural and linguistic disruption. It is in the light of earlier considerations that Andrés Bello brings to bear all his concern for the preservation of the Spanish cultural heritage, in particular the common language as an instrument of communication and integration, and as the repository capitalizing on the cultural language. In this way, he appears to us, apart from his eminent position of renewer of the study of Spanish grammar, as the initiator of the immense task which consists of the development of a socio-cultural and linguistic variant within the Spanish unity. He thus contributed, in a decisive manner, to the formation of an Spanish-American man who is conscious of his tradition and his historical place in the world.
Pasado Y Presente Del “Diccionario De Construcción Y Regimen De La Lengua Castellana”
Authors: Dapena José-Álvaro Porto
Published: November 2010

The vicissitudes of the Diccionario de construcción y régimen de la lengua castellana (DCR) constitutes an interesting chapter in the history of Spanish linguistics. Conceived in 1872 by Rufino José Cuervo (d.1911) and later continued, since 1949, by the Insitute Caro y Cuervo in Bogota, Colombia, this dictionary has as its goal the study, in an historical perspective, of words which in Spanish present certain syntactical pecularities, either by virtue of government or because of the particular constructions to which they give rise. The history of the elaboration of the DCR can be divided into two distinct periods: an initial phase from its conception to 1896, and the phase of continuation from then onwards.

The initial phase: Although Cuervo’s lexicographic preoccupations date from his youth, the DCR represents its major achievement. Work on it began in June 1872, with the collection of the material, namely, texts corresponding to all periods of the language. It is not clear when exactly the actual compilation of the dictionary was begun, but 1879 appears to be the most likely date, i.e., three years prior to his arrival in Paris, where he put together and published the result of his labours. The first two (out of six projected) tomes appeared in 1886 (letters A and B) and in 1893 (letters C and D), respectively. By 1896, the work was interrupted, largely for financial reasons, despite efforts from Latin-American states during the last years of Cuervo’s life.

The period of continuation: Following an extended period of discussion, the Colombian government charges the Institute Caro y Cuervo (which had largely been created for that reason in 1942) to continue the project. In 1949, the work was begun, headed by the Colombian F. A. Martinez. Until 1972, he worked toward the completion of the work begun by Cuervo, including the publication of articles already written by the latter, on tome III. In 1959, 1961, and 1973, the first three fascicles of the volume appeared. Since then, and following the appointment of J. A. Porto Dapena in 1973, some twelve additional fascicles have been published, which have thus far brought Tome III near to completion.