bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth Mechanism of ZnO Thin Films Grown by Spray Pyrolysis Using Diethylzinc Solution
Authors: Imai Masato , Watanabe Marin , Tominaga Himeka , Yoshino Kenji , Ogomi Yuhei , Shen Qing , Toyoda Taro , Minemoto Takashi , Hayase Shuzi
Published: November 2017

Non‐doped ZnO thin films are deposited on glass by spray pyrolysis using Diethylzinc diluted with diisopropyl ether. The droplet impacts are observed and the structural properties of films are studied as deposition temperature dependence. The shape of a droplet impacts changes from a hemisphere to a flat plane with increasing the deposition temperature. The images of cross sectional transmittance electron microscopy show granular non‐crystalline for RT (room temperature) sample and columnar polycrystalline for 150 °C sample as shown on the right‐side. The growth mechanism of ZnO thin films is discussed by considering the relationship between the shape of droplet impacts and the morphology of the deposited films. Also, the presence of the crystal formed by precursor is suggested for the films deposited at lower temperature.
Lattice Distortions in TlInSe2 Thermoelectric Material Studied by X‐Ray Absorption Fine Structure
Authors: Hosokawa Shinya , Stellhorn Jens Rüdiger , Ikemoto Hiroyuki , Mimura Kojiro , Wakita Kazuki , Mamedov Nazim
Published: November 2017

Tl LII and In K X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements were performed on a TlInSe2 thermoelectric material in the temperature range of 25–300 K including the incommensurate–commensurate phase transition temperature of about 135 K. Most of the bond lengths obtained from the present XAFS measurements are in good agreement with existing X‐ray diffraction data at room temperature, while only the Tl‐Tl correlation shows inconsistent values indicating the commensurate properties of the Tl chains expected from the thermodynamic properties. The present XAFS data clearly support positional fluctuations of the Tl atoms found in three‐dimensional atomic images reconstructed from X‐ray fluorescence holography.
Atomistic Simulation of Interstitial Dislocation Loop Evolution under Applied Stresses in BCC Iron
Authors: Long Xue Hao , Wang Dong , Setyawan Wahyu , Liu Peng , Gao Ning , Kurtz Richard J. , Wang Zhi Guang , Wang Xue Lin
Published: November 2017

Evolution of an interstitial 1/2 dislocation loop under tensile, shear, and torsion stresses is studied with molecular statics method. Under a tensile stress, the dependence of ultimate tensile strength on size of loop is calculated. The formation of small shear loops around the initial prismatic loop is confirmed as an intermediate state to form the final dislocation network. Under a shear stress, the rotation of a loop is observed not only by a change of the habit plane but also through a transformation between a shear and a prismatic loop. Under torsion, a perfect BCC crystal may undergo a BCC to FCC or BCC to HCP transformation. The present work indicates that a 1/2 loop can delay these transformations, resulting in the formation of micro‐crack on the surface.
All‐Solution‐Processed, Scalable, Self‐Cracking Ag Network Transparent Conductor
Authors: Yang Chaobin , Merlo Juan M. , Kong Jiantao , Xian Zhike , Han Bing , Zhou Guofu , Gao Jinwei , Burns Michael J. , Kempa Krzysztof , Naughton Michael J.
Published: November 2017

A scalable and a fully solution‐based method is developed to produce environmentally stable Ag micro/nanowire networks for transparent conductors. By applying a self‐cracking, water‐soluble acrylate copolymer film as a photoresist mask, the need for formal photomask fabrication and costly vacuum and lithographic facilities is obviated. Also, an increase in adhesion and a decrease in roughness of the metal networks is demonstrated by depositing metal into the regions created by the glass etch step. As a result, the networks can potentially be inexpensively scaled to large areas, as well as be flexible after removal from the substrate. They also exhibit record values of figures of merit that have been employed in the literature, offering a possibly excellent replacement for ITO.
Auxetic and Negative Thermal Expansion Structure Based on Interconnected Array of Rings and Sliding Rods
Authors: Lim Teik‐Cheng
Published: November 2017

An exploration by analytical method has been made herein for a mechanism‐based structure that involves a two‐dimensional array of rings and a three‐dimensional array of double‐rings, with short fixed rods and long sliding rods attached at the outer and inner surfaces of the rings, respectively. Based on the theory of thin rings, effective Poisson's ratio and effective coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) models have been obtained for single‐ring structures, pole‐loaded double‐ring structures, and equator‐loaded double‐ring structures. Results establish a very strong correlation between these effective properties with the ring radius and rod lengths. In addition, the analysis of four of the double‐ring structures reveals that the sign of Poisson's ratio is dependent on the direction of loading. An example application is demonstrated herein in which positive thermal expansion rings, used in conjunction with rigid rods, enable the design of an overall zero thermal expansion structure (i.e., minimal thermal stress) with tunable negative thermal expansion internal microstructure for use as sieve. Finally, it is herein shown that, by judicious positioning of the short fixed rods and/or long sliding rods, one may possibly obtain various combinations of positive and negative CTEs with positive and negative Poisson's ratio.
Wet‐Etching Induced Abnormal Phase Transition in Highly Strained VO2/TiO2 (001) Epitaxial Film
Authors: Ren Hui , Chen Shi , Chen Yuliang , Luo Zhenlin , Zhou Jingtian , Zheng Xusheng , Wang Liangxin , Li Bowen , Zou Chongwen
Published: November 2017

The metal–insulator transition (MIT) behavior in vanadium dioxide (VO2) epitaxial film is known to be dramatically affected by interfacial stress due to lattice mismatching. For the VO2/TiO2 (001) system, there exists a considerable strain in ultra‐thin VO2 thin film, which shows a lower Tc value close to room temperature. As the VO2 epitaxial film grows thicker layer‐by‐layer along the “bottom‐up” route, the strain will be gradually relaxed and Tc will increase as well, until the MIT behavior becomes the same as that of bulk material with a Tc of about 68 °C. Whereas, in this study, we find that the VO2/TiO2 (001) film thinned by “top‐down” wet‐etching shows an abnormal variation in MIT, which accompanies the potential relaxation of film strain with thinning. It is observed that even when the strained VO2 film is etched up to several nanometers, the MIT persists, and Tc will increase up to that of bulk material, showing the trend to a stress‐free ultra‐thin VO2 film. The current findings demonstrate a facial chemical‐etching way to change interfacial strain and modulate the phase transition behavior of ultrathinVO2 films, which can also be applied to other strained oxide films.
Tightening behaviour of preloaded stainless steel bolting assemblies
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Jungbluth Dominik , Abraham Christoph , Söderman Anders
Published: November 2017

Preloaded bolting assemblies made of stainless steel are currently not permitted in steel structures due to the unknown viscoplastic deformation behaviour as well as the unknown tightening behaviour and tightening procedures for these kinds of bolting assemblies. Nonetheless, the construction industry wishes to carry out these types of connections in special cases, e.g. when special requirements exist with regard to corrosion resistance or for architectural reasons. Generally, the tightening behaviour of carbon steel HR and HV bolting assemblies according to EN 14399‐3 and ‐4 cannot simply be transferred uncritically to stainless steel bolting assemblies due to several reasons. Within the scope of the European RFCS research project SIROCO, extensive investigations are currently being conducted on the tightening and preloading behaviour of EN ISO 4014 and EN ISO 4017 bolting assemblies made of austenitic and duplex stainless steels. First results from this project show that a targeted tightening of such assemblies is in principle possible. Specified preloading levels, e. g. Fp,C* and Fp,C, can be achieved with sufficient reliability using suitable lubricants. Herewith, it is possible to define feasible tightening procedures. Furthermore, it could be shown that these bolting assemblies show sufficient ductility and galling of the assemblies can be for sure avoided. The present paper provides an initial insight into the results of the project.
Optimization of the test procedure for slip factor tests according to EN 1090‐2
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Afzali Nariman , de Vries Peter , Glienke Ralf , Ebert Andreas
Published: November 2017

Slip‐resistant connections are always used when slip and deformation in a bolted connection must be avoided at all costs, e.g. in radio masts and bridges. For some popular surface treatments, slip factors are given in EN 1090‐2, the execution standard for steel structures. For those surface conditions not considered in EN 1090‐2, the slip factor can be determined experimentally according to Annex G of EN 1090‐2. By reviewing slip factor values obtained with the Annex G test procedure and reported in the literature, it becomes obvious that in most cases the slip factors achieved experimentally are not comparable for identical surface conditions. This is potentially caused by different interpretations of the Annex G slip test procedure. As the slip factor is one of the main parameters influencing the bearing capacity of slip‐resistant connections, its determination should be on the safe side and not dependent on the various interpretation possibilities of the test procedure itself. For this reason, the optimization of the Annex G test procedure was thoroughly investigated in the European RFCS research project SIROCO, with the final objective being to enhance its reliability. The focus was on investigating the various test parameters such as type of preload measurement, ascertaining the possible slip planes, test speed, position of slip measurement, clamping length, preload level, evaluation of critical slip load and the performance of the extended creep test. The results achieved in these investigations have already been partly implemented in the revision of the current draft version of EN 1090‐2.
Methylisothiazolinone may induce cell death and inflammatory response through DNA damage in human liver epithelium cells
Authors: Park Eun‐Jung , Kim Sanghwa , Chang Jaerak
Published: November 2017

Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is a powerful biocide and preservative, which is widely used alone or in a 1:3 ratio with methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCIT) under the trade name of Kathons in the manufacture of numerous personal and household products. Considering that Kathons injected intravenously is distributed in the blood and then in the liver, we explored the toxic mechanism of MIT on human liver epithelium cells. At 24 h after exposure, MIT bound to the plasma membrane and the inner wall of vacuoles in the cells, and rupture of the cell membrane and nuclear envelop, autophagosome‐like vacuoles formation and mitochondrial damage were observed. Cell viability dose‐dependently decreased accompanying an increase of apoptotic cells, and the level of LDH, NO, IFN‐gamma, IL‐10 and IL‐8, but not IL‐1β, significantly increased in the culture media of cells exposed to MIT. Additionally, expression of autophagy‐, membrane damage‐ and apoptosis‐related proteins was notably enhanced, and the produced ATP level dose‐dependently decreased with the reduced mitochondrial activity. Furthermore, the increased DNA damage and the decreased transcription activity were observed in MIT‐treated cells. Meanwhile, the intracellular ROS level did not show dose‐dependent change at the same time‐point. Then we explored the role of autophagy in MIT‐induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting or inducing the autophagic signal. Intriguingly, no additional cell death induced by autophagic modulation occurred when MIT was treated. Taken together, we suggest that MIT may induce multiple pathways of cell death and inflammatory response through DNA damage caused by rupture of the nuclear envelope.
Through the Sliding Glass Door: #EmpowerTheReader
Authors: Johnson Nancy J. , Koss Melanie D. , Martinez Miriam
Published: November 2017

This article seeks to complicate the understanding of Bishop's () metaphor of mirrors, windows, and sliding glass doors, with particular emphasis on sliding glass doors and the emotional connections needed for readers to move through them. The authors begin by examining the importance of the reader and the characters he or she meets. Next, the authors extend Bishop's metaphor by exploring the role of readers’ emotional connections to texts and characters. The authors then make recommendations for selecting appropriate books, linking books thematically, and guiding readers in ways to respond. They conclude with a call to action for teachers to consider their responsibility to #EmpowerTheReader.
A Novel and Simple Method for the Prediction of Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency without Using Complex Computer Codes
Authors: Shirazi Zeinab , Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Esmaeilpour Karim , Pakniya Tahereh
Published: November 2017

A novel method for prediction of the inhibition efficiency of pyridine and imidazole derivatives is proposed. It does not require computer codes and unusual descriptors. It is based on the number of bromine atoms, the sum of the number of carbon and nitrogen atoms, and different structural factors. For 30 inhibitors, the root means squared (RMS) deviation of the new method is 4.00, which is lower than the best available method, i.e. 19.22. High reliability of new model is also tested for further 17 derivatives of pyridine and imidazole, where the value of RMS deviation is 6.17 for these data.
Holomorphic scalar portals and the OPE
Authors: Fortin Jean-François , Pelchat-Voyer Shanny
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Visible-sector SUSY-breaking effects are computed in terms of hidden-sector correlation functions for generic holomorphic scalar portals. The solutions, which are valid irrespective of the hidden-sector dynamics, are approximated with the help of the operator product expansion (OPE). Indeed, for theories with superconformal symmetry at high energy, the superconformal OPE formalism can be used to disentangle the high-energy dynamics, encoded in the OPE coefficients, from the low-energy dynamics of the SUSY-breaking vacuum expectation values. A systematic method is proposed to compute the OPE coefficients, using relations between correlation functions of superfields and correlation functions of their quasi-primary component fields. The method, which is quite general, could be useful in building models of gauge- or gravity-mediated SUSY breaking and in analysing the viability of such models in a systematic way.
Inconsistencies in Verlinde’s emergent gravity
Authors: Dai De-Chang , Stojkovic Dejan
Published: November 2017

Abstract

We point out that recent Verlinde’s proposal of emergent gravity suffers from some internal inconsistencies. The main idea in this proposal is to preserve general relativity at short scales where numerous tests verified its validity, but modify it on large scales where we meet puzzles raised by observations (in particular dark matter), by using some entropic concepts. We first point out that gravity as a conservative force is very difficult (if possible at all) to portray as an entropic force. We then show that the derivation of the MOND relation using the elastic strain idea is not self-consistent. When properly done, Verlinde’s elaborate procedure recovers the standard Newtonian gravity instead of MOND.
Virtual signatures of dark sectors in Higgs couplings
Authors: Voigt Alexander , Westhoff Susanne
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Where collider searches for resonant invisible particles lose steam, dark sectors might leave their trace as virtual effects in precision observables. Here we explore this option in the framework of Higgs portal models, where a sector of dark fermions interacts with the standard model through a strong renormalizable coupling to the Higgs boson. We show that precise measurements of Higgs-gauge and triple Higgs interactions can probe dark fermions up to the TeV scale through virtual corrections. Observation prospects at the LHC and future lepton colliders are discussed for the so-called singlet-doublet model of Majorana fermions, a generalization of the bino-higgsino scenario in supersymmetry. We advocate a two-fold search strategy for dark sectors through direct and indirect observables.
The conformal BMS group
Authors: Haco Sasha J. , Hawking Stephen W. , Perry Malcolm J. , Bourjaily Jacob L.
Published: November 2017

Abstract

We describe the conformal symmetries of asymptotically flat spacetime. These represent an extension of the BMS group that we call the conformal BMS group. Its general features are discussed.
Superconformal index, BPS monodromy and chiral algebras
Authors: Cecotti Sergio , Song Jaewon , Vafa Cumrun , Yan Wenbin
Published: November 2017

Abstract

We show that specializations of the 4d

$$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$

N
=
2

superconformal index labeled by an integer N is given by Tr ℳ
N
where ℳ is the Kontsevich-Soibelman monodromy operator for BPS states on the Coulomb branch. We provide evidence that the states enumerated by these limits of the index lead to a family of 2d chiral algebras

$$ {\mathcal{A}}_N $$

A
N

. This generalizes the recent results for the N = −1 case which corresponds to the Schur limit of the superconformal index. We show that this specialization of the index leads to the same integrand as that of the elliptic genus of compactification of the superconformal theory on S
2
× T
2 where we turn on

$$ \frac{1}{2}N $$

1
2

N

units of U(1)
r
flux on S
2.
Microaerophilic alkane degradation in Pseudomonas extremaustralis: a transcriptomic and physiological approach
Authors: Tribelli Paula M , Rossi Leticia , Ricardi Martiniano M , Gomez-Lozano Maria , Molin Søren , Raiger Iustman Laura J , Lopez Nancy I
Published: November 2017

Diesel fuel is one of the most important sources of hydrocarbon contamination worldwide. Its composition consists of a complex mixture of n-alkanes, branched alkanes and aromatic compounds. Hydrocarbon degradation in Pseudomonas species has been mostly studied under aerobic conditions; however, a dynamic spectrum of oxygen availability can be found in the environment. Pseudomonas extremaustralis, an Antarctic bacterium isolated from a pristine environment, is able to degrade diesel fuel and presents a wide microaerophilic metabolism. In this work RNA-deep sequence experiments were analyzed comparing the expression profile in aerobic and microaerophilic cultures. Interestingly, genes involved in alkane degradation, including alkB, were over-expressed in micro-aerobiosis in absence of hydrocarbon compounds. In minimal media supplemented with diesel fuel, n-alkanes degradation (C13–C19) after 7 days was observed under low oxygen conditions but not in aerobiosis. In-silico analysis of the alkB promoter zone showed a putative binding sequence for the anaerobic global regulator, Anr. Our results indicate that some diesel fuel components can be utilized as sole carbon source under microaerophilic conditions for cell maintenance or slow growth in a Pseudomonas species and this metabolism could represent an adaptive advantage in polluted environments.
Correction to: A Micellar Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Azosemide in Solubilized System
Authors: Malvia Hitesh , Kumar Ashok , Sharma Pratibha , Mishra Ritesh
Published: November 2017

In the original publication of the article, the corresponding author's name was incorrectly published. The corresponding author's name should appear as Ashok Kumar.
Extracellular vesicles: novel vehicles in herpesvirus
infection
Authors: Liu Lingzhi , Zhou Quan , Xie Yan , Zuo Lielian , Zhu Fanxiu , Lu Jianhong
Published: November 2017

Herpesviruses are remarkable pathogens that have evolved multiple mechanisms to
evade host immunity, ensuring their proliferation and egress. Among these
mechanisms, herpesviruses utilize elaborate extracellular vesicles, including
exosomes, for the intricate interplay between infected host and recipient cells.
Herpesviruses incorporate genome expression products and direct cellular products
into exosomal cargoes. These components alter the content and function of exosomes
released from donor cells, thus affecting the downstream signalings of recipient
cells. In this way, herpesviruses hijack exosomal pathways to ensure their survival
and persistence, and exosomes are emerging as critical mediators for virus
infection-associated intercellular communication and microenvironment alteration. In
this review, the function and effects of exosomes in herpesvirus infection will be
discussed, so that we will have a better understanding about the pathogenesis of
herpesviruses.
The novelty ‘sweet spot’ of invention
Authors: He Yuejun , Luo Jianxi
Published: November 2017

Invention arises from novel combinations of prior technologies. However, prior studies of creativity have suggested that overly novel combinations may be harmful to invention. Apart from the factors of expertise, market, etc., there may be such a thing as ‘too much’ or ‘too little’ novelty that will determine an invention’s future value, but little empirical evidence exists in the literature. Using technical patents as the proxy of inventions, our analysis of 3.9 million patents identifies a clear ‘sweet spot’ in which the mix of novel combinations of prior technologies favors an invention’s eventual success. Specifically, we found that the invention categories with the highest mean values and hit rates have moderate novelty in the center of their combination space and high novelty in the extreme of their combination space. Too much or too little central novelty suppresses the positive contribution of extreme novelty in the invention. Furthermore, the combination of scientific and broader knowledge beyond patentable technologies creates additional value for invention and enlarges the advantage of the novelty sweet spot. These findings may further enable data-driven methods both for assessing invention novelty and for profiling inventors, and may inspire a new strand of data-driven design research and practice.
The Commercial Ecology of Scavenger Capitalism: Monsanto, Fossil Fuels, and the Remaking of a Chemical Giant
Authors: ELMORE BARTOW J.
Published: November 2017

Monsanto’s transformation from a chemical firm to a biotechnology business in the 1980s and 1990s reveals that an increasingly small corporate cartel gained dominion over petroleum refining byproducts and that this concentration of ownership had profound implications for the future solvency of Monsanto. As the price of petrochemical feedstocks rose, Monsanto, a company that made 80 percent of its products from fossil fuels, began to pursue an alternative path to profits. In short, concentrated corporate ownership of critical natural resources forced some companies in the chemical commodity production business to pursue radically new ways of generating cash flow. This was especially true for scavenger capitalists such as Monsanto, firms that had historically made their money by scavenging raw material stockpiles produced by booming commercial industries. For firms invested heavily in commodity production but lacking proprietary claims to critical natural resources, the key was finding new ways to make money without depending on fossil fuels. For Monsanto, biotechnology offered a way out.
A Joint Commemoration of the Reformation in 2017
Authors: Clifford Catherine E.
Published: November 2017

When the young Augustinian friar, Martin Luther, affixed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church on October 31, 1517, calling for the reform of the church, he could hardly have anticipated the succession of events that would lead to the division of Western Christendom. Luther had no intention of creating a “Lutheran” Church, nor could he have foreseen that his initiative would give rise to an ecclesial divide that would persist for half a millennium. The Second Vatican Council's Decree on Ecumenism, which acknowledged the need for continual reform and renewal in the church, created the conditions for the Catholic Church to enter in earnest into a dialogue “on equal footing” with other Christian communities. The Lutheran-Catholic Commission on Unity, as it is known today, was established in 1967 and was the first commission for official bilateral dialogue. Thus, as we commemorate five hundred years since the Reformation, we also mark with gratitude fifty years of official dialogue and growth in communion.
Ecumenism for the Sake of the World
Authors: Jackelén Antje
Published: November 2017

“Today's challenges are no longer defined by local or national borders. They are glocal, both global and local. Borders are no longer what they used to be. That should not scare us. Because at the center of Christianity, there is a God crossing the most dramatic border of all: the one between divine and human. Transgression of borders always entails ‘Berührungsangst,’ the anxiety of touching and being touched by what is different, strange, other. As people of faith, we can live with these anxieties, remaining centered in the Gospel of the incarnated Christ and open, very much open, to the world. And so, united in prayer for God's creation and the church of Jesus Christ, we say with confidence: Veni Creator Spiritus, Come Creator Spirit.”
Black Lives Matter and Catholic Whiteness: A Tale of Two Performances
Authors: Jaycox Michael P.
Published: November 2017

The Black Lives Matter movement has received little scholarly attention from Catholic theologians and ethicists, despite the fact that it is the most conspicuous and publicly influential racial justice movement to be found in the US context in decades. The author argues on the basis of recent field research that this movement is most adequately understood from a theological ethics standpoint through a performativity lens, as a form of quasi-liturgical participation that constructs collective identity and sustains collective agency. The author draws upon ethnographic methods in order to demonstrate that the public moral critique of the movement is embedded in four interlocking narratives, and to interrogate the Catholic theological discipline itself as an object of this moral critique in light of its own performative habituation to whiteness.
Emerging Trends in Pregnancy-Loss Memorialization in American Catholicism
Authors: Walsh Maureen L.
Published: November 2017

Pregnancy loss (miscarriage, stillbirth, and abortion) is an age-old, and typically hidden, part of women's lives, yet only in recent years has it started to receive recognition to match its prevalence. Based on ethnographic research, this article analyzes liturgical and memorial practices developing within American Catholicism to acknowledge and commemorate pregnancy losses. Growing efforts have emerged as parishes, dioceses, and other Catholic organizations across the country have developed rites and memorials that provide formal ways to attend to grief that often accompanies experiences of miscarriage, stillbirth, and abortion. The memorials range from “miscarriage masses” to public monuments to postabortion ministry retreats. This article argues that these memorial practices seek to change how pregnancy-loss experiences are understood or “known” by ritual participants by reframing them within Catholic narratives of forgiveness and healing, thereby transforming situations of isolating loss into stories of grace, community, and shared sorrow.
Lattice Boltzmann simulations of low-Reynolds-number flows past fluidized spheres: effect of inhomogeneities on the drag force
Authors: Rubinstein Gregory J. , Ozel Ali , Yin Xiaolong , Derksen J. J. , Sundaresan Sankaran
Published: November 2017

The formation of inhomogeneities within fluidized beds, both in terms of the particle configurations and flow structures, have a pronounced effect on the interaction force between the fluid and particles. While recent numerical studies have begun to probe the effects of inhomogeneities on the drag force at the particle scale, the applicability of prior microscale constitutive drag relations is still limited to random, homogeneous distributions of particles. Since an accurate model for the drag force is needed to predict the fluidization behaviour, the current study utilizes the lessons of prior inhomogeneity studies in order to derive a robust drag relation that is both able to account for the effect of inhomogeneities and applicable as a constitutive closure to larger-scale fluidization simulations. Using fully resolved lattice Boltzmann simulations of systems composed of fluid and monodisperse spherical particles in the low-Reynolds-number (Re) regime, the fluid–particle drag force, normalized by the ideal Stokes drag force, is found to significantly decrease, over a range of length scales, as the extent of inhomogeneities increases. The extent of inhomogeneities is found to most effectively be quantified through one of two subgrid-scale quantities: the scalar variance of the particle volume fraction or the drift flux, which is the correlation between the particle volume fraction and slip velocity. Scale-similar models are developed to estimate these two subgrid measures over a wide range of system properties. Two new drag constitutive models are proposed that are not only functions of the particle volume fraction and the Stokes number ($St$), but also dependent on one of these subgrid measures for the extent of inhomogeneities. Based on the observed, appreciable effect of inhomogeneities on drag, these new low-Re drag models represent a significant advancement over prior constitutive relations.
Comparison of Different Ranking Methods in Wine Tasting
Authors: Cao Jing , Stokes Lynne
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we compare three ranking methods in wine tasting in terms of their respective accuracy levels. The first two are the original-score average and rank average, which are conventional methods in practice. The third is a relatively new ranking method called Shapley ranking. It is a game-theory-based ranking method, whereby judges are required not to rank order or score all the wines but only to choose a subset that they find meritorious. A simulation study is designed, wherein the data-generating scheme mimics how the real wine-tasting data are produced. We also consider two criteria in the comparison: the squared-error loss, which is a suitable measure when accurate ranking of all wines is of interest; and the percentile loss, which only considers whether the wines are correctly put in a certain subset. The main conclusion from our study is that the ranking based on score average is generally more accurate than that based on rank average. Shapley ranking, with the consideration that it puts less burden on judges in wine tasting, may outperform the other methods in certain conditions. (JEL Classifications: C11, C15, D72, D81)
The Turkish economy and the challenge of technology: a trade perspective
Authors: Ege Aylin , Ege A. Yavuz
Published: November 2017

This article provides an analysis of Turkish trade deficits from the perspective of technology, with particular focus on the period that began with the new millennium. It draws special attention to the technological structure of Turkish exports vis-à-vis Turkey’s major trade partners and illustrates how Turkish trade deficits are primarily structural in nature and essentially caused by weak technology as compared with Turkey’s partners. Turkish products lack competitiveness, particularly in the case of relatively higher technology goods. The future prospects for Turkey are discussed in relation to the present level of the country’s technology infrastructure, and it is emphasized that, if Turkey is to achieve a better trade balance and a prominent share of world exports in the future, merely increasing its business sector’s weak R&D expenditures will not be sufficient, as the country needs also to provide a sufficient number of researchers in order to increase its technological capacity. Moreover, in the case of both R&D expenditures and researchers, quality as well as quantity is required, with the number and quality of the latter in particular being crucial both for innovating and for absorbing foreign technology.
Straddling two continents and beyond three worlds? The case of Turkey’s welfare regime
Authors: Powell Martin , Yörük Erdem
Published: November 2017

This article aims to consider how Turkey has been classified in the welfare regime literature, and on what basis it has been classified. This will then form the basis for exploring whether there appears to be any variation between approaches and methods and/or between the “position” (e.g., location or language) of the authors. Studies of Turkey’s welfare regime exhibit a significant degree of variation in terms of both approaches and conclusions, resulting in little in the way of consensus. Among Turkish-language studies (and some, but not all, Turkish scholars writing in English), there does seem to be a broad consensus that Turkey may be classified as part of the Southern European welfare model, which squares with the modal conclusion of the English-language studies on the topic. However, some “regional” studies conclude that Turkey is part of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, while many of the cluster analyses suggest a wide variety of clusters that are not geographically contiguous.
Salivary leptin and TAS1R2/TAS1R3 polymorphisms are related to sweet taste sensitivity and carbohydrate intake from a buffet meal in healthy young adults
Authors: Han Pengfei , Keast Russell S. J. , Roura Eugeni
Published: November 2017

The influence of sweet taste sensitivity on food intake is not well understood. We investigated the involvement of salivary leptin and SNP of the sweet taste receptor genes (TAS1R2/TAS1R3) on sweet taste sensitivity, sensory-specific satiety (SSS) and macronutrient intake in healthy human adults. In all, nineteen high sweet sensitivity (HS) and eleven low sweet sensitivity (LS) subjects were classified based on the sweetness perception of one solution (9 mm sucrose) forced-choice triangle test. All participants completed a randomised crossover design experiment where they consumed one of three iso-energetic soup preloads differing in primary taste quality (sweet, non-sweet taste-control or no-taste energy-control). A period of 1 h after the preload, participants were offered a buffet meal consisting of foods varying in taste (sweet or non-sweet) and fat content. Subjective measures included hunger/fullness and SSS for sweetness. Saliva and buccal cells were collected to measure leptin level and to study the TAS1R2/TAS1R3 specific SNP, respectively. Salivary leptin concentrations were significantly higher in LS than HS participants (P<0·05). In addition, HS showed stronger sweet SSS compared with LH participants (P<0·05), and consumed less carbohydrate (% energy) and more non-sweet foods than LS (P<0·01 and P<0·05, respectively). Alleles from each TAS1R2 locus (GG compared with AA alleles of rs12033832, and CT/CC compared with TT alleles of rs35874116) were related to higher consumption of carbohydrates (% energy) and higher amount of sweet foods, respectively (P<0·05). In contrast, no associations were found for the TAS1R3 alleles. These results contribute to understand the links between taste sensitivity, macronutrient appetite and food consumption.
Biochemical characterization a digestive trypsin in the midgut of large cabbage white butterfly,Pieris brassicaeL. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Authors: Sharifloo A. , Zibaee A. , Jalali Sendi J. , Talebi Jahroumi K.
Published: November 2017

A comprehensive study on digestive trypsin was undertaken in the larval midgut ofPieris brassicaeL. Results of enzymatic compartmentalization showed a significantly higher activity of crude trypsin in the anterior larval midgut rather than posterior-midgut. Using Diethylaminoethyl cellulose fast flow column chromatography a purified trypsin was obtained by specific activity of 21 U mg−1protein, recovery of 22%, purification fold of 28-fold and molecular weight of 25 kDa. This purified enzyme showed the highest activity at pH 8 and the corresponding temperature of 40°C. However, the specific inhibitors used including 4-(2-Aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluroride hydrochloride, N-p-Tosyl-L-lysine methyl ester hydrochloride and Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor significantly lowered the activity of the purified enzymein vitro. Moreover, the activity of trypsin and likewise the nutritional indices were significantly altered in the larval midgut feeding upon the leaves treated by 1 mM concentration of each inhibitor in comparison with control. Determination of enzymatic characteristics of insect trypsins is crucial in paving the path for controlling pests by potential natural compounds via transgenic plants.
UN HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY MONITORING BODIES BEFORE DOMESTIC COURTS
Authors: Kanetake Machiko
Published: November 2017

This article analyses both cooperative and confrontational interactions between domestic judges and UN human rights treaty monitoring bodies. Based on a number of cases collected through multiple databases, this article addresses the basis on which the monitoring bodies encourage the domestic acceptance of their views, general comments, and reports; how domestic courts engage with these findings; on what basis; and why some courts are more willing to engage with these findings. A key argument is that judicial accommodation is highly selective; domestic judges occasionally avoid, discount, and contest the interpretation put forward by the treaty monitoring bodies and thereby pose a challenge to their legitimacy.
Self-gravitational instability of dense degenerate viscous anisotropic plasma with rotation
Authors: Sharma Prerana , Patidar Archana
Published: November 2017

The influence of finite Larmor radius correction, tensor viscosity and uniform rotation on self-gravitational and firehose instabilities is discussed in the framework of the quantum magnetohydrodynamic and Chew–Goldberger–Low (CGL) fluid models. The general dispersion relation is obtained for transverse and longitudinal modes of propagation. In both the modes of propagation the dispersion relation is further analysed with respect to the direction of the rotational axis. In the analytical discussion the axis of rotation is considered in parallel and in the perpendicular direction to the magnetic field. (i) In the transverse mode of propagation, when rotation is parallel to the direction of the magnetic field, the Jeans instability criterion is affected by the rotation, finite Larmor radius (FLR) and quantum parameter but remains unaffected due to the presence of tensor viscosity. The calculated critical Jeans masses for rotating and non-rotating dense degenerate plasma systems are$3.5M_{\odot }$and$2.1M_{\odot }$respectively. It is clear that the presence of rotation enhances the threshold mass of the considered system. (ii) In the case of longitudinal mode of propagation when rotation is parallel to the direction of the magnetic field, Alfvén and viscous self-gravitating modes are obtained. The Alfvén mode is modified by FLR corrections and rotation. The analytical as well as graphical results show that the presence of FLR and rotation play significant roles in stabilizing the growth rate of the firehose instability by suppressing the parallel anisotropic pressure. The viscous self-gravitating mode is significantly affected by tensor viscosity, anisotropic pressure and the quantum parameter while it remains free from rotation and FLR corrections. When the direction of rotation is perpendicular to the magnetic field, the rotation of the considered system coupled the Alfvén and viscous self-gravitating modes to each other. The finding of the present work is applicable to strongly magnetized dense degenerate plasma.
Problematic alcohol use and hippocampal volume in a female sample: disentangling cause from consequence using a co-twin control study design
Authors: Wilson Sylia , Malone Stephen M. , Hunt Ruskin H. , Thomas Kathleen M. , Iacono William G.
Published: November 2017

Background

Although there is extensive evidence that problematic alcohol use is associated with smaller hippocampal volume, the typical cross-sectional study design cannot determine whether hippocampal deviations reflect pre-existing liability toward problematic alcohol use or instead reflect an alcohol exposure-related effect. We used the co-twin control study design, which capitalizes upon differences within a twin pair in levels of drinking, to differentiate pre-existing liability from an effect of alcohol exposure.

Methods

The sample included 100 female twins, prospectively assessed from ages 11 to 24. Problematic alcohol use was assessed dimensionally and included indicators of quantity, frequency, and density of alcohol use and intoxication. Hippocampal volume was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

Problematic alcohol use (proximal and cumulative) was associated with significantly smaller left and right hippocampal volume. Follow-up co-twin control analyses that partitioned individual-level alcohol effects into pre-existing, familial liability and non-shared alcohol exposure-related effects indicated that this association reflected alcohol exposure. Greater alcohol using twins had smaller hippocampal volume relative to lesser alcohol using co-twins, beyond effects of their shared genetic and environmental liability toward problematic alcohol use. Results held accounting for recent alcohol use, other substance use, externalizing and internalizing psychopathology, personality traits, trauma exposure, and menstrual phase.

Conclusions

The association between problematic alcohol use and smaller hippocampal volume likely reflects an alcohol exposure-related effect. Differentiating pre-existing brain deviations that confer risk for problematic alcohol use from those that reflect effects of alcohol on the brain will inform etiological models of addiction and further prevention and intervention efforts.
Minority stressors, rumination, and psychological distress in monozygotic twins discordant for sexual minority status
Authors: Timmins Liadh , Rimes Katharine A. , Rahman Qazi
Published: November 2017

Background

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals report higher levels of depression and anxiety than heterosexual people. Genetic factors may be a ‘common cause’ of sexual minority status and psychological distress. Alternatively, these may be correlated because of non-genetic environmental factors (e.g. minority stressors). This study investigated minority stressors and distress in monozygotic twins discordant for sexual minority status. This design provides a test of the role of non-shared environmental factors while minimizing differences due to genetics.

Methods

Thirty-eight twin pairs in which one was heterosexual and the other was LGB completed a survey. Differences between twin pairs in minority stressors, rumination, psychological distress, and gender non-conformity were examined. Associations between these variables were also tested.

Results

Although there were no significant group differences for distress, LGB twins had higher rumination, a vulnerability factor for distress, than heterosexual co-twins. LGB twins also had higher scores than heterosexual co-twins on expectations of rejection, active concealment, self-stigma, prejudice events, childhood gender non-conformity, and lower scores on sexual orientation disclosure. Differences between twin pairs in rumination were positively associated with differences in acceptance concerns and self-stigma. Finally, self-stigma was positively associated with rumination in the full sample of heterosexual co-twins and microaggressions were positively associated with rumination when looking at exclusively heterosexual co-twins.

Conclusions

These results support environmental factors as a causal explanation for disparities in rumination between LGB and heterosexual individuals. These factors likely include minority stressors. Rumination may also be associated with minority stressors in heterosexual MZ co-twins of LGB individuals.
Clinical predictors of conversion to bipolar disorder in a prospective longitudinal familial high-risk sample: focus on depressive features
Authors: Frankland Andrew , Roberts Gloria , Holmes-Preston Ellen , Perich Tania , Levy Florence , Lenroot Rhoshel , Hadzi-Pavlovic Dusan , Breakspear Michael , Mitchell Philip B.
Published: November 2017

Background

Identifying clinical features that predict conversion to bipolar disorder (BD) in those at high familial risk (HR) would assist in identifying a more focused population for early intervention.

Method

In total 287 participants aged 12–30 (163 HR with a first-degree relative with BD and 124 controls (CONs)) were followed annually for a median of 5 years. We used the baseline presence of DSM-IV depressive, anxiety, behavioural and substance use disorders, as well as a constellation of specific depressive symptoms (as identified by the Probabilistic Approach to Bipolar Depression) to predict the subsequent development of hypo/manic episodes.

Results

At baseline, HR participants were significantly more likely to report ⩾4 Probabilistic features (40.4%) when depressed than CONs (6.7%; p < .05). Nineteen HR subjects later developed either threshold (n = 8; 4.9%) or subthreshold (n = 11; 6.7%) hypo/mania. The presence of ⩾4 Probabilistic features was associated with a seven-fold increase in the risk of ‘conversion’ to threshold BD (hazard ratio = 6.9, p < .05) above and beyond the fourteen-fold increase in risk related to major depressive episodes (MDEs) per se (hazard ratio = 13.9, p < .05). Individual depressive features predicting conversion were psychomotor retardation and ⩾5 MDEs. Behavioural disorders only predicted conversion to subthreshold BD (hazard ratio = 5.23, p < .01), while anxiety and substance disorders did not predict either threshold or subthreshold hypo/mania.

Conclusions

This study suggests that specific depressive characteristics substantially increase the risk of young people at familial risk of BD going on to develop future hypo/manic episodes and may identify a more targeted HR population for the development of early intervention programs.
Pindar’s Voices: Music, Ethics and Reperformance
Authors: Phillips Tom
Published: November 2017

This article analyses monodic reperformance of epinicians in the fifth century BC and argues that the musical and ethical dimensions of such performances were mutually reinforcing. Reperformances by solo singers would have strongly foregrounded the agency of the individual performer, while also enacting his understanding of musical conventions. This relationship forms a structural parallel with the function of ethical statements in epinicians, which are usually conventional in terms of their conceptual content and yet also emphasize the agency of individuals in responding to them. I argue that the parallelism between ethics and monodic reperformance is an important thematic strand in Nemean 4 and Isthmian 2, and prefigures the responses that the poems elicit from audiences.