bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoring landscapes: the authenticity problem
Authors: Brook Isis
Published: October 2006

Philosophical concerns about restoring landscapes often revolve around two, connected, issues. First is the idea that a restored landscape, even if it is a perfect replica, has lost some of its value. The claim might appeal to a break in the continuity of the landscape and that continuity is part of what is valuable. Alternatively, often in the case of natural landscapes, the appeal is that any human manipulation is inauthentic; here the analogy is sometimes made with the art world and the restoration is deemed a fake. The second problem highlighted in philosophical debates is that the greater the success of restoration projects, the more threatened natural landscapes become: any claim that something must be preserved in its pristine or historically layered state is undermined by the claim that it could be put back again.

Initially I discuss two opposing potential responses to these claims: (1) that humans are part of nature and thus cannot be an alien dominating force outside of nature; and (2) that nature is itself a social construct. Neither of these positions is entirely satisfactory, but what they jointly reveal is the reality of our fluid and multifaceted relationship with the world. I then show that Elliot's claim of the additional value of pristine nature is actually not based on an inherent value, but is dependent on the human valuation of it. I propose an alternative that places the source of value in the thing itself and thus arrive at a positive role for restoration as the setting in train and guiding of positive relationships above and beyond their social or public amenity value to us. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Natural’ rivers, ‘hydromorphological quality’ and river restoration: a challenging new agenda for applied fluvial geomorphology
Authors: Newson Malcolm. D. , Large Andrew R. G.
Published: October 2006

Fluvial geomorphology is rapidly becoming centrally involved in practical applications to support the agenda of sustainable river basin management. In the UK its principal contributions to date have primarily been in flood risk management and river restoration. There is a new impetus: the European Union's Water Framework and Habitats Directives require all rivers to be considered in terms of their ecological quality, defined partly in terms of ‘hydromorphology’. This paper focuses on the problematic definition of ‘natural’ hydromorphological quality for rivers, the assessment of departures from it, and the ecologically driven strategies for restoration that must be delivered by regulators under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). The Habitats Directive contains similar concepts under different labels. Currently available definitions of ‘natural’ or ‘reference’ conditions derive largely from a concept of ‘damage’, principally to channel morphology. Such definitions may, however, be too static to form sustainable strategies for management and regulation, but attract public support. Interdisciplinary knowledge remains scant; yet such knowledge is needed at a range of scales from catchment to microhabitat. The most important contribution of the interdisciplinary R&D effort needed to supply management tools to regulators of the WFD and Habitats regulations is to interpret the physical habitat contribution to biodiversity conservation, in terms of ‘good ecological quality’ in rivers, and the ‘hydromorphological’ component of this quality. Contributions from ‘indigenous knowledge’, through public participation, are important but often understated in this effort to drive the ‘fluvial hydrosystem’ back to spontaneous, affordable, sustainable self‐regulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geomorphic response of an Appalachian Valley and Ridge stream to urbanization
Authors: Grable J. L. , Harden Carol P.
Published: October 2006

Human‐induced changes to the channel and 18·6 km2 catchment of Second Creek, in Knox County, Tennessee (USA), have included deliberate channel realignment, channelization of some reaches in culverts or cement‐lined channels, the addition of coarse particles, and intentional and unintentional changes in catchment hydrology. Field observations and measurements made between 1997 and 2001 showed active adjustment of the stream channel. Channel bank erosion is the dominant adjustment, but aggradation also occurs. One change following urbanization is an increase in bed particle size due to the addition of particles of anthropogenic origin. Such particles constitute 2–21 per cent of particles sampled at eight sites along the stream, and their D50 exceeds the D50 of natural particles at five of the sites. The downstream portion of the catchment has been urbanized for more than 150 years, but urbanizing activity has continued throughout the catchment, occurring not as a discrete perturbation, but as a set of disturbances with varying spatial and temporal scales. Spatial patterns of erosion and deposition in the channel are complex and do not show an upstream–downstream trend. Effective, although unintended, decoupling of the most manipulated reaches has hindered the propagation of changes in channel morphology and channel materials in this urbanized stream system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A valence bond study of the dioxygen molecule
Authors: Su Peifeng , Song Lingchun , Wu Wei , Hiberty Philippe C. , Shaik Sason
Published: October 2006

The dioxygen molecule has been the subject of valence bond (VB) studies since 1930s, as it was considered as the first “failure” of VB theory. The object of this article is to provide an unambiguous VB interpretation for the nature of chemical bonding of the molecule by means of modern VB computational methods, VBSCF, BOVB, and VBCI. It is shown that though the VBSCF method can not provide quantitative accuracy for the strongly electronegative and electron‐delocalized molecule because of the lack of dynamic correlation, it still gives a correct qualitative analysis for wave function of the molecule and provides intuitive insights into chemical bonding. An accurate quantitative description for the molecule requires higher levels of VB methods that incorporate dynamic correlation. The potential energy curves of the molecule are computed at the various VB levels. It is shown that there exists a small hump in the PECs of VBSCF for the ground state, as found in previous studies. However, higher levels of VB methods dissolve the hump. The BOVB and VBCI methods reproduce the dissociation energies and other physical properties of the ground state and the two lowest excited states in very good agreement with experiment and with sophisticated MO based methods, such as the MRCI method. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
The Lewis legacy: The chemical bond—A territory and heartland of chemistry
Authors: Shaik Sason
Published: October 2006

Is chemistry a science without a territory? I argue that “chemical bonding” has been a traditional chemical territory ever since the chemical community amalgamated in the seventeenth century, and even before. The modern charter of this territory is Gilbert Newton Lewis, who started the “electronic structure revolution in chemistry.” As a tribute to Lewis, I describe here three of his key papers from the years 1913, 1916, and 1923, and analyze them. Lewis has defined the quantum unit, the “electron pair bond,” for construction of a chemical universe, and in so doing he charted a vast chemical territory and affected most profoundly the mental map of chemistry for generations ahead. Nevertheless, not all is known about the chemical bond” the chemical territory is still teaming with new and exciting problems of in new materials, nanoparticles, quantum dots, metalloenzymes, bonding at surface‐vapor interfaces, and so on and so forth. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.J Comput Chem, 2007
Chemical bonding: From Lewis to atoms in molecules
Authors: Bader R. F. W. , Hernández‐Trujillo J. , Cortés‐Guzmán F.
Published: October 2006

The Lewis electron pair concept and its role in bonding are recovered in the properties of the electron pair density and in the topology of the Laplacian of the electron density. These properties provide a bridge with the quantum mechanical description of bonding determined by the Feynman, Ehrenfest, and virial theorems, bonding being a consequence of the electrostatic forces acting within a molecular system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Picosecond optical parametric oscillator pumped synchronously,
intracavity, by a mode-locked Nd:YVO4 laser
Authors: Zavadilová A , Kubeček V , Diels J-C
Published: October 2006

The operation of a picosecond synchronously intracavity
pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is reported. A
magnesium doped lithium niobate crystal (MgO:PPLN), periodically
poled, is used as the optical parametric oscillator crystal
coupling the pump and the resonant signal cavities. The active
medium of the pump cavity is a a diode pumped passively
mode-locked Nd:YVO4 crystal. Continuous mode-locked operation
was achieved, tunable from 1531 to 1554 nm by adjusting the OPO
crystal from 31 to 55°C. The spectral width of the
generated radiation was 2 nm.
Polyurethane Networks Modified with Octa(propylglycidyl ether) Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane
Authors: Liu Yonghong , Ni Yong , Zheng Sixun
Published: October 2006

Summary: OpePOSS was incorporated into polyurethane to make organic‐inorganic hybrid composites and nano‐composites containing up to 20 wt.‐% POSS were prepared. The formation of the hybrid polyurethane networks is ascribed to two principal cross‐linking reactions: i) the cross‐linking reaction between MOCA and the polyurethane prepolymer and ii) the inter‐component reaction between the PU networks and OpePOSS. The latter was confirmed by model compound reactions. TEM indicates that the POSS was homogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrix at the nanometer scale. DSC showed that the nanocomposites displayed increased glass transition temperatures compared to the control polyurethane. In terms of TGA, the nanocomposites displayed improved thermal stability. Tensile tests indicate that the organic‐inorganic hybrid networks were significantly reinforced with the inclusion of POSS. Contact angle measurements show that the organic‐inorganic nanocomposites displayed a significant enhancement in surface hydrophobicity as well as a reduction in the surface free energy. The improvement in surface properties was ascribed to the presence of the POSS moiety in place of the polar component of polyurethane. XPS shows enrichment with Si‐containing moieties on the surfaces.

Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid PU Networks.

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Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid PU Networks.
ESR Detection of Propagating Radical Species during RAFT‐Mediated Polymerization
Authors: Tonge Matthew P. , Calitz F. Malan , Sanderson Ronald D.
Published: October 2006

Summary: ESR spectroscopy directly detected both propagating and intermediate radicals during RAFT‐mediated reactions of styrene and methyl acrylate. Their nature and concentrations during the initialization period were significantly different from those thereafter. The dominant radicals during the initialization period were initiator‐ and R‐group derived, and the intermediate radicals were both different and of lower concentration than during the subsequent steady state polymerization.

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Synthesis of Optically Active Photoresponsive Multifunctional Polymer Containing the Side‐Chain Azocarbazole Chromophore
Authors: Angiolini Luigi , Benelli Tiziana , Giorgini Loris , Mauriello Francesco , Salatelli Elisabetta
Published: October 2006

Summary: A new optically active photochromic polymethacrylate containing the carbazole moiety, deriving from the chiral monomer (S)‐(4‐cyanophenyl)‐(3‐{9‐[2‐(2‐methacryloyloxypropanoyloxy)ethyl]carbazolyl})diazene [(S)‐MLECA] has been prepared and fully characterized with the aim to obtain a multifunctional derivative possessing at the same time chemical moieties suitable to NLO and optical storage, to chiroptical switches, and to photorefractive and photoconductive applications. Spectroscopic, thermal and chiroptical characterizations clearly indicate the occurrence of dipolar interactions between chromophores and the presence of an ordered chiral conformation of one prevailing helical handedness, at least for chain segments of the macromolecules.

Structure of poly[(S)‐MLECA].

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Structure of poly[(S)‐MLECA].
Back Cover: Macromol. Chem. Phys. 20/2006
Authors: Liu Yonghong , Ni Yong , Zheng Sixun
Published: October 2006

Back Cover: Octa(propylglycidyl ether) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OpePOSS) was incorporated into polyurethane networks through the inter‐component reactions between polyurethane networks and OpePOSS. The POSS‐modified polyurethane networks displayed improved thermal, tensile and surface properties compared to polyurethane. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by Y. Liu, Y. Ni, and S. Zheng* on page 1842.
Fabrication of Robust High‐Quality ORMOCER® Inverse Opals
Authors: Lange Birger , Wagner Jürgen , Zentel Rudolf
Published: October 2006

Summary: The nanostructuring of ORMOCER® to form inverse opals is described. For this purpose a polymer opal is used as a template and infiltrated with liquid ORMOCER®. After photopolymerization of the resin the host opal is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and an ORMOCER® inverse opal is obtained. It shows excellent periodicity (by SEM) and optical properties to reveal a high degree of face centered cubic order. This replication process leads to a nanostructured photonic crystal with the outstanding mechanical properties of ORMOCER® and high temperature stability up to 350 °C.

ORMOCER® inverse opal annealed at 200 °C for 10 h.

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ORMOCER® inverse opal annealed at 200 °C for 10 h.
Synthesis, Microstructure, and Acidity of Poly(vinylphosphonic acid)
Authors: Bingöl Bahar , Meyer Wolfgang H. , Wagner Manfred , Wegner Gerhard
Published: October 2006

Summary: Vinylphosphonic acid is polymerized at 80 °C by free radical polymerization to give a high‐molecular‐weight polymer ($\overline M _{\rm w}$ of 6.2 × 104) as determined by static light scattering. High‐resolution NMR spectroscopy is used to gain microstructure information. Information based on tetrad probabilities is utilized to deduce an almost atactic configuration. In addition, 13C NMR spectroscopy gives evidence for the presence of head‐to‐head and tail‐to‐tail links. Refined analysis of the 1H NMR spectra allows for the quantitative determination of the fraction of these links (23.5% of all links). Experimental evidence suggests that the polymerization proceeds via cyclopolymerization of the vinylphosphonic acid anhydride as an intermediate. Titration curves indicate that high‐molecular‐weight poly(vinylphosphonic acid) PVPA behaves as a monoprotic acid.

Radical polymerization of vinylphosphonic acid proceeds by cyclopolymerization of its anhydride.

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Radical polymerization of vinylphosphonic acid proceeds by cyclopolymerization of its anhydride.
On wave diffraction by a half‐plane with different face impedances
Authors: Castro L. P. , Kapanadze D.
Published: October 2006

The impedance wave diffraction problem by a half‐plane screen is revisited in view of its well‐posedness upon different impedance and wave parameters. The problem is analysed with the help of potential and pseudo‐differential operators. Seven conditions between the impedance and wave numbers are found under which the problem will be well‐posed in Bessel potential spaces. In addition, an improvement of the regularity of the solutions is shown for the previous seven conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local existence for the one‐dimensional Vlasov–Poisson system with infinite mass
Authors: Pankavich Stephen
Published: October 2006

A collisionless plasma is modelled by the Vlasov–Poisson system in one dimension. We consider the situation in which mobile negative ions balance a fixed background of positive charge, which is independent of space and time, as ∣x∣ → ∞. Thus, the total positive charge and the total negative charge are both infinite. Smooth solutions with appropriate asymptotic behaviour are shown to exist locally in time, and criteria for the continuation of these solutions are established. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical investigation on the failure criterion of normally consolidated clays
Authors: Tachibana Shinya , Iizuka Atsushi , Kawai Katsuyuki , Kobayashi Ichizou , Pipatpongsa Thirapong , Ohta Hideki
Published: October 2006

In this paper, a series of numerical simulations of conventional laboratory experiments on normally consolidated clays under undrained condition subject to uniaxial compression/extension loading at constant applied rate of strain in axisymmetric and plane strain conditions was performed in rectangular and octagonal modelled specimens in order to investigate failure behaviours of clays. The soil/water coupling finite element technique formulated under finite deformation theory based on the updated Lagrangean scheme were applied for the numerical simulations. Herein, the Cam‐clay material with von Mises type failure criterion, which is independent of the Lode angle, is used to describe constitutive behaviour. It can be seen that the stress states at failure of the specimens obtained from the numerical simulations do not show the von Mises shape on the π‐plane but rather more closely resembles the Lade–Duncan model, which is dependent of Lode angle. The result suggests that Lode angle dependence consistently observed in the laboratory at failure is not a constitutive behaviour but is instead a result influenced by applied boundary conditions and material imperfections. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexibility and complexity in periodic distribution problems
Authors: Francis Peter , Smilowitz Karen , Tzur Michal
Published: October 2006

In this paper, we explore trade‐offs between operational flexibility and operational complexity in periodic distribution problems. We consider the gains from operational flexibility in terms of vehicle routing costs and customer service benefits, as well as the costs of operational complexity in terms of modeling, solution methods, and implementation challenges for drivers and customers. The period vehicle routing problem (PVRP) is a variation of the classic vehicle routing problem in which delivery routes are constructed for a period of time; the PVRP with service choice (PVRP‐SC) extends the PVRP to allow service (visit) frequency to become a decision of the model. For the periodic distribution problems represented by PVRP and PVRP‐SC, we introduce operational flexibility levers and a set of quantitative measures to evaluate the trade‐offs between flexibility and complexity. We develop a Tabu Search heuristic to incorporate a range of operational flexibility options. We analyze the potential value and the increased operational complexity of the flexibility levers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
The strategic effects of a merger upon supplier interactions
Authors: Gilbert Stephen M. , Yu Gang , Xia Yusen
Published: October 2006

We consider how a merger between two naturally differentiated dealers affects their interactions with a common supplier and identify conditions under which the merger can increase or decrease the combined net worth of the two firms. Among other things, we find that the attractiveness of merging depends upon the extent to which end demand can be stimulated by either an upstream supplier or the dealers. Specifically, the greater the supplier's ability to invest in stimulating end demand, the more likely it is that the naturally differentiated firms will be better off operating independently than merging. On the other hand, if the greatest opportunities for stimulating demand are through the service that is provided by the dealers, then merging their operations will be more attractive. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
A simplified pivoting strategy for symmetric tridiagonal matrices
Authors: Bunch James R. , Marcia Roummel F.
Published: October 2006

The pivoting strategy of Bunch and Marcia for solving systems involving symmetric indefinite tridiagonal matrices uses two different methods for solving 2 × 2 systems when a 2 × 2 pivot is chosen. In this paper, we eliminate this need for two methods by adding another criterion for choosing a 1 × 1 pivot. We demonstrate that all the results from the Bunch and Marcia pivoting strategy still hold. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fully hierarchical divergence‐conforming basis functions on tetrahedral cells, with applications
Authors: Botha Matthys M.
Published: October 2006

A new set of hierarchical, divergence‐conforming, vector basis functions on curvilinear tetrahedrons is presented. The basis can model both mixed‐ and full‐order polynomial spaces to arbitrary order, as defined by Raviart and Thomas, and Nédélec. Solenoidal‐ and non‐solenoidal components are separately represented on the element, except in the case of the mixed first‐order space, for which a decomposition procedure on the global, mesh‐wide level is presented. Therefore, the hierarchical aspect of the basis can be made to extend down to zero polynomial order. The basis can be used to model divergence‐conforming quantities, such as electromagnetic flux‐ and current density, fluid velocity, etc., within numerical methods such as the finite element method (FEM) or integral equation‐based methods. The basis is ideally suited to p‐adaptive analysis. The paper concludes with two example applications. The first is the FEM‐based solution of the linearized acoustic vector wave equation, where it is shown how the decomposition into solenoidal components and their complements can be used to stabilize the method at low frequencies. The second is the solution of the electric field, volume integral equation for electromagnetic scattering analysis, where the benefits of the decomposition are again demonstrated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Two Dimensional Sectional Distributions to Infer Three Dimensional Volumetric Distributions – Validation using Tomography
Authors: Gay S. L. , Morrison R. D.
Published: October 2006

The critical process parameter for mineral separation is the degree of mineral liberation achieved by comminution. The degree of liberation provides an upper limit of efficiency for any physical separation process. The standard approach to measuring mineral liberation uses mineralogical analysis based two‐dimensional sections of particles which may be acquired using a scanning electron microscope and back‐scatter electron analysis or from an analysis of an image acquired using an optical microscope.

Over the last 100 years, mathematical techniques have been developed to use this two dimensional information to infer three‐dimensional information about the particles.  For mineral processing, a particle that contains more than one mineral (a composite particle) may appear to be liberated (contain only one mineral) when analysed using only its revealed particle section. The mathematical techniques used to interpret three‐dimensional information belong to a branch of mathematics called stereology.  However methods to obtain the full mineral liberation distribution of particles from particle sections are relatively new.

To verify these adjustment methods, we require an experimental method which can accurately measure both sectional and three dimensional properties. Micro Cone Beam Tomography provides such a method for suitable particles and hence, provides a way to validate methods used to convert two‐dimensional measurements to three dimensional estimates.

For this study ore particles from a well‐characterised sample were subjected to conventional mineralogical analysis (using particle sections) to estimate three‐dimensional properties of the particles.  A subset of these particles was analysed using a micro‐cone beam tomograph.

This paper presents a comparison of the three‐dimensional properties predicted from measured two–dimensional sections with the measured three‐dimensional properties.
Advanced Statistical Analysis as a Novel Tool to Pneumatic Conveying Monitoring and Control Strategy Development
Authors: Romanowski Andrzej , Grudzien Krzysztof , Aykroyd Robert G. , Williams Richard A.
Published: October 2006

Behaviour of powder flow in pneumatic conveying has been investigated for many years, though it still remains a challenging task both practically and theoretically, especially when considering monitoring and control issues. Better understanding of the gas‐solids flow structures can be beneficial for the design and operation of pneumatic transport installations. This paper covers a novel approach for providing the quantitative description in terms of parameter values useful for monitoring and control of this process with the use of Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). The use of Bayesian statistics for analysis of ECT data allows the direct estimation of control parameters. This paper presents how this characteristic parameters estimation can be accomplished without the need for reconstruction and image post processing, which was a classical endeavour whenever tomography was applied. It is achieved using a ‘high‐level' statistical Bayesian modelling combined with a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling algorithm. Advanced statistics is applied to data analysis for measurements coming from the part of phenomena present in the horizontal section of pneumatic conveyor during slug formation.
Mapping of Residual Oil and Water Saturation in Porous Media by Means of Digital X‐ray Laminography
Authors: Palchikov Eugene I. , Schemelinin Yury A. , Skripkin Anton G. , Mekhontsev Dmitry Yu. , Kondratiev Nikolay A.
Published: October 2006

The possibility of applying a digital X‐ray laminography method to the example of mapping the fluid distribution in porous media is studied. The study is performed on the basis of a system which models the process of oil displaced by water and gas as occurs in oil field development. Two methods of tomographic section recovery are discussed: geometric and algebraic, and their application for different specimen structures is made. It is shown that when scanning with steps of 25 μm, 100 μm, 250 μm, or 2 mm it is possible to determine the distribution of concentrations of heterogeneities for multiphase fluid inside a porous core sample layer, giving advantages compared to simple shadow pictures.
A Multi‐Path Ultrasonic Transit Time Flow Meter Using a Tomography Method for Gas Flow Velocity Profile Measurement
Authors: Kurniadi Deddy , Trisnobudi Amoranto
Published: October 2006

A velocity profile is the distribution of velocities in the axial direction over a cross‐section of circular pipe. In this study, a new ultrasonic flow meter with a modified multi‐path configuration, namely, a tomographic ultrasonic flow meter is proposed for the measurement of the flow velocity profile. The flow meter consists of a set of transmitting transducers and a set of receiving transducers placed at different positions on the pipe surroundings. This configuration produces an ultrasonic path in various directions and positions for the flow detection. Transmitting transducers, in sequence, propagate the ultrasound wave to all receiving transducers, and the axial velocity in each ultrasonic path is measured. The average velocity is calculated by using the weighting method. Using the theoretical flow profiles, the tomographic ultrasonic flow meter is simulated in asymmetric flow and compared to both the diametrical and quadrature configurations. The filtered back projection method is employed to reconstruct a flow velocity profile. In the reconstruction process, the flow velocity obtained in each ultrasonic path is used as the projection data. An experiment is also performed in a circular pipe for measuring the air flow velocity profile, in order to validate the proposed flow meter.
Electrical transport properties of hot wall epitaxially grown para ‐sexiphenyl nano‐needles
Authors: Birendra Singh Th. , Hernandez‐Sosa G. , Neugebauer H. , Andreev A. , Sitter H. , Sariciftci N. S.
Published: October 2006

Highly ordered anisotropic para ‐sexiphenyl (6P) films with nano‐needle structures, grown by hot wall epitaxy (HWE) on monocrystalline mica substrates, were prepared. The current–voltage (I–V) behaviour of gap‐type devices with current parallel and perpendicular to the needle axis was studied. From a space‐charge‐limited current (SCLC) regime in the I–V curves the charge carrier mobility was determined. When measured along the direction of needles, an effective charge carrier mobility as high as 14 cm2/Vs was obtained. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Progress in SWNT based, SAW driven charge pumps
Authors: Siegle Viktor , Ahlers Franz Josef , Roth Siegmar
Published: October 2006

The work presented gives a short overview of existing implementations for single electron pumps. A proposal by Talyanskii et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 276802 (2001)] for a single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) based device is discussed. SWNT is suggested to function as one‐dimensional channel for electrons, which are driven by the surface acoustic wave (SAW). The SAW is created on the surface of a piezoelectric by lithographically defined structures. This work addresses the details in manufacturing such a device. This work investigates the possibilities of growing SWNTs by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on the surface of LiNbO3, which is known for its excellent piezoelectric properties. The results of this study are reported together with the progress in fabrication of such a device. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and structure of BN‐doped multi‐walled and single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Enouz S. , Stéphan O. , Glerup M. , Cochon J. L. , Colliex C. , Loiseau A.
Published: October 2006

We report on the direct synthesis of different kinds of BN–C multi‐walled and single‐walled nanotubes exhibiting a segregation between BN and C domains. Multi‐walled BN–C nanotubes (MW‐BN/C‐NTs) were synthesized using the aerosol method whereas single‐walled BN–C nanotubes (SW‐BN/C‐NTs) have been for the first time produced using a continuous CO2‐laser vaporization process [S. Enouz et al., to be published]. Degrees of purity, homogeneity and yield have been estimated from a systematic inspection of the samples by scanning electron microscopy. Structure of these tubes and spatial distribution of C, B and N as well as their chemical environments have been inspected at the nanometer scale by combining high resolution transmission microscopy and nano‐electron energy loss spectroscopy. These analyses provide clear evidence of new kinds of arrangements of C, B and N within the graphene layer, which are due to the segregation properties of h‐BN and graphite. Thus, combining BN and C elements into nanotubular systems can open the way to a broad range of new nanodevices. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Single‐walled carbon nanotube charging during bundling process in the gas phase
Authors: Gonzalez David , Nasibulin Albert G. , Shandakov Sergey D. , Queipo Paula , Jiang Hua , Kauppinen Esko I.
Published: October 2006

Spontaneous gas‐phase charging phenomenon of single‐walled carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles synthesized with an aerosol (floating catalyst) method was discovered. The charging phenomenon was surprisingly correlated to the process of the CNT bundle formation in the gas phase, while individual tubes remained electrically neutral. On the basis of the observed self‐charging of the CNTs, a novel method for the separation of individual CNTs and bundles at ambient temperature using an electric field is presented. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Curvature and chirality dependence of the properties of point defects in nanotubes
Authors: Carlsson Johan M.
Published: October 2006

This article presents a systematic study of how point defects, such as SW‐defects and vacancies, influence the properties of nanotubes. The DFT calculations show that large atomic relaxations at vacancies leads to a contraction of the nanotube. The formation energy E form, has a curvature, chirality and a family dependence, where E form is slightly lower in metallic compared to semiconducting nanotubes. The vacancies become electrically active due to defect states close to ϵ F and its population depend on the chirality and the position of ϵ F. A model based on the heat of formation of defective nanotubes furthermore provide an upper estimate for the defect concentration, which is in better agreement with values from AFM experiments than the standard equilibrium approximation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epitaxial growth of carbon caps on Ni for chiral selectivity
Authors: Reich S. , Li L. , Robertson J.
Published: October 2006

We suggest guiding principles for chirality‐selective growth of single‐walled carbon nanotubes. The chirality of a tube is determined by the carbon cap that forms during nucleation. Controlling the tube chirality requires controlling the nucleation stage. Certain caps can be favored by their epitaxial relationship to a metal surface. Lattice matched caps require ∼0.1 eV/C less formation energy on a Ni surface than non‐lattice matched cap structures. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Single walled carbon nanotubes for transport and delivery of biological cargos
Authors: Wong Shi Kam Nadine , Dai Hongjie
Published: October 2006

The innate ability of carbon nanotubes to breach the cell membrane of various types of mammalian cells has been reported. Here, we present a summary of the various applications of carbon nanotubes as a cellular transport and delivery system for functional biological cargos. The internalization of SWNTs for transport and delivery into cells is mediated via endocytosis and does not appear to have any detrimental effect on either the transported cargo or the breached cell. The emergence of SWNT as a new class of cellular transporters holds many exciting promises for SWNT‐based systems for drug delivery, protein delivery, gene therapy and cancer therapy applications. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Controlling spin phases of few electrons in artificial molecules by magnetic fields
Authors: Rontani Massimo , Goldoni Guido , Bellucci Devis , Molinari Elisa
Published: October 2006

We investigate the phase diagram of realistic vertically coupled quantum dots under a magnetic field of arbitrary strength and direction. The ground state wave function of four electrons is determined by means of the full configuration interaction method, able to accurately treat electron–electron correlation, which can dominate at experimentally attainable fields. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improved emission spectrum from quantum dot superluminescent light emitting diodes
Authors: Li L. H. , Rossetti M. , Fiore A. , Occhi L. , Vélez C.
Published: October 2006

The size dispersion of InAs quantum dots (QD) was optimized to broaden the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. A broad PL spectral width up to 96 nm is achieved from a single QD layer with InAs thickness smaller than 2.4 monolayers at a growth temperature of 510 °C. QD Superluminescent light emitting diodes with an ultrawide (115 nm), smooth output spectrum are obtained by incorporating this QD layer into chirped stacked structures. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intraband photodetection at 1.3–1.5 µm in self‐organized GaN/AlN quantum dots
Authors: Doyennette L. , Vardi A. , Guillot F. , Nevou L. , Tchernycheva M. , Lupu A. , Colombelli R. , Bahir G. , Monroy E. , Julien F. H.
Published: October 2006

GaN/AlN quantum dot photodetectors based on intraband absorption and in‐plane carrier transport have been fabricated and characterized. These photodetectors operate at room temperature at telecommunication wavelengths (1.3–1.55 μm). Their TM‐polarized intraband absorption is ascribed to the transition from the ground state s to the excited state pz of the GaN dots. The responsivity peaked at 1.41 μm is as high as 8 mA/W at room temperature for the interdigitated contact photodetector. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preface: phys. stat. sol. (b) 243/13
Authors: Kuzmany H. , Dinse P. , Roth S. , Thomsen C.
Published: October 2006

The 20th International Winterschool on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials (20th IWEPNM) was held in Kirchberg/Tirol on Molecular Nanostructures and extended from 4 to 11 March 2006. The first Winterschool of this type took place in March 1985. Except for the first two, all Winterschools were arranged in the lecture rooms of the Hotel Sonnalp in Kirchberg.

The program of the Winterschool consisted of oral presentations, poster presentations, miniworkshops, and a special workshop on scientific supplies and industrial needs. Oral presentations of invited lecturers were scheduled for morning and evening sessions. The miniworkshops were arranged in the afternoon. Posters were presented in late evening sessions and covered various subjects in the field of molecular nanostructures.

In this year IWEPNM was an anniversary as it was the 20th event of this type in Kirchberg. On occasion of this anniversary there was a special celebration on Wednesday night with a laudatio presented by Michael Mehring and a scientific contribution by Sumio Iijima. The lectures highlighted both the development of the special Kirchberg events and the scientific subjects presented there in recent years.

Very unfortunately and to our deepest regret the IWEPNM2006 was overcast by the tragic loss the community experienced in fall 2005. Rick Smalley, one of the pioneers in the field of molecular nanostructures, passed away on 28 October 2005. Now he is not any more with us but he left behind an enormously rich and prosperous field for research and technology in the area of molecular nanostructures which we all gratefully appreciate and from which we all benefit.

The presentations at the IWEPNM2006 were concerned with the mechanical and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes and fulleroides, ab initio calculations for molecular nanostructures, single molecule experiments, scanning electron microscopy of molecular nanostructures, applications, composites and chemistry of molecular nanostructures, molecular machines and molecular motors, and template grown molecular nanomaterials.

The event benefited substantially from the support of the Universität Wien, and the Verein zur Förderung der Winterschulen in Kirchberg, as well as from numerous industrial sponsors. We greatly appreciate their financial contribution. Without the support from the sponsors and supporters all the engagement and enthusiasm could have been wasted.

We are very grateful to the manager of the Hotel Sonnalp, Frau Edith Mayer, and to her staff for local arrangements as well as for their patience with many special services during the meeting.

Finally, special acknowledgements go to all contributors to the IWEPNM2006 and to Viera Skákalová for her efforts in compiling and editing the proceedings of the Winterschool 2006.

Wien, Darmstadt, Stuttgart, Berlin 2006
Soil respiration of forest ecosystems in Japan and global implications
Authors: Lee Mi‐Sun , Mo Wen Hong , Koizumi Hiroshi
Published: October 2006

Within terrestrial ecosystems, soil respiration is one of the largest carbon flux components. We discuss the factors controlling soil respiration, while focusing on research conducted at the Takayama Experimental Site. Soil respiration was affected by soil temperature, soil moisture, rainfall events, typhoons, and root respiration. We consider the temporal and spatial variability of soil respiration at the Takayama Experimental Site and review the variability of annual soil respiration in Japanese forests. In the 26 compiled studies, the values of annual soil respiration ranged from 203 to 1,290 g C m−2 year−1, with a mean value of 669 g C m−2 year−1 (SD=264, CV=40). We note the need for more studies and data synthesis for the accurate prediction of soil respiration and soil carbon dynamics in Japanese forests. Finally, several methods for measuring soil respiration rates are compared and the implications of soil respiration rates for global climate change are discussed.
INTER-GENERATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT AND BODY HEIGHT
Authors: KRZYŻANOWSKA MONIKA
Published: October 2006

This study investigates the association between body height and inter-generational social advancement through education. Questionnaire data were collected from 2800 students (1023 men and 1777 women) from the universities of Wrocław, Poland. The questions referred to three generations: the students and their parents and grandparents. Information was collected on the age, body height and weight of the students and their parents, and on the parents’ and grandparents’ education. The lowest body heights were typically found for individuals from families with the lowest educational levels, whereas the greatest body heights were found for those brought up in families with a high educational status or in families who had upgraded their status. The size of the change in the educational level of parents is only associated with fathers’ and female students’ body height. Individuals who had advanced from a middle educational level or who came from families with this type of advancement were found to be significantly taller, on average, than those upgrading their educational level from the lowest position. The results show that, for men, educational advancement during the course of their lives or in the earlier generation is more favourable to achieving higher stature, whereas for women, the multi-generational tradition of a high educational status is of greater significance.
IS CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE RELIGIOUSLY ENCOURAGED? ISLAMIC AND IRANIAN CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: AKRAMI SEYED MOHAMMAD , OSATI ZAHRA
Published: October 2006

Consanguineous marriage has had considerable attention as a causative factor in the prevalence of genetic disorders. Iran, with its majority Muslim population, has a high rate of consanguineous marriage. In Iranian tradition, first cousin marriage is an acceptable and appreciated custom. However, there seems to be no encouragement of consanguineous marriage in the Islamic context; it is merely mentioned as a traditional and common custom. This paper may help medical professionals providing premarital genetic counselling, who are regularly asked about consanguineous marriage, especially in Islamic communities. Increased public awareness via the mass media would seem to be a priority.
A randomized controlled study of single-session behavioural treatment of earthquake-related post-traumatic stress disorder using an earthquake simulator
Authors: BAŞOĞLU METİN , ŞALCIOĞLU EBRU , LIVANOU MARIA
Published: October 2006

Background. Brief interventions are needed in dealing with traumatic stress problems in large survivor populations after devastating earthquakes. The present study examined the effectiveness of a single session of exposure to simulated tremors in an earthquake simulator and self-exposure instructions in reducing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Method. Participants were consecutively recruited from among survivors screened during field surveys in the disaster region in Turkey. Thirty-one earthquake survivors with PTSD were assigned either to a single session of behavioural treatment (n=16) or to repeated assessments (RA; n=15). Assessments in the treatment group were at 4, 8, 12, 24 weeks and 1–2 years post-treatment. The RA cases were assessed at baseline and 4 and 8 weeks after trial entry, after which they received the same treatment and were followed up at 4, 12, 24 weeks and 1–2 years.

Results. Between-group treatment effects at week 8 were significant on measures of fear, PTSD and self- and assessor-rated global improvement. Improvement rates were 40% at week 4, 72% at week 12, 80% at week 24, and 80% at 1–2-years' follow-up, with large effect sizes on fear and PTSD measures. Post-session reduction in fear of earthquakes and increased sense of control over fear at follow-up related to improvement in PTSD.

Conclusion. The study provided further evidence of the effectiveness of a single session of behavioural treatment in reducing fear and PTSD in earthquake survivors. Future research needs to examine the usefulness of earthquake simulators in increasing psychological preparedness for earthquakes.
Banking as an emerging technology: Hoare's Bank, 1702–1742
Authors: TEMIN PETER , VOTH HANS-JOACHIM
Published: October 2006

We document the transition from goldsmith to banker in the case of Richard Hoare and his successors and examine the operation of the London loan market during the early eighteenth century. Analysis of the financial revolution in England has focused on changes in public debt management and the interest rates paid by the state. Much less is known about the evolution of the financial system providing credit to individual borrowers. We show how this progress took time because operating a deposit bank was new and different from being a goldsmith. Learning how to use the relatively new technology of deposit banking was crucial for the bank's success and survival.
An analysis of potential photosynthetic life on Mars
Authors: Sakon John J. , Burnap Robert L.
Published: October 2006

This project researched the possibility of photosynthetic life on Mars. Cyanobacteria were used as potential analogs and were subjected to various Martian-simulated conditions. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was exposed to low pressure, ultraviolet radiation and Martian-simulated atmospheric composition, and proved resistant to the combination of these stresses. However, this organism could neither grow within Martian Regolith Simulant, owing to the lack of soluble nitrogen, nor could it grow in cold temperatures. As a result, later research focused on psychrotolerant cyanobacteria capable of utilizing atmospheric nitrogen. These Antarctic nitrogen-fixing strains were able to grow in Martian Regolith Simulant at temperatures as low as 4 °C. In addition, they proved resistant to salinity, ultraviolet radiation and freeze/thaw conditions. These results suggest that Antarctic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are good analogs for potential Martian life and should be considered in future exploratory missions for life on the red planet.