bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM INFORMASI PENGELOLAAN DATA BARANG DI BALAI KARANTINA PERTANIAN BOGOR
Authors: Ardiyantoko Ardiyantoko , Ginting Novita Br. , Primasari Dewi
Published: September 2021

Proses data barang di Balai Karantina Pertanian Bogor masih dilakukan secara manual dengan kinerja yang sangat lamban serta pencatatan dalam buku besar yang sangat sederhana. Dalam proses pengelolaan data barang sangat diperlukan ketelitian, kecepatan serta ketepatan dalam pendataan barang yang akan dikelola, sesuai dengan kebutuhan administrasi sehingga tidak terjadi kesalahan dalam proses pelaporan. Diperlukan sebuah pengelolaan data barang yang tepat agar mendapatkan laporan yang sesuai seperti yang diinginkan. Diperlukannya keakuratan kinerja dalam pembuatan pengelolaan data barang dan laporan yang rapi, cepat dan akurat. Aplikasi yang akan dibangun menggunakan metode waterfall dalam pengembangan sistemnya. Perancangan sistem informasi pengelolaan data barang di Balai Karantina Pertanian Bogor meliputi (1) Perancangan sistem (2) Diagram Konteks (3) Interface (antar muka) (4) Perancangan data base. Metode pengujian sistem ini menggunakan User Acceptance Test. Maka, telah diperolehnya hasil rancang bangun sistem informasi pengelolaan data barang di Balai Karantina Pertanian Bogor. Sistem ini menghasilkan laporan keseluruhan data barang, laporan barang yang tidak layak pakai, laporan permintaan barang dari setiap ruangan, laporan data barang yang masuk ke setiap ruangan yaitu : ruang gudang, ruang preparasi, ruang isolasi, ruang koleksi, dan ruang sortir dalam bentuk print out. Sistem pengelolaan data barang di Balai Karantina Pertanian Bogor menghasilkan efektifitas kinerja, serta ketepatan perkiraan dalam perencanaan pengelolaan data barang di Balai Karantina Pertanian Bogor. 
PERANCANGAN COMPANY PROFILE BPM BIDAN WITA UTAMI AWALIYAH, S.ST BERBASIS WEB
Authors: Kristia Akmal Rizki , Jaenudin Jejen
Published: September 2021

Website merupakan sebuah portal yang dapat diakses melalui internet dari mana saja dan kapan saja. Hampir setiap instansi atau lembaga di seluruh dunia sudah memiliki website sebagai sarana komunikasi antara perusahaan dengan pelanggan. Salah satu jenis website yaitu company profile yang merupakan sebuah sistem informasi yang dapat dijalankan diberbagai perangkat komputer. Metode penelitian ini dilakukan dengan beberapa tahapan yaitu:  tahap analisis kebutuhan,  tahap perancangan sistem dan database, dilakukan dengan cara  membuat diagram dan tabel, dan tahap implementasi dan pengujian sistem. Tujuan dari penelitian ini merupakan merancang dan membangun website company profile BPM Bidan Wita Utami Awaliyah, S.ST.Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu membuta perancangan company profile         berbasis website.

Kata Kunci: website, company profile, metode penelitian.
Perbandingan Aplikasi Data Storage Pydio 8.0 dengan Open Media Vault (OMV) Studi Kasus Fakultas Teknik
Authors: Darmawan Dani , Hendrawan Ade Hendri , Ritzkal Ritzkal
Published: September 2021

Teknologi informasi berkembang demikian pesat baik dari sisi perangkat keras ( kecepatan processor, memory, kapasitas media penyimpanan ) maupun dari sisi perangkat lunak jaringan internet atau aplikasi. Salah satu yang paling signifikan di dalam perkembangan teknologi adalah masalah data dan bagaimana proses mengamankan data melalui proses penyimpanan yang baik dan aman dari segala hal. Istilah penyimpanan dalam bahasa inggris dikenal dengan nama Data Storage yang merupakan gudang data untuk pengelolaan data mulai dari pengumpulan, pengolahan, penyimpanan hingga penemuan kembali data baru yang memberikan dukungan dalam pengambilan keputusan. Untuk menunjang hal tersebut perlunya diterapkan suatu media penyimpanan atau data storage yang baik dan aman. Ada banyak jenis media penyimpanan yang dapat digunakan dalam menunjang hal tersebut dua diantaranya adalah Pydio 8.0 dan Open Media Vault atau OMV. Untuk menerapkan kedua media penyimpanan tersebut perlu dilakukan analisis perbandingan untuk mencapai satu media penyimpanan yang lebih baik dan aman. Analisis tersebut meliputi beberapa tahapan penelitian mulai dari identifikasi kebutuhan, desain, implementasi dan pengujian. Dari beberapa tahapan tersebut telah dihasilkan beberapa hasil akhir pengujian diantaranya pengujian kecepatan transfer file dari client ke server, pengujian pemakaian CPU, pengujian pemakaian memori dan pengujian network interface. Dari hasil ini jika dilihat perbandingannya maka aplikasi pydio 8.0 memiliki nilai perbandingan yang bagus jika dibandingkan dengan aplikasi open media vault atau (OMV) dalam menunjang kebutuhan akan proses penyimpanan data yang baik dan aman.
PERANCANGAN WEBSITE PENGELOLAAN DATA KARYAWAN DAN VENDOR PADA PERUSAHAAN DAGANG BERKAH CILEUNGSI
Authors: Prayoga Muhamad , Fajri Hersanto
Published: September 2021

Perusahaan Dagang Berkah Cileungsi (PD Berkah Cileungsi) merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak pada bidang pendistribusian air minum kemasan. Perusahaan ini masih menggunakan cara manual dalam proses pendataan, yang menimbulkan terjadinya kesalahan dalam proses pendataan. Saat ini perusahaan sedang membangun project yaitu Aplikasi Pengelolaan Gudang berbasis website, aplikasi ini menangani pengelolaan gudang serta pencatatan barang masuk dan keluar untuk mempermudah perusahaan dalam hal manajemen pencatatan maupun pengelolaan maka dibutuhkan aplikasi yang bermanfaat untuk mencatat atau mencari barang masuk dan keluar secara efektif serta efisien untuk Mempermudah perusahaan dalam hal pengelolaan dan pencatatan barang masuk dan keluar
PEMETAAN JARINGAN DRAINASE DAN JARINGAN PIPA PDAM DI KELURAHAN TEGALGUNDIL
Authors: Hidayatullah Risky Ramdhani , Hermawan Erwin
Published: September 2021

Sistem Drainase Perkotaan merupakan salah satu komponen prasarana perkotaan yang sangat erat kaitannya dengan penataan ruang. Pemetaan jaringan drainase dan jaringan pipa PDAM ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebaran jaringan drainase dan jaringan pipa PDAM di Kelurahan Tegalgundil. Hasil yang diperoleh ialah peta dengan atribut sebaran aliran drainase dan pipa PDAM. Dalam proses pembuatan memerlukan beberapa tahapan, mulai dari menyiapkan citra/foto udara, jaringan drainase, jaringan pipa dan Aplikasi ArgGis. Tahapan pemetaan sebaran jaringan drainase dan jaringan pipa PDAM di Kelurahan Tegalgundil memerlukan beberapa analisis kebutuhan agar dapat ditentukan hal apa saja yang dibutuhkan dalam proses pemetaan, seperti analisis kebutuhan hardware, analisis kebutuhan software dan kebutuhan lainnya.

Kata Kunci: Sistem Drainase, Aplikasi ArgGis, PDAM 
A structured literature review of the meat paradox
Authors: Gradidge Sarah , Zawisza Magdalena , Harvey Annelie J. , McDermott Daragh T.
Published: September 2021

Many people wish to avoid harming animals, yet most people also consume meat. This theoretical ‘meat paradox’ is a form of cognitive dissonance and has grave negative consequences for animal welfare and the environment. Yet, despite these consequences, the meat paradox literature is sparse. The current structured literature review (SLR) explores primary literature up to May 2020, supporting the paradox and uniquely reviewing all known triggers of the paradox (e.g., exposure to meat’s animal origins), all known strategies to overcome the paradox (e.g., avoiding thinking about consumed animals) and how different people (e.g., those of different genders, occupations, ages, dietary preferences, cultures or religions) utilise varying strategies to overcome the paradox. For instance, the review uniquely demonstrates how dietary identity, dietary adherence and meat consumption frequency, among other demographic and psychographic factors, all affect moral (dis)engagement from animals. Overall, this paper has wide-ranging theoretical implications for the meat paradox and social psychological literature, and practical implications for meat reduction policies.
The evolution of cross-border cooperation in Hungary
Authors: Benczi Melinda , Ocskay Gyula
Published: September 2021

The present study gives an overview of the de-bordering processes around Hungary that have taken place during the last 30 years and their impacts upon cross-border relationships and cooperation in both economic and social terms. A synthesis is provided on some of the examples of Hungarian innovation in cross-border cooperation as well as on recent developments stemming from the border closures during the pandemic.
Book Review: Redefining Theatre Communities
Authors: Ali Farah
Published: September 2021

A Book Review of Redefining Theatre Communities: International Perspectives on Community-Conscious Theatre-Making. Edited by Marco Galea and Szabolcs Musca (2019)
HUBUNGAN ANTARA JENIS KELAMIN DAN OPTIMISME DENGAN COLLEGE STUDENT SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING
Authors: Ariska Septa Lia , Putri Asri Mutiara , Junaidi Junaidi
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER, OPTIMISME, AND COLLEGE STUDENT SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING One indicators of college student mental health is college student subjective well-being or abbreviated CSSWB. CSSWB in college students can be influenced by several factor, including gender and optimism . This research aims to determine the relationship between gender and optimism towards college student subjective well-being. This research is a quantitative research conducted on 423 college student from semesters 4 until 8 in Bandar Lampung. Data collection in this research using college student subjective well-being scale, optimism scale likert model, and demographic data. Thdta analyzed using using multiple regression. The result show that optimism is the main predictor in exlaining CSSWB. Further research, is expected to study other variables which can also affect college student subjective well-being. Keyword : Gender, Optimism, College Student Subjective Well-being, College Student Salah satu indikator kesehatan mental mahasiswa adalah college student subjecvtive well-being atau disingkat CSSWB. CSSWB pada mahasiswa dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor antara lain jenis kelamin dan optimisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara jenis kelamin dan optimisme dengan college student subjective well-being. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang dilakukan pada 423 mahasiswa semester 4 sampai 8 di Bandar Lampung. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan skala College Student Subjective Well-being Questionary, skala Optimisme model likert, serta data demografi. Data dianalisis menggunakan regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan optimisme sebagai prediktor utama dalam menjelaskan college student subjective well-being. Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat menambahkan variabel lain dalam melihat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi college student subjective well-being. Kata Kunci : Jenis Kelamin, Optimisme, College Student Subjective Well-being, Mahasiswa
PISA DEBATES AND BLAME MANAGEMENT AMONG THE NORWEGIAN EDUCATIONAL AUTHORITIES: PRESS COVERAGE AND DEBATE INTENSITY IN THE NEWSPAPERS
Authors: Elstad Eyvind
Published: September 2021

The Programme for International Student Achievement (PISA) has become the most influential comparative assessment in our time, as PISA has induced media debate and triggered reform measures in the education systems of several countries. The programme has caused shockwaves in the educational landscape in Norway, and led to a reorganisation of educational policies. This research sought, first, to explore press coverage and debate intensity in Norwegian newspapers in the wake of PISA releases, and second, to discuss the use of media strategies among Norwegian officeholders to investigate how the media portray cases in which they are involved. Blame management is an example of how officeholders can attempt to avoid blame or displace it onto political opponents. Using their media responses as data, the nature and value of blame management were analysed in relation to a game theoretical framework. Patterns and themes emerging from the data were described quantitatively and qualitatively, and illustrated by direct quotations from political and bureaucratic officeholders. It is important to gain a better understanding of the dynamics in media coverage of educational matters, and how participants in the game use strategic tools. This study contributes to the understanding of the media’s shaping of education policies and debates. The significance of the media and the media strategies in use suggest that educational research should expand its perspectives towards how the media influences public opinion on educational quality. Key words: blame management, government, PISA, public opinion.
Reliability and maintainability of scraper conveyor used in coal mining in the Jiu Valley
Authors: Florea Vlad Alexandru , Pasculescu Dragos , Pasculescu Vlad Mihai
Published: September 2021

Purpose.The aim of the study is to determine and analyse causes of faults in the operation of TR-7A scraper conveyor and to estimate the required time for their remediation and select the methods of their prevention and elimination. Methods. The characteristic of a system, such as the scraper conveyor, intended to fulfil its specified function in time and operation conditions, can be studied, theoretically, by determining its operational reliability. This implies the existence of a framework that incorporates several interconnected components of technical, operational, commercial and management nature. The quantitative expression of reliability was based on elements of mathematical probability theory and statistics (exponential distribution law), failure and repair mechanism not being subject to certain laws. Findings. The following TR-7A subassemblies, if defective, could have been the cause of a failure: chains, hydraulic couplings, chain lifters, drive, return drums, some electrical equipment. After 28 months of monitoring the TR-7A operation, we have established the number of failures (defects) ni, the operating time between failures ti, frequency of failures fc, time to repair tri, weight repair time pr, mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to repair (MTR). Originality.Data collection and processing involves the adoption of specific procedures to allow the correct highlighting of the causes and frequency of failures. The accomplishment of this approach allowed finding the solutions for increasing reliability of some subassemblies of TR-7A conveyor (i.e., those subjected to abrasive wear). Practical implications.One solution was to use materials with compositional and functional gradient in the case of worn surfaces of some subassemblies. It was successfully applied for the chain lifters where a significant increase in the mean time between failures was obtained. The field of application of these materials can be extended to the metal subassemblies of machines and equipment with abrasion wear that occurs both in underground mines and in quarries.
Study and evaluation of the stability of underground mining method used in shallow-dip vein deposits hosted in poor quality rock
Authors: Ghazdali Omar , Moustadraf Jalal , Tagma Tarik , Alabjah Bahija , Amraoui Fouad
Published: September 2021

Purpose.This article proposes to analyze and determine the mining design for shallow-dip deposits hosted in poor quality rock. Methods. We used the UBC tool to find the optimal exploitation method, the Rock mass rating (RMR) and Q-system (Q) to determine the optimal mining stope and the recommended rock support, the numerical modeling by RS2 software with a variety of geotechnical, geometrical, and technical conditions to analyze the evolution of the unstable zone width and the maximum total displacement around the stope after excavation. Findings. The optimum mining method designated by the UBC tool for this type of deposit is the cut and fill. By projecting the obtained RMR and Q-system values on the design graph, it is concluded that the operating stope is located in the stable zone with a height of 3 m, and bolting support is recommended. The simulation by RS2 software reveals that the optimal mining design that can be used to mine shallow-dip vein deposits hosted in poor quality rocks consists of a 3 m high stope and a 75° dip with cemented backfill. Originality.This work presents a study to choose the most suitable underground mining method and mine design for shallow-dip deposits hosted in poor quality rock. Practical implications.In the mining industry, the success of operating an underground mine is conditioned by the selection of the appropriate method, of the mining design and dimensioning of a rock support adapted to the nature of the rock, and excavation geometry according to the type and nature of the deposit.
Hubungan Keseimbangan dan Koordinasi Mata Kaki Terhadap Kemampuan Menggiring Bola dalam Permainan Futsal Klub Karsa Utama Putri Wajo
Authors: Hasbillah Muhammad , Herman Herman
Published: September 2021

This research aims to determine the relationship between balanced and the ability to dribble, the relationship between eye-foot coordination and the ability to dribble, and the relationship between balanced and eye-foot coordination on the ability todribble in futsal game Karsa Utama Putri Wajo’s club. The research was correlational research, with the independent variable was balanced and eye-foot coordination, while the dependent variable was the ability to dribble. The population of theresearch was Karsa Utama Putri Wajo's club players and the sampling technique used was total sampling technique with the total sample was 25 players. The analysis technique used was descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis. The results showed that 1)There was a significant relationship between balanced and the ability to dribble in Karsa Utama Putri Wajo's club players with a correlation value (r) = 0,738. 2) There was asignificant relationship between eye-foot coordination on the ability to dribble in Karsa Utama Putri Wajo's club players with a correlation value (r) = 0,553. 3) There was asignificant relationship between balanced and eye-foot coordination on the ability to dribble in Karsa Utama Putri Wajo's club player swith a correlation value (r)=0.823,and a coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.677 or equal to 67,7%. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between balanced and coordination of the ankle son the ability to dribble in futsal game of Karsa Utama Putri Wajo's club.
Changes in academic performance in the online, integrated system-based curriculum implemented due to the COVID-19 pandemic in a medical school in Korea
Authors: Kim Do-Hwan , Lee Hyo Jeong , Lin Yanyan , Kang Ye Ji
Published: September 2021

Purpose: This study examined how students’ academic performance changed after undergoing a transition to online learning during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, based on the test results of 16 integrated courses conducted in 3 semesters at Hanyang University College of Medicine in Korea.Methods: For the 16 required courses that formed an integrated system-based curriculum running for 3 semesters, the major examinations’ raw scores were collected for each student. Percent-correct scores were used in the subsequent analysis. We used the t-test to compare grades between 2019 and 2020, and the Cohen D was calculated as a measure of effect size. The correlation of scores between courses was calculated using Pearson correlation coefficients.Results: There was a significant decrease in scores in 2020 for 10 courses (62.5%). While most of the integrated system-based curriculum test scores showed strong correlations, with coefficients of 0.6 or higher in both 2019 and 2020, the correlation coefficients were generally higher in 2020. When students were divided into low, middle, and high achievement groups, low-achieving students consistently showed declining test scores in all 3 semesters.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the transition to online classes due to COVID-19 has led to an overall decline in academic performance. This overall decline, which may occur when the curriculum is centered on recorded lectures, needs to be addressed. Further, medical schools need to consider establishing a support system for the academic development of low-achieving students.
Introduction
Authors: Pulham Patricia
Published: September 2021

The association between sex and statues has an established cultural history. In The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response, David Freedberg shows how people have always been ‘sexually aroused’ by sculptures (1989: 1) and examines the slippage between the desire to possess the subject depicted in art, and desire for the representation itself. He argues that sculpture features prominently in historical examples, citing instances of statue love that range across cultural, temporal and geographical borders, including tales from ancient Iran and Greece, the Byzantine lives of saints, as well as numerous versions of the ‘Venus and the Ring’ and Pygmalion myths that span several centuries (1989: 323–42). In his analysis Freedberg suggests that in charting arousal by image, such examples offer us a means by which we might ‘examine the issue of repression most clearly’ and contends that in fearing ‘the body in the image, we refuse to acknowledge our engagement with it’, denying recognition of ‘those aspects of our own sexuality that it may seem to threaten or reveal’ (1989: 12)....
Psychoanalysis and the Love of Arabic
Authors: Bou Ali Nadia
Published: September 2021

Why did modern Arabic grammarians fall in love with language again? Rather than raise the philological question of origins, the love of language poses a philosophical question: why is there language rather than nothing? Language does not provide a resolute sense of home; rather it is a love-object that allows the rejection of tradition. This love arises at the moment when the Arab world is integrated into the capitalist world market and traditional symbolic functions collapse, calling into question the relation between words and things. The problems of language speak for a subject of the unconscious, divided by language, desire, and enjoyment.
Contemporary Hollywood Animation
Authors: Brown Noel
Published: September 2021

Until the 1990s, animation occupied a relatively marginal presence in Hollywood. Today, it is at the very heart of both the film industry and contemporary popular culture. Charting the major changes and continuities in Hollywood animation over the past thirty years, this groundbreaking book offers an authoritative history of Hollywood animation since the 1990s. Analysing dozens of key films, including The Lion King, Toy Story, Shrek, Despicable Me, Frozen and Moana, it examines the emergence of new genres and stylistic approaches, as well as the ongoing blurring of boundaries between animation and live-action. Identifying narrative and thematic patterns, and developments in industry and style, the book explores how animation in the United States both responds to and recapitulates the values, beliefs, hopes and fears of the nation.
Change and Continuity: The Making of Contemporary Hollywood Animation
Authors: Brown Noel
Published: September 2021

In setting the scene, the opening chapter does four things. First, it surveys production trends in Hollywood feature animation from the 1930s to the present. Second, it presents an overview of the major changes in the Hollywood film industry since the 1970s, contextualising the resurgence of animation within developments in live-action cinema, family entertainment and multimedia conglomeration. Third, it examines the stylistic continuities and changes in post-1990s Hollywood animation, particularly with regards to the rise of computer animation. And fourth, it weighs the recurrent narrative structures and mythological influences on the form against more recent changes in storytelling conventions.
Hollywood Animation, Late Modernity and Contemporary America
Authors: Brown Noel
Published: September 2021

One of the primary distinguishing features of post-1990s Hollywood animation is its foregrounding of contemporary culture and society. While many of the ‘classic’ Disney films are set in fantastical or fairy tale landscapes geographically and temporally removed from everyday life (‘once upon a time…’), most animated features from the early 1990s onwards are self-conscious artefacts of late modernity. There are two primary manifestations of the foregrounding of contemporary culture in post-1990s Hollywood animation. The first, and most immediately visible, is (a usually comic) intertextuality that takes the form of an intensified referentiality to other works of popular culture and modern life more broadly. The second form is that of social commentary, which is often satirical in nature and tends to be a more abiding thematic focus than the intertextual allusion. This chapter argues that both forms serve a similar function: they are strategies of proximation that anchor films to recognisable and identifiable situations and events.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Noel
Published: September 2021

The aim of this book has been to provide a comprehensive overview of post-1990s Hollywood animation, taking in major changes and continuities in style and aesthetics, narrative and story structure and industry contexts, while considering how the films operate in relation to broader currents in US culture and society. The importance of Hollywood animation to American cinema and society can be gauged by the ways it instantiates current and foundational mythologies of the nation while ascribing to broader mythological structures and resonating with worldwide audiences from all kinds of backgrounds. However, this cultural centrality has important implications for how the form has developed since the 1990s, with the emergence of new narrative and stylistic strategies that update many of the principles of classical-era Hollywood animation.
Social Ethics 20a: Fundamentals Underlying the Social Sciences, fall semester 1926
Authors: Henning Brian G. , Petek Joseph , Lucas George
Published: September 2021

Notes taken by a stenographer and Richard Clarke Cabot during a social ethics seminar. This is the only known lecture Whitehead delivered on the topic of ethics, though there remain strong philosophy and metaphysics components. The stenographer’s account also includes the ensuing discussion with other Harvard professors attending the seminar.
From Trinity to Mind: The Intensional Basis of the Law
Authors: Connelly Stephen
Published: September 2021

The chapter examines Leibniz’s fragment ‘Trinitas. Mens’, identifying and interrogating its Trinitarian structure in light of Scholastic thinking on Mind. It investigates the Scholastic notion of the suppositum and the community of ideas, in order to demonstrate how Leibniz demotes power as a concept within his system.
Potency and Supposita
Authors: Connelly Stephen
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a brief history of power to demonstrate what is at stake in Leibniz’s demotion of the concept. It develops a methodology for understanding the relationship between activity and power, and draws parallels between the Aristotelean and Leibnizian frameworks to show that the conceptual space of power remains, for Leibniz, but must therefore be occupied by another term.
Introduction: Rural Modernity in Britain
Authors: Bluemel Kristin , McCluskey Michael
Published: September 2021

The introduction defines what is meant by rural modernity, what work has informed this understanding, and how this concept offers a new reading of early twentieth-century British literature, art, and culture. It begins with an analysis of ongoing work in social history, rural studies, and cultural geography that has engaged with ideas of rural modernity. It then considers recent work in literary studies and modernist studies that tends to polarize the writers, artists, and their works that this book brings together. Finally, it offers a rationale for the organization of this collection of essays, provides a brief summary of individual chapters, and draws out the themes explored within and developed across chapters.
Ringing the Changes: Thomas Hardy’s Communication Networks
Authors: Allen Edward
Published: September 2021

This chapter puts an end to a characteristic strain of critical grief bemoaning the dissolution of idyllic country habits including, in particular, the pealing of soundscapes past. Thomas Hardy understood that Britain was by no means a closed or stable acoustic haven, and that its structures of communication – from bell ringing to electric telegraphy – were always already susceptible to rival systems of affect and pleasure. Beginning with a short introduction to Hardy’s early experiments in transmission – in Desperate Remedies (1871) – Edward Allen elucidates the texture of that early novel before moving through the ‘soundways’ of his verse and late fiction. Arguing that Hardy’s ‘rural erotics’ kindled a new desire for urban-pastoral connection in the early decades of the twentieth century, the chapter ends with the first sustained inquiry into Hardy’s radio habit in the 1920s, interpreting this sign of a countrified personality gone live as a template for rural modernity.
Change in the Village: Filming Rural Britain
Authors: McCluskey Michael
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, Michael McCluskey looks at amateur films/home movies about rural Britain, including footage of Sussex, Yorkshire, Cornwall and Kent, in order to understand changes in rural areas and to make new connections between media history and social history. He argues that these films, preserved in the collections of Britain’s regional media archives as well as the British Film Institute and private collections, offer ‘visible evidence’ of the impact of modernization: what was destroyed, what was preserved, who adapted, who did not. They show interest in farming, rural crafts, village traditions, and threats of intruding motorists and the spread of the suburbs, but they also offer access to places and exchanges otherwise absent from these familiar depictions. The films participate in a broader process of what Andrew Causey calls ‘stocktaking’: an interwar interest in documenting what were feared to be disappearing people, places, and patterns of behaviour.
The Spinster in Eden: Reclaiming Civilisation in Interwar British Rural Fiction
Authors: Deen Stella
Published: September 2021

A middle-aged spinster presides over the rural and urban landscapes of Sylvia Townsend Warner’s Lolly Willowes, or The Loving Huntsman (1926), E. H. Young’s Miss Mole (1930), and Winifred Holtby’s South Riding (1936). Each novel surveys a postwar community’s recovery from the war and ties its resiliency to a represented continuity between urban and rural England. In this chapter, Stella Deen finds in the three novels a progression from a libertarian to a communal notion of civilization. While Lolly Willowes’s representation of rural modernity is a manifesto for the right ‘to have a life of one’s own’ (243), Holtby’s protagonist arrives at the insight that ‘we are members of one another’ (490). Major elements of the ‘spinster in Eden’ pattern are repeated in novels such as F. M. Mayor’s The Rector’s Daughter (1924), Lettice Cooper’s National Provincial (1938), and Virginia Woolf’s Between the Acts (1941).
Beyond Portmeirion: The Architecture, Planning and Protests of Clough Williams-Ellis
Authors: Harrison Nigel , Robertson Iain
Published: September 2021

Clough Williams-Ellis is famous (or infamous) for his preservationist activities, leading the Campaign to Protect Rural England and the Design and Industries Association and writing that most famous of protests against interwar development, England and the Octopus (1928). This chapter argues that Williams-Ellis’s preservationist campaigning was not the expression of backward-looking nostalgia, but of a progressive, modernizing quest to convert the nation to orderly planning. In pursuit of this quest, he advocated adoption of new towns, national parks, motorways, and town and country planning; the culmination of all this work was the comprehensive planning legislation of the Labour government formed in 1945. Nigel Harrison and Iain Robertson seek to move beyond Williams-Ellis’s best known creation, the village of Portmeirion, typically dismissed as an unfortunate experiment in retrograde rural vernacular, to consider Clough Williams-Ellis’s activities in their totality and to position him as a key theorist of rural modernity.
Disturbances of the Archive: Repetition and Memory in Elizabeth Bishop’s Poetry
Authors: Anderson Linda
Published: September 2021

This chapter takes as its starting point the letters written by Elizabeth Bishop to her psychoanalyst Dr Ruth Foster in 1947, newly discovered and deposited in Bishop’s archive at Vassar College. It offers new information about Foster’s background and psychoanalytic training, providing a brief contemporary context in relation to psychoanalytic circles in New York, dispelling the idea that Foster was a Kleinian analyst, and suggesting why Bishop later thought the analysis had failed. The chapter goes on to read the letters as suggesting that Bishop was working out something very important about the relationship between repetition and remembering in her writing at this time and through her therapy. The letters offer new information about the origins of ‘At the Fishhouses’ and ‘The Moose’; however this material is looked at in this essay again less as revelation than as indicating the ways Bishop uses memory and description to create what Luce Irigaray has called ‘temporal space’.
‘Swerving as I swerve’: Elizabeth Bishop’s Fugitive Empathy
Authors: Kennedy Sarah
Published: September 2021

This chapter excavates the structures of empathy and indirection in Elizabeth Bishop’s poetry, and considers the productive tensions between them. It begins with an analysis of the three prose poems collected under the title ‘Rainy Season; Sub-Tropics’ (1967), that have been subject to scant critical attention to date. The essay undertakes a close reading of the missed connections, glancing blows and altered trajectories of the denizens of the Rainy Season poems, exploring concepts of transitivity and intra-species empathy in the poems’ ecological framing. Bishop’s manifest sympathy for nature’s ‘radical misfits’ is set within a broader account of her poetics, drawing on recent phenomenological interventions into literary criticism.
Repetition and Poetic Process: Bishop’s Nagging Thoughts
Authors: Rees-Jones Deryn
Published: September 2021

This chapter raises important issues about Bishop’s aesthetic response to a double, but crucially different set of traumas during infancy (death of her father and ‘disappearance’ of her mother) and argues that repetition in Bishop’s writing signals specific anxieties about loss. The compulsion to repeat, Freud writes, takes ‘the place of the impulse to remember’. Christopher Bollas’ concept of the ‘unthought known’ is applied to consider Bishop’s negotiation with both what is known and yet cannot be spoken. Drawing closely on Bishop’s original drafts, this chapter offers a close analysis of the poem ‘Questions of Travel’ to think about its wider importance as the title of Bishop’s 1965 volume. In paying particular attention to the way in which the volume’s chronological development can be read in counterpoint to its final order on publication, I argue that in the volume Bishop finds an important aesthetic resolution to set against a biographical narrative.
Elizabeth Bishop and ‘a bad case of the Threes’
Authors: Mayson Katrina
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores aspects of Bishop’s poetics through the lens of the number three, contributing to the debate about Bishop’s place as a ‘lyric’ poet. It does this by charting the myriad ways Bishop used the number three and all its connotations in her poetry. These range from her use of the tercet form to a structural manipulation of time and perspective. Threes are everywhere in Bishop, ranging from the influence of Gerard Manley Hopkins, the Holy Trinity and Dante to ekphrastic notions of shadow boxes in ‘Objects & Apparitions’. That three underpins Bishop’s aphoristic ear is most clearly heard in her prose and letters, for example in her famous statement that ‘The three qualities I admire in the poetry I like best are: Accuracy, Spontaneity, Mystery’ (in ‘Writing Poetry is an Unnatural Act’). Bishop scholars and readers often identify with the quality of reticence in her poetry, often referred to as ‘the other’ or the ‘third space’ where the reader can find or suggest meaning between the hidden and the said. What is less commonly acknowledged is that the threes can also be constructed to create a safe place in which to allow dangerous emotions or thoughts to be expressed.
Migrating Letters
Authors: Baldock Sophie
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that there is a persistent imaginative connection between birds and letters in Bishop’s work. Taking examples from throughout Bishop’s oeuvre, although focusing primarily on Bishop’s time in Brazil in the ‘50s and ‘60s, it looks at the way that images of birds and letters dovetail. The chapter focuses on two Brazilian birds that became emblematic for Bishop—her beloved toucan Uncle Sammy and ‘the tiniest green hummingbird’ of ‘Questions of Travel’. Bishop’s invocation of ‘the tiniest green hummingbird’ in ‘Questions of Travel’, a bird that migrates between North and South America, mirrors the path that her letters take, imaginatively connecting the spaces of Brazil and Nova Scotia. It is also reminiscent of Dickinson’s hummingbird poem-letter ‘A Route of Evanescence’.
Patterns of Time and the Maternal in the Short Stories of Elizabeth Bishop and Katherine Mansfield
Authors: Helyer Laura
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses aspects of rhythm, poetic form, time and the archival in Bishop’s prose and is organised around a discussion of the ethics of the mother-daughter relationship in the autobiographical story, ‘In the Village.’ Bishop’s short stories are analysed in terms of poetic prose and as prose poems. This resonates with Katherine Mansfield’s lyrical, impressionistic experiments in the short story and her ideas about form and formlessness in narrative. Bishop’s interest in representations of time, memory and a modernist aesthetic in narrative prose are persuasively articulated in her key critical essays (‘Time’s Andromedas’, ‘Dimensions for a Novel’). The chapter ultimately proposes that Mansfield can be understood as a significant influence on Bishop’s prose style, helping her to determine her own original fictional ‘voice’ as well as her structural and thematic concerns in prose.
‘Private faces in public places’: Bishop’s Triptych of Cold War Washington
Authors: Treseler Heather
Published: September 2021

Elizabeth Bishop recast her troubling experiences as the Poetry Consultant to the Library of Congress (1949-50) during an early, tense interval of the Cold War in three poems: ‘From Trollope’s Journal’, ‘Visits to St. Elizabeths’ and ‘View of the Capitol from the Library of Congress’. This chapter resituates Bishop’s triptych of poems about civilian experiences of the Cold War in light of newly available archival documents. It explores Bishop’s depiction of Cold War surveillance, critique of jingoist rhetoric, and use of queer subtexts in this trio of poems alongside the poet’s sustained meditation on poesis and the imperial imagination in her writing from the 1930s, a perspective that palpably shifts following her stint of psychoanalysis in the 1940s.
Innocents Abroad? Elizabeth Bishop and James Merrill Overseas
Authors: Leubner Ben
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates the ways in which both Elizabeth Bishop and James Merrill acknowledged their complicity in cultural erosions that they wished to see forestalled in Brazil and Greece, respectively. As Robert von Hallberg has noted, what often renders the genre of the ‘protest poem’ so two-dimensional is the lack of any sense of complicity in what is being protested, as if the poet was unwilling or unable to see his/her own role in the events and processes that the poem decries. Neither Bishop nor Merrill suffered from this kind of shortcoming of vision. At the heart of many of their poems which lament a given state of affairs is a strong sense that they are in part responsible for that state of affairs, and this makes these poems not weaker, as a result of an embedded hypocrisy, but stronger, as a result of an unwillingness to succumb to the delusion that oneself could possibly be free of blame.
Elizabeth Bishop in Ireland: From Seamus Heaney to Colm Tóibín
Authors: Ellis Jonathan
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at the influence of Bishop’s poetry on Irish literature, specifically the work of Seamus Heaney and Colm Tóibín. In the process of doing so, it considers how different authors read Bishop and the extent to which Bishop might be said to read us at the same time. The chapter draws on Gillian White’s book, Lyric Shame, to explore these ideas, in particular her notion of entanglement.
Reimagined Pastoral Poetics: Narrative Structures and the Environment in Toni Morrison, Thoreau and Wordsworth
Authors: Sandy Mark
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987), A Mercy (2008) and Home (2012). Central to these novels is the question of what constitutes a homely domestic and natural space, the relationship between environs and memory and the marginalisation of individual and communal voices. A Mercy, for example, challenges Thoreau’s claim that we ‘consider every spot as the possible site of a house’, as the unfinished colonial house is reclaimed by the forces of a nature indifferent to architectural design or fictional models of improvement and control. Drawing on Emerson’s urbanised pastoral modes, Morrison translates the darker features of Wordsworth’s rural poetics into her own version of the American pastoral to speak of those unassailable issues of identity, property and ownership.
Nature without Self: Beauty, Death and Subjectivity in the Poetics of Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson and Wallace Stevens
Authors: Sandy Mark
Published: September 2021

Reflecting on the concerns of previous chapters, this section explores how post-Romantic poetics avow and disavow Romantic ideas about beauty, nature and the self in a bid to come to terms with life in all its ordinariness; with what Stevens plainly identifies as the state of things merely as they are. Ironically, those necessary fictions of the self and environment (the world of the human and nonhuman things) find themselves contradictorily embedded both in and beyond the fictive. Imaginative acts of self-dissolution signal an aesthetic critical distance between the self and nature to be illusory and the extent to which the self is inescapably mired in the fragility of natural process and perpetually aware of its own terminus in death. Accordingly, my coda evinces the British Romantic entanglements in the poetic thought of Emerson, Dickinson and Whitman, as well as Stevens’s complicated, and complicating, post-Romantic responses to those British and American Romantic models of self and nature that Stevens both imaginatively inherits and transforms.
Literary and Review Journalism
Authors: Lonsdale Sarah
Published: September 2021

Cultural commentary has always been an important part of a newspaper’s offering to its readers. Book, theatre and film reviews provide an essential reader service, and form part of a nation’s cultural conversation about itself and its values. Arts criticism in the mainstream press has until recently been dominated by a privileged, often Oxbridge-educated and male elite of ‘amateur’ journalists from the arts world, many having been novelists themselves. More recently, arts pages are more likely to be edited by professional journalists. Newspaper books pages contain fewer reviews of ‘difficult’ or academic books than they did in the mid-twentieth century; instead contain more reviews of celebrity memoir and ‘pop’ histories. This is partly because the number of books reviewed in mainstream newspapers and arts journals has decreased significantly since the mid-1980s; reviews having been replaced with features such as books ‘hit parades’ and interviews with celebrity novelists and directors.
Digital News, Digitised News
Authors: Eldridge Scott A.
Published: September 2021

The emergence of a robust internet in Europe from the mid-1990s marked a shift in the way we think and talk about print news, as newspapers and magazines experimented with different opportunities to publish content online. At the same time, these new technologies also changed the way we access news archives – a ‘digitizing’ turn that has seen vast print archives converted to datasets. This chapter explores these developments as parallel discussions of ‘digital’ and ‘digitized’ news. It first explores the Guardian’s transition online, including its missteps, as a key innovator in the newspaper-to-digital transition. Second, it explores the challenges faced by national research libraries, wrestling with vast amounts of digital news, while rapidly digitizing their analogue archives.
Professional Identity
Authors: Ackerley Aaron
Published: September 2021

This chapter surveys changing notions of professional identity in the twentieth-century British press. The term ‘journalist’ is highly contested, covering a wide range of figures with different forms of experience and training as well as a wide range of roles within and beyond news organisations. Journalism has also lacked the clearly defined rules of practice and established pathways into the occupation evident in other careers that are classed as professions, such as medicine and law. By exploring key topics such as continuities from the nineteenth-century press, the rise of professionalism and journalists’ associations and unions, the myth of the ‘Fourth Estate’ and struggles over press regulation, and the impact of digitisation, this chapter explains how notions of professional identity within journalism have changed in response to wider social and cultural changes and changes within the newspaper industry itself. These topics are also explored in short case study, focused on the Guardian.
The Welsh Press
Authors: Roberts Simon Gwyn
Published: September 2021

The history of Welsh newspapers over the twentieth century encompasses a wider shift in which a consciously politicised national identity began to emerge. This chapter examines the evolution of that form of identity politics throughout the century: to use it as a prism through which to view wider developments in Welsh journalism and an opportunity to engage in a meaningful comparison between the English and Welsh language press in Wales. To that end, the chapter takes five pivotal events relating to the evolution of Welsh nationalist politics, distributed broadly equally throughout the century.
The Entertainment Press
Authors: Glen Patrick
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the sector: the music and entertainment press’s antecedents, general functions and audiences. It analyses how papers, which reported upon art, music, film, theatre, dancing, comedy and variety performances, fulfilled a number of functions beside description and analysis. It explores their close ties to the entertainment industry: how they advocated their sector’s interests, publicised their commercial products and fostered networks of communication. The chapter then illustrates how, for most readers, entertainment and music papers described developments in modern urban, cosmopolitan leisure which readers could then interact with. Papers and magazines were gatekeepers for leisure opportunities, fashions and the informed consumption of mechanically reproduced mass culture. The chapter considers two publications that defined the twentieth century entertainment press – Sight & Sound and Melody Maker – in detail. By exploring the changes to these papers and comparing them to their competitors, this chapter will explain historical development in the music and entertainment press’s role, interests and register. It therefore demonstrates the papers interactions with and, sometimes, influence upon broader movements in society and culture.