bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le développement orthographique d’élèves haïtiens scolarisés au Québec en français langue seconde de la maternelle à la troisième année
Authors: Fleuret Carole , Montésinos-Gelet Isabelle
Published: September 2012

Le but cet article est d’examiner le développement de la compétence orthographique d’un groupe d’élèves créolophones (n = 11), suivis de la maternelle à la troisième année à travers une mesure d’orthographes approchées. Les résultats montrent que les sujets ont peu de connaissances des graphèmes orthographiques en maternelle. En première année, l’apprentissage formel concourt à l’émergence de la norme orthographique, notamment en ce qui a trait aux digrammes et aux trigrammes. À la fin de la troisième année, les sujets produisent une grande quantité de graphèmes orthographiques, mais on remarque une certaine difficulté à produire des phonèmes multigraphémiques.
L’esprit antiféministe et la campagne pour le suffrage en France, 1880-19141
Authors: Chenut Helen Harden
Published: September 2012

L’opposition obstinée aux droits politiques des Françaises a fait l’objet de diverses interprétations. L’auteure s’intéresse ici à la réaction antiféministe – en rhétorique et en pratique – quant à la mobilisation des féministes et pour le suffrage féminin, à la veille de la Grande Guerre. La nature des positions « anti- » est analysée au prisme d’autres idéologies réactionnaires, présentes sur l’ensemble de l’échiquier politique. Contester l’antiféminisme s’est révélé difficile du fait de la nature diffuse et souvent peu cohérente de ce courant, conjointement à son ancrage dans les institutions culturelles et politiques. L’auteure qui s’appuie sur l’abondante littérature antiféministe de l’époque, analyse le visage inédit de facettes plus anciennes du patriarcat et la pseudoscientificité de justifications s’inspirant du darwinisme social. Les résistances à tout changement démocratique, sous couvert d’insatisfaction à l’égard du système électoral en vigueur, ont contribué à recréer la « guerre des sexes ».
Le mythe des femmes au pouvoir, arme de l’antiféminisme à Madagascar
Authors: Rabenoro Mireille
Published: September 2012

Le fait que cinq femmes ont régné à Madagascar au XIXe siècle est souvent mentionné pour nier la pertinence de la lutte pour l’égalité de genre. C’est faire abstraction de l’ascension des hommes politiques roturiers durant cette période, et surtout des influences occidentales imposées durant la colonisation (1896-1960), autant de facteurs qui ont profondément modifié les structures et les modes d’accès au pouvoir. Le bouleversement dans les mentalités est tel qu’aujourd’hui il est considéré comme normal – et traditionnel – qu’à la fois la réalité et l’apparence du pouvoir soient l’apanage des hommes.
« Aujourd’hui, les villageois ne sont plus en retard sur leur temps. Aujourd’hui, on vend du Pepsi dans les villages »
Authors: Steindorf Sally
Published: September 2012

En 1959, lorsque la télévision a fait son apparition en Inde, le premier ministre de l’époque, Jawaharlal Nehru, a affirmé qu’il s’agissait d’un luxe que le pays ne pouvait se permettre. Il estimait que ce média devait être axé sur la population rurale, et servir à l’éducation et au développement. À l’époque de ma recherche en 2002-2003, bien que 70 % de la population de l’Inde vive encore en milieu rural, la vision de Nehru était largement oubliée et les émissions présentaient principalement des familles des classes moyenne et supérieure dans un environnement urbain. Cet article étudie les différentes répercussions de cette programmation pour les collectivités urbaines plutôt que rurales chez les habitants de Kothariya au Rajasthan, en Inde. Après avoir présenté un résumé de l’histoire de la télévision en Inde, l’article traite des réalisateurs et des producteurs qui créent des émissions généralement axées sur les collectivités urbaines pour la chaîne publique de l’Inde, Doordarshan. Il fait ensuite état des répercussions de ces émissions sur les habitants des milieux ruraux, en s’intéressant particulièrement aux perceptions des comportements urbains et aux désirs de consommer acquis par le biais de la télévision.
Transformations télévisuelles
Authors: Machado-Borges Thaïs
Published: September 2012

Le Brésil est le pays où la télévision dispose de la plus grande audience du monde, 90 % des ménages du pays possédant au moins un téléviseur. Que diffuse la télévision brésilienne ? Du football, bien sûr, quasiment en continu. Les informations et les shows télévisés constituent également une part importante de la programmation télévisuelle. Mais l’un des types de programmes les plus diffusés – et les plus regardés – est latelenovela. Lestelenovelassont surchargées d’images et de récits de personnages qui, afin de parvenir à l’amour, au bonheur et à l’ascension sociale, se mettent à se transformer eux-mêmes, ainsi que leur corps. Ces transformations influent sur les relations, les avoirs personnels, ainsi que sur les hiérarchies liés au genre, à la sexualité, à la race et à la classe. En se fondant sur plusieurs enquêtes de terrain dans l’État du Minas Gerais, au sud-est du Brésil, cet article présente en les synthétisant quelques-uns des principaux résultats d’un projet de recherche plus étendu sur lestelenovelasbrésiliennes. L’article présente brièvement ce genre télévisuel ainsi qu’une nouvelle manière d’aborder sa réception, en passant d’une étude des interprétations des intrigues destelenovelaspar les spectateurs à une analyse des interactions quotidiennes des spectateurs avec lestelenovelasen flux continu : les messages, les produits de consommation, les histoires et les désirs qui recoupent les intrigues destelenovelaset qui circulent dans la société brésilienne. Il examine enfin de plus près la manière dont le flux destelenovelasest représentatif de la société brésilienne et comment les Brésiliens réagissent à ce flux : quel impact a-t-il sur les téléspectateurs ? Sert-il de modèle aux téléspectateurs pour penser et agir ?
La colonisation de la seigneurie de Batiscan aux 17e et 18e siècles : l’espace et les hommes
Authors: Jarnoux Philippe
Published: September 2012

Cet article examine l'occupation du sol et le peuplement de la seigneurie de Batiscan, le plus important fief du gouvernment de Trois-Rivières, pendant le Régime français. L'analyse du milieu naturel, du mouvement et de la forme des concessions amène la constatation que les Jésuites, seigneurs depuis 1639, ont exercé une influence profonde pour structurer l'occupation du sol en délimitant les aires successifs d'expansion et en récompensant leurs serviteurs et les plus importantes familles afin d'encourager le développement de leur seigneurie. Suit une analyse de l'évolution démographique qui tient compte des migrations internes et externes et des relations humaines qui se tissent entre les habitants. Le développement précoce et intensif de la seigneurie en fait la plus populeuse de la région de Trois-Rivières dès la fin du 17e siècle lorsque les rives du Saint-Laurent sont occupées et que la colonisation progresse en amont de la Batiscan. L'accroissement de la population au 18e siècle est surtout canalisé vers de nouvelles zones pionnières à l'arrière du fief dans la paroisse de Sainte-Geneviève qui ouvre ses registres en 1727. En identifiant les divers facteurs qui ont influencé le développement de la société rurale cet article constitue une contribution originale à l'histoire de la colonisation de la Nouvelle-France.
La main-d’oeuvre en milieu urbain au Bas-Canada : conditions et relations de travail
Authors: Ruddel David-Thiery
Published: September 2012

Selon un ancien spécialiste de l’histoire du travail au Canada, Clare Pentland, le système des relations paternalistes (« personal ») est remplacé vers le milieu du 19e siècle par celui du capitalisme. Notre analyse des contrats d’engagement et des articles de journaux indique que beaucoup de caractéristiques du capitalisme industriel précèdent de près d’un demi-siècle la vaste mécanisation des années 1850-1870. Certaines méthodes de capitalisme industriel sont surtout appliqués dans les centres urbains, mais nous les observons également dans les scieries et les distilleries situées à la campagne. Ainsi, les concepts de paternalisme et de pré-industrialisation ne devraient pas être utilisés dans la description des conditions et des relations de travail coloniales qu’avec beaucoup de circonspection.
L’imaginaire historique des jeunes Québécois
Authors: Létourneau Jocelyn
Published: September 2012

Le récit que proposent les jeunes Québécois du passé récent de leur collectivité présente une refiguration de l’histoire particulièrement intéressante à décrire et analyser. C’est à partir de l’étude minutieuse d’un corpus de feuilles-réponses déposées par les étudiants au Concours Lionel-Groulx de 1984-1985 que nous tentons de cerner l’imaginaire historique d’une catégorie d’âge qui n’a pas vécu les épisodes dont elle traite : la période duplessiste et la Révolution tranquille.
La pédagogie du sexe : un aspect du discours catholique sur la sexualité au Québec (1930-1960)
Authors: Desjardins Gaston
Published: September 2012

Dans le Québec des années 1930-1960, le discours catholique sur la pédagogie sexuelle s’articule autour de trois composantes majeures : l’éducation de la chasteté, l’ennoblissement de la sexualité et la pédagogie « nouvelle ». Diverses tendances s’affrontent et s’enchevêtrent; entre les pièces usées du vieux dispositif s’insinuent et se renforcent des idées neuves. Les différentes problématiques s’inscrivent dans un renouvellement des perceptions de la famille. Dans l’après-guerre, malgré la présence de structures d’encadrement caduques, les intervenants se font plus nombreux et variés. En suivant les lignes de transformation du discours, on perçoit l’ébauche d’un dispositif pédagogique moderne.
La transmission du patrimoine dans les terroirs en expansion : un exemple canadien au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Dépatie Sylvie
Published: September 2012

Cet article retrace le processus de transmission du patrimoine dans une seigneurie canadienne au XVIIIe siècle. Il insiste sur la nécessité de tenir compte de la nature des biens transmis pour comprendre les formes et cerner les effets de ce processus. Cette approche permet de constater que la donation qui se généralise vers le milieu du XVIIIe siècle n’implique pas nécessairement l’inégalité entre les enfants. De plus, elle indique que ce recours à la donation est davantage lié à l’accroissement de la capacité productive des exploitations qu’à la saturation du terroir. Par ailleurs, l’étude démontre que la présence de terres disponibles ne garantit pas l’efficacité du système de reproduction sociale et que ce système, quoique relativement égalitaire, permet le maintien des écarts économiques entre les générations.
Louiseville en Mauricie au XIXe siècle : la croissance d’une aire villageoise
Authors: Morneau Jocelyn
Published: September 2012

Cet article s’attache à mettre au jour les dynamismes d’une croissance villageoise, celle de Louiseville, dans le contexte plus large de la montée de l’économie de marché qui transforme le monde rural au XIXe siècle. Après avoir observé l’extension spatiale de Louiseville et la croissance de sa population, l’analyse porte sur les facteurs de développement que sont les rapports d’échange qu’entretient le monde villageois avec l’espace rural ambiant, les paroisses de l’arrière-pays et la socio-économie du pays saint-pierrais, et la poussée de diverses formes industrielles qui est essentiellement le fait d’un entrepreneurship local dynamique et sensible aux mouvements du marché.
Les récoltes des forêts publiques (1850-1945)
Authors: Gaudreau Guy , Fortin Claire-Andrée , Décarie Robert
Published: September 2012

Dans cet article, nous poursuivons notre réflexion sur les sources utilisées en histoire de la production forestière au Québec. Nous cherchons à évaluer l'ampleur de la sous-évaluation des récoltes des forêts publiques et à proposer des corrections aux données officielles. Deux types de facteurs expliquent ce sous-enregistrement : les agissements illégaux des entrepreneurs dont les effets sont difficiles à mesurer avec précision; et la faiblesse, voire l'absence des règles gouvernementales de mesurage et de l'enregistrement des récoltes. Finalement, nous pouvons conclure que la sous-évaluation n'est pas homogène, comme l'avaient d'abord cru les historiens, et qu'elle est plus forte pour les nouveaux produits forestiers qui ont émergé depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle.
Comment dénombrer les serviteurs de l’État au Canada-Uni. Essai méthodologique
Authors: Curtis Bruce
Published: September 2012

Inscrit dans le débat sur la « nineteenth century revolution in government », cet article propose des considérations méthodologiques pour identifier et dénombrer le personnel de l'État au Canada-Uni. Après avoir relevé les embûches des sources officielles, l'article souligne les limites méthodologiques du modèle bureaucratique du pouvoir de l'État.
La vie et la pratique d’un notaire rural sous le régime français : le cas de Guillaume Barette, notaire à La Prairie entre 1709-1744
Authors: Lavallée Louis
Published: September 2012

Si nous utilisons fréquemment les archives qu'ils nous ont laissées, nous connaissons mal cependant les notaires d'Ancien Régime. Cet essai vise à étudier l'un d'eux, Guillaume Barette, qui a pratiqué pendant trente-cinq ans dans la seigneurie de La Prairie, l'une des plus peuplées de la région montréalaise au XVIIIe siècle. Après l'avoir replacé dans son cadre spatial, nous avons reconstitué sa vie familiale et professionnelle et analysé sa fortune et son patrimoine. Nous avons finalement étudié le contenu de son greffe qui éclaire la pratique d'un notaire rural sous le Régime français.
De la vocation féminine à l’expertise féministe : essai sur l’évolution du service social au Québec (1939-1990)
Authors: Groulx L.-H.
Published: September 2012

Cet article expose trois principales figures identitaires du service social soit féminine et vocationnelle, professionnelle et féministe. Cette prise en compte de la pluralité des identités amène l'auteur à s'interroger sur l'interprétation dominante en termes de professionnalisation/déprofessionnalisation et sur le sens à donner à ce travail symbolique sur l'image sociale du métier.
Brazil-Malvinas Confluence upper ocean temperature anomalies induced by an ENSO wind forcing
Authors: Assad LPF , Torres Jr A R , Candella R N , Mascarenhas Jr A S
Published: September 2012

The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) region constitutes one of the most important ocean features in the South Atlantic Ocean basin. Understanding the BMC upper ocean temperature variability could represent one of the key factors to understanding its connection to local and global ocean circulation. Some important local and remote ocean processes are related to the annual and interannual variability of its thermal/salt front position. This paper investigates the upper ocean variability in the BMC region under the influence of an El Niño/Southern Oscillation-type wind stress field using an oceanic general circulation model (Modular Ocean Model version 4.0). The results revealed the occurrence of positive anomalies, with values ranging from 0.5ºC to 1.0ºC (centered at 40.5ºS and 55.0ºW), near the BMC region associated with upper ocean velocity anomalies during the peak of the ocean kinetic energy phase. This mechanism was a response of a volume transport balance between the Brazil Current (BC) and the Malvinas Current (MC), the latter being accelerated by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). The occurrence of positive anomalies was always associated with an enhanced BC meridional surface volume transport, together with a decrease of the ACC zonal volume transport, vertically integrated across the Drake Passage, and a correspondent decrease in the upper layer MC volume transport. It was possible to see negative upper layer temperature anomaly predominance just before the peak ocean kinetic energy month and positive anomaly predominance immediately following this month. The occurrence of upper layer temperature anomalies in the BMC region was not restricted to just the peak ocean kinetic energy month since they occurred throughout the perturbed experiment integration time.
Looking for Cancer: Expertise Related Differences in Searching and Decision Making
Authors: Donovan Tim , Litchfield Damien
Published: September 2012

We examined how the ability to detect lung nodules in chest x‐ray inspection is reflected in experience‐related differences in visual search and decision making, and whether the eye‐tracking metric time‐to‐first hit showed systematic decreases across expertise levels are examined. In the study decision making improved with expertise, however, time‐to‐first fixate a nodule showed only a non‐significant trend to decrease with expertise. Surprisingly, naïve and expert observers allocated less visual attention at nodules compared with first and third year radiography students. This similarity in visual attention at nodules but not in decision making was explained by the fact that naïve observers were more likely to fixate and make errors on distracter regions. Time‐to‐first hit has been linked to expert performance in mammography, but in this study was not sufficiently sensitive to demonstrate clear linear improvements across expertise groups. This brings into question the use of this metric as an indirect measure of rapid initial holistic processing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivalency as a Chemical Organization and Action Principle
Authors: Fasting Carlo , Schalley Christoph A. , Weber Marcus , Seitz Oliver , Hecht Stefan , Koksch Beate , Dernedde Jens , Graf Christina , Knapp Ernst‐Walter , Haag Rainer
Published: September 2012

Multivalent interactions can be applied universally for a targeted strengthening of an interaction between different interfaces or molecules. The binding partners form cooperative, multiple receptor–ligand interactions that are based on individually weak, noncovalent bonds and are thus generally reversible. Hence, multi‐ and polyvalent interactions play a decisive role in biological systems for recognition, adhesion, and signal processes. The scientific and practical realization of this principle will be demonstrated by the development of simple artificial and theoretical models, from natural systems to functional, application‐oriented systems. In a systematic review of scaffold architectures, the underlying effects and control options will be demonstrated, and suggestions will be given for designing effective multivalent binding systems, as well as for polyvalent therapeutics.
Electrocatalysis and detection of nitrite on a polyaniline‐Cu nanocomposite‐modified glassy carbon electrode
Authors: Zhang Ya , Yin Jin , Wang Kun , Chen Peng , Ji Lin
Published: September 2012

A polyaniline (PANI)‐Cu nanocomposite‐modified electrode was fabricated by the electrochemical polymerization of aniline and the electrodeposition of copper under constant potentials on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), respectively. Scanning electron microscope result shows that the PANI‐Cu composite on the surface of the GCE displays the nanofibers having an average diameter of about 80 nm with lengths varying from 1.1 to 1.2 μm. The electrode exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic behavior to the reduction of nitrite compared to the PANI‐modified GCE. The effects of applied potential, pH value of the detection solution, electropolymerization charge, temperature, and nitrite concentration on the current response of the composite‐modified GCE were investigated and discussed. Under optimal conditions, the PANI‐Cu composite‐modified GCE can be used to determine nitrite concentration in a wide linear range (n = 18) of 0.049 and 70.0 μM and a limit of detection of 0.025 μM. The sensitivity of the electrode was 0.312 μA μM−1 cm−2. The PANI‐Cu composite‐modified GCE had the good storage stability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Semi‐Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1,2,3‐Triazole‐Based Podophyllotoxin Congeners as Potent Antitumor Agents Inducing Apoptosis in HepG2 Cells
Authors: Chen Jinying , Ma Liang , Zhang Ronghong , Tang Jie , Lai Huijun , Wang Jun , Wang Guangcheng , Xu Qinyuan , Chen Tao , Peng Fei , Qiu Jingxiang , Liang Xiaolin , Cao Dong , Ran Yan , Peng Aihua , Wei Yuquan , Chen Lijuan
Published: September 2012

A series of 4β‐[(4‐substituted)‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl]podophyllotoxin congeners were synthesized by employing click chemistry and further evaluated for their antitumor activity by MTT assay. Among them, six congeners (10, 11, 12, 13, 22, and 24) exhibited approximately 100‐fold more potent inhibitory activity against four tumor cell lines (HepG2, MKN‐45, NCI‐H1993, and B16) than etoposide as positive control. Docking studies on binding in the ATPase domain of topoisomerase II revealed perfect docking of four congeners in the active site. Furthermore, the podophyllotoxin congeners 10, 11, 12, and 13 induced cell cycle arrest of HepG2 cells at the G2/M phase in a concentration‐dependent manner, assessed by flow cytometric analysis, highlighting that they exert their antitumor activity via HepG2 cell apoptosis.
Measuring author research relatedness: A comparison of word‐based, topic‐based, and author cocitation approaches
Authors: Lu Kun , Wolfram Dietmar
Published: September 2012

Relationships between authors based on characteristics of published literature have been studied for decades. Author cocitation analysis using mapping techniques has been most frequently used to study how closely two authors are thought to be in intellectual space based on how members of the research community co‐cite their works. Other approaches exist to study author relatedness based more directly on the text of their published works. In this study we present static and dynamic word‐based approaches using vector space modeling, as well as a topic‐based approach based on latent Dirichlet allocation for mapping author research relatedness. Vector space modeling is used to define an author space consisting of works by a given author. Outcomes for the two word‐based approaches and a topic‐based approach for 50 prolific authors in library and information science are compared with more traditional author cocitation analysis using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis. The two word‐based approaches produced similar outcomes except where two authors were frequent co‐authors for the majority of their articles. The topic‐based approach produced the most distinctive map.
Participatory personal data: An emerging research challenge for the information sciences
Authors: Shilton Katie
Published: September 2012

Individuals can increasingly collect data about their habits, routines, and environment using ubiquitous technologies. Running specialized software, personal devices such as phones and tablets can capture and transmit users’ location, images, motion, and text input. The data collected by these devices are both personal (identifying of an individual) and participatory (accessible by that individual for aggregation, analysis, and sharing). Such participatory personal data provide a new area of inquiry for the information sciences. This article presents a review of literature from diverse fields, including information science, technology studies, surveillance studies, and participatory research traditions to explore how participatory personal data relate to existing personal data collections created by both research and surveillance. It applies three information perspectives—information policy, information access and equity, and data curation and preservation—to illustrate social impacts and concerns engendered by this new form of data collection. These perspectives suggest a set of research challenges for information science posed by participatory personal data.
Effects of PEMF on microcirculation and angiogenesis in a model of acute hindlimb ischemia in diabetic rats
Authors: Pan Yunhu , Dong Yushu , Hou Wugang , Ji Zhiyu , Zhi Kailin , Yin Zhongmin , Wen Hua , Chen Yitan
Published: September 2012

Hindlimb ischemia is a major complication of diabetic patients due to poor neovascularization. Therapy with pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) can promote angiogenesis in ischemic lesions. However, the efficacy and therapeutic mechanisms of PEMF in diabetes‐related hindlimb ischemia are unclear. Sprague–Dawley rats were injected with streptozocin to induce diabetes, and 10 weeks later diabetic rats were subjected to surgical induction of acute hindlimb ischemia. The rats were randomized and treated with PEMF, and the blood perfusion of individual rats was determined longitudinally by laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI). The neovascular density was examined using immunofluorescent analysis of CD31 expression and alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining. The levels of VEGF, VEGFR, FGF‐2, and FGFR1 expression, and ERK 1/2 and P38 phosphorylation in the muscles were characterized using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot assays. The values of LDPI in the PEMF‐treated rats at 14 and 28 days post surgery were significantly greater than those in the controls, accompanied by significantly elevated levels of anti‐CD31 and AP staining. The relative levels of FGF‐2 and FGFR1, but not VEGF and VEGFR expression, and ERK1/2, but not P38 phosphorylation, in the muscles of the PEMF‐treated rats were significantly higher than those in the controls. Our data indicated that PEMF enhanced acute hindlimb ischemia‐related perfusion and angiogenesis, associated with up‐regulating FGF‐2 expression and activating the ERK1/2 pathway in diabetic rats. Therefore, PEMF may be valuable for the treatment of diabetic patients with ischemic injury. Bioelectromagnetics 34:180–188, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rational Mechanics in the Eighteenth Century. On Structural Developments of a Mathematical Science
Authors: Pulte Helmut
Published: August 2012

Rationale Mechanik im 18. Jahrhundert. Zur strukturellen Entwicklung einer mathematischen Wissenschaft. Die Rolle der Mathematik in den Wissenschaften sowie in der Wissenschaftsphilosophie des 18. Jahrhunderts kann kaum hoch genug veranschlagt werden. In neueren wissenschaftsphilosophischen Darstellungen wird diese Rolle jedoch häufig in einer anachronistischen Weise beschrieben und analysiert, indem jüngere Auffassungen über formale Mathematik einerseits und empirische Wissenschaft andererseits in die Vergangenheit projiziert werden: Man mag vom heutigen Standpunkt aus tatsächlich versucht sein zu sagen, dass Philosophen des 17. und vor allem des 18. Jahrhunderts die Bedeutung der Mathematik für die ‘Repräsentation’ physischer Phänomene oder als ‘Instrument’ der deduktiven Erklärung und Voraussage erkannten. Solche Modernismen gehen jedoch am eigentlichen Punkt vorbei, nämlich der Tatsache, dass es für die mechanische Philosophie per se eine ‘mathematische Natur der Natur’ gibt. Hinzu kommt, dass sich das Verständnis von dieser ‘mathematischen Natur’ im Verlauf des 18. Jahrhunderts aus verschiedenen (mathematischen, philosophischen und anderen) Gründen dramatisch veränderte. Dieser Sachverhalt wurde in früheren philosophischen Analysen der fraglichen Entwicklung kaum wahrgenommen. Heutige Wissenschaftsphilosophie aber sollte der Wissenschaftsgeschichte eine historisch genauere Analyse anbieten, ohne darüber ihren – von Historikern durchaus nicht immer geschätzten – Auftrag aufzugeben, grundlegende Konzepte und Methoden der fraglichen Wissenschaft, die für ihr Verständnis von Bedeutung sind, offenzulegen. Der folgende Beitrag gibt eine ‘strukturelle Skizze’ über die Entwicklung der rationalen Mechanik von Newton bis Lagrange. Er versucht dabei dem Sachverhalt Rechnung zu tragen, dass rationale Mechanik im 18. Jahrhundert primär als eine mathematische Wissenschaft verstanden wurde. Ausgehend von diesem mathematischen Status versucht er auch, gute Gründe für den grundlegenden Wandel ihrer Wissenschaftsauffassung im fraglichen Zeitraum zu liefern.
Genome instability: Does genetic diversity amplification drive tumorigenesis?
Authors: Lane Andrew B. , Clarke Duncan J.
Published: September 2012

Recent data show that catastrophic events during one cell cycle can cause massive genome damage producing viable clones with unstable genomes. This is in contrast with the traditional view that tumorigenesis requires a long‐term process in which mutations gradually accumulate over decades. These sudden events are likely to result in a large increase in genomic diversity within a relatively short time, providing the opportunity for selective advantages to be gained by a subset of cells within a population. This genetic diversity amplification, arising from a single aberrant cell cycle, may drive a population conversion from benign to malignant. However, there is likely a period of relative genome stability during the clonal expansion of tumors – this may provide an opportunity for therapeutic intervention, especially if mechanisms that limit tolerance of aneuploidy are exploited.
Methods in Molecular Biology, Volume 861: Lipases and Phospholipases: Methods and Protocols. Edited by Georgina Sandoval.
Authors: Ulbrich‐Hofmann Renate
Published: September 2012

Humana Press, Totowa 2012, 547 pp., hardcover, $ 159.00.—ISBN 978‐1‐61779‐599‐2
Alcohol septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Outcomes in young, middle‐aged, and elderly patients
Authors: Leonardi Robert A. , Townsend Jacob C. , Patel Chetan A. , Wolf Bethany J. , Todoran Thomas M. , Powers Eric R. , Steinberg Daniel H. , Fernandes Valerian L. , Nielsen Christopher D.
Published: August 2012

Objectives

We compared the efficacy and safety of alcohol septal ablation (ASA) for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in young, middle‐aged, and elderly patients.

Background

Intersociety guidelines suggest based on limited evidence that young patients with medically refractory symptoms of obstructive HCM should undergo surgical myectomy while elderly patients may be more appropriate for ASA.

Methods

Data for 360 patients undergoing 389 ASAs were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed according to age.

Results

Young (<45 years), middle‐aged (45–64 years), and elderly (≥65 years) patients comprised 28, 40, and 32% of the study population, respectively. Young patients had thicker left ventricular septal walls at baseline, and elderly patients had more comorbidity and dyspnea. Resting, mean left ventricular outflow tract gradients (LVOTGs) were similar across the age groups at baseline (62, 66, and 68 mm Hg, respectively; P = NS for all comparisons). LVOTGs and dyspnea were significantly and similarly improved in all age groups immediately after ASA and through 12 months of follow‐up (P < 0.001 for before and after comparisons; P = NS for intergroup comparisons). Complication rates were similar for young and middle‐aged patients but higher for elderly patients (9.1 and 6.3% vs. 20.8%, respectively; P ≤ 0.016 for elderly vs. others). Mortality rates for young and middle‐aged patients were lower than for elderly patients, but the differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Patients undergoing ASA had significant and similar improvements in LVOTGs and symptoms regardless of age. Procedural complications were increased in elderly patients, who had numerically but not statistically significantly higher mortality rates. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plaque shift and distal embolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Wu Xiaofan , Maehara Akiko , He Yong , Xu Kai , Oviedo Carlos , Witzenbichler Bernhard , Lansky Alexandra J. , Dressler Ovidiu , Parise Helen , Stone Gregg W. , Mintz Gary S.
Published: August 2012

Backgrounds

Vessel expansion and axial plaque redistribution or distal plaque embolization contribute to the increase in lumen dimensions after stent implantation.

Methods and Results

Preintervention and postintervention grayscale volumetric intravascular ultrasound was used to study 43 de novo native coronary lesions treated with TAXUS or Express bare metal stents in the HORIZONS‐AMI Trial. There was a decrease in lesion segment plaque + media (P + M) volume (−19.5 ± 22.2 mm3) that was associated with a decrease in overall analysis segment (lesion plus 5 mm long proximal and distal reference segments) P + M volume (−17.5 ± 21.0 mm3) that was greater than the shift of plaque from the lesion to the proximal and distal reference segments (1.9 ± 4.5 mm3, P < 0.0001). Overall analysis segment P + M volume decreased more in the angiographic thrombus (+) versus the thrombus (−) group (27.4 ± 23.4 vs. −8.9 ± 14.3 mm3, P = 0.003), whereas plaque shift to the reference segments showed no significant difference between the two groups (1.5 ± 5.2 vs. 2.3 ± 3.9 mm3, P = 0.590). Compared with the angiographic thrombus (−) group, patients in the thrombus (+) group more often developed no reflow (25% vs. 0%, P = 0.012) and had a higher preintervention CK‐MB (P = 0.011), postintervention CK‐MB (P < 0.001), and periprocedural (post‐PCI minus pre‐PCI) elevation of CK‐MB (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

In acute myocardial infarction lesions, there was a marked poststenting reduction in overall plaque volume that was significantly greater in patients with angiographic thrombus than without thrombus and may have explained a greater periprocedural rise in CK‐MB. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multimodality 3D‐roadmap for cardiovascular interventions in congenital heart disease—A single‐center, retrospective analysis of 78 cases
Authors: Glöckler Martin , Halbfaβ Julia , Koch Andreas , Achenbach Stephan , Dittrich Sven
Published: August 2012

Background

Modern fluoroscopic angiography systems permit rendering of three‐dimensional volumetric data sets using rotational angiography (3D‐RA). Along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or multi‐detector‐row computed tomography (MDCT) data sets, they can be fused with live fluoroscopy images for roadmapping during therapeutic procedures, but the value of multimodality fused data sets has not been clarified.

Methods

In a pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory, we analyzed 78 interventional cardiovascular procedures in which 3D models of 3D‐RA, MRI, or MDCT were used for 3D‐guidance. Accuracy of 2D‐3D registration as well as overall procedural benefit was independently rated by two pediatric interventionalists. Fluoroscopy time, radiation dose, and contrast dye consumption were evaluated and, grouping a subgroup analysis, the parameters were compared between patients who underwent stenting of aortic coarctation with and without 3D‐roadmapping.

Results

3D‐guiding was used in 78 cases, 75 of these cases were with accurate 2D‐3D registration. 3D‐roadmapping was rated superior to conventional biplane imaging in 74 cases. 3D‐guidance was used in 64 cases to define the ideal C‐arm angulation and in 60 cases for accurate device positioning. Median dose‐area product in the total investigation was 706.3 μGym2 (104.8–7249.7 μGym2), 3.3 ml/kg (0.9–13.7 ml/kg) of contrast dye was used, and total fluoroscopy time was 14.5 min (2.9–68.1 min). Fluoroscopy time for 3D‐guided stenting of aortic coarctation is significantly lower (8.35 versus 10.2 min; P = 0.04).

Conclusion

3D‐image fusion with live fluoroscopy can be applied successfully in catheter‐based interventions of congenital heart disease. 3D‐guidance facilitates catheter manipulations and interventions, allows preselection of ideal projection angles, reduces fluoroscopic time and the number of control angiographies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design and Synthesis of 3‐Carbamoylbenzoic Acid Derivatives as Inhibitors of Human Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 (APE1)
Authors: Aiello Francesca , Shabaik Yumna , Esqueda Adrian , Sanchez Tino W. , Grande Fedora , Garofalo Antonio , Neamati Nouri
Published: September 2012

Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a multifaceted protein with an essential role in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Its implication in tumor development, progression, and resistance has been confirmed in multiple cancers, making it a viable target for intensive investigation. In this work, we designed and synthesized different classes of small‐molecule inhibitors of the catalytic endonuclease function of APE1 that contain a 3‐carbamoylbenzoic acid scaffold. Further structural modifications were made with the aim of increasing the activity and cytotoxicity of these inhibitors. Several of our compounds were shown to inhibit the catalytic endonuclease function of APE1 with potencies in the low‐micromolar range in vitro, and therefore represent novel classes of APE1 inhibitors worthy of further development.
The degree of tumor volume reduction during the early phase of induction chemotherapy is an independent prognostic factor in patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma
Authors: Yoo So Young , Kim Jung‐Sun , Sung Ki Woong , Jeon Tae Yeon , Choi Joon Young , Moon Seung Hwan , Son Meong Hi , Lee Soo Hyun , Yoo Keon Hee , Koo Hong Hoe
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND:

In patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma, the reduction in primary tumor volume was measured during the early phase of induction chemotherapy as an indicator of early tumor response, and the authors investigated whether the degree of tumor volume reduction could predict outcome in these patients.

METHODS:

Primary tumor volumes were measured both at diagnosis and at the first tumor response evaluation (after 2 or 3 cycles of induction chemotherapy) in 90 patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma who had volumetrically evaluable computed tomography or magnetic resonance scans. If the tumor volume at the first response evaluation was >40% of the initial tumor volume, then the patient was categorized as a poor responder; otherwise, the patient was categorized as a good responder. Outcomes were compared according to the degree of tumor volume reduction at the first response evaluation.

RESULTS:

The tumor volume reduction was greater in patients who remained relapse free than in patients who had a relapsed tumor (median percentage tumor volume, 21% vs 41.5%; P = .037). The 5‐year relapse‐free survival rate was higher in the good responders than in the poor responders (83% [95% confidence interval, 72%‐94%] vs 51% [95% confidence interval, 31%‐71%]; P = .002). In a multivariate analysis of relapse‐free survival, a poor early response was identified as an independent, unfavorable prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 4.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.59‐11.29; P = .004).

CONCLUSIONS:

A greater reduction in tumor volume reduction the early phase of induction chemotherapy was associated with a better outcome in patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma. Tailoring treatment intensity according to the early tumor response to induction chemotherapy may improve patient outcomes. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Pain outcomes in patients with advanced breast cancer and bone metastases
Authors: Cleeland Charles S. , Body Jean‐Jacques , Stopeck Alison , von Moos Roger , Fallowfield Lesley , Mathias Susan D. , Patrick Donald L. , Clemons Mark , Tonkin Katia , Masuda Norikazu , Lipton Allan , de Boer Richard , Salvagni Stefania , Oliveira Celia Tosello , Qian Yi , Jiang Qi , Dansey Roger , Braun Ada , Chung Karen
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND:

In this study, the authors evaluated the effect of denosumab versus zoledronic acid (ZA) on pain in patients with advanced breast cancer and bone metastases.

METHODS:

The prevention of pain, reduction in pain interference with daily life activities, and the proportion of patients requiring strong opioid analgesics were assessed in a randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy phase 3 study comparing denosumab with ZA for preventing skeletal‐related events in 2046 patients who had breast cancer and bone metastases. Patients completed the Brief Pain Inventory‐Short Form at baseline and monthly thereafter.

RESULTS:

Fewer patients who received denosumab reported a clinically meaningful worsening of pain severity (≥2‐point increase) from baseline compared with patients who received ZA, and a trend was observed toward delayed time to pain worsening with denosumab versus ZA (denosumab, 8.5 months; ZA, 7.4 months; P = .08). In patients who had no/mild pain at baseline, a 4‐month delay in progression to moderate/severe pain was observed with denosumab compared with ZA (9.7 months vs 5.8 months; P = .002). Denosumab delayed the time to increased pain interference by approximately 1 month compared with ZA (denosumab, 16.0 months; ZA, 14.9 months; P = .09). The time to pain improvement (P = .72) and the time to decreased pain interference (P = .92) were similar between the groups. Fewer denosumab‐treated patients reported increased analgesic use from no/low use at baseline to strong opioid use.

CONCLUSIONS:

Denosumab demonstrated improved pain prevention and comparable pain palliation compared with ZA. In addition, fewer denosumab‐treated patients shifted to strong opioid analgesic use. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Area‐specific substratification of deep layer neurons in the rat cortex
Authors: Watakabe Akiya , Hirokawa Junya , Ichinohe Noritaka , Ohsawa Sonoko , Kaneko Takeshi , Rockland Kathleen S. , Yamamori Tetsuo
Published: September 2012

Gene markers are useful tools to identify cell types for fine mapping of neuronal circuits. Here we report area‐specific sublamina structure of the rat cerebral cortex using cholecystokinin (cck) and purkinje cell protein4 (pcp4) mRNAs as the markers for excitatory neuron subtypes in layers 5 and 6. We found a segregated expression, especially pronounced in layer 6, where corticothalamic and corticocortical projecting neurons reside. To examine the relationship between gene expression and projection target, we injected retrograde tracers into several thalamic subnuclei, ventral posterior (VP), posterior (PO), mediodorsal (MD), medial and lateral geniculate nuclei (MGN and LGN); as well as into two cortical areas (M1 and V1). This combination of tracer‐in situ hybridization (ISH) experiments revealed that corticocortical neurons predominantly express cck and corticothalamic neurons predominantly express pcp4 mRNAs in all areas tested. In general, cck(+) and pcp4(+) cells occupied the upper and lower compartment of layer 6a, respectively. However, the sublaminar distribution and the relative abundance of cck(+) and pcp4(+) cells were quite distinctive across areas. For example, layer 6 of the prelimbic cortex was almost devoid of cck(+) neurons, and was occupied instead by corticothalamic pcp4(+) neurons. In the lateral areas, such as S2, there was an additional layer of cck(+) cells positioned below the pcp4(+) compartment. The claustrum, which has a tight relationship with the cortex, mostly consisted of cck(+)/pcp4(−) cells. In summary, the combination of gene markers and retrograde tracers revealed a distinct sublaminar organization, with conspicuous cross‐area variation in the arrangement and relative density of corticothalamic connections. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3553–3573, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analytical characterization of three hallucinogenic N‐(2‐methoxy)benzyl derivatives of the 2C‐series of phenethylamine drugs
Authors: Zuba Dariusz , Sekuła Karolina
Published: August 2012

This publication reports analytical properties of three new hallucinogenic substances identified in blotter papers seized from the drug market, namely 25D‐NBOMe [2‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxybenzyl)ethanamine], 25E‐NBOMe [2‐(4‐ethyl‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxybenzyl)ethanamine] and 25G‐NBOMe [2‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐3,4‐dimethylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxybenzyl)ethanamine]. These substances are N‐(2‐methoxy)benzyl derivatives of the 2C‐series of phenethylamine drugs. The applied procedure covered a variety of analytical methods, including gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometry (GC‐EI‐MS; without derivatization and after derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA)), liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which made it possible to identify the active components unequivocally. The GC‐MS spectra of analyzed compounds were very similar, with dominant ions observed at m/z = 150, 121, and 91. The remaining ions were analogous to those observed for parent substances, namely 2C‐D, 2C‐E, 2C‐G, but their intensities were low. Derivatization allowed determination of molecular masses of the investigated substances. Their exact masses and chemical formulas were confirmed by LC‐QTOF‐MS experiments and the fragmentation patterns of these compounds following ESI were determined. The tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments confirmed that the studied substances were N‐(2‐methoxy)benzyl derivatives of the 2C‐series compounds. Final elucidation of the structures was performed by NMR spectroscopy. The substances were also characterized by FTIR spectroscopy to corroborate the identity of the compounds. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diversity protects plant communities against generalist molluscan herbivores
Authors: Fabian Yvonne , Sandau Nadine , Bruggisser Odile T. , Kehrli Patrik , Aebi Alexandre , Rohr Rudolf P. , Naisbit Russell E. , Bersier Louis‐Félix
Published: August 2012

Wildflower strips are used to increase natural enemies of crop pests and to conserve insect diversity on farmland. Mollusks, especially slugs, can affect the vegetation development in these strips considerably. Although recent theoretical work suggests that more diverse plant communities will exhibit greater resistance against herbivore pressure, empirical studies are scarce. We conducted a semi‐natural experiment in wildflower strips, manipulating trophic structure (reduction in herbivorous mollusks and reduction in major predators) and plant diversity (2, 6, 12, 20 and 24 sown species). This design allowed us to assess the effect of plant diversity, biomass and composition on mollusks, and vice versa, the effect of mollusc abundance on vegetation. Seven species of mollusks were found in the strips, with the slugs Arion lusitanicus, Deroceras reticulatum and Deroceras panormitanum being most frequent. We found a negative relationship between plant diversity and mollusk abundance, which was due predominantly to a decrease in the agricultural pest species A. lusitanicus. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that plant diversity can reduce the impact of herbivores. However, plant identity also had an effect on mollusks, and accounted for a much larger fraction of the variation in mollusk communities than biodiversity effects. While overall plant diversity decreased during the 3 years of the study, in the final year the highest plant diversity was found in the plots where mollusk populations were experimentally reduced. We conclude that selective feeding by generalist herbivores leads to changes in plant community composition and hence reduced plant diversity. Our results highlight the importance of plant biodiversity as protection against generalist herbivores, which if abundant can in the long term negatively impact plant diversity, driving the system along a “low plant diversity – high mollusk abundance” trajectory.