bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selected Blood Inflammatory and Metabolic Parameters Predicted Successive Bilateral Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Zhang Xueyuan , Weng Yinlun , Xu Yaodong , Xiong Hao , Liang Maojin , Zheng Yiqing , Ou Yongkang
Published: July 2019

Objectives. To explore whether peripheral inflammatory, metabolic, and hemostatic parameters could predict the pathogenesis of successive bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). Methods. This study reviewed 33 patients with successive bilateral SSNHL and 215 patients with unilateral SSNHL. Clinical characteristics and hematological parameters were compared, including the inflammatory markers (like neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR)) and metabolic features (including hypertension, triglyceridemia, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia), as well as hemostatic indices (including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and fibrinogen). Results. In the successive bilateral SSNHL group, older average onset age (48.67±15.36 vs. 42.71±13.58, p<0.05), higher male to female ratio (18 : 15 vs. 112 : 103, p>0.05), and poorer therapeutic efficacy (12% vs. 59%, p<0.01) were observed than those in the unilateral SSNHL group. Compared to the unilateral SSNHL group, NLR, MLR, and PLR in the successive bilateral SSNHL group were significantly higher (NLR: 5.72±2.23 vs. 4.45±2.82, p=0.01; MLR: 0.25±0.15 vs. 0.17±0.11, p<0.01; PLR: 190.70±69.79 vs. 148.18±65.67; p<0.01); the LDL level was significantly higher; yet, the HDL level was significantly lower (LDL: 3.79±0.53 vs. 3.49±0.74; HDL: 1.33±0.32 vs. 1.44±0.26; p<0.05 for both); fibrinogen was significantly higher (4.03±0.47 vs. 3.70±0.65; p<0.01). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the risk factors for successive bilateral SSNHL included age, NLR, MLR, PLR, LDL, HDL, diabetes, and fibrinogen. However, only NLR, MLR, PLR, diabetes, LDL, and HDL independently predicted successive bilateral SSNHL. Conclusion. Selected blood inflammatory markers combined with metabolic parameters were positively correlated with successive bilateral SSNHL.
Expression of B2 Receptor on Circulating CD34-Positive Cells and Outcomes of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Fu Cong , Cao Yuhan , Yao Yuyu , Tang Shengxing , Fan Qun , Ling Yang
Published: July 2019

Background. Bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) is a widely expressed cell surface receptor. The relationship between B2R expression on circulating CD34+ cells and prognosis of myocardial infarction remains unknown.Methods. We analyzed the expression of B2R on circulating CD34-positive cells and plasma VEGF concentration in 174 myocardial infarction patients. All involved patients were divided into two groups: high B2R group and low B2R group according to the median B2R expression percentage. 48 months of follow-up was performed. The endpoints were heart failure and revascularization.Results. The plasma level of VEGF in the low B2R group is67±12 pg/mL, whereas the high B2R group has significantly elevated VEGF levels of145±27 pg/mL(P<0.001). The concentration of VEGF has correlated with expression of B2R (r=0.574,P<0.001). During the 48 months of follow-up, low expression of B2 receptor on circulating CD34-positive cells indicates the high incidence of heart failure (hazard ratio: 2.247; 95% confidence interval: 1.110-4.547;P=0.024) and revascularization (hazard ratio: 2.335; 95% confidence interval: 1.075-5.074;P=0.032). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the cumulative hazard of heart failure (P=0.014) and revascularization (P=0.032) has significant differences between low B2R and high B2R.Conclusion. Low expression of B2R on circulating progenitor cells indicated the poor outcomes of myocardial infarction.
One-Year Efficacy and Safety of Combined Photorefractive Keratectomy and Accelerated Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking after Intacs SK Intracorneal Ring Segment Implantation in Moderate Keratoconus
Authors: Koh Il Hwan , Seo Kyoung Yul , Park Seong Bae , Yang Hun , Kim InSik , Kim Jin Sun , Hwang David G. , Nam Sang Min
Published: July 2019

Purpose. To report one-year outcomes of a modified version of two-stage multimodal surgical protocol for moderate keratoconus which has been suggesting promising preliminary results. Materials and Methods. 30 eyes of 25 patients with moderate keratoconus who exhibited visual complaints and/or disease progression were included for this retrospective case study. Approximately 3 months after implantation of intracorneal ring segment (Intacs SK™), a combination of corneal wavefront-guided transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (CWG-transPRK, Schwind Amaris® 1050, and Schwind Sirius) and accelerated collagen cross-linking (accCXL, Avedro KXL™) was performed. Patients were examined for uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA; CDVA), keratometric power (K), corneal thickness, and corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) preoperatively and at postoperative 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results. The median UDVA and mean CDVA were enhanced from 6/38 to 6/12 and from 6/19 to 6/7.5, respectively, through 12 months after CWG-transPRK/accCXL. The 12-month CDVA of all patients was better than 6/12 Snellen, and no subject lost one or more lines of CDVA. The magnitudes of both myopia and corneal steepness were decreased in turn by Intacs SK implantation and also by CWG-transPRK/accCXL, but the reduction in HOA was largely the result of CWG-transPRK/accCXL. The magnitude of corneal thinning stabilized within 3 months after CWG-transPRK/accCXL. Conclusion. This approach may allow patients with moderate keratoconus to obtain satisfactory vision without the need for contact lens wear. This surgery appeared to be effective and safe through 1 year of follow-up.
Waste Utilization of Synthetic Carbon Quantum Dots Based on Tea and Peanut Shell
Authors: Zhu Jing , Zhu Fengyuan , Yue Xiaona , Chen Peirong , Sun Yue , Zhang Liang , Mu Dongdong , Ke Fei
Published: July 2019

According to the concept of waste utilization and environmental protection, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with high quantum yield and good stability were synthesized from waste tea leaves and peanut shells by a one-step hydrothermal method. In this study, we explored the synthetic conditions, structures, and optical properties of CQDs. Their unique characteristics of emitting strong and steady blue fluorescence under excitation of ultraviolet light and possessing of plenty of hydrophilic groups on a surface conferred CQD potentials in the field of biomarkers and analytical detection.
Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A and Selected Parameters of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in a Group of Patients with Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Authors: Wiciński Michał , Al Drawi Abu Sitta , Malinowski Bartosz , Stolarek Wioleta
Published: July 2019

Introduction. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is currently one of the most serious diseases of the central nervous system. To reduce the negative consequences of SAH and help clinicians to assess the patient’s condition, there are attempts to search for new diagnostic markers, which quickly and accurately allow for the proper diagnosis. The aim of this research was the concentration and activity of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) and selected parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis in the blood of patients with SAH. Serum levels of VEGF-A in patients diagnosed with SAH are measured to assess the correlation between VEGF-A and the clinical condition of patient. This may help with proper therapeutics and better prognosis. Methods. The study involved 85 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The control group consisted of 45 healthy subjects, sex and age matched. The following parameters were determined: APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time), INR (International Normalized Ratio), D-dimers and fibrinogen concentration, and the concentration of VEGF-A by ELISA (R&D USA). Results. The average concentration of VEGF-A in the study group was significantly lower compared to the control group. The D-dimer concentration was higher in patients with SAH but the difference was not significant. Coagulation parameters such as INR, APTT, and fibrinogen did not show significant differences between investigated groups. Conclusions. VEGF-A cannot be an independent marker of SAH. Selected parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis such as D-dimers, INR, APTT, and fibrinogen should not be used as markers of SAH.
Use of Circulating Tumor DNA for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Snyder Alexandra , Morrissey Michael P. , Hellmann Matthew D.
Published: July 2019

Liquid biopsy offers a versatile, noninvasive opportunity to diagnose, characterize, and monitor disease in patients with cancer. There are particularly promising applications with which to use liquid biopsies to predict and evaluate response to immunotherapy. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can reflect the genomic state of a patient's overall disease and, thus, might identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. ctDNA might also be a proxy for a patient's overall disease burden, which could be used for early diagnosis and monitoring treatment response. These applications can enable novel trial designs, such as enrollment of early-stage patients with a high risk for relapse, and the evaluation of response patterns unique to immunotherapies. However, barriers to the widespread adoption of ctDNA assessment remain, including the absence of standardized procedures for collecting and processing ctDNA samples and relatively limited data on clinical utility. Identifying and solving these challenges could allow ctDNA to become a powerful clinical and research tool in the era of personalized immunotherapy.
Bispecific Antibodies Enable Synthetic Agonistic Receptor-Transduced T Cells for Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Karches Clara H. , Benmebarek Mohamed-Reda , Schmidbauer Moritz L. , Kurzay Mathias , Klaus Richard , Geiger Martina , Rataj Felicitas , Cadilha Bruno L. , Lesch Stefanie , Heise Constanze , Murr Ramona , vom Berg Johannes , Jastroch Martin , Lamp Daniel , Ding Jian , Duewell Peter , Niederfellner Gerhard , Sustmann Claudio , Endres Stefan , Klein Christian , Kobold Sebastian
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

Genetically engineered T cells are powerful anticancer treatments but are limited by safety and specificity issues. We herein describe an MHC-unrestricted modular platform combining autologous T cells, transduced with a targetable synthetic agonistic receptor (SAR), with bispecific antibodies (BiAb) that specifically recruit and activate T cells for tumor killing.

Experimental Design:

BiAbs of different formats were generated by recombinant expression. T cells were retrovirally transduced with SARs. T-cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, and T-cell–induced lysis were characterized in three murine and human tumor models in vitro and in vivo.

Results:

Murine T cells transduced with SAR composed of an extracellular domain EGFRvIII fused to CD28 and CD3ζ signaling domains could be specifically recruited toward murine tumor cells expressing EpCAM by anti-EGFRvIII × anti-EpCAM BiAb. BiAb induced selective antigen-dependent activation, proliferation of SAR T cells, and redirected tumor cell lysis. Selectivity was dependent on the monovalency of the antibody for EGFRvIII. We identified FAS ligand as a major mediator of killing utilized by the T cells. Similarly, human SAR T cells could be specifically redirected toward mesothelin-expressing human pancreatic cancer cells. In vivo, treatment with SAR T cells and BiAb mediated antitumoral activity in three human pancreatic cancer cell xenograft models. Importantly, SAR activity, unlike CAR activity, was reversible in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusions:

We describe a novel ACT platform with antitumor activity in murine and human tumor models with a distinct mode of action that combines adoptive T-cell therapy with bispecific antibodies.
A Phase 0 Trial of Ribociclib in Recurrent Glioblastoma Patients Incorporating a Tumor Pharmacodynamic- and Pharmacokinetic-Guided Expansion Cohort
Authors: Tien An-Chi , Li Jing , Bao Xun , Derogatis Alanna , Kim Seongho , Mehta Shwetal , Sanai Nader
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

CDK4/6-dependent cell-cycle regulation is disrupted in most glioblastomas. This study assesses the central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics and tumor pharmacodynamics of ribociclib, a highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.

Patients and Methods:

Patients with recurrent glioblastoma with intact retinoblastoma protein (RB) expression and CDKN2A deletion or CDK4/6 amplification were treated with ribociclib daily (900 mg) for 5 days before tumor resection. Blood, tumor, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected, and total and unbound ribociclib concentrations were determined. Pharmacodynamic effects, assessed by RB and FOXM1 phosphorylation, were compared with matched archival tissue. Patients with positive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects were enrolled into the expansion cohort for preliminary assessment of progression-free survival (PFS).

Results:

Twelve patients were enrolled. The mean unbound ribociclib concentrations in CSF, nonenhancing, and enhancing tumor regions were 0.374 μmol/L, 0.560, and 2.152 μmol/kg, respectively, which were more than 5-fold the in vitro IC50 for inhibition of CDK4/6 (0.04 μmol/L). G1-to-S phase suppression was inferred by decreases in phosphorylation of RB (P < 0.01) and cellular proliferation (P < 0.05). Six of 12 patients were enrolled into the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-guided expansion cohort and demonstrated a median PFS of 9.7 weeks. Examination of recurrent tumors following monotherapy indicated upregulation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway.

Conclusions:

Ribociclib exhibited good CNS penetration, and target modulation was indicated by inhibition of RB phosphorylation and tumor proliferation. Ribociclib monotherapy showed limited clinical efficacy in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Combination therapy with CDK4/6 and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors may be explored for treating recurrent glioblastoma.
Distributional and natural history notes for Bromeliohyla dendroscarta (Anura: Hylidae) in Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Vásquez-Cruz Víctor , Canseco-Márquez Luis , Reynoso-Martínez Arleth
Published: July 2019

Distributional and natural history notes for Bromeliohyla dendroscarta (Anura: Hylidae) in Veracruz, Mexico. Two new locality records are reported for the critically endangered hylid frog, Bromeliohyla dendroscarta, in Veracruz, Mexico. The frogs were found in semideciduous tropical forest, an ecotone of semideciduous tropical forest and mountain cloud forest, and an agricultural mosaic; none of these habitats has been documented previously for this species. Information is provided on larval feeding habits, duration of larval development under natural conditions and external morphology of tadpoles.
High Salt Activates CD11c
+
Antigen-Presenting Cells via SGK (Serum Glucocorticoid Kinase) 1 to Promote Renal Inflammation and Salt-Sensitive Hypertension
Authors: Van Beusecum Justin P. , Barbaro Natalia R. , McDowell Zoe , Aden Luul A. , Xiao Liang , Pandey Arvind K. , Itani Hana A. , Himmel Lauren E. , Harrison David G. , Kirabo Annet
Published: July 2019

Salt-sensing mechanisms in hypertension involving the kidney, vasculature, and central nervous system have been well studied; however, recent studies suggest that immune cells can sense sodium (Na
+
). Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells critically modulate inflammation by activating T cells and producing cytokines. We recently found that Na
+
enters dendritic cells through amiloride-sensitive channels including the α and γ subunits of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and mediates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-dependent formation of immunogenic IsoLG (isolevuglandin)-protein adducts leading to inflammation and hypertension. Here, we describe a novel pathway in which the salt-sensing kinase SGK1 (serum/glucocorticoid kinase 1) in APCs mediates salt-induced expression and assembly of ENaC-α and ENaC-γ and promotes salt-sensitive hypertension by activation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and formation of IsoLG-protein adducts. Mice lacking SGK1 in CD11c
+
cells were protected from renal inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and developed blunted hypertension during the high salt feeding phase of the N-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride/high salt model of salt-sensitive hypertension. CD11c
+
APCs treated with high salt exhibited increased expression of ENaC-γ which coimmunoprecipitated with ENaC-α. This was associated with increased activation and expression of various nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunits. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of SGK1 in CD11c
+
cells prevented the high salt-induced expression of ENaC and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. These studies indicate that expression of SGK1 in CD11c
+
APCs contributes to the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension.
EVALUATION OF GLASS CEILING SYNDROME IN TERMS OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION PERCEPTION
Authors: YÖRÜK KARAKILIÇ Nilüfer
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study is to exhibit the effects of one of the problem faced by the working women while promotion: gender discrimination on the glass ceiling syndrome, consequently to propose solutions to the problem. The study consists of two parts: Literature review and data process. First part is about Gender discrimination, glass ceiling syndrome and management perspectives of discrimination. In the second part two questionnaires, applied to 265 participants (Municipality employees) in Afyonkarahisar/Turkey. First questionary is about the gender equality. Second one is about the glass ceiling syndrome. The data is evaluated by Structural equation model. The study concluded that gender equality perception is influential on glass ceiling syndrome and is influential on demographic factors. Besides, glass ceiling syndrome is also effective when gender, marital status and educational status are taken into consideration. Gender, marital status and education differences which are demographic factors affected the attitudes towards discrimination.
YENİLİKÇİLİK TUTUMLARI VE BÖLGESEL İNOVASYON SİSTEMLERİNE GÖRE PERAKENDECİ KÜMELENMELERİ: TÜRK PERAKENDECİLER FEDERASYONU ÜYELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: KARA Adnan
Published: July 2019

Bu
çalışma perakende yenilikçiliği ve bölgesel inovasyon sistemleri arasındaki bağıntının
kümeleme analizi yöntemiyle incelenmesini kapsamaktadır. Araştırmanın amacı
perakende yenilikçiliği tutumu ve bölgesel inovasyon sistemleri arasındaki
bağıntıyı ortaya çıkarmaktır. Araştırmanın ana kütlesini Türkiye Perakendeciler
Federasyonuna üye perakendeciler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada telefon
yöntemiyle toplanan anket verileri iki adımlı kümeleme analizine tabi
tutulmuştur.  Araştırma sonucunda
perakende yenilikçiliklerine göre dört küme elde edilmiştir. Her bir kümedeki
perakendecilerin bölgesel inovasyon indeks puanları ve perakende yenilikçiliği
tutumları karşılaştırılmıştır. Perakende yenilikçiliği gelişmiş ülkelerde
önemli görülmektedir. Günümüzde perakendecilik üretici ve tüketici arasındaki
dengesizlikleri giderebilmesinden dolayı ekonomide önemli bir yer edinmiştir.
Gelişmekte olan ülkeler de bu nedenle perakendeciliği ekonomik kalkınmanın bir
aracı olarak önemli konumda görmektedirler. Araştırma bölgesel inovasyon
sistemleri ve perakendeci yenilikçilik tutumlarının bir arada incelendiği özgün
bir çalışmadır.
Coast Guard Cooperation in the South China Sea
Authors: Bekkevold Jo Inge
Published: July 2019

The recent emergence of coast guard capabilities in East Asia necessitates a deeper assessment of the potential and limit of coast guard co-operation. Developing a framework of analysis based on the experiences of confidence-building measures (cbms) within the United Nations and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (csce), this article examines if enhanced coast guard cooperation can be a tool to build trust among littoral states in the South China Sea, reduce tension and increase stability in the region. The potential and limit of coast guard cooperation as a confidence-building measure are assessed along five dimensions: First, the importance of local ownership. Second, the necessity of a multi-level operational approach. Moreover, the challenge of spoilers and bureaucratic fragmentation. Fourth, transnational coast guards cooperation in disputed waters, and finally, the risk of cooperation and confidence-building being undermined by great power competition in contested waters.
Discovery of Smacigastes Ivanenko & Defaye, 2004 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Tegastidae) in a deep-sea cold seep, with the description of a new species from the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: PLUM CHRISTOPH , ARBIZU PEDRO MARTINEZ
Published: July 2019

The new tegastid species Smacigastes methanophilus sp. nov. is described from cold-seep samples collected from the Gulf of Mexico in 2006. Besides Smacigastes micheli Ivanenko & Defaye, 2004 and Smacigastes barti Gollner, Ivanenko & Martínez Arbizu, 2008, this is the third species of the genus Smacigastes Ivanenko & Defaye, 2004. To date, this genus contains the only species within the family Tegastidae known from deep-sea habitats. Furthermore, S. methanophilus sp. nov. is the first species of Tegastidae found at cold seeps and associated with tubeworm aggregations. It has the same primitive features as S. micheli but can be distinguished from the latter by the setation of second and third segments of female antennule and second segment of male antennule, the setation of the mandibular palp, the ornamentation of P5 exopod in both sexes, setation of male P5 exopod, form of the female P5 baseoendopod, and the different shape and length of the P5 setae in female. Moreover, both sexes of Smacigastes methanophilus sp. nov. are much smaller than those of S. micheli. Compared to S. barti, S. methanophilus sp. nov. differs in the segmentation and setation of female antennule, the setation of male antennule, setation of mandibular palp, setation of the maxillule, number of endites of the maxilla, number of setae in P1, the ornamentation of female P5 and setation in male P5.
Gebrukothuria profundus, a new genus and species of laetmogonid holothurian (Elasipodida, Laetmogonidae) from around the Crozet Plateau in the Southern Indian Ocea
Authors: ROGACHEVA ANTONINA , CROSS IAN A. , BILLETT DAVID S. M.
Published: July 2019

A new genus and species of laetmogonid holothurian (Elasipodida, Laetmogonidae), collected from around the Crozet Plateau in the Southern Indian Ocean, is described. It differs from other members of the family in that the body wall lacks the wheel-shaped calcareous deposits completely. Instead only rods are present. The genus is also distinguished by the combination of other morphological characters lacking in other known genera: absence of circum-oral and ventrolateral papillae together with development of midventral tube feet. All other members of the family Laetmogonidae are known to have wheel-shaped deposits, therefore diagnosis of the family is refined.
A catalog of the Tenuipalpidae (Acari) of the World with a key to genera
Authors: MESA NORA C. , OCHOA RONALD , WELBOURN W. CALVIN , EVANS GREGORY A. , DE MORAES GILBERTO J.
Published: July 2019

The family Tenuipalpidae is worldwide in distribution and includes several economically important pest species. Species of the genus Brevipalpus have been identified as vectors of rhabdoviruses that cause diseases such as citrus leprosis, coffee ring spot virus, passion fruit green spot virus and others that reduce the production and the life span of the plants. An updated list of the Tenuipalpidae (Acari: Prostigmata), a key to the genera of the world and data on zoogeographical distribution of the species are presented. The catalogue provides information on 891 known species (including 3 species incertae sedis) belonging to 34 genera. The valid name of each species, the author, date and page of the corresponding original description, type locality and host, species designation(s), references to species redescription(s) and other complementary information are presented. The genera Rarosiella Rimando 1996 and Neoraoiella Mohanasundaram 1996 are synonymized with Raoiella Hirst 1924. The genus Meyeraepalpus Smiley, Frost & Gerson 1996 is synonymized with the genus Aegyptobia Sayed 1950. Three new genera, Magdalenapalpus, Chaudhripalpus and Urigersonus are erected. Indices of the plant host species and families associated with each species, the number and regional distribution of species in each genus, and a list of relevant publications of species from each zoogeographical region are included.
Revision of the genus Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) in the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: BARNICH RUTH , FIEGE DIETER
Published: July 2019

The type material and original descriptions of 126 nominal species from the Northeast Atlantic originally described as belonging to Harmothoe Kinberg, 1856 or later referred to this genus were examined. Of these species, only 28 are considered to be valid, i.e. less than 25 %, the others being either junior synonyms, indeterminable, invalid, or referred to other genera. The valid species are described and figured, including two new species, H. fernandi n. sp. and H. mariannae n. sp. For H. extenuata (Grube, 1840), H. imbricata (Linnaeus, 1767), and H. impar (Johnston, 1839), neotypes are designated, since their type material is lost and their original descriptions are insufficient. Harmothoe aequespina (Langerhans, 1884) and H. clavigera (M. Sars, 1863) represent new combinations. An illustrated identification key to all valid Harmothoe species of the region is given.
Evaluation of the Assumptions in the Steady-State Tropical Cyclone Self-Stratified Outflow Using Three-Dimensional Convection-Allowing Simulations
Authors: Tao Dandan , Emanuel Kerry , Zhang Fuqing , Rotunno Richard , Bell Michael M. , Nystrom Robert G.
Published: July 2019

The criteria and assumptions that were used to derive the steady-state tropical cyclone intensity and structure theory of Emanuel and Rotunno are assessed using three-dimensional convection-allowing simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. One real-data case of Hurricane Patricia (2015) and two idealized simulations with and without vertical wind shear are examined. In all three simulations, the gradient wind balance is valid in the inner-core region above the boundary layer. The angular momentum M and saturation entropy surfaces s* near the top of the boundary layer, in the outflow region and along the angular momentum surface that passes the low-level radius of maximum wind MRMW are nearly congruent, satisfying the criterion of slantwise moist neutrality in the vicinity of MRMW. The theoretically derived maximum wind magnitude above the boundary layer compares well with the simulated maximum tangential wind and gradient wind using the azimuthally averaged pressure field during the intensification and quasi-steady state of the simulated storms. The Richardson number analysis of the simulated storms shows that small Richardson number (0 < Ri ≤1) exists in the outflow region, related to both large local shear and small static stability. This criticality of the Richardson number indicates the existence of small-scale turbulence in the outflow region. We also show that the stratification of temperature along the M surfaces at the outflow region for steady-state hurricanes is approximately applicable in these three-dimensional simulations, while the radial distribution of gradient wind is qualitatively comparable to the theoretical radial profiles. Some caveats regarding the theory are also discussed.
Effects of Tropical Cyclones on ENSO
Authors: Lian Tao , Ying Jun , Ren Hong-Li , Zhang Chan , Liu Ting , Tan Xiao-Xiao
Published: July 2019

Numerous studies have investigated the role of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in modulating the activity of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western Pacific on interannual time scales, but the effects of TCs on ENSO are less discussed. Some studies have found that TCs sharply increase surface westerly anomalies over the equatorial western–central Pacific and maintain them there for a few days. Given the strong influence of equatorial surface westerly wind bursts on ENSO, as confirmed by much recent literature, the effects of TCs on ENSO may be much greater than previously expected. Using recently released observations and reanalysis datasets, it is found that the majority of near-equatorial TCs (simply TCs hereafter) are associated with strong westerly anomalies at the equator, and the number and longitude of TCs are significantly correlated with ENSO strength. When TC-related wind stresses are added into an intermediate coupled model, the simulated ENSO becomes more irregular, and both ENSO magnitude and skewness approach those of observations, as compared with simulations without TCs. Adding TCs into the model system does not break the linkage between the heat content anomaly and subsequent ENSO event in the model, which manifest the classic recharge–discharge ENSO dynamics. However, the influence of TCs on ENSO is so strong that ENSO magnitude and sometimes its final state—that is, either El Niño or La Niña—largely depend on the number and timing of TCs during the event year. Our findings suggest that TCs play a prominent role in ENSO dynamics, and their effects must be considered in ENSO forecast models.
Interannual to Decadal Variability of Upper-Ocean Salinity in the Southern Indian Ocean and the Role of the Indonesian Throughflow
Authors: Hu Shijian , Zhang Ying , Feng Ming , Du Yan , Sprintall Janet , Wang Fan , Hu Dunxin , Xie Qiang , Chai Fei
Published: July 2019

Variability of oceanic salinity, an indicator of the global hydrological cycle, plays an important role in the basin-scale ocean circulation. In this study, interannual to decadal variability of salinity in the upper layer of the Indian Ocean is investigated using Argo observations since 2004 and data assimilating model outputs (1992–2015). The southeastern Indian Ocean shows the strongest interannual to decadal variability of upper-ocean salinity in the Indian Ocean. Westward propagation of salinity anomalies along isopycnal surfaces is detected in the southern Indian Ocean and attributed to zonal salinity advection anomalies associated with the Indonesian Throughflow and the South Equatorial Current. Composite and salinity budget analyses show that horizontal advection is a major contributor to the interannual to decadal salinity variability of the southern Indian Ocean, and the local air–sea freshwater flux plays a secondary role. The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulate the salinity variability in the southeastern Indian Ocean, with low salinity anomalies occurring during the negative phases of the PDO and ENSO and high salinity anomalies during their positive phases. The Indonesian Throughflow plays an essential role in transmitting the PDO- and ENSO-related salinity signals into the Indian Ocean. A statistical model is proposed based on the PDO index, which successfully predicts the southeastern Indian Ocean salinity variability with a lead time of 10 months.
Evolution of the Asian–African Monsoonal Precipitation over the last 21 kyr and the Associated Dynamic Mechanisms
Authors: Shi Jian , Yan Qing
Published: July 2019

The Asian–African monsoonal precipitation (AAMP) has a significant impact on the water availability, biodiversity, and livelihoods of billions of people. A comprehensive understanding of the AAMP behavior over Earth’s history will help to make better future projections. Using a set of transient climate simulations over the last 21 000 years (21 ka), the variation of the AAMP and its responses to various external forcings, including orbital insolation, greenhouse gases (GHGs), and ice sheets, are explored. The precipitation evolutions in the individual monsoon domains have the characteristic of hemispheric synchrony over the last 21 ka. Specifically, the AAMP increased from the Last Glacial Maximum to the early Holocene with several abrupt events and then decreased subsequently. The raised orbital insolation and GHGs lead to an overall AAMP increase, but the enhanced insolation tends to induce a systematic northward shift of the Asian–African monsoon domain. Decreased meltwater discharge could promote the African and Indian monsoonal precipitation through strengthening the Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation. However, the lowering of ice sheets (i.e., orographic effect) results in an anomalous dipole precipitation pattern between North China and India. An analysis of the moisture budget suggests that, although different external forcings may lead to the same sign of precipitation change (e.g., both increased insolation and GHGs can cause the enhanced AAMP), the thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to precipitation could vary greatly by region and forcing. This study provides a reference for the long-term behavior of the AAMP with rising GHGs, higher insolation, and potential melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Horizontal Residual Mean: Addressing the Limited Spatial Resolution of Ocean Models
Authors: Li Yuehua , McDougall Trevor , Keating Shane , de Lavergne Casimir , Madec Gurvan
Published: July 2019

Horizontal fluxes of heat and other scalar quantities in the ocean are due to correlations between the horizontal velocity and tracer fields. However, the limited spatial resolution of ocean models means that these correlations are not fully resolved using the velocity and temperature evaluated on the model grid, due to the limited spatial resolution and the boxcar-averaged nature of the velocity and the scalar field. In this article, a method of estimating the horizontal flux due to unresolved spatial correlations is proposed, based on the depth-integrated horizontal transport from the seafloor to the density surface whose spatially averaged height is the height of the calculation. This depth-integrated horizontal transport takes into account the subgrid velocity and density variations to compensate the standard estimate of horizontal transport based on staircase-like velocity and density. It is not a parameterization of unresolved eddies, since it utilizes data available in ocean models without relying on any presumed parameter such as diffusivity. The method is termed the horizontal residual mean (HRM). The method is capable of estimating the spatial-correlation-induced water transport in a 1/4° global ocean model, using model data smoothed to 3/4°. The HRM extra overturning has a peak in the Southern Ocean of about 1.5 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). This indicates an extra heat transport of 0.015 PW on average in the same area. It is expected that implementing the scheme in a coarse-resolution ocean model will improve its representation of lateral heat fluxes.
Arctic Fog Detection Using Infrared Spectral Measurements
Authors: Yi Li , Li King-Fai , Chen Xianyao , Tung Ka-Kit
Published: July 2019

The rapid increase in open-water surface area in the Arctic, resulting from sea ice melting during the summer likely as a result of global warming, may lead to an increase in fog [defined as a cloud with a base height below 1000 ft (~304 m)], which may imperil ships and small aircraft transportation in the region. There is a need for monitoring fog formation over the Arctic. Given that ground-based observations of fog over Arctic open water are very sparse, satellite observations may become the most effective way for Arctic fog monitoring. We developed a fog detection algorithm using the temperature difference between the cloud top and the surface, called ∂T in this work. A fog event is said to be detected if ∂T is greater than a threshold, which is typically between −6 and −12 K, depending on the time of the day (day or night) and the surface types (open water or sea ice). We applied this method to the coastal regions of Chukchi Sea and Beaufort Sea near Barrow, Alaska (now known as Utqiaġvik), during the months of March–October. Training with satellite observations between 2007 and 2014 over this region, the ∂T method can detect Arctic fog with an optimal probability of detection (POD) between 74% and 90% and false alarm rate (FAR) between 5% and 17%. These statistics are validated with data between 2015 and 2016 and are shown to be robust from one subperiod to another.
Numerical Calibration of a Low-Speed sUAS Flush Air Data System
Authors: Laurence III Roger J. , Argrow Brian M.
Published: July 2019

A method using computational fluid dynamics to numerically calibrate a flush air data system is presented. A small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) has been equipped with a flush air data system and experimentally tested. The flush air data system uses computational fluid dynamics to train neural networks and is validated using the in-flight data that were previously collected. Results of the flight validation are presented, along with ways to improve the accuracy of the system. Several different calibration approaches are presented and compared with each other. The best-case results with the in-flight calibration are 0.59° and 0.66° for angle of attack and sideslip, respectively, whereas the best-case results when calibrated with computational fluid dynamics data are 0.78° and 0.90°. It is also possible to estimate other air data parameters, such as dynamic pressure, static pressure, and density, with neural networks, but the direct calculation is more accurate. Calibrating the system numerically, such as with the use of computational fluid dynamics, removes the need for any calibration flights. Although not as accurate as the in-flight calibration, numerical calibration is possible and can save the user time and expense.
Observation Error Statistics for Doppler Radar Radial Wind Superobservations Assimilated into the DWD COSMO-KENDA System
Authors: Waller J. A. , Bauernschubert E. , Dance S. L. , Nichols N. K. , Potthast R. , Simonin D.
Published: July 2019

Currently in operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) the density of high-resolution observations, such as Doppler radar radial winds (DRWs), is severely reduced in part to avoid violating the assumption of uncorrelated observation errors. To improve the quantity of observations used and the impact that they have on the forecast requires an accurate specification of the observation uncertainties. Observation uncertainties can be estimated using a simple diagnostic that utilizes the statistical averages of observation-minus-background and observation-minus-analysis residuals. We are the first to use a modified form of the diagnostic to estimate spatial correlations for observations used in an operational ensemble data assimilation system. The uncertainties for DRW superobservations assimilated into the Deutscher Wetterdienst convection-permitting NWP model are estimated and compared to previous uncertainty estimates for DRWs. The new results show that most diagnosed standard deviations are smaller than those used in the assimilation, hence, it may be feasible to assimilate DRWs using reduced error standard deviations. However, some of the estimated standard deviations are considerably larger than those used in the assimilation; these large errors highlight areas where the observation processing system may be improved. The error correlation length scales are larger than the observation separation distance and influenced by both the superobbing procedure and observation operator. This is supported by comparing these results to our previous study using Met Office data. Our results suggest that DRW error correlations may be reduced by improving the superobbing procedure and observation operator; however, any remaining correlations should be accounted for in the assimilation.
Kinetics and equilibrium studies of phosphate removal from aqueous solution by calcium silicate hydrate synthesized from electrolytic manganese residue
Authors: Li Changxin , Yu Yuan , Li Qiuyue , Zhong Hong , Wang Shuai
Published: July 2019

The calcium silicate hydrate synthesized from electrolytic manganese residue was investigated as adsorbents to remove the phosphate from aqueous solutions. The effects of different experimental parameters, including contact time, initial phosphate concentration, solution pH, and temperature on the phosphate adsorption were investigated. The results showed that the phosphate adsorption was highly pH-dependent, with removal being more efficient under the pH range of 10.0–11.0. The Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to simulate the sorption equilibrium, and the results indicate that the adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir model with which the maximum phosphate adsorption capacity was estimated to be 65.79–85.47 mg/g at 25–35°C. Meanwhile, the kinetic data confirmed that the sorption of phosphorus onto electrolytic manganese residue–calcium silicate hydrate can be best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that the adsorption process might be chemical sorption. Furthermore, thermodynamic studies illustrated that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Attachment categories or dimensions: The Adult Attachment Scale across three generations in Poland
Authors: Lubiewska Katarzyna , Van de Vijver Fons J. R.
Published: July 2019

Even though previous attachment taxometric studies supported the conclusion that attachment is rather dimensional than categorical construct, they also did not provide consistent support against categorical approach. Addressing limitations of previous taxometric studies on adult attachment, we asked two research questions: Is attachment as measured by the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) categorical or dimensional? What is the predictive validity of categorical and dimensional approaches? To answer these questions, data of the AAS from 869 parents, 575 adolescents, and 500 grandmothers from the same families in Poland were analyzed. Taxometric analyses were replicated across three generations providing weak evidences to support the dimensional approach. Clustering methods provided an additional support revealing that empirically derived categories of attachment are based on security level but not on qualitatively different attachment patterns. Analyses testing predictive effects of categorical compared to dimensional approaches to attachment assessment revealed that a dimensional approach is more valid than a categorical approach in testing hypotheses related to the intergenerational transmission of attachment.
A Social Identity Approach to Engaging Christians in the Issue of Climate Change
Authors: Goldberg Matthew H. , Gustafson Abel , Ballew Matthew T. , Rosenthal Seth A. , Leiserowitz Anthony
Published: July 2019

Using two nationally representative surveys (total N = 2,544) and two experiments (total N = 1,620), we investigate a social identity approach to engaging Christians in the issue of climate change. Results show Christian Americans say “protecting God’s creation” is a top reason for wanting to reduce global warming. An exploratory experiment and a preregistered replication tested a “stewardship frame” message with Christian Americans and found significant increases in pro-environmental and climate change beliefs, which were explained by increases in viewing environmental protection as a moral and religious issue, and perceptions that other Christians care about environmental protection.
Wireless sensor network design for smart grids and Internet of things for ambient living using cross-layer techniques
Authors: Ali Jaffar , Iqbal Javed , Majeed Shabbir , Ahmed Mughal Imran , Ahmad Awais , Ahmed Salman
Published: July 2019

Due to the increased demand of wireless sensor networks for their characteristics like low energy consumption, robustness, and low cost in several demanding and complex applications like smart grid, health and safety, traffic and weather updates, there is need of monitoring the infrastructure in a timely manner with high reliability. In this article, a cross-layer data communication scheme target-aware cross-layer technique is proposed to enhance reliability and to reduce the latency in wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme uses connected dominating set at network layer where nodes in the connected dominating set are directly connected to all the other nodes in the network. Each sensor node sends the data to the nodes present in the connected dominating set, which forwards it to their respective destinations. The proposed scheme reduces the chances of collision resulting reduced delays. Higher packet delivery ratio is achieved with the proposed scheme results in improved reliability. The proposed scheme is outperforming other state-of-the-art schemes in terms of packet delivery ratio, latency, and data throughput with the default 802.15.4 and delay-responsive cross layer in both static and mobile scenarios using network simulator tool.
Sensitivity-enhancing feedback control–based damage detection in delaminated smart composite plates
Authors: Guo Yan , Jiang Yanan , Qian Zhenghua , Huang Bin
Published: July 2019

In this article, we present a sensitivity-enhancing feedback control–based damage detection method for piezoelectric actuator and sensor bonded composite laminates with delamination failures. The present method mainly consists of two parts: delamination modeling and feedback controller design. We first introduce the adopted improved layerwise theory–based mathematical model for delamination modeling with finite element implementation. The obtained second-order governing equations are transformed into the state space model for design of state feedback controller. Proper pole placement is required to enhance the sensitivity of frequency shifts to stiffness change caused by delamination. We investigated different delamination interfaces and longitudinal locations for studying the feasibility and efficiency of the present method. The present results clearly demonstrate that with the applied state feedback controller, the frequency shifts of the closed-loop system are significantly enhanced. The proposed sensitivity-enhancing feedback control can be used as an efficient tool for detecting delamination failures in smart composite structures.
The social psychology of whistleblowing: An integrated model
Authors: Anvari Farid , Wenzel Michael , Woodyatt Lydia , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: July 2019

Whistleblowing is the disclosure of ingroup wrongdoing to an external agency and can have important functions for the regulation of moral and legal conduct. Organizational research has focused largely on the impact of individual and organizational factors, while overlooking the role of group memberships and associated social identities. Further, social psychologists have so far paid little attention to this phenomenon, or else have tended to subsume it within analysis of dissent. To address these lacunae, we present a psychological model of whistleblowing that draws on social identity theorizing (after Tajfel & Turner, 1979). This model describes when and how social identities and different forms of power motivate group members to respond to ingroup wrongdoing by engaging in whistleblowing. Our review of the literature points to the model’s ability to integrate existing evidence while providing direction for future research. We also discuss the model’s capacity to inform whistleblowing policy and procedures.