bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Australia's Population Future: Probabilistic Forecasts Incorporating Expert Judgement
Authors: BELL MARTIN , WILSON TOM , CHARLES‐EDWARDS ELIN
Published: May 2011

Projections of future population are essential for planning in both the public and private sectors but conventional approaches provide little guidance as to the uncertainties associated with published projections. Moreover, history suggests that forecasters are generally slow in responding to new trends in key demographic processes. These limitations come into sharp relief at times of high public interest, such as occasioned by the unprecedented increase in Australia's net overseas migration over the past decade. How reliable is the recent upwards revision which raises Australia's projected population from 28 million to 35 million by mid‐century? If projections are to be of more value to users, progress is required on two fronts: (i) more effective processes for setting assumptions, and (ii) greater clarity as to the uncertainty of the resulting projections. We address these challenges by combining a more systematic, theoretically guided approach to the formulation of projection assumptions using a structured questionnaire to elicit the views of experts on the future of net overseas migration to Australia, and harness the results in a new, probabilistic projection framework which explicitly identifies confidence intervals within which Australia's future population growth is likely to fall. We present probabilistic projections for Australia from 2010 to 2051 and compare the results with the 2006‐based Australian Bureau of Statistics projections. We show how forecast uncertainty grows, and how it varies between demographic variables.
Biodegradation of phenol by Synechocystis sp. in media including triacontanol hormone
Authors: Kιlιç Nur Koçberber , Karacakaya Pιnar , Duygu Ergin , Dönmez Gönül
Published: May 2011

Phenol removal levels of Synechocystis sp. were investigated in BG11 media with 10 mg/L triacontanol (TRIA) and without it to test whether the hormone could increase the removal efficiency by increasing biomass. The assays were performed to determine the effect of light on degradation, in media with 119.0–492.8 mg/L phenol under light and dark conditions. At increasing phenol concentrations, the degradation ranged between 98.5 and 100% regardless of a dark or a light condition. Experiments were carried out under light to determine the optimum pH for effective degradation. Optimum pH was found to be 6.5 at 200 mg/L phenol with or without TRIA. Phenol degradation was investigated in the 120.2–826.9 mg/L range. Although 377.4 mg/L phenol was completely degraded in hormone controls within 120 h, degradation was increased by TRIA, and the process was completed in 96 h. These data suggest that Synechocystis sp. has potential for use in the treatment of wastewaters containing phenol.
Neuroanatomical, Sensorimotor and Cognitive Deficits in Adult Rats with White Matter Injury Following Prenatal Ischemia
Authors: Delcour Maxime , Olivier Paul , Chambon Caroline , Pansiot Julien , Russier Michaël , Liberge Martine , Xin Dong , Gestreau Christian , Alescio‐Lautier Béatrice , Gressens Pierre , Verney Catherine , Barbe Mary F. , Baud Olivier , Coq Jacques‐Olivier
Published: May 2011

Perinatal brain injury including white matter damage (WMD) is highly related to sensory, motor or cognitive impairments in humans born prematurely. Our aim was to examine the neuroanatomical, functional and behavioral changes in adult rats that experienced prenatal ischemia (PI), thereby inducing WMD. PI was induced by unilateral uterine artery ligation at E17 in pregnant rats. We assessed performances in gait, cognitive abilities and topographical organization of maps, and neuronal and glial density in primary motor and somatosensory cortices, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, as well as axonal degeneration and astrogliosis in white matter tracts. We found WMD in corpus callosum and brainstem, and associated with the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex, but not the motor cortex after PI. PI rats exhibited mild locomotor impairments associated with minor signs of spasticity. Motor map organization and neuronal density were normal in PI rats, contrasting with major somatosensory map disorganization, reduced neuronal density, and a marked reduction of inhibitory interneurons. PI rats exhibited spontaneous hyperactivity in open‐field test and short‐term memory deficits associated with abnormal neuronal density in related brain areas. Thus, this model reproduces in adult PI rats the main deficits observed in infants with a perinatal history of hypoxia‐ischemia and WMD.
Non-Union of Minimally Displaced Low Transcondylar Fracture of the Distal Humerus: A Report of Three Patients
Authors: Weening Alexander A. , Ring David
Published: May 2011

Minimally displaced extra-articular bicolumnar fractures of the distal humerus at the level of the base of the olecranon fossa (sometimes referred to as transcondylar fractures) are uncommon. Good results after both operatieve and non-operative treatment have been described, whereas other studies suggest that these fractures have a high risk to non-union. We describe three patients with non-union after a nondisplaced or minimally displaced low transcondylar (extra-articular) fracture of the distal humerus. Three relatively unique non-union cases are described with the aim of increasing awareness of the potential pitfalls associated with these fractures, suggesting that these fractures merit caution and additional study.
Implantation of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrates improved outcome in horses with overstrain injury of the superficial digital flexor tendon
Authors: GODWIN E. E. , YOUNG N. J. , DUDHIA J. , BEAMISH I. C. , SMITH R. K. W.
Published: May 2011

Reasons for performing study:Mesenchymal stem (progenitor; stromal) cell (MSC) therapy has gained popularity for the treatment of equine tendon injuries but without reports of long‐term follow‐up.

Objectives:To evaluate the safety and reinjury rate of racehorses after intralesional MSC injection in a large study of naturally occurring superficial digital flexor tendinopathy and to compare these data with those published for other treatments.

Methods:Safety was assessed clinically, ultrasonographically, scintigraphically and histologically in a cohort of treated cases: 141 client‐owned treated racehorses followed‐up for a minimum of 2 years after return to full work. Reinjury percentages were compared to 2 published studies of other treatments with similar selection criteria and follow‐up. The number of race starts, discipline, age, number of MSCs injected and interval between injury and treatment were analysed.

Results:There were no adverse effects of the treatment with no aberrant tissue on histological examination. The reinjury percentage of all racehorses with follow‐up (n = 113) undergoing MSC treatment was 27.4%, with the rate for flat (n = 8) and National Hunt (n = 105) racehorses being 50 and 25.7%, respectively. This was significantly less than published for National Hunt racehorses treated in other ways. No relationship between outcome and age, discipline, number of MSCs injected or injury to implantation interval was found.

Conclusions:Whilst recognising the limitations of historical controls, this study has shown that MPC implantation is safe and appears to reduce the reinjury rate after superficial digital flexor tendinopathy, especially in National Hunt racehorses.

Potential relevance:This study has provided evidence for the long‐term efficacy of MSC treatment for tendinopathy in racehorses and provides support for translation to human tendon injuries.
Aerodynamics and Heat Transfer for a Cooled One and One-Half Stage High-Pressure Turbine–Part II: Influence of Inlet Temperature Profile on Blade Row and Shroud
Authors: Mathison R. M. , Haldeman C. W. , Dunn M. G.
Published: May 2011

Heat flux measurements are presented for the uncooled blades of a one and one-half stage turbine operating at design corrected conditions with a fully cooled upstream vane row and with rotor disk cavity purge flow. This paper highlights the differences in blade heat flux and temperature caused by uniform, radial, and hot streak inlet temperature profiles. A general discussion of temperature profile migration is provided in Part I, and Part III presents data for hot streak magnitudes and alignments. The heat flux and fluid temperature measurements for the blade airfoil, platform, angel wing (near the root), and tip as well as for the stationary outer shroud are influenced by the vane inlet temperature profile. The inlet temperature profile shape can be clearly observed in the blade Stanton number measurements, with the radial and hot streak profiles showing a greater redistribution of energy than the uniform case due to secondary flows. Hot-gas segregation is observed to increase with the strength of the temperature distortion. Measurements for the hot streak profile show a segregation of higher temperature fluid to the pressure surface when compared with a uniform profile. The introduction of vane and purge cooling is found to further accentuate the flow segregation due to coolant migration to the suction surface.
Analysis on the Effect of a Nonuniform Inlet Profile on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Turbine Stages
Authors: Simone Salvadori , Montomoli Francesco , Martelli Francesco , Chana Kam S. , Qureshi Imran , Povey Tom
Published: May 2011

This paper presents an investigation of the aerothermal performance of a modern unshrouded high-pressure (HP) aero-engine turbine subject to nonuniform inlet temperature profile. The turbine used for this study was the MT1 turbine installed in the QinetiQ turbine test facility based in Farnborough (UK). The MT1 turbine is a full scale transonic HP turbine, and is operated in the test facility at the correct nondimensional conditions for aerodynamics and heat transfer. Datum experiments of aerothermal performance were conducted with uniform inlet conditions. Experiments with nonuniform inlet temperature were conducted with a temperature profile that had a nonuniformity in the radial direction defined by (Tmax−Tmin)/T¯=0.355, and a nonuniformity in the circumferential direction defined by (Tmax−Tmin)/T¯=0.14. This corresponds to an extreme point in the engine cycle, in an engine where the nonuniformity is dominated by the radial distribution. Accurate experimental area surveys of the turbine inlet and exit flows were conducted, and detailed heat transfer measurements were obtained on the blade surfaces and end-walls. These results are analyzed with the unsteady numerical data obtained using the in-house HybFlow code developed at the University of Firenze. Two particular aspects are highlighted in the discussion: prediction confidence for state of the art computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and impact of real conditions on stator-rotor thermal loading. The efficiency value obtained with the numerical analysis is compared with the experimental data and a 0.8% difference is found and discussed. A study of the flow field influence on the blade thermal load has also been detailed. It is shown that the hot streak migration mainly affects the rotor pressure side from 20% to 70% of the span, where the Nusselt number increases by a factor of 60% with respect to the uniform case. Furthermore, in this work, it has been found that a nonuniform temperature distribution is beneficial for the rotor tip, contrary to the results found in open literature. Although the hot streak is affected by the pressure gradient across the tip gap, the radial profile (which dominates the temperature profile being considered) is not fully mixed out in passing through the HP stage, and contributes significantly to cooling the turbine casing. A design approach not taking into account these effects will underestimate the rotor life near the tip and the thermal load at midspan. The temperature profile that has been used in both experiments and CFD is the first simulation of an extreme cycle point (more than twice the magnitude of distortion of all previous experimental studies): It represents an engine-take-off condition combined with the full combustor cooling. This research was part of the EU funded Turbine AeroThermal External Flows 2 program.
Effects of Fuel Injection Timing in the Combustion of Biofuels in a Diesel Engine at Partial Loads
Authors: Sequera A. J. , Parthasarathy R. N. , Gollahalli S. R.
Published: May 2011

Methyl and ethyl esters of vegetable oils have become an important source of renewable energy with convenient applications in compression-ignition (CI) engines. While the use of biofuels results in a reduction of CO, particulate matter, and unburned hydrocarbons in the emissions, the main disadvantage is the increase of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. The increase in NOx emissions is attributed to differences in chemical composition and physical properties of the biofuel, which in turn affect engine operational parameters such as injection delay and ignition characteristics. The effects of fuel injection timing, which can compensate for these changes, on the performance and emissions in a single cylinder air-cooled diesel engine at partial loads using canola methyl ester and its blends with diesel are presented in this study. The engine is a single cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspirated, CI engine with a displacement volume of 280 cm3 rated at 5 HP at 3600 rpm under a dynamometer load. It was equipped with a pressure sensor in the combustion chamber, a needle lift sensor in the fuel injector, and a crank angle sensor attached to the crankshaft. Additionally, the temperature of the exhaust gases was monitored using a thermocouple inside the exhaust pipe. Pollutant emissions were measured using an automotive exhaust gas analyzer. Advanced, manufacturer-specified standard, and delayed injection settings were applied by placing shims of different thicknesses under the injection pump, thus, altering the time at which the high-pressure fuel reached the combustion chamber. The start of injection was found to be insensitive to the use of biofuels in the engine. The late injection timing of the engine provided advantages in the CO and NO emissions with a small penalty in fuel consumption and thermal efficiency.
Substrate effects on metal-insulator transition characteristics of rf-sputtered epitaxial VO2 thin films
Authors: Cui Yanjie , Ramanathan Shriram
Published: May 2011

We report on synthesis and phase transition characteristics of VO2 films grown on various single crystal substrates Al2O3 (0001), TiO2 (101), TiO2 (001), and MgF2 (001). An epitaxial orientation relationship was established for films on Al2O3 and TiO2 from x-ray 2θ-ω coupled scans and φ scans. Films grown on these substrates exhibit a metal to insulator transition below that for bulk single crystals with accompanying resistance change of 3 to 4 orders of magnitude. Trends in phase transition characteristics with substrate physical properties are analyzed. Postdeposition treatment studies in oxygen and ozone at low temperatures demonstrate that epitaxial VO2 films on TiO2 can tolerate oxidation environment better than the films on Al2O3. The studies could be of relevance toward further advancing structure-functional property relations in this important material system.
Pure Reasoning in 12-Month-Old Infants as Probabilistic Inference
Authors: Téglás Ernő , Vul Edward , Girotto Vittorio , Gonzalez Michel , Tenenbaum Joshua B. , Bonatti Luca L.
Published: May 2011

Twelve-month-old infants employ Bayesian statistics.
Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study
Authors: Gelfand Michele J. , Raver Jana L. , Nishii Lisa , Leslie Lisa M. , Lun Janetta , Lim Beng Chong , Duan Lili , Almaliach Assaf , Ang Soon , Arnadottir Jakobina , Aycan Zeynep , Boehnke Klaus , Boski Pawel , Cabecinhas Rosa , Chan Darius , Chhokar Jagdeep , D’Amato Alessia , Subirats Ferrer Montserrat , Fischlmayr Iris C. , Fischer Ronald , Fülöp Marta , Georgas James , Kashima Emiko S. , Kashima Yoshishima , Kim Kibum , Lempereur Alain , Marquez Patricia , Othman Rozhan , Overlaet Bert , Panagiotopoulou Penny , Peltzer Karl , Perez-Florizno Lorena R. , Ponomarenko Larisa , Realo Anu , Schei Vidar , Schmitt Manfred , Smith Peter B. , Soomro Nazar , Szabo Erna , Taveesin Nalinee , Toyama Midori , Van de Vliert Evert , Vohra Naharika , Ward Colleen , Yamaguchi Susumu
Published: May 2011

The differences across cultures in the enforcement of conformity may reflect their specific histories.
Computational Design of Virus-Like Protein Assemblies on Carbon Nanotube Surfaces
Authors: Grigoryan Gevorg , Kim Yong Ho , Acharya Rudresh , Axelrod Kevin , Jain Rishabh M. , Willis Lauren , Drndic Marija , Kikkawa James M. , DeGrado William F.
Published: May 2011

Proteins are designed to bind to specific surfaces while also presenting a programmed surface superstructure.
Diffusible Signals, Not Autonomous Mechanisms, Determine the Main Proximodistal Limb Subdivision
Authors: Roselló-Díez Alberto , Ros María A. , Torres Miguel
Published: May 2011

Cells compare proximal and distal signals to set their identity along the vertebrate limb.
Mitigating Local Causes of Ocean Acidification with Existing Laws
Authors: Kelly R. P. , Foley M. M. , Fisher W. S. , Feely R. A. , Halpern B. S. , Waldbusser G. G. , Caldwell M. R.
Published: May 2011

Even as global and national efforts struggle to mitigate CO
2
emissions, local and state governments have policy tools to address “hot spots” of ocean acidification.
Breathing Easier
Authors: Lin Richard J.
Published: May 2011

Multipotent stem cells in the human lung may have potential for repairing injured or diseased lung tissue.
Interleukin-35 Enhances Lyme Arthritis inBorrelia-Vaccinated and -Infected Mice
Authors: Kuo Joseph , Nardelli Dean T. , Warner Thomas F. , Callister Steven M. , Schell Ronald F.
Published: May 2011

Interleukin-35 (IL-35) has been reported to inhibit the production of interleukin-17 (IL-17) as a means of preventing arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. We previously showed that treatment ofBorrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice with anti-IL-17 antibody at the time of infection prevented the development of arthritis. The anti-IL-17 antibody-treated mice lacked the extensive tissue damage, such as bone and cartilage erosion, that occurred in the tibiotarsal joints of untreatedBorrelia-vaccinated and -infected control mice. We hypothesized that IL-35 would reduce the severity of arthritis by suppressing the production of IL-17 inBorrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice. Here, we show that administration of recombinant IL-35 (rIL-35) toBorrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice augments the development of severe arthritis compared to the results seen with untreated control mice.Borrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice treated with rIL-35 had significantly (P< 0.05) greater hind paw swelling and histopathological changes from day 4 through day 10 than non-rIL-35-treatedBorrelia-vaccinated and -infected mice. In addition, the treatment with IL-35 only slightly decreased the production of IL-17 inBorrelia-primed immune cells and did not prevent the development of borreliacidal antibody. Our data do not support a role for IL-35 as a potential therapeutic agent to reduce inflammation in Lyme arthritis.
Effects of an Inactivated Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccine on PCV2 Virus Shedding in Semen from Experimentally Infected Boars
Authors: Seo Hwi Won , Han Kiwon , Kim Duyeol , Oh Yeonsu , Kang Ikjae , Park Changhoon , Jang Hyun , Chae Chanhee
Published: May 2011

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of an inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine on PCV2b virus shedding in the semen of experimentally infected boars by measuring the immunological response and the PCV2b DNA load in blood and semen. Twelve boars were randomly divided into three groups. The boars in group 1 (n= 4) were immunized with an inactivated PCV2 vaccine and were challenged with PCV2b. The boars in group 2 (n= 4) were only challenged with PCV2b. The boars in group 3 (n= 4) served as negative controls. The number of PCV2 genome copies of PCV2 in the serum and semen were significantly lower in vaccinated challenged boars than in nonvaccinated challenged boars at 7, 10, 14, 21, 32, 35, 42, 49, and 60 days postinoculation. The number of PCV2b genomes in the semen correlated with the number of PCV2b genomes in the blood in both vaccinated challenged (R= 0.714) and nonvaccinated challenged (R= 0.861) boars. The results of the present study demonstrate that the inactivated PCV2 vaccine significantly decreases the amount of PCV2b DNA shedding in semen from vaccinated boars after experimental infection with PCV2b.
Cross-Protection of Chicken Immunoglobulin Y Antibodies against H5N1 and H1N1 Viruses Passively Administered in Mice
Authors: Wallach Michael G. , Webby Richard J. , Islam Fakhrul , Walkden-Brown Stephen , Emmoth Eva , Feinstein Ricardo , Gronvik Kjell-Olov
Published: May 2011

Influenza viruses remain a major threat to global health due to their ability to undergo change through antigenic drift and antigenic shift. We postulated that avian IgY antibodies represent a low-cost, effective, and well-tolerated approach that can easily be scaled up to produce enormous quantities of protective antibodies. These IgY antibodies can be administered passively in humans (orally and intranasally) and can be used quickly and safely to help in the fight against an influenza pandemic. In this study, we raised IgY antibodies against H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 influenza viruses. We demonstrated that, using whole inactivated viruses alone and in combination to immunize hens, we were able to induce a high level of anti-influenza virus IgY in the sera and eggs, which lasted for at least 2 months after two immunizations. Furthermore, we found that by use ofin vitroassays to test for the ability of IgY to inhibit hemagglutination (HI test) and virus infectivity (serum neutralization test), IgYs inhibited the homologous as well as in some cases heterologous clades and strains of viruses. Using anin vivomouse model system, we found that, when administered intranasally 1 h prior to infection, IgY to H5N1 protected 100% of the mice against lethal challenge with H5N1. Of particular interest was the finding that IgY to H5N1 cross-protected against A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) bothin vitroandin vivo. Based on our results, we conclude that anti-influenza virus IgY can be used to help prevent influenza virus infection.
Improved Specificity of a Multiplex Immunoassay for Quantitation of Anti-Diphtheria Toxin Antibodies with the Use of Diphtheria Toxoid
Authors: van Gageldonk Pieter G. M. , von Hunolstein Christina , van der Klis Fiona R. M. , Berbers Guy A. M.
Published: May 2011

A nonspecific binding of antibodies to diphtheria toxin, especially in adult serum samples, was observed in our diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis multiplex immunoassay (DTaP4 MIA). This can be significantly reduced by the use of diphtheria toxoid, achieving a good correlation with the Vero cell neutralization test and the toxin binding inhibition assay.
Francisella tularensis Molecular Typing Using Differential Insertion Sequence Amplification
Authors: Larson Marilynn A. , Fey Paul D. , Bartling Amanda M. , Iwen Peter C. , Dempsey Michael P. , Francesconi Stephen C. , Hinrichs Steven H.
Published: May 2011

Tularemia is a potentially fatal disease that is caused by the highly infectious and zoonotic pathogen
Francisella tularensis
. Despite the monomorphic nature of sequenced
F. tularensis
genomes, there is a significant degree of plasticity in the organization of genetic elements. The observed variability in these genomes is due primarily to the transposition of direct repeats and insertion sequence (IS) elements. Since current methods used to genotype
F. tularensis
are time-consuming and require extensive laboratory resources, IS elements were investigated as a means to subtype this organism. The unique spatial location of specific IS elements provided the basis for the development of a differential IS amplification (DISA) assay to detect and distinguish the more virulent
F. tularensis
subsp.
tularensis
(subtypes A.I and A.II) and subsp.
holarctica
(type B) strains from
F. tularensis
subsp.
novicida
and other near neighbors, including
Francisella philomiragia
and
Francisella
-like endosymbionts found in ticks. Amplicon sizes and sequences derived from DISA showed heterogeneity within members of the subtype A.I and A.II isolates but not the type B strains. These differences were due to a 312-bp fragment derived from the IS element IS
Ftu1
. Analysis of wild-type
F. tularensis
isolates by DISA correlated with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping utilizing two different restriction endonucleases and provided rapid results with minimal sample processing. The applicability of this molecular typing assay for environmental studies was demonstrated by the accurate identification and differentiation of tick-borne
F. tularensis
. The described approach to IS targeting and amplification provides new capability for epidemiological investigations and characterizations of tularemia source outbreaks.
Efficient Direct Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Detection by Multiplex Real-Time PCR: Accurate Assignment of Phenotype by Use of a Limited Set of Genetic Markers
Authors: Ellem Justin , Partridge Sally R. , Iredell Jonathan R.
Published: May 2011

The number and diversity of genes potentially complicate genetic approaches to the rapid detection of transmissible extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes. We developed a robust multiplexed real-time PCR assay based on targets identified in a prior survey and used this to detect relevant genes in 617 consecutive clinical isolates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Do Not Inhibit Interferon Synthesis in Infected Chickens but Can Override the Interferon-Induced Antiviral State
Authors: Penski Nicola , Härtle Sonja , Rubbenstroth Dennis , Krohmann Carsten , Ruggli Nicolas , Schusser Benjamin , Pfann Michael , Reuter Antje , Gohrbandt Sandra , Hundt Jana , Veits Jutta , Breithaupt Angele , Kochs Georg , Stech Jürgen , Summerfield Artur , Vahlenkamp Thomas , Kaspers Bernd , Staeheli Peter
Published: May 2011

From infection studies with cultured chicken cells and experimental mammalian hosts, it is well known that influenza viruses use the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) to suppress the synthesis of interferon (IFN). However, our current knowledge regarding the
in vivo
role of virus-encoded NS1 in chickens is much more limited. Here, we report that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtypes H5N1 and H7N7 lacking fully functional NS1 genes were attenuated in 5-week-old chickens. Surprisingly, in diseased birds infected with NS1 mutants, the IFN levels were not higher than in diseased birds infected with wild-type virus, suggesting that NS1 cannot suppress IFN gene expression in at least one cell population of infected chickens that produces large amounts of the cytokine
in vivo
. To address the question of why influenza viruses are highly pathogenic in chickens although they strongly activate the innate immune system, we determined whether recombinant chicken alpha interferon (IFN-α) can inhibit the growth of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in cultured chicken cells and whether it can ameliorate virus-induced disease in 5-week-old birds. We found that IFN treatment failed to confer substantial protection against challenge with highly pathogenic viruses, although it was effective against viruses with low pathogenic potential. Taken together, our data demonstrate that preventing the synthesis of IFN is not the primary role of the viral NS1 protein during infection of chickens. Our results further suggest that virus-induced IFN does not contribute substantially to resistance of chickens against highly pathogenic influenza viruses.
Mechanisms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 RNA Packaging: Efficient
trans
Packaging and Selection of RNA Copackaging Partners
Authors: Ni Na , Nikolaitchik Olga A. , Dilley Kari A. , Chen Jianbo , Galli Andrea , Fu William , Prasad V. V. S. P. , Ptak Roger G. , Pathak Vinay K. , Hu Wei-Shau
Published: May 2011

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) has been reported to have a distinct RNA packaging mechanism, referred to as
cis
packaging, in which Gag proteins package the RNA from which they were translated. We examined the progeny generated from dually infected cell lines that contain two HIV-2 proviruses, one with a wild-type
gag
/
gag-pol
and the other with a mutant
gag
that cannot express functional Gag/Gag-Pol. Viral titers and RNA analyses revealed that mutant viral RNAs can be packaged at efficiencies comparable to that of viral RNA from which wild-type Gag/Gag-Pol is translated. These results do not support the
cis
-packaging hypothesis but instead indicate that
trans
packaging is the major mechanism of HIV-2 RNA packaging. To further characterize the mechanisms of HIV-2 RNA packaging, we visualized HIV-2 RNA in individual particles by using fluorescent protein-tagged RNA-binding proteins that specifically recognize stem-loop motifs in the viral genomes, an assay termed single virion analysis. These studies revealed that >90% of the HIV-2 particles contained viral RNAs and that RNAs derived from different viruses were copackaged frequently. Furthermore, the frequencies of heterozygous particles in the viral population could be altered by changing a 6-nucleotide palindromic sequence at the 5′-untranslated region of the HIV-2 genome. This finding indicates that selection of copackaging RNA partners occurs prior to encapsidation and that HIV-2 Gag proteins primarily package one dimeric RNA rather than two monomeric RNAs. Additionally, single virion analyses demonstrated a similar RNA distribution in viral particles regardless of whether both viruses had a functional
gag
or one of the viruses had a nonfunctional
gag
, providing further support for the
trans-
packaging hypothesis. Together, these results revealed mechanisms of HIV-2 RNA packaging that are, contrary to previous studies, in many respects surprisingly similar to those of HIV-1.
Isolation of a Monoclonal Antibody That Targets the Alpha-2 Helix of gp120 and Represents the Initial Autologous Neutralizing-Antibody Response in an HIV-1 Subtype C-Infected Individual
Authors: Gray Elin S. , Moody M. Anthony , Wibmer Constantinos Kurt , Chen Xi , Marshall Dawn , Amos Joshua , Moore Penny L. , Foulger Andrew , Yu Jae-Sung , Lambson Bronwen , Abdool Karim Salim , Whitesides John , Tomaras Georgia D. , Haynes Barton F. , Morris Lynn , Liao Hua-Xin
Published: May 2011

The C3-V4 region is a major target of autologous neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 subtype C infection. We previously identified a Center for AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) participant, CAP88, who developed a potent neutralizing-antibody response within 3 months of infection that targeted an epitope in the C3 region of the HIV-1 envelope (P. L. Moore et al., PLoS Pathog. 5:e1000598, 2009). Here we showed that these type-specific antibodies could be adsorbed using recombinant gp120 from the transmitted/founder virus from CAP88 but not by gp120 made from other isolates. Furthermore, this activity could be depleted using a chimeric gp120 protein that contained only the C3 region from the CAP88 viral envelope engrafted onto the unrelated CAP63 viral envelope (called 63-88C3). On the basis of this, a differential sorting of memory B cells was performed using gp120s made from 63-88C3 and CAP63 labeled with different fluorochromes as positive and negative probes, respectively. This strategy resulted in the isolation of a highly specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), called CAP88-CH06, that neutralized the CAP88 transmitted/founder virus and viruses from acute infection but was unable to neutralize CAP88 viruses isolated at 6 and 12 months postinfection. The latter viruses contained 2 amino acid changes in the alpha-2 helix of C3 that mediated escape from this MAb. One of these changes involved the introduction of an N-linked glycan at position 339 that occluded the epitope, while the other mutation (either E343K or E350K) was a charge change. Our data validate the use of differential sorting to isolate a MAb targeting a specific epitope in the envelope glycoprotein and provided insights into the mechanisms of autologous neutralization escape.
A Tyrosine-Sulfated CCR5-Mimetic Peptide Promotes Conformational Transitions in the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein
Authors: Kwong Jo Ann , Dorfman Tatyana , Quinlan Brian D. , Chiang Jessica J. , Ahmed Asim A. , Choe Hyeryun , Farzan Michael
Published: May 2011

The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is a trimeric complex of heterodimers composed of a surface glycoprotein, gp120, and a transmembrane component, gp41. The association of this complex with CD4 stabilizes the coreceptor-binding site of gp120 and promotes the exposure of the gp41 helical region 1 (HR1). Here, we show that a 15-amino-acid peptide mimetic of the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 fused to a dimeric antibody Fc domain (CCR5mim-Ig) bound two gp120 molecules per envelope glycoprotein complex and by itself promoted HR1 exposure. CCR5mim-Ig also stabilized the association of a CD4-mimetic peptide with the envelope glycoprotein. A fusion of the CD4- and CCR5-mimetic peptides, DM1, bound gp120 and neutralized R5, R5X4, and X4 HIV-1 isolates comparably to CD4, and they did so markedly more efficiently than either peptide alone. Our data indicate that the potency of DM1-Ig derives from its avidity for the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer and from the bidirectional induction of its receptor-mimetic components. DM1 has significant advantages over other inhibitors that target both coreceptor and CD4-binding sites, and it may serve as a lead for a new class of HIV-1 inhibitor peptides.
Mass-balance control on the interaction of axial and transverse channel systems
Authors: Kim Wonsuck , Connell Sean D. , Steel Elisabeth , Smith Gary A. , Paola Chris
Published: May 2011

We present a geometric, sediment mass-balance model for the interaction of axial and transverse alluvial systems in a subsiding basin. By comparing the model result with a flume experiment that employed a simplified half-graben tectonic geometry with axial and transverse sediment sources, we quantify rates of axial-transverse erosional sediment mixing. In the experiment, the lateral migration rate of the axial-transverse boundaries due to the sediment mixing scales with sediment supplies delivered by transverse drainages, but not with water (or sediment) discharge from the axial channel or with tectonic tilting rate. Using an empirical lateral erosion rate, the model shows how sediment supply partitioning among the axial, hanging-wall, and footwall drainages controls the width and the location of the axial-channel belt. Comparing the modeling results with field cases demonstrates that transverse sediment fluxes could slow the axial-channel migration or even reverse the movement against the tectonic forcing.
Early growth of Kohala volcano and formation of long Hawaiian rift zones
Authors: Lipman Peter W. , Calvert Andrew T.
Published: May 2011

Transitional-composition pillow basalts from the toe of the Hilo Ridge, collected from outcrop by submersible, have yielded the oldest ages known from the Island of Hawaii: 1138 ± 34 to 1159 ± 33 ka. Hilo Ridge has long been interpreted as a submarine rift zone of Mauna Kea, but the new ages validate proposals that it is the distal east rift zone of Kohala, the oldest subaerial volcano on the island. These ages constrain the inception of tholeiitic volcanism at Kohala, provide the first measured duration of tholeiitic shield building (≥870 k.y.) for any Hawaiian volcano, and show that this 125-km-long rift zone developed to near-total length during early growth of Kohala. Long eastern-trending rift zones of Hawaiian volcanoes may follow fractures in oceanic crust activated by arching of the Hawaiian Swell in front of the propagating hotspot.
The Rhone Glacier was smaller than today for most of the Holocene
Authors: Goehring Brent M. , Schaefer Joerg M. , Schluechter Christian , Lifton Nathaniel A. , Finkel Robert C. , Jull A.J. Timothy , Akçar Naki , Alley Richard B.
Published: May 2011

We present the development and application of the novel in situ cosmogenic 14C/10Be chronometer to recently exposed proglacial bedrock of the Rhone Glacier, Switzerland. Results show that during the Holocene, the glacier was smaller than today for 6500 ± 2000 yr and larger than today for 4500 ± 2000 yr. This pattern is consistent with limited data from other techniques for glaciers in the Alps and Scandinavia, but in contrast to glaciers from the Southern Alps of New Zealand, emphasizing the high sensitivity of large mountain glaciers to small climate changes. The 14C/10Be chronometer also shows that abrasion rates beneath the Rhone Glacier increased with ice speed.
Report of Adverse Event with Electroacupuncture
Authors: Cummings Mike
Published: May 2011

Electroacupuncture (EA) is becoming more common as a treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain. It can be associated with adverse events related to the small electric currents used, in addition to the adverse events related to needle penetration of tissues. This paper reports a case of minor tissue damage following high intensity EA for 30 min with a device delivering a waveform that does not appear to be completely charge-balanced. This case highlights a rare but preventable adverse event. Manufacturers should be encouraged to develop EA stimulators that use charge-balanced waveforms.
Trade-offs between monitoring objectives and monitoring effort when classifying regional conservation status of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.) populations
Authors: Holt Kendra R. , Peterman Randall M. , Cox Sean P.
Published: May 2011

Conservation objectives aimed at maintaining the diversity of Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) are often expressed as a desire to ensure that spawner abundance is spread out over a number of spawning sites. However, sampling is not usually possible at all sites or in all years. For such incomplete data sets, rotating panel sampling designs and hierarchical estimation models have been suggested as ways to improve monitoring performance. To evaluate the potential benefits of using these approaches to assess the conservation status of coho salmon ( O. kisutch ), we developed a simulation procedure that modelled spatial and temporal variation in salmon abundance at multiple sites within a region. Results show that both approaches were largely unsuccessful at reducing classification errors for conservation status. Furthermore, indicators describing distributions of abundance levels and temporal trends in abundance within a region were more sensitive to missing data than to observation error variance on annual abundance estimates. Thus, sampling effort might be better spent reducing the level of missing data within a regional data set, as opposed to obtaining more precise estimates for only a few site–year combinations. Our results also show that the best monitoring plans for regions depend on monitoring objectives as well as the relative magnitudes of spatial and temporal variability.
Generation-scale movement patterns of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus) in a stream network
Authors: Young Michael K.
Published: May 2011

Movements by stream fishes have long been the subject of study and controversy. Although much discussion has focused on what proportion of fish adopt mobility within particular life stages, a larger issue involves the lifetime movements of individuals. I evaluated movements of different sizes and ages of Colorado River cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus ) using a variety of sampling methods from 1996 to 2001 in a 40 km network of main-stem and tributary segments of the North Fork Little Snake River, Wyoming, USA. The probability of movement was related to the period of observation, initial location, and possibly individual growth rate, whereas distance moved was related to fish size and initial location. Furthermore, it appeared that movements by juveniles were mostly downstream, whereas those of older fish were largely upstream. Movement of cutthroat trout in this basin appeared to be driven by ontogenetic changes in habitat use and variation in habitat productivity. Given that this stream network exemplifies the complexity typical of many mountain watersheds, movement as a life history tactic in fishes may be more common than is sometimes recognized.
Metabolic changes and the resistance and resilience of a subtropical heterotrophic lake to typhoon disturbance
Authors: Tsai Jeng-Wei , Kratz Timothy K. , Hanson Paul C. , Kimura Nobuaki , Liu Wen-Cheng , Lin Fang-Pan , Chou Hsiu-Mei , Wu Jiunn-Tzong , Chiu Chih-Yu
Published: May 2011

We studied how typhoon strength affects the daily dynamics of ecosystem metabolism of a subtropical alpine lake in Taiwan. We identified proximal agents of typhoon disturbance and assessed the resistance (the extent of change induced by a disturbance) and resilience (the rate of recovery after a disturbance) of lake metabolism to them. Gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem production were estimated from high-frequency dissolved oxygen data provided by an instrumented buoy. Typhoons resulted in significantly lower GPP (3%–81% decrease), and higher ER (7%–828% increase) compared with immediately before the events, and thus the lake became more heterotrophic (28%–852% increase in heterotrophy). The resistance and resilience of lake metabolism depended on the intensity of the typhoon. Smaller typhoons (with average daily accumulated precipitation (ADAP) < 200 mm·day–1) had greater effects on lake metabolism than medium (ADAP = 200–350 mm·day–1) and large (ADAP > 350 mm·day–1) typhoons. However, metabolism also recovered more quickly after smaller typhoons than after medium or larger typhoons. Typhoon effects on ecosystem metabolism is likely mediated by the magnitude and duration of typhoon-induced changes in lake mixing, the quantity and quality of dissolved organic carbon, and the biomass of primary producers.
Comparison of the performance of scale and otolith microchemistry as fisheries research tools in a small upland catchment
Authors: Ramsay Alice L. , Milner Nigel J. , Hughes Roger N. , McCarthy Ian D.
Published: May 2011

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of recently formed Salmo trutta scale hydroxyapatite and otolith aragonite provided biogeochemical tags of S. trutta at six sites (>7.5 km apart) in a small upland catchment (drainage area: ~1800 km2). 87% and 89% of fish were correctly classified to their site of capture based on Sr, Mn, Ba, and Mg concentrations in scales and otoliths, respectively. Sr, Mn, and Ba were highly significantly correlated between structures of the same fish (P < 0.001). Ba and Mn in both structures were significantly correlated with stream water chemistries at each site (P < 0.05). Significant differences among sites were found in 11 element concentrations in scales and six element concentrations in otoliths (P < 0.05). Broadening the suite of elements improved the classification to 90% when using otoliths and 92% when using scales. Although there appears to be some degree of postdepositional change in scale hydroxyapatite in sea-run S. trutta, it was not sufficient to completely overprint the freshwater signature. Scales offer a nonlethal sampling alternative to otoliths and appear to provide a biogeochemical tag comparable in performance, but further work needs to examine the degree of postdepositional change in scale hydroxyapatite.
DUALITY OF DYNAMICAL AND THERMAL DESCRIPTIONS IN PARTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS
Authors: CLEYMANS J. , LYKASOV G. I. , SORIN A. S. , TERYAEV O. V.
Published: May 2011

We suggest a duality between the standard (dynamical) and statistical distributions of partons in the nucleons. The temperature parameter entering into the statistical form for the quark distributions is estimated. It is shown that the freeze-out temperature in central heavy-ion collisions at zero chemical potential or the effective width of the energy distribution of pions has a similar value which was estimated in this paper for the valence massless quarks in a free nucleon.
DOMAIN WALLS ON SINGULARITIES
Authors: HALYO EDI
Published: May 2011

We describe domain walls that live on A2 and A3 singularities. The walls are BPS if the singularity is resolved and non-BPS if it is deformed and fibered. We show that these domain walls may interpolate between vacua that support monopoles and/or vortices.
ISOVECTOR PAIRING EFFECT ON NUCLEAR MOMENT OF INERTIA AT FINITE TEMPERATURE IN N = Z EVEN–EVEN SYSTEMS
Authors: AMI I. , FELLAH M. , ALLAL N. H. , BENHAMOUDA N. , BELABBAS M. , OUDIH M. R.
Published: May 2011

Expressions of temperature-dependent perpendicular (ℑ⊥) and parallel (ℑ‖) moments of inertia, including isovector pairing effects, have been established using the cranking method. They are derived from recently proposed temperature-dependent gap equations. The obtained expressions generalize the conventional finite-temperature BCS (FTBCS) ones. Numerical calculations have been carried out within the framework of the schematic Richardson model as well as for nuclei such as N = Z, using the single-particle energies and eigenstates of a deformed Woods–Saxon mean-field. ℑ⊥ and ℑ‖ have been studied as a function of the temperature. It has been shown that the isovector pairing effect on both the perpendicular and parallel moments of inertia is non-negligible at finite temperature. These correlations must thus be taking into account in studies of warm rotating nuclei in the N ≃ Z region.
CALCULATION OF EXCITATION FUNCTION TO PRODUCE89ZrVIA VARIOUS NUCLEAR REACTIONS BY ALICE/ASH CODE
Authors: SADEGHI M. , KAKAVAND T. , TAGHILO M.
Published: May 2011

89Zr excitation function via89Y(p, n)89Zr ,89Y(d, 2n)89Zr ,90Zr(n, 2n)89Zr , Sr(α, xn)89Zr andnatZr(p,pxn)89Zr reactions were calculated by ALICE/ASH 0.1 code. The integral yields were estimated for thick targets from the calculated cross-sections of the produced89Zr . Also requisite thicknesses of targets were obtained by the SRIM code for each reaction. Finally, the best reaction to produce89Zr was reported.
DEFORMED SHELL MODEL RESULTS FOR TWO-NEUTRINO POSITRON DOUBLE BETA DECAY OF 84Sr
Authors: SAHU R. , KOTA V. K. B.
Published: May 2011

Half-lives [Formula: see text] for two-neutrino positron double beta decay modes β+ EC/ECEC are calculated for 84 Sr , a nucleus of current experimental interest, within the framework of the deformed shell model based on Hartree–Fock states employing a modified Kuo interaction in (2p3/2, 1f5/2, 2p1/2, 1g9/2) space. For a reasonable description of the spectra of 84 Sr and 84 Kr and to generate allowed GT strengths, the single particle energies of the proton and neutron 1g9/2 orbitals, relative to the 2p3/2 orbital energy, are chosen to be 3.5 MeV and 1.5 MeV for both 84 Sr and 84 Rb and 1.5 MeV and 1.5 MeV for 84 Kr . With this, the calculated half-lives for the β+ EC and ECEC modes are ~1026 yr and ~4×1024 yr respectively.
COUPLED BEAM PROPAGATION THROUGH PHOTOREFRACTIVE MEDIA
Authors: PARAMESWAR LAKSHMI , SREELATHA K. S. , JOSEPH K. BABU
Published: May 2011

The propagation of two beams of light with slightly different frequencies through a photorefractive media is investigated. In this process, the refractive index experienced by either wave is modified with the intensity of the wave. The coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation that models the beam propagation is derived from wave equation and solved analytically. The existence of soliton like solutions for the photorefractive media is also verified.