bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superior thermal cycling stability of a carbon dots@NaBiF4 nanocomposite: facile synthesis and surface configurations
Authors: Chen Yeqing , Zhu Jie , Sheng Haoyang , Yu Ting , Zeng Qingguang
Published: May 2022

CDs@NaBiF4 nanocomposites, which were obtained via a facile synthesis method, possess the intrinsic blue emission of CDs and also exhibit a new green emission from the surface state.
Comparison of secondary organic aerosol generated from the oxidation of laboratory precursors by hydroxyl radicals, chlorine atoms, and bromine atoms in an oxidation flow reactor
Authors: Lambe Andrew T. , Avery Anita M. , Bhattacharyya Nirvan , Wang Dongyu S. , Modi Mrinali , Masoud Catherine G. , Ruiz Lea Hildebrandt , Brune William H.
Published: May 2022

We characterized the chemical composition and yield of laboratory SOA generated in an oxidation flow reactor from the OH and Cl oxidation of n-dodecane and toluene, and the OH, Cl, and Br oxidation of isoprene and α-pinene.
HPLC -DAD analysis, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potentials of Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. extracts: effects on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, COX-2, I-κβ, NF-κβ and oxidative stress biomarkers
Authors: Saleem Ammara , Khalid Huma , Akhtar Muhammad Furqan , Zeb Alam
Published: May 2022

Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. (CD) has been traditionally used to treat pain, rheumatism, and inflammation.
Solvent assisted photochemical formation of a new keto[3,3]paracyclophane
Authors: Shin Ho Suk , Moon Da Yoon , An Sejin , Park Bong Ser
Published: May 2022

Photolysis of a phenacyl photoremovable protecting group activated by covalently linked phenol in protic solvents forms a new keto[3,3]paracyclophane together with an efficient release of benzoic acid.
Inorganic–organic hybrid materials to detect urinary biomarkers: recent progress and future prospects
Authors: Hu Qi , Ding Dan , Tang Youhong
Published: May 2022

The present state of organic–inorganic hybrids for the sensing of urine biomarkers is summarized. Strategies for future researchers to optimize design, synthesis, and experimental methods of hybrids to achieve suitable performance in urine biomarker detection are provided.
C(sp3)–H 1,3-diamination of cumene derivatives catalyzed by a dirhodium(ii) catalyst
Authors: Wang Zhifan , Yang Beiqi , Yang Qi , Wang Yuanhua
Published: May 2022

Using the single-electron oxidation cycle of a dirhodium catalyst, amination can form two primary C–N bonds in a one-step process.
Catalytic valorisation of biomass levulinic acid into gamma valerolactone using formic acid as a H2 donor: a critical review
Authors: Hijazi Ayman , Khalaf Nidal , Kwapinski Witold , Leahy J. J.
Published: May 2022

This review sheds light on the catalytic valorisation of agroforestry biomass through levulinic acid and formic acid towards γ-valerolactone and other higher-value chemicals.
An assessment of a multipoint dosing approach for exothermic nitration in CSTRs in series
Authors: Mule G. M. , Kulkarni S. , Kulkarni A. A.
Published: May 2022

Multipoint dosing strategy for scale-up of exothermic aromatic nitration.
A compact, practical photoreactor for multi-reaction arrays
Authors: Brown Gregory D. , Batalla Daniel , Cavallaro Cullen L. , Perez Heidi L. , Wrobleski Stephen T. , Sherwood Trevor C.
Published: May 2022

We report here the BMS-PR460: a photoreactor designed for multi-reaction arrays at various scales and temperatures with irradiation at 460 nm. Transformations of interest to pharmaceutical research have been performed to demonstrate reactor utility.
Operando acoustic analysis: a valuable method for investigating reaction mechanisms in mechanochemistry
Authors: Leroy César , Mittelette Sébastien , Félix Gautier , Fabregue Nicolas , Špačková Jessica , Gaveau Philippe , Métro Thomas-Xavier , Laurencin Danielle
Published: May 2022

We present a new operando approach for following reactions taking place in mechanochemistry, relying on the analysis of the evolution of the sound during milling.
Nanoparticle anisotropy induces sphere-to-cylinder phase transition in block copolymer melts
Authors: Diaz Javier , Pinna Marco , Zvelindovsky Andrei , Pagonabarraga Ignacio
Published: May 2022

Anisotropic nanoparticles are shown to induce a sphere-to-cylinder phase transition in sphere-forming block copolymer melts, at a modest concentration. The transition is due to the local breaking of symmetry near the particle surface.
Graphene petal foams with hierarchical micro- and nano-channels for ultrafast spontaneous and continuous oil recovery
Authors: Wu Shiwen , Tian Siyu , Jian Ruda , Wu Ting-Nan , Milazzo Tye David , Luo Tengfei , Xiong Guoping
Published: May 2022

Hierarchical micro- and nano-channels for ultrafast spontaneous and continuous oil recovery.
A three-dimensional ordered honeycomb nanostructure anchored with Pt–N active sites via self-assembly of a block copolymer: an efficient electrocatalyst towards the oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells
Authors: Wang Zhida , Yang Yi , Wang Xiaoman , Lu Zhuoxin , Guo Changqing , Shi Yan , Tan Hongyi , Shen Lisha , Cao Shuo , Yan Changfeng
Published: May 2022

A 3D N-doped ordered honeycomb nanostructure with Pt active sites (Pt/N-OHC), precisely controlled by the self-assembly of a block copolymer, provides a four-electron (4-e) transfer pathway and improved activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
Phase-pure antiferroelectric AgNbO3 films on Si substrates: chemical solution deposition and phase transitions
Authors: Shu Liang , Zhang Xin , Li Wei , Gao Jing , Wang Hongliang , Huang Yu , Cheng Yue-Yu-Shan , Li Qian , Liu Lisha , Li Jing-Feng
Published: May 2022

An easy-to-implement chemical solution deposition route using EG and CA additives is demonstrated to fabricate phase-pure AgNbO3 films on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates, where the films show an M2 antiferroelectric phase at room temperature.
A metal–organic framework-modified separator enables long cycling lithium-ion capacitors with asymmetric electrolyte design
Authors: Zhang Yunlong , Li Yanan , Wang Xiaoshan , Teng Xiaoling , Guan Lu , Yang Hao , He Zhengqiu , Wan Yi , Guo Shiwei , Hu Han , Wu Mingbo
Published: May 2022

An asymmetric electrolyte design has been proposed for lithium-ion capacitors which was enabled by a metal–organic framework modified separator because of the physical obstruction and chemical interactions toward the soluble redox mediators.
Synthesis of bio-templated clickable quantum dots and a dual-emitting organic/inorganic complex for ratiometric fluorescence visual assay of blood glucose
Authors: Yang Yeling , Mao Guobin , Ji Xinghu , He Zhike
Published: May 2022

We report the fabrication of a dual-emitting organic/inorganic complex, which was constructed by DBCO/FAM-GOx and bio-templated N3–QDs. The DNA-bridging FAM@GOx–QDs complex could be applied for the differentiation of diabetic and healthy people by the naked eye.
Effects of carbon nanodot fractionation on the performance of sensitized mesoporous titania based photovoltaic devices
Authors: Essner Jeremy B. , Boogaart Dustin J. , Baker Sheila N. , Baker Gary A.
Published: May 2022

Ubiquitous carbon dot synthesis by-products generate photocurrent, impacting overall device performance, highlighting the urgency of enhanced scrutiny and more rigorous purification protocols and, in many cases, reevaluation of previous results.
SRAFE: Siamese Regression Aesthetic Fusion Evaluation for Chinese Calligraphic Copy
Authors: Sun Mingwei , Gong Xinyu , Nie Haitao , Iqbal Muhammad Minhas , Xie Bin
Published: May 2022

Evaluation of calligraphic copy is the core of Chinese calligraphy appreciation and inheritance. However, previous aesthetic evaluation studies often focussed on photos and paintings, with few attempts on Chinese calligraphy. To solve this problem, a Siamese regression aesthetic fusion method is proposed, named SRAFE, for Chinese calligraphy based on the combination of calligraphy aesthetics and deep learning. First, a dataset termed Evaluated Chinese Calligraphy Copies (E3C) is constructed for aesthetic evaluation. Second, 12 hand‐crafted aesthetic features based on the shape, structure, and stroke of calligraphy are designed. Then, the Siamese regression network (SRN) is designed to extract the deep aesthetic representation of calligraphy. Finally, the SRAFE method is built by fusing the deep aesthetic features with the hand‐crafted aesthetic features. Experimental results show that scores given by SRAFE are similar to the aesthetic evaluation label of E3C, proving the effectiveness of the authors’ method.
Chromospheric extension of the MURaM code
Authors: Przybylski D. , Cameron R. , Solanki S. K. , Rempel M. , Leenaarts J. , Anusha L. S. , Witzke V. , Shapiro A. I.
Published: May 2022

Context. Detailed numerical models of the chromosphere and corona are required to understand the heating of the solar atmosphere. An accurate treatment of the solar chromosphere is complicated by the effects arising from non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) radiative transfer. A small number of strong, highly scattering lines dominate the cooling and heating in the chromosphere. Additionally, the recombination times of ionised hydrogen are longer than the dynamical timescales, requiring a non-equilibrium (NE) treatment of hydrogen ionisation.

Aims. We describe a set of necessary additions to the MURaM code that allow it to handle some of the important NLTE effects. We investigate the impact on solar chromosphere models caused by NLTE and NE effects in radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the solar atmosphere.

Methods. The MURaM code was extended to include the physical process required for an accurate simulation of the solar chromosphere, as implemented in the Bifrost code. This includes a time-dependent treatment of hydrogen ionisation, a scattering multi-group radiation transfer scheme, and approximations for NLTE radiative cooling.

Results. The inclusion of NE and NLTE physics has a large impact on the structure of the chromosphere; the NE treatment of hydrogen ionisation leads to a higher ionisation fraction and enhanced populations in the first excited state throughout cold inter-shock regions of the chromosphere. Additionally, this prevents hydrogen ionisation from buffering energy fluctuations, leading to hotter shocks and cooler inter-shock regions. The hydrogen populations in the ground and first excited state are enhanced by 102–103 in the upper chromosphere and by up to 109 near the transition region.

Conclusions. Including the necessary NLTE physics leads to significant differences in chromospheric structure and dynamics. The thermodynamics and hydrogen populations calculated using the extended version of the MURaM code are consistent with previous non-equilibrium simulations. The electron number and temperature calculated using the non-equilibrium treatment of the chromosphere are required to accurately synthesise chromospheric spectral lines.
Importance of source structure on complex organics emission
Authors: Nazari P. , Tabone B. , Rosotti G. P. , van Gelder M. L. , Meshaka R. , van Dishoeck E. F.
Published: May 2022

Context. The protostellar stage is known to be the richest star formation phase in emission from gaseous complex organic molecules. However, some protostellar systems show little or no millimetre (mm) line emission of such species. This can be interpreted as a low abundance of complex organic molecules. Alternatively, complex species could be present in the system, but are not seen in the gas.

Aims. The goal is to investigate the second hypothesis for methanol as the most abundant complex organic molecule in protostellar systems. This work aims to determine how effective dust optical depth is in hiding methanol in the gas, and whether methanol can mainly reside in the ice due to the presence of a disk that lowers the temperatures. Hence, we attempt to answer the question whether the presence of a disk and optically thick dust reduce methanol emission even if methanol and other complex species are abundant in the ices and gas.

Methods. Using the radiative transfer code RADMC-3D, we calculated methanol emission lines from an envelope-only model and from an envelope-plus-disk model. We compared the results with each other and with the observations. Methanol gas and ice abundances were parametrised inside and outside of the snow surfaces based on values from observations. Both models included either dust grains with low mm opacity or high mm opacity, and their physical parameters such as envelope mass and disk radius were varied.

Results. Methanol emission from the envelope-only model is always stronger than from the envelope-plus-disk model by at least a factor ∼2 as long as the disk radius is larger than ∼30 au (for L = 8 L⊙). In most cases, this is due to lower temperatures (disk shadowing), which causes the smaller amount of warm (≳70 K) methanol inside the snow surface of the envelope-plus-disk model. The intensities drop by more than an order of magnitude for models including high mm opacity dust grains and disk radii of at least ∼50 au (for L = 8 L⊙) due to continuum over-subtraction.

Conclusions. The line intensities from the envelope-only models match the observations moderately well when methanol emission is strong, but they overproduce the observations of protostars with lower methanol emission even with large dust optical depth effects. The envelope-plus-disk models can explain the bulk of the observations. However, they can only reproduce the observations of sources with high luminosities and very low methanol emission when the dust optical depth is significant in the envelope and continuum over-subtraction becomes effective in the disk (high mm opacity dust grains are used). Therefore, both the effects of disk and dust optical depth should be considered to explain the observations. In conclusion, it is important to take physical structure into account in future chemical studies of low-mass protostars: absence of gas-phase methanol emission does not imply absence of methanol molecules in either gas or ice.
Carbon Plate Shoes Improve Metabolic Power and Performance in
Recreational Runners
Authors: Nielsen Anders , Franch Jesper , Heyde Christian , de Zee Mark , Kersting Uwe , Larsen Ryan Godsk
Published: May 2022

This study compared metabolic power (MP) and time trial (TT) running performance
between Adidas Adizero Adios (AAA) and Nike VaporFly 4% (NVP).
Thirty-seven runners completed three laboratory sessions and two field sessions
(n=30). After familiarization (visit 1), participants completed eight
6-min treadmill running bouts (four with each shoe, counterbalanced) at their
preferred pace, and MP was assessed using indirect calorimetry (visits 2 and 3).
During visits 4 and 5, participants completed two outdoor TTs
(~3.5 km) in NVP and AAA (counterbalanced). Compared with AAA,
NVP exhibited superior MP (NVP: median=13.88
(Q1–Q3=12.90–15.08 W/kg; AAA:
median=14.08
(Q1–Q3=13.12–15.44 W/kg;
z=−4.81, p<.001, effect size=.56) and TT
(NVP=793±98 s; AAA=802±100 s,
p=.001; effect size=.09). However, there was no relationship
between changes in MP and changes in TT between shoes (r=.151
p=.425, 95% confidence interval=[−.22; .48]).
Our results demonstrate that NVP, compared with AAA, improves MP and TT in
recreational runners. The lack of correlation between changes in MP and TT
indicates that factors other than improved MP contribute to faster
short-distance TT with NVP.
Hochgradige chronische Osteomyelitis des Darmbeines bei einem Alpaka
Authors: Schoiswohl Julia , Eibl Cassandra , Kofler Johann , Brunthaler Rene , Gumpenberger Michaela , Schieder Katrin , Franz Sonja
Published: May 2022

Eine 5,5 Jahre alte Alpakastute wurde aufgrund einer Lahmheit hinten rechts an die Universitätsklinik für Wiederkäuer überwiesen. Vorberichtlich war bereits vor ca. 6 Monaten eine systemische antibiotische Therapie über mehrere Tage durchgeführt worden, worauf sich das Gangbild verbesserte und die Lahmheit kaum noch zu beobachten war. Zum damaligen Zeitpunkt gab es seitens der Tierhalter keinen Hinweis auf eine traumatische Ursache für diese Lahmheit. Bei der klinischen Aufnahmeuntersuchung zeigte sich kaudal des rechten Tuber coxae eine ca. 2 × 2 cm große, fluktuierende, nicht vermehrt warme, nicht schmerzhafte Umfangsvermehrung, welche zum darunterliegenden Gewebe hin verschieblich war. Zudem wurde eine mittelgradige, gemischte Lahmheit mit überwiegendem Anteil der Hangbeinkomponente am rechten Hinterbein diagnostiziert. Als weiterführende diagnostische Maßnahme wurde eine sonographische Untersuchung der rechten Gluteal- und Hüftgelenksregion durchgeführt, wobei hochgradige Knochenkonturveränderungen im Bereich des rechten Hüftgelenkes festgestellt wurden. Zur weiteren Abklärung wurde eine röntgenologische Untersuchung des Beckens vorgenommen. Unter Miteinbeziehung der klinisch festgestellten Fistelöffnung an der rechten Glutealregion und den Befunden der radiologischen Untersuchung wurde die Diagnose einer bereits seit längerem bestehenden infizierten Fraktur des rechten Darmbeines mit hochgradiger unregelmäßig verkalkter Kallusbildung und gering- bis mittelgradiger Osteomyelitis gestellt. Aufgrund der sonografischen und röntgenologischen Befunde wurde eine schlechte Prognose gestellt und der Patient euthanasiert. Zur weiteren Dokumentation und um das Ausmaß der pathologischen Veränderungen besser darstellen zu können, wurde zusätzlich eine computertomografische Untersuchung vom Becken und der Lendenwirbelsäule im Bereich L3–L6 durchgeführt. Zur finalen Abklärung wurde eine pathohistologische Untersuchung der festgestellten Knochenveränderungen sowie eine bakteriologische Untersuchung des Abszessinhaltes vorgenommen.

Anhand des hier vorgestellten Falles wird ersichtlich, wie wichtig eine gründliche klinische und orthopädische Untersuchung und vor allem zusätzlich weiterführende Untersuchungen sind, da vor allem Neuweltkamele oftmals nur geringe klinische Symptome zeigen, obwohl Veränderungen bereits massiv ausgeprägt sein können.
Vorgehensweise und Hygienemaßnahmen beim Ausbruch von Herpes, Influenza, Druse oder Infektionen mit multiresistenten Keimen
Authors: Gehlen Heidrun , Rutenberg Dusty , Simon Claudia , Reinhold-Fritzen Birgitta , Drozdzewska Karolina
Published: May 2022

Das Ziel dieses Reviews ist, die allgemein gültigen Hygienemaßnahmen im Pferdestall zusammenzufassen sowie aktuelle Empfehlungen bei Ausbruch relevanter Infektionskrankheiten zu liefern. Die allgemeine Sauberkeit, Handhygiene, stressarme Haltung sowie regelmäßige Entwurmungen und Impfungen gehören dabei zur Basishygiene im Pferdebestand. Wichtige Maßnahme in der Infektionsprävention stellen dabei die Quarantäne aller rückkehrenden oder neu eingestallten Equiden und das regelmäßige Waschen und Desinfizieren der Hände zur Reduktion der Übertragung von Krankheitserreger dar.

Die Erstellung eines Hygieneplans, welcher die allgemeinen Biosicherheitsregeln sowie die Vorgehensweise für den Fall eines Ausbruchs einer ansteckenden Erkrankung, Zoonose bzw. Infektion mit multiresistenten Erregern (MRE) festlegt, wird empfohlen. Bereits bei begründetem Verdacht auf eine dieser Erkrankungen sollten weitere, über die übliche Basishygiene hinausgehende Maßnahmen (inklusive Schutzkleidung, Flächen- und Gerätereinigung und Desinfektion sowie Isolation potenziell erkrankter Tiere) eingeleitet werden. Die erforderlichen diagnostischen Proben sollen möglichst zeitnah entnommen werden, um einen Krankheitsverdacht schnellstmöglich zu bestätigen. Die entsprechenden Schutzmaßnahmen sind dem Übertragungsrisiko der Infektionserreger und der Art ihrer potenziellen Übertragung anzupassen.

Neben dem „Lock-Down“ des ganzen Stalls, der Klinik oder des Turnier-/Veranstaltungsgeländes spielt die räumliche Trennung der Tiere eine wichtige Rolle. Ein „Ampelsystem“ wird empfohlen, bei dem kranke oder positiv getestete Pferde in die rote Gruppe eingeordnet werden („erkrankt“). Tiere mit möglichem Kontakt zum pathogenen Agens sollten der gelben Gruppe („verdächtig“) zugeteilt und regelmäßig auf Anzeichen der Erkrankung und Fieber kontrolliert werden. In der grünen Kategorie („unverdächtig“) befinden sich klinisch unauffällige Pferde ohne Kontakt zu erkrankten Tieren. Zwischen den räumlich getrennten Bereichen sollte die Schutzkleidung gewechselt werden und eine entsprechende Desinfektion stattfinden.

Alle erweiterten Hygienemaßnahmen sollten beibehalten werden bis alle Tiere negativ getestet wurden und keine Symptome der Erkrankung über eine ausreichend lange Zeit zeigen.
Ultrasonografische Früherkennung von Venenveränderungen sowie der Nachweis von Biofilmen auf Venenverweilkathetern beim Pferd
Authors: Doerffel Annika , Reinert Anja , Böttcher Denny , Winter Karsten , Brehm Walter , Gittel Claudia
Published: May 2022

Gegenstand und Ziel Die Nutzung intravenöser Verweilkatheter ist trotz größter Sorgfalt mit Komplikationen verbunden. Gewebeveränderungen und minimale Entzündungsreaktionen an der Vene können bereits vor klinisch erkennbaren Veränderungen auftreten. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Vena jugularis während und nach der Katheterisierung klinisch und ultrasonografisch zu beurteilen und eine mögliche bakterielle Besiedlung des Katheters zu evaluieren.

Material und Methoden In einer prospektiven Beobachtungsstudie wurden 55 Pferde mit einem Venenverweilkatheter täglich klinisch und ultrasonografisch untersucht. Die steril entfernte Katheterspitze wurde mikrobiologisch mittels Anzucht sowie morphologisch in der Rasterelektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Die erhobenen Daten wurden deskriptiv analysiert und die Venenwanddicke an verschiedenen Lokalisationen und Zeitpunkten hinsichtlich verschiedener Parameter mit nicht-parametrischen Tests verglichen (Signifikanzniveau p < 0,05; Bonferroni-Korrektur bei multiplem Testen).

Ergebnisse Die Verweildauer des Katheters betrug zwischen 19 Stunden und 10 Tagen (Median 69,5 Stunden). Es konnten keine behandlungswürdigen Venenerkrankungen beobachtet werden, lediglich transiente geringgradige Gewebeveränderungen traten bei 41,8 % der Patienten auf. Im Ultraschall konnten Venenklappen und Kollateralgefäße zuverlässig dargestellt werden. Lokalisation (p ≤ 0,001), Jahreszeit (p = 0,006) und Allgemeinanästhesie (p ≤ 0,001) hatten einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die im Ultraschall gemessene Venenwanddicke, welche an der Einstichstelle verbreitert war. Der Nachweis von Bakterien war positiv in 23,5 % (12/51 Proben, mikrobiologische Anzucht) bzw. 25,0 % (4/16 Proben, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie).

Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz Jeder Katheter erzeugt eine Entzündungsreaktion der Venenwand und des umliegenden Gewebes. Diese Veränderungen können vor allem in der ultrasonografischen Untersuchung dargestellt werden, welche eine praxistaugliche Diagnostik darstellt. Eine Vorhersage über sich entwickelnde Venenerkrankungen war bei den untersuchten Probanden nicht möglich. Die Ergebnisse der Rasterelektronenmikroskopie zeigen, dass nicht in jedem Fall morphologisch auf dem Katheter erkennbare Bakterien auch in der Kultivierung nachgewiesen werden können.
Modelling Changes in Bone and Body Composition Over a Season in Elite
Male Footballers
Authors: Varley Ian , Ward Marcus , Thorpe Chris , Beardsley Nathan , Greeves Julie , Sale Craig , Saward Chris
Published: May 2022

This study investigated the change in bone and body composition characteristics of elite football players and recreationally
active control participants across the course of a season. Fortysix participants (20 footballers and 26 recreationally active
controls) were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
and peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography for a range
of bone and body composition characteristics at four points
over the course of a competitive season. Multilevel modelling
was used to examine changes. Footballers had higher characteristics than controls for 24 out of 29 dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography variables (all p<0.05). However, there was also significant
random inter-individual variation in baseline values for all
variables, for both footballers and controls (p < 0.05). Wholebody bone mineral density, leg and whole-body bone mineral
content, tibial bone mass and area (38%) increased across the
season in footballers (p < 0.05), and there was significant random inter-individual variation in the rate of increase of leg and
whole-body bone mineral content (p<0.05). Whole-body bone
mineral density, leg and whole-body bone mineral content,
tibial bone mass and area (38%) increased over the course of the
season in elite football players. The modelling information on
expected changes in bone characteristics provides practitioners with a method of identifying those with abnormal bone
response to football training and match-play
Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry of SF5 and SF4Cl Compounds
Authors: Sani Monica , Zanda Matteo
Published: May 2022

This short review covers the most important advances published in the literature during the last five years, concerning the synthesis, chemical modifications, and applications of SF5 and SF4Cl compounds in medicinal/bioorganic chemistry and materials science.

1 Introduction

2 Methods for Incorporation/Manipulation of SF4Cl/SF5 Groups

2.1 Nonaromatic SF5 Compounds via Direct Pentafluorosulfanylation of Alkenes and Alkynes

2.2 SF4Cl- and SF5-Aryl/Heteroaryl Derivatives

3 Synthesis of SF5/SF4Cl/SF4-Substituted Small Molecules

3.1 Heterocycles

3.2 Amines and Amino Acids

3.3 α-SF5 ketones

3.4 Miscellaneous Alkyl-, Alkenyl-, and Aryl-SF5 Compounds

4 Medicinal/Biological Applications

4.1 Anticancer Compounds

4.2 Antibacterial and Antiparasitic Compounds

4.3 Central Nervous System

4.4 Miscellaneous Biological Activity

5 Materials Science Applications

6 Conclusion
Using big data to understand the online ecology of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy
Authors: Teng Shasha , Jiang Nan , Khong Kok Wei
Published: May 2022

With a large population of people vaccinated, it is possible that at-risk people are shielded, and the coronavirus disease is contained. Given the low vaccine uptakes, achieving herd immunity via vaccination campaigns can be challenging. After a literature review, we found a paucity of research studies of vaccine hesitancy from social media settings. This study aims to categorise and create a typology of social media contents and assess the priority of concerns for future public health messaging. With a dataset of 43,203 YouTube comments, we applied text analytics and multiple regression analyses to examine the correlations between vaccine hesitancy factors and vaccination intention. Our major findings are (i) Polarized views on vaccines existed in the social media ecology of public discourse, with a majority of people unwilling to get vaccinated against COVID-19; (ii) Reasons behind vaccine hesitancy included concerns about vaccine safety, potential side-effects, lack of trust in government and pharmaceutical companies; (iii) Political partisan-preferences were exemplified in vaccine decision-making processes; (iv) Anti-vaccine movements with amplified misinformation fuelled vaccine hesitancy and undermined public confidence in COVID-19 vaccines. We suggest public health practitioners engage in social media and craft evidenced-based messages to online communities in a balanced and palatable way.
Specific heat of metals and standard electrode potentials
Authors: Schiller Robert , Horváth Ákos
Published: May 2022

Traditional thermodynamic considerations show that the standard electrode potentials, E0, of metal/metal ion electrodes are linearly related to the Fermi energies of the metal electrons, μ. Expressing E0 in volts, μ in volts/ion, and accounting for the dielectric screening of the solution, the expected slope of the straight line equals 1. Having evaluated μ from the electronic contributions of the specific heats of 11 sp metals in terms of Sommerfeld’s theory, we found a linear relationship between μ and E0. The slope of that line depends on the relative permittivity of water at the metal surface, ɛin. Taking ɛin = 6, in accordance with the general practice in electrochemistry, the expected slope was obtained without any parameter fitting. The intercept of the straight line can be interpreted as the absolute standard potential of the hydrogen electrode finding EH+/H20abs=3.86±0.13V. The calculations being based on equilibrium thermodynamics are independent of any actual mechanism.
Ab initio calculation of silicon monovacancy defect in amorphous-SiO2/Si interface
Authors: Yao Pei , Song Yu , Li Pei , Zuo Xu
Published: May 2022

Defects significantly influence the electrical properties of semiconductors and their interfaces. The migration barriers and electrical properties of silicon monovacancy defect in an amorphous-SiO2/Si (a-SiO2/Si) interface are studied in this work. The minimum energy path and kinetics of monovacancy defect in the a-SiO2/Si interface are calculated by the climbing image nudged elastic band method. It is indicated that the a-SiO2/Si interface may be an effective sink for the monovacancies from the Si sublayers due to the unevenly distributed strain; the vacancy defect migrated into a-SiO2/Si interface can trigger structural changes by local distortion. The partial charge density of a monovacancy in the a-SiO2/Si interface shows that the induced defect level is localized around the unpaired Si dangling bonds and extends along the [110] zigzag chains of Si atoms. In addition, the formation energies of a silicon vacancy defect in the a-SiO2/Si interface are calculated with sophisticated corrections applicable to the interface system by combining the density functional theory calculation and finite element simulation. It is suggested that a Si monovacancy can appear in V0, V−, and V2−, and the (−/2−) and (0/−) transition levels lie at 0.15 and 0.2 eV below the CBMSi, respectively. The vacancies generated by displacement damage result in anisotropic migration and charge build-up in the a-SiO2/Si interface; for further dynamics, the ionization radiation can induce cascade reactions of displacement defects by synergistic effect between ionization and displacement radiation damages, and consequently excess base current and gain degradation in transistors.
Functionalized hybridization of bismuth nanostructures for highly improved nanophotonics
Authors: Wang Mengke , Hu Yi , Zi You , Huang Weichun
Published: May 2022

Bismuth (Bi) has achieved remarkable progress due to its intriguing physicochemical properties, such as low toxicity, controllable stability, tunable bandgap, superior optical response, and strong diamagnetism. Bi-based hybrids have drawn increasing attention in recent years due to the integrated features of the Bi component and the synergistic effect on the separation and transfer of charges, holding great promises for versatile applications. In this Perspective, we systematically review the recent progress on the controlled synthesis of Bi-based heterostructures and their improved nanophotonic performances compared with those of mono-element Bi counterparts and present the existing challenges and future opportunities. It is anticipated that this Perspective can shed light on new designs of high-performance functional Bi-based heterostructures to meet the growing demand for next-generation nanophotonic systems.
Controlling the spontaneous firing behavior of a neuron with astrocyte
Authors: Palabas Tugba , Longtin Andre , Ghosh Dibakar , Uzuntarla Muhammet
Published: May 2022

Mounting evidence in recent years suggests that astrocytes, a sub-type of glial cells, not only serve metabolic and structural support for neurons and synapses but also play critical roles in the regulation of proper functioning of the nervous system. In this work, we investigate the effect of astrocytes on the spontaneous firing activity of a neuron through a combined model that includes a neuron–astrocyte pair. First, we show that an astrocyte may provide a kind of multistability in neuron dynamics by inducing different firing modes such as random and bursty spiking. Then, we identify the underlying mechanism of this behavior and search for the astrocytic factors that may have regulatory roles in different firing regimes. More specifically, we explore how an astrocyte can participate in the occurrence and control of spontaneous irregular spiking activity of a neuron in random spiking mode. Additionally, we systematically investigate the bursty firing regime dynamics of the neuron under the variation of biophysical facts related to the intracellular environment of the astrocyte. It is found that an astrocyte coupled to a neuron can provide a control mechanism for both spontaneous firing irregularity and burst firing statistics, i.e., burst regularity and size.
Impact of dual diagnosis on healthcare and criminal justice costs after release from Queensland prisons: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Snow K. J. , Petrie D. , Young J. T. , Preen D. B. , Heffernan E. , Kinner S. A.
Published: May 2022

Background People released from prison have poorer health than the general public, with a particularly high prevalence of mental illness and harmful substance use. High-frequency use of hospital-based services is costly, and greater investment in transitional support and primary care services to improve the health of people leaving prison may therefore be cost-effective. Methods A prospective cohort study of 1303 men and women released from prisons in Queensland, Australia, between 2008 and 2010, using linked data was performed. We calculated healthcare costs and the cost of re-incarceration. We compared healthcare costs to the general public, and assessed the impact of past mental illness, substance use disorder, and dual diagnosis on both healthcare and criminal justice costs. Results Healthcare costs among the cohort were 2.1-fold higher than expected based on costs among the public. Dual diagnosis was associated with 3.5-fold higher healthcare costs (95% CI 2.6–4.6) and 2.8-fold higher re-incarceration costs (95% CI 1.6–5.0), compared with no past diagnosis of either mental illness or substance use disorder. Conclusions People released from prison incur high healthcare costs, primarily due to high rates of engagement with emergency health services and hospital admissions. Comorbid mental illness and substance use disorders are associated with high health and criminal justice costs among people recently released from prison.
Amyloid-like amelogenin nanoribbons template mineralization via a low-energy interface of ion binding sites
Authors: Akkineni Susrut , Zhu Cheng , Chen Jiajun , Song Miao , Hoff Samuel E. , Bonde Johan , Tao Jinhui , Heinz Hendrik , Habelitz Stefan , De Yoreo James J.
Published: May 2022

Significance

Understanding how protein scaffolds direct mineral morphogenesis is crucial for engineering bone and tooth and would open new vistas in materials design. In the case of tooth enamel, which is the hardest tissue in the body and consists of organized bundles of coaligned apatite crystals, amyloid-like amelogenin nanoribbons are hypothesized to provide the scaffold. We show that these nanoribbons are far more potent calcium phosphate nucleators than other amelogenin motifs or collagen, which provides the scaffold for bone. This potency stems from a periodic array of charged sites that provide a template for calcium phosphate ion binding on a low-energy interface. The ubiquity of β-sheet protein structures suggests that this mechanism can be adopted for the design of synthetic mineralization-directing scaffolds.
Single-cell–resolution map of human retinal pigment epithelium helps discover subpopulations with differential disease sensitivity
Authors: Ortolan Davide , Sharma Ruchi , Volkov Andrei , Maminishkis Arvydas , Hotaling Nathan A. , Huryn Laryssa A. , Cukras Catherine , Di Marco Stefano , Bisti Silvia , Bharti Kapil
Published: May 2022

Significance

Retinal degenerative diseases affect specific regions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), suggesting the presence of functionally different RPE subpopulations. To identify these subpopulations in human eyes, we generated the first complete morphometric map of the RPE at single-cell resolution using artificial intelligence–based software. We identified five concentric RPE subpopulations, including a ring of RPE cells with cell area similar to macula in the periphery of the eye. Moreover, we found that specific RPE subpopulations are differentially susceptible to monogenic and polygenic retinal diseases. The results obtained here will allow study of molecular and functional RPE differences responsible for regional retinal diseases and will help develop precise cell and gene therapies for specific degenerative eye diseases.
Introduction
Authors: Rakhilina Ekaterina , Reznikova Tatiana
Published: May 2022

The chapter outlines the goals of our project, points out the aspects that distinguish the vocabulary of qualities from other lexical domains, when viewed from a typological perspective, and introduces the methods of data collection and analysis we use in this project and in other related studies. It goes on to discuss the semantic parameters that motivate the lexical oppositions in various qualitative domains.
A new approach to old studies
Authors: Vyrenkova Anastasia , Rakhilina Ekaterina , Orekhov Boris
Published: May 2022

This chapter gives a description of the old terms typology across 78 world languages. The sample size in the research is relatively big, as compared to the other studies in this volume, which is attributable to two main reasons: the semantics of old terms has already been thoroughly described for at least two languages – English and Russian – and the lexemes with this meaning are in most cases featured by bilingual dictionaries. On the basis of the dictionary data supported by additional expertise we propose a semantic map of the OLD domain. The paper also outlines some cross-linguistically recurrent colexification patterns and addresses the specificity of homonymous combinations of old attributes with different semantic classes of nouns.
The qualitative lexicon in Russian Sign Language from a typological perspective
Authors: Kyuseva Maria
Published: May 2022

The paper describes several expressions of physical qualities (namely, sharp, blunt, old, thick-wide, and thin-narrow) in Russian Sign Language (RSL) from a lexical typological perspective. This is the first study to analyse a sign language from the standpoint of the MLexT framework. The results show that RSL structures the aforementioned domains on the same grounds as spoken languages. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that lexical systems are cognitively motivated. At the same time, RSL exhibits a number of non-trivial lexicalization strategies, which are not accidental but can be explained by the fact that this language is produced in the visual modality.
Introduction to urban pest management.
Authors: Dhang Partho , Koehler Philip , Pereira Roberto , Dye, II Daniel D.
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the need for urban pest management, types of urban pests (which include pests associated with human blood; inflicting injury; associated with allergens, contamination and phobia; stored products; buildings and structures), and the history of urban pest management. Key questions (and answers) regarding urban pests and their management are provided.
Cockroaches.
Authors: Dhang Partho , Koehler Philip G. , Pereira Roberto M. , Dye II Daniel D.
Published: May 2022

This book chapter discusses cockroaches. Ovoviviparous cockroaches form an egg capsule externally from the body but then withdraw it into a brood sac, females provide water until the eggs hatch, and the nymphs emerge from the female's body. For viviparous cockroaches, the ootheca is withdrawn into the female's body, the eggs develop in the brood sac, and eggs are fed nutrients by the female until the birth of the nymphs. They can cause psychopathology where the thought or sight of cockroaches, or contact with surfaces where cockroaches have been, can affect a person's perception of their own well-being. There are cockroaches that live in temperate and tropical forests, grasslands, salt marshes, aquatic habitats, caves, and deserts. In structures, they have been found feeding on soap, glue and wire insulation, but they usually feed on human food scraps. Cockroach nymphs and adults are primarily scavengers living on feces, decaying leaves and wood, as well as dead animals. Most of these novel developments in reproduction were to protect eggs from parasitoids and predators. The development of the cockroach is hemimetabolous, meaning that there is an egg, nymphal, and adult stage. The eggs of cockroaches are usually deposited in an egg capsule called an ootheca. The German cockroach is the most difficult cockroach to control worldwide due to its resistance to many insecticides. Sanitation and cultural control involve the removal of food, water, and harborage that cockroaches rely on in order to survive. Cockroaches need food, water, and harborage to survive and thrive. As a result, cockroach Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the best method of protecting people and their properties from cockroaches.
Sporadic pests.
Authors: Dhang Partho , Koehler Philip , Pereira Roberto , Dye II Daniel D.
Published: May 2022

This book chapter discusses sporadic pests. Other insects like thrips, leafhoppers, brown marmorated stink bugs, boxelder bugs and many other beetles that invade structures are huge problems for customers, but very difficult to prevent or control. Sporadic pests are usually insects or other arthropods that people in frequently encounter or that live and breed outside and then enter a building in large numbers. Many times, people are not familiar with these pests and think they may cause significant damage to their structures or endanger them by stinging or biting. The key to solving problems with sporadic pests is to determine the source and cause of the problem. Other sporadic pests originate in decaying organic matter on the ground. Cicada killer wasps, umbrella wasps, and velvet ants are examples of ones that people may encounter in urban areas. Although these sporadic pests may be "minor" pests to the pest management technician, they can be considered a huge problem to the customer. For instance, millipedes have mass migrations from their breeding grounds when weather or soil conditions change.
A Kv2 inhibitor traps itself in place
Authors: Short Ben
Published: May 2022

Voltage activation, but not channel opening, is required for RY785 to access the central cavity of Kv2 channels, where it promotes voltage sensor deactivation to trap itself in place.
Cosmic and thermodynamic study of non-canonical scalar field in parameterized modified gravity
Authors: Sultan Abdul Malik , Jawad Abdul
Published: May 2022

Cosmological and thermodynamic implications of non-canonical scalar field are investigated in the cubic gravity by assuming various parameterizations (linear, Chevallier-Polarski-Linder and Jassal-Bagla-Padmanabhan) and recently proposed entropies (Tsallis and Sharma-Mittal). We develop the expressions for Hubble (H) and deceleration (q) parameters in each case and find consistent values with the observational data as H
0 ≃ 67.0, q
0 = − 0.55 ± 0.15. We investigate the perturbed squared speed of sound

(

C

s

2

)

parameter in terms of redshift parameter (z) which leads to the stability for all models. It is also found that the generalized second law of thermodynamics holds for Tsallis as well as for Sharma-Mittal entropies in all the cases of parameterizations.
Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in sheared dusty plasma flows including dust polarization and ion drag forces
Authors: Dolai Bivash , Prajapati Ram Prasad
Published: May 2022

Velocity shear driven Kelvin–Helmholtz (K-H) instability has been investigated in an incompressible subsonic sheared dusty plasma with ion drag and dust polarization forces. A three-component dusty fluid model has been formulated in connection with thermal electrons, inertial ions and charged dust grains. Dispersion relation of K-H instability along with dust-ion two-stream instability has been analyzed for a typical astrophysical dusty plasma environment. The magnitude of the polarization force is found to be small compared to the other forces, although it significantly modifies the K-H modes. The simultaneous presence of ion drag and dust polarization forces excites the K-H instability, which in the absence of these forces, is completely suppressed. It is also observed that the dust polarization interaction parameter and the magnitude of the shear velocity increase the growth rate of the K-H instability. The present results can have significant relevance in understanding the development of velocity shear driven K-H instability in some molecular outflows [1], Saturn’s rings [2] etc.
Mathematical model of convective heat transfer for peristaltic flow of Rabinowitsch fluid in a wavy rectangular duct with entropy generation
Authors: Nadeem Sohail , Qadeer Sabahat , Akhtar Salman , Almutairi Shahah , Fuzhang Wang
Published: May 2022

This research article unfolds a novel mathematical model that interprets the ‘peristaltic flow of Heated Rabinowitsch fluid’ inside a wavy rectangular duct. The fluid flow characteristics are thoroughly examined for Pseudo-plastic in addition to Dilatant nature, (i.e. α > 0 for pseudo-plastic nature and α < 0 for dilatant nature respectively). Peristaltic flow inside a wavy rectangular duct is widely being studied due to immense number of biomedical and engineering applications. We have derived the dimensionless nonlinear partial differential equations in coupled form after applying certain relevant dimensionless quantities, the lubrication technique of low Reynolds number and long wavelength estimations (i.e.,

δ
≪
1

). The dimensionless energy equation is solved by dividing it into two additional equations and after employing suitable procedures, an exact temperature profile solution is computed. The present study has been developed by using hit and trial method to solve the single partial differential equation having two dependent variables in form of extra stress tensors. The solution of temperature profile provides a detailed solution method to exactly solve such complex partial differential equations. For both dilatant and Pseudo-plastic fluids, effective physical parameters are used to depict velocity distribution, pressure gradient and pressure rise, convection and entropy phenomena. When compared with Pseudo-plastic fluid, the Dilatant nature of fluid has a high convection rate. Finally, the phenomenon of entrapment is examined through streamlines that provide a flow visualization inside the wavy sinusoidal duct. Peristaltic pumps are being used for transportation of many fluids like toxic chemicals in nuclear industry, food processing, heart-lung machines, roller and finger pumps and transportation of slurries etc. These usage of these pumps leads to an upgraded mechanical efficiency and lower cost for transportation purposes.
Extracting the low-energy constant

L0r

at three flavors from pion-kaon scattering
Authors: Guruswamy Chaitra Kalmahalli , Meißner Ulf-G , Seng Chien-Yeah
Published: May 2022

Based on our analysis of the contributions from the connected and disconnected contraction diagrams to the pion-kaon scattering amplitude, we provide the first determination of the only free low-energy constant at


(

p

4

)

, known as

L

0

r

, in SU (4∣1) Partially-Quenched Chiral Perturbation theory using the data from the Extended Twisted Mass collaboration,

L

0

r

(
μ
=

M

ρ

)
=
0.77
(
20
)
(
25
)
(
7
)
(
7
)
(
2
)
·

10

−
3

. The theory uncertainties originate from the unphysical scattering length, the physical low-energy constants, the higher-order chiral corrections, the (lattice) meson masses and the pion decay constant, respectively.