bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlled Release of Three Herbicides by the Kraft Lignin PC940C
Authors: Riggle Bruce D. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

A pine kraft lignin (PC940C) controlled the release of14C-chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid),14C-metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one], and14C-alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] as measured by water leaching in soil columns. As more PC940C was used, a concentration effect was found with more of the three herbicides being retained in the top portion of the soil columns. Combinations of alachlor and metribuzin applied with PC940C did not alter the retention in the top portion of the soil columns of either14C-metribuzin or14C-alachlor compared to each herbicide applied with PC940C alone. This would suggest that, at the rate of PC940C used, there was no competition between either herbicide for the controlled-release function of PC940C. The percentage of14C-chloramben,14C-metribuzin, and14C-alachlor retained by PC940C in the top portion of the columns was very similar. Combinations of metribuzin and alachlor without PC940C reduced the mobility of both14C-metribuzin and14C-alachlor. Finally,3H-PC940C was found to be immobile in soil columns leached with water.
Autecology and Population Biology of Dyers Woad (Isatis tinctoria)
Authors: Farah Kassim O. , Tanaka Ann F. , West Neil E.
Published: May 2019

Dyers woad (Isatis tinctoriaL. # ISATI) has greatly expanded on rangelands in the Intermountain region. Herbicidal and tillage controls are not feasible on rangelands. Better knowledge of the biology of this species could help in the development of biological controls. We examined characteristics that could assist in this effort. Seed viability remained high and relatively stable, but germination decreased over a 10-month period. The seed dispersal pattern of dyers woad was best described by a negative exponential model (log10y = 1.92-0.02x; r2=0.60), where y equals seeds/m2and x = distance from mother plant (cm). The root system of dyers woad is dominated by a taproot with some laterals in the upper 30 cm of the soil profile. Survivorship of experimentally established populations monitored over 2 yr showed constriction at two stages: 1) germination and establishment, and 2) young rosette. The latter stage should be targeted for biological control.
Patterns of Weed Migration in Northwestern U.S.A.
Authors: Forcella Frank , Harvey Stephen J.
Published: May 2019

Patterns of spread of 85 weed species alien to the northwestern U.S. were simulated using principal coordinate analysis on primarily herbaria-derived data. The primary pattern detected was a west-to-east migration of weeds. The point of introduction for most weeds following this pattern appeared to be near Portland, OR, an important shipping port in the past. An east-to-west migration represented a secondary pattern. The major cattle and wheat-cropping areas of east-central Montana were the apparent introduction points for weeds following this pattern. The grain and pulse region of eastern Washington represented the point of introduction of species following a third pattern of migration. These weeds subsequently spread southward to Utah and then laterally to the east and west. Historical weed migration patterns provide insight to probable points of origin and routes of currently spreading weeds as well as those that will spread in the future. Such insight may aid in the containment of future spreading weeds.
Influence of Antidotes on Forage Grass Seedling Response to Metolachlor and Butylate
Authors: Griffin Timothy S. , Moser Lowell E. , Martin Alex R.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted for 3 yr near Mead, NE, to evaluate the effectiveness of seed safeners CGA-92194 [N-(1,3-dioxalon-2-yl-methoxy)iminobenzeneacetonitrile], NA (1,8-naphthalic anhydride), and R-29148 (2,2-dimethyl-5-methyldichloroacetyloxazolidine) to reduce herbicide injury to big bluestem (Andropogon gerardiiVitman), indiangrass[Sorghastrum nutans(L.) Nash], intermediate wheatgrass[Agropyron intermedium(Host.) Beauv.], sideoats grama[Bouteloua curtipendula(Michx.) Torr.], and switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.) from preplant-incorporated butylate [5-ethyl bis-(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate] and metolachlor [2-chloro-N- (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl) -N- (2-methoxy-l-methylethyl)acetamide], applied at 4.5 and 2.2 kg ai/ha, respectively. Big bluestem stands were satisfactory, regardless of herbicide or safener treatment, although stands were reduced by NA treatment with either herbicide. Indiangrass stands varied by year, with protection from both herbicides by R-29148 in 1984 and by NA in 1985. All safeners reduced injury to intermediate wheatgrass from metolachlor and to a lesser extent from butylate; acceptable stands were obtained with metolachlor treatment when unsafened. Sideoats grama was nearly eliminated with either herbicide, regardless of safener. Switchgrass treated with NA produced stands two- to threefold higher than other safened or unsafened seed in metolachlor plots and equal to unsafened seed in the weeded control plots.
Comparative Efficacy of Two Formulations of Alachlor and Metolachlor
Authors: Doub J. Peyton , Wilson Henry P. , Hatzios Kriton K.
Published: May 2019

The efficacies of microencapsulated (ME) and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] were compared in petri dish and soil bioassays. At equimolar concentrations, EC-alachlor inhibited shoot growth of barnyardgrass[Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # ECHCG], large crabgrass[Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA], and fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx. # PANDI) more than ME-alachlor. ME- and EC-metolachlor caused similar effects on the three grass weeds tested. ME- and EC-alachlor in combination caused effects on barnyardgrass shoot growth intermediate to results with either formulation alone. Air-drying and remoistening of alachlor-treated filter paper or soil before sowing barnyardgrass or fall panicum caused greater shoot length and fresh weight reduction than ME-alachlor that was not dried.
Herbicidal Activity of NAA (1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid) on Creeping Woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata) in Ornamentals
Authors: Holt Jodie S. , Chism William J.
Published: May 2019

The growth regulator NAA was investigated to determine whether it would control creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculataL. # CYPES) with no phytotoxicity to container ornamental species. Dosage, carrier volume, number of applications, and plant age and growth stage were examined as factors in the phytotoxicity of NAA. Creeping woodsorrel response to the ethyl ester formulation of NAA was linear for dosages up to 5.6 kg/ha; this rate resulted in about 80% injury in all experiments. NAA applied at 8.4 and 11.2 kg/ha achieved 99 and 100% control, respectively. Neither carrier volume nor split applications had any effect on phytotoxicity of NAA. In all experiments, phytotoxicity appeared to increase until around 2 to 3 weeks from application. Phytotoxicity to creeping woodsorrel was related to plant age; as plant age at the time of treatment increased, the level of injury decreased. When plants treated with NAA at rates up to 2.8 kg/ha were cut back to soil level, some regrowth occurred in all cases. Rates of NAA that controlled creeping woodsorrel (5.6 and 11.2 kg/ha) were not phytotoxic to several ornamental species.
Acetanilide Activity and Dissipation as Influenced by Formulation and Wheat Stubble
Authors: Petersen B. B. , Shea P. J. , Wicks G. A.
Published: May 2019

Laboratory and field research was conducted to determine the influence of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) stubble on weed control and the dissipation of emulsifiable concentrate formulations (EC) of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide], alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], and acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide]; and microencapsulated formulations (ME) of alachlor and acetochlor. EC metolachlor provided better weed control than EC alachlor when applied 28 days before planting sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL.) and similar weed control when applied at 1 or 14 days before planting. This difference was attributed to more rapid EC alachlor dissipation. The order of relative herbicide persistence at 24 C and 33% (w/w) soil moisture in a silty clay loam was ME acetochlor = ME alachlor > EC metolachlor > EC acetochlor = EC alachlor. Acetanilide degradation was affected more by increasing temperature from 15 to 24 C than by increasing soil moisture from 15 to 33%. More herbicide was washed from overwintered than fresh straw in the first 1 cm of simulated rainfall. In the first simulated rainfall event, more herbicide was removed from straw that had been dry than wet at application, but the amount of herbicide remaining on dry and wet straw was similar after four events. Formulation generally did not affect herbicide wash-off.
Influence of Glyphosate Concentration on Glyphosate Absorption and Translocation in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Authors: Boerboom Chris M. , Wyse Donald L.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the influence of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and surfactant concentration on Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] control. Five, 10, and 30% (v/v) solutions of the commercial formulation of glyphosate (356 g ae/L glyphosate and 178 g ai/L MON 0818) applied in 2-μl droplets to Canada thistle leaves at an equal dose per plant did not reduce plant growth, whereas a 2.5% solution reduced growth by 76%. Varying the glyphosate and the polyethoxylated tallow amine surfactant (MON 0818) concentrations independently showed that low glyphosate and MON 0818 concentrations controlled Canada thistle better than high concentrations. High glyphosate concentration (108 μg/μl), high MON 0818 concentration (54 μg/μl), and large droplet size (2 μl) reduced14C-glyphosate absorption and translocation compared with low glyphosate concentration (9 μg/μl), low MON 0818 concentration (4.5 μg/μl), and small droplet size (0.2 μl). High glyphosate and high MON 0818 concentrations may cause rapid tissue toxicity resulting in reduced translocation and poor perennial weed control.
Allelopathic Effects of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) on Seedling Growth
Authors: Menges Robert M.
Published: May 2019

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats. # AMAPA) residue was incorporated into soil to determine its allelopathic effects on the seedling growth of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea, var.capitataL.), carrot (Daucus carotaL.), and onion (Allium cepaL.). Root and shoot growths were equally sensitive to the toxic effects of soil-incorporated Palmer amaranth. Growth of ‘Grand Slam’ cultivar of cabbage was 17 to 30% more sensitive than the growth of 'Sanibel’ cabbage. Growth of onion and carrot seedlings was less inhibited than either cabbage or grain sorghum. Growth of grain sorghum root was severely inhibited by 8000 and 16 000 ppm of Palmer amaranth in soil and was not affected by oven dryings other than lyophilization. Seedling growth was more severely inhibited by thyrsus and leaf tissues than by stem and root tissues of Palmer amaranth.
Control of Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and Fall Panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) in Corn (Zea mays) by Tridiphane and Atrazine Combinations
Authors: Bhowmik Prasanta C. , Nandihalli Ujjanagouda B.
Published: May 2019

A single application of 0.56 or 0.84 kg ai/ha tridiphane [2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) oxirane] plus 2.3 kg ai/ha of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-niethylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] at the one-to three-leaf stage controlled large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA] and fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx. #PANDI) 96% or more. A sequential application of 1.1 kg/ha of atrazine, in addition to the above single application, was required for control of the two grass species at the four-to six-leaf stage. Application of tridiphane plus atrazine to large crabgrass and fall panicum beyond the six-leaf stage was ineffective. Tridiphane at 0.75 kg/ha, applied alone, reduced the shoot dry weight of large crabgrass by 71%. The response of tridiphane and atrazine combinations at the four- to five-leaf stage of large crabgrass was additive.
Weed Seed Populations in Ridge and Conventional Tillage
Authors: Forcella Frank , Lindstrom Michael J.
Published: May 2019

Weed seed and seedling populations, and weed competition were compared in plots of continuous corn and corn/soybean rotation under ridge and conventional tillage. After 7 to 8 yr of standard chemical and mechanical weed control, from 1500 to 3000 weed seeds/m2(to a 10-cm depth) were found in continuous corn with ridge tillage whereas about two-thirds fewer seeds were found in conventionally tilled corn. Soil from a corn/soybean rotation had from 200 to 700 seeds/m2in both tillage systems. Annual loss of weed seeds from the soil through germination was from 3 to 12% in ridge tillage and 11 to 43% in conventional tillage. Additions to the seed pool were supplied by small weeds whose germination was stimulated by “layby” cultivation, with up to 10 times more emergence and 140 times more seed production in ridge than in conventional tillage. Withholding herbicides for 1 yr reduced yields of continuous corn by 10 to 27% in ridge tillage, only 2 to 4% in conventional tillage, and negligibly in corn/soybean rotations regardless of tillage. Reducing seed production of small layby weeds in ridge tillage may aid in solving the weed problem in this conservation tillage system.
Influence of Soybean Oil Carrier and Method of Application on Weed Control in Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Banks Van E. , Oliver Lawrence R. , McClelland Marilyn
Published: May 2019

Acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} and bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] plus acifluorfen were applied through hydraulic flat-fan nozzles or controlled-droplet applicators (CDA) in water plus surfactant, soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] oil and water emulsions, and soybean oil alone. Except for inadequate weed control with CDA applications at 7 L/ha, method of application did not affect weed control of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumariumL. #3XANST) or smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL. # AMACH) at high rates of bentazon plus acifluorfen (560 plus 280 g ai/ha or above). With low rates (280 plus 140 g/ha or less), hydraulic flat-fan nozzles were more effective than CDA applications. Early CDA applications of acifluorfen in an oil carrier at a volume of 9 L/ha were as effective as hydraulic nozzle applications at a carrier volume of 47 L/ha. Later applications resulted in inadequate weed control. Increasing soybean oil concentration from 2.5 to 40% (v/v) in acifluorfen spray mixtures did not significantly increase the phytotoxicity of acifluorfen.
Glyphosate for Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control in No-Till Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: Brown Steven M. , Chandler James M. , Morrison John E.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate johnsongrass control in no-till grain sorghum with glyphosate treatments applied in mid-June, late July, and mid-September before planting grain sorghum the following spring. Mid-June applications provided the best johnsongrass control. Ammonium sulfate enhanced the activity of glyphosate for only the late-July applications. In separate experiments, herbicide systems comprised of fall applications of glyphosate and/or spring applications of foliar and residual herbicides were evaluated. Fall applications of glyphosate provided superior johnsongrass control and grain sorghum yields.
Transferability of Lysimeter Results to Actual Field Situations
Authors: Kubiak Roland , Führ Fritz , Mittelstaedt Werner , Hansper Manfred , Steffens Wilhelm
Published: May 2019

Transferability of lysimeter data to the field was investigated using the leaching and degradation behavior of14C-labeled metamitron [4-amino-3-methyl-6-phenyl-2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] and methabenzthiazuron [1,3-dimethyl-3-(2-benzthiazolyl)-urea]. Forty-one to 53 days after application about 4% of the applied metamitron was detected in the upper 20 cm of the field soil either as active ingredient or the major metabolite desamino metamitron, whereas about 8% was found in the lysimeter soil. Forty percent and 33% of the applied methabenzthiazuron were identified in the 0- to 10-cm soil layer in the field and lysimeter 127 to 133 days after application, respectively. It is demonstrated that lysimeter experiments using14C-labeled compounds simulate actual field conditions and give further information about the amount of total14C-residues in the soil and percolate.
Freezing Resistance of Overwintering Buds of Four Perennial Weeds
Authors: Schimming Wanda K. , Messersmith Calvin G.
Published: May 2019

The freezing resistance of overwintering buds of four perennial weed species was evaluated in artificial freezing experiments conducted in the winters of 1986 and 1987. Survival, dry weight of surviving shoots, and number of shoots produced/surviving section were determined at −4, −8, −12, −16, and −20 C for Canada thistle roots, leafy spurge roots, leafy spurge crowns, perennial sowthistle roots, and quackgrass rhizomes. The temperature required to reduce survival (LT50) and total dry weight (GR50) by 50% was determined. The response to freezing temperatures varied among species and in some cases between years. The LT50was −7, −13, colder than −20, −17, and colder than −20, and the GR50was −5, −11, −14, −15, and −13 for Canada thistle roots, leafy spurge roots, leafy spurge crowns, perennial sowthistle roots, and quackgrass rhizomes, respectively. The relative susceptibility to freezing among species appears to be directly related to the depth at which the overwintering buds generally are located.
Response of Corn (Zea mays) Cultivars to Imazaquin
Authors: Renner Karen A. , Meggitt William F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Corn cultivars differed in their response to imazaquin applied from 35 to 280 g ai/ha, as measured by shoot length. No cultivar was tolerant to all imazaquin application rates. There was less corn injury from imazaquin in studies conducted during the second and third years of research than in the first year. Preplant-incorporated applications caused significantly more injury than preemergence applications in two out of three studies. Lack of rainfall in 1985 and 1987 may have limited movement of imazaquin in the soil profile, which resulted in preemergence applications of imazaquin, causing very little corn injury. In all years of research, 35 g/ha of imazaquin incorporated in the top 6 cm of the soil profile resulted in 17 to 33% reduction in corn height 28 days after planting, when averaged across all the corn cultivars. Significant yield reductions (LSD = 0.10) of 45, 19, and 18% occurred in 1987 from preplantincorporated applications of 140, 70, and 35 g/ha, respectively, which had reduced corn height 46, 23, and 19%, respectively, when measured 28 days after planting.
Induction of Germination in Dormant Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Seeds by Wounding
Authors: Sung Shi-Jean S. , Leather Gerald R. , Hale Maynard G.
Published: May 2019

Various surgical cuts were used to induce germination of dormant barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # ECHCG] caryopses. Greater percentages of germination were obtained when the cuts were made closer to the embryo. However, removal of only the caryopsis coat covering the coleoptile or midembryo axis induced up to 10% germination compared to 70% germination for caryopses with the coat covering the radicle removed. Dormancy of barnyardgrass was not caused by the inability of the embryo to imbibe, imposed mechanical resistance of the caryopsis coat, or presence of an inhibitor. A wounding response, other than ethylene production, by the cut caryopses was possibly responsible for stimulating germination. Similar responses to cutting observed in afterripened caryopses were consistent with the suggested hypothesis.
Retention, Absorption, and Loss of Foliage-Applied Metribuzin
Authors: Devlin Daniel L. , Gealy David R. , Morrow Larry A.
Published: May 2019

Immediately following postemergence application, similar quantities of metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] were retained on the foliage of downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). Three days following treatment, more metribuzin was present on the surface of the foliage of downy brome than of winter wheat and similar quantities of metribuzin had been absorbed into the interior of the foliage of both species. Fourteen days after treatment, metribuzin had disappeared from the surfaces of the foliage of both species but more metribuzin was present in the interior of the foliage of downy brome than of winter wheat. Results from petri dish studies in the field suggested that the amount of unaltered metribuzin available for absorption by leaves was influenced primarily by volatilization and secondarily by photodecomposition. In addition, small quantities of rainfall may have washed metribuzin from leaf surfaces. In 1984, yield of winter wheat was greater in metribuzin-treated plots than in nontreated check plots.
Use of Infrared Thermometry in Determining Critical Stress Periods Induced by Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) in Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Sikkema Peter H. , Dekker Jack
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted during 1981 and 1982 in Ontario, Canada, on the effects of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. # AGRRE] interference in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and the usefulness of infrared thermometry in predicting critical periods of weed interference. Soybean seed yield, dry weight, number of leaves, height, and number of pods were substantially reduced due to quackgrass interference. High levels of P and K fertility did not overcome the quackgrass interference. Part of the competitive effects of quackgrass was alleviated by irrigation. Infrared thermometry successfully detected the first occurrence of quackgrass-induced stress during the early soybean flowering stage, when the quackgrass was in the four-leaf gtowth stage. This coincided with the onset of the first significant soybean yield loss. No additional soybean yield loss occurred after quackgrass reached the five-leaf growth stage. There was an inverse relation between accumulated stress degree days and soybean yield reductions due to quackgrass interference. The use of the stress degree day concept may be a valuable tool in predicting soybean yield losses due to quackgrass interference.
Full-Season Interference of Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Green J. D. , Murray Don S. , Verhalen Laval M.
Published: May 2019

Full-season interference of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifoliumCav. # SOLEL) with dryland and irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Paymaster 145′) was evaluated in five field experiments during 1984 and 1985, Weed densities ranged from 0 to 32 plants/10 m of crop row. Dry weight of silverleaf nightshade increased from 0.08 to 0.39 kg/plot for each additional weed/10 m of row. Intraspecific competition among silverleaf nightshade plants was not evident. However, cotton height was reduced at weed densities of 4 plants/10 m of row or more. The densities at which initial lint yield reductions occurred ranged from 4 to 32 weed plants/10 m of row. Irrigated cotton more effectively competed with the weed than did dryland cotton, suggesting that soil water was a primary competition factor between the two species. Boll size was reduced at densities of 2 weeds/10 m of row and above. Silverleaf nightshade reduced mechanical harvest efficiency only at densities of 16 and 32 plants/10 m of row. Fiber properties were not affected. Linear regression predicted that lint yield would be reduced 1.54% for each silverleaf nightshade plant/10 m of cotton row. The distance silverleaf nightshade was established from the crop row did not affect the weed's interference with cotton within a range of 0 to 30 cm.
Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) Control with Picloram and Metsulfuron
Authors: McDaniel Kirk C. , Duncan Keith W.
Published: May 2019

Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) and metsulfuron {2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoic acid} were applied to broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae[Pursh.] Britt. and Rusby # GUESA) on two spring dates and three fall dates from October 1983 to 1985. Applications of picloram and metsulfuron in the fall more effectively controlled broom snakeweed than applications in the spring. Lower herbicide rates were necessary for 90% or greater control on a sandy loam than on a silty clay loam. Grass yield increased significantly the first, second, and third growing seasons when a majority of the broom snakeweed were killed by either herbicide, but was not different from untreated rangeland when less than 50% of the plants were killed. Reduction in broom snakeweed densities of 90% or greater following applications of picloram or metsulfuron resulted in 3- to 5-fold increases in the estimated carrying capacity of rangeland in east-central New Mexico.
Factors Influencing Postemergence Activity of Chloramben in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
Authors: Orr Wendel B. , Ozair Chaudhry A. , Moshier Loren J.
Published: May 2019

Efficacy of soil and/or foliage applications of the sodium salt of chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) was compared, and the influence of growth stage and oil base within adjuvants on chloramben efficacy was evaluated on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. # ABUTH). In greenhouse experiments, soil applications reduced growth of velvetleaf treated at the six- to seven-leaf stage (15-cm height) more than did foliage applications. Simulated rainfall applied 48 h after chloramben was applied to foliage significantly increased chloramben activity. Chloramben plus an oil concentrate applied at 3.4 kg ae/ha plus 2.3 L/ha reduced fresh and dry weight less as growth stage advanced in both greenhouse and field experiments. Origin of oil present in the oil concentrate did not influence the activity of chloramben plus oil concentrate in either the greenhouse or in the field. Chloramben plus oil concentrate reduced seed capsule (boll) production 70% or more in velvetleaf plants treated at each of three growth stages in one year and reduced capsule production 90, 90, and 28% in plants treated at early vegetative, late vegetative, and flowering stages, respectively, in the second year. Viability of seed was less from plants treated at a vegetative stage compared to the flowering stage.
SICUREZZA E DIFESA IN ITALIA
Authors: Jean Carlo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Dopo il disastro della seconda guerra mondiale si produsse in Italia un sentimento collettivo di rimozione del problema politico della guerra. Da esso derivò la rinuncia, solennemente sancita nella costituzione postbellica, all'uso della forza, eccetto nel caso dell'autodifesa dello stato e dell'ordine democratico. Tale scelta andava al di là della situazione di fatto contingente, cioè della disfatta e dei limiti imposti dal trattato di pace. Comportava per l'Italia, così come per la Germania e per il Giappone, una radicale ridefinizione dei propri interessi ed aspirazioni nazionali.
BUROCRAZIE PUBBLICHE E CONSOLIDAMENTO DEMOCRATICO: IL CASO ITALIANO
Authors: Guarnieri Carlo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il ruolo svolto dalle burocrazie pubbliche nei processi di consolidamento democratico è stato anche di recente ricordato sottolineando l'importanza di disporre, in questo contesto, di strutture amministrative politicamente leali, cioè ricettive (responsive) nei confronti della nuova leadership democratica, e operativamente efficaci, in grado quindi di raggiungere gli obiettivi da questa stessa leadership posti. Infatti, si può ritenere che strutture amministrative «serventi», migliorando il rendimento complessivo del regime, ne facilitino così la legittimazione e, in ultima analisi, il consolidamento. Prendendo in esame il caso di un consolidamento democratico relativamente riuscito, approfondiremo questa ipotesi cercando di valutare il grado di lealtà democratica ed efficacia operativa mostrato dalle strutture amministrative italiane nel corso della transizione dal regime autoritario fascista a quello democratico repubblicano. In realtà, l'ambito temporale dell'analisi sarà necessariamente piò ampio: come vedremo, per mettere a fuoco il funzionamento di certi meccanismi organizzativi sarà necessario, per un verso, risalire fino all'instaurazione del regime fascista e, per un altro, spingerci a considerare almeno i primi dieci anni di vita del nuovo regime democratico.
VOTO DI PREFERENZA E COMPETIZIONE INTRA-PARTITICA NELLE ELEZIONI EUROPEE. PROSPETTIVE PER UNA ARMONIZZAZIONE DELLA LEGGE ELETTORALE
Authors: Bardi Luciano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Per la prima volta nel 1989 le elezioni europee potrebbero essere regolate da un'unica legge elettorale, valida per tutti gli stati membri∗. In precedenza, nel 1979 e nel 1984, le elezioni si svolsero in base a norme elettorali nazionali, in genere molto simili a quelle utilizzate in ciascun paese per le elezioni parlamentari nazionali, anche se dei tentativi di uniformare le procedure furono compiuti anche nel corso della prima legislatura.
AMMINISTRAZIONE E POLITICA IN URSS NELLE ANALISI COMPARATE DELLA SCIENZA POLITICA OCCIDENTALE
Authors: Cappelli Ottorino
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Alla fine degli anni Sessanta la sovietologia era ancora un'«ibrida arte» orientata in senso interdisciplinare, priva di metodologie analitiche rigorosamente definite e in gran parte rinchiusa nei confini degli studi di area. Nei due decenni successivi alla seconda guerra mondiale era stato soprattutto il dialogo con la scienza politica in generale e con la politica comparata a rimanere penalizzato. Diversi erano gli approcci, le categorie, gli strumenti metodologici adoperati per analizzare i sistemi politici dell'est e dell'ovest. Tra le ricerche sull'URSS e gli studi politologici sull'occidente mancava un linguaggio disciplinare comune, non v'era simbiosi concettuale. Contribuivano a questa separatezza disciplinare sia la percezione di una assoluta estranietà tra «mondo socialista» e democrazie costituzionali, legata al contesto politico della guerra fredda, sia l'egemonia culturale del modello totalitario, fondato sul presupposto dell'unicità del sistema politico sovietico.
Independence of Chromospheric Activity and Soft X-Ray Flaring on the Flare Star EV Lacertae
Authors: Ambruster C.W. , Pettersen B.R. , Hawley S.L. , Coleman L.A. , Sciortino S.
Published: May 2019

EXOSAT observed the flare star EV Lacertae for 17 hr over 2 days in October 1985. Two flaring episodes were recorded. During a significant fraction of these observations, IUE, photometric and spectroscopic coverage was available. A 2-hour long period of X-ray flaring was observed during which there was no U-band activity and almost no chromospheric activity. On the other hand, two ΔU ~ 1° m° 5 optical flares produced normal chromospheric enhancements, but only a weak X-ray response. We suggest that these and a few other observations of stellar flares may imply the occasional existence of magnetically isolated regions in M-dwarf atmospheres.
Non-thermal electrons and stellar radio emission
Authors: White S. M. , Kundu M. R.
Published: May 2019

Radio emission from dMe flare stars has both a flaring and a quiescent component. When we compare stellar radio emission with the Sun, however, we find that the apparent brightness temperature of the quiescent component often exceeds the temperature of non-thermal solar radio flares, and so it is likely that stellar quiescent emission also comes from non-thermal electrons. The duration of stellar quiescent emission is much longer than solar non-thermal emission. Obvious questions to ask are, what is the source of the non-thermal electrons, where do they reside, and how can non-thermal emission last so long? Here we briefly review the observations of quiescent emission, argue that the emitting regions are small, show that such small regions can still account for the observed fluxes, and discuss the source of electrons.
The Fine Temporal Structure of the EV Lacertae Flare on February 6, 1986 at the C IV (λ1550 Å) Resonance Line I. Observations
Authors: Burnasheva B.A. , Gershberg R.E. , Zvereva A.M. , Ilyin I.V. , Shakhovskaya N.I. , Sheikhet A.I.
Published: May 2019

While monitoring the flare star EV Lac with high time resolution using the Space Astrophysical Station ASTRON, a rather strong flare was recorded. During this event, flare emissions were detected in the C IV (λ1550 Å) UV line, in the narrow band continuum at λ2434 Å (28 Å bandwidth) and in the wide wavelength range from 1700 Å to 6500 Å, all emission enhancements taking place within 10 s. About 50 s after the flare start, a fast and very powerful burst of the C IV line took place.
The Fine Temporal Structure of The EV Lacertae Flare on February 6, 1986 at the C IV (λl550 Å) Resonance Line II. Interpretation
Authors: Katsova M.M. , Livshits M.A.
Published: May 2019

Flare optical continuum with duration above one minute is emitted by a gas condensation with T ≈ 104 K, which may form in a gas-dynamic process. The light carve slope implies that this flare consists of several elementary events. The features of the initial C IV line burst during one elementary event are determined by numerical simulation. The comparison of theoretical intensity and duration of the C IV burst with the observations of the EV Lac flare on February 6, 1986 shows that the observed elementary event in the C IV line is consistent with the formation of a radiative shock wave with an explosive evaporation of the chromosphere. The possibility of the appearance of C IV doublet emission, accompanying the entire process, is also discussed.
High Time Resolution Photometry of Red Dwarf Flare Stars III. The Most Rapid and Faintest Observed Stellar Flares; their Physics and Statistics
Authors: Beskin G.M. , Neizvestnyj S.I. , Plakhotnichenko V.L. , Pustil'nik L.A. , Shvartsman V.F. , Gershberg R.E.
Published: May 2019

High time resolution monitoring of the UV Cet type flare stars has enabled as to detect flares with total duration of a few seconds and with energy output comparable to solar subflares. We find that the time scales of decay for such flares correspond to recombination times of optically thin gas or to cooling times of optically thick gas heated in flares. Therefore, faster flares cannot be detected individually but their accumulated effect may be one source of brightness fluctuations of the “quiet” star. The upper limit for the total power of such microflares does not exceed the time-averaged power of individually detected flares.
The Flare Activity of Two Interesting Red Dwarfs
Authors: Ilyin I.V. , Shakhovskaya N.I.
Published: May 2019

Photoelectric observations of flares on two low-active red dwarfs (Gliese 171.2A and CM Dra) are reported.
Energetic flares on RS CVn stars
Authors: Doyle J.G. , Byrne P.B. , van den Oord G.H.J.
Published: May 2019

Ultraviolet spectroscopic observations of the RS CVn star II Peg in February 1983 show evidence for flare activity in greatly enhanced chromospheric and transition region emission lines. The total radiative losses from the chromosphere and transition region (i.e. the temperature interval 4.0 ≤ log Te ≤ 5.4) during the flare is 3.1 1035 erg. Over the whole atmosphere (i.e. the temperature interval 4.0 ≤ log Te ≤ 8.0), we estimate total radiative losses of 2.4 1036 erg, (excluding hydrogen line radiation). At flare peak, the flare radiated 1.5 1032 erg s–1. Adopting a two-ribbon flare model, where the filament is located between the two stars of the system, we can have 2039(l/R⊙) erg of magnetic energy available, where l is the filament length and we have taken a magnetic field strength of 1000G. Therefore, only a small fraction of this magnetic energy need be converted into heating of the flare plasma.
The X-Ray Flare of π UMA : Temperature and Emission Measure
Authors: Landini M. , Monsignori Fossi B.C.
Published: May 2019

An X-ray flare from the star π UMA has been observed by EXOSAT on January 31, 1984. The data were collected using the-Low Energy Experiment and the Medium Energy Experiment, sensitive to the spectral bands 0.04 - 2 Kev and 1-20 Kev (Landini et al. 1986).

The temperature and emission measure variations during the flare are deduced under the isothermal assumption. Using a parametrized profile of the differential emission measure, wich is controlled by the conductive flux via the temperature gradient, the comparison with the observed data gives some insight on a “mean loop” model and its power supply.
Analysis of the Machine-Readable Version of the Tonantzintla Catalogue of the Pleiades Flare Stars
Authors: Tsvetkov M.K. , Stavrev K.Y. , Tsvetkova K.P.
Published: May 2019

The results of the intensive observations of the Pleiades flare stars for more than 20 years (≈ 3000 h effective observational time) were compiled and published by G.Haro and collaborators in a catalogue (Haro et al.,1982) including the flare stars discovered in the Pleiades region up to 1981. The catalogue contains the data far 519 flare stars.

In the frame of the international programme for the study of flare stars in stellar aggregates the Department of Astronomy and the National Astronomical Observatory have carried out patrol observations in the Pleiades since 1979. Parallel to the observations, work on the creation of machine-readable versions of the published flare stars catalogues has begun. As a firatstep, a machine—readable version of the Tonantzintla catalogue (TC of the Pleiades flare stars has been prepared (Tsvetkov et al., 1987).
Nonthermal and Thermal Emissions in Solar Flares
Authors: Nitta Nariaki
Published: May 2019

In two major solar flares, we have found evidence for hard X-ray footpoint emission using the X-ray imager on Hinotori. Possible factors are discussed as to why we only rarely detect footpoint emissions, which may not always take the form of double sources, depending on magnetic configurations in flares.
Type III Radio Burst Productivity of Solar Flares
Authors: Poquerusse M. , McIntosh P.S.
Published: May 2019

We study the statistical relationship between optical flares and type III radio bursts, using modern and extensive computer files. Results emerge along two main lines, concerning the physical mechanism of ejection of energetic particles, and the magnetic field geometry respectively.

First, we find that type III probability of occurrence increases strongly with the brightness of a flare and its proximity to a sunspot, and with accompanying prominence activity. This suggests that Bornmann's class I and III events correspond to distinct physical phenomena, particle acceleration and magnetic expansion respectively, both working simultaneously in class II events, which are the most favorable to the ejection of energetic particles out of flaring sites.
Recent Results of Meter-decameter Wave Observations of Solar Flares
Authors: Copalswamy N. , Kundu M. R.
Published: May 2019

We present recent results from meter-decameter imaging of several classes of solar radio bursts: Preflare activity in the form of type III bursts, correlated type IIIs from distant sources, and type II and moving type IV bursts associated with flares and CMEs.
Solar Millimeter Wave Bursts
Authors: Kawabata K. , Ogawa H.
Published: May 2019

Some observational results and statistical characteristics of solar millimeter wave bursts observed by employing the 35 GHz, solar interferometer in Nagoya are briefly described.
Enhanced Turbulence and Heating Observed Preceding the Impulsive Phase in a Solar Flare
Authors: Cheng Chung-Chieh , Widing K.G.
Published: May 2019

We studied the unique EUV spectra of the 21 Jan. 1974 flare observed by the NRL Normal-Incidence Slit Spectrometer (SO 82B) onboard the Skylab. The results show that the pre-impulsive transition region plasmas exhibited enhanced turbulence and heating before the acceleration of energetic particles. The absence of blue-shifted components in the Fe XXI line profiles shows that the chromospheric evaporation is not important in this flare.
Variation of the Solar Flare Energy Spectrum Over the 11-Year Activity Cycle
Authors: Kasinsky V.V. , Sotnikova R.T.
Published: May 2019

Based on X-ray (1-8 Å) flux data for 1977-1987, the integral spectra of solar flare energy were computed. The energy spectra were approximated by a power law N(E) α; E~n, with N being the number of flares with energy in excess of E. It is shown that the spectral index (β) varies systematically with the 11-year cycle phase.
Quasi-Static Evolution of a Three-Dimensional Force-Free Magnetic Field
Authors: Aly J.J.
Published: May 2019

In this Communication, we consider in the half-space {z > 0} a fully 3-D force-free magnetic field B˷ embedded in a perfectly conducting plasma and its quasi-static evolution driven by motions imposed to the feet of its lines on the boundary {z = 0}. Assuming that the field lines of B˷ have a simple topology - i.e. that it is possible to choose a (non-unique) set of nested magnetic surfaces which are either “arcade-like” or “tube-like” - we first establish a global representation of B˷ in terms of two Euler potentials u and v (with v multivalued) and derive new formulae giving in particular the relative helicity end the energy of B˷ as functions of the values of u and v (and of their derivatives) on {z = 0}. We thus establish analytically some general qualitative features of the behaviour of B˷.
Topological Catastrophe in Massive Current Sheets
Authors: Peterle Ph. , Hoyvaerts J.
Published: May 2019

A two-dimensional sheet model for solar filaments (Kippenhahn and Schluter configuration) is considered. We investigate, the quasi-static evolution of gravito-magnetohydrostatic equlibria in exploring the response of massive current sheets to a slow continuous variation of the mass/flux ratio with fixed boundary conditions. A catastrophic behavior of the field topology is found to occur in the sequence following the formation of a cusp point (bifurcation).
Dynamical Magnetic Energy Release of Current Loops in the Corona: Effects of Toroidal Forces
Authors: Chen James
Published: May 2019

We discuss a mechanism whereby a current loop embedded in plasmas such as the solar and stellar coronae can dissipate magnetic energy without resistive effects or reconnection. This mechanism arises from the motion of magnetic/current structures driven by “toroidal forces”. Using a simple model loop, we show that it can exhibit a wide range of motion with correspondingly wide range of magnetic energy dissipation rates. For example, a loop with ~20G can attain expansion velocities of ~1200km s–1 under solar coronal conditions, dissipating ~1032erg in a few tens of minutes.
Eruptions of Magnetohydrostatic Structures and Onsets of Flares
Authors: Sun Kai
Published: May 2019

Two kinds of MHS equilibrium are studied; isothermal and nonisothermal. The onsets of two - ribbon flares and flare - loops are explained by this study.
Plasma Oscillations Inside Small Fluxtubes
Authors: Wiehr E. , Lustig G.
Published: May 2019

Periodic Doppler motions inside small fluxtubes are determined from the zero-crossing point of the circular Zeeman polarization profile (Stokes-V=0). The gas fully participates on the known solar 5min oscillations without affecting amplitude or frequency. Averaging the oscillations, the gas is at rest in an absolute solar scale. Discrepancies with formerly observed redshifts are explained by the systematic westward displacement of the magnetic structure relative to the Ca+K bright point used for guiding.
Crystal Structure of the Warmest Solid Phase of Perfluorocyclobutane
Authors: Harsanyi Laszlo , Bartell Lawrence S.
Published: May 2019

X-ray powder diffraction data show that the highest temperature solid phase of C4F8 has an orientationally disordered body-centered cubic structure, a = 7.06(3)Å, with two molecules per cell.
Semiquantitative Analysis by X-Ray Powder Diffraction (SQXRD) of the < 2 mm to 0.002 mm and < 0.002 mm Fractions of Soil
Authors: Raab G. A.
Published: May 2019

The method described in this paper is a strict protocol for X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of mineral phases found in soils. Its application is not restricted to soils and is an attempt to standardize XRD sample preparation and analysis. The protocol requires the particle size of the < 2 mm - 0.002 mm fraction be reduced to 0.002 mm before analysis. In die qualitative section, the clay fraction ( < 0.002 mm particle size) is prepared as oriented slides. The suspended clay fraction is saturated with ethylene glycol, K +, and Mg+2; pipeted; air-dried; heat-treated at 110°C, 350°C, and 550°C; and X-rayed at each step in order to properly identify the clay minerals. In the quantitative section, the method employs a matrix-flushing agent, corundum (Al2O3). The corundum acts also as an internal standard, a calibration standard, and a reference standard. The suspended clay fraction is freeze-dried and corundum is added to each sample. Randomly oriented powder mounts are prepared from the < 2 mm - 0.002 mm fraction, and the < 0.002 mm fraction, and X-rayed. A series of reference standards are prepared based on the existing mineralogy, corundum is added, and each mixture is X-rayed. The software integrates the area under specific peaks (chosen for intensity and no overlap) in each sample, calculates the reference intensity ratios (RIRs) and calculates the percentage of each mineral based on the equation of Chung (1974). The attention to detail allows documentation and verification of the results yielding data of known quality.
A Method for Quantitative X-Ray Phase Analysis Without Standards
Authors: Wang Hongying
Published: May 2019

An expanded X-ray quantitative phase analysis method is presented. It is an extension of the method without standards. In order to get the method applied more extensively, there is a discussion at the end of this paper of the suitability of samples.
The Structure of a Never Regulated Less-Than-Truckload Market in the United States
Authors: Beilock Richard , Rahmani Mohammed , Rosalsky Mercedes
Published: May 2019

The structure of the never-regulated, less-than-truckload transport market for Florida ornamentals is examined using concentration ratios, and the Hirchman-Herfindahl, Rosenbluth, and E Indices. The results indicate that this market is not highly concentrated relative to all US markets or to regulated trucking markets. This suggests that the long run structure of the trucking markets where regulations have been relaxed will not be highly concentrated and that economies of size may not be large. It was also found that, despite characteristics favorable to own-account carriage, it plays a minor role in ornamentals transportation relative to in regulated markets. This is consistent with the hypothesis that avoidance of problems and costs related to regulated carriage can be an incentive for firms to adopt own-account carriage.
A Farm to Retail Sectoral Analysis of the Northeast Food Industry
Authors: Gempesaw C. M. , Reisner G. C. , Wobus P. J.
Published: May 2019

Previous studies analyzing the U.S. food industry have used national data and/or have focused on a particular sector of the industry. However, regional differences in resource endowments, income opportunities and population distribution imply that the impact of changing economic environment will not be the same for all regions. A farm to retail multiproduct sectoral model for the Northeast food industry is developed and estimated. This regional approach is used to analyze the effects of changes in exogenous variables on the Northeast region's food production and consumption. Empirical results are presented in terms of intrasectoral flexibilities and elasticities. Selected results from other regions are also presented and compared with the Northeast results.