bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategy as Practice and the Role of Middle Manager in Organizations: The future of the field
Authors: Iasbech Paulo , Lavarda Rosalia
Published: March 2019

Research on strategy as practice (SAP) or strategizing focuses on understanding the development of strategy as a situated and socially acquired activity, based on the interaction between various actors and micro activities carried out by people within the organization (Jarzabkowski, 2005; Whittington, 2006). In this scenario, middle manager (MM) plays the role of an articulator in the strategy formation process and sensemaking activities (Balogun; Johnson, 2004; Rouleau, 2005). Since both research topics are gaining notoriety in the scientific community, we conducted a systematic analysis of the literature on SAP and the role of the MM inside organizations, covering the scientific production related to the subject between 2005 and 2015. This resulted in the selection of 77 relevant articles from the Web of ScienceTM Core Collection database. This set of articles may serve as a milestone to future theoretical background studies, to assist scholars leading new researches related to SAP and the role of MM since this study indicates an avenue concerning the relations and behaviors of the practitioners in the action of making strategy in different levels of involvement in that process.
Empreendedorismo de base tecnológica no Sul do Brasil
Authors: Siluk Julio Cezar Mairesse , Garlet Taís Bisognin , Marcuzzo Rafael , Michelin Cláudia De Freitas , Minello Italo Fernando
Published: March 2019

This paper analyzes the current scenario of technology-based incubators (TBIs) in South Brazil from a socioeconomic and intellectual perspective, through correlations with higher education institutes with stricto sensu graduate programs, intellectual property rights, investments in science and technology, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Human Development Index (HDI). The study focused on the Brazilian South region, since it presents some of the best social indicators in the country. Based on correlation analysis, it was possible to investigate an outstanding scenario in developed nations, which involves technology-based entrepreneurship. The results show that: (1) the presence of TBIs is strongly related to the existence of higher education institutes with stricto sensu graduate programs; (2) the existence of TBIs is highly associated with high levels of intellectual production; (3) the states that receive more investment in science and technology are positively correlated with TBIs; (4) the existence of TBIs presents a negligible correlation with the GDP; (5) the existence of TBIs shows a weak correlation with the HDI. Thus, this study allowed the investigation of the South Brazilian scenario related to the implementation and operation of TBIs.
Os indicadores de trabalho decente no ambiente corporativo das mulheres na polícia civil do estado do Rio Grande do Sul.
Authors: Madruga Sergio Rossi , Arigony Marcelo Mendes , Madruga Lucia Rejane Da Rosa Gama
Published: March 2019

This study deals with the work of women in the Civil Police of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, under the decent work criteria of the International Labor Organization. The research is classified in the field of sustainability, in the social aspect, related to corporate social responsibility. The aim was to analyze the women’s environment, based on the decent work criteria. The data collection was performed from several sources of evidence, making use of primary and secondary data. The study has a qualitative nature, based on an observation script and a flexible instrument composed of open questions. An interpretation for the use of a content analysis procedure. Women began to work from the 1970s onwards and occupy a prominent place, on par with men, despite some evidence of limited opportunities. The general perception is to disagree with the ILO's indicators, with the exception of criteria related to security and social dialogue, as well as stability and incomes, which are fully or partially met. However, there is no adequacy of work for ILO workers, especially for safety, equality, opportunities, conciliation and working hours.
Análise da evolução da adesão de empresas ao Índice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial (ISE)
Authors: Crisóstomo Vicente Lima , Gomes Lorena Albuquerque da Silva , Braga Célia
Published: March 2019

Under the frameworks of the Voluntary Disclosure and Stakeholder Theoriesy this work aims to analyze the evolution, the adherence and the continuity of firms in the Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE) of B3. Methodology is based on content analyses of the ISE questionnaire, descriptive analysis, and tests for the difference in proportions. The analysis was based on all 72 firms that have already composed the ISE portfolio. Results show a growing interest of firms to integrate the ISE index given the annual increase in the number of companies. The findings indicate a significant proportion of firms that remain in ISE portfolio in consecutive years. Similarly, the proportion of firms that allow making public the content of their questionnaire is also significant. In addition, it is important to highlight the dimensions of the ISE questionnaire which inquires about firm policies beyond the typical social dimension of Corporate Social Responsibility, i.e. the social dimension. In fact, the ISE index comprises strongly the Corporate Governance and Economic dimensions of CSR.
MODA, MÍDIA e VELHICE: considerações a partir do documentário Advanced Style
Authors:   Universidade Federal da Bahia, Palacios Annamaria da Rocha Jatobá , Alves Larissa Molina
Published: March 2019

O artigo discute as relações entre moda, mídia e velhice a partir de uma análise do documentário Advanced Style. Verifica as representações do estilo de vida que um grupo de mulheres idosas, que se interessa por moda, estabelece com o envelhecimento, consumo e o próprio corpo. As temáticas em causa no documentário estão associadas ao contexto cultural de uma sociedade marcada pela busca por prazer e felicidade, mas também por incertezas e medos. O Mal-Estar na Civilização e na Pós-Modernidade é uma noção central no texto e concorre para explicar o medo da morte diante da finitude da vida. Outros referenciais sobre a velhice adotados no texto, colaboram para explicar e evidenciar a existência de que novas interpretações de velhice vêm se desenvolvendo na contemporaneidade. As relações entre consumo, mídia, moda e estilo de vida fazem parte dos aspectos evidenciados no texto.
Engajamento Ambiental Como Artifício de Branding de Moda
Authors:   Universidade de Brasília, Cardoso Marcus Teixeira , Dantas Edmundo Brandão
Published: March 2019

O presente artigo trata de observar a estratégia de marca da grife carioca Osklen com o lançamento da coleção ASAP – As Sustainable As Possible (em uma tradução livre: o mais sustentável possível), para a estação de inverno do ano de 2018. Para isso, foi desenvolvida análise qualitativa de comunicação, ambientação de loja, escolhas e decisões de estilo para a composição da coleção, bem como o discurso construído em função desse lançamento: seja na voz do diretor criativo, seja por meio de peças e anúncios da campanha publicitária desta coleção. De acordo com o estudo bibliográfico desenvolvido, com método exploratório, é possível identificar a construção desse discurso – o da responsabilidade ambiental – como artifício de branding ante ao consumidor, com apoio bibliográfico de teóricos da área como Mary Douglas, Baron Isherwood, Marshal Sahlins e Kevin Roberts.
O binômio arte-moda: estratégia de museu para a tendência da moda.
Authors:   Universidade de El Salvador, Moroni Janaina Luisa Da Silva , Moroni Yazmin Pamela da Silva , Viveiros Edval Rodrigues de ,   Centro Universitário Católico Salesiano Auxilium,   Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Published: March 2019

Este trabalho, financiado pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES Brasil), aborda os vínculos entre arte, moda e museu a partir de uma experiência empírica concreta. Apresentam-se a identificação das estratégias criativa italiana da nossa contemporaneidade, sob aspecto da sociologia, estudos estratégicos e design. Assim, oferecer repertorio de conhecimento aos profissionais, estudantes de arte, comunicação, comercio criativo internacional e design de joias. Mostrar que é possível atender o mercado de luxo com o binômio arte-moda de valorização recíproca, como o caso do Museu Bardini e Joias Marco Baroni.
Borgerløn: Kan det nu betale sig?
Authors: Kongshøj Kristian
Published: March 2019

The idea of basic income has been revitalized in the international debate as a solution to certain problematic trends, including labor market polarization or segmentation. This paper discusses two dominant issues in the debate, namely financing a basic income, and its ability to alleviate labor market segmentation. This means that the normative logics behind basic income with regard to justice, liberty and ecological sustainability will not be discussed. Following insights from the most recent international debate, the paper discusses the dilemma between the adequacy or generosity of basic income on the individual level, and its economic feasibility via taxation. A low or partial basic income model in combination with traditional income benefits could be feasible within the framework of existing tax levels. However, the paper also concludes that segmentation in terms of inequalities in exit and voice opportunities on the labor market is not solved by basic income by itself. Particularly low or partial basic income models may even support such inequalities.
Knæk koden. Om Michael Hardt og Antonio Negris opgør med den nyliberale finansøkonomi
Authors: Nielsen Peter
Published: March 2019

The neoliberal financial economy is for Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri a reaction to the struggles for democracy, identity and sustainability since the 1960’s in particular. For Hardt and Negri the task is then to not only analyze and criticize but to crack the neoliberal financial code. This process can take place by combining exodus on the micro level with antagonistic reformism and hegemonic struggle on the macro level.
Niveaux de compétence linguistique canadiens et les outils connexes : une proposition pédagogique raisonnée en FLS pour immigrants adultes en contexte francophone minoritaire
Authors: Le Thiec Morgan , Jezak Monika , Beaulieu Élissa
Published: March 2019

L’objectif de cet article est de présenter la proposition pédagogique qui sous-tend depuis quelques années le développement des outils destinés à la formation langagière des immigrants adultes en contexte francophone minoritaire. Ces outils complémentent le référentiel Niveaux de compétence linguistique canadiens (NCLC) 2012 (Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada et Centre des niveaux de compétence linguistique canadiens, 2012). Dans notre article, dans un premier temps, nous esquissons la problématique de l’enseignement du français langue seconde aux immigrants adultes en milieu minoritaire. Dans un deuxième temps, nous expliquons le plan de recherche qui a permis l’élaboration des NCLC 2012 en tenant compte à la fois des acquis en didactique des langues et des contraintes du contexte dans lequel le référentiel et ses outils connexes sont utilisés. Dans un troisième temps, nous donnons quelques exemples d’outils adaptés à l’enseignement du français langue seconde en milieu francophone minoritaire qui suivent l’approche pédagogique proposée par les NCLC. En conclusion de l’article, nous faisons le point sur de nombreux défis qu’il reste à relever dans le cadre du développement des outils destinés à notre clientèle cible.
Environmentally-induced epigenetic conversion of a piRNA cluster
Authors: Casier Karine , Delmarre Valérie , Gueguen Nathalie , Hermant Catherine , Viodé Elise , Vaury Chantal , Ronsseray Stéphane , Brasset Emilie , Teysset Laure , Boivin Antoine
Published: March 2019

Transposable element (TE) activity is repressed in animal gonads by PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) produced by piRNA clusters. Current models in flies propose that germinal piRNA clusters are functionally defined by the maternal inheritance of piRNAs produced during the previous generation. Taking advantage of an inactive, but ready to go, cluster of P-element derived transgene insertions in Drosophila melanogaster, we show here that raising flies at high temperature (29°C) instead of 25°C triggers the stable conversion of this locus from inactive into actively producing functional piRNAs. The increase of antisense transcripts from the cluster at 29°C combined with the requirement of transcription of euchromatic homologous sequences, suggests a role of double stranded RNA in the production of de novo piRNAs. This report describes the first case of the establishment of an active piRNA cluster by environmental changes in the absence of maternal inheritance of homologous piRNAs.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
Across-species differences in pitch perception are consistent with
differences in cochlear filtering
Authors: Walker Kerry MM , Gonzalez Ray , Kang Joe Z , McDermott Josh H , King Andrew J
Published: March 2019

Pitch perception is critical for recognizing speech, music and animal
vocalizations, but its neurobiological basis remains unsettled, in part
because of divergent results across species. We investigated whether
species-specific differences exist in the cues used to perceive pitch and
whether these can be accounted for by differences in the auditory periphery.
Ferrets accurately generalized pitch discriminations to untrained stimuli
whenever temporal envelope cues were robust in the probe sounds, but not
when resolved harmonics were the main available cue. By contrast, human
listeners exhibited the opposite pattern of results on an analogous task,
consistent with previous studies. Simulated cochlear responses in the two
species suggest that differences in the relative salience of the two pitch
cues can be attributed to differences in cochlear filter bandwidths. The
results support the view that cross-species variation in pitch perception
reflects the constraints of estimating a sound’s fundamental frequency given
species-specific cochlear tuning.
A metagenomic study of DNA viruses from samples of local varieties of common bean in Kenya
Authors: Wainaina James M. , Ateka Elijah , Makori Timothy , Kehoe Monica A. , Boykin Laura M.
Published: March 2019

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the primary source of protein and nutrients in the majority of households in sub-Saharan Africa. However, pests and viral diseases are key drivers in the reduction of bean production. To date, the majority of viruses reported in beans have been RNA viruses. In this study, we carried out a viral metagenomic analysis on virus symptomatic bean plants. Our virus detection pipeline identified three viral fragments of the double-stranded DNA virus Pelargonium vein banding virus (PVBV) (family, Caulimoviridae, genus Badnavirus). This is the first report of the dsDNA virus and specifically PVBV in legumes to our knowledge. In addition two previously reported +ssRNA viruses the bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNVA) (Potyviridae) and aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV) (Dicistroviridae) were identified. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the Badnavirus (PVBV) using amino acid sequences of the RT/RNA-dependent DNA polymerase region showed the Kenyan sequence (SRF019_MK014483) was closely matched with two Badnavirus viruses: Dracaena mottle virus (DrMV) (YP_610965) and Lucky bamboo bacilliform virus (ABR01170). Phylogenetic analysis of BCMNVA was based on amino acid sequences of the Nib region. The BCMNVA phylogenetic tree resolved two clades identified as clade (I and II). Sequence from this study SRF35_MK014482, clustered within clade I with other Kenyan sequences. Conversely, Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of ALPV was based on nucleotide sequences of the hypothetical protein gene 1 and 2. Three main clades were resolved and identified as clades I–III. The Kenyan sequence from this study (SRF35_MK014481) clustered within clade II, and nested within a sub-clade; comprising of sequences from China and an earlier ALPV sequences from Kenya isolated from maize (MF458892). Our findings support the use of viral metagenomics to reveal the nascent viruses, their viral diversity and evolutionary history of these viruses. The detection of ALPV and PVBV indicate that these viruses have likely been underreported due to the unavailability of diagnostic tools.
Vocal recognition of a nest-predator in black grouse
Authors: Policht Richard , Hart Vlastimil , Goncharov Denis , Surový Peter , Hanzal Vladimír , Červený Jaroslav , Burda Hynek
Published: March 2019

Corvids count among the important predators of bird nests. They are vocal animals and one can expect that birds threatened by their predation, such as black grouse, are sensitive to and recognize their calls. Within the framework of field studies, we noticed that adult black grouse were alerted by raven calls during periods outside the breeding season. Since black grouse are large, extremely precocial birds, this reaction can hardly be explained by sensitization specifically to the threat of nest predation by ravens. This surprising observation prompted us to study the phenomenon more systematically. According to our knowledge, the response of birds to corvid vocalization has been studied in altricial birds only. We tested whether the black grouse distinguishes and responds specifically to playback calls of the common raven. Black grouse recognized raven calls and were alerted, displaying typical neck stretching, followed by head scanning, and eventual escape. Surprisingly, males tended to react faster and exhibited a longer duration of vigilance behavior compared to females. Although raven calls are recognized by adult black grouse out of the nesting period, they are not directly endangered by the raven. We speculate that the responsiveness of adult grouse to raven calls might be explained as a learned response in juveniles from nesting hens that is then preserved in adults, or by a known association between the raven and the red fox. In that case, calls of the raven would be rather interpreted as a warning signal of probable proximity of the red fox.
Introduction ‘Small beginnings in a disturbed world’
Authors: BROOKE JOHN
Published: July 2002

As the British Society for the History of Science's

president during its fiftieth year, it gives

me the greatest pleasure to introduce this anniversary issue

of the Journal. For some

readers there will be a special poignancy in recalling the vision

and energy of the Society's

founding fathers who, believing that the history of science had

a strategic role to play both

as a humanizing force and as an integral part of the culture of science,

turned their belief into action. Many justifications have been and will
continue to

be given for the importance

of our subject. Prominent among them when the Society was launched

in 1947 was that the history of science would underpin claims for the inherent

progressiveness and universality

of scientific knowledge. In his presidential address, delivered in

May 1948, the Society's

first president, Charles Singer, also drew a parallel between the humanism
of the

Renaissance and a new humanism represented by the cultural

possibilities of this history

of science: both had had ‘small beginnings in a disturbed world’.
Introduction
Authors: FIELD J. V. , JAMES FRANK A. J. L.
Published: July 2002

Art and science are both terms whose meanings have been subject
to change over time. At
the end of the twentieth century, the terms tend to be used antithetically.
Current views of
the relationship between the spheres of activity that they connote range
from a sweeping
dismissal of any connection to an opposing but less extreme conviction
that scientists and
artists have something in common. The latter belief apparently at least
partly stems from
an underlying feeling that at any one time both activities are, after all,
products of a single
culture. The woolly shade of C. P. Snow's idea of there being
‘two cultures’ in the Britain
of the 1950s at once rises to view if one attempts to pursue analysis along
these lines.

In setting up a conference called ‘The Visual Culture of Art and
Science from the
Renaissance to the Present’ the organizing committee was not attempting
to resolve any
kind of debate that may be perceived to exist in regard to the separation
or otherwise of
the domains of art and science. Rather, we wished to bring together historians
of science
working on areas that are of interest to historians of art, and historians
of art working on
areas that are of interest to historians of science, as well as
practising artists and scientists
of the present time who show an interest in each others' fields. We
were, of course, aware
that this agenda raised questions in regard to present-day relationships
between art and
science, but we hoped that, as we were dealing with a range of historical
periods, any light
that was shed would be moderately illuminating rather than blindingly lurid.
The meeting,
which took place on 12–14 July 1995, mainly at the Royal Society
in London, was
organized jointly by the British Society for the History of Science, the
Association of Art
Historians and the Committee on the Public Understanding of Science (COPUS)
– a joint
committee of the Royal Institution, British Association and the Royal Society.
The
historical examples presented at the conference showed a wide variety of
interactions
between art and science. The success of the conference (it attracted an
audience of about
200) suggested very strongly that art, which has a large public following,
can be used to
encourage an interest in science, whose public following, according to
scientists, could be
better.
Miscellaneous methods: authors, societies and journals in early modern England
Authors: JOHNS ADRIAN
Published: July 2002

Historians of science have long acknowledged the important role that journals play in
the scientific enterprise. They both secure the shared values of a scientific community and certify
what that community takes to be licensed knowledge. The advent of the first learned periodicals
in the mid-seventeenth century was therefore a major event. But why did this event happen when
it did, and how was the permanence of the learned journal secured? This paper reveals some of
the answers. It examines the shifting fortunes of one of the earliest of natural-philosophical
periodicals, the Philosophical Transactions, launched in London in 1665 by Henry Oldenburg.
The paper shows how fraught the enterprise of journal publishing was in the Europe of that
period, and, not least, it draws attention to a number of publications that arose out of the
commercial realm of the Restoration to rival (or parody) Oldenburg's now famous creation. By
doing so it helps restore to view the hard work that underpinned the republic of letters.

And as for natural philosophy, is it not removed from Oxford and Cambridge to Gresham
College in London, and to be learned out of their gazettes?

Thomas Hobbes, Behemoth (written c. 1668).
Standing under the Human Rights Act 1998: Theories of Rights Enforcement & the Nature of Public Law Adjudication
Authors: Miles Joanna
Published: July 2002

The Human Rights Act enables applicants in judicial review and other legal proceedings to complain that a public authority has violated a Convention right, but only if they are “victims” of that violation. The victim standing test was adopted from the Strasbourg institutions without any consideration being given in Parliament to the appropriateness of such a test in the domestic context. It is argued that the suitability of a particular standing rule for a given jurisdiction cannot properly be evaluated until a theory explaining the juristic function of standing rules has been identified and articulated. Two theoretical aspects of standing rules in public law cases are suggested here, in order to provide a framework in which to assess the appropriateness of the victim test for judicial review cases raising Human Rights Act arguments.
ASPHERICAL LABELLED ORIENTED TREES AND KNOTS
Authors: Huck Günther , Rosebrock Stephan
Published: July 2002

The question of whether ribbon-disc complements—or, equivalently, standard 2-complexes over labelled oriented trees—are aspherical is of great importance for Whitehead’s asphericity conjecture and, if solved affirmatively, would imply a combinatorial proof of the asphericity of knot complements. We present here two classes of diagrammatically reducible labelled oriented trees.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 57M20; 20F06; 20F05; 20F32
TIME TRENDS IN CROP YIELDS IN LONG-TERM TRIALS
Authors: JONES M. J. , SINGH M.
Published: July 2002

Trends over time in annual crop yields potentially provide measures of the likely long-term sustainability of cropping systems. However, where large annual variability in the growth environment is responsible for most of the large year-to-year yield differences, appropriate analytical techniques must be developed to distinguish real long-term trends from the ‘background noise’. This paper presents models for the estimation of time trends in the yield data from crop rotation systems and discusses the results of applying these models to yield values from two types of long-term trial involving barley, each conducted at two sites in northern Syria.

The models used were linear with respect to time (years) and allowed for seasonal effects by means of a quadratic relationship on total rainfall and a linear relationship on planting date. A more complex model might account for more of the variance, but restrictions were imposed by the limited number of degrees of freedom (number of years of data less one) and the choice of meaningful single-valued parameters of growth-season conditions. For many experimental treatments the model accounted for less of the total variance at the wetter site. This may be due to seasonal bufferring by soil moisture stored at depth from one year to the next, and future iterations of the analysis will try to allow for this. The appropriateness of the linear time function is also questioned, and alternative functions will be tested along with alternative structures for plot errors over time.
RESPONSES OF TEA TO ENVIRONMENT IN KENYA. 3. YIELD AND YIELD DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Ng'etich W. K. , Stephens W. , Othieno C. O.
Published: July 2002

In an experiment on genotype × environment interactions in tea (Camellia sinensis), yield differed between the genotypes at all sites. The highest yield in the third year after planting was 3760 kg ha−1 for clone S15/10 at site 4 (1800 m altitude), while the lowest was 1610 kg ha−1 for clone 6/8 at site 1 (2200 m). The dry matter contents of harvested shoots from each clone ranged from 0.24 for clone TN14-3 down to 0.19 for clone S15/10. Yield response to soil water deficits was more pronounced at site 4, where larger deficits were observed. Hail damage affected the yield of two sites and a temperature influence on recovery was evident.
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO IMPROVE LOWLAND SUBTROPICAL SUMMER TOMATO PRODUCTION: YIELDS, ECONOMIC RETURNS AND RISK
Authors: MIDMORE D. J. , ROAN Y. C. , WU M. H.
Published: July 2002

Four experiments were conducted in southern Taiwan to evaluate the yield and economic benefits of management practices aimed at alleviating the effects of high temperature and heavy rain on tomato production. Following tropical storms, waterlogging caused wilting which was more evident in tomatoes grown in beds 20 cm in height than in those grown in raised beds 40 cm in height. This indication of crop water stress induced by flooding was quantified by measurement of the difference between canopy surface and air temperature at a specified saturation vapour pressure deficit. Canopy heating was less on the raised beds, especially when straddled by rain shelters. Nevertheless, waterlogging stress for the low-bed treatment did not result in loss of stand. In crops which experienced heavy rain, application of a synthetic fruit-set hormone enhanced fruit numbers as did the simple transparent polyethylene rain shelters. While planting on raised beds was without yield benefit the use of fruit-set hormone improved yield by at least 10 t ha−1. A further 4–6 t ha−1 yield was gained through the additional use of rain shelters. Partial budget analysis showed positive returns to the use of fruit-set hormone (US$6600 ha−1) but, unless rain shelters could be constructed with cheaper frame material or used for two tomato crops throughout the summer, their use would be uneconomical. Using existing frame material, net returns to rainshelters reached US$8000 ha−1. The likelihood of high temperatures, tropical storms and typhoons will influence economic returns to summer tomato production. Data from this study may be subjected to economic analyses using values for inputs and tomato prices from other countries with similar climatic conditions.
Development of vegetable cropping systems in the Niayes zone of
Senegal
Authors: De Bon H. , Faye F. , Pages J.
Published: July 2002

The importance of vegetable crops has been increasing in West Africa for the past forty years. This paper describes the evolution of intensive mixed vegetable production in
the Niayes area near Dakar between 1970 and 1990. The importance of cultivation in low-lying areas with very few inputs have decreased but irrigated cropping systems have become more important due to the better adaptation of vegetative material, application of
more fertilizers and better control of pests and diseases. This intensification appears to be irreversible, in spite of the negative effects of the more intensive use of land.
Separate effects of triploidy, parentage and genomic
diversity upon feeding behaviour, metabolic efficiency and
net energy balance in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
Authors: HAWKINS A. J. S. , MAGOULAS A. , HÉRAL M. , BOUGRIER S. , NACIRI-GRAVEN Y. , DAY A. J. , KOTOULAS G.
Published: July 2002

Triploid oysters were induced using cytochalasin B upon retention of either the first (meiosis I
triploids) or the second (meiosis II triploids) polar body in embryos from a single cohort derived
from mixed parentage. Allozyme and microsatellite assays enabled the confirmation of both
parentage and triploidy status in each oyster. Comparison of meiosis I triploids, meiosis II
triploids and diploid siblings established that improved physiological performance in triploids was
associated with increased allelic variation, rather than with the quantitative dosage effects of ploidy
status. An unidentified maternal influence also interacted with genotype. Among full sibs, allelic
variation measured as multi-locus enzyme heterozygosity accounted for up to 42% of the variance
in physiological performance; significant positive influences were identified upon feeding rate,
absorption efficiency, net energy balance and growth efficiency (= net energy balance ÷ energy
absorbed). Whilst allelic variation was greater in both meiosis I and meiosis II triploids than in
diploid siblings, both allelic variation and net energy balance were highest in triploids induced
at meiosis I. This suggests that it may be preferable to induce triploidy by blocking meiosis
I, rather than meiosis II as has traditionally been undertaken during commercial breeding
programmes.
The evolution of Daphnia pulex in a temporally varying
environment
Authors: SCHEINER SAMUEL M. , YAMPOLSKY LEV Yu
Published: July 2002

We investigated three aspects of adaptation to variable environments

in Daphnia pulex (Cladocera:
Crustacea): (1) effects of temporal variation on the evolution of
phenotypic plasticity ; (2) plasticity
in sexual versus asexual lineages; (3) maintenance of genetic variation

in variable environments.
We performed a 72-day quasi-natural selection experiment comparing three
patterns of variation:
constant temperatures, varying but predictable temperature change, and
unpredictable temperature
change. All populations were begun with an identical array of 34 clones.
During selection clonal
variation declined in all populations and different patterns of
environmental variation had little
effect on amounts of genetic variation. Sexual and asexual lineages
differed in size and growth rate,
but did not differ in amounts of plasticity or in adaptation to
variable environments. The primary
target of selection was the Malthusian parameter (r) and
life history traits of development time,
offspring size and offspring number. The heritability of plasticity
was generally lower than trait
heritability. Because of this difference, the selection response on the
mean of the traits
overwhelmed the selection response on plasticity. Lower heritabilities

of plasticity are very typical,
suggesting that our results will be typical of responses to selection
in nature. Our results suggest
that selection will act mostly on trait means within environments and
that plasticity will evolve
often as a correlated trait. Because selection on plasticity is based on
its across-deme, global
fitness, this process will usually be slow. Comparative studies
need to shift from closely related,
local population differences to those of more distantly related populations

or even different species.
When a cosmic impact strikes the sea bed
Authors: ORMÖ JENS , LINDSTRÖM MAURITS
Published: July 2002

Most bolides that collide with the Earth hit the sea. Limited knowledge about marine-target
impacts hampers predictions about their perilousness. This study presents geological features that are
particular to craters formed at sea. The features are most likely a result of the influence of the target on
the cratering process. Marine-target craters form only if the target sea is shallow enough to admit sufficient
kinetic energy into the sea bed. When the crater diameter is large compared to the water depth,
the crater resembles its counterparts that are formed on land. Craters formed in deeper water are concentric,
and often lack melt sheets and rim walls, but have deposits and radial gullies formed by the
resurge of the sea. Impacts on the deep shelf are probably much more energetic than is suggested by
the dimensions of the preserved crater.
The determination of fault movement history from the interaction of local drainage with volcanic episodes
Authors: BUNBURY J. M. , HALL L. , ANDERSON G. J. , STANNARD A.
Published: July 2002

The Kula volcanic province lies in an area of active normal faulting in western Turkey. In
this study, we show that the interaction of the basalts with the local drainage, and in particular the
Gediz river, can be used to determine the history of fault movements downstream. The lava flows have
been studied previously, and some of them dated. We use these results and combine them with new
field observations of lavas that flowed into the river valley to measure the rate of down-cutting of the
river and hence the rate of uplift of the footwall block due to movement of the graben-bounding fault.
We show that there has been, in general, an acceleration of fault movement with time during the last
2 Ma. This increased activity of the graben-bounding fault is matched by an intensification of volcanic
activity. An inferred four-fold increase in fault movement rate over the last 0.2 Ma has been matched
by a similar increase in volume of volcanic activity.
The Erzgebirge, Germany, a subducted part of northern
Gondwana: geochemical evidence for repetition of
early Palaeozoic metasedimentary sequences in
metamorphic thrust units
Authors: MINGRAM BIRGIT
Published: July 2002

One of the major metamorphic terranes of the Bohemian Massif, the
Erzgebirge, is interpreted
to record a subducted part of a Palaeozoic margin of Gondwana. A geochemical
study on non-calcareous
metasediments from the various metamorphic units from lower greenschist
to granulite
facies metamorphism supports a recently established thrust model. Geochemical
discrimination and
correlation from the metasediments of the Erzgebirge suggest repetition
of an early Palaeozoic
metasedimentary sequence in metamorphic thrust units. This new finding
is in line with recent radiometric
dating of intercalated metarhyolitic rocks, which yielded ages of around
480 Ma. It is furthermore
supported by correlation with a low-grade standard section in Thuringia,
which represents the
transition from an orogenic belt to a passive margin setting, with highly
mature sediments. Significant
geochemical signatures have been identified in three different lithotypes,
which reappear in at least
three metamorphic units of the Erzgebirge. Geochemical correlation of these
units was established
using simple comparison of averages and with statistical techniques. The
identification of significant
geochemical signatures from different lithotypes in metamorphic suites
has important implications for
terrane analysis and reconstruction of ancient tectonic settings.

The repetition of lithologies and their distinct chemical compositions
in progressively metamorphosed
units is useful for examining element mobility during Barrovian metamorphism.
Statistical comparison
implies that Li is progressively depleted from the greenschist to amphibolite
facies, whereas Ca
exhibits some enrichment. All the other elements studied are considered
to be immobile.
WEHRMACHT PERCEPTIONS OF MASS VIOLENCE IN CROATIA, 1941–1942
Authors: GUMZ JONATHAN E.
Published: July 2002

During the Second World War, the Independent State of Croatia was the scene of intense guerrilla warfare as well as a programme of ethnic cleansing undertaken primarily, though not exclusively, by the Croatian state under the control of the Ustaša fascist party. This article investigates the Wehrmacht’s contrasting perceptions of its own violence in the anti-partisan war and its views of the Ustaša’s assault on Croatia’s Serb minority. The author argues that these different views emanated from the Wehrmacht’s conviction that its strategic concepts offered the only correct strategy for the prosecution of modern warfare. As the key to victory, Wehrmacht staff officers emphasized the maximization of force on the operational level. By contrast, the Ustaša state pursued a strategy of nationalizing war that moved away from Wehrmacht strategic concepts and infuriated Wehrmacht staff officers. Moreover, the Wehrmacht employed a starkly different vocabulary in describing its own violence and Ustaša violence. These descriptions more deeply entrenched the Wehrmacht’s sense of difference regarding the two types of violence. By examining the Wehrmacht’s views of violence, this article suggests that factors other than anti-Slavic racism more strongly determined the way in which the Wehrmacht both perceived and acted out violence in Eastern Europe.
NATION, ANTI-ENLIGHTENMENT, AND RELIGIOUS REVIVAL IN AUSTRIA: TYROL IN THE 1790s
Authors: COLE LAURENCE
Published: July 2002

By taking the Austrian province of Tyrol as a case-study, the article explores the
relationship between Enlightenment, anti-Enlightenment, and national sentiments in and around the
1790s. Characterized by economic crisis and political turbulence, this period had profound consequences
for the formation of national and regional identities amongst the region's German-speaking majority.
In reaction to the challenges posed first by the centralist reforms in the Habsburg monarchy, and
secondly the experience of the French Revolutionary Wars, the local nobility and clergy articulated a
greater Tyrolian provincial consciousness, and also a stronger sense of their German identity. The
mobilizing experience created by Tyrol's fight against the invading French armies meant that these
sentiments were disseminated among and articulated by broader sections of the German-Tyrolian
population as well. The article assesses the meanings and nuances of regional consciousness, local
patriotism, German identity, and dynastic loyalty, and argues that national feeling in Tyrol was
strongly influenced by anti-Enlightenment political and social forces.
CONSUMPTION AND CONSUMERISM IN
EARLY MODERN ENGLAND
Authors: PENNELL SARA
Published: July 2002

Consumption studies have arguably transformed the study of early modern cultural
history in the past three decades, with the championing of previously neglected sources, application of
interdisciplinary approaches, and exploration of the mentalities of acquisition, ownership, and use.
But does the accumulation of writing about consuming and consumption in this period amount to much
more than the historical equivalent of window-shopping? It is argued here that greater attention to the
consumers as much as the consumed, to the motivations for consuming rather than the act of
consumption alone, offers a way out of the explanatory cul-de-sac reached by over-indulgence in the
early modern ‘world of goods’.
THE SOVIET COMMISSARIAT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND THE
CZECHOSLOVAKIAN CRISIS IN 1938: NEW MATERIAL FROM THE SOVIET
ARCHIVES
Authors: STEINER ZARA
Published: July 2002

This article is based on documents in the archives of the Soviet Commissariat of Foreign
Affairs, many of which have not been previously published. This extra material allows one to see the
development of Soviet policy at closer hand though there is still much that remains obscure. The
correspondence between Litvinov, the Commissar for Foreign Affairs, and Stalin, despite the absence
of the latter's answers, is particularly valuable as it further illuminates their working relationship and
reveals some of the differences between them. The exchanges between Litvinov in Moscow and the
Soviet polpred, Alexandrovsky, in Prague show clearly that the latter was repeatedly cautioned
against encouraging the Czech leaders to think that they could rely on the unilateral assistance of the
USSR. They reveal, too, the degree to which Litvinov and Potemkin, a deputy commissar, felt that
Fierlinger, the Czech minister in Moscow, was misrepresenting the Soviet position in this respect.
Additional evidence cited here confirms earlier views that the Soviet leadership was not prepared to act
independently of France or outside the League of Nations even when the opportunities for assisting
Czechoslovakia were available. The article ends on a cautionary note, pointing out the limitations of
the foreign ministry archives as a guide to the inner dynamics of Soviet diplomacy.
CHRISTOPHER S. TAYLOR, In the Vicinity of the Righteous: Ziy―ara and the Veneration of Muslim Saints in Late Medieval Egypt, Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts, vol. 32 (Leiden, Boston, Cologne: E. J. Brill, 1999). Pp. 280. $93.50 cloth.
Authors: Shoshan Boaz
Published: July 2002

This book, based on a Ph.D. thesis submitted at Princeton University about ten years ago, is a welcome contribution to historians' relatively narrow preoccupation with Islam as practiced rather than the Islam of textual production. Its author, currently associate professor of religious studies at Drew University, sets out to describe and analyze a vital practice of Islamic piety that is the cult of Muslim dead “saints” (ziy―ara) in Egypt between 1200 and 1500 C.E. The choice of the topic is certainly pertinent, for, as Taylor notes, the saint phenomenon has not received the study it deserves. Goldziher's pioneering article, although written more than 100 years ago, remains to a large extent unsurpassed, and most of the research since has been done on the geographic peripheries of the Islamic world and largely in a modern context.
A CHIEFTAINCY DISPUTE AND RITUAL MURDER IN ELMINA, GHANA, 1945–6
Authors: GOCKING ROGER
Published: July 2002

Between 6.30 and 7.00 a.m. on Monday morning, 19 March 1945 the body
of a young girl of ten was found on the beach a short distance from the town
of Elmina at a popular bathing spot known as Akotobinsin. According to the
coroner, she had been dead for between 24 and 48 hours. There was no water
in her lungs or stomach which indicated that she had not died by drowning.
Instead, her upper and lower lips, both cheeks, both eyes, her private parts
and anus, and several elliptical pieces of skin from different parts of her body
had been removed. Many of these wounds exposed large blood vessels and
the coroner concluded that ‘death was due to shock and hemorrhage’. She
was identified as Ama Krakraba who had been missing since the evening of
Saturday, 17 March. Her frantic mother had immediately suspected foul
play and had confronted Kweku Ewusie, the Regent of the Edina State, who
was later accused of having ‘enticed’ the young girl to the third floor of
Bridge House, where he lived, ‘by the ruse of sending her out on an errand
to buy tobacco’. There she had been murdered so that her body parts could
be used to make ‘medicine’ to help the Regent's faction win a court case that
was critical for their political standing in Elmina. On the 24 March, after a
preliminary investigation, the colony's attorney-general brought charges of
murder against Kweku Ewusie and four others from Elmina: Joe Smith,
Herbert Krakue, Nana Appram Esson, alias Joseph Bracton Johnson, and
Akodei Mensah. They were tried at the Accra Criminal Assizes from 16 May
to 2 June, found guilty of first degree murder and sentenced to be hanged.
The West African Court of Appeal turned down their appeal on 28 June 1945
as did the Privy Council on 14 January 1946. On 1 February 1946, Kweku
Ewusie, Joe Smith and Herbert Krakue were hanged at James Fort in Accra,
and on 2 February, J. B. Johnson and Akodei Mensah met the same fate.
Effect of phosphorus fertilization and foliar application of chelated zinc and calcium on seed, protein and oil yields and oil properties of cotton
Authors: SAWAN Z. M. , HAFEZ S. A. , BASYONY A. E.
Published: July 2002

Field experiments were conducted during two successive seasons in the Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt (a clay loam soil), to study the effects of phosphorus fertilization (addition at rates of 44 and 74kg of P2O5/ha) and foliar application of zinc (at 0·0 and 40ppm of Zn applied twice, 75 and 90 days after planting) and calcium (at 0·0, 20, 40, and 60ppm of Ca applied twice, 80 and 95 days after planting) on seed, protein and oil yields and oil properties of the Egyptian cotton cultivar Giza 75. Application of P at the high rate and spraying plants with zinc and calcium at any concentration increased cottonseed yield/ha, seed index, seed oil content, oil and protein yields/ha, seed oil unsaponifiable matter, and total unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic). Conversely, decreases in oil acid value, saponification value and total saturated fatty acids occurred. The seed protein and oil refractive index tended to increase when the high P rate and Zn were applied. Seed protein content tended to decrease slightly with Ca application. Regardless of the slight decrease in protein content as a result of Ca application, the yield of protein increased, due to the fact that there was an obvious increase in seed yield which counterbalanced the negative effect of the decrease in protein content. The highest Ca concentration (60ppm) gave the highest values of cottonseed yield/ha, seed index, seed oil and protein yields/ha and oil unsaponifiable matter, followed by the concentration of 40ppm. The concentration of 40ppm gave the lowest total saturated fatty acids. The effect of Ca concentrations on oil refractive index was very limited.