bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Male reproductive health and intergenerational metabolic responses from a small RNA perspective
Authors: Nätt D. , Öst A.
Published: May 2020

The world has recently experienced a decline in male reproductive (e.g. sperm counts and motility) and metabolic (e.g. obesity and diabetes) health. Accumulated evidence from animal models also shows that the metabolic health of the father may influence the metabolic health in his offspring. Vectors for such paternal intergenerational metabolic responses (IGMRs) involve small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) that often increase in spermatozoa during the last days of maturation in the epididymis. We and others have shown that the metabolic state – depending on factors such as diet, obesity and physical exercise – may affect sperm quality and sperm sncRNA. Together, this suggests that there are overlapping aetiologies between the male metabolic syndrome, male factor infertility and intergenerational responses. In this review, we present a theoretical framework for an overlap of these aetiologies by exploring the advances in our understanding of the roles of sncRNA in spermatogenesis and offspring development. A special focus will lie on novel findings about tRNA‐derived small RNA (tsRNA), rRNA‐derived small RNA (rsRNA) and small mitochondrial RNA (mitoRNA), and their emerging roles in intergenerational metabolic and reproductive health.
Participation as a Framework for Analysing Consumers’ Experiences of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
Authors: Williams Jane , Gill Chris , Creutzfeldt Naomi , Vivian Nial
Published: May 2020

This article argues that an analytic framework based on participation is useful for analysing consumer experiences of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), providing a complementary approach to analyses drawing on procedural justice theory. The argument is developed by applying McKeever's ‘ladder of legal participation’ (LLP)1 to a qualitative data set consisting of interviews with United Kingdom consumers. The article concludes that applying the LLP in the consumer ADR context results in novel empirical and theoretical insights. Empirically, it demonstrates that – even in low‐value and transactional disputes – consumers expect high levels of participation from ADR. Theoretically, it argues that the LLP complements existing approaches by providing an unifying lens through which to study consumer experiences by emphasizing the importance of participation, not only as a process value but also in shaping outcomes highlighting the distinction between genuine and tokenistic provision of ADR.
The impact of oro‐facial pain conditions on oral health‐related quality of life: A systematic review
Authors: Oghli Ibrahim , List Thomas , Su Naichuan , Häggman‐Henrikson Birgitta
Published: May 2020

Pain in the oro‐facial region is one of the most common reasons for patients to seek dental treatment. Oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) can be affected not only by pain, but also by other oral disorders. Four main dimensions, Oral Function, Orofacial Pain, Orofacial Appearance and Psychosocial Impact, have been suggested to cover different areas of OHRQoL. The aim of this systematic review was to map the impact of oro‐facial pain conditions on the Orofacial Pain dimension of OHRQoL (PROSPERO registration: CRD42017064033). Studies were included if they reported Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) mean or median domain scores for patients with odontogenic pain, oral mucosal pain/burning mouth syndrome (BMS), third molar extractions or temporomandibular disorders (TMD). A search in PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL and PsycINFO on 8 June 2017, updated 14 January 2019, combined with a hand search identified 2104 articles. After screening of abstracts, 1607 articles were reviewed in full text and 36 articles were included that reported OHIP data for 44 patient populations including 5849 patients. Typical Orofacial Pain impact for all four conditions (odontogenic pain, oral mucosal pain/BMS, pain after third molar extractions and TMD) was between 2 and 3 on a 0‐8 converted OHIP scale with the highest reported impact for pain after 3rd molar extractions. This review provides standardised information about OHRQoL impact from four oro‐facial pain conditions as a model for the Orofacial Pain dimension. The results show moderate impact for the pain dimension of OHRQoL in patients with common oro‐facial pain conditions.
The Bicameral Brain and Theological Ethics: An Initial Exploration
Authors: Lawler Michael G. , Salzman Todd A.
Published: May 2020

Pope John Paul II called for an intense dialogue between science and theology, “a common interactive relationship,” in which each discipline is “open to the discoveries and insights of the other” while retaining its own integrity. This essay seeks to be responsive to that call and is an initial exploration of relationships between contemporary neuroscience and Catholic theological ethics. It examines neuroscientific data on the bicameral brain and theological ethical data on marital ethics, including divorce and remarriage, and asks what insight the former might provide into both the latter and the different ethical methods that respond to marital ethics. The analysis is undertaken in the hope of illuminating a pathway that opens the insights of one way of doing theological ethics to the insights of another way, thereby eliminating the unnecessary, unhelpful, and sometimes un‐Christian polarizations that presently separate them.
“We Need Something Different”
Authors: Gray Hillel
Published: May 2020

This article examines responses to the controversial picketing and media‐savvy provocations of the Westboro Baptist Church (WBC). Since WBC’s conduct is widely perceived as cruel, people often respond with anger and animosity, which reinforce WBC’s self‐representation as a persecuted church. Conversely, I have engaged Westboro Baptists in interviews that function as “bridging conversations.” This methodology centers on critical‐empathic listening, comparative religious ethics, and a disciplined restraint from expressing moral judgment. I argue that this response is supported by the data and understandings obtained, metapragmatic commentary, my rapport with churchgoers, and evidence of their empathy. In conclusion, I gauge the methodology’s risks and consider its expansion, for example, with undergraduates who have joined our conversations. In an era of polarized discourse, nonjudgmental listening is a counter‐intuitive response that troubles entrenched binaries, including the public fashioning of WBC as a dehumanized enemy.
Justice, Virtue, and Power in Democratic Conflict
Authors: Kellison Rosemary
Published: May 2020

The question of how to respond to the deep political divides in the United States today has resulted in the emergence of two camps. On one side are those who argue that the cultivation of civic virtues like civility will lead to more respectful interpersonal relationships through which consensus and mutual understanding can be built. On the other are those who argue that our commitment to justice is primary and may require uncivil behavior to disrupt and change unjust structural relationships. In Healthy Conflict in Contemporary American Society, Jason Springs helps to bridge the divide between these two positions. Because he takes a relational approach that centers both interpersonal and structural relationships, Springs makes both mutual respect and just structures central to his conception of healthy conflict. Taking relationality seriously thus helps to overcome this impasse, but it also raises significant questions about the impact of asymmetrical relationships on citizens’ responsibilities to engage in healthy conflict.
Anxiety in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Authors: McMahon Jane , Harvey Adrienne , Reid Susan M , May Tamara , Antolovich Giuliana
Published: May 2020

Aims

To describe the prevalence of, and factors associated with, anxiety in 6–18‐year‐old children with cerebral palsy (CP) and determine how often clinicians screen for and manage anxiety in this group.

Methods

Using a population CP register as the sampling pool, 569 families were approached by email, and 172 (mean age of children 12 years 7 months [SD 3 years 5 months]; 96 males) participated. Parents and, where able, children completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Parents also completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Children's medical records were searched for previous anxiety diagnoses and treatments.

Results

Clinically significant anxiety was identified in 38% of children on parent reports and 46% on child reports. Girls were twice as likely to have anxiety (p = 0.02). Parent‐ and child‐reported scores were strongly correlated (r = 0.853). Fewer parents of children with intellectual and communication impairments completed the survey. Based on the SCARED parent reports, anxiety was not identified by a clinician in 16 children (43%) with clinically significant anxiety.

Conclusion

Anxiety symptoms are prominent among children with CP, indicating a need for routine screening. Available screening tools are unsuitable for children with more severe limitations in cognition and communication; further research is needed to address this gap.
Risk factors of excessive daytime sleepiness in a prospective population‐based cohort
Authors: Berger Mathieu , Hirotsu Camila , Haba‐Rubio Jose , Betta Monica , Bernardi Giulio , Siclari Francesca , Waeber Gerard , Vollenweider Peter , Marques‐Vidal Pedro , Heinzer Raphael
Published: May 2020

Although excessive daytime sleepiness is commonly evaluated in clinical and research settings using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, few studies have assessed the factors associated with its incidence in the general population. We prospectively investigated the predictors of incident and persistent excessive daytime sleepiness in 2,751 subjects (46.1% men, mean age 56.0 ± 9.8 years) from the CoLaus‐PsyCoLaus population‐based cohort (Lausanne, Switzerland) over 5 years. Participants completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and underwent a full clinical evaluation at baseline and 5 years afterwards. Ambulatory polysomnography was performed at baseline in a sub‐sample of 1,404 subjects. Among the 2,438 subjects without excessive daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale ≤ 10) at baseline, the 5‐year incidence of excessive daytime sleepiness was 5.1% (n = 124). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that male sex, depressive symptoms, reported poor sleep quality and moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea were independent predictors of incident excessive daytime sleepiness, while older age, moderate coffee consumption, periodic leg movement during sleep and hypertension were independent protective factors. Stratified analysis according to sex and age showed some distinctive associations. Among the 313 patients with excessive daytime sleepiness at baseline, 137 (43.8%) had persistent excessive daytime sleepiness 5 years later. Our findings provide new insights into the predictors of incident excessive daytime sleepiness, but interventional studies are needed to understand the impact of treating these risk factors on the incidence of excessive daytime sleepiness.
Phenotypic characterization of paroxysmal dyskinesia in Maltese dogs
Authors: Polidoro Dakir , Van Ham Luc , Santens Patrick , Cornelis Ine , Charalambous Marios , Broeckx Bart J. G. , Bhatti Sofie F. M.
Published: May 2020

Background

Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PDs) are a group of central nervous system diseases characterized by episodes of abnormal involuntary hyperkinetic movement without altered consciousness that increasingly have been recognized in dogs.

Objectives

To present the phenotypical characterization, treatment, and outcome of a PD observed in Maltese dogs.

Animals

Client‐owned Maltese dogs (n = 19) with presumed diagnosis of PD.

Methods

Data were collected retrospectively from medical records (2014‐2019), and supporting information was added prospectively by using a questionnaire directed to the owners of the affected dogs.

Results

The episodes were characterized mainly by sudden dystonia of ≥1 limbs and generalized body tremors with preserved consciousness. The mean age of clinical onset was 5.4 years. Episode frequency varied widely both among and within individuals. Median episode duration was 4.5 minutes. Most episodes were stress‐ or exercise‐induced. Acetazolamide was administered to 6 dogs, and 4 dogs experienced a decrease in episode frequency. In 7 dogs that received a gluten‐free diet, 6 dogs became episode‐free. In 4 dogs, the episodes stopped spontaneously and in 2 dogs no medication or specific diet was given and the episodes continued at the same frequency.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Given the breed predisposition and regional distribution of the disease, additional research should focus on elucidating the underlying genetic cause doing so might advance both our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of this disease, not only in dogs, but also in humans. Regardless of the treatment protocol selected, prognosis appears fair to good.
Sperm telomere length correlates with blood telomeres and body size in red‐sided garter snakes,Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis
Authors: Rollings N. , Waye H. L. , Krohmer R. W , Uhrig E. J. , Mason R. T. , Olsson M. , Whittington C. M. , Friesen C. R.
Published: May 2020

Telomeres, tandem repeats of TTAGGG at the ends of chromosomes, are highly dynamic structures that shorten in response to a variety of factors, including organismal stress and tissue‐specific growth rates. Cell turnover rates are frequently linked to their functions, resource availability and telomere dynamics. Using male red‐sided garter snakes,Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, as a model, we investigated the relationship between telomere length in sperm cells, blood cells telomere length and a growth proxy (age‐adjusted body length and mass). This relationship is interesting because snakes exhibit indeterminate growth and because these garter snakes have a dissociated reproductive cycle where spermatogenesis occurs months prior to the mating season. In this study, we determined sperm telomere length (STL) and male age using qPCR and skeletochronology, respectively. Sperm telomere length correlated positively with snout–vent length (SVL) and with age‐adjusted SVL as a proxy for growth rate (residuals of size against age regression, hereafter growth), but not with age. Although an individual’s STL is correlated with blood telomere length (BTL), sperm telomeres are 60% longer than blood telomeres. In previous work, we have shown that BTL is shorter in older males and unrelated to SVL or any growth rate proxies. We hypothesized that STL is related to growth and SVL because growth and sperm production both occur during summer when resources are most abundant and stress lowest. This study is the first to compare telomere dynamics between cell types in a snake and supports growing evidence that telomere dynamics may be highly tissue‐specific and driven by the life‐history strategy of an organism.
Women who undergo liver transplant have longer length of stay post‐transplant compared with men
Authors: Rubin Jessica B. , Cullaro Giuseppe , Ge Jin , Lai Jennifer C.
Published: May 2020

Background

Women on the liver transplant waitlist are at greater risk of hospitalization compared with men, but whether this impacts length of stay (LOS) post‐transplant is unknown. We aimed to evaluate gender disparities in post‐transplant LOS, an important surrogate of health resource utilization post‐transplant.

Methods

Using the UNOS/OPTN registry, we analysed all non‐Status 1 adult deceased donor liver transplant recipients without exception points from 2008 to 2017. Poisson regression associated female gender with post‐transplant LOS.

Results

Of 27 294 transplant recipients, 36% were women. Women were more likely to be hospitalized pretransplant than men (44% vs 39%, P < .01). Post‐transplant, women were more likely to have prolonged (≥20d) LOS (25% vs 22%, P < .01). In univariable analysis, female gender was associated with longer post‐transplant LOS (IRR 1.09, 95%CI 1.06‐1.12, P < .01). Prolonged pretransplant admission was also associated with post‐transplant LOS (IRR 1.83, 95%CI 1.77‐1.89, P < .01). In multivariable analysis, female gender remained independently associated with post‐transplant LOS (aIRR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02‐1.08, P < .01), after adjustment for age, UNOS region, insurance type, MELDNa, cirrhosis complications, and donor risk index. Pretransplant hospitalization mediated this relationship, explaining 14.1% (95%CI 9.7%‐25.4%) of the total effect.

Conclusions

Women who undergo deceased donor liver transplant have increased healthcare utilization in the peritransplant period compared with men. Reducing gender disparities in liver transplantation, including the disproportionate burden of healthcare utilization by women pre‐ and post‐transplant, will require interventions targeted at preventing hospitalization among women on the transplant waitlist and developing tools aimed at better characterizing the severity of end‐stage liver disease in women.
High MHC gene copy number maintains diversity despite homozygosity in a Critically Endangered single‐island endemic bird, but no evidence of MHC‐based mate choice
Authors: Stervander Martin , Dierickx Elisa G. , Thorley Jack , Brooke M. de L. , Westerdahl Helena
Published: May 2020

Small population sizes can, over time, put species at risk due to the loss of genetic variation and the deleterious effects of inbreeding. Losing diversity in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) could be particularly harmful, given its key role in the immune system. Here, we assess MHC class I (MHC‐I) diversity and its effects on mate choice and survival in the Critically Endangered Raso lark Alauda razae, a species restricted to the 7 km2 islet of Raso, Cape Verde, since ~1460, whose population size has dropped as low as 20 pairs. Exhaustively genotyping 122 individuals, we find no effect of MHC‐I genotype/diversity on mate choice or survival. However, we demonstrate that MHC‐I diversity has been maintained through extreme bottlenecks by retention of a high number of gene copies (at least 14), aided by cosegregation of multiple haplotypes comprising 2–8 linked MHC‐I loci. Within‐locus homozygosity is high, contributing to low population‐wide diversity. Conversely, each individual had comparably many alleles, 6–16 (average 11), and the large and divergent haplotypes occur at high frequency in the population, resulting in high within‐individual MHC‐I diversity. This functional immune gene diversity will be of critical importance for this highly threatened species’ adaptive potential.
The switch complex ArlCDE connects the chemotaxis system and the archaellum
Authors: Li Zhengqun , Rodriguez‐Franco Marta , Albers Sonja‐Verena , Quax Tessa E. F.
Published: May 2020

Cells require a sensory system and a motility structure to achieve directed movement. Bacteria and archaea possess rotating filamentous motility structures that work in concert with the sensory chemotaxis system. This allows microorganisms to move along chemical gradients. The central response regulator protein CheY can bind to the motor of the motility structure, the flagellum in bacteria, and the archaellum in archaea. Both motility structures have a fundamentally different protein composition and structural organization. Yet, both systems receive input from the chemotaxis system. So far, it was unknown how the signal is transferred from the archaeal CheY to the archaellum motor to initiate motor switching. We applied a fluorescent microscopy approach in the model euryarchaeon Haloferax volcanii and shed light on the sequence order in which signals are transferred from the chemotaxis system to the archaellum. Our findings indicate that the euryarchaeal‐specific ArlCDE are part of the archaellum motor and that they directly receive input from the chemotaxis system via the adaptor protein CheF. Hence, ArlCDE are an important feature of the archaellum of euryarchaea, are essential for signal transduction during chemotaxis and represent the archaeal switch complex.
Did Christ die for Neanderthals?
Authors: Gaine Simon Francis
Published: May 2020

The discovery that Neanderthals once existed raises the question of their relationship with homo sapiens. Neanderthals have been studied in various disciplines, giving rise to a range of opinions about them. This article raises the question in a theological perspective, asking what a Thomist should make of the status of Neanderthals, whether they were created in the image of God and Christ died for their sins. Having examined what light might be thrown on their status by that of angels and aliens, it is asked whether Neanderthals are part of the same human family as sapiens. Genetics has shown that sapiens and Neanderthals had offspring, leaving Eurasian sapiens with about two per cent Neanderthal DNA, including our Lady, and implying that, when the Word became flesh, the Word became partly Neanderthal. Since reconciling Catholic teaching on Monogenism with the results of population genetics implies interbreeding between humans properly defined by a subsistent immaterial soul and a wider population, there is reason to ask whether the meeting of Neanderthals and sapiens may also have been an example of interbreeding. Possible evidence for Neanderthals possessing a subsistent immaterial soul, and so being part of the same human family as sapiens, is assessed.
Elucidating the function of brain resting‐state networks and their relation to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases
Authors: Yamashita Ken‐ichiro
Published: May 2020

At the end of the 1990s, PET studies revealed synchronized deactivation during cognitive tasks in a network of dissociated brain regions named the default mode network. In addition to default mode network deactivation during cognitive tasks, hyperactivation of the default mode network during non‐cognitive activities such as mind‐wandering state has been revealed by resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Progress in magnetic resonance imaging devices and analysis methods have allowed the physiological dynamics of functional brain networks to be elucidated as either task‐negative resting‐state networks such as the default mode network or task‐positive networks. Moreover, the anatomical overlap between brain areas with reduced mental load‐dependent default mode network deactivation and those with amyloid beta protein deposition in patients with Alzheimer's disease suggests a close interaction between abnormalities in functional connectivity and aggregation of the pathological protein. Apart from Alzheimer's disease, recent resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have additionally revealed associations not only of dysfunctional resting‐state networks with neurodegenerative diseases, but also with various psychiatric disorders. Below we outline the physiological characteristics of brain resting‐state networks and their relation to the progression of neuropsychiatric diseases. The aim of this paper was to provide evidence that resting‐state networks are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of human cognitive function.
This paper might change your mind
Authors: Dever Josh , Schiller Henry Ian
Published: May 2020

Linguistic intervention in rational decision making is standardly captured in terms of information change. But the standard view gives us no way to model interventions involving expressions that only have an attentional effects on conversational contexts. How are expressions with non‐informational content – like epistemic modals – used to intervene in rational decision making? We show how to model rational decision change without information change: replace a standard conception of value (on which the value of a set of worlds reduces to values of individual worlds in the set) with one on which the value of a set of worlds is determined by a selection function that picks out agenericmember world. We discuss some upshots of this view for theorizing in philosophy and formal semantics.
Woody tissue photosynthesis delays drought stress in Populus tremula trees and maintains starch reserves in branch xylem tissues
Authors: De Roo Linus , Salomón Roberto Luis , Oleksyn Jacek , Steppe Kathy
Published: May 2020

Photosynthesis in woody tissues (Pwt) is less sensitive to water shortage than in leaves, hence, Pwt might be a crucial carbon source to alleviate drought stress. To evaluate the impact of Pwt on tree drought tolerance, woody tissues of 4‐m‐tall drought‐stressed Populus tremula trees were subjected to a light‐exclusion treatment across the entire plant to inhibit Pwt.

Xylem water potential (Ψxylem), sap flow (

), leaf net photosynthesis (Pn,l), stem diameter variations (ΔD), in vivo acoustic emissions in stems (AEs) and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations ([NSC]) were monitored to comprehensively assess water and carbon relations at whole‐tree level.

Under well‐watered conditions, Pwt kept Ψxylem at a higher level, lowered

and had no effect on [NSC]. Under drought, Ψxylem,

and Pn,l in light‐excluded trees rapidly decreased in concert with reductions in branch xylem starch concentration. Moreover, sub‐daily patterns of ΔD,

and AEs were strongly related, suggesting that in vivo AEs may inform not only about embolism events, but also about capacitive release and replenishment of stem water pools.

Results highlight the importance of Pwt in maintaining xylem hydraulic integrity under drought conditions and in sustaining NSC pools to potentially limit increases in xylem tension.
Biological factors associating pulp necrosis and sickle cell anemia
Authors: Costa Cyrene Piazera Silva , Thomaz Érika Bárbara Abreu Fonseca , Ribeiro Cecília Cláudia Costa , Souza Soraia de Fátima Carvalho
Published: May 2020

Background

This study was conducted to investigate the biological factors underlying the association between pulp necrosis (PN) in subjects with permanent teeth with intact crowns and sickle cell anemia (SCA).

Methods

This cohort study included 140 subjects: 125 without PN and 15 with PN. A theoretical model was built to explore the following biological factors involved in the association between PN and SCA, namely (a) increased number of sickle cell crises in the previous year (No. SCCs/year), (b) low percentage of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) in the body, and (c) comorbidities (CoMs). The theoretical model for testing associations was analyzed by structural equation modeling.

Results

PN was associated with CoMs (SFL = 1.115; p = .032) but not with No. SCCs/year (SFL = .127; p = .596) or body SpO2 (SFL = −.102; p = .485). The prevalence rates of osteoarticular lesions (p = .009) and death

(p<.001) were significantly higher in subjects with PN than in those without.

Conclusions

Comorbidities, primarily osteoarticular lesions, are associated with PN in permanent teeth with intact crowns of patients with SCA. PN can be considered an indicator of the lethality of SCA.
Clinical Outcome of Free Vascularized Fibula Graft in the Surgical Treatment of Extremity Osteosarcoma
Authors: Xu Leilei , Wen Li , Qiao Jun , Zhu Zezhang , Qiu Yong , Xiong Jin , Mao Haijun , Wang Shoufeng
Published: May 2020

Objective

To determine the clinical outcome and complications associated with use of free vascularized fibular graft (FVFG) in the resection and reconstruction of extremity osteosarcoma (OS).

Methods

This is a retrospective study recruiting a consecutive series of 18 patients who had undergone resection of extremity OS between May 2009 and June 2017 in our clinic center. Reconstruction of the bone defect with FVFG was performed for each patient. Surgery‐related complications and time of bone union were recorded at the follow‐up visit. The functional outcome of the reconstructed limb was assessed with the musculoskeletal tumor society (MSTS) scoring system. Patients were further classified into low extremity group and upper extremity group according to the tumor location. The Student t‐test was used to compare the surgical outcome between the two subgroups.

Results

There were 11 males and seven females with an average age of 25.9 ± 14.2 years. The mean length of the bone resection was 11.9 ± 4.1 cm. The mean follow‐up duration was 3.1 ± 1.2 years. As for tumor location, six cases were located in the femur, five in the tibia, four in the humerus, two in the ulna, and one in the radius. All the patients had successful graft healing at an average of 4.9 months after surgery. At the 2‐year follow‐up, an excellent functional outcome was observed in 88.9% of the patients (n = 16). The mean score of MSTS was 27.0 ± 4.6. Screw loosening and autograft fracture were observed in one patient with femur tumor, who had a low MSTS score of 11. Besides, there were three cases with delayed incision healing. Patients with lower extremity OS were found to have significantly longer duration of hospital stay and more blood loss than those with upper extremity OS. The incidence of postoperative complication was higher in the lower extremity group but with marginal significance (0% vs 36.3%, P = 0.1). There was no significant difference regarding time to bone union and the functional outcome as indicated by MSTS score.

Conclusions

FVFG technique can be effectively applied to the reconstruction of bone defects after OS resection with satisfactory functional outcome and low incidence of complications.
Milk allergy most burdensome in multi‐food allergic children
Authors: Abrams Elissa Michele , Kim Harold , Gerdts Jennifer , Protudjer Jennifer Lisa Penner
Published: May 2020

Background

Food allergy is a substantial health burden, which disproportionately affects children. Among children with food allergy, as many as 70% have multiple food allergies. Whereas the overall burden of food allergy on quality of life has been described, little is known about the burden of individual allergens. We aimed to examine the perception of burden among families with multiple food‐allergic children.

Methods

Parents of children with 1 + children with multiple food allergies including milk responded to online questions, including both open‐ended and closed‐ended questions on food allergy–related burdens of time, financial costs, social restrictions, and emotional demands.

Results

Overall, 64 children (69.8% boys) of whom (73.0%) most were aged 10 and younger were included. Most had been diagnosed with food allergy in infancy and by a (pediatric) allergist. Other common allergies included peanut (65.6%), tree nuts (57.8%), egg (76.6%), and sesame (31.3%). Quantitatively, milk allergy was reported as carrying the most burden, including most socially limiting (81.5%), requiring the most planning (75.9%), causing the most anxiety (68.5%), most challenging to find “safe” or allergy‐friendly foods (72.2%), and costly (81.5%). Qualitatively, we identified five themes that captured burdens associated with costs, marketing of milk products to children, risk of cross‐contamination, ubiquity of milk/dairy and public confusion with lactose intolerance, and an unwillingness of others to accommodate the allergy.

Conclusion

Parents whose children have multiple food allergies, including milk, report milk as the allergy associated with the greatest time, financial, social, and emotional burdens.
A fungal effector and a rice NLR protein have antagonistic effects on a Bowman–Birk trypsin inhibitor
Authors: Zhang Chongyang , Fang Hong , Shi Xuetao , He Feng , Wang Ruyi , Fan Jiangbo , Bai Pengfei , Wang Jiyang , Park Chan‐Ho , Bellizzi Maria , Zhou Xueping , Wang Guo‐Liang , Ning Yuese
Published: May 2020

Bowman–Birk trypsin inhibitors (BBIs) play important roles in animal and plant immunity, but how these protease inhibitors are involved in the immune system remains unclear. Here, we show that the rice (Oryza sativa) BBI protein APIP4 is a common target of a fungal effector and an NLR receptor for innate immunity. APIP4 exhibited trypsin inhibitor activity in vitro and in vivo. Knockout of APIP4 in rice enhanced susceptibility, and overexpression of APIP4 increased resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. The M. oryzae effector AvrPiz‐t interacted with APIP4 and suppressed APIP4 trypsin inhibitor activity. By contrast, the rice NLR protein Piz‐t interacted with APIP4, enhancing APIP4 transcript and protein levels, and protease inhibitor activity. Our findings reveal a novel host defence mechanism in which a host protease inhibitor targeted by a fungal pathogen is protected by an NLR receptor.
Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex on risk‐taking behavior
Authors: Khaleghi Ali , Pirzad Jahromi Gila , Zarafshan Hadi , Mostafavi Seyed‐Ali , Mohammadi Mohammad Reza
Published: May 2020

Aim

Recent cognitive neuroscience research shows that noninvasive brain stimulation can modify a wide range of behaviors in healthy people. Such regulation effects on human behaviors provide new insights into the neurobiology of cognitive processes and establish causal brain–behavior relations. Here, we aimed to examine the effects of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) of the prefrontal cortex on risk‐taking.

Methods

We performed a systematic search on the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases with appropriate keywords for original studies reporting the use of TES to modulate risk‐taking behavior in healthy individuals. Then, in the meta‐analysis phase, a random‐effects model was used to measure the pooled effect size (ES).

Results

Twenty articles were evaluated as eligible studies, including 16 articles on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), two on transcranial alternating current stimulation, one on transcranial pulsed current stimulation, and one on high‐definition tDCS. A meta‐analysis showed a pooled estimated standardized ES of −0.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], –0.39 to −0.01), which indicates a small ES for active tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in comparison to sham stimulation (z = 2.31, P = 0.03) in terms of less risky behaviors. Subgroup analysis showed that there is no significant ES for bilateral DLPFC stimulation (d = −0.01; 95%CI, –0.28 to 0.26), but a significant near‐medium ES for unilateral DLPFC stimulation (d = −0.41; 95%CI, –0.71 to −0.10).

Conclusion

Our findings support a significant impact of neuroregulation of the DLPFC on risk‐taking behavior in healthy individuals. Unilateral noninvasive electrical stimulation of the DLPFC can result in a conservative risk‐averse response style, probably through modulating plasticity of the relevant brain networks, including cortical and subcortical structures, as well as increasing subcortical dopaminergic activity.
Attachment and resource sharing
Authors: Gillath Omri , Atchley Ruthann , Imran Ali , Haj‐Mohamadi Parnia , El‐Hodiri Mohamed
Published: May 2020

In three studies we examined the associations between resource sharing (RS) and attachment, and the enhancement of RS using attachment security primes. In Study 1, we showed that attachment avoidance was negatively associated with RS. We also identified differences and similarities between RS and pro‐sociality. In Studies 2 and 3, we showed that research participants were more likely to share their monetary resources after they were primed with attachment security. Study 3 further revealed that security priming affected mainly people low on state attachment anxiety. Our findings extend previous work on pro‐sociality into the specific realm of RS, provide behavioral evidence, and tie attachment and close relationships in with game theory and research on economic decision making.
Impact of donor preprocurement cardiac arrest on clinical outcomes in pediatric deceased donor liver transplantation
Authors: Schroering Joel R. , Hathaway Taylor J. , Kubal Chandrashekhar A. , Ekser Burcin , Mihaylov Plamen , Mangus Richard S.
Published: May 2020

PPCA has historically been considered detrimental to donor quality in LT, but transplantation of grafts from this group of donors is now routine. Our study aims to evaluate the outcomes associated with use of donors with a history of PPCA in the pediatric population. This study is a single‐center retrospective analysis of all pediatric LTs performed over an 18‐year period. Donors and recipients were stratified by the presence and length of donor PPCA time. Preprocurement donor and post‐transplant recipient laboratory values were collected to assess the degree of ischemic liver injury associated with each donor group. Cox regression analysis was used to compare survival. The records for 130 deceased pediatric LT donors and corresponding recipients were reviewed. There were 73 (56%) non‐PPCA donors and 57 (44%) PPCA donors. Donors that experienced a PPCA event demonstrated a higher median, pretransplant peak alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (P < .001). When comparing post‐transplant recipient median ALT levels, donors with any PPCA had lower median peak ALT (P = .15) and day 3 ALT (P = .43) levels than the non‐PPCA group. Rates of early graft loss did not differ. The PPCA group with >40 minutes of ischemia had markedly lower survival at 10 years, but this finding did not reach statistical significance. Liver grafts from donors with or without PPCA demonstrated no statistically significant differences in function or survival. A history of donor PPCA alone should not be used as an exclusionary criterion in pediatric liver transplantation.
A multicenter survey on post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in pediatric heart transplant recipients: A case for development of consensus guidelines for screening, surveillance, and treatment?
Authors: Weisert Molly , Harake Danielle , Hede Sannya , Russell Matthew , Alejos Juan , Menteer JonDavid
Published: May 2020

Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are the main malignancy seen after pediatric heart transplant and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Prior to the development of detailed guidelines, we sought to identify trends in screening, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric PTLD. All Pediatric Heart Transplant Society (PHTS) institutions were surveyed. No identifiable patient information was shared. From 56 PHTS centers, 22 responses were received (39.3%). 100% agree PTLD cannot be diagnosed solely based on elevated Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) load. All respondents routinely screen for EBV by blood PCR, but frequency of screening varies. There was intermediate consensus regarding the use of computed tomography (CT) and/or positron emission tomography (PET) in surveillance management for PTLD. Most centers require a diagnostic biopsy before initiating new treatment for PTLD (14 of 18, 77.8%), but many reduce immune suppression based on elevated EBV without pathologic PTLD (16 of 22, 72.7%). Beyond immune modulation, rituximab is most commonly used (9 of 13, 69.2%). Consultation with oncology is common (17 of 17, 100%), but timing varies widely. Our survey highlights significant elements of agreement and significant practice variation among PHTS institutions regarding pediatric PTLD. Reduction of immune suppression prior to pathologic diagnosis of PTLD is a common management strategy. When this fails, rituximab is used, but is most often reserved until after confirmation of the diagnosis. Oncology subspecialists are commonly involved in these cases. Our findings highlight the need to develop improved guidelines for evaluation and treatment of pediatric PTLD.
BK virus encephalitis and end‐stage renal disease in a child with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Bush Rachel , Johns Felicia , Betty Zachary , Goldstein Steven , Horn Biljana , Shoemaker Lawrence , Upadhyay Kiran
Published: May 2020

BK virus encephalitis after HSCT is uncommon. Several reports of native kidney BKVN in patients with HSCT, hematologic malignancies, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and non‐renal solid organ transplantation have been described. However, an uncommon combination of BK encephalitis and ESRD of native kidneys secondary to BK virus in a child with HSCT has not been described. We report a 10‐year‐old boy who presented with a gradually rising serum creatinine during treatment for severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which he developed 9 months after receiving an allogeneic HSCT for aplastic anemia. There was no proteinuria or hematuria present. Serum BK virus load was 5 × 106 copies/mL. A renal biopsy showed evidence of BKVN. He developed fever, seizures, and confusion, and the (CSF) showed significant presence of the BK virus (1 × 106 copies/mL) along with biochemical evidence of viral encephalitis. Cerebrospinal fluid cultures were negative. Despite significant clinical symptoms and presence of BK virus in CSF, the magnetic resonance brain imaging findings were minimal. With reduction of immunosuppression, there was resolution of BK encephalitis but BKVN remained resistant to multiple anti‐BK virus agents, including leflunomide and cidofovir. He eventually became dialysis‐dependent and, 6 years later, received a renal transplant from his mother. This case illustrates that BK virus in severely immunocompromised HSCT recipient may lead to BK encephalitis and BKVN of native kidneys, even without hemorrhagic cystitis, leading to ESRD. Knowledge of such is important for appropriate timely evaluation and management.
Impact of Incorporating Returns into Pre‐Disaster Deployments for Rapid‐Onset Predictable Disasters
Authors: Stauffer Jon M. , Kumar Subodha
Published: May 2020

Initial deployment decisions are critical to humanitarian organizations as they pre‐position resources and prepare for predictable disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires. Deploying too few resources results in unmet demand, bad publicity, and unhappy donors. However, deploying a large number of resources can also result in bad publicity and unhappy donors due to high costs and wasted resources when disasters do not occur as expected and deployed items are not managed efficiently. We use a stochastic optimization model to investigate the initial deployment decision and resulting costs. The stochastic model forces the initial deployment decision to be made after the disaster warning, but before the disaster occurs and true demand is realized. We find that a full optimization model (incorporating returns and disposal into the model) will increase the initial deployment level from the level obtained without incorporating returns and disposal (referred to as a partial optimization model). This allows more beneficiaries to be served when using a full optimization model. We also find that fixed return costs do not have a large impact on initial deployment levels, but can result in a more consolidated pre‐positioning strategy. Using the results of our models, we present several other interesting managerial insights that may be useful for humanitarian organizations in pre‐positioning inventory for predictable disasters.
Dimensions of anxiety and depression and neurophysiological indicators of error‐monitoring: Relationship with delta and theta oscillatory power and error‐related negativity amplitude
Authors: Muir Alexandra M. , Hedges‐Muncy Ariana , Clawson Ann , Carbine Kaylie A. , Larson Michael J.
Published: May 2020

Error‐monitoring processes may be affected by transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology symptoms including trait anxiety, worry, and severity of depressive symptoms. We tested the relationship between continuous measures of anxiety and depressive symptomology and neural correlates of error‐monitoring as measured by time‐frequency domain delta and theta oscillatory power and time‐domain error‐related negativity (ERN) amplitude extracted from the electroencephalogram (EEG). Secondary analyses tested for diagnostic group differences in error‐related neural responses in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and comorbid psychiatric disorders. About 178 participants (104 female, M[SD]age = 21.7[4.6]) with a wide range of psychopathology symptoms completed a modified version of the Eriksen flanker task and symptom questionnaires. Residualized difference values between correct and error trials for delta/theta power and error/correct ERN amplitude were used as dependent variables. Linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, and task accuracy showed nonsignificant associations of symptom dimension measures with error‐related residualized delta/theta power or residualized ERN amplitude. Subset analyses on those with confirmed psychopathology diagnoses also did not predict residualized error‐related delta/theta power nor residualized ERN amplitude (nGAD = 14, nMDD = 28, nComorbid = 19, nControl = 85). Taken in the context of the previous literature, results suggest a heterogeneous relationship between depressive and anxiety symptom dimensions and neurophysiological indices of error‐monitoring.
Commercial Property Price Indices and Indicators: Review and Discussion of Issues Raised in the CPPI Statistical Report of Eurostat (2017)
Authors: Hill Robert J. , Steurer Miriam
Published: May 2020

Commercial property price indices (CPPIs) are needed to monitor financial stability, guide investment decisions by firms, and improve national accounts. Due to a lack of suitable data, however, reliable CPPIs are often hard to construct. Here we survey the current state of the CPPI literature and assess the contribution of the recently published Eurostat CPPI report.
Nonsyndromic hereditary gingival fibromatosis: Characterization of a family and review of genetic etiology
Authors: Resende Elisabete Peres , Xavier Maria Teresa , Matos Sérgio , Antunes Ana C. , Silva Henriqueta Coimbra
Published: May 2020

Our aim is to describe a family with a nonsyndromic form of hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) and discuss genetic characteristics of this rare disease by reviewing reported cases.

A mother and three descendants were diagnosed with HGF. There was marked variable expressivity: from severe generalized gingival overgrowth in a 16‐year‐old boy (the proband) to minimal manifestations in the mother. The proband was submitted to gingivectomy and gingivoplasty. In younger siblings, the disease remained stable for 5 years, suggesting that clinical surveillance is a good option. The diagnosis was supported by histopathological examination.

Analysis of this family and literature‐reported cases supports that HGF most frequently shows an autosomal dominant inheritance with high penetrance and variable expressivity. Neomutations and gonadal mosaicism do not seem to be a rare event. Although five loci have been mapped by linkage analysis, only two genes, SOS1 and REST, were identified in four families.
An Empirical Examination of the Occupational Attainment of American Veterans of World War I
Authors: Gabriel Paul E.
Published: May 2020

Objectives

The occupational distributions of World War I (WWI) veterans and nonveterans are compared to determine if military service enhanced a worker's occupational mobility.

Methods

Qualitative‐response logistic regressions are estimated using U.S. Census data from 1930 to 1950.

Results

WWI veterans are more likely to be employed in higher skilled occupations than nonveterans, after controlling for education, age, and other demographic traits.

Conclusions

Skills, knowledge, and other attributes of military service helped WWI veterans achieve a greater degree of upward occupational mobility than nonveterans.
Coronavirus disease 2019 in renal transplant recipients: Report of two cases
Authors: Cheng Dongrui , Wen Jiqiu , Liu Zhengzhao , Lv Tangfeng , Chen Jin‐song
Published: May 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has been a pandemic worldwide. The data about COVID‐19 in renal transplant recipient are deficiency. Herein, we report two COVID‐19 cases in renal transplant recipients. Both cases were discharged following a treatment regimen including discontinued immunosuppressant and low‐dose methylprednisolone‐based therapy. There were no signs of rejection during the treatment. These successfully treated cases can provide helpful information about the management of COVID‐19 in renal transplant recipients.