bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistics in Pharmacology
Authors: Spina D
Published: July 2007

Statistics is an important tool in pharmacological research that is used to summarize (descriptive statistics) experimental data in terms of central tendency (mean or median) and variance (standard deviation, standard error of the mean, confidence interval or range) but more importantly it enables us to conduct hypothesis testing. This is of particular importance when attempting to determine whether the pharmacological effect of one drug is superior to another which clearly has implications for drug development and getting that next paper published in a respectable journal! Therefore, it is essential for pharmacologists to have an understanding of the uses and abuses of statistics. With this in mind, the British Journal of Pharmacology has commissioned a number of review articles to highlight the uses of statistics in experimental design and analysis.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 291–293; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707371; published online 9 July 2007
Towards a Receptor for Nocistatin?
Authors: Johnson E E , Connor M
Published: July 2007

Nocistatin is a peptide derived from the pronociceptin precursor, the source of nociceptin, the endogenous ligand for the nociceptin (NOP or ORL1). Despite nocistatin showing activity in a wide range of assays for nociception and other CNS activities, there is a dearth of information regarding the cellular actions of this peptide in the brain, and no receptor for nocistatin has been identified. In a study published in this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Fantin and colleagues demonstrate that nocistatin inhibits 5‐HT release from cortical synaptosomes in a concentration‐dependent and Pertussis toxin‐sensitive manner. The actions of nocistatin are independent of activity at NOP receptors. This study represents the first unambiguous demonstration of nocistatin agonist actions in brain and, taken together with previous work in the spinal cord, provides strong evidence that there is an as yet unidentified G protein‐coupled receptor for nocistatin.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 415–416; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707384; published online 9 July 2007
Therapeutic concentrations of raloxifene augment nitric oxide‐dependent coronary artery dilatation in vitro
Authors: Leung F P , Yung L M , Leung H S , Au C L , Yao X , Vanhoutte P M , Laher I , Huang Y
Published: July 2007

Background and purpose:

Raloxifene improves cardiovascular function. This study examines the hypothesis that therapeutic concentrations of raloxifene augment endothelium‐dependent relaxation via up‐regulation of eNOS expression and activity in porcine coronary arteries.

Experimental approach:

Isometric tension was measured in rings from isolated arteries. Intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in arterial endothelial cells were detected by Ca2+ fluorescence imaging. Phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser‐1177 was assayed by Western blot analysis.

Key results:

In arterial rings pre‐contracted with 9,11‐dideoxy‐11α,9α‐epoxy‐methano‐prostaglandin F2α (U46619), treatment with raloxifene (1‐3 nM) augmented bradykinin‐ or substance P‐induced relaxation and this effect was antagonized by ICI 182,780, an estrogen receptor antagonist. The enhanced relaxation was abolished in rings treated with inhibitors of nitric oxide/cyclic GMP‐dependent dilation, NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) plus 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadizolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ). In contrast, effects of raloxifene were unaffected after inhibition of endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factors by charybdotoxin plus apamin. Raloxifene (3 nM) did not influence endothelium‐independent relaxation to sodium nitroprusside. 17ß‐Estradiol (3‐10 nM) also enhanced bradykinin‐induced relaxation, which was inhibited by ICI 182,780. Treatment with raloxifene (3 nM) did not affect bradykinin‐stimulated rise in endothelial cell [Ca2+]i. Raloxifene, 17ß‐estradiol, and bradykinin increased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser‐1177 and ICI 182,780 prevented effects of raloxifene or 17ß‐estradiol but not that of bradykinin. Raloxifene had neither additive nor antagonistic effects on 17ß‐estradiol‐induced eNOS phosphorylation.

Conclusions and implications:

Raloxifene in therapeutically relevant concentrations augmented endothelial function in porcine coronary arteries in vitro through ICI 182,780‐sensitive mechanisms that were associated with increased phosphorylation of eNOS but independent of changes in endothelial cell [Ca2+]i.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 223–229; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707387
The kinin B1receptor antagonist SSR240612 reverses tactile and cold allodynia in an experimental rat model of insulin resistance
Authors: Dias J P , Ismael M A , Pilon M , de Champlain J , Ferrari B , Carayon P , Couture R
Published: July 2007

Background and purpose:

Diabetes causes sensory polyneuropathy with associated pain in the form of tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia which are often intractable and resistant to current therapy. This study tested the beneficial effects of the non‐peptide and orally active kinin B1receptor antagonist SSR240612 against tactile and cold allodynia in a rat model of insulin resistance.

Experimental approach:

Rats were fed with 10% D‐glucose for 12 weeks and effects of orally administered SSR240612 (0.3–30 mg kg−1) were determined on the development of tactile and cold allodynia. Possible interference of SSR240612 with vascular oxidative stress and pancreatic function was also addressed.

Key results:

Glucose‐fed rats exhibited tactile and cold allodynia, increases in systolic blood pressure and higher plasma levels of insulin and glucose, at 12 weeks. SSR240612 blocked tactile and cold allodynia at 3 h (ID50=5.5 and 7.1 mg kg−1, respectively) in glucose‐fed rats but had no effect in control rats. The antagonist (10 mg kg−1) had no effect on plasma glucose and insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA index) and aortic superoxide anion production in glucose‐fed rats.

Conclusions and implications:

We provide the first evidence that the B1receptors are involved in allodynia in an experimental rat model of insulin resistance. Allodynia was alleviated by SSR240612 most likely through a direct inhibition of B1receptors affecting spinal cord and/or sensory nerve excitation. Thus, orally active non‐peptide B1receptor antagonists should have clinical therapeutic potential in the treatment of sensory polyneuropathy.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)152, 280–287; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707388
PEGylated cholecystokinin prolongs satiation in rats: dose dependency and receptor involvement
Authors: Verbaeys I , León‐Tamariz F , Buyse J , De Cuyper M , Pottel H , Van Boven M , Cokelaere M
Published: July 2007

Background and purpose:

Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) is known to induce a significant, but short‐lasting, reduction in food intake, followed by recovery within hours. Therefore, we had covalently coupled CCK to a 10 kDa polyethylene glycol and showed that this conjugate, PEG‐CCK9, produced a significantly longer anorectic effect than unmodified CCK9. The present study assessed the dose–dependency of this response and the effect of two selective CCK1 receptor antagonists, with different abilities to cross the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), on PEG‐CCK9‐induced anorexia.

Experimental approach:

Food intake was measured, for up to 23 h, after i.p. administration of different doses (2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 μg kg−1) of CCK9 or PEG‐CCK9 in male Wistar rats. Devazepide (100 μg kg−1), which penetrates the BBB or 2‐NAP (3 mg kg−1), which does not cross the BBB, were coadministered i.p. with PEG‐CCK9 (6 μg kg−1) and food intake was monitored.

Key results:

In PEG‐CCK9‐treated rats, a clear dose‐dependency was seen for both the duration and initial intensity of the anorexia whereas, for CCK9, only the initial intensity was dose‐dependent. Intraperitoneal administration of devazepide or 2‐NAP, injected immediately prior to PEG‐CCK9, completely abolished the anorectic effect of PEG‐CCK9.

Conclusions and implications:

The duration of the anorexia for PEG‐CCK9 was dose‐dependent, suggesting that PEGylation of CCK9 increases its circulation time. Both devazepide and 2‐NAP completely abolished the anorectic effect of i.p. PEG‐CCK9 indicating that its anorectic effect was solely due to stimulation of peripheral CCK1 receptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 396–403; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707390; published online 9 July 2007
The State of School-Based Bilingual Assessment: Actual Practice Versus Recommended Guidelines
Authors: Caesar Lena G. , Kohler Paula D.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

This study was designed to investigate the frequency with which school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) used recommended practices when assessing the language skills of bilingual students. The study also investigated the frequency with which SLPs used formal, standardized tests versus informal, alternative procedures with this population.

Method

A total of 596 surveys were mailed out to school-based SLPs in the state of Michigan who were members of the Michigan Speech, Language, and Hearing Association (MSHA) during the 2003–2004 academic year. Of the 409 usable surveys that were returned, 130 respondents indicated being involved in assessing bilingual children and comprised the sample used in this study.

Results

Results indicated that SLPs used formal, standardized English tests more frequently than informal assessment procedures when assessing bilingual students. Further in-depth analyses of SLPs' responses indicated that neither factors related to their years of experience or factors related to their academic preparation were significantly related to their use of recommended assessment practices. However, significant differences in use were noted based on respondents' employment settings.

Clinical Implications

This study underscores the need for academic training programs and professional organizations to intentionally disseminate information regarding the expediency of alternative testing procedures. Implications for the adequate nonbiased assessment of bilingual children are discussed.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of Fe-doped misfit-layered Ca3Co4−xFexO9+δ (x=0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15)
Authors: Liu Chia-Jyi , Chen Jeng-Lung , Huang Li-Chen , Lin Zhi-Ru , Chang Ching-Lin
Published: July 2007

We have carried out O K- and Co L2,3-edge x-ray absorption studies on misfit-layered oxides of polycrystalline Ca3Co4−xFexO9+δ (x=0,0.05,0.1,0.15). The analyses of integrated absorption intensity show that the number of Co 3d unoccupied states decreases upon partial substitution of Fe for Co, which correlates well the variation trend of the room-temperature resistivity with x. Nevertheless, the number of O 2p unoccupied states increases with x. Both Hall and thermopower measurements indicate that the majority carrier is of hole type for Ca3Co4−xFexO9+δ. Therefore, the decrease of O 2p occupancy should be responsible for the increase of the hole carrier concentration upon partial substitution of Fe for Co.
Weakly propagating unstable modes in unmagnetized plasmas
Authors: Tautz R. C. , Lerche I.
Published: July 2007

The basic theory of isolated kinetic Weibel modes [Tautz et al., J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 39, 13831 (2006)] is extended to include small real frequencies, describing unstable wave modes that propagate while growing. The new method is applicable for all kinds of arbitrary (therefore including symmetric as well as asymmetric) relativistic particle distribution functions, where the axis of wave propagation describes an oblique angle with respect to a symmetry axis. For the two examples of a warm, counterstreaming Cauchy distribution and a cold two-stream distribution it is shown that, although there are now broad regions in wavenumber space of unstable wave modes, the isolated Weibel modes (which, per definition, do not propagate) are recovered. Thus, this phenomenon deserves future investigation, because, in astrophysical plasmas, virtually all distribution functions are likely to be asymmetric, therefore giving rise to isolated Weibel modes.
Femtosecond pulsed laser patterning of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) thin films on gold/palladium substrates
Authors: McDonald Joel P. , Hendricks Jeffrey L. , Mistry Vanita R. , Martin David C. , Yalisove Steven M.
Published: July 2007

Femtosecond pulsed laser damage studies were performed on poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) films of varying thickness on Au∕Pd substrates. The femtosecond laser induced damage thresholds of the PEDOT-PSS films were determined (0.007–0.03J∕cm2) and were found to behave similarly to metallic conductors as a function of film thickness. Femtosecond laser patterning of the PEDOT-PSS films was also performed, with minimum wire widths of 1.4μm produced at speeds of 1mm∕s. Discrete removal of the PEDOT-PSS films from the underlying substrate was also demonstrated, with the film cleared down to the depth of the substrate in linear channels as narrow as 4μm while maintaining the integrity of the substrate.
Thermal expansion of ionic materials at high temperatures
Authors: Fang Zheng-Hua
Published: July 2007

A simple and straightforward method for evaluating and predicting the high temperature volume thermal expansion of ionic materials is developed based on the approximations that at high temperature the temperature derivative of the work done by thermal pressure approaches a constant and the isothermal bulk modulus is linearly dependent on temperature. The reasonableness of the two approximations is strongly supported by the investigations presented by Wang and Reeber [e.g., J. Mater. Res. 11, 1800 (1996); High Temp. Mater. Sci. 35, 181 (1996)]. The tests on NaCl, KCl, MgO, and CaO demonstrate that the agreement between the calculated results obtained from the present method and the corresponding experimental data are very good.
Scanning probe measurements on a magnetic bead biosensor
Authors: Megens Mischa , de Theije Femke , de Boer Bart , van Gaal Frans
Published: July 2007

We experimentally demonstrate the sensitivity of an integrated detection scheme for small superparamagnetic beads, intended for medical diagnostic applications. Detection is based on the giant magnetoresistance effect of a 100×3μm2 magnetic multilayer strip. A conductive wire to magnetize the superparamagnetic beads is integrated on the same substrate. By scanning a single bead over the wires and sensor strip using an atomic force microscope, we simultaneously measure topography and sensor resistivity in a three-dimensional volume above the sensor. The observations can be explained well by means of the macroscopically measured sensor resistivity curve and the magnetization of the beads, combined with the Biot-Savart law for the magnetic field of the wire. From these encouraging results, we project that it is possible to detect even a single 300nm superparamagnetic bead on our sensor.
Relaxation during polymerization on slow heating and the vibrational heat capacity of the polymers
Authors: Ferrari C. , Tombari E. , Salvetti G. , Johari G. P.
Published: July 2007

The real and imaginary components of the complex heat capacity, Cp′ and Cp″, and Cp,app have been measured in real time during the linear chain polymerization on 12K∕h heating of six different (partially) polymerized states of a stoichiometric mixture of cyclohexylamine and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. Their Cp,app shows a sigmoid shape rise with different onset temperatures Tonset, which is followed by a deep exotherm as the viscosity decreases and further polymerization occurs at different rates. The rates of their enthalpy decrease on polymerization determined by subtracting Cp′ from Cp,app differ but Cp′ and Cp,app of their final states are the same. The relaxation time increases with polymerization and decreases with an increase in T. Cp′ rises in a sigmoid shape manner, and Cp″ shows a peak when the relaxation time of the polymerized state is equal to the inverse of the temperature modulation frequency, whether polymerization occurs or not. The unrelaxed or vibrational heat capacity Cp,vib of the polymers at T>Tonset is close to Cp of their glassy state at T<Tonset, showing that Cp difference between the equilibrium liquid and its glass is mostly configurational. This contradicts a calculation showing that Cp,vib change of a polymer at Tg is generally ∼20% of the total Cp change.
Toward understanding the dissociation of I2 in chemical oxygen-iodine lasers: Combined experimental and theoretical studies
Authors: Waichman K. , Rybalkin V. , Katz A. , Dahan Z. , Barmashenko B. D. , Rosenwaks S.
Published: July 2007

The dissociation of I2 molecules at the optical axis of a supersonic chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) was studied via detailed measurements and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics calculations. The measurements, briefly reported in a recent paper [Rybalkin et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 021115 (2006)] and reanalyzed in detail here, revealed that the number N of consumed O2(aΔg1) molecules per dissociated I2 molecule depends on the experimental conditions: it is 4.5±0.4 for typical conditions and I2 densities applied for optimal operation of the COIL but increases at lower I2 densities. Comparing the measurements and the calculations enabled critical examination of previously proposed dissociation mechanisms and suggestion of a mechanism consistent with the experimental and theoretical results obtained in a supersonic COIL for the gain, temperature, I2 dissociation fraction, and N at the optical axis. The suggested mechanism combines the recent scheme of Azyazov and Heaven [AIAA J. 44, 1593 (2006)], where I2(A′Π2u3), I2(AΠ1u3), and O2(aΔg1,v) are significant dissociation intermediates, with the “standard” chain branching mechanism of Heidner III et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 87, 2348 (1983)], involving I(P1∕22) and I2(XΣg+1,v).
Ferromagnetic Mn moments at SrRuO3∕SrMnO3 interfaces
Authors: Choi Y. , Yoo Y. Z. , Chmaissem O. , Ullah A. , Kolesnik S. , Kimball C. W. , Haskel D. , Jiang J. S. , Bader S. D.
Published: July 2007

Using element-specific, x-ray probes of magnetism the authors observe a net ferromagnetic moment from Mn in SrRuO3∕SrMnO3 (SRO/SMO) superlattice films. It is found that the magnetic behavior of the SRO and SMO layers is significantly modified by their exchange interaction. Bulk magnetometry shows a two-step, easy-axis magnetization reversal process and x-ray measurements confirm that the reversal with higher coercivity involves the magnetization in the SMO layers. The results provide strong evidence for the presence of pinned SRO magnetization at the SRO/SMO interface. Angle-dependent measurements reveal that the net Mn moment is due to a canted antiferromagnetic spin configuration in the SMO layers.
Near-infrared photoluminescence of erbium tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) spin-coated thin films induced by low coherence light sources
Authors: Penna S. , Reale A. , Pizzoferrato R. , Tosi Beleffi G. M. , Musella D. , Gillin W. P.
Published: July 2007

The authors present the characterization of spin-coated erbium tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) (ErQ3) solution on glass substrates under high temperature conditions. Absorption and infrared photoluminescence, induced by laser and light emitting diode sources, were measured and compared to cast and evaporated ErQ3 samples. A broad absorption band and 1.52μm luminescence were observed, suggesting spin coating as a valid deposition technique for processing of organic infrared emitting diodes.
Electric-field control of tunneling magnetoresistance effect in a Ni∕InAs∕Ni quantum-dot spin valve
Authors: Hamaya K. , Kitabatake M. , Shibata K. , Jung M. , Kawamura M. , Hirakawa K. , Machida T. , Taniyama T. , Ishida S. , Arakawa Y.
Published: July 2007

The authors demonstrate an electric-field control of tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) effect in a semiconductor quantum-dot spin-valve device. By using ferromagnetic Ni nanogap electrodes, they observe the Coulomb blockade oscillations at a small bias voltage. In the vicinity of the Coulomb blockade peak, the TMR effect is significantly modulated and even its sign is switched by changing the gate voltage, where the sign of the TMR value changes at the resonant condition.
Effects of Nitric Acid and Heat Treatment on Hydrogen Adsorption of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Takagi H. , Soneda Y. , Hatori H. , Zhu Z. H. , Lu G. Q.
Published: July 2007

The effects of nitric acid treatment and subsequent heat treatment on the hydrogen adsorption properties of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) samples were investigated. The hydrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms of SWCNTs treated with nitric acid alone and SWCNTs treated with nitric acid and then heated were measured at 77 and 303 K over the hydrogen pressure range 0–3.5 MPa. Nitric acid treatment increased hydrogen adsorption by opening the nanotubes and changing the bundle structure. Subsequent heat treatment of the acid-treated SWCNT sample further increased hydrogen adsorption by removing functional groups introduced by the acid treatment.
Electrochemical Sensors Based on Architectural Diversity of the ?-Conjugated Structure: Recent Advancements from Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Dai Liming
Published: July 2007

Conjugated conducting polymers and carbon nanotubes, both of which possess a conjugated structure of alternating carbon–carbon single and double bonds for the delocalization of π-electrons, are two important classes of electrochemical sensing materials. The combination of carbon nanotubes with conducting polymers or other functional materials (e.g., DNA chains, proteins, metal nanoparticles, carbon fibres) was found to create synergetic effects, that provide the basis for the development of numerous novel sensors with a high sensitivity, good selectivity, excellent environmental stability, and low power consumption. This article reviews recent developments in this exciting new area of electrochemical sensing by presenting the rational strategy of the author’s group in the design and characterization of these new electrochemical sensors based on architectural diversity of the π-conjugated structure.
Two-Photon Polymerization for Three-Dimensional Photonic Devices in Polymers and Nanocomposites
Authors: Jia Baohua , Li Jiafang , Gu Min
Published: July 2007

Fabrication of micro- or nano-scale photonic devices in polymer materials to control and manipulate light propagation represents a hot topic nowadays. Compared with conventional semiconductor materials, polymers are easy to prepare and have the flexibility of incorporating active materials to realise various functionalities. As one of the most powerful tools in micro-optical fabrication, the two-photon polymerization technique has been widely employed recently to produce multifarious photonic devices, particularly the photonic crystals, which are promising candidates for integrated optical devices. In this article the recent advances in the fabrication of three-dimensional photonic devices such as diffractive optical elements, photonic crystals, and superprisms in polymer materials using the two-photon polymerization technique are reviewed. In particular, the fabrication of photonic crystals in nanocomposite polymers, which are formed by incorporating nanocrystal quantum dots into polymer materials, is demonstrated, providing an interesting physical platform for the investigation into new types of active micro-devices.
Corrigendum to: Oxidation of Aromatic Alkynes with Nitrate Radicals (NO3•): An Experimental and Computational Study on a Synthetically Highly Versatile Radical
Authors: Wille Uta , Andropof Jilliarne
Published: July 2007

Addition of electro- and photochemically generated nitrate radicals, NO3•, to the C≡C triple bond of aromatic alkynes 9a–9h leads to formation of 1,2-diketones 10a–10h. Surprisingly, benzophenones 11a–11h are obtained as by-products, which formally result from loss of a carbon atom. Density functional studies performed with the BHandHLYP method in combination with various basis sets revealed that 1,2-diketones result from 5-endo cyclization of the initially formed vinyl radical and loss of NO•. The key step to benzophenone formation is a γ-cleavage at the stage of the vinyl radical with release of NO2•, followed by Wolff rearrangement of the resulting α-oxo carbene.
Proteinaceous Metabolites from Pyrenophora teres Contribute to Symptom Development of Barley Net Blotch
Authors: Sarpeleh Abolfazl , Wallwork Hugh , Catcheside David E. A. , Tate Max E. , Able Amanda J.
Published: July 2007

Pyrenophora teres, the causal agent of net blotch of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), induces a combination of necrosis and extensive chlorosis in susceptible barley cultivars. Cell-free filtrates from both net and spot forms of P. teres; P. teres f. sp. teres, and P. teres f. sp. maculata were found to contain phytotoxic low molecular weight compounds (LMWCs) and proteinaceous metabolites which appear to be responsible for different components of the symptoms induced by the two forms of the pathogen in a susceptible cultivar of barley (cv. Sloop). Proteins induced only brown necrotic spots or lesions similar to those induced by the pathogens 72 h after inoculation. In contrast, LMWCs induced general chlorosis seen 240 h after inoculation but not the localized necrosis. Neither hydrolyzed or heat- or protease-treated proteinaceous metabolites induced the symptoms. This is the first report of the involvement of proteins produced by P. teres in symptom development during net blotch disease of barley.
Epidemiology of Blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) of Canola (Brassica napus) in Relation to Maturation of Pseudothecia and Discharge of Ascospores in Western Australia
Authors: Khangura R. , Speijers J. , Barbetti M. J. , Salam M. U. , Diggle A. J.
Published: July 2007

The timing of maturation of pseudothecia and discharge of ascospores of the blackleg fungus (Leptosphaeria maculans) is critical in relation to infection early in the cropping season of canola. During 1998 to 2000, development of pseudothecia was investigated on residues of the previous year's canola crop collected from four agroclimatically different locations: Mount Barker (southern high rainfall), Wongan Hills (central medium rainfall), Merredin (central low rainfall), and East Chapman (northern low rainfall) in Western Australia. The pseudothecia matured on residues at different times after harvest in various regions. In general, pseudothecia maturity occurred earlier in the high-rainfall areas than in medium- and low-rainfall areas. An ascospore discharge pattern was investigated from residues of crop from the previous year (6-month-old residues) at three locations—Mount Barker, Wongan Hills, and East Chapman in Western Australia—and from 18-month-old residues that were burnt and raked in the previous year at Mount Barker and East Chapman. Ascospore discharge commenced earlier in high-rainfall (>450 mm) areas (Mount Barker) and late in northern low-rainfall (<325 mm) areas (East Chapman). The major ascospore showers took place during May (late autumn) and June (early winter) at Mount Barker and during July and August (mid- to late winter) at East Chapman. The number of ascospores discharged was extremely low at East Chapman compared with Mount Barker. At both locations, the number of ascospores discharged from 18-month-old residues that were raked and burnt in the previous year were only ≈10% of those discharged from previous year's residues left undisturbed. The discharge of ascospores on any given day was negatively correlated with accumulated temperatures, maximum temperature, evaporation, minimum and maximum soil temperatures, and solar radiation and was positively correlated with the minimum temperature, rain, and minimum relative humidity. This is the first report describing how pseudothecia mature on residues in different rainfall areas in Western Australia, and it potentially can be used in developing a forecasting system to avoid the synchronization of major ascospore showers with the maximum susceptibility period of canola seedlings.
Gendered Career Rein: A Gender Analysis of the Certification Process of Auditors in Sweden
Authors: Collin Sven‐Olof Yrjö , Jonnergård Karin , Qvick Pernilla , Silfverberg Betina , Zabit Sevdia
Published: July 2007

It has been claimed that the accounting and auditing business is a gendered industry. Even though as many women as men enter the business, high positions such as partnerships still largely appear to be a privilege for men. Earlier research has indicated that this selection process starts early on the career ladder. In this article we investigate the gendered character of the early phase of qualification to become a certified auditor. Using a gender perspective and social capital conceptions we offer a set of hypotheses that predict certification time, with special emphasis on the gendered character of the factors. We test the hypotheses on the population of newly certified auditors in Sweden. The results indicate that there are differences between the sexes, but that the factors even out, implying no important difference in certification time. We conclude that auditors of both sexes are subject to gendering processes that influence their certification time before they enter the auditing firm, mainly through family and school attendance variables, and they continue to experience gendered processes within the firm. Thus, we need to acknowledge not only the ‘glass ceiling’ within organizations, but also the gendered ‘career rein’ on individuals.
Altered distribution of natural killer cell subsets identified by CD56, CD27 and CD70 in primary and chronic human immunodeficiency virus‐1 infection
Authors: Titanji Kehmia , Sammicheli Stefano , De Milito Angelo , Mantegani Paola , Fortis Claudio , Berg Louise , Kärre Klas , Travi Giovanna , Tassandin Chiara , Lopalco Lucia , Rethi Bence , Tambussi Giuseppe , Chiodi Francesca
Published: July 2007

Human natural killer (NK) (CD3− CD56+) cells can be divided into two functionally distinct subsets, CD3− CD56dim and CD3− CD56bright. We analysed the distribution of NK cell subsets in primary and chronic human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) infection, to determine if HIV infection stage may influence the subset distribution. In primary infection, contrary to chronic infection, the CD3− CD56dim subset was expanded compared to healthy controls. We also studied the effect of antiretroviral therapy administered early in infection and found that NK cell subset distribution was partially restored after 6 months of antiretroviral therapy in primary infection, but not normalized. Recently, NK cells have been divided into CD27− and CD27+ subsets with different migratory and functional capacity and CD27‐mediated NK cell activation has been described in mice. We therefore investigated whether CD27 and/or CD70 (CD27 ligand) expression on NK cells, and thus the distribution of these novel NK subsets, was altered in HIV‐1‐infected patients. We found up‐regulated expression of both CD27 and CD70 on NK cells of patients, resulting in higher proportions of CD27high and CD70high NK cells, and this phenomenon was more pronounced in chronic infection. Experiments conducted in vitro suggest that the high interleukin‐7 levels found during HIV‐1 infection may participate in up‐regulation of CD70 on NK cell subsets. Imbalance of NK cell subsets and up‐regulated expression of CD27 and CD70 initiated early in HIV‐1 infection may indicate NK cell activation and intrinsic defects initiated by HIV‐1 to disarm the innate immune response to the virus.
Hearing aids: expectations and satisfaction of people with an intellectual disability, a descriptive pilot study
Authors: Meuwese‐Jongejeugd A. , Verschuure H. , Evenhuis H. M.
Published: July 2007

Background  In spite of an increased risk of hearing impairment in persons with an intellectual disability (ID), rehabilitation with hearing aids often fails. We performed a descriptive pilot study with the following study questions:

1 Do comparable elements as in the general population contribute to expectations of and satisfaction with hearing aids in adults with mild or moderate IDs?

2 To what extent do adults with an ID depend on carers in use and maintenance of hearing aids?

Method  Study population: 16 adults with a mild or moderate ID and a recent diagnosis of hearing impairment. Method: information by means of specially designed booklets; semi‐structured interviews prior to hearing aid fitting and 6 months afterwards. Analysis: descriptive.

Results  In total, 14/16 participants were able to give reliable answers. Most were aware of their hearing loss and familiar with reasons for hearing aids. A minority expressed positive expectations. Some expressed explicit wishes on the looks of hearing aids. All satisfaction domains as described for the general population could be recognized. Most participants were partially or totally dependent on carers in use and maintenance of hearing aids.

Conclusions  Adults with ID may have explicit ideas and wishes about hearing aids and, if specifically asked, are capable of expressing these. Given information should be checked and repeated. In satisfaction with hearing aids, comparable elements may play a role as in the general population: benefit, cosmetics, sound quality/acoustics, comfort/ease of use, and service delivery. These findings, however, are from a small‐scale study. Additional research is necessary to find out whether they are applicable more generally.
Exceptional good cognitive and phenotypic profile in a male carrying a mosaic mutation in the FMR1 gene
Authors: Govaerts LCP , Smit AE , Saris JJ , VanderWerf F , Willemsen R , Bakker CE , De Zeeuw CI , Oostra BA
Published: July 2007

Fragile X (FRAX) syndrome is a commonly inherited form of mental retardation resulting from the lack of expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). It is caused by a stretch of CGG repeats within the fragile X gene, which can be unstable in length as it is transmitted from generation to generation. Once the repeat exceeds a threshold length, the FMR1 gene is methylated and no protein is produced resulting in the fragile X phenotype. The consequences of FMRP absence in the mechanisms underlying mental retardation are unknown. We have identified a male patient in a classical FRAX family without the characteristic FRAX phenotype. His intelligence quotient (IQ) is borderline normal despite the presence of a mosaic pattern of a pre‐mutation (25%), full mutation (60%) and a deletion (15%) in the FMR1 gene. The cognitive performance was determined at the age of 28 by the Raven test and his IQ was 81. However, FMRP expression studies in both hair roots and lymphocytes, determined at the same time as the IQ test, were within the affected male range. The percentage of conditioned responses after delay eyeblink conditioning was much higher than the average percentage measured in FRAX studies. Moreover, this patient showed no correlation between FMRP expression and phenotype and no correlation between DNA diagnostics and phenotype.
Beyond the borders of reality: Attachment orientations and sexual fantasies
Authors: BIRNBAUM GURIT E.
Published: July 2007

Two studies examined the associations between attachment orientations and sexual fantasies. In Study 1, 176 participants completed a sexual fantasy checklist. The findings indicated that attachment anxiety was associated with frequent sexual fantasizing (e.g., submission themes). More anxiously attached women were particularly likely to report extrapair fantasies, whereas more anxiously attached men were especially likely to report romantic fantasies. Attachment avoidance was negatively associated with romantic themes, primarily among men. In Study 2, 115 participants described a sexual fantasy in narrative form. Findings paralleled those of Study 1, with the exception that the avoidant effects were more pronounced in women’s sexual fantasies than in men’s. Implications for understanding the interplay of the attachment and sexual behavior systems are discussed.
Function, Purpose, and Powers
Authors: Emmet Dorothy
Published: July 2007

I HAVE A STRONG RESISTANCE TO LOOKING BACK ON THINGS which I have written in the past: sometimes they may not seem too bad, but more often I notice inadequacies which are embarrassing if not painful. In any case, life and one's interests move on, and one leaves past writings for others to make what they will of them. But on reflection I thought that I would like to take a look at the question which I was addressing in Function, Purpose, and Powers, and see how it might appear more than a generation later.
Towards a Common European Industrial Policy? The Case of High Definition Television
Authors: Peterson John
Published: July 2007

THE STAKES IN THE COMPETITION TO DEVELOP HIGH Definition Television (HDTV) are high. In the face of intense competition from Japan, the European effort has had the earmarks of a mission-oriented, Japanese-style industrial policy. But political support for a politically-derived European HDTV standard is matched by market demand. This case study reveals that the nature of government-industry relations in the EC has changed very little when large, politically powerful firms are involved, despite the increasingly prominent policy role of the European Community and the creation of the internal market.
Topical vaginal oestrogen cream used for treatment of burn injury of vaginal mucosa after misapplication of 100% acetic acid in a perimenopausal woman: A case report
Authors: OU Kae‐Yng , CHEN Yu‐Chieh , HSU Shih‐Cheng , TSAI Eing‐Mei
Published: July 2007

Background:  Three to five per cent acetic acid is commonly used in the field of gynaecology for colposcopic examinations of the cervix. It gives an ‘acetowhite’ effect that may assist clinicians in identifying neoplastic areas.

Case:  A perimenopausal woman was treated with acetic acid for abnormal Pap smear report (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1). During application, the patient complained of burning sensation of vagina and vulva. The vagina was saline‐irrigated after realising that the acetic acid had not been diluted. Following this incident, the patient was seen weekly and treated with conjugated vaginal oestrogen cream. The patient recovered and the vagina mucosa healed within two weeks.

Conclusion:  Acetic acid is corrosive and may cause vagina bleeding. Oestrogen cream can be used in an attempt to minimise the adverse reaction and speed the healing process.
PULSED‐FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS ANALYSIS OF GENOME SIZE AND STRUCTURE INPAVLOVA GYRANSANDDIACRONEMASP. (HAPTOPHYTA)1
Authors: Nosenko Tetyana , Boese Brenda , Bhattacharya Debashish
Published: July 2007

Information regarding genome size and structure is a prerequisite for selecting model organisms and for facilitating the most efficient study of their chromosomal DNA. The goal of this study was to identify future candidates for complete‐genome‐sequencing projects among economically or evolutionarily important species of haptophyte algae. Using pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), we identified relatively small genomes and chromosome sizes in two haptophyte species from the class Pavlovophyceae,Pavlova gyransButcher andDiacronemasp. The basal position of Pavlovophyceae in the Haptophyta; the key position of this group in the chromalveolates; and their economic and potential biomedical importance, ease of culturing, and small genome size make these taxa ideal models for complete‐genome sequencing.
What Do Bettors Want? Determinants of Pari‐Mutuel Betting Preference
Authors: Gramm Marshall , McKinney C. Nicholas , Owens Douglas H. , Ryan Matt E.
Published: July 2007

Abstract.  This paper is an analysis of the demand for thoroughbred racetrack wagers, examining evidence that would support the existence of two types of bettors: the risk‐averse informed bettor versus the uninformed bettor. Looking at 12 major racetracks over the fall of 2002, we undertake an empirical examination of the determinants of bettors' preferences for particular wagers on specific races. The goal is to try to determine what individual aspects of a race (conditions, surface, participants, etc.) will encourage increased wagering dollars. With the advent of simulcasting, the competition for the wagering dollar is fierce, as the bettor can choose from more than 100 races daily, each race offering numerous betting options. We find for most wagers that higher quality participants, larger and more competitive fields, and turf races increase betting volume while higher pari‐mutuel takeout, poor track conditions, and other races run concurrently reduce volume. However, more competitive fields reduce betting volume in the show and trifecta pools. Optimal field size is determined to be between 10 and 12 betting interests. Overall, we find support for the existence of a significant share of risk‐averse informed bettors.
Voting with a Hand on the Bible and Not on the Wallet: The 1996 Video Poker Referendum in Louisiana
Authors: Scott John L. , Nelson Paul S.
Published: July 2007

Abstract.  The 1996 gambling referendum in Louisiana provided a unique opportunity to study voters' preferences. At the time of the referendum, video poker machines legally operated in all of Louisiana's 64 parishes (counties). Video poker was voted down in 31 parishes and retained in 33 parishes. Voters also allowed the New Orleans land‐based casino and 15 riverboat casinos to continue their operations. The extant horse racing and pari‐mutuel betting were not voted on.

We examine the economic, demographic, and religious factors that influenced how people voted on the issue of legalized video poker. This study is of interest because in recent years, legalized gambling has been expanding around the world. We know of no other referendum on gambling that covered an area as large as an entire U.S. state—all of Louisiana—and offered voters control over gambling in their locality.

Months before the 1996 referendum, the news media suggested several factors that might determine the outcome of the vote. The media concluded that concern over jobs would be the major influence on the outcome. Other important factors included a campaign against gambling by Southern Baptist churches and the simultaneous national presidential election. We investigate whether these factors, along with demographic factors such as age and education, influenced the results of the gambling referendum.

Surprisingly, we found no clear evidence that the economic health of a parish or the preexisting size of its gambling industry determined the vote. The presence of Southern Baptists in a parish increased the likelihood that gambling would be voted down. Democratic voters tended to vote for gambling, as did black voters. Age and education levels of voters did not appear to influence their votes on gambling. Voters in parishes that bordered other states were more likely to retain gambling. Overall, it appeared that personal values were more important in determining voter behavior than financial considerations. People were voting with their hearts, not their pocketbooks.
Self‐reported hand eczema in a hospital population
Authors: Flyvholm Mari‐Ann , Bach Bodil , Rose Marcel , Jepsen Karen Frydendall
Published: July 2007

Occupational skin diseases are frequent in the healthcare sector. The objective of this study was to obtain baseline data on hand eczema and risk factors for hand eczema in an unselected hospital population. A questionnaire study on hand eczema and risk factors for hand eczema was performed among hospital employees at a middle‐size Danish hospital. A total of 1909 employees from all job groups and all departments were included. Response rate was 65.3%. The overall frequency of self‐reported hand eczema within the past 12 months was 23%. Divided into job groups, the frequencies varied from 8% to 32% and were significantly higher among assistant nurses (32%), nurses (30%), and nursing aids (27%). For the individual departments, the hand eczema frequencies varied from 7% to 50%, with the highest frequencies reported at medical and surgical wards. Occupational risk factors for hand eczema such as use of protective gloves and hand washing were significantly more frequent among respondents with hand eczema within the past year, which suggests a potential for prevention through workplace interventions. In conclusion, high frequencies of hand eczema were observed among assistant nurses, nurses, and nursing aids. Hand eczema was more frequent among women and in the younger age groups.
Symptom development and distribution of Tomato spotted wilt virus in flue‐cured tobacco
Authors: Mandal B. , Wells M.L. , Martinez‐Ochoa N. , Csinos A.S. , Pappu H.R.
Published: July 2007

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an economically important viral pathogen of flue‐cured tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum. Disease development and in planta distribution of TSWV were studied following mechanical inoculation of cv. K326 at various stages of growth. The effect of plant age on the disease development, distribution of symptoms and TSWV were studied by inoculating plants in five age groups, 40, 60, 75, 95 and 100 days after sowing (DAS). The plant age at the time of infection had no significant influence on the incidence of localised infection; however, it had a significant effect on the development of systemic symptoms and distribution of TSWV in the plant. In a higher proportion of plants (89.2%), no systemic symptoms developed when plants were inoculated at 60–100 DAS. However, 90% of plants became systemically infected when plants were inoculated at 40 DAS. The systemic symptom expression was severe and distributed in all the leaves in 40‐DAS plants, whereas in 60‐ to 100‐DAS plants, it was erratic and restricted only to a few upper leaves. Results show that plant age is an important factor for TSWV infection of tobacco and mature tobacco plants significantly reduced the systemic development of the disease.
Design and Off-Design Analysis of a MW Hybrid System Based on Rolls-Royce Integrated Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Magistri Loredana , Bozzolo Michele , Tarnowski Olivier , Agnew Gerry , Massardo Aristide F.
Published: July 2007

In this paper the design point definition of a pressurised hybrid system based on the Rolls-Royce Integrated Planar-Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IP-SOFCs) is presented and discussed. The hybrid system size is about 2 MWe and the design point analysis has been carried out using two different IP-SOFC models developed by Thermochemical Power Group (TPG) at the University of Genoa: (i) a generic one, where the transport and balance equations of the mass, energy and electrical charges are solved in a lumped volume at constant temperature; (ii) a detailed model where all the equations are solved in a finite difference approach inside the single cell. The first model has been used to define the hybrid system lay out and the characteristics of the main devices of the plant such as the recuperator, the compressor, the expander, etc. The second model has been used to verify the design point defined in the previous step, taking into account that the stack internal temperature behavior are now available and must be carefully considered. Apt modifications of the preliminary design point have been suggested using the detailed IP-SOFC system to obtain a feasible solution. In the second part of the paper some off-design performance of the Hybrid System carried out using detailed SOFC model are presented and discussed. In particular the influence of ambient conditions is shown, together with the possible part load operations at fixed and variable gas turbine speed. Some considerations on the compressor surge margin modification are reported.