bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Displaced and Invisible: Ukrainian Refugee Crisis Coverage in the US, UK, Ukrainian, and Russian Newspapers
Authors: Roman Nataliya , Young Anna , Perkins Stephynie C.
Published: August 2020

The Ukrainian–Russian military conflict that began in 2014 displaced nearly two million people. This study is one of the first to compare the news media coverage of Ukrainian displaced persons in the UK, US, Ukrainian, and Russian elite press as the crisis unfolded. This analysis looks at frames, sources, and demographic characteristics used in the coverage of displaced people. The findings of this study indicate that the coverage of displaced Ukrainians varied from country to country in elite newspapers, and the descriptions did not always point to classic markers of crisis, such as emotional turmoil. English‐language newspapers were more likely to focus on statistics, while Ukrainian and Russian press devoted more attention to various aspects of migrants’ resettlement. The “security threat” and “crime” frames, which are often used in media coverage of refugees, were nearly non‐existent in the articles about displaced Ukrainians.
An altered composition of fecal microbiota, organic acids, and the effect of probiotics in the guinea pig model of postoperative ileus
Authors: Shin Seung Yong , Hussain Zahid , Lee Young Ju , Park Hyojin
Published: August 2020

Background

The aim of this study is to investigate the altered composition of fecal microbiota, organic acids, and the effect of probiotics in the guinea pig model of the postoperative ileus (POI).

Methods

A laparotomy with cecal manipulation was performed to induce POI in guinea pigs. Fecal pellets were collected before the operation (the baseline) and 1, 3, and 5 days after the operation. The extracted fecal DNA was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq sequencing system. The same POI procedures were performed after oral pretreatment of the probiotics for 7 days before operation. The effect of the probiotics on the selected taxa and fecal acetate were evaluated, as were the butyrate levels. The colonic transit was assessed by measurement of the fecal pellet output.

Key Results

The communities of the baseline and POI groups indicated significantly distinct composition. The genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were more abundant in the baseline group compared with the POI groups, and Bacteroides and Blautia were more abundant in the POI groups. Decreased abundances of the species Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum after the POI procedure were significantly increased in the probiotics group. The decreased fecal butyrate level after the POI procedure was significantly increased, and colonic transit was significantly improved in the probiotics group.

Conclusions and Inferences

POI induces gut bacterial dysbiosis. Moreover, pretreatment of probiotics before operation restores the beneficial bacterial species, butyrate production, and bowel movement. The modulation of gut microbiota may help the treatment and prevention of POI.
A derivation error that affects carbon balance models exists in the current implementation of the modified Arrhenius function
Authors: Murphy Bridget K. , Stinziano Joseph R.
Published: August 2020

Understanding biological temperature responses is crucial to predicting global carbon fluxes. The current approach to modelling temperature responses of photosynthetic capacity in large scale modelling efforts uses a modified Arrhenius equation.

We rederived the modified Arrhenius equation from the source publication from 1942 and uncovered a missing term that was dropped by 2002. We compare fitted temperature response parameters between the correct and incorrect derivation of the modified Arrhenius equation.

We find that most parameters are minimally affected, though activation energy is impacted quite substantially. We then scaled the impact of these small errors to whole plant carbon balance and found that the impact of the rederivation of the modified Arrhenius equation on modelled daily carbon gain causes a meaningful deviation of c. 18% day−1.

This suggests that the error in the derivation of the modified Arrhenius equation has impacted the accuracy of predictions of carbon fluxes at larger scales since > 40% of Earth System Models contain the erroneous derivation. We recommend that the derivation error be corrected in modelling efforts moving forward.
The role of esophagectomy in the management of Barrett's esophagus with high‐grade dysplasia
Authors: Badgery Henry , Read Matthew , Winter Nicole N. , Taylor Andrew C. F. , Hii Michael W.
Published: August 2020

Barrett's esophagus (BE) with high‐grade dysplasia (HGD) has previously been a routine indication for esophagectomy. Recent advances in endoscopic therapy have resulted in a shift away from surgery. Current international guidelines recommend endoscopic therapy for BE with HGD irrespective of recurrence or progression of dysplasia. Current guidelines do not address the ongoing role of esophagectomy as an adjunct in the setting of failed endoscopic therapy. This review examines the role of esophagectomy as an adjunct to endoscopy in the management of patients with BE and HGD, with a specific focus on patients with persistent, progressive, or recurrent disease, disease resistant to endoscopic therapy, in patients with concomitant esophageal pathology, and in those patients in whom lifelong surveillance may not be possible or desired.
Enhancing organophosphate hydrolase efficacy via protein engineering and immobilization strategies
Authors: Katyal Priya , Chu Stanley , Montclare Jin Kim
Published: August 2020

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs), developed as pesticides and chemical warfare agents, are extremely toxic chemicals that pose a public health risk. Of the different detoxification strategies, organophosphate‐hydrolyzing enzymes have attracted much attention, providing a potential route for detoxifying those exposed to OPs. Phosphotriesterase (PTE), also known as organophosphate hydrolase (OPH), is one such enzyme that has been extensively studied as a catalytic bioscavenger. In this review, we will discuss the protein engineering of PTE aimed toward improving the activity and stability of the enzyme. In order to make enzyme utilization in OP detoxification more favorable, enzyme immobilization provides an effective means to increase enzyme activity and stability. Here, we present several such strategies that enhance the storage and operational stability of PTE/OPH.
The functional lumen imaging probe in gastrointestinal disorders: the past, present, and future
Authors: Clarke John O. , Ahuja Nitin K. , Fernandez‐Becker Nielsen Q. , Gregersen Hans , Kamal Afrin N. , Khan Abraham , Lynch Kristie L. , Vela Marcelo F.
Published: August 2020

The functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) is a diagnostic tool that utilizes impedance planimetry to allow the assessment of luminal diameter and distensibility. It has been used primarily in esophageal diseases, in particular, in the assessment of achalasia, esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction, and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). The usage and publications have increased over the past decade and it is now an essential tool in the armamentarium of the esophagologist. Indications are emerging outside of the esophagus, in particular with regard to gastroparesis. Our paper will review the history of FLIP, optimal current usage, data for key esophageal disorders (including achalasia, reflux, and EoE), data for nonesophageal disorders, and our sense as to whether FLIP is ready for prime time, as well as gaps in evidence and suggestions for future research.
Coordination in parental effort decreases with age in a long‐lived seabird
Authors: Patrick Samantha C. , Corbeau Alexandre , Réale Denis , Weimerskirch Henri
Published: August 2020

Biparental care is widespread in avian species. Individuals may match the contribution of their partner, resulting in equal parental effort, or may exploit their partner, to minimise their own investment. These two hypotheses have received much theoretical and empirical attention in short‐lived species, that change mates between seasons. However, in species with persistent pair bonds, where divorce is rare and costly, selective pressures are different, as partners share the value of future reproduction. In such species, coordination has been suggested to be adaptive and to increase early in life, as a consequence of the importance of mate familiarity. However, as birds age, an increase in re‐pairing probability occurs in parallel to a decline in their survival probability. At the point when partners no longer share future reproductive success, exploitation of a partner could become adaptive, reducing selection for coordinated effort. As such, we suggest that coordination in parental effort will decline with age in long‐lived species. Using incubation bout duration data, estimated from salt‐water immersion bio‐loggers, deployed on black‐browed albatrossesThalassarche melanophris, we examined the correlation in incubation bout durations for sequential bouts, as a measure of coordination. Our results show that coordination is highest in inexperienced pairs (early in reproductive life) and declines throughout the lifetime of birds. This suggests that both cooperation, indicated by coordinated effort, and conflict over care occurs in this species. We find no change in individual bout duration with increasing breeding experience, and hence no support for the hypothesis that aging leads to changes in individual incubation behaviour. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to demonstrate strong coordination in parental care when pairs share future reproductive success, but a decline in coordination with age, as sexual conflict increases.
Local and regional drivers influence how aquatic community diversity, resistance and resilience vary in response to drying
Authors: Sarremejane Romain , England Judy , Sefton Catherine E. M. , Parry Simon , Eastman Michael , Stubbington Rachel
Published: August 2020

Disturbance events govern how the biodiversity of ecological communities varies in both space and time. In freshwater ecosystems, there is evidence that local and regional‐scale drivers interact to influence ecological responses to drying disturbances. However, most research provides temporal snapshots at the local scale, whereas few studies encompass a gradient of drying severity spanning multiple years. Using a dataset of rare spatiotemporal extent and detail, we demonstrate how independent and interacting local and regional‐scale factors drive shifts in the α and β diversities of communities in dynamic river ecosystems. We examined aquatic invertebrate assemblage responses to hydrological variability (as characterized by monthly observations of instream conditions) at 30 sites over a 12‐year period encompassing typical years and two severe drought disturbances. Sites varied in their disturbance regimes and hydrological connectivity at both local (i.e. site‐specific) and regional (i.e. river catchment) scales. Whereas α diversity was mainly influenced by local factors including flow permanence and the temporal extent of ponded and dry conditions, both temporal and spatial β diversities also responded to regional‐scale metrics such as the spatial extent of flow and hydrological connectivity. We observed stronger local negative responses for taxa with lower capacities to tolerate drying (i.e. resistance) and/or to recover after flow resumes (i.e. resilience), whereas taxa with functional traits promoting resilience made an increasing contribution to spatial β diversity as hydrological connectivity declined. As droughts increase in extent and severity across global regions, our findings highlight the functional basis of taxonomic responses to disturbance and connectivity, and thus advance understanding of how drying disturbances shape biodiversity in river networks. Our identification of the role of regional hydrological factors could inform catchment‐scale management strategies that support ecosystem resilience in a context of global change.
Intersectionality and equity: Dynamic bureaucratic representation in higher education
Authors: Fay Daniel L. , Hicklin Fryar Alisa , Meier Kenneth J. , Wilkins Vicky
Published: August 2020

Representative bureaucracy scholarship has yet to address two interrelated phenomena: intersectionality and changes in relative disadvantage over time. This manuscript addresses these gaps by assessing representation effects at the intersection of race/ethnicity and sex and in previously, but no longer, disadvantaged client groups. It also argues that if bureaucratic representation is viewed as a quest for equity, then representation will decline as disadvantaged client groups approach equity in policy outcomes. Using panel data for US higher education, this study highlights the importance of intersectional representation in bureaucratic organizations. In three of the four race/ethnic/sex combinations, students perform better in the presence of faculty who match them intersectionally (in the fourth case, race but not sex matters). The empirical results also find that as a formerly disadvantaged client group (women) becomes successful within an organization, the active representation relationship declines. These implications inform future representative bureaucracy scholarship examining intersectional groups.
Determining the Determinants: Factors of Change in China's South China Sea Strategy, 1995–2015*
Authors: Lim Yves‐Heng , Kim Jiye
Published: August 2020

China's strategy in the South China Sea has gone through considerable changes over the last decades. While multiple oscillations have occurred over short periods of time, the three‐decade‐long “trend line” has been characterized by two major inflection points. China's provocations in the mid‐1990s were followed by a transition to cooperation at the turn of the millennium, itself followed by a shift toward heavy‐handed methods since the turn of the 2010s. While each of these two “transitions” has been studied in great detail, few studies have tried to apply explanatory models to both of the transitions to assess their strength. This article fills this void in the existing literature by examining how major explanatory frameworks are distributed into two main categories – domestic and systemic – and perform in explaining China's changing strategy in the two transitions.
The Formation Process of Soviet Koreans' Transnational Identity as New Soviet Citizens from the 1920s to the 1930s1: The Physical Cultural Activities in Primorye as Recorded in the Soviet Korean Newspaper Sunbong (Avant Garde)2
Authors: Yang Mina
Published: August 2020

As a multiethnic country, the early Soviet regime had to create a transnational identity, and it did so by arming Soviet citizens with socialism as a means to integrate the diverse ethnic groups in the country. Physical cultural activities were used as one of the tools to create this transnational identity. These early Soviet policies affected the local ethnic minority of Soviet Korean people in Primorye, USSR. As a communist party organ, the Soviet Korean newspaper Sunbong (Avant Garde) was the primary source used to observe the Soviet Koreans' Sovietization from 1923 to 1937 (from the birth of the USSR to the Soviet Korean Deportation). According to Sunbong, Soviet Korean physical cultural activities are classified into four main types: (i) socialist education for youth; (ii) national defense; (iii) health and hygiene; and (iv) presenting the new Soviet Korean Dano physical culture day. Therefore, Soviet Koreans focused on physical cultural activities to form a transnational identity – these activities served as a barometer of Sovietization and internationalization while simultaneously presenting and maintaining the Soviet Koreans' ethnic identity.
Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase OsCKX11 coordinates source and sink relationship in rice by simultaneous regulation of leaf senescence and grain number
Authors: Zhang Wei , Peng Kaixuan , Cui Fubin , Wang Dongling , Zhao Jiangzhe , Zhang Yanjun , Yu Ningning , Wang Yuyang , Zeng Dali , Wang Yonghong , Cheng Zhukuan , Zhang Kewei
Published: August 2020

The flag leaf and grain belong to the source and sink, respectively, of cereals, and both have a bearing on final yield. Premature leaf senescence significantly reduces the photosynthetic rate and severely lowers crop yield. Cytokinins play important roles in leaf senescence and determine grain number. Here, we characterized the roles of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase OsCKX11 in delaying leaf senescence, increasing grain number, and coordinately regulating source and sink. OsCKX11 was predominantly expressed in the roots, leaves, and panicles and was strongly induced by abscisic acid and leaf senescence. Recombinant OsCKX11 protein catalysed the degradation of various types of cytokinins but showed preference for trans‐zeatin and cis‐zeatin. Cytokinin levels were significantly increased in the flag leaves of osckx11 mutant compared to those of the wild type (WT). In the osckx11 mutant, the ABA‐biosynthesizing genes were down‐regulated and the ABA‐degrading genes were up‐regulated, thereby reducing the ABA levels relative to the WT. Thus, OsCKX11 functions antagonistically between cytokinins and ABA in leaf senescence. Moreover, osckx11 presented with significantly increased branch, tiller, and grain number compared with the WT. Collectively, our findings reveal that OsCKX11 simultaneously regulates photosynthesis and grain number, which may provide new insights into leaf senescence and crop molecular breeding.
Perennial growth and salinity tolerance in wheat × wheatgrass amphiploids varying in the ratio of wheat to wheatgrass genomes
Authors: Abbasi Juliya , Dehghani Hamid , Dvorak Jan , McGuire Patrick E.
Published: August 2020

Since wheat and other annual cereal crops are often harvested for forage instead of grain in California, replacing them with perennial crops could save energy and reduce the release of heat‐trapping gases. To assess the potential for perennial crops based on wheat, biomass yield and stand persistence were studied for nine wheat×wheatgrass amphiploids (8x to 14x) and five wheatgrass species (2x to 10x) over three seasons in the Central Valley, California. The 8x and 10x amphiploids died after one biomass harvest and a single summer period. In contrast, the 14x amphiploids, which were sterile, continued producing biomass over the entire period of the trial. They were also highly salt‐stress tolerant with little decline in biomass production in response to an increase in salinity from 100 and 250 mM NaCl in a solution‐culture study. The development of a salt‐stress‐tolerant perennial crop based on wheat for the California‐type climate will require either a substantial improvement in perennial growth of low‐ploidy (8x) amphiploids or the development of technology for efficient vegetative propagation of the sterile high‐ploidy (14x) amphiploids.
Creating COVID‐19 alternate care site trainings for interprofessional teams
Authors: B. Harpin Scott
Published: August 2020

Purpose

To describe the planning and development of alternate care site (ACS) trainings for community COVID care delivery.

Methods

A timeline of activities by the core training team is presented from the lens of the State of Colorado Emergency Operations, leading to the pilot test of a templated training that was completed during the first week of June 2020. Lessons learned and training topics are described.

Conclusion

This case study of the Colorado experience developing training for community‐based COVID care delivery sites can inform other public health planners creating the same in their locales. And, public access materials from this project may supplement training for both public health and community health nurse educators.
Psoroptes ovis‐Early Immunoreactive Protein (Pso‐EIP‐1) a novel diagnostic antigen for sheep scab
Authors: Burgess Stewart T. G. , Nunn Francesca , Bartley Kath , Frew David , McLean Kevin , Inglis Neil F. , McGeachy Kara , Taliansky Michael E. , Love Andrew J. , Nisbet Andrew J.
Published: August 2020

Aims

Serodiagnosis of sheep scab is an established diagnostic method and has become popular in recent years. However, the current diagnostic antigen, Pso o 2, has shown promise as a component of a recombinant vaccine for scab, making it incompatible with discriminating between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). Here, we describe the discovery and characterization of a novel Psoroptes ovis immunodiagnostic antigen, P. ovis‐Early Immunoreactive Protein‐1 (Pso‐EIP‐1).

Methods and Results

Pso‐EIP‐1 is a highly abundant member of a six‐gene family with no known homologs, indicating its potential uniqueness to P. ovis. Expression of recombinant Pso‐EIP‐1 (rPso‐EIP‐1) required a C‐terminal fusion protein for stability and specific IgG immunoreactivity against rPso‐EIP‐1 was observed in sheep serum from 1 to 2 weeks post‐infestation, indicating its highly immunogenic nature. Two of the three in silico‐predicted B‐cell epitopes of Pso‐EIP‐1 were confirmed by in vitro epitope mapping and, in a direct comparison by ELISA, Pso‐EIP‐1 performed to the same levels as Pso o 2 in terms of sensitivity, specificity and ability to diagnose P. ovis on sheep within 2 weeks of infestation.

Conclusion

Pso‐EIP‐1 represents a novel diagnostic antigen for sheep scab with comparable levels of sensitivity and specificity to the existing Pso o 2 antigen.
Warming weather changes the chemical composition of oat hulls
Authors: Schmitz E. , Nordberg Karlsson E. , Adlercreutz P.
Published: August 2020

The current threats of climate change are driving attention away from the petrochemical industry towards more sustainable and bio‐based production processes for fuels and speciality chemicals. These processes require suitable low‐cost starting material. One potential material assessed here is the oat hull. Its overall chemical composition has so far not been fully characterized. Furthermore, it is not known how it is affected by extreme weather events.

Oat hulls (Kerstin and Galant varieties) grown during ‘normal’ weather years (2016 and 2017) are compared to the harvest of the warmer and drier year (2018). Standard methods for determination of plant chemical composition, with focus on carbohydrate composition, are utilized.

Oat hulls grown in ‘normal’ weather conditions (2017) are rich in lignocellulose (84%), consisting of 35% hemicellulose, 25% lignin and 23% cellulose. Arabinoxylan was found to be the major biopolymer (32%). However, this composition is greatly influenced by weather variations during the oat growth phase. A lignocellulose reduction of 25% was recorded in the warmer and drier 2018 harvest. Additionally, a 6.6‐fold increase in starch content, a four‐fold increase in protein content and a 60% decrease in phenolic content was noted.

Due to its high lignocellulose composition, with an exceptionally large hemicellulose fraction, the chemical composition of oat hulls is unique among agricultural by‐products. However, this characteristic is significantly reduced when grown in warmer and drier weather, which could compromise its suitability for use in a successful biorefinery.
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase confers transgenic tobacco with elevated tolerance to salt stress
Authors: Meng D.‐Y. , Yang S. , Xing J.‐Y. , Ma N.‐N. , Wang B.‐Z. , Qiu F.‐T. , Guo F. , Meng J. , Zhang J.‐l. , Wan S.‐B. , Li X.‐G.
Published: August 2020

Polyamines play an important role in stress response. In the pathway of polyamines synthesis, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) is one of the key enzymes. In this study, a full length cDNA of SAMDC (AhSAMDC) was isolated from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Phylogenetic analysis revealed high sequence similarity between AhSAMDC and SAMDC from other plants.

In peanut seedlings exposed to sodium chloride (NaCl), the transcript level of AhSAMDC in roots was the highest at 24 h that decreased sharply at 72 and 96 h after 150 mM NaCl treatment. However, the expression of AhSAMDC in peanut leaves was significantly inhibited, and the transcript levels in leaves were not different compared with control

These results implied the tissue‐specific and time-specific expression of AhSAMDC. The physiological effects and functional mechanism of AhSAMDC were further evaluated by overexpressing AhSAMDC in tobaccos. The transgenic tobacco lines exhibited higher germination rate and longer root length under salt stress. Reduced membrane damage, higher antioxidant enzyme activity, and higher proline content were also observed in the transgenic tobacco seedlings. What's more, AhSAMDC also led to higher contents of spermidine and spermine, which can help to scavenge reactive oxygen species.

Together, this study suggests that AhSAMDC enhances plant resistance to salt stress by improving polyamine content and alleviating membrane damage
The Behavioral Immune System Shapes Partisan Preferences in Modern Democracies: Disgust Sensitivity Predicts Voting for Socially Conservative Parties
Authors: Aarøe Lene , Petersen Michael Bang , Arceneaux Kevin
Published: August 2020

While there is growing interest in the relationship between pathogen‐avoidance motivations and partisanship, the extant findings remain contradictory and suffer from a number of methodological limitations related to measurement and internal and external validity. We address these limitations and marshal the most complete test to date of the relationship between the behavioral immune system and partisanship, as indexed by which party people identify with and vote for. Using a unique research design, including multiple well‐powered, nationally representative samples from the United States and Denmark collected in election and nonelection contexts, our study is the first to establish in cross‐national data a consistent, substantial, and replicable connection between deep‐seated pathogen‐avoidance motivations and socially conservative party preferences across multiple validated measures of individual differences in disgust sensitivity and using large representative samples. We explore the relative contribution of the pathogen‐avoidance model and sexual strategies for accounting for this relationship.
What Was the Problem in Parkland? Using Social Media to Measure the Effectiveness of Issue Frames
Authors: Aslett Kevin , Webb Williams Nora , Casas Andreu , Zuidema Wesley , Wilkerson John
Published: August 2020

Agenda setting and issue framing research investigates how frames impact public attention, policy decisions, and political outcomes. Social media sites, such as Twitter, provide opportunities to study framing dynamics in an important area of political discourse. We present a method for identifying frames in tweets and measuring their effectiveness. We use topic modeling combined with manual validation to identify recurrent problem frames and topics in thousands of tweets by gun rights and gun control groups following the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, shooting. We find that each side used Twitter to advance policy narratives about the problem in Parkland. Gun rights groups’ narratives implied that more gun restrictions were not the solution. Their most effective frame focused on officials’ failures to enforce existing laws. In contrast, gun control groups portrayed easy access to guns as the problem and emphasized the importance of mobilizing politically to force change.
Relationship between subjective memory complaint and executive function in a community sample of South Korean elderly
Authors: Kim Won‐Hyoung , Kim Byung‐Soo , Chang Sung‐Man , Lee Dong‐Woo , Bae Jae‐Nam
Published: August 2020

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between subjective memory complaint (SMC) and executive function in a community sample of South Korean elderly.

Method

Data for 1442 non‐cognitive impaired elderly individuals aged 65 and over were selected from a nationwide dementia epidemiological study conducted in South Korea. Global cognitive function was assessed by the Korean version of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE‐KC). The registration and recall subscales of the MMSE were used for evaluating memory function. Executive function was measured by using the Initiation/Perseveration (IP) subscale of the Korean dementia rating scale (K‐DRS).

Results

Of the 1442 participants, 1088 were in the normal control group and 354 were in the SMC group. In the SMC group, compared to the normal control group, the proportion of depression was significantly higher, total MMSE scores, delayed recall score and total IP scores were significantly lower, and the mean scores of complex/simple verbal IP, alternating movements, and graphomotor design were lower. In the unadjusted linear regression model, the SMC significantly associated with a lower score of total MMSE‐KC, MMSE delayed recall, K‐DRS IP, complex/simple verbal IP, alternating movements and graphomotor design. After adjusting for age, gender, education, marital status, alcohol consumption, smoking behaviour, and depression, the SMC were significantly associated with lower total MMSE score, MMSE delayed recall, K‐DRS IP, and K‐DRS complex/simple verbal IP.

Conclusion

In this population‐based sample, individuals with SMC had evidence of lower performance on global cognition, memory function, and executive function, especially verbal fluency, after adjusting for demographic variables and depression.
Idiosyncratic deals and creative deviance: the mediating role of psychological entitlement
Authors: Liu Fangzhou , Zhou Ke
Published: August 2020

Idiosyncratic deals (‘i‐deals’, which include customized work arrangements and resources) have been found to motivate R&D employees. However, less effort has been devoted to exploring the uncertain consequences of receiving i‐deals at work, such as violation of leaders’ orders to stop working on certain new ideas (creative deviance). Drawing on the uniqueness theory, we hypothesize that receiving i‐deals indirectly relates to the creative deviance of R&D employee through psychological entitlement. Furthermore, we propose that an R&D employee’s conformity value weakens this indirect relationship. Using a multisource time‐lagged survey study (Study 1) and an experimental scenario study (Study 2), we found consistent evidence that psychological entitlement mediates the indirect relationship between i‐deals and employee creative deviance, and this relationship is contingent on the conformity value of the employee. Our research provides new insights for both scholars and practitioners in R&D management to understand the possible consequences of using i‐deals to motivate R&D employees.
Immune responses and immunoprotection in crustaceans with special reference to shrimp
Authors: Kulkarni Amod , Krishnan Sreedharan , Anand Deepika , Kokkattunivarthil Uthaman Shyam , Otta Subhendu Kumar , Karunasagar Indrani , Kooloth Valappil Rajendran
Published: August 2020

Crustacean aquaculture, dominated by shrimp, is a highly profitable food‐producing sector in the world. However, a variety of biotic and abiotic stressors can have adverse effect on the immune system of shrimp making them susceptible to diseases. Although a vertebrate‐like adaptive immune system is lacking in shrimp, an efficient innate immune system renders protection against invading pathogens. The innate immune system comprises two distinct but overlapping components, the cellular and humoral, and these are regulated through several signal transduction pathways. The signal pathways are initiated by the recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns by germline‐encoded pattern recognition receptors leading to the production of different effector molecules that act against the pathogens. RNAi‐mediated post‐transcriptional gene silencing and microRNA regulation of immune response have also been found to be functional in shrimp. Similarly, apoptosis and apoptosis‐related genes are also reported, besides interferon (IFN) system‐like antiviral regulatory mechanism. Further, some form of immune memory, termed ‘immune priming’ or ‘innate immunity with specificity’ and ‘quasi‐immune response’ is recorded in shrimp and these abilities have been exploited in verifying the immunoprotection against different pathogens. Antigens developed either directly from the pathogens or through recombinant proteins have been tested for immune‐protective ability. RNAi‐mediated protection has also been demonstrated against different shrimp viruses. This review summarizes the available scientific information on immune responses and the immunoprotection trials carried out in crustaceans with a focus on shrimp. The available research evidences indicate the potential of developing effective immunoprophylactic measures in shrimp.
Effects of temperature on the rate of embryonic development of cephalopods in the light of thermal time applied to aquaculture
Authors: Márquez Lorenzo , Larson Majorie , Almansa Eduardo
Published: August 2020

The temporal description of the embryonic development in ectothermic animals and the speed of development depends on environmental temperature. The concept of thermal time helps in solving this problem by making it possible to define a linear model of development linking developmental rate and temperature. The model has been scarcely applied to cephalopods in spite of being useful for programming embryonic development and hatching events. The potential application of the linear model of development would have particular interest in the case of emerging species for aquaculture such as Octopus vulgaris or Sepia officinalis. Therefore, the main goal of this work is to review the effect of temperature on the rate of embryonic development in cephalopods in relation to the linear model of development and to discuss its potential applications and limitations to cephalopod aquaculture. As a result, a good fitting of the model has been proven not only for the total time of development, but also for the time of the organogenesis phase, in nine species of cephalopods. Usually, threshold temperatures for different developmental phases, pre‐organogenesis, organogenesis and growth, are the same. In addition, the potential use of anisothermic protocols for egg incubation, as well as the problems connected with the asynchronicity of egg laying within a single spawning are also discussed. In consequence, the linear model of development seems to be useful for basic and applied research on cephalopod embryonic development and particularly for the advancement of cephalopod aquaculture.
Priorities and expectations of patients attending a multidisciplinary interstitial lung disease clinic
Authors: McLean Anna E.B. , Webster Susanne E. , Fry Margaret , Lau Edmund M. , Corte Peter , Torzillo Paul J. , Troy Lauren K. , Jo Helen E. , Geis Monika , Rhodes Jessica E. , Cleary Shannon , Spencer Lissa , Corte Tamera J.
Published: August 2020

Background and objective

The significant and progressive morbidity associated with ILD mean that patients often struggle with the impact of this disease on their QOL and independence. To date, no studies have investigated the importance of multidisciplinary care on patient experience in ILD. We aimed to determine the expectations and priorities of patients attending a tertiary referral centre multidisciplinary ILD clinic. In particular, we sought to learn how important the multidisciplinary element of the clinic was to patients and which aspects of the clinic were most valued.

Methods

An 18‐item patient questionnaire was developed in conjunction with expert physicians and specialist nurses involved in the ILD clinic and sent to all patients on the centre's ILD registry at the time of the study (n = 240). Patients rated the importance of different aspects of their experience of attending the clinic. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Comparisons across disease severity were made using two‐sided Z‐tests for independent proportions.

Results

A total of 100 respondents comprised the study group. Almost all respondents valued the multidisciplinary aspect of the clinic. Obtaining an accurate diagnosis and improving their disease understanding was most important to respondents. The importance of the ILD specialist nurse for both education and support increased with worsening disease severity.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that a multidisciplinary approach to the management of ILD with additional focus on patient education, as well as tailoring care to disease severity, is a plausible pathway to improving the patient experience with ILD.
Health Risk, Inequality Indexes, and Environmental Justice
Authors: Sheriff Glenn , Maguire Kelly B.
Published: August 2020

Inequality indexes have long been used to analyze distributions of income. Studies have recently begun to use these tools to evaluate the equity of distributions of environmental harm. In response, issues have been raised regarding the appropriateness of using income‐based measures in the context of undesirable outcomes. We begin from first principles, identifying a theoretical preference structure under which income‐based tools can be appropriate for ranking distributions of “bads.” While some critiques of existing applications are valid, they are not a justification for rejecting the approach altogether. Instead, we show how standard income‐based measures can be adjusted to accommodate bad outcomes. Rather than inequality indexes, we argue that equally distributed equivalents (EDEs) are well‐suited for this purpose since they account for levels and dispersion of outcome distributions. The Kolm–Pollak EDE is particularly useful, having the advantage of consistently evaluating both bads and their complementary goods (e.g., mortality risk and survival probability). As an illustration, we show how these tools can inform an environmental justice analysis of a proposed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rule addressing indoor air pollution.
“Breaking Even” under Intensification? Gendered Trade‐Offs for Women Milk Marketers in Kenya*
Authors: Tavenner Katie , Crane Todd A. , Saxena Tarangini
Published: August 2020

Despite the commonly vaunted “win‐win” prospect of combining intensified livestock production with greater gender equality, the benefits of formal marketization of livestock products are generally skewed toward men. In response to this global trend, there is a growing impetus to better understand the gender dynamics underlying women's market participation to curtail the risk of worsening gender inequalities in agricultural systems transitioning to intensified production. This study analyzes the spectrum of women's informal milk market practices in two Kenyan Counties undergoing dairy system intensification. Qualitative data were gathered from dairy stakeholders and market traders to explore the localized system of gender relations mediating women's engagement with milk markets and current practices. Results indicate that increased dairy intensification and informal market use is challenging existing gender norms and disrupting the boundaries between hegemonic (socially acceptable) and pariah (socially disruptive) gender relations. While women are generally better able to control the proceeds from their dairy labor in informal markets, they also face high social culpability and danger from engaging in illicit activities that transgress local norms. These contradictory “win‐lose” dynamics and trade‐offs highlight the contested nature of gender market relations under agricultural intensification and commercialization currently being pursued under low emissions dairy development (LEDD) in Kenya. The risk of exacerbating existing gender inequalities has profound implications for LEDD and agricultural intensification more broadly.
Dental services during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A tertiary care hospital experience
Authors: Umer Fahad , Motiwala Momina
Published: August 2020

The Aga Khan University is the largest tertiary care hospital in the biggest metropolis of Pakistan, in this paper six weeks of experience during the COVID‐19 pandemic is shared, we will discuss the measures that were taken to mitigate the spread of COVID‐19 amongst dental health care providers (DHCPS) and provide a neoteric workflow for the provision of safe dental care as dental services move towards normalcy. Furthermore topic such as fit testing, contact tracing, employee health and training are discussed and experience of such measures is shared. It is hoped that till the time new evidence based data is generated these communications may help spread awareness to help setup clinical protocols for other tertiary care settings.
Patients’ experiences when afflicted by takotsubo syndrome – is it time for guidelines?
Authors: Mäenpää Sofia , Ekstrand Elin , Petersson Christina , Nymark Carolin
Published: August 2020

Background

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute and reversible type of heart failure that shares common features with acute coronary syndrome. It is usually caused by psychological or physical stress, but for a third, triggers cannot be identified. Patients also suffer from residual symptoms and decreased mental health in the recovery phase and may struggle to comprehend and manage everyday living.

Aim

To describe patients' experiences when afflicted by takotsubo syndrome, after discharge from hospital.

Method

An inductive explorative design using a qualitative approach with semi‐structured individual interviews. The text was analysed using qualitative content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman.

Result

Ten women and one man afflicted by TTS were interviewed two to twelve months after discharge. Six sub‐categories were identified, and a main category emerged: The process from symptom onset and understanding to increased awareness and changes in life.

The patients suffered from emotional reactions and they sought answers and understanding about the underlying causes. The disease led to changes in patients' daily lives as they were affected physically and psychologically. Spouses and/or bystanders had a positive supporting role, but the patients desired more support from the healthcare professionals such as an earlier appointment for follow‐up with a nurse.

Conclusion

Being afflicted by TTS can lead to changes in life conditions but these changes vary among patients. Becoming ill was associated to acute physical stress and prolonged psychological stress and they suffered from emotional reactions. The follow‐up care needs to improve as the patients need more guidance from healthcare professionals and earlier appointment for follow‐up with a nurse. A structured and multiprofessional treatment with a person‐centred approach could support patients in their recovery.
A trait emotional intelligence perspective on schema modes
Authors: Jacobs Ingo , Wollny Anna , Seidler Juliana , Wochatz Germar
Published: August 2020

Schema modes (or modes) are a key concept in the theory underlying schema therapy. Modes have rarely been related to established models of personality traits. The present study thus investigates the associations between trait emotional intelligence (TEI) and 14 modes, and tests a global TEI–mode factors–general psychological distress mediation model. The study draws on self‐report data from 173 inpatients from a German clinic for psychosomatic medicine. Global TEI correlated positively with both healthy modes (happy child and healthy adult) and negatively with 10 maladaptive modes. When modes were regressed on the four TEI factors, six (emotionality), five (well‐being), four (sociability), and four (self‐control) significant partial effects on 10 modes emerged. In the parallel mediation model, the mode factors internalization and compulsivity fully mediated the global TEI–general psychological distress link. Implications of the results for the integration of modes with traits in general and with TEI in particular as well as implications of low TEI as a transdiagnostic feature of personality malfunctioning are discussed.
The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism impacts victim's moral emotions following interpersonal transgression
Authors: Quan Rui , Wu Zhenzhen , Guo Wenxuan , He Linlin , Fang Pengpeng , Gong Pingyuan
Published: August 2020

Immoral behaviors make individuals abominate and punish transgressors. Inspired by the associations between the Val66Met polymorphism of brain‐derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) gene and emotional responses following negative events, we investigated whether this polymorphism was also associated moral emotions such as punishment and forgiveness following interpersonal transgression. To do so, we categorized 340 individuals according to the BDNF Val66Met and assessed moral emotions by using 12 hypothetic scenarios in different conditions of intention and interpersonal consequence. The results indicated that this polymorphism was significantly associated with moral aversion and punishment towards transgressors. Victims with the Val/Val genotype expressed less aversion and punishment than the Met carriers, regardless of intention and interpersonal consequence. Moreover, this polymorphism was associated with forgiveness. Victims with the Val/Val genotype expressed more forgiveness than the Met carriers. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of the BDNF Val66Met to moral emotions.
Stretch reflex changes in ACL‐deficient individuals and healthy controls during normal and surprise landings
Authors: Konishi Yu , McNair Peter J. , Rice David A. , Ochiai Satoshi , Hagino Tetsuo
Published: August 2020

No studies in ACL‐D individuals have examined neuromuscular adaptations during landing from a jump where an unexpected mechanical event changes the pre‐programmed course of movement. The purpose of this study was to compare pre‐ and post‐landing muscle activation in ACL‐D individuals and uninjured controls during normal and surprise landings. Nineteen ACL‐D and 17 uninjured volunteered. Participants performed repeated single leg landings from 30 and 15 cm heights. During 15 cm landings, a single surprise landing was performed where participants unexpectedly fell through a false surface at 15 cm to the solid floor a further 15 cm below. Electromyography (EMG) amplitude from vastus lateralis (VL), lateral hamstrings (LH), and soleus (Sol) was recorded. Pre‐landing (−60 to 0 ms), post‐landing short latency (31‐60 ms), and post‐landing medium latency (61‐90 ms) periods were examined. Comparisons in EMG amplitudes were made across limbs (ACL‐D, ACL intact, and control) in 30 cm landings. Additionally, the ratio of EMG amplitude in surprise:30 cm normal landings was analyzed. Post‐landing LH EMG was reduced in the ACL‐D compared to control limbs at short latencies (P < 0.05). Post‐landing VL EMG was reduced in the ACL‐D and ACL intact compared to the control limb at both latencies (P < 0.05). Surprise landings notably increased post‐landing EMG in all muscles, across all limbs (P < 0.001). However, the gain in VL EMG was significantly greater in ACL‐D and ACL intact limbs (P < 0.05). These changes in neuromuscular control of ACL‐D individuals during expected and surprise landings may have important implications for rehabilitation, instability, and the risk of secondary injury.
The Outsider’s Edge: Geography, Gender, and Sexuality in the Local Color Movement
Authors: Griswold Wendy , Michelson Anna
Published: August 2020

Outsider status, especially multiple social marginalities, usually constitutes a burden. Certain combinations can be advantageous for cultural producers, however, especially when geographic marginality is part of the mix. The Local Color movement demonstrates the outsider’s edge. In mid‐nineteenth century in America, print technology, reduced postal rates, and mass literacy led to the golden age of magazines. Their readers sought stories about the regional cultures that were disappearing in an industrializing nation. Local Color—fiction about places outside the northeast cultural heartland—met this demand. Local Color authors shared outsider identities – geography, gender, and sexuality—that characterized and shaped the movement. Comparison with authors in the adjacent genres of Bestselling, Sentimental, and The Atlantic Monthly fiction reveals that multiple outsiderness (1) was not typical for authors of the period, and (2) advantaged women from the geographic periphery, especially those with unconventional sexual careers.