bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Regional Comparison of Stumpage Values in British Columbia and the United States Pacific Northwest
Authors: Haley David
Published: February 2014

In this paper, stumpages in British Columbia are compared with those in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States where public timber is sold in highly competitive markets. In 1978, the average stumpage for public timber in the Pacific Northwest was $39.11/m3 compared to $4.58/m3 in British Columbia. Between 1963 and 1978, real stumpage prices in the Pacific Northwest (i.e. net of inflationary increases) showed an upward trend of almost 11% per annum compared to a slight downward trend for British Columbia. Although the appraisal method used by the United States Forest Service is similar to the method used in British Columbia, appraised stumpages for the British Columbia Coast are considerably lower than for western Washington.There is little doubt that the principle reason for higher stumpages in the Pacific Northwest is that all public agencies involved in timber production encourage competitive bidding for standing timber, whereas in British Columbia competitive sales of public timber have been virtually eliminated. Other reasons include tax considerations on the part of firms in the Pacific Northwest with private timber holdings, the higher average quality of the timber resource in the Pacific Northwest compared to British Columbia and the fact that forest products companies in the Pacific North west face better market opportunities, particularly with respect to plywood, than their counterparts in British Columbia. Imperfections in the Vancouver Log Market may partially explain why appraised timber values in western Washington are higher than on the British Columbia Coast.There is good reason to believe that if public timber in British Columbia was sold competitively, stumpages, in many cases, would be bid well above their appraised level and direct Crown revenues would be substantially increased, particularly in those regions of the Province where accessible, high quality stands of timber are in short supply.
Survival and Growth of Bullet, Styroplug and Bareroot Seedlings on Mid-Elevation Sites in Coastal British Columbia
Authors: Arnott J. T.
Published: February 2014

A trial was established over 2 successive years at two mid-elevation locations on southern Vancouver Island to assess and compare the field performance of a) 1-0 seedlings grown in Walters' bullets, b) 1-0 plug seedlings grown in BC/CFS Styroblocks, and c) conventional 2-0 bareroot stock of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla.Five years after planting, average survival rates for P. menziesii were a) 77, b) 84 and c) 81%, and for T. heterophylla, a) 69, b) 87 and c) 63%. Average fifth year height on these mid-elevation sites was a) 51, b) 62 and c) 72 cm for P. menziesii, and a) 63, b) 67 and c) 57 cm for T. heterophylla. The results indicate that significantly better field performance can be obtained using 1-0 styroplug seedlings for T. heterophylla rather than conventional 2-0 bareroot stock. Such statistically significant differences were not evident for P. menziesii.
Morphological Grading of White Spruce Nursery Stock
Authors: Mullin R. E. , Christ C.
Published: February 2014

An experiment was begun in 1974 to examine morphological criteria of 3 + 0 and 2 + 2 white spruce planting stock in relation to subsequent performance. Trees (250) of each age-class were obtained from Midhurst Nursery and measured (top length, stem diameter and top-root ratio by volume of water displacement) and then planted on a cultivated site at Midhurst Research Unit. Survival and growth was measured for 6 years after planting.The 3 + 0 seedling stock was found to be inferior in survival, growth and cost for a stated objective aggregate height of stand. Top length, stem diameter and root volume were all good indicators of subsequent height growth. Tentative recommendations for 2 + 2 white spruce are: a minimum 22 cm top length, minimum 4 mm stem diameter, minimum 5 ml root volume, and top-root ratio range of 1.0 to 3.5:1.
Potentials for Controlling Bark Percentage of the Commercial Tree Species of British Columbia
Authors: Smith J. Harry G. , Kozak A.
Published: February 2014

Diameters inside and outside bark from 13 sections were used to define variation in bark percentages for 33 844 trees representing 28 major groups of the commercial tree species of British Columbia. The range of age, height, dbh, and dbh/height associated with each group was determined. Statistical significance of effects of these factors and of up to 12 inventory zones was determined for double bark thickness as a percentage of dbh. Bole bark volumes were compared with wood volumes for trees exceeding two standard deviations of bark percentage at breast height. Thick barked trees were more common and a few have equal portions of wood and bark. Our description of the characteristics of the trees with least or most bark should help guide tree improvement programs. Identification of the extent to which stand factors can influence average bark characteristics may help timber managers grow trees of desired bark proportions.
Single-tree Equations for Estimating Biomass of Trembling Aspen, Large Tooth Aspen and White Birch in Ontario
Authors: Alemdag I. S. , Horton K. W.
Published: February 2014

Ovendry mass of single trees of trembling aspen, largetooth aspen, and white birch in the Great Lakes — St. Lawrence and Boreal forest regions in Ontario was studied in relation to stem dimensions. Mass equations for tree components based on diameter at breast height outside bark and tree height were developed. Results were found more dependable for stem wood and the whole tree than for stem bark, live branches, and twigs plus leaves. Ovendry mass values were slightly higher than those reported for New York and northern Minnesota.
Choosing Regression Models for Biomass Prediction Equations
Authors: Payandeh Bijan
Published: February 2014

This paper briefly describes the underlying assumptions and inherent drawbacks of logarithmic regression models commonly used to develop biomass prediction equations. Superiority of simple nonlinear models over both the logarithmic and multiple linear regression models is discussed and demonstrated on two data sets.
Forest Management Decision-Making: Art or Science?
Authors: Hall T. H.
Published: February 2014

This paper describes an approach to forest management decision-making. Acknowledging both objective and subjective elements, the approach offers a methodology to encourage more creative design in forest planning. It uses the descriptive capabilities of simulation modeling in tandem with the prescriptive capabilities of graphical evaluation techniques, to facilitate the use and interpretation of technical forestry information in decision-making problems. It emphasizes a need for an overview of long-term resource behavior as a prerequisite to, and a framework for, forest planning.
Seed Production in Grafted Clonal Orchards at Longlac, Ontario
Authors: McPherson J. A. , Morgenstern E. K. , Wang B. S. P.
Published: February 2014

One seed orchard each of black spruce (Picea mariana) [Mill.] B.S.P.) and white spruce (Picea glauca) [Moench] Voss) was established in northern Ontario gradually during the 1958-78 period. Each species was represented by approximately 45 clones and 450 ramets. During the whole period, records were kept of cone production by individual ramets and of seed production by clones expressed as average number of seeds per cone extracted and germinated. Substantial cone production began 8 years after grafting in black spruce and after 10 years in white spruce. The figures indicated that a clonal orchard of black spruce planted at 5 × 5 m spacing (400 ramets) produces approximately 1 million sound seeds per ha per year; the white spruce equivalent is 900 000. Conditions of cone development and cone storage and damage by insects and fungi can reduce germination of the sound seed harvested by about 20%.
Effects of Species Mixtures and Inventory Zones on Net Yields of British Columbia Forests
Authors: Smith J. Harry G. , Yang Richard C.
Published: February 2014

A least squares procedure developed to determine statistical significance of both qualitative and quantitative data was applied to find proportions of plots and amounts of wood yield by species mixtures and inventory zones. For 9 781 plots in Douglas-fir, spruce, and lodgepole pine forest types, sample volumes were highest in mixtures of these species with other conifers. However, small differences in age, site index, and stand density could account for much of the variation. When stand volumes were brought to common levels of age, site and density the need to recognize species composition classes and forest inventory zones diminished.If indicated gains from mixtures were real, stand managers could easily improve density of pure stands to exceed the increased yields indicated for conifer mixtures with Interior Douglas-fir (20.4%) and with lodgepole pine (3.4%). Because our analyses of regional inventories could not provide conclusive results, well designed long-term field trials would be needed to evaluate effects of species mixtures under fully comparable conditions.When stand density is used with age and site index to estimate yields there should be no need to recognize inventory zones within Coast and Interior races of the species tested.
A Summary of Taxation Measures Affecting Forest Management on Private Lands in Ontario
Authors: Puttock G. D.
Published: February 2014

The Canadian Income Tax Act and Regulations recognize five classes of forest property, three of which are considered to be bona fide farming operations.Whereas forest income is usually considered to be business income, the income from tree farming operations and corresponding forest management expenses receive a more favourable tax treatment. This has the effect of encouraging individuals to undertake forest management activities on their lands.The Province of Ontario, however, does not currently recognize tree farming as a bona fide farming operation for property assessment purposes. Forest lands are assessed at the highest value which could be obtained for them on the open market, whereas farm-lands are assessed at a value that could be obtained for them if they continue to be used for farming purposes; a value usually lower than the market value of non-farm-lands. This would indicate that if land previously classified as farm-land were afforested, such land would be taxed at a higher rate.
Shoot and Bud Development in Balsam Fir: Implications for Pruning of Christmas Trees
Authors: Powell G. R.
Published: February 2014

The processes of development of shoots and buds of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and the positions of buds of different types and with differing degrees of development, are described as a basis for understanding what happens in response to pruning of portions of shoots (shearing) at different times of year. The greatest response in shoot and bud development will result from pruning in late July and early August. Degree of response will decrease with advancing time of pruning from August to October. Pruning from late March to early May will produce less, bud significant response in subsequent bud development but little in first-season shoot development. Pruning from November to March can be as effective as pruning in late March and early April, but risks of damage are greater. Pruning in the most active phase of shoot elongation (June to mid-July) is not advisable.
Planning with Goal Programming: A Case Study for Multiple-Use of Forested Land
Authors: Arp Paul A. , Lavigne Daniel R.
Published: February 2014

A case study is provided to develop and demonstrate a general goal programming procedure for hierarchical multiple land-use planning of forested lands with variable planning horizons. Four land-use policies containing timber harvesting, dispersed recreation, developed recreation, hunting and wildlife management are considered for a parcel of land incorporating 11,070 ha. The goals for each type of land-use are analyzed in terms of land-use capability coefficients, various priority settings, and planning horizons spanning from 2 to 36 years. It is shown that multiple-use conflicts can be resolved by either changing the priorities associated with conflicting uses, and (or) by extending planning horizons from short- to medium-term or long-term. Key Words: Land-use planning, multiple-use, goal programming, timber, developed and dispersed recreation, hunting, wildlife.
Evaluating Forest Industry Developments In Alberta Using Socioeconomic Impact Analysis
Authors: Carroll M. R. , Milne G. R.
Published: February 2014

This paper examines several major economic impacts of future forest industry expansion in north-central Alberta. Three mill types and two sites are selected. Therefore, six development alternatives are evaluated using a socioeconomic impact analysis model with a regional accounting stance. Economic impacts are classified either as social benefits or costs, and are estimated for both the construction and operational phases of each development option. Company expenditures within the region are linked to three benefits; increased regional employment, income and value added. Social costs are estimated for each option as the increased regional infrastructure costs associated with the expanded economic activity. The economic impact data are utilized by developing four ratios which directly compare social costs with selected social benefits. In this manner, the impact analysis model may offer an improvement to the method of examining forest resource development proposals in Alberta and elsewhere.
Comparison of the Growth of Larch with Other Conifers on Reforested and Afforested Sites in Newfoundland
Authors: Hall J. Peter
Published: February 2014

Comparisons of average total height of 15 year and 8 year old trees were made between exotic and native conifers on reforested and afforested sites in the three major forest zones of Newfoundland. Tamarack outgrew all pines and spruce and on the most productive site Japanese larch and Dunkeld larch outgrew tamarack. Recommendations are made for the introduction of larches in reforestation programs in Newfoundland.
Production and Distribution of Balsam Fir Lumber in Eastern North America
Authors: Sinclair Steven A. , Govett Robert L.
Published: February 2014

A total of 819 North American sawmills were surveyed concerning their production and distribution of balsam fir lumber. Seventy-one mills reported a total annual production of 275 million board feet (648 585 m3) of balsam fir lumber. The larger mills of eastern Canada represented 72% of this total. Canadian and large eastern US sawmills used middlemen heavily in marketing their softwood lumber while the remaining US sawmills used direct selling and captive retail yards as primary market channels. The only major production problem reported was the longer drying time needed for balsam fir lumber when compared to other northern softwood species.
Genetic and Environmental Variance in Seed and Cone Characteristics of Black Spruce in a Northwestern Ontario Seed Orchard
Authors: Verheggen Faye J. , Farmer Jr. Robert E.
Published: February 2014

Germination and some seed yield components were evaluated using 1981 cones from ramets of nine clones in a Northwestern Ontario seed orchard. No evidence of dormancy was observed in seed which received no chilling and were germinated under light. Hierarchical analyses of variance indicated that both clones and ramets within clones accounted for substantial amounts of variation in germination percent, filled seed percent, number of seed per cone and cone size. Cone size was only weakly correlated with number of seed per cone (r =.44).
The Application of Behaviour-modifying Chemicals to Contain Infestations of the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae
Authors: Borden J. H. , Chong L. J. , Pratt K. E. G. , Gray D. R.
Published: February 2014

Five replicates of paired forest blocks containing lodgepole pine, Pinus contorts var. latifolia Engelm., infested by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, were chosen in the spring of 1982 in various interior British Columbia locations. Within the experimental block of each pair, one lodgepole pine every 50 m (4 trees/ha) was baited with the attractive semiochemicals myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin. The baiting program caused the attack in 1982 to be concentrated in and around the baited trees, whereas it was more dispersed in the control blocks. The overall ratio of 1982: 1981 attacked trees was 2.5 in the baited blocks and 1.8 in the controls, suggesting that dispersal of beetles out of the baited blocks was inhibited. Baiting of trees with semiochemicals is recommended to contain infestations within prescribed boundaries when sanitation-salvage logging cannot be completed prior to mid-summer flight of emergent brood beetles.
Computer-Graphing of Annual Ring Widths During Measurement
Authors: Fayle D. C. F. , Maclver D. , Bentley C. V.
Published: February 2014

Annual ring width data produced by the DIGI-MIC tree ring measurer are transmitted to an APPLE II Plus microcomputer providing the user with an immediate graphical display of the radial growth pattern of the tree. Line graphs of ring widths along radii of a stem cross section and (or) the average for successive stem sections can be compared visually, verified and edited if necessary. Average and individual values are stored on floppy diskettes for further analysis. Computational programs have been written for tabular and graphical display of the complete stem analysis data. Keywords: Annual rings, computer graphics, stem analysis.
When Is Controlling Cone and Seed Insects in Douglas-fir Seed Orchards Justified?
Authors: Miller G. E.
Published: February 2014

Data from operational applications of dimethoate at two Douglas-fir seed orchards in British Columbia were used as base-lines for a benefit: cost analysis of protection of seed from cone and seed insects. Applications were economically justifiable provided that cone crop size and increased seed yield are above critical threshold values for given seed values and application costs. Sampling techniques for estimating crop size and insect infestation levels and expected damage are requisites for efficient orchard management where crop size and infestation levels fluctuate.
The Federal Role in Forest Management The Continuing Quandary
Authors: Winget Carl H.
Published: February 2014

The federal role has been redefined almost constantly since Confederation. Change in content and emphasis on various aspects of that role have been almost cyclical. Nonetheless, there now exists a comprehensive and broadly supported definition of this role, the Federal Forest Sector Strategy.Similar instability has been evident in the roles of the provincial, industrial and other sectors of the forestry community. Here also, reasonable concensus on the definition of these roles is appearing. Success in intensifying forest management will be achieved only if increased investments are supported by broadly acknowledged and relatively stable definitions of the roles of all sectors.
Decision-Making for Centralized Forest Fire Management
Authors: Kourtz Peter
Published: February 2014

Pressures brought about by severe fire loss, increasing fire control costs, and restricted budgets are causing some Canadian forest fire control agencies to consider new ways to improve efficiency. One attractive alternative, currently being pursued by several provinces, is the restructuring of their three-level, decentralized organizations to a provincial-regional, centralized fire management unit.Under a centralized system relatively few people manage the necessary resources to handle a fire situation for a huge area. To attain this capability, they require the support of a computerized system designed to collect and process information on weather, fire occurence and behaviour, and the status of detection and suppression resources.Such a system has been developed and is undergoing operational trials at the centralized fire centres of both the Société de Conservation de l'Outaouais at Maniwaki. Quebec and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources at Timmins.
Bare-root Planting Season Options
Authors: Sutton R. F.
Published: February 2014

Options are available to the forest manager who needs to extend the planting season beyond the textbook ideal of spring planting of freshly lifted stock that is dormant or apparently so Bare-root planting season options are discussed under: conventional spring planting with fresh spring-lifted stock; conventional fall planting with fresh-lifted stock; summer planting with fresh-lifted stock; and spring and summer planting with (i) spring-lifted stock, and (ii) fall-lifted stock.For pines, whether or not stored before planting, the performance of outplants is shown to depend greatly on when and in what condition the stock was lifted Lateness in fall lifting is critically important for pines. Provided that handling and planting quality are flawless, there is considerable scope for extending the conventional seasons of planting, e.g., with summer planting of spruces. Use of stored fall-lifted and spring-lifted stock offers an effective means of extending the spring planting season well into summer.
Filmforming Antitranspirants: Their Effects on Root Growth Capacity, Storability, Moisture Stress Avoidance, and Field Performance of Containerized Conifer Seedlings
Authors: Simpson David G.
Published: February 2014

The antitranspirants, XEF-4-3561-A. Wilt Pruf, Plantgard, Folicote, Clear Spray, and Vapor Gard, were sprayed on container-grown lodgepole pine, white spruce, western hemlock, and Douglas-fir seedlings before or after a 12-week cold (+ 2 °C) storage period. The effects of the six antitranspirants on root growth capacity, storability, and field performance varied between species. XEF-4-3561-A. Wilt Pruf, Folicote, and Vapor Gard increased moisture stress avoidance of all species, while Plantgard and Clear Spray had no effect. None of the six antitranspirants are recommended for use on white spruce, western hemlock, or Douglas-fir planting stock because of the risk of reducing field performance. Further trials of XEF-4-3561-A and Wilt Pruf on lodgepolo pine seedlings seem War-ranted.
Early Prediction of Plantation Performance for Red Pine
Authors: Paterson John M. , Fayle David C. F.
Published: February 2014

An indication in year 1 or 2 of the relative performance at five years of 3 + 0 red pine plantations can be obtained by supplementing height and survival measurements with a quality assessment based on needle length and growth characteristics of the terminal shoot in the first years after outplanting. Key Words: Red pine, plantation assessment pradiction, needle length height, survival, quality classes.
Réduction de croissance en volume occasionnée au sapin baumier, suite à la défoliation par la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette
Authors: Archambault Louis , Beaulieu Jean
Published: February 2014

A method was developed to determine the growth losses in volume in surviving balsam fir following a spruce budworm outbreak that occurred in the Ottawa River Valley in Quebec. Equations expressing the diameter growth rate had there been no infestation were developed. These equations were applied to balsam fir surviving the epidemic so as to determine what their diameters would have been without defoliation. Subsequently, the theoretical volumes were assessed using these diameters. The method was validated for the pre-epidemic period and precision was superior to 90%. Analyses revealed the outbreak caused a 49% volume growth loss to balsam fir for a period of approximately 10 years. Key words: Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), growth losses.
Effects of Age, Sample Characteristics and Equation Form on Three Non-Linear Models for Volume Yields
Authors: Gal Janos , Smith J. Harry G.
Published: February 2014

Inventory data from the British Columbia Ministry of Forests for nine species groups and three site classes were analysed to determine the effect of including mature stand data with immature yields to age 135 to improve estimates of volumes of unmanaged natural stands by three nonlinear functions. Chapman-Richards (CH), modified Weibull (W) and Gompertz (G) were used. Functions were fitted to provide estimates of maximum yield for immature and all data groups by three site classes. Compilation was facilitated by programs to estimate initial values. Results were evaluated by comparison of maximum yields and ages at which mean annual increments culminate, by calculation of standard errors of estimate and by a statistical test of the hypothesis that effects of including mature stands are significant. The consistent change in curve shape with site suggested that gains could be made by harmonization of coefficients by the site index equivalents of each class. Effects of sample size were not consistent; large samples were best but did not guarantee good results. Including mature stand data changed the shape of the function in some cases. It was concluded that nonlinear models should not be applied routinely for estimation of growth and yield without consideration of potentially harmful effects of parameter estimation and sampling characteristics.
Forest Stand Growth Models: What For?
Authors: Titus Stephen J. , Morton Robert T.
Published: February 2014

Until very recently foresters have relied on infrequent inventories to provide static descriptions of large forest areas for management planning. With the quantum increases in computing power, the massing of forestry data, and the increasing pressure for effective management planning, it is becoming necessary to view the forest as dynamic, and subject to manipulation for management purposes. Prediction of changes to forest structure and yield must be made to update old data and project stands into the future. This paper reviews the current sources of literature on growth and yield, discusses basic types and components of growth models, and gives some examples of important uses for growth and yield models. The future will see increased use of computers for analysis of forestry data including even more sophisticated growth and yield models linked to both inventory and decision making processes.
A Practical Approach to Density Management
Authors: Long James N.
Published: February 2014

Density management is the control of growing stock, through initial spacing or subsequent thinning, to achieve specific management objectives. A biologically sound and easily applied approach to density management is illustrated for a hypothetical, even-aged stand under two contrasting types of management objectives.
A Simple, Variable Form Volume Estimation System
Authors: Reed David D. , Byrne John C.
Published: February 2014

A volume estimation system giving the stem profile (upper stem diameter outside bark), total tree volume, and merchantable volume to a height or diameter limit is developed based on a simple, variable form stem taper curve. The stem taper curve is defined by coefficient values indicating conic and parabolic tree forms. For a given height, small diameter trees are assigned parabolic forms and large diameter trees are assigned conic forms. A tree's position in the tree form continuum is defined by its total height to diameter at breast height ratio. Performance of the volume estimation system is evaluated using stem analysis information on red pine, jack pine, and white spruce from the upper Great Lakes Region. Key words: Pinus resinosa Ait., Pinus banksiana Lamb., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, taper curve, merchantable volume, volume ratio, total tree volume.
Keynote Address
Authors: Livingston John A.
Published: February 2014

Any review of resource management questions must address itself to the conceptual under-pinnings of the manager's attitudes. Our societies' perceptions of resources and their management, its definitions of problems, and its array of solutions all flow from its attitudes and predispositions. Attitudes and predispositions flow from the greater "paradigm" (worldview, or concensus of reality) which commands the thinking of a particular society or culture at a particular time. Paradigms whose time has passed are seen, in hindsight, as historical curiosities. Since evolutionary change appears to occur not only in species and communities but also in societies and their ideas, I assume that "paradigm variation" is in constant process. An examination of prevailing and alternative concepts sheds light on our perceptions of our activities and of our problems in respect to them. Conventional solutions may or may not be appropriate to a differently perceived set of questions. The immediate priority, it is suggested, is problem definition. Keywords: Renewable Resource Management, Philosophy of resource management, History, Future needs, Resource Conservation Strategy.
The Mandate: Policies and Planning
Authors: Armson K. A.
Published: February 2014

Policies are general plans of action. Yet they are incomplete if only partially implemented or not implemented at all. When so-called policies exist merely as statements of intent they are not policies.The development of policies respecting forests and wildlife in Canada reflects many factors. To a very large degree such development represents the perceptions by a society or segments of it concerning the subject matter of the policy. These perceptions are derived from a broad background—cultural, social, economic, political, historical and institutional. The degree to which these perceptions reflect an objective knowledge and understanding of the resources in question or a consensus as to the objectives of the policy are critical.Of particular concern to this meeting are the institutional and professional factors that impinge on the development of policies for forests and wildlife. It is argued that the major impediments to more effective management of forests and wildlife in Canadian jurisdictions are institutional and educational in origin and therefore capable of much greater correction by the professional and scientific community than heretofore acknowledged. Key words: land use planning, forest management policy.
The Consumptive Use of Wildlife
Authors: Eyman Alex
Published: February 2014

As I get older, happiness ceases to be tied to simple materialistic things, but rather to intangibles such as the opportunity to interact with the forest environment. Learning good behavior patterns as a user of our natural resources brings me many joyful moments. Sufficient access is an important matter for me personally.The consumptive users of wildlife are most often accused of lacking self-restraint, but they are not breaking any existing rules. It is not their fault that reasonable game laws and a flexible licensing system does not exist. Access restrictions directed at this group are counter productive, since they penalize nonconsumptive users, thereby leading to poor public relations. Key words: Wildlife management. Outdoor recreation Hunting Fishing Forest Management, Ontario.
What Does the Forest User Require from the Forest Manager
Authors: Gayle W. B.
Published: February 2014

The forest users' needs can be stated simply: "A continuous and sustained supply of wood at a constant real cost".Forest manufacturing is highly capital intensive. A pulp mill costing $500 million needs five 65-million-dollar sawmills and five 35-million-dollar logging operations to supply the necessary volume of chips. The total costs $1 billion and $150 million per year must be put back into the business. To obtain the money, there must be not only a secure forest tenure, but for Crown lands, an incentive for wood users to make a solid commitment to forest management.The logger needs a year-round operation with relatively consistent timber types and topography. The sawmiller needs wood of consistent size and quality at an economical hauling distance from the mill. Mills will go under if hauling distances increase year by year, hence the need for total regeneration and rehabilitation of the backlog of NSR Land. The pulp mills require raw material of consistent quality to sell pulp on the open market.Threats to these requirements are lack of regeneration of denuded lands, ever decreasing annual allowable cuts with increased haul distances, and withdrawal of forest land from production.The solution is to provide incentives for the user to manage the forests under contract with the owner. Then there will be long-term management — a time frame not compatible with the fiscal policies of politicians and hence governments. Key words: forest management, forest industry, financial requirements, forest economics.
What Owners Expect From Their Woodlots
Authors: Dickson Alex
Published: February 2014

There is no typical or average wood lot owner. Woodlot owners come from all walks of life and own woodlots for almost as many reasons as there are variations in the human personality. Some own woodlots for the primary purpose of producing some kind of cash crop: timber, Christmas trees, maple syrup, firewood, and so on. Others derive satisfaction from the nonconsumptive values of woodlot ownership, for example a scenic environment in which to hike, picnic, or meditate. The important thing to realize is that woodlot management has to address the expectations of the various owners if it is to stand a chance of being implemented. Findings made in the recent New Brunswick Private Woodlot Resources Study are discussed. Keywords: Woodlots, owner expectations, reasons for ownership, financial and nonfinancial goals.
Pest Damage Incidence in Natural and Thinned Lodgepole Pine in Alberta
Authors: Bella I. E.
Published: February 2014

Thinned stands of young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) in west-central Alberta had a higher incidence of attack by common pest organisms than unthinned stands. Based on a sample of nearly 3000 potential crop trees (on 240 temporary plots) growing on 120 naturally regenerated cut blocks, the rate of attack in thinned vs. unthinned stands was 30% and 18% for western gall rust (Endo-cronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka) and 25%. and 16% for leader damage due to terminal weevil (Pissodes terminalis Hopp.) and pitch twig moth (Petrova spp.) Damage from other agents, including that from small mammals, was low and little affected by thinning. Forest management implication of these results are discussed. Key words: western gall rust terminal weevil, pitch twig moth, snowshoe hares, red squirrels.
Contrôle des impacts du camping en milieu forestier
Authors: Ruel Jean-Claude , Pineau Marius , Bélanger Louis
Published: February 2014

Much of the deterioration observed on many campgrounds in forested areas is closely linked to the presence of the camper. Thus, ground flora cover and composition, forest cover density and vigour, soil density and permeability are affected. Appropriate actions could be taken to reduce undesirable alterations: proper site selection, concentration of the utilization, deterioration monitoring, treatment of the vegetation and modification of the camper's behaviour. Key words: camping; recreation, impact.
Forests of the USSR
Authors: Holowacz J.
Published: February 2014

The USSR has the world's richest endowment of forest resources. Its total growing stock volume accounts for over 22% and that of conifers for over 53% of the world's totals. Relative to Canada, the USSR is 2.2 times larger in area, has roughly 3 times the forested land and its growing stock is 3.7 times larger. The volume of Soviet growing stock in larch alone is slightly larger than Canada's total. Forests occupy over 36% of the USSR and about 55% of this is considered accessible. Over 60% of the growing stock volume is mature and overmature. Most of the forest resources are east of the Ural Mountains. The Uralo-European part, which supports 74% of the population, accounts for 25.5% of the forested area and 27.3% of the growing stock. Fifty-one percent of the total allowable cut in the accessible and potentially accessible forests is utilized, but only 39% of the total wood volume on all the forested land. Only 35% of the total mean annual increment is utilized. Currently, the USSR regenerates annually an area larger than it clearcuts. Establishment of highly efficient spruce monocultures in close proximity to the existing pulp and paper mills in the Uralo-European part of the country is strongly emphasized. Key words: Accessibility, actual cut, allowable cut, forest land, forest regeneration forest resourses inventory, geographical distribution, growing stock, mean annual increment, species, tenure, USSR.
Tree Growth Response Along Seismic Lines in Alberta
Authors: Bella I. E.
Published: February 2014

Stem growth data from breast height were collected from about 2000 trees on 192 sample transects (plots) located adjacent to seismic lines. Sampled stands represented the most important forest cover types between 10 and 100 years of age over a range of site conditions in the foothills of western Albetra from Rocky Mountain House to Grande Prairie. Line clearing stimulated breast height radial increment fairly consistently in the 20% range of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) trees. This improvement expressed in terms of stand growth, however, fell far short of that required to make up for the loss of wood production over these lines if the cut trees are not utilized. The lack of significant stimulation from line clearing in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands indicates a complete loss of production due to the lines.
Frost Killing of Red Pine Female Flowers
Authors: Schooley H. O. , Winston D. A. , Macnaughton R. L. , Anderson M. L.
Published: February 2014

Cone production between 1979 and 1984 in a Pinus resinosa seed production area is described. Crop failures occurred as a result of frost killing female flowers. The area is particularly vulnerable to frost damage because it is located in a man-made frost pocket. Key words: Pinus resinosa, frost pocket, cone crop failure.
La loi d'Eichhorn et les tables de production pour l'épinette noire de l'est du Canada
Authors: Zarnovican Richard
Published: February 2014

Baur and Eichhorn recognized mean height as the best site index, and many yield tables were established on the assumption of Eichhorn's empirical law. Nevertheless, many other yield tables invalidate the law. This paper examines the application of Eichhorn's empirical law on black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) yield tables data from Plonsky, Ker, and Vézina and Linteau. Key words: Yield tables.
Tissue Culture in Forestry: Economic and Genetic Potential
Authors: Hasnain Sadiq , Cheliak William
Published: February 2014

Vegetative propagation of Canadian conifers by tissue culture methods will allow the exploitation of the maximum genetic gain achieved in forest tree breeding programs. Tissue culture could provide a much more rapid means for delivering the genetic gain achieved to the commercial forests. Key Words: Forestry, biotechnology, plant tissue culutre, genetics, tree improvement.
The Biological Consequences of Lingering Fenitrothion Residues in Conifer Foliage – A Synthesis
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Pearce P. A.
Published: February 2014

Conifer foliage is a sink for fenitrothion, with a limited capacity for accumulation. Fenitrothion, not derivatives or metabolites, is retained from year to year in foliage on the tree and for at least one year in foliage in forest litter. Translocation can occur but has not been demonstrated to new foliage from foliage treated the previous year.Among forest animals, only insects have been identified as confined entirely to a diet of conifer needles. Among insects tested and observed, diprionid sawflies are most sensitive to fenitrothion poisoning. Diprionids and conifer-feeding pamphiliid sawflies are most threatened because most eat old foliage and, in New Brunswick, may have to feed on contaminated foliage even in years when spraying does not occur.Vertebrates that feed extensively on conifer foliage (none does exclusively) are deer, moose, snowshoe hares, and spruce grouse; spruce grouse is probably the most sensitive to fenitrothion. It is estimated that a 550-g grouse would have to eat 29 kg of foliage containing 1 ppm fenitrothion to ingest a dose lethal to 50% of a test population and that significant sublethal effects are unlikely.
Not Seeing the Forest for the Timber
Authors: Cuthbert John R.
Published: February 2014

Canada is a forest nation but our forests are more than just timber. Forests provide jobs, wildlife and fish habitat, clean drinking water, recreation opportunities and aesthetic views. Canada's forests have been a vast gift from nature; however, future forests will depend on how we Canadians manage them. The question is what do we manage our forests for, when the demands for forest uses exceed the supply. It is not possible for each interest group to have its own sacrosanct portion. Our forest should be managed as a multi-purpose renewable resource. The achievement of multi-purpose management will require the input of professionals other than foresters and a spirit of mutual trust. Dynamic strategies that recognize the forest as a dynamic process must be developed.
Vole Damage to Coniferous Trees on Texada Island
Authors: Harper Paula A. , Harestad Alton S.
Published: February 2014

On Texada Island, British Columbia, Townsend voles injured trees by removal of bark and cambium from stems, branches, and roots of Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and, rarely, western white pine. Damage occurred more frequently in pre-commercially thinned stands less than 40 years of age than in unspaced stands. Within these stands there was no selection by voles for age or diameter. However, damage increased with decreasing height. Two years after damage and spacing, injured trees exhibited no measurable reductions in volume of annual growth, a no hence control of voles is not recommended. Monitoring of the damaged areas should be continued and potential long term effects evaluated. Key Words: British Columbia, debarking, Microtus townsendii, thinning, voles, wildlife damage.
Economic Priorities for Reforesting Unstocked Forest Land in British Columbia
Authors: Pearse Peter H. , Lang Andrea J. , Todd Kevin L.
Published: February 2014

The cost of rehabilitating the accumulated backlog of unsatisfactorily stocked forest lands in British Columbia is calculated for each site class and type in each region. These estimates suggest that, at 1983 silvicultural costs, it would require almost $1.3 billion to reforest all the existing backlog, or $570 million to reforest only the good and medium sites.These cost estimates, supplemented with data relating to forest growth on various land categories, enable calculation of the cost of producing timber by rehabilitating unreforested land. This reveals a very wide range of costs, depending on site quality and region.It provides a framework for establishing economic priorities for silvicultural effort.The analysis demonstrates that the benefits generated with the limited budget available for forest rehabilitation can be substantially enhanced if funds are allocated according to economic priorities rather than by non-economic criteria.
Fire Potential in the Spruce Budworm-damaged Forests of Ontario
Authors: Stocks B. J.
Published: February 2014

An experimental burning program was carried out in Ontario between 1978 and 1982 to document quantitatively fire behavior in balsam fir killed by spruce budworm. Forest fire potential in budworm-killed balsam fir stands was shown to be significantly higher for a number of years following stand mortality. Crown breakage and windthrow, with resultant fuel complex rearrangement and increased surface fuel loads, peaked 5-8 years after mortality. Fire potential was greatest during this period, decreased gradually as balsam fir surface fuels began to decompose and understory vegetation proliferated. Fires occurring prior to "green-up" in the spring behaved explosively with continuous crowning, high spread rates, and severe problems with downwind spot fires. Summer fires in this fuel type did not spread at all in the early years following mortality; however, sufficient woody surface fuel accumulation 4-5 years after mortality permitted summer fire spread
Teleforestry: The Application of Videoconferencing to Forestry
Authors: Robertson Alexander
Published: February 2014

Videoconferencing is a rapidly growing industry servicing the demands of business, science and technology. It is cost-effective, convenient and flexible and is particularly suitable for forestry applications where frequent full motion televisual inputs from remote locations are required for meetings, management, technology transfer and education.This paper discusses how videoconferencing can improve the format and content of traditional face-to-face meetings. The author draws from his experiences at a major seminar on teleconferencing held in Amsterdam in May 1986.
Man-made Forests for Deer: Challenge or Dilemma?
Authors: Nyberg J. Brian
Published: February 2014

As young forests in many areas of Canada enter the middle and later stages of their rotations, new concerns are arising overt the future of deer populations. Analysis of silvicultural impacts on deer habitat requirements indicates that the food, cover, and water needs of deer can be met in young forests, but that most uniformly treated stands will be lacking in one more components. Mosaics of young stands, each 20–40 ha in area and at different stages of management, will provide good habitat in many areas. In areas with snowy winters, however, deer need to find all habitat components much more closely interspersed. Key words: Deer, Odocoileus hemionus, habitat requirements, winter range, intensive forestry, immature stands, old-growth, thermal cover, security cover, forage, lichens, silviculture.
Forest Pest Management and Training from an Industrial Perspective
Authors: Heath Richard
Published: February 2014

Industrial forest pest management in Canada is a relatively new phenomenon and not yet well integrated into forest management regimes. However, pest management has gained a higher profile within the forest industry over the last decade and some companies are now routinely incorporating pest management principles and training into their forestry programs.
Preparing the Forester for Pest Management — A View from Provincial Government
Authors: DeBoo R. F.
Published: February 2014

Development of forest pest management capability within the BC Forest Service is outlined. Appropriate specialized professional training of staff is emphasized. The ability to manage provincial forests must be based on a blend of inputs from forestry generalists and specialists. Greater awareness of the need for pest management and solution of our weaknesses in pest management training depend largely on more emphasis being given to it in our academic establishments. Recommendtions are made.
Forest Inventories in the United States and Canada
Authors: Schreuder Hans T. , Bonnor G. M.
Published: February 2014

Canadian and United States (U.S.) extensive forest inventories are contrasted. The Canadians have had more experience in mapping and remote sensing; the U.S., in collecting, handling, and reporting change data. Development of common standards, terms, and definitions, as well as a common forest and land classification system, would facilitate cooperation and exchange of information.