bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antichrist as the Embodiment of the Insipiens in Thirteenth-Century French Psalters
Authors: Belkin Ahuva
Published: March 2021

While illustrations for many Holy Books are created especially for the relevant texts, the iconography of the Psalms has mostly been borrowed. In early manuscripts the rich imagery of the visual scenes occupied large portions of the page, but this changed as artists became increasingly involved with historiated initials. These, marking the liturgical division, were decorated with sequences borrowed from the New and Old Testaments, with the literal illustrations being confined to the opening verses. In contrast to the diversity that had characterized earlier endeavours, the picture cycles became static from the thirteenth century onward, with each production centre and its zone of influence embracing repetitive themes.
Difference and the Difference it Makes: Sex and Gender in Chaucer's Poetry
Authors: Delany Sheila
Published: March 2021

“My indecision is final,” the movie magnate Sam Goldwyn is reported to have said, and I find the malapropism suitably expressive of Chaucer’s attitude toward sexual difference. My concern is not simply to decide whether Chaucer was or was not “woman’s friend” (as the Scots poet Gavin Douglas put it in the early sixteenth century), but to look at the systems within which a late-mediaeval courtly writer was permitted to be woman’s friend, and the systems within which he was not so permitted. My argument will be that Chaucer both “is and is not” the friend of woman. Some of you will recognize the phrase I borrow from Salman Rushdie, who in turn borrows it from ancient Arabic storytelling. I use it in order to articulate the deep-rooted ambivalence about women that is a structural feature of latemediaeval culture, providing a terminus ad quem beyond which even the most well-intentioned writer cannot pass.
Love, Freedom, and Marital Fidelity in Malory's Morte Darthur
Authors: Kennedy Beverly
Published: March 2021

Sir Thomas Malory has little to say about women in his Morte Darthur, but this is hardly surprising. His decision to retell the entire history of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table necessarily entailed a primary focus upon knighthood (and its principal functions, war and governance), from which women were barred by virtue of their sex.1 Therefore, the relative lack of interest which Malory shows in women should not necessarily be taken as a sign that he is, as one feminist critic has alleged, “misogynistic” or “homoerotic” (Stiller 94). In fact, if we examine closely Malory’s representation of courtship and marriage — a sphere of human activity within knightly society where men’s and women’s interests and activities converge — we will realize that he is not at all “misogynistic.” On the contrary, he is remarkably sympathetic towards women.
Madame Eglentyne in Her Day and in Ours: Anti-Semitism in the Prioress's Tale and a Modern Parallel
Authors: Orsten Elisabeth M.
Published: March 2021

This paper is dedicated to the memory of John Gilchrist, a great historian whose premature death is especially mourned by all those whose work involves the field of mediaeval Canon Law.
Roger Bacon's Polyglot Alphabets
Authors: Weinstock Horst
Published: March 2021

Encyclopaedias usually label Roger Bacon as "theologian, philosopher, and scientist." Literary scholars and critics will certainly associate Roger Bacon with Robert Greene's Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay. The romantic comedy illustrates Bacon's close connections with experimental science and with magic art. Oculists even credit Greene's Franciscan friar with the epoch-making invention of spectacles. As for acoustics and experimental phonetics, the doctor mirabilis in Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay tried hard but eventually failed to construct a speaking machine. To his great disappointment, his Brazen Head collapsed while repeating the magic spell "Time is out."
Ordinatio and genre in ms ccc 201: A mediaeval reading of the b-text of piers plowman
Authors: Weldon James
Published: March 2021

Scripture’s remark to Will in Piers Plowman.B, “I nel noght scorne . . . but if scryveynes lye” (B.X.331), acknowledges the possibility o f scribal inaccuracy, capturing both the reality o f mediaeval manuscript traditions and the frustration o f editors who wrestle to distinguish authorial from scribal readings of a text. From the point o f view o f author or editor, scribal “corruptions” interfere with the important processes of creation and dissemination of a literary work— in the case of Piers Plowman.B, surviving manuscripts not only have scribal corruptions, but are themselves copies o f an unusually corrupt copy (Kane-Donaldson 96-97, 128-29). As readers, we instinctively side with the editors and poets, but over the gulfs of time in the wake of centuries o f the writer’s absence, we perhaps should pause, as B.A. Windeatt suggests, to reconsider the “scryveynes lye” and to understand it also as a mediaeval response to a mediaeval text (1979, 122). Although at opposite poles in their own responses to scribal contributions, both Kane and Windeatt narrow “scribal response” to signify textual variation— the glossing and rewriting of the text, but manuscript layout (ordinatio and compilatio, for example) also fashions and interprets the text. In Oxford MS Corpus Christi College 201, manuscript arrangement and “corruption” together manipulate the text aggressively in ways that frequently demonstrate intelligent scribal reception of a complicated text; the “scryveynes lye” becomes here a contemporary response, a mediaeval guide to our own potential reading of Piers Plowman.
Chaucer's Audience and the Henpecked Husband
Authors: Boyd Beverly
Published: March 2021

Alison o f Bath as a battered wife may seem all wrong, but her fifth husband, Jankyn, did torment her and knock her down, if not out, deafening her somewhat in the process. Nevertheless, the Wife o f Bath got the upper hand in this marriage as she had done in the other four and as she would probably do in the sixth, which she declared herself ready to welcome. Alison certainly ranks high among women able to gain control over their mates.
The Future of the Past
Authors: Boyle Leonard E.
Published: March 2021

When I joined the Dominican Order in Ireland in 1943 at the age of twenty, I knew nothing of mediaeval studies. Any thoughts I had of an academic future were in terms of biblical archaeology, in which I spent most of my leisure time reading.
The Prologue to Alfred’s Law Code: Instruction in the Spirit of Mercy
Authors: Treschow Michael
Published: March 2021

Alfred’s law code tends to receive scant attention in discussions of the character of his reign. It lacks the distinctive stamp of his other writings and acts. It is a conservative code that seeks not to distinguish itself from previous codes, but rather to show continuity with them. It is another among many lists of compensations, listing a variety of crimes and offences, providing the monetary value of their expiation, and also explaining oaths and ordeals, when they apply and how. Alfred’s law code makes a few changes and additions to what had gone before, but in no way sets itself apart. Felix Liebermann, the early twentieth-century editor of Anglo-Saxon law codes, explained that Alfred’s code lacked distinctiveness because Alfred had to restrain himself; his councillors were far too conservative for a reformation of the law (Gesetze 3 36). Patrick Wormald’s modern view would seem to contrast sharply with Liebermann’s traditional understanding that real statutes were at stake here. Wormald virtually dispenses with the notion of law altogether when he argues that early mediaeval laws were little more than an exercise in image-making (“Lex Scripta” 125, 133). His position that Alfred’s law code is just another case of propaganda must, however, contend with the fact that the law code in itself makes such a weak impression in comparison with other literature of King Alfred’s reign. Surely if anyone knew how to use a document to make an impression, it was Alfred. To explain this difficulty Wormald has to argue that the law code with its appearance of a binding claim must soft peddle its authority: Alfred had political pressures not to assert his authority in any radical fashion (133). Wormald has not really moved far from Liebermann, but far enough to fall into an equivocation. Some still more recent scholarship, however, makes clearer why this law code lacks Alfred’s voice: the law of that time was essentially traditional; early mediaeval kings could not really conceive of a law code as individual and distinct in nature (Jenkins, Stacey). The same scholarship explains that such law codes were not properly statutory, but that they were indeed still a form of law. They established standards, whose application was rather flexible and relied on the judgment of the magistrate. With their traditional quality and their purpose to offer guidance, they did not supersede previous law codes but rather joined with them. This would explain Alfred’s unexceptional effort. It had no basis upon which to make any new departure or offer anything peculiar or distinctive.
The Power of Feminine Anger in Marie de France's "Yonec" and "Guigemar"
Authors: Willging Jennifer
Published: March 2021

Feminine anger is a frequent and intriguing element in Mairie de France’s Lais. While some of this anger is of a stereotypical nature, such as that of the rebuffed queen in “Lanval” ( “Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned”), in other cases it is the more justifiable anger of the malmariée, as presented by Marie from a unique, that is, feminine, perspective. As the unhappy lady in “Yonec” rants passionately about her husband:
Decorative Reading: Some Implications of Ordinatio in Piers Plowman
Authors: Weldon James
Published: March 2021

Critical analysis of Piers Plowman frequently rests on two assumptions — the theory of bipartition (the division of the poem into visio and vita) and the related theory of segmentation of the vita into the triad: dowel, dobet, and dobest. These theories have resulted in readings of the poem invariably quadripartite and triadic and, in my view, have obscured the dominant of Piers Plowman—the dream vision genre. Biparition and segmentation inevitably mask the B-text’s unique arrangement of a sequence of dream visions (each with its distinctive generic markers of prologue, vision, and epilogue) and cloud any structural grouping of those visions. The visio section, for example, combines dream visions one and two (B. Prol., Passus 1-7), and any structural configuration which extends beyond this theoretical boundary seems untenable — perhaps even unthinkable — given the critical tradition of the poem. That critical tradition, however, rests on past editorial decisions and involves to some extent the suppression and misrepresentation of manuscript evidence of disagreement with, challenge to, and uncertainty regarding bipartition and segmentation. Some manuscripts foster suggestions of an alternative grouping of dream visions within Piers Plowman, suggestions that emerge from the ordinatio.
Chaucer's Little Treatises
Authors: Grace Dominick M.
Published: March 2021

Chaucer’s prologue to the “Tale of Melibee” tends to attract more critical interest than the tale itself, often revolving around Chaucer’s references to a “litel tretys” and a “tretys lite,” as article titles such as “‘This Litel Tretys’ Again” (by John W. Clark) and “Chaucer’s Little Treatise, The Melibee” (by Thomas J. Farrell) suggest. The focus of such commentaries on the prologue tends to be identification of the treatise, with the inevitable conclusion being that there is only one treatise to identify. However, careful reading of the passage in question reveals that the most logical conclusion is that the two references, to a “litel tretys” (VII.957) and a “tretys lyte” (VII.963), refer to separate, albeit linked, treatises. Recognition of this likelihood depends on focussing not simply on the question of what Chaucer refers to in the two lines cited above but on the larger context of the linking material preceding the “Tale of Sir Thopas” as well as the interruption of that tale. In focussing on the question of the treatise, previous commentators have not sufficiently considered the ways that the references to the treatises develop from the dialogue between Harry and the narrator begun prior to the “Thopas.” The dialogue between Harry and Geoffrey before and after the “Thopas” stresses in various ways the difficulty of finding a fixed and single meaning even for a single word, let alone for a person, or a tale. Chaucer’s use of the word “tretys” in the Thopas-Melibee link is emblematic of the way he undercuts the idea that meaning is fixed and invariable, not only within the link itself, but throughout his writing. To understand the implications of granting a double referent to the word “tretys,” we must first consider what Harry’s way of reading implies.
Matronage or Patronage? The Case of Osbern Bokenham’s Women Patrons
Authors: Delany Sheíla
Published: March 2021

In his innovative all-female legendary, the fifteenth-century Augustinian friar Osbern Bokenham names no fewer than six women friends from the local East Anglian gentry and nobility. Two are explicitly said each to have commissioned one of the thirteen lives narrated in the legendary, and it is fair to assume that the others either commissioned lives of their patron saints or were rewarded with them in return for donations of land or money to Clare Priory, the well-connected establishment where Bokenham spent most of his life.
The Prophets in Discussion in the Middle Ages
Authors: Hanson John
Published: March 2021

Although the Biblical prophets were not, for the most part, contemporaries, they are often depicted, from the twelfth century onward, in conversation with one another. This lack of Biblical pedigree makes the image a particularly suggestive one for looking into medieval spirituality. It could be used as a starting point for any number of worthy enquiries, but two broad issues will be explored here. The first is the genesis of the imagery, particularly what sort of sources might have aided in its creation. The second is the issue of the implications of the imagery for the contemporary viewer, once it had been established.
Recovering the Author in Philippe de Remy's Manekine
Authors: Harvey Carol J.
Published: March 2021

If, as Roberta Krueger has suggested, "most medieval romances are sophisticated and self-reflective literary creations which invite the educated reader to observe their paradoxes and ambiguities" (Krueger 406), then La Manekine may provide particular insights into the relationship between gender and creativity. This thirteenth-century narrative by Philippe dc Remy is a rare example of a male-authored romance with a female protagonist. It is, in fact, the first recorded vernacular inscription of the archetypal folktale known as "the girl without hands," an initiation story recounting a young girl's tribulations from adolescence, in which she is an apparently powerless victim threatened with an incestuous (or other unacceptable) relationship, through to marriage, motherhood, and an acknowledged place in society.
Review Essay: The Status of the Visual in Byzantine Culture: On Some Recent Developments in Byzantine Art History
Authors: Peers Glenn
Published: March 2021

The impression given by art history surveys and civilisation courses can often be that Byzantine art is 'flat, flat figures on gold, gold ground.' Take, for instance, the ninth-century mosaic over the imperial door in the narthex of that quintessential Byzantine monument, Hagia Sophia, in Istanbul: Christ is seated on a lyre-backed throne, blessing with his right hand and holding a book open with his left. To either side are roundels containing bust portraits of two members of his celestial court, the Virgin Mary (or the Theotokos, or the Bearer of God, to use proper Orthodox designation) and an angel (Gabriel? Michael?); while the angel gazes sternly out at the viewer, the Virgin turns to the figure of Christ with hands outstretched in a gesture of supplication. Set off in their roundels, these two figures belong to a different field of activity from the fourth participant in this image, the figure of an emperor (identifiable through dress and headgear) kneeling abjectly to Christ's right and below the figure of the Theotokos.
Words in Favour of Women
Authors: Merrilees Brian
Published: March 2021

Thirty years ago I published in Medium Aevum a short article entitled "Words against Women." It was a brief edition and commentary on some anti-feminist lines found in the manuscript Vatican Reg. lat. 1659. The lines were used to fill up an empty column and seem to have been linked to a longer passage in the Vatican copy of a moralising debate poem, the Petit Plet by the Anglo-Norman poet Chardri. The Petit Plet lines are marked in this manuscript by drawings of hands with the index finger pointing to particular couplets that deal with the unflattering characteristics of women. If there are many medieval texts that clearly see women in an unfavourable light, there are, however, a few that speak out in praise of women; in this paper I present some aspects of one of those, an unpublished poem in defence of women that Professor Francoise Vielliard of the Ecole nationale des Chartes and I are in the process of editing. Though this paper may be intended primarily to remind us of that rather small literary current, it also underlines the value of hunting through manuscripts ostensibly devoted to one subject but where marginalia and fill-in material can reveal a few unknown gems which often pass unrecorded—or at least passed over in the standard catalogues.
Sagesse and Misogyny in the fabliau La dame escoillee
Authors: Collingwood Sharon
Published: March 2021

The fabliau La dame escoillee is often cited as a disturbing example of the medieval attitude toward women. Although violence is often presented as comic in the genre as a whole, the physical abuse suffered by women in this poem is so brutal that most scholars find it offensive, and feminist scholars in particular find it distressing that it was a relatively popular tale, preserved in six manuscripts.' Norris Lacy has, somewhat apologetically, praised this fabliau for its narrative complexity and skilled construction, and has called for a reading of the poem that takes into account factors other than the narrator's misogyny. He adds that this fabliau is addressed to an all-male audience, which may explain its strongly negative portrait of women as grasping and controlling, a portrait that conforms to the medieval stereotype. Male characters, Lacy reminds us, are often held up to derisive laughter for their individual faults, not for traits that merely confirm their gender. Lacy also notes that although the six versions of this fabliau are similar in content, there is a marked difference in narrative tone. Nottingham MS 19152, used as the basis for both Willem Noomen's critical edition and the previous Montaiglon-Raynaud edition, contains a long prologue, essentially a diatribe against women, while authorial intrusions throughout this version continue in this misogynist tone; the other versions of the fabliau pay much less attention to the female characters. Lacy refuses to tackle the complex question of whether MS 19152, the longest and most complete of the six manuscripts, preserves the original version, but he does favour the idea that the prologue may be a later addition (p. 110).
Christ as Soldier and Servant in The Dream of the Rood
Authors: Klinck Anne L.
Published: March 2021

The Dream of the Rood impresses the modern reader, and, doubtless, also impressed its original audience, as a memorable and powerful poem. One of its most striking features is the portrayal of Christ, who emerges as an active participant rather than a passive sufferer in his Crucifixion, a champion rather than a victim. Such a presentation has been shown to be the product of classical, Christian, and Germanic traditions. Thus, Christ can be seen as the athlete in his άγώωΐ the champion who fights single-handed against the Devil, 2 and the chieftain supported by his loyal retainer, the Cross.
Notes on the Text of Janus Pannonius' Epigrams
Authors: Barrett A. A.
Published: March 2021

Janus Pannonius was an individual of enormous talent, who played a highly significant role in the literary and political life of fifteenth-century Hungary. Born in Slavonia in 1434, he was, at the age of thirteen, sent by his uncle, Joannes Vitez, Bishop of Varad, to study under the great teacher Guarino Veronese in Ferrara. From Guarino Janus received a vigorous training in Latin grammar and literature; he also learned Greek, which, to judge from a comment made by Guarino's son, Guarino Battista, he absorbed in a single year. Janus never forgot his debt to his mentor whom he saw as occupying the central role in a world finally seeking enlightenment. He described him as a modern Camillus, who rescued Rome's language just as the general saved the Roman state: quantum Roma suo debet reparata Camillo / tantum Guarino lingua latina suo (Epig. 56).
"Hwilum Word be Worde, Hwilum Andgit of Andgiete"? Bede's Ecclesiastical History and its Old English Translator
Authors: St.-Jacques Raymond C.
Published: March 2021

In her 1962 paper on the Old English Bede Dorothy Whitelock examined some of the major differences between the Old English translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical Historys and its Latin original in an attempt to determine the connection, if any, between the translation and Alfred's educational reforms. Her paper provides a useful list of omissions in the Old English and discusses some of the principles guiding the translator in omitting passages. Whitelock, however, does not consider the function in the Latin work of passages deleted in the Old English, nor does she address the larger question of the differing perceptions of history at work in the original and the translation.
The Romano-Persian Peace Treaties of A.D. 299 and 363
Authors: Blockley R.C.
Published: March 2021

The Romano-Persian treaties of 299 and 363, the first between Diocletian and his colleagues and the Persian king Nerseh, the second between Jovian and Sapor II, are in themselves, though they survive only in brief and partial summaries, important documents in the history of Romano-Persian relations. The period in which they were produced, the first close to the beginning of it, the second close to the end, was an important stage in the development of relations between the two enduring and (in their own view) “civilized” powers of the ancient world. The importance of the treaties Eor the historian is two-fold. First, they constituted a large step in defining the troubled Romano-Persian border, at least in its southern sector, and produced an alignment which endured, with minor modifications, until the final decades of the sixth century Second, they were the last two agreements between the two states (at least until the reign of Maurice, 582-602) which were the consequence solely of military power and military action without the mediation of any significant diplomatic effort. Nevertheless, although in both cases one side was clearly dominant because these treaties -- and especially that of 363 -- recognized the legitimate interests of the other side, they laid the ground for the more mature relationship between Rome and Persia that was inaugurated by the negotiations in the 380's between the rep- resentatives of Theodosius I and Shapur III.
William of Palerne and Álaflekks Saga
Authors: Morgan Hubert E.
Published: March 2021

William of Palerne1 is a noteworthy Middle English non-cyclic romance which combines ancient werwolf legend with specific forms of the "expulsion-return" and "love-marriage" patterns of action common in the romances; it combines myth, popular tale, and romance in such a way that Charles Dunn styles this "primitive wonder tale with its overtones of courtly sensibility . . . a worthy forerunner of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." Another text, possibly structurally homologous and of similar date to William, combines the three themes of the werwolf, the alienation of a mortally-threatened prince from his patrimony, and the prince's trials in love, but it is decidedly more archaic in its use of the transformation theme and is less given to refined sensibility. This work, Àlaflekks saga, is an Icelandic "lying-saga" (lygi saga) of the late-fourteenth century, and both in structure and in detail its relationship to William of Palerne is most interesting
Plato's Philosopher King in the Political Thought of Sixth-Century Byzantium
Authors: Fotiou A. S.
Published: March 2021

The substance of this paper will be the fragments of an Anonymous dialogue entitled On Politica Science which was written probably in Constantinople during Justinian’s time from the viewpoint of the senatorial class. On the basis of internal evidence, the dramatic date of the work can be more securely placed at the beginning of Justinian's reign, certainly before the Nika Riot of A.D. 532. Nothing is known about the author. He probably received his higher education in Plato's Academy in fifth-century Athens where he was taught the late Neoplatonic philosophy by the best known head of the Academy, Proclus (died ca. A.D. 485). The author was a Christian philosopher who presented his ideas in terms of contemporary Neoplatonism.
Interpreting the Hexaemeron: Honorius Augustodunensis De Neocosmo
Authors: Cizewski Wanda
Published: March 2021

Introduction During his lifetime, Honorius Augustodunensis tried to conceal his identity, and he succeeded. Five hundred years of scholarship have not uncovered the secret of the enigmatic presbyter and scholasticus, nor yet identified with certainty the "imperial hill" from which his name derives. The work of V.I.J. Flint and M.O. Garrigues over the past decade has, however, narrowed the field of inquiry and made possible a fairly precise identification of the intellectual and controversial milieu in which he wrote. From internal evidence in his writings and on the basis of manuscript distribution, it can be concluded that during the first decades of the twelfth century, he was active somewhere in the Danube valley, probably at or near Regensburg. Both authors agree that he may well have been a Benedictine monk. Indeed, Valerie Flint goes so far as to suggest that his involvement in the Benedictines’ struggle to preserve their right to priestly service and the care of souls may be the key to the place and purpose of his works.
The Image of the Harp and Trecento Reception of Plato's Phaedo
Authors: van Deusen Nancy
Published: March 2021

Until recently, “Platonism” as a concept had been fairly well-established: in all likelihood nothing new would come out of looking carefully into the early translations of Plato’s dialogues. Generally, it was thought that all of the dialogues — with the exception of Plato's Timaeus, available in Chalcidius’ partial translation and extensive commentary, and, for example, also in the subsequent twelfth-century commentary by William of Conches — were translated from Greek into Latin and hence were influential only in the course of the fifteenth century, particularly due to the efforts of the Florentine humanist, Marsilio Ficino.
The Rehabilitation of Prophecy: On Dante's Three Beasts
Authors: Piehler Paul
Published: March 2021

Out of the range of learned commentary helpful in the understanding of Dante’s allegory I select, as a not entirely arbitrary starting point, Joseph Mazzeo's wide-ranging exploration of allegorical exegesis, entitled "Allegorical Interpretation and History."'1’ This article, published in 1978, is notable for the unusually clear and firm distinction it draws between allegorical interpretation of texts, normally sacred texts, not actually designed to be read allegorically, and what Mazzeo terms "constructed allegory," that is, "The works of our literary tradition which demand to be understood as allegory rather than simply allowing allegorical interpretation . .(p. 17). After clarifying this essential but all too often obscured distinction, Mazzeo goes on to point out that constructed allegory "should generally be understood as following typological patterns rather than the more abstract and unhistorical patterns of allegorical exegesis.""Typolog-ical" allegory he defines as allegory that "assumes the existence of a central paradigmatic story, of a sacred or near-sacred character, set in the past and assumed to be historical . .(p. 17).
The Desire for God and the Love of Learning: A Sketch of Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Strasser Michael W.
Published: March 2021

The studies of mediaeval historians since the beginning of this century have made the originality of the Middle Ages so clear to us that we are now in danger of forgetting the continuity of the mediaeval world with that of Classical Greece. One similarity between these two periods that seems worthy of exploration is their common conviction that a man's intellectual life depends in some originative way upon his moral life.
The Double Role of Criseyde in Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde
Authors: Mary Joan Cook RSM
Published: March 2021

Critics of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde have over the years pondered the character of Criseyde. F.N.Robinson, whose comments and references throughout his edition indicate his familiarity with Chaucerian scholarship, wrote that Chaucer's Criseyde "is one of the most complex of his creations. This is made apparent by the very disagreements of the critics in their search for a key to her character." More recently, Ida L. Gordon in 1970 spoke of the "teasing enigma of her behavior," and Robert apRoberts, in a preface to his essay on "Criseyde's Infidelity," noted: "Another essay on Chaucer's Criseyde might seem as redundant as another essay on Hamlet." Yet this Mona Lisa-like figure continues to provoke attempts (to paraphrase Hamlet) "to pluck out the heart of her mystery."
Augustine and Apocalyptic: Thoughts on the Fall of Rome, the Book of Revelation, and the End of the World
Authors: Coyle J Kevin
Published: March 2021

Periodically in Christian history there emerges a speculative trend known as “apocalypticism” which, simply put, is the reading of current events as the fulfillment of “biblical prophecy.” As understood here, biblical prophecy ascribes particular importance to select passages of the Bible, notably Daniel 7 and Ezechiel 38-39 in the Old Testament and Revelation 20-21 in the New — passages regarded as “apocalyptic,” a word meaning simply “revealed” but here practically synonymous with impending catastrophe. Apocalypticism assumes that such passages foretell certain events of human history, events now coming to pass or soon to take place. This speculation recurs, in Lowell Streiker’s words, “whenever societal stress (depression, recession, threat of war) elicits the belief that things are getting worse and will probably stay that way.” In other words, apocalypticism is always a response to a sense of mounting crisis.
Estetyzacja etyki. Projekt Michela Foucaulta w polemice z dorobkiem Oświecenia
Authors: Poterała Andrzej
Published: March 2021

Artykuł traktuje o etycznym wymiarze filozofii Micheala Foucaulta. Jego projekt, który polega na estetyzacji etyki, próbuję powiązać z całokształtem dokonań francuskiego filozofa. Jest to po części zapis ewolucji myśli, postulatów, a po części chęć wykazania zmiany jakościowej w późnych pismach Foucaulta. Do rozważań nad estetyzacją etyki wybrałem polemikę, jaką sam filozof podjął z Kantem i oświeceniowym projektem. Osią rozważań staje się refleksja nad pytaniem o teraźniejszość. Tłem inspiracje i wpływy filozofii starożytnej Grecji, Oświecenia, dwudziestowiecznego dandyzmu, jak i sugerowanej przeze mnie strategii kulturowej camp.
O niektórych etycznych aspektach transplantacji
Authors: Słomski Wojciech
Published: March 2021

Przeszczep narządu angażuje zawsze trzy strony: dawcę, biorcę oraz lekarza. Podstawą wszelkich działań lekarza powinno być poszanowanie pacjenta jako autonomicznego podmiotu, któremu przysługuje prawo do decydowania o samym sobie. W przypadku transplantacji leczeniu podlega jedynie biorca narządu, a z powodu braku wystarczającej ilości narządów transplantacje wykonywane są tylko w przypadku pacjentów, dla których nie istnieją alternatywne sposoby leczenia. Pacjent oczekujący na przeszczep jest zawsze w sytuacji bez wyjścia, tzn. ma do wyboru zgodzić się na przeszczep lub umrzeć. Inaczej problem ten przedstawia się w odniesieniu do dawców narządów. Dawcą może być albo osoba żyjąca, albo zmarła. Żyjący dawca ma oczywiście możliwość świadomego podjęcia decyzji, jeszcze inaczej jest z pobieranie narządów od osób zmarłych. Istnienie konflikt interesów pomiędzy interesami dawcy i biorcy, a także pomiędzy działaniami transplantologa, którego celem jest jak najszybsze pobranie organu a celami zespołu reanimacyjnego.
Śmierć jako sytuacja tragiczna w filozofii Jaspersa i Kierkegaarda
Authors: Janiak Michał
Published: March 2021

Artykuł omawia pojęcie śmierci jako „sytuacji granicznej” (Grenzsituation) w filozofii Karla Jaspersa i jego korzenie w pismach Kierkegaarda. Wychodząc od Psychologii światopoglądów, wczesnej pracy Jaspersa, omówienie wskazuje na istotowe powiązanie śmierci z fundamentalną strukturą skończoności bytu ludzkiego. Jaspers pozostaje wierny Kierkegaardowi w jego podstawowych tezach o egzystencjalnej funkcji śmierci jako sytuacji granicznej. Zadaniem żywej jednostki, będącej „możliwą Egzystencją”, jest stać się sobą, wybrać siebie, „stać się subiektywnym” - a jest to osiągalne jedynie w perspektywie asymilacji własnej skończoności, czyli również własnej śmiertelności. Koncepcje Kierkegaarda i Jaspersa różni natomiast przede wszystkim koncepcja wiary leżąca u podłoża egzystencjalnego apelu podjęcia jednostkowego losu w obliczu śmierci.
Mity nowoczesnego wychowania w cieniu kryzysu myśli Oświecenia: Rousseau a Nietzsche
Authors: Rolka Malwina
Published: March 2021

Epoka oświecenia, w której kwestia wychowania nabiera szczególnego znaczenia ze względu na swoją rolę w procesie wyprowadzenia jednostki ze świata mitu i zabobonu ku wyzwalającemu blaskowi rozumu, sama za sprawą miotających nią sprzeczności okazuje się mitem. Jej dwoiste tendencje, wiodące do wyłonienia problemu osobowości jako podstawowego przedmiotu myśli nowoczesnej, konstatuje już Rousseau, który na wizji człowieka natury chce oprzeć swój ideał wychowania, widząc w nim drogę do ich zażegnania. Tego samego zadania podejmuje się także sto lat później Nietzsche, zmierzając do przetransponowania na grunt kulturowy idei nadczłowieka, w której ostatecznie ma się odsłonić charakter ludzkiej natury. U obu myślicieli istotną rolę w kontekście wychowania pełni mit, który choć w sposób jawny przyjmuje funkcję zasady heurystycznej, odsłania także w ukrytym wymiarze inne swoje oblicze. Zarówno Rousseau, jak i Nietzsche na gruncie postawionej diagnozy kryzysu nowoczesności, rozumianej z perspektywy skutków oddziaływania sprzecznych tendencji oświecenia, dochodzą do tego samego wniosku: uruchomionych dążeń alienacyjnych nie sposób już przezwyciężyć. W świetle zagadnień zogniskowanych wokół egzystencjalnego i kulturowego sensu wychowania mityczny - czyli tu fałszywy - charakter obu koncepcji odzwierciedla się w zakwestionowaniu możliwości urzeczywistnienia powołanej wizji natury ludzkiej na gruncie kulturowym, a tym samym radykalizacji konkluzji, że oświeceniowe tendencje nowoczesności nieodwołalnie już wprowadziły przepaść pomiędzy człowiekiem i jego światem.
Piękno w teorii nauki. Estetyczne kryteria w ocenie i wyborze teorii naukowych
Authors: Szydłowski Marek , Tambor Paweł
Published: March 2021

Wychodząc od klasycznych koncepcji piękna, pokazujemy, w jaki sposób kategoria ta funkcjonuje w nauce oraz jak jej rolę w ocenie i wyborze wytworów naukowych rekonstruują współcześni filozofowie nauki. Głównym celem pracy jest wykazanie, że praktyka badawcza fizyki współczesnej i kosmologii wskazuje, że piękno nie jest traktowane jako kategoria autonomiczna, ale raczej jako kategoria dająca się zredukować do prostoty, elegancji lub symetrii, co jest bliskie koncepcjom J. W. McAlistera, N. Maxwella lub P. Thagarda, którzy włączają kryteria pozaempiryczne w racjonalną rekonstrukcję rozwoju nauki. W pracy pokazujemy, że zaprezentowane koncepcje da się istotnie rozszerzyć w oparciu o faktycznie stosowane w praktyce badawczej kryteria informacyjne (Akaike), które nadają sens operacyjny pojęciu prostoty. Fundamentalność symetrii w fizyce jest także przykładem tego, że piękno wypływające i wiążące się ze zrozumieniem treści teorii naukowych nie jest jedną cechą, ale ogólną strukturalną koherencją cech – piękno w nauce ma naturę strukturalną.
Interactive governance. Power and stability
Authors: Abdou Joseph
Published: March 2021

Author proposes very specific description of collective decision processes and analyzes strategic game form, solvable mechanism, the implementation problem and effectivity bundles.
Idea ewolucji Wszechświata, jej geneza, percepcja i filozoficzne uwarunkowania
Authors: Szydłowski Marek , Krawiec Adam
Published: March 2021

Przywiązanie do statycznego obrazu świata było wartością, z której wielu naukowców, w tym Albert Einstein, nie chciało zrezygnować pomimo, że ogólna teoria względności (OTW) burzyła ten porządek. W percepcji OTW pokutuje wciąż myślenie w kategoriach przestrzeni statycznej, uniwersalnego czasu kosmologicznego, a także statycznej czaso-przestrzeni Minkowskiego. Charakterystyczną cechą tego stylu myślenia jest rozumowanie nie tyle w kategoriach autonomicznej fizycznej czasoprzestrzeni, ile w kategorii czasoprzestrzeni rozseparowanej na czas i przestrzeń. Dyskutujemy wynikające z tego niezrozumienie i błędne interpretacje pojęcia ekspansji przestrzeni. Argumentujemy, że odkrycie ekspansji Wszechświata jest dziełem Lemaitre’a, który rozumiał ten efekt i jako pierwszy testował go w oparciu o model. Hubble’owi przypisujemy odkrycie ucieczki galaktyk jako efektu kinematycznego niepowiązanego z żądnym modelem kosmologicznym. Wskazujemy na to, że program socjologicznej rekonstrukcji historii nauki Flecka może być użyteczny do analizy przejścia od statycznego do dynamicznego Wszechświata.
Optymizm historiozoficzny jako aksjologiczny fundament idei postępu dziejowego
Authors: Wasyluk Piotr
Published: March 2021

Wielu autorów wskazuje, że myślenie w kategoriach postępu możliwe jest wyłącznie na gruncie filozoficznej refleksji nad historią, a idea postępu nie powinna być przedmiotem zainteresowania zawodowych historyków. Opinia ta wywołała wiele dyskusji, a ich efektem były próby wskazania specyfiki świadomości progresywistycznej. Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na historiozoficzny kontekst myślenia w kategoriach postępu oraz ukazanie płaszczyzn, na których możliwe jest budowanie optymistycznego przekonania o stopniowym i nieodwracalnym postępie dziejowym.
Moralne aspekty współczesnego konsultingu
Authors: Mrówka Małgorzata
Published: March 2021

Konsulting jest formą doradztwa biznesowego. Zatem wartości, jak również problemy moralne z jednej strony mają genezę w tradycji filozoficznej, z drugiej – wynikają ze złożoności współczesnej gospodarki i swoistego mariażu doradztwa z biznesem. Konsulting jest profesją o dużym kapitale zaufania społecznego, dlatego od konsultantów należy wymagać nie tylko wiedzy w wąskim zakresie udzielania rad, ale też przygotowania filozoficzno-etycznego, działań odpowiedzialnych, wręcz odważnych moralnie.
O niektórych funkcjach muzyki według Henryka Elzenberga
Authors: Maj Filip
Published: March 2021

W artykule analizowane są uwagi Henryka Elzenberga dotyczące znaczenia i funkcji muzyki dla człowieka. Muzyka ma zdolność antycypowania, wywołania, przekazywania i przekierowywania treści emocjonalnych, ale jaka jest jej rola w poznaniu i myśleniu? Problem jest omawiany w kontekście relacji muzyki z mistyką, z życiem, z niemoralnością, w odwołaniu do Beethovena i Wagnera oraz myśli Wittgensteina o muzyce.
Harmonijność – aksjologiczny wymiar człowieka
Authors: Romanowska-Łakomy Halina
Published: March 2021

Praca koncentruje się na aksjologicznym rozwoju człowieka w aspekcie psychologicz­nym. Przyjmuje się tu holistyczną opcję rozwo­ju i zgodnie z tą opcją dokonuje się opracowa­nia harmonijnego rozwoju Głównym przedmiotem rozważań jest najwyższy poziom rozwoju, który prowadzi do zharmonizowania wewnątrzosobowego i zintegrowania się ze środowiskiem. W podstawowym założeniu pracy przyjmuje się, że każdy człowiek posiada predyspozycje do integrowania siebie i doświadczania harmonii. Zakłada się też, iż nawet jednorazowe przeżycie harmonii uaktywnia w człowieku jego zdolność do budowania w sobie wyższego porządku. Przeżycie to rozwija dążenie do kontemplacyjnego komunikowania się ze światem i jest zaczątkiem rozwoju bezinteresownej struktury człowieka.
Przyroda południowoafrykańska w relacjach Polaków (XVI-XX wiek)
Authors: Żukowski Arkadiusz
Published: March 2021

Ukazano relacje Polaków dotyczące przyrody południowoafrykańskiej z perspektywy ponad 400 lat. Afryka Południowa, praktycznie do naszych czasów, jawiła się im zawsze jako kraj nie tylko bardzo odległy, ale też egzotyczny i interesujący. Determinowało to w poważnym stopniu charakter relacji. Podkreślały one przede wszystkim różnorodność i bogactwo przyrody południowoafrykańskiej. Przyrodę południowoafrykańską postrzegano również przez pryzmat wielkich możliwości łowieckich. Wielu Polaków odwiedzających Afrykę Południową wyrażało zdziwienie z obecności w tym kraju dwóch wykluczających się w zasadzie światów – nietkniętej przyrody i cywilizacji europejskiej.

Najczęściej opisywanym miejscem Afryki Południowej był Przylądek Dobrej Nadziei oraz okolice dzisiejszego Kapsztadu. Pierwszego dokładnego zapisu interior dokonał Antoni Rehman w latach siedemdziesiątych XIX wieku. Rzeczowo i ze znawstwem pisali o przyrodzie południowoafrykańskiej polscy uczeni, którzy uczestniczyli w XV Międzynarodowym Kongresie Geologicznym w Pretorii w 1929 roku: Walery Goetel, Jan Lewiński, Józef Morozewicz i Jerzy Loth. Dość liczne relacje odnośnie przyrody południowoafrykańskiej pojawiły się współcześnie w kontekście złożonej sytuacji społeczno- politycznej Afryki Południowej.
Neuroestetyka – krytyczna analiza wybranych badań empirycznych
Authors: Markiewicz Piotr
Published: March 2021

Celem artykułu jest krytyczna analiza wybranych badań empirycznych z zakresu neuroestetyki. Neuroestetyka to nowa interdyscyplinarna dziedzina naukowa zmierzająca do opisu funkcjonowania mózgowia w kontekście reakcji na dzieło sztuki. W artykule przedstawiam i analizuję wyniki badań na temat mózgowych korelatów preferencji estetycznej i percepcji piękna. Pomimo wątpliwości natury interpretacyjnej, wyniki te potwierdzają hipotezę o specyfice reakcji estetycznej w stosunku do innych typów reakcji kognitywnych człowieka.
Utopia jako myślenie ahistoryczne?
Authors: Wasyluk Piotr
Published: March 2021

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie w perspektywie historiozoficznej, dla której naczelną wartością staje się stosunek do świadomości historycznej. Jednym z jej wyznaczników jest relacja wobec czasu historycznego. Na tym tle można mówić o utopiach antyhistorycznych, ahistorycznych i historycznych.
O orfickim języku mitu
Authors: Zarewicz Daniel
Published: March 2021

Przekaz legendarnego Orfeusza już przez autorów starożytnych identyfikowany był z niejasną i trudną symboliką. Język ten, pomimo swojej niejasności, był najlepszą drogą do komunikacji pomiędzy bogami a ludźmi. Niniejszy artykuł jest kolejną próbą, na podstawie starożytnych przekazów, współczesnej literatury krytycznej i refleksji autora, opisania orfizmu: starożytnego fenomenu łączącego ze sobą przekaz religijny, filozoficzny, antropologię i teologię. Zjawisko to wciąż nie jest dostatecznie rozumiane, mimo, że odgrywa kluczową rolę w kształtowaniu się mentalności i duchowości współczesnego człowieka. Orfizm jako starożytna via-religia do zbawienia i samopoznania wymaga nieustających studiów bazujących wyłącznie na oryginalnych greckich tekstach, stanowiących niezgłębioną kopalnię wiedzy na temat religijności starożytnych Greków.
Saisir les épreuves du travail contemporain
Authors: Pezé Stéphan
Published: March 2021

Le travail contemporain peut se vivre comme une succession d’épreuves qui, loin d’être individuelles, sont le reflet de défis partagés. L’auteur propose de mobiliser le concept d’épreuve de Martuccelli (2006, 2010) pour mieux comprendre la façon dont des défis globaux sont vécus localement, dans le travail de chacun, et comment y faire face individuellement et collectivement. Après avoir présenté ce concept et la manière dont il peut être utilisé, il suggère quelques pistes de recherches permettant notamment de construire des réponses organisées face aux épreuves individuelles du travail contemporain.
La satisfaction de carrière et le succès de carrière perçu
Authors: Aït Saïd Khalil
Published: March 2021

La nature du succès de carrière subjectif entrave l’atteinte d’un consensus quant à sa définition. Ce travail se focalise sur le succès de carrière perçu (évaluation cognitive) en le distinguant de la satisfaction de carrière (évaluation affective), et sur leurs liens avec le succès objectif et les ancres de carrière. À l’aide d’un échantillon de 362 cadres français, les résultats confirment, d’une part, le rôle médiateur de la satisfaction de carrière entre le succès objectif et le succès perçu et, d’autre part, le rôle que joue l’ancre managériale pour modérer cette médiation.
Sustainability Issues of Various Denim Washing Methods
Authors:   Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Khan, Md. Khalilur Rahman , Jintun Sayedatunnesa ,   Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT), Dhaka, Bangladesh
Published: March 2021

Denim washing is increasingly joining the list of indispensable processes of meeting the demands of the world’s shifting fashion industry. Other than this, there is a rising trend in the sustainability perception among both producers and customers in the modern world. However, denim washing is considered to have direct impacts on the environment because of its chemical discharge and many other pollutants emitted during the process which affect water supplies. In the process, the denim industry encounters challenges at every level. Therefore, there is need for studying sustainable problems associated with denim washing. The unseen soul of the denim industry is technology, as nothing can be transformed without technological advancement. Sustainability problems of conventional washing have been addressed in this paper (i.e. pp spray washing, bleaching washing, stone washing, sand blasting etc.). Furthermore, the paper describes how sustainability can be achieved through the most recent washing techniques, such as laser, waterjet, nanobubble, ozone, NoStone, potassium permanganate alternatives etc. The introduction of new technologies has triggered a dramatic shift in the denim washing industry in terms of water usage, electricity and chemicals as well as improved quality. Consequently, it is undoubtful that the recent technologies in denim washing are crucial in making the industry sustainable. Moreover, the paper describes the idea of digitally printed denim and the available software for measuring sustainability in the process of denim washing.