bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aggressive epidermotropic cutaneous CD8+ lymphoma: a cutaneous lymphoma with distinct clinical and pathological features. Report of an EORTC Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force Workshop
Authors: Robson Alistair , Assaf Chalid , Bagot Martine , Burg Gunter , Calonje Eduardo , Castillo Christine , Cerroni Lorenzo , Chimenti Nicola , Dechelotte Pierre , Franck Frederic , Geerts Maria , Gellrich Sylke , Goodlad John , Kempf Werner , Knobler Robert , Massone Cesare , Meijer Chris , Ortiz Pablo , Petrella Tony , Pimpinelli Nicola , Roewert Joclim , Russell‐Jones Robin , Santucci Marco , Steinhoff Mattias , Sterry Wolfram , Wechsler Janine , Whittaker Sean , Willemze Rein , Berti Emilio
Published: January 2014

Aims

Aggressive epidermotropic cutaneous CD8+ lymphoma is currently afforded provisional status in the WHO classification of lymphomas. An EORTC Workshop was convened to describe in detail the features of this putative neoplasm and evaluate its nosological status with respect to other cutaneous CD8+ lymphomas.

Methods and results

Sixty‐one CD8+ cases were analysed at the workshop; clinical details, often with photographs, histological sections, immunohistochemical results, treatment and patient outcome were discussed and recorded. Eighteen cases had distinct features and conformed to the diagnosis of aggressive epidermotropic cutaneous CD8+ lymphoma. The patients typically present with widespread plaques and tumours, often ulcerated and haemorrhagic, and histologically have striking pagetoid epidermotrophism. A CD8+/CD45RA+/CD45RO−/CD2−/CD5−/CD56− phenotype, with one or more cytotoxic markers, was found in seven of 18 patients, with a very similar phenotype in the remainder. The tumours seldom involve lymph nodes, but mucosal and central nervous system involvement are not uncommon. The prognosis is poor, with a median survival of 12 months. Examples of CD8+ mycosis fungoides, lymphomatoid papulosis and Woringer–Kolopp disease presented the typical features well documented in the CD4+ forms of those diseases.

Conclusions

Aggressive epidermotropic cutaneous CD8+ lymphoma is a distinct lymphoma that warrants inclusion as a distinct entity in future revisions of lymphoma classifications.
Climate change reduces genetic diversity of Canada lynx at the trailing range edge
Authors: Koen E. L. , Bowman J. , Murray D. L. , Wilson P. J.
Published: January 2014

Shifts in species distributions due to environmental change may affect the spatial pattern of genetic structure within a species' range, including possible changes to the adaptive potential of populations. We investigated spatial patterns of neutral genetic diversity and differentiation at the southern edge of the Canada lynx Lynx canadensis distribution in Ontario, Canada. We analyzed provincial fur harvest records (1972–2010) and collected and genotyped lynx pelt samples (2007–2009) from 702 lynx at 14 microsatellite loci. We show that the southern range boundary of lynx in central Canada has contracted northward by > 175 km since the 1970s, and that high winter temperature, low snow depth, and low proportion of suitable habitat are strongly correlated with low neutral genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation at the trailing range edge. Our work tests fundamental ideas about species range limits and demonstrates that environmental conditions can have a marked influence on neutral genetic structure. Our results suggest that changes in environmental conditions will result in further loss of genetic diversity and possibly reduce adaptive potential in southern peripheral lynx populations.
Mapping Constitutionally Safeguarded Judicial Independence—A Global Survey
Authors: Hayo Bernd , Voigt Stefan
Published: January 2014

De jure judicial independence (JI) is the single most important predictor of de facto JI. In this article, we describe under what conditions countries are likely to include JI in their constitutions. We describe and analyze both their original choice in this regard as well as change over time using a newly constructed data set comprised of 100 countries and covering the years between 1950 and 2005. Particularly robust findings are that former British colonies are less likely to address JI explicitly, as are states in the Caribbean. Electoral rules appear to matter and so does the form of government. A higher percentage of urban dwellers reduces the likelihood of mentioning JI in the constitution. Finally, we show that the likelihood that a constitution is altered with regard to JI is quite small: after a period of more than 50 years, 85 percent of all constitutions have remained unchanged in this regard.
Effect of Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections on Mortality, Length of Stay, and Hospital Costs in Older Adults
Authors: Kaye Keith S. , Marchaim Dror , Chen Ting‐Yi , Baures Timothy , Anderson Deverick J. , Choi Yong , Sloane Richard , Schmader Kenneth E
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To quantify the effect of nosocomial bloodstream infection (BSI) on older adults, including mortality, length of stay (LOS), and costs attributed to BSI.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Eight acute care hospitals (7 community hospitals and 1 tertiary university‐affiliated facility) belonging to the Duke Infection Control Outreach Network (DICON) from the states of North Carolina and Virginia.

Participants

Elderly patients over 65 years of age.

Measurements

A multistate, multicenter, matched, retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 1994 through June 2002 in eight hospitals from the Southern‐Central United States. Patients aged >65 years with nosocomial BSI were enrolled. Controls without bloodstream infection were matched to cases. Outcomes during the 90‐day period following hospital discharge were evaluated to determine the association between BSI and mortality, hospital costs, and LOS.

Results

Eight‐hundred thirty cases and 830 matched controls were identified, all with a mean age of 74.4 years. Among cases, 81% of BSIs were central line‐associated and Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen accounting for 34.6% of infections (2/3 were methicillin resistant). The mortality rate of cases was 49.4%, compared to 33.2% for controls (OR = 2.1, P < .001), LOS was 29.2 days for cases and 20.2 days for controls (P < .001), and hospital charges were $102,276 for cases compared to $69,690 for controls (P < .001). The mean LOS and mean costs attributable to BSI were 10 days and $43,208, respectively.

Conclusion

Nosocomial BSI in older adults was significantly associated with increases in 90‐day mortality, increased LOS, and increased costs of care. Preventive interventions to eliminate nosocomial BSIs in older adults would likely be cost effective.
Effects of a Modified Hospital Elder Life Program on Frailty in Individuals Undergoing Major Elective Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Chen Cheryl Chia‐Hui , Chen Chiung‐Nien , Lai I‐Rue , Huang Guan‐Hua , Saczynski Jane S. , Inouye Sharon K.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To test the effects of a modified Hospital Elder Life Program (mHELP) on frailty.

Design

Matched and unmatched analyses of data from a before‐and‐after study.

Setting

Hospital, inpatient.

Participants

Participants aged 65 and older (n = 189) undergoing major elective abdominal surgery at a medical center in Taiwan.

Intervention

The mHELP included three nursing interventions: early mobilization, oral and nutritional assistance, and orienting communication.

Measurements

Frailty rate and transitions between frailty states from hospital discharge to 3 months after discharge using Fried's phenotype criteria categorized as nonfrail (0 or 1 criteria present), prefrail (2 or 3 criteria present), and frail (4 or 5 criteria present).

Results

In matched pairs, participants who received the mHELP interventions were significantly less likely to be frail at discharge (19.2%) than matched controls (65.4%) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.02–0.39). Transitions to states of greater frailty during hospitalization were more common for participants in the control group. Three months after discharge, participants who received the mHELP intervention during hospitalization were less likely to be frail (17.3%) than matched controls (23.1%) (AOR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.21–2.56), although this difference did not achieve statistical significance.

Conclusion

The mHELP intervention is effective in reducing frailty by hospital discharge, but the benefit is diminished by 3 months after discharge. Thus, the mHELP provides a useful approach to manage in‐hospital frailty for older adults undergoing major abdominal surgery.
Deciding Not to Un–Do the “I Do:” Therapy Experiences of Women Who Consider Divorce But Decide to Remain Married
Authors: Kanewischer Erica J.W. , Harris Steven M.
Published: January 2014

This study explores women's experience of marital therapy while they navigated decision making around divorce. A qualitative method was used to gain a deeper understanding of the participants' therapy and relationship decision‐making experiences. How are women's decisions whether or not to exit their marriage affected by therapy? The researchers interviewed 15 women who had considered initiating divorce before they turned 40 and had attended at least five marital therapy sessions but ultimately decided not to divorce. In general, participants reported that the therapy was helpful to them, their decision‐making process and their marriages. Five main themes emerged from the interviews: Women Initiated Therapy, Therapist Was Experienced as Unbiased, Therapy was Helpful, Importance of Extra‐therapeutic Factors, and Gradual Process.
Mindfulness‐Based Relationship Education For Couples Expecting Their First Child—Part 1: A Randomized Mixed‐Methods Program Evaluation
Authors: Gambrel Laura Eubanks , Piercy Fred P.
Published: January 2014

This article is Part 1 of a two‐part series, in which we report on our evaluation of a mindfulness‐based relationship enhancement program for couples who are expecting their first child. In this mixed‐methods randomized clinical trial, we assigned 33 couples to the 4‐week Mindful Transition to Parenthood Program treatment group (n = 16 couples) or to a waitlist control condition (n = 17 couples). Men in the treatment group significantly improved in relationship satisfaction, mindfulness, and negative affect; women had no significant treatment effects. Small to large effect sizes were present for treatment group men and women in multiple areas. Mixed‐methods analyses demonstrated that this intervention may be especially helpful for men because of differences in social support needs, effects of program enrollment, and relational processes in the prenatal period.

Video Abstract
Anatomy of the lamprey ear: morphological evidence for occurrence of horizontal semicircular ducts in the labyrinth of Petromyzon marinus
Authors: Maklad Adel , Reed Caitlyn , Johnson Nicolas S. , Fritzsch Bernd
Published: January 2014

In jawed (gnathostome) vertebrates, the inner ears have three semicircular canals arranged orthogonally in the three Cartesian planes: one horizontal (lateral) and two vertical canals. They function as detectors for angular acceleration in their respective planes. Living jawless craniates, cyclostomes (hagfish and lamprey) and their fossil records seemingly lack a lateral horizontal canal. The jawless vertebrate hagfish inner ear is described as a torus or doughnut, having one vertical canal, and the jawless vertebrate lamprey having two. These observations on the anatomy of the cyclostome (jawless vertebrate) inner ear have been unchallenged for over a century, and the question of how these jawless vertebrates perceive angular acceleration in the yaw (horizontal) planes has remained open. To provide an answer to this open question we reevaluated the anatomy of the inner ear in the lamprey, using stereoscopic dissection and scanning electron microscopy. The present study reveals a novel observation: the lamprey has two horizontal semicircular ducts in each labyrinth. Furthermore, the horizontal ducts in the lamprey, in contrast to those of jawed vertebrates, are located on the medial surface in the labyrinth rather than on the lateral surface. Our data on the lamprey horizontal duct suggest that the appearance of the horizontal canal characteristic of gnathostomes (lateral) and lampreys (medial) are mutually exclusive and indicate a parallel evolution of both systems, one in cyclostomes and one in gnathostome ancestors.
PATHWAYS TO PALLIATIVE CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Authors: Bull Rosalind , Youl Loren , Robertson Iain K. , Mace Rose , Challenor Sarah , Fassett Robert G.
Published: January 2014

Background

Despite the terminal nature of chronic kidney disease (CKD), end‐of‐life care planning is often inconsistent and pathways to palliative care are unclear. Health professionals' perceptions of palliative care and the prevailing context may influence their end‐of‐life decision making.

Objectives

To identify predictors of conservative treatment decisions and their associations with referral to palliative care, and to determine the perceptions that health professionals have about the role of palliative care in management of CKD.

Methods

A retrospective audit of deceased patients' charts, spanning three years, and a survey of renal healthcare professionals, documenting CKD palliative care practices, knowledge and attitudes was carried out. Records of all patients with CKD dying between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2008 in Australian regional renal service were audited. Renal staff from the service were surveyed. Logistic regression for binomial outcomes and ordinal logistic regression when more than two outcome levels were involved; and thematic analysis using a continual cross comparative approach was undertaken.

Results

Loss of function, particularly from stroke, and severe pain are interpreted as representing levels of suffering which would justify the need to withdraw from renal replacement therapy. Family and/or patient indecision complicates and disrupts end‐of‐life care planning and can establish a cycle of ambiguity. Whilst renal healthcare professionals support early discussion of end‐of‐life care at predialysis education, congruity with the patient and family when making the final decision is of great importance.

Conclusion

Healthcare professionals' beliefs, values and knowledge of palliative care influence their end‐of‐life care decisions. The influence of patient, family and clinicians involves negotiation and equivocation. Health professionals support the early discussion of end‐of‐life care in CKD at predialysis education to enable clearer decision making.
The Infection Process of Pestalotiopsis Longisetula Leaf Spot on Strawberry Leaves
Authors: Rodrigues Fabrício A. , Silva Ivanete Tonole , Antunes Cruz Maria Fernanda , Carré‐Missio Vivian
Published: January 2014

Pestalotia leaf spot, caused by the fungus Pestalotiopsis longisetula Guba, has become the major disease affecting strawberry production in Brazil. Strawberry seedlings with 4–5 leaves were inoculated with a conidial suspension of P. longisetula (2 × 105 conidia/ml), and leaf samples were collected at 48, 72, 96 and 144 h after inoculation (hai) for observation in the scanning electron microscope. Conidia germinated within 48 hai. At 72 hai, conidia had formed very long germ tubes over the epidermal cells without any evidence of appressorial formation nor direct penetration. At 96 hai, fungal hyphae grew inter‐ and intracellularly in the lacunous parenchyma and also through tracheary elements. Pycnidia were first observed on the leaf surface at 96 hai. At 144 hai, conidia of P. longisetula were first liberated from the pycnidia. This study adds new information to better understand of the infection process of P. longisetula that may help in developing more effective disease control strategies.
Elevated production of melatonin in transgenic rice seeds expressing rice tryptophan decarboxylase
Authors: Byeon Yeong , Park Sangkyu , Lee Hyoung Yool , Kim Young‐Soon , Back Kyoungwhan
Published: January 2014

A major goal of plant biotechnology is to improve the nutritional qualities of crop plants through metabolic engineering. Melatonin is a well‐known bioactive molecule with an array of health‐promoting properties, including potent antioxidant capability. To generate melatonin‐rich rice plants, we first independently overexpressed three tryptophan decarboxylase isogenes in the rice genome. Melatonin levels were altered in the transgenic lines through overexpression of TDC1, TDC2, and TDC3; TDC3 transgenic seed (TDC3‐1) had melatonin concentrations 31‐fold higher than those of wild‐type seeds. In TDC3 transgenic seedlings, however, only a doubling of melatonin content occurred over wild‐type levels. Thus, a seed‐specific accumulation of melatonin appears to occur in TDC3 transgenic lines. In addition to increased melatonin content, TDC3 transgenic lines also had enhanced levels of melatonin intermediates including 5‐hydroxytryptophan, tryptamine, serotonin, and N‐acetylserotonin. In contrast, expression levels of melatonin biosynthetic mRNA did not increase in TDC3 transgenic lines, indicating that increases in melatonin and its intermediates in these lines are attributable exclusively to overexpression of the TDC3 gene.
The Punctuated Origins of Senate Polarization
Authors: Bonica Adam
Published: January 2014

This article uses a new dynamic ideal‐point estimation method that incorporates smoothing techniques to construct a more detailed account of Senate polarization. The results reveal that the Senate polarized in two distinct phases. Member replacement accounts for nearly all of the increase from the early 1970s through the mid‐1990s after which ideological adaptation emerges as the dominant force behind polarization. In addition, I find that a few brief periods of intensified partisanship account for most of the increase in polarization since the mid‐1990s, suggesting that these episodes have had significant and lasting effects.
Appointment Politics and the Ideological Composition of the Judiciary
Authors: Stiglitz Edward H.
Published: January 2014

Scholars have advanced a wide range of theories regarding the role of Senate confirmation in judicial appointments. In this article, I directly test the predictions of these models using a novel measure of the ideology of judges on the U.S. Courts of Appeals. The main results indicate that the filibuster and majority party have predominated in appointment politics. Prompted by recent events, I also conduct a simulation‐based exercise to examine the ideological composition of the judiciary under a confirmation regime in which the filibuster is not present. This exercise suggests that the Senate filibuster induces moderation in judicial appointments; the elimination of the filibuster is likely to result in a more contentious, if less dilatory, confirmation process and a more polarized judiciary.
Esophageal baseline impedance levels in patients with pathophysiological characteristics of functional heartburn
Authors: Martinucci I. , de Bortoli N. , Savarino E. , Piaggi P. , Bellini M. , Antonelli A. , Savarino V. , Frazzoni M. , Marchi S.
Published: January 2014

Background

Recently, it has been suggested that low esophageal basal impedance may reflect impaired mucosal integrity and increased acid sensitivity. We aimed to compare baseline impedance levels in patients with heartburn and pathophysiological characteristics related to functional heartburn (FH) divided into two groups on the basis of symptom relief after proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Methods

Patients with heartburn and negative endoscopy were treated with esomeprazole or pantoprazole 40 mg daily for 8 weeks. According to MII‐pH (off therapy) analysis, patients with normal acid exposure time (AET), normal reflux number, and lack of association between symptoms and refluxes were selected; of whom 30 patients with a symptom relief higher than 50% after PPIs composed Group A, and 30 patients, matched for sex and age, without symptom relief composed Group B. A group of 20 healthy volunteers (HVs) was enrolled. For each patient and HV, we evaluated the baseline impedance levels at channel 3, during the overnight rest, at three different times.

Key Results

Group A (vs Group B) showed an increase in the following parameters: mean AET (1.4 ± 0.8% vs 0.5 ± 0.6%), mean reflux number (30.4 ± 8.7 vs 24 ± 6.9), proximal reflux number (11.1 ± 5.2 vs 8.2 ± 3.6), acid reflux number (17.9 ± 6.1 vs 10.7 ± 6.9). Baseline impedance levels were lower in Group A than in Group B and in HVs (p < 0.001).

Conclusions & Inferences

Evaluating baseline impedance levels in patients with heartburn and normal AET could achieve a better understanding of pathophysiology in reflux disease patients, and could improve the distinction between FH and hypersensitive esophagus.
On the Becoming of the Mizrahi Male Body
Authors: Oppenheimer Yochai
Published: January 2014

The representation of the Mizrahi male body in Israeli culture differentiates between the Western Ashkenazi body, which served as the standard of fitness and hygiene and of social functionality, and the Oriental Mizrahi body which, in hegemonic perspective, represented the defective, dangerous opposite of these qualities.

 In this context, I find it appropriate to use the concepts defined by Deleuze and Guattari about the body and its variety of emerging forms, which they understand not only as multifaceted forms of resistance to institutional imprint on the body but also as ways of creating flexible and multifaceted alternative possibilities of bodily experience. These concepts may well signify a place where Mizrahim themselves conduct a subversive literary discourse about Mizrahi corporeality, while deconstructing the hegemonic narrative framework related to the Mizrahi body. Dan‐Benaya Seri (Misha'el) blurs the boundaries between men and women – as well as between humans and animals. Albert Suissa (Akud) elaborates on a new language of gestures and body positions that repudiates any meaningful interpretation. Mizrahi writing refused to reproduce the national Zionist Israeli body and was instead attentive to the living body and its multiple possibilities of becoming.
Thematics, oder Warum ein Thema der Literatur überlieferungsfähig und kulturübergreifend wird
Authors: Scarinzi Alfonsina
Published: January 2014

Dieser Beitrag nimmt sich vor, in Anlehnung an Studien aus der kognitiven Evolutionspsychologie und aus den Kognitionswissenschaften eine Antwort auf die Frage vorzuschlagen, warum nur bestimmte Themen der Literatur überlieferungsfähig und kulturübergreifend sind. Dabei wird an die sogenannte kognitive Wende in der Literaturwissenschaft und an Thematics angeknüpft, das von der deutschen Thematologie von Elisabeth Frenzel Abstand nimmt, die traditionsgemäß trotz starker Kritik und umstrittener Forschungsergebnisse in der Komparatistik noch für die Teildisziplin gehalten wird, die zuständig für die Untersuchung der Themen der Literatur ist. In diesem Beitrag wird daran festgehalten, dass der Wissensgehalt eines Themas der Literatur in der Wissensstruktur des Lesers verankert ist. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass bestimmte Themen der Literatur, die in diesem Beitrag als Hauptthemen bezeichnet werden, überlieferungsfähig und kulturübergreifend sind, weil sie eine evolutionspsychologische adaptive Funktion übernommen haben, die sie nicht mehr kulturspezifisch macht. Es wird behauptet, dass Themen, die einer kulturell bedingten Spezifizität entsprechen, dagegen, Nebenthemen sind, die im thematischen Lesen eines Textes der Literatur Hauptthemen aktualisieren lassen. Dabei wird auf den kognitionswissenschaftlichen Begriff der mentalen Schemata und ihre Rolle im thematischen Lesen eines Textes der Literatur eingegangen. Es wird auf die kognitionswissenschaftliche Entwicklung einer nicht‐klassischen Kognitionswissenschaft hingewiesen, an die die kognitiv orientierte Literaturwissenschaft anknüpfen könnte.
Effects of Topical Diclofenac Plus Heparin (Dhep+H Plaster) on Somatic Pain Sensitivity in Healthy Subjects With a Latent Algogenic Condition of the Lower Limb
Authors: Affaitati Giannapia , Fabrizio Alessandra , Frangione Valeria , Lanzarotti Arturo , Lopopolo Mariangela , Tafuri Emmanuele , Lapenna Domenico , Giamberardino Maria Adele , Costantini Raffaele
Published: January 2014

Objective

To evaluate whether a diclofenac epolamine + heparin topical (plaster) is more effective than diclofenac plaster alone in reducing deep somatic hyperalgesia in subjects without spontaneous pain and whether the effect is linked to or independent of the anti‐edematous action of heparin.

Design

Prospective, double‐blind, randomized and controlled, four‐arm parallel design trial.

Subjects

One hundred and four patients (84 women, 20 men, mean age 42.2 ± 13.3 years), with deep somatic hyperalgesia in one thigh, randomly assigned to one of 4 groups of 26 each.

Intervention

Each group underwent one of the following plaster treatments on one thigh: diclofenac+heparin; diclofenac; heparin; placebo, for 7 days, renewing the plaster every 24 hours.

Outcome Measures

Before treatment (day 1), at day 4 and day 8, assessment of (a) pressure and electrical pain thresholds of vastus lateralis and overlying subcutis and skin; and (b) structure/thickness of subcutis and muscle with ultrasounds at the same level.

Results

During treatment, in placebo and heparin, no significant threshold changes, except subcutis thresholds which increased slightly (P < 0.02); in diclofenac and diclofenac+heparin, significant increase in all thresholds (0.0001 < P < 0.04). Electrical muscle pain thresholds increased significantly more in diclofenac+heparin than in diclofenac, heparin, and placebo (0.0001 < P < 0.04). In all groups: no edema and thickness changes at ultrasounds in muscle and subcutis.

Conclusions

Topical diclofenac+heparin is significantly more effective than diclofenac alone in reducing muscle hyperalgesia in subjects without spontaneous pain, independently of the anti‐edematous action of heparin. The results provide a rationale for the use of diclofenac+heparin also in algogenic conditions without evident signs of injury/edema/hematoma.
Can We “Predict” Long‐Term Outcome for Ambulatory Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Patients with Chronic Pain?
Authors: Köke Albère J. , Smeets Rob J.E.M. , Perez Roberto S. , Kessels Alphons , Winkens Bjorn , van Kleef Maarten , Patijn Jacob
Published: January 2014

Background

Evidence for effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is still inconclusive. As heterogeneity of chronic pain patients might be an important factor for this lack of efficacy, identifying factors for a successful long‐term outcome is of great importance.

Methods

A prospective study was performed to identify variables with potential predictive value for 2 outcome measures on long term (6 months); (1) continuation of TENS, and (2) a minimally clinical important pain reduction of ≥ 33%. At baseline, a set of risk factors including pain‐related variables, psychological factors, and disability was measured.

Results

In a multiple logistic regression analysis, higher patient's expectations, neuropathic pain, no severe pain (< 80 mm visual analogue scale [VAS]) were independently related to long‐term continuation of TENS.

For the outcome “minimally clinical important pain reduction,” the multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that no multisited pain (> 2 pain locations) and intermittent pain were positively and independently associated with a minimally clinical important pain reduction of ≥ 33%.

Conclusion

The results showed that factors associated with a successful outcome in the long term are dependent on definition of successful outcome.
Mutants of phospholipase A (pPLA‐I) have a red light and auxin phenotype
Authors: EFFENDI YUNUS , RADATZ KATRIN , LABUSCH CORINNA , RIETZ STEFFEN , WIMALASEKERA RINUKSHI , HELIZON HANNA , ZEIDLER MATHIAS , SCHERER GÜNTHER F. E.
Published: January 2014

pPLA‐I is the evolutionarily oldest patatin‐related phospholipase A (pPLA) in plants, which have previously been implicated to function in auxin and defence signalling. Molecular and physiological analysis of two allelic null mutants for pPLA‐I [ppla‐I‐1 in Wassilewskija (Ws) and ppla‐I‐3 in Columbia (Col) ] revealed pPLA‐I functions in auxin and light signalling. The enzyme is localized in the cytosol and to membranes. After auxin application expression of early auxin‐induced genes is significantly slower compared with wild type and both alleles show a slower gravitropic response of hypocotyls, indicating compromised auxin signalling. Additionally, phytochrome‐modulated responses like abrogation of gravitropism, enhancement of phototropism and growth in far red‐enriched light are decreased in both alleles. While early flowering, root coils and delayed phototropism are only observed in the Ws mutant devoid of phyD, the light‐related phenotypes observed in both alleles point to an involvement of pPLA‐I in phytochrome signalling.
Complex and shifting interactions of phytochromes regulate fruit development in tomato
Authors: GUPTA SURESH KUMAR , SHARMA SULABHA , SANTISREE PARANKUSAM , KILAMBI HIMABINDU VASUKI , APPENROTH KLAUS , SREELAKSHMI YELLAMARAJU , SHARMA RAMESHWAR
Published: January 2014

Tomato fruit ripening is a complex metabolic process regulated by a genetical hierarchy. A subset of this process is also modulated by light signalling, as mutants encoding negative regulators of phytochrome signal transduction show higher accumulation of carotenoids. In tomato, phytochromes are encoded by a multi‐gene family, namely PHYA, PHYB1, PHYB2, PHYE and PHYF; however, their contribution to fruit development and ripening has not been examined. Using single phytochrome mutants phyA, phyB1 and phyB2 and multiple mutants phyAB1, phyB1B2 and phyAB1B2, we compared the on‐vine transitory phases of ripening until fruit abscission. The phyAB1B2 mutant showed accelerated transitions during ripening, with shortest time to fruit abscission. Comparison of transition intervals in mutants indicated a phase‐specific influence of different phytochrome species either singly or in combination on the ripening process. Examination of off‐vine ripened fruits indicated that ripening‐specific carotenoid accumulation was not obligatorily dependent upon light and even dark‐incubated fruits accumulated carotenoids. The accumulation of transcripts and carotenoids in off‐vine and on‐vine ripened mutant fruits indicated a complex and shifting phase‐dependent modulation by phytochromes. Our results indicate that, in addition to regulating carotenoid levels in tomato fruits, phytochromes also regulate the time required for phase transitions during ripening.
The Quest for Solidarity and Tamed Nationalism: Envisioning Sustainable Peace in the Balkans
Authors: Lehti Marko
Published: January 2014

In the Balkans case it is far too often argued that peace and stability can only be achieved by escaping from the Balkans to Europe, that is, by adopting European norms of “tamed nationalism.” This article searches for the indigenous roots of the Balkan peace. The idea of a Balkan federation or union represents an often‐ignored model presented from time to time since the early 19th century. The interwar period represents the most interesting effort to create something genuine among the Balkan states. Between 1930 and 1933 four large Balkan conferences and several smaller Balkan meetings were organized with discussions on how to achieve a sustainable peace in the Balkans. Taming extreme nationalism by emphasizing a common Balkan heritage, rewriting history, and increasing communication was the idea of the Balkan League movement in the 1930s. This experience offers a valuable model for seeking a sustainable peace in southeastern Europe today.
Phytophthora pachypleura sp. nov., a new species causing root rot of Aucuba japonica and other ornamentals in the United Kingdom
Authors: Henricot B. , Pérez Sierra A. , Jung T.
Published: January 2014

Isolates of an unknown Phytophthora species from the ‘Phytophthora citricola complex’ have been found associated with mortality of Aucuba japonica in the UK. Based on morphological characteristics, growth–temperature relationships, sequences of five DNA regions and pathogenicity assays, the proposed novel species is described as Phytophthora pachypleura. Being homothallic with paragynous antheridia and semipapillate sporangia, P. pachypleura resembles other species in the ‘P. citricola complex’ but can be discriminated by its distinctively thick‐walled oospores with an oospore wall index of 0·71. In the phylogenetic analysis based on three nuclear (ITS, β‐tubulin, EF‐1α) and two mitochondrial (cox1, nadh1) DNA regions, P. pachypleura formed a distinct clade within the ‘P. citricola complex’ with P. citricola s. str., P. citricola E and P. acerina as its closest relatives. Phytophthora pachypleura is more aggressive to A. japonica than P. plurivora and P. multivora and has the potential to affect other ornamental species.
Prevalence and distribution of Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 7 in China detected by an improved reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay
Authors: Lyu M. D. , Li X. M. , Guo R. , Li M. J. , Liu X. M. , Wang Q. , Cheng Y. Q.
Published: January 2014

To determine prevalence and distribution of Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 7 (GLRaV‐7) in China, a total of 213 grapevine (Vitis spp.) samples (92 popular cultivars) from 13 Chinese provinces and regions were tested for the presence of GLRaV‐7 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assays and sequencing. GLRaV‐7 was found in 40·4% of the samples, and shown to be widely distributed in major grapevine growing areas in China. GLRaV‐7 was found in more than 50 grapevine cultivars. Some popular grape cultivars showed a high incidence of GLRaV‐7 infection, such as Manicure Finger (100%), Cabernet Sauvignon (83·3%), Merlot (60%), Fujimineri (60%) and Red Globe (50%). The genetic variability of GLRaV‐7 isolates was characterized based on partial nucleotide sequences (nucleotides 945–1329 and 97–598 of the ORF) of heat shock protein 70 homologue (HSP70h) and 61‐kDa protein (p61) (nucleotides 1073–1572 of the ORF) genes. The overall mean values of nucleotide diversity were low (ranging from 0·009 to 0·066), and phylogenetic analysis based on p61 showed that the GLRaV‐7 isolates segregated into three phylogenetic clusters. The results also showed that two previously described primer pairs failed to amplify a wide range of GLRaV‐7 isolates present in China. However, a new primer pair reported here, based on the p61 gene and its associated downstream intergenic region, detected more GLRaV‐7 Chinese isolates. This is the first report on the prevalence and distribution of GLRaV‐7 in China, and also provides an improved RT‐PCR assay for detecting the virus.
Poverty Dynamics in Turkey
Authors: Şeker Sırma Demir , Dayıoğlu Meltem
Published: January 2014

This paper examines poverty dynamics in Turkey using a nationally representative panel data covering the 2005–08 period. The aim is to understand mobility in and out of poverty and its correlates. We find that almost a quarter of the poor are persistently poor. The conditional and unconditional exit rates that we estimate are within the range of values reported for developed countries in the literature. That the income events—but not transfers—dominate both poverty entries and exits is indicative of the major role labor markets play in the lives of the poor. In particular, we argue that given the characteristics of the poor and modest levels of social assistance, the reason for mobility rates close to European averages must be sought in the informal economy.
Physiological cost and thermal envelope: A novel approach to cycle garment evaluation during a representative protocol
Authors: Corbett J. , Barwood M. J. , Tipton M. J.
Published: January 2014

This study aimed to examine thermoregulation in different clothing assemblies during a representative cycling exercise protocol. Six men undertook cycling exercise simulating representative thermal exchange challenges while wearing low (LOW), intermediate (INT1 and INT2), or high (HI) amounts of clothing. Exercise was conducted at 14.5 °C, 46.8% relative humidity and included a “flat” [45 min at 35% peak power output (PPO), wind speed 8.3 m/s], “uphill” (30 min at 55% PPO, wind speed 3.6 m/s), and “downhill” (20 min at 50 W, wind speed 16.7 m/s) stage. Rectal temperature changed with the exercise stage and was independent of clothing assembly. In contrast, an “envelope” was evident for mean body temperature, resulting from differences in mean skin temperature between the LOW and HI conditions. The elevated mean body temperature in HI was associated with increased physiological “cost,” in the form of increased sweat production and heart rate. Physiological cost provides a better index of clothing performance than deep body temperature in the “thermoregulatory zone,” as a consequence sports clothing should attempt to optimize the balance between comfort and reduced physiological cost.
Differences between Cohousing and Gated Communities. A Literature Review
Authors: Ruiu Maria L.
Published: January 2014

On the basis of the literature (produced mainly by sociologists, architects, and geographers) about gated and cohousing communities, this work analyzes how these communities differ from each other. The analysis suggests that cohousing and gated communities are different in the nature of relationships between residents and in the reasons why they arise, even if there are some points of similarity. The risk of a degeneration of cohousing in the gated type is linked in particular with a complete transformation of the grass‐roots model (typical of cohousing) to the top‐down speculative scheme (typical of gated communities).
Anti‐buckling Fixture for Large Deformation Tension–Compression Cyclic Loading of Thin Metal Sheets
Authors: Dietrich L. , Socha G. , Kowalewski Z. L.
Published: January 2014

Determination of cyclic properties of a material used for many engineering structures, e.g. airframes, requires preparation of specimens from two‐dimensional, shell structures. A specimen must be cut out from the structure component in the way allowing application of a load corresponding to that reflecting service cases. In order to fulfil this requirement, tension–compression testing of the flat specimen is necessary to obtain credible data. Problems associated with such kind of testing are discussed in this paper. In the first part, an extensive review of the anti‐buckling fixtures developed up to now is given. Several representative solutions are discussed, with special emphasis on the technique limitations. In the second part of the paper, detailed description of the proposed design is given. Finally, the results of preliminary tests carried out using new fixture to mount the flat specimens cut from steel sheets are presented. Application of the proposed testing technique allowed tension–compression tests to be performed at the displacement amplitude within the range ±5 mm what corresponds to the maximum strain amplitude of ±0.4 for the specimen gauge length to be equal 12.5 mm. Taking into account all data captured by means of new fixture, one can conclude that the technique is promising with respect to providing data for modelling of cyclic deformation behaviour for shell structures.
Liposomal amphotericin B for complicated visceral leishmaniasis (kala‐azar) in eastern Sudan: how effective is treatment for this neglected disease?
Authors: Salih Niven A. , van Griensven Johan , Chappuis François , Antierens Annick , Mumina Ann , Hammam Omar , Boulle Philippa , Alirol Emilie , Alnour Mubarak , Elhag Mousab S. , Manzi Marcel , Kizito Walter , Zachariah Rony
Published: January 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to report the patient profile and treatment outcomes, including relapses, of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) treated with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in Gedaref, Sudan.

Methods

AmBisome was offered to two groups of patients: primary VL patients with specific criteria (age ≤2 or ≥45 years, advanced clinical disease, pregnancy, HIV co‐infection and contraindications for antimonials) and VL relapses. AmBisome was given at a total dose of 30 mg/kg, over 10 days. Slow responders received up to 50 mg/kg. Treatment failure was confirmed parasitologically. Standardised treatment outcomes were assessed.

Results

Between March 2010 and June 2012, a total of 281 (74%) patients with primary VL and 98 (26%) patients with VL relapses received AmBisome (54% male, median age = 11 years, interquartile range 2–30). End‐of‐treatment outcomes for primary VL were 260 (92%) initial cure including three (1%) slow responders, three (1%) treatment failures, 14 (5%) deaths and four (1%) unknown outcomes. Outcomes for VL relapses were 92 (94%) initial cure with five (5%) slow responders, four (4%) treatment failures, one (1%) death and one (1%) unknown outcome. At 6 months, there were 19 (7%) relapses amongst primary VL and 10 (10%) VL relapses had a new relapse. Loss to follow‐up in both groups was 38%. None of the deaths that occurred during the study period was attributed to AmBisome.

Conclusion

AmBisome appears to be effective for initial cure of VL and the drug seems safe, but is expensive (400 USD/treatment). Sustained mechanisms to allow improved access of this expensive drug particularly in East Africa are urgently needed. Relapses and losses to follow‐up require specific investigation.
Maintaining skeletal muscle mass: lessons learned from hibernation
Authors: Ivakine Evgueni A. , Cohn Ronald D.
Published: January 2014

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

This report describes identification and characterization of serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) as a regulator of skeletal muscle mass during hibernation, as well as in physiological and pathophysiological conditions in non‐hibernating species.

What advances does it highlight?

This is first demonstration that SGK1 plays a crucial role in skeletal muscle homeostasis. Overexpression of SGK1 protects mice from immobilization and starvation‐induced muscle atrophy. Serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐regulated kinase 1 should be considered as a novel therapeutic target to combat loss of muscle mass in multiple conditions.

Muscle disuse and starvation are often associated with a catabolic response leading to a dramatic loss of skeletal muscle mass. Hibernating animals represent a unique situation where muscle mass is maintained despite prolonged periods of immobilization and lack of nutrition. We analysed the molecular pathways upregulated during hibernation in an obligate hibernator, the 13‐lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). Although Akt has an established role in skeletal muscle maintenance, we found that activated Akt was decreased in skeletal muscle of hibernating squirrels. Another serine–threonine kinase, serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), was upregulated during hibernation and contributed to protection from loss of muscle mass via downregulation of proteolysis and autophagy and via an increase in protein synthesis. We extended our observations to non‐hibernating animals and demonstrated that SGK1‐null mice developed muscle atrophy. These mice displayed an exaggerated response to immobilization and starvation. Furthermore, SGK1 overexpression prevented immobilization‐induced muscle atrophy. Taken together, our results identify SGK1 as a novel therapeutic target to combat skeletal muscle loss in acquired and inherited forms of muscle atrophy.
Age and sex differences in muscle sympathetic nerve activity in relation to haemodynamics, blood volume and left ventricular size
Authors: Best Stuart A. , Okada Yoshiyuki , Galbreath M. Melyn , Jarvis Sara S. , Bivens Tiffany B. , Adams‐Huet Beverley , Fu Qi
Published: January 2014

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

The study was designed to investigate the age‐ and sex‐related differences in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in relation to age‐ and sex‐related differences in haemodynamics, blood volume and left ventricular size and function.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Age‐related increases in MSNA were associated with decreases in blood volume in men only, and only in men was there a significant relation between MSNA and forearm vascular resistance. These results show that age and sex independently alter the neural control of blood pressure and may provide insights into the pathogenesis of hypertension.

We compared the effect of age‐ and sex‐related differences in haemodynamics, blood volume (BV) and left ventricular (LV) size and mass on resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in healthy, normotensive adults. Twenty young men (19–47 years old) and 20 young women (21–46 years old) as well as 15 older men (62–80 years old) and 15 older women (60–82 years old) were studied. Cardiac output (acetylene rebreathing), total peripheral resistance, forearm vascular resistance (FVR; venous occlusion plethysmography) and MSNA were measured during supine rest. Blood volume was calculated (CO rebreathing), and LV mass, end‐diastolic (LVEDV) and end‐systolic volumes (LVESV) were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiac index (P < 0.001 and P = 0.016), BV (both P < 0.001), LV mass (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002), LVEDV (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002) and LVESV (both P < 0.001) were lower in the older and female groups, respectively. Total peripheral resistance was significantly higher in the older (P < 0.001) and female groups (P = 0.014), but FVR was increased in the female groups (P = 0.048) only (age, P = 0.089). The MSNA was greater in the older groups (P < 0.001) only (sex, P = 0.228). Increased MSNA was shown to correlate with a decrease in BV (P = 0.004) in men only when adjusted for age (women, P = 0.133). There was a positive relation between MSNA and FVR (P = 0.020) in men but not women (P = 0.422). There were no significant relations between MSNA and LV mass, LVEDV or LVESV. The findings suggest that the increase in resting MSNA with age may be related to the decline in BV in men only, but it is unknown whether sex differences in sympathetic adrenergic vasoconstriction occur independently of these changes.