bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'argent, miroir de la société
Authors: Raineau Laurence
Published: January 2013

Résumé Suivant la voie ouverte par Jean-Joseph Goux, nous proposons d’appréhender l’argent, et ses métamorphoses récentes, comme un miroir donnant à voir l’imaginaire et les dynamiques de notre société. Qu’est-ce que l’autonomisation de la monnaie par rapport à l’or, et par rapport à tout référent extérieur, nous enseigne sur les rapports de notre société à la matière et à la nature ? En quoi peut-elle nous éclairer sur l’origine et les fondements des bouleversements écologiques auxquels les sociétés contemporaines sont confrontées ?
Le sida, une maladie de civilisation ?
Authors: Paillard Bernard
Published: January 2013

Résumé Comme le cancer décrit par Pierre Darmon, le sida a été conçu par certains auteurs comme une maladie de la civilisation contemporaine. Récusant le rôle du rétrovirus VIH dans le développement de ce syndrome, ils accusent, pêle-mêle, différents dysfonctionnements de la société moderne. Parmi ces derniers, ceux qui ont trait à l’alimentation sont les plus dénoncés. L’alimentation artificielle serait ainsi la cause des maladies les plus graves, et il suffirait de revenir à une alimentation « naturelle » pour s’en prémunir. Ce recours et ce retour à un homme primitif « naturel » débarrassé des artifices de la civilisation renvoie à l’idée d’une Nature bienveillante, maternelle, celle de l’Homme avant la Chute.
« L'enfant aime la liberté, il en est la première victime »
Authors: Duterte Pierre
Published: January 2013

Résumé Une idée souvent répandue est qu’il serait plus difficile voire impossible d’adopter un adolescent. L’adolescence est pour beaucoup (adolescents et parents), une période difficile de la vie. C’est le moment de réaménagements concomitants des sphères physique, psychique et relationnelle qui sont régulièrement sources d’anxiété. C’est aussi une période de la vie particulière chez les adolescents au passé traumatique chargé. Chez les mineurs isolés étrangers, elle fait ressurgir en filigrane de leur conscience, des images d’un passé souvent récent mais d’une rare violence. Dès lors, à cette époque de réaménagement qu’est l’adolescence, des questions spécifiques se posent, mais elles ne doivent pas occulter l’existence de facilitateurs pour ce type d’adoption.
Les couples mixtes : l'adoption de deux cultures ?
Authors: Platteau Geneviève
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le couple mixte réunit deux personnes d’origine et parfois de couleur différentes. Cette différence constitue pour elles un attrait commun. Il y a une négociation permanente entre identité et appartenance, entre loyautés visibles et invisibles. Ces couples sont confrontés à une série de questions : comment construire une « identité conjugale » faite de l’adoption des deux cultures, où chaque partenaire s’affilie à celle de l’autre ? Comment se différencier dans la différence, comment créer une homogénéité en cherchant « du même » ?
Vœux parricides et fantasmes de dévoration
Authors: Houssier Florian
Published: January 2013

Résumé Deux conflits traversent le processus d’adolescence : le premier concerne la spécificité postpubertaire des désirs incestueux et la capacité à s’en dégager, dans le sens de l’ouverture vers la complémentarité des sexes ; le second touche la nécessaire désidéalisation du parent homosexuel préœdipien. À travers les extraits de la psychothérapie de Jean, nous explorons le lien père/fils à l’adolescence et ce qu’il mobilise comme fantasmes ambivalents partagés, dans des modalités œdipiennes et préœdipiennes incluant notamment la circulation de fantasmes de dévoration. Ces fantasmes s’intriquent avec la désidéalisation de la figure paternelle, contribuant à l’élaboration des vœux parricides (incluant les désirs matricides) adolescents.
Les « Écoles historiques » à l'épreuve de Gabriel Monod. Un historien célébré et méconnu
Authors: Lévy-Dumoulin Olivier
Published: January 2013

Résumé À l’occasion du centenaire de la mort de Gabriel Monod, cet article s’attache à éclairer le paradoxe apparent de sa fortune. Pour tous les récits autorisés de la construction de la profession d’historien en France, Monod est une figure centrale, l’un des deux pères tutélaires de « l’école méthodique » avec Ernest Lavisse. Pourtant, derrière ce rôle majeur transparaît une relative désaffection : tous les indicateurs révèlent qu’au regard de l’intérêt fort pour Lavisse ou Seignobos Gabriel Monod n’est évoqué qu’avec parcimonie, cité plutôt que lu. Marc Bloch déjà, dans l’ Apologie , ne lui laisse pas de place quand Mabillon, Fustel et Seignobos sont cités. Pour éclairer cette situation paradoxale l’histoire de la relation privilégiée de Monod avec l’œuvre de Michelet est essentielle. Tout d’abord son attrait pour elle marginalise sa production, quand l’intérêt pour Michelet s’estompe au début du xx e  siècle. Sa passion pour l’homme et l’œuvre apparaît en contradiction avec ses principes ou bien fait de lui un marginal au regard des « méthodiques ». Cependant, l’article conclut dans un sens différent et avance l’idée que le sort intellectuel de Monod met en lumière les limites de pertinence, voire l’inadéquation de la notion « d’école historique » pour rendre compte de l’histoire de l’historiographie.
L'éducation, terrain d'action internationale : le Bureau international de l'enseignement technique dans les années 1930
Authors: Matasci Damiano
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cet article étudie la genèse du Bureau international de l’enseignement technique, fondé à Paris en 1931 et ses efforts pour constituer un savoir-faire technique destiné à façonner les politiques scolaires européennes. Dans le contexte de la Grande Dépression des années 1930, ce Bureau se configure comme une organisation d’experts dont l’objectif est de repenser la formation des futurs travailleurs. Ceci pour mieux l’adapter à la recomposition du tissu productif et contribuer ainsi au redressement des économies en crise. L’article interroge tout particulièrement les interactions entre ce réseau d’experts et le Bureau international du travail, le problème étant de savoir comment se structurent la collaboration et les échanges d’informations entre organisations et réseaux internationaux.
La tectonique des causes humanitaires : concurrences et collaborations autour du Comité de protection de l'enfance de la Société des Nations (1880-1940)
Authors: Droux Joëlle
Published: January 2013

Résumé L’article analyse les relations de concurrences et de collaborations nouées entre divers réseaux internationaux autour de la création du Comité de protection de l’enfance de la SDN (1925-1937). Il étudie d’abord, avec les premières tentatives de structuration internationale de la cause de la protection de l’enfance, les milieux qui les initient dès 1910. Après-guerre, une série de recompositions se dessinent entre divers réseaux qui tentent de monopoliser à leur profit l’internationalisation du mouvement, débouchant sur la création d’un comité spécialisé à la SDN (1925), chargé d’évaluer les meilleurs dispositifs en matière de politique de l’enfance. En se centrant sur l’œuvre du Comité en matière de promotion de dispositifs socio-pénaux d’encadrement de l’enfance et de la jeunesse, on montre la capacité de ces réseaux à mettre en œuvre de nouvelles dynamiques circulatoires, mais également les phénomènes de concurrence ou de rivalités qui les opposent, et le poids de ces processus dans l’affirmation d’une cause universelle.
La politique des risques peut-elle être raisonnable ?
Authors: Godard Olivier
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le principe de précaution est l’un de ces cas mystérieux où une bonne idée, solidement défendue par une doctrine réfléchie, a perdu son crédit du fait des actions qui sont menées en son nom par ceux-là mêmes qui ont voulu cette doctrine. Comprenne qui pourra. Après avoir rappelé le contenu d’une doctrine faite d’équilibre entre la précocité de la prise en compte du risque, la proportionnalité des mesures et leur inscription dans le provisoire pour tenir compte de la dynamique de la connaissance, une confrontation est proposée entre cette doctrine et différentes formes de catastrophisme. Elle permet de montrer à la fois que le principe de précaution n’est pas un catastrophisme et que le catastrophisme est une norme indéfendable de comportement face aux « risques incertains ». L’analyse se tourne ensuite vers la pratique gouvernementale du principe de précaution pour montrer qu’elle s’écarte fortement de la doctrine et pour donner une intelligibilité à cet écart, qui a directement à voir avec ce qu’on appelle une démocratie de l’opinion et de l’émotion. Pour sortir du marasme sans renoncer au principe, point d’autre issue que d’en organiser procéduralement la mise en œuvre, à bonne distance du politique, pour qu’il ne soit plus ce joker de la justification manipulé par des politiques en quête des faveurs de l’opinion.
L'introduction du principe de précaution dans la Constitution : sens ou non-sens ?
Authors: Laquièze Alain
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le principe de précaution a été introduit dans la Constitution de la V e République par une révision constitutionnelle du 1 er  mars 2005. La constitutionnalisation de ce principe conduit à se demander ce qu’une constitution doit contenir. La question est en particulier de savoir si une constitution doit énoncer un droit fondamental à la protection de l’environnement. Si l’on comprend la constitution dans un sens libéral, c’est-à-dire comme un texte fondamental qui sépare les pouvoirs et qui protège les libertés, l’insertion du principe de précaution dans la constitution est discutable. Le présent article étudie également les conséquences de la révision de 2005 sur l’évolution du droit français dans différents domaines.
La précaution comme souci
Authors: Guéry François
Published: January 2013

Résumé La précaution a été critiquée non en elle-même, mais comme « principe », à la fois sur le plan juridique et scientifique. Les formulations du principe prêtaient à confusion, à cause du jargon « scientifique » utilisé (cf. absence de preuves, de « certitudes scientifiques »). Liée à l’urgence, la précaution ressortit à une philosophie de l’agir, qui comporte menace, vulnérabilité, anticipation, appréhension, et c’est de ce côté qu’il faut chercher la logique de la précaution. En premier lieu, une « déduction sémantique a priori  » (Derrida) permet de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques de la peur, qui justifie la précaution. En second lieu, un rappel de la tradition philosophique confirme cette déduction, rappel qui va d’Aristote ( Rhétorique  : ce qu’est la peur et comment on est quand on l’éprouve ; Éthique à Nicomaque  : le courage, l’intrépidité, la disposition acquise) à Heidegger ( Être et Temps  : la peur comme disposition insigne, esquisse de l’angoisse, du souci, de la responsabilité, de la résolution), en passant par des étapes essentielles : Augustin (la cura , la curiosité), Kant (derniers écrits), Nietzsche ( Seconde Inactuelle ). Enfin, et en conclusion, la précaution apparaît non comme une démission de la connaissance, mais comme une incitation à mieux scénariser, à mieux gérer l’avenir, en cultivant une imagination anticipative, complémentaire de l’innovation.
El arte de describir el territorio: mapas y planos históricos en torno al puente de Alcántara (Cáceres, España)
Authors: Chias P. , Abad T.
Published: January 2013

El estudio de la construcción del territorio y del paisaje a diferentes escalas se ha basado tradicionalmente en fuentes documentales escritas, y en menor medida en las gráficas. Las fuentes cartográficas, junto a los cuadros, los dibujos, las fotografías y otras fuentes no verbales han sido frecuentemente relegadas o consideradas de una categoría inferior, muchas veces a causa de las dificultades de interpretación que pueden plantear, y a esto hay que añadir las dificultades inherentes a la localización y acceso a los fondos. El trabajo reivindica el territorio como patrimonio al mismo tiempo que aporta datos inéditos para la historia del puente de Alcántara mediante el análisis de mapas y planos históricos.
Avances técnicos en la rehabilitación de edificios
Authors: Sánchez-Fernández R.
Published: January 2013

No disponible
Local Perturbation Analysis of Linear Programming with Functional Relation Among Parameters
Authors: Hanafizadeh Payam , Ghaemi Abolfazl , Tavana Madjid
Published: January 2013

In this paper, the authors study the sensitivity analysis for a class of linear programming (LP) problems with a functional relation among the objective function parameters or those of the right-hand side (RHS). The classical methods and standard sensitivity analysis software packages fail to function when a functional relation among the LP parameters prevail. In order to overcome this deficiency, the authors derive a series of sensitivity analysis formulae and devise corresponding algorithms for different groups of homogenous LP parameters. The validity of the derived formulae and devised algorithms is corroborated by open literature examples having linear as well as nonlinear functional relations between their vector b or vector c components.
Bounded Primal Simplex Algorithm for Bounded Linear Programming with Fuzzy Cost Coefficients
Authors: Ebrahimnejad Ali , Nasseri Seyed Hadi , Mansourzadeh Sayyed Mehdi
Published: January 2013

In most practical problems of linear programming problems with fuzzy cost coefficients, some or all variables are restricted to lie within lower and upper bounds. In this paper, the authors propose a new method for solving such problems called the bounded fuzzy primal simplex algorithm. Some researchers used the linear programming problem with fuzzy cost coefficients as an auxiliary problem for solving linear programming with fuzzy variables, but their method is not efficient when the decision variables are bounded variables in the auxiliary problem. In this paper the authors introduce an efficient approach to overcome this shortcoming. The bounded fuzzy primal simplex algorithm starts with a primal feasible basis and moves towards attaining primal optimality while maintaining primal feasibility throughout. This algorithm will be useful for sensitivity analysis using primal simplex tableaus.
Sensitivity Analysis on Linear Programming Problems with Trapezoidal Fuzzy Variables
Authors: Nasseri Seyed Hadi , Ebrahimnejad Ali
Published: January 2013

In the real word, there are many problems which have linear programming models and sometimes it is necessary to formulate these models with parameters of uncertainty. Many numbers from these problems are linear programming problems with fuzzy variables. Some authors considered these problems and have developed various methods for solving these problems. Recently, Mahdavi-Amiri and Nasseri (2007) considered linear programming problems with trapezoidal fuzzy data and/or variables and stated a fuzzy simplex algorithm to solve these problems. Moreover, they developed the duality results in fuzzy environment and presented a dual simplex algorithm for solving linear programming problems with trapezoidal fuzzy variables. Here, the authors show that this presented dual simplex algorithm directly using the primal simplex tableau algorithm tenders the capability for sensitivity (or post optimality) analysis using primal simplex tableaus.
Predicting Donations from a Cohort Group of Donors to Charities
Authors: Chao Gary H. , Hsu Maxwell K. , Scovotti Carol
Published: January 2013

Charity fundraising organizers increasingly attempt to predict the donations to their causes to maximize the effectiveness of their expenditures and achieve their “social good” objectives. Much of the scholarly work in cause-related fundraising uses organization-specific demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioral information about its donors to forecast donation amounts. Instead of distinguishing the potential donors, this study focuses on the prediction of the donations from existing donors. Specifically, a large dataset containing four years worth of transactional, appeals, source, and donor data related to a leading U.S. charitable organization was made available to the authors by the Direct Marketing Educational Foundation. The current paper contributes to the literature on donor lifetime value by documenting, in the context of a case study, the results of seven models for predicting future contributions using historic data over four years related to the cohort group of acquired donors.
Methods for Solving Fully Fuzzy Transportation Problems Based on Classical Transportation Methods
Authors: Kumar Amit , Kaur Amarpreet
Published: January 2013

There are several methods, in literature, for finding the fuzzy optimal solution of fully fuzzy transportation problems (transportation problems in which all the parameters are represented by fuzzy numbers). In this paper, the shortcomings of some existing methods are pointed out and to overcome these shortcomings, two new methods (based on fuzzy linear programming formulation and classical transportation methods) are proposed to find the fuzzy optimal solution of unbalanced fuzzy transportation problems by representing all the parameters as trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. The advantages of the proposed methods over existing methods are also discussed. To illustrate the proposed methods a fuzzy transportation problem (FTP) is solved by using the proposed methods and the obtained results are discussed. The proposed methods are easy to understand and to apply for finding the fuzzy optimal solution of fuzzy transportation problems occurring in real life situations.
An Integrated Vendor-Buyer Model with Uncertain Lead Time, Life Time under Inflation and Variable Holding Cost
Authors: Singh S. R. , Bhatia Diksha
Published: January 2013

This study considers the problem of a vendor which supplies an item to the buyer with imprecise partial backlogging rate of unsatisfied demand and non instantaneous deterioration rate considering variable holding cost, the effect of inflation and time value of money. The supplier’s lead time is a stochastic function of his managing cost. The extra costs incurred by the retailer due to the uncertain lead time in terms of shortage costs or lost sales costs should be owed by the supplier. A numerical example is cited to illustrate the results and its significant features. Finally, to study the effect of changes of demand parameters, deterioration, inflation and managing cost on supplier and the retailer’s profit, a sensitivity analysis is presented numerically.
EOQ Model with Time Dependent Demand Rate and Time Dependent Holding Cost Function
Authors: Tripathi R. P.
Published: January 2013

In this paper the authors consider the continuous deterministic, infinite horizon, single item inventory system within the setting of a retailer sector in which the demand rate for an item is time dependent. The parameter of the replenishment cost is kept constant, but the carrying cost per unit is allowed to vary. The optimal policies are found, and decision rules and classical EOQ model have been obtained by considering two different models. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the proposed models.
Change for Entrepreneurial Chances?
Authors: Kayser Ina
Published: January 2013

Electronic government provides multifarious opportunities for entrepreneurs regarding public-private sector partnerships and the exploitation of administrative benefits. The occurrence of entrepreneurial opportunities is influenced by many distinct intrinsic and external factors. This paper examines the opportunities that occur for entrepreneurs through the electronic implementation of public services across the European Union until the years 2020 and 2040, respectively. The development of the European Union is currently at the crossroads of economic and political stagnation. Building on two scenario analyses, the author thereby accounts for economic and political factors of different possible trajectories of the European Union, analyzing the corresponding state of e-government implementation and deducing implications for entrepreneurial opportunity occurrence. All scenarios show different opportunities emerging from the distinct states of e-government across Europe; these opportunities depend, nonetheless, on the specific market needs and value creation capabilities determined by each scenario presented.
Visualization and Simulation for the Analysis of Business Intelligence Products
Authors: Janakova Milena
Published: January 2013

This paper analyzes information technology products for improvement existing solutions and implementations. Selected products are Business Intelligence (BI) applications in comparison with Customer Relationship Management (CRM), database and operating systems. The subject of interest is the architecture. BI architecture is less sophisticated in regard to adopted arrangements for other products. The best resolution offers an Oracle database system. This arrangement helps provide extraordinary stability to the given system. Operating systems have minimalist architecture with necessary processes and configuration files; similarly as for CRM products. BI architecture is without order, with items as tools for end users, component analysis, database components, components for data transformation and integration, and system sources. The solution is to merge the system source with methods for their transformation, and tools for end users with component analysis. Presented analysis is based on Petri Nets.
Toward E-Participation on the Basis of Era based Cellular Planning System
Authors: Pourezzat Ali Asghar , Sharifmousavi Seyyed Mahdi , Attar Ghazaleh Taheri , Sodagar Hashem , Naji Majed
Published: January 2013

The idea of direct democracy has been regarded as an unachievable ideal by political philosophers throughout history. Previously, the direct and sustainable participation of the public in trifling affairs related to their destiny wasn’t possible. By developing electronism, the possibility of direct and continuous polls makes direct democracy achievable. However, temporary polls can never refer to deliberated opinions of the people. Therefore, designing a system of continuously collecting public opinions about details of social life is necessary. Strategic era based cellular planning system (ECPS) using “Comprehensive system of the public information and communication” provides the capacity of gathering the opinions of various interest groups of the society as executable scenarios and saving to the database of system in order to chose them for implementation in accordance with their attractiveness and requirements of each era, depending on the opinions of the people and policy makers. In this regard, the possibility of continuous restructuring of social institutions based on deliberated opinions of people is provided. In this way, it prevents the imposition stemmed from traditions established in the old social institutions; so, democracy can be realized in its real sense away from traditions, institutions and power of political parties.
The Impact of Mergers on Bank Competitiveness in Nigerian Banking Industry
Authors: Ikpefan Ochei Ailemen , Oligbo Benny Chukwudumebi
Published: January 2013

An inclusive merger mechanism became one option for the Nigerian banking industry in response to a Central Bank of Nigeria’s policy to increase the minimum paid-up share capital requirement of Nigerian banks from N2 billion to N25 billion in July 2004, with December 31, 2005 as deadline. More than half of the 89 banks in Nigeria as at July 2004 were engaged in one form of merger. The study objective gives insight into the effectiveness of economic policy reforms in the Nigerian banking industry. This study examines the merger’s impact on bank competitiveness between 2000 and 2009. The period was characterized by financial deregulation, the Global economic crisis, and bank restructuring programs. The panel data ordinary least squares approach is the methodology employed to investigate if there is any significant effect of merger on the bank competitiveness from the pre to the post merger periods, in order to detect whether bank mergers produce any performance gains as well as factors contributing to the competitiveness in the Nigerian banking industry.
Preemergence mating in the mass-attacking bark beetle,Dendroctonus ponderosae(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Bleiker K.P. , Heron R.J. , Braithwaite E.C. , Smith G.D.
Published: January 2013

The mountain pine beetleDendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) kills its hosts by attackingen masseand overwhelming tree defences. Young adult beetles completing development under the bark may have the opportunity to mate with siblings or with brood from adjacent galleries prior to emerging from the natal host tree. We investigated the incidence of preemergence mating among female beetles at two locations in the recently expanded range of the insect in northern Alberta, Canada. Female beetles emerging from under the bark late in the emergence period were more likely to be mated upon emergence than beetles that emerged earlier. Delaying emergence of brood adults once they were at the teneral adult stage had little effect on the incidence of preemergence mating. The frequency of preemergence mating varied from 3–12% among female beetles. This is higher than the 1–2% reported in other studies within the historic range of the mountain pine beetle. Reasons for these differences are discussed.
Mites affect plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) behavioural responses to attractive volatiles
Authors: Hock Virginia , Chouinard Gérald , Lucas Éric , Cormier Daniel
Published: January 2013

An infestation of Histiostoma Kramer sp. mites (Acari: Histiostomatidae) occurred in rearing colonies of the univoltine strain of plum curculio (PC), Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), established in 2010 in southern Québec, Canada. Tests conducted in a two-choice still-air vertical olfactometer with mite-infested and noninfested PC revealed that the number of beetles responding by walking towards normally attractive synthetic and natural odours was significantly lower for those infested with mites. Those mite-infested curculios that did discriminate between test odours and odour-free air all responded positively to the test volatiles, similar to the behaviour of noninfested insects. This indicates that mites affect PC ability to physically move towards attractive volatiles but not odour preference.
The first record of Culiseta particeps (Diptera: Culicidae) in Canada
Authors: Jackson Michael , Howay Tim , Belton Peter
Published: January 2013

Using a Center for Disease Control light trap Culiseta particeps (Adams) (Diptera: Culicidae) was collected on four occasions during the spring and summer of 2011. In addition, on 15 April 2011 a pupa was collected from a semi-permanent pool, reared to the adult stage and identified as C. particeps. The collection and identification of these mosquitoes marks the first time C. particeps has been reported in Canada. As there have been specimens identified in both the southwest coast of Alaska, United States of America and northwestern Washington State, United States of America, it is unsurprising that British Columbia, Canada is part of the natural habitat range of C. particeps.
Varicella Zoster–Specific CD4+Foxp3+ T Cells Accumulate after Cutaneous Antigen Challenge in Humans
Authors: Vukmanovic-Stejic Milica , Sandhu Daisy , Sobande Toni O. , Agius Elaine , Lacy Katie E. , Riddell Natalie , Montez Sandra , Dintwe One B. , Scriba Thomas J. , Breuer Judith , Nikolich-Žugich Janko , Ogg Graham , Rustin Malcolm H. A. , Akbar Arne N.
Published: January 2013

We investigated the relationship between varicella zoster virus (VZV)–specific memory CD4+ T cells and CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) that accumulate after intradermal challenge with a VZV skin test Ag. VZV-specific CD4+ T cells were identified with a MHC class II tetramer or by intracellular staining for either IFN-γ or IL-2 after Ag rechallenge in vitro. VZV-specific T cells, mainly of a central memory (CD45RA−CD27+) phenotype, accumulate at the site of skin challenge compared with the blood of the same individuals. This resulted in part from local proliferation because >50% of tetramer defined Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in the skin expressed the cell cycle marker Ki67. CD4+Foxp3+ T cells had the characteristic phenotype of Tregs, namely CD25hiCD127loCD39hi in both unchallenged and VZV challenged skin and did not secrete IFN-γ or IL-2 after antigenic restimulation. The CD4+Foxp3+ T cells from unchallenged skin had suppressive activity, because their removal led to an increase in cytokine secretion after activation. After VZV Ag injection, Foxp3+CD25hiCD127loCD39hi T cells were also found within the VZV tetramer population. Their suppressive activity could not be directly assessed by CD25 depletion because activated T cells in the skin were also CD25+. Nevertheless, there was an inverse correlation between decreased VZV skin responses and proportion of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells present, indicating indirectly their inhibitory activity in vivo. These results suggest a linkage between the expansion of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells and CD4+ Tregs that may provide controlled responsiveness during Ag-specific stimulation in tissues.
Characterization and epidemiology of influenza viruses in patients seeking treatment for influenza-like illnesses in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Fally MA , Redlberger-Fritz M , Starzengruber P , Swoboda P , Fuehrer HP , Yunus EB , Khan WA , Noedl H
Published: January 2013

Context:

Infections caused by influenza viruses are a major health burden, both in developed and developing countries worldwide. Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of influenza reports originate from industrialized countries in northern and southern temperate zones.

Aims:

The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of influenza viruses in patients seeking treatment for acute febrile illnesses in rural Bangladesh.

Settings and Design:

As part of our research on the causes of febrile illnesses in rural Bangladesh, nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with signs and symptoms consistent with influenza were collected from 2008 onwards.

Materials and Methods:

Viral infection was established using two independent rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and later confirmed by RT-PCR.

Results:

A total of 314 fever cases were enrolled in a survey of febrile illnesses carried out in Bandarban District in southeastern Bangladesh, out of whom 38 (12.1%) tested positive by RDT. Molecular subtyping showed that seasonal H3 strains (N=22; 7.0%) as well as the new H1N1v pandemic influenza subtype (N=13; 4.1%) had been circulating at the time of our investigations resulting in a PCR-adjusted positivity rate of 11.1% (95% CI 8.0 - 15.3). The positive predictive values for the RDTs used were 90.9% and 94.4%, respectively.

Conclusions:

This study provides a first insight into influenza epidemics in one of the most remote parts of Asia. Our findings suggest that respiratory illnesses due to influenza viruses are underreported in areas with limited access to health care and show a distinct seasonality also in rural areas of tropical countries.
Integrating students′ reflection-in-learning and examination performance as a method for providing educational feedback
Authors: Devi V , Mandal T , Kodidela S , Pallath V
Published: January 2013

Background:

Feedback provided by integrating students' examination performance and the reflection on learning process may assist medical students to identify the essential learning processes required for better understanding of learning material.

Aims:

To investigate the relationship between the student's learning process and examination performance and to explore students' perspectives on professional feedback given by integrating the self-reflection on learning process and individual examination performance.

Settings and Design:

At the end of every medical school block examination, faculty provided descriptive feedback to students regarding individual performance in each subject area. The study had a quasi-experimental design.

Materials and Methods:

Students' (n=153) self-reflection on learning process was collected using a reflection-in-learning scale. The learning process of the students categorized in fail, pass and first-class categories were compared. Students' self-reflection-in-learning and common mistakes found in answering essay questions were used to offer feedback. Students' perspectives regarding feedback were collected using a validated questionnaire.

Statistical Analysis:

Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test were used to analyze the data. A P<0.017 was considered as statistically significant.

Results:

The median score of each item related to reflection was ≤4 (Scale 1-7) in all categories of students (n=153) reflecting a low level of reflection. There was a statistically significant difference in total reflection scores between fail (n=46) and first class category (n=42) students (P=0.002). The majority of students agreed feedback assisted in examination preparation, enhanced individual learning and allowed examinations to be viewed as more objective.

Conclusions:

This study shows the usefulness of the integration of medical students' reflection-in-learning practices and examination performance in providing descriptive feedback. This modified feedback process may have improved students' awareness leading to acceptance and a conscious practice of self-reflection and enhanced students' examination performance.
Additive and synergistic effect of phytochemicals in prevention of oral cancer
Authors: Chandra Sunira , Sah Kunal , Bagewadi Anjana , Keluskar Vaishali , Shetty Arvind , Ammanagi Renuka , Naik Zameera
Published: January 2013

Increasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is a practical strategy to optimize good health and to reduce the risk of various chronic diseases and cancer. There are approximately 5,000 individual phytochemicals which have been identified. These interfere with multiple important cellular pathways and play an important role in maintaining balance between health and disease. This article aims to provide awareness of various additive and synergistic effects of these natural occurring chemical substances (phytochemicals) found in various fruits and vegetables. Their mechanism of action in preventing various chronic diseases and cancer is also been highlighted in this article. Grouping plant foods by color provides simplification, but it is also important as a method to help consumer′s make-wise food choices and promote health. We believe phytochemicals can be best acquired through whole-food consumption and not through the pills or an extracts.
Management of third molar teeth from an endodontic perspective
Authors: Ahmed Hany Mohamed Aly
Published: January 2013

Third molar teeth are subject to many dental complications because of their most posterior location, aberrant occlusal anatomy and abnormal eruption patterns. Owing to these anatomical limitations, their extraction remains the treatment of choice for many dental practitioners. Despite being a common dental procedure, minimum intervention and retaining every functional component of the dental arch are of prime importance in contemporary dental practice. As such, this review aims to discuss the application of this conservative approach on third molar teeth from an endodontic perspective. The internal and external root anatomy of maxillary and mandibular third molars and their relation to the surrounding vital structures are described. These anatomical landmarks are then correlated to the decision making for endodontic treatment strategies of third molars. In addition, the recommended guidelines that should be followed while commencing endodontic treatment in third molars are outlined.
A maxillary central incisor with four root canals
Authors: de Almeida-Gomes Fábio , Maniglia-Ferreira Claudio , Vitoriano Marcelo D. M. , de Sousa Bruno C. , dos Santos Roberto A. , Duarte Marco A. H.
Published: January 2013

The objective of the present study is to present a case report of endodontic treatment of a maxillary central incisor with 1 root and 4 root canals. The success of endodontic treatment requires knowledge of dental anatomy and its variations. This clinical article reports an unusual anatomy detected in a maxillary central incisor with 4 root canals with an associated periapical lesion. The incidence of 4 root canals in this tooth is rare. However, it must be taken into consideration, the clinical and radiographic evaluations during the endodontic treatment in order to enhance the diagnostic. Many times, the presence of a supernumerary canal is noticed only after canal treatment due to continuing post-operative discomfort or treatment failure.
On the Origin of the Second Anodic Peak During the Polarization of Stainless Steel in Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Ruel F. , Volovitch P. , Peguet L. , Gaugain A. , Ogle K.
Published: January 2013

The origins of the second anodic current peak in polarization curves of AISI 430 (UNS S43000) stainless steel in deaerated 0.1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) have been investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and atomic emission spectroelectrochemistry (AESEC). The elemental dissolution rates of Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Mn were measured in real time during linear potential sweep voltammetry, revealing the formation and dissolution of a copper-rich corrosion product layer. The deposition and subsequent dissolution of this copper layer is proposed to be the main cause of the second anodic current peak. The negative current loop observed after the first anodic peak is attributed to the cathodic reduction of H+ ion on the copper-enriched layer. Other factors such as the oxidation of the adsorbed H atoms on the copper-enriched layer and the presence of chromium-impoverished grain boundaries are shown to have a negligible effect on the second anodic current peak.
Broadband measurements of aerosol extinction in the ultraviolet spectral region
Authors: Washenfelder R. A. , Flores J. M. , Brock C. A. , Brown S. S. , Rudich Y.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Aerosols influence the Earth's radiative budget by scattering and absorbing incoming solar radiation. The optical properties of aerosols vary as a function of wavelength, but few measurements have reported the wavelength dependence of aerosol extinction cross-sections and complex refractive indices. We describe a new laboratory instrument to measure aerosol optical extinction as a function of wavelength, using cavity enhanced spectroscopy with a broadband light source. The instrument consists of two broadband channels which span the 360–390 and 385–420 nm spectral regions using two light emitting diodes (LED) and a grating spectrometer with charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. We determined aerosol extinction cross-sections and directly observed Mie scattering resonances for aerosols that are purely scattering (polystyrene latex spheres and ammonium sulfate), slightly absorbing (Suwannee River fulvic acid), and strongly absorbing (nigrosin dye). We describe an approach for retrieving refractive indices as a function of wavelength from the measured extinction cross-sections over the 360–420 nm wavelength region. The retrieved refractive indices for PSL and ammonium sulfate agree within uncertainty with literature values for this spectral region. The refractive index determined for nigrosin is 1.78 (±0.03) + 0.19 (±0.08) i at 360 nm and 1.53 (±0.03) + 0.21 (±0.05) i at 420 nm. The refractive index determined for Suwannee River fulvic acid is 1.71 (±0.02) + 0.07 (±0.06) i at 360 nm and 1.66 (±0.02) + 0.06 (±0.04) i at 420 nm. These laboratory results support the potential for a field instrument capable of determining ambient aerosol optical extinction, average aerosol extinction cross-section, and complex refractive index as a function of wavelength.
An assessment of climate state reconstructions obtained using particle filtering methods
Authors: Dubinkina S. , Goosse H.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. In an idealized framework, we assess reconstructions of the climate state of the Southern Hemisphere during the past 150 yr using the climate model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM and three data-assimilation methods: a nudging, a particle filter with sequential importance resampling, and an extremely efficient particle filter. The methods constrain the model by pseudo-observations of surface air temperature anomalies obtained from a twin experiment using the same model but different initial conditions. The net of the pseudo-observations is chosen to be either dense (when the pseudo-observations are given at every grid cell of the model) or sparse (when the pseudo-observations are given at the same locations as the dataset of instrumental surface temperature records HADCRUT3). All three data-assimilation methods provide with good estimations of surface air temperature and of sea ice concentration, with the extremely efficient particle filter having the best performance. When reconstructing variables that are not directly linked to the pseudo-observations of surface air temperature as atmospheric circulation and sea surface salinity, the performance of the particle filters is weaker but still satisfactory for many applications. Sea surface salinity reconstructed by the nudging, however, exhibits a patterns opposite to the pseudo-observations, which is due to a spurious impact of the nudging on the ocean mixing.
Assessment of Effects of Upper Extremity Exercise with Arm Tourniquet on Maturity of Arteriovenous Fistula in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Salimi Fereshteh , Nassiri Gilda Majd , Moradi Maryam , Keshavarzian Amir , Farajzadegan Ziba , Saleki Mohammad , Nikpoor Azimeh , Ghane Massoomeh
Published: January 2013

Objective

This study was designed to investigate the effects of hand exercise using a tourniquet on arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturity in patients with end stage renal disease.

Methods

Fifty patients were randomly allocated to 2 groups with 25 patients. After creating an AVF, in the control group, patients were asked to start doing simple hand exercise- opening and closing the fingers. In the second groups, patients underwent a structured isometric exercise program. The pre exercise and post exercise ultrasound examination were performed in the first 24 hours and 2 weeks after the operation respectively. Patients were also clinically evaluated at the end of the study.

Results

Post exercise ultrasound showed significant difference in the draining vein diameter, vein wall thickness, vein area and blood flow rate (BFR) (p-value: 0.009, 0.04, 0.02 and 0.02 respectively). The number of patients who had clinically mature AVFs in the case group was significantly more than the control group (13 vs. 5; p-value: 0.008).

Conclusion

We conclude that hand exercise using arm tourniquet affects most sonographic parameters which are associated with AVF maturity, and could be beneficial for acceleration of AVF clinical maturation.
Rancière and Aristotle: Parapolitics, Part-y Politics, and the Institution of Perpetual Politics
Authors: Trott Adriel M.
Published: January 2013

This article addresses Rancière's critique of Aristotle's political theory as parapolitics in order to show that Aristotle is a resource for developing an inclusionary notion of political community. Rancière argues that Aristotle attempts to cut off politics and merely police (maintain) the community by eliminating the political claim of the poor by including it. I respond to three critiques that Rancière makes of Aristotle: that he ends the political dispute by including the demos in the government; that he includes the free masses only incidentally because, by chance, the rule is political, not based on mastery; and that he attempts to close off politics by determining in advance what speech counts as speech. I argue that Aristotle attempts to institute this contest by accepting the incommensurable claims of arithmetic and geometric equality. Aristotle puts this conflict at the root of political life in such a way that serves Rancière's larger project of perpetuating politics.
Fuzzy-Appearance Manifold and Fuzzy-Nearest Distance Calculation for Model-Less 3D Pose Estimation of Degraded Face Images
Authors: Kusumoputro Benyamin , Lina
Published: January 2013

This paper presents the development of fuzzy-appearance manifold and fuzzy-nearest distance calculation in the eigenspace domain for pose estimation of degraded face images. In order to obtain a robust pose estimation system which can deal with the fuzziness of face data caused by statistical errors, we proposed the fuzzy-vector representation in eigenspace domain of the face images. Using fuzzy-vector representations, all of the crisp vectors of face data in the eigenspace domain are firstly transformed into fuzzy-vectors as fuzzy-points. Next, the fuzzy-appearance manifold is constructed from all the available fuzzy-points and the fuzzy-nearest distance calculation is proposed as the classifier of the pose estimation system. The pose estimation of an unknown face image is performed by firstly being projected onto the eigenspace domain then transformed to become an unknown fuzzy-point, and its fuzzy-distance with all of the available fuzzy-points in the fuzzy-appearance manifold will be calculated. The fuzzy-point in the manifold which has the nearest distance to that unknown fuzzy-point will be determined as the pose position of the unknown face image. In the experiment, face images with various quality degradation effects were used. The results show that the system could maintain high recognition rates for estimating the pose position of the degraded face images.
A method for collecting and interpreting interpersonal behavioral data in Second Life: A sample study on Asians’, Blacks’, and Whites’ social distances
Authors: Tawa John , Gongvatana Assawin , Anello Marcos , Shanmugham Uma , Lee-Chuvala Timothy , Suyemoto Karen L.
Published: January 2013

In this paper, we describe a method for collecting and interpreting interpersonal behavioral data in the Virtual World, Second Life. To illustrate this method we provide details for the implementation of a study on social distances between Black, White, and Asian participants in Second Life. Participants’ avatars were fitted with a virtual object containing a computer script that recorded their coordinates on the Second Life grid at one-second intervals. Participants interacted at a social event in a controlled environment in Second Life for 15 minutes. A computer algorithm (developed for this study in the statistical analysis program, R) was used to calculate each participant’s average social distance from one another across the 15-minute event. Average social distance scores were then aggregated into social distance towards racial groups as a whole (i.e., each participants’ social distance towards Blacks, Whites, and Asians). This paper provides details for researchers interested in adopting or modifying our Virtual World method for interpersonal behavioral data collection and interpretation. Specifically we focus on the development of a controlled Second Life environment, the adaptation of a Second Life computer script (adapted from Yee & Bailenson, 2008), the computer algorithm for calculating social distances, and our methods for recruiting and conducting study trials.
NPV modelling for the selection of value-creating biosimilar development candidates
Authors: Nickisch Klaus , Bode-Greuel Kerstin M
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this study was to apply net present value (NPV) modelling to evaluate the financial attractiveness and business risk of different categories of biosimilars. Challenges and opportunities of biosimilars are compared with those of standard small molecule generics. Minimum peak sales levels are required to create financial value were determined in order to derive recommendations for the selection of commercially rewarding biosimilar development candidates.