bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Substitutions on Thermal Behavior of Symmetric Doubleschiff Bases of 1,1’-Bis(4-Amino Phenyl)Cyclohexane
Authors: Gangani Bhavesh J. , Parsania Parsotam H.
Published: December 2022

Thermo gravimetric analyses of some symmetric double Schiff bases of 1, 1’- bis (4-amino phenyl) cyclohexane (SDSB-1 to SDSB-6) was carried out at 100C/min in nitrogen atmosphere. Schiff bases are thermally stable up to 200-285°C and followed two step degradation kinetic. Various kinetic parameters such as order of degradation (n), energy of activation (Ea), frequency factor (A) and entropy change (ΔS) were derived accordingly Anderson-Freeman method interpreted in light of nature of the substituents. The nature, size and position of substituents affected thermal properties of the Schiff bases.
Insect Antifeedant Potent Quinoxalines
Authors: Lakshmanan K. , Sekar K.G. , Sathiyendiran V. , Muthuvel I.
Published: December 2022

Some 6-substituted aryl quinoxalines have been prepared and their purities were checked by their physical constants and spectroscopic data reported earlier. The insect antifeedant activities of these quinolones were studied by leaf-discs bio assay method using 4th instar larvae AchoeaJanata L.
Studies of Sorbent Efficiencies of Maize Parts in Fe(II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Duru Chidi Edbert , Duru Ijeoma Akunna
Published: December 2022

The efficiency of the cob, sheath, seed chaff and stalk of maize plant in the removal of Fe(II) from aqueous solutions was studied. FTIR analysis of biomass surfaces before and after adsorption showed that seed chaff has the highest number of functional group coordination points. The percentage removal of Fe(II) increased with increase in pH for all the biomass parts with highest efficiency shown by the seed chaff at all the studied pH values. Metal up-take also increased with increase in seed chaff load. This direct relationship was however not shown by other parts where decreases in metal up-take were observed at high doses of the biomass. At optimum pH and biomass load, equilibrium adsorption capacities were reached in 30 minutes for all the parts. The efficiency of the biomass parts in the sorption process were in the order seed chaff>stalk>sheath>cob. At optimum conditions of the study, the seed chaff removed 73 % of Fe(II) from solution in its natural state.
Nanostructured ZrO2 Thin Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis Techniques for Ammonia Gas Sensing Application
Authors: Deshmukh S.B. , Bari R.H.
Published: December 2022

The spray pyrolysis deposition technique has number of advantages to produce advance nanostructured oxide films. The film surface morphology and structure depends on the precursor and doping solution and solvents used with their optimized parameters. The surface to volume ratio is achieved is beneficial to gas sensing. Therefore in this paper we report the nanostructured ZrO2 thin films was prepared using spray pyrolysis technique for ammonia gas sensing. There is various precursors such as Zirconium acetylacetonate, Zirconium nitrate, Zirconium tetra chloride etc. In spite of them, the Zirconium oxychloride octohydrate (0.05 M) was chosen as precursor solution and was prepared by dissolving in pure distilled water (Solvent). The films were deposited on heated glass substrate at 350◦C and were annealed at 500◦C for 1 hrs. It was characterized using XRD, FESEM, and TEM technique to examine crystal structure, surface morphology and microstructure properties. The average crystallite and grain size observed to be nanostructured in nature. The different test target gas performances were tested with various concentrations at different operating temperature. The films sprayed for 20 min with optimized spray parameter were observed to be most sensitive (S=58.5) to NH3 for 500 ppm at 150°C. The film thickness dependence parameters: FWHM (0.02678 radians) for peak 111, Inter-planer distance (d=0.2958 nm), lattice parameters Inter-atomic spacing ( a=0.511 nm), atomic volume(a3= 133Å3 ),micro strain (2.8 to 0.76 x 10-2), crystallite size (4-5nm) average grain size (32nm), dislocation density (1.73 x1015 lines/cm2), texture coefficient (>1), specific surface area(31 m2/g), activation energy and band gap were studied. The sensor shows quick response (4 s) and fast recovery (10 s). Reported results are discussed and interpreted
Ion-Exchange Reaction Thermodynamics to Study the Selectivity Behaviour of Nuclear and Non-Nuclear Grade Anion Exchange Resins
Authors: Singare P.U. , Patange A.N.
Published: December 2022

In the present investigation, attempts were made to understand the difference in bromide ion selectivity of the two closely related anion exchange resins Auchlite ARA-9366 and Auchlite A-378 in chloride form. The selectivity difference was predicted based on the thermodynamic equilibrium constants and enthalpy values of Clˉ/Brˉ ion exchange reactions performed by using the two resins. During Clˉ/Brˉ exchange reactions, with rise in temperature from 30.0°C to 45.0 °C, the equilibrium constant (K) values were observed to decreases from 8.15x10-2 to 6.06x10-2 for Auchlite ARA-9366 resins and from 2.16x10-2 to 1.10x10-2 for Auchlite A-378 resins. The decrease in K values with rise in temperature, indicate exothermic ion exchange reactions having enthalpy values of -36.14 and -18.38 kJ/mol respectively. The high K and low enthalpy values obtained for Auchlite ARA-9366 resins indicate their greater selectivity for the bromide ions in the solution as compared to Auchlite A-378 resins.
Fabrication Fe/Fe3O4/Graphene Nanocomposite Electrode Material for Rechargeable Ni/Fe Batteries in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Kumar Harish , Shukla A.K.
Published: December 2022

Fe/Fe3O4/Graphene composite electrode material was synthesized by a thermal reduction method and then used as anode material along with Nickel cathode in rechargeable Ni/Fe alkaline batteries in hybrid electric vehicles. Reduced graphene /Fe/Fe3O4 composite electrode material was prepared using a facile three step synthesis involving synthesis of iron oxalate and subsequent reduction of exfoliated graphene oxide and iron oxalate by thermal decomposition method. The synthesis approach presents a promising route for a large-scale production of reduced graphene /Fe/Fe3O4 composite as electrode material for Ni/Fe rechargeable batteries. The particle size and structure of the samples were characterized by SEM and XRD.
Molar Concentration Effects on the Optical and Structural Properties of Nanostructural SnO2 Thin Films
Authors: Habubi Nadir F. , Abood Ziad M. , Algamel Ahmed N.
Published: December 2022

Thin films of nanostructured SnO2 with different molariteswere prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis technique. XRD analysis reveals that all the films were tetragonal polycrystalline with a preferred orientation along (110) plane. AFM measurements indicate that the value of the grain size for 0.05 M, 0.1 M and 0.15 M were 111nm, 78 nm and 58 nm respectively. SEM micrograph proved the existence of small cracks on the film surface, EDS confirmed the composition percentage ratio of Sn and O­2 and no trace of impurities could be detected. PL spectra gives the indication about optical energy gap and the effect of concentration on it which appeared as a blue shift. The transmittance was studied for the deposited thin films, identifying that the transmittance decreases by the increase in molarity. The value of the optical energy gap of the deposited thin films was increased upon increasing molar concentration due o quantum confinement effect. The Urbach energy was also studied, their values decrease as the molar concentration increase.
An Expeditious Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidine
Authors: Shah A.M. , Rojivadiya A.J.
Published: December 2022

A simple, efficient, and diversity oriented synthesis of library of 1,2,4-triazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidine was undertaken using 5-amino,1,2,4-triazole as a building block. The synthesized analogues were fully characterized by known spectroscopic techniques like FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy.
Molecular and Semi-Empirical Mechanic Studies of Copper-Histamine Chloride Complex
Authors: Mahboub Radia , Louhibi Samira
Published: December 2022

In the present work, we describe and characterized the molecular structure and molecular orbital of Cu (His)Cl2 by two methods: molecular mechanic and semi-empirical PM3 simulations. First, we determine the geometry structural properties of the Cu (Hist)Cl2 complex by molecular mechanic method. Then we compare the calculations method with the experimental data of Cu (His)Cl2 crystal complex. We find that the optimized parameters obtained by MM method are in good agreement with those observed experimentally. After, we evaluate the quantum chemical parameters using PM3 simulations and we discuss the chemical reactivity of Cu (II) ion and the stability of Cu (His)Cl2 molecule. We obtain a large gap with PM3 method. We evaluate the electrophilicity index of the complex. We also calculate the deformation energy. We deduce from quantum calculations that Cu (Hist)Cl2 molecule has high chemical reactivity and is more stable. Finally, we calculate the relative and average errors to estimate the quality of each method. We show that average errors vary as follow: for bonds are 7.833 and 2.692 %, and for angles are 7.755 and 5.309 % using MM+ and PM3 respectively. We conclude that both molecular mechanic and semi-empirical calculations agree very well with the experimental data.
Optical and Dispersion Parameters of ZnS Thin Films Prepared by Flash Evaporation Method
Authors: Bakr Nabeel A. , Jandow Nidhal N. , Habubi Nadir F.
Published: December 2022

Zns thin films are obtained by flash evaporation method onto preheated glass substrates. The transmittance analysis allowed the determination of refractive index and thickness using envelope method. It was found that the refractive dispersion data obeyed the single oscillator model. The calculated value of the refractive index (no) was found to be equal to 2.27, which is in a good agreement with the value obtained from Cauchy’s fitting. Also the value of the optical energy gap, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant and optical conductivity have been measured.
Praseodymium-Doped Ce0.5Co0.5O2 Catalyst for Use on the Ethanol Steam Reforming to Produce Hydrogen
Authors: Chen Ya Ping , Chuang Chen Lung , Jeng Pei Di , Wu Ruei Ci , Wang Chen Bin
Published: December 2022

The catalytic performance of ethanol steam reforming (ESR) reaction was investigated on a praseodymium (Pr) dopant to modify Ce0.5Co0.5O2 catalyst. The Ce0.5Co0.5O2 catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation-oxidation method with NaOH precipitant and H2O2 oxidant. Doped 5 and 10 wt% Pr (Pr5-Ce-Co and Pr10-Ce-Co) catalysts were prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation method and reduced at 250 and 400 °C (H250 and H400). All samples were characterized by using XRD, TPR, BET, EA, TG and TEM techniques at various stages of the catalyst. The results indicated that the doped Pr improved the activity and products distribution, and depressed the deposited carbon. The Pr10-Ce-Co-H400 sample was a highly active and stable among these catalysts, where the hydrogen distribution approached 72% at 475 °C and only minor C1 (CO and CH4) species were detected. In addition, the ethanol conversion still remained complete, and the selectivity of hydrogen exceeded 70% during a 100 h time-on-stream test at 400 °C. The high oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and high accessible oxygen for this catalyst allowed oxidation/gasification of deposited carbon as soon as it formed, and less coke was detected.
Quantum Nature of Vehicle Motion
Authors: Pluta Zdzisław , Hryniewicz Tadeusz
Published: December 2022

The paper presents a new adequate look on the character of motion of any material body, such as moving vehicle. It has been proved, that motion of material bodies has a quantum character. Due to this their consecutive energetic states are obtained by a jump. The phenomenon of quantum in the reference to vehicle kinetics has been derived by indicating its place on the background of characteristics of whole mechanics. The length of vehicle way in particular phases of its motion is that source characteristics the derivatives of which form the development of motion description of a material solid/body. It has been indicated that the quantum nature of body motion does not depend on its magnitude. Thus, as has been noticed, there is an analogy between the macro-body motion and electron motion which change its energy also by jump, by getting from one orbit (energetic level) to another.
Preparation and Optical Properties of PS @Au-Cu Core-Shell Nano Composite
Authors: Rudainah Ali , Farkad Ali , Lin Yi
Published: December 2022

An appropriate low-cost uncomplicated chemical method has been used to obtain the optical properties in the production of plasmon by manufacturing nanomaterial's consisting of dielectric core and a shell that grows on its surface . This core consists of the polystyrene PS and a gold – copper shell. The synthesis was made in two steps . In the first step PS core was fabricated , then coated by a shell consisting of Au –Cu particles . The shell shape differs according to the change in the amount of molar concentrations of Cu, and H2O2. It is found that variation of this materials amount gives us absorbance measurements (Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance, LSPR) that increase proportionally with changing quantities directly, where the size of core is constant.And the peak position in blue shift high energy then changes to red shift low energy . This change depends on the size and shape of particles. The same case applies for the transmittance of its change with the change of this material. The nano shell was characterized by using Scanning electron microscopy,SEM and UV –vis spectroscopy by varying the amount of Cu and H2O2.
Calibration of Therapy Level Ionization Chamber at 60Co Teletherapy Beam Used for Radiation Therapy
Authors: Reza Md. Ali , Islam Md. Rakibul , Rahman Md. Shakilur , Shamsuzzaman Md. , Rahman Md. Rashedur , Khan Harnur Rashid
Published: December 2022

The accuracy and traceability of absorbed dose to water measurement of radiotherapy beam is a critical issue to achieve the curative outcome of cancer patients. The current dosimetry protocols for radiotherapy beams TRS-398, TG-51 and DIN-6800-2 are based on the calibration factor of ionization chamber in terms of absorbed dose to water for 60Co beam. The accuracy of the calibration factor of ionization chamber as well as output of radiotherapy beam is the primary requirements of precisional dose deliver to the tumor which is the QA part of radiotherapy dosimetry. In the present study, we have calibrated 9 different ionization chambers (8 thimbles and 1 parallel plate) of various active volumes for 60Co beam against reference standard NE2571 and compared with manufacturer’s values. The Percentage Depth Dose (PDD) and Output Factors (OF) of two cobalt units were measured with standard calibration system by following IAEA dosimetry protocol TRS-398 and compare with 6 MV photon beam from medical linear accelerator. The traceability of the dosimetry was verified by the participation of postal dose IAEA/WHO intercomparison program. The aim of the participation was to investigate uncertainties involved in the calibration of Ionization Chamber (IC) and absorbed dose measurement. The percentage of deviation relative to IAEA mean dose was found to be -0.2% (traceable limit ±5%), which shows an excellent agreement of calibration of beam as well as ionization chamber with international standard. The deviation of factors of ionization chambers between the measured and manufacturer’s values were found within 0.07-2.81% with an uncertainty of ±1.5% (k=1).
The Corrosion Inhibition Performance of Polyacrylic Acid with Potassium Sodium Tartrate and Zn2+ for Corrosion Control of Mild Steel in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Dharmalingam V. , Sahayaraj P. Arockia , Amalraj A. John , Shobana R. , Mohan R.
Published: December 2022

The goal of studying corrosion process is to find means of minimizing corrosion or prevent it from occurring. The use of inhibitors is one of the most popular methods for corrosion protection. A protective film has been formed on the surface of the mild steel in a neutral aqueous environment using a synergistic mixture of an eco-friendly inhibitor viz., Potassium Sodium Tartrate (SPT) along with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and Zn2+ ions. The inhibiting effect of SPT, PAA and Zn2+ ions have been investigated by gravimetric studies, Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The investigations revealed that SPT acts as an excellent synergist in corrosion inhibition. Optimum concentrations of all the three components of the ternary formulation are established by gravimetric studies. Potentiodynamic polarization studies inferred that this mixture functions as a cathodic inhibitor. EIS studies of the metal/solution interface indicated that the surface film is highly protective against the corrosion of mild steel. Surface characterization techniques (FTIR, SEM, AFM) are also used to ascertain the nature of the protective film. The mechanical aspect of corrosion inhibition is proposed.
Synthesis and In Vitro  Antimicrobial Activity of 3-(5-((2-Oxo-2H-Chromen-4-yl)Thio)-4-Phenyl-Thiazol-2-yl)-2-Substitutedphenyl Thiazolidin-4-One
Authors: Prajapati Himanshu R. , Lakum Harshad P. , Chikhalia Kishor H.
Published: December 2022

An array of 3-(5-((2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl) thio)-4-phenyl thiazol-2-yl)-2-substitutedphenyl thiazolidin-4-one (7a-j) have been synthesized by using acetophenone, thiourea, 4-mercaptocoumarin and thioglycolic acid. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass analysis. All the newly synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity (against E.coli,P.aeruginosa,S.aureus, S. pyogenes) and antifungal activity against (C. albicans, A.niger, A.clavatus) using broth dilution technique. Some of the compounds showed good to moderate activity against the specific microbial strain.
Solvent Blend Performance in Hydrocarbon Recovery from Nigerian Tank Bottom Sludge
Authors: Taiwo Elijah A. , Otolorin John A.
Published: December 2022

Oil sludge waste associated with crude oil production generally consists of oil, sands and untreatable emulsions segregated from the production stream, and sediment accumulated on the bottom of crude oil and water storage tanks. The use of single solvent and combination (solvent blend) was evaluated for extraction of hydrocarbon content (oil) of the Tank Bottom Sludge (TBS) associated with the crude oil production with a view to optimizing hydrocarbon recovery from the sludge. TBS samples were contacted with selected solvents blends of varying volumetric ratios, each at a time. The blend generated from xylene, hexane, cyclohexane and petroleum ether representing aliphatic and aromatic interactive combination with varying polarity. Their effects on the oil recovery from tank bottom sludge were determined, with solubility parameter as a factor. The optimum oil recovery by blend A, B and C at room temperature of 29°C, from sample 1 are respectively 54.48% (3:2), 60.33% (2:3) and 61.10% (1:1); from Sample 2, were respectively 66.25% (2:3), 60.80 (3:2) and 63.35 (1:1) at room temperature of 29°C . At room temperature Blend C has the highest performance in extracting oil from sample 1. The highest performance in recovery of oil from sample 2 was observed with blend A (66.25 %.). Solvent extraction process is very effective in recovering hydrocarbons oil from TBS. The use of solvents mixture greatly improved oil recovery from TBS and varies with blend composition and the operating temperature condition.
Change in Energy and Entropy of the Non-Spinning Black Holes
Authors: Mahto Dipo , Khan Tanveer Ali , Kumar Ashok , Sah Raj Kumar
Published: December 2022

In the present paper, we have derived an expression for change in entropy of non-spinning black holes on the basis of formula (EBH=KBHR5) as proposed by Kanak Kumari et al. (2010) and the formula δSbh=(2П/(kc2) ( Mahto et al., 2011) and calculated their values for different test non-spinning black holes.
Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Biological Studies of Lanthanum(III) Complexes with 3-Substituted-4-Amino-5-Mercapo-1,4-Triazoles Schiff Bases
Authors: Yadawe Mallikarjun S. , Unki Shrishila N. , Patil Sangamesh A.
Published: December 2022

Some lanthanum(III) complexes have been synthesized by reacting lanthanum(III) metal salt with Schiff bases derived from 3-substituted-4-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole and glyoxal/biacetyl/benzyl. All these complexes are not soluble in common organic solvents. However sparingly soluble in DMF and DMSO. The chemical analysis of the complexes confirmed to the stoichiometry of the type La(III)LNO3·H2O. La(III)LCl·H2O and La(III)LNCS·H2O respectively. The chelation of the complexes has been proposed in the light of analytical, spectral studies. The measured molar conductance values indicate that, the complexes are non-electrolytes. The Schiff bases and their complexes have been screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The results of these studies show the metal complexes to be more antibacterial and antifungal as compared to the uncomplexed coumarins.
Reentrance Phenomenon of a Mixed Spin Ising Model
Authors: Mohamad Hadey
Published: December 2022

A reentrant magnetic phase transition in molecular based magnet AFeIIFeIII(C2O4)3[A=N(n-CnH2n+1)4, n=3-5] is investigated by the use of Mean-Field Theory (MFT) for a mixed spin-2 and spin-5/2 Ising system on a simple cubic lattice. It is found that a double-entrant ferrimagnetic behaviour in the mixed-spin system depends on the negative values of the anisotropies in the order-disorder system for the two sublattices of the mixture. It is shown using numerical calculations that this phenomenon is strongly affected by the magnetic anisotropy and lattice disorder.
Batch and Column Adsorption of BOD and COD in Vegetable Oil Industry Effluents Using Activated Carbon from Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia, Occidentalis. Hook. F) Seed Shell
Authors: Wirnkor Verla Andrew , Amonia Briggs Olulu , Ngozi Verla Evelyn
Published: December 2022

The use of waste to reduce pollution has been advocated by many researchers. In this study five samples of physically prepared fluted pumpkin seed shell activated carbons (PFACs) prepared elsewhere were successfully used in reducing Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of vegetable oil industry effluents (VOIE). BOD readings of effluent were measured using the Lovibon BOD IR Sensomat while COD was determined by use of PCcheckit COD Vario (Lovibond) consisting of PCcheckit COD Vario photometer and COD reactor ET 108 model. Batch adsorption had better performance (BOD and COD removal of 52 % to 83 %) over column adsorption (BOD5 and COD removal of 35 % to 86 %). Batch adsorption gave better BOD and COD reduction. Though BOD and COD removal varied widely with carbon dose, pH, temperature and contact time the effects of theses factors investigated in the reduction of BOD and COD were complex and difficult to streamlined.
Activated Carbon Loaded N, S Co-Doped TiO2 Nanomaterial and its Dye Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Kamalakkannan J. , Chandraboss V.L. , Prabha S. , Senthilvelan S.
Published: December 2022

Activated carbon (AC) loaded nitrogen and sulfur (N, S) co-doped TiO2 nanomaterial (AC-N-S-TiO2) was prepared by precipitation method. AC-N-S-TiO2 material was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform - Infrared (FT-IR), Photoluminescence (PL) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. Photodegradation and decolorization of Malachite green (MAG) and Methyl green (MEG) by using TiO2, N-S-TiO2 and AC-N-S-TiO2 under UV-light irradiation has been carried out. The photocatalytic activity of the AC-N-S-TiO2 was higher than that of the undoped and N, S-doped TiO2, The hydroxyl radical analysis - Fluorescence technique with coumarin has been discussed. The photodegradation of MEG was well described by analyzed to be pseudo-first order according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood representation, the high quantum yield set up to be calculated, stability and reustability of nanomaterial. AC-N-S-TiO2 act as a promising photocatalyst for dye wastewater treatment under UV-light irradiation.
Spectral Correlations in some Substituted Styryl (E)-4-((2-Oxopropyl)Diazenyl) Benzoic Acids
Authors: Sathiyendiran V. , Sekar K.G. , Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy , Arulkumaran R. , Sundararajan R. , Kamalakkannan D. , Suresh R. , Manikanadan V. , Vijayakumar R. , Vanangamudi Ganesan
Published: December 2022

A series of titled compounds were prepared and analyzed their purities by literature method. The infrared and NMR spectral group frequencies of the compounds were assigned and correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R constants using single and multi linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the above spectral frequencies was discussed.
Cultivation of Paramecium Caudatum in the Presence of Physiologically Active Substances, and a Redox Active Polymer
Authors: Goto Hiromasa , Nakajima Kuniharu
Published: December 2022

Cultivation of paramecium in the presence of physiologically active substances was carried out. We have monitored paramecium for 23 days in the solutions in the presence of physiologically active substances, and polyaniline as a redox active polymer.
Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Composites
Authors: Hasan Monirul , Das Sujan Kumar , Islam Jahid M.M. , Gafur Md Abdul , Hoque Enamul , Khan Mubarak A.
Published: December 2022

Homogeneous Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Carbon nanotube (CNT) composite has been prepared by solution casting method using gum acacia as a surfactant. CNT content in the composite was varied from 5-10% by weight. The thermal properties of PVA/CNT composites were investigated by Thermo Gravimetric/Differential Thermal Analyzer (TG/DTA) and Thermo Mechanical Analyzer (TMA). TG/DTA results showed that higher thermal stability in higher percentage of CNT in the composites. The 10% CNT containing PVA composite exhibit highest onset of melting, glass transition point and offset of melting temperature and the recoded values are 330.4K, 379K and 421.3K respectively. All of the result indicates that the developed PVA/CNT composite might be promising for use in solar cell application
Structural and Optical Properties of Chemically Deposited CdS Thin Films
Authors: Mohammed Raghad Y. , Abduol S. , Mousa Ali M.
Published: December 2022

Polycrystalline Cadmium sulfide (CdS) films were deposited onto Corning glass substrates from alkaline solutions containing CdCl2, KOH, Na3C6H5O7 and CS(NH2)2 at different deposition times (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min), bath temperatures (80 ±2 °C) and different concentration of the reactants. A comparative study was performed out on thin film via optical transmission and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The results which reveal that the deposition time has a profound influence on the growth rate and band gap of the deposited layers. Diffraction data was used to evaluate the lattice parameter, grain size, average strain, number of crystallites per unit area and dislocation density in the film are calculated.
Fabrication of SiO2-TiO2 Double Layers Anti-Reflection Coating by Sol-Gel Method and Study of its Optical Properties
Authors: Abdullah Wael
Published: December 2022

An inexpensive and easily adaptable to industry scale method is Sol-Gel used to get a double layer anti-reflection coating thin film from SiO2/TiO2 by dip coating technique and we found that the Q H thickness SiO2/TiO2 Double layer thin film gets the best results so, we get a reflectance 0.002-0.02 for ultraviolet region, 0-0.04 for visible region, and 0.004-0.04 for Near infra-red region, and it is better than a thin film from SiO2 mono layer or thin film from TiO2 mono layer individually.
Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Physical Properties of Layered LiNiO2 Prepared by Solid-State Reaction Method
Authors: Murali Nandigam , Sailaja Jampana Madhuri , Aregai Tewodros , Margarette S.J. , Veeraiah V.
Published: December 2022

A layered structure compound LiNiO2 material is synthesized by the solid-state reaction method under air atmosphere in the temperature range from 750 °C to 850 °C using Li2CO3 and NiO as the starting materials for 20 hours. The physical properties of the synthesized powder are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field effect scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) techniques. The results of XRD patterns possessed the α-NaFeO2 structure of the rhombohedral system (space group, ) with no evidence of any impurities. The morphological features of the powders are characterized by field effect scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The particles of LiNiO2 powder are generally in the form of a smoothly edged polyhedron and their average grain size is approximately 2 - 3 μm. The FT-IR spectroscopic data of LiNiO2 reveal the structure of the oxide lattice constituted by LiO6 and NiO6 octahedra. In general, from this study, we conclude that the LiNiO2 synthesized by solid state reaction method at different temperatures to increase in the sintering temperature. The lattice constant is increased, while the sintering temperature is increased. The maximum and minimum intensity ratios of XRD spectra shows that the optimum calcination condition is 800°C for 20 h. At 750-850°C, the particle size distribution is in the range of 2 - 3 μm.
Acoustical Studies of Ternary Liquid Mixtures of 2-Aminothiazole in DMF-Water at Different Temperatures
Authors: Morey P.B. , Naik A.B.
Published: December 2022

The nature and the relative strength of the intermolecular interaction between the components of the liquid mixtures have been successfully investigated by ultrasonic method. In present study, the densities (ρ), ultrasonic velocities (u), viscosity (ɳ) and refractive index (nD) in a ternary liquid mixture of 2-aminothiazole with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in water have been measured at 303.15, 308.15, 313.15,318.15 and 323.15 K respectively, over the entire composition range by using densitometer, ultrasonic interferometer, viscometer and refractmeter respectively. The measured data have been used to compute the various thermo-acoustic parameters using the standard relations namely, adiabatic compressibility (βs), intermolecular free length (Lf), specific acoustic Impedance (Z),Wada constant (W), molar sound velocity (R), relative association (RA), apparent molar compressibility (),apparent molar volume () viscosity relaxation time (Г),absorption coefficient, internal pressure (ᴨ),free volume (Vf),Gibb҆ s free energy (∆G) and specific refraction (r), etc. The results have been analyzed on the basis of variation in thermodynamic parameters. These parameters are useful for explaining the molecular association and interaction between the components of ternary liquid mixtures. The variation in densities and ultrasonic velocities with concentrations in the system show similar trends for evaluated parameters of the constituents in ternary mixture at different temperatures. The results have been interpreted in terms of solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interaction.
Enhanced Beam of Protons in Plasma Gas for Three Systems (Tokamak, Z-Pinch and ICF)
Authors: Ahmed Baida M. , Ahmad Khalid A. , Ahmad Riayhd K.
Published: December 2022

The interaction of fast beam of proton impinging on a plasma target is treated theoretically, since in general the number density of the beam ions nb is much smaller than the electron density ne of the plasma target. The interaction between proton clusters (collective and individual) with plasma gas is evaluated using the dielectric dispersion function Vlasove formalism both for single and correlated protons.In present work interaction clusters for proton on three different systems (tokamak, Z-pinch and inertial confinement fusion (ICF)) were used at different thermal energy (1000, 20 and 300) (a.u) and densities of proton (1013, 1018 and 3x1022) cm-3 at three velocities (1,7.5 and 35) a.u. to study the effect of these parameters. Found that collective excitations give a small contribution to the energy loss of single ions, We obtain the best beams of the protons in the system (ICF) and at high rates (0,0.2,0.4,0.6) increase with increasing density. This gives a good beam of plasma proton use in different applications such as metal alloying, surface treatment, implantation, surface analysis, sputtering, determination of geometrical structures of polyatomic ions in addition give information about a variety of atomic-collision phenomena.
Annual Fluctuations in Local Photon Counts Reflect Differential Distances from the Galaxy’s Singularity: Astronomical, Chemical and Biology Implications
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: December 2022

A conspicuous annual variation in the photon flux density of ~10-12 W·m-2 by a photomultiplier tube housed in a hyperdark ground level setting was within the range expected for the small changes in the earth’s distance per orbit from the energetic entropy (Joules) of the singularity at the center of the galaxy. For the Bekenstein-Hawking relation to be congruent the singularity’s power must reflect the galaxy’s age. The power (W) per volume at the distance of the earth when divided into the peak-to-trough change in photon flux density for minimum-maximum distances from the galactic center converged with the Compton wavelength for an electron. Subsequent calculations indicated that the discrepancy between the magnetic moments of the orbit/spin of the electron and of the proton when the energy associated with the neutral hydrogen line is involved with the Bohr atom also solve for the Compton electron wavelength. The most likely local mechanism to satisfy the hyperfine currents that are in the order of 10-15 A within the width of plasma membrane phenomena would be proton channels when pH ranges from about 5.8 to 7.4 which can occur transiently near neurons. The measured photon flux densities multiplied by known diffusion velocities of protons in water could produce energy levels of ~10-20 J per square unit of time. The results suggest the potential for collapsing de Broglie particle-wave properties of an electron involves energies associated with neuronal action potentials coupled to cognition and that this potential may be spread through the galactic volume as pervasive photon flux densities originating from the singularity at the center.
An Analysis of Solar Burst Type II, III, and IV and Determination of a Drift Rate of a Single Type III Solar Burst
Authors: Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Ibrahim M.B. , Shariff N.N.M. , Monstein C.
Published: December 2022

The main feature of solar radio type II, III and IV burst is outlined. In this event there are three combinations of bursts that related to the solar flare phenomenon on 6th July 2012. This event is one of good example to observe how far the influence of type II burst could impact the formation of type IV burst and III solar bursts. At first stage, it was observed that a sub-type of H burst form within 2 minutes before type IV solar burst form. The type IV burst is due to the eruption of active region AR 1515 with a fine structure (FS). We used a Blein CALLISTO data in this case. Further analysis also showed that the total energy of the burst are in the range of 4.875 × 10-25 J to 8.48 × 10-25 J and plasma frequency is equal to 1.24 × 104 Hz. Therefore, we could say that in this case, before the solar burst type III occurred, the ejection of CMEs already ejected
Effect of SnS Thin Film on the Performance of Porous Silicon Photodiode
Authors: Abd Ahmed N. , Abdulridha Wasnaa Mohammed , Dawood Mohammed Odda
Published: December 2022

In this study, Al/SnS/PS/n-Si/Al photodiode was fabricated and investigated. SnS thin film were prepared by thermal evaporation technique on porous silicon layer which prepared by anodization technique at 32mA/cm2 etching current density and etching time 15min.The characteristics of porous silicon and SnS were investigated by using x-ray diffraction XRD, atomic force microscopy AFM, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy FT-IR.Dark and illuminated current-voltage I-V characteristics, spectral responsivity, specific detectivity of photodiode were investigated after depositing. Significant improvement in photosensitivity and detectivity of porous silicon photodiode after SnS deposition on porous silicon was noticed.
Studies on Pollution Discharge Scenario of Effluents Released from Fine Chemicals Manufacturing Industries along Dombivali Industrial Belt of Mumbai, India
Authors: Singare P.U. , Dhabarde S.S.
Published: December 2022

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to fine chemicals manufacturing industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentration levels of heavy metals like Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn was found to be maximum of 45.94, 1.05, 7.50, 4.76, 145.87 and 21.96 ppm respectively in the effluents released during the months of February to April. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like alkalinity, salinity and chloride content were found to be maximum in the month of October having the concentration values of 1482, 4.91, 2710 ppm respectively, while the DO content in the effluents released in the same month was reported to be very much low having the value of 2.90 ppm. The effluents released during the month of June were reported to have high hardness, total solid (TS) content and COD values of 3713, 13638 and 6951 ppm respectively. The cyanide content (0.08 ppm), phosphate content (131.32 ppm) and BOD content (631 ppm) were found to be maximum in the months of December, February and May respectively. From the results it appears that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to reduce the risk to public health as toxic pollutants which are mainly colourless and odourless can be expected to be released into the ecosystems.
A Convergent Approach for the Synthesis of New Pyrazolyl Bipyridinyl Substituted Coumarin Derivatives as Antimicrobials
Authors: Bhila Varun G. , Chovatiya Yogita L. , Patel Chirag V. , Giri Rakesh R. , Brahmbhatt Dinkar I.
Published: December 2022

Some new 3-[3-(1-phenyl-3-aryl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) acryloyl] coumarins 3a-f were synthesized (coumarin chalcones) by the condensation of various 3-acetyl coumarins 1 and appropriate 1-phenyl-3-aryl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde 2. These coumarin chalcones 3a-f were then employed for the synthesis of pyrazolyl bipyridinyl substituted coumarins 7a-f, 8a-f, and 9a-f under Krohnke’s reaction condition. The characterization of all the synthesized compounds was carried out by elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT-135 and mass spectral analysis. In addition to that, in vitro antimicrobial competency of the title compounds was assessed against selected pathogens. Compounds 3b, 3e, 7b, 8b, 8c and 9b exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity and said to be the most proficient members of the series.
Conversion Energy from the Movement of the Solar System through Universal Pressure: Reflections Inseismic Events and Global Temperatures
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: December 2022

The velocity (~242 km·s-1) of the Solar System around the galactic center within the universal pressure (~10-10 Pascal) produces energies within the earth’s volume that is equivalent to that released by the sum of all earthquakes per unit time. The available energy within the earth and solar volume from the expected spatial variations of this pressure along this perimeter, which requires about 250 million years to traverse, can accommodate the increased geomagnetic activity from the expanding solar corona over the last approximately 100 years as well as the increase in global warming. Inferences of a varying structure of space that may explain the periodicity and range in solar cycles as well as anomalous minimums (such as the Maunder phenomenon) suggest a central galactic singularity with spatial ripples exhibiting peak-to-peak troughs that approximate the earth’s circumference and frequencies in the order of 7 to 8 Hz. The precise velocity-universal pressure flux density may also explain the millilux-range magnitude of the earth’s night (air) glow. These results and the application of these concepts indicate that origins of seismicity, slow drifts in the intensity of geomagnetic activity, and global warming (and cooling) trends are products of differential interactions with quantitative fluctuations in sub-matter space and that the subtle variations encountered as the Solar System moves along this 1021 m perimeter may be more significant than previously assumed.
Broadband Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy and Low-Frequency Raman Scattering of Propylene Glycol
Authors: Koda Shota , Mori Tatsuya , Kojima Seiji
Published: December 2022

Two different THz-TDS systems were used for the accurate study of broadband terahertz dynamics between 0.1 and 5.0 THz. These systems enabled to observe the whole spectral structure of the broad peak at 1.5 THz in propylene glycol. At high-frequency side of the broad peak in the dielectric spectrum, the small shoulder peak at 3.6 THz was also observed. It is assigned to the inter-molecular vibration, which is supported by the precedent report and the Gaussian calculation. In contrast, the low-frequency side of the broad peak includes the contribution of the relaxation processes which exist in the MHz and GHz region. Furthermore, we compared the dielectric spectrum with the Raman spectrum and concluded that the mode at 3.6 THz is IR active while Raman inactive.
Technology-Enhanced Language Learning (TELL): A Review of Resourses and Upshots
Authors: Ghanizadeh Afsaneh , Razavi Azam , Jahedizadeh Safoura
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of using technology in improving learning in general and language learning in particular. To do this, a review of recent studies in technology-enhanced learning with a specific focus on technology-enhanced language learning (TELL) was conducted. It was revealed that using different kinds of technology can have positive impacts on students’ progress in different educational contexts in general. These benefits are multidimensional and comprehensive encompassing cognitive, metacognitive, and affective domains of learning. In the case of language learning, the same results were obtained. The findings showed that technology-based language instruction can be used effec­tively as teacher-delivered instruction. It was also indicated that technology can have a positive effect on language learning when its potential capacities are incorporated into pedagogy and curriculum. Besides, it was demonstrated that students’ listening, writing, speaking, and reading skills were enhanced and the technology was seen to have positive impact on sub-skills such as grammar and vocabulary learning. Problem solving as one of the most significant strategies in language learning was also improved. Generally speaking, utilizing technology in the EFL/ESL context provided enjoyable environment for students to learn English. These benefits and consequences are not restricted to any specific age and gender groups.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Screening of some New Pyrimido[1,2-a]Benzimidazole Derivatives
Authors: Shah Nirav M. , Joshi Hitendra S.
Published: December 2022

Some new pyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized by reacting 2-amino benzimidazole and chalcones in n-butanol at reflux temperature. In our present study we have used various heterocyclic chalcones derived from furfural and substituted acetophenones. All synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectroscopy. All synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria which showed moderate to good activity.
Rebellion of the Pannonian legion in 14 AD
Authors: Mesihović Salmedin
Published: December 2022

Armed forces of the Roman state were in historiography, especially in the general public, known and perceived as a model of discipline and hierarchical order. However, during the 1,300 years of its existence, the individual units of the Roman army had rebelled. One of these riots was the one that took place after the death of the first princeps Augustus. Soldiers from the three Pannonian legions rebelled in late summer and early fall 14 AD. They have rejected the military hierarchy and establish their own control. Drusus, the son of the new princeps Tiberius,succeeded in taking advantage of superstition soldiers because lunar eclipses September 27. 14 years. n. e. to quell the rebellion.
Preventive Research of the Late Medieval Cemetery at the Primary School in Kočerin
Authors: Soldo Maja
Published: December 2022

This paper presents the results of protective archaeological excavation, part of the late medieval necropolis located in Kočerin, Široki Brijeg, west Herzegovina. The research has been conducted in July 2015. Kočerin is known as a place with several medieval necropolises, indicating the dense population in the Medieval Ages. The oldest mention of name Kočerin is dated from 1404., inscripted at Viganj stećak.
Technological analysis of Artefacts made of cracked stone from the paleolithic site Danilović brdo in Podnovlje near Doboj
Authors: Dragosavac Sofija
Published: December 2022

The site Danilovića brdo is located in the village Podnovlje, north from Doboj. The site was discovered in 1959 when the first excavation has started, and continued in 1960 and 1963 under the management of B. Belić, the curator of the Regional Museum in Doboj and Đ. Basler, the curator of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On that occasion 90 artefacts from knapped stone were collected. As the layer which had those finds was destroyed by erosion and the stratigraphic situation from this site was unclear, the material from this site was not published in detail until today. Recently, we had an opportunity to revise the material from Belić’s and Basler’s excavations. The results from the technological analysis, show that on this site the Middle and the Upper Paleolithic settlement horizon can be separated. The site Danilovića brdo was never seriously considered in the literature, but with this can be counted as a multilayer Paleolitihic site on the territory of northern Bosnia.
Traces of Sopot and Vučedol culture in Kastel – Banja Luka
Authors: Jamaković Orhan
Published: December 2022

The locality of Kastel in Banja Luka, in the area of its second court, had been a subject of archeological excavations at the end of 1992. Archeological area itself is positioned on the highest point of the city of Banja Luka, at the end of long plateau that was following Crkvena creek till its river Vrbas estuary. Dominant position to its surrounding, existence of fresh drinking water and bountiful pastures, made this area suitable settling spot for both prehistorical cultures, Sopot and Vučedol.
Finds from the Tumuli in the Village Kujava near Danilovgrad
Authors: Lutovac Predrag
Published: December 2022

In the village of Kujava near Danilovgrad (Montenegro), two barrows belonging to the early Bronze Age were systematically investigated. In the same area there is a smaller tumuli-necropolis, but the object of research was two individual barrows that were in the immediate surroundings. The barrows were earthy with a stone mantle. The burial in them was done in stone coffins. In one of the explored barrows there were secondary burials from the early Iron Age.