bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Early Nutrition in Premature Infants on Later Childhood Insulin Sensitivity and Growth
Authors: Regan Fiona M. , Cutfield Wayne S. , Jefferies Craig , Robinson Elizabeth , Hofman Paul L.
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVES. Children born prematurely have decreased insulin sensitivity. The etiology of this insulin resistance is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate infant nutrition and its influence on insulin sensitivity and postnatal growth in children born ≤32 weeks’ gestation.

METHODS. A total of 56 healthy, developmentally normal, prepubertal children, aged 4 to 10 years were recruited. Thirty-seven were born ≤32 weeks’ gestation, and 19 were control subjects born at term with a birth weight >10th percentile. Insulin sensitivity (10−4 min−1 μU/mL) was calculated from a 90-minute frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Perinatal, nutritional, and growth data were obtained retrospectively from both neonatal and early infancy records in the premature cohort.

RESULTS. Children born prematurely had decreased insulin sensitivity when compared with those born at term (13.8 vs 30.6). Neonatal nutrition was not correlated with insulin sensitivity; however, all of the infants had inadequate protein in the first month followed by excessive fat intake thereafter. Premature children with greater weight gain had lower insulin sensitivity. Higher carbohydrate intake in the first month of life was associated with greater weight gain from birth. No relationship was seen between weight gain and either protein or lipid intake.

CONCLUSIONS. Prematurely born children are insulin resistant and have suboptimal neonatal nutrition. Greater childhood weight gain magnifies this reduction in insulin sensitivity and seems to be associated with early nutrition. We speculate that a high carbohydrate neonatal diet may lead to greater weight gain and a greater reduction in insulin sensitivity in this group.
Neonatal Hemochromatosis: Long-term Experience With Favorable Outcome
Authors: Grabhorn Enke , Richter Andrea , Burdelski Martin , Rogiers Xavier , Ganschow Rainer
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. Neonatal hemochromatosis is a severe, often fatal multiorgan disorder of iron metabolism. Liver transplantation can be curative; the benefit of antioxidant treatment is discussed controversially. We summarize our experience with neonatal hemochromatosis over the past 13 years.

METHODS. A retrospective study was performed of 16 patients with acute liver failure attributable to neonatal hemochromatosis between 1992 and 2004.

RESULTS. Median age at the onset of neonatal hemochromatosis was 2 days (range: 0–21 days). Median weight at the time of diagnosis was 2900 g (range: 1520–4200 g). All patients had elevated ferritin levels (median: 4179 μg/L), and transferrin saturation (median: 99%). Fourteen patients (87.5%) showed significant hepatocyte siderosis in biopsies; 4 children had additional iron deposition in extrahepatic tissue. Four patients were diagnosed by MRI. Seven infants received liver transplants, 5 of them in combination with a preceding antioxidant treatment. Four children (25%) received antioxidants without the necessity of liver transplantation and were in good clinical condition at the time of this evaluation. Five patients (31.3%) died, 3 of them without any treatment because of initial fulminant multiorgan failure. In September 2005, 68.7% of the patients were still alive after a median follow-up of 5 years.

CONCLUSIONS. Neonatal hemochromatosis is a severe metabolic disease, but early antioxidant treatment and liver transplantation in addition to optimal medical care can improve the outcome dramatically. Children with moderate liver failure can survive without liver transplantation, but should be monitored closely for deterioration.
Growth in 10- to 12-Year-Old Children Born at 23 to 25 Weeks' Gestation in the 1990s: A Swedish National Prospective Follow-up Study
Authors: Farooqi Aijaz , Hägglöf Bruno , Sedin Gunnar , Gothefors Leif , Serenius Fredrik
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND. Knowledge of long-term growth of extremely preterm infants in relation to gestational age is incomplete, and there are concerns regarding their poor growth in early childhood. As part of a longitudinal study of a national cohort of infants born at <26 weeks' gestation (extremely immature), growth development from birth to the age of 11 years was examined, and correlates of growth attainment were analyzed.

METHODS. Two hundred forty-seven extremely immature children were born alive from April 1990 through March 1992 in the whole of Sweden, and 89 (36%) survived. Growth and neurosensory outcomes of all extremely immature survivors were evaluated at 36 months of age. Eighty-six (97%) extremely immature children were identified and assessed at 11 years of age. In this growth study, 83 extremely immature infants (mean [SD]: birth weight, 772 g [110 g]; gestational age, 24.6 weeks [0.6 weeks]) without severe motor disability were followed up prospectively from birth to 11 years old and compared with a matched group of 83 children born at term. z scores for weight, height, head circumference, and BMI were computed for all children. We also examined gender-specific longitudinal growth measures. Predictors of 11-year growth were studied by multivariate analyses.

RESULTS. Extremely immature children were significantly smaller in all 3 growth parameters than the controls at 11 years. Extremely immature children showed a sharp decline in weight and height z scores up to 3 months' corrected age, followed by catch-up growth in both weight and height up to 11 years. In contrast to weight and height, extremely immature children did not exhibit catch-up growth in head circumference after the first 6 months of life. The mean BMI z scores increased significantly from 1 to 11 years in both groups. The mean BMI change between 1 and 11 years of age was significantly larger in extremely immature than in control participants. Extremely immature girls showed a faster weight increase than extremely immature boys, whereas catch-up growth in height and head circumference was similar in these groups. Multiple-regression analyses revealed that preterm birth and parental height were significant predictors of 11-year height, and group status (prematurity) correlated strongly with head circumference.

CONCLUSIONS. Children born at the limit of viability attain poor growth in early childhood, followed by catch-up growth to age 11 years, but remain smaller than their term-born peers. Strategies that improve early growth might improve the outcome.
Genetic Susceptibility to Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Bizzarro Matthew J. , Hussain Naveed , Jonsson Baldvin , Feng Rui , Ment Laura R. , Gruen Jeffrey R. , Zhang Heping , Bhandari Vineet
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVES. The goals were to isolate and to estimate the genetic susceptibility to retinopathy of prematurity.

METHODS. A retrospective study (1994–2004) from 3 centers was performed with zygosity data for premature twins who were born at a gestational age of ≤32 weeks and survived beyond a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks. Retinopathy of prematurity was diagnosed and staged by pediatric ophthalmologists at each center. Data analyses were performed with mixed-effects logistic regression analysis and latent variable probit modeling.

RESULTS. A total of 63 monozygotic and 137 dizygotic twin pairs were identified and analyzed. Data on gestational age, birth weight, gender, respiratory distress syndrome, retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, duration of ventilation and supplemental oxygen use, and length of stay were comparable between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. In the mixed-effects logistic regression analysis for retinopathy of prematurity, gestational age and duration of supplemental oxygen use were significant covariates. After controlling for known and unknown nongenetic factors, genetic factors accounted for 70.1% of the variance in liability for retinopathy of prematurity.

CONCLUSION. In addition to prematurity and environmental factors, there is a strong genetic predisposition to retinopathy of prematurity.
Hypocalcemic Seizures and Secondary Bilateral Femoral Fractures in an Adolescent With Primary Vitamin D Deficiency
Authors: Schnadower David , Agarwal Chhavi , Oberfield Sharon E. , Fennoy Ilene , Pusic Martin
Published: November 2006

Nutritional rickets and osteomalacia are reemerging in Western societies, particularly in young children and in adolescents of African or Asian descent. Hypocalcemic seizures resulting from vitamin D deficiency are rare in adolescents, whereas fractures caused by seizures without evidence of direct trauma have not yet been reported in this population. We present an unusual case of secondary bilateral femoral fractures caused by hypocalcemic seizures in a 17-year-old boy with primary vitamin D deficiency. We examine the epidemiology and the clinical presentation of rickets and osteomalacia in the adolescent population, the risk of secondary injuries in patients with seizures, and the evaluation and management of hypocalcemic seizures and primary vitamin D deficiency.
School Bus–Related Injuries Among Children and Teenagers in the United States, 2001-2003
Authors: McGeehan Jennifer , Annest Joseph L. , Vajani Madhavi , Bull Marilyn J. , Agran Phyllis E. , Smith Gary A.
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to describe the epidemiology of nonfatal school bus–related injuries among children and teenagers aged ≤19 years in the United States.

DESIGN/METHODS. Nationally representative data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All-Injury Program operated by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission were analyzed. Case subjects included all of the patients in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All-Injury Program database who were treated in a hospital emergency department for a nonfatal school bus–related injury from 2001 to 2003.

RESULTS. There were an estimated 51100 school bus–related injuries treated in US emergency departments from 2001 to 2003, for a national estimate of 17000 injuries (rate: 21.0 per 100000 population) annually. Ninety-seven percent of children were treated and released from the hospital. Children 10 to 14 years of age accounted for the greatest proportion of injuries (43.0%; rate: 34.7) compared with all other age groups. Motor vehicle crashes accounted for 42.3% of all injuries, followed by injuries that occurred as the child was boarding/alighting/approaching the bus (23.8%). Head injuries accounted for more than half (52.1%) of all injuries among children <10 years of age, whereas lower extremity injuries predominated among children 10 to 19 years of age (25.5%). Strains and sprains accounted for the highest percentage of all injuries, followed by contusions and abrasions (28.3%) and lacerations (14.9%). More than three quarters (77.7%) of lacerations were to the head.

CONCLUSIONS. This is the first study to describe nonfatal school bus–related injuries to US children and teenagers treated in US hospital emergency departments using a national sample. This study identified a much greater annual number of school bus–related injuries to children than reported previously.
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis in Children: Masquerader of Common Respiratory Diseases
Authors: Zacharisen Michael C. , Conley Stephen F.
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in children is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening benign tumor of the respiratory tract with laryngeal predilection. The diagnosis of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis may be challenging unless there is a high index of suspicion and awareness of the variable presentations.

METHODS. We reviewed the medical charts of children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis treated at a tertiary children’s hospital. The presentation of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is illustrated by a series of case reports. We provide a paradigm to assist in the early diagnosis of children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

RESULTS. Five patients, aged 2 to 6 years, were erroneously diagnosed with recurrent croup, asthma, laryngeal hemangioma, and tracheomalacia after presenting with variable degrees of chronic dyspnea, cough, stridor, dysphonia, weak cry, and syncope. Once the diagnosis of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis was made, recurring surgical ablation of papillomata was initiated.

CONCLUSIONS. Any child presenting with a voice disturbance with or without stridor is recommended to have diagnostic flexible fiber-optic laryngoscopy. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis should be considered in children when other common pediatric airway diseases either do not follow the natural history or do not respond to treatment of the common disorder.
Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality Among Hispanics, 1996–2002: The Need for Ethnoregional Studies in Cancer Research
Authors: Cruz Gustavo D. , Salazar Christian R. , Morse Douglas E.
Published: November 2006

Objectives. We investigated whether oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer (OPC) incidence and mortality statistics among Hispanics in New York State differed from those among Hispanics in the United States as a whole.

Methods. OPC incidence and mortality statistics for 1996–2002 were obtained from the New York State Cancer Registry and compared with national statistics released by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program for the same period.

Results. Among Hispanic men, OPC incidence rates were approximately 75% and 89% higher in New York State and New York City, respectively, than national rates reported by the SEER program. No notable differences were identified among Hispanic women. Incidence rates among New York State Hispanic men were 16% higher than those of their non-Hispanic White counterparts. The difference was twice as high (32%) among Hispanic men in New York City. Mortality rates among both men and women exhibited patterns similar to the incidence patterns.

Conclusions. Ethnoregional differences exist in the incidence and mortality rates of OPC in the United States. New York State Hispanic men exhibit much higher incidence and mortality rates than US Hispanics as reported by the SEER program.
Spermicidal Activity of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Is Only Partly Due to Lipid A
Authors: Hakimi Hamid , Geary Ian , Pacey Allan , Eley Adrian
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: We have previously shown that co‐incubation of Chlamydia trachomatis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to premature sperm death by an apoptosis‐like mechanism. It was always assumed that lipid A is the toxic component of LPS. Here we investigate the possible involvement of 3‐deoxy‐d‐manno‐octulosonic acid (Kdo), which is an additional component of the LPS in C. trachomatis. Highly motile preparations of sperm from normozoospermic patients were incubated for 6 hours with commercial sources of lipid A and Kdo. Conventional lipid A inhibitors, polymyxin B (PMB) and anti‐CD14 monoclonal antibody (mAb) were used to test the ability of both lipid A and Kdo to induce an apoptotic‐like response in mature sperm. Flow cytometry was used to determine apoptosis by the expression of annexin V. Caspase activity was also measured by fluorometry and by the use of a pan‐caspase inhibitor and caspase‐3 inhibitor. Both lipid A and Kdo at 50 μg/mL caused significant mortality of sperm. However, although PMB and anti‐CD14 mAb were inhibitory to the activity of lipid A on sperm, no such effect was seen against Kdo. In the presence of either lipid A or Kdo, sperm death was caused by an apoptotic‐like effect that was caspase mediated. We conclude that Kdo shares its spermicidal properties with lipid A and seems to kill sperm in a similar manner. These results provide an explanation for higher than expected levels of spermicidal activity of LPS that are not caused by lipid A.
Seasonal Changes in Sperm Chromatin Condensation in Ram (Ovis aries), Iberian Red Deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus), and Brown Bear (Ursus arctos)
Authors: García‐Macías Vanesa , Martínez‐Pastor Felipe , Álvarez Mercedes , Borragan Santiago , Chamorro Cesar A. , Soler Ana J. , Anel Luis , de Paz Paulino
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: The effect of seasonality (temperate environment, Spain) on the chromatin status of ovine (Churra breed), Iberian red deer, and brown bear spermatozoa was studied. This work aims to improve genetic resource banks (GRBs) by enhancing existing knowledge of the effect of season on sperm quality. Samples were obtained by electroejaculation in Iberian red deer and brown bear and by artificial vagina in ram. We used the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) to study the level of chromatin condensation of the spermatozoa in each studied period. These periods were: ram, breeding season (from September to January), nonbreeding season (from February to June), and summer (July and August); red deer, breeding season (September and October), postbreeding (November and December), and nonbreeding (the rest of the year); brown bear, prebreeding (March and April), breeding (May and June), postbreeding (July and August), and nonbreeding (September to February). Chromatin in ram was more decondensated in summer, and no differences were observed between the breeding and nonbreeding season. However, in red deer, spermatozoa obtained during the nonbreeding season showed more condensed chromatin than those obtained in the rut and postrut periods. Similarly, brown bear rendered sperm with loose chromatin in the prebreeding and breeding seasons. Less condensed chromatin in the breeding season may be related to faster epididymal transit due to enhanced spermatogenesis.
Immunolocalization and Possible Functional Role of PSP‐I/PSP‐II Heterodimer in Highly Extended Boar Spermatozoa
Authors: Caballero Ignacio , Vázquez Juan M. , García Eva M. , Roca Jordi , Martínez Emilio A. , Calvete Juan J. , Sanz Libia , Ekwall Hans , Rodríguez‐Martínez Heriberto
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: PSP‐I/PSP‐II heterodimer is a major protein of boar seminal plasma which is able to preserve, in vitro, the viability, motility, and mitochondrial activity of highly extended boar spermatozoa for at least 5 hours. However, little is known about the binding pattern of the heterodimer to the sperm plasma membrane and its eventual relation with the maintenance of the sperm functionality. The present study investigated the effect of exposing highly extended boar spermatozoa (1 million/mL) to 1.5 mg/mL of PSP‐I/PSP‐II for 0.5, 5, and 10 hours at 38°C on sperm characteristics and the changes in PSP‐I/PSP‐II localization as a result of both the addition of PSP‐I/PSP‐II to the extender and the incubation time. Exposure of the spermatozoa to PSP‐I/PSP‐II preserved sperm viability, motility, and mitochondrial activity when compared to nonexposed spermatozoa. This protective effect lasted for 10 hours (P < .05). After immunolabeling of highly extended semen with rabbit monospecific polyclonal antibody against PSP‐I/PSP‐II, the percentage of immunopositive spermatozoa declines over time from 71% (0.5 hours) to 49% (10 hours). However, more than 80% of spermatozoa remained labeled during the 10‐hour incubation period if PSP‐I/PSP‐II was added. Scanning electron microscopy revealed 4 different binding patterns. The heterodimer was mainly localized to the acrosomal area, being redistributed to the postacrosomal area or lost during in vitro incubation. In conclusion, the protective effect of the heterodimer appears to be related to its adhesion to the acrosomal area, and the loss of this protective effect coincides with a stepwise redistribution of PSP‐I/PSP‐II during incubation.
Sperm Sorting Procedure Induces a Redistribution of Hsp70 but Not Hsp60 and Hsp90 in Boar Spermatozoa
Authors: Spinaci Marcella , Volpe Sara , Bernardini Chiara , de Ambrogi Marco , Tamanini Carlo , Seren Eraldo , Galeati Giovanna
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Heat shock proteins, besides their protective function against stresses, have been recently indicated as key factors for sperm fertilizing ability. Since sexing sperm by high‐speed flow‐cytometry subjects them to different physical, mechanical, and chemical stresses, the present study was designed to verify, by immunofluorescence and Western blot, whether the sorting procedure induces any modification in the amount and cellular distribution of heat shock proteins 60, 70, and 90 (Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90). Immunolocalization and Western blot quantification of both Hsp60 and Hsp90 did not reveal differences between unsorted and sorted semen. On the contrary, a redistribution of Hsp70 immunoreactivity from the equatorial subsegment toward the equator of sperm cells was recorded after sorting; this relocation suggests capacitation‐like changes of sperm membrane. This modification seems to be caused mainly by incubation with Hoechst 33342, while both passage of sperm through flow cytometer and laser beam represent only minor stimuli. A further Hsp70 redistribution seems to be due to the final steps of sperm sorting, charging, and deflection of drops, and to the dilution during collection. On the other hand, staining procedure and mechanical stress seem to be the factors most injurious to sperm viability. Moreover, Hsp70 relocation was deeply influenced by the storage method. In fact, storing sexed spermatozoa, after centrifugation, in a small volume in presence of seminal plasma induced a reversion of Hsp70 redistribution, while storage in the diluted catch fluid of collection tubes caused Hsp70 relocation in most sorted spermatozoa.
Effect of width of disk fenestration and a ventral slot on biomechanics of the canine C5-C6 vertebral motion unit
Authors: Fauber Amy E. , Wade Jeremie A. , Lipka Alex E. , McCabe George P. , Aper Rhonda L.
Published: November 2006

Objective—To investigate the effects of disk fenestration and ventral slot formation on vertebral motion unit (VMU) range of motion (ROM) and determine the effects of fenestration and ventral slot width on VMU ROM.

Sample Population—C5-C6 VMUs from 10 skeletally mature canine cadavers.

Procedures—Specimens were assigned to 2 groups (5 specimens/group). Surgery was performed in which width of a fenestration and a ventral slot was 33% (group 1) or 50% (group 2) the width of the vertebral body. Flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial torsion ROMs were measured during loading before surgery, after fenestration, and after ventral slot formation. Range of motion was compared within groups to determine effects of surgical procedure on stability and between groups to determine effects of width of fenestration and ventral slot on stability.

Results—For both groups, fenestration resulted in a significant increase in ROM during flexion-extension, compared with results for intact specimens. Ventral slot formation resulted in a significant increase in ROM during flexion-extension and lateral bending, compared with results for intact specimens. Ventral slot formation resulted in a significant increase in ROM only during flexion-extension, compared with results for fenestrated specimens. There were no significant differences in ROM of the intact, fenestrated, and ventral slot specimens between groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of these results suggests that fenestration and ventral slot procedures each affect the biomechanics of the C5-C6 VMU. Width of a fenestration or ventral slot up to 50% of the width of C5-C6 may be clinically acceptable.
Results of vaccination of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine
Authors: Isaza Ramiro , Davis Rolan D. , Moore Susan M. , Briggs Deborah J.
Published: November 2006

Objective—To evaluate the humoral immune response of Asian elephants to a primary IM vaccination with either 1 or 2 doses of a commercially available inactivated rabies virus vaccine and evaluate the anamnestic response to a 1-dose booster vaccination.

Animals—16 captive Asian elephants.

Procedures—Elephants with no known prior rabies vaccinations were assigned into 2 treatment groups of 8 elephants; 1 group received 1 dose of vaccine, and the other group received 2 doses of vaccine 9 days apart. All elephants received one or two 4-mL IM injections of a monovalent inactivated rabies virus vaccine. Blood was collected prior to vaccination (day 0) and on days 9, 35, 112, and 344. All elephants received 1 booster dose of vaccine on day 344, and a final blood sample was taken 40 days later (day 384). Serum was tested for rabies virus–neutralizing antibodies by use of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test.

Results—All elephants were seronegative prior to vaccination. There were significant differences in the rabies geometric mean titers between the 2 elephant groups at days 35, 112, and 202. Both groups had a strong anamnestic response 40 days after the booster given at day 344.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results confirmed the ability of Asian elephants to develop a humoral immune response after vaccination with a commercially available monovalent inactivated rabies virus vaccine and the feasibility of instituting a rabies virus vaccination program for elephants that are in frequent contact with humans. A 2-dose series of rabies virus vaccine should provide an adequate antibody response in elephants, and annual boosters should maintain the antibody response in this species.
Extraction of paeonol from Jisheng Shenqi Wan using supercritical fluid extraction
Authors: Liu Ben , Chang Yiling , Jiang Hailiang , Shen Bo
Published: November 2006

Supercritical carbon dioxide with or without methanol and 95% ethanol modifiers was used to extract paeonol from the pills of Jisheng Shenqi Wan and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the extract. The effect of temperature and pressure on the yield of paeonol was tested. The results show that the recovery of paeonol was improved by adding a polar modifier, such as methanol and 95% ethanol in supercritical fluid. The yield obtained after 120 min extraction with 95% ethanol modified‐supercritical carbon dioxide was the highest (1.51, w/w at 60C and 400 bar), while that obtained with supercritical carbon dioxide only at 40C was the lowest from 0.67 to 0.83 over a range of 200–600 bar. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment outcome for metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Ronnen Ellen A. , Kondagunta G. Varuni , Ishill Nicole , Spodek Lesley , Russo Paul , Reuter Victor , Bacik Jennifer , Motzer Robert J.
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND.

Most clinical trial reports in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) do not distinguish between histologic subtypes, making it difficult to assess specific treatment efficacy. The current retrospective study sought to define clinical features and outcome data for metastatic papillary RCC.

METHODS.

Clinical features, treatment outcome, and survival were evaluated in 38 patients with metastatic papillary RCC who underwent clinical evaluation at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) between 1985 and 2005. Twenty‐three of 513 individuals were identified from a clinical trial database, 14 of 1895 from a surgery database, and 1 of 357 from a pathology database. A literature review of systemic therapy in metastatic papillary RCC was performed.

RESULTS.

Among the 38 patients, 30 had been treated at MSKCC with various systemic therapies, including cytokines. Twelve therapies resulted in stable disease, 30 in initial progression of disease, and 1 in an unknown response. One patient had a partial response to sunitinib, a novel multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The median overall survival time for the entire study group was 8 months (95% confidence interval, 5–12). A literature review on treatment of metastatic papillary RCC produced 4 reports, confirming a lack of efficacy for systemic therapy.

CONCLUSIONS.

A resistance to systemic therapy characterizes patients with metastatic papillary RCC. Further understanding of the genetics and molecular biology and subtypes involved may provide the basis for more effective agents. Treatment with targeted therapies or other experimental agents is warranted. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Essential oil composition of Heterothalamus alienus (Spreng.) Kuntze (Romerillo) from Argentina. Effect of harvesting period on the essential oil composition
Authors: Duschatzky Claudia B. , Almeida Norma V. , Possetto Mirta , Michis Fabiana , Scappini Elena , de Lampasona Marina P. , Schuff Carola
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the leaves stage (S1) and leaves and flowers (S2) in the flowering stage of Heterothalamus alienus (Spreng.) Kuntze from Argentina were examined by combined GC and GC–MS analysis. The oil obtained from H. alienus was characterized by the presence of β‐pinene (S1, 35.5%; S2, 65.0%), spathulenol (S1, 10.7%; S2, 3.2%) and germacrene D (S1, 6.8%; S2, 2.4%) as the major constituents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile compounds of the leaves, flowers and fruits of Kielmeyera rugosa Choisy (Clusiaceae)
Authors: Andrade Moacir S. , Sampaio Taís S. , Nogueira Paulo Cesar L. , Ribeiro Adauto S. , Bittrich Volker , Amaral Maria do Carmo E.
Published: November 2006

The essential oils from leaves, flowers, and fruits of Kielmeyera rugosa (family Clusiaceae) growing in Sergipe, north‐eastern Brazil, were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger‐type apparatus and analysed by GC–MS. Thirty‐six components were identified in the oil from fruits, which was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The nine major components identified (representing 76–77% of the oil) were δ‐valerolactone (1–9%), α‐cubebene (3–4%), α‐copaene (10–11%), β‐caryophyllene (11–16%), α‐humulene (3–5%), α‐selinene (4–5%), (E,E)‐α‐farnesene (2–9%), δ‐cadinene (23–32%) and 1‐epi‐cubenol (1–4%). In the leaf oil, 41 compounds were identified, with sesquiterpene hydrocarbons predominating. The 10 major constituents identified (representing 65–71% of the oil) were (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol (3%), α‐cubebene (11–13%), α‐copaene (11%), β‐cubebene (5–9%), β‐caryophyllene (9–13%), germacrene D (2–4%), cis‐β‐guaiene (3%), α‐selinene (6%), δ‐cadinene (7–10%) and 1‐epi‐cubenol (3–4%). Of the 25 compounds found in the K. rugosa, flower oil, the three main components identified (representing 92.7% of the oil) were the benzenoid compounds, benzyl alcohol (18.6%), 2‐phenylethanol (58.2%) and eugenol (15.9%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Biogenic Amines in Foods
Authors: Tarján V. , Jánossy G.
Published: November 2006

Biologically active amines are normal constituents of many foods for example cheese, plant foods and wines. These low molecular weight organic bases do not represent any hazard to individuals, unless large quantities are ingested or natural mechanism of their catabolism are inhibited.

Investigations were performed concerning the histamine and tyramine content of the Hungarian made cheese, domestic vegetables, fruits and some other foods.

In this paper we should like to draw the attention to the problems of amines from the point of view of food hygiene and food‐drug interactions.
Beständigkeit von S‐Methylmethionin (Vitamin U) in Pufferlösungen und Pflanzensäften bei thermischer Behandlung
Authors: Kovatscheva E. G.
Published: November 2006

Es wurde die Kinetik des thermischen Abbaus von S‐Methylmethionins (MMS+) in 0,02 M Citrat/Phosphat‐Pufferlösungen bei pH 4,0, 6,0 und 8,0 sowie in Säften aus Sellerie, Tomaten Kohl und roter Rübe bei 50, 62, 74, 86, 98, 110 und 122 °C untersucht.

Durch die erhaltenen Versuchsdaten wurden die Reaktionsordnung des thermischen MMS+‐Abbaus zu Dimethylsulfid und Homoserin bestimmt und die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten, die Halbwertszeiten des Abbaus und die Aktivierungsenergien der in den erwähnten Pufferlösungen und Pflanzensäften verlaufenden Prozesse berechnet.
Rohwurstherstellung mittels Starterkulturen
Authors: Schiefer G. , Schöne R.
Published: November 2006

Es werden Erfahrungen bei der Herstellung verschiedener Rohwurstsorten mittels Starterkulturen mitgeteilt. Aufgrund der gesammelten eigenen sowie der aus der Literatur gewonnenen Erkenntnisse ist dem Einsatz von Starterkulturen zur Rohwurstherstellung zukünftig größere Bedeutung beizumessen.
Die Anwendung der Tracertechnik mit 131 bei der Beurteilung von Reinigungsmitteln und ‐verfahren für die Lebensmittelindustrie
Authors: Konrad H. , Scheybal A.
Published: November 2006

Zur Prüfung der Effektivität spezieller Reinigungsmittel und ‐verfahren für die Lebensmittelproduktion wurde eine Tracermethode mit 131 erarbeitet und an Beispielen für die Milchwirtschaft mit Erfolg eingesetzt. Durch direkte Markierung des Milchfettes und der Molkenproteine mit dem Jodisotop lassen sich im Modellversuch die verschiedensten Reinigungsprobleme studieren. An den Werkstoffen Glas und Polyäthylen wurden die Einflüsse der Einwirkungstemperaturen und ‐zeiten sowie der Gebrauchskonzentration und der Zusammensetzung der Mittel getestet. 181J erwies sich dabei als spezifischer und geeigneter Radioindikator. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse lassen relevante Aussagen zur Sicherung der Hygiene und zur Matefialökonomie der Reinigungsproblematik in der Milchwirtschaft zu.
Der Einfluß des mehrmaligen Auftauens von Körperproben sowie der Lagerungszeit von Exkrementen von die Veränderung von N‐Metaboliten
Authors: Gruhn K. , Jahreis G.
Published: November 2006

Von 10 Legehennen wurden Blutplasma und korpuskuläre Blutbestandteile nach zweimaligem Auftauen in Abständen von 36 Tagen und Zwischenlagerung bei −30 °C auf die Veränderung des Trichloressigsäure(TCE)‐löslichen Anteiles am Gesamt‐N geprüft. Muskelgewebe, Leber und Darm wurden mit flüssigem Stickstoff eingefroren, bei −30 °C gelagert und dreimal in Abständen von jeweils 36 Tagen aufgetaut und ebenfalls die Veränderung der TCE‐löslichen Stickstoffmenge bestimmt. Der Anteil des TCE‐löslichen Stickstoffs in den Blutfraktionen war trotz der tiefen Lagerungstemperatur signifikant erhöht. Für das Muskeleiweiß konnte nach 108 Tagen Lagerungszeit und dreimaligem zwischenzeitlichem Auftauen kaum eine Proteolyse nachgewiesen werden. Die Organe Leber und Darm zeigten signifikante Zunahmen der TCE‐löslichen Fraktion unter dem Einfluß des Auftauens und wiederholten Einfrierens mit flüssigem Stickstoff und Lagerung bei −30 °C. Im Harn der kolostomierten Hennen konnte in Abständen von 3, 6 und 12 Lagerungstagen bei 0 °C ein nichtlinearer Anstieg der NH3‐Menge und ein nichtlinearer Abfall der Harnstoffmenge nachgewiesen werden. Der Anteil des Harnsäure‐N am Harnsäure‐N am Harn‐N blieb von der Lagerungszeit unbeeinflußt. Im Kot nahm in Abhängigkeit von der Lagerungszeit der NH3‐N signifikant zu und der Harnstoff‐N‐Gehalt ab. Die Verwendung eines solchen Probenmaterials nach mehrmaligem Auftauen zwecks Untersuchung von N‐Metaboliten wird kritisch diskutiert.
Fleischaroma 2. Mitt. Beitrag zur Charakterisierung des Fleischaromas
Authors: Rödel W.
Published: November 2006

Nach unterschiedlichen Methoden gewonnene Aromakonzentrate aus gebratenem Rindfleisch werden unter Anwendung der Splitting‐Technik gaschromatographisch aufgetrennt und die Peaks geruchlich charakterisiert. Peaks mit Fleischgeruch treten in keinem Fall auf, obwohl die Aromakomplexe sowohl vor als auch nach der Passage durch den Gaschromatographen Fleischnoten besitzen. Die Befunde sprechen dafür, daß das Fleischaroma auf dem komplexen Zusammenwirken einer Reihe von Verbindungen, die allein kein Fleischaroma aufweisen, basiert.
Zur Körperzusammensetzung von Ratten nach Hochfett‐ bzw. Niedrigfettdiät in Abhängigkeit vom Alter
Authors: Hartmann K. , Voss Chr. , Und G. Hübner , Hartmann N.
Published: November 2006

Es wurde die Körperzusammensetzung von männlichen Wistarratten (Alter 8‐28 Wochen) nach Verfütterung einer NFD (3 Gew.% Fett) bzw. HFD (50 Gew.% Fett) untersucht. Mit zunehmendem Alter steigt nach NFD der relative Körperfettgehalt (in % Körpermasse (KM)) linear an, der Körperwassergehalt fällt umgekehrt proportional dazu ab. Nach HFD zeigen Körperfett‐ und ‐wassergehalt ein entsprechendes, jedoch kurvilineares Verhalten. Der relative Körpereiweißgehalt der NFD‐Tiere verändert sich bis zu einem Alter von 24 Wochen praktisch nicht; im Vergleich dazu erfolgt bei den HFD‐Tieren ein sukzessiver, nach 17 Wochen signifikanter Abfall im Körpereiweißgehalt. Der absolute Körperfett‐, ‐eiweiß‐ und ‐wassergehalt (in g) ist in allen untersuchten Altersgruppen bei den HFD‐Tieren signifikant größer als bei den NFD‐Tieren. Während der absolute Fettgehalt der HFD‐Tiere aber nach 17 Wochen das 2 bis 2,5‐fache des Fettgehaltes der NFD‐Tiere beträgt, liegt der absolute Eiweiß‐ und ‐wassergehalt der HFD‐Tiere nur um rd. 14% höher. Die größere KM‐Zunahme der Ratten nach HFD ist damit nur teilweise auf eine durch Wachstum bedingte Eiweißzunahme und vorwiegend auf Einlagerung von Fett zurückzuführen. Pro g fettfreie Masse wird eine jeweils konstante Menge an g Fett von den NFD‐ und HFD‐Tieren eingelagert, von letzteren jedoch bedeutend mehr als von den NFD‐Tieren.
Zur Nitrat‐ und Nitritanalytik in Futtermitteln 2. Mitt. Potentiometrische Nitratbestimmung mit ionensensitiven Elektroden
Authors: Zimmermann Kl. , Lengerken J. V.
Published: November 2006

In der DDR gefertigte NO3‐sensitive PVC‐Matrix‐Membranelektroden sind bei Beachtung der verschiedenen Einflußgrößen zur Nitratbestimmung in Futtermitteln und Pflanzen geeignet.

Ein rationelles Bestimmungsverfahren wird vorgestellt. Vergleiche mit der o‐Kresol‐Methode erbrachten statistisch gesicherte Übereinstimmung.
Bestimmung des Zinngehaltes in Erzeugnissen der Konservenindustrie mittels Square‐wave‐polarographischer Methode
Authors: Borus‐Böszörményi N. , Schoket B.
Published: November 2006

Zur polarographischen Bestimmung des Zinngehaltes in Konserven und Grundstoffen der Lebensmittelindustrie wurden die Proben naß verascht, und das Zinn wurde unmittelbar aus der Veraschungslösung bestimmt. Bei einer Ausgangsmenge von l g Probenmaterial in 10 ml Veraschungslösung konnte das Zinn unter Variation der Geräteempfindlichkeit in einem Bereich von 5 μg/g bis 400 μg/g mit einem Fehler von ± 5% bestimmt werden. Durch weitere Erhöhung der Geräteempfindlichkeit kann dieses Intervall bis zu 0,5 μ/g erweitert werden. In Modellversuchen wurde die optimale Salzsäuremenge festgestellt, die bei der Untersuchung der Veraschungslösung zuzugeben ist, um optimale Verhältnisse für die Messung des Zinngehaltes zu erreichen. Blei in Schwefelsäure‐Salzsäure‐Lösung stört die polarographische Bestimmung des Zinns dann nicht, wenn das Sn/Pb‐Verhältnis 4/1 ist oder darüber liegt. Liegt das Sn/Pb‐Verhältnis aber darunter, so muß bei der Bestimmung des Zinngehaltes die in schwefelsaurer Lösung gemessene Peakhöhe des Bleis berücksichtigt werden. Die polarographische Methode wurde bei der Untersuchung verschiedenartiger Konserven erprobt, und es wurden vergleichende Untersuchungen mit der in der ungarischen Norm MSZ 3612/7–77 beschriebenen spektrophotometrischen Methode durchgeführt.
Sensory effect of the sorption of some flavouring agents on blood plasma protein preparations
Authors: Uchman W. , Wierzbicki St. , Wiemigielski P. , Krysztofiak K. , Woychik I. H.
Published: November 2006

Presented investigations included the assessment of the sorption of selected flavouring agents on blood plasma preparations. The following aromatizing spices were used: marjoram, dried garlic, lovage, pepper, nutmeg and smoke flavour preparations. Thresholds of recognition of the spices mentioned above were determined at the temperatures of 10, 20 and 40 °C. For different quantities of protein a definite influence of temperature was determined. Similarly the quantity of protein exerted influence upon the intensity of the sorption of the odour of spices.

The analysis of the results obtained in the investigations allows an interpretation of the character of binding between the flavouring agents and the protein preparations. It turned out that this process is the resultant of chemisorption and physical sorption.
Über Prüfsysteme zur Beurteilung von Fleischprotein‐Substituten für Brühwürste
Authors: Kroll J. , Gassmann B. , Kröck R. , Hoppe K.
Published: November 2006

Bestimmungen des Kochverlustes in verschiedenen Fleisch‐Wasser‐Systemen und Brühwurst‐Modellbräten haben ergeben, daß Unterschiede im Wasserbindungsvermögen von Fleischsubstituten und Fleischextendern an einem „kritischen Punkt”︁ besonders deutlich werden. Der „kritische Punkt”︁ der Prüfsysteme liegt dort, wo im Verlauf steigender Wasserzugaben eine sprunghafte Zunahme des Kochverlustes eintritt. Vor Einsatz von Fleischaustauschstoffen wird zur Gewährleistung konstanter Ausbeuten bei der Brühwurstproduktion eine Eignungsprüfung unter derartigen Bedingungen empfohlen.
Weiterentwicklung der komplexen Qualitätssicherung durch sensorische und meßtechnische Beurteilung der Textur
Authors: Kochan A. , Grimm M.
Published: November 2006

Der Gesamteindruck einer Schokolade wird sowohl durch Texturmerkmale als auch durch geruchliche und geschmackliche Merkmale geprägt. Durch die Art und Dauer des Schmelzvorganges wird die Intensität und die zeitliche Folge der Wahrnehmung der geschmacklichen Eigenschaften sehr stark beeinflußt. Die Ausbildung der jeweiligen Textur ist jedoch prozeß‐ und stoffabhängig. Ausgehend von einer sensorischen Beurteilung während des Verzehrs, wurde herausgearbeitet, welches die qualitätsrelevanten Texturkennwerte sind. Es werden vorwiegend sensorische Methoden dargestellt, und es wird der Versuch unternommen, das sensorisch ermittelte Bruchempfinden durch Messung der Bruchfestigkeit zu untersetzen, um die funktionellen Beziehungen zwischen den wahrgenommenen Empfindungen und instrumentellen Messungen zu erfassen.
Untersuchungen zur Kontamination von Lebens‐ und Futtermitteln ausgewählter Gebiete des Bezirkes Erfurt mit Blei und Cadmium 4. Mitt. Zur Belastung von Gemüsekulturen im Anbauzentrum Raum Erfurt
Authors: Engst R. , König R. , Beckmann G. , Lauterbach K.
Published: November 2006

Mit dem Ziel, den Einfluß von Schwermetallemissionen einer Großstadt auf den Blei‐ und Cadmiumstatus für die Versorgung wichtiger Gemüsearten zu ermitteln, untersuchten wir über einen Zeitraum von 3 Jahren 193 Gemüseproben aus dem bedeutenden Anbauzentrum Erfurt. Die Proben wurden unter Berücksichtigung der Hauptwindrichtung und Infrastruktur der Stadt von 4 verschiedenen Anbaugebieten entnommen.

Die Blei‐ und Cadmiumgehalte lagen –‐ bis auf eine Ausnahme –‐ unterhalb der gemäß Anordnung über Lebensmittelfremdstoffe festgelegten Höchstmengen. Blattgemüse wiesen dabei im Vergleich mit Kohlgemüsearten höhere Metallgehalte auf. In den emissionsseitig stärker belasteten Gebieten konnten in Gemüseproben durchschnittlich etwas höhere Bleigehalte ermittelt werden. Diese Unterschiede waren dagegen bei den Cadmiumgehalten nicht feststellbar. Die höchsten Blei‐ und Cadmiumgehalte fanden sich‐im Spinat. Zur Abklärung des Einflusses von Wasch‐ und Blanchierprozessen bei der industriellen Verarbeitung wurden 23 Spinatkonserven zusätzlich analysiert. Die erwartete Abnahme der Schwermetallgehalte wurde bestätigt. Insgesamt belegen unsere Untersuchungen, daß die im Erfurter Raum angebauten Hauptgemüsearten Blumen‐. Weiß‐, Rot‐ und Wirsingkohl sowie Kopfsalat und Spinat bei Berücksichtigung der durchschnitt‐lichen Verzehrsmengen nicht wesentlich zur Gesamtbelastung der Ernährung durch Blei und Cadmium beitragen.
Rapeseed: Constituents and protein products Part I. Composition and properties of proteins and glucosinolates
Authors: Mieth G. , Schwenke K.‐D. , Raab B. , Bruckner J.
Published: November 2006

The review concerns with value‐determining nonlipidic components from rapeseed, especially the structure, the content and the distribution of proteins and glucosinolates in different species and varieties. Furthermore structural changes and their effects on the composition and properties are summarized.
Fortschrittsbericht Über die Streckung und Substitution von Fleisch in Wurstwaren und anderen Erzeugnissen aus zerkleinertem Fleisch
Authors: Kroll J. , Gassmann B.
Published: November 2006

Aus ökonomischer und perspektivischer Sicht ist die Streckung bzw. Substitution von Fleisch in Fleischerzeugnissen eine zwangsläufige und alle Lander betreffende Entwicklung. Alternative Proteine für Fleisch‐protein sind vor allem pflanzlicher Herkunft. Sie gelangen in Form von Samenmehlen, Konzentraten und eßbaren Strukturen daraus sowie in Form von Isolaten zum Einsatz. Während Isolate vorzugsweise funktionellen Zwecken dienen, werden für die Einsparung von Fleisch die anderen Proteinrohstoffe bevorzugt. Die vorgeschlagenen Streck‐ und Austauschstoffe sind in unterschiedlichen Mengen verschiedenen Fleisch‐systemen zugesetzt und erprobt worden‐ Es wird eine Übersicht über Einzelheiten, Ergebnisse und dazu seit 1973 in der Literatur erschienene Berichte gegeben.
A study of gelatine‐methylcellulose compatibility in aqueous media
Authors: Grishchenkova E. V. , Antonov Yu. A. , Braudo E. E. , Tolstoguzov V. B.
Published: November 2006

The phase‐volume‐ratio method has been used to study the phase diagrams (at 35 £C) of the system gelatine‐methyl‐cellulose‐water at pH's 4.75 and 3.0 and also in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl. Generally, the data obtained provide support for the low compatibility of proteins and neutral polysaccharides in the isoionic protein point and demonstrate the possibility of the improvement of the gelatine‐methylcellulose compatibility by shifting pH from the isoionic gelatine point. In addition, it has been shown that NaCl produces a small effect on the gelatine‐methylcellulose compatibility. The phase diagrams of the system gelatine‐methylcellulose‐water are asymmetric, which opens the possibility of gelatine solutions being concentrated by the membrane‐free osmosis.
Protein concentrates from pea and faba bean, obtained using waste effluents of potato processing plant or sweet whey
Authors: Kozlowska H. , Borowska J.
Published: November 2006

Protein concentrates were obtained on the laboratory scale from pea and faba bean, using waste effluents of potato, whey or water for protein extraction.

The concentrates were analysed in order to determine their content of basic components and anti‐nutritive substances. It was found that the concentrates obtained with waste effluents of potato were characterized by higher protein content than those obtained with whey. On the other hand, amino acid content was similar in all concentrates. Phytic phosphorus content and activity of trypsin inhibitors in the protein concentrates should not constitute any danger for animals and human beings.
Prüferauswahl bei sensorischen Differenzprüfungen zur Aufstellung von Reiz‐Empfindungs‐Skalen des Geschmackssinns
Authors: Hoppe K.
Published: November 2006

Beim paarweisen Vergleich von Lösungen eines Geschmacksstoffes wenig unterschiedlicher Konzentration ist die Verteilung der subjektiven Differenz das Entscheidungskriterium. Da die resultierenden Differenzierungswahrscheinlichkeiten binomial verteilt sind, werden für ein auswertbares Ergebnis große Wiederholungszahlen benötigt, die nur durch eine Prüfergruppe erzielt werden können. Um eine Austauschbarkeit der Prüfer auch über längere Zeiträume zu ermöglichen, wird eine Selektion vorgenommen. Dazu werden mit einer festen Testdifferenz mehrfach je 10 Wiederholungen durchgeführt und die Häufigkeiten einer Varianzanalyse unterzogen. Die Auswahl erfolgt so, daß die schlechtesten Prüfer nacheinander ausgesondert werden, bis die Varianzen zwischen den Personen und die durch die Wiederholungen hervorgerufenen gleich sind. Für die Grundgeschmacksarten Süß, Sauer, Salzig und Bitter wird ein sequentielles Schnellverfahren vorgeschlagen.
Zum Lactoseabbau im Darm intakter Ratten unter Frauenmilch‐ und Kuhmilch‐Nahrung
Authors: Zunft H.‐J. , Schulze J. , Müller‐Beuthow W. , Grütte F.‐K.
Published: November 2006

Weibliche lactoseadaptierte Ratten wurden 10 Tage mit Frauenmilch (FM), einer an Frauenmilch adaptierten Milchnahrung (MN1) und einer protein‐ und phosphatreichen Milchnahrung (MN2) bei jeweils gleichem Lactoseangebot ernährt. Im Vergleich zu MN2 finden sich unter FM und MN1 in Caecum, Colon und Faeces ein niedrigerer pH‐Wert, ein geringerer Phosphorgehalt, eine niedrigere Pufferkapazität, eine höhere Lactosekonzentration, eine höhere β‐Galaktosidase‐Aktivität sowie niedrigere Keimzahlen der Mikroorganismen mit proteolytischer Aktivität (Bacteroides, Klebsiella, Proteus).