bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Connections between ETV6-Modulated Genes: Identification of Shared Features
Authors: Boily Gino , Beaulieu Patrick , Healy Jasmine , Sinnett Daniel
Published: October 2017

Accumulating genetic and functional evidence point to ETV6 as being the tumour suppressor gene targeted by the deletions at chromosome 12p12–13 found in various cancers, particularly childhood leukemia. ETV6 is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor (TF) of the ETS family with very few known targeted genes. We recently compiled a list of 87 ETV6-modulated genes that can be classified into a number of subgroups based on their coordinated expression patterns. In the present report, we hypothesized that genes presenting a similar profile of modulation could also share biological features, promoter sequence similarities and/or, common transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). Using an exploratory approach based on hierarchical clustering of expression data, Gene Ontology (GO) terms, sequence similarity and evolutionary conserved putative TFBSs, we found that many genes presenting a similar expression profile also share biological features and/or conserved predicted TFBSs but rarely show detectable promoter sequence similarities. We also calculated the proportion of ETV6-modulated genes that have any conserved TFBSs of the Jaspar database in their regulatory sequence and compared these proportions to those calculated for two other gene lists, ETV6 non-modulated and ETS-regulated. We found that the NF-kB, c-REL and p65 TFBSs, which all bind TFs of the REL class, were under-represented among the ETV6-modulated genes compared to the ETV6-non-modulated genes, while the Broad-complex 1 TFBS appeared to be over-represented. NF-Y and Chop/cEBP TFBSs were over-represented in the promoters of ETV6-modulated genes compared to ETS-regulated genes. These analyses will help direct further studies intending to understand the role of ETV6 as a transcriptional regulator and aid in constructing the ETV6-regulatory gene network.
Non-Negative Matrix Factorization for the Analysis of Complex Gene Expression Data: Identification of Clinically Relevant Tumor Subtypes
Authors: Frigyesi Attila , Höglund Mattias
Published: October 2017

Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a relatively new approach to analyze gene expression data that models data by additive combinations of non-negative basis vectors (metagenes). The non-negativity constraint makes sense biologically as genes may either be expressed or not, but never show negative expression. We applied NMF to five different microarray data sets. We estimated the appropriate number metagens by comparing the residual error of NMF reconstruction of data to that of NMF reconstruction of permutated data, thus finding when a given solution contained more information than noise. This analysis also revealed that NMF could not factorize one of the data sets in a meaningful way. We used GO categories and pre defined gene sets to evaluate the biological significance of the obtained metagenes. By analyses of metagenes specific for the same GO-categories we could show that individual metagenes activated different aspects of the same biological processes. Several of the obtained metagenes correlated with tumor subtypes and tumors with characteristic chromosomal translocations, indicating that metagenes may correspond to specific disease entities. Hence, NMF extracts biological relevant structures of microarray expression data and may thus contribute to a deeper understanding of tumor behavior.
Grammatical Immune System Evolution for Reverse Engineering Nonlinear Dynamic Bayesian Models
Authors: McKinney B.A. , Tian D.
Published: October 2017

An artificial immune system algorithm is introduced in which nonlinear dynamic models are evolved to fit time series of interacting biomolecules. This grammar-based machine learning method learns the structure and parameters of the underlying dynamic model. In silico immunogenetic mechanisms for the generation of model-structure diversity are implemented with the aid of a grammar, which also enforces semantic constraints of the evolved models. The grammar acts as a DNA repair polymerase that can identify recombination and hypermutation signals in the antibody (model) genome. These signals contain information interpretable by the grammar to maintain model context. Grammatical Immune System Evolution (GISE) is applied to a nonlinear system identification problem in which a generalized (nonlinear) dynamic Bayesian model is evolved to fit biologically motivated artificial time-series data. From experimental data, we use GISE to infer an improved kinetic model for the oxidative metabolism of 17β-estradiol (E2), the parent hormone of the estrogen metabolism pathway.
Algorithmic Discovery of Methylation “Hot Spots” in DNA from Lymphoma Patients
Authors: Papageorgio Chris , Harrison Robert , Rahmatpanah Farahnaz B. , Taylor Kristen , Davis Wade , Caldwell Charles W.
Published: October 2017

The computational aspects of the problem in this paper involve, firstly, selective mapping of methylated DNA clones according to methylation level and, secondly, extracting motif information from all the mapped elements in the absence of prior probability distribution. Our novel implementation of algorithms to map and maximize expectation in this setting has generated data that appear to be distinct for each lymphoma subtype examined. A “clone” represents a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product (on average ~500 bp) which belongs to a microarray of 8544 such sequences preserving CpG-rich islands (CGIs) [ 1 ]. Accumulating evidence indicates that cancers including lymphomas demonstrate hypermethylation of CGIs “silencing” an increasing number of tumor suppressor (TS) genes which can lead to tumorigenesis.

Availability

Algorithms are available on request from the authors

Contact

papageorgioc@health.missouri.edu

Supplementary Information

available on page 453.
An Analysis Pipeline for Genome-wide Association Studies
Authors: Stefanov Stefan , Lautenberger James , Gold Bert
Published: October 2017

We developed an efficient pipeline to analyze genome-wide association study single nucleotide polymorphism scan results. Perl scripts were used to convert genotypes called using the BRLMM algorithm into a modified PB format. We computed summary statistics characteristic of our case and control populations including allele counts, missing values, heterozygosity, measures of compliance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and several population difference statistics. In addition, we computed association tests, including exact tests of association for genotypes, alleles, the Cochran-Armitage linear trend test, and dominant, recessive, and overdominant models at every single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). In addition, pairwise linkage disequilbrium statistics were elaborated, using the command line version of HaploView, which was possible by writing a reformatting script. Additional Perl scripts permit loading the results into a MySQL database conjoined with a Generic Genome Browser (gbrowse) for comprehensive visualization. This browser incorporates a download feature that provides actual case and control genotypes to users in associated genomic regions. Thus, re-analysis “on the fly” is possible for casual browser users from anywhere on the Internet.
Uniform Asymptotic Expansions for the Fundamental Solution of Infinite Harmonic Chains
Authors: Mielke Alexander , Patz Carsten
Published: October 2017

We study the dispersive behavior of waves in linear oscillator chains. We show that for general general dispersions it is possible to construct an expansion such that the remainder can be estimated by

1/t

uniformly in space. In particlar we give precise asymptotics for the cross-over from the

t^{-1/2}

decay of nondegenerate wave numbers to the degenerate

t^{-1/3}

decay of degenerate wave numbers. This involves a careful description of the oscillatory integral involving the Airy function.
A Characterization of Circles by Single Layer Potentials
Authors: Zoalroshd Seyed M.
Published: October 2017

We give a characterization of circles by polynomial eigenfunctions of single layer potentials.
Percepción de los científicos y periodistas sobre la divulgación de la ciencia y la tecnología en Chile
Authors: Tabja Salgado Jorge , Broitman Rojas Claudio , Camiñas Hernández Anastasio
Published: October 2017

El presente artículo muestra la percepción de los científicos y periodistas chilenos sobre la divulgación de las ciencias y las tecnologías en los medios de comunicación. Metodología: Se hizo una consulta dirigida a científicos (n=139), la cual fue triangulada con tres investigaciones periodísticas como validación. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que la divulgación científica en Chile es de mala a regular calidad y las razones para no estar presente en los medios se fundan en la ausencia efectiva de una política pública, falta de interés de los medios y carecer de redes profesionales que incrementen la visibilidad de noticas especializadas. Sin embargo, el 84,2% de los investigadores ha otorgado una entrevista alguna vez. Un hallazgo controversial - de ambos grupos - es considerar el uso insuficiente que los periodistas hacen del lenguaje científico. Es fundamental desarrollar políticas públicas con indicadores de divulgación de las ciencias y profundizar la reflexión de los periodistas científicos.
Frequência de profilaxia para tromboembolismo venoso
Authors: Paz Otávio Augusto Gomes da , Caldas César Augusto Muniz , Farinazo Breno Martins , Mattos Thais Motta
Published: October 2017

Objetivo: Identificar a frequência da utilização de profilaxia para trombose venosa profunda e comparar a utilização de profilaxia para TVP nas enfermarias de Clínica Médica e Cirúrgica da FHCGV. Método: Estudo do tipo transversal e descritivo, no período de marco a outubro de 2016, envolvendo 38 pacientes, 29 clínicos e 9 cirúrgicos. Os dados foram coletados a partir dos prontuários e prescrições médicas. Os pacientes foram estratificados conforme o risco de tromboembolismo venoso (aplicando-se o escore de Pádua modificado por Kucher para pacientes clínicos, e o escore de Caprini para os pacientes cirúrgicos). Definimos a presença de profilaxia adequada ou inadequada para TEV seguindo as recomendações internacionais do American College of Chest Physicians. Resultados: Foi constatada uma frequência de profilaxia para TEV igual a 100%, uma vez que todos os pacientes estavam recebendo algum tipo de profilaxia, medicamentosa e/ou não-medicamentosa. Porém, ao analisarmos a adequação da profilaxia de acordo com o grupo de risco e as recomendações para a profilaxia, verificamos que no grupo cirúrgico, 5 pacientes (55,56%) apresentaram profilaxia adequada, e 4 pacientes (44,44%), inadequada. No grupo clínico, observou-se que 14 pacientes (48,28%) apresentaram profilaxia adequada e 15 (51,72%), inadequada. Não houve tendência significativa entre os grupos (p>0.05). Conclusão: Foi possível observar que dentre os pacientes analisados, nenhum deixou de receber profilaxia para TEV, porém ao se estratificar em riscos nota-se que os pacientes nos grupos de médio e baixo risco foram os que mais frequentemente receberam profilaxia inadequada, enquanto que entre os de alto risco foram os que receberam profilaxia adequada com maior frequência. Pudemos concluir que é de suma importância estabelecer protocolos com base no perfil da instituição, melhorando assim a assistência ao paciente.
Ideas and perspectives: how coupled is the vegetation to the boundary layer?
Authors: De Kauwe Martin G. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Knauer Jürgen , Williams Christopher A.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Understanding the sensitivity of transpiration to stomatal conductance is critical to simulating the water cycle. This sensitivity is a function of the degree of coupling between the vegetation and the atmosphere and is commonly expressed by the decoupling factor. The degree of coupling assumed by models varies considerably and has previously been shown to be a major cause of model disagreement when simulating changes in transpiration in response to elevated CO2. The degree of coupling also offers us insight into how different vegetation types control transpiration fluxes, which is fundamental to our understanding of land–atmosphere interactions. To explore this issue, we combined an extensive literature summary from 41 studies with estimates of the decoupling coefficient estimated from FLUXNET data. We found some notable departures from the values previously reported in single-site studies. There was large variability in estimated decoupling coefficients (range 0.05–0.51) for evergreen needleleaf forests. This is a result that was broadly supported by our literature review but contrasts with the early literature which suggests that evergreen needleleaf forests are generally well coupled. Estimates from FLUXNET indicated that evergreen broadleaved forests were the most tightly coupled, differing from our literature review and instead suggesting that it was evergreen needleleaf forests. We also found that the assumption that grasses would be strongly decoupled (due to vegetation stature) was only true for high precipitation sites. These results were robust to assumptions about aerodynamic conductance and, to a lesser extent, energy balance closure. Thus, these data form a benchmarking metric against which to test model assumptions about coupling. Our results identify a clear need to improve the quantification of the processes involved in scaling from the leaf to the whole ecosystem. Progress could be made with targeted measurement campaigns at flux sites and greater site characteristic information across the FLUXNET network.
Effects of mud supply on large-scale estuary morphology and development over centuries to millennia
Authors: Braat Lisanne , van Kessel Thijs , Leuven Jasper R. F. W. , Kleinhans Maarten G.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Alluvial river estuaries consist largely of sand but are typically flanked by mudflats and salt marshes. The analogy with meandering rivers that are kept narrower than braided rivers by cohesive floodplain formation raises the question of how large-scale estuarine morphology and the late Holocene development of estuaries are affected by cohesive sediment. In this study we combine sand and mud transport processes and study their interaction effects on morphologically modelled estuaries on centennial to millennial timescales. The numerical modelling package Delft3D was applied in 2-DH starting from an idealised convergent estuary. The mixed sediment was modelled with an active layer and storage module with fluxes predicted by the Partheniades–Krone relations for mud and Engelund–Hansen for sand. The model was subjected to a range of idealised boundary conditions of tidal range, river discharge, waves and mud input. The model results show that mud is predominantly stored in mudflats on the side of the estuary. Marine mud supply only influences the mouth of the estuary, whereas fluvial mud is distributed along the whole estuary. Coastal waves stir up mud and remove the tendency to form muddy coastlines and the formation of mudflats in the downstream part of the estuary. Widening continues in estuaries with only sand, while mud supply leads to a narrower constant width and reduced channel and bar dynamics. This self-confinement eventually leads to a dynamic equilibrium in which lateral channel migration and mudflat expansion are balanced on average. However, for higher mud concentrations, higher discharge and low tidal amplitude, the estuary narrows and fills to become a tidal delta.
PALM-USM v1.0: A new urban surface model integrated into the PALM large-eddy simulation model
Authors: Resler Jaroslav , Krč Pavel , Belda Michal , Juruš Pavel , Benešová Nina , Lopata Jan , Vlček Ondřej , Damašková Daša , Eben Kryštof , Derbek Přemysl , Maronga Björn , Kanani-Sühring Farah
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Urban areas are an important part of the climate system and many aspects of urban climate have direct effects on human health and living conditions. This implies that reliable tools for local urban climate studies supporting sustainable urban planning are needed. However, a realistic implementation of urban canopy processes still poses a serious challenge for weather and climate modelling for the current generation of numerical models. To address this demand, a new urban surface model (USM), describing the surface energy processes for urban environments, was developed and integrated as a module into the PALM large-eddy simulation model. The development of the presented first version of the USM originated from modelling the urban heat island during summer heat wave episodes and thus implements primarily processes important in such conditions. The USM contains a multi-reflection radiation model for shortwave and longwave radiation with an integrated model of absorption of radiation by resolved plant canopy (i.e. trees, shrubs). Furthermore, it consists of an energy balance solver for horizontal and vertical impervious surfaces, and thermal diffusion in ground, wall, and roof materials, and it includes a simple model for the consideration of anthropogenic heat sources. The USM was parallelized using the standard Message Passing Interface and performance testing demonstrates that the computational costs of the USM are reasonable on typical clusters for the tested configurations. The module was fully integrated into PALM and is available via its online repository under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The USM was tested on a summer heat-wave episode for a selected Prague crossroads. The general representation of the urban boundary layer and patterns of surface temperatures of various surface types (walls, pavement) are in good agreement with in situ observations made in Prague. Additional simulations were performed in order to assess the sensitivity of the results to uncertainties in the material parameters, the domain size, and the general effect of the USM itself. The first version of the USM is limited to the processes most relevant to the study of summer heat waves and serves as a basis for ongoing development which will address additional processes of the urban environment and lead to improvements to extend the utilization of the USM to other environments and conditions.
Global high-resolution simulations of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide
using CHASER V4.0
Authors: Sekiya Takashi , Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Ogochi Koji , Sudo Kengo , Takigawa Masayuki
Published: October 2017

Abstract. We evaluate global tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) simulations using the CHASER V4.0 global chemical transport model (CTM) at horizontal resolutions ranging from 0.56° to 2.8°. Model evaluation was conducted using satellite tropospheric NO2 retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2), and aircraft observations from the 2014 Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Experiment (FRAPPÉ). Agreement against satellite retrievals improved greatly at 0.56° and 1.1° resolutions (compared to 2.8° resolution) over polluted and biomass burning regions. A resolution of 0.56° was necessary to improve model performance over areas with strong local sources, with mean bias reductions of 67 % over Beijing, 62 % over Tokyo, and 73 % over San Francisco in summer. Validation using aircraft observations indicated that high-resolution simulations reduced negative NO2 biases below 700 hPa over the Denver metropolitan area. These improvements in high-resolution simulations were attributable to (1) closer spatial representativeness between simulations and observations and (2) better representation of large-scale concentration fields (i.e., at 2.8°) through consideration of small-scale processes. Model evaluations conducted at 0.5°- and 2.8°-bin grids indicated that the contributions of both these processes were comparable over most polluted regions, whereas the latter effect (2) made a larger contribution (of up to 90 %) over eastern China and biomass burning areas. The evaluations presented in this paper demonstrate the potential of using a high-resolution global CTM for studying megacity-scale air pollutants across the entire globe, potentially also contributing to global satellite retrievals and chemical data assimilation.
Large scale hydrological model river storage and discharge correction using satellite altimetry-based discharge product
Authors: Emery Charlotte Marie , Paris Adrien , Biancamaria Sylvain , Boone Aaron , Calmant Stéphane , Garambois Pierre-André , da Silva Joecila Santos
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Land Surface Models (LSM) are widely used to study the continental part of the water cycle. Yet, even though their accuracy is increasing, inherent model uncertainties can not be avoided. In the meantime, remotely-sensed observations of the continental water cycle variables such as soil moisture, lakes and rivers elevations are more frequent and accurate. Therefore, those two different types of information can be combined, using data assimilation techniques to reduce model's uncertainties on its state variables or/and on its input parameters. The objective of this study is to present a data assimilation platform that assimilates into the LSM ISBA-CTRIP a river discharge product, derived from ENVISAT nadir altimeter water elevation measurements, over the whole Amazon basin. The study presents an initial development for a localization treatment that allows to limit the impact of observations to areas close to the observation and on the same hydrological network. This assimilation platform is based on the Ensemble Kalman Filter and can either correct the river water storage or the discharge: RMSE compared to gauge discharges are globally reduced until 21 % and at Óbidos, near the outlet, RMSE are reduced up to 52 % compared to ENVISAT discharge. Finally, it is shown that localization improve results along main tributaries.
Human amplified changes in precipitation–runoff patterns in large river basins of the Midwestern United States
Authors: Kelly Sara A. , Takbiri Zeinab , Belmont Patrick , Foufoula-Georgiou Efi
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Complete transformations of land cover from prairie, wetlands, and hardwood forests to row crop agriculture and urban centers are thought to have caused profound changes in hydrology in the Upper Midwestern US since the 1800s. In this study, we investigate four large (23 000–69 000 km2) Midwest river basins that span climate and land use gradients to understand how climate and agricultural drainage have influenced basin hydrology over the last 79 years. We use daily, monthly, and annual flow metrics to document streamflow changes and discuss those changes in the context of precipitation and land use changes. Since 1935, flow, precipitation, artificial drainage extent, and corn and soybean acreage have increased across the region. In extensively drained basins, we observe 2 to 4 fold increases in low flows and 1.5 to 3 fold increases in high and extreme flows. Using a water budget, we determined that the storage term has decreased in intensively drained and cultivated basins by 30–200 % since 1975, but increased by roughly 30 % in the less agricultural basin. Storage has generally decreased during spring and summer months and increased during fall and winter months in all watersheds. Thus, the loss of storage and enhanced hydrologic connectivity and efficiency imparted by artificial agricultural drainage appear to have amplified the streamflow response to precipitation increases in the Midwest. Future increases in precipitation are likely to further intensify drainage practices and increase streamflows. Increased streamflow has implications for flood risk, channel adjustment, and sediment and nutrient transport and presents unique challenges for agriculture and water resource management in the Midwest. Better documentation of existing and future drain tile and ditch installation is needed to further understand the role of climate versus drainage across multiple spatial and temporal scales.
Buckling of nonuniform carbon nanotubes under concentrated and distributed axial loads
Authors: Robinson Mouafo Teifouet Armand , Adali Sarp
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Buckling of nonuniform carbon nanotubes are studied with the axial load taken as a combination of concentrated and axially distributed loads. Constitutive modelling of the nanotubes is implemented via nonlocal continuum mechanics. Problem solutions are obtained by employing a weak formulation of the problem and the Rayleigh-Ritz method which is implemented by using orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials. The accuracy of the method of solution is verified against available results. Solutions are obtained for the cases of uniformly distributed and triangularly distributed axial loads. Contour plots are given to assess the effect of nonuniform cross-sections and the small-scale parameter on the buckling load for a combination of simply supported, clamped and free boundary conditions.
A meteo-hydrological modelling system for the reconstruction of river runoff: the case of the Ofanto river catchment
Authors: Verri Giorgia , Pinardi Nadia , Gochis David , Tribbia Joseph , Navarra Antonio , Coppini Giovanni , Vukicevic Tomislava
Published: October 2017

Abstract. A meteo-hydrological modelling system has been designed for the reconstruction of long time series of rainfall and river runoff events. The modelling chain consists of the mesoscale meteorological model of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), the land surface model NOAH-MP and the hydrology–hydraulics model WRF-Hydro. Two 3-month periods are reconstructed for winter 2011 and autumn 2013, containing heavy rainfall and river flooding events. Several sensitivity tests were performed along with an assessment of which tunable parameters, numerical choices and forcing data most impacted on the modelling performance.The calibration of the experiments highlighted that the infiltration and aquifer coefficients should be considered as seasonally dependent.The WRF precipitation was validated by a comparison with rain gauges in the Ofanto basin. The WRF model was demonstrated to be sensitive to the initialization time and a spin-up of about 1.5 days was needed before the start of the major rainfall events in order to improve the accuracy of the reconstruction. However, this was not sufficient and an optimal interpolation method was developed to correct the precipitation simulation. It is based on an objective analysis (OA) and a least square (LS) melding scheme, collectively named OA+LS. We demonstrated that the OA+LS method is a powerful tool to reduce the precipitation uncertainties and produce a lower error precipitation reconstruction that itself generates a better river discharge time series. The validation of the river streamflow showed promising statistical indices.The final set-up of our meteo-hydrological modelling system was able to realistically reconstruct the local rainfall and the Ofanto hydrograph.
Characterizing severe weather potential in synoptically weakly forced thunderstorm environments
Authors: Miller Paul W. , Mote Thomas L.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Weakly forced thunderstorms (WFTs), short-lived convection forming in synoptically quiescent regimes, are a contemporary forecasting challenge. The convective environments that support severe WFTs are often similar to those that yield only nonsevere WFTs, and additionally, only a small proportion individual WFTs will ultimately produce severe weather. The purpose of this study is to better characterize the relative severe weather potential in these settings as a function of the convective environment. Thirty near-storm convective parameters for > 200 000 WFTs in the Southeast United States are calculated from a high-resolution numerical forecasting model, the Rapid Refresh (RAP). For each parameter, the relative likelihood of WFT days with at least one severe weather event is assessed along a moving threshold. Parameters (and the values of them) that reliably separate severe-weather-supporting from nonsevere WFT days are highlighted. Only two convective parameters, vertical totals (VT) and total totals (TT), appreciably differentiate severe-wind-supporting and severe-hail-supporting days from nonsevere WFT days. When VTs exceeded values between 24.6–25.1 °C or TTs between 46.5–47.3 °C, severe-wind days were roughly 5 × more likely. Meanwhile, severe-hail days became roughly 10 × more likely when VTs exceeded 24.4–26.0 °C or TTs exceeded 46.3–49.2 °C. The stronger performance of VT and TT is partly attributed to the more accurate representation of these parameters in the numerical model. Under-reporting of severe weather and model error are posited to exacerbate the forecasting challenge by obscuring the subtle convective environmental differences enhancing storm severity.
Source site of internal solitary waves in the northern South China of westward shoaling thermocline
Authors: Wang Gang , Zhang Yuanling , Zhao Chang , Dai Dejun , Zhang Min , Qiao Fangli
Published: October 2017

Abstract. This study use a three dimensional general circulation model, MITgcm with non-hydrostatic option, to study the source site of internal solitary waves (ISWs) observed in the northern South China Sea. Simulation reveals that besides Luzon Strait, ISWs in the northern SCS are also generated around Dongsha Islands and near the continental shelf break. It is one of the reasons that there are more wave package to the west of 120° E in SAR images, and even more to the west of 118° E. The generation process and propagation feature of ISWs in these source sites are described.
Balanced source terms for wave generation within the Hasselmann equation
Authors: Zakharov Vladimir , Resio Donald , Pushkarev Andrei
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The new Zakharov–Resio–Pushkarev (ZRP) wind input source term Zakharov et al.(2012) is examined for its theoretical consistency via numerical simulation of the Hasselmann equation. The results are compared to field experimental data, collected at different sites around the world, and theoretical predictions based on self-similarity analysis. Consistent results are obtained for both limited fetch and duration limited statements.
Effects of upper mantle heterogeneities on lithospheric stress field and dynamic topography
Authors: Osei Tutu Anthony , Steinberger Bernhard , Sobolev Stephan V. , Rogozhina Irina , Popov Anton A.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The orientation and tectonic regime of the observed crustal/lithospheric stress field contribute to our knowledge of different deformation processes occurring within the Earth's crust and lithosphere. In this study, we analyze the influence of the thermal and density structure of the upper mantle on the lithospheric stress field and topography. We use a 3D lithosphere-asthenosphere numerical model with power-law rheology, coupled to a spectral mantle flow code at 300 km depth. Our results are validated against the World Stress Map 2016 and the observation-based residual topography. We derive the upper mantle thermal structure from either a heat flow model combined with a sea floor age model (TM1) or a global S-wave velocity model (TM2). We show that lateral density heterogeneities in the upper 300 km have a limited influence on the modeled horizontal stress field as opposed to the resulting dynamic topography that appears more sensitive to such heterogeneities. There is hardly any difference between the stress orientation patterns predicted with and without consideration of the heterogeneities in the upper mantle density structure across North America, Australia, and North Africa. In contrast, we find that the dynamic topography is to a greater extent controlled by the upper mantle density structure. After correction for the chemical depletion of continents, the TM2 model leads to a much better fit with the observed residual topography giving a correlation of 0.51 in continents, but this correction leads to no significant improvement in the resulting lithosphere stresses. In continental regions with abundant heat flow data such as, for instant, Western Europe, TM1 results in relatively a small angular misfits of 18.30° between the modeled and observation-based stress field compared 19.90° resulting from modeled lithosphere stress with s-wave based model TM2.
Canadian Snow and Sea Ice: Trends (1981–2015) and Projections
(2020–2050)
Authors: Mudryk Lawrence , Derksen Chris , Howell Stephen , Laliberté Fred , Thackeray Chad , Sospedra-Alfonso Reinel , Vionnet Vincent , Kushner Paul , Brown Ross
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The Canadian Sea Ice and Snow Evolution Network (CanSISE) is a climate research network focused on developing and applying state of the art observational data to advance dynamical prediction, projections, and understanding of seasonal snow cover and sea ice in Canada and the circumpolar Arctic. Here, we present an assessment from the CanSISE network on trends in the historical record of snow cover (fraction, water equivalent) and sea ice (area, concentration, type, and thickness) across Canada. We also assess projected changes in snow cover and sea ice likely to occur by mid-century, as simulated by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) suite of earth system models. The historical datasets show that the fraction of Canadian land and marine areas covered by snow and ice is decreasing over time, with seasonal and regional variability in the trends consistent with regional differences in surface temperature trends. In particular, summer sea ice cover has decreased significantly across nearly all Canadian marine regions, and the rate of multiyear ice loss in the Beaufort Sea and Canadian Arctic Archipelago has nearly doubled over the last eight years. The multimodel consensus over the 2020–2050 period shows reductions in fall and spring snow cover fraction and sea ice concentration of 5–10 % per decade (or 15–30 % in total), with similar reductions in winter sea ice concentration in both Hudson Bay and eastern Canadian waters. Peak pre-melt terrestrial snow water equivalent reductions of up to 10 % per decade (30 % in total) are projected across southern Canada.
Modelling the climate and surface mass balance of polar ice sheets
using RACMO2, part 2: Antarctica (1979–2016)
Authors: van Wessem Jan Melchior , van de Berg Willem Jan , Noël Brice P. Y. , van Meijgaard Erik , Birnbaum Gerit , Jakobs Constantijn L. , Krüger Konstantin , Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Lhermitte Stef , Ligtenberg Stefan R. M. , Medley Brooke , Reijmer Carleen H. , van Tricht Kristof , Trusel Luke D. , van Ulft Lambertus H. , Wouters Bert , Wuite Jan , van den Broeke Michiel R.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. We evaluate modelled Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) near-surface climate, surface mass balance (SMB) and surface energy balance (SEB) from the updated polar version of the regional atmospheric climate model RACMO2 (1979–2016). The updated model, referred to as RACMO2.3p2, incorporates upper-air relaxation, a revised topography, tuned parameters in the cloud scheme to generate more precipitation towards the AIS interior, and modified snow properties reducing drifting snow sublimation and increasing surface snowmelt. Comparisons of RACMO2 model output with several independent observational data show that the existing biases in AIS temperature, radiative fluxes and SMB components are further reduced with respect to the previous model version. The model integrated annual average SMB for the ice sheet including ice shelves (minus the Antarctic Peninsula (AP)) now amounts to 2229 Gt y-1, with an interannual variability of 109 Gt y-1. The largest improvement is found in modelled surface snowmelt, that now compares well with satellite and weather station observations. For the high-resolution (~ 5.5 km) AP simulation, results remain comparable to earlier studies. The updated model provides a new, high-resolution dataset of the contemporary near-surface climate and SMB of the AIS; this model version will be used for future climate scenario projections in a forthcoming study.
Brief communication: Mapping river ice using drones and
structure from motion
Authors: Alfredsen Knut , Haas Christian , Tuhtan Jeffrey A. , Zinke Peggy
Published: October 2017

Abstract. In cold climate regions, the formation and break-up of river ice is important for river morphology, winter water supply, riparian and instream ecology as well as for hydraulic engineering. Data on river ice is therefore significant, both to understand river ice processes directly and to assess ice effects on other systems. Ice measurement is complicated due to difficult site access, the inherent complexity of ice formations and the potential danger involved in carrying out on-ice measurements. Remote sensing methods are therefore highly useful, and satellite imagery, data from satellite-based radars as increasingly aerial and terrestrial imagery are currently applied. Access to low cost drone systems with quality cameras and Structure from Motion software opens up a new possibility for mapping complex ice formations. Through this method, a georeferenced DEM can be built and data on ice thickness, spatial distribution and volume can be extracted without accessing the ice and with considerable less measurement efforts compared to traditional surveying methods. The methodology applied to ice mapping is outlined here, and examples are shown on how to successfully apply the method to derive data on ice processes.
Serial Verb Constructions in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Jiang Yueqiu , Andersen Øivin
Published: October 2017

Serial verb constructions (SVC) have been paid attention to by many researchers. The previous analyses have a problem of incomplete SVC data collected or classifications. This problem will lead to failure of predicting ungrammatical SVCs. This paper provides all possible combinations at the syntactic level. They are classified into temporal, location, causative and manner-and-instrument relationships. This paper argues that the order principle of verb phrases in SVC is a general constraint for all SVC data. The principle manages to predict ungrammatical SVC sentences.
The Determinants of Public Education Expenditures: An Empirical Analysis of Changing Patterns and Growth of Public Expenditure on Education in Kenya
Authors: Imana David Kamar
Published: October 2017

This paper examined several factors that affect growth of public expenditure on education sector using reputable theories of public policy analysis, economics, and public finance. These theories were used to test and examine these factors mainly for the purposes of providing public policy recommendations. Standard multiple linear regression analysis method was used to analyze factors affecting growth of public expenditure on education using the four formulated models and equations representing; general education sector, primary, secondary and university education. The results in general showed that majority of the factors tested were positively significant and caused an increase of public expenditure on education. The paper found noticeably increase in public expenditure on education sector in Kenya since 1980 from the results, but still the actual amount of money spend on education sector is less than what is required. Therefore, the government should not only increase financial allocation but should also find reliable sources of funding education sector. In addition, the government should carry out reviews in all schools syllabuses in order to meet current changing jobs demands and maintaining quality education.
Performance Evaluation of Tourism Sector Policy in Support of Bandung Creative City
Authors: Bustomi Thomas , Pamungkas Raditya
Published: October 2017

The existence of the tourism sector is no longer a complementary sector, but has become a major sector that can generate other sectors in an area. During the first quarter of 2014, growth in the tourism sector reached 6.86%, higher than the national economic growth that is equal to 5:21%. Bandung, as one of the icons of tourism in West Java, is proposed as UNESCO Creative City. This research paper uses data analysis techniques or methods Combination of Mixed Methods (quantitative and qualitative). The dimensions of performance evaluation policies, namely: Dimensional results, Dimension process, resource dimensions, dimensions of existence and development of the organization, and leadership dimensions. The dimensions of the above criteria will be juxtaposed with the Creative City. Paired results produces policy issues on which the consideration to conduct a review of tourism policy so as to produce a new policy supporting policy as Bandung Creative City.
AS TRANSFORMAÇÕES DO CERRADO EM MORRINHOS (GO): UMA HISTÓRIA NARRADA PELO ASSENTAMENTO TIJUQUEIRO
Authors: Prata-Alonso Ressiliane Ribeiro , Santos Flávio Reis dos
Published: October 2017

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar o perfil do produtor rural doAssentamento Tijuqueiro (AT) e caracterizar suas concepções sobre o queo Cerrado “era” e as transformações ocorridas de flora e fauna até os diasatuais em Morrinhos, Goiás. Entrevistas não diretivas com moradores doreferido assentamento, a partir da delimitação da amostra intencional nãoprobabilística realizadas com dez famílias, mostraram que as atividadesagropecuárias empreendidas há décadas em Morrinhos contribuem para adiminuição da biodiversidade, com relatos de espécies de plantas e animaisnão mais visualizadas em decorrência do desmatamento do Cerrado local.Os moradores do AT expressam grande preocupação com a preservaçãodo pouco que restou da vegetação original em Morrinhos e reiteram queé preciso empreender ações imediatas para reverter a deplorável situaçãodesse bioma na região e evitar a expansão da destruição da biodiversidadecom a destinação de áreas de reserva florestal em suas propriedades.
ANÁLISE DO COMPONENTE VEGETAL NA ALIMENTAÇÃO DE PEIXES E DA RELAÇÃO COM A DISPERSÃO DE SEMENTES NO PANTANAL MATO-GROSSENSE
Authors: Furlan Amabilen de Oliveira , Muniz Claumir Cesar , Carniello Maria Antonia
Published: October 2017

Neste estudo, o objetivo foi identificar o componente vegetal responsávelpela alimentação de espécies íctias e se essas preservam sementes inteirasno estômago. Foram feitas coletas de Piaractus mesopotamicus e Bryconhilarii na Estação Ecológica (EE) de Taiamã entre 2014 e 2015, nos períodosde estiagem e cheia do Pantanal Mato-grossense. Realizou‑se análisede conteúdo estomacal, empregando os métodos de frequência deocorrência (Fo%), volume (Vo%) e índice de importância alimentar (IAi).O consumo de itens de origem vegetal é superior ao dos outros recursos,independentemente do período sazonal. Foi ainda verificada a presença desementes inteiras e fragmentadas de espécies vegetais do ambiente alagável(Piaractus mesopotamicus, Fo = 54,60%, e Brycon hilarii, Fo = 38,96% parasementes inteiras). As espécies íctias estudadas tendem a herbivoria, e ocomponente vegetal é o item mais importante da sua dieta. Tais espéciespodem ser classificadas como herbívoras, e também são potenciaispredadoras e dispersoras de sementes.
SETOR SUCROENERGÉTICO: UMA ANÁLISE SOB O TRIPÉ DA SUSTENTABILIDADE
Authors: Verri Reginaldo Aparecido , Ribeiro Rosa Maria , Gasparotto Francielli
Published: October 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o desempenho de uma agroindústriado setor sucroenergético, localizada ao Noroeste do Estado do Paraná, emrelação aos três aspectos da sustentabilidade: ambiental, social e econômico.A metodologia foi de natureza qualitativa, com pesquisa exploratória decampo. Os resultados mostram que o setor tem potencial de práticasalicerçadas no desenvolvimento sustentável. No pilar econômico, provou-sedesempenho nos negócios com reduções de custos operacionais, emprego demão de obra regional, aumento da produtividade com as variedades de canaRB e a utilização da agricultura de precisão. Comprovou-se ainda a inclusãosocial dos trabalhadores, com a qualificação profissional e com programade moradias. Ambientalmente, refere-se a uma matriz energética renovável,com evolução do corte mecanizado da cana, o que reduz a emissão de CO2na atmosfera; destaca-se também pela geração de energia elétrica a partirdo resíduo bagaço. Tais iniciativas conferiram à unidade sucroalcooleiracertificados ambientais, que atestam seu envolvimento com o tripé dasustentabilidade.
DIAGNÓSTICO DOS INVENTÁRIOS DE FAUNA EM ESTUDOS DE IMPACTO AMBIENTAL DE ATERRO SANITÁRIO
Authors: Garcia Dante Cavalhero , Candiani Giovano
Published: October 2017

Levantamentos de fauna são alvo de inúmeras críticas por apresentaremmuitas deficiências e, sobretudo, falta de qualidade. Assim, neste trabalho,realizou-se uma análise crítica dos levantamentos de fauna em 11 Estudos deImpacto Ambiental (EIAs) associados a empreendimentos de aterros sanitáriosno estado de São Paulo. Os estudos foram analisados e comparados entre si,tendo como base de análise os critérios estabelecidos pelo órgão ambientallicenciador para a realização dos levantamentos faunísticos. Os resultadosidentificaram carências como: falta de padronização em relação ao trabalhode campo, falta de padronização relacionada ao esforço amostral, falta decritério de sazonalidade, reduzida complexidade de análise em relação aosprocessos e interações ecológicas e diagnóstico ambiental excessivamentebaseado em dados secundários (levantamentos bibliográficos). Conclui-se,assim, que os levantamentos de fauna nos EIAs devem ser aperfeiçoados demodo a contribuir para tomadas de decisão mais adequadas no processo delicenciamento ambiental, garantindo maior conservação da biodiversidade.
ENERGIA EM TEMPO DE DESCARBONIZAÇÃO: UMA REVISÃO COM FOCO EM CONSUMIDORES FOTOVOLTAICOS
Authors: Nunes-Villela Josely , Rapozo Filipe de Oliveira , Domingos Maria de Lurdes Costa , Quelhas Osvaldo Luiz Gonçalves
Published: October 2017

As energias limpas e renováveis têm sido cada vez mais importantes parao progresso do desenvolvimento sustentável e o êxito da estratégia dedescarbonização. Observando a energia solar no Brasil, a autogeraçãocolocou os consumidores residenciais no centro da expansão fotovoltaica.Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar o comportamento dessesconsumidores inseridos na realidade brasileira, por meio de uma revisãobibliográfica sistemática nas bases de dados Scopus, Science Direct, AnnualReviews e American Psychological Association. Foram identificados relatosde experiências brasileiras, reais e simuladas, envolvendo consumidoresfotovoltaicos residenciais de diferentes perfis socioeconômicos, e ausênciade publicações específicas sobre decisão e motivação desses atores sociais.Os estudos localizados revelaram um promissor desenvolvimento para aenergia solar no Brasil, a necessidade de avanços na conscientização públicae, sobretudo, na política de incentivo aos consumidores. A lacuna identificadaé uma fragilidade a ser corrigida em prol do avanço da energia fotovoltaica.
Seeking control in Modern Standard Arabic
Authors: Arad Greshler Tali , Melnik Nurit , Wintner Shuly
Published: October 2017

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) has several embedded clause constructions, some of which resemble control in English (and other languages). However, these constructions exhibit some notable differences. Chief among them is the fact that the embedded verb carries agreement features that can indicate both coreference and disjoint reference between a matrix argument and the subject of the complement clause. Through a corpus-based investigation, informed by previous insights regarding the distinction between control and no control, we found no evidence of obligatory control predicates in MSA; these findings contradict accepted generalizations (and predictions) proposed by state-of-the-art theories of control. Nevertheless, although no obligatory control predicates were found, the backward pattern, where the single expressed subject occurs in the embedded clause, revealed morphosyntactic reflexes of the control vs. no control distinction. Coreference between the expressed embedded subject and the unexpressed matrix subject was found to be restricted to a set of predicates. The existence of backward control and its relation to the backward raising construction, also found in MSA, are especially relevant for current debates regarding the theory of control. We propose an analysis that ties together control, raising and restructuring.