bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Family Structure Matter in the Relationships Between Youth Assets and Youth Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Use?
Authors: Oman Roy F. , Vesely Sara K. , Tolma Eleni , Aspy Cheryl B. , Rodine Sharon , Marshall LaDonna
Published: September 2010

This study investigated significant relationships between youth assets and youth alcohol, tobacco, and drug use that differ according to family structure (one‐ or two‐parent households). Data were collected from a randomly sampled inner‐city population (n=1,256 teenagers and 1,256 parents of the teenagers) using in‐home, in‐person interviews. Logistic regression analyses, stratifying by one‐ and two‐parent household status, were conducted with nine youth assets as the independent variables and youth alcohol, tobacco, and drug use as the dependent variables. Results indicated that the associations between assets and risk behaviors varied depending upon whether the youth lived in one‐ or two‐parent households. Continued research is warranted to further investigate associations among family structure, youth assets, and youth risk behaviors.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Pubertal Timing: Results From Two National Sibling Studies
Authors: Ge Xiaojia , Natsuaki Misaki N. , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Reiss David
Published: September 2010

This study examined genetic and environmental effects on individual variation in pubertal timing using two national samples of siblings from the Nonshared Environment of Adolescent Development (NEAD) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). In each sample, female and male siblings with different degrees of genetic relatedness, i.e., monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, full siblings, half siblings, and unrelated siblings in blended families, were assessed. Timing of pubertal development was measured by age‐adjusted self‐report measures of the Pubertal Development Scale in NEAD and a four‐item scale of pubertal development in the Add Health. The results indicated that both genetic and environmental influences play an important role in determining the relative timing of pubertal development for both boys and girls.
Double‐Outlet Right Ventricle for Relief of Pulmonic Stenosis in Dogs An Experimental Study
Authors: WHITING PAMELA G. , BREZNOCK EUGENE M. , PENDRAY DAVID L , STRACK DENNIS R.
Published: September 2010

Relief of right ventricular outflow obstruction with a valveless Dacron conduit from the right ventricle to pulmonary artery was accomplished in 12 normal dogs. The procedure involved the development of a surgical technique without cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermia, and/or venous occlusion; the development of a ventricular coring instrument; the fabrication of a wire supported Dacron conduit; the development of a basketed insert cannula; and the creation of an experimental model of pulmonic stenosis. Of the 12 dogs operated, two died intraoperatively, three died postoperatively, and seven were electively euthanized postoperatively. Relief of the right ventricular outflow obstruction was documented in all cases by a reduction in mean peak right ventricular pressure, improvement of mean arterial pressure, decrease in mean right atrial pressure, and an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure. The pulmonary insufficiency created was considered a tolerable although not benign condition. The technique would be of particular value in dogs with severe right ventricular hypertrophy.
End‐to‐End Colonic Anastomosis A Comparison of Techniques in Normal Dogs
Authors: STOLOFF DAVID , SNIDER THERON G. , CRAWFORD M. PATRICK , TAYLOR H. W. , COX HOLLIS UTAH
Published: September 2010

Colonic resections were repaired in normal dogs by crushing suture, inverting suture, or staple anastomosis techniques. Dogs were sacrificed 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days following surgery. Bacterial cultures, breaking strength measurement, adhesion formation, and gross and histopathologic examinations were made. Anastomoses closed by staples showed the least tissue reaction, least neutrophilic infiltration, most mature fibrous connective tissue, most normal arrangement of muscle layers, and fewest numbers of mucoceles and necrotic areas. The staple and crushing anastomosis techniques caused significantly less reduction in luminal radius than did the inverting anastomosis technique. Bacteria were isolated least frequently and adhesions were least severe following staple anastomosis, though these results were not statistically significant. Stapled anastomosis appeared to result in a higher tensile strength of the wounds at the anastomotic sites compared with the other techniques studied.
Comparative Aspects of the Healing of Excisional Wounds on the Leg and Body of Horses
Authors: JACOBS K. A. , LEACH D. H. , FRETZ P. B. , TOWNSEND H. G. G.
Published: September 2010

Standardized 20 mm diameter excisional skin wounds were made on the body and distal limbs of 6 ponies at 18,12, 4, and 2 weeks prior to biopsy. The results of comparative area analysis of leg and body wounds show that leg wounds take significantly longer to heal than body wounds. There is a longer preparatory phase and a greater amount of wound retraction in the leg wounds. At 12 weeks postwounding, the area of the epithelium covering the wound site is significantly larger in the leg wounds compared to the flank wounds. Histological examination of the wounds showed that there is less epithelialization of leg wounds at 2 and 4 week postwounding, and that the granulation tissue of these wounds extends slightly above the level of the adjacent skin. Within the granulation tissue of leg wounds, there are clefts filled with fibrin and inflammatory cells. Once epithelialization is completed, the leg wounds are covered by acanthotic epidermis with numerous large epidermal projections. In contrast, the flank wounds are covered by thin epidermis devoid of epidermal projections. One wound at 18 weeks postwounding had histological features typical of a keloid.
Management of Infected Tibial Nonunions With Sequestration in the Dog
Authors: LENEHAN TIMOTHY M. , SMITH GAIL K.
Published: September 2010

Osteomyelitis with sequestration of large fragments of cortical bone accompanied delayed union‐nonunion in the tibia of three dogs. All fracture sites were grossly unstable at initial presentation, with the sequestration creating large bony deficits that required bone grafting. All three fractures were treated by the application of external fixation, seques‐trectomy, debridement, cancellous bone grafting, and dependent wound drainage. One animal refractured the tibia causing an exacerbation of the osteomyelitis. Reapplication of an external fixation frame and direct current electrical stimulation resulted in bony union. There were no recurrences of infection on long‐term follow‐up in any of the three tibias.
Immediate Mandibular Reconstruction of a 5 cm Defect Using rhBMP‐2 After Partial Mandibulectomy in a Dog
Authors: SPECTOR DANIEL I. , KEATING JOHN H. , BOUDRIEAU RANDY J.
Published: September 2010

Objective—To report treatment of a complex odontoma of the mandible by partial mandibulectomy and immediate surgical reconstruction using bridging plate fixation with a synthetic graft.

Study Design—Clinical case report.

Animals—A 4‐year‐old male castrated cocker spaniel.

Methods—Immediate reconstruction of the left mandible (5 cm gap) was performed after complete excision of a complex odontoma. Locking plate fixation was applied immediately before complete excision of the mass. Fixation was removed, then after partial mandibulectomy, including all abnormal tissue, restored to achieve occlusion. The resulting mandibular defect was filled with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) delivered in an absorbable collagen sponge containing hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate granules (compression resistant matrix [CRM]).

Results—New bone growth was evident radiographically and on palpation at 3 months. Bony remodeling was evident during follow‐up examinations up to 26 months. Bone collected by biopsy at the graft site at 7 months had robust new bone formation and evidence of continued remodeling. Only minor complications (repeated intraoral plate exposure) were encountered postoperatively and were easily resolved.

Conclusions—An osteoinductive factor (rhBMP‐2/CRM) was successfully used as a graft substitute in immediate reconstruction of a large mandibular defect.

Clinical Relevance—Immediate reconstruction of large mandibular defects with osteoinductive materials as a graft substitute may be a viable alternative to partial mandibular resection or radiation therapy for benign odontogenic tumors in dogs.
Fertility and Complications After Fetotomy in 20 Brood Mares (2001–2006)
Authors: NIMMO MATTHEW R. , SLONE DONNIE E. , HUGHES FAITH E. , LYNCH TIMOTHY M. , CLARK CAROL K.
Published: September 2010

Objective— To report fertility (foals conceived, live foal births) of mares after partial fetotomy to resolve dystocia and complications associated with fetotomy.

Study Design— Retrospective study.

Animals— Horses (n=20).

Methods— Medical records (2001–2006) of mares that had partial fetotomy (1–3 cuts) for dystocia were reviewed. Complications and subsequent fertility were obtained by interview and live foal data were recorded by the Jockey Club. Postfetotomy conception and live foals produced over 21 breeding seasons (defined as years each mare was bred regardless of conception) were recorded.

Results— Twenty mares were identified. Bilateral carpal flexion alone (3 mares) or in combination with another deformity (7 mares) was the most common presentation for dystocia. From 2001 to 2006, there were 24 breeding seasons for which 20 mares conceived (83%). Eighteen mares conceived before 2006 and all produced live foals. Three mares were bred in 2006; 2 became pregnant, 1 was electively aborted, and 1 is pregnant. Eight of 19 (42%) mares had retained placenta, which were expelled within 24 hours after medical therapy.

Conclusion— Partial fetotomy performed with 1–3 cuts does not impede a successful reproductive future.

Clinical Relevance— In selected equine dystocia cases, partial fetotomy should be given primary consideration when the foal is dead and vaginal delivery cannot be readily achieved. Fetotomy should not adversely affect the future fertility of the mare.
Use of a Four Pin and Methylmethacrylate Fixation in L7 and the Iliac Body to Stabilize Lumbosacral Fracture–Luxations: A Clinical and Anatomic Study
Authors: WEH J. MICHEAL , KRAUS KARL H.
Published: September 2010

Objectives—To describe the clinical outcome of a 4 pin lumbosacral fixation technique for lumbosacral fracture–luxations, and to refine placement technique for iliac pins based on canine cadaver studies.

Study Design—Retrospective and anatomic study.

Sample Population—Dogs (n=5) with lumbosacral fracture‐luxations and 8 cadaveric canine pelvi.

Methods—Lumbosacral fracture–luxations were stabilized with a 4 pin (positive‐profile threaded) and bone cement fixation. Caudal pins were inserted in the iliac body and cranial pins were inserted into the L7 or L6 pedicle and body. Follow‐up examinations and radiographs were performed to assess patient outcome. Intramedullary pins were inserted into the iliac bodies of 8 cadaver pelvi. Radiographs were taken to measure pin insertion angles and define ideal insertion angles that would maximize pin purchase in the ilium.

Results—Follow‐up neurologic examination was normal in 4 dogs. Radiographic healing of the fracture was evident in 5 dogs. One implant failure occurred but did not require re‐operation. For cadaver iliac pins, mean craniocaudal insertion angle was 29° and mean lateromedial insertion angle was 20°.

Conclusions—Four pin and bone cement fixation effectively stabilizes lumbosacral fracture luxations. The iliac body provides ample bone stock, which can be maximized using an average craniocaudal pin trajectory of 29° and an average lateromedial pin trajectory of 20°.

Clinical Relevance—Lumbosacral fracture–luxations can be stabilized with 4 pin and bone cement fixation in the lumbar vertebrae and iliac body, using 29 and 20° as guidelines for the craniocaudal and lateromedial pin insertion angles in the ilium.
Congenital Branchial Apparatus Malformation in a Haflinger Colt
Authors: DAVID FLORENT , SAVARD CLAUDINE , DROLET RICHARD , ALEXANDER KATE , PANG DANIEL S. J. , LAVERTY SHEILA
Published: September 2010

Objective—To report the diagnosis and treatment of a branchial apparatus anomaly (BAA) associated with a mandibular malformation in a foal.

Design—Clinical report.

Animal—Haflinger foal.

Methods—A 6‐day‐old foal had a fluctuating cystic mass in the pharyngeal (throatlatch) region, which changed in appearance after ingestion of milk. Upper airway endoscopy and diagnostic imaging (ultrasonography, radiography, computed tomography) permitted identification of the anatomic location of a communicating tract between the lumen of the cystic mass and the pharynx. The mass was surgically removed and communication with the pharynx ligated. Histologic appearance of this mass was consistent with a branchial cyst or sinus. The mandibular malformation was managed conservatively.

Results—Surgical resection of a third branchial sinus resulted in an excellent functional and cosmetic outcome. There was no evidence of any mandibular deformity 2 years later.

Conclusion—BAA may induce secondary mandibular deformation in utero and may cause respiratory compromise postpartum. Careful surgical dissection and removal of BAA resulted in an excellent outcome.

Clinical Relevance—BAAs should be included in the differential diagnosis of a throatlatch region mass in equine neonates. Complete surgical excision is recommended and full recovery of any associated mandibular deformity may be anticipated without additional treatment in very young patients.
Complications After Orthopedic Surgery in Alpacas and Llamas: 24 Cases (2000–2006)
Authors: SEMEVOLOS STACY A. , HUBER MICHAEL J. , PARKER JILL E. , REED SHANNON K.
Published: September 2010

Objective—To report complications associated with orthopedic surgery in alpacas and llamas.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Alpacas (n=18) and llamas (n=6) that orthopedic surgery using internal or external fixation.

Methods—Medical records (January 2000–December 2006) and radiographs were reviewed and owners contacted for follow‐up information for alpacas and llamas that had orthopedic surgery involving internal or external fixation. Fourteen camelids had internal fixation, 7 had external fixation, and 3 had a combination of internal and external fixation.

Results—Twenty‐two animals (92%) were discharged after surgery (mean hospitalization, 15 days). Of 20 animals with ≥1 year follow‐up information, 18 were alive (82%). Postoperative complications related to fracture healing, infection, soft tissue structures, or joints occurred in 21 camelids (87%). Thirteen animals returned to their intended use, 4 animals returned to breeding but not their intended use, 4 were euthanatized, and 3 were only able to be used as pets.

Conclusions—Fixation type (internal, external) did not have any significant effect on complications involving fracture healing, infection, soft tissue structures, or chronic lameness. Camelids with open fractures were more likely to have complications associated with fracture healing, repair, and infection than closed fractures.

Clinical Relevance—Complications after orthopedic surgery in alpacas and llamas are more common than previously reported and may result in chronic lameness or prevent return to their intended use.
Mammary Tumor Recurrence in Bitches After Regional Mastectomy
Authors: STRATMANN NINA , FAILING KLAUS , RICHTER ANDREAS , WEHREND AXEL
Published: September 2010

Objectives—To investigate the histologic diagnosis and incidence of new mammary tumor growth in the remaining mammary chain tissue after regional mastectomy.

Study Design—Prospective clinical study.

Animals—Female dogs (n=99) that had excision of a single mammary tumor.

Methods—Female dogs that had regional mastectomy to remove a single tumor were followed for ≥1 year postoperatively. Data regarding tumor type, tumor recurrence, and development of metastasis were recorded.

Results—Fifty‐seven (58%) dogs developed a new tumor in the ipsilateral mammary chain after the 1st surgery; 77% had repeat surgery. There was no significant correlation between the time to new tumor development and the histologic diagnosis for the 1st and 2nd tumor types. In 31 dogs, the histologic diagnosis for initial and subsequent tumors was identical and there was a significant correlation such that dogs with an initial malignant tumor are likely to develop another malignant tumor (P=.0089). The histologic classification of the new tumor was likely to be malignant if it was located close to the side where the initial tumor had been removed (P=.026).

Conclusions—Our results show that 58% of dogs developed a new tumor in the remaining mammary glands of the ipsilateral chain after regional mastectomy for removal of a single tumor.

Clinical Relevance—This should be taken into account when deciding on the surgical management (radical or regional mastectomy) in dogs with single mammary tumors.
Collembola of the Grave: A Cold Case History Involving Arthropods 28 Years After Death
Authors: Merritt Richard W. , Snider Richard , De Jong Joyce L. , Benbow M. Eric , Kimbirauskas Ryan K. , Kolar Rebecca E.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This report describes a cold case in which a cadaver of a 28‐year‐old female was exhumed in February 2005 from a cemetery in Battle Creek, Michigan. She had sustained a gunshot wound to the head and was found dead in her home on November 15, 1977. The body of the victim was subsequently embalmed and then buried at a depth of 1.8 m in an unsealed casket that was placed inside an unsealed cement vault. The exhumation yielded thousands of live specimens of a single species of the order Collembola or spring tails,Sinella(Coecobrya)tenebricosa(Entomobryidae). This species is considered to be a “tramp” species, cosmopolitan in the United States and Canada. Due to the ideal environmental conditions at the site, the population of this species underwent growth and development inside the casket for a number of years. Collected with the Collembola were large numbers of Acarina (mites) of the Family Glycyphagidae, and fly puparia,Conicera tibialisSchmitz (Order: Diptera, Family: Phoridae), also known as coffin flies. These invertebrates are sometimes mentioned by forensic investigators as occurring on corpses in graves, but aspects of their life history are rarely described. The species of Collembola that was found surviving and reproducing on this corpse in a casket exhumed after 28 years was the oldest reported grave site occurrence for any collembolan species based on a survey of the literature back to 1898.
Compatibility Between Mental Disorder and Mental Capacity: Analysis of a Particular Case of Group Sexual Homicide
Authors: Carabellese Felice , Vinci Francesco , Catanesi Roberto
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  On the night of August 19, 2000, at the foot of Castel del Monte, an 8‐year‐old girl was brutally murdered. The perpetrators were identified as five young men who captured their victim and sexually abused her. The policemen found the cadaver by following “Mario,” one of the five, who had been discovered lying on the ground, near the castle. Investigation led to demonstrate that the murder was not premeditated. The only desire of the group was to sexually molest the little girl. Mario showed signs of psychiatric pathology and for that he underwent psychiatric evaluation by judicial authorities. Analysis of this case, combined with a criminological and medical‐legal perspective led to conclusions very much different from the expectations of Mario’s defense attorneys. Mario, a marginal figure and seemingly the least intelligent, played the role of group instigator, both in the initiation of sexually abusing the child, as well as in the elimination of an inconvenient witness. However, the group was able to activate Mario’s sadistic fantasies and his sexual perversions, and he ended up in a catalyzing role influencing the behavior of others and realizing what would otherwise remain only fantasies. The circularity of the group allows people like Mario, who are apparently subordinate, to influence the behavior of others. Mario was found to have a mental disorder but it was not sufficient to diminish his personal responsibility related to the crime. In fact, according to Italian judicial code, it is necessary that the motivation for the crime was psychopathological. It was for this reason that, according to Italian law, all of the members of the group were considered to be responsible for the crimes committed and were condemned.
Soy infant formula: is it that bad?
Authors: Vandenplas Yvan , De Greef Elisabeth , Devreker Thierry , Hauser Bruno
Published: September 2010

The objective of this study is to review the indications of soy infant formula (SIF). Structured review of publications is made available through standard search engines (Pubmed,…). The medical indications for SIF are limited to galactosaemia and hereditary lactase deficiency. In the treatment of cow’s milk allergy, SIF is used for economic reasons, as extensive hydrolysates are expensive. SIF is dissuaded mainly because of its phytooestrogen content. Isoflavone serum levels are much higher in SIF‐fed infants than in breastfed or cow milk formula–fed infants. Administration of pure isoflavones to animals causes decreased fertility, but clinically relevant adverse effects of SIF in infants are not reported.

Conclusion: Soy infant formula remains an option for feeding of term born infants if breastfeeding is not possible and if standard infant formula is not tolerated.
Association of sleep duration with socio‐economic status and behavioural problems among schoolchildren
Authors: Arman Ayse Rodopman , Ay Pinar , Fis Nese Perdahli , Ersu Refika , Topuzoglu Ahmet , Isik Ugur , Berkem Meral
Published: September 2010

Aim:  In this population‐based study, we aimed to determine the total sleep duration (TSD), its association with socio‐economic status (SES) and behavioural symptoms among schoolchildren.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional study was performed among schoolchildren in Istanbul. A structured questionnaire evaluating the sleep schedule variables was filled out by their parents. SES was determined according to the Turkish SES scale.

Results:  The mean age of 2669 children was 8.2 ± 2.4 years, and 51% of the students were girls. The mean TSD was 10.20 ± 1.04, and the mean bedtime was 21.57 ± 0.56 (both in hours, minutes ± SD). Boys tended to go bed later (p = 0.004) and slept less than girls (p = 0.02). The duration of sleep disruptions increased (p < 0.001), whereas TSD decreased with age (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression revealed that waking time and TSD decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with higher SES among both girls and boys. Sleep fragmentation was associated with habitual snoring, parasomnias, daytime sleepiness and conduct symptoms.

Conclusion:  Decreased total sleep duration is more prominent in boys, older children and children among higher socio‐economic status. Insufficient sleep attributed to shortened total sleep duration by age and higher socio‐economic status might have a negative effect on both sleep hygiene and psychological well‐being in schoolchildren.
The Influence of Informed Consent Content on Study Participants' Contraceptive Knowledge and Concerns
Authors: Stephenson Rob , Grabbe Kristina , Vwalika Bellington , Ahmed Yusuf , Vwalika Cheswa , Haworth Alan , Fuller Laurie , Liu Fong , Chomba Elwyn , Allen Susan
Published: September 2010

Little is known about how the information presented in the informed consent process influences study outcomes among participants. This study examines the influence of informed consent content on reported baseline contraceptive knowledge and concerns among two groups of HIV‐serodiscordant and seroconcordant HIV‐positive couples enrolled in research projects at an HIV research center in Lusaka, Zambia. We found significant differences in the reporting of contraceptive knowledge and concerns between couples viewing consent materials that included detailed information about contraception and those viewing consent materials that lacked the detailed information. We conclude that the design of informed consent materials should strike a balance between ensuring that participants give truly informed consent and educating participants in ways that do not compromise the assessment of the impact of behavioral interventions.
IgG1 SUBCLASS PROTEIN WITH THE GENETIC Gm MARKERS Gm(z + non‐a +): ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF INTRAGENIC HYBRIDIZATION AMONG IgG SUBCLASS GENES
Authors: Natvig J. B. , Michaelsen T. E. , Gedde‐Dahl, Jr T. , Fischer T.
Published: September 2010

A new type of Gm genetic marker combination in an IgG1 immunoglobulin, Gm(z) together with a non‐a marker, is here described. This indicates the presence of a new gene, Gmz,non‐a, which most likely originated on the basis of an intragenic recombination at the IgG1 cistron. Immunochemical and immunogenetic studies showed that no other IgG1 Gm markers were expressed by the unusual gene, and there was no evidence for deletions or duplications at the IgG1 cistron.
THE GENETIC BASIS OF THE GENERATION OF EFFECTOR CAPACITY FOR CELL MEDIATED LYMPHOLYSIS IN MICE
Authors: Festenstein Hilliard , Abbasi Kudsia , Demant Peter
Published: September 2010

The cell mediated lympholysis (CML) test is normally carried out in 2 steps–first, the lymphoid cells are allowed to interact in mixed allo‐culture (MLC) and secondly, they are reacted against chromium labelled phytohaemagglutinin transformed lymphoblast cells, carrying the appropriate target allo‐determinants. The genetic control of target structures has already been localized to the H‐2D and H‐2K regions of the H‐2 gene complex, but the genetic basis of the generation of effector capacity is not understood and is the subject of this report; the suggestion that there is a separate genetic basis came from the observation that H‐2D and/or H‐2K region incompatibility alone was insufficient for CML to occur and that incompatibility at the Ir‐Ss‐Slp regions of the H‐2 complex was also required. In the Ir region also reside the genetic control for the strong lymphocyte activating determinants (LAD) of the H‐2 gene complex and it was thought possible that they might also be responsible for activating the effector cells for CML.

The genetic experiments were done with congenic resistant and recombinant mouse strains, so it was possible to study in relative isolation, and in selected combinations which of the various defined regions of the H‐2 gene complex control the initiation of effector capacity in CML.

Five day,‘one‐way’(parent‐F1) mixed lymphocyte cultures–incompatible only for defined regions of the H‐2 gene complex were reacted with 51Cr‐labelled PHA blast cells and the specific chromium release was calculated.

The results give evidence for a separate but closely linked genetic control for the effector cell stimulating (ECS) and LAD functions. The ECS genes map between the LAD and Ss‐Slp genes of the H‐2 complex.
THE ASSOCIATION OF THE HUMAN HISTOCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEM WITH HODGKIN'S DISEASE
Authors: Falk Judy A. , Osoba David
Published: September 2010

Variation in the ability of the host to respond to disease has been recognized but the mechanisms have not been defined. Recent studies suggest a genetic control of the immune response and of the susceptibility or resistance to oncogenic viruses linked to the major histocompatibility locus. Thus histocompatibility‐linked genetic control of the immune response might play an important role in determining resistance or susceptibility in disease states. The known gene products of the major histocompatibility autosomal region in humans can be detected by serological and by functional assays.

In this prospective study of 115 patients with Hodgkin's disease we have related the serologically detectable gene products, the HL‐A antigens, to the course of the disease. The antigens A3 and A11 were decreased in the seventy‐nine patients in whom the disease had been present for less than 1 year. The antigen A8 occurred in normal frequency in the patients with recent onset of the disease but was significantly increased in the thirty‐six patients who had survived with the disease for longer than 5 years. Both observations are compatible with an ability to resist the disease; that is, either resistance to the onset of the disease or improved survival once the disease has developed.
SPECULATIONS ON THE FUNCTION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES
Authors: Marchalonis John J. , Morris Peter J. , Harris Alan W.
Published: September 2010

Immune response (Ir) genes linked to genes encoding histocompatibility antigens affect antibody‐formation to synthetic polypeptides, weak native antigens and strong native protein antigens given in limiting doses. It has been proposed that the products of such Ir genes function as receptors for antigen on thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T‐cells) and these products are not immunoglobulin in nature. Ho wever, recent evidence indicates that (a) Ir genes are probably expressed in both T‐cells and in bone‐marrow‐derived lymphocytes (B‐cells); (b) IgM immunoglobulin is present on T‐cells and functions in the binding of antigen, and (c) T‐cells of nonresponder animals possess the capacity to recognize antigen. These results prompted us to consider alternative hypotheses for the function of Ir genes; namely (1)‘tolerance’hypotheses in which response is dominant over non‐response, and (2) the possibility that the Ir gene product can act as an amplifier of T‐cell function. These hypotheses are discussed within the context of murine studies and in relation to the association of human diseases, notably immunopathic phenomena, with HL‐A.
OBTENTION OF HISTOCOMPATIBLE STRAINS IN THE URODELE AMPHIBIAN PLEURODELES WALTLII MICHAH. (SALAMANDRIDAE)
Authors: Charlemagne J. , Tournefier Annick
Published: September 2010

Histocompatibility antigens have been studied by skin grafting in three successive generations of the Urodele Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Starting from a brother‐sister pair of animals (F1) mutually tolerant, the descendence obtained in F2 is composed of three types of animals called A/A, A/B, B/B according to their mutual capacity for tolerance or rejection. The three types are numerically divided according to the mendelian proportions of monohybridism, that is 25 % of A/A, 50% of A/B and 25% of B/B. All the descendants (F3) born of homozygote parents A/A or B/B are homozygote. The descendants (F3) born of heterozygote parents A/B are composed of type A/A, A/B and B/B animals in mendelian proportions of mono‐hybridism. The presence of histocompatibility antigens A and B would be determined by a pair of dominant alleles which are on a locus carried by the same pair of chromosomes.
SPECIFIC AND NON‐SPECIFIC COMPONENTS IN THE EFFECT OF HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS IN NEONATAL SKIN GRAFTS ON THE HOST'S IMMUNE RESPONSE CAPACITY
Authors: Viklický V. , Poláčková M.
Published: September 2010

The‘tolerogenicity’of neonatal skin grafts, as reflected in their higher survival rate as well as in their capacity to confer this tendency upon simultaneous adult grafts, has been believed to be based on an immunologically specific feature of the neonatal alloantigens.

The data presented in this study demonstrate in two weak histocompatibility systems (H‐9 and that presented by the male‐specific antigen, MSA) that there is also an important non‐specific component in the tolerogenic mechanism of neonatal skin allografts. The survival of adult skin allografts was followed in double‐grafted animals in which the neonatal graft was either a specific or non‐specific allograft or a syngeneic graft. Although the maximum increase in the survival rate of the adult grafts (in comparison to single‐grafted controls) was induced by antigenically specific neonatal grafts, significant effects were also induced by antigenically neutral (syngeneic) or antigenically non‐specific neonatal grafts. The immunologically nonspecific component in the effect of neonatal skin grafts could be traced back to their primarily high contents of proteoglycans and to their long‐lasting production of the latter; consequently, the neonatal graft which is protected by these substances against the concomitant round cell infiltration can secondarily provide some protection also to the adult allograft. This non‐specific protection may favour a stepwise establishment of a specific tolerance.
Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 haplotypes are associated with coeliac disease
Authors: Rueda B. , Koeleman B. P. C. , López‐Nevot M. A. , Ortega E. , Maldonado J. , López M. , Polanco I. , Martín J.
Published: September 2010

In coeliac disease (CD) there is an inflammatory status of the intestinal mucosa because of a high expression of proinflammatory mediators. The nuclear protein poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) has been implicated in the initial inflammatory response by modulating transcription of inflammation‐related genes. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of PARP‐1 gene promoter region haplotypes in relation to coeliac disease susceptibility. We analysed a coeliac population consisting of a case‐control panel with 120 CD patients and 311 healthy blood donors. A CA microsatellite, as haplotype‐defining variant of the whole PARP‐1 promoter, was typed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method combined with fluorescence technology. We considered two promoter haplotypes: A defined by short CA alleles (83–87 bp) and B defined by long CA alleles (89–101 bp). Haplotype A was significantly increased within the coeliac patients group (P = 0.007 OR 1.6 95%CI 1.12–2.35). Additionally, we observed a significant dose effect, showing homozygous individuals for haplotype A higher risk for CD susceptibility (P = 0.007, OR 1.79 95%CI 1.14–2.82). Our results provide the first evidence that PARP‐1 haplotypes are related with coeliac disease susceptibility.
Distribution of the CTLA‐4 single nucleotide polymorphisms CT60G>A and +49A>G in psoriasis vulgaris patients and control individuals from a Polish Caucasian population
Authors: Łuszczek W. , Majorczyk E. , Nockowski P. , Pluciński P. , Jasek M. , Nowak I. , Wiśniewski A. , Kuśnierczyk P.
Published: September 2010

Psoriasis vulgaris is a multifactorial disease with an autoimmune component, and T lymphocytes seem to be involved in its aetiology. CTLA‐4 molecule is an important down‐regulator of T‐lymphocyte activation, and several polymorphisms of the CTLA‐4 gene were found to be associated with some autoimmune diseases. We examined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTLA‐4 gene, CT60A>G and +49A>G, are associated with psoriasis vulgaris. Alleles of these two SNPs were determined by the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Both the CT60G>A and the +49A>G alleles and genotypes were distributed similarly in patients and controls. Although the two SNPs studied here in Poles were in linkage disequilibrium, all four possible two‐locus haplotypes were found, one of them rare; of the remaining three, the haplotype +49G, CT60G was significantly (P = 0.019, OR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.37–0.91) less frequent in the patient group with disease onset between the ages of 21 and 40 years than in controls and the other patient groups, whereas the frequencies of the other haplotypes were similar in patients and controls. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on CTLA‐4 CT60 allele frequencies in psoriasis.
Promoter polymorphism of the IL‐18 gene is associated with atopic asthma in Tunisian children
Authors: Lachheb J. , Chelbi H. , Ammar J. , Hamzaoui K. , Hamzaoui A.
Published: September 2010

Several lines of evidence point to a relevant role of IL‐18 in the process of asthma. Some studies suggest that the polymorphism in the gene of IL‐18 can be involved in many inflammatory and atopic diseases such as asthma. The aim of our study is to estimate the frequency of the IL‐18‐607 C/A (rs 1946518) promoter polymorphism in Tunisian children with asthma. We investigated whether the presence of this polymorphism ‐607 C/A was associated with asthma or atopy and whether this polymorphism influenced the severity of asthma in affected children. We examined also the relationship between the IL‐18 gene polymorphism and the serum total IgE level. The IL‐18/‐607 C/A polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment‐length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) analysis. A total of 105 asthma patients and 112 controls as part of the whole children population were studied in a case‐control study. Among the 105 children with asthma, 40 were also studied for linkage analyses with their respective parents. We noted that the A allele was associated with statistically significant increases in the risk of asthma in the case‐control study (odd ratio (OR) = 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–2.33. Moreover, the A allele was also associated with atopic asthma (P = 0.008), but not with asthma severity. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis in this family study did not suggest a preferential transmission of the IL‐18/ ‐607 C/A polymorphism to affected children. There is no correlation between the IgE level and the IL‐18 ‐607 C/A promoter polymorphism. Our data indicate that IL‐18 ‐607 C/A promoter polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to developing asthma in Tunisian population.
Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors on NK cells: the how, where and why
Authors: Gardiner Clair M.
Published: September 2010

Natural killer (NK) cells have killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) that recognize and interact with HLA class I antigen. The KIRs are a multigene family and its members are often highly polymorphic. Evidence is emerging from disease‐association studies that KIR receptors can play beneficial roles in viral infections, such as HIV, HCV, but may also predispose to certain autoimmune diseases. Knowledge regarding expression and function of KIR on human NK cells is lagging behind the rapid expansion of sequencing and genetic data already generated. This review focuses on recent discoveries that have been made, which help bridge this gap. We now appreciate the importance of phenotypic diversity of KIR receptor expression in NK cells and are starting to unravel some of the mysteries surrounding control of their complex expression patterns. In particular, the role that HLA ligand contributes to KIR receptor expression will be discussed. It is also becoming increasingly clear that genetic factors, such as promoters and epi‐genetic mechanisms such as methylation, are hugely important in controlling NK cell receptor expression and function. The relevance of phenotypic diversity of NK cell receptors will be discussed in light of these recent findings.
Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification‐ based Comparative Proteomics Reveals the Features of Plasma Membrane‐Associated Proteomes of Pollen Grains and Pollen Tubes from Lilium davidii
Authors: Han Bing , Chen Sixue , Dai Shaojun , Yang Ning , Wang Tai
Published: September 2010

Mature pollen grains (PGs) from most plant species are metabolically quiescent. However, once pollinated onto stigma, they quickly hydrate and germinate. A PG can give rise to a vegetative cell‐derived polarized pollen tube (PT), which represents a specialized polar cell. The polarized PT grows by the tip and requires interaction of different signaling molecules localized in the apical plasma membrane and active membrane trafficking. The mechanisms underlying the interaction and membrane trafficking are not well understood. In this work, we purified PG and PT plasma‐membrane vesicles from Lilium davidii Duch. using the aqueous two‐phase partition technique, then enriched plasma membrane proteins by using Brij58 and KCl to remove loosely bound contaminants. We identified 223 integral and membrane‐associated proteins in the plasma membrane of PGs and PTs by using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and 2‐D high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. More than 68% of the proteins have putative transmembrane domains and/or lipid‐modified motifs. Proteins involved in signal transduction, membrane trafficking and transport are predominant in the plasma‐membrane proteome. We revealed most components of the clathrin‐dependent endocytosis pathway. Statistical analysis revealed 14 proteins differentially expressed in the two development stages: in PTs, six upregulated and eight downregulated are mainly involved in signaling, transport and membrane trafficking. These results provide novel insights into polarized PT growth.
Buyers’ demands for ready meals – influenced by gender and who will eat them
Authors: Mia K. Ahlgren , Inga‐Britt Gustafsson , Gunnar Hall
Published: September 2010

The ready‐meal market in Sweden is increasing rapidly, and in the last 10 years has nearly doubled. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the demand buyers have for ready meals, both when buying for themselves and for others. A postal survey was completed by 249 residents of Gothenburg, Sweden. Results show that the demand when buying ready meals is dependent on both gender and whether or not the buyer is the end consumer. In general, the buyers’ demands for sensory and convenience aspects were the most important. Female respondents were more demanding buyers than males, and their priorities were different. The implications of the findings are that foodservice operators and producers of ready meals must pay attention to the different demands of buyers, their gender and who will be the end consumer.
The Five Aspects Meal Model
Authors: Edwards John S. A. , Gustafsson Inga‐Britt
Published: September 2010

Eating and eating out involve a number of additional factors over and above the consumption of food. This paper briefly reviews the research undertaken on these factors, and identifies models to categorise and describe them. In particular, it presents and justifies the Five Aspects Meal Model (FAMM), which forms the basic structure for teaching at the Department of Restaurant and Culinary Art at Örebro University. This also formed the theoretical framework for the First International PhD Conference held at Örebro University in June 2007.
The room and atmosphere as aspects of the meal: a review
Authors: Edwards John S. A. , Gustafsson Inga‐Britt
Published: September 2010

The consumption of food takes place within what can loosely be termed ‘the room’, although in reality, this could be a variety of settings, both indoors and outside. Aspects and features within that room contribute towards and make up the atmosphere, something that is relatively easy to appreciate but rather more difficult to quantify and describe. This review considers selected aspects under the headings of interior variables, background music and noise, and odour; layout and design variables, table layout and seating; and human variables, density and crowding, and social facilitation, which contribute towards the room's atmosphere. It is important to recognise and appreciate that other attributes, of similar if not of equal or more importance, also exist.
The influence of the room context in the meal experience: examples from a hospital and a nursery
Authors: Nyberg Maria , Grindland Berit
Published: September 2010

This paper assumes that the physical and social aspects of the space where meals are consumed impact upon the experience of those eating. Empirical material from a hospital in Sweden, combined with material from nurseries in Norway, was used to analyse two different room settings and their impact on the meal situation. The meals for the staff at the hospital, as well as for the children in the nurseries, were limited in time, as well as in place and with whom to co‐eat. The meals were located in rooms with a multitude of functions. Playing, learning, reading, planning and working are other activities competing with time, place and attention in the same room. The ideal meal is often described as a meal in peace and quiet. In the two empirical situations used here, the risk of chaos is always present. In the nurseries, the children may easily switch focus from the meal to the other things in the room. The crowded feeling at the hospital dining rooms is described as an obstacle to the often‐stated importance in a busy working environment: a calm meal during the break. This article focused on some aspects of how eating in a multifunctional room influences the way individuals sense and perceive the meal.
Key concepts towards a stance on gender in the restaurant
Authors: Jonsson Inger M. , Ekström Marianne Pipping , Nygren Tobias
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to examine how men and women behave together working in restaurants and how they cooperate with one another (both in the kitchen and in the dining room). An à la carte restaurant situated in one of the largest cities in Sweden was chosen for investigation. The project is an explorative ‘intensive field study’ using conversation and observation as the method of data compilation. The team met four employees for individual conversation: the owner, the restaurant manager, a chef and a waiter. Key concepts found towards understanding stance and cooperation among staff on the floor of the restaurant were mentorship, occupational nomenclature, working clothes, and expertise in food and wine. In our restaurant study, we met both positive and negative feelings among the staff. The rewards included the pleasure of working in a ‘fine restaurant’, moving among well‐known people and handling good food and fine wines, all status symbols for a life among the upper classes. Those who made for the hotel and restaurant area were on the hunt for the good life but were dependent on seasons, irregular working hours and insecure forms of employment which were difficult or impossible to combine with family life, and the work developed into a lifestyle. Several left the sector after a few strenuous years.
The importance of wine glasses for enhancing the meal experience from the perspectives of craft, design and science
Authors: Billing Mischa , Öström Åsa , Lagerbielke Erika
Published: September 2010

The Five Aspect Meal Model (FAMM) is a valuable tool for exploring the entirety of the meal. Factors within the model are interdependent, and each relates to different forms of knowledge such as science, practical production, aesthetics and ethics. The present paper explored the role of consciously designed artefacts in the dining room, especially wine glasses, and their importance for the meal experience from the perspective of sommelier craft, art and science. Knowledge and awareness of utensils are of importance during the process of preparing, planning and serving a meal. A glass is, in effect, an instrument for communicating wine to the human senses. Therefore, the design is an important part of the meal experience, and its effect in enhancing the meal can be evaluated using FAMM principles. By working consciously with design, greater guest satisfaction can be achieved and the meal experience can be enhanced.
Application of the meal environment as a tool to improve health?
Authors: Rapp Erika
Published: September 2010

The aim of this paper was to look into meal experiences with a focus on acceptance and satisfaction in institutional eating locations, primarily in the caring sector. The situation and the context have the ability to influence the acceptability of a meal, as well as the amount eaten. Context factors can be at least important in determining acceptance of food and beverage as sensory factors. Variables such as location, physical and social environment, expectations, description of foods and choice can have an impact on the acceptance of a meal. In addition, proper response to guests’ needs and requests can lead to satisfaction. Improvement of the atmosphere in the eating location during the meal has been shown to be a meaningful way to stabilize health and nutritional status, as well as having an impact on the energy intake in patients. When the food and beverage meets certain expectations, the room and the meeting can enhance the atmosphere, and therefore the entire quality of the meal experience.