bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The structure, Basic Contents, and Dynamics of the Unconscious in Analytical (Jungian) Psychology and Husserlian Phenomenology: Part Ii
Authors: Hopkins Burt C.
Published: July 2008

This paper offers both a phenomenologically psychological and a phenomenologically transcendental account of the constitution of the unconscious. Its phenomenologically psychological portion was published in the previous volume of this journal as Part I, while its phenomenologically transcendental portion is published here as Part II. Part I first clarified the issues involved in Husserl's differentiation of the respective contents and methodologies of psychological and transcendental phenomenology. On the basis of this clarification it showed that, in marked contrast to the prevailing approach to the unconscious in the phenomenological literature, an approach that focuses on the emotive and aesthetic factors (rooted in Freud's theory of repression) in the descriptive account of the constitution of an unconscious, there are cognitive factors (rooted in Jung's theory of apperception) that have yet to be descriptively accounted for by phenomenological psychology. Part I concluded with a phenomenologically psychological account of the role these cognitive factors play in the constitution of an unconscious. Part II shows how Jung's claims regarding a dimension of unconscious contents that lacks genealogical links to consciousness proper, i. e., the so-called "collective unconscious," can be phenomenologically accounted for if: (1) Jung's methodological differentiation of empirical and interpretative (hermeneutically phenomenological) approaches to the unconscious is attended to and; (2) such attention is guided by the phenomenologically transcendental critique of the emotive and aesthetic limitations of both the Freudian and heretofore Husserlian accounts of the descriptive genesis of something like an unconscious.
Th e pRivate Theater : a Phenomenological Investigation of Daydreaming
Authors: Morley James
Published: July 2008

This is an empirical phenomenological inquiry into everyday experiences of daydreaming. The theoretical literature was found to be deficient in accounting for the ambiguity inherent to the phenomenon and lacking in concrete empirical descriptions. This study's phenomenological method was implemented in response to a body of natural scientific studies utilizing methods that were found to be inadequate to the task of comprehending and understanding the lived subjective experience of the phenomenon. From five subject interviews and their subsequent analysis via the phenomenological method, the researcher was able to derive a general structural description of the experience of daydreaming. It was found that daydreaming is essentially the representation/enactment of a mood, the understanding of which is inseparable from the situated biographical project of the individual. As an act of consciousness it was described as a passive movement into two, distinct subject-world relationships, sustained by a directing-spectator position that is both detached and interfused with these two world relations. Details of these findings and their implications are discussed.
Th e origins of The journal of Phenomenological Psychology and Some Difficulties in Introducing Phenomenology Into Scientific Psychology
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo
Published: July 2008

A description of the founding of the Journal of Phenomenological Psychology and some of its vicissitudes during its first 25 years are described. Some of the difficulties the journal experienced are correlated with the minority status of phenomenological psychology in the world of psychology at large. Several factors are hypothesized to be the basis of Phenomenology's little impact on mainstream psychology: intrinsic difficulties in comprehending phenomenological philosophy, the fact that phenomenological psychology has not yet sufficiently diflerentiated itself from phenomenological philosophy; and mainstream psychology's clear non-openness to approaches that seem different to its established values.
Toward a Phenomenology of Domesticity: an Anthropological Exploration of the Place of Things in Daily Life
Authors: De Visscher Jacques , Jager David Hiroshi
Published: July 2008

The diverse things that surround us in our daily life become virtual extensions of our corporeal life. As such, they provide an important mediating role in our relationship to our social and natural environment. This careful descriptive study of household objects attempts to widen our psychological horizons. It also contributes significantly to our understanding of art and architecture.
La nuit inaugurale de Kitāb al-Imtā' wa-l-mu'ānasa d'Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī: une leçon magistrale d'adab
Authors: Natij Salah
Published: July 2008

Based on a commentary of the first night in Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī's Kitāb al-Imtā' wa-l-mu'ānasa, the purpose of this article is to show the essential place held by conversing speech (al-muhādata) in classical Arabic thought. In Arabic culture, conversation (hadīt) represents indeed both a dominant and epistemic paradigm and a generalized ethical-aesthetic frame of experiences: i. e. conversing speech works at the same time as a building factor of interacting contexts in which one can build sociability networks and fecund intellectual exchanges (muqābasa), as a cathartic action which frees the soul and purifies the mind, and as a sublimation and emancipation factor of the human being ('itq). Thus, the analysis of all these forms of conversing speech in the field of adab leads to two complementary conclusions : first, according to the cultural conception inherent in adab's anthropological vision, culture is not transmitted by heredity, but through relationship, interaction and contact between contemporary people. Second, the true adīb, like the vivid example which can be found in al-Tawhīdī's figure, is the one that can show one's ability to create and to deal with sociability and exchanges opportunities which enable contemporaries to fit into the actual contemporaneity fabric and to influence and improve each other's minds. En s'appuyant sur un commentaire du texte de la première nuit du Kitāb al-Imtā' wa-l-mu'ānasa d'Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī, cet article se propose de montrer la place primordiale qu'occupe la parole conversante (al-muhādata) dans la pensée arabe classique. La conversation, hadīt, constitue bien dans la culture arabe à la fois un paradigme épistémique dominant et un cadre généralisé d'expériences esthético-éthiques : la parole conversante fonctionne à la fois comme facteur de construction des contextes d'interaction au sein desquels se tissent les réseaux de sociabilité et d'échanges intellectuels fécondants (muqābasa), comme action cathartique qui libère l'âme et purifie l'esprit, comme facteur de sublimation et d'émancipation de la personne ('itq). Ainsi, l'analyse de toutes ces formes de manifestation de la parole conversante dans la champ de l'adab nous a permis d'aboutir à deux conclusions complémentaires : premièrement, selon la conception de la culture propre à la vision anthropologique inhérente au système de l'adab, la culture ne se transmet pas héréditairement, mais par fréquentation, interaction et contact entre personnes contemporaines. Deuxièmement, l'adīb véritable, tel que nous en avons un exemple vivant dans la figure d'al-Tawhīdī, est celui qui se montre capable de créer et prendre en charge les occasions de sociabilité et d'échanges permettant aux individus d'une même époque de s'insérer dans le tissu de la contemporanéité concrète et de s'influencer et se cultiver les uns les autres.
Bacdad Au IVe Siècle De L'Hégire (Xe Siècle De L'Ère Chrétienne)
Authors: Canard Marius
Published: July 2008

LE Xe siècle et le début du XIe (car notre exposé doit inévitablement déborder un peu sur le Xe siècle) sont pour Bagdàd une période de troubles politiques, religieux et sociaux qui, dans l'ensemble, portent un coup sérieux à la prospérité de la ville et à son rang dans le monde islamique. C'est au cours de cette époque que la capitale de l'empire islamique est devenue la capitale d'un État réduit la plupart du temps au Sawad du 'Irâq et qui, n'eût été la fiction califienne, car elle est le siège du califat qui l'auréole encore de son prestige, n'eût été la persistance des organes administratifs du passé, très déchus, la survivance d'une société aristocratique et bourgeoise héritière des gloires de l'époque antérieure, l'activité intellectuelle qui continuait à s'y exercer, n'aurait pas eu plus d'importance que les capitales des États secondaires créés par la désintégration de l'empire 'abbaside. À la fin du Xe siècle, une autre grande capitale islamique, le Caire, est en passe d'éclipser Bagdad, qui ne reste que de nom la grande ville du siècle précédent. Nous nous proposons d'examiner la vie politique, la vie religieuse et la vie sociale et économique de Bagdad en cette période et d'en tracer les principales étapes.
'Melodies to God': The Place of Music, Instruments and Dance in the Seventh Day Adventist Church in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe
Authors: Sibanda Fortune , Makahamadze Tompson
Published: July 2008

This paper examines the type of music played in the Seventh Day Adventist churches in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe. Although the Seventh Day Adventist Church in general allows the use of instruments and dance in worship, the Seventh day Adventist churches in Masvingo condemns such practices. Their music is essentially a capella. The paper contends that such a stance perpetuates the early missionary attitude that tended to denigrate African cultural elements in worship. It is argued in this paper that instrumental music and dance enriches African spirituality and that the Seventh Day Adventist Churches in Masvingo should incorporate African instruments and dance to a certain extent if they are to make significant impact on the indigenous people. It advocates mission by translation as opposed to mission by diffusion.
The (Un-)translatability of Religions? Ricœurs Linguistic Hospitality as Model for Inter-religious Dialogue
Authors: Moyaert Marianne
Published: July 2008

The contemporary theology of inter-religious dialogue is marked by a debate between pluralism on the one hand and post-liberal particularism on the other. According to the first, religious identity implies an openness for religious otherness. Post-liberal particularists, in contrast, draw attention to the value of identity. What matters in the context of plurality is to show more commitment and to stress the particularity of the irreducible difference between the religious languages. From this perspective post-liberal particularism claims an untranslatability of religions. This claim appears to construct a serious barrier within the dialogue between religions. Recently, this discussion between pluralists and post-liberalists has reached an impasse. In this article I set out to give this impasse a new turn. With this view in mind, I am inspired by Ricœur's latest publication On Translation (2006), which is dedicated to the enigma of linguistic diversity and the question of the (un-)translatability of languages. Beyond the mesmerizing discussion concerning the theoretical possibility or impossibility of translation, Ricœur states that the appropriate attitude of a translator is one of linguistic hospitality. Ricœur suggests that this linguistic hospitality can model for inter-religious dialogue. However, he does not elaborate on this thought and challenges others to think through his suggestion. In this article I gladly accept this challenge, hoping that this will throw new light on the current discussion between pluralists and post-liberal particularists. In line with Ricœur's position, I argue that religious languages are not untranslatable and that inter-religious dialogue is possible, provided that the ethical posture of hermeneutical hospitality for the religious other is adopted.
Discrete Model of Fabric Yarn ‐ Deflection and Stability Analysis
Authors: Ben Boubaker Bilel , Haussy Bernard , Ganghoffer Jean‐François
Published: July 2008

The paper addresses the issue of the modelling of the mechanical behaviour of yarns using a massspring system of discrete elements. For this purpose, the yarn is discretized into straight, elastic bars modelled by stretching springs which are connected at frictionless hinges by rotational springs. Shear springs are used, in order to model the shearing stiffness of the yarn. An energy study is conducted, taking into account the various strain energy contributions of the yarn and the work of the external forces. From the energy expression, a stability analysis is performed, relying on the Dirichlet‐Lagrange stability criterion. The effects of boundary conditions as well as the heterogeneity of the nodes’ rigidity are analysed. The equilibrium shapes of the structure, submitted to its own weight, are obtained as shapes associated to the minimum of the total potential energy versus the whole set of kinematic translational and rotational variables. The obtained results show that the effects of boundary conditions and heterogeneity of the yarn’s rigidity on the stability of the structure are important.
Thermomechanical Intereactions in Porous Generalized Thermoelastic Material Permeated with Heat Sources
Authors: Kumar Rajneesh , Devi Savita
Published: July 2008

The Laplace and Fourier transforms have been employed to find the general solution to the fields equations in porous generalized thermoelastic medium subjected to thermomechanical boundary conditions permeated with various heat sources; in the transformed form. On the boundary surface, the distributed sources have been taken. To get the solution in the physical form, a numerical inversion technique has been used. The effect of continuous and moving heat sources with the thermomechanical boundary conditions; and the response of boundary sources (concentrated and continuous) with heat source varying with depth; on the normal stress component, change in volume fraction field and temperature distribution have been depicted graphically for a particular model. A particular case is also deduced from the present formulation.
Static Indentation Response of H30 Foam ‐ an Experimental and Computational Study
Authors: Rizov V. , Mladensky A.
Published: July 2008

This article presents an approach for assessing the damage resistance of H30 rigid foam subjected to local static loading. The main goal of the experimental part of this paper is to obtain the loaddisplacement response of foam beam specimens under static indentation by steel cylindrical indentors for both loading (indentation) and unloading stages. The instant residual dent magnitude is also measured in the testing. The nonlinear character of the mechanical behavior and the formation of a residual dent (after unloading) are attributed to local crushing of the foam in the zone directly under the indentation area. A visual inspection of a lateral surface of the foam specimens after indentation tests revealed that the local damage underneath the indentor consists of crushed and highly compacted foam, while the rest of the specimen is almost undeformed. A two‐dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate the static indentation response using the ABAQUS computer code. No overall bending of the foam specimens is assumed. The finite element modeling procedure takes into account both physical and geometrical non‐linearities. In order to simulate the plastic part of the response, the model employs the *CRUSHABLE FOAM and *CRUSHABLE FOAM HARDENING options. The modeling procedure is capable of analyzing indentation as well as unloading of foam beam specimens. Thus, the instant residual dent can be predicted. Results generated by this model exhibit good correlation with indentation tests data, thus substantiating its validity.
The Effects of Frictionless/Frictional Contact Boundary Conditions in Finite Element Modeling of Mandibular Fractures
Authors: Caraveo Victor , Lovald Scott , Khraishi Tariq , Wagner Jon , Baack Bret
Published: July 2008

Finite element (FE) modeling of the human dentate mandible is the method of choice currently used for simulating structural fracture analyses in the mandibular region. A finite element model of a parasymphyseal fracture with an internal rigid fixation plate‐screw system has been developed to compare the effects of including frictionless/frictional contact boundary conditions at the fracture site. It is common practice to ignore contact boundary conditions in FE modeling of mandibular fractures due to the non‐linearities causing increased computational requirements. The stress distributions and displacements of the mandibular fracture region indicate a significant difference resulting from the introduction of realistic contact boundary conditions. These current findings suggest that even though the modeling of extreme situations, i.e. non‐contact modeling of unhealed fractures, may provide insight to non‐union problems, future mandibular fracture models should include frictional contact boundary conditions. This is in order to capture more realistic behavior of the system to be analyzed.
Decreasing Incidence of Critical Limb Ischemia after Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation
Authors: Dick Petra , Mlekusch Wolfgang , Delle-Karth Georg , Nikfardjam Mariam , Schillinger Martin , Heinz Gottfried
Published: July 2008

The authors investigated the incidence of critical limb ischemia (CLI) in 187 patients with intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support during a 6-year study period and determined risk factors and long-term outcome (median 5 years) after discharge from a cardiac intensive care unit. Cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction was the predominant cause of IABP support. CLI occurred in 10% of the patients after IABP implantation. Nevertheless, in light of the overall high mortality in this patient population, CLI seems not a primary concern. Furthermore, its incidence significantly decreased during recent years. Duration of IABP support was a significant predictor for CLI.
Promoter Polymorphism of Interleukin-18 in Angiographically Proven Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Liu Wenwei , Tang Qizhu , Jiang Hua , Ding Xiangwu , Liu Yongsheng , Zhu Rui , Tang Yongqian , Li Bin , Wei Min
Published: July 2008

Interleukin 18 (IL–18) is a pro-atherogenic cytokine associated with the occurrence of various cardiac complications. The IL–18 gene has a functional −137 G/C polymorphism (rs187238) in the promoter region. Using the ligase detection reaction-polymerase chain reaction, we genotyped a cohort of patients in Chinese Han population in Xiangfan region. Case patients of coronary artery disease and control patients were identified by coronary angiography. The plasma IL–18 concentrations were measured by ELISA. A significant increase of G allele or GG-genotype was observed in 241 case patients compared to 145 control individuals (frequency of G allele = 0.90 vs 0.83, p=0.004; frequency of GG-genotype = 0.81 vs 0.68, p = 0.005). In case patients, G allele carriers in multi-vessel disease patients had a higher occurrence rate when compared to single-vessel disease patients, but no significant difference was detected (frequency of G allele = 0.92 vs 0.88, p=0.107; frequency of GG-genotype = 0.84 vs 0.75, p = 0.089). IL–18 protein concentration of the −137GG genotype was much higher than concentration of the CG and CC genotype (case patients: 229.1±131.5 vs 122.7±73.6 pg/ml, P < 0.001; control patients: 65.9±31.6 vs 42.4±19.5 pg/ml, P < 0.001). To conclude, IL–18 promoter −137G/C polymorphism influences IL–18 levels and the occurrence of coronary artery disease, suggesting that IL–18 is causally involved in the development of atherosclerosis.
Congenital Central Alveolar Hypoventilation Syndrome (Ondine's Curse) With Survival Into Adulthood
Authors: Liess Benjamin D. , Dost Jamie S. , Templer Jerry W. , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: July 2008

Ondine's curse or central alveolar hypoventilation (CCAH) syndrome is a disorder of the autonomic nervous system resulting in respiratory dysregulation. The clinical outcome is typically poor, with few individuals living into adulthood and even fewer surviving to adulthood with normal neurological function. Our patient initially presented following an uncomplicated delivery with hypotonia, poor respiratory effort, and hypoxemia that required ventilatory support. Laboratory workup, radiographic evaluation, and ancillary testing ruled out brain stem lesions, neuromuscular diseases, cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, and metabolic disorders, resulting in a diagnosis of CCAH syndrome. The patient underwent tracheotomy and chronic ventilatory support. Close long-term management and appropriate treatment modifications have provided for an excellent outcome and good quality of life. The patient is currently 22 years old and is earning her teaching degree for K-12 art education. A combination of early recognition and a multidisciplinary approach may lead to a successful outcome in patients with CCAH syndrome.
Food Refusal as an Unusual Presentation in a Toddler With Duodenal Web
Authors: Karnsakul Wikrom , Gillespie Stacey , Cannon Mary L. , Kumar Tarun
Published: July 2008

Duodenal web most commonly presents with a history of vomiting and failure to thrive in the early infancy period. This study reports on a child who had an initial presentation of feeding intolerance and rare nonbilious emesis. The unusual presentation of food refusal directed the investigation to an upper endoscopy to look for evidence of gastrointestinal mucosal disease such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, and food allergy including celiac disease. The finding of duodenal web with a central aperture was unexpected but explains the mild degree of her gastrointestinal symptoms.
Narcissism and Social Networking Web Sites
Authors: Buffardi Laura E. , Campbell W. Keith
Published: July 2008

The present research examined how narcissism is manifested on a social networking Web site (i.e., Facebook.com). Narcissistic personality self-reports were collected from social networking Web page owners. Then their Web pages were coded for both objective and subjective content features. Finally, strangers viewed the Web pages and rated their impression of the owner on agentic traits, communal traits, and narcissism. Narcissism predicted (a) higher levels of social activity in the online community and (b) more self-promoting content in several aspects of the social networking Web pages. Strangers who viewed the Web pages judged more narcissistic Web page owners to be more narcissistic. Finally, mediational analyses revealed several Web page content features that were influential in raters' narcissistic impressions of the owners, including quantity of social interaction, main photo self-promotion, and main photo attractiveness. Implications of the expression of narcissism in social networking communities are discussed.
I'm Hot, So I'd Say You're Not: The Influence of Objective Physical Attractiveness on Mate Selection
Authors: Montoya R. Matthew
Published: July 2008

Four studies investigated the importance of objective and subjective attributes to mate selection. This research tested whether perceivers' objective physical attractiveness influenced how they evaluated the physical attractiveness of others and, if considered, may provide a parsimonious account for matching in mate selection. Study 1 (N = 102) demonstrated that ratings of targets' attractiveness decreased as perceivers' objective physical attractiveness increased. Studies 2 (N = 89) and 3 (N = 68) revealed that as perceivers' objective physical attractiveness increased, reductions in expected satisfaction and rejection were mediated by perceivers' reduced assessments of targets' attractiveness. Study 4 (N = 114) produced patterns of matching by finding that attractive perceivers expected to date more attractive targets while unattractive perceivers expected to date less attractive targets. This research emphasizes the importance of objective physical attractiveness to target evaluations and describes how matching results from the combined influence of objective and subjective attributes.
The effects of headings in information mapping on search speed and evaluation of a brief health education text
Authors: Kools Marieke , Ruiter Robert A.C. , van de Wiel Margaretha W.J. , Kok Gerjo
Published: July 2008

The accessibility of written information becomes an increasingly relevant issue in today's information-dense society. Although headings are generally known to signal textual content and thus aid access, it remains unclear how frequently headings should be used for optimal document use. Information Mapping© is a text writing method that systematically splits up text in chunks accompanied by headings. The present paper presents a study in which a print health education document was varied systematically in accordance with the Information Mapping method, to examine the effects of heading frequency and information order on participants' search speed and their evaluation of the text layout. Results showed that the presence of headings in a text indeed contributed to easier access in the search tasks. Although no differences in search speed were found with varying numbers of headings in the text, some subjective opinions were in favour of the version with most headings. The different information order of the Information Mapping text had no effect.
A conceptual analysis of semantic conflicts in pan-European e-government services
Authors: Peristeras Vassilios , Loutas Nikolaos , Goudos Sotirios K. , Tarabanis Konstantinos
Published: July 2008

This paper presents research in Pan-European Public Services (PEPS) and Pan-European E-Government Services (PEGS). We examine different types of semantic interoperability issues that may arise when actors, information and services from different Member States (MS) need to cooperate and/or interoperate during the public service provision process. The semantic conflict types that arise in these cases are identified and classified according to a typology that is based on the combination of a known classification for semantic conflicts and domain specific concepts from the Governance Enterprise Architecture object model. This conceptual modelling describes and organizes the problem space, documents the requirements and can thus provide the basis for engineering solutions to resolve the identified conflicts.
Testing a decision-theoretic approach to the evaluation of information retrieval systems
Authors: Wang Ye Diana , Forgionne Guisseppi
Published: July 2008

With information overload a real problem, especially on the Internet, there has been much interest in developing effective and efficient information retrieval (IR) systems. The various information retrieval approaches will require accurate evaluation to justify the requisite substantial development and implementation investment. Recently, a comprehensive and integrated evaluation model has been proposed and illustrated. By analyzing the evaluation measures using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the model transforms IR evaluation into a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem, which assesses both the IR outcome and the interactive IR process. This paper extends that research by refining the evaluation model and by testing the research question through mathematical testing and simulation. The tests confirm the need to include both process and outcome criteria in any IR evaluation and prove the superiority of the proposed decision-theoretic approach over the traditional evaluation methodologies that focus on the IR outcome alone.
Evaluation of factors influencing knowledge sharing based on a fuzzy AHP approach
Authors: Lin Hsiu-Fen , Lee Hsuan-Shih , Da Wei Wang
Published: July 2008

Although previous studies have identified various factors that facilitate knowledge sharing, the relative importance of these factors has not been empirically determined. The purpose of this study is to propose an evolution model that integrates triangular fuzzy numbers and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to develop a fuzzy evaluation model which prioritizes the relative weights of the factors influencing knowledge sharing. A literature review and factor analysis are performed, generating 16 attributes related to four dimensions affecting knowledge sharing. Then, a fuzzy AHP approach is adopted to determine the relative weights linking the four dimensions with the 16 evaluated attributes. Finally, an empirical case from the Taiwanese shipping industry is used to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The results not only provide a fuzzy evaluation model for calculation of the relative importance of these influences on knowledge sharing, but can also help managers focus on the most important factors and identify the best policy for promoting knowledge sharing.
Standard parameters for searching behaviour in search engines and their empirical evaluation
Authors: Hochstotter Nadine , Koch Martina
Published: July 2008

Search engines have become the most important medium for Internet users to find pages on the web. They help customers to decrease their information overload, and enhance the sales of commercial web sites in different ways. For these reasons, the exploration of and changes in (human) online searching behaviour has become a subject of particular importance. This paper will help search engine and web site administrators and developers to monitor online searching behaviour properly and to derive strategies from the information gained. We define standard parameters against which search engines can be measured and compared. These parameters also reflect the online searching behaviour of search engine users. Therefore, an overview of studies conducted in the last few years is given. Statistics used in different papers are compared to extract standard parameters for online searching behaviour. In the next step, search queries from four different search engines covering periods of between 10 and 13 months are compared using these parameters. Using an automatic process, we retrieved around 99% of all search queries from three different search engine live tickers. For the first time, different data sets over a long period are compared. We observe that some patterns stay stable in a number of different search engines, and shed light on patterns that shorter analyses could not adequately examine. Our observations do not support the assumption that web search has become more business driven. For this reason, we introduce the concept of evergreens in search queries. One implication is that search engines should simplify web search interfaces for users since Boolean operators and special search features are rarely used. We also present the evergreen topics in search queries.
Challenge to the Production of Fine Wood—Plastic Injection Molded Composites
Authors: Jafarian Jam Nathan , Hossein Behravesh Amir
Published: July 2008

This paper presents an experimental investigation on injection molding of wood-plastic composites where the wood constituents are very fine in size (below 50 micron). Moisture and water absorption, MFI values, and shrinkage values were also measured for various wood contents from 40% to 70%. The results indicated that the moisture content is highly increased when adding wood content to 70%. MFI measurement also exhibited a very large drop when adding wood content from 60% to 70%. The prediction was that the conventional injection molding of the composites with 70% content of very fine wood particles would be highly challenging. The experiments in molding process revealed that while modification of sprue design and increasing mold temperature could enhance mold filling for wood contents up to 60%, but for the composite of 70% wood content, the mold filling was incomplete.
Dynamic Simulation of Fusion Process and Analysis of Flow Field
Authors: Supei Zheng  , Jie Ouyang  , Ling Zhang  , Hongping Zhang
Published: July 2008

The level set/ghost method for weldlines in the filling stage of injection molding is introduced in this article. The algorithm is based on non-isothermal, incompressible, generalized Hele-Shaw flow of a viscous fluid. The physical controlling equation systems are numerically simulated by the general finite difference scheme. Tzhe level set/ghost method accurately and efficiently captures the location and shape of the weldlines, whose controlling equations are discretized by the fifth order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme in space and by the total variation differencing Runge Kutta (TVD-RK) method in time. As a result, the fusion process of weldlines is simulated accurately and the analysis of flow field is given correctly. Examples verify the proposed methodology.
Numerical Simulations of Residual Stresses and Warpage in Injection Molding
Authors: Fen Liu  , Huamin Zhou  , Dequin Li
Published: July 2008

The dimension stability and mechanical performance of injection molded products can be improved by predicting and optimizing residual stresses and warpage during processing. Numerical simulations of residual stresses and warpage were undertaken upon the characteristics of injection molding. A linear thermoviscoelastic model was adopted to simulate thermally and pressure induced residual stresses in amorphous polymer parts. The numerical calculation was carried out by the finite difference method in the time and layer discretization in the thickness direction, combined with multiple boundary conditions during different molding stages. A finite element model formed by combining the membrane element and a bending element was employed in the warpage simulation. A modified flat model was proposed based on surface mesh, which avoided the deficiencies of traditional flat models. Simulation results were compared with experimental data for validation of the developed program. It was found that the numerical simulations and corresponding software could be effective in enhancing the quality of products and productivity.
Development of Load Coupler Profiles of Spar Wingskin Joints with Improved Performance for Integral Structural Construction of Aircraft Wings
Authors: Panigrahi S.K. , Pradhan B.
Published: July 2008

Three-dimensional non-linear finite element analyses (FEA) have been carried out to evaluate the stresses in a variety of adhesively bonded laminated fiber reirforced polymeric (FRP) composite spar wingskin joint (SWJ) concepts, viz. triangular, circular, elliptical, and modified elliptical load coupler profiles. Both in-plane and out-of-plane stress variations on different surfaces of the wingskin have been evaluated. These are in good agreement with the experimental results available in the literature. Coupled stress failure criteria have been used to determine the locations of onset of delamination induced damages. The critical locations for onset of delamination induced damages in the wingskin are at the transition points where the spar changes its orientation from horizontal to inclined. Also, it is found that by varying the aspect ratios of the adhesive core (ratio of base to height) a significant effect on the joint strength could be realized. Joint strengths have been predicted through the application of Tsai—Wu failure criteria. It is recommended not to use triangular adhesive core profiles in the SWJ and never to use triangular adhesive core profiles with aspect ratio b/h ≤ 1.0. SWJ with circular or elliptical profiles of the adhesive core are preferred over triangular profiles. The SWJ with modified elliptical adhesive core profile with b/h=1.5 has been found to be the most suitable.
Vertical Centrifugal Casting of Aluminum Matrix Particle Reinforced Composites
Authors: Sarkar S. , Lohar A.K. , Panigrahi S.C.
Published: July 2008

Centrifugal casting of composites gives rise to a certain distribution of reinforcement particles due to the natural liquid flow and solidification pattern. The particle rich regions are strongly influenced by rotational speed of the mold, particle size, relative density difference between particles and melt, initial pouring temperature, initial mold temperature, and by the nature of the particles added [1—3]. In the present work zirconia, silicon carbide, and ilmenite particles have been added to an aluminum—magnesium alloy and cast using a vertical centrifugal casting machine. The particle distribution and the resultant hardness variation have been analyzed. The particles are invariably associated with porosity. In the case of ilmenite particles, there is extensive reaction with the liquid metal. The combined effect of vol % of particles, porosity, and extent of reaction gives rise to a complex hardness variation. There is a substantial increase in hardness with particle addition. The particles tend to concentrate at the middle of the casting.
Finite Element Buckling Analyses of Transversely Stiffened Orthotropic Rectangular Thin Plates under Shear Loads
Authors: Sanal Özgür , Günay Ezgi
Published: July 2008

In this study, finite element buckling analyses of transversely stiffened isotropic and orthotropic rectangular thin plates under shear loads are presented. Eigenvalue buckling analysis is used to predict critical buckling loads of mild steel and Boron—Aluminium MMC composite stiffened plates with different fiber orientations by using ANSYS. A simply supported boundary condition is applied through the edges of the plates and uniformly distributed shear loads are given to edge nodes. It is demonstrated that by adding more transverse rectangular stiffeners which are made of the same material with the plate, critical buckling stress of the plates increases linearly. The failure tests of unstiffened Boron—Aluminium plates were performed according to Tsai-Hill failure criteria.
Preparation and Characterization of Poly Acrylic Acid-Locust Bean Gum
Authors: Mahmoud Rabab Ismail
Published: July 2008

Polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) with native locust bean gum (LBG) was carried out with the use of the peroxydiphosphate (PDP)/Fe2+(FAS) redox initiation system. The factors affecting the efficiency of the redox system and the polymerization process were studied. These factors included the concentration of AA, PDP, FAS, duration of reaction, and polymerization temperature. The polymerization reaction was studied with respect to percentage of total conversion (TC), whereas the resultant polymerization product (i.e., composite) was analyzed for the polymer yield. The latter refers to the percentages of the graft yield (GY), the graft efficiency (GE), homopolymer (HP) and total conversion (TC). The apparent viscosity of the composite at different rates of shear was also examined. The characteristic of the grafted product was evaluated by thermal decomposition TGA in the temperature range (0—700°C). Tentative mechanisms, including different chemical events that can occur thoughout the whole course of polymerization process, are reported.
Investigation of the Weldline Strength of Injection Molded Nylon 6 Nanocomposite
Authors: Chen Shia-Chung , Li Hai-Mei , Su Pao-Lin , Hu Chin-Shing
Published: July 2008

Nylon 6 nanocomposite is usually comprised of montmorillonite-containing silicate layers with good mechanical properties and processability, which have attracted a great deal of interest from researchers. Yet, systematic researches and reports on weldline strength of thin-wall injection molded nano-PA6 parts are still insufficient. This study investigates the influence of processing conditions on the weldline strength of thin-wall Nylon 6 nanocomposite parts. The relevant parameters include melt temperature, mold temperature, packing pressure, and flow rate. Tensile tests on specimens of different thicknesses (1.0 and 2.5 mm) are conducted. Comparisons of tensile strength for single-gate molded specimens (without weldline) with those of double-gate molded specimens (with weldline) are presented. From the experimental results, it was found that weldline specimens molded at faster injection speed and higher packing pressure would result in better mechanical strengths. Effects of melt temperature and mold temperature on weldline strength depend on specimen thickness (1.0 or 2.0 mm). Lower melt temperature and lower mold temperature have positive effects on weldline strength of 1.0 mm thickness parts while lower mold temperature has a negative effect on that of 2.5 mm thickness parts. In addition, part thickness also exhibits significant effect on weldline strength. A regression analysis combined with fitting model seems to correlate process conditions and weldline strength reduction quite well.
Reflections of an Online Geographic Information Systems Course Based on Open Source Software
Authors: Schweik Charles M. , Fernandez Maria T. , Hamel Michael P. , Kashwan Prakash , Lewis Quentin , Stepanov Alexander
Published: July 2008

This article summarizes the experience of offering an online introductory course on geographic information systems (GIS) that utilizes available free/libre and open source software (FOSS). Two primary objectives are to (a) reach students in developing countries and (b) to help move forward the development of an open-content GIS curriculum as part of the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo; OSGeo.org) educational effort. Course design, key software (QGIS, GRASS, PostgreSQL//PostGIS), and online delivery methods are described. Results and factors leading to a low course-completion rate are discussed. Contributing factors include (a) a for-credit versus no-credit decision and (b) technical issues. Recommendations for others considering online offerings and for the OSGeo educational effort are provided.
Sustainable Development, Systems Thinking and Professional Practice
Authors: Martin Stephen
Published: July 2008

This article explores the impact of the sustainable development (SD) agenda on the occupational and professional needs of those who have undergone educational and training programmes in the environmental field either at the undergraduate or the postgraduate level or through relevant professional institutions’ continuing professional development programmes. It also describes a one-day workshop for the professions on sustainable development based on systems thinking and practice. The workshop provides a model for developing greater understanding and effective action in professional practices by using dialogue and interprofessional learning to explore approaches to sustainability in a variety of business and professional contexts. It introduces the principles underpinning the concept of sustainability and provides tools to support the integration of SD into professional practices and organisational change.
Sustainability Education's Gift
Authors: Williams Dilafruz
Published: July 2008

The crisis of sustainability can be linked to the traditional forms of schooling driven by mechanistic and technocratic worldviews. Progressing to a more sustainable world requires a fundamental shift in the framework of formal education—its structure, content and process—to include principles of systems thinking and holistic learning. A case study from the United States draws upon the Learning Gardens model in Portland, Oregon, where students in kindergarten through eighth grades are learning to grow, harvest and cook food based within a curricular and instructional framework that is multicultural, interdisciplinary, intergenerational and multisensory. Students’ writings reflect that they are learning in patterns and relationships a critical aspect of sustainability education's gift.
Palliative Care in Japan: Current Status and a Nationwide Challenge to Improve Palliative Care by the Cancer Control Act and the Outreach Palliative Care Trial of Integrated Regional Model (OPTIM) Study
Authors: Yamagishi Akemi , Morita Tatsuya , Miyashita Mitsunori , Akizuki Nobuya , Kizawa Yoshiyuki , Shirahige Yutaka , Akiyama Miki , Kei Hirai  , Kudo Tadashi , Yamaguchi Takuhiro , Fukushima Asuka , Eguchi Kenji
Published: July 2008

Palliative care is an essential part of integrated cancer treatment. To improve palliative care throughout Japan, a nationwide demonstration project, the Outreach Palliative Care Trial of Integrated Regional Model (OPTIM) study, is ongoing. This article reviews the current status and the problems of palliative care in Japan and introduces the OPTIM study. Although the number of palliative care services is increasing, empirical evidence shows the quality of life of cancer patients is still inadequate. The OPTIM study is an intervention trial targeting 4 areas across Japan. Primary end points are quality of care reported by patients as well as the bereaved family, number of patients who received specialized palliative care services, and place of death. The interventions are comprehensively designed to cover all areas identified by the national task force. The OPTIM study will contribute to improve patients' quality of life by proposing a regional palliative care model suitable for Japan.
Impact of Education and Support on the Tolerability and Quality of Life in a Cohort of HIV-1 Infected Patients Treated With Enfuvirtide (SURCOUF Study)
Authors: Allavena Clotilde , Prazuck Thierry , Reliquet Véroniquer , Verdon Renaud , Perré Philippe , Le Moal Gwenael , Billaud Eric , Raffi François
Published: July 2008

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life and the intensity of the injection site reactions during the first 6 months of treatment with enfuvirtide according to the counseling and training provided by nurses and physicians. In this prospective, 6-month cohort, 61 HIV-1 infected adult patients starting enfuvirtide have been included. At baseline, 82% of the patients have either read information documents (23%) or received counseling (59%); 18% were self-injectors, 27.8% had a dual disposition (self-injector + third person), and 49.2% were injected by a third person. At month 6, among the 43 patients still on enfuvirtide, 59% have had no change in injection disposition, and 52% have the dual disposition. Quality of life and enfuvirtide acceptance improved during 6 months. With adequate education and choice of injection dispositions, treatment with enfuvirtide can lead to quality-of-life improvements.
Macrosegregation in Cu–30Ni welds made with dissimilar filler metals
Authors: Yang Y. K. , Kou S.
Published: July 2008

To study macrosegregation in arc welds made with filler metals different (dissimilar) from the workpiece in composition, gas metal arc welding of alloy Cu–30Ni was conducted. With a pure Cu filler metal, a large filler rich zone was observed near the weld bottom with islands of partially mixed base metal scattered in the zone well within the fusion boundary. With a pure Ni filler metal, on the other hand, a large filler rich zone was again observed near the weld bottom but with filler rich intrusions penetrating into a thick continuous filler deficient beach along the fusion boundary. These results were explained based on two mechanisms proposed recently by the authors for macrosegregation near the bottoms of dissimilar filler welds, i.e. mechanism 3 for TLWTLB, where TLW is the liquidus temperature of the weld metal and TLB that of the base metal.
Application of grey relational analysis to determine welding parameters for Nd:YAG laser GMA hybrid welding of aluminium alloy
Authors: Kim H. R. , Park Y. W. , Lee K. Y.
Published: July 2008

Grey relational analysis is carried out to develop a new approach for optimization of Nd:YAG laser and gas metal arc hybrid welding parameters. The qualities of a welded material depend on various welding parameters. The parameters chosen for the current study include wire type, shielding gas, laser power, laser focus, travelling speed and wire feedrate. The welding experiments are performed on 6K21-T4 Al alloy sheet which are mostly used in automotive industries. The ultimate tensile stress, the bead width, and the penetration are chosen as the criterion for optimising the welding parameters. The method based on an orthogonal array following Taguchi's recommendation is adopted in the present study. Based on the results of grey relational analysis, a set of optimal welding parameters are obtained. The results show that the optimal welding parameters determined by the grey relational analysis are much improved compared to those from the preliminary set of experimental parameters.