bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XML-based IUPAC standard for experimental, predicted, and critically evaluated thermodynamic property data storage and capture (ThermoML) (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)
Authors: Frenkel Michael , Chiroco Robert D. , Diky Vladimir , Dong Qian , Marsh Kenneth N. , Dymond John H. , Wakeham William A. , Stein Stephen E. , Königsberger Erich , Goodwin Anthony R. H.
Published: March 2006

ThermoML is an Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based new IUPAC standard for storage and exchange of experimental, predicted, and critically evaluated thermophysical and thermochemical property data. The basic principles, scope, and description of all structural elements of ThermoML are discussed. ThermoML covers essentially all thermodynamic and transport property data (more than 120 properties) for pure compounds, multicomponent mixtures, and chemical reactions (including change-of-state and equilibrium reactions). Representations of all quantities related to the expression of uncertainty in ThermoML conform to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). The ThermoMLEquation schema for representation of fitted equations with ThermoML is also described and provided as supporting information together with specific formulations for several equations commonly used in the representation of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties. The role of ThermoML in global data communication processes is discussed. The text of a variety of data files (use cases) illustrating the ThermoML format for pure compounds, mixtures, and chemical reactions, as well as the complete ThermoML schema text, are provided as supporting information.
JCAMP-DX for electron magnetic resonance (EMR) (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)
Authors: Cammack Richard , Fann Yang , Lancashire Robert J. , Maher John P. , McIntyre Peter S. , Morse Reef
Published: March 2006

In this document, we define a data exchange format initially formulated from discussions of an International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) limited-term task group at the 35th Royal Society of Chemistry-ESR conference in Aberdeen 2002. The definition of this format is based on the IUPAC Joint Committee on Atomic and Molecular Physical Data Exchange (JCAMPDX) protocols, which were developed for the exchange of infrared spectra and extended to chemical structures, nuclear magnetic resonance data, mass spectra, and ion mobility spectra. This standard of the JCAMP-DX was further extended to cover year 2000 compatible date strings and good laboratory practice, and the next release will cover the information needed for storing n-dimensional data sets. The aim of this paper is to adapt JCAMP-DX to the special requirements for electron magnetic resonance (EMR).
Uncertainty estimation and figures of merit for multivariate calibration (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Olivieri Alejandro C. , Faber Nicolaas M. , Ferré Joan , Boqué Ricard , Kalivas John H. , Mark Howard
Published: March 2006

This paper gives an introduction to multivariate calibration from a chemometrics perspective and reviews the various proposals to generalize the well-established univariate methodology to the multivariate domain. Univariate calibration leads to relatively simple models with a sound statistical underpinning. The associated uncertainty estimation and figures of merit are thoroughly covered in several official documents. However, univariate model predictions for unknown samples are only reliable if the signal is sufficiently selective for the analyte of interest. By contrast, multivariate calibration methods may produce valid predictions also from highly unselective data. A case in point is quantification from near-infrared (NIR) spectra. With the ever-increasing sophistication of analytical instruments inevitably comes a suite of multivariate calibration methods, each with its own underlying assumptions and statistical properties. As a result, uncertainty estimation and figures of merit for multivariate calibration methods has become a subject of active research, especially in the field of chemometrics.
Pathogenicity of Vietnamese Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Strains in Colostrum-deprived One-day-old Piglets
Authors: Do T. N. , Wilkie I. , Driesen S. J. , Fahy V. A. , Trott D. J.
Published: March 2006

Preweaning colibacillosis is a major cause of economic loss to the swine industry in Vietnam. The aim of this study was to examine the enteropathogenicity of representative enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains obtained during an earlier epidemiologic survey conducted in five provinces in North Vietnam. This included isolates belonging to serotype O8 that produced heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins but did not produce any of the recognized fimbriae (F4, F5, F6, F41, F18). In vitro hemagglutination (unique mannose-resistant hemagglutination activity with guinea pig, sheep, human, and chicken red blood cells at 37°C, but not at 18°C) and enterocyte brush border attachment assays suggested that the F-ETEC strains produced an unidentified colonization factor that promoted adherence to the intestinal epithelium. Colostrum-deprived 1-day-old piglets challenged with an F-strain (1-2 × 109 bacteria) developed acute watery diarrhea within 4 hours of inoculation and suffered up to 20% weight loss, with comparable severity to piglets challenged with conventional F4 and F5 strains. At necropsy, viable counts and histopathologic examination of intestinal sections demonstrated colonization of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum by F4-positive strains. In comparison, the F- and F5-positive strains attached exclusively to the ileum. Transmission electron micrographs of negatively stained F- cells grown at 37°C demonstrated the presence of fimbriae. These results confirm the presence of a potentially new pathogenic ETEC fimbrial type in piggeries in Vietnam, with a unique hemagglutination property and attachment characteristics similar to ETEC bearing F5 fimbriae.
Expression of Mx Protein and Interferon-α in Pigs Experimentally Infected with Swine Influenza Virus
Authors: Jung K. , Chae C.
Published: March 2006

Expression of Mx protein and interferon-α (IFN-α) was examined by immunohistochemistry in pigs experimentally infected with swine influenza virus. In infected pigs euthanatized at 1 day postinoculation (dpi), the lumen of bronchioles were filled with large numbers of mononuclear cells, small numbers of neutrophils, sloughing epithelial cells, and proteinaceous fluid. Lesions at 3 and 5 dpi were similar but less severe. Alveolar spaces were filled with neutrophils. By 7 and 10 dpi, microscopic lesions were resolved. The immunohistochemical signals for Mx protein and IFN-α antigen were confined to cells in areas that had hybridization signal for swine influenza virus. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry of serial sections of lung indicated that areas containing numerous swine influenza virus RNA-positive cells also have numerous Mx and IFN-α antigen-positive cells. Mean immunohistochemical scores for Mx protein-positive cells were correlated with mean immunohistochemical scores for IFN-α antigen-positive cells ( rs = 0.8799, p < 0.05). These results indicated that Mx protein and IFN-α antigen were expressed in the lung from pigs experimentally infected with swine influenza virus, but their biological functions remain to be examined.
Giant Cell Osteosarcoma in the Calvarium of a Cat
Authors: Negrin A. , Bernardini M. , Diana A. , Castagnaro M.
Published: March 2006

Feline primary osteosarcomas involving the skull are extremely rare. When they occur, orbit, mandible, and maxilla are the most common sites. Microscopically, scattered multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) are not an uncommon occurrence in osteosarcoma (OSC), but they are generally in low number. Only in a rare variant, the giant cell-rich OSC, are MGCs the prevalent cell type. Although osteoclast and osteoblast origin have been postulated in human and veterinary literature, the origin of MGCs in osteosarcomas is poorly understood. This report describes a giant cell-rich OSC in the calvarium of a 13-year-old spayed female shorthair cat. The animal exhibited a range of neurologic signs, including left circling, compulsive gait, lack of proprioception, and bilateral absence of menace reaction, with indication of left forebrain involvement. Gross lesions were characterized by a multilobate, spherical mass located in the left calvarium, compressing the left forebrain. Histologically, the tumor was characterized by scattered nests of MGCs separated by small bundles of pleomorphic, fusate to polygonal cells. Between spindle cells, osteoid was very sparse and arranged in thin strands. immunohistochemical stains for vimentin were positive, with no detectable cellular staining for cytokeratin, S-100 protein, or Class II major histocompatibility complex. Ultrastructurally, MGCs contained profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum; no lysosomes were observed. The origin of MGCs in osteosarcoma remains obscure, and our results confirm their ambiguous identity.
Vaginal Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Dog
Authors: Suzuki K. , Nakatani K. , Shibuya H. , Sato T.
Published: March 2006

A 10-year-old, female, mongrel showed hemorrhage from vulva. By magnetic resonance image (MRI) and endoscopic examination, a multipapillary mass with a grape-like appearance was found around the urethral opening. Histologically, the mass consisted of variable-sized round-, spindle-to-polygonal-shaped tumor cells including many multinuclear cells. Mitotic figures were also frequently observed. In some areas, that tumor cells were loosely arranged, with intercellular myxoid components. immunohistochemically, these tumor cells were strongly positive for vimentin and focally positive for desmin but negative for myoglobin. Thus, the case was diagnosed as a relatively poorly differentiated botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma by the macroscopic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical identification. This is the first report of botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma developing in the vagina of a dog.
Deciduoid Peritoneal Mesothelioma in a Dog
Authors: Morini M. , Bettini G. , Morandi F. , Burdisso R. , S. Marcato P.
Published: March 2006

Deciduoid mesothelioma is a rare variant of epithelial mesothelioma, up to now only described in human pathology, which bears remarkable cytomorphologic resemblance to the endometrium of pregnancy, termed decidua. A case of peritoneal mesothelioma with deciduoid features in a 10-year-old, female dog is reported. Multiple whitish-gray nodules (1-5 mm in diameter) in parietal peritoneum and mesentery were histologically composed of large, proliferating, polygonal or ovoid cells with an abundant eosinophilic, glassy cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical evaluation indicated that the neoplastic cells coexpressed cytokeratin and vimentin with strong and diffuse cytoplasmic staining, and ultrastructural analysis showed long and slender mesothelial-type microvilli; these findings confirmed the mesothelial origin of the tumor.
Fatal Poxvirus Outbreak in a Colony of New World Monkeys
Authors: Mätz-Rensing K. , Ellerbrok H. , Ehlers B. , Pauli G. , Floto A. , Alex M. , Czerny C.-P. , Kaup F.-J.
Published: March 2006

An epizootic infection was observed in a colony of 80 New World monkeys consisting of various species including a group of marmosets and Saguinus species. During the summer and autumn of 2002, 30 animals died of unknown diseases. Six animals were sent to the German Primate Center for investigation of the cause of death. A complete pathologic and histologic investigation was carried out. The animals exhibited erosive-ulcerative lesions of the oral mucous membranes. Advanced stages of the disease were characterised by hemorrhagic lesions on the skin distributed randomly over the body, but principally on the face, scrotal region, soles, and palms. Electron microscopy revealed virus particles with orthopox-like morphology within intracytoplasmic inclusions in epithelial cells. The DNA samples from various tissues were analyzed by use of a set of orthopox virus-specific, real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Amplification products were sequenced to define the virus more precisely. Sequencing confirmed the presence of an orthopox virus. Sequence data indicated that all six animals were infected with the same virus. Propagation of the virus on Vero cells resulted in a rapidly progressive cytopathogenic effect. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses of two genes revealed closest homology to cowpox viruses. The origin of this poxvirus outbreak remains unexplained, and the strain and genus of the virus need to be determined in detail.
Epidemiology, Outcomes, and Costs of Invasive Aspergillosis in Immunocompromised Children in the United States, 2000
Authors: Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Heydon Kateri , Chu Jaclyn H. , Walsh Thomas J. , Steinbach William J.
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVE. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is the most common filamentous fungal infection observed in immunocompromised patients. The incidence of invasive aspergillosis has increased significantly in recent decades in parallel with the increasing number and improved survival of immunocompromised patients. IA in adults has been well characterized; however, only a few small studies of IA in children have been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the incidence and outcomes of children with IA

METHODS. We performed a retrospective cohort study using the 2000 Kids Inpatient Database, a national database of hospital inpatient stays during 2000. IA was defined as aspergillosis that occurred in a child with malignancy (solid tumor, leukemia, or lymphoma), hematologic/immunologic deficiency, or transplant (bone marrow or solid organ). Discharge weighting was applied to the data to obtain nationally representative estimates of disease.

RESULTS. During 2000, there were an estimated 666 pediatric cases of IA among 152231 immunocompromised children, yielding an annual incidence of 437/100000 (0.4%) among hospitalized immunocompromised children. Children with malignancy accounted for the majority (74%) of cases of IA. The highest incidence of IA was seen in children who had undergone allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (4.5%) and those with acute myelogenous leukemia (4%). The overall in-hospital mortality of immunocompromised children with IA was 18%. Children with malignancy and IA were at higher risk for death than children with malignancy and without IA. Pediatric patients with IA had a significantly longer median length of hospital stay (16 days) than immunocompromised children without IA (3 days). The median total hospital charges for patients with IA were $49309 compared with immunocompromised children without IA ($9035).

CONCLUSIONS. The impact of IA on increases in mortality, length of hospital stay, and the burden of cost in the hospital setting underscores the need for improved means of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of IA in immunocompromised children.
Evaluation of client perceptions concerning outcome of cataract surgery in dogs
Authors: Appel Sherry L. , Maggs David J. , Hollingsworth Steven R. , Kass Philip H.
Published: March 2006

Objective—To compare client perception of outcome of phacoemulsification in dogs with information obtained from medical records.

Design—Retrospective cohort study.

Animals—108 dogs (203 eyes) undergoing phacoemulsification from May 1999 through April 2004.

Procedure—Data obtained from medical records included signalment, presence of diabetes mellitus, cataract stage, whether surgery was unilateral or bilateral, intraocular lens (IOL) placement, and postoperative complications. Owners completed a survey concerning outcome of phacoemulsification in their dog. Survey responses from owners classified as satisfied or dissatisfied with the outcome of phacoemulsification on the basis of their willingness, in retrospect, to have the surgery performed again were compared.

Results—Data from medical records and survey responses were available for 108 dogs (203 eyes). Median follow-up was 3 months via medical record review and 12 months via owner survey responses. Most (81%) owners were satisfied with outcome. The most common reason for dissatisfaction was loss of vision after surgery; however, most dissatisfied owners did not return their dog for examinations. Owner perception of success was not associated with patient age, sex, presence of diabetes mellitus, cataract stage, or IOL placement in at least 1 eye but was associated with perceived improvement of their pet's vision and activity level. Dissatisfied owners were significantly more likely to report that explanation of risks and complications before surgery was inadequate.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Owner perception of outcome after phacoemulsification in dogs was highly favorable. However, surgical risks and the importance of postoperative examinations, particularly in dogs undergoing visual deterioration, must be conveyed to clients.
Association of neonatal serum immunoglobulin G1 concentration with health and performance in beef calves
Authors: Dewell Reneé D. , Hungerford Laura L. , Keen James E. , Laegreid William W. , Griffin D. Dee , Rupp Gary P. , Grotelueschen Dale M.
Published: March 2006

Objective—To evaluate associations between neonatal serum IgG1 concentration and pre- and postweaning morbidity and mortality rates and average daily gains (ADGs) in beef calves and define a cutoff point for serum IgG1 concentration necessary for optimal health and performance of beef calves.

Design—Nonconcurrent cohort study.

Animals—1,568 crossbred beef calves.

Procedure—Single radial immunodiffusion was used to quantitate IgG1 concentration in sera collected from calves between 24 and 72 hours after birth. Logistic regression, ANCOVA, and likelihood ratios were used to analyze data.

Results—In the preweaning period, lower perinatal IgG1 concentrations were significantly associated with higher morbidity rates, higher mortality rates, and lower ADGs. Calves with serum IgG1 concentration < 2,400 mg/dL were 1.6 times as likely to become ill before weaning and 2.7 times as likely to die before weaning as calves with higher serum IgG1 concentrations. Calves with serum IgG1 concentration of at least 2,700 mg/dL weighed an estimated 3.35 kg (7.38 lb) more at 205 days of age than calves with lower serum IgG1 concentration. No significant association of serum IgG1 concentration with feedlot morbidity, death, or ADG was identified.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—By use of likelihood ratios, the threshold of serum IgG1 concentration for optimal health and performance of calves was higher than values reported previously. Implementation and maintenance of management and intervention strategies designed for early detection and treatment of calves at risk for failure of passive transfer will likely result in increases in preweaning health and performance parameters.
Thiophenol‐Modified CdS Nanoparticles Enhance the Luminescence of Benzoxyl Dendron‐ Substituted Polyfluorene Copolymers
Authors: Chou C.‐H. , Wang H.‐S. , Wei K.‐H. , Huang J. Y.
Published: March 2006

Highly luminescent dendron‐substituted copolyfluorenes that incorporate surface‐modified cadmium sulfide nanoparticles have been prepared. A small percentage of these nanoparticles can be incorporated into the dendritic structures upon tailoring the interfaces between the ligands on the nanoparticles and the dendritic structures in the copolyfluorene. Both the photoluminescence and electroluminescence efficiencies of the polymer nanocomposites are dramatically enhanced—sometimes more than doubled—relative to the values of the pure polymer.
1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, FTIR, UV‐VIS, ESI‐MS, and PM5 studies as well as emission properties of a new Schiff base of gossypol with 5‐methoxytryptamine and a new hydrazone of gossypol with dansylhydrazine
Authors: Przybylski Piotr , Bejcar Grzegorz , Huczyński Adam , Schroeder Grzegorz , Brzezinski Bogumił , Bartl Franz
Published: March 2006

A new Schiff base of gossypol with 5‐methoxytryptamine (GSTR) and a new hydrazone of gossypol with dansylhydrazine (GHDH) have been synthesized and studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐VIS), electrospray ionization–mass spectroscopy (ESI‐MS) as well as the parametric method PM5. The spectroscopic methods have provided clear evidence that GSTR exists in chloroform solution as an enamine–enamine tautomer, whereas GHDH is present in chloroform as a N‐imine–N‐imine tautomer. The fluorescence spectra of both compounds indicate that their quantum yield of fluorescence is increased by one or two orders of magnitude compared to that of pure gossypol. The ESI‐MS spectra of the 1:1 mixtures of GSTR or GHDH with formic acid have demonstrated that both compounds exist as protonated monomers in the gas phase, whereas GHDH can also exist in a stable protonated dimeric structure. The structures of the stable tautomers are calculated and visualized using the PM5 semiempirical method. The intra‐ and intermolecular hydrogen bonds within these structures are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 521–535, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Characterization of an unusual folding pattern in a catalytically active guanine quadruplex structure
Authors: Majhi Pinaki R. , Shafer Richard H.
Published: March 2006

In the presence of certain metal ions, DNA and RNA can form guanine quadruplex structures, which have been proposed to play a functional role in a variety of biological processes. An 18‐nucleotide DNA oligomer, PS2.M, d(GTG3TAG3CG3T2G2), was previously reported to bind hemin and the resulting complex exhibited peroxidase activity. It was proposed that PS2.M folds unimolecularly into an antiparallel quadruplex with unusual, single‐base loops and terminal guanines positioned in adjacent quartets. Here we describe structural and stability properties of PS2.M alone in different buffers and metal ions, using gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism (CD), ultraviolet (UV)‐visible spectroscopies, and one‐dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Native gel behavior of PS2.M in the presence of either Na+ or Pb2+ suggests the formation of unimolecular structures but, in the presence of K+, both unimolecular and multistranded structures are observed. In the presence of Pb2+ ions, PS2.M forms a unimolecular quadruplex containing three guanine quartets. CD titrations reveal that binding of Pb2+ ions to PS2.M is stoichiometric, and a single lead cation suffices to fully fold PS2.M. The PS2.M–Na+ system also forms a similar unimolecular quadruplex. In the presence of K+, the PS2.M–K+ system forms mixed species. With increasing time and PS2.M concentration, the contribution of unimolecular species decreases while that of multimolecular species increases, and this behavior is independent of buffer media. These results suggest that the catalytically active form, studied in the presence of K+, may be a parallel, multistranded quadruplex rather than an antiparallel, unimolecular quadruplex. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82:558–569, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
A follow‐up study of mentally disordered men remanded to prison
Authors: Birmingham Luke , Mason Debbie , Grubin Don
Published: March 2006

Little is known about the extent to which mental disorder is identified and subsequently treated in prison. In this paper the follow‐up stage of a prison study focusing on the natural history of mental disorder in prisoners on remand is presented. During the study, five hundred and sixty‐nine consecutive new unconvicted male remands to Durham prison were screened for mental disorder at prison reception by researchers and then monitored for the duration of their unconvicted remand to determine whether psychiatric treatment needs were identified and addressed. Sixty‐three (11%) of the study population, including forty (24%) of the one hundred and sixty‐eight men with psychiatric treatment needs were referred to the psychiatric service. Six of the 16 men requiring immediate transfer to psychiatric hospital came to the psychiatric service's attention. Of the 260 appointments made with mental health professionals, 63 (24%) were not kept and psychiatric intervention ended abruptly and prematurely in 10 cases. With the majority of mentally disordered prisoners, including those with acute psychosis, remaining undetected and untreated during their remand, and psychiatric intervention being so frequently disrupted by the prison regime and the unforeseen actions of the courts, a unique opportunity to address the psychiatric treatment needs of an otherwise elusive group of men who suffer high rates of serious mental disorder was missed. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The transition from adolescent to adult: a time of change in general and specific deviance
Authors: Ullman Jodie B. , Newcomb Michael D.
Published: March 2006

Background

Change in the construct of General Deviance is examined across a 16‐year period spanning the transition from adolescence into adulthood. General deviance comprises sub‐components of licit and illicit drug use, criminal activity, and social conformity.

Method

Using latent growth curve modelling, the level, pattern and rate of change in both the overarching construct of General Deviance and the sub‐components of deviance are examined.

Results/Conclusions

General Deviance and sub‐components of deviance, with the exception of licit drug use, declined across this transition period. Level and rate of change in General Deviance and the social conformity sub‐component were predicted primarily from family and attitudinal variables. Level and rate of change in illicit drug use and criminal activity were predicted primarily by peer influence variables. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Alcoholism and crime across generations
Authors: McCord Joan
Published: March 2006

Background/Methods

Alcoholism and criminality tend to run in families. The current research examines that tendency by investigating the link between paternal deviance and the socializing environments fathers provide for their children. Observational data indicate that alcoholic and criminal men disproportionately tend to be aggressive in their families and to father sons whose mothers are disproportionately incompetent in their roles as mothers.

Results/Conclusions

Using longitudinal data, the study suggests that good socializing environments tend to impede the transmission of deviance and that bad socializing environments tend to promote the transmission, especially, of criminality. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Borderline personality disorder as seen from an attachment perspective: a review
Authors: De Zulueta Felicity
Published: March 2006

There is increasing evidence that both borderline personality disorder and PTSD can be partly understood as damage to the attachment system. Research on primates has shown how severe are the effects of a damaged attachment system. Distress symptoms produced by separation are similar to those seen in narcotic withdrawal and involve aggressive behaviour. Chronic stress in children can cause dysregulation of the normal stress response and maladaptive brain activities. Secure, avoidant, anxious‐ambivalent attachment in childhood can now be measured. Insecure children show needless aggression; avoidant children can become either abusers or victims. Disorganized attachment is a mixture of avoidant and anxious‐ambivalent behaviour and may lead to adult borderline personality disorder. Patterns of attachment are self‐perpetuating and may be transmitted across generations. PTSD is a syndrome resulting from a terrifying state of helplessness. Its manifestations are similar to those seen with disorganized attachment behaviours. Individuals can appear to cut themselves off from memories and feelings that are too painful to acknowledge. As a result trauma can become organized at a sensory and somatic level which is difficult to change. PTSD appears to alter neurophysiology and neuroanatomy. Traumatogenic stimuli may produce abnormal brain activity and, for example, an inability to speak. ‘Flips’ of mental state have been recorded both in patients who have been through childhood abuse and in borderline patients. The goal of treatment for borderline personality disorder should include the integration of dissociated self‐states. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A review of recent academic literature on the characteristics of patients in British special hospitals
Authors: Williams Paul , Badger Doug , Nursten Jean , Woodward Mark
Published: March 2006

Background

As part of a systematic search for literature on the epidemiology of mentally disordered offenders, academic papers published between 1989 and 1998 were identified which relate to the characteristics of patients in the four British special hospitals: Broadmoor, Rampton and Ashworth Hospitals in England and the state hospital at Carstairs in Scotland.

Aims/Method

This literature is analysed to provide summaries of findings on prevalence, demographic characteristics, legal categories, psychiatric diagnoses, offences, histories, behaviour within the special hospitals, security needs, and discharge records. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The prevalence and frequency of deliberate self‐harm among male patients in a maximum secure hospital
Authors: Jackson Neil
Published: March 2006

Aims

This study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence and frequency of deliberate self‐harm (DSH) among male patients in a high security hospital, to determine whether males who harm themselves are younger than those who do not, and to determine whether the legal category of patients distinguished frequency of DSH.

Background

This is the first study to examine whether such differences exist to a statistically significant extent among male patients in a maximum secure hospital. Previous studies on such female patients have found that those who engage in DSH are significantly younger and have had significantly shorter length of stay in the institution than those who do not. Additionally, the frequency of DSH by female patients with psychopathic disorder has been found to be significantly greater than that by those with mental illness.

Method

Nursing daily ward report books were examined on four wards for a 30‐month period.

Results

In a sample of 127 male patients at Rampton Hospital in England, 24 (19% of the sample) engaged in deliberate self‐harm. In total, 122 incidents of DSH occurred during the study period. Five patients (4% of the sample) contributed 82 incidents between them (67% of the total). Patients who engaged in DSH were significantly younger than those who did not. This was true for the entire sample considered together, regardless of their Mental Health Act (1983) classification and for patients solely with mental illness and those solely with psychopathic disorder. Although the period of time since admission to the hospital was shorter for those who engaged in DSH, it was not so to a significant extent. There were no differences between the frequency of DSH by psychopathic disorder patients and that by those with mental illness. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Diagnosing mental disorders in offenders: conceptual and methodological issues
Authors: Corrado Raymond R. , Cohen Irwin M. , Hart Stephen D. , Roesch Ronald
Published: March 2006

Background

Studies of mentally disordered offenders have defined and measured mental disorder in very different ways. We evaluated the agreement among six different definitions of mental disorder: narrow versus broad definitions based on measures of psychiatric symptoms (the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Overall and Gorham, 1962), syndromes (the Diagnostic Profile; Hart & Hemphill, 1989), and disorders (lifetime diagnoses on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version III‐A; Robins and Helzer, 1985).

Methods

Participants were 192 adult men remanded in custody before jail. Each was administered the DIS, the BPRS, and the DP. A number of variables related to adjustment problems in the jail, other mental health issues, and any institutional treatment or any pharmacological treatment for mental health problems were also recorded and analysed.

Results

The agreement between the symptom‐ and syndrome‐based definitions was moderate, especially for the narrow definitions; furthermore, they yielded similar estimates of prevalence and had similar patterns of associations variables related to institutional security and mental health problems. The disorder‐based definitions, especially the broad, had low agreement with the other definitions, yielded higher prevalence rates, and were associated only weakly with institutional security and mental health problems.

Discussion

These findings highlight the need to pay greater attention to definitional issues in research on mental disordered offenders, and support the usefulness of definitions based on active psychiatric symptoms associated with major mental illnesses. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Reconviction of special (high security) hospital patients with personality disorder: its relationship with route of discharge and time at risk
Authors: Jamieson Elizabeth , Davison Sophie , Taylor Pamela J.
Published: March 2006

Background

Few follow‐up studies of mentally disordered offenders have taken into account time spent in the community at risk of reoffending when calculating reconviction rates.

Method

This small exploratory study examined the effect of discharge destination (community or hospital) on reconviction over a nine‐year period in an annual discharge cohort (1984) of special hospital patients with personality disorder, controlling for time spent ‘at risk’ in the community.

Results

Those discharged directly to the community spent significantly more time at risk in the community during follow‐up but they were no more likely to be reconvicted than those discharged via a less secure hospital.

Discussion

One possible explanation is that less secure hospital units are not specifically equipped to treat people with a personality disorder. Alternatively, clinicians may be correctly identifying patients who are at greater risk of reoffending and thus recommending a more staged rehabilitation back to the community. It was apparent that there are very few official data available about placements following absolute discharge. The implications for this and other studies of this type are discussed. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Some benefits of dichotomization in psychiatric and criminological research
Authors: Farrington David P. , Loeber Rolf
Published: March 2006

Background

The product‐moment correlation r is widely used in criminology and psychiatry to measure strength of association. However, most criminological and psychiatric variables contravene its underlying assumptions.

Aim

To compare statistical measures of association based on dichotomous variables with the use of r.

Method

Explanatory variables for delinquency are investigated in the Pittsburgh Youth Study using a sample of 506 boys aged 13–14.

Results

Dichotomization does not necessarily cause a decrease in measured strength of associations. Conclusions about the most important explanatory variables for delinquency were not greatly affected by using dichotomous as opposed to continuous variables, by different dichotomization splits, or by using logistic versus OLS multiple regression. Non‐linear relationships, interaction effects and multiple risk factor individuals were easily studied using dichotomous data.

Conclusions

Dichotomization produces meaningful findings that are easily understandable to a wide audience. Measures of association for dichotomous variables, such as the odds ratio, have many advantages and are often more realistic and meaningful measures of strength of relationship than the product‐moment correlation r. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Maternal filicide: a reformulation of factors relevant to risk
Authors: Simpson Alexander I.F. , Stanton Josephine
Published: March 2006

Background

The current classifications of maternal filicide have relied on categorizations based on the immediate antecedents or motivations to the impulse to kill. The most useful outcome of these approaches has been to identify that the neonaticide group differ in terms of their age, demography, relationship profile and motivation from other maternal filicide perpetrators. The remaining groups are diverse and overlapping.

Method

Five case summaries are presented which demonstrate the interaction of a number of factors noted in the literature as separate categories of filicide.

Results

Mental illness, vulnerability factors, social isolation, and difficulty in forming successful relationships emerged as common themes.

Conclusion

It is postulated that only by examining a range of factors including mental state, relationship factors and the impact of developmental experience can a more useful understanding be developed that has clinical relevance and may be of value in risk assessment. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Criminal cognitions and personality: what does the PICTS really measure?
Authors: Egan Vincent , McMurran Mary , Richardson Cathryn , Blair Marie
Published: March 2006

Introduction

The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) is a measure of the criminal cognitions and thinking styles that maintain offending. The scale comprises 8a priorithinking styles and two validation scales, the validation scales having been found to be unreliable. Owing to the large amount of apparently shared variance in the original validation study, this data matrix needs re‐analysis. Results from the PICTS were examined in relation to general measures of individual differences, in order to link the PICTS to the broader literature on the characteristics of offenders.

Method

The original PICTS data‐matrix was re‐analysed using a more parsimonious method of analysis. The PICYS was also given to 54 detained, mentally disordered offenders along with the NEO‐Five Factor Inventory, the Sensation‐Seeking Scale (SSS), the Attention Deficit Scales for Adults (ADSA) and, as a measure of general intelligence, the Standard Progressive Matrices.

Results

Principal components analysis suggested that the PICTS really comprised two factors: a lack of thoughtfulness (i.e. lack of attention to one's experience), and wilful hostility, with the first factor being most well defined. Intelligence was not associated with any factor of criminal thinking style. High scores on the ADSA and Disinhibition and Boredom Susceptibility subscales of the SSS were associated with much greater endorsement of criminal sentiments; high Neuroticism, low Extroversion, and low Agreeableness were slightly lower correlates.

Discussion

The issues involved in criminogenic cognitions need clarification and to be linked to the broader literature on cognitive distortions and personality. Interventions targeted at dismantling impulsive destructive behaviour, whether it be thoughtlessness or wilful hostility, may be effected by increasing thinking skills, so breaking down the cognitions that maintain criminal behaviour. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Carotid artery stenting in surgical high‐risk patients
Authors: Halabi Majdi , Gruberg Luis , Pitchersky Sirush , Kouperberg Efim , Nikolsky Eugenia , Hoffman Aharon , Beyar Rafael
Published: March 2006

Recent studies have shown that carotid artery angioplasty and stenting may offer a viable alternative for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with carotid artery stenosis, especially in high‐risk patients. We report the results of a prospective single‐center registry designed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of carotid artery angioplasty and stenting with and without distal protection devices in high‐risk patients. A total of 116 consecutive patients underwent 126 procedures and 127 stents were deployed successfully in 130 lesions. The majority of patients (63%) had restenosis after a prior carotid endarterectomy; 31% were considered to be ineligible for carotid endarterectomy by both the vascular surgeons and the interventional cardiologist and 9% were considered ineligible for surgery due to hostile neck anatomy. Periprocedural and follow‐up evaluation included a thorough independent clinical and neurological assessment. Distal embolic protection devices were used in 44% of all cases. Procedural success was achieved in 122 procedures (97%). The overall rate of in‐hospital major adverse cerebrovascular events (death, stroke, and myocardial infarction) was 2.6%. Event rates in patients with prior carotid endarterectomy were comparable to patients with de novo lesions with 5.2% vs. 2.4% death/stroke at 30 days and 8.3% and 6.6% stroke/death rates at 1 year, respectively. When distal protection devices were used, death/stroke rates were 0% as compared to 4.5% when distal protection was not used (P = NS). However, minor embolic phenomena were observed in both primary and secondary lesions independent of the use of distal protection. These results support the use of carotid artery angioplasty and stenting in high‐risk patients with significant primary or secondary carotid artery stenosis. In both types of lesions, acceptable results justify its use as a valid revascularization method. While clinical embolic events occur in a minority of patients in both lesion types, they are not entirely prevented by distal protection. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct versus Mediated Through‐Space Magnetic Interactions: A First Principles, Bottom‐Up Reinvestigation of the Magnetism of the Pyridyl‐Verdazyl:Hydroquinone Molecular Co‐Crystal
Authors: Jornet Joaquim , Deumal Mercè , Ribas‐Ariño Jordi , Bearpark Michael J. , Robb Michael A. , Hicks Robin G. , Novoa Juan J.
Published: March 2006

The mechanism of the magnetic interaction in the pyridyl‐verdazyl radical:hydroquinone (pyvd:hq) molecular co‐crystal is important as it has been suggested to originate by a unique “mediated through‐space” magnetic interaction. This interaction was proposed to magnetically connect two nonadjacent pyridyl‐verdazyl radicals within a π stack, where adjacent radicals pile up in a head‐over‐tail orientation. The connection is made through a third radical sitting between the previous two mediated radicals. Given the relevance of this proposal, we decided to reinvestigate the magnetic properties of this co‐crystal by using our recently proposed first‐principles “bottom‐up” procedure. Based on B3LYP/6‐31+G(d) and CASSCF(6,6)/6‐31+G(d) calculations (the results of which are identical to those provided by CASSCF(10,10)/6‐31+G(d) calculations), we have computed the microscopic JAB values for all direct through‐space magnetic interactions between nearby pyridyl‐verdazyl radicals. The magnetic interactions give rise to two dominant values of similar strength: −56 and −54 cm−1 at the B3LYP level, which are calculated as −38 and −31 cm−1 at the CASSCF(6,6) and CAS(10,10) levels (all other interactions being smaller than |1| cm−1). The dominant interactions correspond to the direct through‐space interaction between two adjacent radicals of a π stack. The crystal also exhibits a radical‐mediated through‐space interaction of −0.31 cm−1 between two nonadjacent radicals of a π stack. The direct through‐space magnetic interactions are two orders of magnitude larger than the mediated through‐space interaction. Thus, first‐principles calculations do not support a mediated through‐space mechanism to explain the magnetism of the pyvd:hq co‐crystal. The magnetic topology generated by the two dominant antiferromagnetic interactions in the pyvd:hq co‐crystal consists of one‐dimensional (1D) alternating chains (interacting very weakly along the b and c axes). By using this topology, the computed macroscopic magnetic susceptibility curve reproduces the experimental one properly. This first‐principles bottom‐up description of the magnetism in the pyvd:hq co‐crystal differs in some fundamental aspects from that previously proposed in the literature.
Mechanistic Investigations of Imine Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Dinuclear Iridium Complexes
Authors: Martín Marta , Sola Eduardo , Tejero Santiago , López José A. , Oro Luis A.
Published: March 2006

Treatment of [Ir2(μ‐H)(μ‐Pz)2H3(NCMe)(PiPr3)2] (1) with one equivalent of HBF4 or [PhNHCHPh]BF4 affords efficient catalysts for the homogeneous hydrogenation of N‐benzylideneaniline. The reaction of 1 with HBF4 leads to the trihydride–dihydrogen complex [Ir2(μ‐H)(μ‐Pz)2H2(η2‐H2)(NCMe)(PiPr3)2]BF4 (2), which has been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations on a model complex. Complex 2 reacts with imines such as tBuNCHPh or PhNCHPh to afford amine complexes [Ir2(μ‐H)(μ‐Pz)2H2(NCMe){L}(PiPr3)2]BF4 (L = NH(tBu)CH2Ph, 3; NH(Ph)CH2Ph, 4) through a sequence of proton‐ and hydride‐transfer steps. Dihydrogen partially displaces the amine ligand of 4 to form 2; this complements a possible catalytic cycle for the N‐benzylideneaniline hydrogenation in which the amine‐by‐dihydrogen substitution is the turnover‐determining step. The rates of ligand substitution in 4 and its analogues with labile ligands other than amine are dependent upon the nature of the leaving ligand and independent on the incoming ligand concentration, in agreement with dissociative substitutions. Water complex [Ir2(μ‐H)(μ‐Pz)2H2(NCMe)(OH2)(PiPr3)2]BF4 (7) hydrolyzes N‐benzylideneaniline, which eventually affords the poor hydrogenation catalyst [Ir2(μ‐H)(μ‐Pz)2H2(NCMe)(NH2Ph)(PiPr3)2]BF4 (11). The rate law for the catalytic hydrogenation in 1,2‐dichloroethane with complex [Ir2(μ‐H)(μ‐Pz)2H2(OSO2CF3)(NCMe)(PiPr3)2] (8) as catalyst precursor is rate = k[8]{p(H2)}; this is in agreement with the catalytic cycle deduced from the stochiometric experiments. The hydrogenation reaction takes place at a single iridium center of the dinuclear catalyst, although ligand modifications at the neighboring iridium center provoke changes in the hydrogenation rate. Even though this catalyst system is also capable of effectively hydrogenating alkenes, N‐benzylideneaniline can be selectively hydrogenated in the presence of simple alkenes.
Systematic DFT Study of Gas Phase and Solvated Uranyl and Neptunyl Complexes [AnO2X4]n (An: U, Np; X: F, Cl, OH, n = ‐2; X: H2O, n = +2).
Authors: Garcia‐Hernandez Maite , Willnauer Christa , Krueger Sven , Moskaleva Lyudmila V. , Roesch Notker
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the New Quaternary Thiophosphate KPbPS4.
Authors: Belkyal I. , El Azhari M. , Wu Y.‐D. , Bensch W. , Hesse K.‐F. , Depmeier W.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Property of a New Open‐Framework Manganese Borophosphate, [NH4]4 [Mn9B2(OH)2(HPO4)4 (PO4)6].
Authors: Yang Miao , Yu Jihong , Shi Lei , Chen Peng , Li Guanghua , Chen Yan , Xu Ruren , Gau Song
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation and Luminescent Characteristics of Eu3+‐Activated MgxZn1‐xGa2O4 Nanocrystals.
Authors: Tsai Bin‐Siang , Chang Yen‐Hwei , Chen Yu‐Chung
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.