bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modification by soluble antigen of the immune response to mycobacterial infection
Authors: Holt P G , Fimmel P J , Roberts L M , Keast D
Published: January 2020

After inoculation with viable BCG organisms, spleen cells from mice developed cellular immune reactivity to purified protein derivative antigen by day 10, which declined by day 25; after rechallenge on day 25, a vigorous secondary response rapidly developed (by day 29). The inclusion of autochthonous serum (from the BCG-infected mice) in the in vitro cellular immune reactivity tests altered this pattern considerably: the primary response was shortened, and the secondary response totally abated, suggesting the presence of blocking factors active against BCG-specific cellular immune reactivity in the sera of infected animals. Subsequent experiments indicated that BCG-specific serum blocking factor activity could be generated in the serum of control mice by the intravenous inoculation of purified protein derivative.
Effect of cyclophosphamide on experimental Nocardia asteroides infection in mice
Authors: Beaman B L , Maslan S
Published: January 2020

It was found that cells of Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 (virulent) were approximately 10 times more virulent than cells of N. asteroides 14759 (intermediate) and greater that 500 times more virulent than N. asteroides 10905 (avirulent) cells when early-stationary-phase cultures suspended in saline were injected intravenously into "normal" mice. There appeared to be a specific organ tropism for each strain. Thus, N. asteroides GUH-2 infected primarily the kidneys, N. asteroides 14759 infected the lungs and heart, and N. asteroides 10905 (in large doses) infected the lungs. Cyclophosphamide treatment of the mice 72 h prior to infection dramatically increased host susceptibility to nocardial infection, especially to N. asteroides 14759. However, cyclophosphamide treatment did not significantly alter the organ specificity for each strain. Cyclophosphamide greatly enhanced the ability of the nocardial strain to grow within its target organ and significantly altered normal host clearance from these organs.
Hepatitis B antigen, hepatitis B antibody, and subtypes in leprosy
Authors: Sher R , Mackay M E , Macnab G M , Kok S H , Koornhof H J
Published: January 2020

The prevalence of hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B antibody (HBsAb), and subtypes in 242 cases of leprosy is reported. Patients were divided into three subgroups, lepromatous (174), tuberculoid (55), and borderline (13). A total of 131 patients were tested on admission; the remaining 111 had been institutionalized for a period of 3 months or more when tested. Of the 131 cases tested on admission, 88 were retested 6 to 12 months after admission. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of HBsAg and HBsAb among the three groups or between normal controls and the leprosy patients. The predominant subtype was ADW (84.1%). After institutionalization, one lepromatous case converted to HBsAg positive and four converted to HBsAb positive.
Common (non-type-specific) antigens of group A streptococci
Authors: Lyampert I M , Shuratova S G , Akimova V V , Bukhova V P , Kolesnikova V Y
Published: January 2020

Two common (non-type-specific) antigens in HCl extracts prepared from group A streptococcal cultures of different types were analyzed by immunodiffusion methods. These antigens are sensitive to trypsin and are apparently related to the cell wall proteins. The common antigens tested belong to a category of nonprotective non-type-specific antigens. The presence of common antigens in the HCl extracts should be taken into consideration when M-proteins are determined. The detection of one of the common antigens may be used as a virulence index, since this antigen is characteristic of the group A streptococcal cultures with enhanced virulence.
Suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide on the T-cell system in chickens
Authors: Sharma J M , Lee L F
Published: January 2020

Neonatal administration of 16 mg of cyclophosphamide in inbred chickens resulted in a transient, but profound, deficiency in the in vitro proliferative response of spleen cells. Functional T-cell deficiency was accompanied by a marked morphological degeneration in the thymus and thymus-dependent areas in the spleen.
Fungicidal properties of a chymotrypsin-like cationic protein from human neutrophils: adsorption to Candida parapsilosis
Authors: Drazin R E , Lehrer R I
Published: January 2020

Human neutrophils contain a chymotrypsin-like cationic protein (CLCP) that binds to the surface of Candida parapsilosis and is preferentially adsorbed by yeasts mixed with unfractionated extracts of neutrophil granules. Adsorption of CLCP to opsonized or nonopsonized yeasts was rapid at pH 4 through 8. Irreversible inhibition of the enzymatic site of CLCP by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride or N-acetyl-Ala-Ala-Phe-chloromethyl ketone did not affect its adsorption by yeast. Adsorption, highly sensitive to ionic strength, was abrogated by 0.15 M KCl. The number of CLCP molecules adsorbed per yeast cell and the loss of colony-forming units are described by an exponential relationship.
Insect immunity. III. Purification and partial characterization of immune protein P5 from hemolymph of Hyalophora cecropia pupae
Authors: Pye A E , Boman H G
Published: January 2020

We previously showed that in pupae of Hyalophora cecropia, eight hemolymph proteins (P1 through P8) were selectively synthetized after immunization (Faye et al., Infect, Immun. 12:1426-1438, 1975). We also showed that a gross fractionation was obtained by a series of ammonium sulfate precipitations (designed A through D) and that protein P5 was enriched in fraction A. Starting from fraction A, we have now purified protein P5 by using dialysis, isoelectric focusing, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The final product gave a single band in both gradient gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using the latter method, proteins P5 and P8 were found to be enriched in fraction A, but they were absent in fraction Ac prepared from nonimmunized pupae. Protein P5 was found to have a pI of 6.6 and a molecular weight of 24,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate and 96,000 in tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-borate, pH 9.0. These data suggest a structure for P5 composed of four subunits of equal size. Protein P5 stimulated the killing of Escherichia coli by hemolymph fractions B and D, but it had neither killing nor phenol oxidase activity of its own.
Antagonistic effect of extremely oxygen-sensitive clostridia from the microflora of conventional mice and of Escherichia coli against Shigella flexneri in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice
Authors: Ducluzeau R , Ladire M , Callut C , Raibaud P , Abrams G D
Published: January 2020

Two extremely oxygen-sensitive strains of Clostridium sp., designated Clostridium E and P, were obtained from digestive microflora of conventional mice and found to constitute a barrier against Shigella flexneri SF-2 when associated in vivo with Escherichia coli K-12. These and other simplified fractions of the conventional microflora were demonstrated to have an effect comparable to that of the total flora. When K-12 and Clostridium E were established in gnotobiotic mice before the introduction of SF-2, the latter was reduced to a level below detection in the digestive tract. Whe SF-2 was established first, the antagonistic effect exerted by Clostridium E and K-12 was variable and, apparently, related to the rate of establishment of Clostridium E. Mutants of SF-2 resistant to the barrier effect of Clostridium E and K-12 appeared at the end of 3 months when SF-2 was established in gnotobiotic mice alone or with K-12, and after only a week when SF-2 was associated only with Clostridium E. These results suggest that the bacterial antagonsim in this model is related to the production in vivo of an antibiotic substance active against SF-2. It appears that the substance may be produced by Clostridium E, stimulated by K-12.
Synchronized replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Wayne L G
Published: January 2020

When Mycobacterium tuberculosis was grown in Tween-albumin broth without any agitation, the bacilli replicated in the upper, oxygen-rich portion of the medium at a rate that was just balanced by the rate at which the bacilli settled toward the bottom of the tube. When the organisms that accumulated in the sediment were suspended and diluted into fresh medium, they exhibited synchronous replication. The bacilli initiated ribonucleic acid synthesis immediately upon suspension, but marked deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was not apparent until after the first cellular division was completed, about 14 h after suspension.
Effective immunity to dental caries: passive transfer to rats to antibodies to Streptococcus mutans elicits protection
Authors: Michalek S M , McGhee J R
Published: January 2020

Rat dams, given intravenous injections of heat-killed Streptococcus mutans 6715, mutant C211 demonstrated significant agglutinin activity to the homologous S. mutans in colostrum, milk, and serum. This antibody activity was associated with the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class. High titers of anti-S. mutans antibody associated with the IgG class were also exhibited in the sera and saliva of the offspring that suckled these dams. After challenge with the homologous, live S. mutans, these offspring developed significantly fewer caries on all molar surfaces than did nonimmunized infected controls. A secretory immune response (manifested by the presence of specific IgA antibody to S. mutans in colostrum and milk) was elicited (i) in rat dams locally injected, in the region of the mammary gland, with heat-killed S. mutans antigen, and (ii) in other rat dams that were provided formalin-killed S. mutans in their drinking water. Offspring suckling these dams were challenged with virulent S. mutans before weaning and developed significantly fewer caries than did their infected controls. These findings clearly suggest that passively derived IgG or IgA antibodies to S. mutans are protective against dental caries.
Development of of macrophage migration inhibition in rabbits infected with virulent Treponema pallidum
Authors: Pavia C S , Folds J D , Baseman J B
Published: January 2020

Peritoneal exudate cells from rabbits infected with Treponema pallidum Nichols were used as indicators of macrophage migration inhibitory factor activity. Between 3 and 15 weeks after infection, the migration of peritoneal exudate cells was inhibited in the presence of 3 to 25 microgram of T. phagedenis biovar Reiter protein per ml. Before this period, the migration patterns of peritoneal exudate cells from infected animals were uninhibited and similar to those from noninfected control rabbits. These observations were correlated with the development of active cell-mediated immunity during experimental T. pallidum infection.
Lymphocyte activation by various Mycoplasma strains and species
Authors: Naot Y , Tully J G , Ginsburg H
Published: January 2020

The capacity of various mycoplasma strains and species to induce lymphocyte transformation in vitro was studied. Of six strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis studied, five displayed mitogenic activity with rat lymphocytes. Among those M. pulmonis strains, our MP15 isolate and the Negroni strain exhibited particularly potent mitogenic capacity. The murine mycoplasmas M. neurolyticum and M. arthritidis shared this mitogenicity for rat lymphocytes. However, the human mycoplasmas M. fermentans, M. pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. orale, and Acholeplasma laidlawii did not activate rat lymphocytes. Lymphocytes obtained from germfree rats were activated to the same extent as those from animals bred under conventional conditions. The mitogenic potency exhibited by mycoplasma was not restricted to infective microorganisms, and preparations of killed mycoplasma particles exerted an extensive lymphocyte transformation. The data show that the mitogenic activity of mycoplasmas is not confined to a single mycoplasma isolate and that it acts in a nonspecific manner.
Hemagglutination of Human Group A Erythrocytes by Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
Isolated from Adults with Diarrhea: Correlation with Colonization Factor
Authors: Evans Dolores G. , Evans Doyle J. , Tjoa Weilie
Published: January 2020

Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC) of several different serotypes isolated from adults with diarrhea and known to possess the colonization factor antigen (CFA) were found to cause mannose-resistant hemagglutination (HA) of human group A erythrocytes. CFA-negative
E. coli
isolated during the same study did not possess the mannose-resistant hemagglutinin, although some non-ETEC, CFA-negative isolates did exhibit mannose-sensitive HA activity. The mannoseresistant hemagglutinin of ETEC was found to possess many characteristics previously associated with CFA, which is a surface-associated fimbriate heatlabile antigen, and the functionally and morphologically similar K88 and K99 antigens of animal-specific ETEC. Mannose-resistant HA and CFA titers were maximal when ETEC cells were grown on an agar medium (CFA agar) composed primarily of 1% Casamino Acids and 0.15% yeast extract, pH 7.4. Neither CFA nor HA were produced at a growth temperature of 18°C; HA was completely inhibited by pretreatment of CFA-positive cells with the anti-CFA serum. The mannose-resistant hemagglutinin was lost spontaneously and simultaneously with CFA when clinical ETEC isolates were passaged on artificial medium in the laboratory, indicating plasmid control of both entities. The mannose-resistant hemagglutinin of ETEC was shown to be thermolabile, i.e., sensitive to heating at 65°C, as was the CFA. Also, there was correlation between possession of CFA, as detected serologically and by demonstration of biological activity (adherence in the infant rabbit small intestine), presence of CFA-type fimbriae, and the ability of various
E. coli
isolates to cause mannose-resistant HA of human group A erythrocytes. These results indicate that the mannose-resistant HA of ETEC is another manifestation of CFA.
Use of transferrin-iron enterobactin complexes as the source of iron by serum-exposed bacteria
Authors: Kvach J T , Wiles T I , Mellencamp M W , Kochan I
Published: January 2020

Two smooth and six rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium with progressively smaller amounts of sugar and protein in their outer membrane were tested for degree of virulence in normal and iron-injected mice and for ability to acquire iron in mammalian sera. The rate of mortality showed that bacterial virulence for mice was lowered with progressive decrease of outer-membrane sugar and protein. Iron injections increased the rate of mortality in mice infected either with smooth strains or with superficially rough strains but were without effect in mice infected with deep rough strains. In in vitro experiments, iron promoted with equal effectiveness the growth of all serum-exposed bacterial strains, whereas enterobactin (E) was much more effective in promoting the growth of smooth and superficial rough than in promoting that of deep rough strains. Various experiments showed that deep rough strains cannot grow in E-supplemented serum because they are not able to use the transferrin-iron-E complexes that E forms with transferrin-iron. This failure to use transferrin-iron-E complexes by deep rough strains was found to be due to the inability of these strains to absorb iron containing complexes to their outer membrane. Adsorption studies with chemically treated bacteria showed that the receptor of transferrin-iron-E or E-iron complexes is a protein of the outer membrane of bacterial cells.
Characterization of the attachment of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) to cultured mammalian cells and the potential relationship of attachment to pathogenicity
Authors: Fitzgerald T J , Johnson R C , Miller J N , Sykes J A
Published: January 2020

The interaction of Treponema pallidum (Nichols strain) with 19 different cultured mammalian cell types was examined. These types included cells derived from testis, kidney, spleen, lung, epidermis, cervix, urethra, and nerve tissue of human, rabbit, or rat origins. They represented normal and malignant cells, epithelial and fibroblastic morphology, cell lines, and cell strains, Large numbers of organisms attached to the cultured cells; this attachment prolonged the time of retention of active treponemal motility. Attachment was examined in terms of the number of treponemes inoculated, cultured cells present, and actively growing versus stationary cultured cells; the motility of the treponemes; the viability of the cultured cells; and the different cell passages. In sharp contrast to the attachment of T. pallidum, 11 nonpathogenic treponemes failed to attach to cultured cells. Immune syphilitic rabbit serum prevented the attachment of T. pallidum to cultured cells, as indicated by phase contrast microscopy and rabbit inoculations. This blockage of attachment by immune serum occurred without interfering with active motility of the organisms. Results are discussed in terms of the potential relationship of attachment to the pathogenicity of T pallidum.
Pathogenic mechanisms of a non-agglutinable Vibrio cholerae strain: demonstration of invasive and enterotoxigenic properties
Authors: Robins-Browne R M , Still C S , Isaäcson M , Koornhof H J , Appelbaum P C , Scragg J N
Published: January 2020

A non-agglutinable Vibrio cholerae strain isolated from the blood of a child with kwashiorkor and fever was shown to have the potential to invade as well as to produce a toxin resembling cholera toxin.
Physical changes in the epsilon prototoxin molecule of Clostridium perfringens during enzymatic activation
Authors: Worthington R W , Mülders M S
Published: January 2020

Enzymatic activation of Clostridium perfringens epsilon prototoxin removed a small basic part of the molecule, causing a slight change in molecular weight (32,700 to 31,200) and a large change in isoelectric point (from pH 8.02 into fractions of 5.36 and 5.74).
Anabolic potential of virulent Treponema pallidum
Authors: Baseman J B , Hayes N S
Published: January 2020

Acrylamide gel autoradiography of 3H-labeled proteins from Treponema pallidum demonstrates that virulent treponemes incubated in vitro synthesize a spectrum of high-molecular-weight proteins. A comparison of the protein profiles of T. pallidum with the Reiter treponeme shows that T. pallidum possesses significant anabolic competence.
Ammonium Ion Requirement for the Cell Cycle of
Mycobacterium avium
Authors: McCarthy Charlotte
Published: January 2020

Mycobacterium avium
has a defined cell cycle in which small cells elongate to about five times their original length and then divide by fragmentation. The nitrogen requirement for production of maximal number of colony-forming units was assessed by varying concentrations and kinds of nitrogen source in the medium. Ferric ammonium citrate at a concentration in 7H10 medium of 0.17 μmol/ml or ammonium chloride at 0.25 μmol/ml as the nitrogen source permitted the cells to elongate and to undergo limited division, with the final culture at 4 × 10
7
colony-forming units per ml. Ammonium chloride at 2.5 μmol/ml or glutamine at 1.37 μmol/ml supported completion of the cell cycle with final colony-forming units at about 5 × 10
8
/ml. Other amino acids, including glutamic acid, at 2.5 μmol/ml did not support completion of the cell cycle, although in most cases an intermediate number of colony-forming units per milliliter were formed. Limited uptake of [
14
C]glutamic acid and uptake of [
14
C]glutamine were not detectable until cell fission began. Cells not limited for nitrogen took up five times as much
35
S during fission as limited cells did during the same time. The nonlimited cells contained 10 times as much sulfolipid as the nitrogen-limited cells at the end of the cell cycle. These results demonstrate that rapidly dividing cells of
M. avium
utilize amino acids and sulfur and also synthesize sulfolipids in events that are apparently separable from metabolic functions of elongating cells. The results are contrasted with those found for other mycobacteria in which no cell cycle has been demonstrated.
Induction of interferon synthesis in mice by fractions from Nocardia
Authors: Barot-Ciorbaru R , Wietzerbin J , Petit J F , Chedid L , Falcoff E , Lederer E
Published: January 2020

Three fractions of Nocardia, Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM), Nocardia water-soluble mitogen pellet (NWSMP), and the cell wall peptidoglycan, which are mitogenic for B lymphocytes, were able to induce circulating interferon in mice, NWSMP and NWSM being the most active. The peak of interferon appeared about 2 h after injection. The interferon induced by NSWMP and NWSM was acid stable and antigenically related to viral interferon, as shown by neutralization with antibodies directed against Newcastle disease virus-induced interferon.
Microflora analysis of a child with severe combined immune deficiency
Authors: Taylor G R , Kropp K D , Molina T C
Published: January 2020

An infant with severe combined immune deficiency was delivered by Caesarean section and continuously maintained in an isolator in an effort to restrict microbial contact. However, during the past 5 years the child came in contact with at least 54 different microbial contaminants. His skin autoflora was similar to the reference group of healthy male adults in numbers of different species and the number of viable cells present per square centimeter of surface area. The subject's autoflora differed from the reference group in that significantly fewer anaerobic species were recovered from the patient's mouth and feces. The populations on the skin and in the upper respiratory tract were almost exclusively composed of staphylococci and micrococci, although several species that commonly inhabit these areas were infrequently isolated and failed to colonize. The fecal autoflora was dominated by staphylococci, and bacilli clostridia recovered in typical numbers. Enterobacter agglomerans, not commonly recovered from the reference group, was a frequent inhabitant of the mouth and feces of the child. The fact that this severe combined immune-deficient patient has remained disease free in the presence of this microbial population illustrates the noninvasive nature of the bacteria present, as well as the importance of unaffected components of the child's immune defense mechanism.
Effect of indomethacin in vivo on humoral and cellular immunity in humans
Authors: Goodwin J S , Selinger D S , Messner R P , Reed W P
Published: January 2020

We studied the effect of indomethacin on intradermal skin testing and antibody responses in humans. Since we and others have shown that prostaglandins are suppressor cell mediators, it was probable that in vivo inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis might enhance the humoral and/or cellular immune response. Administration of indomethacin (Indocin) in a dosage of 100 mg/day to 15 normal men and women resulted in a significantly increased antibody titer to A-Victoria (P less than 0.025) as compared with age- and sex-matched controls. There was no difference in titer to A-New Jersey. Since 90% of the subjects had antibody titers to A-Victoria before inoculation, whereas none had detectable titers to A-New Jersey, we interpret this data as suggesting that indomethacin enhances the secondary but not the primary humoral immune response. Indomethacin administration did not alter the intradermal skin test responses.
Mechanisms of hemopoietic and immunological dysfunction induced by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Authors: Silberman S L , Jacobs R P , Cole G A
Published: January 2020

Sublethal irradiation (500 R) of C3H mice is followed by a gradual replacement of radiosensitive cells in their spleens by surviving stem cells originating in bone marrow. This compensatory hemopoiesis was quantitated by counting the numbers of stem cell-derived colonies appearing on spleen surfaces, as well as those which grew in vitro after marrow cells, suspended in soft agar, were overlaid onto syngenic mouse embryo fibroblast feeder layers. Compensatory colony formation, both in vivo and in vitro, was severely depressed when mice were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) 1 day before irradiation, although the induction of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in their spleens was unimpaired. Without irradiation, mice, acutely infected with LCMV, showed a dramatic reduction in the numbers of specific antibody-forming cells generated in their spleens after priming with sheep erythrocytes during week 1 post-infection, yet the ability of their marrow cells to form colonies in vitro remained normal. Therefore, the basis of immunodepression is distinct from that of defective hemopoiesis since the latter is apparent only when LCMV infection is accompanied by irradiation. However, as discussed, both phenomena may be related to alterations induced within the splenic environment by LCMV.
Influenza in ferrets and guinea pigs: effect on cell-mediated immunity
Authors: Kauffman C A , Schiff G M , Phair J P
Published: January 2020

Two different animal models were studied to determine whether localized upper respiratory tract viral infection was associated with suppression of systemic cell-mediated immunity. During influenza infection in ferrets, there was no significant decrease in lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Guinea pigs given influenza showed no significant change in their response to PHA or to picryl human serum albumin (picHSA), to which they had been immunized previously. Delayed hypersensitivity skin test responses to picHSA in guinea pigs remained intact during infection. No change in the percentage of circulating T lymphocytes was detected during influenza infection. Transfer of immunity to nonsensitized recipient guinea pigs from picHSA-sensitized guinea pigs was accomplished during influenza infection. Lack of a suppressive effect on systemic cell-mediated immunity after influenza challenge in these two animal models of mild influenza confirmed previous findings in humans with mild influenza infection.
Myeloperoxidase-Cl--H2O2 bactericidal system: effect of bacterial membrane structure and growth conditions
Authors: Rest R F , Spitznagel J K
Published: January 2020

The human-myeloperoxidase-Cl--H2O2 bactericidal system killed (i) smooth Enterobacteria spp. greater than or equal to rough and (ii) static-grown, stationary-phase bacteria greater than or equal to aerated-grown, log-phase. This is in contrast to human neutrophil granule extracts (involved in nonoxidative bactericidal mechanisms) that kill rough and aerated log-phase Enterobacteria spp. much more efficiently.
Effect of iron on yields of exotoxin A in cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-103
Authors: Bjorn M J , Iglewski B H , Ives S K , Sadoff J C , Vasil M L
Published: January 2020

The yields of exotoxin A in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures were influenced by the concentration of iron in the culture media. When the iron concentration of the culture media was increased from 0.05 to 1.5 microgram/ml, there was at least a 90% decrease in exotoxin A (measured both by enzymatic activity and by mouse lethality) and a slight increase in the growth of the bacteria. The addition of iron as late as 13 h after initiation of growth repressed further measurable increases of exotoxin A within 3 h. Intracellular toxin levels were also reduced by increasing the iron concentrations of the culture media. The addition of 3.0 microgram of iron per ml did not significantly alter either the enzyme activity of preformed crude or purified exotoxin A or the mouse toxicity of the pure toxin. Thus it appears that either the rate of production or the rate of intracellular degradation of exotoxin A is regulated by the concentration of iron in the culture media.
Immunodiffusion method for identification of group A streptococci
Authors: Lyampert I M , Borodiyuk N A , Asoskova T K , Rassokhina I I
Published: January 2020

The development of a method suitable for identification of group A streptococci by microprecipitation in gels is described. The method is based on preparation of specific sera containing high antibody levels agains the antigenic determinant characteristic of group A streptococcal polysaccharide. In a comparative study with a counterimmunoelectrophoresis method, the proposed test proved to be specific, easily read, and less complicated. Results were obtained in 2 h.
Ultrastructural and immunological aspects of the phagocytosis of Trypanosoma brucei by mouse peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Stevens D R , Moulton J E
Published: January 2020

Trypanosome-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages phagocytized and digested Trypanosoma brucei in vitro and in vivo, but in the absence of specific antiserum and complement the degree of phagocytosis was minimal. Ultrastructurally, the parasites attached to the macrophage by their flagella, and ingestion proceeded flagellum first. Once ingested, T. brucei was degraded, presumably due to fusion of the parasite-containing phagosome with lysosomes. Contrariwise, normal mouse peritoneal macrophages displayed negligible ability to ingest T. brucei, even in the presence of specific antiserum and complement. During trypanosomiasis in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), the development of hypergammaglobulinemia correlated with enhanced phagocytosis of T. brucei by macrophages, but only at early post-inoculation days (PID 5 to 15). Complement lysis of trypanosomes was not identified in these experiments. Between PID 20 to 30, antiserum and complement either had no phagocytosis-promoting ability or depressed the phagocytosis of T. brucei by macrophages. These results indicate that both specific antibody and complement contribute to the ingestion of T. brucei by activated macrophages, but that parasite antigenic variation effectively abrogates the phagocytic defense mechanism.
Incorporation of Cystine by Yeast Cells of
Histoplasma capsulatum
Authors: Gilbert Brian E. , Howard Dexter H.
Published: January 2020

This report deals with the incorporation of cystine into macromolecules by yeast cells of
Histoplasma capsulatum
. The results show that at saturating concentrations of cystine in a rich medium, total uptake of the cystine occurs in 10 hr, whereas the amount of label in the cold trichloroacetic acid-soluble material reaches a maximum at 3 to 4 hr and remains at this value. The amount of label in the cold acid-insoluble material accumulates linearly for 4 to 5 hr and reaches a plateau at 7 to 9 hr. A chemical fractionation of labeled cells shows that 25% of the cystine taken up remains as low-molecular-weight components, of which cystine comprises 60 to 75%. Approximately 30% of the total label incorporated is ethanol-soluble, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this material shows a rather uniform incorporation of the amino acid into many proteins. The combined hot KOH fractions account for 40% of the total label incorporated. The amount of hot KOH-insoluble material almost doubles in a 10-hr pulse, whereas there is an increase in hot KOH-soluble material. Hence, the greatest amount of label from cells pulsed with
14
C-cystine is recovered from cell wall material.
Colonization of Teeth in Humans by
Streptococcus mutans
as Related to Its Concentration in Saliva and Host Age
Authors: Duchin S. , Van Houte J.
Published: January 2020

The relationship of the salivary concentration of
Streptococcus mutans
and host age to the colonization of this organism on erupting teeth was studied in humans. Plaques were obtained from fissures and buccal surfaces of erupting permanent first and second molars of children 6 to 7 and 11 to 14 years old, respectively. In subjects of both age groups with salivary
S. mutans
concentrations below 5 × 10
2
colony-forming units per ml, the organism was detected on only a few of the tooth surfaces; at concentrations of 5 × 10
2
to 4.9 × 10
4
colony-forming units per ml more than half of the surfaces and at concentrations of 5 × 10
4
colony-forming units per ml or higher most of the surfaces were colonized by
S. mutans
. The frequency of detection and concentration of
S. mutans
in plaque as well as its concentration in saliva were higher in the case of the older children. However, when younger and older children with similar salivary
S. mutans
concentrations were compared,
S. mutans
was more frequently isolated from plaque from older children only in the case of children with below 5 × 10
2
colony-forming units per ml of saliva. Eleven of the 64 children studied had low or undetectable
S. mutans
levels in plaque and saliva. The salivary
S. mutans
levels of the parents of these children were lower than those of parents of a group of children with normal oral
S. mutans
levels.
Effect of Systemic Candidiasis on Blastogenesis of Lymphocytes from Germfree and Conventional Rats
Authors: Rogers Thomas J. , Balish Edward
Published: January 2020

Germfree and conventional rats were challenged (intravenously) with
Candida albicans
and sacrificed at various times after infection, and their spleen cells were harvested to examine the effect of disseminated candidiasis on in vitro lymphocyte hypersensitivity to
Candida
antigens (CA). Results showed that conventional rat splenocytes, initially responsive in vitro to stimulation by CA, manifested a depression in CA-specific responsiveness after challenge with viable
C. albicans
(days 3 to 6 postchallenge). In addition, the latter splenocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) was suppressed by 3 to 6 days after challenge with
Candida
. In contrast to conventional rats, the response of germfree rat splenocytes to CA was insignificant before challenge with
C. albicans
, and it was increased at 9 days after infection. The response of uninfected germfree rat splenocytes to PHA and ConA was significantly lower than that of unchallenged conventional rats. Challenge with viable
C. albicans
did not result in a suppression of gnotobiotic rat splenocyte responses to PHA and ConA, but rather, the disseminated infection resulted in as much as fivefold increases in PHA or ConA-induced blastogenesis. These findings suggest that disseminated candidiasis is capable of suppressing blastogenesis in immunologically mature conventional rats and of improving lymphocyte blastogenesis from immunologically immature germfree rats.
Isolation of a bacteriophage for actinomyces viscosus
Authors: Delisle A L , Nauman R K , Minah G E
Published: January 2020

A lytic phage which produces clear plaques on a human isolate of Actinomyces viscosus was isolated from a sample of raw domestic sewage.
Modulation of Myelopoiesis In Vivo by Chemically Pure Preparations of Cell Wall Components from Gram-Negative Bacteria: Effects at Different Stages
Authors: Staber F. G. , Tarcsay L. , Dukor P.
Published: January 2020

Modulation of myelopoiesis by chemically pure preparations of different cell wall components from gram-negative bacteria was investigated in vivo. The effects of lipid A, outer membrane lipoprotein, and murein were evaluated at several distinct stages: induction of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in the serum, increase in the number of committed splenic precursor cells (CFU-C) forming granulocyte-macrophage colonies in vitro, and triggering into the cell cycle of noncommitted hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) from bone marrow. The results reveal different patterns of activity of the bacterial cell wall components (BCWC) tested. (i) In C57Bl/6 mice and C3H/Bom mice, all three preparations were potent inducers of CSA. In C3H/HeJ mice, CSA was only induced by lipoprotein and murein and not by lipid A. After injection of lipid A or lipoprotein, but not murein, the number of CFU-C in spleens of C57Bl/6 mice was increased up to 100-fold. In C3H/Bom and C3H/HeJ mice, not only murein but also lipoprotein were much less potent in this respect. (iii) In C57Bl/6 mice, both lipid A and lipoprotein, but not murein, were capable of inducing the proliferation of CFU-S, as demonstrated by a hot thymidine cytocide technique. Thus, induction of CSA and changes in the pool size of splenic CFU-C after administration of BCWC may be unrelated events. On the other hand, the increase of CFU-C might reflect the mitogenicity of BCWC for CFU-S.
Influence of the antigenicity of Brucella preparations on modulation of the immune response to sheep erythrocytes
Authors: Le Garrec Y , Toujas L , Martin A , Dazord L , Pilet C
Published: January 2020

The relationship between the expression of surface antigenicity of inactivated Brucella and the immunostimulant properties on the sheep erythrocyte response was studied in mice. The agglutinogenic Brucella abortus B19S preparation was compared to two non-agglutinogenic preparations (B19R and PB), using the plaque-forming and rosette-forming cell tests. When Brucella and antigen were injected together, only non-agglutinogenic preparations, even used at low doses, were able to increase the plaque-forming and rosette-forming cell responses measured 4 days after immunization. When the interval between the previous injection of non-agglutinogenic preparations and that of the antigen increased or when they were injected 24 h after the antigen, the modification of those two responses was no longer observed. After day 4, for the simultaneous injection of Brucella and antigen, B19S and PB preparations induced the best responses; this effect was dose dependent. Thus, in the present experimental situation, the modification of the day 4 response appeared independent of those of the ensuing days.
Propagation of Pneumocystis carinii in Vero cell culture
Authors: Pifer L L , Woods D , Hughes W T
Published: January 2020

Pneumocystis carinii derived from infected murine lung was found to be capable of limited growth in Vero African green monkey kidney cell cultures. The observed increase in the number of cyst forms was influenced by the ratio of cysts to host cells in the inocula, duration of passage, and formulation of the cell culture media. Maximum growth was achieved by inoculating 1.3 X 10(5) cysts per 75-cm2 flask containing about 2 X 10(7) Vero cells (cyst-to-cell ratio=1:154) maintained on minimal essential medium supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum. Under these conditions of culture, a 10.8-fold increase in cyst forms was observed during a 7-day passage in cell culture utilizing cyst-to-cell ratios ranging from 1:28 to 1:2,778.
Activation of complement by cell surface components of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Wilkinson B J , Kim Y , Peterson P K , Quie P G , Michael A F
Published: January 2020

The abilities of intact Staphylococcus aureus H, crude cell walls (CCW), purified cell walls (PCW, peptidoglycan [PG] and covalently linked teichoic acid), peptidoglycan, and cell membranes (CM) to activate the complement system in normal human serum, C2-deficient serum, and immunoglobulin-deficient serum were compared. On a weight basis, PCW was the most active fraction; intact organisms and CCW were about equally effective; and PG was least active in causing complement consumption in normal serum. CM also activated complement but did not give a clear dose-response relationship in the concentrations used. Kinetic studies revealed that C3-C9 consumption occurred at a significantly slower rate in C2-deficient serum, indicating that intact organisms, PCW, and PG may activate the complement system via the classical and alternative pathways in normal serum. C3-C9 consumption was also slower in immunoglobulin-deficient serum than in normal serum, implying that immunoglobulins play a role in attaining maximum rates of complement activation. In all sera studied, PG was less active in complement activation than PCW. These results indicate that a number of cell surface components of S. aureus can play a role in complement activation by this organism and that the presence of teichoic acid has a significant enhancing effect in this regard.
Induction of capping in blood-stage trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi by human anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies
Authors: Schmuñis G A , Szarfman A , Langembach T , de Souza W
Published: January 2020

The effect of human-specific antibody on surface membrane antigens of trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi was studied in vitro by using immunofluorescence methods. Immune sera induced aggregation of surface antigens in trypomastigotes to form polar cell caps.
Immunization of suckling pigs against enteric enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection by vaccinating dams with purified pili
Authors: Nagy B , Moon H W , Isaacson R E , To C C , Brinton C C
Published: January 2020

Pregnant swine (gilts) were vaccinated parenterally with a suspension of purified pili from the porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain 987 (09:K103::NM). Gilts injected with placebo served as controls. Suckling pigs born to gilts in both groups were challenged intragastrically with virulent strain 987. The percentage of deaths, incidence and duration of diarrhea, numbers of E. coli in the ilea, and E. coli attachment to the villous epithelia were significantly less in suckling pigs of vaccinated gilts than in those of controls. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that pili of some enterotoxigenic E. coli facilitate adhesion to intestinal epithelia. Vaccination of dams with pili appears to be a means of immunizing against diarrheal disease caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli in suckling neonates. This work confirms the role of somatic pili as colonization and virulence factors and provides another example of safe and effective purified pilus vaccines.
Characteristics of an adenovirus type 19 conjunctivitis isolate and evidence for a subgroup associated with epidemic conjunctivitis
Authors: Newland J C , Cooney M K
Published: January 2020

Although adneovirus type 19 (Ad19) was first described in 1955, this virus was not associated with disease until its isolation from outbreaks of conjunctivitis in 1973. A strain of Ad19 isolated from a case of conjunctivitis in Seattle in 1974 was compared with the reference strain (3911). Plaque number and size were enhanced by 30 mM MgCl2. Low pH and chloroform treatment had no effect on either strain's activity, but the two strains were sensitive to pH 8. Growth curves were characteristic of adenoviruses, but differences were seen in the amount of virus released. The ratios of particles to plaque-forming units (approximately 10,000:1) were similar for both. Both virus preparations contained high concentrations of group-specific complement-fixing antigen. Cross-reactions were seen by hemagglutination inhibition and immunoelectron microscopy between antisera to Ad8, Ad9, and Ad10 versus both strains of Ad19, but were not seen by neutralization. We would like to suggest, based on exclusive conjunctivitis association and cross-reactions, that the four cross-reacting serotypes, Ad8, Ad9, Ad10, and Ad19, represent a subgroup of adenoviruses specfically associated with conjunctivitis.
Cellular response in Salmonella typhimurium-infected mice: evaluation of Salmonella receptors of B lymphocytes
Authors: Galdiero F , Benedetto N , Quarto N , Romano C
Published: January 2020

The cellular response in the course of experimental infection with Salmonella typhimurium was studied in mice. T cells were detected by the presence of theta-antigen, B cells by the binding of fluorescent immunoglobulins, and cells with receptors by labeled Salmonella binding. Lymphocytes were from spleen and lymph nodes. Results have been divided into three groups: group A, including mice with slight symptomatology; group B, including those with serious infection symptomatology; and group C, including mice that died in the course of the experiment. In spleen and lymph nodes of group A mice, an increase in the percentage of T and B lymphocytes was observed. This increase reached a peak 10 days after experimental infection. In lymph nodes, the B-cell percentage was equal to the percentage of T cells, whereas in spleen lymphocytes the B-cell percentage was higher. In spleens of group B mice we observed the same response as in mice of group A, whereas in lymph nodes there was a low response of T and B lymphocytes. In group C mice, there was no significant response of T and B lymphocytes in either spleen or lymph nodes. In B lymphocytes prepared from spleens of surviving mice, a small number of Salmonella receptors was detected: 200 bacterial cells per 10(9) lymphocytes.
Cholera toxin effects on fluid secretion, adenylate cyclase, and cyclic AMP in porcine small intestine
Authors: Forsyth G W , Hamilton D L , Goertz K E , Johnson M R
Published: January 2020

The effects of cholera toxin on mucosal cyclic nucleotide concentrations and on net fluid secretion in the porcine small intestine are reported. Cholera toxin causes net secretion of fluid into the small intestine of weanling pigs, and secretory rates are dependent on the dose of the toxin placed in intestinal loops. Intestinal secretion due to cholera toxin exposure was not consistently accompanied by elevated concentrations of mucosal cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. Net fluid fluxes in individual loops did not correlate with mucosal cyclic AMP concentration in the same loop. Jejunal adenylate cyclase was activated to a lesser extent in pigs, compared with rabbits, after in vivo treatment with cholera toxin. In vitro activation in cell-free homogenates was similar for both species. Papaverine was similar to cholera toxin in causing fluid secretion without cyclic AMP accumulations, but 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine significantly increased cyclic AMP concentration and induced fluid secretion in pigs. Weanling pigs appeared to differ from rabbits in having a secretory response to cholera toxin which was independent of elevations in total mucosal cyclic AMP concentration.
Inhibition of specific amino acid uptake in Candida albicans by lysosomal extracts from rabbit alveolar macrophages
Authors: Peterson E M , Calderone R A
Published: January 2020

Lysosomal-rich fractions, obtained from normal rabbit alveolar macrophages, were extracted and tested for their effects on Candida albicans. The uptake and incorporation of various compounds (amino acids, uridine, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and Rb+) by C. albicans were measured in the presence and absence of extract. These studies demonstrated that the extract had a specific effect on the uptake of certain amino acids by C. albicans. Of the amino acids tested, the uptake of methionine valine, lysine, phenylalanine, and leucine was drastically reduced in the presence of extract, whereas proline and glutamic acid uptake was unaffected. Those amino acids whose uptake was inhibited have been shown to be transported in other yeasts by a general amino acid permease. The existence of a general amino acid permease in C. albicans is compatible with our data. Additionally, the extract had no effect on the uptake of uridine, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and Rb+. Leakage of 86Rb by C. albicans was detected in the presence of the extract. Viability of Candida, as measured by colony-forming ability, decreased after a 16-h incubation of C. albicans with the extract.
Stimulation of cyclic AMP secretion in Vero cells by enterotoxins of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Stavric S , Speirs J I , Konowalchuk J , Jeffrey D
Published: January 2020

The morphological response of Vero cells to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin was similar to that of cholera toxin and was accompanied by increases in the intracellular level of cyclic AMP. The effects of both enterotoxins were enhanced by the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitor and inhibited by heat or specific antisera. Accumulation of cyclic AMP preceded the morphological response.