bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Great Britain's Industrial Training Act
Authors: Welch John M.
Published: March 2007

This magazine presented in its February and May 1966 issues the first six chapters of Dr. John Welch's "Task Unit Approach to On-The- Job Training." In June 1966, Britain's Hotel & Catering Institute Journal published excerpts of these articles from The Quarterly. In July, the same journal published the British Hotel and Catering Industry Training Committee's report which recommended that a task-unit approach to education for the industry be adopted by their government.

Education for the hospitality industry is to be given in four general categories: 1) Food Prep aration and Cookery; 2) Food Service; 3) Front Office; and 4) Housekeeping. A "sandwich ap proach"-alternating periods of classroom in struction with on-the-job training- is recom mended in mastering tasks of different levels in any one of these four departments. Certificates of competency are to be awarded to trainees who successfully master each task level. Employers who provide on-the-job training approved by the Committee will receive government aid from the education levy placed on all establishments in the industry.-Editor
Grand Strategy
Authors: West Joseph J. , Olsen Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Having the right strategy can improve your operation's performance. Although your strategy should be matched to the market, some approaches are generally better than others
Fabulous
Authors: Neuhaus Thomas
Published: March 2007

Through words and pictures on a computer screen, FABULOUS acquaints students with how to prepare a food item and to build a menu before they ever get into the kitchen
The Forgotten Female Offender
Authors: Price Ray R.
Published: March 2007

Until recently the female offender was generally overlooked by an overwhelmingly male-dominated criminal justice system. Information derived from an extensive search of the literature illustrates the dramatic increase of female crime; it further suggests the potential for modifying the sexist nature of the criminal justice system. Questions are raised about some popular misconceptions pertaining to the data. A review of the history of women's involvement as subjects of the criminal justice system in general, and correction in particular, reveals disparate treatment for men and women throughout that process. Both positive and negative effects of this orientation are examined.

The article then focuses on rehabilitation. Attention is directed to particular suggestions for reform, leading to a postulation of new directions in treatment of the female offender.
Forcible Rape
Authors: Robin Gerald D.
Published: March 2007

Forcible rape is unique among crimes in the manner in which its victims are dealt with by the criminal justice system. Raped women are subjected to an institutionalized sexism that begins with their treatment by the police, continues through a male-dominated criminal justice system influenced by pseudo-scientific notions of victim precipitation, and ends with the systematic acquittal of many de facto guilty rapists. The codification of sexism centers in the legal elements involved in proving guilt and obtaining convictions. In effect, the law's focus upon corrob oration, consent, and character has established a standard of proof in rape cases that is more stringent than "beyond a reasonable doubt."

Nonetheless, the processing of rape victims by the criminal justice system is gradually becoming more sensitive, facilitative, and reflective of the trauma experienced by the women involved. The legal position toward the crime is also becoming less sexist and more responsive to the realities involved in sexual assault. Both of these changes have come about through the efforts of the women's liberation movement. The most promising means for achieving more humane and dignified treatment of rape victims in the arms of the law have been "rape crisis centers." This approach to eliminating institutionalized sexism surrounding forcible rape has been significantly aided and abetted by successful attempts to modify the basic definition of the crime and to revise the legal elements needed for conviction.
Should Juvenile Delinquency Be Abolished?
Authors: Mccarthy Francis Barry
Published: March 2007

The legal concept of juvenile delinquency as administered for the last 150 years began to die with the Gault decision. Subsequent efforts to reformulate it have only provided evidence of our inability to restore vitality to a diseased organ. Delinquency jurisdiction should be removed from the juvenile court and be allowed to revert to the criminal courts, where many interests which are highly valued in our society can be protected more fully.
Heroin Addiction, Criminal Culpability, and the Penal Sanction
Authors: Bayer Ronald
Published: March 2007

In 1973, Nelson Rockefeller presented to the New York State legislature a Draconian legislative package aimed at controlling the problem of drug abuse. His proposals aroused intense opposition on the part of liberal po litical figures, an opposition that demonstrates the growing incoherence of contemporary liberal social policy with regard to "deviant" activity.

In looking back at the development of liberal conceptions of deviancy and appropriate social control, the author demonstrates that deterministic social theories have strongly affected liberalism's understanding of crimi nal culpability and the rise of the therapeutic orientation. The various sociological, psychological, and physiological theories of heroin addiction, in particular, all draw upon a common view of the addict as determined by forces beyond his control, as the victim of a disease. This conception of addiction has had a significant impact upon views of criminal justice, as is shown in a review of articles published in American law reviews be tween 1960 and 1973. Special attention is given to the incompatibility of premises underlying the criminal sanction and the perception of addiction as a disease.

The author concludes that the therapeutic social response to addiction, pressed for by liberals and supported by legal theorists, has reached its limits. This accounts for the disarray which characterizes current efforts to formulate a rational social policy with regard to heroin addiction.
Defending the Death Penalty
Authors: Berns Walter
Published: March 2007

The allegedly moral objections to capital punishment are a product of modern amoral political philosophy, from which has derived the modern reluctance to exact retribution. Retribution is demanded by angry and morally indignant people, and, it is said, there is no legitimate basis for this anger and indignation. But anger, as Aristotle demonstrates, is con nected to justice; and, when it is aroused by the sight of crime, it deserves to be rewarded. By punishing the criminal, the law rewards this anger and thereby teaches law-abidingness; by so doing, it promotes respect for those things-such as human life-that the criminal has violated. From retribu tion comes the principle that the punishment should fit the crime, and the only punishment that fits some crimes-for example, some particularly heinous murders-is capital punishment. If human life is to be held in awe, as it should be, the law forbidding the taking of it must be held in awe, and the only way the law can be made awe inspiring is to entitle it to inflict the penalty of death.
School Size, Organizational Structure, and Teaching Practices
Authors: Adams Raymond S. , Kimble Richard M. , Marlin Marjorie
Published: March 2007

The effects of organizational size are often the subject of much conjecture. This present paper sought to discover relationships between school size and reports teachers gave of their own teaching styles. While some significant differences were revealed, the amount of variation, explainable by size, was found to be slight. At the time of writing, all three authors were associated with the Centre for Research in Social Behaviour at the University of Missouri at Columbia, Professor Adams as an Educational Sociologist and Professor Marlin as a inferential statistician. Dr. Kimble has, more recently, been administering the University's Teacher Corps Project, in St. Louis.
Educational Administration — A Twenty-Five Year Perspective
Authors: Campbell Roald F.
Published: March 2007

Recently, in connection with the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the National Conference of Professors of Educational Administra tion, the author had the opportunity and the challenge to contrast some of the ideas affecting the field in 1947 and in 1971. The paper prepared for that occasion, with some adaptations, appears here. Roald F. Campbell is currently Fawcett Professor of Educational Administration at The Ohio State University.
Antecedents of the Theory Movement
Authors: Culbertson Jack A.
Published: March 2007

This article traces the conceptual roots of the theory movement in educational administration. Ideas of Auguste Comte, father of positivism, and of the logical positivists are highlighted. How core concepts which shaped the theory movement were diffused into educational administration is documented. Finally, the paper sets forth implications for the future study of educational administration. The article is based on a paper presented toa UCEA-Universityof Wisconsin sponsored Career Develop ment Seminar held in memory of the late William J. Davis, former EAQ Editorial Board member, at Madison, Wisconsin, March 1980.
Performance Information in School Systems: Perspectives from Organization Theory
Authors: Sproull Lee S. , Zubrow David
Published: March 2007

The nature of performance information is explored empirically through data describing administrator behaviors and preferences, and conceptually through a pure cybernetic model and a more organizationally-realistic administrative model. Implications from the latter model are derived for both school system administrators and school system critics.
Richtlinien Für Die Gesamthaltung Der Deutschen Presse
Authors: Lerg Winfried B.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a document in the possession of the 'Institut für Publizistik der Westfalischen Wilhelm-Universität' at Munster in West phalia. It contains the directives given to the German press by Josef Goebbels in I934. What he wished to achieve was, on the one hand, to instil a greater measure of sobriety into the triumphant Nazi press, and, on the other hand, to get the non-Nazi papers to assume a more positive point of view with regard to the regime. By doing this, Goebbcls addressed himself directly to the press while ignoring the communication agencies created by himself, viz. the Government Press conferences and the Go vernment Press Chamber.
Media publicity and insurgent terrorism: A twenty-year balance sheet
Authors: Tan Zoe C.W.
Published: March 2007

In response to the conventional yet untested wisdom that a greater amount of mass media publicity contributes to the increasing legitimization of in surgent activities which in turn results in the prevalence of political violence, this study provides a systematic analysis of both quantity and quality media coverage of the terrorist violence of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the character of this violence, and the relationship between media publicity and this violence over time. This study suggests that the media are not willing conduits of terrorists' campaign for violence. However, the fact that they are not supportive of terrorism does not necessarily exonerate them from being considered useful by terrorists. The implica tions of this study to media institutions are discussed.
Indications of change
Authors: Weibull Lennart , Anshelm Magnus
Published: March 2007

In this article we analyze the development of Swedish Media since the late 1970s in terms of structure, organization and output. The article is structured in two main parts. We analyze the structure and the output of Swedish media 1980 – 1990, and then we try to understand the Swedish media development in terms of the political, economic and social tendencies of Sweden during the same period of time. Four general trends in Swedish media are identified. The first trend is the increase in the output of most mass media. Secondly, the internationalization of the media contents is analyzed. The third is the increasing localization and regionalization of the media production. The final general trend identified, is the decreasing public control, and the increasing privatization of Swedish media. These trends are finally understood in the context of changes in the Swedish society during the same period of time.
Ke Wang, a Chinese television soap opera with a message
Authors: Min Wang  , Singhal Arvind
Published: March 2007

China's first domestically-produced, long-running television soap opera, Ke Wang ('Aspirations'), was immensely popular with its audiences since it was first broadcast on a local Beijing television station in October, 1990. An audience of at least 550 million people in China watched Ke Wang, the largest audience in any single country for any television program. While Ke Wang was designed primarily to entertain people, it addressed many of the important social issues confronting the Chinese society: Status of women, social morality, family harmony, class conflict, responsible parenthood, maintenance of traditional culture, volunteerism, child development, physical disability, and others. We trace the history of Ke Wang, showing how the soap opera represents a watershed in Chinese television programming. We analyze Ke Wang's audience success, and investigate the various social impacts of Ke Wang. The promises and problems of entertainment-education soap operas like Ke Wang are discussed.
Media representations of socio-political conflict: The Romanian Revolution and the Gulf War
Authors: Shinar Dov , Stoiciu Gina
Published: March 2007

Why do prestigious Western newspapers and broadcasting organizations fail in the coverage of sociopolitical conflict? Are media bungles in the last decade – such as in Lebanon, Grenada, Panama, the West Bank, Eastern Europe, the Gulf War and other cases1 – isolated instances? Do they indicate the evolution of a consistent pattern? The coverage of the Romanian revolution and the Gulf War in the Western media is used here for a comparative examination of these questions. Conclusions of a detailed analysis of the Romanian case are applied to the coverage of the Gulf War, and theoretical implications are discussed.
Subjective objectivity. How journalists in four countries define a key term of their profession
Authors: Donsbach Wolfgang , Klett Bettina
Published: March 2007

'Objectivity' is one of the core professional values of journalism. However, there are many different definitions and interpretations of the term in the profession. These notions have changed over time in one country, and they differ between journalists in different cultural and political settings. In this paper we present comparative results of how journalists in different countries look at the term objectivity. The data are gathered from an international study of news journalists in democracies. In this survey, representative samples of reporters and editors who are involved in daily news decisions were interviewed with the same questionnaire. We show how journalists differ in their notion of objectivity and in the subjective importance which the professional value of objectivity has for them. Besides showing country-to-country differences, we try to assess what factors contribute to different professional attitudes towards objectivity within a single country. In a final part, the paper discusses the consequences of the different notions of objectivity for the audience's perception of reality and for the influence of the news media on public opinion.
South Korea's experiment with a free press
Authors: Youm Kyu Ho
Published: March 2007

The South Korean press is living through ‘a golden age’, largely because of the sweeping democratic reforms which started in mid-1987. But ‘all the news is not good’ so far as the adaption of the Korean press to a changing Korean society is concerned. In many ways, the international problems with the Korean press will turn out to be more intractable than the external ones. Press responsibility and ethics demand more sustained attention than ever from Korean journalists. The unethical ‘chonji’ (cash gifts) practices of many Korean journalists are beneath the dignity of the Korean press as a whole. Also, the ‘open market of ideas’ concept of press freedom in a democracy repudiates the modus operandi of the ‘kijadan’ (press club) system.
The Press Congress of the World and international standards for journalists, 1921-26
Authors: Bjork Ulf Jonas
Published: March 2007

Efforts to promote journalism standards on a worldwide level are as old as inter national organizations of journalists and date back almost 100 years. This study of an American initiative, the 1920s Press Congress of the World, found that ethics and standards were discussed and stressed as desirable at the meetings of the Congress but that, beyond resolutions, few concrete results were achieved. The main reason for the lack of results was the failure of the organization to perpetuate itself and to achieve a broad-based and representative membership.
Television's false dawn: The problematic introduction of television in the Netherlands
Authors: Wieten Jan
Published: March 2007

In the late 1920s and early 1930s countries like the United States, the United King dom and Germany experienced an early and rather premature television-boom. In hindsight the 'mechanical' television of those days seems primitive, but at the time it must have looked as if the time of 'seeing at a distance' had finally come, whatever that might eventually come to mean. Under those circumstances parties with a real or an assumed interest would be forced to take decisions with possibly long-lasting effects, based on tentative definitions of the tech nology and its uses, and their own position vis a vis the new medium. As far as Germany, Britain and the USA are concerned, what happened during the boom, as well as its causes and its effects, have been reasonably well documented by now. This study focuses on the case of the Netherlands, a pioneer country in radio broadcasting, with a large electronic industry, but with a radio system that differentiates it from both main types of broadcasting institutions, the public broadcasting monopoly and the private commercial broadcasting system.
The centrality of self-reliant and participatory approaches to media planning in the Caribbean: An analysis of the television programming framework of Barbados
Authors: Gooch Cheryl Renée
Published: March 2007

Policy approaches that advance ideals of self-reliance and equitable participation in planning, while emphasizing the centrality of cultural autonomy to full development, are most often lauded by development scholars as the most emancipatory options for emerging societies. Such perspectives are relevant to the discussion of the media planning environment of the English-speaking Caribbean, especially within the television area where overall dispro portionate amount of foreign programming is perceived by some to contribute to the erosion of indigenous cultural character. These concerns have prompted many leaders throughout the region to re-examine existing policies and systems of control, and to consider appropriate alternatives. This article examines the television programming framework of the country of Barbados, and assesses the extent to which endogenous capacity exists for the development of alternative policy approaches that engender self-reliance and equitable participation in media planning. Based on field research conducted in Barbados in 1992, this examines how key sectors influence the nature and direction of television programming policy.
Community type and the diffusion of campaign information
Authors: Viswanath K. , Finnegan John R. , Hertog James , Pirie Phyllis , Murray David M.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the role of community pluralism in the diffusion of information. More specifically, this paperused community pluralism as a contextual variable in studying the mediating impact of SES variables on program awareness and name recall of a cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention program in three communities of differing complexity. Data for this study came from 14 surveys over a period of five years. The study found that program awareness and name recall diffused more slowly in the more pluralistic communities compared to the less pluralistic communities. This effect was more pronounced for program name recall than program awareness. We also found that social structure mediates the impact of SES variables on the flow of information. Implications of the findings for future study of diffusion research as well as for purposive campaigns are discussed.
Attitudes toward media freedoms in Hong Kong: A prelude to 1997
Authors: Martin Ernest F. , Wilson Gary B. , Cheng Yew Meng
Published: March 2007

As Hong Kong prepares for a return to sovereignty of the People's Republic of China, issues surrounding individual freedoms become increasingly relevant. This study investigates protections Hong Kong residents feel should be extended to the media all the time. First, protections such as joumalistic criticism of political leaders and the military, confidentiality of sources, and other specific situations are tested. Second, commercial (advertising) free speech protections are tested including advertising of false or misleading claims, illegal products, pornographic or obscence material, and legal but potential harmful products. Third, protection of media programming dealing with sexual themes, showing sexual acts, showing nudity, and promoting drug use are tested. This initial study had the two-fold purpose of 1) establish ing a benchmark of preliminary data; 2) examine three different methodologies (telephone interviews, in-home personal interviews, mall intercept interviews) to determine the preferred method for the subsequent studies.
Changing discourses in U.S. international information-communication policy
Authors: Hollifield Ann , Samarajiva Rohan
Published: March 2007

Since the end of World War I, advocacy of the free flow of information across international borders has been the central element of United States' international information- communication policy, with the U.S. arguing for free flow on the grounds that access to information is a necessary condition for human self-determination. Analysis of the U.S.'s major policy statements on intemational information-communication issues between 1980 and 1994 shows that, during that period, the U.S.'s discourse shifted from its historical focus on the polit ical and social benefits of intemational information-communication flows to a heavy emphasis on the economic benefits of such access. This article examines the global politico-economic changes that laid the groundwork for the new discourse during the 1970s, and the resulting emergence in the early 1980s of the epistemic community of U.S. information-communication policy makers who brought the new discourse to the fore. The article also examines the impli cations of the U.S.'s new economic focus on information-communication issues in light of on-going discussions about construction of a Global Information Infrastructure.
The impact of social attributes on professionalism among radio announcers
Authors: Pollard George
Published: March 2007

The social role of radio centres on fulfillment of listener needs. Its efficacy depends on the announcer, who informs listeners about the mundane and necessary, eases the anomic potential of sensitive matters and expedites social continuity. Thus, professionalism must be an axial component of the attitudinal set of these communicators if dysfunctional performance is to be minimized. Yet, little is known of these men and women and how they perceive their role. A 128-item questionnaire was administered to a stratified random sample of announcers to explore their social attributes and professionalism. Announcers emerged as young, highly educated males who emphasized expertise, career concerns and the personal benefits they derived from the job.
U.S. television viewing in Trinidad: Cultural consequences on adolescents
Authors: Phekoo Carol Anne I. , Driscoll Paul D. , Salwen Michael B.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between Trinidadian high school students' exposure to U.S. television programming and cultivation indicators. Television viewing was related to liberal social values concerning relationships, family, and authority. It was not related to cultural knowledge and estimations of Americans' material wealth. The findings raise questions about the assumed linear relationship between television viewing and cultivation. Long-standing questions pertaining to reliability in cultivation analysis were also addressed.
International media use by Nigerian journalists: A survey
Authors: Eribo Festus
Published: March 2007

This study examined the use of international media by Nigerian journalists and the popularity of some of the leading international radio broadcasts to Nigeria. The data for the study was collected through a survey of Nigerian journalists conducted in Nigeria in December 1994 and January 1995. The study found that 67 per cent of the respondents relied on foreign media for accurate and objective news about Nigeria. The Voice of America, the study found, is more popular than BBC among the respondents, a finding which is at variance with earlier reports about the popularity of BBC among the people of the former British colony.
Evaluation of a campaign to promote mental health in young offender institutions: problems and lessons for future practice
Authors: Caraher Martin , Bird Lisa , Hayton Paul
Published: March 2007

The evaluation of a campaign designed to promote mental health among young offenders in all 24 young offender institutions in England is described. The campaign consisted of a postcard for use with young offenders, and two factsheets, one for prison staff and the other for inmates. The development of the materials was not informed by a needs assessment. The campaign lacked clear aims and objectives, thus contributing to confusion at the level of oper ation. Staff in the institutions saw the campaign materials as relating to World Mental Health Day and not possessing any relevance or use beyond this date. Written materials, while playing an important role in a campaign, are no substitute for clear guidance to members of staff on their role.
School meals: Primary schoolchildren's perceptions of the healthiness of foods served at school and their preferences for these foods
Authors: Noble Carol , Corney Michael , Eves Anita , Kipps Michael , Lumbers Margaret
Published: March 2007

Objective To gain an understanding of children's perceptions of the healthiness of foods commonly served at school lunches and how these relate to their preferences in order to assist school caterers and those involved in nutrition education to help children to choose a nutritionally balanced meal.

Design A quantitative study whereby 123 9 to 11-year-old children ranked the perceived healthiness of foods and their preference for the same foods, supplemented by qualitative descriptions of reasons for preference or perceived healthiness.

Setting Interviews were carried out within the child's school. A total of 14 schools in the south-east of England took part.

Method Data were collected in a one-to-one interview with each child. Photographs of foods commonly served for school lunches were used for the ranking of preference and perceived healthiness. Ranked data were analysed using Wilcoxon's Pairs Signed Rank test and qualitative data were analysed by assigning them to categories.

Results Children were found to have a clear perception of the healthiness or otherwise of the foods and nutritional knowledge was generally sound except for some difficulty in identifying`invisible' fat.Any understanding of the relationship between foods or nutrients and health was only occasionally evident, as was the idea of moderation or balance. It was also found that there was a strong inverse relationship between children's perceptions of the healthiness of foods and their preferences for them. Taste and texture were much more important influences on food choice than perceived healthiness.

Conclusion Teaching about food in primary schools needs to focus on helping children of this age make balanced food choices. It was suggested that the'tilted plate' model, adapted to use foods that children frequently eat and enjoy, could be the basis of such teaching. Such a model could also be used to help caterers plan menus and as the basis of co-operation between nutrition educators and caterers.
Skin cancer prevention and care in the sun: An evaluation of knowledge, attitude and reported behaviour of Nottingham citizens
Authors: Adedeji Olufunke T. , Pritchard Catherine , Conway Des , Godsell Gill
Published: March 2007

Introduction Skin cancer is the commonest cancer in England and Wales. Although not a major killer, there were 1808 new cases in Nottingham in 19991. The trends in directly standardised registration rates for the years 1984 to 1993 in Nottingham also indicate that the incidence is rising. Objective The Nottingham skin cancer action group (SCAG) undertook a survey to determine the knowledge, attitude and reported behaviour of a sample of Nottingham's population. SCAG, is a multi-disciplinary working group which brings together professionals from the statutory and private sectors, to prevent skin cancer and promote sun safety, through organised community effort.

Design Cross-sectional survey.

Setting Shopping mall, north of Nottingham City centre.

Method A self-completed, two-page Health Education Authority (HEA) questionnaire was administered to Nottingham citizens visiting SCAG's health promotion displays set-up at the local shopping centre. Completion was voluntary.

Results Findings from the 381 respondents constitute a baseline for Nottingham. A gap between knowledge and reported behaviour was identified with respect to wearing of protective clothing whilst in the sun. Many were still exposing themselves to higher risk from the sun than is necessary. Over 30 per cent of child respondents had experienced sunburn in the previous 12 months. Inappropriate and ineffective use of sunscreen was common. Knowledge about increased susceptibility of fairer skin types was deficient.

Conclusion Health promotion efforts need to be intensified to stem the rising trends in incidence and mortality from skin cancer. The use of innovative approaches that can engage the interest of the public more effectively should be considered. This work presents a challenge in relation to the translation of knowledge into practice.
Whistle-stop tour of the theory and practice of stress management and prevention: Its possible role in postgraduate health promotion
Authors: Palmer Stephen
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the theory and practice of stress management and stress prevention with a particular emphasis on work-related stress (WRS). Two models of stress (organisational and psychological/ cognitive) are included that can be used to underpin interventions at organisational and individual levels. It is argued that there is an increasing demand for stress management interventions in the workplace due to the Health and Safety Executive taking a lead and recommending that employers take WRS seriously. In addition the increase in stress litigation has persuaded some employers to address the issue although others have done so due to a genuine concern for their staff. It is predicted that Health Promotion Specialists may find WRS and stress prevention an expanding niche area to work in. Its inclusion on postgraduate training programmes would benefit not only the individual Health Promotion Specialist, but possibly society as a whole.
The ability of young children to influence adults in the choice of sugary foods and drinks
Authors: Blinkhorn A.S. , Roberts B.P. , Duxbury J.T.
Published: March 2007

Background There is evidence to suggest that the family is becoming a more democratic unit and that the ability of children to influence adult decision-making processes should not be underestimated. A study was undertaken to investigate whether children can influence adult decision- making in relation to the use of sugary snacks.

Method A cross-sectional interview study; children aged 7-8 years from twenty inner-city Manchester primary schools were interviewed about their pocket money and their perceived levels of influence on the consumption of sugary snacks within their household. Twelve of the questions were scored '1' if the child answered 'yes' (denoting that the child usually got his/her own way) or 'zero' for 'no' (denoting that the child believed the adult was in control). This was reported as the child's influence score within a range of 0-12.

Results The mean influence score for the group ( n=340) was 4.7 and was independent of the child's gender, ethnicity or number of children in the family. Sixty-eight per cent ( n=232) of the children reported that they usually received sweet items whenever they asked for them. Sixty-three per cent ( n=215) of the children admitted to pestering their parents when greeted with a 'no' response, with nearly two-thirds of the 'pesterers' reporting a successful outcome. Evidence of the children's autonomy was shown by nearly three-quarters of the group stating that they received pocket money.

Conclusions In this study, adults' efforts to limit their children's intake of cariogenic food/drink are being undermined by children having an increased degree of freedom either to make or influence decisions particularly about sweet snacks.
Baby walker safety - baby's minder or parent's problem? A qualitative analysis of clients' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding baby walker use
Authors: Hapgood Rhydian , Woods Amanda , Dyas Jane , Bentley Elaine , Kendrick Denise
Published: March 2007

Objective To investigate the range of knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents regarding baby walkers.

Design A qualitative study using a focus group approach.

Setting Three focus groups were held in community mother and toddler drop-in centres, and one in a hospital antenatal clinic.

Methods Four focus groups were held over a two-month period in 2000. Parents from areas with differing levels of deprivation (including walker users and nonusers) and antenatal parents were recruited. Data were thematically analysed. Revisiting the data for conflicting evidence tested any themes.

Results Some parents believe that walkers could help a child to walk and to build up strength in the legs and that walkers must be safe if British Safety Standards have been met. Other parents want to make life a little easier for themselves and appear to be prepared to take a calculated risk with their child's safety in order to achieve this. Walkers themselves are acknowledged by most parents as being involved in accidents but the blame is attributed to lack of supervision. Most nursery equipment alternatives are seen to have safety problems in their own right, but there is some support for engaging in floor play with children. All the above themes were identified in the discussions of both affluent and deprived walker users and nonusers.

Conclusions Any education aimed at reducing walker-related injuries should include an explanation of ways to facilitate motor development, raise awareness of safety standards for walkers, acknowledge the difficulties of life with an active baby and emphasise the need for passive safety measures.
Community Perceptions of Specific Skin Features of Possible Melanoma
Authors: Baade Peter D , Balanda Kevin P , Stanton Warren R , Lowe John B , Del Mar Chris B
Published: March 2007

Backgrourtd Melanoma can be curable if detected early. One component of detecting melanoma is an awareness of the important features of the disease. It is currently not clear which features the community view as indicative of melanoma.

Objective To investigate which features of the skin members of an urban community believe may indicate skin cancer.

Methods A total of 925 adults (71 per cent response rate) in Brisbane, Australia returned a completed postal questionnaire. Respondents were asked questions about their perceptions of features of skin lesions and other issues relating to skin self-examination (SSE) practices.

Results The greatest proportion of respondents thought that change in the lesion, sensory features and whether a lesion was different to usual moles were most likely to indicate skin cancer. Fewer respondents thought that static features or new moles were indicative of skin cancer. The lowest proportion of respondents thought that the presence of hair was likely to indicate skin cancer.

Conclusion Although change in a lesion is an important feature when looking for early melanoma, current recommendations of looking for change may need to be revised if low levels of skin self-examination continue in the community. Encouraging people to be more familiar with their skin, rather than looking for specific skin features, may improve people's ability to recognise change when it occurs, and recognise which lesions can be considered normal for their skin.
Understanding and researching wellbeing: Its usage in different disciplines and potential for health research and health promotion
Authors: de Chavez Anna Cronin , Backett-Milburn Kathryn , Parry Odette , Platt Stephen
Published: March 2007

Objectives To report the findings of a literature review of the concept of wellbeing and consider its operational and heuristic potential within a range of disciplines.

Design A literature review to examine the philosophical roots of wellbeing and the contributions of the main disciplines uncovered by the review; economics, psychology, health studies, sociology, anthropology and biomedicine.

Setting 'Wellbeing' is a concept of increasing interest to those working in health promotion, social and public health medicine and medical sociology. Despite its popularity, wellbeing lacks a clear conceptual base and there is little consensus about how it may be identified, measured and achieved.

Method Although conducted rigorously this was more of a scoping exercise than a systematic review. The reviewer was given a fairly broad exploratory brief including qualitative and quantitative dimensions. The search was restricted to articles in the English Language between the years 1980-2001.

Results Most disciplines tended to be biased towards one or two aspects of the three major aspects of physical, social and psychological Wellbeing, with the main exception of child wellbeing studies. Those working in economics made a significant contribution to understanding conceptual elements of wellbeing. The fields of psychology and biomedicine were more concerned with negative than positive affect. There was a particular lack of consensus and research around social wellbeing.

Conclusion Although wellbeing may indeed be extremely useful as a unifying concept for all those involved in health improvement or health research,at present it is being used unreflectively, thus potentially masking differences.
Age and gender differences in the stages of change for six health-related behaviours: A pilot study in New Zealand
Authors: Paddison Johanna , Flett Ross
Published: March 2007

Objective To use the stages of change model to examine six health-related behaviours.

Design and Setting This pilot study collected data using an anonymous questionnaire. Non-probability sampling recruited community service group members and students in Palmerston North, New Zealand. Four hundred and sixty responses were received (response rate 53 per cent).

Method The questionnaire investigated stage of change distributions for six health-related behaviours. These behaviours were avoidance of a high- fat diet, eating a high-fibre diet, attempting to lose weight, undertaking exercise, stress reduction, and conducting cancer self-examinations. Parametric statistics were used to identify gender and age differences in the stage distributions.

Results For all behaviours, except losing weight, approximately two-thirds of the sample reported performing the behaviour, 10 per cent reported thinking about behaviour change; the remainder reported being at precontemplation or contemplation. Significant gender differences were found for all behaviours, except eating fibre. Significant age differences were found for the behaviours of avoiding fat, eating fibre, reducing stress, and conducting cancer self-examinations. The behaviours showing the most extensive between-behaviour associations were avoiding fat, eating fibre, and conducting cancer self-examinations.

Conclusions Support was found for a continuum of change from 'ignoring', to 'thinking about' to 'performing' healthy behaviour. Age and gender differences were identified within these distributions and between behaviour analyses highlighted potential gateway behaviours. The stage of change concept coupled with age and gender tailoring has potential to improve both the design and evaluation of public health programmes.
Education and Professionalism
Authors: Tones B.K.
Published: March 2007

MY PURPOSE is to discuss the kind of education and training which seems to me most appropriate for the development of a professional role for the Health Education Officer. However, before doing this, I feel it is essential to consider the assumptions underlying any course planning of this sort—which, in effect, means considering the nature of professionalism and examining a possible role model.
A health education campaign against the head louse
Authors: England Peter M.
Published: March 2007

THIS pilot campaign was undertaken by Humberside Area Health Authority on behalf of the Health Education Council. Two other health authorities, Lancashire and Kensing ton, Chelsea and Westminster, also ran campaigns, and the combined experiences have been recorded in a Health Education Council manual for the use of other authorities planning similar campaigns.
Mothers of large families and birth control education
Authors: Chamberlain Audrey
Published: March 2007

A STUDY of a group of highly fertile women* indi cated that the majority were in favour of birth control and expressed small family size preferences, but that they had also tended to adopt a fata listic approach to having children. The purpose of this paper is to examine their responses to questions con cerning information about birth control against this background, in the hope that health educators will find the results useful in planning relevant education pro grammes.
The successful promotion of behavioural change and increase in knowledge by means of active participation in a 'Look After Yourself!' exhibition
Authors: Wilkinson Peter , Tylden-Pattenson Lesley
Published: March 2007

THE HEALTH Education Service of Leeds Area Health Authority (Teaching) presented a 'Look After Yourself!' exhibition in September 1978. This consisted of a variety of activities and physical measurements, together with advice and the distribution of fact sheets. A postal survey of the effectiveness of active participation in this exhibition in increasing knowledge and changing or modifying behaviour was carried out one month later. Three hundred and ninety- nine questionnaires were returned (75 per cent response) from ap proximately a one-in-nine sample of the 3,500 people who attended the exhibition. Although the exhibition was aimed at both sexes between the age of 16 and 60, the survey found that women, the elderly, housewives and those not in full-time employment were over-represented. The exhibition overall was en joyed by 98 per cent of the respondents, and the majority found the various tests helpful. The fact sheets were generally understood and found to be useful. Twenty-six per cent of respondents discovered they were not as fit as they thought. As a result of participation in the exhibition, 57 per cent in creased their exercise, and 58 per cent changed their eating habits. Of those who smoked, eight per cent gave up the habit, and 32 per cent reduced their intake. The vast majority of participants recommended the exhibition to relatives, friends and associates. There was wide coverage of the activities by newspapers, radio and television.

On both the descriptive level, and in terms of behavioural change and information gained, the exhibition proved to be enormously successful and was enjoyed by staff and participants.
Does tobacco sports sponsorship on television act as advertising to children?
Authors: Ledwith Frank
Published: March 2007

A REPRESENTATIVE survey of 880 children in first, third, and fifth years was carried out in five secon dary schools in one education authority using an anonymous questionnaire. It was found that children were most aware of the cigarette brands which are most frequently associated with sponsored sporting events on TV. Children's TV viewing of a recent snooker championship sponsored by one cigarette manufacturer was positively correlated with the proportion of children associating that brand, and other brands used in TV sponsorship, with sport. Following a snooker championship sponsored by another cigarette manufacturer, a second survey was carried out on a new sample showing that awareness of this brand, and the proportion of children associating it with sport, had increased from the first survey. This demonstrates that the TV sports spon sorship by tobacco manufacturers acts as cigarette advertising to children and therefore circumvents the law banning cigarette advertisments on TV.
The scope for preventive medicine in general practice in the East End
Authors: Bowling Anne , Betts Graeme
Published: March 2007

PRIMARY care is seen as an obvious setting for preventive programmes, but a number of studies present a negative view of inner city primary care, with criticism directed particularly at older single- handed GPs. This may not be justified. A survey of 56 of the 84 GPs in the inner London borough of Tower Hamlets, found a higher than average proportion of single-handed GPs over 60 and a high level of dissatisfaction with premises. Half said they carried out some kind of preventive programme, usually hypertension screening, and three quarters were interested in doing so. Only one practice had a patient support group, but 70 per cent thought they were a good idea. Given support and help, more GPs would consider preventive programmes and set up patient support groups.
The Avon prevalence study: a survey of cigarette smoking in secondary school children
Authors: Nelson Susan C. , Budd Richard J. , Eiser J. Richard , Morgan Michelle , Gammage Philip , Gray Elspeth
Published: March 2007

AS PART of a project to design educational materials for use in secondary schools, 10,500 11-16 year olds in Bristol schools were asked about their smoking beliefs, attitudes and behaviour. One per cent of 11 year olds smoked regularly (more than six cigarettes a week), compared with 27 per cent of 16 year olds. Pupils significantly overestimated the number of smokers in their age group. Smokers tended to be underachievers, to value their health less, and to conflict more with their parents, although parental approval was linked with smoking status in their children.
The use of a calendar in assessing behaviour change of women educated in breast self examination
Authors: Flaherty C. , Philip J. , Harris W.G. , Joslin C A F
Published: March 2007

A PROGRAMME of breast self-examination (BSE) education was organised for women aged 45 to 64 years of age in a health district. Women who attended completed a pre- and post-teaching ques tionnaire, and were given a calendar card on which to record their BSE practice in the year following education. The calendar was recalled and served as a measure of the degree of change in BSE frequency from that claimed on the questionnaire. The rate of return was lower than expected. Compared to wom en who did not return a calendar, those who did were more aware of the programme, BSE, and causes of breast lumps; and more of them claimed to have practised BSE before education. A high proportion of women who returned calendars maintained or achieved satisfactory frequency of BSE practice in the year following education. For this group of women the calendar was a satisfactory measure of behaviour change.