bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Development and Larval Growth of Four Venerid Clams
Authors: Hur Young‐Baek , Bae Jean‐Hee , Hur Sung‐Bum
Published: August 2010

The development and larval morphology of four venerid calms, Ruditapes philippinarum, Mactra veneriformis, Cyclina sinensis, and Meretrix lusoria, which cohabit the intertidal zone in western coastal Korea, were compared using laboratory culture techniques. At 87 μm, the fertilized eggs of C. sinensis and M. lusoria were the largest and at 53 μm, those of M. veneriformis were the smallest. D‐shaped larvae of M. lusoriu were the largest and those of M. veneriformis were the smallest measuring at 135 μm and 89 μm, respectively. D‐shaped larvae of R. philippinarum and M. lusoria had symmetrical shoulder angles and an elliptical ventral form, in contrast to the asymmetrical shoulder angles and round ventral forms of M. veneriformis and C. sinensis. In general, pediveliger larvae of all species in the study were yellow, but those of M. veneriforks and C sinenis were a more pronounced yellow. In between the early D‐shaped and pediveliger stage, 7 and 17 d elapsed for M. lusonia and C. sinensis larvae, respectively. In the early larval stages for all species, the sheU length was longer than the height. However, shell length and height later became approximately the same size in all species except R. philippinarum, which exhibited a flat shape. These results indicate that for these four venerid clams, the different characteristics in larval growth and external morphology provide the evidence necessary for larval identification of natural seed production despite the fact that they spawn concurrently in the intertidal zone.
Growth and Hematological Changes of Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf) Exposed to Dietary Cu and Cd
Authors: Kang Ju‐Chan , Kim Seong‐Gil , Jang Suck‐Woo
Published: August 2010

Cd and Cu toxicological effect on growth and hematological parameters was investigated in juvenile rockfish Sebasres schlegeli after sub‐chronic dietary Cd (0, 0.5, 5, 25, and 125 mg/kg) and Cu exposure (0, 50, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) for 60 d. In the experiment of dietary Cd exposure, weight and length SGR of the rockfish were significantly different from control, and a significant inverse relationship was observed between weight gain and the exposure concentration of dietary Cd at 25, 125 mg/kg (P > 0.05). Hematwrit and hemoglobin decreased significantly and were dose dependently in all Cd exposure. Glucose in serum was also increased significantly (P < 0.05). The concentration of total protein in serum was significantly lower than control at 5, 25, and 125 mgkg. No differences were observed in serum calcium concentration. Magnesium concentration in serum was increased signillcantly with dietary Cd concentration. In the experiment of dietary Cu exposure, Cu was inhibited weight gain and growth rate. No differences were observed in hematocrit, hemoglobin and RBCs compared to control. Contents of total protein, glucose, and Ca in serum remained stable. Mg concentration in serum was increased significantly at 500 mg/kg.
Production Characteristics, Water Quality, and Costs of Producing Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus at Different Stocking Densities in Single‐batch Production
Authors: Southworth Brent E. , Stone Nathan , Engle Carole R.
Published: August 2010

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus farming is the largest component of aquaculture in the USA. Culture technologies have evolved over time, and little recent work has been conducted on the effects of stocking density on production characteristics and water quality. Twelve 0.1‐ha ponds were stocked with 13‐ to 15‐cm fingerlings (16 g) at either 8600, 17,300, 26,000, or 34,600 fish/ha in single‐batch culture with three replicates per treatment. Fish were fed daily to apparent satiation with a 32% floating commercial catfish feed. Nitrite‐N, nitrate‐N, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), Secchi disk visibility, chlorophyll a, chloride, total alkalinity, total hardness, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were monitored. Ponds were harvested after a 201‐d culture period (March 26, 2003 to October 13, 2003). Net yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) as stocking density increased, reaching an average of 9026 kg/ha at the highest density. Growth and marketable yield (>0.57 kg) decreased with increasing stocking density. Survival was not significantly different among densities. Mean and maximum daily feeding rates increased with density, but feed conversion ratios did not differ significantly among treatments (overall average of 1.42), despite the fact that at the higher stocking densities, the feeding rates sometimes exceeded 112 kg/ha per d (100 lb/ac per d). Morning DO concentrations fell below 3 mg/L only once in a 34,600 fish/ha pond. Concentrations of chlorophyll a, COD, nitrite‐N, and TAN increased nominally with increasing feed quantities but did not reach levels considered problematic even at the highest stocking densities. Breakeven prices were lowest for the highest stocking density even after accounting for the additional time and growth required for submarketable fish to reach market size. While total costs were higher for the higher density treatments, the relatively higher yields more than compensated for higher costs.
Brains in Jars: The Problem of Language in Neuroscientific Research
Authors: Scott Jessica A. , Curran Christopher M.
Published: August 2010

Neuroscience is a rapidly expanding scientific field, and its influence on our perceptions of fundamental aspects of human life is becoming widespread, particularly in the social and behavioral sciences. This influence has many philosophical implications, only one of which will be addressed in this article. For many centuries, philosophers have grappled with the myriad problems presented by consciousness, not the least of which is the so‐called “mind–body problem”; now, the gains made in the field of neuroscience promise to answer questions that have been traditionally unanswerable. The richness of neuroscientific data notwithstanding, there are still fundamental philosophical problems in play. This article seeks to answer the question: How do neuroscientists and articles drawing primarily on neuroscience use language to characterize the brain and the mind? Is the same terminology and language used interchangeably, suggesting that the mind and the brain are inherently the same, or does this influential field draw distinctions between the two? We argue that neuroscientific research uses language in a way that does not acknowledge the potential philosophical objections to a mind–brain identity thesis. By doing this, neuroscientific research does not acknowledge the historically problematic discourse about consciousness.
WATER QUALITY IN MOUNTAIN RECREATIONAL AREAS1
Authors: Perrine Richard L. , Mali Robert A.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: Several seasons of water quality study in the eastern Sierra Nevada have provided much useful information. One study element focused in detail on a representative drainage: Bishop Creek, from sampled locations at 12,800 feet to the Owens River at 4,000 feet. Sub‐studies ranged from geohydrology, through chemical and bacterial quality, to benthic ecology. A coordinated study also was made of spatial patterns of use. A second element focused on non‐point source monitoring the length of the Inyo National Forest. From physical, chemical, and bacterial standpoints, water quality is generally very good. Strains of pathogenic bacteria have been confirmed, and substantial further work to establish the importance of their presence is needed. Recreational use survey results have been analyzed to produce a methodology permitting management of the resource as needed. In addition, basic policy recommendations to easily minimize risk have been developed.
WATER REUSE FROM SEWAGE EFFLUENT BY IRRIGATION: A PERSPECTIVE FOR HAWAII1
Authors: Lau L. Stephen
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: Surrounded by an ocean, the Hawaiian Islands are limited in their natural fresh water resources. The major readily developable potable sources are the high quality ground water sources which serve both domestic uses and sugarcane irrigation although irrigation water does not require as high a quality as drinking water.

The increasing overall fresh water requirements for the island of Oahu will outstrip the potential yield of fresh ground water sources, as developed by present technology, by the year 2000 according to Honolulu Board of Water Supply projections. There are water shortage regions on other islands. Water reuse from sewage effluent for irrigation will augment natural water resources, furnish supplemental or alternative fertilizer, and reduce ocean water pollution and the costs of engineering systems.

In cooperative field testing from 1971 to 1975, it was demonstrated that effluent can be applied as supplemental water for furrow irrigation of sugarcane without detriment to ground water quality and sugar yield. Studies are in progress to test different dilutions of effluent and its use with chemical ripeners to improve crop yield. Sugarcane plantations on Oahu, Maui, and Kauai are in various stages of water reuse by effluent irrigation. Reuse is presently practiced for irrigation of golf courses and is being planned for forage crops in Hawaii.
Hydrologic Connectivity and the Contribution of Stream Headwaters to Ecological Integrity at Regional Scales1
Authors: Freeman Mary C. , Pringle Catherine M. , Jackson C. Rhett
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Cumulatively, headwater streams contribute to maintaining hydrologic connectivity and ecosystem integrity at regional scales. Hydrologic connectivity is the water‐mediated transport of matter, energy and organisms within or between elements of the hydrologic cycle. Headwater streams compose over two‐thirds of total stream length in a typical river drainage and directly connect the upland and riparian landscape to the rest of the stream ecosystem. Altering headwater streams, e.g., by channelization, diversion through pipes, impoundment and burial, modifies fluxes between uplands and downstream river segments and eliminates distinctive habitats. The large‐scale ecological effects of altering headwaters are amplified by land uses that alter runoff and nutrient loads to streams, and by widespread dam construction on larger rivers (which frequently leaves free‐flowing upstream portions of river systems essential to sustaining aquatic biodiversity). We discuss three examples of large‐scale consequences of cumulative headwater alteration. Downstream eutrophication and coastal hypoxia result, in part, from agricultural practices that alter headwaters and wetlands while increasing nutrient runoff. Extensive headwater alteration is also expected to lower secondary productivity of river systems by reducing stream‐system length and trophic subsidies to downstream river segments, affecting aquatic communities and terrestrial wildlife that utilize aquatic resources. Reduced viability of freshwater biota may occur with cumulative headwater alteration, including for species that occupy a range of stream sizes but for which headwater streams diversify the network of interconnected populations or enhance survival for particular life stages. Developing a more predictive understanding of ecological patterns that may emerge on regional scales as a result of headwater alterations will require studies focused on components and pathways that connect headwaters to river, coastal and terrestrial ecosystems. Linkages between headwaters and downstream ecosystems cannot be discounted when addressing large‐scale issues such as hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico and global losses of biodiversity.
The Role of Ground Water in Generating Streamflow in Headwater Areas and in Maintaining Base Flow1
Authors: Winter Thomas C.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The volume and sustainability of streamflow from headwaters to downstream reaches commonly depend on contributions from ground water. Streams that begin in extensive aquifers generally have a stable point of origin and substantial discharge in their headwaters. In contrast, streams that begin as discharge from rocks or sediments having low permeability have a point of origin that moves up and down the channel seasonally, have small incipient discharge, and commonly go dry. Nearly all streams need to have some contribution from ground water in order to provide reliable habitat for aquatic organisms. Natural processes and human activities can have a substantial effect on the flow of streams between their headwaters and downstream reaches. Streams lose water to ground water when and where their head is higher than the contiguous water table. Although very common in arid regions, loss of stream water to ground water also is relatively common in humid regions. Evaporation, as well as transpiration from riparian vegetation, causing ground‐water levels to decline also can cause loss of stream water. Human withdrawal of ground water commonly causes streamflow to decline, and in some regions has caused streams to cease flowing.
Physical and Temporal Isolation of Mountain Headwater Streams in the Western Mojave Desert, Southern California1
Authors: Izbicki John A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Streams draining mountain headwater areas of the western Mojave Desert are commonly physically isolated from downstream hydrologic systems such as springs, playa lakes, wetlands, or larger streams and rivers by stream reaches that are dry much of the time. The physical isolation of surface flow in these streams may be broken for brief periods after rainfall or snowmelt when runoff is sufficient to allow flow along the entire stream reach. Despite the physical isolation of surface flow in these streams, they are an integral part of the hydrologic cycle. Water infiltrated from headwater streams moves through the unsaturated zone to recharge the underlying ground‐water system and eventually discharges to support springs, streamflow, isolated wetlands, or native vegetation. Water movement through thick unsaturated zones may require several hundred years and subsequent movement through the underlying ground‐water systems may require many thousands of years – contributing to the temporal isolation of mountain headwater streams.
Pattern and Process in Northern Rocky Mountain Headwaters: Ecological Linkages in the Headwaters of the Crown of the Continent1
Authors: Hauer F. Richard , Stanford Jack A. , Lorang Mark S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The Crown of the Continent is one of the premiere ecosystems in North America containing Waterton‐Glacier International Peace Park, the Bob Marshall‐Great Bear‐Scapegoat Wilderness Complex in Montana, various Provincial Parks in British Columbia and Alberta, several national and state forest lands in the USA, and Crown Lands in Canada. The region is also the headwater source for three of the continent’s great rivers: Columbia, Missouri and Saskatchewan that flow to the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, respectively. Headwaters originate in high elevation alpine environs characterized by high snow accumulations in winter and rainstorms in summer. Most headwaters of the region contain high quality waters with few ions in solution and extremely low nutrient concentrations. Alpine streams have few species of aquatic organisms; however, they often possess rare species and have hydrogeomorphic features that make them vulnerable to climatic change. Subalpine and valley bottom streams of the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem (CCE) flow through well forested watersheds. Along the elevation gradient, the streams and rivers of the CCE flow through series of confining and nonconfining valleys resulting in distinct canyon and floodplain reaches. The alluvial floodplains are characterized by high species diversity and bioproduction maintained by the hydrologic linkages of habitats. The streams and rivers of the CCE have low nutrient concentrations, but may be significantly affected by wildfire, various resource extraction activities, such as logging or mining and exurban encroachment. Wildfire has been shown to increase nutrient loading in streams, both during a fire and then following the fire for as much as 5 years. Logging practices increase nutrient loading and the algal productivity of stream periphyton. Logging and associated roads are also known to increase sediment transport into Crown of the Continent streams directly affecting spawning success of native trout. The CCE is one of the fastest growing regions in the USA because of the many recreational amenities of the region. And, while the region has many remarkably pristine headwater streams and receiving rivers, there are many pending threats to water quality and quantity. One of the most urgent threats comes from the coal and gas fields in the northern part of the Crown of the Continent, where coal deposits are proposed for mountain‐top removal and open‐pit mining operations. This will have significant effects on the waters of the region, its native plants and animals and quality of life of the people.
Ground‐Water Response to Forest Harvest: Implications for Hillslope Stability1
Authors: Johnson A.C. , Edwards R.T. , Erhardt R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Timber harvest may contribute to increased landsliding frequency through increased soil saturation or loss of soil strength as roots decay. This study assessed the effects of forest harvest on hillslope hydrology and linked hydrologic change before and after harvest with a simple model of hillslope stability. Observations of peak water table heights in 56 ground‐water monitoring wells showed that soil saturation levels on hillslopes differed significantly with harvest intensity at one of the two study locations following 25%, 75%, and 100% harvest. Before the forest was cut 100%, the average rainfall needed for 50% saturation of the soil was 54 mm, but after clearcutting soils reached an equivalent saturation with 61% less rainfall (21 mm). Hillslope stability model results indicate that shallow soils at both study locations, with slopes generally < 30° (58%), were not steep enough to be affected significantly by observed increases in saturation. The stability model indicates that with 100% harvest, there is a 7% reduction in the factor of safety for slope gradients of 35° (70%) with soil depths of 1.25 m. Forest managers may be aided by an understanding that variable hydrologic effects may result from similar forest harvests having different landscape position, land contributing area, and soil depths.
Water Use by Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States1
Authors: Yang Xiaoying , Dziegielewski Benedykt
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Thermoelectric power generation is responsible for the largest annual volume of water withdrawals in the United States although it is only a distant third after irrigation and industrial sectors in consumptive use. The substantial water withdrawals by thermoelectric power plants can have significant impacts on local surface and ground water sources, especially in arid regions. However, there are few studies of the determinants of water use in thermoelectric generation. Analysis of thermoelectric water use data in existing steam thermoelectric power plants shows that there is wide variability in unitary thermoelectric water use (in cubic decimeters per 1 kWh) within and among different types of cooling systems. Multiple‐regression models of unit thermoelectric water use were developed to identify significant determinants of unit thermoelectric water use. The high variability of unit usage rates indicates that there is a significant potential for water conservation in existing thermoelectric power plants.
Urbanization and Its Effect On Runoff in the Whiteoak Bayou Watershed, Texas1
Authors: Olivera Francisco , DeFee Buren B.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The capacity of a watershed to urbanize without changing its hydrologic response and the relationship between that response and the spatial configuration of the developed areas was studied. The study was conducted in the Whiteoak Bayou watershed (223 km2), located northwest of Houston, Texas, over an analysis period from 1949 to 2000. Annual development data were derived from parcel data collected by the Harris County Appraisal District. Using these data, measures of the spatial configuration of the watershed urban areas were calculated for each year. Based on regression models, it was determined that the annual runoff depths and annual peak flows depended on the annual precipitation depth, the developed area and the maximum 12‐h precipitation depth on the day and day before the peak flow took place. It was found that, since the early 1970s, when the watershed reached a 10% impervious area, annual runoff depths and peak flows have increased by 146% and 159%, respectively. However, urbanization is responsible for only 77% and 32% of the increase, respectively, while precipitation changes are responsible for the remaining 39% and 96%, respectively. Likewise, an analysis of the development data showed that, starting in the early 1970s, urbanization in the watershed consisted more of connecting already developed areas than of creating new ones, which increases the watershed’s conveyance capacity and explains the change in its response. Before generalizing conclusions, though, further research on other urban watersheds with different urbanization models appears to be necessary.
Sediment Production From Forest Roads in Western Montana1
Authors: Sugden Brian D. , Woods Scott W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Unpaved roads are a primary sediment source in forested watersheds. Validation of erosion models and improvements to road management require information on road erosion rates and the factors controlling erosion. This study measured sediment yields from twenty ∼0.05 ha unsurfaced (native) road plots in Belt Supergroup and glacial till parent materials of western Montana, and investigated the factors controlling erosion. Annual sediment yields for individual plots ranged from 0 to 96.9 Mg/ha/yr over 3 years (2002‐2004). Annual mean sediment yield ranged from 2.1 Mg/ha in 2003 to 9.9  Mg/ha in 2004 with an overall mean of 5.4 Mg/ha/yr. The mean of log‐transformed sediment yields for sites in glacial till parent materials was higher than Belt Supergroup parent materials (p = 0.063). A regression model with road slope, time since last grading, roadbed gravel content, and precipitation as predictive variables explained 68% of the variability in sediment yield (F = 28.2;p < 0.0001). Road erosion in western Montana is limited by low erodibility of the dominant parent materials and low rainfall. Management procedures such as reducing the frequency of grading can significantly reduce sediment yields from forest roads.
Use of Streamflow Data to Estimate Base Flow/Ground‐Water Recharge For Wisconsin1
Authors: Gebert Warren A. , Radloff Mandy J. , Considine Ellen J. , Kennedy James L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The average annual base flow/recharge was determined for streamflow‐gaging stations throughout Wisconsin by base‐flow separation. A map of the State was prepared that shows the average annual base flow for the period 1970‐99 for watersheds at 118 gaging stations. Trend analysis was performed on 22 of the 118 streamflow‐gaging stations that had long‐term records, unregulated flow, and provided aerial coverage of the State. The analysis found that a statistically significant increasing trend was occurring for watersheds where the primary land use was agriculture. Most gaging stations where the land cover was forest had no significant trend. A method to estimate the average annual base flow at ungaged sites was developed by multiple‐regression analysis using basin characteristics. The equation with the lowest standard error of estimate, 9.5%, has drainage area, soil infiltration and base flow factor as independent variables. To determine the average annual base flow for smaller watersheds, estimates were made at low‐flow partial‐record stations in 3 of the 12 major river basins in Wisconsin. Regression equations were developed for each of the three major river basins using basin characteristics. Drainage area, soil infiltration, basin storage and base‐flow factor were the independent variables in the regression equations with the lowest standard error of estimate. The standard error of estimate ranged from 17% to 52% for the three river basins.
SOME INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN THE INCIDENCE OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
Authors: Mathers C. D. , Field B.
Published: August 2010

Trends in the incidence of the neural tube defects anencephaly and spina bifida in New South Wales from 1965 to 1980 are compared with trends in 12 countries for which population‐based data are available. These data provide clear evidence that a significant decline in the incidence of anencephaly has occurred worldwide with decreases ranging from 5 per cent per annum in the United States of America and 7 to 8 per cent per annum in Northern Ireland and New South Wales to 13 per cent per annum in England and Wales. The incidence of anencephaly in England and Wales is now lower than that in New South Wales.

There is some evidence for a similar, but smaller decline in the incidence of spina bifida. These trends cannot be entirely accounted for by increases in the utilization of antenatal screening followed by termination of pregnancy.
A COMPUTERISED DIETARY ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR USE WITH DIET DIARIES OR FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRES
Authors: Baghurst Katrine I. , Record Sally J.
Published: August 2010

A computerised dietary analysis system for use with diet diaries or food frequency questionnaires is described. Analyses using this system are now available at running cost to other research workers in the area of human nutrition.
DETERMINANTS OF INTENTIONS TO TAKE PRECAUTIONS AGAINST SKIN CANCER
Authors: Hill David , Rassaby Judy , Gardner Godfrey
Published: August 2010

One hundred and fifty subjects answered a questionnaire on the publicised skin cancer precautions conveyed in the slogan “Slip Slop Slap” (referring to the use of shirts, sunscreens and hats.) Questionnaire items were based on the following psychological theories thought to be useful in explaining health behaviour — Theory of Reasoned Action, Health Belief Model and Subjective Probability Model.

The study was designed to find which specific beliefs related most strongly to intentions to engage in the skin cancer precautions. Important sex differences, as well as similarities were discovered in the beliefs functionally related to the precautionary intentions, suggesting guidelines for a segmented health education strategy. Certain beliefs that appear to be ready targets for factual health education approaches were identified and others, evidently requiring more indirect and subtle approaches are discussed.
SOCIAL STATUS AND MORBIDITY IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Broadhead Peter
Published: August 2010

The existence in western countries of an overall gradient in mortality related to social status has been established in a large number of studies from a variety of countries, including Australia. Due to lack of data, however, there has been much less work done on a similar national scale, investigating the relationship between social status and morbidity. This is particularly so in Australia.

The recent release of unit record data from the 1977–78 Australian Health Survey (AHS) conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) means that data linking social status and morbidity at a national level are now available. This paper reports the findings of an investigation into the relationship between social status and morbidity, based on the AHS data.

For men, those in lower status occupations tend to suffer a higher, age‐standardised rate of self‐reported recent illnesses, chronic conditions and days of reduced activity; the trends, however, are not straightforward. Mean levels of nonpsychotic mental illness show no clear association. Women show no simple correspondence between occupation and self‐reported health, with the exception of those who give “home duties” as their usual major activity. These women report consistently higher age‐standardised rates of illness and disability than those in paid employment.

Males show a significant inverse gradient (after age‐standardisation) in association with education‐level‐attained for all the above‐mentioned morbidity indicators except chronic conditions. Even with chronic conditions, however, the least educated report significantly worse health than the rest of the population. Women show clear inverse trends (after age‐standardisation) for both recent illnesses and nonpsychotic mental illness, but not for chronic conditions and days of reduced activity.

The most striking differences occur when relative affluence, based on income adjusted for family size, is used as the discriminatory variable. All four indicators of morbidity show significant relationships to affluence for both sexes after standardisation for age.

The higher morbidity of those of low social status is partly reflected in their usage of doctors. The poor have significantly higher rates of consultations. As with morbidity, educational and occupational differences have a less clear‐cut influence.
A PILOT CERVICAL CYTOLOGY SCREENING SERVICE IN PERTH
Authors: Lumsden Gretchen , Armstrong Bruce K. , Nandakumar Ambakumar
Published: August 2010

The characteristics of 570 women attending a pilot cervical cytology clinic in Perth in 1984 and their past experience of cervical cytology and breast self‐examination (BSE) have been described. Attendance from the population in which the clinic was located was highest between about 35–39 and 60–64 years of age, in Australian‐born women and in women of high socioeconomic status. More than a quarter of those attending gave a preference for a female doctor or embarrassment as their reason for attending the clinic rather than their general practitioner (GP). Desire to attend a special interest clinic and convenience were other major reasons for attendance. Only about 40 per cent of women attending had had smears on average at three‐year intervals or more often over an “at risk” period between 25 and 70 years of age. At the time of attendance 65.8 per cent of attenders were defined as needing a cervical smear in that they had not had one since 1981 or had never had one. On this basis those most likely to need a smear were older women, those of low socioeconomic status, those who gave embarrassment as their reason for preferring the clinic to their GP and those who preferred a female doctor for the taking of a smear. There was evidence that a small group of women attended the clinic sooner, on average, after their last smear than others, because they had symptoms (11.5 per cent) or had had an abnormal smear previously (4.2 per cent). Overall, 13.2 per cent of women attending the clinic performed BSE monthly and 51.0 per cent did not do it at all. BSE was most commonly performed by women 35–54 years of age.
DRINK‐DRIVING: THE ROLE OF STRUCTURAL MEASURES IN PRIMARY PREVENTION
Authors: Casswell Sally
Published: August 2010

The contribution alcohol makes to traffic crashes is the focus of considerable public and political concern. Popular responses concentrate on the individual drinker and driver: the preferred solution of the alcohol industry is an exclusive focus on information based education; however, there is public support for enforcement of breath analysis legislation. Such enforcement has had positive effects on fatal accident rates in both Australia and New Zealand.

Current emphasis on individual‐based strategies excludes broader structural changes, such as taxation changes, which affect ease of access to alcohol for the population as a whole. Controls over access to alcohol have some empirical support as methods to prevent alcohol‐related problems, including alcohol‐related traffic crashes.

The individual focus is open to criticism on the grounds of being both relatively less cost effective and of victim‐blaming. Structural changes should be considered as complementary to effective individual focus strategies such as well publicised enforcement of breath analysis.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CONDITIONS AFTER A CYCLONE IN TONGA
Authors: Finau Sitaleki A. , Fungalei Solomone , ’Isama'u ‘Ofiu , Finau Salesi , Moa Penaia
Published: August 2010

This paper reports an assessment of environmental and sanitary conditions which was undertaken in the Kingdom of Tonga following Hurricane Isaac in 1982. The report may serve as an illustration of the information which can be collected and collated by a developing country after a natural disaster. An objective evaluation of post‐disaster conditions was achieved, providing information on areas of need and for decision making. Useful questions were also raised concerning the tendency to respond routinely when disaster situations called for innovation and flexibility.
STRENGTHENING HEALTH PROMOTION IN THE COMMUNITY HEALTH SECTOR
Authors: Owen Neville
Published: August 2010

Community health practitioners and administrators are exhorted to pursue community‐wide effort to reduce risks to health, as a priority. The development of more effective, community‐based health promotion initiatives requires a consideration of the range of different levels at which health promotion can be approached, and the judicious selection and combination of intervention media. These initiatives can also be strengthened by fostering stronger interactions between locally‐based and centralised programs; by conducting more rigorous evaluations of programs in community health settings; and by being open to a range of different approaches to the evaluation process.
THE ARGUMENTS ABOUT RSI: AN EXAMINATION
Authors: Bammer Gabriele , Martin Brian
Published: August 2010

The occupational health problem which, in Australia, is commonly referred to as repetition strain injuries (RSI) has long been the subject of debate. A large increase in the number of reported cases was seen in Australia in the 1980s and was accompanied by a flood of articles and letters to medical journals. This has given an unprecedented opportunity for analysis of the debate over this occupational health problem. We outline the standard view that there are work‐related injuries and four principal contrary views: that people with RSI are malingerers, that they suffer from compensation neurosis, that they have a conversion disorder or that they have normal fatigue. We examine the types of arguments and evidence used to back up these views, with particular emphasis on the alternative explanations. We show that the standard view has weaknesses, but that the alternative explanations have even more problems if they are examined with the same rigour that their advocates demand of the standard view.
CORONARY HEART DISEASE: INTERPLAY BETWEEN CHANGING CONCEPTS OF AETIOLOGY, RISK DISTRIBUTION, AND SOCIAL STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION
Authors: McMichael A.J.
Published: August 2010

Epidemic diseases move in grand cycles, accompanying changes in culture, social organization, and environment. Coronary heart disease (CHD), a mass disease of twentieth century industrialized society, has a predominantly environmental aetiology. Although the major biomedical risk factors appear to have been identified over the past 40 years of epidemiological research, we are not certain why CHD is now on the wane in most Western nations. In Australia, CHD death rates have, since 1968, declined much more in professional and white‐collar men than in blue‐collar men.

Any substantial reduction in CHD rates will require a generalized population shift towards a lower CHD risk profile. Numerically, the greatest gains should come from reducing the CHD risk of the bulk of the population, who are currently at medium risk of CHD. Notions of risk need, in the first instance, to be based on up‐to‐date knowledge of biomedical risk factors and mechanisms in order to develop optimal intervention strategies.

A population‐based strategy can be achieved via community education and structural modification of the social environment. The latter approach will require public health research into broader questions of the social‐environmental influences on population cardiovascular health: for example, research into the social, political, and economic determinants of national food and nutrition policies; and into the various environmental (including workplace) changes that will facilitate risk‐lowering behaviour. Hopefully, intervention strategies in such areas, set within a community development context, will be developed within the incipient National Program for Better Health. Public health research should be extended and adapted to enable evaluation of these various social interventions, and to contribute to public health policy analysis.
EVALUATING COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS FOR HEALTH PROMOTION: PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATED BY A NEW ZEALAND EXAMPLE
Authors: Duignan Paul , Casswell Sally
Published: August 2010

This paper illustrates problems in the evaluation of community development programs for health promotion. It is based on the authors' retrospective process evaluation of the Wanganui Community Alcohol Action Program (WCAAP), a recent example of a health promotion program directed at reducing alcohol‐related problems in a small New Zealand town. Described by its designers as a community‐based program, it included coordination of community organizations, education, publicity and increased enforcement of drinking laws. Discussion of the problems in the evaluation of such programs puts them within the context of the substantial body of previous social science research in both evaluation and community development. This, it is argued, is a body of knowledge with which health promotion researchers need to be conversant. Community development programs usually stem from a process of negotiation between interest groups with differing objectives. This results in a changing definition of both the problem to be solved and the nature of the solution, making evaluation difficult. Community development is also likely to be seen as a new solution providing a panacea for old problems. This can lead to such programs being too ambitious. From the point of view of experimental design these programs are likely to have a number of technical problems. This paper argues that these problems are so significant that it is often unwise to attempt large scale evaluations of community development programs. Rather, attention should be concentrated on critically assessing the policy‐making process and disseminating previous knowledge about such programs.
HEALTH PROMOTION: CAN IT REDRESS THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE?
Authors: Raeburn John , Beaglehole Robert
Published: August 2010

Social disadvantage is an entrenched feature of contemporary New Zealand society and has a deleterious influence on health. Traditional health promotion activities, with their focus on the individual, have had only a limited impact. The World Health Organization is fostering a new approach to health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter, the two most important strategies being: building healthy public policy and strengthening community action. The new health promotion has great potential, especially with its emphasis on ‘empowerment’, but as yet only indirect evidence supports the effectiveness of this approach. Several current New Zealand community‐based initiatives hold promise for the future and three of these are discussed. The greatest challenge is to ensure that the ‘empowering’ approach to health promotion continues to be developed by Area Health Boards and that this type of health promotion becomes a major priority at all levels of society. As social scientists, we need to support this approach and assist in the production of evidence to show whether it is capable of redressing the health effects of social disadvantage.
MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS AND HEALTH PROMOTION: RESULTS FROM A COMMUNITY SURVEY IN SYDNEY'S WESTERN SUBURBS
Authors: Cumming Robert G. , Barton Gillian E. , Fahey Paul P. , Wilson Andrew , Leeder Stephen R.
Published: August 2010

A health survey of 484 persons aged 14 to 89 years was conducted in Sydney's western suburbs in May 1987. Its aims included a description of preventive activities undertaken by medical practitioners and an assessment of the community's perception of the doctor's role in health promotion. Ninety‐three per cent reported visiting a doctor in the previous year and 31 per cent of respondents reported having contact with a general practitioner the fortnight before the survey, either for their own health or that of another. Eighty per cent of respondents reported having had their blood pressure measured in the previous year and 63 per cent of female respondents aged 18 years and over who had not had a hysterectomy reported having had a Pap smear in the last five years. However, few respondents reported receiving any lifestyle‐related advice at their most recent doctor visit and 77 per cent said that the food they are was rarely or never discussed with their doctor. Despite this low level of advice, doctors and nurses were perceived to be the most important source of health information by nearly half the respondents. Strategies for increasing the involvement of doctors in health promotion are discussed.
The Superficial Deposits of Yutaoho, Shansi
Authors: Barbour George B.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. An account is given of the structural relations of a curious Pleistocene conglomerate and a calcareous tufa in Yutaoho valley the interpretation of which bears on the problem of the Pleistocene history of Shansi. Observations on the locality raise important questions as to tectonic development of the area.
A Comment
Authors: Ahluwalia Montek , Bell Clive , Chenery Hollis , Duloy John
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY These comments on Professor Leys' article do not constitute a rejoinder in the ordinary sense of the term. They simply highlight certain aspects of the argument in RwG for those who have read Leys, but notthe book itself.

RESUME Un commentaire

Les commentaires sur I'article du professeur Leys ne constituent pas une réplique à vrai dire. Ils se contentent d'éclairer certains aspects de I'argument du RAC pour ceux qui ont lu Leys mais pas ce livre même.

RESUMEN Un Comentario

Estos comentarios sobre el artículo del Profesor Leys no constituyen una réplica en el sentido ordinario del término; simplemente destacan ciertos aspectos de la argumentación de RCC para aquellos que han leído a Leys, pero no el libro mismo.
New Approaches to National Economic Accounting in Developing Countries with a Large Foreign Trade Sector
Authors: Levitt Kari
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The United Nations System of National Accounts are examined critically in light of the characteristics and needs of 'developing' countries, which are contrasted with those of the industrial countries, for which this system was designed. The paper discusses how the system could be developed in ordeno meet these needs more efficiently.

RESUME Nouvelles approaches aux Comptes économiques nationaux dans les pays en voie de développement ayant un important secteur commercial étranger

Le système ONU de Comptes nationaux fait l'objet d'un examen critique à la lumière des caractéristiques et besoins des pays en voie de développement. L'enquête pourvoit l'analyse comparative de ces besoins par rapport à ceux des pays industrialisés. Le papier discute comment l'on pourrait éventuellement développer ledit système pour qu'il puisse plus efficacement répondre aux besoins en cause.

RESUMEN Nuevos enfoques sobre contabilidad económica nacional en países en desarrollo con un sector de comercio exterior importante

El Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de las Naciones Unidas es examinado críticamente a la luz de las características y necesidades de los países 'en desarrollo', las que son contrastadas con las de los países industriales, para los cuales fue diseriado el sistema. El artículo analiza cómo puede desarrollarse el sistema para satisfacer estas necesidades en forma más eficiente.
Reflections on the Coup d'Etat in Chile
Authors: Tomić Radomiro
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY In this article Radomiro Tomic analyses two problems: why was there no armed resistance to the coup in Chile in September 1973, and was it possible for Chile to advance towards socialism in a democratic and peaceful way in the period 1970‐76? The answer to the first question includes the following factors: the lack of a unified decision within the Left to fight, the lack of adequate organization, plans and arms, the absence of splits within the armed forces, the campaign against the government carried out by the opposition with American financing, and the failure of the government's economic programme. To the second question, Tomic answers that it wa6 possible, provided the Allende government had recognized the need to generate both a majority at the grass roots and an institutional majority. Tomic believes that both could have been achieved through an agreement with the Christian Democratic Party.

RESUME Réflexions sur le coup d'Etat chilien

Radomiro Tomic' analyse deux problèmes: (i) pourquoi ne s'est‐il produit aucune résistance armée face au coup d'Etat de Septembre 1973, et (ii) est‐ce que le Chili aurait pu au cours des années 1970‐76, progresser démocratiquement et pacifiquement vers le socialisme? La réponse à la première question repose sur les facettes suivantes: l'absence, du côté de la politique de gauche de toute décision unifiée à continuer la lutte, ainsi que l'absence de toute prévoyance adéquate en matière d'organisation; l'absence, au sein des forces armées de tout signe de clivage et, de plus, la campagne menée contre le gouvernement par l'opposition à l'aide de financements américains; enfin, l'échec du programme économique du gouvernement. Quant à la seconde question, la réponse aurait été que oui, á condition que le gouvernement d'Allende eut reconnu le besoin de se créer une majorité non seulement parmi les masses mais aussi sur le plan institutionnel. Un accord avec les chrétiens‐démocratiques aurait pu mener à bonne fin les deux problèmes.

RESUMEN Reflexiones sobre el golpe de estado en Chile

En este artículo se analizan dos problemas: ¿por qué no hubo resistencia armada al golpe de Estado en Chile en 1973 ?, y ¿ era posible en Chile avanzar hacia el socialismo de manera democrática y pacífica en el período 1970‐76? Respecto del primero se discuten los siguientes factores: la falta de una decisión unitaria de lucha en la Izquierda, la carencia de organización, planes y armamento, la ausencia de divisiones en las fuerzas armadas, la campaña contra el gobierno realizada por la oposición con financiamiento norteamericano, y el fracaso del programa económico del gobierno. A la segunda pregunta Tomic responde que sí era posible, si la Unidad Popular hubiera reconocido la necesidad de generar una mayoría en la base social del pais y una mayoría institucional, lo que cree habría podido alcanzarse a travos de un acuerdo con el Partido Demócrata Cristiano.