bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodic Solutions; Averaging Methods
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

Consider an equation of the form x εh(x, x) x 0 where ε is small. Such an equation is in a sense close to the simple harmonic equation x x 0, whose phase diagram consists of circles centred on the origin. It should be possible to take advantage of this fact to construct approximate solutions: the phase paths will be nearly circular for ε small enough. However, the original equation will not, in general, have a centre at the origin. The approximate and the exact solutions may differ only by a little over a single cycle, but the difference may prevent the paths from closing; apart from exceptional paths, which are limit cycles. The phase diagram will generally consist of slowly changing spirals and, possibly, limit cycles, all being close to circular. We show several methods for estimating the radii of limit cycles and for detecting a centre.
The Existence Of Periodic Solutions
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

Suppose that the phase diagram for a differential equation contains a single, unstable equilibrium point and a limit cycle surrounding it, as in the case of the van der Pol equation. Then in practice all initial states lead to the periodic oscillation represented by the limit cycle. In such cases the limit cycle, is the principal feature of the system from the practical point of view, and it is desirable to be able to decide with certainty whether it is there or not. Hitherto our attitude to this question has been intuitive; we assemble qualitative evidence supporting the existence of a limit cycle, from energy considerations or geometrical arguments, then attempt to estimate the radius by the methods of Chapters 4, 5, and 7, a definite result being taken as further
Controllers
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

Imagine you are playing a card game, for money. There are four decks of cards face down on the table in front of you. You pick up cards in turn from whichever deck you want. Every time you do so, you get a cash sum. Sometimes, though, depending on the card you pick, you also have to pay a fine. The fine can be larger than the reward, so on the draws where you pay a fine, you will end up worse off than before. Over time, you begin to notice that the reward for drawing a card from either of the left-hand two decks, call them A and B, is always $100, whereas the reward for drawing cards from decks C and D, the right-hand two, is only ever $50. This makes A and B look pretty attractive.
Lie–Poisson reduction
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P
Published: November 2023

Having obtained the Lie–Poisson equations, the next question is: are these equations Hamiltonian? We will see in the following sections that they are Hamiltonian, with respect to a bracket on g∗ called the Lie–Poisson bracket.
Introducing mathematics, building an empire: Russia under Peter I
Authors: Gouzévitch Irina , Gouzévitch Dmitri
Published: November 2023

European mathematics first appeared in Russia at the beginning of the eighteenth century as a result of the modernizing reforms implemented by Peter I, who reigned from 1695 to 1725. Within a quarter of a century Russia was transformed from a country with a traditional and medieval culture to a modern European-style state, with a new capital built on reclaimed lands and a navy dominating the Baltic Sea. In this new empire, mathematics was used in civil and military construction projects and taught in new educational establishments.
Nonparametric Function Estimation Using Overcomplete Dictionaries
Authors: Clyde Merlise A , Wolpert Robert L
Published: November 2023

We consider the problem of estimating an unknown function based on noisy data using nonparametric regression. One approach to this estimation problem is to represent the function in a series expansion using a linear combination of basis functions. Overcomplete dictionaries provide a larger, but redundant collection of generating elements than a basis, however, coefficients in the expansion are no longer unique. Despite the non-uniqueness, this has the potential to lead to sparser representations by using fewer non-zero coefficients. Compound Poisson random fields and their generalization to Lévy random fields are ideally suited for construction of priors on functions using these overcomplete representations for the general nonparametric regression problem, and provide a natural limiting generalization of priors for the finite dimensional version of the regression problem. While expressions for posterior modes or posterior distributions of quantities of interest are not available in closed form, the prior construction using Lévy random fields permits tractable posterior simulation via a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Efficient computation is possible because updates based on adding/deleting or updating single dictionary elements bypass the need to invert large matrices. Furthermore, because dictionary elements are only computed as needed, memory requirements scale linearly with the sample size. In comparison with other methods, the Lévy random field priors provide excellent performance in terms of both mean squared error and coverage for out-of-sample predictions.
Objective Bayesian Analysis of Multiple Changepoints for Linear Models
Authors: Girón F Javier , Moreno Elías , Casella George
Published: November 2023

This paper deals with the detection of multiple changepoints for independent but non identically distributed observations, which are assumed to be modeled by a linear regression with normal errors. The problem has a natural formulation as a model selection problem and the main difficulty for computing model posterior probabilities is that neither the reference priors nor any form of empirical Bayes factors based on real training samples can be employed.We propose an analysis based on the intrinsic priors, which do not require real training samples and provide a feasible and sensible solution. For the case of changes in the regression coefficients very simple formulas for the prospective and the retrospective detection of changepoints are found.
Nested Sampling for Bayesian Computations
Authors: Skilling John
Published: November 2023

Nested sampling is a simple and general algorithm for directly computing the evidence Z (aka marginal likelihood) in multi-dimensional inference. It yields a Bayesian probability distribution Pr(Z) from which a central estimate and its uncertainty follow. Samples from the posterior distribution are available as a by-product with no extra computation. The method works by sampling proportionally to the prior, though constrained within a ‘nested’ sequence of progressively-higher likelihood contours. Exploration depends only on the shape of these contours and not on the associated values, so that nested sampling is invariant to monotonic re-labelling of likelihood. Thus, in multiphase applications, nested sampling bridges between different phases in a way denied to any thermal method, promising considerable extra scope. Although presented here in a Bayesian context, nested sampling is equally applicable to numerical integration of general positive functions in many dimensions.
Objective Bayesian Analysis for the Multivariate Normal Model
Authors: Sun Dongchu , Berger James O
Published: November 2023

Objective Bayesian inference for the multivariate normal distribution is illustrated, using different types of formal objective priors (Jeffreys, invariant, reference and matching), different modes of inference (Bayesian and frequentist), and different criteria involved in selecting optimal objective priors (ease of computation, frequentist performance, marginalization paradoxes, and decision-theoretic evaluation).In the course of the investigation of the bivariate normal model in Berger and Sun (2006), a variety of surprising results were found, including the availability of objective priors that yield exact frequentist inferences for many functions of the bivariate normal parameters, such as the correlation coefficient. Certain of these results are generalized to the multivariate normal situation.
Estimation of Faraday Rotation Measures of the Near Galactic Sky, Using Gaussian Process Models*
Authors: Short Margaret B , Higdon David M , Kronberg Philipp P
Published: November 2023

Our primary goal is to obtain a smoothed summary estimate of the magnetic field generated in and near to the Milky Way by using Faraday rotation measures (RM’s). Each RM in our data set provides an integrated measure of the effect of the magnetic field along the entire line of sight to an extragalactic radio source. The ability to estimate the magnetic field generated locally by our galaxy and its environs will help astronomers distinguish local versus distant properties of the universe. The RM data are collected over locations in the galactic sky that correspond to locations on the unit sphere. In order to model such data, we employ a Bayesian process convolution approach which uses Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) for estimation and prediction. Complications arise due to contamination in the RM measurements, and we resolve these by means of a mixture prior on the errors.
A Hidden Markov Dirichlet Process Model for Genetic Recombination in Open Ancestral Space*
Authors: Xing E P , Sohn K-A
Published: November 2023

We present a new statistical framework called hidden Markov Dirichlet process (HMDP) to jointly model the genetic recombinations among possibly infinite number of founders and the coalescence-with-mutation events in the resulting genealogies. The HMDP posits that a haplotype of genetic markers is generated by a sequence of recombination events that select an ancestor for each locus from an unbounded set of founders according to a 1st-order Markov transition process. Conjoining this process with a mutation model, our method accommodates both between-lineage recombination and withinlineage sequence variations, and leads to a compact and natural interpretation of the population structure and inheritance process. An efficient sampling algorithm based on a two-level nested Pólya urn scheme was also developed.
Ordinary differential equations
Authors: Rendall Alan D
Published: November 2023

In this section the basic existence and uniqueness theorem for ordinary differential equations is stated and proved. The proof uses the method of successive approximations which is widely applicable in PDE theory as well.
Functional analysis
Authors: Rendall Alan D
Published: November 2023

Functional analysis plays a role in the local existence and uniqueness theorem for ODE as described in Section 5.1. In the study of partial differential equations it plays a much bigger role and so in preparation for that topic some relevant facts about functional analysis are collected in this chapter.
Hyperbolic equations
Authors: Rendall Alan D
Published: November 2023

This chapter is an introduction to hyperbolic equations. The topic is of central importance in general relativity since the Einstein evolution equations are themselves essentially hyperbolic as are the equations of motion of many of the matter fields frequently used. The qualification ‘essentially’ is explained in Chapter 9. As a starting point consider once again the system (7.1). There is no definition of the concept ‘hyperbolic’ which is as simple and general as that of the concept ‘elliptic’. Nevertheless the machinery introduced in the elliptic case is also useful in discussing what ‘hyperbolic’ means.
The Cauchy problem for the Einstein equations
Authors: Rendall Alan D
Published: November 2023

In this chapter the general theory of hyperbolic equations is applied to the Einstein-matter system. In order not to have to confront different difficulties simultaneously the discussion in the first two sections is limited to the vacuum case. The third section describes how matter can be incorporated. Consider the Einstein vacuum equations. It has already been emphasized in previous sections that the principal part of the system, i.e. that containing the highest order derivatives, is of central importance.
The Accession of the Czech Republic to the EU
Authors: Telicka Pavel , Bartak Karel
Published: November 2023

One of the most particular, unique, and incomparable eras of Czech history was that during which the Republic first prepared for accession negotiations with the EU, and, later, carried out those negotiations to their ultimate success. Only a few years after the fall of the communist regime and, later, the division of Czechoslovakia, the government and Parliament voluntarily open themselves to the scrutiny of fifteen other European states and their watchdog, the European Commission. Of course, there was an overwhelming willingness to do so; it was widely understood as both a necessity and a healthy exercise for the new democracy. However, at the same time, it was psychologically difficult to become a pupil in the European classroom.
The Accession of Hungary to the EU
Authors: Gottfried Peter , GyÖrkÖs Peter
Published: November 2023

The change of the political and economic system in 1989–1990 has led to a fast restructuring of the country’s institutions. Nevertheless, the historic target, namely the accession of the Republic of Hungary to NATO and to the European Union, has been achieved.
Management of invasive terrestrial plants
Authors: Holt Jodie S
Published: November 2023

Management of terrestrial plants is based on principles common to management of all organisms, regardless of the type or identity. In practice, however, plants possess features that necessitate unique approaches and tools for management. As sessile organisms that are rooted to the ground, plants possess adaptations, or evolved traits, that result in survival and reproduction in particular environments. Tremendous genetic variation occurs among terrestrial plants and in addition, most plants possess plasticity, or the ability to change growth and form in response to environmental factors.
Management of invasive invertebrates: lessons from the management of an invasive alien ant
Authors: Green Peter T , O’Dowd Dennis J
Published: November 2023

In the literature on management of invasive species, heuristic models that outline and integrate management processes across the entire spectrum of invasion, from pre-border risk assessment and surveillance to operational control and monitoring of established populations, are now commonplace (e.g. Wittenberg and Cock 2001; Wotton and Hewitt 2004; Hulme 2006; Lodge et al. 2006). Generic frameworks for rapid response to a biological invader typically follow a sequence from detection, to assessment, then action, and monitoring (Fig. 11.1).
Management of terrestrial vertebrate pests
Authors: Parkes John P , Nugent Graham
Published: November 2023

Effective policies to ensure funds are allocated to the species and places of highest priority, and that the appropriate people fund the control—either those who cause the problem, if they can be identified, but more often those who benefit should pay. Appropriate long-term policies and funding mechanisms are particularly critical if sustained control is the management strategy being applied to the invasive species (Gibb and Williams 1994).
Mirror neurons in humans
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado , Anderson Frances
Published: November 2023

It was a short step from the discovery of mirror neurons in the monkey to the idea that a similar system might exist in the human brain. As often happens (and not only in neurophysiology), discoveries pave the way to a re-reading and re-interpretation of data already present in the literature and this was the case with mirror neurons. Evidence (albeit indirect evidence) supporting the presence of a mechanism which we now interpret as a mirror mechanism was found in EEG (electroencephalography) studies conducted in the early 1950s on the reactivity of cerebral rhythms while observing movement.
Informal Decision-Making in the Council: The Secret of the EU’s Success?
Authors: Heisenberg Dorothee
Published: November 2023

The EU suffered a major public relations defeat in May 2005 with the French and Dutch rejection of the Constitutional Treaty. The fact that two founding member states’ populations rejected a Treaty that had been laboriously negotiated over three long years (and mainly codified the status quo) suggested that the very idea of the EU itself was in question. Behind the scenes, however, in the EU’s day-to- day dealings, the EU continued to legislate and conduct business in very much an ordinary way. Naturally, there are lingering questions about the status of the Constitutional Treaty, but there is no evidence of an EU decision-making crisis.
Financial Transformation in the European Union
Authors: Posner Elliot
Published: November 2023

The introduction of the euro has attracted a great deal of scholarly attention. Meanwhile, the transformation of financial regulations and institutions in Europe has been largely neglected. Yet harmonized rules, mutual recognition of foreign national laws, new regulation-making procedures, and coordinated implementation and supervision could have a more fundamental impact on European societies and the global political economy than the single currency. This regional development is exceptional even for the world of international finance, where markets and regulatory regimes have been in constant flux since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system. Around the globe, changes in EU financial arrangements are creating new expectations among transnational firms and enhancing the positions of European national and EU officials in international forums (Posner 2005a).
Introduction
Authors: Davis Mark A
Published: November 2023

In any venture, it is a good idea to pause periodically and reflect on what one is doing and where one is heading. As it turns out, this might be a particularly opportune time to reflect on what we have been doing in invasion biology. This book might have been titled, Invasion biology fifty years later.
The Representation Of Numbers By Decimals
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M
Published: November 2023

The decimal associated with a given number. There is a process for expressing any positive number ξas a ‘decimal’ which is familiar in elementary arithmetic. Thus Xmay be expressed uniquely in the form where every Ais one of 0, 1, 2, ..., 9, and A1 is not 0. We abbreviate this expression to the ordinary representation of Xin decimal notation.
Neo-Madisonian Theory and Latin American Institutions
Authors: Carroll Royce , Shugart Matthew Søberg
Published: November 2023

In recent years, theories of political institutions have become central to the literature on Latin American politics. The study of institutions has ranged considerably in method from detailed histories of institutional evolution to more discrete analyses of strategic action under the constraints of a given set of rules. Such work is often identified and critiqued as the ‘institutionalist tradition’ (Huber and Dion 2002) or as the study of behavior in ‘institutional contexts’ (Crisp and Escobar-Lemmon 2001) or, more specifically, ‘rational-choice institutionalism’ (e.g. Weyland 2002a). Gerardo Munck (2004a) recently distinguishes work with an institutional focus from other strands of the literature on Latin American politics, noting that there is much each perspective can learn from the others.
Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America, 1945–2004
Authors: Mainwaring Scott , Brinks Daniel , Pérez-Liñán Aníbal
Published: November 2023

This chapter has two objectives. First, we attempt to contribute to broader theoretical issues and methodological debates about classifying political regimes. Second, we hope to make an empirical contribution by presenting an original classification of Latin American regimes during the post-World War II period. We explain the methodology used to generate our classification and compare it to other existing data-sets.
Liquids
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

Only one series of signs is used for land r: this series is by convention transcribed with r(re-u-ko =  λεκos). The glide-sound wis usually inserted between two vowels when the first vowel is u (ta-ra-nu-we, θρα-εs), and y (written -j-) when the first vowel is i (i-je-re-u, ερεs).
Phonology
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

Mycenaean has been well described as a milestone between Indo- European and Greek. While certain sound-changes characteristic of Greek have already occurred (for example *s-> h-), others have not (notably the development of labiovelars to labials and dentals); and in a third category the writing system does not allow us to be certain (loss of final obstruents and Grassmann’s Law, §23.5). It is worth noticing that a number of characteristic Greek sound-changes have not yet happened in Mycenaean, and cannot therefore be ascribed to a stage of ‘common’ (i.e. undifferentiated) Greek. This implies that it was not only dialect differentiation that occurred on Greek soil (§1.3), but also processes of integration or coalescence by which the Greek language was formed.
Nominal inflection
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

Inflectional patterns are relatively straightforward: the interpretation of archaic features is, however, often obscured by the writing system.
The Greek Alphabet
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

An important result of the commerce between Greece and the east was the adaptation of a north Semitic (probably Phoenician) alphabet to write Greek. It is not clear where this adaptation took place: it might have happened in Crete, Al Mina (a trading post in Syria), or Cyprus. Rhodes and Euboea have also been proposed as candidates. The date of the adaptation has long been disputed. Until recently the oldest alphabetic inscriptions known were the cup of Nestor (25) and the Dipylon vase (28), both dated to the second half of the VIII cent. BC. In the 1980s and 1990s discoveries in Egypt (a bronze tablet with an early version of the alphabet) and Italy (five letters found scratched onto a pot in a burial site in Gabii), both dated to the first half of the VIII cent. BC, led scholars to push the adaptation back to at least 800 or (perhaps a century) earlier. The process of adaptation, and the diffusion of the resulting Greek alphabet, are obscure in many details. Some facts, however, seem clear. The Greeks borrowed both the letter names and order of the letters:
Adaptation of the Phoenician signs
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

The Greek adapter(s) made some practical changes: the Phoenician script (in common with most Semitic alphabets) had no vowel signs, and more signs for sibilants than Greek needed.
Arcado-Cypriot
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

This dialect group is the most closely related to the language of the Mycenaean tablets. The similarities which link these dialects appear relatively straightforward. Arcadian is the relic of a dialect spoken in the Peloponnese in the Mycenaean Age. At some period (before 1000 BC) Greeks emigrated from the Peloponnese to Cyprus. When the Dorians became dominant in coastal regions of the Peloponnese (Messenia, Laconia, Argolis, Corinthia) they did not penetrate the mountainous interior, with the result that Arcadia formed an isolated linguistic community, surrounded by states speaking a different dialect from its own. The Bronze Age dialect of the Peloponnese and its historical survivors are sometimes called ‘Achaean’.
Consonants
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

1.Disappearance of [w] (digamma) from the time of the earliest inscriptions. 2.The change -ti> -siin verbal endings occurs in Att.-Ion. as in Myc. (§10.8): so also in a few other categories such as numerals (εΘκσ§32.9). This gives the characteristic 3 plur. ending -σ[-o:si] < *-σ(WGk. -τ): §23.6c.
Vowels
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

There is evidence that vocalic resonants (§10.3) were in some contexts vocalized with o, as in Arc.-Cyp. (§§26.3, 10.3): Boe. στρτεαω14 9, Sapph. βρχi(α) 74 b7. In Lesb. and Thess. clusters of resonant and *s(§23.6) or *y (§23.7) characteristically result in the gemination of the resonant, rather than compensatory lengthening of the vowel: α’ μμi(<*nsme
Consonants
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

Labiovelar *k(*g, *gh) > labial π(β, cp) even before e, i(§10.6): Boe. πετρατα, ‘fourth’ 14 19. (But note τ{s< *kiseven in Aeolic.) [w] (digamma) was lost early in Lesb. (cf. Ionic). Its appearance in Sapph. and Alk. appears to be purely ‘literary’: it had already disappeared from the spoken language in the VI cent. Initial f- is maintained in Boe. and Thess. until the koiné (sometimes written internally in archaic Boe. inscriptions). For Boe. (and probably also Thess., though evidence is scanty) ττin common with Attica and Eretria (§23.8).
West Greek
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

West Greek includes the group of dialects known traditionally to classicists as Doric, a term (and a concept) inherited from the Greeks. The Dorians had a distinct political and cultural identity: their dialect was particularly associated with choral poetry, which suggests that the form developed somewhere in the Doric world. For linguistic purposes it is useful, however, to distinguish a sub-grouping of north-western dialects which share a range of overlapping features. With the notable exceptions of Delphi and Elis, much of the north-western area was both geographically and culturally isolated in the classical period.
Vowels
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

In Arc., Aeol., and some WGk. dialects secondary long eand o(§23.1) fell together with inherited [ε:] (η) and [Ɔ:] (ω). WGk. dialects in which this occurs (traditionally labelled severior) are (a) Peloponnesian dialects outside of the Saronic area: viz. Elis, the western Argolid, Laconia, and their colonies (Taras, Heraklea, etc.); and (b) Crete, and some of the smaller islands.
Pamphylian
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

The history of the Greek dialect spoken in Pamphylia is obscure; inscriptions are poorly preserved and difficult to understand. It seems to have affinities with Arc.-Cyp., West Greek, and (to a lesser extent) Aeolic. There may have been an Achaean presence in Pamphylia in the Mycenaean or sub Mycenaean period: but the preservation of -τ(§10.8) points to a fundamental West Greek stratum in the language (Aspendos was said to have been settled from Argos, and Rhodian colonies stretched up the western side of Lycia). Whatever the prehistory, contacts with Crete and Cyprus may also explain certain features shared with these dialects. The Greek-speakers of Pamphylia were surrounded by Luwian languages (Lycian, Sidetic, Cilician), and some degree of influence is to be expected from these.
Introduction
Authors: Leopold David , Stears Marc
Published: November 2023

Political theorists are often silent on questions of method and approach. While scholars in other branches of political and social sciences expend great energy debating the right way to conduct research—arguing about the appropriate place of quantification, the nature of survey design, the ethical acceptability of particular investigative approaches, and the like—political theorists generally spend little time addressing questions of ‘how’ and ‘why’ in their work. Instead, they dive straight into their analysis, turning immediately to the task at hand; arguing, for instance, about the meaning and value of particular key concepts such as liberty, justice, and rights. The books that political theorists write thus rarely include much explicit reflection on method, even though such reflection is a standard expectation in other areas; even less frequently do they produce works explicitly concerned with research methods, although the shelves of libraries are crowded with such texts from related disciplines.
Political philosophy for Earthlings
Authors: Miller David
Published: November 2023

The question that I want to pursue in this chapter concerns the relationship between political philosophy as a normative enterprise whose purpose is to identify and justify principles intended to guide us politically, and what we can call the facts of political life—everything that we know about human beings and human societies, either through common sense or through the more formal methods of the social sciences. How, if at all, do the principles of political philosophy depend on those facts, in the sense that if the world changes in certain ways, or we make new discoveries about it, our political concepts and principles should change too? This question has several dimensions to it.
Why be formal?
Authors: Hirose Iwao
Published: November 2023

Formal analysis in political theory is concerned with the form, as distinguished from the matter, of political behaviour and phenomena. It reduces political behaviour and phenomena to a model represented by mathematical and logical symbols, and elucidates its structure rather than its meaning. Decision theorists and economists have developed formal analysis of individual choices and complex economic phenomena. The results of this are political analysis involving public choice, game theoretic models of politics, spatial models of party competition and legislative behaviour, and deductive modelling of political phenomena. Formal methods can also be used when we analyse normative political theories. For example, game theory helps us to look at much-discussed theories of justice in a new light.
Recognition as fact and norm: the method of critique
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the nature of the relation between political and social theory. It is one of the central claims of contemporary Anglo-American philosophy that these two areas of thought are distinct and necessarily separate. Normative thought does not concern itself with an assessment of existing social arrangements, rather it is free-standing and its consideration of politico-moral issues is guided by ideas of analytical clarity and argumentative rigour. There is, however, a long tradition of thought that regards normative political reflection as being intrinsically connected to a critical social theory. There is, of course, disagreement about the precise nature of this connection and this reflects the diversity of the tradition which, although it ultimately derives much of its inspiration from Hegel’s dialectical thought, ranges across disciplines such as hermeneutics, orthodox Marxism, critical theory, communitarianism, and so-called postmodernism.
Using archival sources to theorize about politics
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir , Nabulsi Karma
Published: November 2023

It might seem incongruous to think of archives and political theorizing, the two elements which constitute the subject matter of this chapter, as sharing much by way of affinity. Archival sources, after all, are concrete, tactile, material entities, whereas political theory deals primarily with abstraction; archival records are relics of the past, whereas political theorizing (especially normative theory) occupies a sort of timeless horizon; archives are almost invariably fragmentary in their scope, whereas political theory is comprehensive; above all, archives are by their nature tied to contingencies of time and space, whereas much political theorizing—even the sort which explicitly recognizes the value of exploring the historical dimension of political thought—aspires to universalism.
‘A new form of true beauty ‘ Aesthetics and Early Film Criticism
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: November 2023

The German novelist Gert Hofmann ‘s The Film Explainer (1990) is a semi-autobiographical account of Hofmann ‘s grandfather, who was a film ‘lecturer ‘ or ‘explainer ‘ (and cinema pianist) in provincial Germany throughout the silent era and beyond. Finally made redundant in the early 1930s by the triumph of sound film, he defends his role to the cinema proprietor until the last: ‘I ‘m not superfluous. An audience needs someone to explain a film to them, at least its finer points.
Beyond the sentence given
Authors: Hagoort Peter , Berkum Jos Van
Published: November 2023

A central and influential idea among researchers of language is that our language faculty is organized according to Fregean compositionality, which states that the meaning of an utterance is a function of the meaning of its parts and of the syntactic rules by which these parts are combined. Since the domain of syntactic rules is the sentence, the implication of this idea is that language interpretation takes place in a two-step fashion. First, the meaning of a sentence is computed.
Multiple risk factors and interactions
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

Up to this point, we have been concerned mainly with one exposure factor at a time, although as we have seen in Chapter 6, even this can be quite complex, particularly if there are time-related modifying factors like latency or if exposure is extended over a long period at varying intensity. We now turn our attention to the analysis of multiple risk factors, say, two or more exposures or one exposure of primary interest together with other confounders or modifiers. For now, we set aside the complications discussed earlier involving time-dependent exposures and focus on the effects of two or more fixed covariates.
Further challenges
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

Although most of this book has been concerned with chronic diseases, the developing fetus is particularly sensitive to environmental insults, as is male and female fertility. Studies of the reproductive effects of environmental exposures pose unique methodological challenges.
Introduction: Struggles for Inclusion and Reconciliation in Modern Democracies
Authors: Bashir Bashir , Kymlicka Will
Published: November 2023

Most countries around the world exhibit a long history of exclusion and discrimination directed against particular groups, often dened along ethnic, racial, religious, or ideological lines. Members of these groups have been treated as second-class citizens, if not as slaves, enemies, traitors, aliens, or barbarians unworthy of even second-class citizenship. The underlying justications for these forms of exclusion have been increasingly discredited by the post-war human rights revolution, decolonization, and by contemporary norms of liberal-democratic constitutionalism, with their rm commitments to norms of equal rights and non-discrimination, and their repudiation of older ideologies of racial, ethnic, and religious hierarchies.
Gender and Collective Reparations in the Aftermath of Confiict and Political Repression
Authors: Rubio-Marín Ruth
Published: November 2023

Ideas of ‘reconciliation’ and ‘transitional justice’ have rapidly diffused around the world in the past two decades, intended to help post-authoritarian or post-confiict societies deal with the legacy of gross human rights violations. Much of the debate to date has focused on the status and treatment of the offenders, and in particular whether they should be prosecuted for their actions or accorded some form of amnesty or forgiveness in the name of national healing and reconciliation. However, there are equally important developments regarding the status and treatment of the victims, and in particular whether they should receive some form of reparations.
Bringing in Social Actors: Accountability and Regulation in the Global Textiles and Apparel Industry
Authors: O’Rourke Dara
Published: November 2023

In the area of labor rights, the distance between global governance institutions and locally accountable regulation seems as wide as the oceans separating consumers in the North from producers in the South. Governments, intergovernmental agencies, and NGOs have all been frustrated in their attempts to build locally accountable governance institutions that have global reach. However, a new class of institutions has emerged that seek to bridge this divide.
This and That, Here and There
Authors: Grene Nicholas
Published: November 2023

What girl where? Biographers have attempted to identify the woman and the situation in ‘Politics’. Brenda Maddox, for instance, maintains that the person in question was Yeats’s last love, Edith Shackleton Heald, even though Heald’s 53 years at the time of the poem’s 1938 composition would make her being called a ‘girl’ something of a stretch, as Maddox herself admits.1 The candidate of both R. F. Foster and W. J. Mc Cormack, based on apparently quite separate evidence, is Cora Hughes, committed left-wing activist and former lover of Charles Donnelly, the Irish poet who had died the previous year in the Spanish Civil War.
“Ardent Beetle-Hunters”: Natural History, Collecting, and the Theory of Evolution*
Authors: Berry Andrew
Published: November 2023

In 1908, to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the reading of the original Darwin- Wallace paper on evolution by natural selection in its meeting rooms on Piccadilly, the Linnean Society issued its Darwin-Wallace medal. With a profile of Darwin on one side and a full-face image of Wallace on the other, it was awarded in 1908 and in 1958. It will be awarded again in 2008. In 1958 all the recipients, and in 1908 all but one, received silver strikings of the medal.
Theory and Practice in the Field: Wallace’s Work in Natural History (1844–1858)*
Authors: Fagan Melinda Bonnie
Published: November 2023

My dear sir,—The accompanying papers, which we have the honour of communicating to the Linnean Society, and which all relate to the same subject, viz. the Laws which affect the Production of Varieties, Races, and Species, contain the results of the investigations of two indefatigable naturalists, Mr. Charles Darwin and Mr. Alfred Wallace.
Wallace’s Annotated Copy of the Darwin-Wallace Paper on Natural Selection*
Authors: Beccaloni George
Published: November 2023

These gentlemen having, independently and unknown to one another, conceived the very same ingenious theory to account for the appearance and perpetuation of varieties and specific forms on our planet, may both fairly claim the merit of being original thinkers in this important line of inquiry; but neither of them having published his views, though Mr. Darwin has for many years past been repeatedly urged by us to do so, and both authors having now unreservedly placed their papers in our hands, we think it would best promote the interests of science that a selection from them should be laid before the Linnean Society
The Colours of Animals: From Wallace to the Present Day Cryptic Coloration
Authors: Caro Tim , Merilaita Sami , Stevens Martin
Published: November 2023

To the ordinary observer the colours of the various kinds of molluscs, insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals, appear to have no use, and to be distributed pretty much at random. There is a general notion that in the tropics everything—insects, birds, and flowers especially—is much more brilliantly coloured than with us; but the idea that we should ever be able to give a satisfactory reason why one creature is white and another black, why this caterpillar is green and that one brown, and a third adorned with stripes and spots of the most gaudy colours, would seem to most persons both presumptuous and absurd.
Wallace, Conservation, and Sustainable Development*
Authors: Knapp Sandra
Published: November 2023

From a twenty-first-century conservation biology perspective it is difficult to reconcile the images of a man who shot and killed eighteen orang-utans (the nineteenth he shot got away), with that of the man who advocated the establishment of botanical reserves in the tropics (S732 1910) and wrote “He [the naturalist, meaning himself] looks upon every species of animal and plant now living as one of the individual letters which go to make up one of the volumes of our earth’s history; and, as a few lost letters may make a sentence unintelligible, so the extinction of numerous forms of life which the progress of cultivation invariably entails will necessarily obscure this invaluable record of the past” (S78 1863, 234). Alfred Russel Wallace did all of these things, and his relationship with nature and the environment is both typically Victorian and astonishingly modern.
Wallace and Owenism*
Authors: Claeys Gregory
Published: November 2023

Alfred Russel Wallace in his later years came to view the socialist movement as the most marked proof of the nineteenth century’s self-reckoning with its flaws and mistakes. As he put it in 1898, in The Wonderful Century; Its Successes and Failures: … although this century has given us so many examples of failure, it has also given us hope for the future. True humanity, the determination that the crying social evils of our time shall not continue; the certainty that they can be abolished; an unwavering faith in human nature, have never been so strong, so vigorous, so rapidly growing as they are to-day. The movement towards socialism during the last ten years, in all the chief countries of Europe as well as in America, is the proof of this (S726 1898a, 378).
Political Principles and Economic Theories
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross
Published: November 2023

The intellectual origins of the funding mechanisms we are discussing in this book stem from two concerns. How are we to ensure that all citizens are able to have access to a standard of life compatible with their identity as fellow human beings and citizens of the same nation? How can we ensure that our social institutions function efficiently, responsive to the concerns of those citizens?

The allocation of resources to schools in deprived areas, for instance, regardless of their performance, is something neither the present government nor its Victorian predecessors were willing to countenance. The efficiency with which central resources are used, matters not just to the taxpayers who provide them, but to those who are meant to benefit. Principles of equity have to be merged with those of efficiency and they can pull in different directions.
Needs-Based Funding from the Nineteenth Century to the 1980s
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the historical development of funding systems for our services (drawing on a more detailed discussion in Hendry 1998). In any historical study used as a precursor to the analysis of current systems it is important not to extrapolate contemporary values backwards into assessing schemes formed in very different conditions to those existing today. Nevertheless, a central question is whether there is any common thread to the evolution of these allocation mechanisms. In recent years a series of quite complicated mathematically based funding formulae has developed, underpinning allocations to health services, housing, education, and local government more generally. They are all based on some concept of need. This is a fundamentally non-market, not to say socialistic concept (Doyal and Gough 1991). How did it even gain prominence during the 1980s period of Conservative, profoundly pro-market, rule? Why should mathematical formulation, beyond most electors’ understanding, gain such sway? We begin by setting out a theory that might answer some of these questions and explain the evolution of formula funding mechanisms.
Where to Now?
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we discuss the main factors which are driving developments in funding formulae and suggest how they might develop in future. Before we do so, it is probably helpful to recap some of the main findings from our analysis of the systems and of our interviewees’ perceptions of them. First, in terms of the main characteristics of the three services:

Over the last twenty years, NHS funding has moved onto an increasingly sophisticated needs-related basis, applied to smaller and smaller sized areas. The last twenty years have reversed the position of the 1970s, when the health department was much less successful than education in equalizing resources between areas.
Explaining the Tension: Global Competition, Social Exclusion, and Local Renaissance
Authors: Moulaert Frank
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores different aspects of the relationship between the con temporary exclusion and development problems of inner cities in Western Europe on the one hand, and the socio-economic crisis that has been haunting the European continent since the middle of the 1970s on the other. Complementary and conflicting explanations of local crises or particular forms of global crises are examined and confronted with redevelopment strategies practised by local governments and development agents. The neo-liberal awakening and its new economic policy (NEP) are severely criticized and more support for socio-economic initiatives serving basic human needs is called for.
Globalization, Cities, and the Social Question
Authors: Moulaert Frank
Published: November 2023

For the last ten years, the term ‘globalization’ has been at the heart of economic and political discourse. As we saw in the previous chapter, it is cited as a major-if not the main-driving force of contemporary economic transformation. And both conservative and progressive political forces use it as an argument to support changes in socio-economic policy.
Packaging Waste
Authors: Lauber Volkmar , Ingram* Verina
Published: November 2023

This section introduces JEP approaches to packaging waste, focusing on plastics and paper in Austria, Denmark and the Netherlands.

Dimensions of the Packaging Waste Problem Packaging fulfils a number of functions: protection of products, safety and hygiene, transport, distribution and self-service, marketing, and consumer information. Packaging involves a range of industries, known as the ‘pack aging chain’. In the European Union at least 61 million tonnes of packaging waste are created annually, about 150 kilograms per person (PricewaterhouseCoopers 1998).
Labelling of Organic Food Products
Authors: Hofer Karin
Published: November 2023

During the 1990s, organic farming developed in many EU countries from a small niche production to a growing and integral part of agriculture and agricultural policy. This process was stimulated by a mix of different instruments reaching from regulations on organic farming and subsidy schemes to food labels as a kind of voluntary instrument. While taking into account this broader policy context, this chapter focuses on the contribution of the particular instrument of organic food labels to the promotion of organic farming in Austria, Denmark, and The Netherlands.
Introduction: Content Analysis And Political Texts
Authors: Budge Jan , Bara Judith
Published: November 2023

This book is innovative both in content and form. In content because it presents the richest data on the policies and preferences of key political actors available today. In form, because the estimates appear on a CD-ROM sold in the book, whose printed section provides the supporting information and instructions necessary to use the data intelligently. By buying the book therefore users acquire both documentation and usable data at a stroke, without having to engage in long correspondence with archives or other data-holders.
Checking the Party Policy Estimates: Convergent Validity
Authors: McDonald Michael D , Mendes Silvia M
Published: November 2023

In a sense most of this book has been concerned with the validity of the Manifesto data and the estimates derived from them. Chapter 1 has matched the major Left-Right indicator with the historical record (predictive validity); Chapter 2 has reported their use in research (hypothesis validity); Chapters 3 and 4 have gone into the plausibility of the underlying Saliency Theory and the match between the coding distributions and its expectations (face validity). What this chapter deals with in particular is construct validity–whether the codings correlate with other measures of the same conceptual construct (Weber 1990: 18).