bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proportion and failure analysis of full‐bridge sub‐modules in a hybrid MMC
Authors: Song Yonghui , Luo Yongjie , Xiong Xiaofu , Lian Rui
Published: January 2019

Isolating DC bipolar short‐circuit fault is one of the difficulties faced by the flexible DC distribution system. This study aims to the hybrid modular multi‐level converter (MMC). Firstly, the fault‐blocking mechanism of a hybrid MMC is analysed. Through theoretical calculation, the influence of the proportion of full‐bridge sub‐modules η on the fault isolation capability is obtained in the process of bipolar short‐circuiting of the hybrid MMC‐isolated DC side. Finally, the hybrid MMC DC‐side bipolar short‐circuit fault is simulated and analysed by the simulation model built in PSCAD/EMTDC software. The fault blocking capability of hybrid MMC and the relationship between η and the full‐bridge sub‐module capacitance voltage after the fault isolation phase are verified, which provides a theoretical basis for the design of the withstand voltage of hybrid MMC full‐bridge sub‐module capacitors.
Design structure of tunnel FET by combining thermionic emission with tunneling phenomenon
Authors: Yadav Shivendra , Vemulapaty Madhuri , Sharma Dheeraj , Gedam Anju , Sharma Neeraj
Published: January 2019

This study proposes a novel electrically doped tunnel field effect transistor (ED‐TFET), which combines thermionic emission and band to band tunnelling by using an additional metal source (MS) of appropriate work function (WF; 3.9 eV) by forming an ohmic junction between metal and silicon. The ohmic junction is created below the channel region near the source channel junction by depositing of appropriate workfunction metal (lower than silicon) which injects extra electrons through over the barrier along with band to band tunneling (BTBT) in the channel of the device. Therefore, a drastic improvement in the ON state current is observed which is numerically about 107 times greater than conventional ED‐TFET. Furthermore, the radiofrequency figures of merit such cut‐off frequency, gain band width product, and maximum oscillating frequency are enhanced by ∼, 20 and 1000 times, respectively, however, intrinsic gain and transconductance generation factor have nearly 66.66 and 14.28% improvement compared to conventional ED‐TFET. Furthermore, the concepts of drain underlapping and dual metal gate have been used to checkout OFF‐state current and negative conductance as a final proposal. In addition, this study has also investigated the performance variations in the proposed structure due to the WF change of CG2, length of and position of MS.
Impact of the reduced speed of light approximation on ionization front velocities in cosmological simulations of the epoch of reionization
Authors: Deparis Nicolas , Aubert Dominique , Ocvirk Pierre , Chardin Jonathan , Lewis Joseph
Published: January 2019

Context. Coupled radiative-hydrodynamics simulations of the epoch of reionization aim to reproduce the propagation of ionization fronts during the transition before the overlap of HII regions. Many of these simulations use moment-based methods to track radiative transfer processes using explicit solvers and are therefore subject to strict stability conditions regarding the speed of light, which implies a great computational cost. The cost can be reduced by assuming a reduced speed of light, and this approximation is now widely used to produce large-scale simulations of reionization.

Aims. We measure how ionization fronts propagate in simulations of the epoch of reionization. In particular, we want to distinguish between the different stages of the fronts’ progression into the intergalactic medium. We also investigate how these stages and their properties are impacted by the choice of a reduced speed of light.

Methods. We introduce a new method for estimating and comparing the ionization front speeds based on maps of the reionization redshifts. We applied it to a set of cosmological simulations of the reionization using a set of reduced speeds of light, and measured the evolution of the ionization front speeds during the reionization process. We only considered models where the reionization is driven by the sources created within the simulations, without potential contributions of an external homogeneous ionizing background.

Results. We find that ionization fronts progress via a two-stage process, the first stage at low velocity as the fronts emerge from high density regions and a second later stage just before the overlap, during which front speeds increase close to the speed of light. For example, using a set of small 8 Mpc h−3 simulations, we find that a minimal velocity of 0.3c is able to model these two stages in this specific context without significant impact. Values as low as 0.05c can model the first low velocity stage, but limit the acceleration at later times. Lower values modify the distribution of front speeds at all times. Using another set of simulations with larger 64 Mpc h−3 volumes that better account for distant sources, we find that reduced speed of light has a greater impact on reionization times and front speeds in underdense regions that are reionized at late times and swept by radiation produced by distant sources. Conversely, the same quantities measured in dense regions with slow fronts are less sensitive to c∼ values. While the discrepancies introduced by reduced speed of light could be reduced by the inclusion of an additional UV background, we expect these conclusions to be robust in the case of simulations with reionizations driven by inner sources.
Wave heating in gravitationally stratified coronal loops in the presence of resistivity and viscosity
Authors: Karampelas K. , Van Doorsselaere T. , Guo M.
Published: January 2019

Context. In recent years, coronal loops have been the focus of studies related to the damping of different magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) surface waves and their connection with coronal seismology and wave heating. For a better understanding of wave heating, we need to take into account the effects of different dissipation coefficients such as resistivity and viscosity, the importance of the loop physical characteristics, and the ways gravity can factor into the evolution of these phenomena.

Aims. We aim to map the sites of energy dissipation from transverse waves in coronal loops in the presence and absence of gravitational stratification and to compare ideal, resistive, and viscous MHD.

Methods. Using the PLUTO code, we performed 3D MHD simulations of kink waves in single, straight, density-enhanced coronal flux tubes of multiple temperatures.

Results. We see the creation of spatially expanded Kelvin–Helmholtz eddies along the loop, which deform the initial monolithic loop profile. For the case of driven oscillations, the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability develops despite physical dissipation, unless very high values of shear viscosity are used. Energy dissipation gets its highest values near the apex, but is present all along the loop. We observe an increased efficiency of wave heating once the kinetic energy saturates at the later stages of the simulation and a turbulent density profile has developed.

Conclusions. The inclusion of gravity greatly alters the dynamic evolution of our systems and should not be ignored in future studies. Stronger physical dissipation leads to stronger wave heating in our set-ups. Finally, once the kinetic energy of the oscillating loop starts saturating, all the excess input energy turns into internal energy, resulting in more efficient wave heating.
Fermi level unpinning of metal/p-type 4H-SiC interface by combination of sacrificial oxidation and hydrogen plasma treatment
Authors: Huang Lingqin , Gu Xiaogang
Published: January 2019

An ideal metal/p-type 4H-SiC interface with a “free-pinned” Fermi level has been achieved by the combination of sacrificial thermal oxidation (SO) and hydrogen plasma treatment (HPT) on the SiC surface. It is found that the Fermi level pinning could be attributed to the contaminants and defects of the p-type 4H-SiC surface. According to the X ray photoelectron spectroscopy and deep-level transient spectroscopy results, the oxygen and carbon contaminants decreased after SO. However, high-density carbon interstitial-related defects were generated close to the valance band during oxidation. With the subsequent HPT, the chemical residues and detrimental carbon-induced defects were eliminated by the reaction with hydrogen atoms. The p-type 4H-SiC surface was chemically and electrically well saturated with the surface Fermi level position close to the bulk position. An analytical model for the elimination of surface contaminants and defects was proposed to reveal the underlying mechanism of Fermi level depinning.
Techno-economic optimization and real-time comparison of sun tracking photovoltaic system for rural healthcare building
Authors: Kumar Nallapaneni Manoj , Vishnupriyan J. , Sundaramoorthi P.
Published: January 2019

This paper studies the optimum sizing and techno-economic feasibility of photovoltaic systems for rural healthcare building located in a south Indian State, Tamil Nadu, which experiences tropical weather climate. In this study, fixed tilt, annual optimum tilt (AOT), and six other sun tracking installation types are analyzed using hybrid optimization of multiple energy resource (HOMER) energy to understand the power generation potential. As a first step, weekly and monthly optimum tilt angles and AOT are estimated for the study location. The selection of the optimum configuration is arrived with the lowest values of initial cost, operating cost, total net present cost, and levelized cost of energy. It has been found that AOT with fixed installation is the optimum configuration for the study location. However, the performance would vary when the system is put to operate in practical conditions. In order to understand the varying performance, a prototype model is implemented for horizontal axis sun tracking system. The performance of the prototype is analyzed as per the varying real-time weather conditions for four days typically considering the sandstorm day, cloudy day, clear day, and partially cloudy day.
Juggling ideals and constraints
Authors: Dale Liz , Oostdam Ron , Verspoor Marjolijn
Published: January 2019

In bilingual streams in the Netherlands, school subjects are taught in an additional language so that pupils learn both subject content and the target language by using language meaningfully. Teachers of English in bilingual streams (TEBs) are often expected to collaborate with subject teacher colleagues (STs). In addition, they teach separate language lessons. This provides TEBs with specific challenges. This article reports on a focus group (FG) study exploring the extent to which the ideals of stakeholders in bilingual schools in the Netherlands reflect the literature on this topic, using a frame of reference developed for this purpose (Dale, Oostdam, & Verspoor, 2017). Five FGs were held with TEBs and STs from Dutch schools in the network for bilingual education and with members of the network’s quality assurance panels. Each FG consisted of between three and six participants with a similar role in bilingual education; audit panel chairpersons, audit panel secretaries and STs and TEBs from different schools. Participants were asked to discuss what an ideal English teacher would do in English lessons and in cooperation with subject colleagues. Data consists of five transcripts of the FG discussions. On the basis of inductive and deductive analyses (using MaxQDA), the ideals of stakeholders are positioned in the framework to explore to what extent different types of stakeholders have complementary or conflicting views. The findings suggest that stakeholders need to develop more shared understandings and a shared language to allow TEBs to realise their ambitions.
The acquisition of L3 variation among early bilinguals
Authors: Park Mihi , Starr Rebecca Lurie
Published: January 2019

The present study investigates whether prior experience with formal study of an L2 influences L3 Korean learners’ Type 1 variation (i.e., use of obligatory forms) and Type 2 variation (i.e., variation between alternative acceptable variants). The patterns of variation in Korean argument realization of early bilingual learners (English-Chinese/Malay/Indonesian/Tamil) of L3 Korean were assessed in light of the distribution of variants present in classroom input, learners’ prior L2 learning experience and home language background, argument animacy and number, and familiarity of verb structure type.

Our findings demonstrate that prior experience with a typologically-similar L2 facilitates acquisition of grammatical patterns as well as acquisition of native-like patterns of variation between grammatical forms that are constrained by a range of internal linguistic factors. Any L2 experience, regardless of typological proximity, is found to facilitate acquisition of internal linguistic constraints, but not acquisition of grammatical patterns.
Asian slurs and stereotypes in the USA
Authors: Croom Adam M.
Published: January 2019

Slurs such aschinkandgookare linguistic expressions that are primarily used to derogate certain group members for their descriptive attributes (such as their ethnicity) and are often considered the most offensive of expressions. Recent work on the semantics and pragmatics of slurs has illuminated several important facts regarding their meaning and use – including that slurs are commonly understood to felicitously apply towards some targets yet not others, that slurs are among the most potentially offensive expressions afforded by natural language, and that slurs are often flexibly employed and of potential use, not only derogatorily to convey offense towards out-group members, but also non-derogatorily to convey affiliation with in-group members or to diminish the derogatory force that the slur is typically understood to carry. Nonetheless, prior scholarship has unfortunately restricted itself primarily to considerations of slurs that typically target members of other groups. Since no account of slurs for Asian-Americans has so far been proposed, the aim of this article is therefore to provide the first systematic and empirically informed analysis of slurs for Asian-Americans that accounts for both their derogatory and appropriative (non-derogatory) use.
Characterisation of 4043 aluminium alloy deposits obtained by wire and arc additive manufacturing using a Cold Metal Transfer process
Authors: Ortega Arturo Gomez , Corona Galvan Luis , Salem Mehdi , Moussaoui Kamel , Segonds Stephane , Rouquette Sébastien , Deschaux-Beaume Frédéric
Published: January 2019

4043 aluminium deposits were elaborated using a 3D print device equipped with a Cold Metal Transfer welding source. Two sets of process parameters leading to different average powers were compared in order to establish the relations between the powers and energies produced and the geometrical characteristics of the deposits. The effects of the travel speed and layer superposition on the transfer mechanisms as well as on the geometrical characteristics of the deposits were discussed for both sets of parameters. Finally, the formed microstructures were analysed and the porosity defects were quantified and discussed with regard to the heat input characteristics and the solidification conditions.
MSC: a metagenomic sequence classification algorithm
Authors: Saha Subrata , Johnson Jethro , Pal Soumitra , Weinstock George M , Rajasekaran Sanguthevar
Published: January 2019

Motivation

Metagenomics is the study of genetic materials directly sampled from natural habitats. It has the potential to reveal previously hidden diversity of microscopic life largely due to the existence of highly parallel and low-cost next-generation sequencing technology. Conventional approaches align metagenomic reads onto known reference genomes to identify microbes in the sample. Since such a collection of reference genomes is very large, the approach often needs high-end computing machines with large memory which is not often available to researchers. Alternative approaches follow an alignment-free methodology where the presence of a microbe is predicted using the information about the unique k-mers present in the microbial genomes. However, such approaches suffer from high false positives due to trading off the value of k with the computational resources. In this article, we propose a highly efficient metagenomic sequence classification (MSC) algorithm that is a hybrid of both approaches. Instead of aligning reads to the full genomes, MSC aligns reads onto a set of carefully chosen, shorter and highly discriminating model sequences built from the unique k-mers of each of the reference sequences.

Results

Microbiome researchers are generally interested in two objectives of a taxonomic classifier: (i) to detect prevalence, i.e. the taxa present in a sample, and (ii) to estimate their relative abundances. MSC is primarily designed to detect prevalence and experimental results show that MSC is indeed a more effective and efficient algorithm compared to the other state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of accuracy, memory and runtime. Moreover, MSC outputs an approximate estimate of the abundances.

Availability and implementation

The implementations are freely available for non-commercial purposes. They can be downloaded from https://drive.google.com/open?id=1XirkAamkQ3ltWvI1W1igYQFusp9DHtVl.
SMuRF: portable and accurate ensemble prediction of somatic mutations
Authors: Huang Weitai , Guo Yu Amanda , Muthukumar Karthik , Baruah Probhonjon , Chang Mei Mei , Jacobsen Skanderup Anders
Published: January 2019

Somatic Mutation calling method using a Random Forest (SMuRF) integrates predictions and auxiliary features from multiple somatic mutation callers using a supervised machine learning approach. SMuRF is trained on community-curated matched tumor and normal whole genome sequencing data. SMuRF predicts both SNVs and indels with high accuracy in genome or exome-level sequencing data. Furthermore, the method is robust across multiple tested cancer types and predicts low allele frequency variants with high accuracy. In contrast to existing ensemble-based somatic mutation calling approaches, SMuRF works out-of-the-box and is orders of magnitudes faster.

Availability and implementation

The method is implemented in R and available at https://github.com/skandlab/SMuRF. SMuRF operates as an add-on to the community-developed bcbio-nextgen somatic variant calling pipeline.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Crisflash: open-source software to generate CRISPR guide RNAs against genomes annotated with individual variation
Authors: Jacquin Adrien L S , Odom Duncan T , Lukk Margus
Published: January 2019

CRISPR/Cas9 system requires short guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to direct genome modification. Most currently available tools for sgRNA design operate only with standard reference genomes, and are best suited for small-scale projects. To address these limitations, we developed Crisflash, a software tool for fast sgRNA design and potential off-target discovery, built for performance and flexibility. Crisflash can rapidly design CRISPR guides against any sequenced genome or genome sequences, and can optimize guide accuracy by incorporating user-supplied variant data. Crisflash is over an order of magnitude faster than comparable tools, even using a single CPU core, and efficiently and robustly scores the potential off-targeting of all possible candidate CRISPR guide oligonucleotides.

Availability and implementation

https://github.com/crisflash

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Of Saints, Shrines, and Tractors: Untangling the Meaning of Islam in Soviet Central Asia
Authors: Sartori Paolo
Published: January 2019

In this article I suggest that in the Soviet period Central Asians cultivated and conceptualized Islam as an episteme. They did this by reaching beyond alienating (and often ephemeral) categories offered to them by the state. I argue that the constitution of an Islamic culture was made possible, among other things, by Central Asians’ encounters with the past, most notably with what they perceived as an Islamic past. We observe the curious phenomenon of Central Asians’ continuous interaction with the Islamic historical sites that escaped the bulldozers of the Soviet campaigns of religious repression. For some, encounters with the past might be accidental. For many others, the exploration of the past represented a purposive, self-conscious, and reiterated emotional act. I show that Central Asians in the Soviet period—even if at school they were taught little about, and were usually offered a distorted vision of, the Islamic history of their region—were still able to access their past through the surviving architectural presence of Islam. Monumental sites, however, were not enough for Muslims to understand the past and use it to construct their own identity. Such artifacts acquired meaning through an interpretive framework provided by Sufi narratives about saints and their miracles. Therefore, shrines represented for Central Asia a collective memory space, i.e., a place in which the past was preserved for mobilization in the present through narrative.
Sedentary Behaviors, TV Viewing Time, and Risk of Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Nguyen Long H , Liu Po-Hong , Zheng Xiaobin , Keum NaNa , Zong Xiaoyu , Li Xiao , Wu Kana , Fuchs Charles S , Ogino Shuji , Ng Kimmie , Willett Walter C , Chan Andrew T , Giovannucci Edward L , Cao Yin
Published: January 2019

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosed before age 50 years, or young-onset CRC, is increasing globally with undefined etiology. A sedentary lifestyle is an emerging risk factor for CRC after age 50 years, but its role in young-onset CRC is unknown.

Methods

We prospectively evaluated sedentary behaviors, primarily time watching television (TV), and risk of young-onset CRC among 89 278 women in the Nurses’ Health Study II ages 25–42 years at recruitment (1991–2011). We used Cox proportional hazards modelling to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical tests were two-sided.

Results

We documented 118 young-onset CRCs over 1 262 540 person-years. Sedentary TV viewing time was statistically significantly associated with increased risk of young-onset CRC, after adjusting for putative risk factors, including obesity and physical activity. Compared to no more than 7 hours per week, women with 7.1–14 hours per week of TV time had a multivariable relative risk (RR) of 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72 to 1.75), further increased for greater than 14 hours per week (RR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.67, Ptrend = .03). This association was observed among participants without a CRC family history and was more pronounced for rectal cancer (RR for >14 vs ≤7 hours per week 2.44, 95% CI = 1.03 to 5.78, Ptrend = .04). Overweight or obese participants may be more susceptible.

Conclusion

Independent of exercise and obesity, prolonged sedentary TV viewing time, a surrogate for a more inactive lifestyle, was associated with increased risk of young-onset CRC, particularly of the rectum. These findings provide further evidence on the importance of maintaining an active lifestyle.
Regulating Child Sex Robots: Restriction or Experimentation?
Authors: Danaher John
Published: January 2019

In July 2014, the roboticist Ronald Arkin suggested that child sex robots could be used to treat those with paedophilic predilections in the same way that methadone is used to treat heroin addicts. Taking this onboard, it would seem that there is reason to experiment with the regulation of this technology. But most people seem to disagree with this idea, with legal authorities in both the UK and US taking steps to outlaw such devices. In this article, I subject these different regulatory attitudes to critical scrutiny. In doing so, I make three main contributions to the debate. First, I present a framework for thinking about the regulatory options that we confront when dealing with child sex robots. Secondly, I argue that there is a prima facie case for restrictive regulation, but that this is contingent on whether Arkin’s hypothesis has a reasonable prospect of being successfully tested. Thirdly, I argue that Arkin’s hypothesis probably does not have a reasonable prospect of being successfully tested. Consequently, we should proceed with utmost caution when it comes to this technology.
LFMM 2: Fast and Accurate Inference of Gene-Environment Associations in Genome-Wide Studies
Authors: Caye Kevin , Jumentier Basile , Lepeule Johanna , François Olivier
Published: January 2019

Gene-environment association (GEA) studies are essential to understand the past and ongoing adaptations of organisms to their environment, but those studies are complicated by confounding due to unobserved demographic factors. Although the confounding problem has recently received considerable attention, the proposed approaches do not scale with the high-dimensionality of genomic data. Here, we present a new estimation method for latent factor mixed models (LFMMs) implemented in an upgraded version of the corresponding computer program. We developed a least-squares estimation approach for confounder estimation that provides a unique framework for several categories of genomic data, not restricted to genotypes. The speed of the new algorithm is several order faster than existing GEA approaches and then our previous version of the LFMM program. In addition, the new method outperforms other fast approaches based on principal component or surrogate variable analysis. We illustrate the program use with analyses of the 1000 Genomes Project data set, leading to new findings on adaptation of humans to their environment, and with analyses of DNA methylation profiles providing insights on how tobacco consumption could affect DNA methylation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Software availability: Software is available in the R package lfmm at https://bcm-uga.github.io/lfmm/.
Performance Assessment and Rubric Design
Authors: Schneider M. Christina , McDonel Jennifer S. , DePascale Charles A.
Published: January 2019

All music educators need training regarding how to create high-quality performance-based assessments and corresponding rubrics to (1) measure student learning in the classroom, (2) compare and rank students in an audition context, and (3) respond to and support student learning. The purpose of this chapter is to show that content standards and assessments, together, define intended outcomes of student learning. Teachers and assessment developers must determine the purpose for the assessment and the desired inferences regarding a student’s understanding or skills as the first step in the assessment process. Upon determining the desired inference, teachers and assessment developers must center the creation of assessments on the answers to three key questions: What knowledge, skills, or other attributes of student performance should be assessed? What evidence will demonstrate those knowledge and skills? What tasks will elicit those evidence pieces from students?
Kentucky Policies and Practices for Assessment in Music Education
Authors: Swanson Robyn , Shepherd Philip
Published: January 2019

The chapter provides a detailed account of the past, present, and future of Kentucky policies and practices for assessment in music education (1992–2016). Kentucky (Kentucky Department of Education, 1990) was a leader in systemic education reform and development of arts (dance, drama/theatre, music, visual arts) assessments. Three generations of music assessment models may provide direction in the design of a large-scale data-driven school-accountability arts assessment system. These are: first generation (1992–1998), Kentucky Instructional Results Information System (KIRIS); second generation (1998–2009), Commonwealth Accountability Testing System (CATS), focused on individualized student music assessments; and third generation (2009–2016), Unbridled Learning Accountability Model: Next-Generation Instructional Programs and Support with Program Reviews, addressing arts (music) assessments for the evaluation of quality programs. From 2002 to 2006, the Kentucky Music Education Association (KMEA) partnered with the Kentucky Department of Education (KDE) in an experiment using listening prompts versus written prompts in CATS test items.
Making Assessment Meaningful, Measurable, and Manageable in the Secondary Music Classroom
Authors: Kimpton Paul , Kimpton Ann
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to challenge secondary music educators to incorporate assessment best practices in creating music assessments that are meaningful, measurable, and manageable. To do so, music educators must recognize the commonalities between assessment of music and assessment of other disciplines. Assessments also should assess specific performance, written theory, and listening theory skills that directly relate to the music being taught in the classroom. Teachers then will be able to identify individual and ensemble strengths and weaknesses, share visual displays of data, provide specific feedback, and adjust instruction accordingly. Additionally, students must be involved in the assessment process by being given opportunities to self-assess and peer assess, articulate and/or demonstrate standards, set and adjust learning goals, and reflect on progress. As a result of rethinking assessment in the music classroom, music educators have the opportunity to strengthen music’s role as a valuable curricular subject in US schools.
Assessment Practices of American Choral Music Educators
Authors: Holcomb Al
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes traditional and student-centered assessment practices used in American school choral settings. It presents choral assessment as a means for communicating expectations to students, improving teaching and learning, evaluating achievement with objectivity, and providing multiple sources of feedback toward improvement. Technology-assisted assessment, student-constructed portfolios, and Model Cornerstone Assessments are highlighted as efficient ways to demonstrate accountability of standards-based learning in the choral ensembles. The chapter provides a rationale for choral music educators to explore student-centered assessment practices, including student-developed rubrics, ongoing opportunities for reflection and revision, and use of multiple sources of feedback to promote critical thinking, problem-solving, and musical independence. It suggests that increased emphasis on emerging assessment practices in choral music educator preparation and professional development is needed to influence choral music educators’ practice of meaningful assessment.
Assessment Practices in American Elementary General Music Classrooms
Authors: Marlatt Jeff
Published: January 2019

Children in the elementary general music classroom assume multiple roles as they create, perform, respond to, and make connections through music. When children create, they demonstrate musical knowledge, skills, and understandings as they compose and improvise. As performers, they demonstrate musical skill and technique while moving, singing, and playing. To make meaning in music, children respond by listening and evaluating. Finally, when relating artistic experiences they make connections to enhance personal meaning and relevancy. The elementary general music specialist is in a unique position to assess these diverse behaviors in an authentic manner. Music teachers gather and interpret assessment information, record student progress, and communicate student success. An examination of best-practice assessment strategies in American elementary general music classroom is included in this chapter.
Assessment in the Music Learning Theory–Based Classroom
Authors: Reese Jill , Shouldice Heather Nelson
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a brief history of how instruction and assessment used by music learning theory (MLT) practitioners evolved from Edwin Gordon’s research on music aptitude. It describes aptitude tests created by Gordon, the purpose of these tests, and the ways in which MLT practitioners use this data to inform instruction and evaluate student growth. It outlines the ways in which MLT practitioners assess students’ achievement within the context of classroom activities in elementary general music settings and provides examples of measurement tools teachers may use to assess the students’ development of musical skills. Finally, it includes suggestions for ways in which teachers can use assessment data to individualize instruction, guide curricular decisions, evaluate students’ musical development, and reflect on the effectiveness of their teaching.
Practical Tools and Strategies for Assessing Aural Skills
Authors: Buonviri Nathan
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on assessment of three aural skills: sight-singing, dictation, and error detection. Relevant research is synthesized to offer numerous examples of how aural skills assessments can be created and conducted at all educational levels prior to university study, and recommendations for filling several gaps in aural skills instruction and assessment are provided. Issues and challenges in aural skills instruction are addressed, including teacher preparation and confidence, use of technological tools, and “teaching to the test.” The chapter closes with these recommendations: School music teachers should incorporate aural skills practice and assessment into multiple musical course offerings; infuse instruction and assessment with relevant musical material; begin aural skills instruction early in the music curriculum; and incorporate technological tools into instruction for assessment purposes when appropriate.
ellipsis in inquisitive semantics
Authors: AnderBois Scott
Published: January 2019

Work in inquisitive semantics has developed an alternative-rich notion of semantic content which is uniform across questions and assertions. This chapter explores the ramifications of this view for the theory of ellipsis. It examines these issues primarily by focusing on the analysis of a particular ellipsis process in English: sluicing. Empirically, it reviews a number of arguments in favor of an account of sluicing incorporating inquisitive semantics, most notably cases where truth-conditionally equivalent sentences have differential behavior for sluicing. Theoretically, the chapter demonstrates how a theory of ellipsis building on Merchant (2001) but based on an inquisitive semantics helps address this data. Beyond this, it briefly discusses motivations for extending this sort of approach to other ellipsis processes and compares the proposed account with other potential ways of incorporating inquisitive semantics into a theory of ellipsis.
Ellipsis and Acquisition
Authors: Roeper Tom
Published: January 2019

Ellipsis provides a quintessential acquisition challenge—deleted material is an obvious instance of poverty of the stimulus. This chapter reviews the naturalistic and experimental evidence to evaluate how far UG allows immediate correct projection of VP and NP ellipsis, based on Merchant’s (2014) E-features. It develops an acquisition theory whereby a child moves, step by step, from Open Interfaces to isomorphic Strict Interfaces between LF and syntax which entails full reconstruction. The approach both utilizes pro as an initial default and explains why it remains in the final grammar for particularly complex constructions. It follows an economy principle: minimize recovery by contextual inference. The analysis is extended to sluicing, ACD, fragments, and the projection of QUD, and engages English, Portuguese, German, Dutch, Italian, and African-American English.
Ellipsis and Computational Linguistics
Authors: Hardt Daniel
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers approaches to ellipsis within computational linguistics. It begins with the structure of the ellipsis site—a topic that has received little attention in computational linguistics. There are two prominent accounts of the recovery of ellipsis: that of Lappin and McCord (1990) and Dalrymple et al. (1991). The topic of licensing follows. This topic has not been directly addressed in the computational literature, but the chapter covers two related issues of direct computational interest: the identification and generation of ellipsis occurrences. This is followed by three additional topics: identifying the antecedent, dialogue, and text mining.
Ellipsis in Categorial Grammar
Authors: Jacobson Pauline
Published: January 2019

One of the fundamental tenets of (most versions of) Categorial Grammar is that the syntax and semantics work ‘in tandem’: the syntax proves expressions well-formed while the semantics assigns them a meaning. Under this view (termed Direct Compositionality), it is difficult at best to state a rule deleting or silencing material under identity with some other overt linguistic material in the discourse context, which suggests that the common wisdom that there is ‘silent linguistic material’ is incorrect. This chapter explores an alternative way to view VP-ellipsis without silent linguistic material. Using conventions developed in earlier work within variable-free semantics and Direct Compositionality, it is shown that such an approach extends immediately to Antecedent Contained Deletion (which is just a special case of ‘transitive verb phrase ellipsis’) as well as to pseudogapping. The chapter also briefly explores the analysis of fragment answers to questions without invoking silent linguistic material, and shows that some of the apparent challenges to this view are in fact not real challenges.
Neighbourhood and Local Communities
Authors: Schmitz Winfried
Published: January 2019

Chapter 19 examines life in a rural community and neighbourhood in classical Athens. In 366 Demosthenes was entered by the persons acting as his guardians on the register of citizens of the deme of Paeania. The communities conducted their affairs independently and had their own administration. They were headed by a demarch who was initially elected for a year but later (in Demosthenes’ lifetime) was chosen by drawing lots. The rural communities were closely linked through parentage, neighbourhoods, cultic associations, and friendships formed in childhood. The article first provides a background on Demosthenes as a citizen of Paeania before discussing two of his legal speeches that illustrate the solidarity but also the litigious nature of life in a rural community, namely Against Callicles and Against Eubulides. It also considers how the rules and laws of Athenian democracy were applied to deal with intrigues and hostilities occurring in villages.
Religion
Authors: Willey Hannah
Published: January 2019

Chapter 21 examines religion in classical Athens based on Demosthenes’ speeches. Some ancient commentators view the reading of oratory as a near religious experience. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, taken with Demosthenes’ exquisite rhetoric, felt ‘exactly like those who perform the rites of the Mother and Corybantic rituals’. The orator himself could be swept away by the occasion. Drawing on Eratosthenes and on Demetrius of Phaleron, Plutarch reports that in his unprepared speeches Demosthenes’ style was bacchant-esque, including poetic oaths delivered as if under divine influence. The article considers Demosthenes as a source for Athenian religion, oaths in the courtroom as a frequent feature of Attic oratory, and how the gods appear in Demosthenes’ rhetoric. It also discusses appeals to religious authority in the Demosthenic corpus and how Demosthenes in his speeches describes the way in which civic identities and institutions are articulated by sacrifices and other religious rituals.
Authenticity, Composition, Publication
Authors: Trevett Jeremy
Published: January 2019

Chapter 32 focuses on the authenticity, composition, and publication of Demosthenes’ speeches. In discussing authenticity, three alternatives need to be taken into consideration. A speech could be either a genuine work of Demosthenes, a real speech from fourth-century Athens wrongly attributed to Demosthenes, or a later composition. Most, if not all, of the speeches fall into the first two categories, while the last is possibly but not necessarily written with the intention of passing as a genuine work of Demosthenes. The article examines the debate over the authenticity of a large quantity of Demosthenes’ surviving oratory, and the distinctiveness of his style, on stylistic grounds. It also analyses how Demosthenes composed his speeches and other works, with emphasis on the extent to which he wrote his speeches in advance of delivery and what evidence exists for subsequent revision. Finally, it evaluates evidence of the publication and circulation of Demosthenes’ speeches.
Expertise
Authors: Flach John M. , Voorhorst Fred A.
Published: January 2019

The fundamental premise of this chapter is that expertise is not a property of any particular stage of information processing, nor is it a property of an individual. Rather it is the property of a triadic semiotic system where the quality of performance depends on the coupling of an agent with a problem ecology through a representation. The dynamics of this coupling is akin to a self-organizing, adaptive control system. The case is made that many of the debates about the nature of expertise arise from the different ways that people have parsed the triadic system into sub-components (elements or dyads). Thus, the fundamental point of this chapter is to support the claim that when it comes to expertise, the whole (the semiotic triad) is much more than the sum of the pieces.
Conceptualizing Online Groups as Multidimensional Networks
Authors: Yan Bei , Kim Young Ji , Hollingshead Andrea B. , Brandon David P.
Published: January 2019

The advancements in information and communication technologies in the past few decades, as represented by ubiquitous computing, social media, and artificial intelligence, have made it possible for people to connect with each other and with technologies anytime and everywhere. These developments challenge the traditional distinctions between online and offline groups, raise questions about the relations between people and technology, and provide opportunities to study emergent dynamics of social interaction in groups. Building on the multidimensional network perspective, this chapter conceptualizes online groups as multidimensional networks (a) composed of both human members and non-human artifacts and agents; (b) characterized by multiplex relationships among their components; and (c) embedded in social environments. This conceptualization places technology as an intrinsic component of online groups, and highlights the existence of multiple types of relationships among group members. It also stresses embedding contexts as a defining feature of online groups, and calls for more research attention on the interdependence between online groups and their environments.
Baptisteries in Ancient Sites and Rites
Authors: Rutherford H. Richard
Published: January 2019

The archaeology of ancient Christian baptisteries, purpose-built venues for the initiation of new Christians, opens new avenues to study early Christianity. Through consideration of structure and design, space, liturgy, and the afterlife of baptisteries, this chapter brings the archaeology and liturgical tradition into a dialogue between site and rite about Christian initiation in Late Antiquity. Archaeology highlights the important role played by a water bath and anointing with blessed oil, on the one hand, and the corresponding evolution of liturgical space, on the other, illustrating how ritual evolution went hand in hand with changes in the material culture. The chapter empowers readers visiting any ancient baptistery to view the space as a sacred vestige of early Christianity through new lenses attuned to archaeology and material culture.
AnAnarchéologieof Icons
Authors: Peers Glenn
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the development of a distinctive early Christian genre: the icon. It does so by taking a relatively unknown, but important, example of a devotional panel in a U.S. collection with a (now) anonymous warrior saint trampling a demon while on horseback. This icon permits a methodological rumination on the means by which we come to think we know the historical meaning of such an object: our art historical premises, our photographic and museological knowledge of objects, and our own assumption about what constitutes a real “subject” in the past and in the present. This chapter attempts a kind of archaeology, an examination of strata in the icon, but really an anarchéologie of the icon, by which archaeology is problematized, undermined, in order to reveal the ways in which our culture has produced its histories.
Jordan
Authors: Schick Robert
Published: January 2019

Well over three hundred sites, including over 150 well-preserved churches, provide abundant archaeological information on Christianity in Jordan. Archaeological investigation over the past hundred years has often focused on revealing architecture and mosaic floors, while careful, improved excavation techniques and use of scientific methods of analysis of finds in recent decades provide insights into anthropological topics, such as occupational history; standards of post-excavation conservation have improved as well. From their origins in the fourth century, material forms of Christianity spread in the fifth century and reached their high point in the sixth and seventh centuries, continuing into the early Islamic period, only to decline in the eighth century and beyond.
Community, Church, and Conversion in the Prefecture of Illyricum and the Cyclades
Authors: Sweetman Rebecca
Published: January 2019

This chapter surveys, through a series of case studies, the material aspects of early Christianity in provinces in the dioceses of Macedonia and Asia (Achaea, Thessalia, Macedonia Prima, Macedonia Secunda, Creta, and the Cyclades now in modern Greece). While many of the urban spaces see some topographic changes in the fourth and fifth centuries, the biggest impact on both urban and rural environments is the construction of a diverse range of Late Antique churches. Church construction begins earlier in Macedonia and the islands than in the rest of mainland Greece, which reflects more diverse network connections in these areas. Within specific topographic regions (e.g., Crete, the Peloponnese), network connections play a role in the choice of church location, but the analysis of the spread of churches clearly indicates a steady process of religious conversion. The archaeology and topography of early Christian churches therefore provides a significant contribution to understanding processes of Christianization.
Christian Landscapes in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Chavarría Arnau Alexandra
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces the material evidence for the spread of Christianity in the Iberian peninsula (including Spain and Portugal) between the third and seventh centuries, focusing on a critical review of traditional interpretations and identifications frequently based on inconsistent chronological references, fragile and poorly surviving materials, and often contradictory textual and archaeological evidence. The result is a new perspective on the subject that is much more comparable to that seen in other areas of the Mediterranean. The chapter will analyze the development of Christianization in cities and the countryside, taking into account when churches were built, who built them, and the political, economic, and social context in which Christian topography was created.