bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the contribution of kindergarten writing to grade 1 literacy: A longitudinal study in
Hebrew
Authors: SHATIL EVELYN , SHARE DAVID L. , LEVIN IRIS
Published: July 2002

This longitudinal study examined the relationship between kindergarten word writing and
grade 1 literacy in a large sample of Israeli children. In kindergarten, a majority of children
produced writing which displayed most of the graphospatial characteristics of conventional word
writing, although only one-third of the children demonstrated a working knowledge of the
alphabetic principle. Kindergarten writing significantly predicted variance in all three measures
of grade 1 literacy (decoding, spelling, and reading comprehension), even after controlling for
general intelligence. We also investigated the role of alphabetic skills and socioliteracy variables
in accounting for the predictive power of kindergarten writing. Kindergarten alphabetic skills
(phonemic awareness and knowledge of letter names), but not socioliteracy factors (parental print
exposure, parents' reading to child, and Clay's Concepts about Print), explained all
the variance contributed by kindergarten writing to grade 1 decoding and spelling. In the case of
reading comprehension, both alphabetic and socioliteracy variables were able to account for the
predictive power of kindergarten writing. As a precursor of reading comprehension, kindergarten
writing appears to reflect both domain-specific alphabetic skills and broader socioliteracy factors
underlying the higher order cognitive competencies essential for comprehending text.
Just pretend: Participation in symbolic talk by children with histories of early corrective
heart surgery
Authors: OVADIA REBECCA , HEMPHILL LOWRY , WINNER KENDRA , BELLINGER DAVID
Published: July 2002

Children with histories of early corrective heart surgery (ECHS) are at risk for language,
cognitive, and motor delays. This study examined parent–child play in 30 4-year-old
children with ECHS and 30 typically developing children. Children were compared on basic
language measures and on proportions of symbolic and nonsymbolic talk. Children with ECHS
focused on concrete “here-and-now” talk and produced less symbolic talk than
normative children. Only a third of the children with ECHS were able to produce story episodes.
These findings reflect the ECHS children's relatively immature participation in joint
pretense and their overreliance on earlier acquired strategies for pretend play. This style of
participation may result from difficulty coordinating more complex social intentions with
appropriate language forms.
Non-integrability of cylindric billiards and transitive Lie group actions
Authors: SIMÁNYI NÁNDOR , SZÁSZ DOMOKOS
Published: July 2002

A conjecture is formulated and discussed which provides a necessary and sufficient condition for the ergodicity of cylindric billiards (this conjecture improves a previous one of the second author). This condition requires that the action of a Lie-subgroup ${\cal G}$ of the orthogonal group $SO(d)$ ($d$ being the dimension of the billiard in question) be transitive on the unit sphere $S^{d-1}$. If $C_1, \dots, C_k$ are the cylindric scatterers of the billiard, then ${\cal G}$ is generated by the embedded Lie subgroups ${\cal G}_i$ of $SO(d)$, where ${\cal G}_i$ consists of all transformations $g\in SO(d)$ of ${\Bbb R}^d$ that leave the points of the generator subspace of $C_i$ fixed ($1 \le i \le k$). In this paper we can prove the necessity of our conjecture and we also formulate some notions related to transitivity. For hard ball systems, we can also show that the transitivity holds in general: for an arbitrary number $N\ge 2$ of balls, arbitrary masses $m_1, \dots, m_N$ and in arbitrary dimension $\nu \ge 2$. This result implies that our conjecture is stronger than the Boltzmann–Sinai ergodic hypothesis for hard ball systems. We also note a somewhat surprising characterization of the positive subspace of the second fundamental form for the evolution of a special orthogonal manifold (wavefront), namely for the parallel beam of light. Thus we obtain a new characterization of sufficiency of an orbit segment.
An invariant of minimal flows coming from the $K_0$-group of a crossed product $C^*$-algebra
Authors: NIKOLAEV IGOR
Published: July 2002

Let $M$ be a two-sided surface of genus $g>1$. In 1936 A. Weil singled out the problem of generalization of the Poincarè rotation numbers to the minimal flows $\phi$ on $M$. In this paper we suggest a solution to this problem by constructing the rotation numbers which we call Artin's. These numbers are invariants of the $K_0$-group of a crossed product $C^*$-algebra $C(X)\rtimes_{\phi}\Z$. It is shown that the dynamics of $\phi$ is completely subordinate to diophantine properties of the Artin numbers.
Entire functions of slow growth whose Julia set coincides with the plane
Authors: BERGWEILER WALTER , EREMENKO ALEXANDRE
Published: July 2002

We construct a transcendental entire function $f$ with $J(f)=\mathbb{C}$ such that $f$ has arbitrarily slow growth; that is, $\log |f(z)|\leq\phi(|z|)\log |z|$ for $|z|>r_0$, where $\phi$ is an arbitrary prescribed function tending to infinity.
Connecting orbits for a reversible Hamiltonian system
Authors: RABINOWITZ PAUL H.
Published: July 2002

The existence of heteroclinic and homoclinic solutions which shadow corresponding chains of such solutions is established for a class of reversible Hamiltonian systems. The proof involves elementary minimization arguments.
The classification of one-sided Markov chains
Authors: ASHLEY JONATHAN , MARCUS BRIAN , TUNCEL SELIM
Published: July 2002

We completely classify one-sided Markov chains up to measure-theoretic
isomorphism. The classification is effective and computable.
Restricted orbit equivalence for
ergodic ${\Bbb Z}^{d}$ actions I
Authors: KAMMEYER JANET WHALEN , RUDOLPH DANIEL J.
Published: July 2002

In [R1] a notion of restricted orbit equivalence for ergodic
transformations was developed. Here we modify that structure in order
to generalize it to actions of higher-dimensional groups, in particular
${\Bbb Z}^d$-actions. The concept of a ‘size’ is developed first from an
axiomatized notion of the size of a permutation of a finite block
in ${\Bbb Z}^d$. This is extended to orbit equivalences which are
cohomologous
to the identity and, via the natural completion, to a notion of
restricted
orbit equivalence. This is shown to be an equivalence relation.
Associated to each size is an entropy which is an equivalence invariant.
As in the one-dimensional case this entropy is either the classical
entropy
or is zero. Several examples are discussed.
The defect of factor maps
Authors: THOMSEN KLAUS
Published: July 2002

The defect of a factor map out of a totally disconnected dynamical system is
a number in
$[0,\infty]$ which gives a quantitative measure of how well the dynamical
behaviour of the factor
agrees with that of the extension. The larger the defect, the more they
differ. In this paper we obtain
the basic general properties of the defect and calculate it in a series of
specific cases.
A correction to ‘Analyticity and metric transitivity on the torus’
Authors: SCHWARTZMAN SOL
Published: July 2002

In [2], flows on the standard two-dimensional torus given by the differential equations

\begin{equation*}

\frac{dx}{dt}=a-Fy(x,y),\quad \frac{dv}{dt}=b+Fx(x,y)

\end{equation*}

were considered. It was assumed that $F(x,y)$ was real analytic and of period one in both $x$ and $y$. A key step in proving the results in [2] was to show that one could conclude topological transitivity for the flow provided one assumed:

\begin{enumerate}

\item[(a)] $a/b$ is irrational;

\item[(b)] there does not exist a topological disc on the torus that is invariant under the flow.

\end{enumerate}
Demography and Gerontology: Mortality
Trends Among the Oldest Old
Authors: GRUNDY EMILY
Published: July 2002

This paper provides a brief introduction to demography and
population science and the newly emerged subfield of the
demography of ageing. Links
with gerontology are explored. Recent work on mortality at very high ages
and on the black-white mortality ‘cross-over’ reported
from the United States
is then reviewed. These topics are important substantively and theoretically
and also serve to illustrate demographic approaches to data and
data analysis. Analytic approaches to the topics reviewed have had to
be imaginative as
there are major problems with data on very old people. Recent work indicates
that the mortality of very old people, including centenarians, has fallen
considerably, at least in those countries where good data exist.
The mortality ‘cross-over’, however, appears to be
artefactual, at least at ages under 95 years.
Living together full time? Middle-class
couples approaching retirement
Authors: HILBOURNE MARION
Published: July 2002

A review of the research literature shows that research on the effects of male
retirement on the relationship between husbands and wives is largely based on
US populations. Moreover, there is a lack of recent empirical evidence on the
marital relationship in middle-class, middle-aged couples living in the UK. A
study of anticipatory thoughts about retirement voiced by 306 retiring senior
managers and their wives is described. The most frequent focus of their hopes
and fears was potential change in the marital relationship after retirement.
Three times as many wives as husbands referred to their marriages as they
speculated about retirement. A content analysis revealed four major themes.
The most frequent was change in the emotional quality of the relationship
followed by the conflict between spending time together and the loss of
personal space. There was less emphasis on the implications for household
management and the possibility of widow(er)hood. The verbatim comments
also illustrate some other facets of marriage among middle-aged, middle-class
UK couples in the 1990s.
Daniel J. Walkowitz, Working With Class: Social Workers and the Politics of Middle-Class Identity. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. xi + 413 pp. $59.95 cloth; $22.50 paper.
Authors: Pahaham Cheryl
Published: July 2002

This book examines the construction of middle-class identity in
the twentieth-century United States through a focus on social workers.
Much of the description of class formation in this book derives from
glimpses at the experiences of Jewish social workers in New York City.
For these social workers, class identity vacillated between
proletarianism and professionalism, between working class and middle
class.
Two Cold Wars and why they ended differently
Authors: HUNT SPRINKLE ROBERT
Published: July 2002

Though usually assumed by scholars of international relations to have been one-of-a-kind, the Cold War—the global East-West rivalry that ended with the peaceful dissolution of the Soviet Union—resembled in many of its features an earlier match usually assumed by scholars of American history to have been entirely exceptional: the continental North-South rivalry that ended with the War Between the States. Each was a contest of ideologically ambitious, institutionally immiscible, and territorially extensionist socioeconomic systems. Each rivalry evolved a mechanism for the procrastination of conflict. In both cases this mechanism was initially deliberative—based on debate. It remained deliberative in the North-South case, which deteriorated from cooperation to catastrophe, but it switched from deliberative to confrontational—based on threat—in the East-West case, which ended in voluntary unilateral abandonment of ideology, institutions, and territory. The irony of the outcomes of these two rivalries, whose likelihoods of violent end would probably have been misranked at their respective midpoints, is discussed.
Numerical programming of self-focusing at laser–plasma
interaction
Authors: OSMAN F. , CASTILLO R. , HORA H.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an investigation into the behavior
of a laser beam of finite diameter in plasma with respect
to forces and optical properties, which lead to self-focusing
of the beam. The transient setting of ponderomotive nonlinearity
in a collisionless plasma has been studied, and consequently
the self-focusing of the pulse, and the focusing of the
plasma wave occurs. The description of a self-focusing
mechanism of laser radiation in the plasma due to nonlinear
forces acting on the plasma in the lateral direction, relative
to the laser has been investigated in the nonrelativistic
regime. The behavior of the laser beams in plasma, which
is the domain of self-focusing at high or moderate intensity,
is dominated by the nonlinear force. The investigation
of self-focusing processes of laser beams in plasma results
from the relativistic mass and energy dependency of the
refractive index at high laser intensities. Here, the relativistic
effects are considered to evaluate the relativistic self-focusing
lengths for the Nd glass radiation, at different plasma
densities of various laser intensities. A numerical program
in c++ that incorporates both the ponderomotive
force in self-focusing mechanism and relativistic effects
has been developed to explore in depth self-focusing over
a wide range of parameters.
Experimental evidence of thermal smoothing in a double-pulse
produced plasma
Authors: KROUSKý E. , RENNER O. , MAšEK K. , PFEIFFER M. , PACHEROVÁ O. , KRÁLIKOVÁ B. , SKÁLA J. , ROHLENA K.
Published: July 2002

The smoothing mechanism, that is due to the thermal
conductivity in the laser plasma generated by a double
pulse, is examined. Plasma preformed by a second harmonics
prepulse serves as a low density gradient plasma for impacting
the main pulse, the frequency of which was tripled for
improving the laser-target coupling. The effect of the
preformed plasma on the thermal smoothing of the heating
pulse, which was split to create two foci on the target
surface, was explored by varying the time delay between
the prepulse and the main pulse. The smoothing effect was
monitored by a pair of pinhole cameras: one viewing side-on
and the other one placed at the rear side of the target.
Spatially resolved X-ray emission spectra were recorded
to determine the density and temperature distributions
in the plasma. The maximum smoothing effect was observed
for the time delay t = 0.4–0.7 ns.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's activities
to achieve ignition by X-ray drive on the National Ignition
Facility
Authors: KILKENNY J.D. , BERNAT T.P. , HAMMEL B.A. , KAUFFMAN R.L. , LANDEN O.L. , LINDL J.D. , MacGOWAN B.J. , PAISNER J.A. , POWELL H.T.
Published: July 2002

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a MJ-class
glass laser-based facility funded by the Department of
Energy which has achieved thermonuclear ignition and moderate
gain as one of its main objectives. In the summer of 1998,
the project was about 40% complete, and design and construction
was on schedule and on cost. The NIF will start firing
onto targets in 2001, and will achieve full energy in 2004.
The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) together
with the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) have the
main responsibility for achieving X-ray driven ignition
on the NIF. In the 1990s, a comprehensive series of experiments
on Nova at LLNL, followed by recent experiments on the
Omega laser at the University of Rochester, demonstrated
confidence in understanding the physics of X-ray drive
implosions. The same physics at equivalent scales is used
in calculations to predict target performance on the NIF,
giving credence to calculations of ignition on the NIF.
An integrated program of work in preparing the NIF for
X-ray driven ignition in about 2007, and the key issues
being addressed on the current Inertial Confinement Fusion
(ICF) facilities [(Nova, Omega, Z at Sandia National
Laboratory (SNL) and NIKE at the Naval Research Laboratory
(NRL)], are described.
Evolution of the target design for the MJ laser
Authors: HOLSTEIN P.A. , CHALAND F. , CHARPIN C. , DUFOUR J.M. , DUMONT H. , GIORLA J. , HALLO L. , LAFFITE S. , MALINIE G. , SAILLARD Y. , SCHURTZ G. , VANDENBOOMGAERDE M. , WAGON F.
Published: July 2002

In the previous design, the maximum drive radiation
temperature was 4 MK or 350 eV (Holstein 1996). Different
beam configurations gave roughly the same uniformity with
the NIF-size cavity. Our best configuration used four cones
of beams illuminating three rings. An integrated 2D simulation
pointed out that the symmetry was good enough to reach
a gain of ten. Two evolutions took place in the design
of our MJ laser. We moved from a capsule adapted to 4 MK
(L1000) to another one adapted to 3.5 MK (L1215) in order
to minimize the parametric instabilities (the cavity size
is almost the same). This new capsule also has a better
hydrostability according to the “classical modelling”
(Lindl 1995). The second evolution is a simplification
of the target chamber. We restricted ourselves to two major
configurations for indirect drive (two-ring and three-ring
configurations). Therefore, only three cones of beams are
necessary instead of five cones in the first design. Finally,
the number of holes in the chamber is 80 instead of 100.
A modular and sensor-oriented motion planner
Authors: Luthiger J. , Burdet E.
Published: July 2002

The motion planner presented in this paper enables the user to design movements in
an interactive way, and to integrate sensor signals efficiently. In addition to the usual movements bound to a path, which can now be combined like lego pieces, smooth and fast
reactions to arbitrary changes of the target are also provided. This motion planner opens new possibilities for flexible and sensor-oriented robotics, as examples from its implementation on two robots show.
Slip phase isolating: impulsive signal generating vibrotactile sensor and its application to real-time object regrip control
Authors: Yamada Yoji , Morita Hiroyuki , Umetani Yoji
Published: July 2002

This paper mainly concerns a vibrotactile sensor capable of generating impulsive high-frequency signals for exclusively distinguishing a slip phase from various other contact phases. We describe the structure of the vibrotactile sensor with surface ridges and, after analyzing the slip signals, conclude that the output signal originates in the free vibration of the ridge. By using a two-fingered robot hand with the sensor attached to its compliant endtips, we verify that the vibrotactile sensor has a slip phase isolating function and demonstrate object regrip control in real time.
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS: NONSTATIONARY AND NONINVERTIBLE
DISTRIBUTION THEORY
Authors: Elliott Graham
Published: July 2002

Professor Tanaka has written a useful and unique
book. Despite the main part of the title, the book does
not seek to be a generalist work but rather has specific
goals in mind and is focused on a single aspect of the
large area of time series. This is not a criticism; there
have been a large number of books that provide overviews
of the field or components (Banerjee, Dolado, Galbraith,
and Hendry, 1993; Hamilton, 1994; Hatanaka, 1996; Fuller,
1996). In directing his attention at a single subtopic,
Tanaka has been able to do an excellent job of both covering
the area in enough detail for the reader to obtain a solid
foundation as a user of and potential contributor to this
field and also to take time to include an extensive development
of the basic skills necessary for the reader to understand
the material at this level.
Shepherds, innkeepers, and census-takers: the 1905 census in
two villages in Epirus
Authors: CAFTANZOGLOU ROXANE
Published: July 2002

The origins of joint family households in the Balkans remain an
issue of
interest to many scholars of family history. This article focuses on the

joint family household pattern recorded in the 1905 Ottoman census in
two communities in Epirus. Related issues will also be discussed, such
as
the variations in household-formation behaviour within a community
regarded as ‘ethnically’ homogeneous, the extent to which joint
family
households should be viewed as an intrinsic trait of the culture and
economy of the Vlachs, and the problems that arise from relying
exclusively on quantitative data for understanding household and family
life.

The 1905 census, the last one undertaken by the Ottoman authorities,

was intended to provide information on the Empire's ethnic composition,

in a context of increasing unrest and tension caused by rising nationalist

movements. The 1905 population listings of the two villages discussed in

this article, the Vlach village of Syrrako and the Greek one of Aristi
(or
Artsista, the older version of the village's name, used before the
trend to
‘Hellenicize’ Slav-sounding place names), are among the few
such
documents relating to Epirus to have been preserved. A relatively large

body of literature on Epirus communities, produced by travellers, local

historians, and geographers, furnishes additional information.
Building large-scale Bayesian networks
Authors: NEIL MARTIN , FENTON NORMAN , NIELSON LARS
Published: July 2002

Bayesian networks (BNs) model problems that involve uncertainty. A BN is a directed graph, whose nodes are the uncertain variables and whose edges are the causal or influential links between the variables. Associated with each node is a set of conditional probability functions that model the uncertain relationship between the node and its parents. The benefits of using BNs to model uncertain domains are well known, especially since the recent breakthroughs in algorithms and tools to implement them. However, there have been serious problems for practitioners trying to use BNs to solve realistic problems. This is because, although the tools make it possible to execute large-scale BNs efficiently, there have been no guidelines on building BNs. Specifically, practitioners face two significant barriers. The first barrier is that of specifying the graph structure such that it is a sensible model of the types of reasoning being applied. The second barrier is that of eliciting the conditional probability values. In this paper we concentrate on this first problem. Our solution is based on the notion of generally applicable “building blocks”, called idioms, which serve solution patterns. These can then in turn be combined into larger BNs, using simple combination rules and by exploiting recent ideas on modular and object oriented BNs (OOBNs). This approach, which has been implemented in a BN tool, can be applied in many problem domains. We use examples to illustrate how it has been applied to build large-scale BNs for predicting software safety. In the paper we review related research from the knowledge and software engineering literature. This provides some context to the work and supports our argument that BN knowledge engineers require the same types of processes, methods and strategies enjoyed by systems and software engineers if they are to succeed in producing timely, quality and cost-effective BN decision support solutions.
MOTION VERBS WITH GOAL PPs IN THE L2 ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH AND
JAPANESE
Authors: Inagaki Shunji
Published: July 2002

In English, manner-of-motion verbs (walk, run) and directed motion
verbs (go) can appear with a prepositional phrase that expresses a goal (goal PP) as in John walked (ran, went) to school. In contrast, Japanese allows only directed motion
verbs to occur with a goal PP. Thus, English allows a wider range of motion verbs to occur with
goal PPs than Japanese does. Learnability considerations, then, lead me to hypothesize that
Japanese learners will learn manner-of-motion verbs with goal PPs in English from positive
evidence, whereas English learners will have difficulty learning that manner-of-motion verbs with
goal PPs are impossible in Japanese because nothing in the input will tell them so. Forty-two
intermediate Japanese learners of English and 21 advanced English learners of Japanese were
tested using a grammaticality judgment task with pictures. Results support this prediction and
provide a new piece of evidence for the previous findings indicating that L1 influence persists
when an argument structure in the L2 constitutes a subset of its counterpart in the L1.
A COURSE IN LANGUAGE TEACHING: PRACTICE AND THEORY.Penny Ur. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xiii + 375. $21.95
paper.
Authors: Polio Charlene G.
Published: July 2002

A Course in Language Teaching covers a wide variety of topics related to
language teaching, from reading to testing to syllabus design. The book contains 22 modules
organized into seven sections. Each module contains short bits of prose followed by tasks,
questions, applications, or sample activities. Most of the modules have boxes of
well-summarized information on a particular point (e.g., types of grammar practice, ways of
presenting new vocabulary, learner difficulties in listening).
INTERACTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MIND.A. J.
Wootton. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. x + 220. $54.95 cloth.
Authors: Kramsch Claire
Published: July 2002

Using a conversation analytical, social interactionist approach to cognition, Wootton
examines the requests made by his daughter between 18 and 36 months of age in interaction with
her parents. He analyzes in detail “distressing events” or seemingly irrational
temper tantrums to develop a theory of cognitive development based on the sequentiality of
conversational interaction. By correlating her use of imperatives and, later, of more polite forms
of requests, Wootton is able to show how the child identifies and draws on expectations of shared
understanding, established through local interactional sequences of conversation, to develop her
sense of cognitive relevance and moral rectitude. The intensity of the child's distress at
seeing her expectations flouted leads Wootton to claim that the nature of these understandings is
local, public, and moral: The child's cultural awareness is fashioned and critically
conditioned precisely by those forms of sequential and interactional organization she begins to
come to grips with at about the age of 2.
Some differences between English plural noun
inflections and third singular verb inflections in the
input: the contributions of frequency, sentence
position, and duration
Authors: HSIEH LI , LEONARD LAURENCE B. , SWANSON LORI
Published: July 2002

Grammatical inflections such as the English plural noun -s and third
person singular verb -s are acquired at different points in time by young
children. This finding is typically attributed to factors such as relative
semantic salience or the distinction between lexical and functional
categories. In this study input frequency, sentence position, and
duration were examined as possible contributing factors. In both
conversations with and stories aimed at young children, noun plural
inflections were found to be more frequent than third singular verb
inflections, especially in sentence-final position. Analysis of the speech
of four mothers reading stories to their two-year-old children confirmed
that duration differences also exist in the input. Because fricatives were
lengthened in sentence-final position and plural nouns were much more
likely to appear in these positions than were third singular verb forms,
plural nouns were significantly longer than third singular inflections on
average. The possible implications of these findings for language
learnability theories and accounts of grammatical deficits in specific
language impairment are discussed.
On planar sets with prescribed packing dimensions of line sections
Authors: CSÖRNYEI MARIANNA
Published: July 2002

We prove that for an arbitrary Borel measurable function f on the space of all
planar lines there exists a set which intersects almost every line [lscr ] in a set of packing
dimension f([lscr ]).
History of Air Maps and Charts
Authors: Steele Philip
Published: July 2002

There is no generally accepted definition of the difference between
a map and a
chart. A widespread feeling probably exists favouring the old saying that
maps are
to look at and charts to work on. It is true that the term ‘aeronautical
chart’
gained a general currency over alternative terms as contact flying gave
way to
aerial navigation. But, in this paper, the terms ‘map’
and ‘chart’ will be used
as seems appropriate to each occasion, without attempt to conform to any

particular definition.

We can get an idea of what was available to the earliest aviators by
looking at
an Ordnance Survey reprint of one of their nineteenth century maps (Fig.
1).
They are printed in one colour only, black on white. By far the predominant

feature is the hill shading. Quite gentle hills are hachured with a heaviness
which
tends to obscure both natural features like rivers, lakes and woodlands
and man-made constructions such as towns and villages, roads, canals and railways.
Hills
are, of course, very important features to those on the ground, since they
limit
the extent to which other features can be seen. To the soldier, the significance

of high ground is self-evident, and it was principally for the ordnance

requirements of soldiers that these maps had been developed. But when men

began to view the ground from the air, the perspective changed. Hills appeared

flattened out and, provided that you knew the height of the tallest in
the area
and were sure none would impede your take-off or landing, were of minor

significance. Lakes and woods, though, were spread out before you in their

distinctive shapes, while railway lines and canals presented bold straight
lines and
curves, and rivers their unique courses, to your view. The need was for
new
kinds of maps which would give due prominence to such features.
A Real-Time Ship Manoeuvring
Simulation Study for the Strait of
Istanbul (Bosporus)
Authors: Sarıöz Kadir , Kükner Abdi , Narlı Ebru
Published: July 2002

During the past thirty years, there has been a steady growth in the size and number of ships
that use the Strait of Istanbul (Bosporus), which is one of the most difficult, crowded, and
potentially dangerous waterways in the world. There have been over two hundred accidents
over the past decade resulting in loss of life and serious damage to the environment. Many
of the proposed export routes for forthcoming production from the Caspian sea region pass
westwards through the Black Sea and the Bosporus en-route to the Mediterranean Sea and
world markets. The risks and dangers associated with tanker navigation, maritime accidents
and environmental catastrophe are aggravated with the increase in the density of traffic,
tanker size and cargo capacity, as well as the nature of the cargo. In order to ease the
problem, a Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) was established and approved by IMO in 1994.
This scheme has drastically reduced the number of collisions. However, one-way or two-way
suspension of traffic in the Bosporus is inevitable for ships that cannot comply with the TSS
because of their type, size or poor manoeuvring characteristics. The selection of size criteria
to comply with the TSS has been a matter of discussion. This paper presents the results of
a real-time simulation study investigating the manoeuvring performance of large tankers in
the Bosporus. The study was conducted with a simulator capable of subjecting a given hull
form to any combination of environmental conditions, i.e. wind, current and wave drift
forces. The results indicate that, when realistic environmental conditions are taken into
account, the size of ships that can navigate safely in compliance with the traffic separation
lanes is limited.
Resident attitudes towards conservation and black howler monkeys in Belize: the Community Baboon Sanctuary
Authors: Alexander Sara E.
Published: July 2002

The Community Baboon Sanctuary is held by the Belizean government to be a model for participatory ecotourism development. Membership in the Sanctuary is voluntary and involves a commitment to protect riverine resources as habitat for black howler monkeys (Alouatta nigra). While most local residents understand the intrinsic, aesthetic and material values of this important resource and recognize that protection of it can provide opportunities for promoting ecotourism activities in their communities, some members are dissatisfied with the project and threaten to withdraw their membership. This study aimed to define residents’ feelings about resource protection in their communities and their attitudes toward management of the sanctuary. Member and non-member households were surveyed, representing three of the eight villages located within the sanctuary boundaries; 74% of the sample were member households and 26% were non-member. Although the howlers had increased in number since the Sanctuary's establishment, many residents felt that neither their households nor themselves were benefiting. Some Sanctuary members argued that management was not well organized and that benefits to communities and individuals were not evenly distributed. Key issues included the extent and nature of benefits to local residents, perceptions regarding management capabilities, and how management is responding to these issues. While these problems existed, the majority of residents did not want the Sanctuary abolished and strongly supported maintaining Sanctuary status. They might not be reaping benefits directly, but they admitted their lives were no worse off than before and they recognized that some members were benefiting. They had hope that they, too, would be able to eventually take part in some type of tourism business. For long-term local support to be assured, management must orient its work to more directly address those factors that influence residents’ attitudes about the project, namely, the extent of local participation, representative organization, sound management structure, effective management capabilities, fair
employment allocation, and education opportunities for community residents regarding the howlers, protection of their habitat, and the value of resource conservation.
The prevalence of viral antibodies during a large population fluctuation of house mice in Australia
Authors: SINGLETON G. R. , SMITH A. L. , KREBS C. J.
Published: July 2002

We studied the seroprevalence of three viruses (mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), minute virus
of mice (MVM), and mouse parvovirus (MPV)) in house mice (Mus domesticus) in 1995–7. In
the first year average mouse density was less than 1 mouse/ha. From November 1995 to May
1996 the population increased at an average rate of 7% per week, a doubling time of about 10
weeks. From August 1996 to May 1997 the population increased at an average rate of 10%
per week, a doubling time of about 7·5 weeks. From a peak around 250 mice/ha in May 1997,
the mouse population fell 19% per week to 5 mice/ha in October 1997. The seroprevalence for
all three viruses varied dramatically over time. MCMV had the highest seroprevalence (61·7%),
followed by MVM (8·5%) and MPV (18·4%). Time series data indicated that MCMV spread
rapidly through the population of mice once trap success was greater than 14% (40–100
mice/ha). By contrast MVM and MPV seroprevalence occurred with a 2–3 month and 3–4
month time lag, respectively. The current study supports the contention that MCMV would be
a good carrier for an immunocontraceptive vaccine for controlling field populations of mice.
Risk factors for typhoid fever in an endemic setting, Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: LUBY S. P. , FAIZAN M. K. , FISHER-HOCH S. P. , SYED A. , MINTZ E. D. , BHUTTA Z. A. , MCCORMICK J. B.
Published: July 2002

We conducted a study to evaluate risk factors for developing typhoid

fever in a setting where
the disease is endemic in Karachi, Pakistan. We enrolled 100 cases with
blood
culture-confirmed Salmonella typhi between July and October 1994
and 200 age-matched
neighbourhood controls. Cases had a median age of 5·8 years. In
a conditional logistic
regression model, eating ice cream (Odds ratio [OR]=2·3;

95% confidence interval [CI]
1·2–4·2, attributable risk [AR]=36%),
eating food from a roadside cabin during the summer
months (OR=4·6, 95% CI 1·6–13·0; AR=18%),
taking antimicrobials in the 2 weeks
preceding the onset of symptoms (OR=5·7, 95% CI
2·3–13·9, AR=21%), and drinking
water at the work-site (OR=44·0, 95% CI 2·8–680,
AR=8%) were all independently
associated with typhoid fever. There was no difference in the microbiological
water quality of
home drinking water between cases and controls. Typhoid fever in Karachi
resulted from
high-dose exposures from multiple sources with individual susceptibility

increased by young age and
prior antimicrobial use. Improving commercial food hygiene and decreasing
unnecessary
antimicrobial use would be expected to decrease the burden of typhoid fever.
Testing the surveys and visual and track censuses of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra)
Authors: Ruiz‐Olmo Jordi , Saavedra Deli , Jiménez Juan
Published: July 2002

At the end of the 1970s otter surveys were developed to study the distribution of the Eurasian otterLutra lutra. The method was quickly adopted and expanded to include other species of otter. Different methods to estimate otter density were also used. There is some uncertainty, however, as to the significance and precision of the results. Otter surveys, radio‐tracking studies and otter censuses (tracks and visual) were conducted in the same areas simultaneously. Comparison of the home ranges of otters tagged with transmitters with the results from otter surveys carried out in the same areas showed very similar otter distribution. Some 71+ of those sites examined in which only one otter lived were positive, and 97+ of those sites with two or more otters. Differences were found between different watercourses. In small or average sites with waterways, one single otter was capable of marking many kilometres so that it could be detected in most of the conventional 600 m sites (here 71+ of sites). The data obtained by radio‐tracking showed that almost all otters can be seen by experienced observers, confirming the validity of visual censuses. A high correlation was found between the number of otters seen during visual censuses and the number of otters detected by means of the length of their footprints. Using new and old tracks (2‐days‐old or more) the number of otters was overestimated.
Growth and ageing of feral Xenopus laevis (Daudin) in South Wales, U.K.
Authors: Measey G. J.
Published: July 2002

A feral population of African clawed frogs Xenopus laevis from a small pond in South Wales was sampled continuously for 2 years to assess morphometric growth. Toe‐clips taken at intervals over a 4‐year period were found to contain lines of arrested growth (LAG) which corresponded to each consecutive winter. The first toe‐clips revealed a population structure within the pond consisting of a dominant cohort of frogs with one LAG that metamorphosed in 1993, and a few older individuals. Subsequent toe‐clips in 1996 and 1998 gave two and four more LAG, respectively. Morphometric growth was found to be restricted to a short growing season, significant differences in the growth rates of males and females being first detected in their third growth season. Reproductively active frogs were still within their initial period of growth, suggesting that Xenopus laevis does not conform to the standard energy resource allocation mechanisms of typical ectotherms.
The foraging ecology of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Mediterranean environment: is a larger body size advantageous?
Authors: Bugalho M. N. , Milne J. A. , Racey P. A.
Published: July 2002

In Mediterranean environments browse is expected to be a major component of the diet of red deer Cervus elaphus during the summer when most grasses senesce. In this study the hypothesis is tested that, if browse is an essential food resource at this time, the sex with the larger body size may have a greater physical ability to reach the tree canopy and include a higher proportion of browse in its diet. The organic matter digestibility (OMD) and composition of the diet of a population of red deer males and females were measured between July and September, in 1996 and 1997, in an area of Portugal with a Mediterranean type of climate, using the n‐alkane technique. Direct observations of animals browsing on tree canopies and shrubs were made also during the same period. The OMD of the diet was significantly different between sexes and between years and was higher in males than females both in 1996 (means ±sem for males and females, 0.65 and 0.58 ± 0.026, respectively) and 1997 (means for males and females, 0.59 and 0.48 ± 0.045, respectively). The proportion of cork oak Quercus suber in the diet was also significantly different between sexes and between years, with males having a higher proportion of cork oak in their diets in 1996 (males and females, 0.30 and 0.16 ± 0.037, respectively) and 1997 (males and females, 0.41 and 0.23 ± 0.064, respectively). A significantly lower proportion of the herbage layer was found in the diet of males in 1996 (males and females, 0.46 and 0.64 ± 0.048) but not in 1997. The number of observations of males browsing on tree canopies was significantly higher than females. It is concluded that there are differences between sexes in the composition and quality of the diet and that a larger body size may confer advantages in situations where browse is an essential food resource.
The role of self-organization in the promotion of resilience in maltreated children
Authors: CICCHETTI DANTE , ROGOSCH FRED A.
Published: July 2002

The dynamic nature of resilience necessitates that children from high-risk backgrounds who

are functioning adaptively despite experiences of adversity must be examined over time. In the

current investigation, the adaptation of school-age maltreated and nonmaltreated

socioeconomically disadvantaged children was examined over 3 consecutive years. In accord

with predictions, a higher percentage of nonmaltreated children than of maltreated children were

found to be resilient. Moreover, a higher percentage of maltreated than of nonmaltreated children

were shown to exhibit functioning consistently in the low adaptive range. Differential predictors

of resilience were found in maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Specifically, for maltreated

children, positive self-esteem, ego resilience, and ego overcontrol predicted resilient functioning,

whereas relationship features were more influential for nonmaltreated children. These findings

are discussed in relation to the unfolding of resilient self-organizational strivings in maltreated

and nonmaltreated children.
Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology

in a nonclinical sample
Authors: OGAWA JOHN R. , SROUFE L. ALAN , WEINFIELD NANCY S. , CARLSON ELIZABETH A. , EGELAND BYRON
Published: July 2002

Dissociative behaviors and their relation to both the self and self-organization were examined

using the developmental psychopathology perspective in a prospective longitudinal study of

high-risk children. Participants were 168 young adults (n = 79 females, n =

89 males, age = 18–19 years) considered high-risk for poor developmental outcomes at

birth due to poverty. The present study investigated whether trauma, sense of self, quality of early

mother–child relationship, temperament, and intelligence were related to dissociative

symptomatology measured at four times across 19 years. Findings were (a) age of onset,

chronicity and severity of trauma were highly correlated and predicted level of dissociation; (b)

both the avoidant and disorganized patterns of attachment were strong predictors of dissociation;

(c) dissociation in childhood may be a more normative response to disruption and stress, while

dissociation in adolescence and young adulthood may be more indicative of psychopathology; (d)

preliminary support was found for a model proposed by G. Liotti that links disorganized

attachment, later trauma, and dissociation in adulthood; and (e) strong support was found for N.

Waller, F. W. Putnam, and E. B. Carlson's contention that psychopathological dissociation

should not be viewed as the top end of a continuum of dissociative symptomatology, but as a

separate taxon that represents an extreme deviation from normal development.
Neurodevelopmental processes in the ontogenesis and epigenesis
of psychopathology
Authors: CICCHETTI DANTE , CANNON TYRONE D.
Published: July 2002

Dramatic gains in knowledge have been made in the fields of neuroscience, human
development, and developmental psychopathology during the past quarter of a century. Despite
the advances that have been achieved in each discipline separately, considerably less progress has
occurred in understanding the relation between neurobiological and behavioral development in
normal and atypical populations. Research has increasingly demonstrated that abnormalities that
occur early in development may result in the emergence of aberrant neural circuitry that
eventuates in relatively enduring forms of psychopathology. Knowledge of normal
neurobiological development provides a powerful foundation for understanding the contributions
that neurodevelopmental processes make to the etiology and sequelae of psychopathology across
the life course. An integrated perspective wherein an appreciation of the complex neural,
psychological, and social-contextual processes that cohere to bring about normal and
pathological outcomes is necessary in order to advance understanding of the genesis and
epigenesis of mental disorders. Such an approach will require a reduction of the schisms that so
often separate neurobiological and behavioral research.
Critical exponent in a Stefan problem with kinetic condition
Authors: GUAN ZHICHENG , WANG XU-JIA
Published: July 2002

In this paper we deal with the one-dimensional Stefan problem

ut−uxx

=s˙(t)δ(x−s(t))

in ℝ ;× ℝ+, u(x, 0)

=u0(x)

with kinetic condition s˙(t)=f(u)

on the free boundary F={(x, t),

x=s(t)}, where δ(x) is the

Dirac function. We proved in [1] that if

[mid ]f(u)[mid ][les ]Meγ[mid ]u[mid ]

for some M>0 and γ∈(0, 1/4), then

there exists a global solution to the above problem; and the solution may
blow

up in finite time if f(u)[ges ]

Ceγ1[mid ]u[mid ]

for some γ1 large. In this paper we obtain the optimal

exponent, which turns out to be

√2πe. That is, the above problem has a global solution
if

[mid ]f(u)[mid ][les ]Meγ[mid ]u[mid ]

for some γ∈(0, √2πe),

and the solution may blow up in finite time if

f(u)[ges ]

Ce√2πe[mid ]u[mid ].
A new heavy traffic limit for the asymmetric shortest queue problem
Authors: KNESSL CHARLES
Published: July 2002

We consider the classic shortest queue problem in the heavy traffic limit. We assume that the
second server works slowly and that the service rate of the first server is nearly equal to the
arrival rate. Solving for the (asymptotic) joint steady state queue length distribution involves
analyzing a backward parabolic partial differential equation, together with appropriate side
conditions. We explicitly solve this problem. We thus obtain a two-dimensional approximation
for the steady state queue length probabilities.