bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The trait of Introversion–Extraversion predicts vulnerability to sleep deprivation
Authors: KILLGORE WILLIAM D. S. , RICHARDS JESSICA M. , KILLGORE DESIREE B. , KAMIMORI GARY H. , BALKIN THOMAS J.
Published: November 2007

According to Eysenck’s theory of Introversion–Extroversion (I–E), introverts demonstrate higher levels of basal activity within the reticular‐thalamic‐cortical loop, yielding higher tonic cortical arousal than Extraverts, who are described conversely as chronically under‐aroused and easily bored. We hypothesized that higher scores on the trait of Extraversion would be associated with greater declines in psychomotor vigilance performance during prolonged wakefulness. We evaluated the relationship between I–E and overnight psychomotor vigilance performance during 77 h of continuous sleep deprivation in a sample of 23 healthy adult military personnel (19 men; four women), ranging in age from 20 to 35 years. At baseline, volunteers completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI‐R) and completed psychomotor vigilance testing at approximately 10‐min intervals from 00:15 to 08:50 hours over three nights of continuous sleep deprivation. In addition, 12 participants received four repeated administrations of caffeine (200 mg) every 2 h each night. Analysis of covariance and stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that, above and beyond the effects of caffeine, higher Extraversion was significantly related to more extensive declines in speed of responding and more frequent attentional lapses, but only for the first overnight testing session. Sub‐factors of Extraversion, including Gregariousness and higher Activity level were most predictive of these changes following sleep loss. These findings are consistent with Eysenck’s cortico‐reticular activation theory of I–E and suggest that individual differences in the trait of Extraversion confer some vulnerability/resistance to the adverse effects of sleep loss on attention and vigilance.
Long‐term effects of mandibular repositioning appliances on symptoms of sleep apnoea
Authors: MARKLUND MARIE , FRANKLIN KARL A.
Published: November 2007

Mandibular repositioning appliances (MRAs) reduce symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea in the short term, but the long‐term effects are unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the long‐term symptomatic effects of custom‐made MRAs and to identify the patients who will experience subjective benefits from treatment. A cohort of 260 consecutive patients treated with appliances for non‐apnoeic snoring or sleep apnoea was followed up by a questionnaire and examination after an average of 5.4 years. The subjective effect was defined as good when complaints of daytime sleepiness occurred less than once a week. A total of 185 patients (71%) responded to the questionnaires. Of the respondents, 96 reported frequent use, 33 reported infrequent use, 26 reported discontinued treatment and 30 reported modified treatment. Mild cases (apnoea–hypopnoea index [AHI] < 15) were likelier than more severe cases to continue treatment. Patients who had used MRAs reported fewer complaints of sleepiness, headaches and daytime naps. Frequent use (P = 0.001), few night‐time awakenings before start of treatment (P = 0.02) and effective apnoea reduction during treatment of more severe cases (P = 0.02) correlated with a good subjective effect at long‐term follow‐up. Our conclusion is that custom‐made MRAs reduce sleep apnoea symptoms in the long term. The mildest cases will experience the greatest long‐term benefit. The reason is that non‐apnoeic snorers and patients with a mild disease are more likely to continue treatment and that their long‐term results with regard to excessive sleepiness are similar to patients with a more severe disease.
Staying out in the cold: glacial refugia and mitochondrial DNA phylogeography in ancient European brown bears
Authors: VALDIOSERA CRISTINA E. , GARCÍA NURIA , ANDERUNG CECILIA , DALÉN LOVE , CRÉGUT‐BONNOURE EVELYNE , KAHLKE RALF‐DIETRICH , STILLER MATHIAS , BRANDSTRÖM MIKAEL , THOMAS MARK G. , ARSUAGA JUAN LUIS , GÖTHERSTRÖM ANDERS , BARNES IAN
Published: November 2007

Models for the development of species distribution in Europe typically invoke restriction in three temperate Mediterranean refugia during glaciations, from where recolonization of central and northern Europe occurred. The brown bear, Ursus arctos, is one of the taxa from which this model is derived. Sequence data generated from brown bear fossils show a complex phylogeographical history for western European populations. Long‐term isolation in separate refugia is not required to explain our data when considering the palaeontological distribution of brown bears. We propose continuous gene flow across southern Europe, from which brown bear populations expanded after the last glaciation.
Population genetics of a marine bivalve,Pinctada maxima, throughout the Indo‐Australian Archipelago shows differentiation and decreased diversity at range limits
Authors: LIND CURTIS E. , EVANS BRAD S. , TAYLOR JOSEPH J. U. , JERRY DEAN R.
Published: November 2007

Intraspecific genetic diversity governs the potential of species to prevail in the face of environmental or ecological challenges; therefore, its protection is critical. The Indo‐Australian Archipelago (IAA) is a significant reservoir of the world's marine biodiversity and a region of high conservation priority. Yet, despite indications that the IAA may harbour greater intraspecific variation, multiple‐locus genetic diversity data are limited. We investigated microsatellite DNA variation inPinctada maximapopulations from the IAA to elucidate potential factors influencing levels of genetic diversity in the region. Results indicate that genetic diversity decreases as the geographical distance away from central Indonesia increases, and that populations located towards the centre ofP. maxima's range are more genetically diverse than those located peripherally (P < 0.01). Significant partitioning of genetic variation was identified (FST = 0.027;RST = 0.023,P < 0.001) and indicates that historical biogeographical episodes or oceanographic factors have shaped present population genetic structure. We propose that the genetic diversity peak inP. maximapopulations may be due to (i) an abundance of suitable habitat within the IAA, meaning larger, more temporally stable populations can be maintained and are less likely to encounter genetic bottlenecks; and/or (ii) the close proximity of biogeographical barriers around central Indonesia results in increased genetic diversity in the region because of admixture of genetically divergent populations. We encourage further genetic diversity studies of IAA marine biota to confirm whether this region has a significant role in maintaining intraspecific diversity, which will greatly assist the planning and efficacy of future conservation efforts.
The XMM-LSS survey: the Class 1 cluster sample over the initial 5 deg2 and its cosmological modelling
Authors: Pacaud F. , Pierre M. , Adami C. , Altieri B. , Andreon S. , Chiappetti L. , Detal A. , Duc P.-A. , Galaz G. , Gueguen A. , Le Fèvre J.-P. , Hertling G. , Libbrecht C. , Melin J.-B. , Ponman T. J. , Quintana H. , Refregier A. , Sprimont P.-G. , Surdej J. , Valtchanov I. , Willis J. P. , Alloin D. , Birkinshaw M. , Bremer M. N. , Garcet O. , Jean C. , Jones L. R. , Le Fèvre O. , Maccagni D. , Mazure A. , Proust D. , Röttgering H. J. A. , Trinchieri G.
Published: November 2007

We present a sample of 29 galaxy clusters from the XMM-LSS survey over an area of some 5 deg2 out to a redshift of z= 1.05. The sample clusters, which represent about half of the X-ray clusters identified in the region, follow well-defined X-ray selection criteria and are all spectroscopically confirmed. For all clusters, we provide X-ray luminosities and temperatures as well as masses, obtained from dedicated spatial and spectral fitting. The cluster distribution peaks around z= 0.3 and T= 1.5 keV, half of the objects being groups with a temperature below 2 keV. Our LX–T(z) relation points towards self-similar evolution, but does not exclude other physically plausible models. Assuming that cluster scaling laws follow self-similar evolution, our number density estimates up to z= 1 are compatible with the predictions of the concordance cosmology and with the findings of previous ROSAT surveys. Our well-monitored selection function allowed us to demonstrate that the inclusion of selection effects is essential for the correct determination of the evolution of the LX–T relation, which may explain the contradictory results from previous studies. Extensive simulations show that extending the survey area to 10 deg2 has the potential to exclude the non-evolution hypothesis, but those constraints on more refined intracluster medium models will probably be limited by the large intrinsic dispersion of the LX–T relation, whatever be the sample size. We further demonstrate that increasing the dispersion in the scaling laws increases the number of detectable clusters, hence generating further degeneracy [in addition to σ8, Ωm, LX–T(z)] in the cosmological interpretation of the cluster number counts. We provide useful empirical formulae for the cluster mass–flux and mass–count rate relations as well as a comparison between the XMM-LSS mass sensitivity and that of forthcoming Sunyaev–Zel'dovich surveys.
Manipulation of food intake and weight dynamics using retrograde neural gastric electrical stimulation in a chronic canine model
Authors: Aelen P. , Neshev E. , Cholette M. , Crisanti K. , Mitchell P. , Debru E. , Church N. , Mintchev M. P.
Published: November 2007

Abstract Neural gastric electrical stimulation (NGES) could be a new technique for treating obesity. However, chronic animal experimentation exploring the efficacy of this therapy is lacking. In this study we investigated the utility of retrograde NGES in a chronic canine model. Nine mongrel dogs (26.8 ± 5.2 kg) underwent laparoscopic implantation of 2‐channel neurostimulator leads in the distal antrum. Five dogs formed a control group and four dogs underwent stimulation. Food intake and weight dynamics were regularly monitored during two separate research protocols, each comprising 2‐week baseline, stimulation and washout periods. The stimulation voltage was constant in the first protocol and was ramped in the second. In the first protocol three out of the four stimulated dogs demonstrated significant decrease in food intake (P < 0.05). However, this materialized in a significant weight reduction in one dog only. In the second protocol, all stimulated dogs exhibited significant food intake and weight reduction (P < 0.05) compared to controls. Necropsies and histopathological analysis did not reveal any abnormalities in the stomach, the adjacent organs or around the implant. NGES could be a safe new technique for reducing food intake and weight and, therefore, it might be helpful for treating obesity.
The dynamics of turbulent, transitional and laminar clay‐laden flow over a fixed current ripple
Authors: BAAS JACO H. , BEST JAMES L.
Published: November 2007

Most aqueous sedimentary environments contain varying concentrations of fine‐grained, often clay‐rich, sediment that is transported in suspension and may modify the properties of the flow and underlying mobile bed. This paper presents results from a series of laboratory experiments examining the mean and turbulent properties of clay‐laden (kaolinite) flows, of various volumetric sediment concentrations between 0·046% and 12·7%, moving over a fixed, idealized current ripple.

As the kaolinite concentration was raised, with flow velocity and depth constant, four flow types were observed to occur: (i) turbulent flow, in which flow separation is dominant in the leeside of the ripple; (ii) turbulence‐enhanced transitional flow, in which turbulence in the leeside separation zone region is enhanced; (iii) turbulence‐attenuated transitional flow, in which turbulence along the separation zone shear layer and in the free flow above it becomes damped, eventually leading to a reduction in the size of the separation zone wake region; and (iv) laminar plug flow, in which turbulence is damped and flow is almost stagnant in the lee of the ripple. Such modulation of turbulence by increasing clay concentrations suggests that many paradigms of flow and bedform dynamics, which have been based on extensive past work in clear water flows, require revision. The present results highlight a need to fully characterize the boundary conditions for turbulence modulation as a function of clay type and applied flow conditions, and the effects of such flows on fully mobile cohesionless beds.
Bacterial‐ and plant‐type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase polypeptides interact in the hetero‐oligomeric Class‐2 PEPC complex of developing castor oil seeds
Authors: Gennidakis Sam , Rao Srinath , Greenham Katie , Uhrig R. Glen , O’Leary Brendan , Snedden Wayne A. , Lu Chaofu , Plaxton William C.
Published: November 2007

Two classes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) sharing the same 107‐kDa catalytic subunit (p107) were previously purified from developing castor oil seed (COS) endosperm. The association of p107 with an immunologically unrelated 64‐kDa polypeptide (p64) causes pronounced physical and kinetic differences between the Class‐1 PEPC p107 homotetramer and Class‐2 PEPC p107/p64 hetero‐octamer. Tryptic peptide sequencing matched p64 to the deduced C‐terminal half of several bacterial‐type PEPCs (BTPCs) of vascular plants. Immunoblots probed with anti‐(COS p64 peptide or p107)‐IgG established that: (i) BTPC exists in vivo as an approximately 118‐kDa polypeptide (p118) that is rapidly truncated to p64 by an endogenous cysteine endopeptidase during incubation of COS extracts on ice, and (ii) mature and germinated COS contain Class‐1 PEPC and p107, but no detectable Class‐2 PEPC nor p118. Non‐denaturing PAGE, in‐gel PEPC activity staining and immunoblotting of developing COS extracts demonstrated that p118 and p107 are subunits of the non‐proteolysed approximately 910‐kDa Class‐2 PEPC complex. As total PEPC activity of clarified COS extracts was unaffected following p118 truncation to p64, the BTPC p118 may function as a regulatory rather than catalytic subunit of the Class‐2 PEPC. Moreover, recombinant AtPPC3 and AtPPC4 (Arabidopsis orthologs of COS p107 and p118) expressed as active and inactive PEPCs, respectively. Cloning of cDNAs encoding p118 (RcPpc4) and p107 (RcPpc3) confirmed their respective designation as bacterial‐ and plant‐type PEPCs. Levels of RcPpc3 and RcPpc4 transcripts generally mirrored the respective amounts of p107 and p118. The collective findings provide insights into the molecular features and functional significance of vascular plant BTPCs.
Successful unmanipulated peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation from an HLA haploidentical 2‐locus‐mismatched mother in a thalassemic patient with primary graft failure after transplantation of bone marrow and cord blood from unrelated donors
Authors: Jaing Tang‐Her , Sun Chien‐Feng , Lee Wen‐I , Wen Yu‐Chuan , Yang Chao‐Ping , Hung Iou‐Jih
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  We report on a boy with β‐thalassemia major who developed early graft failure after double‐unit unrelated cord blood transplantation, who subsequently received a myeloablative preconditioning regimen using non‐T‐cell‐depleted PBSCT from his HLA‐haploidentical 2‐loci‐mismatched mother. Neutrophil recovery with full donor chimerism was observed at post‐transplantation day +11. Furthermore, GVHD was easy to control. The patient was transfusion‐independent with complete donor chimerism eight months post‐transplant. The result indicated that fetomaternal microchimerism may be an important attribute of a successful transplant. We suggested that a third allo‐HSCT may be taken into consideration for patients with transfusion‐dependent thalassemia who experience graft failure, even after two previous transplants.
Floral odour and reproductive isolation in two species of Silene
Authors: WAELTI M. O. , MUHLEMANN J. K. , WIDMER A. , SCHIESTL F. P.
Published: November 2007

Mechanisms preventing interspecific pollination are important in closely related plant species, in particular when post‐zygotic barriers are weak or absent. We investigated the role of floral odour in reproductive isolation between the two closely related species Silene latifolia and S. dioica. First, we tested whether floral odour composition and emission differed between the species. We found significant odour differences, but contrary to expectations, both species showed a rhythmic emission of the same compounds between day and night. Second, in a field experiment, odour of the two species was made more similar by applying phenylacetaldehyde to flowers. This manipulation led to higher pollen‐analogue transfer between species, revealing that floral odour differences are important for maintaining reproductive isolation. We conclude that differences in single key compounds can reduce pollen transfer across species boundaries by pollinators and demonstrate that odour differences are an important component of premating floral isolation between closely related plant species.
Effect of aerial insecticide spraying on pine wilt disease in central Japan
Authors: Ugawa S. , Fukuda K.
Published: November 2007

To clarify the effect of aerial insecticide spraying on pine wilt disease, pine wilt disease impacts was surveyed in pine stands and the damage evaluated using a logistic model. Eleven quadrats were established randomly in stands with or without aerial spraying. Aerial spraying alone did not entirely prevent the disease. Average annual mortality was lower in stands with aerial spraying than in stands without aerial spraying. Aerial spraying slowed the progress of pine wilt disease, as measured by the disease progress index. The biomass of live pine trees decreased with increased damage in stands without aerial spraying, whereas biomass was maintained in stands with aerial spraying. However, the relative basal area showed that succession of pine forests to forests dominated by other species was accelerated even in stands with aerial insecticide spraying.
Nettle extract effects on the aphid Myzus persicae and its natural enemy, the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hem., Miridae)
Authors: Gaspari M. , Lykouressis D. , Perdikis D. , Polissiou M.
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  The effect of water extract of Urtica urens L. on the biological characteristics and population parameters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and its natural enemy, the polyphagous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) was investigated on eggplants. Plant material was extracted in deionized water (1 : 5 w/w) for 24 h. Three applications were made at 5‐day intervals using the nettle extract, with deionized water as the control. The effect of the extract on survival, duration of nymphal development, pre‐reproductive period, fecundity and longevity of both insects was studied at conditions of 25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity and photoperiod of 16 : 8 h (light : dark). The results showed that the application of nettle extract significantly reduced the fecundity of M. persicae (20% on average) but did not result in a substantial lowering in its intrinsic rate of population increase. However, the predator's biological characteristics and population parameters were not affected by the application of this plant extract. The importance of these results for the use of nettle extract in the management of M. persicae along with its compatibility with the use or conservation of M. pygmaeus is discussed.
Effect of Bemisia tabaci honeydew and its carbohydrates on search time and parasitization of Encarsia bimaculata
Authors: Mandour N. S. , Ren S. X. , Qiu B. L.
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  The search time of Encarsia bimaculata Heraty et Polaszek was examined and recorded by using filter paper discs in Petri dish arenas impregnated with Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) honeydew or its component carbohydrates. Our data show that E. bimaculata used honeydew as a contact kairomone to locate its host. Females responded quantitatively to the honeydew and the search time in the treated patches increased. This increase was concentration‐dependent with regard to the amount of honeydew applied, but it levelled off 0.05 g/ml onwards. The response of E. bimaculata to honeydew decreased with increasing time after application and was significantly reduced 8 days after treatment. The parasitoid females were also arrested in patches treated with glucose, fructose, trehalulose and trehalose; trehalose elicited the highest response in the parasitoids. However, sucrose and low concentrations of melezitose did not elicit a significant effect. Glucose, sucrose, fructose, trehalose and trehalulose increased the longevity of the parasitoid females by a factor of 8.4, 8.1, 6.3, 6.1 and 4.2, respectively. Melezitose and 0.15 g/ml natural honeydew, however, had no effect on parasitoid lifespan. The effects of aqueous spray of honeydew sugars on egg to adult survivorship and parasitization of B. tabaci by E. bimaculata significantly differed when compared with controls only in cases where mixtures of glucose + fructose and trehalose and fructose + trehalose were applied.
Yield response of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp), to infestation of Aspavia armigera F. (Hem., Pentatomidae)
Authors: Pitan O. O. R. , Odubiyi S. I. I. , Olatunde G. O.
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Yield‐related responses of cowpea plants to artificial infestation of Aspavia armigera, at the onset of podding, at different densities, 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 pairs per cage were studied on cowpea in caged pots and field plots. With increasing insect density there was a corresponding significant increase (P < 0.05) in pod and seed damage, and reduction in pod length, numbers of pods per plant and seeds per pod, seed weight and total yield. Pod production was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in infested plants than in the control; at 1‐ and 16‐pair levels, pod production increased by 75% and 81% over the uninfested control in the pot and field experiments respectively. Then again, with increase in insect density there was a progressive high‐magnitude increase in pod abortion reaching 252.6% and 200% at the 32‐pair level on potted and field cowpea, respectively, resulting in drastic reductions in the number of harvestable pods. Cowpea compensation mechanism was lost completely as insect population increased. The lowest density of A. armigera at which significant reduction (P < 0.05) occurred in total seed yield compared with the control was one pair. The relationship between insect density and pod damage, and yield was best described by a quadratic + linear fit, while that between insect density and seed damage was best fit as polynomial with very high significant r‐values. Chi‐squared analysis showed that the models derived from pot and field data were similar.
Biology of Diaphorina citri (Hem., Psyllidae) on different hosts and at different temperatures
Authors: Nava D. E. , Torres M. L. G. , Rodrigues M. D. L. , Bento J. M. S. , Parra J. R. P.
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  The objective of this work was to study the effect of different hosts and temperatures on Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hem., Psyllidae) biology. Citrus limonia (Rangpur lime), Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine) and Citrus sunki (Sunki mandarin) were used as hosts. Measurements included duration and viability of the egg and nymphal stages, sex ratio, fecundity and longevity. In order to verify the effect of temperature on D. citri biology, the duration and viability of its developmental stages and biological cycle were compared at seven different temperature conditions. Durations of the embryonic and nymphal stages were similar for Rangpur lime, orange jessamine and mandarin. However, the nymphal viability obtained on mandarin was lower than the values obtained on the other hosts. Fecundity was higher on orange jessamine and, in all instances, females had greater longevity than males. A fixed number of instars (five) was obtained on the three hosts. Rangpur lime and orange jessamine provided better D. citri development when compared with mandarin. Duration of the egg and nymphal stages varied from 2.6 to 7.7 and from 9.4 to 35.8 days, respectively, at temperatures from 18 to 32°C. Egg viability was higher than 81.6% at the temperature range studied (18–32°C); nymphal viability was higher than 70% at the 18–30°C range, differing from viability at 32°C, which was dramatically reduced. The D. citri lower temperature development threshold (TT) and thermal constant (K) values for the egg, nymphal and biological cycle (egg–adult) stages were 12.0°C and 52.6 Degree‐Day (DD); 13.9°C and 156.9 DD; and 13.5°C and 210.9 DD respectively.
Marker‐assisted increase of genetic diversity in a double‐low seed quality winter oilseed rape genetic background
Authors: Basunanda P. , Spiller T. H. , Hasan M. , Gehringer A. , Schondelmaier J. , Lühs W. , Friedt W. , Snowdon R. J.
Published: November 2007

Generation of novel genetic diversity for maximization of heterosis in hybrid production is a significant goal in winter oilseed rape breeding. Here, we demonstrate that doubled haploid (DH) production using microspore cultivation can simultaneously introgress favourable alleles for double‐low seed quality (low erucic acid and low‐glucosinolate content) into a genetically diverse Brassica napus genetic background. The DH lines were derived from a cross between a double‐low quality winter rapeseed variety and a genetically diverse semisynthetic B. napus line with high erucic acid and high glucosinolates (++ quality). Twenty‐three low‐glucosinolate lines were identified with a genome component of 50–67% derived from the ++ parent. Four of these lines, with a genome component of 50–55% derived from the ++ parent, also contained low erucic acid. Heterosis for seed yield was confirmed in test‐crosses using these genetically diverse lines as pollinator. The results demonstrate the potential of marker‐assisted identification of novel genetic pools for breeding of double‐low quality winter oilseed rape hybrids.
A new source of resistance against coffee leaf rust from New‐Caledonian natural interspecific hybrids between Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora
Authors: Mahé L. , Várzea V. M. P. , Le Pierrès D. , Combes M.‐C. , Lashermes P.
Published: November 2007

The development of cultivars resistant to coffee leaf rust caused by the fungal pathogen Hemileia vastatrix is a priority in coffee breeding. However, only very few descendants of interspecific hybrids between Coffea arabica and diploid relative species have been used as resistance source. Identification of new sources of resistance appeared therefore particularly worthwhile. Hybrid plants derived from interspecific hybridization between C. arabica and Coffea canephora and found in neo‐natural coffee tree populations of New Caledonia were therefore investigated. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and microsatellites amplification were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 14 hybrid plants, and rust resistance was evaluated by inoculation with a panel of rust races representing a large variability in virulence. An important genetic diversity was characterized in hybrid plants originating from introgressions into C. arabica from various C. canephora progenitors. On the 14 plants tested for leaf rust resistance, eight appeared resistant to all races investigated. Such plant material should represent a highly valuable resource for C. arabica breeding against coffee leaf rust.
Prognostic factors of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage in haemodialysis patients and predictors of 30‐day mortality
Authors: Huang B.‐R. , Liao C.‐C. , Huang W.‐H. , Hsu Y.‐H. , Hsu J.‐C. , Yen H.‐C. , Lin C.‐L.
Published: November 2007

Background:  The prognostic factors of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in haemodialysis (HD) patients are not fully clear and there is no standard clinical grading scale to predict 30‐day mortality. Our aim was to develop such a scale.

Methods:  Records of all HD patients with spontaneous ICH presenting to Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan during 1994–2004 were reviewed. The study design was a retrospective analysis of data collected from one hospital. Prognostic factors were identified by Student’s t‐test and χ2‐test. Independent predictors of 30‐day mortality were determined by the logistic regression method. An outcome score based on a combination of these predictors was developed with weighting of independent predictors based on strength of association.

Results:  The overall 30‐day mortality rate was 67.3%. Prognostic factors independently associated with mortality were the Glasgow Coma Scale score (P < 0.001), age ≥70 years (P = 0.032), systolic blood pressure <130 mmHg or ≥200 mmHg (P = 0.016), ICH volume ≥30 mL (P = 0.012), presence of intraventricular haemorrhage (P = 0.004) and serum glucose ≥8.8 mmol/L (P = 0.023). The score was the sum of individual points assigned as follows: Glasgow Coma Scale score 12–15 (0 points), 9–11 (1), 3–8 (4); age <70 years, yes (0), no (2); and systolic blood pressure 130–199 mmHg, yes (0), no (1). The 30‐day mortality rate increased steadily with score (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:  The outcome score is a simple clinical grading scale that allows risk stratification of HD patients presenting with ICH. This scale could be used to design treatment protocols and clinical research studies of ICH in HD patients.
Evolution in ecological field experiments: implications for effect size
Authors: Strauss Sharon Y. , Lau Jennifer A. , Schoener Thomas W. , Tiffin Peter
Published: November 2007

Rapid evolution in response to strong selection, much of which is human‐induced, has been indisputably documented. In this perspective, we suggest that adaptation may influence the effect size of treatments in ecological field experiments and alter our predictions of future dynamics in ecological systems. Field experiments often impose very strong and consistent selection over multiple generations. Focal populations may adapt to these treatments and, in the process, increase or decrease the magnitude of the treatment effect through time. We argue that how effect size changes through time will depend on the evolutionary history of the experimental population, the type of experimental manipulation, and the traits involved in adaptive responses. While no field study has conclusively demonstrated evolution in response to treatments with concomitant changes in ecological effect size, we present several examples that provide strong circumstantial evidence that such effects occur. We conclude with a consideration of the differences between plastic and genetic responses to treatments and discuss future research directions linking adaptation to ecological effect size.
The cost‐effectiveness of biodiversity surveys in tropical forests
Authors: Gardner Toby A. , Barlow Jos , Araujo Ivanei S. , Ávila‐Pires Teresa Cristina , Bonaldo Alexandre B. , Costa Joana E. , Esposito Maria Cristina , Ferreira Leandro V. , Hawes Joseph , Hernandez Malva I. M. , Hoogmoed Marinus S. , Leite Rafael N. , Lo‐Man‐Hung Nancy F. , Malcolm Jay R. , Martins Marlucia B. , Mestre Luiz A. M. , Miranda‐Santos Ronildon , Overal William L. , Parry Luke , Peters Sandra L. , Ribeiro‐Junior Marco Antônio , Da Silva Maria N. F. , Da Silva Motta Catarina , Peres Carlos A.
Published: November 2007

The identification of high‐performance indicator taxa that combine practical feasibility and ecological value requires an understanding of the costs and benefits of surveying different taxa. We present a generic and novel framework for identifying such taxa, and illustrate our approach using a large‐scale assessment of 14 different higher taxa across three forest types in the Brazilian Amazon, estimating both the standardized survey cost and the ecological and biodiversity indicator value for each taxon. Survey costs varied by three orders of magnitude, and dung beetles and birds were identified as especially suitable for evaluating and monitoring the ecological consequences of habitat change in our study region. However, an exclusive focus on such taxa occurs at the expense of understanding patterns of diversity in other groups. To improve the cost‐effectiveness of biodiversity research we encourage a combination of clearer research goals and the use of an objective evidence‐based approach to selecting study taxa.
A Stimulus-Oriented Approach to Memory
Authors: Sekuler Robert , Kahana Michael J.
Published: November 2007

Our understanding of short-term recognition memory can be enhanced by careful choice and control of test materials. Theory-driven manipulation of memory test stimuli, including visual textures, human faces, and complex sounds, minimize individual differences and make it possible to predict recognition performance for specific combinations of stimulus items. This stimulus-oriented approach to memory reveals that stimulus similarity plays two different important roles in recognition memory. By exploiting tools used in psychophysics, it is possible to generate mnemometric functions—detailed “snapshots” that capture key features of subjects' memory strength.
Negotiating Interracial Interactions
Authors: Richeson Jennifer A. , Shelton J. Nicole
Published: November 2007

The United States is becoming increasingly diverse, yet interracial contact continues to be awkward, if not stressful, for many. Indeed, recent research suggests that individuals often exit interracial interactions feeling drained both cognitively and emotionally. This article reviews research examining how interracial encounters give rise to these outcomes, zeroing in on the mediating role of self-regulation and the moderating influence of prejudice concerns. Given that interracial contact may be the most promising avenue to prejudice reduction, it is important to examine factors that undermine positive interracial contact experiences, as well as those that facilitate them.
Structural and Functional Neuroplasticity in Relation to Traumatic Stress
Authors: Kolassa Iris-Tatjana , Elbert Thomas
Published: November 2007

The body's stress response is an essential adaptive and protective mechanism to cope with threatening situations. However, chronic or traumatic stress leads to structural and functional alterations in the traumatized brain. We argue for a building-block effect: Exposure to different types of traumatic events increases the probability of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), via incremental enlargement of a fear network. We summarize evidence of brain changes in PTSD, including recent results from research on animal models of stress-related neuroplastic remodeling, with an emphasis on structural and functional changes in the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the medial prefrontal cortex.
Parent–Infant Synchrony
Authors: Feldman Ruth
Published: November 2007

Synchrony—a construct used across multiple fields to denote the temporal relationship between events—has been applied to the study of mother–infant interaction and is suggested here as a framework for the study of interpersonal relationships. Defined as the temporal coordination of micro-level social behavior, parent–infant synchrony is charted in its development across infancy from the initial consolidation of biological rhythms during pregnancy to the emergence of symbolic exchange between parent and child. Synchrony is shown to depend on physiological mechanisms supporting bond formation in mammals—particularly physiological oscillators and neuroendocrine systems such as those involving the hormone oxytocin. Developmental outcomes of the synchrony experience are observed in the domains of self-regulation, symbol use, and the capacity for empathy across childhood and adolescence. Specific disruptions to the parameters of synchrony that may be observed in various pathological conditions, such as prematurity or maternal affective disorder, are detailed. A time-based, micro-analytic behavioral approach to the study of human relationship may offer new insights on intersubjectivity across the lifespan.
Contextual Adjustments in Cognitive Control Across Tasks
Authors: Freitas Antonio L. , Bahar Michal , Yang Shan , Banai Ruslan
Published: November 2007

Does encountering information-processing conflict recruit general mechanisms of cognitive control or change only the representations of specific cues and responses? In the present experiments, a flanker task elicited responses to symbolic information (arrow meaning), whereas Stroop-like tasks elicited responses to nonsymbolic information (color of a letter or location of a target box). Despite these differences, when participants performed the flanker and Stroop tasks intermittently in randomized orders, the extent of information-processing conflict encountered on a particular trial modulated performance on the following trial. On across-task trial pairs, increases in response time to incongruent relative to congruent stimulus arrays were smaller immediately following incongruent trials than immediately following congruent trials. The degree of cognitive control exerted on a particular task thus appears to reflect not only the quality, but also the quantity, of recent experiences of information-processing conflict.
The World of Emotions is not Two-Dimensional
Authors: Fontaine Johnny R.J. , Scherer Klaus R. , Roesch Etienne B. , Ellsworth Phoebe C.
Published: November 2007

For more than half a century, emotion researchers have attempted to establish the dimensional space that most economically accounts for similarities and differences in emotional experience. Today, many researchers focus exclusively on two-dimensional models involving valence and arousal. Adopting a theoretically based approach, we show for three languages that four dimensions are needed to satisfactorily represent similarities and differences in the meaning of emotion words. In order of importance, these dimensions are evaluationpleasantness, potency-control, activation-arousal, and unpredictability. They were identified on the basis of the applicability of 144 features representing the six components of emotions: (a) appraisals of events, (b) psychophysiological changes, (c) motor expressions, (d) action tendencies, (e) subjective experiences, and (f) emotion regulation.
Does the Human Motor System Simulate Pinocchio's Actions?
Authors: Tsai Chia-Chin , Brass Marcel
Published: November 2007

Corepresenting actions performed by conspecifics is essential to understanding their goals, inferring their mental states, and cooperating with them. It has recently been demonstrated that joint-action effects in a Simon task provide a good index for corepresentation. In the present study, we investigated whether corepresentation is restricted to biological agents or also occurs for nonbiological events. Participants performed a Simon task either with an image of a human hand or with a wooden analogue. The Simon-like effect emerged only when participants coacted with a biological agent. The lack of the joint-action effect when participants interacted with a wooden hand indicates that the human corepresentation system is biologically tuned.
Monkey See, Monkey Plan, Monkey Do
Authors: Weiss Daniel J. , Wark Jason D. , Rosenbaum David A.
Published: November 2007

The way human adults grasp objects is typically influenced by their knowledge of what they intend to do with the objects. This influence is reflected in the end-state comfort effect: Actors adopt initially uncomfortable postures to accommodate later task demands. Although many experiments have demonstrated this effect, to the best of our knowledge its phylogenetic roots have not been investigated. In two experiments, we tested whether 9 cotton-top tamarin monkeys would show the end-state comfort effect. We did so by presenting the monkeys with a small cup containing a marshmallow. The cup was suspended in different orientations. The monkeys inhibited their natural grasping tendencies and adopted unusual grasping postures to accommodate subsequent task requirements, thus demonstrating the end-state comfort effect. This outcome provides evidence for more sophisticated motor planning than has previously been ascribed to this and related species.
Teleology for the Perplexed: How Matter Began to Matter
Authors: Sherman Jeremy , Deacon Terrence W.
Published: November 2007

Lacking a plausible model for the emergence of telos (purposive, representational, and evaluative relationships, as in life and consciousness) from simple material and energetic processes, the sciences operate as though all teleological relationships are physically epiphenomenal. Alternatively, in religion and the humanities it is assumed either that telos influences the material world from an outside or transcendental source or that it is a fundamental and ineffable property of things. We argue that a scientifically sound and intuitively plausible model for the physical emergence of teleological dynamics is now realizable. A methodology for formulating such a model and an exemplar case—the autocell—are presented. An autocell is an autocatalytic set of molecules that produce one another and also produce molecules that spontaneously accrete to form a hollow container, analogous to the way virus capsules form. The molecular capsules that result will spontaneously enclose some of the nearby molecules of the autocatalytic set, keeping them together so that when the autocell is broken open autocatalysis will resume. Autocells are thus self‐reconstituting, self‐reproducing, and minimally evolvable. They are not living and yet have necessary precursor attributes to telos, including individuality, functional interdependence of parts, end‐directedness, a minimal form of representation, and a normative (evaluational) relationship to different environmental properties. The autocell thus serves as a missing link between inanimate (nonlife) and animate (living) phenomena. We conclude by discussing the challenges that a natural origin for telos poses for religious thought.
Beyond Reductionism: Reinventing the Sacred
Authors: Kauffman Stuart
Published: November 2007

We have lived under the hegemony of the reductionistic scientific worldview since Galileo, Newton, and Laplace. In this view, the universe is meaningless, as Stephen Weinberg famously said, and organisms and a court of law are “nothing but” particles in morion. This scientific view is inadequate. Physicists are beginning to abandon reductionism in favor of emergence. Emergence, both epistemological and ontological, embraces the emergence of life and of agency. With agency comes meaning, value, and doing, beyond mere happenings. More organisms are conscious. None of this violates any laws of physics, but it cannot be reduced to physics. Emergence is real, and the tiger chasing the gazelle are real parts of the real universe.

We live, therefore, in an emergent universe. This emergence often is entirely unpredictable beforehand, from the evolution of novel functionalities in organisms to the evolution of the economy and human history. We are surrounded on all sides by a creativity that cannot even be prestated. Thus we have the first glimmerings of a new scientific worldview, beyond reductionism. In our universe emergence is real, and there is ceaseless, stunning creativity that has given rise to our biosphere, our humanity, and our history. We are partial co‐creators of this emergent creativity.

It is our choice whether we use the God word. I believe it is wise to do so. God can be our shared name for the true creativity in the natural universe. Such a view invites a new sense of the sacred, as those aspects of the creativity in the universe that we deem worthy of holding sacred. We are not logically forced to this view. Yet a global civilization, hopefully persistently diverse and creative, is emerging. I believe we need a shared view of God, a fully natural God, to orient our lives. We need a shared view of the sacred that is open to slow evolution, because rigidity in our view of the sacred violates how our most precious values evolve and invites ethical hegemony. We need a shared global ethic beyond our materialism. I believe a sense of God as the natural, awesome creativity in the universe can help us construct the sacred and a global ethic to help shape the global civilization toward what we choose with the best of our limited wisdom.
A Religious Interpretation of Emergence: Creativity as God
Authors: Kaufman Gordon D.
Published: November 2007

Thinking of God today as creativity (instead of as The Creator) enables us to bring theological values and meanings into significant connection with modern cosmological and evolutionary thinking. This conception connects our understanding of God with today's ideas of the Big Bang; cosmic and biological evolution; the evolutionary emergence of novel complex realities from simpler realities, and the irreducibility of these complex realities to their simpler origins; and so on. It eliminates anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism from the conception of God, thus overcoming one of the major reasons for the implausibility of God‐talk in today's world—here viewed as a highly dynamic reality (not an essentially stable structure), with God regarded as the ongoing creativity in this world. This mystery of creativity—God—manifest throughout the universe is quite awe‐inspiring, calling forth emotions of gratitude, love, peace, fear, and hope, and a sense of the profound meaningfulness of human existence in the world—issues with which faith in God usually has been associated. It is appropriate, therefore, to think of God today as precisely this magnificent panorama of creativity with which our universe and our lives confront us.
Distress Selling and Asset Market Feedback
Authors: Shim Ilhyock , Von Peter Goetz
Published: November 2007

This paper examines the process of distress selling and asset market feedback. It splits this process into several stages, in order to analyze what triggers distress selling, why asset prices fall, and how falling prices generate additional rounds of selling. This framework enables us to understand and compare models relevant to distress selling from diverse literatures. The paper also considers what policy options are available at each stage to mitigate the adverse economic consequences of distress selling and asset market feedback.
Tensile properties of the human glenoid labrum
Authors: Smith C. D. , Masouros S. D. , Hill A. M. , Wallace A. L. , Amis A. A. , Bull A. M. J.
Published: November 2007

Human fresh‐frozen cadaveric glenoid labrae from 16 donors were harvested and ten of these had no gross degeneration. These ten were divided into eight equal circumferential sections. Each section was cut to produce test‐samples from the core layer with a cross‐section of 1 × 1 mm. Tensile testing was performed within a controlled environment unit at 37 ± 1 °C and 100% relative humidity. Each test‐sample was precycled to a quasi‐static state to alleviate the effects of deep‐freezing, prior to final testing. The tangent modulus was calculated for each test‐sample before and after a 5‐min period of stress relaxation and at yield. The mean elastic modulus and yield stress of the glenoid labrum were 22.8 ± 11.4 and 2.5 ± 2.1 MPa, respectively. The anterosuperior portion had a lower elastic modulus and lower yield stress than the inferior portion (both P < 0.02). The pre‐stress relaxation tangent modulus was significantly lower than the post‐stress relaxation tangent modulus for all portions of the labrum. The glenoid labrum has similar tensile material properties to articular cartilage. Its elastic modulus varies around its circumference. This suggests that the labrum may encounter different forces at different positions.