bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What influences the job satisfaction of staff and associate specialist hospital doctors?
Authors: French Fiona , Ikenwilo Divine , Scott Anthony
Published: July 2007

Despite their rising numbers in the National Health Service (NHS), the recruitment, retention, morale and educational needs of staff and associate specialist hospital doctors have traditionally not been the focus of attention. A postal survey of all staff grades and associate specialists in NHS Scotland was conducted to investigate the determinants of their job satisfaction. Doctors in both grades were least satisfied with their pay. They were more satisfied if they were treated as equal members of the clinical team, but less satisfied if their workload adversely affected the quality of patient care. With the exception of female associate specialists, respondents who wished to become a consultant were less satisfied with all aspects of their jobs. Associate specialists who worked more sessions also had lower job satisfaction. Non-white staff grades were less satisfied with their job compared with their white counterparts. It is important that associate specialists and staff grades are promoted to consultant posts, where this is desired. It is also important that job satisfaction is enhanced for doctors who do not desire promotion, thereby improving retention. This could be achieved through improved pay, additional clinical training, more flexible working hours and improved status.
Increasing rates of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among HIV-infected persons
Authors: Crum-Cianflone Nancy F , Burgi Alina A , Hale Braden R
Published: August 2007

Community-acquired (CA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) rates have rapidly increased in the general population; however, little data on recent incidence rates and risk factors of CA-MRSA infections among HIV patients appear in the literature. A retrospective study was conducted from 1993 through 2005 among patients at a large HIV clinic. Trends in CA-MRSA infection incidence rates, clinical characteristics and risk factors for CA-MRSA were evaluated. Seven percent of our cohort developed a CA-MRSA infection during the study period. The rate of CA-MRSA infections among HIV-infected population significantly increased since 2003, with an incidence of 40.3 cases/1000 person-years in 2005, which was 18-fold higher than the general population served at our facility. In all, 90% of infections were skin/soft tissue infections with a predilection for buttock or scrotal abscess formation; 21% of patients experienced a recurrent infection. Risk factors included a low CD4 count at the time of infection (odds ratio [OR] per 100 CD4 cells 0.84, P = 0.03), high maximum log10 HIV viral load (OR 4.54, P<0.001), recent use of β-lactam antibiotics (OR 6.0 for receipt of two prescriptions, P<0.001) and a history of syphilis (OR 4.55, P = 0.01). No patient receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis developed a CA-MRSA infection. Over the study period, CA-MRSA accounted for an increasing percentage of positive wound cultures and Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 37% and 65%, respectively, during 2005. In conclusion, CA-MRSA infections have rapidly increased among HIV-infected patients, a group which has a higher rate of these infections than the general population. Risk factors for CA-MRSA among HIV-infected patients include low current CD4 cell count, recent β-lactam antibiotic use and potentially high-risk sexual activity as demonstrated by a history of syphilis infection.
Moraxella catarrhalis associated with acute urethritis imitating gonorrhoea acquired by oral–genital contact
Authors: Abdolrasouli A , Amin A , Baharsefat M , Roushan A , Hemmati Y
Published: August 2007

A case of heterosexual transmission of Moraxella catarrhalis by fellatio, which resulted in acute purulent urethritis mimicking gonorrhoea in the male partner, is described. In male patients with urethritis due to M. catarrhalis, orogenital contact with a sexual partner carrying the organism in his/her oropharynx is the probable route of transmission.
Adsorption and Desorption of Reactive Dyes onto Chitin and Chitosan Flakes and Beads
Authors: Filipkowska Urszula
Published: July 2007

A study was undertaken to analyze the adsorption and desorption of four Reactive dyes, i.e. Reactive Yellow 84 (RY 84), Reactive Red 11 (RR 11), Reactive Black 5 (RB 5) and Reactive Black 8 (RB 8), onto chitin (sorbent 1) and chitosan in the form of flakes (sorbent 2) and beads (sorbent 3). The maximum adsorption capacity of sorbents 1, 2 and 3 and the quantity of desorbed dye were determined for the four dyes and the three types of sorbent examined. For all the Reactive dyes, the adsorption capacities of sorbents 2 and 3 were higher than that of sorbent 1, with the desorption efficiency being lower than the efficiency of the adsorption process. The highest efficiency of dye release, ca. 90%, was obtained for sorbent 1 and the chlorotriazine dyes.
Direct Determination of the Intermolecular Structure of the Adsorbed Phase Using in situ X-Ray Diffraction and Reverse Monte Carlo Methods
Authors: Iiyama Taku , Aragaki Rei , Urushibara Takafumi , Ozeki Sumio
Published: July 2007

A new direct method for determining the intermolecular structure of molecular assemblies in micropores using reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simulation is proposed. The method gives the molecular configuration in an adsorption phase using experimental X-ray diffraction profiles and an assumed pore structure. This method has been applied to a carbon/water adsorption system to confirm previous results for the cluster formation of water in a hydrophobic space. The RMC method is a useful tool for estimating the pseudo-three-dimensional structures of molecular assemblies confined in pores from experimental data.
Preparation and Adsorption Studies of High Specific Surface Area Activated Carbons Obtained from the Chemical Activation of Jute Stick
Authors: Asadullah Mohammad , Rahman Muhammad A. , Motin Mohammad A. , Sultan Mohammad B.
Published: July 2007

High specific surface area activated carbon has been produced from the chemical activation of jute stick using H3PO4 as an activating agent at different temperatures in the range 673–973 K. The BET surface area of the activated carbon was measured by nitrogen adsorption methods. The maximum specific surface area was found to be 1734 m2/g. The liquid-phase adsorption of iodine and Methylene Blue dye was studied. The maximum iodine number was found to be 1234 mg/g. The adsorption of Methylene Blue dye from dilute solutions proceeded via monolayer coverage which could be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. However, multilayer adsorption was achieved when the equilibrium concentration of the dye solution was increased. The vapour-phase adsorption of CCl4 at 303 K was also very high (1200 mg/g), which was much higher than that of a commercial activated carbon (330 mg/g).
Sorption Capacity and Thermodynamic Properties of Natural Turkish (Reşadiye) Bentonite for the Removal of Ammonium Ions from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Saltali Kadir , Sarι Ahmet
Published: July 2007

Natural clays and materials such as bentonite, zeolite and sepiolite have been widely used for environmental and agricultural purposes because of their easy application and relative low cost. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sorption capacity of the natural Turkish (Reşadiye) bentonite (NTB) for the removal of ammonium (NH+4) ions from aqueous solution from the viewpoint of both the sorption isotherms and the associated thermodynamics. The influence of pH, adsorbent dosage and temperature on the sorption of NH+4 ions onto NTB was also studied.

It was found that the non-linear Langmuir model was more suitable for describing the sorption of NH+4 ions onto NTB since the application of this model exhibited a higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.99) than that for the non-linear Freundlich model (R2 = 0.98). The Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) model was also applied to the equilibrium data (R2 = 0.99). The maximum sorption capacity towards NH+4 ions was determined via the Langmiur equation and found to be 30.12 mg/g. A comparison of the sorption capacity of NTB with those for various adsorbents revealed that this adsorbent had a high sorption capacity for the removal of NH+4 ions. The results obtained from an application of the D-R isotherm showed that the sorption of NH+4 ions onto NTB was a physical process.

Thermodynamic parameters such as the free energy change (ΔG0), enthalpy change (ΔH0) and entropy change (AS0) were also calculated to establish the thermodynamic adsorption behaviour of NH+4 ions onto NTB. These parameters indicated that the sorption of NH+4 ions by NTB was spontaneous, exothermic in nature and involved weak interactions between the NH+4 ions and negative charges on the NTB surface.

On the basis of these results, it was concluded that NTB has a significant potential for reducing the concentration of NH+4 ions in wastewater and agricultural residues by sorption without destroying the physical and ecological properties of the environment.
Adsorption of Oleic Acid on Silica Gel Derived from Rice Ash Hulls: Experimental and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Atia Asem A. , El-Nahas Ahmed M. , Marie Asmaa M. , Mahdy Laila D. Al
Published: July 2007

Experimental and quantum chemical calculations have been used to study the adsorption of oleic acid on silica gel derived from rice ash hulls. Characterization of the gel showed that it had a BET specific surface area of 131.7 m2/g and a point of zero charge (pzc) at a pH value of 3. A maximum capacity of 0.70 mmol/g was obtained for the adsorption of oleic acid onto the gel at 301 K. The free energy of adsorption, ΔG0301 K, was determined as −23.1 kJ/mol. The interaction of propanoic and butanoic acids as models for oleic acid with bare, mono- and di-hydrated silanol has been investigated using B3LYP and CBS-QB3 levels of theory. The dihydrated silanol model gave a ΔG0301 K value of −24 kJ/mol at the CBS-QB3 level which is in perfect agreement with the experimental value quoted above.
Sorption and Separation of Sugars with Adsorbents Based on Reversible Chemical Interaction
Authors: Vente Johan A. , Bosch Hans , de Haan André B. , Bussmann Paul J.T.
Published: July 2007

The goal of this work was to enhance the selectivity of the separation of fructose or glucose from carbohydrate mixtures with adsorbents capable of reversible reaction. The experimental data presented demonstrate the feasibility of separating glucose from trans-galacto-oligosaccharides and fructose from fructo-oligosaccharides using resins as adsorbents. Comparison of the sorption properties of a resin functionalised with the bisulphite (HSO−3) ion with its original chloride (Cl−) form showed that the sorption of glucose increased due to interaction with the bisulphite group. In addition, functionalisation with bisulphite resulted in selectivity towards glucose relative to fructose and lactose. Moreover, chromatographic separation of glucose from trans-galacto-oligosaccharides on a bisulphite-loaded resin was improved compared to the same resin in the chloride form. However, the bisulphite unfortunately oxidised.

Boronic acid-functionalised resin was selective towards fructose at pH 6.0 compared to glucose, indicating complex formation between fructose and boronic acid. Although complex formation with boronate has been assumed to be even stronger than with boronic acid, increasing the pH to a value above the pKa of the functional group did not improve fructose sorption. Chromatographic separation of fructose from fructo-oligosaccharides was obtained on boronic acid-functionalised resin as a result of complex formation with fructose.

These results show that reversible chemical reactions can lead to an improvement in the performance of adsorbents for sugar separations.
Effects of Ionic Strength on the Uptake of Taurine and Glycine onto a Strongly Basic Anion-Exchange Resin
Authors: Song Feng , Li Zhong , Xia Qibin , Xi Hongxia , Zhao Zhenxia
Published: July 2007

The effect of ionic strength on the competitive ion-exchange equilibria of taurine and glycine on the strong basic anion-exchange resin D290 has been studied. The adsorption isotherms of taurine and glycine onto D290 were measured and the distribution coefficients of taurine relative to glycine on the resin were calculated at different ionic strengths. The breakthrough curves and the elution peak profiles of taurine and glycine onto a fixed bed packed with D290 were determined. The effects of ionic strength on the breakthrough times of solutes through the fixed bed and the resolution of the taurine and glycine elution curves were discussed.

The results obtained show that the amount of taurine taken up by the D290 resin was higher than that of glycine, and that the selectivity of D290 for taurine was larger than that for glycine. The higher the ionic strength of the solution, the lower the amount of taurine or glycine taken up by D290. With increasing solution ionic strength, the magnitude of the distribution coefficient of taurine relative to that of glycine decreased, as did the breakthrough times for glycine and taurine and the resolution of their elution curves.
Experimental Investigation of Drying Shrinkage and Creep of Concrete Using Fibre-Optic Sensors
Authors: Wong Allan C. L. , Childs Paul A. , Terry William , Gowripalan Nadarajah , Peng Gang-Ding
Published: July 2007

Drying shrinkage and creep are two of the most important time-dependent properties of concrete, and the health monitoring of any large-scale concrete structure is practically the monitoring of the combined effects of these two physical properties. We present a fibre-optic sensing technique using fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for the experimental investigation of drying shrinkage and creep of structural grade (40 MPa) concrete. It offers many advantages over the conventional electrical and mechanical methods for both structural health monitoring and standard tests of the mechanical properties. The FBG sensors are directly embedded into concrete specimens and the data are obtained by an optical measurement system. Standard mechanical method, as specified by the Australian Standards, is also used for comparison. Good agreements between the two methods are achieved for both drying shrinkage and creep. The long-term behaviours are predicted from the experimental data, and the accuracies of prediction are discussed. This optical technique can yield a strain resolution of better than 3 μɛ.
Acceptance of Helmet Use among National Collegiate Athletic Association Pole-Vaulting Coaches
Authors: Turbeville Sean D. , Cowan Linda D. , Pasque Charles B. , Williams Tom
Published: July 2007

In 2002, two high school athletes and one college athlete died as a result of head injuries sustained while pole-vaulting. In order to determine the opinions and practices of collegiate coaches on a variety of issues concerning polevaulters, including the use of helmets, an anonymous, web-based survey concerning pole-vaulting was sent to a stratified random sample of 50% of Division I, II, and III NCAA track and field coaches. Information collected from coaches included demographic data, coaching experience, coaching techniques, pole-vaulting equipment, and injury/safety information. One hundred and thirty-one (56%) completed surveys were returned from the estimated 233 schools with active pole-vaulting programs. None of the respondent coaches required vaulters to wear helmets during practice, although 59% (95% CI = 50% to 69%) would do so if helmets were designed specifically for pole-vaulting. Results from this survey of NCAA coaches suggest a general acceptance of the idea of helmet use, especially if helmets were to be designed specifically for pole-vaulting and if the practice of helmet use was initiated at the pre-college level. The lack of evidence demonstrating an improvement in safety was one of the most common reasons given for opposing the idea of helmet use
The Effect of Mid-Season Coach Turnover on Team Performance: The Case of the National Hockey League (1989–2003)
Authors: White Philip , Persad Sheldon , Gee Chris J.
Published: July 2007

This study investigated the effects of 15 mid-season coaching turnovers on team performance in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1989 to 2003. Team performance was tracked for one full season before the turnover (T1), the season of transition before and after the turnover (T2 and T3 respectively) and one full season following the year of transition (T4). Overall team performance improved from .35 at T2 to .45 at T3 of available points earned. Furthermore, team performance continued to improve to 51 at T4. When coaching experience was considered, results showed that incoming coaches had less experience as an NHL head coach than their replaced counterparts. The current findings suggest that mid-season coach turnover does lead to improved team performance in the short-term and at least the full season following the turnover. Results also show that team performance improved despite the fact that inexperienced coaches replaced experienced coaches.
Factors That Influence Coaches' Use of Sound Coaching Practices
Authors: Rodgers Wendy , Reade Ian , Hall Craig
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this research report is to explore factors that may influence whether coaches adopt desired behaviours. This research was conducted with a census survey of Canadian coaches who had completed all or part of their National Coaching Certification Program Competition-Introduction coach education. The results indicate that several factors may influence desired coaching behaviour. The factors include competitive experience as an athlete, hours of coaching per week, and whether the coaches are coaching individual or team sports. The results provide empirical evidence that factors beyond coach education probably influence whether coaches actually engage in sound coaching practice
Pre-Competition Anxiety and In-Competition Coping in Experienced Male Swimmers
Authors: Hatzigeorgiadis Antonis , Chroni Stiliani
Published: July 2007

The purpose of the present study was to explore relationships between pre-competition anxiety and in-competition coping in swimmers. Thirty nine male swimmers with international competitive experience participated in the study (mean age 19.72 years; mean competitive experience 9.36 years). Participants completed a short measure of anxiety intensity and direction before the start of their event and a coping questionnaire after the completion of their event. Correlation analysis showed that intensity of cognitive anxiety had low to moderate negative correlations with approach coping strategies, and low to moderate positive relationships with avoidance coping strategies. Furthermore, somatic anxiety intensity had low to moderate positive relationships with avoidance strategies. Finally analysis of variance revealed that swimmers perceiving their anxiety states as facilitative reported more approach and less avoidance coping strategies than swimmers perceiving their anxiety states as debilitative. In accordance with previous evidence from the sport anxiety literature the results suggest that facilitative perceptions of anxiety symptoms relate to more adaptive cognitive and behavioural outcomes. Coaches should therefore place emphasis on not only the regulation of anxiety intensity, but also the way swimmers perceive anxiety symptoms
Athletes' Preferences for Informational and Emotional Pre-Game Speech Content
Authors: Vargas-Tonsing Tiffanye M. , Guan Jianmin
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study is threefold: 1) to explore athletes' preferences for informational and emotional content within pre-game speeches according to types of sporting situations, 2) to explore coaches' and athletes' perceptions of preferred informational and emotional content within pre-game speeches, and 3) to explore potential gender differences Participants were 208 collegiate varsity athletes (121 male, 87 female) Athletes and coaches completed measures assessing preferences for pre-game speech content and demographic variables. Results indicated that athletes preferred differing amounts of information and emotion according to the situation and athletes' and coaches' perceptions of needed emotion within pre-game speeches differed as well. Gender differences were also found; female athletes placed higher values on the amount of information than did their male counterparts. No gender differences were found on the amount of emotional content.
Automatic Detection of Shared Fragments in Large Collections of Web Pages and its Applications
Authors: Gu Zhimin , Ma Junchang
Published: July 2007

To reduce network-related delays in serving dynamic web pages, various approaches have been proposed. However, one of the common fundamental problems encountered in some representatives of them is how to automatically find shared fragments in large numbers of web pages. Besides, this problem is also encountered in studies of web content characteristics at fragment granularity. This paper gives a formal definition of the problem, presents an efficient and scalable algorithm for it, and introduces the applications of the algorithm. In the problem definition, we introduce the notion of compound fragment, and our definition of maximal shared fragment captures the real characteristics of fragments that are appropriate for delivery and caching individually. Our algorithm has two unique features: (1) it is able to find real maximal shared fragments (2) it is able to effectively handle large collections of web pages by utilizing database techniques. The algorithm has been implemented and applied to 16 large sets of web pages. The experiments show that the algorithm can effectively handle large numbers of web pages, and can provide significant bandwidth saving and latency reduction when used in fragment-based web caching.
Optimizing Service Data Transmission in an OGSA Based Grid System
Authors: Cheng Zhili , Du Zhihui , Chen Yinong , Zhu Suihui , Wang Man
Published: July 2007

The problem of providing suitable data transmission mechanism among services is critical in an Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) based grid system. Four typical data transmission methods between two services are provided first. Then for one complex data transmission patterns among multiple services, the corresponding data transmission scheduling mechanism is discussed in detail. Based on the steps of one data transmission path between two services, a data transmission performance prediction model is described. Together with some implementation and environment dependent parameters, the model can provide different performance prediction functions for different data transmission methods. At the same time, a set of comparison experiments have been designed and tested in a grid environment built up with Globus Toolkit 3. The comparison results show that the theoretical data transmission performance is very close to the experimental performance. At the end of the paper, a grid data transmission optimizing MetaService is designed to select suitable transmission mechanism in a grid environment dynamically. The MetaService can adapt to different scenarios, and improve the data transmission performance.
A Survey of Parallel Algorithms for Fractal Image Compression
Authors: Liu Dan , Jimack Peter K.
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a short survey of the key research work that has been undertaken in the application of parallel algorithms for Fractal image compression. The interest in fractal image compression techniques stems from their ability to achieve high compression ratios whilst maintaining a very high quality in the reconstructed image. The main drawback of this compression method is the very high computational cost that is associated with the encoding phase. Consequently, there has been significant interest in exploiting parallel computing architectures in order to speed up this phase, whilst still maintaining the advantageous features of the approach. This paper presents a brief introduction to fractal image compression, including the iterated function system theory upon which it is based, and then a review on the different techniques that have been, and can be, applied in order to parallelize the compression algorithm.
Generalized AOR Algorithms for Linear Complementarity Problem
Authors: Yuan Dongjin , Zhang Hui
Published: July 2007

In this paper, we propose a class of generalized accelerated overrelaxation (GAOR) methods, in which one special case reduces to the generalized successive overrelaxation(GSOR) methods, for solving a linear complementarity problem LCP( M, q). Sufficient conditions for convergence of the GAOR and GSOR methods are presented for cases when the system matrix M is an H–matrix, M–matrix and a strictly or irreducible diagonally dominant matrix. Moreover, when M is an L–matrix, we examine the monotone convergence of the new methods. Finally a numerical example is used to validate the results proved in this paper.
An Algorithm for Interpolation over Nominal Values Where a Distance Metric is Defined
Authors: Knight Brian , Woon Fei Ling , Petridis Miltos
Published: July 2007

In this paper we propose a generalisation of the k-nearest neighbour retrieval method that allows for the specification of a distance metric in the solution space. It is an interpolative method which is proposed to be effective for sparse case bases. The method relies on the definition of an error function in terms of distance metrics in the solution and problem space. The retrieved solution is taken to minimise this error function. The method applies equally to nominal, continuous and mixed domains, and does not depend upon an embedding n-dimensional space. In continuous Euclidean problem domains, the method is shown to be a generalisation of Shepard's Interpolation method. We refer the retrieval algorithm to as the Generalised Shepard Nearest Neighbour (GSNN) method. A novel aspect of GSNN is that it provides a general method for interpolation over nominal solution domains. The performance of the retrieval method is examined with reference to the irises classification problem, and to a simulated sparse nominal value test problem. The introduction of a metric over the iris classes is shown to give an improved classification performance for sparse case bases. The algorithm is also shown to out-perform conventional nearest neighbour methods on a simulated sparse problem.
Performance and Low Power Driven Floorplanning
Authors: Xu Ning , Jiang Zhoughua , Huang Feng
Published: July 2007

In this paper, a floorplanning methodology aimed at low power design is presented. The fuzzy technique and the simulated annealing algorithm are employed aiming at low power dissipation and high performance. Due to the imprecise nature of design information at the floorplanning stage, the various objectives are expressed in a fuzzy domain. The search is made on a vector of fuzzy goals. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using selected MCNC benchmark circuits. The results obtained using the proposed algorithm are compared to those obtained using other methods.
Pseudofracture of the neck of femur secondary to osteomalacia
Authors: Lee C. , Lashari S.
Published: August 2007

Nutritional osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disorder common among the Asian female immigrant population in the United Kingdom. We describe the case of a female of Asian origin, who was found to have a unilateral undisplaced pseudofracture of the neck of the femur during pregnancy. Although not operated on the fracture was treated successfully with calcium and vitamin D supplement therapy. Within one month of treatment, the bone pain subsided and she was able to bear full weight. Subsequent radiological follow-up showed the pseudofracture to have healed sufficiently with no evidence of avascular necrosis.

There should be a high index of suspicion of this disease, particularly among Asian patients presenting with persistent and non-specific musculoskeletal pain.
The role of pain and function in determining patient satisfaction after total knee replacement
Authors: Baker P. N. , van der Meulen J. H. , Lewsey J. , Gregg P. J.
Published: August 2007

A postal questionnaire was sent to 10 000 patients more than one year after their total knee replacement (TKR). They were assessed using the Oxford knee score and were asked whether they were satisfied, unsure or unsatisfied with their TKR. The response rate was 87.4% (8231 of 9417 eligible questionnaires) and a total of 81.8% (6625 of 8095) of patients were satisfied. Multivariable regression modelling showed that patients with higher scores relating to the pain and function elements of the Oxford knee score had a lower level of satisfaction (p < 0.001), and that ongoing pain was a stronger predictor of this. Female gender and a primary diagnosis of osteoarthritis were found to be predictors of lower levels of patient satisfaction. Differences in the rate of satisfaction were also observed in relation to age, the American Society of Anesthesiologists grade and the type of prosthesis.

This study has provided data on the Oxford knee score and the expected levels of satisfaction at one year after TKR. The results should act as a benchmark of practice in the United Kingdom and provide a baseline for peer comparison between institutions.
The pathology of frozen shoulder
Authors: Hand G. C. R. , Athanasou N. A. , Matthews T. , Carr A. J.
Published: August 2007

We treated 22 patients with a diagnosis of primary frozen shoulder resistant to conservative treatment by manipulation under anaesthetic and arthroscopic release of the rotator interval, at a mean time from onset of 15 months (3 to 36). Biopsies were taken from this site and histological and immunocytochemical analysis was performed to identify the types of cell present. The tissue was characterised by the presence of fibroblasts, proliferating fibroblasts and chronic inflammatory cells. The infiltrate of chronic inflammatory cells was predominantly made up of mast cells, with T cells, B cells and macrophages also present.

The pathology of frozen shoulder includes a chronic inflammatory response with fibroblastic proliferation which may be immunomodulated.
NICE work
Authors: Atkins R. M.
Published: August 2007

This editorial examines the influence of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) on the conduct of orthopaedic surgery. It proffers criticism and suggests ways of improvement.
Chemical upgrading of sedimentary Na-chabazite from Bowie, Arizona
Authors: Kuznicki Steven M. , Lin Christopher C. H. , Bian Junjie , Anson Alejandro
Published: July 2007

Natural zeolites may represent one of the greatest under-utilized resources of the mineral world. Even with their unique character and properties, issues of consistency, homogeneity and purity preclude them from many premium applications. We report a simple method to upgrade mineral sedimentary Na-chabazite from the well known Bowie, Arizona, deposit to near synthetic purity and consistency. During this alkaline-silicate digestion process, initially soft chabazite ore granules gain substantial mechanical strength. This may allow direct employment in adsorption and purification processes without the need for binding and forming. These granules manifest significantly improved adsorption properties, including enhanced water and CO2 adsorptivity.
Inheritance vs. neoformation of kaolinite during lateritic soil formation: A case study in the middle Amazon basin
Authors: Balan Etienne , Fritsch Emmanuel , Allard Thierry , Calas Georges
Published: July 2007

The tropical weathering of sedimentary kaolin deposits from the plateaux surrounding Manaus (Alter do Chao formation, Amazon basin, Brazil) leads to the in situ formation of thick kaolinitic soils. The structural changes of kaolinite have been investigated quantitatively by infrared spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance. Both techniques consistently show that each sample contains two types of kaolinite in various proportions. The progressive decrease in kaolinite order from the bottom to the top of the profile results from the gradual replacement of an old population of well-ordered kaolinite, typical of the underlying sedimentary kaolin, by a more recent generation of poorly ordered soil kaolinite. The vertical pattern of kaolinite replacement differs from that of the transformation of Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides previously observed in the same profile. The inherited fraction of well-ordered kaolinite ranges from 60% at a depth of 9 m to 30% in the upper levels of the soil. The persistence of sedimentary kaolinite in the upper horizons suggests that the rate of kaolinite transformation is relatively slow at the time scale of lateritic soil formation. Kaolinite inheritance unlocks the lateritic record of past weathering conditions.
Formation and transformation of mixed-layer minerals by tertiary intrusives in cretaceous mudstones, West Greenland
Authors: Drits Victor A. , Lindgreen Holger , Sakharov Boris A. , Jakobsen Hans Jørgen , Fallick Anthony E. , Salyn Alfred L. , Dainyak Lidia G. , Zviagina Bella B. , Barfod Dan N.
Published: July 2007

In the Nuussuaq Basin, West Greenland, a thick succession of Tertiary dolerites has penetrated Upper Cretaceous mudstone. The mixed-layer minerals of mudstone core samples have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, solid-state 29Si and 27A1 magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, Mössbauer and infrared spectroscopies, thermal analysis, chemical analysis, stable isotopes (18O/16O), and K/Ar dating. The mixed-layer minerals include for each sample two mixed-layer phases consisting of pyrophyllite, margarite, paragonite, tobelite, illite, smectite and vermiculite layers. The main, 80 m thick intrusion resulted in the formation of pyrophyllite, margarite, paragonite and tobelite layers. However, the tobelite layers are absent in samples <21 m from this intrusion. Furthermore, chlorite was formed and kaolinite destroyed in samples adjacent to minor intrusions and at distances <60 m from the large intrusion. For the first time, the detailed, complex mixed-layer structures formed during contact metamorphism of kaolinitic, oil-forming mudstones have been investigated accurately. The formation of tobelite layers reveals that oil formation has taken place during contact metamorphism. Furthermore, K/Ar dating of mixed-layer minerals from shale indicates that the intrusives are of early Eocene age. The 80 m thick intrusive is responsible for the main mixed-layer transformations, whereas two thin (3 m and 0.5 m thick) intrusions contribute little. Thus, the detailed mixed-layer investigation has contributed significantly to the understanding of the regional geology and the contact metamorphic processes.
Deformation-promoted defects and retrograde chloritization of biotite in slates from a shear zone, Southern Iberian Massif, SE Spain
Authors: Jiménez-Millán Juan , Vázquez Mercedes , Velilla Nicolás
Published: July 2007

Naturally deformed biotite in contact-metamorphosed slates affected by a shear zone of the Southern Iberian Massif near Jaén (SE Spain) were studied by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and high-resolution transmission and analytical electron microscopy. Biotite is found in the contact metamorphism aureole produced by the intrusion of a granodioritic stock, but shear strain caused its deformation. The southern part of the shear band is strongly deformed, containing thick clay gouge zones. The northern part is less deformed and develops weaker planar-linear fabrics. X-ray diffraction data reveal the predominance of the 2M1 biotite in the undeformed samples whereas the 1M polytype is predominant in the sheared samples. Chemical data and electron images of the biotite from unsheared slates do not show the presence of intercalated phases. This biotite is almost defect-free and electron diffraction patterns have sharp reflections indicating a two-layer polytype (probably 2M1). Back-scattered electron images from the deformed biotite in the moderate deformation part of the shear zone do not reveal intergrown minerals, but the electron microprobe analyses show some Fe- and Mg-enriched compositions. Transmission electron microscopy indicates that disordered polytype packets are predominant (probably 1Md). Their electron diffraction patterns have diffuse streaking along c*. These packets have high dislocation densities, microcavities with ∼5 Å latticefringe regions (probably brucite-like sheets) and interlayering of chlorite-berthierine. Kaolinized biotite can be observed in the clay gouges from the strongly deformed south part of the shear zone. The degree of streaking, as an indication of the intensity of deformation, revealed that the disordered polytype packets are more deformed than the two-layer polytype packets. The microcavities of the disordered polytype packets could act as potential channels for transport of fluids during the shearing stage and serve as sites for chloritization of biotite, producing chlorite-berthierine domains within biotite. Berthierine is an intermediate metastable phase replaced by chlorite with along-layer transitions.
Alteration of spodumene to cookeite and its pressure and temperature stability conditions in Li-bearing aplite-pegmatites from northern Portugal
Authors: Bobos Iuliu , Vieillard Philippe , Charoy Bernard , Noronha Fernando
Published: July 2007

The alteration of spodumene to cookeite has been identified in a Li-bearing aplite-pegmatite from northern Portugal. Optical microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) were used to characterize the alteration products in both cookeite + quartz and cookeite + kaolinite ± mica assemblages. Mutual relationships between the minerals were assessed using back-scattered electron imaging. The first assemblage occurs along the cleavage planes of spodumene, whereas the second forms as the result of spodumene breakdown. Fine mica grains surrounded the cookeite aggregates in the second assemblage only. Precipitations of cookeite and quartz in open pore spaces and parallel packets of cookeite and kaolinite were identified by TEM. Selected area electron diffraction carried out on cookeite identified a layer-stacking sequence from highly disordered to one-layer order-disorder with a lesser participation of two-layer polytypes. The thickness of one-layer cookeite packets averaged ∼85 −100 nm. Disordered cookeite has a mean thickness of 450 nm. The chemistry of cookeite was analyzed by both electron and ionmicroprobe techniques. The structural formula of cookeite from the first assemblage corresponds to: Al2.0(Si3.23Al0.766)O10(OH)2(Al1.80Li1.166Mg0.004Fe0.09)(OH)6. Two distinct compositional varieties were found: one corresponding to ideal cookeite, whereas the second belongs to the cookeite-donbassite join.

The thermodynamic stability field for the observed minerals was calculated using the SUPCRT® programme. Two distinct stages of cookeite crystallization are discussed. The lower pressure and temperature stability of the reaction of spodumene to cookeite + quartz were estimated at ∼2.4 kbar and 240°C. The cookeite + kaolinite ± mica assemblage is still in equilibrium with quartz at ∼2.2 kbar and 220°C. The lower limit for the stability of cookeite was found at 205°C and 2 kbar.
Water retention of two natural compacted bentonites
Authors: Villar M. V.
Published: July 2007

This work presents the water retention curves obtained for two natural bentonites compacted at different dry densities. The density of the bentonite was kept constant during the determination, for which specific methodologies were developed. The materials tested are the FEBEX and the MX-80 bentonites, in the first of which divalent cations (Ca and Mg) predominate in the exchange complex; MX-80 is mainly sodic. The water retention capacity of the FEBEX bentonite is greater, although the difference between both bentonites becomes smaller towards low suctions. The effect of dry density on the water retention curve is very small or imperceptible for suctions >10 MPa, and below this value the lower the density of the bentonite, the greater its water content. The basal spacing of the samples equilibrated at different suctions has been measured and found to be in the order of those measured by other authors in powder samples equilibrated to the same suctions. The study was performed in the framework of projects concerning the engineered bentonite barrier of high-level radioactive waste repositories.
Fougerite, a new mineral of the pyroaurite-iowaite group: Description and crystal structure
Authors: Trolard Fabienne , Bourrié Guilhem , Abdelmoula Mustapha , Refait Philippe , Feder Frédéric
Published: July 2007

Fougerite (IMA 2003-057) is a mixed M(II)-M(III) hydroxysalt of the green rust group, where M(II) can be Fe or Mg, and M(III) is Fe. The general structural formula is: <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest">[Fe1−2+xFex3+Mgy(OH)2+2y]+x[x/nA−n.mH2O]−x where A is the interlayer anion and n its valency, with 1/4 ≼ x/(1+y) ≼ 1/3 and m ≼ (1−x+y). The structure of green rusts and parent minerals can accommodate a variety of anions, such as OH−, Cl−, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest">CO32−,SO42−${\rm{CO}}_3^{2 - },\;{\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$. The structure of the mineral was studied by Mössbauer, Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS) at the FeK edge. Mössbauer spectra of the mineral obtained at 78 K are best fitted with four doublets: D1 and D2 due to Fe2+ (isomer shift δ ≈ 1.27 and 1.25 mm s−1, quadrupole splitting ΔEQ ≈ 2.86 and 2.48 mm s−1, respectively) and D3 and D4 due to Fe3+ (δ ≈ 0.46 mm s−1, ΔEQ ≈ 0.48 and 0.97 mm s−1, respectively). Microprobe Raman spectra obtained with a laser at 514.53 nm show the characteristic bands of synthetic green rusts at 427 and 518 cm−1. X-ray absorption spectroscopy shows that Mg is present in the mineral in addition to Fe, that the space group is and the lattice parameter a ≈ 0.30–0.32 nm. The mineral forms by partial oxidation and hydrolysis of aqueous Fe2+, to give small crystals (400–500 nm) in the form of hexagonal plates. The mineral is unstable in air and transforms to lepidocrocite or goethite. The name is for the locality of the occurrence, a forested Gleysol near Fougères, Brittany, France. Its characteristic blue-green color (5BG6/1 in the Munsell system) has long been used as a universal criterion in soil classification to identify Gleysols. From a thermodynamic model of soil-solution equilibria, it was proposed that for the eponymous mineral, Fougères-fougerite, OH− may be the interlayer anion. In other environments, the interlayer anion may be different, and other varieties of fougerite may exist. Fougerite plays a key role in the pathways of formation of Fe oxides.
Freudian Slips in Plautus: Two Case Studies
Authors: Fontaine Michael
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the "Freudian" dimensions of two instances of psycholinguistic performance error in Plautus' comedies, viz., a slip of the tongue in Rudens 422 and a tip-of-the-tongue situation in Trinummus 906–22. In each case, I argue, the error serves as a vehicle for puns and ironic jokes. So understood, novel implications for interpretation, staging, and possible modes of delivery are suggested. An appendix discusses the text of Trinummus 915 and 922.
The Muses' Uncanny Lies: Hesiod, Theogony 27 and Its Translators
Authors: Heiden Bruce A
Published: July 2007

The words ψεύδεα . . . ἐτύμοισιν ὁμοια at Theogony 27 are almost always translated as "lies resembling truth." But in early Greek epic the sense of ὁμοιοζ was indefinite; it meant "equivalent with respect to a quality," with the quality regularly specified in the context. Rarely if ever was the equivalence a deceptive resemblance. Therefore in Theogony 27 the Muses' words mean "lies equivalent to truth." Since the nature of the equivalence is left unelaborated, the line poses a riddling paradox. In addressing Hesiod the Muses mysteriously claimed to tell only the truth, because even their lies were somehow equivalent to truth.
The Social Economy of Pliny's Correspondence with Trajan
Authors: Noreña Carlos F
Published: July 2007

Though the primary function of Pliny's correspondence with Trajan was the transaction of imperial business, these letters could also serve as vehicles for the self-representation and public image of both correspondents. What made these letters mutually beneficial to Pliny and Trajan is the impression that emerges from them, artfully constructed, of a personal friendship between senator and emperor. Because Pliny and Trajan both benefited from being seen to correspond with one another on intimate terms, their letters can be interpreted as symbolic exchanges in a system in which the demonstration of friendship could serve as an important bearer of social capital.
Feathers Flying: Avian Poetics in Hesiod, Pindar, and Callimachus
Authors: Steiner Deborah
Published: July 2007

This paper treats a topos found in Greek poetry from the archaic to the Hellenistic period, involving a confrontation between antagonistic and contrasting species of birds. Tracing the continuities and distinctions among the uses of the conceit in Hesiod, Pindar, and Callimachus, I argue that on each occasion it serves poets as a means of articulating their literary personae and the ethical, stylistic, and generic choices shaping their compositions. Not just a means of poetic polemic, self-definition, and self-positioning, the avian terms used within the conceit also come to figure in the literary critical vocabulary of the late fifth century and its redeployment in Hellenistic times.
Sherston's Imaginary Friend: Siegfried Sassoon's Autobiographical Prose and the Idea of Photography
Authors: Bruce Susan
Published: July 2007

In this essay, I take Siegfried Sassoon's prose works as exemplary of a construction of selfhood peculiar to what I call "narratives of hindsight": mid-twentieth-century narratives whose first person narrator is constructed out of two selves—an older self who writes, and a younger whose experience he or she relates—whose dual perspectives overlay and mediate each other, neither ever dominating or achieving authoritative veracity with respect to the other. I argue that this familiar (but historically specific) construction of selfhood-in-time is enabled by, and contingent upon, the rise of photography, whose advent ushers in new ways of relating to our pasts, and to our past selves. More generally, insofar as Sassoon is concerned, I illustrate broader ways in which his compulsive reiteration of his past is mediated through an imagination and a memory which is ineluctably photographic, and I try to show the ways in which his "autobiographies," both "real" and "fictionalized," are indebted, in general and in particular ways, to early photographic images.
Remembering Walter Benjamin: Benjamin and His Biographers
Authors: Greenberg Udi E
Published: July 2007

Having long ago emerged from years of obscurity, Walter Benjamin functions today as an icon not only among an academic audience, but also in many products of popular culture. Through the examination of three key biographies, this study traces the different meanings given to Benjamin's life from the 1970s until today.