bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Non-Enteric Bacterial Regrowth in the Water Supply Distribution Network from a Eutrophic Reservoir
Authors: Gibbs R. A. , Hayes C. R.
Published: May 2018

An area of a distribution network receiving organically rich treated water was studied for a period of one year to gain further understanding of the regrowth of bacteria in a water distribution network. These bacteria are considered to be harmless to man. Surveys additional to this study confirmed that enteroviruses and pathogenic bacteria (as defined by EC directives) were absent, consistent with the general absence of coliforms. Fixed points were sampled regularly for bacteriological analysis and for relevant physical and chemical parameters. Heterotrophic plate counts were carried out using standard methods and a study was conducted to test alternative techniques. It was found that bacterial regrowth occurred close to the treatment works and longer retention resulted in little increase in plate counts. Monochloramine residuals of 0.26mg/l or less did not prevent regrowth. The assimilable organic carbon concentration decreased through the distribution system and increased following booster chlorination. Plate counts showed a seasonal pattern peaking in the spring and autumn and decreasing in the summer and winter. The predominant genera of bacteria were Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes and Aeromonas with maximum counts of 17,000, 23,000 and 1,700 CFU/ml respectively. Heterotrophic plate counts using the R2A medium, spread plate method and 7 day incubation period were on average 190 times greater than counts using the UK standard method. The increase in count gained by using the alternative method was greatest at the sampling points furthest from the treatment works.
The Survival of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Water, Sewage and Sea Water
Authors: Slade J. S. , Pike E. B. , Eglin R. P. , Colbourne J. S. , Kurtz J. B.
Published: May 2018

Drinking water treatment serves as an effective barrier against the transmission by water of enteric viruses. Current practices achieve a standard of less than 1 culturable enterovirus per 1,000 litres of treated water. The likely susceptibilty of HIV to water treatment processes has been assessed in the laboratory by comparing its resistance to environmental stress with that of poliovirus 2 for which quantitative information already exists.

HIV cultured in a human T-cell line was added to samples of dechlorinated drinking water, settled raw sewage, and sea water. These were incubated at 16°C and sampled over 11 days. HIV was detected by serial dilution and subculture followed by fluorescent antibody tests for infected cells and by enzyme immune assay for p24 antigen. The survival of herpes simplex virus and poliovirus type 2 was assayed in parallel.

The mean times required for a ten-fold decline in HIV concentration were calculated to be 1.8 days in tap water, 2.9 days in sewage, 1.6 days in sea water and 1.3 days in tissue culture fluid controls. A 10-fold decline of poliovirus 2 occurred after 23–30 days in sewage, sea water and tissue culture fluid but in tap water there was no significant decline over 30 days. Herpes simplex was the most sensitive virus requiring only 1.4 days to decline by a factor of ten in sewage. Controls in tissue culture fluid showed no significant change within 7 days.

These tests suggest that although HIV was more robust than herpes simplex virus when associated with the organic matter found in sewage, it was more sensitive than poliovirus, an enterovirus widely used as an indicator of the efficiency of water treatment processes. This susceptibility makes it extremely unlikely that HIV poses any threat to disinfected water supplies.
Aerosolized Enteric Bacteria and Viruses Generated by Spray Irrigation of Wastewater*
Authors: Shuval Hillel I. , Guttman-Bass Naomi , Applebaum Juri , Fattal Badri
Published: May 2018

Field investigations on the dispersion of aerosolized enteric bacteria and viruses generated by wastewater sprinkler irrigation were carried out at agricultural communities in Israel. One hundred and fifty-four air samples were taken in the vicinity of wastewater irrigated fields by two different methods: 1. Anderson multistage impactor air samplers and 2. High Volume Cyclone Scrubbers (HVCS).

All night samples at 730 m. were positive for bacterial indicator organisms. 10% of the air samples by HVCS were presumptively positive for enteric viruses including 3 out of 24 samples taken at 730 m. downwind from the wastewater sprinkler fields. In 31% of the virus positive samples, none of the three bacterial indicators were detected. These findings suggest that aerosolized enteric viruses are more resistant to hostile environmental factors than the airborne bacterial indicator organisms.

* This study was supported by a grant from the USEPA (CR 80-6416, Project officers: Mr. Walter Jakubowsky and Dr. Elmer Akin). It has not been subject to the Agency's peer and policy review and thus does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred.
Development and Operational Implementation of a Modified and Simplified Method for Determination of Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) in Drinking Water
Authors: Kemmy F. A. , Fry J. C. , Breach R. A.
Published: May 2018

The concept of using a bioassay technique to measure the proportion of dissolved organic carbon in drinking water that is readily assimilable by micro-organisms (AOC), was first introduced by Van der Kooij. The approach has subsequently been adapted by a number of research laboratories, but in general the methods used have been relatively expensive in equipment, materials and/or time. We report here the development of a modified and simplified assay procedure for AOC. The method is based on incubation of the sterilised water sample with a defined mixed inoculum comprising 4 characterised bacterial species. At the end of a 6 day incubation period the amount of AOC present is directly related to the bacterial growth yield measured by a simple plate count. It is not necessary to determine growth curves for every sample, nor is it essential to calibrate each time the assay is used. The method has been shown to give a linear response for mixed organic substrates between 0 and 1 × 106 µgC/l. We report on preliminary investigations into the AOC content of a range of different drinking waters both at treatment works and within distribution systems.
RNA Coliphage Qβ as a Bioindicator of the Ultraviolet Disinfection Efficiency
Authors: Kamiko Naoyuki , Ohgaki Shinichiro
Published: May 2018

F-specific RNA coliphage Qβ was used for evaluating the factors (UV absorbents and suspended solids) affecting UV disinfection efficiency. Qβ was an adequate bioindicator for measuring actual UV intensity profiles because of its high consistency and reproducibility. The effect of suspended solids (kaolin and activated sludge) on UV disinfection efficiency depended on the UV reflection characteristics of suspended solids.
The Amount of Heavy Metals Derived from Domestic Wastewater
Authors: Moriyama Kiyoshi , Mori Tadahiro , Arayashiki Hidetoshi , Saito Hiroshi , Chino Mituo
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this research is the estimation of the amount of heavy metals discharged to domestic wastewater from our daily life.
Fungal Purification of an Industrial Effluent Containing Volatile Fatty Acids by Means of a Crossflow-Microscreen Technique
Authors: Kühn A. L. , Pretorius W. A.
Published: May 2018

An industrial effluent containing C2 to C5 monocarboxylic acids was successfully treated by the fungus Geotrichum candidum using the selective mechanism of the crossflow-microscreen method. Due to the cell separating capacity of the microscreen the system could be operated as a cell recycle reactor with the hydraulic residence time (θ) independent of the mean cell residence time (θx). At θ = 1.25 h and θx = 7.5 h, 89.5% COD reduction was obtained. The excess biomass could be harvested by simple screening and contained a crude protein content of 50.2%, which may be used as a feed supplement.

The growth kinetic values obtained for a monoculture of G. candidum grown on the industrial effluenf were as follows: µmax = 0.26 h−1, Y = 0.38 g cells g−1 COD, Ks = 201 mg COD ℓ−1, kd = .009 h−1, indicating the potential use of this micro-organism for the treatment of several industrial effluents.
Carbon Flow Patterns in Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Accumulating Activated Sludge Cultures
Authors: Bordacs K. , Chiesa S. C.
Published: May 2018

Intracellular carbon flow in enhanced biological phosphorus accumulating cultures was tracked by using radiolabelled glucose and acetate as substrates. Batch studies using the labelled substrates verified that acetate and glucose were metabolized differently and acetate would be a more effective source of organic material for carbon supplementation. The use of acetate ensures that the greatest percentage of added carbon will be sequestered by phosphorus accumulating species. Carbon flow was also evaluated in bench-scale SBR system by wet chemistry methods to correlate the findings of the batch studies with that of the long-term carbon profiles.
HIGH-pH Coagulation-Adsorption: A New Technology for Water Treatment and Reuse
Authors: Dziubek A. M. , Kowal A. L.
Published: May 2018

A novel high-pH water treatment technology with processed dolomite as coagulant is proposed. The technology has been developed on the basis of laboratory-scale experiments with model solutions and a variety of natural water samples. Treatment effects are assessed in terms of colour, turbidity, TOC and COD removal. The technology is successful when applied to the treatment of surface water, irrespective of the influent concentration of pollutants. The effluent is clear and colourless, displaying a high removal of organic matter and heavy metals, as well as a partial inactivation of viruses and bacteria. Following a single-stage recarbonation process, water treated via this technology exerts no corrosive action. The optimum dolomite coagulant dose depends exclusively on the influent alkalinity, provided that turbidity level and colour concentration are moderately high. The optimum pH for the treatment process approaches 10.5. The technology proposed is an advantageous combination of three unit processes: decarbonation, coagulation and adsorption.
The Relationship between Water-Related Disease and Water Quality with Particular Reference to Urban Water Supply in a Developing Country
Authors: Lloyd B. J. , Wheeler D. C. , Pardon M.
Published: May 2018

The problems of urban water supply and water related disease in the Americas are examined in the context of population growth and geographical features. The debate concerning the transmission of potentially water-borne pathogens is discussed. The factors affecting the quality of water supply services in a large metropolitan area (Lima) are described and the epidemiological characteristics of water-related disease summarised and compared with data from Africa (Lesotho).

A water quality additive index is proposed in order to identify the level of risk for each metropolitan district. This incorporates the presence of faecal coliforms and the absence of chlorine residual. A water-related disease product index (DPI) is also proposed which incorporates the incidence of typhoid, hepatitis and diarrhoea. The indices were matched for all districts, where adequate data were available, and a strong correlation was noted. The water quality index was divided into categories (A,B,C) and it was observed that these were generally dependent upon the water supply service levels. It is concluded that disinfection control is grossly deficient in most developing countries but essential for the control of water-borne disease.
The Influence of Raw Wastewater Biomass on Activated Sludge Oxygen Respiration Rates and Denitrification Rates
Authors: Henze Mogens
Published: May 2018

Experiments with 3 activated sludge processes have been made. They were fed with 3 different types of wastewater: raw wastewater, centrifuged wastewater and raw wastewater with extra suspended solids added. All 3 processes were operated at identical loadings of 0.06 kg COD/kg VVS·d. The experiments demonstrated that the raw wastewater solids had considerable influence upon the oxygen and nitrate respiration rates observed in the activated sludge biomass. In the present case the oxygen respiration rates were reduced by the introduction of raw wastewater solids into the activated sludge process. The nitrate respiration rates, however, were increased by the raw wastewater solids. These effects could have influence upon the design of activated sludge processes for carbon and nitrogen removal, with respect to the use of primary settling.
Two Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Pollutant Transport in a Wet Detention Pond
Authors: Benelmouffok D. E. , Yu S. L.
Published: May 2018

A vertically averaged two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was developed to simulate water movements in a small shallow unstratified impoundment. The hydrodynamic model was then coupled with a two-dimensional pollutant transport model to calculate the mass fluxes of pollutant. The differential equations were numerically solved on a space staggered grid using a two-level time ADI integration scheme. The model was used to simulate the flow and pollutant transport and to assess the pollutant removal performance of an urban detention pond located in Charlottesville, VA. Results of the simulation were compared to field data taken at the site. The model was successfully utilized in simulating pollutant transport and trapping, making it useful in analyzing wet detention pond modification for urban pollution control.
Flow Over Side Weirs in Rectangular and Circular Channels
Authors: Uyumaz A.
Published: May 2018

Flow over side weirs in rectangular and circular channels is discussed. Numerical models are obtained from energy principles and are solved by a finite difference method. The results are presented in diagrammatic form for practical use. It is shown that rectangular channel side weir procedures cannot be used for obtaining approximate water surface profiles along the side weirs in circular channels.
The Bacillus subtilis/Microsome Rec-Assay for the Detection of DNA Damaging Substances Which may Occur in Chlorinated and Ozonated Waters
Authors: Matsui S. , Yamamoto R. , Yamada H.
Published: May 2018

The liquid Bacillus subtilis/microsome rec-assay method was applied to twenty chlorinated chemicals and fourteen aldehydes which may occur in chlorinated and ozonated waters. The results showed that substances could be classified into four categories: strongly DNA damaging, DNA damaging, not DNA damaging, and reverse. A new indicator, ‘rec-gram', was introduced to evaluate quantitatively the DNA damaging potential of substances. Bromoform, chloroform, dibromo-chloromethane, dichlorobromomethane, carbontetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, and six other chlorinated chemicals showed direct or indirect DNA damaging potential. Heptachlor, trans-chlordane, p,p'-DDT, and three other chemicals showed the reverse effect with or without S9 activation. Trichloroethylene and pentachlorophenol showed neither DNA damaging potential nor the reverse effect. Acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, formaldehyde, glyoxal, acrolein, acetylacetone, isophorone, and 3-methyl-2-butanone showed direct or indirect DNA damaging potential. Propionaldehyde, furfurol, and two other aldehydes showed the reverse effect with or without S9 activation. Carvone and n-valeraldehyde showed neither DNA damaging potential nor the reverse effect. On the rec-gram scale, hexachlorocyclopentadiene and hexachloropentadiene showed the strongest DNA damaging potential of the test substances. Seven chlorinated chemicals and aldehydes showed DNA damaging potential although they had been shown to be not mutagenic with the Ames system.
Sludge Liquefaction by Conversion to Fuels
Authors: Millot N. , Huyard A. , Faup G. M. , Michel J. P.
Published: May 2018

Wastewater treatment plants involve sludge production, which may pose some problems to users. These problems may be solved by conversion of sludge organic matter into high calorific value products. This technology not only eliminates sludge disposal problems but also generates fuel energy in the form of oil.

Our lab has developed a sludge liquefaction process at 200 to 300°C, at atmospheric pressure and using a solvent. The results obtained from batch and semi continuous experiments, using bitumen or various aromatic solvents are presented.

Under optimal liquefaction conditions, 40 to 60 % of the organic matter in the sludge is recovered corresponding to production of an incinerable oil with a GCV of 8500 kcal/kg.

An example of this sludge liquefaction process is envisaged for the daily treatment of 100 T of sludge.
Dilution and Transport Predictions for Ocean Outfalls
Authors: Roberts Philip J. W.
Published: May 2018

Dilution and transport predictions for an ocean outfall proposed for the Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro are summarized. The initial characteristics of the wastefield are predicted using the results of recent experiments on submerged wastefield characteristics in stratified flows. Using measured currents and stratifications, it is predicted that the proposed design will result in a wastefield which is always submerged, whose thickness varies from 8.5 to 23.1 m and whose dilution varies from about 200 to well over 2000. The wastefield will often stay near the ocean bottom. Far field transport due to currents is calculated and expressed in terms of spatial “visitation frequency,” the probability of the wastefield visiting any location. It is shown that no effluent reaches shore with a travel time less than 5.5 hours, and computations including oceanic diffusion and bacterial mortality suggest maximum shoreline coliform concentrations of 500 per 100 mℓ, and 98% of the time they will be less than this. For reasons discussed these estimates of shoreline bacteria are conservatively high, and much lower than computed by methods assuming steady onshore currents.
Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) Regulation as a Way to Optimize Aeration and C, N and P Removal: Experimental Basis and Various Full-Scale Examples
Authors: Charpentier J. , Godart H. , Martin G. , Mogno Y.
Published: May 2018

The control of aeration by measuring the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of activated sludge, conducted at the YFFINIAC (West of France) sewage plant in 1983, showed this type of regulation to be attractive in that it can optimize energy costs and perfect the removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous pollutants (CHARPENTIER et al, 1987). From a practical point of view, this new, inexpensive means of regulation has moreover proved easier to implement than the method based on measuring Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.).

Before implementingthis process, we undertoook a pilot study that enabled us to make more accurate the ORP values for activated sludge that must be observed in order to achieve the satisfactory removal of carbonaceous and nitrogen pollutants. Furthermore, the ORP readings revealed points of inflection that can be used for regulation purposes. These have been related to the disappearance either of the ammonia or the nitrates with release of phosphates.

The experience gained with 7 ORP regulating systems, most of them in operation now for several years, and installed in works with vastly different characteristics, shows that the range of ORP values used corresponds to the pilot-scale experiments. It also shows the attractive features of the ORP signal, compared with that of D.O., when used for the regulation and interpretation of the phenomena involved in the biological treatment. This type of regulation leads to improvements in the annual electricity balance, expressed in terms of kWh v. kg of treated BOD5, and has proved to be compatible with a programmed shutdown of the aerators during the winter peak hours when the tariff per kWh is particularly expensive. In conclusion, the diversity of experiments on site has largely contributed towards the definition of those practical methods upon which depends the success of the system.
Oxygen Transfer Efficiency Measurements Using Off-Gas Techniques
Authors: Boyle W. C. , Hellstrom B. G. , Ewing L.
Published: May 2018

The off-gas technique for measuring oxygen transfer efficiency in aeration tanks under process conditions was proposed as an accurate technique for calibrating or verifying on-line methods used to estimate oxygen uptake rates. The theoretical development of the off-gas technique was presented. Application of this technique in verifying or calibrating existing on-line methods for estimating oxygen uptake rate was presented. Direct application as an on-line method for estimating oxygen uptake rate was also discussed.
ICA – Evolution is Better than Revolution
Authors: Comley A. R.
Published: May 2018

This paper describes how the impact of I.C.A. can cause considerable difficulties to the unknowledgeable user. It is proposed that a programme of gradual evolution is devised to improve understanding and confidence in new technology.

Suggestions are given on developing expertise, the specification and selection of equipment, installation and commissioning and overcoming operational problems.
Preparation of Drinking Water from the Surface Water of the Danube–A Case Study
Authors: Hain Z. , Dalmacija B. , Mišković D. , Karlović E.
Published: May 2018

Investigations of the removal of organic micropollutants (9 groups, 55 compounds, according to the EPA classification) from the Danube surface water to produce drinking water were carried out by two procedures. In the first procedure, micropollutants were oxidized with chlorine and the residues removed by means of powder active carbon*(PAC). The second procedure involved microbiological oxidation on biologically active carbon**(BAC).It was found that the Danube water treatment with 15 mg/dm3 of chlorine in the presence of PAC (60–90 mg/dm3), followed by coagulation with 51.1 mg/dm3 Al2(SO4)3 and 2.5 mg/dm3 FeCl3 resulted in the removal of the majority of the micropollutants. Furthermore, the BAC system was more efficient than the system involving PAC in removing organic micropollutants, especially those belonging to the pesticides and polyaromatics groups. A general conclusion would be that the BAC system is advantageous in respect of the removal of both total organic load and some micropollutants.

* powdered activated carbon; ** biologically activated carbon
Fate and Transport of Petroleum in the Unsaturated Soil Zone under Biotic and Abiotic Conditions
Authors: Carberry J. B. , Lee S. H.
Published: May 2018

Two different types of soil were selected to observe the migration and/or degradation of petroleum contaminants. One soil sample was composed of fine clay and was contaminated by an electrical insulating oil. The other soil sample was a coarse soil contaminated by fuel oil number 2 and number 6. A portion of each was cultured in a minimal medium to generate large concentrations of indigenous microbes capable of degrading each petroleum contaminant. Four columns fabricated of plexiglass with five ports at 6 inch intervals were filled with the contaminated soil which had been air dried and autoclaved for sterilization. These columns simulated unsaturated soil in the vadose zone.

Two types of experiments were carried out during this research. In one type of experiment, the petroleum was added just once in order to simulate a petroleum spill. In the other type of experiment, petroleum was added to the column repeatedly at measured intervals in order to simulate a petroleum leak. To one of the two columns operated for each soil, the contaminating petroleum and water were added. To the second column operated for each soil, the contaminating petroleum, water, and cultured microbes were added. From these experiments, the biodegradability was observed to be affected by soil composition and conditions, concentrations of petroleum contaminants, and microbial concentrations. Better microbial degradation occurred in the fine soil for the simulated spill case than in the coarse soil. In this soil with low porosity, the microbes were confined to the top of the column and the petroleum concentration was low. In the simulated leak case, the biodegradation took place at a higher rate in the coarse soil than in the fine soil. Here, the high rate of advection distributed the microbes throughout the depth of the column and had a diluting effect on the high petroleum cumulative concentrations.

From these experiments, a mass balance of petroleum contamination could be determined at all time intervals at all column depths. The sterile column behavior exhibited only physical changes such as adsorption and evaporation and could be compared to results in columns of biotic conditions. These differences permitted the development of a computer model to simulate and predict physical and biological processes in fine and coarse soils.
Basic Study on TCEs Behavior in Subsurface Environment
Authors: Muraoka K. , Hirata T.
Published: May 2018

In order to clarify the aspects of initial stage of groundwater pollution due to organochlorines in the subsurface, some experiments on the movement of contaminants near the groundwater surface and solution process into groundwater were conducted. As one result, the oscillation of water level is assumed to support the solubility and the durability of contamination of groundwater. As the second subject of this work, the monitoring in a model region was pursued for the purpose of explaining the distribution of contamination. The method of soil gas analysis was then used to investigate the state of groundwater pollution.
Mineral Sand Mining and Its Effect on Groundwater Quality
Authors: Viswanathan M. N.
Published: May 2018

Tomago sandbeds (New South Wales, Australia) is a coastal unconfined aquifer, where mining of mineral sands, like Rutile, Zircon, Ilmenite etc., was in progress since 1972. Groundwater is also extracted from Tomago aquifer for urban water use. Groundwater iron levels vary from 0.1 mg/litre to about 10 mg/litre. Iron in excess of 0.3 mg/litre is removed by chemical treatment. Mining of mineral sands resulted in the substantial increase of iron levels. The level of increase itself being very site specific. Several processes were identified as being responsible for such increases. If water were to be extracted from the mined area, additional treatment would be required to remove excess iron.
Experimental Contamination of Vegetables with Helminth Eggs
Authors: Stien J. L. , Schwartzbrod J.
Published: May 2018

In countries with limited water resources, the agricultural use of treated wastewater represents an interesting alternative. A recently published international report (Engelberg report 1985) shows the importance of strict parasitological criteria for such reuse. In this study we have tested the survival of Ascaris eggs on different edible crops (lettuce, radishes, chives) and in different soils (clay, sand, silt) irrigated with water artificially contaminated. Leaves and roots from vegetables, surface and deep samples from soil were analyzed. In the soil the survival of Ascaris eggs is dependent on 2 factors : exposure to sunlight and soil type. Up to 20 days the Ascaris egg survival is significant,after which time it decreases quickly. In vegetable samples 10 days after the contamination by spraying no eggs are found on leaves of any crops. In roots samples after 10 days the Ascaris recovery is dependent on type of vegetables. These differences could be explained by different radicular system. After 45 days, the decrease is similar for all the crops. These results underline the importance of parasitological criteria for the agricultural wastewater reuse.
Control of Bulking Sludge in Agro-Industrial Treatment Plants
Authors: Rensink J. R. , Donker H J. G. W.
Published: May 2018

Bulking sludge has been studied on laboratory, pilot plant and large scale circumstances. Special attention has been paid to different kinds of agro-industrial waste waters and domestic sewage. It has been clearly shown that besides a deficiency of nutrients and oxygen, the feed pattern of the plant plays a very important role in the field of bulking sludge control. Different experiments have obviously demonstrated that a completely mixed activated sludge system leads much more to bulking sludge than a plug-flow system. Also a contact tank (selector ahead of the plant) is positive for depressing bulking sludge in completely mixed systems.
Pollution Control through Water Conservation and Wastewater Reuse in the Fish Processing Industry
Authors: Nair Chandran
Published: May 2018

The seafood processing industry is the major food processing industry in Thailand. It consumes large quantities of water and thereby generates huge volumes of wastewater of a polluting nature. A major tuna processing factory is presented as a case study to highlight the inter-related issues of excessive use of groundwater, the resultant deterioration in water quality and the economic consequences of this impact. To address these issues, the need to conserve water and reuse it is also examined in relation to the design and operation of a wastewater treatment plant using high loading rates in anaerobic ponds followed by a conventional activated sludge system.
A Case Study on Sunflower Seed Oil Industries Waste Characterization, Classification and Treatment
Authors: Şengül Füsun
Published: May 2018

The sunflower seed oil industry is one of the most important industrial sectors. As a part of the agro-industry, sunflower seed oil production makes a significant contribution to environmental pollution in Turkey. A lot of research studies are known to be performed on the characterization and treatment of olive oil production wastes in Turkey, but the nature, amount, waste loads and treatment of the wastewaters produced by sunflower seed oil industries have not been studied to a great extent.

In this study, a typical sunflower seed oil refinery in the city of İzmir was selected as representative of this sector. Method of production is evaluated and the refinery is investigated for the characterization of its wastewaters. During the first part of the test program, quality of combined and separate raw effluents was investigated. Possible physical-chemical treatment alternatives were studied using bench-scale laboratory models. Based on these studies, the most practicable and efficient combination of treatment operations and processes were pointed out. Waste segregation possibilities for minimization of wastewater quantities are investigated. In these investigations treated effluent quality has been evaluated with respect to the discharge parameters set by the present Turkish environmental legislation.
Drying of Sewage Sludge – An Important Step in Waste Disposal
Authors: Grüter H. , Matter M. , Oehlmann K. H. , Hicks M. D.
Published: May 2018

Industrial drying techniques are successfully used processes. They are usually used for the production of base materials for industries such as food, chemical and pharmaceutical. These processes can be transferred without any difficulty for the drying of sewage sludge.

Thermal drying as a process for the purpose of water removal is an important link in waste management between sludge production and sludge disposal.

Two systems, convection and contact drying, are here compared.

Contact drying in the thin film evaporation process is explained.

Explanation and proposed uses of the single and two-stage drying systems will be discussed.

Finally a short review of incurred expenses will be given.
Odor Nuisances Created by Sludge Treatment: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Bonnin Christophe , Laborie Anne , Paillard Hervé
Published: May 2018

In sewage treatment plants, the sludge treatment lines generate odor nuisances. Odors are mainly caused by sulfurous compounds (H2S, mercaptans, organic sulfides), nitrous compounds (ammonia and organic nitrogen) and acid, aldehyde and ketone type organic compounds. A survey was undertaken during which air was sampled near the treatment units of 12 sewage works. According to the analytical results, the reasons for the formation of odor-generating compounds are explained for each facility. The main sources of bad smells are the thickeners (H2S, CH3SH, NH3), thermal processing (H2S, acetaldehyde), dewatering (H2S, NH3), storage (NH3 if final stabilization with lime is applied). Preventive techniques that make it possible to reduce odorous emissions are described, as well as curative methods consisting of roofing the structures and treating the air extracted. Comparative statements have been drawn up on odor control systems already in service, two special cases being described: chemical scrubbing and biodeodorization. The results obtained stress the good performance levels of these two methods, the use of which is becoming generalized in France for industrial applications.
Control of Heavy Metals and Organochlorines Using the Oil from Sludge Process
Authors: Bridle T. R. , Hammerton I. , Hertle C. K.
Published: May 2018

A four month pilot plant program, evaluating all unit operations comprising an integrated Oil from Sludge (OFS) plant has been successfully completed for the Sydney Water Board. The unit operations of sludge dewatering, drying and conversion to oil in the patented OFS reactor system were set up at the Malabar Sewage Treatment Plant in Sydney. Pilot testing of the char combustor was conducted off site.

Extensive heavy metal and organochlorine monitoring across each unit operation has revealed the following information. There is no loss of contaminants across the dewatering and drying operations. With the exception of arsenic and mercury, all heavy metals fed to the OFS reactor are retained in the char. Greater than 75% of PCB's and 85% of HCB present in sludge are destroyed in the OFS reactor. Greater than 99.7% of the heavy metals fed to the fluid bed combustor are retained in the ash (with exception of mercury, which reported 3% in the flue gas). The FBC ash is classified non-hazardous, using the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure.No organochlorines were detected in the dryer or FBC off-gases. The OFS technology offers decoupling of heavy metal and organochlorine control mechanisms, thus allowing each to be optimally controlled.
Improved Efficiency of Sewage Sludge Incineration by Preceding Sludge Drying
Authors: Brechtel Heinz , Eipper Hartmut
Published: May 2018

Normally, mechanical dewatering of sewage sludges is not sufficient for a self-supporting combustion, even if combustion is ensured in the fluidized bed furnace. The heat balance can be compensated by firing additional fuels of higher calorific value and a preceding sludge drying using the heat, which is generated during combustion.

The most favoured solution is an indirect drying in special equipment adapted to the state of the sewage sludge to be burnt. Heating surfaces and the steam transfer the thermal energy of the flue gases to the mechanically dewatered sludge. The development of malodours and pollutants in the vapours is controlled by an appropriate process flow. The process entails not only an economy of primary energy but also an increase in the furnace throughput.

In Wuppertal-Buchenhofen, the fluidized bed fired sludge incineration plant has been operating for 12 years.In the near future it will be brought up to date by retrofitting such a drying system. The foreseeable effects have already been investigated and operational experience gained with other plants has been taken into account.

The technical modifications, which are being considered, the operational influences expected, as well as all consequences with regard to investment and operating costs, have been outlined.
Packed-Cage RBC with Combined Cultivation of Suspended and Fixed-Film Biomass
Authors: Wanner J. , Sýkora M. , Kos M. , Miklenda J. , Grau P.
Published: May 2018

The situation in the treatment of wastewaters from small sources in Czechoslovakia has been discussed and two types of manufactured rotating biological contactors have been described. The evaluation of RBCs' operation showed the main disadvantages of the contactors with conventional discs, viz. the low 0C and low mixing effect. In a newly designed RBC, the discs or packets of discs were replaced by a cage packed with a random medium. The cage was equipped with tubular aeration and mixing elements. The long-term tests with a pilot-plant and a full-scale unit using synthetic as well as municipal wastewaters proved the ability of the packed-cage RBC to achieve a low effluent BOD with such organic loadings when the effluent from the conventional RBCs already deteriorated. Besides the BOD removal the 0C of the packed-cage RBCs was tested to verify the possibility of the combined cultivation of suspended and fixed-film biomass. On the basis of results presented here, a new package wastewater treatment plant for about 500 PE will be designed.
Evaluation of Alternatives to Conventional Disc Support Media for Rotating Biological Contactors
Authors: Ware A. J. , Pescod M. B. , Storch B.
Published: May 2018

A variety of biofilm support media for rotating biological contactors, both aerobic and anaerobic. are reviewed in the light of experience gained from laboratory. pilot-scale and full-scale operations. Currently there is no clear economically superior replacement for conventional HDPE moulded discs for aerobic treatment plants. As little anaerobic full-scale operational work has been carried out it has been speculated that random-packed media and twin-walled polycarbonate sheets could provide a substitute support material in anaerobic treatment units.
A Pilot-Scale Evaluation of the ‘Biocarbone Process' for the Treatment of Settled Sewage and for Tertiary Nitrification of Secondary Effluent
Authors: Dillon G. R. , Thomas V. K.
Published: May 2018

The BIOCARBONE process is a recently developed method for wastewater treatment. High concentrations of active biomass attach to an expanded shale medium in an aerated, packed-bed filter. High-rate biological treatment and in-situ removal of suspended solids are claimed as advantages of the process.

The pilot-scale evaluation aimed to assess the performance of the process and its economic feasibility for use in the UK. Carbonaceous oxidation of settled sewage and tertiary nitrification of secondary effluent were investigated in two pilot-scale reactors.

Carbonaceous oxidation produced a good-quality effluent at volumetric loading rates up to 4.1 kg BOD5/m3.d (9.2 kg COD/m3,d). Automatic backwashing of the filter was required and problems were encountered with blockages of the process aeration grid. Tertiary nitrification achieved greater than 90% ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) removal at volumetric loading rates up to 0.58 kg NH3-N/m3.d (0.63 kg KJN/m3.d). The economic evaluation indicated that costs of sewage treatment using the BIOCARBONE process would be comparable to those of the activated sludge process for sewage treatment works greater than 50,000 population equivalent.

The results show that the BIOCARBONE process is suitable for both the carbonaceous oxidation of settled sewage and the tertiary nitrification of secondary effluent. The process may be an economic option for large sewage treatment works in the UK.
Operation and Optimization of a Full-Scale Fixed-Bed Reactor for Anaerobic Digestion of Animal Rendering Waste Water
Authors: Metzner G. , Temper U.
Published: May 2018

A description of design, efficiency of purification and operating results of an anaerobic fixed bed reactor, which was set in operation in November 1986 to purify waste water from an animal rendering plant, is given. The main subjects of the project were proving the anaerobic digestibility of rendering waste water as well as process engineering and working conditions. The tests showed that waste water from rendering plants is perfectly suited to anaerobic pretreatment. The treatment can be carried out in a single-stage system as most of the organic compounds are volatile fatty acids. The chosen fixed bed loop reactor proved to be a reliable and efficient system-with high security in process. Under the layout conditions(VLCOD of 8 kg/m3 d; HRT of 27 h) a COD reduction of 75 – 80 % was achieved.
Removal of Sulphate and Sulphite in an Anaerobic Trickling (ANTRIC) Filter
Authors: Särner E.
Published: May 2018

A new pretreatment process for sulphur removal was developed and tested. The process is an ANaerobic TRICkling (ANTRIC) filter, in which sulphate and sulphite are reduced to sulphide. The sulphide is stripped from the liquid by a gas recirculation system, in which the gas is washed from sulphide and recirculated to the ANTRIC filter to remove more sulphide etc. The goal with the new process was twofold: 1) removal of sufficient sulphur such that sulphide toxicity in a conventional anaerobic process could be avoided, and 2) recovery of as much sulphur as possible. After the ANTRIC filter the wastewater was treated in an ANAMET system, i. e. in an anaerobic contact process followed by an activated sludge process.

The tests were carried out using wastewater from a sodium based sulphite pulp mill. Theoretical calculations showed that, unless action was taken to limit sulphur, anaerobic treatment would fail due to toxic effects of hydrogen sulphide.

The goal of operating the ANTRIC filter such that sufficient sulphur was removed to make further anaerobic treatment possible was achieved. More than 85 % of the inorganic sulphur (sulphate and sulphite) was removed in the ANTRIC filter, making efficient biological treatment possible. The ANTRIC filter was shown to be a very stable process and the start-up time after a longer shut-down period was short.
The use of Reed Bed Treatment Systems in the UK
Authors: Cooper P. F. , Hobson J. A. , Findlater Carol
Published: May 2018

This paper summarises the British experience of Reed Bed Treatment Systems (RBTS) for sewage treatment over the past three years. It includes a list of the 26 systems which have been built together with their design details including, length, width, slope, media and the loading that they are designed for. Comment is made about the use of soil and gravel growth media. Different inlet and outlet arrangements are described. The alternative propagation and planting methods are reviewed. The paper closes with the performance data from a number of the UK systems. The performance of the British beds indicates that RBT Systems may be adequate for BOD and SS removal but the removal of phosphorus and nitrogen is not as high as predicted elsewhere.
Sludge Accumulation in Aerated Facultative Lagoons Operating in Colder Climate
Authors: Subba Narasiah K. , Marin Marc , Shoiry Jean
Published: May 2018

Notwithstanding the long time of retention and aeration in aerated facultative lagoons, not all the organic matter is oxidized to final products, as one would suppose. Consequently there is significant accumulation of sludge in the lagoons which should be removed periodically so as not to interfere with the mixing and overall performance of the treatment system. Recent studies confirm that sludge accumulation is more pronounced in areas where water temperatures are lower than normal. Existing mathematical models for estimating sludge accumulation are found to either under- or over-estimate the actual quantities produced. This might be due to various constraints of each model like hydraulic retention time, type of aeration, coagulant usage and, of course, wastewater characteristics. In the present study, on-site measurements of sludge accumulation were conducted in aerated lagoons operating in small municipalities in Québec. The results obtained are compared with those calculated using currently well known models. Corrections are proposed to the existing mathematical models so that future estimates can be more accurate than at present.
Post-Denitrification with Controlled Feeding of Activated Sludge as H Donator
Authors: Sekoulov I. , Addicks R. , Oles J.
Published: May 2018

Enlargement and/or upgrading of already existing sewage treatment plants will bring problems to design and operation. However, this can be solved even in some complicated configuration of the treatment system, as will be demonstrated. Having an activated sludge system for BOD removal (first stage) followed by a trickling filter for nitrification (second stage), denitrification of the effluent without an external H donator is hard to achieve. In domestic sewage treatment, denitrification is usually carried out with BOD as carbon source. Additionally to the principal question of pre- or post denitrification and the related effects on the effluent quality (BOD, COD, NH4) pre-denitrification in the given case would be highly ineffective and uneconomical (large hydraulic loads).

The paper presents a system using thickened sludge from the activated sludge sedimentation as H donator. The sludge has been successfully used to denitrify the trickling filter effluent. For the design of the post-denitrification stage, the necessary volume of sludge could be determined together with the volume of the denitrification reactor. Results of the pilot-plant studies are presented.
Improvement of Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants' Efficiencies without Enlargement of Tankage by Application of the Linpor-Process – Case Studies
Authors: Morper M. , Wildmoser A.
Published: May 2018

The LINPOR process is a convenient method for upgrading activated sludge plants without enlargement of tankage.

By filling up 15-30% of the aeration volume with highly porous plastic foam particles, which serve as a carrier for the active biomass, the total MLSS concentration is increased and the F/M ratio is lowered. Three examples of upgraded activated sludge plants are presented.
Upgrading of a Combined Industrial and Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant – The Fredericia Plant, Denmark
Authors: Petersen G.
Published: May 2018

The upgrading of an existing mechanical wastewater treatment plant to meet the new standards for effluent quality in the Municipality of Fredericia, Denmark, are presented. The Municipality has a lot of very big organic and inorganic industries, which leaves several different possibilities for treatment strategies. In 1987 pilot-scale tests were carried out to study the effects of various combinations of wastewater types on the treatment efficiency, and the tests resulted in two main solutions for the wastewater treatment system. The pilot-scale tests were run in a two - stage biology plant. The first stage was either a BIOSORPTION unit or a PRE-DENITRIFICATION unit. The second stage was a biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal unit (a BIO-DENIPHO unit).
Optimizing Polymer Consumption in Sludge Dewatering Applications
Authors: Crawford P. M.
Published: May 2018

As we move into the 1990's, upgrading of existing wastewater treatment plants is becoming a very important consideration. Although upgrading can take many forms, one of the most economic is to optimize the performance of the existing equipment and structures. In the realm of sludge dewatering, also an increasingly important topic, an area which has received little attention in the past is the control of the sludge conditioning process prior to dewatering. In conjunction with the Wastewater Technology Centre in Burlington, Canada, ZENON Water Systems Inc. has developed the Sludge Conditioning Controller (SCC) to fulfill this need in the wastewater marketplace. A description of both the hardware and software aspects of the SCC are presented. In addition, typical operating performance of the microprocessor-based system is shown. Experience with full scale systems has revealed that the benefits associated with the SCC far exceed the original objective of saving polymer. The others include automation of the dewatering device operation, increased capacity, and more uniform performance of the dewatering machine.