bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histologic Studies of Ostracoderms, Placoderms and Fossil Elasmobranchs
Authors: øRVIG TOR
Published: May 2008

An account is given of the structure and growth of certain ptyctodontid tooth plates, especially those of Ctenurella gladbachensis, based on study by light microscopy and the SEM. These tooth plates consist of a framework of acellular bone tissue and an interior hard tissue referred to as pleromin. It is concluded that the pleromin is neither dentine nor enameloid in the strict sense, being distinguishable from the former by its hypermineralization and lack of lamellation, and from the latter by its continuous growth, its inclusion of bony trabeculae, sometimes even vascular canals, during this growth, and its process of mineralization taking place without any participation of epidermis cells or secretion products of such cells. It is also different from the semidentine or other dental hard tissue in the dermal skeleton of arthrodires such as e.g. the brachythoracids. Because of their structural peculiarities, ptyctodontid tooth plates can hardly have been derived phyletically from arthrodiran gnathalia of the kind met with in e.g. arctolepids, brachythoracids or holonematids.
New Voices in Defence of Aid
Authors: Singer H.W.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Foreign Aid Reconsidered. By Roger C. Riddell.

Overseas Aid: Its Defence and Reform. By Paul Mosley.

Missed Opportunities: Britain and the Third World. By Charles Elliott et al.
Whither Farming Systems Research?
Authors: Farrington John
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Perspectives on Farming Systems Research and Extension. Edited by P.E. Hildebrand

The International Agricultural Research Centres, Proceedings of the Workshop on Farming Systems Research

The Technology Applications Gap: Overcoming Constraints to Small Farm Development. By D. Merrill‐Sands
What Chance of Change for Africa?
Authors: Spark David
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Power and Need in Africa. By Ben Wisner

The State and Agriculture in Africa. Edited by Thandika Mkandawire and Naceur Bourenane

Rural Transformation in Tropical Africa. Edited by Douglas Rimmer

The IMF and the World Bank in Africa. Edited by Kjell J . Havnevik

Mobilizing Appropriate Technology. Edited by Matthew S. Gamser

Indian Agriculture: A Policy Perspective. By B.M. Bhatia
Measuring Environmental Impact
Authors: Winpenny J. T.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Economic Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of Development Projects. By John A. Dixon, Richard A. Carpenter, Louise A. Fallon, Paul B. Sherman and Supachit Manipomoke

The Jonglei Canal: Impact and Opportunity. Edited by Paul Howell, Michael Lock and Stephen Cobb

Wasting Assets: Natural Resources in the National Income Accounts. By Robert Repetto, William Magrath, Michael Wells, Christine Beer and Fabrizio Rossini
Developing Country Debt Research: Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Martin Matthew
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Managing World Debt. Edited by S . Griffith‐Jones

International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects. By an IMF Staff Team

Multilateral Official Debt Rescheduling: Recent Experience. By P.M. Keller with N.E. Weerasinghe

African Debt: The Case for Relief for Sub‐Saharan Africa. By P.S. Mistry

The International Debt Crisis of the Third World. By P. Nunnenkamp.

The African Debt Crisis. By T.W. Parfitt and S.P. Riley

Developing Country Debt: the Budgetary and Transfer Problem. By H. Reisen and A. van Trotsenburg

Latin American Debt and the Adjustment Crisis. Edited by R. Thorp and L. Whitehead

Voluntary Approaches to Debt Relief. By J. Williamson
New Approaches to Agricultural Research?
Authors: Farrington John
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Agricultural Research and Technology Transfer. By I. Arnon

Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research. Edited by Robert Chambers, Arnold Pacey and Lori‐Ann Thrupp

Gender Issues in Farming Systems Research and Extension. Edited by Susan V. Poats, Marianne Schmink and Anita Spring

Extension Science: Information Systems in Agricultural Development. By Niels Röling
Requiem for Adjustment Lending?
Authors: Lipton Michael
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Structural Adjustment and Agriculture: Theory and Practice in Africa and Latin America. Edited by Simon Commander
The Urbanization Question: Deficient Evidence and Mistaken Diagnosis
Authors: Crook Nigel
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future. Edited by David Cadman and Geoffrey Payne

The Urbanization of the Third World. Edited by Josef Gugler

Housing Africa's Urban Poor. Edited by Philip Amis and Peter Lloyd

Housing and Economic Adjustment. United Nations
Aid Without Power
Authors: Hewitt Adrian
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Western Middle Powers and Global Poverty. The Determinants of the Aid Policies of Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. Edited by Olav Stokke

The Emergence of Japan's Foreign Aid Power. By Robert M. Orr Jr.

Development Cooperation, 1990 Report. Efforts and Policies of the Members of the Development Assistance Committee. OECD Development Assistance Committee
Mexico and North American Free Trade
Authors: Harris Nigel
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Region North America: Canada, United States, Mexico. Proceedings. Edited by Glen E. Lich and Joseph A. McKinney

Undocumented Mexicans in the United States. By David M. Heer
Food Aid in the 1990s
Authors: Shaw John
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Food Aid Reconsidered: Assessing the Impact on Third World Countries. Edited by Edward Clay and Olav Stokke
Can Lessons Be Drawn From Trade Policy Research?
Authors: Page Sheila
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Liberalizing Foreign Trade. Edited by Michael Michaely, Demetris Papageorgiou and Armeane M. Choksi
Evolving Socio‐economic Conditions in Central and Eastern Europe: A Myrdalian View
Authors: Angresano James
Published: May 2008

The debate about the effects of transformation policies will continue, given the impossibility of isolating their impact while holding constant other factors responsible for performance. However, one conclusion that can be drawn is that, using comparable performance indicators, trends in China, except for inflation and political democracy, are either similar to or more positive than corresponding results in CEE (Chai, 1992; Field, 1992; Harrold, 1993; Yeh, 1992). In nearly every year since 1978 China's actual performance has exceeded that planned, while in CEE the decline in economic activity following the implementation of transformation measures has consistently exceeded the most pessimistic forecasts of policy‐makers and their foreign advisers. In consequence, the social and economic costs borne by the Chinese during their transformation have been much less than in CEE.

Based upon his own goals and assessment of CEE policies and their expected and actual consequences (see Tables 1 and 2). Myrdal would evaluate the performance of CEE economies as relatively poor6 Negative assessments would be accorded to social and economic equalisation, rise in productivity, rise in living standards, and social discipline and rational planning. He would find both positive and negative aspects for each of the other four criteria.7 Overall, he would evaluate the ‘tendencies’ as unfavourable because of the absence of any clear positive trends throughout the region. This evaluation, combined with the comparison with China, calls into question the efficacy of CEE policies based upon the assumption that transformation requires rapid privatisation, elimination of subsidies to state‐owned enterprises, and stabilisation measures prior to institutional reforms, or that the state ought to adopt a passive role concerning supply‐side responses during the transformation process. As the consummate political economist, Myrdal would criticise CEE goals and policies and suggest alternatives consistent with his value premises and his theory of development.
Damage Identification of a Composite Beam Using Finite Element Model Updating
Authors: Moaveni B. , He X. , Conte J. P. , De Callafon Raymond A.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  The damage identification study presented in this article leveraged a full‐scale sub‐component experiment conducted in the Charles Lee Powell Structural Research Laboratories at the University of California, San Diego. As a payload project attached to a quasi‐static test of a full‐scale composite beam, a high‐quality set of low‐amplitude vibration response data was acquired from the beam at various damage levels. The Eigensystem Realization Algorithm was applied to identify the modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping ratios, displacement and macro‐strain mode shapes) of the composite beam based on its impulse responses recorded in its undamaged and various damaged states using accelerometers and long‐gage fiber Bragg grating strain sensors. These identified modal parameters are then used to identify the damage in the beam through a finite element model updating procedure. The identified damage is consistent with the observed damage in the composite beam.
SHORT REVIEWS
Authors: Matthews Victoria
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Kalmia: The Laurel Book II. R. A. Janes.

Hemerocallis, The Daylily. R. W. Munson, Jr.

Tropicals. G. Courtright. 155 pp., 563 colour photos.

Herbaceous Perennial Plants. A. M. Armitage. 646 pp., 96 colour photos, 160 line drawings.

Once upon a Windowsill. T. Martin. 303 pp., 100 historical engravings.

Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives V. ed. J. Arditti. 451 pp., 51 black‐and‐white illustrations.

Born in the Spring: a collection of spring wildflowers. June Carver Roberts. 159 pp., 90 water‐colour paintings and line drawings.

The Flower Colour Directory. John Dale & Kevin Gunnell. 192 pp., many colour photographs.
TWO SPECIES OF ARROJADOA FROM EASTERN BRAZIL Cactaceae
Authors: Taylor Nigel , Zappi Daniela
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation of the Brazilian Arrojadoa bahiensis and A. penicillata (Cactaceae) are discussed; a full description of each is provided.
EULOPHIA PULCHRA Orchidaceae
Authors: Thomas Sarah
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation of the widespread Eulophia pulchra (Orchidaceae) is discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
THE REDISCOVERY OF ARISAEMA CANDIDISSIMUM IN THE WILD
Authors: Cowley Jill
Published: May 2008

Summary. Arisaema candidissimum W. W. Sm. (Araceae) was last recorded in its native China in 1932, but in 1993 and 1994 it was again observed in Yunnan Province. The colour variation, history and rediscovery of the species are discussed.
DRACULA VAMPIRA Orchidaceae
Authors: Hermans Johan
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation of Dracula vampira (Orchidaceae) from Ecuador are discussed; a full botanical description of the species is provided.
AERANGIS DISTINCTA Orchidaceae
Authors: la Croix Isobyl
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation of the Malawi endemic Aerangis distincta (Orchidaceae) are discussed and a full botanical description of the species is provided.
HIBISCUS FRAGILIS Malvaceae
Authors: Cafferty Steve , Cheek Martin
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of Hibiscus fragilis (Malvaceae), which is endemic to Mauritius, are discussed; a full description of the species is provided.
RANUNCULUS WEBERBAUERI Ranunculaceae
Authors: Gardner David
Published: May 2008

Summary. The taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation requirements of Ranunculus weberbaueri (Ulbr.) Lourteig (Ranunculaceae), a native of Peru, are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
HIBISCUS KOKIO SUBSP. SAINTJOHNIANUS Malvaceae
Authors: Cheek Martin , Cafferty Steve , Staniforth Martin
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of Hibiscus kokio subsp. saintjohnianus (Malvaceae), which is endemic to Hawai'i, are discussed. It is illustrated and a full description is provided.
PROBLEM SOLVING AND THE ABILITY TO FIND REPLACEMENTS
Authors: Raaheim Kjell
Published: May 2008

Problem situations of the practical construction type may be regarded as situations characterized by a ‘missing part’. The solution of a problem depends on the subject's awareness of what is missing, along with his ability to find a replacement for it. Scores on a test measuring this ability are compared with performance on two practical construction problems. Subjects who are successful on the problems have a higher mean score on the ‘replacement test’. Scores on a ‘function‐naming’ test are not found to correlate with performance on the problem.
SOME PERSONALITY TESTS APPLIED ON IDENTICAL TWINS
Authors: Magnusson David
Published: May 2008

(1) The study concerns Rorschach, Children Apperception Test, Bender Gestalt Test and Draw‐a‐Man. Data have been obtained on a number of personality variables from 12 pairs of identical twins at the ages of 9;6–10;6. (2) For the Ro 17 out of 21 and for the CAT 15 out of 23 intraclass coefficients are positive. The coefficients for the Gestalt test and Draw‐a‐Man are high and positive. It is argued that intraclass coefficients must be considered as underestimating both the true reliability of the ratings and the correlation between true scores for identical twins. (3) The intertest correlations give support to the construct validity of the ratings on the variables studied. Especially favourable are the intercorrelations for ‘General adjustment’.
SIMILARITY IN THE CONTINUUM OF HEAVINESS WITH SOME METHODOLOGICAL AND THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Eisler Hannes
Published: May 2008

An experiment in which the subjects estimated (a) the ratio and (b) the similarity of pairs of stimuli, consisting of weights, is reported. The report reveals that the relation obtained in earlier investigations between estimated similarity and the two subjective magnitudes of the pair, holds good for the continuum of heaviness too. In connection with this the intraindividual standard deviation of ratio estimates and the problem of internal consistency of a ratio matrix are treated. In a speculative discussion the concept of similarity is scrutinized, the similarity function is tentatively extended to multi‐dimensional cases and an attempt is made to connect similarity and discrimination learning.
SENSORY AND PREPARATORY FACTORS IN RESPONSE LATENCY: The visual intensity function
Authors: Thrane Vidkunn Coucheron
Published: May 2008

Simple reaction times under irregular order of stimulus presentation are studied as a function of three luminous intensities viewed foveally and covering five log I units at the upper half of the brightness scale. Response latency varies inversely and rectilineariy with log I within this range. Respondents tend to converge in average latency but differ more in variability as stimulus strength is reduced, the more variable subjects even at high intensity suffering relatively greater loss in speed. Both positive and negative practice effects are observed, which seem partly dependent on stimulus intensity.
ON THE EINSTELLUNG EFFECT IN PROBLEM SOLVING: Some critical remarks
Authors: Jensen Jesper
Published: May 2008

Objections are raised to Luchins' interpretation of the Einstellung effect and his negative evaluation of this effect. It is proposed to shift the emphasis from behavior to perception. The subject does not develop a ‘bad’ habit, but acts according to the specific type of problem which the experienced situation seems to present. Two types of problems are distinguished: whole problems, in which the critical problems in the Einstellung experiments are perceived as application situations, and part problems, in which the critical problems are perceived as problems in their own right.
SENSORY AND PREPARATORY FACTORS IN RESPONSE LATENCY: III. Preknowledge and regularity of stimuli as antecedent variables
Authors: Thrane Vidkunn Coucheron
Published: May 2008

Thrane, V. C. Sensory and preparatory factors in response latency. III. Preknowledge and regularity of stimuli as antecedent variables. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 30–44.—Interaction between stimulus and organismic determinants of simple reaction time under weak and strong auditory stimulation was studied with 24 subjects. Results indicate that without specific preknowledge of the stimulus variants presented, there is little or no correlation between sensory and non‐sensory determinants of response latency, but that both speed and constancy of response are influenced by preknowledge, and to some extent by regularity of stimuli, in a manner and to a degree which depend on the expected intensity, thus being consistent with the hypothesis of bipolar (positive and negative) compensatory interaction.
MOVEMENT AND DISTORTION IN VISUAL PATTERNS DURING PROLONGED FIXATION
Authors: Honisett Jill , Oldfield R. C.
Published: May 2008

Honisett, J., and Oldfield, R. C. Movement and distortion in visual patterns during prolonged fixation. Scand. J. Psychol., 1960, 2, 49–55.—Observations are reported from which it appears that if fixation upon a single point in a complex visual field is maintained for periods of half a minute or more a proportion of normal individuals experience movement of the whole field or of parts of it. Changing distortions of form and pattern can result. Some types of this movement are, it is thought, improbably due to intrinsic or extrinsic ocular changes, and more resemble the autokinetic phenomenon. It is suggested that eye‐movements and their visual consequences are indispensable to the maintenance of a stable coordinate system in the visual world.
DIMENSIONS OF COLOR SENSATION
Authors: Weckroth Johan
Published: May 2008

Weckroth, J. Dimensions of color sensation. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 65–70.—The investigation is based on a dimensional (similarity) analysis of color sensation by Ekman (1954). It was assumed that the factor loadings of the three first factors extracted in this analysis would correspond to the proportions of blue, green, and red required, when these colors are mixed to match different wave lengths in the spectrum. This assumption was supported by the results. The coefficient of correlation between the two sets of values was 0.973, which indicates good, although not perfect, agreement.
TRANSCENDENCE IN THE TAT
Authors: Blendstrup Uffe , Nielsen Gerhard S.
Published: May 2008

Blendstrup, U. and Nielsen, G. S. Transcendence in the TAT. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 105–112.—TAT stories were tape recorded and transcribed. The protocols were divided into units. The content of each unit was placed on one of four levels of transcendence: the situational level, the descriptive level, the story level, and the level of extreme fantasy. Profiles were drawn to illustrate how the subject fluctuates from one level to another during the test. The scoring method is highly reliable.
STOCHASTIC PROCESS OF SOCIAL CONTACTS
Authors: Rainio Kullervo
Published: May 2008

Rainio, K. Stochastic process of social contacts. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 113–128.—The author applies Bush & Mosteller's stochastic learning model (Two Operator Model) to a social interaction situation, assuming that the probabilities which determine the choice of the individual with whom the contact is made change according to this model. Referring to Homans, the author assumes that experienced agreement of opinion is a rewarding and experienced disagreement of opinion a punishing factor (the former increases and the latter decreases the probability of choosing the same individual as the contactee). To test these hypotheses the author has developed a six‐person laboratory test, in which the contact experiences can be controlled and systematically varied. The empirical results strongly support the hypotheses.
NOTE ON MOVEMENT AND BINOCULAR FUSION
Authors: Reventlow Iven
Published: May 2008

Reventlow, I. Note on movement and binocular fusion. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 139–141.—If one observes moving water with one eye and a homogeneous, stationary background with the other, the background appears to move in the same direction as the water. Apart from the movement, however, the water is not visible. Thus movement can influence binocular vision without the other aspects of the moving entity entering into experience.
MEASUREMENT OF THE INTENSITY OF AN UNDERLYING FIGURAL PROCESS: A methodological study
Authors: Künnapas Theodor M.
Published: May 2008

Künnapas, T. M. Measurement of the intensity of an underlying figural process. A methodological study. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 174–184.—A method is proposed for studying the intensity of the figural process underlying the well‐known phenomenon of figural fluctuations. A metric model is presented according to which a measure of the intensity of the underlying process is obtained in units of dispersion. The model is illustrated by an experimental example. An equation is given which is analogous to that of the damped harmonic vibration. Four parameters are involved in this equation. A technique for determining the parameters is developed. Very good agreement between theoretical and empirical scale values demonstrates the applicability of the proposed method.
PERCEIVED SUBSTRUCTURES AND EMOTIONAL ATTITUDES TOWARDS A TEST BATTERY AND ITS PARTS
Authors: Mogensen Alan
Published: May 2008

Mogensen, A. Perceived substructures and emotional attitudes towards a test battery and its parts. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 30–32.—The potential value of an experimental and phenomenological approach for the study of the perception and cognition of ability tests is stressed. Some preliminary results from a pilot study of twelve students are given. The relationship between the subjects' emotional attitudes towards the tests and their perceptions and cognitions of the tests are briefly discussed.
PRECOGNITIVE DEFENSIVE ORGANIZATION WITH THREATENING AND NON‐THREATENING PERIPHERAL STIMULI
Authors: Kragh Ulf
Published: May 2008

Kragh, U. Precognitive defensive organization with threatening and non‐threatening peripheral stimuli. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 65–68.—The question is raised whether ‘precognitive defensive organization’ in the tachisto‐scopic exposure of pictures with a centrally placed ‘hero’ and a ‘threatening’ peripheral face is due to the diffuse character (ambiguity) of stimulus, or rather to subliminal threat. Two pictures were shown under essentially identical conditions. In one case, the face was ugly and ‘threatening’, in the other case it was the same face but slightly modified, and ‘smiling’. The results suggest that subliminal threat is important for the activation of defensive reactions, but they do not contradict the assumption that diffusity of stimulus alone may also be effective.
ASSESSMENT OF MOTION AS INFLUENCED BY STRUCTURE OF BACKGROUND
Authors: Gottsdanker Robert
Published: May 2008

Gottsdanker, R. Assessment of motion as influenced by structure of background. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 122–128.—Detection of target acceleration was improved by having a near landmark in addition to the surrounding frame. Adding landmarks, even within the course of motion, brought no further gain. Evidently, rate is not assessed by estimating time taken to cover known distances. Best performance was found when fine background marks were near enough together to form a texture, but not if it was perfectly uniform. It is suggested that the advantage provided both by the near point and the texture is the indirect one of stabilizing space. This effect is conceived of as graded, reaching its ultimate value in a textured surface.
SYNTHESIS OF FACTOR ANALYSES
Authors: Werdelin Ingvar
Published: May 2008

Werdelin, I. Synthesis of factor analyses. I. The theoretical background. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 143–154.—When performing a series of factor analyses, we must be able to compare the different solutions. From a discussion of mathematical invariance theory, a number of assumptions are deduced, which are necessary when we perform a series of analyses with entirely or partly the same tests but different samples of subjects. From these assumptions we obtain a method of rotating the factors of a certain study to a pattern determined by the factors of another study.
SUBLIMINAL GRADATION IN THE VISUAL FIELD
Authors: Kragh Ulf
Published: May 2008

Kragh, U. Subliminal gradation in the visual field. Scand. J. Psychol, 1962, 3, 165–170.—The difference of thresholds for correct recognition of a central figure and of a peripheral figure in the same picture, presented by the tachisto‐scope, is referred to two factors: foveal vs. extrafoveal stimulation, and threat towards the central figure (in terms of ‘perceptual defense’). Differences of size of the figures, again, do not effect ‘subliminal gradation’. The analysis is considered relevant for the comparison between two tachistoscopic techniques: one in which one subliminal stimulus is exposed immediately before a liminal one, and the other with only one subliminal stimulus.
ADAPTIVE PATTERNS IN A SERIAL SPIRAL AFTER‐EFFECT TEST AS RELATED TO A SYSTEM OF PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS
Authors: Andersson Alf L.
Published: May 2008

Utilizing a serial technique for measuring and scoring spiral aftereffect (SAE), four types of individual adaptive patterns defined by measures of regression and residual variability are isolated in a sample of 36 students from an introductory course in psychology. These patterns show distinct and plausible relationships with the Sjobring personality dimensions measured by a questionnaire. This indicates that a serial application of SAE may be a promising tool for further personality research.
THE PROBLEM OF MAGNITUDE AND CATEGORY SCALES: INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
Authors: Junge Kenneth
Published: May 2008

Junge, K. The problem of magnitude and category scales: interpretation of results. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 215–218.—It is proposed that three main factors are responsible for the relation between magnitude and category scales: (1) ratio judgments on a transformed category scale, (2) interval judgments, and (3) hybrid judgments. The last term refers to the tentative explanation that magnitude judgments are a cross between pure ratio and interval judgments.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL SCALES OF THE ODOR INTENSITY OF AMYL ACETATE
Authors: Engen Trygg , Lindström Carl Olof
Published: May 2008

The paper presents psychophysical scales of amyl acetate in benzyl benzoate sniffed from cotton. Four scales obtained by direct scaling procedures, ratio estimation and magnitude estimation, yield functions of the form R=kSn, with n ranging from 0.39 to 0.57. These data support earlier findings that the intensity of smell is a negatively accelerated function of stimulus intensity. In addition, comparison of magnitude and category scales indicate that the subjective intensity of smell is a prothetic continuum. Finally, further analysis of subjective ratios as a function of stimulus ratios again shows that (a) the magnitude scale is a ratio scale and (b) the function obtained conforms to the power law.
EFFECTS OF NITROUS OXIDE ON SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE VARIABLES
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne
Published: May 2008

Effects of nitrous oxide in different subanaesthetic concentrations were studied in twelve subjects. Subjective scales of intoxication and of eight other mood variables were obtained by the method of magnitude estimation. Objective performance was examined by tests on memory and arithmetic. For most variables the dose‐response curves obtained showed progressively larger effects with increasing dose‐levels. At concentrations below 20 per cent the changes were, on the whole, very slight. The results are compared with similar data from an alcohol experiment.
A FURTHER STUDY OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SCALING METHODS
Authors: Ekman Gösta , Künnapas Teodor
Published: May 2008

The direct method of ratio estimation and the indirect method of pair comparisons were used to construct scales of the political importance of eleven Swedish monarchs. The scale from pair comparisons on the assumption of Case V was a logarithmic transformation of the ratio estimation scale. This is in line with the results obtained in several previous studies.
ISOLATION: CENTER AND PERIPHERY
Authors: Tiller Per Olav
Published: May 2008

Preliminary data from an investigation of children growing up in geographically isolated Norwegian farm families indicate a strong preoccupation with the theme of center vs. periphery, or inside vs. outside, in projective fantasies. What lies outside the circle of home and family seems to provoke anxiety, and return to the farm is a frequent theme. This ‘centripetal’ tendency may be a basic feature of the perceptual organization as well as general life orientation of such children.
AN EMPIRICAL APPLICATION OF A NEW CASE OF THE LAW OF COMPARATIVE JUDGMENT
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2008

A case of the law of comparative judgment which does not assume equal variances and covariances has been applied in the scaling of conservatism from seven attitude scale items. The scale values are in good agreement with those computed from previously known cases. There is also some covariation between comparatal dispersions from Case IV and the new case.
INTRA‐PAIR SIMILARITIES IN THE SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTS OF TWINS
Authors: Hüén Torsten
Published: May 2008

The present investigation is part of a follow‐up study of twins from grade 4 through 8 (age 11 through 15). Intra‐pair similarities are studied, intra‐class correlations being used as a criterion of similarity. Scores on achievement tests administered to practically all the twins in grade 4 in Sweden were collected and analyzed. The intra‐class correlations obtained for an age group of twins in grade 6 are throughout higher than those obtained in grade 4. The findings refute the additive model of hereditary and environmental influences. Two alternative hypotheses are advanced to explain the results. Previous findings indicating an average superiority of single‐borns over twins in cognitive tests are confirmed.
A FACTORIAL INVESTIGATION OF SPEECH SOUND PFRCEPTION
Authors: Hanson Göte
Published: May 2008

The aim has been to find the dimensionality in speech sound perception for Swedish vowels using a multidimensional scaling technique. The vowels can be characterized physically by certain fixed energy distribution regions, which constitute the distinctive features in the speech code. The results show that a 4‐dimensional physical stimulus description corresponds to a 2‐dimensional auditive description for the vowels. The two factors which are obtained by means of auditive experience of dissimilarity between speech sounds correspond to the second and first formants respectively in the physical description.
FINAL NOTE ON THE MOVING RADII ILLUSION
Authors: Junge Kenneth
Published: May 2008

An account is given of the history of explaining the moving radii illusion.
RATE OF EXTINCTION OF A CONDITIONAL ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE (EDR) AS RELATED TO VARIABILITY OF SHOCK INTENSITY DURING ACQUISITION
Authors: Dureman Ingmar
Published: May 2008

Comparing frequency during extinction of electrodermal reactions (EDR) to a tone stimulus previously potentiated through combination with an electric shock of variable intensity, it was found that the greatest resistance to extinction prevailed in the group given the most variable shock intensity during the acquisition trials.
PSYCHOMOTOR EXPRESSION AND PERSONALITY STUDY: I. Some theoretical and methodological considerations
Authors: Takala Martti
Published: May 2008

In this introductory article in a series of experimental reports an attempt is made to classify the psychomotor and expressive techniques on the basis of the amount and the quality of mediating processes involved in performance. Furthermore, psychomotor variables occurring in different types of technique are presented, and suggestions are made for an experimental study of psychomotor and expressive techniques.
STUDIES IN PERSONALITY: A bio‐psychological and experimental approach to problems of human adaptation in modern society
Authors: Ramfalk Carl W.
Published: May 2008

(a) Four hypothetical constructs of a theory of personality are defined within a biological frame of reference, (b) Three of the constructs are based on an experimental situation, (i) in which objective observations are made, and (ii) a scaling procedure utilized, which keeps cognitive factors constant. (c) Predictions concerning the genesis of normal or deviating development of the male personality are deduced and confirmed; i.e. predictions related to the genesis of ‘neuroticism’, ‘delinquency’, and their correlatives ‘alcoholism’ and ‘accident‐proneness’.
A STUDY OF FOUR METHODS FOR SCALING PAIRED COMPARISONS DATA
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2008

An experiment of paired comparisons of nine lotteries is reported. Ratings were also made of apparent magnitude of difference in each pair. Conventional techniques as well as the author's correlational scaling method were applied on paired comparisons data. Ratings were analyzed according to successive intervals scaling. Non‐linear relations between scales were found. Dispersion terms from correlational scaling covary with those from the analysis of ratings.
RODS AS COLOR RECEPTORS
Authors: Stabell Ulf , Stabell Bjørn
Published: May 2008

The observance of color within the photochromatic interval has been shown to be possible. By pre‐stimulating the subjects in a dark‐adapted state, using Kodak Wratten Color Filters No. 70 (red), No. 73 (yellow) or No. 74 (green), and test‐stimulating 30 sec. later with yellow, green, or blue filters at levels of intensity between the specific and absolute thresholds for these filters, it was found that they observed a blue or violet color.
EVALUATION OF A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING SUBJECTIVE SIMILARITY
Authors: Nurminen Anna‐Marja
Published: May 2008

The purpose was to develop and test a scaling technique simple enough to be useful in developmental studies. The basic assumption was that consistent quantitative judgments can be obtained from children when the task is simply to place two stimuli in such a way that their spatial proximity corresponds to their subjective similarity. Children as young as six years were able to carry out the task consistently. The reliability of the technique was quite high with simple material and appeared satisfactory even when complex stimuli were scaled. Methods for analyzing the results are discussed. Factorization of the proximity matrices yielded the expected dimensions. Some pilot experiments are reported illustrating the use of the technique with complex stimulus materials.
HYSTERESIS IN THE CONTINUUM OF SUBJECTIVE ANGULAR VELOCITY
Authors: Ottander C. , Eisler H.
Published: May 2008

Hysteresis, i.e. the difference between subjective midpoints of sensory distances when stimuli are presented in ascending and descending order, was studied for subjective velocity by using a modified method of sensory bisection. The hysteresis effect found differed both with regard to its size and the position of the subjective midpoints from an earlier experiment in which the same authors employed an estimation procedure.
NOTE ON THE PREDICTION OF FACTORIALLY COMPLEX CLASSES
Authors: Holley J. W. , Helander J.
Published: May 2008

Indices of the discriminatory power of items, based on the differences in performances of groups, can be influenced by the degree of factorial mixture with respect to such groups. An illustrative example is presented, using hypothetical data. Items, normally rejected on the basis of such discriminatory tests, may be of value for predictive purposes. An empirical example of such a use is offered.
SMOKING AND NIGHT DRIVING
Authors: JOHANSSON GUNNAR , JANSSON GUNNAR
Published: May 2008

Two experiments were performed with an apparatus simulating night driving conditions in order to study the effect of smoking on detection time and redetection time after glare. In the experimental sessions the subjects smoked two standard cigarettes during 15 min. There were no significant differences in results between these sessions and the control sessions without smoking. The conclusion is that the effect of tobacco smoking on the ability to detect objects on the road is from a practical point of view negligible.
ON THE ONTOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL CRITERIA
Authors: von Wright J. M. , Niemelä Pirkko
Published: May 2008

Changes in the dimensionality of the moral criteria, i.e. of those aspects of an action‐sequence to which a person pays attention when judging how good/bad (nice/naughty) the agent is, were studied with 7‐, 10‐, and 13‐year‐old girls and adult subjects. Action sequences varying in respect to potential moral criteria were presented as cartoons. A proximity setting technique and Kruskal's (1964) method of analysis were used. In the younger age groups a remorse‐spite‐dimension was obtained, the motive criterion becoming more dominant and differentiated with age. Methodological problems are discussed.
NOTE ON THE SYSTEMATIC ERROR OF ESTIMATION AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS MAGNITUDE
Authors: Virsu Veijo
Published: May 2008

On the basis of a discussion of Weber's law the prediction was made that the systematic errors of estimation are linear functions of stimulus magnitude. As a special case it is suggested that the size of a geometrical illusion generally is a linear function of the size of the illusion figure. The result of an experiment with Oppel's illusion is in agreement with this prediction.—During successive estimations practice did not decrease the amount of illusion.
UNIDIMENSIONAL SIMILARITY REVISITED
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2008

It is argued that the use of direct scaling methods to derive the perceptual magnitudes in the similarity function is inadvisable on two grounds. (1) Attention may shift from one way of rating to another and thereby affect the perceptual magnitude so that what is rated may depend on the method of rating. (2) Direct methods of scaling seldom give consistent data and present knowledge of the reason for this is limited. The preferred procedure then is to study solely the structure of the similarity matrices themselves. When this is done on four sets of published data it is found that the similarity mechanism of Eisler and Ekman gives a close fit.
STUDIES IN PERSONALITY. II
Authors: Ramfalk Carl W.
Published: May 2008

Experimentally determined fixation‐ambivalence measures are related to some anxiety estimates obtained from a projective test in a group of male adolescents. It is shown that (i) fixation increases with increase in corporal injury anxiety when ambivalence is kept constant, (ii) ambivalence increases with increase in separation anxiety when fixation is kept constant, (iii) extremely hetero‐fixated subjects show presence of intense guilt and absence of aggression towards the mother; one effect of this system of organizers seem to be suicidal tendencies, (iv) extremely ambivalent subjects have intense separation anxiety; one effect seems to be suicidal tendencies combined with high ambition and impaired cognitive capacity.
MICROANALYSIS OF CONCRETE REASONING II.
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Groups of five‐year‐old subjects were given some items involving elementary combinations of addition and subtraction of one unit. Predictions from the following two hypotheses were tested and confirmed. (1) Difficulty is directly related to the number of transformations involved. (2) Difficulty is directly related to the number of non‐redundant elements involved. Some variations in the exact phrasing of the questions were shown to have no appreciable effects.
BINOCULAR RIVALRY AS A FUNCTION OF INCONGRUITY IN MEANING
Authors: Ono Hiroshi , Hastorf Albert H. , Osgood Charles E.
Published: May 2008

This is the third of a series of three papers dealing with semantics of facial expressions. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether the ratings of two stimulus inputs on semantic differential scales would predict the experience of binocular rivalry. The stimuli used were five full‐face photographs of a man expressing different emotions. These stimuli were rated on the semantic differential and all possible pairs of these stimuli were used as stereograms. It was hypothesized that semantically incongruous stimulus inputs would lead to binocular rivalry and that congruous ones would lead to an absence of rivalry. The hypothesis was supported.
THE IMPORTANCE OF COLLATIVE‐AFFECTIVE AND INTENSIVE AROUSAL POTENTIAL IN STEREO‐SCOPICALLY INDUCED PERCEPTUAL CONFLICT
Authors: Bokander Ingvar
Published: May 2008

In perceptual conflict of the binocular rivalry type the object field with the greatest collative‐affective or intensive arousal potential will dominate. The interaction between these two factors is such that the brighter field will dominate over the fainter whether there is greater or equal collative‐affective arousal potential in one of the object fields in relation to the other. Discussion is centered around the question of whether eventual eye dominance can be eliminated through relative changes in the light intensity of the two object fields.
COMMENTS ON FACTORING DICHOTOMOUS SCORE MATRICES
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2008

The fact that the Holley‐Guilford G index is a mean cross product between individuals has two implications. First, standard procedures are available for the estimation of R factor loadings. Second, the factor space contains a factor of means. This factor is not unique when item polarities are arbitrary. The factor structure in such cases is a result of both qualitative and quantitative interindividual similarity.
ON THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL LEARNING THEORIES. II
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: May 2008

The most important components of the empirical adequacy of a mathematical learning theory are claimed to be: truth, explanatory power, information content, refutability, range, and simplicity. The main result of this paper is that the amount of information common to the theory and the empirical evidence can be used to measure the four first of these. As this common information in turn is measured by a certain kind of statistical likelihood test, a basis is found for comparing theories in empirical research. Provisional rules of acceptance for mathematical learning theories in accordance with this are stated.
A PARADOX IN THE PERCEPTION OF LUMINANCE GRADIENTS. II
Authors: Bergström Sten Sture
Published: May 2008

The first paper in this series was a study on a brightness paradox in the perception of luminance gradients in space. This study tests the hypothesis that an inducing field of higher or lower luminance having a luminance acceleration in space is a necessary condition for the paradox to appear. A magnitude estimation and a constant‐sum method were used. The main result was a falsification of the hypothesis. A luminance acceleration across the inducing field was not necessary but it enhanced the paradox. The results are discussed in relation to theories on neural inhibition.
DETERMINANTS OF PERFORMANCE ON DOUBLE CLASSIFICATION TASKS
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Children between ages 6–8 and 14–11 were presented with three combinations of two dichotomous attributes and asked to give the remaining combination under four conditions: Direct perception of objects (P), objects initially perceived but covered during test proper (PM), objects only described (GM), and only meaningless word combinations given (NM). P and PM were easiest and equal in difficulty, GM intermediate, and NM most difficult. Ability to memorize and probability of success were closely related. An analytic storing device may be necessary for correct solutions.
‘NEURAL UNIT’ IN THE PERCEPTION OF LUMINANCE GRADIENTS
Authors: Bergström Sten Sture
Published: May 2008

The neural unit model of neural networks proposed by von Békésy was simulated on a CDC 3600 digital computer. Certain luminance gradients in space were used as input. The output of the model was compared with the results of earlier studies on the visual appearance of these gradients. The main result was that the ‘predictions’ made by the model did not fit all the empirical data. Certain modifications of the model are suggested.
COLOR CONSTANCY AND THE METHOD OF CATEGORICAL JUDGMENT
Authors: Fieandt K. Von , Ahonen L. , Järvinen J.
Published: May 2008

Some completion is given on a method for measuring color constancy criticized by Pietarinen (1966). Pietarinen's assumption, that our rating categories did not represent a single rank order, is untenable. A closer examination of the stimuli of the original study shows that the color sets included in, e.g., the Ostwald system allow at least for ordinal ranking of the responses, which was the main purpose of our investigation.
INFORMATION LOSS WHEN ρ IS APPLIED IN NON‐NORMAL CASES
Authors: Fhanér Stig
Published: May 2008

The correlation coefficient ρ of two stochastic variables underestimates the dependence between the variables, if they are not bivariately normally distributed. An information theoretical approach to the study of this underestimation is suggested. The method is applied on artificial data.
PHILIP LEVY AND THE G INDEX — A FINAL REPLY
Authors: Holley Jasper Wilson
Published: May 2008

Levy's argument using double extended matrices is shown to be without basis. Such a technique, it is pointed out, cannot properly be used in R technique to eliminate factors of means since it represents the double scoring of items—not persons, as would be required in his illustration.
AUTONOMIC INDICES OF HABITUATION TO COMPLEX AND SIMPLE STIMULI
Authors: Hagdahl Ragnar , Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Wolff Bertil
Published: May 2008

Skin conductance and heart rate were continuously recorded in 8 subjects repeatedly exposed to a perceptual‐conflict test and to auditory signals. (1) Both complex and simple stimuli gave rise to a pronounced increase in skin conductance, the magnitude of response decreasing with number of repetitions. For both types of stimuli a linear relationship was obtained when GSR, measured as the change in log conductance, was plotted against the logarithm of the stimulus number. (2) Each presentation of the conflict test increased heart rate, magnitude of change decreasing approximately linearly with number of trials.
BEHAVIOUR OF RATS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IN AN OPEN‐FIELD SITUATION
Authors: Eriksson Kalervo , Wallgren Henrik
Published: May 2008

In a standardized open‐field test, ambulation, defecation, time of non‐locomotor activity, time spent motionless, preening, and rearing were recorded. Inter‐observer differences were small. Test repetition caused significant behavioural changes. Different rats were used for each of five doses of alcohol (0.5–2 mg/g). The lowest dose (0.75 mg/g) affecting behaviour significantly increased time motionless, decreased non‐locomotor activity, and depressed preening. Ambulation was the last sensitive measure of behaviour. The results suggest that arousal mechanisms are particularly sensitive to alcohol. The procedure seems useful for studies of effects of small doses of alcohol.
HYPNOSIS AS SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE
Authors: ÅS Arvid , ØStvold Siri
Published: May 2008

Ås, A. & Osstvold, S. Hypnosis as subjective experience. Scand. J. Psychol., 1968, 9, 33–38.—Fifty female students were interviewed about their subjective experiences during experimental hypnosis. A majority of the experiences correlated positively with measured depth of hypnosis. A factor analysis suggested three experiential factors, differently correlated with hypnotic depth.