bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genocide Crimes Committed Against the Kurds in Iraq Statistical Study on Anfal Operations 19871988
Authors: Mosa Ibrahim Ismat , Jasim Hajy Salim , Adil Shareef Azad
Published: August 2022

The crime of genocide is one of the most serious crimes against humanity as it affects the life، freedom، rights or humanity of a group of people، and these crimes collectively constitute what are called humanitarian crimes. The crime of genocide is considered relatively recent at the international level، as it did not appear in its current form until after World War II. Here، the talk about Anfal is a talk about campaigns of executions، mass killings and organized extermination according to all standards. This means that Anfal was the first step to annihilate the Kurdish community. The destruction of villages in Kurdistan and the displacement of the population into the open to get rid of their identity forever. The strategy of the Anfal operations campaigns was to destroy all the defensive capabilities of the Kurdistan community. Anfal، according to international standards of crimes، falls within the framework of genocide (genocide). In this research، some descriptive statistical methods were used، such as graphs، circuit diagrams، graphs، and some statistical analyzes to obtain acceptable and accurate results. In managing affairs and responsibilities، that is، targeting this group to paralyze those minorities of women in general and men in particular proves and embodies the concept of genocide in its true meaning in terms of reproduction and the management of public and private responsibilities. The Anfal community، whose numbers were approximately 182،000، where the number of victims was more than 70،000 victims، and the percentage of them can be observed in the conclusions paragraph. This also indicates the concept of genocide، and this in itself is another evidence of the extermination of a young and active age group in society.
Compensation for genocide victims and its role in establishing peaceful coexistence (The Yazidis as a model)
Authors: Mustafa Ali Ahmad
Published: August 2022

Compensation is a key to entering justice, with its concepts and contents, foremost of which is reparation for victims of crimes that fall within the classifications of domestic and international laws, which are a flagrant violation of human rights, as well as its effective role in tearing the social fabric in the countries in which these crimes are committed, and then These laws seek to remove the effects of these crimes on the victim and his family, in addition to rebuilding the social fabric and restoring peaceful societal coexistence. He pleads with this goal by several means, the most important of which is compensating the victims of these crimes. This compensation in its various physical and moral forms is considered reparation for the harm, and the desired peaceful coexistence cannot be built without it. His money or his honor, and without this compensation, he cannot be reintegrated into society, and a social dimension aims to redress the societal damages resulting from the commission of these crimes and rebuild community peace. Peaceful coexistence can only be initiated by retaliation against the perpetrators and reparation and reparation for the damage inflicted on the victims, hence the inevitable link between reparation and the peaceful coexistence of the societies that suffered from these crimes.
Media Coverage of Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
Authors: Abdel Aziz Issa Al-Khawaja Majed
Published: August 2022

This study sought to try to answer a main question, which is: What is the nature of media coverage of genocide and ethnic cleansing, and the research objectives contained therein have been determined, and research questions covering the field of study have been developed, which include a question about genocide as a concept and about ethnic cleansing, in addition to a question On how the media dealt with issues related to genocide and ethnic cleansing in the world, and the descriptive analytical approach was used by reviewing and analyzing studies and articles related to the topic of research, and the study reached a number of results that showed that the media had a major role in concealing facts and spreading misinformation regarding With the crimes of genocide and ethnic cleansing, the study also showed that the media has a major role in detecting inhuman crimes, including genocide, where the study showed that the media is only a tool of power that can be used in accordance with its declared and hidden goals, and at the end of the study was developed Recommendations related to the topic of the research.
The role of Iraqi satellite channels in introducing the issue of the Yazidi genocide
Authors: Muhamad Ali Mushajiah
Published: August 2022

The aim of the current research is to monitor the Iraqi satellite channels’ treatment of the Yezidi genocide and to know the trends of Iraqi public opinion towards it. The research reached a number of results, the most important of which are: “Iraqi satellite channels” depend on the Iraqi public at a rate of (2.8080%), regarding news related to the Yezidis genocide, and that the most important programmatic forms that the public is keen to use are news, and that a percentage of (39) %) of the sample of the Iraqi public watches Iraqi satellite channels for about three hours or more than two days a day, as the results of the research revealed that a percentage of (5.3232 percent) of the sample of the Iraqi public is always interested in following up on topics related to the issue of the genocide of the Yezidis on Iraqi satellite channels.
The crime of forced pregnancy for Yazidi women
Authors: Michael Bouti Mahdi , Hussain Muhammed Muhammed
Published: August 2022

Forced pregnancy is one of the most prominent and most dangerous crimes in armed conflicts, through which the perpetrators target the ideological change of a group of society in a systematic and organized manner. combating war crimes and deed, criminal law, crime law and Iraq, penal code, penal code, penal code, penal code, penal code, penal code, penal code, penal code, penal code, penal code, penal code, penal code and social law and they are This description is more general and comprehensive than the crimes of genocide, because the physical and psychological harm that they inflict differs in quantity and quality from that which causes sexual violence alone. The Yazidi women in our Iraqi society are tortured in another form, and the crimes began in crimes because of his crimes, and that is because of his crimes and crimes, and By amending legislation and crime-based. The International Criminal Court so that the perpetrators do not go unpunished.
Fundamental Principles of International Law in Remedy and Reparation for Genocide Victims: Remembering and Forgetting
Authors: Amind Abdulla Mahdi
Published: August 2022

All victims of human rights violations have the right to an effective remedy and to redress. Although this concept is a result of the responsibility of the state in cases of human rights violations, it is mostly important. International legal provisions on this issue are varied and often vague and do not use uniform terminology. Also, the detailed aspects of the duties of states in the prevention of grave violations of human rights have been established and refined in the international jurisprudence. The General Assembly, Recalling the provisions providing for the right to a remedy for victims of violations of international human rights law contained in numerous international instruments, in particular Article 8 and Article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil Rights (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), (and Article 6 Of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination). Without a doubt, for transitional justice, which seeks to address and transcend the legacy of impunity after mass abuse, the issues of truth-seeking, acknowledgment, and remembering victims are an essential part of our work towards building rights-deprived societies. Our time is bad. But not everyone agrees with this. There are many who say that it is better to turn the page, with the end of armed violence or systemic repression, that talking about the past, and insisting on noticing the commission of crimes and harms, may raise the risk of a return to violence. This perspective is It is often an honest response to years of turmoil, exhaustion, and fear, but unfortunately, too often these insights are used. It is overtly committed by those with influence and can be understood as a veiled threat in many circumstances. (Certainly this was the case in Chile and Guatemala, and perhaps today in Myanmar or Uganda.) Others argue that narratives of victimhood can be developed or manipulated into calls for revenge or that collective memory of grievances cannot be used to justify new wars, even centuries later. It is undoubtedly part of the context that we see in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the African shawl.
Chemical Weapon Attacks Amongst the Yezidi Community of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Awareness, Knowledge and Resilience
Authors: Omar Saman , Homan Zenobia
Published: August 2022

This study explores present-day knowledge of chemical weapon attacks amongst the Yezidi population of the Kurdistan region of Iraq, which remains at risk of attack. The scope of the research covers the Anfal campaigns, the use of chemical weapons during the Syrian civil war, and chemical attacks launched by so-called Islamic State (IS). The authors conducted a series of qualitative interviews (10) and surveys (20), across a wide social sample (gender, age, education, profession) – speaking to victims of chemical weapon attacks as well as those with no experience of them. Information was gathered on public awareness and current security concerns, particularly considering the role of memory. This research may be utilised to enhance access to information, education, and emergency response – in order to increase resilience and preparedness amongst the vulnerable Yezidi community. The authors hope to contribute to the conference objectives to enrich dialogues, improve curricula, and work toward establishing an Early Warning Centre.
History of Yazidi Genocides, Mass Atrocities, Forced Conversions and Persecutions in the Middle East
Authors: Muhammad Usman Shakir
Published: August 2022

persecutions suffered by the Yazidis with the help of the following questions: How many Yazidi genocides have been documented? What were the reasons behind these genocides and persecutions? Whether or not all the mass atrocities suffered by the Yazidis should be termed genocide? This study is a part of my postdoctoral research, which is an effort to document the mass violence and genocides suffered by the Yazidis in the Mesopotamian region. Before the 2014 genocide, Yazidis were forgotten and left to the mercy of their Muslim neighbors. Their painful history was ignored, and it lacked proper documentation. Keeping in mind the forgotten history of the genocides suffered by the Yazidi community, peacefully living in Mount Sinjar and the Hakkari Mountains, this research focuses on documenting the instances of mass atrocities and genocides, the reasons behind such mass atrocities and the way forward. There is a common perception among the Yazidis and some scholars that the Yazidis suffered up to 74 genocides over their history; this research project offers a qualitative case study of the history of the genocides and mass atrocities suffered by the Yazidis. It is important to adopt a research methodology that provides enough data to reach sound conclusions. To collect data, literature review and interviews were employed and the theory of epistemic violence as well as hermeneutics was used to analyze this data. This analysis provides a deeper understanding and knowledge of Yazidi genocides, mass atrocities and persecutions as well as their causes. It is an extremely important research for the Yazidi community and genocide studies because no research has ever been conducted to document the total number of genocides, persecutions and mass murders suffered by the Yazidis.
Memory as resistance: A study on the literary importance of new forms of representation in confronting and commemorating the experiences of genocide
Authors: Lijo J Jeffiffin , V. Vismaya
Published: August 2022

In light of a new generation of individuals discounting the genocides—the Holocaust being one of many—the need to remember the atrocities, the need to hand over the responsibility of the memory of the atrocities, has become increasingly pressing. The transfer of memories to a generation which has not experienced the trauma of genocide is vital to prevent the watering down of experience to a myth, and most importantly, to work towards the prevention of a repeat of the genocide. The first part of the paper discusses the original ways of approaching the field of genocide studies, the genre of Historical Realism being predominant. The next part of the paper focuses on selected texts— Ezhathu Kavithaigal, Shyam Selvadurai’s Funny Boy, Art Spiegelman’s Maus etc. to respond to the criticisms against postmodern approaches and the deviation in the way genocides have been recorded. The field of genocide studies has, in recent years, been on the receiving end of new approaches to further the understanding of the events that have transpired. Texts emerging in the postmodern era are a welcome difference from the monolithic approach to this field of studies. New forms of art and literature have taken on the responsibility to transfer the memory and experience of genocides, becoming the channels of resistance against misrepresentation of trauma. The third and final part focuses on the components from the above-mentioned selected texts that enable dialogue between the reader and the text, commemorating past trauma and paving the way to human rights discussions.
EARNINGS MANAGEMENT DETECTION: PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF BENFORD’S LAW IN BUSINESS PRACTICE
Authors:   University of Zilina, Gajdosikova Dominika , Nagy Marek ,   University of Zilina, Valaskova Katarina ,   University of Zilina
Published: August 2022

Background: Benford's Law referring to the frequency distribution of digits in many real-life sources of data states that there is a naturally occurring set of numbers, which can help alert enterprises to possible errors, potential fraud, manipulation practices, or other irregularities. Aim: The main aim of this paper was to apply Benford's law to the Slovak conditions, and verify its successful implementation in commercial practice. Methods: To identify the manipulation practices, this mathematical principle defining the frequency of occurrence of digits was applied. Benford's law is based on the assumption that the sequences of numbers follow certain formulas that can be predicted. Sample: The law is verified in the agricultural sector, which is often connected with financial fraud. Results: The outputs of the analysis confirm the relevance of this method usage in the process of the detection of earnings management practices in enterprises. Conclusions: Thus, it can be concluded, that researchers and accountants often compare the leading digits of financial transaction data to a Benford curve to spot anomalies that may indicate fraud and discover numerical anomalies. Implications: Analysts can use this law to detect certain fluctuations in data that may signal fraudulent reporting.
Induction of seizures due to cortical hyperexcitability during a podiatric physical examination in an epileptic patient: A case report
Authors: Khan Khurram , Patel Priyal , Kaur Kushkaran , Hussain Nausheen
Published: August 2022

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder affecting the central nervous system and is characterized by recurrent and unprovoked seizures.  Seizures often occur due to cortical hyperexcitability because of inappropriate sensory, cognitive, and reflex stimuli. Epilepsy has numerous etiologies, each related to an underlying central nervous system dysfunction. Focal seizures are limited to a single cerebral hemisphere, whereas general seizures involve both hemispheres. Literature review has shown the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for inciting epileptic seizures, as well as the use of a tuning fork to elicit non-epileptic seizures (NES). However, minimal research exists demonstrating the use of a 128-Hz tuning fork to induce epileptic seizures. Clinical symptoms of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) and epileptic seizures are very similar to the untrained eye and without the assistance of an EEG, one cannot distinguish the two. We report a case in which a 71-year-old female experienced symptoms consistent with an “aura” or onset of a seizure when subjected to an examination of vibratory sensation to the left medial malleolus during a general podiatric examination. The patient’s past medical history includes partial symptomatic epilepsy with complex partial seizures in addition to NES. The authors agree that it is imperative to practice with caution when conducting a general podiatric examination on a patient who is predisposed to epileptic activity, as the threshold for an induction of a seizure may be lowered.
Extensile anteromedial approach for modified pantalar arthrodesis
Authors: Miller Jason , Capuzzi Mark , Tian Weiyuan
Published: August 2022

The aim of this paper is to present a case report of an alternative surgical approach for the anteromedial incision for a modified pantalar arthrodesis. After recent literature supporting an anteromedial approach for a total ankle replacement (TAR), with the incision extending from the ankle joint to the talonavicular joint [1], the decision was made by the principal investigator to use this approach for a modified pantalar arthrodesis. This surgical principle is based on the understanding that the safest incision placement generally lies between angiosomes [2]. This approach splits the angiosome between the anteromedial blood supply from the posterior tibial artery and the anterior and lateral blood supply from the dorsalis pedis artery. Currently, no data regarding incision complications can be found with this approach with respect to a modified pantalar arthrodesis.
Determinants of peripheral artery disease among persons with diabetes mellitus in north central Nigeria
Authors: Lawal Yakubu
Published: August 2022

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is one of the leading causes of non-traumatic amputation worldwide and a major cause of depression. It is therefore imperative to identify the determinants of PAD so as to adopt strategies for its early prevention. The aim of this study therefore, is to assess the determinants of PAD among persons with diabetes mellitus (DM). This is a cross-sectional study aimed at identifying the determinants of PAD among persons with DM. One thousand and forty (1,040) participants were consecutively recruited  following consent from participants and waiver of ethical approval. Relevant medical history, anthropometric measurements, other clinical examinations including measurement of ankle-brachial index (ABI), and were undertaken. IBM SPSS version 23 was used for statistical analysis and logistic regression was used to assess for the determinants of PAD. Significance level used was p < 0.05. Following logistic regression analysis, significant determinants of PAD included age with odds ratio (OR) 1.51, Confidence Interval (CI) 1.18-2.34, p=0.033; duration of DM (OR 1.51, CI 1.23-1.85, p<0.001); positive neuropathic symptoms (OR 2.94, CI 1.94-9.23, p=0.045); central obesity (OR 9.77, CI 5.07-18.82, p<0.001); poor SBP control (OR 2.47, CI 1.26-4.87, p=0.016); poor DBP control (OR 2.45, CI 1.24-4.84, p=0.010); poor HbA1c control (OR 2.59, CI 1.50-5.71, p<0.001); and poor 2HrPP control (OR 3.43, CI 1.79-6.56, p<0.001). Significant inverse determinants of PAD included pulse pressure (OR 0.78, CI 0.67-0.99, p<0.001), statins (OR 3.01, CI 1.99-9.19, p=0.023), and antiplatelets (OR 7.14, CI 3.03-15.61, p=0.008). Significant determinants of PAD included age, duration of DM, positive neuropathic symptoms, central obesity, and poor control of, DBP, and 2HrP. Pulse pressure was however, found to be a significant inverse determinant of PAD which means that low pulse pressure may predispose to PAD. Finally, antiplatelets and statins use were significant inverse determinants of PAD, i.e., they may be protective against PAD. It is recommended therefore, that patients be placed on antiplatelets and statins as early as possible, and in line with extant guidelines.
Neuropathic first metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis: Deforming force of flexor hallucis longus tendon
Authors: Brosky Thomas , Carpenter Brian , Port Adam , Penvose Charles , Ligas Chandler
Published: August 2022

Background Deformity of the Hallux interphalangeal joint (HIPJ) is a common complication following neuropathic 1st MPJ arthrodesis. Although largely asymptomatic, there have been no such studies evaluating the incidence of deformity and degeneration following 1st MPJ arthrodesis, in the neuropathic patient population. The aim of this paper was to highlight the incidence of deformity and degenerative changes at the HIPJ following 1st MPJ arthrodesis in neuropathic patients. 
Methodology/Procedures Retrospective radiographic review of 324 patients who underwent 1st MPJ arthrodesis, of these patients, 42 patients met inclusion criteria with a diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy due to all causes (diabetic, idiopathic, alcoholic). Preoperative, 12 weeks postoperative and long term (average of 48 weeks) weight bearing radiographs were evaluated for degenerative changes and angular deformity of the hallux interphalangeal joint.  The evaluated angles include the hallux interphalangeal joint angle (HIA), the plantar distal hallux angle (PDHA), and the hallux to ground angle (H-G angle).  
Results Deformity and/or degenerative changes of the HIPJ were seen in 80.9% of patients at long term follow up as evaluated from the HIPJ angle and the PDHA angle. The mean percentage change of the HIPJ angle from preoperative to final postoperative follow up was 19.8% and from preoperative to long term follow up was 37.4%. The percentage change of the PDHA angle was 1.39% from preoperative to final follow up and 13.87% from preoperative to long term follow up.  A paired t test was performed to showcase statistical significance and was found to be significant for the HIPJ angle preoperatively to final postoperative (p-value < 0.0076) and the preoperative to long term follow up for the HIPJ angle (P-value <0.001). The PDHA angle was statistically significant at long term follow up (p <0.0001). These results demonstrate the degree of deformity and subsequent degeneration that is present in the HIPJ following first MPJ arthrodesis in neuropathic patients. 
Discussion The senior surgeons have identified a higher incidence of HIPJ deformity in neuropathic patients after 1st MPJ arthrodesis compared to historic literature incidence. These findings at the HIPJ that, if not addressed, could result in eventual breakdown of the joint with significant deformity. The results of this analysis suggest that a prophylactic flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tenotomy should be performed simultaneously with 1st MPJ arthrodesis to prevent progression of deformity and degeneration in this joint in the neuropathic population. This finding would be best explored in future studies as a prospective review.
Antisemitism and Antiziganism: State of the Art and Challenges for Citizenship Education
Authors:   Leibniz University Hanover, Firsova Elizaveta ,   Leibniz University Hanover, Schrader Arne
Published: August 2022

Abstract: The present article contributes to the theoretical and empirical work on antisemitism and antiziganism by outlining the state of art in the German scientific community on both phenomena. Although they differ in certain aspects, some key characteristics can be pointed out with the need to be tackled in educational contexts: both phenomena rely on racist worldviews manifesting themselves in similar rhetorical claims and are socially transmitted via forms of communication. Historically, both “groups” were considered as symbols of the Other in European societies. Their function as societal “counter-images” reinforced identification and bonding processes within the majority population’s in-group. Hence, exclusion and persecution of alleged members of these groups was legitimized. The article presents the theoretical and empirical debates on each phenomenon and examines the educational approaches discussed in the German research community. Subsequently, the article concludes with suggestions for further national and international discussions and research projects on antisemitism and antiziganism Keywords: antisemitism; antiziganism; racism; citizenship education; Othering; discrimination.
Mechanisms of Persuasion in Pedagogical Communication
Authors:   Софийски университет ", Цветанска Силвия ,   Св. Климент Охридски"
Published: August 2022

Abstract. The article comments on some features of persuasive influence using well known models from the field of the communication management. An endeavor has been made to apply these models in the specific context of pedagogical communication. Persuasion is seen as related to changing attitudes and achieving the goals of education. An emphasis is placed on the argumentation to achieve the persuasive impact of the school management. Based on the theoretical analysis, conclusions are drawn regarding which skills and competencies are relevant for the teacher and the school manager to accomplish the persuasive communication in a pedagogical environment. Keywords: pedagogical communication, persuasion, pedagogical leadership.
Intercultural and Multilingual Communication in a University Environment
Authors: Тоцева Янка
Published: August 2022

Abstract: This article presents the results of an analysis of the learning and management of intercultural virtual communication between students from the Republic of Greece and their lecturers from the South- West University “Neofit Rilski” in the Master‘s programme “Intercultural Education”. The focus of the study is on the use of English as a second language in the Master’s program and its impact on intercultural differences in the process of academic communication. The curriculum is reviewed and the students’ motives for choosing this program and their level of satisfaction with participation in it are identified using empirical research. The research includes 60 students enrolled in the 2021‒2022 academic year. The role of English as a lingua franca for Bulgarian teachers and Greek students is explored. Factors that contribute to difficulties and barriers in translation are elucidated. The study allows to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the Master’s programme on the one hand; and, on the other, about the satisfaction with the multilingual and intercultural dialogue between teachers and students of different national origins who use a language of instruction that is foreign to both groups. The prerequisites for effective intercultural communication are outlined, taking into account the principles of cultural diversity. Keywords: intercultural communication, multilingual virtual dialogue, university environment, intercultural virtual communication.
The Longer-Term Influences of International Professional Experience on Teachers’ Professional Practice and Growth
Authors: Fitzgerald Angela , Cooper Rebecca
Published: August 2022

The intention of this paper is to examine the longer-term impacts of international professional experience (IPE). Participants in the study were all early-career teachers who had participated in IPE as part of their education degree and were invited to participate through the alumni office of an education faculty from one university. Thirty participants took part in this research study by completing an online questionnaire with two continuing on to a focus group discussion. The two data sets – from the online questionnaire and interview transcripts – were scrutinized individually using a deductive approach, informed by the five categories from the integrated works of Willard-Holt (2001) and Pence and Macgillivray (2008) as a framing lens. The impact of IPE on the identity formation, practices and career-based decision making of the focus group participants reiterated what emerged from the literature and questionnaire data. This research highlights the impact that IPE has on future teachers’ sense of self and practice as a teacher, their approach to learning, teaching and education more broadly, and on the decisions, they make about their career options and pathways. This study has implications for the ways in which future teachers are prepared for culturally diverse classrooms.
Impact of Monetary Policy Shocks on the Output Gap in Nigeria
Authors: Pedro Igoni , Adesina-Uthman Ganiyat Adejoke
Published: August 2022

The paper aims to answer the question on whether the output gap is influenced by the transmission of monetary policy shocks. For Nigeria, using database of time series data from the Central Bank of Nigeria and the National Bureau of Statistics (2002M01 to 2018M12), we estimate time series models using Generalized Method of Moments, Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Differenced Ordinary Least Squares estimation techniques. We analyze the empirical results of the 3 considered approaches and the impact of CBN development finance and the naira exchange rate shocks on output gap are found significant. The results, however, show that inflation and interest rate is insignificant in the determination of the output gap. We also identify exchange rate as a significant and relevant transmission channel for monetary policy.
Characterization of Protease Enzyme Produced from Locally Isolated Bacillus sp.
Authors: Saja Ali Shareef  , Zainab Ali Husein
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to characterization of protease enzyme purified from locally isolated Bacillus sp.. A total of 50 soil samples were taken for this purpose. Only 35 (or 70%) of the sample were found to have given rise to bacterial growth. As the first phase in the cultivation of bacteria, the samples were grown on mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar and nutrition agar. More than 20 bacterial isolates were discovered, according to the findings. The results of the cultural, microscopic, and biochemical examinations used to identify these isolates revealed that 15 of them were Bacillus spp. Additionally, the use of the Vitek 2 technique ensured that each of the 15 isolates belonged to this species. Examining these isolates' capacity to create proteases revealed that all 15 of the Bacillus sp. isolates were capable of doing so, albeit to varying degrees. The isolate with the number S9 was the best at producing proteases, with a specific activity value of 40.19 U/mg proteins. On a casein hydrolyzed medium plate with a diameter of 3.0 mm and 2.2 mm, respectively, they demonstrated a clean zone. After 42 hours and 72 hours of incubation at 37°C, respectively, the strain 9 produces 1.01 units of proteolytic enzyme per milliliter. Proteolytic activity decreases with longer incubation times. It has potential for industrial use because the isolated Bacillus sp. was generating protease.
سياسة الامن الغذائي في العراق التحديات والحلول
Authors: إبراهيم إبراهيم
Published: August 2022

بدأ العراق فترة حرجة تجلت في تنامي الطلب على المنتجات الزراعية والغذائية فضلاً عن ارتفاع أسعار المواد الغذائية في الأسواق الدولية وتقلص الأهمية النسبية للقطاع الزراعي في الهيكل الاقتصادي العراقي وقد نجم عن هذا الموضوع تأزم العجز الغذائي في العراق وزيادة الاعتماد على المصادر الخارجية لتغذية السكان وتراجع نصيب الفرد العراقي من الناتج الزراعي وكذلك تدهور نسبة مساحة الزراعة في الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، أدى الى تدهور قيمة الناتج الزراعي إلى تراجع نصيب الفرد من هذا الناتج.واستمر البلد يعاني من فجوة غذائية وهي تنمو منذ بداية التسعينيات في القرن الماضي، وقد وصلت إلى ذروة عظمتها في الوقت الحالي، وبات تمويل استيراد الغذاء عبئاً ثقيلاً على الموازنات المالية للدولة ويستنزف جزء لا يستهان به من الدخل القومي يتجه نحو الأسواق الخارجية لسد الحاجة المستفحلة للغذاء.وترتب على ذلك إن العراق يعد واحداً من أكثر دول العالم توريدا للغذاء في الوقت الحاضر، إذ يكون تدهور معدلات الاكتفاء الذاتي خطراً على الأمن الغذائي الذي يمثل احد المكونات الأساسية للأمن الوطني.
Association Between Maxillary Impacted Canine Position and Root Resorption of the Adjacent Incisors: A CT Study
Authors: Al-Ansari Nadia , Nahidh Mohammed
Published: August 2022

Resorption of permanent maxillary incisors is a common complication of ectopically positioned maxillary canines and when they occur they may drastically increasing both the cost and complexity of the orthodontic treatment, thus early diagnosis and corrective measures are imperative. This study aimed to investigate the association between the maxillary impacted canines labio-palatal and mesio-distal positions and the associated root resorption of adjacent maxillary incisors. Materials and Methods: The sample included 46 patients with an age ranged between 12 and 30 years referred to the CT scan image to detect unilaterally or bilaterally impacted maxillary canines. The mesio-distal position of the canine cusp tip, the labio-palatal position of the impacted canines, contact and root resorption of permanent incisors were evaluated with CT scan image. The association between the impacted canines position and root resorption of permanent incisors were analyzed using Chi square test.Results: Labially and mid-alveolus impacted canines were more common in sectors I and IV, while palatally impacted canines were most frequent in Sector IV. Lateral incisors were more often affected than central incisors by root resorption. Root resorption of permanent incisors showed a high significant association with sector location [p ≤ 0.001] and was observed in sectors III and IV.Conclusions: When canine impactions are suspected in sectors III or IV, CT scan must be considered to disclose suspected incisor resorption.
Comparative Evaluation of the Dimensional Accuracy of Different Putty-Wash Techniques Using Additional Silicon Impression Material In Vitro Study
Authors: Mahdi Nada
Published: August 2022

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the dimensional accuracy of stone models made by addition silicone impression material using three putty- wash impression techniques: one step putty wash (dual viscosity), two step and modified two step putty wash technique. Material and Methods: A stainless steel master model was constructed simulating a three-unit fixed prosthesis. Fifteen impressions were make of this master model with each impression technique. The first technique, one step dual viscosity was made with putty in the tray and light body on brass dies and impression was make. The second technique, two step putty/wash, the first step using putty on the tray with acrylic spacer on the dies and impression was make then followed by loading wash material on the dies and reseating the first impression in the second step. The third technique, modified two step made using putty/light body as in the first technique then a hole was made at the edge of two abutments in the polymerized impression, then light body was loaded into the tray and over the model and the tray is reseated. Total of forty five impressions were obtained and casts poured using type IV stone. The accuracy of these casts measured using a travelling microscope. Three dimensions diameter, height, and interabutment distances measurements were obtained and statistical analysis was done using paired T-test, One way ANOVA, and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests. Result: Showed that a significantly larger dimensions of the resultant stone casts of all techniques in comparison to the master model (P
الذكاء الناجح وتأثيره في التمكين الوظيفي - دراسة تحليلية لآراء عينة من المديرين في دائرة بلدية الشعب
Authors: كَرجي سحر
Published: August 2022

هدف البحث الى التعرف على تأثير الذكاء الناجح بأنواعه ( التحليلي، الابداعي، العملي) في التمكين الوظيفي متبنياً منهجاً تكاملياً وصفاً وتحليلاً لمتغيراته، تكونت عينة البحث من 41 فرداً يمثلون مدراء الأقسام والشعب ومراكز البلديات في أمانة بغداد - دائرة بلدية الشعب التي كانت ميداناً لإجراء البحث الذي تضمن عدداً من الاسئلة المعبرة عن مشكلته والتي كانت أساساً لبناء الجانب الميداني، وللإجابة على التساؤلات المثارة في مشكلة البحث صيغ مخطط فرضي يعكس علاقة الارتباط والتأثير بين متغيراته نتجت عنه فرضيتين رئيسيتين بفرضيات فرعية ثلاث لكل منها اختبرت باستخدام عدد من الأساليب الاحصائية الوصفية والتحليلية المتاحة في البرامجية الجاهزة (SPSS ) من خلال استبانة صممت اعتماداً على المصادر العلمية المعتمدة وتوصل البحث الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات كان أهمها: استطاعت المنظمة المبحوثة الاستفادة من الذكاء الناجح في احداث تغييرات للتأثير في التمكين الوظيفي من خلال القدرات العملية التي كان لها اسهام ودور مؤثر في التمكين الوظيفي أكثر من القدرات (الابداعية، التحليلية) وانتهى البحث بمجموعة من التوصيات المناسبة أهمها : تعزيز ممارسات ادارة الموارد البشرية ضمن خطوات عملية الاختيار باختبارات تركز على قدرات الذكاء الناجح (التحليلية، الابداعية العملية) والتي يحدد على ضوئها قبول المدير المرشح للوظيفة الشاغرة او حجب القبول عنه.
تقويم اقتصاديات إدارة الاستثمار في الحسابات المدينة لشركة الخياطة الحديثة للمدة من (2008-2014)
Authors: القيسي ظاهر
Published: August 2022

يهدف البحث إلى توضيح موضوعة اقتصاديات إدارة الاستثمار في الحسابات المدينة (المبيعات الآجلة) من خلال قيام أو استحداث إدارة اقتصادية متخصصة في إدارة الائتمان التجاري تعمل على تحسين قرارات الاستثمار في الحسابات المدينة عن طريق التقدير أو التوقع لمستوى تحقق الأهداف الاقتصادية من وراء اتخاذها، والمتمثلة بالسيولة والربحية المناسبتين وتقليل التكاليف الاستثمارية قدر الإمكان، وذلك باستخدام أدوات ووسائل التحليل الاقتصادي من جداول تحليلية وبيانات رقمية ونسب مالية وأساليب إحصائية... وبما ان حدود البحث وتحقيق الهدف منه تتأطر في مواجهة المشاكل الحالية التي تشهدها الصناعة الوطنية (المحلية) متمثلة في شركة الخياطة الحديثة كحالة دراسية، من ذلك جاءت أهمية البحث وما توصل اليه من استنتاجات أهمها:- 1.إن العامل الرئيس الذي أوصل شركة الخياطة الحديثة إلى التدهور السريع في منتجاتها ومبيعاتها من الألبسة الجاهزة، ان إداراتها كانت ولازالت تتعامل مع عوامل التأثير البيئي على انها عوامل ثابتة لا تتغير، محدودة ومعروفة لديها.2.إن الشركة لا تملك الآن الخطط المناسبة واللازمة للتكيف مع تأثير مستجدات محيطها البيئي. وعليه، فإن البحث تناول أهم التوصيات الرئيسة منها:1.استحداث قسم متخصص بإدارة الائتمان التجاري، ترتبط بها شعبة اقتصادية، تحت اسم (شعبة الدراسات والتحليل الاقتصادي) تعنى بدراسة وتحليل قرارات الاستثمار في الحسابات المدينة. 2.أن تنظر إدارة الشركة إلى أن العمل على تحقيق الموازنة بين السيولة والربحية، ومحاولة ضغط التكاليف من جراء الاستثمار في حساباتها المدينة، على انها من المشاكل الاقتصادية التي يجب مراقبتها ومعالجتها في إطار بيئة متغيرة وليست ثابتة أو معروفة لديها على الدوام.
Comparative Study of Conventional versus Marsupilized Fistulotomy of Recurrent Perianal Fistula
Authors: Elsonbaty Elmoatasem-Bellah MM , Elkasaby Mamdouh M. , Narouz Mohamed Ibrahim
Published: August 2022

Introduction and Aim: There is a paucity of studies comparing marsupialization with the conventional fistulotomy technique in the management of recurrent perianal fistula. The current study aimed to compare between conventional and Marsupilized fistulotomy procedures in the management of recurrent perianal fistula regarding perioperative outcomes (pain, infection, healing time, incontinence, and recurrence).

Methodology: Twenty four patients with recurrent perianal fistula and underwent conventional surgery (Group A) or fistulotomy with marsupialization, were included. The preoperative assessment achieved by history taking, physical examination and laboratory investigations. The patients were discharged on the first postoperative day. The severity of postoperative pain was assessed by the visual analogue scale. Patients were informed about regular outpatient visits after one week, two weeks, one month, three months, six months and nine months to assess wound healing, recurrence, inflammation and incontinence. Both groups were compared for postoperative pain, infection, rate of healing, time for healing, recurrent and postoperative incontinence.

Results: Both groups were comparable regarding patient age, sex distribution (most included cases were males), preexisting medical comorbidities. Perianal discharge was present in all cases. Anal pain was reported by 33.33 and 25% of cases in the conventional and Marsupilized groups respectively. There was a significant increase in operative time in the Marsupilized than the conventional group (38.75 vs. 27.08 respectively, p < 0.001). The duration of wound discharge showed a significant reduction in the Marsupilized than conventional (2 weeks versus 3 weeks). Wound size was 2.11 and 3.31 cm3 in the Marsupilized and conventional groups respectively (p = 0.033). Time needed for wound healing showed a significant shortening in the Marsupilized group (p = 0.005).

Conclusion: Marsupialization during surgical management of perianal fistula is associated with better post-operative outcome regarding wound size, discharge, and time for complete healing.
Plasmacytoma Variant Translocation-1 as Prognostic Markers in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Mahmoud Moataz Samy , Sakr Magdy Mohamed Ashmawy , Zannoun Mohamed Abdel Salam , El-Khazragy Nashwa Nagy
Published: August 2022

Introduction and Aim: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the commonest form of childhood leukemia. Molecular studies can provide diagnostic and prognostic information with direct impact on the patient. Recent micro RNAs (miRNAs) studies showed that aberrant expression can be used as signatures of ALL with different subtypes and predict drug resistance. The present work aimed to evaluate the expression of Plasmacytoma Variant Translocation-1 (PVT1) in Childhood ALL patients.

Methodology: The study included 55 children from 2 months to 15 years old; 45 patients with ALL before receiving any treatment, and 10 control children. Long non-coding RNA PVT1 expression in plasma cells was detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results: Lnc_PVT1 expression is upregulated by twelve-folds in ALL patients. At optimum cut-off value of 22.0, the biomarker has a sensitivity of 72% and 82% specificity to discriminate ALL patients from controls. Correlating the mean values of miR_1204gene fold expression with different subgroups concerning prognostic criteria, there was no statistical differences between age groups, gender, ALL phenotypes, cytogenetic abnormality, total leukocytes count, hemoglobin concentrations and platelet count. In contrast, statistical significance was detected with bone marrow blasts percentage, clinical response, and minimal residual disease.

Conclusion: A higher expression of lnc-PVT1 was observed in ALL patients, and it had a diagnostic and prognostic potential. In addition, miR-1204 was down-regulated in pediatric ALL and associated with higher risk.
Age-Related Changes in the Expression of Tenascin-C in the Liver of Albino Rat
Authors: Hassan Mohammed Hussein Mohammed , El Assaly Mohammed Mokhtar Amin , Ahmed Hamdino Mohamed Attia
Published: August 2022

Introduction and aim: Aging is a gradual deterioration in the function of tissues and organ systems and loss of the ability to maintain homeostasis, due to structural alteration or dysfunction. Aging impact directly on all the different types of liver cells: hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), Küpffer cells (KCs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Activation of HSCs leads to deposition of collagen in the space of Disse, decrease of fenestrations of LSECs and formation of basement membrane. These changes called pseudocapillarization. Tenascin-C is highly expressed during embryonic development, wound healing, chronic inflammation and cancer. We aimed to  investigate the contribution of tenascin C (TnC) to liver pseudocapillarization by comparing expression of tenascin c and levels of fibrosis deposition in space of Disse in different age groups

Methodology: Different ages (6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months) were chosen and sacrificed. Morphometric and serological parameters were assessed and the liver samples were processed for histological and immunohistochemical staining.

Results: Immunohistochemical staining revealed a gradual increase in TnC deposition from first to forth group then gradual decrease occurred. Masson’s stain revealed gradual increase of fibrosis in space of Disse deposition from 2nd to 6th group.

Conclusion: TnC appear and increase before appearance of fibrosis but when fibrosis is formed TnC is down regulated again.
Combined Internal Iliac Artery Ligation, Transverse B-Lynch Suture and Intrauterine Balloon to Control Bleeding from Placenta Accreta during Caesarean Delivery
Authors: Elmorsey Ahmed Saad , Nasr Mohammed Galal , Megahed Alaa Eldin Mahmoud
Published: August 2022

Introduction and aim: Placenta praevia and accreta are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Bleeding is the sole etiology of both morbidity and mortality. Thus, anti-bleeding measures are mandatory and research continues to search for ideal prophylactic measure. This work was designed to assess the efficacy of bilateral internal iliac artery ligation followed by Transverse B-Lynch compression suturing and intrauterine balloon tamponade as a conservative methods to control placental site bleeding due to placenta praevia accreta.

Methodology: The study included 24 pregnant females with placenta praevia accreta who were scheduled for elective cesarean section. All participants were subject to history taking, clinical evaluation and laboratory investigations. Ultrasound examination was carried out for assessment of: Estimated fetal weight, confirmation of gestational age, confirm diagnosis of placenta previa accreta and level of the placental edge in lower uterine segment. Deliveries were scheduled to take place between 36-37 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome was the amount of intra-operative blood loss.

Results: Blood loss ranged between 249.29 and 560.43 ml, and there was statistically significant decrease of hematocrit percent and platelets after surgery when compared to corresponding values before surgery. All females need blood transfusion. However, none of them need further surgical intervention or intensive care unit admission.

Conclusion: Prophylactic bilateral internal iliac artery ligations before extraction of placenta accreta followed by transverse B Lynch suture and intrauterine balloon tamponade seemed to be an effective and safe technique to reduce intrapartum and postpartum complications, and to avoid emergent peripartum hysterectomy.
a The Influence of Individual Characteristics on Job Satisfaction in Health Center Employees
Authors: Hanifah Hanifah , Junita Sari Erini , Sri Lidya Putri Ika , Arifin Zainal
Published: August 2022

This study aims to determine the effect of individual characteristics on job satisfaction at Teluk Tiram Public Health Center employees. Individual characteristics in this study focused on interests, attitudes, abilities and moods. Meanwhile, job satisfaction focuses on salaries, promotions, supervision (relationships with superiors), co-workers and the work itself.This research is a quantitative research with causality design. The population in this study were all employees of the Teluk Tiram Community Health Center totaling 36 respondents, with a questionnaire as a research instrument. The research hypothesis was tested using simple linear regression analysis using the SPSS version 25 program.The results showed that individual characteristics had a significant effect on job satisfaction at Teluk Tiram Health Center employees, indicated by a significant value of 0.000 <0.05 and a t-count value of 6.371. Therefore, individual characteristics variables have a significant and significant effect on job satisfaction for employees of Teluk Tiram Public Health Centers.