bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A semi-analytical solution for time-dependent natural convection flow with heat generation/absorption in an annulus partially filled with porous material
Authors: Yusuf Taiwo S. , Jha Basant K.
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a semi-analytical solution for time-dependent natural convection flow with heat generation/absorption in an annulus partially filled with porous material.

Design/methodology/approach

The governing partial differential equations are transformed into the ordinary differential equations using the Laplace transform technique. The exact solution obtained is inverted from the Laplace domain to time domain using the Riemann-sum approximation approach. Justification of the Riemann-sum approximation approach is achieved by comparing the values obtained with those of the implicit finite difference method at both the transient state and the steady state at large time.

Findings

If is found that the peak axial velocity always occur in the clear fluid region. In addition, there is an indication that heat generating fluid is desirable for optimum mass flux in the annular gap most importantly when the convection current is enhanced by constant heat flux.

Originality/value

In view of the amount of works done on natural convection with internal heat generation/absorption, it becomes interesting to investigate the influence of this essential activity on natural convection flow in a vertical cylinder partially filled with porous material where the outer surface of the inner cylinder is either heated isothermally or with constant heat flux.
Postgraduate student satisfaction in the UK
Authors: Poon Joanna
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the relative importance of factors that influence the overall satisfaction of postgraduate built environment students and also examine the extent to which demographic backgrounds affect this.

Design/methodology/approach

The data used in this paper have been collected through Postgraduate Taught Experience Survey in the UK. Descriptive and statistical analysis methods were used to analyse student satisfaction variables and identify the extent to which demographic factors influenced overall student satisfaction.

Findings

Factors related to teaching and learning have the most statistically significant importance for postgraduate built environment student satisfaction in the UK. Other factors imposing statistically significant influence on student satisfaction are related to assessment and feedback, organisation and management, skills development and information related to the course as all factors of these categories have a significance value of 0. On the other hand, students showed a lower level of satisfaction to factors related to Dissertations or major projects although it is not statistically significant. Gender is the only demographic factor, which has a statistically significant influence on student satisfaction for built environment students.

Research limitations/implications

The sample includes data only from a single university. Therefore, it may impose restrictions of generalisability of this research.

Practical implications

This research identifies the factors that affect the satisfaction of postgraduate built environment students. The built environment course directors can use the findings of this research to make recommendations on the redesign and redevelopment of their courses in order to enhance the quality of the programmes in order to make them more attractive and appealing to students.

Originality/value

This is pioneering research that provides a comprehensive overview of the factors affecting postgraduate built environment student satisfaction in the UK.
High performance heat-resistant coatings based on natural ores
Authors: Abd El-Gawad Walaa M. , Ahmed Nivin M.
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to prepare new economical thermal resistant coatings containing white sand (WS) and kaolin (K) fillers, which are cheap natural ores in Egypt and are sources for ceramic materials such as SiO2 and Al2O3.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper investigates the effect of heat at 500°C on the durability of mild steel samples coated with silicon coatings. The coated plates were exposed to elevated temperatures according to ASTM D 2485 to determine their stability. Thermal gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the thermal stability of the modified films.

Findings

It was revealed that the composite fillers can enhance the thermal stability of silicon coatings. Another advantage of using the prepared composite fillers is promoting the dryness of silicon resin without heat.

Research limitations/implications

Different natural ores were used as ceramic filler to enhance the thermal stability of silicon coatings.

Originality/value

New economical thermal-resistant coatings containing white sand and kaolin were prepared to replace the expensive thermal coatings; also, they can be used in industries other than coatings, e.g. paper, rubber and plastics composites.
The effect of far-infrared emitting sheets on sleep
Authors: McCall William Vaughn , Letton Alan , Lundeen Jordan , Case Doug , Cidral-Filho Francisco J.
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The application of far-infrared energy to skin is expected to lead to vasodilatation of the skin surface, consequently warming the skin, and promoting sleep induction. The purpose of this paper was to test whether bedsheets impregnated with bioceramic far-infrared technology would improve the perception of sleep in a sample of healthy adults.

Design/methodology/approach

Twenty-nine adults consented to participate, randomizing 17 to the far-infrared bedsheets and 12 to the control bedsheets. Two of the control participants dropped out prior to randomization and prior to completing any assessments and therefore are excluded from the analyses. After baseline assessment, participants slept on their randomly assigned sheets for five weeks, followed by a one week “wash out”. Insomnia symptoms were assessed with the Insomnia Severity Index, depression symptoms with the Patient Health Questionnaire, “vigor” and “fatigue” with the Profile of Mood States, and napping behavior with daily sleep diaries.

Findings

During the period of randomization, the participants on the far-infrared sheets reported fewer insomnia symptoms and less napping. This advantage was lost during the wash out period.

Originality/value

Far-infrared technology produces benefits on reported sleep in healthy normal adults.
Oral propranolol for infantile hemangiomas beyond the proliferative phase
Authors: Kagami Shinji , Katori Tatsuo
Published: July 2018

Infantile hemangiomas grow rapidly during infancy followed by gradual involution. After involution, residual lesions sometimes remain. Despite the prognosis for eventual involution, infantile hemangiomas often cause great psychosocial morbidity that affects patients and their parents. Oral propranolol usually induces earlier involution and redness reduction in infantile hemangiomas in the proliferative phase. However, to evaluate the effectiveness of oral propranolol for infantile hemangiomas beyond the proliferative phase is difficult because of spontaneous regression. We report five Japanese patients treated with 2 mg/kg per day of oral propranolol for infantile hemangiomas beyond the proliferative phase and compared with three untreated patients. After the oral propranolol treatment for 25 weeks, all the treated patients exhibited earlier color fading than untreated patients. Four patients reached nearly complete resolution. Adverse events occurred in three patients: cold, exanthema subitum and suspected of bronchial asthma, respectively. The propranolol treatment for the patient with suspected of bronchial asthma was suspended for 4 months. Recurrence after termination of treatment was not seen. Oral propranolol (2 mg/kg per day) is a safe and effective treatment for Japanese patients with infantile hemangiomas beyond the proliferative phase.
Bacterial interactions during sequential degradation of cyanobacterial necromass in a sulfidic arctic marine sediment
Authors: Müller Albert L. , Pelikan Claus , de Rezende Julia R. , Wasmund Kenneth , Putz Martina , Glombitza Clemens , Kjeldsen Kasper U. , Jørgensen Bo Barker , Loy Alexander
Published: July 2018

Seafloor microorganisms impact global carbon cycling by mineralizing vast quantities of organic matter (OM) from pelagic primary production, which is predicted to increase in the Arctic because of diminishing sea ice cover. We studied microbial interspecies‐carbon‐flow during anaerobic OM degradation in arctic marine sediment using stable isotope probing. We supplemented sediment incubations with 13C‐labeled cyanobacterial necromass (spirulina), mimicking fresh OM input, or acetate, an important OM degradation intermediate and monitored sulfate reduction rates and concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) during substrate degradation. Sequential 16S rRNA gene and transcript amplicon sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with Raman microspectroscopy revealed that only few bacterial species were the main degraders of 13C‐spirulina necromass. Psychrilyobacter, Psychromonas, Marinifilum, Colwellia, Marinilabiaceae and Clostridiales species were likely involved in the primary hydrolysis and fermentation of spirulina. VFAs, mainly acetate, produced from spirulina degradation were mineralized by sulfate‐reducing bacteria and an Arcobacter species. Cellular activity of Desulfobacteraceae and Desulfobulbaceae species during acetoclastic sulfate reduction was largely decoupled from relative 16S rRNA gene abundance shifts. Our findings provide new insights into the identities and physiological constraints that determine the population dynamics of key microorganisms during complex OM degradation in arctic marine sediments.© 2018 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Srk1 kinase, a SR protein‐specific kinase, is important for sexual reproduction, plant infection and pre‐mRNA processing in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Wang Guanghui , Sun Peng , Gong Ziwen , Gu Lianfeng , Lou Yi , Fang Wenqin , Zhang Lianhu , Su Li , Yang Tao , Wang Baohua , Zhou Jie , Xu Jin‐Rong , Wang Zonghua , Zheng Wenhui
Published: July 2018

SR protein‐specific kinases (SRPKs) uniquely with a spacer region are important splicing factors from yeast to human. However, little is known about their biological functions in filamentous fungi. Therefore, we characterized a SRPK called SRK1 in wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum. Our data showed that Srk1 is required for vegetative growth, sexual reproduction and plant infection, and plays critical roles in pre‐mRNA alternative splicing and gene expression. Remarkably, we found that Srk1 displayed dynamic shuttling between cytoplasm and the nucleus, which is regulated by the divergent spacer domain rather than its kinase activity, suggesting a regulatory mechanism for Srk1. Interestingly, Srk1‐GFP also localized to the septal pores, indicating a possible role of Srk1 unrelated to mRNA processing. Although both K1 and K2 lobes of the kinase domain are essential for Srk1 functions, the K2 but not K1 lobe is responsible for the septal pore localization. Lastly, we established that Srk1 physically interacts with the two SR proteins, FgNpl3 and FgSrp1. Overall, our results indicated that SRK1 regulates fungal development, plant infection and mRNA processing by phosphorylation of other splicing factors including SR proteins, and the spacer domain regulates the functions of Srk1 by modulating its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling.
Distributing regionally, distinguishing locally: examining the underlying effects of local land use on airborne bacterial biodiversity
Authors: Docherty Kathryn M. , Pearce Douglas S. , Lemmer Kristina M. , Hale Rebecca L.
Published: July 2018

Airborne bacteria are abundant and can vary with land use. Urban expansion is increasing rapidly at a global scale, altering natural sources of airborne bacterial biodiversity, as soils and native plants are replaced by pavement and managed yards. Urbanization homogenizes the biodiversity of larger organisms, but its effects are understudied with respect to microbes. This study uses categorical and gradient approaches to examine airborne bacterial communities in southwest Michigan (USA). Airborne communities carried a gut‐microbial signature and were equally homogenous above urban and rural sites, despite greater homogeneity of soil communities at urban sites. Ruminococcaceae were abundant, the source of which is likely wildlife. Beyond the gut‐microbial signature, there were underlying effects of land use, which were evident in the shared airborne taxa across urban and rural sites. Bacillales, Burkholderiales, Alteromonadales and Pseudomonadales were shared more across urban sites, while Xanthomonadales, which contains crop‐plant pathogens, were shared across rural agricultural sites. These results suggest that taxa which may distribute globally, coupled with localized sources, contribute to urban communities, while regional rural activities drive rural composition. We determined that soils were unlikely to contribute to broad distribution of some plant‐associated taxa, but may be a source for distribution of others.
Enfumafungin synthase represents a novel lineage of fungal triterpene cyclases
Authors: Kuhnert Eric , Li Yan , Lan Nan , Yue Qun , Chen Li , Cox Russell J. , An Zhiqiang , Yokoyama Kenichi , Bills Gerald F.
Published: July 2018

Enfumafungin is a glycosylated fernene‐type triterpenoid produced by the fungus Hormonema carpetanum. Its potent antifungal activity, mediated by its interaction with β‐1,3‐glucan synthase and the fungal cell wall, has led to its development into the semi‐synthetic clinical candidate, ibrexafungerp (=SCY‐078). We report on the preliminary identification of the enfumafungin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) based on genome sequencing, phylogenetic reconstruction, gene disruption, and cDNA sequencing studies. Enfumafungin synthase (efuA) consists of a terpene cyclase domain (TC) fused to a glycosyltransferase (GT) domain and thus represents a novel multifunctional enzyme. Moreover, the TC domain bears a phylogenetic relationship to bacterial squalene–hopene cyclases (SHC) and includes a typical DXDD motif within the active centre suggesting that efuA evolved from SHCs. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the GT domain indicated that this portion of the fusion gene originated from fungal sterol GTs. Eleven genes flanking efuA are putatively involved in the biosynthesis, regulation, transport and self‐resistance of enfumafungin and include an acetyltransferase, three P450 monooxygenases, a dehydrogenase, a desaturase and a reductase. A hypothetical scheme for enfumafungin assembly is proposed in which the E‐ring is oxidatively cleaved to yield the four‐ring system of enfumafungin. EfuA represents the first member of a widespread lineage of fungal SHCs.
Diel dynamics and coupling of heterotrophic prokaryotes and dissolved organic matter in epipelagic and mesopelagic waters of the central Red Sea
Authors: García Francisca C. , Calleja Maria L. , Al‐Otaibi Najwa , Røstad Anders , Morán Xosé Anxelu G.
Published: July 2018

The ecological status of an ecosystem can be approached by the taxa present but also by the size of individual organisms. In aquatic ecosystems, flow cytometry (FC) allows to study the individual size spectra and broad community composition through the evaluation of cytometric categories. The Red Sea represents a warm oligotrophic environment with a strong diel signal of vertically migrating mesopelagic fish, which feed at night at the surface and release dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at depth during day‐time. However, knowledge about how these conditions affect the dynamics of heterotrophic prokaryotes (HP) and their coupling with DOC is lacking. Here, we analyzed a high frequency sampling over 24 h to identify the community structure and compositional changes of HP in the epipelagic and mesopelagic layers of the central Red Sea. Our results show marked vertical and diel changes in HP communities in both layers. Specifically, the relative contribution of high nucleic acid content cells was remarkably linked to changes in DOC concentration and properties. The patterns observed were likely associated to the diel vertical migration of mesopelagic fish. These findings reveal that the structure of microbial communities in warm oligotrophic environments may be more dynamic than previously thought.
The Use of Malic and Acetic Acids in Washing Solution to ControlSalmonellaspp. on Chicken Breast
Authors: Olaimat Amin N. , Al‐Holy Murad A. , Abu Ghoush Mahmoud H. , Al‐Nabulsi Anas A. , Qatatsheh Ala A. , Shahbaz Hafiz M. , Osaili Tareq M. , Holley Richard A.
Published: July 2018

Salmonellais a persisting contaminant in poultry products that may pose a potential risk to consumers. Thus, developing decontamination strategies to eliminate or reduce this pathogen in chicken is crucial. The objective of the current study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of malic acid (MA) and acetic acid (AA) or their combination againstSalmonellaon chicken breast at 4 °C for 10 days. The effect of storage temperature (4 and 21 °C) onSalmonellainactivation was also investigated for up to 21 days. Five serovars ofSalmonellawere inoculated in a model Mueller‐Hinton (MH) broth system to a level of about 7 log10CFU/mL and the broth was treated with 5 mg/mL of each of MA, AA or their combination. AA was more effective than MA in the model system at 21 °C, where it resulted in total elimination ofSalmonella, but MA was more effective in eliminatingSalmonellaat 4 °C. However, the combined MA and AA solutions were more effective than either MA or AA alone. When applying washing solutions containing 5 mg/mL of either of MA, AA, or their combination to chicken breast inoculated with about 5 log10CFU/g, the MA+AA washing solution was the most effective. It resulted in complete elimination ofSalmonellafrom chicken breast and rendered a significant reduction in mesophilic aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria numbers.

Practical Application

This study indicates that the use of a washing solution containing MA and AA could improve the safety and extend the shelf life of raw chicken by substantially reducingSalmonellaand contaminating microflora on the product.
Was Federation Uniting or Dividing? The Impact of the Customs Union of 1901 on Australian Trade Relationships
Authors: Coleman William
Published: July 2018

The paper examines data on intra‐Australian trade and Australian international trade before and after the establishment of an Australian Customs union at Federation in 1901. The paper infers from these data that the Federation customs union cannot be simply summarised as ‘nationalising’ of Australian trade relationships. Internal trade ties did not unambiguously strengthen outside of Victoria. And while there is evidence that Victoria and New South Wales did redirect exports from the rest of the world to the rest of Australia, the data also indicate that the smaller states actually strengthened their exports to the rest of the world, perhaps as a resort in the face of a customs union that was a benefit to the larger states and not themselves.
Volatile anaesthetics and postoperative delirium in older surgical patients—A secondary analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Kinjo Sakura , Lim Eunjung , Magsaysay Maria Victoria , Sands Laura P. , Leung Jacqueline M. ,   the Perioperative Medicine Research Group
Published: July 2018

Background

Volatile Anaesthetics (VAs) may be associated with postoperative delirium (POD). However, to date, the effects of VAs on POD are not completely understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of POD in different VA groups.

Methods

A secondary analysis was conducted using a database created from prospective cohort studies in patients who underwent elective major noncardiac surgery. Patients who received general anaesthesia with desflurane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane were included in the study. POD occurring on either of the first two postoperative days was measured using the Confusion Assessment Method.

Results

Five hundred and thirty‐two patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 73.5 ± 6.0 years (range, 65‐96 years). The overall incidence of POD on either postoperative day 1 or 2 was 41%. A higher incidence of POD was noted in the desflurane group compared with the isoflurane group (Odds Ratio = 3.35, 95% CI = 1.54‐7.28). The incidence of POD between the sevoflurane and isoflurane or desflurane group was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Each VA may have different effects on postoperative cognition. Further studies using a prospective randomized approach will be necessary to discern whether anaesthetic type or management affects the occurrence of postoperative delirium.
Recurrent pregnancy loss and vitamin D: A review of the literature
Authors: Gonçalves Daniela Reis , Braga António , Braga Jorge , Marinho António
Published: July 2018

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects approximately 1%‐2% of reproductive women. Auto‐ and cellular immune responses seem to be associated with RPL. Vitamin D (VD) has been shown to play a role in the modulation of the immune system. Effects of VD deficiency (VDD) in pregnancy have been associated with preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, fetal growth restriction, preterm labor, and sporadic spontaneous abortion (SA). We systematically reviewed articles that studied women with 2 or more SA and its association with VD. Eleven studies were included. Studies reported a high prevalence of VD insufficiency (VDI) or VDD in women with RPL and suggested that this could be associated with immunological dysregulation and consequently with RPL. Immunological benefits were reported in the peripheral blood of women with RPL after VD exposure. Thus, it is possible to speculate a beneficial role for VD supplementation in RPL. It seems that there are not differences in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and CYP27B1 expression in endometrium of women with RPL but, in villous and decidual tissues, RPL women seem to have a decreased expression of VDR and, perhaps, a decreased expression of CYP27B1. Further randomized controlled studies are required to investigate the association between VDD or VDI and RPL.
DUOX1‐mediated hydrogen peroxide release regulates sodium transport in H441 bronchiolar epithelial cells
Authors: Mies Frédérique , Virreira Myrna , Goolaerts Arnaud , Djerbib Sami , Beauwens Renaud , Shlyonsky Vadim , Boom Alain
Published: July 2018

Aim

Dexamethasone has been shown to induce the formation of epithelial domes by bronchiolar H441 cells. It stimulates the expression of both amiloride inhibitable epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) and dual oxidase‐1 (DUOX1). We therefore ask the question whether DUOX1 expression and production of submillimolar amounts of H2O2 is instrumental for the sodium channel upregulation observed in H441 cells.

Methods

In vitro cell culture, nystatin‐perforated whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique, immunocytochemistry and RT‐PCR methods have been used.

Results

Cells forming epithelial domes induced by dexamethasone (0.1 μmol L−1, 24 hours) and by 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxytidine (1 μmol L−1, 48 hours) expressed more DUOX1 protein compared with other cells in the monolayer. Dome formation could be inhibited by exogenous catalase in a concentration‐dependent manner and by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyliodonium, which suggested the involvement of H2O2. While single application of 0.2 mmol L−1 H2O2 induced transient dome formation, lower doses were ineffective and higher doses disrupted the cell monolayer. Hydrogen peroxide (0.1 mmol L−1) activated acutely amiloride‐sensitive whole‐cell currents from 3.91 ± 0.79 pA pF−1 to 4.76 ± 0.98 pA pF−1 in dome‐forming cells and had no effect in cells outside of domes. ENaC but not DUOX1 transcription was potentiated by catalase in the presence of dexamethasone, which suggested negative feedback of H2O2 on ENaC gene expression.

Conclusion

Our observations suggest that tonic production of H2O2 by DUOX1 participates in maintaining the level of vectorial sodium transport by lung epithelial cells. Moreover, the system appears to be well tuned as it would allow H2O2‐dependent innate immunity without inducing airway/alveolar sodium and fluid hyperabsorption.
Akt3 deletion in mice impairs spatial cognition and hippocampal CA1 long long‐term potentiation through downregulation of mTOR
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Shi Zhaochun , Wang Ya , Wang Ling , Zhang Baofeng , Chen Guiquan , Wan Qi , Chen Ling
Published: July 2018

Aim

Loss‐of‐function mutation of Akt3 in humans has been associated with microcephaly and cognitive defects. Two Akt isoforms, Akt1 and Akt3, are highly expressed in hippocampal pyramidal cells. We explored the roles of Akt1 and Akt3, respectively, in spatial cognition and underlying mechanisms.

Methods

We used Akt1 knockout (Akt1‐KO) and Akt3 knockout (Akt3‐KO) mice to examine the influence of Akt1 and Akt3 deficiency on spatial memory, as well as induction and maintenance of hippocampal CA1 NMDA receptor‐dependent and protein synthesis‐dependent long‐term potentiation (LTP).

Results

Long‐term spatial memory was impaired in Akt3‐KO mice, but not in Akt1‐KO mice, as assessed by the Morris water maze task. Akt3‐KO and Akt1‐KO mice displayed reductions in brain size without concurrent changes in the number of pyramidal cells or basal properties of synaptic transmission. One‐train high‐frequency stimulation (HFS × 1) induced NMDA receptor‐dependent LTP in Akt3‐KO mice and Akt1‐KO mice. Four‐train HFS (HFS × 4) induced rapamycin‐sensitive long‐LTP in Akt1‐KO mice, but not Akt3‐KO mice. Basal level of mTOR phosphorylation was reduced in Akt3‐KO mice rather than Akt1‐KO mice. HFS × 4 induced an elevation of mTOR and p70S6K phosphorylation in Akt1‐KO mice, which led to enhanced 4EBP2 and eIF4E phosphorylation along with an increase in AMPA receptor protein. However, the same protocol of HFS × 4 failed to trigger the mTOR‐p70S6K signalling cascade or increase 4EBP2 and eIF4E phosphorylation in Akt3‐KO mice.

Conclusion

The Akt3 deficiency via inactivation of mTOR suppresses HFS × 4‐induced mTOR‐p70S6K signalling to reduce phosphorylation of 4EBP and eIF4E, which impairs protein synthesis‐dependent long‐LTP and long‐term spatial cognitive function.
“Are we losing our way?” Navigational aids, socio‐sensory way‐finding and the spatial awareness of young adults
Authors: McCullough David , Collins Rebecca
Published: July 2018

Recent advances in the accessibility and reliability of mobile technologies, roaming services and associated data have led to an increased use of modern navigational devices using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). This paper reports on a study that explored concerns about over‐reliance on these navigational technologies, specifically among young people in the Global North. Based on an experiment in which participants were asked to navigate a series of different (unfamiliar) routes on foot, using different navigational technologies each time, we argue that routes navigated are more memorable, and the process of way‐finding is more enjoyable, when navigational tools/methods enable sensory and social interactions. GNSS aids, although claimed by participants as their preferred navigational aid, were the least enabling in this regard. We conclude that, although concerns about young people's way‐finding abilities may be overstated, the importance of sensory and social interactions with(in) environments might usefully be borne in mind in the development of future GNSS aids and locative media.
Discovering new areas of veterinary science through qualitative research interviews: introductory concepts for veterinarians
Authors: May CF
Published: July 2018

Background

Qualitative research is rarely used in the veterinary field. With the increasing complexity of the veterinary arena, qualitative research will become progressively relevant in pursuit of answers to new and equally complex research questions.

Aim

This paper introduces the fundamental concepts of qualitative research interviews, aiming to highlight their potential value to veterinary science, and to provide veterinarians with the foundations on which to build a greater understanding of this type of research.

Implications for practice

The ability to understand and critically appraise qualitative research can assist veterinarians in evidence‐based practice, wherein veterinary professionals use the best evidence possible to make treatment and management decisions. This will allow veterinarians to not only provide the best possible care to meet the needs of both clients and patients, but also to identify solutions to complex veterinary issues beyond the clinical setting.

Implications for research

An improved understanding of qualitative research within the veterinary profession can lead to its greater utilisation in veterinary research. This will provide the profession with insights into those topic areas that are hard to reach with more widely used quantitative research. More professional dialogue is required on research methods and methodologies to facilitate veterinarians’ evidence‐based practice; this is especially true for qualitative research.
Antifungal non‐invasive soak under general anaesthetic to treat fungal rhinitis in an Australian Quarter Horse gelding at pasture
Authors: Lean NE , Ahern BJ
Published: July 2018

Background

Mycotic rhinitis is a rare disease in horses, with few cases reported worldwide and none reported in Australia. Fungal infection of the upper respiratory tract can occur in all species, but its prevalence in horses is considerably lower than in canines or humans. The disease is linked to a variety of pathogens and the clinical signs are associated with subsequent upper respiratory tract damage.

Case report

A 6‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding in Queensland, Australia, was presented with chronic nasal discharge and dyspnoea following previous unsuccessful medical treatment of 9 months’ duration. Culture yielded a mixed growth of Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula, as well as secondary bacterial species. The horse was anaesthetised and positioned in sternal recumbency. The nasal passages and sinuses were bathed with fluconazole and dimethylsulfoxide for 1 h on two separate occasions 4 weeks apart. Systemic antimicrobials and corticosteroids were also administered for brief courses. Endoscopic examination 4 months after treatment demonstrated clinical resolution of the rhinitis with residual scar tissue. Owners reported resolution of clinical signs and following the treatment the gelding was able to perform athletically.

Clinical relevance

Mycotic rhinitis is an unusual disease that can be difficult to treat successfully. This report describes a technique for topical sinonasal bathing under general anaesthetic that was well tolerated, easy to perform and resulted in a successful clinical outcome.
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and airway hyper‐reactivity in clinically normal horses
Authors: Cullimore AM , Secombe CJ , Lester GD , Robertson ID
Published: July 2018

Objective

To characterise the relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and pulmonary function testing with histamine bronchoprovocation (HBP) methods in a population of clinically normal horses.

Design

Cross‐sectional study

Methods

Clinically normal adult horses (n = 33) underwent pulmonary function testing and HBP with a commercial flowmetric plethysmography system. BAL was performed 1–5 days later. Statistical analysis was used to assess associations between BALF cell concentration, relative inflammatory cell percentages and categorisation, and airway hyper‐reactivity (AHR).

Results

AHR (PC35 ≤ 8 mg/mL) was demonstrated in 17 (52%) of the horses. Using current definitions, BALF cytology was consistent with inflammatory airway disease in 14 (42%) of the horses and 7 of those demonstrated either mastocytic and/or eosinophilic responses. There was no correlation between total inflammatory cell counts or relative percentage and AHR. No statistical association was found between BALF inflammatory cell categories and AHR.

Conclusion

A direct association between cytological evidence of airway inflammation and AHR was not identified in this population of clinically normal horses. Determining the presence and measuring inflammatory cell mediators in BALF may more accurately reflect AHR. In addition, normal values for cell proportions in BALF may vary between different populations of horses and more appropriate regional reference ranges should be established.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia within the 19th century miasmatic landscape
Authors: Le Get R
Published: July 2018

When contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) was first detected on a farm north of Melbourne, at Bundoora, in 1858, the predominant theory of miasma was being challenged by contagionist theories of disease transmission. This well‐documented case was recorded during a period of change in the scientific assessment of disease and therefore affords an exploration of what aspects of the landscape were considered important for livestock health at the time. Although the introduction, vaccination programs and eventual eradication of CBPP on mainland Australia has been well explored, scholars have neglected this aspect of the disease's history. By comparing 19th century records of farmland with how the site appears today, it is also possible to highlight the limited information provided by contemporary texts, while at the same time developing an appreciation of the ways in which the perception of the rural landscape has changed. This differing perception has implications for the utilisation of these sources for veterinary and environmental historians seeking to understand the mid‐19th century agricultural landscape and how it relates to animal health.
Retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of minimally invasive, fluoroscopic‐assisted reduction and stabilisation of unicondylar humeral fractures
Authors: Au Yong JA , Lewis DD , Evans RB , Kim SE , Pozzi A
Published: July 2018

Objective

This study evaluated the proficiency in executing closed, fluoroscopic‐assisted reduction of unicondylar humeral fractures. The following were hypothesised: experienced surgeons would be highly successful in performing closed reduction; body weight, time to surgery and surgeon experience would influence the reduction method; and the reduction method would not affect technical aspects of the repair.

Methods

All unicondylar humeral fractures stabilised between January 2007 and January 2017 were reviewed. Signalment and time to surgery, experience of the attending surgeon, and the initial and definitive reduction methods were recorded. Initial and subsequent postoperative radiographs were used to assess fracture reduction, implant placement and complications. Univariate polychotomous logistic regressions, Fisher’s exact test, Kruskal‐Wallis rank sums non‐parametric test or equivalence tests were used to compare parameters evaluated based on the approach employed (P < 0.05 significant).

Results

A total of 36 dogs with 37 fractures were identified (median weight: 5.4 kg; median time to surgery: 3 days). Of these, 11 of 15 attempted closed reductions were successful. Successful closed reductions had shorter times to surgery than limited open or open reductions (P=0.009). Age, weight and surgeon experience did not influence the definitive reduction method. Technical aspects of reduction and stabilisation were similar among the reduction methods. Surgery times were shorter for closed reductions (P=0.034). Of the fractures, 75% healed without complications and 85% had excellent long‐term function.

Conclusion

The results suggested that closed, fluoroscopic‐assisted reduction is a proficient (73% successful) and efficient (shorter surgery times with comparable technical results compared with other limited open and open reduction) means of stabilising acute unicondylar humeral fractures.
Mothers of preterm infants’ experiences of breastfeeding support in the first 12 months after birth: A qualitative study
Authors: Ericson Jenny , Palmér Lina
Published: July 2018

Background

Breastfeeding support is important for breastfeeding mothers; however, it is less clear how mothers of preterm infants (< 37 gestational weeks) experience breastfeeding support during the first year. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe how mothers of preterm infants in Sweden experience breastfeeding support during the first 12 months after birth.

Methods

This qualitative study used data from 151 mothers from questionnaires with open‐ended questions and telephone interviews. The data were analyzed using an inductive thematic network analysis with a hermeneutical approach.

Results

The results exposed two organizing themes and one global theme. In the organizing theme “genuine support strengthens,” the mothers described how they were strengthened by being listened to and met with respect, understanding, and knowledge. The support was individually adapted and included both practical and emotional support. In the organizing theme “inadequate support diminishes,” the mothers described how health professionals who were controlling and intrusive diminished them and how the support they needed was not provided or was inappropriate. Thus, the global theme “being thrown into a lottery—dependent on the health professional who provided breastfeeding support” emerged, meaning that the support received was random in terms of knowledge and support style, depending on the individual health professionals who were available.

Conclusion

Breastfeeding support to mothers of preterm infants was highly variable, either constructive or destructive depending on who provided support. This finding clearly shows major challenges for health care, which should make breastfeeding support more person‐centered, equal, and supportive in accordance with individual needs.
A domain responsible for spontaneous conversion of bank vole prion protein
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi , Matsuura Yuichi , Takeuchi Atsuko , Yamada Masahito , Miyoshi Ichiro , Mohri Shirou , Kitamoto Tetsuyuki
Published: July 2018

Bank vole is a small rodent that shows high susceptibility to infection with diverse prion strains. To determine whether the increased susceptibility of bank voles to prion diseases can be attributed to the intrinsic nature of bank vole prion protein (PrP) or to host factors other than PrP, we produced transgenic mice overexpressing bank vole PrP. These transgenic mice spontaneously developed neurological illness with spongiform changes and the accumulation of abnormal PrP in the brain. Then, we produced transgenic mice overexpressing chimeric mouse/bank vole PrP, which differs from mouse PrP only at two residues located at the C‐terminus, to determine the minimum essential domain for the induction of spontaneous generation of abnormal PrP. These transgenic mice also developed spontaneous neurological illness with spongiform changes and the accumulation of abnormal PrP in the brain. In addition, knock‐in mice expressing bank vole PrP at the same level as that of wild‐type mice did not develop spontaneous disease but showed high susceptibility to infection with diverse prion strains, similarly to bank voles. Taken together, these findings show that bank vole PrP has a high propensity for the conformational conversion both in spontaneous disease and in prion infection, probably due to the characteristic structural properties of the C‐terminal domain.
Mechanistic insights into the cellular effects of a novel FN1 variant associated with a spondylometaphyseal dysplasia
Authors: Cadoff E.B. , Sheffer R. , Wientroub S. , Ovadia D. , Meiner V. , Schwarzbauer J.E.
Published: July 2018

Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (SMD) is characterized by developmental changes in long bones and vertebrae. It has large phenotypic diversity and multiple genetic causes, including a recent link to novel variants in the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein fibronectin (FN), a regulator of ECM assembly and key link between the ECM and proper cell function. We identified a patient with a unique SMD, similar to SMD with corner fractures. The patient has been followed over 19 years and presents with short stature, genu varum, kyphoscoliosis, and pectus carinatum. Radiography shows metaphyseal changes that resolved over time, vertebral changes, and capitular avascular necrosis. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel heterozygous FN1 variant (p.Cys97Trp). Using mass spectroscopy, mutant FN was detected in plasma and in culture medium of primary dermal fibroblasts isolated from the patient, but mutant protein was much less abundant than wild‐type FN. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting analyses show that mutant fibroblasts assemble significantly lower amounts of FN matrix than wild‐type cells, and mutant FN was preferentially retained within the endoplasmic reticulum. This work highlights the importance of FN in skeletal development, and its potential role in the pathogenesis of a subtype of SMD.
Alveolar ridge regeneration of damaged extraction sockets using deproteinized porcine versus bovine bone minerals: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Lee Jung‐Seok , Cha Jae‐Kook , Kim Chang‐Sung
Published: July 2018

Backgrounds

Clinical benefits in bone grafting of intact extraction socket have been widely known, but limited evidence is available for the procedure in damaged extraction sockets due to periodontal disease.

Purpose

This study aimed to determine the dimensional alteration of alveolar ridge following bone grafting of damaged extraction sockets, and compare the outcomes of using deproteinized bovine (DBBM) versus porcine bone mineral (DPBM) in the damaged sockets.

Materials and Methods

One hundred patients (n = 50 for each group) with periodontitis‐induced damaged extraction socket were included in this randomized, single‐blind trial. After removal of tooth and granulation tissue, sites were grafted with either DBBM (DBBM group) or DPBM (DPBM group), and covered with collagen membrane. Linear/volumetric analyses of hard and soft‐tissue dimensions were performed on reconstructed/superimposed computed tomography and scanned cast images, taken immediately and 4 months after surgery.

Results

The two groups showed comparable hard tissue augmentation with minimal reductions in the grafted volume, as well as in vertical (1.22 ± 2.16 and 1.45 ± 1.92 mm for DPBM and DBBM group, respectively) and horizontal (1.43 ± 3.40 and 1.83 ± 2.85 mm on the central section, respectively) dimensions at 4 months after surgery. However, several cases showed large variations in maintenance of the grafted volume. None of the measured parameters in hard and soft tissue dimensions differed significantly between DBBM and DPBM sites.

Conclusions

DBBM and DPBM can comparably augment damaged extraction sockets with minimal postoperative reduction of the grafted volume. However, the large variations in the results should be further evaluated for application in routine dental clinics.
Multiple Factors and Multiple Mechanisms Determine the Quality of Conscious Experiences: A Reply to Anzulewicz and Wierzchoń
Authors: Fazekas Peter , Overgaard Morten
Published: July 2018

In this Letter to the Editor, we seize the opportunity to respond to the recent comments by Anzulewicz and Wierzchoń, and further clarify and extend the scope of our original paper. We re‐emphasize that conscious experiences come in degrees, and that there are several factors that determine this degree. Endorsing the suggestions of Anzulewicz and Wierzchoń, we discuss that besides low‐level attentional mechanisms, high‐level attentional and non‐attentional mechanisms might also modulate the quality of conscious experiences.
Fintech venture capital
Authors: Cumming Douglas J. , Schwienbacher Armin
Published: July 2018

Manuscript Type

Empirical

Research Question/Issue

Where are fintech venture capital investments taking place around the world? What is the role of institutional factors on the international allocation of fintech venture capital?

Research Findings/Insights

We document a notable change in the pattern of fintech venture capital (VC) investments around the world relative to other types of investments after the global financial crisis. We show that fintech venture capital investments are relatively more common in countries with weaker regulatory enforcement and without a major financial center after the financial crisis. Also, we show the fintech boom is more pronounced for smaller private limited partnership venture capitalists that likely have less experience with prior venture capital booms and busts. These fintech VC deals are substantially more likely to be liquidated, especially when located in countries without a major financial center.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

We build on the institutions and corporate governance literatures by showing the importance of enforcement in driving relative differences in investment patterns and investor participation. For entrepreneurial startups, regulatory arbitrage drives investment into countries with a dearth of enforcement and regulatory costs. We argue that the spike in fintech venture capital in certain countries is attributable to differential enforcement of financial institution rules amongst startups versus large established financial institutions after the financial crisis.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Regulatory arbitrage in the context of fintech venture capital can spur booms and busts. Less experienced venture capitalists seem more prone to undertake investments that exacerbate boom and bust cycles. National governance is strengthened by the enforcement of regulatory standards, and corporate governance through investor experience and oversight can mitigate these swings, and facilitate better investment outcomes.
Can Neutrophil‐to‐Lymphocyte Ratio, Monocyte‐to‐Lymphocyte Ratio, and Platelet‐to‐Lymphocyte Ratio at Day +100 be used as a prognostic marker in Multiple Myeloma patients with autologous transplantation?
Authors: Solmaz Medeni Serife , Acar Celal , Olgun Aybuke , Acar Alev , Seyhanlı Ahmet , Taskıran Emin , Sevindik Omur Gokmen , Alacacıoglu Inci , Piskin Ozden , Ozcan Mehmet Ali , Demirkan Fatih , Undar Bulent , Ozsan Guner Hayri
Published: July 2018

Background

Recent reports have showed that neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR) are predictors of progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in many types of cancer. This study evaluates the predictive value of NLR, MLR, and PLR for survival in MM patients treated with to ASCT.

Methods

A set of data consisting of 150 patients who underwent autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for MM was collected retrospectively. The prognostic value of NLR, MLR, and PLR was investigated with Kaplan‐Meier method.

Results

The prognostic value of NLR, MLR, and PLR was analyzed by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve established to determine the cutoff. These cutoff values of NLR, PLR, and MLR were found 1.46, 86, and 0.27, respectively, on the 100th day of post‐transplantation period. The overall survival (OS) and the post‐transplantation OS of the patients with high NLR, MLR, and PLR levels on the 100th day of post‐transplantation were shorter than the other group (P = 0.05, P = 0.018 [NLR], P = 0.05, P = 0.002 [MLR], P = 0.000, P = 0.001 [PLR]). The post‐transplantation progression‐free survival (PFS) of the patients with high NLR, MLR, and PLR levels on the 100th day of post‐transplantation was shorter as well (P = 0.036, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

As increased NLR, MLR, and PLR predicted poor clinical outcome in MM patients with autologous transplantation in this study, they may serve as cost‐effective and rapidly available prognostic biomarkers for these patients.