bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and risk profile of retinopathy in non‐diabetic subjects: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2008
Authors: Zhu Zhuoting , Wang Wei , Scheetz Jane , Zhang Jian , He Mingguang
Published: July 2019

Importance

Recent US national population‐based data on the prevalence of retinopathy in non‐diabetic participants is limited.

Background

To assess the prevalence and risk factors of retinopathy in a representative US population without diabetes.

Design

Population‐based, cross‐sectional study.

Participants

A total of 4354 non‐diabetic participants 40 years and older with valid fundus photographs in the 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Methods

Diabetes mellitus was defined as glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5%, physician diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or use of diabetic medication. Retinopathy level was based on the Modified Airlie House adaptation from the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) protocol. Risk profile was assessed from standardized interviews, clinical examinations and laboratory measurements.

Main Outcome Measures

Prevalence and risk profile of retinopathy in non‐diabetic participants.

Results

The overall weighted prevalence of retinopathy was 6.7% (n = 341). Among them, 98.2% (n = 331) had signs of minimal‐to‐mild non‐proliferative retinopathy (ETDRS level 14‐31) while only 1.8% (n = 10) had moderate‐to‐severe non‐proliferative retinopathy (ETDRS level 41‐51). After adjusting for multiple covariates, retinopathy signs in non‐diabetic participants were associated with male gender (odds ratio [OR] 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22–1.93), systolic blood pressure (OR per 10 mmHg increase 1.11; 95% CI 1.03–1.19), HbA1c (OR per % increase 1.43; 95% CI 1.01–2.05) and history of stroke (OR 2.39; 95% CI 1.14–5.04).

Conclusions and Relevance

Consistent with previous studies, signs of retinopathy are common in US persons without diabetes. Risk factors for retinopathy signs include gender, blood pressure, HbA1c and history of stroke.
Therapeutic effects of hirsutella sinensis on the disease onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in SOD1G93A transgenic mouse model
Authors: Shang Hai‐Yan , Zhang Jing‐Jing , Fu Zhen‐Fa , Liu Yu‐Fei , Li Song , Chen Sheng , Le Wei‐Dong
Published: July 2019

Aims

Although the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is still not completely understood, the deregulated microglia polarization and neuroinflammation have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of this disease. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether hirsutella sinensis (HS) could reduce neuroinflammatory and pathological changes in the spinal cord of SOD1G93A model mice of ALS and consequently ameliorate disease onset and progression.

Methods

SOD1G93A mice were chronically treated with HS by gavage. Their lifespan was recorded, and motor behavior was evaluated by rotarod test. The pathological changes in skeletal muscles and motor neurons in spinal cords were assessed by immunofluorescent staining and hematoxylin‐eosin staining. The microglia activation and neuroinflammation were determined by immunofluorescent staining and RT‐PCR.

Results

Our data suggested that repeated HS administration prolonged the lifespan and extended disease duration of ALS mice without significant delay on disease onset. HS ameliorated the pathological changes in the motor neurons and gastrocnemius muscles. Moreover, HS promoted the transition of microglia from pro‐inflammatory M1 to anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotype in the spinal cord of ALS mice.

Conclusion

All these findings indicate that HS may serve as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ALS.
Combined elevation of TRIB2 and MAP3K1 indicates poor prognosis and chemoresistance to temozolomide in glioblastoma
Authors: Wang Jia , Zuo Jie , Wahafu Alafate , Wang Mao‐de , Li Rui‐chun , Xie Wan‐fu
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary malignant brain tumor in adults with poor survival due to acquired therapeutic resistance and rapid recurrence. Currently, the standard clinical strategy for glioma includes maximum surgical resection, radiotherapy, and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy; however, the median survival of patients with GBM remains poor despite these comprehensive therapies. Therefore, the identification of new prognostic biomarkers is urgently needed to evaluate the malignancy and long‐term outcome of glioma.

Aims

To further investigate prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for GBM.

Results

In this study, we identified tribbles pseudokinase 2 (TRIB2) as one of the genes that is most correlated with pathological classification, radioresistance, and TMZ resistance in glioma. Additionally, the expression of mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP3K1) showed a strong correlation with TRIB2. Moreover, a combined increase in TRIB2 and MAP3K1 was observed in GBM and indicated a poor prognosis of patients with glioma. Finally, enriched TRIB2 expression and MAP3K1 expression were shown to be associated with resistance to TMZ and radiotherapy.

Conclusion

Combined elevation of TRIB2 and MAP3K1 could be novel prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets to evaluate the malignancy and long‐term outcomes of GBM.
Factors associated with intentions to use e‐cigarettes among Australian young adult non‐smokers
Authors: Jongenelis Michelle I. , Brennan Emily , Slevin Terry , Kameron Caitlin , Jardine Elizabeth , Rudaizky Daniel , Pettigrew Simone
Published: July 2019

Introduction and Aims

A growing body of evidence suggests e‐cigarette use increases the risk of conventional cigarette use. Assessing the factors associated with intentions to use e‐cigarettes can inform programs designed to minimise uptake, potentially assisting in preventing a new population of smokers. This study developed and tested a model assessing the importance of various factors that may be associated with intentions to use e‐cigarettes among young adults who have never used e‐cigarettes or tobacco cigarettes.

Design and Methods

A web‐panel provider recruited 429 Australian 18‐ to 25‐year‐olds who had never used e‐cigarettes or smoked tobacco cigarettes (56% female, mean age = 21.17 years). Various individual and social factors were assessed as potential direct and indirect predictors of e‐cigarette use intentions.

Results

The developed model provided an excellent fit to the data and accounted for 49% of the variance in use intentions. Males had greater intentions to use e‐cigarettes compared to females (β = −0.13). Having a greater number of friends who smoke tobacco cigarettes (β = 0.11) and curiosity about e‐cigarette use (β = 0.58) were also directly associated with greater use intentions. Positive expectancies about e‐cigarettes (β = 0.14), having family members who use e‐cigarettes (β = 0.11), and having friends who smoke tobacco cigarettes (β = 0.07) were indirectly associated with intentions via curiosity.

Discussion and Conclusions

Curiosity about e‐cigarette use was strongly associated with use intentions. Aspects of the social environment were also important. Further research is needed to identify effective means of challenging positive e‐cigarette expectancies given these were found to be strongly associated with intentions via curiosity.
Effects of altitude, land use and microsites on early life performance of a high mountain tree: Insights from an in situ sowing experiment
Authors: Cáceres Yolanda , Schrieber Karin , Lachmuth Susanne , Auge Harald , Argibay Daihana , Renison Daniel , Hensen Isabell
Published: July 2019

Aim

Understanding the forces that drive range shifts in forest landscapes is imperative for predicting species distributions under anthropogenic climate and land use change. However, empirical studies exploring how these components jointly influence critical early life stages of mountain tree species across environmental gradients are scarce. We used the high mountain tree Polylepis australis as model species to investigate the relative importance of altitude and associated climatic conditions, land use for livestock and microsite characteristics on early life performance.

Location

Córdoba Sierras, central Argentina.

Methods

We set up an extensive in situ sowing experiment with a robust split‐plot design that integrated spatial scales ranging from 0.4 m2 subplots at the microsite level (associated with vegetative and microtopographic structures), to livestock exclosure and enclosure plots of several hectares, to an altitudinal gradient of 1,000 m. Components of early life performance were monitored across two subsequent growing seasons.

Results

Microsite characteristics played a fundamental role in P. australis establishment, whereby interactions with altitude and/or land use suggested alternate mechanisms: facilitation (likely reduced desiccation) dominated at low altitude while at high altitude, abiotic stress (likely intensive frost and radiation) overruled any microsite effects. At mid‐altitude, benefits of competition release prevailed over facilitation and microsite effects gained importance under livestock presence. Inconsistencies between pre‐ and post‐emergence responses illustrated potential trade‐offs between beneficial and detrimental effects of microsite conditions upon performance throughout early life: a favourable location for seeds may abruptly turn adverse for seedlings.

Main conclusions

We unravel how changes in altitude, anthropogenic disturbances and microsite characteristics jointly modulate P. australis performance across stages of early establishment. Such information is fundamental when categorizing specific microhabitats as “safe sites” for tree regeneration especially in mountain environments with high spatio‐temporal heterogeneity.
Response: A declaration of inter‐religious commitment
Authors: Rose Margaret
Published: July 2019

Denominational Response to ELCA Interreligious Statement.
Impact of platelet turnover on long‐term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Tscharre Maximilian , Farhan Serdar , Bruno Veronika , Rohla Miklos , Egger Florian , Weiss Thomas W. , Hübl Wolfgang , Willheim Martin , Wojta Johann , Geppert Alexander , Huber Kurt , Freynhofer Matthias K.
Published: July 2019

Background

Increased platelet turnover and high platelet reactivity are associated with short‐term major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). We investigated the impact of platelet turnover on long‐term MACE.

Methods

Consecutive patients presenting with ACS or SCAD undergoing PCI between 2009 and 2010 were included. All patients received clopidogrel and aspirin as dual antithrombotic therapy regimen. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were applied to assess the prognostic impact of platelet turnover (reticulated platelet count [RPC], mean platelet volume [MPV]) and function on long‐term MACE, a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke.

Results

In total, 477 patients were eligible. Mean age was 64.3 ± 12.7 years, 68.8% were male. Median follow‐up was 5.8 (IQR 4.2‐6.5) years. Median RPC was 7.6 (IQR 5.6‐10.4) g/L and median MPV was 10.7 (IQR 10.1‐11.3) fL. In univariable analysis, RPC was associated with MACE, both as continuous (HR 1.064 [95%CI 1.021‐1.111]; P = .006) and dichotomized (HR 1.693 [95%CI 1.156‐2.481]; P = .006) variable. After adjustment, continuous RPC (HR 1.055 [95%CI 1.012‐1.099]; P = .010) and dichotomized RPC (HR 1.716 [95%CI 1.152‐2.559]; P = .007) remained significantly associated with MACE. Neither MPV nor platelet function testing was associated with long‐term adverse outcome.

Conclusion

Increased platelet turnover is associated with long‐term adverse outcome in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing PCI. Platelet turnover represents a new marker of atherothrombotic risk and might help to guide composition or duration of antiplatelet therapy.
Effect of mass rearing on the genetic diversity of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii
Authors: Paspati Angeliki , Ferguson Kim B. , Verhulst Eveline C. , Urbaneja Alberto , González‐Cabrera Joel , Pannebakker Bart A.
Published: July 2019

Amblyseius swirskii Athias‐Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a predatory mite used to control whiteflies and thrips in protected crops. This biocontrol agent, originating from the Eastern Mediterranean region, has been mass‐reared for commercial use since 2005 and is widely used in augmentative biocontrol programs. As a polyphagous predator, it has to cope with different biotic and abiotic factors. However, possible adaptation to mass rearing for production might be hindering its resilience and capacity for optimum performance in the field. In this study, we investigated the effect of long‐term mass rearing on the genetic diversity of A. swirskii. We identified six microsatellite loci from whole‐genome nanopore sequencing of A. swirskii and used these in a comparative analysis of the genetic diversity and differentiation in eight wild populations collected from Israel in 2017 and a commercially available population. Our results indicate that the commercial population is 2.5× less heterozygous than the wild A. swirskii. Furthermore, the commercial population has the highest genetic differentiation from all the natural populations, as indicated by higher pairwise Fst values. Overall, we show that commercially reared A. swirskii have reduced genetic variation compared to their wild counterparts, which may reduce their performance when released to control pests in an integrated pest management (IPM) context.
Coping strategies in first‐episode psychosis: A systematic review
Authors: Riera‐López de Aguileta Itziar , Vila‐Badia Regina , Usall Judith , Butjosa Anna , Ochoa Susana
Published: July 2019

Aims

This paper reviews and discusses the published information on coping strategies in people with a first‐episode psychosis (FEP). The objective is to update knowledge about coping strategies used by people with a FEP, to compare these strategies with those used by other mental disorders, and to examine the relationship between coping strategies and other variables in FEP.

Method

A search was conducted using PsycINFO, MEDLINE and PSICODOC between 1995 and 2018 using the following terms: coping strategies or Adaptation, Psychological and FEP.

Results

A total of 167 studies were found, of which 14 were selected for review. The results suggest the need for a multiple and integrated approach, since there are several factors that are involved in the coping strategies (eg, socio‐demographic, clinical and psychological variables) used in the different profiles of psychotic spectrum, specifically in FEP.

Conclusions

The role of coping skills is an important issue in psychopathological research in addition to clinical outcome, especially from the point of view of the patients, their social context and their recovery. Moreover, personalized therapies addressed to personal recovery should be considered to develop better coping specifically addressed to patients' needs.
Density‐ and size‐dependent mortality in fish early life stages
Authors: Stige Leif Christian , Rogers Lauren A. , Neuheimer Anna B. , Hunsicker Mary E. , Yaragina Natalia A. , Ottersen Geir , Ciannelli Lorenzo , Langangen Øystein , Durant Joël M.
Published: July 2019

The importance of survival and growth variations early in life for population dynamics depends on the degrees of compensatory density dependence and size dependence in survival at later life stages. Quantifying density‐ and size‐dependent mortality at different juvenile stages is therefore important to understand and potentially predict the recruitment to the population. We applied a statistical state‐space modelling approach to analyse time series of abundance and mean body size of larval and juvenile fish. The focus was to identify the importance of abundance and body size for growth and survival through successive larval and juvenile age intervals, and to quantify how the dynamics propagate through the early life to influence recruitment. We thus identified both relevant ages and mechanisms (i.e. density dependence and size dependence in survival and growth) linking recruitment variability to early life dynamics. The analysis was conducted on six economically and ecologically important fish populations from cold temperate and sub‐arctic marine ecosystems. Our results underscore the importance of size for survival early in life. The comparative analysis suggests that size‐dependent mortality and density‐dependent growth frequently occur at a transition from pelagic to demersal habitats, which may be linked to competition for suitable habitat. The generality of this hypothesis warrants testing in future research.
Re‐thinking geoeconomics: Towards a political geography of economic geographies
Authors: Moisio Sami
Published: July 2019

Geoeconomics is a contested concept. What seems common to recent attempts to define the concept of geoeconomics is that it is almost invariably discussed with relation to geopolitics. In this paper, I seek to provide a reading of “geoeconomics” from political geography that both evaluates geoeconomic claims on their own terms and, moreover, avoids a political/economy binary that even some of the critical approaches tend to fall into. For this purpose, I provide a selective mapping of some of the ways in which geoeconomics has been scrutinized in IR and in human geography and defined with relation to the concept of geopolitics. I single out two main fields of scholarship. First, I introduce a foreign policy tradition that at least superficially draws from the realist tradition in IR. Second, I discuss various materialist and poststructuralist approaches in political geography that can be at least implicitly connected to the term geoeconomics. Third, I develop a reading of geoeconomics as political geographies of knowledge‐intensive capitalism. This perspective turns attention to the geopolitical space economy of capitalism, draws from work in critical human geography, heterodox political economy, and urban studies, and seeks to overcome the separation between geoeconomics and geopolitics.
Global spatial organisation of air transport: The definition of functional airline regions
Authors: Halás Marián , Kraft Stanislav , Klapka Pavel
Published: July 2019

This paper deals with the issue of functional regionalisation on the global level and uses information on air transport movements as the regionalisation criterion. The analysis is based on analogies regarding the use of traditional methods, scale, and character of input information (flows) by which functional regions are usually defined. The paper tries to verify whether these analogies are viable and whether the approach can be used to assess the spatial organisation of air transport on the global level. In order to do so, the paper discusses some aspects of the development of air transport and then defines functional airline regions and their prominent cores (i.e., hub airports). The regionalisation algorithm uses a database containing more than 48,000 routes and connecting almost 1,000 airports. The results are discussed in relation to issues concerning the spatial concentration of world air transport, the spatial patterns of global functional airline regions, and the classification of world airline hubs.
Inside, outside and in‐between: The process and impact of co‐producing knowledge about autism in a UK Somali community
Authors: Aabe Nura O. , Fox Fiona , Rai Dheeraj , Redwood Sabi
Published: July 2019

Background

Co‐production is predicated on equal power‐sharing and responsibility in research partnerships. However, relatively few accounts exist that explore the subjective experience of how co‐researchers achieve such equality, from the perspectives of public contributors and researchers.

Aim

This paper aims to provide a unique insight into the process of co‐production, by weaving personal reflections with principles to evaluate the impact arising from co‐produced knowledge. It is based upon participatory research that was initiated by a ‘lay’ person, on behalf of a community organization, seeking support for Somali families who are affected by autism. The paper explores the evolving partnerships that began with community theatre and qualitative research and leading to extensive dissemination and impact, all of which has been jointly owned and negotiated by the co‐researchers and community organizations.

Discussion

Initially, this paper reflects on the process, drawing on principles defined for co‐production in health research and combining it with the co‐researcher's personal reflections of their experiences as insiders and outsiders, stepping in and out of each other's worlds. The value of reciprocity, flexibility and continuous reflection is illustrated. The latter part of the paper explores the impact of this co‐produced knowledge using a theoretical framework, to assess the specific impacts and its broader transformative potential. It demonstrates how (1) opportunities for all partners to be equitably involved to the maximum degree possible throughout the research process can affect social change and (2) co‐produced research can become a catalyst that is dynamic and complex, achieving multi‐layered impact.
Clash of corporate governance logics obscuring auditor independence
Authors: Eklöv Alander Gunilla
Published: July 2019

Audit committees are regarded by regulators as beneficial for improving audit independence and are hence globally enforced. This study aligns with research that questions whether audit committees function well in nations that differ from the Anglo‐Saxon model. The aim of the study is to examine if the auditor and audit committee relationship conforms with a Swedish or Anglo‐Saxon logic, and to analyze the impact on auditor independence. A critical discourse analysis is undertaken on corporate governance reports and three dimensions of logics are found: one complying with Swedish logic (compliance) and two according to Anglo‐Saxon logic (varieties of subordination). The study indicates that the discourse on audit committees following an Anglo‐Saxon logic in this national setting constructs a power relation with the auditor that hampers the auditor's independence, and hence, that auditor independence is context bound. The importance of the composition of the audit committee and its members independence also from larger owners is discussed. The study contributes to research that marks the importance of a better understanding of national jurisdictions before international harmonization can be achieved.
The effect of in vitro gastrointestinal simulation on bioactivities of kefir
Authors: Üstün‐Aytekin Özlem , Şeker Anıl , Arısoy Sevda
Published: July 2019

Kefir is a fermented milk beverage and known to have positive effects on gut microbial diversity and human health. In this study, digested and undigested kefir samples were compared for changes in their antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Results showed that the amount of total phenolic substances, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) activity, and the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE‐I) activity increased from 43.76 ± 0.005 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/L, 4.20 ± 0.55%, and 9.91 ± 3.90% in undigested kefir to 668.16 ± 3.332 mg GAE/L, 63.06 ± 0.64%, and 98.88 ± 0.42% in digested kefir, respectively. While the dipeptidyl peptidase IV‐inhibitory (DPPIV‐I) activity of undigested kefir increased by 19.11 ± 7.35% after digestion, the optical density of the ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) decreased from 1.188 ± 0.05 to 0.278 ± 0.009, and the protein amount decreased from 101.4 mg L−1 to 12.42 mg L−1 in digested kefir. No antimicrobial effect was observed in undigested kefir, whereas, digested kefir samples were active, but only against Escherichia coli. These results show that the gastrointestinal digestion processes of kefir generally increase the number of bioactive molecules, and the digestion process must be taken into account to determine the biological capability of foods.
Prebiotic effect of resistant starch from Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (cowpea) using an in vitro simulated digestion model
Authors: Rengadu Danielle , Gerrano Abe S. , Mellem John J.
Published: July 2019

There has been growing interest in the use of resistant starch (RS) as a prebiotic for physiological benefits and to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. In this study, RS was isolated from samples of five cowpea cultivars (DT129‐4, TVU 11424, PAN 311, Fahari and Bechuana White) seeds to determine their potential prebiotic effects, and proximate and mineral composition. Results obtained showed samples of five cowpea cultivars to be high in protein (18.0–28.7%) and carbohydrates (54.9–66.0%) and low in fat (0.6–3.7%). The RS from cowpea samples ranged between 9.3 and 12.1% with cultivar DT129‐4 having the highest amount. Fermentation of RS using mixed and pure cultures was done, and bacterial growth was monitored over a 24‐h period. Resistant starch isolated from all cowpea samples fulfilled the criteria to be classified as a prebiotic which have a wide range of beneficial effects on the host, with cultivar DT129‐4 showing the most prebiotic potential amongst cowpea samples tested.
Changes in flavour compound profiles of precooked pork after reheating (warmed‐over flavour) using gas chromatography–olfactometry–mass spectrometry with chromatographic feature extraction
Authors: Zang Mingwu , Wang Lan , Zhang Zheqi , Zhang Kaihua , Li Dan , Li Xiaoman , Wang Shouwei , Chen Hongzhang
Published: July 2019

The unclear components and complex evaluation indicators affect the effectiveness of inhibition methods for warmed‐over flavour (WOF). To evaluate the main components of WOF, the changes in flavour compound profiles of precooked pork after reheating were investigated quantitatively by using gas chromatography–olfactometry–mass spectrometry with chromatographic feature extraction. A total of 49 volatile compounds were identified, including 22 aroma‐active compounds that were primarily derived from lipid oxidation. Fifteen key volatile compounds were obtained that represented principal components of the changes in flavour compound profiles, of which 1‐octen‐3‐ol, (Z)‐2‐octenal and (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal made the greatest contribution to the principal components and achieved odour activity value (OAVs) >1.0 after reheating. The results showed that the three compounds are the dominant volatile compounds and potential evaluation indicators of WOF. This study provides a further understanding of the components of WOF in precooked pork and an effective analysis method of gas chromatography.
Nursing care satisfaction from school‐aged children's perspective: An integrative review
Authors: Loureiro Fernanda , Figueiredo Maria Henriqueta , Charepe Zaida
Published: July 2019

Aim

This integrative review synthesizes the current knowledge on school‐aged children's satisfaction with nursing care in acute care settings.

Background

Children identify aspects of nursing care that are not valued by their parents. This fact confirms the relevance of properly assessing children's satisfaction.

Design

An integrative review was performed.

Data sources

A search for empirical studies was carried out in databases using the following search terms: satisfaction AND views OR opinions OR perceptions AND child AND nurs*.

Review methods

The search was limited to full‐text studies involving children from 6 to 12 years old, written in English or Portuguese, and published between 1 January 2000 and 31 August 2016. Twenty qualitative studies and three quantitative studies were included for revision and were analysed by two independent reviewers.

Results

Three themes emerged: expectations of nursing care, experiences with care, and suggested strategies. Expectations and experiences allowed us to identify work within three main domains: personal domain (nurses' characteristics), professional domain (nurses' activities), and environmental domain (interaction between nurses and the environment).

Conclusion

It is important to recognize children's rights to express their opinions about the nursing care they receive. Evaluation of both patients' and children's satisfaction should be systematically performed.
Screening for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements in non‐small‐cell lung cancer in New Zealand
Authors: McKeage Mark J. , Tin Tin Sandar , Khwaounjoo Prashannata , Sheath Karen , Dixon‐McIver Amanda , Ng Daniel , Sullivan Richard , Cameron Laird , Shepherd Philip , Laking George R. , Kingston Nicola , Strauss Magreet , Lewis Christopher , Elwood Mark , Love Donald R.
Published: July 2019

Background

Lung cancer is a major cause of death in New Zealand. In recent years, targeted therapies have improved outcomes.

Aim

To determine the uptake of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) testing, and the prevalence, demographic profile and outcomes of ALK‐positive non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), in New Zealand, where no national ALK‐testing guidelines or subsidised ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies are available.

Methods

A population‐based observational study reviewed databases to identify patients presenting with non‐squamous NSCLC over 6.5 years in northern New Zealand. We report the proportion tested for ALK gene rearrangements and the results. NSCLC samples tested by fluorescence in situ hybridisation were retested by next generation sequencing and ALK immunohistochemistry. A survival analysis compared ALK‐positive patients treated or not treated with ALK TKI therapy.

Results

From a total of 3130 patients diagnosed with non‐squamous NSCLC, 407 (13%) were tested for ALK gene rearrangements, and patient selection was variable and inequitable. Among those tested, 34 (8.4%) had ALK‐positive NSCLC. ALK‐positive disease was more prevalent in younger versus older patients, non‐smokers versus smokers and in Māori, Pacific or Asian ethnic groups than in New Zealand Europeans. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation, ALK immunohistochemistry and next generation sequencing showed broad concordance for detecting ALK–positive disease under local testing conditions. Among patients with ALK‐positive metastatic NSCLC, those treated with ALK TKI survived markedly longer than those not treated with ALK TKI (median overall survival 5.12 vs 0.55 years).

Conclusion

Lung cancer outcomes in New Zealand may be improved by providing national guidelines and funding policy for ALK testing and access to subsidised ALK TKI therapy.
How important are spillovers from major emerging markets?
Authors: Huidrom Raju , Ayhan Kose M. , Matsuoka Hideaki , Ohnsorge Franziska L.
Published: July 2019

The seven largest emerging market economies—China, India, Brazil, Russia, Mexico, Indonesia, and Turkey—constituted more than one‐quarter of global output and more than half of global output growth during 2010–2015. These emerging markets, which we call EM7, are also closely integrated with other countries, especially with other emerging and frontier markets (FMs). Given their size and integration, growth in EM7 could have significant cross‐border spillovers. We provide empirical estimates of these spillovers using a Bayesian vector autoregression model. We report three main results. First, spillovers from EM7 are sizeable: a 1 percentage point increase in EM7 growth is associated with an 0.9 percentage point increase in growth in other emerging and FMs and a 0.6 percentage point increase in world growth at the end of 3 years. Second, sizeable as they are, spillovers from EM7 are still smaller than those from G7 countries (group of seven of advanced economies). Specifically, growth in other emerging and FMs, and the global economy would increase by one‐half to three times more due to a similarly sized increase in G7 growth. Third, among the EM7, spillovers from China are the largest and permeate globally.
Review of the management of the Asian elephant Elephas maximus EEP: current challenges and future solutions
Authors: Schmidt H. , Kappelhof J.
Published: July 2019

This article reviews the current situation in the Asian Elephant Elephas maximus European Association of Zoos and Aquaria Ex situ Programme (EEP). In recent years, developments in husbandry and gained knowledge about the reproductive biology of Asian elephants have contributed to increased breeding success and resulted in a mean of 15 births per year in the last 5 years. At the time of writing, the Asian elephant EEP population contains 307 individuals: 90.217 (♂♂.♀♀). Based on the life table for 1998–2018, most demographic parameters show healthy numbers [e.g. lambda (λ) = 1·025], while the population has retained 98·44% of the gene diversity. However, this EEP is also facing multiple challenges, such as the presence of subspecies, transport barriers between some EEP participants and the societal debate about the purpose of zoos. The growing number of male elephants in the EEP population appears to be the most immediate challenge. In the short term, the authors suggest that females could be managed to conceive for the first time at 8 years of age and adhere to an interbirth interval of 7 years. This would be an attempt to decrease the reproductive rate without compromising the future reproductive potential of the population. The authors also prescribe improving facilities for elephants to allow zoos to utilize a fission–fusion housing strategy, making it possible to house the increasing number of males appropriately over the longer term.
Sea buckthorn berries Hippophae rhamnoides L. predict size and composition of a great tit population Parus major L
Authors: Tinbergen J. M. , Fokkema R. W. , Pen I. , Ubels R.
Published: July 2019

In seasonal environments variation in food abundance in the non‐breeding season is thought to affect songbird population dynamics. In a unique tit‐sea buckthorn berry system we can estimate the berry abundance and both the tit consumption and population dynamics. Six hundred nest boxes were available to great and blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus for breeding in spring and roosting in winter. We followed the dynamics including the recapture histories of individually marked great tits from 2008 to 2014. In each year we estimated 1) the winter sea buckthorn berry availability, 2) an index of berry consumption in December based on the colour of the faeces of roosting birds, 3) the number of breeding great and blue tits, 4) both recapture probability and the return rate of the great tits and 5) immigration rates. December berry abundance positively predicted the number of breeding pairs of both species in the subsequent season and great tit return rates in the second half of the winter. There was support for a sex specific berry effect on the adult return rate in the great tit: female return rate was associated less strongly to berry abundance than male return rate. This skewed the sex ratio of the local breeders in the following breeding season. Intriguingly, annual berry consumption in December was not related to berry abundance, and individuals consuming more berries tended to have slightly lower return rates. Reproductive rate was not related to berry abundance. There was hardly support for a relation between immigration rates of first year breeders and berry abundance. Taken together these results imply that berry stock not only affected population size but also the population composition through sex specific exchange with the surroundings. Since population density covaried with berry abundance, density dependent effects provide an alternative explanation for the patterns observed.
Genetic parameters estimation in an Italian horse native breed to support the conversion from agricultural uses to riding purposes
Authors: Ablondi Michela , Summer Andrea , Vasini Matteo , Simoni Marica , Sabbioni Alberto
Published: July 2019

Horses are nowadays mainly used for sport and leisure purposes, and several local breeds, traditionally used in agriculture, are exposed to the risk of extinction. The long‐term survival of local horse breeds depends on strategies to both monitor their genetic diversity and to find their sustainable role in the equine market. Thus, several local horse breeds need to adapt their breeding objective to allow a modernization process. The Bardigiano is an example of such horse breeds; we, therefore, studied the existing evaluation protocol from a genetic standpoint to assess the protocol's suitability to convert the Bardigiano from an agricultural to a riding horse. To this end, we estimated genetic parameters for four conformation measurements, ten grading traits and 23 linear traits. For conformation measurements, the heritabilities ranged from 0.31 for cannon bone circumference to 0.63 for height at withers. For conformation and attitude grading traits, the highest heritability (0.34) was estimated for development and the lowest (0.09) for gaits. The heritabilities for linear traits ranged from 0.05 for the leg straightness to 0.32 for the coat colour. Genetic correlations between linear traits and corresponding grading traits varied considerably, ranging from −0.42 to 0.98. This study showed that the current evaluation protocol in the Bardigiano horse is appropriate for genetic evaluation. Genetic parameters estimation can, in turn, be used to develop novel breeding values to help this conversion. Our study paves the way to optimize the Bardigiano horse breeding programme, and it may help several other local horse breeds experiencing similar issues.
Macroecology in the age of Big Data – Where to go from here?
Authors: Wüest Rafael O. , Zimmermann Niklaus E. , Zurell Damaris , Alexander Jake M. , Fritz Susanne A. , Hof Christian , Kreft Holger , Normand Signe , Cabral Juliano Sarmento , Szekely Eniko , Thuiller Wilfried , Wikelski Martin , Karger Dirk Nikolaus
Published: July 2019

Recent years have seen an exponential increase in the amount of data available in all sciences and application domains. Macroecology is part of this “Big Data” trend, with a strong rise in the volume of data that we are using for our research. Here, we summarize the most recent developments in macroecology in the age of Big Data that were presented at the 2018 annual meeting of the Specialist Group Macroecology of the Ecological Society of Germany, Austria and Switzerland (GfÖ). Supported by computational advances, macroecology has been a rapidly developing field over recent years. Our meeting highlighted important avenues for further progress in terms of standardized data collection, data integration, method development and process integration. In particular, we focus on (a) important data gaps and new initiatives to close them, for example through space‐ and airborne sensors, (b) how various data sources and types can be integrated, (c) how uncertainty can be assessed in data‐driven analyses and (d) how Big Data and machine learning approaches have opened new ways of investigating processes rather than simply describing patterns. We discuss how Big Data opens up new opportunities, but also poses new challenges to macroecological research. In the future, it will be essential to carefully assess data quality, the reproducibility of data compilation and analytical methods, and the communication of uncertainties. Major progress in the field will depend on the definition of data standards and workflows for macroecology, such that scientific quality and integrity are guaranteed, and collaboration in research projects is made easier.
The patterns and possible causes of global geographical variation in the body size of the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)
Authors: Jiang Tinglei , Wang Jing , Wu Hui , Csorba Gabor , Puechmaille Sébastien J. , Benda Petr , Boireau Josselin , Toffoli Roberto , Courtois Jean‐Yves , Nyssen Pierrette , Colombo Raphael , Feng Jiang
Published: July 2019

Aim

Geographical variations in endotherm body size (e.g. Bergmann's rule/James's rule and Allen's rule) have long been tested. However, the patterns and causes of geographical variation in body size within bat species, especially within widespread hibernating species, are little known. Here, we evaluated the possible causes of geographical size variation patterns in the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), a bat species widely distributed across the Palearctic.

Location

Palearctic.

Methods

We collected body size data (body mass and forearm length) from 1,172 adult bats via direct measurements or from the literature. We used high‐resolution environmental data for the sampled sites. We applied multiple linear regressions and an information‐theoretic approach on separate female and male datasets to estimate the support for various hypotheses.

Results

Temperature and latitude failed to predict body mass in both females and males. The best model showed that populations with longer forearms in both sexes were associated with higher mean temperatures (in the warmest quarter) and lower mean temperatures (in the coldest quarter). The independent contribution of these temperature parameters to forearm length in both sexes was higher than that of all other variables.

Main conclusion

The observed relationship between temperature and body mass was not consistent with James's rule, and thus failed to support the heat conservation hypothesis. Our results are consistent with the predictions of Allen's rule and indicated that direct heat dissipation from the wing may be the most likely mechanism underlying geographical variation in forearm length. We suggest that the evaluation of the relative importance of multiple causal mechanisms may improve our understanding of patterns of geographical variation in endotherms.
Long term performance and safety of His bundle pacing: A multicenter experience
Authors: Zanon Francesco , Abdelrahman Mohamed , Marcantoni Lina , Naperkowski Angela , Subzposh Faiz A , Pastore Gianni , Baracca Enrico , Boaretto Graziano , Raffagnato Paola , Tiribello Antonella , Dandamudi Gopi , Vijayaraman Pugazhendhi
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Several single‐center short‐term studies have demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and positive clinical outcomes of permanent His bundle pacing (HBP). We performed a retrospective study to evaluate long‐term technical and safety performances of HBP in a large population of pacemaker patients from two different centers.

Methods and Results

The analysis includes 844 patients (345 female, mean age = 75 ± 9 years) who underwent successful permanent HBP for pacemaker indications from 2004 to 2016. The main endpoints were long term electrical performances including pacing threshold, sensing, impedance, and freedom from pacing related complications. The pacing indication was AV Block in 348 (41.2%) patients, sinus node disease in 147 (17.4%), any bradycardia indication in patients with atrial fibrillation in 335 (39.7%) patients and need for cardiac resynchronization therapy in 14 (1.7%) patients. Mean pacing capture thresholds and sensed R waves were 1.6 V and 5.8 mV, respectively at implant and 2.0 V and 6.1 mV at chronic follow‐up. During the median follow up of 3 years (interquartile range = 1‐6 years), HBP was free of any complication in 91.6% of patients. In the first 368 patients, HBP was achieved using a deflectable curve delivery system, while in 476 using the fixed curve sheath. A significant difference was found in the thresholds (2.4 ± 1.0 V and 1.7 ± 1.1 V, P < .001, respectively) and complications (11.9% and 4.2%, P < .001, respectively) between the two groups.

Conclusions

Permanent HBP was safe and effective during long‐term follow‐up. The fixed curved delivery sheath offered significantly better electrical parameters and reliability over time. The results of this multicenter study are consistent with recent studies.
Consequences of chronic frequent premature atrial contractions: Association with cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac structural changes
Authors: Gunda Sampath , Akyeampong Daniel , Gomez‐Arroyo Jose , Jovin Daniel G. , Kowlgi Narayan G. , Kaszala Karoly , Tan Alex Y. , Koneru Jayanthi N. , Kron Jordana , Ellenbogen Kenneth A. , Huizar Jose F.
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) can cause cardiomyopathy (CM). Postextrasystolic potentiation (PESP) and irregularity have been in implicated as triggers of PVC‐CM. Because both phenomena can also be found in premature atrial contractions (PACs), it is speculated that frequent PACs have similar consequences.

Methods and results

A single‐center, retrospective study included all consecutive patients undergoing a 14‐day Holter monitors (November 2014 to October 2016). Patients were divided into four groups by ectopy burden group 1 (<1%) and remaining by tertiles (group 2‐4). Echocardiographic and arrhythmic data were compared between PAC and PVC burdens. In addition, a translational PAC animal model was used to assess the chronic effects of frequent PACs. A total 846 patients were reviewed. In contrast to PVCs, we found no difference in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), end‐systolic and end‐diastolic dimensions and presence of CM (LVEF <50%) between different PAC groups. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that only PVC burden predicted low EF (odds ratio, 1.1; confidence interval, 1.03‐1.13; P = .001). While there was a weak correlation between PAC burden and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) episodes and atrial fibrillation (AF) burden (r = 0.19; P < .001), there was no correlation between PAC burden and LVEF or CM. Finally, atrial bigeminy in our animal model did not significantly decrease LVEF after 3 months.

Conclusion

PAC burden is associated with increased AF and SVT episodes. In contrast to a high PVC burden, a high PAC burden is not associated with CM. Our findings suggest that heart rate irregularity and/or PESP may play a minimal role in the pathophysiology of PVC‐CM.
Association between prolonged P wave duration and left atrial scarring in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
Authors: Chen Qiong , Mohanty Sanghamitra , Trivedi Chintan , Gianni Carola , Della Rocca Domenico G. , Canpolat Ugur , Burkhardt John David , Sanchez Javier E. , Hranitzky Patrick , Gallinghouse Gerald Joseph , Al‐Ahmad Amin , Horton Rodney , Di Biase Luigi , Natale Andrea
Published: July 2019

Background

We evaluated the association of P wave duration (PWD) with left atrial scar (LAS) in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF).

Methods

Consecutive patients with PAF undergoing their first catheter ablation were screened and only those in sinus rhythm at baseline were included in the analysis. A standard 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed in all and three‐dimensional voltage mapping of the left atrium was generated for identification of low‐voltage areas (≤0.2 mV) before the procedure.

Results

In total, 411 patients with PAF were included in this study of which 181 had LASs (scar group), while 230 had no scar (nonscar group). In the scar group, patients were older (65.5 ± 8.8 vs 59.7 ± 11.7 years; P < .001), the proportion of female was higher (47.5% vs 37.4%; P = .04) and left atrial (LA) diameter (4.1 ± 0.6 vs 3.9 ± 0.6 cm; P < .001) was larger compared with the nonscar group. There was no significant difference in terms of hypertension, sleep apnea, and diabetes between the two groups. When comparing ECG characteristics between the two groups, PWD was significantly longer in the scar group (122.9 ± 18.5 and 116.9 ± 28.0 ms; P = .01). A multivariate analysis was performed, after adjustment of age, sex, LA diameter, PWD ≥ 120 ms was found to be an independent predictor of LA scarring (OR: 1.69, p‐value: 0.02).

Conclusion

In the current series, prolonged PWD was found to be independently associated with LA scarring in PAF, even after adjustment for age, sex, and LA diameter.