bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isocitrate dehydrogenases (ICD-1 and ICD-2) reveals differences in coenzyme affinity, oligomeric state, pH tolerance and phylogenetic affiliation
Authors: Banerjee Sharmistha , Nandyala Ashok , Podili RaviPrasad , Katoch Vishwa Mohan , Hasnain Seyed E
Published: September 2005

Background

M.tb icd-1 and M.tb icd-2, have been identified in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome as probable isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD) genes. Earlier we demonstrated that the two isoforms can elicit B cell response in TB patients and significantly differentiate TB infected population from healthy, BCG-vaccinated controls. Even though immunoassays suggest that these proteins are closely related in terms of antigenic determinants, we now show that M.tb icd-1 and M.tb icd-2 code for functional energy cycle enzymes and document the differences in their biochemical properties, oligomeric assembly and phylogenetic affiliation.

Results

Functionally, both M.tb ICD-1 and ICD-2 proteins are dimers. Zn+2 can act as a cofactor for ICD-1 apart from Mg+2, but not for ICD-2. ICD-1 has higher affinity for metal substrate complex (Km (isocitrate) with Mg++:10 μM ± 5) than ICD-2 (Km (isocitrate) with Mg++:20 μM ± 1). ICD-1 is active across a wider pH range than ICD-2, retaining 33–35% activity in an acidic pH upto 5.5. Difference in thermal behaviour is also observed with ICD-2 being active across wider temperature range (20°C to 40°C) than ICD-1 (optimum temperature 40°C). The isozymes are NADP+ dependent with distinct phylogenetic affiliations; unlike M.tb ICD-2 that groups with bacterial ICDs, M.tb ICD-1 exhibits a closer lineage to eukaryotic NADP+ dependent ICDs.

Conclusion

The data provide experimental evidence to show that the two open reading frames, Rv3339c (ICD-1) and Rv0066c (ICD-2), annotated as probable ICDs are functional TCA cycle enzymes with identical enzymatic function but different physio-chemical and kinetic properties. The differences in biochemical and kinetic properties suggest the possibility of differential expression of the two ICDs during different stages of growth, despite having identical metabolic function.
Phylogenetic analysis of eIF4E-family members
Authors: Joshi Bhavesh , Lee Kibwe , Maeder Dennis L , Jagus Rosemary
Published: September 2005

Background

Translation initiation in eukaryotes involves the recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome which is controlled by the translation factor eIF4E. eIF4E binds to the 5'-m7Gppp cap-structure of mRNA. Three dimensional structures of eIF4Es bound to cap-analogues resemble 'cupped-hands' in which the cap-structure is sandwiched between two conserved Trp residues (Trp-56 and Trp-102 of H. sapiens eIF4E). A third conserved Trp residue (Trp-166 of H. sapiens eIF4E) recognizes the 7-methyl moiety of the cap-structure. Assessment of GenBank NR and dbEST databases reveals that many organisms encode a number of proteins with homology to eIF4E. Little is understood about the relationships of these structurally related proteins to each other.

Results

By combining sequence data deposited in the Genbank databases, we have identified sequences encoding 411 eIF4E-family members from 230 species. These sequences have been deposited into an internet-accessible database designed for sequence comparisons of eIF4E-family members. Most members can be grouped into one of three classes. Class I members carry Trp residues equivalent to Trp-43 and Trp-56 of H. sapiens eIF4E and appear to be present in all eukaryotes. Class II members, possess Trp→Tyr/Phe/Leu and Trp→Tyr/Phe substitutions relative to Trp-43 and Trp-56 of H. sapiens eIF4E, and can be identified in Metazoa, Viridiplantae, and Fungi. Class III members possess a Trp residue equivalent to Trp-43 of H. sapiens eIF4E but carry a Trp→Cys/Tyr substitution relative to Trp-56 of H. sapiens eIF4E, and can be identified in Coelomata and Cnidaria. Some eIF4E-family members from Protista show extension or compaction relative to prototypical eIF4E-family members.

Conclusion

The expansion of sequenced cDNAs and genomic DNAs from all eukaryotic kingdoms has revealed a variety of proteins related in structure to eIF4E. Evolutionarily it seems that a single early eIF4E gene has undergone multiple gene duplications generating multiple structural classes, such that it is no longer possible to predict function from the primary amino acid sequence of an eIF4E-family member. The variety of eIF4E-family members provides a source of alternatives on the eIF4E structural theme that will benefit structure/function analyses and therapeutic drug design.
A TNF-induced gene expression program under oscillatory NF-κB control
Authors: Tian Bing , Nowak David E , Brasier Allan R
Published: September 2005

Background

The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) initiates tissue inflammation, a process mediated by the NF-κB transcription factor. In response to TNF, latent cytoplasmic NF-κB is activated, enters the nucleus, and induces expression of inflammatory and anti-apoptotic gene expression programs. Recently it has been shown that NF-κB displays two distinct activation modes, monophasic and oscillatory, depending on stimulus duration. Characterization of temporal expression patterns for the NF-κB network and determination of those genes under monophasic- or oscillatory control has not been experimentally addressed.

Results

To identify the kinetics of NF-κB-dependent gene expression and determine whether these two types of NF-κB translocation modes control distinct gene programs, a detailed kinetic analysis of a validated microarray data set was performed on 74 unique NF-κB-dependent genes in response to TNF. Hierarchical clustering identified distinct expression profiles termed the "Early", "Middle", "Late" response groups, peaking 1, 3, and 6 h after stimulation, respectively. These expression patterns were validated by Quantitative Real Time PCR (Q-RT-PCR) and NF-κB binding was demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Each response group was mapped to its molecular function; this analysis indicated that the Early group encodes cytokines or negative regulators of the IKK-NF-κB pathway, and the Late group encodes cell surface receptors, adhesion molecules and signal adapters. That similar coordinated sequential cascades of gene expression were also seen in response to stimulation by the cytokine IL-1, and expression patterns observed in MRC-5 fibroblasts indicated that the epithelial NF-κB program is relatively stimulus- and cell type-independent. Bioinformatic analysis of the Early and Late gene promoters indicates that although both groups contain similar patterns of NF-κB-binding sites, only the Early gene promoters contain NF-κB-binding sites located in phylogenetically conserved domains. Stimulation protocols designed to produce either monophasic or oscillatory NF-κB activation modes showed that the oscillatory mode is required only for expression of the Late genes.

Conclusion

This analysis provides important insights into the TNF-regulated genetic response program in epithelial cells, where NF-κB controls sequential expression patterns of functionally distinct genes that depend on its oscillatory activation mode.
Low pH immobilizes and kills human leukocytes and prevents transmission of cell-associated HIV in a mouse model
Authors: Olmsted Stuart S , Khanna Kristen V , Ng Erina M , Whitten Steven T , Johnson Owen N , Markham Richard B , Cone Richard A , Moench Thomas R
Published: September 2005

Background

Both cell-associated and cell-free HIV virions are present in semen and cervical secretions of HIV-infected individuals. Thus, topical microbicides may need to inactivate both cell-associated and cell-free HIV to prevent sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS. To determine if the mild acidity of the healthy vagina and acid buffering microbicides would prevent transmission by HIV-infected leukocytes, we measured the effect of pH on leukocyte motility, viability and intracellular pH and tested the ability of an acidic buffering microbicide (BufferGel®) to prevent the transmission of cell-associated HIV in a HuPBL-SCID mouse model.

Methods

Human lymphocyte, monocyte, and macrophage motilities were measured as a function of time and pH using various acidifying agents. Lymphocyte and macrophage motilities were measured using video microscopy. Monocyte motility was measured using video microscopy and chemotactic chambers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) viability and intracellular pH were determined as a function of time and pH using fluorescent dyes. HuPBL-SCID mice were pretreated with BufferGel, saline, or a control gel and challenged with HIV-1-infected human PBMCs.

Results

Progressive motility was completely abolished in all cell types between pH 5.5 and 6.0. Concomitantly, at and below pH 5.5, the intracellular pH of PBMCs dropped precipitously to match the extracellular medium and did not recover. After acidification with hydrochloric acid to pH 4.5 for 60 min, although completely immotile, 58% of PBMCs excluded ethidium homodimer-1 (dead-cell dye). In contrast, when acidified to this pH with BufferGel, a microbicide designed to maintain vaginal acidity in the presence of semen, only 4% excluded dye at 10 min and none excluded dye after 30 min. BufferGel significantly reduced transmission of HIV-1 in HuPBL-SCID mice (1 of 12 infected) compared to saline (12 of 12 infected) and a control gel (5 of 7 infected).

Conclusion

These results suggest that physiologic or microbicide-induced acid immobilization and killing of infected white blood cells may be effective in preventing sexual transmission of cell-associated HIV.
Cytophilic antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate Rich Protein are associated with malaria protection in an area of holoendemic transmission
Authors: Lusingu John PA , Vestergaard Lasse S , Alifrangis Michael , Mmbando Bruno P , Theisen Michael , Kitua Andrew Y , Lemnge Martha M , Theander Thor G
Published: September 2005

Background

Several studies conducted in areas of medium or low malaria transmission intensity have found associations between malaria immunity and plasma antibody levels to glutamate rich protein (GLURP). This study was conducted to analyse if a similar relationship could be documented in an area of intense malaria transmission.

Methods

A six month longitudinal study was conducted in an area of holoendemic malaria transmission in north-eastern Tanzania, where the incidence of febrile malaria decreased sharply by the age of three years, and anaemia constituted a significant part of the malaria disease burden. Plasma antibodies to glutamate rich protein (GLURP) were analysed and related with protection against malaria morbidity in models correcting for the effect of age.

Results

The risk of febrile malaria episodes was reduced significantly in children with measurable anti-GLURP IgG1 antibodies at enrolment [adjusted odds ratio: 0.39 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.99); P = 0.047]. Interestingly, there was an inverse relationship between the plasma anti-GLURP IgG1 and IgG3 levels and the levels of parasitaemia at enrolment. However, anti-GLURP IgG2 and IgG4 levels were not associated with reduction in parasite density. Similarly, antibody levels were not associated with haemoglobin levels or anaemia risk.

Conclusion

Cytophilic IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies against R0-GLURP may contribute to the control of parasite multiplication and reduction in febrile malaria incidence in children living in an area of intense malaria transmission.
Centile values for serum lipids and blood pressure for Asian Indian adolescents
Authors: Madhavan Malini , Pandey Ravindra M , Misra Anoop , Vikram Naval K , Dhingra Vibha , Luthra Kalpana , Wasir Jasjeet S
Published: September 2005

Background

Reference data for plasma lipids and blood pressure are not available for Asian Indian adolescents. This study aimed to develop representative age- and sex- specific percentile reference data for serum lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL cholesterol] and blood pressure for urban Asian Indian adolescents aged 14–18 years. The sample consisted of 680 boys and 521 girls aged 14–18 years from the cross-sectional population survey,EpidemiologicalStudy ofAdolescents andYoung Adults (ESAY) for whom the data for serum lipid levels and blood pressure were recorded. Smoothed age- and sex- specific 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th, 90thand 95thpercentiles where derived using LMS regression.

Results

Percentile-based reference data for serum lipids and blood pressure are presented for adolescent Asian Indian boys and girls for the first time. Asian Indian adolescents had lower levels of serum TC, LDL-C and HDL-C and higher TG than their counterparts in the USA. Interesting trends in TC and HDL-C levels where observed, which might reflect changes in dietary pattern and physical activity in this age group in India.

Conclusion

These reference data could be used to identify adolescents with an elevated risk of developing dyslipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular disorders, to plan and implement preventive policies, and to study temporal trends.
The subcellular distribution of myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8) and MRP14 in human neutrophils
Authors: Stroncek David F , Shankar Raji A , Skubitz Keith M
Published: September 2005

Background

Myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8) and MRP14 are S100 family calcium binding proteins that form a heterodimer known as calprotectin or MRP8/14 that is present in the cytosol of neutrophils and monocytes. MRP8/14 becomes associated with endothelium at sites of monocyte and neutrophil adhesion and transmigration and induces a thrombogenic and inflammatory response by increasing the endothelial transcription of proinflamatory chemokines and adhesion molecules. The distribution of MRP8/MRP14 among neutrophil granules and plasma membranes is unclear and was investigated to better understand the role of this molecule in acute inflammation.

Study design

Three monoclonal antibodies specific for MRP8 and MRP14 were characterized and used in immunoblotting assays of neutrophil whole cell extracts, and isolated plasma membranes, primary granules, secondary granules and cytosol.

Results

MRP8 and MRP14 were detected in neutrophil cytosol, plasma membrane, primary granule and secondary granule fractions. MRP8/14 demonstrated a calcium-dependent adherence to plasma membranes and primary granules and could be removed by washing with EGTA in a high ionic strength buffer. In contrast, MRP8/14 was found within the contents of the secondary granules. Activated neutrophils released secondary granules and MRP8/14.

Conclusion

MRP8/14 is located in neutrophil cytosol and secondary granule fractions and is loosely associated with plasma membranes. MRP8/14 released with secondary granules by activated neutrophils likely binds to endothelium and plays an important role in acute inflammation.
Acidification of Rat TRPV1 Alters the Kinetics of Capsaicin Responses
Authors: Neelands Torben R , Jarvis Michael F , Han Ping , Faltynek Connie R , Surowy Carol S
Published: September 2005

TRPV1 (vanilloid receptor 1) receptors are activated by a variety of ligands such as capsaicin, as well as by acidic conditions and temperatures above 42°C. These activators can enhance the potency of one another, shifting the activation curve for TRPV1 to the left. In this study, for example, we observed an approximately 10-fold shift in the capsaicin EC50 (640 nM to 45 nM) for rat TRPV1 receptors expressed in HEK-293 cells when the pH was lowered from 7.4 to 5.5. To investigate potential causes for this shift in capsaicin potency, the rates of current activation and deactivation of whole-cell currents were measured in individual cells exposed to treatments of pH 5.5, 1 μM capsaicin or in combination. Acidic pH was found to both increase the activation rate and decrease the deactivation rate of capsaicin-activated currents providing a possible mechanism for the enhanced potency of capsaicin under acidic conditions. Utilizing a paired-pulse protocol, acidic pH slowed the capsaicin deactivation rate and was readily reversible. Moreover, the effect could occur under modestly acidic conditions (pH 6.5) that did not directly activate TRPV1. When TRPV1 was maximally activated by capsaicin and acidic pH, the apparent affinity of the novel and selective capsaicin-site competitive TRPV1 antagonist, A-425619, was reduced ∼35 fold. This shift was overcome by reducing the capsaicin concentration co-applied with acidic pH. Since inflammation is associated with tissue acidosis, these findings enhance understanding of TRPV1 receptor responses in inflammatory pain where tissue acidosis is prevalent.
The ethnobotany of Christ's Thorn Jujube (Ziziphus spina-christi) in Israel
Authors: Dafni Amots , Levy Shay , Lev Efraim
Published: September 2005

This article surveys the ethnobotany ofZiziphus spina-christi(L.) Desf. in the Middle East from various aspects: historical, religious, philological, literary, linguistic, as well as pharmacological, among Muslims, Jews, and Christians. It is suggested that this is the only tree species considered "holy" by Muslims (all the individuals of the species are sanctified by religion) in addition to its status as "sacred tree " (particular trees which are venerated due to historical or magical events related to them, regardless of their botanical identity) in the Middle East. It has also a special status as "blessed tree" among the Druze.
Reduced transforming growth factor-beta signaling in cartilage of old mice: role in impaired repair capacity
Authors: Blaney Davidson EN , Scharstuhl A , Vitters EL , van der Kraan PM , van den Berg WB
Published: September 2005

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease, mainly effecting the elderly population. The cause of OA seems to be an imbalance in catabolic and anabolic factors that develops with age. IL-1 is a catabolic factor known to induce cartilage damage, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is an anabolic factor that can counteract many IL-1-induced effects. In old mice, we observed reduced responsiveness to TGF-beta-induced IL-1 counteraction. We investigated whether expression of TGF-beta and its signaling molecules altered with age. To mimic the TGF-beta deprived conditions in aged mice, we assessed the functional consequence of TGF-beta blocking. We isolated knee joints of mice aged 5 months or 2 years, half of which were exposed to IL-1 by intra-articular injection 24 h prior to knee joint isolation. Immunohistochemistry was performed, staining for TGF-beta1, -2 or -3, TGF-betaRI or -RII, Smad2, -3, -4, -6 and -7 and Smad-2P. The percentage of cells staining positive was determined in tibial cartilage. To mimic the lack of TGF-beta signaling in old mice, young mice were injected with IL-1 and after 2 days Ad-LAP (TGF-beta inhibitor) or a control virus were injected. Proteoglycan (PG) synthesis (35S-sulfate incorporation) and PG content of the cartilage were determined. Our experiments revealed that TGF-beta2 and -3 expression decreased with age, as did the TGF-beta receptors. Although the number of cells positive for the Smad proteins was not altered, the number of cells expressing Smad2P strongly dropped in old mice. IL-1 did not alter the expression patterns. We mimicked the lack of TGF-beta signaling in old mice by TGF-beta inhibition with LAP. This resulted in a reduced level of PG synthesis and aggravation of PG depletion. The limited response of old mice to TGF-beta induced-IL-1 counteraction is not due to a diminished level of intracellular signaling molecules or an upregulation of intracellular inhibitors, but is likely due to an intrinsic absence of sufficient TGF-beta receptor expression. Blocking TGF-beta distorted the natural repair response after IL-1 injection. In conclusion, TGF-beta appears to play an important role in repair of cartilage and a lack of TGF-beta responsiveness in old mice might be at the root of OA development.
Elevated troponin and myocardial infarction in the intensive care unit: a prospective study
Authors: Lim Wendy , Qushmaq Ismael , Cook Deborah J , Crowther Mark A , Heels-Ansdell Diane , Devereaux PJ
Published: September 2005

Introduction

Elevated troponin levels indicate myocardial injury but may occur in critically ill patients without evidence of myocardial ischemia. An elevated troponin alone cannot establish a diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI), yet the optimal methods for diagnosing MI in the intensive care unit (ICU) are not established. The study objective was to estimate the frequency of MI using troponin T measurements, 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) and echocardiography, and to examine the association of elevated troponin and MI with ICU and hospital mortality and length of stay.

Method

In this 2-month single centre prospective cohort study, all consecutive patients admitted to our medical-surgical ICU were classified in duplicate by two investigators as having MI or no MI based on troponin, ECGs and echocardiograms obtained during the ICU stay. The diagnosis of MI was based on an adaptation of the joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology definition: a typical rise or fall of an elevated troponin measurement, in addition to ischemic symptoms, ischemic ECG changes, a coronary artery intervention, or a new cardiac wall motion abnormality.

Results

We screened 117 ICU admissions and enrolled 115 predominantly medical patients. Of these, 93 (80.9%) had at least one ECG and one troponin; 44 of these 93 (47.3%) had at least one elevated troponin and 24 (25.8%) had an MI. Patients with MI had significantly higher mortality in the ICU (37.5% versus 17.6%; P = 0.050) and hospital (50.0% versus 22.0%; P = 0.010) than those without MI. After adjusting for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and need for inotropes or vasopressors, MI was an independent predictor of hospital mortality (odds ratio 3.22, 95% confidence interval 1.04–9.96). The presence of an elevated troponin (among those patients in whom troponin was measured) was not independently predictive of ICU or hospital mortality.

Conclusion

In this study, 47% of critically ill patients had an elevated troponin but only 26% of these met criteria for MI. An elevated troponin without ischemic ECG changes was not associated with adverse outcomes; however, MI in the ICU setting was an independent predictor of hospital mortality.
Software-sorted geographies
Authors: Graham Stephen D.N.
Published: September 2005

This paper explores the central role of computerized code in shaping the social and geographical politics of inequality in advanced societies. The central argument is that, while such processes are necessarily multifaceted, multiscaled, complex and ambivalent, a great variety of `software-sorting' techniques is now being widely applied in efforts to try to separate privileged and marginalized groups and places across a wide range of sectors and domains. This paper's central demonstration is that the overwhelming bulk of software-sorting applications is closely associated with broader transformations from Keynesian to neoliberal service regimes. To illustrate such processes of software-sorting, the paper analyses recent research addressing three examples of software-sorting in practice. These address physical and electronic mobility systems, online geographical information systems (GIS), and face-recognition closed circuit television (CCTV) systems covering city streets. The paper finishes by identifying theoretical, research and policy implications of the diffusion of software-sorted geographies within which computerized code continually orchestrates inequalities through technological systems embedded within urban environments.
Cannabis use and misuse prevalence among people with psychosis
Authors: Green Bob , Young Ross , Kavanagh David
Published: September 2005

Background

Increasing attention has been given by researchers to cannabis use in individuals with psychosis. As psychoses are relatively low-prevalence disorders, research has been mostly been restricted to small-scale studies of treatment samples. The reported prevalence estimates obtained from these studies vary widely.

Aims

To provide prevalence estimates based on larger samples and to examine sources of variability in prevalence estimates across studies.

Method

Data from 53 studies of treatment samples and 5 epidemiological studies were analysed.

Results

Based on treatment sample data, prevalence estimates were calculated for current use (23.0%), current misuse (11.3%), 12-month use (29.2%), 12-month misuse (18.8%), lifetime use (42.1%) and lifetime misuse (22.5%). Epidemiological studies consistently reported higher cannabis use and misuse prevalence in people with psychosis.

Conclusions

The factor most consistently associated with increased odds of cannabis prevalence was specificity of diagnosis. Factors such as consumption patterns and study design merit further consideration.
Incidence of anti-brain antibodies in children with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Dale Russell C. , Heyman Isobel , Giovannoni Gavin , Church Andrew J.
Published: September 2005

Background

Obsessions and compulsions may occur in the post-streptococcal disorders Sydenham's chorea and paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus (PANDAS). The proposed mediators are anti-basal ganglia antibodies (ABGA)

Aims

We tested the hypothesis that post-streptococcal autoimmunity may have a role in ‘idiopathic’ obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)

Method

We examined 50 children with OCD for ABGA using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western immunoblotting. The findings were compared with paediatric autoimmune (n=50), neurological (n=100) and streptococcal (n=40) controls.

Results

The mean ABGA binding on ELISA was elevated in the patient cohort compared with all control groups (P<0.005 in all comparisons). Western immunoblotting revealed positive antibody binding (as seen in Sydenham's chorea) in 42% of the patient cohort compared with 2–10% of control groups (P<0.001 in all comparisons)

Conclusions

Our findings support the hypothesis that central nervous system autoimmunity may have a role in a significant subgroup of cases of OCD. Further study is required to examine whether the antibodies concerned are pathogenic.
Prefrontal white matter – the tissue of lies?
Authors: Spence Sean A.
Published: September 2005

Yanget al(2005, this issue) report what is probably the first structural neuroimaging study of lying. Adults were recruited from temporary employment agencies in Los Angeles. This will have been a complex and demanding study to perform; it has already yielded significant insights into the neural correlates of antisocial personalities drawn from that environment, indicating reduced prefrontal grey matter and diminished autonomic responsiveness (Raineet al, 2000). The current findings derive from a re-analysis of these data, themselves obtained from reliable blinded measurement of prefrontal white matter by magnetic resonance imaging. The groups were imperfectly matched on some variables (e.g. age), nevertheless, this did not detract significantly from the authors' findings: namely, greater prefrontal white matter volume among those identified as ‘liars' (relative to ‘antisocial’ and ‘normal’ controls).
Dietary improvement in people with schizophrenia
Authors: McCreadie Robin G. , Kelly Ciara , Connolly Moira , Williams Sue , Baxter Gwen , Lean Michael , Paterson John R.
Published: September 2005

Background

People with schizophrenia make poor dietary choices.

Aims

To measure the impact of giving free fruit and vegetables for 6 months on eating habits in schizophrenia.

Method

We randomly allocated 102 people with schizophrenia in two areas of Scotland to receive free fruit and vegetables for 6 months, supported by instruction in meal planning and food preparation; free fruit and vegetables alone; or to continue as before. Diet was assessed using the Scottish Health Survey questionnaire. Blood samples to measure micronutrients were taken and mental state, body mass index, level of physical activity and future risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) were assessed.

Results

After the intervention, those who received free fruit and vegetables, or free fruit and vegetables and associated instruction, were consuming significantly more fruit and vegetables than those in the treatment as usual group. Consumption fell to pre-intervention levels 12 months after the intervention stopped. There was no between-group difference at any time in blood micronutrients, body mass index, physical activity or risk of CHD.

Conclusions

The diet of people with schizophrenia improved when they were given free fruit and vegetables but this was not sustained after withdrawal of the intervention. A support programme added no benefit.
Venlafaxine extended-release capsules in panic disorder
Authors: Bradwejn Jacques , Ahokas Antti , Stein Dan J. , Salinas Eliseo , Emilien Gerard , Whitaker Timothy
Published: September 2005

Background

Venlafaxine extended-release (ER) has proven efficacy in the treatment of anxiety symptoms in major depression, generalised anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder.

Aims

To evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of venlafaxine ER in treating panic disorder.

Method

Adult out-patients (n=361) with panic disorder were randomly assigned to receive venlafaxine ER (75–225 mg/day) or placebo for up to 10 weeks in a double-blind study.

Results

Venlafaxine ER was not associated with a greater proportion of patients free from full-symptom panic attacks at the finalon-therapy evaluation, but was associated with lower mean panic attack frequency and a higher proportion free from limited-symptom panic attacks, higher response and remission rates, and improvements in anticipatory anxiety, fear and avoidance. Adverse events were comparable with those of the drug in depression and anxiety disorders.

Conclusions

Venlafaxine ER seems to be effective and well tolerated in the short-term treatment of panic disorder.
Reliability of mental capacity assessments in psychiatric in-patients
Authors: Cairns Ruth , Maddock Clementine , Buchanan Alec , David Anthony S. , Hayward Peter , Richardson Genevra , Szmukler George , Hotopf Matthew
Published: September 2005

Background

Previous work on the reliability of mental capacity assessments in patients with psychiatric illness has been limited.

Aims

To describe the interrater reliability of two independent assessments of capacity to consent to treatment, as well as assessments made by a panel of clinicians based on the same interview.

Method

Fifty-five patients were interviewed by two interviewers 1–7 days apart and a binary (yes/no) capacity judgement was made, guided by the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T). Four senior clinicians used transcripts of the interviews to judge capacity.

Results

There was excellent agreement between the two interviewers for capacity judgements made at separate interviews (kappa=0.82). A high level of agreement was seen between senior clinicians for capacity judgements of the same interview (mean kappa=0.84)

Conclusions

In combination with a clinical interview, the MacCAT–T can be used to produce highly reliable judgements of capacity.
Specialist personality disorder services in England: a case for managed clinical networks?
Authors: Norton Kingsley , Lousada Julian , Healy Kevin
Published: September 2005

Following the publication by the National Institute for Mental Health in England (NIMHE) of Personality Disorder: No Longer A Diagnosis of Exclusion (National Institute for Mental Health in England, 2003), it is perhaps surprising that so soon after there have been threats to the survival of some of the small number of existing specialist personality disorder services to which it refers. Indeed, one of the few in-patient units specialising in such disorders (Webb House in Crewe) closed in July 2004. Such closures or threats argue for closer collaboration in planning between the relevant secondary and tertiary services and also between the Department of Health, the NIMHE and local National Health Service commissioners. Not safeguarding existing tertiary specialist services, at a time of increasing awareness of the needs of patients with personality disorders, may be short-sighted.
Antipsychotic drugs – information and choice: a patient survey
Authors: Olofinjana Banke , Taylor David
Published: September 2005

Aims and Method

The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidance on the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs and recommended that patients be involved in a discussion about the antipsychotic prescribed to them. We undertook a study to evaluate information provision and patient choice subsequent to the publication of this guidance. Patients were recruited from the South London and Maudsley Trust and interviewed. Case notes were examined for documentation of informed discussions.

Results

Thirty patients were interviewed, of whom 15 claimed to have received no information. Twenty-seven patients felt that they had had no choice in regard to antipsychotic prescribed. None of the patients had documentation in their notes to suggest that they were involved in informed discussions about the antipsychotic they were prescribed.

Clinical Implications

Patients were not involved in decisions regarding the antipsychotic medication prescribed. Practice did not follow the NICE guidance.
Clozapine prescribing in adolescent psychiatry: survey of prescribing practice in in-patient units
Authors: Cirulli Giovanni
Published: September 2005

Aims and Method

Clozapine is an effective drug in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, but it seems to be prescribed for few patients under the age of 18 years. This study reports a survey of consultant psychiatrists working in adolescent units in the UK, looking at their use of clozapine and experience with it.

Results

Out of 83 clinicians, 59 responded (71%). More than 40% of respondents do not use clozapine, and those who do may not always be following best practice recommendations. Reasons for not using clozapine, beliefs about its effectiveness and problems encountered in its use are described.

Clinical Implications

Clozapine may not always be made available to young people with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. There is a need for more education, guidance and debate on clozapine use in child and adolescent psychiatry.
The Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003: civil legislation
Authors: Thomson Lindsay D. G.
Published: September 2005

In March 2003 the Scottish Parliament passed the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act. The major civil provisions of this new mental health legislation are due to commence in October 2005 and are described here. It is essential that all psychiatrists working in Scotland become familiar with these provisions.
College activities: Commentary on … How to make job planning work
Authors: Roy David
Published: September 2005

Dr Jan Wise is right to raise the question of College activities as a key issue for job planning, and to test the commitment of members and employers in this regard. College members employed within the National Health Service in England should look at the comprehensive Job Planning Handbook (http://www.wise.nhs.uk/cjpt/job.htm) as a very useful and up-to-date guide to the process.
Association of ribosomal proteins with nascent transcripts in S. cerevisiae
Authors: SCHRODER PATRICIA A. , MOORE MELISSA J.
Published: September 2005

Although it is generally accepted that transcription and translation are spatially separated in eukaryotes, a number of recent observations have called this belief into question. In particular, several studies have shown that parts of the translation machinery, including ribosomal proteins, can be found associated with sites of active transcription in metazoans. Here we describe results of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments designed to determine whether ribosomal proteins associate with nascent transcripts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and whether this association reflects a functional engagement of the translation machinery. We find that HAT-tagged ribosomal proteins can be detected in association with nascent RNAs in budding yeast. However, our data clearly indicate that this binding is independent of transcript translatability, so is therefore not indicative of nuclear translation.
HotKnots: Heuristic prediction of RNA secondary structures including pseudoknots
Authors: REN JIHONG , RASTEGARI BAHARAK , CONDON ANNE , HOOS HOLGER H.
Published: September 2005

We present HotKnots, a new heuristic algorithm for the prediction of RNA secondary structures including pseudoknots. Based on the simple idea of iteratively forming stable stems, our algorithm explores many alternative secondary structures, using a free energy minimization algorithm for pseudoknot free secondary structures to identify promising candidate stems. In an empirical evaluation of the algorithm with 43 sequences taken from the Pseudobase database and from the literature on pseudoknotted structures, we found that overall, in terms of the sensitivity and specificity of predictions, HotKnots outperforms the well-known Pseudoknots algorithm of Rivas and Eddy and the NUPACK algorithm of Dirks and Pierce, both based on dynamic programming approaches for limited classes of pseudoknotted structures. It also outperforms the heuristic Iterated Loop Matching algorithm of Ruan and colleagues, and in many cases gives better results than the genetic algorithm from the STAR package of van Batenburg and colleagues and the recent pknotsRG-mfe algorithm of Reeder and Giegerich. The HotKnots algorithm has been implemented in C/C++ and is available from http://www.cs.ubc.ca/labs/beta/Software/HotKnots.
Web Personalization as a Persuasion Strategy: An Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective
Authors: Tam Kar Yan , Ho Shuk Ying
Published: September 2005

With advances in tracking and database technologies, firms are increasingly able to understand their customers and translate this understanding into products and services that appeal to them. Technologies such as collaborative filtering, data mining, and click-stream analysis enable firms to customize their offerings at the individual level. While there has been a lot of hype about web personalization recently, our understanding of its effectiveness is far from conclusive. Drawing on the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) literature, this research takes the view that the interaction between a firm and its customers is one of communicating a persuasive message to the customers driven by business objectives. In particular, we examine three major elements of a web personalization strategy: level of preference matching, recommendation set size, and sorting cue. These elements can be manipulated by a firm in implementing its personalization strategy. This research also investigates a personal disposition, need for cognition, which plays a role in assessing the effectiveness of web personalization. Research hypotheses are tested using 1,000 subjects in three field experiments based on a ring-tone download website. Our findings indicate the saliency of these variables in different stages of the persuasion process. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Vibrational Spectra of Trifluorothiolacetic Acid: Hydrogen Bonding and Conformational Effects
Authors: Crowder G. A.
Published: September 2005

Infrared spectra were obtained for trifluorothiolacetic acid in the vapor, liquid, and solid states, and the Raman spectrum of the liquid was obtained. The spectra have been interpreted in terms of two rotational isomers being present in the liquid state, with the hydrogen atom being either eclipsed with or trans to the oxygen. The solid state spectrum was interpreted to be due to a hydrogen-bonded dimer. The absence of the hydrogen bonding in the liquid indicates a hydrogen bond energy of only a few hundred calories per mole. A vibrational assignment is proposed.
Nondestructive Determination of Areal Density and Tritium Content of Tritided Erbium Films with Beta-Excited X-rays
Authors: Pearson J. E.
Published: September 2005

The x-ray spectrum emitted from a tritided erbium film as a result of the beta decay is used to determine areal density and tritium content of the film. A Si (Li) detector and a dedicated minicomputer are used for detection, acquisition, and data reduction. The technique is suitable for areal densities of erbium from 0.01 mg/cm2 to as high as 10 mg/cm2. The occluded tritium can be measured from less than one to several hundred microliters. Precision is generally determined by counting errors and is typically less than 1% for a 5-min count while accuracy depends upon the empirical calibration technique.
Practical Limits of Detection with Ion Exchange Resin-Loaded Papers
Authors: Hooton Kenneth A. H. , Parsons M. L.
Published: September 2005

Analyses for Co, Zn, and Pb on mixed bed and SA-2 cation exchange resin-loaded paper disks in amounts approaching the theoretical limits of detection were attempted. Based on the results, the definition of limit of detection which requires a line intensity above background equal to three times the square root of the background, using a 10-min count, was modified to the line intensity above background equal to three times the standard deviation of the background counted for 10 min on a series of blank disks. Chemical precleaning of the disks and corrections for paper density were shown to be advantageous for work close to the limit of detection by lowering the background count and reducing the weight-corrected standard deviation.
Laser-Raman Spectra of Gaseous BiBr3 and PbCl2
Authors: Maroni Victor A. , Cunningham Paul T.
Published: September 2005

Raman spectra are reported for gaseous BiBr3 and PbCl2 at temperatures just above their boiling points. The strong resonance fluorescence due to subhalide species that is normally observed in these vapors (with 4880 Å excitation) was suppressed by addition of equimolar amounts of the corresponding mercuric halide. The observed Raman bands for the BiBr3-HgBr2 sample, which are attributable to BiBr3, confirm a pyramidal structure having C3V point symmetry. The spectrum attributable to PbCl2 in the case of the PbCl2-HgCl2 sample is consistent with a symmetric bent structure.
Application of AND and Exclusive-Or (XOR) Logic Operations to the Identification of Elemental Emission Spectra Measured Using a Photodiode Array Direct Reading Spectrometer
Authors: Codding Edward G. , Horlick Gary
Published: September 2005

Direct current arc emission spectra have been measured for 35 elements over a 140 Å range in the 3240 to 3380 Å region employing a monochromator self-scanned linear silicon photodiode array detector system. Each spectrum was reduced to a binary representation by compressing the spectral intensity information such that a logic 1 and a logic 0 represented the presence and absence of spectral features. It is shown that with the application of the logic operations AND and exclusive-or (XOR) it is possible to identify uniquely each of the 35 elemental emission spectra. The feasibility of extending the procedure to multicomponent spectra is illustrated and discussed.
Matrix Isolation Infrared Studies of Magnesium Chloride and Magnesium Bromide
Authors: Cocke D. L. , Chang C.-A. , Gingerich K. A.
Published: September 2005

The infrared spectra of monomeric and dimeric magnesium chloride and monomeric magnesium bromide trapped in solid argon at 4 to 10°K have been obtained. For the monomer l2, two band systems were observed at 603 and 585 cm−1. The two bands appear to result from different matrix sites. For the MgBr2 monomer an intense band system was observed in the region 490 to 530 cm−1 with three strong bands at 502, 509, and 520 cm−1 and shoulders at 495 and 526 cm−1. The origin of these observed multiplets is uncertain but may also result from different matrix sites. For the dimer Mg2Cl4, bands were observed at 504, 410, and 515 cm−1. These frequencies are shown to be consistent with an assumed chlorine bridged structure.
Spectral Interferences in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Colby B. N. , Evans C. A.
Published: September 2005

The nature and origin of secondary ions resulting from the ion bombardment of a solid have been studied. In addition to the desired singly charged monoatomic ions, five other ion types are described in terms of their potential as spectral interferences. Except for the multiply charged ions, these interferences are molecular ions resulting from inter- and intraelement combinations. Instrumental parameters such as primary ion species, spectral polarity, and spectral resolution are shown to reduce the influence of these molecular ions.
Absorption Half-Widths for the 422.67 nm Calcium Line in Hydrogen-Nitrogen and Hydrogen-Argon Diffusion Flames
Authors: Alger D. , Kirkbright G. F. , Troccoli O. E.
Published: September 2005

The use of a continuum source in conjunction with a piezoelectrically scanned Fabry-Perot interferometer is described for the observation of absorption line-widths of the calcium 422.67 nm line in hydrogen diffusion flames. The variation of the observed absorption half-width with calcium concentration has been examined. Values for the effective and collisional half-widths for the Ca absorption line are given, and the corresponding a-parameters and collisional cross sections are calculated.
Detection of Atmospheric Pollutants at Parts-per-Billion Levels by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Hanst Philip L. , Lefohn Allen S. , Gay Bruce W.
Published: September 2005

Infrared detection of air pollutants has been extended to the parts-per-billion sensitivity range. The increased detection sensitivity results from the use of the scanning Michelson interferometer, cooled solid state detectors, the fast minicomputer, and the multiple pass long path cell. Forming ratios of spectra with the aid of the computer extracts obscure information and minimizes the interferences of atmospheric water and carbon dioxide. Almost all of the significant gaseous pollutants can be measured by the method described, even at concentrations smaller than one part pollutant to one billion parts air.
The Vibrational Spectrum and Urey-Bradley Force Constants of the Trifluoromethyltrifluoroborate(1-) Anion
Authors: Jackovitz John F. , Falletta Charles E. , Carter James C.
Published: September 2005

Infrared and Raman spectra for (K+) (CF3BF3−) have been obtained from 4000 to 50 cm−1. Spectral assignments were made on the basis of C3v symmetry using both 10B and 11B compounds. In addition, a normal coordinate analysis was performed to obtain the potential energy distribution of the normal modes. A Urey-Bradley type force field was used, and force constants obtained for the CF3 and BF3 groupings were compared to those in C2F6 and BF4−.
Investigation of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzers for Determining Lead on Painted Surfaces
Authors: Rasberry S. D.
Published: September 2005

Four portable x-ray fluorescence analyzers have been examined to ascertain the detection limits and precision with which they can be used for determining lead on painted surfaces. The tests consisted of using the analyzers to determine the weight of lead present (mg/cm2) on each of several substrates which had been coated with weighed quantities of paints of known composition. All of the instruments tested had detection limits lower than 1.0 mg/cm2. In some measurements, where lead was present between 1.0 and 6.6 mg/cm2, errors as large as 30 to 50% occurred; thus, it was concluded that the portable analyzers tested would be useful mainly for screening painted walls for high lead levels.