bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of the effect of ageing on the cleanability of solder flux residues
Authors: Zou L. , Duˇsek M. , Hunt C.P. , Dunn B.D.
Published: July 2002

The efficiency of cleaning of flux residues after various periods of ageing was assessed by measuring the ionic contamination removed in an Ionograph 500 SMD. The flux residues were removed from bare boards, and boards with through hole and surface mount components. The effect of different ageing temperature was also investigated. The work has shown that there is a maximum time interval following assembly during which cleaning should be carried out. The ionic contamination of aged assemblies with through hole and surface mount components were cleaned with varying efficiencies. The surface mount components were more difficult to clean. The use of brushing and scrubbing proved particularly beneficial for the through hole components. A proprietary cleaner proved more effective than the generic alternatives considered.
Survey of rework practices in the UK electronics assembly industry
Authors: Wickham M. , Hunt C.P.
Published: July 2002

A survey of rework practices of the UK electronics assembly industry has been undertaken. Rework of electronics components in the UK was found to be dominated by the use of soldering irons. Many companies did not control tip temperatures, rework times, background heating or the number of rework operations which could be undertaken on any one component. Few companies followed the recommendations of the component manufacturers aimed at preventing damage to thermally sensitive components. It was found that those companies which did control rework temperatures, did reduce rework temperatures for surface mount components. In general, rework temperatures were much higher than those recommended by the component manufacturers. A great deal of cleaning was undertaken after rework, with most companies doing some form of local cleaning. Most companies reused components even if only on an occasional basis.
The single European currency ‐ implications for business units
Authors: Connor Tom
Published: July 2002

This article considers the business unit level impact of the introduction of a single currency in the European Community. Most literature to date has concentrated on macroeconomic interpretations of this initiative ‐ the microeconomic issues have received scant attention. The article proposes that all businesses, irrespective of size or market sector, will be affected by the shift to a single currency, even in countries whose governments choose not to partake in the system. To this end business units must give adequate attention to the implications of the change in terms both of strategic and of operational impact. The article suggests potential forms of impact on business units and concludes with a generalised framework of business to manage the process.
Developing the management leadership team in a multinational enterprise
Authors: Darling John R. , Fischer Arthur K.
Published: July 2002

Management teambuilding within a multinational enterprise is greatly enhanced if the interactive style reflected by each person is considered. The blend of behavioral styles can affect the collective achievements of the entire management team, as well as the accomplishments of each member of the team. In this context, behavioral style is a pervasive and enduring set of interpersonal characteristics focussing on how one acts ‐ on what one says and does. As noted in this article, there are four behavioral styles ‐ Relater, Analyzer, Director, Socializer ‐ no one of which is necessarily better or worse than any other. Effective management leadership teams are made up of and value individuals who reflect each of the four styles. In fact, it can be stated that the most productive leadership team in the multinational firm will usually have a balance of individuals who reflect each behavioral style. The functional dynamics of the team are thereby affected by the styles of its members; and, of course, each of the styles has strengths as well as characteristic weaknesses. Each of the behavioral styles also has a typical back‐up style that is the mode of behavior shifted into at the time individuals experience high levels of stress. The concept of behavioral style and a consideration of its elements are useful in helping to understand oneself and the interpersonal behaviors of others. However, it is not enough just to understand one’s behavior or the behavior of others in the multinational management team; one should also seek to adapt the skills of style flex than can enable the parties to function in a comfort zone congruent with the situation. Style flex thereby provides a way of interacting and communicating within another person’s comfort zone without losing one’s integrity or naturalness of expression. In short, style flex is a key to interacting effectively in the multinational enterprise.
Flexibility and all that: understanding the EU labour market
Authors: Potts N.
Published: July 2002

The aim of this article is to explore the current European debate over labour market flexibility. First, it considers lessons from economic theory. The classical consensus considering unemployment to be purely voluntary, the Keynesian consensus introducing the concept of demand deficient involuntary unemployment and finally the neo‐classical consensus returning us to the classical viewpoint of the dominance of real conditions in the labour market. In order to proceed without confusion the article provides a clear working definition of the natural rate of unemployment and its three main components, voluntary unemployment, structural unemployment and involuntary unemployment. It then proceed to analyse each of these main components in detail, illustrating the difference between a free market approach and a European Commission approach to reducing each component of unemployment. The article concludes that the future is dependent on all EU citizens as electors of governments and holders of wages to moderate.
Effect of belt extensibility on variation of the relative position of a needle and a hook in a sewing machine
Authors: Zajaczkowski Jerzy
Published: July 2002

Considers the mathematical modelling of sewing machines. The machine with a rotary hook and with a feed mechanism driven by two triangle cams is studied. The behaviour of the system is described by a set of non‐linear autonomous ordinary differential equations. It is shown that, due to the timing belt extensibility, the actual relative position of the needle and the hook is different from that expected. This difference is a result of the conflict between the almost constant speed of the hook shaft and the fluctuating speed of the crank‐shaft caused by the reciprocating motion of working elements. The vibration of the belt increases with speed. Resonance increase of vibrations takes place when the shaft speed is equal to natural frequency or its fraction 1/n for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
The role of decouplers in JIT pull apparel cells
Authors: Black J.T. , Chen Joseph C.
Published: July 2002

Various staff methodologies of a just‐in‐time (JIT) apparel assembly cell with various numbers of walking workers, and various levels of process time variation were discussed and evaluated by simulation models. Decouplers are placed between two workstations (or subcells) to improve capability and flexibility in an apparel cell. Decouplers enable JIT pull cells to operate with minimum stock‐on‐hand and allow parts and information to flow in opposite directions. Decouplers also provide the JIT pull cell with “make one, check one, and pass one on” capability. A manned assembly cell’s throughput rate depends on the number of workers in the cell and on the variation in each worker’s processing time. Normally, as the processing time variation increases, the throughput rate decreases. However, these simulation studies show that doubling the decoupler capacity increases the cell’s output, even as the processing time variation increases.
Simulation of flow lines in clothing manufacture. Part 1: model construction
Authors: Fozzard G. , Spragg J. , Tyler D.
Published: July 2002

Presents research into the improvement of flow‐line assembly systems. Aims to understand and improve the design and control of manually intensive flow‐line assembly in the clothing industry. A simulation model of the progressive bundle system has been constructed, incorporating operator performance variations and learning effects, machine failure and repair, operator absenteeism, quality failure and supervisory control. While the operator performance data and the stochastic variables are handled satisfactorily within the simulation, the problems of control are not handled well by conventional discrete event modelling techniques. Adopts a knowledge‐based approach to control in which an online computerized supervisor exercises control over the execution of the simulation run. Complex system models are not easy to validate and a four‐stage approach is used to demonstrate conformance with real‐world systems: qualification; face validity; modular validation; and time‐series system behaviour. Discusses applications of the model and the results of experiments with a line starting work on a new style.
Simulation of flow lines in clothing manufacture. Part 2: credibility issues and experimentation
Authors: Fozard G. , Spragg J. , Tyler D.
Published: July 2002

Explains that the improvement of flowline assembly systems provides the context for this research: to understand and improve the design and control of manually‐intensive flowline assembly in the clothing industry. Constructs a simulation model of the progressive bundle system, incorporating operator performance variations and learning effects, machine failure and repair, operator absenteeism, quality failure and supervisory control. Notes that, while the operator performance data and the stochastic variables are handled satisfactorily within the simulation, the problems of control are not handled well by conventional discrete event modelling techniques. Adopts a knowledge‐based approach to control, in which an online computerized supervisor exercises control over the execution of the simulation run. As complex system models are not easy to validate, uses a four‐stage approach to demonstrate conformance with real‐world systems: qualification, face validity, modular validation and time‐series system behaviour. Discusses applications of the model and the results of experiments with a line starting work on a new style.
Evaluation of rheological properties of a thread using numerical methods
Authors: Gerˇsak Jelka
Published: July 2002

Considers the complexity of a problem of thread’s rheological properties evaluation, and evaluates the visco‐elastic properties of a thread on the basis of static tests using numerical methods. Describes a new software package VILKUS which was designed and programmed for this purpose. This program calculates parameters needed for the evaluation of visco‐elastic properties on the basis of numerical values of a stress‐deformation σ(ε) curve. The stress‐deformation σ(ε) curve served as a starting‐point for evaluation of visco‐elastic properties of threads. The B‐spline approximation using the least squares method was chosen as an appropriate and suitably smooth curve for construction of the average σ(ε) curve.
A new evaluation of seam pucker and its applications
Authors: Kyu Park Chang , Hoon Lee Dae , Jin Kang Tae
Published: July 2002

The AATCC grades of seam pucker do not provide sufficient information for analysing and solving the problems. Develops a new measurement system which redefines seam pucker with shape parameters and evaluates it using artificial intelligence. New standards of seam pucker with five shape parameters were developed. Shows that prediction and optimization for seam pucker are possible using these means. The system has already been employed in men’s suit manufacture.
Grain alignment: effects on fabric and garment drape
Authors: Orzada Belinda T. , Moore Mary Ann , Collier Billie J.
Published: July 2002

Undesirable garment drape often occurs because of the manufacturer’s desire to save fabric by rotating patterns to position them more closely in the marker, and thus cutting the garment off‐grain. This study was designed to subjectively and objectively measure the effect of grain alignment on fabric and garment drape. Data from an apparel industry survey were utilized to establish tilt values for quantitative analysis of drape and shear. Twelve tilt combinations were examined. No significant differences were found between drape values of control samples and those with tilt variations. Generally, shear stiffness and hysteresis values increased as tilt angles increased across all fabrics. Asymmetry of shear curves also increased. Twenty‐one apparel design students subjectively evaluated fabrics draped on a pedestal and skirts constructed in each tilt variation. Fabric drape amount evaluations were more highly correlated with drape values than were drape preference evaluations. Advanced design students were more sensitive to small differences in garment drape than were beginning students.
Abroad Thoughts from Home: Reflections on an Academic Visit to Australia
Authors: Thody Angela
Published: July 2002

The more it changes, the more it stays the same. This was the thought
which launched this comparison of 1950s and 1990s Australian educational
administration. It arose from the visit of this English academic to
Australia in 1992 and the apparent contrast between what is happening
now and the views of the seminal study made in 1955 by the American,
Freeman Butts. Then, centralization was the dominant mode and Australia
was much criticized for this. Freeman Butts proposed devolution to
improve educational decision‐making. His views are once again topical as
Australian states and other countries move to devolution.
Interorganizational Decision Making in the Establishment of an
Educational Project in a Third World Country
Authors: London Norrel A.
Published: July 2002

Establishment of large‐scale education projects in developing nations is
often problematical. After project approval it is sometimes difficult
for initiatives to “get off the ground”. Examines one type of
difficulty, interorganizational behaviour patterns, which may beset
project establishment. The analysis is contextual. It draws on the
experiences of Research Country (pseudonym) as this developing nation
struggles to initiate its Third Education Project, approved for
implementation by the World Bank. The data, gleaned from Government
files and project documents, are presented in a scenario; and two major
concepts in organizational theory, organizational myths and
organizational goals, provide the frame of reference against which the
data are analysed. The results reveal that the behaviour of
organizations involved can influence the decision‐making process in
project establishment, and as a result can slow down the process of
project implementation.
Instructor role conflict in educational organizations having the
characteristics of total institutions
Authors: Bamberger Peter , Hasgall Alon
Published: July 2002

Examines the degree to which the findings of earlier studies of
school teacher role conflict can be generalized to instructors in
educational organizations manifesting many of the characteristics of
total institutions. Uses a random sample of 233 instructors serving in
the Israeli Defence Forces and attempts to identify additional
antecedents of instructor role conflict which may have especially
powerful effects in such educational organizations. Suggests that work
design characteristics having the potential to exacerbate
approach‐distance incongruencies may be more powerful in explaining the
level of role conflict experienced by instructors in these educational
organizations than those work design variables rooted in the
professional‐bureaucratic conflict perspective of role stress.
Educational providers’ views of students who return to school
Authors: Bradley Graham L. , Goldman Juliette D.G.
Published: July 2002

Many young adults who drop out of school elect to re‐enter the secondary education system after a period of absence. Reports the findings from a survey of 215 providers of education to re‐entry students in three states of Australia. Few of these educational providers possess formal qualifications in adult education, but most hold favourable attitudes to working with students who return to school. In general, the re‐entry students were perceived to have high rates of academic success but also high rates of withdrawal. The study identified a number of challenges and problems associated with school re‐entry, and makes recommendations to enhance rates of re‐entry student participation, satisfaction and success. Emphasizes the advantages associated with re‐entering an “innovative” senior secondary environment, rather than a traditional high school.
Liability for careless teaching: should Australians follow the Americans or the British?
Authors: Hopkins Andrew
Published: July 2002

Many Australian educators believe that it is common in the USA for teachers to be sued by their students for careless teaching. Contends that this is a misconception, as the reported cases indicate that the US courts have been reluctant so far to find teachers liable at common law for careless teaching, or “educational malpractice”. The courts have justified this reluctance on “policy” grounds, arguing that to impose such a liability on teachers would not be in the public interest. However, in a recent decision in Britain, the House of Lords held that educators are under a duty of care when advising on the educational needs of students. Examines the following issues: the extent to which at present Australian teachers could be liable for loss suffered by students as a result of poor teaching; the House of Lords’ decision on educational negligence, the US courts’ policy reasons for refusing to hold teachers liable for poor teaching; whether the Australian courts should follow the US courts or the House of Lords; and the likelihood of Australian teachers being sued for educational malpractice in the near future.
The secondary headteacher and time‐in‐post: a study of job satisfaction
Authors: Mercer David
Published: July 2002

Questions research from a number of countries which suggests that following an initial high level of job satisfaction, headteachers experience a diminution of job satisfaction over time‐in‐post. Using a grounded theory approach based on interviews with 39 secondary headteachers in the North East of the UK, identifies a number of satisfiers and dissatisfiers , an analysis of which indicates that while there is an initial high level of satisfaction, this would appear to dip before rising once again. Focuses mainly on the satisfiers and dissatisfiers experienced by the headteachers according to the time they have been in post. Explains in a detailed examination, the pattern indicates the need for support of headteachers in mid‐career if we are to avoid the loss of experienced staff as a result of early retirement.
From leadership behavior to cognitions: a constructivist theory of US principals
Authors: Wirt Frederick , Krug Samuel E.
Published: July 2002

Seeks to shift the focus of the study of leadership from behavior to cognitions. Uses a set of leaders, 1,200 principals in six American states, and employs an earlier validated set of five leadership cognitions drawn from psychologists in educational administration. The consistency of these scales is determined by alpha scores and correlations to establish there was no influence on them from contextual factors like state, political culture, and school size. Then, regression analysis demonstrates these leadership cognitions do exist independently of many social and personal qualities around principals. Thus, they are independent of the local politics of schools, characteristics of the school population, and personal qualities. However, leadership cognitions are strongly predicted by a professional network (i.e. supportive superintendents and faculty, as well as hard work) and with the size of schools.
Principal perceptions and beliefs about integrated curriculum use
Authors: Arredondo Daisy E. , Rucinski Terrance T.
Published: July 2002

Presents the results of Phase II of a study examining use of integrated curriculum as a reform strategy in US schools. The purposes of this phase were to determine how the uses of integrated curricula change over time and to explore relationships between teacher implementation of integrated curricula and principal beliefs and practices. Telephone interviews with a subset of principals of schools using integrated curriculum gathered information about changes in use since the original data collection, team planning practices, involvement with peer coaching, teacher involvement with decision processes, and relationships among principal belief systems, practices, and support of integrated curriculum. Results, using qualitative and quantitative methods, show that over time integrated curricula use increased and became more sophisticated, time is an obstacle even with common planning periods, teacher involvement in decision processes increased, and principals overwhelmingly believe that the integrated curriculum has positive effects on teachers and students.
Effective quality assurance in the personal investment industry: part 2 ‐ a way forward?
Authors: Groocock John
Published: July 2002

This paper is a response to a consultative document by the Personal Investment Authority (PIA), the UK financial services industry regulator. Part 1 of this paper examined if the quality management principles developed in manufacturing during past years could be useful in addressing financial services regulation. The Personal Investment Authority in applying quality assurance currently relies exclusively on the specification of processes (e.g. in its Rule Book) and checking firms’ compliance to these specifications. The paper suggests that it would be more effective and efficient instead to specify “outcome” (covering both the product itself and its appropriateness for the particular customer). A total system is defined, including issue of standard product specifications (a model is given) and a customer‐appropriateness specification, an effective and affordable quality assurance check of compliance based on sampling inspection of outcomes, and a practical system of penalties for non‐compliance.
Numerical simulation of a methane/air radiating turbulent diffusion flame
Authors: Morvan D. , Porterie B. , Loraud J.C. , Larini M.
Published: July 2002

Reports numerical simulations of an unconfined methane‐air turbulent diffusion flame expanding from a porous burner. Turbulent combustion is simulated using the eddy dissipation concept (EDC) which supposes that the reaction rate is controlled by the turbulent structures which enhance the mixing of fuel and oxidant. Two statistical k‐ε turbulence models have been tested: a standard high Reynolds number (HRN) and a more recent model based on the renormalization group theory (RNG). Radiation heat transfer and soot formation have been taken into account using P1‐approximation and transport submodels which reproduce the main phenomena encountered during soot production (nucleation, coagulation, surface growth). The set of coupled transport equations is solved numerically using a high order finite‐volume method, the velocity‐pressure coupling is treated by a projection technique. The numerical results confirm that 20‐25 percent of the combustion heat released is radiated away from the flame. Unsteady and unsymmetrical flame behaviour is observed for small Froude numbers which results from the development of Rayleigh‐Taylor like instabilities outside the flame surface. For higher Froude numbers the steady‐state and symmetrical nature of the solution is recovered.
Heat transfer analysis of a non‐Newtonian fluid on a power‐law stretched surface with suction or injection for uniform and cooled surface temperature
Authors: Tashtoush Bourhan , Kodah Z. , Al‐Ghasem A.
Published: July 2002

Heat transfer characteristics of a non‐Newtonian fluid on a power‐law stretched surface with suction or injection were investigated. Similarity solutions of the laminar boundary layer equations describing heat transfer flow in a quiescent fluid were obtained and solved numerically. Temperature profiles as well as the Nusselt number Nu, were obtained for two thermal boundary conditions; namely, uniform surface temperature (b=0) and cooled surface temperature (b=–1), for different governing parameters such as Prandtl number Pr, injection parameter d and power‐law index n. It was found that decreasing injection parameter d and power‐law index n and increasing Prandtl number Pr enhanced the heat transfer coefficient.
Mixed convection in non‐Newtonian fluids along a vertical plate in porous media with surface mass transfer
Authors: Subba Reddy Gorla Rama , Slaouti A. , Takhar H.S.
Published: July 2002

Presents a non‐similar boundary layer analysis for the problem of mixed convection in power‐law type non‐Newtonian fluids along an isothermal vertical plate with surface mass transfer. Solves the transformed governing laws numerically using a finite difference method. Presents numerical results for the details of the velocity and temperature fields. Discusses the effect of suction and injection as well as the viscosity index on the surface heat transfer rate.
Numerical precision and dissipation errors in rotating flows
Authors: Tucker P.G.
Published: July 2002

Presents three non‐isothermal, time dependent, three dimensional examples having cylindrical geometries to show the significant effort of numerical precision and dissipation on rotating flow predictions. The examples are relevant to turbomachinery design and geophysical studies. Discusses the relationship between numerical precision, numerical dissipation and co‐ordinate system angular velocity. Compares predictions made in stationary and rotating co‐ordinate systems, using contour plots of dimensionless stream function and temperature. Shows that wrong, axisymmetric solutions are predicted if the co‐ordinate system is not selected to minimize relative tangential velocities/Peclet numbers, thereby increasing numerical precision and reducing dissipation.
Short communication
Authors: Ramos J.I. , García‐López C.M.
Published: July 2002

Refers to Montgomery and Fleeter (1996) who employed the finite‐analytic method of Chen et al. (1980) to study steady, two‐dimensional, inviscid, compressible, subsonic flow in a nozzle. Shows that, contrary to the statement made by Montgomery and Fleeter, their boundary conditions at the computational cell’s boundaries are not constructed from the particular solution to their equation (10). Deduces from a simple non‐linear second‐order ordinary differential equation that the finite or locally analytic method of Chen et al. (1980) only yields continuous but not differentiable solutions. Suggests a finite‐analytic method which provides continuous and differentiable solutions.
The application of turbulent kinetic theory to a reacting flow of turbulent plane jet
Authors: Chuang Shu‐Hao , Hong Zuu‐Chang , Wang Jhy‐Horng
Published: July 2002

A turbulent kinetic theory due to Chung and a Green’s function method by Hong were employed to solve a reacting turbulent plane jet problem. An instantaneous mixing concept was used to simulate the steady state of turbulent plane jet with combustion. The probability density function description of the fluid elements in a turbulent reacting flow could properly explain the turbulent flame zone structure and the turbulent transport of heat, momentum and chemical species even under the infinitely fast reaction rate assumption. The calculated distributions of the various moments of the turbulent combustion field were found in good agreement with the available experimental data. The dynamic behaviour of combustion in the turbulent field could be better understood via the probability density function description of the present turbulent kinetic theory approach.
Forced convection of non‐Newtonian fluids in porous concentric annuli
Authors: Alkam M.K. , Al‐Nimr M.A. , Mousa Z.
Published: July 2002

This study aims to numerically investigate the transient forced convection of non‐Newtonian fluid in the entrance region of porous concentric annuli. The hydrodynamic behavior of the flow is assumed to be steady and it is modeled using the non‐Darcian flow and the power law models. The transients in the thermal behaviors result from sudden changes in the boundary temperatures. The effects of different fluid flow and solid matrix parameters on the thermal behavior of the annular are investigated.
Transient analysis of LE‐VGF growth of compound semiconductors
Authors: Okano Yasunori , Sakai Susumu , Morita Takahiro , Shimizu Jun
Published: July 2002

A finite difference simulation for the bulk single crystal growth of indium phosphide by the liquid encapsulated vertical gradient freezing (LE‐VGF) method with a flat bottom crucible is presented. In order to treat a curvature interface, the boundary fixing method is applied. The transient behavior of the flow and temperature fields, the melt/crystal interface shape and the growth rate during growth are studied numerically. The crystal growth rate is not constant although the temperature lowering rate is constant. The effect of crucible thickness, thermal conductivity of the crucible and temperature of the growth furnace wall on the crystal growth behavior are discussed.
Unsteady free convective flow in an enclosure with a stepwise periodically varying side‐wall heat flux
Authors: Oosthuizen P.H.
Published: July 2002

Free convective flow in a square enclosure with one of the vertical walls heated and with the opposite vertical wall cooled to a uniform temperature, the remaining walls being adiabatic, has been numerically studied. The heat flux at the heated wall is spatially uniform but is, in general, varying in a stepwise manner with time. The flow has been assumed to be laminar and two‐dimensional. Fluid properties have been assumed constant except for the density change with temperature that gives rise to the buoyancy forces. The governing equations, expressed in terms of stream function and vorticity, have been written in dimensionless form. The resultant equations have been solved using the finite‐element method. Because of the possible applications that motivated the study, results have only been obtained for a Prandtl number of 0.7. Results have then been obtained for modified Rayleigh numbers between 1,000 and 1,000,000 for a wide range of dimensionless amplitudes and periods of the heat flux variation.
Interaction of surface radiation and variable property natural convection in a differentially heated square cavity – a finite element analysis
Authors: Mahapatra S.K. , Sen S. , Sarkar A.
Published: July 2002

A finite element solution on the interaction of surface radiation and variable property laminar natural convection is presented. Finite element formulation of the governing equations, associated with variable property natural convection, and incorporation of the radiative boundary conditions has been extensively discussed. The study also aims to highlight the limiting value of the terminal temperature difference (TTD), below which the natural convection heat transfer becomes the sole heat transfer mode, i.e. the effect of surface radiation can be neglected. The effects of variations of emissivity and TTD are also presented.
Numerical study on oscillatory convection of cold water in a tall vertical enclosure
Authors: Ho C.J. , Tu F.J.
Published: July 2002

The stability of two‐dimensional natural convection of water near its density maximum (cold water) inside a vertical rectangular enclosure with an aspect ratio of eight is investigated via a series of direct numerical simulations. The simulations aim to clarify, under the influence of density inversion, the physical nature of the instability mechanism responsible for the laminar buoyancy‐driven flow transition from a steady state to an oscillatory state in the enclosure filled with cold water. Two values of the density inversion parameter, m= 0.4 and 0.5, where the density inversion of cold water may exert strong influence on the flow, are considered in the present study. The results show that the transition from steady state to periodically oscillatory convection arises in the cold‐water‐filled enclosure through a Hopf bifurcation. The oscillatory convection in the water‐filled enclosure for both values of m is found to feature an oscillatory multicellular structure within the contra‐rotating bicellular flow regions. A traveling wave motion accordingly results along the maximum density contour, which demarcates the contra‐rotating bicellular flows in the enclosure. For both cases the nature of transition into unsteadiness is found to be buoyancy‐driven. The critical Rayleigh number for the bifurcation at m = 0.4 is found to be markedly higher than that at m = 0.5.
Thermo‐capillary driven flow in macrolayer at high wall heat fluxes
Authors: Ma Kuo‐Tong , Pan Chin
Published: July 2002

The present work is to investigate nucleate boiling heat transfer at high heat fluxes, which is characterized by the existence of macrolayer. Two‐region equations are proposed to simulate both thermo‐capillary driven flow in the liquid layer and heat conduction in the solid wall. The numerical simulation results can clearly describe the activities of several multi vorticies in the macrolayer. These vorticies and evaporation at the vapor‐liquid interface constitute a very efficient heat transfer mechanism to explain the high heat transfer coefficient of nucleate boiling heat transfer near CHF. This study also explores the flow pattern of macrolayer with a high conducting solid wall, e.g. copper, and hence the temperature is uniform at the liquid‐solid interface, and the heat fluxes and the evaporation coefficient are found to have significant effect on flow pattern in the liquid layer. Furthermore, a parameter “evaporation fraction” as well as “aspect ratio” is proposed as an index to investigate the thermo‐capillary driven flow system. The model prediction agrees reasonably well with the experimental data in the literature.
Educational needs of Finnish polytechnic librarians
Authors: Viiri Marjariitta
Published: July 2002

The polytechnic experiment, which started in the beginning of the 1990s, is the largest educational reform in the history of the Finnish system of higher education. The polytechnics were built on former colleges and institutes of higher vocational education. Hardly any of the polytechnics had sufficient library and information services. This reform has meant many changes in the libraries of the polytechnics and it has brought to attention the need to upgrade the skills of the library staff. What competence or abilities did they feel they were lacking? What educational needs did they identify? These were some of the issues that were studied in a nationwide questionnaire in Finland. In this paper the results of the study are reported. The educational needs identified by the library staff concerning four main topics (library work, leadership and management, inform‐ation technology, and learning and learning environment) as well as the main topics for continuing professional education, preferred methods of instruction and suggestions arising from this study are discussed.
Evaluating three years’ use of a virtual university
Authors: Whittington David
Published: July 2002

Clyde Virtual University (CVU) was one of Europe’s first virtual universities. It was founded in 1995 and has received two rounds of funding from the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council. The CVU project has created some innovative course material and has been cited by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) as an example of best practice. This paper describes a summative evaluation of CVU which took place after three years operation and looks critically at the strengths and shortcomings of using the Web to deliver higher education in the West of Scotland.
Teaching quality and staff research: are there connections? A case study of a metropolitan university department
Authors: Thomas Rhodri , Harris Vicky
Published: July 2002

In recent years, much energy and finance has been expended by successive governments in monitoring teaching and – separately – research quality. Although official conceptions of quality have been challenged, there has been little serious questioning in the UK of the supposed connections between teaching quality and staff research. This is surprising, since the weight of international evidence suggests a limited – and perhaps even negative – relationship between these activities in terms of the student experience. Drawing on the findings of a detailed case study, this paper argues that encouraging and enabling research among academic staff not only enhances their job satisfaction, it can also improve the educational experience of their students. The potential benefits to students, however, will be maximised only if the potentially negative impacts of staff research are managed carefully.
Appraising Classroom Teaching in Higher Education
Authors: Adams John C.
Published: July 2002

Some form of appraisal at the point of delivery is of value in a
university context, and where it does not exist is likely to be required
by external agencies. Argues that a non‐managerial style of appraisal,
such as the “buddy‐buddy” system, may be more acceptable in a university
context than the “line manager” approach. The virtue of the approach
includes the recognition that peers possess the technical expertise to
assess classroom skills, that having some input into the selection of
appraiser gives enhanced confidence in the activity, and that there can
exist a real sense of ownership of the process by the staff involved in
its implementation.
Quality Assurance in Health‐care Education
Authors: Hawtin Angela
Published: July 2002

Discusses the need for health‐care education to address the issue of
quality at a school‐based level in light of future funding arrangements
and the need to maintain professional standards. Identifies the key
stakeholders in health‐care education and the interface with higher
education quality assurance processes. Identifies and discusses the
criteria to be taken into account when devising a strategy for quality
improvement, which must necessarily involve, and be owned by, all staff
within the school, including management structure, organizational
culture and staff development.
Learning from industry: human resource development and the quality of lecturing staff in further education
Authors: Ollin Ros
Published: July 2002

Discusses the current situation in further education, which is being driven by funding pressures associated more traditionally with the cultures of business and industry. Argues that, while human resource development has become a high priority in a sector where the quality of service relies on the quality of staff involved, colleges appear to be heading towards a situation in which the lecturing role is being deskilled. Compares these trends with current approaches to human resource development in the industrial sector and suggests that further education should learn from industrial practice before long‐term quality suffers.
Quality assurance for computer‐based teaching and learning packages
Authors: Gerrett David , Threadgold Steven , Lloyd Alan
Published: July 2002

A fundamental challenge is facing the development of multimedia teaching and learning (MTL) material, namely how to ensure that a suitable level of quality is being maintained. Argues for the use of principles of good practice as a means of ensuring quality and describes how this approach may be implemented within a university‐wide quality assurance framework. Peer review using a “Multimedia advisory group” made up of academics invited from a variety of schools, which uses a panel evaluation approach in conjunction with the set of principles of good practice, is seen as the key to maintaining quality in MTL material. It is anticipated that this will overcome a transient lack of specific quality assurance experience at the school level.
Towards quality higher education in Indonesia
Authors: Idrus Nirwan
Published: July 2002

Discusses the Indonesian government’s strategy to upgrade higher education in the country through various development programs, the Engineering Education Development Project (EEDP) being one of them. Underlying all these, Quality Assurance and Quality Improvement in all aspects of higher education are paramount. This article also identifies a number of fundamental changes to the education system that need to happen in order to successfully implement these various programs
Managing the changes inherent in developing the Learning Society: issues, choices and strategies
Authors: Gordon George
Published: July 2002

The range of items included within the lifelong learning challenge is substantial – pre‐entry activities, widening access, multiple entry points, interrupted study, continuing personal education, continuing professional development. This article discusses some of the implications for higher education arising from lifelong learning including: definition of levels, of progression, of curriculum design and assessment, of record‐keeping and management, of quality assurance and of staff, educational and organizational development. The concept of “innovative universities” is discussed as a possible guide for short‐term institutional strategies. In the longer term, as students want their qualifications to have international portability and recognition, lifelong learning will need a supportive, coherent climate involving government, institutions, employers, trade unions, professional and voluntary bodies, the media and other shapers of attitudes, opinions and values.
Beyond quality assessment: reflecting on the experience of introducing unit portfolios at Sheffield Hallam University
Authors: Ottewill Roger , Gregory Anthea
Published: July 2002

Outlines the nature and content of unit portfolios developed at Sheffield Hallam University, in response to national quality assurance initiatives and the enhanced status accorded to credit‐bearing units of study which constitute the basic building blocks of courses and programmes. Draws on the experience of introducing unit portfolios. Argues that the time and effort involved in compiling and maintaining them need to be justified, with respect to quality assurance, planning, unit management, staff development and the diffusion of innovation. Considers their advantages including ease of access; greater transparency in delivery methods and the responsibilities of unit leaders; and incorporation of best practice. Examines the tensions to which their introduction and potential roles give rise and the arguments of those who are opposed to developments of this kind, such as the opportunity cost of compiling them and the perceived erosion of academic freedom.
Information Compilation and Disbursement
Authors: Forcht Karen A. , Thomas Daphyne S.
Published: July 2002

The widespread collection of data about individuals is increasing at
dramatic rates as more and more organizations increase their desire for
information in order to develop new markets for products, gain a
competitive edge, or to expand their operations. The paramount concern
today is not focused entirely on halting data collection but is
primarily concerned with the disbursement and use of information.
Information and activity are being monitored and sold to marketers,
credit bureaus, insurance companies and government agencies, for their
specific use. The misuse of this information and the concern for
invasion of an individual′s privacy are issues that are not being fully
addressed and controlled. Legislation to monitor this information
transfer is lagging far behind the rapid growth and disbursement of
technology. Measures must be instituted to regulate this activity so
that information is used for its intended, acceptable purpose and not
freely distributed.
Security and Network Management
Authors: Forcht Karen A. , Aven Tsai Yuan‐Wen
Published: July 2002

Outsourcing Local Area Network (LAN) administration is rapidly gaining
ground but, since many LANs are connected, virtually all users have at
least limited access to information stored in different locations.
Corporate staff therefore need to ensure that the applications are
secure. Discusses three menu programs, LAN Select, WordPerfect Office
and Direct Access; considers the pros and cons of single log‐ons, and
evaluates Microsoft′s LAN Manager 2.2. Gives guidance on what to
consider when buying a management platform and on creating and
implementing a security system.
Information Search Behaviour during Business Gestation
Authors: Johannessen Jon‐Arild , Kolvereid Lars
Published: July 2002

Describes a research project to identify an information search pattern
among entrepreneurs so that agencies devoted to the promotion of new
business might allocate their resources more effectively. Sources of
information used by entrepreneurs were divided into five categories:
family and friends, business relations, public agencies, professional
advisers and books and other written sources of information. Suggests in
light of the findings that professional advisors and public agencies
should actively seek information and contact their target group rather
than passively supply information when approached.
Real security for local area networks
Authors: Campbell John
Published: July 2002

Describes a fifth‐operation software tool which is a powerful
network manager that guards systems from intrusion and provides an
accurate system asset register.
Establishing an effective continuity strategy
Authors: Fitzgerald Kevin J.
Published: July 2002

Proposes that for a business continuity strategy to be adjudged
effective, it must be matched to the business′ true tolerance, be
enterprise‐wide, get the basics right, develop a business continuity
ownership structure, establish a plan discipline and not over‐invest.
Looks at each of these points in detail.
Security and data integrity for LANs and WANs
Authors: Fitzgerald Kevin J.
Published: July 2002

In a distributed computing environment, ownership of the security
problem is avoided by management and users alike. Not only integrity and
confidentiality, but also network (i.e. information, availability must
be considered). Management has begun to realize that the security
provided in the mainframe era has not been provided in the distributed
environment. What must be considered now are the following issues:
logical access controls access all platforms; improved network and
platform reliability, and the ability to recover readily from disruption
and disasters. Concludes that information security is absolutely vital
to the survival of today′s enterprises and therefore should be given the
emphasis it deserves at all enterprise levels.
Facilitating corporate knowledge: building the data warehouse
Authors: Hurley Margaret A. , Harris Rod
Published: July 2002

Describes a focused survey conducted by KPMG Management Consulting and the Nolan Norton Institute among the Pacific region’s senior information managers. The survey aimed to achieve a better understanding of the ways in which organizations in the Pacific region are reacting to the requirements for increased attention to the corporate asset of data. In particular, the activities of organizations in regard to the approach known as “data warehousing” were investigated. The survey yielded results from Australia, New Zealand and Singapore, with respondent companies crossing most industrial classifications. The respondents were primarily mid‐ to large‐sized companies. Presents findings of the survey, revealing the penetration of data warehousing practices in the region. Discusses the expected financial and business returns from data warehousing. Outlines the implications of these practices on the business and of business practices on the success of data warehousing initiatives.