bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stories of Personal Agency
Authors: Covert Hannah H.
Published: August 2013

Knowledge of how students perceive their development of intercultural competence (IC), one of several study abroad learning outcomes, is important for better understanding how learning occurs in study abroad contexts. The purpose of this article is to explore undergraduate students’ perceptions of developing IC during a semester abroad. Reflective journals and semistructured interviews were used to collect narratives on intercultural communication and behavior from seven U.S. undergraduate students studying abroad in Chile. Findings suggest that personal agency played an important role in participants’ development of IC. IC occurred when participants made intentional and purposeful changes in their communication and behavior to fit Chilean cultural norms. Study abroad programs can support students to build their self-efficacy and agency in intercultural interactions.
Coorientation Theory and Assessment of the RFP Solution to Client/Service Learner Matchmaking
Authors: Rogers Cathy , Andrews Valerie
Published: August 2013

Tensions that result from varying expectations of service learners and clients/community partners are as common as the pedagogical practice of service learning in public relations courses. The matchmaking process between instructors and clients can influence expectations; however, the literature includes little guidance about the process of client selection. This paper analyzes a request-for-proposal (RFP) client selection process through the lens of coorientation theory to gauge the effectiveness of communication in the service-learning relationship.
Media Entrepreneurship
Authors: Ferrier Michelle Barrett
Published: August 2013

To prepare students for the changing media industry, educators must determine whether part of their mission is to prepare students to think and act entrepreneurially. This international study queries faculty who are developing media entrepreneurship courses. The study finds that while the courses take varied forms, the main objectives of the courses are to introduce students to the business side of media startups and to teach students to identify opportunities for innovation—whether inside legacy media organizations or as part of a media startup. The study offers some cautions and challenges for institutions seeking to embark on similar curriculum changes.
Five Parameters You Must Understand to Master Control of Your Laser/Light-Based Devices
Authors: Farkas Jordan P. , Hoopman John E. , Kenkel Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2013

In this article, the authors review basic fundamental principles of light characteristics and their interaction with the target tissue. It is imperative for the practitioner to understand these concepts to deliver appropriate, efficacious, and safe phototherapeutic treatment for their patients. Once a diagnosis is made and a laser is chosen as a treatment tool, a basic knowledge and understanding of the physics and properties of light/tissue interaction is essential to allow practitioners to provide their patients with optimal results.
Promoting Growth, Maintaining Progressivity, and Dealing with the Fiscal Crisis
Authors: Diamond John W. , Zodrow George R.
Published: August 2013

Trade-offs between economic efficiency, growth, and distributional equity permeate economics, including discussions of tax policy and tax reform. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling is one tool that is often used to estimate the magnitudes of the variables that determine the efficiency, growth, and equity properties of alternative tax reforms. In this article, we report the results of simulations of a CGE model that examines the economic and distributional effects of the enactment in the United States of a temporary value-added tax used to reduce the level of the national debt. The results suggest that such a reform is generally moderately progressive both for cohorts alive at the time of reform and for future generations, at least within the context of lifetime measures of tax burden, and that current middle-aged and elderly generations must bear a burden to confer a gain, relative to the status quo, on younger and future generations.
Subchronic Toxicity Evaluation of Anthraquinone in Fischer 344 Rats
Authors: Dodd Darol E. , Layko Debra K. , Cantwell Katherine E. , Willson Gabrielle A. , Thomas Russell S.
Published: August 2013

Female F344 rats were exposed to anthraquinone (AQ) by dietary feed at concentrations of 0, 50, 150, 469, 938, 1875, or 3750 ppm for 2 or 13 weeks. End points evaluated included clinical observations, body weights, serum chemistry, blood AQ, gross pathology, organ weights, and select tissue histopathology. Mean body weight and food consumption were 5% to 10% lower than control values in rats of the ≥938 ppm group during study weeks 2 through 13. Occasional decreases in body weight means were also observed in rats of the 150 and 469 ppm groups. Increases in liver, kidney, and spleen weights were observed in rats exposed to AQ diet concentrations ≥150 ppm for 13 weeks. Urinary bladder weights were increased at ≥469 ppm. Liver and spleen weights were also increased following 2 weeks of exposure. Liver weight increases were clearly dependent on AQ concentration. At 2 weeks, decreases in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine concentrations were observed in higher AQ exposure groups, and AST was decreased at 13 weeks (≥1875 ppm). Microscopic alterations were observed in the liver (mild centrilobular hypertrophy), spleen (mild hematopoietic cell proliferation and pigmentation), and kidneys (minimal hyaline droplets) of rats exposed to AQ for 13 weeks. Blood AQ concentrations ranged from 0.75 to 14.8 µg/mL in rats of the 150 to 3750 ppm groups, respectively, and were similar in value following either 2 weeks or 13 weeks of exposure. A no observed adverse effect level of 469 ppm AQ (31.3 mg/kg/d) was selected based on the absence of liver histopathology.
Application and a proposed modification of the 2010 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in a Canadian cohort of patients with clinically isolated syndromes
Authors: Kang H , Metz LM , Traboulsee AL , Eliasziw M , Zhao GJ , Cheng Y , Zhao Y , Li DKB ,   the Minocycline in CIS Study Group, Traboulsee A. , Li D. , Riddehough A. , Cheng Y. , Lam K. , Lee A. , Zhao GJ. , Vorobeychik G. , Metz L. , Yeung M. , Yong VW. , Hill M. , Cerchiaro G. , Ma C. , Topor T. , Blevins G. , Marriott J. , Kremenchutzky M. , Freedman M. , Lee L. , Duquette P. , Antel J. , Grand’Maison F. , Thibault M. , Bhan V. , Eliasziw M.
Published: August 2013

Background:

The 2005 and 2010 McDonald criteria utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to provide evidence of disease dissemination in space (DIS) and time (DIT) for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in patients who have clinically isolated syndromes (CIS).

Methods:

Data from 109 CIS patients not satisfying the 2005 criteria at entry into a randomized controlled minocycline trial were analyzed to determine the proportion who would have been diagnosed with MS at screening based on 2010 criteria. The impact of including symptomatic, as well as asymptomatic, MRI lesions to confirm DIT was also explored.

Results:

Thirty percent (33/109) of patients, retrospectively, met the 2010 criteria for a diagnosis of MS at baseline. When both symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions were used to confirm DIT, three additional patients met the 2010 criteria. There was a significant 10.1% increase in the proportion of patients who met the 2010 DIS criteria, compared with the 2005 DIS criteria; however, two patients satisfied the 2005 DIS but not 2010 DIS criteria.

Conclusion:

Using 2010 McDonald criteria, 30% of the CIS patients could be diagnosed with MS using a single MRI scan. Inclusion of symptomatic lesions in the DIT criteria further increases this proportion to 33%.
Achieving social mobility
Authors: Connolly Michael
Published: August 2013

Since it came into office in 2010, the British Coalition Government has shown concern over the nation’s declining social mobility, highlighted in Opening Doors, Breaking Barriers: A Strategy for Social Mobility, which identifies the private/state education divide at the root of the problem. However, despite this educational inequality and segregation, successive governments have not seen equality law as a tool of redress. This may because by tradition, distributive inequalities are dealt with only by political initiatives. The purpose of this article is to question this ‘tradition’ and evaluate whether using equality law in Britain as part of a social mobility agenda is justifiable, especially in education. The article concludes that discrimination law, based on school background, could play a significant part in employment, but technical issues make this less likely in education. However, a public sector equality duty extended to education could have a significant impact.
Assessment of global functioning in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Utility of the Developmental Disability–Child Global Assessment Scale
Authors: White Susan W , Smith Laura A , Schry Amie R
Published: August 2013

Assessment of global functioning is an important consideration in treatment outcome research; yet, there is little guidance on its evidence-based assessment for children with autism spectrum disorders. This study investigated the utility and validity of clinician-rated global functioning using the Developmental Disability–Child Global Assessment Scale in a sample of higher functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and comorbid anxiety disorders enrolled in a randomized controlled trial ( n = 30). Pretreatment Developmental Disability–Child Global Assessment Scale scores correlated with severity of autism spectrum disorders core symptoms ( r = −.388, p = .034), pragmatic communication ( r = .407, p = .032), and verbal ability ( r = .449, p = .013) and did not correlate with severity of anxiety symptoms or with parent-reported adaptive behavior. Change in Developmental Disability–Child Global Assessment Scale scores during treatment was associated with autism spectrum disorders symptomatic improvement ( r = .414, p = .040) and with improved general communication ( r = .499, p = .013). Results support the importance of assessing global functioning in addition to symptom change and treatment response in clinical trials.
Ethics, intimacy and distance in longitudinal, qualitative research: Experiences from Reality Check Bangladesh
Authors: Arvidson Malin
Published: August 2013

This article contributes to debates about ethical and methodological dilemmas experienced in international development studies. It departs from a research experience based on a longitudinal study, the Reality Check Approach, that puts intimacy, immersion and consensus at its core. These concepts signify an ethically motivated approach that aims to ‘give voice’ to people living in poverty. They also describe an ideal research relationship assumed as the basis for good quality data. The article examines the difficulties encountered when faced with ambiguous meanings in people’s responses, and shortcomings of the approach. These include the combining of ethical and instrumental motivations in the research framework and ambivalent roles and conflicting ethics, highlighted in the conflictual notions of ‘giving someone space to talk’ and ‘making someone talk’.
Improving the quality of development research: What could archiving qualitative data for reanalysis and revisiting research sites contribute?
Authors: Camfield Laura , Palmer-Jones Richard
Published: August 2013

As the emphasis on evidence-based policymaking in international development increases, so too should the attention paid to the quality of the research on which this evidence is based. One way to encourage this is by archiving research data to enable reanalysis, but this requirement is often ignored or resisted by development researchers. Similarly, ambivalent feelings are expressed about revisits to former research sites to conduct further research by original and other researchers. In this article, we outline why and how researchers archive and reanalyze qualitative data and revisit research sites, and discuss the potential benefits and challenges of these practices for development research.
Book Review: Alternatives to Privatization: Public Options for Essential Services in the Global South
Authors: Marois Thomas
Published: August 2013

McDonald, D.A. and Ruiters, G., editors. 2012: Alternatives to Privatization: Public Options for Essential Services in the Global South. London: Routledge. xii + 520 pp. £85.00 hardback. ISBN: 978-0-415-88668-0 hardback. ISBN: 978-0-203-14706-1 paperback.
HIV Testing Sites’ Communication About Adolescent Confidentiality
Authors: Hyden Christel , Allegrante John P. , Cohall Alwyn T.
Published: August 2013

Purpose. This study sought to evaluate HIV testing locations in New York City in terms of staff communication of confidentiality policies for adolescent clients. Method. Using the New York State Directory of HIV Counseling and Testing Resources as a sampling frame, this study made telephone contact with 164 public HIV testing locations in New York City and used a semistructured interview to ask questions about confidentiality, parental permission, and parent access to test results. Results. At 48% of locations, either HIV testing was not offered or we were unable to reach a staff member to ask questions about testing options and confidentiality. At the remaining sites, information provided regarding confidentiality, parental consent, and privacy of test results was correct only 69% to 85% of the time. Additionally, 23% of sites successfully contacted offered testing exclusively between 9:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. weekdays, when most adolescents are in school. Conclusions. Our findings point to a need for increased training and quality control at the clinical level to ensure that consumers in need of HIV testing are provided with accurate information and accessible services. Furthermore, these results highlight the need for more “patient-centric” sites with enhanced accessibility for potential clients, particularly youth.
Antioxidant and antigenotoxic role of recombinant human erythropoeitin against alkylating agents: Cisplatin and mitomycin C in cultured Vero cells
Authors: Rjiba-Touati Karima , Ayed-Boussema Imen , Soualeh Nidhal , Achour Abdellatif , Bacha Hassen , Abid Salwa
Published: August 2013

Cisplatin (CDDP) and mitomycin C (MMC), two alkylating agents used against various solid tumours, are a common source of acute kidney injury. Thus, strategies for minimizing CDDP and MMC toxicity are of a clinical interest. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective role of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) against oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by CDDP and MMC in cultured Vero cells. Three types of treatments were performed: (i) cells were treated with rhEPO 24 h before exposure to CDDP/MMC (pre-treatment), (ii) cells were treated with rhEPO and CDDP/MMC simultaneously (co-treatment), (iii) cells were treated with rhEPO 24 h after exposure to CDDP/MMC (post-treatment). Our results showed that rhEPO decreased the reactive oxygen species levels, the malondialdehyde levels and ameliorated glutathione (reduced and oxidized glutathione) modulation induced by CDDP and MMC in cultured Vero cells. Furthermore, rhEPO administration prevented alkylating agents-induced DNA damage accessed by comet test. Altogether, our results suggested a protective role of rhEPO, against CDDP- and MMC-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity, especially in pre-treatment condition.
Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields induce neural differentiation in bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Kim Hyun-Jung , Jung Jessica , Park Jee-Hye , Kim Jin-Hee , Ko Kyung-Nam , Kim Chan-Wha
Published: August 2013

Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) affect numerous biological functions such as gene expression, cell fate determination and even cell differentiation. To investigate the correlation between ELF-EMF exposure and differentiation, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were subjected to a 50-Hz electromagnetic field during in vitro expansion. The influence of ELF-EMF on BM-MSCs was analysed by a range of different analytical methods to understand its role in the enhancement of neural differentiation. ELF-EMF exposure significantly decreased the rate of proliferation, which in turn caused an increase in neuronal differentiation. The ELF-EMF-treated cells showed increased levels of neuronal differentiation marker (MAP2), while early neuronal marker (Nestin) was down-regulated. In addition, eight differentially expressed proteins were detected in two-dimensional electrophoresis maps, and were identified using ESI-Q-TOF LC/MS/MS. Among them, ferritin light chain, thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase, and tubulin β-6 chain were up-regulated in the ELF-EMF-stimulated group. Ferritin and thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase are involved in a wide variety of functions, including Ca2+ regulation, which is a critical component of neurodegeneration. We also observed that the intracellular Ca2+ content was significantly elevated after ELF-EMF exposure, which strengthens the modulatory role of ferritin and thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase, during differentiation. Notably, western blot analysis indicated significantly increased expression of the ferritin light chain in the ELF-EMF-stimulated group (0.60 vs. 1.08; P < 0.01). These proteins may help understand the effect of ELF-EMF stimulation on BM-MSCs during neural differentiation and its potential use as a clinically therapeutic option for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
Pseudoaneurysm Associated With an Arteriovesical Fistula After Bladder Substitution Surgery Definitively Treated With a Covered Stent
Authors: Haegeman Steven , Vaninbroukx Johan , Heye Sam , Joniau Steven , Van Poppel Hendrik , Oyen Raymond , Maleux Geert
Published: August 2013

A fistula between the iliac artery and a bladder pouch is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. In 3 patients presenting with massive hematuria after urinary diversion, an iliac artery pseudoaneurysm was found on imaging studies. These pseudoaneurysms were considered to be associated with a fistula between artery and pouch, causing the hematuria. All patients were successfully treated with a covered stent to exclude the pseudoaneurysm and the arteriovesical fistula. Clinical follow-up of 10 weeks, 16 months, and 27 months, respectively, showed no residual hematuria. In addition, no clinical signs of stent graft infection or thrombosis were identified during follow-up. In conclusion, the placement of a covered stent is a valuable therapeutic treatment option in the management of hematuria due to an arteriovesical fistula after urinary diversion surgery.
The Role of Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring (IONM) in Thyroidectomy
Authors: Moris Demetrios , Vernadakis Spiridon , Felekouras Evangelos
Published: August 2013

Objective. Intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) gains daily ground, being used during thyroidectomy to help the surgeon identify the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). But its value still remains debatable among endocrine surgeons. In this review article, we aim to present current knowledge on the subject. Data sources. The MEDLINE/PubMed database was searched for publications with the medical subject heading “Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring (IONM)” and keywords “thyroidectomy,” “recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)” or “vocal cord paresis or vocal cord paralysis (VCP).” The search was conducted both on basis of the MESH tree and as a text search. Study selection/Data extraction. We restricted our search to English till July 2012. In this review, we only included 34 articles and abstracts that were available in English. Conclusions. RLN IONM adds a functional dimension to surgery that aids, but does not replace, visual identification. For the time being, intraoperative visual identification of the nerve and preoperative and postoperative laryngoscopic assessment of vocal cord function remain the gold standard of RLN management in thyroid surgery. Whether IONM will become a standard of care or not depends on the familiarization of each surgeon with this technique as well as on the publication of studies involving large series of thyroidectomies, where the evaluation of IONM will have significant statistical power.
Practical correlation for thermal resistance of horizontal enclosed airspaces with downward heat flow for building applications
Authors: Saber Hamed H
Published: August 2013

The 2009 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (Chapter 26) provides a table that contains the thermal resistances (R-values) of enclosed airspaces for different values of airspace thickness, effective emittance, mean airspace temperature, and temperature differences across the airspace. This table is extensively used by modelers, architects, and building designers in the design for thermal resistance of building enclosures. The effect of the airspace aspect ratio (length/thickness) on the R-value is not accounted for in the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) table. However, in previous studies, it was shown that the aspect ratio of the airspace can affect its R-value. In this article, the previous studies by the author who focused on determining the R-value for vertical enclosed airspaces and horizontal enclosed airspace under upward heat flow condition are extended to investigate the effect of the aspect ratio on the R-value of horizontal enclosed airspaces under a downward heat flow condition for different airspace thicknesses and having a wide range of values for effective emittance, mean temperature, and temperature differences across the airspaces. The R-values predicted from numerical simulation are compared with those provided in the ASHRAE table. Considerations were also given to investigate the potential increase in the R-values of enclosed airspaces when a thin sheet is placed horizontally in the middle of the airspace and whose surfaces have different values of emissivity. Thereafter, practical correlation was developed for determining the R-values of horizontal enclosed airspaces for future use by modelers, architects, and building designers. The simplicity of this correlation derived for horizontal airspaces under downward heat flow condition together with those that were previously developed for vertical airspaces and horizontal airspaces under upward heat flow condition suggests that these correlations could be included in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.
Assessment of national reference values for railway safety: a statistical treatment
Authors: Braband Jens , Schäbe Hendrik
Published: August 2013

We discuss the decision procedure used in the Commission Decision for national reference values. According to the safety directive, every year seven safety indicators have to be computed for every member state. In the decision, a fixed procedure has been presented for computing the safety indicators and to assess whether there is a possible deterioration in safety. In the safety assessment, the decision depends on a weighted sum in place of an arithmetic mean.

It is then of interest how such a decision procedure would behave and what would be the advantages and disadvantages of the particular method. In this article, we study a slightly simplified version of the procedure by two means. First, we analyze the weighted sum and derive its characteristic as efficiency. Moreover, we compare it via a spread with an ordinary sample mean. We support the theoretical results with the help of a simple simulation study in order to estimate failure probabilities of the first and second kinds. In particular, we construct such alternative distributions that the decision procedure cannot distinguish.
The Calcaneal Scarf Osteotomy
Authors: Feuerstein Catherine A. , Weil Lowell , Weil Lowell Scott , Klein Erin E. , Agerakis Nicholas G. , Akram Usman
Published: August 2013

Purpose. Surgical correction of the adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is continually evolving. This technique article presents the technique of the calcaneal scarf osteotomy (CSO) and radiographic evidence supporting the ability of this procedure to correct an AAFD. Method. The technique described here is a single osteotomy that corrects flatfoot deformity in all 3 planes. Retrospectively, medical records were reviewed to identify patients who underwent a CSO for surgical correction of AAFD. Pre- and postoperative radiographs were reviewed. Results. Thirty patients (32 feet) had an average age of 49.0 ± 17.2 years (range = 35-73 years) with an average of 5.7 ± 2.0 years (range = 1-11 years) of follow-up. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographic parameters were significantly altered with this procedure (P < .001). CSO-induced calcaneal–cuboid joint arthritis did not occur. Discussion and Conclusions. The results of the current study demonstrate that the CSO significantly changes radiographic exam parameters in patients who suffer from AAFD. Therefore, the CSO provides triplanar correction through one osteotomy with early return to weight bearing and lacks the complications such as lateral column pain associated with other calcaneal osteotomies.

Levels of Evidence: Level IV, Retrospective cohort study
Effectiveness of Ankle Taping on Ankle Joint Kinematics During Walking on Level Ground
Authors: Choukou Mohamed-Amine , Hijazi Samia
Published: August 2013

Prescriptions for functional ankle instability are generally oriented to taping, which need to be validated as an efficient treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of ankle taping on the subject’s foot pressure and gait pattern, including mediolateral analysis, according to tape application side. A sample of 20 right-handed healthy subjects volunteered to participate in this study, which was composed of 3 taping conditions: “with taping of the right ankle,” “with taping of both ankles,” and “with taping of the left ankle.” Participants were asked to perform a walk on the walkway to get 2 footprints repeated 6 times. The variables measured were step length, step duration, double stance, and swing. The results clearly showed significant change in step duration and double phase when tape was applied to the left ankle, F(2, 54) = 12.03; P < .05. Significant changes were also observed for step length and swing when tape was applied to the both ankles, F(2, 54) = 10.71; P < .05]. This study showed that double stance and swing phase duration increases, and that the pressure is equalized on both feet when taping the unstable ankle. Taping a functionally unstable ankle is more likely to improve its stability.

Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic Level II: Prospective comparative trial
Skin Demarcation and Amputation Level for Foot Gangrene Following Meningococcal Septicemia
Authors: Singh Dishan , Swann Amanda
Published: August 2013

A case report of a 55-year-old woman who was being considered for bilateral below knee or Syme’s amputations after gangrene at the level of both forefeet due to meningococcal septicaemia is described. An expectant approach for 6 months revealed that the tissues deep to the necrotic skin were viable and she was subsequently able to mobilize independently with normal footwear after bilateral toe amputations at the metatarsophalangeal joint levels. This case and a literature review suggest that the demarcation of healthy skin from necrotic skin (eschar) should not dictate the level of amputation in dry gangrene of the foot following meningococcal septicemia. Magnetic resonance imaging can overestimate the degree of muscle necrosis. Treatment should be individualized for each patient, but advice should include the option of prolonged conservative treatment to preserve limb length and function.

Level of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV: Case study
The Mediation of Insurrectionary Symbolic Damage
Authors: Cammaerts Bart
Published: August 2013

In this article, the intricate relationship between the logic of damage as an act of political communication and its mediation is addressed. The mediation of protest by mainstream media is often deemed to be one-sided, biased in favor of the establishment and predominantly antiprotest, focusing on the spectacular crowding out real debate on the issues. A content analysis of the 2010 U.K. student protests as reported by four U.K. newspapers found this to be only partially true. The use of symbolic damage tactics by the protesters did not squeeze out attention for the issues, rather it increased media attention and coverage considerably. Militant voices were more quoted and given more space in articles than moderate voices. In all newspapers there was a degree of understanding for the anger of the students, but the use of symbolic damage tactics did produce much negative exposure. The use of symbolic damage tactics not only relates to a mainstream media opportunity structure, creating spectacle and drama, but also potentially produces division, negative representation, and delegitimization. Finally, the use of insurrectionary symbolic damage is a reminder of the failings of representative democracy in how it deals with political conflicts.
Unaccompanied Youth
Authors: Adams Patricia M. , Shineldecker Susan C.
Published: August 2013

There are many reasons that a child does not have a functional or legal guardian. The parent may be incarcerated, deceased, debilitated, deported, or have abandoned them. The teen may be a runaway or may have been exited from foster care. School nurses are challenged to find an adult who can legally consent to treatment when an unaccompanied minor needs health care. This article provides strategies for case management of these students. The school needs to be a stable and safe environment where the unaccompanied teen can thrive and succeed.
Identity Formation, Identity Strength, and Self-Categorization as Predictors of Affective and Psychological Outcomes
Authors: Keaton Shaughan A. , Gearhart Christopher C.
Published: August 2013

This study is interested in what sources of team identity formation are related to self-categorization as a sport team fan and the strength of that team identification, and what affective and psychological outcomes become salient in spectatorship scenarios. Participants were administered self-report instruments previously designed to measure team identity formation and psychological effects, then given cognitive tasks adapted from a previous study (Markus, 1977). Participants were required to return to the lab to watch highlights and lowlights of the attending football team’s season. These videos were recorded and coded for affective responses. Because previous evidence supports connections between identity formation, self-categorization/strength of identity, psychological effects, and affective responses, a generalized latent variable model was estimated. The model fit the data, exposing a mediated relationship. This study extends upon previous research by isolating specific aspects of team identity formation that differentially influence affective and communicative responses, especially when mediated by sport team identification. Findings also support the assertion that identity is related to the value and emotional attachment placed on a group membership.
From structure topology to chemical composition. XIV. Titanium silicates: refinement of the crystal structure and revision of the chemical formula of mosandrite, (Ca3REE)[(H2O)2Ca0.5□0.5]Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)2, a Group-I mineral from the Saga mine, Morje, Porsgrunn, Norway
Authors: Sokolova E. , Hawthorne F. C.
Published: August 2013

The crystal structure of mosandrite, ideally (Ca3REE)[(H2O)2Ca0.5☐0.5]Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)2, from the Saga mine, Morje, Porsgrunn, Norway, has been refined as two components related by the TWIN matrix (0 0, 00, 1 0 1):a7.4222(3),b5.6178(2),c18.7232(7) Å, β 101.4226(6)°,V= 765.23(9) Å3, space group P21/c, Dcalc.= 3.361 g.cm–3,R1= 3.69% using 1347 observed (Fo> 4σF) reflections. The empirical formula of mosandrite (EMPA) was calculated on the basis of 4 Si a.p.f.u., with H2O determined from structure refinement: [(Ca2.89Ba0.01)Σ2.90(Ce0.39La0.18Nd0.14Sm0.02Gd0.03Y0.16Th0.03)Σ1.01Zr0.09]Σ4[(H2O)2.00Ca0.32Na0.17Al0.10Mn0.04Fe2+0.02☐0.35]Σ3(Ti0.87Nb0.09Zr0.04)Σ1(Si2O7)2[(OH)1.54F0.46]Σ2[(H2O)1.50F0.50]Σ2,Z= 2. The crystal structure of mosandrite is a framework of TS (titanium silicate) blocks; each TS block consists of HOH sheets (H-heteropolyhedral, O-octahedral). In the TS block, there are five fully occupied cation sites, two [4]-coordinatedSisites with  1.623 Å , [7]-coordinatedMHandAPsites occupied by Ca andREEin the ratio ∼3:1, and one [6]-coordinated Ti-dominantMO(1) site. There are two H2O-dominant H2O-alkali-cation sites. The partly occupiedMO(2) site has composition [(H2O)0.5☐0.33Na0.17], ideally [(H2O)0.5☐0.5] p.f.u. TheMO(3) site has ideal composition [(H2O)1.5Ca0.5] p.f.u. In the O sheet, theXOMandXOAanion sites have compositions [(OH)1.54F0.46] (XOM) and [(H2O)1.50F0.50] (XOA), ideally (OH)2and (H2O)2p.f.u. The MHand APpolyhedra and Si2O7groups constitute the H sheet that is completely ordered. In the O sheet,MO(1) octahedra are long-range ordered whereas H2O and OH groups and alkali cations Na and Ca are long-range disordered. Two SRO (short-range ordered) arrangements have been proposed for the O sheet: (1) Na [MO(2)], Ca2[MO(3)] and F4[XOMandXOAanion sites]; (2) 2 H2O [MO(2)] andMO(3)] and (OH)2and (H2O)2[XOMandXOA]. Linkage of H and O sheets occurs mainly via common vertices of MHpolyhedra and Si2O7groups andMO(1) octahedra. Two adjacent TS blocks are related by the glide planecy. Mosandrite is an H2O- and OH-bearing Na- and Ca-depleted analogue of rinkite, ideally (Ca3REE)Na(NaCa) Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2. Mosandrite and rinkite are related by the following substitution at theMO(2,3) andXO(M,A)sites in the O sheet:M[(H2O)2+ ☐0.5] +X[(OH)–2+ (H2O)2] ↔M[Na+2+ Ca2+0.5] +X[(OF)3–+ (F2)2–].
Joteite, Ca2CuAl[AsO4][AsO3(OH)]2(OH)2·5H2O, a new arsenate with a sheet structure and unconnected acid arsenate groups
Authors: Kampf A. R. , Mills S. J. , Housley R. M. , Rossman G. R. , Nash B. P. , Dini M. , Jenkins R. A.
Published: August 2013

Joteite (IMA2012-091), Ca2CuAl[AsO4][AsO3(OH)]2(OH)2·5H2O, is a new mineral from the Jote mine, Tierra Amarilla, Copiapó Province, Atacama, Chile. The mineral is a late-stage, low-temperature, secondary mineral occurring with conichalcite, mansfieldite, pharmacoalumite, pharmacosiderite and scorodite in narrow seams and vughs in the oxidized upper portion of a hydrothermal sulfide vein hosted by volcanoclastic rocks. Crystals occur as sky-blue to greenish-blue thin blades, flattened and twinned on {001}, up to ~300 μm in length, and exhibiting the forms {001}, {010}, {10}, {20} and {111}. The blades are commonly intergrown in wheat-sheaf-like bundles, less commonly in sprays, and sometimes aggregated as dense crusts and cavity linings. The mineral is transparent and has a very pale blue streak and vitreous lustre. The Mohs hardness is estimated at 2 to 3, the tenacity is brittle, and the fracture is curved. It has one perfect cleavage on {001}. The calculated density based on the empirical formula is 3.056 g/cm3. It is optically biaxial (–) with α = 1.634(1), β = 1.644(1), γ = 1.651(1) (white light), 2Vmeas= 78(2)° and 2Vcalc= 79.4°. The mineral exhibits weak dispersion,r < v. The optical orientation isX≈c*;Y≈b*. The pleochroism isZ(greenish blue) >Y(pale greenish blue) >X(colourless). The normalized electron-microprobe analyses (average of 5) provided: CaO 15.70, CuO 11.22, Al2O38.32, As2O546.62, H2O 18.14 (structure), total 100 wt.%. The empirical formula (based on 19 O a.p.f.u.) is: Ca1.98Cu1.00Al1.15As2.87H14.24O19. The mineral is slowly soluble in cold, concentrated HCl. Joteite is triclinic,P, with the cell parameters:a= 6.0530(2),b= 10.2329(3),c= 12.9112(4) Å,α= 87.572(2),β= 78.480(2), γ = 78.697(2)°,V= 768.40(4) Å3andZ= 2. The eight strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [dobsÅ(I)(hkl)]: 12.76(100)(001), 5.009(23)(020), 4.206(26)(120,003,121), 3.92(24)(022,02,02), 3.40(25)(13), 3.233(19)(031,023,123,03), 2.97(132,201) and 2.91(15)(22,13). In the structure of joteite (R1= 7.72% for 6003Fo> 4σF), AsO4and AsO3(OH) tetrahedra, AlO6octahedra and Cu2+O5square pyramids share corners to form sheets parallel to {001}. In addition, 7- and 8-coordinate Ca polyhedra link to the periphery of the sheets yielding thick slabs. Between the slabs are unconnected AsO3(OH) tetrahedra, which link the slabs only via hydrogen bonding. The Raman spectrum shows features consistent with OH and/or H2O in multiple structural environments. The region between the slabs may host excess Al in place of some As.
Irinarassite Ca3Sn2SiAl2O12 – new garnet from the Upper Chegem Caldera, Northern Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia
Authors: Galuskina I. O. , Galuskin E. V. , Prusik K. , Gazeev V. M. , Pertsev N. N. , Dzierżanowski P.
Published: August 2013

Irinarassite, Ca3Sn2SiAl2O12, a new mineral species of the garnet supergroup was discovered in metasomatically altered carbonate-silicate xenoliths in ignimbrites of the Upper Chegem Caldera, Northern Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia. It occurs as small zones and irregular spots in kimzeyite-kerimasite or rarely as single crystals not exceeding 10 μm in size, within complex pseudomorphs after zircon. Lakargiite, tazheranite, baddeleyite, kerimasite, kimzeyite, baghdadite and rarely magnesioferrite are associated with irinarassite in the pseudomorphs which are confined to larnite-cuspidine zones immediately adjoining the ignimbrite. Larnite, cuspidine, rondorfite, fluor- and hydroxylellestadite, fluorite and secondary minerals such as ettringite, hillebrandite and bultfonteinite are associated with irinarassite. Irinarassite is pale brown to yellow colour. The mineral is characterized by the absence of cleavage and by an irregular fracture. The calculated density is 4.3 g cm–1. The mineral is isotropic with a calculated refractive index of 1.9. The empirical crystal chemical formula of irinarassite from the holotype specimen is as follows (Ca2.965Fe2+0.035)Σ3(Sn1.016Zr0.410Ti0.262Sb5+0.237Fe2+0.035U6+0.017Sc0.014Hf0.006Nb0.004)Σ2.001(Al1.386Fe3+0.804Si0.446Ti4+0.364)Σ3O12. Electron backscatter diffraction patterns of irinarassite are fitted to the garnet model with a = 12.50(3) Å with excellent MAD (mean angular deviation) = 0.16°. The Raman spectrum of irinarassite is analogous to those of kerimasite and other Zr-Sn-garnets of the schorlomite and bitikleite groups.
Alpha particle damage in biotite characterized by microfocus X-ray diffraction and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Pattrick R. A. D. , Charnock J. M. , Geraki T. , Mosselmans J. F. W. , Pearce C. I. , Pimblott S. , Droop G. T. R.
Published: August 2013

Combined microfocus XAS and XRD analysis of α-particle radiation damage haloes around thorium-containing monazite in Fe-rich biotite reveals changes in both short- and long-range order. The total α-particles flux derived from the Th and U in the monazite over 1.8 Ga was 0.022 α particles per atomic component of the monazite and this caused increasing amounts of structural damage as the monazite emitter is approached. Short-range order disruption revealed by Fe K-edge EXAFS is manifest by a high variability in Fe–Fe bond lengths and a marked decrease in coordination number. XANES examination of the Fe K-edge shows a decrease in energy of the main absorption by up to 1 eV, revealing reduction of the Fe3+ components of the biotite by interaction with the 24He2+, the result of low and thermal energy electrons produced by the cascade of electron collisions. Changes in d spacings in the XRD patterns reveal the development of polycrystallinity and new domains of damaged biotite structure with evidence of displaced atoms due to ionization interactions and nuclear collisions. The damage in biotite is considered to have been facilitated by destruction of OH groups by radiolysis and the development of Frenkel pairs causing an increase in the trioctahedral layer distances and contraction within the trioctahedral layers. The large amount of radiation damage close to the monazite can be explained by examining the electronic stopping flux.
Prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection among young men and women in Spain
Authors: Fernández-Benítez Carlos , Mejuto-López Patricia , Otero-Guerra Luis , Margolles-Martins Mario Juan , Suárez-Leiva Pilar , Vazquez Fernando ,   Chlamydial Primary Care Group
Published: August 2013

Background

There are no accurate data regarding the real prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Spain. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis infections and the risk factors for acquiring them among 1,048 young (15–24 years old) inhabitants of Laviana.

Methods

The study was completed in the period between 1st November 2010 and 31st December 2011. We conducted a capture strategy in the whole population, instead of only in a sample group, with a capture conducted in schools, in the local health centre, by post and by phone as a last resort. The design was based on the model used by Shafer to increase screening rates. C. trachomatis was identified by RT-PCR in urine samples.

Results

A total of 487 sexually active people underwent the test, which implies a response rate of 59.8% of the sexually active people (target population). The prevalence was 4.1% (CI 95%: 3.1-5.8): women: 4% ( CI 95%; 2.8-6.4) and men: 4.3% (CI 95%: 2.9-7.2). The circulating genotype was the E genotype. There was an increase in the risk of C. trachomatis infection when barrier contraceptives were not routinely used OR: 4.76 (CI 95%:1.30-17.36) p<0.05.

Conclusions

In our study the prevalence in women resembles those found in other countries in Europe and the prevalence in men is similar to that in women. Screening for C. trachomatis infection in women would be cost-effective in Spain given the prevalence of C. trachomatis measured by this study. The use of a condom is the best preventative measure for avoiding STIs in sexually active people.
Work-related violence and inconsistent condom use with non-paying partners among female sex workers in Adama City, Ethiopia
Authors: Mooney Alyssa , Kidanu Aklilu , Bradley Heather M , Kumoji Evelyn Kuor , Kennedy Caitlin E , Kerrigan Deanna
Published: August 2013

Background

Although reported condom use between female sex workers and their clients is high in Ethiopia, condom use with regular, non-paying partners remains low, posing a substantial risk of HIV infection to sex workers, their partners and the general population. Previous studies have identified the synergistic effects of substance abuse, violence and HIV risk, but few have examined these inter-relationships among female sex workers and their regular, non-paying partners. This study explored the associations between work-related violence, alcohol abuse and inconsistent condom use among establishment-based female sex workers and their regular, non-paying partners in Adama City, Ethiopia.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 350 establishment-based female sex workers, aged 15–35, at 63 bars, hotels and nightclubs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to test the association between work-related violence and condom use with regular, non-paying partners, controlling for age, overall income, education and sex workers’ total number of sexual partners in the past week. Alcohol abuse was explored as an effect modifier.

Results

Respondents reported a high prevalence of work-related violence (59%) and alcohol abuse (51%). Work-related violence was statistically significantly associated with unprotected sex with regular, non-paying partners among those who abused alcohol (OR: 6.34, 95% CI: 2.43-16.56) and among those who did not (OR: 2.98, 95% CI: 1.36-6.54). Alcohol abuse was not associated with inconsistent condom use within these partnerships, though it may strengthen the effect of work-related violence on unprotected sex.

Conclusions

Findings suggest violence against establishment-based female sex workers is associated with HIV risk within regular, non-paying partnerships. Qualitative work is needed to better understand the links between a violent work environment and condom use with regular, non-paying partners and how interventions can be implemented in this context to prevent violence against sex workers and reduce HIV transmission.
Physical activity and the rejuvenation of Connswater (PARC study): protocol for a natural experiment investigating the impact of urban regeneration on public health
Authors: Tully Mark A , Hunter Ruth F , McAneney Helen , Cupples Margaret E , Donnelly Michael , Ellis Geraint , Hutchinson George , Prior Lindsay , Stevenson Michael , Kee Frank
Published: August 2013

Background

There is a dearth of evidence regarding the impact of urban regeneration projects on public health, particularly the nature and degree to which urban regeneration impacts upon health-related behaviour change. Natural experiment methodology enables comprehensive large-scale evaluations of such interventions. The Connswater Community Greenway in Belfast is a major urban regeneration project involving the development of a 9 km linear park, including the provision of new cycle paths and walkways. In addition to the environmental improvements, this complex intervention involves a number of programmes to promote physical activity in the regenerated area. The project affords a unique opportunity to investigate the public health impact of urban regeneration.

Methods/Design

The evaluation framework was informed by the socio-ecological model and guided by the RE-AIM Framework. Key components include: (1) a quasi-experimental before-and-after survey of the Greenway population (repeated cross-sectional design), in tandem with data from a parallel Northern Ireland-wide survey for comparison; (2) an assessment of changes in the local built environment and of walkability using geographic information systems; (3) semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of survey respondents, and a range of community stakeholders, before and after the regeneration project; and (4) a cost-effectiveness analysis. The primary outcome is change in proportion of individuals identified as being regularly physically active, according to the current UK recommendations. The RE-AIM Framework will be used to make an overall assessment of the impact of the Greenway on the physical activity behaviour of local residents.

Discussion

The Connswater Community Greenway provides a significant opportunity to achieve long-term, population level behaviour change. We argue that urban regeneration may be conceptualised meaningfully as a complex intervention comprising multiple components with the potential, individually and interactively, to affect the behaviour of a diverse population. The development and implementation of our comprehensive evaluation framework reflects this complexity and illuminates an approach to the empirical, rigorous evaluation of urban regeneration. More specifically, this study will add to the much needed evidence-base about the impact of urban regeneration on public health as well as having important implications for the development of natural experiment methodology.