bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Berkshire Interlacings
Authors: Seaby Allen W.
Published: August 2016

Why Berkshire? Well, any other county might have been chosen; that in Berkshire there are both the Romano-British city of Silchester and the ruins of an abbey founded in Norman times may have influenced the choice. As for the last word of the title, ‘interlacings’ will be confined here to a pattern of curved strands. This rules out such motives as the zig-zags of the filigree on the handle of the Sumerian dagger and the Coptic meanderings of one strand only.

There are, of course, many examples of interlacing to be seen nowadays. Men criss-cross their shoe-strings, unless they have been taught to lace them straight across as they do in the Army; a basket is made of interlacing canes; a hurdle of interlacing wattles; women formerly interlaced the strands of their long hair and the manes and tails of horses are often treated similarly. A cane carpet-beater is an excellent example of interlacing. The ‘under and over’ of the canes make for both strength and resiliency. The implement is remarkably attractive in appearance, an instance of the combination of the arts of necessity and of form.
Romano-Buddhist Art: an old problem restated
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: August 2016

Since about 1870, when a Dr Leitner, of the Punjab service, brought from north-western India a small collection of Buddhist ‘Indo-Scythian’ sculptures to England, the literature of the so-called Gandhāra art has not ceased to grow, and the last decade has added rather more than its quota. Dr H. Buchtal has re-emphasized and re-illustrated the affinities between this Buddhist art and that of the Roman Empire (1). Dr L. Bachhofer has recognized the emergence of a Partho-Buddhist art based on secular Hellenistic imports into Gandhāra in the 1st century A.D. (2) Entrenched behind the formidable ramparts of his unpublished Taxila, that great veteran Sir John Marshall has machine-gunned both the learned doctors with a vigour most happily unimpaired by the ills to which he lightly refers (3). And, since I do not always find myself in agreement with Sir John, I may at once say this : that, had Drs Buchtal and Bachhofer done no more than draw his fire, they would have deserved sufficiently well of us.
Men, Machines and History
Authors: Crawford O. G. S.
Published: August 2016

During The Present Century There Has Appeared A New Kind Of History, Concerned Not With Parts But With The Whole Of Human History. There Were, Of Course, Before This, Many Attempts To Write' Universal History'; But They Consisted Merely In Lumping Together In A Single Continuous Narrative Condensed Histories Of The Chief Countries Of The Old World. This Synthetic Or Accretive Method Has The Same Defects When Concerned With The Sequence Of Time As It Has When Concerned With Space. You Cannot Make A Correct Map Of The World Or Of Any Part Of It Simply By Sticking Together On A Single Sheet The Plans Of Separate Portions Surveyed Independently By Different People, With No Comprehensive Framework Binding Together The Whole Area. Nor, To Vary The Metaphor, Is A Cathedral Constructed By Putting Several Parish Churches Together Beneath One Roof. The New History Is Related To The Old Universal Histories Exactly As Is A Modern Map Of The World To Such Medieval Concoctions As The Hereford Map.
Customs and Traditions of the Isle of Portland Dorset
Authors: Douch Robert
Published: August 2016

The Isle of Portland reaches out into the waters of the English Channel. Almost a solid block of stone, it is the most southerly point on the Dorset coast. Its greatest length from north to south is four miles and its maximum width one and a half miles, while its entire circumference is less than nine miles. The north of the island is low-lying, but half a mile inland the ground rises steeply to a maximum height of 496 feet above sea-level at the Verne. From here it slopes away gradually to the southern tip or Bill, 20 feet above sea-level. There has never been a town of Portland and the chief centres of population were originally eight hamlets. Today, three of these, Castletown, Fortuneswell and Chesil have merged to form the main settlement in the north or Underhill, as the district is called, On Tophill three more of the hamlets, Reforne, Easton and Wakeham have similarly run together. Weston and Southwell remain hamlets, while another settlement has grown up around the prison at ‘The Grove’.

The ‘Island’ is, in fact, joined to the mainland by the Chesil Beach. But since this pebble bank extends westwards for ten miles before it meets the Dorset coast at Abbotsbury and could be used as a thoroughfare only with the greatest difficulty, the term ‘island’ is no real misnomer. Between Portland and the immediate mainland to the north runs the Fleet, a narrow arm of the sea, wide enough to make the approach across Smallmouth by ferry, before the building of the modern bridge, awkward and, at times, dangerous.
Roman Coins found in Iceland
Authors: Shetelig Haakon
Published: August 2016

The State Antiquary of Iceland, Kristján Eldjárn, M.A., published in January this year a fine volume containing a report of his recent excavations of pagan graves, and other contributions to early Icelandic history, under the title of Gengidh á Reika, Akureyri, 1948. It is very important that we have got here reliable accounts of systematically explored Viking burials, with diagrams and photographs, all very well done, as Iceland had produced, till now, very little of similar publications. But really exciting is undeniably the news of the discovery of three Roman coins in Iceland.

The place of discovery was at the farm Bragdhavellir, at the head of Hamarsfjord, in the district of Sudhur Mulasyssel, on the southeast coast of Iceland. In a small valley called Djupibotn the gales had partially denuded the ground leaving only the hard stony gravel subsoil. In this place the remains of two primitive houses came to light, certainly representing an ancient farm which had been deserted for long ages. A peasant of the vicinity Jón Sigfusson started searching the site for antiquities and collected a lot of such poor objects as are generally left in country dwellings of the early Middle-Ages, nails and fragments of iron, broken pots of soapstone, stone whorls, some teeth of horse and cow, bits of charcoal, etc. The only object of a more distinct character was a bead of variegated glass, reddish-brown with black and white, possibly dating from the Viking Period. Subsequently a number of the antiquities were sent to the National Museum in Reykjavik, including two Roman coins said to have been found on the same site and under same conditions as the other articles.
The Open Field in Devonshire
Authors: Finberg H. P. R.
Published: August 2016

It has been generally agreed that Devonshire lies outside the area formerly cultivated under the open-field system. The map which serves as frontispiece to Gray’s monograph on the subject shows the western boundary of the open-field area beginning in west Dorsetshire and passing up northward across Somerset so as to exclude Devon, Cornwall, and west Somerset. Dr and Mrs Orwin, while revising and correcting Gray’s data at several points, are emphatic where the south-western counties are concerned. ‘In Lancashire, Devon, and Cornwall, there is nothing to indicate that the system [of open fields] was ever followed’. Recent text-books naturally follow in the wake of these authorities. Professor Darby, for example, writes that in Cornwall, and by implication in Devon also, the prevailing type of rural economy ‘had no relation to the three-field system’ ; and he illustrates his remarks with a reproduction of Gray’s map.

One well-known fact, which at first sight appears irreconcilable with these pronouncements, was not overlooked by the authors. I refer to the existence at Braunton, in northwest Devon, of an open field of some 350 acres, divided into nearly five hundred arable strips of intermixed ownership. ‘Some persons own very many of the strips scattered all over the field ; that is to say, several strips in almost every division of it. Others have a few only, one here and there. But in all cases the strips of one owner are everywhere separated from each other by interposed strips of other owners . . . The line of demarcation between any two strips is commonly indicated by a narrow unploughed balk . . . The lesser plots appear as a rule to approximate in area to half an acre, more or less, and the others to multiples of this quantity . . . Very few exceed the limit of two acres’.
‘Jews' Houses’
Authors: Roth Cecil
Published: August 2016

It is well known that there are numerous ancient sites and buildings in this country whose nomenclature brings (or brought) them into hypothetical association with the Jews. It will be best, therefore, to begin this enquiry by drawing up a provisional list:

The JEWRY WALL, Leicester.

MARKET JEW, Cornwall.

JEWS' MOUNT, Oxford. H. E. Salter, Oxford City Properties, 1926, 207–12.

The JEWS' HALL, Winchelsea.

The JEW GATE, Newcastle: otherwise Silver Street, a name dating at least from the 17th century. Archaeologia Aeliana, 2 Ser., XXIV, 156–7.

The JEWS' MEADOW, Horsham. N. & Q., 1936, 1, 27.

The JEWRY, Martley, Worcs.: an Elizabethan house.

To the above must be added sites no longer identifiable on the ground but known from historical records:

The JEWS' WAY, Bury St. Edmunds: Gibson's Camden, p. 451.

The JEWS' HOUSES, Southampton: Rot. Orig. Abbrev., 11, 103 b [1282]: J. S. Davies, Hist, of So'ton, 1883, 456. They were situated just outside the s. gate of the Castle.

The JEWS' TOWER, Winchester. Liberate Rolls, 1249, pp. 235–6.

JEWS' TIN JEWS' HOUSES Cornwall. Max Müller, Chips from a German workshop, III, 320.
Archaeological Research in Indo-China: a review
Authors: Seidenfaden Erik
Published: August 2016

The author of this brilliant and monumental work is a Swedish archaeologist, whose name will be well known to those who have followed with the greatest interest his outstanding, and, from both the archaeological and historical point of view, so fruitful and important excavations in Tonkin and North Annam between 1934 and 1939. The results have appeared, from time to time, in Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient, Cahiers de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient, and the Illustrated London News. Professor Janse's work was carried out under the auspices of the École Française d'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi, the Museums of Paris and of the Harvard-Yenching Institute. This fine book contains 113 pages in the text and 169 beautiful plates, showing a great number of the objects found, besides several clear and instructive plans of the most characteristic of the brick-built tombs excavated. There are also 56 figures in the text.
Skeletons: some remarks on their value to the Human Biologist
Authors: Weiner J. S.
Published: August 2016

It is probably no exaggeration to say that for not a few archaeologists the examination of skeletal remains means the measurement of the cranium with the object I of establishing ‘ race ’. Indeed there may still be some who believe (or who have been led to believe) that the physical anthropologist can with confidence diagnose the ‘ race ’ or even ‘ subrace ’ of a single skull. What is perhaps worse is the idea that race allocation represents the entire potential biological interest of skeletal material or the sole activity of the physical anthropologist. These views are happily not so prevalent as they were not long since. There is a better appreciation of the scope of physical anthropology and of its greater concern with the general biology of human communities, their genetics and ecology-an approach which is necessary if the maximum biological information bearing on the life of extinct groups is to be extracted from the refractory material offered by skeletal remains. Human bones and teeth often give some insight into the conditions of life affecting the community as well as (sometimes) an indication of the origin and affinities of the group. For the skeleton is susceptible to modification both by the action of environmental agencies and by genetic factors. It is known, for example, that identical twins reared in different environments vary more in such ‘ classical ’ measurements as head length, head breadth and cephalic index, than do twins brought up in the same environment (Newman, 1940). The effect of change of environment in altering the head and body shape of descendants of immigrants has been demonstrated also by Shapiro (1939) and Lasker (1946) much more convincingly than was done in Franz Boas’ pioneer investigation which was subsequently criticised by Morant and Samson (1926). But much more work is clearly necessary before a genetic analysis of such polygenic characters as bone size and shape becomes available and we may hope that the current interest in studies of growth and physique in the living will provide the necessary information.
Dura-Europos
Authors: Crowfoot J. W.
Published: August 2016

Dura is one of the buried cities which has swum into our ken since the end of the Some paintings accidentally uncovered by a British officer first led D Breasted to the site. He was followed by Cumont and in 1928 a large expedition under Professor Rostovtzeff was sent there by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions. By 1937 about one third of the site had been excavated and work was suspended through lack of funds.

Dura has been compared with Pompeii but it would be hard to imagine two places more dissimilar in appearance and history. Unlike Pompeii, Dura is a grim looking site : its most striking features are the west wall on the desert side and the citadel above the Euphrates, both built of dull grey gypsum blocks : between them stretches a waste of mud brick walls. And its history covers a far longer period. Once the site of a small oriental village, it was converted by the Macedonians into a strong-point on the road between Antioch on the Orontes and Seleucia on the Tigris ; the date of its foundation is not known, but Seleucus I was regarded as the founder and it must have been about 300 B.C.
Ancient River Beds and Dead Cities
Authors: Mackay Dorothy
Published: August 2016

Close acquaintance with the geographical situation of the ancient sites of Iraq, and also of the Indus Valley, inevitably leaves two questions to haunt the mind. C Why did early man choose such inconvenient and inaccessible places, as many of them now are, for his settlements when he gave up nomad life ? And why after a site had been deliberately chosen for a city was it so frequently abandoned, though its occupation might already have extended through several centuries ?

These questions were first brought home to the writer in vivid fashion by a visit twenty years ago to the lonely and insignificant little mounds of Jemdet Nasr, some twenty-five miles from the ruins of Babylon and about halfway across the wide unin- habited desert between the lower Euphrates and Tigris rivers.
The Antiquity of t'ou hu
Authors: Rudolph Richard C.
Published: August 2016

Some ten years ago Professor G. Montell published a well-illustrated and highly interesting account of the history of the Chinese game of t'ou hua or Pitch-pot. In this game, practised in China for many centuries, two contestants attempt to toss (t’ou) arrows into the mouth of a narrow necked vessel (hu) according to very elaborate rules of procedure. He began by quoting verbatim Legge's translation of the lengthy description of the game as contained in the Lichi,b taking this as evidence that the game ‘was perfected as early as the Chou period’. He surmised that the game survived the centuries although he knew of ‘no further mention of it in the literature until the time of the Sung dynasty’, his next source dating from the 11th century.
Swords, Rapiers and Horse-riders
Authors: Gordon D. H.
Published: August 2016

There is much confused thinking about swords, the way they were used and the influence of their users on their form. An extreme case is that of the late Harold Peake who, describing a sword-type, said: ‘These weapons, which must have been used as hatchets as well as for slashing, are called leaf-shaped swords’. He may, of course, have meant that they were used for hacking as well as for slashing—uses which, as I shall show, differ more than one would think; but it does sound as if he thought that the Late Bronze Age warrior used his prized sword for chopping firewood.

Take nomenclature and definitions first. In the apparent absence of agreed definitions, each writer has to invent his own or leave it to the reader to do so. Peake, on the same page as the sentence just quoted, makes his definitions by stating that the dagger gave birth to the dirk and the dirk to the sword. I shall adopt this clear and concise nomenclature, but divide swords into two groups—long and short.
Magic and Medicine
Authors: Humphreys Humphrey
Published: August 2016

The Oxford Dictionary defines magic as ' the pretended art of influencing the course o f events by compelling the agency of spiritual beings (black magic) or by bringing into operation some occult controlling principle of nature (white magic) '. The great gaps in our knowledge of disease, coupled with the patient's demand that all disease shalI receive treatment in spite of our ignorance, insure the survival of many practices falling within this definition of white magic. But in the dawn of medicine it was black magic that predominated. To primitive man illness is a mysterious occurrence without any obvious cause ; his earliest explanation was the belief that an evil spirit had entered into the sufferer and his first attempts at treatment were directed to driving the demon out. Our oldest medical treatise is the Ebers papyrus, found in Egypt a century ago but dating from the reign of Amen-hetep I of the 18th dynasty (about 1550 B.c.). The Smith papyrus is even older but is mainly concerned with surgical conditions. The Ebers papyrus prescribes invocations to be uttered when taking a dose of medicine: ' Come remedy, come drive it out of this my heart, out of these my limbs ' ; ' Oh demon who dwellest in the body of . . . son of . . . come forth.' These invocations have their modern counterpart in the Latin imperatives and the symbols, deliberately unintelligible to the layman, which the doctors of today are trained to append to their prescriptions. And the numerous medicines mentioned in this pharmacopoeia are of a highly obnoxious character, emetics and purges, calculated to make the body of the patient SO unpleasant an abode for the resident demon that he would be glad to quit if not forcibly ejected with the physical evacuations. Lizards, stinking fat, the excreta of human beings, donkeys, dogs and cats, putrid meat, are all prescribed. Castor oil and mandragora are listed amongst the herbal remedies. The belief that a medicine must be nasty to be beneficial though now obsolescent in England lasted to our own day: Gregory's powder and other nauseous remedies remain vivid memories of the older generation and historically they owe their origin to their unpleasantness.
Souterrains in Scotland
Authors: Wainwright F. T.
Published: August 2016

During the 19th century students of Scottish archaeology were fascinated by souterrains or earth-houses. In 1877 Joseph Anderson declared that ‘no class of structural remains has been more fully illustrated’, and his statement is supported by an abundance of papers and reports published in the first twelve volumes (1851-78) of the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. As the century drew to its close the earth-house gradually lost its hold on archaeological imagination. There were occasional papers and a few notable discoveries, but on the Whole the first half of the 20th century was a period of stagnation in this not unrewarding field. French scholars peered with organized enthusiasm into their souterrains-refuges, but in Scotland it was the close season for earth-houses. A little of the old interest has lately revived, and this may be an opportune moment to consider some of the more obvious problems that surround these curious structures.
Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia. Site of the First Permanent English Settlement in America
Authors: Cotter John L.
Published: August 2016

On a bit of marsh-mound land cast up in the James River was planted the first permanent English settlement in America. The landing at Jamestown, 13 May (o.s.), 1607, did not represent the first attempt to found an English colony on the eastern seaboard. In 1585 an expedition under the command of Sir Richard Grenville and with Ralph Lane as Lieutenant-Governor established the ill-fated Roanoke Island colony off the coast of North Carolina. By 1590 it had vanished—to this day the fate of the ‘Lost Colony’ is uncertain.
Evolution and Diffusion
Authors: White Leslie A.
Published: August 2016

How are cultural similarities in non-contiguous regions to be explained? This has been an important question in ethnology for many years and still remains so to this day. E. B. Tylor termed it the ‘ great problem, the solution of which will alone bring the study of civilization into its full development as a science’. It has been important for two reasons : first because it involves a theory of, or attitude towards, culture in general; culture is thought of as having one kind of nature if these similarities are explained in one way, but having a different nature if explained in another. Secondly, the question is important because we wish to know in the case of particular instances whether similarities are due to independent or to a common origin; quite apart from general theory we wish to know, and feel that it is important to know, whether, for example, the practice of mummification in aboriginal Peru originated indigenously or whether it had its origin, as some have believed, in ancient Egypt.
The Knossos Tablets: A Complete View
Authors: Hood Sinclair
Published: August 2016

I do not see that Professor Palmer has any adequate grounds for his refusal to accept the definitive opinion of Evans and Mackenzie that the Linear B tablets found at Knossos were all of them—or the great bulk of them—from the ruins of the Palace and other buildings destroyed at the end of the Late Minoan II period about 1400 B.C.

This opinion was based, not upon a few isolated ‘facts’ of the kind which Professor Palmer has, with commendable diligence, mustered against it, but upon their observation of the ruins of the ‘Last Palace’ (as they called it) as a whole. In these ruins they found, on the one hand Linear B tablets, on the other remains of vases decorated in the ‘Palace Style’ of Late Minoan II, which falls in time between what Evans called Late Minoan I (c, 1550–1450 B.C.) and Late Minoan III (c. 1400 B.C. and later). It is to the end of the Late Minoan III period, about 1200 B.C. or later, that Professor Palmer wishes to transfer the tablets.
The Find Places of the Knossos Tablets
Authors: Palmer L. R.
Published: August 2016

MR S. Hood’s article on the date of the Knossos tablets (Antiquity 1961, 4) is much to be welcomed as providing a further opportunity of removing mis- conceptions. In view of the magnitude and the contentiousness of the issues it is fortunate that the question can be reduced to one of simple physical location. No scholar can date a tablet from its physical appearance. There is no such thing as an LM II tablet. This is a pottery classification. The chronology is determined by the ceramic associations. Thus we simply ask where and in conjunction with which particular pieces of pottery these inscribed lumps of clay were found. A simple pattern of enquiry is imposed, which, I hope, will be followed by future contributors to the discussion. I first identify the particular deposit by their Scripta Minoa II numbers and then quote my sources for their location.
Skorba, Malta and the Mediterranean
Authors: Trump David
Published: August 2016

Professor Bernabò Brea, in his review of Professor J. D. Evans's Malta (ANTIQUITY, 1960, 132), did not dispute the sequence of cultures there described, but he questioned the interpretation of this sequence in three important particulars, namely, the continuity between the first (Għar Dalam) and later phases of Evans's sequence, the absolute chronology of the Neolithic period, and thirdly the role which Malta played in the prehistory of the Central and West Mediterranean. These three criticisms were met by Evans (ANTIQUITY, 1960, 218) and now Dr D. H. Trump, Curator of Archaeology in the Malta Museum, discusses all these problems in relation to his recent excavations at Skorba.
Cannibalism in Early Britain
Authors: Brothwell D. R.
Published: August 2016

Mr Don Brothwell of the Sub-Department of Anthropology in the British Museum (Natural History) here discusses whether anthropophagy in prehistoric Britain is fact or fiction.
Iron Age Square Enclosures in Rhineland
Authors: Decker K. V. , Scollar I.
Published: August 2016

Banked and ditched rectangular burial enclosures, called ‘Grabgärten’ (grave garden, literally) by the local folk, are found frequently in the southern Rhineland, with distribution centred on the south east Eifel, the Rhine-Moselle junction and the northern part of the Hunsriick mountains. All examples known to us up to the time of writing are plotted on the map (FIG. I).

Within these enclosures are found incineration burials, either in urns, pits or stone cists made of schist slabs, or simply a scatter of bones in a pit. In some cases post holes which have been found may belong, by analogy with finds in Champagne, to mortuary houses, cult stelae or the like. Chronologically, the enclosures in the Rhineland fall partly in the late La Tène period, but the majority are early Roman Imperial in date. Inasmuch as the origin of these enclosures, due to the paucity of data, is still unclear, it is not possible to comment on that aspect of the question.

In the fifties of the last century attention was paid to these earthworks for the first time by von Cohausen, though he misinterpreted them as Roman fortifications. Half a century later, R. Bodewig recognized that the ‘Grabgärten’ which he excavated in the Koblenz municipal forest were flat graves, and he contrasted them with the round barrows which often accompanied them. He considered them to be the individual family burial plots of the Treveri, a view which the present writers support?
The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial
Authors: Glass Sandra
Published: August 2016

During the past two decades numerous scholarly works based upon the Sutton Hoo Ship Burial have illuminated aspects of Anglo-Saxon history and culture and have specifically focused attention upon the royal court of East Anglia. However, the one aspect of the burial which could define its time and setting most precisely is still controversial: whom does this magnificent monument commemorate? An attempt is made here to present a new candidate for the burial utilizing recently re-evaluated genealogical evidence.

The theory developed here proceeds from the hypotheses, convincingly advanced by such scholars as Mr Bruce-Mitford and Professor Chadwick, that the Sutton Hoo Ship Burial is a cenotaph of an East Anglian King.

In addition to fulfilling these requirements, any candidate must fulfil the criteria imposed by the archaeological evidence of the find and by the historical situation existing at the time of the burial. First, the East Anglian king must have ruled and died at a time, not only within the limits imposed by the dates of the Merovingian gold tremisses, but at a time peaceful and propitious enough to permit such a magnificent burial rite. Also, since this pagan mode of ship burial contains definite Christian elements, details of the life of the king so honoured should reflect a similar combination of paganism and Christianity.
The British Museum and British Archaeology
Authors: Hawkes Christopher
Published: August 2016

To aid digestion of ANTIQUITY’S yeasty September Editorial, on our own and other national museums and archaeologies, I offer what follows as a chaser. ‘The British’, declared the Editor, ‘are a disgrace archaeologically’, because they have not bothered to insist on a first-class museum, at the centre, for their national archaeology and history. Other nations have, with results that can be splendid. They have the cultural patriotism; where is ours? It is not absent really. It is divided. In Wales and Scotland, primarily and rightly, it is Welsh and Scottish; and in Edinburgh and Cardiff, no less than in independent Ireland, there are admirable national museums. What then of the English? Why no ‘Bloomsbury marchers’, demanding and getting museum reform in London? In the English population, the archaeology-conscious proportion is among the largest in the world; but its loyalties are very largely regional. London is all very well, but you should see our county museum in Blankshire, or our town museum in Blankington, or our village museum in Little Blankworth! This English regionalism indeed must guard against disorder: that is partly what the Council for British Archaeology, with its Regional Groups, is for. But to call it a disgrace, when it is really our peculiar glory, will not help the cause of a national museum in London—nor, incidentally, the popularity of ANTIQUITY.
The Word ‘Palstave’
Authors: Kendrick T. D.
Published: August 2016

I Suppose we are all agreed that ‘Celt’ is not a particularly brilliant name for a stone or bronze axe, even though we continue to use it. It survives, of course, not on its merits, but because we really do need a word other than ‘axe’ to denote these narrowedged prehistoric tools, and ‘Celt’ is at present the only substitute we have. We might, I mean, abolish the name Celt if only Celts looked a little more like axes; but we cannot, because there are many people in this world who do not like an axe to be called an axe unless it is the sort of axe they are accustomed to; whereas if you call a not easily recognizable axe a ‘Celt’ and make rather a fuss about explaining that you mean by this a prehistoric axe, then these same people will probably thank you very much indeed and say that it is all most interesting. In other words we keep on talking and writing about Celts because the public like the word; it is, after all, short and sweet, easy to remember, and devastatingly incomprehensible to the uninitiated. I feel that it is necessary for us to put up with ‘Celt’, and I am only remarking here that we know it is a base word of miserable, mistaken coinage. I ask simply that we do not pretend to ourselves that it is a good word on the grounds that it is oldestablished and familiar; it was a bad word in the beginning and it always will be a bad word, despite its now considerable antiquity and frequent use. Lots and lots of blacks do not make a white, not even if the oldest black is 18th century black.

In addition to this name ‘Celt’ which we apply to most of our stone and bronze axes, we also have the group-name ‘palstave’ to distinguish the members of a particular species of the Celt genus. It is a very useful word and I do not think we could do without it, for though we can talk about ‘flat Celts’, ‘flanged Celts’, and ‘winged Celts’, no one has yet succeeded in substituting a snappy descriptive name like these for the palstave-variety of Celt. I should not dream, therefore, of suggesting that we get rid of ‘palstave’ and, indeed, I have myself a considerable affection for this curious word; but as so few of us know what it means or why it is the name of the prehistoric implements concerned, something may profitably be said about its history. That the word happens to come rather badly out of the enquiry is not, of course, my fault.
Roman Gaul: a Review
Authors: Richmond Ian A.
Published: August 2016

About one-third of this book consists of a general introduction to the study of Roman Gaul; the rest is concerned with the Roman fortifications of the province; and all was to have been produced by Déchelette himself, but, after his untimely death in battle, it passed to Albert Grenier, Professeur d’Antiquités nationales et rhenanes à la Faculté des Lettres de Strasbourg. The choice is significant, for this is the first general publication by a French specialist on a Gaul which includes the Germanies, and it was therefore not beyond hope that pride and emulation would inspire an achievement equal to those of Espérandieu and Gsell, not to mention the German treatments which had already preceded it. But, from the start, cheapness has blighted the presentation, with that surety of touch in which Parisian publishers excel; and the editors have not chosen an author with those abilities in vulgarization which make French treatments, at their best, so very stimulating. The few scintillating remarks which brighten these pages are usually false lights, while the treatment as a whole lacks both the broad basis derived from a knowledge of general works, and the detailed acquaintance with the monuments and their analogies which is indispensable in a treatise upon fortification. It is amazing that anyone should now write upon Roman Gaul and omit from his bibliography Mommsen, Egger, Dragendorff, Folzer, Leitzmann, Loeschcke, Krencker, Kruger, Knorr, Mélida, Macdonald, ParvPn, Promis, Rostovtseff, Schulten and Schramm. The memory of Déchelette deserved better than this regnum Galliarurn in scholarship.
Ancient Cultivations at Housesteads, Northumberland
Authors: Hedley W. Percy
Published: August 2016

The Roman Fort of Borcovicium at Housesteads in Northumberland should need no introduction to anyone interested in archaeology. During the last year it has been brought into great prominence by being presented to the Nation by Mr John Maurice Clayton, and through its close proximity to the portion of Hadrian’s Wall recently threatened by quarrying operations.

The fort at Housesteads was one of the earliest to be examined by British antiquaries, but although it has received so much attention its environs have been almost entirely disregarded. On both sides of the Military Way leading out of the west gateway was an extensive civil settlement, and traces of buildings can be seen on the south side of the fort. The hillside sloping to the southward is covered with the remains of early cultivations. These have generally been accepted as of Romano-British age. There are, however, two distinct systems of early cultivation. To the southwest of the fort there is a series of terraces running along the hillside, but on the southeast of the fort there are lynchets running north and south at regular interva up and down the hillside. From the hill to the south of Housesteads it can be clearly seen that where there is terrace cultivation it has been superimposed on the earlier system of lynchets, and this is also shown in air photographs.
The Dual Character of the Beaker Invasion
Authors: Clark J. G. D.
Published: August 2016

In his classic work on the Bronze Age pottery of Britain the late Lord Abercromby adopted the old division of the class of beaker pottery into three types originally proposed by Dr Thurnam as far back as 1871. In order that Abercromby may not be misrepresented I propose to quote the essential portions of his definitions. In type A, the ‘ high-brimmed globose beaker ’, ‘ the body is more or less globular ; the upper part, separated from the body by a constriction, frequently very defined, spreads out like the calyx of a flower and forms a brim or neck that almost equals the body in height. The sides of the neck or rim . . . are straight and not recurved at the lip ’. In type B, the ‘ ovoid beaker with recurved rim ’, ‘ there is no distinct demarca- tion between the body and the rim, but the one glides into the other by a gradual curve ’. Finally type C, the ‘ low-brimmed beaker ’, ‘ may be regarded ’, in Abercromby's own words, ‘ as a debased variety of our first type ’.

It should be clear already I think that in labelling his types A, B, and C Abercromby has given the false impression that we have three types of beákers, whereas what we really have are two types, of which one has a ‘debased variety’. We therefore suggest that a less misleading classification would be, for instance, A(x), A(Y), and B. This may seem a trifling point but we believe it has helped to obscure the proper recognition of the true dual character of the Beaker invasion of this country. We propose to substantiate the validity of our suggestion in the course of this short paper.
Beads from Nineveh
Authors: Beck Horace C.
Published: August 2016

One of the most important finds made during last (1929–30) season's excavation at Nineveh, is the collection of beads from 0 what Dr Campbell Thompson, the Director, calls the bead- layer. This layer was about 6 feet thick and situated at a depth of from 27 to 33 feet below the surface on a portion of the site called A and B. In addition, some other beads were found at lesser depths on the part of the site called H, which I think I can show are very closely connected with those from the bead-layer.

How such a large number of beads came to be collected together here it is difficult to explain. As they were found in what appears to be the bed of a small rivulet they may have been washed down.1 The lie of the land at this point makes it probable, but if so they must have been washed out from a large cache at a period when they were very much stronger than today. In their present condition a few minutes rolling in a stream would disintegrate most of the faience beads. Possibly they came from the remains of a bead factory, and the fact that a number of pieces of slag have been found tends to make this theory plausible.
Further links between Ancient Sind, Sumer and elsewhere
Authors: Mackay Ernest
Published: August 2016

During my leave to England in the spring of 1930, I revisited Iraq to acquaint myself further with the objects on view in the Baghdad Museum. As a result of excavations since I left that country the museum had acquired a large increase of material that I was not familiar with before, and I am now able to add to the links between the cultures of the Indus Valley and of Sumer which I have already pointed out in Mohenjo-dam and the Indus CiviZization,' to be published almost immediately.

On plate 146,fig. 43, of that book there is reproduced a red carnelian bead, bearing a somewhat elaborate design in white, that was found in the uppermost levels of the vs area. Several almost exactly similar beads found by Woolley in the early graves at Ur are now in the Baghdad Museum. The slight difference between the two designs, in that there are concentric circles on this first found Indian bead of the type in place of the single circles on the specimens from Ur, is negligible in face of the general similarity ; and especially in view of the fact that another of these beads has since been discovered at Mohenjo-daro with single circles, so that the design is identical with that on the beads from Ur (fig. 2).
Boundaries of Belonging: Sino-Indian Relations and the 1960 Tibetan Muslim Incident
Authors: Atwill David G.
Published: August 2016

Bridging Tibetan, Chinese, and South Asian studies, this article examines the 1960 Tibetan Muslim Incident, when nearly one thousand Tibetan Muslims declared themselves to be Indian citizens by virtue of their Kashmiri ancestry and petitioned the Chinese government to be allowed to emigrate to India. The paradox of the 1960 Tibetan Muslim Incident is that it occurred after a decade of careful Sino-Indian diplomacy, a diplomacy emerging out of each nation's shared struggle for independence and liberation from an anti-imperialist past. By locating the event in the broader ideological movements of postcolonial Asia, the article focuses on a set of aspirations, motivations, and spaces by which China, India, and the Tibetan Muslims sought to define their actions outside of standard nationalistic, ideological, and military narratives of the period.
Ron Whyte's “Disemployment”: Prosthetic Performance and Theatrical Labor
Authors: McKelvey Patrick
Published: August 2016

Andy Warhol was being an asshole. At least Ron Whyte thought so when the two artists crossed paths at a Soho gallery opening in the early 1970s. It's unclear what offense Warhol committed, another incident whose details have been lost to the historical record. But if Warhol had not behaved badly that fateful evening, Whyte—a queer and disabled playwright—might never have removed the “cosmetic glove” covering his “withered” left arm and hurled it at the visual artist, enabling the glove to make its own “contribution to modern art.” The famed artist, Whyte claimed, would go on to copy this assault by prosthesis in Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (1973).
Recycled Theatre: Virtuous Lives of the Reclaimed and the Reused
Authors: Kim Suk-Young
Published: August 2016

The moment when the actors’ sweltering bodies shed their crumbled costumes in the dressing room, the breakdown of the inseparable begins—the actors’ bodies and the costumes that presented a seamless portrayal of a character onstage now enter two separate realms. Although the living bodies will most likely appear onstage again, what about the costumes? Pickled with sweat and smeared makeup, they might be sprayed with alcohol before the next performance, or go through some chemical treatment and enter the shop to collect dust, or they might be sold off to those who want to make a big impression at the next Halloween party. But more often than not, they end up as landfill—those cheap, colorful, shiny shreds of garbage that were not produced in Mother Nature's belly, but were made in sweatshops by underpaid textile workers and draped by some overworked costume shop employee.
Campus Protests, Casting, and Institutionalized Violence: The Unique Role of the Theatre Department in Institutions of Higher Education
Authors: T'ien Duffly Catherine Ming
Published: August 2016

In looking forward to the important issues of this coming decade, we need only turn to the events of the past year for a sense of what is at stake for theatre, performance, and performance pedagogy. Last year, student activists protested racism on college and university campuses across the United States. At Yale, students protested the hostile racial climate on campus following several incidents, including a professor's dismissal of concerns about racist Halloween costumes, numerous swastika graffiti, and the explicit exclusion of black women from fraternity events. At the University of Missouri, the student group Concerned Student 1950—named for the year the first black students were admitted to the university—called for the resignation of university president, Tim Wolfe, citing the administration's inaction in the face of numerous racist incidents on campus. At Ithaca College, Claremont McKenna University, the University of Kansas, and many other colleges and universities across the United States, students held rallies, performed die-ins, and signed petitions in support of students at the University of Missouri and Yale and to call attention to inequality on their own campuses. Set against the backdrop of Ferguson and an increased awareness of institutionalized violence against black and brown bodies, these events remind us that colleges and universities have always been sites where racial discrimination and inequality have been both perpetuated and protested.
Performance of Dynamically Simulated Reference Patterns for Cross-Correlation Electron Backscatter Diffraction
Authors: Jackson Brian E. , Christensen Jordan J. , Singh Saransh , De Graef Marc , Fullwood David T. , Homer Eric R. , Wagoner Robert H.
Published: August 2016

High-resolution (or “cross-correlation”) electron backscatter diffraction analysis (HR-EBSD) utilizes cross-correlation techniques to determine relative orientation and distortion of an experimental electron backscatter diffraction pattern with respect to a reference pattern. The integrity of absolute strain and tetragonality measurements of a standard Si/SiGe material have previously been analyzed using reference patterns produced by kinematical simulation. Although the results were promising, the noise levels were significantly higher for kinematically produced patterns, compared with real patterns taken from the Si region of the sample. This paper applies HR-EBSD techniques to analyze lattice distortion in an Si/SiGe sample, using recently developed dynamically simulated patterns. The results are compared with those from experimental and kinematically simulated patterns. Dynamical patterns provide significantly more precision than kinematical patterns. Dynamical patterns also provide better estimates of tetragonality at low levels of distortion relative to the reference pattern; kinematical patterns can perform better at large values of relative tetragonality due to the ability to rapidly generate patterns relating to a distorted lattice. A library of dynamically generated patterns with different lattice parameters might be used to achieve a similar advantage. The convergence of the cross-correlation approach is also assessed for the different reference pattern types.
AGU Journals: More Content and More Context
Authors: Hanson Brooks
Published: August 2016

As journal submissions rise, the American Geophysical Union is reducing first-decision times and assembling an ever richer context of news, opinion, and other content related to each published paper.
Entropy analysis of stable isotopes in precipitation: tracing the monsoon systems in China
Authors: Wang Tao , Chen Jiansheng , Li Ling
Published: August 2016

Due to the complexity of monsoon systems and random behaviors of isotope tracers, conventional methods are not adequate for uncovering detailed information about monsoon activities from typically limited precipitation isotope data. We developed a new approach based on the entropy theory to analyze such data with a focus on the monsoon systems in China, dealing with the complexity of these systems and data deficiency. Using precipitation isotope data from 42 selected stations in and around China within the GNIP network, we computed entropies associated with D and 18O. These entropies were found to relate linearly to each other with a proportionality factor close to unity. The spatial variations of the D and 18O entropy in the study area revealed the origins, extents and pathways of the Chinese monsoon systems, as well as their interactions. While further investigation is needed at a greater (global) scale, this study has demonstrated how the entropy theory enables an in-depth analysis of precipitation isotope data to trace the pathway and determine the range of a monsoon system.
A Functional Polymorphism (rs937283) in the MDM2 Promoter Region is Associated with Poor Prognosis of Retinoblastoma in Chinese Han Population
Authors: Jiao Yongfa , Jiang Zhongming , Wu Yuxia , Chen Xiaochong , Xiao Xing , Yu Haiying
Published: August 2016

The effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at MDM2 has been investigated in several cancer types. Three MDM2 SNPs(rs937283, rs2270744 and rs769412) have previously been suggested to be positively correlated with cancer. In this study, we aimed to explore the association of rs937283, rs2270744 and rs769412 polymorphisms with retinoblastoma (RB) risk, clinicopathological characteristics, and prognosis. Compared with wild-type genotype AA at rs937283, individuals carrying AG and GG genotype had a significantly increased risk for developing RB (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.13–3.08; OR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.10–5.62, respectively). RB patients with allele G at rs937283 were more susceptible to invasion and high tumor aggression (OR = 2.42, 95% CI 1.43–4.11; OR = 2.15, 95% CI 1.27–3.64, respectively). Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank results revealed that RB patients harboring genotype GG and G allele at rs937283 had worse survival (P < 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively). In addition, the A to G substitution at rs937283 significantly enhanced the transcription activity of the MDM2 gene in vitro. In vivo, we found that MDM2 mRNA and protein were overexpressed in individuals who carried the G allele at rs937283. This study suggested that the MDM2 rs937283 polymorphism is a novel functional SNP both in vitro and in vivo as well as a biomarker for poor prognosis in RB.