bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The illusion of flexible specialization: the case of the domesticware sector of the British ceramics industry
Authors: Rowley Chris
Published: May 2007

Here the author evaluates the transformational potential of flexible specialization. He uses evidence from a long established area of manufacturing, the domesticware sector of the British ceramics industry. This work highlights the limitations to flexible specialization as a general thesis and pertinent variables in analyzing sectoral shifts
Technological and economic long waves and their implications for employment
Authors: Tylecote Andrew
Published: May 2007

The world economy is currently stuck in a ‘long wave’ downswing, due largely to the mismatch of a new technological 'style’ with established institutions. The article sketches the effects on the level and pattern of employment and discusses the reforms which will be needed to escape from the downswing.
Business process re‐engineering in theory and practice: business paradise regained?
Authors: Grint Keith , Willcocks Leslie
Published: May 2007

This article examines the hype surrounding BPR from a historical, theoretical and empirical perspective. It delineates three ways in which politics are critical to understanding BPR and uses findings on BPR practice, including from case study work and a 1994/5 UK survey conducted by the authors, to locate and explain BPR's appeal and also the less radical outcomes of BPR practice.
Flexible specialisation: some comparative dimensions and evidence from the ceramic tile industry
Authors: Rowley Chris
Published: May 2007

Research that questions the general validity of flexible specialisation can be supplemented by an example that is, paradoxically, frequently used as a supporting example: ceramic tile production. This article examines some comparative evidence and concludes that support is illusory and all too often based on the same weak original data, while there are actually more robust indications of moves towards classical mass production.
The role of expert systems in producing log interpretation software
Authors: Zivy Gerard M.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Log interpretation science is a controversial and rapidly changing domain. Designing interpretation models is a highly experimental process which involves trials with a computer program as an integral part of the design. Therefore conventional software engineering techniques, which require a complete specification of the problem before the program is written, are often not applicable or fail to produce high quality software. The development of expert systems has provided the techniques, tools, and capabilities to let us seek alternate methods to produce log interpretation software: exploratory programming environments and automatic programming systems. An exploratory programming environment combines the power of interactive graphics and programming tools to merge the design and programming tasks into a single process where model and program develop together. An automatic programming system will embody the knowledge of the programming process and of some log interpretation heuristics to produce log processing programs from interactive specifications expressed in familiar terms. These facilities will allow log interpretation model designers, who are non‐computer specialists, to produce high quality software as the end result of a model design.
The US and Japan Cooperative AI research and development
Authors: JACOBSON HOWARD E.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper examines the emerging relationship between the US and Japan with respect to artificial intelligence and the significant trend towards US‐Japan cooperative AI research and development. This trend is underscored by the increasing investment by both nations to develop massive fifth generation computer technology. The importance of the US and Japan's relationship is amplified by these two nations being the world's largest high technology producers and trading partners. One must fully appreciate the future course of events as the two nations open up new markets, estimated at tens of billions of dollars in AI hardware, software and related services by the 1990s. AI has greater implications for collaboration versus ruthless competition, than in other markets, due to the uniqueness of opportunity AI offers the US and Japan for mutual growth. AI will offer unique ways for the US and Japan to grow closer with greater understanding of two otherwise extremely different social and economic systems. This does not diminish the importance of other countries growing closer through AI in this way, but rather demonstrates the greatest example of cooperation with the greatest total economic rewards.
Building expert systems for repair domains
Authors: HOFMANN M. , CAVIEDES J. , BOURNE J. , BEALE G. , BRODERSEN A.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper describes a conceptual framework for building expert systems in repair domains. A specific example of the use of this framework in building an expert system for a field service repair problem is given. The example system is designed to assist field service technicians in troubleshooting and repairing electronic systems at the board level. This system, a Field Service Advisor (Fieldserve), is designed (1) to diagnose single or multiple defects in electronic systems, (2) to guide a technician through appropriate repair procedures, (3) to verify diagnoses and monitor repair effectiveness and (4) to maintain records for subsequent evaluation and quality control.
Opus: An integrated assistance system for oil production
Authors: HOFFMANN FREDERIC C. , VALENTIN EMMANUEL P.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Opus is a software package for selecting activation processes that are the best suited for a hydrocarbon field. It integrates an expert system to manage what is known in the field and to organise the application of a set of algorithmic programs for making technico‐economic evaluations. This article gives a detailed description of the expert system part as well as an example of how the complete system is used.
Using an expert system for design diagnosis and design synthesis
Authors: OXMAN RIVKA , GERO JOHN S.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the concepts which allow an expert system to be used for both design diagnosis and design synthesis. An example of the implementation of these concepts is presented in the domain of preliminary design of domestic kitchens in the expert system PREDIKT. PREDIKT carries out both design diagnosis and design synthesis using the same knowledge base and utilises an existing expert system shell which has forward‐ and backward‐chaining capabilities. The significance of graphical interaction with expert systems in design domains is demonstrated.
The intelligent authoring of computer assisted learning software
Authors: Nicolson R.I. , Scott P.J. , Gardner P.H.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: The article summarises the results of a five year research programme aimed at the creation and development of a prototype ‘intelligent authoring system’(IAS)—that is. a system for authoring software that stimulates the skills and knowledge of a conventional Computer Assisted Learning authoring team, thus allowing a computer‐naive author to create a working program interactively without the need for human assistance. We argue that a knowledge representation in the form of ‘event schema’ or 'script’ for each of the common types of educational software is ideally suited to meeting our five main criteria for IAS development, and present a brief of overview of the SCALD’(Scriptal CAL Designer) prototype IAS. The current version of the system is implemented in Prolog on an Apple Macintosh micro, and is capable of creating a range of educational programs of either ‘an instructional’ type or a 'science demonstration’ type. We believe that scripts could be produced fairly easily for most other types of program design and are currently working on a hybrid ‘instructional‐demonstration’ script and an ‘adventure‐game’ script. The main strengths and weaknesses of the Scald system are discussed, and suggestions made for further developments.
Support for knowledge acquisition in the Knowledge Engineer's Assistant (KEATS)
Authors: MOTTA ENRICO , EISENSTADT MARC , PITMAN KENT , WEST MALCOLM
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The ‘Knowledge Engineer's Assistant’ (KEATS) is a software environment suitable for constructing knowledge‐based systems. In this paper, we discuss its role in supporting the knowledge engineer in the tasks of knowledge elicitation and domain understanding. KEATS is based upon our own investigations of the behaviour and needs of knowledge engineers and provides two enhancements to other modern ‘shells’. ‘toolkits’, and ‘environments’ for knowledge engineering: (i) transcript analysis facilities, and (ii) a sketchpad on which the KE may draw a freehand representation of the domain, from which code is automatically generated. KEATS uses a hybrid representation formalism that includes a frame‐based language and a rule interpreter. We describe the novel components of KEATS in detail, and present an example of how KEATS was used to build an electronic fault diagnosis system.
Expert systems in the United Kingdom: an evaluation of development methodologies
Authors: O'Neill Margaret , Morris Anne
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper discusses the results of a survey of ES producers conducted between October 1987 and June 1988 as part of a British Library Research and Development Department funded project. The survey aimed to establish the nature and scope of ES projects in Britain, the skills and methodologies used in their development and the background and experience of the personnel employed to develop them. A major part of the survey focused on the human input and organisational impact of ESs and this paper summarises the findings of the survey with particular reference to these issues. It includes details of the organisational background of those working in the area; a review of the nature, number and scope of ES projects in Britain; consultation procedures with both users and experts; the knowledge engineering task and methodologies currently used in undertaking it; the skills and attributes of the knowledge engineer; issues of updating and extending ESs; and hopes, projections and expectations for the future.
Applying systems analysis techniques to knowledge engineering
Authors: Swaffield Gail , Knight Brian
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper deals with the issue of knowledge elicitation for expert systems. Specifically, it looks at the requirements of the knowledge elicitation process and the suitability of structured methods from systems analysis to carry out part of the elicitation task. The techniques of data flow analysis, entity‐relationship analysis and entity‐life cycle analysis are used to structure the data associated with the expert task. The methods proposed lay emphasis on the definition of limited data sets at the boundary of the explicit knowledge base and the identification of status attributes to model the control of activation of ‘processes’ within the knowledge base. Attention is also paid to the relationship between the resulting logical model, and two popular methods of knowledge representation, namely, Production Systems and Frames.
Expert systems‐based robot technology
Authors: Turban Efraim
Published: May 2007

Abstract:Despite their potential advantages, robots are not used much by industry andlor services. One of the major reasons for this situation is the limitations of robots, especially their lack of ‘intelligence”. Artificial intelligence and expert systems technologies can help in this case. This paper describes the potential contribution of expert systems to the decision making capabilities of robots and to decisions regarding robots. The major potential contribution of expert systems is in the automation of the error recovery process. Specifically, when something is going wrong in the robot itself or in its work environment, an automated corrective action is needed. Today's technology is capable of economically handling some of the activities in the process (e.g. interpretation of signals from sensors, diagnosis of what is wrong and suggestions for remedies). The AI technology is still not capable in most cases (at least in an economical manner) of actually restoring the robot's operations. The paper also gives examples of several experimental expert systems in the robotic field.
The Paint Advisor
Authors: van der Spek Rob , van der Wouden Huub , Ysbrandy Chris
Published: May 2007

Abstract: The Paint Advisor is a knowledge‐based system, linked to a database, which customers visiting the stores of HEMA, a chain store in The Netherlands, can interrogate to obtain advice on which of the company's paint products is appropriate to the decorative project they have in mind. It contains knowledge about paint products and the repair, removal and application of paint, and provides the customer with advice on the methods, materials and tools needed for a project, an estimate of its cost, evaluation of specific products and a display of all the relevant product data. As well as providing a technical description of the system, this paper explores the strategy behind the development of the system, and describes the procedures followed to ascertain user requirements.
Prolog III
Authors: Dodd Tony
Published: May 2007

Prolog III is available from PrologIA Luminy, Case 919 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France. Tel: +33 91 26 86 36. Prices (French francs): Sun 3, 70 000; Sparc 100 000; Mac Plus/SE 30 000; Mac SE 30/II38 000; IBM PC 386 38 000. Prices exclude VAT. Universities are entitled to a 60% discount and research centres to 30%. Systems are also available for HP9000 (series 300 and series 800), VAX and DECstation.
ALCA — automated local area networks configuration aid
Authors: Lirov Y. , Prakash S. , Ravikumar S.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:Solving the customer's LAN/WAN interconnect problem is difficult because of the need to explore many possible configurations (e.g. bridging/routing, packet/channels) and then to choose the best configuration using economic, performance and other criteria. The rapid introduction of new standards, protocols and products to the networking field brings additional complications to the solution and can cause confusion when configuring a network. ALCA is intended to generate all feasible LAN/WAN configuration possibilities automatically and to pick the most appropriate solution to solve the customer's problem, while specifically addressing open systems interconnection (OSI) standards. Matching communications protocols while searching all possible configurations is notoriously slow even on a computer. We show how the search speed can be significantly improved by using expert system knowledge compilation, a computer‐aided software engineering (CASE) technique. ALCA is based on a centrally updated knowledge base of various local area networking products and their interconnect possibilities. ALCA also allows querying to find out protocol interfaces supported by a particular product/service. Finally, it includes a graphic user interface and context‐sensitive menus to reduce user information load. ALCA is intended to be used by the field personnel involved in pre‐sales support, by the data communication product managers, and as an educational tool for novice communication product managers.
TRISTAR: an expert system for vegetation processes
Authors: Hunt R. , Middleton D.A.J. , Grime J.P. , Hodgson J.G.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: The TRISTAR expert system (TRIangular STrAtegic Rules for British herbaceous vegetation) is a PC‐based consultancy tool designed to help bridge the gap between academic plant ecology and practical vegetation management. It is a ‘what if facility, for use by students, naturalists, conservationists, planners, administrators; indeed anyone with an interest in environmental science and management, conservation or reconstruction of herbaceous vegetation. The system is written in Leonardo 3 (Creative Logic Limited, Uxbridge, UK). Release I of TRISTAR deals with the fundamental environmental and management processes which control the composition of British herbaceous vegetation. The system takes a specification of initial steady‐state vegetation, asks the user to specify an altered environmental and/or management scenario, and predicts the composition of a new steady‐state vegetation in terms of plant‐strategic types. The high‐level approach through plant strategies makes it possible to construct a very robust rulebase despite a lack of hard information in many areas of understanding.
Integration of expert systems in advanced fourth generation languages
Authors: Kirby Jeremy , Meiβner Klaus
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This article describes the integration of an expert system shell (AllRound Expert System, AR/XPS) with a Unix‐based 4GL application generator (Task Flow Management, TFM). TFM supports the client‐server architecture of distributed applications and provides access to several relational databases, including Informix and Oracle. A short overview of the major features of TFM is given, with special regard to characteristics relevant for the integration of an expert system. The main focus lies in the architecture of AR/XPS, which contains rule‐based and frame‐based knowledge representation methods and which was implemented in Prolog; the user interface is totally unified with that of TFM, so that the user sees only one system and need not be aware that an expert system is present. AR/XPS has access to all features of TFM and to any databases present, so that an expert system can take decisions according to the current status of the database. At the end of this article a description of the Knowledge Base Creator is given and some remarks are made regarding our experience with pilot applications.
Automated feature ordering for generative process planning systems
Authors: Isik I. , Mileham A.R.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Generative computer aided process planning (CAPP) systems are typically split into two main modules. The first is concerned with the identification of component features and their parameters, while the second addresses the problem of automatically ordering the manufacture of the features into an efficient process plan. BEPPS is a CAPP system under preparation at the University of Bath. It has been designed with a modular structure that includes modules for conventional machines, NC machines, tooling and fixtures, cost estimating and links to both CAD and Production Management Systems. This paper concentrates on the BEPPS‐ROT module for planning rotational components on conventional machine tools, and in particular on the methodology adopted for feature ordering. The novel feature ordering logic is based on rules gathered from industry and takes into account the constraints imposed by such features as the work holding arrangements and the need to rechuck the component during manufacture. After the feature identification stage has been completed the feature ordering logic enables machine tools and equipment to be selected and the process plan to be generated automatically.
Explanation‐based learning as justification of knowledge
Authors: Wusteman Judith
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper describes the use of the explanation‐based learning (EBL) machine learning technique in the practical domain of knowledge acquisition for expert systems. A knowledge acquisition tool, EBKAT (Explanation‐Based Knowledge Acquisition Tool), is described, which may be used in the development of knowledge bases for diagnostic expert systems. The functioning of EBKAT attempts to combine the full potential of a domain expert's skills and the power of explanation‐based machine learning techniques. The EBL component is not employed in the acquisition of the knowledge base rules but is used to justify the knowledge entered and to relate it to the knowledge already in the system. It is suggested that the EBKAT tool goes some way towards overcoming the knowledge acquisition bottleneck and results in the acquisition of knowledge which is rich in contextual information.
The client‐centred approach: expert system maintenance
Authors: Watson Ian , Basden Andrew , Brandon Peter
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Developing an expert system is a considerable investment in time and money and yet very little attention has focused on keeping expert systems in regular beneficial use. The problems of maintaining expert systems and the lack of research that this area has attracted are major contributing factors to the continued lack of acceptance of these systems. This paper discusses the maintenance of expert systems within the context of the Client Centred Approach. Although there are many similarities between maintaining expert systems and conventional systems maintenance there is one vital difference—knowledge changes. Consequently an expert system requires regular evolutionary maintenance if its performance is not to be impaired.

This paper is intended to promote discussion of maintenance issues within the community. We review some principles and techniques that can assist the maintenance of expert systems and describe some formative work towards a maintenance methodology derived from a case study of maintaining a commercially‐available expert system.
Expert systems for bond rating: a comparative analysis of statistical, rule‐based and neural network systems
Authors: Kim Jun Woo , Weistroffer H. Roland , Redmond Richard T.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: An important problem in financial investment is the classification of bonds based on the likelihood that the issuing company may default on the promised payments. Much effort has been invested into simulating the bond rating process using statistical tools. A weakness of these tools is the requirement of statistical assumptions which may not be appropriate for the bond rating problem. In this paper we present results of a study comparing an artificial neural network system, a rule‐based expert system and statistical techniques applied to the bond rating problem. The bond rating process is simulated by using published financial data.
Distributed conflict resolution among cooperating expert systems
Authors: Polat Faruk , Shekhar Shashi , Guvenir H. Altay
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Cooperating experts approach attempts to integrate and coordinate the activities of multiple specialised problem solvers that come together to solve complex tasks such as design, medical diagnosis, business management and so on. Due to the different goals, knowledge and viewpoints of agents, conflicts may arise at any phase of the problem‐solving process. Managing diverse expertise requires well‐organised models of conflict resolution. In this paper, a model for cooperating experts is described which openly supports multi‐agent conflict detection and resolution. The model is based on the idea that each agent has its own conflict knowledge which is separated from its domain level knowledge, and each agent has its own conflict resolution knowledge which is not accessible and known by others. Furthermore, there are no globally known conflict resolution strategies. Each agent involved in a conflict chooses a resolution scheme according to its self interest. The model is described by using an example in the domain of office design and it is compared with other systems.
Involving users in expert system development
Authors: Berry Dianne C.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: The ultimate criterion of success for interactive expert systems is that they will be used, and used to effect, by individuals other than the system developers. A key ingredient of success in most systems is involving users in the specification and development of systems as they are being built. However, until recently, system designers have paid little attention to ascertaining user needs and to developing systems with corresponding functionality and appropriate interfaces to match those requirements. Although the situation is beginning to change, many developers do not know how to go about involving users, or else tackle the problem in an inadequate way. This paper discusses the need for user involvement and considers why many developers are still not involving users in an optimal way. It looks at the different ways in which users can be involved in the development process and describes how to select appropriate techniques and methods for studying users. Finally, it discusses some of the problems inherent in involving users in expert system development, and recommends an approach which incorporates both ethnographic analysis and formal user testing.
The quality of expert probability judgement: issues and analysis
Authors: Bolger Fergus , Wright George
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Many decision‐aiding technologies require valid probability judgements to be elicited from domain experts. But how valid are experts' probability judgements? We describe two approaches to the assessment of quality of probability judgement—calibration and coherence—and review the research findings following from these two approaches. In many cases, expert probability judgement has been found to lack validity and this sub‐optimality has largely been attributed to computational errors on the part of the expert. The preferred solution to poor validity in probability judgement has therefore been to reduce the amount of computation performed by the expert. Complex probabilities can be calculated mechanically from simple probability judgements elicited from the expert. We present evidence which suggests that this recomposition technique doesn't guarantee valid probabilities. Our explanation for this finding is that there are various problems concerned with eliciting even the simple probabilities which are necessary for subsequent recomposition. We conclude by proposing some solutions to these elicitation problems which should help ensure that probability judgements of increased validity are available to those attempting to capture subjective assessments for input into decision support systems.
A knowledge‐based framework for planning non‐destructive evaluation
Authors: Roberge P.R.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: A knowledge‐based system (KBS) could be an ideal decision tool to reduce the complexity of planning non‐destructive evaluation (NDE) or scheduling inspections. Such a KBS would have to evaluate the advantages and limitations of each available technique, given the specificity of a problem, and incorporate the fundamental knowledge derived from failure analysis. The KBS should include topics such as materials vs. defect size and type, probability of failure, and basic reliability information. In order to organise knowledge of materials degradation efficiently, the parameters that control various forms of failure first have to be rationalised in a general framework. This framework and their factors would then constitute a quantitative and easily programmable description of the independent variables controlling the intensity of a failure. This paper describes such a framework which could guide the general selection of NDE for materials failure, with a particular emphasis on corrosion related failures. The framework architecture itself was constructed using an object‐oriented methodology for maximum flexibility, since it was anticipated that the materials parameters could easily be described as multidimensional objects.
Fuzzy temporal reasoning for process supervision
Authors: Chen Ziqiang
Published: May 2007

Abstract:Process supervision consists of following the temporal evolution (change) of process behaviours. This task has usually been performed based on the knowledge and experience of domain experts and operators. Actually, these experts and operators almost always express their experience and knowledge about process evolution in an imprecise, fuzzy and vague way. A good supervision system should be capable of dealing at once with two different kinds of knowledge: time and uncertainty.

For many years, time and uncertainty have been two of the most important topics in Artificial Intelligence research and applications. Many approaches have been proposed to deal with either one or the other. Among the various approaches for time, reified logic has been considered as the most influent one. Possibilistic logic, on the other hand, has shown its ability to handle uncertain knowledge and information. This paper describes an approach for managing temporal uncertainty based on fuzzy logic and possibility theory. A fuzzy temporal expert system shell has been developed to perform process supervision tasks.
Prolog/Rex inference engine
Authors: Vraneš Sanja , Stanojevic Mladen
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Prolog/Rex supports the construction of knowledge‐based systems, allowing frames (Prolog/Rex concepts) and rules to be combined, and providing language level support for hypothetical reasoning and assumption‐based truth maintenance (Prolog/Rex viewpoint mechanism). To increase run‐time performance during rule execution, Prolog/Rex provides two complementary rule compilation techniques: the simple indexing scheme and the heavily modified Rete expansion method. To improve the efficiency of the inference engine, we built an agenda‐based rule manager that uses priority mechanism and/or heuristics embedded in meta‐rules to control the rule firing order. Forward‐ and backward‐chaining can be combined within the same program.
Citation‐based journal rankings for expert system research
Authors: Cheng Chun Hung , Holsapple Clyde W. , Lee Anita
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Research into the development and impacts of expert systems has accumulated to a point where it may be said to constitute a distinct field of study. As such, the evolution, organisation and dissemination of expert system research are themselves topics for investigation. Here we focus on the dissemination aspect, providing objective rankings of journals that have had the greatest impacts on recent expert system research. Our study examines the citation patterns of all research published in five expert systems journals during the past five years. Over 14 000 citations to more than 800 journals are analysed under two kinds of ranking schemes. These are based on cumulative citation counts and normalised citation counts. The latter adjusts for the number of years a journal article has been available to be cited. The reported rankings will be of interest to all who want to know where scientific developments that influence expert system research are reported: those who conduct, support, evaluate and study expert system research.
Integration of human knowledge and machine knowledge by using fuzzy post adjustment: its performance in stock market timing prediction
Authors: Lee Kun Chang , Kim Won Chul
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper proposes a fuzzy post adjustment (FPA) mechanism so that human knowledge and machine knowledge can be integrated more synergistically to improve the performance of expert systems. Machine knowledge means knowledge algorithmically derived from past instances. Human knowledge implies (1) expert knowledge judging the trends of external factors and (2) user knowledge representing users’personal views about information given by both expert knowledge and machine knowledge. We consider an expert system that uses the FPA mechanism to incorporate the effect of external factors effectively into its inference process. The goal of this expert system is stock market timing prediction, which is divided into four kinds: bull, edged‐up, edged‐down and bear. Empirical tests showed that the proposed FPA mechanism can improve the performance of an expert system significantly, even in a turbulent decision‐making environment.
A constructive design method for two‐layer perceptrons and its applicatio to the design of modular neural networks
Authors: Moon Young‐Joo , Oh Se‐Young
Published: May 2007

Abstract: A multilayer perceptron is known to be capable of approximating any smooth function to any desired accuracy if it has a sufficient number of hidden neurons. But its training, based on the gradient method, is usually a time consuming procedure that may converge toward a local minimum, and furthermore its performance is greatly influenced by the number of hidden neurons and their initial weights. Usually these crucial parameters are determined based on the trial and error procedure, requiring much experience on the designer's part.

In this paper, a constructive design method (CDM) has been proposed for a two‐layer perceptron that can approximate a class of smooth functions whose feature vector classes are linearly separable. Based on the analysis of a given data set sampled from the target function, feature vectors that can characterize the function‘well’are extracted and used to determine the number of hidden neurons and the initial weights of the network. But when the classes of the feature vectors are not linearly separable, the network may not be trained easily, mainly due to the interference among the hyperplanes generated by hidden neurons. Next, to compensate for this interference, a refined version of the modular neural network (MNN) has been proposed where each network module is created by CDM. After the input space has been partitioned into many local regions, a two‐layer perceptron constructed by CDM is assigned to each local region. By doing this, the feature vector classes are more likely to become linearly separable in each local region and as a result, the function may be approximated with greatly improved accuracy by MNN. An example simulation illustrates the improvements in learning speed using a smaller number of neurons.
Applications of artificial neural networks to the nonlinear combination of forecasts
Authors: Shi Shanming , Xu Li D. , Liu Bao
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper proposes artificial neural networks (ANN) as a tool for nonlinear combination of forecasts. In this study, three forecasting models are used for individual forecasts, and then two linear combining methods are used to compare with the ANN combining method. The comparative experiment using real‐world data shows that the prediction by the ANN method outperforms those by linear combining methods. The paper suggests that the ANN method can be used as an alternative to conventional linear combining methods to achieve greater forecasting accuracy.
A comparison of knowledge elicitation methods
Authors: Jones S.R. , Miles J.C. , Read M.W.
Published: May 2007

This paper describes a computer based approach to comparing data obtained for Knowledge Based Systems via established but very varied knowledge elicitation (KE) techniques. It describes not only the detailed comparison of different KE methods (in this case ‘scaling’ and ‘non‐scaling’) but also investigates the use of ‘demonstration’ or ‘evaluation’ systems, as a variation on the more established rapid prototyping approaches to the elicitation and evaluation of knowledge for KBS construction, in this case by focusing upon the quality and relevance of the elicited knowledge from the perspective of the expert himself. Preliminary results from the study reported here suggest that non‐scaling methods produce a greater amount of raw data than scaling methods, and that this data is less likely to require correction or modification for inclusion within a Knowledge Based System. However, the results also indicate that non‐scaling derived data is more likely than scaling derived data data to be rejected outright.
Increased domain security through application of local security and monitoring
Authors: Morrissey J.P. , Sanders P.W. , Stockel C.T.
Published: May 2007

This paper presents a model for increasing security within a security domain through the use of localised security services and continuous monitoring. The model divides security services between three logical structures Local Security Units, Local Security Servers and Domain Management Centres. The localisation of security allows the functional divisions within organisations to implement modified security dependent upon their individual needs.
Strategies defined for the development of applications using Multilayer Perceptrons: A survey
Authors: Pérez‐Miñana Elena , Ross Peter
Published: May 2007

Abstract:The success in developing an application employing the Multilayer perceptron (MLP) as knowledge representation form is very dependent on the degree of complexity that the structure of the application's domain has. Different mathematical and/or statistical techniques have been developed to subtract the maximum amount of information of this type from an available sample of the operating space associated to the task of interest. In the context of MLP it has been used to decide on the form the different intervening parameters of the network and/or related learning algorithm (LA) should have. This paper provides an overview of the processes that have been defined to generate network applications using the MLP model, giving particular attention to those based on the dynamic creation of a network's architecture through the application of different techniques for subtracting information about the operating domain in which the training set is subsumed.
Standardising the elimination of unnecessary data from interview transcripts for the purposes of knowledge‐based systems — a case study
Authors: Jones S.R. , Miles J.C. , Read M.W.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Although knowledge elicitation, the process of extracting knowledge from human experts to be incorporated into a knowledge‐based system, has been the subject of some notable studies, less attention has been paid to the methods of analysing the raw data once it has been extracted from the expert. When knowledge elicitation sessions are interview‐based, the resultant form of raw data is usually a transcript of the interviewee's utterances. This paper describes an investigation into the preliminary stage of analysing such transcripts. It outlines the development of an approach to eliminate unnecessary detail from interview transcripts, thus enabling attention to be focused upon the remaining, more relevant data via a simple technique based upon cheap and readily available technology. The paper then outlines a rapid‐prototyping approach for evaluating this method, the results of which were felt to be very encouraging.
REVIEWS
Authors: Gustafson James M.
Published: May 2007

Authority in Morals: An Essay in Christian Ethics. By Gerard J. Hughes

On Human Nature. By Edward O. Wilson

Democracy and Ethical Life. By Claes G. Ryn

The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. By Quentin Skinner. 2 vols.

Phenomenology and the Social World: the Philosophy of Merleau‐Ponty and its Relation to the Social Conscience. By Laurie Spurting

Philosophical Foundations of the Three Sociologies. By Ted Benton

Christianity and the World Order. By Edward Norman. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1979, £3.50.

The Stoics. Edited by John M. Rist

Descartes. By Margaret D. Wilson

Physicalism. By K.V. Wilkes

Kierkegaard as Educator. By R.J. Manheimer

Two Ages: The Age of Revolution and the Present Age. By Søren Kierkegaard, translated and edited by Howard and Edna Hong

Parables of Kierkegaard. Edited by Thomas C. Oden

Thomas Carlyle: ‘Cahinist without the Theology’. By Eloise M. Behnken

The Praise of 'Sons of Bitches’. By James V. Schall

The Inner Eye of Love. By William Johnston

The River Within. By Christopher Bryant

The Religious Imagination and the Sense of God. By John Bowker

Old Testament Theology: A Fresh Approach. By Ronald E. Clements

What is a Gospel? By Charles H. Talbert

Urchristliche Prophetic. By Gerhard Dautzenberg

Amphttochii Icontensis Opera. Edited by Cornells Datema

Man and Nature in the Renaissance. By Allen G. Debus

The Church in Late Victorian Scotland 1874–1900. By Andrew L. Drummond and James Bullock. Ppix, 342, Edinburgh, The St Andrew Press, 1978, £10.50.

From Office to Profession: The New England Ministry 1750–1860. By Donald M. Scott

Bemard‐Lazare: Anti‐Semitism and the Problem of Jewish Identity in Late Nineteenth Century France. By Nelly Wilson
God's Attributes as God's Clarities: Wolf Krötke's Doctrine of the Divine Attributes
Authors: HOLMES CHRISTOPHER R.J.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  For the Berlin systematic theologian Wolf Krötke, the doctrine of the divine attributes presents God as, first, one who is clear and luminous in himself, and, second, as one who communicates his clarity in the eventfulness of Jesus Christ. Krötke modifies the traditional approach to the doctrine by redescribing God's attributes in terms of clarities which, in turn, are indicative of the glory of God. In this article, I expound and analyse Krötke's understanding of the clarities of truth, love, power and eternity as proper to God in his relationally rich reality shining forth, with an eye to the character of the renewal of human life thereby effected. Critical comments are also raised in relation to Krötke's proposal, particularly with respect to his lack of a robust doctrine of the immanent Trinity and the necessity of maintaining such.
Non‐Penal Substitution
Authors: CRISP OLIVER
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  McLeod Campbell is synonymous with the doctrine of atonement known as vicarious penitence, according to which Christ atones for human sin by repenting on behalf of fallen human beings. This understanding of Christ's work has been very influential, but not always clearly understood. In this article I set out a version of this doctrine, called non‐penal substitution, drawing on the work of Jonathan Edwards, the original inspiration for Campbell's work. This version of non‐penal substitution is able to overcome several difficulties for the Campbellian version of the doctrine and offers an intriguing and original way of conceiving the work of Christ that, unlike Campbell's account, does not require revisions to the doctrine of God.
Returning to flight: simulation‐based training for the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Space Shuttle Mission Management Team*
Authors: Klein Cameron , Stagl Kevin C. , Salas Eduardo , Parker Christopher , Van Eynde Donald F.
Published: May 2007

Following the tragic loss of Columbia in early 2003, executives at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration implemented a simulation‐based training program to facilitate the development of the Space Shuttle Mission Management Team (MMT). This article discusses the findings from an evaluation of two multi‐day simulation training events. The results of both evaluations suggested that MMT members: (1) possessed shared beliefs in their joint capabilities to execute their corecompetencies; (2) were motivated and ready for their Return to Flight mission; (3) achieved targeted levels of team performance during the simulations; and (4) were both satisfied with the training program and found it useful for facilitating performance improvements. This note concludes with a discussion of lessons learned.
Crustal growth in south‐eastern Australia—evidence from lower crustal eclogitic and granulitic xenoliths
Authors: WASS SUZANNE Y. , HOLLIS J. D.
Published: May 2007

Mafic and ultramafic xenoliths in a basaltic cone at The Anakies in south‐eastern Australia are geochemically equivalent to continental basaltic magmas and cumulates. The xenolith microstructures range from recognizably meta‐igneous for intrusive rocks to granoblastic for garnet pyroxenites. Contact relationships between different rock types within some xenoliths suggest a complex petrogenesis of multiple intrusive, metamorphic and metasomatic events at the crust/mantle boundary during the evolution of south‐eastern Australia. Unaltered spinel lher‐zolite, typical of the uppermost eastern Australian mantle, is interleaved with or veined by the metamorphosed intrusive rocks of basaltic composition.

Geothermobarometry calculations by a variety of methods show a concordance of equilibration temperatures ranging from 880°C to 980°C and pressures of 12 to 18 kbar (1200‐1800 mPa). These physical conditions span the gabbro to granulite to eclogite transition boundaries. The water‐vapour pressure during equilibration is estimated to be about 0.5% of the load pressure, using amphibole breakdown data. Large fluid inclusions of pure CO2 are abundant in the mineral phases in the xenoliths, and it is suggested that flux of CO2 from the mantle has been an important heat source and fluid medium during metamorphism of the mafic and ultramafic protoliths at the lower crust/upper mantle boundary.

The calculated pressures and temperatures suggest that the south‐eastern Australian crust has sustained a high geothermal gradient. In addition, the nature of the mineral assemblages and the contact relationships of granulitic rock with spinel lherzolite, characteristic of mantle material, suggest that the Moho is not a discrete feature in this region, but is represented by a transition zone approximately 20 km thick. These inferences are in agreement with geophysical data (including seismic, heat‐flow and electrical resistivity data) determined for south‐eastern Australia.

Underplating at the crust/mantle boundary by continental basaltic magmas may be an important alternative or additional mechanism to the conventional andesite model for crustal accretion.
Calcite–dolomite geothermometry in the system CaCO3–MgCO3–FeCO3: an experimental study
Authors: POWELL ROGER , CONDLIFFE DIANA M. , CONDLIFFE ERIC
Published: May 2007

Abstract
An experimental study of the system CaCO3–MgCO3–FeCO3 was undertaken in order to calibrate the iron correction to the calcite–dolomite geothermometer, which is based on the solubility of magnesium in calcite in the assemblage calcite + dolomite. The experiments, at 450°C and lower temperatures, resulted in products with a very small grain size and incomplete equilibration. However, application of a carefully‐devised automatic data processing algorithm to analyses of the phases in experimental charges, combined with a thermodynamic analysis, results in geothermometer diagrams which should be preferred to previous theoretical predictions.
Chloritoid and staurolite stability: implications for metamorphism in the Archaean Yilgarn Block, Western Australia
Authors: BICKLE M. J. , ARCHIBALD N. J.
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe stability of quartz‐chloritoid‐staurolite‐almandine‐cordierite and aluminium silicates is used to constrain both metamorphic conditions and pressure‐temperature trajectories for two localities within the 2700 Ma Archaean Yilgarn Block in Western Australia. Available experimental data are used to calculate thermodynamic data for a self‐consistent set of equilibria between these minerals. A lower amphibolite facies locality from the margin of a lower strain area contains assemblages including quartz‐chloritoid‐staurolite‐garnet‐biotite with altered cordierite replacing chloritoid, quartz‐staurolite‐andalusite, and quartz‐cordierite‐andalusite‐biotite. This locality was heated to 530–560°C in the andalusite field, at 4.2 kbar. A sample from a mid‐ to upper‐amphibolite facies, highly strained locality contains relict staurolite enclosed by andalusite, in turn replaced by cordierite and muscovite with biotite and sillimanite in the matrix. The assemblage was heated isobarically from conditions near the maximum experienced by the lower grade locality of 560°C at 4.2 kbar to temperatures in excess of the andalusite‐sillimanite transition but within the quartz plus muscovite stability field (600–650°C). The higher grade locality is close to a granitoid dome and sections based on gravity profiles reveal that this locality is underlain by granitoid at shallow depths. The higher grade metamorphism apparently reflects superposition of the thermal aureole on regional metamorphic conditions similar to those in the lower grade areas.