bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marnie (1964)
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

Marnie was the second picture Hitchcock made with his new prot’g’e, Tippi Hedren. He had intended to use Grace Kelly in the title role, but Princess Grace begged off at the last minute. The Production Code office was primarily concerned with the marriage consummation scene between the businessman, played by Sean Connery, and Marnie, the thief who fascinates him. The censors found this scene unacceptable because Connery’s actions ‘could almost be described as an action of rape.’ Aside from this major worry, the Code office was principally concerned with language, including the forbidden expressions ‘little bitch’ and ‘crissakes.’ Hitchcock cleaned up the screen language, and screenwriter Jay Presson Allen, who considered the honeymoon scene to be ‘just a trying marital situation,’ rewrote the scene to the satisfaction of Code officials. In the midst of shooting, Hitchcock and Hedren had a falling-out, Hitchcock often appeared distracted, and relations between the two never recovered. After Hitchcock’s death, Hedren accused him of making unwanted sexual demands during this period. Following Marnie, Hedren never again worked for Hitchcock or achieved the acclaim she had on her first two pictures, and the film signaled the start of the weakest period of the director’s career.
Alfred Hitchcock Presents
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

This chapter reviews the creation and content of the television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents and describes the methods used by the director to sidestep censorship issues on and off camera. The show premiered on CBS in October 1955 and ran successfully in various forms for a decade, making Hitchcock the most recognized and richest director in the world. Hitchcock personally delivered introductions to each show and returned at the close to wrap up the proceedings and introduce a final ‘intrusive’ message from the sponsor. The director’s appearances brought continuity to the anthology series, and the dry, macabre humor of his introductions and wrap-ups, written by one man, James Allardice, kept the audience returning week after week. Hitchcock himself directed 18 of the 359 episodes in the series, and his wrap-up appearances helped to navigate the series around the shoals of the NAB Code. More than one-third of the series’ episodes focused on a protagonist who was a murderer and, given the series’ penchant for twist endings, the murderer appears to get off scot-free in many of these episodes, contrary to the NAB Code. To appease Code watchdogs, Hitchcock used his post-show wrap-up to assure viewers that, no matter what seems to have happened in the episode they just witnessed, the guilty parties were eventually punished for their crimes.
The Decline of the Code
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes the decline of the Production Code and its replacement by the current rating system. Two Supreme Court rulings contributed to the end of the Production Code. In 1948, the court ruled that the major motion picture companies could no longer control the theaters in their distribution system, making it possible for independently produced and foreign films without a Code Seal to obtain first-run screenings. And in 1952 the court overturned the ban on Roberto Rossellini’s The Miracle and ruled that motion pictures were entitled to the guarantees of free speech and free press. The liberalization of public attitudes in the post-Code years, the influx of more explicit foreign films, and the impact of TV on box-office receipts all contributed to the decline of the Code, as did several groundbreaking movies. In 1953, Otto Preminger’s ‘racy’ comedy (by 1953 standards), The Moon Is Blue, became one of the first major US movies to be released without a Code Seal. In 1964, Sidney Lumet’s The Pawnbroker successfully challenged the Code ban on nudity, and in 1966, Mike Nichols’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? broke the taboo on vulgar language. In 1966, Jack Valenti became head of the MPAA and soon replaced the Production Code with the precursor of today’s rating system.
The Rise of the Rating System
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

The comprehensive movie rating system arrived in November 1968, when Jack Valenti scuttled the Production Code and replaced it with a four-letter system (G, M, R, and X) designed to provide parental guidance and (in theory, but not in practice) free filmmakers from the interfering scissors of censors. But the men in charge of the newly formed Code and Rating Administration were the same censors who had previously enforced the Production Code. These men were used to dealing with producers and directors. And with an X rating estimated to cause a 50 percent decline in attendance, and an R rating a 20 percent decline, it was only natural for producers and directors to confer with board members to determine what sort of cuts would be needed to convert an X rating to an R, or turn an R rating into an M. To the untrained eye, this dealing between producers and board members looked very much like censorship. At least, that was the way it appeared to Stephen Farber, a board intern in 1967 who found that almost one-third of the movies produced in 1969 had been reedited to achieve the rating desired by the distribution company.
Frenzy (1972)
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

In Frenzy, Hitchcock took full advantage of the demise of the Production Code, filling the screen with coarse language, nudity, and a graphic rape scene. Hitchcock argued that the harrowing, explicit rape scene was necessary to show the repulsive nature of the killer. Having shocked the audience with one such scene, he was able to let other instances of the rapist’s work pass with only a suggestion of his crimes. Freedom from the Production Code did not necessarily mean freedom from censorship. Hitchcock still had to satisfy the British Board of Film Censors and produce a version suitable for TV viewing. The film was shot in London and cast with highly regarded professionals whose names were not well known in Hollywood. The critical and public reaction was almost universally positive, although a few critics expressed qualms about the explicit rape scene. Freed from most past restrictions, the director made the movie he wanted to make, from a story he selected personally, with a talented and cooperative screenwriter and a thoroughly professional cast of his own choosing. Frenzy belongs on any list of Hitchcock’s finest accomplishments.
Not Only Above, But Among
Authors: Waddell William
Published: January 2020

Since 9/11 the Air Force has been compelled, sometimes reluctantly, to adopt a subsidiary role to US landpower in the various wars against terror. This process has left the notion of Airpower and Air Leadership struggling to find a voice. While the reemergence of great power competition might bring rain to the Air Force's leadership desert, it is the contention of this chapter that the Air Force needs to be able to adapt and lead even if that is not the case.
Willing and Qualified
Authors: Whitt Jacqueline E.
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the social, cultural, and political consequences for force structure of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and US responses. It argues that diversification, particularly around issues of gender, sex, and sexual orientation, were reframed in terms related to military necessity and efficiency and were directly linked to the nature of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the honorable service of these populations in a time of significant demands on personnel. The domestic political environment further pushed this move toward inclusivity.
The Power of the One-Party South in National Politics
Authors: Allen Neal
Published: January 2020

As an elected official from Arkansas, J. William Fulbright was a consistent opponent of civil rights legislation throughout his career. While this opposition was often in conflict with his liberal internationalist allies in Washington, it was foundational for his political career and rise to power. His segregationist stance was necessary for him to stay in office and advance in the Senate’s seniority system. The one-party segregationist South empowered Fulbright as a national politician, although it blocked a possible move into the executive branch.
“A thorn in the flesh”
Authors: Brady Benjamin
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines how crises in Cuba, Panama, and the Dominican Republic led Senator J. William Fulbright to question prevailing Cold War orthodoxy and to advocate an alternative internationalism rooted in self-determination. It argues that his support for self-determination in Latin America drew on his defense of southern autonomy within the United States and traces how he overlooked similarities between civil rights activism at home and revolutionary nationalism abroad. The chapter also describes how Fulbright antagonized President Lyndon Johnson and undermined the possibility of bettering relations with the Soviet Union during the 1960s.
The Price of Imperial Thinking
Authors: Hart Justin
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines J. W. Fulbright’s reputation as a critic of the US empire through a close analysis of his major publications on US foreign policy. It argues that he attempted to reform the tactics of American empire rather than undermine the larger strategy of US dominance. Ultimately, it concludes that his ability to diagnose the causes of US imperialism were limited by his own devotion to the ideology of liberal internationalism that undergirded US foreign policy for most of the twentieth century.
Masculinity and Modernization in Democratic Party Politics during the 1950s
Authors: McLaughlin Sean J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses the impact on Democrats of a dominant postwar political framework that demanded a certain ideal of robust manhood in response to international and domestic circumstances. This rediscovered emphasis on toughness had its roots in the upheaval of World War II and the rise of totalitarian ideologies, leading liberal Democrats to revamp the entire way they viewed the world in the early Cold War years. During the same period France was led by a series of seemingly weak, unstable Fourth Republic coalition governments. This fed American perceptions of French decadence and irrationality to the point that they grew into fears that France was undermining Washington’s efforts to win the Cold War. Liberal Democrats were on the defensive, attacked for their privilege and softness by McCarthyites and right-wing conservatives. McCarthyism had strong lingering effects on Democrats into the 1960s, prompting party leaders to adopt an exaggeratedly tough approach just as Kennedy was beginning to make his mark in American politics. Kennedy had already concluded that France was an obstacle to American defense of the “free world,” while many of his fellow Democrats concluded that offering strong public support for any French position in international affairs was political suicide.
Toward the First Encounter
Authors: McLaughlin Sean J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter looks at Franco-American relations during the first four months of the Kennedy presidency. The attention of both men was diverted by major crises during this period, but there was optimism on both sides that the Kennedy-de Gaulle summit in Paris would improve relations after a period of drift under President Eisenhower. This was not to be the case. Early genuine enthusiasm for greater Franco-American dialogue on Kennedy’s part was quickly tempered by de Gaulle’s total disagreement with the American president’s plan to reconstitute the chaotic UN peacekeeping operation in post-independence Congo. Nevertheless, American policy-makers close to Kennedy continued to emphasize during this period that there were plenty of potential areas for Franco-American agreement that outweighed areas of divergence. While the youthful Kennedy sought to break from the past and try new Cold War approaches with the emerging Third World, de Gaulle’s conceptions of international diplomacy harkened back to the long era of European international supremacy when French norms were accepted in other advanced countries. This chapter also rounds out de Gaulle’s strategic vision and his desire to establish a more open dialogue between Britain, France, and the United States, the three biggest military powers within NATO.
Drinking Sour Wine
Authors: McLaughlin Sean J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines how the Kennedy-de Gaulle disagreement over Vietnam was exacerbated by fundamental disagreements over the nature of the Atlantic alliance and tolerance for neutral regimes outside the bloc system. Their dispute over Vietnam began at the spring 1961 summit as a clash of perception, but the Kennedy administration quickly retreated into clichéd views of de Gaulle to dismiss the French position rather than undertake the awkward, difficult task of questioning the assumptions that brought the United States to Vietnam. At the summit, Kennedy made a strong case that there were legitimate strategic concerns that focused his attention on South Vietnam and that a Western defeat there would do great damage to America’s global prestige. De Gaulle emphasized the region’s unsuitability for a military confrontation with the communists and its peripheral importance to the Cold War. What separated the two presidents at this point was de Gaulle’s preference for a low-risk diplomatic course of action that acknowledged the possibility—which he believed to be small—of strategic defeat, while Kennedy was willing to gamble on an idealistic, maximum effort campaign to forestall a communist victory.
Conclusion
Authors: McLaughlin Sean J.
Published: January 2020

The French consul in Da Nang, Jacques Boizet, took a trip to the DMZ late in the winter of 1962. An experienced Asia hand who had grown as cynical of the Kennedy administration’s war effort as most of his French colleagues by this point, Boizet often shared with Roger Lalouette blindingly simple observations, usually delivered with literary panache, in a format that no American Foreign Service officer would have dared submit to his superior. Boizet’s journey north to the frontier took him to an old colonial-era bridge on the Ben Hai River that served as a border crossing between the Vietnams. Different flags flew on opposite sides of the river, surrounded by obligatory signs denouncing the regime that controlled the other half of the country. Officials had gone so far as to mark every last centimeter of their territory by painting their zone of control on the bridge in the proper national color, red for the communist northern section and green for the southern noncommunist span, just as one would expect on the front line of a Cold War divide....
Sold
Authors: Lee Peter
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the other main characters of the story: Bud Delp, a small-time trainer on the Maryland circuit who had never worked with a great horse; the Meyerhoff family, who bought Bid for a paltry $37,000 at an auction for second-rate yearlings; and Ron Franklin, a small, tough kid from Dundalk, Maryland, who first visited a racetrack at age sixteen and knew right away that he wanted to be a jockey.
Growing Pains
Authors: Lee Peter
Published: January 2020

The chapter title refers to two incidents: jockey Ron Franklin’s rapid spiral downward after the Belmont Stakes, ending with a cocaine arrest and his removal as Spectacular Bid’s jockey; and Bid’s close, courageous defeat by Affirmed, who won the Triple Crown the year before. Typical of a race between a three-year-old and a four-year-old, the older horse, Affirmed, wins, handing Bid his fourth loss.
Land Crabs, Land Ironclads, Landships
Authors: Mikolashek Jon B.
Published: January 2020

The chapter covers the early history of what will become known as the tank and the creation of the United States Tank Corps. Patton is the first “tanker” in American military history.
After leaving the staff of John J. Pershing, Patton embarks on an educational journey to learn about tanks. He attends tank school in France and tours the Renault tank factory. It is here that he learns to drive a tank and selects the Renault light tank for use by the United States Army.
The Renault tank is covered in detail, and Patton prepares to establish the American light tank school in France.
The Spoils of War
Authors: Mikolashek Jon B.
Published: January 2020

Patton’s wound is slow to heal; during this time, however, Patton is promoted to colonel. Discharged from the hospital, Patton returns to duty as the war ends. He hopes for the Medal of Honor but is awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.
With the war over, Patton spends the rest of his time overseas maintaining discipline, giving lectures on armored warfare and the future of tanks, and preparing for his return to the United States and his family.
Patton prepares himself also for the fight to keep tanks in an independent Tank Corps as a vital weapons system for the US Army.
Ho’S China Connection
Authors: Li Xiaobing
Published: January 2020

Chapter 1 details how Ho made China his revolutionary base from World War II to the French Indochina War. The Vietnamese and Chinese shared a common heritage and anticolonial experiences for more than a hundred years. The background narrative extends beyond the diplomatic activities and historical events between China and Vietnam and views their nationalist independence movements and Communist revolutions as an intertwined history, not as isolated or parallel phenomena. East Asia’s countries and peoples participated in the global Cold War of 1946–1991 for their own historical reasons in some specific ways that served their own political agenda, met their economic programs and security needs, and created their own development models. This chapter places Vietnam and China at center stage for exploring the anticolonial movements and transnationalism in East and Southeast Asia from 1800 to 1949 rather than treating them primarily as subordinate or dependent actors in a larger historical drama. As a result, by the early twentieth century, all of these areas saw the rise of new kinds of nationalism and Communism, which were adjusting to military confrontations with the West.
New Standards, Strategy, and Artillery
Authors: Li Xiaobing
Published: January 2020

Chapter 5 shows that through 1951–1952, the CMAG systematically introduced Chinese military standards and regulations as the model for a regular, modern Vietnamese army. All of the PAVN divisions adopted more flexible and realistic strategies and tactics. They engaged in both offensive and defensive battles to maintain a relatively stable front line, emphasizing the role of firepower and technology, especially artillery, operating on the front and behind the enemy lines, and improving logistical support. By the summer of 1952, the People’s Army of Vietnam had completed its first transformation from a peasant force fighting guerrilla warfare to a regular army engaging in mobile warfare. This chapter examines three major campaigns from November 1951 to May 1953, including the defense of Hoa Binh, the Northwestern Offensive Campaign, and the Battle of Laos. In 1951–1952, China helped the Vietnamese establish the 316th and 325th Divisions.
Postwar Transformation and New Geopolitics
Authors: Li Xiaobing
Published: January 2020

Chapter 7 explains Mao’s Cold War theory, in which a clash between China and the United States would inevitably occur sooner or later. The Chinese military should thus have its priorities and preparations established prior to this inevitable conflict. After the Indochina Settlement was signed at Geneva in July 1954, China continued to provide weaponry, equipment, and military training to North Vietnam. This chapter points out that, in June 1965, China began to send its troops to the Vietnam War. Between 1965 and 1968, China sent twenty-three divisions to Vietnam, including ninety-five regiments, totaling some 320,000 troops. Beginning in 1968, China also sent 110,000 troops to Laos to provide air defense, construct and repair highways, and maintain transportation and communication along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Nevertheless, the Vietnam War seriously tested the limits of the Communist alliance. Rather than improving Sino-Soviet relations, aid to North Vietnam created a new competition as each superpower attempted to control Southeast Asian Communist movements.
Consideraciones y propuestas para el análisis del delito de rebelión y, en particular, del delito de sedición: bien jurídico y algunos elementos del comportamiento típico
Authors: Rebollo Vargas Rafael
Published: January 2020

Los delitos de rebelión y de sedición habían recibido un tratamiento muy próximo, seguramente, por su consideración como Delitos contra la Seguridad interior del Estado. Sin embargo, con la actual configuración del Código penal la rebelión como Delito contra la Constitución y la sedición como Delito contra el orden público, los objetos de tutela y los comportamientos típicos son distintos, además de perseguir fines diferentes.The crimes of rebellion and sedition had received a very close treatment, probably due to their consideration as Crimes against the internal security of the State. However, with the current configuration of the Criminal Code rebellion as a crime against the Constitution and sedition as a crime against public order, the objects of protection and the typical behavior are different, in addition to pursuing different purposes.
Los criterios jurisprudenciales para exigir responsabilidad penal a las personas jurídicas en el delito corporativo
Authors: Morales Hernández Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2020

Las recientes reformas del Código Penal Español han supuesto una verdadera revolución en el ámbito de la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas. A raíz de las mismas, el Tribunal Supremo ha dictado una serie de sentencias que han arrojado bastante luz acerca de cuáles han de ser los elementos o requisitos que configuran la base para la atribución de la responsabilidad penal a la persona jurídica. Analizando dichas sentencias, puede observarse el reconocimiento del delito corporativo, caracterizado por contar con sus propios elementos, distintos a los exigibles a las personas físicas. Pues bien: este trabajo tiene como principal objeto de estudio la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo sobre esta materia con la finalidad de inferir cuál es la posible configuración del delito corporativo en atención a estos pronunciamientos jurisprudenciales, a los principios del derecho penal, así como al propio tenor literal de la ley. Ante esta situación, diferentes autores se han ido posicionando acerca de la fundamentación de la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas; así como de la concreta estructura del delito corporativo. Se analizan también sus diferentes puntos de vista señalando que sus visiones del tema son muy dispares.Recent reforms of the Spanish Penal Code have supposed a real revolution in the area of criminal liability of legal entity. As a result of that, the Supreme Court has issued a series of judgments that shed light on which should be the elements or requirements that form the basis for the attribution of criminal responsibility to the legal entity. Analyzing these jurisprudential pronouncements, we can observe the recognition of corporate crime, characterized by having its own elements, different from those required of natural persons. Well, this work has as its main object of study the doctrine of the Supreme Court on this matter with the purpose of inferring what is the possible configuration of the corporate crime in attention to these jurisprudential pronouncements, to the principles of criminal law, as well as to the own literal tenor of the law. Faced with this situation, different authors have been positioning themselves on the basis of the criminal liability of legal entity; as well as the concrete structure of corporate crime. Their different points of view are also analyzed, pointing out that their views on the subject are very different.
INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL Y JUSTICIA PENAL: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS RESULTADOS LESIVOS CAUSADOS POR ROBOTS
Authors: Miró Llinares Fernando
Published: January 2020

El presente trabajo aborda las implicaciones del uso de sistemas de Inteligencia Artificial en la justicia penal. Más allá de los resultados lesivos causados por máquinas, se analiza primero qué es la IA, cuáles son sus características y tipologías y sus usos en relación con la justicia criminal y cuál se prevé que sea su evolución. Se analizan después los principales riesgos éticos que plantea con especial interés por lo que supone para la privacidad y por la denominada «discriminación algorítmica».This paper addresses the implications of the use of Artificial Intelligence systems in criminal justice. Beyond the harmful results caused by machines, we first analyse what AI is, what their characteristics and typologies are and their uses regarding criminal justice, and what its evolution is expected to be. We then analyse with special interest the main ethical risks it poses concerning privacy and the so-called «algorithmic discrimination».
SOBRE LA TIPIFICACIÓN DEL FEMINICIDIO EN ESPAÑA. ALGUNAS CONSIDERACIONES CRÍTICAS
Authors: Vázquez-Portomeñe Seijas Fernando
Published: January 2020

La propuesta de tipificar el feminicidio expresa, como pocas, la tensión existente entre las tendencias político-criminales que apuestan por una deflación de los bienes jurídicos actualmente tutelados por el legislador penal y las pretensiones de mayor intervención punitiva en beneficio de ciertos colectivos sociales. Los obstáculos y problemas de carácter práctico que suscita abogan por desecharla y por reforzar, en cambio, el uso de la agravante de discriminación por género. Dicha circunstancia proporciona la posibilidad de modular la gravedad de los delitosde homicidio o asesinato de mujeres y, también, de personas transgénero,transexuales o intersexuales, en función siempre del contexto de dominio o subordinación en que se haya provocado la muerte.The proposal of criminalizing femicide expresses the existing tension between those criminal policy trends that defend a deflation of the legal rights protected by penal law and the demands for a more punitive state for the benefit of certain social groups. The obstacles and practical problems it poses advocate for rejecting it and for reinforcing, on the other hand, the use of the aggravating circumstance relating gender-based discrimination. The above mentioned circumstance provides the possibility of modulating the seriousness of the crimes of homicide or women’s murder and, also, of transgender, transsexual or intersexual persons but always depending on the context of control or subordination in which the death was caused.
Nutritional Behaviour is a Social Problem in the Modern Lifestyle
Authors: Laura Bissenbayeva , Diana Kalieva , Lyazzat Abdulina , Zhanat Bissenbayeva
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this study is to observe, analyze, compare and educate young people's dietary behaviour. It was noticed that the consumption of fruits and vegetables is low, restricted in many cases to one or two servings per day. This result led to the conclusion that healthy food does not play an important role in young people's eating habits. Given this situation, in a few years, childhood obesity rates could rise alarmingly.
The nutrition factors contemplated were: the motivation of young people for a healthy diet; the information they possess about correct nutrition habits and their attitudes for a healthy lifestyle.
Atividade peroxidásica em feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Aporé na presença de ácido salicílico e Thanatephorus cucumeris
Authors: Fernandes Cleberson de Freitas , Vieira Junior José Roberto , Aguiar Pollyana das Neves de , Souza Mayara França de , Freire Tamiris Chaves , Fonseca Aline Souza da , Alves Rita de Cássia
Published: January 2020

O feijoeiro é cultivado em todas as regiões do país, apresentando grande importância econômica e social, e constitui-se em um dos elementos básicos da alimentação, sendo um dos principais fornecedores de proteínas, ferro e carboidratos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a indução de proteínas relacionadas à patogênese, de forma específica a enzima peroxidase, em plantas de feijoeiro comum desafiadas com indutores bióticos e abióticos. Para isso, foi borrifado 1 mL de solução de ácido salicílico (AS) 10 mM nas folhas primárias de feijoeiro, e posteriormente estas foram coletadas em quatro tempos: 0, 24, 48 e 72 hai (horas após a inoculação) e armazenadas em freezer -20 ºC para realização das análises bioquímicas. A cultivar apresentou teores de proteínas variando de 0,046 a 0,076 mgP/mL nas plantas testadas com água e inoculadas com o fungo, apresentando pico de proteína 72 hai. Nas plantas testadas com ácido salicílico 10 mM e posteriormente inoculadas com o fungo, os valores variaram de 0,052 a 0,086 mgP/mL, com pico de proteína 24 hai. Os níveis de atividade peroxidásica (POX) variaram de 5,31 a 29,37 UA/mgP nas plantas inoculadas com água e fungo e de 1,17 a 22,83 UA/mgP nas plantas tratadas com ácido salicílico e o fungo. As plantas tratadas com o AS 10 mM e depois inoculadas com o fungo mostraram pico de atividade POX 24 horas após a inoculação do patógeno, enquanto que nas plantas tratadas com água o pico de atividade POX ocorreu 72 horas após a inoculação do patógeno. Os resultados alcançados até o momento sugerem um potencial do ácido salicílico como indutor da resposta de defesa do feijoeiro comum contra o fungo T. cucumeris.
Extratos vegetais do gênero capsicum com potencial atividade antifúngica contra Rhizoctonia solani e Sclerotium rolfsii
Authors: Fonseca Aline Souza da , Fernandes Cléberson de Freitas , Vieira Júnior José Roberto , Rocha Rodrigo Barros , Freire Tamiris Chaves , Sangi Simone Carvalho , Bastos Jéssica Silva Félix , Alves Rita de Cássica
Published: January 2020

O uso excessivo de fungicidas na agricultura tem sido bastante questionado pela sociedade em geral em função destes serem caros, de elevada persistência no solo e de elevado risco à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Nesse sentido medidas alternativas de controle tem sido buscadas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diferentes extratos de sementes de pimentas do gênero Capsicum sobre o crescimento micelial de Rhizoctonia solani e Sclerotium rolfsii. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com 25 tratamentos, tendo dois controles (água e fungicida) e quatro repetições para os testes in vitro e seis para in vivo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de Scott Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Os testes in vitro evidenciaram que todos os extratos se mostraram eficientes na inibição dos patógenos, destacando-se os extratos de Capsicum annuum, os quais obtiveram resultados significativamente superiores ao controle com o fungicida.  Nos ensaios em diluição seriada, observou-se que na concentração de até 1x105 os extratos foram capazes de inibir o patógeno S. rolfsii. No ensaio in vivo em folhas destacadas, 13 extratos apresentaram eficiência no controle da mela, sendo que os extratos obtidos a partir de Capsicum baccatum e Capsicum frutescens apresentaram efeitos de controle semelhantes ao fungicida.
Silences and policies in the shared listening: Ultra-red and Escuchatorio
Authors: Jiménez Carmona Susana
Published: January 2020

With this article we want to offer a critical approach to participatory practices within sound art. To this end, we will analyse the work of two groups of sound artists who have placed participation and collaboration at the centre of their work and of their definition of sound art itself, using two very different approaches: Ultra-red and Escuchatorio. Both groups understand listening as a political action which always implies a relationship with others and with the environment. However, their very different ways of activating the collective listening may encourage us to consider how collaborative art is understood and practised at a time when the interest in participation from different artistic and cultural institutions (also political) keeps growing.By considering Escuchatorio and Ultra-red, we want to ask ourselves how it can be decisive who proposes to perform the sound action: whether it is a community in struggle or a group of artists, or a gallery/institution. Different proposers generate different receptors/participants and also different ways of understanding which values are at stake and how they are distributed. Who is able to participate and how it can be done entail different degrees of involvement, impact and barriers. For a specific group that meets in a specific place participatory art can foreground the differences between people who are close to each other (Ultra-red), whereas the participation of anyone who can use any type of recording device and upload recordings to the network emphasises the similarities between people who are otherwise strangers (the expanded radio of Escuchatorio).
Noise over signal
Authors: Luther Jason W , Williams Patrick
Published: January 2020

While participatory culture has been of special interest to scholars for nearly three decades, much of the focus has centered on digitally networked contexts. The digital age has indeed transformed our approaches to listening to music and how we operate as fans of music; these approaches can weave together the new and the old, and are enacted among a variety of spaces, objects, and relationships. We explore how the re-emergence of one such object in the digital age — the LP — has produced social arrangements that perhaps excavate older listening practices but do so in ways that have been affected by the mediascape more generally. We offer the concept of phonography culture: a term that emphasizes the social practices of those who not only curate and collect vinyl records but communicate through them in participatory activities including listening parties, vinyl nights at local bars, Facebook groups, and sites of e-commerce. We share the case study of Record Nite, a semi-regular gathering of phonography culture participants, who take turns playing one side of an LP on a given theme, revealing in their fandom and reveling in and encouraging that of others. Over the course of an evening, ten to twenty friends connect over their own “noise” — their experiences, histories, and knowledge of artists, albums, and genres—while simultaneously listening to LPs together. These phonographic, cultural interactions are revelatory because they draw our attention away from individualized and digital listening, which isolate signal, and make space for social and aural noise. That noise is infused with fandom and participation, as well as elements of memory, meaning making, and nostalgia.

 

NB: The article contains sound examples. In order to listen to embedded audio files, you must first download the pdf file and then open it with Adobe Acrobat.
What is a Child?
Authors: Bloom Mia
Published: January 2020

The United Nations estimated that over 300,000 boys and girls under the age of 18 were under arms as soldiers, spies, informants, couriers, and sex-slaves in the 30-plus conflicts around the globe; serving as combatants in 75 per cent of the world's conflicts. However, the United Nations and the international community have arbitrarily designated the legal age to be 18 and thus child soldiers are any combatants below that age.
For the purposes of this research we have determined that 15 is a more appropriate age than 18 and culturally sensitive designation of adulthood in Islamic societies. This is based on religious rulings regarding the age at which a young person can take on adult responsibilities.
Pathways to Involvement
Authors: Bloom Mia
Published: January 2020

There appear to be three ideal types of engagement, in which there is outright coercion, one in which families are youth consent to some degree to involvement, and a hybrid in which the community may support children’s involvement but limited coercion is applied to force families to comply. ‘Grooming’ is a term used to describe the steps taken by paedophiles to ‘‘entrap’’ their victims and is analogous to adult courtship. The applicability of existing criminological and psychological models of child exploitation to terrorism will be addressed.
Pathways to Involvement
Authors: Bloom Mia
Published: January 2020

In cases of prolonged ethno-nationalist conflicts, children will often grow up in extreme conditions of poverty, violence, and routinized harassment. As they mature, many of the children begin their involvement with terrorist movements in largely support roles: throwing stones at demonstrations, lookouts, ferrying messages, or smuggling weapons. The terrorist organizations create separate units for children to involve them at a young age and use the youth movements as a testing ground to spot talent. Individual children are understood to be nested within layers of a social ecology, including family, society, and culture; the transactions between these layers informs child development and may make certain children more at risk of mobilization into terrorist organizations than others. Furthermore, a child’s own characteristics and experiences may lead him or her to be more vulnerable to socio-cultural factors promoting involvement in violence, or to seek out a means of involvement.
An End or a New Beginning?
Authors: Bloom Mia
Published: January 2020

By integrating key lessons learned from the case studies, this chapter presents the basis for intervention – that is, primarily aimed at preventing the next generation of terrorists by seeking to pre-empt or influence efforts aimed at engaging children in terrorism. We present the ‘psychosocial’ model, encompassing multiple layers of influence across the three stages of involvement, engagement and disengagement.
The chapter take a best practices approach drawing on what worked in DDR programs in Africa and Latin America to suggest the best ways to handle ISIS child returnees.
The Psychoterratic in the Symbiocene
Authors: Albrecht Glenn A.
Published: January 2020

The Symbiocene, or period of re-integration between humans and the rest of nature, is the second of the master themes used to define Earth emotions. The chapter constructs the idea of the Symbiocene from the latest scientific discoveries made about symbiosis and its centrality in maintaining life. Within this new meme, positive Earth emotions re-emerge as the defining characteristics of what it means to be human within the collective called life. This chapter applies the essence of the Symbiocene to known positive psychoterratic states such as topophilia and biophilia and goes further in promoting the author's new concepts of soliphilia, sumbiophilia, endemophilia and eutierria.
Gaia and the Ghedeist
Authors: Albrecht Glenn A.
Published: January 2020

The chapter reinforces the role of positive earth emotions by putting them all within the context of a secular land or earth 'spirituality'. Negative Earth emotions can only manifest themselves if humans have a fundamental attachment to place. The chapter forwards the concept of the 'Ghedeist' to explain the deepest and most meaningful place relationships people can have. Rather than rely on or appropriate such spiritual affinities to the Earth displayed by Indigenous peoples or traditional religions, this chapter builds the case for a newly formulated life-spirituality that is based on the Gaia hypothesis and earth system sciences. The chapter concludes that the triumph of positive earth emotions over the negative will be accomplished by the love of the Symbiocene as animated by the Ghedeist.
The Mental Health Crisis on US Campuses
Authors: Donald Rakow
Published: January 2020

The authors address the growing mental health crisis on American campuses. They explore the results of surveys that indicate rising levels of anxiety and depression in addition to other mental health concerns among student populations, including some of the potential causes of this trend. The chapter concludes with a review of how campus health clinics are responding to this increasing demand for mental health care, including different public health approaches that have been found to be effective on various campuses. This broad public health approach provides the foundation for the development of programs that encourage students to spend time in nature as a response to mental health concerns.
Nature Rx Programs on Four University Campuses
Authors: Donald Rakow
Published: January 2020

This chapter profiles Nature Rx programs on four university campuses. It acknowledging the significant impact the physical grounds of a campus can have on students or potential students. It then goes on to address the unique components of each program, identifying the successes and ongoing challenges of each. Particular attention is given to the transferability of these programs to other campuses, large or small, rural or urban.
Introduction
Authors: Ngoei Wen-Qing
Published: January 2020

This introduction presents an overview of the book’s study of imperial transition in Southeast Asia from the colonial order through Anglo-American predominance to U.S. empire. It explains that the book examines two Southeast Asian countries—Malaya and Singapore—marginalized by major studies of U.S. policy to illuminate regional developments in U.S.-Southeast Asian relations otherwise overlooked by the predominant focus of historians on U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Using this wide-angle view of Southeast Asia, the book reveals how the bases of U.S. Cold War policy draw from longstanding Euro-American anxieties about race, specifically the perceived threat of China and its diaspora to western power. From this insight, the book is able to reveal that Britain, the United States and their indigenous anticommunist allies crafted a pro-West nationalism underpinned by region-wide anti-Chinese prejudice, a process that ensconced most Southeast Asian regimes within the American orbit even as U.S. policy failed in Vietnam.
Manifest Fantasies
Authors: Ngoei Wen-Qing
Published: January 2020

This chapter revisits the Malayan Emergency to recover the outsize American fascination with Britain’s military triumph over the guerrillas of the Malayan Communist Party. It traces how U.S. policymakers’ attempts to cherry-pick lessons from the British counterinsurgency campaign in Malaya shaped U.S. regional and global strategies from the 1950s through the 1960s. The American preoccupation with British-Malayan counterinsurgency tactics, as well as British and Malayan leaders’ efforts to exploit this preoccupation and thereby strengthen their Cold War partnership with America, illuminates the British Empire’s critical and enduring influence upon American empire-building across the global South.
The Changing News Narrative about Workers
Authors: Martin Christopher
Published: January 2020

Chapter 4 describes how a purposeful shift toward upscale audiences led to a change in narratives about labor unions and workers in newspapers. Instead of being “with” the workers, the newspaper narratives began to go “against” the workers because they inflict inflationary damage and inconveniences on the newspapers’ new upscale consumers. Moreover, mainstream media newspapers shifted their focus to reporting on upscale strivers with the new office “workplace” lifestyles column, and with a new emphasis on personal finance reporting, for America’s budding individualist entrepreneurs. With the working class bereft of journalism that spoke to their lives, the emerging conservative media filled a gap, but only for the white working class whose grievances they stoked.
Cinematic Tone in Polanski’s Chinatown
Authors: Pippin Robert
Published: January 2020

Chinatown, a landmark of the New Hollywood, successfully recreates and revises the classic film noir milieu. Setting the film in the Los Angeles of the late nineteen-thirties, the aptness of such a setting for the United States of the nineteen-seventies is intentionally suggested. But the film’s creation of such a noir tonality is so successful that it raises the question of whether the unambiguous and profound evil present in the film suggests a world gone wrong—so wrong that no “right” action in such a world is conceivable. This chapter will examine what it would mean to suggest the wrongness of an entire way of life, what is responsible for such wrongness, and what it suggests about the possibility (or impossibility) of any right action in such a world.
Introduction
Authors: Field Sean L.
Published: January 2020

Beginning with a little story about Queen Blanche of Castile, the illness of her daughter Isabelle of France, and the prayers of a holy woman who may have been Lutgard of Aywières, the introduction sets up the book by surveying the historiography of French royal power and women’s holiness, laying out the overall argument, and providing brief chapter previews.
Isabelle of France
Authors: Field Sean L.
Published: January 2020

The emergent reputation for sanctity of Isabelle of France (sister of Louis IX) was central to the development of larger Capetian claims to enjoy a unique favour in the eyes of God. Around 1260, Isabelle was the spiritual star of the court, as reflected in a series of texts written by bishops, friars such as Thomas of Cantimpré and Guibert of Tournai, and popes Innocent IV and Alexander IV. In the last decade of her life, however, her saintly reputation faded due to her refusal to become a nun and to her battles with the Franciscan Order over the rule for her abbey of Longchamp.
Elizabeth of Spalbeek
Authors: Field Sean L.
Published: January 2020

Elizabeth of Spalbeek was already a well-known if controversial visionary by 1276. In that year a prophecy was attributed to her in which she claimed that God was angry with King Philip III because of the king’s sins against nature. The papal legate Simon of Brie verified that he had heard a similar rumor. In the course of four separate missions to question Elizabeth, the party of Pierre de La Broce and Bishop Pierre de Benais also attributed to her the prophetic claim that Queen Marie of Brabant had poisoned her stepson, the heir to the throne. In the end Elizabeth relied on staunch denial, and chose to silence her own prophetic voice to avoid censure.
The “Racial (and Sexual) Maelstrom” in Hawaii, 1909–1940
Authors: Byers Andrew
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines U.S. Army deployments to Hawaii from 1909-1940. In Hawaii the army was particularly invested in maintaining the privileges of commissioned officers and their families, which it sought to do in cases where enlisted soldiers invaded the privacy of officers’ and their families. This occurred with greater frequency at Hawaiian army bases than at other army posts, likely due to the relative remoteness of Hawaiian army bases from civilian communities. Hawaii, described as a racial and ethnic “maelstrom,” is also useful for illuminating the complexities that differences in race and ethnicity brought to cases involving sexuality. The chapter also analyzes the army’s growing post-war belief that acts of sodomy were symptomatic of mental pathology, and hence completely incompatible with continued service in the army, which resulted in disproportionately large numbers of sodomy-related courts-martial after the First World War.
Trade Unions and Immigration in Spain
Authors: Connolly Heather , Marino Stefania , Lucio Miguel Martínez
Published: January 2020

In this chapter we outline the way trade unions in Spain have responded to immigration in relation to the questions of class, social rights and race/ethnicity. Spain has seen a quick and systematic increase in immigration since the early 1990s, which has been concentred in sectors with a weaker or weakening trade union representation and challenges in terms of state regulation and regulatory reach. Yet, trade unions have adopted an inclusive approach which is based on integration and the extension of general and universal rights. The motives for this may derive from a desire to shore up the system of regulation in the face of ever greater labour market change and dualism. According to the analytical framework presented in Chapter 1, the dominant logic of action of Spanish trade unions was between class and social rights.