bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Stimulus Context on Magnitude Estimations and Category Ratings of Perceived Loudness—The Spacing of Intensity Intervals
Authors: Davis Elizabeth Thorpe , Allard Terry
Published: August 2011

Effects of stimulus context on magnitude estimations and on category ratings were examined for a range of stimulus intensities of a 1-kHz tone. The stimuli were distributed in equal-interval steps of energy so they formed a perceptual cluster of high-intensity tones with a perceptual outlier at the lowest intensity. According to the Invariance Principle, the shape of the response function should not be affected by the distribution of stimulus intensities. However, neither magnitude estimations nor category ratings yielded the linear functions predicted from the Invariance Principle when plotted on log-log axes. Instead, both procedures yielded concave-upward response functions for the group data as well as for the individual data sets of the six subjects. Moreover, unlike previous reports of a nonlinear relationship, we found a linear relationship between magnitude estimations and category ratings. Rather than implying an equivalence of the underlying sensory scales, however, our results may imply subjects used a similar attention strategy for both procedures. We consider some theoretical suggestions, including an attention-band concept, for modification of a multistage stimulus-response (S-R) transformation model.
Perception of Visual Illusions in a Sample of Nigerian Children
Authors: Akande Adebowale
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of cultural factors on perception of 15 boys and 21 girls in Nigeria. The five geometric illusions of Segall, Campbell, and Herskovitz were shown in booklets. Previously tested Afghan boys gave evidence of greater illusion than the Nigerian children. The findings also supported previous research on perception of illusion.
Measuring Perceptions of Brand Image
Authors: Davis Leslie L.
Published: August 2011

Research workers typically use forced-choice instruments to measure subjects' perceptions of social objects such as apparel brands. Advantages and disadvantages of alternative methods to measure apparel brand image are discussed.
Effects of “Soviet” and Western Coaching Methodologies on the Acquisition of Gymnastic Skills
Authors: Golby J. , Hope P.
Published: August 2011

18 young female gymnasts were randomly allocated to three treatment conditions. One group was exposed to a training regimen typical of that used by Soviet coaches, a second group was trained using a method characteristically encountered in the UK and a control group attended recreational gymnastics classes. Performance on the “core” skills of handstand, round-off, basic-swing, and chin-circle was recorded after 5 and 10 wk. Results demonstrated the overwhelming pre-eminence of the “Soviet” approach.
Adapting Chronometric Tests for Field Studies of Cognitive Ability
Authors: Alington Diane E. , Leaf Russell C.
Published: August 2011

Conclusions about group differences, especially sex differences, in cognitive ability have been based largely on psychometric tests, to the relative neglect of contemporary chronometric instruments. We explore some problems that may account for this methodological bias and suggest that the barriers to using chronometric techniques can be overcome. We adapted both the sentence-picture verification procedure and the Posner letter-matching task to field conditions, obtaining values in both instances which were virtually identical to those obtained under ideal laboratory conditions. 38 adults provided data for analysis.
Equivalence of Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, Forms L and M for Children with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Authors: Levenson Richard L. , Kairam Ram , Bartnett Michele , Mellins Claude Ann
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to assess the equivalence of Forms L and M of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised for a sample of 15 Hispanic and 12 black children diagnosed as having Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The children (15 boys, 12 girls) were administered PPVT—R Forms L and M in counterbalanced order and in immediate succession. The coefficient of equivalence, r, was .77 and significant. Influential factors, such as the behavioral manifestations of AIDS, are discussed. Limitations of the study are included. Research should focus on the long- and short-term stability of the test for these children as they are evaluated repetitively.
Sex Differences and Effects of Aging on Visuomotor Coordination
Authors: Boucher Jean-Louis , Denis Suzanne , Landriault Jo-Anne
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aging on men and women in processing information required to reproduce direction and distance on a visuomotor task. Subjects (45 men and 45 women) selected from three age groups (25–34 yr., 45–54 yr., 65–74 yr.) were required to estimate blindly the exact criterion location of a target-point they had identified under one of the following conditions: visual, kinesthetic, and visuokinesthetic. Errors in direction (degrees) and in distance (cm) were recorded. The analysis of the total variability in responding (E) indicated that the women of the 65- to 74-yr. age group were significantly less accurate in estimating distance than were the men of the two older age groups (45 to 54 yr., 65 to 74 yr.) and less accurate than were the women of the 25- to 34-yr. age group. No significant differences in estimating distance were found among the three age groups of men. No significant differences for direction were found between men and women.
Self-Concept Profiles of Competitive Bodybuilders
Authors: Finkenberg Mel E. , Teper Lonnie
Published: August 2011

29 men and 23 women competitive bodybuilders were administered the Tennessee Self-concept Scale to assess whether their self-perceptions differed from those of nonbodybuilders. t tests confirmed significantly higher scores than the norms on personal, social, and satisfaction dimensions for men and for women on moral-ethical, personal, social, satisfaction, and behavior dimensions, in addition to total positive. Both men and women had significantly lower self-criticism scores, which suggests the probability that the other scores were artificially elevated by the respondents' deliberate effort to present a favorable picture of self. Also, when compared with men bodybuilders, women bodybuilders had significantly higher scores on moral-ethical, satisfaction, and total positive dimensions.
Comment on an Article by Mandeville, Peeples, and Stutler
Authors: Lewinson Thea Stein
Published: August 2011

Specific suggestions for replication and extension of Mandeville, Peeples, and Stutler (1990) are made.
Blackness Enhancement
Authors: Brigner Willard L. , Deni James R.
Published: August 2011

Since apparent brightness increases as an intermittent luminous source decreases from flicker fusion to approximately 10 cps, the phenomenal blackness induced by an intermittent annulus should also increase as a result of brightness contrast. However, data from 5 observers showed the phenomenal blackness occurring with a 10-cps inducer was greater than that expected on the basis of brightness contrast.
Quantity of Communicative Behavior in Children from Birth to 30 Months
Authors: Holdgrafer Gary E.
Published: August 2011

68 normal children were observed during play interaction with their mothers. Children's communicative acts were coded according to form and function, based on seven levels of communicative competence. Seven age groups, corresponding to the developmental predominance of each, were formed from birth to 30 mo. Each included equal numbers of girls and boys. Total number of communicative acts were determined for each child. Girls produced significantly more communicative output than boys. Verbal children produced significantly more output than preverbal children. There were no significant differences between preverbal groups or between verbal groups. The results are discussed relative to other research.
Costume and the Perception of Identity and Role
Authors: Miller Kimberly A. , Jasper Cynthia R , Hill Donald R.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to examine college students' perceptions of themselves when wearing Halloween costumes. Students from two colleges were surveyed over a 5-yr. period (1978–1982). The sample included 805 women and 448 men, for a total of 1,253 respondents. Analysis indicates significant associations between the perceptions of one's role and identity at Halloween and dressing in costume. College women were less likely than men to disguise their identity. The women were also less likely than the men to believe they had new identities with their costumes or to believe they could play different roles at Halloween.
Concordance between Two Measures of Dream Bizarreness
Authors: Levin Ross , Livingston Glenn
Published: August 2011

To assess the level of concordance between two published measures of dream bizarreness, 100 randomly selected dreams from 93 college students were scored for primary process using the Auld, Goldenberg, and Weiss scale and for dream distortion using Zepelin's scale. This analysis yielded a strong relationship between these measures, indicating adequate concurrent validity for the content analysis of the construct of dream bizarreness.
Clothing Deprivation/Satisfaction: A Methodological Note
Authors: Francis Sally K , Browne Beverly A.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of the conceptualization of clothing deprivation and clothing satisfaction supported by data from 161 male skateboarders between the ages of 12 and 19 years indicated that the two constructs may be interchangeable.
History of International Psychology Revisited: Abstracting Nonenglish Periodical Literature in the Usa
Authors: Brožek Josef , Siegler Sharon L.
Published: August 2011

We were distressed by the decision, made by the American Psychological Association in 1987, not to carry abstracts of nonEnglish articles in Psychological Abstracts. To make, in our eyes, the matter still worse, the frequency of such abstracts in the APA electronic database (PsycLIT) began to decrease, as we reported in 1989, and reached a vanishing point in 1989. Thanks to Gary R. VandenBos we became aware of the reemergence of nonEnglish abstracts in the system. The present data are based on the CDs (PsycLIT on Silver Platter) available in April 1991.
Memory for Chronic Pain Intensity: Correlates of Accuracy
Authors: Linton Steven James
Published: August 2011

In this study the effects of psychosocial factors on chronic pain recall were investigated. 61 female back pain patients first rated their pain intensity on visual analogue scales during a baseline period. At follow-up 18 mo. later the participants were asked to recall their pain. In addition, they completed a battery of questionnaires including such factors as current depression, pain, helplessness, activities of daily living, and psychosocial work environment, to assess whether these factors affect memory. The results indicated that about 70% of the participants “overestimated” their remembered pain. No significant relationships between recall accuracy and current depression, pain, activities of daily living, or sleep quality were found. However, moderate and significant correlations were found for helplessness and four psychosocial work environment items. These results replicate other reports showing poor memory for intensity of pain and underscore the possible importance of psychosocial work environment factors in memory for intensity of chronic pain.
Reliability and Variation of Judgments Made on Selected Bipolar Adjective Scales
Authors: Burroughs Elizabeth I.
Published: August 2011

7 adults rated 20 preschool children on 40 bipolar adjective scales often used in the study of person perception. Interrater reliability coefficients are presented for these ratings. Also presented is the dispersion of ratings on each of the scales. This information may be useful for those developing studies in this area.
Effects of Goal Distance in Time on Relations between Achievement Motives and Energy Consumption by Aerobic Processes during 1500 M Running
Authors: Halvari Hallgeir
Published: August 2011

The study is based on responses among 128 male high school students who were tested for achievement motives, randomly assigned to three experimental conditions, i.e., goal and training conditions 1 mo. and 1 yr. from goal, and performed a task of 1500 m running on a treadmill. Based on Miller's and Gjesme's theoretical models and research, it was predicted that (i) success-oriented individuals should increase and (ii) failure-oriented individuals should decrease their heart rates and energy consumption (i.e., in percent of individual maximum of oxygen uptake) during 1500 m running as a distant goal approaches in time. (iii) As a consequence of the foregoing, success-oriented individuals should work with higher heart rates and energy consumption than failure-oriented individuals in the goal situation. The hypotheses were confirmed. In addition, from the situation where the goal was 1 month away to the goal situation, failure-oriented individuals had a steeper slope of negative goal gradient than the positive goal gradient of success-oriented individuals, i.e., the former group had a more rapid decrease in oxygen consumption than the increase shown by the latter group. Results are discussed in relation to Gjesme's (1981) theory of achievement motivation, Raynor and Entin's (1983) research and step-path theory of action, and Kohl's (1984) theory of action control.
Influence of Caffeine on Selected Manual Manipulation Skills
Authors: Jacobson Bert H. , Winter-Roberts Krista , Gemmell Hugh A.
Published: August 2011

To assess the effects of caffeine on selected manual manipulation skills 16 college-age (21 ± 1.7 yr.) caffeine-naive women (<90 mg/day), having avoided products containing caffeine for four days, reported for testing eight hours postprandial. Measurements included duration and frequency of error for hand steadiness, duration and frequency error for following a tracing pattern, and duration of completing a tweezer-pin placement dexterity test. Caffeine doses of either 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg body weight or a placebo (200 mg. methylcellulose) were administered randomly to all subjects on three separate occasions using a double-blind format. A 2 × 3 repeated-measures analysis of variance and a Newman-Keuls post hoc test yielded a significant difference in hand steadiness error time from pre- to posttest for 5 mg/kg but not for 2.5 mg/kg or the placebo trial. For frequency of hand steadiness error, significant changes occurred for both 5.0 and 2.5 mg/kg. A dose of 5.0 mg/kg group resulted in significant differences in both tracing error time and error frequency. As both doses of caffeine significantly increased dexterity time, it was concluded that caffeine has detrimental effects on selected performance skills of young caffeine-naive women.
Visual Training in Soccer
Authors: Cohn Theodore E. , Chaplik David D.
Published: August 2011

A recent study by MacLeod purports to provide evidence that Eyerobics training benefits eye-dependent motor skills including soccer-related skills. The evidence is weak for the former and does not warrant such a conclusion for the latter.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXI. Effects of Text-Justification on Time to Read and Detect Typographical Errors from Crt-Displayed Text
Authors: Jubis Rebecca M. T. , Lee Paul
Published: August 2011

Although justified text (straight right margin) is generally preferred over unjustified text (ragged right margin), and most word-processing packages offer some type of justification option, justified text may degrade readability. Ninety-six university students participated in a study that examined the effects of text-justification on reading-rime and error-detection time when text was presented on a CRT display. Four justification conditions were compared: (a) even-gap justification (small spaces inserted proportionally between words), (b) fixed-spacing justification (a varying number of whole spaces inserted between words resulting in noticeable gaps), (c) unjustified text, and (d) unjustified text with varying numbers of spaces separating words. Analyses showed that text-justification had no effect on reading-time. However, error-detection time was faster with even-gap justification than in all other conditions and was faster with fixed-spacing justification and unjustified text than with unjustified text with varying numbers of interword spaces. The results were discussed in terms of the “positional uncertainty hypothesis,” i.e., the greater the uncertainty about the position of the next word, the greater the time to scan the text for errors.
Self-Handicapping and Obesity: Is There a Sympathetic Audience Out There?
Authors: Schill Thomas , Beyler Jane , Wehr Joann , Swigert Lori , Tatter Terisha
Published: August 2011

After reading a case description of a 20-year-old woman, subjects attributed her personal shortcomings to her weight rather than to herself per se. In particular, people who scored higher on a measure of self-handicapping were even more likely to attribute shortcomings to a person's weight and excuse or overlook them. A person who attributes shortcomings to being overweight will very likely find a sympathetic audience. These results support the suggestion by Baumeister, Kahn, and Tice (1990) that obesity can be a self-handicapping strategy.
Level of Processing Affects Performance on Explicit and Implicit Memory Tasks
Authors: Jelicic Marko , Bonke Benno
Published: August 2011

We examined the effect of level of processing on explicit and implicit memory performance. 58 high school students were shown a word list and were given either semantic or nonsemantic instructions. Subsequently, they were administered a free-recall test to assess explicit memory retention and a word-completion test to assess implicit memory retention. Level of processing affected both explicit and implicit performance. Depth of processing had a larger effect on the expression of explicit memory than on implicit memory.
Possible Determinants of Spelling Performance at a Chalkboard
Authors: Pick David F. , Hoyle Patricia , Baker Elta
Published: August 2011

64 introductory psychology students (26 men, 38 women) between the ages of 17 and 21 years served as subjects in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Equal numbers of good and poor spellers were randomly assigned to four treatment conditions to assess social facilitation on chalkboard-spelling performance. One-half of the subjects spelled in front of an evaluative audience, the other half performed without an audience. Writing size was also manipulated to evaluate its effect. One-half of the subjects performed at a chalkboard using large characters (150 mm tall) while the remaining half served at overhead projectors using ordinary-sized characters (8 mm in height). The spelling performance of both good and poor spellers was adversely effected by the use of large print but was not affected by the presence or absence of an audience.
Rem Sleep Deprivation Does Not Increase the Sexual Behaviors of Male Rats
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Bautista Jose , Phillips Nathan
Published: August 2011

Using several measures of sexual activity, 24 male and 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a pretreatment test and 3 posttests (immediate and Recovery Days 4 and 7) following REM sleep deprivation in a water tank. With careful controls, sexual activity was not significantly affected by the sleep treatments. Data do not support motivational hypotheses.
Locus of Control and Field Dependence as Factors in Students' Evaluations of Applied Music Instruction
Authors: Schmidt Charles P. , Stephans Robert
Published: August 2011

This study examined students' evaluations of applied music teaching as a function of the students' attributes of locus of control and field dependence/independence. 70 undergraduate music majors listened to an audiotape of an applied piano lesson taught by one of two teachers, Subjects evaluated the teacher by means of (a) the Applied Teaching Rating Scale and (b) the Favorable and Unfavorable Scales of the Adjective Checklist. The former ratings and the ratio of favorable to unfavorable adjectives were examined by means of 3 × 3 factorial multivariate analysis of variance. A significant effect of locus of control was found for the adjective ratio, with externally oriented subjects rating teachers significantly less favorably than relatively internally oriented subjects. No significant main effect for field dependence was found. A significant interaction was noted for both the ratings and the adjective ratio, with 19% and 15% of the variance, respectively, explained.
Listeners' Reactions to Mild Misarticulation of /I/
Authors: Burroughs Elizabeth I. , Small Larry H.
Published: August 2011

Adult listeners heard a 98-word recording of a speaker producing either normal speech, speech containing a single instance of a w/l substitution, or speech containing 10 instances of a w/l substitution. They rated the speaker on 13 bipolar scales, representing three dimensions of judgment. Findings suggest that even a single misarticulation of /l/ was sufficient to generate a negative impression on the dimension of evaluation. Speech with only a single misarticulation was rated as no different from normal speech on dimensions of activity and potency.
Nonverbal Immediacy Differences among Japanese, Finnish, and American University Students
Authors: Klopf Donald W. , Thompson Catherine A. , Ishii Satoshi , Sallinen-Kuparinen Aino
Published: August 2011

The Self-assessment of Immediacy scale was administered to 165 Japanese, 229 Finnish, and 147 American university students. The Japanese scored significantly differently from the Finns and Americans, whose means were not significantly different from each other. Means for the women in the three groups were significantly different from the men's.
Effects of Massed versus Distributed Practice on Gross and Fine Motor Proficiency of Educable Mentally Handicapped Adolescents
Authors: Rider Robert A. , Abdulahad Dhari T.
Published: August 2011

Gross and fine motor proficiency were studied in a sample of 52 educable mentally handicapped students ( M = 15.8 yr.), half of whom were assigned to 15 30-sec. trials, a relatively massed practice schedule with 5 sec. between trials, and half to a distributed practice schedule with 30-sec. rests. 5 trials were given 24 hr. later. All subjects performed the stabilometer balance task to measure gross motor proficiency and a 45-rpm pursuit rotor task to measure fine motor proficiency. No significant differences with regard to the practice schedule used early in learning were found, however, boys scored significantly higher on the pursuit rotor than girls.
Correlation for Scores on Revised Test of Visual-Motor Integration and Copying Test in a South African Sample
Authors: Brand Handré J.
Published: August 2011

A statistically significant correlation of 0.618 was obtained between scores from 62 preschool children on the Revised Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration and the Copying Test. Merely 38% of Copying Test variance was associated with changes in Test of Visual-Motor Integration variance, so in practice these tests should not be substituted for one another.
Tympanic Thermometry: An Index of Hemispheric Activity
Authors: Swift Arlette B.
Published: August 2011

This article describes the use of tympanic thermometry in investigations of hemispheric specialization. Subjects were asked to perform tasks known to be performed preferentially by the right or left hemisphere while fluctuations in tympanic temperature (reflecting changes in hemispheric metabolic activity) were recorded from thermal sensors placed in their outer ear canals. The analyses show that subjects who evince relatively higher elevations in metabolic activity (as measured through tympanic thermometry) in the hemisphere specialized for the task obtain better performance scores than those who show a reversed bias.
Effects of Speed Vs Accuracy Instructions and Field Dependence on College Students' Digit-Symbol Matching Performance
Authors: Wong Jane L , Gilpin Andrew R.
Published: August 2011

Correct digit-symbol matches of 68 women were significantly higher than those of 26 men. Speed instructions led to higher scores than those for accuracy or a neutral approach. Field dependence (Group Embedded Figures Test scores) interacted with instructions and field independent subjects scored higher when instructed to be accurate.
Use of the Modified Wais—R with Psychiatric Inpatients: A Caution
Authors: Boone Daniel
Published: August 2011

Use of the Modified WAIS—R described by Cella in 1984 with psychiatric inpatients was criticized on several grounds. First, the modification did not accurately identify areas of relative cognitive strength and weakness. An accuracy rate of 49% was considered unacceptable for interpretation of individual profiles, the task the WAIS—RM was originally designed to perform. Second, use of the WAIS—RM does not significantly reduce total administration time. For the majority of 70 psychiatric inpatients, at least 80% of the WAIS—R items would be administered, resulting in saving just fifteen minutes. Finally, an inpatient's confidence and motivation to perform well could be compromised by skipping earlier, easier items. Administration of the full WAIS—R battery is recommended if a discussion of relative strengths and weaknesses is desired.
Knowing That You Know: An Essay on Mechanistic Metaknowledge
Authors: Hochhaus Larry , Gordon Jolene Scully
Published: August 2011

Humans are adept at providing accurate statements of confidence in their perceptual identification and recall memory responses. In spite of this, mechanical pattern-recognition systems and other artificial intelligence devices seldom express response certainty. The purpose of this paper is to show how useful confidence ratings can be in integrating the results of a variety of pattern-recognition systems to produce a single, optimal decision concerning the target to be recognized. We outline several ways neural network pattern-recognition systems could be modified to issue confidence ratings with each classification response. In sketching a mechanical system of confidence ratings we find we have also provided a preliminary framework for understanding human confidence judgments and human metacognition.
Effects of Experimental Context, Demand Characteristics, and Situational Cues: New Data
Authors: Barabasz Marianne , Barabasz Arreed , O'Neill Mary
Published: August 2011

When in 1964 stress induced by Restricted Environmental Stimulation (REST) was publicized, Orne and Scheibe showed “sensory deprivation” effects could be produced merely by manipulating contextual cues. Since REST is now widely regarded as beneficial, it seemed appropriate to reexamine these early findings. Stringently replicating Orne and Scheibe's procedures, 10 subjects were exposed to conditions designed to generate expected REST effects. Conditions for 10 controls suggested that nothing was expected to happen. Analyses did not confirm earlier findings as no significant difference was found between experimental and control groups on any measure. A postexperimental inquiry identified positive attitudes toward REST. The specific experimental context, demand characteristics, and situational cues did not elicit responses inconsistent with the general sociopsychological context. Researchers are cautioned about attributing causality to contextual cues because context exists merely at a correlative level with data collection.
Environmental Print as Strategy for Developmental Literacy of Young Atypical Children
Authors: Letchman Helen , Finn David M. , Aldridge Jerry
Published: August 2011

12 children with handicapping problems were taught various strategies during a two-year period. These programs, designed to enrich their appreciation and awareness of the sounds of letters and how they are used, increased the children's attention span, parental participation with children and teacher, and promoted active involvement in reading.
Note on Education and Self-Worth among Angloamerican, Black American, and Mexican-American Men in San Antonio
Authors: Rowe Alan
Published: August 2011

Data from a secondary analysis of a larger study of machismo and alcohol drinking of 481 male regular drinkers in San Antonio support the hypothesis that higher education leads to high perception of self-worth among AngloAmericans, black Americans, and Mexican-Americans.
Three-Dimensional Trajectory Analysis of Congenital Mirror Movements in a Single Subject
Authors: Poizner Howard , Kritchevsky Mark
Published: August 2011

Mirror movements are involuntary movements executed by one side of the body that occur with voluntary activation of homologous muscles of the other side. Although such movements have been described qualitatively and with surface EMG recordings, the spatial and temporal characteristics of these movements remain relatively unexplored. We studied selected simple and complex upper limb movements in a 20-yr.-old woman with congenital mirror movements and no other neurological disorder. Movements were digitized in three-dimensional space, reconstructed computergraphically, and analyzed numerically and graphically. Mirror movements had smaller amplitudes than did the corresponding voluntary movements, and there was, in general, temporal coupling between mirror and voluntary movements. Nonetheless, mirror movements were not always a perfect mirror image of the corresponding voluntary movements and sometimes differed in timing and trajectory shape from the original movement. Substantially larger mirror movements were elicited by distal than by proximal movements, and mirror movements were enhanced when loads were applied to the hand executing the voluntary movement. These data support the proposal that congenital mirror movements are produced by a partial failure of decussation of the pyramidal tract. We suggest that the variability in the extent to which mirror movements correspond to the voluntary movements is due to propriospinal and descending extrapyramidal input.
Sexual Aggression: Perceptions of its Likelihood of Occurring and Some Correlates of Self-Admitted Perpetration
Authors: Cornett Mary Beth , Shuntich Richard
Published: August 2011

175 college undergraduate students completed a questionnaire which contained dating scenarios and questions designed to assess the participants' perceptions about the likelihood that sexual aggression would occur in the described dating situations and how justified sexual aggression would be in those situations. Also included were items to assess self-admitted sexual aggression, self-reported sexual victimization, attitudes toward certain affectionate behaviors, and enjoyment of several magazines including the “soft-core” sexually oriented publication Playboy. Analysis indicated that women made significantly higher estimates of the chances of sexual aggression occurring in the described dating situations. Relative to nonvictimized women, victimized women gave significantly higher estimates of the likelihood of sexual aggression and believed that sexual aggression was significantly more justified. Men rated sexual aggression as significantly more justified in a relationship m which the male had been paying all dating expenses relative to one in which dating expenses were shared. Women's ratings were not significantly different. Also, correlates of self-admitted male sexual aggression included greater rated enjoyment of Playboy magazine and less agreement with an item designed to measure attitudes toward physical affection.
Size of Youth Cohort and Suicide Rate in Japan
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In Japan from 1961 to 1979, the suicide rates of youths were not related to their proportion in the population, unlike results from the USA.
Self-Concepts of Elite Female Collegiate Athletes: Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Finkenberg Mel E. , Mitchell Carolyn B. , Weems Suzy
Published: August 2011

As part of a comprehensive analysis of elite female collegiate athletes, 44 student-athletes (basketball, Softball, track and field, and volleyball) from a medium-sized state university in the southwestern United States were administered the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. Comparisons of scores on 8 dimensions and the Total Positive score yielded no between-group (team) differences. Results were the same when scores were compared to normative data. Preliminary results suggest that self-concept scores are not appropriate for differentiating between elite female collegiate athletes and other groups.
Olfactory Function in Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Kesslak J. Patrick , Profitt Beatrice F. , Criswell Phillip
Published: August 2011

8 patients participating in an outpatient program for chronic alcohol abuse and 8 age-matched controls were tested for olfactory function. There was a significant difference between the two groups on a match-to-sample test using uncommon odors but not on a smell identification test using common odors. Ability to detect and identify common odors does not appear to be impaired by chronic alcohol abuse. Deficits on the odor-matching task may be related to difficulty in encoding olfactory information rather than a primary olfactory deficit.
Effects of Gender and Competitive Coaction on Motor Performance
Authors: White Sally A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the relations between competitive, cooperative, and noncompetitive coaction on the pursuit rotor performance of 108 male and female university students. Analysis indicated that men compared with women had the higher performance scores, regardless of the induced situation. In particular, the competitive men's performance indicated the greatest facilitation in a coaction situation.
Illusion of Rotary Motion Reversal in a Sphere is Facilitated by Increased Rotational Speed
Authors: Branum Allen R. , Thornton Kendell C.
Published: August 2011

A rotating sphere with an artistically painted surface may appear to reverse its direction of rotation and at the same time reverse its curvature from convex to concave (the Termes Illusion). This study tested the effects of 4 rotational speeds (stationary, 1 rpm, 2.5 rpm, and 3.75 rpm) in producing this illusion. Analysis indicated that the number and duration of reversals increased with speed of rotation and successive viewing sessions. Latency of reversal decreased with successive sessions. Explanations in terms of satiation theory, learning theory, instructions, and perceptual bias were discussed.
Effects of Mood Induction on the Recognition Memory of Word Types
Authors: Morel Jane B.
Published: August 2011

Substantially induced sad or happy mood was created through the use of the Velten Depressed or Elated self-reference statements. Emotionally pleasant words were then presented on the computer screen. 24 hours later, either the same or opposite mood was induced prior to the presentation of exact match, mood match, and mood opposite words. Reaction times were faster, and the proportion of correct responses was greater for the exactly matched words. Experimentally induced mood bore some relationship to the speed but not to the accuracy of recognition. The serious decrement of 40% was noted for accuracy for words with ratings of emotion similar to those of the training words. This decrement was based on false identification of the previously encoded words. This suggests that, although semantic memory is cognitively inaccurate, it is affectively accurate
Effect of Educational Kinesiology upon Simple Response Times and Choice Response Times
Authors: Sifft Josie M. , Khalsa G. C. K.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Educational Kinesiology® integration movements or repatterning in conjunction with the integration movements affect the response times of college students to a visual stimulus. Ten men and ten women were randomly assigned to each of the three conditions: control, Edu-K movement, or repatterned Edu-K movements. Each subject was pretested on simple and choice response-time tasks. Following the pretest, subjects in the control group sat quietly for 10 minutes. The movement group utilized seven Brain Gym® activities. Subjects in the repatterned group experienced Dennison's Laterality Repatterning prior to doing the same Brain Gym activities. All subjects were then retested to assess changes in performance using 30 trials of each task. Statistical analyses indicated significant differences in improvement between the groups on the 4-choice task, with the repatterned group showing greater change than the Edu-K movement-only group, who in turn showed greater improvement than the control group. The groups improved by 6%, 31/2%, and 1%, respectively. No group differences were significant on the simple task, although a similar trend was indicated. Men responded faster than women on both tasks; however, the amount of improvement was similar for both.
Do the Hemispheres Interact during Object Naming? Evidence from Tachistoscopic Viewing and Time-Sharing Paradigms
Authors: Rastatter Michael P. , McGuire Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Here we report an experiment in which 16 right-handed young adults named a series of unilaterally presented pictures during concurrent unimanual finger tapping with the right and left hands at separate times. A multivariate analysis of variance showed no significant differences in picture-naming reaction time between left versus right visual-field stimulations. Also the test for finger tapping was nonsignificant, with the magnitude of disruption being symmetrical for the right and left hands as a function of visual fields. It was proposed that the two cerebral hemispheres interact with each other at later processing stages when performing tasks requiring both left and right hemispheric processing resources.
Relation of Physical Education to Self-Concept
Authors: Petrakis Elizabeth , Bahls Viola
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relation of an elementary school program in physical education to the self-concepts of children in Grades 1 to 4. Two parochial schools were selected, one with a physical education program ( n = 126 children) and one without such a program ( n = 86 children). The Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale was administered during the first two weeks of September and again during the last two weeks of April. A 2 (pre-posttest) × 2 (group) × 4 (grade) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the first factor was used to analyze each measure, with post hoc tests to follow up. The self-concept results indicated that physical education did not enhance the self-concepts of children, except for those children in the second grade.
Eye Color and Feeding Behavior of Animals
Authors: Worthy Morgan
Published: August 2011

A theory is presented of a systematic relationship between iris pigmentation and feeding behavior of land vertebrates.
An Analysis of “Swing” Subdivision and Asynchronization in Three Jazz Saxophonists
Authors: Ellis Mark C.
Published: August 2011

This study describes asynchronization and long-short beat division in “swing” performances by three experienced jazz players. Asynchronization consisted largely of delaying attacks; the amount of delay generally increased as tempos increased. Long-short patterns were divided more evenly as tempos increased. Significant differences were found for players, tempos, and the interaction between these variables on both measures.
Dramatic Favorable Responses of Children with Learning Disabilities or Dyslexia and Attention Deficit Disorder to Antimotion Sickness Medications: Four Case Reports
Authors: Levinson Harold N.
Published: August 2011

Responses of four learning disabled children who showed dramatic improvements to one or more antimotion-sickness-antihistamines and -stimulants are described qualitatively. These cases were selected from a prior quantitative study in which three antihistamines (meclizine, cyclizine, dimenhydrinate) and three stimulants (pemoline, methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine) were tested in variable combinations (using a specific clinical method) for favorable responses by 100 children characterized by diagnostic evidence of learning disabilities and cerebellar-vestibular dysfunctioning. Pending validation in double-blind controlled studies, these qualitative results suggest that the “cerebellar-vestibular (CV) stabilizing” antimotion-sickness medications, Piracetam included, and their combinations may be shown to be therapeutically useful in treating children with learning disabilities or dyslexia and attention deficit disorder.
Gender Differences in Perceived Intensity and Affect of Pain between Athletes and Nonathletes
Authors: Hall Evelyn G. , Davies Simon
Published: August 2011

The present investigation was conducted to test empirically possible gender differences between athletes and nonathletes on measures of perceived intensity and affect of pain. Athletes were 7 male and 7 female NCAA Division I track athletes. The nonathletes, 7 men and 7 women, were randomly selected from undergraduate classes in physical activities. Responses on visual analogue scales for perceived pain intensity and pain affect were recorded for a cold-water pressor test. Significant group differences examined by Bonferroni contrasts indicated differences between non-athletic women and the other 3 groups on intensity of pain and for male and female athletes on pain affect, as well as for male athletes and nonathletes on pain affect. Univariate analyses of variance indicated significant differences on intensity and affect associated with pain. Research must explore whether differences are related to socialization or personality.
Visual Memory Development in Preschool Children
Authors: Aliotti Nicholas C. , Rajabiun David Ali
Published: August 2011

113 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-yr.-old preschool children were administered the Bannatyne Visuospatial Memory test to obtain cross-sectional data on a downward extension of the test instrument. Means, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients for the sample as well as estimates of validity and reliability are reported. Analysis of variance for the number of correct matches indicated significant differences for age but not for sex. Results were consistent with previous findings and support the efficacy of this test in assessing motor-free visuospatial memory of preschool children as young as three.
Stability of Emotionality Scores
Authors: Campos Alfredo , Sueiro Encarnación
Published: August 2011

We hypothesized the stability of scores on emotionality given by 111 young adults, whose mean age was 16.6 yr., 132 adults, whose mean age was 29.9 yr., and 48 older adults, whose mean age was 53.3 yr. Significant correlations were obtained between scores given to 210 words across age and sex groups. Pearson correlations were calculated over words and not over subjects. The correlations between scores of young people and adults were .90, between young and older people .80, and between adults and older people .87. Men's and women's scores correlated .89.
Grip Strength as a Function of Repetitive Trials
Authors: Montazer M. Ali , Thomas John G.
Published: August 2011

An experiment on repetitive hand-gripping tasks was conducted to determine the functional relationship between the maximum grip strength and number of trials. Nine male subjects performed 30 gripping trials at their maximum strengths with 15-sec. rests between trials. Performance dropped significantly after two trials. Over-all, there was a 30% drop in maximum grip strength after 30 trials. The decrease in strength over trials is described by a logarithmic function.
Correlates of Active Sport Involvement for Urban Costa Rican Children
Authors: Pizarro Ana L. , Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2011

The relationships between active sport involvement and 16 variables were determined for 215 boys and 232 girls, ages 9 to 12 years, from five schools in urban Costa Rica. Data were collected by administration of a Spanish version of the Sport Interest Inventory of Greendorfer and Lewko. Significant coefficients ranged from .27 to .53. For boys, opportunity set, male friends, values toward sport, and mother, respectively, related highest to active involvement in sport. The variables relating highest were the same for girls bur the order was different.
Open-Field Parameters and Maze Learning in Aggressive and Nonaggressive Male Mice
Authors: Selander Ritva-Kajsa , Kvist S. Béatrice M
Published: August 2011

Significant differences were observed in thigmotaxis, ambulation, and latency to move (time to start ambulating) between highly aggressive (TA) and low aggressive (TNA) male mice. The former displayed more thigmotaxis, ambulated more, and had a shorter latency to move than the TNA animals. Also they voided a greater number of urinary spots and defecated less than TNA. Further they were superior to the TNA mice in maze-learning capacity. The tendency to enter inner partitions of the field as well as total ambulation increased after learning by TA mice. The training toward nonaggressiveness of TA mice suppressed aggressive responses, thigmotaxis, and the number of urinary spots but enhanced defecation All measures returned to their initial levels after one month of rest. The attacking behaviour of TA animals increased both thigmotaxis and ambulation.
Smooth Periodic Eye Movements Can Entrain Perceptual Alternation
Authors: Scotto M.
Published: August 2011

The reversal signals and eye movements of three subjects looking at a Necker cube that moved sinusoidally in the subject's field of view were recorded. The aim of the experiment was to provide evidence of possible synchronisation of perceptual alternation with smooth periodic eye movements. The occurrence of synchronisation was demonstrated for a proper choice of the eye oscillation period by both a sharp reduction in the fluctuations of the reversal time and a change in the mean value of this parameter. Such variations resulted in a close match of the mean reversal time to a multiple of the eye oscillation period. Further, inversions of the direction of eye movements elicited pattern reversals in a systematic way, characteristic for each subject. The described phenomenon, which is a typical example of nonlinear-resonant behaviour, stresses a new important aspect of the complex interaction pattern relating pursuit eye movements to visual perception.
Characteristics of Handwriting of Subjects with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Wellingham-Jones Patricia
Published: August 2011

Multiple sclerosis is a widespread neurological disorder with a variety of symptoms, some of which are noticeable in handwriting. The handwritings of two groups of 23 subjects each (people with multiple sclerosis and a comparison group), matched for age and gender, were compared, using the Roman-Staempfli Psychogram, a graphological charting system with seven additional categories. Of 50 indicators examined, statistical analysis showed means of 37 to be significantly different. The one-way analyses of variance showed that 26 of the 32 indicators originally expected to be significantly different between the groups were. 14 of the 17 predictions of higher MS scores were significantly confirmed as were 11 of the 15 predictions of lower MS scores. These results suggest that neurological damage is reflected in handwriting and can be measured graphologically for physical or psychological characteristics. Possible reasons for variance from the hypotheses were discussed.