bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The developing human biliary system at the porta hepatis level between 11 and 25 weeks of gestation: A way to understanding biliary atresia. Part 2
Authors: Tan Carolyn E. L. , Moscoso Gonzalo J.
Published: December 2008

In biliary atresia, inflammation and destruction of extra‐hepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts with eventual fibrous obliteration occurs, causing neonatal obstructive jaundice. The onset of the disorder may start antenatally and progress after birth, and the porta hepatis is a constant site of involvement. To date, little is known about the intrauterine development of the bile ducts at the porta hepatis. The present work gives an account of the developmental pattern of bile ducts at the level of the porta hepatis in the normal human fetus from the 11th to the 25th weeks of gestation. It has been observed that the proximal portion of the hilar bile ducts derives from the intrahepatic biliary ductal plate. This occurs following a predictable remodeling sequence by which, from many ductal plate‐derived ductules, those destined to become definitive bile ducts are enveloped in a concentric cuff of mesenchyma. Those which are not are deleted. The distal portions of the right and left main hepatic ducts develop from the extrahepatic bile duct. There was no gestational period in which the extrahepatic bile duct and the intrahepatic blliary system were separated. Furthermore, the developing intrahepatic bile ducts maintain lumina continuity with the common bile duct from the start of organogenesis. Biliary atresia may result from: (i) failure to establish a definitive type of bile duct; (ii) leakage of bile from primitive bile ducts resulting in an interstitial inflammatory reaction in the adjacent mesenchyma; and (iii) continuous proliferation of primitive bile ducts at the level of the porta hepatis beyond the 25th week of gestation, as a failed compensatory mechanism.
A morphologic analysis of‘naked’islets of Langerhans in lobular atrophy of the pancreas
Authors: Suda Koichi , Tsukahara Munetoshi , Miyake Tomoo , Hirai Shu
Published: December 2008

The ‘naked’ islets of Langerhans (NIL) in randomly selected autopsy cases and In cases of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and pancreatic carcinoma were studied histopathologically. The NIL were found in 55 of 164 randomly selected cases, with age‐related frequency, in 21 of 30 cases of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, in 2 of 2 cases of cystic fibrosis, and in 25 of 32 cases of pancreatic carcinoma. The NIL were frequently accompanied by ductal alterations: epithelial metaplasia and hyperplasia in randomly selected cases, protein plugs in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, mucus plugs in cystic fibrosis, and obliterated ducts in pancreatic carcinoma. The NIL in randomly selected cases may have been formed by ductal alterations that caused stenosis of the lumen, those in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis were the result of protein or mucus plugging, and those in pancreatic carcinoma were a result of neoplastic involvement of the distal pancreatic duct. Therefore, the common factor in the development of NIL is thought to be obstruction of the pancreatic duct system, and in cases of NIL that have a multilobular distribution and interinsular fibrosis, a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis can usually be made.
Immunoelectron microscopic localization of carcinoembryonic antigen in gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines
Authors: Ohiwa Kanji , Harada Takayuki , Morikawa Shigeru , Nakamura Teruhisa
Published: December 2008

The distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines (HPE‐GAC‐3 cells and HPE‐GAC‐2 cells) was determined immunohistochemically by indirect peroxidase‐labeled antibody method at the light and electron microscopic levels. In GAC‐3 cells that proliferated as non‐adherent single cells, CEA was located in the perinuclear spaces, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, multivesicular body (MVB) and entire plasma membrane. Membrane CEA was shown to be internalized into MVB in GAC‐3 cells. In GAC‐2 cells that form an acinus, CEA was predominantly present along the microvilli of the lumina) surface and in glycocalyceal bodies, the vesicles which bud from the microvilli into the lumen. These results suggest that in poorly differentiated cancer cells CEA is transported over the entire cell surface, retained on the membrane and accumulated Into the cell by way of the MVB, but in well differentiated cancer cells the newly synthesized CEA is rapidly and predominantly transported to the luminal surface and rapidly released from the membrane into the lumen by way of the glycocalyceal body.
Primary plasmacytoma of the thyroid: A case report and comparative literature study between Western nations and Japan
Authors: Ohshima Masato , Momiyama Takuya , Souda Shigeo , Kuratani Tohru , Toda Koichi , Hiasa Yoshio
Published: December 2008

A 52 year old man presented with primary thyroid plasmacytoma. The patient was initially followed up for thyroid dysfunction. The histological examination of the removed thyroid revealed a proliferation of mature and immature plasma cells indicative of plasmacytoma with Hashimoto's disease. After radiotherapy (40 Gy) to the neck following right hemi‐thyroidectomy, the patient is currently alive and well 3 years after diagnosis without any evidence of tumor. The immunohistological examination of the removed thyroid showed monoclonality for immunoglobulin G‐Kapa light chains. Sixty‐six literature cases of primary thyroid plasmacytoma were reviewed and comparison of the clinical and histological characteristics between Japanese and Western cases noted. The incidence of the patients with antithyroid antibody was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in Western patients (42.9%) than in Japanese patients (87.5%). The higher incidence of thyroid dysfunction and Hashimoto's disease in Japan in comparison with Western nations was well reflected in the incidence of antithyroid antibody.
Localization of metallothionein in aged human brain
Authors: Suzuki Keiji , Nakajima Katsuyuki , Otaki Noriko , Kimura Masami , Kawaharada Umeko , Uehara Katsuyoshi , Hara Fumiko , Nakazato Yoichi , Takatama Masamitu
Published: December 2008

The localization of metallothionein (MT), a small molecular weight heavy metal binding protein in aged human brain, was investigated by immunohistochemical techniques. The amount of MT and heavy metals (Zn, Cu) were also assayed by radioimmunoassay and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. Immunohistochemically, MT was found in the pia mater, ependymal cells, protoplasmic astrocytes nand glial processes neuropil of the gray matter and fibrous astrocytes of the white matter of the telencephalon, whereas oligodendroglia and microglia did not show any positive immunostaining for MT. Cytoplasm, glial processes and some nuclei of protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes showed strong MT immunostaining. Vascular feet and adventitia were also positive for MT immunostaining. Moreover, the pia mater, astrocytes and ependyma in the diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata and spinal cord showed the same positive immunostaining for MT as the telencephalon. In the cerebellum, Bergmann's glia, protoplasmic astrocytes of the granular layer and fibrous astrocytes of the white matter showed strongly positive immunostaining for MT.

According to the radioimmunoassay, the amount of MT in the brain was relatively high at about 39.3 ± 9.5 μg/g wet weight; of the heavy metals in the brain, zinc and copper were detected.
Improved detection of loss of heterozygosity at retinoblastoma gene locus in human breast carcinoma
Authors: Tamura Gen , Maesawa Chihaya , Suzuki Yasushi , Kashiwaba Masahiro , Ishida Motoo , Saito Kazuyoshi , Satodate Ryoichi
Published: December 2008

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene locus was investigated in 33 breast carcinomas by polymerase chain reaction single‐strand conformation polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) analysis after tumor cell enrichment by cell sorting. The efficacy of cell sorting was evaluated by comparing the results of PCR‐SSCP with and without cell sorting. Ten of 17 (59%) informative cases showed LOH at this locus by cell sorting combined with PCR‐SSCP, although LOH was detectable in six (35%) cases without cell sorting. Flow cytometry and histologic examination revealed that this underestimation may occur when the tumor cell population is less than 50% in the specimens analyzed. It is concluded that LOH of the Rb gene occurs more frequently in human breast carcinoma than previously thought, and thus may contribute significantly to the development and/or progression of this tumor.
Aberrant expression of the monocyte/macrophage phenotype in a human T cell line immortalized by HTLV‐I and an adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma cell line
Authors: Jeon Ho Jong , Akagi Tadaatsu , Yoshino Tadashi , Takahashi Kiyoshi , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Kondo Eisaku , Sarker Ashit Baran , Teramoto Norihiro , Fujiwara Kotaro , Ohara Nobuya , Miyamoto Kanji
Published: December 2008

An HTLV‐I‐immortalized human T cell line (JP‐2), aN‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine‐treated JP‐2 line (JP‐2T), and an adult T cell leukemia cell line (ATL‐1T) were examined morphologically and phenotypically. All of these cell lines expressed some T cell markers, including CD4, and showed rearrangement of T cell receptor (TCR) genes, but they lacked CD3 and TCR antigens and expressed some myelomonocytic markers (CD68, HL‐21, CD15, CD16). JP‐2 cells grew in suspension, but JP‐2T and ATL‐1T cells, which mostly adhered to the surface of culture vessels, showed macrophage‐like morphological features and expressed more monocyte/macrophage markers (lysozyme, α1‐antitrypsin) and fibronectin. ATL‐1T cells transplanted into SCID mice lost the macrophage features. These results suggest that HTLV‐I infected T cells can express some macrophage features and that these cells may provide a model that will be useful in elucidating the phenotypic variability of T cell lymphomas.
Inflammatory pseudotumor of the urinary bladder with an aberrant expression of cytokeratin
Authors: Koirala Tirtha Raj , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Ohara Nobuya , Sarker Ashit Baran , Yoshino Tadashi , Takahashi Kiyoshi , Akagi Tadaatsu , Nasu Yoshitsugu , Murakami Takanori
Published: December 2008

A case of inflammatory pseudotumor of the urinary bladder in a 47 year old Japanese male patient is presented. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the urinary bladder is a benign but rare proliferative lesion of the submucosal stroma, easily mistaken for a malignant neoplasm. Based on the clinical diagnosis of bladder cancer by cystoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), urologists started chemotherapy before results of the histological report were available which described inflammatory pseudotumor on the biopsy. Biopsied materials showed marked proliferation of irregularly bundled spindle ceils, varied in size and shape and separated in severe loose myxoid stroma with moderate infiltration of the inflammatory cells and capillary proliferations. At a glance, these findings resemble the sarcomatous pattern. However neither severe nuclear atypism nor atypical mitoses were present. Immunohistochemically, these spindle cells, which were positive for vimentin and α‐smooth muscle actin, showed a diffuse aberrant expression of cytokeratin. Some of them were positive for phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin. Electron microscopy revealed only the fibroblasts. No recurrence has been observed for 10 months. These findings indicate that inflammatory pseudotumor is a benign mesenchymal lesion that must be discriminated from true sarcoma to avoid subjecting the patient to unnecessary therapy. Only careful histological examination can enable a successful diagnosis.
Mixed tumor of the external auditory canal
Authors: Tang Xiaoyan , Tamura Yoshiyuki , Tsutsumi Yutaka
Published: December 2008

A mixed tumor with apocrine differentiation seen in the r external auditory canal of a 39 year old male is reported. The i well demarcated polypoid tumor showed proliferation of elongated gland‐like or duct‐like structures lined by two rows of epithelial cells, occasionally accompanied by foci of kera‐tinization. There were fat cells in the myxoid stroma, in which no chondroid elements were seen. This neoplasm is considered to have arisen from the ceruminous gland, the modified apocrine gland of the skin.
Neuropathology of cerebral ischemia and hypoxia: Recent advances in experimental studies on its pathogenesis
Authors: Kuroiwa Toshihiko , Okeda Riki
Published: December 2008

Cerebral hypoxia and ischemia are two of the most common disorders of the central nervous system. The pathomechan‐ism has been a focus of interest in neuroscience for many years not only because of the clinical significance but also because of the peculiar distribution of the lesion (selective vulnerability) depending on the type of injury. This article reviews recent advances in the study of hypoxia‐induced tissue injury of the central nervous system.
Immunohistochemical characterization of extracellular matrix components of granulosa cell tumor of ovary
Authors: Meng Nili , Nakashima Nobuo , Nagasaka Tetsuro , Fukatsu Toshiaki , Nara Yoshiharu , Yoshida Keiichi , Kawaguchi Takashi , Takeuchi Jun
Published: December 2008

In order to clarify the characteristics of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary, extracellular matrix components were investigated by immunohistochemical techniques. Twenty‐three granulosa cell tumors (GCT; eight juvenile and 15 adult type) were studied in comparison with non‐neoplastic granulosa cells of human ovaries. In all 23 cases of GCT, chondroitin 6‐sulfate proteoglycan revealed with antibody 3B3 was characteristically observed in the extracellular matrix in the solid nest, as well as in microfollicles. In the juvenile cases, the extracellular matrix also contained large proteoglycan (PG) revealed with antibody 2B1. Macrofollicles as well as micro‐follicles contained PG chondroitin 6‐sulfate side chains with a significant amount of chondroitin 4‐sulfate. By biochemical analysis using high pressure liquid chromatography, it was also found that disaccharide composition of glycosaminog‐lycan fractions extracted from granulosa cell tumor tissues consisted mainly of 2‐acetamide‐2‐deoxyl‐3‐0‐(β‐D‐gluco‐4‐enepyranosyluronic acid)‐6‐O‐sulfo‐D‐galactose (δ Di‐6S). The characteristic feature of granulosa cell tumors is the accumulation of chondroitin sulfate PG, especially chondroitin 6‐sulfate PG, which may be synthesized by the tumor cells themselves. Immunohistochemical characterization of the extracellular matrix components (collagen, laminin, heparan sulfate PG, chondroitin 4‐sulfate PG) was also studied in relation to chondroitin 6‐sulfate PG localization.
Nucleolar organizer regions and PCNA expression in prostatic cancers
Authors: Kawase Norio , Shiokawa Akira , Ota Hidekazu , Saitoh Toyohiko , Yoshida Hideki , Kazama Kazuo
Published: December 2008

Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) of 79 prostatic adenocarcinomas, and an immunohistochemical stain using a monoclonal antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) of 54 prostatic adenocarcinomas, obtained by needle biopsy and transurethral resection of the prostate between 1986 and 1989, were investigated. A morphological classification was devised to count silver dots based on the relations between intra‐ and extra‐nucleolar AgNOR (type A, B, C and D). Total AgNOR counts were significantly higher in carcinoma (4.2 ± 1.57) than in the benign prostatic lesions (1.90 ± 0.24). Count differences of AgNOR were evident in histological differentiation, nuclear anaplasia, and presence of nucleoli, mitosis, lymphatic invasion and vascular invasion. Higher total AgNOR counts were almost always associated with type B and C AgNOR (intra‐nucleolar AgNOR), but were not associated with type A (nucleolus without small dot) nor type D (extra‐nucleolar AgNOR). This study shows the diagnostic value of AgNOR in prostatic cancer, and the importance of morphological classification of AgNOR. The survival of patients with higher AgNOR counts (≧4.3) was significantly poorer than survival of those with lower AgNOR counts (< 4.3). Significantly more PCNA positive cells were identified in cancer by immunohistochemical stain and correlated with the presence of mitosis, but there was no significant difference in survival rate groups classified by PCNA positivity. It is also suggested that PCNA can be a useful marker of cell proliferation in prostatic lesions, but the AgNOR counts were diagnostically and prognosticate more valuable than immunohistochemical PCNA in prostatic lesions. The correlation between AgNOR and PCNA Immunoreactivity was not significant.
Correlation between angiographic features and pathologic changes in breast carcinoma
Authors: Ishige Hideo , Takazawa Hiroshi , Shiramatsu Kazuyasu , Sasaki Norihide , Nakajima Nobuyuki , Kondo Yoichiro
Published: December 2008

The correlation between angiographic tumor blushing and underlying pathologic factors was studied. Twenty female patients with breast cancer were divided into three groups according to the degree of tumor blushing. Primary tumors were divided into three areas: marginal, central and intermediate areas. In each area, the number of biood vessels per 104μ2as randomly counted in 10 fields and a mean value of vessels was compared among the three groups. It was found that the following pathologic findings were significantly related to strong angiographic staining: (i) well‐circumscribed border; (ii) large tumor nest; (iii) severe inflammatory ceil infiltration; (iv) mild stromal fibrosis; and (v) absence of lymph node metastasis. The mean value of blood vessels in the strongly positive group was significantly increased in the overall and the intermediate areas. The density of the vessels in the intermediate area was thus thought to be responsible for the tumor blushing.
Crystalloid granuloma of the parotid gland: A case report
Authors: Horie Yasushi , Ikawa Shiro , Ishizu Yoshihiko
Published: December 2008

A case of an uncommon granulomatous lesion of the parotid gland is presented. A tumorous lesion was pointed out in the upper left neck region of a 63 year old Japanese female and then extirpated. Histologically, the tumor arose in the parotid gland and showed a chronic granulomatous lesion with lymphocytes and histiocytic cells, including the multinucleated foreign body type. In addition, numerous so‐called crystalloids were deposited throughout the lesion. The crystalloids were partially positive on von Kossa's stain and non‐birefringent under polarized light. To the authors’knowledge, this is the second reported case of crystalloid granuloma of the parotid gland since the first one was described by Takeda in 1991.
Discarding antimicrobial prophylaxis for transurethral resection of bladder tumor: A feasibility study
Authors: Yokoyama Minato , Fujii Yasuhisa , Yoshida Soichiro , Saito Kazutaka , Koga Fumitaka , Masuda Hitoshi , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Kawakami Satoru , Kihara Kazunori
Published: December 2008

Objectives:  To evaluate the feasibility of discarding antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP) for transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT).

Methods:  One‐hundred and sixty‐two patients undergoing TURBT, with no risk factors for infectious complications were included in this prospective study between April 2006 and April 2008. Forty‐four patients received single oral dose of 200 mg levofloxacin for AMP (LVFX group), and the remaining 118 received no AMP (no AMP group). Rates of postoperative infectious complications were compared between the two groups.

Results:  There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of baseline characteristics, including age, sex, history of TURBT, number of tumors, duration of operation and days of catheterization. Symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs) occurred in four patients (3.4%) in the no AMP group and one patient (2.3%) in the LVFX group (P = 0.61). All patients having UTIs were men, and were successfully treated by immediate administration of antibiotics. No patients developed extra‐urinary tract infections.

Conclusions:  Based on our findings, AMP for TURBT in patients with no risk factors for infectious complications is not necessary. The use of antibiotics might be deferred until postoperative infections develop.
Description of fatigue damage in carbon black filled natural rubber
Authors: LE CAM J.‐B. , HUNEAU B. , VERRON E.
Published: December 2008

The present paper describes macroscopic fatigue damage in carbon black‐filled natural rubber (CB‐NR) under uniaxial loading conditions. Uniaxial tension‐compression, fully relaxing uniaxial tension and non‐relaxing uniaxial tension loading conditions were applied until sample failure. Results, summarized in a Haigh‐like diagram, show that only one type of fatigue damage is observed for uniaxial tension‐compression and fully relaxing uniaxial tension loading conditions, and that several different types of fatigue damage take place in non‐relaxing uniaxial tension loading conditions. The different damage types observed under non‐relaxing uniaxial tension, loading conditions are closely related to the improvement of rubber fatigue life. Therefore, as fatigue life improvement is classically supposed to be due to strain‐induced crystallization (SIC), a similar conclusion can be drawn for the occurrence of different types of fatigue damage.
A cyanobacterial AbrB‐like protein affects the apparent photosynthetic affinity for CO2 by modulating low‐CO2‐induced gene expression
Authors: Lieman‐Hurwitz Judy , Haimovich Maya , Shalev‐Malul Gali , Ishii Ai , Hihara Yukako , Gaathon Ariel , Lebendiker Mario , Kaplan Aaron
Published: December 2008

In Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, over 450 genes are upregulated following transfer of the cells from a high (1–5% CO2 in air, HC) to a low level of CO2 (as in air or lower, LC). This includes sbtA, ndhF3 and cmpA involved in inorganic carbon (Ci) uptake. Earlier studies implicated NdhR in the regulation of LC‐induced genes but there are indications that additional components are involved. Following extraction of proteins from cells grown under HC and (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, we have identified LexA and two AbrB‐like proteins, Sll0359 and Sll0822, which bind to a fragment of the sbtA promoter. Using extracts prepared from LC‐grown cells, Sll0822 did not bind to the sbtA promoter despite its presence in the cells, suggesting that it may serve as a repressor of LC‐induced genes. This is supported by the fact that sbtA, ndhF3 and cmpA normally expressed only under LC in the wild‐type are transcribed under both HC and LC in a Δsll0822 mutant. When grown under HC this mutant exhibits an elevated apparent photosynthetic affinity to Ci, typically observed in the wild‐type only under LC. Clearly, expression of genes essential for Ci uptake was sufficient to raise the apparent photosynthetic affinity for external Ci.
Macromolecular synthesis by yeasts under frozen conditions
Authors: Amato Pierre , Doyle Shawn , Christner Brent C.
Published: December 2008

Although viable fungi have been recovered from a wide variety of icy environments, their metabolic capabilities under frozen conditions are still largely unknown. We investigated basidiomycetous yeasts isolated from an Antarctic ice core and showed that after freezing at a relatively slow rate (0.8°C min−1), the cells are excluded into veins of liquid at the triple junctions of ice crystals. These strains were capable of reproductive growth at −5°C under liquid conditions. Under frozen conditions, metabolic activity was assessed by measuring rates of [3H]leucine incorporation into the acid‐insoluble macromolecular fraction, which decreased exponentially at temperatures between 15°C and −15°C and was inhibited by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Experiments at −5°C under frozen and liquid conditions revealed 2–3 orders of magnitude lower rates of endogenous metabolism in ice, likely due to the high salinity in the liquid fraction of the ice (equivalent of ≈ 1.4 mol l−1 of NaCl at −5°C). The mesophile Saccharomyces cerevisae also incorporated [3H]leucine at −5°C and −15°C, indicating that this activity is not exclusive to cold‐adapted microorganisms. The ability of yeast cells to incorporate amino acid substrates into macromolecules and remain metabolically active under these conditions has implications for understanding the survival of Eukarya in icy environments.
Local recurrence after abdomino‐perineal resection
Authors: Davies M. , Harries D. , Hirst G. , Beynon R. , Morgan A. R. , Carr N. D. , Beynon J.
Published: December 2008

Objective  Local recurrence of rectal cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following curative resection. The published rates vary after abdomino‐perineal resection (APR) from 5% to 47%. The aim of this study was to evaluate local recurrence following curative APR for low rectal cancer in our unit.

Method  The medical notes of patients treated between 1st January 1996 and 31st December 2000 were retrieved. Local recurrence was defined as the presence of tumour within the pelvis confirmed by clinical findings, pathological specimen or radiological reports. A curative resection was defined as excision of tumour in the absence of macroscopic metastatic disease and whose resection margins were greater than 1 mm circumferentially and 10 mm distally. Outcomes and survival were compared using Fisher’s exact test and Kaplan–Meier method.

Results  Two hundred consecutive cases with a diagnosis of rectal cancer were identified of which 139 underwent a curative resection (69.5%). Of these 40 patients (28%) underwent APR with curative intent. Two patients (5%) developed local recurrence at 18 and 24 months respectively. The overall local recurrence rate for all curative rectal cancer surgery, in the same period was 2.6%. Eleven patients have died in the follow‐up period of which nine were cancer‐related deaths.

Conclusion  The local recurrence rates achieved with APR were not significantly different from those achieved with restorative operations. Tumours at the ano‐rectal junction should not be dissected off the pelvic floor, but radically excised en bloc with the surrounding levator ani, as a cylinder, as originally described by Miles.
Imperiled and Perilous: Exploring the History of Childhood Sexuality
Authors: EGAN R. DANIELLE , HAWKES GAIL L.
Published: December 2008

This article explores the dominant cultural constructions of the child and its sexuality that emerged over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth century in the Anglophone west. Examining how the child and its sexuality were constructed within reform and institutional discourse, we illuminate the social and political implications of frameworks of protection. We argue that discourses of protection foreclose the possibility of the sexual agency of children. The regulation, management and protection of childhood sexuality in various cultural contexts are key themes in the articles featured in this special issue on the history of sexuality of childhood and youth.
The Tightrope of Normalcy: Homosexuality, Developmental Citizenship, and American Adolescence, 1890–1940
Authors: ROMESBURG DON
Published: December 2008

In the early twentieth century, American developmental citizenship presumed a gradual extension of rights based upon a naturalized trajectory that would lead individuals toward heterosexuality, gender complimentarity, and increasing social and political investment. Means changed dramatically through which psychological, pedagogical, and political discourses positioned adolescence, sexuality, and gender in relationship to national belonging. Yet compliance with gender and sexual normativity as a marker of successful adjustment into adulthood persisted as a powerful precondition to full citizenship. Figurative “problem youth” were attacked in part because they threatened to expose exclusionary assumptions undergirding supposedly universal ideals in optimistic modern American democracy.
“Children's Talk and Parental Fear”. Cases of Sexual Misconduct in Danish State Schools 1900–19701
Authors: DE CONINCK‐SMITH NING
Published: December 2008

Cases of sexual misconduct in Danish state schools became the objects of attention in the years following the turn of the 20th Century. An analysis of 85 cases where teachers were accused of sexual misconduct towards their students reveals that the period from 1900 to 1970 present a set of changes in the attitudes to and management of intergenerational sexuality. Throughout these years there existed three ambivalent features relating to the child and its sexuality, to the pros and cons of reporting the case, and to the behaviour of the masculine teacher at a time of changing pedagogical ideals.
The Resource‐Based View of Competitive Advantage in Two‐Sided Markets
Authors: Sun Mingchun , Tse Edison
Published: December 2008

abstract  Using two‐sided markets as a specific market context, we show that cross‐group network effects can turn the participants of a two‐sided network into critical resources. In two‐sided markets such as payment cards and personal computer operating systems, two groups of agents interact with each other via a common network platform; the value of joining the network for agents in one group depends on the number of participants in the other group. In these markets, resource heterogeneity is represented by different sizes of existing networks; resource accumulation possesses all five characteristics of asset‐stock accumulation summarized by Dierickx and Cool. The unique resource accumulation process provides an isolating mechanism for large networks to sustain their resource and competitive advantages. Using two dynamic systems models, we show that resource heterogeneity (i.e. varying initial network sizes) is a source of sustained competitive advantage for two‐sided networks and has significant impact on long‐term competition dynamics. The findings illustrate the importance of incorporating market context in the research of the resource‐based view of competitive advantage.
Age Differences in Conservatism: Evidence on the Mediating Effects of Personality and Cognitive Style
Authors: Cornelis Ilse , Van Hiel Alain , Roets Arne , Kossowska Malgorzata
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The present study investigates the commonly found age–conservatism relationship by combining insights from studies on the development of personality and motivated social cognition with findings on the relationships between these factors and conservative beliefs. Based on data collected in Belgium (N=2,373) and Poland (N=939), we found the expected linear effect of age on indicators of social‐cultural conservatism in Belgium and Poland and the absence of such effects for indicators of economic‐hierarchical conservatism. We further demonstrated that these effects of age on indicators of cultural conservatism in both countries were (in part) mediated through the personality factor Openness to Experience and the motivated cognition variable Need for Closure. The consistency of these findings in two countries with a very dissimilar sociopolitical history attests to the importance of the developmental perspective for the study of the relationship between age and conservatism.
Adolescent Leadership and Adulthood Fertility: Revisiting the “Central Theoretical Problem of Human Sociobiology”
Authors: Jokela Markus , Keltikangas‐Järvinen Liisa
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Human motivation for social status may reflect an evolved psychological adaptation that increased individual reproductive success in the evolutionary past. However, the association between status striving and reproduction in contemporary humans is unclear. It may be hypothesized that personality traits related to status achievement increase fertility even if modern indicators of socioeconomic status do not. We examined whether four subcomponents of type‐A personality—leadership, hard‐driving, eagerness, and aggressiveness—assessed at the age of 12 to 21 years predicted the likelihood of having children by the age of 39 in a population‐based sample of Finnish women and men (N=1,313). Survival analyses indicated that high adolescent leadership increased adulthood fertility in men and women, independently of education level and urbanicity of residence. The findings suggest that personality determinants of status achievement may predict increased reproductive success in contemporary humans.
Personality Predictors of Extreme Response Style
Authors: Naemi Bobby D. , Beal Daniel J. , Payne Stephanie C.
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Extreme response style (ERS) refers to the tendency to overuse the endpoints of Likert‐type scales. This study examined the extent to which ERS is accounted for by measures of personality, specifically, intolerance of ambiguity, simplistic thinking, and decisiveness. One hundred and sixteen pairs of undergraduate students and one of their respective peers completed a battery of questionnaires assessing these personality measures, alongside three measures of extreme responding. Results indicate that peer ratings of intolerance of ambiguity and simplistic thinking interact with the primary participant's time spent on the survey to predict the primary participant's extreme responding. Thus, those who quickly complete surveys and are intolerant of ambiguity or are simplistic thinkers are most likely to exhibit ERS. These results have implications not only for surveys using rating scales, but also illustrate how epistemic personality factors more generally influence the processing of new information.
CHALLENGING THE RHETORIC OF CHOICE IN PRENATAL SCREENING
Authors: SEAVILLEKLEIN VICTORIA
Published: December 2008

Prenatal screening, consisting of maternal serum screening and nuchal translucency screening, is on the verge of expansion, both by being offered to more pregnant women and by screening for more conditions. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists have each recently recommended that screening be extended to all pregnant women regardless of age, disease history, or risk status. This screening is commonly justified by appeal to the value of autonomy, or women's choice. In this paper, I critically examine the value of autonomy in the context of prenatal screening to determine whether it justifies the routine offer of screening and the expansion of screening services. I argue that in the vast majority of cases the option of prenatal screening does not promote or protect women's autonomy. Both a narrow conception of choice as informed consent and a broad conception of choice as relational reveal difficulties in achieving adequate standards of free informed choice. While there are reasons to worry that women's autonomy is not being protected or promoted within the limited scope of current practice, we should hesitate before normalizing it as part of standard prenatal care for all.
RETHINKING RADICAL POLITICS IN THE CONTEXT OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
Authors: PARKS JENNIFER
Published: December 2008

Radical feminists have argued for both the radical potential of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and its oppressive and damaging effects for women. This paper will address the question of what constitutes a radical feminist position on ART; I will argue that the very debate over whether ART liberates or oppresses women is misguided, and that instead the issue should be understood dialectically. Reproductive technologies are neither inherently liberating nor entirely oppressive: we can only understand the potential and effects by considering how they are actually taken up within a culture. The internal contradictions, tensions, and inconsistencies within ART and the way it is addressed within the law points to a dialectic that resists a simple reductivist understanding.
TOWARD A GENDER‐SENSITIVE ASSISTED REPRODUCTION POLICY
Authors: DONCHIN ANNE
Published: December 2008

The recent case of the UK woman who lost her legal struggle to be impregnated with her own frozen embryos, raises critical issues about the meaning of reproductive autonomy and the scope of regulatory practices. I revisit this case within the context of contemporary debate about the moral and legal dimensions of assisted reproduction. I argue that the gender neutral context that frames discussion of regulatory practices is unjust unless it gives appropriate consideration to the different positions women and men occupy in relation to reproductive processes and their options for autonomous choice. First, I consider relevant legal rulings, media debate, and scholarly commentary. Then I discuss the concept of reproductive autonomy imbedded in this debate. I argue that this concept conflates informed consent and reproductive autonomy, thereby providing an excessively narrow reading of autonomy that fails to give due regard to relations among individuals or the social, political and economic environment that shapes their options. I contrast this notion of autonomy with feminist formulations that seek to preserve respect for the agency of individuals without severing them from the conditions of their embodiment, their surrounding social relationships, or the political contexts that shape their options. Taking these considerations into account I weigh the advantages of regulation over the commercial market arrangement that prevails in some countries and suggest general guidelines for a regulatory policy that would more equitably resolve conflicting claims to reproductive autonomy.
IN FAVOUR OF FREEZING EGGS FOR NON‐MEDICAL REASONS
Authors: GOOLD IMOGEN , SAVULESCU JULIAN
Published: December 2008

This article explores the social benefits and moral arguments in favour of women and couples freezing eggs and embryos for social reasons. Social IVF promotes equal participation by women in employment; it offers women more time to choose a partner; it provides better opportunities for the child as it allows couples more time to become financially stable; it may reduce the risk of genetic and chromosomal abnormality; it allows women and couples to have another child if circumstances change; it offers an option to women and children at risk of ovarian failure; it may increase the egg and embryo pool. There are strong arguments based on equal concern and respect for women which require that women have access to this new technology. Freezing eggs also avoids some of the moral objections associated with freezing embryos.
Understanding Sentences in Context
Authors: Van Berkum Jos J.A.
Published: December 2008

Language comprehension looks pretty easy. You pick up a novel and simply enjoy the plot, or ponder the human condition. You strike a conversation and listen to whatever the other person has to say. Although what you're taking in is a bunch of letters and sounds, what you really perceive—if all goes well—is meaning. But how do you get from one to the other so easily? The experiments with brain waves (event-related brain potentials or ERPs) reviewed here show that the linguistic brain rapidly draws upon a wide variety of information sources, including prior text and inferences about the speaker. Furthermore, people anticipate what might be said about whom, they use heuristics to arrive at the earliest possible interpretation, and if it makes sense, they sometimes even ignore the grammar. Language comprehension is opportunistic, proactive, and, above all, immediately context-dependent.
In Search of the Right Touch
Authors: Ames Daniel R.
Published: December 2008

Recent evidence suggests that many organizational members and leaders are seen as under- or over-assertive by colleagues, suggesting that having the “right touch” with interpersonal assertiveness is a meaningful and widespread challenge. In this article, I review emerging work on the curvilinear relation between assertiveness and effectiveness, including evidence from both qualitative descriptions of coworkers and ratings of colleagues and leaders. I discuss mediators and context effects and also explore why unhelpfully low and high levels of interpersonal assertiveness may emerge and persist. I draw implications for interventions as well as future research.
Can Personality Be Changed? The Role of Beliefs in Personality and Change
Authors: Dweck Carol S.
Published: December 2008

Using recent research, I argue that beliefs lie at the heart of personality and adaptive functioning and that they give us unique insight into how personality and functioning can be changed. I focus on two classes of beliefs—beliefs about the malleability of self-attributes and expectations of social acceptance versus rejection—and show how modest interventions have brought about important real-world changes. I conclude by suggesting that beliefs are central to the way in which people package their experiences and carry them forward, and that beliefs should play a more central role in the study of personality.
The Evolutionary Persistence of Genes That Increase Mental Disorders Risk
Authors: Keller Matthew C.
Published: December 2008

Natural selection constantly removes those genetic variants (alleles) that even slightly decrease average reproductive success. Yet, given the high heritabilities and prevalence rates of severe mental disorders, human populations seem to be awash in deleterious alleles. Evolutionary genetics offers an illuminating framework for understanding why mental disorder risk alleles have persisted despite natural selection, and this framework can help guide future research in behavioral and psychiatric genetics.
Is Crying Beneficial?
Authors: Rottenberg Jonathan , Bylsma Lauren M. , Vingerhoets Ad J.J.M.
Published: December 2008

Lay opinion and extensive survey data indicate that crying is a cathartic behavior that serves to relieve distress and reduce arousal. Yet laboratory data often indicate that crying exacerbates distress and increases autonomic arousal. In this article, we present a framework for explaining variations in the psychological effects of crying as a function of (a) how the effects of crying are measured, (b) conditions in the social environment, (c) personality traits of the crier, and (d) the affective state of the crier. Recognizing the heterogeneity of crying effects represents a step toward a more nuanced understanding of this behavior, including its implications for psychosocial adjustment.
Speech Perception as a Multimodal Phenomenon
Authors: Rosenblum Lawrence D.
Published: December 2008

Speech perception is inherently multimodal. Visual speech (lip-reading) information is used by all perceivers and readily integrates with auditory speech. Imaging research suggests that the brain treats auditory and visual speech similarly. These findings have led some researchers to consider that speech perception works by extracting amodal information that takes the same form across modalities. From this perspective, speech integration is a property of the input information itself. Amodal speech information could explain the reported automaticity, immediacy, and completeness of audiovisual speech integration. However, recent findings suggest that speech integration can be influenced by higher cognitive properties such as lexical status and semantic context. Proponents of amodal accounts will need to explain these results.
Cultured Monkeys
Authors: Huffman Michael A. , Nahallage Charmalie A.D. , Leca Jean-Baptiste
Published: December 2008

Sixty years ago, the notion that animals could have culture was unthinkable to most behavioral scientists. Today, evidence for innovation, transmission, acquisition, long-term maintenance, and intergroup variation of behavior exists throughout the animal kingdom. What can the longitudinal and comparative study of monkeys handling stones tell us about how culture evolved in humans? Now in its 30th year, the systematic study of stone-handling behavior in multiple troops of Japanese macaques has shown that socially mediated learning is essential to explain the spread, persistence, and transformation of individual behavioral innovations among group members. The integrative research paradigm presented here can be applied to the study of various candidate behavioral traditions in other species.
Managerial trust in new product development projects: its antecedents and consequences
Authors: Dayan Mumin , Di Benedetto C. Anthony , Colak Mustafa
Published: December 2008

This research examines the impacts of relationship‐based antecedents (e.g., procedural justice) and character‐based antecedents (e.g., transactional leadership) on managerial trust in new product development (NPD) teams. The moderating impact of environmental turbulence on team performance is also investigated. Using data from 107 NPD projects in Turkey, we find that procedural justice, distributive justice, and transformational leadership are significantly related, and conflict is negatively related to managerial trust. We also find that managerial trust is significantly related to product success and team learning under both high and low environmental conditions, but it is significantly related to speed‐to‐market only under high‐turbulent conditions. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and managerial implications.
Network board continuity and effectiveness of open innovation in Swedish strategic small‐firm networks
Authors: Wincent Joakim , Anokhin Sergey , Boter Håkan
Published: December 2008

Increasing adoption of open innovation as an alternative route to research and development necessitates the development of new ways to organize innovation, as well as reassessment of existing ways. Much like traditional corporations that subscribe to the closed innovation paradigm, novel organizational arrangements targeting open innovation, such as small‐firm networks, employ boards to effectively manage joint research‐and‐development activities. These boards are similar yet different from traditional corporate boards; as such, they may have different requirements for proper functioning. We use 5‐year longitudinal data on 53 Swedish strategic small‐firm networks to investigate how the boards should be organized to help improve the innovative status of network participants. We expand the set of tools available for effective organization of the boards' operations and emphasize the effects of network board continuity (rates of renewal) on network members' innovative performance. We argue that the relationship is curvilinear (U‐shaped) and demonstrate that it is more pronounced in larger networks.
Selling ideas: the determinants of patent value in an auction environment
Authors: Sneed Katherine A. , Johnson Daniel K. N.
Published: December 2008

Although previous empirical studies have found relationships between patent characteristics and value, none have determined how specific attributes relate to auction value or even the probability of a successful auction sale. Using a Heckman two‐step model, we regress 13 independent variables against unique patent auction data, finding that publicly owned and frequently referenced patents are more valuable, and that other things being equal, there is an optimal time to offer a patent up for auction.
Implementing Lean Sigma in pharmaceutical research and development: a review by practitioners
Authors: Carleysmith Stephen W. , Dufton Ann M. , Altria Kevin D.
Published: December 2008

The authors recount their experience of the implementation of lean thinking and Six Sigma in pharmaceutical development research and development (R&D). Use of Lean Sigma in pharmaceutical manufacturing is widespread and generally noncontentious. Lean Sigma is used successfully to improve the development of new pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. However, the value of the application of lean and Six Sigma ideas to research & development is controversial. Published material is reviewed, and then the methods, tools, barriers and benefits are discussed, with recommendations for implementation of Lean Sigma into an R&D organisation.