bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network Geographic Information System for Landfill Siting
Authors: Kao Jehng-Jung , Lin Hung-Yue , Chen Wei-Yea
Published: March 2007

A prototype network geographic information system (GIS) was developed to: (i) improve the effectiveness of a complex municipal solid waste landfill siting procedure; (ii) make siting-related information available to the general public; (iii) assist local environmental protection agencies in maintaining a GIS; and (iv) facilitate the central environmental protection agency in managing, instructing and evaluating the progress of a local siting. Siting analysis is performed with computerized mapping analysis to save time and effort of data processing. A multimedia network interface is provided for 24-hour local or remote access to the system from anywhere on the Internet. This networking capability allows a user without tools to utilize the system and to avoid the cost of system installation and training appropriate personnel to manage the system. Moreover, a case study for Miaoli is described. Environmental, social, economic and engineering feasibility issues are evaluated for the suitability of a candidate landfill site. © 1997 ISWA
Performance of Natural Zeolites for the Treatment of Mixed Metal-Contaminated Effluents
Authors: Ouki Sabeha Kesraoui , Kavannagh Mark
Published: March 2007

Two natural zeolites, clinoptilolite and chabazite, have been evaluated with respect to their selectivity and removal performance for the treatment of effluents con taminated with mixed heavy metals, namely Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Co. Parameters such as metal concentration, pH and presence of competing ions were examined and removal performance was determined in terms of the zeolites, ion exchange capacity measured at room temperature. The study showed that at metal concentrations ranging from 1 mg l-1 to 10 mg l-1 the zeolites exhibited an optimum removal efficiency at metals concentration of 10 mg l-1. Clinoptilohte and chabazite exhibited different selectivity profiles for all metals studied except for Pb for which both zeolites performed exceptionally well. The selectivity sequences for clinoptilolite and chabazite are summarized as follows: chabazite (Pb>Cd>Zn>Co>Cu>Ni>Cr); and clinoptilolite (Pb>Cu>Cd>Zn>Cr>Co>Ni). The study also showed that the chabazite exchange capacity is superior to that of clinoptilolite which is mainly due to the higher Al substitution of Si which provides chabazite with a negative framework favourable to higher exchange capability. Solution pH was found to have an effect on metal removal as pH can influence both the character of the exchanging ions and the zeolite itself. The metal removal mechanism was demonstrated to be controlled by ion exchange and precipitation was negligible. The results also showed that Ca was a major competing cation for ion exchange for both clinoptilolite and chabazite when concentrations exceeded 1000 mg 1-1. Overall, chabazite and clinoptilolite removal efficiency was not affected by the presence of more than one heavy metal in solution which demonstrates their potential application in the treatment of effluents contaminated with mixed heavy metals. © 1997 ISWA
Vehicle and Labor Requirements for Yard Waste Collection
Authors: Everett Jess W. , Shahi Shiv
Published: March 2007

Curbside collection of yard waste material is costly because the amounts collected per residence are small compared to the total waste stream and time is wasted driving by non-setting-out residences. In this paper, mathematical models are presented capable of estimating route time based on the distribution and amount of materials collected, and route and collection method characteristics. A method is presented that uses route time, set-out rate, and average set-out amount to estimate vehicle and labor requirements for compost curbside collection programs. The effect of collection practice on vehicle and labor needs is also explored. © 1997 ISWA
Statistical estimation of chemical characteristics for dispersed solid matter
Authors: Uerkvitz Ralf , Goetz Dietmar
Published: March 2007

Statistical evaluation of data from chemical analyses of solid waste incinerator slag suggests that the average concentration of an element and other characteristics are inaccurately esti mated when obtained from a skewed frequency distribution. Estimation procedures for central value, dispersion measure and limits of element concentration in the total slag output of an incinerator are found using geometric properties of the lognormal distribution. Functional relationships between the coefficient of variation and expected errors in geometrically derived sample statistics are described on a theoretical level. A sampling strategy for the control of accuracy in the geomet ric mean is developed. It is shown that confidence intervals for two-sigma concentration limits can be constructed by simultaneous estimation of logmean and logvariance. Our results reveal that the expected sampling error in the geomet ric mean concentration exceeds 30% and in the upper con centration limit 80% when less than a hundred observations per element are available. It is concluded that chemical char acteristics of heterogeneous matter should rather be based on interval estimates than point estimates.
Organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW): extent of biodegradation
Authors: Boni M. Rosaria , Musmeci Loredana
Published: March 2007

Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists of several fractions which respond differently to biological degradation when they are discharged into the environment or in a landfill. This paper discusses the results of experiments and suggests the reasons why individual fractions are more or less biodegrad able.
Sorption of nonpolar and polar organics on dicetyldimethylammonium-bentonite
Authors: Lo Irene M.-C. , Lee Samuel C.-H. , Mak Raymond K.-M.
Published: March 2007

Sorptions of four nonpolar, nonionic organic compounds (ben zene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (BTEX)), and four polar, ionizable phenolic compounds (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol) on dicetyldim ethylammonium (DCDMA) bentonite were determined in single-, binary-, ternary- and quaternary-solute systems. Uptake onto the DCDMA-bentonite increases in the order: benzene < toluene < ethylbenzene < o-xylene, which corre sponds to the order of increasing hydrophobicity. The sorption isotherms in a single-solute system show that the uptake is highly linear, well correlated with solubility and pH indepen dent, which suggests the sorption mechanism is perhaps due to partitioning. Therefore, the competition seen among other sol utes in the uptake of BTEX is unexpected. By comparison, the uptake of phenolic compounds increases in the order: phenol < 2 chlorophenol < 2,4-dichlorophenol < 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Moreover, sorption isotherms are nonlinear, pH dependent and competitive, which indicates that the uptake may be a result of both partitioning and site specific adsorption. The impact of solution pH on the sorption of phenolic compounds that can be protonated or deprotonated to various extents depending on their pKa is also observed.
Waste management agenda setting: a case of incorrect problem definition?
Authors: Peretz Jean H.
Published: March 2007

This paper uses Rochefort and Cobb's anatomy of problem and Kingdon's agenda building model to explain how capac ity issues involving hazardous and solid wastes found their way onto the agendas of the United States Congress and the State of Tennessee General Assembly. Through this case study, several conclusions are offered about agenda building, problem definition, capacity assurance planning and the implications of environmental problems reaching agenda sta tus through political avenues. First, although scientific or technical assertions are often necessary for an environmental issue to reach policy agenda status, neither applies in this case. Instead, political issues (e.g. the perceived failure to site management facilities) prevailed. Second, the outcome of the solution (capacity assurance planning) crystallized problems that were not perceived as problems but might have proven to be and raised the question of incorrect problem identifica tion. Third, capacity assurance planning is a useful analytical tool but should also be viewed as a valid planning exercise. Finally, sustainability and commitment to solving environ mental problems even though they may arise through politi cal avenues are crucial.
An analysis of the costs of the collection and debagging systems for residential yard (garden) waste used in Canada
Authors: McCartney Daryl M.
Published: March 2007

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of residen tial yard waste collection and composting programs in Can ada. A survey of the large-scale systems found that 68% of the programs use non-biodegradable plastic bags as their primary collection contamer, while 20% use paper bags. Simple math ematical models were developed to compare debagging sys tems and to compare plastic and paper bags. These models can be used to: select a debagging unit cost target, select labor force productivity targets, select the appropriate level of debagging automation, and compare the cost of using paper or plastic bags in their program. The models were applied to the City of Winnipeg's program, which currently debags 2 280 tonnes per year and is predicting a future throughput of up to 10 000 tonnes per year. Tremendous economies of scale were shown as the debagging unit cost decreased from $30 to $9 per tonne as the annual debagging throughput was increased from 500 to 10 000 tonnes per year. A comparison of the costs of using paper or plastic bags found the retail price of the bags to be the most significant cost component of the collection and pre-processing costs. It represented 94% of the cost of a pro gram using paper bags, and 72% of the cost of a program using plastic. When the retail price of the bags was included, the use of paper bags was found to be 24% more expensive than the use of plastic bags. If the retail price was excluded, the use of plastic bags was found to be 75% more expensive than paper bags.
Biological clogging of geocomposites exposed to raw landfill leachate over an extended period
Authors: Gallagher Eugene M.
Published: March 2007

Considerable savings in void space could be achieved if it were possible to demonstrate the viability of geocomposites as an alternative to stone basal draining layers in landfills. Geo composites have not been used in this context because of their susceptibility to particulate and biological clogging. There is limited data available to guide designers on the use of geocomposites exposed to landfill leachate. Double column permeameters were used to model the flow rate of six geocom posites exposed to raw landfill leachate over a 7-month period. The onset of biological clogging was rapid in all cases and, in most cases, stabilised after approximately 70 days. The equilibrium value for overall discharge/time of discharge ranged from 17 to 39% of the mitial value. The potential eco nomic and environmental benefits of a reliable alternative to stone drainage blankets justify further investigation to vali date and extend the data from this preliminary study.
Dissolved organic carbon as the main carrier of phthalic acid esters in municipal landfill leachates
Authors: Bauer M.J. , Herrmann R.
Published: March 2007

Various plastic materials have been disposed of in municipal waste dumps. Thus, phthalic acid esters (PAE) which are used as plasticizers can also be found in the leachates of those land fills. A number of leachates were divided into dissolved and particulate phases to determine the percentage of PAE being transported in the solution. The solutions were found to be contaminated with bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) up to 235.9 μg l-1, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) at a maximum of 62.7 μg l-1. Suspended particles contained maximum concen trations of 167.6 μg g -1 and 126.0 μg g-1 for DEHP and DBP, respectively. Approximately 85% of the total PAE and a mean of 87% of the hydrophobic DEHP was detected in the dissolved phase. The amounts of PAE, especially of DEHP, in solution was correlated to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Moreover, there was a negative correlation of the contents of suspended solids with PAE in dissolved form. The results mdicate that in municipal landfill leachates the DOC is much more important as a transport vehicle for hydrophobic phthalate esters than the suspended particles present. Consequently, there may be a much higher mobilis ing potential for codisposed environmental chemicals than supposed so far.
Sorption of mercury species by activated carbons and calcium-based sorbents: effect of temperature, mercury concentration and acid gases
Authors: Ghorishi Behrooz , Gullett Brian K.
Published: March 2007

Bench-scale studies of mercury/sorbent reactions were con ducted to understand mechanistic limitations of field-scale attempts to reduce emissions of mercury from combustion processes. The effects of temperature (60 to 140°C), sulfur dioxide (SO2, 1000 ppm), hydrogen chloride (HCl, 50 ppm), and water vapor (5% molar) on the capture of elemental mer cury (Hg°, 8 to 40 ppb) by two thermally activated carbons, and on the capture of mercuric chloride (HgCl2, 11 to 73 ppb) by two calcium (Ca)-based sorbents were examined in a fixed-bed, bench-scale system. Capture of mercury species is affected by sorbent site activity. HgCl2 is quickly adsorbed by the alkaline sites of Ca-based sorbents; sorption in combus tors will likely be kinetically limited. Hg°, however, is more effectively removed by activated carbons; here the number of active sites appears to limit removal from flue gas. SO2 and HCl were found to either enhance or reduce sorption depend ing on the species of mercury. Enhancement or Hg° capture by activated carbon is associated with formation of active car bon-chlorine or carbon-sulfur sites while reduced capture of HgCl2 is due to loss of alkaline sites through Ca-SO2 and Ca- HCl reactions.
International report: uncontrolled landfill investigation- a case study in Athens
Authors: Mavropoulos Antonis , Kaliampakos Dimitrios
Published: March 2007

Uncontrolled landfills comprise one of the most important topics with regard to solid waste management (SWM) in Greece. The environmental impact of these landfills is closely related to some characteristics, namely the composition and quantity of the disposed solid wastes and the conditions that control the physicochemical processes inside the waste volume, which determine the rehabilitation plan. The objective of this paper is to present a methodology for obtaining these crucial data. The definition of the necessary information and the choice of the appropriate measurements have proved to be the key factors in solving the problem of non-conformity and absence of data without wasting time and money.
The role of landfills in the United Kingdom
Authors: Gronow J.
Published: March 2007

The paper describes the priority given to licensing in the control of waste management in the UK. It outlines both the historical and present day impact of EU legislation on UK practices and explains potential problems and benefits resulting from the implementation of the EU landfill directive. Basic waste data is given and some of the key factors underpinning waste regulation are delineated- primarily sustainable development - but also land-use planning, groundwater protection and global climate change. The paper concludes by profiling the UK's life- cycle programme for waste management and its intended uses.
Are Women Underrepresented as Leaders of Nonprofit Organizations?
Authors: Pynes Joan E.
Published: March 2007

Despite the predommance offemale employees and volunteers in nonprofit organizations, research indicates that there are fewer women serving as chief executive officers and board members when compared to the number of men in those positions This exploratory study revealed that in this sample of respondents there were more female duef executives and fiscal officers heading nonprofits than men. However, consistent with other studies, there were fewet female board members and fewer women serving as board presidents and treasures. This issue is relevant for public administrators as more and more government services are being contracted out to nonprofit organizations. Public administrators must not forget the importance of social representativeness in promoting the legitimacy of public service The article con cludes with suggestions for future research on recruiting female board members
Drug Testing and Public Personnel Administration
Authors: Elliott Robert H.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a discussion of the current status of drug testing programs at the federal, state and local levels and includes two Supreme Court rulings on this issue Major management concerns are addressed and suggestions are offered about the role of the personnel department in the drug testing arena
Espirit de Corps Among Army Corps of Engineer Executives: Job Satisfaction and Espirit after Ten Years of the SES — Some Unexpected Findings
Authors: Soden Dennis L.
Published: March 2007

A major focal point in discussions of how the federal bureaucracy might best be improved relates to the job satisfaction of its senior managers. Their performance, it has been broadly assumed, will strongly influence the overall performance of governmental organizations. If they perform in an exemplary manner their example and competence will stimulate their subordi nates to do likewise. This study investigates this important area of public personnel management by looking at the results of the implementation of the Senior Executive Service in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ten years after its creation in the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978.
The Paradox of Merit Pay in the Public Sector
Authors: Kellough J. Edward , Haoran Lu
Published: March 2007

A growing consensus among administrators and academic researchers is that merit pay based on individual performance has failed in the public sector. At the same time, however, governments continue to express support for the merit pay concept. This article reviews the theoretical foundation and proposed advantages of merit pay systems, then identifies the four most critical problems associated with merit pay practices in the public service.
Municipal Government Personnel Systems
Authors: Fox Freyss Siegrun
Published: March 2007

Two implicit conceptual models are strongly in evidence in the literature on local public personnel practices. One can be called the unidimensional professionalism model, which represents the argument that local governments are, or should be, making steady progress from the patronage system toward the merit system. The second one may be labeled the multidimensional systems model. It reflects the theory that local jurisdictions are characterized by several distinct personnel systems.
Sprawl as Strategy
Authors: udley Michael Quinn
Published: March 2007

The extent to which the nuclear arms race may have played a role in the development of postwar urban form in the United States is explored through an examination of planning literature and government documents from the 1940s and 1950s. The project to disperse the urban form for civil defense reasons is followed from its emergence in the literature to the adoption of these principles by both the American Institute of Planners and the U.S. federal government. The ramifications of this movement, and the role it played in the social history of the cold war, are discussed.
Transportation as a Stimulus of Welfare-to-Work
Authors: Cervero Robert , Sandoval Onésimo , Landis John
Published: March 2007

Using a rich panel of data on welfare recipients in Alameda County, California, this article examines the importance of transportation policy variables in explaining the ability of some individuals to find gainful employment. A multinomial logit model predicts the probability that someone found a job as a function of car ownership, transit service quality, regional job accessibility by different transportation modes, human-capital factors, and various control variables. Results show that car ownership and educational attainment significantly increased the odds that someone switched from welfare to work, while transit service quality variables were largely insignificant. Nor was regional accessibility important in explaining employment outcomes, a finding that casts doubt on the spatial mismatch hypothesis. Concentration of housing near bus and rail routes appeared most important in stimulating employment. However, improved automobility had far stronger effects on employment outcomes than improvements in transit mobility.
Planning Education as a Vocation
Authors: Teitz Michael B.
Published: March 2007

As the field of planning education evolves, it is becoming increasingly self-organizing and coherent. Espe cially with the rise of Ph.D. pro grams that supply an increasing number of new faculty for profes sional teaching programs, the idea of teaching planning as a profession or vocation in itself has gained legiti macy. The number of schools is now sufficient for a real dialog among teachers of planning about what and how to teach. This process is rein forced by the growth of ACSP as a forum for interaction and guidance of teaching in the field. Nonetheless, planning will remain a complex field that seeks to mediate between com munity and technical rationality. In this process, the higher meaning of vocation should not be lost.
Using Simple Diagrams to Illustrate the Economics of Land Use Zoning
Authors: Heikkila Eric
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this teaching note is to introduce students to the basic economic arguments regarding land use zoning. To this end, a simple yet versatile diagram is introduced to graphically illustrate several key eco nomic concepts, including con strained and unconstrained equilib rium, aggregate value, market value, and market failure. It is the fixed na ture of the total supply of land that makes this exposition possible, and that distinguishes it from the usual textbook treatment of supply and demand.
A Decentralized Approach to Urbanization: The Case of Syria
Authors: Mahayni Riad G.
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with urban ization strategies in Third World countries and their effects on the di rection of urbanization and on re ducing regional and urban-rural dis parities. The article considers Syria and documents that urbanization has not slowed down during the past two-and-a-half decades, but that its direction has shifted from the largest cities to regional and secondary cit ies. It is argued that the reasons for this shift are equity considerations in the allocation of resources and a strong sense of regional loyalties at the national level, as well as the util ization of national planning to im prove the socioeconomic and exter nal economies of secondary and regional cities.
Housing Turnover in Developing Nations: The Case of Seoul
Authors: Baer William C. , Koo Chamun
Published: March 2007

Housing turnover analysis in developed nations has grown increasingly sophisticated in its 40 years of use. Unfortunately, the use of turnover analysis and vacancy chain research has been far more limited for developing nations. Here we review and critique past efforts and then turn to vacancy chain analysis to examine the housing market in Seoul, emphasizing: 1) the formal market's links to the informal housing sector; 2) tests for evidence of upward housing filtering and downward raiding by the middle and upper- middle classes; and 3) the location of the sequence of vacancies, including partial rental housing. We also discuss the policy implications of using turnover analysis including how emphasizing locational aspects of vacancy chains could be particularly helpful to planners who must contend with the locational spillovers of multiplier effects.
Globalization: The Persisting Rural-Urban Question and the Response of Planning Education
Authors: Afshar Farokh
Published: March 2007

Globalization is resulting in an urbanizing and a ruralizing world, both with planning issues needing urgent attention. Furthermore, as city and country increasingly interact, a third phenomenon emerges—rurbanization. Globalization challenges us to address this phenomenon and both of its parents—urban and rural. Our urban bias renders us inadequate to the task. And yet with the interactions between planning and place as one of our core concerns, we should be uniquely positioned to respond. Reclaiming the rural dimension also enriches a powerful learning tool—comparing planning between contrasting places—that helps drive the development of our field. Rural areas need planners. But in turn, to achieve our full potential, we need the rural dimension.
Voices from the Borderlands: A Meditation on a Metaphor
Authors: Sandercock Leonie
Published: March 2007

This piece takes up Beauregard's (1989) challenge to view planning theory through the lens of postmodern critique. It is argued here that we need to broaden the planning theory literature to include the works of feminists and people of color who are addressing the condition of postmodernity in constructive and progressive ways, within a revised radical democratic tradition.
Zoning or Discretionary Action: Certainty and Responsiveness in Implementing Planning Policy
Authors: Booth Philip
Published: March 2007

This paper begins by noting that regulatory systems are based on the need to establish rights and create certainty, and discretionary systems are shaped by the desire to achieve a flexible response to future development. The paper then explores how the planning systems of France, Britain, and Hong Kong— representing regulatory, discretionary, and hybrid systems, respectively——cope with uncertainty. It notes that France has developed several ways of circumventing regulations, while Britain has recently placed a new emphasis on plan making in order to reduce uncertainty. The Hong Kong government, as landlord, has had to reconcile its desire to provide long-term security for its developers with a need to respond to change. The paper concludes by suggesting that there needs to be agreement on what level of certainty is required and how decision making may be made accountable.
Implementing Change in Locally Unwanted Land Use: The Case of GSX
Authors: Kaufman Sanda , Smith Janet L.
Published: March 2007

To date, guidelines and strategies for the siting process, including planner intervention, have arisen from conflict surrounding locally unwanted land uses (LULUs). The task of changing an existing unwanted land use has not received equal attention, and this task poses special problems for parties involved in the decision-making process. The issues, the space of alternative solutions, and some consequences of limited planner involvement are illustrated with a case: the closing down of the GSX Chemical Services of Ohio hazardous waste processing facility in Cleveland. The unpredictability and poor quality of outcomes, as well as the costs of conflict to the host community, illustrated by this case suggest the need for proactive planner participation in such changes. We use the GSX case to examine specific aspects of change in existing unwanted land uses and the potential benefits of using planners' skills and their position as active negotiators on behalf of the public interest. We explore some ways in which planner intervention could enable a transparent decision-making process that is inclusive of all concerns, whether represented or not, and that is based on accurate and shared information.
Planning Support Systems: A New Perspective on Computer-Aided Planning
Authors: Klosterman Richard E
Published: March 2007

This article examines the changing views of planning and computer-based information that provide the foundations for a new perspective on computer-assisted planning. It begins by tracing the evolving view of planning as applied science in the 1 960s, as politics in the 1970s, and then as communication in the 1980s. It then reviews the evolving concern of the information sciences with data in the 1960s, information in the 1970s, and knowledge in the 1980s. It concludes by suggesting that the increasingly popular topic of planning support systems (PSS) can be seen as continuing these trends to a include broader concern with intelligence and collective design.
Planning, Governing, and the Image of the City
Authors: Neuman Michael
Published: March 2007

Historical changes in planning and its theory in the last century show planners and theorists turning away from the physical plan and its image of the city in favor of analytical modes of planning in the 1960s and 1970s and of discursive modes since the 1980s. In this article, I analyze those changes in the context of another historical change that has affected planning: the shift from government to governance. Until recently, urban planning was seen as state control over cities by governing institutions. As cities and governments experienced successive crises since the 1960s, planning underwent changes that enabled cities to administer their fortunes better. Planners invented new methods and institutions that brought in new actors. Planning was no longer government acting on the city. Now it is governance acting through the city. The role of planning and the use of images and plans in precipitating this move is explored. Three questions are posed. Why have images and plans, historically important carriers of planning knowledge and tools for urban change, gotten the short stick in current theories? What does this neglect have to do with the current state of theory? Is this neglect related to the epistemological split between knowledge and action?
Dr. Pangloss Finds His Profession: Sustainabiity Transport, and Land Use Planning in Britain
Authors: Evans Alan W.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I look at the use of land use planning to promote global sustainability by reducing the use of fossil fuels in transport. The first theme of the paper is that land use planning is an inefficient instrument for this purpose and may actually increase the use of fuel. The second theme relates to land use planning in Britain, where sustainability has been seized upon as a justification for existing policies of urban containment. I argue that some of these policies, in particular the designation of greenbelts, actually increase car use and the length of journeys.
Postdisaster Social Support in the United States and Mexico: Conceptual and Contextual Considerations
Authors: Norris Fran H. , Murphy Arthur D. , Kaniasty Krzysztof , Perilla Julia L. , Ortis Dolores Coronel
Published: March 2007

A measure of the social support received from family, friends, and outsiders was administered 6 months after Hurricanes Andrew (non-Hispanic n = 270, Hispanic n = 134) and Paulina (Mexican n = 200) and to a normative sample (n = 1,289) representative of urban Mexico. Pilot work with bilingual participants established that equivalent scores were yielded by Spanish and English versions of the instrument. Exemplars of helping showed similar rank-order frequency within samples to form a pattern that was equivalent across samples. A three-factor model that differentiated between emotional, informational, and tangible support described the help received from each source in each sample. Despite the apparent conceptual invariance of social support, levels of support differed strongly. The Paulina sample received more help of each type from each source than the normative sample but less help of each type from each source than the Andrew sample. Within the Andrew sample, Hispanic and non-Hispanic persons did not differ. Rules of relative need and relative advantage that have been found to influence resource distribution at the individual level appear to operate at community and societal levels as well.
The Reliability and Concurrent Validity of the Spanish Translation of the Behavior Problem Checklist
Authors: Hanna Norma C. , Spencer Frank W. , Quay Herbert C.
Published: March 2007

The reliability and concurrent validity of the Spanish translation of the Behavior Problem Checklist were studied. Subscale means and SD's, alpha reliabilities, and intercorrelations were obtained for a sample of 86 Cuban American adolescents referred for family therapy because of drug abuse. Relationships between parent ratings on two of the subscales and teacher nominations for aggressive and withdrawn behavior were examined in a sample of 40 Cuban American males attending two secondary schools.
Chicano Drug Abuse Patterns: Using Archival Data to Test Hypotheses
Authors: Hunsaker Alan C.
Published: March 2007

The importance of cultural factors in models of Chicano drug use is reviewed. Prior research indicated that heroin and inhalants were particularly problematic among Chicanos, but these findings were limited by reactive methods of data collection. In the present work, archival data were used to examine two hypotheses based on previous work. California drug treatment records were studied to confirm the disproportionate use of heroin and inhalants by Chicanos. It was also found that phencyclidine was disproportionately used by Chicanos. Results are discussed with respect to the need for culturally relevant drug abuse treatment and prevention.
Comparison of Anglo and Mexican American Male High School Students Classified as Learning Disabilities
Authors: Whitworth Randolph H.
Published: March 2007

Two groups of 80 Mexican American and Anglo male high school students were administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Wide Range Achievement Test. Hfalf of each ethnic group was classified as learning disabled and half attended regular classes and were included as normal controls. The results of multivariate and univariate analyses of variance revealed significant ethnic differences for Verbal and Full-Scale IQs for both the learning disabled and normals. No significant differences in either Performance IQ or academic performance between Anglo and Mexican American learning disabled were noted, suggesting that differences are due to limited-English proficiency or socio-cultural factors rather than true learning disabilities. Results suggest reconsideration of the classification criteria for learning disabilities, especially when bilingualism and/or minority groups are involved.
Commentary on "Limits to the Use and Generalizability of the Views of Life Questionnaire"
Authors: Diaz-Guerrero Rogelio
Published: March 2007

As a "Commentary" on the article by Hosch et al, this essay summarizes the development of the Filosofia de Vida (Views of Life Questionnaire). The discussion focuses on how information obtained from the questionnaire usingMexican samples has contributed to the establishment of a Mexican ethnopsychology of cognition and personality. The problems encountered by Hosch et aL in replicating the original factor structure of the Views of Life Questionnaire show the difficulty in attempting to demonstrate a coherent ethnopsychology with a population as diverse as that of Mexico.
Drug Abuse and Identity in Mexican Americans: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations
Authors: Castro Felipe G. , Sharp Erica V. , Barrington Elizabeth H. , Walton Maureen , Rawson Richard A.
Published: March 2007

This review proposes the construct of drug use identity and presents a 4-stage model that features this construct. This 4-stage modelproposes that drug use identity, a latentfactor, undergoes a progressive transformation from identity as a casual user during the initiation stage (Stage 1), to identity as a drug addict at the treatment entiy stage (Stage 2), to identity as a recovering addict at the late treatment stage (Stage 3). At the posttreatment recovery stage (Stage 4), this new identity as a recovering addict may operate as a mediator of the social influences effected by a sober reference group. These social influences prompt a sustained identity as a recovering addic4 along with enhanced ethnic pride, increased social role responsibility, and enhanced health motivation and behavior. For drug-addicted Mexican Americans, enhanced ethnic pride, whether discovered or reestablished, may develop as a consequence of a progression toward a "maturing identity. " Directions for theory and research based on this framework are discussed.
Language Attitudes Toward Spanish and English Varieties: A Chicano Perspective
Authors: Galindo D. Letticia
Published: March 2007

This study investigated how Chicano adolescentsfrom two bilingual speech communities in Austin, Texas, view their own varieties of Spanish and English as well as the varieties used by their African American and Anglo peers. Issues surrounding language maintenance of Spanish, language shift toward English, Spanish-accented English, and ethnic and social identity were discussed by these adolescents through the use of an interview instrument and conversational data. These revelations display a wide array of linguistic attitudes that serve as a linguistic gauge for the function and use of such varieties within these communities and among these speakers.
Childhood Asthma Prevalence among Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans: Implications for Behavioral Intervention Research
Authors: Hurtado A. Magdalena
Published: March 2007

Parental management is the least understood, but often a vital, element of treatment effectiveness in childhood asthma. This study identifies individual, household, and community-level variables relevant to home treatment effectiveness among two Hispanic groups: Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans. The relationship between these variables and lifetime prevalence of childhood asthma (LTP) are examined with data in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-84 (HHANES), a mixed cross-sectional retrospective national survey. Unadjusted estimates indicate that Puerto Rican ethnicity, poverty, urban residence, and single parenthood are positively associated with LTP. Children born outside the mainland United States, children of low weight for age, and males show an increased risk of LTP In a multiple logistic regression model, Puerto Rican ethnicity, low weight for age, and male gender remain positively associated, and poverty becomes negatively associated, with LTP Implications are discussed for programs designed to assist children of Hispanic origin with asthma.
Predictors of Mexican American Mothers' and Fathers' Attitudes Toward Gender Equality
Authors: Leaper Campbell , Valin Dena
Published: March 2007

This study examinedfactors related to attitudes aboutgender-role equality in 50Mexican American married mothers and 33 Mexican American married fathers. Each parent completed the Attitudes Toward Gender Scale (a modified version of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale) and other attitude questionnaires. Mothers with communal values who were born in the United States, with higher levels of education, and who placed less value on competition were significantly more likely to have gender-egalitarian attitudes. Fathers who had higher levels of education and who placed less value on competition were significantly more likely to have gender-egalitarian attitudes. The results suggest that Mexican American parents tend to endorse egalitarian gender attitudes as they become more acculturated. Other factors such as language spoken, religion, income, and maternal employment did not significantly account for independent amounts of variance for either mothers' orfathers'gender-egalitarian attitudes.
Dominican, Mexican, and Puerto Rican Prostitutes: Drug Use and Sexual Behaviors
Authors: Deren Sherry , Shedlin Michele , Davis W. Rees , Clatts Michael C. , Balcorta Salvador , Beardsley Mark M. , Sanchez Jesus , Jarlais Don Des
Published: March 2007

Although Hispanics are overrepresented in AIDS cases in the United States, little information is available to help understand differences in drug and sex risk behaviors in Hispanic subgroups, needed to develop appropriate prevention programs. This study reports on HIV-related risk behaviors in three groups of Hispanic prostitutes recruited in the United States: Dominican (77), recruited in Washington Heights, NY, Mexican (151), recruited in El Paso, 7X; and Puerto Rican (48), recruited in East Harlem, NY Ethnographic interviews were conducted with a subsample of subjects to examine cultural meaning of risk behaviors; structured interviews were conducted with subjects to describe demographic characteristics and summarize levels of risk behaviors. Results indicated that the labels Hispanic and prostitute obfuscated important differences related to geographic and cultural factors. To be effective for diverse Hispanic groups, HIV prevention efforts and interventions must be based on knowledge of these differences.
The Development and Validation of a Simpatia Scale for Hispanics Entering Drug Treatment
Authors: Griffith James D. , Joe George W. , Chatham Lois R. , Simpson D. Dwayne
Published: March 2007

A 17-item simpatia scale was developedfor use with Hispanic substance abusers using confirmatoryfactoranalytic techniques in a sample of 144 daily opioid users. The overall scale had good internal consistency and demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity. The simpatia scale was constructed to examine social attributes reflecting agreeableness, respect of others, and politeness. The Agreeableness subscale addressed issues related to agreeing with others, similarity of opinions between self and others, and if clients openly disagreed with others. The Respect subscale addressed issues related to saying good things about others, trusting others, and treating others with respect. The Politeness subscale addressed issues related to avoiding conflict with others, doing favors, and treating others as equals. A cross-validation study demonstrated that simpatia was positively related to social support, social conformity, treatment service satisfaction, and client rating of counselor skills, whereas it was negatively related to hostility.
The Association of Social Relations and Depression Levels among Dominicans in the United States
Authors: Roche Martin J. La
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between perceived levels of social support and non-supportive interactions on the depression levels of 82 low-income, Dominican-born adults living in the United States. It was found that there was a significant and positive correlation between perceived levels of social support and nonsupportive interactions. This relationship suggests that Dominicans who report more supportive interactions are also more involved in nonsupportive relationships. It was also found that individuals who reported more social support experienced lower levels of depression. However, non-supportive interactions were not related with depressive levels.
Mother-Daughter Communication about Sexuality in a Clinical Sample of Hispanic Adolescent Girls
Authors: O’Sullivan Lucia F. , Jaramillo Beatriz M. S. , Moreau Donna , Meyer-Bahlburg Heino F. L.
Published: March 2007

Mother-daughter communication about sexuality within minority families has received little research attention at a time of increasing prevalence rates of adolescent HIV infection in these groups. Even less is known about communication in families with psychiatrically disturbed adolescents. As part of an HIV-intervention study, 110 adolescent girls (ages 13-18) and their mothers completed questionnaires assessing communication patterns and adolescent sexual behavior. Reported quality of general mother-daughter communication was more useful in predicting onset of sexual experiences than aspects of later sexual experiences. Communication about sexuality, specifically, however, was not related to adolescents’ reported sexual behavior. Our findings emphasize the need to address sex education requirements at relatively young ages and to consider the range of information sources available to girls in communicating risk-prevention messages.
The Social Construction of Two Biologists' Proposals
Authors: MYERS GREG
Published: March 2007

Case studies of two proposals for research funding serve as examples of how scientific texts are the products of a community of researchers. Comparisons of successive versions of the proposals show that the two biologists, in revisions of their texts, alter their personae and their relations to the literature of their fields. In writing and rewriting, they both respond to and develop a disciplinary consensus.
The Art of Rhetoric at the Amphiareion of Oropos
Authors: ENOS RICHARD LEO
Published: March 2007

Although the Amphiareion of Oropos is virtually unmentioned by ancient authors, epigraphical evidence reveals that for centuries this sanctuary was a frequent site of rhetorical and literary contests as well as a repository of written communication on these events. Based upon field work in Greece and archaeological reports, inscriptions are examined with other archaeological evidence to reconstruct the nature and duration of these events. This study illustrates that even a relatively small site can yield findings of major importance for the history of rhetoric and emphasizes that scholars should engage in such primary research.
An Apology for Structured Composition Instruction
Authors: SMAGORINSKY PETER
Published: March 2007

Many researchers in composition instruction assume that free and journal writing exclusively and necessarily produce “meaningful” writing. This is not substantiated in their limited case study research, or in the research of anyone else. We need to establish a precise definition of “meaningful” writing, determine its place in the curriculum, and determine better means of designing instruction that produces writing that is both meaningful and of high quality. The meta-analysis of Hillocks (1984) indicates that structured composition assignments produce better writing than nondirectional writing experiences. This article explores the reasons for this, and establishes hypotheses based on these reasons for developing a theory of composition instruction. The hypotheses support a need for structured instruction, rather than student-generated direction.
The Platonic Paradox
Authors: WELCH KATHLEEN E.
Published: March 2007

This article surveys and analyzes the contemporary reception of Plato's rhetorical theory in contemporary rhetoric and composition studies by examining the response from three current perspectives: (1) presenting Plato as completely against rhetoric; (2) leaving Plato out of rhetoric altogether; and (3) interpreting Plato's work as raising issues central to classical and contemporary rhetoric. The discussion of the first two responses to Plato's relationship to rhetoric reveals a reductive, or formulaic, presentation of classical rhetoric. The discussion of the third perspective shows that it is the most accurate interpretation. Plato's rhetoric is related to the traditional five canons that were prominent in Greek rhetoric and explicitly systematized in Roman rhetoric, beginning with the Rhetorica Ad Herennium. If Plato's extensive contribution to the last two of the classical canons of rhetoric, memory and delivery, were more commonly included in the historicizing of rhetoric, then the five canons would work in the fullness of their interaction, rather than as the three-part system (invention, arrangement, and style) that dominates much current interpretation of classical rhetoric. Examples of reintegration of Plato into classical rhetoric (the third perspective) leads to a conclusion that Plato's rhetoric is central to contemporary interpretations of classical rhetoric.
How College Freshmen View Plagiarism
Authors: KROLL BARRY M.
Published: March 2007

College freshmen (75 men and 75 women) at Indiana University completed a questionnaire designed to elicit their reasoning about, and attitudes toward, plagiarism. Students wrote their own explanations of why it is wrong to plagiarize, rated five standard explanations that were based on different ethical orientations, and responded to a series of statements about the seriousness and consequences of plagiarizing. Analyses revealed that these students took the matter of plagiarism rather seriously, and that they tended to construe plagiarism in terms of three major issues: fairness to authors and other students, the responsibility of students to do independent work, and respect for ownership rights.