bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Hot Water Intake and Relief from Menstrual Cramps among Healthy Females - A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Rajaselin Annika , Sridevi G. , Preetha S.
Published: January 2022

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that very women undergo during her menstrual phase. It may vary in its frequency and duration in each and every woman. Many home remedies have been followed by females to combat these menstrual cramps. One such treatment is intake of hot water for three days during the menstrual phase

Objective: To aim of the study is to observe the changes experienced by female who consume hot water regularly during menstruation

Methods: The study was conducted in 100 female subjects with regular cycles of menstruation. The participants were administered with a self developed questionnaire consisting of 16 questions relating to the menstrual cramps and the remedies they chose and their regularity of hot water intake and the relief they obtained. The responses were collected using google forms. Descriptive statistics, frequency analysis and chi square test was used to analyze the data.

Results: The study observed that female subjects experienced better results after regular  hot water intake during menstruation. It relieves menstrual cramps and improves mental health.

Conclusion: The present study concluded that the majority of the population had a regular habit of taking hot water and experienced improvement and relief from menstrual cramps.
Anticancer Activity of Leaf Hydro Ethanolic Extract of Aegle marmelos in Human Lung Cancer Cell Mediated through Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 mRNA Expression
Authors: Sukanth R. , Sridevi G. , Selvaraj J. , Preetha S.
Published: January 2022

Background: Aegle marmelos (AE) is a medicinal plant that comes under the rutaceae family and the plant was used in the past for treating many diseases and illness symptoms. The plant has many effects such as anti-diarrhoeal, antimicrobial, antiviral, radioprotective, anticancer, chemopreventive, antipyretic, ulcer healing, antigenotoxic, diuretic, antifertility and anti-inflammatory properties.

Aim: To know the anticancer activity of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Aegle marmelos over lung cancer cells treated with caspase 3 and caspase 9 mRNA expression.

Materials and Methods: The required chemicals were collected mainly from Canada. The lung cancer cells (A549) were collected from NCCS pune and then RNA was extracted from the cells and then the study was conducted after treating it with caspase 3 and caspase 9 mRNA expression. The cells were treated with many dosage of hydroethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos and the cell viability was noted.

Results: The study reported that extract of Aegle marmelos has a great anticancer activity about 1 fold change over rate of 1.7 for cells treated with caspase 3 and a fold change over of 1 in caspase 9 treated lung cancer cells.

Conclusion: The study concluded an innovative finding that the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Aegle marmelos has a great anticancer activity against lung cancer cells treated with caspase 3 and caspase 9 mRNA expression.
High‐Precision Ionic Thermocouples Fabricated Using Potassium Ferri/Ferrocyanide and Iron Perchlorate
Authors: Jeon Jei Gyeong , Kim Hyeong Jun , Shin Gilyong , Han Yusu , Kim Ju Hyeon , Lee Ju Hwan , Lee Junho , Lim Hyeoncheol , Ha Seulki , Bae Minwoo , Yoon Sang‐Hee , Kang Tae June
Published: January 2022

A thermocouple is the most widely used electrical component for cost‐effective measurement of temperature in both academia and industry. However, its low sensitivity with typically tens of microvolts per Kelvin needs to be improved to obtain precise measurements. Introduced here is an ionic thermocouple to provide the level of accuracy required of temperature measurements in medicine, precision agriculture, smart buildings, and industrial processes. Ionic conductors are utilized in place of the electrical conductors typically used in the conventional thermocouples (TCs). The ionic thermocouples (i‐TCs) are demonstrated with redox reactions of 10 × 10−3 m potassium ferri/ferrocyanide and 0.7 m iron(II/III) perchlorate, which are electrolytes used as p‐type and an n‐type elements, respectively. The voltage output of the i‐TC that is generated by a change in temperature is approximately two orders of magnitude larger than that of the conventional TC, providing almost two more significant figures in measured temperature. The i‐TC can easily be miniaturized as demonstrated for the in situ temperature measurement of the fluid flowing in the channel of a microfluidic device. A flexible and stretchable i‐TC device is also demonstrated to stably operate up to a tensile strain of 23% with no noticeable degradation in performance.
C,O‐Chelated organotin(IV) derivatives as potential anticancer agents: Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxic activity
Authors: Someșan Adrian‐Alexandru , Vieriu Sabina‐Mădălina , Crăciun Alexandru , Silvestru Cristian , Chiroi Paul , Nutu Andreea , Jurj Ancuta , Lajos Raduly , Berindan‐Neagoe Ioana , Varga Richard A.
Published: January 2022

Organotin(IV) chemistry is nowadays in a continuous expansion due to the biological and medicinal potential found for some of these species. Within this study, the cytotoxic activity of several organotin(IV) compounds was investigated on two lung cancer cell lines (H522 and SK‐MES‐1) and on a normal lung cell line in order to have an overview of the toxicity and the selectivity of these derivatives. Moreover, the synthetic protocols, as well as the structural particularities of the novel organotin(IV) species, are also discussed. Hydrolysis of [2‐{(CH2O)2CR}C6H4]2SnPh2[R = H (1), Me (2)] withp‐toluenesulfonic acid as a proton source afford the expected derivatives [2‐(O═CR)C6H4]2SnPh2[R = H (3), Me (4)]. When hydrochloric acid is used in these reactions, a chlorine‐phenyl exchange took place in addition to the removal of the acetal fragments and the following products [2‐(O═CR)C6H4]2SnPhCl [R = H (5), Me (6)] were isolated. Treatment of5with 2 equiv of 3‐aminomethylpyridine in neat affords the imino(aryl)tin compound 2‐(3′‐PyCH2N═CH)C6H4]2SnPhCl (7). The reaction between6and potassium nicotinate allows the isolation of the organotin(IV) carboxylate [2‐{O═C (CH3)}C6H4]2SnPh[O(O)CC5H4N‐3] (8). Compounds1–8were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in solution, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy, and their molecular structures were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Compounds1–8were investigated for their antitumoral effects onHomo sapienslung cancer cell lines (H522 and SK‐MES‐1) and on a normal bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS‐2B.
Development and characterization of starch‐based films added ora‐pro‐nobis mucilage and study of biodegradation and photodegradation
Authors: Oliveira Natália Leite , de Oliveira Ana Carolina Salgado , Silva Sergio Henrique , Rodrigues Adrise Aparecida , Borges Soraia Vilela , de Oliveira Juliano Elvis , de Resende Jaime Vilela
Published: January 2022

Ora‐pro‐nobis mucilage (MOPN) was incorporated into starch films to improve their mechanical, chemical, and retrogradation properties. Films were made in four MOPN content (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) by casting. Films with added MOPN presented antioxidant capacity varying from 3.9% to 23.3%. Chemical cross‐links between starch and MOPN were observed in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum, resulting in a reinforced network with the greater young modulus (0.02 Pa, control‐film, to 2.20 Pa, 30%‐MOPN), higher tensile strength (1.34 Pa, control‐film, to 4.38 Pa, 30%‐MOPN), and reduction in elongation (250.32%, control‐film, to 6.55%, 30%‐MOPN). Water vapor permeability did not differ statistically between films. In assays photodegradation, higher MOPN content exhibited less shrinkage of films over time and more loss mass in films during 28 days. FTIR spectrum showed that the films increased crystalline regions during storage, which resulted in stronger aggregation between aligned helices. In addition, water molecules were released which allowed a better alignment of the starch chains. Starch‐based films added MOPN can alternatively be used as active biodegradable packaging since it is able to form cohesive, flexible films and with antioxidant action. Furthermore, MOPN, especially 30% addition, reduces drastic changes in mechanical properties over time.
Insight into the Cycling Behaviour of Metal Anodes, Enabled by X‐ray Tomography and Mathematical Modelling
Authors: Rossi Francesca , Mancini Lucia , Sgura Ivonne , Boniardi Marco , Casaroli Andrea , Kao Alexander Peter , Bozzini Benedetto
Published: January 2022

This work tackles the methodological challenge of rationalizing symmetric‐cell cycling data from a materials‐science perspective, through experiment replication, mathematical modelling, and tomographic imaging. Specifically, we address Zn electrode cycling in alkaline electrolyte with and without adding tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB). This additive is known from literature, but its practical impact is jeopardized by lack of in‐depth understanding of its behaviour. Electrochemical testing was carried out at practically relevant current densities and the effect of variations of operating conditions was taken into account. The physical chemistry underlying cell potential profiles, has been modelled mathematically, accounting for: electrokinetics, mass‐transport, electrode shape change and passivation. In particular, we disclosed an unexpected joint effect of TBAB and current density on passivation time: tomography allowed to rationalise this behaviour in terms of precipitate morphology.
Facile Fabrication of PBS/CNTs Nanocomposite Foam for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Luo Jingyun , Yin Dexian , Yu Kejing , Zhou Hongfu , Wen Bianying , Wang Xiangdong
Published: January 2022

In order to reduce the pollutants of environment and electromagnetic waves, environment friendly polymer foams with outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding are imminently required. In this paper, a kind of electromagnetic shielding, biodegradable nanocomposite foam was fabricated by blending poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) followed by foaming with supercritical CO2. The crystallization temperature and melting temperature of PBS/CNTs nanocomposites with 4 wt % of CNTs increased remarkably by 6 °C and 3.1 °C compared with that of pure PBS and a double crystal melting peak of various PBS samples appeared in DSC curves. Increasing the CNT content from 0 to 4 wt % leads to an increase of approximately 3 orders of magnitude in storage modulus and nearly 9 orders of magnitude in enhancement of electrical properties. Furthermore, CNTs endowed PBS nanocomposite foam with adjustable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding property, giving a specific EMI shielding effectiveness of 28.5 dB cm3/g. This study provides a promising methodology for preparing biodegradable, lightweight PBS/CNTs foam with outstanding electromagnetic shielding properties.
A Study on Characterization and Prevention of Shadows in Cast Mono‐Crystalline Silicon Ingots
Authors: Zhou Naigen , Liu Shilong , Zhou Panbing , Lei Qi , Zhou Lang
Published: January 2022

Dark shadow areas often appear in infrared images of cast monocrystalline silicon (CMC‐Si) ingots. In this work, the formation of shadow and how to avoid it by optimizing the growth process are analyzed. The analysis of scanning electron microscopy & energy dispersive spectroscopy show that the shadows in CMC‐Si are caused by dispersed SiC particles. These particles will further induce a great number of dislocations, subgrain boundaries, and strip‐shaped grains, which decrease the quality and the minority carrier lifetime of CMC‐Si. In addition, an optimized process has proposed and successfully produced a silicon ingot without any shadows. By comparing the traditional and optimized processes, the shadow formation mechanism is studied and found preventing shadow formation by keeping the liquid phase temperature gradient smooth, the maximum crystal growth rate is not more than 1.1 cm h−1 and reducing the value of GL/V below 0.235.
Dual specificity phosphatase 22 relates to skin lesion degree and biologics history, while its longitudinal elevation during treatment reflects better outcome in psoriasis patients
Authors: E Cailing , Fang Yong , Wu Shixing , Meng Zudong , Qin Guifang , Yang Jiaoli
Published: January 2022

Background

Dual specificity phosphatase 22 (DUSP22) plays an important role in the regulation of immune and inflammation, but its correlation with clinical features and treatment outcome in psoriasis patients is still unclear. This study was to investigate the longitudinal change of DUSP22 with time, as well as its association with disease activity and treatment response in psoriasis patients.

Methods

Totally, 120 psoriasis patients, 50 patients with other skin inflammations as disease controls (DCs), and 50 health controls (HCs) were recruited. Serum samples were collected from psoriasis patients at baseline, month (M)1, M3, and M6 after initiation of etanercept‐based treatment as well as from DCs and HCs after enrollment to assess DUSP22 level by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

DUSP22 was lower in psoriasis patients than in HCs and DCs (both p < 0.001). Besides, in psoriasis patients, DUSP22 was associated with lower psoriasis area severity index (PASI) score (p = 0.001) and systemic biological treatment history (p = 0.023), but not with other demographics, disease characteristics, or treatment history (all p>0.05). In addition, DUSP22 was increased with time (p < 0.001) in total patients. Moreover, DUSP22 at M3 (p = 0.004) and M6 (p < 0.001) was higher in response patients than in non‐response patients evaluated by PASI 75. Additionally, DUSP22 at M3 (p < 0.001) and M6 (p = 0.003) was also increased in response patients compared with non‐response patients evaluated by PASI 90.

Conclusion

DUSP22 decreases and negatively correlates with disease activity, while its longitudinal elevation with time reflects satisfactory treatment response in psoriasis patients.
Impact on NK cell functions of acute versus chronic exposure to extracellular vesicle‐associated MICA: Dual role in cancer immunosurveillance
Authors: Vulpis Elisabetta , Loconte Luisa , Peri Agnese , Molfetta Rosa , Caracciolo Giulio , Masuelli Laura , Tomaipitinca Luana , Peruzzi Giovanna , Petillo Sara , Petrucci Maria Teresa , Fazio Francesca , Simonelli Lucilla , Fionda Cinzia , Soriani Alessandra , Cerboni Cristina , Cippitelli Marco , Paolini Rossella , Bernardini Giovanni , Palmieri Gabriella , Santoni Angela , Zingoni Alessandra
Published: January 2022

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic lymphocytes that play a key role in cancer immunosurveillance thanks to their ability to recognize and kill cancer cells. NKG2D is an activating receptor that binds to MIC and ULBP molecules typically induced on damaged, transformed or infected cells. The release of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) in the extracellular milieu through protease‐mediated cleavage or by extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion allows cancer cells to evade NKG2D‐mediated immunosurveillance. In this work, we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of the NKG2D ligand MICA*008 associated to distinct populations of EVs (i.e., small extracellular vesicles [sEVs] and medium size extracellular vesicles [mEVs]). By using as model a human MICA*008‐transfected multiple myeloma (MM) cell line, we found that this ligand is present on both vesicle populations. Interestingly, our findings reveal that NKG2D is specifically involved in the uptake of vesicles expressing its cognate ligand. We provide evidence that MICA*008‐expressing sEVs and mEVs are able on one hand to activate NK cells but, following prolonged stimulation induce a sustained NKG2D downmodulation leading to impaired NKG2D‐mediated functions. Moreover, our findings show that MICA*008 can be transferred by vesicles to NK cells causing fratricide. Focusing on MM as a clinically and biologically relevant model of tumour‐NK cell interactions, we found enrichment of EVs expressing MICA in the bone marrow of a cohort of patients. All together our results suggest that the accumulation of NKG2D ligands associated to vesicles in the tumour microenvironment could favour the suppression of NK cell activity either by NKG2D down‐modulation or by fratricide of NK cell dressed with EV‐derived NKG2D ligands.
Change in posttraumatic stress disorder–related thoughts during treatment: Do thoughts drive change when pills are involved?
Authors: Rauch Sheila A.M. , Kim H. Myra , Venners Margaret R. , Porter Katherine E. , Norman Sonya B. , Simon Naomi M. , Rothbaum Barbara O. , Tuerk Peter W. , Acierno Ronald E. , Bui Eric , Powell Corey , Smith Erin R. , Goetter Elizabeth , McSweeney Lauren B.
Published: January 2022

Posttraumatic negative thoughts about one's self and the world are related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and change in cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT), but little is known about this association when CBT is delivered with medication. The current study presents a planned comparison of changes in negative posttraumatic thoughts during (a) prolonged exposure (PE) plus pill placebo (PE+PLB), (b) sertraline plus enhanced medication management (SERT+EMM), and (c) PE plus sertraline (PE+SERT) as part of a randomized clinical trial in a sample of 176 veterans. Lagged regression modeling revealed that change in posttraumatic negative thoughts was associated with PTSD symptom change in the conditions in which participants received sertraline, ds = 0.14–0.25, ps = 0.04–.001). However, contrary to previous research, the models that started with symptom change were also statistically significant, d = 0.23, p < .001, for the lagged effect of symptoms on negative thoughts about self in the SERT+EMM condition, indicating a bidirectional association between such thoughts and PTSD symptoms. In the PE+PLB condition, no significant association between posttraumatic thoughts and PTSD symptoms emerged in either direction. These results suggest that the previously demonstrated role of change in posttraumatic thoughts leading to PTSD symptom reduction in PE may be altered when combined with pill administration, either active or placebo.
Depressive symptoms among recent Latinx immigrants in South Florida: The role of premigration trauma and stress, postimmigration stress, and gender
Authors: Vazquez Vicky , Rojas Patria , Cano Miguel Ángel , De La Rosa Mario , Romano Eduardo , Sánchez Mariana
Published: January 2022

In the past decade, recent Latinx immigrants (RLIs) from South and Central America have arrived in the United States seeking asylum from countries affected by war, political upheaval, and high crime and poverty rates. The premigration stress and trauma they experience are further compounded by postimmigration stress due to discrimination, lack of access to health care, and financial instability. Evidence suggests RLIs who experience such stress and trauma have an increased risk of developing depressive symptoms. We examined the combined effect of premigration stress and trauma and postimmigration stress on postimmigration depressive symptoms; we also explored the moderating effect of gender. Hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses were conducted on a cross‐sectional sample of 540 young adult RLIs (age range: 18–34 years, 50.2% men) in South Florida. Higher levels of postimmigration stress, β = .37, p < .001, were associated with increased postimmigration depressive symptoms. No significant associations emerged between premigration stress and trauma and postimmigration depressive symptoms. Moderation analyses revealed no significant interaction effect of gender. Post hoc analyses indicated that country/region of origin moderated the relation between postimmigration stress and depressive symptoms such that the association was stronger among Venezuelan, β = 1.51, p < .001; other South American, β = 1.06, p < .001; and Central American/Mexican RLIs, β = 1.38, p < .001, compared with Caribbean RLIs, β = .45, p  = .122. These findings suggest that interventions focused on addressing postimmigration stress early in the immigration process can potentially lower subsequent depressive symptoms among RLIs.
Pain at the Cochlear Implant Site Requiring Device Removal in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Shearer A. Eliot , Wang Alicia , Lawton Maranda , Lachenauer Catherine , Brodsky Jacob R. , Poe Dennis , Kenna Margaret , Licameli Greg
Published: January 2022

Objectives

Idiopathic pain at the cochlear implant (CI) site outside of the immediate postoperative period is an uncommon occurrence but may necessitate device explantation. Our objective was to describe the clinical course for pediatric patients with CI site pain who ultimately required device explantation.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

We performed a retrospective database review of CIs performed at a tertiary referral center for pediatric cochlear implantation. We specifically evaluated pediatric patients who presented with pain at or near the CI device site and ultimately required explantation.

Results

Fifteen patients (16 CIs) had pain at or near the CI site requiring device explantation. Cultures taken during site exploration or device explantation identified bacteria in 86% and 81% of procedures, respectively. Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus non‐aureus were the most commonly identified organisms.

Conclusions

The majority of patients with idiopathic pain in this cohort ultimately requiring CI explantation had chronic bacterial colonization.

Level of Evidence

4 (Case series) Laryngoscope, 132:2044–2049, 2022
Deep Eutectic Solvent—A Novel Additive to Induce Gamma Crystallization and Alpha‐to‐Gamma Phase Transition of PVDF
Authors: Yuan Muhua , Wang Haijun , Li Huihui , Yuan Chunlei , Wang Tong , Yang Haibo
Published: January 2022

Adding additives is the most convenient and effective way to induce polar poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) crystals which exhibit excellent ferroelectronic, piezoelectric, and dielectric properties. In this work, a kind of environmentally friendly additive, deep eutectic solvent (DES), is introduced to induce the crystallization of polar phases and accelerate theα‐to‐γphase transition, which enables the fraction ofγ(γ′)‐phase crystals to exceed 90% in the PVDF/DES composite containing only 1 wt% DES. The ion–dipole interaction between PVDF and hydrogen bond acceptor in DES induces the polar molecular conformation, thus bringing about the formation of polar phase crystals. However, hydrogen bond donor promotes the dispersion of hydrogen bond acceptor in PVDF matrix, contributing to the flexibility of the composites.
Kunststofftechnik: Thermischen Abbau erkennen
Authors: Binder Wolfgang H. , Funtan Alexander
Published: January 2022

Polymere Werkstoffe altern in ihren Anwendungen, etwa in Elektromotoren. Diese lassen sich mit der Zeit nur noch eingeschränkt verwenden. Sensorsysteme detektieren solche Schäden und helfen, Fehlfunktionen zu vermeiden, indem sie notwendige Reparaturen anzeigen.
Prozesstechnik: Kesselkaskaden
Authors: Ehrensberger Christian
Published: January 2022

Einem Prozess Ausgangsstoffe kontinuierlich zuzuführen und Produkte ebenso zu entnehmen, statt Charge für Charge zu produzieren, bietet Vorteile. Kontinuierliche Prozesse brauchen dazu eine andere Analysentechnik, und oft ist es besser, beide Methoden zu kombinieren.
A previously undescribed cranial surgery technique in the Carpathian Basin 10th century CE
Authors: Kis Luca , Tihanyi Balázs , Király Kitty , Berthon William , Spekker Olga , Váradi Orsolya Anna , Nagy Réka , Neparáczki Endre , Révész László , Szabó Árpád , Pálfi György , Bereczki Zsolt
Published: January 2022

In this paper, the authors give a new insight to the indication and preparation of trepanations through the analysis of a newly discovered case of 10th‐century‐CE surgical trepanation found in the material of Sárrétudvari‐Poroshalom. We also intend to outline the implications of this particular case to the general methodology of trepanation research. We estimated basic anthropological data (sex and age‐at‐death) and performed analyses of paleopathological and activity‐related lesions. Computed tomography, radiocarbon, and genetic analyses were also conduced. Beside other prior traumas, two codependent lesions were detected on the right parietal bone with no sign of healing. In this lesion complex, an original sharp force trauma was observable surrounded by two curved, intentionally created furrows, which can be interpreted as attempted surgical trepanation presumably performed with a U‐shaped gouge. The results of the analysis of activity‐related changes and archeological examination corroborate the assumption that the injuries described on the skull may have been, indeed, acquired during activities connected to military lifestyle, and the individual may have been a high‐ranking military leader in his community. This unique case has paramount importance providing more detailed knowledge of past medical practices. The application of U‐shaped gouge has not been formerly documented in the literature, which opens a new perspective both in the osteological investigation of these interventions and the archeological research concerning ancient medical technology. Our results may suggest a possible mode of tool use, and aid future reconstruction attempts concerning the hypothesized 10th‐century‐CE trepan from Tiszaeszlár–Bashalom.
Structure and Luminescence Properties of InGaN/AlGaN Multiquantum‐Well Microrod Array Structures
Authors: Du Jinjuan , Xu Shengrui , Peng Ruoshi , Zhao Ying , Fan Xiaomeng , Tao Hongchang , Zhang Jincheng , Hao Yue
Published: January 2022

The InGaN/AlGaN multiquantum‐well microrod‐array structure is grown on c‐plane GaN template with SiO2 microholes patterned as a mask. The surface morphology exhibits the accurately ordered microrod‐array structure. Temperature‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurement indicates that the PL peaks redshift as the temperature increases. Room‐temperature PL and cathode luminescence spectra show that the different positions on InGaN/AlGaN microrod arrays have different luminous peaks. The successful fabrication of InGaN/AlGaN microrod arrays is of great significance for the realization of multicolor emission and the design of new optoelectronic devices.
PVP‐Capped Gold Nanoparticles: Thermal Nonlinear Refraction Probed by Spatial Self‐Phase Modulation
Authors: Ribeiro Marlon S. , Ribeiro Karen C. , Lenart Vinícius M. , Turchiello Rozane F. , Gómez Sergio L.
Published: January 2022

Au nanoparticles have found numerous applications in medicine as therapeutic agents in hyperthermia and also as probes based on their optical properties, specifically the resonance of the localized surface plasmon. Such a resonance enables the conversion of visible radiation into heat. Hence, it is important to characterize the thermooptical properties of nanofluids containing biocompatible nanoparticles. Herein, the nonlinear refractive index of nanofluids from the ring pattern of spatial self‐phase modulation of a Gaussian beam is obtained, and it is applied to a nanofluid containing Au nanoparticles capped with citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The results show that the nonlinear refractive index increases with the concentration of nanoparticles, being suitable candidates for applications in optical hyperthermia.
Development of Starch Nanoparticle from Mango Kernel in Comparison with Cereal, Tuber, and Legume Starch Nanoparticles: Characterization and Cytotoxicity
Authors: Nain Vikash , Kaur Maninder , Sandhu Kawaljit Singh , Thory Rahul , Sinhmar Archana
Published: January 2022

Starch nanoparticles (SNPs) are developed from mango kernel starch and are compared with wheat, potato, mungbean, and water chestnut starch nanoparticles. The synthesized SNPs are investigated for their thermal properties, particle size, degree of relative crystallinity and cytotoxicity. The average particle size of SNPs from different botanical sources range from 100 to 514 nm. Mango kernel starch nanoparticles show the highest particle size. Starch nanoparticles from all botanical sources show X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns similar to their native counterpart starches. SNPs from wheat, mango kernel, and water chestnut show A‐type XRD patterns but the relative crystallinity of SNPs is observed to be higher as compared to native starches. From the thermogravimetric analysis, it is observed that degradation temperature for 10% loss weight vary significantly. The study reveals that mango kernel SNPs show good biocompatibility with human HeLa cell lines as compared to all other sources except water chestnut SNPs.
Environmental relevant concentrations of triclosan affected developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos
Authors: Liu Fei , Zhang Ying , Wang Fan
Published: January 2022

Triclosan (TCS), as a broad‐spectrum antibacterial agent, is widely used in various pharmaceutical and personal care products. However, the details of ecological environmental health risks of TCS are not clear. In this study, zebrafish embryos/larval were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS to evaluate the developmental toxicity. Four‐hour post‐fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 2, 10, 50, and 250 μg/L TCS until 96 h. The heart beats at 72 hpf were significantly increased in 2 μg/L TCS group, while significantly decreased in 250 μg/L TCS treated group compared with control. The results of acridine orange staining, terminal deoxynucleotide transferase‐mediated UTPnick end labeling assay, and detection of mitochondrial membrane potential showed that 50 and 250 μg/L TCS resulted in apoptosis. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage were induced, but SOD activity was significantly decreased in 250 μg/L TCS treated group. In addition, SOD(Mn) and GPx gene mRNA expressions were significantly down‐regulated in 50 and 250 μg/L TCS treated groups, while Casp3, Casp9, Puma, Casp8, Apaf1, and Bid genes in 250 μg/L TCS and Mdm2 gene in 50 μg/L treated groups were significantly up‐regulated. P53 protein was significantly up‐regulated in 250 μg/L TCS treated group. The overall results showed that TCS can cause oxidative stress and result in apoptosis via the involvement of ROS‐p53‐caspase‐dependent apoptotic pathway in zebrafish embryos. The present findings suggest the potential mechanisms of TCS‐induced developmental toxicity appears to be the generation of ROS and the consequent triggering of apoptosis genes.
The diffusion of digital labour Platforms in the economy: How and why are businesses using them?
Authors:   ILO
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines how and why businesses use digital labour platforms, and the benefits and challenges involved. based on interviews with representatives of 70 SMEs and large enterprises. Using case studies, it explores the opportunities arising from digital labour platforms for new digital technology start‐up companies and business process outsourcing (BPO) companies and how they adapt to the digital economy. It also analyses the implications of such platforms for traditional enterprises, with a focus on the retail sector.
Generic Modeling Technique for Flexible and Highly Available Assembly Systems
Authors: Müller Rainer , Karkowski Martin
Published: January 2022

To face the major challenges posed by the increasing product variants with shortening life cycles and fluctuating market conditions, modular and adaptable assembly systems are used. Their strong dependency on software creates a new void in the planning and implementation processes of these assembly systems. Usually, the programmer fills this void based on his knowledge, which leads to frequent and large adaptations of the code base. This is rather counter-productive. To address this challenge, we developed a generic user-friendly graphical API (Application Programming Interface) for a process owner in our previous work (Müller et al, Proc CIRP 81:730–735, 2019, [1]). This API can describe any assembly system and the associated task and is used to get the boilerplate code needed to execute the process on a programmable logic controller (PLC)—the standard hardware used in the industry. In this paper, the virtual description of an assembly system used by the API is extended to include a goal-oriented task description by defining the process and the structure. We believe that this extension provides the proper abstraction needed by the process owner. In addition, this extension significantly reduces the modeling effort.
Adaptive Motion Control Middleware for Teleoperation Based on Pose Tracking and Trajectory Planning
Authors: Blank Andreas , Karlidag Engin , Zikeli Lukas , Metzner Maximilian , Franke Jörg
Published: January 2022

Concurrent with autonomous robots, teleoperation gains importance in industrial applications. This includes human–robot cooperation during complex or harmful operations and remote intervention. A key role in teleoperation is the ability to translate operator inputs to robot movements. Therefore, providing different motion control types is a decisive aspect due to the variety of tasks to be expected. For a wide range of use-cases, a high degree of interoperability to a variety of robot systems is required. In addition, the control input should support up-to-date Human Machine Interfaces. To address the existing challenges, we present a middleware for teleoperation of industrial robots, which is adaptive regarding motion control types. Thereby the middleware relies on an open-source, robot meta-operating system and a standardized communication. Evaluation is performed within defined tasks utilizing different articulated robots, whereby performance and determinacy are quantified. An implementation sample of the method is available on:https://github.com/FAU-FAPS/adaptive_motion_control.
An Approach for Direct Offline Programming of High Precision Assembly Tasks on 3D Scans Using Tactile Control and Automatic Program Adaption
Authors: Metzner Maximilian , Reisinger Dominik , Ortmann Jan-Niklas , Grünhöfer Lukas , Handwerker Andreas , Blank Andreas , Franke Jörg
Published: January 2022

This contribution defines a methodology for the direct offline programming of robotic high-precision assembly tasks without the need for real-world teach-in, even for less-accurate lightweight robots. Using 3D scanning technologies, the relevant geometrical relations of the offline programming environment are adjusted to the real application. To bridge remaining accuracy gaps, tactile insertion algorithms are provided. As repetitive inaccuracy compensation through tactile search is considered wasteful, a method to automatically adapt the robot program to continuously increase precision over time, taking into account multiple influence sets is derived. The presented methodology is validated on a real-world use case from electronics production.
The Digital Twin as a Mediator for the Digitalization and Conservation of Expert Knowledge
Authors: Hüsener Dominik , Schluse Michael , Kaufmann Dorit , Roßmann Jürgen
Published: January 2022

A Digital Twin is a virtual representation of a physical asset. It reflects the current state of that machine through a model and the data as observed by sensors in the real machine; and enables effective and efficient interaction with the machine, i.e. for monitoring and control purposes. The Digital Twin facilitates the collection of data, as well as its analysis and visualization through its user interfaces, i.e. GUIs such as screens or Mixed Reality that provide intuitive access to the data and facilitates its manipulation. Embedded in Virtual Testbeds the Digital Twin becomes an “Experimentable Digital Twin” (EDT), in which experiments can be performed and the different outcomes can be compared or evaluated. The intuitive representation of the assets allows the experts to interact with the twin, without highly detailed knowledge in computer science. The digital twin observes, records, and benchmarks experiments performed by the operator. This way the operator’s knowledge becomes digitized and thus preserved as an abstract representation of data, formulas, and models inside the digital twin. By introducing the Digital Twin into the processes carried out by different operators (not only the initially observed expert), formerly intuitive decision-making processes of the operators are enhanced based on empirical data. As a result, the Digital Twin serves as an assistance system that can guide future operators and the outcomes of the experiments become reproducible. The specific representations of interactions and outcomes also facilitate collaboration between the machine operators and other stakeholders by providing different operators a common “perspective”.
Configuration and Enablement of Vision Sensor Solutions Through a Combined Simulation Based Process Chain
Authors: Gierecker Johann , Schoepflin Daniel , Schmedemann Ole , Schüppstuhl Thorsten
Published: January 2022

Machine vision solutions can perform within a wide range of applications and are commonly used to verify the operation of production systems. They offer the potential to automatically record assembly states and derive information, but simultaneously require a high effort of planning, configuration and implementation. This generally leads to an iterative, expert based implementation with long process times and sets major barriers for many companies. Furthermore the implementation is task specific and needs to be repeated with every variation of product, environment or process. Therefore a novel concept of a simulation-based process chain for both—configuration and enablement—of machine vision systems is presented in this paper. It combines related work of sensor planning algorithms with new methods of training data generation and detailed task specific analysis for assembly applications.
Secure Clamping of Parts for Disassembly for Remanufacturing
Authors: Rieß Simon , Wiedemann Jonas , Coutandin Sven , Fleischer Jürgen
Published: January 2022

Robot based remanufacturing of valuable products is commonly perceived as promising field in future in terms of an efficient and globally competitive economy. Additionally, it plays an important role with regard to resource-efficient manufacturing. The associated processes however, require a reliable non-destructive disassembly. For these disassembly processes, there is special robot periphery essential to enable the tasks physically. Unlike manufacturing, within remanufacturing there are End-of-Life (EoL) products utilized. The specifications and conditions are often uncertain and varying. Consequently the robot system and especially the periphery needs to adapt to the used product, based on an initial examination and classification of the part. State of the art approaches provide limited flexibility and adaptability to the disassembly of electric motors used in automotive industry. Especially the geometrical shape is a limiting factor for using state of the art periphery for remanufacturing. Within this contribution a new kind of flexible clamping device for the disassembly of EoL electrical motors is presented. The robot periphery is systematically developed regarding the requirements stemming from the remanufacturing approach. It consists of three clamping units with moveable pins. Utilizing two linear axes, a two dimensional working space is realized for clamping the parts depending on their conditions and shape.
Salutogenesis and the Sense of Coherence in Young Adults Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET)
Authors: Meier Magistretti Claudia , Reichlin Beat
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, the authors discuss the topic of young adults not in education, employment, or training (NEETs). Although estimates of the number of NEETs vary, the problem seems to be global and growing. The many programs that try to support NEETs fail to reach them and guide them successfully into work, housing, and social participation. Helping systems regard NEETs as patients, cases, or not yet enabled adults and thereby fail to meet their needs as well as their potential. Confronting the limits of current approaches, the authors emphasise the need for a salutogenic orientation in research and practice with NEETs. They provide guidance and inspiration for novel approches and describe promising NEET initiatives. These initiatives are characterised by having a genuine health orientation, NEET participation, the centrality of learning processes, and flexible, adaptive models of individual and social development in combination with enhanced employment, education, training, and entrepreneurship opportunities.
Mileposts in the Development of Salutogenesis
Authors: Lindström Bengt
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, the author reviews mileposts in the development of the field of salutogenesis from the late 1990s until today. This is a chronology of the meetings, seminars and other events that have provided space and time for the development of salutogenesis as an academic field. This chapter is of historical value and helps describe the global collaborative work that has supported the network of colleagues whose work is in the book.
Salutogenic Architecture
Authors: Golembiewski Jan A.
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, the author suggests adding another domain in our life to be viewed through the salutogenic lens: architectural design. In a creative and explorative discussion, the author analyses detailed and concrete examples and offers ideas on how architecture can advance comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness in our lives.
Salutogenesis as a Theory, as an Orientation and as the Sense of Coherence
Authors: Mittelmark Maurice B. , Bauer Georg F.
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, the authors convey some of the main ways the term ‘salutogenesis’ is used today. Antonovsky introduced the term salutogenesis in his 1979 and 1987 books on the Salutogenic Model of Health, but salutogenesis subsequently has come to refer to a core concept in the model in particular; the sense of coherence. This usage has advanced to the point that some writers have coined the term ‘sense of coherence theory’. The term salutogenesis is also frequently used to refer, more generally, to an approach to health theory, research and practice emphasising resources that people may call on to improve health.
Applying Salutogenesis in Towns and Cities
Authors: Maass Ruca , Lillefjell Monica , Espnes Geir Arild
Published: January 2022

This chapter casts light on how cities can facilitate good health through urban planning, design and organisation, and collaboration between multiple sectors. The way we organise cities is one aspect of the social determinants of health and can manifest or balance several aspects of social injustice. This chapter focuses on matters of planning and maintaining infrastructure, including transportation systems, green spaces and walkability, as well as matters of environmental justice across cities. Moreover, it is discussed how a Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach can be implemented at the city level, and in which ways the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) Healthy City Network contributes to this work. The authors take a closer look at the evaluations of HiAP, as well as the Healthy Cities approach, and to what degree they facilitate long-lasting cross-sector collaboration. Last, it is discussed whether and how a salutogenic orientation can link places and environmental resources to health outcomes, and explore the implications of this approach for salutogenic practice and research.
The Application of Salutogenesis in Primary Care
Authors: Rojatz Daniela , Nowak Peter , Bahrs Ottomar , Pelikan Jürgen M.
Published: January 2022

Primary care is understood as the first contact point to medical care. It operates at the interface between the social and the health systems, between the patient with his or her family and the professional environment, and refers to the local population, while primary health care, following WHO, is defined as a whole-of-society approach envisioned to contribute to universal health coverage and equality. This chapter is dedicated primarily to the application of salutogenesis in primary care. Since primary care services are a complex of strongly interrelated professional practice, research, and supporting policy, applying salutogenesis in primary care comprehensively should introduce salutogenesis in all these fields simultaneously.

This chapter examines how salutogenesis is addressed and discussed in policy, research, and practice of primary care and discusses the application of salutogenesis as an orientation, a model, and the construct of ‘sense of coherence’. Thus, it contributes to supporting the application of salutogenesis in primary care and provides an outlook on further research needs.
Applying Salutogenesis in Mental Healthcare Settings
Authors: Langeland Eva , Vinje Hege Forbech
Published: January 2022

This chapter deals with salutogenesis for a specific and growing group of people with mental health challenges. It emphasizes the importance of high-quality social support in interplay with positive identity development thus promoting salutogenic capacity. Aaron Antonovsky’s core concept of sense of coherence has been shown to be more closely related to mental health than to physical health. Thus, the application of salutogenesis on clients in mental healthcare settings is rather obvious. First, the expression “mental health challenges” is used because it is less disease-focused and encourages one to keep in mind that, despite suffering from mental illness, there always is some level of health and resources present that can be recognized, utilized, and nurtured. Second, it can result in specific forms of salutogenic therapy, for example, talk-therapy groups that aim to support positive salutogenic identity building as a specific resistance resource and to improve the sense of coherence of participants by specific offers of social support. Third, as in all health care, the material and social setting itself should be designed by salutogenic principles as empowering by being comprehensible, meaningful, and manageable. This is especially important for more sensitive people with mental health challenges who also might experience longer stay in mental healthcare organizations.
The Salutogenic Approach to Childcare in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Focus on Children Who Thrive in the Face of Adversity
Authors: Bakibinga Pauline , Matanda Dennis J.
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, the authors examine the potential of a salutogenic orientation to childcare in poor urban African settings. There is an, as of yet, limited but growing body of evidence on the application of the salutogenic model in research amongst children who experience adversity in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The authors discuss the need for more childcare research in Africa, using a salutogenic lens. As most salutogenic research works with children have been conducted on other continents, the authors call for collaborations between African scholars and salutogenesis researchers in other parts of the world.
Salutogenesis and Migration
Authors: Daniel Marguerite , Ottemöller Fungisai Puleng Gwanzura
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, the authors give a brief overview of research on salutogenesis and migration, including both forced and voluntary migration. Salutogenesis has been used to frame labour migration and how people respond and adapt to new cultural contexts.

The focus is mainly on forced migration, i.e. the case of refugees. The authors consider research framed by the Salutogenic Model of Health and research with refugees that uses the broader ‘salutogenic’ approach. They conclude by discussing how salutogenesis adds insight – but may also induce distraction – in the study of refugee migration.