bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Access Guide to Human Proteinpedia
Authors: Muthusamy Babylakshmi , Thomas Joji Kurian , Prasad T.S. Keshava , Pandey Akhilesh
Published: March 2013

Human Proteinpedia (http://www.humanproteinpedia.org) is a publicly available proteome repository for sharing human protein data derived from multiple experimental platforms. It incorporates diverse features of the human proteome including protein‐protein interactions, enzyme‐substrate relationships, PTMs, subcellular localization, and expression of proteins in various human tissues and cell lines in diverse biological conditions including diseases. Through a publicly distributed annotation system developed especially for proteomic data, investigators across the globe can upload, view, and edit proteomic data even before they are published. Inclusion of information on investigators and laboratories that generated the data, as well as visualization of tandem mass spectra, stained tissue sections, protein/peptide microarrays, fluorescent micrographs, and western blots, ensures quality of proteomic data assimilated in Human Proteinpedia. Many of the protein annotations submitted to Human Proteinpedia have also been made available to the scientific community through Human Protein Reference Database (http://www.hprd.org), another resource developed by our group. In this protocol, we describe how to submit, edit, and retrieve proteomic data in Human Proteinpedia. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 41:1.21.1‐1.21.15. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using MEMo to Discover Mutual Exclusivity Modules in Cancer
Authors: Ciriello Giovanni , Cerami Ethan , Aksoy Bulent Arman , Sander Chris , Schultz Nikolaus
Published: March 2013

Although individual tumors show surprisingly diverse genomic alterations, these events tend to occur in a limited number of pathways, and alterations that affect the same pathway tend to not co‐occur in the same patient. While pathway analysis has been a powerful tool in cancer genomics, our knowledge of oncogenic pathway modules is incomplete. To systematically identify such modules, we have developed a novel method, Mutual Exclusivity Modules in Cancer (MEMo). The method searches and identifies modules characterized by three properties: (1) member genes are recurrently altered across a set of tumor samples; (2) member genes are known to or are likely to participate in the same biological process; and (3) alteration events within the modules are mutually exclusive. MEMo integrates multiple data types and maps genomic alterations to biological pathways. MEMo's mutual exclusivity uses a statistical model that preserves the number of alterations per gene and per sample. The MEMo software, source code and sample data sets are available for download at: http://cbio.mskcc.org/memo. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 41:8.17.1‐8.17.12. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Proteomics and the Analysis of Proteomic Data: 2013 Overview of Current Protein‐Profiling Technologies
Authors: Bruce Can , Stone Kathryn , Gulcicek Erol , Williams Kenneth
Published: March 2013

Mass spectrometry has become a major tool in the study of proteomes. The analysis of proteolytic peptides and their fragment ions by this technique enables the identification and quantitation of the precursor proteins in a mixture. However, deducing chemical structures and then protein sequences from mass‐to‐charge ratios is a challenging computational task. Software tools incorporating powerful algorithms and statistical methods improved our ability to process the large quantities of proteomics data. Repositories of spectral data make both data analysis and experimental design more efficient. New approaches in quantitative and statistical proteomics make possible a greater coverage of the proteome, the identification of more post‐translational modifications, and a greater sensitivity in the quantitation of targeted proteins. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 41:13.21.1‐13.21.17. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
X‐Ray Fluorescence in Forensic ScienceUpdate based on the original article by Claude Roux and Chris Lennard,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Roux Claude , Taudte Regina Verena , Lennard Chris
Published: March 2013

This article describes the applications of X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) as an analytical tool in forensic science, including its limitations and practical aspects. The use of XRF is specifically discussed for the analysis of materials of forensic interest such as metals, gunshot residues (GSRs), paint, glass, soil, fibers, plastic and general polymers, documents, and miscellaneous types of evidence. Developments such as biological tissues micro‐XRF, 3‐D micro‐XRF — an adaptation of micro‐XRF — and total XRF are also described. These specialized techniques have highly desirable characteristics for the elemental profiling of a wide range of forensic samples, and hence we can anticipate that they will find significant use in forensic laboratories in the future.
X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Analysis of SurfacesUpdate based on the original article by Steffen Oswald,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Oswald Steffen
Published: March 2013

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is an analytical technique that uses photoelectrons excited by X‐ray radiation (usually Mg Kα or Al Kα) for the characterization of surfaces to a depth of 2–5 nm. Elemental identification and information on chemical bonding are derived from the measured electron energy and energy shifts, respectively. The use of ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) during analysis requires special sample handling. Depth profiling is possible using ion sputtering.

In contrast to the most popular surface analytical technique, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), nonconducting material can be investigated, weak material damage occurs, and the chemical shifts are easier to interpret. However, the lateral resolution of the complementary AES technique (typically down to 20 nm) is much better than for XPS (50 µm for standard equipment, down to lower than 3 µm for dedicated instruments). The detection limit (of about 0.1 at%) is not as low as for mass spectroscopic techniques, but the quantification from XPS peak area measurements is more reliable, even disclaiming standard sample measurements.

This article briefly discusses the principles of the technique, sample requirements, and the typical measuring strategy. Possible information sources (elements, chemical bonding, depth and lateral distributions) are described and their quantification principles are summarized. The main part deals with typical applications relating to several material classes (metals, semiconductors, insulators, and polymers) to give an impression of the capabilities of the method over a wide range of research and technological problems. A comparison with further complementary analytical techniques is given as a summary.

Technological developments in electronics, nanotechnology, polymers, biotechnology, and medicine are all concerned with surface‐related phenomena, suggesting sustained interest in XPS in the foreseeable future.
Background Correction Methods in Atomic Absorption SpectrometryUpdate based on the original article by Margaretha T.C. de Loos‐Vollebregt,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: de Loos‐Vollebregt Margaretha T.C.
Published: March 2013

Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is based on the absorption of element‐specific primary source radiation by analyte atoms. If part of the radiation is absorbed by molecules or lost owing to scattering, a higher gross absorbance is measured. The difference between the net absorption of the analyte atoms and the measured gross absorbance is calledbackground absorbance. Background absorption and scattering effects have much more serious effects on the results produced in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) than flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

The amount of incident light deflected or absorbed by nonatomic species must be measured to obtain the correct net absorbance of the analyte atoms only. Perfect background correction (BC) can be obtained only when the background absorbance measurement corresponds exactly in space, time, and wavelength with the atomic absorbance measurement. Since exact coincidence of all three parameters is obviously impossible, it is customary to give priority to the equality in space and to make the difference in time and/or wavelength as small as possible. Although molecular absorption and radiation scattering are both broadband phenomena, there is no spectral range where constant background attenuation can be guaranteed.

In all BC systems, two measurements are made. The total or gross absorbance is measured at the wavelength of the atomic absorption line, and the background attenuation is then subtracted to obtain the analyte absorbance. There are several ways in which the nonatomic absorption at the resonance wavelength can be estimated, including continuum‐source (CS) or deuterium‐lamp (D2‐lamp) BC, Zeeman‐effect BC, and pulsed‐lamp or Smith–Hieftje BC correction methods. The principle of each method, the instrumentation, and applications are discussed. D2‐lamp BC is widely used in FAAS and ETAAS. Pulsed‐lamp BC is sometimes used in FAAS but more often in ETAAS. Zeeman‐effect BC is only used in ETAAS.
Far‐Ultraviolet (
FUV
) Spectroscopy in the Solid and Liquid States, Principle, Instrumentation, and Application of
Authors: Morisawa Yusuke , Goto Takeyoshi , Ikehata Akifumi , Higashi Noboru , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: March 2013

This article outlines recent progress in ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy in the 140–280 nm region of solid and liquid phases. In this article, we refer to the 120–200 nm region as the far‐UV (FUV) region. The word ‘vacuum UV region’ is not appropriate any more at least for the 120–200 nm region because most of recent spectrometers used in this region do not have the vacuum evaporation system but have the nitrogen gas purged system. FUV spectroscopy is concerned with electronic transitions of a molecule, but the absorptivity is very high in the FUV region, and, therefore, this region has been employed to investigate mainly for the electronic states and structure of gas molecules. To observe spectra of solid samples in the FUV region, reflection spectroscopy has been used. However, for liquid samples, in general, it is very difficult to use either absorption spectroscopy or reflection spectroscopy. Accordingly, FUV spectroscopy for liquid samples has almost been an undeveloped research area. To solve these difficulties in FUV spectroscopy we have recently developed a totally new FUV spectrometer based on the attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique that enables us to measure spectra of liquid and solid samples in the 140–280 nm region. This spectrometer has opened up a new era of FUV spectroscopy. This article consists of seven parts: (i) introduction to FUV spectroscopy, (ii) characteristics and advantages of FUV spectroscopy for the study of liquids and solids, (iii) development of new FUV spectrometers, (iv) FUV studies of liquid water and aqueous solutions, (v) FUV spectra of organic molecules in the liquid states, (vi) potential applications of FUV spectroscopy in liquid and solid states, and (vii) time‐resolved (TR) FUV spectroscopy. This article demonstrates that FUV holds considerable promise not only in basic science but also in applications such as qualitative and quantitative analyses, on‐line monitoring, environmental geochemical analysis, and surface analysis.
High‐Resolution 4DImaging in Live Cells
Authors: Shamir Maya , Kaganovich Daniel
Published: March 2013

The technological sophistication of microscopy approaches has grown by leaps and bounds over the past decade. This has yielded microscopes capable of greater sensitivity, faster acquisition, and higher resolution, as well as fluorophores and imaging tools that demonstrate more and more diversity of properties and applications. Yet for all the putative improvements to the cell biologists' tool kit, the application of potentially invaluable tools to unsolved scientific problems is still in its infancy. The purpose of our review is to discuss important innovations in live‐cell imaging, focusing on practical considerations for probing biological systems at the molecular level while remaining rooted in a live‐cell context.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Nanotechnology: Applications in Clinical Diagnostics and Monitoring
Authors: Skewis Lynell R. , Demas Vasiliki , Lowery Thomas J.
Published: March 2013

Significant progress has been made over the last two decades toward the development of cutting edge diagnostics using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and T
2
magnetic resonance (T2MR). The MNP‐based assay design, termed
magnetic relaxation switch
(MRSw) biosensing, has allowed for the application of T2MR to a wide range of clinical diagnostics. In MRSw assays, superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) switch between dispersed and agglomerated states and affect the T2MR relaxation rate of surrounding water molecules. Sensitive T2MR relaxation measurements can be performed in complex, heterogeneous, biological samples owing to their inherently low magnetic background. MRSw assays have been designed for rapid and sensitive detection of disease biomarkers, pathogens, and cancer cells in both simulated samples and clinical studies.
Behavioral Science Evidence
Authors: Edwards Carl N.
Published: March 2013

“Novel” behavioral theories and classifications have had a tendency to create both “victims” and causes of action. Typically, these proposed conditions are advanced during a period of social change, anxiety, and as a seeming means of righting some historic wrong. Case congregations provide a vivid record of shifts and corrections in the judicial process. Most problems are self‐correcting, given an open forum and a public, both willing to accept new ideas in its effort to do the right thing, and also able to recognize mistakes.
Stalking
Authors: Mohandie Kris
Published: March 2013

Stalking is an old behavior but has relatively recently been criminalized in most industrialized countries. It is a common problem with 4.5% Americans in the United States reporting having been stalked. Females are most likely the victim by a male offender, but males and females are both well represented as victims and suspects. There are four main categories of stalker: intimate, acquaintance, public figure, and private stranger. Stalkers obsess and pursue, and their pursuit often occurs across multiple venues: in‐person, electronic, via third parties, mail, and cyberspace. Each type of stalker has its own pursuit pattern and violence risk, with intimate stalkers being the most potentially dangerous (74% violence rate). Stalkers are known to engage in a multitude of offenses, including both affective and predatory violence. Victims often inadvertently reinforce stalking behavior. Successful threat management utilizes a team approach and takes into account multiple variables, including mobility, approach attempts, motivation, weapons' access, entitlement, and feelings of hopelessness.
Dating: Document
Authors: Weyermann Céline
Published: March 2013

The determination of the age of a document is a very frequent query; however, it is also one of the most challenging and controversial areas of questioned document examination. Several approaches have been defined to address this problem. The first focuses on the inherent properties of the ink, namedtime tags, such as the introduction date of raw constituents of paper or ink on the market. The second approach is based on theagingof documents, which is unfortunately influenced not only by the passage time, but also by the storage conditions and the document composition. The third approach considers the relative age of the documents and aims at reconstructing theirchronology. The three approaches are equally complex to develop, and the number of problems encountered is not negligible. This article aims to expose the potential applications and limitations of current ink dating methods. Method development and validation as well as the interpretation of evidence prove to be essential criteria for the dating of documents.
Capacity to Consent to Medical Treatment
Authors: Edelstein Barry A. , Gould Christine E.
Published: March 2013

The number of older adults is growing rapidly. Most adults aged 65 and older suffer from at least one chronic disease, and many suffer from several medical conditions. With increasing age comes more opportunities to make medical decisions. A number of disorders that can compromise cognitive functioning and threaten medical decision‐making capacity become more likely with increasing age (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). In addition, there are several age‐related changes in cognitive skills that can impair decision making. Here, we consider the assessment of the capacity to consent to medical treatment, with a focus on medical decision making by older adults. A brief history of the doctrine of informed consent is presented as context for appreciating the challenge of performing a clinical assessment of consent capacity that is informed by law. Guidelines for assessment and a clinical model for guiding assessment are presented, followed by a brief discussion on assessment instruments.
Northwest Juvenile Project
Authors: Mccoy Kathleen P. , Teplin Linda A. , Abram Karen M.
Published: March 2013

The Northwestern Juvenile Project (NJP) is the first large‐scale, prospective longitudinal study of alcohol, drug, and mental (ADM) disorders in juvenile detainees. The NJP examines (i) changes in ADM disorders and comorbidity as youth age; (ii) patterns of mental‐health service use over time; and (iii) pathways and patterns of drug use, violence, and risk behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) over time. Participants were randomly sampled from the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center in Chicago, Illinois, at intake. To obtain enough data to compare key subgroups, the sample was stratified on the following variables: age (10–3 or 14–18 years), gender, race/ethnicity (African American, non‐Hispanic white, and Hispanic), and legal status (processed as a juvenile or an adult). The final sample includes 1829 participants, a sample size large enough to allow for reliable estimates of uncommon disorders, comorbidity of disorders, and high‐risk behaviors. The longitudinal design of the NJP spans three critical developmental periods: adolescence, emerging adulthood, and young adulthood. Published results from the NJP indicate the substantial need for ADM disorder services and HIV/AIDS prevention among juvenile detainees. Data from projects such as the NJP are essential to policy makers addressing the many needs of juvenile detainees.
Leveraging Experiential Learning Techniques for Transfer
Authors: Furman Nate , Sibthorp Jim
Published: March 2013

This chapter describes how experiential learning techniques such as service learning and problem‐based learning can be leveraged to maximize transfer in adult populations. Specific examples of experiential learning in adult education programs are included.
Problem‐Based Learning: A Learning Environment for Enhancing Learning Transfer
Authors: Hung Woei
Published: March 2013

This chapter provides a conceptual foundation and rationale, as well as instructional design guidelines, for using problem‐based learning (PBL) to enhance adult learners' learning transfer.
Considering Components, Types, and Degrees of Authenticity in Designing Technology to Support Transfer
Authors: Hardré Patricia L.
Published: March 2013

This chapter unpacks the concept of authenticity, then discusses and illustrates how considering various elements of authenticity can help designers and trainers make more effective decisions to support learning and development.
Alkali Metal tert‐Butoxides, Hydrides and Bis(trimethylsilyl)amides as Efficient Homogeneous Catalysts for Claisen–Tishchenko Reaction
Authors: Rajesh Kunjanpillai , Berke Heinz
Published: March 2013

Shelf‐available alkali metal tert‐butoxides, hydrides and bis(trimethylsilyl)amides were shown to be highly efficient homogeneous precatalysts for the disproportionation of aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic esters. Potassium compounds in combination with 18‐crown‐6 ether could drastically increase the rate of reaction in a few cases. Alternatively, efficient aldol condensations were found for aldehydes possessing an enolizable methylene group at the α‐position to the aldehyde functionality. The active species involved in this esterification using any of these alkali metal catalysts is expected to be the metal alkoxide. Potassium compounds were found to be much more efficient when compared to analogous sodium compounds and kinetic studies revealed the rate‐determining step to be a second order concerted hydride transfer from a potassium hemiacetal species to another molecule of aldehyde.
Trisomy 21 and facial developmental instability
Authors: Starbuck John M. , Cole Theodore M. , Reeves Roger H. , Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: March 2013

The most common live‐born human aneuploidy is trisomy 21, which causes Down syndrome (DS). Dosage imbalance of genes on chromosome 21 (Hsa21) affects complex gene‐regulatory interactions and alters development to produce a wide range of phenotypes, including characteristic facial dysmorphology. Little is known about how trisomy 21 alters craniofacial morphogenesis to create this characteristic appearance. Proponents of the "amplified developmental instability" hypothesis argue that trisomy 21 causes a generalized genetic imbalance that disrupts evolutionarily conserved developmental pathways by decreasing developmental homeostasis and precision throughout development. Based on this model, we test the hypothesis that DS faces exhibit increased developmental instability relative to euploid individuals. Developmental instability was assessed by a statistical analysis of fluctuating asymmetry. We compared the magnitude and patterns of fluctuating asymmetry among siblings using three‐dimensional coordinate locations of 20 anatomic landmarks collected from facial surface reconstructions in four age‐matched samples ranging from 4 to 12 years: 1) DS individuals (n = 55); 2) biological siblings of DS individuals (n = 55); 3) and 4) two samples of typically developing individuals (n = 55 for each sample), who are euploid siblings and age‐matched to the DS individuals and their euploid siblings (samples 1 and 2). Identification in the DS sample of facial prominences exhibiting increased fluctuating asymmetry during facial morphogenesis provides evidence for increased developmental instability in DS faces. We found the highest developmental instability in facial structures derived from the mandibular prominence and lowest in facial regions derived from the frontal prominence. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:49–57, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polypropylene/polyethylene blends as models for high‐impact propylene‐ethylene copolymers, part 2: Relation between composition and mechanical performance
Authors: Kock Cornelia , Aust Nicolai , Grein Christelle , Gahleitner Markus
Published: March 2013

The relation between composition and mechanical performance of a series of binary polyolefin blends was studied in this article. A fractionation of these model compounds with temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) was applied to study the possibility to fractionate industrially relevant heterophasic polyolefin systems. The separation quality according to molecular structures or chemical composition was found to be good for most of the systems, but especially the separation of ethylene‐propylene random copolymer and high density polyethylene by TREF turned out to be difficult if not impossible. An extensive mechanical characterisation including the determination of brittle‐to‐ductile transition curves showed significant effects of modifier type and amount. Toughness effects can be related primarily to the modulus differences between modifier and matrix. Compatibility and particle size only have a secondary influence, but must be considered for a detailed interpretation of the mechanics of the investigated systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A historical feeding ground for humpback whales in the eastern South Pacific revisited: the case of northern Patagonia, Chile
Authors: Hucke‐Gaete R. , Haro D. , Torres‐Florez J.P. , Montecinos Y. , Viddi F. , Bedriñana‐Romano L. , Nery M.F. , Ruiz J.
Published: March 2013

Since 2000, an increasing number of humpback whale sightings have been recorded in northern Chilean Patagonia (mostly between 41.5°S and 44°S) from dedicated aerial and marine surveys and also opportunistic and land‐based platforms during austral summer and autumn months.

Based on local knowledge from the early years of coastal whaling suggesting the historic presence of humpback whales in the area, and more recent observations confirming feeding groups, mother–calf pairs, and philopatry, it is proposed that a proportion of the eastern South Pacific humpback whales consistently use the Chiloe‐Corcovado region to feed and nurse their young.

This mid‐latitude area could be regarded as the northernmost feeding ground for humpback whales in South America, extending the previous known range some 1300 km north.

These findings provide further evidence for alternative life‐strategies other than traditional migration and highlight the importance of northern Patagonian fjords to resolve questions that are central for large baleen whale conservation and management such as the extent and characteristics of spatio‐temporal habitat use and overlap with human activities.

The need for future research on the migratory movements and population structure of this poorly understood population of humpback whales is emphasized, while an account is given of the threats they currently face.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic Surface Control of Constrained Hypersonic Flight Models with Parameter Estimation and Actuator Compensation
Authors: Xu Bin , Huang Xiyuan , Wang Danwei , Sun Fuchun
Published: March 2013

In this paper, the robust adaptive controller is investigated for the longitudinal dynamics of a generic hypersonic flight vehicle. The proposed methodology addresses the issue of controller design and stability analysis with respect to parametric model uncertainty and input saturations for the control‐oriented model. The velocity and attitude subsystems are transformed into the linearly parameterized form. Based on the parameter projection estimation, the dynamic inverse control is proposed via the back‐stepping scheme. In order to avoid the problem of “explosion of complexity,” by introducing a first‐order filtering of the synthetic input at each step, the dynamic surface control is designed. The closed‐loop system achieves uniform ultimately bounded stability. The compensation design is employed when the input saturations occur. Simulation results show that the proposed approach achieves good tracking performance.
The Interstitial Duplication 15q11.2‐q13 Syndrome Includes Autism, Mild Facial Anomalies and a Characteristic EEG Signature
Authors: Urraca Nora , Cleary Julie , Brewer Victoria , Pivnick Eniko K. , McVicar Kathryn , Thibert Ronald L. , Schanen N. Carolyn , Esmer Carmen , Lamport Dustin , Reiter Lawrence T.
Published: March 2013

Chromosomal copy number variants (CNV) are the most common genetic lesion found in autism. Many autism‐associated CNVs are duplications of chromosome 15q. Although most cases of interstitial (int) dup(15) that present clinically are de novo and maternally derived or inherited, both pathogenic and unaffected paternal duplications of 15q have been identified. We performed a phenotype/genotype analysis of individuals with interstitial 15q duplications to broaden our understanding of the 15q syndrome and investigate the contribution of 15q duplication to increased autism risk. All subjects were recruited solely on the basis of interstitial duplication 15q11.2‐q13 status. Comparative array genome hybridization was used to determine the duplication size and boundaries while the methylation status of the maternally methylated small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N gene was used to determine the parent of origin of the duplication. We determined the duplication size and parental origin for 14 int dup(15) subjects: 10 maternal and 4 paternal cases. The majority of int dup(15) cases recruited were maternal in origin, most likely due to our finding that maternal duplication was coincident with autism spectrum disorder. The size of the duplication did not correlate with the severity of the phenotype as established by Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale calibrated severity score. We identified phenotypes not comprehensively described before in this cohort including mild facial dysmorphism, sleep problems and an unusual electroencephalogram variant. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the maternally expressed ubiquitin protein ligase E3A gene is primarily responsible for the autism phenotype in int dup(15) since all maternal cases tested presented on the autism spectrum. Autism Res 2013, ●●: ●●–●●. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Testing the Predictive Power of Cognitive Atypicalities in Autistic Children: Evidence from a 3‐Year Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Pellicano Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

This follow‐up study investigated the predictive power of early cognitive atypicalities. Specifically, it examined whether early individual differences in specific cognitive skills, including theory of mind, executive function, and central coherence, could uniquely account for variation in autistic children's behaviors—social communication, repetitive behaviors, and interests and insistence on sameness—at follow‐up. Thirty‐seven cognitively able children with an autism spectrum condition were assessed on tests tapping verbal and nonverbal ability, theory of mind (false‐belief prediction), executive function (planning ability, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control), and central coherence (local processing) at intake and their behavioral functioning (social communication, repetitive behaviors and interests, insistence on sameness) 3 years later. Individual differences in early executive but not theory of mind skills predicted variation in children's social communication. Individual differences in children's early executive function also predicted the degree of repetitive behaviors and interests at follow‐up. There were no predictive relationships between early central coherence and children's insistence on sameness. These findings challenge the notion that distinct cognitive atypicalities map on to specific behavioral features of autism. Instead, early variation in executive function plays a key role in helping to shape autistic children's emerging behaviors, including their social communication and repetitive behaviors and interests. Autism Res 2013, ●●: ●●–●●. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design and testing of bicyclic inhibitors of Grb7—are two cycles better than one?
Authors: Gunzburg Menachem J. , Ambaye Nigus D. , Del Borgo Mark P. , Perlmutter Patrick , Wilce Jacqueline A.
Published: March 2013

Grb7 is an adapter protein involved in the propagation of signals in cancer cell migration and proliferation, and is thus a target for the development of novel anti‐cancer agents. An 11‐residue thioether‐cyclized peptide known as G7‐18NATE has previously been developed, that inhibits Grb7 via specific interactions with its SH2 domain with micromolar affinity. Here we explore whether the peptide binding is enhanced by the addition of a second linkage designed to restrain the peptide in its bound conformation and thus reduce the entropic loss upon binding. The use of an O‐ally ser covalent linkage between residue positions 1 and 8 successfully enhanced the affinity, and ITC showed that the entropic loss was reduced. A peptide with thioether‐cyclization exchanged for an amide linkage showed reduce affinity, though the formation of a disulfide bond between positions 1 and 8 in this peptide enhanced its binding. This study paves the way for improving the G7‐18NATE scaffold for second generation inhibitors of Grb7. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 100: 543–549, 2013.
Terminal and Bridging Parent Amido 1,5‐Cyclooctadiene Complexes of Rhodium and Iridium
Authors: Mena Inmaculada , Jaseer E. A. , Casado Miguel A. , García‐Orduña Pilar , Lahoz Fernando J. , Oro Luis A.
Published: March 2013

The ready availability of rare parent amido d8complexes of the type [{M(μ‐NH2)(cod)}2] (M=Rh (1), Ir (2); cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) through the direct use of gaseous ammonia has allowed the study of their reactivity. Both complexes1and2exchanged the di‐olefines by carbon monoxide to give the dinuclear tetracarbonyl derivatives [{M(μ‐NH2)(CO)2}2] (M=Rh or Ir). The diiridium(I) complex2reacted with chloroalkanes such as CH2Cl2or CHCl3, giving the diiridium(II) products [(Cl)(cod)Ir(μ‐NH2)2Ir(cod)(R)] (R=CH2Cl or CHCl2) as a result of a two‐center oxidative addition and concomitant metal–metal bond formation. However, reaction with ClCH2CH2Cl afforded the symmetrical adduct [{Ir(μ‐NH2)(Cl)(cod)}2] upon release of ethylene. We found that the rhodium complex1exchanged the di‐olefines stepwise upon addition of selected phosphanes (PPh3, PMePh2, PMe2Ph) without splitting of the amido bridges, allowing the detection of mixed COD/phosphane dinuclear complexes [(cod)Rh(μ‐NH2)2Rh(PR3)2], and finally the isolation of the respective tetraphosphanes [{Rh(μ‐NH2)(PR3)2}2]. On the other hand, the iridium complex2reacted with PMe2Ph by splitting the amido bridges and leading to the very rare terminal amido complex [Ir(cod)(NH2)(PMePh2)2]. This compound was found to be very reactive towards traces of water, giving the more stable terminal hydroxo complex [Ir(cod)(OH)(PMePh2)2]. The heterocyclic carbene IPr (IPr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) also split the amido bridges in complexes1and2, allowing in the case of iridium to characterize in situ the terminal amido complex [Ir(cod)(IPr)(NH2)]. However, when rhodium was involved, the known hydroxo complex [Rh(cod)(IPr)(OH)] was isolated as final product. On the other hand, we tested complexes1and2as catalysts in the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone withiPrOH without the use of any base or in the presence of Cs2CO3, finding that the iridium complex2is more active than the rhodium analogue1.
A Highly Efficient and Selective Aerobic Cross‐Dehydrogenative‐Coupling Reaction Photocatalyzed by a Platinum(II) Terpyridyl Complex
Authors: Zhong Jian‐Ji , Meng Qing‐Yuan , Wang Ge‐Xia , Liu Qiang , Chen Bin , Feng Ke , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: March 2013

Thanks to the superior redox potential of platinum(II) complex compared with that of Ru(bpy)32+ in the excited state, an efficient and selective visible‐light‐induced CDC reaction has been developed by using a catalytic amount (0.25 %) of 1. With the aid of FeSO4 (2 equiv), the corresponding amide could not be detected under visible‐light irradiation (λ=450 nm), but the desired cross‐coupling product was exclusively obtained under ambient air conditions. A spectroscopic study and product analysis revealed that the CDC reaction is initiated by photoinduced electron‐transfer from N‐phenyltetrahydroisoquinoline to the complex. An EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) experiment provides direct evidence on the generation of superoxide radical anion (O2−.) rather than singlet oxygen (1O2) under irradiation of the reaction system, in contrast to that reported in the literature. Combined, the photoinduced electron‐transfer and subsequent formation of superoxide radical anion (O2−.) results in a clean and facile transformation.
Left Atrial Function Assessed by Doppler Echocardiography Rather Than Left Atrial Volume Predicts Recurrence in Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Yoon Ji Hyun , Moon Jeonggeun , Chung Hye moon , Choi Eui‐Young , Kim Jong‐Youn , Min Pil‐ki , Yoon Young‐won , Lee Byoung‐kwon , Hong Bum‐kee , Kwon Hyuck‐moon , Rim Se‐Joong
Published: March 2013

Background

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PaAF) may present as a single self‐terminating episode of atrial fibrillation (AF) or a more persistent form after sinus conversion. We investigated predictors of recurrence in patients with PaAF.

Hypothesis

Left atrial function would be an useful parameter for predicting PaAF recurrence.

Methods

The study population included 228 PaAF patients (131 males, age 64 ± 14 years) who underwent transthoracic echocardiography immediately after spontaneous sinus conversion at initial AF diagnosis. We followed the study patients for AF recurrence.

Results

AF recurrence was demonstrated in 45 patients (20%, age 68 ± 13 years) after spontaneous sinus conversion. Patients with recurrence had larger left atrial volume index (32 ± 12 vs 25 ± 10 mL/m2, P < 0.001), left ventricle mass index (107 ± 34 vs 93 ± 25 g/m2, P = 0.012), and left ventricle filling pressure (E/e′′) (14 ± 7 vs 12 ± 5, P = 0.012), whereas early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e′) (5 ± 2 vs 6 ± 3 cm/s, P = 0.021), late diastolic mitral annular velocity (A′) (7 ± 3 vs 9 ± 2 cm/s, P < 0.001), and peak systolic mitral annular velocity (7 ± 2 vs 8 ± 2 cm/s, P = 0.045) were significantly lower. In multivariate Cox regression analysis detecting independent predictors of PaAF recurrence, lower A′ (hazard ratio: 0.623, 95% confidence interval: 0.476‐0.815, P = 0.001) was a significant predictor of AF recurrence.

Conclusions

A′, which indicates left atrial (LA) contractile function after sinus conversion, was the independent predictor of PaAF recurrence, whereas LA volume was not. LA function may be more important than LA volume in predicting recurrence particularly in patients with PaAF.
Cholesterol Levels and the Association of Statins With In‐Hospital Mortality of Myocardial Infarction Patients Insights From a Chilean Registry of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Martínez Gonzalo , Rigotti Attilio , Acevedo Mónica , Navarrete Carlos , Rosales Juanita , Giugliano Robert P. , Corbalán Ramón
Published: March 2013

Background

Hypercholesterolemia is a strong risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI). There is scarce information regarding lipoprotein levels among patients with MI in Latin America as well as about the association of very early statin therapy during the course of acute MI.

Hypothesis

Very early statin prescription might be associated with a reduction on in‐hospital mortality in MI patients with nearly normal lipid levels.

Methods

Prospective registry database analysis of MI patients admitted between 2001 and 2007 at a single university hospital from which demographics, treatments, clinical variables, and mortality were assessed. Patients naïve to statin therapy were divided in 2 groups, according to whether they received (group A) or did not receive (group B) statins during the first 24 hours after admission.

Results

In the 1465 patients analyzed, mean plasma levels of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) were 197, 117, and 44 mg/dL, respectively, and 41.8% had HDL‐C ≤40 mg/dL. Among statin naïve patients (n = 1272), 67% were classified in group A and 33% in group B. Overall in‐hospital mortality was 4.1%: 1.8% in group A and 8.5% in group B. In the multivariate analysis, including propensity score for statin prescription, the odds ratio for in‐hospital mortality for group A was 0.971 (95% confidence interval: 0.944‐0.999, P = 0.04).

Conclusions

In the Chilean registry of MI patients, low HDL‐C was the main lipid disturbance. Very early statin use after MI appears to be associated with a borderline significant and independent reduction of in‐hospital mortality.
Spatial Pattern of Benthic Diatoms and Water Quality Assessment Using Diatom Indices in a Subtropical River, China
Authors: Tan Xiang , Ma Peiming , Xia Xiaoling , Zhang Quanfa
Published: March 2013

Benthic algae including benthic diatoms are one of the most vital primary producers in riverine ecosystems, and their spatial distribution and assemblage structure respond sensitively to various environmental variables. Thus, benthic diatoms have been widely used as indicators of water quality in riverine systems. Here, we present a study on benthic diatoms and water quality assessment using diatom indices in the upper Han River, a subtropical river with a length of 925 km in China. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that spatial patterns of diatom assemblages could be primarily explained by dissolved organic carbon, pH, major ions, and flow velocity. Two‐way indicator species analysis on the diatom assemblages grouped the sampling sites into those from mainstream and tributaries. There were also significant differences in the Shannon–Wiener diversity index, evenness index, species richness, and diatom indices between the mainstream and tributary sites, and diatom indices categorized the mainstream as mesotrophic and the tributaries as oligo‐mesotrophic in the upper Han River. Lower water quality in the mainstream led to the dominance of pollution tolerant species such as Eolimna subminuscula, while tributaries were characterized by Achnanthidium pyrenaicum and A. subatomus. The research demonstrates the applicability of diatom indices for water quality and ecohealth assessment in subtropical rivers.
Prognostic value of p16 expression and alcohol consumption in Japanese patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Saito Yuki , Yoshida Masafumi , Ushiku Tetsuo , Omura Go , Ebihara Yasuhiro , Shimono Toshiyuki , Fukayama Masashi , Yamasoba Tatsuya , Asakage Takahiro
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND

The prevalence and prognostic value of human papillomavirus‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) in Japan has not been evaluated.

METHODS

Over a 12‐year period, the authors used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of p16 (a cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor and tumor suppressor) in samples from 173 patients with OPSCC at a single institution and to determine its prevalence and influence on disease prognosis.

RESULTS

The prevalence of p16‐positive OPSCC was 33.7% in tonsillar carcinoma, 28.6% in tongue base carcinoma, 0% in posterior wall carcinoma, and 18.8% in soft palate carcinoma. The prevalence of p16‐positive OPSCC tumors increased from 15.2% during 2000 to 2003 up to 33.3% during 2008 to 2011; during the same periods, among nonsmokers, the prevalence of p16‐positive OPSCC tumors increased from 21.2% to 27.8%; and, among nondrinkers, prevalence increased from 6.1% to 25%. Multivariate analysis identified p16 expression and alcohol consumption as significant, independent prognostic markers of OPSCC.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results suggest that the incidence of human papillomavirus‐related OPSCC in Japan is increasing and indicate that p16 expression and alcohol consumption may be significant prognostic markers of survival for patients with OPSCC in Japan. Cancer 2013;119:2005–2011. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Autoionization of Molecular Hydrogen: Where do the Fano Lineshapes Go?
Authors: Palacios Alicia , Feist Johannes , González‐Castrillo Alberto , Sanz‐Vicario José Luis , Martín Fernando
Published: March 2013

Atomic autoionization following photoabsorption is a typical example of quantum interferences governed by electron–electron correlation. Coherence between direct photoionization and autoionization paths results in “Fano profiles”, widely explored in atoms in the last 60 years. The advent of femto‐ and attosecond laser technology made time‐resolved images of the delayed electron ejection in autoionization accessible, leading to the reemergence of such studies in atomic systems. The counterpart molecular phenomena show the richness, as well as the complexity, added by nuclear motion, which may proceed on similar time scales. However, Fano profiles are usually absent in measured molecular photoionization cross sections and an unequivocal parametrization of molecular autoionization signatures, similar to that introduced by Fano in atoms [U. Fano, Phys. Rev. 1961, 124, 1866] has not yet been achieved. In this work we introduce a simple semiclassical model that accounts for all the features observed in H2 photoionization and demonstrate that the interference structures observed in dissociative ionization spectra are almost exclusively due to the phase accumulated in the nuclear motion. Furthermore, we show that the temporal build‐up of these structures in the energy‐differential cross sections is also determined by nuclear motion. We validate our models by comparing with full‐dimensional ab initio calculations solving the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation.
Effects of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy‐Mindfulness Training on Emotional Reactivity in Borderline Personality Disorder: Preliminary Results
Authors: Feliu‐Soler Albert , Pascual Juan C. , Borràs Xavier , Portella Maria J. , Martín‐Blanco Ana , Armario Antonio , Alvarez Enric , Pérez Víctor , Soler Joaquim
Published: March 2013

Emotional dysregulation has been proposed as a hallmark of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Mindfulness techniques taught in dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) appear to be effective in reducing affective symptoms and may enhance emotion regulation in BPD patients. In the present study, we assessed whether 10 weeks of DBT‐mindfulness (DBT‐M) training added to general psychiatric management (GPM) could improve emotion regulation in BPD patients. A total of 35 patients with BPD were included and sequentially assigned to GPM (n = 17) or GPM plus DBT‐M (n = 18). Participants underwent a negative emotion induction procedure (presentation of standardized unpleasant images) both pre‐intervention and post‐intervention. Clinical evaluation was also performed before and after treatment. No differences were observed in emotional response at the post‐treatment session. However, patients in the DBT‐M group showed greater improvement in clinical symptoms. Formal mindfulness practice was positively correlated with clinical improvements and lower self‐reported emotional reactivity. Our preliminary results suggest that mindfulness training reduces some psychiatric symptoms but may not have a clear effect on how patients respond to emotional stimuli in an experimental setting. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

No clear effect of mindfulness training was observed on emotional response to a negative emotion induction procedure.

Application of the DBT‐M module jointly to GPM induced better clinical outcomes than GPM alone.

Formal mindfulness practice showed a positive impact on emotion regulation and clinical improvement.
Novel grounded inductance simulator using single OTRA
Authors: Pandey Rajeshwari , Pandey Neeta , Paul Sajal K. , Singh Ajay , Sriram B. , Trivedi Kaushlendra
Published: March 2013

In this paper, a method to realize a grounded inductor using single operational transresistance amplifier is presented. The simulated inductance value can be controlled independent of realizability condition. The non‐ideality analysis of the circuit is also given. The workability of the proposed simulated inductance is demonstrated through two applications namely, a band pass filter and an oscillator. PSPICE simulation and experimental results agree well with the theoretical values. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.