bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Giải pháp đánh giá và quản lý rủi ro an toàn thông tin trong Chính phủ điện tử
Authors: Ổn Phùng Văn , Hà Lê Việt , Hóa Nguyễn Ngọc
Published: December 2021

Tóm tắt—Bài báo này trình bày kết quả nghiên cứu xây dựng giải pháp đánh giá và quản lý rủi ro an toàn hệ thống thông tin trong Chính phủ điện tử. Trong bài toán này, chúng tôi tập chung vào xây dựng (i) quy trình đánh giá, quản lý rủi ro an toàn thông tin (ATTT), và (ii) hệ thống phần mềm UET.SRA (Security Risk Assessment System)  hỗ trợ đánh giá, quản lý rủi ro theo quy trình đã xây dựng. Việc quản lý và đánh giá rủi ro ATTT được kết hợp theo các tiêu chuẩn trong nước và quốc tế bao gồm các quy trình trong ISO/IEC 27005:2011 và NIST SP 800-39, nhưng được tuỳ biến để phù hợp với thực tiễn của các cơ quan chính phủ. Hệ thống phần mềm UET.SRA đánh giá rủi ro ATTT dựa theo phương pháp kiểm tra các lỗ hổng và sự phơi nhiễm phổ biến (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures – CVE); việc ước lượng rủi ro định lượng theo Hệ thống chấm điểm lỗ hổng phổ biến (Common Vulnerability Scoring System - CVSS) và Dự án mở về bảo mật ứng dụng web (Open Web Application Security Project - OWASP). Ngoài ra, UET.SRA còn cung cấp chức năng phân tích, phát hiện các lỗ hổng, các đoạn mã độc trong mã nguồn ứng dụng Web sử dụng công nghệ học sâu (deep learning). Kết quả thử nghiệm giải pháp UET.SRA tại Bộ Tài nguyên và Môi trường (TN&MT) bước đầu đã minh chứng được ý nghĩa thực tiễn và cho phép quản lý được các rủi ro ATTT đối với một số hệ thống trọng yếu của Bộ TN&MT.
Abstract—This article presents the results of building a solution to access and manage security risks for the e-Government information system. We focus on building a process and software system UET.SRA to manage and assess security risks. The process was developed using a combination of international and domestic standards including ISO/IEC 27005:2011 and NIST SP 800-39, but customized to match the practice of government agencies. UET.SRA evaluates security risks based on CVEs vulnerability testing; quantitative risk based on CVSS and OWASP standards. In addition, UET.SRA also provides the function of detecting vulnerabilities and webshell in the source code of web applications using deep learning algorithms. The experimental results of UET.SRA at the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment have initially demonstrated practical effectiveness in managing security risks for a number of critical systems.
The role of the pre-Alpine polycrystalline basement in the paleogeographic configuration of multiple Neotethyan oceanic basins
Authors: SPAHIĆ Darko , GAUDENYI Tivadar
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe study provides a deeper understanding of the early Mesozoic paleogeogeographic spatial-temporal relationship by studying the two Adria-Europe intervening basement blocks. The Drina-Ivanjica and Pelagonian crustal fragments play important role in the internal early Alpine oceanic constitution further controlling the late Jurassic emplacement of Tethyan Dinaric-Hellenic ophiolites. The proposed paleogeographic reassessment is driven by the new paleocontinental inheritance data associated with the Variscan – pre-Variscan basement terranes. The recently published data suggest an Avalonian-type inheritance of the Pelagonian basement block which indicates a different pre-Variscan plate-tectonic journey, including separate spatial arrangement during Variscan amalgamation. In turn, Cadomian-type basement inheritance has been documented within the sliced Adria microplate. Thus, the Avalonian inheritance place the Pelagonian block away from the Apulia/Adria (Dinarides). In the investigated context of Paleozoic-Mesozoic paleogeographic transition, the Pelagonian block may represent a segment of the Cimmerian ribbon continent or southernmost segment of the Variscan Europe. With regards the nearby Adria microplate, a Triassic-Jurassic oceanic opening led to the decoupling (spreading away from the main Adria microplate) of the Drina-Ivanjica block. The rifting is in line with the simultaneous yet opposite or westward-directed drift of the Pelagonides. The breakup of south European Variscan configuration eventually result in the spatial alignment of the two basement fragments referred to as the “Drina–Pelagonide continental splinter”. By linking the paleogeographic pre-Jurassic–Jurassic relationship between these continental units, the two landlocked Neotethyan Vardar s.l. basins are extrapolated, “Dinaric Tethys” / Inner Dinaric-(Mirdita-Pindos) and the main Vardar Ocean (Western Vardar Zone).
Briófitos y hongos (liquenizados y no liquenizados) del Parque Universitario Francisco Vivar Castro, Loja, Ecuador
Authors: Benítez Ángel , Cruz Darío , Vega Marlon , González Leonardo , Jaramillo Nelson , López Fausto , Aguirre Zhofre
Published: December 2021

Los briófitos y hongos (liquenizados y no liquenizados) son altamente diversos en ecosistemas tropicales, y están relacionados con el funcionamiento de los mismos; sin embargo, la diversidad de estos organismos es aún poco estudiada en Ecuador. A nivel de país se ha reportado alrededor de 1700 especies de briófitos, 900 especies de líquenes y más de 2000 especies de hongos no liquenizados. Se realizó un inventario de briófitos, líquenes y hongos del Parque Universitario "Francisco Vivar Castro" en la Región Sur del Ecuador mediante colecciones al azar. Se registró un total de 152 especies, distribuidas en 74 briófitos, 40 líquenes y 38 macrohongos. Las familias con mayor número de especies de briófitos son Lejeuneaceae, Plagiochilaceae, Frullaniaceae, Radulaceae, Meterioraceae, Neckeraceae y Polytrichaceae. Para líquenes Physciaceae, Parmeliaceae, Lobariaceae y Ramalinaceae fueron las más representativas. Para hongos Polyporaceae, Physalacriaceae y Mycenaceae registraron el mayor número de especies. Concluimos que la zona del Parque Universitario "Francisco Vivar Castro" con las 152 especies alberga una alta diversidad de briofitos y hongos (líquenes y no liquenizados) siendo funcionalmente un refugio de biodiversidad en la hoya de Loja, como ya se ha documentado para plantas vasculares y algunos grupos de fauna. Bajo este contexto, la conservación del remanente de bosque de montaña, es necesario para preservar la alta diversidad de briófitos y hongos en Ecuador.
SISTEM MONITORING KENAIKAN SUHU PADA TRANSFORMER BERBASIS IoT
Authors: Pahlevi Moh. Riyadh Dirga , Amir Ardi , Sollu Tan Suryani , Indrajaya Muh. Aristo
Published: December 2021

Transformers play an important role in generating electrical energy so that in maintaining their performance this transformer has a lot of protection so that the transformer can work as much as possible. Many things can interfere with transformers, namely when the transformer is overheated, a short circuit occurs, or is struck by lightning causing the transformer to burn, so a system that can provide fast, and extensive information is needed and is handled automatically by monitoring the temperature of the main transformer using a smartphone connected to the internet network. In this study, 2 DS18B20 sensors were used which were equipped with a Manual Call Point (MCP) as input and an ESP32 microcontroller module in which there was a Wi-Fi module as a data processor, then the output data would be sent via the internet to the Internet Of Things (IoT) platform for display. In the form of values, graphs, and notifications. The measurement results are in the form of temperature units in C which will be displayed via a smartphone using the Blynk IoT platform in the form of numbers and graphs in real-time according to the value detected by the sensor. Tests on sensors resulted in an average error of 3.29% on the Low side and 3.01% on the Upside.
Uma análise teórica e empírica sobre o comportamento dos crimes patrimoniais no estado de Minas Gerais no período de 2000 a 2017
Authors: Lopes Aleff Neivisson Ferreira , Cordeiro Luciana Maria , Rezende Luiz Paulo Fontes de
Published: December 2021

Este artigo analisa alguns dos fatores que podem ter influenciado a evolução do número de crimes violentos contra o patrimônio em Minas Gerais. Inicialmente, é realizada uma revisão de literatura sobre a “Economia do Crime”. Além de revisar o modelo de oferta individual de crimes do economista norte-americano Gary S. Becker (1968), estudos empíricos que tratam sobre o tema também foram considerados. Em um segundo momento, fazendo uso de métodos econométricos com dados em painel, foram obtidos resultados que demonstram que a taxa de crimes violentos contra o patrimônio está relacionada com o gasto per capita na área da educação, além de indicadores demográficos e de renda, como taxa de urbanização, densidade demográfica, percentual de jovens na população, renda média do setor formal e desigualdade de renda. Dentre os principais resultados, destacam-se o efeito dinâmico do gasto per capita com educação e o percentual de jovens na população, contribuindo para a explanação do comportamento dessas duas variáveis sobre a taxa de crimes violentos contra o patrimônio em Minas Gerais.
Gastos Domiciliares nas Regiões Metropolitanas: Uma Análise não Paramétrica Kernel usando Dados de Pseudo-Painel
Authors: Almeida Alexandre Nunes , Amorim Domingos Isaias Maia , Azzoni Carlos Roberto , Tabosa Francisco José Silva , Chagas André Luiz Squarize
Published: December 2021

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a relação entre a parcela despendida entre itens alimentícios (e não alimentícios) e o gasto domiciliar total através de modelos de regressão kernel não paramétricos. Para atender este objetivo, foram utilizados dados de um pseudo-painel construído a partir das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares do IBGE entre 1987 e 2009. Observou-se que os resultados dos modelos paramétricos não se mostraram significativamente diferentes das estimativas médias não paramétricas entre os diferentes grupos de consumo. No entanto, ao analisar as estimativas não paramétricas na forma de percentis, pode-se constatar um impacto substancialmente diferente do gasto total sobre a parcela gasta nos grupos alimentação e saúde e despesas pessoais, mas não nas outras despesas. Ademais, também não se corroborou a hipótese de que o uso de métodos que levem em consideração as características não observadas e invariantes no tempo dos chefes dos domicílios convergiriam para resultados diferentes em relação aos de uma estrutura de dados de corte transversal.
Produtividade do Trabalho e Economias de Aglomeração: Evidências para o Estado da Bahia
Authors: Silva Kecia Cristina Miranda da , Sousa Filho José Firmino , Caires Fernanda Oliveira Caires e , Silva Diana Lúcia Gonzaga da
Published: December 2021

Este artigo analisa o efeito das economias de aglomeração sobre a produtividade do trabalho no estado da Bahia no período de 2002 a 2016. A literatura aponta que a produtividade do trabalho depende da estrutura produtiva local e das externalidades de aglomeração. Utilizou-se um modelo de dados em painel dinâmico para estimar indicadores da produtividade do trabalho em nível municipal. O Método dos Momentos Generalizados - \textit{GMM System} – com variáveis instrumentais foi adotado para lidar com a produtividade defasada e os fatores não observados dos municípios. A análise foi feita em duas etapas considerando os municípios fora do Semiárido (Grupo 1) e o conjunto de municípios do Semiárido (Grupo 2). Os resultados mostraram que a produtividade do trabalho defasada exerceu maior influência sobre os níveis de produtividade atuais, principalmente para o Grupo 1. Para ambos os grupos, os coeficientes de especialização (QL) e diversificação setorial (HHM) apresentaram efeito negativo na maioria dos setores analisados. Não foram encontradas evidências de externalidades positivas de aglomeração, a partir do tamanho populacional e das densidades da população e do emprego. As demais variáveis socioeconômicas apresentaram resultados distintos entre os grupos analisados.
Đánh giá tác dụng điều trị của dung dịch điện hoá Suporan tại vết thương bỏng
Authors: Thị Lâm Đan Chi , Đỗ Lương Tuấn , Mai Xuân Thảo , Đỗ Thị Kim Sơn
Published: December 2021

Suporan là sản phẩm thương mại được phép lưu hành ở Việt Nam, bản chất là dung dịch điện hóa được sử dụng như dung dịch để rửa vết thương và có tác dụng làm sạch vết thương.Mục tiêu: Đánh giá khả năng ức chế vi khuẩn và tác dụng liền vết thương bỏng nông của dung dịch Suporan.Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Thử nghiệm lâm sàng có đối chứng, so sánh trước và sau điều trị, so sánh với 2 thuốc đối chứng từng cặp trên cùng một bệnh nhân. Thử nghiệm trên 30 bệnh nhân bỏng nông điều trị nội trú tại Khoa điều trị Bỏng người lớn - Bệnh viện Bỏng quốc gia Lê Hữu Trác từ tháng 5 năm 2021 đến tháng 9 năm 2021.Kết quả: Dung dịch Saporan có tác dụng kháng khuẩn ở vết thương bỏng nông:In vitro: Dung dịch Suporan có dường kính vòng vô khuẩn với S.aureus, P. aeruginosa, E.coli, Aci. Baumannii, K. pneumoniae mạnh hơn so với dung dịch Betadine 3%.Lâm sàng: Thuốc có tác dụng ngừa nhiễm khuẩn vết bỏng tương đương với dung dịch Betadine 3% (biểu hiện số lần cấy khuẩn âm tính không tăng, số lượng vi khuẩn giảm có ý nghĩa sau 7 ngày, p < 0,05).Kết luận: Dung dịch Suporan có tác dụng liền vết thương bỏng: Sau 7 ngày nghiên cứu, thuốc có tác dụng giảm viêm nề, giảm dịch tiết, dịch mủ giảm mạnh hơn vùng chứng được điều trị bằng Betadine 3%.Thuốc có tính an toàn: Không gây đau xót khi đắp thuốc, không gây dị ứng tại chỗ và toàn thân.
Perfil bioantropológico de la población de Iglesia Colorada, valle de Copiapó, en época Inca
Authors: Morales Catalina , Garrido Francisco
Published: December 2021

Este artículo presenta los resultados del análisis de los restos humanos del período Tardío recuperados en el sitio Iglesia Colorada, ubicado en el curso alto del valle del Río Copiapó. El objetivo principal es el identificar indicadores de modo de vida y actividad de la población del cementerio, mediante el análisis de su perfil demográfico, indicadores dentales, patologías articulares, alteraciones en la morfología del hueso, e indicadores de estrés fisiológico. Si bien el número de individuos no es suficiente para generar estimaciones estadísticas, se observa una distribución normal en las edades de muerte, una salud oral particularmente buena y escasos indicadores de estrés fisiológico. Pese a haber pocos individuos donde se pudo observar las superficies articulares, estas muestran estrés mecánico principalmente asociado a la carga de peso, a lo que se suman dos casos de alteraciones atípicas en clavículas. Finalmente se discute la presencia de algunas variaciones anatómicas que comúnmente se han interpretado como rasgos discretos, pero que podrían ser el resultado de actividades laborales.
Aves acuáticas de laguna Cáhuil, región de O'higgins, Chile central
Authors: Mella-Romero Jorge
Published: December 2021

Los humedales costeros del centro de Chile son sitios ecológicamente relevantes para las aves, pero en las lagunas de la región de O'Higgins, se sabe poco sobre los ensambles de aves acuáticas. Durante 2015 evalué la riqueza y cantidad de aves acuáticas en la laguna Cáhuil, centro de Chile. Realicé conteos mensuales (un día al mes) de cuatro transectos de línea fija (200 m) establecidos a lo largo de la playa. Se contaron todas las aves presentes en la orilla de la playa, la superficie del agua y los bancos de arena. Detecté 28 especies de aves, siendo Cygnus melancoryphus, Fulica armillata y Larus dominicanus las más numerosas. Se discute la importancia de realizar muestreos sistemáticos para tener una comprensión más completa de los conjuntos de aves acuáticas en toda la región y para desarrollar acciones de conservación.
De votos a escaños: un análisis de los efectos del sistema electoral ecuatoriano
Authors: Cisneros Palacios Felipe
Published: December 2021

El artículo propone un análisis del sistema electoral ecuatoriano con base a tres efectos que este produce: la forma cómo los electores a través del voto expresan su preferencia por una organización política o un candidato; cómo estos votos se transforman en cargos públicos; y cómo estos resultados denotan la aplicación de los principios de paridad en la Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador. Los datos revelan que la mayoría de electores prefieren votar por los candidatos dentro de una sola lista, pero a la misma vez, los resultados dejan ver la complejidad del sistema, y la dificultad, bajo las reglas actuales de que mujeres ganen escaños en igual proporción que sus pares hombres.
El Tribunal Constitucional Federal de Alemania y el sistema electoral en una perspectiva comparada
Authors: Nohlen Dieter
Published: December 2021

El análisis se refiere a la representación proporcional personalizada como tipo de representación proporcional y considera las razones por qué constituye un sistema electoral modelo en el ámbito internacional. Explica por qué se enfrenta al mismo tiempo en el discurso internacional politológico a un entendimiento equivocado. Luego toca brevemente el debate sobre el sistema electoral en Alemania y el rol del Tribunal Federal Constitucional en él, con el propósito de mostrar que en él es excepcional o único en la referencia internacional. Finalmente, plantea algunas tesis sobre el discurso del sistema electoral alemán y las valora en esta perspectiva comparativa.
Voto facultativo de jóvenes en Ecuador: una cuestión de confianza y expectativas sobre la democracia
Authors: Bastidas Redin Cristina
Published: December 2021

Este artículo analiza la participación electoral de los jóvenes entre 16 y 18 años que asistieron por primera vez a las urnas en los procesos electorales 2011 y 2013. Presenta datos de la cultura política de los jóvenes para entender su interés por la política, participación en organizaciones y expectativas sobre la democracia. Unacomparación de los datos de la cultura política de los jóvenes en México y Argentina y su correspondiente interés en participar electoralmente acompañan el análisis. La conclusión más importante es que cuando el voto es facultativo el interés por participar electoralmente está dado sobre la base de la con!anza en el sistema político y el funcionamiento de las instituciones democráticas.
La vida se quedó en el Río Sinú. El Estado, los Embera-Katío de Tierralta y la Represa Urrá I
Authors: Rodríguez González María José
Published: December 2021

En este artículo se analizará el accionar del Estado con respecto a la construcción de la hidroeléctrica Urrá I, y cómo esto perjudicó los intereses de los Embera-Katío, a nivel cultural, económico y político, que terminaron por afectar la vida de dicho pueblo indígena. A la vez, el artículo pretende cuestionar la teoría del abandono estatal, en las dinámicas del conflicto armado, desplazamiento, la política local y la violación normativa, para identificar el rol del aparato estatal a nivel nacional y regional.Los actores a analizar son: el Estado (desde su papel en lo local), la clase política y económica (con respecto a sus intereses en la región), el paramilitarismo (desde su funcionamiento, como brazo aliado del Estado y la economía) y la comunidad indígena, analizando la vulneración de sus derechos humanos por la construcción de la represa.
Derechos colectivos y derechos políticos de los pueblos y nacionalidades del Ecuador: análisis de las elecciones 2013 en cinco cantones
Authors: Salazar Medina Richard , Soler García Cristina
Published: December 2021

El retorno a la democracia en el Ecuador (1978) permitió el fortalecimiento y trascendencia de los movimientos sociales. Uno de los elementos paradigmáticos de este proceso fue la autorización del voto a personas analfabetas, que en su gran mayoría eran indígenas, afrodescendientes y campesinos. El presente artículo, tras hacer una breve revisión histórica de la participación política de los pueblos de la diversidad cultural del país y sus actores en las últimas décadas, analiza el contexto constitucional y legal actual de los derechos políticos de los pueblos del Ecuador. Luego, a la luz del proceso electoral de febrero de 2013, analiza la posible existencia de una dinámica del voto frente a candidatos de las diversidades culturales en cinco cantones con alta autoidentificación indígena, afroecuatoriana o montubia. El trabajo muestra interesantes resultados y observaciones de gran utilidad para los tomadores de decisiones respecto de los instrumentos electorales, así como para las organizaciones de los pueblos del país e investigadores en la materia.
Candidatos jóvenes en las elecciones generales de Ecuador: evolución en el último quindenio
Authors: Sánchez López Oscar Rolando , Correa Calderón José Eduardo
Published: December 2021

El artículo presenta un estudio inédito en materia electoral, al menos en el Ecuador, que observa y analiza la participación de las y los jóvenes como candidatos en su búsqueda de ejercer el derecho a ser elegidos en los procesos electorales de los últimos quince años, para establecer la incidencia de los cambios constitucionales del año 2008, mediante la comparación de las condiciones del antes y después de la Constitución de Montecristi. Se utilizaron los datos ofciales proporcionados por el Consejo Nacional Electoral para realizar un análisis estadístico y exponer la situación real de los jóvenes, verifcándose una marcada tendencia de relegar su participación a las suplencias o, cuando fueron candidatos principales, muy pocas veces ocuparon los primeros puestos, lo que ocasionó que, incluso en esa condición, pocas veces resultaron electos. Además, en una necesaria revisión de género, se constató que las mujeres pierden oportunidades electorales en la medida que avanzan en su edad y, en esa misma línea, los hombres - por el contrario - las ganan fundamentalmente en espacios protagónicos, seguramente como consecuencia de una cultura política “machista” que sigue vigente en el ámbito político.
Procesos electorales en Ecuador. 10 años de elecciones y estabilidad democrática (2006-2016)
Authors: Trujillo Patricio
Published: December 2021

La democracia liberal implementada en Ecuador fue cuestionada por la ciudadanía en las últimas dos décadas y, por ende, la legitimidad de sus instituciones. Los partidos políticos ingresaron en una sostenida etapa de desgaste, como consecuencia de continuos errores políticos que evidenciaron una pérdida en su representación. Los ciudadanos obtuvieron mayores respuestas a sus demandas políticas a través de movimientos u organizaciones de la sociedad civil antes que de los partidos políticos o del propio Estado. Entre 1996 y 2006 fue en este panorama que se desenvolvió la partidocracia ecuatoriana representada por líderes populistas de muy baja credibilidad, los mismos que se evidencian como inestables y muy poco sostenibles en el tiempo. La política y los políticos estaban devaluados, con un alto descrédito y poca popularidad, fue una etapa histórica que evidenció el hastío por la política. El neoliberalismo cumplía con uno de sus princiales objetivos, la despolitización de una gran parte de la población, disminuyendo las instituciones del Estado y anulando los partidos políticos. En esta compleja etapa de crisis es donde aparece la denominada Revolución Ciudadana y el Movimiento PAIS, convertidos en estos útimos 10 años en el proyecto político más importante del Ecuador contemporáneo.
Crisis sistémica, actores y expectativas democráticas. Transformaciones institucionales y dependencia de la trayectoria en Ecuador (1979 – 2014)
Authors: Pérez Diego
Published: December 2021

En este artículo se realiza una aproximación desde el institucionalismo histórico para ubicar algunos elementos centrales en la generación de crisis sistémicas en el espacio de relación Ejecutivo – partidos políticos operando en el Legislativo. A partir de ello, se introduce una breve agenda que permita reflexionar sobre la dimensión de las transformaciones sobre el sistema político en Ecuador a partir de la Constitución 2008.
La transformación de las democracias latinoamericanas: el replanteamiento de la relación Estado-sociedad. Caso Brasil
Authors: Cardoso Ribeiro Ilana Aló
Published: December 2021

Este artículo tiene como objetivo abordar las transformaciones de la democracia brasileña desde el final de la dictadura militar en 1985, pasando por los gobiernos neoliberales de derecha (PSDB)1 hasta giro a la izquierda (PT)2 para entender la relación Estado-sociedad. A través de un breve recuento histórico, que no pretende ser exhaustivo sino ilustrativo, busca contestar la pregunta clave de esa investigación: ¿desde el retorno a la democracia hubo un replanteamiento de la relación Estado-sociedad? Para ello, abordaremos además el papel que juega el sistema de partidos en Brasil. El artículo se basa en dos ejes: el primero ilustra el retorno a la democracia y los primeros gobiernos de derecha neoliberales y el segundo busca analizar los gobiernos de izquierda, ambos ligados al eje central que es la relación Estado-sociedad. La metodología utilizada es un análisis histórico/político a partir de fuentes como publicaciones periodísticas y base  bibliográficas.
1 PSDB – Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira http://www.psdb.org.br/2 PT – Partido dos Trabalhadores http://www.pt.org.br/
El desempeño electoral de los partidos políticos provinciales en las elecciones seccionales 2014 en Ecuador
Authors: Dandoy Régis
Published: December 2021

Este artículo se enfoca en el desempeño electoral de los partidos de carácter provincial, tanto en elecciones provinciales (perfectos) como en elecciones cantonales (alcaldes) y observa hasta qué punto estas elecciones están nacionalizadas o provincializadas.

El artículo concluye con tres hallazgos: primero, los partidos nacionales a menudo decidieron tener una estrategia provincial; segundo, los partidos nacionales decidieron crear una alianza electoral con un partido provincial para las elecciones locales, en lugar de con un partido local; tercero, las alianzas electorales entre un partido nacional y un partido provincial para las elecciones provinciales y locales probaron ser una estrategia exitosa.
Revocatoria del mandato y democracia: análisis de las experiencias recientes en Lima y Bogotá
Authors: Welp Yanina , Rey Julieta
Published: December 2021

A comienzos de los noventa, los países andinos han transformado sus marcos normativos, abandonando el modelo estrictamente representativo para incluir diversas instituciones de participación ciudadana. Colombia y Perú fueron pioneros en la incorporación de mecanismos de participación ciudadana a su constitución. El presente articulo se centra en las experiencias recientes de revocatoria del mandato en Lima y Bogotá, a fin de analizar la medida en que éstas expresan o no el buen funcionamiento de la democracia, atendiendo al diseño institucional del referendum revocatorio, el rol de los actores involucrados y los resultados de estos procesos.
Transformación institucional en democracia. El caso del voto facultativo para Fuerzas Armadas y Policía en Ecuador
Authors: Pérez Enríquez Diego
Published: December 2021

Se analiza la incorporación del voto facultativo para las Fuerzas Armadas y la Policía Nacional en la Constitución de 2008 y sus efectos en la transformación institucional. Se hace un recuento desde el institucionalismo histótico a partir del retorno a la democracia (1979) de las condiciones bajo las que se relacionan la fuerza pública y los partidos políticos, con especial énfasis en la manera como tal estructura se acentúa a pesar de la Constitución de 1998. Además se evidencia el quiebre de estas relaciones a partir de la Constitución de 2008, donde se expande la base de ciudadanos habilitados para participar, y se plantea una aproximación contemporánea al ejercicio del voto por los miembros de la fuerza pública desde la perspectiva de la profundización de la democracia.
Modernising the Constitution: British Territories and Foreign Relations Act: Part 1
Authors: McBain Graham
Published: December 2021

Modernising the Constitution: British Territories and Foreign Relations Act: Part 1.
INTEGRATED EVALUATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT LEVEL OF INTERNATIONAL TOURIST BUSINESS OF UKRAINE
Authors: Sapun Konstantyn , Soboń Janusz
Published: December 2021

The relativity of the concept of the degree of development of international
tourism business makes the traditional understanding of its assessment mainly sensual. The
article proposes to assess the level of development of international tourist business, taking
into account economic, natural, cultural, transport, recreational, socio-political and other
factors, and the like. The dependence of the level of development on the crisis situation in the
economy and socio-political life of the country is tracked and the main reasons for the
deterioration of the level of development of the tourist business in the crisis years, beginning
in 2014, are formulated.
SELECTED ASPECTS OF CYBERSECURITY OF MARITIME AUTONOMOUS SURFACE SHIPS
Authors: SOKOŁOWSKI WOJCIECH
Published: December 2021

The article deals with cybersecurity of maritime autonomous surface ships. Selected cyber attacks that took place in the maritime sector were characterized. The objectives, sequence and effects of cyber attacks as well as legal regulations in the field of maritime cybersecurity were discussed. However, most attention has been paid to how to prevent cyber threats and to shape a proper maritime cybersecurity policy.
In the face of the inexpressible: Krystyna Miłobędzka, Julian Kornhauser, Marcin Świetlicki
Authors: Dzień Mirosław
Published: December 2021

The sketch is an attempt to describe the category of “inexpressible” at the meeting point of critical-literary, philosophical and theological discourse. Three works by Krystyna Miłobędzka, Julian Kornhauser and Marcin Świetlicki were analyzed. The category of the “inexpressible” turns out to be an undefinable, aporetic concept that contains the mystery of meaning.
“Real life is elsewhere, but we are here”
Authors: Bernacki Marek
Published: December 2021

The text discusses the last volume of Adam Zagajewski's poetry, entitled “Real Life” (Krakow 2019). The author of the review presents in detail three main themes present in this book: nostalgic farewells, records of the inevitable end (existence coming to death) and poetic epiphanies (rare moments of happiness). An important context of the analyzes presented in the text is an intertextual dimension of Adam Zagajewski's poetry, the dialogue dealing with his great predecessors: Czesław Miłosz, Paul Celan, Tomasz Mann and T.S. Eliot.
A few words on Olga Tokarczuk’s The Land of Metaxy
Authors: Tomalak Barbara
Published: December 2021

In her volume of essays The Tender Narrator, Olga Tokarczuk devotes one of them to The Land of Metaxy, which she calls – following Plato – a place between the world of humans and the world of gods. The status of this place is peculiar: it mediates between the worlds, and yet does not belong to either. It is from that place that characters come to the writer. An attempt to explain the actual meaning of Metaxy and who its inhabitants are boils down to four possible interpretations. We can analyse Metaxy in accordance with contemporary quantum physics and cosmology (parallel worlds), from the perspective of religious models created by the civilization of the West, according to the astrology of astral planes, and finally as a domain of collective unconscious, in accordance with Carl Gustav Jung’s analytic psychology and Stanislav Grof’s transpersonal psychology.
Buchnąć z futrówy, odpypić z ponsy – about vocabulary from the category „cheating” in student jargon from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries
Authors: Pacuła Jarosław
Published: December 2021

The article presents the history of the student jargon. The author describes the vocabulary used in the period: second-half the 19th century – first half the 20th century; the lexis belongs to the thematic category „cheating”. In the text the reader gets to know theses: 1) the lexis discussed is the root cause of one of the most extensive lexical-semantic categories of the student jargon in the post-partition period (after the period of the Partitions of Poland); 2) in former student language a shared store of the vocabulary exists – this group is independent of the administrative dependence of schools; 3) we notice much former vocabulary in the contemporary jargon; 4) we will notice jargon words in the general Polish in the 19th century; 7) we can see the participation of criminal jargon from the 19th century.
Where to limit the freedom of speech? Analysis in the context of the First Amendment to the US Constitution and the fighting words doctrine
Authors: Palka Karolina
Published: December 2021

This article is about the limits of the right to free speech. The first section provides a brief introduction to this topic, primarily in the context of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The second section describes the case of Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, which was fundamental to the topic of this paper because the United States Supreme Court created the so-called "fighting words" doctrine based on it. In the next two sections, two court cases are presented that perfectly demonstrate the limits of the right to free speech in the United States: Snyder v. Phelps and Village of Skokie v. National Socialist Party of America. The fifth part shows the right to freedom of speech in the context of Polish civil, criminal, and constitutional law, as well as acts of international law binding on Poland. The last part is a short summary.
Medication use errors and affecting factors in older people: a nursing home example
Authors: Ateş E. , Konal Korkmaz E. , Ardahan M.
Published: December 2021

This study was carried out to determine medication use errors, which pose important problems for older people's health, and the affecting factors.
Skin diseases and the care of patients with skin diseases as perceived by nurses
Authors: Kowalewska B. , Krajewska – Kułak E. , Cybulski M.
Published: December 2021

Dermatological patients are a distinctive group of patients who experience social stigmatisation, exclusion, and a significant decrease in the quality of life. In the healthcare delivery setting, medical staff (especially nurses) are expected to ensure patients with skin diseases' comfort and bio-psycho-social well-being. Undoubtedly, the realisation of this goal is facilitated by the staff's dermatological knowledge of the causes of the disease and its impact on the patient and their quality of life. The study was based on the opinions of nurses not working in dermatology departments, focusing on their perception of patients with skin problems and selected issues related to their quality of life.
Occupational Stress versus job satisfaction in the healthcare arena
Authors: Kotrotsiou S. , Fountouki A. , Theofanidis D.
Published: December 2021

The main aim of this critical review is to cite, analyze and evaluate the core theoretical models on occupational stress with particular reference to the nursing profession.
An evidence-based approach in the management of fatigue due to heart failure: breathing exercises
Authors: Aşkar SE. , Ovayolu Ö.
Published: December 2021

Fatigue is one of the common symptoms that adversely affect the quality of life of patients with heart failure. It has been reported that fatigue seen in heart failure is caused by conditions such as deterioration of peripheral circulation due to decrease in oxygen delivery, autonomic nervous system abnormalities and deterioration in the strength of the respiratory muscles. Breathing exercises are one of the integrative applications that can increase oxygen delivery due to the functional connection of the heart and lungs providing relief from fatigue. In the literature, breathing exercises have a wide range of breathing techniques that create changes in breathing form and rate. Many studies have found that breathing exercises reduce fatigue, and can have significant effects on patient care and clinical outcomes. Nurses have a major impact on patient outcomes such as reducing fatigue in heart failure patients and improving health-related quality of life. For this reason, it is very important to include breathing exercises in nursing practices. In this regard, the importance of breathing exercises in the management of fatigue due to heart failure has been addressed in this review.
Influence of environment, temperature and time of the thermal modification of ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.) on the cellulose weight average degree of polymerization
Authors: Gawron Jakub
Published: December 2021

Influence of environment, temperature and time of the thermal modification of ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.) on the cellulose weight average degree of polymerization . Using the size-exclusion chromatography (HPLC SEC) method, the weight average degree of cellulose polymerization was determined. The polymer was isolated by the Kürschner-Hoffer method from ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.). The wood was thermally modified in different environments (nitrogen, steam and air) at 190°C and modification times of 2, 6 and 10 hours. Depending on the anaerobic atmosphere used, the highest values of the weight average degree of cellulose polymerization were obtained for the nitrogen environment, followed by steam and air. The effect of modification time on the weight average degree of polymerization was observed. The highest values were obtained for wood modified at 2 hours, then 6 and 10 hours of modification. The native wood showed the highest degree of polymerization. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that for the material studied the oxidation and degradation reactions occurring depend on the environment and time for a given temperature of wood modification.
The availability of organizational resources and the degree of internationalization of furniture companies - the empirical research findings
Authors: Grzegorzewska Emilia
Published: December 2021

The availability of organizational resources and the degree of internationalization of furniture companies - the empirical research findings. The article presents the results of empirical research carried out in 100 medium and large furniture companies. The availability of organizational resources was assessed in the group of furniture manufacturers using the Likert scale. The respondents indicated that the highest availability, taking into account the average score for all surveyed companies, was obtained in the case of financial and material resources. It should be emphasized, however, that the remaining categories of resources were also characterized by a relatively high level of availability. The differences were noticed in the groups of enterprises considering the degree of internationalization. The highest availability of all resources was indicated by respondents from companies operating mainly in foreign markets. Moreover, the relationship between the level of availability of organizational resources and the degree of internationalization of the surveyed enterprises was checked. For this purpose, the Spearman's rho correlation coefficient was used. Such a relationship was confirmed in the case of human resources and information resources. The research shows that higher availability of the indicated resources occurs in enterprises showing a greater degree of involvement in foreign activities.
Rozwój militarnych zdolności kosmicznych przodujących państw azjatyckich
Authors: Bielawski Radosław
Published: December 2021

W artykule omówiono wojskowe programy kosmiczne rozwijane przez Iran, Chiny i Indie. Uwagę skoncentrowano na etapie militaryzacji i weaponizacji przestrzeni kosmicznej przez te państwa. Wskazano determinanty rozwoju programów kosmicznych oraz kształtowania się polityki kosmicznej, decydującej o zdolnościach militarnych państw regionu azjatyckiego. Jako ograniczenia wskazano międzynarodowe regulacje prawne. Przedstawiono rozwiązania techniczne oraz możliwości ich wojskowego wykorzystania. Określono również kierunki dalszych działań na rzecz rozwoju militarnego w piątej domenie walki – przestrzeni kosmicznej.
Udowodniono, że prace nad narodowymi programami kosmicznymi wyraźnie wpisują się w nowy etap militaryzowania i uzbrajania przestrzeni kosmicznej. Działania te pozwalają Iranowi, Chinom i Indiom na umocnienie swego prestiżu w regionie, wpływają także na zmianę równowagi militarnej, zmniejszają bowiem potęgę supermocarstw na rzecz państw regionu azjatyckiego.
The problems of scientific definition and classification of genres in the scientific fund
Authors: Tančić Dragan , Čolić Adela , Tančić Lidija
Published: December 2021

Problems of scientific definition and redefinition of terms, consequently , in accordance with the topic of this scientific paper, are also problems of scientific definition of the term genre and classification of genres in the scientific fund. Defining the term genre is an important scientific-cognitive process, that acquires the essential determinants of the term itself, which have a definiendum and definiens; subject and content value, which includes the whole subject and especially the criteria for classification of the term. In this paper, genetic definitions will include the genesis and development of the concept of genre and scientific-theoretical and methodological directions of various sciences and scientific disciplines. According to temporal and territorial determinants, this paper covers a closer scientific-theoretical and methodological past, as well as modern conditions of scientific communities, both from the former SFRY and other European and wider scientific communities and their paradigms.
Effect of using HEART score in patients with chest pain at the emergency department of University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska
Authors: Stanetić Bojan , Jaćimović Nenad , Porčić Šemsudin
Published: December 2021

Introduction.  Recent data show that 1/5 of patients with chest pain in the emergency room (ER) have an acute coronary syndrome that requires admission and treatment. Current guidelines have endorsed the HEART score for admission, observation or discharge in individual patients. We aimed to assess performance of the HEART score at the University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska. Methods. Between March 1 and March 31, 2019, all patients with chest pain who presented at ER were evaluated. The HEART score for each patient was calculated, and patients were stratified based on the HEART score recommendation, i.e. low-, intermediate-and high-risk. Patients were followed 6 weeks for major adverse cardiac events (MACE).

Results. Out of a total of 144 included patients, 23 had low-risk (0-3) HEART scores, while 73 and 48 patients had intermediate-risk (4-6) and high-risk (7-10) HEART scores, respectively. The discordance among intuitive judgments by clinicians and the HEART score advice became typically obtrusive in patients with excessive (7-10) HEART score rankings: 25 out of 48 (52.1%) patients had been discharged, while the remaining 22 patients had been admitted and 1 person was observed. In population with HEART score rankings 4-6, MACE became recognized in 1/73 (1.4%) while in patients with excessive HEART score rankings (values 7-10), MACE befell in 5/48 (10.4%). Only one patient who was discharged experienced MACE. The ROC analysis of the HEART score revealed a value of 0.78, suggesting a good performance in discriminating between low-and high-risk patients.

Conclusion. Discordance between clinical decision and HEART score recommendation was not associated with severe clinical consequences.
Analysis of anatomy and configuration of the canal system of the maxillary second premolar in the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Davidović Brankica , Bjelović Ljiljana , Radović Igor , Davidović Bojana , Janković Svjetlana , Cicmil Smiljka
Published: December 2021

Introduction. Successful endodontic treatment depends upon the clinician's knowledge and ability to recognize and diagnose the presence of anatomical and morphological variations of the root and canal system. The aim of this study was to establish the number of roots and root canal configurations of the maxillary second premolar in the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods. The study sample was comprised of 150 maxillary second premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic or prosthetic reasons. Endodontic drills were used for trepanation of cavum dentis, and the number and patency of each root canal were determined by Kexpander # 15. Then, the samples were decalcified, made transparent and colored, to enable 3D viewing of the canal system. Decalcified teeth were observed from two projections (clinical and approximal) and analyzed in detail with a magnifying glass under 3 × and 5 × magnification in order to determine the number of roots, number of canals, root canal configuration using Vertucci's classification and number of anastomoses between canals. Statistical significance was obtained using Chi-square test. Results. The results obtained by decalcification of the teeth showed that, by radiographic analysis from the clinical projection, all the teeth had a single root. While, by the analysis from the approximal projection, 94.0% had one, 6.0% two roots. From the approximal projection, 70.7% with a single root canal and 29.3% with two root canals are visualized. The most common type of root canal configuration in the maxillary second premolars was Type I in both clinical (87.9%) and approximal projection (40.7%). Conclusion. These results emphasize the importance of knowing the variations in root canal morphology, because excluding the possibility of morphological variations can lead to failure of endodontic therapy
Expression of tumor necrosis factor Alpha, interleukin-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and pathomorphological changes in acquired middle ear cholesteatoma
Authors: Špirić Predrag , Gnjatić Mirjana
Published: December 2021

Introduction. The inflammatory mediators play a central role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory process of the middle ear and cholesteatoma from the aspect of initiating and maintaining the inflammatory response to infection and lesion. The aim of the study was to examine if the presence of acquired cholesteatoma could predict pathomorphological changes of the tympanic cavity mucosa in relation to the control tissue of the inflamed middle ear mucosa and to examine and compare the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) with pathomorphological changes in the middle ear mucosa in chronic otitis media (COM), with and without acquired cholesteatoma (AC). Methods. The immunohistochemical study included 178 patients of both sexes, aged 5 to 75, who underwent microsurgical treatment of COM from 2015 to 2018. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of AC of the middle ear: 97 with cholesteatoma (CCOM) and 81 without cholesteatoma (COM). Samples of the perimatrix of AC and inflamed middle ear mucosa were taken intraoperatively. The condition of the tympanic cavity mucosa was examined by otomicroscopy exploration intraoperatively. The expression levels of TNF-a, IL-1 and MMP-9 were determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Results. The difference in the percentage distribution of patients according to the condition of the tympanic cavity mucosa between both groups was statistically significant (p <0.01) where in the COM group the highest frequency was 43.2% of patients with mucosal hypertrophy, and in the CCOM 56.7% with granulations. With highly positive expression of TNF-R2 and IL-1, a higher probability of the presence of mucosal hypertrophy and granulations can be expected, and with highly positive expression of MMP-9 the presence of granulations. Conclusion. Acquired middle ear cholesteatoma is a statistically significant predictor of the occurence of mucosal hypertrophy and granulations in the tympanic cavity in relation to the control tissue of the inflamed middle ear mucosa. The high expression of TNF-R2, IL-1 and MMP-9 shows a statistically significant association with the presence of granulations and mucosal hypertrophy in acquired middle ear cholesteatoma which may have clinical significance in the evaluation and prognosis of the disease.