bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of nanometer mesoporous MCM-41 for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution
Authors: Li Xiao-Dong , Zhai Qing-Zhou
Published: April 2020

Mobil Composition of Matter (MCM)-41 molecular sieve was successfully synthesized. Power X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the sample. The sample showed spherical particles, and the morphology was regular. Its average particle diameter was 110 nm. TEM images showed that the sample structure presented a honeycomb pore structure and the average pore diameter was 3.5 nm. Pb2+ was adsorbed from water body by the MCM-41. The effects of acidity, contact time, temperature, adsorbent material amount and initial Pb2+ concentration on the adsorption rate were studied, and the optimum conditions of adsorption were obtained. The results show that when acidity pH value was 4.5, temperature was 25 °C, contact time was 40 min and the adsorbent material MCM-41/Pb2+ = 7.5, the adsorptive effect was the best, the adsorption rate reached 98.78% and the adsorptive capacity was 131.71 mg/g. Kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the adsorptive process were studied. Experimental results show that the adsorption of Pb2+ by MCM-41 belongs to the pseudo-second-order adsorption. According to thermodynamic equation, ΔG = ΔH − TΔS, ΔH = − 24.86 kJ/mol and ΔS = − 72.34 J/(mol K) were obtained by calculation, indicating that the adsorption was exothermic and an entropy reduction process. At the temperature of 298, 308 and 318 K, the free energy change was, respectively, ΔG1 = − 3.286 kJ/mol, ΔG2 = − 2.586 kJ/mol and ΔG3 = − 1.86 kJ/mol, illustrating that at the above temperature the reaction can be carried on spontaneously. Nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and acetic acid were, respectively, used to investigate their effect on desorption. The results show that the desorption effect using nitric acid as a desorption agent was better than those of hydrochloric acid and acetic acid. When desorption was 5 h and the nitric acid concentration was 0.5 mol/l, the desorption rate was the highest that was reached 70.01%.
Then Tell Me What You Think About Morality: A Freedom of Expression Perspective on the CJEU’s Decision in FACK JU GÖHTE (C-240/18 P)
Authors: Endrich-Laimböck Tobias , Schenk Svenja
Published: April 2020

This case note on the CJEU’s decision inFack Ju Göhtefocuses on morality bars and freedom of expression in EU trade mark law. Based on the presumption that a refusal to register a trade mark for being contrary to accepted principles of morality interferes with freedom of expression, an empirical concept of morality appears incompatible with freedom of expression. However, the test for morality developed by the CJEU seems to employ such an empirical concept at least partially. In addition, the test seems to lack legal certainty. In light of freedom of expression, both represent a potential shortcoming of the decision.
Change in National Dosing Advice of Nitroprusside After Potentially Fatal Cyanide Intoxication
Authors: Bothof Guido , van Rhee Koen P. , Koomen Erik , Veldhoen Esther S.
Published: April 2020

The aim of this brief communication is to provide a short overview of cyanide intoxication following infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP). SNP is a fast-acting antihypertensive drug frequently used in of hypertensive emergencies. Although SNP is widely known as a safe to use drug, it can cause a potentially lethal cyanide intoxication. The difficulty to diagnose cyanide intoxication and pharmacological principles will be discussed. Hereby, we like to regain attention for this severe complication. As a result of our experience, the Dutch national paediatric drug formulary has been updated with additional warnings and recommendations. Cyanide intoxication due to sodium nitroprusside is a severe and difficult to recognize complication with potentially lethal outcome. Clinicians prescribing sodium nitroprusside should always be aware of its toxic effects.
Role of glutathione redox system on the susceptibility to deoxynivalenol of pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)
Authors: Fernye Csaba , Ancsin Zsolt , Erdélyi Márta , Mézes Miklós , Balogh Krisztián
Published: April 2020

There are only a few reports on the effects of mycotoxins on pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and the susceptibility to deoxynivalenol of these birds have never been reported before. The present experiment focuses to investigate the effects of different dietary concentrations of deoxynivalenol on blood plasma protein content, some parameters of lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox system and on the performance of pheasant chicks. A total of 320 1-day-old female pheasants were randomly assigned to four treatment groups fed with a diet contaminated with deoxynivalenol (control, 5.11 mg/kg, 11.68 mg/kg and 16.89 mg/kg). Birds were sacrificed at early (12, 24 and 72 h) and late (1, 2 and 3 weeks) stages of the experiment to demonstrate the oxidative stress-inducing effect of deoxynivalenol. Feed refusal was dose dependent, especially in the last third of the trial, but only minor body weight gain decrease was found. Lipid-peroxidation parameters did not show dose-dependent effect, except in blood plasma during the early stage of the trial. The glutathione redox system, reduced glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity, was activated in the liver, but primarily in the blood plasma. Glutathione peroxidase activity has changed parallel with reduced glutathione concentration in all tissues. Comparing our results with literature data, pheasants seem to have the same or higher tolerance to deoxynivalenol than other avian species, and glutathione redox system might contribute in some extent to this tolerance, as effective antioxidant defence against oxidative stress.
Anarchists of the Caribbean
Authors: Shaffer Kirwin R.
Published: April 2020

Anarchists who supported the Cuban War for Independence in the 1890s launched a transnational network linking radical leftists from their revolutionary hub in Havana, Cuba to South Florida, Puerto Rico, Panama, the Panama Canal Zone, and beyond. Over three decades, anarchists migrated around the Caribbean and back and forth to the US, printed fiction and poetry promoting their projects, transferred money and information across political borders for a variety of causes, and attacked (verbally and physically) the expansion of US imperialism in the 'American Mediterranean'. In response, US security officials forged their own transnational anti-anarchist campaigns with officials across the Caribbean. In this sweeping new history, Kirwin R. Shaffer brings together research in anarchist politics, transnational networks, radical journalism and migration studies to illustrate how men and women throughout the Caribbean basin and beyond sought to shape a counter-globalization initiative to challenge the emergence of modern capitalism and US foreign policy whilst rejecting nationalist projects and Marxist state socialism.
Categorical perception of lexical tone contrasts and gradient perception of the statement–question intonation contrast in Zhumadian Mandarin
Authors: GUSSENHOVEN CARLOS , VAN DE VEN MARCO
Published: April 2020

We intended to establish if two lexical tone contrasts in Zhumadian Mandarin, one between early and late aligned falls and another between early and late aligned rises, are perceived categorically, while the difference between declarative and interrogative pronunciations of these four tones is perceived gradiently. Presenting stimuli from 7-point acoustic continua between tones and between intonations, we used an identification task and a discrimination task with an experimental group of native listeners and a control group of Indonesian listeners, whose language employs none of the differences within either the falling or the rising pitch contours in its phonology. Only the lexical condition as perceived by the experimental group yielded sigmoid identification functions and a heightened discriminatory sensitivity around the midpoint of continua. The intonational condition in the native group and both conditions in the control group yielded gradient identification functions and smaller, reverse effects of the continuum midpoints in the discrimination task. The results are interpreted to mean that sentence modality contrasts can be expressed gradiently, but that lexical tone differences are represented phonologically, and hence are perceived categorically, despite low phonetic salience of the contrast. This conclusion challenges assumptions about the relation between linguistic functions and linguistic structures.
Transition waves for lattice Fisher-KPP equations with time and space dependence
Authors: Wang Ning , Wang Zhi-Cheng , Bao Xiongxiong
Published: April 2020

This paper is concerned with the existence results for generalized transition waves of space periodic and time heterogeneous lattice Fisher-KPP equations. By constructing appropriate subsolutions and supersolutions, we show that there is a critical wave speed such that a transition wave solution exists as soon as the least mean of wave speed is above this critical speed. Moreover, the critical speed we construct is proved to be minimal in some particular cases, such as space-time periodic or space independent.
Late Pleistocene fauna from Chongphadae Cave, Hwangju County, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Authors: Choe Rye Sun , Han Kum Sik , Kim Se Chan , U Chol , Ho Chol Ung , Kang Il
Published: April 2020

We report on a diverse and abundant mammal fauna from Chongphadae Cave—Hwangju region in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). The cave sediments include many mammal fossils and consist of fluvial, cave clay, and calcareous deposits. During our field excavation 33 species were encountered: 9 species of rodents, 1 species of lagomorph, 1 species of insectivore, 8 species of carnivores, 4 species of perissodactyls, 9 species of artiodactyls, and 1 species of primates. Of these, perissodactyls and artiodactyls dominate the fauna in terms of diversity. The cave sediments include 15 layers. Radiocarbon dating showed that Layers 12 and 13 were formed from 34,770 to 27,800 cal yr BP and from 24,980 to 21,340 cal yr BP, respectively. Additional identification of various palyno-botanical remains including 25 families and genera of trees, 19 families and genera of grasses and herbs, and 10 families and genera of ferns provides a wealth of information on the past ecology of the Chongphadae Cave Site area. During the Late Pleistocene, the Chongphadae area was surrounded by luxuriant forests associated with hills and grasslands in a cool and humid temperate climatic environment.
Talk COVID to Me: Language Rights and Canadian Government Responses to the Pandemic
Authors: Chouinard Stéphanie , Normand Martin
Published: April 2020

Since the COVID-19 outbreak, a gradual loosening of linguistic obligations in public institutions and governments has been observed in various jurisdictions in Canada. This article argues that in addition to legal requirements to provide minority language services, it is not justifiable for governments to suspend or curtail such services in an emergency situation, for reasons pertaining to public safety and public health. After performing a survey and analysis of government actions against their constitutional, legislative, and policy language obligations to highlight best practices and deficiencies, we discuss the policy implications of these actions. In conclusion, the article considers how governments could better uphold their language obligations in times of emergency.
Targeting excessive worry with internet-based extinction therapy: a randomised controlled trial with mediation analysis and economical evaluation
Authors: Andersson Erik , Ljótsson Brjánn , Hedman-Lagerlöf Maria , Nygren Linn , Persson Malin , Rosengren Karin , Gezelius Anton , Andersson Louise , Sundquist Tove , Ivanov Volen Z. , Bjureberg Johan , Hedman-Lagerlöf Erik
Published: April 2020

Background

Excessive worry is a common phenomenon. Our research group has previously developed an online intervention for excessive worry based on operant principles of extinction (IbET; internet-based extinction therapy) and tested it against a waiting-list. The aim of this study was to evaluate IbET against an active control comparator (CTRL).

Methods

A 10-week parallel participant blind randomised controlled trial with health-economical evaluation and mediation analyses. Participants (N = 311) were randomised (ratio 4.5:4.5:1) to IbET, to CTRL (an internet-based stress-management training program) or to waiting-list. The nation-wide trial included self-referred adults with excessive worry. The primary outcome was change in worry assessed with the Penn State Worry Questionnaire from baseline to 10 weeks.

Results

IbET had greater reductions in worry compared to CTRL [−3.6 point difference, (95% CI −2.4 to −4.9)] and also a significantly larger degree of treatment responders [63% v. 51%; risk ratio = 1.24 (95% CI 1.01–1.53)]. Both IbET and CTRL made large reductions in worry compared to waiting-list and effects were sustained up to 1 year. Treatment credibility, therapist attention, compliance and working alliance were equal between IbET and CTRL. Data attrition was 4% at the primary endpoint. The effects of IbET were mediated by the hypothesized causal mechanism (reduced thought suppression) but not by competing mediators. Health-economical evaluation indicated that IbET had a 99% chance of being cost-effective compared to CTRL given societal willingness to pay of 1000€.

Conclusions

IbET is more effective than active comparator to treat excessive worry. Replication and extensions to real-world setting are warranted.
Patterns of care and dropout rates from outpatient mental healthcare in low-, middle- and high-income countries from the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative
Authors: Fernández Daniel , Vigo Daniel , Sampson Nancy A. , Hwang Irving , Aguilar-Gaxiola Sergio , Al-Hamzawi Ali O. , Alonso Jordi , Andrade Laura Helena , Bromet Evelyn J. , de Girolamo Giovanni , de Jonge Peter , Florescu Silvia , Gureje Oye , Hinkov Hristo , Hu Chiyi , Karam Elie G. , Karam Georges , Kawakami Norito , Kiejna Andrzej , Kovess-Masfety Viviane , Medina-Mora Maria E. , Navarro-Mateu Fernando , Ojagbemi Akin , O'Neill Siobhan , Piazza Marina , Posada-Villa Jose , Rapsey Charlene , Williams David R. , Xavier Miguel , Ziv Yuval , Kessler Ronald C. , Haro Josep M.
Published: April 2020

Background

There is a substantial proportion of patients who drop out of treatment before they receive minimally adequate care. They tend to have worse health outcomes than those who complete treatment. Our main goal is to describe the frequency and determinants of dropout from treatment for mental disorders in low-, middle-, and high-income countries.

Methods

Respondents from 13 low- or middle-income countries (N = 60 224) and 15 in high-income countries (N = 77 303) were screened for mental and substance use disorders. Cross-tabulations were used to examine the distribution of treatment and dropout rates for those who screened positive. The timing of dropout was examined using Kaplan–Meier curves. Predictors of dropout were examined with survival analysis using a logistic link function.

Results

Dropout rates are high, both in high-income (30%) and low/middle-income (45%) countries. Dropout mostly occurs during the first two visits. It is higher in general medical rather than in specialist settings (nearly 60% v. 20% in lower income settings). It is also higher for mild and moderate than for severe presentations. The lack of financial protection for mental health services is associated with overall increased dropout from care.

Conclusions

Extending financial protection and coverage for mental disorders may reduce dropout. Efficiency can be improved by managing the milder clinical presentations at the entry point to the mental health system, providing adequate training, support and specialist supervision for non-specialists, and streamlining referral to psychiatrists for more severe cases.
Personnalités pathologiques: comparaison des diagnostics cliniques de psychiatres français et des critères du DSM III
Authors: Rodiere-Rein C. , Guelfi J.D.
Published: April 2020

Cet article rapporte les résultats préliminaires d’une comparaison entre les diagnostics cliniques portés par des psychiatres français et les critères du DSM III en matière de personnalités pathologiques. Une liste des 11 personnalités pathologiques et des 92 critères du DSM III a été fournie à 97 psychiatres. Les données correspondant à 791 patients ont été obtenues.

Nous n’avons commenté ici que les résultats des 397 patients ayant un diagnostic unique de personnalité pathologique.

Les diagnostics les plus fréquents sont ceux qui se rapprochent le plus des notions françaises classiques (personnalités histrionique et compulsive par exemple).

La proportion de diagnostics cliniques compatibles avec les critères du DSM III est des plus variables : bonne concordance diagnostique pour les personnalités évitante, schizotypique, paranoïaque et antisociale ; degré intermédiaire de concordance pour les personnalités dépendante, histrionique, borderline et compulsive ; mauvaise concordance diagnostique pour les personnalités passive-agressive, narcissique et schizoïde.

Cette variabilité tient à 3 ordres de causes :

le degré de similarité entre les stéréotypes diagnostiques français et les conceptions du DSM III ;

le degré de spécificité des critères du DSM III pour le diagnostic considéré ;

le nombre de critères nécessaires pour tel diagnostic DSM III qui peut influencer considérablement la probabilité d’un diagnostic concordant.

47 % des patients ayant un diagnostic unique de personnalité pathologique avaient conjointement un diagnostic psychiatrique. Les troubles dépressifs, névrotiques et anxieux s'associaient préférentiellement aux personnalités «névrotiques» classiques (histrionique, compulsive et dépendante). Les personnalités schizotypiques et schizoïdes avaient la plus forte proportion d’épisodes psychotiques, suivis par les personnalités paranoïaques et borderline (cela si l’on ne considérait pas de tels antécédents comme critère d’exclusion pour ces diagnostics de personnalité).
Circadian rhythm of catecholaminergic binding sites on blood cells and catecholamines in plasma of healthy volunteers
Authors: Fröhler M. , Ackenheil M. , Bak R. , Bondy B. , Feistenauer E. , Hofschuster E. , Saito Y. , Vakis A. , Welter D.
Published: April 2020

Circadian variations of catecholaminergic binding sites on blood cells and circulating catecholamines (CA) in serum from ten healthy volunteers, with ordinary daily activities during the investigation were examined. Simultaneously, psychological status was analysed by different tests (MMPI-Saarbrücken, EWL and BfS).

A significant increase in binding capacity (maximum at 8 p.m.) of α2-receptors with a concomitant significant decrease in affinity (minimum at 8 p.m.) was observed. β2-receptors showed a slight, but significant diurnal decrease in capacity (maximum at 8 a.m.) with no change in affinity. 3-H-spiperone binding sites on lymphocytes and circulating plasma CA did not differ significantly during 24 hours. The psychological tests showed significant diurnal variations for only the EWL-subgroups «activity» and «general inactivity» respectively with the BfS.

No correlations has been observed between biological and psychological data.
Baseline ACTH values and its relation to pre- and post- dexamethasone cortisol levels in depressed patients
Authors: Cabranes J.A. , Almoguera I. , Ayuso J.L. , Garcia-Camba E. , del Olmo J.
Published: April 2020

Baseline ACTH values were assessed in a large sample of depressed patients to establish correlations with baseline and post-dexamethasone cortisol levels. No statistically significant differences were found, indicating that excessive ACTH release mighl not be responsible for the elevated cortisol levels and nonsuppression by dexamethasone frequently observed in these patients. Other extrahypophyseal factors may mediate these responses.
The concept of negative symptoms: definition, specificity, and significance
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C.
Published: April 2020

Negative symptoms are sometimes assumed to be specific to schizophrenia, but in fact they are not. This paper examines the frequency of negative symptoms in schizophrenia, mania, and major depression and indicates that both positive and negative symptoms may occur in all three. Clinicians judge these disorders to be present, not by observing a single pathognomonic symptom or group of symptoms, but rather by a process of pattern recognition of the characteristic clustering of symptoms. In addition to being diagnostically nonspecific, negative symptoms can also be produced by a broad range of factors, including positive symptoms, depression, and neuroleptic drugs. Research attempting to determine whether negative symptoms are treatment-refractory or treatment-responsive must take these factors into account.
Behavioral and neurochemical profiles of discriminant benzamide derivatives
Authors: Sokoloff P. , Martres M.-P. , Redouane K. , Schwartz J.-C. , Protais P. , Vasse M. , Dubuc I. , Costentin J. , Hamdi P. , Mann A. , Wermuth C.G.
Published: April 2020

Discriminant benzamide derivatives (DBD), the prototype of which is DO 710 i.e. N- [(1-propyl 2-pyrrolidinyl) methyl] 5-methyl sulfamoyl 2-methoxy benzamide, were compared to classical neuroleptics such as haloperidol in various behavioral and biochemical tests. Whereas the ID50(or ED50) of haloperidol for antagonising various apomorphine-induced behavioral responses and producing catalepsy in rats were all around 0.1 mg/kg. DO 710 clearly distinguished catalepsy, HVA increase and apomorphine-induced licking and sniffing in rats (for which the ED50(or ID50) were 13-54 mg/kg) from apomorphine-induced climbing, yawning and hypothermia (for which the ID50were 1-2 mg/kg) (fig. 1, 2 and 4). Moreover, DO 710 and other DBD potentiated stereotypies in mice, whereas haloperidol and other classical neuroleptics did not (fig. 3). These features do not seem to be attributable to a heterogenous distribution of DBD in brain, since their ED50for HVA increase and for inhibiting3H-N-propylnorapomorphine binding in vivo did not differ in striatum and in limbic regions.

In in vitro binding experiments, DO 710 and other DBD discriminated two classes of3H-domperidone binding sites in striatum, whereas only one component with a relatively low affinity for DBD could be detected in pituitary (fig.5-6, Table 3).3H-DO 710 allowed charaterization of a D-2 site with a low affinity for DBD, which was fully sensitive to GTP regulation and present in pituitary and brain, and of a “D-4” site, preferred by DBD, which was little or not sensitive to GTP, present in brain and particularly enriched in olfactory bulb but absent in pituitary (fig. 7).3H -azidosulpride (i.e. N-[(1-3H- propyl 2-pyrrolidinyl) methyl] 2-methoxy 4-azido 5-methylsulfamoyl benzamide), a photoactivable analog of3H-DO 710, was used for irreversible labelling of dopamine recognition sites. When subjected to SDS-PAGE, receptor from striatum, pituitary and olfactory bulb co-migrated as a single band of 85 kDa (fig. 8).

These results may suggest the existence of two subclasses of dopamine D-2 receptor as targets for neuroleptic actions, one being preferred by DBD. The recognition subunits of these receptors have similar apparent molecular size.
Apomorphine-induced operant deficits: a neuroleptic-sensitive but drug- and dose-dependent animal model of behavior
Authors: Carnoy P. , Ravard S. , Hervé D. , Tassin J.-P. , Soubrié P.
Published: April 2020

In order to further assess the alterations which might underly behavioral deficits associated with a reduced dopaminergic transmission, the effects of apomorphine at doses thought to stimulate dopaminergic autoreceptors were studied on rat operant behavior.

Low doses of apomorphine caused a reward deficit when animais were shifted from continuons reinforcement to fixed ratio schedules of food delivery (fig. 1). This effect could be accounted for by a decreased ability of secondary reinforcers to sustain responding and/or by a disruption of cognitive processes (Table 1). The apomorphine-induced reward deficit in the fixed ratio 4 schedule was reversed by “disinhibitory” neuroleptics including amisulpride, pimozide, pipotiazine and sulpiride, at low to moderate doses. Conversely, “conventional” neuroleptics such as chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, metoclopramide and thioridazine were found inactive in reversing the deficit caused by apomorphine (fig. 2). Results obtained after lesion of dopaminergic neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine suggested that the behavioral deficit induced by apomorphine was related not so much to a reduction in dopaminergic activity in given restricted areas such as the VTA (fig. 3), the nucleus accumbens (fig. 4) or the prefrontal cortex (fig. 5), as to a functional imbalance between mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic systems.
Profiles of the pharmacologic response of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: Pickar D. , Breier A. , Wolkowitz O.M. , Pato C.
Published: April 2020

The delineation of the symptoms of schizophrenia into positive and negative types has been an important trend in psychiatric research over the past decade. This approach reflects renewed interests in clinical description and in developing etiologic hypotheses. The responsivity of positive and negative symptoms to neuroleptic and other pharmacotherapies, an issue of considerable clinical and research importance, however, remain in controversy.

We have observed that double-blind fluphenazine administration to 19 schizophrenic inpatients who had been maintained free from neuroleptic treatment for an extended period of time resulted in significant decreases in both positive as well as negative symptoms. The time course of symptom change differed, however, and the change in symptoms was not correlated, suggesting that the underlying pathophysiologies of positive and negative symptoms are only partially overlapping. The relative balance between positive and negative symptoms in individual patients, a putative schizophrenia trait characteristic, was found to be significantly altered by neuroleptic treatment, raising questions about the reliability of this classification approach.

In longitudinal studies in which plasma levels of the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), were measured, change in negative symptoms associated with neuroleptic withdrawal and treatment were correlated, respectively, with changes in levels of plasma HVA. These data further support a relationship between negative symptoms and dopaminergic function. In addition to neuroleptic-induced reductions in negative symptoms, the augmentation of neuroleptic antipsychotic effects by the triazolobenzodiazepine, alprazolam, includes improvement in negative and positive symptoms in responsive patients.

These data including longitudinal studies of individual patients suggest that negative as well as positive symptoms respond to pharmacologic intervention. The clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
Anxiété sociale, problèmes diagnostiques et thérapeutiques
Authors: Horenstein M.
Published: April 2020

L'anxiété sociale traverse toute la pathologie psychiatrique et est l’une des plaintes les plus fréquemment rencontrées dans notre Département des Thérapies Comportementales. Les catégories : phobie sociale et personnalité évitante du DSM III s’y réferent spécifiquement. Certains troubles affectifs semblent aussi liés à l’interaction sociale. Les critères diagnostiques et les diagnostics différentiels à l’intérieur de ce groupe hétérogène sont analysés d’après le DSM III et à l’aide d’autres méthodes d’évaluation.

Une évaluation critique de ces méthodes est faite, en vue de les adapter aux critères de trois types de troubles : • la réaction anxieuse psychophysiologique dans la phobie sociale, • les comportements d’évitement dans la personnalité évitante, • les distorsions cognitives dans la dépression atypique.

Une revue de traitements chimiothérapiques, cognitifs et comportementaux utilisés dans les trois types de troubles décrits antérieurement, est présentée.
Intérêt des études polygraphiques de sommeil dans le suivi des traitements antidépresseurs. Application à la trazodone
Authors: Mouret J. , Lemoine p. , Minuit M.P. , Renardet M.
Published: April 2020

L’analyse des tracés polygraphiques de sommeil permet d’isoler certains paramètres spécifiques des états dépressifs et de suivre leur évolution sous traitement. Dans cette étude sont rapportés les effets de la trazodone sur les enregistrements de sommeil, en début et en fin de traitement, chez 10 sujets déprimés. La trazodone a été prescrite à la posologie de 400 à 600 mg par jour pendant 5 semaines. Les enregistrements de 3 nuits consécutives avant traitement ont été utilisés comme témoin.

L’amélioration clinique sous traitement a été jugée sur la réduction de plus de 60% des scores à l’échelle MADRS (Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Seule). Au début du traitement, un effethypnotic-like(augmentation de la durée totale de sommeil et du stade 2, diminution de la latence d’endormissement et des réveils nocturnes) est observé, tandis que les enregistrements en fin de traitement mettent en évidence une augmentation du sommeil lent (delta) et une augmentation de la latence d’apparition du sommeil paradoxal, effets classiquement associés à une efficacité antidépressive.
Le syndrome de sevrage des antidépresseurs
Authors: Lejoyeux M. , Ades J.
Published: April 2020

L'ensemble des signes cliniques survenant à l'arrêt d'un traitement antidépresseur a fait l'objet de nombreuses descriptions dans la littérature anglo-saxonne. La fréquence du syndrome de sevrage varie selon les auteurs. Les principaux types de trouble sont d'allure digestive ou pseudo-grippale. Un état anxieux, des perturbations du sommeil, des troubles moteurs et des épisodes maniaques ou hypomaniaques peuvent s'observer à l'arrêt d'un traitement antidépresseur tricyclique. Plus rarement apparaissent des attaques de panique, une confusion mentale ou bien une arythmie cardiaque. La plupart des antidépresseurs sont susceptibles d'induire un syndrome de sevrage. Les facteurs de risque d'apparition de ce syndrome ne sont pas précisément déterminés. Il semble néanmoins qu'un arrêt brutal d'un traitement comportant des doses élevees d'un antidépresseur à fort potentiel anticholinergique expose plus particulièrement aux signes de sevrage. Les traitements du sevrage proposés sont la reprise de l'antidépresseur ou bien la prescription de dérivés atropiniques. La prévention des signes de sevrage repose sur une diminution progressive des doses d'antidépresseurs. La pathogénie du trouble est une hyperactivité cholinergique ou une hyperstimulation noradrénergique. Enfin, les conséquences pratiques du syndrome de sevrage sont évoquées.
Activity of several GABAergic agents on the behavioral “despair” test in rats
Authors: Fernandez-Teruel A. , Boix F . , Escorihuela R .M . , Guix T . , Tobeña A .
Published: April 2020

The present study was conducted to investigate whether several GABAergic drugs could affect immobility in the behavioral “despair” test (swimming test). The subacute (3 injections) treatment with the GABA-B agonist baclofen 0.5 mg/kg (BC05) partially antagonised the antiimmobility action of imipramine (IMI), whereas muscimol 0.00125 mg/kg (MU ; GABA-A agonist) did not affect the imipramine effect on immobility. The highest doses of baclofen alone increased immobility time, and no effect of muscimol alone was observed on this measure. Other experiments indicated that different doses of δ-α-aminovaleric acid (a GABA-B antagonist and GABA-A agonist) or progabide (a GABA A/B agonist with clinical antidepressive properties) did not modify immobility time. On the other hand, sodium valproate (VPA), chronically administered, was effective in reducing the time of immobility of rats in the swimming test, at doses which did not alter motor activity in an open field test. Since there is evidence indicating that valproate can be considered as a GABA-mimetic agent, the present data is consistent with other results showing an antidepressant-like activity of agents which enhance GABAergic transmission.
La pathologie suicidaire des migrants
Authors: Philippe A. , Verron M.
Published: April 2020

Les auteurs s’inspirent de l’hypothèse de Durkheim sur l’anomie pour étudier les risques suicidaires chez les immigrés en France: ayant perdu leurs repères sociaux traditionnels, ils présentent un risque de suicide plus élevé. Les statistiques des causes médicales de décès et les résultats d’une enquête dans 2 régions françaises (1980) auprès de suicidants hospitalisés constituent le matériel analysé.

L’incidence du suicide est inférieure chez les étrangers, quels que soient la nationalité, l’âge, et pour les 2 sexes. Cette situation s’explique par les faibles taux de suicide constatés dans les pays d’émigration. Cependant les immigrés ont des taux de suicide supérieurs à ceux de leurs compatriotes. Deux particularités sont notées. La différence Français-étrangers s’amenuise pour les hommes après 60 ans; l’intégration dans le pays d’accueil serait à l’œuvre. Et les jeunes femmes maghrébines ont un taux de suicide égal à celui des Françaises: les conflits intergénérationnels expliqueraient ces nombreux passages à l’acte.

Les taux de tentatives de suicide des hommes immigrés sont proches du taux des Français, mais les femmes immigrées ont des taux bien supérieurs à celui des Françaises, particulièrement les adolescentes (4 fois plus élevé). Les suicidants étrangers constituent une population plus féminine (8 tentatives sur 10 sont le fait de femmes), plus jeune. Les jeunes du Maghreb vivent plus fréquemment au domicile de leurs parents, dans une fratrie nombreuse, ils sont plus souvent chômeurs. Ils utilisent moins fréquemment des médicaments lors de la tentative de suicide et consomment plus rarement de l’alcool en association. Espagnols et Portugais font moins souvent de récidives. Les tentatives des Français adultes sont jugées plus graves (prise d’alcool associée, isolement, récidive, coma profond). Les étrangers ont moins de troubles psychiatriques connus, et moins de troubles mentaux en relation avec leur geste suicidaire. Les données concernant l’entourage des étrangers indiquent une incidence moindre de la psychopathologie.

Les études internationales ayant une problématique proche apportent des résultats convergents, tant pour les différences d’incidence entre migrants et autochtones, que pour les caractéristiques sociales et médicales. Les tentatives de suicide des immigrés se situent dans un contexte de moindre psychopathologie personnelle ou touchant l’entourage. Ceci confirme l’hypothèse d’un geste plus impulsif et souligne le poids de la situation socioculturelle.
La clinique polydimensionnelle de l’humeur dépressive. Nouvelle version de l’échelle EHD
Authors: Jouvent R. , Vindreau C. , Montreuil M. , Bungener C. , Widlocher D.
Published: April 2020

Dans le domaine de la recherche en psychiatrie, un nouvel intérêt paraît se dessiner pour les émotions. Notre travail s’inscrit dans ce courant et relate les résultats obtenus avec une échelle polydimensionnelle d'évaluation de l’humeur dépressive. Une analyse en composantes principales (ACP) a été pratiquée sur la matrice de corrélations des 18 items de l'échelle administrée à 70 patients hospitalisés présentant un épisode dépressif majeur. Cinq facteurs se dégagent, ayant un sens clinique et statistique avant comme après rotation Vanmax: émoussement affectif, tristesse hyperexpressive/incontinence émotionnelle, irritabilité, labilité affective et tristesse douloureuse (Tableau II). Cet éclatement, en plusieurs dimensions, de l’humeur dépressive confirme qu’il s’agit bien d’un concept polysémique et non d’une entité clinique univoque. Les cinq composantes issues de l’ACP ne correspondent pas à des niveaux de complexité équivalente Certaines, comme la labilité affective, sont relativement simples alors que d’autres proviennent d’un arrangement complexe entre des symptômes correspondant à des niveaux d’observation très variés. Ceci plaide en faveur d’un dénombrement horizontal (selon les émotions identifiées) et vertical (selon les niveaux expressifs) de la sémiologie des affects chez les déprimés. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que de nombreux symptômes correspondent à des objets chimériques issus d’une réorganisation pathologique des niveaux expressits.
The thyrotropin-releasing hormone test in depressed and non-depressed psychiatric patients
Authors: Maes M. , Hobin P. , De Ruyter M. , Suy E.
Published: April 2020

The thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) test was carried out in 231 depressed patients undergoing a dexamethasone suppression test (DST), and in 63 psychiatric control patients. The patients were classified according to DSM-III. Thyrotropin-secreting hormone (TSH) was determined in basal conditions, 20 and 60 min after the administration of 200 μg TRH. The Δ max TSH values (peak TSH response minus basal TSH) showed no significant difference between psychiatrie Controls and patients with major depression (296.00X2, 296.00X3, 296.00X4) or with depression (major and minor depression; 300,40, 296,82, 309.00). Consequently, the TRH test is not specifie either for depression or for major depression. Within the selected group of depressive patients, major depressives showed significantly (P<0.005) lower Δ max TSH responses than minor depressives. The TRH test could barely be used as a clinical diagnostic aid for major depression, since the predictive value for a positive test resuit was too low (maximal 70.2%). To separate major from minor depression, a single DST was more suitable than the TRH test or the combination of both tests. Age showed a negative correlation (P<0.005) with the Δ max TSH responses and could be considered as a predisposing factor for a blunted TSH response to TRH in depressive patients.
LeChild Behavior Checklist: un instrument pour la recherche en psychiatrie de l’enfant
Authors: Fombonne E. , Chehdan F. , Carradec A.M. , Achard S. , Navarro N. , Reis S.
Published: April 2020

LeChild Behavior Checklist, développé en 1978 par Achenbach, est actuellement un des instruments les plus utilisés dans la recherche en psychiatrie de l’enfant. Il est destiné à fournir une description standardisée des troubles émotionnels et/ou comportementaux, ainsi que des compétences sociales, tels que les parents les observent chez les enfants âgés de 4 à 16 ans. Cet outil et les informations qui en résultent sont décrits. Les données sur la fiabilité et la validité de cet instrument, ainsi que ses utilisations principales, sont ensuite passées en revue. Les formes complémentaires duChild Behavior Checklistsont mentionnées, ainsi que différents matériels disponibles Pour les utilisateurs potentiels. Une version française, la Liste de Comportements pour les Enfants, a été developpée et utilisée avec succès dans une étude épidémiologique. Cet instrument devrait donc intéresser les cliniciens et les chercheurs travaillant avec des enfants.
Privation de sommeil dans la dépression
Authors: Pringuey D.
Published: April 2020

Bien que la maladie dépressive se manifeste par des troubles majeurs du sommeil, reposant sur une désorganisation architecturale assez spécifique, la privation totale du sommeil (DTS) d’une nuit apporte un allègement symptomatique notable le plus souvent immédiat, contemporain de la privation.

A la suite des observations fortuites de Schulte, des séries systématiques et contrôlées ont défini le cadre et les limites de l’efficacité de la PTS et diverses investigations biologiques ont cherché à identifier des variables prédictives de son activité.

La PTS apporte une amélioration dans environ 60% des cas, plus régulièrement dans les formes endogènes et lorsqu’il y a des variations diurnes de l’humeur. Cette amélioration est globale et elle apparaît le plus souvent aux heures de l’aube mais elle est transitoire, le bénéfice étant perdu au lendemain de la nuit de récupération d’où la nécessité de répéter la privation ou d’y associer une chimiothérapie antidépressive.

Les investigations neurobiologiques situent la réponse clinique en rapport avec diverses modifications sur les paramétres catécholaminergiques et neuro-endocriniens ainsi que sur la structuration du sommeil.

L’activation thymique se corrèle avec une facilité relative à maintenir l’éveil et se manifeste à un horaire particulier qui correspond à une époque circadienne critique. La PTS produirait une réorganisation des rapports entre la veille et le sommeil et parviendrait à rétablir les coïncidences de phases des rythmes biologiques. Ces données apportent une contribution nouvelle à la notion spécifique d’instabilité dépressive.
La phénoménologie de la dépression
Authors: Andreasen N.C. , Grove W.M. , Endicott J. , Coryell W.H. , Scheftner W.A. , Hirschfeld R.M.A. , Keller M.B.
Published: April 2020

Tandis que certains chercheurs définissent la dépression comme continuum composé d’états bénins et graves reflétant essentiellement la même identité, d’autres pensent que le concept de dépression est, en revanche, hétérogène et constitué d’un groupe de sous-catégories distinctes.

Si tel est le cas, identifier ces sous-catégories devient une priorité majeure. De telles sous-catégories doivent être comprises par rapport à leurs mécanismes fondamentaux neuronaux, voire même moléculaires. Toutefois, afin d’effectuer des recherches à ce sujet, il faut toujours commencer par la phénoménologie clinique.

Dans les dépressions graves, deux sous-catégories majeures ont été proposées; l’une est la dépression endogène ou mélancolique et l’autre la dépression bipolaire. On a tendance à postuler l’existence d’un mécanisme biogénique fondamental relativement autonome, bien que pas forcément libre d’influences environnementales.

Cet article étudie une série de tentatives visant à l’identification des sous-catégories distinctes de dépression. Une approche, utilisée dans une série de travaux, consiste à utiliser des techniques mathématiques telles que l’analyse par grappes, afin d’identifier de façon phénoménologique des sous-catégories similaires dans le spectre de la dépression.

Cette approche a identifié d’une façon conséquente un syndrome mélancolique ou endogène. Nos efforts pour valider ce concept de dépression endogène, par exemple la recherche d’antécédents familiaux, ont eu moins de succès.

Une autre méthode pour sous-catégoriser la dépression souligne que la sous-catégorie bipolaire représente une lorme distincte d’une dépression grave provoquée d’une façon endogène. Nous avons examiné la phénoménologie de la dépression bipolaire versus la dépression unipolaire et nous avons trouvé qu’il y a un certain nombre de caractéristiques qui différencient significativement la première de la dernière. Il est donc fort possible que la dépression endogène et la dépression bipolaire soient deux phénomènes distincts.
Sérotonine et capacité à différer une conduite un modèle psychobiologique
Authors: Lecrubier Y.
Published: April 2020

Des troubles du fonctionnement sérotoninergique ont été impliqués dans de nombreuses pathologies ou dysrégulations du système nerveux central: trouble dépressif, trouble anxieux, schizophrénie, psychopathie, agressivité, boulimie, éthylisme, etc.

Le rôle de cette amine dans l’inhibition de la survenue de certains comportements est décrit depuis longtemps. Chez l’animal, ce rôle semble organiser la capacité à différer une conduite et/ou à tolérer sans réponse comportementale une situation de contrainte. Chez l’homme, la sérotonine semble réguler une capacité à contrôler les réponses impulsives dans le cadre des troubles très différents tels que passage à l’acte suicidaire, conduite boulimique, compulsions itératives, conduite éthylique, etc. Les inhibiteurs du recaptage de la sérotonine semblent améliorer l’existence de ces troubles de façon transnosologique.

Nous faisons l’hypothèse que certains diagnostics pourraient être la conséquence d’un fonctionnement «limite» sur le plan biologique facilitant le passage à l’acte et des troubles de personnalité. Aucune des deux dimensions ne serait en soi pathologique. Le manque d’adaptabilité de certains fonctionnements mentaux (caractère, personnalité) ajoutée à un fonctionnement biologique «limite” (difficulté à différer sa réponse) seraient par leur coexistence responsables de la décompensation qui aboutit à ce qu’on appelle un diagnostic.
Reflections on FDA and WHO recommendations concerning clinical trials
Authors: Dreyfus J.-F. , Cremniter D. , Guelfi J.D.
Published: April 2020

We are still confronted by numerous different nosographic models and problems concerning the objective evaluation of patients progress during treatment. It is interesting to consider the consequences of this situation in psychiatry which still involves a relative diversity of practical methods used in clinical trials. The recommendations of the USA Food and Drug Administration, on the one hand, constitute a highly structured and precise reference. The World Health Organization, on the other hand, promulgates general recommendations resulting from a compromise designed to satisfy the greatest number of clinicians.

Despite the apparently diverse principles and the different practical methods they propose, both those sets of recommendations have been useful in inspiring clinicians to reflect upon these different methodological approaches. The qualities of the inclusion criteria used in the study of patients and the sensitivity of the different measuring instruments have allowed psychotropic drug users as well as producers to recognize the need for a certain rigour in clinical trials.

The FDA and WHO guidelines have certainly improved the quality of clinical trials in psychopharmacology. However, they also represent a source of resistance to innovation.

A series of consensus meetings to first reconcile US and European points of view and later to include new techniques in the recognized sets of methods would therefore be helpful.
Prediction of serum sodium based on diurnal weight gain among schizophrenics subject to water intoxication
Authors: Vieweg WVR , Harrington DP , Leadbetter RA , Hundley PL , Yank GR
Published: April 2020

We related normalized diurnal weight gain (NDWG) to a decrease in serum sodium concentration (DSOD) among 8 schizophrenics subject to water intoxication. DSOD = 0.422 + 1.675 × NDWG (n= 8,r= 0.864,P= 0.006). We used this relationship to interdict drinking and, thus, prevent severe hyponatremia.
Psychomotor, subjective and neuroendocrine effects of acute tryptophan depletion in the healthy volunteer
Authors: Danjou P , Hamon M , Lacomblez L , Warot D , Kecskemeti S , Puech AJ
Published: April 2020

The effects of acute tryptophan depletion were investigated in 20 healthy volunteers. Ten of them received a balanced amino acid solution and 10 a tryptophan-free solution. The fall in tryptophan levels induced by the oral administration of a mixture tryptophan-free of L-amino acids was - 77% for free tryptophan and - 81% for total tryptophan. Before treatment, there were intergroup differences affecting alertness parameters (critical flicker threshold, recognition reaction time), plasma levels of prolactin and baseline performance in the proofreading correction test. In the tryptophan-depleted group, the number of errors reported during the unpleasant sound signal was increased (+ 48%) after treatment, whereas the number of errors fell (— 15%) in the group receiving the tryptophan supplement. Conversely the levels of prolactin were correlated with those of serum tryptophan. Few subjective effects were reported.