bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Annoying Music in Everyday Life
Authors: Trotta Felipe
Published: May 2020

Just as music has the power to inspire, it has the power to irritate and enrage. Why does certain music annoy us? Why does it force us to leave rooms, invade our personal space and affect us on a visceral level? Based on more than 70 interviews, this book discusses the everyday challenges of living together with unwanted music. It examines issues of taste, individual rights, private and public spaces, violence and the law.

The interviews explore various relationships with forced listening and the behaviors that result. Interviewees talk about emotions and reactions to the nuisance caused by music, highlighting matters of otherness, individualism and rights. They discuss experiences with neighbors, at stores, on the street, while commuting and even in their homes - and reveal the complex social interactions mediated by music and sounds in our day-to-day lives.
Parker’s Will Precedents
Authors: Pickering Leon
Published: May 2020

Recommended by the Institute of Professional Willwriters, Parker’s Will Precedents is a well-established and highly regarded publication, renowned for its clarity of drafting.

Comprehensive collection of precedents supplied as an electronic download

Parker’s Will Precedents provides private client solicitors and professional will drafters with a thorough understanding and working knowledge of the will drafting process and, as a result, the ability to draft better wills.

It contains a comprehensive collection of precedents for use by anyone who needs to draft wills. There are a variety of precedents for individual clauses as well as a set of complete wills catering for different scenarios. The emphasis of the approach is on clarity, practicality and simplicity, so you can quickly draft legally sound wills for a variety of circumstances. Notes and guidance on drafting and additional materials, including letters, support materials and extracts from relevant legislation.

As well as providing a complete update, the 10th edition also includes:

A new chapter on Consumer Protection and related legislation with precedents; Inclusion of expanded guidance on capacity; Index-linked legacies; Precedent retainers and letters of wishes; An expanded chapter on funeral wishes
Heterogeneous oxidation of amorphous organic aerosol surrogates by O3, NO3, and OH at typical tropospheric temperatures
Authors: Li Jienan , Forrester Seanna M. , Knopf Daniel A.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Typical tropospheric temperatures render possible phase
states of amorphous organic aerosol (OA) particles of solid, semisolid, and
liquid. This will affect the multiphase oxidation kinetics involving the
organic condensed-phase and gaseous oxidants and radicals. To quantify this
effect, we determined the reactive uptake coefficients (γ) of
O3, NO3, and OH by substrate films composed of single and binary OA
surrogate species under dry conditions for temperatures from 213 to 313 K. A
temperature-controlled coated-wall flow reactor coupled to a chemical
ionization mass spectrometer was applied to determine γ with
consideration of gas diffusion transport limitation and gas flow entrance
effects, which can impact heterogeneous reaction kinetics. The phase state
of the organic substrates was probed via the poke-flow technique, allowing
the estimation of the substrates' glass transition temperatures. γ
values for O3 and OH uptake to a canola oil substrate, NO3 uptake
to a levoglucosan and a levoglucosan / xylitol substrate, and OH uptake to a
glucose and glucose / 1,2,6-hexanetriol substrate have been determined as a
function of temperature. We observed the greatest changes in γ with
temperature for substrates that experienced the largest changes in viscosity
as a result of a solid-to-liquid phase transition. Organic substrates that
maintain a semisolid or solid phase state and as such a relatively higher
viscosity do not display large variations in heterogeneous reactivity. From
213 to 293 K, γ values of O3 with canola oil, of NO3
with a levoglucosan / xylitol mixture, and of OH with a
glucose / 1,2,6-hexanetriol mixture and canola oil, increase by about a factor
of 34, 3, 2, and 5, respectively, due to a solid-to-liquid phase transition
of the substrate. These results demonstrate that the surface and bulk
lifetime of the OA surrogate species can significantly increase due to the
slowed heterogeneous kinetics when OA species are solid or highly viscous in
the middle and upper troposphere. This experimental study will further our
understanding of the chemical evolution of OA particles with subsequent
important consequences for source apportionment, air quality, and climate.
Sources of nitrous acid (HONO) in the upper boundary layer and lower free troposphere of North China Plain: insights from the Mount Tai Observatory
Authors: Jiang Ying , Xue Likun , Gu Rongrong , Jia Mengwei , Zhang Yingnan , Wen Liang , Zheng Penggang , Chen Tianshu , Li Hongyong , Shan Ye , Zhao Yong , Guo Zhaoxin , Bi Yujian , Liu Hengde , Ding Aijun , Zhang Qingzhu , Wang Wenxing
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) is a significant precursor of atmospheric detergent OH radicals, and plays a vital role in tropospheric chemistry. The current knowledge about the daytime HONO sources is incomplete, and its impact on the tropospheric radical chemistry has not been fully quantified. Existing observational studies of HONO were mostly conducted at surface, with few efforts focusing on the high-elevation atmospheres. In order to better understand the characteristics and sources of HONO in the upper boundary layer and lower free troposphere, two intensive field observations were carried out at the summit of Mt. Tai (1534 m a.s.l.), the peak of the North China Plain, in winter 2017 and spring 2018. HONO showed moderate concentration levels (0.15 ± 0.15 and 0.13 ± 0.15 ppbv), with maximum values of 1.14 and 3.23 ppbv in winter and spring, respectively. Diurnal variation patterns with a broad noontime maximum and lower nighttime concentrations were observed during both campaigns, which is distinct from most of the previous studies at the ground level. The WRF-FLEXPART simulations indicated the combined effects of the planetary boundary layer evolution and valley breeze on the daytime HONO peak. A photostationary state (PSS) analysis suggested the strong unknown daytime HONO source with production rates of 0.45 ± 0.25 ppb/h in winter and 0.64 ± 0.49 ppb/h in spring. Correlation analysis supported the important role of photo-enhanced heterogeneous conversion of NO2 to HONO on the aerosol surface at this high-elevation site. HONO photolysis is the predominant primary source of OH radical and plays a major role in the radical chemistry at Mt. Tai. The model only considering homogenous HONO source would largely underestimate the HOx radical levels and atmospheric oxidation capacity in the high-altitude atmosphere. This study shed light on the characteristics, sources, chemistry, and impacts of HONO in the upper boundary layer and lower free troposphere in the NCP region.
Meteorology-normalized impact of COVID-19 lockdown upon NO2 pollution in Spain
Authors: Petetin Hervé , Bowdalo Dene , Soret Albert , Guevara Marc , Jorba Oriol , Serradell Kim , Pérez García-Pando Carlos
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The spread of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) forced the Spanish Government to implement extensive lockdown measures to reduce the number of hospital admissions, starting on March 14th 2020. Over the following days and weeks, strong reductions of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution were reported in many regions of Spain. A substantial part of these reductions is obviously due to decreased local and regional anthropogenic emissions. Yet, the confounding effect of meteorological variability hinders a reliable quantification of the lockdown impact upon the observed pollution levels. Our study uses machine learning (ML) models fed by meteorological data along with other time features to estimate the business-as-usual NO2 mixing ratios that would have been observed in the absence of the lockdown. We then quantify the so-called meteorology-normalized NO2 reductions induced by the lockdown measures by comparing the business-as-usual with the actually observed NO2 mixing ratios. We applied this analysis for a selection of urban background and traffic stations covering the more than 50 Spanish provinces and islands. The ML predictive models were found to perform remarkably well in most locations. During the period of study, going from the enforcement of the state of alarm in Spain on March 14th to April 23rd, we found the lockdown measures to be responsible for a 50 % reduction of NO2 levels on average over all provinces and islands. The lockdown in Spain has gone through several phases with different levels of severity in the mobility restrictions. As expected the meteorology-normalized change of NO2 was found to be stronger during the phases II (the most stringent one) and III than during phase I. In the largest agglomerations where both urban background and traffic stations were available, a stronger meteorology-normalized NO2 change is highlighted at traffic stations compared to urban background ones. Our results are consistent with foreseen (although still uncertain) changes in anthropogenic emissions induced by the lockdown. We also show the importance of taking into account meteorological variability for accurately assessing the impact of the lockdown on NO2 levels, in particular at fine spatial and temporal scales. Meteorology-normalized estimates such as the ones presented here are crucial to reliably quantify the health implications of the lockdown due to reduced air pollution.
Assessment of Regional Aerosol Radiative Effects under SWAAMI Campaign – PART 2: Clear-sky Direct Shortwave Radiative Forcing using Multi-year Assimilated Data
Authors: Pathak Harshavardhana Sunil , Satheesh Sreedharan Krishnakumari , Moorthy Krishnaswamy Krishna , Nanjundiah Ravi Shankar
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Clear-sky, direct shortwave Aerosol Radiative Forcing (ARF) has been estimated over the Indian region, for the first time employing multi-year (2009–2013) gridded, assimilated aerosol products. The aerosol datasets have been constructed following statistical assimilation of concurrent data from a dense network of ground-based observatories, and multi-satellite products, as described in Part-1 of this two-part paper. The ARF, thus estimated, are assessed for their superiority or otherwise over other ARF estimates based on satellite-retrieved aerosol products, over the Indian region, by comparing the radiative fluxes (upward) at Top of Atmosphere (TOA) estimated using assimilated products with spatio-temporally matched radiative flux values provided by CERES (Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System) Single Scan Footprint (SSF) product. This clearly demonstrated improved accuracy of the forcing estimates using the assimilated vis-a-vis satellite-based aerosol datasets; at regional, sub-regional and seasonal scales. The regional distribution of diurnally averaged ARF estimates has revealed (a) significant differences from similar estimates made using currently available satellite data, not only in terms of magnitude but also sign of TOA forcing; (b) largest magnitudes of surface cooling and atmospheric warming over IGP and arid regions from north-western India; and (c) negative TOA forcing over most parts of the Indian region, except for three sub-regions – the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP), north-western India and eastern parts of peninsular India where the TOA forcing changes to positive during pre-monsoon season. Aerosol induced atmospheric warming rates, estimated using the assimilated data, demonstrate substantial spatial heterogeneities (~ 0.2 to 2.0 K day−1) over the study domain with the IGP demonstrating relatively stronger atmospheric heating rates (~ 0.6 to 2.0 K day−1). There exists a strong seasonality as well; with atmospheric warming being highest during pre-monsoon and lowest during winter seasons. It is to be noted that the present ARF estimates demonstrate substantially smaller uncertainties than their satellite counterparts, which is a natural consequence of reduced uncertainties in assimilated vis-a-vis satellite aerosol properties. The results demonstrate the potential application of the assimilated datasets and ARF estimates for improving accuracies of climate impact assessments at regional and sub-regional scales.
Stem and soil nitrous oxide fluxes from rainforest and cacao agroforest on highly weathered soils in the Congo Basin
Authors: Iddris Najeeb Al-Amin , Corre Marife D. , Yemefack Martin , van Straaten Oliver , Veldkamp Edzo
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Although tree stems act as conduits for greenhouse gases (GHG) produced in the soil, the magnitudes of tree contributions to total (soil + stem) nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from tropical rainforests on heavily weathered soils remain unknown. Moreover, soil GHG fluxes are largely understudied in African rainforests, and the effects of land-use change on these gases are identified as an important research gap in the global GHG budget. In this study, we quantified the changes in stem and soil N2O fluxes with forest conversion to cacao agroforestry. Stem and soil N2O fluxes were measured monthly for a year (2017–2018) in four replicate plots per land use at three sites across central and southern Cameroon. Tree stems consistently emitted N2O throughout the measurement period, and were positively correlated with soil N2O fluxes. 15N-isotope tracing from soil mineral N to stem-emitted 15N2O as well as correlations between temporal patterns of stem N2O emissions, soil-air N2O concentration, soil N2O emissions, and vapor pressure deficit suggest that N2O emitted by the stems originated predominantly from N2O produced in the soil. Forest conversion to extensively managed, mature (> 20 years old) cacao agroforestry had no effect on stem and soil N2O fluxes. The annual total N2O emissions were 1.55 ± 0.20 kg N ha−1 yr−1 from the forest and 1.15 ± 0.10 kg N ha−1 yr−1 from cacao agroforestry, with tree N2O emissions contributing 1 to 38 % for forests and 8 to 15 % for cacao agroforestry. These substantial contributions of tree stems to total N2O emissions highlight the importance of including tree-mediated fluxes in ecosystem GHG budgets. Taking into account that our study sites’ biophysical characteristics represented two-thirds of the humid rainforests in the Congo Basin, we estimated a total N2O source strength for this region of 0.18 ± 0.05 Tg N2O yr−1.
Variability of surface climate in simulations of past and future
Authors: Rehfeld Kira , Hébert Raphaël , Lora Juan M. , Lofverstrom Marcus , Brierley Chris M.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. It is virtually certain that the mean surface temperature of the Earth will continue to increase under realistic emission scenarios, yet comparatively little is known about future changes in climate variability. This study explores changes in climate variability over the large range of climates simulated by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and 6 (CMIP5/6) and the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (PMIP3), including time slices of the Last Glacial Maximum, the mid-Holocene, and idealized experiments (1 % CO2 and abrupt4×CO2). These states encompass climates within a range of 12 ∘C in global mean temperature change. We examine climate variability from the perspectives of local interannual change, coherent climate modes, and through compositing extremes. The change in the interannual variability of precipitation is strongly dependent upon the local change in the total amount of precipitation. At the global scale, temperature variability is inversely related to mean temperature change on intra-seasonal to multidecadal timescales. This decrease is stronger over the oceans, while there is increased temperature variability over subtropical land areas (40∘ S–40∘ N) in warmer simulations. We systematically investigate changes in the standard deviation of modes of climate variability, including the North Atlantic Oscillation, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and the Southern Annular Mode, with global mean temperature change. While several climate modes do show consistent relationships (most notably the Atlantic Zonal Mode), no generalizable pattern emerges. By compositing extreme precipitation years across the ensemble, we demonstrate that the same large-scale modes influencing rainfall variability in Mediterranean climates persist throughout paleoclimate and future simulations. The robust nature of the response of climate variability, between cold and warm climates as well as across multiple timescales, suggests that observations and proxy reconstructions could provide a meaningful constraint on climate variability in future projections.
Principal Component Gradiometer technique for removal of
spacecraft-generated disturbances from magnetic field data
Authors: Constantinescu Ovidiu Dragoş , Auster Hans-Ulrich , Delva Magda , Hillenmaier Olaf , Magnes Werner , Plaschke Ferdinand
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In situ measurement of the magnetic field using space borne instruments requires either a magnetically clean platform and/or a very long boom for accommodating magnetometer sensors at a large distance from the spacecraft body. This significantly drives up the costs and time required to build a spacecraft. Here we present an alternative sensor configuration and an algorithm allowing for ulterior removal of the spacecraft generated disturbances from the magnetic field measurements, thus lessening the need for a magnetic cleanliness program and allowing for shorter boom length. The proposed algorithm is applied to the Service Oriented Spacecraft Magnetometer (SOSMAG) onboard the Korean geostationary satellite GeoKompsat-2A (GK2A) which uses for the first time a multi-sensor configuration for onboard data cleaning. The successful elimination of disturbances originating from several sources validates the proposed cleaning technique.
Radiation tolerance of the PNI RM3100 magnetometer for a Europa
lander mission
Authors: Regoli Leonardo H. , Moldwin Mark B. , Raines Connor , Nordheim Tom A. , Miller Cameron A. , Carts Martin , Pozzi Sara A.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The results of two radiation test campaigns on a low-cost commercial off-the-shelf magnetometer are presented. The test setup and the total ionization dose (TID) levels studied were designed to meet the requirements of a mission to land on Europa. Based on the Europa Lander Science Definition Team report, instruments inside an aluminum vault at the surface of Europa would need to withstand TID of up to 300 krad(SI). In order to evaluate the performance of the PNI RM3100 magnetometer, nine separate sensors were irradiated at two different facilities during two separate campaigns and under different configurations, including passive and active tests. Of the nine sensors, seven survived the TID of 300 krad(SI) while the other two sensors started presenting failures after reaching 150 krad(SI). Post-irradiation tests showed that eight of the nine sensors continued to work without appreciable degradation after stopping exposure, while one sensor stopped working altogether.
Conceptual Model to Simulate Long-term Soil Organic Carbon and Ground Ice Budget with Permafrost and Ice Sheets (SOC-ICE-v1.0)
Authors: Saito Kazuyuki , Machiya Hirokazu , Iwahana Go , Yokohata Tokuta , Ohno Hiroshi
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Degradation of permafrost is a large source of uncertainty in understanding the behaviour of Earth’s climate system and in projecting future impacts of climate change. In assessing and projecting the relative risks and impacts of permafrost degradation, the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and ground ice (ICE) provides essential information. However, uncertainties in geographical distribution and in the estimated range of total amount of stored carbon and ice are still large. A conceptual and a numerical soil organic carbon–ground ice budget model, SOC-ICE-v1.0, was developed, which considers essential aspects of carbon and hydrological processes for above ground and subsurface environments and frozen ground (permafrost) and land cover changes (ice sheets and coastlines), to calculate long-term evolution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and ground ice (ICE). The model was integrated for the last 125 thousand years, from the Last Interglacial until today for areas north of 50° N, to simulate the balance between accumulation and dissipation of carbon and ice. Model performance was compared with observation-based data and evaluated to assess allogenic (external) impacts on soil carbon dynamics in the circum-Arctic region on a glacial-interglacial time scale. Despite the limitation of forcing climate data being constructed on the basis of a single Greenland ice core dataset, the simulated results successfully reproduced temporal changes in northern SOC and ICE, consistent with current knowledge. The simulation also captured regional differences in different geographical and climatic characteristics within the circum-Arctic region. The model quantitatively demonstrated allogenic controls on soil carbon evolution by climatological and topo-geographical factors. The resulting circum-Arctic set of simulated time series can be compiled to produce snapshot maps of SOC and ICE distributions for past and present assessments or future projection simulations. Despite a simple modelling framework, SOC-ICE-v1.0 provided substantial information on the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of circum-Arctic soil carbon and ground ice. Model improvements in terms of forcing climate data, improvement of soil carbon dynamics, and choice of initial values are, however, required for future research.
Prioritising the sources of pollution in European cities: do air quality modelling applications provide consistent responses?
Authors: Degraeuwe Bart , Pisoni Enrico , Thunis Philippe
Published: May 2020

Abstract. To take decisions on how to improve air quality, it is useful to perform a source allocation study that identifies the main sources of pollution for the area of interest. Often source allocation is implemented with a Chemical Transport Model (CTM) but unfortunately, even if accurate, this technique is time consuming and complex. Comparing the results of different CTMs to assess the uncertainty on the results is even more difficult. In this work we compare the source allocation on 150 major cities in Europe based on the results of two CTMs (CHIMERE and EMEP), approximated through the SHERPA (Screening for High Emission Reduction Potential on Air) approach. Even though the two CTMs use different input data and configurations, in most cases the source allocations with the SHERPA simplified models give similar results. But there are also cases where results are contradictory.
Soil moisture: variable in space but redundant in time
Authors: Mälicke Mirko , Hassler Sibylle K. , Blume Theresa , Weiler Markus , Zehe Erwin
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Soil moisture at the catchment scale exhibits a huge spatial variability.
This suggests that even a large amount of observation points would not be able to capture soil moisture variability. We present a measure to capture the spatial dissimilarity and its change over time. Statistical dispersion among observation points is related to their distance to describe spatial patterns. We analyzed the temporal evolution and emergence of these patterns and used the mean shift clustering algorithm to identify and analyze clusters. We found that soil moisture observations from the 19.4 km2 Colpach catchment in Luxembourg cluster in two fundamentally different states. On the one hand, we found rainfall-driven data clusters, usually characterized by strong relationships between dispersion and distance. Their spatial extent roughly matches the average hillslope length in the study area of about 500 m. On the other hand, we found clusters covering the vegetation period. In drying and then dry soil conditions there is no particular spatial dependence in soil moisture patterns, and the values are highly similar beyond hillslope scale. By combining uncertainty propagation with information theory, we were able to calculate the information content of spatial similarity with respect to measurement uncertainty (when are patterns different outside of uncertainty margins?). We were able to prove that the spatial information contained in soil moisture observations is highly redundant (differences in spatial patterns over time are within the error margins). Thus, they can be compressed (all cluster members can be substituted by one representative member) to only a fragment of the original data volume without significant information loss. Our most interesting finding is that even a few soil moisture time series bear a considerable amount of information about dynamic changes in soil moisture. We argue that distributed soil moisture sampling reflects an organized catchment state, where soil moisture variability is not random. Thus, only a small amount of observation points is necessary to capture soil moisture dynamics.
Reliability-based strength modification factor for seismic design spectra considering structural degradation
Authors: Ruiz Sonia E. , Rodríguez-Castellanos Ali , Bojórquez Edén , Orellana Miguel A. , Reyes-Salazar Afredo
Published: May 2020

Abstract. For earthquake resistant design, structural degradation is considered using traditional strength modification factors, which are obtained via the ratio of the nonlinear seismic response of degrading and non-degrading structural single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems. In this paper, with the aim to avoid the nonlinear seismic response to compute strength modification factors, a methodology based on probabilistic seismic hazard analyses (PSHA) is proposed in order to obtain strength modification factors of design spectra which consider structural degradation through the spectral-shape intensity measure INp. PSHA using INp to account for structural degradation, and Sa(T1) which represents the spectral acceleration associated with the fundamental period and does not consider such degradation, are performed. The ratio of the uniform hazard spectra in terms of INp and Sa(T1), that represent the response of degrading and non-degrading systems, provide new strength modification factors without the need to develop nonlinear time history analysis. A mathematical expression is fitted to the ratios that correspond to systems located in different soil types. The expression is validated by comparing the results with those derived from nonlinear time-history analyses of structural systems.
Modelling of long term Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb dynamics from soils fertilized with organic amendments
Authors: Cagnarini Claudia , Lofts Stephen , D'Acqui Luigi Paolo , Mayer Jochen , Grüter Roman , Tandy Susan , Schulin Rainer , Costerousse Benjamin , Orlandini Simone , Renella Giancarlo
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Soil contamination by trace elements (TEs) is a major concern for sustainable land management. One potential source of excessive inputs of TEs into agricultural soils are organic amendments. Here, we use dynamic simulations carried out with the IDMM-ag model to describe observed trends of topsoil Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations in a long-term crop trial in Switzerland, where soils plots have been treated with differing organic amendments, particularly farmyard manure, sewage sludge and compost. IDMM-ag requires the definition of a parsimonious set of boundary conditions. The model adequately reproduced the metal EDTA-extractable concentrations in ZOFE when site-specific soil lateral mixing, due to mechanically ploughing of small plots, was introduced. Calibration of an additional metal input flux was necessary to fit the measured data, indicating that knowledge gaps in quantifying historical metal inputs can affect field-scale simulations even in a well-characterized field. Projections of soil metal content in the long-term showed that, under stable organic amendment application rates, Zn and Cu labile concentrations might pose toxicological hazard for the soil ecosystem, particularly in the sewage sludge-amended plots. The sewage sludge topsoil was characterized by some variability in the organic matter composition, potentially due to the applied sewage sludge quality, which might affect the metal lability: this effect should be accounted for in models. This study takes a step forward in assessing potential and limitations of the IDMM-ag model to predict TEs long-term dynamics in agricultural fields, paving the way to quantitative applications of TEs modelling at field and larger scales.
Inventory, motion and acceleration of rock glaciers in Ile Alatau and Kungöy Ala-Too, northern Tien Shan, since the 1950s
Authors: Kääb Andreas , Strozzi Tazio , Bolch Tobias , Caduff Rafael , Trefall Håkon , Stoffel Markus , Kokarev Alexander
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Spatio-temporal patterns of rock glacier creep have rarely been studied outside the densely populated European Alps. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of rock glacier motion in the Ile Alatau and Kungöy Ala-Too mountain ranges, northern Tien Shan. Over the study region of more than 3000 km2, an inventory of slope movements is constructed using a large number of radar interferograms and high-resolution optical imagery. The inventory includes more than 900 landforms, of which around 550 are interpreted as rock glaciers. Out of the active rock glaciers, 45 are characterised by a rate of motion exceeding 1 m/a. From these fast rock glaciers we select six and study them in more detail (Gorodetzky, Morenny, Archaly, Ordzhonikidze, Karakoram and Kugalan Tash rock glaciers) using offset tracking between airphotos, and historical and modern very high resolution optical satellite data. Most of them show an overall increase of decadal surface velocities from the 1950s onwards with speeds being roughly two to three times higher in recent years compared to the 1950s and 1960s. This development indicates a possible significant increase in sediment and ice fluxes through rock glaciers and implies that – when compared to glacier shrinkage – periglacial sediment transport in the region seems to gain importance relative to glacial sediment transport. Those rock glacier fronts reaching the valley floors show a strongly compressive flow regime, and changes in speeds further upstream affect them only in a damped way. The only rock glacier investigated in detail that does not exhibit an overall increase in speed since the 1950s is Gorodetsky where glacier retreat and dead-ice degradation seem to have decoupled the rock glacier from its supply by glacial sediments and ice.
Meltwater Storage in the firn of Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada
Authors: Ochwat Naomi E. , Marshall Shawn J. , Moorman Brian J. , Criscitiello Alison S. , Copland Luke
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In recent years, the analysis of firn in Greenland, Svalbard, and other high Arctic regions has contributed to the understanding of meltwater retention in firn and its importance to measurements of glacier mass balance. This has provided insight into firn densification processes and meltwater retention. Changes in these attributes can also provide insight into meteorological variability and climate trends. In spring 2018, two firn cores (21 m and 36 m in length) were extracted from the accumulation zone of Kaskawulsh Glacier, St. Elias Mountains, Yukon. The cores were analyzed for ice layer stratigraphy, density, and glaciochemical time series (oxygen isotopes and major ions). Meltwater percolation and refreezing events were evident in the cores. The quantity of ice layers, the presence of liquid water at 34.5 m depth, interpreted as a perennial firn aquifer (PFA), and the altered isotopic and glaciochemical signature all indicate this process. This melt resulted in an estimated surface lowering of 10 ± 0.8 cm/yr between 2005 and 2018. The information gleaned from Kaskawulsh Glacier supports the need for improved and field-validated density assumptions for geodetic mass balance methods.
2020 Larsen C Ice Shelf surface melt is a 40-year record high
Authors: Bevan Suzanne , Luckman Adrian , Hendon Harry , Wang Guomin
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Along with record-breaking summer air temperatures at two Antarctic Peninsula meteorological stations in February 2020, the Larsen C ice shelf experienced an exceptionally long and extensive 2019/2020 melt season. We use a 40-year time series of passive and scatterometer satellite microwave data, which is sensitive to the presence of liquid water in the snow pack, to reveal that the extent and duration of melt observed on the ice shelf in the austral summer of 2019/2020 was the greatest on record. We find that unusual perturbations to southern hemisphere modes of atmospheric flow, including a persistently positive Indian Ocean Dipole in the spring and a very rare southern hemisphere sudden stratospheric warming in September 2019, preceded the exceptionally warm Antarctic Peninsula summer. It is likely that tele-connections between the tropics and southern high latitudes were able to bring sufficient heat via the atmosphere and ocean to the Antarctic Peninsula to drive the extreme Larsen C Ice Shelf melt. The record breaking melt of 2019/2020 brought to an end the trend of decreasing melt that had begun in 1999/2000, and will re-initiate earlier thinning of the ice shelf by depletion of the firn air content.
Using ICESat-2 and Operation IceBridge altimetry for supraglacial lake depth retrievals
Authors: Fair Zachary , Flanner Mark , Brunt Kelly M. , Fricker Helen Amanda , Gardner Alex S.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Supraglacial lakes and melt ponds occur in the ablation zones of Antarctica and Greenland during the summer months. Detection of lake extent, depth, and temporal evolution is important for understanding glacier dynamics, but passive remote sensing techniques have inherent uncertainties associated with depth retrievals, and observations from the original ICESat mission experienced high absorption in water. In this study, we use laser altimetry data from the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) over the Antarctic and Greenland ablation zones and the Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) for Hiawatha Glacier (Greenland) to demonstrate retrievals of supraglacial lake depth. Using an algorithm to separate lake surfaces and beds, we present case studies for 12 supraglacial lakes with the ATM lidar and 12 lakes with ICESat-2. Both lidars detect bottom returns for lake beds as deep as 7 m. Uncertainties for these retrievals are 0.05–0.20 m for ATM and 0.12–0.80 m for ICESat-2, with the highest uncertainties observed for lakes deeper than 4 m. Using ICESat-2 confidence classifications of detected photons, we found that high-confidence photons are often insufficient to fully profile lakes, so lower confidence and buffer photons are recommended for improved retrievals. Despite issues in photon classification, the altimeter results are promising, and we expect them to serve as a benchmark for future studies of surface meltwater depths.
OAS and Canada
Authors: Gill Maxwell
Published: May 2020

The history of Canadian interaction with American states both unilaterally and through the Pan-American Union and Organization of American States is reviewed. The author argues that Canada has historically and continuously supported the OAS, and its member states, at a distance. Canada demonstrates a dichotomy of involvement; in few areas, Canada is deeply involved, and in many other areas, Canada is not at all involved. Canada's pattern of involvement appears to suggest a focus on non-reciprocal regional development as opposed to reciprocating involvement. This is dispite several calls from different levels of government that a broader, more involved level of involement would serve the OAS and its member states better.
La resignificación del propio cuerpo en el escenario. Violencia obstétrica y teatro documental: Anatomía dunha serea, de Iria Pinheiro
Authors: Rozados Lorenzo Lara
Published: May 2020

Desde su propia experiencia, y a partir de conversaciones con varias mujeres, la actriz Iria Pinheiro constata la violencia obstétrica como una de las formas más socialmente normalizadas de violencia contra las mujeres. Con la puesta en escena de Anatomía dunha serea (octubre del 2018) Pinheiro resignifica su propio cuerpo y el cuerpo colectivo femenino, para recuperar la actancia a través de la catarsis escénica, y desmontar los operativos patriarcales de construcción del cuerpo femenino como objeto pasivo para el placer y la reproducción.

Desde los estudios teatrales y performativos, hemos analizado este uso performativo del propio cuerpo y del teatro documental como herramienta para combatir la opresión patriarcal, una de las formas de dominación más naturalizadas e invisibilizadas que perpetúa relaciones de sometimiento en el cuerpo social. Analizamos cuáles son las estrategias (hiperpresencia, distanciamiento, qué lugar ocupa el cuerpo, qué lugar el relato, cómo son las condiciones de producción de este montaje, cómo llega a lxs espectadorxs), y las potencialidades del teatro documento en el marco de la lucha feminista.

La recepción y la repercusión en prensa de este espectáculo, a casi seis meses de su estreno, demuestran que el tema de la maternidad y el de la violencia obstétrica son de enorme interés para el público general. Este ha resultado un montaje teatral pionero en este ámbito. Concluímos que una cuestión como la capacidad de decidir sobre el propio cuerpo, la propia gestación y parto y la propia maternidad de las mujeres es una cuestión política de primer orden, y situarla en la arena pública a través del teatro se constata como una estrategia de emancipación.
Configuraciones subjetivas y discursivas de la vivencia materna: de maternidades “encarnadas” y activismos emancipatorios
Authors: CALAFELL SALA NÚRIA
Published: May 2020

Este artículo aborda dos propuestas de la sociedad civil pertenecientes al Movimiento Activista Materno en Argentina, con el propósito de describir y analizar qué tipo de retóricas se ponen en juego en contextos de reapropiación subjetiva y discursiva de la vivencia materna, en especial en un momento de gran auge de los activismos de género en América Latina. Para ello, se utiliza la etnografía feminista como metodología de análisis que apunta al conocimiento (multi)situado, al reconocimiento de las madres como sujetas creadoras culturales, y a la identificación e interpretación de aquellos sesgos de género que aparecen en el lenguaje y que son reproducidos en los discursos. Como técnica, el Análisis Crítico del Discurso permite atender textualidades de diversa naturaleza semiótica (conversaciones de la realidad física y narrativas online) y desentrañar los elementos de poder y de desigualdad que se reproducen en ellas, a veces de manera implícita, otras veces explícitamente. Los resultados muestran que la maternidad sigue siendo un campo de disputas entre los procesos socioculturales que despliegan sobre ella una serie de tecnologías (entre ellas, las de género) y las reapropiaciones de sentido que llevan a cabo las subjetividades en su vivencia personal y colectiva.
Ahora contamos nosotras. #Cuéntalo: una memoria colectiva de la violencia. Cristina Fallarás, Anagrama, Barcelona, 2019. 92 páginas, ISBN 978-84-339-1633-4
Authors: Medina-Vicent Maria
Published: May 2020

Cristina Fallarás inicia este libro compartiendo una experiencia de acoso sexual que vivió en primera persona mientras viajaba en tren. En el contexto en que trata de situarnos, esta imagen sirve para abrir el espacio a la reflexión sobre la culpa, el miedo y la vergüenza que sufren las víctimas de la violencia machista en todas sus formas. Esta es una obra que habla del silencio y del consentimiento social que existe frente a la violencia contra las mujeres, y a la vez, trata de mostrar que uniendo las voces de mujeres individuales es posible romperlo.
Planning Competency in the New Normal– Employability Competency in Post- COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Buheji Mohamed , Buheji Aisha
Published: May 2020

This paper explores requirements of employability competency in the new normal; an era expected post- the COVID-19 pandemic. The research conceptualises and integrates approaches that would address how to prepare individuals for times of uncertainties, changes and challenges they most probably would face during the new normal.A framework for employability competency during new normal is proposed, followed by a toolkit that ensures we stay resilient to meet the variety of demands and the conditions expected during significant transformation times. This work opens a new line of research for empirical research that would support employability and competency development planners in the coming decades.
Designing Remuneration Systems of Organizations for Sustainable HRM: The Core Characteristics of an Emerging Field
Authors: Radvila Gintautas , Šilingienė Violeta
Published: May 2020

Successful business trends in the 21st century cover new factors where economic viability and sustainability should address not only the economic criterion, but also the human managerial one. This leads to the creation of effective sustainable work systems including remuneration systems as a part of sustainable human resource management. The basic research object of sustainable work systems is work intensity, which covers many possible approaches including remuneration systems of organizations. Effective remuneration systems enhance the performance and contribution of employees by controlling labor cost, motivating employees and involving them in organizational processes. Nevertheless, there is a lack of evidence for the sustainability of both theoretical and empirical research of remuneration systems. This article pursues validating theoretical concepts related to sustainable human resource management (SHRM) and remuneration systems by empirical disclosure of the expression of SHRM principles in the characteristics of remuneration systems. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the characteristics of remuneration systems of organizations in real SHRM in enterprises in Lithuania. In order to achieve this, a qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 21 corporate HR managers. The study empirically substantiated the relationship between the principles of sustainable human resource management and remuneration characteristics. Results disclosed that as many as 10 of the 12 SHRM principles allow to identify the remuneration system as a sustainable work system. All the identified characteristics of the remuneration system reveal various principles of SHRM through different features and indicators. Furthermore, it confirms the economic, social and environmental nature of sustainable remuneration systems.
The Implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) On the Higher Educational Sector in Jordan
Authors: Al-Tarawneh Dr. Hussien Ahmad , Mubaslat Mania
Published: May 2020

TQM is a philosophy and system for continuously improving the services and/or products offered to customers. Now that the technologies of transportation and communication have replaced national economic systems with a global economy, nations and businesses that do not practice TQM can become globally non-competitive rather rapidly. This march towards non-competitiveness can be avoided if citizens are helped to become TQM practitioners. After its development and phenomenal success, Total Quality Management (TQM) was applied outside the industrial sectors to educational organizations, such as universities. This paper investigates the application of TQM to educational organizations using Jordanian higher educational sector as a model example. Higher Education is an important sector in Jordan. The government has introduced several laws and constitutions aimed to further develop this sector, improve its ability to compete. However, little work has been done to measure and control quality in this sector. The work will show that the use of TQM can be of great benefit to the Jordanian universities, as it will lead to an increase in the organization students’ orientation and competitive edge. The paper will also investigate the relation between the application of TQM and the increase in the educational performance and efficiency. The results show that the application of TQM in the Jordanian educational sector leads to increase productivity and ability to compete toward excellence.
Preferences of Households for Schooling
Authors: Yasmeen Kausar , Mujtaba Hasan , Abbasian Ezatollah
Published: May 2020

This paper examines the parent’s presences of private versus public schooling of their children as an outcome of different family size parent’s characteristics, child’s characteristics and school characteristics which are further divided into more subcategories such as income of parents, medium of instruction of school, locality education, age of child, and adult’s members of family so these are the main areas to find out the results.  Households are of pivotal importance in educational outcomes of any country because no matter what the government planes so the key decision comes from households.  Probit model has used for estimating effect of all these mentioned attributes on school presence by using analysis. Data has been collected from Multan, Taunsa Shareef and DG of Pakistan. We conclude that there is strong preference for private schools not only in the higher income class but economic class particularly in urban areas.  It has been observed that income and education of parents and school characteristics such as medium of instruction especially and the positive attributes in school presence, so this attribute is towards private schooling economically well off parents and educated parents prefer higher schooling standards for their spring off.  Child characteristics have varied impact over school presence whereas family size has negative relation with the school presence towards private schooling.
Green Marketing: Marketing Strategies for the Swedish Energy Companies
Authors: Awan Usama
Published: May 2020

Business firms have become aware of the need to protect natural environment and starts practicing the environmental marketing strategies as part of their social responsibility programs. In this paper presents some cases of firms adopting green marketing strategies and exploratory research method is used to analysis and drawn the conclusion. This paper is based on the review of the most relevant literature and empirical studies. The purpose of this paper is to understand the importance of the environmental marketing strategies into the firms operations. This study also reveals that eco-label is differentiate the producers product is environmental friendly or conventional. Key findings of this paper are that corporations cannot afford to stay away from the green market trends and they need to equally participate in the social programs and for this purpose a decision model is developed based on environmental marketing strategies for high green and low green companies which they can adopt as part of their total corporate planning. This environmental model is developed from the study of existing market literature.
“Red Fascists”: anti-Nazi Germans under suspicion of the FBI
Authors: Dudek Wanilton
Published: May 2020

Since the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany in 1933, German opponents of Nazism had look for exile on the American continent, forming complex political movements across the American continent. The presence of the Free German Movement and the Council for the Democratic German in Los Angeles has alerted the US authorities, especially because of evidence of their links with communism and their relations with political movements in Latin America. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in investigating German anti-Nazi exile groups in California and south of the United States border in the context of World War II.