bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RÔLE OF THE SPLEEN IN IRON METABOLISM AS ELUCIDATED BY CHANGES IN THE IRON BALANCE AFTER SPLENECTOMY
Authors: Wilson Elizabeth D. , Krumbhaar Edward B.
Published: June 2004

We have estimated the iron balance in six dogs before and after splenectomy, in two intact dogs, and in five dogs before and after major operations other than splenectomy.

In all the animals studied, considerable variation in iron balance was observed in the periods used (6 to 14 days). The intact controls had positive balances, the one followed for a year and a half having over 0.4 mg. per kilo per day, except when fasting or on an inadequate intake. The iron of urine, lost hair, dandruff, etc., which was not included in the determinations, would be far from sufficient to restore equilibrium.

Of five animals subjected to major operations other than splenectomy, all of which in preoperative periods had positive balances varying between 0.423 mg. to 0.075 mg. per kilo per day, three showed a positive balance of from 0.989 mg. to 0.057 mg. and two showed negative balances of from 0.02 to 0.18 mg., the last two having anemia in the period of study while the others had none.

Of the six splenectomized dogs, five showed a greater tendency to loss of iron after splenectomy (i.e., either a change from a positive to a negative balance or to an increasedly negative or lessened positive balance). This was not always apparent until some days after splenectomy and coincided approximately with the period of developing anemia. The removal of the spleen was usually found therefore to be transiently associated with increased excretion of iron. It is not possible to demonstrate, however, that the increased loss of iron is the cause of the anemia, and the matter awaits further investigation before the reason of its occurrence is made clear.

An adequate iron intake in an intact animal was usually accompanied by a positive balance, though in splenectomized animals during the period of anemia it was frequently accompanied by a negative balance. Gain in weight in intact animals likewise was associated with a positive balance; but in the three instances in which gain of weight occurred during periods of anemia, after splenectomy or other operations, it was associated with a negative balance. Weight maintenance was also associated with a positive balance except in one instance of severe postsplenectomy anemia. Loss of weight was not sufficiently associated with a negative balance to make it seem a definite factor influencing the balance, per se, although about one-third of the periods of loss of weight were associated with negative balances.
STUDIES ON BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA
Authors: Sandberg Marta , Perla David , Marmorston-Gottesman J.
Published: June 2004

1. The blood chemistry of normal adult rats and of splenectomized adult rats suffering with Bartonella muris anemia has been studied.

2. Non-protein nitrogen rises with the increase in severity of the anemia. Total serum proteins, serum albumin and serum globulin decrease slightly. Uric acid remains unchanged.

3. Serum chloride concentration remains unchanged, but the concentration of chlorides in the blood increases.

4. An acidosis as estimated by the carbon dioxide-combining capacity of the blood is observed at the height of the infection.

5. The blood sugar decreases and the liver glycogen is depleted in rats with a hemoglobin content of the blood of 10 per cent.

6. Total fats and fatty acids are increased at the height of the anemia. Total cholesterol, the lipoid phosphorus and lecithin are diminished in amount.

7. These changes result from the infection or the anemia. Splenectomy itself plays no part in the changes observed in the chemical constituents of the blood in Bartonella muris anemia of adult albino rats.
THE EFFECT OF ACIDS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES IN THE PRODUCTION OF ACUTE GASTRIC ULCERS
Authors: Friedenwald Julius , Feldman Maurice , Morrison Samuel
Published: June 2004

Although other investigators have attempted to demonstrate that histamine has the power of producing acute ulcers when injected locally into the stomach wall, our experiments show clearly that this is a very inconstant finding for, of six instances, we were only able to obtain a small healed mucosal ulcer in one. Even when dilute acid (0.3 per cent hydrochloric acid) was fed to these animals they did not develop ulcers or erosions. It has also been stated that histamine, given subcutaneously, may produce ulcers secondarily to oversecretion of acid, especially when at the same time histamine has been injected into the stomach wall. We have been unable to confirm this observation.

In our series of experiments on dogs which were observed over a varying period of time ranging from 4 to 95 days we utilized other substances in addition to histamine. After establishing controls, sterile water, normal saline, 50 per cent glucose, skimmed milk, whole milk, omnadin, lipiodol, bismuth subcarbonate, pituitrin (S.), activin, histamine, adrenalin and insulin were injected into the muscular coat of the stomach and it was found that such procedures rarely produced any definite changes in the stomach mucosa even when supplemented by the feeding of dilute hydrochloric acid (0.3 per cent hydrochloric acid). We were able to demonstrate conclusively that the trauma involved in our operative procedure could not in itself account for any of the pathological findings. We were also able to show that the pressure due to the injected materials did not produce erosions or ulcerations. The injections of acids produced varying results. Diluted acid (0.3 per cent) injected into the stomach wall gave almost uniformly negative results but when combined with the feeding of acid of equal strength erosions were occasionally produced. Our results with 0.5 per cent hydrochloric add were also inconstant. The 1 per cent hydrochloric acid produced, in many instances, definite ulcerations even when not accompanied by the feeding of acid.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS EXTRACTS IN EFFECTING TRANSFORMATION OF TYPE IN VITRO
Authors: Alloway J. Lionel
Published: June 2004

Pneumococcus extracts highly active in inducing the in vitro transformation of the specific types of Pneumococcus have been prepared by dissolving S cells with sodium desoxycholate, precipitating the dissolved material in alcohol in which the bile salt remains soluble, and extracting the precipitate in salt solution. Further purification of these active extracts has been attained by the removal of considerable inactive material by charcoal adsorption and by reprecipitation of the adsorbed extract in alcohol or acetone. The importance of using young cultures for extraction, and of preventing autolysis during the preparation of the extracts, is emphasized.

Extracts prepared by the method described have been filtered through Berkefeld Candles (V, N, and W) without appreciable loss in activity, provided the reaction of the extract was slightly alkaline at the time of filtration. The purified and filtered extracts are water-clear, and sterile by rigid cultural and animal tests. They have been heated to temperatures of 60°C. for 30 minutes without appreciable loss in their capacity to induce specific changes in type. And although they have generally shown definite decrease in potency after heating to temperatures above 80° C., some extracts have been found active even after an exposure of 10 minutes to a temperature of 90°C. They have been completely inactivated by boiling.

Relatively small amounts of extract have been effective when added to a broth medium containing normal serum or serous fluid. In this medium, R pneumococci, irrespective of their type derivation, have developed and thereafter retained all the type-specific characteristics of the encapsulated S cells from which the extract was prepared.

The specific action of the extracts is discussed with reference to their transforming and antigenic properties.
CHANGES IN THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF BACTERIUM COLI AND BACILLUS MEGATHERIUM UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF BACTERIOPHAGE—A MOTION PHOTOMICROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANISM OF LYSIS
Authors: Bayne-Jones Stanhope , Sandholzer Leslie A.
Published: June 2004

This paper contains the records of a motion photomicrographic investigation of the lysis of Bact. coli and B. megatherium by bacteriophage. The bacteria mixed with bacteriophage were grown on moist nutrient agar in small culture chambers on the stage of a microscope in an incubator maintained at 37°C. The apparatus used permitted continuous inspection of the preparations. Photographs were made at the rates of 2 and 30 per minute and at the rate of 8 per second during the terminal stage of lysis of Bact. coli. The accurately timed films were studied by rapid projection and by the projection of single frames. Measurements of dimensions of cells, calculations of volumes, information on generations, generation times and duration spans are presented in the tables. Similar information on normal cultures grown and photographed in the same way is furnished for comparison. Groups of serial photographs are reproduced in the plates to illustrate the special features observed.

These observations seem to us to warrant the following conclusions:

1. Enlargement or swelling of the cells of Bact. coli usually, but not always, precedes lysis. Some of the enlargement is an expression of increase of cell substance and is not altogether due to imbibition of water. Cells of early generations of Bact. coli enlarge to greater absolute and relative proportions than cells of later generations. Enlargement does not occur before lysis in B. megatherium.

2. The terminal stage of lysis of Bact. coli is explosive, occupying ½ to ⅞ second. The terminal stage of lysis of B. megatherium is a slow disintegrative process, extending over 2–10 minutes.

3. Bacteriophage inhibits fission of some cells, but does not stop the reproduction of other cells in contact with it. The genealogical records of six generations of cells of Bact. coli and of two generations of cells of B. megatherium indicate that bacteriophage may be transmitted through parents to the offspring which ultimately undergo lysis.

4. Bacteriophage spreads by contact through a group of cells and also along paths determined by genetical relationships.

5. A large amount of cellular debris remains after the lysis of the cells in both of these species of bacteria. This residue of material is in the form of irregularly shaped masses and granules. This material is not in solution at the time of lysis and appears not to be digested or hydrolized.

6. Theories of the mechanism of lysis are discussed. It is suggested that reduction of surface tension of the cells may be an important factor in the mechanism of lysis.
STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX
Authors: Harrop George A. , Weinstein Albert
Published: June 2004

1. The methods used in the operation and care of suprarenalectomized dogs are given.

2. The effect of injections of the cortical hormone upon normal and suprarenalectomized dogs is described.

3. Symptoms and chemical studies of suprarenal insufficiency in the dog, following extract withdrawal are described, together with the effects produced by its readministration.

4. The phenomena associated with experimental suprarenal insufficiency are contrasted with those seen in patients with Addison's disease. The identity of the acute symptoms with those of "shock" is pointed out.
ENHANCED LETHAL EFFECTS OF X-RAYS ON BACILLUS COLI IN THE PRESENCE OF INORGANIC SALTS
Authors: Claus Walter D.
Published: June 2004

1. When B. coli are irradiated by x-rays in a series of salt solutions of tenth molar concentration, the synergistic effect does not become appreciable until heavy salts are used.

2. When Pb(NO3)2 or KBr solutions are used in increasing concentrations, the synergistic effect is not appreciable until large concentrations or absorption coefficients are reached, whereupon the effect increases sharply. Thus the number of effective hits per bacterium per minute, α, is a function of the absorption coefficient, µ.

3. The sharp increase in α does not occur at the same concentration, or same µ, for Pb(NO3)2 and for KBr. Thus α is a function of the nature of the salt, or possibly of the penetration of the salt into the cell, some measure of which may be obtained from the initial toxicity of the solution.

4. For a given solution, α increases as the wave length λ of the x-rays decreases, although µ decreases by the same process as the cube of λ. Thus α is a function of λ to some power greater than the cube.

5. A possible mechanism whereby the synergistic effect takes place is discussed briefly, as is the possibility that the heterogeneity of the x-rays accounts for all or part of the increased bactericidal effect of the rays in the presence of heavy metal salts.

6. Results indicate that within the range investigated, short wave lengths of x-rays, in conjunction with sensitizers, are the more efficacious in producing lethal effects.
STUDIES ON THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E.
Published: June 2004

1. Partial hydrolysis products of the specific polysaccharide of Type III pneumococcus ranging from 550 to 1,800 in formula weight can be quantitatively freed from unhydrolyzed polysaccharide.

2. The fractions yield specific precipitates with Type III antipneumococcus horse serum but fail to precipitate homologous rabbit antisera, giving rise only to specific inhibition. The aldobionic acid, the structural unit of S III, does not precipitate antisera.

3. A possible explanation and a possible application of the findings are pointed out.
SPLENECTOMY IN BILE FISTULA DOGS
Authors: Queen F. B. , Hawkins W. B. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

A splenectomized dog can be kept anemic for months or years in perfectly good condition.

A renal bile fistula dog on a suitable diet can be kept in perfect health and activity with normal weight for years.

When we combine splenectomy and the bile fistula, after a latent period, we invariably observe a striking reaction with enormous over-production of bile pigment, a definite anemia and finally death from anemia or tissue hemorrhage.

The spleen is essential for life in the bile fistula animal and this suggests some contribution from the spleen to body internal metabolism. The spleen and bile together are essential for the normal metabolism of pigment.

The bile salts are suspected of playing some obscure role in this reaction.

It seems difficult to explain all this great excess of bile pigment as coming from hemoglobin built up from the usual diet factors which in these experiments are well standardized.

It is suggested that the body can synthesize the pyrrol aggregate (four pyrrol rings). There is some evidence that the liver can build up bile pigment direct from "building stones." It seems necessary to postulate one or the other mechanism and they do not seem unlike in the final analysis as both bile pigment and the pyrrol aggregate contain four pyrrol rings. Possibly both reactions may take place under these conditions.
EPITHELIAL REPAIR IN RECOVERY FROM VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
Authors: Wolbach S. Burt , Howe Percy R.
Published: June 2004

1. In vitamin A deficiency, the replacement stratified keratinizing epithelium is morphologically identical in all locations.

2. All cells of the lowermost layer of the replacement epithelium have proliferative power as in the stratum germinativum of epidermis.

3. In recovery, in spite of the complete morphological masking, the epithelium in each region returns to its normal type.

4. The important histological features of repair involve removal of the layers of cells irreversibly differentiated towards keratinization and direct differentiation of the stratum germinativum into the normal type. These take place simultaneously.

5. The histological sequences observed in the removal of cells above the stratum germinativum indicate that autolysis as shown by vacuolar degeneration and heterolysis as shown by leucocytic infiltration are involved.

6. The cycle of A deficiency metaplasia and recovery affords an experimental method available for the correlation of nuclear chromatin and types of cytoplasmic activities.
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK BY AZODYES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described which show that anaphylactic shock can be induced in animals sensitized with azoproteins by injecting them with azodyes containing the same azo components as the sensitizing antigen.

The anaphylactic reactions are specific and occur with quantities of the dyes as small as fractions of milligrams.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHANGES IN ANTIGENIC VOLUME AS THE RESULT OF SPECIFIC AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

Findings are described which amplify those of a preceding paper in showing that bacteria increased in volume when treated with specific agglutinin. When the increase in volume approximated 20 per cent all the bacteria were agglutinated. We have attempted to correlate the volumetric increase with the quantity of protein adsorbed by the organisms during agglutination and have studied not only bacteria but collodion particles first sensitized to antigen and then agglutinated with a precipitin specific for the antigen. The increase in volume of the collodion particles was small and the quantity of protein adsorbed relatively large. When two species of bacteria were agglutinated with their respective antisera the reverse was true; the apparent volume increase was much greater than the quantity of protein deposited during the reaction. There is, then, no direct correlation between protein deposition and apparent increase in volume. Nevertheless, the results of experiments here reported have suggested an explanation for the fact of increase in volume.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS IN LIFELESS MEDIA
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Ward S. M.
Published: June 2004

We have made ten attempts to cultivate vaccine virus in tissue extracts prepared according to the method described by Eagles and Kordi (4). Renal, testicular, and chick embryo extracts were employed with a dermal strain of vaccine virus and with the Levaditi strain of neuro-vaccine virus. In no instance were we able to show that the virus multiplied in the extract media. Both of these strains of virus, however, multiplied in media containing bits of minced viable tissue. Furthermore, treatment of rabbit testicular tissue and chick embryo tissue in the manner described by Eagles and Kordi for the preparation of the extracts leaves some cells not only alive but capable of proliferation. Although the results of our work are not in accord with those obtained by Eagles and Kordi, we offer no explanation for the discrepancy. Nevertheless, one cannot examine the results of our work recorded in the six tables without recognizing the fact that in the types of media used the presence of viable cells appears to be essential for the multiplication of vaccine virus. Rabbit testicular tissue and bits of chick embryos support the regeneration of the active agent more efficiently than does rabbit renal tissue.
INHERITED AND ACQUIRED FACTORS IN RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

1. Mice with relatively great inherent resistance to certain bacterial infections were heavier but not more fertile than mice with relatively little inherent resistance. Mice with relatively little inherent resistance were with one exception not abnormally low in weight.

2. B. enteritidis given intrastomachally to susceptibles appeared in the blood stream more promptly, in larger numbers, and in a greater percentage of cases, and was present in feces in larger numbers, for a longer period, and in a greater percentage of cases than when given to resistants.

3. Mice relatively resistant to B. enteritidis administered by the natural gastrointestinal route were likewise resistant to the organisms introduced subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, and intravenously. Mice relatively susceptible to the organisms administered by the natural route were susceptible when the organisms were injected directly into tissues and blood stream.

4. Of four lines of mice relatively susceptible to B. enteritidis, three were likewise susceptible to Pasteurella avicida, B. friedlaenderi, and pneumococcus given intranasally. A fourth line was significantly more resistant. Lines of mice relatively resistant to B. enteritidis were likewise resistant to the three respiratory tract pathogens.

5. When Pasteurella avicida, B. friedlaenderi, and pneumococcus were injected intraperitoneally or intravenously, no significant differences in duration of life of the several lines of mice could be demonstrated.

6. Of four lines relatively susceptible to B. enteritidis, two were susceptible to an intranasal instillation of louping ill virus. Lines resistant to B. enteritidis proved relatively susceptible to the virus infection.
MODIFICATION OF THE PATHOGENICITY OF PSEUDORABIES VIRUS BY ANIMAL PASSAGE
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

Pseudorabies virus, Iowa strain ("mad itch"), after passage through guinea pig brain, fails to produce infection in guinea pigs when injected subcutaneously unless enormous doses are employed. Such virus is still pathogenic for rabbits when given subcutaneously and for rabbits and guinea pigs intracerebrally. Comparison of the amounts of virus present in the brains of rabbits and guinea pigs following fatal cerebral infection shows that the latter contain, per gram, only approximately one-tenth the amount of virus in the former. Comparing the resistance of the two species to subcutaneously administered pseudorabies virus it has been found that rabbits are approximately 100 times more susceptible than guinea pigs. Over and above the working of these two factors, guinea pig passage appears to achieve some actual attenuation of virus when tested by subcutaneous inoculation into guinea pigs.
LOCALIZATIONS OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DURING THE PREPARALYTIC PERIOD, AFTER INTRANASAL INSTILLATION
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Gebhardt Louis P.
Published: June 2004

1. About 4 days after intranasal instillation, the virus of poliomyelitis establishes its initial focus, within the central nervous system, in the olfactory bulbs. It apparently reaches this structure through the axons of the olfactory nerves after primarily infecting the olfactory cells of the nasal mucosa.

2. From this initial focus, the virus spreads (on the 5th and 6th days) through the olfactory tracts and their connections in the brain stem. A secondary focus in the hypothalamus is first established. From this, two main channels can be discerned: first, to the medulla; second, to the thalamus and midbrain.

3. On the 7th day, virus can first be detected in the spinal cord. It is widespread but is found in larger amounts in the cervical than in the lumbar segments. It is present in both the anterior and posterior horns, either in equal amounts or in slightly larger amounts in the posterior. It is also present in the intervertebral ganglia. The surmise is presented that the main route of infection of the cord is not from the medulla (which had been infected as early as the 5th day) but along the sensory tracts, presumably from the thalamus (spinothalamic tracts).

4. Certain portions of the central nervous system were never found to contain demonstrable quantities of virus: these were the cortex of the frontal and parietal lobes (neopallium), and the cerebellum. The olfactory (archipallial) cortex (hippocampus) was only once found to contain virus; this occurred on the 7th day and in small amounts, and presumably had its source in the olfactory bulbs.

5. The experiments of the 7th day suggest that virus had died out in areas previously infected (in the hypothalamus and thalamus, particularly), while continuing, apparently undiminished, in the midbrain and medulla, and spreading to the cord. These observations are in harmony with the general contentions of Fairbrother and Hurst that virus is better adapted to survival in the lower portions of the cerebrospinal axis than in the higher.

6. The conception here presented of the manner of entrance and routes of propagation of the virus of poliomyelitis in the experimental animal appears to be in essential agreement with the clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease in man. Both the experimental disease and the disease as it occurs in man appear to present the features of an infection spread through nervous tissue only. It is unnecessary to assume that at any stage of its progress, during the incubation period or later, systemic or general extranervous infection is present.
OXYCEPHALY AND ALLIED CONDITIONS IN MAN AND IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N.
Published: June 2004

Craniosynostosis and the pathological complex with which it is associated in the rabbit are not identical with the abnormalities seen in man; but apparently the two sets of conditions have enough in common to warrant the conclusion that they probably have a common mode of origin. The evidence so far obtained shows that in the rabbit these conditions are hereditary. The factors for the production of the cranial abnormalities are widespread, but the occurrence of deformities is comparatively rare in a general animal population. In-breeding and selective matings, however, tend to increase their frequency and also the frequency of other abnormalities with which they may be associated, either by chance or by close genetic relationship in the germ plasm. In this way, a pathological complex is built up and perpetuated.

In so far as the cranial abnormalities are concerned, it seems now that oxycephaly and related conditions are variations resulting from a displacement or division of primary ossification centers controlled by hereditary factors.
EXPERIMENTAL GRANULOPENIA, DUE TO BACTERIAL TOXINS ELABORATED IN VIVO
Authors: Dennis Emery Westervelt
Published: June 2004

Pyogenic organisms, under conditions simulating a focal infection, are capable of producing in rabbits a granulopenia which may allow generalized infection and death. It is suggested that agranulocytosis in man is due to the action of leucocidin, rather than to a specific microorganism.
STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX
Authors: Harrop George A. , Weinstein Albert , Soffer Louis J. , Trescher John H.
Published: June 2004

1. The basal oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, blood flow, blood pressure, and the changes in concentration of the arterial blood were determined in suprarenalectomized dogs (a) when receiving injections of cortical extract (Swingle-Pfiffner), (b) during suprarenal insufficiency induced by withdrawal of the injections, and (c) during the period of recovery brought about by resumption of extract injections.

2. Reasons are advanced for the view that the hemoconcentration which occurs is probably due to loss of fluid through the kidneys, rather than by increased capillary permeability and loss into the tissues, or by loss through the gastrointestinal tract.

3. The loss of fluid from the plasma and tissues will explain the symptoms which follow withdrawal of injections of the hormone, as well as the fatal outcome. The assumption that the suprarenal cortex or its hormone has a detoxifying action upon some product of metabolism is thus rendered unnecessary.
STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF CHOLESTEROL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Turner Kenneth B. , Khayat George B.
Published: June 2004

1. Thyroidectomy in itself does not cause a rise in blood cholesterol or the development of atherosclerosis in young rabbits.

2. Feeding cholesterol produces hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits regardless of the presence or absence of the thyroid glands.

3. Potassium iodide prevents the usual hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis of the aorta in normal rabbits fed cholesterol, but when the thyroids are removed this protective action disappears.
STUDIES ON A CERTAIN SPREADING FACTOR EXISTING IN BACTERIA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR BACTERIAL INVASIVENESS
Authors: Duran-Reynals F.
Published: June 2004

Invasive strains of staphylococcus and streptococcus contain a soluble factor which markedly increases tissue permeability and enhances the infections produced by these organisms, by other bacteria, and by vaccine virus as well.

The non-invasive strains of the same species of staphylococci and streptococci do not contain this factor.

The enhancing substance elaborated locally by organisms passes into the circulating blood and bringing about a general increase of tissue permeability may act to enhance local infections elsewhere.

The factor is similar in the phenomena it elicits to the spreading factor extracted from many animal tissues, especially from testicle.
LYMPHOMATOSIS, MYELOMATOSIS, AND ENDOTHELIOMA OF CHICKENS CAUSED BY A FILTERABLE AGENT
Authors: Furth J. ,   With the Assistance of Charles Breedis
Published: June 2004

A new transmissible strain of leukosis of chickens is described that causes (a) lymphomatosis with or without tumor formation, and with or without leukemia, (b) myelocytomatosis with or without leukemia, and (c) endothelioma. All these diseases are transmissible by material free from viable cells, and the available evidence indicates that they are caused by a single filterable agent.
VARYING HEMOLYTIC AND CONSTANT COMBINING CAPACITY OF STREPTOLYSINS; INFLUENCE ON TESTING FOR ANTISTREPTOLYSINS
Authors: Hodge B. E. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

Certain properties of streptolysin in respect of hemolytic power and capacity for combining with antistreptolysins have been determined. The hemolytic strength may vary markedly, while under suitable conditions the combining power is constant.

This stability of combining capacity makes it possible to prepare a large amount of streptolysin, standardize it against sera of known antistreptolysin strength, and use it as a reagent over a considerable period for testing the antistreptolysin content of unknown sera. A modified technique for making these tests is described.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B.
Published: June 2004

73 per cent of normal rabbits exposed for about 1 year to cage mates infected with tubercle bacilli of bovine type acquired a respiratory or alimentary tuberculosis, which was fatal in 50 per cent of the cases. 63.6 per cent developed tuberculosis during the first 6 months.

Of rabbits vaccinated with tubercle bacilli of human type and exposed in the same cages at the same time only 36.8 per cent acquired tuberculosis during the first 6 months. Later this resistance waned, and by the end of the year altogether 60 per cent had developed tuberculosis, of which 38 per cent succumbed.

The disease in the vaccinated rabbits was shown to be of exogenous origin by the isolation in pure culture from the same rabbit of the human type bacillus from the primary infection, and of the bovine type bacillus from the naturally acquired lesion.

The vaccination reduced the incidence, extent, and mortality of the disease, affected the route of infection, changed its pathological character, and retarded its progress. The disease acquired by vaccinated rabbits shared many characteristics with adult type tuberculosis in man.

It is suggested that this method may be used with relative ease in studying many phases of naturally acquired tuberculosis in small laboratory animals.
THE RESISTANCE OF RABBITS TO TUBERCULOSIS AFTER VACCINATION WITH PARTIALLY DEFATTED TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C.
Published: June 2004

1. A vaccine prepared from partially defatted bovine tubercle bacilli influenced favorably the survival time after inoculation with living virulent bovine tubercle bacilli.

2. Accompanying this increased resistance was a sustained lymphocytosis in the vaccinated animals.

3. The vaccine induced a transitory anemia and leucopenia.

4. A similar preparation of partially defatted human tubercle bacilli possessed the power to sensitize guinea pigs to tuberculo-protein.
FUNCTION OF THE GALL BLADDER EPITHELIUM AS AN OSTEOGENIC STIMULUS AND THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: Huggins C. B. , Sammet J. F.
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented that the proliferating gall bladder epithelium in the dog and guinea pig is capable of stimulating bone formation in certain connective tissues such as the abdominal wall. Other connective tissue areas such as the subepithelial connective tissue of the gall bladder and urinary bladder do not share in this tissue reaction and resist the bone stimulus of the epithelium. The formation of bone in these circumstances is thus biphasic.

A difference between connective tissues morphologically identical can be proven physiologically, by their response to the osteogenic stimulus of appropriate epithelia.

Calcium carbonate microliths occurred in the mucus of the occluded gall bladder in which there was transplanted connective tissue forming part of the wall.
THE RACES THAT CONSTITUTE THE GROUP OF COMMON FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Parker Raymond C.
Published: June 2004

1. Races of fibroblasts that are functionally distinct have been isolated from the various tissues and organs of a single chick embryo.

2. Functionally distinct races of fibroblasts have also been isolated from corresponding parts of embryos of different ages.

3. Under the conditions of the experiments, and for the particular races of fibroblasts that have been studied, it has not been possible to demonstrate a gradual decrease, or a gradual increase, in the rate of multiplication of fibroblasts obtained from corresponding parts of embryos of gradually increasing ages.

4. Experiments made on strains of fibroblasts derived from the mesonephros and metanephros of a 16 day chick embryo have indicated that the rate of multiplication of these cells in a given medium reflects the physiological state, at the moment of isolation, of the particular part of the embryo from which they are obtained.

5. The rate of multiplication of a given race of fibroblasts in a particular medium does not serve, necessarily, as an index of the age of the individual from which the race is derived.

6. The functional differences that distinguish the various races of fibroblasts are permanent; they are retained by the cells from passage to passage indefinitely, despite such attempts as have thus far been made to change them.
STUDIES ON PSEUDORABIES (INFECTIOUS BULBAR PARALYSIS, MAD ITCH)
Authors: Hurst E. Weston
Published: June 2004

The histology of pseudorabies differs materially in various animal species. In the rabbit, subcutaneous, intradermal or intramuscular inoculation leads to local inflammation and necrosis. The infection ascends the peripheral nerve (possibly both interstitially and by the axis-cylinders) to the corresponding spinal ganglia and segments of the spinal cord, where primary degeneration of nerve and glial cells takes place. The nerve cell changes are probably responsible for the cardinal symptom of the disease, itching. Death ensues soon after virus reaches the medulla, before visible changes have been produced here. Intracerebral inoculation is followed by characteristic lesions in the meninges, in subpial glial cells and in superficially placed nerve cells. Morbid changes in the lungs are not necessarily related to the presence of virus, but specific lesions may be present. Intranuclear inclusions bearing some resemblance to those in herpetic encephalitis, yellow fever, etc., occur in cells derived from all embryonic layers.

The disease in the guinea pig resembles closely that in the rabbit and is modified only by the slightly greater resistance of the animal.

In the monkey after intracerebral inoculation, widespread degeneration and necrosis of cortical nerve cells are accompanied by the appearance of specific nuclear alterations in nerve and glial cells, but not in cells of mesodermal origin. No lesions are found in other viscera.

In the spontaneous disease in the cow lesions approximate more closely to those in the monkey than to those in the rabbit.

In the pig vascular and interstitial lesions predominate, nerve cell degeneration is relatively slight and typical inclusions are not observed. These differences probably explain the benign course of the malady following subcutaneous inoculation in this animal. The lymphatic system, too, participates in the reaction to the virus.
THE RELATION OF VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY TO INTESTINAL TUBERCULOSIS IN THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: McConkey Mack , Smith David T.
Published: June 2004

1. Seventy-two adult guinea pigs were fed tuberculous sputum daily for periods ranging from 6 weeks to 4 months.

2. Thirty-seven of these were maintained on a diet partially deficient in vitamin C; twenty-six developed ulcerative intestinal tuberculosis.

3. In the remaining thirty-five animals whose diet was supplemented by an adequate amount of vitamin C only two developed tuberculous ulcers in the intestines.

4. From these studies we conclude that the ingestion of tubercle bacilli by the guinea pig is not the sole factor in the production of intestinal tuberculosis.

5. In our opinion, an adequate supply of vitamin C usually protects the guinea pig against ulcerative intestinal tuberculosis.
THE CULTIVATION OF MONOCYTES IN FLUID MEDIUM
Authors: Baker Lillian E.
Published: June 2004

Monocytes from blood and from spleen have been cultivated in fluid medium in Carrel flasks for over 2 months. Diluted serum supplied all the essential nutritive substances. Cultivation in fluid was made possible by adjusting the initial pH of the fluid to 7.4, and not allowing it to fall below 7.0 or 6.8. The cells remained in good condition when the pH was adjusted with either lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, or carbon dioxide. Adjustment with carbon dioxide was found to be more convenient and also more practical, since it does not destroy the buffer action of the medium. After 2 months of cultivation, the monocytes were in excellent condition and still proliferated actively. They gave every indication that indefinite multiplication could be maintained under the conditions of these experiments. It is hoped that this method of cultivation, with some modifications, will prove useful in studying the metabolism of these cells.
THE PRODUCTION IN DOGS OF CHRONIC BLACK TONGUE WITH ANEMIA
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Miller D. K.
Published: June 2004

1. By the feeding of a particular diet, apparently lacking a substance closely associated with vitamin B2 G, a chronic disease may be produced irregularly in dogs.

2. The disease is characterized by atrophic glossitis, diarrhea, loss of weight, and anemia.

3. The disease can be prevented and relieved by materials rich in vitamin B2 G.
INFECTIOUS PAPILLOMATOSIS OF RABBITS
Authors: Shope Richard E. , Hurst E. Weston
Published: June 2004

A papilloma has been observed in wild cottontail rabbits and has been found to be transmissible to both wild and domestic rabbits. The clinical and pathological pictures of the condition have been described. It has been found that the causative agent is readily filtrable through Berkefeld but not regularly through Seitz filters, that it stores well in glycerol, that it is still active after heating to 67°C. for 30 minutes, but not after heating to 70°C., and that it exhibits a marked tropism for cutaneous epithelium. The activities and properties of the papilloma-producing agent warrant its classification as a filtrable virus.

Rabbits carrying experimentally produced papillomata are partially or completely immune to reinfection and, furthermore, their sera partially or completely neutralize the causative virus. The disease is transmissible in series through wild rabbits and virus of wild rabbit origin is readily transmissible to domestic rabbits, producing in this species papillomata identical in appearance with those found in wild rabbits. However, the condition is not transmissible in series through domestic rabbits. The possible significance of this observation has been discussed. The virus of infectious papillomatosis is not related immunologically to either the virus of infectious fibroma or to that of infectious myxoma of rabbits.
METHODS AND EFFECTS OF INCREASING THE URINARY CONSTITUENTS IN THE BODY
Authors: Hartman F. W.
Published: June 2004

1. Five methods for the production of slow continued reabsorbtion of urine in the experimental animal are presented.

2. The effects of this prolonged reabsorption of urinary constituents on the blood chemistry and tissues are shown with special reference to the kidney.

3. Large and rapid increase of urinary constituents in the body is definitely destructive to the kidney.

4. The degenerative changes found in the experimental animal in the protected pole of the kidney showing nephritis produced by x-ray and in man in the unscarred portions of the kidney showing chronic nephritis account for the progressive nature and final renal insufficiency of these conditions and are best ascribed to the high levels of excretory products in the body.
CULTIVATION OF PSEUDORABIES VIRUS
Authors: Traub Erich
Published: June 2004

Pseudorabies virus has been cultivated in series in rabbit testicle, guinea pig testicle, and chick embryo media, and its growth requirements have been studied. Intranuclear inclusions, similar to those produced by pseudorabies virus in vivo, have been found in rabbit testicle cultures. The virus has not changed its pathogenic properties for rabbits, guinea pigs, or mice during the course of cultivation.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON PATHOLOGIC SIMILARITIES BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL SCURVY COMBINED WITH INFECTION, AND RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Rinehart James F. , Connor Charles L. , Mettier Stacy R.
Published: June 2004

In the guinea pig, chronic scurvy with superimposed infection (beta streptococcus) and to a lesser extent chronic scurvy alone, produces an arthropathy with striking pathologic similarities to that of rheumatic fever and the closely allied condition of rheumatoid arthritis. Considerable significance is attached to the widespread occurrence in the experimental animal subjected to scurvy and infection, and to a lesser extent in scurvy alone, of lesions similar to if not identical with the fibrinoid degeneration which has been considered the fundamental lesion of rheumatic fever. A subcutaneous nodule essentially similar to the subcutaneous nodules of rheumatic fever was observed in one experimental animal.

Attention is called to a group of general pathologic changes frequently observed in rheumatic fever which were also found in the experimental animals subjected to scurvy and infection. These include degenerative changes in skeletal muscle, focal necrosis in the liver, fibrosis of the Malpighian bodies in the spleen, erythrophagocytosis in the lymph nodes, and focal lymphocytic accumulations in the kidneys.

The problem of hemorrhage is considered. It is suggested that a scorbutic state may be the basis of the hemorrhagic manifestations common to the acute phases of rheumatic fever.

The unsatisfactory nature of previous experimental attempts to reproduce the pathology of rheumatic fever is noted. The lesions produced by subjecting the guinea pig to the combined influence of scurvy and infection are considered to be fundamentally similar in character and distribution to those of rheumatic fever. The pathologic observations recorded in this and a previous publication (2) are believed to offer evidence that the disease known as rheumatic fever may be the result of the combined influence of scurvy and infection. It is suggested that a subclinical degree of scurvy may constitute the rheumatic tendency in which the added factor of infection causes the development of rheumatic fever or possibly the closely allied condition of rheumatoid arthritis.

Epidemiological and clinical considerations appear to afford supportive evidence to this concept.
ACUTE ASCENDING MYELITIS FOLLOWING A MONKEY BITE, WITH THE ISOLATION OF A VIRUS CAPABLE OF REPRODUCING THE DISEASE
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Wright Arthur M.
Published: June 2004

A case of acute ascending myelitis which followed the bite of an apparently normal Macacus rhesus monkey is described. The clinical course as well as the pathological changes has been studied and found to be suggestive of a virus cause for the disease. The absence of perivascular demyelinization removes the case from the realm of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and establishes it more or less definitely as a primary acute infectious myelitis. An extremely important feature of the pathological picture of this disease has been the presence of focal necrosis in the viscera (spleen, adrenals, regional lymph nodes).

Attempts to transmit the disease to Macacus rhesus monkeys, dogs, mice, and guinea pigs, employing glycerinated organs from the human case, proved unsuccessful. By the inoculations of rabbits the presence of a strongly neurotropic, filtrable virus was demonstrated in the patient's brain, cord, and spleen. Following intracutaneous injection of it as derived either from brain and cord or spleen, an experimental disease develops in rabbits which strikingly resembles the human disease in the character of the local lesion, the incubation period, development of urinary retention, and flaccid paralysis of the posterior extremities with cephalad progression, death by respiratory failure, and finally by the occurrence of focal necrosis in the spleen, adrenals, and liver. In attempting to establish the identity of this virus, (the B virus), a consideration of its biological properties excludes the viruses of poliomyelitis, rabies, vaccinia, Virus III disease of rabbits, and the other viruses which are known to produce similar intranuclear inclusion bodies, except perhaps herpes. Although the relationship between the B virus and the virus of herpes must still be determined by cross-immunity tests it has been shown to possess certain properties which warrant consideration of it as a distinct entity.
THE PULMONARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE IN NORMAL ALBINO RATS AND THE EFFECT THEREON OF EPINEPHRINE
Authors: Smith F. J. C. , Bennett Granville A.
Published: June 2004

1. A satisfactory method for the direct determination of the pulmonary arterial pressure in rats is described.

2. The arithmetical mean of the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery in a series of thirty-four normal albino rats under nembutal anesthesia is 256 mm. H20 (18.8 mm. Hg).

3. Intravenous epinephrine causes an abrupt but briefly sustained rise in the pulmonary arterial pressure with a gradual return to normal.