bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calcium supplementation in CVVH using regional citrate anticoagulation
Authors: Zheng Yin , Xu Zhongye , Fan Qichen , Zhu Qiuyu , Ma Shuai , Lu Jianxin , Zhuang Feng , Hao Guihua , Lu Wei , Ding Feng
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Calcium supplementation is one of the most important factors in maintaining the safety and efficacy of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). The aims of this study were to assess the determinants of calcium requirements in RCA‐CVVH and to simplify the calcium supplementation approach.

Methods: Our study consisted of two parts. The first part was a discovery phase to determine the key factors of calcium supplementation. Twenty critically ill patients who required RCA‐CVVH were enrolled in this part. Systemic citrate, total calcium, protein‐bound calcium, and ionized calcium concentrations were serially measured using the traditional RCA protocol. A two‐phase calcium supplementation protocol was then proposed, and algorithms were developed for calcium supplementation. The second part of the study was the validation phase. Another 97 critically ill patients were enrolled and were treated with RCA‐CVVH using the new version of the calcium supplementation protocol.

Findings:The loss of calcium flux in the extracorporeal circuit and the increase in citrate‐calcium complexes in vivo were the main determinants of the required calcium supplementation. In the CVVH mode, the rate of calcium infusion had to be reduced after systemic citrate level reached a steady state. With the aid of mathematical models, systemic calcium levels could be stably maintained in the normal range, and the frequencies of calcium monitoring were reduced.

Discussion:Calcium supplementation during RCA‐CVVH undergoes two phases. We propose mathematical models to quantify the need for calcium supplementation, which enable individualization of the RCA prescription and simplify the management of RCA in the CVVH mode.
Inflammatory potential of monospecies biofilm matrix components
Authors: Ramirez T. , Shrestha A. , Kishen A.
Published: February 2019

Aim

To assess the inflammatory potential of biofilm matrix constituents of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa monospecies biofilms on macrophages.

Methodology

In vitro biofilms of E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were grown (7 days) in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The biofilm matrix components: exopolysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) were extracted and quantified. The inflammatory potential of EPS and eDNA was assessed on macrophage cell lines (RAW 267.4) using nitric oxide (NO), and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) expressions. LPS from P. aeruginosa and planktonic bacteria were positive controls. One‐way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc test were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Extracted EPS from both biofilm strains was associated with higher levels than eDNA in both growth conditions (P < 0.05). The biofilm components had less inflammatory potential compared to planktonic bacteria and LPS. EPS produced higher levels of inflammatory response compared to eDNA for both strains (P < 0.05). IL‐6 and TNF‐α, and NO expression showed no difference for E. faecalis EPS (P ≥ 0.05). In contrast, P. aeruginosa EPS and eDNA had significant levels of IL‐6 compared to TNF‐α and NO (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Monospecies biofilm matrix EPS and eDNA from the bacterial strains tested had the ability to induce a low‐grade inflammatory response when compared to planktonic bacteria and LPS. This study highlights the potential of biofilm matrix/components, devoid of bacteria to induce low‐grade chronic inflammation.
Thermal shock behavior of porous Si3N4 ceramics with Nd2O3 as sintering additive
Authors: Liang Hanqin , Yin Jinwei , Zuo Kaihui , Xia Yongfeng , Yao Dongxu , Zeng Yuping
Published: February 2019

The thermal shock behavior of porous Si3N4 ceramics with Nd2O3 as sintering additive was investigated by the water quenching method in the temperature difference range from 200 to 1500°C. The porosity and residual flexural strength of the specimens after single water quenching were measured to reveal the influence of thermal shock on porous Si3N4 ceramics. It was found that the critical temperature was 780°C, which was almost 230°C higher than its dense counterpart reported by other researchers. Scanning electron microscope was used to examine the microstructure evolution of the external surface and interior after water quenching. Surface oxidation and cracks formation were found to be the primary cause of the strength degradation of porous Si3N4 ceramics. The phase composition variation in the surface was also characterized by X‐ray diffraction.
Immigration, Bureaucracies and Policy Formulation: The Case of Quebec
Authors: Paquet Mireille
Published: February 2019

Based on an ethnography of one illuminating case – the formulation of new immigration policy statement entitled “Together, we are Quebec” between 2014 and 2016 – this article argues that policy formulation is an important site of power and influence over immigration‐related policies for bureaucrats. In dialogue with concepts and theories from public administration, it demonstrates that a broad mandate of reform and modernization, coupled with political tensions surrounding diversity, created opportunities for the bureaucracy to influence Quebec's immigration policy following its interests, relations, expertise and experience. In this case, the bureaucracy's influence operated through two pathways: problem definition and consensus building. While this influence is partially contingent on political and institutional characteristics of the Quebec context, this case shows that scholarship on immigration policy and politics should embrace a much broader reading of the influence of bureaucrats on the content and development of immigration‐related policies.
Changing ethnic and clinical trends and factors associated with successful home haemodialysis at Auckland District Health Board
Authors: Beig Junaid Y. , Semple David J.
Published: February 2019

Background

The health and diversity of the population in New Zealand (NZ) is changing under the influence of many socio‐economic factors. This may have shifted the landscape of home haemodialysis (HHD).

Aims

To examine the demographic and clinical changes, determinants of HHD training and technique outcome and mortality between 2008 and 2015 at Auckland District Health Board, NZ.

Methods

We compared three incident cohorts of HHD patients between 2008 and 2015. Relevant factors, including demographic and clinical characteristics, training failure, technique failure and mortality were recorded. Factors associated with training and technique failure were examined by multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Of 152 patients, 133 completed training, 13 (10%) experienced technique failure and 15 (11%) died. Significant changes in ethnicity (increased: Māori 1.7‐fold, Asian 1.7‐fold and Pasifika 1.4‐fold; decreased: NZ European 2.7‐fold, P = 0.001), and major comorbidities, ≥2 major comorbidities (1.8‐fold increase, P = 0.03), diabetes (2.1‐fold increase, P = 0.013) and heart failure (P = 0.04) were seen. HHD as first renal replacement therapy modality increased 15‐fold (P = 0.0001) and training time increased by 4.5 weeks (P = 0.004). Death and technique failure were unchanged over time. Shorter training time, employment and lower C‐reactive protein were associated with ‘Successful HHD’. ‘Unsuccessful HHD’ patient characteristics differed by ethnicity.

Conclusions

The HHD population has become more representative of the NZ population, but significantly more comorbid over time. Patient training time has increased, but mortality and technique failure remain stable. ‘Successful HHD’ is predicted by social and clinical factors, and ‘unsuccessful HHD’ may have different mechanisms in different patient groups.
Race and sex differences in asleep blood pressure: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study
Authors: Booth John N. , Anstey D. Edmund , Bello Natalie A. , Jaeger Byron C. , Pugliese Daniel N. , Thomas Stephen Justin , Deng Luqin , Shikany James M. , Lloyd‐Jones Donald , Schwartz Joseph E. , Lewis Cora E. , Shimbo Daichi , Muntner Paul
Published: February 2019

Nocturnal hypertension and non‐dipping blood pressure are each associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We determined differences in nocturnal hypertension and non‐dipping systolic/diastolic blood pressure among black and white men and women who underwent 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring at the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study Year 30 Exam in 2015‐2016. Asleep and awake periods were determined from actigraphy complemented by sleep diaries. Nocturnal hypertension was defined as mean asleep systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥ 120/70 mm Hg. Non‐dipping systolic and diastolic blood pressure, separately, were defined as a decline in awake‐to‐asleep blood pressure < 10%. Among 767 participants, the prevalence of nocturnal hypertension was 18.4% and 44.4% in white and black women, respectively, and 36.4% and 59.9% in white and black men, respectively. After multivariable adjustment and compared with white women, the prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) for nocturnal hypertension was 1.65 (1.18‐2.32) for black women, 1.63 (1.14‐2.33) for white men, and 2.01 (1.43‐2.82) for black men. The prevalence of non‐dipping systolic blood pressure was 21.5% and 41.0% in white and black women, respectively, and 20.2% and 37.9% in white and black men, respectively. Compared with white women, the multivariable‐adjusted prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) for non‐dipping systolic blood pressure was 1.66 (1.18‐2.32), 0.91 (0.58‐1.42) and 1.66 (1.15‐2.39) among black women, white men, and black men, respectively. Non‐dipping diastolic blood pressure did not differ by race‐sex groups following multivariable adjustment. In conclusion, black women and men have a high prevalence of nocturnal hypertension and non‐dipping systolic blood pressure.
A Technique to Simultaneously Fabricate Multiple Custom Impression Posts for Implant‐Supported Restorations in the Esthetic Zone
Authors: Hsieh Yuan‐Lynn , Aronovich Sharon , Munz Stephanie , Liu Fei
Published: February 2019

Peri‐implant transmucosal tissue, an essential element of peri‐implant esthetics, is critical to the success of prostheses in the esthetic zone. The optimal transmucosal tissue profile can be transferred to the master cast with the aid of custom impression posts. In this clinical technique, the initial cast used to fabricate provisional prostheses was conveniently used to aid in the time‐efficient fabrication of multiple custom impression posts simultaneously using self‐cured acrylic resin. This technique also applies to single restorations. In addition, the use of an initial cast as holder makes it easy to transfer custom impression posts to the mouth accurately and efficiently.
Private investment with social benefits under uncertainty: The dark side of public financing
Authors: Attanasi Giuseppe , My Kene Boun , Buso Marco , Stenger Anne
Published: February 2019

We develop a game‐theoretic model of private–public contribution to a long‐term project with sequential actions and moral hazard. A private agent is one who is in charge of both the financial contribution and the management effort, these two actions entailing private costs and uncertain ex‐post private and social benefits. A public agent is one who decides the amount of public funding to this quasi‐public good, knowing that the size and the probability of attaining a surplus
ex post depend on the private agent's effort. We consider four public‐funding scenarios: benefit‐sharing versus cost‐sharing crossed with
ex‐ante versus
ex‐interim government intervention. We test our theoretical predictions by means of an experiment that confirms the main result of the model: Cost‐sharing public intervention is more effective than benefit‐sharing in boosting private financial contribution to the project. Furthermore, when public intervention comes after private contribution (
ex‐interim government intervention), both public‐funding scenarios have a negative impact on the private management effort. In our model, the latter result is explained by the private agent's high degree of risk aversion. These results have policy implications for strategic investments with long‐term social consequences. In deciding the optimal timing and method of the contribution, governments should also consider the indirect effects on agents’ long‐term management efforts.
Analysis of the oral health care network development in Minas Gerais state, Brazil
Authors: Leal Daniele Lopes , Martins Renata Castro , Carneiro Natália Cristina Ruy , de Abreu Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães , Werneck Marcos Azeredo Furquim , Borges‐Oliveira Ana Cristina
Published: February 2019

Objectives

This study aimed to analyze the development stage of the oral health care network of the Brazilian Unified Health System in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Methods

A cross‐sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted with 205 municipal oral health coordinators from the state. Data collection was carried out through a validated questionnaire to analyze the state of development of the oral health care network. Descriptive and cluster analysis were performed, and two clusters were generated.

Results

The total median score of the questionnaires classified Minas Gerais as a state with incipient oral health care networks and a minimal capacity to operate such networks, reflected in the predominance of cluster 1 in the sample. There was no statistical association between age, time since graduation, and time spent working as a coordinator and the clusters (Mann–Whitney test). The coordinators’ gender and educational level were also not statistically associated with the clusters (Pearson's chi‐square and Fisher's exact, respectively).

Conclusion

There is a great need to improve the organization of services of the oral health care network in Minas Gerais. This can be done through improvements in its operational structure, as well as investment in management training.
Pharmacokinetics of cefquinome after single and repeated subcutaneous administrations in sheep
Authors: Corum Orhan , Corum Duygu Durna , Er Ayse , Uney Kamil
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome (CFQ) following single and repeated subcutaneous (SC) administrations in sheep. Six clinically healthy, 1.5 ± 0.2 years sheep were used for the study. In pharmacokinetic study, the crossover design in three periods was performed. The withdrawal interval between the study periods was 15 days. In first period, CFQ (Cobactan, 2.5%) was administered by an intravenous (IV) bolus (3 sheep) and SC (3 sheep) injections at 2.5 mg/kg dose. In second period, the treatment administration was repeated via the opposite administration route. In third period, CFQ was administrated subcutaneously to each sheep (n = 6) at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg q. 24 hr for 5 days. Plasma concentrations of CFQ were measured using the HPLC‐UV method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non‐compartmental methods. The elimination half‐life and mean residence time of CFQ after the single SC administration were longer than IV administration (p < 0.05). Bioavailability (F%) of CFQ following the single SC administration was 123.51 ± 11.54%. The area under the curve (AUC0‐∞) and peak concentration following repeated doses (last dose) were higher than those observed after the first dose (p < 0.05). CFQ accumulated after repeated SC doses. CFQ can be given via SC at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg every 24 hr for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible pathogens, which minimum inhibitory concentration is ≤1.0 μg/ml in sheep.
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channels are important regulators of parenchymal arteriole dilation and cognitive function
Authors: Diaz‐Otero Janice M. , Yen Ting‐Chieh , Ahmad Amna , Laimon‐Thomson Erinn , Abolibdeh Bana , Kelly Kara , Lewis Matthew T. , Wiseman Robert W. , Jackson William F. , Dorrance Anne M.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Hypertension‐associated PA dysfunction reduces cerebral perfusion and impairs cognition. This is associated with impaired TRPV4‐mediated PA dilation; therefore, we tested the hypothesis that TRPV4 channels are important regulators of cerebral perfusion, PA structure and dilation, and cognition.

Methods

Ten‐ to twelve‐month‐old male TRPV4 knockout (WKY‐Trpv4em4Mcwi) and age‐matched control WKY rats were studied. Cerebral perfusion was measured by MRI with arterial spin labeling. PA structure and function were assessed using pressure myography and cognitive function using the novel object recognition test.

Results

Cerebral perfusion was reduced in the WKY‐Trpv4em4Mcwi rats. This was not a result of PA remodeling because TRPV4 deletion did not change PA structure. TRPV4 deletion did not change PA myogenic tone development, but PAs from the WKY‐Trpv4em4Mcwi rats had severely blunted endothelium‐dependent dilation. The WKY‐Trpv4em4Mcwi rats had impaired cognitive function and exhibited depressive‐like behavior. The WKY‐Trpv4em4Mcwi rats also had increased microglia activation, and increased mRNA expression of GFAP and tumor necrosis factor alpha suggesting increased inflammation.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that TRPV4 channels play a critical role in cerebral perfusion, PA dilation, cognition, and inflammation. Impaired TRPV4 function in diseases such as hypertension may increase the risk of the development of vascular dementia.
Variance‐based global sensitivity analysis for fuzzy random structural systems
Authors: Javidan Mohammad Mahdi , Kim Jinkoo
Published: February 2019

There have been increasing advances in the sophisticated approaches like fuzzy randomness to handle different uncertainties in civil engineering; however, less attention has been paid to the formulation of a sensitivity analysis for fuzzy random structural systems. In this study, the main objective is to present the formulation of fuzzy Sobol sensitivity indices to quantify the influence of fuzzy random structural parameters. Meanwhile, uncertainty in derivation of limit states and acceptance criteria in collapse analysis is addressed briefly and treated using fuzzy model parameters. To show the application of the established sensitivity test, the collapse behavior of a steel moment frame subjected to sudden column removal is evaluated thoroughly. The proposed fuzzy sensitivity indices are determined for the problem and the overall influence of fuzzy acceptance criteria on the collapse assessment is shown using fragility analysis. The results show that the presented fuzzy sensitivity analysis can give detailed insight into the characteristics of fuzzy random systems, and the epistemic uncertainty in derivation of limit states can have significant effects on the reliability‐based collapse analysis. It is worth mentioning that to alleviate high computational demands in fuzzy probabilistic collapse analysis, a neural network metamodel is applied in conjunction with the genetic algorithm which is also of practical value to engineers and researchers.
Outcomes of patients with invasive fusariosis who undergo further immunosuppressive treatments, is there a role for secondary prophylaxis?
Authors: Nucci Marcio , Shoham Shmuel , Abdala Edson , Hamerschlak Nelson , Rico Juan Carlos , Forghieri Fabio , Nouér Simone A. , Cappellano Paola , Solza Cristiana , Gonzaga Yung , Nadali Giampaolo , Nucci Fabio , Colombo Arnaldo L. , Albuquerque Ana Munhoz , Queiroz‐Telles Filho Flavio , Lima Carlos B. L. , Arrais‐Rodrigues Celso , Rocha Vanderson , Marty Francisco M.
Published: February 2019

Background

Patients treated for invasive aspergillosis may relapse during subsequent periods of immunosuppression and should receive secondary prophylaxis. Little is known about the frequency of relapse and practices of secondary prophylaxis for invasive fusariosis (IF).

Objectives

Evaluate practices of secondary prophylaxis and the frequency of relapse in patients who survived IF and were exposed to subsequent periods of immunosuppression.

Methods

Multicentre retrospective study of patients with haematological malignancies who developed IF, survived the initial fungal disease period, and were exposed to subsequent periods of immunosuppression.

Results

Among 40 patients, 35 received additional chemotherapy and developed neutropenia (median, 24 days; range, 4‐104), and five received glucocorticoids for the treatment of graft‐vs‐host disease. Overall, 32 patients received secondary prophylaxis (voriconazole in 24) for a median of 112 days (range, 12‐468). IF relapsed in five patients (12.5%): 2/8 (25%) not on prophylaxis and 3/32 (9.4%) receiving prophylaxis. Among 28 patients with disseminated IF, relapse occurred in 2/2 (100%) not on prophylaxis and in 3/26 (11.5%) on prophylaxis (P = 0.03). All patients who relapsed IF died.

Conclusions

Patients with IF who survive the initial disease may relapse if exposed to subsequent episodes of immunosuppressive therapies. Secondary prophylaxis should be considered, especially if IF was disseminated.
Hypoxia causes important changes of extracellular matrix biomarkers and ADAMTS proteinases in the adriamycin‐induced renal fibrosis model
Authors: Armutcu Ferah , Demircan Kadir , Yildirim Umran , Namuslu Mehmet , Yagmurca Murat , Celik Hüseyin T
Published: February 2019

Aim

Renal fibrosis is a common cause of renal dysfunction with chronic kidney diseases. This process is characterized by excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) or inhibition of ECM degradation. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) proteinases, which are widely presented in mammals, have very critical roles in ECM remodelling. We aimed to study the role of ADAMTS proteinases and some of the ECM markers in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis and to investigate the effects of hypoxia on these biomarkers.

Methods

In addition to the control group, Adriamycin (ADR) treated rats were divided into four groups as ADR, sham and two hypoxia groups. Renal nephropathy was assessed biochemical assays, pathological and immunohistochemical staining methods. The expression of ADAMTSs and mRNA were determined using Western blotting and real‐time PCR, respectively.

Results

Renal dysfuntion and tissue damage in favour of ECM accumulation and renal fibrosis were observed in the ADR group. This was approved by remarkable changes in the expression of ADAMTS such as increased ADAMTS‐1, −12 and −15. In addition, it was found that hypoxia and duration of hypoxia enhanced markers of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the rat kidney tissues. Also, expression differences especially in ADAMTS‐1, −6 and −15 were observed in the hypoxia groups. The variable and different expression patterns of ADAMTS proteinases in the ADR‐induced renal fibrosis suggest that ADAMTS family members are involved in the development and progression of fibrosis.

Conclusion

The expression changes of ADAMTS proteinases in kidney and association with hypoxia have potential clues to contribute to the early diagnosis and treatment options of renal fibrosis.
The role of plant species and soil condition in the structural development of the rhizosphere
Authors: Helliwell Jon R. , Sturrock Craig J. , Miller Anthony J. , Whalley W. Richard , Mooney Sacha J.
Published: February 2019

Roots naturally exert axial and radial pressures during growth, which alter the structural arrangement of soil at the root–soil interface. However, empirical models suggest soil densification, which can have negative impacts on water and nutrient uptake, occurs at the immediate root surface with decreasing distance from the root. Here, we spatially map structural gradients in the soil surrounding roots using non‐invasive imaging, to ascertain the role of root growth in early stage formation of soil structure. X‐ray computed tomography provided a means not only to visualize a root system in situ and in 3‐D but also to assess the precise root‐induced alterations to soil structure close to, and at selected distances away from the root–soil interface. We spatially quantified the changes in soil structure generated by three common but contrasting plant species (pea, tomato, and wheat) under different soil texture and compaction treatments. Across the three plant types, significant increases in porosity at the immediate root surface were found in both clay loam and loamy sand soils and not soil densification, the currently assumed norm. Densification of the soil was recorded, at some distance away from the root, dependent on soil texture and plant type. There was a significant soil texture × bulk density × plant species interaction for the root convex hull, a measure of the extent to which root systems explore the soil, which suggested pea and wheat grew better in the clay soil when at a high bulk density, compared with tomato, which preferred lower bulk density soils. These results, only revealed by high resolution non‐destructive imagery, show that although the root penetration mechanisms can lead to soil densification (which could have a negative impact on growth), the immediate root–soil interface is actually a zone of high porosity, which is very important for several key rhizosphere processes occurring at this scale including water and nutrient uptake and gaseous diffusion.
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma with TP63 rearrangement: A dismal prognosis
Authors: Yamashita Takahisa , Higashi Morihiro , Kawano Ryutaro , Momose Shuji , Tokuhira Michihide , Kizaki Masahiro , Tamaru Jun‐ichi
Published: February 2019

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) with TP63 rearrangement is a new entity and has the most dismal prognosis in all types of ALCL. This might be due to the resulting fusion protein having N‐terminal truncated p63 with high oncogenic ability. Since this N‐terminal domain has the function of tumor suppressor activity, the mechanism for high oncogenic capacity is thought to be the dominant negative function. Here, we report two ALCL cases with TP63 rearrangement that was each given too short a prognosis (Case 1 and 2: four and six months) in spite of intensive treatment. Immunohistochemically, p63 was highly expressed, and a sprit signal was detected using a TP63 break apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in each case. Additionally, a poor prognostic marker of ALCL, all cytotoxic molecules (TIA‐1, Granzyme B, and Perforin) were also expressed in almost all ALCL cells. Taken together, we suggest that not only the dominant negative function of N‐truncated p63 but also the effect of cytotoxic molecules may influence the dismal prognosis of ALCL with TP63 rearrangement.
Production of Online Word‐of‐Mouth: Peer Effects and the Moderation of User Characteristics
Authors: Wang Yang , Goes Paulo , Wei Zaiyan , Zeng Daniel
Published: February 2019

We study peer effects on individuals’ contributions to a major form of word of mouth—online reviews. Provided by either consumers or third‐party professionals, online reviews influence consumer purchasing decisions and hence sales. Individuals have conflicting incentives of free riding and contributing to social capital when writing reviews. We leverage a “natural experiment,” which led to an exogenous expansion in the user population of a major online review platform, to better understand the trade‐off. Our empirical findings are mainly twofold. First, we find that a larger population of audience and peer review writers, an immediate consequence of the exogenous shock, cause individuals to write more reviews with higher quality and assign higher but also more diverse ratings. In addition, we find heterogeneity in peer effects by user activeness, expertise, and popularity. Our findings have implications for companies in managing online feedbacks and for platforms that rely on user contributions.
The effects of interplay between the rotation and shoaling for a solitary wave on variable topography
Authors: Stepanyants Yury
Published: February 2019

This paper presents specific features of solitary wave dynamics within the framework of the Ostrovsky equation with variable coefficients in relation to surface and internal waves in a rotating ocean with a variable bottom topography. For solitary waves moving toward the beach, the terminal decay caused by the rotation effect can be suppressed by the shoaling effect. Two basic examples of a bottom profile are analyzed in detail and supported by direct numerical modeling. One of them is a constant‐slope bottom and the other is a specific bottom profile providing a constant amplitude solitary wave. Estimates with real oceanic parameters show that the predicted effects of stable soliton dynamics in a coastal zone can occur, in particular, for internal waves.
Results of offering oral rapid HIV screening within a dental school clinic
Authors: Suarez‐Durall Piedad , Osborne Maile S. , Enciso Reyes , Melrose M. Diane , Mulligan Roseann
Published: February 2019

To broaden the availability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, we offered rapid HIV screening tests to 811 patients attending a dental school for routine dental hygiene care. Study design is a prospective cross‐sectional study. The 319 (39.3%) agreeing to test, self‐identified as: Hispanic (34.4%), White (25.8%), African American (13.1%), Asian (8.3%), Native American/Pacific Islander (0.9%), more than one race/ethnicity (1.1%) or declining to state (16.5%). Over 35% (n = 113) were first time HIV test takers, with another 2.2% (n = 7) unaware of their testing history. Approximately 60% of the decliners choose “just don't want test today” as the reason. Following a strictly structured algorithm, four possible undiagnosed infections were initially identified, with one completing the algorithm to case confirmation. In conclusion, the confirmed incidence rate finding of HIV seropositivity of 0.31% found through initial screening at the dental clinic, compared with the 0.018% incidence rate of HIV with confirmed diagnosis in Los Angeles County, indicates that a rapid HIV screening test offered in a dental school clinic can potentially play an important role in discovering undiagnosed HIV individuals.
Lipemic uveitis and its etiologies in dogs: 75 cases
Authors: Violette Nathaniel P. , Ledbetter Eric C.
Published: February 2019

Objective

To describe clinical features of dogs with lipemic uveitis (LU).

Animals studied

Seventy‐five dogs (114 eyes) with LU.

Procedures

Medical records of dogs examined by the Cornell University ophthalmology service with a clinical diagnosis of LU between 2008 and 2017 were analyzed. Signalment and clinical case aspects, including concurrent ocular disease, systemic disease, and previous ophthalmic surgery, were recorded.

Results

Lipemic uveitis was diagnosed in 114 eyes of 75 dogs. The mean (±standard deviation) age of dogs was 9.0 years (±2.7 years). Miniature Schnauzers and Yorkshire Terriers were statistically overrepresented compared to the ophthalmology canine referral population. Lipemic flare varied in severity with loss of menace response due to markedly opaque flare seen in 15/114 eyes (13%). Two dogs developed LU after dietary indiscretion. Forty‐nine eyes (43%) had concurrent ocular disease, most commonly keratoconjunctivitis sicca, ulcerative keratitis, and cataracts. Pseudophakia was present in 75/114 eyes (66%) and LU developed within 30 days of an intraocular surgical procedure in 63/114 eyes (55%). Hypertriglyceridemia was noted in 52 dogs of the 55 dogs tested (95%). Systemic disease affected 54/75 dogs (72%), of which diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, and hypothyroidism were overrepresented compared to the referral population. Primary hyperlipidemia was identified in 12 dogs. Lipemic uveitis resolved at first reevaluation in 92/110 eyes (84%) and recurred in 6/114 eyes (5%) after complete resolution.

Conclusions

Development of lipemic uveitis in dogs appears to require the combination of hyperlipidemia and uveitis. Systemic disease is commonly associated with LU in dogs.
Comparison of two cleaning and sterilization protocols of diamond burr tips used in debridement for canine superficial chronic corneal epithelial defects
Authors: Banks Kayla C. , Stalla David E. , Bunyak Filiz E. , White Tommi A. , Schultz Loren G. , Giuliano Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To serially evaluate morphologic and elemental composition changes to diamond burr tips (DBTs) comparing two sterilization protocols.

Animals studied

A total of 300 fresh cadaver porcine globes.

Procedures

Six DBTs were randomly, equally assigned into Group 1 or 2, and then analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) at 0, 25, 50, and 100 cycles. Diamond burr debridement (DBD) was performed for 120 seconds on corneal stroma using the Algerbrush®. DBTs were cleaned, and then: Group 1 was sterilized by Germinator 500™; and Group 2 underwent ultrasonic cleaning and pre‐vacuum autoclave. A cycle is defined as one DBD, cleaning and sterilization protocol. Data were quantified using custom MatLab program.

Results

Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy revealed minor buildup of sulfur on both groups. Group 1 displayed major buildup of carbon and calcium. All DBTs were stippled with inorganic particulate at baseline. Particulates were no longer present on Group 2 by 25 cycles, but remained on Group 1 at all time points. There was significantly more buildup on Group 1 at all time points (P = 0.0000, 0.0009, and 0.0003 for 25, 50, and 100 cycles, respectively). More damage to Group 2 at all time points (P = 0.003, 0.002, and 0.003 for 25, 50, and 100 cycles, respectively) was observed.

Conclusions

No significant damage to Group 1 DBTs was noted after 100 cycles, however, particulate matter is not adequately removed using this sterilization technique. Ultrasonic cleaning is warranted between DBDs to achieve adequate particulate removal prior to sterilization; greater damage occurs with this technique which supports replacing DBTs regularly.
Canine ocular and periocular snakebites requiring enucleation: A report of 19 cases
Authors: Scott Erin M. , Schlesener Brittany N. , Shaw Gillian C. , Teixeira Leandro B. C.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To describe the clinical and histopathologic features secondary to ocular and periocular snakebites in dogs requiring enucleation.

Methods

Retrospective review of patients with recorded snakebite envenomation from the archives of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) and Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (1997‐2017). The cases included in this study required witnessed snakebites to the dog by the owner, clinical signs supportive of periocular or ocular envenomation, and/or histopathologic lesions compatible with snakebites. Two groups were established: ocular bites (OB) and periocular bites (PB).

Results

Nineteen cases were included in the study (OB = 16/19; PB = 3/19). Dogs affected were typically older (median 8 years; range 1‐18), and both sexes were equally represented. Left eyes (14/19) were more likely to sustain snake‐induced trauma compared to right eyes (5/19). Fifteen breeds were identified, with terriers (9/19) commonly represented. Snakes bites occurred in six US states, with the majority of cases from Texas (7/19), California (5/19), and Arizona (4/19). Common clinical signs included facial edema, corneal ulceration, keratomalacia, uveitis, hyphema, and secondary glaucoma. All eyes demonstrated vision loss prior to enucleation. Histologically, the ocular and periocular tissues contained extensive necrosis associated with envenomation. Retinal detachment, lens capsule rupture, and intraocular hemorrhage/inflammation were commonly found.

Conclusions

Snakebite envenomation is a largely necrotizing disease process that can result in profound infiltrative and destructive ocular changes presumed to be related to the proteolytic factors and necrotoxins in venom. Ocular alterations secondary to snakebites may be irreversible regardless of supportive therapy instituted.
Assessment of meibomian gland morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Authors: Kitamura Yasunari , Maehara Seiya , Nakade Tetsuya , Miwa Yukihiro , Arita Reiko , Iwashita Hiroko , Saito Akihiko
Published: February 2019

Objective

To investigate meibomian gland (MG) morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS).

Procedures

Fourteen eyes of 12 Shih Tzu dogs (mean age of 10.7 years, range of 7‐13 years) presented to Yakumo Animal Hospital or Triangle Animal Eye Clinic from 2011 to 2017 with clinical signs and a Schirmer tear test (STT) result consistent with KCS (<10 mm/min) were examined. Twenty‐eight eyes of 16 Shih Tzu dogs (mean age of 12.4 years, range of 8 to 15 years) with a STT > 15 mm/min served as healthy controls. Both groups of dogs underwent routine slitlamp biomicroscopy followed by noncontact infrared meibography of the upper eyelid with both desktop‐type and mobile‐type systems.

Results

Meibography revealed morphological abnormalities of MGs in 13 eyes of 11 dogs with KCS. The abnormalities included gland shortening in 64% and gland dropout in 64% of the 14 eyes in the KCS group. Morphological changes were also observed in MGs of 16 eyes of 10 dogs in the control group. These changes included shortening in 46% and dropout in 17.8% of the 28 eyes in the control group. Dropout was significantly more common in eyes with KCS than in control eyes (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The frequency of MG abnormalities is increased in Shih Tzus with KCS compared with control animals. A reduced quality of the tear film associated with increased evaporation and reduced retention of tear fluid likely exacerbates the effects of a reduced tear volume in animals with aqueous deficiency.
Discussion: “Electrothermal Transport in Biological Systems: An Analytical Approach for Electrokinetically Modulated Peristaltic Flow” (Dharmendra Tripathi, Ashish Sharma, O. Anwar Beg, and Abhishek Tiwari, 2017, J. Therm. Sci. Eng. Appl., 9(4), p. 041010)
Authors: Pantokratoras Asterios
Published: February 2019

The present discussion concerns some doubtful results included in the above paper.
Energy Efficiency of Displacement Control Drive Systems in Hydraulic Forming Presses
Authors: Schenke Christer , Weber Jürgen
Published: February 2019

Hydraulic deep drawing presses are manifold machines that can be used for a number of use cases. The general need for the reduction of the energy consumption of industrial machines forces press manufacturers and owners to optimize their machines and processes. This article presents methods for the analysis and optimization of the drive systems of a hydraulic deep drawing press with four-point die cushion. For the slide drive, two alternatives of control methods for speed variable displacement pumps are compared to the conventionally used displacement pump with a constant speed. For the drive of the die cushion, two displacement control drive systems are compared to a conventional valve drive system.
Topology Optimization of Periodic Structures With Substructuring
Authors: Fu Junjian , Xia Liang , Gao Liang , Xiao Mi , Li Hao
Published: February 2019

Topology optimization of macroperiodic structures is traditionally realized by imposing periodic constraints on the global structure, which needs to solve a fully linear system. Therefore, it usually requires a huge computational cost and massive storage requirements with the mesh refinement. This paper presents an efficient topology optimization method for periodic structures with substructuring such that a condensed linear system is to be solved. The macrostructure is identically partitioned into a number of scale-related substructures represented by the zero contour of a level set function (LSF). Only a representative substructure is optimized for the global periodic structures. To accelerate the finite element analysis (FEA) procedure of the periodic structures, static condensation is adopted for repeated common substructures. The macrostructure with reduced number of degree of freedoms (DOFs) is obtained by assembling all the condensed substructures together. Solving a fully linear system is divided into solving a condensed linear system and parallel recovery of substructural displacement fields. The design efficiency is therefore significantly improved. With this proposed method, people can design scale-related periodic structures with a sufficiently large number of unit cells. The structural performance at a specified scale can also be calculated without any approximations. What’s more, perfect connectivity between different optimized unit cells is guaranteed. Topology optimization of periodic, layerwise periodic, and graded layerwise periodic structures are investigated to verify the efficiency and effectiveness of the presented method.
Improving the Flutter Margin of an Unstable Fan Blade
Authors: Stapelfeldt Sina , Vahdati Mehdi
Published: February 2019

The aim of this paper is to introduce design modifications that can be made to improve the flutter stability of a fan blade. A rig fan blade, which suffered flutter in the part-speed range and for which good quality measured data in terms of steady flow and flutter boundary is available, is used for this purpose. The work is carried out numerically using the aeroelasticity code AU3D. Two different approaches are explored: aerodynamic modifications and aero-acoustic modifications. In the first approach, the blade is stabilized by altering the radial distribution of the stagger angle based on the steady flow on the blade. The re-staggering patterns used in this work are therefore particular to the fan blade under investigation. Moreover, the modifications made to the blade are very simple and crude, and more sophisticated methods and/or an optimization approach could be used to achieve the above objectives with a more viable final design. This paper, however, clearly demonstrates how modifying the steady blade aerodynamics can prevent flutter. In the second approach, flutter is removed by drawing bleed air from the casing above the tip of the blade. Only a small amount of bleed (0.2% of the total inlet flow) is extracted such that the effect on the operating point of the fan is small. The purpose of the bleed is merely to attenuate the pressure wave that propagates from the trailing edge to the leading edge of the blade. The results show that extracting bleed over the tip of the fan blade can improve the flutter margin of the fan significantly.
On the Feasibility of Surface-Film Lubricated Cold Rolling Without Liquid-Phase Cooling
Authors: Chang Liming , Jeng Yeau-Ren
Published: February 2019

This tech brief presents some basic theory and calculations to help assess the feasibility of surface-film lubricated dry skin pass of metal strips to enhance surface finish after cold-rolling operations. Results are presented of the required rate of heat removal from the rolling apparatus and the maximum rise of roll surface temperature for steel and aluminum strips under various parametric conditions of practical interest. The theory and the calculation tool may be used to perform analyses with other material, geometry, and operating parameters and to assist the design and development of surface-film lubricated dry skin-pass processes.
Effects of Graphene Oxide Thin Films and Nanocomposite Coatings on Flame Retardancy and Thermal Stability of Aircraft Composites: A Comparative Study
Authors: Uddin Md. Nizam , Le Louie , Nair Rajeev , Asmatulu Ramazan
Published: February 2019

A polymer matrix system of thermoset fiber-reinforced composites helps protect its high modulus and strength fibers from an adverse environment and transfers the load to the reinforced fibers. However, when subjected to a high temperature that exceeds its postcuring-stage temperature, the polymeric matrix will decompose or be charred. To address this issue, various techniques have been developed to improve the flame-retardant property of the polymeric matrix. One of these techniques is to either delay ignition or release moisture to extinguish the flame by combining other chemicals or reactively modifying the epoxy resin. Graphene oxide (GO) nanofilms deposited on top of composite surfaces were compared with the test results of nanocomposite coatings of GO and nanoclay particles on composite surfaces. GO thin film applied to the surface of fiber-reinforced composites acts as a heat shield to quickly dissipate heat and eliminate local heat formation. Thermal tests, such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 45-deg burn tests, vertical burn tests, and surface paint adhesion tests were accomplished. Average burn lengths and the average burn areas were reduced with nanoparticle inclusion to the nanoclay samples and graphene samples. TGA analysis indicated that the nanoclay inclusion samples, as well as the graphene inclusion samples, have a higher percentage weight loss than that of the base sample. GO inclusion samples were less affected than nanoclay inclusion samples during the vertical as well as 45-deg burn tests. In addition, there were no signs of damage to the GO thin film that was secondarily bonded to the surface of composite panels for the burn test.
Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Prediction of Turbocharger Centrifugal Compression System Instabilities
Authors: Dehner Rick , Selamet Ahmet
Published: February 2019

The present work combines experimental measurements and unsteady, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics predictions to gain further insight into the complex flow-field within an automotive turbocharger centrifugal compressor. Flow separation from the suction surface of the main impeller blades first occurs in the mid-flow range, resulting in local flow reversal near the periphery, with the severity increasing with decreasing flow rate. This flow reversal improves leading-edge incidence over the remainder of the annulus, due to (a) reduction of cross-sectional area of forward flow, which increases the axial velocity, and (b) prewhirl in the direction of impeller rotation, as a portion of the tangential velocity of the reversed flow is maintained when it mixes with the core flow and transitions to the forward direction. As the compressor operating point enters the region where the slope of the constant speed compressor characteristic (pressure ratio versus mass flow rate) becomes positive, rotating stall cells appear near the shroud side diffuser wall. The angular propagation speed of the diffuser rotating stall cells is approximately 20% of the shaft speed, generating pressure fluctuations near 20% and 50% of the shaft frequency, which were also experimentally observed. For the present compressor and rotational speed, flow losses associated with diffuser rotating stall are likely the key contributor to increasing the slope of the constant speed compressor performance curve to a positive value, promoting the conditions required for surge instabilities. The present mild surge predictions agree well with the measurements, reproducing the amplitude and period of compressor outlet pressure fluctuations.