bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional disclosure: Promise and problems
Authors: Wolk Seth W. , Sine David M. , Paull Douglas E.
Published: February 2014

This study explores rationale for and barriers to the prompt and honest disclosure by healthcare organizations of care‐related un‐intended harm to patients. Although fear of legal action is frequently put forward as the reason that disclosure programs have been slow to be adopted by the medical community, social and nonjurisprudential explanations also pose challenges. This study identifies multiple facilitators and obstacles that transcend concerns about litigation and limit disclosure of adverse events that result in serious injury or death.
Infusing Leadership Education in the Undergraduate Engineering Experience: A Framework from UCF's eli2
Authors: Kotnour Tim , Hoekstra Robert , Reilly Charles , Knight Robin , Selter Jack
Published: February 2014

The current article describes the efforts to infuse leadership concepts into undergraduate engineering programs. There is a strong national push for enhancing the undergraduate engineering educational experiences. A short overview of the need and current practices is provided. A case study of the University of Central Florida's Engineering Leadership & Innovation Institute (eli2) is provided. The case study provides a process used to define the institute and a description of the institute's program. A person responsible for developing and running an engineering leadership effort can use the information to identify potential approaches for his or her institute.
Seamless Leadership Learning in Curricular and Cocurricular Facets of University Life: A Pragmatic Approach to Praxis
Authors: Buschlen Eric , Guthrie Kathy L.
Published: February 2014

The development of curricular and cocurricular leadership experiences is often a complex undertaking, second only to the complexities of learning how to lead effectively. The current article outlines the shared and diverse experiences of two leadership faculty charged with coordinating academic leadership programs at separate institutions. Both faculty members were previously student affairs professionals and chose to educate undergraduate leaders in the classroom while providing research for the leadership consortium. Additionally, both faculty members continue to partner with student affairs to facilitate strong curricular and cocurricular student experiences. The current article shares a practical approach to providing ongoing strategic practice opportunities for future leaders enrolled in academic, undergraduate leadership education programs while suggesting the creation of a common leadership language for both academic and cocurricular programs.
Agricultural Leadership Education: Past History, Present Reality, and Future Directions
Authors: Velez Jonathan J. , Moore Lori L. , Bruce Jacklyn A. , Stephens Carrie A.
Published: February 2014

The article explores the past, present, and projected future of agricultural leadership education. Beginning with roots in youth leadership development and grounded in land‐grant universities, agricultural leadership education has undergone a shift from working primarily with rural youth to a new focus on also educating undergraduate and graduate students to empower community members and create change. The renewed focus has encouraged recent growth and in the last 10 years, the profession has added three leadership majors, six leadership minors, seven leadership focus areas, seven undergraduate leadership programs, and four graduate leadership programs. Research exploring the student impact of agricultural leadership education revealed that nationwide a total of 7,904 students are exposed to 208 agricultural leadership education courses. As the discipline continues to mature, recommendations are made for continued program development. Discussion highlights prior research examining potential courses to include types of experiences, program objectives, and career connectedness relating to agricultural leadership education. Programs have ample opportunity for future growth and recommendations are made to continue the development of innovative leadership opportunities and consistent pedagogical practices across institutions.
The forced‐response test does not discriminate ears with different otitis media expressions
Authors: Casselbrant Margaretha L. , Mandel Ellen M. , Seroky James T. , Swarts J. Douglas , Doyle William J.
Published: February 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Test the hypothesis that the eustachian tube (ET) function measured using standard manometric test methods is different between groups of ears with tympanostomy tubes inserted for recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM) and for chronic otitis media with effusion (COME).

Study Design

A cross‐sectional study of ET function in populations of young children with different otitis media expressions.

Methods

The results for forced‐response testing of ET function were compared using a general linear model between 37 ears of 26 children and 34 ears of 26 children, aged 3 and 4 years, with ventilation tubes inserted for COME and RAOM, respectively.

Results

There were no significant between‐group differences in either the active measure of ET opening function, dilatory efficiency, or in the passive measures reflecting the magnitude of the forces that tend to hold the ET lumen closed, the opening and closing pressures, and passive trans‐ET conductance.

Conclusions

The results do not support the hypothesis that ET closing forces are less in ears with RAOM when compared to ears with COME, and from the results of earlier studies, ears without disease. Both groups were characterized by a low ET opening efficiency (referenced to ears of adults with no disease history). Because both disease expressions present the same pattern of ET dysfunction, other factors are required to explain why a subset of ears with that type of dysfunction develop RAOM, as opposed to the default expression of COME.

Level of Evidence

2b Laryngoscope, 124:2619–2623, 2014
Rates of revision and device failure in cochlear implant surgery: A 30‐year experience
Authors: Wang Jeffrey T. , Wang Allen Y. , Psarros Colleen , Da Cruz Melville
Published: February 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To characterize revision cochlear implant surgery and quantify rates of revision and device failure.

Study Design

Retrospective review of 235 cases of revision cochlear implant surgery performed at the Sydney Cochlear Implant Center over a period of 30 years, between January 1982 and June 2011.

Methods

Patient demographics and characteristics of revision surgery were retrospectively extracted from a centralized database. Analyses of overall and cumulative rates were performed.

Results

During the study period, 2,827 primary cochlear implantations were performed in 2,311 patients, with 201 primary implants in 191 patients of this cohort (109 children and 82 adults) undergoing 235 revision surgeries. The most common indication for revision surgery was device failure (57.8%), followed by migration/extrusion (23.4%), infection/wound complication (17.0%), and poor outcome/secondary pathology (6.4%). The majority of revision surgeries were reimplantations. Overall revision and device failure rates were 8.3% and 4.8%, respectively. The cumulative revision rate for primary implants at all ages increased linearly by 1% per year. The cumulative revision rate was significantly higher in children, and decreased with more recently performed implantations and with newer generations of implants.

Conclusions

The cumulative revision rate for primary implants suggests an ongoing linear relationship between the time of postprimary implantation and the need for revision surgery. We have formed an evidence base that characterizes the nature and frequency of revision surgery in a high‐volume setting, allowing clinicians to effectively counsel prospective patients and clinics to understand the burden of revision surgery and device failure.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope 124:2393–2399, 2014
The use and perceived helpfulness of self‐help interventions for depressive symptoms and sub‐threshold depression: comparisons among the general population, patients with depression, and psychiatrists
Authors: Shin Eun‐Hee , Ha Juwon , Lim Se‐Won , Kwak Su‐Jin , Ryu Seong‐Gon , Ryu Seung‐Ho , Cho Seong‐Jin , Paik Jong‐Woo , Lee Byung‐Chul , Oh Kang‐Seob
Published: February 2014

The aim of this study was to examine the patterns of use and perceived helpfulness of self‐help interventions for depressive symptoms and sub‐threshold depression in Korean samples drawn from the general population, patients with depression, and psychiatrists. A total of 1000 adults from the community, 114 patients with sub‐threshold or mild depression, and 201 psychiatrists were asked to complete questionnaires about the use and helpfulness of 20 self‐help interventions for depression chosen via the Delphi method. Psychiatrists (82.6%) and the general population (67.2%) were more likely to prefer self‐help methods than were patients with depressive disorders (28.4%). Lifestyle change and psychological approaches were the preferred interventions among those with depressive disorders. Although the general population was more likely to prefer to use health supplements and dietary interventions, the perceived helpfulness of these approaches was generally lower than that of the other interventions. Although self‐help strategies have been widely used, psychiatrists, patients with depression, and the general population differ with respect to their preferred intervention. Members of the general population were more likely than were psychiatrists and patients to use not consensually accepted interventions. The evidence‐based use of self‐help strategies for depression should be promoted by providing information about their effectiveness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motor unit number estimations are smaller in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A case–cohort study
Authors: Toth Cory , Hebert Valerie , Gougeon Claire , Virtanen Heidi , Mah Jean K. , Pacaud Daniele
Published: February 2014

Introduction: We studied the potential for motor unit number estimation (MUNE) to detect subclinical changes in motor unit numbers in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: Blinded observers performed clinical assessment, electrophysiology, and multipoint MUNE of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle in children with DM for ≥5 years and age‐matched healthy controls. Results: For 51 DM subjects, the disease duration was 9.1 ± 2.6 years. Subjects with DM and healthy controls (n = 21) had similar demographics. There were no clinical symptoms or signs of peripheral neuropathy in any subject, nor differences in standard electrophysiology between cohorts. Estimated motor unit numbers were decreased significantly in children with DM (224 ± 87 vs. 274 ± 101, P = 0.036). Conclusion: Despite the absence of clinical or standard electrophysiological differences from normal control subjects, MUNE can detect a small significant difference in children with DM, suggesting that motor unit loss begins early and subclinically in the disease. Muscle Nerve 50: 593–598, 2014
Assessment of tumor necrotic fraction by dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI: a preclinical study of human tumor xenografts with histopathologic correlation
Authors: Koh Tong San , Thng Choon Hua , Hartono Septian , Dominguez Lourdes T. M. , Lim Tony K. H. , Huynh Hung , Martarello Laurent , Ng Quan Sing
Published: February 2014

Contrary to the common notion that tumor necrotic regions are non‐enhancing after contrast administration, recent evidence has shown that necrotic regions exhibit delayed and slow uptake of gadolinium tracer on dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE MRI). The purpose of this study is to explore whether the mapping of tumor voxels with delayed and slow enhancement on DCE MRI can be used to derive estimates of tumor necrotic fraction. Patient‐derived tumor xenograft lines of seven human cancers were implanted in 26 mice which were subjected to DCE MRI performed using a spoiled gradient recalled sequence. Gadolinium tracer concentration was estimated using the variable flip angle technique. To identify tumor voxels exhibiting delayed and slow uptake of contrast medium, clustering analysis was performed using a k‐means clustering algorithm that classified tumor voxels according to their contrast enhancement patterns. Comparison of the percentage of tumor voxels exhibiting delayed and slow enhancement with the tumor necrotic fraction estimated on histology showed a strong correlation (r = 0.962, p < 0.001). The mapping of tumor regions with delayed and slow contrast uptake on DCE MRI correlated strongly with tumor necrotic fraction, and can potentially serve as a non‐invasive imaging surrogate for the in vivo assessment of necrotic fraction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of interventions by community pharmacists to reduce risk of gastrointestinal side effects in nonselective nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug users
Authors: Teichert Martina , Griens Fabienne , Buijs Edgar , Wensing Michel , De Smet Peter AGM
Published: February 2014

Purpose

Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) complications in elderly users of nonselective nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (ns‐NSAIDs) without concomitant use of gastroprotective agents (GPAs) were a leading cause of potentially avoidable drug‐related hospital admissions in the Netherlands. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of community pharmacists' interventions to improve safety in ns‐NSAID use in patients at UGI risk.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study, pharmacists in participating pharmacies (intervention group, IG) received feedback on drug dispensing in ns‐NSAID users of ≥60 years of age at risk for UGI damage and were instructed to select patients to improve ns‐NSAID prescribing, in collaboration with primary care physicians. Ns‐NSAID users from other pharmacies without concomitant GPA use were followed in parallel as a control group (CG). Changes in the UGI risk of ns‐NSAID users between baseline and follow‐up measurement, assessed either by the addition of GPAs or the cessation of ns‐NSAIDs, were compared between the two study arms.

Results

At baseline, 14% of ns‐NSAID users at UGI risk did not receive GPAs. Persistent ns‐NSAID users from the selected IG patients had an additional 7% likelihood of reduced UGI risk at follow‐up (odds ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.89–0.97) compared with CG patients. In the IG, 91% of selected IG patients at UGI risk from ns‐NSAIDs at baseline were no longer at increased risk at follow‐up because of cessation of ns‐NSAIDS or to concomitant GPA use.

Conclusion

Although concomitant gastroprotection use in susceptible ns‐NSAID users in the Netherlands is high, pharmacist‐led interventions could further improve prescribing of ns‐NSAIDs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlates and variance decomposition analysis of heparin dosing for maintenance hemodialysis in older US patients
Authors: Shen Jenny I. , Montez‐Rath Maria E. , Mitani Aya A. , Erickson Kevin F. , Winkelmayer Wolfgang C.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

Heparin is commonly used to anticoagulate the hemodialysis (HD) circuit. Despite the bleeding risk, no American standards exist for its administration. We identified correlates and quantified sources of variance in heparin dosing for HD.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional study of patients aged 67 years or older who underwent HD with heparin on one of two randomly chosen days in 2008 at a national chain of dialysis facilities. Using a mixed effects model with random intercept for facility and fixed patient and facility characteristics, we examined heparin dosing at patient and facility levels.

Results

The median heparin dose among the 17 722 patients treated in 1366 facilities was 4000 (25th–75th percentile: 2625–6000) units. In multivariable‐adjusted analyses, higher weight, longer session duration, catheter use, and dialyzer reuse were significantly associated with higher heparin dose. Dose also varied considerably among census divisions. Of the overall variance in dose, 21% was due to between‐facility differences, independent of facilities' case mix, geography, size, or rurality; 79% was due to differences at the patient level. The patient and facility characteristics in our model explained only 25% of the variance at the patient level.

Conclusions

Despite the lack of standards for heparin administration, we noted patterns of use, including weight‐based and time‐dependent dosing. Most of the variance was at the patient level; however, only a quarter of it could be explained. The high amount of unexplained variance suggests that factors other than clinical need are driving heparin dosing and that there is likely room for more judicious dosing of heparin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving Adherence to Oral Cancer Therapy in Clinical Practice
Authors: McCue Debbie A. , Lohr Lisa K. , Pick Amy M.
Published: February 2014

Adherence to oral chemotherapy regimens maximizes their effectiveness and minimizes any potential toxicities. Factors specifically related to the treatment, patient, and health care provider may influence medication adherence. Treatment‐related factors include the complexity of the regimen, the cost of therapy, the possibility of side effects, and the delay in treatment benefits. Meanwhile, patients may not have an adequate support system or an understanding of the need for the medication, and providers may not fully succeed in communicating the importance of adherence and the types of side effects that may occur. Nonadherence may lead to an increased risk of toxicity, decreased effectiveness, and increased utilization of health care resources. Although various methods for measuring adherence are available, self‐reporting is the most widely used. Studies describing adherence in a broad range of cancers are reviewed. Treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia has been revolutionized by the development of oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors that are highly effective in managing the disease when taken consistently. However, nonadherence is relatively common and can lead to reduced rates of response and increased medical costs. Similar effects of nonadherence on outcome and cost have also been observed in patients with various other hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Interventions to improve adherence to oral chemotherapy regimens include communication about the importance of adherence and the potential consequences of nonadherence, simplification of the patient's medication schedule (if possible), and inclusion of a caregiver or family member in the conversation. Written materials should always be provided to accompany verbal instructions. This review summarizes factors influencing medication adherence, impact of nonadherence on patient outcomes, methods for measuring adherence, previous studies of nonadherence in patients with cancer, common barriers to access, and interventions to improve adherence in the community setting.
An assessment of global forecast errors due to the spherical geopotential approximation in the shallow‐water case
Authors: Bénard P.
Published: February 2014

The spherical geopotential approximation (SGA) used in most meteorological global models assumes a spherical shape for the Earth and its geopotential field, together with a horizontally uniform gravity field (for physical consistency). This approximation has largely been used from the outset and is still used in operational meteorological forecast systems. However, the magnitude of the errors linked to this approximation is debated, especially for long integrations. Consistent mathematical models of the atmosphere in the ellipsoidal geopotential approximation (EGA) have recently been developed, thus allowing a clean assessment of the errors linked to using the SGA. Two types of error may be anticipated: those arising due to geometrical distortions and those arising due to the spatial differences in the magnitude of the gravity field. The shallow‐water system, which is the minimal framework in which both types of errors are likely to manifest themselves, is used in this study. The link between the ‘pure forecast errors’ examined here and the ‘numerical weather prediction (NWP) errors’ that would arise in a concrete NWP application (with a data assimilation system) is discussed, in relation to the experimental protocol chosen here. Medium‐range forecast errors for idealized fully deterministic flows are first considered in a phenomenological way (phase errors, distortions, etc.) and then some widely documented real cases are examined.
Determination of selected reaction monitoring peptide transitions via multiplexed product‐ion scan modes
Authors: Cho Byoung‐Kyu , Koo Young Do , Kim Kyunggon , Kang Min Jueng , Lee Yong Yook , Kim Youngsoo , Park Kyung Soo , Kim Kwang Pyo , Yi Eugene C.
Published: February 2014

RATIONALE

Although in silico prediction of selected reaction monitoring (SRM) peptide transitions is the most commonly used approach in quantitative proteomics, systematically detectable peptide transitions selected from actual experimental data are desirable. Here, we demonstrated the use of two triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (QqQ‐MS) operation modes to identify reliable SRM peptide transitions of target peptides selected from a shotgun proteomic linear ion‐trap mass spectrometry (LIT‐MS) profiling dataset.

METHODS

Transition ions (Q1 and Q3 ions) of target peptides were selected from the LIT MS/MS spectra. We performed multiplexed SRM blindly for the selected transition ions of target peptides using QqQ‐MS and selected peptide transitions for which the chromatographically aligned and correlated ion intensities to the corresponding fragment ions appeared in the LIT MS/MS spectra. The identities of the peptides were further confirmed by MS/MS spectra acquired via SRM‐triggered MS/MS on QqQ‐MS.

RESULTS

Despite the different MS platforms, we observed similar MS/MS patterns and relative ion abundance using both LIT‐MS and QqQ‐MS. Therefore, we were able to determine peptide transitions based on matching the chromatographic peak areas of all the selected Q3 ions of target peptides by the order of the corresponding ion intensities in the LIT MS/MS spectra. This approach demonstrated an efficient method to determine SRM peptide transitions, particularly when the target proteins are in low abundance and are therefore not easily detected by the QqQ full MS/MS scan mode. We employed this approach to determine the SRM peptide transitions of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins involved in mitochondrial ATP synthesis.

CONCLUSIONS

The multiplexed product‐ion scan mode using QqQ‐MS generates systematically detectable peptide transitions in a single liquid chromatography/MS run, in which we were able to identify SRM peptides that represent known target proteins in complex biological samples. The method presented here is easy to implement and has high‐throughput capabilities as a result of the short analysis time. It is therefore well suited for the design of optimal SRM experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of bias voltage effect on diamond‐like carbon coating properties deposited on tungsten carbide cobalt
Authors: Zia Abdul Wasy , Lee Seunghun , Kim Jong‐kuk , Kim Tae Gyu , Song Jung II
Published: February 2014

Diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coatings are getting new trends for cutting tool applications. In this research work, the DLC coatings were deposited on 15 × 15 × 5‐mm tungsten carbide cobalt substrates with variation of bias voltage from 0 to 500 V. The DLC films of 400 nm were deposited using filter cathode vacuum arc system, and 100‐nm chromium interlayer was deposited by sputtering. The optimized conditions for plasma pretreatment at different argon flow rates and deposition rates with bias variation were found. The effect of bias voltage on microstructure, tribology, adhesion, and mechanical properties were evaluated. The characterization techniques employed were field emission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, wear test, SEM, scratch test, and nano‐indentation. The effect of substrate pretreatment on film adhesion was also evaluated. It was observed that etching rate increased with the increase in Ar flow rate while DLC deposition and sputtering rates decreased with increase in the bias voltage. The characterization suggests the DLC coatings deposited at 0 V bias as optimum condition because of showing the best results among all other conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective anti‐Selective Hydrogenation of α‐Amino‐β‐keto Ester Hydrochlorides and Related Compounds Using Transition‐Metal–Chiral‐Bisphosphine Catalysts
Authors: Hamada Yasumasa
Published: February 2014

This review describes our recent works on the diastereo‐ and enantioselective synthesis of anti‐β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acid esters using transition‐metal–chiral‐bisphosphine catalysts. A variety of transition metals, namely ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh),iridium (Ir), and nickel (Ni), in combination with chiral bisphosphines, worked well as catalysts for the direct anti‐selective asymmetric hydrogenation of α‐amino‐β‐keto ester hydrochlorides, yielding anti‐β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acid esters via dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) in excellent yields and diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. The Ru‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α‐amino‐β‐ketoesters via DKR is the first example of generating anti‐β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acids. Complexes of iridium and axially chiral bisphosphines catalyze an efficient asymmetric hydrogenation of α‐amino‐β‐keto ester hydrochlorides via dynamic kinetic resolution. A homogeneous Ni–chiral‐bisphosphine complex also catalyzes an efficient asymmetric hydrogenation of α‐amino‐β‐keto ester hydrochlorides in an anti‐selective manner. As a related process, the asymmetric hydrogenation of the configurationally stable substituted α‐aminoketones using a Ni catalyst via DKR is also described.
Postmortem microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) of small fetuses and hearts
Authors: Lombardi C. M. , Zambelli V. , Botta G. , Moltrasio F. , Cattoretti G. , Lucchini V. , Fesslova V. , Cuttin M. S.
Published: February 2014

Objective

To assess the feasibility and utility of contrast‐enhanced microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) for identifying structural anomalies in ex‐vivo first‐ and second‐trimester human fetuses and isolated fetal hearts.

Methods

Radiopaque iodine staining and micro‐CT scanning protocols were first developed in rodent studies and then used to examine routinely fixed whole human fetuses (n = 7, weight 0.1–90 g, gestational age, 7–17 weeks) and isolated fetal hearts (n = 14, weight 0.1–5.2 g, gestational age, 11–22 weeks). Samples were scanned using an isotropic resolution of 18 (and, if necessary, 9 or 35) µm and findings were interpreted jointly by four fetal pathologists, a fetal cardiologist and a radiologist. Samples with gestational ages ≥ 13 weeks also underwent conventional autopsy or dissection.

Results

Micro‐CT identified all anatomical structures and abnormalities documented by the macroscopic examination. In all seven cases involving fetuses ≤ 13 weeks (four fetuses, three isolated hearts), micro‐CT excluded the presence of structural anomalies. In the remaining 14 cases, it provided all the information obtained with invasive autopsy or dissection and in seven of the 14 (two fetuses, five isolated hearts) it furnished additional diagnostic details.

Conclusions

This pilot study confirms the feasibility of postmortem contrast‐enhanced micro‐CT assessment of structural anomalies in whole small fetuses and fetal hearts. Further study is needed to confirm our findings, particularly in whole fetuses, and to define the extent to which this virtual examination might be used instead of conventional invasive autopsy. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Enhancement of microbial hydroxylation of 13-ethyl-gon-4-ene-3,17-dione by Metarhizium anisopliae using nano-liposome technique
Authors: Feng Meiqing , Liao Ziwei , Han Lei , Li Jiyang , Ye Li
Published: February 2014

The introduction of 11α-hydroxy to 13-ethyl-gon-4-ene-3,17-dione (GD) by microbial transformation is a key step in the synthesis of oral contraceptive desogestrel, while low substrate solubility and uptake into cells are tough problems influencing biotransformation efficiency greatly. Nano-liposome technique was used in the hydroxylation of GD by Metarhizium anisopliae. The substrate GD was processed to be GD-loaded nano-liposomes (GNLs) with high stability and encapsulation efficiency, and then applied in microbial hydroxylation by M. anisopliae. The results proved that the yield of the main product 11α-hydroxy-13-ethyl-gon-4-ene-3,17-dione (HGD) tripled compared to regular solvent dimethylformamide dispersion method at 2 g/l of substrate feeding concentration, and the HGD conversion rate showed no obvious reduction when the substrate feeding concentration increased from 2 to 6 g/l, which indicated the improvement of GNL addition method on biotransformation. Furthermore, the main byproduct changed from 6β-hydroxy derivative of GD (with similar polarity to HGD) to 6β,11α-dihydroxy derivative, which benefits the following purification of HGD from fermentation broth. These advantages suggest a great potential for the application of nano-liposome technique in microbial steroid transformation.
First Carpometacarpal Arthroplasty with Ligamentous Reconstruction: A Long-Term Follow-up
Authors: Yaffe Mark A. , Butler Bennet , Saucedo James M. , Nagle Daniel J.
Published: February 2014

Background

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate a single surgeon's short, intermediate, and long-term clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes with a trapeziectomy with flexor carpi radialis (FCR) suspension arthroplasty without tendon interposition (LRSA).

Methods

Twenty-one patients underwent 26 FCR suspension arthroplasties without tendon interposition by a single senior surgeon. All patients had Eaton stage III and IV carpometacarpal (CMC) osteoarthritis. The Patient-Rated Wrist and Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) and Quick Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) were used to evaluate functional outcomes. A comprehensive strength and range of motion evaluation was performed to evaluate clinical outcomes. Plain radiographs at rest and with maximal pinch were performed to evaluate for arthroplasty space subsidence.

Results

The LRSA exhibited consistent clinical and functional outcomes throughout postoperative follow-up. As the average patient age and time from surgery increased, range of motion (ROM) and PRWHE scores stayed relatively constant, while lateral tip and tip pinch strength deteriorated with time. The LRSA prevented the proximal migration of the first metacarpal in all but one patient. No patients required revision arthroplasty following LRSA.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the consistent short, intermediate, and long-term clinical, functional, and ***radiographic outcomes following a trapeziectomy with FCR suspension arthroplasty.
Nonunion of the Pisiform Bone in a 9-Year-Old Boy
Authors: Brouwers Lars , Hannemann Pascal F. W. , Brink Peter. R. G.
Published: February 2014

Abstract An isolated fracture of the pisiform bone is a rare condition, especially in children. The fracture may be missed in the emergency department because of the complex anatomy of the carpal region. Early diagnosis and treatment are, however, important for the functional outcome of the patient, since untreated dislocated carpal fractures may result in nonunion. We report one case of a 9-year-old boy with an unrecognized fracture of the pisiform bone who underwent a pisiformectomy 10 months after injury due to a nonunion of the pisiform bone. Good results were obtained and the wrist did not show any functional impairment.
Analysis of Cyanolipids from Sapindaceae Seed Oils by Gas Chromatography–EI‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tava Aldo , Avato Pinarosa
Published: February 2014

As a continuation of our investigation on unusual lipids, in the present work we describe a method based on GC–FID and GC–EI‐MS to analyze the molecular composition of intact cyanolipids (CL) from selected Sapindaceae plants. We applied our method to the study of CL of type I (1‐cyano‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐prop‐2‐en‐1‐ol‐diester) from Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis and Allophylus dregeanus and CL type III (1‐cyano‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐prop‐1‐en‐3‐ol‐diester) from A.natalensis and Nephelium lappaceum. Our analytical approach allowed us to obtain useful mass spectra to identify individual isomeric molecular species composing the CL mixtures and resulted in the very sensitive detection and identification of minor CL. Defined CL mass spectra resulted in suitable detection of these phytochemicals in complex plant oil mixtures containing acylglycerols. To the best of our knowledge GC–EI‐MS spectra of cyanolipids have never been reported before. Moreover, this study improved previous knowledge of the lipid chemistry of Sapindaceae plants.
Strongyloides stercoralislarvae excretion patterns before and after treatment
Authors: SCHÄR F. , HATTENDORF J. , KHIEU V. , MUTH S. , CHAR M. C. , MARTI H. P. , ODERMATT P.
Published: February 2014

The variability of larval excretion impedes the parasitological diagnosis ofStrongyloides stercoralisin infected individuals. We assessed the number of larvae excreted per gram (LPG) stool in 219 samples from 38 infected individuals over 7 consecutive days before and in 470 samples from 44 persons for 21 consecutive days after ivermectin treatment (200 μg kg−1BW). The diagnostic sensitivity of a single stool sample was about 75% for individuals with low-intensity infections (⩽1 LPG) and increased to 95% for those with high-intensity infections (⩾10 LPG). Doubling the number of samples examined per person increased sensitivity to more than 95%, even for low-intensity infections. There was no indication of a cyclic excretion of larvae. After treatment, all individuals stopped excreting larvae within 3 days. Larvae were not detected during any of the following 18 days (total 388 Baermann and 388 Koga Agar tests). Two stool samples, collected on consecutive days, are recommended in settings where low or heterogeneous infection intensities are likely. In this way, taking into account the possible biological variability in excretion, the efficacy of ivermectin treatment can be assessed as soon as 4 days after treatment.
Cairnpapple Revisited: 1948–1998
Authors: Barclay Gordon J.
Published: February 2014

It is 50 years since Stuart Piggott excavated the prehistoric complex at Cairnpapple. At that time there were few excavated parallels in Scotland, and interpretation inevitably relied heavily on sites excavated in southern Britain. Much more locally relevant data are now available and the sequence at Cairnpapple can now be reassessed its regional context.

Piggott identified five Periods, commencing with a stone setting, ‘cove’ and cremation cemetery of ‘Late Neolithic date’ around ‘c. 2500 B.C.’. Period II was a henge monument, consisting of a ‘circle’ of standing stones with ceremonial burials in association, and an encircling ditch with external bank – ‘Of Beaker date, probably c. 1700 B.C.’ Period III comprised the primary cairn, containing two cist-burials ‘Of Middle Bronze Age date, probably c. 1500 B.C.’ Period IV involved the doubling of the size of the cairn, with two cremated burials in inverted cinerary urns. ‘Of final Middle Bronze Age or native Late Bronze Age date, probably c. 1000 B.C.’ Period V comprised four graves ‘possibly Early Iron Age within the first couple of centuries A.D.’

The present paper, using comparable material from elsewhere in Scotland, argues for a revised phasing: Phase 1, comprises the deposition of earlier Neolithic plain bowl sherds and axehead fragments with a series of hearths. This is comparable to ‘structured deposition’ noted on other sites of this period. Phase 2 involved the construction of the henge – a setting of 24 uprights – probably of timber rather than stone, probably followed by the encircling henge ditch and bank. The ‘cove’ is discussed in the context of comparable features in Scotland. Phase 3 saw the construction of a series of graves, including the monumental ‘North Grave’, which was probably encased in a cairn. Piggott's ‘Period III’ cairn was then built, followed by the ‘Period IV’ cairn. The urn burials seem likely to have been inserted into the surface of this mound, which may have covered a burial (since disturbed) on the top of the Period III mound, or may have been a deliberate monumentalising of it. The four graves identified as Iron Age by Piggott seem more likely to be from the early Christian period.

The reassessment of Piggott's report emphasises the value of the writing of a clear, and sufficiently detailed account. While no report can be wholly objective it can be seen that Piggott's striving for objectivity led him to write a paper that is of lasting value.
Assembly and Collection – Lithic Complexes in the Cambridgeshire Fenlands
Authors: Edmonds Mark , Evans Christopher , Gibson David
Published: February 2014

Campaigns of large-scale fieldwalking and in-depth evaluation on later Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age lithic scatters are reported. In a regional context they are remarkable in their scale, density, and resolution, and raise questions concerning the character of early settlement and its corollary in landscape mobility – variously an archaeology of ‘meeting/return’, ‘task’, and ‘trace’.
The Dancer on the Rock: record and analysis at Järrestad, Sweden
Authors: Coles John
Published: February 2014

The so-calledDansarenrock carving at Järrestad, southern Sweden, is one of the largest rock carving sites in that country. This paper presents a detailed description and re-analysis of the carvings, examining not only the images themselves but also their topographical location, groupings and position in relation to the available rock surface and possible viewpoints of the observer. The history of research at the site is described together with the methods used for recording. The motifs are described and discussed and it is noted that the various types of images, including footsoles, feet, horsemen, cupmarks, and boats occur in particular combinations and are distributed on the rock surface in such a manner that discrete panels are apparent, delineated by natural cracks in the rock which form an integral part of the design. The location and distribution of other monuments and rock carvings in the region are discussed and a social and symbolic context within the later Bronze Age presented for the Dancer and its associated carvings.
Flint Use in England after the Bronze Age: Time for a Re-evaluation?
Authors: Young R. , Humphrey J.
Published: February 2014

Lithic assemblages from a variety of English later Bronze and Iron Age contexts are examined here in an effort to stimulate debate about the later prehistoric exploitation of flint. It is suggested that a variety of technological and morphological features, supporting the idea of discrete later industries, can be identified. A special plea is made to excavators of Late Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement sites to pay greater attention to the contexts of deposition (and to the other artefactual associations), of recovered lithic material. Flint finds should not automatically be written off as residual from earlier activity on settlements.
A Late Iron Age Burial from Chilham Castle, near Canterbury, Kent
Authors: Parfitt Keith
Published: February 2014

During the spring of 1993 Mr Darren Nichols was searching land near Canterbury with his new metal detector when he made a most interesting discovery. At a shallow depth he unearthed a burial, containing a decorated bronze mirror, a bronze brooch, and the remains of a pot holding cremated bone. The mirror was subsequently identified as being of Iron Age date, bearing a characteristic engraved Celtic design on its reverse. Realising the importance of the find, Mr Nichols reported the discovery to local archaeologists who were able to visit the site and re-excavate the find-spot. These investigations produced a second brooch and further sherds from the very fragmented cinerary urn.

In July 1994 the metalwork from the burial was passed to Dr Ian Stead of the British Museum for detailed study and recording. A year later the finder sold the mirror and brooches at a Sotheby's auction (Sale LN5398, Lot 3) to a private collector, who has very kindly agreed to details of the objects being published here.
A Middle Bronze Age Round-house at Glanfeinion, near Llandinam, Powys
Authors: Britnell W.J. , Silvester R.J. , Gibson A.M. , Caseldine A.E. , Hunter K.L. , Johnson S. , Hamilton-Dyer S. , Vince A.
Published: February 2014

Small-scale rescue excavations during the course of pipeline construction have revealed a single Middle Bronze Age round-house, ring-ditch, and pits on a lowland site in the upper Severn valley with associated radiocarbon determinations which suggest a date within the range 1400–1170 cal BC. Associated finds include a large assemblage of charred naked barley and plain and decorated vessels of cordoned, bucket, and barrel urn traditions, together with a quern and a rubbing stone. The round-house, the first building of this date to be found in central Wales, can be paralleled with ones of similar date elsewhere, especially in southern England.
The Iron Age Enclosures and Prehistoric Landscape of Sutton Common, South Yorkshire
Authors: Pearson M. Parker , Sydes R.E. , Boardman S. , Brayshay B. , Buckland P.C. , Chadwick A. , Charles M. , Crawley G. , Cumberpatch C. , Dearne M. , Edmond J.A. , Hale D. , Henderson J. , Lomas M. , Merrony C. , Moore J. , Myers A. , Roper T. , Schwenninger J.-L. , Taylor M. , Whitehouse N. , Wright M.L.
Published: February 2014

The Early Iron Age enclosures and associated sites on Sutton Common on the western edge of the Humberhead Levels contain an exceptional variety of archaeological data of importance not only to the region but for the study of later prehistory in the British Isles. Few other later prehistoric British sites outside the East Anglian fens and the Somerset Levels have thus far produced the quantity and quality of organically preserved archaeological materials that have been found, despite the small scale of the investigations to date. The excavations have provided an opportunity to integrate a variety of environmental analyses, of wood, pollen, beetles, waterlogged and carbonised plant remains, and of soil micromorphology, to address archaeological questions about the character, use, and environment of this Early Iron Age marsh fort. The site is comprised of a timber palisaded enclosure and a succeeding multivallate enclosure linked to a smaller enclosure by a timber alignment across a palaeochannel, with associated finds ranging in date from the Middle Bronze Age to the Roman and medieval periods. Among the four adjacent archaeological sites is an Early Mesolithic occupation site, also with organic preservation, and there is a Late Neolithic site beneath the large enclosure. Desiccation throughout the common is leading to the damage and loss of wooden and organic remains. It is hoped that the publication of these results, of investigations between 1987 and 1993, will lead to a fuller investigation taking place.
The Wickliffe Mounds Project: Implications for Late Mississippi Period Chronology, Settlement, and Mortuary Patterns in Western Kentucky
Authors: Wesler Kit W.
Published: February 2014

The Wickliffe Mounds site is a Mississippian town and mound centre dated toc.AD 1100–1350. Excavations at Wickliffe Mounds from 1984–1996 have re-evaluated a 1932–1939 semi-professional project and have provided additional data over much of the remaining area of the site. The site was establishedc.AD 1100 as a small village clustered tightly around a central plaza. From AD 1175 toc.1350 the Wickliffe people built two platform mounds next to the plaza plus several smaller mounds around the site, and expanded the village area to the edges of the bluff. The village was abandonedc.AD 1350, but a cemetery appears to be intrusive, indicating the presence of a population in the area with ties to the site. A scenario of a single chiefly cycle, followed by dispersal of the population with continued use of the site as an ‘empty’ ceremonial centre, best fits current data.
Two Previously Unrecorded Jadeite Axeheads from North-east Scotland
Authors: Curtis Neil G.W.
Published: February 2014

The collections of Marischal Museum, University of Aberdeen include three jadeite axeheads (Fig. 1) which probably come from prehistoric Scottish contexts. This short note aims to bring them to the attention of others interested in these spectacular objects, in the hope that further work will help their place in Scottish prehistory to be better understood.

One of the axeheads (ABDUA:39404) has already been published (Murray, 1994, 104; Batey & King 1994, 25) and has been allocated number 107 by Murray (op. cit.) in the scheme set out by Joneset al. (1977). Under the Treasure Trove procedure it was allocated to Marischal Museum in 1994. The other two axeheads were only recognised after the acquisition of this specimen. One of these (ABDUA: 37080) was given to the museum by Sir Alexander Ogston in 1928. Previously it was in the collection of Dr Garden of Alford, having been found in the parish of Strathdon, Aberdeenshire. Since its discovery, this axehead has been hafted, probably by Ogston who presented nine other prehistoric implements with modern hafts to the museum.
Archaeology and Environment of a Bronze Age Cairn and Prehistoric and Romano-British Field System at Chysauster, Gulval, near Penzance, Cornwall
Authors: Smith George , Macphail R.I. , Mays S.A. , Nowakowski J. , Rose P. , Scaife R.G. , Sharpe A. , Tomalin D.J. , Williams D.F.
Published: February 2014

The project involved the survey and selective excavation of an area of field system adjoining the Romano-British ‘courtyard house’ settlement of Chysauster, near Penzance, Cornwall, supported by soil and pollen studies and by the extensive landscape surveys. The excavation had two main elements: study of the rectilinear field system and excavation of a Bronze Age funerary cairn incorporated in one of the field boundaries. The earliest field system, probably with origins in the 2nd millennium BC, was largely modified by a more irregular and strongly lynchetted field pattern, probably associated with more intensive Iron Age and Romano-British agriculture. There was also some medieval or post-medieval reuse and modification. The cairn pre-dated a boundary bank of one of the early fields and was the focus for a number of cremation burials. Six of these were accompanied by pots which, together with their radiocarbon dates, provide a significant group of the middle phase of the Trevisker variant of the British Food Urn ceramic tradition. Excavation of field boundaries showed evidence of long periods of modification and lynchet accumulation but lacked good artefactual or radiocarbon dating evidence. Soil and pollen analysis produced significant new evidence for this region, showing the former existence of a brown soil under open oak/hazel woodland, with some cereal cultivation taking place, prior to the construction of the Bronze Age cairn. Later cultivation techniques led to deterioration in soil status and to soil erosion. Some field boundaries may have been constructed at this time to conserve soil or as dumps for clearance stone. The changes, through deforestation, cultivation, and erosion influenced the plant communities in the nearby valley where pollen analysis of a peat section suggested three phases of human activity.