bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomy of Image and Use of Single or Multiple Sense Modalities in Original Verbal Image Production
Authors: Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

The use of a single or of multiple sense modalities in the production of original verbal images as related to autonomy of imagery was explored. 72 college adults were administered Onomatopoeia and Images and the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control. A modified scoring procedure for the Gordon scale differentiated imagers who were moderate or low in autonomy. The two groups produced original verbal images using multiple sense modalities more frequently than a single modality.
Failure to Relate Academic Ability to the Lateral Eye-Shift in Elementary School Children
Authors: Schroeder Nancy
Published: September 2011

Correlates of academic ability such as creativity, language use, locus of control, and achievement were not related to the lateral eye-shift for 147 sixth grade children. The lack of findings suggests a developmental emphasis in future research.
Activity Analysis of Operant Behavior following Methylphenidate Administration
Authors: Freeman Gary B. , Wallace Robert B. , Werboff Jack , Graziadei Robert B. , Root Mark , Smith Philip , Warner Norman W.
Published: September 2011

13 male Long-Evans hooded rats were tested on a CRF-50 reinforcement schedule. Total response time as well as time and total activity responses away from the bar were significantly influenced by injections of methylphenidate (1.2 mg/kg I.P.). In general, the data supported previous findings of reduced response rate to the drug. However, methylphenidate (a CNS stimulant) increased activity that was not related to bar pressing. Analysis of activity response to drug should include total time and activity as well as operant rates.
Effects of Noise on Access to Recent Memory
Authors: Lord B. , Finlay D. C.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are described. The first demonstrated the effects of relatively low intensity noise on recall of a previously learned list of nonsense syllables. Significant differences were found between recall under noise and recall under ambient noise conditions with the noise condition producing more errors. Exp. 2 yielded a high correlation between number of errors made in the original learning trials and the number of errors made in recall under noise. The relationships suggest a quite complex action of noise on mental function, one which is other than a peripheral distraction effect.
Duration of Location and Recall of Simple Movements: A Methodological Note
Authors: Russell David G.
Published: September 2011

This study sought to determine if there was a duration of location which optimized recall of linear positioning. Measures analyzed were constant, variable, and absolute error. Four groups ( n = 10) performed a 30-cm linear positioning task, remaining at the criterion end location for 0, 2, 5, or 10 sec. No significant differences for constant and variable errors were found for any of the manipulated location durations. However, absolute error for the 10-sec. duration was significantly greater than each of the other durations. It was concluded that location duration has not been a confounding factor in linear positioning studies and a location duration of 2 sec. is suggested as the most suitable for positioning studies.
A Novel Reinforcement Procedure for Use in Perceptual Experiments with Normal and Language-Impaired Children
Authors: Tallal Paula
Published: September 2011

A novel reinforcement procedure for use with young children with or without language impairments has been devised which adds intrinsic interest to otherwise tedious clinical or experimental sessions and has a low rate of satiation. The procedure involves the child “winning” colorful stickers to make a picture throughout testing sessions.
Taste Profiles from Single Human Taste Papillae
Authors: Kuznicki James T.
Published: September 2011

Earlier psychophysical research on single human fungiform taste papillae employed a procedure which limited subjects to selecting only one taste to describe the sensations they experienced. That procedure precludes the possibility of determining whether single papillae can mediate complex tastes, i.e., tastes consisting of more than one sensation experienced simultaneously. By using highly trained subjects and allowing them freedom to describe all sensations simultaneously elicited by a given taste stimulus, single papilla taste profiles were obtained. It is suggested that obtaining taste profiles may increase the utility of single papillae as models for study of the taste system.
Developmental Study of Transposition in Young Children
Authors: Ackles Patrick K. , Zimmermann Robert R.
Published: September 2011

Six groups of nursery schoolers, kindergarteners, and first graders balanced for sex were trained and tested on a series of discrimination learning and transposition problems. Problems differed on some aspect of size, i.e., area, height, volume. Each child was trained to a criterion of learning and tested for transposition on a far- then near-test sequence for a fixed number of trials. Analyses of discrimination learning errors showed (a) an over-all decrease in errors with increasing age and increasing stimulus discriminability and (b) a decrease in mean error rates across problems. Analyses of transposition errors showed: (a) an over-all age trend of nursery schoolers more than kindergarteners and first graders; (b) over-all sex difference of females more than males; (c) more errors on far-test than near-test occurred only for area on the first problem; and (d) a progressive decrease in errors across problems. It was concluded that the primary developmental factor constraining transposition was the younger child's initially slower differentiation of the critical features of the stimulus in the acquisition of a set to transpose.
Field Independence and Recognition of Trait Names in an Incidental Learning Paradigm
Authors: De Boeck Paul , Claeys Willem
Published: September 2011

Field-dependent individuals are known to be superior to field-independent individuals at recognizing socially relevant material in an incidental learning paradigm. The present study tested the hypothesis that this superiority is moderated by the target-relatedness of distractors. The stimuli were trait names. To assess recognition memory a recognition list was used with distractors differing in degrees of relatedness to the targets. Results indicate that the relationship of field-dependence to false recognition of distractor traits is moderated by the target-relatedness of the latter.
Sex Differences in Elicited Color Lexicon Size
Authors: Thomas Lynn L. , Curtis Anne T. , Bolton Ralph
Published: September 2011

On a listing task in which 72 Nepalese informants in Kathmandu and Arubari were asked to provide the names of colors, females consistently listed more terms than did males. It is suggested that sex differences in verbal fluency and in the importance of color may be responsible.
Spatial Problem-Solving Strategies as Functions of Sex
Authors: Allen Mary J. , Hogeland Randie
Published: September 2011

Sex differences in spatial ability may be related to different problem-solving methods. Two spatial tests, Choosing A Path and Witkin's Rod and Frame Test, and related strategy questionnaires were given to 50 male and 50 female adults. Multivariate analyses of variance on the strategy questionnaires were significant. Women were more likely to use concrete and unorganized methods and to give up or skip problems. Spearman correlations between the males' and females' rank orders of strategies were high and significant, so that both similarities and differences between the sexes were demonstrated.
Relation of Self-Esteem and Divergent Thinking among Black and Puerto Rican Children
Authors: Houtz John C. , Phillips Robert H.
Published: September 2011

A variety of fluency-oriented divergent thinking tasks, evaluation-type problem-solving tasks, and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory were administered to 192 black and Puerto Rican children in Grades 4, 5, and 6 from a low-income area of New York City. There was little relationship between fluency and self-esteem, and all children appeared to have great difficulty with tasks involving skills of evaluation. Results were discussed in terms of the effects of an evaluation-oriented environment.
Effects of 100% and 50% Success Rates on Children's Response Speeds
Authors: Whiteley John H. , Dewson Michael R. J.
Published: September 2011

Nonreward has facilitated subsequent responding in experiments with children whereas failure has consistently resulted in a decrement in performance. On the premise that failure-elicited interference may have masked any frustration effect in previous studies, the present investigation sought to test the prediction, analogous to the partial reinforcement acquisition effect, that response speeds would be faster under conditions of 50% success than under conditions of 100% success. 40 elementary school children performed 24 trials, each trial consisting of a light-switching task followed by a lever-pulling response. Half of the subjects were allowed to succeed on the switching task on 100% of the trials and the other subjects were failed on 50% of the trials. Analysis of the light-switching speeds showed no significant over-all difference between the 50% and 100% groups; however, in the 50% group subjects responded faster on trials immediately following failure than they did on trials immediately following success. Analysis of lever-start speeds showed speeds of subjects in the 50% group were significantly slower following failure than they were following success. The results were discussed in terms of subjects' strategies and failure-produced interference.
Self-Reported Consistency of Normal Habitual Sleep Durations of College Students
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Pellegrini Robert J. , Hawkins James , Moore John D.
Published: September 2011

A relationship between hours of sleep/night and the consistency of this normal daily sleep duration was observed for 763 college students who had rated themselves as good sleepers with stable and fairly well established patterns of sleep. Congruent with a limited literature, these data suggest that shorter sleep durations are likely, for college students, to be relatively recently acquired patterns of sleep.
Peer Status in Research on Locus of Control
Authors: Horne Marcia D. , Seidner Constance J. , Harasymiw Stefan J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the mediating effects of peer status on the relationship between Intellectual Achievement Responsibility and the academic performance of 79 sixth grade students in an open-space school. When peer status was specified, a negative association was noted between achievement responsibility and academic ability for students of high status, but a positive one for students of low status. No association between achievement responsibility and ability was observed for students with medium peer status. Operation of internal achievement motivation may be influenced by the social psychological environment of the individual.
Augmentation-Reduction and Pain Experience
Authors: Elton Diana , Vagg Peter R. , Stanley Gordon
Published: September 2011

The role of augmentation-reduction in pain tolerance and threshold was examined using Petrie's (1967) criteria for classification of subjects. 14 augmenters did not differ from 14 reducers on pain tolerance and threshold. Trait anxiety correlated with both pain tolerance and threshold, but state anxiety did not.
On Bartko's Intraclass Correlations of Interrater Reliability
Authors: Berk Ronald A.
Published: September 2011

Bartko's justification for rejecting Winer's “anchor point method” of intraclass correlation is reviewed. The issues of rater variance and the average intercorrelation were examined in terms of Winer's method and Bartko's two alternative formulations. There were three major conclusions: (1) Bartko's arguments regarding additive bias were statistically sound, however, they are virtually meaningless in the application of the intraclass correlation in an experimental or practical context; (2) Bartko's intraclass correlation for the one-way model of analysis of variance is appropriate when it is desirable to include the rater variance term; (3) Winer's intraclass correlation for the two-way model of analysis of variance is appropriate when it is desirable to exclude rater variance.
Effects of Training to Use Feedback and Responsiveness to Information on Preschool Children's Discrimination Learning
Authors: Litow Leon , Levine Stephen M.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effect of the subject's information responsiveness as it interacted with training in feedback utilization on discrimination learning. A picture-sequencing test was developed to differentiate preexperimentally among 77 preschool subjects, ranging in age between 4–3 and 5–4 yr., as being either high or low information responders. The subjects were then randomly assigned to view a slide-tape program dealing with either feedback (treatment) or phonic discrimination (control). Subjects were subsequently administered a social responsiveness task. All subjects were administered a 48-trial, concept-identification task. The results indicated that high responsiveness to information and training in use of feedback produced improved social responsiveness but not improved learning on a concept-identification task.
Comment on “Augmentation-Reduction and Pain Experience” by Elton, ET AL.
Authors: Petrie Asenath
Published: September 2011

Some of the troubling aspects in the work of Elton, et al. (1978) are detailed. Included are matters related to the measurement of pain tolerance, as well as that of reduction and augmentation.
Effects on Superiority of Ear of Intonation of Dichotically Presented Sentences
Authors: Leder Steven B. , Baker Donald J.
Published: September 2011

A dichotic listening paradigm utilizing sentences of three monosyllabic words examined the effects of intonation on superiority of ear. Five types of intoned contours, i.e., declarative, interrogative, imperative, conditional, and monotone, were employed. Subjects consisted of 20 adults who had normal hearing bilaterally, were native English speakers, and were right-handed in 100% of their daily activities. The results indicated that, when three monosyllabic word sentences with four different intoned contours were dichotically presented, superiority of neither left nor right ear was evidenced. However, the declarative intoned contours, being linguistically less marked, were perceived with significantly less accuracy than the relatively more marked interrogative, imperative, and conditional intoned contours.
Attentional Deficits and Word Attributes Preferred by Learning Disabled Children in Grades 2, 4, and 6
Authors: Hynd George W. , Obrzut John E. , Hynd Cynthia R. , Connor Robert
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the postulated effects of attentional deficits on the relative preferences for associative, acoustic, and orthographic attributes in word recognition by 15 learning disabled children each in Grades 2, 4, and 6. An analysis of errors in recall suggests that the children in the second grade did not encode and retrieve information as did their normal counterparts but rather used several stimulus attributes in retrieval. The children in the sixth grade, however, evidenced a significant preference for the orthographic attribute in recall as did normal second grade children. These findings are discussed as they relate to attention deficits, the capacity of short-term memory and achievement in learning disabled children.
Perceptual Aura: Not Spirit but Afterimage and Border Contrast Effects
Authors: Dale A. , Anderson D. , Wyman L.
Published: September 2011

This study demonstrates that auras can be produced under laboratory conditions and explained by the principles of afterimages and border contrast phenomena.
Comparative Assessment of Visual Perceptual Abilities in the Trainable Mentally Retarded
Authors: Brekke Beverly , Williams John D. , Follman Dennis E.
Published: September 2011

Visual perceptual abilities of 47 institutionalized trainable retarded subjects were compared on selected measures of visual perception. Significant relationships were found between the Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the Matching and Copying subtests of the Metropolitan Readiness Test. Only moderate correlations were found between these two subtests and Motor-free Visual Perception Test.
A New Format for Thematic Apperceptive Measurement of Motivation
Authors: Shapiro Jeremy P.
Published: September 2011

The principles of “The Dynamics of Action” (Atkinson & Birch, 1970) were applied to the construction of a new form of thematic apperception test. A cue was designed which can assess the effect of simulated passage of time on the expression of motivation. Data for n Achievement and n Affiliation are reported.
Spatial Perception in Normal and Psychotic People
Authors: Fagan-Dubin Linda
Published: September 2011

17 normal and 17 psychotic subjects, including schizophrenic, depressive, and delusional patients, were given a modified Arc-Circle Matching Test of spatial perception. There was no significant difference between the performance of the psychotic group and that of the control group in left-hand, right-hand, and total scores in this tactile test of spatial ability. Differences between males and females and between dextrals and non-dextrals were nonsignificant. Nevertheless, for all subjects, the left-hand scores were significantly superior to right-hand scores.
Use of Constant Target Sets in Visual Search Tasks
Authors: Holmes Deborah Lott , Olsho Lynne Werner , Peper Richard , Schulte Ann , Green Philip
Published: September 2011

54 subjects participated in a visual scanning study in which each subject was provided with only a single target set (of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 letters in length). Eight sessions of 30 trials each were completed for each subject. Although there were slight differences in the rate at which performance improved over trials, this was not systematically related to size of target set. Moreover, even in the last session, there were large differences in performance in the different target sets. These findings suggest that Neisser's evidence for parallel preattentive processing in such tasks may have been confounded by his use of nested target sets and a within-subjects design.
Left-Handers' Sensitivity to Hand Usage: Theoretical Note on Saliency in the Self-Concept
Authors: Thompson Eileen G. , Harris Lauren Julius
Published: September 2011

Etaugh and Brausam (1978) reported that left-handers were more sensitive than right-handers to hand usage by figures in a picture. Their interpretation emphasizes particular social experiences of left-handers. We propose a theoretically broader explanation—that there are general tendencies to characterize the self in terms of characteristics that are distinctive relative to others and to note in others those qualities salient in the self-concept.
Latency to Respond and Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements: A Methodological and Theoretical Note
Authors: Reynolds Cecil R.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between latency to first response and lateral eye movements was investigated for 52 preschool and primary grade children. Latency to respond correlated significantly with number of eye movements observed for each child. Significantly greater latency occurred for spatial questions than for verbal reasoning questions. Methodological and theoretical implications of latency to first response in relation, to the study of conjugate lateral eye movements are briefly described.
Eyes as the Center of Focus in the Visual Examination of Human Faces
Authors: Janik Stephen W. , Wellens A. Rodney , Goldberg Myron L. , Dell'Osso Louis F.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine the degree to which individuals focus upon the eye region of others while visually inspecting their faces. Using an eye-tracking camera, 16 male subjects spent approximately 40% of their looking time focused upon the eye region of facial photographs, with each of the remaining parts of the face being looked at less.
Laterality Preference Patterns of Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Schwartz Neil H. , Dean Raymond S.
Published: September 2011

This study concerned the prediction of group membership of 40 learning disabled and 40 normal children on the basis of preference for laterality of the children and of their parents. A stepwise discriminant analysis showed maternal and paternal lateral preferences could correctly identify approximately 85% of the cases. Orthogonal contrasts showed that, although children themselves did not differ in the degree of laterality, parents of learning disabled children were significantly more bilateral in their preference patterns than normals.
Electromyographic Biofeedback for Tension Control during Gross Motor Skill Acquisition
Authors: French Stephen N.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of tension-control training by electromyographic biofeedback on learning and performance of a stabilometer balancing task. 30 young adult males were pretested for stabilometer balancing skill, ranked by performance scores, and divided into identical triplicates to form two experimental groups and a control group. All subjects were reevaluated on the stabilometer test following feedback training of the experimental subjects. Analysis of variance of difference means, scores representing performance and tension, indicated that the biofeedback training significantly reduced tension induced by the novel motor skill and significantly improved performance of the motor skill.
Overt Motor Preparation in Choice-Reaction Time Task
Authors: Hennemann Marie-Claude
Published: September 2011

In a serial pointing task to three unequidistant, unequiprobable targets, the moving picture record of the subject's hand movements shows, before each pointing movement, a repositioning of the hand near the median plane of the working panel when the subject sees the targets and near the more frequently used target when only proprioceptive information is available.
Auditory and Visual Cognitive Styles and Adult Reading Performance
Authors: Butter Eliot J. , Vallano Terry W.
Published: September 2011

College students performed match-to-sample tasks in the visual and auditory modalities. These tasks assessed reflective and impulsive cognitive styles. Cognitive style performance was related to achievement on a standardized test that measured Comprehension, Rate, Vocabulary, and Total reading achievement. Differential performance on several of these reading measures was a function of classification by auditory cognitive style, but not for visual style. Auditory assessment of cognitive style may have important implications for adults' as well as children's reading.
Further Study of the X-Linked Recessive Gene Hypothesis for Inheritance of Spatial Abilities
Authors: Fralley Jacqueline S. , Eliot John , Dayton C. M.
Published: September 2011

Two measures of spatial ability were administered to 319 undergraduates, 93 parents, and 62 siblings. Although males outperformed females on both tests, the resulting correlational pattern did not conform to the trait pattern hypothesized on the basis of an X-linked recessive trait. Results from a pedigree analysis, however, were in the expected direction. The inclusion of pedigree analyses is urged in future research.
Child Development Abstracts and Bibliography in Retrospect
Authors: Williams Robert
Published: September 2011

This is a brief historical sketch of Child Development Abstracts and Bibliography, a professional publication, whose contents include abstracts of the results of published research projects and review summaries of professional books related to child development. Abstracts is child development's oldest publication. Significantly, along with the information retrieval function provided, Abstracts can also be regarded as an historical catalogue of the interdisciplinary scope of the evolving body of information known as child development research.
Subjective Estimates of Body Tilt and the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Sigman Eric , Goodenough Donald R. , Flannagan Michael
Published: September 2011

The existence of an illusion of self-tilt in the rod-and-frame test was demonstrated using a magnitude-estimation procedure. Subjects, seated in a tiltable chair, estimated their body tilt after being placed in one of 13 body tilt positions and while viewing a rod-and-frame display. A shift of the apparent body position occurred in the opposite direction of frame tilt. The results are consistent with earlier findings using the method of body and head adjustment.
Helplessness in the Rat: Interfering Response or Motivational/Cognitive Deficit?
Authors: Mullins G. P. , Winefield A. H.
Published: September 2011

An experiment showed that experience with an insoluble problem interfered with subsequent visual discrimination learning. Prior experience with a soluble problem significantly reduced the deleterious effects of the insoluble problem but this ‘immunization’ did not benefit subjects which were able to develop an incompatible position response in the insoluble problem. Implications of these and other recent results for the theory of learned helplessness are discussed.
Accuracy of Boundary Detection by Observers of Filmed Movement
Authors: McDowall Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

The influence of filming speed and body-part velocity on observers' accuracy during the microanalysis of filmed movement was investigated. Four experienced observers analyzed a stimulus film containing initiation and termination boundaries in the movement of a rod oscillating at rates derived from a range of filming speed and body-part velocity combinations. Results indicated that greatest errors in boundary-frame detection occurred at the fastest filming speed and slowest body-part velocity. Furthermore, a boundary-type effect was significant, with initiations being harder to detect accurately than terminations. Attention was drawn to the complexity of microanalysis, and it was suggested that expectations of unconditional absolute accuracy on this task are unrealistic.
Note on Tests of Significance in Programs for Factor Analysis
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: September 2011

It was noted that some commonly used factor analysis programs do not incorporate and stress the use of tests of the various matrices used in such analyses. Such tests should be performed; they would aid in reducing the frequency of inadequate factor-analytic studies in the literature.
Sex Differences in Familial Correlations for Visual and Kinesthetic Aftereffects
Authors: Hay David A. , Cummins Jeffrey E.
Published: September 2011

72 subjects from 16 families performed a visual and kinesthetic aftereffect task where data were also obtained on the pretest variability and on the adjustment times. Considerable sex differences were found, such that for mothers pretest variability correlated positively with magnitude of kinesthetic and negatively with magnitude of visual aftereffect. Daughters showed more pretest variability on both tasks and much larger individual differences on the visual task than sons. These sex differences complicate any attempt at genetic analysis. However, there was some indication of X-linked inheritance in males for magnitude aftereffect and of autosomal inheritance of visual adjustment time in females.
Views of School Psychologists and other Groups by Adolescent and Adult Runners
Authors: Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

Assuming their good physical and mental health, 24 adolescent and 76 adult foot-racers were administered a questionnaire about unusual groups. Adolescent runners indicated statistically significantly mote dislike for school psychologists, janitors, Jews, blacks, marijuana smokers, women's liberation members, hippies, nurses, school teachers, ex-convicts, homosexuals, lesbians, motorcycle riders, and college professors than did the adult runners. The adolescent runners disliked alcoholics, and even joggers/foot racers more than did the adult runners. No statistically significant sex differences were found.
Comparative Comprehension of Interlanguage and Target Language
Authors: Kurtzman Howard
Published: September 2011

Comparisons were made among interlanguage speakers (20 high school seniors) and target language speakers (10 Frenchmen) in various linguistic situations. Subjects' self-perception of the level of comprehension was also measured.
Interpersonal Touch among Adults in Cafeteria Lines
Authors: Willis Frank N. , Rinck Christine M. , Dean Larry M.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have indicated that interpersonal touch decreases with age. In the present study 1012 pairs of college students and 212 pairs of elderly subjects were observed in cafeteria queues. Instances of touch were recorded along with sex, race, and body parts used to touch and touched. College students segregated themselves by race and sex just as the younger students had been observed to do in previous studies. Unlike all previous studies the elderly subjects did not segregate themselves by gender. For college students, touch was highest for female to male combinations; blacks were more likely to touch other blacks and least likely to touch whites. Touch was more likely among elderly subjects for female to female interactions than it was for college students, but there were no differences for the other gender combinations. In college students personal body areas were used to touch those of different gender while impersonal body areas were used to touch those of the same gender; personal body areas were more likely to be touched by others of the other gender. For elderly subjects there were no differences in frequencies with which personal or impersonal areas were involved in touch in relation to gender for either area used to touch or area touched.
Handedness and Smoking
Authors: Harburg Ernest , Feldstein Anna , Papsdorf James
Published: September 2011

This article reports the observation that proportionately more left-handed persons smoke than dextrals, and a greater proportion of left-handers than right-handers smoke 10 or more cigarettes daily, regardless of sex, race, stress of residence (or social class), and prior history of smoking. This association is especially strong among males and persons residing in residence areas of high stress (low income, low education), and weak among black females and persons who smoke 30 or more cigarettes daily. The sample was drawn from four census areas in Detroit differing by race, socioeconomic levels, and crime rates. Respondents and their spouses were 25 to 60 yr. old, married, and had relatives in the metropolitan area ( N = 1496).
Ethnic Differences in Time Perception: A Comparison of Anglo and Mexican Americans
Authors: Khoury Robert M. , Thurmond Gerald T.
Published: September 2011

Social scientists have presented an image of the Mexican American as locked into the present, incapable, or unwilling to project plans and events into the future. This is seen as responsible in part for the lack of social mobility and assimilation exhibited by Mexican Americans. However, there is little empirical support for the contention that Mexican Americans have a restricted sense of future events. The present study compared the temporal perspectives of 31 Mexican American and 41 Anglo American college students. No marked differences were observed.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Response Threshold for Signal Detectability Parameter, β
Authors: Polzeixa Donald J.
Published: September 2011

In contrast to a previous study (Deaton, Tobias, & Wilkinson, 1971), data are presented which demonstrate significant decreases in response bias (β) as well as sensitivity (d′) following one night of sleep deprivation. It is argued that previous failures to observe significant decreases in β may be related to the disparity in the number of noise and signal-plus-noise trials in these experiments. The use of parametric analyses to test the effect of sleep deprivation on d′ and β is recommended.
Decisional Difficulty in Pattern Discrimination
Authors: Fulkerson Samuel C. , Mann Paul S.
Published: September 2011

To assess the relative influence of decisional ambiguity and response uncertainty on task difficulty, a pattern discrimination task was presented to 60 college undergraduates. The comparison stimuli were nine 20 × 20 matrices of randomly assigned black and white squares, with percent of black squares varying evenly from 10% to 90%. The standard contained 50% black squares. In a low-response uncertainty condition there were two response categories, and five in a high uncertainty condition. It was hypothesized that decisional ambiguity should be greatest at the boundaries between categories. The results suggested that decisional ambiguity was the critical factor determining judgment difficulty.
“Inner” Darts: Effects of Mental Practice on Performance of Dart Throwing
Authors: Mendoza Dwight , Wichman Harvey
Published: September 2011

To explore the effects of mental rehearsal on the performance of a motor skill, 32 college undergraduates were scored on dart-throwing ability and randomly assigned to one of 4 practice conditions: no-practice controls, mental rehearsal only, mental rehearsal with simulated dart-throwing motor movements, and direct physical practice. Following 6 days of mental or physical practice by the experimental groups, the performance level on the dart-throwing task was again measured for all subjects. Comparison of improvement showed statistically significant differences between the groups. Follow-up tests showed that all experimental groups differed significantly from the no-practice group, there were no significant differences between mental practice groups and direct physical practice resulted in improvements significantly higher than any other form of practice.
Role of Kinaesthesia in Arousal and Learning Behavior
Authors: Swartz L.
Published: September 2011

This article presents a rationale of the significance of kinaesthesia. The development of arousal in the central nervous system is primarily peripheral and based on kinaesthesia. Consistent adaptive behavior results from adequate kinaesthetic perception and is the foundation for intersensory integration. Without kinaesthesia learning develops unevenly, as in children with learning disabilities. Inconsistent, bizarre behavior evident in psychopathology may result from inadequate, distorted kinaesthetic perception. Visual and auditory perceptual processes have been researched but the essential role of kinaesthetic perception has been neglected. The implications of adequate kinaesthesia are relevant to teaching and to psychotherapy.
Letter Recognition Ability of Aphasic Subjects
Authors: Marshall Robert C. , Kushner Deanie , Phillips David
Published: September 2011

This study examined the letter-recognition abilities of 44 aphasic and 10 normal subjects. On a 26-item letter recognition task normal subjects made no errors. Moderately aphasic subjects illustrated minimal difficulty but did not differ significantly in performance from normals. Severely aphasic subjects exhibited marked impairment and made significantly lower letter-recognition scores than moderate aphasic or normal subjects. Type of aphasia as determined by conversational speech fluency (fluent or nonfluent) seemed to affect the letter-recognition performance of the severely aphasic subjects. Fluent severely aphasic subjects made significantly lower scores than all groups; nonfluent severely aphasic subjects made significantly lower scores than all groups except the severe nonfluent group. The types of letter-recognition errors produced by the two severely aphasic groups offer some explanation as to their performance differences. Errors of the latter group were more likely to be related to the stimulus letter; errors from the former group tended to be random. Findings indicate the intactness of the aphasic subject's semantic associational network is important to the letter-recognition process.
Creativity and Imagery in Men and Women
Authors: Forisha Barbara L.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between creativity, imagery, and sex-role orientation in men and women. Instruments measuring creativity, creative production, imagery, and sex-role orientation were administered to 163 students enrolled in introductory psychology. The results showed that creative ability and vividness of imagery were related in women but not in men, whereas creative ability and creative production were related in men but not in women. Creative ability correlated with femininity whereas creative production correlated with masculinity. The author concluded that: (1) men and women show differing patterns of cognitive functioning in the creative process; and (2) men and women differ in the utilization of their creative capacity possibly due to the influence of sex-role stereotypes.
Influence of Imposed Metabolic Fatigue on Visual Capacity Components
Authors: Bard Chantal , Fleury Michelle
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of exercise to exhaustion on different components of visual capacity: visual field, and coincidence/anticipation capacity. 16 male subjects were first familiarized with the three visual tests, one day before being submitted to a prefatigue visual test. Metabolic fatigue was induced by working to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer. Once fatigued, all subjects undertook the visual tests. Pre- and post-fatigue visual measurements were not significantly different. The results demonstrated the independence between metabolic fatigue and visual capacity.
Use of the Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test with Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Strichart Stephen S.
Published: September 2011

This investigation established the reliability of the Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test for learning disabled children. Test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from .89 to .92 for a sample of 91 children, 5 through 12 yr., attending private schools for children with learning disabilities. Reversal errors decreased with age for boys and girls, although girls 9 through 12 made significantly fewer errors than did boys in the same age range. Learning disabled children made more errors at all ages than normal children. This test instrument was determined to be a measure of the global tendency to make visual reversal errors and was viewed as an appropriate part of the learning disabilities diagnostic procedure.
Sex and Generational Differences in Senior Apperception Technique Projections
Authors: Schroth Marvin L.
Published: September 2011

A major purpose of this study was to compare the projections of 50 young and 50 elderly subjects to the Seniors Apperception Technique. Specifically, the emotional contents of stories told to the test were compared for sex and generational differences. The results showed, in general, that, while the themes contained more negative than positive feelings, many individuals gave unhappy stories happy conclusions. In addition, the projections of elderly and female respondents were more positive than those of younger and male subjects. The findings were interpreted in light of Neugartin's disengagement theory.
Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Dean Laterality Preference Schedule with Preadolescents
Authors: Dean Raymond S.
Published: September 2011

The reliability and predictive validity of scores of the Dean Laterality Preference Schedule were estimated with 50 preadolescent children. The schedule is a self-report measure of a respondent's lateral preference for a number of common tasks involving the eyes, ears, hands, feet. One week following the administration of the scale, data were collected on each child's lateral preference when performing the actual tasks. Analysis showed the schedule to be a good predictor of manual patterns of lateral preference. The temporal stability of scores was .91 when all subjects were retested 4 wk. after its initial administration. It was concluded that the scale meets minimum requirements of reliability and predictive validity with preadolescent children.
Assessment of Cognitive Deficiency with the McCarthy Scales and Stanford-Binet: A Correlational Analysis
Authors: Levenson Richard L. , Zino Thomas C.
Published: September 2011

The present study tested matched samples of 15 retarded and 15 normal children on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. Pearson correlations between Stanford-Binet IQs and the six McCarthy Scale Indexes for retarded subjects were lower than coefficients obtained from the normal subjects and from previous research. While the General Cognitive Index may be interchangeable with IQ in the Normal range of intellectual functioning, this relationship was not found for the retarded subjects in the present study. The “venerable” Stanford-Binet retains its position as the most broadly applicable measure of intellectual functioning. Implications of the study as well as an outline for future research were included.
Depth Adjacency and Induced Motion
Authors: Gogel Walter C. , Cracken Peter J. Mac
Published: September 2011

Induced motion was investigated as a function of the stereoscopic separation of the test and inducing object and the instructions to attend to or to ignore the inducing object. It was found that stereoscopically displacing the test object from the inducing object with both kinds of instructions resulted in a decrease in the magnitude of induction particularly with crossed disparity. These results are consistent with the adjacency principle and with the ability of attention as well as adjacency to modify the magnitude of the induced motion.
Learning from Feedback: Comparison of Two Feedback Procedures in a Classroom Setting
Authors: Peeck J. , Tillema H. H.
Published: September 2011

32 fifth graders (boys and girls) studied a 900-word text followed by a multiple-choice test, and, after 24 hr., were given feedback either on their own test form or on an unused test form. Retesting of half the immediate-test items was done immediately following feedback, of the other half six days later. The results indicated that the confrontation with the initial responses at feedback did not influence the effectiveness of feedback nor the subjects' ability to identify their initial responses at the time of retesting. Implications of the results for Kulhavy and Anderson's interference-perseveration hypothesis were discussed.
Preliminary Study of Ratings of Satisfaction by Male University Faculty
Authors: Soper W. Barlow
Published: September 2011

Male faculty of a large southeastern university were surveyed to determine the satisfaction each individual felt with his life in general (life-satisfaction) and with 15 specific life areas. Perceptions of satisfaction have been used as indicators of morale, with satisfied persons experiencing high self-esteem and feelings of personal competence. Respondents were satisfied to some degree with their lives as a whole and with most specific areas. A relatively large proportion of faculty experienced dissatisfaction with their financial situation but were satisfied with their chosen profession. Compared to representative samples of the population a relatively large proportion of male faculty reported satisfaction with their lives as a whole. Suggestions for additional research are provided.
Correlations among Perceptual-Motor Ability, Self-Concept and Reading Achievement in Early Elementary Grades
Authors: Husak William S. , Magill Richard A.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the correlations among measures of perceptual-motor abilities, self-concept, and reading achievement and determined whether perceptual-motor ability and self-concept can predict reading achievement in the early elementary grades. A total of 105 boys and 108 girls from the first, second and third grades were tested on the stabilometer, a modified Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test, a tapping test, the Primary Self-concept Inventoty, and the Science Research Associates Assessment Survey. Intercorrelations across grade levels tended to be low and nonsignificant. The multiple regression procedures yielded no strong predictions of reading achievement. These findings tended to confirm the specificity of perceptual-motor ability, self-concept, and reading achievement.
A Trimodal Behavioral Conceptualization of Clinical Pain
Authors: Sanders Steve H.
Published: September 2011

A trimodal behavioral conceptualization of pain is outlined in the current article. It proposes that pain should be viewed as an interacting cluster of gross motor, cognitive, and physiological responses. Such a conceptual system is thought to contain the basic properties needed to incorporate current divergent views of pain held by medical and behavior science into a common conceptual framework.
Effects of Some Social Variables on Field Dependence
Authors: Roach D. A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of socio-economic status, father's absence, family size, and birth order on the field dependence of Grade 6 elementary school children in Jamaica, West Indies, were examined. To 206 boys and 212 girls from 5 urban schools the Hidden Figures Test and a questionnaire were administered. For girls, but not for boys, field independence correlated significantly and positively with socio-economic status, but significantly and negatively with father's absence. No significant relation existed for the boys. Field dependence had no significant relation with family size and birth order.
Teaching Introductory Statistics for Psychology: Effects of Calculators on Performance and Motivation
Authors: Roberts Dennis M. , Glynn Shawn M.
Published: September 2011

60 college students worked both simple and complex statistical problems under one of three computational conditions: manual (no calculator), elementary calculator, and advanced calculator. Results indicated that calculator usage reduced working times and errors, especially on complex problems, and helped to preserve positive attitudes students held about themselves and the nature of their problem-solving.
Intrahemispheric Visual-Motor Information Processing and Cerebral Functional Lateralization
Authors: Wang Paul L.
Published: September 2011

A series of stimuli, words and faces, were presented tachistoscopically to 24 dextrals and 12 sinistrals. The stimuli were presented to one eye at a time and the subjects were instructed to respond to specific words or stimuli with a specific hand. The results indicate that (1) cerebral functional asymmetry is related to handedness; in the dextrals, the left hemisphere is more specialized in verbal recognition, while in the sinistrals, the right hemisphere is more specialized in recognizing non-verbal material. (2) An ipsilateral hand-and-eye combination is a valid method of measuring intrahemispheric information processing, provided that the tachistoscopically presented visual stimuli are capable of inciting specialized hemispheric function. The dominant relationship among the crossed and non-crossed visual pathways is discussed.
A Versatile Automated-Guillotine-Door Design for Application in Small Animal Research
Authors: Kruger Brian M.
Published: September 2011

The versatile design of a reliable door which can be employed with nonaquatic and aquatic small animals is described.
Visual-Motor Problems of Adolescents Who Attempt Suicide
Authors: Kenny Thomas J. , Rohn Ruben , Sarles Richard M. , Reynolds Brenda J. , Heald Felix P.
Published: September 2011

Using the Canter Background Interference Procedure with the Bender-Gestalt Test, a group of 18 adolescent suicide attempters earned test scores indicating they had significantly more problems with visual-motor coordination than did a control group of 21 adolescents. There were also a greater number of school failures and behavior problems among these suicide attempters. The findings suggest that learning disabilities may be an unrecognized factor which increases the risk of suicide attempts by adolescents.