bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pioneer factor interactions and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides mark silent tissue-specific enhancers in embryonic stem cells
Authors: Xu Jian , Pope Scott D. , Jazirehi Ali R. , Attema Joanne L. , Papathanasiou Peter , Watts Jason A. , Zaret Kenneth S. , Weissman Irving L. , Smale Stephen T.
Published: July 2007

Recent studies have suggested that, in ES cells, inactive genes encoding early developmental regulators possess bivalent histone modification domains and are therefore poised for activation. However, bivalent domains were not observed at typical tissue-specific genes. Here, we show that windows of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides and putative pioneer factor interactions mark enhancers for at least some tissue-specific genes in ES cells. The unmethylated windows expand in cells that express the gene and contract, disappear, or remain unchanged in nonexpressing tissues. However, in ES cells, they do not always coincide with common histone modifications. Genomic footprinting and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that transcription factor binding underlies the unmethylated windows at enhancers for thePtcraandAlb1genes. After stable integration of premethylatedPtcraenhancer constructs into the ES cell genome, the unmethylated windows readily appeared. In contrast, the premethylated constructs remained fully methylated and silent after introduction intoPtcra-expressing thymocytes. These findings provide initial functional support for a model in which pioneer factor interactions in ES cells promote the assembly of a chromatin structure that is permissive for subsequent activation, and in which differentiated tissues lack the machinery required for gene activation when these ES cell marks are absent. The enhancer marks may therefore represent important features of the pluripotent state.
Efficient genome-wide mutagenesis of zebrafish genes by retroviral insertions
Authors: Wang Dongmei , Jao Li-En , Zheng Naizhong , Dolan Kyle , Ivey Jessica , Zonies Seth , Wu Xiaolin , Wu Kangmai , Yang Hongbo , Meng Qingchao , Zhu Zuoyan , Zhang Bo , Lin Shuo , Burgess Shawn M.
Published: July 2007

Using a combination of techniques we developed, we infected zebrafish embryos using pseudotyped retroviruses and mapped the genomic locations of the proviral integrations in the F
1
offspring of the infected fish. From F
1
fish, we obtained 2,045 sequences representing 933 unique retroviral integrations. A total of 599 were mappable to the current genomic assembly (Zv6), and 233 of the integrations landed within genes. By inbreeding fish carrying proviral integrations in 25 different genes, we were able to demonstrate that in ≈50% of the gene “hits,” the mRNA transcript levels were reduced by ≥70%, with the highest probability for mutation occurring if the integration was in an exon or first intron. Based on these data, the mutagenic frequency for the retrovirus is nearly one in five integrations. In addition, a strong mutagenic effect is seen when murine leukemia virus integrates specifically in the first intron of genes but not in other introns. Three of 19 gene inactivation events had embryonic defects. Using the strategy we outlined, it is possible to identify 1 mutagenic event for every 30 sequencing reactions done on the F
1
fish. This is a 20- to 30-fold increase in efficiency when compared with the current resequencing approach [targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING)] used in zebrafish for identifying mutations in genes. Combining this increase in efficiency with cryopreservation of sperm samples from the F
1
fish, it is now possible to create a stable resource that contains mutations in every known zebrafish gene.
ADD66, a Gene Involved in the Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of α-1-Antitrypsin-Z in Yeast, Facilitates Proteasome Activity and Assembly
Authors: Scott Craig M. , Kruse Kristina B. , Schmidt Béla Z. , Perlmutter David H. , McCracken Ardythe A. , Brodsky Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2007

Antitrypsin deficiency is a primary cause of juvenile liver disease, and it arises from expression of the “Z” variant of the α-1 protease inhibitor (A1Pi). Whereas A1Pi is secreted from the liver, A1PiZ is retrotranslocated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and degraded by the proteasome, an event that may offset liver damage. To better define the mechanism of A1PiZ degradation, a yeast expression system was developed previously, and a gene, ADD66, was identified that facilitates A1PiZ turnover. We report here that ADD66 encodes an ∼30-kDa soluble, cytosolic protein and that the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome is reduced in add66Δ mutants. This reduction in activity may arise from the accumulation of 20S proteasome assembly intermediates or from qualitative differences in assembled proteasomes. Add66p also seems to be a proteasome substrate. Consistent with its role in ER-associated degradation (ERAD), synthetic interactions are observed between the genes encoding Add66p and Ire1p, a transducer of the unfolded protein response, and yeast deleted for both ADD66 and/or IRE1 accumulate polyubiquitinated proteins. These data identify Add66p as a proteasome assembly chaperone (PAC), and they provide the first link between PAC activity and ERAD.
GRP94 Is Essential for Mesoderm Induction and Muscle Development Because It Regulates Insulin-like Growth Factor Secretion
Authors: Wanderling Sherry , Simen Birgitte B. , Ostrovsky Olga , Ahmed Noreen T. , Vogen Shawn M. , Gidalevitz Tali , Argon Yair
Published: July 2007

Because only few of its client proteins are known, the physiological roles of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) are poorly understood. Using targeted disruption of the murine GRP94 gene, we show that it has essential functions in embryonic development. grp94−/− embryos die on day 7 of gestation, fail to develop mesoderm, primitive streak, or proamniotic cavity. grp94−/− ES cells grow in culture and are capable of differentiation into cells representing all three germ layers. However, these cells do not differentiate into cardiac, smooth, or skeletal muscle. Differentiation cultures of mutant ES cells are deficient in secretion of insulin-like growth factor II and their defect can be complemented with exogenous insulin-like growth factors I or II. The data identify insulin-like growth factor II as one developmentally important protein whose production depends on the activity of GRP94. Keywords: chaperone/HSP90/Insulin-like growth factors/mouse development.
Monitoring for Pyrethroid Resistance in Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) Populations in Texas: Trends from 2003-2005
Authors: Pietrantonio Patricia V. , Junek Terry A. , Parker Roy , Bynum Ed , Cronholm Greg , Moore Glen , Mott Dale , Sansone Chris , Siders Kerry , Troxclair Noel
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the susceptibility of the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), to the pyrethroid cypermethrin in the primary crop production areas of Texas. Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used in cotton and in other production systems, such as grain sorghum and corn. The statewide monitoring program that evaluated resistance in male H. zea was conducted from April to September 2005, surveying nine Texas counties with a total of 5,041 moths from all areas used for analysis. Data from all areas were sent to Texas A&M University Toxicology Laboratory for analysis. Considerable variability in response to cypermethrin was detected in H. zea across the state. Based on LC50 data, the most resistant populations were from Nueces, Uvalde, and Williamson counties while the most susceptible populations were from Ellis, Fisher and Mitchell, Hockley, and Swisher counties.

Accepted for publication 2 October 2006. Published 19 July 2007.
Alternatives to Pyrethroids for Managing Corn Earworm in Sweet Corn, Seed Corn, Tomatoes and Peppers
Authors: Weinzierl Richard
Published: July 2007

To date, there are no reports of widespread failures of pyrethroid insecticides to control the corn earworm in midwestern North America. However, H. zea resistance to pyrethroids is a potential problem. If resistance compromises pyrethroid effectiveness, adopting or developing alternative management practices will be essential. This paper summarizes the current status of management alternatives for H. zea, specifically in commercial production of sweet corn, seed corn, tomatoes, and peppers.

Accepted for publication 26 October 2006. Published 19 July 2007.
Perspectives from the Crop Protection Industry: Suggestions for Collaborative Resistance Management
Authors: Savinelli Caydee , Immaraju John , Schiller Chuck , Rogers David , Pedibhotla Venkat , Robinson Phil , Dekeyser Mark , Thompson Gary D. , Stanley Bruce , Staetz Chuck , Hummel Rob , Head Graham , Wrubel John , Chamberlin Joe
Published: July 2007

IRAC-US is a specialist technical group of CropLife America. It provides a coordinated crop protection industry response to prevent or delay the development of resistance in insect and mite pests. Its aim is to keep all classes of insecticides and acaricides as viable control options. The neonicotinoid subcommittee of IRAC, U.S. has developed resistance management guidelines for the use of the neonicotinoid class of chemistry. For additional information about IRAC, US visit the website: www.irac-online.org.

Accepted for publication 6 July 2006. Published 19 July 2007.
Alleviation of Wound Pain After Surgeries for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Lee Li‐Ang , Wang Pa‐Chun , Chen Ning‐Hung , Fang Tuan‐Jen , Huang Hao‐Chun , Lo Ching‐Chia , Li Hsueh‐Yu
Published: July 2007

Objectives: There has been growing awareness that alleviation of wound pain and associated symptoms after obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) surgeries may improve the quality of care. We performed a hospital‐based study to compare the effectiveness and safety of two different regimens in the treatment of postoperative pain.

Study Design: A prospective, randomized, and parallel‐group study.

Methods: Ninety OSA patients were enrolled for surgical treatments in this study. Forty‐five patients (group 1) were randomized to receive intravenous ketorolac and another 45 patients (group 2) were given the conventional regimen of oral mefenamic acid and intramuscular meperidine after OSA surgeries for 3 days at hospital. Postoperative discomfort was measured by a self‐assessment questionnaire on the 1st and 3rd days after surgery. Any adverse effect of pain treatment was carefully monitored. Patients' satisfaction with postoperative pain treatment was evaluated 1 month postoperatively.

Results: On the 1st postoperative day, group 1 patients had a significantly lower mean score in six out of eight pain‐related symptoms than group 2 patients had (P < .05). At the 3rd postoperative day, significant differences remained for two symptoms. Group 1 patients were generally more satisfied with their pain treatment than were group 2 patients (P = .01). Increased risk of postoperative bleeding for group 1 was not observed in this study.

Conclusions: A short‐term administration of intravenous ketorolac is noninferior to the conventional regimen and represents a safe and effective treatment for wound pain, particularly in the 1st day, after OSA surgeries in selected patients.
Postallograft Donor and Recipient Dendritic Cell Trafficking in the Rat Larynx
Authors: Friedman Aaron D. , Dan Olivia , Drazba Judith A. , Lorenz Robert R. , Strome Marshall
Published: July 2007

Objectives/Hypothesis: Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen‐presenting cells that instigate allograft rejection. Their migration kinetics vary depending on the type of organ transplanted. The timing of donor and recipient DC trafficking in laryngeal transplants is unknown.

Study Design: Prospective animal model.

Methods: Lewis to Brown Norway (BN) rat laryngeal allografts and BN to BN isografts were performed without immunosuppression. Recipient animals were sacrificed at seven posttransplant time points. Total DC, as well as recipient and donor DC (in allograft recipients), were enumerated in situ in the airway epithelium and subepithelium using monoclonal antibodies, immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and image analysis software.

Results: Total DC densities in both laryngeal allografts and isografts decreased to approximately 10% of their initial values in the first 3 days and then rose beyond their starting values. In allografts, there was a net efflux of donor DC, reaching a nadir by 3 to 5 days; they were identified in recipient cervical lymph nodes from 12 hours to 5 days. Recipient DC infiltrated the laryngeal allograft, reaching a maximal density by day 7.

Conclusion: The paradigm of donor DC efflux and recipient DC influx has been confirmed in a rat laryngeal transplant model, and the allograft‐specific timing of these events has been elucidated. Similarities in total DC migration between allografts and isografts suggest that this phenomenon may not be driven entirely by major histocompatibility mismatch. Further understanding of trafficking may help with the goal of manipulating DC to induce allograft tolerance in the absence of generalized immunosuppression.
Role of Perioperative Antibiotics in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery
Authors: Brown Seth M. , Anand Vijay K. , Tabaee Abtin , Schwartz Theodore H.
Published: July 2007

Objectives/Hypothesis: Direct connection between the sinonasal and intracranial cavities and passage of multiple instruments and graft materials through a contaminated field occur routinely during endoscopic pituitary and skull base surgery. Despite the theoretical risk of intracranial contamination with sinonasal flora, the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) infection following such procedures is not well documented, and the ideal antibiotic regimen has yet to be determined.

Study Design: Prospective case series of 24 to 48 hours of single‐agent perioperative antibiotics in patients undergoing endoscopic skull base surgery.

Methods: Prospective database of procedures performed between January 2004 and May 2006 was reviewed for antibiotic use and infectious complications.

Results: The diagnoses of the 90 patients in this series included pituitary tumor (62%), craniopharyngioma (9%), encephalocele (9%), and meningioma (8%). Fifty‐eight (64%) patients experienced intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. A variety of autologous, synthetic grafts, hemostatic agents, and tissue sealants were placed through the sinonasal cavity for reconstruction. All patients received 24 to 48 hours of a single antibiotic based on patient sensitivity: cefazolin (87%), vancomycin (10%), or clindamycin (3%). Additional antibiotics were subsequently required during the hospital stay in eight (9%) patients for a variety of indications. There were no cases of intracranial infections or meningitis in patients with or without intraoperative CSF leak.

Conclusions: Despite direct contamination of the intracranial cavity during endoscopic, endonasal skull base surgery, the risk of CNS infections is low. Limited use of a single perioperative antibiotic may be sufficient prophylaxis.
Purification and characterization of 66‐kDa glycoprotein from human breast carcinoma
Authors: Feng Renqing , Liu Xiang , Guo Zhenquan , Li Jinfeng
Published: July 2007

We extracted a 66‐kDa glycoprotein (GP‐1D8) from breast invasive ductal carcinoma tissues. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) against GP‐1D8 was prepared in our laboratory. Western blotting with the purified protein using the mAb demonstrated a single band of 66 kDa. Immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong expression of GP‐1D8 protein in the cytoplasm of MCF‐7 cells and different types of breast carcinoma tissues, but GP‐1D8 is absent in normal breast and benign breast tumor tissues. Glycosylation analysis showed GP‐1D8 contained methylated salic acid. GP‐1D8 was identified using mass‐spectrometric techniques and N‐terminal sequencing. These data were used to identify the protein through the SWISSPROT protein sequence database and BLAST homology search. These results showed GP‐1D8 had some similarity to human albumin precursor. Co‐immunoprecipitation assays of lysate from MCF‐7 cells and mass spectrometric analysis revealed the interaction of GP‐1D8 with β‐tubulin. This is the first time human breast carcinoma tissues and MCF‐7 cells have been shown to express a 66‐kDa glycoprotein similar to human albumin precursor. These results might be important in the detection of novel potential biomarkers and may provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1344–1349)
Macrophage colony‐stimulating factor enhances rituximab‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity by monocytes
Authors: Shimadoi Shigeru , Takami Akiyoshi , Kondo Yukio , Okumura Hirokazu , Nakao Shinji
Published: July 2007

Recent studies suggest that monocytes are the dominant effectors by which rituximab induces cell death in B‐cell lymphoma. Because macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) can enhance the cytotoxicity of monocytes, the authors examined whether this growth factor can enhance their ability to kill lymphoma cells in vitro. Monocytes derived from a healthy volunteer were cultured for 48 h in the presence or absence of M‐CSF. Monocytes stimul ated with M‐CSF were significantly more cytotoxic to Daudi B‐cell lymphomas than unstimulated monocytes. Flow cytometry revealed that M‐CSF increased monocyte expression of Fcγ receptors III and I by 1.6‐ and 1.5‐fold, whereas the expression of Fcγ receptor II remained unchanged. These results suggest that pretreatment with M‐CSF can improve the therapeutic efficacy of rituximab against intractable CD20+ lymphoma. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1368–1372)
Disturbance of DNA methylation patterns in the early phase of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by a choline‐deficient L‐amino acid‐defined diet in rats
Authors: Shimizu Kyoko , Onishi Mariko , Sugata Eriko , Sokuza Yui , Mori Chiharu , Nishikawa Tomoki , Honoki Kanya , Tsujiuchi Toshifumi
Published: July 2007

The authors investigated the DNA methylation patterns of the E‐cadherin, Connexin 26 (Cx26), Rassf1a and c‐fos genes in the early phase of rat hepatocarcinogenesis induced by a choline‐deficient L‐amino acid‐defined (CDAA) diet. Six‐week‐old F344 male rats were continuously fed with the CDAA diet, and three animals were then killed at each of 4 and 8 days and 3 weeks. Genomic DNA was extracted from livers for assessment of methylation status in the 5′ upstream regions of E‐cadherin, Cx26, Rassf1a and c‐fos genes by bisulfite sequencing, compared with normal livers. The livers of rats fed the CDAA diet for 4 and 8 days and 3 weeks were methylated in E‐cadherin, Cx26 and Rassf1a genes, while normal livers were all unmethylated. In contrast, normal livers were highly methylated in c‐fos gene. Although the livers at 4 days were weakly methylated, those at 8 days and 3 weeks were markedly unmethylated. Methylation patterns of CpG sites in E‐cadherin, Cx26 and Rassf1a were sparse and the methylation was not associated with gene repression. These results indicate that gene‐specific DNA methylation patterns were found in livers of rats after short‐term feeding of the CDAA diet, suggesting gene‐specific hypermethylation might be involved in the early phase of rat hepatocarcinogenesis induced by the CDAA diet. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1318–1322)
Contribution of natural anticoagulant and fibrinolytic factors in modulating the clinical severity of haemophilia patients
Authors: Shetty Shrimati , Vora Sonal , Kulkarni Bipin , Mota Leenam , Vijapurkar Manasi , Quadros Leera , Ghosh Kanjaksha
Published: July 2007

The role of natural anticoagulants, fibrinolytic cascade factors and common prothrombotic gene polymorphisms in modulating disease severity were studied in 35 ‘clinically mild’ and 37 ‘clinically severe’ haemophilia patients with severe factor VIII or IX deficiency (<0·01 IU/ml). Strong association of deficiencies of proteins C and S, antithrombin III, tissue factor pathway inhibitor and tissue plasminogen activator, together with factor V Leiden and endothelial protein C receptor 23 bp insertion polymorphisms were observed in the ‘clinically milder’ group as compared with the ‘clinically severe’ group. These results indicate a synergistic modulation of bleeding tendency in haemophilia patients by factors in the anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems.
Consequences of intraspecific seed‐size variation in Sparganium emersum for dispersal by fish
Authors: POLLUX B. J. A. , OUBORG N. J. , VAN GROENENDAEL J. M. , KLAASSEN M.
Published: July 2007

The potential for seed dispersal by fish (ichthyochory) is likely to vary within aquatic plant species, depending on intraspecific variation in phenotypic seed traits.

We studied the effect of seed size variation within the unbranched burreed (Sparganium emersum) on the potential for internal dispersal by the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), by feeding them light (< 10 mg), medium (10–20 mg) and heavy ( > 20 mg) seeds, seed mass being positively related to seed size.

 We hypothesized: (i) that ingestion, retention time, survival during gut passage and viability after gut passage of S. emersum seeds would be affected by seed size; and (ii) that this would translate into intraspecific variation in dispersal probability and dispersal distance among seed size categories.

 Ingestion was negatively related to seed size, while survival during gut passage was positively related to seed size. Seed viability after gut passage was not affected by seed size. Since the negative effect of ingestion was counterbalanced by an equally strong but positive effect on seed survival, the probability of dispersal did not differ between the tested seed‐size categories.

 The time that seeds remained in the digestive tract of carp did not differ between seed sizes, suggesting equal potential dispersal distances for all seeds. Based on optimum swimming speeds of carp, ranging from 0·9 to 1·8 km h−1, maximum dispersal distances will most likely range from 13·5 to 27 km.

This study highlights the importance of studying all stages of the endozoochorous dispersal process in order to estimate the effect of a phenotypic seed trait on plant dispersal.
The novel transcriptional regulator SczA mediates protection against Zn2+stress by activation of the Zn2+‐resistance geneczcDinStreptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Kloosterman Tomas G. , Van Der Kooi‐Pol Magdalena M. , Bijlsma Jetta J. E. , Kuipers Oscar P.
Published: July 2007

Maintenance of the intracellular homeostasis of metal ions is important for the virulence of many bacterial pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that theczcDgene of the human pathogenStreptococcus pneumoniaeis involved in resistance against Zn2+, and that its transcription is induced by the transition‐metal ions Zn2+, Co2+and Ni2+. Upstream ofczcDa gene was identified, encoding a novel TetR family regulator, SczA, that is responsible for the metal ion‐dependent activation ofczcDexpression. Transcriptome analyses revealed that in asczAmutant expression ofczcD, a gene encoding a MerR‐family transcriptional regulator and a gene encoding a zinc‐containing alcohol dehydrogenase (adhB) were downregulated. Activation of theczcDpromoter by SczA is shown to proceed by Zn2+‐dependent binding of SczA to a conserved DNA motif. In the absence of Zn2+, SczA binds to a second site in theczcDpromoter, thereby fully blockingczcDexpression. This is the first example of a metalloregulatory protein belonging to the TetR family that has been described. The presence inS. pneumoniaeof the Zn2+‐resistance system characterized in this study might reflect the need for adjustment to a fluctuating Zn2+pool encountered by this pathogen during infection of the human body.
Effects of temperature and light on the formation of chloroplast protrusions in leaf mesophyll cells of high alpine plants
Authors: BUCHNER OTHMAR , HOLZINGER ANDREAS , LÜTZ CORNELIUS
Published: July 2007

Chloroplasts of many alpine plants have the ability to form marked, stroma‐filled protrusions that do not contain thylakoids. Effects of temperature and light intensity on the frequency of chloroplasts with such protrusions in leaf mesophyll cells of nine different alpine plant species (Carex curvula All., Leontodon helveticus Merat., Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill., Poa alpina L. ssp. vivipara, Polygonum viviparum L., Ranunculus glacialis L., Ranunculus alpestris L., Silene acaulis L. and Soldanella pusilla Baumg.) covering seven different families were studied. Leaves were exposed to either darkness and a stepwise increase in temperature (10–38 °C) or to different light intensities (500 and 2000 µmol photons m−2 s−1) and a constant temperature of 10 or 30 °C in a special temperature‐regulated chamber. A chloroplast protrusions index characterising the relative proportion of chloroplasts with protrusions was defined. Seven of the nine species showed a significant increase in chloroplast protrusions when temperature was elevated to over 20 °C. In contrast, the light level did not generally affect the abundance of chloroplasts with protrusions. Chloroplast protrusions lead to a dynamic enlargement of the chloroplast surface area. They do not appear to be directly connected to a distinct photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) status and thus seem to be involved in secondary, not primary, photosynthetic processes.
Coordination of carbon supply and plant growth
Authors: SMITH ALISON M. , STITT MARK
Published: July 2007

Plants must achieve a balance between carbon assimilation, storage and growth, but little is known about how this is achieved. We describe evidence for the existence of regulatory mechanisms that coordinate carbon supply and use, and the likely central role of sugar signalling. We propose the existence of both ‘acute’ and ‘acclimatory’ responses to alterations in carbon supply, the latter tuning the balance between carbon supply and demand to optimise the capacity for sustained growth. A full understanding of these responses requires new, systems‐level approaches that integrate information from transcriptomic, enzyme activity, metabolomic and growth analyses. We illustrate the complexity of acute and acclimatory responses by consideration of the control of starch synthesis and degradation in leaves. Finally, we consider how carbon balance may be linked to growth, and the importance of these linkages for sustained plant growth in a changing environment.
Issues in the provision of nursing care to people undergoing cardiac surgery who also have type 2 diabetes
Authors: Wellard Sally J , Cox Helen , Bhujoharry Claire
Published: July 2007

There has been little investigation of the issues associated with caring for patients presenting for cardiac surgery with a comorbid diagnosis of diabetes although there is some evidence that the diabetes management is suboptimal. This study aimed to identify issues that patients and cardiac specialist nurses experience with the provision of inpatient services for people undergoing cardiac surgery who also have type 2 diabetes. A qualitative interpretive design, using individual interviews with patients and nurses, provided data about some of these issues. The study found that nurses had high levels of confidence in their cardiac care but little confidence in diabetes management. Patients described concerns about their diabetes care and treatment regimens. A ‘typical journey’ for a person with diabetes undergoing cardiac surgery was identified. The findings support the need to build increased capacity in specialist nurses to support diabetes care as a secondary diagnosis.
Patients' preferences for nurses' gender in Jordan
Authors: Ahmad Muayyad M , Alasad Jafar A
Published: July 2007

The purpose of the study was to examine patients' preferences for nurses' gender in Jordan. The public, private and university hospitals are represented by selecting one major hospital from each health sector. The sample size was 919 participants. Data were collected by a questionnaire through standardized individual interviews with patients. The findings of the study indicate that gender preferences are stronger among female patients than among male patients. Furthermore, two‐thirds of female patients preferred female nurses, whereas only 3.4% preferred male nurses to care for them. In contrast, one‐third of male patients' preferred male nurses, and only 10% preferred female nurses. The authors recommend that the high percentage of male nursing students need to be reconsidered by health policy‐makers in Jordan.
Pre‐admission consultation and late referral in infants with neonatal cholestasis
Authors: Lee Way Seah
Published: July 2007

Aims:  To study factors leading to delayed referral in neonatal cholestasis at a tertiary centre in Malaysia.

Methods:  A prospective, observational study on consecutive infants with neonatal cholestasis referred to a tertiary unit paediatric liver unit in Malaysia.

Results:  Thirty‐one of the 65 (43%) patients studied encountered delay or had an inappropriate action taken before referral. Factors leading to delayed referral, which adversely affected the outcome of biliary atresia (BA) and neonatal acute liver failure, were repeated reassurances by medical and paramedical staff (n = 17, 26%), failure of hospital services at the referring hospital (n = 7, 11%) and parental refusal for referral (n = 5, 8%). Only three (14%) of the 22 patients who developed liver failure had liver transplantation (LT). The 1‐year survival rate with native liver for BA was 35%, while overall 1‐year survival rate (native liver and LT) was 41%.

Conclusions:  Repeated false reassurance, failure of hospital services and parental refusal all contributed to delayed referral in neonatal cholestasis. In addition to education of medical and public health workers, and parents on the importance of early referral in neonatal cholestasis, health authorities in Malaysia should consider the feasibility of universal stool colour screening in newborn infants to improve the outcome of BA.
Visceral larva migrans presenting as multiple intracranial and intraspinal abscesses
Authors: Moiyadi Alefia , Mahadevan Anita , Anandh Balasubramaniam , Shivashankar Ravi Shankar , Chickabasavaiah Yasha Thagadur , Shankar Susarla Krishna
Published: July 2007

Involvement of nervous system by toxocariasis is rare and can produce a spectrum of pathology that includes eosinophillic meningoencephalitis, meningomyelitis, space occupying lesions, vasculitis causing seizures or behavioral abnormalities posing diagnostic dilemmas. We describe a 38‐year‐old man who presented with multiple intracranial and intramedullary abscesses caused by visceral larva migrans. Neurohelminthiasis as a cause of multiple abscesses, though rare, should be entertained as a differential diagnosis particularly in tropical South‐east Asian countries where helminthiasis is still an epidemiological concern prevalent in the pediatric age group.
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) with massive macrophage infiltration in the ponto‐cerebellar afferent system
Authors: Yokoyama Teruo , Hasegawa Kazuko , Horiuchi Emiko , Yagishita Saburou
Published: July 2007

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is characterized pathologically by a systemic degeneration of the olivopontocerebellar (OPC), striatonigral (SN) and autonomic systems. Massive glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) are specific for this disease. Massive lipid‐laden macrophage infiltration in the degenerating tracts has not been described up to now. We here report a case of MSA with this rare event in the ponto‐cerebellar (cerebellopetal) fibers. The patient, 54‐year‐old housewife, developed ataxia. At the age of 55 years, she was diagnosed as having MSA by cerebellar ataxia, extrapyramidal signs, autonomic failure and Horner syndrome. She died from asphyxia at the age of 57. The autopsy revealed OPC and SN system atrophy, degeneration and numerous GCIs, compatible with MSA. Numerous lipid‐laden macrophages were seen in the pontine nuclei and its transverse fibers including the white matter of the cerebellum, which has not been reported up to now. There was no macrophage infiltration in the other areas. Transient ischemia, infarction and wallerian degeneration do not account for this rare event. The ponto‐cerebellar (cerebellopetal) tract pathology, as observed by postmortem neuropathological study, may occur in the context of MSA.
Highly cystic brain tumor: Rare histological features in an ependymoma
Authors: Arsene Dorel , Gherghiceanu Mihaela , Ardeleanu Carmen , Danaila Leon
Published: July 2007

Ependymoma is a slowly growing tumor appearing mostly in children and young adults. Several histological patterns are described. We report a case with unusual microscopic features, composed mostly of multiple cysts. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical examination confirmed the diagnosis. Neuropathologists should be aware of this particular change which can generate some diagnostic difficulties.
Reduction expression of thrombomodulin and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase in dermatomyositis
Authors: Shen Guang‐li , Lv He , Bi Hong‐Yan , Zhang Wei , Yao Sheng , Yuan Yun
Published: July 2007

Dermatomyositis (DM) is a systemic microvasculitis predominantly involving the capillaries. We investigated the expression of thrombomodulin (TM) and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in microvessels of DM patients. Twelve patients with acute or subacute onset of proximal muscle weakness and erythematous rash over their faces and shoulders were included in this study. Serum creatine phosphokinase was elevated in almost all patients. Electromyograph showed a myopathic pattern in all patients. Muscle biopsies were performed in all patients and 10 non‐DM controls and studied with histological, enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical staining. von Willebrand factor, TM and eNOS antibodies were used as the primary antibodies. Perifascicular degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration in the perimysium were noted in almost all patients. Non‐special esterase staining was markedly positive in capillary and microvascular endothelium. Marked reduction in TM and eNOS staining was noted in DM patients in perimysium microvessels and perifascicular area capillaries. Vascular lesions in DM were not only limited to capillaries. The low expression of TM and eNOS in microvessels suggests the anticoagulation and vasodilation functions of vascular endothelium is reduced. DM is an inflammatory vascular endothelial disease.
Widespread spinal cord involvement in progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Iwasaki Yasushi , Yoshida Mari , Hashizume Yoshio , Hattori Manabu , Aiba Ikuko , Sobue Gen
Published: July 2007

We describe the histopathologic features of spinal cord lesions in 10 cases of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and review the literature. Histologic examination revealed atrophy with myelin pallor in the anterior funiculus and anterolateral funiculus in the cervical and thoracic segments in eight of the 10 cases, whereas the posterior funiculus was well preserved. The degrees of atrophy of the anterior funiculus and the anterolateral funiculus correlated with that of the tegmentum of the medulla oblongata. Myelin pallor of the lateral corticospinal tract was observed in two of the 10 cases. Microscopic observation of the spinal white matter, particularly the cervical segment, revealed a few to several neuropil threads, particularly in the white matter surrounding the anterior horn after Gallyas‐Braak (GB) staining or AT‐8 tau immunostaining. However, the posterior funiculus was completely preserved from the presence of argyrophilic or tau‐positive structures. In the spinal gray matter, widespread distribution of neurons with cytoplasmic inclusions and neuropil threads was observed, particularly in the medial division of the anterior horn and intermediate gray matter, especially in the cervical segment. Globose‐type neurofibrillary tangles and pretangles were found. The distribution of GB‐ or AT‐8 tau‐positive small neurons and neuropil threads resembled that of the spinal interneurons. In conclusion, the spinal cord, especially the cervical segment, is constantly involved in the pathologic process of PSP. We speculate that spinal interneurons and their neuronal processes, particularly in the medial division of the anterior horn and intermediate gray matter of the cervical segment, are most severely damaged in the PSP spinal cord.
Toenails and agranulocytosis
Authors: Pillans P. I. , Boyd I. W.
Published: July 2007

The objective of this article was the study of 12 cases of granulocytopenia associated with terbinafine use in Australia, the most recent, with agranulocytosis, which is described in detail. The mean age of the participants was 64 years (range 35–79 years). Sex was reported in 11 patients and all but one was a woman. Time to onset of neutropenia/agranulocytosis was 4–5 weeks in most cases. Neutropenia was typically severe with neutrophil counts ≤0.3 × 103/mm3 in all but 3 of 11 patients where counts were given. Terbinafine was stopped in all patients, five were hospitalized and one died of septic shock. Six patients received antibiotics and three were given granulocyte colony stimulating factor. Terbinafine, indicated for the treatment of onychomycosis and ringworm, may rarely be associated with granulocytopenia, which is typically severe. It takes approximately 1 month or longer for the development of manifestations of neutropenia, which include fatigue, fever, sore throat and mouth ulceration. Withdrawal of terbinafine and appropriate management of febrile neutropenia will probably result in a favourable outcome. Patients should be warned about this potentially life‐threatening adverse reaction and the warning symptoms.
Indications for insulin pump therapy in different age groups—an analysis of 1567 children and adolescents
Authors: Kapellen T. M. , Heidtmann B. , Bachmann J. , Ziegler R. , Grabert M. , Holl R. W. ,   for the DPV‐Science‐Initiative,   the German working group for insulin pump treatment in paediatric patients
Published: July 2007

Aims  The German working group for pump therapy in paediatric patients has defined seven indications for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII): dawn phenomenon, reduction of severe hypoglycaemia, improvement of hyperglycaemia, more flexibility, motivation, failure of injection therapy and pregnancy. In this study we analysed age‐specific differences for starting CSII in four age groups (group A: 0–4 years; group B: 5–9 years; group C: 10–14 years; group D: 15–19 years). We also investigated whether glycaemic goals could be reached.

Methods  A total of 1567 children and adolescents (mean age 12.4 years, mean diabetes duration 5.2 years) with documented indications for CSII from the DPV‐database (December 2005) were included.

Results  Dawn phenomenon (27.4%), reduction of hypoglycaemia (20%) and improvement of hyperglycaemia (18.1%) were the commonest indications for starting CSII. Indications differed by age group (P < 0.0001). In infants and toddlers (group A, n = 138) reduction of hypoglycaemia (42.5%) was the commonest indication. For adolescents (group C, n = 789/group D, n = 408) dawn phenomenon (32.1/21.7%) and flexibility (21.7/25.8%) were the main indications. The rate of severe hypoglycaemia with coma in patients commencing CSII in order to reduce hypoglycaemia fell (12.1/100 patient years before CSII vs. 5.8 after 1 year, 4.49 at study end). Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with the treatment goal ‘improvement of hyperglycaemia’ was lowered significantly in the first year of CSII (HbA1c start: 8.8%; after 1 year: 8.5%, P < 0.01) and was stable thereafter (8.8% after 36 months).

Conclusions  CSII in children and adolescents is safe and can reduce the rate of severe hypoglycaemia without deterioration in glycaemic control. In patients with poor glucose control, a significant reduction in HbA1c can be achieved in the first year.
Variable Memory Strategy Use in Children’s Adaptive Intratask Learning Behavior: Developmental Changes and Working Memory Influences in Free Recall
Authors: Lehmann Martin , Hasselhorn Marcus
Published: July 2007

Variability in strategy use within single trials in free recall was analyzed longitudinally from second to fourth grades (ages 8–10 years). To control for practice effects another sample of fourth graders was included (age 10 years). Video analyses revealed that children employed different strategies when preparing for free recall. A gradual shift from labeling to cumulative rehearsal was present both with increasing age and across different list positions. Whereas cumulative rehearsal was frequent at early list positions, labeling was dominant at later list portions. Working memory capacity predicted the extent of cumulative rehearsal usage, which became more efficient with increasing age. Results are discussed in the context of the adaptive strategy choice model.
The Role of Gender Constancy in Early Gender Development
Authors: Ruble Diane N. , Taylor Lisa J. , Cyphers Lisa , Greulich Faith K. , Lurye Leah E. , Shrout Patrick E.
Published: July 2007

Kohlberg’s (1966)hypothesis that the attainment of gender constancy motivates children to attend to gender norms was reevaluated by examining these links in relation to age. Ninety‐four 3‐ to 7‐year‐old children were interviewed to assess whether and how constancy mediates age‐related changes in gender‐related beliefs. As expected, results indicated a general pattern of an increase in stereotype knowledge, the importance and positive evaluation of one’s own gender category, and rigidity of beliefs between the ages of 3 and 5. Moreover, the stability phase, rather than full constancy, mediated some of these relations. After age 5, rigidity generally decreased with age, with relations primarily mediated by consistency.
Effects of Naturally Existing Peer Groups on Changes in Academic Engagement in a Cohort of Sixth Graders
Authors: Kindermann Thomas A.
Published: July 2007

This study examined the effects of peer groups on changes in academic engagement in 11‐ to 13‐year‐old children. From the entire cohort of 366 sixth graders in a town, 87% participated at the beginning and end of the school year. Peer groups were assessed using socio‐cognitive mapping; as an indicator of motivation, teachers reported on students’ classroom engagement. Peer groups were homogeneous in terms of engagement, and despite considerable member turnover across time, their motivational composition remained fairly intact. Peer group engagement levels in the fall predicted changes in children’s motivation across time. Although the magnitude of effects was relatively small, evidence for group influences persisted when controlling for peer selection and the influence of teacher and parent involvement.
The Relation of Attachment Security to Adolescents’ Paternal and Peer Relationships, Depression, and Externalizing Behavior
Authors: Allen Joseph P. , Porter Maryfrances , McFarland Christy , McElhaney Kathleen Boykin , Marsh Penny
Published: July 2007

The relation of attachment security to multiple domains of psychosocial functioning was examined in a community sample of 167 early adolescents. Security of attachment organization, assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview, was linked to success in establishing autonomy while maintaining a sense of relatedness both with fathers and with peers, even after accounting for predictions from qualities of the mother‐teen relationship. Growth curve analyses revealed links of insecurity to increasing patterns of externalizing behavior and higher and stable patterns of depressive symptoms across adolescence. Implications for a developing theory of the connections of the attachment system to multiple domains of functioning in adolescence are discussed.
Peer Group Status as a Moderator of Group Influence on Children’s Deviant, Aggressive, and Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Ellis Wendy E. , Zarbatany Lynne
Published: July 2007

Group status was examined as a moderator of peer group socialization of deviant, aggressive, and prosocial behavior. In the fall and 3 months later, preadolescents and early adolescents provided self‐reported scores for deviant behavior and group membership, and peer nominations for overt and relational aggression, prosocial behavior, and social preference. Using the social cognitive map, 116 groups were identified involving 526 children (282 girls; M age = 12.05). Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that high group centrality (visibility) magnified group socialization of relational aggression, deviant behavior, and prosocial behavior, and low group acceptance magnified socialization of deviant behavior. Results suggest group influence on behavior is not uniform but depends on group status, especially group visibility within the larger peer context.
Children With Autism Illuminate the Role of Social Intention in Word Learning
Authors: Parish‐Morris Julia , Hennon Elizabeth A. , Hirsh‐Pasek Kathy , Golinkoff Roberta Michnick , Tager‐Flusberg Helen
Published: July 2007

To what extent do children with autism (AD) versus typically developing children (TD) rely on attentional and intentional cues to learn words? Four experiments compared 17 AD children (Mage = 5.08 years) with 17 language‐ and 17 mental‐age‐matched TD children (Mages = 2.57 and 3.12 years, respectively) on nonverbal enactment and word‐learning tasks. Results revealed variability in all groups, but particularly within the AD group. Performance on intention tasks was the most powerful predictor of vocabulary in the AD group but not in the TD groups. These findings suggest that word learning cannot be explained exclusively by either attentional or intentional processes, and they provide evidence of a special role for intentional understanding in the vocabulary development of AD children.
Asymmetric Labor Markets, Southern Wages and the Location of Firms
Authors: Naghavi Alireza
Published: July 2007

This paper studies the behavior of firms towards weak protection of labor standards in developing countries (South). A less than perfectly elastic labor supply in the South gives firms an oligopsony position in the labor market tempting them to strategically reduce output to cut wages. In an open economy, competitors operating where labor standards are recognized meanwhile enjoy less aggressive competitors and raise output. Delocation also increases Southern wages and triggers a competition effect, lowering ex post output and hence potential profits of a relocating firm. These effects reduce relative profitability of moving production to the South casting doubts on traditional beliefs that multinationals are attracted to regions with lower wages. Moreover, adopting a minimum wage policy in the South eliminates the oligopsony distortion and improves competitiveness of Southern firms in the world product market. It also enhances consumer and wage surplus in the South and hence unambiguously raises Southern welfare.
Is There an Indian Policy Process? An Investigation into Two Social Policy Processes
Authors: Mooij Jos
Published: July 2007

India is a huge, poor, fast developing, centralized and increasingly unequal, democratic country. The core argument of this article is that these and other contextual factors have an impact on the way in which social policies are formulated and implemented. The focus of the article is on two such policies on food and primary education. Based on secondary material and own fieldwork, the shaping of these two policies is discussed and some major characteristics of the two social policy processes are highlighted. This analysis brings to light the existence of two paradoxes present in social policy processes in India: one related to the fact that social policies are important for regime legitimacy but nevertheless suffer from a lack of political commitment; the other related to the fact that centralized decision‐making goes together with the widespread involvement of local politicians in policy implementation. These two paradoxes, the article concludes, are the result of the wider context in which social policies are shaped and are hence not easily resolved.