bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fine Structure of the Wheat Scutellum During Germination
Authors: Swift JG , O'brien TP
Published: July 2016

The cytological changes that take place in the scutellar epithelium and parenchyma during the first 5 days of germination are described by light and electron microscopy. Within 6 hr small starch grains appear in the plastids of both cell types and the size and number of starch grains increase gradually as germination proceeds. Later in germination starch disappears again from the plastids in the epithelial cells, but large starch grains still remain in the parenchyma cells. The reserves of the protein bodies are hydrolysed and the residual vacuoles undergo extensive coales-cence. Modifications in the appearance of the wall material of the epithelial cells as these cells elongate are illustrated and possible functional bases for these changes are suggested. The cells of the scutellar epithelium show no cytological evidence for their known functions of diastase secretion and nutrient absorption.
Light-Induced Effects of Tris on the Ultrastructure of Leaf Tissue
Authors: JMittelheuser Cathryn , Van Steveninck RFM
Published: July 2016

The effects on ultrastructure of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), pH 8� 0, were examined in leaf segments of wheat, barley, and maize in both light and dark. Tria in the light induces drastic changes in chloroplast ultrastructure which are not apparent in the dark except in mesophyll cells of maize. Both grana and stroma lamellae are affected and structural changes are apparent after treat-mentwith Tris for 3 hr. Vacuoles appear in the chloroplasts and both grana and stroma lamellae frequently Wldergo coiling. At later stages, disruption of the tonoplast occurs. The action of Tris appears to be specific for chloroplast membranes and the tonoplast, there being no apparent effect on the plasmalemma, or the membranes of mitochondria or microbodies.
Structure of the Heart of the Ascidian Pyura Praeputialis (Heller)
Authors: Goddard CK
Published: July 2016

The ascidian heart is an elongated, tubular structure which is attached along one side to the wall ofthe pericardium. In Pyura praeputialis it is located beneath the mantle immediately to the right of the endostyle and hence to the right of, and parallel to, the mid-ventral line of the animal's body.
A model of the Extension and Branching of a Seminal Root of Barley, and Its Use in Studying Relations Between Root Dimensions II. Results and Inferences From Manipulation of the Model
Authors: Hackett C , Rose DA
Published: July 2016

A model of root growth was used to investigate why the average length (l) of cereal root members remains roughly consta,nt. Ta,king as a, standard the model root which agreed with a,ctual roots from an experiment, the nine variables in the model were a,ltered singly to see which ha,d greatest influence on 1.
Internode Extension of Eucalypts Reduced in Artificial Light
Authors: Cremer KW
Published: July 2016

In several experiments the author found that eucalypt seedlings grown in artificial light were "dwarfed" compared with those grown in sunlight. The most obvious abnormality in dwarfed seedlings of the species tested was a severe reduction in the elongation of internodes.
The Initiation of Developmental Drifts in Excised Plant Tissues
Authors: Cram WJ
Published: July 2016

Excising plant tissue initiates changes in respiration and other biochemical processes, potential solute accumulation, and fine structure, which continue over several days (Van Steveninck 1964; Jackman and Van Steveninck 1967; Laties 1967; ap Rees and Royston 1971; Bryant and ap Rees 1971; KahI1971). These may all be part of a single developmental process, as is suggested by the observation that low temperature, a nitrogen atmosphere, and certain metabolic inhibitors slow down the changes in both respiration and solute accumulation (Rees 1949; ap Rees 1966; MacDonald et al. 1966). It is not known how these changes, which take place in a constant environment, are regulated, and in particular it is not known what factor associated with excision initiates them. Comparisons of intact and freshly excised tissues have shown numerous biochemical and fine structural changes (Laties 1962; Jackman and Van Steveninck 1967; Jacobson et al. 1970; Adams and Rowan 1971; KahI1971; Rungie and Wiskich 1972). One can conclude from these initial changes that the initiating event(s) must be fairly rapid.
Effect of Sodium Chloride Salinity on the Water Balance of Atriplex Halimus
Authors: Kaplan A , Gale J
Published: July 2016

Sodium chloride was found to improve the water balance of A. halimus plants under conditions of high evaporative demand. This improvement was expressed by higher values of turgor pressure and percentage saturation value in plants grown in salinized culture solutions (Knop solution to which sodium chloride was added to give final osmotic potentials of from -3 to -10 bars) as compared with plants grown in the control (Knop) solutions.
Fixation of 14Co2 by Flowering and Non-Flowering Glumes of the Wheat Ear, and the Pattern of Transport of Label to Individual Grains
Authors: Bremner PM , Rawson HM
Published: July 2016

This paper explores the possible role of photosynthesis by individual glumes in influencing the growth rates of individual grains of the wheat ear. Specifically we determined: (1) the photosynthetic capacities of individual glumes (i.e. non-flowering glumes, lemmas, and paleas) of an awned wheat cultivar; (2) the pattern of translocation of 14C-Iabelled assimilate from individual glumes to individual grains; and (3) the time course of translocation of label from glumes and flag leaf to the grain.
On the Dissociation of Bovine ,b-Lactoglobulins A, B, and C Near Ph 7
Authors: Mckenzie HA , Sawyer WH
Published: July 2016

Sedimentation-equilibrium studies are made of the moleoular weights of bovine ,B.laotoglobulins A, B, and C at pH 7�5. The order of dissooiation of dimer to monomer is A> B ~ C. The dissooiation oonstant (Kd) for A and B is 0�6 X 10-4 and 0�08x 10-4 mole 1-1 at 20�C, respeotively. The oonditions ohosen for these measurements are based on sedimentation velooity studies in the pH range 6-9. There is no ohange in sedimentation velooity behaviour following different times of standing at 20�C for pH < 7�5. The sedimentation patterns exhibit a single peak with some trailing on the solvent side. At low oonoentrations the plot of weight average sedimentation coefficient (,~) versus concentration (0) is in aocord with that of a rapidly dissociating system of monomer-dimer type. There are time-dependent aggregations above pH 8. Effects of changes in ionic strength and addition of methanol are considered.
Compositional Studies of High-and Low-Crimp Wools
Authors: E Campbell M , Whiteley KJ , Gillespie JM
Published: July 2016

Merino wools with high staple crimp frequency contained 20% more cystine than poorly crimped wools of the same strain. These differences were reflected in both the quantity and composition of those components of the high-sulphur fraction of wool keratin that are richest in sulphur. It was found that this greater concentration of disulphide cross-linkages in high-crimp wools was associated with a marked reduction in swelling and supercontraction but has no effect on the stress of single fibres at 30% extension in water.
Studies on Monotreme Proteins I. Amino Acid Sequence of the b-Chain of Haemoglobin From the Echidna, Tachyglossus Aculeatus Aculeatus
Authors: Whittaker RG , Fisher WK , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

Blood from the echidna (or spiny anteater), T. aculeatu8 aculeatus, contained two haemoglobins which were separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. The major component, Hb-I, was converted to globin and fractionated into the ,a-and <x-chains by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose in 8M urea-thiol buffers.
Insect-Control Chemicals from Plants. Nagilactone C, A Toxic Substance from the Leaves of Podocarpus Nivalis and P. Hallii
Authors: Russell GB , Fenemore PG , Singh P
Published: July 2016

Feeding tests showed that the powdered dried leaves and leaf extract of P. nivalis Hook and P. hallii Kirk are toxic to housefly larvae when incorporated into a milk diet. An active toxic ingredient has been isolated and identified as the known norditerpene lactone, nagilactone C. Nagilactone Cat 50 p.p.m. in a defined medium was toxic to housefly larvae. At lower concentrations it inhibited larval growth, maturation to pupae, and emergence of adults. Nagilactone C was not toxic to 3-4-day�old housefly larvae or to 2-3 day old adults when applied topically at the rate of 5 p.g per insect.
Toxic Effects of Aromatic Amino Acids on the Livability of Bull Spermatozoa
Authors: Macmillan KL , Tiku JL , Hart NL
Published: July 2016

The addition ofL.tyrosine, L.tryptophan, or L.phenylalanine at concentrations as low as 0�5 mM reduced the livability of sperm incubated in Caprogen at 37�C. The toxicity of each amino acid increased with concentration, but L.phenylalanine was most toxic. Catalase (4�5 p.g/ml) significantly increased livabilities but did not completely eliminate the toxic effect of L.phenylalanine or L-tryptophan. The D-amino acids were not toxic. Dialysing egg yolk prior to its incorporation into semen extenders improved sperm livability but the inclusion of catalase produced a significantly greater response. The beneficial effect of catalase was most pronounced at low sperm concentrations (5 million sperm per millilitre). The results suggest that the previously reported dilution effect may be due to peroxide produced from aromatic amino acids.
Sulphur Metabolism and Excretion Studies in Ruminants X. Sulphide Toxicity in Sheep
Authors: Bird PR
Published: July 2016

The effect of rwninal infusions of sulphide on feed intake, water intake, rwnen motility and rumination, and of single rwninal or ileal infusions of sulphide on other physiological functions was determined.
Transcontinental Occurrence of Al and A2 Strains of Phytophthora Cinnamomi in Australia
Authors: Pratt BH , Heather WA , Shepherd CJ
Published: July 2016

The fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands is regarded as heterothallic with compatible mating strains designated Al and A2 (Gallegly 1970). Although the fungus has a world-wide distribution the Al strain has been reported only from North America and Hawaii (Galindo and Zentmyer 1964; Haasis, Nelson, and Marx 1964).
Effect of Pregnancy on the Excretion of Sulphobromophthalein in Bile
Authors: Shaw HM , Heath T
Published: July 2016

A decreased plasma clearance of sulphobromophthalein (BSP) is often observed during the latter half of normal human pregnancy (Tindall and Beazley 1965). It also occurs during the ingestion of oral contraceptives (Roman and Hecker 1968) and after treatment with oestrogens at doses similar to those produced daily in late pregnancy (Kappas 1968). A reduction in bile flow has been described after oestrogen treatment in rats (Javitt and Harkavy 1969; Forker 1969; Kreek et al. 1967), but no attempts appear to have been made to associate changes in bile flow rate with alterations in BSP excretion.
Effect of Colchicine on pre-Implantation Blastocysts and Io-Day-Old Embryos of the Golden Hamster
Authors: Sohrab M
Published: July 2016

Orsini and Panski (1952) used colchicine in their investigations on the pro-liferative growth of hamster tissue. They found that injected doses of colchicine varying from O� 1 up to 2 mg per 100 g body weight did not cause any significant v4riation from the normal number of mitoses, and the presence of anaphase and telo-phase stages with normal spindles in normal ratio suggested that these doses were ineffective. They stated that effective doses in other rodents (mice, rats, guinea-pigs, and rabbits) are usually below the lethal level. In an attempt to establish the effective dose, they injected colchicine intraperitoneally at concentrations ranging from 0�13 to 7 mg per 100 g body weight into a series of hamsters, rats, mice, and a rabbit. At these levels colchicine was lethal for the latter three series of animals, but was not lethal for hamsters, even up to a concentration of 10 mg per 100 g body weight. They concluded that the hamster possesses a natural resistance to this compound.
Influence of Nutrition on the Activities of some Enzymes of glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Expanding Lucerne Leaves
Authors: Cartwright B
Published: July 2016

The yield response of lucerne to nitrogen and phosphorus was examined in relation to enzyme activities in young expanding leaves.
Ultrastructure and Differentiation of Hlydrodictyon Reticulatum VI. Formation of the Germ Net
Authors: Marchant HJ , Pickett-Heaps JD
Published: July 2016

Uninucleate, biflagellate, net-forming zoo ids arise by cleavage of the multi-nucleate cytoplasm of polyhedra. These zoo ids appeared to be indistinguishable from net-forming zooids produced by cylindrical coenocytes. Whereas zoo ids derived from cylindrical cells aggregated within their parental cell wall to form cylindrical nets, zooids produced by polyhedra swarmed within a spheroidal vesicle, probably derived from the inner layer of polyhedral wall, and aggregated usually as a flat net, similar to nets of other species of Hydrodictyon and vegetative colonies of Pediastrum. Bands of peripheral microtubules underlaid the initial sites of contact of aggregating zooids; the role of these microtubules, which were generally oriented in the plane of the developing net, and other aspects of patterned cellular aggregation are discussed.
Control of Glucose-Metabolizing Enzymes in Preneoplastic Rat Liver
Authors: Irving MG , Williams JF , Halley JBW
Published: July 2016

Studies of the transient changes in the maximum catalytic capacities of glucose-metabolizing enzymes in preneoplastic rat liver revealed significant decreases in the activities of only two enzymes, glucokinase and hexosediphosphatase. The activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase increased threefold and there was a significant elevation of liver enzymes in the serum after 45 days of carcinogen treatment.
Tinctorial Differentiation of the Cell Types in the Pars Anterior of the Sheep
Authors: Tassell Robin , Kennedy JP
Published: July 2016

Histological methods have been used to study the pars anterior of the sheep in a number of physiological states with the object of identifying the cellular sources of the hormones produced by this gland.
Metabolism of Cystine by Merino Sheep Genetically Different in Wool Production II. the Responses in Wool Growth to Abomasal Infusions of L-Cystine or Dl-Methionine
Authors: Williams AJ , Robards GE , Saville DG
Published: July 2016

The effects of daily abomasal infusions of L-cystine (2 g) or DL-methionine (2, 5 g) on the production of wool and its content of sulphur were compared in Peppin Merino ewes from paired flocks selected for high (Fleece Plus) or low (Fleece Minus) fleece weight.
Phosphomonoesterases and Histamine in the Uterus of the Ewe During Early Pregnancy
Authors: Murdoch RN
Published: July 2016

An attempt was made to assess whether histamine is involved in the regulation of sheep uterine endometrial acid and alkaline phosphatases during early pregnancy. Interacting effects of progesterone and oestradiol on the endometrial enzymes and the behaviour of the phosphatases in the caruncles during early pregnancy were also examined.
Mechanisms Regulating Photosynthesis in Pennisetum Typhoides
Authors: Mcpherson HG , Slatyer RO
Published: July 2016

Leaf chamber studies were conducted on single attached leaves of Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) S. & H. (bulrush millet) to identify and describe the processes regulating photosynthesis.
Stimulation of Growth in Ocimum Kilimandscharicum by Low-Dose X-Irradiation
Authors: Joseph B , Gaur BK , Chadha MS , Patankar AV
Published: July 2016

The effect of low-dose X-irradiation (125-2500 R) of O. kilimandscharicum seeds on germination, growth, and development was studied. Exposure to 1500 and 2500 R brought about marked stimulation in growth and flowering. The increase in foliar growth has resulted in a higher net yield of essential oil and camphor.
Ultrastructure of Lipid Deposits and Other Contents in Freeze-Etched Coleoptile Cells of Ungerminated Rice Grains
Authors: Buttrose MS , Soeffky A
Published: July 2016

Freeze-etching has been used to avoid exposure to aqueous media in studying ultrastructure in coleoptile cells of ungerminated rice grains. Results differ in some respects from those obtained after chemical fixation and examination of thin sections.
Inheritance of Dimethoate Resistance in the Mackay Strain of the Cattle Tick (Boophilus Microplus) in Australia
Authors: Stone BF , Wilson JT , J Youlton Nerida
Published: July 2016

Reciprocal crossing with a susceptible strain and phenotype analysis of F l , test cross, and F2 progeny for resistance showed that dimethoate resistance in the Mackay strain of the cattle tick Boophilus micro plus was due to an incompletely dominant autosomal gene.
Fertility of Ram Spermatozoa Frozen in A Tris-Based Diluent
Authors: Visser D , Salamon s
Published: July 2016

Results of two fertility tests are presented. In the first test the mean lambing rates for semen frozen in Tris-glucose-yolk and raffinose-citrate-yolk and for freshdiluted semen were 40'0% (28/70),44'8% (30/67), and 65'7% (46/70) respectively. Double insemination significantly increased the fertility for both frozen and fresh semen.
Growth Inhibitors From Etiolated Leaves of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.)
Authors: Menhenett R , Carr DJ
Published: July 2016

The unrolling of etiolated barley leaves, H. vulgare cv. Pallas, is phytochromemediated. After brief illumination with red light unrolling begins after 8 hr. The possibility that illumination results in the fall in content of an endogenous inhibitor led to the work reported.
Effect of Storage of Rabbit Spermatozoa at?79°C on Their Subsequent Transport and Fertility in the Rabbit Doe
Authors: Murdoch BE , O'shea T
Published: July 2016

Twenty-four does were inseminated with either 3 x 106 or 30 X 106 motile spermatozoa, either recently collected or after storage at -79�C. The females were killed 18 hr after insemination, and ova and spermatozoa recovered from their reproductive tracts.
Pathogenic Variation in Xanthomonas Albilineans (Ashby) Dowson, the Causal Agent of Leaf-Scald Disease of Sugar Cane
Authors: Persley GJ
Published: July 2016

The comparative pathogenicity of four isolates of X. albilineans was examined on 13 varieties of sugar cane. The isolates could be differentiated on the basis of their aggressiveness on seven varieties. The significance of varying aggressiveness of isolates in the epiphytology of the disease, and in the screening of varieties, is discussed.
Nature of Products Formed by the Action of Urea on Bovine ß-Lactoglobulins
Authors: Mckenzie HA , Ralston GB
Published: July 2016

The products of reaction of bovine p-lactogiobulin variants in urea at pH 3-9 were examined in two types of starch gel electrophoresis system. The first type, containing 7M urea at pH 3�5, is designed to cause minimum reversal and minimum aggregation of the products during the electrophoresis.
Studies on Monotreme Proteins II. Amino Acid Sequence of the a-Chain in Haemoglobin From the Echidna, Tachyglossus Aculeatus Aculeatus
Authors: Whittaker RG , Fisher WK , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

The amino acid sequence of the 141 residues of the IX-chain of the major haemoglobin (Hb-IB) from the echidna has been determined. The soluble peptides formed by tryptic digestion were isolated by gel filtration, paper ionophoresis, and paper chromatography.
The Phenogenetics of a Super-Suppressor in Drosophila Melanogaster III. Suppression at Individual Loci
Authors: Lee GLG
Published: July 2016

Seventy-two previously untested mutants of D. melanogaster were tested for suppression by SU(HW)2. Of these, only six were found to be suppressible while the suppressibility of one previously tested mutant, namely Bar, is called into doubt.
Insect-Control Chemicals from plants II. Effects of Five Natural Norditerpene Dilactones on the Development of the Housefly
Authors: singh Pritam , Fenemore PG , Russell GB
Published: July 2016

The effects of feeding five natural norditerpene dilactones (hallactone A, podolactones A, C, and E, and sellowin A) to housefly larvae (Musca domestica L.) reared on a defined diet were determined.
Separation of Two Ecotypes of Phytophthora Drechsleri Tucker Occurring in Australian Native Forests
Authors: Shepherd CJ , Pratt BH
Published: July 2016

A total of 70 isolates of P. drechsleri from Australian native eucalypt forests were separated into two distinct ecotypes. The "northern" ecotype occurred from North Queensland to the south of New South Wales, while the "southern" ecotype occurred in South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, and New South Wales.
Influence of Formaldehyde-Treated Casein Supplements on the Concentration of e-N-Methyllysine in Sheep Plasma
Authors: Reis PJ , Tunks DA
Published: July 2016

The amino acid e-N-methyllysine (NML) was identified in sheep plasma by a comparison with authentic NML by means of ion exchange and paper chromatography. NML was present in acid hydrolysates of formaldehyde-treated casein but not of untreated casein.
A Mathematical Approach to the Prediction of Differences in the Relative Ability of Races of Puccinia Graminis Tritici to Survive When Mixed
Authors: J Ogle Helen , Taylor NW , Brown JF
Published: July 2016

A model describing the population trends for any number of races of rust in the urediospore stage during a single growing season is presented. The general case for the field is subsequently modified to describe trends in a population of rust races under constant conditions. A term which gives an estimate of the relative survival ability of each race in the population is finally obtained. This term allows the trends in the composition of the mixture to be predicted. The theoretical proportion of strain 21 Anz-2,3,7 in amixture of strains 21 Anz-2,7 and 21 Anz-2,3,7 of P. graminis trifici over a number of generations was compared with the proportion of strain 21 Anz-2,3,7 in an experimental population of the same two strains over the same period. The model was found to be a good first approximation to the results obtained with the experimental population.
In Vivo Digestibility of Cell-Wall Polysaccharides of Setaria Splendida and Lolium Perenne Cv. Kangaroo Valley
Authors: Ford CW
Published: July 2016

A tropical and a temperate grass (S. splendida and L. perenne cv. Kangaroo Valley respectively) were cut at a young stage of regrowth and fed to sheep in pens. Although the fresh plants were chemically very similar, the apparent digestibility of the S. splendida (61'4%) was much lower than that of the ryegrass (76'1 %). Analyses of the faeces showed that the hemicellulose and cellulose in each grass were digested to a similar extent, but between species, the cell-wall polysaccharides of ryegrass were digested to a much greater extent than those of S. splendida (c. 79 and 49% respectively). Notable differences between the grasses were the hemicellulose A content of the faeces from sheep fed S. splendida, which was greater than that present in the fresh plant material, and the ryegrass hemicellulose B, which had a much higher arabinose content than that of S. splendida. Glucose and galactose, which were present in the fresh plant hemicelluloses, were absent in the faeces. The differences in apparent digestibility between the two grasses could not be explained in terms of their cell-wall polysaccharide content, but resulted from differential digestion of both the hemicellulose and cellulose of each species.
Studies on Monotreme Proteins. III. Amino Acid Sequence of the a- and ß-Globin Chains of the Minor Haemoglobin from the Echidna, Tachyglossus Aculeatus Aculeatus
Authors: Thompson EOP , Fisher WK , Whittaker RG
Published: July 2016

Echidnas exhibit polymorphism in their haemoglobins. The minor component in animals from the mainland of Australia is Hb-IIA, which can be identified by electrophoretic migration rate and separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. This minor component has IX- and fi-globin chains which were only partially separated by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose columns. By tryptic digestion of the partially purified chains, followed by fractionation by paper ionophoresis and chromatography, the component pep tides from the IX- and fi-chains were isolated and their amino acid sequences determined.
A New map of the Amination-1 Locus of Neurospora Crassa, and the Effect of the Recombination-3 Gene
Authors: Smyth DR
Published: July 2016

The sites of difference from the normal gene of 13 am-I alleles have been mapped, almost without ambiguity, in rec-3 background. Repulsion-phase crosses were made between pairs of the auxotrophic mutants and prototrophic recombinants selected. The recombinants were then classified into the four possible classes specified by different combinations of chromatids flanking am-I, by using markers at the closely linked loci sp and his-I. The sites of difference of the alleles were ranked in an order obtained using two criteria-the first based on significant differences between the two classes of prototrophic recombinants with non-parental combinations of flanking regions, and the second based on prototrophs with parental combinations. The unambiguous order, proximal to distal, of 11 sites is 6-14-4-2-5-17-1-7-11-3-9. The site of 19 is very close to 2, immediately adjacent either proximally or distally. The site of 8 could not be related unambiguously to the sites of 2 and 19, but it is placed unambiguously between 4 and 5. The data suggest that recombination in am-I frequently results from conversion without associated crossing-over, and that a gradient in the frequency of such conversion occurs, with more always occurring proximally.
Biometrical Effects of the Inversion Polymorphism of Kiefferulus Intertinctus (Skuse)
Authors: Martin Jon
Published: July 2016

The Lonsdale, Barwon, and Corio inversions of K. intertinctus produce biometrical effects in larvae. The Lo, Ba, and Co sequences all increase the length of the ventral tubules in both male and female larvae. This effect may help in understanding the basis of the non-random association between the Lonsdale and Barwon inversions. La and Ba, whose occurrence together is advantageous, are more common in warmer regions where the oxygen content of the water is low. Larger ventral tubules provide an increased area for respiratory exchange.
Uptake and Metabolism of Tritiated 17ß-Oestradiol and Oestrone by Rabbit Uterine Tissue in vitro
Authors: Gabb RG , Stone GM
Published: July 2016

To determine whether the established capability of rabbit uterine tissue to interconvert 17 p-oestradiol
and oestrone might have some effect on the mode of action of the oestrogens in this organ, the in
vitro interconversion of [3H]-17p-oestradiol and [3H]oestrone by rabbit endometrial and myometrial
tissue was investigated and the identity of radiometabolites in 'soluble, 'mitochondrial-microsomal'
a'nd 'nuclear' preparations was studied. Both endometrial and myometrial tissue were found to be
capable of oxidoreduction of the oestrogens, the equilibrium of the reaction favouring the reduction of
oestrone. Irrespective of the tissue--steroid combination studied, the greater part of the radioactivity
in all fractions was associated with 17p-oestradiol. The relative proportions of [3Hl-17p-oestradiol
and [3H]oestrone varied between fractions, the nuclear preparation consistently showing a lower
proportion of oestrone than the other fractions. Sephade<c fractionation of a 0'4M KCl 'nuclear
extract' revealed that proportionately less oestrone than 17p-oestradiol was bound to the nuclear
'receptor'. These findings provide further evidence for 17p-oestradiol being the ovarian oestrogen
which is active in the uterus, and suggest a role for uterine oxidoreduction of oestrogens in the control
exercised over this organ by these steroids.
Diurnal Patterns of Plasma Insulin, Growth Hormone, Corticosteroid and Metabolite Concentrations in Fed and Fasted Sheep
Authors: Bassett JM
Published: July 2016

To determine the effects of feeding on plasma concentrations of insulin and growth hormone (GH) in sheep during the full 24 h of the normal feeding cycle, two experiments have been conducted on a group of 18 crossbred wethers.
A Quantitative Method for Analysing Competition where Individuals Cannot be Identified
Authors: A Hay David
Published: July 2016

Methods of analysing the genetic diallel cross, for which different genotypes are mated in all possible combinations, have been modified for the study of competition or other interactions between indi-viduals or between subgroups, even if it is impossible to identify each participant. Two alternative analyses of variance provide a test for any overall effect on performance through combining in a group individuals differing in some respect, as well as distinguishing between more complex forms of interaction. In addition, analysis of the variances and covariances among the different groups can show (1) if there is any consistent interaction, (2) if any divergence from such consistency is due to a single type of individual and (3) if any correlation exists between the magnitude of the interaction and the performance of the individuals tested separately, either on the trait under consideration or on any other behavioural or physical variable.
Studies on Testicular Function III. Effects of FSH, LH, Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone on Restoration and Maintenance of Testicular-Specific Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity in the Hypophysectomized Rat
Authors: Elkington JSH , Blackshaw AW
Published: July 2016

Hypophysectomy of the adult male rat depressed the activity of testicular-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-X). Groups of rats were treated with FSH (F), LH (L) or testosterone (T) alone or in combination after 32 days of post-hypophysectomy regression (restoration experiment) for a further 32 days or with F, T or dihydrotestosterone (D) alone or in combination from 2 days after hypophysectomy (maintenance experiment) for 30 days.
Amino Acid Sequence of a Feather Keratin From Silver Gull (Larus novae-hollandiae) and Comparison with One from Emu (Dromaius novae-hollandiae)
Authors: O'Donnell IJ , Inglis AS
Published: July 2016

The amino acid sequence of the major components of the silver gull feather calamus has been determined and compared with that of the emu. The sequenator was used with a modified Edman-Begg program to facilitate determination of the sequence of the large hydrophobic fragment obtained on tryptic digestion. The main features of the comparison were: (1) the overall structures of the polypeptide chains were similar, having non-crystalline cystine-rich sections towards either end of the chain separated by a large crystalline region of 62 residues which contained the majority of the hydrophobic and serine and glycine residues; (2) approximately one-sixth of the residues were different in the two species, with the majority of changes occurring in the tails (i.e. non-crystalline or matrix region). The data argue for stringent demands in the selection of amino acids for the crystalline part of the feather molecule, a severity that is probably comparable to the strict requirements for the sequence of some of the enzymes.
The Chromosomes and Systematic Position of the Marsupial Mole, Notoryctes typhlops
Authors: Calaby JH , Corbett LK , Sharman GB , Johnston PG
Published: July 2016

A cytological study showed that the diploid chromosome number in N. typhlops is 2n = 20. All autosomes are submetacentric and three pairs are somewhat larger than the remainder. The male is the heterogametic sex, and the unpaired chromosomes are a submetacentric one (X) about the same size as the smaller autosomes, and a small acrocentric one (Y).
A Second Locus Subject to Recombination Control by the rec-l+ Gene in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Catcheside DEA
Published: July 2016

The yield of prototrophic recombinants in crosses between nit-2 alleles is repressed in the presence of the rec-z+ gene. Similarly, recombination between his-I alleles is repressed by the rec-I+ gene. Experiments reported in this paper show that if the rec-I+ and rec-z+ loci are different, the worst estimate indicates that they are located not more than O� 67 map units apart with 95 % probability. It is likely, therefore, that rec-I controls the frequency of recombination between nit-2 alleles as well as between his-I alleles. This is in line with evidence that each of the genes rec-2+ and rec-3+ repress recombination in more than one chromosomal segment. Nevertheless, each rec gene is specific in its action, repressing recombination in only a limited fraction of the genome.
Haemoglobins of the Shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni
Authors: Nash AR , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

The haemoglobins of the Port Jackson shark, H. portusjacksoni, were resolved by cation-exchange
chromatography of their carboxymethylated forms into two fractions, Hb-I and Hb-II, which were
present in approximately equal proportions. A third, non-haem, acidic protein component, representing
5 % of the total protein, was also resolved. This protein is apparently of high molecular weight
and is present in different polymorphic forms. The haemoglobins of the shark are subject to rapid
aggregation, by disulphide bond formation, following lysis of the red cells. The aggregation is
reversed by treatment with thiols, and prevented by combination of the two to four 'reactive' thiol
groups with iodoacetate or other thiol-blocking reagents. The molecular weights of the haemoglobins
are approximately 61 000, suggesting a tetrameric molecule.
Ecological Genetics of the Wild Rabbit in Australia I. Geographical Distribution and Biochemical Characterization of Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase Variants
Authors: Coggan Marjorie , Baldwin J , Richardson BJ
Published: July 2016

Three electrophoretically distinguishable phQsphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) isoenzyme patterns, probably resulting from the expression of two alleles at one locus, were found in natural populations of rabbits in Eastern Australia. The homopolymers and heteropolymer were isolated and characterized kinetically. The three proteins were found to be indistinguishable with respect to Km for 6-phospho-D-gluconate and NADP+ (both in the presence and absence of magnesium), energies of activation, specific activities in liver, pH profiles and thermal stabilities. The rare allele was not found near the major initial release site of the rabbit in Australia and may have arisen in Australia.
Basic Studies relating to the Transference of Genetic Characters From Triticum Monococcum L. to Hexaploid Wheat
Authors: The TT , Baker EP
Published: July 2016

Two techniques used for genetic transfer of stem rust resistance from einkorn (T. monococcum) to hexaploid wheat are described. Success of direct interspecific hybridization between wheat and einkorn was confined to the wild form, and is attributed to differences in survival and development of F 1 hybrids rather than crossability between the two species or germination of hybrid grains. Meiotic pairing between A genome chromosomes in interspecific hybrids was shown to be significantly lower in AABD than in AAB hybrids. These two interspecific hybrids also showed a different distribution pattern of functional female gametes.
Extracellular Polysaccharides of some Basidiomycetes
Authors: J Bender Veronika
Published: July 2016

Culture filtrates of four basidiomycete fungi, Stereum strigoso-zonatum, Fomes australis, Trametes lilacinogilva and Polyporus tumulosus were fractionated and examined for polysaccharide content. Acid hydrolysis showed the presence of galactose, mannose, xylose, fucose and glucose. Their relative amounts were estimated by gas chromatography of the corresponding alditol acetates. Galactose and mannose were the major constituent sugars, amounting to more than 50 % of the total. One of the polysaccharides, a fucogalactomannan elaborated by P. tumulosus, was isolated in a purified form. It was shown to have [Oc]D +41 0 and contained galactose, mannose, fucose and xylose in the relative proportions 2 : 1 : I : 0�2.
The Effect of Experimental Anaemia on the Levels of Glutathione and Glycolytic Enzymes of the Erythrocytes of Normal and Glutathione-deficient Merino Sheep
Authors: Agar NS , Roberts J , Mulley Ann , Board PG , Harley JD
Published: July 2016

The effects of experimental anaemia on the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activity of glycolytic enzymes in the erythrocytes of normal and GSH-deficient Merino sheep were investigated. There was a rise in red cell GSH levels in both groups of sheep; the magnitude of this response was, however, quite different. When expressed as a percentage of the initial value, the rise in GSH level was 18 % in normal and 263 % in GSH-deficient animals. There was also an increase in the activities of various enzymes following phlebotomy but this increase was similar in the two groups of sheep.
Pyridine Nucleosidase in Bull Semen ll. Biochemical Properties
Authors: Giles KH , Macmillan KL
Published: July 2016

It is most likely a single enzyme (NAD+ nucleosidase) present in semen from most bulls which hydrolyses the ribosyl pyridinium bond in both NAD and NADP. This conclusion is based on the following results: (i) each of 12 semen samples containing nucleosidase activity hydrolysed NAD at the same rate as NADP (r = 0�99); (ii) other untreated semen samples from different bulls which did not hydrolyse NAD were also inactive against NADP; (iii) enzyme denaturation produced by preliminary heating of semen filtrates for 15 min at varied temperatures or by heating at 55�C for varied time intervals caused similar reductions in the rates of NAD and NADP hydrolysis; and (iv) nicotinamide inhibited enzyme activity to the same degree using either NAD or NADP as the substrate.
Hormone Studies on Ewes Grazing an Oestrogenic (Yarloop Clover) Pasture During the Reproductive Cycle
Authors: Obst JM , Seamark RF
Published: July 2016

The endocrine function of Merino and Corriedale ewes grazing an oestrogenic (Yarloop clover) pasture has been studied during the oestrous cycle, pregnancy and parturition, and the results compared with those from a study of similar ewes grazing a neighbouring grass pasture. Plasma progesterone, oestrogen and corticoids were measured using competitive protein binding assay procedures.
Further Observations on Hormonal Support of Pregnancy in the Ovariectomized Rabbit
Authors: Kwun JK , Emmens CW
Published: July 2016

While the necessity for progesterone administration throughout pregnancy in the ovariectomized rabbit is not questioned, the roles of 20oc-dihydroprogesterone and oestradiol are stilI in doubt.
Studies on the Inhibition of Synthesis of the Tyrosine-rich Proteins of Wool
Authors: Frenkel MJ , Gillespie JM , Reis PJ
Published: July 2016

Three treatments known to produce weak wool were imposed on sheep, and the effects on the synthesis of high-tyrosine wool proteins were noted. The treatments were: intravenous infusion of the amino acid mimosine (a potential chemical defleecing agent), intravenous injection of the synthetic steroid Opticortenol (dexamethasone-21-trimethylacetate), and the abomasal infusion of methionine into sheep consuming a diet of wheat. All three treatments caused a partial suppression of hightyrosine protein synthesis. The inhibition caused by mimosine could not be prevented by the simultaneous infusion of tyrosine or phenylalanine, suggesting that in this system mimosine is not acting as a tyrosine antagonist.
Studies on Monotreme Proteins. VI. Amino Acid Sequence of the ß-Chain of Haemoglobin From the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus
Authors: Whittaker RG , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

The amino acid sequence of the 146 residues of the p-chain of the major haemoglobin from the platypus has been determined. The soluble peptides derived from the chain by tryptic digestion were isolated by paper ionophoresis and chromatography. The amino acid sequences were determined by the dansyl-Edman procedure or by further digestion with other enzymes. The tryptic peptides were aligned by homology with other p-globins. There were 14 changes in sequence compared with echidna p-chain.
Reactivity and Ionization Constants of the Lysine Residues in Apovitellenin I of Emu Egg Yolk Low-density Lipoprotein by Competitive Labelling
Authors: AA Dopheide Theo
Published: July 2016

Competitive labelling with [14C]acetic anhydride over a range of pH values has been used to explore the surface topography of the apovitellenin I moiety in emu egg yolk low-density lipoprotein. The reaction of the lysine e-amino groups with acetic anhydride has been related to pH in a set of titration curves; from these, the reactivities relative to alanine and the ionization constants of all but the amino terminallysines have been determined.
Properties and Specificity of a Second Metal Chelator-sensitive Proteinase in the Keratinolytic Larvae of the Webbing Clothes Moth
Authors: W Ward Colin
Published: July 2016

The properties of a second metal chelator-sensitive proteinase (metalloproteinase 2) from the larvae of the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella, have been studied. The pH optimum for casein digestion was 9�4 and the enzyme showed high stability between pH 8 and 11, but very poor stability at acid pH. The proteinase was inhibited by EDTA, but not by an EDTA-calcium complex. EDTA inhibition could be reversed by addition of a slight excess of calcium or zinc ions. The cleavage specificity of metalloproteinase 2 against the A and B chains of S-carboxymethyl insulin was almost identical to that found previously for metalloproteinase 1.
Retention of 45Ca in Rats and Lambs Associated with the Onset of Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Godwin KO , Edwardly Jenny , N Fuss Christine
Published: July 2016

Nutritional myopathy has been induced in both rats and lambs by feeding diets low in selenium. The distribution of 45Ca, administered as 45CaC12, has been examined firstly by autoradiography, and secondly by measuring the excretion of 45Ca in urine and faeces. Autoradiographs of skeletal muscle from unsupplemented animals showed radioactivity over discrete muscle fibres at a stage when no abnormalities were apparent using conventional staining techniques. Similar retention of 45Ca was found in some of the tubules in the kidneys of selenium-deficient rats. .
Characterization of the RNA Synthesizing Activity of Isolated Kidney Nuclei
Authors: Story CJ , FW heldrake J
Published: July 2016

The limiting factor in RNA synthesis by isolated kidney nuclei is RNA nucleotidyltransferase at high salt concentrations but at low salt concentrations template availability becomes limiting. oc-Amanitin inhibits 85 % of the activity at high salt concentrations but only 20-50 % of the activity at low salt concentrations. Exogenous DNA is utilized at low salt concentrations [up to O�lM (NH4hS041 but not at high salt concentrations. The effect of increasing salt concentration is mainly to cause an increase in the length of chains synthesized. Initiation rates are not increased by high salt concentrations. The apparent Km for UTP is 8-10 11M at high salt concentrations, indicating that assays performed at low UTP concentrations are likely to give inaccurate results. The activation energy for the reaction at low salt concentration is less than that for the reaction at high salt concentration. The RNA synthesizing capacity of kidney nuclei is dependent on the method of isolation, and preparation by a modification of the Chauveau method (Chauveau et al. 1956) yields the most active nuclei.
Responses to the Lowering of Magnesium and Calcium Concentrations in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Unanaesthetized Sheep
Authors: Allsop TF , Pauli JV
Published: July 2016

A technique for ventriculolumbar perfusion of the cerebrospinal fluid space has been used to study the neuromuscular effects of low concentrations of magnesium and calcium in the cerebrospinal fluid of conscious sheep. Perfusion with synthetic cerebrospinal fluid solutions containing less than O' 6 mg magnesium/lOO ml produced episodes of tetany which were abolished by perfusion with a solution of normal magnesium concentration. This suggests that the low cerebrospinal fluid magnesium concentrations reported in cases of hypomagneseamic tetany may result in changes within the central nervous system that could produce the nervous signs. Perfusates with a calcium concentration below 2�0 mg/lOO rnl caused hyperpnoea and continuous muscle tremors. Magnesium (0' 6 mg/lOO m!) and calcium (2�0 mg/lOO ml) perfused simultaneously acted synergistically to produce signs characteristic of low levels of each of the ions.
Effects of Insulin Hypoglycaemia in the Sheep on Jugular Haematocrit and Plasma Corticosteroid Concentrations
Authors: Dooley PC , Williams VJ
Published: July 2016

Insulin hypoglycaemia, by acting as a stressor, caused an increase in plasma corticosteroid concentration in sheep. It did not increase jugular haematocrit in splenectomized sheep, but caused an increase, presumably by splenic contraction, in the following sheep: two control, one with one adrenal cortex as its only adrenal tissue, two with denervated spleens, and two splanchnicotomized animals. These preparations showed that insulin hypoglycaemia can cause a splenic contraction in the absence of an increase in plasma adrenaline- and after splenic extrinsic denervation.
Studies on Metatherian Sex Chromosomes II. The Improbability of a Stable Balanced Polymorphism at an X-linked Locus With the Paternal X Inactivation System of Kangaroos
Authors: Cooper DW
Published: July 2016

Female kangaroos and perhaps other female marsupials have a unique form of dosage compensation for X-linked genes in their soma. In these animals the paternal X is inactive. Heterozygote females therefore have the phenotype of one or the other of the homozygotes, with the allele which is expressed coming from their mother. The unexpressed paternally derived allele may, however, be transmitted to the next generation in the usual Mendelian manner and there be expressed. Such a combination of haploid phenotypic expression and diploid genotypic behaviour on the part of X-linked genes in kangaroos makes their population genetics unique. This paper examines the possibilities for balancing selection in the kangaroo X chromosome system and shows that balanced polymorphisms are unlikely to occur. If 1-a, 1, 1 - band' 1 are the selection coefficients of the 1X1 females, 1X2 females, 1X1 males and 1X2 males respectively (where 1X1 is the phenotype when A1 is expressed and 1X2 the phenotype when A2 is expressed), then the equilibrium is reached when the gene frequency of A1 in females = 0�5(a-1+b-1), which takes values between 0 and 1 for only a few of the biologically likely values of a and b.
Examination of Some Processing Methods for Freezing Boar Semen
Authors: Osinowo O , Salamon S
Published: July 2016

Five experiments were conducted to examine the effect of processing methods and diluents on survival and morphology of boar spermatozoa after freezing. Post-thawing survival of spermatozoa was better for Beltsville-F3 (BF3) than for tris-fructoseEDT A freezing diluent when the seminal plasma and glycerol were removed prior to freezing (method A). Both freezing diluents yielded similar viability results when the spermatozoa were frozen in the presence of seminal plasma and glycerol (method B). Viability of spermatozoa after thawing was better when glycerol concentration in the prefreezing diluent (method A) or in the freezing medium (method B) was 2� 5 and 5� 0 rather than 7� 5 %. Cooling of diluted semen to 5�C beyond 4 h decreased the post-thawing survival of spermatozoa. The proportion of spermatozoa with undamaged acrosomes after processing and thawing by different methods was indistinguishable and relatively low. When the semen was frozen at cell concentrations ranging from 0�25 to 2�0 x 109/mI, the viability of spermatozoa declined with increasing concentration following freezing in BF3 and S-1 diluents. Viability results were very similar for all cell concentrations examined when tris-fructose-EDTA diluent was used, indicating the possibility of freezing boar semen in a concentrated state.