bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transforming reef fisheries management: application of an ecosystem-based approach in the USA Caribbean
Authors: APPELDOORN RICHARD S.
Published: October 2008

Fisheries in Puerto Rico and the United States (US) Virgin Islands are predominately dependent on nearshore coral reef ecosystems and have suffered from historical overfishing. The unique characteristics of reef fisheries, including strong habitat dependence, susceptibility to coastal impacts, diffuse landing sites and strong multispecies and multigear interactions suggest that standard approaches to fisheries management, especially those typically considered by the US Regional Fishery Management Councils, would not be applicable. Current management authority is split between local and federal agencies; however, there exists no uniform context and direction to current management initiatives, which results in lost efficiencies and opportunities. Proposed here is a new vision for fisheries management that takes into consideration the local ecological and socioeconomic characteristics of fishing, is compatible with regional resources and capacity, is ecosystem based and targets full stakeholder participation. Only an ecosystem-based approach can lead fisheries management out of the trap of unrealistic data collection and analysis demands, while at the same time refocusing emphasis away from attitudes and practices that promote overfishing. Management must be based on first principles regarding the desired state of the ecosystem and initiate strategies based on these principles. The key management goal is not to maximize fisheries catch, but to maintain the ecosystem in a state that will lead to sustained production. First principles would include maintaining ecosystem integrity and function, protecting all habitats and water quality, applying the precautionary approach, monitoring reference points and recognizing that production has limits. Resulting management tactics include marine reserves (to meet multiple goals), closed spawning aggregations, gear restrictions to maintain trophic balance and habitats, targeted data collection and assessments, adopting co-management practices and using ecosystem or community-based metrics. Fisheries management must fully incorporate the tools, resources and methods available within coastal zone management and other environmental agencies, while standards within those programmes must protect ecosystem health. Implementation will require attending to structural barriers inherent within existing fisheries legislation and regulations, multiple jurisdictions and the current cultures of scientists, managers and fisherfolk. Initial efforts should focus on developing a common language and frame of reference for all stakeholders.
Big Man, Big Heart? A Mesoamerican View of the Emergence of Complex Society
Authors: Hayden Brian , Gargett Rob
Published: October 2008

The issue of whether elites in societies with developing socioeconomic complexity emerge as a functional response to the needs of the community or emerge in response to opportunistic possibilities of self-aggrandizement is of critical importance to an understanding of the emergence of complex hierarchical societies. Existing ethnographies do not provide adequate observations to enable the competing models to be tested. Original fieldwork was therefore conducted in the Maya area, focusing on communities that had been extremely isolated in the earlier part of this century and that had experienced crises in which elites could be expected to materially aid the community if the primary reason for their existence was a “functional” one. We interviewed a wide range of older individuals representing different statuses in formerly isolated traditional communities. The results are unequivocal. Elites, or incipient elites, provided no aid to their communities in times of crisis other than actions that were designed to enhance the advantages of the elites. We argue that the Maya cargo system constitutes a special case of the broader category of competitive feasting systems found among many ranked societies throughout the world, and that the competitive feast is the main mechanism by which ambitious individuals acquire disproportionate goods, influence, and power.
Ancient Winds of Change: Climatic Settings and Prehistoric Social Complexity in Mesoamerica
Authors: Messenger Lewis C.
Published: October 2008

A comparison of regional archaeological sequences for eastern and southern Mesoamerica should indicate if there were times of contemporaneous transcultural punctuated cultural developments. Punctuated developments in the form of cultural intensifications or destabilizations (cultural collapses) may imply external cultural stimulation, such as diffusion of ideas and/or technology, or natural external factors resulting from general climatic instability. Such information is relevant to understanding systems dynamics of cultural transformation from small-scale, egalitarian societies to ones characterized by stratification and ranked social orders.
New Data on Sources of Obsidian Artifacts from Tikal, Guatemala
Authors: Moholy-Nagy Hattula , Nelson Fred W.
Published: October 2008

In 1984, 29 obsidian artifacts and an unworked nodule from Tikal were attributed to source by visual means and then analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). We conclude that the considerable within-source optical variability of gray Mesoamerican obsidians makes visual sourcing unreliable at present, although a corpus of descriptions of the optical characteristics of obsidian may eventually provide a way to exclude possible sources. The XRF analysis identified two additional central Mexican sources, bringing to six the number of Mexican obsidian sources represented at Tikal; failed to provide a secure identification for the nodule; supported the succession of Guatemalan obsidian sources utilized by the Southern Lowland Maya previously proposed by Nelson; and suggested other correlations between source, artifact type, and archaeological context.
Mixtec Landscape Perception and Archaeological Settlement Patterns
Authors: Pohl John M.D. , Byland Bruce E.
Published: October 2008

We argue that a regional analysis which combines ethnohistoric, ethnographic, and archaeological Information can both discover and employ indigenous cultural ideals in a study of changing settlement Systems. Use of archaeological survey of the valleys of Tilantongo and Jaltepec in conjunction with the historical documentation in the Mixtec codices has allowed us to identify several ways in which ideals of landscape perception were encoded in the codices. This, in turn, allows an enhanced political and social discussion of both the changing patterns of settlement observed archaeologically and the purpose and meaning of the codices. We suggest that the codices, as a form of historical mapping, were produced to recount the common history of several closely interacting elite domains, the Postclassic Mixtec kingdoms of the southern Nochixtlan Valley and their neighbors.
Long-Distance Trade under the Aztec Empire: The Archaeological Evidence
Authors: Smith Michael E.
Published: October 2008

This article presents archaeological data on Late Postclassic long-distance trade in central and northern Mesoamerica. Aztec trade goods from the Basin of Mexico (ceramics and obsidian) are widespread, while imports from other areas are much less common, both in the Basin of Mexico and elsewhere. The artifactual data signal a high volume of exchange in the Late Postclassic, and while trade was spatially nucleated around the Basin of Mexico, most exchange activity was apparently not under strong political control. The archaeological findings are compared with ethnohistoric sources to further our knowledge of the mechanisms of exchange, the effect of elite consumption on trade, and the relationship between trade and imperialism.
Small-Scale Maya Lime Making in Belize: Ancient and Modern
Authors: MacKinnon J. Jefferson , May Emily M.
Published: October 2008

Results of excavations of an Early Classic Maya coastal lime-making site on Placencia Lagoon, Belize, and replicative experiments make it possible to suggest a method by which the ancient Maya extracted lime from marine Shells. Modern small-scale lime production methods are compared with the hypothesized prehispanic method.
Perishable Structures and Serial Dwellings from Coastal Chiapas: Implications for the Archaeology of Households
Authors: Moore Jerry D. , Gasco Janine L.
Published: October 2008

Perishable structures of pole and thatch construction are abundant in both modern and ancient settlements in Mesoamerica. This essay uses archaeological, ethnographic, and historic data from coastal Chiapas, Mexico, to define the features of such elusive buildings and to examine ways of demonstrating sequential occupation. The emphasis throughout is on investigating perishable structures in both their social and environmental settings.
The Decipherment of “Directional Count Glyphs” in Maya Inscriptions
Authors: Stuart David
Published: October 2008

Two “Directional Count Glyphs” have long been recognized as the indicators of backward and forward chronological reckonings in Maya inscriptions. Their traditional decipherment, following early work by Thompson, is founded upon the readingxok, ‘to count’, for one frequent sign in these glyphs. The present study calls this reading into question by suggesting that all ‘count’ glyphs are readu-ti, spelling the verbut, ‘come to pass’. This decipherment applies to all known contexts of the glyphs.
Introduction
Authors: Houston Stephen D. , Fowler William R.
Published: October 2008

In this special section we celebrate an unusual kind of anniversary: the publication 50 years ago of Clyde Kluckhohn's “The Conceptual Structure in Middle American Studies” (Hay et al. 1940:41–51). With this short but powerful essay, Kluckhohn indicted Maya archaeology in general, and the massive program of research by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in particular, as something close to “stamp collecting” and the putterings of “slightly reformed antiquarians.” For better or worse, Kluckhohn hastened the demise of what was until that time the most broadly conceived and well executed research program in New World archaeology – the Carnegie's attempt to understand Maya civilization in both its earliest and latest expressions and from a large number of disciplinary perspectives.
Next Door to Olympus: Reminiscences of a Harvard Student
Authors: Coe Michael D.
Published: October 2008

10 Frisbie Place, the Cambridge location of Carnegie's Division of Historical Research, did not look much like Mt. Olympus, but to me, it was exactly that. An old, three-story frame building with drably painted clapboards, it must once have been some Harvard professor's house back in the Victorian era. Anyone looking for it now would never find it: it was demolished many years back to make way for the enormous biochemistry laboratories of a more modern Harvard. The ghosts of its Maya archaeologists–almost all gone now–must wander like disconsolate wraiths among the glassware and computer screens.
The Carnegie Uaxactun Project and the Development of Maya Archaeology
Authors: Black Stephen L.
Published: October 2008

The Carnegie Institution of Washington's 1924–1937. Uaxactun Project, one of the first large-scale excavations in the Maya area, established the role of dirt archaeology in Maya studies. The archaeologists who worked on this pioneering project developed many field methods and approaches that remain in use today. A review of the project and of the careers of its participants shows the critical role the Carnegie Uaxactun Project has played in the history of Maya archaeology.
Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus capucinus) and the Ancient Maya
Authors: Baker Mary
Published: October 2008

Two genera of nonhuman primates that include howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata and Alouatta pigra) and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) currently are located throughout the Maya region. It has been suggested that the Classic Maya associated these monkeys, especially howler monkeys, with the arts. This view is exemplified in the Popol Vuh and in depictions of monkey-man scribes on Late Classic (c. a.d. 550–900) ceramics. This paper provides evidence that a third genus, the capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus), is also located in the southern Maya region and may have extended as far north as Belize within the last century. Supporting data are drawn from historic accounts, artifact and faunal analysis, and linguistic data. It is also proposed, based on an interspecific comparison of morphological and behavioral characteristics, that capuchin monkeys rather than howler monkeys are the animals represented in depictions of monkey scribes.
Poor Beds of Sticks and Rings of Pure Gold
Authors: Pendergast David M. , Jones Grant D.
Published: October 2008

The Canek Manuscript offers an unusual opportunity for examination of the material culture of the Itza Maya of the seventeenth century. The document contains information about beds, canoes, musical instruments, royal jewelry and clothing, buildings, and religious objects. We interpret the textual information in terms of its reflection in the archaeological record and in ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources.
Long-Distance Staple Transport in Western Mesoamerica: Insights Through Quantitative Modeling
Authors: Sluyter Andrew
Published: October 2008

Conceptualizations of pre-Hispanic staple transport remain underdeveloped. Conventional wisdom has long maintained that while “prestige goods” could demand long-distance transport, staple transport was short distance. A quantitative model reveals the fallacy of that argument and establishes the possibility of long-distance, overland staple transport in Mesoamerica by using maize tribute transport between Zempoala and Tenochtitlan as an example. This conclusion has implications for understanding Mesoamerican interregional exchange, ecology, and society.
Obsidian as Jewelry: Lapidary Production in Aztec Otumba, Mexico
Authors: Charlton Cynthia L. Otis
Published: October 2008

Research carried out during the last three decades at the Late Postclassic city-state of Otumba, Mexico, has identified a wide variety of craft-production specializations. Data derived from excavations and surface collections made at the workshop site of one of Otumba's specialties—lapidary jewelry production—have revealed much of the process for the production of such jewelry, including ear spools, lip plugs, and beads, along with some possible secondary products, such as sequins and disks, all primarily made from obsidian. Besides the lapidary products themselves, many of the tools employed in production—made of obsidian, chert, and basalt—were found. The materials recovered enhance and expand upon the information available from colonial documentary sources, providing greater insight into this complicated and intriguing process.
Notes on Obsidian Sources of the Southern Sierra Madre Occidental
Authors: Darling J. Andrew
Published: October 2008

Recent fieldwork has identified a previously unknown obsidian source area in southern Zacatecas and northern Jalisco. Evidence of prehistoric use of surface gravel and nodule outcrops in the Huitzila-La Lobera source area includes raw-material extraction and the production of cores, large blade blanks, rough bifaces, and other artifacts. Unusual variability in color is characteristic of the sources and includes a banded variety described as “rainbow” obsidian. Characteristics of this source area are compared to the Llano Grande obsidian source area in Durango. Implications for understanding the distribution of obsidian from sources in the Sierra Madre Occidental to the cultures of the north Mesoamerican frontier are presented and discussed.
Expanding the Role of Trace-Element Studies: Obsidian Use in the Late and Terminal Classic Periods at the Lowland Maya Site of Colha, Belize
Authors: Dreiss Meredith L. , Brown David O. , Hester Thomas R. , Glascock Michael D.
Published: October 2008

The results of trace-element analysis of 200 prismatic blades from Colha, Belize, are reported. Questions concerning possible elite control and restriction of obsidian distribution, and the relative decline and increase of the El Chayal and Ixtepeque sources in varying functional contexts within lower- and upper-status areas are the primary focus of the study. Contrary to expectations, a high percentage (51%) of obsidian was assigned to the Ixtepeque source, 48% was assigned to El Chayal, and only two samples (1%) were assigned to Rio Pixcaya. The use of obsidian from the Ixtepeque source declines through time from Tepeu 2 through Tepeu 3 from 72% to 43%, and Ixtepeque obsidian appears to have had a largely ceremonial use by the Terminal Classic period. It appears that as Ixtepeque obsidian became less available at the site, it fell more into the hands of the elite. This trend runs counter to our expectations of an apparent lack of elite control of Ixtepeque obsidian in the Postclassic. The Colha data suggest that a slightly different process may have governed the distribution of Ixtepeque obsidian in the Late/Terminal Classic than during the Postclassic period. It is not clear, however, whether this trend extends to regional differences in control or is simply a local idiosyncratic phenomenon at Colha.
A Codex-Style Mural From Tehuacan Viejo, Puebla, Mexico
Authors: Sisson Edward B. , Lilly T. Gerald
Published: October 2008

Excavation at the Late Postclassic (a.d. 1300–1520) site of Tehuacan Viejo, Puebla, Mexico revealed a room with a codex-style mural. The mural is divided into two zones. The lower zone is composed of white stucco and decorated with red circles. The upper zone is composed of mud plaster and decorated with seven and one-half shields behind which occur crossed lances and banners. Holes in the wall above the painted shields once held wooden pegs for hanging actual shields. The door jambs and circular columns of the eastern doorway are painted with horizontal bands representing the layers of heaven. Streamers hang from these bands. Included in the decoration on these streamers are stylized stars and blue butterflies. These may represent the souls of dead warriors. Symbolically, the room is the heavenly abode of these warriors. The most likely function of the room was as an armory.
Classic Maya Ballcourts at La Milpa, Belize
Authors: Schultz Kevan C. , Gonzalez Jason J. , Hammond Norman
Published: October 2008

Two ballcourts at the major Classic site of La Milpa are of similar age but different design, a circumstance found only rarely elsewhere. Differences in playing surface and alley plan suggest that different kinds of ballgame were played during the Terminal Classic period on these courts.
Amber and Jet From Tipu, Belize
Authors: Lambert Joseph B. , Graham Elizabeth , Smith Marvin T. , Frye James S.
Published: October 2008

The C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of amber and jet beads found at Tipu, a Colonial-period Maya site in Belize, Central America, indicate that these materials are of European origin. The two jet beads were found in association with the burial of children in a Christian cemetery, and the single amber bead was in a midden from the early years of Spanish occupation. Both the cemetery and the midden probably date to the late sixteenth century. The amber is clearly of Baltic origin. The jet spectrum is consistent with a Spanish origin.
The Pre-Hispanic Maya Reservoir System at Kinal, Peten, Guatemala
Authors: Scarborough Vernon L. , Connolly Robert P. , Ross Steven P.
Published: October 2008

The southern Lowland Maya hilltop center of Kinal is shown to be a human-modified watershed. The broad paved surfaces of the elevated central precinct acted as runoff-catchment areas directing precipitation into gravity-fed channels and reservoirs. In a geographical zone affected by an extended dry season and away from permanent water sources, Kinal demonstrates the components of a rainfall-dependent water-management system characteristic of other large sites in the region.
Aztec Knotted and Netted Capes
Authors: Anawalt Patricia Rieff
Published: October 2008

The past two decades of research and debate in anthropology have shown how ethnocentric perspectives in methodology and interpretation have led to misinterpretations in ethnography and archaeology. This article contrasts Western and indigenous perceptions of ritual attire that marked the role and status of Aztec rulers and deities. Stimulated by inconsistent Spanish colonial descriptions of the emperors' xiuhtlalpilli “blue-knotted” cloaks, the study compares all of the relevant Nahuatl terms, contexts, and native-drawn images and analyzes these in the light of linguistic, technological, social, archaeological, pictorial, iconographic, textual, and ethnographic evidence. This contextual analysis of the primary data reveals the nature of Spanish misperceptions and the true structure of the indigenous clothing-symbol system. While Spanish chronicles are easily accessible and thus more heavily utilized, this study makes the point that only systematic assessment of Nahuatl terms, indigenous images, and contexts are fully dependable. Reliance on the native perspective and evidence allows new insights into pre-Hispanic categories and worldviews.
The Postclassic Occupation at Otumba
Authors: Nichols Deborah L. , Charlton Thomas H.
Published: October 2008

The Aztec city-state of Otumba is the focus of a long-term project of archaeological investigation. Analysis of surface and excavated ceramics and obsidian-hydration dates for the capital—Otumba—indicate a dispersed Mazapan occupation, a scattered early Aztec (Aztec II) occupation, and an intense Late Aztec (Aztec III) and Early Colonial (Aztec III/IV) occupation. In the paper we incorporate recent radiocarbon dates to refine the local late Postclassic chronology. A cluster of hydration dates suggests the early (Mazapan) occupation starts ca. a.d. 900. Aztec II ceramics, which are widely distributed in surface artifact collections, may begin as early as a.d. 1200 and continue until a.d. 1400, overlapping Aztec III ceramics, which we have dated from a.d. 1350 ± 50 to 1521 and later. Otumba continued to have a substantial occupation until ca. a.d. 1600/1620 in the early seventeenth century, when most of the Aztec town was abandoned.
The Ceramics and Chronology of Cholula, Mexico
Authors: McCafferty Geoffrey G.
Published: October 2008

Chronology is a fundamental prerequisite for problem-oriented, anthropologically relevant archaeology. It is also the shaky foundation that has hampered attempts to reconstruct the culture history of Cholula, Mexico. Cholula is among the oldest continuously occupied urban centers of the New World, yet it remains one of the most enigmatic. This paper evaluates previous cultural sequences for the site, and summarizes recent evidence to construct a chronology using absolute dates and ceramic assemblages from primary depositional contexts. This revised sequence features a clearer understanding of Middle Formative settlement and the definition of ritual and domestic contexts from the Classic period. In addition, there is now evidence for a gradual transition between Late Classic and Early Postclassic material culture; and for the evolution of the Postclassic polychrome tradition within a sequence of short, clearly defined phases.
Discussion
Authors: Cowgill George L.
Published: October 2008

To begin the discussion, I propose distinctions between four archaeological approaches to time. I call these clock time, phase time, social time, and characterization. Main points in the other papers are that Postclassic phases tend to be a century or more earlier than recently thought, that Aztec I may be much earlier than thought, and that there may be considerable temporal overlap among Postclassic phases. The evidence is fairly good for the first of these points, but less clear for the other two—more data are needed. I propose a slightly revised Teotihuacan chronology and mention some issues about the nature of the Teotihuacan to post-Teotihuacan transition.
The Rise and Fall of Sexual Inequality
Authors: Haviland William A.
Published: October 2008

One of the distinguishing features of Tikal is the lack of female representation in both the monumental art and hieroglyphic inscriptions known from the archaeological site. This paper presents the results of a study of 208 burials from Tikal conducted to investigate this apparent androcentric focus. Burials were studied in terms of tomb location and construction, the nature of accompanying grave goods, body alteration, and cause of death. Marked differences were noted between male and female interments, with males receiving preferential treatment, particularly in terms of tomb location and construction as well as the quantity and quality of associated mortuary objects found with the burials. The level of inequality between the sexes varied through time and across social class, but was manifested most strongly among the elite. Beginning shortly after the rise in dynastic authority at Tikal, this androcentrism appears to relate closely to the development of the centralized state. Sexual inequality may have been less pronounced at smaller, less politically centralized Maya centers. Comparative studies using mortuary data from these smaller sites are required to expand our knowledge of gender relations among the Classic-period Maya.
A Regional Study of Classic Maya Ballcourts From the Upper Grijalva Basin, Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: de Montmollin Olivier
Published: October 2008

Late/Terminal Classic Maya ballcourts from the upper Grijalva Basin (Chiapas, Mexico) are described and analyzed in a regional settlement and political context. The upper Grijalva Basin is found to have large numbers of ballcourts compared with other parts of the Maya area. The spatial distribution of ballcourts in the basin matches the distribution of civic-ceremonial centers, reflecting the key ritual and political roles of the ballcourt. Absence of a clear hierarchy in size or elaboration among the ballcourts reflects political decentralization. Ballcourt sizes, forms, alignments, and placements indicate their use for either Maya or Mexican hip ball games or more likely some combination of the two game types. Finally, three models that focus on elite factions, elite wealth building, and ritualized conflict are used to explore why the upper Grijalva Basin has so many more ballcourts compared with neighboring parts of the Maya area. An elite-factions model, incorporating a high degree of decentralization across the political landscape, is selected as most plausible for understanding the basin's proliferation of ballcourts.
Copan and Ceren
Authors: Webster David , Gonlin Nancy , Sheets Payson
Published: October 2008

The volcanic eruption that buried Cerén, El Salvador, ata.d.590 preserved an extraordinary array of artifacts and features in or near their original positions. Household inventories are virtually complete, and activities can be reconstructed in almost ethnographic detail. It is therefore tempting to think that Cerén will automatically make less-well-preserved contexts at similar sites more explicable. This proposition is tested by comparing Cerén with a well-excavated set of household remains from seven small rural sites in the Copan Valley, Honduras, which have been much more heavily transformed by cultural and natural processes. Comparison is especially attractive because both the Cerén and Copan sites were small domestic places with similar social, residential, and economic functions. Both sets of sites also share a common basic cultural tradition on the southern periphery of Mesoamerica, and are in reasonably similar upland environmental settings.
Accent and metre in French
Authors: Pensom Roger
Published: October 2008

There is currently no generally accepted theory of metre in French such as the one available for English. Students of French verse-texts look to linguists in vain for a clear decision-procedure for the metrical description of French verse. This essay attempts to derive such a decision-procedure from a historical testing of the hypothesis that the word in French has a prosodic identity and that metre in French can be seen as a structure which orders that identity.
Phonologie et lexique: la propagation de changements venus d'ailleurs
Authors: Walter Henriette
Published: October 2008

Les langues offrent souvent des exemples d'évolution phonique qui semblent, à tort, contredire le principe des changements phonétiques ‘vrais’, principe selon lequel ‘toutes les réalisations d'un phonème donné, dans un contexte donné, changent dans le même sens et à la même allure’. De plus, un même locuteur peut, d'un moment à l'autre, prononcer le même mot avec des phonèmes différents. Ce phénomène, connu sous le nom de fluctuations, n'affecte pas tous les monèmes dans lesquels figurent les phonèmes en question et on ne l'observe que lorsque se trouvent en contact constant des locuteurs aux systèmes partiellement différents, chaque locuteur adaptant inconsciemment sa prononciation, pour certains mots, à celle de ses interlocuteurs. Ce type de changement est en fait propagé par emprunt de formes lexicales à un système voisin. Lorsqu'on peut étudier ces changements sur le vif au moment même où ils se produisent, il s'avère particulièrement important de distinguer entre les évolutions que l'on peut décrire uniquement en termes phoniques, indépendamment de toute référence grammaticale ou lexicale, et les changements qui se font ‘mot par mot’, qui touchent donc au lexique et à la grammaire et qui connaissent des périodes de fluctuations, avant de se fixer par convergence des usages.
Le Contrôle revisité: y a-t-il une différence entre verbes ‘à contrôle’ et verbes ‘à montée’?
Authors: Baschung Karine
Published: October 2008

Depuis les travaux de Chomsky et Rosenbaum dans les années soixante, la question du contrôle des infinitives constitue une sorte de lieu commun en linguistique, en ce sens que toutes les théories se doivent désormais d'en rendre compte, et que la littérature sur le sujet est abondante – au moins en ce qui concerne l'anglais. On se propose ici de réexaminer, à partir des données du fiançais, les fondements empiriques de la distinction devenue notoire entre verbes dits ‘à contrôle’ et verbes dits ‘à montée’: il apparaît que cette distinction est loin d'êcirc;tre toujours évidente, et qu'elle est de nature fondamentalement sémantique plutôt que syntaxique. Les résultats de ce réexamen nous amènent à discuter le traitement du contrôle récemment proposé en HPSG, et à suggérer un traitement alternatif du problème de la sélection du contrôleur.
Une construction dite ne pas exister en français moderne: le passif suivi d'un infinitif nu
Authors: Veland Reidar
Published: October 2008

On se propose, dans cet article, de montrer que l'expansion d'un passif morphologique par un syntagme infinitif sans terme introducteur aboutit, en français moderne, à une construction doublement problématique.

Dans le cas des verbes de perception, c'est un problème prescriptif qui se pose, puisque la passivation de la constructionaccusativus cum infintivo, stratégie de thématisation optimale dans certains cas, est critiquée par la grammaire traditionnelle à tendance normative.

S'agissant des verbes dont le schéma transitif ne comporte pas de proposition infinitive, la construction ‘passif + infinitif nu’, amplement attestée par des occurrences contemporaines, pose un problème d'analyse syntaxique. La solution qu'en propose cet article s'appuie sur un principe ‘triangulaire’ inspire de l'explication qui a été avancée pour rendre compte de la passivation de verbes sans objet direct manifeste commeobéir.
Un calembour syntaxique en français
Authors: Gaatone Daivd
Published: October 2008

Le français possède une structure syntaxique liée à ce qu'on pourrait appeler la ‘caractérisation intrinsèque d'un être', et illustrée par la phrase Clotilde a les yeux verts. La classe des substantifs compatibles avec la position d'objet direct dans cette structure est en principe limitée, du fait même du sens global dc celle-ci, aux mots désignant des ‘parties inaliénables d'animés’. Il est montré, cependant, que de nombreux substantifs, dont la définition ne comporte pas ce sème, peuvent être insérés dans la construction et y recevoir le sens de ‘comportement humain’ comme, par exemple, dans Le vainqueur a le triomphe modeste. On tient lè une illustration intéressante d'un phénomène d'influence sémantique du sens global attaché à une structure formelle sur le sens de l'un de ses constituants.
Authority, prescriptivism and the French standard language
Authors: Lodge R. Anthony
Published: October 2008

Prescriptive attitudes to language seem to be more deeply engrained in France than in many other speech-communities. This article traces their development between the sixteenth century and the present day within the model of language standardization proposed by E. Haugen and in the light of the notion of ‘standard ideology’ proposed by J. and L. Milroy. It will be argued that early definitions of what was considered ‘the best French’ were based simply on the observed usage of ‘the best people’; later it was felt that the standard required more permanent jusitification, giving rise to the idea that the ‘best French’ was the ‘best’ because it was the variety most closely in line with clarity and reason; a third stage was reached with the French Revolution when this variety of French became mandatory for everyone wishing to be considered ‘French’ and ‘reasonable’. Powerful institutional forces are engaged in promoting and maintaining this ideology in contemporary France, but excessive rigidity in the traditional standard in the face of the alternative norms which exert countervailing pressures on speakers could lead to a sitution of diglossia.
Non-discrete reference, discourse construction, and the French neuter clitic pronouns
Authors: Cornish Francis
Published: October 2008

This article examines a range of predicate- and proposition-anaphoric phenomena in French, chiefly involving the ‘neuter’ clitic pronouns le, y and en, from the point of view of their discourse motivation. One aim is to characterise the relatively little-studied phenomenon of ‘non-discrete’ reference in discourse. Another is to determine the extent to which the speaker\ writer can use an anaphoric expression in such a way as to ‘release’ the predicative element from within a co-occuring functionally non-perdicative expression or sequence, or to asssign a ‘third order’ entity status as a mutually validated fact to what in context has been interpreted as a predication. Such uses constitute what I am calling the ‘discourse-operator’ function which anaphoric expressions may fulfil in the appropriate discourse context. The speacker\writer's ability to use predicate anaphors in this kind of the way is constrained by the meta-discursive criterion of coherence.
Ni tu ni vous: principes et paradoxes dans l'emploi des pronoms d'allocution en français contemporain
Authors: Gardner-Chloros Penelope
Published: October 2008

Cet article rapporte d'abord les résultats d'un certain nombre de travaux sur les pronoms d' allocutontuetvousqui ont explorélats sociolinguistiques des rèles d'emploi de ces pronoms. Ensuite nous décrivons les résultats de notre proper enquête en Alsace, dans laquelle nous avons tenté de montrer l'influence de l'âge du locuteur, et de son interlocuteur, dans le choix de ces pronoms. Nous avons distingué entre le tutoiement de prime abord et les choix qui sont faits dans les relations établies. Les résultats montrent avant tout la diversité des comportements et des motivations dans ce domaine, et notre conclusion porte sur la difficulté, d'après ces résultats, à énoncer des ‘règles’, quelles qu'elles soient, pour le choix detu\vous, étant donné le grand nombre de facteurs personnels et évaluatifs qui entrent en jeu.
‘Maintenant’: emploi pragmatique
Authors: Nyan Thanh
Published: October 2008

Il s'agit d'une description, en termes de la Theéorie de l'Argumentation de Ducrot, d'un emploi pragmatique de maintenant. En tant que source de contraintes discursives ce connecteur présente pour nous un double intérêt. D'un point de vue descriptif, son étude rejoint celle de la cohésion textuelle; d'un point de vue théorique, il repose la question de la ligne de démarcation entre la sémantique et la pragmatique.
Clitics, affixes, and the evolution of the question marker ‘tu’ in Canadian French
Authors: Picard Marc
Published: October 2008

Clitics and affixes are known to originate from erstwhile independent words. In French, a question marker has developed in a most peculiar way through the combination of a verb-final consonant and the third person masculine singular pronoun, and has gradually spread to other persons through a singular series of phonological, syntactic and analogical processes. Although this it is now all but moribund in Continental Frenceh, its offshoot tu is alive and well in Canadian French, the construction subject + verb + tu having become the most usual way of formulating yes-no questions in this dialect. Despite the long history of ti\tu, however, its exact grammatical status has yet to be established. Various criteria that have been proposed in recent years to distinguish clitics from affixes would seem to indicate that this morpheme should be properly classified as a suffis.
L'opposition thème/rhème dans la structuration des dialogues oraux
Authors: Morel Mary-Annick
Published: October 2008

Proceeding from the dichotomy theme/rheme, we aim to produce a typology of certain syntactical structures of French, recorded from a corpus of oral dialogues gathered in authentic situations. The first group affects statements which present the topicalization of a component: these statements are divided into four types, depending on whether the topicalized component is or is not associated with a lexical marker and with a re–occurrence through a substitute pronoun. The second group includes structures built on the rhematic marker ‘c’est': they are likewise divided into four main types, themselves subdivided into eight variants which appear to play distinct parts in the structuration of dialogues.
On the socio-historical context in the development of Louisiana and Saint-Domingue Creoles
Authors: Valdman Albert
Published: October 2008

This paper presents a hypothesis for the genesis of Creole French by drawing conclusions from an illustrative comparison of Louisiana Creole and Haitian Creole, and by presenting a depiction of the social-historical context in which Louisiana Creole developed.

Bickerton's bioprogram and Baker and Corne's model comparing Mauritian Creole and its Reunionese congener are considered and found to be inadequate descriptions of the genesis of Creole French, since they assume that all parts of colonial Saint-Domingue, the île Bourbon (Reunion) and the île de France (Mauritius) had the same demographic mix and social structure. This paper offers and alternative model which suggests that French planation colonies did not constitute monolithic socio–politico–economic entities. On the contrary, differences in social setting were reflected by variartions in the local form of Creole French. Furthermore, certain structural features were diffused from one territory to another via the focal centres that also diffused the colonial model of social, political and economic organization. These are considered together to account for the range of variation found today in Louisiana Creole, and to explain the striking similarities between Louisiana Cre le and its geographically most proximate Creole French congener, Haitian Creole.
The variable use onversustu/vousfor indefinite reference in Spoken French
Authors: Ashby William J.
Published: October 2008

abstract

The subject cliticonhas a surprising range of referential values, both indefinite and definite, that can be seen only when one examines the use of the pronoun in natural discourse. This paper proposes a partial typology ofonderived from examples found in a socially-deverse corpus of Tourangeau French. The focus of the paper is on the variable use ofonversusvousortuas indefinite-genetic pronouns. The variation is partially constrained by a complex of linguistic, sociolinguistic, and partially discourse pragmatic factors. The saliency the speaker wishes to give to the referent apppears to be a key factor determining the probability of occurrence of the variants.
Enonciation et traduction chez les linguistes francophones
Authors: Chuquet H. , Paillard M.
Published: October 2008

Le présent article a pour object de donner un aperçu de l'état de la recherche francophone en théorie de la traduction et an linguistique contrastive, et de présenter plus particuliÈrement les travaux contrastifs français-anglais qui s'effectuent dans le cadere de la théorie des opérations énonciatives d'A. Culioli. A travers l'étude de deux points qui posent réguliÈrement problÈme aux anglophones traduisant vers le français (traductions possibles du prétérit anglais et choix entre indicatif et subjonctif français lorsque les duex modes peuvant alterner), nous tentons d'illustrer la contribution de l'approche énonciative à l'analyse contrastive des deux systÈmes linguistiques ainsi que sa pertinence dans la pratique de la traduction.
Le statut grammatical de de
Authors: Englebert Annick
Published: October 2008

Le statut grammatical du mot de dans ses emplois partitifs (article ou préposition) est un sujet fort discuté en grammaire française.

L'objectif de cette étude est de montrer que le problème du statut grammatical du mot de dépasse le cadre de ses emplois partitifs, que ce sont en fait tous les emplois de de qui sont concernés.

Un rapide inventaire des différentes valeurs sémantiques possibles pour de, dans toute l'histoire du français, débouche sur une répartition des emplois répertoriés dans différentes catégories grammaticales.

Cette répartition révèle les limites du système traditionnel des parties du discours. Des propositions récentes, dues tant à la grammaire générative (catégorie du complémenteur) qu'à la psychomécanique du langage (catégorie de l'inverseur) sont alors discutées.
Dislocated sequences and word order in French: a processing approach
Authors: Heilenman L. Kathy , McDonald Janet L.
Published: October 2008

This article reports the results of three studies dealing with dislocated sequences in French. A text count of written and spoken French reveals that word order is not entirely free in these sequences but instead obeys certain constraints. Two studies then investigate the use of cues (word order, clitic pronoun type, clitic pronoun agreement and animacy) in the interpretation of dislocated sequences by native speakers of French. Results indicate that the constraints found in the text count, with minor modifications, are also operative in processing.
Pas (point) without ne in interrogative clauses
Authors: Price Glanville
Published: October 2008

Old and Middle French interrogative sentences of the type sez tu pas? have often been interpreted, erroneously, as providing evidence for the early dropping of ne as in modern je sais pas. The construction occurs most widely in Old and early Middle French with point (occasionally pas, mie) and the particle had a positive or ‘potential’ value (e.g. Quenois le tu point? ‘Do you know him [at all]?’). It was only in late Middle French that, influenced by the increasing use of pas and point in negative clauses, the interrogative clauses in question came to have a negative value.
La phonologie multidimensionnelle moderne et la description du français
Authors: Durand Jacques
Published: October 2008

Le but de cet article est de donner un panorama synthétique d'un certain nombre de concepts et d'idées qui caractérisent la phonologie générative moderne et d'examiner quelques applications à l'étude du français. Derrière le foisonnement de la terminologie et des modèles, il y a quelques idées clefs qui sont partagées par de nombreux chercheurs qui travaillent dans ce qu'on appelle souvent ‘phonologie non-linéaire’, ‘phonologie multilinéaire’ ou ‘phonologie multidimensionnelle’. On partira ici de l'approche de Chomsky et Halle dans leSound Pattern of English(1968), illustré dans de nombreux travaux sur le français, pour déboucher sur des cadres tels que la Phonologie du Gouvernement, la Phonologie de Dépendance ou la Phonologie Moraïque. On verra alors qu'à un système bâti sur des structures relativement pauvres (séquences de traits simultanés et de frontières) que les règles phonologiques manipulent pour produire des formes de surface, on a substitué des approches plus ‘configurationnelles’ où les règles sont écartées en faveur de ‘principes’ et de ‘paramètres’.
Représentations d'objets et sémantique lexicale: Qu'est-ce qu'une boîte?
Authors: Cadiot Pierre
Published: October 2008

Dans les dictionnaires usuels du français le mot ‘boîte’ est défini à partir d'une valeur de base correspondant à un prototype matéeriel (ou perceptu). Les très nombreux composées (introduits de manière alternante par les prépositions A ou de) qui ne se conferment pas à ce prototype (par exemple, ‘boîte aux lettres’, ‘boîte d';essieu’, ‘boîte de nuit’) sont décrits sous les rubriques ‘fourre-tout’ de ‘spécialité’, ‘analogie’, parfois aussi ‘métaphore’. A ce mode de présentation, une approche non dictionnairique, mais de sémantique lexicale, suggère d'opposer le principe d'un stéréotype ‘intensionnel’ (ou concept) formulé en termes exclusivement fonctionnels (contenir X. et produire/fournir Y.). Mettant a priori les (quasi-) innombrables usages du mot sur un pied d'égalité, cette description permet de rendre justice à cette variété et à cette productivité grâce à une mécanique flexible d'ajustement entre l'instruction stéréotypique générique et les contraintes matérielles spécifiques.
Etude du E caduc — stabilisation en cours et variations lexicales
Authors: Hansen Anita Berit
Published: October 2008

Nous étudierons l'hypothèse selon laquelle le E caduc précédé d'une seule consonne — (V) C_C — serait en train de se stabiliser dans le français non-méridional, surtout en syllabe initiale de mot, mais aussi en monosyllabe et en syllabe médiane. A l'aide de deux corpus de français parlé parisien, rassemblés en 1972–1974 et en 1989, nous montrons d'abord que cette stabilisation ne peut pas être confirmée dans la langue parlée de Parisiens cultivés. Le E caduc étudié semble être une variable sociolinguistique stable, variant avec le style et avec 1'âge des locuteurs. La deuxième partie de notre analyse fait apparaître en outre un conditionnement lexical important en syllabe initiale (0% de maintien danssemaine, 100% dansrelation). Nous examinerons le rôle joué par la fréquence du mot, par la présence du préfixere-, et par la relation articulatoire entre les consonnes qui entourent le E caduc.
An acoustic profile of right-dislocations in French
Authors: Ashby William J.
Published: October 2008

This study provides an acoustic profile of the prosody of right-dislocations in French, using the computer hardware and software package known as CECIL. Twenty-eight right-dislocations occurring in a corpus of natural French discourse provide the data for the acoustic analysis. While right-dislocations appear to fulfil various functional roles in discourse, no correlation appears between functional type and the acoustic properties studied (pause, frequency, amplitude).
Word-final consonant devoicing in a variety of working-class French – a case of language contact?
Authors: Pooley Timothy
Published: October 2008

The article examines the variable distribution of word-final consonant devoicing (=WFCD) among working-class speakers in the Roubaix district, with respect to phonological conditioning and speaker characteristics. WFCD is shown to affect coronals, labials and velars in that order, and to be favoured by pre-pausal position. Among speakers over forty-five WFCD is primarily associated with female speakers, and to a lesser degree with male speakers under thirty. This sociolinguistically unusual distribution of a strongly vernacular variant may plausibly be attributed to language/dialect contact consequent on the immigration of Flemish-speaking textile workers. Such language contact would have tended to reinforce an already existing characteristic of Picard patois rather than introducing a totally new feature as the brief review of other Picard varie-ties would suggest.