bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
გვარის გრამატიკული კატეგორიისათვის მეგრულ-ლაზურში
Authors: ახალაია ნატო
Published: February 2024

Verbal voice is topical not only from the Kartvelian but also from a general linguistics viewpoint. It is discussed differently in the European and the Georgian linguistic literature. In Georgian, e.g., voice is considered as a lexical-grammatical (A. Shanidze), morphological (A. Chikobava), syntactic-morphological (B. Jorbenadze) or semantical (D. Melikishvili) category. The issue of establishing systems of opposition in the category of voice is also controversial and topical. Such unresolved problems related to verbal voice require a new understanding of the category and approaches that take into account the specifics of the given research language.In Megrelian-Laz, voice is considered as a grammatical category and according to their morphosyntactic behaviour, two voices are distinguished:

The type R-AUX as in avǯiluġi ikips ‘does hunting (= hunts)’ is characteristic only of Laz. It is created as an analogy to Turkish formations (avcılık etmek).The present classification is based on a structured database of verb forms created by the author, which comprises up to 10,000 entries. Directly transitive, indirectly transitive, and intransitive forms of active semantics are grouped together in the database (Laz: o-xvec’-ap-s ‘begs’, Megr: u-per-u-an-s ‘is affectionate to sb/sth’, Zan: ġarġal-ap-s / ragad-an-s ‘speaks’):

According to their formation, two types of passives can be distinguished in Megrelian-Laz: independent and conversive.A passive is independent if it is not derived from an active stem via conversion. However, according to the nature of passive, its formation can also be secondary; in particular, in most forms it is based on nominal stems (cf. Zan xomu ‘dried’ > xomu-u-n ‘gets dry’, Laz č’itoni ‘reddish’ > Megr. č’iton-d-u-n ‘gets reddish’). This is why the present author strictly differentiates voice and transitivity. From the category of voice, she separates reflexives of more archaic formation (e.g. i-gurgin-u-n ‘it thunders’, i-rdgabal-u-n ‘talks a lot of rubbish’) which often cause confusion.The typological analysis of Zan verbal forms confirms that, structurally, Megrelian-Laz and Georgian belong to the same type although the formal characteristics of the voice category developed independently in Zan. The patterns can even be different between Megrelian and Laz, but in most cases, content and grammatical form are in complete harmony with each other in Zan. The morphology of Megrelian and Laz is much more regular than that of Svan and Georgian.Despite the high degree of correspondences, grammatical voice cannot be regarded only as a lexical property of a given verb since the verbal voices do not include all realisable forms in Megrelian-Laz. Voice permits the classification of verbs and their division into two categories only according to grammatical (or morphosyntactical) properties.
PENERIMAAN ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS DALAM KOMUNITAS IMAN
Authors: Serepina Yoshika Hasibuan
Published: February 2024

Anak berkebutuhan khusus (ABK) adalah anak yang mengalami keterbatasan atau keluarbiasaan baik dalam fisik, mental, intelektual, sosial, maupun emosional yang berpengaruh secara signifikan dalam proses pertumbuhan atau perkembangannya dibandingkan dengan anak-anak lain yang seumur dengannya (Winarsih, 2013). Peraturan Menteri Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak RI nomor 10 Tahun 2013 juga mendefinisikan ABK sebagai berikut: “Anak penyandang disabilitas adalah anak yang memiliki keterbatasan fisik, mental, intelektual, atau sensorik dalam jangka waktu lama yang dalam berinteraksi dengan lingkungan dan Dalam praktik kehidupan, ABK juga seringkali mengalami diskriminasi sosial karena keterbatasan yang mereka miliki. Hal ini mendorong penulis untuk meneliti dan memberikan tinjauan teologis terhadap fenomena ini guna menyadarkan masyarakat luas mengenai pentingnya penerimaan ABK dalam komunitas iman. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan teks pada studi biblika selain dari penelusuran artikel ilmiah, buku dan dokumen penting berkenaan dengan penanganan ABK.
Invarianza de la Escala de Evaluación de las Relaciones Intrafamiliares en padres con y sin migración de retorno y salud mental
Authors: Rivera-Heredia María Elena , Andrade-Palos Patricia , Fuentes-Balderrama Jaime , H. Zayas Luis
Published: February 2024

The psychometric properties of the Intrafamily Relations Evaluation Scale (ERI) were analyzed in parents who returned to Mexico and who have children who are United States citizens, as well asin parents living in Mexico with no migratory experience. A total of 189 parents participated (92 returnees and 97 without migratory experience). Exploratory and Confirmatory FactorialAnalyses were performed to derive a culturally invariant version. Once we found evidence of configural, metric, strict and structural invariance, we found how union and family support were associated with depressive symptoms and social support, while family conflicts were associated with depressive and anxious symptoms as well as social support. Greater unity and support were identified in the returned parents. The ERI is a valid and reliable instrument to use with Mexican parents with and without return migration.
The Apoptotic Effect of Methanolic Extract of Galium verum on HT29 Cell Line
Authors: Pashapour Sanaz , Heshmati Masoumeh , Mousavi Zahra , Esmaeili Somayeh
Published: February 2024

Galium verum has been reported to have cytotoxic effects, however, the mechanism of Galium verum extract action on cancer cells is unclear in many cases. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic of the whole plant methanolic extract on colon cancer (HT29) cells. colon cancer cells were randomly divided into control group and groups treated with 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 1nd 400 μg/mL of the extract for 72h. Plant extract was obtained through maceration. MTT assay was applied to test viability of cells.Apoptosis and cell-cycle, and intracellular levels of ROS were determined by flow cytometry. Bax and Bcl-2 expression levels were evaluated using RT-PCR. Treatment of HT29 cells with 400 μg/mL of whole plant extract resulted in significant decreased viability and increased late apoptosis (P<0.0001), and a notable increase in cell number stoped in G0/G1 phase (P<0.05) and a notable decrease in cell number in S phase (P<0.05), and increased intracellular ROS levels (P<0.01). In conclusion, the high concentration of methanolic whole plant extract of Galium verum induces apoptosis through Bax-dependent pathway and increases intracellular levels of ROS in colon cancer (HT29) cells in vitro suggesting that the whole plant extract of Galium verum can play a role in treatment of colon cancer.
Positive and negative effects of electricity on human health
Authors: Torkaman Fariba Momeni Torkaman , Momeni Farzaneh
Published: February 2024

The human cells are electrical units and therefore are so sensitive to the electrical fields. More recent investigation has shown that the human cells have the ability to change direction as much by as 180° in response to electrical fields, according to which, positive or negative impact of electricity on human life have been argued in a number of studies. In vitro and in in vivo studies and clinical observations have shown that natural and artificial electric/electromagnetic fields may affect negatively or positively on human health. In one hand, the positive effects of electrical fields have been reported in tissue regeneration, wound healing, cancer treatment, controlling the infection, and etc.; on the other hand, negative impact of electricity has been demonstrated on human health. It has been reported that electric/electromagnetic fields may have a significant role in cancer development. This review article aims to investigate the positive and negative impact of electric/electromagnetic fields on human health and life.
Correlation Self-Compassion and Stress in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Restipa Ledia , Rahmi Hidayatul
Published: February 2024

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in the elderly is an increasing health problem. Elderly patients with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of diabetes complications and require appropriate treatment. This disease causes 4 million deaths annually, accounting for 9 percent of all deaths worldwide. The purpose of the study was to assess the correlation of self-compassion and stress on T2D patients at the Lubuk Buaya Health Center. This study used a cross- sectional study design. 85 elderly people with T2D referring to the Lubuk Buaya Health Center were enrolled through a simple randomized sampling method from November to February 2022. In order to collect data, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and  the self-compassion scale (SCS) were used. In addition, to analyze the data, pearson product moment test methods were done using SPSS V.22 software. The results show that there is a significant correlation between self-compassion and stress in patients T2D. Self-compassion is one of the most effective methods for reducing stress in diabetic patients. Consequently, therapists, counselors, and psychologists are encouraged to employ self-compassion training to reduce stress in T2D patients.
Keywords: Diabetes Melitus, Type II, Stress, Self-Compassion
Characteristics of Internet, Smartphone, and Social Media Usage among Generation Z in South Jakarta after the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Nurbaiti Nurbaiti
Published: February 2024

The amount of internet usage has increased following the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. In order to reduce the transmission of COVID-19, the government implemented a policy mandating remote learning. Generation Z finds learning online at home enjoyable, and there is a growing trend of using the Internet for educational purposes. This study examined the characteristics of Internet, smartphone, and social media usage among Generation Z during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is expected to diminish by early 2022. A descriptive study was conducted, and data was collected through a survey of 50 respondents belonging to the Gen Z demographic, specifically aged 12-15 years, in South Jakarta. The research variables encompassed internet usage, smartphone usage, social media usage, and information regarding internet usage. The data analysis performed univariate analysis. The research results showed that the characteristics of Gen Z in South Jakarta are spending between 1 and 8 hours on social media. Most of them owned and used smartphones. Popular platforms for Gen Z were YouTube, TikTok, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Telegram. They posted photos, videos, and stories on social media but rarely trusted the information there. WhatsApp groups were also used for the learning process. Gen Z got information about internet usage from the people around them. To prevent the risks of excessive use of the Internet, smartphones, and social media, education for Gen Z still needs to be a concern.
Displaying a Critical Stance
Authors: Heller Vivien , Schönfelder Nora , Robbins Denise
Published: February 2024

This study examines eyebrow contractions within processes of argumentative decision-making in children’s interaction. Based on a collection of 23 instances, we examine this subtle resource in two oppositional actions: contradicting and putting something into question. We describe how eyebrow contractions are combined with other facial (e.g. nose wrinkling, squinting/opening the eyes, gaze aversion/confrontational gaze), bodily and verbal and prosodic resources to display a critical stance. The analysis demonstrates that the two oppositional actions are accomplished through distinct clusters of resources, which either mitigate or increase their confrontational import. Multimodal displays of critical stance thus vary from mildly critical to reproachful-critical and ironic-critical and contribute in different ways to the interactive trajectory of decision-making.
Visualizing ruins in an extinctive ocean
Authors: Batalla Oriol
Published: February 2024

This article submerges theory into the ocean in order to shed light on how the dissonance between lived experience and the epistemologically complex data of climate change can be culturally mediated to become a recognizable form of reinterpretation. By attentively and imaginatively situating critique in polluted milieux, this piece intends to close-read how photography, time lapse and slow-motion techniques might help us foreground the emergencies and environmental changes of the present by considering past experiences of extinction due to capitalist accumulation. That is, how these emergencies and multispecies injustices woven through the knots of life of the current epoch are portrayed, the political implications how they are presented and the contradictions that arise from them. This will be done by placing theory in the images presented in Chris Jordan’s Albatross (2017) and Jeff Orlowski & XL Catlin Seaview Survey’s Chasing Coral (2017). Finally, this text tries to exemplify how we might be living in the Necrocene, the age of extinction, which leaves nothing but ruins in its wake. In other words, this text aims to situate media, theory and ecology in a joint narrative while veering towards a critical and alternative nomenclature for our epoch.
Mean size at sexual maturity of female Cynoscion reticulatus along the Pacific coast off Mexico
Authors: Sanchez-Valdez Joel Fernando , Maldonado-Coyac Juan Antonio , Maldonado-Amparo María de los Ángeles , Ramirez-Perez Jorge Saul , Enciso-Enciso Concepción , Ruiz-Domínguez Marcelino
Published: February 2024

Drums and croakers (Sciaenidae) are important to the species composition of coastal catches in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Among these species, the striped corvina (Cynoscion reticulatus) stands out because of its high fishery potential, high demand, and increased market value. The striped croaker has been under constant fishing pressure over the past 20 years. Still, there needs to be current biological information or reference points to allow the establishment of management measures for fisheries. The objective of the present study was to estimate the mean standard length at sexual maturity (SL50) of females using various models and to suggest a minimum catch size (MCS) for C. reticulatus off the southern coast of Sinaloa. Monthly samplings of coastal fishery landings were done from December 2020 to December 2021 on the south coast of Sinaloa. The SL50 was evaluated based on 3 candidate models (Gompertz, Lysack, and White) through a binomial approach. Confidence intervals for SL50 were estimated using likelihood profiles and contours, and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) was used to select the best model. A total of 284 individuals were examined, of which 131 were used in calculations. White’s model was the most adequate; however, based on AIC weights, all 3 models performed similarly, and SL50 (24.48 cm; C.I. 95% 12.9–70 36.0 cm) was estimated as their average. As a management measure, we propose a precautionary MCS of 36 cm SL for C. reticulatus off southern Sinaloa.
Assessment of Mechanical Properties and Antimicrobial Effects of Hyaluronic Acid Coating on Absorbable Suture Material: An In-vitro Study
Authors: Meenakshi P Swarna , Rajasekar Arvina
Published: February 2024

Introduction: The use of absorbable suture materials in surgical procedures is a critical aspect of wound closure and tissue repair. In recent years, there has been growing interest in exploring the potential benefits of incorporating Hyaluronic Acid (HA), a naturally occurring biopolymer, into these sutures. By shedding light on the interactions between HA and absorbable sutures, the present study seeks to provide valuable insights that could enhance the quality of surgical wound management. Aim: To assess the mechanical properties and antimicrobial effects of HA-coated and uncoated absorbable suture material. Materials and Methods: The in-vitro study was conducted at Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India in a year 2022. A total of 70 samples of HA-coated and uncoated Vicryl 4-0 suture material were tested for tensile strength using an Instron machine. An anti-bacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans was assessed using a Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) plate, and the zone of inhibition was measured. Additionally, both the uncoated and HA-coated Vicryl 4-0 suture materials were analysed under the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to determine the surface characteristics. An independent t-test was used to compare the tensile strength of coated and uncoated suture materials. Results: The mean tensile strength of uncoated and HAcoated suture material was 6.47±0.23 MPa and 3.78±1.02 MPa, respectively. The difference between both groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans, the zone of inhibition was 8.0±0.5 mm in diameter and 9±0.5 mm in diameter, respectively, around coated Vicryl 4-0 suture material, whereas no zone of inhibition was observed for both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans around uncoated suture material. SEM analysis showed superior surface characteristics of HA-coated suture thread when compared to uncoated suture thread. Conclusion: HA-coated suture material does not exhibit superior tensile strength when compared to the uncoated suture material. However, HA-coated suture material has potent antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans. Additionally, SEM analysis showed improved surface characteristics in favour of the coated suture material.
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Associated with Porphyromonas gingivalis Present in Periodontitis Frameworks: An Integrative Review
Authors: Araújo Matéus Simplício , Silva Antônio Evandro de Sousa , Prado Júlio César Sousa
Published: February 2024

Objectives: The Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis is identified as one of the most important causes of the chronic form of periodontitis. This work aimed to analyze the sensitivity of P. gingivalis to antibiotics and antimicrobial agents.

Study Design: Integrative literature review.

Methodology: Through a careful analysis of clinical trials published in the last 5 years. A bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar databases. Three keywords were established and verified on the DeCs-Descritores em Ciências da Saúde website for the literary search “Antimicrobial resistance”, “Periodontal biotherapy” and “Porphyromonas gingivalis”. 66 articles were found. Of these, animal studies, studies that did not involve patients diagnosed with periodontitis according to the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions, and studies on peri-implantitis were excluded. Studies that used only surgical therapy without association with at least one antibiotic or antimicrobial and duplicate studies were excluded.

Results: This integrative review presents the results of 19 studies. Amoxicillin, Metronidazole and Azithromycin are the most commonly used antibiotics. Photodynamic therapy has demonstrated benefits in reducing inflammation and P. gingivalis counts. It has been demonstrated that P. gingivalis is not sensitive to Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus plantarum-ProlcSan probiotic gel and tablets, as no reductions in its proportion and total count were observed. Similar results were also observed in the study that investigated the effect of administering piperacillin plus Tazobactam gel and doxycycline gel.

Conclusion: Although most of the articles presented report the sensitivity of P. gingivalis to their protocols, microbiological reduction is not always accompanied by clinical benefit, since periodontal disease is multifactorial. Based on these findings, it is concluded that there are several antimicrobial agents capable of promoting the reduction of this key pathogen in periodontitis.
Impact of Foliar Application of Urea and Nano Urea Levels on Quality, Physiological and Leaf Nutrient Content Attributes of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) cv. Kagzi in Vertisols of Jhalawar District in Rajasthan
Authors: Balyan Vishwadeep , Bhatnagar Prerak , Singh Jitendra , Sharma Yogendra Kumar , Chopra Rahul , Mishra Ashutosh
Published: February 2024

This study attempted the efficacy of various Urea and Nano urea treatments on Kagzi lime fruit characteristics, such as weight, length, breadth of juice recovery, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, TSS/Acidity ratio ascorbic acid content, and pH value of juices. There were some significant differences in the reaction of Kagzi lime to these treatments. The Urea treatment at 2% (T4) always gave the top values for the fruit weight, length, breadth; juice recovery, TSS content, TSS/Acidity ratio; ascorbic acid content, and juice pH. While the Nano urea treatments showed positive effects, Urea treatment at 2% had the overall better performance. This implies that Urea at this level was superior in improving the fruit quality factors, which may be used to optimize Kagzi lime cultivation methods.  In particular, the variables such as fruit characteristics, juice properties and nutritional content, chlorophyll content; relative water contents in leaves of leaf nutrient contents were positively influenced by 2.0% treatment Urea application These protocols led to significant improvements in fruit weight, length, and width being greater as good juice contented and TSS which increased considerably the levels of Ascorbic acid were improved, chlorophyll content enhanced while there were reduced effects despite that resulted from this prophylactic treatment. Moreover, it resulted in the maximum level of leaf nitrogen and phosphorous. These results show that Urea has significant influences on the quality of acid lime cv. The highest favorable results were noticed in the 2.0% Urea treatment administered by Kagzi lime.
Effect of Auxin and Cow Urine as Nutrient Source on Pineapple Propagation through Crown in Soilless Culture under Protected Condition
Authors: Prajapati Kishan J. , Bhuva Sharad K. , Shingala Mansi B. , Patel Pavan K.
Published: February 2024

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of auxin and cow urine on rooting, survival and growth of pineapple through crown propagation with soilless culture under protected condition. The research was conducted in 2020 at the High-Tech Horticultural Park, College of Horticulture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, employing a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) as the experimental design. Eight treatments were implemented, including Control (T1), IBA 400 ppm (T2), IBA 600 ppm (T3), IBA 800 ppm (T4), NAA 600 ppm (T5), NAA 800 ppm (T6), NAA 1000 ppm (T7) and Cow urine 15 % (T8). The results of this experiment revealed that IBA 600 ppm had a notable impact on various growth parameters. It exhibited the highest percentage of rooted crowns (94.44 %), length of root (5.58, 8.26 and 11.08 cm) at 15, 25 and 35 days, respectively, length of leaf (13.35, 16.27 and 19.67 cm) at 15, 25 and 35 days, respectively, no. of leaves (70.58, 80.28 and 91.06) at 15, 25 and 35 days, respectively. Furthermore, IBA 600 ppm significantly influenced the fresh root weight (16.46 g), dry root weight (7.77 g), fresh shoot weight (136.33 g), and dry shoot weight (57.67 g). Additionally, IBA 600 ppm demonstrated the highest survival rate (65.91%) and the lowest mortality rate (24.09%). While T6 gave maximum no. of roots (70.58, 80.28 and 91.06) at 15, 25 and 35 days, respectively. T8 gave minimum days required for root initiation (2.67 days). The use of IBA at 600 ppm for a brief dipping period, along with the utilization of NAA at 800 ppm for enhancing root formation, and Cow urine at 15% for accelerated rooting, can be recommended for promoting successful pineapple crown propagation.
Response of Blackgram Varieties to Various NPK Doses in the Bundelkhand Region, India
Authors: Kalhapure Aniket , Maurya Swati , Kumar Arun , Sah Dinesh , Singh Narendra , Maurya Shravan Kumar , Panwar G. S.
Published: February 2024

Pulses play a pivotal role in contemporary agriculture, influencing food security and climate change mitigation. Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.), with its nutritional richness and adaptability, addresses malnutrition and contributes to soil fertility. This study focuses on enhancing blackgram productivity in Bundelkhand, Uttar Pradesh, addressing challenges through tailored variety selection and balanced nutrient management. The experiment, conducted in 2022, evaluated three varieties (Azad-3, IPU 10-26, IPU 11-2) and three NPK doses (75% RDF, 100% RDF, 125% RDF) to comprehensively analyze growth, yield, and economic parameters of blackgram. Findings revealed that variety IPU 10-26 and NPK dose 100% RDF exhibited superior growth, yield, and economic performance, indicating its competitive and comparative advantage over the other varieties and nutrient management treatments. The study demonstrates that optimal blackgram production in Bundelkhand necessitates location-specific variety choices and a prudent balanced nutrient management strategy that could be exploited for increased productivity of the crop, as exemplified by IPU 10-26 and 100% RDF.
Mean Performance of Various Quantitative Characters in Bottle Gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] Genotypes Under Temperate Conditions of Kashmir
Authors: Bashir Khansa , Masoodi Ummyiah H. , Afroza Baseerat , Nazir Gazala , Ali Gowhar , Nazir Nageena , Zehra Syed Berjes , Aftab Oneza
Published: February 2024

Seventy-seven phenotypically diverse genotypes, including two checks (Pusa Naveen and Pusa Santushti) of bottle gourd, were evaluated for various quantitative traits at the Experimental field of Urban Technological Park (Habbak), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir during Kharif-2022. A single-factor experiment was laid out in an Augmented Randomized Block Design with three blocks. Seventy-seven genotypes were randomly distributed among the three blocks, with each block receiving thirty-one lines, including two checks (Pusa Naveen and Pusa Santushti), replicated thrice. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the traits. The maximum fruit yield per hectare (ha-1) was recorded in IC-371747-1 (1132.21 q), followed by IC-382258 (848.199 q) and IC-398541 (845.33 q). On the other hand, the lowest fruit yield per hectare (ha-1) was recorded in IC-522878 (211.83 q), followed by Pusa Naveen (220.30 q) and SKUA-BG-7 (241.78 q). The average fruit yield per hectare (ha-1) for all the genotypes was 430.78 q.
On‐line Erfassung von Fluoreszenez und Kohlendioxidpartialdruck in Bioreaktoren
Authors: Einsele A. , Puhar E.
Published: December 2004

This paper reports the possibility of on‐line‐determination of the fluorescence and partial pressure of carbondioxid in bioreactors.

The development of sterilisable probes for contineous in situ measurement of culture fluorescence and pCO2‐value have been reached such a stadium, that both probes are in commercial manufacture.

Fundamental construction of continued developed instruments and the arrangement of probes in bioreactors as known of pH‐probes are given; application in each bioreactor with a socket picce of 25 mm diameter is possible.
The microbiology of ‘Oyokpo’, a traditionally fermented millet beer in Bendel State of Nigeria
Authors: Nkanga E. J.
Published: December 2004

Die bei der Herstellung von OYOKPO, einem in der Bendel‐Region von Nigeria traditionell auf Hirse‐Basis gewonnenem Bier, wirkenden Mikroorganismen wurden untersucht.

Die Ergebnisse zeigen zwei Phasen der Einwirkung unterschiedlicher Mikroorganismen.

Fü r die saccharolytischen Aktivitä ten beim Mä lzprozeβ sind die aus den gelagerten Hirsekörnern stammenden Mikroorganismen (im Zusammenwirken mit der pflanzlichen Amylase des Hirsemalzes) verantwortlich. Sie werden wahrscheinlich beim Erhitzungsprozeß abgetötet.

Die im fermentierten Produkt gefundenen Mikroorganismen stammen aus der fü r die Fermentation eingesetzten Starterkultur; sie vergä ren die niederen Zucker zu Alkohol.

Schimmelpilze treten nach der Fermentation nicht mehr auf; Hefen sind wä hrend des Mä lzprozesses nicht zu finden mit Ausnahme von Saccharomyces cervisiae, sie erscheinen jedoch wä hrend der Fermentation. Veschiedene Bakterienarten sind in allen Stadien anzutreffen, so beim Mä lzen, Maischen und bei der Reifung. (Acetobacter wurde bis zu Beginn der Reifung nicht nachgewiesen.) Der pH‐Wert sinkt von Beginn der Fermentation (5,2) bis zum Ende auf 3,8. Der am Ende erhaltene Sä urewert entspricht 0,43% (als Essigsä ure titriert).
Inhibierung der Entwicklung von Bakteriophagen in Fermentationsprozessen durch Zusatz von Kohlenwasserstoffen
Authors: Wünsche L , Kiesel B.
Published: December 2004

The propagation of the virulent phage M 1 of the obligate methylotrophic bacteria strain GB 4 is inhibited by n‐alkanes. The addition of hydrocarbons (7.5–22.5%) to a suspension of free phages or to a phage‐host‐mixture prevents the propagation of the phages, but does not influence the growth rate of the host bacteria. In a laboratory fermentor a simulated strong infection (multiplicity = 0.1) of the strain GB 4 with its phage M 1 could be suppressed by the application of 20% of a technical hydrocarbon mixture (Parex I).

The inhibitory effect of the hydrocarbons can be traced back to inspecific hydrocarbon‐protein‐interactions at the surface of the phage and the host cells and therewith to an influencing of the adsorption.
Wall growth in laboratory fermenters
Authors: Hamer G.
Published: December 2004

The influence of microorganisms growing on the walls of laboratory fermenters was investigated and a model to describe of microbial lysis and the formation of growth inhibitory products in a continuous fermentation process was developed.

The predictions were compared with results from an earlier model for growth of microorganisms on surfaces.
Einfluß extracellulärer Kaliuminoenkonzentrationen auf die celluläre Natriumionenkonzentration von Lodderomyces elongisporus D
Authors: Schneider J. D. , Triems K.
Published: December 2004

It was found that the cellular Na+‐concentration (C) of Lodderomyces elongisporus D is depended on the extracellular K+‐concentration (C).

The relationship can be described by an equation in the form

The function of the natrium ion seem to be to support the utilisation rate of potassium ion at lower extracellular K+‐concentration.
Bioreactor design fundamentals: Hydrodynamics, mass transfer, heat exchange, control and scale‐up
Authors: Prokop A.
Published: December 2004

Fundamentals of bioreactor design are the following functions: macro‐ and micro‐mixing, mass transfer, heat exchange, bioreactor control and its scale‐up. Mixing, mass transfer, heat exchange involve the determination of elementary zones of reactor, the mass transfer and the heat exchange between them and also between individual phases (liquid, gaseous, solid), including a possibility of direct gas‐cell oxygen uptake. The overall description of a bioreactor is obtained by combining models of reactor hydrodynamics, mass transfer and heat exchange with a appropriate cell or population model. On the basis of hierarchical description new biological scale‐up procedures (via modeling and simulation) may evolve.
Untersuchungen zur chemischen Zusammensetzung der Lipidfraktion von Lodderomyces elongisporus EH 15
Authors: Müller H. , Voigt B.
Published: December 2004

Lipids were extracted from the cells of Lodderomyces elongisporus EH 15 grown on gas oil (Bp. 240 to 360 °C) with benzine/alcohol (80:20). The lipid‐hydrocarbon‐fraction obtained by this extraction method was 18.5%. It was composed of hydrocarbons, phospholipids, fatty acids, glycerides, sterols, ubiquinones, and vitamines. The main components among the lipids were phospholipids. The compositions of phospholipid, fatty acid, sterol, and ubiquinone fractions were analysed.
Der Einfluß der Flockenbildung auf die Versorgung der Hefezellen mit Sauerstoff bei der Fermentation flüssiger Kohlenwasserstoffe
Authors: Glombitza F.
Published: December 2004

Floc formation, especially the influence of floe diameter variations on the total velocity of the process, was investigated in aerobic growth processes of yeast on the hydrocarbons of crude oil.

The experimental results show that the diameter of the flocs is a function of the rheological properties of the fluids and the flow conditions.

The floc diameter varies between 0,1 mm and a few millimeters. About 90% of the total yeast cells are situated in the interior of the flocs.

Since oxygen must be transferred to all yeast cells their oxygen supply was studied.

Thus, the yeast cells in the floc interior were not sufficiently supplied with oxygen, if the floc diameter reached a critical value.

In such cases a decrease of the biomass formation rate was observed, although the dissolved oxygen concentration of the aquaeous fermentation medium was greater than zero. Therefore, aerobic microbial growth processes in multicomponent systems must be carried out without floc formation or under such conditions as cause very small floc diameters.
Immobilization of liver microsomal cytochrome P‐450
Authors: Schubert F. , Kirstein D. , Scheller F.
Published: December 2004

Rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P‐450 was immobilized by entrapment in calcium alginate gel. Aminopyrine demethylation experiments showed that the immobilized enzyme system is highly active and exhibits an unimpaired functional stability as compared with crude microsomes. The alginate entrapped microsomes were employed in a fixed bed recirculation reactor, where aminopyrine was continuously demethylated. Such model enzyme reactor can be a useful tool for studying extracorporeal drug detoxification or preparative substrate conversion with microsomal enzyme systems.
Das Autoselect‐System – ein Automatensystem zur Selektion von Antibiotikaproduzenten, VII. Hemmhofmeßautomat
Authors: Mühlig P. , Bauer E. , Knöll H. , Bradler G. , Schicht G. , Steininger H. , Günther H.
Published: December 2004

The zone reader of the Autoselect‐system enables to measure the 64 inhibition zones of a quadratic bioassay plate with an accuracy of 0,1 mm within 3 minutes. A carriage moves each zone in the light beam. With a special photometrical device 3 defined areas of the inhibition zone can be measured quantitatively by 2 receivers. The indicated values of the diameters result from the analog treatment of the signals. By coupling to a computer the datas of the measuring and other desired informations are printed out.
Das Autoselect‐System – ein Automatensystem zur Selektion von Antibiotikaproduzenten VIII. Zur Effektivität des Automatensystems
Authors: Schicht G. , Knöll H.
Published: December 2004

The advantages of the Autoselect‐system are explained. They are offered by a higher speed of all manipulations, by a significantly better accuracy, by getting more informations and by easier physical labour. In the most cases the automated work can be done in a fourth till a tenth of the time needed for manual handlings. The capacity of the machines amounts 5 000 to 30 000 colonies/samples per day. Special problems as well as possibilities for a further increase of the efficiency are discussed.
Lysine production from hydrocarbon by micrococcus species
Authors: Chatterjee M. , Chatterjee S. P.
Published: December 2004

A bacterium isolated from Assam (India) soil was found to accumulate L‐lysine in the mineral salt‐hydrocarbon medium and identified to be a strain of Micrococcus luteus. The strain is able to grow and accumulate l‐lysine in a purely synthetic medium, but supplementation of the synthetic medium with casamino acid or yeast extract or both, improves the yield. The entire fermentation period can be divided into a growth phase and a production phase, which can be prolonged by adjustment of the pH to the neutral range. Among the different hydrocarbon and nitrogen sources tested straight run gas oil (47percnt;) and ammonium sulphate (0.4%), respectively, were found most suitable.

Erythromycin at 1 μg/ml level inhibited growth bu¸t stimulated lysine excretion. An inoculum level of 10% (v/v) of the medium was optimal for lysine production. The yield of lysine under optimal conditions was found to be 3.25 g per litre of the medium. Lysine has been isolated in crystalline form from the fermented broth by ion exchange resin chromatography and found to be pure sample of L‐isomer.
Die chemische Hydrolyse von Reisschalen und das Wachstum einer Candida tropicalis‐Kultur auf den Reaktionsprodukten
Authors: Gonzales‐Valdes I. , Knackmuss K.‐P.
Published: December 2004

The kinetics of the prehydrolysis of rice hulls where investigated with different concentrations of H2SO4 and temperatures by modified ARRHENIUS–equation in relation to the degradation of pentosans and the formation of reducing sugars. The determination of the activation energy, the frequency‐factor and the orden of reaction in relation to the concentration of the acid results for the formation of the reducing sugars in 60.3 kJ/mol, 5.28 ×. 107 and 1.76, for the degradation of the pentosans in 59‐ and 69.9 kJ/mol, 3.08 × 107 and 6.03 times; 107 as well as 0.76 and 0.85

The discontinuous growth of the yeast Candida tropicalis QML 7601, isolated from a biotop in Cuba, on the products of the prehydrolysis of the rice hulls with H2SO4 (0.1‐ and 0.2 N) and different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 yield values of μmax = 0.3 – 0.6 h‐1 in relation to the conditiones.
Zur Bedeutung der wahren maximalen spezifischen Wachstumsrate
Authors: Koné S. , Behrens U.
Published: December 2004

In this report the biokinetic parameter μmax, m and Ymax for the denitrification of a medium containing acetat as C‐source and a soft coal gasification water containing volatile fatty acids as main components have been compared. An expression for a true maximum specific growth rate is proposed (μmaxw = μmax + mYmax) and it could be shown that despite different values for μmax the values for μmaxw correspond fairly well.
Activity of diaminopimelic acid decarboxylase in bacteria producing lysine
Authors: Sen S. K. , Chatterjee M. , Chatterjee S. P. , Banerjee A. K.
Published: December 2004

Activity of DAP‐decarboxylase in lysine overproducing strains of Micrococcus luteus, M. varians and Arthrobacter globiformisLb reached the highest level during the end of the exponetial phase of growth and remained at the same high level during the stationary phase of growth when major bulk of lysine was accumulated. In comparison in a lysine non‐producing strain of Arthrobacter globiformis I 4 the activity of the same enzyme was low. DAP‐decarboxylase of these three lysine overproducers has two specialities, persistence during the stationary phase and insensivity to repression by exogenous lysine.
Metabolic Features of Methane‐ and Methanol‐Utilizing Bacteria
Authors: Trotsenko Y. A.
Published: December 2004

Investigations of a wide range of methane‐ and methanol‐utilizers showed a striking versatility of their metabolism dependent on the genotype and growth conditions. A correlation between pathways of carbon and nitrogen metabolism was found. It was most stringent in obligate methane‐utilizers: the hexulosephosphate pathway bacteria assimilated NH3 by the reductive amination of α‐ketoglutarate or pyruvate whereas the serine pathway bacteria used the glutamate cycle (glutamine synthetase + glutamate‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase).

Multiple enzymic lesions were found in central metabolism of obligate methylotrophs, i.e. the absence of the enzymes of glycolytic and pentosephosphate pathways, gluconeogenesis, citric acid cycle and glyoxylate shunt. These metabolic blocks were not so profound and could be compensated in restricted and facultative methylotrophs during heterotrophic growth.

The average levels of exogenous CO2 fixation in methylotrophic bacteria with the hexulosephosphate, serine and ribulosebisphosphate pathways were found to be 10, 30 and 80% of their total cell carbon, respectively.

These results served as a basis for biotechnological applications of metabolic potential of methylotrophs (production of biomass, polysaccharides and enzymes as well as for microbiological treatment of industrial waters containing toxic C1‐ and Cn‐compounds).
Zur Maßstabsübertragung von aeroben mikrobiologischen Prozessen Teil I. Stofftransport
Authors: Kudrewizki F.
Published: December 2004

Because the interior scale of turbulence in reinforced bioreactors is essentially greater than the particles of bacteria or yeasts, the mass transfer occurs at the particles only in consequence of the molecular diffusion and depends on the concentration of the soluted material only. As a decided criterion for the transmission of scale in such processes is considered the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient KLa

This article practises a theoretical analysis of the characteristic hydrodynamic conditions in bubble columns and in agitators: the content of gas, the specific area of mass transfer and the coefficient of mass transfer KL. These conditions are joined with the evaluation of the KLa value. Resultant the data of calculation hence it follows a computational determination of the KLa value by means of the physical matter values, the construction of devises and the process conditions.
Die Verwendung thermodynamischer und kinetischer Gesetzmaäßigkeiten zur Interpretation des Begriffes, physiologischer Zustand bei Hefepopulationen, Teil I: Grundlagen und Modelle
Authors: Glombitza F. , Heinritz B. , Ringpfeil M.
Published: December 2004

The paper wants to give a definition of the “physiological” state and a description of the microorganism growth by stochastic, parametric and deterministic equations

The growth process is divided in different phase and described by the equations of ZOTIN/ZOTINA and BERTALNFFY

A linear equation systems of irreversible thermodynamics is used for characterizing growth processes. The time and mass differences are choosen as driving forces

This description of growth is valid only in the case of synchronously growing cells

On the other hand, the physiological state of asynchronously growing cultures can be characterized by statistic average values.
Fraktionierung von Inhaltsstoffen der Zuckerrübenmelasse, die toxisch für die Citronensäureproduktion mit Aspergillus niger sind
Authors: Żakowska Z. , Jałocha A.
Published: December 2004

The toxic fractions were isolated from unsuitable molasses,not accepted for citrie acid fermentation. When the strains of A. niger: Z‐208, R‐8, P‐16, R‐65/4, all good producers of citric acid, were cultivated on the medium containing such molasses, the growth patterns were altered and the strains lost their acid‐forming properties.

After dialysis of the molasses samples fractions of low and high molecular weight were obtained but the latter had no effect neither on growth nor on fermentation patterns. The low molecular part, responsible for the toxicity of molasses against A. niger, was fractionated with Sephadex G‐25.

In such a way a low coloured fraction which inhibited the growth of A. niger strains could be separated. However there were no toxic compounds in the fractions with the highest values of absorbancy. The susceptibility of the strains,to some extent, depended on their ability for adaptation to the toxic fractions of molasses.
Ein neuer CO2‐Inkubator für die biologische Forschung
Authors: Beckmann D. , Metze J. , Rheinläunder H.
Published: December 2004

The engineers of the Centre for Scientific Instrument Manufacture of the Academy of Science of the GDR have engineered a bench incubator for the requirements of tissue culture and other biological research. The chamber made of corrosion resistant metal has a volume of about 100 litres. The cultures standing at three shelves are areated horizontal by two radial ventilators. The incubator equipped with automatic CO2‐, temperature‐ and humidity measuring‐ and regulation systems is distinguished by a new method of sterilization.
Dynamic processing in biotechnical systems
Authors: Heinritz B. , Bley T. , Rogge G. , Stichel E. , Ringpfeil M.
Published: December 2004

The adaptive feeding of nutrients especially of carbon and energy sources according to the demand of cells in different cell states during continuous or semicontinuous cultivation is called dynamic processing.

The deduction of dynamic process control concepts is aimed at improving the efficiency of biological substrate conversions into cell mass and other reaction products.

A growing number of results allows us to postulate that the principle of dynamic processing should be generally applied in biotechnical processes independent of the type of cells and substrates as well as the nature of products.

The basis of the deduction of dynamic process control concepts is the exact knowledge of the dependences of efficiency and rate of product synthesis on cell states during the development of cell populations.
Biosorption of mercury by microorganisms
Authors: Glombitza F. , Iske U. , Gwenner Chr. , Krishnan M. R. V.
Published: December 2004

Biomasses are able to sorb great amounts of mercury ions from water solutions.

Sorbed concentrations are dependent on the pH‐value, the strain of microorganisms and the substrate used for cultivation.

The uptake of mercury takes place at a high reaction rate and is completed after few minutes. A comparison between maximum amounts of uptake concentration and theoretical maximum amounts with a total sataration of the surface leads to the assumption that mercury is bound to definite sites.
Biotechnology and human health
Authors: Sawyer W. D.
Published: December 2004

Biotechnology can contribute to improved human health. Such improvement will also enhance significantly the economic development of the lesser developed nations. If one has in the biomedical sciences the skill and the will, one can utilize the powerful tools of biotechnology to better the well‐being of makind throughout the world.
Stickstoff als Leitelement für die Untersuchung von Fermentationsprozessen. Anwendungsmöglichkeiten eines Ammoniummeßgerätes
Authors: Otto G. , Pitzler J. , Pitzler K. , Weichert D.
Published: December 2004

This paper presents the application of a new developed measuring device for continuous determination of ammonium concentration especially in the field of biotechnology. Kinetic measurements of changes of ammonium concentration during stationary and instationary growth of microorganisms allows to quantify such interesting parameters as nitrogen consumption rate rN, productivity rx, specific growth rate ß, adaption time, diauxic behavior and mass content MF of fermenter etc.

The results received by the combination of appropriated methods with the ammonium measuring device are not limited to biotechnology, so other applications in the field of chemistry, agriculture, technology, waste water industry etc. are possible.
Influence of yeast‐cell state on efficiency of ethanol production
Authors: Heinritz B. , Ghildyal N. P. , Rogge G. , Hanschmann G. , Ringpfeil M.
Published: December 2004

Ethanol synthesis was initiated in aerobically pre‐cultivated synchronized yeast populations by interrupting aeration and adding carbon substrate. Synchronization of yeast‐cell functions was carried out by aerobic phased cultivation.

Ethanol synthesis was more effective if it was closely connected with aerobic cell‐mass synthesis and cell proliferation. Thus, anaerobic continuous ethanol production with cell recycling could be intensified by replacement of aged cells in single‐cell state by aerobically pre‐cultivated budding cells.
Inhibierungserscheinungen bei der alkoholishchen Gärung III. Der Einfluß des osmotischen Druckes auf die Lebensfähigkeit von Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Richter K. , Becker U.
Published: December 2004

The influence of the osmotic pressure on the viability of yeast cells was studied in batch processes. It could be found, that the viability is a function of the total osmotic pressure obtained by adding the partial osmotic values of the principal ingredients saccharose, ethanol and salts dissolved in the medium. At optimum process conditions (pH, T, etc.) the cells can tolerate the osmotic pressure up to fixed value π1. Above π1 the viability decreases linearly and upward of a second threshold value π2 nonlinearly. In the case of the used strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen Sc 5 the values of the both points are π1 = 25 atm and π2 = 47 atm.