bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF BLOOD SAMPLING PROCEDURE ON PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES AND THEIR TISSUE INHIBITORS
Authors: Rossignol Patrick , Cambillau Michèle , Bissery Alvine , Mouradian Dikran , Benetos Athanase , Michel Jean‐Baptiste , Plouin Pierre‐François , Chatellier Gilles , Jacob Marie‐Paule
Published: February 2008

Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) are potential markers of many diseases involving extracellular matrix remodelling such as hypertension. Our aim was to determine whether the anticoagulant used to collect plasma and several freeze–thaw cycles may influence the accuracy of plasma MMP and TIMP determinations.

Plasma samples of 18 healthy volunteers were collected on three anticoagulants: heparinate, citrate and EDTA. For each anticoagulant, we compared: (i) MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 levels using gelatin zymography and TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2 concentrations using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; (ii) intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation (CV); and (iii) MMP and TIMP levels after up to five freeze–thaw cycles.

The choice of anticoagulant influenced TIMP‐2 and TIMP‐1 concentrations (TIMP‐2, P < 0.0001; paired comparisons, citrate vs EDTA, P < 0.0001; EDTA vs heparin, P < 0.0001; citrate vs heparin, P < 0.0001; TIMP‐1, P < 0.001; paired comparisons, citrate vs EDTA, P = 0.10; EDTA vs heparin, P < 0.01; citrate vs heparin, P < 0.0001), but not those of MMP. We observed a bias with heparinate for TIMP‐2, TIMP‐1 and MMP‐9 determinations. The anticoagulant did not influence intra‐assay or interassay CV. Performing freeze–thaw cycles led to alterations in the TIMP‐1 plasma levels (P < 0.0001), regardless of the anticoagulant used, whereas MMP and TIMP‐2 concentrations were not significantly affected.

Anticoagulant influences the measured levels of MMP and TIMP in plasma and should be systematically reported. However, it does not influence the reproducibility of the measurements. Repeated freeze–thaw cycles alter the measurement of TIMP‐1 levels and should be avoided.
CHRONIC MENTAL STRESS IS A CAUSE OF ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION: PRESENCE OF BIOLOGICAL MARKERS OF STRESS
Authors: Esler Murray , Eikelis Nina , Schlaich Markus , Lambert Gavin , Alvarenga Marlies , Dawood Tye , Kaye David , Barton David , Pier Ciaran , Guo Ling , Brenchley Celia , Jennings Garry , Lambert Elisabeth
Published: February 2008

In searching for biological evidence that essential hypertension is caused by chronic mental stress, a disputed proposition, parallels are noted with panic disorder, which provides an explicit clinical model of recurring stress responses.

There is clinical comorbidity; panic disorder prevalence is increased threefold in essential hypertension. Plasma cortisol is elevated in both.

In panic disorder and essential hypertension, but not in health, single sympathetic nerve fibres commonly fire repeatedly within an individual cardiac cycle; this appears to be a signature of stress exposure. For both conditions, adrenaline cotransmission is present in sympathetic nerves.

Tissue nerve growth factor is increased in both (nerve growth factor is a stress reactant). There is induction of the adrenaline synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase, in sympathetic nerves, an explicit indicator of mental stress exposure.

The question of whether chronic mental stress causes high blood pressure, still hotly debated, has been reviewed by an Australian Government body, the Specialist Medical Review Council. Despite the challenging medicolegal implications, the Council determined that stress is one proven cause of hypertension, this ruling being published in the 27 March 2002 Australian Government Gazette. This judgement was reached after consideration of the epidemiological evidence, but in particular after review of the specific elements of the neural pathophysiology of essential hypertension, described above.
METABOTROPIC NEUROTRANSMISSION AND INTEGRATION OF SYMPATHETIC NERVE ACTIVITY BY THE ROSTRAL VENTROLATERAL MEDULLA IN THE RAT
Authors: Pilowsky Paul M , Abbott Stephen B , Burke Peter GR , Farnham Melissa MJ , Hildreth Cara M , Kumar Natasha N , Li Qun , Lonergan Tina , McMullan Simon , Spirovski Darko , Goodchild Ann K
Published: February 2008

Cardiovascular sympathetic nerve activity at rest is grouped into waves, or bursts, that are generally, although not exclusively, related to the heart rate and to respiration. In addition, activity is also generated in response to central commands and to environmental stimuli.

Responsibility for the integration of all these different elements of sympathetic activity rests with pre‐motoneurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata. These pre‐motoneurons are glutamatergic and spinally projecting where they form synapses with sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

Pre‐motoneurons also contain and presumably release, neurotransmitters other than glutamate, including amines and neuropeptides that act on metabotropic receptors with long‐term effects on cell function.

Similarly, in the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata the pre‐motoneurons are mainly regulated by excitatory influences from glutamate and inhibitory influences from γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). Major focuses of recent studies are the interactions between non‐glutamatergic and GABAergic systems and reflexes that regulate the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.

The results indicate that neurotransmitters acting at metabotropic receptors selectively affect different reflexes in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. It is suggested that this differential activation or attenuation of reflexes by different neurotransmitters is a mechanism by which the organism can fine‐tune its responses to different homeostatic requirements.
BAROREFLEX CONTROL OF SYMPATHETIC NERVE ACTIVITY AND BLOOD PRESSURE VARIABILITY
Authors: Julien Claude
Published: February 2008

The simultaneous recording of blood pressure (BP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in conscious sinoaortic baroreceptor denervated rats has revealed that the sympathetic component of the baroreceptor reflex both limits the amplitude of slow BP fluctuations and generates a faster BP oscillation (~0.4 Hz in rats), the so‐called Mayer wave.

Using BP and RSNA time series collected in conscious baroreceptor denervated rats and parameters of the transfer function relating RSNA to BP, it has been possible to predict BP and RSNA variabilities actually observed in baroreceptor‐intact rats. The most accurate simulation was obtained when the baroreflex gain was set at 20–30% of a critical value leading to the production of self‐sustained oscillations of BP and RSNA at Mayer wave's frequency.

Recent studies performed on conscious rats have indicated that the gain of the RSNA‐BP baroreflex function curve is altered during sleep‐wake cycle, grooming, exercise and exposure to environmental stress. These observations raise the possibility that the sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity might be continuously modulated as part of normal behavioural responses.

To examine this hypothesis, a method has been developed to obtain a continuous index of sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity. The method is based on the calculation of the gain of the transfer function relating RSNA oscillations to the BP pulse at heart rate frequency. This new spontaneous index correlates with the baroreflex gain measured by the vasoactive drug injection technique and is inversely related to overall indices of BP variability. In addition, it shows large, spontaneous variations over time.
Stem cell‐based cell therapy for Huntington disease: A review
Authors: Kim Manho , Lee Soon‐Tae , Chu Kon , Kim Seung U.
Published: February 2008

Huntington disease (HD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder and no proven medical therapy is currently available to mitigate its clinical manifestations. Although fetal neural transplantation has been tried in both preclinical and clinical investigations, the efficacy is not satisfactory. With the recent explosive progress of stem cell biology, application of stem cell‐based therapy in HD is an exciting prospect. Three kinds of stem cells, embryonic stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells, have previously been utilized in cell therapy in animal models of neurological disorders. However, neural stem cells were preferably used by investigators in experimental HD studies, since they have a clear capacity to become neurons or glial cells after intracerebral or intravenous transplantation, and they induce functional recovery. In this review, we summarize the current state of cell therapy utilizing stem cells in experimental HD animal models, and discuss the future considerations for developing new therapeutic strategies using neural stem cells.
Spatial and temporal variation in the fruiting phenology of palms in isolated stands
Authors: ADLER GREGORY H. , LAMBERT THOMAS D.
Published: February 2008

Fruiting phenologies of two species of palms,Astrocaryum standleyanumL. H. Bailey andAttalea butyracea(Mutis ex L. f) Wess. Boer, isolated on eight small (1.7–3.7 ha) forested islands in the Panama Canal were studied over a 33‐month period. Individual palms were permanently marked with numbered aluminum tags and censused each month for the presence of ripe fruits. The dataset consisted of 1106 monthly observations of palms with ripe fruits among the 634 marked individuals. Mean densities of palms of reproductive size varied widely among islands, ranging from a low of 0.3 ha−1forA. standleyanumand 3.5 ha−1forA. butyraceato a high of 44.9 ha−1forA. standleyanumand 33.7 ha−1forA. butyracea. Both species showed distinctly seasonal periods of fruiting activity that varied in duration between the two species and among years. The timing of fruiting byA. standleyanumwas highly synchronous among islands, whereas inter‐island synchrony inA. butyraceawas less pronounced. The percentages of marked individuals that fruited varied widely among islands and years. Results indicated that these palms responded to both spatially and temporally variable conditions that promoted fruit production. We suggest that pollinator abundances are a crucial factor affecting reproductive output. Conditions that favor successful reproduction and seed dispersal, such as pollinator activity and the attraction of dispersal agents, may be the ultimate factors that have influenced the reproductive phenologies of these two species of palms.
Comparison of the seed germination of native and non‐native winter annual Apiaceae in North America, with particular focus onCyclospermum leptophyllumnaturalized from South America
Authors: WALCK JEFFREY L. , BASKIN CAROL C. , HIDAYATI SITI N. , BASKIN JERRY M.
Published: February 2008

To increase our knowledge of the seed dormancy breaking and germination requirements of native and non‐native winter annual Apiaceae in temperate eastern North America, a study was conducted on seeds ofCyclospermum (Apium) leptophyllum, which is native to South America, but naturalized in North America and elsewhere. A high percentage of fresh seeds germinated over a narrow range of temperatures, but the range increased when seeds were incubated continuously in light or buried in soil at high summer temperatures, indicating the presence of conditional physiological dormancy (PD). Embryos grew from approximately 0.3 to 1.25 mm (316% increase in length) inside the seeds before the radicle emerged; thus, seeds had morphological dormancy (MD) as well as PD, that is, morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). Embryo growth did not occur during summer in seeds exposed to natural temperatures, but embryos did grow in autumn. For seeds sown in the field in June, both embryo growth and germination occurred in autumn. Thus, seeds have non‐deep simple MPD, with PD being broken in summer and MD in autumn. A comparison ofC. leptophyllumwith native and non‐native winter annual Apiaceae in the region reveals that all species have MD, but the proportion of fresh seeds that also has PD (thus, MPD) varies between species. A combination of factors, including PD, an inability to germinate at high summer temperatures, a relatively low temperature requirement for embryo growth and a lack of dispersal until autumn (in two non‐natives), delays germination of both natives and non‐natives until autumn, when conditions are favorable for both germination and seedling establishment.
Breaking seed dormancy in specially protected Turbinicarpus lophophoroides and Turbinicarpus pseudopectinatus (Cactaceae)
Authors: FLORES JOEL , JURADO ENRIQUE , JIMÉNEZ‐BREMONT JUAN FRANCISCO
Published: February 2008

Turbinicarpus lophophoroides (Werderm) and Turbinicarpus pseudopectinatus (Backeb) are cacti species under special protection status. Both species have seed dormancy. To help preserve these species we ran seed germination experiments to determine the effect of seed age and putrescine on breaking seed dormancy. The treatments used were seed age (from four different years) and the administration of exogenous putrescine (0.1 μmol/L, 0.1 mmol/L and a control). The seed collection years were 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2005 for T. lophophoroides, and 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005 for T. pseudopectinatus. The response variable evaluated was the final germination percentage. Turbinicarpus lophophoroides showed the greatest germination percentage for seeds that had been collected for 4 years (2001), both in the control (66%) and in the 0.1 μmol/L putrescine (54%) treatments. Seeds of T. pseudopectinatus with the greatest germination percentage (48%) were those collected within a year (2004) for the control group. This implies that putrescine inhibited the germination of T. pseudopectinatus. The results show that both species have the potential to produce seed banks.
Life‐history monographs of Japanese plants. 10: Fritillaria koidzumiana Ohwi (Liliaceae)
Authors: KAWANO SHOICHI , MASUDA JUNZO , HAYASHI KAZUHIKO
Published: February 2008

The life‐history characteristics of Fritillaria koidzumiana Ohwi (Liliaceae) are described here. This is a typical spring ephemeral of deciduous forests in the lowlands of central Honshu, ranging from Yamagata to Ishikawa Prefecture along the Japan Sea coast, but with very peculiar disjunctions in Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures on the Pacific side. This small insect‐pollinated polycarpic perennial herb bears a single unshowy greenish yellow flower, blooming downward, but attracting pollinators, such as small bees and flies, and produces numerous propagules exclusively by means of sexual reproduction. Frutescence occurs in late April to mid‐May. Seed outputs are high, with fecundity levels attaining approximately 75% per ovary. Seeds are furnished with an elaiosome and susceptible to ant dispersal.
Lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction: a common approach
Authors: Giuliano François
Published: February 2008

Alpha1‐adrenergic blockers (α1‐blockers) are considered the most effective monotherapy for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Phosphodiesterase type‐5 (PDE‐5) inhibitors are the first‐line treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED). As LUTS and ED are strongly linked, co‐prescription of both drug classes is likely to increase.

Interaction studies have confirmed that tadalafil, a long‐acting PDE‐5 inhibitor, has only marginal effects on blood pressure when co‐administered with the selective α1‐blockers, alfuzosin or tamsulosin. α1‐blockers show an incidence of ED similar to placebo; they may even have some benefit on sexual function in men with concomitant LUTS and sexual dysfunction, with the exception of tamsulosin which causes anejaculation. On the other hand, PDE‐5 inhibitors have a beneficial effect on LUTS. These agents are likely to act via different mechanisms of action, providing the rationale for combining them to treat LUTS and ED. Indeed, alfuzosin and tadalafil show an additive relaxant effect on human detrusor muscle, human prostate tissue and human corpus cavernosum in vitro. A pilot study also suggests that daily intake of alfuzosin 10 mg and sildenafil 25 mg is well tolerated and may be more effective than monotherapy to improve LUTS and ED. Further research is warranted to establish the value of this combination therapy in LUTS and ED.
Costs of metabolic syndrome‐related diseases induced by obesity in Taiwan
Authors: Fu T. , Wen T. , Yeh P. , Chang H.
Published: February 2008

The objective of this paper is to estimate the cost of obesity's contribution to the metabolic syndrome diseases in Taiwan. We used individual data from the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Two‐Township Study survey and medical use and expenditures data from the Bureau of National Health Insurance (NHI) of Taiwan. By adopting the prevalence‐based and population attributable risk (PAR) approaches, direct costs of obesity for six kinds of obesity related metabolic syndrome diseases have been estimated. Comorbidities used in our analysis included ischemic heart diseases, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease accident, diabetes, hyper‐cholesterolaemia and hypertension. The results indicate that overweight and obesity are associated with a higher prevalence and costs of the metabolic syndrome related diseases. PAR increases as the obese [body mass index (BMI)] prevalence increases. About 4–9% of the costs of those diseases can be attributed to overweight (24 ≤ BMI < 27) and about 7–13% and 8–19% of such costs are attributable to the first and second degree obesity (27 ≤ BMI < 30 and BMI ≥ 30). The cost of obesity derived from the PAR and medical costs of metabolic syndrome diseases accounts for 2.9% of the national total healthcare expenditure. We therefore conclude that overweight and obesity have increased health costs and resulted in higher prevalence of and greater costs from metabolic syndrome related diseases in Taiwan. These findings provide important support for implementing obesity prevention programs in Taiwan.
Impact of famine during pregnancy and infancy on health in adulthood
Authors: Yang Z. , Zhao W. , Zhang X. , Mu R. , Zhai Y. , Kong L. , Chen C.
Published: February 2008

The objectives of the present study are (i) To examine the association between fetal nutritional status and overweight and obesity in adulthood and (ii) to provide the evidence for formulating a strategy to prevent low birth weight. With data from the 2002 Nationwide Nutrition and Health Survey, the body mass indexes (BMIs) of rural residents born during the famine years of 1959, 1960, 1961 were compared with those born in 1964. The health consequence of famine on the adulthood BMI was evident in women; the mean BMIs of the women were significantly higher in the three famine groups than that in the control group born in 1964 (P < 0.01). After adjustment for regional differences within China, the prevalences of overweight in women were significantly higher in the three famine groups (P < 0.01) and of obesity in the 1959 and 1960 groups. (P < 0.01). Such differences were not found in men. The higher risks of overweight and obesity in women were caused by malnutrition in fetal life. A strategy for preventing low birth weight should be formulated by the government to prevent chronic disease in adulthood.
Culture, trust, and social networks
Authors: Igarashi Tasuku , Kashima Yoshihisa , Kashima Emiko S. , Farsides Tomas , Kim Uichol , Strack Fritz , Werth Lioba , Yuki Masaki
Published: February 2008

Although the role of trust in group processes has been well established, less is known about the role of trust in social network processes. Trust, conceptualized to have generalized and particularistic aspects, was measured by generalized trust (people can be trusted in general) and relationism (people can be trusted if one has relationships), and their relations with social network characteristics of network homogeneity (extent to which one has a number of friends with similar attitudes) and network closure (extent to which one's social network is closed) were examined in three Western (Australia, Germany, and the United Kingdom) and two East Asian countries (Japan and Korea). Although generalized trust was shown to be positively related to network closure across the five countries, generalized trust and relationism had different relations with network homogeneity in different cultures. The results were interpreted in terms of social institutional and cultural differences.
Catatonia in an Alzheimer's dementia patient
Authors: KENDURKAR Arvind
Published: February 2008

The present case report is of an 82‐year‐old woman, a known case of Alzheimer's dementia, referred to the Department of Psychiatry for evaluation regarding the sudden onset of a change in behavior. A diagnosis of catatonia caused by an acute psychotic illness was made. The patient was given a trial of lorazepam, failing which quetiapine was given, leading to complete resolution in 4 weeks. Quetiapine was withdrawn after 3 months and the patient was found to be well in next 6 months of follow up. Catatonia is known to exist in many disorders. In the elderly, it is reported to occur in primarily four types of disorders: organic, psychotic, mood and toxic. However, a few reports also suggest an association between catatonia and Lewy body dementia. There have been no previous reports of catatonia with Alzheimer's dementia. The planning of management is often difficult in such cases, because no single approach has been found to be absolutely effective.
Predictors of Grade 2 Word Reading and Vocabulary Learning from Grade 1 Variables in Spanish‐Speaking Children: Similarities and Differences
Authors: Gottardo Alexandra , Collins Penny , Baciu and Robert Gebotys Iuliana
Published: February 2008

We examined the components of first (L1) and second language (L2) phonological processing that are related to L2 word reading and vocabulary. Spanish‐speaking English learners (EL) were classified as average or low readers in grades 1 and 2. A large number of children who started out as poor readers in first grade became average readers in second grade while vocabulary scores were more stable. Binary logistic regressions examined variables related to classifications of consistently average, consistently low, or improving on reading or vocabulary across grades. Good L2 phonological short‐term memory and phonological awareness scores predicted good reading and vocabulary scores. L1 and L2 measures differentiated consistently good performers from consistently low performers, while only L2 measures differentiated children who improved from children who remained low performers. Children who are EL should be screened on measures of pseudoword repetition and phonological awareness with low scorers being good candidates for receiving extra assistance in acquiring L2 vocabulary and reading. This study suggests measures that can be used to select children who have a greater likelihood of experiencing difficulties in reading and vocabulary.
Associations between Electrocardiographic Interval Durations and Coronary Artery Calcium Scores: The Diabetes Heart Study
Authors: NELSON MATTHEW R. , DANIEL KURT R. , CARR J. JEFFREY , FREEDMAN BARRY I. , PRINEAS RONALD J. , BOWDEN DONALD W. , HERRINGTON DAVID M.
Published: February 2008

Background: The mechanisms underlying the associations between QT interval duration and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain unclear. It has been assumed that these associations are driven by abnormal myocardial repolarization. We examined the relationship between coronary artery disease, measured by coronary artery calcified plaque (CAC), and the duration of QRS, JT, and QT intervals, among predominantly type two diabetic participants.

Methods: The study sample included 1,123 subjects from the Diabetes Heart Study, of whom 85% had type 2 diabetes. Correlations between electrocardiogram interval durations and log‐transformed coronary artery calcified (CAC) were assessed in univariate and sequential multivariable generalized estimating equation models adjusted for familial correlations, heart rate, age, race, gender, diabetes status, hypertension status, Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking status, systolic blood pressure, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, QT‐prolonging medications, and use of exogenous estrogen.

Results: QT interval duration significantly correlated with the extent of CAC in univariate (r = 0.09, P = 0.01) and multivariable models (r = 0.08, P = 0.01). We observed strong correlations between the QRS duration and CAC in univariate (r = 0.23, P < 0.0001) and adjusted models (r = 0.10, P = 0.01). In contrast, the JT interval was not associated with CAC. A strong correlation existed between the QRS interval and CAC in men (QRS: r = 0.24, P ≤ 0.0001) and diabetics (QRS: r = 0.25, P ≤ 0.0001) but was absent in women and nondiabetics. These relationships were not modified by CVD, race, or presence of bundle branch block.

Conclusion: QT duration correlates with the amount of CAC in a predominantly diabetic population. The association between QT duration and CAC is driven by QRS and not JT interval duration.
Repositioning a Dislodged New Lumenless Pacing Lead: A Simple Tool and Technique
Authors: KARPAWICH PETER P. , WEBSTER PAUL , GOODMAN ELIZABETH , FORBES THOMAS
Published: February 2008

The SelectSecure™ catheter delivery system and active fixation 4.1 French diameter Model 3830 pacing lead (Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA) has the advantage of permitting precise implant at nearly any desired location due to catheter maneuverability. However, as the lead lacks an internal stylet lumen, it is intrinsically floppy and any repositioning after the delivery catheter is removed is nearly impossible, necessitating lead extraction and a repeat of the implant process. At present, there are no commercially available tools to precisely reposition this lead. This report presents a simplified approach to reimplant a dislodged Model 3830 lead using currently available materials to create an effective maneuverable and removable encircling snare.
Percutaneous Permanent Pacemaker Implantation Via The Azygous Vein In A Patient With Superior Vena Cava Occlusion
Authors: KAMDAR RAVINDU HASMUKH , SCHILLING RICHARD JOHN
Published: February 2008

Occlusion of the superior vena cava (SVCO) makes implantation of permanent pacemakers challenging and difficult. We describe an extended application of a Medtronic Attain (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) guide catheter (a tool designed for delivery of left ventricular pacing leads into the coronary sinus) for delivery of a right ventricular pacing lead via the azygous vein in a 72‐year‐old woman with SVCO secondary to long‐term central venous hemodialysis catheters. This approach allowed the use of an endocardial pacing lead, implantation under local anesthesia, and conventional positioning of the pacemaker generator in the pectoral region in a patient with SVCO.
High‐Brightness LaPO4:Ce3+, Tb3+ Nanophosphors: Reductive Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photoluminescent Properties
Authors: Zhu Hongliang , Zhu Enze , Yang Hong , Wang Lina , Jin Dalai , Yao Kuihong
Published: February 2008

This paper definitely reveals that LaPO4:Ce3+, Tb3+ (LAP) nanophosphors prepared by normal hydrothermal method suffer significant loss of luminescence due to the oxidation of Ce3+–Ce4+ at hydrothermal stage. To effectively protect Ce3+ from oxidation, a reductive hydrothermal process using hydrazine hydrate as a protecting agent is proposed to synthesize LAP nanophosphors with different Ce3+ and Tb3+ concentrations, which exhibited much stronger green photoluminescence (PL) and longer lifetime than the products prepared by normal hydrothermal method. Furthermore, the high‐brightness LAP nanophosphors exhibited high‐quenching concentration of Tb3+; the La0.4Ce0.4Tb0.2PO4 nanophosphor showed almost the same PL intensity as that of the commercially used La0.7Ce0.2Tb0.1PO4 bulk powder.
The influence of different food and drink on tics in Tourette syndrome
Authors: Müller‐Vahl Kirsten R. , Buddensiek Nadine , Geomelas Menedimos , Emrich Hinderk M.
Published: February 2008

Aim: Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by waxing and waning motor and vocal tics. Because standard medication often remains unsatisfactory, many patients seek alternative medicine. The aim of this study was to increase experience about the influence of food and drinks in TS.

Methods: A standardized questionnaire was sent to 887 people recruited from our Tourette outpatient clinic and the German TS self‐aid group. Respondents should assess whether 32 different foods influenced their tics.

Results: Two hundred twenty‐four questionnaires could be used for analyses. A significant positive correlation (tic deterioration) was found for caffeine‐ and theine‐containing drinks such as coke (p < 0.001), coffee (p < 0.001) and black tea (p < 0.001) as well as for preserving agents (p < 0.001), refined sugar (p < 0.001) and sweeteners (p < 0.001). A significant negative correlation (tic improvement) was not found.

Conclusions: Results from this first survey investigating the influence of special foods and drinks on tics demonstrated that 34% and 47% of responders, respectively, assessed that coffee and coke deteriorate tics. It, therefore, can be speculated that caffeine may further stimulate an already overactive dopaminergic system in TS and thus increases tics. However, from these preliminary data, no further general recommendations regarding special diets and food restrictions can be made.
Hospitalization for vascular complications in childhood onset type 1 diabetes – effects of gender and age at onset
Authors: Dahlquist G , Möllsten A , Källén B ,   Swedish Childhood Diabetes Study Group
Published: February 2008

Aims: To study the cumulative incidence of hospitalization for severe diabetic vascular complications in childhood onset type 1 diabetes patients with special regards to age at onset and gender.

Methods: The Swedish Childhood Diabetes Register (SCDR) was linked to the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register up to 31 December 2004. The following diagnoses were traced: diabetic kidney disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, lower limb arterial disease and diabetes with multiple complications. Cox proportional hazards survival method was applied with the following covariates: maternal age, birthweight deviation from gestational week standard, age at onset and gender.

Results: Until 31 December 9974 children had been followed for at least 10 years corresponding to 141 839 person years at risk and 103 (7.3 per 1000 person years) had been hospitalized at least once at the maximum duration of follow‐up of 26 years. Diabetic kidney disease was the most common cause of hospitalization and 63 patients had more than one diabetic complication. Female gender (RR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.05–3.89) and age at onset of diabetes (RR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.20–1.56) were significant risk factors for severe complication.

Conclusions: Hospitalization for severe diabetic complications at a maximum follow‐up of 26 years is rather low in Sweden. There is a higher hospitalization rate among females than among males, and also among patients diagnosed with diabetes after 10 years of age than among patients diagnosed before the age of 10 years.
Major salivary gland output differs between users and non‐users of specific medication categories
Authors: Wolff Andy , Zuk‐Paz Limor , Kaplan Ilana
Published: February 2008

Background:  The intake of medications is a major aetiologic factor of xerostomia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the selective influence of medication categories on flow rates of individual major salivary glands.

Methods:  The effect of each medication category on salivary flow rates was determined by dichotomy comparisons between users and non‐users. A total of 246 patients were included, 79 males and 167 females aged 13–92 years (mean 63 years). Of these, 200 used medications, which were grouped according to their category. A comprehensive medical and oral examination was performed. Both unstimulated and stimulated saliva was collected separately from the parotid and submandibular/sublingual glands.

Results:  Parotid flow rate was decreased among users of tranquillisers and sedatives (unstimulated flow), cardiovascular drugs and gastrointestinal drugs (stimulated flow). Submandibular/sublingual unstimulated output was lower in patients taking cardiovascular drugs, antihistamines, tranquillisers/sedatives and antidepressants, while the stimulated flow, in those taking cardiovascular drugs, antihistamines, tranquillisers/sedatives and gastrointestinal drugs.

Conclusions:  Users of many common medication categories display significantly reduced unstimulated and/or stimulated salivary flow rate from the major salivary glands compared with non‐users. A larger number of medication categories are associated with reductions in salivary flow rate from submandibular/sublingual glands than parotid glands.
Structural basis for recognition of Co2+ by RNA aptamers
Authors: Wrzesinski Jan , Jóźwiakowski Stanisław K.
Published: February 2008

Co2+ binding RNA aptamers were chosen as research models to reveal the structural basis underlying the recognition of Co2+ by RNA, with the application of two distinct methods. Using the nucleotide analog interference mapping assay, we found strong interference effects after incorporation of the 7‐deaza guanosine phosphorotioate analog into the RNA chain at equivalent positions G27 and G28 in aptamer no. 18 and G25 and G26 in aptamer no. 20. The results obtained by nucleotide analog interference mapping suggest that these guanine bases are crucial for the creation of Co2+ binding sites and that they appear to be involved in the coordination of the ion to the exposed N7 atom of the tandem guanines. Additionally, most 7‐deaza guanosine phosphorotioate and 7‐deaza adenosine phosphorotioate interferences were located in the common motifs: loop E‐like in aptamer no. 18 and kissing dimer in aptamer no. 20. We also found that purine rich stretches containing guanines with the highest interference values were the targets for hybridization of 6‐mers, which are members of the semi‐random oligodeoxyribonucleotide library in both aptamers. It transpired that DNA oligomer directed RNase H digestions are sensitive to Co2+ and, at an elevated metal ion concentration, the hybridization of oligomers to aptamer targets is inhibited, probably due to higher stability and complexity of the RNA structure.
Pathways and Determinants of Early Spontaneous Vegetation Succession in Degraded Lowland of South China
Authors: Duan Wen‐Jun , Ren Hai , Fu Sheng‐Lei , Guo Qin‐Feng , Wang Jun
Published: February 2008

Continuous and prolonged human disturbances have caused severe degradation of a large portion of lowland in South China, and how to restore such degraded ecosystems becomes an increasing concern. The process and mechanisms of spontaneous succession, which plays an important role in vegetation restoration, have not been adequately examined. To identify the pathways of early spontaneous vegetation succession, 41 plots representing plant communities abandoned over different times were established and investigated. The communities and indicator species of the vegetation were classified by analyzing the important values of plant species using multivariate analyses. The results indicated that the plant species could be classified into nine plant communities representing six succession stages. The pathway and species composition also changed in the process of succession. We also measured 13 environmental variables of microtopography, soil structure and soil nutrition in each plot to examine the driving forces of succession and the vegetation‐environment relationships. Our results showed that the environmental variables changed in diverse directions, and that soil bulk density, soil water capacity and soil acidity were the most important factors.
Relationships between Phosphatidylglycerol Molecular Species of Thylakoid Membrane Lipids and Sensitivities to Chilling‐induced Photoinhibition in Rice
Authors: Zhu Su‐Qin , Zhao Hua , Liang Jian‐Sheng , Ji Ben‐Hua , Jiao De‐Mao
Published: February 2008

In an attempt to explore the relationships between phosphatidylglycerol (PG) molecular species of thylakoid membrane lipids and sensitivities to chilling‐induced photoinhibition, PG molecular species, D1 protein, electron transport activities of thylakoid membrane and the potential quantum yield (Fv/Fm) in rice treated under middle and low photon flux density (PFD) at 11°C were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, enzyme hydrolysis, gas phase chromatography (GC) and so on. Results showed that the major molecular species of PGs in rice thylakoid membrane were 18:3/16:0, 18:3/16:1(3t), 18:2/16:0, 18:2/16:1(3t), 18:1/16:0, 18:1/16:1(3t), 16:0/16:0, 16:0/16:1(3t). There were large differences in the contents of unsaturated PG molecular species such as 18:1∼3/16:0∼16:1(3t) and saturated PG molecular species like 16:0/16:0∼16:1(3t) among japonica cv 9516 (j‐9516), japonica‐indica hybrid F1 j‐9516/i‐SY63 (ji‐95SY) and indica cv Shanyou 63 (i‐SY63). J‐9516 containing higher contents of unsaturated PG molecular species was manifest in stable D1 protein contents under chill and tolerant to chill‐induced photoinhibition. In contrast to j‐9516, i‐SY63 with lower contents of unsaturated PG molecular species, exhibited unstable D1 protein contents under chill and was sensitive to chill‐induced photoinhibition. ji‐95SY containing middle contents of unsaturated PG molecular species between those of j‐9516 and i‐SY63, exhibited mid extent of sensitivity to chill‐induced photoinhibition. The losses in D1 protein also account for the inhibition in electron transport activity of thylakoid membrane and the observed decline in Fv/Fm. The PG molecular species that is efficient in raising chilling‐resistant capacity were those containing unsaturated fatty acids, namely, unsaturated PG molecular species. These results implied that the substrate selectivity of the glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase in chloroplasts towards 16:0 or 18:1 displayed greatly the difference between japonica and indica rice.
It was possible to enhance the capacity of resistance to chilling‐induced photoinhibition by improving or modifying the GPAT gene.
A downward revision to the distance of the 1806−20 cluster and associated magnetar from Gemini Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Bibby J. L. , Crowther P. A. , Furness J. P. , Clark J. S.
Published: February 2008

We present H- and K-band spectroscopy of OB and Wolf–Rayet (WR) members of the Milky Way cluster 1806−20 (G10.0–0.3) to obtain a revised cluster distance, of relevance to the 2004 giant flare from the (soft gamma repeater) SGR 1806−20 magnetar. From GNIRS (Gemini Near-Infrared Spectrograph) spectroscopy obtained with Gemini South, four candidate OB stars are confirmed as late O/early B supergiants, while we support previous mid-WN and late WC classifications for two WR stars. Based upon an absolute Ks-band magnitude calibration for B supergiants and WR stars, and near-infrared (IR) photometry from NIRI (Near-Infrared Imager) at Gemini North plus archival VLT/ISAAC (Very Large Telescope/Infrared Spectrometer And Array Camera) data sets, we obtain a cluster distance modulus of 14.7 ± 0.35 mag. The known stellar content of the 1806−20 cluster suggests an age of 3–5 Myr, from which theoretical isochrone fits infer a distance modulus of 14.7 ± 0.7 mag. Together, our results favour a distance modulus of 14.7 ± 0.4 mag (8.7+1.8−1.5 kpc) to the 1806−20 cluster, which is significantly lower than the nominal 15 kpc distance to the magnetar. For our preferred distance, the peak luminosity of the 2004 December giant flare is reduced by a factor of 3 to 7 × 1046 erg s−1, such that the contamination of BATSE (Burst And Transient Source Experiment) short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) from giant flares of extragalactic magnetars is reduced to a few per cent. We infer a magnetar progenitor mass of ∼48+20−8 M⊙, in close agreement with that obtained recently for the magnetar in Westerlund 1.
STUDYING OF THE BACTERIAL GROWTH PHASES USING FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Authors: AL‐QADIRI HAMZAH M. , AL‐ALAMI NIVIN I. , LIN MENGSHI , AL‐HOLY MURAD , CAVINATO ANNA G. , RASCO BARBARA A.
Published: February 2008

This study examined the potential of Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) absorbance spectroscopy to detect biochemical changes in bacterial cells that occur during bacterial growth phases in batch culture. Two bacterial strains, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Listeria innocua ATCC 51742 were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and incubated at 37C and cells recovered at: the lag phase (3 h), the log phase (7 h), the stationary phase (24 h), and the death phase (10 days) from incubation in BHI (n = 2).

Major variations in the biochemical structure of bacterial cells during growth were observed. Over the range of 1800–900 cm−1, loadings 1 (principal component [PC] 1) and 2 (PC2) accounted for 88% of the total variability (76% and 12%, respectively) for E. coli cells, and 80% (72% and 8%, respectively) for L. innocua cells. Changes were attributable to cellular structure of bacterial cells (the variation in nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides) that occur during the growth phases.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The focus of this study was to examine Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectral features of bacterial cells at different growth stages and to determine if variations in composition and distribution of the biochemical components of cells during growth phases can be distinguished using this spectroscopic technique. This could explain the primary functional principle behind detection and discrimination of bacteria by FT‐IR spectroscopy.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A DUPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION DETECTION OF BIFIDOBACTERIUM SPP. AND LACTOBACILLUS SPP. IN DUODENUM, JEJUNUM, ILEUM AND CECUM OF BROILERS
Authors: SEIDAVI ALIREZA , MIRHOSSEINI SEYED ZIAEDDIN , SHIVAZAD MAHMOUD , CHAMANI MOHAMMAD , SADEGHI ALI ASGHAR
Published: February 2008

Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. genera are useful and important microbiota which affect poultry performance. The aim of this study was to develop a method for the direct and simultaneous detection of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two pairs of oligonucleotide primers were applied simultaneously to detect two different genera of useful bacteria by duplex PCR in a single tube. Primers were compared with sequences in the GenBank and none were found to have the exact same sequence as the non‐targeted sequence. Bacterial source included duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum obtained from commercial broilers. All gastrointestinal samples tested including duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum showed positive results with the PCR assay for both Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. There was no cross reactivity among these two closely related microorganisms. All primer pairs showed specificities only for their corresponding target microorganisms.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. genera represent the probiotic cultures generally used in the food and animal and poultry industry. The high throughput and cost‐effective duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system developed in this study could provide a powerful supplement to conventional methods for more accurate risk assessment and monitoring of these useful bacteria in the poultry gut. Development of probiotics requires investigation on these useful bacteria. Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp genera comprise the two most affecting factor in broiler industry and poultry performance.
Regulation lite: The rise of emissions trading
Authors: Baldwin Robert
Published: February 2008

Emissions trading is the governmentally promoted hope for a sustainable world. In different contexts, trading regimes display varying potential – both in absolute terms and in comparison with other regulatory instruments. Emissions trading, however, is a device that raises urgent issues regarding its objectives, cost‐effectiveness, fairness, transparency, and legitimacy. Its use places emphasis on its “acceptability” and the virtues of regulation that is “lite” because it is non‐threatening to the most powerful interests. Emissions trading is resonant with assumptions that are highly contentious – notably that it is acceptable because it involves no losers, or because, in desperate global circumstances, we have no choice but to use it. There is a need to confront the difficult issues presented by emissions trading and to face the challenges of combining “market” and “democratic” systems of legitimization. It is also necessary to avoid taking refuge in all too comfortable beliefs in cumulative checks and balances.
A Study of the Soluble Complexes Formed during Calcium Binding by Soybean Protein Hydrolysates
Authors: Bao X.‐L. , Lv Y. , Yang B.‐ C. , Ren C.‐ G. , Guo S.‐T.
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:  The soluble complexes formed between hydrolyzed soybean protein and calcium at pH 7.4 were investigated using dialysis, gel chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The results demonstrate that the amount of calcium bound was significantly different for soybean protein hydrolysates obtained using the proteases neutrase, flavourzyme, protease M, and pepsin. Maximum levels of calcium binding (66.9 mg/g) occurred with hydrolysates produced using protease M. Peptide fragments exhibiting high calcium binding capacity had molecular weights of either 14.4 kDa or 8 to 9 kDa, and the calcium binding capacity was linearly correlated with carboxyl group content (R2= 0.8204). FTIR experiments revealed that upon binding calcium, the amide I band underwent a shift to lower wave numbers. A wide, intense Ca–O absorption band also appeared between 400 and 100 cm−1 in the far‐infrared spectrum. The width and intensity of this band increased after treatment of samples with glutaminase. The amount of bound calcium was related to both the molecular weight of the peptides and to the carboxyl group content, and the most likely sites for calcium binding are the carboxyl groups of Asp and Glu.
Development and Experimental Validation of a Frying Model to Estimate Acrylamide Levels in French Fries
Authors: Palazoğlu T. K. , Gökmen V.
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:  In this study, a numerical model was developed to simulate frying of potato strips and estimate acrylamide levels in French fries. Heat and mass transfer parameters determined during frying of potato strips and the formation and degradation kinetic parameters of acrylamide obtained with a sugar–asparagine model system were incorporated within the model. The effect of reducing sugar content (0.3 to 2.15 g/100 g dry matter), strip thickness (8.5 × 8.5 mm and 10 × 10 mm), and frying time (3, 4, 5, and 6 min) and temperature (150, 170, and 190 °C) on resultant acrylamide level in French fries was investigated both numerically and experimentally. The model appeared to closely estimate the acrylamide contents, and thereby may potentially save considerable time, money, and effort during the stages of process design and optimization.
Perisurgical Intravenous Iron Therapy
Authors: BERIS Photis
Published: February 2008

There is no doubt that the developments in detecting viral antigens and antibodies, and very recently viral RNA or DNA, in donor blood, have greatly increased the safety of blood transfusion1. However, while it is generally agreed that a residual risk of transmitting viral infections by blood still exists 2, we do not know if Creutzfeld‐Jakob disease or its new form – undetectable with current screening methods – are transmitted by transfusion or not 3. Furthermore, the long‐term immunomodulatory effect of allogeneic blood on the patient is not known.

For these reasons, a more conservative transfusion practice is advocated; physicians must do all they can to decrease allogeneic blood transfusion, especially in patients without blood disease who, because of a significant acute blood loss (e.g. during major surgery), are likely to receive allogeneic blood.

In this paper we will discuss the use of intravenously administered iron in the perisurgical setting as a means of accelerating erythropoiesis in an attempt to decrease transfusion requirements.