bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Description of a Necrotic Virus Disease affecting Tobacco and Other Plants
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. , Bald J. G.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of an apparently undescribed virus disease. The virus appears spontaneously in the glasshouse affecting tobacco seedlings in the seed boxes. The symptoms on a number of hosts are described. The chief characteristic of the virus is its failure to become systemic in any host plant so far tested. It is, however, occasionally found in the roots of young tobacco plants, usually in the case of those naturally infected. Certain physical properties of the virus have been investigated. Its dilution end-point appears to be about 1:10,000; its longevity in extracted sap is about 20 days, the thermal death-point is 72° C. The virus shows a strong resistance to alcohol, remaining viable in 99 per cent, alcohol for 71 hours so far as tested.

It is not known how the virus is transmitted in nature, and no insect vector has as yet been identified.

The virus has been transmitted to healthy cowpeas by spraying them with a suspension of the virus by means of an atomiser.

By the Elford method of ultra-filtration the particle size is found to be 20–30μμ.

The virus is compared with that of the American tobacco ringspot, and methods of differentiating the two are indicated.
Observations upon a “Trichomonas” from Pond Water
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

1. “Trichomonas” keilini n.sp. has three anterior flagella, and a short undulating membrane, whose bordering flagellum does not become free. The flagella arise from an anterior blepharoplast. There is a single nucleus, anteriorly placed, and a mouth, but no basal fibre to the undulating membrane. An axostyle may be present or absent, but when present it is siderophilic. The method of multiplication of “T.” keilini is similar to that of T. hominis and T. batrachorum.

2. “T.” keilini was found in water from a pond in Lincolnshire.

3. It has been cultivated in serum-saline media, in hay infusion, and in pond or rain water with boiled wheat grains, from 4 to 31° C.

4. Cysts have never been found.

I should like to record my gratitude to Prof. Keilin, F.R.S., who gave me the sample of water in which I first saw the organism, and who gave me encouragement throughout this study; and to Mr Clifford Dobell, F.R.S., for the gift of the macaque-human strain of Trichomonas and for so kindly reading through and criticising this manuscript.
New Parasites of the Genus Orientophorus, n.gen. (Family Fellodistomidae) from an Indian Fresh-Water Fish, Clupea ilisha
Authors: Srivastava Har Dayal
Published: June 2009

The family Fellodistomidae Nicoll 1913 comprises two subfamilies, Fellodistominae Nicoll 1909 and Haplocladinae Odhner 1911, which are composed of a large number of genera of small flukes, all parasitic in fishes. The type genus of the family was described by Stafford in 1904 from the gall bladder of a Canadian wolf-fish, Anarrhichas lupus. Subsequently several new genera have been added from European and American fishes, but until now no representative of the family has been reported from India.
Some Observations on the Bionomics of Fleas in East Africa
Authors: Hopkins G. H. E.
Published: June 2009

Observations have been made on the survival of unfed rat-fleas, both newly hatched and wild-caught, under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity, and further observations on oviposition, hatching of eggs and emergence of adults under the same conditions.

The results show that, of the three sets of conditions employed, a temperature of approximately 20° C. and relative humidity of about 100 per cent. are the most favourable for survival of adults, hatching of eggs and production of a further generation of adults. The two other sets of conditions (temperatures of 15 and 30° C., with relative humidities of 60 and 100 per cent. respectively) are entirely unsuitable for the breeding of the species of fleas used.

At 20° C. and relative humidity 100 per cent. the whole pre-adult life of Xenopsylla brasiliensis and X. cheopis is, on the average, approximately 8–9 weeks, the minimum being 6 weeks. The female in both species is shown to have a distinctly shorter larval and pupal life than the male.
The Effect of Proteosoma upon the Survival of Culex
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

Many workers must have asked themselves whether a malaria parasite of bird or mammal has any harmful effect on the mosquito in whose body it grows and multiplies so remarkably; but though various opinions have been expressed, I cannot discover that any conclusive answer to this question has been given.
On two helminths of domestic ruminants in India
Authors: Bhalerao G. D.
Published: June 2009

Numerous specimens of this fluke were obtained on several occasions from domestic ruminants which were examined at Mukteswar. It has been ascertained that the infection occurs very commonly among goats and sheep, and occasionally also among bulls. Two buffaloes were also examined for infection with these flukes, but with negative results. The intensity of infection, particularly among ovines, is very great, several hundred specimens being obtained every time. Although these worms are found in all parts of the alimentary canal posterior to the oesophagus, the usual seat of predilection is the small intestine. On one occasion only were a few worms found in the bile ducts. It has been observed that the flukes die soon after the death of the host and begin to undergo post-mortem changes. For this reason it was often found difficult to obtain satisfactorily stained preparations of the parasites. Usually acid haematoxylin gave better results than the various carmine stains. The following description of the worms is based on the observation of several unstained and stained preparations and eight series of sections made through various planes.
Natural population of the head-louse (Pediculus humanus capitis: Anoplura) on infected children in England
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth
Published: June 2009

The louse populations of the heads of 93 infested children, 45 boys and 48 girls under 14 years of age from a northern English industrial city have been examined.

The average number of lice per head was 14·8 for all children, 12·7 for boys and 16·8 for girls. The maximum population observed was 142.

The majority of infestations (65%) were light with under 10 lice. Girls were more frequently heavily infested than boys.

Most of the infestations, though light, must have been established at least for some weeks.
The effect of variations in osmotic pressure upon a free-living soil nematode
Authors: Stephenson William
Published: June 2009

1. The osmotic pressure of the medium in which the nematodes were cultured has been shown to be equivalent to that of about 30 mM. NaCl.

2. The effects of immersion in a saline solution isotonic with the above, in glass-distilled water, and in hypertonic saline solutions, have been described. Particular attention was paid to changes in the length of the body, in the appearance and behaviour of the alimentary canal, and in the movement of the body.

3. The results obtained have been discussed, and the following tentative conclusions reached:

(a) The main aqueous exchanges occur through the cuticle and protoplasm covering the periphery of the body, and are controlled by the protoplasm rather than by the cuticle. The cuticle thus does not act as aja impermeable outer covering which insulates the animal from its environment.

(b) The species normally lives in an environment which is hypotonic to the body fluids, and maintains its internal osmotic pressure by means of an active method of osmotic regulation. The alimentary canal is probably partially, but not wholly, responsible for this regulation.

(c) Swelling occurs in distilled water because the removal of water in the initial stages is not rapid enough to cope with the extra inflow. Later the excess water is removed.

(d) In concentrated solutions, water is removed from the body, and the internal osmotic pressure may also be increased to some extent by the penetration of osmotically active substances to the body, through the cuticle and hypodermis of the body wall. Penetration through the hypodermis is slower than through the cuticle.

(e) During recovery in concentrated solutions, there is a slow removal of osmotically active material from the body. The hypertrophy of the lateral and post-anal organs, which sometimes occurs under these conditions, may be connected with this removal.
The capitulum and feeding mechanism ofIxodes hexagonusLeach
Authors: Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

1. The external structure of the capitulum ofIxodes hexagonusis described in detail, and the differences between it and the closely alliedI. cookeiare noted.

2. The capitulum is divisible into two portions, an extra-basis and basis regions. The former is divided into the hypostomal groove, the labrohypostomal groove and the labro-hypostomal gutter. Internally the basis is divided into dorsal and ventral chambers by the subcheliceral plate. The dorsal chamber houses the chelicerae while the pharynx and the salivary ducts occupy the ventral portion.

3. The so-called ‘stylet-like process’ is the anterior prolongation from the basal lobe of the labrum, and forms the mid-rib of a lamella which divides the hypostome into a dorsal salivary channel and a ventral food conduit.

4. There are rows of teeth on the internal faces of the anterior fifth of the pharynx. Two series of pharyngeal muscles are present: (i) those having a dorsal attachment to the floor of the salivary chamber, and (ii) those having similar attachments to the subcheliceral plates.

5. During feeding the first incision is made by the denticulate apices of the digits and into it the hypostome is then forced. Further cutting by the digits enables the hypostome to penetrate to its base. At the same time the palps splay out. The blood is then drawn up the food conduit by the action of the sucking pharynx. The lower surface of the labrum is produced into a tooth-like projection that fits into a groove of the lower wall of the pharynx. Presumably it functions as a valve to prevent regurgitation of blood. The pharyngeal teeth may function as a supplementary valvular apparatus or else serve for the breakdown of erythrocytes.

6. The tissue reaction of a stoat's skin to penetration by the capitulum ofI. hexagonusis described.
On some abnormalities inHyalomma savignyi
Authors: Feldman-Muhsam B.
Published: June 2009

Many workers have described abnormal forms and structures in ticks. Neuman (1899) was the first who recorded some abnormal Ixodidae. Brumpt (1934) reviewed the literature and recorded some new interesting abnormalities. The posterior region of the body of one of the specimens described by Brumpt had two ani and four stigmata. Brumpt considered that only the Ixodidae display abnormal forms, but since then Robinson (1943–4) described abnormalities in laboratory-bredOrnithodorus moubata. He also noticed a ‘partially twinned’ tick which mated, and laid eggs which developed into normal ticks.
Mortality of Laemophloeus (Coleoptera, Cucujidae) infected with Mattesia dispora Naville (Protozoa, Schizogregarinaria)
Authors: Finlayson L. H.
Published: June 2009

It was noticed that some stock cultures of Laemophloeus minutus Olivier and L. ferrugineus Stephen were showing an abnormally high mortality. The numbers of living larvae appeared to decrease, many pupae died inside their cocoons and most of the few adults which emerged died within a few weeks. As adult Laemophloeus live for about 6 months at the conditions under which the cultures were kept (25° C. and 70% r.h.) it was apparent that something was killing the beetles at all stages in development. Microscopic examination of dead larvae and adults which had been chopped up and mounted in Berlese's fluid (Swan's formula) revealed huge numbers of the lemon-shaped spores (sporocysts) or pseudonavicellae of a sporozoan parasite. Living larvae from infected cultures were dissected in saline, and smears were fixed in Bouin's fluid (aqueous) and stained with Heidenhain's haematoxylin. Other larvae were fixed in Bouin's fluid, sectioned, stained with Ehrlich's or Heidenhain's haematoxylin and eosin, cleared in xylol and mounted in Canada balsam. These preparations revealed various stages of a schizogregarine which appeared to be Mattesia dispora which was described by Naville (1930) from Ephestia kühniella Zell. (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae) and recorded by Musgrave & Mackinnon (1938) from Plodia interpunctella Hbn. (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae). Careful examination of sections and measurement of various stages confirmed this identification. All stages were found, with the possible exception of young gamonts formed by macronuclear schizogony.
Comparative studies on holotrichous ciliates in theColpidium-Glaucoma-Leucophrys-Tetrahymenagroup
Authors: Corliss John O.
Published: June 2009

In the last 30 years, at various laboratories in the United States, France and England, many strains of small holotrichous ciliates have been established in axenic culture for use in a widening variety of investigations of a physiological or biochemical nature. Since few of these organisms have been adequately described or properly identified by the workers employing them, thus making difficult meaningful comparison of the various experimental results reported, the need for morphological and taxonomical study has become increasingly apparent. At least twenty-nine such axenic strains of ciliates, considered members of a ‘Colpidium-Glaucoma-Leucophrys-Tetrahymenagroup’ because it has been principally to these four genera that the protozoa have been assigned in the past, are still in existence and twenty-six of them were collected for use in the present investigation. For accurate identification of such relatively undifferentiated ciliates the use of silver nitrate impregnation techniques, the value of which was recognized some years ago by Klein (1926) and stressed by Furgason (1940), is re-emphasized as being nearly indispensable. Details of buccal organelles and differentiated pellicular structures in other parts of the body are revealed precisely and with constancy.
The biology of Ornithodoros graingeri Heisch & Guggisberg, 1952
Authors: Heisch R. B. , Harvey A. E. C.
Published: June 2009

The life history of Ornithodoros graingeri under laboratory conditions at 28° C. and 95% humidity, can be summarized as shown in Table 4. These figures, except for the fourth-stage nymphs, include the interval between emergence and willingness to feed.
Otodistomum plunketi n.sp., a large trematode from a Lord Plunket's shark, Scymnodon plunketi (Waite)
Authors: Fyfe M. L.
Published: June 2009

A new species, Otodistomum plunketi, is described from the Lord Plunket's Shark Scymnodon plunketi caught in Otago Harbour, New Zealand. This species is compared with Otodistomum veliporum and O. pristiophori, from which it is mainly distinguished by its size, shape, egg-size and undulating caeca.
Studies on the morphology and biology ofEntamoeba moshkovskiiTshalaia, 1941
Authors: Neal R. A.
Published: June 2009

1.Entamoeba moshkovskiiwas isolated from a sewage plant in North London.

2. The morphology and metacystic development is similar to that ofE. histolyticaand otherhistolytica-like amoebae, but with differences in minor details.

3. The cysts ofE. moshkovskiiremain viable when kept at 4° C. for periods up to 10 months providing they are not allowed to dry.

4. If the amoebae are placed in hypotonic solution, the amoebae attempt to eliminate excess water by means of contracting vacuoles, but they eventually die.

5. Experiments have shown thatE. moshkovskiiis an anaerobe.

6. The optimum temperature for growth is about 24° C. as encystation does not occur at 37° C.

7.E. moshkovskiiis not infective to rats or to larvae of the common frog (Rana temporaria) andSalamandra maculosa.
An investigation on the life cycle of Trichuris muris
Authors: Fahmy M. A. M.
Published: June 2009

Data concerning the life cycle of the various species of the genus Trichuris are somewhat controversial. The present paper is devoted to the study of T. muris, a common parasite of the caecum of wild house-mice and rats. The possibility of transfer of T. muris in the laboratory mice would enable the author to solve various contradictory points.
A new species of Otobothrium (Cestoda, Trypanorhyncha) from Australian fishes
Authors: Hiscock Ian D.
Published: June 2009

In April 1953, several specimens of the common commercial mullet, Mugil cephalus L., heavily infested with cysts in the body cavity, were received. In May, June and July 1953, several specimens of the estuarine catfish, Netuma australis (Gunther) (Family Ariidae), similarly infected, came to hand. All specimens were taken from the lower reaches of the Brisbane River, Brisbane.
Anaemia in mice caused by Eperythrozoon coccoides (Schilling, 1928)
Authors: Thurston June P.
Published: June 2009

Experiments were designed to dissociate the effect of Eperyfhrozoon coccoides on the blood of mice from the effect of splenectomy. Both agents caused a decrease in number of red blood cells which was followed by an increased production of reticulocytes. The anaemic condition caused by the eperythrozoa persisted for more than 230 days after splenectomy, and parasites were seen in fluctuating numbers at intervals throughout this period.

At the height of infection, red blood cells were more fragile than normal in hypotonic saline and the blood clotted more rapidly than normal. No breakdown products of haemoglobin were detected in the urine or serum, and no haemolysins or haemagglutinins were detected in the serum. The white cell count was usually increased after heavy infections, the chief increase being in the number of myelocytes and other immature cells.
New bat-fleas (Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae)
Authors: Smit F. G. A. M.
Published: June 2009

The genus Ischnopsyllus Westwood, comprising at the moment sixteen species and subspecies, is rather a heterogenous group. Although I am reluctant to split this relatively small genus, a certain degree of division is unavoidable. First, I. grahami Waterston certainly does not belong to the genus Ischnopsyllus, and since this species does not fit any other genus of bat-fleas, a new genus has had to be erected for it (see below, where a new subspecies of grahami is also described). Secondly, the hexactenus-group of Ischnopsyllus is sufficiently distinct from the rest of the genus to make it desirable to restore, as a subgenus, the genus Hexactenopsylla Oudemans, which was synonymized with Ischnopsyllus by Dalla Torre in 1924.
Nematode parasite populations in sheep on lowland farms I. Worm egg counts in ewes
Authors: Crofton H. D.
Published: June 2009

1. Details are given of worm egg counts carried out on faeces from ewes during 1950–3.

2. Two periods of high egg counts were recorded each year; one during spring and the other in late summer.

3. The first increase appeared to correspond to the spring rise of other workers. It has been shown to be of short duration in each individual ewe, and the time of its occurrence directly related to the time of lambing.

4. Details are given of the seasonal incidence of different species of nematodes.

5. The spring rise is discussed and a theory is advanced to account for the phenomenon. It is emphasized that the fall in egg counts after the rise is as important as the increase.

6. A suggestion that the summer rise is spurious and caused by a reduction in volume of faeces passed during the first week after weaning is accepted.
A Second List of Parasitic Copepoda of Plymouth with a Description of Three New Species
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

The following constitutes a supplement to my previous list (Leigh-Sharpe, 1926), and consists of a few records previously omitted, and also an account of some Copepoda taken by me during a visit to the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, Aug.–Sept. 1932.
The Morphology and Division of Hexamita gigas n.sp. (Flagellata)
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

A Previous paper (Bishop, 1932) dealt with the cultivation of a Hexamita sp. found in the horse-leech (Haemopis sanguisugae = Aulastomum gulo). The present paper deals with the morphology and method of division of the Hexamita above referred to, which I now name H. gigas n.sp. Dobell (1909) gave a detailed history of the nomenclature of the genus, and Wenyon (1926) has dealt with the same subject and given a list of the then known species and their hosts. Two species have since been described: H. pulcher, by Becker (1926), from the caecum of the ground squirrel Citellus tridecemlineatus, and Octomitus (= Hexamita) pitheci described and figured by da Cunha and Muniz (1928) from the intestine of Macacus rhesus. Apart from the two species (Hexamita nodulosa and H. inflate) described by Dujardin (1841) from stagnant water, and in which he saw but six flagella, a single species only has been described hitherto from a non-vertebrate host. This species, Octomitus (= Hexamita) periplanetae, a small flagellate 5–8 μ in length, from the gut of the cockroach, was described by Bělař (1916); a similar flagellate from the gut of Blatta orientalis has been found by me.
The Hirudinea of Plymouth. Part I
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

The following marine Ichthyobdellid leeches have been taken at Plymouth:

I.Calliobdella lophii van Beneden and Hesse, on a large Lophius piscatorius; 1 capture, 4 specimens (vide Leigh-Sharpe, 1913 and 1914).

II. Pontobdella muricata (Linn.) on various species of Raia; rare at times; moderate-sized specimens common on skates and rays in the spring and summer of 1932.
A Reference List of the Trematode Parasites of British Freshwater Fishes
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

Our freshwater fishes have for long been a subject of some economic interest and in consequence their diseases and their parasites have received quite a considerable amount of attention. Much has been written on the subject, even in this country, and it has formed the basis of not a little speculation and possibly some results of economic value. As usual, however, more attention has been devoted to the matter on the continent and in America. It is, nevertheless, gratifying to find that Mclntosh (1863) was one of the first to realise the important help to be derived from a scientific study of fish parasites in investigations on such problems as migration, etc. His work has been greatly amplified by the later researches of such men as Hofer (1904) and Zschokke (1884–1914) in Europe, and Ward (1908–11) in America, to mention only a few well-known names which have been prominent in this line of investigation.
Studies on the Anatomy of Cimex lectularius L. II.
Authors: Puri I. M.
Published: June 2009

The stink organs are different in structure and position in the adult and the larval stages.

The stink organs of the adult are composed of (a) a pair of glands, (b) a central reservoir with two backwardly-directed lateral reservoirs, (c) a median kidney-shaped organ in the central reservoir, and (d) a pair of lateral external openings.

Each gland is a multicellular compound structure, opening into the central reservoir. It is described for the first time in this paper.

The whole of the stink organ of the adult is formed in the last larval stage from a pair of invaginations of the epithelial lining of the body-wall.

In the larval stages the stink organs are simple glands, situated dorsally in abdominal segments III to V.

The function of the stink organs is defensive and in the adult perhaps also sexual.
The Tapeworms of the Rangoon Pigeon
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

The pigeons of India are notoriously heavily infected with tapeworms and a cursory examination showed those of Rangoon to be no exception. A systematic investigation, the results of which are given in the accompanying table, was made of 20 pigeons taken from various parts of the town. Those from some localities were comparatively free from infection, others heavily parasitised. On the whole, those kept in cages and fed on corn had the greatest percentage of worms. The effect upon the health was very pronounced. Extreme emaciation and weakness were the usual accompaniment to a heavy infection. The worms were mostly situated in the duodenum,Hymenolepisnearer the stomach,CotugniaandRaillietinafurther away, but this arrangement was liable to be altered. In one case, a bird on the point of death, the worms had moved nearly to the anus, some remaining free, others attached, indicating the probability under normal conditions of the cestode moving from place to place.
The Hatching Organ ofLipeurus columbaeLinn. (Mallophaga), with a Note on its Phylogenetic Significance
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B.
Published: June 2009

The hatching organ ofLipeurus columbaeLinn. is described. It is very similar to that already described in sucking lice, and unlike that of any other group of insects. This resemblance is further evidence for the affinity of the Mallophaga and Siphunculata.
Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Metabolism of the Fasting Bed-Bug (Cimex lectularius), Hemiptera
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth
Published: June 2009

A method is described by which individual bed-bugs, weighing only 5 mg., can be accurately weighed, and their rate of loss of weight measured during starvation.

Fasting bed-bugs were kept for various periods at five temperatures, ranging from 8° C. to 37° C., and at four humidities—0, 30, 60 and 90 per cent. relative humidity—at each temperature. Analysis after the experiments showed that the same amounts of food reserves were used up at each humidity for one temperature, and, as more water was evaporated from those kept in dry air than from those in moist, the proportion of dry matter rose most rapidly in dry air. Protein was the main food reserve used.

Although the rate of loss of water was greatest in dry air, the rate of loss was relatively greater in moist air when the saturation deficiencies are compared. It appears that the insects conserve their water in dry air, but their surface area being so great in comparison with their volume, they cannot prevent all evaporation. This evaporation is at a rate nearly proportional to the saturation deficiency of the air.

In moist air water appears to be evaporated freely. It is suggested that the spiracles are kept closed more in dry air and less in moist, which accounts for the fact that the rate of evaporation is proportionately greatest in moist air.

A comparison is made between the results obtained with Cimex and Rhodnius.
Observations on some Parasites of Oscinella frit Linn. Part II.
Authors: Imms A. D.
Published: June 2009

It has already been shown (Imms, 1930) that the stem generation of the frit-fly in the Harpenden district is subjected to natural destruction, to a marked degree, by the agency of certain hymenopterous parasites. Among these, two species, viz. the Cynipid Rhoptromeris eucera Htg. and the Chalcid Halticoptera fuscicornis (Walk.) were found to predominate in numbers. Parasitisation, to a lower degree, by the Proctotrypid Loxotropa tritoma Thoms. was also noted and the Chalcid Callitula bicolor Spin. was recorded for the first time as having been reared from this same host. Evidence was also brought forward which o appeared to indicate that the parasitisation of frit-fly by the above combination of species increases in intensity as the season advances. In other words the stem generation of frit-fly, attacking late sown oats, is subjected to markedly heavier parasitisation than when it attacks oat sown earlier in the same season.
Electron microscopic study of Trypanosoma cruzi in thin sections of infected tissue cultures and of blood-agar forms
Authors: Meyer H. , de Oliveira Musacchio M. , de Andrade Mendonça I.
Published: June 2009

Thin sections of Trypanosoma cruzi in tissue cultures and from blood agar medium have been examined with the electron microscope.

In the leishmania and crithidia forms of the parasite a neat separation of kinetonucleus and blepharoplast has been obtained and these structures are described. The blepharoplast is the row of basal corpuscles which give origin to the axial fibres of the flagellum.

Division of the parasite seems to begin in the basal corpuscles; it is followed by binary division of the kinetonucleus and only later by fission of nucleus and cytoplasm.

During the development of the leishmania into the crithidia form, the kinetonucleus and basal bodies are dislocated towards the posterior half of the trypanosome. The migration of these two structures and the consequent lengthening of the flagellum causes the surface membrane of the flagellum to be pushed inwards to form a deep invagination, so that the flagellum comes to the surface of the body and is separated from it along its whole length by its own sheath.

In the adult form of the parasite a great vacuole is formed near the posterior tip of the trypanosome. It has no definite structure in the electron microscope, is transparent and seems to be filled with a liquid content. The basal corpuscles are situated in this region near the wall of the vacuole. The typical structure of the kinetonucleus could not be identified with certainty in these forms; it seems to be altered by the formation of the vacuole.

The vacuole is crossed by a fibre system which comes from the body of the trypanosome and is often dislodged by the size of the vacuole. This fibre system ends in a sharply pointed process of varying length.

The cost of reproduction of figures was defrayed by the Instituto de Biofísica da Universidade do Brasil.
Note on the size of the Shope rabbit papilloma virus
Authors: Markham Roy , Smith Kenneth M. , Lea Douglas
Published: June 2009

Since writing our recent review (Markham, Smith & Lea, 1942) on the sizes of viruses and the methods employed in their estimation, another virus has been added to the list of those concerning which we have concordant information by so many different methods that conclusions as to the size and shape and degree of hydration can be drawn with some confidence. This is the Shope rabbit papilloma virus, electron micrographs of which have been published by Sharp, Taylor, Beard & Beard (1942), and for which data on diffusion, sedimentation, density and viscosity have been published by Neurath, Cooper, Sharp, Taylor, Beard & Beard (1941). These data may be worked up by the formulae given in our review, and this note will serve to illustrate the convenience of our formulae for such purposes.
The mode of emergence of the sporoplasm in Microsporidia and its relation to the structure of the spore
Authors: Dissanaike A. S. , Canning Elizabeth U.
Published: June 2009

1. Studies on two Microsporidia, Nosema helminthorum Moniez and N. locustae Canning, have shown that the polar filament serves to conduct the sporoplasm out of the spore.

2. The filament is a solid structure and the sporoplasm is either attached to or is a continuation of it. The filament is first extruded as a tightly coiled mass and, as this uncoils, it drags the sporoplasm out of the spore.

3. The sporoplasm, which is either uninucleate or binucleate, takes the form of a girdle of protoplasm, which lies on the inner side of the spore membrane and surrounds the coiled polar filament. There is no polar capsule.
Some field and laboratory observations on the British harvest mite, Trombicula autumnalis Shaw
Authors: Minter D. M.
Published: June 2009

1. Previous attempts to feed the postlarval stages of the British harvest mite, Trombicula (Neotrombicula) autumnalis Shaw, are outlined briefly.

2. Methods by which mites were collected from the field are described and discussed.

3. The methods adopted for providing a suitable artificial environment in the laboratory, and the method by which feeding trials were conducted are described. The materials and organisms supplied as possible sources of food are listed, together with the results obtained when these were offered to nymphs or adults in controlled trials.

4. The feeding behaviour of adult mites in response to the eggs of an Entomobryid Collembolan, Sinella curviseta Brook, is described.

5. The nature of the probable diet in nature is briefly discussed.

6. The possible influence of ecological isolation on the evolution of polymorphic larval types is discussed.

7. The effect on the mite population of the destruction of rabbits, the principal vertebrate host in the experimental area, by myxomatosis is outlined.
The intranuclear inclusions in the mid-gut of the larva of Anopheles subpictus
Authors: Dasgupta B. , Ray H. N.
Published: June 2009

The object of this communication is to focus attention on certain interesting facts concerning the mid-gut of the larva of Anopheles subpictus previously reported in outline by us (Dasgupta & Ray, 1954,1955). In the course of our routine examination on Anopheles larvae collected from different parts of the city and its outskirts, we directed our inquiry on certain histochemical problems. Our observation was mainly concentrated on detecting the sites of alkaline phosphatase activity in the mid-gut. Our interest, however, was quickly aroused by the occurrence in the secretory cells of the mid-gut of Feulgen-positive intra-nuclear inclusions. So far as we are aware, inclusion bodies of this nature have never been reported from Diptera.
A checklist of trombiculid mites of the Oriental and Australasian regions
Authors: Audy J. R.
Published: June 2009

A checklist is given of the 320 species and four subspecies of trombiculid mites of the Oriental and Australasian regions described up to the end of 1955, together with a number from papers being published in 1956 and 1957 and consulted by the writer in manuscript or proofs.

Eight new genera, six subgenera, and 175 species from the Oriental and Australasian regions have been described since the compilation of the checklist of world trombiculids by Wharton & Fuller (1952).

The present list gives only the documentation and records necessary to bring the appropriate part of Wharton & Fuller's publication up to date. Cross-references are given to the monograph by Womersley (1952) and its appendix by Womersley & Audy (1957), as well as to the checklists of Gunther (1952) and Radford (1954).

The taxonomic arrangement has been revised in accordance with recent publications. Four new combinations of species ofNeotrombiculaare recorded.

A supplementary Faunal List is presented, confined to records which now require to be added to the Faunal List of Wharton & Fuller.
Larval trematodes (Brachylaemidae) from the slugsMilax sowerbii(Férussac),Agriolimax reticulatus(Müller) andArion lusitanicusMabille
Authors: Cragg J. B. , Foster R. , Vincent M.
Published: June 2009

1. Metacercariae are recorded from the kidney tissues of slugs. Over 3000 slugs belonging to ten species were examined. Infection was confined toMilax sowerbii(Férussac) andAgriolimax reticulatus(Müller) apart from a few infected specimens ofArion ater(Linnaeus) orA. lusitanicusMabille. Only one sporocyst was discovered and this occurred inA. lusitanicus.

2. Four distinct stages in metacercarial development are described—the caudal stage (0·7 × 0·3 mm.), the feeding stage (0·9 × 0·5 mm.), the corrugated stage (1·3 × 0·7 mm.) and the mature metacercaria (2·5 × 1·0 mm.). The corrugated stage is so-named because of the distinctive appearance of its cuticle.

3. Both the cercaria and metacercaria belong to the genusBrachylaemus(Dujardin, 1843) Blanchard 1847 and they probably belong to the same species. Since the life history is not known, no trivial name has been given to the organism.
The Nycteribiidae of the Ethiopian Region and Madagascar
Authors: Theodor Oskar
Published: June 2009

Only 10 species of Nycteribiidae have been recorded previously from the Ethiopian Region and 3 further species from Madagascar. The writer recently described the new genusDipseliopodawith three species, a new species ofEucampsipodafrom Africa and another from Madagascar, (Theodor, 1955), 3 new species ofBasiliaand a new species ofTripseliafrom Africa (Theodor, 1956).
The Prostigmatic Mites of South African Lizards
Authors: Lawrence R. F.
Published: June 2009

In a previous paper (1935) an account was given of the prostigmatic mites parasitic on South African lizards, belonging to the two endemic families, the Zonuridae and Gerrhosauridae. The present paper deals with the fauna of the two remaining families of lizards, the Geckonidae and Agamidae, parasitised exclusively by prostigmatic mites. Trägardh (1905) and Hirst (1926) have made the most considerable contributions to the knowledge of the parasites of Geckonid and Agamid lizards; the latter placed the group on a sound systematic basis, the former, in addition to his descriptions of new forms, contributed valuable notes on the development and morphology of the species studied. With regard to mite parasites, however, up to the present, no systematic investigation has been attempted of all the species belonging to any one family of lizards from a given zoo-geographical region. In the present paper this has been attempted; the great majority of Geckonid and all the species of Agamid lizards from the South African subregion, either as living or spirit specimens, have been examined; from most of them mite parasites have been obtained. Both families of lizards are, genealogically speaking, derived from a long-established, Saurian stock; both are, in South Africa, extremely well demarcated, homogeneous families, with their main structural characteristics varying within narrow limits. In neither of them does loss or degeneration of the limbs occur. Each family is parasitised by a single genus of prostigmatic mites, the Geckonidae by Geckobia, the Agamidae by Pterygosoma; while Geckobia is found on the Geckonidae and on no other family, Pterygosoma is also a parasite of Gerrhosaurid lizards on which three species have been found. In a previous paper by the writer (1935, p. 3) Pimeliaphilus was cited as occurring on Geckonidae. Trägardh, who erected the genus (1905, p. 31), actually found his species P. podapolipophagus living under the elytra of a beetle, Pimelia, but the other two species of the genus, P. insignis Berl. and P. tenuipes Hirst, both occur on Geckonid lizards. Neither of these two species have been found in South Africa and it is extremely unlikely that they occur in this region.
A Study of the Haplorchinae (Looss 1899) Poche 1926 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)
Authors: Chen H. T.
Published: June 2009

1. A detailed historical account of the subfamily Haplorchinae is given. The systematic position of the various species in this group is critically reviewed. The subfamily Haplorchinae and the genus Haplorchis are accepted as valid while Monorchotreminae and Monorchotrema as synonyms.

2. Three species of Haplorchis are found in Kwangtung Province, namely, H. pumilio (Looss 1896), H. taichui (Nishigori 1924), and H. yokogawai (Katsuta 1932).

3. Throughout the work emphasis is laid on the acetabular spines or hooks which are considered to be the only recognisable constant structure practical enough for specific diagnosis.

4. It is believed that there are only four valid species of Haplorchis, namely, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, H. taichui, and H. milvi. The validity of H. milvi, however, is in question. H. cahirinus and H. anguillarum do not fit into the diagnosis of the subfamily Haplorchinae, while H. microrchia and H. taihokui fall into synonymy with H. taichui and H. pumilio respectively.

5. A key for the identification of the known species is given.
Symbiotic Bacteria in a Blood-sucking Insect, Rhodnius Prolixus Stål. (Hemiptera, Triatomidae)
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B.
Published: June 2009

A bacterial organism is described which occurs constantly in Rhodnius prolixus. It is present in the unfed newly hatched insect inside the cells at the cardiac end of the mid-gut. Some days after feeding, the bacteria are set free into the cavity of the gut and multiply in the undigested blood in the stomach. They are ultimately digested in the intestine.

Morphologically they resemble diphtheroid bacilli in being highly pleomorphic and in giving rise to thread-like forms in old cultures.

Preliminary experiments with Lucilia larvae by Dr R. P. Hobson, suggest that when blood is infected by this micro-organism it contains “vitamin B” and becomes an adequate diet for insect growth.

These observations support the view that symbiotic organisms in exclusively blood-sucking insects provide an endogenous source of vitamin.
The Rickettsia,Wolbachia pipientis(gen. et sp.n.) and Associated Inclusions of the Mosquito,Culex pipiens
Authors: Hertig Marshall
Published: June 2009

The invariable presence of a rickettsia in the gonads of the mosquito,Culex pipiens, is confirmed. This rickettsia is found in the cytoplasm of every germ cell in both sexes at all stages of development from larva to adult. No other species of mosquito is known to be similarly infected.

The morphology of the organism shows the following features. In addition to “typical rickettsiae”, i.e. minute rods and coccoids which multiply by binary fission, there is a variety of other forms which are interpreted as a series of stages, usually in the following sequence: small coccoids become enlarged, and instead of dividing by binary or multiple fission, undergo a condensation of their stainable substance into points or rods which ultimately appear as various combinations of sharply curved rods and coccoids retained as in a matrix within the body of the original or “parent” coccoid. As the matrix disappears, they become the irregularly curved forms and compact aggregations of “daughter” forms characteristic of this rickettsia.

The pathological germ cells previously noted in the testis by cytologists were found to occur in both sexes at all stages, and to be apparently the result of infection with this rickettsia.

The problem of classifying the rickettsiae is discussed. The similarity of the rings and curved forms of various rickettsiae to corresponding forms, as yet little studied, in other groups of organisms is pointed out.

The nameWolbachia pipientis(gen. et sp.n.) is proposed for the rickettsia ofCulex pipiens.

Large, homogeneous or granular cell inclusions with an affinity for neutral red, termedNR bodies, were found in the gonad wall of nearly every specimen ofCulex pipiens, but were not found inC. territans. They resemble the inclusion bodies of certain viruses and at times closely simulate masses of rickettsiae, but are apparently distinct from the species here described. Their nature is unknown but their appearance and behaviour are consistent with their being living agents or the manifestations thereof. A degenerative process, in which NR bodies replace primary ovarian follicles in whole or in part, is described.

Inoculation and cultivation experiments resulted negatively for both rickettsiae and NR bodies.
On a New Type of Respiratory Interrelation between an Insect (Chalcid) Parasite and its Host (Coccidae)
Authors: Thorpe W. H.
Published: June 2009

1. The life history ofEncyrtus (Comys) infelix(Embleton), a hymenopterous parasite belonging to the chalcid family Encyrtidae, is described. It parasitisesSaissetia hemisphaerica, a member of the subfamily Lecaniinae (Homoptera Coccidae). Its respiratory relationships with the host are of a quite extraordinary character.

2. The egg is provided with a hollow stalk which is left protruding from the posterior dorsal body wall of the host. The first three larval instars are metapneustic, the spiracles being placed at the tip of a pair of long caudal processes which are inserted in the hollow stalk. It has been proved that these spiracles are open and in actual communication with the atmospheric air, which enters through the pedicel.

3. The fourth and fifth larval instars are amphipneustic and the manner of respiration is entirely changed. The caudal processes degenerate and finally break away. The fourth instar larva turns round in the scale insect and becomes invested with a closely fitting transparent membraneous sheath produced by the phagocytes and fine tracheal branches of the host. This process appears to be merely a special case of the type of phagocytic activity which normally gives rise to the basement membranes and “connective tissue” membranes; such membranes are particularly conspicuous and well developed inSaissetia. The sheath becomes attached in an extraordinary manner to the main lateral tracheal trunks of the host in four (or six) places in the neighbourhood of the larval spiracles. This process is described in detail. It has been proved by an injection technique that an actual connection is established between the lumen of the host trachea and the cavity of the sheath. Bubbles of gas appear inside the sheath close to the points of attachment and near the spiracles of the larva which are thus put into functional communication with the tracheal system of the host.

4. While the production of the sheath might under certain circumstances be of value to the host the development of tracheal attachments appears to be of value to the parasite alone. The conclusion that the whole structure is an adaptation for the respiration of the parasite seems inescapable. A theory is tentatively put forward to account for the stimulation of the host tracheal epithelium by a sudden physiological change in the tension of the respiratory gases in the region of the parasite spiracles.

5. References to similar instances among the Chalcids are briefly reviewed. It is suggested that the “puparia” which have been described in the case of one or two other Chalcidoidea may be found to arise in the same way.
A newly observed reaction of certain species of Mosquitoes to the Bites of Larval Hydrachnids
Authors: Marshall J. F. , Staley J.
Published: June 2009

In the course of a Mosquito Survey carried out in the neighbourhood of Birmingham on July 31 and August 1, 1928, a large number of female mosquitoes of the two species Aëdes (Aëdes) cinereus and Aëdes (Ochlerotatus) annulipes were collected and subsequently examined.
Physiological and histochemical observations on the adult liver fluke,Fasciola hepaticaL. I. Survivalin vitro
Authors: Stephenson William
Published: June 2009

1. In an alkaline inorganic solution containing borate, no bacterial disintegration of tissues occurs in a week.

2. Survival is prolonged by adding sugars to this solution, but not by the addition of bile salt or peptone. Monosaccharides are more effective than disaccharides, and both may enter the worm through its body wall.

3. The effect of variations in certain physicochemical conditions was studied. Wide ranges of osmotic pressure, of the K/Naratio, and of the Ca/Na ratio, have little effect on the worms. The optimum pH is c. 8.4, and t h e optimum temperature c. 36° C. Approximately anaerobic conditions decrease the survival time.

4. The effect of various bactericides, bacteriostatics and anthelmintics upon the worm were investigated in a preliminary manner. Many bactericides are toxic, certain anthelmintics are not. Survival is prolonged by 1/5000 trypan blue.

5. A satisfactory medium for large-scale ‘culturing’ is: NaCl 150 mM., KC1 10 mM., CaCl21 mM., borax 6 mM., glucose 30 mM. (pH 8.6). In this the worms survive for c. 60 hr. at a temperature of 36° C.
Physiological and histochemical observations on the adult liver fluke,Fasciola hepaticaL. II. Feeding
Authors: Stephenson William
Published: June 2009

1. The adults ofFasciola hepaticafeed mainly, if not exclusively, on blood.

2. The oxyhaemoglobin of the blood is converted to haemoglobin, and then to acid haematin, thepH of the empty gut being about 6·4.

3. The blood is concentrated by the removal of fluid, and haemolysis eventually occurs in the lumen of the gut. Some of the haematin is absorbed by the epithelial cells, and the remainder is concentrated as faeces.

4. The gut epithelium is responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption, but there is little evidence that the major changes in its appearance are associated with particular phases of this process.

5. Attempts at increasing survival timesin vitroby using blood as food have failed to date because of bacterial contamination.