bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KAIP ĮMANOMAS ĮNIRTINGAS ŽALIŲ BESPALVIŲ IDĖJŲ MIEGAS?
Authors: Sabolius Kristupas
Published: January 2019

Garsioji Chomskio frazė „Colorless green ideas sleep furiously“ yra gramatiškai taisyklingas, bet logiškai prieštaringas teiginys. Ir nors empiriniame pasaulyje tokio fenomeno aptikti neįmanoma, vaizduotės plotmėje šis oksimoroniškas darinys gali atsiverti kaip tam tikras patirties rakursas. Negana to, priešybių įsisąmoninimas išryškina latentinius pačios vaizduotės veikimo bruožus. Remiantis Anaksimandro, Becketto, stoikų, Descartes’o, britų empiristų, Husserlio ir Sartre’o įžvalgomis, šiame straipsnyje Chomskio sakinys traktuojamas kaip fenomenologinės pratybos, leidžiančios lavinti sąmonės pasyvumo ir aktyvumo dinamiką, o loginį prieštaravimą paverčiančios kitimo orientacijos principu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: vaizduotė, apeironas, imagination dead imagine, asociacija.How is Furious Sleep of Colorless Green Ideas Possible?Kristupas Sabolius
SummaryThe article is based on the sentence composed by Noam Chomsky: “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously”. Although a phenomenon referred to by thisgrammatically correct, but logically contradictory phrase is not to be found in the empirical field, it can stimulate a certain perspective of experiencein the field of imagination. The cultivation of this oxymoronic unity of opposites serves for a better understanding of the latent function of imagination. Based on the insights of Anaximander, Beckett, Stoics, Descartes, British Empiricists, Husserl, and Sartre, this sentence is reconsidered as a phenomenological exercise facilitating the dynamism of the activity and passivity of consciousness as well as turning the logical contradiction into the principle of orientation of change.Key words: imagination, apeiron, imagination dead imagine, association.
PARANKIŠKUMAS KAIP BŪTIES MĄSTYMO ANTICIPACIJA M. HEIDEGGERIO BŪTYJE IR LAIKE
Authors: Stasiulis Nerijus
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje aptariama parankiškumo analizė M. Heideggerio Būt yje ir laike. Ją interpretuojant siekiama atsižvelgti į visą veikalo ir apskritai į visą jo autoriaus mąstymo, besidriekiančio anapus šio veikalo, kontekstą. Siekiama parodyti, jog esminiai momentai, būdingi vėlesniam būties mąstymui, glūdi jauBūties ir laiko pastraipose. Taip pat akcentuojama tai, jog parankiškumo analizė tiesiogiai nurodo į pamatinių Platono ir Aristotelio sąvokų kilmės horizontą. Taip straipsnyje atskleidžiamas ne tik egzistencinis, bet ir epistemologinis bei ontologinis Būties ir laiko matmuo, išryškėjantis po vadinamojo posūkio. Šis požiūris grindžiamas atskleidžiant konkrečias tekstines ir prasmines sąsajas tarp šio veikalo ir kitų, daugiausia vėlesniųjų, mąstytojo tekstų.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: būties mąstymas, Heideggeris, karteziškasis dualizmas, parankiškumas, priešrankiškumas, subjektizmas.Readiness-to-hand as Anticipation of the Thinking of Being in Heidegger’s Being and TimeNerijus Stasiulis
SummaryThe paper discusses the analysis of the ready-to-hand in M. Heidegger‘s Being and Time. The proposed construal of this existentiale seeks to take into account the whole context of the work as well as the whole context of its author’s thought extending beyond the scope of this work. It seeks to demonstrate that the essential moments characteristic of the later thinking of Being have been implied already in the passages of Being and Time. It is also emphasized that the analysis of the ready-to-hand points directly to the horizon of the provenance of Plato’s and Aristotle’s basic concepts. Thus, in addition to the existential one, the paper reveals the epistemological and ontological dimensions of Being and Time that have been brought to clearer light after “the turn”. This view is substantiated by indicating specific textual and notional links between this work and other, mostly later, texts of the thinker.Key words: Heidegger, present-at-hand, ready-to-hand, subjectism, thinking of Being, Cartesian dualism.
REDUKTYVIZMAS IR VEIKSMUS ŽYMINTYS PREDIKATAI
Authors: Dranseika Vilius
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje siekiama apibūdinti analitinėje veiksmo filosofijoje vykstančias diskusijas dėl reduktyvistinių ir antireduktyvistinių požiūrių į kasdienių veiksmus žyminčių predikatų analizę. Išskiriami du antireduktyvistiniai argumentai, atliekantys ypač svarbų vaidmenį formuojantis diskursui: materialiojo įkūnijimo įvairovės argumentas ir racionalumo reikalavimų argumentas. Abu šie argumentai yra nukreipti prieš galimybę sistemingai sutapatinti kasdienių veiksmus žyminčių predikatų ir mokslinių predikatų ekstensijas. Straipsnis baigiamas trumpai aptariant praktinius sumetimus, kurie, sykiu su teoriniu galimybės atlikti kasdienių veiksmus žyminčių predikatų redukciją įvertinimu, nužymi galimus konservatyvios ir radikalios teorijų kaitos veiksmo filosofijoje scenarijus.
ŠIUOLAIKINĖ PSICHOFIZINIO REDUKTYVIZMO IR ANTIREDUKTYVIZMO POLEMIKA IR JOS METODOLOGINĖS IŠDAVOS
Authors: Dagys Jonas
Published: January 2019

Šio straipsnio objektas – pastarojo laikmečio kontroversija dėl materialistinės patyrimo kokybių koncepcijos. Pirmame skirsnyje aptariama analitinės sąmonės filosofijos raidą lėmusi psichinių ir neurofiziologinių būvių tapatumo tezė bei su ja siejama reduktyvistinė strategija. Antrame skirsnyje aptariami du reikšmingiausi antireduktyvistiniai argumentai – žinojimo argumentas ir zombių pamanomumo argumentas. Trečiame skirsnyje išryškinami epistemologiniai ir semantiniai psichofizinio reduktyvizmo kontroversijos aspektai, leidžiantys tiksliau nusakyti polemizuojančių platformų metodologinius skirtumus bei ketvirtame skirsnyje padaryti išvadą, jog antireduktyvistiniai argumentai nėra suderinami su stabilių psichofizinių ryšių pripažinimu. Šiuolaikinėje analitinėje sąmonės filosofijoje išryškėja tokia dilema: arba atsižvelgdami į episteminę psichinių ir fizinių sąvokų asimetriją hipostazuojame introspekciškai prieinamą turinį, taip tikėdamiesi išsaugoti aukštus racionalumo standartus, kuriais grindžiama ir dualistinė metafizika, ir priimame visas skeptines tokio pasirinkimo išdavas; arba sąvokų turinio aiškinimą pradedame teikdami pirmenybę ekstensionaliai interpretacijai, atsisakydami internalistinių ambicijų, zombių pamanomumo prielaidų ir antireduktyvistinių išvadų.
RATIONALITY: NORMAL MENTAL FUNCTIONING OR PSYCHOLOGICAL COHERENCE?
Authors: Vasilionytė Ieva
Published: January 2019

A version of the rationalist internalist argument, employing a pro tanto reading of the term “normative reason”, is often criticized due to its conception of rationality. It is said that the condition of rationality is insufficient to secure the necessary relation between the moral judgement and the respective motivation to act. I claim that such a criticism is based on the false supposition that rationality is to be identified with normal mental functioning. It is shown that for the rationalist internalists rationality does and should rather amount to inner psychological coherence, and that the respective conception of irrationality can account for all the purported counterexamples to the motivational internalism. In addition, I pinpoint that “full rationality” is neither an intuitive notion nor a necessary condition for the rationalist internalism to hold, therefore, a line of criticism employing the notion misses the target.Keywords: rationalist internalism, coherence, full rationality, pro tanto normative reason.Racionalumas: normalus psichinis funkcionavimas ar psichologinis koherentiškumas?Ieva VasilionytėSantrauka
Racionalistinio internalizmo argumento versija, normatyvaus pagrindo terminą vartojanti pro tanto reikšme, neretai kritikuojama nusitaikius į jos racionalumo sampratą. Teigiama, kad veikėjo racionalumo sąlyga nėra pakankama būtinam ryšiui tarp moralinio sprendinio arba normatyvaus pagrindo bei atitinkamos motyvacijos veiksmui užtikrinti. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad tokia kritika remiasi klaidinga prielaida, jog racionalumas tapatintinas su normaliu psichiniu funkcionavimu. Parodoma, kad racionalistiniams internalistams racionalumas yra ir turėtų būti tapatintinas veikiau su vidiniu veikėjo psichologijos koherentiškumu, o atitinkama iracionalumo samprata pajėgi apimti visus motyvaciniam internalizmui tariamai prieštaraujančius atvejus. Taip pat patikslinama, jog „visiškas racionalumas“ nėra nei intuityvi sąvoka, nei būtina sąlyga racionalistinio internalizmo teisingumui, todėl kritika, besiremianti šia sąvoka, nepasiekia tikslo.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: racionalistinis internalizmas, racionalumas, koherentiškumas, visiškas racionalumas, pro tanto normatyvus pagrindas.
POFROIDISTINĖ MOKSLO FILOSOFIJOS TERAPIJA
Authors: Juozelis Evaldas
Published: January 2019

Mokslo filosofijos grandai Karlas Popperis ir Adolfas Grünbaumas vieningai, nors ir dėl skirtingų metodologinių priežasčių, atmetė psichoanalizės mokslinio statuso galimybę. Tokia vienareikšmė pozicija (psichoanalizė yra pseudomokslas) analitinės filosofijos tradicijoje vyrauja iki šiol, net ir nunykus racionalizmo ir pozityvizmo įtakai filosofiniame diskurse. Kita vertus, plėtojantis nuosaikesniems mokslinio žinojimo modeliams, susiformavo atitinkama sociokultūrinė ir intelektinė terpė samprotavimams, jog tiek mokslo filosofijai, tiek mokslui, nesusidorojantiems su jų pačių ideologinėmis ir metodologinėmis neurozėmis, būtina terapija, kurią įvairiais pavidalais gali pasiūlyti pofroidistinės psichoanalizės formos. Straipsnyje trumpai apžvelgiama, kodėl dalis autorių, paslaugiai siūlančių terapines priemones akademiniam diskursui, tiesiai reikalauja psichoanalizę pripažinti mokslu, o dalis laikosi nuomonės, jog psichoanalizei moksliškumo vainikas nei siektinas, nei priimtinas.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: psichoanalizė, mokslo filosofija, K. Popperis, A. Grünbaumas, N. Maxwellas, neurozė.Post-Freudian Theraphy for the Philosophy of ScienceEvaldas JuozelisSummaryAuthorities of the philosophy of science Karl Popper and Adolf Grünbaum jointly repudiated the potential status of psychoanalysis as scientific edifice, though for particular methodological reasons. In the tradition of analytical philosophy psychoanalysis is widely considered pseudoscientific, despite the significant decrease of rationalist and positivist influence on philosophical discourse. However, during the last few decades moderate approaches of scientific knowledge evolved and appropriate socio-cultural and intellectual medium emerged, proposing particular therapies of post-Freudian psychoanalysis for the philosophy of science itself, since it allegedly suffers from certain ideological and methodological neuroses. Some authors, while offering certain remedies for academic discourse, insist on scientific status of psychoanalysis, others are certain that scientific status for psychoanalysis is neither necessary nor acceptable.Keywords: psychoanalysis, philosophy of science, K. Popper, A. Grünbaum, N. Maxwell, neurosis.
FILOSOFIJOS TRUPINIAI ’13
Authors: Baranovas Ruslanas
Published: January 2019

Philosophical Crumbs ‘13Ruslanas Baranovas
 
 p>
KOVA DĖL TUŠČIOS VIETOS
Authors: Dagys Jonas
Published: January 2019

Struggle for an Empty SpaceJonas Dagys
RINKTINIAI FRAGMENTAI IŠ EPIKŪRO „SVARBIAUSIŲ MINČIŲ“ IR GNOMOLOGIUM VATICANUM
Authors: Garbačiauskas Paulius
Published: January 2019

Epicurus’ Principal Doctrines and Vatican Sayings: SelectionsPaulius Garbačiauskas >
KAIP PABĖGTI IŠ SVETIMO SAPNO?
Authors: Sabolius Kristupas
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos su vaizdo statuso pokyčiu šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje susijusios problemos. Naujųjų technologijų eroje sapnai ir svajonės gali būti produkuojami, klasifikuojami ir įdiegiami į juos patiriančią sąmonę. Remiantis Deleuze’o, Horkheimerio ir Adorno, Candau bei Žižeko darbais diagnozuojama, kad vizualumo ir kultūros industrijų įsigalėjimas užtvindo sąmonę Kito sapnais, tokiu būdu dubliuojant jau Kanto vaizduotei priskiriamą transcendentalinio schemiškumo funkciją. Šiuos procesus įgyvendinti padeda naujoji vaizdinių veikimo forma – ikonorėja, kuri pasireiškia kaip viešojoje erdvėje cirkuliuojantis ir ritmiškai atsikartojantis perteklinis vaizdų antplūdis. Straipsnyje keliamas retorinis klausimas apie galimybę išsilaisvinti iš šios situacijos – t. y. pabėgti iš Kito sapno.Escaping the Dream of the OtherKristupas Sabolius
SummaryDealing with the changing nature of visuality in contemporary world, this article aims to examine the possibility of producing, classifying, and implanting dreams into one’s mind. Based on Deleuze’s, Horkheimer’s, Adorno’s, Candau’s, and Zizek’s views as well as a few Hollywood films, this work diagnoses the crucial role of cultural industries in duplicating the function of transcendental schematism, as new technologies take over Kant’s transcendental imagination. These processes are implemented through a new form of visual existence – iconorrhea, a rhythmical, repetitive and excessive flux of images, circulating on the screens of public sphere. This paper raises the rhetorical question concerning the possibility of deliverance from this situation, i.e. how can one escape the dream of the Other.
ESTIJOS, LATVIJOS, LIETUVOS FILOSOFŲ IR ISTORIKŲ BENDRADARBIAVIMO VAISIUS: ACTA BALTICA HISTORIAE ET PHILOSOPHIAE SCIENTIARUM
Authors: Krikštopaitis Juozas A. , Railienė Birutė
Published: January 2019

Result of the Cooperation between Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Philosophers and Historians: Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae ScientiarumJuozas A. Krikštopaitis, Birutė Railienė

>
ROMANAS PLEČKAITIS – FILOSOFAS IR FILOSOFIJOS ARCHEOLOGAS
Authors: Jokubaitis Alvydas
Published: January 2019

Romanas Plečkaitis – Philosopher and Archeologist of PhilosophyAlvydas Jokubaitis>
APIE PAMATINĘ SKAIČIAVIMO IR GALVOJIMO DERMĘ
Authors: Šaulauskas Marius Povilas
Published: January 2019

On the Concordance Between Counting and ThinkingMarius Povilas Šaulauskas
QUENTINAS MEILLASSOUX IR RADIKALI MENO (NE)GALIMYBĖ
Authors: Sabolius Kristupas
Published: January 2019

Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamas spekuliatyviojo realizmo ir meno santykis. Teigiama, kad nors naujasis judėjimas išpopuliarėjo kuratorių ir menininkų kontekstuose, vieno jo pradininkų Quentino Meillassoux knygoje „Po baigtinybės“ siūloma pozicija nepalieka galimybių paties meno legitimavimui. Spekuliatyvieji realistai stengiasi įveikti koreliacionizmo prieigą, pagal kurią tarp mąstymo ir būties egzistuoja būtinas ryšys. Kartu tokia pozicija nenumato galimybės meninėms praktikoms pasiekti realybės sferą – sukurdamas ką nors nauja, menininkas nuolatos pažeidžia absoliutaus pasaulio autonomiją. Tačiau atmetus spekuliatyvųjį realizmą grindžiantį reduktyvų racionalizmą, Meillassoux postuluojamas „kontingencijos būtinybės“ principas gali tapti meninės prieigos orientyru. Kūrybinėse praktikose įgyvendinamas kontingencijų radikalizavimas gali pasiūlyti nespekuliatyvią akistatą su Hiper-Chaosu, virtualybės plotmėje aktualizuodamas „virsmo kitu“ perspektyvą.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: spekuliatyvusis realizmas, menas, kontingencija, virtualumas.
Quentin Meillassoux and Radical (Im)possibility of ArtKristupas Sabolius
AbstractThis paper addresses the problematic relationship between Speculative Realism and art. Although the newly-born movement became popular among curators and artists, one finds no space left for legitimization of creative practices in Quentin Meillassoux’s “After Finitude”. By criticizing the so-called correlationism which privileges the necessary binding between being and thinking, Speculative Realism would not grant art a possibility of the access to the reality of things-in-themselves. By creating something new, artistic practices constantly violate the absolute autonomy of the world. On the other hand, if rejected the reductive rationalism of speculation, the principle of “the necessity of contingency”, as postulated by Meillassoux, could provide some guidelines for artistic take on the issue of reality. Through the radicalization of contingency in creative practices and the restitution of the value of the virtual, one could perform the transformation into Otherness and not-speculative confrontation with the realm of Hyper-Chaos.Keywords: speculative realism, art, contingency, virtuality.
REDUKTYVIZMO RAIŠKA ŠIUOLAIKINĖJE ANALITINĖJE FILOSOFIJOJE
Authors: Dagys Jonas , Dranseika Vilius , Grenda Vytautas , Vasilionytė Ieva
Published: January 2019

Šio straipsnio tikslas – bendrais bruožais aptarti reduktyvizmo raišką šiuolaikinėje analitinėje sąmonės, moralės, veiksmo ir priežastingumo filosofijoje bei įvertinti redukcijos strategijų šiose filosofijos šakose panašumus ir skirtumus. Straipsnyje aptariamos šešios reduktyvizmo strategijos – sąvokų sinonimija paremta redukcija, a posteriori tapatybės tezė, analitinis funkcionalizmas, anomalusis monizmas, analizė pasitelkiant pareities sąvoką, konceptualinė analizė be sąvokų sinonimijos – ir konstatuojama, kad skirtingose filosofijos srityse šios strategijos reiškiasi skirtingai, taip pat yra skirtingai kritikuojamos ir interpretuojamos. Straipsnyje mėginama paaiškinti kai kuriuos šių skirtumų ir daroma išvada, kad šiuolaikinėje analitinėje filosofijoje neperspektyvu kalbėti apie reduktyvizmą apskritai, kaip vieną visas sritis apimantį reiškinį, paremtą visas reduktyvistines koncepcijas vienijančiu reduktyvizmo modeliu, forma ar vizija.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: reduktyvizmas, analitinė filosofija, konceptualinė redukcija, ontologinė redukcija.
Reductionism in Contemporary Analytical PhilosophyJonas Dagys, Vilius Dranseika, Vytautas Grenda, Ieva Vasilionytė
AbstractThe aim of this paper is to provide a general account of the forms of reductionism in contemporary analytical philosophy of mind, morality, action and causation, and also to evaluate the similarities and differences of reductionist strategies in these fields. We discuss six reductionist strategies – reduction based on synonymy of terms, the thesis of a posteriori identity, analytical functionalism, anomalous monism, analysis invoking the concept of supervenience, and conceptual analysis without synonymy – and maintain that these strategies have different manifestations in different areas of philosophy, and so they are prone to different criticisms and interpretations. In this paper we attempt to provide an explanation for some of those differences, and also conclude that speaking of reductionism in general in contemporary analytical philosophy, as a phenomenon encompassing all fields, based on a single unifying model or vision of reduction, is not viable.Keywords: reductionism, analytical philosophy, conceptual reduction, ontological reduction.
IKIPOLITIŠKUMAS IR POLITIŠKUMAS ARISTOTELIO POLITIKOJE
Authors: Bartninkas Vilius
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje teigiama, kad ikipolitiškumo ir politiškumo skirtis, išreikšta valstybės ir namų ūkio sąvokomis, yra esminga suvokiant Aristotelio bendruomeninius projektus. Mąstymas šia skirtimi atskleidžia tokių bendruomeninių projektų struktūrą ir principus bei pašalina įtampas, glūdinčias skirtinguose ir dažnai nesuderinamuose Aristotelio teiginiuose. Straipsnyje parodoma, kaip namų ūkį bei valstybę galima apibrėžti kaip skirtingas ir vis dėlto tarpusavyje priklausomas bendruomenes ir kaip jų apibrėžimai paveikia konkrečių konstitucinių bendruomenių suvokimą.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Politika, ikipolitiškumas, politiškumas, valstybė, namų ūkis.
Ikipolitiškumas ir politiškumas Aristotelio PolitikojeVilius Bartninkas
AbstractThe paper argues that the distinction between the pre-political and the political in the form of the household and the state is essential to the understanding of Aristotle’s communal projects. The analysis with the help of this distinction reveals the structure and principles of Aristotelian communal projects and removes tensions, which are rooted in different and frequently incompatible statements of Aristotle. In the course of the paper, it is showed that the household and the state can be defined as separate and yet interdependent communities and how these definitions affect the understanding of concrete constitutional communities.Keywords: Politics, the political, the pre-political, state, household.
Dvi ankstyvosios konfucinės etikos interpretacijos
Authors: Kurlavičiūtė Gintarė
Published: January 2019

Vyčio Siliaus disertacijos gynimas.
Valstybė nepanaši į avilį: Platono Valstybininko savarankiškumas
Authors: Bartninkas Vilius
Published: January 2019

Šiame darbe Platono dialogas Valstybininkas analizuojamas filosofinio vientisumo ir savarankiškumo prieiga. Tokia prieiga yra aktuali atsižvelgiant į tradicinių Platono interpretavimo būdų, evoliucinio ir unitarinio metodų, keliamą problemą. Abu metodai Valstybininką interpretuoja didžiųjų Platono politinių dialogų, Valstybės ir Įstatymų, fone, taip trukdydami atskleisti vidinį dialogo teorinį nuoseklumą. Todėl straipsnyje renkamasi tirti pagrindines dialogo politines temas – konfliktą, valstybininkystę bei politinį žinojimą – ir šių temų ryšius. Aptariant politiškumo atsiradimą, jo svarbą konceptualizuojant politinę veiklą ir nurodant struktūrinius valstybininkystės elementus, straipsnyje teigiama, kad dialoge glūdi nuosekli ir vidujai baigta politinė teorija.
Fenomenologijos ir natūralizmo suderinamumo klausimas Shauno Gallagherio filosofijoje
Authors: Rimkevičius Paulius , Gutauskas Mintautas
Published: January 2019

Straipsnis nagrinėja, kaip Shaunas Gallagheris sprendžia fenomenologijos ir natūralizmo suderinamumo klausimą. Pirmoje dalyje aptariamas Gallagherio tyrimų atspirties taškas: fenomenologinės kūno schemos sampratos pritaikymas interpretuojant trečiojo asmens prieiga gautus duomenis. Antroje dalyje aptariamas bendras Gallagherio fenomenologijos natūralizavimo projektas: argumentai už tai, kad į natūralistinę programą būtų įtrauktos ne paskiros fenomenologų įžvalgos, bet metodiškas pirmojo asmens prieigos taikymas. Trečioje dalyje aptariami argumentai prieš fenomenologijos natūralizavimą. Teigiama, kad pagrindinė problema fenomenologiją ir natūralizmą derinančiam filosofui – mąstymo fenomenologijos natūralizavimas. Galiausiai bandoma apibrėžti fenomenologijos natūralizavimo projekto perspektyvas.
Estetinis suvokimas ir įsijautimas Vosyliaus Sezemano estetikoje
Authors: Jonkus Dalius
Published: January 2019

Straipsnio tikslas – analizuoti Vosyliaus Sezemano įsijautimo sampratą. Panašiai kaip ir Geigeris savo fenomenologinėje estetikoje, Sezamanas laikosi nuomonės, kad estetinio objekto raiška ir suvokimas yra neįmanomi be emocinio įsitraukimo. Įsijautimas negali būti aiškinamas remiantis analogijos teorija arba psichologinio įjautimo samprata. Pastarosios suponuoja radikalią subjekto ir objekto perskyrą bei jų supriešinimą. Sezemanas parodo, kad įsijautimas yra svarbus estetiniam suvokimui kaip tik todėl, kad jis yra paremtas išraiškingų pasaulio formų ir jų dinamikos bei suvokimo judesių koreliacija. Įsijausti reiškia jausti save kartu su kitais, jausti kitus sąryšyje su savimi. Pasaulio išraiškų dinamika tiesiogiai atskleidžia gyvybingumą, kuris įtraukia ir patį kūniškai suvokiantį subjektą su visomis jo juslėmis kaip visuma. Todėl estetiškai jausmus geriau išreiškia ne dalykinis vaizdavimas, bet dinaminės linijų, spalvų ir garsų atmosferos kūrimas. Pasinėrimas į šią gyvybinę dinamiką yra galimas, jei suvokiantis subjektas suskliaudžia savo pragmatinius interesus ir įpročius bei įgyja estetinės kontempliacijos nuostatą. Sezemano estetikoje išplėtota emocinio įsijautimo samprata yra artima Hartmanno ir Geigerio koncepcijoms, bet jas pranoksta pateiktų argumentų gausa. Kita vertus, Sezemano koncepcijoje ryškėjantis tiesiogiai ir interaktyviai patiriamo estetinio išraiškingumo pirmumas leidžia šią filosofinę poziciją lyginti su Merleau-Ponty filosofine estetika.
Žmogiškosios būties prasmės problema Jeano-Paulo Sarte’o filosofijoje
Authors: Rostovskytė Aneta , Bielskis Andrius
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje kritiškai aptariamas Jeano-Paulo Sartre’o filosofinis Būties ir niekio projektas, ypač jame pateikta filosofinė žmogaus egzistencijos prasmės interpretacija. Teigiama, kad būties prasmės problema Sartre’o mintyje yra tiesiogiai susijusi su jo metafizinio pagrindo neigimu. Tam, kad būtų paaiškinta ši Sartre’o neigimo filosofinė koncepcija, siekiama aptarti jo būties ir regimybės dualizmo atmetimą. Prancūzų filosofo regimybės, niekio ir kito sąmonės neigimo ontologinė artikuliacija turi būti suprantama socialiniame politiniame pokario Europos kultūriniame kontekste. Straipsnyje trumpai aptariama ir Sartre’o skirtis tarp autentiškos ir neautentiškos egzistencijos. Išvadose teigiama, kad Sartre’o akcentuojamos nežinojimo ir radikalaus pasirinkimo sampratos nėra nei filosofiškai, nei egzistenciškai įtekančios.
Ronaldo Dworkino filosofinės revoliucijos nesėkmė
Authors: Jokubaitis Alvydas
Published: January 2019

Straipsnio tikslas – įrodyti Dworkino knygoje „Teisingumas ežiukams“ bandytos įgyvendinti filosofinės revoliucijos nesėkmę. Ši revoliucija nepasisekė dėl dviejų priežasčių. Pirma, Dworkino mokslo poveikio etikos teorijai kritika yra suaugusi su pirmenybės mokslui teikimu. Kritikuodamas etikos pajungimą mokslinio mąstymo epistemologijai, šis autorius nori ją sieti su moksline pasaulėžiūra. Antra, Dworkinas pernelyg susiaurina metaetikos kritiką, apsiribodamas polemika su mokslo epistemologijos jai primestu „išoriniu skepticizmu“. Metaetika yra daug didesnė filosofinė klaida, negu atrodo Dworkinui. Mokslas veikia ne tik teorijos, bet ir „įprasto požiūrio“ lygmeniu.
Some problems with the interaction of old and new knowledge
Authors: Vaitkevičius J.
Published: January 2019

The interoperability of old and new knowledge in the learning process is very important; it's an established issue in pedagogical literature. However, in the classical pedagogy this issue was discussed unilaterally: the old knowledge was regarded only as a way to more easily assimilate new knowledge (from the known to the unknown), excluding all possible interaction of old and new knowledge, which should be what determines the nature of learning and analyzing the new material. No attention was paid to the flip side either, the development of old knowledge under new conditions to aid new knowledge. This point of view dominates pedagogical and psychological literature to this day. Also, often the interaction of old and new knowledge is considered narrowly, only within one subject, within the range of a single class. Our research has shown that interaction between new and old knowledge goes a long way in combining the learning process into a single system. We found close links in what students learn in science lessons: 5th grade botanics, 7th grade physics, and 8th grade chemistry. This similar software acquired in our aforementioned subjects, basically determines the mental activity students perform by systemizing knowledge. This led us to the conclusion that students' mental development is very important for excellence in all subjects, not an individual subject, because one subject is based on knowledge acquired in other subjects and every subject is a method of learning other subjects. Analyzing the students' ability to systemize knowledge obtained from different sources, we found that this ability is lagging behind the level that would be typical of the program. Often 5th-8th grade students don't realize that that they have individual pieces of knowledge that are pertinent to each other just waiting to be connected. In our opinion, the reason lies in the very process of learning. The experimental material received during the teacher survey demonstrated their "disinterest" in students' old knowledge, which is related to new. Programs and methodologies do not push teachers to go this direction. Therefore, we are often faced with the old knowledge being forgotten over time, and the overall excellence of students does not comply with the knowledge gained in previous classes. Students absorb new knowledge well and forget the old knowledge that is related to the new if that relationship is not pointed out. The absence of a connection between related new and old knowledge, i.e. the absence of "Problematic situations as higher reasoning," gives a formal nature to the knowledge obtained in class; the student does not fully understand the meaning of this knowledge and doesn't systemize it.
Lithuanian workers' efforts toward getting an education during the kaiser occupation's oppression in 1915-1917
Authors: Endzinas A.
Published: January 2019

In the summer of 1914 the First World War began. Due to the threat of invasion of the German army civilians and governorate institutions began evacuation. Also evacuated were the general and special education schools, folk high schools, and almost all of the lower school teachers and Folk High Schools Administrations. A military-occupation management (Ober Ost) was created by area occupied by the German forces connected to East Prussia. It was divided into sections headed by the military government. The Lithuanian working people—who before the 1905 revolution fought against Imperial Russification policies carried out in schools and after 1905 against the czarist regime's reactionary policy manifested itself in school affairs—also had something to say about the German occupation. The invaders carried out policies directed against education. However, the occupants were busy robbing the country and initially limited themselves to the prohibition of Russian language teaching. Local working people benefiting from the 1905 revolution and the evacuation of czarist schools organized schools where the local language was taught. This was done without reactionary bourgeois leadership. The schools were organized lacking qualified teachers. Thus more than a thousand schools were created at the beginning of the occupation. Ober Ost banned organization of schools and issued "ground rules." They expressed anti-education policy, the pursuit of Germanization, and a "kulturtreger" policy of obedience in schools. Implementation of this policy significantly reduced the number of schools. It also consequently decreased the number of students; residents did not want their children going to German schools. The students of these schools were forced to work for the invaders. Behavior with students and teaching staff was atrocious. This was especially manifested in Šiauliai secondary school where the students were beaten. During this period, underground or semi-secret schools became very common. Locals’ activities in the field of education also intensified after the Great October Socialist Revolution. Workers organized a network of secondary schools and special and higher education; these activities intensified even more after the return of refugees. In particular, much was done in the development of Soviet power in Lithuania in 1918.
Some peculiarities of students’ perception and observation in botany lessons
Authors: Kulvičienė A.
Published: January 2019

The article discusses some peculiarities of perception and observation of students of 6th-8th grades in botany lessons.

In students’ assimilation of botany knowledge, a big role is played by perception and observation of perceptible features. The aim of the investigation is to find out how students create abstractions during direct perception (whether they are able to distinguish the most important parts, identify their similarities and differences during observation of plant views).

The results of investigation have shown that a significant part of 6th-7th grades students distinguish not all essential parts of plants but only some of them in the observed views.

Others wrote “forgot” in their answers. This shows that they either did not put any effort to observe the demonstrated views and distinguish their essential elements and relied solidly on previously acquired knowledge or were not able to do the analysis.

It was even more difficult for students to establish the similarities and differences. The more active thinking was required, the more mistakes the students made.

All this allows us making conclusion that the observation process of the students of 6th-7th grades has to develop further as active cognitive activity.
Certain issues in teacher advanced life lessons and the practice of building communism
Authors: Rajackas V.
Published: January 2019

One of the most pressing issues teaching the humanities at this time is their relationship with life and building up communism.

The article primarily clarifies what is understood as humanities' relationship with life as well as questions the educational role of these disciplines. Underlines that it is important to equip our students with the necessary knowledge to be a member of society and make available the necessary life skills and abilities on the basis of material close at hand and understandable for students, using their experience.

Furthermore, the article draws attention to the literary and historical specifics and emphasizes the need to fight against vulgarization and the establishment of artificial life relationships.

The article gives specific examples of a variety of literary and historical teaching practices demonstrating the importance and the magnitude of the possibilities for teaching life lessons and the practice of building communism within the humanities. Students associate real life material easily and consciously embrace it. Such material makes it easier for students to turn knowledge into beliefs. A range of practical skills and abilities not only prepares students for life, but also helps them reinforce and consciously assimilate new knowledge.

The article discusses the independent development of students' thought as well as their empowerment issues.

Based on the outlined material, we can conclude that the humanitarian subjects' relationship with life is particularly important for the communist upbringing of the younger generation and preparation for creative work and active social activity, helps develop a positive attitude towards literature and history, such important things for a communist upbringing, and learning in general.
Overcoming negative emotional states in sports
Authors: Palaima J.
Published: January 2019

Often enough in sports strong athletes don't perform to their full potential because they don't know how to get over negative emotions, so they get off track, give up, or just lose to weaker challengers.

The objective of the author's study was to ascertain how athletes struggle with negative emotions based on their experience. The interviewees were 300 athletes and coaches of different athletic fields and achievement levels. The author tries to ascertain a) what was the specific negative emotional impact that manifested itself during sports, b) what methods are applied by athletes in order to overcome the negative emotions and eliminate their impact on the course of combat sports, and c) what kind of training and education conditioning help athletes develop the ability to overcome negative states after losing a match.

The research results demonstrated that negative emotional states primarily manifest themselves when an athlete loses confidence; his tactical thinking dulls, he gets overly agitated, or the opposite, he gets apathetic and his will power diminishes.

The effort that the athletes make to overcome the effects of negative emotional states are primarily associated with a) self-confidence restoration, b) retreat from unpleasant experiences and thoughts, c) ascertaining reasons a failed action, d) self-persuasion that despite the failure, it is necessary to make every effort to win, or at least do as little damage to your own team as possible.

This article provides practical recommendations for coaches on how to develop athletes' ability to handle their own negative emotions during combat sports.
The problem of thinking in a foreign language
Authors: Jacikevičius A.
Published: January 2019

The contemporary human psyche is more or less double or multifaceted. As a result we have the actual problem of the psychological relationship between the thought and language systems, i.e. thinking/speaking several languages.

Soviet psychology raises some essential issues here, including 1) the nature of the interfaces thought in a and language in the native language, 2) patterns of thought in a foreign language, 3) differences between thought in a in different languages, 4) polyglot multilingualism influence on the quality of thinking, 5) effects of the language teaching on the development of thinking in that language.

The article discussed the current status of research on thinking a foreign language; it demonstrated the need for further experimental research. The research is needed not only for multilingualism psychological development, but also for the rationalization of foreign language teaching methodologies in Soviet schools.
What high school students read in biology
Authors: Griniuvienė O.
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the topic of extra-curricular reading of biology; the data was collected from 23 Lithuanian SSR schools and 4 children's libraries. It examines the period of 1960-1962. The objective of the article is to help biology teachers choose extra-curricular reading.

The majority of students (65%) were determined to receive books from the school library. The 5-7 grades students use children's libraries, while older students use massive libraries; 77% of students have personal libraries, but only 1.2% have biology books in therein. Some of the children (2-8%) do not use libraries at all.

School libraries have few biology books, on average 2.3% of the books. Book collections grow slowly and without a plan. Biology teachers have little interest in libraries.

Students read few biology books. Only 5% of books checked out of the library are bio books, which is not even one per student per year.

About 30% of all 5th-9th grade students don't read any bio literature at all. The others do read some, but the rates are higher in 5th-7th grades than in 8th-9th. There's a great variety in the reading levels within schools and even within a grade.  It depends on how well extra-curricular reading is managed by biology teachers.

Students' interests are very different depending on age, reading, education, interests, and individual character, so management of reading requires individualization.

Students’ answers showed that they do not always correctly understand what they read.

Everything mentioned above suggests that the main biology extracurricular literary reading manager must be the biology teacher.
Some theoretical issues regarding the ability of students to make career choices
Authors: Jovaiša L.
Published: January 2019

These issues are covered in the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers theses: school life and the strengthening of communication, how schools must acquaint students with different types of work in society, as well as help them figure out their own inclinations and consciously choose a profession.

These issues are linked to many pedagogical and psychological problems, such as what the psychological peculiarities of the choice of profession are, the pedagogical grounds for preparation of professional organization, the concept of vocational orientation, etc. Some of these problems have been successfully solved by Soviet educators and psychologists. Much work has been done investigating professional interests (K. Ariskina, M. Bieliajevas, L. Blagonadežina, V. Bobrova, M. Chomutova, A. Esaulovas, A. Ivaščenka, S. Kregždė, N. Levitovas, B. Stonys, L. Ziubinas, etc.), and some pedagogical and psychological orientation issues are being addressed (J. Averičevas, M. Vinogradova, A. Volkovskis, V. Čebyševa, A. Izmailovas, A. Šestelis, etc.). However, there is work that specially deals with the theoretical problems of vocational orientation. Therefore, the article intends to answer some theoretical questions regarding the principle and organization of the system of vocational orientation at an eight-year school.

The article examines school-vocational orientation as a pedagogical activity that brings a learner to professional work, introduces a variety of professions, and teaches them to redirect their inclinations and strength, which allows students to consciously choose a profession that suits them and benefits society. The vocational orientation was carried out two different ways eight-year school, i.e., vocational guidance and career counseling.

A profession is understood as a social activity, based on calling, carried out according to specialty and designed for the entire nation for the creation of material and spiritual goods.

A calling should be considered as a strong affinity to certain spheres of work, a sense that the chosen profession is suitable and has a meaning in life. A calling is encouraged. A specialty is a skilled knowledge, abilities, and skills system related to a particular field of work.

The last part of the article examines the psychological aspects of conscious choice of profession: the nature and importance of constant professional interests, inclination, and professional suitability. Professional suitability is physical, mental, and moral power to effectively develop the chosen vocation in useful work for the high quality benefit of society.

The theoretical problem solving in this article is based on a dialectic materialistic social cultural development and the concept of human personality, Soviet and with foreign literature, but also some of our own research.
About individual differences of word association speed in learning the languages
Authors: Nečiūnas V.
Published: January 2019

While using the modified method of association experiment the author tested the word association speed in Lithuanian (mother tongue), Russian, and foreign language. Students at medical institute were tested, total of 256 subjects. The study showed that in the end of the second study year of Russian and foreign language, the speed of association process (within the household terms) reaches in Russian 85%, in foreign language and 69% the speed of mother tongue. The comparison and analysis of association processes in mother tongue, Russian and foreign language showed that every subject has an individual speed of association process, which is determined by one’s higher nervous activity. All subjects were divided into three groups: 40 subjects with a slow verbal reaction, 151 subjects with moderate and 65 subjects with a fast verbal reaction. The analysis of study results in three groups in the last 3.5 years showed that subject group with a slow verbal reaction had a lower mean of examination grades than those with a fast verbal reaction (respectively 3.78 and 4.1). This lows a statement that in learning process and during the examinations there was no appropriate focus on individual differences in students and no corresponding work speed or methods were applied.
On some features of shape perception in time deficit
Authors: Rimkutė E.
Published: January 2019

The article attempts to analyze the developmental features of contour visual image and ascertain some perceptual features when the material appears very shortly.

Study variables included fixation time and object form. The results of experiment showed that the most significant change in perception appeared between the fixations with durations of 0.02 and 0.05 second. The extension of exposure time from 0.15 second did not have a greater influence of accuracy.

The influence of form manifested by the fact that straight and arc-shaped lines were perceived more easily. The most mistakes were made in reproducing the parts of bent shape parts. The measuring and correcting eye-movements fail to be done on time, therefore the subject perceives the structural elements of a figure correctly, but one fails to correctly identify the in spatial terms.
The organization of enviroment protection in Lithuanian SSR schools
Authors: Šapokienė E.
Published: January 2019

The article analyzes the situation in Lithuanian SSR schools in the field of environment protection, based on 7th grade student knowledge and practical activity in 9 schools in the republic. It is described how 50 schools organized various massive tools in order to educate the appreciation for nature. The data was acquired by questionnaires in 19-63-1964. The goal of this article is to help the biology teachers to convey the environment protection knowledge more effectively.

The analysis showed that student knowledge on environment protection is poor. The students know least about fostered natural flora in Lithuania and rare plants that are protected by the laws. The students also know very little about the examples of acclimatization and nature reserves. About 44.9% of the students do not know anything about the importance of the protective forest lines. That is, lessons, as the major form of teaching, are not used efficiently in order to convey the knowledge about environment protection.

In practice, most of the students take part in fostering the animals – 92.5% and planting the trees – 84%. The students take very little part in fighting against plant illnesses and parasites – 5.9%. It is concluded that practical activity as well as the knowledge are better on animals than on plants. Therefore it is important to consider this.
Information
Authors: Lapė J.
Published: January 2019

The article presents the information about the activity in society of psychology and other news.
On more time regarding stubella
Authors: Raulinaitis A.
Published: January 2019

Short information regarding the meaning of term stubella.
On the dynamics and stages of search under aggravated circumstances
Authors: Rimkutė E.
Published: January 2019

The article aims to demonstrate the dynamics and stages of aggravated search (and finding). For this purpose some stages of complex search activities have been distinguished.

Figure exclusion (formation) is regarded as the first stage. Comparison of the excluded figure against the given gauge is the second stage. Different displays of this operation (unconscious and conscious comparison), their place and functions in the search process have been discussed. The third stage is making the final decision regarding the compared figure.
Expression of the connections between interlocutors in society within intonation incentives (experimental research)
Authors: Elijošiūtė S.
Published: January 2019

An experimental twenty-six incentive intonation structure investigation demonstrated that according to a series of acoustic features some incentives group into two zones. Juxtaposition of incentives going into opposite zones demonstrated that they are characterized by different the connections between interlocutors in society (in a specific act of communication). Consequently, a number of intonation incentive structure attributes are this communication condition's indicators within the intonation incentives.

This article indicates factors of determining the connections between interlocutors in society (in a specific act of communication) as one of the conditions where there is incentivized communication. This communication condition's representation in incentives is particularly important in terms of their efficacy. Man, as a social being, really needs public activity, including actions encouraging evaluation.