bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uso de portainjerto sobre el rendimiento, calidad del fruto y resistencia a Phytophthora capsici Leonian en pimiento morrón
Authors: Sánchez Chávez Esteban , Torres González Aminadab , Flores Córdova María Antonia , Preciado Rangel Pablo , Márquez Quiroz César
Published: July 2016

El pimiento morrón es uno de los principales chiles producidos en México a campo abierto después del chile jalapeño y el serrano. El principal factor que limita la producción de este cultivo, es la incidencia de marchitez del chile, enfermedad causada por el hongo Phytophthora capsici la cual ocasiona pérdidas entre 10 y 100% de la producción. Una alternativa viable para el control de la enfermedad, es el uso de portainjertos en hortalizas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar el efecto del uso de portainjerto sobre el rendimiento, calidad del fruto y resistencia a P. capsici en pimiento morrón. Se utilizaron las variedades comerciales de pimiento morrón Fascinato y Janette y el portainjerto comercial Terrano. El experimento se desarrolló en un sistema de malla sombra en Delicias, Chihuahua, México durante el ciclo de producción 2012. Se usó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones; los tratamientos fueron: Terrano injertado con Fascinato, Terrano injertado con Janette, Fascinato sin injertar y Janette sin injertar. Las variables evaluadas fueron: rendimiento, calidad del fruto y mortandad de plantas. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la combinación variedad/portainjerto Fascinato/Terrano y Janette/Terrano produjeron los más altos rendimientos en fruto, registrándose incrementos del 53.47 % y 49.40 % respectivamente en relación a las mismas variedades sin injertar. Además, Fascinato/Terrano presentó la menor mortandad de plantas provocada por P. capsici (32 %), seguida por Janette/Terrano (36 %); mientras que las variedades Fascinato y Janette sin injertar presentaron la mayor cantidad de plantas muertas (57 % y 53 %, respectivamente), lo que indica que el portainjerto Terrano confirió resistencia a la enfermedad provocada por P. capsici. El portainjerto Terrano aumentó la producción en un 50 % y mejoró los parámetros de calidad del fruto del pimiento morrón, asumiéndose que el uso de portainjertos podría ser una técnica viable en la horticultura sustentable del futuro.
Análisis estratégico sobre el desarrollo de las líneas aéreas de bajo costo en México
Authors: Canseco Gonzalez Adriana Denisse , Zúñiga Alcaraz Catya Atziry , Blanco Martínez Luis
Published: July 2016

En las últimas décadas, las aerolíneas alrededor del mundo se han enfrentado a un constante crecimiento del mercado. Estas han hecho modificaciones significativas tanto en sus operaciones como en sus costos, que les ha permitido responder eficazmente dichos cambios, desarrollando un nuevo modelo de negocio llamado “de bajo costo”. Las aerolíneas de bajo costo han ido incrementando su participación en el mercado y se están posicionando como una notable alternativa para el viajero, tanto turista como de negocios a nivel mundial.  El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las características y el desarrollo de las aerolíneas de bajo especialmente en México. Para dicho efecto, se presenta análisis FODA, el cual permite identificar la situación real de las aerolíneas de bajo costo en México, tomando en consideración diversos factores internos y externos para así maximizar el potencial de las fuerzas y oportunidades minimizando así el impacto de las debilidades y amenazas.
Factores que influyen sobre algunas variables productivas en corderos finalizados en corrales elevados con piso de rejilla
Authors: Muñoz-Osorio Germani Adrian , Aguilar-Caballero Armando Jacinto , Sarmiento-Franco Luis Armando , Wurzinger Maria , Gutiérrez-Reynoso Gustavo Augusto
Published: July 2016

La engorda de corderos en corrales elevados con piso de rejilla permite que los animales se mantengan en un ambiente sano, con reducida exposición a los parásitos, protección de los depredadores, reducción en el gasto energético y una mejor comodidad durante las estaciones calurosas del año; sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre el comportamiento productivo de los corderos bajo este sistema de producción. La identificación y focalización de los factores específicos que pueden afectar el comportamiento productivo de los corderos de engorda en corrales elevados con piso de rejilla es crucial para mejorar la productividad. Además, su conocimiento es importante para lograr índices óptimos de producción, para incrementar la producción de los corderos durante la engorda. Se analizaron 882 datos de la ganancia diaria de peso post-destete (GDP), del peso corporal final (PCF) y de los días de engorda (DE) de corderos machos de cuatro granjas (granja A, 166; granja B, 122; granja C, 350; granja D, 244). El modelo estadístico incluyo los efectos fijos de la granja (A, B, C y D), del año (2010, 2011, 2012 y 2013) y de la época del año (lluvia y seca) sobre GDP, PCF y DE. Los datos del peso corporal inicial fueron utilizados como covariable. La GDP fue afectada por la granja y el año (P < 0.001), pero no por la época del año (P > 0.05). El PCF y DE fueron afectado por todos los factores evaluados (P < 0.001). En conclusión, el comportamiento productivo de corderos en corrales elevados en el trópico de México, es afectado por la granja, el año y parcialmente por la época del año. Los corderos engordados durante la época seca mostraron mayor PCF y DE que los corderos engordados durante la época de lluvia.
Determination of protection zones for Dutch groundwater wells against virus contamination - uncertainty and sensitivity analysis
Authors: Schijven J. F. , Mülschlegel J. H. C. , Hassanizadeh S. M. , Teunis P. F. M. , de Roda Husman A. M.
Published: July 2016

Protection zones of shallow unconfined aquifers in The Netherlands were calculated that allow protection against virus contamination to the level that the infection risk of 10−4 per person per year is not exceeded with a 95% certainty. An uncertainty and a sensitivity analysis of the calculated protection zones were included. It was concluded that protection zones of 1 to 2 years travel time (206–418 m) are needed (6 to 12 times the currently applied travel time of 60 days). This will lead to enlargement of protection zones, encompassing 110 unconfined groundwater well systems that produce 3 × 108 m3 y−1 of drinking water (38% of total Dutch production from groundwater). A smaller protection zone is possible if it can be shown that an aquifer has properties that lead to greater reduction of virus contamination, like more attachment. Deeper aquifers beneath aquitards of at least 2 years of vertical travel time are adequately protected because vertical flow in the aquitards is only 0.7 m per year.The most sensitive parameters are virus attachment and inactivation. The next most sensitive parameters are grain size of the sand, abstraction rate of groundwater, virus concentrations in raw sewage and consumption of unboiled drinking water. Research is recommended on additional protection by attachment and under unsaturated conditions.
The Financing Health System Problem in Algeria
Authors: Mohammed Ali Dehmene
Published: July 2016

The health sector in Algeria witnesses a great development, especially during the last two decades of the last century to coincide with the economic and social changes of the country. But despite the enormity of what the state spends on this sensitive sector in order to meet the growing demand for health services provided by the public or private sector, which, however, take advantage of these services was still below the required level where the sector remains vulnerable to various problems
THE BURDEN OF HAND INJURIES IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: OTENE Cletus I , IKUBOR Joyce E , IDIAKHOA Odisi O , OTENE Christopher O
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND: The hand is a very vital part of the human body in structure and function. Injuries to the hand can be very devastating affecting individual and national productivity because of inability of the usually active workforce to use their hands adequately. This study is therefore, to document the pattern of hand injuries and the disabilities from such injuries in our environment.METHODOLOGY: This was a retrospective review of patients who presented and were managed for hand injuries at the outpatient clinics of two tertiary hospitals in Delta State of Nigeria between January 2013 and December 2015. The admission and operation registers as well as case notes of patients treated at the units were the sources of the information. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics committee of the Teaching Hospital. The results were analysed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were used to represent frequency distribution. RESULTS: A total of 102 patients were managed in the 2 tertiary hospitals in the state in the study period. 63.7% were males and 36.3% females. The age range most commonly affected was the 20 – 29 years (35.3%) followed by 30 – 39 years and 10 – 19 years at 15.7% each. Majority were students (38.2%) followed by civil servants (19.6%). Commercial motorcyclists, artisans and machinery operators lumped together made up 15.7%. The commonest cause of injury was machete/ knife cuts and stab wounds (24.5%), followed by RTA (20.6%), burns (14.7%) and machinery accidents (13.7%). On the types of injuries sustained, deep lacerations (injuring tendons and nerves) were the commonest (33.3%). Contractures secondary to burn injuries were next (13.7%) whereas, 11.8% had crush injuries as well as another 11.8% with fractures/ dislocations. 61.8% of patients had good outcomes following treatment while 38.2% had outcomes adjudged as poor or fair.CONCLUSION: Hand injuries are disabling and may deny the citizenry and the nation of useful workforce and productivity. Hand trauma can be prevented by encouraging civil societies and providing safe home and workplace environments.   KEY WORDS: Burden; pattern; hand injuries; disabilities.
Affective temperament, social support and stressors at work as the predictors of life and job satisfaction among doctors and psychologists
Authors: Jaredic Biljana , Hinic Darko , Stanojevic Dragana , Zecevic Snezana , Ignjatovic-Ristic Dragana
Published: July 2016

Background/Aim. Affective temperament, social support and work-related stresors belong to the group of life and job satisfaction indicators. The aim of this research was to examine predictive roles of the basic affective temperament traits, social support and work-related stressors in the feeling of job and life satisfaction among doctors and psychologists. Methods. The sample consisted of 203 individuals out of whom there were 28% male and 72% female doctors (61%) and psychologists (39%), 25?65 years old (39.08 ? 9.29), from the two university towns in Serbia. The set of questionnaires included Serbian version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego ? autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A), Satisfaction with Life scale, Job Satisfaction Survey, short Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, and Source of Stress at Work Scale (IRSa) for estimating the frequency of stressors at work. Results. According to the existing norms our examinees are satisfied with their life, but considerably less satisfied with their work, specially with pay and benefits, while they are most satisfied with nature of work itself and social relations with co-workers and supervisors. Our results show that depressive and hyperthymic, and to some extent cyclothymic temperament traits of the affective temperament significantly predict 21% of life satisfaction variance. Situational factors, such as stressors at work and social support, are important in predicting job satisfaction (58% of variance) with no significant contribution of temperament traits. The analysis did not point out any significant relation of sex, occupation, and age with life and job satisfaction. Conclusions. Affective temperaments can be regarded as predictors of life satisfaction, but in order to better predict satisfaction the aspects of wider social surrounding and sources of stressors at work must be taken in consideration. Future studies should consider other indicators of life satisfaction such as family or health satisfaction, stressors outside of work situations, and negative aspects of caregiving, for example hyperactivation.
BMI as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes: Refining and Understanding Causal Estimates Using Mendelian Randomization
Authors: Corbin Laura J. , Richmond Rebecca C. , Wade Kaitlin H. , Burgess Stephen , Bowden Jack , Smith George Davey , Timpson Nicholas J.
Published: July 2016

This study focused on resolving the relationship between BMI and type 2 diabetes. The availability of multiple variants associated with BMI offers a new chance to resolve the true causal effect of BMI on type 2 diabetes; however, the properties of these associations and their validity as genetic instruments need to be considered alongside established and new methods for undertaking Mendelian randomization (MR). We explore the potential for pleiotropic genetic variants to generate bias, revise existing estimates, and illustrate value in new analysis methods. A two-sample MR approach with 96 genetic variants was used with three different analysis methods, two of which (MR-Egger and the weighted median) have been developed specifically to address problems of invalid instrumental variables. We estimate an odds ratio for type 2 diabetes per unit increase in BMI (kg/m2) of between 1.19 and 1.38, with the most stable estimate using all instruments and a weighted median approach (1.26 [95% CI 1.17, 1.34]). TCF7L2(rs7903146) was identified as a complex effect or pleiotropic instrument, and removal of this variant resulted in convergence of causal effect estimates from different causal analysis methods. This indicated the potential for pleiotropy to affect estimates and differences in performance of alternative analytical methods. In a real type 2 diabetes–focused example, this study demonstrates the potential impact of invalid instruments on causal effect estimates and the potential for new approaches to mitigate the bias caused.
An Apparatus for the Manufacture of Sample Cigarettes out of Small Quantities of Cut Tobacco / Eine industrielle Methode zur Herstellung von Versuchscigaretten aus kleinen Mengen von Schnittabak
Authors: Flesselles J.
Published: July 2016

The described apparatus is suitable for the rapid manufacture of some thousands of cigarettes out of some kilogrammes of tobacco. The experiments proved that it is possible to produce cigarettes mechanically even out of 600 grammes of tobacco. Remainders are to a great extent avoided by the small capacity of the spreader. The use of the device in question together with the most modern machines results in extremely favourable weight dispersions, which enables an eventually necessary selection by severe standards to be made
An Automatic Smoking Machine for Rapid Series Analyses and for the Preparative Collection of Smoke Condensate: Part I and II / Eine automatische Schnellrauchmaschine für Serienanalysen und für die präparative Gewinnung von Rauchkondensaten: Teil I und II
Authors: Seehofer F. , Miller J. E. , Elmenhorst H.
Published: July 2016

Modifications were made to the automatic smoking machine for rapid series analyses which is now suitable for the smoking of 30 cigarettes. The efficiency of the generator producing the electrostatic field is adapted to the requirements of the new device. The results obtained by 4-year routine examinations are satisfactory. The results furnished by the smoking of larger quantities of non-selected cigarettes are nearly as good as those obtained by the smoking of a smaller number of selected cigarettes
To the definition of the selectivity factors / Zur Definition der Selektivitätserscheinungen
Authors: Neurath G.
Published: July 2016

Einleitung Absorptionseffekte Konzentrationsverschiebung Ausbeuteänderungen Literatur
Calculation of Corrective Values for the Measurement of the Degree of Ventilation of a Cigarette / Zur Berechnung der Korrekturfaktoren für die Messung des Ventilationsgrades
Authors: Meyer-Abich K.M. , Dölberg U. , Lipp G.
Published: July 2016

The present paper shows how the result obtained by experimental measurement of the degree of ventilation of a cigarette clamped on both sides can correctively be adjusted by calculation to the accurate and actually existing degree of ventilation of the ''free'' cigarette clamped on the side of the cigarette tip only. This correction is necessary if the degree of ventilation is determined by means of the apparatus presented by Lipp and van Nooy (1) which, owing to the bilateral clamping of the cigarette, restricts the ventilation stream to a part (50 mm) of the paper wrapping. The corrective values listed in Table 3 of the paper take the place of the values indicated by Lipp and van Nooy in the mentioned article.
A New Method for the Determination of the Nitrogen Content of Tobacco. Application of the "Coleman" Nitrogen Analyser / Eine neue Methode zur Stickstoff-Bestimmung im Tabak: Die Anwendung des „Coleman“ Stickstoff-Analysators
Authors: Artho A.J. , Cossy A.
Published: July 2016

The present paper gives an account of tests carried out with the automatic ''Coleman'' apparatus to determine the nitrogen content of tobacco. Preliminary experiments made with different tobacco types led to the determination of optimum operating conditions which give exact and reproducible results. The values obtained by this procedure are the same as, or slightly superior to, those obtained by using the Kjeldahl method associated with the use of an efficient catalyst.
Gas Chromatographic Analyses of Cigarette Smoke. Part 4: Mass Spectrometric Analyses / Zur Gaschromatographie des Cigarettenrauches. 4. Teil: ldentifikationen mit Hilfe des Massenspektrometers
Authors: Grob K.
Published: July 2016

In a recent investigation of the direct combination of open tubular gas chromatographic columns with a mass spectrometer the efficiency of the combined apparatus has been tested by analysing the vapour phase of cigarette smoke. The present paper deals with the problems and results of specific interest for smoke analysts that are not treated in the foregoing publication
Inhalation Experiments with Cigarette Smoke / Inhalationsexperimente mit Cigarettenrauch
Authors: Dontenwill W. , Reckzeh G. , Stadler L.
Published: July 2016

The experimental results of the present paper and the knowledge gained by former inhalation experiments reveal that only those experimental procedures are suitable that make animals inhale high concentrations of smoke during a long period of time. The present results let appear how inhalation experiments are most favourably arranged. It has to be guaranteed that the animals are not endangered and that considerable quantities of smoke are inhaled. The distance between cigarette and animal should be as small as possible. Intervallic smoking seems to be advisable. The well-developed filtration capacity of the upper respiratory tract of animals usually breathing through their nose does not exclude the possibility of making fruitful inhalation experiments with rodents. The value of such experiments does decisively depend on the animal species
The Determination of Formaldehyde in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Spincer D. , Chard B.C.
Published: July 2016

A specific, sensitive method for the determination of formaldehyde in cigarette smoke is described employing the spectrophotometric detection of the product formed by reaction of formaldehyde with p-rosaniline and sulphur dioxide. The procedure is applicable to the analysis of smoke from cigarettes manufactured from flue-cured, Burley and fermented tobaccos. Smoking parameters and the use of Cambridge filters have been found to affect delivery markedly. The effect of several commercial filters on formaldehyde delivery has been examined.
The Possible Occurrence of Nitrosamines in Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Kadar R. , Devik O.
Published: July 2016

Attempts were made to demonstrate the presence of N-nitrosamines in tobacco smoke with and without the addition of dimethyl-N-nitrosamine (DMNA) to the smoke stream. In recovery experiments, DMNA, in aqueous solution added to the smoke stream, was recovered to 80 % down to 20 µg, in the presence of the smoke constituents of 50 cigarettes. Extensive Iosses were encountered when organic solvents were used. Up to 500 cigarettes were smoked in one run. In no case could the presence of coloured acyl derivatives corresponding to known nitrosamines be demonstrated. However, in these cases, presence of coloured compounds of non-nitrosamine origin interfered with the estimation of DMNA. It is concluded that nitrosamines do not occur in cigarette smoke in amounts higher than 50 ng per cigarette, and that the actual amounts are probably even lower corresponding to previous reports. The stability of nitrosamines in different solvents will be investigated in some future experiments.
Pesticide Residues in Rhodesian Tobacco Attributable to Recommended Pest Control Practices
Authors: Shaw M.J.P.
Published: July 2016

The use of pesticides on tobacco in Rhodesia is controlled by legislation that prevents the sale of tobacco treated with unscheduled pesticides. Residues attributable to seedbed treatments have not been studied in detaiI; the scheduled pesticides that can be applied to the soil and the leaf in the field have been considered more fully. Although no longer permitted for use, aldrin and dieldrin soil residues from previous treatments are more persistent in tropical sandy soils than in soils of the temperate regions and small amounts of background dieldrin are taken up by tobacco grown in these soils. Uptake of DDT is negligible and very little disulfoton or menazon applied to the soil is found in cured leaf. The pesticides that are permitted for application to the leaf result in residues of Iess than 1 ppm except menazon which results in a residue of up to 5 ppm.
Comparison of the Performances of Different Types of Smoking Machines/Vergleich der Messgenauigkeit von Rauchmaschinen
Authors: Riedwyl H.
Published: July 2016

The performances of smoking machines of different types cannot be compared directly if different numbers of cigarettes are smoked into one trap, because the respective variabilities are depending on the number of cigarettes smoked into one trap. For the comparison of means, the t-test can therefore not be used directly. It is demonstrated that a generalized t-test can notwithstanding be applied to this problem in most cases, in particular when the standard deviations per cigarette are of the same order of magnitude
Decrease of the Carbon Retention Capacity in Cigarette Filters/Aktivitätsverlust der Kohle in Cigarettenfiltern
Authors: Ceschini P.
Published: July 2016

The activated carbon in a hollow, triple filter shows, under normal storage conditions, i. e. at a temperature of 21°C and 60 % relative air humidity, a decrease in the capacity for retention connected with the changed water content of the carbon. This loss of activity occurs during the first two weeks and subsequently remains practically constant even if storage lasts 6 months
The Forchheim Method for the Determination of Dithiocarbamate Residues on Tobacco/Die Forchheimer Methode zur Bestimmung von Dithiocarbamat-Rückständen bei Tabak
Authors: Schmid K. , Rastetter A. , Burkart F.
Published: July 2016

An analytical method for the determination of dithiocarbamate residues on green as well as dry tobacco is described. The procedure enables reproducible values to be obtained with absence of oxygenous perturbative reactions in a relatively short period of time
A Mechanistic Study on the Formation of the Non-Volatile Degradation Products of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-TDE in p,p’-DDT- and p,p’-TDE-Treated Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Chopra N.M. , Thekkekandam J.T.
Published: July 2016

Tobacco samples containing 20 ppm p,p’-DDT, 200 ppm p,p’-DDT, 20 ppm p,p’-TDE and 200 ppm p,p’-TDE were smoked and their smoke condensates analysed for the p,p’-DDT and p,p’-TDE degradation products such as p,p’-DDT, p,p’-TDE, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDM, trans-dichlorostilbene, bis-(p-chlorophenyl)methane, and p,p’-dichlorobenzophenone. The degradation patterns and the amounts in which these degradation products were present in smoke condensates showed that 1. during the smoking process the more volatile compound has a better chance of not being destroyed; 2. the higher the amount of pesticide present in tobacco, the greater is the percentage loss of pesticide on smoking; 3. smoking being a pyrolytic reaction of a very short duration, “primary”, “secondary”, and “tertiary” reactions take place in the order given; 4. reactions, which have lesser energy requirements, occur more readily than those which have a higher requirement; 5. in the case of p,p’-TDE-treated tobacco smoke, some p,p’-DDE is also formed by the dehydrogenation of p,p’-TDE.
Method for One Step DDT Extraction and Cleanup in Tobacco for Monitoring Purposes
Authors: Toet L. , Toet M.J.
Published: July 2016

A simplified extraction and purification method is described for preparing tobacco samples for monitoring organochloride pesticides by GLC. For DDT, only one 8 hrs Soxhlet extraction in a paper thimble is necessary. Further extractions can be made for other pesticides such as dieldrin and endosulphan sulphate. No additional column chromatography purification is required before GLC analysis. The method gives at least as accurate and reproducible results as the other methods used for comparison, as well as having the following advantages:

1. Less chemicals are used and the cost per sample is reduced to one fifth of the cost of the old method.

2. The time required for each sample is greatly reduced including ancillary operations such as preparing and cleaning glassware. Thirty or more samples can be done per day including calculations.

3. Because fewer stages are involved in the new method less pesticide is lost from the samples during extraction and reproducibility and accuracy are improved.
Studies on the Pyrogenesis of Tobacco Smoke Constituents (A Review)
Authors: Chortyk O.T. , Schlotzhauer W.S.
Published: July 2016

Recent studies on the pyrogenesis of tobacco smoke constituents have been reviewed. Where appropriate, representative studies on pyrolyses of compounds reportedly present in tobacco leaf have been included. Various experimental conditions such as temperature, gaseous environment, and thermal stability of precursor were considered in light of current understanding of the smoking process. Attempts to alter the chemical constituents of smoke by use of additives have been discussed. Finally, various smoke constituents have been correlated with pyrolyses of leaf constituents in further hopes of better understanding the complex processes that produce tobacco smoke
Pending Legislative Restrictions on the Use of Agricultural Chemicals on Tobacco
Authors: Guthrie F.E.
Published: July 2016

Much progress has been made toward decreasing residue levels of a number of pesticides on tobacco in recent years. However, important problems have not been resolved. Foremost among these are necessary changes in pending tolerance legislation. coresta and other tobacco interests in Europe and North America have responsibly defined the problem areas for the officials charged with legislative action. With but five growing seasons remaining in which to make necessary changes in pest controI procedures, there is still some question about the Ievels of tolerances and exemptions to tolerances. If the internationaI trade of tobacco is to continue, it seems appropriate that by early 1973, there should be provided a list of tolerances which wilI accurately reflect requirements for the 1978 course of action so that growers can take appropriate action. Consumer protection from proven hazards is a necessary goal in the crowded, environmentally conscious world of today, but restrictions on use of pesticides should not be prohibitively stringent where proper evidence does not justify such action
The Influence of the Tobacco Tax Increase of September 1st, 1972, in the Federal Republic of Germany on the Butt Lengths Left by Smokers/Die Auswirkung der Tabaksteuererhöhung vom 1. 9. 1972 auf die Länge der Cigarettenstummel in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Schulz W.
Published: July 2016

The author investigated the effect upon the length of cigarette butts left by the smokers, brought about by the increase in tobacco tax of the first of September, 1972, in the Federal Republic of Germany. From the year 1959 to the month of August of 1972, the lengths of the butts of filter cigarettes have been found to continuously increase from 22.1 mm to 33.8 mm. This trend has been interrupted by price augmentations by about 20 % resulting from the said tax increase. On the average, since September 1972, the length of the butts of filter cigarettes has decreased by 0.6 mm and the length of the butts of plain cigarettes slightly by 0.2 mm
Determination of Transition Metals in Cigarette Smoke Condensate by Solvent Extraction and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Morie G.P. , Morrisett P.E.
Published: July 2016

A method for the determination of trace transition metals in cigarette smoke is described. The smoke particulate matter is digested in nitric acid, the acid is neutralized, and metal ions are complexed with ammonium 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate and extracted with methyl isobutyl ketone. The metals are then determined in the organic solvent by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the method is enhanced by the use of the methyl isobutyl ketone extraction. The method was evaluated for the determination of manganese, copper, iron, and zinc in the total particulate matter of smoke from University of Kentucky reference cigarettes and from commercial cigarettes. The amounts of these metals found in the smoke of a typical commercial filter cigarette are: 0.04 µg Mn, 0.10 µg Cu, 0.8 µg Fe, and 0.6 µg Zn. The method was used to show that cellulose acetate cigarette filters remove about the same percentage of metals as total particulate matter from smoke
Some Agronomic Factors Affecting N-Dimethyl-nitrosamine Content in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Tso T. C. , Sims J. L. , Tohnson D. E.
Published: July 2016

ExperimentaI cigarettes from tobaccos varying in genotype, nitrogen nutrition, stalk position, suckering practice, and curing methods were used to examine the Ievels of N-dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in smoke. Measurable amounts of DMN were found in all experimental samples, ranging from 1.7 to 115 ng per gram of tobacco burned. DMN content in smoke generally increased as rate of N fertilization increased. However, there were wide seasonal, cultural, and varietal effects. Burley-type tobacco produced a much higher level of DMN than the bright-type tobacco. DMN content in smoke was significantly and positively related to Ieaf total N, totaI alkaloids, nicotine, nornicotine, total volatile bases and nitrate N, but negatively related to reducing sugars. Reconstituted sheet tobaccos made with homogenized-leaf-curing samples produced much lower amounts of DMN than conventionally cured leaf. Additional information is needed to elucidate the primary leaf constituents that serve as precursors of DMN.
Material Balance Studies on Cigarettes Containing 3-Phenyl-5-methyl-1,2,4oxadiazole
Authors: Marmor R.S. , Minnemeyer H.J.
Published: July 2016

Material balance studies were performed on 85 mm machine-made cigarettes containing 1.5 % unlabelled PMO [3-phenyl-5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole], which were smoked under standard conditions to a 23 mm butt length. Using standard analytical techniques, relative distributions of PMO of approximately 28 % for mainstream, 22 % for sidestream, and 27 % for butt were obtained, with an overall recovery of unchanged PMO of 75-80 %. Radiocarbon labeled PMO [5-14C] cigarettes were prepared manually (70 mm, 2 % PMO) and smoked under standard conditions to a 20 mm butt length. Four smoking runs gave statistically valid data accounting for 95.99 ± 0.58 % of the original label. Measurements of the radioactivity were made by liquid scintillation counting of the various fractions. The mainstream smoke passing through a Cambridge filter pad contained less than one percent of the label as carbon dioxide, and no volatile organic compounds. The PMO undergoing decomposition gave rise to products found almost entirely in the sidestream.
Formation of the Porous Structure of Cigarette Filters
Authors: Coq F. , Vidal S.
Published: July 2016

An originaI method based on permeability measurement is applied to studying the formation of the porous interstitial structure of cigarette filters. Using this method, it is shown that the porous structure of a filter is formed in the course of the filling process which is accomplished by compression of the filter material without significantly modifying the specific structure of this material. In the filling process, the elements of the filter material are assembled in the filter by imbrication. A given filter materiaI is characterised by the specific volume that it takes up when its elements are assembled at the compression Iimit without any crushing. A filter material is, moreover, characterised by the mode of assembling of its elements in the formation of the porous interstitial structure of a filter. The permeametric method allows us to define this characteristic. The results can be applied to the choice of filter material and to the determination of the optimum filling rate permitting the rapid development of a cigarette filter with fixed characteristics.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Tobacco Smoke: Isolation and Identification
Authors: Snook M. E. , Severson R. F. , Higman H. C. , Arrendale R. F. , Chortyk O.T.
Published: July 2016

A neutral fraction of cigarette smoke condensate, which had shown biological activity and was known to contain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), was fractionated by analytical gel filtration chromatography. These gel fractions were subjected to gas chromatographic separation and their components were identified by relative GC retention times, UV spectra, and mass spectral data. More than 300 PAH, ranging from indene to the dimethylbenzopyrenes, were characterized. This method of isolation has yielded fractions which were more amenable to definitive identifications. The criteria used for identification are tabulated for all the identified PAH compounds.
The Effect of Bruising on Starch Degradation in Virginia Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Comber R.
Published: July 2016

The effect of bruising Virginia-type tobacco leaves on starch degradation during yellowing has been investigated. Bruising suppressed starch degradation in greenhouse-grown leaves completely and by about half in field-grown leaves. The increase in sugar levels which normally occurs during yellowing was also suppressed by bruising; in the greenhouse-grown leaves this suppression was complete but in the field-grown leaves it was only partial. As the greenhouse-grown plants ripened, the rate of starch degradation in unbruised leaves held in yellowing conditions decreased substantially. Bruising also suppressed the chlorophyll degradation which normally occurs during yellowing. However, in this case bruising produced a greater degree of suppression in the field-grown than in the greenhouse-grown Ieaves. As the greenhouse-grown plants ripened, the rate of chlorophyll degradation in unbruised leaves held in yellowing conditions increased substantially, in marked contrast with the behaviour of starch. Nicotine levels increased in the greenhouse-grown leaves as they ripened, but the levels were not affected consistently by bruising
Convective Heat Transfer Measurements in Cigarettes
Authors: Sandusky H. , Ohlemiller T.J. , Summerfield M.
Published: July 2016

An unsteady-state technique has been used to measure convective heat transfer coefficients in the tobacco rods of American and British cigarettes. The coefficients measured in dry cigarettes near room temperature at flow rates from 7.6 to 28 cm
Determination of Particle-Size Distribution and Concentration of Cigarette Smoke by a Light-Scattering Method
Authors: Okada T. , Ishizu Y. , Matsunuma K.
Published: July 2016

A new method for determining particle-size distribution of cigarette smoke particles was developed by simultaneous measurement of scattered light at three angles for a fixed wavelength. A theoretical chart useful for this purpose, which was made of the relative intensities of scattered light at the angles 45° and 135° to that at the angle 90°, was calculated on the basis of the Mie theory. The number concentration was determined from the Rayleigh ratio using the working standard method. The measurements were rapidly performed, without change of particle size during measuring time, with a device for dilution. The geometric mean diameter, the logarithmic standard deviation and the number concentration of mainstream smoke were found to be about 0.18 um, 0.4 and 3 X 10
Determination of Trace Metals in Cigarette Smoke by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Perinelli M. A. , Carugno N.
Published: July 2016

Abstract A flameless atomic absorption method has been developed which permits the quick determination of the levels of trace metals in cigarette smoke. The total particulate matter (TPM) was collected by electrostatic precipitation and dissolved in methanol before analysis. In order to trap the last remaining traces of metals, the gas phase was passed through microporous filters which were analysed direct. The sensitivity of this method for the metals studied (Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni) is good in both the particulate and gas phase samples, with the sole exception of Ni in the gas phase. Results obtained by the flame and flameless methods are compared.
Pesticide-treated vs. “Pesticide-free” Tobacco
Authors: Tso T.C. , Chaplin J.F. , LeLacheur K.E. , Sheets T.J.
Published: July 2016

A special study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effects of pesticide treatment on tobacco in comparison with tobacco not treated with any pesticide. For the purpose of growing these tobaccos, experimental plots were selected on Prince Edward Island, Canada, where contamination of air, soil and water was at a minimum. The tobacco leaf was analyzed for 35 components and 28 pesticide residues. These samples are to be used for smoke analysis and bioassay. The results will be reported in a later publication.
Mathematical Treatment of Ventilation Parameters - Mathematische Behandlung von Ventilationsparametern
Authors: Reif H.
Published: July 2016

The equality of the two main methods employed to measure ventilation - measuring volume or measuring draw resistance - was demonstrated by various collaborative experiments. In the present paper, on the strength of the draw resistance method formulae were derived to estimate the influence which changes of various parameters have on the degree of ventilation. As cigarette papers with the same permeability can have a very varied effect on the degree of ventilation of the finished product (for this also depends on the draw resistance of the tobacco rod), an attempt was also made to derive formulae which define the contribution every component makes to the degree of ventilation of the finished product. After that, a correlation with the permeability measured was also established. With the help of the formulae, it is also possible to estimate the variations of the results of measurements that occur when ventilation is measured by the volume method with apparatus with high internal resistance. Distribution of the diluting air along the tobacco rod is discussed, both for the unlit and lit cigarette. The increase in the number of draws dependent on ventilation is calculated. The results provide a possibility of explaining the varying reduction of smoke components by ventilation.
Effects of Ingredients on Cigarette Smoke Composition and Biological Activity: A Literature Overview
Authors: Paschke T , Scherer G , Heller WD
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a literature review of published scientific studies of the effects of tobacco product ingredients and various experimental additives on cigarette smoke composition and its biological activity. The format of this work is that of an uncommented reference paper rather than a critical scientific review. Therefore, the mention of an ingredient in this survey does not imply that it is used by the tobacco industry or that it is covered by any existing national regulations. A broad range of scientific papers and patents on tobacco ingredients is included as well as studies on experimental ingredients. This review may provide public health officials as well as scientists in government agencies and in the tobacco industry with a helpful overview of published information on tobacco product ingredients, their transfer into mainstream cigarette smoke, pyrolysis products, and influence on the biological activity of mainstream cigarette smoke.
Tobacco Research and Its Relevance to Science, Medicine and Industry
Authors: Tso TC
Published: July 2016

This article is a historical review and a vision for the future of tobacco plant research. This is the perspective of an experienced tobacco scientist who devoted his total professional career to tobacco research. From the very beginning, pioneering tobacco research was the foundation of plant science at the dawn of modern development, in such areas as light, nutrition, genetics, growth control, disorders and metabolism. Tobacco research led to current advancements in plant biotechnology. In addition, tobacco plant research contributed significantly to public health research in radioactive elements, mycotoxins, and air pollutants. However, public support for tobacco research has today greatly declined to almost total elimination because of a sense of political correctness. This author points out that tobacco is one of the most valuable research tools, and is a most abundant source of scientific information. Research with tobacco plants will contribute far beyond the frontiers of agricultural science: tobacco can be a source of food supply with nutrition value similar to that of milk; tobacco can be a source of health supplies including medical chemicals and various vaccines; tobacco can be a source of biofuel. All we need is to treat tobacco with respect; the use of tobacco is only in its initial stages.
Development and Evaluation of vetPAL, a Student-Led, Peer-Assisted Learning Program
Authors: Bates Lucy S.W. , Warman Sheena , Pither Zoe , Baillie Sarah
Published: July 2016

Based on an idea from a final-year student, Bristol Veterinary School introduced vetPAL, a student-led, peer-assisted learning program. The program involved fifth-year (final-year) students acting as tutors and leading sessions for fourth-year students (tutees) in clinical skills and revision (review) topics. The initiative aimed to supplement student learning while also providing tutors with opportunities to further develop a range of skills. All tutors received training and the program was evaluated using questionnaires collected from tutees and tutors after each session. Tutees' self-rated confidence increased significantly in clinical skills and for revision topics. Advantages of being taught by students rather than staff included the informal atmosphere, the tutees' willingness to ask questions, and the relatability of the tutors. The small group size and the style of learning in the revision sessions (i.e., group work, discussions, and interactivity) were additional positive aspects identified by both tutees and tutors. Benefits for tutors included developing their communication and teaching skills. The training sessions were considered key in helping tutors feel prepared to lead sessions, although the most difficult aspects were the lack of teaching experience and time management. Following the successful pilot of vetPAL, plans are in place to make the program permanent and sustainable, while incorporating necessary changes based on the evaluation and the student leader's experiences running the program. A vetPAL handbook has been created to facilitate organization of the program for future years.
Fuzzy C-Means based on Minkowski distance for liver CT image segmentation
Authors: Ali Abder-Rahman , Couceiro Micael S. , Hassanien Aboul Ella , Hemanth D. Jude
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a Fuzzy C-Means based image segmentation approach that benefits from the Minkowski distance as the dissimilarity measure, denoted as FCM-M, instead of the traditional Euclidean distance, herein identified as FCM-E. The proposed approach was applied on Liver CT images, and a thorough comparison between both methods was carried out. FCM-M provided better accuracy when compared to the traditional FCM-E, with an area under the ROC curve of 85.44% and 47.96%, respectively. In terms of statistical significant analysis, a twofold benefit was obtained from using the proposed approach: the performance of the image segmentation procedure was maintained, or even slightly increased in some situations, while the CPU processing time was significantly decreased. The advantages inherent to the proposed FCM-M pave the way to a whole new chain of fully automatic segmentation methods.
Thermal analysis of RF intermittently heating porous media with coaxial cell
Authors: Wu Li , Tao Junwu , Lacout Jean-Louis , Vuong Tan-Hoa
Published: July 2016

Since radiofrequency heating could be an attractive alternative over microwave heating for processing porous media, and intermittent heating was reported to be an optimization for homogeneous temperature distribution in the sample, this paper, applying both advantages, proposed a coaxial cell to research radiofrequency intermittently heating potatoes with different phases: solid, liquid and gas. In simulation, the sample and coaxial cell are both simplified into a 2D axis-symmetric model, which lowers the calculation requirement of computer but maintains the calculation accuracy. The effects of different process periods are studied and analyzed. Corresponding experiments are also conducted to measure the temperature change during the heating process. The simulated results compare qualitatively with the measured ones.
Current analysis of large submersible motor under curved eccentricity by multi-loop method
Authors: Bao Xiaohua , Cheng Zhiheng , Di Chong
Published: July 2016

Air-gap eccentricity is commonly occurred in large induction motors, especially submersible motors. Based on this failure, a more accurate curved eccentricity model is established and current analysis of the faulty machine is conducted in this paper. To carry out calculation, winding function method is proposed aiming at calculation of the inductance matrix in the multi-loop model and theoretical derivation is also presented. A curved eccentricity model is set up by simulating the deflection of the shaft and such model is applied to prototype (1200 kW submersible motor). By analyzing harmonic characteristics in line current, the result proves feasibility of current monitoring on curved eccentricity.
GIS induced current analysis in multipoint grounding systems by using 3-D finite element method
Authors: Liu Baowen , Ma Hongzhong , Ju Ping
Published: July 2016

For a good understanding of EHV GIS external induced currents in multipoint grounding systems, generation mechanism, distribution characteristics and influence factors analysis of the induced currents have been proposed in this paper. According to the structural characteristics of the multipoint grounding system, self and mutual inductances in GIS were calculated by using Biot-Savart Law. Based on Lenz's law, external flux balance equation of GIS was proposed, which can be used to calculate the induced circuiting currents. And the composition of induced currents in different locations of EHV GIS has been analyzed. Furthermore, 3-D analytical models of GIS were established. And the finite element method(FEM) was used to analyze the influence factors and the distribution characteristics of induced currents. Not only the amplitude but also the phase angles of the induced currents were analyzed in this paper.