bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial, Antiparasitic, and Cytotoxic Activities of Chemical Characterized Essential Oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides Roots
Authors: Oliveira Thaís A. S. , Vieira Tatiana M. , Esperandim Viviane R. , Martins Carlos H. G. , Magalhães Lizandra G. , Miranda Mayker L. D. , Crotti Antônio E. M.
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition as well as the antibacterial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic potentialities of the Brazilian Chrysopogon zizanioides root essential oil (CZ-EO) In addition, CZ-EO cytotoxicity to LLCMK2 adherent epithelial cells was assessed. The major compounds identified in CZ-EO were khusimol (30.0 ± 0.3%), β-eudesmol (10.8 ± 0.3%), α-muurolene (6.0 ± 0.1%), and patchouli alcohol (5.6 ± 0.2%). CZ-EO displayed optimal antibacterial activity against Prevotella nigrescens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 22 and 62.5 µg/mL and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values between 22 and 400 µg/mL. CZ-EO was highly active against the L. amazonensis promastigote and amastigote forms (IC50 = 7.20 and 16.21 µg/mL, respectively) and the T. cruzi trypomastigote form (IC50 = 11.2 µg/mL). Moreover, CZ-EO showed moderate cytotoxicity to LLCMK2 cells, with CC50 = 565.4 µg/mL. These results revealed an interesting in vitro selectivity of CZ-EO toward the L. amazonensis promastigote and amastigote forms (Selectivity Index, SI = 78.5 and 34.8, respectively) and the T. cruzi trypomastigote form (SI = 50.5) compared to LLCMK2 cells. These results showed the promising potential of CZ-EO for developing new antimicrobial, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal drugs.
Synthesis and Biological Activity Characterization of Novel 5-Oxopyrrolidine Derivatives with Promising Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Kairytė Karolina , Grybaitė Birutė , Vaickelionienė Rita , Sapijanskaitė-Banevič Birutė , Kavaliauskas Povilas , Mickevičius Vytautas
Published: August 2022

The 1-(4-acetamidophenyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine carboxylic acid was applied for synthesizing derivatives bearing azole, diazole, and hydrazone moieties in the molecule. Modification of an acetamide fragment to the free amino group afforded compounds with two functional groups, which enabled to provide a series of 4-substituted-1-(4-substituted phenyl)pyrrolidine-2-ones. The resulted compounds 2 and 4–22 were subjected to the in vitro anticancer and antimicrobial activity determination. The compounds 18–22 exerted the most potent anticancer activity against A549 cells. Furthermore, compound 21 bearing 5-nitrothiophene substituents demonstrated promising and selective antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, including linezolid and tedizolid-resistant S. aureus. These results demonstrate that 5-oxopyrolidine derivatives are attractive scaffolds for the further development of anticancer and antimicrobial compounds targeting multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens.
Anticariogenic Activity of Three Essential Oils from Brazilian Piperaceae
Authors: Carvalho Êni S. , Ayres Vanessa F. S. , Oliveira Midiã R. , Corrêa Geone M. , Takeara Renata , Guimarães Anderson C. , Santiago Mariana B. , Oliveira Thaís A. S. , Martins Carlos H. G. , Crotti Antônio E. M. , Silva Eliane O.
Published: August 2022

The current trend toward using natural food additives, cosmetics, and medicines has motivated industries to substitute synthetic compounds for natural products. Essential oils (EOs) from medicinal plants are a well-known source of chemical compounds that display several interesting biological activities, including antimicrobial action. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of EOs extracted from three Piperaceae species collected in the Brazilian Amazon region against a representative panel of cariogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the essential oils extracted from Peperomia pellucida (PP-EO), Piper marginatum (PM-EO), and Piper callosum (PC-EO) was determined against Streptococcus mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Lactobacillus casei by using the microplate microdilution method. PM-EO, PC-EO, and PP-EO displayed antibacterial activity against all the tested cariogenic bacteria. PM-EO displayed the best inhibitory activity, with MIC values ranging from 50 to 500 µg/mL. The lowest MIC values were obtained for PM-EO against S. mitis (MIC = 75 μg/mL), Lactobacillus casei (MIC = 50 μg/mL), and S. mutans (MIC = 50 μg/mL). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis allowed the chemical composition of all the EOs to be identified. The main constituents of PM-EO, PC-EO, and PP-EO were 3,4-(methylenedioxy)propiophenone, α-pinene, and dillapiole, respectively. Finally, the compounds that were exclusively detected in PM-EO are highlighted. Our results suggest that PM-EO may be used in products for treating dental caries and periodontal diseases.
Strategies and Tools for Supporting the Appropriateness of Drug Use in Older People
Authors: Lunghi Carlotta , Trevisan Caterina , Fusaroli Michele , Giunchi Valentina , Raschi Emanuel , Sangiorgi Elisa , Domenicali Marco , Volpato Stefano , De Ponti Fabrizio , Poluzzi Elisabetta
Published: August 2022

Through this structured review of the published literature, we aimed to provide an up-to-date description of strategies (human-related) and tools (mainly from the digital field) facilitating the appropriateness of drug use in older adults. The evidence of each strategy and tool’s effectiveness and sustainability largely derives from local and heterogeneous experiences, with contrasting results. As a general framework, three main steps should be considered in implementing measures to improve appropriateness: prescription, acceptance by the patient, and continuous monitoring of adherence and risk-benefit profile. Each step needs efforts from specific actors (physicians, patients, caregivers, healthcare professionals) and dedicated supporting tools. Moreover, how to support the appropriateness also strictly depends on the particular setting of care (hospital, ambulatory or primary care, nursing home, long-term care) and available economic resources. Therefore, it is urgent assigning to each approach proposed in the literature the following characteristics: level of effectiveness, strength of evidence, setting of implementation, needed resources, and issues for its sustainability.
Enhanced In Vivo Wound Healing Efficacy of a Novel Hydrogel Loaded with Copper (II) Schiff Base Quinoline Complex (CuSQ) Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Authors: Abou El-ezz Doaa , Abdel-Rahman Laila H. , Al-Farhan Badriah Saad , Mostafa Dalia A. , Ayad Eman G. , Basha Maram T. , Abdelaziz Mahmoud , Abdalla Ehab M.
Published: August 2022

Wound dressings created using nanotechnology are known as suitable substrates to speed up the healing of both acute and chronic wounds. Therapeutic substances can be delivered using these materials. In this study, a hydrogel loaded with Cu (II) Schiff base 8-hydroxy quinoline complex (CuSQ) solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) was formulated to investigate its wound healing potential in an excision wound healing model in rats. The CuSQ SLN were spherical shaped with sizes ranging from 111 to 202 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) ranging from 0.43 to 0.76, encapsulation efficiency (EE) % between 85 and 88, and zeta potential (ZP) of −11.8 to −40 mV. The formulated hydrogel showed good homogeneity, good stability, and a pH of 6.4 which indicates no skin irritation and had no cytotoxicity on the human skin fibroblast (HSF) cell line. In the in vivo study, animals were placed in five groups: control, standard, plain hydrogel, low dose, and high dose of CuSQ hydrogel. Both doses of CuSQ showed significantly faster healing rates compared to standard and control rats. In addition, the histopathology study showed more collagen, improved angiogenesis, and intact re-epithelization with less inflammation. A significant increase in transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) level and increased immune expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by CuSQ treatment validates its role in collagen synthesis, proliferation of fibroblasts and enhancement of angiogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was found to be significantly reduced after CuSQ treatment. Immunohistochemistry of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) revealed a marked decrease in inflammation. Thus, we concluded that CuSQ would be a beneficial drug for cutaneous wound healing since it effectively accelerated wound healing through regulation of various cytokines and growth factors.
Drug Repurposing Based on Protozoan Proteome: In Vitro Evaluation of In Silico Screened Compounds against Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Cajazeiro Débora Chaves , Toledo Paula Pereira Marques , de Sousa Natália Ferreira , Scotti Marcus Tullius , Reimão Juliana Quero
Published: August 2022

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan that infects up to a third of the world’s population. This parasite can cause serious problems, especially if a woman is infected during pregnancy, when toxoplasmosis can cause miscarriage, or serious complications to the baby, or in an immunocompromised person, when the infection can possibly affect the patient’s eyes or brain. To identify potential drug candidates that could counter toxoplasmosis, we selected 13 compounds which were pre-screened in silico based on the proteome of T. gondii to be evaluated in vitro against the parasite in a cell-based assay. Among the selected compounds, three demonstrated in vitro anti-T. gondii activity in the nanomolar range (almitrine, bortezomib, and fludarabine), and ten compounds demonstrated anti-T. gondii activity in the micromolar range (digitoxin, digoxin, doxorubicin, fusidic acid, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, mycophenolic acid, ribavirin, trimethoprim, and valproic acid). Almitrine demonstrated a Selectivity Index (provided by the ratio between the Half Cytotoxic Concentration against human foreskin fibroblasts and the Half Effective Concentration against T. gondii tachyzoites) that was higher than 47, whilst being considered a lead compound against T. gondii. Almitrine showed interactions with the Na+/K+ ATPase transporter for Homo sapiens and Mus musculus, indicating a possible mechanism of action of this compound.
Fabrication and Preliminary In Vitro Evaluation of 3D-Printed Alginate Films with Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabigerol (CBG) Nanoparticles for Potential Wound-Healing Applications
Authors: Monou Paraskevi Kyriaki , Mamaligka Anastasia Maria , Tzimtzimis Emmanuil K. , Tzetzis Dimitrios , Vergkizi-Nikolakaki Souzan , Vizirianakis Ioannis S. , Andriotis Eleftherios G. , Eleftheriadis Georgios K. , Fatouros Dimitrios G.
Published: August 2022

In this study, drug carrier nanoparticles comprised of Pluronic-F127 and cannabidiol (CBD) or cannabigerol (CBG) were developed, and their wound healing action was studied. They were further incorporated in 3D printed films based on sodium alginate. The prepared films were characterized morphologically and physicochemically and used to evaluate the drug release profiles of the nanoparticles. Additional studies on their water loss rate, water retention capacity, and 3D-printing shape fidelity were performed. Nanoparticles were characterized physicochemically and for their drug loading performance. They were further assessed for their cytotoxicity (MTT Assay) and wound healing action (Cell Scratch Assay). The in vitro wound-healing study showed that the nanoparticles successfully enhanced wound healing in the first 6 h of application, but in the following 6 h they had an adverse effect. MTT assay studies revealed that in the first 24 h, a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL nanoparticles resulted in satisfactory cell viability, whereas CBG nanoparticles were safe even at 48 h. However, in higher concentrations and after a threshold of 24 h, the cell viability was significantly decreased. The results also presented mono-disperse nano-sized particles with diameters smaller than 200 nm with excellent release profiles and enhanced thermal stability. Their entrapment efficiency and drug loading properties were higher than 97%. The release profiles of the active pharmaceutical ingredients from the films revealed a complete release within 24 h. The fabricated 3D-printed films hold promise for wound healing applications; however, more studies are needed to further elucidate their mechanism of action.
Anti-Proliferative Potential of Quercetin Loaded Polymeric Mixed Micelles on Rat C6 and Human U87MG Glioma Cells
Authors: Paranthaman Sathishbabu , Uthaiah Chinnappa A. , Osmani Riyaz Ali M. , Hani Umme , Ghazwani Mohammed , Alamri Ali H. , Fatease Adel Al , Madhunapantula SubbaRao V. , Gowda Devegowda Vishkante
Published: August 2022

Quercetin (Qu) is a natural flavonoid present in many commonly consumed food items and is also identified as a potential anticancer agent. The present study evaluates the Qu-loaded polymeric mixed micelles (Qu-PMMs) against C6 and U87MG glioma cell lines. The Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to study the influence of independent variables such as Soluplus, Vitamin-E polyethyleneglycol-1000 succinate (E-TPGS), and poloxamer 407 concentrations on dependent variables including particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and percentage entrapment efficiency (%EE) of the prepared Qu-PMMs. The Qu-PMMs were further characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and were assessed for in vitro drug release, effect on cell viability, migration, cellular uptake, and apoptosis assays. The PS, PDI, and % EE of the optimized PMMs were 107.16 ± 1.06 nm, 0.236 ± 0.053, and 77.46 ± 1.94%, respectively. The FTIR and XRD revealed that the Qu was completely entrapped inside the PMMs. The SEM analysis confirmed the spherical shape of micelles. The in vitro cell viability study showed that the Qu-PMMs had 1.7 times higher cytotoxicity against C6 and U87MG cells than Qu pure drug (Qu-PD). Furthermore, Qu-PMMs demonstrated superior cellular uptake, inhibited migration, and induced apoptosis when tested against C6 and U87MG cells than pure Qu. Thus, the polymeric mixed micelle (PMMs) enhanced the therapeutic effect of Qu and can be considered an effective therapeutic strategy to treat Glioma.
Flow Equations for Free-Flowable Particle Fractions of Sorbitol for Direct Compression: An Exploratory Multiple Regression Analysis of Particle and Orifice Size Influence
Authors: Marushka Julia , Hurychová Hana , Šklubalová Zdenka , Tebbens Jurjen Duintjer
Published: August 2022

Flowability is among the most important properties of powders, especially when fine particle size fractions need to be processed. In this study, our goal was to find a possibly simple but accurate mathematical model for predicting the mass flow rate for different fractions of the pharmaceutical excipient sorbitol for direct compression. Various regression models derived from the Jones–Pilpel equation for the prediction of the mass flow rate were investigated. Using validation with experimental data for various particle and hopper orifice sizes, we focused on the prediction accuracy of the respective models, i.e., on the relative difference between measured and model-predicted values. Classical indicators of regression quality from statistics were addressed as well, but we consider high prediction accuracy to be particularly important for industrial processing in practice. For individual particle size fractions, the best results (an average prediction accuracy of 3.8%) were obtained using simple regression on orifice size. However, for higher accuracy (3.1%) in a unifying model, valid in the broad particle size range 0.100–0.346 mm, a fully quadratic model, incorporating interaction between particle and orifice size, appears to be most appropriate.
Waterlogging Stress Induces Antioxidant Defense Responses, Aerenchyma Formation and Alters Metabolisms of Banana Plants
Authors: Teoh Ee Yang , Teo Chee How , Baharum Nadiya Akmal , Pua Teen-Lee , Tan Boon Chin
Published: August 2022

Flooding caused or exacerbated by climate change has threatened plant growth and food production worldwide. The lack of knowledge on how crops respond and adapt to flooding stress imposes a major barrier to enhancing their productivity. Hence, understanding the flooding-responsive mechanisms of crops is indispensable for developing new flooding-tolerant varieties. Here, we examined the banana (Musa acuminata cv. Berangan) responses to soil waterlogging for 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 24 days. After waterlogging stress, banana root samples were analyzed for their molecular and biochemical changes. We found that waterlogging treatment induced the formation of adventitious roots and aerenchyma with conspicuous gas spaces. In addition, the antioxidant activities, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde contents of the waterlogged bananas increased in response to waterlogging stress. To assess the initial response of bananas toward waterlogging stress, we analyzed the transcriptome changes of banana roots. A total of 3508 unigenes were differentially expressed under 1-day waterlogging conditions. These unigenes comprise abiotic stress-related transcription factors, such as ethylene response factors, basic helix-loop-helix, myeloblastosis, plant signal transduction, and carbohydrate metabolisms. The findings of the study provide insight into the complex molecular events of bananas in response to waterlogging stress, which could later help develop waterlogging resilient crops for the future climate.
Comprehensive Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes and Epigenetic Modification-Related Expression Variation Induced by Saline Stress at Seedling Stage in Fiber and Oil Flax, Linum usitatissimum L.
Authors: Wang Ningning , Lin Yujie , Qi Fan , Xiaoyang Chunxiao , Peng Zhanwu , Yu Ying , Liu Yingnan , Zhang Jun , Qi Xin , Deyholos Michael , Zhang Jian
Published: August 2022

The ability of different germplasm to adapt to a saline–alkali environment is critical to learning about the tolerance mechanism of saline–alkali stress in plants. Flax is an important oil and fiber crop in many countries. However, its molecular tolerance mechanism under saline stress is still not clear. In this study, we studied morphological, physiological characteristics, and gene expression variation in the root and leaf in oil and fiber flax types under saline stress, respectively. Abundant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by saline stress, tissue/organ specificity, and different genotypes involved in plant hormones synthesis and metabolism and transcription factors and epigenetic modifications were detected. The present report provides useful information about the mechanism of flax response to saline stress and could lead to the future elucidation of the specific functions of these genes and help to breed suitable flax varieties for saline/alkaline soil conditions.
Callus Induction from Diverse Explants and Genotypes Enables Robust Transformation of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
Authors: Grogg Daniel , Rohner Marius , Yates Steven , Manzanares Chloe , Bull Simon E. , Dalton Sue , Bosch Maurice , Studer Bruno , Broggini Giovanni A. L.
Published: August 2022

Genetic transformation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is critical for fundamental and translational research in this important grass species. It often relies on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of callus tissue. However, callus induction is restricted to a few genotypes that respond well to tissue culture. Here, we report callus induction from different perennial ryegrass genotypes and explants, such as shoot tips, seeds, and anthers, which were transformed with several plasmids for functional genomics. β-glucuronidase (GUS) histochemical staining showed the LmdsRNAbp promoter sequence was active in stigmas, spikelets, anthers, and leaves. We also transformed calli with plasmids allowing gene silencing and gene knock-out using RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9, respectively, for which genotypic and phenotypic investigations are ongoing. Using 19 different constructs, 262 transgenic events were regenerated. Moreover, the protocol regenerated a doubled haploid transgenic event from anther-derived calli. This work provides a proof-of-concept method for expanding the range of genotypes amenable to transformation, thus, serving research and breeding initiatives to improve this important grass crop for forage and recreation.
Biological Pests Management for Sustainable Agriculture: Understanding the Influence of Cladosporium-Bioformulated Endophytic Fungi Application to Control Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Authors: Bensaci Oussama A. , Rouabah Khamsa , Aliat Toufik , Lombarkia Nadia , Plushikov Vadim G. , Kucher Dmitry E. , Dokukin Petr A. , Temirbekova Sulukhan K. , Rebouh Nazih Y.
Published: August 2022

The potato is a staple food crop worldwide and the need for this product has increased due to the burgeoning population. However, potato production is highly constrained by biotic stress interference, such as Myzus persicae Sulzer, which causes serious yield losses and thus minimizing production income. The current study aims to investigate the effect of different formulations prepared as an invert emulsion with different concentrations of fungal culture filtrates derived from three endophytic fungi (genus Cladosporium) against Myzus persicae. All formulations have demonstrated an aphicidal activity, which increases with the increasing concentration of fungal filtrates. Furthermore, it has been noted that chitinolytic activity recorded for 12 days is important in Cladosporium sp. BEL21 isolated from dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium oxycedri. The study of demographic and embryonic parameters of aphids settled on potato plants previously treated with formulations revealed a significant reduction in the numbers of colonizing aphids and a relative increase in the numbers of winged adults, especially in plants treated with BEL21-derived emulsion. The pre-treatment of plants may interfere with and negatively influence embryonic development and early maturity of the embryo and thus affect the fertility of parthenogenetic aphids. BEL21-derived emulsion can ensure effective and an inexpensive control of M. persicae for potato spring cropping systems. The current results open real opportunities concerning the implementation of ecofriendly and potent potato protection systems.
Impact of Storage Condition on Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Pomelo Extract against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Anthracnose in Post-harvest Mango
Authors: Cheng Yu-Jung , Wu Ying-Jou , Lee Fang-Wei , Ou Ling-Yi , Chen Chi-Nan , Chu Yu-Ying , Kuan Yen-Chou
Published: August 2022

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum leads to a tremendous post-harvest mango loss. While chemical fungicides are applied to control anthracnose, natural alternatives are preferred due to food safety and environmental concerns. Pomelo extract (PE) exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities; however, its effect against anthracnose is unknown. Here we investigated the chemical profile of PE using GC-MS and the anti-anthracnose activity of PE using in vitro and in vivo assays. We also evaluated the impact of storage temperature (0°, 5°, 10°, 20°, −20°, and −80 °C) and light conditions on the composition and antifungal activity of PE. We found that PE inhibited C. gloeosporioides in vitro with an IC50 of 3.2 mL L−1. Applying chitosan-based coating incorporated with 20 mL L−1 PE significantly suppressed anthracnose in post-harvest ‘Keitt’ mango. A storage temperature below 5 °C substantially preserved major compounds and the antifungal activity of PE after 6 m of storage. Finally, we showed that applying d-limonene, the key constituent of PE, inhibited C. gloeosporioides in vitro (IC50: 10.9 mM) and suppressed anthracnose in vivo. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the application of PE and d-limonene are sustainable methods for anthracnose control in post-harvest crops and established the preservation protocol for PE.
Metal(loid)s in Common Medicinal Plants in a Uranium Mining-Impacted Area in Northwestern New Mexico, USA
Authors: Samuel-Nakamura Christine , Ali Abdul-Mehdi S.
Published: August 2022

The objective of this study was to determine uranium (U) and other metal(loid) concentrations (As, Cd, Cs, Pb, Mo, Se, Th, and V) in eight species of plants that are commonly used for medicinal purposes on Diné (Navajo) lands in northwestern New Mexico. The study setting was a prime target for U mining, where more than 500 unreclaimed abandoned U mines and structures remain. The plants were located within 3.2 km of abandoned U mines and structures. Plant biota samples (N = 32) and corresponding soil sources were collected. The samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry. In general, the study findings showed that metal(loid)s were concentrated greatest in soil > root > aboveground plant parts, respectively. Several medicinal plant samples were found to exceed the World Health Organization Raw Medicinal Plant Permissible Level for As and Cd; however, using the calculated human intake data, Reference Dietary Intakes, Recommended Dietary Allowances, and tolerable Upper Limits, the levels were not exceeded for those with established food intake or ingestion guidelines. There does not appear to be a dietary food rise of metal(loid) ingestion based solely on the eight medicinal plants examined. Food intake recommendations informed by research are needed for those who may be more sensitive to metal(loid) exposure. Further research is needed to identify research gaps and continued surveillance and monitoring are recommended for mining-impacted communities.
Capitulum Development and Gametophyte Ontogeny: Histological Insight into the Reproductive Process of a Hexaploidy Population of Solidago canadensis in China
Authors: Zhang Yu , Cao Fei , Qiang Sheng
Published: August 2022

Solidago canadensis L., native to North America, has become a troublesome invasive plant worldwide due to its strong sexual reproductive capacity. Although there have been studies on some stages of sexual reproduction, there has been no systematic description of the process. In this study, we observed capitulum development, the occurrence of megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis, and embryo development using a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that there was a close relationship between the length of the capitulum bud and the stage in the reproductive process. Capitulum development appeared when the length of the capitate inflorescence was less than 1.73 ± 0.08 mm. The meiosis of microspores occurred when the length of the capitate inflorescence ranged from 2.20 ± 0.07 mm to 3.50 ± 0.10 mm, and mature pollen grains and embryo sacs formed when the length of the capitate inflorescence was greater than 5.15 ± 0.14 mm. Based on the available information, a reproductive calendar showing the key reproductive events from capitulum development to seed formation has been prepared. These processes may be related to its inherent temperature adaptation and non-synchronization of flowering, which may avoid embryo abortion during embryo development and consequently as a key step for its successful invasion in China. These results open up new horizons for effective prevention and control of spread in the future.
Minimizing the Global Warming Potential with Geopolymer-Based Insulation Material with Miscanthus Fiber
Authors: Witzleben Steffen
Published: August 2022

Approximately 45% of global greenhouse gas emissions are caused by the construction and use of buildings. Thermal insulation of buildings in the current context of climate change is a well-known strategy to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. The development of renewable insulation material can overcome the drawbacks of widely used insulation systems based on polystyrene or mineral wool. This study analyzes the sustainability and thermal conductivity of new insulation materials made of Miscanthus x giganteus fibers, foaming agents, and alkali-activated fly ash binder. Life cycle assessments (LCA) are necessary to perform benchmarking of environmental impacts of new formulations of geopolymer-based insulation materials. The global warming potential (GWP) of the product is primarily determined by the main binder component sodium silicate. Sodium silicate’s CO2 emissions depend on local production, transportation, and energy consumption. The results, which have been published during recent years, vary in a wide range from 0.3 kg to 3.3 kg CO2-eq. kg−1. The overall GWP of the insulation system based on Miscanthus fibers, with properties according to current thermal insulation regulations, reaches up to 95% savings of CO2 emissions compared to conventional systems. Carbon neutrality can be achieved through formulations containing raw materials with carbon dioxide emissions and renewable materials with negative GWP, thus balancing CO2 emissions.
Drug-Loaded Chitosan Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Atia Gamal Abdel Nasser , Shalaby Hany K. , Zehravi Mehrukh , Ghobashy Mohamed Mohamady , Attia Hager Abdel Nasser , Ahmad Zubair , Khan Farhat S. , Dey Abhijit , Mukerjee Nobendu , Alexiou Athanasios , Rahman Md. Habibur , Klepacka Joanna , Najda Agnieszka
Published: August 2022

Chitosan is a natural anionic polysaccharide with a changeable architecture and an abundance of functional groups; in addition, it can be converted into various shapes and sizes, making it appropriate for a variety of applications. This article examined and summarized current developments in chitosan-based materials, with a focus on the modification of chitosan, and presented an abundance of information about the fabrication and use of chitosan-derived products in periodontal regeneration. Numerous preparation and modification techniques for enhancing chitosan performance, as well as the uses of chitosan and its metabolites, were reviewed critically and discussed in depth in this study. Chitosan-based products may be formed into different shapes and sizes, considering fibers, nanostructures, gels, membranes, and hydrogels. Various drug-loaded chitosan devices were discussed regarding periodontal regeneration.
Recycled HDPE/Natural Fiber Composites Modified with Waste Tire Rubber: A Comparison between Injection and Compression Molding
Authors: Fazli Ali , Stevanovic Tatjana , Rodrigue Denis
Published: August 2022

With the objective of turning wastes into added-value materials, sustainable and fully recycled wood-plastic composites were reinforced by waste tire rubber particles to show balanced properties and potentially low-cost materials. Recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) was compounded (melt extrusion) with flax fiber (FF) and waste regenerated tire rubber (RR) to investigate the effect of mixing ratio, coupling agent (maleated polyethylene, MAPE) and molding process (injection and compression molding) on the properties of hybrid composites. In particular, a complete set of characterization was performed including thermal stability, phase morphology and mechanical properties in terms of tension, flexion and impact, as well as hardness and density. Adding 40 wt.% of flax fibers (FF) increased the tensile (17%) and flexural (15%) modulus of rHDPE, while the impact strength decreased by 58%. Substitution of FF by waste rubber particles improved by 75% the impact strength due to the elasticity and energy absorption of the rubber phase. The effects of impact modification were more pronounced for rHDPE/(FF/RR) compatibilized with MAPE (10 wt.%) due to highly improved interfacial adhesion and compatibility. The results also suggest that, for a fixed hybrid composition (FF/RR, 25/55 wt.%), the injection molded composites have a more homogenous morphology with a uniform distribution of well embedded reinforcements in the matrix. This better morphology produced higher tensile strain at break (12%) and impact strength (9%) compared to compression molded samples.
Molecular Targets for Antibody-Based Anti-Biofilm Therapy in Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Han Jiahe , Poma Alessandro
Published: August 2022

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a heart disease caused by the infection of heart valves, majorly caused by Staphilococcus aureus. IE is initiated by bacteria entering the blood circulation in favouring conditions (e.g., during invasive procedures). So far, the conventional antimicrobial strategies based on the usage of antibiotics remain the major intervention for treating IE. Nevertheless, the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics in IE is limited not only by the bacterial drug resistance, but also by the formation of biofilms, which resist the penetration of antibiotics into bacterial cells. To overcome these drawbacks, the development of anti-biofilm treatments that can expose bacteria and make them more susceptible to the action of antibiotics, therefore resulting in reduced antimicrobial resistance, is urgently required. A series of anti-biofilm strategies have been developed, and this review will focus in particular on the development of anti-biofilm antibodies. Based on the results previously reported in the literature, several potential anti-biofilm targets are discussed, such as bacterial adhesins, biofilm matrix and bacterial toxins, covering their antigenic properties (with the identification of potential promising epitopes), functional mechanisms, as well as the antibodies already developed against these targets and, where feasible, their clinical translation.
Characterization and Application in Packaging Grease of Gelatin–Sodium Alginate Edible Films Cross-Linked by Pullulan
Authors: Li Shuo , Fan Min , Deng Shanggui , Tao Ningping
Published: August 2022

Gelatin–sodium alginate-based edible films cross-linked with pullulan were prepared using the solution casting method. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated the existence of hydrogen bonding interactions between the components, and scanning electron microscopy observed the component of the films, revealing electrostatic interactions and thus explaining the differences in the properties of the blend films. The best mechanical properties and oxygen barrier occurred at a 1:1 percentage of pullulan to gelatin (GP11) with sodium alginate dosing for modification. Furthermore, GP11 demonstrated the best thermodynamic properties by DSC analysis, the highest UV barrier (94.13%) and the best oxidation resistance in DPPH tests. The results of storage experiments using modified edible films encapsulated in fresh fish liver oil showed that GP11 retarded grease oxidation by inhibiting the rise in peroxide and anisidine values, while inappropriate amounts of pullulan had a pro-oxidative effect on grease. The correlation between oil oxidation and material properties was investigated, and water solubility and apparent color characteristics were also assessed.
Spectroelectrochemistry of Electroactive Polymer Composite Materials
Authors: Gribkova Oxana L. , Nekrasov Alexander A.
Published: August 2022

In this review, we have summarized the main advantages of the method of spectroelectrochemistry as applied to recent studies on electrosynthesis and redox processes of electroactive polymer composite materials, which have found wide application in designing organic optoelectronic devices, batteries and sensors. These polymer composites include electroactive polymer complexes with large unmovable dopant anions such as polymer electrolytes, organic dyes, cyclodextrins, poly(β-hydroxyethers), as well as polymer-inorganic nanocomposites. The spectroelectrochemical methods reviewed include in situ electron absorption, Raman, infrared and electron spin resonance spectroscopies.
Two-Dimensional Simulation of the Freezing Characteristics in PEMFCs during Cold Start Considering Ice Crystallization Kinetics
Authors: Jiang Panxing , Zhan Zhigang , Zhang Di , Wang Chenlong , Zhang Heng , Pan Mu
Published: August 2022

Cold start is one of the major issues that hinders the commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this study, a 2D transient multi-physics model is developed to simulate the cold start processes in a PEMFC. The phase change between water vapor, liquid water, and ice in the catalyst layers (CLs), micro porous layer (MPLs), and gas diffusion layers (GDLs) is also investigated, particularly the effect of ice crystallization kinetics when supercooled liquid water changes into ice. The factors affecting the different operating conditions and structural features of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) are investigated. The results show that when the start temperature is −20 °C or higher, ice formation is delayed and the formation rate is decreased, and supercooled liquid water permeates from the CL into the MPL. For an MEA with relatively high hydrophobicity, the water permeation rate is high. These results can enable a PEMFC to start at subzero temperatures. The effect of ice crystallization kinetics is negligible when the fuel cell is started at −30 °C or below.
Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches as Raw Material of Dissolving Pulp for Viscose Rayon Fiber in Making Textile Products
Authors: Nikmatin Siti , Irmansyah Irmansyah , Hermawan Bambang , Kardiansyah Teddy , Seta Frederikus Tunjung , Afiah Irma Nur , Umam Rofiqul
Published: August 2022

The creative fashion industry produces several textile products that play an important role in the national economy. In various countries, this industry has continued to grow along with the strong flow of information technology and e-commerce. The development of textile products for fashion is very dynamic and competitive. Competition is not only about price, but also the quality of organic/synthetic materials, the comfort provided, and designs that change every 4–6 months. Recently, creative fashion not only relies on natural and synthetic polymer-made fibers but also biomass-based waste materials. Therefore, this study aims to manufacture textile products from biomass-based waste materials that can be applied to the creative fashion industry. Two types of raw materials from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), namely, whole-empty fruit bunches (WEFB) and stalk-empty fruit bunches (SEFB), are used as an excellent innovation of rayon viscose fiber (RVF), a noncotton organic yarn capable of providing a solution to the 99% import of global cotton needs. This is expected to increase competitiveness, as well as the added value of palm oil products and their derivatives. The process of manufacturing DP chemically includes prehydrolysis, cooking, bleaching to dissolve the lignin and noncellulosic materials as well as isolation to purify POEFB fiber. Furthermore, DP testing is carried out to determine product quality and compare it with the national product standards. The results show that the alpha-cellulose content reaches >94% with variations in the active alkali of 18%, 20% and 24%. This implies that the WEFB and SEFB are used to fulfill the first requirements of the national standard (SNI 938:2017). The WEFB with an active alkali variation of 24% meets the SNI standard for rayon pulp with a value of S10 = 3.07 and S18 = 7.14%, while all variations of SEFB show opposite results. The use of active alkali at 24% had a brighter color than between 18% and 20%. Additionally, the fiber density of WEFB appears to be higher than that of SEFB. These results correlate positively with DP prepared using 24% alkali as the optimum treatment for all products, as well as the morphological observations performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which shows that WEFB fixated fiber had a larger diameter than SEFB.
Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulation Study of Composite-Material-Modified Loess Improving High-Speed Railway Subgrade
Authors: Luo Li , Wang Xingang , Xue Chen , Wang Daozheng , Lian Baoqin
Published: August 2022

Construction of high-speed railway subgrade on loess soils in the Loess Plateau is risky because such soil is susceptible to differential settlements. Various soil-improvement methods have been used to enhance the mechanical properties of loess. Lime-ash soil and cement-lime soil are the most commonly used methods in the improvement of loess subgrade, while few studies have been found on loess subgrade improvement by using composite material consisting of traditional materials and new materials. A series of direct shear tests and unconfined compressive tests were conducted on the loess specimen with the addition of three kinds of composite materials: traditional material cement, new material polypropylene fiber and SCA-2 soil curing agent. The numerical simulation was conducted on loess subgrade in an actual engineering practice. The experimental results show that cement, polypropylene fiber and SCA-2 soil curing agent can effectively improve the shear strength and compressive strength of loess, and the influence degree is cement > fiber > curing agent. Additionally, based on the relative strength characteristics of the improved loess, an optimal improvement scheme for the composite-material-modified loess was obtained: 16% cement content + 0.5% fiber content + 4% curing agent content. The numerical simulation results revealed that the compressive strength index of the improved loess has a significant impact on the subgrade settlement, and the optimal improvement scheme obtained from comprehensive analysis can effectively improve the settlement of high-speed railway subgrade under vibration load.
Basalt Fiber Composites with Reduced Thermal Expansion for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Moreno-Sanchez Daniel , Sanz de León Alberto , Moreno Nieto Daniel , Delgado Francisco J. , Molina Sergio I.
Published: August 2022

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is gaining attention as an efficient way to create parts and replacements on demand using thermoplastics. This technology requires the development of new materials with a reliable printability that satisfies the requirement of final parts. In this context, a series of composites based on acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA) reinforced with basalt fiber (BF) are reported in this work. First, several surface modification treatments are applied onto the BF to increase their compatibility with the ASA matrix. Then, once the best treatment is identified, the mechanical properties, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and warping distortion of the different specimens designed and prepared by FFF are studied. It was found that the silanized BF is appropriate for an adequate printing, obtaining composites with higher stiffness, tensile strength, low CTE and a significant reduction in part distortion. These composites are of potential interest in the design and manufacturing of final products by FFF, as they show much lower CTE values than pure ASA, which is essential to successfully fabricate large objects using this technique.
Natural Polysaccharide-Based Nanodrug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Diabetes
Authors: Qiu Aijun , Wang Yunyun , Zhang Genlin , Wang Hebin
Published: August 2022

In recent years, natural polysaccharides have been considered as the ideal candidates for novel drug delivery systems because of their good biocompatibility, biodegradation, low immunogenicity, renewable source and easy modification. These natural polymers are widely used in the designing of nanocarriers, which possess wide applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, delivery and protection of bioactive compounds or drugs. A great deal of studies could be focused on developing polysaccharide nanoparticles and promoting their application in various fields, especially in biomedicine. In this review, a variety of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers were introduced, including nanoliposomes, nanoparticles, nanomicelles, nanoemulsions and nanohydrogels, focusing on the latest research progress of these nanocarriers in the treatment of diabetes and the possible strategies for further study of polysaccharide nanocarriers.
Novel Immobilized Biocatalysts Based on Cysteine Proteases Bound to 2-(4-Acetamido-2-sulfanilamide) Chitosan and Research on Their Structural Features
Authors: Olshannikova Svetlana S. , Malykhina Nataliya V. , Lavlinskaya Maria S. , Sorokin Andrey V. , Yudin Nikolay E. , Vyshkvorkina Yulia M. , Lukin Anatoliy N. , Holyavka Marina G. , Artyukhov Valeriy G.
Published: August 2022

Briefly, 2-(4-Acetamido-2-sulfanilamide) chitosan, which is a chitosan water-soluble derivative, with molecular weights of 200, 350, and 600 kDa, was successfully synthesized. The immobilization of ficin, papain, and bromelain was carried out by complexation with these polymers. The interaction mechanism of 2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanilamide) chitosan with bromelain, ficin, and papain was studied using FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that the hydroxy, thionyl, and amino groups of 2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanilamide) chitosan were involved in the complexation process. Molecular docking research showed that all amino acid residues of the active site of papain formed hydrogen bonds with the immobilization matrix, while only two catalytically valuable amino acid residues took part in the H-bond formation for bromelain and ficin. The spectral and in silico data were in good agreement with the catalytic activity evaluation data. Immobilized papain was more active compared to the other immobilized proteases. Moreover, the total and specific proteolytic activity of papain immobilized on the carrier with a molecular weight of 350 kDa were higher compared to the native one due to the hyperactivation. The optimal ratio of protein content (mg × g −1 of carrier), total activity (U × mL−1 of solution), and specific activity (U × mg−1 of protein) was determined for the enzymes immobilized on 2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanilamide) chitosan with a molecular weight of 350 kDa.
Rheological Properties and Melt Spinning Application of Controlled-Rheology Polypropylenes via Pilot-Scale Reactive Extrusion
Authors: Ji Ho Suk , Park Geunyeop , Jung Hyun Wook
Published: August 2022

Based on pilot-scale twin-screw reactive extrusion, the structural and rheological properties of controlled-rheology polypropylenes (CR-PPs) are investigated, where the effects of peroxide content and extrusion conditions such as screw configuration, extrusion temperature, and screw speed are prioritized. The active chain cleavage reaction by a small peroxide content of less than 600 ppm inside the extruder gradually increases the melt index and narrows the molecular weight distribution of CR-PPs, thereby affording favorable properties that are applicable to the fiber spinning process. The mechanical properties of CR-PPs are slightly degraded owing to the generation of unsaturated chain ends during the reactive extrusion, which suppresses crystal growth. Under all extrusion conditions, the chain scission and thermal degradation of polypropylene samples occur actively in the harsh twin-screw extruder compared with those in the mild twin-screw extruder. Finally, it is confirmed that CR-PPs can be suitably applied to the melt-spinning process for staple fiber production, thereby guaranteeing a more stable spinning process window against draw resonance instability.