bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Journeys Through Galant Expositions
Authors: Burstein L. Poundie
Published: October 2020

Through much of the eighteenth century, commentators often described musical form in relation to a type of journey leading toward a set of specific tonal/harmonic/melodic/rhythmic goals, punctuated along the path by a standard series of resting points. Partly in reaction to developments witnessed in music composed during the high Classical era onward, since around the nineteenth century descriptions of musical form have tended to combine or even replace these “journey” metaphors with those that rely more heavily on architectonic analogies. When dealing with works composed around the middle of the 1700s, however, there are advantages for viewing musical form as it unfolds, much in the manner described by those who composed, improvised, listened to, and performed at the time. Taking as its focus the part of the movement now known as the exposition, this study analyzes the form of sonata-form works from Galant era by applying concepts and methodologies that stem from the eighteenth century, particularly those proposed by Heinrich Christoph Koch. It argues that analyzing this music through such a vantage point provides a valuable opportunity for understanding its form in a down-to-earth manner that can directly inform practical aspects of listening and performance.
Formal Punctuations
Authors: Burstein L. Poundie
Published: October 2020

Galant sonata-form movements can be understood as framed by a series of Perioden, that is, large multi-phrase sections that each lead to a formal cadence and which comprise a series of Sätze (phrases). The last Satz of a Periode, which concludes with the formal cadence, is known as a Schlußsatz. The Sätze and Satz-endings that precede the Schlußsatz are known as Absätze. Each Satz itself may be articulated by small divisions, known as Einschnitten. Largely relying on terminology and concepts of Heinrich Christoph Koch, this chapter explores the structure and conceptual underpinnings of these and related formal segments.
The Movement’s Second Half
Authors: Burstein L. Poundie
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores the form of the second half of Galant movements—that is, the part of the movement that corresponds to what modern terminology often labels as the development plus recapitulation. Much as was done with the examination of expositions in the previous chapters, the form of the movement’s second half is examined with the aid of journey metaphors, along with the help of concepts discussed by eighteenth-century theorists such as Heinrich Christoph Koch. Although sometimes the motions toward the large-scale resting points during the second half of a movement give rise to what can fairly be characterized as a metaphorical “development space” or “recapitulation space,” many Galant movements resist such characterizations. As a result, viewing the form, a movement’s second half through the vantage point of journey metaphors helps shed light on certain standard features——such as the so-called “false recapitulation” or the “secondary development”—that pose difficulties for formal analytic approaches that rely more heavily on container metaphors.
Disorienting Neoliberalism
Authors: McKean Benjamin L.
Published: October 2020

In a dizzying global economy full of injustices that threaten our freedom, people who want to promote justice should be disposed to solidarity with each other. When global supply chains assemble products from every corner of the global and workers’ economic futures seem ever more uncertain, the very neoliberal theories that helped usher in this world also provide a powerful way to understand and navigate it. Those who want to resist the injustices of today’s global economy need to reorient their way of seeing so that it is possible to act more effectively. By drawing on a diverse range of thinkers from G. W. F. Hegel and John Rawls to W. E. B. Du Bois and Iris Marion Young, Disorienting Neoliberalism provides an account of freedom that can inform transnational movements for justice. By explaining how neoliberal institutions and ideas constrain the freedom of people throughout the supply chain from worker to consumer, the book provides a new orientation to the global economy in which it is possible for people to see one other as partners in resisting a shared obstacle to freedom and thus be called to collective action. Cultivating this disposition to solidarity better expresses freedom than the pity and resentment which global inequality so often gives rise to. In doing so, the book shows how political theory can be a source of orientation to the world, illuminating how ideals can help guide action even when they may be impossible to realize.
Divide and Conquer
Authors: Slez Adam
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the process of field formation on the western frontier, focusing in particular on the process through which the physical environment was transformed into territories and states, which served as arenas for political competition. It begins by situating the case of South Dakota within the context of western settlement more generally, documenting the steps through which the land that would eventually become South Dakota came to be organized by the federal government, starting with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The remainder of the chapter traces the process through public land was continually divided into states and territories, eventually leading to the creation of South Dakota in 1889. Boundary disputes played a critical role in shaping patterns of political contention as rival factions of elites fought to secure control over the location of scarce spatial resources such as the capital.
Getting Organized
Authors: Slez Adam
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the emergence of Populist organizing in southern Dakota Territory, focusing in particular on the origins of the Farmers’ Alliance. It begins by discussing the organizational ecology surrounding the Dakota Alliance movement. Held together by a shifting cadre of movement entrepreneurs, the Populist movement in the Dakota Territory included not only local Alliance organizations, but the newspapers with which they partnered, and the cooperative business ventures that they spawned. The remainder of the chapter examines local Alliance activity in the East River region of southern Dakota. It provides an in-depth look at life in a local Alliance, as well as a statistical analysis of the correlates of Alliance activity, including market building. Following the contours of the railroad network, the Alliance thrived in middling townships that were no longer part of the frontier, but had yet to emerge as central locales.
Introduction
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav
Published: October 2020

Lore has it that research on Brownian motion, spearheaded on the theoretical side by Albert Einstein, but then strongly supported by Jean Perrin’s experimental efforts, finally ended the controversy over whether molecules exist. That view has nevertheless been challenged on more than one occasion, most recently by Bas van Fraassen. A discussion of the history of the standard view and challenges to it leads to two issues that the remainder of the monograph addresses: one concerning just what Perrin established about Brownian motion itself, and the other concerning how the standing of molecular theory had changed from 1900, first to Einstein’s initial paper of 1905 and then between that year and Perrin’s Les atomes of 1913. At the center of both of these issues is evidence resulting from theory-mediated measurements of aspects of Brownian motion—hence the subtitle of the monograph.
Postscript on the Realism-Instrumentalism Debate
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav
Published: October 2020

The body of the monograph has throughout skirted around the philosophic literature comprising the “realist-instrumentalist” debate. This Postscript does not take sides in this debate, but offers suggestions intended to make the debate more tractable. One suggestion concerns two largely ignored distinctions: the first between theoretical claims that enter into the design of an experiment constitutively versus only heuristically; the second between intermediate standings a hypothesis can have between its being a mere conjecture and its becoming deeply entrenched through the success of research predicated on it. The second half of the Postscript explains why, of all elements of science, the equations in theory-mediated measurement that authorize values for target quantities to be obtained from values of more accessible quantities and the values so obtained can, under identifiable conditions, have the strongest claim to permanence in the face of both new data and theory change.
Dominant Castes, from Bullock Capitalists to OBCs?
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Arumugam Kalaiyarasan
Published: October 2020

Jaffrelot and Kalaiyarasan examines surprising changes in agrarian mobilization in the last decade. After decades of opposing affirmative action, dominant castes are mobilizing to demand affirmative action for themselves. Jaffrelot and Kalaiyaasan show that limited employment generation outside of agriculture, along with agricultural stagnation, has led to economic differentiation among the dominant castes. At the same time, reservations for Other Backward Classes and Dalits have enabled the upper echelons of these groups to earn livelihoods that are more desirable than those of many of the less affluent dominant castes. Members of the dominant castes have responded by demanding to be reclassified as OBCs so that they become eligible for reservations. Jaffrelot and Kalaiyarasan observe that as economic differentiation continues, it will be interesting to see whether mobilization along caste lines persists or whether rural political mobilization enters a new era.
Centrism, Political Leadership, and the Future of Indian Politics
Authors: Echeverri-Gent John , Sadiq Kamal
Published: October 2020

Echeverri-Gent and Sadiq investigate the implications of the Rudolphs’ scholarship for the challenges of contemporary Indian politics. They contend that two of the Rudolphs’ most seminal, but contradictory, contributions help explain India’s transformational change under Narendra Modi and the National Democratic Alliance government. The authors apply the Rudolphs’ contentions that India’s social pluralism produces centrist politics and their innovative study of transformational political leadership to the 2014 and 2019 general elections and the NDA government. They show how the multilayered nature of Modi’s political leadership enables the prime minister to accommodate the forces of centrism while transforming India’s political mainstream. They show how the ascendance of Modi has simultaneously positioned the BJP at the centre of India’s political system while transforming Indian democracy in majoritarian and illiberal directions.
Burning Matters
Authors: Roye Susmita
Published: October 2020

Sati in British India came to simultaneously refer to the widow-burning rite as well as to the self-immolating widow. With growing imperialist interests in the Empire in India, the British administration detected in the sati issue a powerful opportunity to promote the image of a progressive, reform-minded, benevolent Raj. An endeavour to know how Indian women themselves portray sati in their writings is of unfailing interest. Caught between the loud crossfire of the two warring camps of pro- and anti-Sati campaigns, the Indian woman—both the subject and the object of the entire sati discourse—hardly gets a chance to claim for herself the attention of a perceptive audience. The silence of the sati victim is, of course, nearly insurmountable and only a voice, seeped through another agency, reaches us. This chapter concentrates on three such mediated voices (Cornelia Sorabji, Snehalata Sen, and Sita Devi) as presented in their fiction.
Young Shoulders, Mighty Responsibilities
Authors: Roye Susmita
Published: October 2020

By the final decades of the nineteenth century, the child-wife had come under the purview of reformist legislation in British India. Infant marriage was widely prevalent in most parts of the subcontinent and in imitation of the high dogmatic standards set by brahmanical castes, other lower castes and classes too adopted early marriage. Besides religious directives, believers in child marriage put forth many other ‘practical’ reasons for the continuance of this practice. They argued that such indissoluble marriage that practically lasted from birth to death signified a higher form of love and bonding that surpassed mere physical desires. Magniloquence about infant marriage, however, hid from immediate view its evil effects. More pernicious and direct effects of infant marriage were sexual abuse of child-wives, their premature motherhood, and widespread widowhood. Though largely overlooked, women writers did use their pens to raise awareness on this issue. This chapter concentrates on short stories by Cornelia Sorabji and M.P. Seelavathi Amma.
Pain of Privacy
Authors: Roye Susmita
Published: October 2020

If the rite of widow-immolation fired Western imagination at the turn of the nineteenth century, then purdah (life in seclusion) held captive the West’s attention at the turn of the twentieth. Purdah took on a special connotation especially during the British Raj. With the gradual rise of the novel ideas of nationhood across religions, languages or cultures of the subcontinent, purdah became more than the sceptre of male prescriptive authority for upholding religious/cultural precepts of a community. It became further charged as the confrontational ground of conflicting authority—for one race to rule and for the other to forge its identity as a self-ruling nation. Not only is women’s representation of purdah in their writings considered more authentic but they also often challenge the stereotyping of a purdahnashin and reject the broad-brushed, mono-toned portrayal of their existence. Although Hindus too practised purdah of a sort, this chapter focuses on two Muslim women writers (Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain and Iqbalunnissa Hussain).
Infrastructure
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: October 2020

At independence in 1947, the visible legacy of colonial rule in South Asia was the modern infrastructure that the regime had left behind, the ports, canals, the telegraph, sanitation, medical care, urban waterworks, universities, postal system, courts of law, railways, meteorological office, statistical systems, and scientific research laboratories. All of it involved British knowhow, adapted to the Indian environment with Indian help, and assisted governance directly or indirectly. But once built, such assets did not serve only the empire but also helped private enterprise and ordinary people lead better lives. Chapter 8 shows the motivations that drove these projects and the effects they produced.
The Economy and the Environment
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: October 2020

The natural environment shapes long-term economic change via the quality or quantity of resources of potential economic value, climatic conditions that shape moisture or seasonal variations in agricultural conditions, and via the risk of natural disasters. These geographical conditions are lasting. They become active drivers of economic change when private enterprise and public policy become interested in the resources and try to mitigate the risks, and knowledge and information-gathering on these conditions for scientific or commercial purposes start to speed up. In colonial times, all of these processes speeded up greatly. Chapter 11 is about that change.
Human Capital (or, “A Generation of Christian Attorneys”)
Authors: Hollis-Brusky Amanda , Wilson Joshua C.
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores newly created Christian Worldview institutions’ efforts and success at recruitment of human capital, highlighting the importance of having faculty committed to the mission as well as a critical mass of “mission students” as opposed to “non-mission students.” In doing so, we introduce their re-conception of diversity as being diversity among law schools and their distinctiveness within the legal market writ large as opposed to diversity within a given law school. This chapter also examines each institution’s core “mission” courses as well as how biblical themes and readings are integrated into other courses throughout the curriculum. Finally, the chapter presents initial data on the relative and collective output of human capital for the Christian conservative legal movement. This is measured via counts of how many graduates are licensed attorneys, what kind of law they go on to practice, and whether they go on to become “culture warriors.”
Conclusion
Authors: Hollis-Brusky Amanda , Wilson Joshua C.
Published: October 2020

This chapter is primarily interested in measures of success. It thus considers the generalizable utility of the models that structured the larger inquiry and evaluates the specific moves made to build legal support structures for the Christian Right. The chapter starts by revisiting the strategies of creating new institutions as well as their virtues and limitations. It then uses the central case studies to argue that the Alliance Defending Freedom’s supplemental approach taken in the form of the Blackstone Legal Fellowship is the most obviously successful by various measures, but that the collective case studies argue for various market considerations that can influence the value of pursuing the parallel alternative approach. Finally, the chapter concludes by arguing that while the institutions struggle when assessed by traditional metrics of success and prestige, their value is best understood via a lens of continued resistance appreciated by the Christian Right.
Introduction
Authors: Foster Karen Polinger
Published: October 2020

This introductory chapter presents two new directions in Western scholarship that coincide with the study of human relationships with flora and fauna in gardens and zoos. The first grew out of increasing interest in natural history in its broadest sense, with investigation into such topics as the intersection of science and art, and the societal and personal motivations behind the collection of specimens, living and not. Historians of botanical and zoological gardens, for their part, were now considering the evolution of planting schemes, display architecture, public access, and popular expectations, as well as the psychology of interaction with the strange and wonderful. The second direction was a byproduct of globalization. Here, museums led the way by mounting exhibitions that transcended disciplinary boundaries to demonstrate influences and linkages across time and space. Thought-provoking juxtapositions illuminated the myriad ways in which communities reflected, absorbed, reinterpreted, and sometimes rejected the exotic. Ultimately, among the book’s unifying themes is the pervasive, persistent notion that exotic flora and fauna were essential elements in creating and ordering perfect, microcosmic worlds.
The Cradle of Exotica
Authors: Foster Karen Polinger
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses the role of exotica in the Mesopotamian mind. By 1875, The Epic of Gilgamesh had begun to emerge from the thousands of clay tablet fragments freshly unearthed in the remains of the great royal library of Assurbanipal at Nineveh. Gilgamesh’s drive to possess the exotic is rooted in long-standing Mesopotamian tradition. From the third millennium on, when he supposedly reigned, scholar-scribes organized and classified nearly all aspects of the natural world. Thematic lists of flora and fauna, heavenly bodies, precious and semiprecious materials, and topographical features provided the educated elite with a means of conceptualizing patterns and interrelationships. For Gilgamesh, as for many Mesopotamian rulers, the acquisition and display of exotica were key aspects of kingship. Once secured within the walled, urban cores of Mesopotamian cultural identity, exotica offered tangible signs of wide-ranging military might, commercial enterprise, and political status and control.
Novelties on the Nile
Authors: Foster Karen Polinger
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the role of exotica in the Egyptian mind. Egypt’s involvement with exotic flora and fauna began in earnest in the Old Kingdom, which flourished during the final two-thirds of the third millennium. The best evidence for Old Kingdom exotica comes from several pharaonic funerary monuments, but more often from the tombs of the notables buried near their kings. Many of these officials, courtiers, and members of the royal family had commercial and diplomatic responsibilities that brought them into direct or indirect contact with foreign lands and peoples. Cedar, myrrh, turquoise, lapis lazuli, and elephant ivory were among the desirable commodities that had to be obtained from beyond the Nile Valley and Delta. Animals and plants were sometimes shipped as well, either as additional items in a consignment or as early examples of royal and elite gift exchange. Indeed, the notables’ tombs include numerous scenes of exotic creatures being caged, watered, fed, and otherwise tended.
Predict and Surveil
Authors: Brayne Sarah
Published: October 2020

The scope of criminal justice surveillance, from policing to incarceration, has expanded rapidly in recent decades. At the same time, the use of big data has spread across a range of fields, including finance, politics, health, and marketing. While law enforcement’s use of big data is hotly contested, very little is known about how the police actually use it in daily operations and with what consequences. This book offers an inside look at how police use big data and new surveillance technologies, leveraging on-the-ground fieldwork with one of the most technologically advanced law enforcement agencies in the world—the Los Angeles Police Department. Drawing on original interviews and ethnographic observations from over two years of fieldwork with the LAPD, the text examines the causes and consequences of big data and algorithmic control. It reveals how the police use predictive analytics and new surveillance technologies to deploy resources, identify criminal suspects, and conduct investigations; how the adoption of big data analytics transforms police organizational practices; and how the police themselves respond to these new data-driven practices. While big data analytics has the potential to reduce bias, increase efficiency, and improve prediction accuracy, the book argues that it also reproduces and deepens existing patterns of inequality, threatens privacy, and challenges civil liberties.
Introduction
Authors: Rios Fernando
Published: October 2020

The opening section of this chapter introduces the reader to the Andean conjunto tradition, especially its Bolivian variant, and lays out the book’s three major contributions. The second section discusses the folklorization process, and explains how it relates to the major case studies that the book covers. The final two sections of this chapter provide historical background on pre–20th-century La Paz. The first one discusses the Bolivian state’s antagonistic relationship with the indigenous population from the founding of the Republic of Bolivia (1825) to the late 19th century. The concluding section, after explaining how the central district of La Paz city was segregated along ethnic lines, provides an overview of the forms of musical expression that criollo (“white”), mestizo, and indigenous people practiced in urban La Paz in the 19th century.
Beyond the Tyranny of Testing
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R.
Published: October 2020

This book starts by highlighting the different purposes of evaluation in education, including its contribution to student learning, teachers’ professional development, the school community’s progress, and the informed participation of parents and other stakeholders. However, largely owing to the current educational system that structures schools as factories, the pursuit of these goals has led to increased reliance on assessment devices such as exams, grades, and high-stakes testing. Functioning as a form of quality control, such practices now dominate the schooling process. Students are tested more than ever before, teachers and schools undergo measurement on a continuing basis, and nations compete for places on international league tables. The result is student test performance becoming the only aim of education, turning the measurement into the goal itself. Furthermore, standardization as such masks individual potential and suppresses creativity. Combined with mounting stress on students, teachers, and school leaders, alternatives to assessment must be sought.
Relational Evaluation in Secondary Education
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R.
Published: October 2020

Relationships are of paramount importance for adolescents whose lives are undergoing changes in many dimensions. With appropriate support and care grounded in relational processes, young people can more readily overcome disaffection and apathy. In this chapter, the authors place special emphasis on the quality of interaction and exchange among students and between students and teachers, especially when exploring and reflecting on their experiences and processes of learning. Carefully facilitated dialogic and collaborative approaches in the classroom can provide meaningful feedback on the learning tasks as well as help sustain students’ engagement in learning. Other practices such as portfolio work, learning agreements, journaling, and personal records can further nurture students’ capacity to reflect on learning, including self-evaluation and co-evaluation with peers. Likewise, learning groups and collaborative projects are excellent illustrations of how a relational orientation to evaluation can enrich students’ potential to build positive relations with others and with learning.
Relational Evaluation and Educational Transformation
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R.
Published: October 2020

Practices of dialogue, collaboration, and participatory action appear with increasing frequency across the landscape of contemporary education. Of particular significance is their presence in emerging practices of curriculum design and pedagogy. In this chapter the authors first explore the close relationship of these developments to relational evaluation. Uniting relationally sensitive practices across these three domains would pave the way to a major transformation in education. Objections to practices of relational evaluation are then addressed, including such issues as time constraints, rigor, standards, and the need for gateways to higher education. Finally we touch on two major movements in cultural life on which the possibilities of educational transformation will depend. Impeding educational change are the creeping forces of market driven visions of organizational functioning. In contrast are the consequences of major innovations in information and communication technology. Here we find the unleashing of enormous learning potential. Such developments invite the full flourishing of a relational orientation to education.
Centro Latinoamericano de Altos Estudios Musicales
Authors: Herrera Eduardo
Published: October 2020

This chapter locates CLAEM as part of a fast-growing cosmopolitan Buenos Aires and within the Di Tella Institute and its other art centers. It then provides an overview of the fellows, professors, facilities, and activities that constituted CLAEM during its ten years of existence, payin attention to the ways material conditions—including infrastructure, salaries, fellowships, guests, library, and the electronic music laboratory— created an ideal space for creativity and experimentation. The chapter reveals how these intellectual, material, and personal conditions made CLAEM a crucial transnational space for the creation of regional professional networks of solidarity and considers how the two-year duration of CLAEM fellowships and the regional focus of the program allowed profound exchange among some of the most talented composers of the entire region.
The Rockefeller Foundation and Latin American Music in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Herrera Eduardo
Published: October 2020

This chapter focuses on the dynamics and overlaps between the history of CLAEM and U.S. philanthropy, cultural diplomacy, and foreign policy during the 1950s and 1960s, decades shaped by the Cold War and the Cuban Revolution. By tracing the constitutive networks that led to the initial CLAEM grant, this chapter seeks to destabilize the concept of philanthropy as a preexisting third force between the public and private sectors. Instead, it argues for its examination as an emerging domain that results from complex entanglements, webs of relations and ideas, all being mediated and enacted as the result of human, institutional, discursive, and material actors. The chapter argues that CLAEM was one of the most successful projects in the arts supported by the Rockefeller Foundation during the 20th century and that few if any had such broad repercussions in the musical scene of a whole region.
From Musical Pan Americanism to Latin Americanism
Authors: Herrera Eduardo
Published: October 2020

This chapter demonstrates that a significant shift in identity politics took place at CLAEM when a younger generation of composers advantageously adopted a regional identification as “Latin American avant-garde composers” in an art world that was largely European and U.S.-centric. The discourse of musical Latin Americanism that emerged among these composers shared ideas with earlier proponents of hemispheric solidarity but with a renewed, critical, and much more strategic regional identification, solidified by the social networks nurtured at CLAEM. This chapter explores the emergence of a shared discourse of Latin Americanism as a professional strategy and as musical style among the graduates of the Center and the short and long-term consequences that this had for the contemporary music scene in the region.
Partnerships and Collaboration
Authors: Kolker Jennifer , Carroll-Scott Amy
Published: October 2020

As Part IV of this book begins, the authors review the sectors and stakeholders in cities who put public health research into action and use public health science in their day-to-day activities to improve urban health. They identify the myriad of actors in urban health—from traditional public health departments and nongovernment organizations to sectors that are seemingly only tangentially engaged but whose work impacts the health of city residents every day, such as economic development and public safety. Finally, they discuss and provide examples of multi-sectoral partnerships and collaborations that can lead to positive change in urban health.
Policy in Urban Health
Authors: Kolker Jennifer
Published: October 2020

The use of policy is a long-established mechanism to effect change in health, and cities have the opportunity to use policy to improve public health in their jurisdictions. This chapter first defines what the author means by policy and then discusses the role of governance, as well as the ways in which policy can be used as a tool to improve health. The author then moves to specific discussion of the tools and mechanisms that cities can use and the challenges cities face in developing an urban health policy agenda. Finally, the chapter discusses the importance of implementing, measuring and evaluating urban health policy.
The Virtuoso of Submissiveness
Authors: White Harry
Published: October 2020

This chapter turns to Fux’s engagement with the imperial liturgy and his vigilant custodianship of its received musical traditions. It argues that the principal reception history of Fux as a composer, vested in the ongoing Complete Edition of his works (Gesamtausgabe) inadequately comprehends his actual significance because it privileges his compositions as self-standing musical works. By deconstructing this reception history we can distinguish between Fux’s habitual obedience to the dynastic style (which resulted in a large but blandly-achieved corpus of liturgical music) and two agents of musical refuge which satisfied (by contrast) the composer’s longing for musical form. The first of these is Palestrina and the “stile antico,” through which Fux achieved a much finer corpus of sacred works. The second is the Da capo aria as a model of tonal discourse through which Fux discovered an alternative to the restless changes of texture and technique demanded by the imperial liturgy. Both agents draw Fux into the orbit of Bach. This chapter closes with a comparative analysis of three Da capo arias by each composer. This analysis affirms that the intimacy between musical servitude and imaginative autonomy is of no less significance than the difference between them.
The Steward of Unmeaning Art
Authors: White Harry
Published: October 2020

Two principal themes are engaged in this chapter: the recent history of Bach reception in which the composer’s autonomy is drastically reconfigured, and the nature of Bach’s pursuit of the musical subject as a primary signature of that autonomy nevertheless. The first of these themes, which takes its cue from Charles Burney’s reading of Bach in 1789, entails a reading of Susan McClary, Lydia Goehr, Richard Taruskin, and John Butt, in which Bach is (respectively) deconstructed in terms of contemporary political discourse, denied the autonomy of a work-based practice, construed as a dogmatic agent of anti-Enlightenment beliefs and identified as the fountainhead of an ultimately inhumane musical and cultural absolutism, and reconstructed as a composer of works that passionately mediate between his world and ours. This reading establishes a context for the second theme, in which Bach’s emancipation of the musical subject from “the very church composer against whose office his music rebelled” (Adorno) is identified by means of his late instrumental collections.
Steps to Parnassus
Authors: White Harry
Published: October 2020

In this final chapter, the progression from servitude to autonomy in the European musical imagination is traced through the agency of Fux’s Mass settings for the imperial court to the singular achievement of Bach’s Mass in B Minor (BWV 232). Between these extremes lie the Mass settings of Fux’s deputy, Antonio Caldara, three of which establish a mid-way point between Fux’s dutiful (and unsatisfactory) adherence to the dynastic style (an adherence nevertheless redeemed by the composure and thematic integrity of his far fewer stile antico settings) and the exceptional autonomy of BWV 232, in which the emancipation of the musical subject is fully realized. Two of the Caldara settings, the Missa Sanctorum Cosmae et Damiani and the Missa Matris Dolorosae, moreover, share compelling structural and expressive affinities with BWV 232 which (for the first time) contextualize the autonomy of Bach’s setting. The “either/or” understanding of compositional servitude in relation to imaginative autonomy is thus moderated in favor of both concepts. Likewise the relations between the authority concept and the work-concept in Fux and Bach are fortified.
The Moral Psychology of AI and the Ethical Opt-Out Problem
Authors: Bonnefon Jean-François , Shariff Azim , Rahwan Iyad
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses the limits of normative ethics in new moral domains linked to the development of AI. In these new domains, people have the possibility to opt out of using a machine if they do not approve of the ethics that the machine is programmed to follow. In other words, even if normative ethics could determine the best moral programs, these programs would not be adopted (and thus have no positive impact) if they clashed with users’ preferences—a phenomenon that can be called “ethical opt-out.” The chapter then explores various ways in which the field of moral psychology can illuminate public perception of moral AI and inform the regulations of such AI. The chapter’s main focus is on self-driving cars, but it also explores the role of psychological science for the study of other moral algorithms.
Autonomous Weapons and the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Asaro Peter
Published: October 2020

As the militaries of technologically advanced nations seek to apply increasingly sophisticated AI and automation to weapons technologies, a host of ethical, legal, social, and political questions arise. Central among these is whether it is ethical to delegate the decision to use lethal force to an autonomous system that is not under meaningful human control. Further questions arise as to who or what could or should be held responsible when lethal force is used improperly by such systems. This chapter argues that current autonomous weapons are not legal or moral agents that can be held morally responsible or legally accountable for their choices and actions, and that therefore humans need to maintain control over such weapons systems.
The Ethics of the Artificial Lover
Authors: Devlin Kate
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses ethical concerns associated with sex robots, which are now becoming a reality and a commercial viability. It argues that we have the chance to shape and explore this technology, to make it more equal and diverse. Many of the sex robots being developed today have a very specific female-gendered embodiment, which runs the risk of objectifying women. To address this concern, the chapter proposes that we move away from human-like, human-size dolls toward sex robots that take nonhuman forms. Not being tied to one single form provides an opportunity to think ethically about the development of sex technology.
Public Policy and Superintelligent AI
Authors: Bostrom Nick , Dafoe Allan , Flynn Carrick
Published: October 2020

This chapter considers the speculative prospect of superintelligent AI and its normative implications for governance and global policy. Machine superintelligence would be a transformative development that would present a host of political challenges and opportunities. This chapter identifies a set of distinctive features of this hypothetical policy context, from which it derives a correlative set of policy desiderata (efficiency, allocation, population, and process)—considerations that should be given extra weight in long-term AI policy compared to in other policy contexts. This chapter describes a desiderata “vector field” showing the directional change from a variety of possible normative baselines or policy positions. The focus on directional normative change should make the findings in this chapter relevant to a wide range of actors, although the development of concrete policy options that meet these abstractly formulated desiderata will require further work.
Alignment for Advanced Machine Learning Systems
Authors: Taylor Jessica , Yudkowsky Eliezer , LaVictoire Patrick , Critch Andrew
Published: October 2020

This chapter surveys eight research areas organized around one question: As learning systems become increasingly intelligent and autonomous, what design principles can best ensure that their behavior is aligned with the interests of the operators? The chapter focuses on two major technical obstacles to AI alignment: the challenge of specifying the right kind of objective functions and the challenge of designing AI systems that avoid unintended consequences and undesirable behavior even in cases where the objective function does not line up perfectly with the intentions of the designers. The questions surveyed include the following: How can we train reinforcement learners to take actions that are more amenable to meaningful assessment by intelligent overseers? What kinds of objective functions incentivize a system to “not have an overly large impact” or “not have many side effects”? The chapter discusses these questions, related work, and potential directions for future research, with the goal of highlighting relevant research topics in machine learning that appear tractable today.
Moral Machines
Authors: Wallach Wendell , Vallor Shannon
Published: October 2020

Implementing sensitivity to norms, laws, and human values in computational systems has transitioned from philosophical reflection to an actual engineering challenge. The “value alignment” approach to dealing with superintelligent AIs tends to employ computationally friendly concepts such as utility functions, system goals, agent preferences, and value optimizers, which, this chapter argues, do not have intrinsic ethical significance. This chapter considers what may be lost in the excision of intrinsically ethical concepts from the project of engineering moral machines. It argues that human-level AI and superintelligent systems can be assured to be safe and beneficial only if they embody something like virtue or moral character and that virtue embodiment is a more appropriate long-term goal for AI safety research than value alignment.
How to Catch an AI Zombie
Authors: Schneider Susan
Published: October 2020

How can we determine if AI is conscious? The chapter begins by illustrating that there are potentially very serious real-world costs to getting facts about AI consciousness wrong. It then proposes a provisional framework for investigating artificial consciousness that involves several tests or markers. One test is the AI Consciousness Test, which challenges an AI with a series of increasingly demanding natural-language interactions. Another test is based on the Integrated Information Theory, developed by Giulio Tononi and others, and considers whether a machine has a high level of “integrated information.” A third test is a Chip Test, where speculatively an individual’s brain is gradually replaced with durable microchips. If this individual being tested continues to report having phenomenal consciousness, the chapter argues that this could be a reason to believe that some machines could have consciousness.
Spectres of Antiquity
Authors: Uden James
Published: October 2020

Gothic literature imagines the return of ghosts from the past. What about the classical past? Spectres of Antiquity is the first full-length study describing the relationship between Greek and Roman culture and the Gothic novels, poetry, and drama of the eighteenth and early-nineteenth century. Rather than simply representing the opposite of classical aesthetics and ideas, the Gothic emerged from an awareness of the lingering power of antiquity, and it irreverently fractures and deconstructs classical images and ideas. The Gothic also reflects a new vision of the ancient world: no longer inspiring modernity through its examples, antiquity has become a ghost, haunting and oppressing contemporary minds rather than guiding them. Through readings of canonical works by authors including Horace Walpole, Ann Radcliffe, Matthew Lewis, and Mary Shelley, Spectres of Antiquity argues that these authors’ ghostly plots and ideas preserve the remembered traces of Greece and Rome. In comprehensive detail, Spectres of Antiquity rewrites the history of the Gothic, demonstrating that the genre was haunted by a far deeper sense of history than readers had previously assumed.
Queer Urges and the Act of Translation
Authors: Uden James
Published: October 2020

The fourth chapter of the book turns to Matthew Lewis, author of the scandalous 1796 novel The Monk. More than many of his contemporaries, Lewis was able to blend intricate and learned allusions to Greek and Roman literature into the popular frame of his Gothic texts. This chapter argues that he uses these allusions to give voice to particular anxieties: about the consequences of Gothic publishing and, particularly, about his own queer desires. The chapter begins by examining the translations in The Monk of poems of Horace and Anacreon, both explicitly homoerotic texts from antiquity. Second, it turns to The Love of Gain (1799), a free translation of a satire of Juvenal, which Lewis used as a covert means of defending his career as an author of Gothic texts. Finally, I turn to a translation of Goethe in Lewis’s ballad collection, Tales of Wonder (1800), and a classicizing parody of that translation in the accompanying volume, Tales of Terror (1801), both of which comment implicitly on Lewis’s own specific authorial and erotic anxieties. Rather than truly blending Gothic and classical, Lewis uses the erudite allusions to antiquity to open up a new channel of communication within popular works, giving voice to desires and fears that would otherwise have remained unsaid.
Classical Idols and the Early American Gothic
Authors: Uden James
Published: October 2020

The fifth chapter of the book moves across the Atlantic to consider the influential author of the early American Gothic, Charles Brockden Brown. Although scholars have examined classical themes in certain branches of his published work, this chapter gives the first comprehensive vision of classicism in Brown, taking into account his novels, short fiction, and periodical writing. Overall, his texts communicate a powerful skepticism about the status and value of antiquity in the new nation, although Brown himself is not reticent about demonstrating his own classical erudition. The chapter centers around readings of two of Brown’s novels: Wieland; or The Transformation (1798), with its sinister vision of superstitious reverence for the Roman orator Cicero, and Ormond (1799), which encourages readers to question the conservative, classicizing vision of American culture voiced by the novel’s own narrator, Sophia. Brown’s novels illustrate well what John C. Shields has called the “acceptance and denial” pattern of American classicism, in which writers assert their own status and learning through the use of classical literature and ideas, and yet simultaneously call for a progressive departure from desiccated European tradition. The Gothic is the perfect genre for capturing that contradiction, since it expresses in sinister terms the lingering power of history over contemporary minds.
Prologue
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

Introduces some of the central ideas of existentialism—including subjective truth, finitude, being-in-the-world, facticity, transcendence, inwardness, and the self as becoming—as relevant to an individual living in the contemporary moment. Highlights existentialist concern both for human individuality and for commonly-shared features of the human condition. Emphasizes existentialist attention both to the despairing aspects of human life and to the affirmation of existence as worthy of wonder. Introduces a few key thinkers—Kierkegaard, Marcel, Heidegger, Sartre, Nietzsche—while also indicating the diversity of existentialism to be emphasized throughout the book. Addresses what existentialism may have to offer in the context of contemporary challenges to objective truth and communal forms of meaning.
Into One’s Own, or on “Finding” Oneself
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

This chapter takes up the popular notion of finding oneself, thematized in literature from the nineteenth-century Bildungsroman to the fiction of Jack Kerouac of the beat generation and the poetry of Robert Frost. It considers Socrates’s call to “know thyself” in light of existentialist criticism. It considers especially Sartre’s criticism of the idea of the self as an inner core or essence that determines who we are, and that could be thought to be “found” in self-seeking. It examines Nietzsche’s notion of self-becoming and the phenomenological rendering of the self as transcendence toward possibility.