bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VI.—The Geology of the Highland Border from Glen Almond to Glen Artney
Authors: Allan Douglas A.
Published: January 2013

The author (1928) of the present communication has already published the results of a field survey of the Lower Old Red Sandstone in Perthshire and Angus, which were linked with those derived by Campbell (1913) from his study of similar and older series of beds in Kincardineshire, to the north-east. For thirty-five miles to the south-west of the R. Tay, no detailed investigation of the sequence or tectonics of the rocks immediately adjacent to the Highland Boundary Fault, separating the Grampians proper from the Central Valley of Scotland, has been undertaken. A comprehensive account of the rocks of this belt in the region around Aberfoyle is available in the paper by Campbell and Jehu (1917).
VII.—The Origin of Frogs
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: January 2013

Since 1912 I have had the intention of re-examining all the available material of palæozoic amphibia, and have done so personally in the case of the Labyrinthodontia, and through my students Drs Bulman, Whittard, and Steen for the Branchiosaurs, and all the small animals from the famous localities of Czechoslovakia; Linton, Ohio; and South Joggins, Nova Scotia. But these researches, although they have included as complete an account as can be made of Hylonomus lyelli, the first animal called a Microsaurian, still left us without a clear conception of that group, if indeed it has any real existence.

Last year, however, Dr Steen was able to show that Microbrachis and Hyloplesion from the Upper Coal Measures of Nýřany were related to Hylonomus and were Adelospondyli.

It therefore became important to examine the well-preserved skeleton, from the Coal Measures of Mazon Creek, Ill., which R. L. Moodie described and restored as a Microsaur. The unexpected results form the paper which follows.
II. An Account of the Method of making the Otter of Roses, as it is prepared in the East Indies
Authors: Monro Donald
Published: January 2013

Sir,

I had the following receipt for making the Otter of Roses, as it is prepared in the East Indies, from Major Mackenzie of Coull, in the county of Ross, who told me he got the account from an officer of his corps, who was up in the country where it is prepared, and assisted in making it himself.
VII. Observations of the Places of the Georgian Planet, made at Edinburgh with an Equatoreal Instrument
Authors: Robison John
Published: January 2013

Hence it may be deduced, (by following the method described in a paper formerly read to this Society) that the planet was in opposition January 13a. 04b. 56′ M. T. Greenwich, in longitude, 3a. 23°. 32′. 24″ from the mean equinox, with −°. 30′. 38″ north heliocentric latitude.

The error of the theory in longitude is nearly +5″, and in latitude nearly −18″.

I attribute this error in latitude to the different manner in which I observed the declinations. I formerly obferved the difference of declination between the planet and fixed star by means of a common micrometer. But I was obliged to substitute Dr Bradley's rhombus for my micrometer, which had received an injury which I could not get repaired in time. If this be allowed, the error in longitude will be diminished nearly 2″.
X. A Botanical and Medical Account of the Quassia Simaruba, or Tree which produces the Cortex Simaruba
Authors: Wright William
Published: January 2013

The first knowledge we had of the cortex simaruba was in the year 1713. Some of it was sent to France to M. le Compte de Porchartrain, the Secretary of State, as the bark of a tree, called by the natives Simarouba, which they employed with good success in dysentery.
XIII. Remarks on the Astronomy of the Brahmins
Authors: Playfair John
Published: January 2013

Since the time when Astronomy emerged from the obscurity of ancient fable, nothing is better known than its progress through the different nations of the earth. With the era of Nabonassar, regular observations began to be made in Chaldea; the earliest which have merited the attention of succeeding ages. The curiosity of the Greeks was, soon after, directed to the same object; and that ingenious people was the first that endeavoured to explain, or connect by theory, the various phenomena of the heavens. This work was supposed to be so fully accomplished in the Syntaxis of Ptolemy, that his system, without opposition or improvement, continued, for more than five hundred years, to direct the Astronomers of Egypt, Italy and Greece. After the sciences were banished from Alexandria, his writings made their way into the east, where, under the Caliphs of Bagdat, Astronomy was cultivated with diligence and success. The Persian Princes followed the example of those of Bagdat, borrowing besides, from Trebisond, whatever mathematical knowledge was still preserved among the ruins of the Grecian empire.
V. Account of the German Theatre
Authors: Mackenzie Henry
Published: January 2013

No country perhaps affords a more interesting literary speculation at present than Germany. For researches in science and philosophy, for laborious investigations into the principles of public polity and law, she had long been conspicuous ; but, till very lately, she made scarce any pretension to fame in the other departments of literature, which usually precede those more abstract and laborious pursuits I have just mentioned.
Genome‐scale engineering for systems and synthetic biology
Authors: Esvelt Kevin M , Wang Harris H
Published: January 2013

Genome‐modification technologies enable the rational engineering and perturbation of biological systems. Historically, these methods have been limited to gene insertions or mutations at random or at a few pre‐defined locations across the genome. The handful of methods capable of targeted gene editing suffered from low efficiencies, significant labor costs, or both. Recent advances have dramatically expanded our ability to engineer cells in a directed and combinatorial manner. Here, we review current technologies and methodologies for genome‐scale engineering, discuss the prospects for extending efficient genome modification to new hosts, and explore the implications of continued advances toward the development of flexibly programmable chasses, novel biochemistries, and safer organismal and ecological engineering.
Shared control of gene expression in bacteria by transcription factors and global physiology of the cell
Authors: Berthoumieux Sara , de Jong Hidde , Baptist Guillaume , Pinel Corinne , Ranquet Caroline , Ropers Delphine , Geiselmann Johannes
Published: January 2013

Gene expression is controlled by the joint effect of (i) the global physiological state of the cell, in particular the activity of the gene expression machinery, and (ii) DNA‐binding transcription factors and other specific regulators. We present a model‐based approach to distinguish between these two effects using time‐resolved measurements of promoter activities. We demonstrate the strength of the approach by analyzing a circuit involved in the regulation of carbon metabolism in E. coli. Our results show that the transcriptional response of the network is controlled by the physiological state of the cell and the signaling metabolite cyclic AMP (cAMP). The absence of a strong regulatory effect of transcription factors suggests that they are not the main coordinators of gene expression changes during growth transitions, but rather that they complement the effect of global physiological control mechanisms. This change of perspective has important consequences for the interpretation of transcriptome data and the design of biological networks in biotechnology and synthetic biology.
Accurate measurements of dynamics and reproducibility in small genetic networks
Authors: Dubuis Julien O , Samanta Reba , Gregor Thomas
Published: January 2013

Quantification of gene expression has become a central tool for understanding genetic networks. In many systems, the only viable way to measure protein levels is by immunofluorescence, which is notorious for its limited accuracy. Using the early Drosophila embryo as an example, we show that careful identification and control of experimental error allows for highly accurate gene expression measurements. We generated antibodies in different host species, allowing for simultaneous staining of four Drosophila gap genes in individual embryos. Careful error analysis of hundreds of expression profiles reveals that less than ∼20% of the observed embryo‐to‐embryo fluctuations stem from experimental error. These measurements make it possible to extract not only very accurate mean gene expression profiles but also their naturally occurring fluctuations of biological origin and corresponding cross‐correlations. We use this analysis to extract gap gene profile dynamics with ∼1 min accuracy. The combination of these new measurements and analysis techniques reveals a twofold increase in profile reproducibility owing to a collective network dynamics that relays positional accuracy from the maternal gradients to the pair‐rule genes.
Drugs in middle space
Authors: Terrett Nick
Published: January 2013

The challenge for middle space research is to design drug molecules in synthetically accessible forms, with physical properties that permit cell membrane penetration and oral bioavailability. Image reproduced from Med. Chem. Commun., 2012, 3, 344, with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Why Then Did the X.400 E-mail Standard Fail? Reasons and Lessons to be Learned
Authors: Jakobs Kai
Published: January 2013

The X.400-series of recommendations specifies the elements, protocols, and services of the e-mail system associated with the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol stack. The paper looks at the various reasons that led to X.400's failure to gain the widely expected level of market acceptance. A brief literature review suggests that common explanations for success in a standards battle cannot explain the demise of X.400. The same holds for two popular explanations for the victory of Internet over OSI. Therefore, alternative reasons are proposed and discussed, including poor timing of the standardisation activity, inadequate first implementations, and an ill-advised paradigm shift that occurred in the cause of events. Finally, some lessons to be learned for the future are identified.
Optimal crop canopy architecture to maximise canopy photosynthetic CO2 uptake under elevated CO2 – a theoretical study using a mechanistic model of canopy photosynthesis
Authors: Song Qingfeng , Zhang Guilian , Zhu Xin-Guang
Published: January 2013

Canopy architecture has been a major target in crop breeding for improved yields. Whether crop architectures in current elite crop cultivars can be modified for increased canopy CO2 uptake rate (Ac) under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ca) is currently unknown. To study this question, we developed a new model of canopy photosynthesis, which includes three components: (i) a canopy architectural model; (ii) a forward ray tracing algorithm; and (iii) a steady-state biochemical model of C3 photosynthesis. With this model, we demonstrated that the Ac estimated from ‘average’ canopy light conditions is ~25% higher than that from light conditions at individual points in the canopy. We also evaluated theoretically the influence of canopy architectural on Ac under current and future Ca in rice. Simulation results suggest that to gain an optimal Ac for the examined rice cultivar, the stem height, leaf width and leaf angles can be manipulated to enhance canopy photosynthesis. This model provides a framework for designing ideal crop architectures to gain optimal Ac under future changing climate conditions. A close linkage between canopy photosynthesis modelling and canopy photosynthesis measurements is required to fully realise the potential of such modelling approaches in guiding crop improvements.
Landscape‐Scale Evaluation of Asymmetric Interactions between Brown Trout and Brook Trout Using Two‐Species Occupancy Models
Authors: Wagner Tyler , Deweber Jefferson T. , Detar Jason , Sweka John A.
Published: January 2013

Predicting the distribution of native stream fishes is fundamental to the management and conservation of many species. Modeling species distributions often consists of quantifying relationships between species occurrence and abundance data at known locations with environmental data at those locations. However, it is well documented that native stream fish distributions can be altered as a result of asymmetric interactions between dominant exotic and subordinate native species. For example, the naturalized exotic Brown Trout Salmo trutta has been identified as a threat to native Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis in the eastern United States. To evaluate large‐scale patterns of co‐occurrence and to quantify the potential effects of Brown Trout presence on Brook Trout occupancy, we used data from 624 stream sites to fit two‐species occupancy models. These models assumed that asymmetric interactions occurred between the two species. In addition, we examined natural and anthropogenic landscape characteristics we hypothesized would be important predictors of occurrence of both species. Estimated occupancy for Brook Trout, from a co‐occurrence model with no landscape covariates, at sites with Brown Trout present was substantially lower than sites where Brown Trout were absent. We also observed opposing patterns for Brook and Brown Trout occurrence in relation to percentage forest, impervious surface, and agriculture within the network catchment. Our results are consistent with other studies and suggest that alterations to the landscape, and specifically the transition from a forested catchment to one that contains impervious surface or agriculture, reduces the occurrence probability of wild Brook Trout. Our results, however, also suggest that the presence of Brown Trout results in lower occurrence probability of Brook Trout over a range of anthropogenic landscape characteristics, compared with streams where Brown Trout were absent.
Chinook Salmon Foraging Patterns in a Changing Lake Michigan
Authors: Jacobs Gregory R. , Madenjian Charles P. , Bunnell David B. , Warner David M. , Claramunt Randall M.
Published: January 2013

Since Pacific salmon stocking began in Lake Michigan, managers have attempted to maintain salmon abundance at high levels within what can be sustained by available prey fishes, primarily Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus. Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha are the primary apex predators in pelagic Lake Michigan and patterns in their prey selection (by species and size) may strongly influence pelagic prey fish communities in any given year. In 1994–1996, there were larger Alewives, relatively more abundant alternative prey species, fewer Chinook Salmon, and fewer invasive species in Lake Michigan than in 2009–2010. The years 2009–2010 were instead characterized by smaller, leaner Alewives, fewer alternative prey species, higher abundance of Chinook Salmon, a firmly established nonnative benthic community, and reduced abundance of Diporeia, an important food of Lake Michigan prey fish. We characterized Chinook Salmon diets, prey species selectivity, and prey size selectivity between 1994–1996 and 2009–2010 time periods. In 1994–1996, Alewife as prey represented a smaller percentage of Chinook Salmon diets than in 2009–2010, when alewife comprised over 90% of Chinook Salmon diets, possibly due to declines in alternative prey fish populations. The size of Alewives eaten by Chinook Salmon also decreased between these two time periods. For the largest Chinook Salmon in 2009–2010, the average size of Alewife prey was nearly 50 mm total length shorter than in 1994–1996. We suggest that changes in the Lake Michigan food web, such as the decline in Diporeia, may have contributed to the relatively low abundance of large Alewives during the late 2000s by heightening the effect of predation from top predators like Chinook Salmon, which have retained a preference for Alewife and now forage with greater frequency on smaller Alewives.
EFFECTS OF ETHNICITY, ACCENT, AND JOB STATUS ON SELECTION DECISIONS
Authors: Singer Ming , Eder Greg S.
Published: January 2013

The present study investigated the effects of ethnicity, accent, and job status in the selection interview. Two hundred and ten student subjects viewed simulated, videotaped selection interviews in which applicant ethnicity, applicant accent, and job status were manipulated in a completely crossed 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Two sets of ratings were obtained, selection decision ratings of the job applicant, and subjective importance ratings based on the previous selection decisions. Significant main effects were obtained for ethnicity and job status in selection decision as predicted. Contrary to predictions however, the main effect for accent was not found significant. Further analysis of the importance ratings indicated a significant main effect for accent, but not for ethnicity. These findings indicated that applicant ethnicity and job status were important in selection interview decision and accent was not. Contrary to this however, subjects considered that accent was important in their selection decision ratings, while ethnicity was not.
THE ADAPTATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF THE TEACHER VERSION OF THE CHILD BEHAVIOR PROFILE: TURKISH BOYS AGED 7–12
Authors: Akkok Fusun , Askar Petek
Published: January 2013

This article reports on the adaptation and standardization of the teacher version of the Child Behavior Profile for boys aged 6–11 to Turkish boys aged 7–12. Data were obtained from 48 referred and 294 nonreferred boys. Comparison of referred and nonreferred samples showed significant differences on all behaviour problem scores, except the ‘Anxious’ scale. The median of the Cronbach internal consistency of the scale scores was 0.75.
RELIGIOUS SCHEMA AND VALUES*
Authors: Lau Sing
Published: January 2013

Past research has consistently shown marked differences between religious believers and non‐believers. Such differences were suggested in this study to be due to the presence of religious schema in believers. It was hypothesized that non‐believers would be less schematic, or aschematic with respect to religion. This hypothesis was examined by comparing the value system of college student believers (Protestants and Catholics) and non‐believers (those indicating no religious faith). Extensive differences were found. Consistent with the hypothesis, the differences were found mainly on the schema‐relevant values. In essence, believers showed greater preference for and possession of the moral and relational values, and lesser on the personal‐extrinsic, competency, and egoistic values. As predicted, no difference was found on the social and intellectual types of values which are basically schema‐irrelevant. The notion of schema availability was also supported. When subjects' religiosity (as indicated by their preference for the salvation value and their self‐rated possession of the religiousness value) was controlled for, all the above differences were removed. When high and low religiosity believers were compared, great differences were found. The differences between the high and low religiosity non‐believers were however much less extensive.
A COMPARISON OF VIETNAMESE‐AUSTRALIAN AND ANGLO‐AUSTRALIAN MOTHERs' BELIEFS ABOUT INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT*
Authors: Rosenthal Doreen A. , Gold Ron
Published: January 2013

Vietnamese‐ and Anglo‐Australian mothers' beliefs about intelligence and its development were obtained through a structured interview. Twenty‐five working‐class Vietnamese, 32 working‐class and 39 upper‐middle‐class Anglo mothers of five‐year‐old children were asked about the heritability and stability of intelligence, its importance in different life domains and the roles of parents and teachers in developing intelligence. Developmental timetables for the acquisition of certain intellectual abilities were also elicited. Culture emerged as a significant influence on mothers' beliefs considerably more than did social class or sex of their child. Vietnamese mothers perceived intelligence as more important than did Anglo mothers, had a more narrowly focused view of education and intellectual development, and expected later acquisition of intellectual abilities. These differences are consistent with traditional Vietnamese values.
EXTENSION TEMPORELLE DES PROJETS PERSONNELS AU COURS DE LA VIEILLESSE*
Authors: Bouffard Léandre , Lapierre Sylvie , Bastin Etienne
Published: January 2013

The future time perspective (FTP) of 361 elderly persons was studied. Personal projects (goal objects or concrete motivations) were collected by means of the sentence completion technique and were classified in temporal categories. The future extension index (ratio between short‐ and long‐term projects) shows that the FTP of both sexes is similar. Concerning the relation between FTP and age, we observed that the number of subjects with a long FTP is reduced as the age increases. On the other hand, when we consider all the data, 17% of the answers are classified in the near future (less than one year) whereas 52% are related to distant future. The future is far from disappearing during the old age. The FTP is in relation with socio‐economic status and schooling, but the ‘effects’ of these variables on the FTP are interwoven. The results were not inconsistent with the idea that subjects with high socio‐economic status (who also have more years of schooling) are characterized by a longer FTP. From the results, we suggest implications for research and for professional practice with the elderly.
THE NATURE OF AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGY ‐ FROM CROSS‐CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THEORISING ABOUT THE ROLE OF CONTEXT IN HYPNOSIS*
Authors: Sheehan Peter W.
Published: January 2013

Psychology in Australia can be studied in many ways, but for the most part it can be described in terms of the adoption of orientations to the discipline illustrated by ‘functional’, ‘objective’ and ‘quantitative’ prescriptions of science. It is important to recognize, however, that these dimensions fit within the broad cultural traditions of thinking that characterize Australia as a settlement society. In this paper, research in Australia is used to illustrate a number of cultural factors at work, detailed consideration being given to the study of hypnosis and the role of context. Cross‐cultural analysis of theorizing about the role of context in hypnosis indicates clear differences in conceptualization of the issues, but also an encouraging degree of convergence on common concerns. The point of view is illustrated that the diversity of the discipline and its tools of inquiry, evidenced across different cultural contexts, is one of Psychology's major strengths.
SELF‐REPORTED EXPRESSION AND CONSEQUENCES OF EMBARRASSMENT IN PORTUGAL AND THE U.K.
Authors: Edelmann Robert J. , Neto Felix
Published: January 2013

Data was collected by questionnaire from Portuguese and U.K. college students in order to compare self‐reports of the physiological/behavioural response associated with embarrassment, coping attempts and observer reactions to the actor's embarrassment in the two cultures. Blushing/increased temperature, increased heart rate and smiling/grinning characterised embarrassment in both cultures, although blushing was referred to with less frequency by the Portuguese sample; gaze aversion was a response specific to the U.K. sample. Smiling/grinning as a method of coping with embarrassment and as a reported reaction from an observer was reported with similar frequency by both samples; gaze aversion as a method of coping with embarrassment was referred to with greater frequency by the U.K. sample; staring by observers was mentioned with greater frequency by the Portuguese sample. More intense experiences of embarrassment were reported by the Portuguese sample who also reported being more successful in attempts to control their embarrassment. The results are discussed in relation to national stereotypes.

Un questionnaire a été utilisé pour ramasser des données chez des étudiants portugais et britanniques, afin de comparer leurs auto‐évaluations de la réaction psychologique/comportementale associée i rembarras, avec les tentatives d'adaptation et les réactions des observateurs à l'embarras de l'acteur dans les deux cultures. Le fait de rougir associé à une élévation de la température, la tachycardie, ainsi que le sourire caractérisaient l'embarras dans les deux cultures, bien que le fait de rougir était moins souvent mentionné par les sujets portugais; détourner le regard était une réponse particulière des sujets britanniques. Le sourire comme façon d'éviter l'embarras et en tant que réaction d'un observateur était rapporté tout aussi fréquemment par les deux échantillons de sujets; détourner le regard comme façon de se sortir d'embarras était rapporté beaucoup plus fréquemment par les sujets britanniques; par contre, fixer quelqu'un du regard était mentionné plus fréquemment par les observateurs portugais. Des expériences embarrassantes plus intenses étaient rapportées par les sujets portugais, qui ont aussi rapporté un succès plus grand pour ce qui est du contrôle de leur embarras. Les résultats sont discutés en relation avec des stéréotypes nationaux.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ADVERSITY AMONG PROFESSIONAL AND NON‐PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Tariq Pervaiz Naeem
Published: January 2013

The paper describes the psychological meaningfulness of a classification scheme of criminals proposed in the social and cultural context of Pakistan. On the basis of the suggested typology, 220 randomly selected male convicts were classified into two groups of Professional and Non‐professional Criminals. Social psychological and legal factors which formed the basis of classification included convict's Occupational Life Pattern, Type of Crime, Interpersonal Context, Premeditation, Criminal Associations and Past Criminal Record. Two groups thus obtained were compared on three psychological variables: Physically Broken Home, Psychologically Disrupted Home, and Defective Modes of Discipline indicating Psychological Adversity during childhood and early adolescence. Professional Criminals differed significantly (p < 0.008) from Non‐professionals whose crimes are explained in terms of the social and cultural conditions of Pakistan. Implications for further research and handling of prison inmates have been pointed out.
MALE ACCEPTANCE OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN: THE RESULTS OF ALTRUISTIC OR EGOISTICAL MOTIVES?
Authors: Veilleux France , Tougas Francine
Published: January 2013

It has been argued in the past that self‐interest plays an important role in the reaction of men to affirmative action programs that are designed to promote women in non‐traditional jobs. In the main, this hypothesis has received limited support apparently because the conception of self‐interest was understood in terms of one's private well‐being. It is clear, however, that self‐interest also refers to group status or position in society. In this study self‐interest was measured through the concept of collective relative deprivation. The effects of relative deprivation on behalf of others, and the procedure employed to implement affirmative action programs on men's attitudes toward these programs were also assessed. One hundred and forty‐five male managers or professionals participated in the study. According to predictions, results show that collective relative deprivation and preferential treatment for women have negative effects on affirmative action attitudes. Findings are thus supportive of the broader conception of self‐interest and relative deprivation arguments. Finally, the positive link between relative deprivation on behalf of others and affirmative action indicates that men who disapprove of sex inequalities support these programs.

Il a été postulé que le ‘self‐interest’ influence les réactions des hommes aux programmes d'action positive mis sur pied pour assurer une représentativité plus équitable des femmes dans les secteurs non‐traditionnels d'emploi. Cette hypothèse n'a pas été confirmée en raison de la conception individualiste du ‘self‐interest’. Le ‘self‐interest’ réfère tout autant à la situation de l'individu qu'à celle de son groupe. Dans la présente étude, le ‘self‐interest’ a été mesuré par le biais du concept de privation relative collective. Les effets de la privation relative pour autrui et de la procédure d'implantation des programmes d'action positive sur les attitudes des hommes face à l'action positive ont également été évalués. En tout, 145 cadres ou professionnels masculins ont participé à la présente étude. Les résultats confirment les hypothèses voulant que la privation relative collective et le traitement préférentiel ont des effets négatifs sur les attitudes aux programmes d'action positive, ce qui milite en faveur d'une conception élargie du ‘self‐interest’. Finalement, le lien positif entre la privation relative autrui et l'action positive montre que les hommes qui sont défavorables aux inégalités de sexe favorisent les programmes.
LES DIMENSIONS DE LA DETRESSE PSYCHOLOGIQUE: ANALYSE FACTORIELLE CONFIRMATOIRE DE TYPE HIERARCHIQUE*
Authors: Martin France , Sabourin Stéphane , Gendreau Pierre
Published: January 2013

The study of the hierarchical organization of psychological distress dimensions is plagued by numerous theoretical and methodological problems. The researcher must take into account the respective value of unidimensional and multidimensional conceptualizations and the complex debates between factor analysis experts. The main purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the construct validity of a hierarchical model of psychological distress. The sample consisted of 150 outpatients of the University of Montreal Psychology Clinic which completed the Psychiatric Symptoms Inventory. The results of first‐order and second‐order confirmatory factor analyses show the value of a hierarchical conceptualization of psychological distress. However, an examination of normalized residuals, total direct effects and modification indexes reveals the inadequacy of some items from the anxiety and cognitive problems subscales. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
CROSS‐CULTURAL STUDIES OF TEMPERAMENT: TEMPERAMENT IN GREEK INFANTS
Authors: Kyrios Michael , Prior Margot , Oberklaid Frank , Demetriou Andreas
Published: January 2013

Three infant cohorts from Greek cultural backgrounds were compared with an Anglo‐Australian infant cohort across 9 dimensions of temperament using Australian and Greek versions of the revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire (Carey and McDevitt 1978). Infants from a Greek cultural background were generally considered to be more ‘difficult’ than the Anglo‐Australian infants on the temperament dimensions of Approach, Adaptability, Mood and Distractibility even after the effects of social class were controlled statistically. The reported cross‐cultural differences were discussed with regard to the potential influence on temperament ratings of ethnicity and culture, social status, psychobiological factors, migrant status, social assimilation, and questionnaire characteristics.
The Twins Stanza, Y 30.3
Authors: Ahmadi Amir
Published: January 2013

The Gāthic stanza Y 30.3 has always been at the center of various interpretations and controversies in Western scholarship on Zoroastrianism. Those who believe they have discovered in the Gāthās a monotheistic religion armored with an ethical dualism have made this stanza one of the pillars of their thesis. The so-called Twins stanza shows, according to this view, that the good and evil primordial spirits exist as a result of their choice between Good and Evil, which preserves not only the absolute goodness of the supreme god but also his uniqueness. More recently Kellens and others following him have given a completely different reading of the stanza. According to their account, this stanza is a speculation on the hidden processes of ritual. What the poet expresses in Y 30.3 is not a dualism, ethical or otherwise, but a psychology of the process by which man makes his choice of ritual conduct. Aside from the question of coherence, one must ask whether these accounts are borne out by the text they claim as their basis. This article addresses these two questions.
National, un-national
Authors: Weiss Srdjan Jovanović
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses urban developments in two major cities in Serbia, Belgrade and Novi Sad, influenced by the Balkan political crisis of the 1990s. Belgrade is the national capital of Serbia, with a dominantly Serbian population. Novi Sad is the capital of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, and home to a population of more than 20 different ethnicities. The seemingly bipolar relationship between these two cities started to emerge during the fall of Yugoslavia and has intensified during the subsequent shrinkage of the country into the current state of Serbia. The effects of war as well as migration have left their mark on the urban situation of both cities. Both cities are not old by European standards, Belgrade emerging before the rise of the Ottoman Empire and Novi Sad being a product of the eighteenth century and the rise of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. These two cities traditionally vary in size and ethnic make up from almost mono-ethnic Belgrade to multi-ethnic Novi Sad. This paper will explore the idea that national capitals such as Belgrade can give rise to “un-national capitals” such as Novi Sad. This will be viewed through a lens of the role of architecture and design in affecting the realities of both cities.
The National Ecological Observatory Network: An Observatory Poised to Expand Spatiotemporal Scales of Inquiry in Aquatic and Fisheries Science
Authors: Utz Ryan M , Fitzgerald Michael R , Goodman Keli J , Parker Stephanie M , Powell Heather , Roehm Charlotte L
Published: January 2013

Large spatiotemporal-scale fisheries research amid pervasive environmental change requires scientific resources beyond the capabilities of individual laboratories. Here we introduce the aquatics program within a novel institution, the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), poised to substantially advance spatiotemporal scales of inquiry in fisheries research. NEON will collect high-quality data from sites distributed throughout the United States, including Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, for 30 years. Data products will include hundreds of metrics that comprehensively quantify the biological, chemical, and hydrogeomorphic attributes of streams, lakes, and rivers in the observatory network. Coupling observations from NEON terrestrial, atmospheric, and airborne programs will facilitate unique inquiries in ecohydrology. All NEON-generated data will be rigorously quality controlled and posted to an entirely open-access web portal. Proposals that expand the observatory scope through additional observations, sites, or experiments are encouraged. Thus, NEON represents an unprecedented and dynamic resource for fisheries researchers in the coming decades.

RESUMEN

La investigación pesquera en grandes escalas espacio-temporales, dentro de un ambiente cambiante, requiere de recursos científicos que van más allá de las capacidades de laboratorios individuales. En la presente contribución se introduce el programa “aquatics” concebido en el seno de una institución de reciente formación, el Observatorio Ecológico Nacional (NEON) que fue diseñado para mejorar de forma sustancial la escala de investigación espacio-temporal de las ciencias pesqueras. NEON recolectará datos de alta calidad, dentro de un periodo de 30 años, de distintos sitios distribuidos a lo largo de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, incluyendo Alaska, Hawái y Puerto Rico. Los datos incluirán cientos de medidas que cuantifican los atributos biológicos, químicos e hidrogeomorfológicos de arroyos, lagos y ríos que abarca el observatorio. El acoplamiento de observaciones de los programas terrestres, atmosféricos y aéreos de NEON facilitará la investigación eco-hidrológica. Todos los datos generados por NEON pasarán por un riguroso control de calidad y serán puestos a disposición del público en general en un portal de internet. Se exhortan aquellas propuestas que, a través de la adición de observaciones, sitios o experimentos, estén encaminadas a expandir el ámbito del observatorio. Así, NEON representa un recurso, dinámico y sin precedentes, para los investigadores pesqueros en las próximas décadas.
Experimental Infection of Australian Freshwater Fish with Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (EHNV)
Authors: Becker Joy A. , Tweedie Alison , Gilligan Dean , Asmus Martin , Whittington Richard J.
Published: January 2013

The ranavirus, epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV), is endemic to southern Australia with natural outbreaks resulting in mass mortality events in wild Redfin Perch Perca fluviatilis (also known as Eurasian Perch) and less severe disease in farmed Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. To further investigate the host range for EHNV, 12 ecologically or economically important freshwater fish species from southeastern Australia were exposed experimentally to the virus. A bath-challenge model at 18 ± 3°C was employed with limited use of intraperitoneal inoculation to determine if a species was likely to be susceptible to EHNV. Of the species tested, Murray–Darling Rainbowfish Melanotaenia fluviatilis and Dewfish Tandanus tandanus (also known as Freshwater Catfish) were considered to be potentially susceptible species. EHNV was isolated from approximately 7% of surviving Eastern Mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki, indicating this widespread alien fish species is a potential carrier. The infection of Silver Perch Bidyanus bidyanus and Macquarie Perch Macquaria australasica and the lack of infection in Murray Cod Maccullochella peelii peelii and Golden Perch Macquaria ambigua ambigua after exposure to EHNV via water confirmed earlier data from Langdon (1989). Five other species of native fish were potentially not susceptible to the virus or the fish were able to recover during the standard 35-d postchallenge observation period. Overall, it appeared that EHNV was less virulent in the present experimental model than in previous studies, but the reasons for this were not identified.

Received May 21, 2012; accepted November 1, 2012
Helios marks strongly autoreactive CD4+ T cells in two major waves of thymic deletion distinguished by induction of PD-1 or NF-κB
Authors: Daley Stephen R. , Hu Daniel Y. , Goodnow Christopher C.
Published: January 2013

Acquisition of self-tolerance in the thymus requires T cells to discriminate strong versus weak T cell receptor binding by self-peptide–MHC complexes. We find this discrimination is reported by expression of the transcription factor Helios, which is induced during negative selection but decreases during positive selection. Helios and the proapoptotic protein Bim were coinduced in 55% of nascent CCR7− CD4+ CD69+ thymocytes. These were short-lived cells that up-regulated PD-1 and down-regulated CD4 and CD8 during Bim-dependent apoptosis. Helios and Bim were also coinduced at the subsequent CCR7+ CD4+ CD69+ CD8− stage, and this second wave of Bim-dependent negative selection involved 20% of nascent cells. Unlike CCR7− counterparts, Helios+ CCR7+ CD4+ cells mount a concurrent Card11- and c-Rel–dependent activation response that opposes Bim-mediated apoptosis. This “hollow” activation response consists of many NF-κB target genes but lacks key growth mediators like IL-2 and Myc, and the thymocytes were not induced to proliferate. These findings identify Helios as the first marker known to diverge during positive and negative selection of thymocytes and reveal the extent, stage, and molecular nature of two distinct waves of clonal deletion in the normal thymus.
Efficacy of Novel Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Products at Typical In-Use Volumes
Authors: Macinga David R. , Edmonds Sarah L. , Campbell Esther , Shumaker David J. , Arbogast James W.
Published: January 2013

In vivo efficacies of 2 alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) products (gel and foam) were evaluated at a volume of 1.1 mL. Both met US Food and Drug Administration log10reduction requirements after a single application and 10 consecutive applications. This is the first study to identify ABHR formulations capable of meeting efficacy requirements with a single-dispenser actuation.
A Practical Tranexamic Acid Dosing Scheme Based on Population Pharmacokinetics in Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Grassin-Delyle Stanislas , Couturier Roland , Abe Emuri , Alvarez Jean Claude , Devillier Philippe , Urien Saïk
Published: January 2013

Background:

Pediatric cardiac surgery patients are at high risk for bleeding, and the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid (TA) is often used to reduce blood loss. However, dosing schemes remain empirical as a consequence of the absence of pharmacokinetic study in this population. The authors’ objectives were thus to investigate the population pharmacokinetics of TA in pediatric cardiac surgery patients during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

Methods:

Twenty-one patients were randomized to receive TA either continuously (10 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 1 mg·kg−1·h−1 throughout the operation, and 10 mg/kg into the CPB) or discontinuously (10 mg/kg, then 10 mg/kg into the CPB and 10 mg·kg−1·h−1 at the end of CPB). Serum concentrations were measured at eight time points with chromatography–mass spectrometry and the data were modeled using Monolix (Lixoft, Orsay, France).

Results:

Tranexamic acid pharmacokinetics was ascribed to a two-compartment open model. The main covariate effects were body weight and CPB. Representative pharmacokinetic parameters adjusted to a 70-kg body weight were as follows: systemic clearance, 2.45 l/h; volume of distribution in the central compartment, 14.1 l; intercompartmental clearance, 5.74 l/h; and peripheral volume, 32.8 l. In accordance with this model, the authors proposed a weight-adjusted dosing scheme to maintain effective TA concentrations in children during surgery, consisting of one loading dose followed by a continuous infusion.

Conclusions:

The authors report for the first time the pharmacokinetics of TA in children undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB, and propose a dosing scheme for optimized TA administration in those children.
Calcium Ameliorates Diarrhea in Immunocompromised Children
Authors: Cheng Sam X. , Bai Harrison X. , Gonzalez‐Peralta Regino , Mistry Pramod K. , Gorelick Fred S.
Published: January 2013

Treatment of infectious diarrheas remains a challenge, particularly in immunocompromised patients in whom infections usually persist and resultant diarrhea is often severe and protracted. Children with infectious diarrhea who become dehydrated are normally treated with oral or intravenous rehydration therapy. Although rehydration therapy can replace the loss of fluid, it does not ameliorate diarrhea. Thus, during the last decades, there has been continuous effort to search for ways to safely stop diarrhea. Herein, we report 3 immunocompromised children who developed severe and/or protracted infectious diarrhea. Their diarrheas were successfully “halted” within 1 to 2 days following the administration of calcium.
Lack of Nonspecific Protection Against All‐Cause Nonrotavirus Gastroenteritis by Vaccination with Orally Administered Rotavirus Vaccine
Authors: Grant Lindsay , Watt James , Moulton Lawrence , Weatherholtz Robert , Reid Raymond , Santosham Mathuram , O'Brien Katherine
Published: January 2013

Objectives:

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is recognized as a global, common threat to child survival, especially in developing countries. Rotavirus, in particular, has been implicated as a leading cause of severe AGE; however, there are numerous other pathogens that also cause AGE. Several studies have demonstrated that oral vaccination against rotavirus has generated the unanticipated benefit of protecting against AGE caused by nonrotavirus pathogens.

Methods:

Safety and efficacy of the pentavalent bovine‐human reassortant rotavirus vaccine were studied in multiple populations, including children of the Navajo and White Mountain Apache tribes in the southwestern United States. Stool specimens were collected from children with AGE and tested for rotavirus using an enzyme immunoassay. Analyses were conducted to detect the presence or absence of a vaccine effect on incidence, severity, and duration of AGE in which rotavirus was not detected.

Results:

The majority of AGE (N = 558: 472 nonrotavirus vs 86 rotavirus) occurred between August 2002 and March 2004 among children ranging from ages 4 to 23 months. The incidence of nonrotavirus AGE was similar by vaccine groups with an incidence rate ratio of 1.07 (incidence rate ratio = vaccinated/unvaccinated, 95% confidence interval 0.89–1.29). The hazards of first, second, third, or any AGE in which rotavirus was not detected differed little by vaccination status (P > 0.05). Duration of symptoms and severity of nonrotavirus AGE were similar by vaccine group.

Conclusions:

There was no vaccine effect on frequency or severity of nonrotavirus AGE.
Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements of Splanchnic Tissue Oxygenation During Continuous Versus Intermittent Feeding Method in Preterm Infants
Authors: Dani Carlo , Pratesi Simone , Barp Jacopo , Bertini Giovanna , Gozzini Elena , Mele Laura , Parrini Letizia
Published: January 2013

Objectives:

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of continuous and intermittent bolus milk feeding on splanchnic regional oxygenation (rSO2S) in small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) and appropriate‐for‐gestational age (AGA) preterm infants.

Methods:

Infants with gestational age <32 weeks were prospectively studied by near‐infrared spectroscopy. Each infant was given a milk bolus in ∼10 minutes (intermittent feeding) followed after 3 hours by a 3‐hour continuous feeding. rO2S and splanchnic fractional oxygen extraction ratio (FOES [S = splanchnic]) were recorded 30 minutes before (T0) and 30 minutes after the beginning of bolus feeding (T1), 30 minutes before (T2), at the end (T3), and 30 minutes after the continuous feeding period (T4).

Results:

rSO2S increased at T1 in both AGA and SGA groups, whereas FOES did not vary during the study period. Moreover, we found that rSO2S was higher and FOES was lower at T1 and T3 in the AGA than in the SGA group.

Conclusions:

Bolus milk feeding increases splanchnic oxygenation in both AGA and SGA infants, whereas continuous feeding does not. Splanchnic oxygenation is higher in AGA than in SGA infants both during bolus and continuous feeding. Continuous enteral feeding could help to limit the risk of hypoxic‐ischemic gut damage in preterm infants in critical condition, especially in AGA infants.
Sexually transmitted infections in polygamous mating systems
Authors: Ashby Ben , Gupta Sunetra
Published: January 2013

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are often associated with chronic diseases and can have severe impacts on host reproductive success. For airborne or socially transmitted pathogens, patterns of contact by which the infection spreads tend to be dispersed and each contact may be of very short duration. By contrast, the transmission pathways for STIs are usually characterized by repeated contacts with a small subset of the population. Here we review how heterogeneity in sexual contact patterns can influence epidemiological dynamics, and present a simple model of polygyny/polyandry to illustrate the impact of biased mating systems on disease incidence and pathogen virulence.