bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frostbite: A Conundrum in High Altitudes
Authors: Kadian Abhishek , Saini Sachin , Khanna Rajesh
Published: March 2021

Cold injuries and its sequelae has for decades, been a relevant problem and an occupational hazard in the army, and continue to be so. These sequelae may hamper future operational capability of the soldier. Frostbite is also becoming more prevalent among the general population due to the increase in numbers of homeless people, along with an increasing participation in outdoor activities such as mountain hiking and skiing. Despite the advances in the field of medical sciences, frostbite management has remained constant and unchanged until recent years, when newer modalities of management have led to favourable, tissue-saving, outcomes. This chapter gives a background understanding of risk factors of frostbite and its pathophysiology and reviews the current evidence and latest frostbite management strategies. In addition, several adjunctive therapies and recent improvements in radiologic assessment of tissue viability provide new avenues of aggressive medical management and earlier surgical interventions.
The Role of Interleukins after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: J. Hellenbrand Daniel , M. Roddick Rylie , M. Mauney Sophia , T. Elder Ryan , N. Morehouse Carolyn , S. Hanna Amgad
Published: March 2021

In skin wound healing the injured tissue goes through a normal progression, inflammation subsides and remodeling occurs. However after spinal cord injury inflammation persists and there is less progression into a regenerative/rebuilding phase. This inflammatory process after spinal cord injury is orchestrated by many cell types and numerous cytokines. Although there are several positive effects of inflammation after spinal cord injury, such as the removal of debris, the substantial upregulation of immune cells has been shown to contribute to neural degeneration. Several chemokines and cytokines including many interleukins are involved in guiding these immune cells to the lesion. While there are many inflammatory cytokines acting on these immune cells after SCI, there are also several anti-inflammatory interleukins that have shown beneficial effects in reducing inflammation. After SCI in a rat model, interleukin-10 and interleukin-19 have been shown to downregulate the synthesis of pro-inflammatory species including interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, which resulted in a significant improvement in rat hind limb function. Also, interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 are related anti-inflammatory cytokines that regulate many aspects of inflammation and have also been shown to induce alternative macrophage activation. The differing and complex roles interleukins play, highlight their importance on the inflammation that persists after spinal cord injury. Here we review both the positive effects and negative effects that interleukins have during the multifaceted inflammation process following spinal cord injury.
Seabirds of the Benguela Ecosystem: Utilisation, Long-Term Changes and Challenges
Authors: B. Makhado Azwianewi , Braby Rodney , M. Dyer Bruce , Kemper Jessica , M. McInnes Alistair , Tom Desmond , J.M. Crawford Robert
Published: March 2021

The Benguela Current is used by c. 82 seabird species, of which seven are endemic to it. Eggs and guano of formerly abundant seabirds were heavily harvested in the 19th and 20th centuries but decreases in seabird populations led to cessation of these industries at islands. Guano is still scraped from platforms. Seabird ecotourism has grown. There were large recent decreases in numbers of African Penguins Spheniscus demersus, Cape Gannets Morus capensis and Cape Phalacrocorax capensis and Bank P. neglectus Cormorants and redistributions of these other species away from the centre of the Benguela ecosystem towards its northern or eastern boundaries. In 2020, seabirds endemic to the Benguela ecosystem and albatrosses and petrels migrating into it had high proportions of globally Near Threatened or Threatened species. The primary threat to four Endangered endemic birds was scarcity of forage resources. A Vulnerable endemic damara tern was susceptible to habitat degradation and disturbance. The principal threat to visiting albatrosses and petrels was by-catch mortality. Identification and effective protection of Important Bird Area breeding and marine foraging and aggregation sites, and a suite of complementary measures, are needed to conserve the seabirds and ensure continuation of their economic and ecosystem benefits into the future.
High Temperature Superconductors
Authors: Ikram Muhammad , Raza Ali , Altaf Shehnila , Ahmed Rafi Arslan , Naz Misbah , Ali Sarfraz , Ossama Ali Ahmad Syed , Khalid Ayesha , Ali Salamat , Haider Junaid
Published: March 2021

One of the pioneers who introduced superconductivity of metal solids was Kamerlingh Onnes (1911). Researchers always struggled to make observations towards superconductivity at high temperatures for achieving goals of evaluating normal room temperature superconductors. The physical properties are based entirely on the behavior of conventional and metal superconductors as a result of high-temperature superconductors. Various synthetic approaches are employed to fabricate high-temperature superconductors, but solid-state thermochemical process which involves mixing, calcinating, and sintering is the easiest approach. Emerging novel high-temperature superconductors mainly engaged with technological applications such as power transmission, Bio-magnetism, and Tokamaks high magnetic field. Finally, in this chapter, we will discuss a brief outlook, future prospects, and finished with possible science fiction and some opportunities with high-temperature superconductors.
Pathogenicity Island in Salmonella
Authors: Kombade Sarika , Kaur Navneet
Published: March 2021

Considering a complex set of interplay with its host, Salmonella needs numerous genes for its full virulence. These genes responsible for invasion, survival, and extra intestinal spread are located on pathogenicity islands known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) that are thought to be acquired by horizontal gene transfer. A total of 17 SPIs (1–17) are recognized so far. The type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded by SPI-1 is considered as the most important virulence factor for Salmonella that delivers effector proteins necessary for invasion and production of enteritis. Among various SPIs, the role in virulence is well proven for SPI1 and SPI2 and further insight into the complex regulatory network of SPIs can contribute to drug investigation and prevention of infection.
Tocotrienol: An Underrated Isomer of Vitamin E in Health and Diseases
Authors: Farouk Musa Ahmad
Published: March 2021

Vitamin E was first discovered as a fertility factor in 1922 in the laboratory of Herbert McLean Evans, a scientist and anatomist. Following this discovery, it was extensively researched and found to possess a potent antioxidant property. It soon dawned that the family of vitamin E has eight members: four tocopherols, namely α-, β-, δ- and γ-tocopherol; and four tocotrienols in the form of α-, β-, δ- and γ-tocotrienols. This chapter discusses this rather unknown and underrated isomer of vitamin E with unsurpassed health benefits: tocotrienols. Until recently, tocotrienols rarely figured in vitamin E research in spite of their relative superiority to tocopherol coupled with their abundant presence in palm oil. In fact, since palm oil contains about 70% of all tocotrienol homologues, it would be no exaggeration to call it nature’s best kept secret, if not the most promising natural substance in influencing health and disease. While highlighting the wonders of tocotrienols as a safe and efficacious product, this chapter offers a panoramic view of recent research into tocotrienols that demonstrates their undeniable benefits in conferring protection against cancer as well as a whole litany of ailments including cardiovascular, metabolic, autoimmune, bone and neurological diseases. Admittedly, many of these researches were conducted in the laboratory, with some preclinical trials translated into clinical trials. Nonetheless, it is hoped that more randomised clinical trials will be carried out on a global scale in the near future. From the vessels in the heart to the neurons in the brain, tocotrienols have the extraordinary potential to be the future of vitamin E research.
Estimating Short-Term Returns with Volatilities for High Frequency Stock Trades in Emerging Economies Using Gaussian Processes (GPs)
Authors: Mushunje Leonard , Mashasha Maxwell , Chandiwana Edina
Published: March 2021

Fundamental theorem behind financial markets is that stock prices are intrinsically complex and stochastic in nature. One of the complexities is the volatilities associated with stock prices. Price volatility is often detrimental to the return economics and thus investors should factor it in when making investment decisions, choices, and temporal or permanent moves. It is therefore crucial to make necessary and regular stock price volatility forecasts for the safety and economics of investors’ returns. These forecasts should be accurate and not misleading. Different traditional models and methods such as ARCH, GARCH have been intuitively implemented to make such forecasts, however they fail to effectively capture the short-term volatility forecasts. In this paper we investigate and implement a combination of numeric and probabilistic models towards short-term volatility and return forecasting for high frequency trades. The essence is that: one-day-ahead volatility forecasts were made with Gaussian Processes (GPs) applied to the outputs of a numerical market prediction (NMP) model. Firstly, the stock price data from NMP was corrected by a GP. Since it not easy to set price limits in a market due to its free nature, and randomness of the prices, a censored GP was used to model the relationship between the corrected stock prices and returns. To validate the proposed approach, forecasting errors were evaluated using the implied and estimated data.
Chlamydial Infection
Authors: Metallinou Dimitra , Nanou Christina , Sarantaki Antigoni , Lazarou Eleftheria , Liagkou Anastasia , Lykeridou Katerina
Published: March 2021

Chlamydial infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide, showing no decreasing trends in the incidence the last years. As a result, it presents a major burden of disease that impacts negatively people’s sexual and reproductive health and may result in adverse perinatal outcomes. The aim of the chapter is to offer today’s practitioners trustworthy guidance on the latest data in chlamydial infection. Thorough, up-to-date content on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis and outcomes of infected infants, is presented. Data in children and adolescents that differ from infants, are also discussed. The chapter is organized consistently in order to help readers find information quickly and easily and thus, provide direct, optimal and evidence-based care to every pediatric patient.
Mirror Symmetry of Life
Authors: Zagórska-Marek Beata
Published: March 2021

Functioning in the Earth gravity field imposes on living organisms a necessity to read directions. The characteristic feature of their bodies, regardless unicellular or multicellular, is axial symmetry. The development of body plan orchestrated by spatiotemporal changes in gene expression patterns is based on formation of the vertical and radial axes. Especially for immobile plants, anchored to the substrate, vertical axis is primary and most important. But also in animals the primary is the axis, which defines the anterior and posterior pole of the embryo. There are many little known chiral processes and structures that are left- or right oriented with respect to this axis. Recent developments indicate the role of intrinsic cell chirality that determines the direction of developmental chiral processes in living organisms. The still enigmatic events in cambia of trees and handedness of phyllotaxis as well as plant living crystals are in focus of the chapter.
Childhood Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentations, Prognostic Factors, and Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Sterlich Katharina , Minkov Milen
Published: March 2021

Childhood LCH is a rare disease, affecting 4–9 per 1,000,000 children below the age of 15 years. It is driven by somatic mutations in the MAPK pathway, arising in myeloid marrow progenitors. Both genders are affected by a slight male preponderance. The clinical spectrum of LCH varies from a single lesion affecting one organ system to severe multisystem disease with dysfunction of vital organs. Likewise, variable and unpredictable is its course, spanning from self-limiting course to progression with lethal outcome. Recognized unfavorable prognostic factors are the involvement of hematopoiesis, liver, and spleen, as well as non-response to systemic treatment. Recent studies suggest that patients carrying the BRAFV600E mutation may have a more severe clinical phenotype and less favorable prognosis. The combination of prednisolone and vinblastine is the standard first-line treatment for disseminated disease. Second-line options used in clinical practice are not well evidenced. Inhibitors of the MAPK pathway are a promising alternative option.
Microvascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Focus on Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU)
Authors: Maria Dascalu Ana , Serban Dragos , Papanas Nikolaos , Kempler Peter , Rizzo Manfredi , Stana Daniela , Roman Gabriela , Pantea Stoian Anca
Published: March 2021

Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic foot ulcer are the most frequent, but also the most disabling complications of diabetes mellitus, with a sinister impact on patients’ quality of life. Microvascular changes related to the deleterious effect of chronic hyperglycemia play an important role in the pathophysiology of both clinical entities by multiple molecular pathways. Vision-threating diabetic retinopathy may be treated by laser photocoagulation, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents and vitreoretinal surgery. Diabetic foot lesions are best treated by revascularization if needed, off-loading, infection control and therapeutic adjuncts (e.g. special dressings). Treatment should ideally be offered by a multidisciplinary expert team. Prevention and early detection, along with adequate control of glucose, lipids and arterial hypertension are of paramount importance to avoid and mitigate these fearful complications.
Multimodal Pain Management in the Setting of Palliative Care
Authors: V. Sholjakova Marija , M. Durnev Vesna
Published: March 2021

Pain as an integral part of palliative care (PC) is often present at the end of the life. Today, many different analgesics from opioids and non- opioids origin are in use. The integration of their use is the most effective method for pain relief. The aim of this chapter is to discuss different therapeutic approaches to pain management in palliative care. Palliative care is being confronted between the expectations and the possibilities to provide an efficient relief from the symptoms, the pain and the stress. The possibility to use opioids for pain management, with all side effects, and non-addictive drugs as additional treatment, improves the quality and the duration of life for the patients in palliative care. Since the origin of the pain is different, the use of analgesic therapy should be individualized and adapted to the real need of every person. Finally, only a good organization and institutionalization of palliative care in the society could allow for better prevention of suffering at the end of the life.
Digital On-Chip Calibration of Analog Systems towards Enhanced Reliability
Authors: Sovcik Michal , Nagy Lukas , Stopjakova Viera , Arbet Daniel
Published: March 2021

This chapter deals with digital method of calibration for analog integrated circuits as a means of extending its lifetime and reliability, which consequently affects the reliability the analog electronic system as a whole. The proposed method can compensate for drift in circuit’s electrical parameters, which occurs either in a long term due to aging and electrical stress or it is rather more acute, being caused by process, voltage and temperature variations. The chapter reveals the implementation of ultra-low voltage on-chip system of digitally calibrated variable-gain amplifier (VGA), fabricated in CMOS 130 nm technology. It operates reliably under supply voltage of 600mV with 10% variation, in temperature range from −20°C to 85°C. Simulations suggest that the system will preserve its parameters for at least 10 years of operation. Experimental verification over 10 packaged integrated circuit (IC) samples shows the input offset voltage of VGA is suppressed in range of 13μV to 167μV. With calibration the VGA closely meets its nominally designed essential specifications as voltage gain or bandwidth. Digital calibration is comprehensively compared to its widely used alternative, Chopper stabilization through its implementation for the same VGA.
Rediscovering Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys kempii): Molecular Analysis and Threats
Authors: Angel Reyes-López Miguel , Yedith Camacho-Sánchez Fátima , E. Hart Catherine , Leal-Sepúlveda Valeria , Alan Zavala-Félix Kevin , Paúl Ley-Quiñónez César , Alonso Aguirre A. , Alfredo Zavala-Norzagaray Alan
Published: March 2021

Sea turtles are reptiles that have inhabited the earth for 100 million years. These are divided into 2 families (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae) and 7 species of sea turtles in the world: the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea); hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata); Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii); olive ridley (L. olivacea); Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta); flatback sea turtle (Natator depressus) and green turtle (Chelonia mydas). In particular, Kemp’s ridley is included in the red list of IUCN categorized as “critically endangered”. The most important site around the Word is in Rancho Nuevo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Where 80–95% of the world’s nesting is concentrated. Other nesting areas are Tepeguajes and Barra del Tordo, in Tamaulipas, and with less intensity in Veracruz (Lechuguillas and El Raudal beaches) and South Padre Island, Texas, USA. They deposit an average of about 90 eggs and hatching takes 40 to 60 days. Therefore, they are vulnerable to different anthropogenic activities and sources of pollution, such as heavy metals, which can cause toxic effects that are harmful to the turtles, damage their physiology and health. To understand the real situation about health and genetic parameters it is necessary to analyze biochemical and molecular factors in this species.
Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenicity of Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in Suburban and Rural Groundwater Supplies of Marrakesh Area (Morocco)
Authors: Lamrani Alaoui Hafsa , Oufdou Khalid , Mezrioui Nour-Eddine
Published: March 2021

This synthesis of research work considers the dynamic, antibiotic resistance, hemolytic, and hemagglutination activities of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in comparison with those of fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from suburban and rural groundwater supplies in a Marrakesh area (Morocco). In addition, it assesses the influence of some chemical factors on the distribution of all these bacterial groups. The obtained results showed that the prospected well waters contain them at varying abundance degrees while undergoing generally spatial and temporal fluctuations. The total occurrence of these bacteria during the period of study was 94%. Detectable non-O1 V. cholerae was present in 81% of the samples and the mean abundances ranged from 0 to 11100 MPN/100 ml. According to WHO standards for drinking water, they were heavily contaminated and could have significant health risks for the local population consuming them. Non-O1 V. cholerae and the other studied bacteria are virulent since most of them were found to be adhesive, producers of hemolysins and multi-resistant to antibiotics. Pollution activities around the wells lead to an increase of virulence and antimicrobial resistance in groundwater. This shows the role of these bacteria in several cases of gastro-enteric and systemic pathologies noted in Marrakech local population.
Environmental Obesogens and Human Health
Authors: Mahapatra Archisman , Gupta Priya , Suman Anjali , Kumar Singh Rahul
Published: March 2021

Obesity is an alarming public health concern that contributes to a substantially increased risk of multiple chronic disorders, including diabetes. As per WHO data, in 2016, almost 39% adult population of the world is overweight, 13% of them were obese. There is prominent evidence on the involvement of environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals, termed obesogens, in the prevalence of this growing worldwide pandemic, obesity. The exaggerated effect of obesogens on endocrine disruption, lipid metabolism and homeostasis, adipocyte functioning, impaired thermogenesis, inflammation, epigenetics, and overall human health will be covered in this chapter. This chapter will discuss the environmental obesogen hypothesis, the epidemiological and experimental evidence of obesogens, its chemical characteristics, and possible mechanism of actions. It will also focus on some recent indications of obesogens and their correlation in COVID-19 disease pathogenesis. This chapter will try to conclude with strategies for identifying the underlying mechanisms of obesogens within model systems and the human body, including future directions.
COPD-Related Factors Affect the Quality of Life of Patients
Authors: Dardouri Maha , Mallouli Manel
Published: March 2021

Over the past decades, health-related quality of life (HRQL) has become a major topic of research in the context of chronic conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). HRQL assessment became a part of the mandatory criteria for judging the effectiveness of a therapeutic care plan. COPD still imposes an enormous burden on patients and health care systems. Daily symptoms, poor pulmonary function, and medication use can affect the social and physical life components of patients. Indeed, HRQL predictors in COPD patients were controversial in the literature. To this end, we conducted a review of the literature to describe COPD-related factors that influence the HRQL of patients. This study included research articles published in English from 2010 to 2020. This review of sparse and well-designed literature gave a current state-of-the-art that could be useful for clinicians, and in establishing advanced COPD management plans.
Vanadium Pentoxide (V2O5): Their Obtaining Methods and Wide Applications
Authors: Tadeu Cestarolli Dane , Maria Guerra Elidia
Published: March 2021

The first synthesis of pentoxide vanadium (V2O5) as gel completed 135 years in 2020. Since its first synthesis, the V2O5 has attracted attention over the years in different areas in science and technology. There are several possibilities to obtain V2O5 resulting in different structures. Among these methods, it is possible to mention the sol–gel, hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis, electrospinning, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), template-based methods, reverse micelle techniques, Pechini method and electrochemical deposition that can be considered as the great asset for its varied structures and properties. Progress towards obtaining of different structures of V2O5, and phases have been resulted in lamellar structure with wide interlayer spacing, good chemical and thermal stability and thermoelectric and electrochromic properties. Throughout this advancement, its performance for industrial applications have made a strong candidate in electrochromic devices, photovoltaic cell, reversible cathode materials for Li batteries, supercapacitor, among others. This chapter will be to assist an updated review since the first synthesis up to current development.
Liposuction for Fat Transfer: The “Island Technique”
Authors: E. Amar Roger
Published: March 2021

The material harvested during liposuction is discarded but the fat used for fat grafting must be preserved and not polluted by the products used for tumescent anaesthesia. The “Island technique” used for decades during the FAMI procedure (Fat autografting Muscle Injection), provides samples of fat which had no or little contact with the lidocaine. The first step of the injection is made between the muscle and fat deposit and the second step between the deep skin layers and the same fat deposit. It is one important factor of the successful outcome of our adipose SVF grafting in hundreds of cases of reconstructive and aesthetic surgeries since 1998.
Don’t Miss Lupus
Authors: Soloway Stephen
Published: March 2021

Chapter for Lupus Book Systemic lupus erythematosus is a well-recognized multi-system disease. Hallmarks of the disorder include the prevalence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and double stranded antibodies (DNA). The disease often presents with lupus rashes and/or arthritis or arthralgias. Lupus is “the great imitator,” as no organ system is excluded, when diagnosing and treating a lupus patient. While lupus remains evasive in novel therapies with true benefit; one issue has been consistent, in that the preponderance of the evidence thus far, leads to B cell dysfunction. More recently Belimumab was indicated for use in lupus patients. This is a BLyS-Specific inhibitor (B lymphocyte stimulator) medication. At this time, I would like to focus on lupus in a manner that you are not used to hearing. Typically, any practitioner who approaches a patient with a plethora of symptoms, would order blood tests, and conclude a diagnosis of lupus. In this chapter, I will point out and focus on the need to think “outside the box” and perhaps consider lupus as simply one of various other scenarios.
Comparative analysis of video surveillance regulation in data protection laws in the former Yugoslav states
Authors: Krivokapić Đorđe , Krivokapić Danilo , Adamović Jelena , Stefanović Aleksandra
Published: March 2021

Video surveillance, the monitoring of a specific area, event, activity or person through an electronic device or a system for visual monitoring is already established as a central tool of public security policy. Video surveillance represents a starting point for implementing advanced technologies such as automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) and automatic facial recognition (AFR), which tend to become standards in many urban areas. Based on the increased use of video surveillance technologies, governments and private actors' capabilities in terms of monitoring of the population and potentially violating fundamental human rights are colossally increased. The article will provide a comparative analysis of national regulatory frameworks of video surveillance in public spaces in former Yugoslav states and its compliance with standards provided by new data protection regulatory framework, particularly General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The article will also give an overview of the major violations of the right to privacy by video surveillance and insight into and potential impact of new projects and technologies currently under deployment in the observed countries.
Fixed Lingual Retainer Positioner: A narrative review
Authors: Lakhanam Medha , Srivastava Kamna , Singh Raghavendr
Published: March 2021

Retention is one of the most critical phase of Orthodontic treatment . Angle stated that "the problem involved in retention are greater  than the difficulties being encountered in the treatment, and tests the utmost skill of the operator. The various retention appliances available include Removable retainers and bonded retainers. Removable retainers have their own advantages and disadvantages, but they need patient’s compliance to wear them.Fixed retainers consist of a length of orthodontic wire that is bonded on the lingual aspect of tooth .The major advantages of bonded retainers includes invisibility, no patient compliance required and long term retention.

 

Bonding of a lingual retainer is a challenging and technique sensitive procedure because it requires long working time and has a risk of contamination from saliva and moisture, leading to bond failure as it is difficult to adaptation of the retainer wire and further stabilization of contoured retainer wire in the oral cavity during bonding.

If retainer wire can be effectively stabilized over the lingual surface of tooth prior to bonding, bonding becomes a simple process.

Various methods used to stabilize lingual retainer before bonding  involves use of separators (Kesling and elastomeric separators), materials like resin, memosil, glue etc or use of metal Stablizers in form of W,V or use of wires .

 

The objectives of this article is to compile the different retention techniques used to stabilize the lingual retainer wire for bonding altogether at one place.

 

Keywords: Retainers, lingual aspect, Bonding, Stablization
Bullying and malocclusion in adolescence: a case report
Authors: Grassia Vincenzo , Rotolo Rossana Patricia , Nucci Ludovica , D'Apuzzo Fabrizia , Perillo Letizia
Published: March 2021

Adolescents with bad malocclusion can more often be victims of bullying and the improvement of their facial appearance through oral rehabilitation is nowadays an important issue.

The aim of this case report was to describe the orthodontic treatment in a teenager with a dentoskeletal malocclusion exposed to bullying to correct his occlusal problems and improve facial esthetics and quality of life. The patient, a boy aged 13.5 years, had a class II, division 1, malocclusion with hyperdivergent pattern, mandibular asymmetry, constricted maxillary arch and molar crossbite, increased overjet, lower mild crowding and lip sucking. A two-phase approach was necessary to achieve proper occlusion, better esthetics and promote the patient's self-esteem with consequent greater serenity of his family.
De montgolfieras y globos.
Authors: Masán Lucas Andrés
Published: March 2021

En estas páginas efectuamos una primera aproximación sobre los eventos aerostáticos en Buenos Aires durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Entendidos como espectáculos públicos inscriptos en un espacio urbano en reconfiguración, es posible advertir en la paulatina incorporación de lo aéreo cierta vocación social por interpelar a los habitantes de la ciudad. Para dar cuenta de este derrotero examinamos desde las germinales inscripciones de las montgolfieras en el imaginario local en la década de 1820 hasta la primera experiencia de globo tripulado efectuada por Bartolomé Lartet en 1856. Observamos la trayectoria de estas exhibiciones como instancias que condensan expresiones y deseos comunitarios entre los cuales es posible entrever preocupaciones de carácter social y político. En este camino los sentidos asociados al globo aerostático nos permiten ver una latente incorporación del ideario moderno basado en la novedad, la valoración de acciones temerarias y una nueva estimulación sensorial del habitante.

In these pages we make a first approximation of the aerostatic events in Buenos Aires during the first half of the 19th century. Understood as public performances inscribed in an urban space undergoing reconfiguration, it is possible to notice in the gradual incorporation of the air a social vocation for questioning the inhabitants of the city. To account for this course we examine from the germinal inscriptions of the montgolfieras in the local imagination in the 1820s to the first manned balloon experience carried out by Bartolomé Lartet in 1856. We observe the trajectory of these exhibitions as instances that condense expressions and wishes community among which it is possible to glimpse social and political concerns. In this way, the senses associated with the hot air balloon allow us to see a latent incorporation of modern ideology based on novelty, the valuation of reckless actions and a new sensory stimulation of the inhabitant.
Mother brain is wired for social moments
Authors: Shimon-Raz Ortal , Salomon Roy , Bloch Miki , Aisenberg Romano Gabi , Yeshurun Yaara , Ulmer Yaniv Adi , Zagoory-Sharon Orna , Feldman Ruth
Published: March 2021

Reorganization of the maternal brain upon childbirth triggers the species-typical maternal social behavior. These brief social moments carry profound effects on the infant's brain and likely have a distinct signature in the maternal brain. Utilizing a double-blind, within-subject oxytocin/placebo administration crossover design, mothers' brain was imaged twice using fMRI while observing three naturalistic maternal-infant contexts in the home ecology; ‘unavailable’, ‘unresponsive’, and ‘social’, when mothers engaged in synchronous peek-a-boo play. The social condition elicited greater neural response across the human caregiving network, including amygdala, VTA, hippocampus, insula, ACC, and temporal cortex. Oxytocin impacted neural response primarily to the social condition and attenuated differences between social and non-social stimuli. Greater temporal consistency emerged in the ‘social’ condition across the two imaging sessions, particularly in insula, amygdala, and TP. Findings describe how mother's brain varies by caregiving experiences and gives salience to moments of social synchrony that support infant development and brain maturation.
Effects of functional correction training on injury risk of athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Junxia , Zhang Chunhe , Chen Sheng , Zhao Yuhua
Published: March 2021

Background

We explored functional correction training using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) tool. We also analyzed the effects of training on the injuries of athletes in a systematic review and meta-analysis of non-randomized clinical trials.

Methodology

We collected twenty-four articles from PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, SPORTDiscus, Embase, WanFang, and CNKI that were published between January 1997 to September 2020. Articles were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, studies with functional correction training screened by FMS™ as the independent variable, and studies with injury risk to the athlete as the dependent variable. Data conditions included the sample size, mean, standard deviation, total FMS™ scores, number of injuries, and asymmetry movement patterns after interventions in the experimental and control groups. Exclusion criteria included: conference abstracts, cross-sectional studies, articles with retrospective study design.

Results

Twelve non-randomized trials were included in the meta-analysis. The injury risk ratio of athletes after functional correction training was 0.39 RR (95 CI [1.50–1.93]; Z = 15.53; P < 0.0001; I2 = 2.6%), indicating an improvement of athletes functional patterns.

Conclusion

Grade B evidence indicates that functional correction training based on FMS™ may improve the functional patterns of athletes and Grade D evidence indicates that it may reduce the risk of sports injury. However, the true effect is likely to be different from the estimate of the effect. Therefore, further studies are needed to explore the influence of functional correction training on the injury risks of athletes. Protocol registration: CRD42019145287.
Warming resistant corals from the Gulf of Aqaba live close to their cold-water bleaching threshold
Authors: Bellworthy Jessica , Fine Maoz
Published: March 2021

Global climate change is causing increasing variability and extremes in weather worldwide, a trend set to continue. In recent decades both anomalously warm and cold seawater temperatures have resulted in mass coral bleaching events. Whilst corals’ response to elevated temperature has justifiably attracted substantial research interest, coral physiology under cold water stress is relatively unfamiliar. The response to below typical winter water temperature was tested for two common reef building species from the Gulf of Aqaba in an ex situ experiment. Stylophora pistillata and Acropora eurystoma were exposed to 1 or 3 °C below average winter temperature and a suite of physiological parameters were assessed. At 3 °C below winter minima (ca. 18.6 °C), both species had significant declines in photosynthetic indices (maximum quantum yield, electron transport rate, saturation irradiance, and photochemical efficiency) and chlorophyll concentration compared to corals at ambient winter temperatures. It was previously unknown that corals at this site live close to their cold-water bleaching threshold and may be vulnerable as climate variability increases in magnitude. In order to determine if a cold winter reduces the known heat resistance of this population, the corals were subsequently exposed to an acute warm period at 30 °C the following summer. Exposed to above typical summer temperatures, both species showed fewer physiological deviations compared to the cold-water stress. Therefore, the cold winter experience did not increase corals’ susceptibility to above ambient summer temperatures. This study provides further support for the selection of heat tolerant genotypes colonising the Red Sea basin and thereby support the mechanism behind the Reef Refuge Hypothesis.
Genetic signatures of population bottlenecks, relatedness, and inbreeding highlight recent and novel conservation concerns in the Egyptian vulture
Authors: Blanco Guillermo , Morinha Francisco
Published: March 2021

The assessment of temporal variation in genetic features can be particularly informative on the factors behind demography and viability of wildlife populations and species. We used molecular methods to evaluate neutral genetic variation, relatedness, bottlenecks, and inbreeding in a declining population of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in central Spain. The results show that the genetic diversity remained relatively stable over a period of twelve years despite the decline in census and effective population sizes in the last decades. A relatively high proportion of nestlings from different and distant territories showed high relatedness in each study year. We also found support for an increasing impact of severe recent (contemporary) rather than distant (historical) past demographic bottlenecks, and the first evidence of inbred mating between full siblings coinciding with lethal malformations in offspring. The inbred nestling with feather malformations was positive to beak and feather disease virus recorded for the first time in this species. These results alert on recent and novel threats potentially affecting health and reducing the adaptive potential of individuals in this threatened species.
Marduk the Fisherman
Authors: Wisnom Selena
Published: March 2021

This note considers Marduk’s use of the net in Enūma eliš. This weapon is usually assumed to be a net for catching birds inherited from Marduk’s relationship to Ninurta mythology, since Ninurta’s opponent in battle was the demonic bird Anzû. Here it is suggested that the net can also be used as a fishing net and portrays Marduk as a fisherman. This coheres with the nature of Marduk’s opponent, Ti’āmtu, whose name means sea, and also fits into the depiction of Marduk taking over from Enlil as chief god in Enūma eliš, since Enlil is also described as both fisher and fowler in Sumerian texts . Thus an image that is sometimes thought to be awkwardly borrowed is shown to be coherently integrated after all, adding another dimension to the depiction of Marduk in battle .
On the Existence of Time Delay for Rotating Beam with Proportional–Derivative Controller
Authors: Amer Y. A. , Bahnasy Taher A. , Elmhlawy Ashraf M.
Published: March 2021

A rotating beam at varying speed mathematical model is studied. Multiple time scales method is applied to the nonlinear system of differential equations and investigated the system behavior approximate solution in the instance of resonance case. We studied the system in case of applying the delayed control on the displacement and the velocity with Proportional–derivative (PD) controller. The consistency of the steady state solution in the near-resonance case is reviewed and analyzed using the Routh-Huriwitz approach. The factors on the steady state solution of the various parameters are recognized and discussed. Simulation effects are obtained using MATLAB software package. Different response curves are involved to show and compare controller effects at various system parameters.
Determination of Bioactive Compounds and Antimicrobial Capabilities of Purified Allium sativum Extract to Multidrug Resistant Enteric Bacteria
Authors: Adenola O. J. , Adeleke S. T.
Published: March 2021

There is much concern on spread of pathogenic enteric bacteria and there resistance to commercially available antibiotics. There is a need for development of a new reliable drug for the treatment of diseases caused by these bacteria. This study determines the antimicrobial capabilities of purified Allim sativum extract to multidrug resistant enteric bacteria. In-vitro antibacterial properties of the extract was carried out using agar well diffusion technique against antibiotics resistant enteric bacteria. The results revealed that Seven fractions of partially purified water extract of Allium sativum (fraction 5-11) had significant zone of inhibition to the test enteric bacteria. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) spectra revealed the presence of 24 functional groups in functional groups in water extract of A. sativum. Also, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry revealed the presence of different compounds in water extract of Allium sativum.
Assessing the performance of an automated breast treatment planning software
Authors: Dragojević Irena , Hoisak Jeremy D. P. , Mansy Gina J. , Rahn Douglas A. , Manger Ryan P.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

To assess the dosimetric performance of an automated breast planning software.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 15 breast cancer patients treated with tangent fields according to the RTOG 1005 protocol and 30 patients treated off‐protocol. Planning with electronic compensators (eComps) via manual, iterative fluence editing was compared to an automated planning program called EZFluence (EZF) (Radformation, Inc.). We compared the minimum dose received by 95% of the volume (D95%), D90%, the volume receiving at least 105% of prescription (V105%), V95%, the conformity index of the V95% and PTV volumes (CI95%), and total monitor units (MUs). The PTV_Eval structure generated by EZF was compared to the RTOG 1005 breast PTV_Eval structure.

Results

The average D95% was significantly greater for the EZF plans, 95.0%, vs. the original plans 93.2% (P = 0.022). CI95% was less for the EZF plans, 1.18, than the original plans, 1.48 (P = 0.09). D90% was only slightly greater for EZF, averaging at 98.3% for EZF plans and 97.3% for the original plans (P = 0.0483). V105% (cc) was, on average, 27.8cc less in the EZF breast plans, which was significantly less than for those manually planned. The average number of MUs for the EZF plans, 453, was significantly less than original protocol plans, 500 (P = 8 × 10−6). The average difference between the protocol PTV volume and the EZF PTV volume was 196 cc, with all but two cases having a larger EZF PTV volume (P = 0.020).

Conclusion

EZF improved dose homogeneity, coverage, and MU efficiency vs. manually produced eComp plans. The EZF‐generated PTV eval is based on the volume encompassed by the tangents, and is not appropriate for dosimetric comparison to constraints for RTOG 1005 PTV eval. EZF produced dosimetrically similar or superior plans to manual, iteratively derived plans and may also offer time and efficiency benefits.
Solvent‐Assisted Kinetic Trapping in Quaternary Perovskites
Authors: Parmar Darshan H. , Pina Joao M. , Choubisa Hitarth , Bappi Golam , Bertens Koen , Sargent Edward H.
Published: March 2021

Engineering halide perovskites through alloying allows synthesis of materials having tuned electronic and optical properties; however, synthesizing many of these alloys is hindered by the formation of demixed phases arising due to thermodynamically unstable crystal structures. Methods have been developed to make such alloys, such as solid‐phase reactions, chemical vapor deposition, and mechanical grinding; but these are incompatible with low‐temperature solution‐processing and monolithic integration, precluding a number of important applications of these materials. Here, solvent‐phase kinetic trapping (SPKT), an approach that enables the synthesis of novel thermodynamically unfavored perovskite alloys, is developed. SPKT is used to synthesize Cs1−xRbxPbCl3 and report the first instance of ultraviolet emission in polycrystalline perovskite thin films. SPKT leads to materials exhibiting superior thermal and photostability compared to non‐kinetically trapped materials of the same precursors. Transient absorption spectroscopy of the kinetically trapped material reveals improved optical properties: greater absorption, and longer ground‐state bleach lifetimes. SPKT may be applied to other perovskites to realize improved material properties while benefiting from facile solution‐processing.
Vertically Oriented Cu2+1O@Cu‐MOFs Hybrid Clusters for High‐Performance Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Zheng Kun , Tan Hua , Wang Lihua , Liu Jingquan , Ding Meichun , Jia Dedong
Published: March 2021

The study of metal–organic framework (MOF) as supercapacitor materials has attracted much attention. Here, a novel vapor‐phase approach is developed to in situ grow arrays of Cu2+1O (Cu2O with metal excess defects) @Cu‐MOF clusters on copper foam (CF) from the well‐aligned Cu(OH)2 nanorods in response to the exposure in the ligand gas. Benefiting from highly oriented and hierarchical structure of Cu‐MOF clusters arrays, synergistic effect between Cu2+1O and Cu‐MOF, and intimate connection of Cu2+1O@Cu‐MOF and CF, the Cu2+1O@Cu‐MOF/CF displays enhanced specific capacitance compared to Cu(OH)2/CF and Cu2+1O/CF (≈2.5 F cm−2 vs ≈0.8 and 0.9 F cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2). The quantitative analysis reveals that the capacitance of the Cu2+1O@Cu‐MOF/CF is largely contributed by the surface capacitive processes, consisting of double‐layer capacitance coming from porous Cu‐MOF and Faradaic capacitance rooting from Cu ion. The asymmetric supercapacitor of Cu2+1O@Cu‐MOF/CF//AC achieves high energy density of 38.3 Wh kg−1 at power density of 824.6 W kg−1 with capacitance retention of 90% after 5000 cycles. This study provides new avenue for in situ growth of MOF as electrodes for supercapacitors, by directly using high conductive metal as precursor through vapor‐phase approach, rather than traditional combination of linkers and metal salts in organic solvent.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells‐Based Targeting Delivery System: Therapeutic Promises and Immunomodulation against Tumor
Authors: Zhang Tianyuan , Huang Ting , Su Yuanqin , Gao Jianqing
Published: March 2021

The inherent homing ability toward tumor sites of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after systemic delivery has, during the past decade, created an impetus to develop these stem cells as living carriers for successful tumor‐targeted therapy. Nevertheless, the controversies about the role of MSCs in promoting or inhibiting tumor progress are impeding the potential clinical application of this system, which is partly due to the contradictory immunomodulation capability. Therefore, in this review, updated progress in the applications of MSCs as the cellular carrier for tumor‐targeting therapy, are summarized. In addition, the immunomodulating capability of MSCs and its influences on tumor progress and metastasis are highlighted. Finally, the advantages and potential risks of MSCs concerning their modulation of immune responses and the factors determining their immune properties are emphasized. It is hoped that the challenges surrounding the impacts on immune response induced by the administration of MSCs summarized in this review will provide a critical guidance for the rational design and proper application of MSCs‐based targeting delivery system for tumor therapy.