bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Erueti Andrew
Published: March 2022

This book offers a distinctive approach to the key international instrument on indigenous rights, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Declaration), based on a new account of the political history of the international indigenous movement as it intersected with the Declaration’s negotiation. The current orthodoxy is to read the Declaration as containing human rights adapted to the indigenous situation. However, this reading does not do full justice to the complexity and diversity of indigenous peoples’ participation in the Declaration negotiations. Instead, the book argues that the Declaration should be subject to a novel, mixed-model reading that views the Declaration as embodying two distinct normative strands that serve different types of indigenous peoples. Not only is this model supported by the Declaration’s political history and legal argument, it also provides a new and compelling theory of the bases of international indigenous rights while clarifying the vexed question of who qualifies as indigenous for the purposes of international law.
The Declaration and the Decolonization Model
Authors: Erueti Andrew
Published: March 2022

Chapter 1 tracks the origins of international indigenous rights in the indigenous movements that emerged within the Anglo-settler states of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States (CANZUS or Northern states). It discusses the advocacy work of indigenous advocates of the CANZUS states in the UN and the arguments and strategies available to them—including the human rights, minorities, and decolonization models. The chapter demonstrates that it was the decolonization model that led to the inclusion of rights to self-determination and self-government among other breakthrough rights in the Declaration. Human rights were critical to these advocates but principally as a means to advance their claims to self-determination.
The Declaration and the Mixed Model Interpretative Approach
Authors: Erueti Andrew
Published: March 2022

The history of Declaration negotiations outlined in Chapters 1 and 2 reveal several competing interpretative models for the Declaration, all of which have fundamental implications for its implementation. On the one hand, is the human rights model championed by James Anaya and many indigenous advocates, and now the conventional means of reading the Declaration. On the other hand, is the decolonization model and the mixed model advanced by Northern states that incorporate elements of human rights and “aspirations.” In contrast, this chapter offers a new, interpretative approach—a mixed model that incorporates both the decolonization and human rights models. The chapter also presents the case for the mixed model’s legal value drawing on Ian Johnstone’s theory of an “interpretive community” in international lawmaking and Thomas Franck’s criteria on legitimacy of international norms.
Conclusion
Authors: Erueti Andrew
Published: March 2022

The last chapter concludes with a critique of recent scholarship that emphasizes the need for indigenous advocates to focus on domestic law and politics in seeking reforms, relegating the Declaration to an inspirational expression of high ideals. This recent turn to the local, however, fails to appreciate the role the Declaration has already played in influencing indigenous rights reforms. Moreover, this scholarship fails to appreciate the potential normative significance of the mixed model for local implementation of indigenous rights, thus underscoring that the mixed model, and the decolonization model in particular, has been lost from view.
What Is the Yijing?
Authors: Adler Joseph A.
Published: March 2022

The first chapter identifies the general nature, structure, and function of the Yijing. It explains the difference between its two names in Chinese, Zhouyi and Yijing, and summarizes the process by which the Zhouyi was “Confucianized,” thereby becoming the Yijing. Its earliest form, the sixty-four hexagrams (six-line diagrams), was attributed to the mythic sage Fuxi, China’s original “culture-hero.” Its earliest textual level (short statements accompanying each hexagram) was attributed to the first king of the Zhou dynasty (1045–256 BCE), King Wen. The chapter concludes by outlining the major philosophical and cosmological concepts embodied in the text (e.g. dao, qi, yin-yang) and the graphic figures (trigrams and hexagrams) that constitute its core.
Why the Yijing?
Authors: Adler Joseph A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter offers speculation as to the reasons for the Yijing’s influence on Chinese thought for over two millennia and its worldwide popularity for the past century or so. From a philosophical standpoint, the main idea is that the Yi embodies a worldview in which the natural order (what is) and the moral order (what ought to be) are fully integrated. This has been a bedrock assumption in Chinese religious thought from its earliest known forms, and appeals to many today who prefer a worldview that does not locate truth, goodness, and ultimate meaning outside the realm of lived experience.
Imperial Fantasies
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

George Lynes was a dreamy child with a willful temperament. He was born 1907 in East Orange, New Jersey, of a father who abandoned the law to minister in the Episcopal Church and a mother who descended from a Southern family and had graduated New York’s Hunter College. George occasionally lorded it over his younger brother Russell as they grew up in the idyllic New England town of Great Barrington in the Berkshires where their father, Joseph Russell Lynes, was rector of St. James Episcopal Church. George once regaled a local barber with the imperial fantasy that he was really an escaped “Russian prince” who had been brought to live with a minister and his wife. But the boy inherited a lifelong taste for comfortable surroundings from a paternal great-grandfather, George Platt, an English immigrant who built a business in blinds and furnishings to become an interior decorator.
The Great Barrington Boy
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

Age eleven, George enters the Fessenden School near Boston where the 1918 “Spanish flu” interrupts the first semester, yet the Great War’s Armistice is celebrated. By spring, George hopes he and his father can watch the parade of returning troops. The Lynes family moves to Jersey City where Dr. Lynes assumes the rectorship of St. Paul’s Church. Concerned his sons enter the Ivy Leagues, Dr. Lynes has George enrolled in the Berkshire School for Boys near Great Barrington. Its headmaster, Seaver Burton Buck, inculcates the trusted values of “muscular Christianity” into a boarding school where sports competition is as honored as academic excellence. George is an enthusiast of neither but is taken by classmate Lincoln Kirstein for a “poseur” who “fancies he is pretty to look at.” The Lyneses and Seaver Buck are tacitly aware of George’s “kittenish” disposition toward the hardier boys, but never express outright their suspicions of his homosexuality.
“Baby George” at the Stein Salon
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

July 1925: George, already in Paris two months for preparatory coursework before entering Yale, sails with his mother to Italy. They see the sites in Rome, Florence, and Venice, with George’s cultural education distracted by the beauty of tawny Italian youth. Back in Paris in the fall, under the watchful eye of cousins Kate and Walter Hardy, his academic courses take second place to his investigation of the Paris literary scene—Sylvia Beach’s Shakespeare & Co. and the sexually bohemian café The Strix—as well as louche nighttime delights like jazz at La Revue Nègre. Through the well-connected Hardys, George is introduced to Gertrude Stein’s salon. There, eighteen-year-old George’s literary interests charm Stein and her young 1920s artist-acolytes, including gay poet René Crevel. Early in 1926, Stein’s “Baby George” returns home to Englewood, New Jersey, with her permission to publish a pamphlet of her stream-of-consciousness “Descriptions of Literature.”
The Hôtel Welcome, Jean Cocteau, and the Return to Paris
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

At La Cabane, George re-establishes his romance with Monie and enjoys drinking and gambling in glamorous Monte Carlo. He and Monie tour Corsica, delighting in evening walks, the silent cinema, and sunbathing. George documents the trip with Monie’s fold-up Kodak. In Villefranche, George starts to write, hoping to acquit himself in Monroe’s eyes. By summer he finds a writing studio near the Italian frontier, keeping brother Russell informed of his brief melancholy and homesickness. By fall, George discards a text of 25,000 words but feigns equanimity. Back in Paris, Monie and Glen share an apartment; George takes a hotel room. He plunges into a full social life, reacquainting with Gertrude Stein’s artistic circle and friends of Monie and Glen. Jacques Guérin enters Glenway’s life. American heiress Barbara Harrison enters the Wheeler-Wescott-Lynes coterie. Returning to America, George has notable outdoor Kodak portraits of Gertrude Stein and Jean Cocteau collected among his snapshots.
You’ve Got to Have Friends
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

In fall 1930, George complains of commissions to make “school-girls beautifully vague.” Around the new year, he shares an apartment with Lloyd for several months. He frequents the tony salon of Kirk and Constance Agnew—tea at five, cocktails at six—while still haunting Romany Marie’s Village tavern with Lloyd. Through his friend, Southerner Fannie Cottonet, a portrait show supported by H. T. (Harry) Leggett takes shape. Through John McAndrew, a young architect assisting the ambitious gallerist Julien Levy, another Lynes photo show emerges. The Leggett show promises commercial success; the Levy show points toward an “artistic” goal. Miss Cottonet introduces George to high-end cultural subjects like violinist Efrem Zimbalist and his wife, opera singer Alma Gluck. George is cheered to have so much friendly new support. Barbara Harrison covers George’s Atlantic crossing in May 1931. By then, his Leggett show has been scheduled for the coming fall and the Levy Gallery show for early 1932.
Gertrude in Clover Amiably
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

George sails in late May 1931—Julien and Joella Levy also on board. George meets a few prominent passengers, like conductor Alexander Smallens. He first stays in a modest Paris hotel, then moves into Jean Guérin’s empty flat through summer, determined to visit Gertrude Stein in Bilignin for sociability and a formal sitting. Meanwhile, he has advertising jobs for the Guérin family’s Parfums d’Orsay and portrait commissions. At Stein’s country abode, George takes a portrait of her strong profile overlooking the hills and valleys in the distance; he also manages an informal shot of himself taking tea with Stein and Toklas. Stein’s profile portrait will eventually have public import. Returned to Paris, George next travels through Austria and Germany with Monie, Glen, and Barbara, attending the Salzburg Festival. Glenway observes changing conditions in Germany for a new book. Barbara gifts George a pet dachshund he christens “Claus von Wiesbaden.”
Twice a Debutante
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

Returned home, George visits brother Russell at Yale, reestablishing their sibling affection. He prepares the North Egremont house for winter, delighting in the autumn foliage. In New York City, George joins Lloyd and John McAndrew in a flat where he tolerates his roommates’ decor simply to have a place to photograph. He plans two upcoming exhibitions, wary that H. T. Leggett’s gallery in the reopened Waldorf-Astoria may impose a financial cost. He complains that Julien Levy enlists him as a “Surrealist.” George disapproves of Levy’s “Jewish instinct” for “gouging,” and is dubious being paired with Walker Evans, a more established photographer. He dismisses press reviews of the Levy show, although their mention of his new “toning process” encourages Mehemed Agha of Vanity Fair to invite George to submit a portfolio. The Leggett show, with a wittily designed invitation by Monroe, displays George recent portraits of notables like Aaron Copland, Muriel Draper, and Gertrude Stein.
The Mural Show and a Threat of Marriage
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

Monroe arrives in New York in time for George’s Leggett show, then visits his family in Evanston. Lynes publishes a picture in Vanity Fair and others in several Northeast exhibitions. George participates in Lincoln Kirstein’s “mural show” at MOMA, which includes works by Lynes’s peers and the eminent Edward Steichen. The photo murals are better reviewed than the paintings. George worries how to return to Paris with Monroe but manages the expense. His most significant portrait of summer 1932 is of André Gide. Southern writer Katherine Anne Porter enters the Harrison of Paris circle. George returns home in September to the shock of little Claus’s death. His studio is again at the Englewood rectory, now with prospects for solid commercial work. George grows concerned that Monroe and Barbara’s planned trip of several months to China will result in their marriage. Then, in early December, the Reverend Lynes dies of a heart attack at age fifty-three.
Four Saints and a Ménage-à-Trois
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

In fall 1933, Barbara Harrison rests at a Swiss sanitarium for a spot of TB. Monroe keeps her company. George fears this will thwart Monie’s planned visit to New York. George’s socializing leads him to prominent commercial portrait subjects. Russell and Mildred join George at Adelaide’s guest inn. Monroe arrives around Thanksgiving but travels to Evanston for Christmas. Barbara invites Katherine Anne Porter to join her in Davos to complete her next HOP project, the story “Hacienda.” Gertrude Stein and Virgil Thomson’s Four Saints in Three Acts, involving a roster of transatlantic creators, premiers at Hartford’s Wadsworth Atheneum. George photographs choreographer Frederick Ashton with three African American male dancers, revealing the era’s “negrophilia” and racialized homosexual tropes. Four Saints manages a brief Broadway production. Lloyd and Mildred wed in May 1934. Monroe and Glenway settle in New York, then in summer join George to share a larger flat at 89th and Madison.
A Return to Paris; Bachelor and PaJaMa Parties
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

In early 1937, George sails with Harper’s Bazaar editor Carmel Snow for work in Paris. George adapts to Snow’s demanding style but socializes with old friends like Eardley Knollys and Jacques Guérin. George photographs the “weird giantess,” English poet Edith Sitwell. He crosses to London for additional assignments. Returned to New York City, George has four portraits in MOMA’s massive historical survey “Photography: 1839–1937,” including a striking new Cocteau portrait. GPL is prominently featured in an innovative arts and fashion magazine, Bachelor, discreetly targeting cosmopolitan homosexuals. Via Lincoln Kirstein, George befriends three notable “realist” painters, Paul Cadmus, his lover Jared French, and Jared’s wife Margaret Hoenig. Forming the photography collective PaJaMa, the trio document male friends on the summer beaches of the Northeast in ritualistic poses. Kirstein will marry Paul’s sister Fidelma, while the PaJaMa threesome, visitors to Stone-blossom, frequently sketch portraits of George, Monroe, and Glenway, members of the so-called Homintern.
The Affair Beaton and a Conversation Piece
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

Glenway’s autobiographical story (published posthumously) “A Visit to Priapus” reveals him living chastely under a spell cast by Monroe and George. Glenway’s journals show George frankly rebuffing Glenway’s sexual interest. Wescott sees himself as a falcon submitting to George, the falconer. This metaphor animates Glenway’s novella The Pilgrim Hawk. George is profiled in Coronet magazine, a condescending piece ambivalent about his work and rife with homophobic insinuation. Cecil Beaton publishes in Vogue an illustration with texts depicting New York nightlife including the term “damned kikes.” Condé Nast is forced to dismiss Beaton. The scandal requires reprinting of 130,000 copies and reveals the anti-Semitism of Café Society. The close friendships among the PaJaMa trio and “the boys” encourage Jared French to paint a triptych of frontal nudes of George, Monroe, and Glenway. Cadmus paints a scene of the three men lounging on Stone-blossom’s property. Titled Conversation Piece, it strongly evokes a domestic same-sex trio.
An Anthology of Faces at Pierre Matisse
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

George, at the apex of his career, is habitually on the financial brink. Monie is elevated at MOMA to director of publications and exhibitions. Glenway’s The Pilgrim Hawk is well received. Russell and Mildred become parents. Young George Tichenor is hired at 640 Madison. George is smitten, so “Tich” occasionally models. Hitler marches into Poland in September 1939. France falls by June 1940. In March 1941, George vacations in the Bahamas at wealthy lesbian eccentric Marion “Joe” Carstairs’s island paradise. America’s 1941 Lend-Lease Act aids Britain. “Tich” joins the American-British Ambulance Corps (ABBC). Sailing aboard the Zamzam to South Africa, he and fellow volunteers are shelled by the Germans. Tich’s fate is unknown for weeks, though ultimately the Americans are repatriated. In November 1941, George shows “two hundred portraits” at the Pierre Matisse Gallery, consolidating his reputation as a premier photographic portraitist. Soon after, the bombing of Pearl Harbor brings America into World War II.
Exiles in Paradise
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

In May 1946, George drives to Hollywood with “Dougie,” Russell, and Mildred. He looks for a house to buy. Russell and Mildred lend $20,000 toward its purchase, secured by a chattel mortgage on George’s art works. Meanwhile, George has “squatter’s rights” to a studio arranged by Vogue. Soon he is introduced at Hollywood parties, a favorite of Janet Gaynor and husband “Adrian.” George sees visiting New York friends and old chums Katherine Anne Porter and Isherwood, both writing for movies. Awaiting completion of the Vogue studio, George enlists his house for workspace. His sittings catch new cinema heartthrobs Kirk Douglas, Burt Lancaster, and Frenchman Louis Jourdan. Culturally elevated subjects include West Coast German/Austrian émigrés Bertolt Brecht, Arnold Schoenberg, and Thomas Mann. The last produces a telling account of a German intellectual exiled to the manicured environs of sunny Hollywood. George maintains a wistful correspondence with Monroe. He travels to Hawaii for a Vogue article.
“Vogue-vagueness”
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

George is frustrated by Alexander Liberman’s displeasure with his Mann portraits and by delayed completion of Vogue Studio. House renovation costs discourage travel East. His decorators initiate a lawsuit. On business in New York, George joins Vogue photographers in a group portrait by Irving Penn. Barbara Wescott is hospitalized for depression in spring 1947. In Hollywood, George invites “ice cream impresario” Wilbur Wright to rent a room with his young lover, Randy Jack. Wilbur and George do not get on, but Randy remains, sharing George’s bed. Needing new quarters, Katherine Anne moves in with George and Randy. Anticipating a return to New York City, George scouts Junco Studios for workspace. George leaves Hollywood at the end of his two-year contract. By May 1948, he and Randy stay at Russell’s before renting on East 52nd. Soon, Randy is gone. Within weeks, George takes up with an ex of Bernard Perlin’s, the appealing and self-sufficient Chuck Howard.
Dr. Kinsey, E. M. Forster, and Bob
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

In the spring of 1949, Monroe hosts a dinner honoring English novelist E. M. Forster, in New York to deliver a lecture. Monie invites Alfred C. Kinsey, whose Sexual Behavior in the Human Male was a recent best-seller. Monie and Glenway have befriended Kinsey and introduce him to artist-subjects for interview. Glenway advises Kinsey on erotic literature and pornography. George and Adelaide attend for pre-dinner drinks. Kinsey becomes interested in Lynes’s male nudes. George arranges a sitting with Forster and his companion, policeman Bob Buckingham, after they spend Memorial Day weekend at Stone-blossom. The pictures capture the couple in direct appeal to the camera, Buckingham matinee-idol handsome, and owlish Forster in colloquy with his own thoughts. Kirstein’s Ballet Society premieres Stravinsky-Balanchine’s Orpheus, encouraging New York City Center to have Kirstein form the New York City Ballet in 1948. In 1950, Lynes poses the male principals nude in Orpheus’s central pas de deux, creating a sublime suite of images.
The Great Barrington Boy II
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

George Platt Lynes’s photographer friend Harold Griffith, acting as Russell’s agent, purchases George’s equipment at auction, which George “borrows” back from Russell. The sale satisfies the IRS claim. George declares bankruptcy, thus avoiding payment on the disputed Hollywood decorating bill. By summer 1952, local crime convinces George to leave Hell’s Kitchen for Russell’s. Young “Buddy” McCarthy visits from Boston to model and share George’s bed. George invites Buddy to live with him, but Buddy demurs. Sam Steward recommends a “Negro” youth, Johnny Leaphart, as a model and sexual prospect. George poses him and Buddy for sensual nude images together, producing a classic Lynes picture, “Man in His Element.” George moves to East 61st Street. His finances remain shaky. George shoots a studio series of a lithe blond stripped to the waist; his looming shadow is thrown upon the rear wall. One is entitled “The Great Barrington Boy”—nearly a doppelganger for Lynes in his youth.
A Naked Legacy
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

A 1953 New York City Christmas party: George chats up Isherwood and his young lover, Don Bachardy. In his studio, George poses Don who, “dazzled,” submits to George’s seduction. A secret epistolary romance commences. George invites Don east, but he remains with Isherwood to study at UCLA. Meeting up months later, they agree the “affair” is over. Balanchine restages the Christmas hit The Nutcracker in 1954, but George is not invited to photograph it, unaware Kirstein accuses him of confusing friends for “customers.” Russell, also aggrieved, writes George a scathing letter. George should stop borrowing from him; he must stand on his own. George and Kinsey conduct protracted negotiations for acquiring the Lynes male nude negatives. George worries for their legacy. Katherine Anne’s recent heart attack and his own recent ill health signal the perils of an artist’s work’s posthumous dispersal. George sells many negatives to Kinsey’s Institute to assure official protection.
Conceptualizing Timbre: From Material to Metaphor
Authors: Wallmark Zachary
Published: March 2022

The chapter explores the semantics of timbre through an analysis of the metaphorical conventions of timbre description, particularly its ubiquitous crossmodal comparisons to vision and touch. Accounting for this synesthetic borrowing using cognitive linguistic methods—including image schema and conceptual metaphor theory—it argues that common verbal descriptions of timbre reflect coherent, embodied, and fundamentally transformative characteristics of sonic experience. Evidence for this timbre sematic theory is drawn from the author’s perceptual and corpus linguistic research on how we verbalize aspects of timbre. It identifies a number of common metaphorical mappings for timbre and concludes by proposing a theory of timbre concepts. Demonstrating the shared processing of timbre, metaphor, and other sensory domains, the chapter affirms that words for timbre are not just descriptive, but performative.
The Aural Face
Authors: Wallmark Zachary
Published: March 2022

The concluding chapter explores the social dimensions of listening to timbre, specifically its role in empathy. It argues that qualities of vocal and instrumental timbre perceived as noisy are often mapped onto the social groups that produce it. Thus, acoustical noisiness can reinforce difference. The chapter reviews instances in American cultural history when perceptions of noisy timbre were linked to discourses of race, ethnicity, and class. It explores the role of vocal timbre in Alan Lomax’s controversial Cantometrics, which systematically conflates timbre interpretation with cultural interpretation. Drawing on Levinas’s ethical concept of the “face,” the chapter concludes with an exploration of the ethical stakes of listening to another’s “aural face” through timbre.
Introduction
Authors: Robillard Michael J. , Strawser Bradley J.
Published: March 2022

In this introductory chapter, we outline the main themes of the book and motivate the overall research project on the moral exploitation of American soldiers. We first contextualize the present moment modern soldiers find themselves in relationship to the broader society and highlight the feelings of discomfort many soldiers have with displays of gratitude towards them by civilians and various institutions, businesses, sporting events, and more. We then go onto to describe descriptions of this unease that we have heard from countless soldiers and contend that we believe this feeling of discontent and related phenomena can be at least partially explained through the concept of moral exploitation. We cose the chapter with an important caveat about what we call the “veteran paradox” wherein work such as ours runs the risk of either valorizing or victimizing veterans; we intend to do neither.
Connections
Authors: Robillard Michael J. , Strawser Bradley J.
Published: March 2022

In this chapter we explore several related political and moral concerns connected to the moral exploitation of soldiers as well as the strained American civil-military divide. In particular, we explore issues of veteran moral injury, suicide, and PTSD, future military technologies and future warfare, and the so-called global war on terror. All of these related moral concerns and issues, and more, often either contribute in some way to the central thesis of this book – the moral exploitation of the American soldier – or are partial consequences of that exploitation itself, even if they are not immediately caused by it. These issues constitute a network of inter-related themes which collectively point to the many downstream negative effects of our present civil-military relationship in the United States.
The Rocketeers
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on young Aden Meinel’s training and experience in Caltech’s rocket program, led by Charles Lauritsen, his son Tom Lauritsen, and Willy Fowler—specifically target rockets, barrage rockets, antisubmarine rockets, and aircraft rockets—funded first by the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) and then the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD). Marjorie Meinel also participated in the editorial section of these projects while working on her master’s degree in astronomy at Claremont Colleges. Aden trained gunners at Camp Pendleton and helped to design rocket launchers for use in World War II. Not long after Aden married Marjorie, he learned that his deferment for rocket research had not been renewed, and he was ordered to report for active duty in the US Navy.
Opportunity Knocks—Doors Open Wide
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter covers Aden Meinel’s succession to directorship of Steward Observatory at the University of Arizona upon the death of Edwin Carpenter and his focus on developing a new large-aperture telescope for the observatory, hiring new faculty, consulting for the Air Force, and eventually creating a world-class optical science education and research center supported by university President Richard Harvill. His successful NSF grant proposal funded an 84-inch telescope at the university. At the same time, he was consulting on a 48-inch telescope in Hyderabad, India. He laid out a rigorous, interdisciplinary program in optics that found support from both NSF and especially the Air Force, which was interested in surveillance and lasers. With the hire of new faculty and the enrollment of Air Force officers as graduate students, the University approved an Optical Sciences Center, which later morphed into the College of Optical Sciences on campus.
Power for the People: A Solar Odyssey
Authors: Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on the pioneering contributions of Aden and Marjorie Meinel to solar power in the 1970s. During Aden's sabbatical in 1970, they developed a detailed concept of a National Solar Power Facility based on high-temperature, large-scale, solar thermal power plants utilizing advanced thin-film selective optical coatings to increase solar power plant efficiency and cost-effectiveness substantially. Their books, Power for the People and Applied Solar Energy, contributed to the momentum of optimism for solar farms in the desert Southwest at the state and federal levels. Doubts soon arose that large-scale, solar-generated electricity would become competitive with traditional fuels, however, and funding evaporated. The Meinels, once the premier advocates of solar power, began to downplay its viability. Today, with the decline in costs, there are some 900 megawatts of Meinel-type, solar energy-generation stations operating in the California and Arizona deserts with another 400 megawatts of power stations in California.
A View to National Security
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

National defense proposals and operations of the United States during the Cold War required the breadth and depth of Aden Meinel’s knowledge and expertise in optics and rockets; as a consequence, he was recruited as a special scientific consultant—at high clearance levels—for aerial surveillance operations from 1962 to at least the early 1970s by the CIA, the Air Force, and civilian corporations such as Itek. This chapter traces his involvement in camera optics for satellites (CORONA, GAMBIT, HEXAGON) and spy planes (Lockheed A-12 or OXCART) overflying strategic sites, as well as his collaboration with fellow scientists Albert “Bud” Wheelon in the CIA, General Lew Allen, Jr., of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Director Brockway McMillan of the National Reconnaissance Office, and Edwin Land of Polaroid.
In Space at Last
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses how Aden and Marjorie Meinel were hired at NASA/JPL and their contributions in six major areas: (1) the large deployable reflector system study to create technology fundamental to the James Webb Space Telescope; (2) the Thousand Astronomical Unit (TAU) mission to make high-precision, fundamental measurements of the distance from Earth to most objects in this galaxy; (3) space optical systems for the detection and characterization of exoplanets; (4) interferometry to recover images across the surface of stars, measure precision stellar motions, and reveal details of planetary formation and evolution; (5) repair of the Hubble Space Telescope; and (6) the ground-based Advanced Electro Optical System (AEOS) telescope of the Air Force. The chapter ends with the awards Aden and Marjorie both received and their deaths in 2011 and 2008, respectively.
Slowly Fades the Supernova
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter is devoted to the legacy of Aden and Marjorie Meinel in several areas, including astronomy, optical fabrication and testing, engineering and education in the optical sciences, the foundations of solar thermal energy independence, national defense, and major education facilities. From Yerkes Observatory Aden recruited the eminent Gerard Kuiper to join the faculty at the University of Arizona, who later founded the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL). The Meinels influenced the lives of perhaps millions of people around the globe, not only by their international lectures, publications, and pioneering solar power farms, but also by assisting in telescope design and construction in India and China. Aden’s comprehensive understanding of observational astronomy and atmospheric physics led to his selection of Kitt Peak mountain for the U.S. National Observatory. Aden’s character is revealed in reminiscences by former students.
Introduction
Authors: Long Tom
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces the book’s concept of small states and situates it in broader debates about what constitutes a small state in International Relations scholarship and diplomatic practice. Earlier approaches often emphasized material characteristics like population or economic and military weight. This chapter explains the book’s relational approach to small states. Instead of seeking a fixed category of small states, scholars should consider size within the context of states’ relationships. Small states are constituted by their positions in salient, asymmetrical relationships, not by fixed characteristics. Finally, the chapter describes the organization of the remainder of the book.
Small States in a Global Economy
Authors: Long Tom
Published: March 2022

Chapter 6 focuses on case studies of small states’ pursuit of their goals in the realm of international political economy. There is considerable debate about small states’ positions in the global economy. While they are often treated as dependent and highly vulnerable to the whims of global markets, small states have also shown considerable resilience and ability to thrive in economic niches. This chapter’s cases examine specific economic issues in small states’ relationships with larger powers. The chapter pairs successful and unsuccessful cases by region (Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Europe). It covers issues like international aid, debt negotiations, and foreign investment in natural resources and infrastructure. The cases include major power relations with Rwanda, Zambia, Bolivia, Paraguay, Malaysia, Myanmar, Portugal, and Greece. These states’ success varied, but robust and well-supported plans, maintaining multiple partners, and advancing a persuasive narrative helped several achieve important goals.
Institutions, Law, and Norms
Authors: Long Tom
Published: March 2022

Chapter 7 addresses issues that are less amenable to dyadic analysis, especially through institutions, law, and norms, typically assigned high value by small states. Working through institutions, law, and norms allows non–great powers the possibility of gaining lasting, if diffuse, changes to international politics. The chapter explores small states’ impact in climate and environment, human rights, regional organizations, and global public health. These topics bring additional evidence to bear on the book’s treatment of the global environment as emphasized in Chapter 2. They also provide greater scope for assessing how small states’ relations with one another—not just with large states—matter. For small states, such issues are central and may assume greater immediacy than “traditional” concerns. Institutions, law, and norms allow small states opportunities to shape core security and economic issues while avoiding confrontation and playing to their strengths.
An Inquiry about the Relation between Action and Its Results
Authors: Fan Wenli
Published: March 2022

This chapter offers a philosophically sophisticated defense of the Buddhist account of karma in the face of critiques by non-Buddhist philosophers, such as Kumārila and Uddyotakara. The authors show how, if the concept of causality is available, Buddhists can provide reductive accounts of a variety of ordinary concepts and thereby establish the consistency of their views about karma with the doctrine of no-self. They then consider deep and powerful objections against the possibility of a Buddhist understanding of causality, including a version of the argument of the three times. In response, the authors propose a sophisticated regularity theory of causation, showing how an understanding of causality as based on regularities in our experience can permit causal relations to obtain conventionally, even if all things are without causal activity (nirvyāpāra).
What Transfers?
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

This chapter addresses what rights entitlements and obligations are—and are not—inherited by the transferee on a transfer of an undertaking falling within the scope of TUPE. In relation to individual rights, the chapter addresses what is transferred and what is not transferring, focusing on issues such as discretionary entitlement, personal injury claims, restrictive covenants, bonus entitlements, share options, continuity of employment, mobility clauses, collectively agreed terms, and national minimum wage obligations. The transfer of collective agreements and of trade union recognition is also addressed as well as the impact of a TUPE transfer on industrial action.
Collective Information and Consultation
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

In this chapter the detailed collective information and consultation obligations imposed on transferors and transferees in relation to transfers falling within the scope of TUPE are addressed. After an overview of the structure of the legislation in relation to these obligations, and discussion of what constitute affected employees in respect of whom these obligations engage, the chapter addresses the information required to be discussed, including what is meant by the legal, economic, and social implications of the transfer, measures envisaged by both the transferor and transferee in connection with the transfer, and the timing and delivery of the information in question. With regard to the obligation to consult, this chapter addresses when consultation is required, who bears the obligation to consult, the specific provisions applying to micro businesses, the nature and timing of consultation, and post-transfer obligation. The statutory requirements for appropriate representatives are considered as are the remedies for breach of these obligations in terms of the level of compensation that can be awarded, the joint and several liability for any awards, the enforcement by individuals, and the ‘specific circumstances’ defence. The interaction of the TUPE information and consultation obligation with collective redundancy consultation and the obligations imposed by the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 are also considered as well as various practical considerations relating to the information and consultation process.
Pensions
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

This chapter addresses the specific treatment of pension entitlements in the context of transfers falling within the scope of TUPE. After considering the concept of occupational pension schemes, the chapter discusses the extent to which occupational pension scheme entitlements are excluded from the rights which transferring employees retain after transfer including discussion of the Beckman and Martin cases. After consideration of the issues that can arise in relation to communications with those entitled to pensions, the chapter concludes with detailed discussion of the minimum pension obligations that the Pensions Act 2004 and the Pension Protection Regulations 2005 require transferees to put in place after a transfer for those employees who transfer to their employment under TUPE.
Miscellaneous
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

This chapter covers various specific issues arising in relation to transfers falling within the scope of TUPE. The prohibition on contracting out of TUPE and its interaction with settlement agreements and conciliation are addressed before a detailed discussion of the territoriality aspects of the legislation and the application of the legislation to cross-border transfers. The responsibility for employee tax pre- and post-transfer and the tax treatment of transfer-related payments are addressed along with the implications for employees’ immigration clearance of a TUPE transfer are before consideration of the interaction of equal pay legislation and TUPE. The chapter concludes with consideration of some drafting and commercial issues arising in relation to TUPE transfers.
Pandemic Death, Response and Memory in Non-European Societies
Authors: Killingray David
Published: March 2022

The influenza pandemic of 1918–19 struck hardest the native peoples of Africa, the Americas and the Pacific. These were societies largely subject to varieties of colonial control, predominantly non-industrial and non-literate, and with low resistance to ‘old-world’ diseases. Memories of these sudden disastrous personal and communal tragedies have been retrieved from oral accounts. In east and central Africa, memory of flu was often overwhelmed by bitter recall of the social and economic miseries caused by the long and exploitative brutal First World War. Enduring memories of the pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa have been perpetuated in the many flourishing indigenous new religious movements spawned during this ‘crisis of comprehension’. High flu death rates in many Pacific islands were mentally subsumed as a continuation of the equally harsh ‘Western’ diseases that had hit the region since the nineteenth century. One immediate response was anti-colonial political activity, although in certain islands the excesses of the Second World War were more readily recalled than the high death rates of 1918–19.
‘Above All Else There Was Fear’
Authors: Filho Claudio Bertolli
Published: March 2022

This chapter sets out to explore personal memory of living in São Paulo, Brazil during the ‘Spanish’ Flu. The city was badly hit in the last quarter of 1918 by the second and most deadly wave of the influenza pandemic, when it arrived in Brazil and practically spread throughout the entire national territory. The primary source examined is a testimony, recorded in the 1980s, of Dona Rosa Fazio Fávero, who at the time of the pandemic was thirteen years old. She noted how, despite the medical measures taken by her middle-class parents to keep the family safe, one of her sisters was infected with flu, albeit in a mild form. She recalled how her parents showed sympathy to members of the neighbourhood, offering shelter and food to those most in need. From Dona Rosa’s testimony, which highlights the forms of solidarity that allowed the city to overcome the great health crisis, it is evident that this experience was remembered as a defining moment in her life.
The Overshadowing of the Memory of ‘Spanish’ Flu in Poland
Authors: Mieszkowski Łukasz
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the role of the ‘Spanish’ Flu in Polish collective memory, tracing its prolonged oblivion over the twentieth century to the revival of memory in the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-first century. The process of forgetting is charted chronologically through examples of cultural representations of the epidemic in contemporary works of fiction and quasi-religious ceremonies to a modern-day feature film. While the absence of archival records is explained, the comparative case of the policies through which the newly independent Polish state combated a contemporary typhus epidemic is discussed as a possible explanation for the suppressing of the memory of influenza. Overall, the image of the establishment of the Polish state in official propaganda could not accommodate the mishandling of the influenza epidemic crisis in the wider context of an almost complete collapse of sanitation and civilisation. On the background of such a history of forgetting, the recent prominence of the ‘Spanish’ Flu in Polish cultural and social memory a century after the events, as new-found interest was aroused by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, may not prove to last in the long term.
‘Remember Me to the Folks’
Authors: Bogaert Kandace , Humphries Mark Osborne
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores how soldiers’ deaths due to the 1918 influenza pandemic were commemorated, at times obscured and rediscovered within the context of the Great War. Using a remarkable collection of letters centred around one Canadian soldier as a starting point, the analysis touches on how soldiers’ families and the nation made sense of their immense loss. The story begins with the death of Gunner Sidney Moody, who was the first of many Canadian soldiers who died during the autumn wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic at Kinmel Park Military Camp in North Wales. After Sidney’s mother in Canada stopped receiving letters from her son, she began receiving heartfelt letters from hospital nursing staff and a fellow soldier who had been in hospital with Sidney. Each letter writer provided a poignant sketch of how they believed Sidney should be remembered, linking his death with wartime service and honour. Although the Great War may have overshadowed explicit public memorialisation of the 1918 influenza pandemic in the aftermath of both, to the families of soldiers who perished during the pandemic, they were inseparable.
‘The Fell Plague of Last Year’
Authors: Rice Geoffrey W.
Published: March 2022

This chapter uses new data from newspaper evidence to chart a clear pattern of declining public remembrance of the 1918 flu in New Zealand between the world wars, reaching a nadir of forgetting in the 1950s, followed by a gradual re-remembering from the 1970s, boosted by detailed academic research in the 1980s, to reach a peak of remembrance in the centenary year of 2018. Reasons for the decline in remembrance are suggested, including the distractions of the 1930s Depression and the Second World War, the advent of antibiotics and vaccines which made influenza less of a feared killer disease and the absence of social history from school and university curricula. Academic research began to reverse this decline from the 1970s: New Zealand was the first country in the world whose 1918 flu mortality was analysed from individual death records. When SARS and ‘bird flu’ revived public interest in the 1918 pandemic, New Zealand’s Pandemic Plan included specific ‘lessons’ from 1918. These were rehearsed at the unveiling of a national memorial to 1918 flu victims in November 2019, and probably contributed to New Zealand’s swift response to COVID-19.
‘The Pneumonic Influenza Is Just Part of My Life’
Authors: Hobbins Peter
Published: March 2022

In Australia, the ‘Spanish’ Flu pandemic was neither commemorated nor forgotten. In contrast with the nation’s shocking casualty rates during the First World War, mortality from the pandemic was much lower than elsewhere in the world. Across the country, few formal monuments mark either communal sacrifice or individual deaths due to ‘Spanish’ Flu. Even the preferred local moniker, ‘pneumonic influenza’, rarely features on gravestones. Yet the pandemic was never neglected by the medical profession, who continued to invoke 1918–19 as the ‘worst-case scenario’ for the impact of imported diseases. Moreover, despite the absence of public memorialisation, many community and family narratives of ‘Spanish’ Flu focused on a place-based ethics of care. In both urban and rural localities, these memories of the collective response overrode the pandemic’s traumatic impact. Often kept alive via regional repositories and personal stories, Australian community histories have emphasised fortitude, courage and charity, rather than loss or mourning. In encouraging the publication of these accounts, a 2018–19 programme fostered attempts to research and share the local impact of the pandemic in 1919. Arguing that the very ubiquity of experience obviated the need for formal commemorations, this chapter concludes that its Australian meanings remain focused on the intimate associations of family, neighbourhood and community. This project emphasises the importance of community historians as ‘partner practitioners’ in defining what is important for us to remember—and why.