bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
USE OF THE DRAMATURGICAL METAPHOR IN THE MEASUREMENT OF SELF-MONITORING
Authors: Lennox Richard
Published: May 2006

Factor analyses of the self-monitoring scale consistently reveal an acting ability factor refer to performance in the sense of theatrical entertainment and may have little to with self-presentation in real-life interactions. A set of social acting items having face validity for ability
to modify self-presentation in everyday life is shown to have very little in common with stage acting items of Snyder's Self-monitoring scale. The results point to the necessity of distinguishing between contingent and noncontingent self-presentation.
VALUE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT MEMBERS: A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON THE VOLUNTARILY CHILDLESS
Authors: Barnett Larry D. , Macdonald Richard H.
Published: May 2006

This study deals with the values of individuals who belong to the social movement which questions the traditional notion that children are a necessary part of their lives. A random sample of a nationwide organization, the National Alliance/or Optional Parenthood, was used. The main
finding is that members of this organization are more inwardly oriented than the general U.S. population. They are more interested in gaining support for their decision to remain childless than in reducing pronatalist pressure in society. Thus, their membership in a social movement is motivated
more by self-interest than in the public welfare. There is an interest in social change, but this is not as strong as the personal, immediate benefits of membership in the organization.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECT OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ON SELF-ESTEEM: A HONG KONG CASE
Authors: Cheung Tak Sing
Published: May 2006

This paper reports a piece of research that is addressed to the controversial issue whether there are sex differences in the effect of academic achievement on self esteem. The study is a large scale survey based on a representative sample of all the secondary school students in Hong
Kong. The results showed that male subjects generally had a higher score on self esteem than female ale subjects, and that while the self-esteem of male subjects were susceptible to the influence of academic achievement, the same was not true for their female counterparts. Similar findings
were established in a recent study carried out in Norway. Explanations were given to account for the similarity.
THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENCES ON THE SELF-CONCEPTS OF SOME NIGERIAN ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Olowu A. A.
Published: May 2006

A purpose-built Semantic Differential Scale was administered to 372 adolescents. One hundred and eighteen of them came from middle class homes while two hundred and fifty four came from lower socioeconomic homes. There were two hundred and sixty four boys, and one hundred and eight
girls. Their mean age was 16.7 years. The results showed that adolescents from middle class homes had more significantly positive self-concepts than those from lower class homes. The lower class adolescents had more positive self-concepts than their counterparts on only the religious –
non-religious scale (p < .001). The observed differences were discussed. It was suggested that concerted effort should be made in homes and schools to enhance the self-concepts of adolescents, particularly those from low socio-economic status groups.
DEATH ANXIETY, MENTAL HEALTH AND LENGTH OF INCARCERATION IN MALE FELONS
Authors: Schumaker Jack F , Groth-Marnat Gary , Dougherty Frank I. , Barwick Kimberlea C.
Published: May 2006

The present study employed the Templer Death Anxiety Scale and the Langer Mental Health Scale in examining death anxiety and mental health as a function of length of incarceration in 56 male prisoners, categorized according to homicidal, sexual, or nonviolent convictions. Nonoffenders
(N 60), closely matched by age, race and socioeconomic background, served as a comparison group. While no significant death anxiety difference was found between offenders and nonoffenders with all subjects included, sexual offenders had significantly higher death anxiety scores than nonoffenders.
All three offender groups had significantly more reported psychopathology than nonoffenders. Both death anxiety and extent of psychopathology were inversely related to length of incarceration. Findings are discussed in terms of current arguments regarding the personality structure of capital
offenders, as well as the possible value of a death threat in deterring serious crime.
PERCEPTIONS OF SAME-VERSUS CROSS-SEX-TYPED PHYSICAL STANCE
Authors: Prieto Sheila Fling Maria M. , Rosenwasser Shirley M.
Published: May 2006

Seventy-five undergraduates did semantic differential ratings on one of four pictures: a male or female in a “masculine” or “feminine” stance as described by Wex (1979). The results generally supported the four hypotheses. The “masculine” stance was
perceived as (1) more masculine (p < .000) as well as (2) more potent (p < .000), active (p < .000), happy (p < .05), and well-adjusted (p < .05) than the ‘feminine’ stance. (3) The cross-sex-typed stance was seen as less heterosexual, than the same-sex typed one
(p < .05). (4) Interactions on masculinity, potency, activity (p s < .0001), happiness, adjustment (p s < .05), and successfulness (p < .07) indicated that the cross-sex-typed male tended to be rated less favorably but the cross-sex-typed female more favorably than their same-sex-typed
counterparts. A bias against “masculine” personality traits in females (Broverman et al., 1972) thus did not hold true for physical stance.
COMPUTER ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY: A DEMONSTRATION OF GULLIBILITY
Authors: Standing Lionel , Keays Gregory
Published: May 2006

Subjects (N= 64) were shown a list of 66 personality traits, and indicated whether or not they possessed each one. Three weeks later, they were shown their trait list, another subject's trait list, a computerized personality profile derived from their traits, or a profile derived
from another subject's traits. In each case they rated how well their personality was described by the trait list or profile, on three seven point scales. It was found that the spurious personality descriptions (both traits and profiles) were rated as highly for accuracy as were the genuine
descriptions. Interpretive personality profiles were rated no higher than simple lists of trait names. It is argued that these results should be attributed to general gullibility rather than, e.g., the impressiveness of psychological tests.
DEPRESSION AND LOGICAL CONSISTENCY OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS
Authors: Chambers W. V. , Trinh V. , Parsley L.
Published: May 2006

Neimeyer has suggested that moderately depressed people tend to have relatively disorganized personal construct systems. Non-depressed people see themselves consistently positively, highly depressed people view themselves negatively, while moderately depressed people view the self with
ambivalence. Using a grid measure of logical consistency, with a college sample, moderate depression scores were found to accompany greater levels of logical inconsistency. Results offer some support for Neimeyer's suggestion that moderate depression, as opposed to nondepression and deep
depression, leads to greater disorganization of construct systems.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL INPUT AND EQUITY JUDGMENTS IN PERSONNEL EVALUATION
Authors: Quereshi M. Y. , Massman Paul J.
Published: May 2006

Attempted to investigate whether equity integration or an input integration model provided the best explanation of data obtained from equity judgments in personnel evaluation utilizing multidimensional input. Individual and interactive effects of 5 two-level input dimensions were examined
to determine their influence on equity judgments. Ten undergraduates (5 males) were asked to divide a fixed sum of money for merit raises between two hypothetical employees who were described by 5 sets of adjectives representing 5 input dimensions. Judges utilized a rating scale to make 1
equity judgments on each of the 496 comparisons of the 31 employee patterns. The results confirmed the prediction that dissimilar dimensions would follow the rules of input integration and exhibit significant interactions, but they failed to support the equity integration hypothesis, which
asserted that similar input dimensions would combine additively.
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS, SELF-REPORTED ALTRUISM, AND HELPING BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Smith Joyce D. , Shaffer David R.
Published: May 2006

Female subjects who differed in public and private self-consciousness and in self-reported altruism were afforded an opportunity to assist a person in need. As anticipated, subjects high in private selfconsciousness provided more assistance to the recipient than did subjects low on
this attribute. However, there was a tendency for “high private” subjects to be somewhat less helpful if they were also high in public self-consciousness. Internal analyses revealed that Self-reported Altruism, a measure of one's altruistic inclinations, reliably predicted
the helping behavior of subjects high in private self-consciousness, but did not predict the prosocial actions of those low in private self-consciousness. The implications of these findings for self-consciousness theory and the issue of value-behavior correspondence are discussed.
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND BIAS IN SOCIAL INTERACTION
Authors: Sandelands Lloyd E. , Stablein Ralph E.
Published: May 2006

Two studies were conducted to investigate whether trait differences in self-consciousness could account for egocentric attribution bias in social interaction. Study 1 examined the prediction that bias would be greater for high self-conscious versus low self-conscious subjects. This
prediction was affirmed for the public form of self-consciousness. Study 2 then sought to replicate this effect and examine its generality. The prediction was that self-consciousness effects would be enhanced when social interaction was made salient as the cause of performance (Interaction
Important Condition) and would be diminished when social interaction was obscured as the cause of performance (Interaction Unimportant Condition). As predicted, the biasing effect of public self-consciousness was replicated for controls. Also as predicted, public self-consciousness was found
to have no effect in the Interaction Unimportant Condition. Contrary to prediction, however, the effect of public self-consciousness was reversed in the Interaction Important Condition. Implications of these findings are discussed
PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS IN RELATIONSHIP DETERIORATION: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Authors: Neimeyer Greg J. , Neimeyer Robert A.
Published: May 2006

The position that friendship formation involves partners in developing a common understanding of social reality was tested in a controlled study of acquaintance over a 20-week period. Individuals from two mixed-sex groups engaged in a series of regulated discussions once weekly for
approximately an hour each time. They also completed repertory grids and attraction ratings after the 4th and 18th weeks of acquaintance. Results indicated that deteriorating partnerships were significantly less similar in their assessment of other group members than were developing friendships,
but that both developing and failing relationships became more similar over time. These findings are interpreted as generally supporting the role of consensual validation in successful relationship development.
DIMENSIONS OF TIME USE ATTITUDES AMONG MIDDLE-HIGH SES STUDENTS
Authors: Baruch Ephraim Ben , Bruno James Edward , Horn L. Lolly
Published: May 2006

Time use attitudes (TUA) of students is an important, but often neglected variable that can assist teachers in their understanding of student classroom behavior. This study empirically examines( time use attitudes for a group of 353 elementary and secondary school students. Using factor
analytic techniques, four major constructs or dimensions to student attitudes towards time were extracted. These constructs included views of time that might be considered as Instinctive – (time use as dictated by the moment or instincts), Traditional (time use as dictated by market
or economic forces) and Integrated – (time use as dictated by feelings and combinations of all three). The finding that students present themselves in classrooms with heterogeneous perceptions of time, while the school organization operates within a homogeneous (Traditional) view of
time, presents special problems for students. The study strongly suggests that teachers and administrators, become more aware of the differences in time use attitudes of students when designing instructional strategies and developing curriculum. Important school policies dealing with issues
such as school dropouts, vandalism, truancy, and year round schools could also be based upon a consideration of how students view time.
PHILOSOPHIES OF HUMAN NATURE AND PERCEPTION OF PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS
Authors: Weller Leonard
Published: May 2006

Most studies on beauty have demonstrated advantages accruing to the beautiful person. This research examines the effects of social perceptions of differential perception of beauty; specifically, does one's philosophy of human nature affect perceptions of beauty? Sixty-two
men and women rated ten passport pictures on a five point scale from very ugly to very beautiful. They also completed Wrightsman's (1974) Philosophies of Human Nature Scale. Positive correlations were obtained for four of the six subscales.
SOCIAL SUPPORT RESOURCES, BEHAVIOR, AND APPRAISALS: A PATH ANALYSIS
Authors: Vaux Alan , Wood Joanna
Published: May 2006

Three models involving three facets of social support, orientation to support utilization, and psychological distress were subjected to path analysis using data from 176 college students. Findings supported the following models: (a) Support network resources yield supportive behavior
that in turn promotes positive appraisals of support, (b) orientation to support utilization effects resources, behavior, and appraisals, and (c) resources and behavior effect distress indirectly through support appraisals.
USE OF THE DRAMATURGICAL METAPHOR IN THE MEASUREMENT OF SELF-MONITORING
Authors: Lennox Richard
Published: May 2006

Factor analyses of the self-monitoring scale consistently reveal an acting ability factor, which refers to performance in the sense of theatrical entertainment and may have little to do with self-presentation in real-life interactions. A set of social acting items having face validity
for ability to modify self – presentation in everyday life is shown to have very little in common with stage acting items of Snyder's Self-monitoring scale. The results point to the necessity of distinguishing between contingent and noncontingent self-presentation.
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS: THEORETICAL FORMULATIONS AND ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Vincent Ken R.
Published: May 2006

This article attempts to define the interrelationship of personality disorders. Relationships both between and among the three major groupings of DSM-III are discussed. It is proposed that three personality disorders, namely passive aggressive, avoidant, and borderline are impure and
serve as bridges between the three major DSM-111 groupings. Placement within the three groupings is discussed with antisocial, compulsive and schizoid as being the essence of the three categories. Anecdotal evidence from previous psychometric research is provided.
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS IN CLINICAL AND NON-CLINICAL SAMPLES
Authors: Knapp Patricia Ann , Deluty Robert H.
Published: May 2006

Two studies were conducted to explore the nature of private and public self-consciousness, as measured by the two principal subscales of the Self-Consciousness Scale (SCS; Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975). The first study assessed the effects of two common manipulations of self-awareness
– the presence of a small mirror and a salient audience – on 60 college students' private and public SCS scores. Neither of these manipulations affected students' scores on the two subscales, supporting the assumption that the private and public SCS subscales measure
relatively stable traits or dispositions. In Study II, the SCS was administered to 120 psychiatric inpatients diagnosed “schizophrenic“ or “affective disordered.“ No significant mean differences on either the private or public SCS subscales were found among the schizophrenic
patients, affective disordered patients, and undergraduates (of Study 1). The clinical samples did differ from the non-clinical sample, however, in the strength of the relation between private and public self-consciousness.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL SELF-PERCEPTIONS OF THE SOCIOMETRIC ISOLATE
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , McNair Annette
Published: May 2006

Literature on the sociometric isolate in school suggests the student is left out of things by classmates, lacks motivation for optimal classroom performance, and, is not an active participant in the /earning process. The present study was conducted to: (I) determine the sociometric
group structure of several 6th grade classes; (2) determine the acceptance, rejection, and, in particular, the isolate interaction patterns, and (3) determine psychological and social self-perceptions of the sociometric isolate. Results indicated the sociometric group structure for each class,
the acceptance, rejection, or isolate interaction patterns, and the six most frequently selected psychological and social self-perceptions of the sociometric isolate.
SEX-ROLE ORIENTATION AND MARITAL ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Davidson Bernard , Sollie Donna L.
Published: May 2006

The relationship between sex-role orientation and marital adjustment was investigated. Using a sample of 112 married couples, husbands and wives separately completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. The hypotheses tested were based on the assumption that an
androgynous sex-role orientation, which incorporates both instrumental and expressive capacities, would be most positively related to self and spouse's marital adjustment, while an undifferentiated orientation would be least related. Results indicated that in general both androgynous
and sex-typed individuals and their spouses were significantly higher in marital adjustment than were undifferentiated individuals and their spouses. In addition, spousal sex-role types were found to be related and couples in which both partners were classified as undifferentiated reported
the lowest levels of marital adjustment while androgynous couples and sex-typed couples reported greater levels of marital adjustment. The results were discussed in relation to their support for a symbolic interaction/ role theory interpretation of the association between
sex-role orientation and marital adjustment.
MATURATION RATE, ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONING AND FEMALE CAREER TYPICALNESS
Authors: Williams Sue W. , McCullers John C.
Published: May 2006

The study compared maturation rate and endocrine functioning according to career typicalness in a sample of 28 currently employed women. Previously reported research from which this sample was drawn had indicated less traditional sex-typing for subjects in a typical careers for personal
and psychological characteristics and childhood experiences. Analysis of current data pertaining to subjects' developmental history provided only limited evidence that women in nontraditional careers matured later than women in traditional occupations as hypothesized. The physicians and
lawyers had a leaner body make-up than nurses and secretaries; however, no group differences were noted for other physiological measures including blood analysis for steroid values. Self-reported reproductive history data revealed group differences, with subjects in typical categories marrying
and bearing children at an earlier age.
THE IMPLICATION POTENTIAL OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS IN RELATION TO THEIR SUBJECTIVE IMPORTANCE AND ORDER OF ELICITATION
Authors: Mcdonagh Donna , Adams-Webber Jack
Published: May 2006

Kelly's (1955) Role Construct Repertory Test (rep test) and Fransella's (1972) Bipolar Implication Grid (impgrid) were used to test three related hypotheses: (1) personal constructs that are elicited relatively early in the rep test are subjectively more important than constructs
that are elicited later, (2) the former tend to be more ‘meaningful ‘than the latter in terms of their implication potential (cf. Lemon and Warren, 1974), and (3) the implication potential of personal constructs correlates with their relative subjective importance. Data
elicited from 11 female and 6 male Canadian undergraduates were consistent with all three hypotheses. These results were discussed in relation to previous findings within the framework of personal construct theory.
SOCIAL COHESION AS DETERMINED BY THE LEVELS AND TYPES OF INVOLVEMENT
Authors: Grubb Henry Jefferson
Published: May 2006

This paper takes the position that all behavior is a result of individual-group interaction. The individual's initiation and socialization into the most primary and universal of groups, the family, serves as a model for understanding the social learning process. All learning is
determined by attachment to and identification with the various groups to which one belongs. This “social cohesion” is a function of the member's levels and types of group involvement. These types are described ranked according to degree of involvement (greatest to least):
(1) identification; (2) alienation; (3) autonomy; and (4) anomie. Examples for each involvement-type are given to illustrate.
ANDROGYNY, MASCULINITY, AND SELF-ESTEEM*
Authors: Lundy Allan , Rosenberg Judy A.
Published: May 2006

The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and the Rem Sex Role Inventory were administered to 194 adult subjects. It was found that an androgyny scale which emphasized masculinity was most predictive of self-esteem. It was shown that these results were due to the strong independent correlation between masculinity and self-esteem. There were virtually no effects due to femininity, the interaction of femininity and masculinity, or sex. An analysis of the items in the Bem Masculinity Scale suggested that the frequently reported masculinity-self-esteem relationship is an artifact of the inclusion of a “strong self-image” component in the masculine stereotype, despite the fact that this component does not distinguish males from females.
OF STATUS AND SUITS: PERSONAL SPACE INVASIONS IN AN ADMINISTRATIVE SETTING
Authors: Rosenfeld Paul , Giacalone Robert A. , Kennedy John G.
Published: May 2006

The present experiment sought to determine if status would affect avoidance of personal space invasions. The drinking behavior of male passersby at a water fountain in an administration building was recorded by a female observer. Either a low status, high status or no confederate stood
near the fountain. The results showed that there was a significantly lower rate of drinking 'at a water fountain when a high status confederate stood nearby than when no confederate was present.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES AND DEFENSIVE PERSON PERCEPTION: A BRIEF HISTORICAL ACCOUNT AND A REVISED MODEL
Authors: Assor Avi
Published: May 2006

Three stages in the development of the theoretical framework which has guided research on motives and defensive person perception are described, beginning with a trait approach and ending in a process oriented interactive model. Then, in order to accommodate findings showing that threatening
stimuli are often processed in a realistic rather than a defensive way, a revised interactive model is proposed as a fourth stage of conceptualization. According to the revised model, perceiver's motives lead to defensive person perceptions only if (a) the interaction of perceiver's
motives with the attributes of the stimulus person and the situation produces emotional arousal in the perceiver; and (b) the perceiver assumes that defensive processing of information related to the stimulus person has higher hedonic value than realistic processing. The following factors
are proposed as determinants of the hedonic value and the relative intensity of realistic versus defensive processing: (a) the degree to which the stimulus is objectively linked with the perceiver's personal future outcomes; (b) the clarity of this hedonic link; (c) perceiver's ability
to perceive negative hedonic links; (d) hope that realistic processing will help to obtain desired future outcomes; (e) potency of present negative feelings produced by the stimulus; and (f) personality factors affecting the intensity of emotional arousal or the capacity to tolerate and control
emotional arousal. According to the revised model, defensive effects of motives on person perception are likely to occur primarily outside the laboratory, in the context of lasting and meaningful interpersonal relations.
THE EFFECTS OF GENDER AND DRINKING EXPERIENCE ON ALCOHOL EXPECTANCIES ABOUT SELF AND MALE VERSUS FEMALE OTHER
Authors: George William H. , McAfee Mary P.
Published: May 2006

Two questionnaire studies evaluated the effects of gender and drinking experience on dose-related alcohol expectancies. In Study 1, the Southwick et al. (1981) expectancy measure was administered to 173 students and no gender differences were found. Consistent with earlier work, increased
drinking experience was associated with expectation of more stimulation and pleasure from a moderate alcohol dose. A moderate dose was associated with expectation of more stimulation, more pleasure, and less impairment than a high dose. In Study 2 (n = 174). the instrument was modified
to assess alcohol expectancies about a male or female target person. Expectancies about alcohol's effect on the target were determined by both gender of subject and gender of target. Female subjects expected alcohol to produce more stimulation and pleasure for the target person than male
subjects expected. The female target was viewed by all subjects as experiencing less stimulation. Male and female subjects disagreed in their perceptions of how much pleasure the female target derives from drinking. As with self expectancies, subjects perceived that alcohol has biphasic effects
on others. Implications for social drinking interactions are discussed.
ATTITUDES OF ADULT WOMEN TO DRINKING AND SMOKING
Authors: Beckwith Joan B.
Published: May 2006

Attitudes towards drinking and smoking were assessed in 766 women aged 20 to 30 years. This total sample generated two quasi-representative samples of 265 subjects each which matched each other and census data across a range of demographic variables. Attitudinal measures were analyzed in relation to criterion measures of status as drinker/smoker, and level of drinking/smoking. All measures showed promising psychometric properties and initial indications of validity. Results were consistent across samples, and basic drinking and smoking statistics were comparable- with previous research. The attitudinal measures related moderately to their criteria, apart from attitudes to smoking which were unrelated to level of smoking. For the remaining criteria, multiple correlations with relevant attitudinal predictors ranged from R = .46 to R = .56. The concept of dissonance amongst smokers was investigated, and comparisons were made across domains to establish a hierarchy of attitudes to drinking, smoking, and drunkenness.
A MORE UNIFIED VIEW OF THE MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER
Authors: Kelley Ronald L. , Kodman Frank
Published: May 2006

This paper attempts to offer a perspective of the MPD phenomenon based on current clinical experience. The co-authors representing clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology are active in the treatment and research of over 60 patients manifesting the MPD disorder. Me authors take the
view that the mind is polypsychic with a multitude of psychological systems and processes existing in conjunction with one another; in the normal as well as in the abnormal. In the healthy individual, the unity of self is maintained by integrative and/or associative mechanisms. In the
MPD individual, ego states are dissociated or fragmented and poorly coordinated due to the effects of unusual stress on the unity of the sense of self. The alters appear as defensive strategies. Implications for personality theory need to be considered.
A ‘PROJECTIVE’ TEST OF THE GOLDEN SECTION HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Lee Chris , Adams-Webber Jack
Published: May 2006

In a ‘projective’ test of the golden section hypothesis (Benjafield & Adams-Webber, 1976), 24 Canadian high school students (9 girls and 15 boys), ages 18–19, completed a repertory grid in which they categorized themselves and ten comic strip characters (e.g.,
Fred Flintstone) on the basis of twelve bipolar constructs (e.g., generous-mean). The overall proportion of cartoon figures which they assigned to the positive poles of constructs (e.g., generous) was 0.615, which is very close to the golden section (approximately 0.618). The theoretical implications
of this result and some related findings were discussed in terms of Lefebvre's (1987) computational model of human reflection, Benjafield and Green's (1978) ‘Fibonacci decision rule’ and Berlyne's (1971) ‘strikingness hypothesis’
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBLIMINAL STIMULATION AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ON ANXIETY REDUCTION
Authors: Clark Matthew M. , Procidano Mary E.
Published: May 2006

This study evaluated the effectiveness of psychodynamic subliminal stimulation, using the tachistiscopic presentation of the message, “MOMMY AND I ARE ONE“; in reducing anxiety and facilitating performance on a cognitive task. Psychodynamic subliminal stimulation (Silverman,
1976) was compared to an alternative, social support strategy, that involved verbal reassurance by the experimenter (Sarason, 1981). Twenty students (10 males, 10 females) identified as “high test anxious” (falling in the upper 25% on Sarason's (1978) Test Anxiety Scale)
were assigned to each of five conditions, including three treatment groups: subliminal stimulation, social support, and combined subliminal stimulation plus social support; and two control groups: subliminal stimulation control (using an alternative subliminal message) and no treatment control.
Compared to previous studies, the present one incorporated several methodological contributions: examination of both test anxiety and cognitive performance in a nonclinical sample of both males and females, the utilization of “other treatment”; “combined treatment”;
and multiple control groups. A MANOVA performed on the two dependent measures, anxiety and anagram performance, was nonsignificant, F(2, 46) = 1.46; p > .05, although the order of group means tended to be as expected. The findings suggest a lack of robustness of the effects obtained with
either approach (psychodynamic subliminal stimulation or social support).
PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF EATING, DRINKING, AND SMOKING IN ADULT WOMEN
Authors: Beckwith Joan B.
Published: May 2006

The psychological functions of eating, drinking, and smoking were analyzed in relation to the self-reported behaviors of 20 to 30 year old women. Participants were recruited from a range of sources, and the 766 volunteers generated two quasi-representative samples of 265 subjects each which matched each other and census data on a range of demographic variables. Eight scales of psychological functions were developed. In each domain, one scale reflected behavior aimed at relief of negative effect, and one scale reflected positively motivated behavior. In the eating domain, a third scale represented eating in response to external cues, and in the drinking domain there was a scale of socially motivated drinking. Psychometric properties of each scale were investigated. Multiple correlations between the scales and their criteria ranged from R = .63 to R = .75 reflecting the importance of the predictors studied. Functions were compared within and between behavioral domains and the role of habit was also compared across domains.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPE A BEHAVIOR AND HYPERACTIVITY IN CHILDREN AS MEASURED BY THE CONNER'S HYPERACTIVITY AND MYTH-0 SCALES
Authors: Rickard Kathryn M. , Rael Christine Woods de
Published: May 2006

An examination of Type A behavior in children as measured by the MYTH and hyperactivity scores in children as measured by the Conners TRC revealed a significant relationship between the two scales. Subjects were drawn from a total sample of 199 first, second and third grade children
obtained through classroom-distributed questionnaires. Significant differences on MYTH scores between children of Type A and Type B mothers, and between males and females were eliminated when variance attributed to hyperactivity was covaried out of the analyses. Results are discussed in terms
of potential overlap between hyperactivity and Type A constructs as they are often measured.
LOVESTYLES REVISITED
Authors: Cramer Duncan
Published: May 2006

Lee's (1975) Lovestyles Questionnaire was completed in terms of a past or present romantic relationship by 105 female and 44 male undergraduates to determine its factorial validity. The first four orthogonal factors extracted did not reflect Lee's lovestyles but seemed to
respectively characterize the satisfaction, openness, importance and physical intimacy of the relationship. There was some suggestion, however, that these four dimensions may be used to distinguish these lovestyles.
HOMOSEXUALS' AND LESBIANS' PHILOSOPHIES OF HUMAN NATURE
Authors: Weller Leonard , Benozio Motti
Published: May 2006

The study compares 57 homosexuals and 45 lesbians on six dimensions of beliefs about human nature. On only one dimension, altruism – selfishness, was a significant difference found. While there are no similar studies of the comparison of attitudes and values, the findings are
consistent with the few personality studies which likewise reported no differences between homosexuals and lesbians.
MANAGERIAL HUMOR AND SUBORDINATE SATISFACTION
Authors: Decker Wayne H.
Published: May 2006

Humor may be a useful managerial tool, contributing to effectiveness and subordinate satisfaction. A survey explored 290 workers' job satisfaction and impressions of supervisors as a function of subject age, subject sex, supervisor sense of humor, and supervisor sexual humor. Subjects
rating their supervisors high in sense of humor reported higher job satisfaction and rated other supervisor qualities higher than did subjects rating their supervisors low in sense of humor. In general, the differences between ratings, given low and high sense of humor supervisors, were greater
for younger (under 15) subjects than older. Older females downgraded supervisors who used sexual humor, while younger females and males did not. Future research should attempt to relate humor to objective measures of leader effectiveness.
COMPONENTS OF SELF-ESTEEM OF CHILDREN FROM A DEPRIVED CROSS-CULTURAL BACKGROUND
Authors: Watkins David
Published: May 2006

This exploratory study with 100 Filipino children from a deprived cross-cultural background indicates that the majority consider that their family, friends, and school are important parts of their lives. These are aspects of the self tapped by typical Western self-esteem instruments.
However, they also tended to rate as important as food, money, and clothes – things ignored by most Western instruments. As these were the areas of life which they were most likely to feel bad about, such instruments may tend to over-estimate their self-esteem.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF THE JENKINS ACTIVITY SURVEY
Authors: Schiraldi Glenn R. , Beck Kenneth H.
Published: May 2006

Over 700 college students were measured with the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) along with eleven other personality scales in an attempt to identify the personality correlates of this scale. These eleven personality variables were analyzed to determine their contribution to a discriminant
solution between extreme high scores (supposedly true Type A's) and low scores (supposedly true Type B's) as measured by the JAS. The results revealed that relative to those subjects who were classified as Type B's, those classified as Type A's exhibited significantly greater
status concern, less alexithymia, more misanthropy and greater life satisfaction. Self-esteem and related self-concepts did not differ significantly between these two groups. These findings challenge the validity of this instrument as a measure of Type A trait.
LOCUS OF CONTROL AND ATTITUDE TOWARD EATING IN A FEMALE COLLEGE POPULATION
Authors: Groth-Marnat Gary , Scumaker Jack F.
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the relationship between locus of control and attitude to food intake. One hundred and one females (mean age = 21.3) were administered the I-E Scale, and Eating Attitudes Test, and Goldfarb Fear of Fat Scale. Results indicated that locus of control was unable
to predict attitudes towards eating and fear of becoming overweight. The thesis that locus of control would be related to attitude towards food intake was not supported. Possible explanations, areas of future research, and implications in the etiology of anorexia nervosa are discussed.
SCHIZOTYPAL ESTIMATORS IN ADOLESCENCE: THE CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF THE RISC
Authors: Rust John , Chiu Herbert
Published: May 2006

The validation of questionnaires intended to identify the position of a subject along a normal/schizotypal/schizophrenic continuum has always been problematic. Schizophrenic patients are not good at completing questionnaire, and validation has to depend on the identification of “at risk“ groups. Watt Grubb & Elenmeyer-Kimling (1982) found that the adolescent offspring of schizophrenics show the negative schizophrenic symptomology of interpersonal disharmony and emotional instability. The study reported here, using a sample of 174 adolescents of both sexes, considers the validity of the Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions (RISC), a psychometric questionnaire for the positive cognitive symptoms of the schizotypal personality. It is shown that the negative schizophrenic symptoms of social dysfunction and emotional instability as measured by the Minnesota Counselling Inventory are positively and significantly correlated with positive schizotypal symptomology as measured by the RISC.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF MACHIAVELLIANISM: VI MACHIAVELLIANISM AND THE PSYCHOPATH
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: May 2006

Previous studies have not demonstrated the hypothesized link between machiavellianism (interpersonally manipulative behavior) and psychopathy. In this research, Nigh Machs obtained significantly higher Psychopathy scores than Low Machs, and Mach V totals for Primary Psychopaths were
significantly greater than those of Secondary Psychopaths. Both experiments suggest a relationship between Machiavellianism and primary psychopathy.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN PERCEIVED SELF- AND OTHER-DISCLOSURE: A CASE WHERE INEQUITY INCREASES SATISFACTION
Authors: Millar Karen U. , Millar Murray G.
Published: May 2006

Using a diary technique, sex differences in persons' perceptions of self and other-disclosure were examined. It was hypothesized that satisfaction in dating relationships is associated not with strict reciprocity in personal exchanges, but with the relative amount of disclosure
perceived to be exchanged between the partners. Specifically, couples in a dating interaction will report greater satisfaction when the exchange is perceived to follow traditional sex-typed norms. Fifty-five subjects monitored their own dating interactions over a two-week period. Results indicated
that males reported less interaction satisfaction if, relative to their date, they perceived themselves disclosing more personal information. The reverse tended to be true for females.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN FIRST YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS A DISCUSSION-ORIENTED BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE COURSE
Authors: Roback Howard B. , Rabin Pauline L. , Chapman John E.
Published: May 2006

The authors investigated gender differences among first year medical students' attitudes towards a discussion-oriented, Behavioral Science course, performance on an end of course essay, and locus of control. Female medical students generally evaluated the course more favorably
than their male counterparts, and scored higher on the Rotter I-E scale (i.e., were more “external'). There were no gender differences in essay grades. Implications of the findings are discussed and future research directions are suggested.
EFFECTS OF OPEN VERSUS CLOSED PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE
Authors: Cangelosi Vincent E. , Lemoine Laura F.
Published: May 2006

This experiment undertakes to determine the effects of a closed (versus an open) physical office environment on worker attitude, perception, and interpersonal relations. A closed environment provides for privacy but isolates employees; while, an increased interruptions. The results
of this study suggest that the use of modular furniture systems may provide physical comfort (privacy) and still maintain an interactive climate for workers in an office setting.
THE EFFECT OF BEHAVIORAL COMMITMENT AND ABILITY DISCREPANCY ON ATTITUDINAL PERSISTENCE
Authors: Dasgupta Bikram , Liang Ann
Published: May 2006

Behavioral commitment and negative task discrepancy were manipulated in a 2 x 2 between-groups factorial design in order to observe their effects on attitudinal persistence on feminist issues and perceived threat of a trivia test score. Results indicated that non-active feminists perceived a greater threat from a discrepant test score than active feminists. Non-active feminists also showed greater agreement to a feminist point of view than active feminists as a result of experiencing discrepancy on a self-relevant task.
USING EFFECT CODING FOR COMPARING MODELS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
Authors: Koslowsky Meni
Published: May 2006

Often researchers are required to examine a specific model under two different situations. In several studies cited here, authors compared results descriptively without the use of inferential statistics. By using a series of regression tests suggested by Kerlinger and Pedhazur in another
context, the two situations can be compared statistically. An example from a recent study is used to illustrate the technique and several advantages are suggested.
RELIGIOSITY AND LIE SCORES: A QUESTION OF INTERPRETATION
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Pearson Paul R. , Kay William K.
Published: May 2006

3,228 11 – to 16- year olds completed the Francis scale of attitude towards Christianity and the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The positive relationship between religiosity and lie scale scores is examined in light of the three theories that religious people are less
mature, more socially conforming, or simply bigger liars.
COMMITMENT AND ACADEMIC SUCCESS
Authors: Kluger Avraham N. , Koslowsky Meni
Published: May 2006

The predictors of academic success usually include aptitude and previous achievement measures. The present study used a modified version of Rusbult and Farrell's (1983) commitment questionnaire to predict final grades in a university setting. As part of a larger study on the relationship
between attitudes and study behaviors, 39 students completed the five parts of the Rusbult and Farrell questionnaire. Responses were then correlated with three dependent measures: a final course grade in calculus, grade point average (GPA), and the grade in a humanities course. Results showed
that adjusted R2 of .38 and .40 were obtained with the first two criteria. The implications of using affective variables for predicting academic achievement are discussed.
ALTRUISTIC OTHER-ORIENTATION IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Grauerholz Elizabeth
Published: May 2006

This study investigates whether men and women differ in the extent to which they are altruistically other-oriented in their intimate heterosexual relationships, and sources of this orientation. Data from married and nonmarried college students suggest that men are more altruistically other-oriented toward their partners than are women. However, when the effects of dependency, gender role traditionalism and relationship seriousness are considered, gender has no direct effect on altruistic other-orientation. Instead, greater dependency, gender role traditionalism and relationship seriousness encourage individuals to be more altruistic toward their intimate partners.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF VOICE STRESS, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION TO LIFE EVENTS AND PERSONAL STYLE VARIABLES
Authors: Long Gary T.
Published: May 2006

Two studies of the relationships between environmental events, personal style variables and reaction states were described. In study one the correlations between life events, state anxiety, trait anxiety, and voice stress were measured in 32 male and 32 female subjects. For males there
was a significant correlation between life stress scores and state anxiety (r = .43, p < .05). For females there was a significant correlation between voice stress scores and state anxiety (r=.37, p < .05). The implications of these findings for a model of the human stress paradigm were
discussed, and improvements in measures were proposed. A second study employed improved measures of life events and voice stress and adding the variables of Type A/ B personal style and depression was done with 24 female and 21 male subjects. More than a dozen significant correlations
were found and discussed. Regression analyses indicated that the best predictor of voice stress was negative life events (r = .29, p < .06). The best predictor of depression was trait anxiety (r = .80, p < .001) with gender adding significantly to the prediction equation (Simple r =.37,
p < .01). The best predictor of state anxiety was negative life events (r = .58, p < .001) with trait anxiety adding significantly to the equation (Simple r =.57, p < .001). The implications of these findings were discussed.
COGNITIVE EVALUATION THEORY: A META-ANALYTIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Rummel Amy , Feinberg Richard
Published: May 2006

Rewards have been shown to impair performance of a reinforced behavior. The work surrounding these detrimental effects of rewards has not been met with unanimous support. Does this phenomenon described in Deci's Cognitive Evaluation Theory concerning the detrimental effects of
reward exist? Is Deci's Cognitive Evaluation Theory adequate to explain this phenomenon? A meta-analysis was employed to determine the existence of the detrimental effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Results from this analysis showed that within strictly
defined parameters the phenomenon defined by Deci exists. Implications from this analysis exemplify researchers' need for closer supervision of the operationalization of variables based on the theoretical framework.
SEX-ROLE ORIENTATION: DIFFERENCES AMONG STUDENTS AND TEACHERS
Authors: Richardson Arthur G.
Published: May 2006

The Bem Sex-role Inventory was administered to a total of 408 students and 393 teachers who were randomly selected from seven Caribbean States. Analyses indicated marked differentiation of males (both teachers and students) and females (both teachers and students) in sex-role orientation. Comparisons between students arid teachers on both the masculinity and femininity dimensions showed the students to be more rigidly sex-typed.