bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Musical Solidarities
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F.
Published: March 2020

This book studies the relationship between music making and social movements using the Solidarity movement in 1980s Poland as a case study. Its central argument is that while music offered a means of performing and commemorating the Solidarity movement as unified, the media of the opposition to state socialism also revealed—and continue to reveal—dissonant discourses on citizenship, culture, and history. The story unfolds along crucial sites of political action under state socialism: underground radio networks, the sanctuaries of the Polish Roman Catholic Church, labor strikes and student demonstrations, and commemorative performances. The musics and sounds of the 1980s are traced through a long history of musical nationalism in East Central Europe and across a transnational media network specific to the Cold War and life under state socialism. By revealing the diverse repertories—singer-songwriter verses, religious hymns, large-scale symphonies, experimental music, and popular song—that played a role across the decade, the book challenges paradigmatic visions of a late twentieth-century global protest culture that place song and communitas at the helm of social and political change. Musical Solidarities draws equally on the methods of historical musicology, ethnomusicology, and sound studies to propose a model for understanding popular, art, and sacred musics alongside one another and in the context of singing, shouting, and listening within the study of political action.
Sound
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 1 lays out the tension between ideas about music’s political efficacy and the productive work that sound did for the opposition in Poland. Within the intellectual community that shaped much of dissident culture, poets, filmmakers, and actors were more engaged with politics than composers and musical performers. To understand the logic behind claims that music was less politically meaningful, the chapter compares the Communist Party’s policies toward music with those debated in the oppositional journal Independent Culture. In contrast, the opposition’s cassette culture circumvented the Censorship Bureau and stumped secret police surveillance, revealing the powerful political potential of sound. Its founders were invested in tape contra print as well as cassettes’ transnational distribution and alternative economies. Listening to these cassettes as sounding artifacts reveals diverse repertories and creative editing techniques that belie the assumption that music was politically impotent for the opposition.
Megaphone
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F.
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines the sonic amplification of some of the opposition’s most charismatic leaders. Through Solidarity’s decade, speeches and ceremonies on public stages shaped a broad audience. In December 1980 a monument was unveiled to commemorate a violently squelched 1970 protest. The playback of Krzysztof Penderecki’s Lacrimosa (1980) over loudspeakers at this event is contextualized with the Party’s relationship to Penderecki and the composer as a public figure. The 1970 protest also unfolds across interpretations of a ballad, “Janek Wiśniewski Fell.” This vernacular song’s use in leftist media, in films, and within electronic music opens up a discussion of trauma, memory, and place in counterpoint to the commemorative work done at the unveiling. The chapter concludes with a musical study of Lech Wałęsa through media networks. His charisma invigorated Joan Baez, who wrote songs for him and traveled to Gdańsk to perform for the opposition.
Performance Management Reform at Toyota Motor North America
Authors: Pirruccello Andrew
Published: March 2020

Toyota’s entire competitive landscape is beginning to shift. Toyota is no longer just an automotive manufacturer; it is transforming into a mobility company. As the company embarks on this transformation, it is critical to have agile programs and processes in place that will facilitate this growth and transformation for the organization and team members. This chapter discusses the impetus for performance management (PM) reform at Toyota; this involves how the company’s PM process was carefully studied and reviewed in order to glean insights and pain points. Process design and piloting of Toyota’s new PM process are discussed, followed by implementation, lessons learned, and potential future directions for PM at Toyota.
How Performance Management Must Change to Drive Organizational Agility and High Performance
Authors: Pulakos Elaine D. , Kantrowitz Tracy
Published: March 2020

This chapter focuses on implications of the changing work environment for performance management (PM) design and practice. The chapter begins by discussing how technology has created disruptive change and hypercompetition, which have left organizations searching for how to create competitive advantage, concluding that agility is essential for their long-term success. Given the limited research in this area, a large-scale research program was undertaken (as described in the first part of this chapter) to provide an evidence-based definition of agility and to understand what organizational conditions lead to it and which outcomes result from it. The research showed, remarkably, that companies with high organizational agility delivered up to five times higher financial performance than others. It was learned that six organizational conditions enabled agility, two of which were team-level factors that are particularly relevant for PM. These were interconnected performance and real-time performance drivers (i.e., agile goals, real-time feedback, and solving performance problems). In the second part of this chapter, implications of these factors for PM design and practice are discussed.
Technology’s Impact on the Performance Management Transformation
Authors: O’Leary Ryan S. , Lentz Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

Organizations are facing unprecedented levels of change as forces like hypercompetition, knowledge commoditization, and technology are having a significant impact on performance and threating organizational survival. These pressures, combined with the shortcomings of existing performance management (PM) approaches, are forcing organizations to develop more effective PM practices. Competing effectively in this environment demands novel, cutting-edge, and more impactful approaches. There has been a movement toward processes that are data driven, flexible, continuous, engaging, future focused, and development oriented and that allow for more informed decision-making by organizations, managers, and employees. To support and drive this transformation, organizations are increasingly relying on technology, people analytics, and data science solutions. This chapter reviews the evolution of PM technology, examines its potential to add value and lead to behavioral change, reviews possible limitations and barriers to implementation to ensure the hype is not outpacing reality, and provides practical guidance for organizations looking to implement these new technologies. It is argued that advances in technology can support the activities needed to truly drive performance, but that it does not create change in and of itself. Emergent technology must be combined with organizational change strategies and evaluated for its individual, team, and organizational impact. In addition, it is imperative to examine how technology can be most effectively leveraged to improve specific performance-driving behaviors that the research has shown lead to more impactful performance management approaches rather than simply automating processes that have not worked well in the past.
Driving Organizational Strategy Through Performance Management
Authors: Mueller-Hanson Rose
Published: March 2020

Performance management (PM) is ideally a process that organizations use to align employee actions to achieve business results. However, PM rarely achieves its intended purpose because of three major flaws: (1) PM is often designed in a piecemeal and reactionary fashion that is not aimed at supporting the organization’s goals or priorities in the first place. (2) PM practices are out of sync with how work is done in organizations today; and (3) PM is often implemented without careful consideration of what purpose it should serve. This chapter provides an evidence-based road map for addressing these challenges by aligning PM practices to the organization’s mission, strategy, and culture. Aligned PM is designed specifically to support the organization’s purpose and goals, is embedded in day-to-day work, and is flexible and dynamic. Aligned PM helps ensure that employees are focused on what is important to the organization, supports the organization’s culture, and is empowering and engaging. While there is no one set of “best practices” that lead to aligned PM, organizations can build an aligned process through a variety of evidence-based approaches, such as gaining a clear understanding of the organization’s mission, defining the purpose of PM and its guiding principles, designing the key features of the PM process to fit the organization’s needs, and integrating PM with other talent practices.
The Syllabus
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 6 provides several sample syllabi for music classes, including: Applied Music, Theory, Aural Skills, Music History, Survey of Music for Nonmajors, and Brass Techniques. Details are provided for considering course titles, course descriptions, required and recommended materials, grading criteria, calendar outlines.
Entitlement
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: March 2020

The chapter is comprised of five sections. First, it situates knowledge and epistemic warrant in a frame of representational and epistemic norms. It distinguishes two types of epistemic warrant–entitlement (warrant without reason) and justification (warrant through reason). Second, it argues that epistemic internalism—according to which epistemic warrant supervenes on psychological states of the warranted individual—is unacceptable. Third, it discusses the status of scepticism in epistemology. Fourth, it criticizes an argument that believing that we are entitled to perceptual beliefs would commit us to an unacceptable way of validating the reliability of those beliefs. Fifth, it rebuts an argument that believing that we are entitled to perceptual beliefs is inconsistent with intuitions about confirmation and with Bayesian principles of subjective probability.
Why Should Warrant Persist in Demon Worlds?
Authors: Graham Peter J.
Published: March 2020

In ‘Perceptual Entitlement’ (2003) Burge argues that a perceptual competence that is reliable in normal conditions when functioning normally confers prima facie warrant when functioning normally in any conditions, and so a normal functioning perceptual competence continues to confer warrant even when the individual is unknowingly massively deceived, such as in a brain-in-a-vat or a “demon world” scenario. This chapter critically examines Burge’s explanation. Burge’s explanation does not adequately explain why warrant should persist outside of normal conditions, and so why warrant should persist in demon worlds. The chapter distinguishes between bounded versus non-bounded normal conditions reliabilism to explain why Burge’s account falls short. According to bounded reliabilism, perceptual warrant does not persist outside of normal conditions. According to unbounded reliablism, it does. The chapter distinguishes two grades of warrant in terms of the distinction between bounded and unbounded reliabilism. With these two grades of warrant, one can then explain why warrant should persist in demon worlds.
Extended Entitlement
Authors: Carter J. Adam , Pritchard Duncan
Published: March 2020

Suppose, as Clark and Chalmers have argued, that there are cases where the mind “extends” beyond the individual. For example, some cases of reliance on notebooks or smartphones look like bona fide cases of memory. This chapter argues that in those cases the warrant for the reliance is not a reason but an entitlement, just as Burge argues we are entitled to rely on memory in the ordinary, nonextended case.
The Truth Fairy and the Indirect Epistemic Consequentialist
Authors: Elstein Daniel Y. , Jenkins C.S.I.
Published: March 2020

Friends of Wright-entitlement cannot appeal to direct epistemic consequentialism (believe or accept what maximizes expected epistemic value) in order to account for the epistemic rationality of accepting Wright-entitled propositions. The tenability of direct consequentialism is undermined by the “Truth Fairy”: a powerful being who offers you great epistemic reward (in terms of true beliefs) if you accept a proposition p for which you have evidence neither for nor against. However, this chapter argues that a form of indirect epistemic consequentialism seems promising as a way to deal with the Truth Fairy problem. The relevant form of indirect consequentialism accommodates evidentialism but allows for exceptions in the case of anti-sceptical hypotheses. Since these are the kind of propositions to which Wright-entitlement is supposed to apply—i.e. cornerstone propositions—indirect consequentialism is entitlement-friendly.
Geography in the Law of the Sea
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines the role of geography in the law as a logically prior step to an investigation of the implications of geographical change for maritime jurisdiction. It draws out the symbolic and functional value of geography in the law of the sea, which is connected to the grounding of maritime entitlement in the ‘fact’ of territorial sovereignty over coastal land. This study challenges the idea that geography has or should have a highly determinative role in the construction of maritime limits in order to guard against the excesses of the coastal State. It also challenges the characterization of geographical factors as ‘objective’ considerations to be preferred over ‘subjective’ considerations in both unilateral and bilateral delimitation. The chapter examines the role of geography in connection with entitlement to maritime space, maritime limits, and international maritime boundaries, paying particular attention to the legal regime of the continental shelf.
Projecting Change
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: March 2020

This chapter looks at debates over whether the charted or ‘actual’ low-water line constitutes the normal baseline in commentary considering the implications of climate-related coastal change for maritime jurisdiction. It suggests that there has been some conflation of legal lines with the geographical objects by reference to which they are constructed or described. This seems to have encouraged the attribution of the natural variability of features of the coastal environment to both cartographic constructs and legal limits. The chapter revisits the text and drafting history of UNCLOS and the 1958 Conventions to explain why the identification of natural objects and qualities with either or both cartographic and legal constructs misunderstands the role of charted geographical features in the law.
Charting Change
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: March 2020

This chapter further examines the relationship between cartography and the role of geography in the law. It explores a line of reasoning that has not been developed in the existing literature, though it is of clear relevance to the question of the implications of geographical change for maritime jurisdiction. The role of nautical charts in delimitation suggests the relevance of the practice of regularly updating such charts to increase their accuracy and respond to coastal change. This chapter asks whether this implies an obligation to adjust maritime limits or boundaries accordingly. It concludes that this is not the case. Examining the legal relevance of the accuracy and currency of geographical information, it explains why new charts and other evidence of either inaccuracy in the geographical information relied upon for delimitation or subsequent geographical change will not invalidate or require the revision of established limits and boundaries.
The Duisburg Nachlaß
Authors: Laywine Alison
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the so-called ‘Duisburg Nachlaß’, a set of sketches in Kant’s hand from the mid-1770s that may be understood as the ancestor of the Transcendental Deduction in the Critique. The chapter has two parts. The first explores a central claim in the Duisburg Nachlaß that we know an object a priori only according to its relations by means of an ‘exposition of appearances’. The question is what does this mean? The strategy is to confront the claim with some of Kant’s metaphysical commitments from the 1750s about relations and his engagement with the regimentation of proofs in classical geometry (with a special focus on the ‘ekthesis’). The second part of the chapter uses what is learned from the first part to argue that the exposition of appearances in the Duisburg Nachlaß is meant to yield a cosmology of experience. The author uses the findings of this chapter later in the book to illuminate peculiarities and insights of the Transcendental Deduction.
Conclusion
Authors: Laywine Alison
Published: March 2020

The author considers in the conclusion to this book the relationship between the Transcendental Deduction and the System of Principles—especially the Analogies of Experience—in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. The final question raised by the book and addressed in the conclusion is what are the laws of nature treated in §26 of the B-Deduction as essential to any cosmology of experience. Kant says in §26 that these laws are laid down by the categories. But the conclusion of this book argues that not all categories are legislators: only the relational categories are.Hence the cosmology of experience announced in §26 is completed by the Analogies of Experience. The author then considers the question raised by this result: what claim do the non-relational categories have to be covered by the Transcendental Deduction? The answer depends on the assistance they give to the relational categories in mounting a cosmology of experience.
Scottish Philosophy Teachers at the French Protestant Academies in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Tucker Marie-Claude
Published: March 2020

This chapter discusses the Scots who taught philosophy in the French protestant academies. It shows how and why the Scots were recruited, the role they played, and the interaction between the Scottish universities and the Protestant academies. The essay also focuses on the career of Mark Duncan and his contribution, through his book Institutiones Logicae, to the teaching of philosophy in Saumur. It appears that these Scottish teachers who, for the most, were masters for many years, had a share in the government of the academies and that they represented a very significant element in the intellectual life of French reformed education, well beyond the teaching of philosophy.
James Dundas, the First Lord Arniston, on the Idea of Moral Philosophy and the Concept of Will
Authors: Broadie Alexander
Published: March 2020

This chapter focuses on the Scottish judge James Dundas, the first Lord Arniston, whose 313 page manuscript Idea philosophiae moralis (The idea of moral philosophy) has only recently come to light. Written in 1679, the year of Dundas’s death, the Latin manuscript, the only philosophical work he is known to have written, fits squarely within the category of Reformed orthodox scholasticism. Dundas begins in an Aristotelian spirit by expounding a concept of moral philosophy that rather closely resembles the concept that emerges from Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, though Dundas believes Aristotle’s exposition to be the poorer for its not including a concept corresponding to that of the Fall. Dundas also discusses the concept of the will, with special reference to the question whether the will necessarily wills in accordance with the last judgment made in a deliberative process by practical reason, and he emerges from his discussion as a determinist who nevertheless believes that we have free will.
Flesh and Blood
Authors: Hanna Erika
Published: March 2020

Chapter 5 explores how people used photographs to make sense of violence. From the late 1960s, there is a notable increase in the number of people going out onto the streets with newer, faster, lightweight cameras, to record crime and injustice. In so doing, they attempted to provide those without power with a new way of holding authority to account. However, the impact of their photographs was not always as they anticipated. The central focus of this chapter is on the collection and use of images at the Scarman Tribunal, which investigated the disturbances of the summer of 1969, and the Widgery Tribunal, which sought to ascertain the sequence of events surrounding Bloody Sunday. Through close readings of how photographs were used at these two tribunals, the chapter explores how the existence of certain photographs served to anchor discussions of trajectories of violence around certain places and moments, illustrates how photographs taken for publication in newspapers were reread as evidential documents, and indicates the range of plausible truths each photograph was understood to provide. Photographers, who saw themselves and their medium as working to tell stories of injustice, instead found that their images were read to reinforce the actions the state and security forces had already taken.
Contexts
Authors: Griffiths Emma M.
Published: March 2020

Child figures in tragedy have been largely ignored by scholarship because of an ideological blind spot, the theory of the ‘Universal’ or ‘Natural’ Child which presupposed that all children could be studied in similar ways, regardless of their historical or sociological context. Aristotelian analysis of tragedy has similarly ignored children, and these trends have continued in scholarship despite the growth of childhood studies. Despite their limited action and speech, children are frequently important characters in tragedy. This chapter outlines the range of material to be discussed (plays, playwrights, and characters) and outlines a suggested paradigm shift which enables more effective analysis and appreciation of child roles.
Reframing Pathos
Authors: Griffiths Emma M.
Published: March 2020

Child figures have traditionally been dismissed as simple objects of pathos, but the articulation of pity in tragedy is complex. Different mechanisms for the creation of emotional effects are explored, with attention to Aristotle’s views on ‘fear and pity’ in tragedy. Comparison is drawn with the use of children in legal cases to inspire pity, and the importance of future roles is discussed. The legal frameworks of past action/future obligations are considered as a backdrop to different plays. Supplication contexts are considered, and the role of Eurysakes in Sophocles’ Aias is examined as an example of pathetic effects combined with more threatening hints of the child as a danger. The chapter concludes by showing how potential is both a contributory and a mitigating factor in the tragic deployment of pathetic effects.
Conclusions and Future Directions
Authors: Griffiths Emma M.
Published: March 2020

The importance of this work for scholarship on tragedy is explored from different angles. A better understanding of child figures can help develop new ideas about adolescent figures, as well as changing the way we view issues of politics, ethnicity, gender, and age categories. Brief comment is made on how this analysis may influence wider work on children in ancient literature, and work on the engagement between drama and society. Final remarks consider the ethical status of work on children, and how the paradigm shift suggested in this volume may contribute to the ongoing dialogue between the ancient and modern world.
Non-Regulated Deviance from Standards at MetroEngineers
Authors: Langer Sarah , Gey Ronny , Karadzhova-Beyer Diana , Fried Andrea
Published: March 2020

With the case study MetroEngineers, Sarah Langer, Ronny Gey, Diana Karadzhova-Beyer, and Andrea Fried highlight organizational deviance from standards in the software development of a service engineering company for rail vehicles called MetroEngineers. Despite the initial intention to develop software according to European standards, the case study explains the reasons why the software developers deviate from standards nonetheless. First, software development at MetroEngineers is provided for a Chinese market which is hardly regulated through standards. Deviations from standards are therefore hardly sanctioned, but even MetroEngineers itself has not established an adequate internal sanctioning system for standard deviations. Second, MetroEngineers’ software developers lack allocative and authoritative resources for standard enactment and a lively internal discourse on the importance of standard-compliant development involving middle management and the customer. This means that software developers are ambitiously trying to develop in accordance with European standards, but ultimately fail to overcome the various contradictions that arise in standard enactment. This chapter represents one of the two manipulation-oriented types of organizational deviance introduced in the book.
Typology of Organizational Deviance from Standards
Authors: Fried Andrea , Langer Sarah
Published: March 2020

In this chapter, Andrea Fried and Sarah Langer present a novel typology to systematize the variety of and reasons for organizational deviance from standards. The typology explains why organizations deviate from standards. It identifies four types of organizational deviance: two types of commitment-oriented deviance (attentive deviance from standards and over-conformity with standards) and two types of manipulation-oriented deviance (non-regulated deviance from standards and illegitimate deviance from standards). The basis of the typology is a cross-case comparison of CraneSolutions, MedTech, and MetroEngineers, as presented in part II of the book. In this comparison the authors explain which organizational conditions and contradictions in standard enactment make a certain type of organizational deviance likely.
Understanding Deviance from Standards
Authors: Fried Andrea
Published: March 2020

In this chapter, Andrea Fried discusses the implications of a better understanding of deviance from standards for corporate responsibility in terms of both compliance-related duties for companies and their criminal liability. Five questions related to this are answered in this summarizing chapter: Is voluntary self-regulation of companies a way of ensuring corporate responsibility? What contributes to a manipulation of standards even if a strong external control and sanctioning system is in place? Should legislative authorities only sanction actual knowledge of and engagement in wrongful acts of standard deviation? Should legislation stipulate a criminal liability also for companies? Why should companies allow organizational members to deviate from standards? Answers to these questions relate to the empirical investigations presented in previous chapters of the book and show strong support for a corporate criminal law that should apply when standard deviations lead to health, environmental, or safety risks.
Essentials for Health Protection
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang
Published: March 2020

Essentials for Health Protection: Four Key Components is an introductory to intermediate level textbook and reference book for undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as healthcare professionals, non-health actors, and policymakers who are interested in obtaining an overview of an integrated and comprehensive public health approach to health protection. Health protection is one of the three major core theoretical domains of public health, which aims to prevent and manage communicable disease outbreaks and environmental health risks and related diseases. Effective health protection measures may enhance individual, community, and institutional resilience in coping with extreme events. In addition to introducing the four areas covering both health and environmental protection, namely, climate change adaptation and mitigation, emergency preparedness, communicable disease control, and environmental health, this book will also explore a number of new health protection frontiers, such as key discussions in Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (H-EDRM), planetary health, and sustainability. The whole health protection spectrum from risk mitigation, prevention interventions, and emergency response are discussed in a comprehensive, contextual, multidisciplinary, and cross-national way. Various text boxes and case examples are included throughout the book to illustrate what the current status of health protection is globally and impart the latest controversies and dynamics that might change the landscape and reality of health protection practices and development.
Core Principles of Public Health in Health Protection Practices
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang
Published: March 2020

Health protection is a core technical competency in public health and for its practitioners. It is a term used to encompass activities that ensure robust health security at local, national, and global levels. Its activities aim to protect the public from avoidable health risks and minimize the health impacts of these risks. These may include the strengthening of capacity in climate change and sustainability, emergency preparedness, communicable disease control, and environmental and planetary health. This chapter describes the key basic public health concepts, principles, and approaches and provides an overview of health protection: health, public health, health protection, health improvement, health services and management, determinants of health, indicators for the burden of disease, epidemiology and demography, disease burden, development and health risk transition, life-course approach, pathway of care, hierarchy of prevention, health promotion, health system, and levels of care.
Climate Change and Health
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang
Published: March 2020

Climate change poses one of the biggest threats to public health in the twenty-first century. Climate-related disasters include extreme temperature events, extreme precipitation, sea-level rise, flooding, and drought. According to estimates by the World Health Organization, climate change may lead to an annual death rate of 250,000 between 2030 and 2050. The direct health impact of climate change includes mortality and morbidity associated with extreme temperature (e.g. heat stroke) and changing patterns of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as a result of more frequent and severe extreme temperature events. Climate change also has indirect health impacts by facilitating the breeding of mosquitoes to spread vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, reducing access to clean water and food supplies resulted from drought or flood, and leading to forced migration associated with the loss of economic livelihood of communities. Adaptation and mitigation are the two main approaches adopted to alleviate and manage the health risks of climate change to achieve climate-resilient pathways for sustainable development.
Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang
Published: March 2020

Emergency preparedness to health risk and disaster response to health needs are essential health protection skills and competencies to protect community health and well-being in times of crisis. Emergencies and extreme events may disrupt the environmental context and destroy essential life- and health-sustaining infrastructure and environmental context. Crisis often renders a health system ineffective to protect a community from health risks and provide for the overwhelming health and medical needs associated with the disruption. In addition, in the twenty-first century, many of the emergencies and disasters transcend national boundaries and require transnational cooperation. Such a response requires global involvement and collaborations to respond effectively and efficiently. Natural disasters (e.g. hurricanes/typhoons), global disease outbreaks of old and emerging infectious diseases, and population displacements as a result of war, famine, or natural disaster often require just the response capacity of more than a single nation.
Communicable Disease and Control
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang
Published: March 2020

Control of communicable diseases is one of the core components in health protection practice. This chapter describes key concepts and principles related to communicable diseases and their management. According to World Health Organization, the number of deaths due to communicable diseases reduced from 12.1 million in 2000 to 9.5 million in 2012. However, malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and neglected tropical diseases remain the major health challenges for the global community. Moreover, new emergent and re-emerging diseases constantly present new health risks. For the coming decades, globalization, changing behavioural patterns, lifestyle, and technological outcomes will pose major challenge to communicable disease control and management. The increasingly urbanized lifestyle and high-density-based living will also render most city-based communities vulnerable to living environmental pressure and communicable disease risks. Effectiveness and success in future communicable disease control rely on global coordination and cooperation.
Environmental Health
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang
Published: March 2020

Human health is closely linked to the natural environment, behavioural patterns, and policy context. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines environment, as it relates to health, as all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related behaviours. Environmental health is the branch of public health that focuses on the interrelationships between people and their environment, as well as how to foster healthy and safe communities. It addresses the societal and environmental factors that increase the likelihood of exposure and disease. Poor environmental quality has its greatest impact on people whose health status is already at risk. Environmental threats to health frequently require rapid and urgent action to protect the environment for both present and future generations. This chapter describes key concepts in environmental health and related risks.
Health Protection and Health Risks in a Changing World
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang
Published: March 2020

Human beings in the twenty-first century are facing major pressure to manage a rapidly expanding repertoire of health risks and are experiencing various major transitions. To protect health effectively, practitioners and workers in health protection, regardless of being health- or non-health-based, must learn about terminology, acquire knowledge and skills, and understand the frontiers of other disciplines that may facilitate their efforts in improving health. Due to the dynamic changes that influence modern living, the scope and nature of health protection will only become more complex. Mutual learning and collaboration among disciplines and sectors will be essential to enable formulation of effective cross-disciplinary policies and actions to protect health and well-being. Beside the major health protection themes of emergency and disaster preparedness, climate changes, infectious disease control, environmental risks, and issues of sustainability and planetary health, dynamics and transitions that may contribute to major changes in health profile and risks deserve careful monitoring and public health policy reconsideration.
The Republican Body Politic
Authors: Walters Brian
Published: March 2020

Chapter 1 explores the legendary fable in which Menenius Agrippa (or Manius Valerius Maximus) compared the Roman state to a body to win over the sympathies of the rebellious plebs. The fable is read as offering a pattern for nearly all surviving discourse of the republican body politic, in which perceptions of crisis provoke an account of a dysfunctional political body. The fable is also shown to embed a number of central assumptions and anxieties about harmony, order, and discord that are common to references to the body politic. Bodily anatomy and composition and historiographic commonplaces about moral and physical degeneration are also examined. Observations provide a foundation for the discussions of subsequent chapters.
Capital Goods in the Roman Economy
Authors: Broekaert Wim , Zuiderhoek Arjan
Published: March 2020

Research on the Roman economy and the possibility of Roman economic growth has focused on demographic structures, on market integration, on credit facilities, on technology and modes of organization, and on institutions and mentalities. A factor that has received less attention is investment in capital goods. Economists have found, however, that among all the different variables that might play a role in economic performance, investment in production equipment (tools, machinery) stimulates economic growth particularly strongly. This chapter focuses on three case studies: (1) agricultural tools, equipment, and workspaces; (2) capital goods used in riverine and maritime transport, i.e. ships and the tools and workspaces needed for shipbuilding; and (3) workspaces and tools employed in urban production and service provision. It asks who invested in these capital goods, who owned them, who produced them, and how production was organized. Most importantly, it investigates how capital goods were allocated among those who needed them, i.e. the people producing and transporting goods and services for consumption. It is concluded that, given the levels of wealth necessary to invest in the production of the types of capital goods discussed here, ownership of such capital goods would overwhelmingly have been concentrated in the hands of social and political elites, and it is argued that the social and legal ties that connected ordinary producers and distributors of consumption goods and services to these elites played a crucial role in determining the level of access they had to these capital goods.
Temples and Traders in Palmyra
Authors: Gregoratti Leonardo
Published: March 2020

As is generally known, during the first three centuries of the Common Era, the Syrian city of Palmyra played a fundamental role in the trade between Asia and the Mediterranean area, to the point that it became the most important trade centre along the western section of the Silk Road. The different roles of merchants and businessmen involved in the Palmyrene caravan trade has been the subject of studies over a long period. What is still an elusive element is the role of capital in the Palmyrene trading system, that is to say the money used to organize the merchant expeditions and to buy the goods coming from the East. Besides, the very nature of the caravan trade implied long and dangerous journeys, which rendered the investment rather risky. On the other hand, a large profit was gained once the goods had reached Roman territory. In order to identify the possible sources of capital in Palmyrene society, that is to say the groups and the institutions able to provide the initial money necessary for the trade activity, this paper investigates the relations between merchant classes and sanctuaries. The many dedications made by traders and private citizens to the city sanctuaries, and the frequent presence of religious figures among the trading families’ members, seem to suggest that the numerous temples of Palmyra played a role in the commercial trade as holders of capital, which could be lent and employed in the activity of trade.
Introduction
Authors: Erdos David
Published: March 2020

This chapter introduces the tension between European data protection regulation and freedom of expression, including the heightened form this tension assumes as regards the activity of professional journalists and other traditional publishers. These actors not only play a central role in public discourse but also often possess a disproportionate ability to gather, process, and disseminate personal data. It is therefore important both to examine how these interactions have played out at different times, in different places and contexts, and to consider how they might best evolve across the European Economic Area (EEA) under the new European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The concept of traditional publishers is often equated to professional journalists and the institutional media but should also encompass professional artists and writers including academics. The chapter delineates the scope of this empirical and normative study, explores the key concepts deployed, and elucidates the methodological approach adopted.
First-Generation European Data Protection Regulation and Professional Journalism
Authors: Erdos David
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the interface between professional journalism and early efforts at European data protection regulation prior to the genesis of the Data Protection Directive in the 1990s. Despite some pan-European efforts to explore this interaction including through the Council of Europe’s Committee of Experts on Data Protection, European States took a strongly divergent approach to this from the beginning. In many cases, a clear gap—generally in favour of the media—was apparent between the statutory requirements laid down in law and practical implementation on the ground. Nevertheless, a number of Nordic Data Protection Authorities made a sustained and far-reaching attempt to constrain media databases including, in some cases, by banning publicly available electronic news archives entirely and heavily regulating internal record-keeping or press libraries. This regulation was particularly focused on ensuring a right to be forgotten, to rehabilitation, and to the rectification of inaccuracies. However, this stringent approach came under sustained attack especially following the birth of the World Wide Web. The end of the period was marked by a growing consensus that most journalistic activity did fall within the scope of data protection but that wide-ranging derogations from its default norms were necessary in order to safeguard freedom of expression.
‘Non-Journalistic’ Traditional Publishers and Third-Generation European Data Protection Regulation
Authors: Erdos David
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the interface between data protection and professional artists and (academic and non-academic) writers both in the formal law under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and in terms of the approach that should be adopted by Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) here. The GDPR mandates that States set down derogations as are ‘necessary’ to reconcile data protection with not only journalism but other special forms of expression, namely artistic, literary, and (in a new departure) academic expression. Moreover, with a few exceptions, States grant all these forms of expression comparable shields within their statutory laws. However, contrary to the GDPR itself, most do not expressly extend these shields to ‘knowledge facilitation’ activities such as scientific research. This could undermine protections for academic expression. It is, therefore, imperative that DPAs adopt a purposive interpretation which ensures that all processing orientated towards contributing to public knowledge or discourse can benefit from these shields even if the activity could also be conceptualized as, for example, scientific research. Nevertheless, DPAs should develop specific standards and an enforcement strategy that recognizes that these shields are qualified. Both should foster co-regulatory engagement. However, co-regulation remains challenging here as a result of the entirely informal nature of norms amongst non-academic artists and writers and the dominance of a biomedical approach within many academic institutions which is alien to the much of the work in the social sciences and the humanities. DPAs will, therefore, need to be proactive rather than reactive in this area.
Gallery One Encountering Eve: A Guide
Authors: Morse Holly
Published: March 2020

The opening chapter of this book offers a guide for the reader’s encounters with Eve’s afterlives. It introduces the subsequent sections of the book as functioning akin to galleries within an exhibition. The reader is informed of how chapters that follows the introduction curates a different thematic image of Eve, with the different parts within these sections providing the reader with interpretations, intertexts, and imaginings of the Bible’s first woman that have led to becoming her to be framed as a femme fatale, but that can also allow her to be viewed as a wise woman and a morning mother.
Gallery Three Knowledge
Authors: Morse Holly
Published: March 2020

In this section of the book I consider the importance of knowledge in Eden, and examine how framing Genesis 2–4, and more importantly Eve, with wisdom rather than sin can bring new facets of the story and its female protagonist to light. Here, then, I will illustrate the ways in which Eve’s story can and has been read as the tale of an agent of knowledge, a mediator of culture in the Epic of Gilgamesh, a spiritual enlightener in texts from Nag Hammadi, and a feminist agitator in the work of Angela Carter.
Attribution in Public International Law
Authors: de Stefano Carlo
Published: March 2020

Chapter II illustrates the application of attribution rules in public international law, as resulting from the early arbitral practice, the decisions of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the awards of the Iran–US Claims Tribunal, and eventually codified by ARSIWA. Accordingly, it explains the tests for attribution of conduct of State organs (de jure and de facto) under ARSIWA Article 4, ‘State entities’ under ARSIWA Article 5, and individuals under ARSIWA Article 8. The rule of attribution of acts ultra vires under ARSIWA Article 7 is also analysed, which applies to the conduct of State organs and ‘State entities’, but not of (private) individuals.
Channelling Movement
Authors: Scholz Luca
Published: March 2020

Across the Empire, authorities competed to channel fiscally exploitable movements of goods and people through their dominions. Because it combined high traffic volumes with strong political fragmentation, this chapter focuses on Thuringia. Issuing letters of passage was one of the most effective means of monopolizing the legitimate means of movement. In practice, however, the issuance of passports and similar documents implied a bureaucratic burden and a symbolic subjection that not all were willing to accept. Distinctions between designated and forbidden roads were another hallmark of the early modern roadscape. By criminalizing the use of certain roads, authorities hoped to channel flows to their benefit, but local communities and travellers often had their own views on which roads were licit. The rulers’ deputies on the ground played a key role in a context where conflicts of interest and petty corruption were common, with their position often oscillating between unchecked authority and downright helplessness.
Freedom of Movement
Authors: Scholz Luca
Published: March 2020

The normative problems raised by inter-polity mobility and its restriction engaged courts, councils, and universities throughout the Empire. Some jurists based their theories of free movement on the idea that roads and rivers were exempt from ownership and therefore free for all to use, replicating arguments from the ‘battle of the books’ around the freedom of the seas. Transit was another key concept for negotiating the ordering of movement. In spite of ubiquitous restrictions, some scholars advocated sweeping rights to inter-polity transit and free movement. Like other apologists for free movement, these authors catered to specific political interests. Consequently, the ideological opposition to freedom of movement was substantial. Many jurists argued that justified fears could warrant restrictions of free movement or even that it could be restricted at the full discretion of the ruler, often recurring to domestic analogies and to the language of property.