bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nærværende fjernundervisning - et projekt om ikt-støttet feedback
Authors: Neutzsky-Wulff Anne Chresteria
Published: July 2017

En vigtig faktor i al velfungerende undervisning er de feedback‐kanaler, der går på kryds og tværs mellem underviser og studerende. Fungerer disse kanaler tilfredsstillende, kan undervisningen allerede i kraft heraf siges at være forsynet med en vis kvalitetssikring. I fjernundervisning bør deltagerne have de samme muligheder for feedback som i traditionel holdundervisning (i det elektroniske læringsmiljø også kaldet e‐feedback). Hertil kommer endvidere de ekstra læringsmæssige muligheder, som selve fjernundervisningsformen giver. I denne artikel beskrives, hvordan et projekt på Københavns Universitet har søgt at ikt‐understøtte kommunikation og feedback i fjernundervisning i sprog.
At styrke videndeling på tværs - Interview med videnskabsminister Charlotte Sahl-Madsen
Authors: Heilesen Simon , Meldgaard Helle , Wollin Uwe
Published: July 2017

Videnskabsminister Charlotte Sahl-Madsen mødtes i november måned 2010 med redaktionen af Læring og Medier Nr. 6, Simon Heilesen, Helle Meldgaard og Uwe Wollin.
Tema 2: QR-koder - som didaktisk koncept
Authors: Carlsen Dorthe , Krog Anna-Britt
Published: July 2017

I denne artikel præsenteres resultaterne fra et forsøg med mobillæring (QR-koder) i arbejdsmiljøundervisningen på en erhvervsskole. Artikel beskriver de brugerdrevne innovationsprocesser forbundet med udviklingen af det nye didaktiske design. Med afsæt i etnografiske metoder som observation og interviews analyseres undervisningsforløbet før og efter re-didaktiseringen. Teoretisk bygger artiklen på læremiddelteori, teorier om multimodalitet og teorier om mobillæring.
Building students’ knowledge one click at a time
Authors: Vicens Quentin
Published: July 2017

Clickers are a popular type of audience response system that gives instructors access to students’ thinking and reasoning in real time. Used correctly, they can turn even large classes into incubators for effective learning. But how should one teach using clickers? How many times per lecture should clickers be used? What kind of questions can be asked? Can students use cell phones or other mobile devices to vote instead? These are some of the key questions this review will answer, with a particular focus on practical tips and helpful resources for implementation.
MOOCs - perspektiver for UC-sektoren i Danmark
Authors: Kjærgaard Hanne Wacher , Kjeldsen Lars Peter Bech , Jelsbak Vibe Alopaeus , Bendsen Thomas
Published: July 2017

I en tid, hvor økonomien er under pres i den danske uddannelsessektor, og hvor ønsket om rationalisering af undervisningen går hånd i hånd med et ønske om øget kvalitet gennem yderligere digitalisering, bliver spørgsmålet om inddragelse af MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) interessant. En MOOC er et gratis kursustilbud uden adgangsbegrænsning og uden begrænsning i deltagerantal. Litteraturen (Barbour, 2012; Kim, 2012) viser, at flere universiteter relativt hovedkulds, og måske mest af frygt for ikke at få en central placering i kapløbet om de internationale studerende, har kastet sig over denne uddannelses- og kursusform. Som et bidrag til en kvalificeret drøftelse af perspektiverne for MOOCs i UC-sektoren beskriver denne artikel fænomenet og diskuterer læringsmæssige perspektiver rettet mod det globale marked for uddannelse. Målet er gennem et litteratur-review og erfaringer fra deltagelse i et antal MOOCs at afdække, hvad det kræver at udbyde en MOOC, hvad andre har gjort, hvem der udbyder, hvem der deltager, og hvilke perspektiver der kunne være for de nordiske lande.Abstract in EnglishDue to an increasing financial pressure in the Danish educational sector and a demand for rationalization as well as higher quality through digitization, the question of whether or not to adopt MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) becomes interesting. A MOOC is a free, online course offered to all with no entry level demands and with no limitation on participant numbers. Studies (Barbour, 2012; Kim, 2012) show that several universities have plunged into this type of courses relatively headlong, perhaps mainly driven by fear of losing out in the competition for international students.  With the intention of contributing to an informed discussion of the university college perspectives of MOOCs, this article describes the phenomenon and discusses its peda-gogical perspectives in the context of the global education market. Through a literature review as well as hands-on participation in a number of MOOCs, the aim is to uncover what it takes to offer a MOOC, what others have done, who the providers are, who the participants are, and what perspectives MOOCs might hold in a Scandinavian context.
Undervisning baseret på færdighedstræning via online aktiviteter med løbende feedback
Authors: Rosthøj Susanne
Published: July 2017

Med udgangspunkt i en række kurser i biostatistik på det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet på Københavns Universitet beskriver jeg en ny undervisningsstruktur baseret på en blended learning tilgang med specifikke krav om at de studerende som en del af deres forberedelse skal træne konkrete færdigheder. Træningsaktiviteterne styres via et moderne webbaseret kommunikationsforum og de studerende får hyppig feedback på aktiviteterne dels via et online testsystem og dels ved kollektiv feedback integreret i undervisningssessionerne. På kurserne i biostatistik bliver de studerende sideløbende med ny teori indført i et programmeringsbasereret statistisk computerprogram. Nogle studerende har vanskeligt ved at vænne sig til at programmere men dette kan imødekommes ved at stille krav om at de studerende træner brugen af computerprogrammet på egen hånd: Som en del af forberedelsen skal de studerende orientere sig i computerprogrammet ved hjælp af videoer, tekstmateriale og diskussioner og udføre konkrete træningsopgaver med omgående feedback via et online testsystem. Træningsaktiviteterne integreres i den fysiske undervisning ved at fokusere på de statistiske frem for de tekniske problemer, idet opnåelsen af de tekniske færdigheder primært overlades til de studerendes forberedelse. Med den nye undervisningsstruktur oplever jeg at de studerende får et højere teknisk niveau i det statistiske computerprogram og at dette medfører et højere fagligt statistisk niveau. De studerende er generelt positive over for den nye undervisningsstruktur og finder at den understøtter læreprocessen. Undervisningsstrukturen vil også kunne benyttes i andre fag, hvor de studerende vil have glæde af at blive understøttet i deres forberedelse.
Udvikling og brug af web-baserede apps
Authors: Subhi Yousif , Foss Kim Thestrup , Henriksen Mikael Johannes Vuokko , Todsen Tobias
Published: July 2017

Uddannelsen til læge indebærer kliniske ophold, hvor medicinstuderende eksponeres for mange forskellige kliniske færdigheder. Opholdet foregår på mange specialafdelinger – men langt fra alle – og derfor kan det være svært blive eksponeret for den bredde af kliniske færdigheder en læge skal beherske. Videoer er et udmærket læringsmedium til kliniske færdigheder, og med smartphones kan videoer distribueres således at eksponering og formidling af kliniske færdigheder kan komme ud til de studerende i umiddelbar relation til deres behov. I denne artikel beskriver vi vores erfaringer med udvikling af en web-app med videoer af kliniske ledundersøgelser og vores resultater om web-appens brug. Udvikling af web-apps og videoer er i dag ikke kun reserveret til de særligt teknisk kyndige og kan udgøre en ny formidlingsplatform for kliniske færdigheder. Vi finder at web-appen har været brugt, og i artiklen diskuterer vi betydningen af brugsmønsteret og brugen af smartphones i klinikken.
Digitalisering af OSKE – En digitaliseret eksamen på godt og ondt
Authors: Krogh Kristian , Simonsen Eivind Ortind , Dahl Mads Ronald , Knudsen Ulla Breth
Published: July 2017

I denne artikel vil vi kort beskrive den digitale OSKE og logistikken forbundet med denne eksamens form. Herudover vil vi beskrive en case fra det digitaliserede simulerede laboratorium og sætte denne en i konteksten under OSKE’en.
Online supervision at the university - A comparative study of supervision on student assignments face-to-face and online
Authors: Bengtsen Søren Smedegaard , Jensen Gry Sandholm
Published: July 2017

Through an empirical study of supervision on student assignments at the university across face-to-face and online settings, we show firstly the limiting implications of traditional dichotomies between face-to-face and online supervision. Secondly we show that more attention must be given to the way different digital tools influence the supervisory dialogue. These findings illustrate a form of ‘torn pedagogy’; that online tools and platforms destabilize and tear traditional understandings of supervision pedagogy apart. Also we forge a new concept of “format supervision” that enables supervisors to understand and reflect their supervision practice as a deliberate choice between face-to-face and online formats.
Tema 1: Robotdidaktik. Læringsrobotter som indhold i undervisningen.
Authors: Hansen Jens Jørgen
Published: July 2017

Robotter er en teknologi som i disse år bevæger sig ind i skolen.

Spørgsmålet er med hvilken didaktisk begrundelse og dermed læringsmæssig relevans man kan arbejde med robotter i skolen? Hvorfor skal eleverne beskæftige sig med robotter? Dette spørgsmål er en opgave for didaktikken at svare på, hvilket sætter robotdidaktik på didaktikkens landkort. I artiklen undersøges en række didaktiske designs fra projektet Fremtek,hvor lærere bl.a. har eksperimenteret med at udvikle undervisningsforløb med humanidrobotter – en slags læringsrobotter -­‐ som omdrejningspunkt (Majgaard 2014). Robotters funktion som indhold i disse didaktiske design analyseres ud fra Frede V. Nielsens fire indholdskategorier: indhold som fænomen, som realia og kontekst, som aktivitet og metode og som personligog social erfaringsfelt. Målet er at udvikle en kritisk og kreativ refleksion over og diskussion af robotteknologi som mål og middel i skolen og andre uddannelsesinstitutioner og bidrage til udvikling af en robotdidaktik, der kan støtte og vejlede undervisere i at foretage didaktiske valg og kvalificere eksperimenter med robotter i undervisningen.
Learning design som systematisk alternativ til one-hit wonders – implementering af educational it i de våde fag på Aarhus Universitet
Authors: Godsk Mikkel , Hansen Janne Saltoft
Published: July 2017

Aarhus Universitet (AU) vedtog i 2011 en ambitiøs politik for educational it med en række indsatsområder, hvoraf særligt anskaffelsen og implementeringen af en fælles e-læringsplatform, uddannelse af universitetets undervisere samt udvikling af undervisningen er af højeste prioritet (Aarhus Universitet, 2011). Pga. begrænsede midler har der imidlertid været behov for en ekstraordinær systematisk og effektiv måde at håndtere implementerings- og udviklingsarbejdet på. Dette bevirkede, at Science and Technology (ST) i 2013 udviklede et learning design-framework, STREAM (Godsk, 2013), til at guide transformeringen af kurser og som et omdrejningspunkt for uddannelse af undervisere på fakultetets adjunktpædagogikum. I 2015 blev STREAM endvidere adopteret af Faculty of Health (HE) og her yderligere operationaliseret til et såkaldt toolkit vha. Dee Finks castle-top diagram for således at muliggøre eksplicit design af sammenhængende undervisningsforløb (Conole & Fill, 2005; Fink, 2013). En operationalisering, der betød, at learning design-tilgangen også kunne benyttes til at pædagogisk kvalificere implementeringen og ibrugtagningen af universitetets nye e-læringsplatform, Blackboard Learn. I artiklen beskriver vi vores learning design-framework, STREAM, de dertilhørende toolkits ved de våde fag (dvs. fag på HE og ST ved AU), samt tre cases omkring hvorledes framework er anvendt til såvel uddannelse af undervisere og transformering af kurser. Ydermere reflekteres der over learning design-tilgangen som metode til systematisk og effektiv implementering og udvikling af educational it ved et universitet.
Facilitering af selvstudiet i problembaseret læring - et læringsdesign for asynkron kommunikation
Authors: Lorenzen Henriette , Thomasen Isa Neimann
Published: July 2017

Ved Bioanalytikeruddannelsen på Professionshøjskolen Metropol praktiseres problembaseret læring (PBL) ved at føre de studerende gruppevis gennem en struktureret læringsproces, der faciliteres af en tutor og initieres af åbne virkelighedsnære problembeskrivelser. Processen fører til, at gruppen opstiller egne læringsmål, som de studerende i det efterfølgende selvstudie afdækker ved selvstændig indhentning og bearbejdning af viden. Forløbet afsluttes ved en faglig diskussion i gruppen. Alle led i processen er essentielle for de studerendes læring og for, at de pædagogiske hensigter med PBL indfries.

Der har været stor fokus på, hvordan problembeskrivelsen, tutors rolle og gruppedynamik har indflydelse på læringsprocessen i PBL. De studerendes selvstudie har derimod fået mindre opmærksomhed.

Artiklen præsenterer et læringsdesign for, hvordan digital understøttelse kan kvalificere de studerendes selvstudie under hensyntagen til PBL-princippet om selvstyret læring. Konkret arbejder de studerende under selvstudiet i et kollaborativt online dokument, hvor indlæg er styret af læringsmålene, fagligt kvalificeret gennem asynkron kommunikation med medstuderende samt feedback fra tutor.

Artiklen diskuterer med udgangspunkt i data indsamlet fra de studerendes evalueringer og tutorers iagttagelser, dels læringsdesignets betydning for de studerendes arbejde og læring under selvstudiet og dels potentialet ved brug af læringsdesignet som et refleksionsredskab for undervisere.
L’intuition est-elle une attitude propositionnelle ?
Authors: Fréchette Guillaume
Published: July 2017

Il est généralement admis dans la littérature analytique sur l’intuition que celle-ci est principalement, ou même fondamentalement, une attitude propositionnelle. Partant de là, elle est aussi souvent caractérisée comme une croyance queP, comme la formation d’une croyance sans inférence queP, comme une impression queP(seeming : Bealer 1998), comme une impression intellectuelle queP(Huemer 2001 ; 2005), comme l’attitude consistant à être poussé, mu (pushed by) parP(Koksvik 2011). Dans tous les cas, la spécificité de l’intuition reposerait au moins en partie sur les propriétés doxastiques qui la distingue d’autres attitudes propositionnelles, comme savoir quePou douter queP.

Cette caractérisation de l’intuition semble à première vue incommensurable avec le concept d’intuition discuté dans la tradition phénoménologique, où l’intuition est caractérisée comme ce type d’expérience qui rend les objets présents (ou même parfois qui offre un accès privilégié à la vérité queP), et peut certes être caractérisée en termes d’attitude propositionnelle, mais ne l’est pas essentiellement.

Dans ce qui suit, je soulève quelques problèmes auxquels fait face la conception de l’intuition comme attitude propositionnelle. Partant de là, j’aimerais suggérer qu’en amendant cette idée, on peut développer une théorie de l’intuition qui peut employer de manière fructueuse les ressources de la phénoménologie et de la philosophie analytique. Cette suggestion montre que l’incommensurabilité des conceptions analytiques et phénoménologiques de l’intuition est superficielle, plus superficielle que ne le laissent entendre ses défenseurs respectifs.
Solitary Benign Schwannoma of the Foot Presenting Clinically as a Ganglion Cyst
Authors: Ly Peter
Published: July 2017

An unusual case of solitary benign schwannoma of the foot is presented. Clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging, and intraoperative findings all confirm the suspicion of a ganglion cyst. After attempted aspiration failed to produce any aspirate, excisional biopsy was performed. The pathology report confirms schwannoma with hematoxylin and eosin stain and subsequently reaffirmed with positive S100 protein stain. Even though schwannoma of the foot had been reported in the literature, this was an unusual case, as the lesion was presented as a superficial, ganglion cyst–like lesion on the bottom of the foot.
Are process nonlinearities encoded in meandering river planform morphology?
Authors: Schwenk Jon , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi
Published: July 2017

Meandering river planform evolution is driven by the interaction of local nonlinear processes and cutoff dynamics. Despite the known nonlinear dynamics governing the evolution of meandering rivers, previous attempts have found at most a weak signature of these process nonlinearities within the meander planform morphologies (form nonlinearities). In this work, we present a framework to measure form nonlinearity from centerline curvature signals and unambiguously quantify its presence in both a numerically simulated meandering river and three natural rivers. The degree of nonlinearity (DNL) metric is introduced to measure the strength of form nonlinearities embedded in the centerlines. The DNL's evolution through time is computed for annual observations over 30 years of an active, tropical meandering river and for the simulated centerline to understand how cutoffs and bend growths affect form nonlinearity. We find that although cutoffs reduce the overall form nonlinearity, they also act as a source of nonlinearity themselves by creating scales that contribute disproportionately to DNL.
Zooming in and out: Scale dependence of extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting salt marsh erosion
Authors: Wang Heng , van der Wal Daphne , Li Xiangyu , van Belzen Jim , Herman Peter M. J. , Hu Zhan , Ge Zhenming , Zhang Liquan , Bouma Tjeerd J.
Published: July 2017

Salt marshes are valuable ecosystems that provide important ecosystem services. Given the global scale of marsh loss due to climate change and coastal squeeze, there is a pressing need to identify the critical extrinsic (wind exposure and foreshore morphology) and intrinsic factors (soil and vegetation properties) affecting the erosion of salt marsh edges. In this study, we quantified rates of cliff lateral retreat (i.e., the eroding edge of a salt marsh plateau) using a time series of aerial photographs taken over four salt marsh sites in the Westerschelde estuary, the Netherlands. In addition, we experimentally quantified the erodibility of sediment cores collected from the marsh edge of these four marshes using wave tanks. Our results revealed the following: (i) at the large scale, wind exposure and the presence of pioneer vegetation in front of the cliff were the key factors governing cliff retreat rates; (ii) at the intermediate scale, foreshore morphology was partially related to cliff retreat; (iii) at the local scale, the erodibility of the sediment itself at the marsh edge played a large role in determining the cliff retreat rate; and (iv) at the mesocosm scale, cliff erodibility was determined by soil properties and belowground root biomass. Thus, both extrinsic and intrinsic factors determined the fate of the salt marsh but at different scales. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the scale dependence of the factors driving the evolution of salt marsh landscapes.
Global kinetic hybrid simulation for radially expanding solar wind
Authors: Dyadechkin S. , Semenov V. S. , Kallio E. , Erkaev N. V. , Alho M. , Lammer H.
Published: July 2017

We present the results of a 1‐D global kinetic simulation of the solar wind in spherical coordinates without a magnetic field in the region from the Sun to the Earth's orbit. Protons are considered as particles while electrons are considered as a massless fluid, with a constant temperature, in order to study the relation between the hybrid and hydrodynamic solutions. It is shown that the strong electric field in the hybrid model accelerates the protons. Since the electric field in the model is related to electron pressure, each proton in the initial Maxwellian velocity distribution function moves under the same forces as in the classical Parker Solar wind model. The study shows that the hybrid model results in very similar velocity and number density distributions along the radial distance as in the Parker model. In the hybrid simulations, the proton temperature is decreased with distance in 1 order of magnitude. The effective polytropic index of the proton population slightly exceeds 1 at larger distances with the maximum value ∼1.15 in the region near the Sun. A highly non‐Maxwellian type of distribution function is initially formed. Further from the Sun, a narrow beam of the escaping protons is created which does not change much in later expansion. The results of our study indicates that already a nonmagnetized global hybrid model is capable of reproducing some fundamental features of the expanding solar wind shown in the Parker model and additional kinetic effects in the solar wind.
Cassini observations of aperiodic waves on Saturn's magnetodisc
Authors: Martin C. J. , Arridge C. S.
Published: July 2017

The location and motion of Saturn's equatorial current sheet is the result of an interplay between a quasi‐static deformation that varies in radial distance and local time, impulsive perturbations that produce large‐scale displacements, quasiperiodic perturbations near the planetary rotation period, and wave‐like structures on shorter timescales. This study focuses on the latter, aperiodic wave pulses with periods from 1 to 30 min, which are unrelated to the quasiperiodic “flapping” with a period near that of Saturn's rotation. Cassini magnetometer data were surveyed for these aperiodic structures and then fitted to a simple model in order to estimate the properties of the waves. The model consists of a modified Harris current sheet model deformed by a Gaussian pulse wave function. This then allows for the extraction of wave parameters and current sheet properties. In particular, we show an increase in current sheet scale height with radial distance from Saturn, an increase in the wave amplitude with radial distance, and the resolution of propagation directions using the wave vector fitted by the model. The dominant propagation direction is found to be radially outward from Saturn.
Interannual variability of the evaporation duct over the South China Sea and its relations with regional evaporation
Authors: Yang Kunde , Zhang Qi , Shi Yang
Published: July 2017

The interannual variability of the evaporation duct over the South China Sea is investigated during the boreal winter and summer seasons using data sets from the National Centers for Environment Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. During winter, the distribution is characterized by a tripole‐like structure, whereas in summer the pattern exhibits a west‐east contrast. Special attention is paid to the links of the evaporation duct with the regional evaporation by analyzing the leading empirical orthogonal functions of both elements. Both the structural similarity in spatial patterns and the significant correlation in the principal components imply the inherent relevance between evaporation duct and evaporation. During both the winter and summer seasons, the empirical orthogonal function principal component 1 of the evaporation duct and evaporation are linked significantly with the regional atmospheric dynamics, the primary factor dominating the whole South China Sea. The partial correlation analysis reveals that, similar to the evaporation process, surface wind is a more important factor affecting evaporation duct than sea surface temperature. The results also indicate that the influence of surface wind and SST not only has an obvious seasonal dependence, but also displays a prominent south‐north contrast.
Variability and trends in the Arctic Sea ice cover: Results from different techniques
Authors: Comiso Josefino C. , Meier Walter N. , Gersten Robert
Published: July 2017

Variability and trend studies of sea ice in the Arctic have been conducted using products derived from the same raw passive microwave data but by different groups using different algorithms. This study provides consistency assessment of four of the leading products, namely, Goddard Bootstrap (SB2), Goddard NASA Team (NT1), EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI‐SAF 1.2), and Hadley HadISST 2.2 data in evaluating variability and trends in the Arctic sea ice cover. All four provide generally similar ice patterns but significant disagreements in ice concentration distributions especially in the marginal ice zone and adjacent regions in winter and meltponded areas in summer. The discrepancies are primarily due to different ways the four techniques account for occurrences of new ice and meltponding. However, results show that the different products generally provide consistent and similar representation of the state of the Arctic sea ice cover. Hadley and NT1 data usually provide the highest and lowest monthly ice extents, respectively. The Hadley data also show the lowest trends in ice extent and ice area at −3.88%/decade and −4.37%/decade, respectively, compared to an average of −4.36%/decade and −4.57%/decade for all four. Trend maps also show similar spatial distribution for all four with the largest negative trends occurring at the Kara/Barents Sea and Beaufort Sea regions, where sea ice has been retreating the fastest. The good agreement of the trends especially with updated data provides strong confidence in the quantification of the rate of decline in the Arctic sea ice cover.
Trends and interannual variability of mass and steric sea level in the Tropical Asian Seas
Authors: Kleinherenbrink Marcel , Riva Riccardo , Frederikse Thomas , Merrifield Mark , Wada Yoshihide
Published: July 2017

The mass and steric components of sea level changes have been separated in the Tropical Asian Seas (TAS) using a statistically optimal combination of Jason satellite altimetry, GRACE satellite gravimetry, and ocean reanalyses. Using observational uncertainties, statistically optimally weighted time series for both components have been obtained in four regions within the TAS over the period January 2005 to December 2012. The mass and steric sea level variability is regressed with the first two principal components (PC1&2) of Pacific equatorial wind stress and the Dipole Mode Index (DMI). Sea level in the South China Sea is not affected by any of the indices. Steric variability in the TAS is largest in the deep Banda and Celebes seas and is affected by both PCs and the DMI. Mass variability is largest on the continental shelves, which is primarily controlled by PC1. We argue that a water flux from the Western Tropical Pacific Ocean is the cause for mass variability in the TAS. The steric trends are about 2 mm yr−1 larger than the mass trends in the TAS. A significant part of the mass trend can be explained by the aforementioned indices and the nodal cycle. Trends obtained from fingerprints of mass redistribution are statistically equal to mass trends after subtracting the nodal cycle and the indices. Ultimately, the effect of omitting the TAS in global sea level budgets is estimated to be 0.3 mm yr−1.
Modulation of frontogenetic plankton production along a meandering jet by zonal wind forcing: An application to the Alboran Sea
Authors: Oguz Temel , Mourre Baptiste , Tintoré Joaquin
Published: July 2017

We present a coupled physical‐biological modeling study to elucidate the changes in ageostrophic frontal dynamics and the frontogenetic plankton production characteristics of a meandering jet under the impacts of successive westerly/easterly wind events combined with seasonal variations in the upstream transport and buoyancy flux characteristics of the jet, using a case study for the Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean). Their nonlinear coupling is shown to result in different forms of physical and biological characteristics of the background jet structure that follows a meandering path around two anticyclonic gyres in the western and eastern basins and a cyclonic eddy in between. The westerly, downfront wind events broaden the jet, and result in stronger cross‐frontal density contrast and intensify ageostrophic cross‐frontal secondary circulation. Thus, they improve the frontogenetic plankton production with respect to the no‐wind case. They also support higher production along the northern coast in response to wind‐induced coastal upwelling and spreading of resulting nutrient‐rich, productive water by mesoscale stirring. These features weaken gradually as the jet transport reduces. In contrast, stronger and longer‐lasting easterlies during the reduced jet transport phase weaken the currents and frontal density structure, change the circular Western Alboran Gyre to an elongated form, and shift the main axis of the jet towards the southern basin. Then, frontogenesis fails to contribute to phytoplankton production that becomes limited to the eddy pumping within cyclones. Apart from the frontogenetic production, eddy pumping, mesoscale stirring, and diapycnal mixing of nutrients support intermittent and localized phytoplankton patches over the basin.
Impacts of meteoric sulfur in the Earth's atmosphere
Authors: Gómez Martín Juan Carlos , Brooke James S. A. , Feng Wuhu , Höpfner Michael , Mills Michael J. , Plane John M. C.
Published: July 2017

A meteoric sulfur input function and a sulfur ion chemistry scheme have been incorporated into a chemistry‐climate model, in order to study the speciation of sulfur between the stratosphere and the thermosphere (~20–120 km) and the impact of the sulfur input from ablation of cosmic dust. The simulations have been compared to rocket observations of SO+ between 85 and 110 km, MIPAS observations of SO2 between 20 and 45 km, and stratospheric balloon‐borne measurements of H2SO4 vapor and sulfate aerosol. These observations constrain the present‐day global flux of meteoric sulfur to ≤1.0 t S d−1, i.e., 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the flux of S into the stratosphere from OCS photooxidation and explosive volcanic SO2 injection. However, the meteoric sulfur flux is strongly focused into the polar vortices by the meridional circulation, and therefore, the contribution of SO2 of meteoric origin to the polar upper stratosphere during winter is substantial (~ 30% at 50 km for a flux of 1.0 t S d−1). The Antarctic spring sulfate aerosol layer is found to be very sensitive to a moderate increase of the input rate of meteoric sulfur, showing a factor of 2 enhancement in total sulfate aerosol number density at 30 km for an input of 3.0 t S d−1. The input rate estimate of 1.0 t S d−1 suggests an enrichment of sodium relative to sulfur of 2.7 ± 1.5 and is consistent with a total cosmic dust input rate of 44 t d−1.
Restrictive Use of Oral Glucocorticoids in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Prevention of Damage Without Worsening Long‐Term Disease Control: An Observational Study
Authors: Ruiz‐Arruza Ioana , Lozano Jesús , Cabezas‐Rodriguez Ivan , Medina Jose‐Alejandro , Ugarte Amaia , Erdozain José‐Gabriel , Ruiz‐Irastorza Guillermo
Published: July 2017

Objective

To analyze the influence of 2 different treatment strategies on general and specific damage accrual in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Two cohorts were identified according to the responsible physicians: patients treated at the autoimmune diseases unit (ADU), and patients treated by other members of the internal medicine (IM) department. Members of the ADU worked with a protocol including the universal prescription of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the use of maximum oral prednisone dosages ≤30 mg/day and maintenance therapy with ≤5 mg/day, by using methylprednisolone pulses and/or early immunosuppressive (IS) drugs. We analyzed the influence of these 2 treatment strategies on damage accrual, both general and domain specific, attributed to glucocorticoids, cardiovascular (CV) disease, SLE, and unclassified, since the diagnosis of disease in patients with a followup ≥5 years.

Results

A total of 74 patients were included in the ADU group and 213 in the IM group. They were comparable for most demographic and lupus‐related variables. ADU patients received prednisone later and at lower doses, more methylprednisolone pulses, earlier IS drugs and more HCQ (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index score decreased similarly in both cohorts (P = 0.4). Patients in the ADU group were less likely to accrue any damage (P = 0.007). They accrued less glucocorticoid‐related (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.23 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.07–0.80]), CV disease (adjusted HR 0.28 [95% CI 0.08–0.95]), and unclassified damage (adjusted HR 0.58 [95% CI 0.3–1.1]). Both groups accrued similar SLE‐related damage (adjusted HR 0.84 [95% CI 0.40–1.75]).

Conclusion

The use of reduced oral prednisone doses, which was possible by combining different therapies, reduced glucocorticoid‐related damage and improved CV prognosis without increasing damage caused by SLE.
Association of Anti–Transcription Intermediary Factor 1γ Antibodies With Paraneoplastic Rheumatic Syndromes Other Than Dermatomyositis
Authors: Venalis Paulius , Selickaja Sandra , Lundberg Karin , Rugiene Rita , Lundberg Ingrid E.
Published: July 2017

Objective

An association between cancer and dermatomyositis (DM) is well recognized. The high frequency of malignancies detected close to DM diagnosis suggest that DM can be a paraneoplastic syndrome. Recently, anti–transcription intermediary factor 1γ (anti‐TIF1γ) has been discovered to be associated with cancer and with DM. A meta‐analysis reported the pooled sensitivity of anti‐p155 for diagnosing cancer‐associated DM to be 78% and the specificity to be 89%. Thus, anti‐TIF1γ has shown promising results as a marker for cancer‐associated DM. However, none of the studies evaluated the association of anti‐TIF1γ with cancer with or without rheumatic diseases other than DM. To clarify the specificity of anti‐TIF1γ antibodies as a biomarker for cancer‐associated DM, we analyzed the frequency of anti‐TIF1γ antibodies in other cancer‐associated rheumatic syndromes, as well as in cancer patients and healthy controls.

Methods

Sera from patients with paraneoplastic rheumatic syndrome (n = 91), patients with solid cancer (n = 95), and healthy controls (n = 80) were analyzed for the frequency of anti‐TIF1γ IgG by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay using a commercially available recombinant TIF1γ protein as coating antigen. The cutoff value was calculated by adding 2 SD to the mean optical density value of 80 healthy controls.

Results

The rate of anti‐TIF1γ IgG positivity was 3.3% (n = 3) in patients with paraneoplastic rheumatic syndrome, 3.1% (n = 3) in cancer patients, and 1.3% (n = 1) in healthy controls. There were no significant differences in positivity between the groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Anti‐TIF1γ antibodies are rarely present in patients with solid cancers or paraneoplastic rheumatic syndromes. This finding strengthens the approach to using anti‐TIF1γ IgG as a marker for cancer‐associated DM.
Iodine(III)‐Mediated/Catalyzed Cycloisomerization–Amination Sequence of N‐Propargyl Carboxamides
Authors: Okamura Yuki , Sato Daisuke , Yoshimura Akira , Zhdankin Viktor V. , Saito Akio
Published: July 2017

(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene or iodine(III) catalyst, in situ generated from iodobenzene precatalyst with Oxone, promotes the cycloisomerization–amination sequence of N‐propargyl carboxamides with bis(sulfonyl)imides under mild conditions, thereby leading to the direct formation of oxazoles bearing nitrogen functional groups.

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An Efficient Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines by Copper‐Catalyzed C−H Activation of Arylacetic Acids
Authors: Lade Jatin J. , Patil Bhausaheb N. , Vhatkar Mahendra V. , Vadagaonkar Kamlesh S. , Chaskar Atul C.
Published: July 2017

An efficient and convenient synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines from 1‐(2‐aminoaryl)pyrrole and arylacetic acids has been described by using a combination of CuSO4 as the catalyst and 2,2′‐bipyridyl as the ligand in the presence of O2 as an oxidant. The prominent features of this method are the use of readily available starting materials, inexpensive catalyst, broad substrate scope and high product yields.
Three‐Phonon and Four‐Phonon Interaction Processes in a Pair‐Condensed Fermi Gas
Authors: Kurkjian H. , Castin Y. , Sinatra A.
Published: July 2017

We study the interactions among phonons and the phonon lifetime in a pair‐condensed Fermi gas in the BEC‐BCS crossover in the collisionless regime. To compute the phonon‐phonon coupling amplitudes we use a microscopic model based on a generalized BCS Ansatz including moving pairs, which allows for a systematic expansion around the mean field BCS approximation of the ground state. We show that the quantum hydrodynamic expression of the amplitudes obtained by Landau and Khalatnikov apply only on the energy shell, that is for resonant processes that conserve energy. The microscopic model yields the same excitation spectrum as the Random Phase Approximation, with a linear (phononic) start and a concavity at low wave number that changes from upwards to downwards in the BEC‐BCS crossover. When the concavity of the dispersion relation is upwards at low wave number, the leading damping mechanism at low temperature is the Beliaev‐Landau process 2 phonons ↔ 1 phonon while, when the concavity is downwards, it is the Landau‐Khalatnikov process 2 phonons ↔ 2 phonons. In both cases, by rescaling the wave vectors to absorb the dependence on the interaction strength, we obtain a universal formula for the damping rate. This universal formula corrects and extends the original analytic results of Landau and Khalatnikov [ZhETF 19, 637 (1949)] for the 2↔2 processes in the downward concavity case. In the upward concavity case, for the Beliaev 1↔ 2 process for the unitary gas at zero temperature, we calculate the damping rate of an excitation with wave number q including the first correction proportional to q7 to the q5 hydrodynamic prediction, which was never done before in a systematic way.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer‐based Halogen‐free Photosensitizers: Covalent meso‐Aryl (Phenyl, Naphthyl, Anthryl, and Pyrenyl) as Electron Donors to Effectively Induce the Formation of the Excited Triplet State and Singlet Oxygen for BODIPY Compounds
Authors: Zhang Xian‐Fu , Feng Nan
Published: July 2017

Pristine BODIPY compounds have negligible efficiency to generate the excited triplet state and singlet oxygen. In this report, we show that attaching a good electron donor to the BODIPY core can lead to singlet oxygen formation with up to 58 % quantum efficiency. For this purpose, BODIPYs with meso‐aryl groups (phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, and pyrenyl) were synthesized and characterized. The fluorescence, excited triplet state, and singlet oxygen formation properties for these compounds were measured in various solvents by UV/Vis absorption, steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence methods, as well as laser flash photolysis technique. In particular, the presence of anthryl and pyrenyl showed substantial enhancement on the singlet oxygen formation ability of BODIPY with up to 58 % and 34 % quantum efficiency, respectively, owing to their stronger electron‐donating ability. Upon the increase in singlet oxygen formation, the fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime values of the aryl‐BODIPY showed a concomitant decrease. The increase in solvent polarity enhances the singlet oxygen generation but decreases the fluorescence quantum yield. The results are explained by the presence of intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer from the aryl moiety to BODIPY core. This method of promoting T1 formation is very different from the traditional heavy atom effect by I, Br, or transition metal atoms. This type of novel photosensitizers may find important applications in organic oxygenation reactions and photodynamic therapy of tumors.
Brain carnitine deficiency causes nonsyndromic autism with an extreme male bias: A hypothesis
Authors: Beaudet Arthur L.
Published: July 2017

Could 10–20% of autism be prevented? We hypothesize that nonsyndromic or “essential” autism involves extreme male bias in infants who are genetically normal, but they develop deficiency of carnitine and perhaps other nutrients in the brain causing autism that may be amenable to early reversal and prevention. That brain carnitine deficiency might cause autism is suggested by reports of severe carnitine deficiency in autism and by evidence that TMLHE deficiency − a defect in carnitine biosynthesis − is a risk factor for autism. A gene on the X chromosome (SLC6A14) likely escapes random X‐inactivation (a mixed epigenetic and genetic regulation) and could limit carnitine transport across the blood‐brain barrier in boys compared to girls. A mixed, common gene variant‐environment hypothesis is proposed with diet, minor illnesses, microbiome, and drugs as possible risk modifiers. The hypothesis can be tested using animal models and by a trial of carnitine supplementation in siblings of probands. Perhaps the lack of any Recommended Dietary Allowance for carnitine in infants should be reviewed. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/BuRH_jSjX5Y
Arsenite induces DNA damage via mitochondrial ROS and induction of mitochondrial permeability transition
Authors: Guidarelli Andrea , Fiorani Mara , Cerioni Liana , Scotti Maddalena , Cantoni Orazio
Published: July 2017

Arsenite is an established DNA‐damaging agent and human carcinogen. We initially selected conditions in which the metalloid causes DNA strand scission in the absence of detectable apoptotic DNA degradation in U937 cells. This response was suppressed by catalase and by treatments (rotenone and ascorbic acid), or manipulations (respiration‐deficient phenotype), preventing the mitochondrial formation of
(
).
, and its dismutation product, H2O2, are therefore critically involved in the arsenite‐dependent DNA‐damaging response. We then established a link between
/H2O2 and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), and found that this second event also promoted the formation of DNA‐damaging species. As a consequence, the DNA damage induced by arsenite, in addition to being abolished by the aforementioned treatments/manipulations, was also significantly reduced by the MPT inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA). A CsA‐sensitive induction of p53 mRNA expression was also detected. Finally, evidence of CsA‐sensitive DNA strand scission was also obtained in MCF‐7, HT22, and NCTC‐2544 cells.
/H2O2 therefore directly mediates DNA damage induced by arsenite and indirectly promotes the formation of additional DNA‐damaging species via the induction of MPT. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(5):673–684, 2017
Heterogeneously Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Supercritical CO2 to Methanol
Authors: Kommoß Björn , Klemenz Sebastian , Schmitt Fabian , Hocke Elisabeth , Vogel Kevin , Drochner Alfons , Albert Barbara , Etzold Bastian , Vogel Herbert G.
Published: July 2017

Interest in energy storage technologies is still increasing in times of excess of electricity generated by wind farms or solar plants. A key part of the energy storage technologies plays the efficient conversion of H2 and CO2 from renewable resources. Here, the process conditions for continuous catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH under supercritical conditions over lab‐synthesized Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts were investigated. A possible in situ phase separation of reaction products within the reactor due to the higher densities of the reaction mixture by the higher pressure could affect the kinetics and simplify downstream processing. The combination of thermodynamic studies and catalytic performance tests for CO2 hydrogenation under supercritical conditions is discussed and a process concept is presented.
Gas‐Solid Drag Coefficient for Ordered Arrays of Monodisperse Microspheres in Slip Flow Regime
Authors: Tao Shi , Guo Zhaoli
Published: July 2017

Numerous analytical and numerical correlations for the drag force of particles in packed arrays are not applicable to microspheres because of the invalidity of the no‐slip assumption at a solid wall. The slip flow through assemblages of spheres is investigated by the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Three periodic arrays of static and monodisperse particles, i.e., a simple cubic, a body‐centered cubic, and a face‐centered cubic array, each with a relatively wide range of solid volume fraction, are considered. The LBM is validated for the slip flow over a single unbounded sphere and the continuum flow through spheres in a simple cubic array. The LBM results agree well with the experimental and numerical data in the literature. Simulations of slip flow through the three ordered arrays of spheres are performed. The effects of solid volume fraction and slip are both quantified within the developed drag laws.
Sulfonylureas as Concomitant Insulin Secretagogues and NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitors
Authors: Hill James R. , Coll Rebecca C. , Sue Nancy , Reid Janet C. , Dou Jennifer , Holley Caroline L. , Pelingon Ruby , Dickinson Joshua B. , Biden Trevor J. , Schroder Kate , Cooper Matthew A. , Robertson Avril A. B.
Published: July 2017

Insulin‐secretory sulfonylureas are widely used, cost‐effective treatments for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, pancreatic β‐cells are continually depleted as T2D progresses, thereby rendering the sulfonylurea drug class ineffective in controlling glycaemia. Dysregulation of the innate immune system via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the consequent production of interleukin‐1β, has been linked to pancreatic β‐cell death and multiple inflammatory complications of T2D disease. One proposed strategy for treating T2D is the use of sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues that are also NLRP3 inhibitors. We report the synthesis and biological evaluation of nine sulfonylureas that inhibit NLRP3 activation in murine bone‐marrow‐ derived macrophages in a potent, dose‐dependent manner. Six of these compounds inhibited NLRP3 at nanomolar concentrations and can also stimulate insulin secretion from a murine pancreatic cell line (MIN6). These novel compounds possess unprecedented dual modes of action, paving the way for a new generation of sulfonylureas that may be useful as therapeutic candidates and/or tool compounds in T2D and its associated inflammatory complications.
Low‐Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite: Structure, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Misra Ravi K. , Cohen Bat‐El , Iagher Lior , Etgar Lioz
Published: July 2017

Three‐dimensional (3 D) perovskite has attracted a lot of attention owing to its success in photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. However, one of its major crucial issues lies in its stability, which has limited its commercialization. An important property of organic–inorganic perovskite is the possibility of forming a layered material by using long organic cations that do not fit into the octahedral cage. These long organic cations act as a “barrier” that “caps” 3 D perovskite to form the layered material. Controlling the number of perovskite layers could provide a confined structure with chemical and physical properties that are different from those of 3 D perovskite. This opens up a whole new batch of interesting materials with huge potential for optoelectronic applications. This Minireview presents the synthesis, properties, and structural orientation of low‐dimensional perovskite. It also discusses the progress of low‐dimensional perovskite in PV solar cells, which, to date, have performance comparable to that of 3 D perovskite but with enhanced stability. Finally, the use of low‐dimensional perovskite in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodetectors is discussed. The low‐dimensional perovskites are promising candidates for LED devices, mainly because of their high radiative recombination as a result of the confined low‐dimensional quantum well.