bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing and Screening High‐Performance Non‐Fullerene Acceptors: A Theoretical Exploration of Modified Y6
Authors: Qiu Wuke , Zheng Shaohui
Published: February 2021

Recently, the application of the non‐fullerene acceptor (NFA) Y6 and its derivatives has increased the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs) up to 18.22%. It has opened up a new revolutionary direction of the molecular design of high‐performance NFAs. Despite the recent exciting experimental progress of Y6‐based OSCs, studies of molecular modifications of Y6, which may be the most effective way to improve the PCE of OSCs, are still few. Herein, a series of modified Y6 molecules is systematically designed and modeled. Their physical and optical properties are predicted with reliable density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT calculations. The dipole moments, frontier molecular orbital energies, UV–vis absorption spectra, singlet–triplet energy gaps, exciton binding energies, charge transfer rate constants at the donor–acceptor interface, and electron mobility are computed to comprehensively analyze the potential of these Y6 derivatives. The results show that proper extension of the backbone by inserting thiophene rings with a single‐bond connection is conducive to designing highly efficient NFAs. The most striking finding here is that one (named BTPTT‐4F‐2T) of the screened Y6 derivatives is superior to prototype Y6 in all aspects and may be the next star high‐performance NFA.
Photovoltaic Recovery of All Printable Mesoporous‐Carbon‐based Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Alon Stav , Sohmer Maayan , Pathak Chandra Shakher , Visoly‐Fisher Iris , Etgar Lioz
Published: February 2021

Lead halide perovskites attract much attention in recent years as a realistic solution for efficient and low‐cost solar cells. One of the interesting solar cell structures is the fully mesoporous‐carbon‐based perovskite solar cells. The mesoporous layers can be fabricated entirely by screen printing with the potential for upscaling. Herein, the two‐step deposition of perovskite in mesoporous‐carbon‐based perovskite solar cells is studied. The influence of the dipping time on the photovoltaic parameters is investigated using charge extraction and intensity‐modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) measurements. A power conversion efficiency of 15% is observed for cells fabricated using two‐step deposition which is one of the highest reported for this solar cell structure. Stability characterizations at maximum power point (MPP) tracking show degradation with time, however a complete recovery of the devices in the dark is revealed. Analyzing the mechanism for this shows that the perovskite's unit cell shrinks during the recovery process due to internal stress relief. This interesting phenomenon opens the possibility to optimize the stability of these solar cells for commercial applications.
Nonparametric regression with ordinal responses
Authors: Gu Chong
Published: February 2021

In this article, we explore a nonparametric approach to proportional odds regression with ordinal responses. The setting fits in the general framework of penalized likelihood non‐Gaussian regression as developed earlier in the smoothing spline ANOVA literature. Existing results in the general setting are readily applied or adapted, covering asymptotic convergence, computation, smoothing parameter selection, and Kullback–Leibler projection. Simulation studies of limited scales are conducted to assess various practical issues, and open‐source software tools are demonstrated in the analysis of some diabetic retinopathy data.
Attending to the Rhythms of the Sea, Place and Gendered Cultures in Interviewing Fishers and Fishing Families
Authors: Gustavsson Madeleine
Published: February 2021

Researchers have called for more research on the socio-cultural lifeworlds of fishing, but these discussions have yet to filter through to methodological considerations. This chapter draws on ‘in the field’ experiences of using qualitative in-depth interviews with fishers and fishing families. Through discussing the ethical and practical challenges which emerged when interviewing fishers and fishing families—particularly concerned with recruitment, interview emplacements, gendering of fishing lives, social contexts, interviewee-interviewer relations and sensitive topics—the chapter suggests researcher reflexivity is key to deal with these challenges. It highlights the importance of adapting research practices to local contexts and rhythms to truly gain an in-depth understanding of fishing lives.
Rethinking Freshwater Management in the Context of Climate Change: Planning for Different Times, Climates, and Generations
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra
Published: February 2021

In this chapter, we explore environmental justice as an intergenerational imperative for Indigenous peoples by examining how different conceptions of time shape responses to climate change. We offer insights into how bringing Māori, Indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand, understandings of time can open new spaces for thinking about and planning for climate change in ways that do not reinforce and rearticulate the multiple environmental injustices (disproportionately experienced by Indigenous peoples because of settler colonialism). We examine how Māori concepts of time (as a spiral) and kaitiakitanga (environmental guardianship) challenge the dominant framing of climate change (premised on anthropometrism and forward-thinking temporality) and provide the opportunity to consider how climate justice (encompassing both mitigation and adaptation) as involving intergenerational responsibilities to both human and more-than-human beings.
Buddha on Politics, Economics, and Statecraft
Authors: Long William J.
Published: February 2021

This chapter outlines doctrinal Buddhist political and economic theory including its notions about interstate relations, which are based on its unique understanding of the nature of reality. Some readers may be surprised to hear that there exists a theory of politics in Buddha’s teachings. But in fact, Buddha spoke extensively about politics, contrary to the assertion of Max Weber who famously asserted that Buddhism was “a specifically a-political and anti-political status religion.” Although the overriding goal of Buddha’s teachings is the liberation of individuals from pervasive suffering, Buddha considered politics as important, not so much for its intrinsic value, but because it created an external environment that can facilitate or impede an individual’s pursuit of happiness, defined as spiritual advancement and achievement of wisdom about the true nature of oneself and the world. Although best understood as an extension of his teachings on human liberation, Buddha was also an original social and a significant political philosopher. Buddha’s social teachings parallel modern democratic thought, mixed market economics, and cosmopolitan internationalism in the West. This chapter outlines Buddha’s political and economic theory, including his thoughts about statecraft and the possibilities for international order.
The Aśokan Empire
Authors: Long William J.
Published: February 2021

This chapter introduces the first case study that serves as empirical referent for a Buddhist approach to statecraft in ancient times by considering the early kingdom of Aśoka. This chapter and the one that follows offer “proofs of concept” for the possibility of applying Buddhist ideas in the practice of politics and statecraft. Aśoka governed according to the dharma, meaning principles and policies that reflect Buddha’s teachings, although Aśoka expressed his principles and policies in edicts written in nonreligious, nonexclusive language. Aśoka’s rule was characterized by the promotion of nonviolence; social welfare; environmental protection; religious tolerance; political pluralism; the fair and compassionate administration of justice; and sound and responsive public administration meaning transparency, accessibility, impartiality, and accountability. His foreign policy was founded on principles of nonviolence, nonaggression, conciliation, stability, and improved understanding among international actors through diplomacy and mutually beneficial commerce. Aśoka even practiced the exercise of “soft power” by establishing medical facilities in foreign lands, sharing beneficial plants, and installing infrastructure beyond his immediate borders as acts of goodwill toward neighboring countries. While these governing principles and policies may be commonplace today, Aśoka, it should be remembered, governed in Asia in the third century B.C.E.
Modern Bhutan’s Buddhist Statecraft
Authors: Long William J.
Published: February 2021

This chapter introduces the country of Bhutan and its unique pursuit of a Buddhist-inspired foreign policy during the modern era (1949–present). This chapter illustrates how a modern state implements a national security and economic development policy consistent with Buddhist philosophical principles and Buddha’s political and economic teachings and, like the prior chapter, it serves as proof of concept for the possibility of putting Buddhist ideas into practice. The cornerstone of Bhutan’s foreign and domestic policies is its pursuit of Gross National Happiness, a concept that endorses holistic progress in the material, spiritual, emotional, cultural, and environmental welfare of its society.
Wound Closure and Care in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Veeraraghavan Ravi
Published: February 2021

Management of soft tissue wounds needs a careful assessment of the wound, a good understanding of wound types and healing as well as adequate knowledge and skill for wound care. The various steps in wound care include cleansing and debridement, haemostasis, tetanus immunisation and antibiotic medication and wound closure.

Wound closure can be accomplished in diverse ways, but suturing remains the mainstay. A wide variety of materials are available for wound suturing. One has to choose the right material and technique depending on the wound type and closure needs. Alternate techniques such as staples, tapes and adhesives are fast gaining popularity.
Postoperative Care of the Maxillofacial Surgery Patient
Authors: Kumar J. Naveen , Ravi Poornima
Published: February 2021

“Surgery” is defined as “treatment of injuries or disorders of the body by incision or manipulation, especially with instruments”. As such, it is nothing more than the mere performance of maneuvers at the operating room and certainly does not qualify to be called “treatment”. It is postoperative care that completes the process, ultimately benefitting the patient. In general, this includes the overall maintenance of wellbeing and early recovery of function before the patient can be discharged to be on his own. Additionally, the maxillofacial patient presents with issues exclusive to the anatomy and physiology of the head and neck region. One needs to have in-depth knowledge of these unique aspects, in addition to being a shrewd clinician at the postoperative ward. This chapter aims to equip the surgeon with such information as is necessary to provide the best of services following maxillofacial surgery.
Endodontic Surgery
Authors: Simon Deepti
Published: February 2021

Endodontic surgery straddles the specialties of endodontics and dento alveolar surgery. With the advent of the operating microscope, newer endodontic filling materials and stem cell therapy, humungous strides have been taken in this area, thus enabling transmutation of peri apical surgery into an avant-garde treatment modality, this chapter is a modest attempt to expound the various aspects of the subject from the surgeons frame of reference. Hence greater import is laid on incisions, flaps,surgical techniques, rather than restorative materials and retro cavity preparation.
Bone Augmentation Procedures in Implantology
Authors: Kumar Vinay V. , Ebenezer Supriya , Thor Andreas
Published: February 2021

Successful implant dentistry mandates implants to be placed in an appropriate three-dimensional manner that supports the prosthesis adequately. Due to the resorption patterns of edentulous jaws, the ideal position of implants required varying amounts of bone augmentation. Commonly carried out bone-augmentation procedures are Guided Bone Regeneration, onlay bone grafting and sinus floor elevation. This chapter discusses the resorption pattern of edentulous jaws, the biology of alveolar bone of relevance to the maxillofacial surgeon, the biomaterials used for augmentation and the commonly carried out augmentation procedures.
Osteomyelitis, Osteoradionecrosis, and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of Jaws
Authors: Walter Christian , Renné Christoph
Published: February 2021

The main function of the bones is the internal support and the storage of inorganic ions. Bones consist of the outer compact bone that harbors the inner cancellous bone and the bone marrow. Main cells are the bone-building osteoblasts, the bone-supporting osteocytes, and the bone-resorbing osteoclasts. All the cell lines communicate via the OPG RANK RANKL system.

The term osteomyelitis describes inflammation of all bone structures. Depending on the clinical presentation and the cause triggering the osteomyelitis, it can be classified into acute osteomyelitis that is called secondary chronic osteomyelitis after a time span of more than 4 weeks. In general, an odontogenic infection is responsible whereas the trigger of the secondary chronic osteomyelitis is unknown. Symptoms of acute osteomyelitis are fever, listlessness, swelling, pain, reddishness, trismus, tooth mobility, pus, and paresthesia. In the secondary chronic stadium, the swelling is less prominent and a periosteal reaction, sequester formation, and fistulas can occur. The primary chronic osteomyelitis often has few and not very prominent symptoms with a nonsuppurative inflammation. Therapy consists of antibacterial mouth rinses and antibiotics to different surgical procedures.

Osteoradionecrosis and medication-associated osteonecrosis are subentities where the radiation or a medication alters the bone biology and subsequently causes osteonecrosis of the affected bones.
OroAntral Communications and OroAntral Fistula
Authors: Manuel Suvy
Published: February 2021

Routine exodontia is a common procedure performed by the general dental practitioner and the oral surgeon alike. Most of the maxillary premolar/molar extractions heal uneventfully, but some may cause inadvertent opening into the maxillary sinus, manifesting as immediate oroantral communications (OACs) or delayed oroantral fistulae. The common reasons being difficulty encountered in the extractions intra-operatively due to myriads of reasons or the OAC may be due to a pre-existing pathology in the periapical region or within the sinus lining. Whatever the reason be, it is paramount that the surgeon identifies the problem and approaches it in a sequential manner to avoid long-term consequences and to attain a perfect closure. The timing of the closure is crucial, which is dependent upon the sinus health and the socket condition. This may be complicated by a missing root tip, which is lying in the sinus. This chapter aims to walk the reader through these events in a logical fashion so that they can take appropriate decisions and use the correct surgical technique, which will ensure successful closure of the defect.
Management of Medical Comorbidities in Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Moorthy Aditya , Krishna Shreya
Published: February 2021

Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, like any surgical specialty, has two vital requirements. First, having the right armamentarium, and, second, acquiring appropriate skills and knowledge of the patients’ disease process, including comorbidities. With the changing demographic in India, the profile of Indian patient has undergone a sea change in the last few decades. From acute conditions that had little impact on subsequent health of the patient, we have arrived at a scenario where a large proportion of patients present with chronic disorders like diabetes, ischemic heart diseases, etc. that affect many elective procedures we undertake and require optimization of the overall physical status of the patient before proceeding with any surgery.

Trainee surgeons need to be aware and updated and should be able to recognize, treat, or appropriately refer patients to the requisite specialty in case of complex conditions beyond their remit or ability. In this chapter, readers will get a very brief overview of the different organ systems that play crucial role in homeostasis and how to modify the treatment when there’s an imbalance in either of these systems.
Botulinum Toxin and Fillers for Maxillofacial Esthetics
Authors: Matsa Sainath
Published: February 2021

The skin undergoes major changes gradually with aging. Development of facial wrinkles and sagging of skin are common features of aging which affect facial aesthetics. Facial wrinkles are mainly caused or worsened by the repeated contraction of facial muscles and physiological changes associated with aging. Reversal of these clinical signs have been successfully achieved with Botulinum Toxin Type A and Hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. They are very safe and effective under a trained physician or surgeon for a number of therapeutic and cosmetic conditions. Knowledge of the anatomy of facial muscles and proper technique are important to achieve predictable results and avoid complications. This chapter deals with the clinical indications and various techniques of using Botulinum toxin and Fillers for cosmetic purposes.
Hair Transplantation
Authors: Pothula Sreedhar Reddy , Jayanth B. S.
Published: February 2021

Hair transplant as performed today has evolved over the past two decades in to a specialty by itself catching the attention of many specialists including maxillofacial surgeons who deal with defining the esthetics and perfection of the face. The advent of follicular unit micrograft and minigraft has provided a very safe, predictable and reproducible basis for establishing a natural hairline to the satisfaction of the patients. This chapter reviews and introduces the maxillofacial surgeons to the basics relevant to hair science, pathogenesis of hair loss, role of medicines, planning and execution of the two popular techniques of hair transplantation namely the follicular unit transplantation and follicular unit extraction as practiced in contemporary world today. There is an in-depth overview provided to the clinicians on the surgical details of the two popular procedures with their respective advantages and disadvantages; finally the chapter ends with description of complications commonly encountered and why maxillofacial surgeons are naturally selected to perform this highly skilled and gratifying procedure.
Management of Facial Scars
Authors: Ilankovan Velupillai , Sayan Anna
Published: February 2021

Scar formation is a very complicated process, which is outlined in this chapter. As oral and maxillofacial surgeons we have a duty to produce unsightly scars. Scar management includes prevention, pre-injury treatments during the healing period and definitive treatment once the scar is established. This chapter outlines multiple non-surgical remedies that can be used to manage scars including: steroid, 5 FU, dermabrasion, subcision, fillers, lasers, radiation and emulsified scar rejuvenation. Furthermore, we explain surgical techniques that can be incorporated in the scar management including Z-plasty, W plasty, irregular line closures and V-Y plasty and Y-V plasty. The algorithm at the end of this chapter is used to summarise method or combination of methods that is used to treat different scars including invisible scars, stretched scars, depressed scars, hypertrophic scars and keloid scars. This algorithm provides a good review of all different treatment modalities used in scar management.
Piezosurgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Renapurkar Shravan , Nagamalla Sowjanya
Published: February 2021

Piezoelectric devices are a revolutionary surgical tool with original application in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and then adapted to multiple other surgical specialties, including orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, and otorhinolaryngology. The major advantage for the surgeon is protection of the soft tissues, which are vital for the outcome and patient’s quality of life. This chapter deals with a description of the equipment, principles of use, advantages/disadvantages, and some common clinical applications. With time, the device and its applications have evolved and continue to diversify.
Salivary Gland Pathologies
Authors: Agni Nisheet Anant
Published: February 2021

Saliva is responsible for various functions from lubrication to digestion. The saliva is secreted by numerous minor and major salivary glands. These salivary glands are sometimes affected by various local and systemic inflammatory conditions, obstructive pathologies with benign and malignant tumors. This chapter deals with various pathologies of salivary glands and their management.
Intraoral Endoscopic Approach for Treatment of Condylar Fractures of the Mandible
Authors: Wilde Frank
Published: February 2021

The literature is replete with techniques regarding the open reduction and fixation of the condylar fractures of the mandible. The extraoral approach is preferred by the majority of surgeons in comparison to the intraoral approach. Nevertheless, open reduction and internal fixation by an extraoral approach has the evident risk to cause transient or even permanent facial nerve injury [1–4], leads inevitably to a facial scar [1, 5], and can course salivary fistulas, sialoceles [1, 6], Frey syndrome, or disturbance of the great auricular nerve [1]. In contrast, an intraoral approach is minimizing these abovementioned risks and facial scars can be avoided in general [7, 8].
Fractures of the Zygomaticomaxillary Complex
Authors: Panneerselvam Elavenil , Ravi Poornima , Sasikala B.
Published: February 2021

Fractures of the Zygomatico Maxillary complex result in cosmetic deformity as well as functional deficits such as altered vision, restricted mouth opening and paresthesia. Accurate restitution of the form and function of the ZMC is challenging because of its multipoint- articulation within the cranio facial skeleton and the difficulty involved in intra-operative assessment of reduction at all articulations. Management of ZMC fractures is unique; (1) The approaches used for reduction may be different from those for fixation (2) Lack of complete visualization of fracture predisposes to over or under reduction resulting in sub optimal outcomes (3) Philosophies of fixation and stabilization are numerous and debatable.

With advancements in the imaging technology, armamentarium and refinement of approaches to fracture, there is an emerging trend towards achieving utmost precision in reduction and fixation with minimally invasive surgical principles. This chapter aims at elaborating the biodynamics of ZMC fractures, the evolution of various techniques for reduction & fixation along with their rationale and finally the cutting-edge technology in management of fractured ZMC.
Residual Deformities of the Maxillofacial Region
Authors: Jimson Samson
Published: February 2021

A maxillofacial surgeon plays a vital role in not only restoring the structural form of the maxillofacial unit but also aims to restore the pre-traumatic functional status of the patient. Diagnosis and Clinical evaluation with enhanced treatment planning and restoration of aesthetics and function is the key for any maxillofacial surgery. However, it is not always possible to achieve the most appropriate results in all cases. It is not uncommon to see failure or more mediocre outcomes following maxillofacial trauma surgery. The outcome of the primary treatment may depend on factors like the extent of the injury/defect, delay in diagnosis/management, improper treatment plan, lack of use in modern diagnostic/treatment planning utilities, poor execution of treatment plan, inexperience of the surgeon leading to not expecting the eventful deformities, not coordinating with other specialists to yield the most standard and deserving treatment for the patient with restoration of both form and function. Residual deformities are seen following primary treatment of trauma due to one more reason mentioned earlier. Correction of such residual deformities may be challenging to the surgeon but very often a life-changing experience for patients. It is the experience of the surgeon that helps to recognise the challenges ahead in restoring the form and function. Residual deformities are often evaluated by the extent of deformities following primary management. Apart from reasons that may pertain to the experience of the operating surgeon, pathobiology of the healing zone may also contribute to the residual deformities. This chapter discusses in detail about the traumatic residual deformities and its management, also in brief about post-oncosurgical residual deformities.
Orthognathic Surgery for Mandible
Authors: Mani Varghese
Published: February 2021

Mandible, a horseshoe shaped bone of the facial skeleton, is one of the sturdy bones in humans. Prominent chin is a unique feature of anatomically modern man in comparison with his anthropological ancestors. The simian shelf has reduced to two genial tubercles to which two muscles are attached. The neck of the condyle has narrowed and acts as a buffer to budge by fracture if there is a severe force on the prominent chin. These evolutionary changes facilitated increased space for the tongue as men started articulation. It articulates with the temporal bone by two inter-dependent Temporo-mandibular joints. Mandible is important in both function and aesthetics

.

Mandible can be cut into multiple pieces and re-arranged and fixed to achieve aesthetic and functional changes. Facial bones have a tremendous capacity to regenerate and heal provided proper blood supply is ensured to the cut segments. Ostoetomies of the mandible can be done on ramus, body, chin, dento-alveolar region, inferior border, etc. Most of these procedures are done intraorally. Technological advancements have aided orthognathic surgery at large. This chapter envisages to elaborate different techniques of osteotomy of mandible.
Orthognathic Surgery for the Maxilla-LeFort I and Anterior Maxillary Osteotomy
Authors: Dabir Ashok , Vahanwala Jayesh
Published: February 2021

The chapter reviews the history and technique of maxillary orthognathic surgical procedures and highlights the sequence of bimaxillary surgery. A maxillary surgical procedure and its modification can be employed to correct skeletal deformities of the maxilla. With presently available surgical techniques, the maxilla may be independently repositioned in three dimensions. Segmentalization of the maxilla in turn allows repositioning different portions in different three dimensional planes, when done under direct vision. The changes in the position of the maxilla also causes soft tissue changes of the lips, cheeks, and nose. Changes in the nasal complex after orthognathic surgery, with the exception of nasal width, are complicated, and cannot be predicted. Having listed a general guide, the authors reiterate that no dogma should be given regarding the sequence of maxillary or mandibular surgery. Any surgical decision must be made after in-depth planning, preparation, and flexibility. If this is done, sequencing will follow logically.

The chapter also includes key considerations in orthognathic surgery viz., adjustment to the base of the Nose and ANS; effect of changing the inclination (slope) of the osteotomy cut; impacted / erupted wisdom teeth; preoperative/intraoperative difficulties and proper positioning. An in-depth account of nutritional support and dealing with complications rounds off the discussion.
Facial Asymmetry
Authors: Andrade Neelam N. , Mathai Paul , Aggarwal Neha
Published: February 2021

Any abnormality of the soft or hard tissues of the face can lead to asymmetry. This could be a consequence of a congenital anomaly, a developmental or an acquired defect. Asymmetry can be progressive in nature, while those acquired due to trauma or ablative surgeries are non- progressive. It is prudent for the clinician to consider the aetiology of the asymmetry, the extent and its severity in all three dimensions in order to provide an optimal treatment plan. Besides, it is important to take into consideration factors such as growth, timing of treatment and psychological aspirations of the patients. The present chapter will discuss the etiopathogenesis and classifications, clinical considerations and diagnosis, evaluation and treatment planning of facial asymmetries. Few interesting case scenarios will also be discussed for a better understanding of clinical presentations and various surgical procedures available for management.
Cleft Palate
Authors: Narayanan P. V. , Adenwalla H. S.
Published: February 2021

It was Kilner who said, “Ask not for a spatula and torch to check your cleft palate repair, but listen to your patient speak.” By this obvious but profound statement, he drew the cleft surgeons’ attention to the fact that gone are the days of breakdowns and fistulae and that if your child does not speak well, your operation is a failure, for such a child would be out of the mainstream of life forever. In spite of the advances in technique and execution, experienced cleft surgeons all over the world still struggle to obtain perfect speech in a large percentage of cases.
Cleft Rhinoplasty
Authors: Richardson Sunil , Khandeparker Rakshit Vijay Sinai
Published: February 2021

Cleft rhinoplasty is one of the most difficult and challenging aesthetic surgeries to carry out and bears a significant impact on the overall nasal aesthetics and function. Two reasons understood for this are the simultaneous involvement of all the layers of the nose including the skin, cartilage, skeleton and vestibular lining (this being the principal reason) and the significant scarring that is the consequence of multiple previous surgical interventions. There is a mention of numerous techniques for ultimate correction of unilateral and bilateral cleft nasal deformities but no single technique has till date provided a definite solution for correction of all the problems that accompany these deformities. There is a revised interest in performing primary rhinoplasties at the time of lip repair with or without presurgical orthopedics but these procedures may still warrant definitive rhinoplasty at a later date. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of cleft rhinoplasty in the most systematic manner beginning with the pathologic anatomy followed by surgical timing, pre-operative evaluation and surgical correction. The chapter also discusses the use of various grafts in a typical cleft rhinoplasty case as well as treatment strategy for management of both, unilateral and bilateral cleft nasal deformities. The outcomes as well as complications and a note on further revisions have also been presented.
Sarcoma of the Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Region
Authors: Jacob D’ Souza , Raghu Boyapati
Published: February 2021

Sarcomas are malignant mesenchymal tumours. They are relatively uncommon in the head and neck region. They are diverse affecting both soft and hard tissues. Multiple histological subtypes are recognised. There is considerable variation in their behaviour and response to treatment, both in adults and children. Historically, poor outcomes are due to multiple reasons such as paucity of standardised treatment approaches and the complex anatomy of the head and neck region. Nevertheless, surgery plays a key part in the management of sarcomas, both from an ablative and reconstructive viewpoint. The modern reconstructive techniques have improved quality of life for those undergoing surgical ablation.
Hard Tissue Reconstruction of the Maxillofacial Region
Authors: Chandra Srinivasa R. , Pillai Vijay
Published: February 2021

This chapter reviews the multiple choices in bone graft donor sites, indications, techniques, maxillofacial reconstruction outcomes and the associated morbidities.
de Sitter space as a Glauber-Sudarshan state
Authors: Brahma Suddhasattwa , Dasgupta Keshav , Tatar Radu
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Glauber-Sudarshan states, sometimes simply referred to as Glauber states, or alternatively as coherent and squeezed-coherent states, are interesting states in the configuration spaces of any quantum field theories, that closely resemble classical trajectories in space-time. In this paper, we identify four-dimensional de Sitter space as a coherent state over a supersymmetric Minkowski vacuum. Although such an identification is not new, what is new however is the claim that this is realizable in full string theory, but only in conjunction with temporally varying degrees of freedom and quantum corrections resulting from them. Furthermore, fluctuations over the de Sitter space is governed by a generalized graviton (and flux)-added coherent state, also known as the Agarwal-Tara state. The realization of de Sitter space as a state, and not as a vacuum, resolves many issues associated with its entropy, zero-point energy and trans-Planckian censorship, amongst other things.
Anomaly inflow methods for SCFT constructions in type IIB
Authors: Bah Ibrahima , Bonetti Federico , Minasian Ruben , Weck Peter
Published: February 2021

Abstract

We extend the anomaly inflow methods developed in M-theory to SCFTs engineered via D3-branes in type IIB. We show that the ’t Hooft anomalies of such SCFTs can be computed systematically from their geometric definition. Our procedure is tested in several 4d examples and applied to 2d theories obtained by wrapping D3-branes on a Riemann surface. In particular, we show how to analyze half-BPS regular punctures for 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM on a Riemann surface. We discuss generalizations of this formalism to type IIB configurations with F3, H3 fluxes, as well as to F-theory setups.
Sums of Averages of GCD-Sum Functions II
Authors: Kaltenböck Lisa , Kiuchi Isao , Saad Eddin Sumaia , Ueda Masaaki
Published: February 2021

Let $$ \gcd (k,j) $$

gcd
(
k
,
j
)

denote the greatest common divisor of the integers k and j, and let r be any fixed positive integer. Define $$\begin{aligned} M_r(x; f) := \sum _{k\le x}\frac{1}{k^{r+1}}\sum _{j=1}^{k}j^{r}f(\gcd (j,k)) \end{aligned}$$

M
r

(
x
;
f
)

:
=

∑

k
≤
x

1

k

r
+
1

∑

j
=
1

k

j
r

f

(
gcd

(
j
,
k
)

)

for any large real number $$x\ge 5$$

x
≥
5

, where f is any arithmetical function. Let $$\phi $$
ϕ
, and $$\psi $$
ψ
denote the Euler totient and the Dedekind function, respectively. In this paper, we refine asymptotic expansions of $$M_r(x; \mathrm{id})$$

M
r

(
x
;
id
)

, $$M_r(x;{\phi })$$

M
r

(
x
;
ϕ
)

and $$M_r(x;{\psi })$$

M
r

(
x
;
ψ
)

. Furthermore, under the Riemann Hypothesis and the simplicity of zeros of the Riemann zeta-function, we establish the asymptotic formula of $$M_r(x;\mathrm{id})$$

M
r

(
x
;
id
)

for any large positive number $$x>5$$

x
>
5

satisfying $$x=[x]+\frac{1}{2}$$

x
=

[
x
]

+

1
2

.
Assessment of the impact of mitochondrial genotype upon drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in platelets derived from healthy volunteers
Authors: Ball Amy L. , Bloch Katarzyna M. , Rainbow Lucille , Liu Xuan , Kenny John , Lyon Jonathan J. , Gregory Richard , Alfirevic Ana , Chadwick Amy E.
Published: February 2021

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly polymorphic and encodes 13 proteins which are critical to the production of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. As mtDNA is maternally inherited and undergoes negligible recombination, acquired mutations have subdivided the human population into several discrete haplogroups. Mitochondrial haplogroup has been found to significantly alter mitochondrial function and impact susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. Despite these findings, there are currently limited models to assess the effect of mtDNA variation upon susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. Platelets offer a potential personalised model of this variation, as their anucleate nature offers a source of mtDNA without interference from the nuclear genome. This study, therefore, aimed to determine the effect of mtDNA variation upon mitochondrial function and drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in a platelet model. The mtDNA haplogroup of 383 healthy volunteers was determined using next-generation mtDNA sequencing (Illumina MiSeq). Subsequently, 30 of these volunteers from mitochondrial haplogroups H, J, T and U were recalled to donate fresh, whole blood from which platelets were isolated. Platelet mitochondrial function was tested at basal state and upon treatment with compounds associated with both mitochondrial dysfunction and adverse drug reactions, flutamide, 2-hydroxyflutamide and tolcapone (10–250 μM) using extracellular flux analysis. This study has demonstrated that freshly-isolated platelets are a practical, primary cell model, which is amenable to the study of drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Specifically, platelets from donors of haplogroup J have been found to have increased susceptibility to the inhibition of complex I-driven respiration by 2-hydroxyflutamide. At a time when individual susceptibility to adverse drug reactions is not fully understood, this study provides evidence that inter-individual variation in mitochondrial genotype could be a factor in determining sensitivity to mitochondrial toxicants associated with costly adverse drug reactions.
Higher order Levi forms on homogeneous CR manifolds
Authors: Marini S. , Medori C. , Nacinovich M.
Published: February 2021

We investigate the nondegeneracy of higher order Levi forms on weakly nondegenerate homogeneous CR manifolds. Improving previous results, we prove that general orbits of real forms in complex flag manifolds have order less or equal than 3 and the compact ones less or equal 2. Finally we construct by Lie extensions weakly nondegenerate CR vector bundles with arbitrary orders of nondegeneracy.
Phase Transitions for Nonlinear Nonlocal Aggregation-Diffusion Equations
Authors: Carrillo José A. , Gvalani Rishabh S.
Published: February 2021

We are interested in studying the stationary solutions and phase transitions of aggregation equations with degenerate diffusion of porous medium-type, with exponent$$1< m < \infty $$1<m<∞. We first prove the existence of possibly infinitely many bifurcations from the spatially homogeneous steady state. We then focus our attention on the associated free energy, proving existence of minimisers and even uniqueness for sufficiently weak interactions. In the absence of uniqueness, we show that the system exhibits phase transitions: we classify values ofmand interaction potentialsWfor which these phase transitions are continuous or discontinuous. Finally, we comment on the limit$$m \rightarrow \infty $$m→∞and the influence that the presence of a phase transition has on this limit.
Helly meets Garside and Artin
Authors: Huang Jingyin , Osajda Damian
Published: February 2021

A graph is Helly if every family of pairwise intersecting combinatorial balls has a nonempty intersection. We show that weak Garside groups of finite type and FC-type Artin groups are Helly, that is, they act geometrically on Helly graphs. In particular, such groups act geometrically on spaces with a convex geodesic bicombing, equipping them with a nonpositive-curvature-like structure. That structure has many properties of a CAT(0) structure and, additionally, it has a combinatorial flavor implying biautomaticity. As immediate consequences we obtain new results for FC-type Artin groups (in particular braid groups and spherical Artin groups) and weak Garside groups, including e.g. fundamental groups of the complements of complexified finite simplicial arrangements of hyperplanes, braid groups of well-generated complex reflection groups, and one-relator groups with non-trivial center. Among the results are: biautomaticity, existence of EZ and Tits boundaries, the Farrell–Jones conjecture, the coarse Baum–Connes conjecture, and a description of higher order homological and homotopical Dehn functions. As a means of proving the Helly property we introduce and use the notion of a (generalized) cell Helly complex.
A stalk fluid forming above the transition from the lamellar to the rhombohedral phase of lipid membranes
Authors: Scheu Max , Komorowski Karlo , Shen Chen , Salditt Tim
Published: February 2021

In this work, we present evidence for the formation of transient stalks in aligned multilamellar stacks of lipid membranes. Just above the phase transition from the fluid ($$L_\alpha$$Lα) lamellar phase to the rhombohedral phase (R), where lipid stalks crystallize on a super-lattice within the lipid bilayer stack, we observe a characteristic scattering pattern, which can be attributed to a correlated fluid of transient stalks. Excess (off-axis) diffuse scattering with a broad modulation around the position which later transforms to a sharp peak of the rhombohedral lattice, gives evidence for the stalk fluid forming as a pre-critical effect, reminiscent of critical phenomena in the vicinity of second-order phase transitions. Using high-resolution off-specular X-ray scattering and lineshape analysis we show that this pre-critical regime is accompanied by an anomalous elasticity behavior of the membrane stack, in particular an increase in inter-bilayer compressibility, i.e., a decrease in the compression modulus.
A MALDI-TOF MS database for fast identification of Vibrio spp. potentially pathogenic to marine mollusks
Authors: Moussa M. , Cauvin E. , Le Piouffle A. , Lucas O. , Bidault A. , Paillard C. , Benoit F. , Thuillier B. , Treilles M. , Travers M. A. , Garcia Céline
Published: February 2021

In mollusk aquaculture, a large number of Vibrio species are considered major pathogens. Conventional methods based on DNA amplification and sequencing used to accurately identify Vibrio species are unsuitable for monitoring programs because they are time-consuming and expensive. The aim of this study was, therefore, to develop the MALDI-TOF MS method in order to establish a rapid identification technique for a large panel of Vibrio species. We created the EnviBase containing 120 main spectra projections (MSP) of the Vibrio species that are potentially responsible for mollusk diseases, comprising 25 species: V. aestuarianus, V. cortegadensis, V. tapetis and species belonging to the Coralliilyticus, Harveyi, Mediterranei, and Orientalis clades. Each MSP was constructed by the merger of raw spectra obtained from three different media and generated by three collaborating laboratories to increase the diversity of the conditions and thus obtain a good technique robustness. Perfect discrimination was obtained with all of the MSP created for the Vibrio species and even for very closely related species as V. europaeus and V. bivalvicida. The new EnviBase library was validated through a blind test on 100 Vibrio strains performed by our three collaborators who used the direct transfer and protein extraction methods. The majority of the Vibrio strains were successfully identified with the newly created EnviBase by the three laboratories for both protocol methods. This study documents the first development of a freely accessible database exclusively devoted to Vibrio found in marine environments, taking into account the high diversity of this genus.

Key points

• Development of a MALDI-TOF MS database to quickly affiliate Vibrio species.

• Increase of the reactivity when faced with Vibrio associated with mollusk diseases.

• Validation of MALDI-TOF MS as routine diagnostic tool.
Postoperative single-sequence (PoSSe) MRI: imaging work-up for CT-guided or endoscopic drainage indication of collections after hepatopancreaticobiliary surgery
Authors: Fehrenbach Uli , Auer Timo A. , Schöning Wenzel , Schmelzle Moritz , Jürgensen Christian , Malinka Thomas , Bahra Marcus , Geisel Dominik , Denecke Timm
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Fluid collections due to anastomotic leakage are a common complication after hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) surgery and are usually treated with drainage. We conducted a study to evaluate imaging work-up with a postoperative single-sequence (PoSSe) MRI for the detection of collections and indication of drainage.

Material and methods

Forty-six patients who developed signs of leakage (fever, pain, laboratory findings) after HPB surgery were prospectively enrolled. Each patient was examined by abdominal sonography and our PoSSe MRI protocol (axial T2-weighted HASTE only). PoSSe MRI examination time (from entering to leaving the MR scanner room) was measured. Sonography and MRI were evaluated regarding the detection and localization of fluid collections. Each examination was classified for diagnostic sufficiency and an imaging-based recommendation if CT-guided or endoscopic drainage is reasonable or not was proposed. Imaging work-up was evaluated in terms of feasibility and the possibility of drainage indication.

Results

Sonography, as first-line modality, detected 21 focal fluid collections and allowed to decide about the need for drainage in 41% of patients. The average time in the scanning room for PoSSe MRI was 9:23 min [7:50–13:32 min]. PoSSe MRI detected 46 focal collections and allowed therapeutic decisions in all patients. Drainage was suggested based on PoSSe MRI in 25 patients (54%) and subsequently indicated and performed in 21 patients (100% sensitivity and 84% specificity). No patient needed further imaging to optimize the treatment.

Conclusions

The PoSSe MRI approach is feasible in the early and intermediate postoperative setting after HPB surgery and shows a higher detection rate than sonography. Imaging work-up regarding drainage of collections was successful in all patients and our proposed PoSSe MRI algorithm provides an alternative to the standard work-up.
Training opportunities of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology: a systematic review
Authors: Schuur Floor , Rezazade Mehrizi Mohammad H. , Ranschaert Erik
Published: February 2021

Objectives

The aim is to offer an overview of the existing training programs and critically examine them and suggest avenues for further development of AI training programs for radiologists.

Methods

Deductive thematic analysis of 100 training programs offered in 2019 and 2020 (until June 30). We analyze the public data about the training programs based on their “contents,” “target audience,” “instructors and offering agents,” and “legitimization strategies.”

Results

There are many AI training programs offered to radiologists, yet most of them (80%) are short, stand-alone sessions, which are not part of a longer-term learning trajectory. The training programs mainly (around 85%) focus on the basic concepts of AI and are offered in passive mode. Professional institutions and commercial companies are active in offering the programs (91%), though academic institutes are limitedly involved.

Conclusions

There is a need to further develop systematic training programs that are pedagogically integrated into radiology curriculum. Future training programs need to further focus on learning how to work with AI at work and be further specialized and customized to the contexts of radiology work.

Key Points

• Most of AI training programs are short, stand-alone sessions, which focus on the basics of AI.

• The content of training programs focuses on medical and technical topics; managerial, legal, and ethical topics are marginally addressed.

• Professional institutions and commercial companies are active in offering AI training; academic institutes are limitedly involved.