bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A physical–mathematical model for the prediction of fiber diameter of the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) spunbonding nonwoven fabrics
Authors: Zhao Bo
Published: October 2017

A mathematical model of air drawing of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer in a spunbonding nonwoven process was established and solved by introducing the numerical computational results of the air jet flow field of the attenuator. The predicted fiber diameters, crystallinities, and birefringences agreed well with the experimental data. The air jet flow field model was solved and simulated by means of the finite difference method. The numerical simulation computation results of distributions of the air velocity matched quite well with the experimental data. The air drawing model of the polymer was solved with the help of the distributions of the air velocity measured by a particle image velocimetry. The effects of the processing parameters on the fiber diameters, measured with the aid of an image analysis method, are further discussed. A lower polymer throughput rate, higher polymer melt initial temperature, higher air initial temperature, higher air initial speed, lower venturi gap, higher air suction speed, and higher quench pressure can all produce finer filament fibers. The results demonstrated the great prospects for this research in the field of computer‐assisted design (CAD) in the spunbonding technology field. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1213–1223, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Nanostructured chitosan–gelatin hybrid aerogels produced by supercritical gel drying
Authors: Baldino Lucia , Cardea Stefano , Reverchon Ernesto
Published: October 2017

In this work, chitosan/gelatin (Ch/G) aerogels with a network organization were produced by supercritical gel drying. Ch structure was characterized by a cellular morphology with smooth pore walls, with a mean pore size of about 20 µm. The morphology of G aerogel was, instead, nanofibrous with a mean fiber size lower than 100 nm. The mixture between Ch and G favored Ch gelification, due to the chemical interaction among the cationic Ch and negatively charged molecules of G. Ch/G hybrid aerogels formed an interpenetrated polymer network, with enhanced mechanical properties with respect to the starting single biopolymers, achieving a Young modulus up to 181 kPa, suitable for bone tissue engineering. Moreover, high surface area (≈250 m2 g−1) and negligible glutaraldehyde (GTA) residues were found after supercritical processing; in particular, the GTA residues in the aerogels were lower than 3 ppm, also in the worst case (i.e., 2.3 ppm of released GTA for the Ch/G 4/1 aerogel), making them useful for potential nanomedicine applications. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1494–1499, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Design and synthesis of a new porous organic polymer equipped with N‐propyl sulfamic acid functionalities: As an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthene derivatives
Authors: Mouradzadegun Arash , Mostafavi Mahsa Alsadat
Published: October 2017

The manuscript reports the synthesis of a polymeric calix[4]resorcinarene catalyst incorporated with N‐propyl sulfamic acid and the catalytic synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes by this polymeric catalyst. Highly cross‐linked porous organic polymers as a class of amorphous and nano‐scale porous polymeric networks have been playing a key role in the development of organic synthesis and catalytic systems. The catalyst synthetic steps include (1) the synthesis of calix[4]resorcinarene, (2) polymerization with formaldehyde, (3) modification with 3‐(triethoxysilyl)propylamine (APTES), and finally (4) modification in the presence of chlorosulfonic acid to produce an efficient heterogeneous acidic catalyst for being applied in the condensation reaction of dimedone with divergent aryl aldehydes for synthesizing a series of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes. This newly synthesized catalyst was characterized by some spectroscopic methods such as Fourier‐Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), elemental analysis (CHNS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), gas adsorption/desorption Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) methodology, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and its recyclability was successfully proved. Solvent‐free conditions, easy reaction handling and work up, mild acidic conditions, green and affordable methodology, gaining high yields of products in short reaction times, and also the catalyst reusability, are the most important advantages of the present method. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1362–1370, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Genetic and Environmental Pathways Underlying Personality Traits and Perceived Stress: Concurrent and Longitudinal Twin Studies
Authors: Luo Jing , Derringer Jaime , Briley Daniel A. , Roberts Brent W.
Published: October 2017

The present study examined the genetic and environmental etiology underlying the Big Five personality traits and perceived stress, concurrently and longitudinally. In study 1, we used the twin sample from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health IV) data. The results indicated that about 70% of the association between the Big Five personality traits and perceived stress was due to genetic influences. In study 2, we used the twin sample from the Midlife in the United States Survey (MIDUS I and II) to examine the genetic and environmental influences underlying the longitudinal relations between the Big Five personality traits and perceived stress. The results suggested that continuity in perceived stress was primarily accounted for by genetic influences, and changes in perceived stress were mainly due to nonshared environmental influences. The continuity in the association between the five personality traits and perceived stress was largely accounted for by genetic factors, and nonshared environmental factors made greater contributions to changes in the association between personality traits and perceived stress. Among the Big Five personality traits, the genetic components in conscientiousness and neuroticism made substantial contributions to the genetic link between personality traits and perceived stress across both studies. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology
Scipion web tools: Easy to use cryo‐EM image processing over the web
Authors: Conesa Mingo Pablo , Gutierrez José , Quintana Adrián , de la Rosa Trevín José Miguel , Zaldívar‐Peraza Airén , Cuenca Alba Jesús , Kazemi Mohsen , Vargas Javier , del Cano Laura , Segura Joan , Sorzano Carlos Oscar S. , Carazo Jose María
Published: October 2017

Macromolecular structural determination by Electron Microscopy under cryogenic conditions is revolutionizing the field of structural biology, interesting a large community of potential users. Still, the path from raw images to density maps is complex, and sophisticated image processing suites are required in this process, often demanding the installation and understanding of different software packages. Here, we present Scipion Web Tools, a web‐based set of tools/workflows derived from the Scipion image processing framework, specially tailored to nonexpert users in need of very precise answers at several key stages of the structural elucidation process.
Plumbagin improves the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: A pre‐clinical study
Authors: Abedinpour Parisa , Baron Véronique T. , Chrastina Adrian , Rondeau Gaelle , Pelayo Jennifer , Welsh John , Borgström Per
Published: October 2017

Background

Plumbagin is a candidate drug for the treatment of prostate cancer. Previous observations indicated that it may improve the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). This study evaluates the effectiveness of treatment with combinations of plumbagin and alternative strategies for ADT in mouse models of prostate cancer to support its clinical use.

Methods

Plumbagin was administered per oral in a new sesame oil formulation. Standard toxicology studies were performed in rats. For tumor growth studies, mouse prostate cancer cell spheroids were placed on top of grafted prostate tissue in a dorsal chamber and allowed to form tumors. Mice were separated in various treatment groups and tumor size was measured over time by intra‐vital microscopy. Survival studies were done in mice after injection of prostate cancer cells in the prostate of male animals. Androgen receptor (AR) levels were analyzed by Western blot from prostate cancer cells treated with plumbagin.

Results

Plumbagin caused a decrease in AR levels in vitro. In mice, plumbagin at 1 mg/kg in sesame oil displayed low toxicity and caused a 50% tumor regression when combined with castration. The combination of plumbagin with various forms of chemical ADT including treatment with a GnRH receptor agonist, a GnRH receptor antagonist, or CYP17A1 inhibitors, outperformed ADT alone, increasing mouse survival compared to the standard regimen of castration alone. In contrast, the combination of plumbagin with AR antagonists, such as bicalutamide and enzalutamide, showed no improvement over AR antagonists alone. Thus, plumbagin is effective in combination with drugs that prevent the synthesis of testosterone or its conversion to dihydrotestosterone, but not with drugs that bind to AR.

Conclusion

Plumbagin significantly improves the effect of ADT drugs currently used in the clinic, with few side effects in mice.
Foliar application of benzovindiflupyr shows non‐fungicidal effects in wheat plants
Authors: Kuznetsov Dmitry , Cazenave Alexandre Brice , Rambach Odile , Camblin Philippe , Nina Mafalda , Leipner Jörg
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

The fungicide benzovindiflupyr belongs to the class of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs). Certain SDHIs have shown plant physiological effects, so‐called secondary effects, that appeared to be related to the plant water status. Therefore, the effect of benzovindiflupyr on transpiration of leaves and whole wheat plants was studied under controlled conditions. Furthermore, wheat yield trials under controlled and natural drought stress in the field were conducted.

RESULTS

Transpiration of detached wheat leaves was reduced by benzovindiflupyr in a dose‐dependent manner. Similarly, whole‐plant transpiration decreased for several days following application of this fungicide. In 16 field trials under drought stress conditions that were classified as disease‐free, treatment of wheat plants at the flag leaf stage or at heading with benzovindiflupyr showed a grain yield increase (+5.2%;P≤ 0.01) that was partially attributed to an increased thousand‐grain weight.

CONCLUSIONS

Water saving during pre‐anthesis as a result of benzovindiflupyr application may be associated with better seed setting and filling under dry field conditions in wheat. The results of this research provide new insights into secondary effects of SDHIs that lead directly to yield improvements. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
The growing impact of satellite observations sensitive to humidity, cloud and precipitation
Authors: Geer A. J. , Baordo F. , Bormann N. , Chambon P. , English S. J. , Kazumori M. , Lawrence H. , Lean P. , Lonitz K. , Lupu C.
Published: October 2017

Ten years ago, humidity observations were thought to give little benefit to global weather forecasts. Nowadays, at the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts, satellite microwave radiances sensitive to humidity, cloud and precipitation provide 20% of short‐range forecast impact, as measured by adjoint‐based forecast sensitivity diagnostics. This makes them one of the most important sources of data and equivalent in impact to microwave temperature sounding observations. Forecasts of dynamical quantities, and precipitation, are improved out to at least day 6. This article reviews the impact of and the science behind these data. It is not straightforward to assimilate cloud and precipitation‐affected observations when the intrinsic predictability of cloud and precipitation features is limited. Assimilation systems must be able to operate in the presence of all‐pervasive cloud and precipitation ‘mislocation’ errors. However, by assimilating these observations using the ‘all‐sky’ approach, and supported by advances in data assimilation and forecast modelling, modern data assimilation systems can infer the dynamical state of the atmosphere, not just from traditional temperature‐related observations, but from observations of humidity, cloud and precipitation.
An inspection model for a multi‐component system subject to 2 types of failures
Authors: Yang Li , Zhao Yu , Ma Xiaobing
Published: October 2017

Group maintenance is common and of significant importance for complex systems in industrial applications. This paper proposes a novel inspection and replacement model for a multi‐component system whose components are all subject to 2 typical failure modes, ie, catastrophic failure and minor failure. A catastrophic failure stops the system immediately, whereas a minor failure is not fatal and could only be identified by periodic inspection. At either a catastrophic or a minor failure, replacement is immediate. The maintenance cost model could be constructed through calculating the distribution of the “forward time”, which denotes the time elapse to a catastrophic failure since the previous inspection. The objective of this paper is to minimize the expected cost per unit time of the system via the optimization of the inspection interval. A case study on offshore wind turbine blades is presented to illustrate the maintenance model.
Distributed control of LPV systems over arbitrary graphs with communication latency
Authors: Farhood Mazen
Published: October 2017

This paper focuses on spatially distributed control systems where the controller sensing and actuation topology is inherited from that of the plant. Specifically, this paper considers distributed systems composed of discrete‐time linear parameter‐varying subsystems interconnected over general graph structures. These distributed systems are subject to a communication latency of one sampling period, where the information sent by a subsystem at the current time step is received by the target subsystem at the next time step. Analysis and synthesis conditions are derived for control design in this setting using a parameter‐dependent Lyapunov approach with the ℓ2‐induced norm as the performance measure. Fast and easy‐to‐implement algorithms are also provided for constructing the controller in real time. The techniques developed are finally applied to a leader‐follower formation problem with intermittent communications.
Mortality of silver eels migrating through different types of hydropower turbines in Lithuania
Authors: Dainys J. , Stakėnas S. , Gorfine H. , Ložys L.
Published: October 2017

Hydropower plants (HPP) are considered to be one of the major threats to the survival of European eels when they migrate downstream along inland water bodies during the early part of their annual journey to the spawning area in the Sargasso Sea. There are 98 HPPs in Lithuania and thousands throughout Europe. Numerous studies describe HPP induced mortality rates among European eels as variable depending on local, environmental, and technical factors. This heterogeneity in effect complicates theoretical extrapolation to eel mortality arising from specific types of HPP, necessary for effective management of local stocks. Silver eel mortality was estimated for 4 different HPPs in Lithuania. Mortality was estimated using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification, passive integrated transponders) tags and acoustic telemetry in a large HPP (>100 MW) with Kaplan turbines, a small HPP (<1 MW) with a Kaplan turbine and a fish passage, and for the first time in two small HPPs (<1 MW) with CINK turbines. The results supported a hypothesis that the mortality rate of migrating eels depends mainly on the type and size of the turbine. HPP induced mortality varied from 100% in a small CINK turbine down to 25% in the large HPP with Kaplan turbines. The importance of simple mitigation measures was highlighted by 34% of all tagged eels bypassing one of the HPP via an adjacent fish passage constructed for upstream migration of salmonids. The observed differences in mortality provide essential information for long term strategies designed to restore depleted eel populations in Lithuania and other European countries.
Regulation and function of CMTR1‐dependent mRNA cap methylation
Authors: Inesta‐Vaquera Francisco , Cowling Victoria H
Published: October 2017

mRNA is modified co‐transcriptionally at the 5′ end by the addition of an inverted guanosine cap structure which can be methylated at several positions. The mRNA cap recruits proteins involved in gene expression and identifies the transcript as being cellular or ‘self’ in the innate immune response. Methylation of the first transcribed nucleotide on the ribose 2′‐O position is a prevalent cap modification which has roles in splicing, translation and provides protection against the innate immune response. In this review, we discuss the regulation and function of CMTR1, the first transcribed nucleotide ribose 2′‐O methyltransferase, and the molecular interactions which mediate methylated 2′‐O ribose function. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1450. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1450

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA Processing > Capping and 5' End Modifications

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
What is the Role of the Bacterium Propionibacterium acnes in Type 1 Modic Changes? A Review of the Literature
Authors: Georgy Mark , Stern Mark , Murphy Kieran
Published: October 2017

This review presents a summary of the pathology and epidemiology of Modic changes and the possible role of Propionibacterium acnes. This information is followed by a synthesis of the most recent clinical research involved in culturing the discs of patients with degenerative disc disease for the presence of bacteria. We also discuss a randomized controlled trial that investigates the effects of antibiotics on patients with chronic low back pain and type 1 Modic changes. We conclude with a brief discussion of the difficulties involved in this research and the significance of the findings.
Religion and Charity
Authors: Weller Robert P. , Huang C. Julia , Wu Keping , Fan Lizhu
Published: October 2017

Free markets alone do not work effectively to solve certain kinds of human problems, such as education, old age care, or disaster relief. Nor have markets ever been the sole solution to the psychological challenges of death, suffering, or injustice. Instead, we find a major role for the non-market institutions of society - the family, the state, and social institutions. The first in-depth anthropological study of charities in contemporary Chinese societies, this book focuses on the unique ways that religious groups have helped to solve the problems of social well-being. Using comparative case studies in China, Taiwan and Malaysia during the 1980s and onwards, it identifies new forms of religious philanthropy as well as new ideas of social 'good', including different forms of political merit-making, new forms of civic selfhood, and the rise of innovative social forms, including increased leadership by women. The book finally argues that the spread of these ideas is an incomplete process, with many alternative notions of goodness continuing to be influential.
Outsider Designations and Boundary Construction in the New Testament
Authors: Trebilco Paul Raymond
Published: October 2017

What terms did early Christians use for outsiders? How did they refer to non-members? In this book-length investigation of these questions, Paul Trebilco explores the outsider designations that the early Christians used in the New Testament. He examines a range of terms, including unbelievers, 'outsiders', sinners, Gentiles, Jews, among others. Drawing on insights from social identity theory, sociolinguistics, and the sociology of deviance, he investigates the usage and development of these terms across the New Testament, and also examines how these outsider designations function in boundary construction across several texts. Trebilco's analysis leads to new conclusions about the identity and character of the early Christian movement, the range of relations between early Christians and outsiders, and the theology of particular New Testament authors.
Towards Higher Mathematics: A Companion
Authors: Earl Richard
Published: October 2017

Containing a large and varied set of problems, this rich resource will allow students to stretch their mathematical abilities beyond the school syllabus, and bridge the gap to university-level mathematics. Many proofs are provided to better equip students for the transition to university. The author covers substantial extension material using the language of sixth form mathematics, thus enabling students to understand the more complex material. Exercises are carefully chosen to introduce students to some central ideas, without building up large amounts of abstract technology. There are over 1500 carefully graded exercises, with hints included in the text, and solutions available online. Historical and contextual asides highlight each area of mathematics and show how it has developed over time.
EMBELLISHING THE INTERIOR SPACES OF ASSYRIA'S ROYAL PALACES: THEBĒT ḪILĀNIRECONSIDERED
Authors: Kertai David
Published: October 2017

Thebēt ḫilāniis one of the most famous features of Assyria's royal palaces as well as one of its most elusive. The term is mostly known from Assyrian royal inscriptions, which describe it as an architectural feature inspired by the architecture of Syro-Anatolia. Such explicit references to the architecture of other cultures is exceptional and provides a rare glimpse into the valuations of Assyria's architects.

Modern attempts to identify thebēt ḫilāniarchaeologically are almost as old as the field of ancient Near Eastern Studies. Unfortunately, the discourse has become more convoluted over time through the integration of disparate architectural features into a singlebēt ḫilānidiscourse and a narrow view of how architectural exchanges occur. Past research has generally assumed a morphological correspondence between the Assyrianbēt ḫilāniand the external porticoes that typify Syro-Anatolian architecture. This article will argue that Assyrian architects had a different set of ideals and interests which led them to change the external Syro-Anatolian portico into an interior feature used to add monumentality and ornamentation to the rooms of Assyria's palaces. This changes thebēt ḫilānifrom a morphological category into a decorative one and contextualises it within the architectural traditions of Assyria.
A Global De-colonial Praxis of Sustainability — Undoing Epistemic Violences between Indigenous peoples and those no longer Indigenous to Place
Authors: Williams Lewis , Bunda Tracey , Claxton Nick , MacKinnon Iain
Published: October 2017

Addressing our growing planetary crisis and attendant symptoms of human and human-ecological disconnect, requires a profound epistemological reorientation regarding how societal structures are conceived and articulated; named here as the collective work of decolonisation. While global dynamics are giving rise to vital transnational solidarities between Indigenous peoples, these same processes have also resulted in complex and often contradictory locations and histories of peoples at local levels which unsettle the Indigenous–non-Indigenous binary, providing new and necessary possibilities for the development of epistemological and relational solidarities aimed at increasing social–ecological resilience. The International Resilience Network is an emerging community of practice comprised of Indigenous and settler–migrant peoples aimed at increasing social–ecological resilience. This article narrates the story of the Network's inaugural summit, and provides an overview of contextual issues and analysis of particular pedagogical aspects of our approach; foregrounding ruptures between ontology and epistemology that inevitably occur when culturally and generationally diverse groups who are grounded in different daily realities and related agency imperatives come to share overlapping worldviews through learning ‘in place’ together. Developing pedagogical practices for naming and negotiating associated tensions within the collective work of decolonisation is, we argue, a critical step in enabling practices conducive towards the shared goal of increased human–ecological resilience.
The interaction between 5-HTTLPR genotype and ruminative thinking on BMI
Authors: Schepers Robbie , Markus C. Robert
Published: October 2017

Negative affect or stress is often found to increase energy intake for high palatable energy-rich foods and hence weight gain. Reduced brain serotonin (5-HT) function is known to increase stress vulnerability and the risk for eating-related disturbances. A short (S) allele polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is associated with a less efficient functioning brain serotonin system and therefore higher stress vulnerability. It has been suggested that this genotype may be directly linked to an increased risk for weight gain and/or obesity. However, a high amount of variability has been apparent in replicating such a direct gene on weight gain relationship. A most recent suggestion is that this gene by weight relationship might be moderated by an additional (cognitive) vulnerability factor involving repetitive negative thinking (rumination). Our objective was to investigate whether the S-allele of 5-HTTLPR contributes to weight gain particularly in high cognitive ruminating individuals. A total of 827 healthy young male and female college students (aged 21·3 (sd 3·0) years; BMI 16–41·7 kg/m2) were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and assessed for rumination (Event Related Ruminative Index) and body weight. In line with the hypothesis, a hierarchical regression model showed that higher BMI scores were observed in specifically high ruminating S'-carriers (P=0·031, f²=0·022). These results suggest that cognitive rumination may be a critical moderator of the association between 5-HTTLPR and body mass.
High-dose enoxaparin in the treatment of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in Swiss mice
Authors: Sandri A.S.S. , Rodriguez R. , Costa M.M. , Porto S.M. , Schwingel D. , Vieira M.I.B.
Published: October 2017

Abdominal angiostrongyliasis (AA) is caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis, which inhabits mesenteric arteries. There is no drug treatment for AA, and since intestinal infarction due to thrombi is one of the main complications of the disease, the use of anticoagulants may be a treatment option. Thus, we aimed to assess the effect of high doses of enoxaparin on the prevention of ischaemic intestinal lesions and on the survival of mice infected with A. costaricensis. Twenty-four mice were infected with L3 of A. costaricensis and divided equally into two groups: Group 1, control treated with placebo, and Group 2, treated daily with enoxaparin (2.5 mg/kg) for 50 days. All mice were subjected to necropsy and histological analysis. The results from gross and microscopic assessments showed no variation in the prevalence of lesions between the groups. An analysis was also performed among survivors and non-survivors, showing that animals that died often presented lesions, such as granulation tissue in the serosa, and intestinal infarction and adhesion. The mortality rate did not vary between the enoxaparin-treated and control groups. Thus, we showed that high doses of enoxaparin have no protective effect against AA, as the survival rates and lesions of mice did not vary between the treated and control groups. Considering that the use of prophylactic doses was also shown to be ineffective in a previous study, we do not recommend the use of enoxaparin for AA treatment.
General Alberto Enríquez Gallo: Soldier, Populist, Leftist
Authors: BECKER MARC
Published: October 2017

A tradition in Latin America of reliance on strong leaders becomes problematic when political parties look outside their ranks for candidates who have popular appeal but do not embody their ideologies. This contradiction emerged in Ecuador in the mid-twentieth century when the Left looked to General Alberto Enríquez Gallo as its champion. His early trajectory in the military made him a most unlikely hero for the Left, but when he promulgated progressive labour legislation he gained its strong support. It was, however, a marriage of convenience, as leftists and populists inherently follow different political logics.
Polygenic risk for severe psychopathology among Europeans is associated with major depressive disorder in Han Chinese women
Authors: Edwards A. C. , Docherty A. R. , Moscati A. , Bigdeli T. B. , Peterson R. E. , Webb B. T. , Bacanu S.-A. , Hettema J. M. , Flint J. , Kendler K. S.
Published: October 2017

Background

Previous studies have demonstrated that several major psychiatric disorders are influenced by shared genetic factors. This shared liability may influence clinical features of a given disorder (e.g. severity, age at onset). However, findings have largely been limited to European samples; little is known about the consistency of shared genetic liability across ethnicities.

Method

The relationship between polygenic risk for several major psychiatric diagnoses and major depressive disorder (MDD) was examined in a sample of unrelated Han Chinese women. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were generated using European discovery samples and tested in the China, Oxford, and VCU Experimental Research on Genetic Epidemiology [CONVERGE (maximumN= 10 502)], a sample ascertained for recurrent MDD. Genetic correlations between discovery phenotypes and MDD were also assessed. In addition, within-case characteristics were examined.

Results

European-based polygenic risk for several major psychiatric disorder phenotypes was significantly associated with the MDD case status in CONVERGE. Risk for clinically significant indicators (neuroticism and subjective well-being) was also associated with case–control status. The variance accounted for by PRS for both psychopathology and for well-being was similar to estimates reported for within-ethnicity comparisons in European samples. However, European-based PRS were largely unassociated with CONVERGE family history, clinical characteristics, or comorbidity.

Conclusions

The shared genetic liability across severe forms of psychopathology is largely consistent across European and Han Chinese ethnicities, with little attenuation of genetic signal relative to within-ethnicity analyses. The overall absence of associations between PRS for other disorders and within-MDD variation suggests that clinical characteristics of MDD may arise due to contributions from ethnicity-specific factors and/or pathoplasticity.
Behaviour change techniques to facilitate physical activity in older adults: what and how
Authors: ARNAUTOVSKA URSKA , O'CALLAGHAN FRANCES , HAMILTON KYRA
Published: October 2017

Physical inactivity in older adults presents a significant problem within modern societies globally. Using a mixed-method approach, this study explored strategies for the development and delivery of physical activity (PA) interventions by investigating what behaviour change techniques (BCTs) are useful, and how these techniques should be implemented to be feasible for older adults. Sixty-six older adults completed a survey indicating the most useful BCTs, mapping on to motivational, volitional and automatic factors. Of these, 48 older adults participated in an interview exploring strategies for a PA intervention targeted at older adults. The most useful BCT identified in the survey was autonomy support (61.3%), followed by instruction to perform the behaviour (43.5%) and having a credible source of information about PA (42.6%). The key themes discussed in the interviews included providing support in making an informed choice, instruction on how to perform PA, information about health consequences, social support, goal setting, action and coping plans, behavioural demonstration and practice, and monitoring PA. The interviews also revealed key aspects of programme implementation including face-to-face delivery, followed up with additional materials; low cost; age-appropriate PA level; and individualised approach. Interventions assisting older adults in increasing their PA participation across a range of settings should incorporate BCTs targeting multiple processes, while tailoring their delivery to older adults’ preferences to ensure their feasibility in supporting regular PA engagement.
‘Independence’ among older people receiving support at home: the meaning of daily care practices
Authors: BARKEN RACHEL
Published: October 2017

Later life care practices are closely entangled with the ideals of independence and dependence. Based on an interpretive analysis of qualitative interviews with 34 people aged 65–100 receiving home care in Ontario, Canada, this article explores older people's subjective interpretations of caring for themselves (i.e. independence) and receiving support from others (i.e. dependence). Findings suggest that individuals construct subjective meanings of independence in relation to their changing physical capacities, and in the context of their relationships with family members, friends and formal care providers. First, participants considered their care activities to be a way of maintaining independence when they undertook certain practices with the intention of staving off dependency and future decline. Second, when they accepted assistance, many engaged in care relations that allowed them to preserve an independent identity in the face of limits to physical self-sufficiency. Third, participants reached the limits of independence when they lacked adequate assistance, and were unable to care for themselves in desirable ways. Findings illustrate how objective circumstances related to social and financial resources as well as access to formal services shape subjective interpretations, allowing some older people to hold on to independent identities while exacerbating feelings of dependency among others.
Who Moved My Masterpiece? Digital Reproduction, Replacement, and the Vanishing Cultural Heritage of Kyoto
Authors: Yamada Shoji
Published: October 2017

In many temples in and around Kyoto, sets of wall and slide door paintings and folding screen paintings, which are designated either national treasures or important cultural properties of Japan, have been replaced in situ by high-quality digital reproductions. The original paintings, in turn, are now largely out of sight, placed in storage spaces within temples and museums. Vanguard projects of this nature were conducted in the mid-1990s. Since the mid-2000s, however, and without adequate review of the merits and demerits of such replacement, the practice has accelerated, and numerous sets of slide door paintings have been replaced by reproductions produced for the most part by two competing corporations. The process and implication of such digital replacement require far greater attention and discussion than has to date taken place. Accordingly, this article seeks to clarify the current status of, and problems arising from, the digitization projects taking place in and around Kyoto.
Agrarian Debt in Rural Switzerland: Economic Causes and Political Responses (1890–1940)
Authors: LORENZETTI LUIGI
Published: October 2017

The article seeks to determine the causes of the agrarian debt in rural Switzerland since the First World War and illustrate this growing phenomena in the 1920s and 1930s, by correlating the increase to the costs of the change in production beginning at the end of the nineteenth century, to the cut in the prices of agricultural products and the parallel depreciation of the soil after the war. After having outlined the effects of indebtedness reflected in the increase in the number of distraints, the article focuses on the political responses put in place to ensure the smooth running of mortgage loans – integrated since 1930 into a system of guarantees designed to limit the risks for creditors. The bill of the federal government intended to promote agricultural debt relief was long put off by some political circles, preferring to step in with precise measures, such as credit payments and extraordinary subsidies.
One For the (Farm) Workers? Perpetrator Risk and Victim Risk Transfer During the ‘Sevenoaks Fires’ of 1830
Authors: TAYLOR IAIN
Published: October 2017

The now extensive historiography of the ‘Captain Swing’ disturbances of 1830–1 contains two notable lacunae. Firstly, no thorough investigation has been undertaken of their first major episode, the ‘Sevenoaks Fires’ of summer 1830. Secondly, the overwhelming historiographical focus on Swing's perpetrators has ignored its victims almost entirely. This article therefore examines why particular farmers were singled out for incendiary attack in the area, what tactics they and the authorities employed in response and what that meant for social relations subsequently. The evidence reveals a trend towards greater accountability on the part of the elite and a growing confidence sometimes shown by the lower orders in challenging them. It does so, moreover, within an overarching framework of risk and risk transfer, since this provides an entirely new historiographical perspective on both the Fires and Swing generally. Finally, this approach is extended to suggest how it may have underpinned competing conceptions of Poor Law provision among the town's elite, post-Swing.
Vanishing Peregrines: J. A. Baker, Environmental Crisis and Bird-Centred Cultures of Nature, 1954–73
Authors: NIXON SEAN J.
Published: October 2017

Taking J. A. Baker's celebrated bookThe Peregrineas its focus, the article seeks to locate Baker's writing within a broader, less elevated field of postwar observation and publication that worked to shape new ways of understanding, apprehending and taking pleasure from the natural environment. This included the recording practices and publications of the national and county naturalist and birdwatching societies that flourished in these years. The article shows how Baker's book was as much the product of this world of organised amateur natural history as it was of the world of high literature. Baker's book also sheds light on the reconfiguring of bird-human relations within competing postwar cultures of nature and the article uses it to explore the relationship between birdwatching and the bird-centred field sport of falconry. As organised birdwatching sought to establish moral authority over other bird-centred countryside pursuits in its understanding of natural relations, it cast field sports and other countryside practices as atavistic and archaic relics of older cultures of nature. Baker'sThe Peregrineallows us to see the convergences between the close attention to birds of prey and an intimacy with them that was shared by birdwatchers like Baker and falconers, even as Baker's narrative also sheds light on the differences between the two practices.
RICHARD KAHN AND THE STABILIZATION OF COMMODITY PRICES
Authors: Rosselli Annalisa
Published: October 2017

This paper reconstructs an important and little-known part of the activity of Richard Kahn in the 1950s, both as researcher and as policy advisor, which centered on the drafting of a book for the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Never actually published by the FAO for reasons clarified in this paper, the book dealt with fluctuations in the prices of primary products and how best to curb them. Offering a novel development of an idea first proposed by John Maynard Keynes, Kahn advocates the creation of buffer stocks managed by a supranational authority endowed with ample discretionary powers. The paper presents a complete reconstruction of Kahn’s views on the advantages of buffer stocks as an instrument to stabilize commodity prices, of the context in which these views took shape, and of the way they tied in with other parts of his economic theory and were reflected in his assessment of the commodity international agreements of the time to limit fluctuations in the prices of primary products. It thus fills a significant gap in our knowledge of one of the great economists of the twentieth century.
The Triangle of Empire:Sport, Religion, and Imperialism in Puerto Rico's YMCA, 1898–1926
Authors: Sotomayor Antonio
Published: October 2017

In 1891, Luther H. Gulik, a prominent member of the international leadership of the YMCA of the United States, established the triangle as the YMCA symbol. He saw the triangle as a symbol imbued with Christian beliefs that would become the spearhead of a worldwide missionary movement. About the Triangle, Gulik wrote:

The triangle stands . . . for the symmetrical man, each part developed with reference to the whole, and not merely with reference to itself. . . . What authority have we for believing that this triangle idea is correct? It is scriptural. . . . Such statements as, “Thou shalt love the Lord Thy God with all they heart and soul and mind and strength,” indicate . . . the scriptural view . . . that the service of the Lord includes the whole man. The words, which in the Hebrew and Greek are translated “strength,” refer in both cases entirely to physical strength.

As the YMCA International Committee's first secretary for athletic work (1889–1902), Gulik had strong reason to create a symbol that could be recognized anywhere in the world. He was a firm believer in the expanding Muscular Christianity movement, which glorified patriotic duty and manliness expressed through athletics, and a strong believer in the civilizing agency of missionary Protestantism as it sought to establish a United States Christian righteous empire.
Glufosinate plus Dicamba for Rescue Palmer Amaranth Control in XtendFlexTMCotton
Authors: Vann Rachel A. , York Alan C. , Cahoon Charles W. , Buck Trace B. , Askew Matthew C. , Seagroves Richard W.
Published: October 2017

Cotton growers commonly use glufosinate-based programs to control glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. Palmer amaranth must be small (≤7.5 cm) for consistent control by glufosinate, and growers often miss the optimum application timing. XtendFlex™cotton may provide growers a tool to control larger Palmer amaranth. Glufosinate, dicamba, and glufosinate plus dicamba were compared for Palmer amaranth control in a rescue situation. Herbicides were applied to 16- to 23-cm weeds (POST-1) followed by a second application (POST-2) 12 d later. Glufosinate-ammonium at 590 g ai ha−1plus dicamba diglycolamine salt at 560 g ae ha−1POST-1 followed by glufosinate plus dicamba POST-2 was more effective than glufosinate at 880 g ha−1POST-1 followed by glufosinate at 590 g ha−1POST-2 or dicamba alone applied twice. Following a directed layby application of glyphosate, diuron, andS-metolachlor 14 d after POST-2, Palmer amaranth was controlled 99% by any system containing dicamba or glufosinate plus dicamba POST-1 followed by dicamba, glufosinate, or glufosinate plus dicamba POST-2 compared with 87% to 91% control by glufosinate alone applied twice. Cotton height and number of main stem nodes at layby were reduced in systems with dicamba only POST-1 followed by dicamba or glufosinate plus dicamba POST-2, presumably due to competition from the slowly dying Palmer amaranth with dicamba only POST-1. These treatments also delayed cotton maturity and reduced lint yield compared with systems containing glufosinate plus dicamba at POST-1.
Projekt „Modulares Förderkonzept bei Rechtschreibproblemen“
Authors: Buda Christiane
Published: October 2017

Zusammenfassung. Schulen sehen sich einer immer größer werdenden Zahl von Schülern gegenüber, die aufgrund von Rechtschreibproblemen einer Unterstützung bedürfen. Leider können durch die gängige Praxis nicht alle Schüler mit Bedarf an Unterstützung durch entsprechenden Förderunterricht gefördert werden. Zudem ist das Förderangebot oftmals nicht ausreichend. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird die Umsetzung eines modularen Förderkonzepts an einem Gymnasium vorgestellt. In diesem Projekt wurde versucht, auf diese Ressourcenengpässe sowie Effektivitätsprobleme zu reagieren.
Rise of Distorted News Puts Climate Scientists on Their Guard
Authors: Popkin Gabriel
Published: October 2017

Wary of misleading coverage, some climate researchers are avoiding publicizing results. Others prepare countermeasures to anticipate and combat skewed media reports.
Correction: Corrigendum: Quantitative real-time imaging of glutathione
Authors: Jiang Xiqian , Chen Jianwei , Bajić Aleksandar , Zhang Chengwei , Song Xianzhou , Carroll Shaina L. , Cai Zhao-Lin , Tang Meiling , Xue Mingshan , Cheng Ninghui , Schaaf Christian P. , Li Feng , MacKenzie Kevin R. , Ferreon Allan Chris M. , Xia Fan , Wang Meng C. , Maletić-Savatić Mirjana , Wang Jin
Published: October 2017

Nature Communications 8: Article number: 16087 (2017); Published 13 July 2017; Updated 3 October 2017. Previous work by Cho and Choi describing the development of a cyanoacrylamide-based fluorescence sensor for reversible detection of thiols in homogenous solutions was inadvertently omitted from thereference list of this Article.
Contribution of zeolite-seeded experiments to the understanding of resumption of glass alteration
Authors: Fournier Maxime , Gin Stéphane , Frugier Pierre , Mercado-Depierre Sara
Published: October 2017

Understanding the origin and the consequences of glass alteration regimes is necessary for the prediction of nuclear glass durability. The so-called “stage 3” or “resumption of alteration regime” of glasses used to sequester nuclear waste by vitrification, is characterized by a sudden acceleration of glass alteration rate arising from the precipitation of secondary minerals, mainly zeolites. To study this process, a promising approach is developed, based on seeding by synthesized zeolite seeds. This study quantitatively links the alteration of a six-oxide reference borosilicate glass (ISG) and the precipitation of zeolites that affects concentrations of key species—in particular aluminum—and thus the glass dissolution rate. The characterization of stage 3—easier at alkaline pH—can now be extended to pH conditions more representative of those found in a geological repository thanks to seeding that reduces, or even eliminates, the latency period preceding a resumption of glass alteration. The resumption occurrence and glass dissolution rate are related with temperature and pH. This study shows that the detrimental effect of zeolite precipitation decreases with decreasing pH and temperature, until it is no longer detectable at a pH around 9 imposed by the dissolution of the ISG glass. Even for both high temperature and high pH, the resumption rate is lower than the initial alteration rate, which remains the fastest kinetic regime.