bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Homochiral 2D Copper(II) Coordination Framework
Authors: Fielden John , Quasdorf Kyle , Ellern Arkady , Kögerler Paul
Published: January 2009

Reaction of copper(II) salts with (S)‐phenylethylaminodiacetate [(S)‐peadaa] results in the 2D coordination network (S)‐[Cu(peadaa)]n (space group P21), which displays an unusual Cu···Cu connectivity mode. Solid‐state circular dichroism (CD) indicates a strong interaction between the ligand chiral centre and the metal centres, whereas magnetic measurements show both antiferromagnetic coupling and strong ligand field effects. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Nucleophilic Reactivities of Azulene and Fulvenes
Authors: Kędziorek Mariusz , Mayer Peter , Mayr Herbert
Published: January 2009

The kinetics of the reactions of azulene (1), 6,6‐dimethylfulvene (2), 6‐[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]fulvene (3) and 6‐(julolidin‐9‐yl)fulvene (4) with a set of benzhydrylium ions (reference electrophiles) have been investigated in MeCN. The second‐order rate constants for these reactions correlate linearly with the electrophilicity parameters (E) of the benzhydrylium ions. According to the linear free‐enthalpy relationship log k2(20 °C) = s(N + E), the nucleophilicity parameters N and s of the π‐nucleophiles 1–4 were determined and compared with those of other types of nucleophiles. Azulene (1, N = 6.66) is about 10 times more nucleophilic than N‐methylpyrrole and comparable to 2‐methylindole. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Ion‐Selective Organic Electrochemical Junction Transistors Based on Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) Doped with Poly(styrene sulfonate)
Authors: Mousavi Zekra , Ekholm Andréas , Bobacka Johan , Ivaska Ari
Published: January 2009

Ion‐selective organic electrochemical junction transistors (IS‐OEJTs) were prepared and their performance was studied for the detection of potassium, calcium, and silver ions. In this kind of sensors the conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), PEDOT : PSS, is utilized for transduction of chemical information to electronic information in the solid state. In order to achieve selectivity, the channel region of the transistors was coated with ionophore‐based polymeric membranes.
Seismic evaluation of 1940s asymmetric wood‐frame building using conventional measurements and high‐definition laser scanning
Authors: Mosalam Khalid M. , Takhirov Shakhzod M. , Hashemi Alidad
Published: January 2009

This study presents results from shake table experiments of a wood‐frame building conducted at the University of California, Berkeley. A 13.5‐ft × 19.5‐ft two‐story wood‐frame building representing San Francisco 1940s design of a residential building with a garage space on the first story (house‐over‐garage) was tested. The test building was subjected to scaled ground motion based on Los Gatos record from Loma Prieta 1989 earthquake. The strong motion time history was scaled to match design spectra of a site in Richmond district of San Francisco. The test results demonstrated the seismic vulnerability of the test building due to soft story mechanism and significant twisting when shaken in two horizontal directions. In addition to conventional instrumentation for measuring acceleration and position of selected points of the test building, high‐definition laser scanning technology was employed to assess global and local anomalies of the building after the shake table tests. The analysis conducted in this study showed very good correlation between conventional data recorded from position transducers and the laser scans. These laser scans expanded limits of conventional data at discrete points and allowed analyzing the whole building after shaking. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparision of interpolation methods for producing digital elevation models at the field scale
Authors: Erdogan Saffet
Published: January 2009

Digital elevation models have been used in many applications since they came into use in the late 1950s. It is an essential tool for applications that are concerned with the Earth's surface such as hydrology, geology, cartography, geomorphology, engineering applications, landscape architecture and so on. However, there are some differences in assessing the accuracy of digital elevation models for specific applications. Different applications require different levels of accuracy from digital elevation models. In this study, the magnitudes and spatial patterning of elevation errors were therefore examined, using different interpolation methods. Measurements were performed with theodolite and levelling. Previous research has demonstrated the effects of interpolation methods and the nature of errors in digital elevation models obtained with indirect survey methods for small‐scale areas. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the size and spatial patterning of errors in digital elevation models obtained with direct survey methods for large‐scale areas, comparing Inverse Distance Weighting, Radial Basis Functions and Kriging interpolation methods to generate digital elevation models. The study is important because it shows how the accuracy of the digital elevation model is related to data density and the interpolation algorithm used. Cross validation, split‐sample and jack‐knifing validation methods were used to evaluate the errors. Global and local spatial auto‐correlation indices were then used to examine the error clustering. Finally, slope and curvature parameters of the area were modelled depending on the error residuals using ordinary least regression analyses. In this case, the best results were obtained using the thin plate spline algorithm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application of caesium‐137 measurements to investigate floodplain deposition in a large semi‐arid catchment in Queensland, Australia: a low‐fallout environment
Authors: Amos Kathryn J. , Croke Jacky C. , Timmers Heiko , Owens Philip N. , Thompson Celia
Published: January 2009

Floodplains comprise geomorphologically important sources and sinks for sediments and associated pollutants, yet the sedimentology of large dryland floodplains is not well understood. Processes occurring on such floodplains are often difficult to observe, and techniques used to investigate smaller perennial floodplains are often not practical in these environments. This study assesses the utility of 137Cs inventory and depth‐profile techniques for determining relative amounts of floodplain sedimentation in the Fitzroy River, northeastern Australia; a 143 000 km2 semi‐arid river system. Caesium‐137 inventories were calculated for floodplain and reference location bulk soil cores collected from four sites. Depth profiles of 137Cs concentration from each floodplain site and a reference location were recorded. The areal density of 137Cs at reference locations ranged from 13 to 978 Bq m–2 (0–1367 Bq m–2 at the 95% confidence interval), and the mean value ± 2 (standard error of the mean) was 436 ± 264 Bq m–2, similar to published data from other Southern Hemisphere locations. Floodplain inventories ranged from 68 to 1142 Bq m–2 (0–1692 Bq m–2 at the 95% confidence interval), essentially falling within the range of reference inventory values, thus preventing calculation of erosion or deposition. Depth‐profiles of 137Cs concentration indicate erosion at one site and over 66 cm of deposition at another since 1954. Analysis of 239+240Pu concentrations in a depositional core substantiated the interpretation made from 137Cs data, and depict a more tightly constrained peak in concentration. Average annual deposition rates range from 0 to 15 mm. The similarity between floodplain and reference bulk inventories does not necessarily indicate a lack of erosion or deposition, due to low 137Cs fallout in the region and associated high measurement uncertainties, and a likely influence of gully and bank eroded sediments with no or limited adsorbed 137Cs. In this low‐fallout environment, detailed depth‐profile data are necessary for investigating sedimentation using 137Cs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Storage of sediment‐associated heavy metals along the channelized Odra River, Poland
Authors: Ciszewski Dariusz , Turner Jonathan
Published: January 2009

The importance of long‐term storage of heavy metals in groyne fields, functioning over 150 years, is investigated for the River Odra (Oder), western Poland. Construction of groynes along the Odra preceded rapid development of heavy industrialization in the largest coal mine districts in Poland and the Czech Republic that resulted in persistent riverine pollution. The 187 km long Middle Odra reach was repeatedly channelized from the first half of the eighteenth century to the turn of the twentieth century, during which time partially filled groyne fields were dissected by new bank lines and groyne systems, with older groyne fields partially keyed into the floodplain. Consequently, concentrations of zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper within historically deposited groyne field sediments exceed local geochemical background levels by more than 60, 40, 15 and 10 times, respectively. Sediments contaminated with heavy metals occur within three distinctive geomorphic zones: zone I is up to 250 m wide and furthest from the present channel, comprising decimeter‐thick polluted sediments, overlying eighteenth century sand and gravel bars; zone II represents the former nineteenth century groyne fields, with widths between 10 and 100 m, filled with as much as 3 m of polluted sediments; zone III represents the twentieth century groyne fields, which are several to a dozen metres wide and filled with polluted sediments averaging depths of more than 2 m. This investigation indicates that large and extensive sediment quantities of moderately polluted sediments are stored immediately along the banks of the River Odra. These sediments could be a significant secondary pollution source and therefore careful maintenance of contemporary bank protection structures is required. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Labeling, biodistribution and evaluation of [125I] gemcitabine: a potential agent for tumor diagnosis and radiotherapy
Authors: El‐Kawy O. A. , Hashem A. M. , Amin M. A. , El‐Wetery A. S.
Published: January 2009

In this study, the optimization of gemcitabine labeling with iodine‐125 and its biological evaluation are described. Gemcitabine was labeled via direct electrophilic substitution using chloramine‐T as an oxidizing agent. The optimum amounts of reactants were 75 µg gemcitabine, 75 µg chloramine‐T and 18 MBq carrier‐free Na125I. The labeled gemcitabine was stable for more than 20 h. Results of the in vivo evaluation revealed that the new tracer, [125I] gemcitabine, tends to localize in tissues with high proliferation rate with preferential accumulation in cancerous tissues. Imaging should be carried at 2‐h postinjection. The in vitro cell growth inhibition assay showed that the effect of [125I] gemcitabine was stronger than the effect of tenfold cold gemcitabine, which strongly suggested that its cytotoxicity was mainly due to radiotoxicity rather than chemotherapeutic activity. The binding assay revealed that [125I] gemcitabine uptake by the Ehrlich cells was high and that it bound well to DNA where the decay of the radionuclide introduced lethal irreversible double‐strand breaks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [14C] labeled 2‐methoxypyrimidine‐5‐carboxylic acid
Authors: Murthy Akula , Ullas Giliyar
Published: January 2009

A versatile method for 14C labeling of 2‐methoxypyrimidine‐5‐carboxylic acid at the 2‐position has been developed after encountering difficulties with traditional approaches to label the carboxyl function. The method developed can also be used for 14C labeling other positions of the pyrimidine ring system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival of E. coli O157:H7 during manufacture of dry‐cured Westphalian ham surface‐treated with allyl isothiocyanate or hot mustard powder
Authors: Graumann Gary H , Holley Richard A
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Escherichia coli O157:H7 can survive commercial manufacture of some uncooked fermented meats. External application of microencapsulated allyl isothiocyanate (AIT) or hot (non‐deheated) yellow mustard powder was used to inactivate the pathogen during dry‐cured Westphalian ham manufacture.

RESULTS: Within 45/80 days, E. coli O157:H7 numbers were reduced 5 log10 CFU g−1 by 400 µg kg−1 AIT or 60 g kg−1 mustard powder, but 80 days were required in the untreated control. Mustard powder but not AIT reduced numbers of lactic acid bacteria and staphylococci. Mustard powder or ≥ 300 µg kg−1 AIT inhibited yeasts and moulds but did not affect ham pH or water activity.

CONCLUSION: The commercial Westphalian ham process without AIT or mustard powder treatment was validated capable of reducing E. coli O157:H7 5 log10 CFU g−1. Surface treatments with ≥ 300 µg kg−1 microencapsulated AIT or 60 g kg−1 yellow mustard powder reduced the time required for this reduction by 40–50%. AIT volatility from microcapsules or hot mustard powder during application of these compounds may restrict their use in production facilities. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Purification and partial characterization of xyloglucan‐hydrolyzing enzymes from watermelon placental tissue
Authors: Karakurt Yasar , Huber Donald J
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai) fruit matrix glycans are comprised largely of xyloglucans (XGs). As in other fruits, these polymers show significant molecular mass downshifts during ripening. In the present study, we describe the purification and characteristics of a number of xyloglucanases (XGases) from the placental tissue of ripe watermelon. XGases were extracted from watermelon fruit placental tissue and purified by sequential ion‐exchange, gel‐permeation and concanavalin A chromatography.

RESULTS: Five XGases (P1S2, P2S2, P3S1, P3S2, P3S3) were recovered with molecular masses ranging from 30.5 to 77.5 kDa on SDS‐PAGE. All XGases showed maximum activity at pH 5–5.5 and 35–40 °C against tamarind seed XG and were also active against XG‐rich matrix glycans from watermelon fruit. The enzymes were strongly inhibited by mercury and hydrolyzed XG without generation of oligomers or monomers. P3S3 had the highest activity against XG. The purified enzymes were active toward carboxymethylcellulose, indicating that they were not XG specific.

CONCLUSION: The pattern of molecular mass downshifts during XG hydrolysis by the purified XGases and the absence of monomeric and oligomeric products are consistent with endo‐type catalysis for the XGases and with a role for these enzymes in the degradation of cell wall XG during ethylene‐induced watersoaking of watermelon fruit placental tissues. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Timing of referral for prenatal genetic counselling
Authors: Schmid Maximilian , Drahonsky Regina , Fast‐Hirsch Christa , Baumühlner Konstantin , Husslein Peter , Blaicher Wibke
Published: January 2009

Objective

To evaluate the timing of referrals for prenatal genetic counselling.

Method

The data of 406 consecutive patients referred because of a family history of genetic disease or a suspected risk factor for genetic disease other than an unfavourable first trimester screening outcome were retrospectively analysed.

Results

In 37.2% (151/406) of included patients, a pregnancy was already ongoing. The mean gestational age at first contact was 13.6 weeks (SD 5.5 weeks). The main counselling issues were previous pregnancy with abortive outcome (ICD O00‐O08) 23.9% (97/406), chromosomal abnormalities (ICD Q90‐Q99) 16.7% (68/406) and metabolic disorders (ICD E70‐E90) 9.9% (40/406). As a result of prenatal genetic counselling, invasive prenatal diagnostic procedures were performed in 11.3% (46/406) of all patients.

Conclusion

Patients are often referred to prenatal genetic counselling when prenatal diagnosis of a familial genetic condition is no longer feasible, preventive measures are limited and alternative reproductive options have become impossible. Healthcare providers are challenged to improve services so prenatal genetic counselling can take place before conception. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exciton fine structures and energy transfer in single InGaAs quantum‐dot molecules
Authors: Lin Hsuan , Wang Sheng‐Yun , Lin Chia‐Hsien , Chang Wen‐Hao , Cheng Shun‐Jen , Lee Ming‐Chih , Chen Wen‐Yen , Hsu Tzu‐Min , Hsieh Tung‐Po , Chyi Jen‐Inn
Published: January 2009

We present a spectroscopic study of single quantum‐dot molecules (QDMs) formed by two closely stacked In0.5Ga0.5As/GaAs layers. It was found that the interdot coupling and directional energy transfer between the two adjacent dots can be controlled by temperature tuning. Direct and indirect excitons, as well as charged excitons in single QDMs were classified and identified by excitation‐power dependent, excitation‐energy dependent and polarization‐resolved micro‐photoluminescence measurements. With the increasing temperature, the direct‐exciton intensity decreases while the indirect‐exciton intensity increases. A rate equation model considering phonon mediated processes has been developed. The directional energy transfer in QDMs is explained in terms of the phonon‐assisted tunnelling of hole between the two adjacent dots. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Observation of enhanced luminescence emitted from InAs quantum dots with direct contact to superconducting niobium stripe
Authors: Idutsu Yasuhiro , Takada Makoto , Hayashi Yujiro , Akazaki Tatsushi , Kumano Hidekazu , Suemune Ikuo
Published: January 2009

Observation of drastically enhanced luminescence emitted from InAs quantum dots (QDs) which were in direct contact to superconducting Niobium (Nb) is reported. Although the PL intensity was essentially temperature independent without Nb stripe, drastic temperature dependence was observed with the presence of the Nb stripe. PL intensity was substantially increased below the Nb superconducting critical temperature (Tc). About 3‐times enhancement was observed below Tc. This phenomenon is attributed to the Cooper pairs penetrated from the superconducting Nb stripe to adjacent InAs QDs by the proximity effect. This is the first experimental demonstration that the Cooper pairs enhance radiative recombination through QDs. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polarity control and preparation of AlN nano‐islands by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Nagashima Toru , Hironaka Keiichiro , Ishizuki Masanari , Kumagai Yoshinao , Koukitu Akinori , Takada Kazuya
Published: January 2009

Initial growth condition of AlN on sapphire substrate by HVPE was investigated. It was found that polarity of AlN was significantly affected by temperature even under the condition of AlCl3 pre‐flow and that polarity was drastically changed from N‐polarity to Al‐polarity with increasing temperature around 1000 °C. Polarity of AlN was easily controlled by growth temperature. By utilizing these findings and etching technique by alkaline solution, AlN nano‐islands were successfully obtained on sapphire substrates. AlN nano‐islands had mixture of trapezoid and column structure with 100 nm or less in diameter. Also it had epitaxial relation to sapphire substrates. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High breakdown voltage in AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN double heterostructures grown on 4 inch Si substrates
Authors: Visalli Domenica , Van Hove Marleen , Derluyn Joff , Cheng Kai , Degroote Stefan , Leys Maarten , Germain Marianne , Borghs Gustaaf
Published: January 2009

We report high breakdown combined with low on‐resistance results on AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN double heterostructure devices (DHFET) grown on 4 inch Silicon substrates. On two fingers devices with gate‐drain distance (LGD) of 8 μm we measured a breakdown voltage (VBD) of 650 V and an on‐resistance (Ron) of 7.2 Ω·mm. We also demonstrated that increasing the buffer thickness and etching deep into the AlGaN buffer layer improve both buffer and device breakdown. Moreover, we have also achieved a high breakdown voltage (580 V) for smaller LGD (5 μm) combined with the lowest reported on‐resistance (6 Ω·mm) for this voltage range. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical and microstructural properties of semi‐polar (11‐22) InGaN/GaN quantum well structures
Authors: Hylton Nicholas P. , Dawson Philip , Johnston Carol F. , Kappers Menno J. , Hollander Jonathan L. , McAleese Clifford , Humphreys Colin J.
Published: January 2009

In this paper we report on a comparison of the optical properties of a series of semi‐polar (11‐22) InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well structures with those of a series of polar (0001) control samples. In the semi‐polar structures we observe blue‐shifts of the quantum well emission, increases of the radiative recombination rates and sharpening of the quantum well excitation spectra; all these changes are compatible with a decrease in the magnitude of the electric field strength with respect to the control samples. However the reduction in the electric field strength does not translate into an improvement in the photoluminescence internal quantum efficiency at room temperature. This failure we attribute to an increased density of non‐radiative recombination centres, arising from the larger dislocation density in the (11‐22) samples. Using TEM and STEM‐HAADF measurements we have also observed gross well width fluctuations in the (11‐22) samples which result in broadening of the photoluminescence spectra. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of the role of current in the degradation of InGaN‐based laser diodes
Authors: Meneghini Matteo , Trivellin Nicola , Meneghesso Gaudenzio , Trevisanello Lorenzo , Zanoni Enrico , Orita Kenji , Yuri Masaaki , Ueda Daisuke
Published: January 2009

This paper presents an analysis of the role of current in the long‐term degradation of InGaN‐based laser diodes (LDs). The analysis has been carried out by means of a wide set of stress tests under different driving conditions. During stress, the optical and electrical characteristics of the samples have been continuously monitored, with the aim of determining the physical mechanisms responsible for degradation and the dependence of the degradation rate on the driving conditions. The results reported in this paper demonstrate that: (i) constant current stress determines the increase of the threshold current of the devices, that is well related to the decrease of the sub‐threshold emission; (ii) stress induces the increase of the reverse current of the devices, but does not affect their forward‐bias characteristics; (iii) degradation rate has an almost linear dependence on stress current level; (iv) degradation takes place also below lasing threshold and for very low stress current levels, i.e. with very limited optical field levels. The results described in this paper indicate that the degradation kinetics are mostly determined by the stress current level used during operation: optical field and temperature are thought to play only a minor role in determining the degradation rate. Furthermore, the strong correlation between the threshold current increase and the sub‐threshold emission decrease suggests that degradation can be ascribed to the increase of the non‐radiative recombination rate in the active region of the devices. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Room temperature intraband Raman emission and ultrafast carrier relaxation in GaN/AlN quantum dots
Authors: Nevou L. , Mangeney J. , Tchernycheva M. , Julien F. H. , Guillot F. , Monroy E. , Sarigianni‐dou E.
Published: January 2009

We report on the intraband emission at room‐temperature from GaN/AlN quantum dots grown by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy as well as on the measurements of GaN quantum dot intraband relaxation using femtosecond spectroscopy. The quantum dots exhibit s‐pz intraband absorption peaked at 1.55 μm. The pz‐s intraband luminescence at λ = 1.48 μm is observed under optical excitation at λ = 1.34 μm. The population of the pz state arises from Raman scattering by GaN A1 longitudinal optical phonons. Based on the emission spectral shape, we estimate that the homogeneous linewidth of the s‐pz intraband transition is less than 4 meV.

The carrier lifetime of the pz state (T1) is measured by femtosecond pump‐probe spectroscopy. T1 = 165 fs while the thermalization of electrons in the ground state proceeds in 1.5 ps. The saturation intensity of the s‐pz intraband absorption is estimated to be in the 15 to 137 MW/cm2 range taking into account the uncertainty on the pump beam waist. These results demonstrate the promising capabilities of GaN/AlN QDs for application to telecom intraband lasers as well as multi‐Tbit/s all‐optical switching devices. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High aspect ratio, self‐ordered iron oxide nanopores formed by anodization of Fe in ethylene glycol/NH4F electrolytes
Authors: Albu Sergiu P. , Ghicov Andrei , Schmuki Patrik
Published: January 2009

In the present work we show that highly self‐ordered iron oxide nanopores can be anodically grown to high aspect ratios, in optimized fluoride‐containing ethylene glycol electrolytes. The as‐formed layers are amorphous and contain a significant amount of fluorides. By annealing the layers can be crystallized and the fluorides can be removed. At elevated electrolyte temperatures the nanoporous system shows a transition to a nanotubular structure. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On some stationary mathematical models for Tornados and other funnel‐shaped rotating liquid and gas media
Authors: Khomasuridze N.
Published: January 2009

Based on Navier‐Stokes stationary equations a mathematical model is constructed for liquid and gas media with funnel‐shaped rotation observed in atmospheric and sea tornados. Both compressible and incompressible media are considered. The differential equations corresponding to the mathematical model are integrated in elementary functions and the solutions are represented by seven rotationally symmetrical orthogonal curvilinear coordinates applicable to different shapes of funnels.
Reliability computation with local polynomial chaos approximations
Authors: Proppe C.
Published: January 2009

Reliability estimation for structural mechanics problems involving random fields is discussed. While in most of the literature on stochastic finite element methods to date global approximations with Hermite polynomials are considered, the benefits of local approximations are investigated in this paper. Local polynomial approximations in the vicinity of the point of most probable failure are introduced. An adaptive algorithm is proposed, that allows for efficient and accurate computations of failure probabilities.
Asymptotic structure incorporating double and triple decks
Authors: El‐Mistikawy T.M.A.
Published: January 2009

The flow along a flat plate of finite length develops – near the trailing edge – into a double deck structure when it is a jet layer with quiescent outer flow and into a triple deck structure when it is a boundary layer with streaming outer flow. It is shown here that the transfer from one structure to another is singular; requiring matching of two main decks. The double deck structure is, in essence, a triple deck structure with collapsing upper deck.
A generalization of the Helmholtz conditions for the existence of a first‐order Lagrangian using nonholonomic velocities
Authors: Jungnickel U. , Kielau G. , Maißer P. , Müller A.
Published: January 2009

The paper presents a generalization of the Helmholtz conditions for the existence of a first‐order kinetic potential (Lagrangian) in that cases where the motion equations of mechanical, electrical, or electromechanical systems are given in terms of nonholonomic velocities. It is assumed that the transformation between holonomic and nonholonomic velocities is known. It is shown how the generalized Helmholtz conditions for the simultaneous existence of a first‐order Lagrangian and a first‐order dissipation function follow from the generalized Helmholtz conditions for systems with holonomic velocities. Moreover, the classical Helmholtz conditions in case of nondissipative systems can be directly generalized to motion equations which include nonholonomic velocities. In both cases the Boltzmann‐Hamel equations are used. The approaches are demonstrated by two examples: a heavy gyroscope and a 3‐dimensional rotating electrical machine.
Hydrogen Supply Options and Issues
Authors: Kuberka Kathleen A. , Weise Mark K. , Messina Celeste A.
Published: January 2009

Methods of hydrogen gas production for hydrogenation are discussed: steam reforming of natural gas, electrolysis, by‐product clean‐up by PSA (pressure swing absorption) or scrubbing, and others. Hydrogen can be obtained from a customer‐owned hydrogen plant or as a merchant product supplied by an industrial gas supplier. The merchant product can be delivered in trailers as gas, liquid‐high (up to 2,200 psig), low pressure (up to 130 psig), or supplied over the fence from a pipeline or hydrogen generating plant. Several factors must be considered in selecting an optimum supply, including availability and cost of capital and of operating labor, use patterns, average demand, instantaneous demand, use pressure, growth projections, and purity requirements. Recent field test data have shown that increased hydrogen purity can improve the hydrogenation processes.
Action of Tocopherol‐Type Compounds in Directing Reactions Forming Flavor Compounds in Autoxidizing Fish Oils
Authors: Karahadian C. , Lindsay R. C.
Published: January 2009

Menhaden and cod liver oils without additives or containing either α‐tocopherol (670 ppm) or Trolox C (1000 ppm) with or without copper (II) cations (20 ppm) were oxidized under air at 65‡C, and their headspace volatiles were quantitatively measured by capillary gas chromatography. Samples prepared without additives contained very little l,5‐octadien‐3‐one. Fish oils with Trolox C had distinct metallic, vinyl‐ketone aromas, while those with a‐tocopherol exhibited extremely fishy, cod liver‐like aromas. High levels of 1,5‐octadien‐3‐one and 1,5‐octadien‐3‐ol and moderate levels of 2,4,7‐decatrienals were found in samples with Trolox C, while moderate levels of the 8‐carbon compounds and high levels of the 2,4,7‐decatrienals were present in the α‐tocopherol samples. Copper (II) greatly accelerated the overall rate of oxidation in samples, and in the presence of Trolox C it induced the formation of very high levels of 1,5‐octadien‐3‐ol.
Synthesis of substituted fatty oxathiolanes and thioethers from an allylic oxo fatty acid ester
Authors: Afaque S. , Ansari M. H. , Ahmad M. S. , Siddiqui M. S.
Published: January 2009

Substituted oxathiolane and thioether derivatives have been synthesized from an allylic oxo fatty acid ester. The reaction of methyl 4‐oxo‐trans‐2‐octadecenoate with 3‐mercaptopropan‐1,2‐diol (1‐thioglycerol) affords methyl 4‐(3′‐hydroxymethyl‐1′,4′‐oxathiolane)‐2(3)‐(O‐mercaptopropan‐1″,2″‐diol)‐octadecanoate (II), methyl 4‐oxo‐2(3)‐(O‐mercaptopropan‐1′,2′‐diol)‐octadecanoate (III), methyl 4‐(3′‐hydroxy‐l′,5′‐oxathiane)‐2 (3)‐(S‐mercaptopropan‐1″,2″‐diol)‐octadecanoate (IV), methyl 4‐oxo‐2(3)‐(S‐mercaptopropan‐1′, 2′diol)‐octadecanoate (V) and methyl 4‐(3′‐hydroxymethyl‐1′, 4′‐oxathiolane)‐2(3)‐(S‐mercaptopropan‐1″, 2″‐diol)‐octadecanoate (VI). Structures of the individual reaction products have been established on the basis of spectral data and microanalyses.
Study on the Electric Conductivity of Ag-Doped DNA in Transverse Direction
Authors: Ban Ge , Dong Ruixin , Li Ke , Han Hongwen , Yan Xunling
Published: January 2009

In this article, we reported a novel experiment results on Ag-doped DNA conductor in transverse direction.I–V characteristics were measured and the relative conductances were calculated for different silver ions concentrations. With the increase of the concentration of silver ions, the conductive ability of DNA risen rapidly, the relative conductance of DNA enhanced about three magnitudes and reached a stable value when Ag+concentration was up to 0.005 mM. In addition, Raman spectra were carried out to analyse and confirm conduction mechanism.
Ultrasonic surgical aspiration for vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Matsuo Koji , Chi Dennis S. , Walker LaTashia D. , Rosenshein Neil B. , Im Dwight D.
Published: January 2009

Objective

To determine the safety and efficacy of ultrasonic surgical aspiration (USA) in the treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN).

Methods

Using the ICD code for VAIN, all patients who underwent USA were evaluated. Patient demographics, clinicopathologic data, and follow‐up outcomes were abstracted from the medical records.

Results

Ninety‐two patients underwent USA for VAIN. No surgical complications or postoperative scarring were recorded, and all patients were followed without further therapy after the procedure. Pathologic evaluation of the degree of VAIN in the aspirate obtained at the time of USA correlated with the preoperative biopsy results in all cases. With a median follow‐up period of 4.5 years, the overall recurrence rate was 19.6%. The recurrence rate for high grade VAIN was significantly greater than that for low grade VAIN (32.3% vs 13.1%, P = 0.044).

Conclusion

Ultrasonic surgical aspiration is a safe and effective surgical option for VAIN, providing a histologic sample with minimal invasiveness.
Prevalence of HPV infection by cervical cytologic status in Brazil
Authors: Fernandes José Veríssimo , de Vasconcellos Meissner Rosely , de Carvalho Maria Goretti Freire , de Medeiros Fernandes Thales Allyrio Araújo , de Azevedo Paulo Roberto Medeiros , Villa Luisa Lina
Published: January 2009

Objectives

To assess the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection according to cervical cytologic status in northeastern Brazil; identify other risk factors for low‐ and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs and HSILs); and identify the most prevalent HPV genotypes associated with the lesions.

Method

Two cervical smears were collected from 250 women referred for cancer screening, one for cytologic examination and the other to test for the presence of HPV by PCR with genotyping by dot blot hybridization.

Result

There were 110 healthy cervices, 82 LSILs, and 58 HSILs. The overall HPV prevalence was 48%, with higher rates for HSILs, and HPV‐16 was the most prevalent type. Age, multiple sexual partners, type of HPV present, smoking, and early onset of sexual activity were risk factors for cervical lesions.

Conclusion

Age, multiple sexual partners, and infection with HPV‐16 increased the risk of having LSILs or HSILs. Early onset of sexual activity and smoking only increased the risk of having HSILs.
Professor Sir Percy Winfield, Q.C., LL.D., F.B.A. (1878–1953)
Authors: McNair Arnold , Landon P. A.
Published: January 2009

My justification for accepting an invitation to write some pages in this Journal on the life and work of Percy Winfield is our friendship and our close association in the Cambridge Law School during almost the whole of his career. I do not feel competent to appraise his contributions to the law, and I am glad that I have succeeded in persuading Mr. P. A. Landon, Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, to undertake this task.
Not Doing is no Trespass
Authors: Milsom S. F. C.
Published: January 2009

This article will tell some elementary stories about the history of contract and tort. Its purpose is primarily pedagogic: although the stories are largely old, they are not very clearly explained in the books, and in particular they are done something less than justice in the standard work, Mr. Fifoot's invaluable History and Sources of the Common Law. Since the present aim is to explain what the stories are, rather than to prove that they are true, their telling will be as little encumbered as possible with old cases and their technicalities. A secondary purpose is to set the stories together, and show how far they turn out to be the same story. It is doubtful whether even Ames, who first stated the most important of them, fully realised how far the point was the same in each; and since in one guise or another it is the point of much legal history it deserves more emphasis than it has had. Finally, since Professor Plucknett freed us from the sterile delusion that case was somehow “like” trespass, there has grown up a new background of ideas in which the old stories must be set afresh.
The Revival of Equitable Estates in the Seventeenth Century: An Explanation by Lord Nottingham
Authors: Yale D. E. C.
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this article is to give an explanation reported by Lord Nottingham about three-quarters of the way through the seventeenth century of the legal reasons justifying the resurrection of equitable estates by way of trusts after the Statute of Uses in 1535 had gone a long distance towards extirpating equitable estates in land. This explanation turns to a large degree on a restrictive interpretation of the first section of the Act, which is as follows—

“That where any person or persons…at any time hereafter shall…be seised, of and in any…hereditaments, to the use confidence or trust of any other person or persons or of any body politic, by…any…means whatsoever,…in every such case all and every such person or persons and bodies politic that…shall have any such use confidence or trust…shall…be…deemed and adjudged in lawful estate seisin and possession of and in the same…hereditaments,…to all intents constructions and purposes in the law, of and in such like estates as they had or shall have in use trust or confidence of or in the same.”
Turpitude and Title in England and India
Authors: Gooderson R. N.
Published: January 2009

The original object of this paper was to consider the main differences between the law in England and India as to the recovery of money paid, goods delivered or land conveyed under an illegal agreement, first by restitution where the property has already passed, secondly by retention of a prior rightful title, limited or general. It has, however, been found necessary to devote a good deal of attention to the English law. On investigation, the paths do not all prove to be as well trodden as might have been expected. Grodecki, Hamson and Howard Street, among others, have made valuable contributions in this field, but little attention has been paid to the interplay of the various maxims that have influenced the development of the law, and there seems never to have been any attempt to make a comprehensive statement of the various rules of English law applicable where one of the parties to an illegal agreement seeks to rely on his title. The absence of any such analysis has led to doubt and difference of opinion in India, which can be resolved if the English cases are placed in what is believed to be their true setting.
The Future of Certiorari
Authors: Wade H. W. R.
Published: January 2009

Complaints have often been made about the pitfalls of certiorari as a remedy in administrative law. The reports of recent years have been rich in decisions on its scope, and some of them have brought welcome clarification. But others have been bewildering, so much so that the courts themselves have now begun to encourage litigants to abandon certiorari in favour of the action for a declaration. It is a little paradoxical that in 1932, when certiorari was less vexed with uncertainties than now, the Committee on Ministers' Powers proposed to abolish it, yet in 1957, when it had proved notably unequal to the needs of the times, the Franks Committee discharged it without a stain on its character—and, indeed, recommended that it be given a wider operation, as has now been provided in the Tribunals and Inquiries Act, 1958. The explanation lies not merely in the proclivity of the earlier Committee to embark upon difficult legal questions, which their successors wisely avoided, but in the different nature of the problems considered, some being of form and some of substance. What the Ministers' Powers Committee wanted to reform was the “archaic and in some ways cumbrous and inelastic ” procedure of the ancient prerogative writs of certiorari, prohibition and mandamus, for which they wished to substitute a general right of appeal to the High Court on a point of Law. The Franks Committee, on the other hand, did not address themselves to the defects in procedure—although they were pointed out in evidence —and they said singularly little about the proposals of 1932; they were concerned rather to protect certiorari against the operation of “judge-proof” clauses in Acts of Parliament, and to endorse the sound policy of the bench in giving such clauses a narrow construction.
Jurisdiction to Wind Up Foreign Companies
Authors: Lipstein K.
Published: January 2009

Until recently it was possible to state with some confidence that English courts have no jurisdiction to wind up a foreign unregistered company which, though carrying on business in England through agents or otherwise, has no place of business here. The term “place of business” was given a very extended meaning in the course of time and came to include the premises of a hotel where the directors of the foreign company stayed annually over a number of years for a period lasting from a few weeks to several months, and from which they conducted their business while in England. However, in 1950, Harman J., in Banque des Marchands de Moscou (Koupetschesley) (in liquidation) v. Kindersley, decided that a foreign unregistered company which has assets in England can be wound up by English courts, even if it has no place of business in England otherwise than through agents. The Court of Appeal upheld the decision of Harman J. but Sir Raymond Evershed M.R., in whose judgement the other members of the court concurred, took a different view of the facts. He found that even if the Banque des Marchands de Moscou had no branch or specific place of business in England, it had nevertheless a place of business in England in the extended meaning given to this term by Cohen J. in Rabenek's Case, seeing that one of its directors had transacted business for the bank in England. This reason would have sufficed to dispose of the question whether English courts, in the circumstances, had jurisdiction to wind up the foreign company.
Conditions in Favour of Third Parties
Authors: Thomas T. C.
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this article is to consider the legal effects of a transfer of property by A to B subject to the performance by B of some obligation in favour of C, a third party to the transfer. The student of the law of contract is well familiar with the common law rule that no one who was not an original party to the contract is entitled to the benefit of that contract. But this rule creates hardship in particular cases and it has been shown that, in the main, three methods have been evolved to evade those unfortunate results. First, the legislature has intervened and provided C, the third party, with statutory rights. Secondly, the doctrine of agency has been invoked whereby C may claim that he is the principal of B. Thirdly, but with varying success, the trust concept has been pressed into service whereby C has sometimes been able to show that he is a beneficiary.
Liability in Roman Law for Damage caused by Animals
Authors: Ashton-Cross D. I. C.
Published: January 2009

Classification of Animals

In Roman law all animals are either wild or domestic.

(i) Wild: this category includes particularly those of an innate or natural feritas, and generally all animals not normally owned. Wild animals may, however, be owned and, as will be seen later, the owner may be under legal liability in respect of any damage done by them.

(ii) Domestic: these are normally owned. As a species they do not show feritas, though individually they may. Those which do show feritas are therefore regarded as acting contra naturam (of the species). So a horse which is a kicker, or a bull which gores, both of vicious disposition, are nevertheless governed by the rules relating to domestic animals; and a fortiori the domestic animal which has temporary lapses into feritas, e.g., the mare which is touchy, does not cease to be a domestic animal in law.
A Reconsideration of Possessio
Authors: Dias R. W. M.
Published: January 2009

The literature on possessio has now assumed such proportions that it will require a volume at least to do anything like justice to it. The purpose of this article is only to outline an approach to the Roman law of possessio as suggested by Kocourek's analysis of possession in the common law. The present writer believes that a substantial similarity exists between these two great systems in their approach to possession and this has not been due to any borrowing by the one from the other: a fact which, if proved, should be of no little jurisprudential interest. It is, therefore, merely as a prologue to a fuller exposition elsewhere that the following contentions are advanced as to possessio in Roman law.

Kocourek, writing of the common law, maintained that “possession” as a juridical concept distinct from physical control on the one hand and the right to have physical control on the other was unnecessary. If a person actually holds a thing, he either has a right to continue holding it or he has no right; if he is not holding a thing, he either has or has not a right to hold it. In all cases what matters is the right to have physical control. As long as the term “possession” is confined to physical control, no harm is done, but what Kocourek objects to is that mysterious tertium quid, called “possession,” from which are distinguished both physical control and the right to it, the former being known variously as “de facto possession,” “custody,” “detention,” and the latter as the “right to possess.”
Legislative Drafting in London and in Washington
Authors: Dickerson Reed
Published: January 2009

The meetings of the American Bar Association held in London in 1957 furnished an incidental but valuable opportunity to inquire into the methods of English legislative draftsmanship and to make some useful comparisons with its counterpart in Washington.

The first striking fact that emerges in such a comparison is that almost all the public laws enacted by Parliament are drafted by one small group of men, the expert draftsmen of the Office of the Parliamentary Counsel. This is in sharp contrast to the situation in Washington, where legislation is prepared by the Offices of the Legislative Counsel of the House and Senate, by members of the professional staffs of the many standing and special committees of Congress, by the legal staffs of the executive departments and agencies, and even by members of the public. Since this aggregate is very large, the question immediately arises: Why so few and so concentrated in London and why so many and so dispersed in Washington?

One obvious explanation would seem to be that the greater size and complexity of the United States must inevitably result in a larger number of, and more difficult, legislative problems, too large for any single drafting group to handle. But even a cursory examination of the recent statute books shows a physical volume of English public laws quite comparable to that appearing during the same period in the Federal Statutes at Large.
Gift of Part of a Debt
Authors: Hall J. C.
Published: January 2009

One can conceive of more exciting presents than a part of a debt; but a creditor is sometimes moved to make such an assignment. Suppose, for example, that he is owed £100 by X and desires to transfer the right to half of it to a friend. How can he do this?