bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patent Quality and Settlement Among Repeat Patent Litigants
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Repeat patent plaintiffs - those who sue eight or more times on the samepatents - have a disproportionate effect on the patent system. They areresponsible for a sizeable fraction of all patent lawsuits. Their patentsshould be among the strongest, according to all economic measures of patentquality. And logic suggests that repeat patent plaintiffs should be riskaverse, settling more of their cases and taking only the very best to trialto avoid having their patents invalidated. In this paper, we test thosehypotheses. We find that repeat patent plaintiffs are somewhat more likelyto settle their cases. But, to our surprise, we find that when they do goto trial or judgment, overwhelmingly they lose. This result seems to bedriven by two parallel findings: both software patents and patents owned bynon-practicing entities (so-called "patent trolls") fare extremely poorlyin court. We offer some possible explanations for why a group of apparentlyweak patents nonetheless have so much influence over the patent system, andsome preliminary thoughts about how these findings should shape the patentreform debate.
EFL Learners’ Higher Order Thinking and Technology Based Instruction in Literature Case Study of Biskra Univesity 2nd year Students
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Betka Nadia Rezig
Published: July 2018

The presence of higher order thinking aspects in EFL learners’ productions constitutes one of the major achievements of the teaching process. It denotes learners’ ability to think, analyze and draw conclusions about the taught information. Different approaches were implemented to promote EFL learners’ critical thinking but they were limited into questioning strategies that raise speculation. The present paper is an investigation of the advantages of implementing technology devices to promote Algerian University EFL learners’ higher order thinking. Noticing that their written productions in literature carried almost no critical thinking aspects , this case study attempts to check the usability of E learning in developing EFL learners’ ability to think critically through a qualitative method of research. The study is based on data obtained from a questionnaire administered to second year students on their attitude towards replacing the traditional classroom by a technology classroom. An E-learning test was initiated through Emails to deliver and correct home works where analysis and speculation questions were designed. The results showed that 83% of the sample were in favour of change and admitted that they spend more than 2 hours a day using their digital devices for entertainment as well as for research. Learners’ answers to the test questions carried analysis, reliance on evidence and argumentation. E learning can motivate EFL learners to combine research with learning in foreign languages classrooms.
Climate capitalism and the global corporate elite network
Authors: Sapinski Jean Philippe
Published: July 2018

This paper explores the political involvement of transnational corporations and their directors in elaborating the project of ‘climate capitalism’ advanced to address climate change. Climate capitalism seeks to redirect investments from fossil energy to renewable energy generation, so as to foster an ecological modernization of production and reduce GHG emissions. I use social network analysis to assess the potential for climate capitalism, as a project of a section of the corporate elite, to replace the current ‘carboniferous capitalist’ regime. Corporate-funded climate and environmental policy groups (CEPGs) constitute major venues for the corporate elite to assemble and plan their response to the climate crisis. By mapping out the network of board-level interlocks between CEPGs and the largest transnational corporations, I first find that certain CEPGs are centrally located among the global intercorporate network, and thus well positioned to promote climate capitalism among the corporate elite. Second, I delineate a climate capitalist inner circle that includes the individual members of the corporate community who arguably are able to exert the greatest power to shape climate capitalism. However, many of them, close to the oil and nuclear sectors, may support a long-term transition away from fossil fuels, incompatible with avoiding dangerous climatic warming.
The Experience of Discrimination in Contemporary America: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample of Adults
Authors: Boutwell Brian
Published: July 2018

A large body of social science research is devoted to understanding the causes and correlates of discrimination. Comparatively less effort has been aimed at providing a general prevalence estimate of discrimination using a nationally representative sample. The current study is intended to offer such an estimate using a large sample of American respondents (n = 14,793) while also exploring perceptions regarding why respondents felt they were discriminated against. The results provide a broad estimate of self-reported discrimination experiences—an event that was only reported by about one-quarter of all sample members—across racial and ethnic categories.
Música en nuestras vidas
Authors: Saavedra Fernanda Corrales
Published: July 2018

La música es la mezcla de sonidos, melodías y ritmos, es considerada como una de las expresiones más grandiosas del ser humano, y por medio de ella somos capaces de transmitir sensaciones. Los beneficios que nos aporta son infinitos, nos impulsa la creatividad e inspira nuevos sentimientos y sensaciones. Por medio de la realización de una encuesta online es que buscamos captar esos estilos musicales que nos acompañan en diferentes momentos de nuestro día a día, formando así el soundtrack de nuestra vida.
""In the case of Africa in general, there is a tendency to exaggerate”: Representing Mass atrocity Coverage in Africa"
Authors: Wahutu Siguru james
Published: July 2018

*Pre-Print abstract*Based on an analysis of print media and journalists’ interviews, thisarticle examines the representation of atrocity and mass violence inAfrica. It specifically focuses on the atrocities in Darfur and Rwanda andcompares African and western coverage of them. It argues that sincerepresentations (just as the knowledge that anchors them) are highlydependent on one’s social location it is necessary to understand multiplerepresentations of the same atrocity. Though literature on representationof Africa has been critical of western representations of Africa, thisarticle argues that including African representations of the same providesfor a more nuanced understanding.
A Pythian Predicament
Authors: London Josh
Published: July 2018

A consideration of the primary and intermediating political functions of the Pythic Oracle as viewed through the socio-perceptual framework of the Ancient Greeks. I contend with various modern "cynical" interpretations of the political affairs of Hellenic oracular institutions and, in reference to extant literary and primary historical accounts, argue that the political interventions of the Delphic Oracle should be construed as a legitimate and intentional cultic practice in service of Apollo.
Reaction to Safety Equipment Technology in the Workplace and Implications: A Study of the Firefighter's Hood
Authors: Ward Brian W.
Published: July 2018

In the 1990s the firefighter’s hood became a standard article of safety equipment worn by municipal firefighters, eliciting a negative reaction among many of these firefighters. I used data from interviews with 42 firefighters to explain why this reaction occurred. Data analysis revealed that negative reactions ultimately stemmed from the hood’s disruption of autonomy, repudiation of the complex mental and physical skill needed to perform tasks required of firefighters, and hindrance in negotiating the life-threatening environment created by a fire. These findings indicate that when introducing new safety equipment technology to emergency response workers, their reaction to this equipment, and its effect on their autonomy and ability to complete complex occupational tasks, may have important prevention implications.
Not Everyone is Xenophobic in South Africa
Authors: Ruedin Didier
Published: July 2018

Objective: Show that South Africa is not uniquely xenophobic. Methods: Regression analysis of SASAS 2013. Results: There are clear patterns who tends to be more xenophobic: people in vulnerable positions, and people who have less contact with foreigners. These patterns reflect those found in other countries. Conclusion: South Africa is not uniquely xenophobic.This is a brief summary of research prepared for "Reflecting on 10 Years of South African Xenophobic Violence" workshop at the University of the Witwatersrand, 15 March 2017.
Government or opposition? The determinants of legislative support for governors in Brazil
Authors: Inácio Magna , Amaral Ernesto F. L.
Published: July 2018

This article analyzes the microfoundations of support for governors in Brazil based on a decision model in which deputies attempt to reduce their electoral risks. This model considers the effects of the individual backgrounds of legislators, party strength, and the dynamics of political competition in states. We used ordinary least square regression models to estimate the chances of a legislator to adopt an oppositional stance. The results confirm the multidimensional nature of the government-building process in Brazil. Adhesion is not only coordinated on a partisan basis, but it is also shaped by perceptions of electoral risks, as well as by expected rewards that different political careers and partisan linkages shape.
Methods and Measures for Analyzing Complex Street Networks and Urban Form
Authors: Boeing Geoff
Published: July 2018

Complex systems have been widely studied by social and natural scientists in terms of their dynamics and their structure. Scholars of cities and urban planning have incorporated complexity theories from qualitative and quantitative perspectives. From a structural standpoint, the urban form may be characterized by the morphological complexity of its circulation networks – particularly their density, resilience, centrality, and connectedness. This dissertation unpacks theories of nonlinearity and complex systems, then develops a framework for assessing the complexity of urban form and street networks. It introduces a new tool, OSMnx, to collect street network and other urban form data for anywhere in the world, then analyze and visualize them. Finally, it presents a large empirical study of 27,000 street networks, examining their metric and topological complexity relevant to urban design, transportation research, and the human experience of the built environment.
Geo-Database Management of White Space vs. Open Spectrum
Authors: Horvitz Robert
Published: July 2018

Abstract:Lead chapter in "TV White Spaces - A Pragmatic Approach", edited byErmanno Pietrosemoli and Marco Zennaro, Telecommunications/ICT forDevelopment Laboratory, Abdus Salam International Centre forTheoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy (2013)When the FCC proposed allowing low-power devices to use UHF "whitespaces" on a license exempt basis, they were unsure whether spectrummonitoring or geo-database lookup would be the best way to manage thedevices' frequency selection. Since these methods were discussed asalternatives, few people noticed that they have very differentpolitical implications. Effective sensing of the local radio spectrumcan lead to autonomous, self-managing devices. These reduce the needfor strict government controls over spectrum access, making suchdevices a force for liberalization. On the other hand, a radio whichsimply follows instructions given by a database, and which mustregularly renew its permission to operate, is a slave, and it isdescribed that way in white space standards and regulatory documents.Far from being a force for liberalization, database slaves represent adrastic extension of regulatory control into the radio domain whichhas been the freest (license exemption).White space devices are expected to reduce the cost and increase theavailability of broadband access in rural areas. But if these devicesdepend on geo-database lookup, the temporary but total cutoffs ofInternet access in Egypt, Libya and Syria should make one wonder if itis wise to give government-sanctioned control centers a “kill switch”for public broadband access. Geo-database management can yield manybenefits. But it entails a degree of political risk which could bedangerous in some contexts. It can also delay or even block thedevelopment of the truly autonomous "smart" radios needed forminimalist regulation.
Politics of Planetary Reproduction and the Children of Other Worlds
Authors: Oman-Reagan Michael P.
Published: July 2018

This paper considers possible futures for human space settlements through the life story and experiences of David Vetter—a child born with severe combined immunodeﬁciency who became known in popular media as the “bubble boy.” Lynn Margulis imagined the creation of ecosystems and human settlements on another planet could be an act of Gaia reproducing by budding, through ecopoiesis. Thinking with Margulis about humans as holobionts, our species is both constituted by and embedded within communities of organisms and ecologies. As holobionts we may not be able to live outside of these communities and systems or away from Earth, even if we can temporarily survive without them. Placed within an evolutionary framework, techno-capitalist imaginaries of space settlement limit conceptions of planetary reproduction to heteronormative models of ecopoiesis which promote competition as a key driver of evolution instead of cooperation. Technologically mediated survival along with forced reproduction of holobionts within Earth-like systems and could lead to suffering and isolation like David Vetter’s forced survival in a bubble. I propose alternative liberatory modes of conceptualizing and materializing space migration (including queer and decolonized forms of reproduction) which better respect the Earth, its inhabitants, as well as extraterrestrial planets, landscapes, lives, and possibilities. Cite as: Oman-Reagan, Michael P. “Politics of Planetary Reproduction and the Children of Other Worlds.” Futures. (Forthcoming, 2019)
La Chiesa dei poveri nel concilio ecumenico Vaticano II
Authors: Orselli Elia
Published: July 2018

During Vatican II council a group of bishops and theologians studied the problem of church poverty. They tried to push poverty into official debate and texts. The group, inspired by the french theologian Paul Gauthier, worked during the four session of the Vatican II council (1962-1965) and it was many times under the lenses of television and press. Paul VI also asked cardinal Lercaro to follow the activity of the group.
The Contours of Crowd Capability
Authors: Prpić John
Published: July 2018

In this work we use the theory of Crowd Capital as a lens to compare and contrast a number of IS tools currently in use by organizations for crowd-engagement purposes. In doing so, we contribute to both the practitioner and research domains. For the practitioner community we provide decision-makers with a convenient and useful resource, in table-form, outlining in detail some of the differing potentialities of crowd-engaging IS. For the research community we begin to unpack some of the key properties of crowd-engaging IS, including some of the differing qualities of the crowds that these IS application engage.Prpić, J., & Shukla, P. (2014). The Contours of Crowd Capability. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences #47. January 2014, Big Island, Hawaii, USA. IEEE Computer Society Press. Best Paper Nomination.
Economic Distress and Voting: Evidence from the Subprime Mortgage Crisis
Authors: Hall Andrew B. , Yoder Jesse , Karandikar Nishant
Published: July 2018

Roughly 7 million Americans lost homes to foreclosure during the Great Recession. Despite claims that the subprime mortgage crisis helped fuel recent political turmoil in the U.S., we lack systematic empirical evidence about the effects of this unprecedented spike in home foreclosures on American elections. We combine nationwide deed-level public records data on home foreclosures with election data and administrative voter data to examine the effects of home foreclosures on electoral outcomes and on individual voter turnout. At the aggregate level, county-level difference-in-differences estimates show that counties that suffered larger increases in foreclosures did not punish or reward members of the incumbent president's party more than less affected counties. At the individual level, merging the Ohio voter file with foreclosure data, difference-in-differences estimates reveal that Ohioans whose homes were foreclosed on were somewhat less likely to turn out to vote, particularly when foreclosures occurred close to election day. The findings cast doubt on the claim that individual-level economic distress during the Great Recession directly activated angry voters, and raise questions about the posited causal link between economic distress and the electoral punishment of incumbents.
Patents as Data Aggregators in Personalized Medicine
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

The role of patents in personalized medicine is problematic, as the potential market for tailored treatments may be too small for the patent incentive to be effective. However, in certain instances patent exclusivity may serve less as an incentive to invest in new inventions than it might to serve as an aggregator for certain types of ancillary information that will be critical to personalized diagnosis and treatments. In this essay I look at the effect of patents on the collection and application of such non-patentable data related to genetic variation. My vehicle for examining such effects is the testing service for genetic predisposition to cancer which was the subject of the recent Supreme Court decision in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad. The Myriad patents appear to have given rise to detailed databases of genetic variations that are now held as trade secrets. The welfare effects from such data aggregation, both positive and negative, have gone largely unexplored and undiscussed in the arguments over DNA patenting, and suggest a previously unappreciated justification for patenting in some instances.
Land grab / data grab
Authors: Fraser Alistair
Published: July 2018

Developments in the area of ‘precision agriculture’ are creating new data points (about flows, soils, pests, climate) that agricultural technology providers ‘grab,’ aggregate, compute, and/or sell. Food producers now churn out food and, increasingly, data. ‘Land grabs’ on the horizon in the global south are bound up with the dynamics of data production and grabbing, although researchers have not, as yet, revealed enough about the people and projects caught up in this new arena. Against this backdrop, this paper examines some of the key issues taking shape, while highlighting new frontiers for research and introducing a concept of ‘data sovereignty,’ which food sovereignty practitioners (and others) need to consider.
Feminicídios no Brasil: semelhanças e diferenças entre municípios brasileiros
Authors: Dias Tayrine dos Santos
Published: July 2018

O trabalho discute o perfil socioeconômico e institucional do municípios onde ocorreram casos de feminicídio, no Brasil, no ano de 2014. O trabalho implementou a técnica de clusterização para mapear os 1356 municípios de acordo com a distribuição de rendimento médio mensal per capita, porcentagem de domicílios rurais, a porcentagem de analfabetos maiores de 15 anos e um índice institucional proposto com base em variáveis coletadas no Censo 2010 e na MUNIC 2014. Os resultados apresentam a distribuição da taxa de mortes de mulheres por feminicídio de acordo com as quatro variáveis analisadas, observando a posição dos clusteres e distribuições regionais dos municípios. Foi possível observar que as desigualdades regionais no Brasil expressam, em certa medida, as desigualdades entre os municípios analisados. As localidades com atributos mais desfavoráveis também estavam entre os municípios com maior taxa de mortes de mulheres por feminicídio.Enviado do Email para Windows 10
EU acquis compliance on urban waste management. Case study: Piatra Neamt , Romania
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

This paper examines the current challenges in urban waste managementsystems under EU regulations for a newcomer state. Piatra Neamț is amongthe first Romanian cities which made the transition from a traditional to amodern waste management infrastructure through ISPA funds. These changesare poorly reflected in the rate of recycling and treatment so faraccording to the analysis of waste streams. The paper performs a criticalreview of waste management services and also assesses the vulnerability toillegal dumping. Inappropriate sites of waste management facilitiescontribute to environmental pollution and urban landscape degradation.Comparative analysis between pre-accession period vs. current situationhighlights one the one hand the improvements in this sector and on theother hand the difficulties to comply EU targets.
Review of "Pregnant on Arrival: Making the Illegal Immigrant" (E Luibheid)
Authors: Wang Sean H.
Published: July 2018

Wang, SH. 2015. Review of "Pregnant on Arrival: Making the Illegal Immigrant" (E Luibheid). International Migration Review, 49(2), e15-e16.
Visualizing demographic evolution using geographically inconsistent census data
Authors: Dias Fabio , Silver Daniel
Published: July 2018

Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/bKeV08Os0uA Census measurements provide reliable demographic data going back centuries. However, their analysis is often hampered by the lack of geographical consistency across time. We propose a visual analytics system that enables the exploration of geographically inconsistent data. Our method also includes incremental developments in the representation, clustering, and visual exploration of census data, allowing an easier understanding of the demographic groups present in a city and their evolution over time. We present the feedback of experts in urban sciences and sociology, along with illustrative scenarios in the USA and Canada.
CassidyOvendenAdvertisingDatasheet
Authors: Cassidy Rebecca , Ovenden Niko
Published: July 2018

The master dataset of recorded instances of gambling, alcohol and hyperpalatable food advertising captured at English Premier League (EPL) football matches shown in three recordings of Match of the Day, a highlights show on a non-commercial channel, and three live matches shown on Sky Sports 1, a commercial channel. The data is used in the paper "Frequency, duration and medium of advertisements for gambling and other risky products in commercial and public service broadcasts of English Premier League football" by the same authors.
The Diverging Beliefs and Practices of the Religiously Affiliated and Unaffiliated in the United States
Authors: Gullickson Aaron
Published: July 2018

Since 1990, the percent of Americans with no religious afﬁliation has grown substantially. Prior work has shown that between 1990 and 2000, the religiously unafﬁliated population also became more religious in belief and practices, both in absolute terms and relative to the afﬁliated population. This curious empirical ﬁnding is believed to be driven by a dilution effect in which moderate believers disafﬁliated from organized religion without giving up religious beliefs and practices. In the current article, I use data from the General Social Survey to show that this convergence of beliefs and practices of the religiously afﬁliated and unafﬁliated ended around 2000. Since 2000, the religiously unafﬁliated have decreased their belief in god and the afterlife, and have not increased their prayer frequency. The trends for the afﬁliated have been either increasing or unchanging and thus the religious practices and beliefs of the religiously afﬁliated and unafﬁliated have diverged since 2000. The change in trend for the religiously unafﬁliated after 2000 cannot fully be explained generational succession or the growing percentage of Americans raised without religion. Although the unafﬁliated remain very heterogeneous in their beliefs and practices, these results point to a growing religious polarization in the United States.
Gender, Marital Status and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Greenstein Theodore N
Published: July 2018

*This paper uses materials from the World Values Survey and the EuropeanValues Study from 2006-2014 to study the relationship of gender and maritalstatus to life satisfaction. In an analysis of 103,217 respondents from 81nations I find that while there do not seem to be main effects of gender onlife satisfaction – that is, women are no more or less satisfied with theirlives than are men -- gender moderates the effects of geographical region,age, employment status, education, religious affiliation, and attendance ofreligious services on life satisfaction. In particular, there aresubstantial differences in the effects of marital status on lifesatisfaction by gender. The gender differences in most effects are sosubstantial that I argue that it makes no sense to analyze lifesatisfaction data without performing separate analyses by gender. *
Social Transformations in the Women’s Short Stories in Egypt, 2011-2017
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Almahfali Mohammed , Barhoum Rafah
Published: July 2018

This study primarily draws on genetic structuralism in unraveling social transformations embedded in short stories written by Egyptian authoresses. It also makes use of feminist concepts given that the content in question is written by Egyptian women writers and hence blends general social transformations with those affected by feminism. Four Egyptian authoresses were selected for this study along with samples of their literary works, written between 2011 and 2017, in an attempt to unpick the social transformations taking place in the short story during that critical period. The study shows that social transformations begin with the subject that is aware of those transformations embedded in the short story and taking different forms. It, in addition, underlines the impact and significance of the setting and how it is used by the women writers to locate and shed light on those transformations. Moreover, there are two types of social transformations, namely negative transformation, embodied in the deterioration of social relations or any undesired behavior, and positive transformation, characterized by the awareness of the subject of the sources of power in relation to the act of change and the influence of the revolutionary action on it. In addition, feminist conceptions are shown to be used in resisting male dominance and its relation to social oppression.
Crime, Controversy and the Comments Section: Discussing archaeological looting, trafficking, and the illicit antiquities trade online
Authors: Yates Donna
Published: July 2018

In this article we will discuss the challenges involved in presenting the looting of archaeological sites and the illicit trade in cultural property to the interested public. We will contrast our experiences of building two popular illicit antiquities-focused blogs (Things You Can’t Take Back and Anonymous Swiss Collector) with the process of developing an informative academic website on the same topic (Trafficking Culture). We will discuss our motivations for starting these blogs, our struggles with the tone of the popular discourse on this topic, and our inability to escape our own emotions; why we have moved away from illicit antiquities blogging in the past year and why we are coming back. Finally, having learned from our mistakes, we will make recommendations to others wishing to engage with the public about sensitive issues via social media.
Comparison of Jurisdictional Seismic Resilience Planning Initiatives
Authors: Miles Scott B.
Published: July 2018

Three jurisdictional earthquake resilience planning initiatives conducted in California, Washington State, and Oregon are compared: SPUR Resilient City (SPUR), Resilient Washington State (RWS), and Oregon Resilience Plan (ORP). This paper presents an exploratory analysis that reveals divergent and convergent themes across the initiatives to inform similar initiatives in the future. The SPUR initiative was the inspiration for both RWS and ORP. As such, an evolution of ideas is evident from the first initiative to the most recent. While the SPUR initiative was a model for the RWS and ORP initiatives, the process and outcomes of the latter two initiatives were more similar than to the original SPUR initiative. Major examples of this are the smaller scopes, as well as increased prominence and continued innovation of recovery-based performance measurement frameworks to help identify seismic resilience recommendations. The importance of this innovation is not clear, however, based on the small amount of explicit integration with the respective initiative definitions of resilience, goals and recommendations. More systematic research into elements of the SPUR, RWS, and ORP initiatives, such as development of the performance measurement frameworks, is warranted given the initiatives’ popularity and influence on the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Community Resilience Planning Guide. The paper concludes by situating the NIST guide in the context of the three seismic resilience planning initiatives.
A Case Study of Crowdsourcing Imagery Coding in Natural Disasters
Authors: Calyx Cobi
Published: July 2018

Crowdsourcing and open licensing allow more people to participate in research and humanitarian activities. Open data, such as geographic information shared through OpenStreetMap and image datasets from disasters, can be useful for disaster response and recovery work. This chapter shares a real-world case study of humanitarian-driven imagery analysis, using open-source crowdsourcing technology. Shared philosophies in open technologies and digital humanities, including remixing and the wisdom of the crowd, are reflected in this case study.
Building Public Confidence in Medical Registration Revalidation
Authors: Carter David J , Street Deborah J , Bush Stephen
Published: July 2018

Regular ‘revalidation’ of medical registration has been proposed as a way to ‘affirm or establish the continuing competence of physicians’ whilst strengthening and facilitating ethical and professional ‘commitment to reducing errors, adhering to best practice and improving quality of care’ by the medical profession. This project examines revalidation and its potential policy implications through the lens of the Australian general public's attitudes towards it. We designed a Discrete Choice Experiment to elicit information regarding this proposed regulatory reform from the Australian general public.
Is Virtual Reality Uniquely Effective in Eliciting Empathy?
Authors: Jones Jason Jeffrey , Sommer Jamie M.
Published: July 2018

It has been argued that virtual reality is uniquely effective at eliciting empathy, because it is the best technology for putting an audience "into the shoes" of another person. Is there really a difference between a virtual reality experience and reading an article when it comes to inducing empathy? In this experimental study, we gave participants a pre-test and post-test survey regarding their empathy, attitudes and intentions toward immigrants, refugees and endangered animals. Between the surveys, randomly selected participants engaged with a virtual reality experience relating to the U.S.-Mexican border, and others read an article on the same topic. A virtual reality experience increased participants' empathy toward immigrants, led to more positive attitudes toward immigration and increased the participants' stated likelihood of taking political action in favor of immigrants. However, in almost all cases these increases were statistically indistinguishable from the increase due to reading a print article. No evidence was found for a strong, diffuse effect of virtual reality beyond the specific subject of the virtual reality experience itself.
Place and Cyberspace
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

For cyberlibertarians, the other shoe is rapidly dropping. In a curiousinversion, those who argued less than a decade ago that cyberspace was aplace all its own - and therefore unregulable by territorial governments -are finding their arguments and assumptions used for a very different end.Instead of concluding that cyberspace is outside of the physical world,courts are increasingly using the metaphor of cyberspace as a "place" tojustify application of traditional laws governing real property to this newmedium. Dan Hunter's excellent article explains how and why this ishappening with uncanny accuracy, pointing to the power of metaphor ininfluencing legal thinking and the particular strength of metaphor inmaking the new seem familiar. He also quite correctly observes thatreliance on the cyberspace as place metaphor is leading courts to resultsthat are nothing short of disastrous as a matter of public policy. Finally,he concludes that there is no way for the Internet to escape the firmlyentrenched spatial metaphor, either by substituting another metaphor or byeschewing metaphor altogether. Already, he concludes, the idea ofcyberspace as a place is too well-established in our minds. The result is apaper that is both extraordinarily important and profoundly depressing.In this essay, I do not challenge Hunter's argument that the cyberspace asplace metaphor is rampant, nor his conclusion that judicial use of themetaphor has had pernicious consequences. Rather, I focus on the logicalsteps that courts seem to be missing as they move from metaphor todecision. Thus, in Part I, I explain why the cyberspace as place metaphoris not a particularly good one. In Part II, I suggest some ways courtsmight take account of these differences between the real world and theInternet. In Part III, I observe that even if one accepts the placemetaphor in toto, it need not follow that everything in this new place mustbe privately owned. Nor must it follow that private ownership rightsinclude complete rights of exclusion. My conclusion is somewhat moreoptimistic than Hunter's. While acknowledging the dangers of the cyberspaceas place metaphor and the fact that courts have already started down thewrong road, I suggest that courts and commentators who think seriouslyabout the nature of the Internet still have ample room to make reasonedpolicy decisions. Though we may easily be misled by metaphor, we need notbe its slaves.
School and Teacher Effects
Authors: Morgan Stephen L.
Published: July 2018

This chapter summarizes the extant sociological literature on the interactive nature of school and teacher effects on student learning. It explains why the most recent literature on teacher sorting demands the attention of more sociologists of education, and it demonstrates what is revealed about patterns of teacher sorting using the type of data most commonly analyzed by sociologists of education. Throughout, the chapter discusses the methodological requirements of research that can and cannot disentangle teacher effects from school effects, and it considers how teacher and school effects may be evolving in the changing landscape of K-12 education in the United States.
The ParlSpeech data set: Annotated full-text vectors of 3.9 million plenary speeches in the key legislative chambers of seven European states
Authors: Rauh Christian , de Wilde Pieter , Schwalbach Jan
Published: July 2018

ParlSpeech contains full-text vectors of more than 3.9 million plenary speeches in the key legislative chambers of the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, covering periods between 22 and 28 years. Speeches are annotated with date, speaker and party. This release note provides a more detailed guide to the data.
UN DEBATE TRIPARTITA SOBRE LA JUSTICIA Y LA POLÍTICA: RAWLS, DWORKIN Y HABERMAS.
Authors: MARTINEZ-VILLA BASILIO A
Published: July 2018

Este documento, es el resumen del trabajo de grado para obtener el Diploma de Estudios Avanzados y la Suficiencia Investigadora titulado: Justicia y política: un debate en curso. El trabajo terminal de posgrado en cuestión se orientó a una teoría evaluativa sobre el establecimiento y funcionamiento deseable de las instituciones públicas en una sociedad latinoamericana compleja revisando el caso concreto de México. Es una descripción del estado en que se encuentra la filosofía política contemporánea y una crítica de la realidad político-jurídica mexicana. Conlleva también el propósito de elaborar un modelo en materia de filosofía política.La investigación en cuestión —de carácter eminentemente expositivo y exegético—, abordó tres modelos que plantean el problema del funcionamiento de la estructura básica de la sociedad. Asimismo, en ella se establecen comentarios relativos a las observaciones que los críticos de las respectivas teorías han realizado, con el propósito de presentar un panorama más completo del área que se estudió.
Journal of the History of Economic Thought Preprints - The Environmental Turn in Natural Resource Economics: John Krutilla and "Conservation Reconsidered"
Authors: Banzhaf H. Spencer
Published: July 2018

Environmentalism in the United States historically has been divided into its utilitarian and preservationist impulses, represented by Gifford Pinchot and John Muir, respectively. Pinchot advocated conservation of natural resources to be used for human purposes; Muir advocated protection from humans, for nature's own sake. In the first half of the 20th century, natural re-source economics was firmly in Pinchot's side of that schism. That position began to change as the post-war environmental movement gained momentum. In particular, John Krutilla, an economist at Resources for the Future, pushed economics to the point that it could embrace Muir's vision as well as Pinchot's. Krutilla argued that if humans preferred a preserved state to a developed one, then such preferences were every bit as "economic." Either way, there were opportunity costs and an economic choice to be made.
A cultural evolution approach to digital media
Authors: Acerbi Alberto
Published: July 2018

Digital media have today an enormous diffusion, and their influence on the behaviour of a vast part of the human population can hardly be underestimated. In this review I propose that cultural evolution theory, including both a sophisticated view of human behaviour and a methodological attitude to modelling and quantitative analysis, provides a useful framework to study the effects and the developments of media in the digital age. I will first give a general presentation of the cultural evolution framework, and I will then introduce this more specific research program with two illustrative topics.The first topic concerns how cultural transmission biases, that is, simple heuristics such as "copy prestigious individuals" or "copy the majority", operate in the novel context of digital media. The existence of transmission biases is generally justified with their adaptivity in small-scale societies. How do they operate in an environment where, for example, prestigious individuals possess not-relevant skills, or popularity is explicitly quantified and advertised?The second aspect relates to fidelity of cultural transmission. Digitally-mediated interactions support cheap and immediate high-fidelity transmission, in opposition, for example, to oral traditions. How does this change the content that is more likely to spread? Overall, I suggest the usefulness of a "long view" to our contemporary digital environment, contextualised in cognitive science and cultural evolution theory, and I discuss how this perspective could help us to understand what is genuinely new and what is not.
Talking about Racial Disparities in Imprisonment: A Reflection on Experiences in Wisconsin
Authors: Oliver Pamela Elaine
Published: July 2018

Pamela Oliver "Talking About Racial Disparities in Imprisonment: A Reflection on Experiences in Wisconsin" Preprint of a chapter published in Vincent Jeffires, ed., 2009 Handbook of Public Sociology, Rowman and Littlefield. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780742566477/Handbook-of-Public-Sociology I describe my public work 2000 to 2009 on racial disparities in imprisonment which has included descriptive data analysis with graphical presentations, over 75 public presentations, and participation in multiple groups and commissions. My work does not fit neatly into any of the four boxes in Burowoy's 2x2 classification of types of sociology as professional, critical, policy, or public. I began the work "as a person" who became concerned about the issue, not "as a sociologist." In the first section I tell the story of how I got drawn into the issue by the efforts of community activists. I had critical concerns about the issue that brought different questions to the table than animated professional criminology, but was not was concerned about criticizing sociology per se. In the second section, I stress that my special contribution was to bring professional skills in data analysis and presentation to the table in the service of a public purpose, and I argue that activist community often need these professional skills. In the third section I discuss the ways in which I have actively engaged with many different types of groups (grassroots activists, professional reformers, community groups) and talk about the ways in which these groups differ and, especially, the racial dynamics of different groups. I attempted to play a bridging role of bringing the discourses from one group (e.g. Black community members) into dialog with the discourses from other groups (e.g. police). In the fourth section, I critique Burowoy's distinction between public and policy sociology and talk about the real politics and racial dynamics of the different real groups I worked with. I stress that pointing to problems is much easier than figuring out how to solve them. In the conclusion I reflect on the ways in which my work may have had influence.
‘An Inconvenient Truth’: A social representation of scientific expertise.
Authors: Pearce Warren , Nerlich Brigitte
Published: July 2018

Chapter from forthcoming book *Science and the Politics of Openness: Here Be Monsters*. Manchester: Manchester University Press. [Pre-review version]June 30, 2006 marked the release of An Inconvenient Truth (AIT), a climatechange documentary presented and written by leading US Democrat politicianAl Gore. The film has contributed to making climate change expertise publicthrough a heady combination of scientific data with personal stories andcalls for political action that offered a particular social representationof climate change. In this chapter we discuss AIT as an example of takingclimate change expertise out of the pages of science journals and into thepublic sphere. We draw on the ideas of John Dewey and their elucidation byMark Brown to show how the notion of expertise is key in understanding thefilm’s motivation, successes and critics. While the purpose of thedocumentary was to persuade its audience of the consensual truth impartedby climate science experts, its effect was to become a lightning rod fordissent, critique and debate of that expertise. Overall, AIT created adominant representation of climate change, based on expertise that became atouchstone for consent and dissent, action and reaction.In the following we shall first provide some background to the film’semergence, highlighting its echoes of Dewey’s argument that expertknowledge should be integrated in society. We then use the concept ofsocial representation to show how Gore combined scientific content withpersonal and political context in order to provide a meaningfulrepresentation of climate change expertise. We then highlight how AITsought to create its own public for scientific expertise, returning climatescience expertise to society as one of the many tools with which citizensmake sense of the world and solve problems. We then show how the veryelements that helped AIT towards establishing a dominant socialrepresentation of climate change also contributed to the creation of acounter-representation and counterpublic that questioned how AITrepresented climate science expertise. With AIT’s success in bringingsocial context to scientific content came inevitable contestation. Weconclude with some tentative lessons for science communicators from the AITstory.-- Dr Warren Pearce,
The statistical crisis in science: How is it relevant to clinical neuropsychology?
Authors: gelman andrew
Published: July 2018

There is currently a statistical (and replication) crisis in science. Social psychology has been at the heart of this crisis, but the lessons learned are relevant for other fields. We discuss three examples of replication challenges and some proposed solutions, and then consider the applicability of these ideas to clinical neuropsychology. In addition to procedural developments such as preregistration and open data and criticism, we recommend that data be collected and analyzed with more recognition that each new study is a part of a learning process. The goal of improving neuropsychological assessment, care, and cure is too important to not take good scientific practice seriously.
Leadership Research - Old Truths and New Frontiers. Notes on complexity and leadership in-situ
Authors: Hultman Glenn
Published: July 2018

In order to understand leadership, it is not enough to assume that organizations act as rational instruments. We need a better understanding of the dynamics of schools. Researchers have recently found that leadership's dynamism has a different meaning if we see organizations as complex systems and leaders in interacting and influencing. The purpose of this article is to discuss what leadership research has shown and what conclusions can be drawn. The starting point is research reviews, and evidence-based leadership, efficiency, problem-solving and methodology, leadership in complex organizations, practice-oriented leadership research and the relationship between leadership and learning. The article concludes, among other things, with a reflection on the school's scientific basis. One possibility may be to try to develop a "science" within the framework of their own activities in school and classrooms. Principals leadership is developed in practice and with inspiration from research, especially research that is practice-oriented. As shown in this article, the research provides different messages about what is successful. But we also need to use the studies that provide a deeper understanding of leadership dynamics and leadership aspects that have not been studied sufficiently.
Baldermath: A design-based research approach to developing a game for student work analysis
Authors: Thompson Meredith , Reich Justin , Pershan Michael
Published: July 2018

Games can help teachers develop and practice important skills. Can integrating student work analysis into a game help participants focus on, attend to details, and make sense of student work?
Roma and Gypsy-Travellers in Europe: Modernity, Race, Space and Exclusion
Authors: Bancroft Angus
Published: July 2018

Chapter 1Europe and its Internal OutsidersChapter 2Modernity, Space and the OutsiderChapter 3The Gypsies Metamorphosed: Race, Racialization and Racial Action in EuropeChapter 4Segregation of Roma and Gypsy-TravellersChapter 5The Law of the LandChapter 6A Panic in PerspectiveChapter 7Closed Spaces, Restricted PlacesChapter 8A ‘21st Century Racism’?
Expanding the Weighted Updating Model
Authors: Zinn Jesse Aaron
Published: July 2018

This work casts light upon a pair of restrictions inherent to the basic weighted updating model, which is a generalization of Bayesian updating that allows for biased learning. Relaxing the restrictions allows for the study of individuals who discriminate between observations or who treat information in a dynamically inconsistent manner. These generalizations augment the set of cognitive biases that can be studied using new versions of the weighted updating model to include the availability heuristic, order effects, self-attribution bias, and base-rate neglect in light of irrelevant information.