bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De la o factură de electricitate la supremația dreptului european: astfel s-a născut doctrina Costa c. Enel
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept Universitatea ‘Federico II’, Napoli, Italia, ARENA Amedeo
Published: September 2021

Whilst Costa vs. ENEL is the locus classicus for most accounts of the primacy of European law, the story of that lawsuit is still relatively unknown. What drove Flaminio Costa to sue his electricity provider over a bill of as little as ₤1.925 (about €22 in 2020)? Why did the Small-claims Court of Milan decide to involve both the Italian Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice in such a „petty” lawsuit? Why did those two courts hand down such different rulings? How did the lawsuit end when it came back from Luxembourg? Relying upon previously undisclosed court documents and interviews with some of the actors involved, this paper seeks to shed some light on the less-known aspects of the Costa v ENEL lawsuit, against the background of electricity nationalization in Italy at the height of the Cold War, and to assess the contribution of that lawsuit and of its „architect”, Gian Galeazzo Stendardi, to the approfondissement of the doctrine of primacy of European law.
KONSEP MAKANAN HALAL DAN THAYYIB DALAM PERSPEKTIF AL-QUR'AN
Authors: Hasanah Auliya Izzah , Fauziah Rizka , Kurniawan Rachmad Risqy
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji lebih dalam konsep makanan halal dan thayyib serta menguraikan makna dan unsur yang terkandung dalam konsep halal dan thayyib menurut perspektif Al-Quran dan tafsirnya khususnya pada ayat QS. Al-Baqarah: 168 dan QS. Al-Maidah : 88. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dengan metode penafsiran tematik. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa makanan yang halal dan baik disebutkan dalam al-Baqarah ayat 168 dan al-Maidah ayat 88 mengandung dua aspek yaitu pertama, hendaklah makanan itu adalah makanan yang dzatnya dihalalkan oleh Allah artinya tidak diharamkan, selain itu didapatkan dengan cara yang halal sesuai dengan ketentuan syariat Islam, tidak memperolehnya dengan cara yang diharamkan oleh syariat Islam, seperti dengan cara paksa, tipu, curi, korupsi dan lain-lain. Dan yang kedua, makanan yang dikonsumsi hendaklah baik (طیب), tidak menjijikkan dan kotor serta mengandung zat-zat yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh, secara jumlah takaran, mutu kualitasnya serta kandungan gizinya.
Mengembangkan Sikap Kepedulian terhadap Permasalahan Lingkungan melalui Program Adiwiyata di Sekolah
Authors: Nurqomah Resty
Published: September 2021

Letak negara lndonesia memenuhi Negeri Ke-satuan RI dengan berwawasan Nusan-tara pada ke-daulatan, hak untuk memiliki daulat, serta yuridiksi. Perihal yang disampaikan sebagai Pemerintahan wajib menjaga area dengan memenuhi bijaksana penyusunan, manfaat, pelihara, pulih, mengawasi, serta mengendalikan area lndonesia. Sebab pemerintahan selaku memegang aktivitas mengelola area, Pemerintahan merupakan fitur dalam membuat ketentuan lembaga dengan fokus pada mengelola berkesinambungan serta konsisten. Permasalahan pengelolaan area bisa dikira pemicu pokok rusak area. Seluruh permasalahan area ialah salah satunya pembangunan yang dicoba tanpa mencermati aspek penyeimbang area yang gilirannya bakal memunculkan kehancuran serta pencemaran area hidup. Sehinggaa tujuan pada permasalahan area yang terjadi, dengan melakukan aksi ketetapan di berinya ke pelaksana pengotoran serta penghancur area dengan lewat admlnstratif, per-data, pldana. Dengan menegakan ketetapan ini butuh di dukungnya oleh sebagian faktor fasilitas ketetapan, petugas ketetapan, sarana serta izin, struktur tentang dampak area, pemahaman ketetapan warga pada area. Selain menegakan ketetapan juga melalui program adiwiyata hendaknya menghasilkan masyarakat sekolah yang peduli serta berbudaya area. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini dengan memakai tata cara literatur, google scholar, jurnal program studi Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial serta data terkini internet. Serta hasilnya akan memaparkan bagaimana mengatasi permasalan area melalui penegakan ketetapan sekaligus pengendalian kepedulian melalui program adiwiyata. Dengan akhirnya mewujudkan sumber daya manusia yang mempunyai kepribadian bangsa terhadap lingkungan pembangunan berkepanjangan di wilayah.Kata Kunci: Permasalahan, Lingkungan, Pengelolaan, Adiwiyata
Political Violence
Authors: Westwood Sean , Grimmer Justin , Tyler Matthew , Nall Clayton M
Published: September 2021

Political scientists, pundits, and citizens worry that America is entering a new period of violent partisan conflict. Provocative survey data show that up to 44% of the public support politically motivated violence in hypothetical scenarios. Yet, despite media attention, political violence is rare, amounting to a little more than 1% of violent hate crimes in the United States. We reconcile these seemingly conflicting facts with three large survey experiments (N=3,041), demonstrating that self-reported attitudes on political violence are biased upwards because of disengaged respondents, differing interpretations about questions relating to political violence, and personal dispositions towards violence that are unrelated to politics. Our estimates show that, depending on how the question is asked, existing estimates of support for partisan violence are 30-900% too large, and nearly all respondents support charging suspects who commit acts of political violence with a criminal offenses. These findings suggest that although recent acts of political violence dominate the news, they do not portend a new era of violent conflict.
JALUR PENINGKATAN MUTU MADRASAH DI JAWA TENGAH: PROBLEM DAN SOLUSI
Authors: Sofanudin Aji
Published: September 2021

Upaya peningkatkan mutu madrasah telah dilakukan dengan berbagai cara. Salah satunya dilakukan oleh Direktorat KSKK, yakni merumuskan tagline madrasah mandiri berprestasi (2021). Semua program dan kegiatan tersebut diarahkan dalam kerangka peningkatan mutu madrasah. Mutu madrasah menyangkut dua hal: mutu standar dan mutu persepsi. Dalam konteks madrasah/sekolah, mutu standar menyangkut akreditasi lembaga. Madrasah bermutu adalah madrasah yang memiliki nilai akreditasi tinggi. Sementara mutu persepsi menyangkut animo masyarakat terhadap madrasah. Mutu persepsi ditunjukkan dengan adanya seleksi dalam penerimaan siswa baru dan jumlah murid yang banyak. Untuk memperolah dua mutu tersebut, tentu madrasah harus menunjukkan performa yang baik, pengelolaan yang baik, serta mampu menunjukkan berbagai prestasi. Beberapa problem umum yang dialami madrasah di Jawa Tengah menyangkut lima hal pokok: (1) Madrasah milik masyarakat, (2) Ekonomi menengah ke bawah, (3) Akreditasi madrasah, (4) Kualitas pembelajaran dan (5) Fungsi ganda madrasah. Alternatif solusi yang ditawarkan adalah (1) penegrian madrasah, (2) penguatan wakaf untuk pendidikan, (3) peningkatan akreditasi madrasah, (4) Penyebarluasan quality madrasah for all, serta (5) keseimbangan fungsi pendidikan dan dakwah. Peningkatan mutu madrasah bermuara pada peningkatan prestasi madrasah. Prestasi madrasah dapat tercapai dengan menghadirkan semangat juang (ruhul jihad) dari keluarga madrasah, khususnya kepala madasah dan guru. Selain motivasi akhirat melalui ruhul jihad, upaya peningkatan mutu madrasah dilakukan melalui jalur duniawi yakni peningkatan kualifikasi dan kompetensi guru dan kepala madrasah secara berkelanjutan.
Transformative Journalisms: How the ecological crisis is transforming journalism
Authors: Brüggemann Michael , Frech Jannis , Schäfer Torsten
Published: September 2021

Growing awareness of global ecological crises has provoked a set of new practices in journalism that we suggest labelling transformative journalisms. The term encompasses a diversity of new role conceptions and practices that converge around an explicit and transparent commitment to contribute to the social-ecological transformation of societies by doing journalism. It is thus a form of advocacy journalism that is special in being dedicated to the most common of common goods, preserving the eco-systems and natural resources of the planet. Transformative journalism challenges some aspects of objectivity, such as the idea of the neutral, distanced observer. Instead, it emphasizes the elements of relevant and factually correct coverage as well as values such as transparency about values and moderating the debates that enable society to develop more sustainable ways of life. While the tension between the poles of being a critical, independent observer and sharing a mission of ecological transformation is the source of criticism by proponents of more traditional role conceptions, we also see this tension as a productive source for creativity, complementing traditional journalism with new forms of content, production, and interactions audiences as well as increased awareness of the ecological footprint of doing journalism.
Patients’ perceptions of maternal healthcare acceptability: A scoping review protocol
Authors: Bucyibaruta Joy Blaise , Maidment Leah , Heese Carl , Peu Mmapheko Doriccah , Bamford Lesley , van der Wath Annatjie Elizabeth , Grobler Estelle
Published: September 2021

Healthcare acceptability is an important concept in health sciences including psychology, yet, it remains controversial and poorly understood by all health researchers. Healthcare acceptability cuts across all health disciplines and refers to human behavioural constructs such as attitude, trust and respect, which are expressed when patients and health professionals interact. Many studies have described the acceptability of maternal healthcare, but there is no universally accepted definition. We describe a protocol for a scoping review of existing literature to shed-light-on the definition and conceptualisation of maternal healthcare acceptability from patients’ perspectives. We will employ a search strategy, with eligibility criteria, to search for relevant articles from electronic and grey literature. Two researchers will independently screen the retrieved articles using Rayyan software and chart data from included articles. An inter-reviewer agreement of 80% will be deemed appropriate. We will interpret key findings in line with available evidence, while being consistent with the research purpose. We will discuss the study’s limitations, implications for practice and propose future research projects.
resume konsep ilmu ekonomi wahyuni putrisarira
Authors: PUTRISARIRA WAHYUNI
Published: September 2021

Resume terkait dengan ilmu ekonomi dan konsepnya
Acquisition of Data for Building Photogrammetric Virtual Outcrop Models for the Geosciences using Remotely Piloted Vehicles (RPVs)
Authors: Howell John , Chmielewska Magda , Lewis Conor , Buckley Simon , Naumann Nicole , Pugsley Jessica
Published: September 2021

Over the past five years the use of 3D models in the Earth Sciences has become ubiquitous. These models, termed Virtual outcrops, are most commonly generated using Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, an image-based modelling method that has achieved widespread uptake and utilization. Data for these models is commonly acquired using remotely piloted aerial vehicles (RPVs), commonly called drones. The purpose of this document is to present a basic acquisition methodology, which is based on the workflows used by the authors for the acquisition of over 500 virtual outcrops over the last decade. This article is part of a series from the editors of V3Geo, which is an online forum for sharing high quality virtual 3D geoscience models. Virtual outcrops submitted to V3Geo are subject to a technical quality control to ensure that data can be reliably utilized by the wider professional and scientific community. This document provides guidelines for the robust acquisition of data which are required to build high quality models suitable for sharing in V3Geo. The document focuses on outcrop selection, mission planning, RPV setup, data acquisition and management. Related documents in this series cover data processing and model building.
Psychometric evaluation of the Affect Regulation Checklist: Clinical and community samples, parent-reports and youth self-reports
Authors: Goulter Natalie , Balanji Sherene , Davis Brooke A. , James Tim , McIntyre Cassia L. , Smith Erica , Thornton Emily M. , Craig Stephanie , Moretti Marlene M.
Published: September 2021

The Affect Regulation Checklist (ARC) was designed to capture affect dysregulation, suppression, and reflection. Importantly, affect dysregulation has been established as a transdiagnostic mechanism underpinning many forms of psychopathology. We tested the ARC psychometric properties across clinical and community samples and through both parent-report and youth self-report information. Clinical sample: participants included parents (n=814; Mage=43.86) and their child (n=608; Mage=13.98). Community sample: participants included independent samples of parents (n=578; Mage=45.12) and youth (n=809; Mage=15.67). Exploratory structural equation modeling supported a three-factor structure across samples and informants. Dysregulation was positively associated with all forms of psychopathology. In general, suppression was positively associated with many forms of psychopathology, and reflection was negatively associated with externalizing problems and positively associated with internalizing problems.
Psychopathology, Global Functioning, and ADHD Persistence in Relation to Childhood Adversity: A Latent Class Analysis Approach
Authors: Nguyen Phuc T. , Gordon Chanelle T. , Owens Elizabeth B. , Hinshaw Stephen P.
Published: September 2021

We examine the impacts of childhood adversity on adult outcomes for women with and without childhood ADHD using an ethnically diverse sample of 140 participants with ADHD (Mage = 9.7) and 88 age- and ethnicity-matched comparison participants (Mage = 9.4). At adult follow- up, the sample included 211 of the original 228 participants (92.6% retention; Mage = 25.6). We used inclusive latent class analysis to identify profiles of childhood adversity; class membership was subsequently used in regression models to predict adult outcomes and ADHD persistence status. Key findings were as follows: (1) Four childhood adversity profiles emerged (Low Exposure, Familial Dysfunction, Maltreatment, Pervasive Exposure); (2) Compared with women with Low Exposure profile, those with Familial Dysfunction had significantly higher internalizing outcomes, whereas those in the Maltreatment and the Pervasive Exposure profiles were associated with lower global functioning and higher internalizing and externalizing behaviors; (3) Women with childhood ADHD in the Maltreatment profile were significantly more likely than those in the other profiles to show persistent ADHD in adulthood. Findings provide useful information about women who could be targeted for intervention; we discuss limitations and the need to investigate the confluence of neurodevelopmental conditions, like ADHD, and exposure to adverse child events.
The Big Data toolkit for Psychologists: Data Sources and Methodologies
Authors: Peters Heinrich , Marrero Zachariah , Gosling Samuel D.
Published: September 2021

As human interactions have shifted to virtual spaces and as sensing systems have become more affordable, an increasing share of peoples’ everyday lives can be captured in real time. The availability of such fine-grained behavioral data from billions of people has the potential to enable great leaps in our understanding of human behavior. However, such data also pose challenges to engineers and behavioral scientists alike, requiring a specialized set of tools and methodologies to generate psychologically relevant insights.In particular, researchers may need to utilize machine learning techniques to extract information from unstructured or semi-structured data, reduce high-dimensional data to a smaller number of variables, and efficiently deal with extremely large sample sizes. Such procedures can be computationally expensive, requiring researchers to balance computation time with processing power and memory capacity. Whereas modelling procedures on small datasets will usually take mere moments to execute, applying modeling procedures to big data can take much longer with typical execution times spanning hours, days, or even weeks depending on the complexity of the problem and the resources available. Seemingly subtle decisions regarding preprocessing and analytic strategy can end up having a huge impact on the viability of executing analyses within a reasonable timeframe. Consequently, researchers must anticipate potential pitfalls regarding the interplay of their analytic strategy with memory and computational constraints.Many researchers who are interested in using “big data” report having problems learning about new analytic methods or software, finding collaborators with the right skills and knowledge, and getting access to commercial or proprietary data for their research (Metzler et al. 2016). This chapter aims to serve as a practical introduction for psychologists who want to use large datasets and datasets from non-traditional data sources in their research (i.e., data not generated in the lab or through conventional surveys). First, we discuss the concept of big data and review some of the theoretical challenges and opportunities that arise with the availability of ever larger amounts of data. Second, we discuss practical implications and best practices with respect to data collection, data storage, data processing, and data modelling for psychological research in the age of big data.
A critical re-analysis of six implicit learning papers
Authors: McKay Brad , Carter Michael J
Published: September 2021

We present a critical re-analysis of six implicit learning papers published by the same authors between 2010 and 2021. We calculated effect sizes for each pairwise comparison reported in the papers using the data published in each article. We further identified mathematically impossible data reported in multiple papers, either with deductive logic or by conducting a GRIMMER analysis of reported means and standard deviations. We found the pairwise effect sizes were implausible in all six articles in question, with Cohen’s d values often exceeding 100 and sometimes exceeding 1000. In contrast, the largest effect size observed in a million simulated experiments with a true effect of d = 3 was d = 6.6. Impossible statistics were reported in four out of the six articles. Reported test statistics and eta-squared values were also implausible, with several eta-squared = .99 and even eta-squared = 1.0 for between-subjects main effects. The results reported in the six articles in question are unreliable. Many of the problems we identified could be spotted without further analysis, highlighting the need for adequate statistical training in the field of motor learning.
Prospective Prediction of Lapses in Opioid Use Disorder: Protocol for a Personal Sensing Study
Authors: Moshontz Hannah , Colmenares Alejandra Jose , Fronk Gaylen , Sant'Ana Sarah June Kittleson , Wyant Kendra , Wanta (Schneck) Susan E. , Maus Adam , Gustafson David , Shah Dhavan V. , Curtin John Joseph
Published: September 2021

Successful long-term recovery from Opioid Use Disorder requires continuous lapse risk monitoring and appropriately using and adapting recovery-supportive behaviors as lapse risk changes. Available treatments often fail to support long-term recovery by failing to account for the dynamic nature of long-term recovery. This protocol paper describes research that aims to develop a highly contextualized lapse risk prediction model that forecasts the ongoing probability of lapse. Participants will be 480 American adults in their first year of recovery from Opioid Use Disorder. Participants will report lapses and provide data relevant to lapse risk for a year with a digital therapeutic smartphone app, through both self-report and passive personal sensing methods (e.g., cellular communications, geolocation). The lapse risk prediction model will be developed using contemporary rigorous machine learning methods that optimize prediction in new data. The model this project will develop could support long-term recovery from Opioid Use Disorder, for example, by enabling just-in-time interventions within digital therapeutics. This project is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse with a funding period from August 2019 to June 2024. Full enrollment began in September 2021.
Using Eye-Tracking Measures to Predict Reading Comprehension
Authors: Mézière Diane Caroline , Yu Lili , Reichle Erik , von der Malsburg Titus , McArthur Genevieve
Published: September 2021

Research on reading comprehension assessments suggests that they measure overlapping but not identical cognitive skills. In this paper, we examined the potential of eye-tracking as a tool for assessing reading comprehension. We administered three widely-used reading comprehension tests with varying task demands to 79 typical adult readers while monitoring their eye movements. In the York Assessment for Reading Comprehension (YARC), participants were given passages of text to read silently, followed by comprehension questions. In the Gray Oral Reading Test (GORT-5), participants were given passages of text to read aloud, followed by comprehension questions. In the sentence comprehension subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-4), participants were given sentences with a missing word to read silently, and had to provide the missing word (i.e., a cloze task). Results from linear models predicting comprehension scores from eye-tracking measures yielded different patterns of results between the three tests. Models with eye-tracking measures always explained significantly more variance compared to baseline models with only reading speed, with R-squared 4 times higher for the YARC, 3 times for the GORT, and 1.3 times for the WRAT. Importantly, despite some similarities between the tests, no common good predictor of comprehension could be identified across the tests. Overall, the results suggest that reading comprehension tests do not measure the same cognitive skills to the same extent, and that participants adapted their reading strategies to the tests’ varying task demands. Finally, this study suggests that eye-tracking may provide a useful alternative for measuring reading comprehension.
The Illusions of Time Passage: Why Time Passage is Real
Authors: Montemayor Carlos , Wittmann Marc
Published: September 2021

Philosophers and scientists alike often endorse the view that the passage of time is an illusion. Here we instead account for the phenomenology of passage as a real psycho-biological phenomenon. We argue that the experience of time passage has a real and measurable basis as it arises from an internal generative model for anticipating upcoming events. The experience of passage is not representation by a passive recipient of sensory stimulation but is generated by predictive processes of the brain and proactive sensorimotor activity of the whole body. The biological basis of the passage of time has not been examined in the metaphysics of time or the epistemology of time perception from a scientific perspective. This paper proposes to remedy this omission.
Journal lists in social sciences and the spectrum of quality standards
Authors: Guns Raf , Hołowiecki Marek
Published: September 2021

The social sciences involve multiple literatures, including journals with a more international and those with a more local orientation. Quality standards in research assessment have largely been borrowed from STEM fields and generally favour internationally oriented journals with high international visibility and scientific impact, to the detriment of other quality dimensions, such as relevance to local communities and researchers or openness of research.In journal lists, this complex spectrum of quality standards is simplified into a one-dimensional arrangement. We provide a typology to characterize journal lists and discuss the usage of journal lists in research assessment, arguing that their values and criteria deserve careful scrutiny and can be studied through systematic comparison.
Internetowa madka jako wariant stereotypu współczesnej matki
Authors: Bańczyk Emilia
Published: September 2021

The paper is trying to answer the question of how the popular concept of madka can affect the stereotype of a mother and the social perception of the family. The author takes up the current topic regarding contem-porary changes in the perception of motherhood using anthropological and cultural linguistics methods, and the considerations are put in the sociological and sociolinguistic context. Reconstruction of the mean-ing of the new concept leads to the conclusion that its strong negative markings affect the social image of mothers and leads to stigmatizing families.
Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Pada Kelompok Pengepul Limbah Plastik Menjadi Cacahan Plastik Untuk Menciptakan Usaha Berdikari Dan Mandiri
Authors: Lubis Kamaluddin , Siregar Ninny A. , Mahda Nuril , Lubis Nela Permata Sari
Published: September 2021

Around our environment it is very easy to find plastic waste, in rivers and gutters this will have a negative impact because plastic waste is very difficult to decompose by the soil, it takes tens of years or even hundreds of years. Seeing this, the team through the Community Service (PKM) program was interested in using plastic waste as an effort to recycle waste to protect environmental damage. This PKM provides about how to chop plastic as an alternative effort in recycling waste from materials that are neglected by the community into product materials with high material value. it has a positive impact on promising plastics business community entrepreneurs. With the opening of these new business fields, the community can open new business fields and prevent the environment from polluting the soil, and the Go Green campaign
Development E-Module Three Variables Linear Equations System Based On Mathematic Communication
Authors: Rani Latifah , Maarif Samsul
Published: September 2021

This rapid technological development has a very significant impact on various aspects of human life, one of which is in the aspect of education. The existence of technological developments in the aspect of education gave rise to a new paradigm in which participants acted as constructors in managing the information gained knowledge and educators as facilitators who guide students in learning activities with the aid of an electronic device. However, the use of electronic devices in the form of laptops/computers has not been well implemented to make students passive, and mathematical communication skills are not optimal. Students still consider the material of the Three Variable Linear Equation System to be quite difficult. So, we need innovative learning media in the form of e-modules. The purpose of this study was to develop the contents and find out the quality of e-modules in the material of the Mathematical Communication Based Three Variable Linear Equation System. This research is development research that adapts the ADDIE development model. The results of this study are in the form of an e-module on the material of the Three Variable Linear Equation System based on mathematical communication that can be operated on a laptop/computer offline. The product has been validated by media experts and material experts and gets results in the Good category. The product was also tested on 46 respondents and obtained results in the Good category. Thus, the e-module of the Three Variable Linear Equation System based on mathematical communication is appropriate for use in learning.

Keywords: e-module, Linear Equation System of three variables, mathematical communication.
Between Autonomy and Solidarity: An African Woman’s Autoethnography
Authors: Kithinji Caroline , Maleche Hellen , Masiga Ann , Masiga Julie
Published: September 2021

As an infant, my grandmother chewed my food for me because I was not capable of chewing on my own. As an adult, most African men still want to chew my food for me. So, how do African women consent to research when culturally they must surrender their autonomy? We join in solidarity and create our own collective autonomy. We know the rules of our patriarchal society and outwardly adhere to them. As an ethicist, I (Caroline Kithinji) have developed a sense of responsibility and solidarity with female research subjects; we collaborate in the full understanding of our lack of autonomy.
Birthing Alone: An Ethical Analysis of Pandemic Policies Banning Birthing Partners
Authors: Friesen Phoebe , Towle Sarah , Perez Tamara
Published: September 2021

During the COVID-19 pandemic, several hospitals implemented “birthing alone” policies, banning companions (e.g., partners, family members, doulas) from accompanying individuals giving birth. We offer an ethical analysis of these policies. First, we examine them through a consequentialist framework of risks and benefits. Second, we consider the significance of birth, highlighting the unique ways in which risks, relationships, and rights are understood in the context of obstetrics. We conclude that birthing alone policies are largely unjustified, as the harm they are certain to cause outweighs their possible benefits and because they fail to take into account what matters to mothers.
Narratives of Regret: Resisting Cisnormative and Bionormative Biases in Fertility and Family Creation Counseling for Transgender Youth
Authors: Clark Beth A.
Published: September 2021

Gender-affirming hormone therapy is increasingly available to support healthy development of transgender (trans) youth, but ethical concerns have been raised regarding fertility-related implications. In this article, I present data from an exploratory qualitative study of the decision-making experiences of trans youth, parents of trans youth, and healthcare providers serving trans youth related to fertility and family creation. I discuss how cisnormative and bionormative biases can impact care and contribute to ethically problematic narratives of regret. Finally, I offer recommendations to support ethically sound, gender-affirmative fertility and family creation counseling with transgender youth.
Creative Forces programming with military families: Art therapy, dance/movement therapy, and music therapy brief vignettes
Authors: Chilton Gioia , Vaudreuil Rebecca , Freeman Elizabeth K. , McLaughlan Nathaniel , Herman Jessica , Cozza Stephen J.
Published: September 2021

LAY SUMMARY

Creative arts therapists (art therapists, dance/movement therapists, and music therapists) administer assessments and interventions that support the holistic well-being of military families affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Through participation in the Creative Forces: United States National Endowment for the Arts Military Healing Arts Network, military families discovered strengths, inspired connections, and improved understanding of their relationships. Creative arts therapies (CATs) motivated engagement, which ultimately boosted family resilience. CATs are an integral part of interdisciplinary care to address behavioural and rehabilitative conditions of military families impacted by TBI and PTSD. Future research should examine the efficacy of creative arts therapies in improving resilience in military families.
Carburization Heat Treatment of Selective Laser Melted 20MnCr5 Steel
Authors: Yang Mei , Fan Yangyang , Sisson Richard D.
Published: September 2021

As a novel manufacturing technology additive manufacturing (AM) has advantages such as energy saving, reduced material waste, faster design-to-build time, design optimization, reduction in manufacturing steps, and product customization compared to conventional manufacturing processes. Heat treatment is widely used to improve the properties of conventional manufactured steel parts. The response of additively manufactured steel parts to heat treatment may be different from conventionally manufactured steel parts due to variations in microstructure. An understanding of heat treatment processes for additively manufactured steel parts is necessary to develop their heat treatment process parameters. In the present work 20MnCr5 steel was selected to investigate the carburization heat treatment of additively manufactured parts. These parts were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) for the carburization study. It was found that the AM parts fabricated by the SLM process show the microstructure of tempered martensite while the microstructure of as-received wrought part is ferrite and pearlite. It was also experimentally found that the SLM process decarburizes the entire SLM part. Before carburizing, a normalization process was conducted on both SLM and wrought 20MnCr5 parts to reduce the effect of the pre-carburizing microstructure. The objective of this project is to determine the carburization performance of additively manufactured steel parts. The results for the SLM parts in terms of carbon concentration and microhardness profiles are compared with the results for the wrought steel. It was found that the carburized SLM part in the present work has higher carbon concentration near the surface, deeper case depth, and higher total carbon flux than the carburized wrought part.
High Pressure Heat Treatment of AM Parts—Combining HIP and Heat Treatment
Authors: Ahlfors Magnus
Published: September 2021

The production process for additively manufactured (AM) metal parts can involve as many as four post processing steps: stress relief, hot isostatic pressing, solution treatment and quench, and tempering or aging. In this paper, the author describes a post processing route for AM parts that combines stress relief, hot isostatic pressing, and solution treatment and quench into a single thermal cycle immediately followed by tempering or aging. The combination of processes is called high pressure heat treatment (HPHT), the benefits of which include shorter total effective cycle time, less downtime between steps, and lower energy consumption.
The Future of the Integral Quench Furnace
Authors: Hemsath Mark K. , Herring Daniel H. , Przygonski Tomasz
Published: September 2021

Integral quench furnaces combine the benefits of low-pressure vacuum carburizing (LPC) with atmosphere oil quenching. This paper discusses key milestones in the development of integral quench furnaces and the advantages they provide in annealing, normalizing, and hardening applications.
Quality is Managed by Better Data Utilization
Authors: Wesolowski Carl , Madeira Robert J.
Published: September 2021

This paper describes some of the ways manufacturing data are being used to reduce variations in heat treat processes and achieve higher levels of conformance in treated parts. It also includes a review of quality management practices and demonstrates the use of Six Sigma statistical analysis in an induction heat treating application.
Prediction of Tempering Effect on Jominy Hardenability Curve
Authors: Maniruzzaman Mohammed , Pickerill Rob J. , Pershing Michael A.
Published: September 2021

Modeling of as-tempered hardness in steel is essential to understanding final properties of heat-treated components. Most of the tempering mathematical models derive a tempering parameter using Hollomon-Jaffe formulation. Some recent models incorporate chemical composition into the general Hollomon-Jaffe relationship. This paper compares model predictions with a substantial set of actual tempered Jominy End Quench bars and the hardness data from them. Improvements to the models and direction for future work are discussed.
Effect of Mo in Combination with Nb on Austenite Grain Size Control in Vacuum Carburizing Steels
Authors: Seo Eun Jung , Speer John G. , Matlock David K. , Cryderman Robert L.
Published: September 2021

Vacuum carburizing with high pressure gas quenching is increasingly employed to reduce near-surface intergranular oxidation and quenching distortion. It has also been shown to reduce processing times because it can be conducted at higher temperatures, up to 1100 °C. These temperatures, however, may cause austenite grain coarsening, making steel more susceptible to fatigue failure. This paper presents a study showing how microalloying carburizing steels with Mo and Nb improves resistance to austenite grain growth. The control of grain size is attributed to solute and precipitation effects.
Microstructure Refinement Strategies in Carburized Steel
Authors: Agnani M. , DeNonno O.L. , Findley K.O. , Thompson S.W.
Published: September 2021

Microstructure refinement strategies for carburized steel were evaluated to assess their effect on the fatigue performance of case carburized components. Commercial 52100 steel samples were subjected to various treatments and analyzed to determine the micro-geometry of plate martensite and the size distribution of retained-austenite regions. Decreasing reheat temperature produced finer austenite grain size, while multiple reheating cycles helped narrow grain size distribution. The refinement of austenite grain size also led to a reduction in martensite plate size and finer distribution of retained austenite.
Short Time Dilatometry Quench System Analyses
Authors: Banka Andrew , Senita Andrew , Goldstein Robert , Eddir Tareq , Cryderman Robert
Published: September 2021

This paper investigates the factors that influence quenching rates and temperature distributions in steel during dilatometry testing. In a prior study, the authors assessed the performance of the cooling system in a widely used dilatometer. The goal of the current work is to develop a cooling strategy that provides more uniform and possibly faster cooling in the same system. Several alternate quench concepts are analyzed, the most promising of which uses water-cooled tubes to deliver high velocity gas through a series of jets axially aligned with the test sample. The proposed cooling apparatus and its effect on the induction heating process are assessed using CFD, electromagnetic, and thermal analyses.
How Does Precise Control Affect the Outcome of Nitriding and Ferritic Nitrocarburizing Cycles?
Authors: Nousir S. , Kalucki J.
Published: September 2021

Controlled nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing can significantly improve the corrosion and wear resistance of carbon and low-alloy steels. The framework for maintaining these processes is based on standards, such as AMS 2759/10 and 2759/12A, that specify tolerances for control parameters. This work investigates the impact of admissible deviations in control parameters on the performance of treated alloy samples. The findings of the study demonstrate that although tolerances are allowed, precise control in specific furnace classes is necessary to consistently obtain superior results.
Best Practice for Metallurgical Quality Evaluation of Nitrided Components
Authors: Rowan Olga K. , Pershing Michael A.
Published: September 2021

Nitriding is a surface hardening treatment used on steel components to improve their resistance to corrosion, fatigue, and wear. Iron nitrides at the nitrided steel surface form a compound layer known for its high hardness but also for its brittle nature. It is not uncommon for this layer to chip or break away during metallurgical sample preparation, making it difficult to accurately characterize the microstructure of the nitrided load. This paper presents the results of several studies that assess the effect of cutting and polishing operations along with polishing pressure, the use of foils, and Ni plating. A best practice procedure has been developed to prevent damage to nitrided samples and minimize uncertainty when evaluating part quality.
Non-Destructive Hardness/Microstructure Testing of Heat-Treated Parts by Mass Production, with Multiple Frequency Magnetic Induction Method
Authors: Horsch A.
Published: September 2021

This paper discusses the basic principles of multi-frequency eddy current testing and explains how it can be used on high-volume production lines to detect faulty heat-treated parts based on case depth, hardness patterns, tensile strength, carbon content, soft spots, and surface decarburization. It also presents examples showing how the method is used in high-speed inspection of cam shafts, screws, balls of various sizes and materials, distance pins, and complex bolts.
Boro-Austempering Treatment of High Strength Bainitic Steels
Authors: de Oliveira Pedro Gabriel Bonella , Mariani Fábio Edson , Casteletti Luiz Carlos , Filho André Itman , Neto Amadeu Lombardi , Totten George Edward
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this work is to incorporate boriding and austempering treatments in a single thermal cycle and assess its effect on two high strength bainitic steels. The combined process, called boro-austempering, is a promising alternative to increase the surface wear resistance of advanced high strength steels as shown in the test results presented.
Effect of Quenching Temperature on the Distortion and Microstructure of Small Components
Authors: MacKenzie D. Scott
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the causes of distortion in heat treated 1080 steel parts and the influence of quenchants and quenching temperature. A comparison of parts produced using a different oil and different quench temperatures shows that a significant improvement can be achieved in distortion with only minor grain growth and a slight reduction in hardness.
Parallelized Particle Swarm Optimization to Estimate the Heat Transfer Coefficients of a Series of Vegetable Oils in Comparison with Typical Fast Petroleum Quench Oil Quenchant
Authors: Simencio Otero Rosa L. , Szénási Sándor , Fried Zoltán , Felde Imre , Viscaino Jônatas M. , Canale Lauralice C.F. , Totten George E.
Published: September 2021

In various studies, heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) have been used to characterize the relative ability of a quenching medium to harden steel. In this current work, HTCs are determined for a series of vegetable oils using a stochastic (particle swarm) optimization technique and cooling curves produced via Tensi probe measurements. The vegetable oils investigated include canola, coconut, corn, cottonseed, palm, peanut, soybean, and sunflower oil, and their quenching performance is compared with that of a typical petroleum oil quenchant.
An Approach to Micro Segregation Level and Presence of Quench Cracks in Medium Carbon Low Alloy Steels
Authors: Dybdahl Cato , Dahle Nora , Tomovic-Petrovic Stanka
Published: September 2021

Samples from forged and heat-treated steel products with known quench crack histories have been mapped in order to study a possible relation between banding segregation and quench cracking. The products were medium carbon low alloy steels produced by ingot and continuous casting. EDS X-ray mapping was used to characterize the banding pattern and tensile testing revealed corresponding properties. The experimental procedures are described in the paper along with test results and conclusions.
A Comparative Study on Cooling Performance of Hot Oil and Molten Salt Media for Industrial Heat Treatment
Authors: Pranesh Rao K.M. , Narayan Prabhu K.
Published: September 2021

This paper presents the results of a study on the cooling performance of hot oil and molten salt quench media. It describes the tests performed, analyzes the results, and interprets the findings. It explains how the heat extraction mechanism in hot oil differs from that of NaNO2 eutectic mixtures and how it translates to differences in cooling rate, spatial uniformity, and hardness in quenched steel parts.
Gas Nitriding Comparison of Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Welch Amberlee
Published: September 2021

Gas nitriding is proving to be a viable low temperature case hardening process for stainless steels used in numerous applications. In this study, a comparison between austenitic (grade 304) and martensitic (grade 401) stainless steels shows how pre-oxidation temperature affects the thickness and porosity of the compound layer produced as well as hardness and nitriding diffusion depth. The results indicate that austenitic stainless steel would be the best choice for a part requiring wear resistance and strength, and that a standard rolled martensitic stainless steel would suffice if only a wear resistant surface is needed.
Effect of Alloying Additions of Aluminum and Iron on the Creep Resistance of Ti-12Cr
Authors: Chakravarty H. , Ballor J. , Boehlert C.J.
Published: September 2021

In this study, the creep properties of three titanium alloys were experimentally obtained at different applied stresses and at 683 K. X-ray diffraction and optical and electron microscopy were used to help characterize the microstructure before and after creep deformation and to show how changes in hardness correlate with the precipitation of α and ω phases in the β titanium matrix. The results of the study show that Ti-12Cr-1Fe-3Al is the most creep resistant followed by Ti-12Cr-3Al and Ti-12Cr.
High Pressure Gas Quenching Evolution
Authors: Beauchesne Dennis
Published: September 2021

This paper reviews several recent advancements in high pressure gas quenching technology along with the impact of new higher hardenability steels. With design upgrades and improved gas flow and heat removal, a wider variety of materials, part geometries, and load sizes can now be gas quenched.
Electron-Beam Surface Modification of Boron-Based Diffusion Layers Obtained of the Surface of Steel H21
Authors: Mishigdorzhiyn Undrakh , Ulakhanov Nikolay , Semenov Alexander
Published: September 2021

This paper presents the results of a study on a new coating method for alloy steel. The coatings were synthesized on the surface of H21 die steel through a combination of thermal-chemical treatment (TCT) and electron beam processing (EBP). A paste containing boron and aluminum was applied to the test samples which were then heated to accelerate the diffusion process. After 2 h at 950 °C, the diffusion layers were found to be 120 μm thick, and after 2 h at 1050 °C, they were 580 μm thick. The subsequent EBP led to a complete transformation of the primary diffusion layer and an increase in thickness to 1.6 mm. XRD analysis showed significant differences in composition before and after EBP and the presence of tungsten and iron borides. It was also found that the distribution of microhardness and composition over the layer thickness had a more favorable profile after EBP.
Perfecting the Hardening Process with 3D Technology
Authors: Schlesselmann Dirk , Endmann Andreas
Published: September 2021

Induction hardening, although a safe repeatable process, can require a lot of tuning whenever an input parameter or inductor is changed. This paper discusses the nature of the problem and how it can be alleviated using 3D technology. It explains that long setup times and tedious adjustments after tooling changes are due to inaccuracies in the inductors and their positioning relative to the workpiece. It then describes how these inaccuracies are removed using 3D construction, production, measurement, and positioning technology, including FEA and CFD software, laser powder bed fusion, and optical scanning. To verify the approach, two inductors were additively manufactured and tested in a hardening system. The first inductor was used to harden a bearing seat on a shaft. The inductors were then swapped and another part was hardened without any adjustment to the process. The hardening depth and surface hardness of the two parts are identical within the scope of measurement accuracy.
On a Modified Approach of Measuring Quench Severity and its Application
Authors: Athavale Viraj A. , Buchely Mario , Bartlett Laura , O’Malley Ronald , Van Aken David C.
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a method for calculating quench severity based on hardness profile matching. The new method has the potential to eliminate the need for Jominy end-quench testing as required in the traditional Kern approach. To assess the accuracy of the proposed method, a test bar and Jominy bar were machined from 2-in. bar stock and heat treated in accordance with ASTM A255. The test bar was quenched in a draft-tube system with a water velocity of 6 ft/s. An excel workbook was programmed to calculate the quenched hardness profile based on prior austenite grain size and steel chemistry. The calculations were in good agreement with measured Jominy hardness as were the quench severities determined by the Kern method and the proposed hardness profile matching technique.