bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AC conductivities of a holographic Dirac semimetal
Authors: Grignani Gianluca , Marini Andrea , Papini Lorenzo , Pigna Adriano-Costantino
Published: December 2018

Abstract

We use the AdS/CFT correspondence to compute the AC conductivities for a (2+1)-dimensional system of massless fundamental fermions coupled to (3+1)-dimensional Super Yang-Mills theory at strong coupling. We consider the system at finite charge density, with a constant electric field along the defect and an orthogonal magnetic field. The holographic model we employ is the well studied D3/probe-D5-brane system. There are two competing phases in this model: a phase with broken chiral symmetry favored when the magnetic field dominates over the charge density and the electric field and a chirally symmetric phase in the opposite regime. The presence of the electric field induces Ohm and Hall currents, which can be straightforwardly computed by means of the Karch-O’Bannon technique. Studying the fluctuations around the stable configurations in linear response theory, we are able to derive the full frequency dependence of longitudinal and Hall conductivities in all the regions of the phase space.
Page curves for general interacting systems
Authors: Fujita Hiroyuki , Nakagawa Yuya O. , Sugiura Sho , Watanabe Masataka
Published: December 2018

Abstract

We calculate in detail the Renyi entanglement entropies of cTPQ states as a function of subsystem volume, filling the details of our prior work [24], where the formulas were first presented. Working in a limit of large total volume, we find universal formulas for the Renyi entanglement entropies in a region where the subsystem volume is comparable to that of the total system. The formulas are applicable to the infinite temperature limit as well as general interacting systems. For example we find that the second Renyi entropy of cTPQ states in terms of subsystem volume is written universally up to two constants, (S
2(ℓ) = − ln K(β) + ℓ ln a(β) − ln 1+a(β)−L+2ℓ
), where L is the total volume of the system and a and K are two undetermined constants. The uses of the formulas were already presented in our prior work and we mostly concentrate on the theoretical aspect of the formulas themselves. Aside from deriving the formulas for the Renyi Page curves, the expression for the von Neumann Page curve is also derived, which was not presented in our previous work.
Stent‐Assisted Percutaneous Endoscopic Necrosectomy for Infected Pancreatic Necrosis: Technical Report and a Pilot Study
Authors: Ke Lu , Mao Wenjian , Zhou Jing , Ye Bo , Li Gang , Zhang Jingzhu , Wang Peng , Tong Zhihui , Windsor John , Li Weiqin
Published: December 2018

Background and aims

A variety of minimally invasive techniques have been proposed to replace open surgery for the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN). In this study, we evaluate the feasibility and safety of the stent‐assisted percutaneous endoscopic necrosectomy (SAPEN) procedure.

Methods

Data were collected on all patients who underwent the SAPEN procedure between October 2017 and March 2018. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the study patients were analyzed. A composite primary endpoint of major complications and/or death was used. Three different cases were selected to illustrate different technical aspects of the SAPEN procedure.

Results

The placement of a percutaneous stent was successful in all of the 23 patients (17 males, six females). IPN was successfully managed in 16/23 (70%) patients, with the need for open surgery in seven patients (30%), with a median of two (range 1–5) SAPEN procedures. No significant procedure‐related complications occurred. Overall 11/23 (48%) patients had a major complication and/or death.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the SAPEN procedure was effective in treating IPN without adding extra procedural risk. The role and benefits of the SAPEN procedure now need to be demonstrated in larger controlled study.
Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) Score Predicts Outcomes of Curative Resection for Gastric Cancer in the Elderly
Authors: Suzuki Satoshi , Kanaji Shingo , Yamamoto Masashi , Oshikiri Taro , Nakamura Tetsu , Kakeji Yoshihiro
Published: December 2018

Background

Preoperative nutritional status is considered to affect the short‐term and long‐term outcomes of cancer patients. The clinical value of the controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score in elderly patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer remains unknown.

Methods

This study reviewed 211 elderly patients aged 75 years or over who underwent curative resection for gastric cancer from 2000 to 2015. Patients were grouped according to the preoperative CONUT score into those with normal nutrition (75 patients), light malnutrition (100 patients) and moderate or severe malnutrition (36 patients). The predictive value of the CONUT score for postoperative morbidity and survival was assessed.

Results

Impaired nutrition was associated with cardiovascular disease (P = 0.012) and chronic kidney disease (P = 0.014), and worsened malnutrition was linked to advanced age (P = 0.004), decreased body mass index (P = 0.008) and advanced disease stage (P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed the CONUT score as an independent predictor of procedure‐unrelated infectious morbidity (odds ratio, 2.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99–5.40; P = 0.046). Patients with a higher CONUT score had significantly shorter overall survival in both stage I and stage II/III gastric cancer (P = 0.044 and P = 0.007, respectively) and reduced cancer‐specific survival in stage II/III (P = 0.003) The CONUT score was a strong predictors of overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 2.12; 95% CI, 1.18–3.69; P = 0.012) and cancer‐specific survival (HR, 3.75; 95% CI, 1.30–10.43; P = 0.015) independent of disease stage.

Conclusions

The preoperative CONUT score is a simple and promising predictor of postoperative procedure‐unrelated infectious morbidity and prognosis in elderly gastric cancer patients.
Zoomorphism
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: December 2018

Anthropomorphism is the methodology of attributing human-like mental states to animals. Zoomorphism is the converse of this: it is the attribution of animal-like mental states to humans. Zoomorphism proceeds by first understanding what kind of mental states animals have and then attributing these mental states to humans. Zoomorphism has been widely used as scientific methodology especially in cognitive neuroscience. But it has not been taken seriously as a philosophical explanatory paradigm: as a way of explaining the building blocks of the human mind. The philosophical explanatory paradigm of zoomorphism may not explain all aspects of human behavior (although it may explain surprisingly many), but if we accept the zoomorphic way of thinking about the human mind, we should only posit new, different kinds of mental states if the zoomorphic attribution of animal mental states fails to explain our behavior.
The Development of Chemical Language Usage by “Non-traditional” Students: the Interlanguage Analogy
Authors: Rees Simon , Kind Vanessa , Newton Douglas
Published: December 2018

Students commonly find specialist scientific language problematic. This study investigated developments in chemical language usage by six non-traditional students over the course of 1 to 4 years. The students participated in semi-structured interviews and were asked to explain specific chemical scenarios. Interviews were transcribed and analysed for the correct use of macroscopic and sub-microscopic scientific language and occurrences of interlanguage. Results indicate that students experienced difficulties incorporating sub-microscopic language into their explanations. Students also demonstrated potential chemical interlanguage, which we characterise as transitioning from vague to defined use, combining everyday and scientific language, interchanging terms and omission of terms and formulaic phrases. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to science pedagogy.
Integrating fast and slow processes is essential for simulating human–freshwater interactions
Authors: Ward Nicole K. , Fitchett Leah , Hart Julia A. , Shu Lele , Stachelek Jemma , Weng Weizhe , Zhang Yu , Dugan Hilary , Hetherington Amy , Boyle Kevin , Carey Cayelan C. , Cobourn Kelly M. , Hanson Paul C. , Kemanian Armen R. , Sorice Michael G. , Weathers Kathleen C.
Published: December 2018

Integrated modeling is a critical tool to evaluate the behavior of coupled human–freshwater systems. However, models that do not consider both fast and slow processes may not accurately reflect the feedbacks that define complex systems. We evaluated current coupled human–freshwater system modeling approaches in the literature with a focus on categorizing feedback loops as including economic and/or socio-cultural processes and identifying the simulation of fast and slow processes in human and biophysical systems. Fast human and fast biophysical processes are well represented in the literature, but very few studies incorporate slow human and slow biophysical system processes. Challenges in simulating coupled human–freshwater systems can be overcome by quantifying various monetary and non-monetary ecosystem values and by using data aggregation techniques. Studies that incorporate both fast and slow processes have the potential to improve complex system understanding and inform more sustainable decision-making that targets effective leverage points for system change.
Advanced Digital Tools for Updating Overcrowded Rail Stations: Using Eye Tracking, Virtual Reality, and Crowd Simulation to Support Design Decision-making
Authors: Tang Ming , Auffrey Christopher
Published: December 2018

This paper describes an innovative integration of eye tracking (ET) with virtual reality (VR) and details the application of these combined technologies for the adaptive reuse redesign of the Wudaokou rail station in Beijing. The objective of the research is to develop a hybrid approach, combining ET and VR technologies, as part of an experimental study of how to improve wayfinding and pedestrian movement in crowded environments such as those found in urban subway stations during peak hours. Using ET analysis, design features such as edges, and color contrast are used to evaluate several proposed rail station redesigns. Through VR and screen-based ET, visual attention and related spatial responses are tracked and analyzed for the selected redesign elements. This paper assesses the potential benefits of using ET and VR to assist identification of station design elements that will improve wayfinding and pedestrian movement, and describes how the combination of VR and ET can influence the design process. The research concludes that the combination of VR and ET offers unique advantages for modeling how the design of rail transit hub interiors can influence the visual attention and movement behavior of those using the redesigned station. This is especially true for crowded conditions in complex interior spaces. The use of integrated ET and VR technology is shown to inform innovative design approaches for facilitating improved wayfinding and pedestrian movement within redesigned rail stations.
Focus on protecting what's most important – the data
Authors: Beckett Phil
Published: December 2018

If 2018 can be summed up in a word, ‘changeable’ would come to mind. Politically, sociologically, technologically – the world feels like it's built on fast-moving sands.

High-profile breaches and the introduction of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) have made 2018 feel like a year of seismic change. But digital transformation has also made it a time of opportunity.

However, a growing digital footprint comes with additional risk. Security measures that were effective last year may already have become outdated. It is important that firms adopt a robust strategy that combines people, process and technology to enable the business to operate securely, reducing risk and minimising impact, says Phil Beckett of Alvarez & Marsal.
The Divine Attributes
Authors: Mawson T. J.
Published: December 2018

The Divine Attributes explores the traditional theistic concept of God as the most perfect being possible, discussing the main divine attributes which flow from this understanding - personhood, transcendence, immanence, omnipresence, omniscience, omnipotence, perfect goodness, unity, simplicity and necessity. It argues that the atemporalist's conception of God is to be preferred over the temporalist's on the grounds of perfect being theology, but that, if it were to be the case that the temporal God existed, rather than the atemporal God, He'd still be 'perfect enough' to count as the God of Theism.
Ecotourism and environmental sustainability knowledge: An open knowledge sharing approach among stakeholders
Authors: Ip-Soo-Ching Jean Marie , Zyngier Suzanne , Nayeem Tahmid
Published: December 2018

The discipline of knowledge management (KM) considers knowledge as potentially the most valuable organisational asset that must be shared among staff and stakeholders and even communities in order to yield considerable returns and benefits. However, in a real-world context, managers in industries such as high technology, manufacturing and finance jealously guard their valuable knowledge and prevent other entities from gaining access to this resource. Open cases of knowledge sharing among stakeholders such as staff, customers, business partners, competitors and the public are rare. Therefore, the philosophical premise of KM —knowledge must be openly shared —is often unrealised. Knowledge of environmental sustainability is a valuable resource for ecotourism operators because they operate in natural environments such as the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and Sipadan Marine Park in Malaysia, and depend on the quality of these environments for their ongoing success. This research provides evidence that knowledge dissemination in the form of environmental sustainability knowledge can be openly shared among staff, customers, competitors and the public, thereby linking KM and environmental education. This article provides an interpretivist analysis of knowledge sharing by innovative ecotourism operators in Australia and South East Asia (Malaysia and Thailand). Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 14 executives, field observations and analysis of company documents. Results from this research found that ecotourism managers are passionate believers of environmental sustainability and benevolently share their valuable organisational knowledge and beliefs with all stakeholders.
Mechanical analysis of pinning points in the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Still Holly , Campbell Adam , Hulbe Christina
Published: December 2018

Ice shelves regulate the rate of ice-sheet discharge along much of the Antarctic coastline. Pinning points, sites of localised grounding within floating ice, can in turn, regulate the flow and thickness of an ice shelf. While the net resistive effect of ice shelves has been quantified in a systematic way, few extant pinning points have been examined in detail. Here, complete force budgets are calculated and examined for ice rises and rumples in the Ross Ice Shelf, West Antarctica. The diverse features have different effects on ice shelf mechanics that do not depend simply on their size but may, we conclude, depend on the properties of seafloor materials.
Most Consumers Don’t Buy Hybrids: Is Rational Choice a Sufficient Explanation?
Authors: Duncan Denvil , Ku Arthur Lin , Julian Alyssa , Carley Sanya , Siddiki Saba , Zirogiannis Nikolaos , Graham John D.
Published: December 2018

Although federal regulation of vehicle fuel economy is often seen as environmental policy, over 70% of the estimated benefits of the 2017–2025 federal standards are savings in consumer expenditures on gasoline. Rational-choice economists question the counting of these benefits since studies show that the fuel efficiency of a car is reflected in its price at sale and resale. We contribute to this debate by exploring why most consumers in the United States do not purchase a proven fuel-saving innovation: the hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV). A database of 110 vehicle pairs is assembled where a consumer can choose a hybrid or gasoline version of virtually the same vehicle. Few choose the HEV. A total cost of ownership model is used to estimate payback periods for the price premiums associated with the HEV choice. In a majority of cases, a rational-choice explanation is sufficient to understand consumer disinterest in the HEV. However, in a significant minority of cases, a rational-choice explanation is not readily apparent, even when non-pecuniary attributes (e.g., performance and cargo space) are considered. Future research should examine, from a behavioral economics perspective, why consumers do not choose HEVs when pricing and payback periods appear to be favorable.
Almost Mathieu operators with completely resonant phases
Authors: LIU WENCAI
Published: December 2018

Let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\in \mathbb{R}\backslash \mathbb{Q}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC})=\limsup _{n\rightarrow \infty }(\ln q_{n+1})/q_{n}<\infty$, where $p_{n}/q_{n}$ is the continued fraction approximation to $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$. Let $(H_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}u)(n)=u(n+1)+u(n-1)+2\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\cos 2\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}+n\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC})u(n)$ be the almost Mathieu operator on $\ell ^{2}(\mathbb{Z})$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}\in \mathbb{R}$. Avila and Jitomirskaya [The ten Martini problem. Ann. of Math. (2), 170(1) (2009), 303–342] conjectured that, for $2\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\mathbb{Z}+\mathbb{Z}$, $H_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}$ satisfies Anderson localization if $|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|>e^{2\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC})}$. In this paper, we develop a method to treat simultaneous frequency and phase resonances and obtain that, for $2\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\mathbb{Z}+\mathbb{Z}$, $H_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}$ satisfies Anderson localization if $|\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}|>e^{3\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC})}$.
Development of a 100 J, 10 Hz laser for compression experiments at the High Energy Density instrument at the European XFEL
Authors: Mason Paul , Banerjee Saumyabrata , Smith Jodie , Butcher Thomas , Phillips Jonathan , Höppner Hauke , Möller Dominik , Ertel Klaus , De Vido Mariastefania , Hollingham Ian , Norton Andrew , Tomlinson Stephanie , Zata Tinesimba , Merchan Jorge Suarez , Hooker Chris , Tyldesley Mike , Toncian Toma , Hernandez-Gomez Cristina , Edwards Chris , Collier John
Published: December 2018

In this paper we review the design and development of a 100 J, 10 Hz nanosecond pulsed laser, codenamed DiPOLE100X, being built at the Central Laser Facility (CLF). This 1 kW average power diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) is based on a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) design, which includes two cryogenic gas cooled amplifier stages based on DiPOLE multi-slab ceramic Yb:YAG amplifier technology developed at the CLF. The laser will produce pulses between 2 and 15 ns in duration with precise, arbitrarily selectable shapes, at pulse repetition rates up to 10 Hz, allowing real-time shape optimization for compression experiments. Once completed, the laser will be delivered to the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) facility in Germany as a UK-funded contribution in kind, where it will be used to study extreme states of matter at the High Energy Density (HED) instrument.
All-optical acceleration in the laser wakefield
Authors: Zhang F. , Deng Z. G. , Shan L. Q. , Zhang Z. M. , Bi B. , Liu D. X. , Wang W. W. , Yuan Z. Q. , Tian C. , Yang S. Q. , Zhang B. , Gu Y. Q.
Published: December 2018

Muons produced by the Bethe–Heitler process from laser wakefield accelerated electrons interacting with high $Z$ materials have velocities close to the laser wakefield. It is possible to accelerate those muons with laser wakefield directly. Therefore for the first time we propose an all-optical ‘Generator and Booster’ scheme to accelerate the produced muons by another laser wakefield to supply a prompt, compact, low cost and controllable muon source in laser laboratories. The trapping and acceleration of muons are analyzed by one-dimensional analytic model and verified by two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. It is shown that muons can be trapped in a broad energy range and accelerated to higher energy than that of electrons for longer dephasing length. We further extrapolate the dependence of the maximum acceleration energy of muons with the laser wakefield relativistic factor $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$ and the relevant initial energy $E_{0}$. It is shown that a maximum energy up to 15.2 GeV is promising with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}=46$ and $E_{0}=1.45~\text{GeV}$ on the existing short pulse laser facilities.
Aerosol transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus during resuscitation
Authors: Moon Jaeyoung , Lee Hyeokjin , Jeon Ji Hoon , Kwon Yejin , Kim Hojin , Wang Eun Byeol , Seo Choong Won , Sung Sul A. , Kim Su-Hyun , Seok Hyeri , Choi Won Suk , Choi WooYoung , Park Dae Won
Published: December 2018

We investigated potential nosocomial aerosol transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) with droplet precautions. During aerosol generating procedures, SFTSV was be transmitted from person to person through aerosols. Thus, airborne precautions should be added to standard precautions to avoid direct contact and droplet transmission.
All aboard!: Involvement of medical and pharmacy trainees in antimicrobial stewardship
Authors: Childs-Kean Lindsey M. , Briggs Heather L. , Cho Jonathan C.
Published: December 2018

Antimicrobial stewardship (AS) involves the appropriate selection of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial stewardship programs are mandated in hospitals and are expanding to involve outpatient arenas. Multiple articles have been published describing the need for AS education for medical and pharmacy students, beginning early in the students’ career to develop into competent AS practitioners. Additionally, publications have described the role and impact of medical and pharmacy trainees on AS programs. Here, we review the published evidence describing medical and pharmacy trainees’ involvement in AS and call for future research in this area.
Deep learning of vortex-induced vibrations
Authors: Raissi Maziar , Wang Zhicheng , Triantafyllou Michael S. , Karniadakis George Em
Published: December 2018

Vortex-induced vibrations of bluff bodies occur when the vortex shedding frequency is close to the natural frequency of the structure. Of interest is the prediction of the lift and drag forces on the structure given some limited and scattered information on the velocity field. This is an inverse problem that is not straightforward to solve using standard computational fluid dynamics methods, especially since no information is provided for the pressure. An even greater challenge is to infer the lift and drag forces given some dye or smoke visualizations of the flow field. Here we employ deep neural networks that are extended to encode the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations coupled with the structure’s dynamic motion equation. In the first case, given scattered data in space–time on the velocity field and the structure’s motion, we use four coupled deep neural networks to infer very accurately the structural parameters, the entire time-dependent pressure field (with no prior training data), and reconstruct the velocity vector field and the structure’s dynamic motion. In the second case, given scattered data in space–time on a concentration field only, we use five coupled deep neural networks to infer very accurately the vector velocity field and all other quantities of interest as before. This new paradigm of inference in fluid mechanics for coupled multi-physics problems enables velocity and pressure quantification from flow snapshots in small subdomains and can be exploited for flow control applications and also for system identification.
Reconsideration of spanwise rotating turbulent channel flows via resolvent analysis
Authors: Nakashima Satoshi , Luhar Mitul , Fukagata Koji
Published: December 2018

We study the effect of spanwise rotation in turbulent channel flow at both low and high Reynolds numbers by employing the resolvent formulation proposed by McKeon & Sharma (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 658, 2010, pp. 336–382). Under this formulation, the nonlinear terms in the Navier–Stokes equations are regarded as a forcing that acts upon the remaining linear dynamics to generate the turbulent velocity field in response. A gain-based decomposition of the forcing–response transfer function across spectral space yields models for highly amplified flow structures, or modes. Unlike linear stability analysis, this enables targeted analyses of the effects of rotation on high-gain modes that serve as useful low-order models for dynamically important coherent structures in wall-bounded turbulent flows. The present study examines a wide range of rotation rates. A posteriori comparisons at low Reynolds number ($\mathit{Re}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=180$) demonstrate that the resolvent formulation is able to quantitatively predict the effect of varying spanwise rotation rates on specific classes of flow structure (e.g. the near-wall cycle) as well as energy amplification across spectral space. For fixed inner-normalized rotation number, the effects of rotation at varying friction Reynolds numbers appear to be similar across spectral space, when scaled in outer units. We also consider the effects of rotation on modes with varying speed (i.e. modes that are localized in regions of varying mean shear), and provide suggestions for modelling the nonlinear forcing term.
What Is the Future of the Wine-Grape Industry in Veneto? Evidence from a Micro-Macro Prediction Model
Authors: Onofri Laura , Bianchin Federica , Boatto Vasco , Furlani Maikol , Pecci Francesco , Perali Federico
Published: December 2018

This article presents a micro-macro integrated model/framework for the disaggregated quantitative assessment of the impacts of various shocks generated in five socio-economic and climate-driven simulations on the wine-grape sector in Veneto, Italy. (JEL Classifications: C01, C67, Q12, Q54)
DUALITY FOR COHOMOLOGY OF CURVES WITH COEFFICIENTS IN ABELIAN VARIETIES
Authors: SUZUKI TAKASHI
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we formulate and prove a duality for cohomology of curves over perfect fields of positive characteristic with coefficients in Néron models of abelian varieties. This is a global function field version of the author’s previous work on local duality and Grothendieck’s duality conjecture. It generalizes the perfectness of the Cassels–Tate pairing in the finite base field case. The proof uses the local duality mentioned above, Artin–Milne’s global finite flat duality, the nondegeneracy of the height pairing and finiteness of crystalline cohomology. All these ingredients are organized under the formalism of the rational étale site developed earlier.
La prédiction des résultats électoraux au Canada : un modèle politico-économique sans sondage
Authors: Mongrain Philippe
Published: December 2018

On compte actuellement un grand nombre de modèles politico-économiques ayant pour objectif de prédire l'issue des élections au Congrès américain ou le sort des candidats à la présidence des États-Unis. Bien qu'un certain nombre de modèles aient vu le jour pour la France, l'Allemagne et le Royaume-Uni au cours des dernières années, le Canada, à l'instar de la majorité des démocraties, n'a reçu jusqu’à maintenant que bien peu d'attention. Cet article vise par conséquent à développer un modèle ancré dans une théorie du vote capable de prédire suffisamment à l'avance la part des voix récoltées par le parti sortant lors des scrutins fédéraux canadiens. Le Canada étant un système multipartite, différents modèles de régressions apparemment indépendantes sont également proposés afin de déterminer s'il est possible de prédire simultanément les scores de plusieurs formations politiques.
Geochemical characteristics and resource potential analysis of Chang 7 organic-rich black shale in the Ordos Basin
Authors: DU JIANGMIN , ZHAO YANDE , WANG QINGCHUN , YU YANQIU , XIAO HUI , XIE XIANKUI , DU YUGUO , SU ZIMIAO
Published: December 2018

The Ordos Basin is the largest and most important intracontinental sedimentary depression in China, and a significant amount of crude oil resources has developed within this Mesozoic formation. High-grade organic-rich shale is prevalent in the large-scale areas of the Chang 7 sedimentary stage and provides essential hydrocarbon resources for abundant oil enrichment in the Mesozoic. This research investigated the geochemical characteristics of Chang 7 shale using core samples and well logs and via laboratory tests. In addition, the microscopic components of the shale organic matter (OM), biological marker compounds, carbon isotopes, enrichment grade of trace elements, and elemental ratio were analysed systematically. Moreover, the aspects related to the shale OM source, sedimentary environment and resource potential were evaluated. Our results revealed that spherical alginate and calcium spherical alginate were predominant in the micropetrological components of the shale. Many biomarkers, including n-alkanes, steranes and terpanes, were detected in the gas chromatography – mass spectrometry spectra. An analysis of n-alkanes, regular sterane shapes (C21−/C22− and C26+C27/C28+C29), odd–even predominance index (OEP) and carbon preference index (CPI) values and carbon isotope distributions showed that OM was produced from aquatic organisms. The indicators of trace elements, such as Sr/Ba and V/V+Ni, combined with the biomarker compound in Pr/Ph and the gammacerane index showed the presence of a semi-deep – deep lake environment containing fresh–brackish water. In addition, the hydrocarbon conversion rate index and shale rock pyrolysis parameters revealed that Chang 7 has a high hydrocarbon generation ability and hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency.
Direct construction of optimized stellarator shapes. Part 1. Theory in cylindrical coordinates
Authors: Landreman Matt , Sengupta Wrick
Published: December 2018

The confinement of the guiding-centre trajectories in a stellarator is determined by the variation of the magnetic field strength $B$ in Boozer coordinates $(r,\unicode[STIX]{x1D703},\unicode[STIX]{x1D711})$, but $B(r,\unicode[STIX]{x1D703},\unicode[STIX]{x1D711})$ depends on the flux surface shape in a complicated way. Here we derive equations relating $B(r,\unicode[STIX]{x1D703},\unicode[STIX]{x1D711})$ in Boozer coordinates and the rotational transform to the shape of flux surfaces in cylindrical coordinates, using an expansion in distance from the magnetic axis. A related expansion was done by Garren and Boozer (Phys. Fluids B, vol. 3, 1991a, 2805) based on the Frenet–Serret frame, which can be discontinuous anywhere the magnetic axis is straight, a situation that occurs in the interesting case of omnigenity with poloidally closed $B$ contours. Our calculation in contrast does not use the Frenet–Serret frame. The transformation between the Garren–Boozer approach and cylindrical coordinates is derived, and the two approaches are shown to be equivalent if the axis curvature does not vanish. The expressions derived here help enable optimized plasma shapes to be constructed that can be provided as input to VMEC and other stellarator codes, or to generate initial configurations for conventional stellarator optimization.
Contact effects on voice-onset time (VOT) in Patagonian Welsh
Authors: Sleeper Morgan
Published: December 2018

The effects of language contact extend well beyond the borrowing of lexical items, and can include morphosyntactic, phonetic, and phonological changes over time (Thomason & Kaufman 1998). One especially common structural outcome of long-term contact is phonetic transfer (Matras 2009: 222). The Welsh spoken in Patagonia, which has been in close contact with Spanish for the past 150 years, offers one example of this phenomenon: Jones (1984) observes that younger speakers of Patagonian Welsh may be developing unaspirated voiceless stops /ptk/ as a result of Spanish contact. This paper measures the voice-onset time (VOT) of the Welsh voiceless stops /ptk/ using contemporary conversational speech data from both Patagonia and Wales, for speakers in three age groups (0–29, 30–59, and 60+ years), to examine the effects of Spanish contact on Patagonian Welsh. Results indicate that the tendencies seen in Jones (1984) have held true, and in fact have generalized to become a feature of Patagonian Welsh for speakers of all ages: Patagonian speakers produce the Welsh stops /ptk/ with significantly shorter VOT than speakers from Wales. These results shed light on an important distinguishing phonetic feature of this understudied variety of Welsh, as well as the dynamics of language contact in action.
Shared and specific genetic risk factors for lifetime major depression, depressive symptoms and neuroticism in three population-based twin samples
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Gardner Charles O. , Neale Michael C. , Aggen Steve , Heath Andrew , Colodro-Conde Lucía , Couvyduchesne Baptiste , Byrne Enda M. , Martin Nicholas G. , Gillespie Nathan A.
Published: December 2018

Background

Vulnerability to depression can be measured in different ways. We here examine how genetic risk factors are inter-related for lifetime major depression (MD), self-report current depressive symptoms and the personality trait Neuroticism.

Method

We obtained data from three population-based adult twin samples (Virginia n = 4672, Australia #1 n = 3598 and Australia #2 n = 1878) to which we fitted a common factor model where risk for ‘broadly defined depression’ was indexed by (i) lifetime MD assessed at personal interview, (ii) depressive symptoms, and (iii) neuroticism. We examined the proportion of genetic risk for MD deriving from the common factor v. specific to MD in each sample and then analyzed them jointly. Structural equation modeling was conducted in Mx.

Results

The best fit models in all samples included additive genetic and unique environmental effects. The proportion of genetic effects unique to lifetime MD and not shared with the broad depression common factor in the three samples were estimated as 77, 61, and 65%, respectively. A cross-sample mega-analysis model fit well and estimated that 65% of the genetic risk for MD was unique.

Conclusion

A large proportion of genetic risk factors for lifetime MD was not, in the samples studied, captured by a common factor for broadly defined depression utilizing MD and self-report measures of current depressive symptoms and Neuroticism. The genetic substrate for MD may reflect neurobiological processes underlying the episodic nature of its cognitive, motor and neurovegetative manifestations, which are not well indexed by current depressive symptom and neuroticism.
Welfare-use Accumulation and Chronic Dependency in Israel: The Role of Structural Factors
Authors: ACHDUT NETTA , STIER HAYA
Published: December 2018

Contemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labour market. These policies have substantially changed the trade-offs of employment and welfare-use behaviour, making employment far more attractive than welfare dependency. Despite this new reality, many welfare recipients circulate in and out of the welfare system and the low-wage labour market or become disconnected from both work and welfare. Drawing on longitudinal administrative data of single Israeli mothers who received Income Support Benefit in 2003, this study focuses on the role of structural factors, including local labour market conditions and local availability of subsidised child-care, in explaining the intensity of welfare receipt over a 51-month period. The results indicate notable diversity in welfare-use accumulation. Some mothers were classified as short- to mid-termer recipients while others showed a much more intensive use, and about a third were classified as chronically dependent. Local labour market conditions and their change over time played an important part in explaining welfare accumulation, while local child-care availability had no effect. Implications for policy are discussed.
Staying rooted: Spelling performance in children with dyslexia
Authors: BOURASSA DERRICK C. , BARGEN MEGHAN , DELMONTE MELISSA , DEACON S. HÉLÈNE
Published: December 2018

Spelling is a key, and telling, component of children’s literacy development. An important aspect of spelling development lies in children’s sensitivity to morphological root constancy. This is the sensitivity to the fact that the spelling of roots typically remains constant across related words (e.g.,singinsingingandsinger). The present investigation examined the extent to which children with dyslexia and younger typically developing children are sensitive to this feature of the orthography. We did so with a spelling-level matched design (e.g., Bourassa & Treiman, 2008) and by further contrasting results with those for a sample of children of the same chronological age as the dyslexic group. Analyses revealed that the dyslexic children and their spelling-ability matched peers used the root constancy principle to a similar degree. However, neither group used this principle to its maximum extent; maximal use of root constancy did emerge for age matched peers. Overall, the findings support the idea that sensitivity to root constancy in children with dyslexia is characterized by delayed rather than atypical development.
Impact of artificial lights on foraging of insectivorous bats in a Costa Rican cloud forest
Authors: Frank Tanner M. , Gabbert Whitney C. , Chaves-Campos Johel , LaVal Richard K.
Published: December 2018

Determining the effects of light pollution on tropical bat communities is important for understanding community assembly rules in urban areas. Studies from temperate regions suggest that, among aerial insectivorous bats, fast-flying species that forage in the open are attracted to artificial lights, whereas slow-flying species that forage in cluttered environments avoid those lights. We measured aerial insectivore responses to light pollution in a tropical cloud forest to test this hypothesis. Bat echolocation was recorded at 20 pairs of light and dark sites in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Foraging activity was higher at artificially lighted sites than dark sites near the new moon, especially around blue-white fluorescent lighting. Most recorded bat species showed increased or unchanged activity in response to light, including some slow-flying and edge-foraging bats. This finding suggests that, contrary to the evaluated hypothesis, flight speed and foraging mode are not sufficient to determine bat responses to artificial lights in the tropics. Two bat species showed decreased activity at light sites, and a low species evenness was recorded around lights, particularly fluorescent lights, compared with dark sites. As in the temperate zone, light pollution in the tropics seems to concentrate certain bat species around human-inhabited areas, potentially shifting community structure.
LIVING WITHIN THE VEIL:
Authors: Bailey-Fakhoury Chasity , Mitchell Donald
Published: December 2018

Using data from a mixed methods study with suburban Detroit, middle-class mothers as participants, we explore the relationship between racial microaggressions and the racial battle fatigue experienced by Black mothers with young daughters attending predominantly White schools. We find that Black mothers are regularly subjected to racial microaggressions by the White teachers, administrators, and parents with whom they interact. When experiencing slights, insults, and indignities, mothers report taking direct action—borne from African American motherwork—to combat the racial microaggressions. In the context of predominantly White schools, Black mothers enact aesthetic presence, maintain a visible presence, and are strategic in their interactions with school personnel. Racial battle fatigue is evident as they experience and combat racial microaggressions. To extend understanding of racial microaggressions, we apply the sociological concept of the Du Boisian Veil to our analysis. We discuss how the Veil—a barrier which protects the Black psyche by grounding the racialized self while simultaneously precluding racial equality by sustaining racial oppression—can induce the racial battle fatigue that is manifested when one is deluged by racial microaggressions.
Reducing Prejudice Through Narratives
Authors: Moyer-Gusé Emily , Dale Katherine R. , Ortiz Michelle
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Recent extensions to the contact hypothesis reveal that different forms of contact, such as mediated intergroup contact, can reduce intergroup anxiety and improve attitudes toward the outgroup. This study draws on existing research to further consider the role of identification with an ingroup character within a narrative depicting intergroup contact between Muslim and non-Muslim Americans. Results reveal that identification with the non-Muslim (ingroup) model facilitated liking the Muslim (outgroup) model, which reduced prejudice toward Muslims more generally. Identification with the ingroup model also increased conversational self-efficacy and reduced anxiety about future intergroup interactions – both important aspects of improving intergroup relations.
Interpreting Mosaics of Ocean Biogeochemistry
Authors: Fassbender Andrea , Bourbonnais Annie , Clayton Sophie , Gaube Peter , Omand Melissa , Franks Peter , Altabet Mark , McGillicuddy Jr. Dennis
Published: December 2018

Advances in technology and modeling capabilities are driving a surge in progress in our understanding of how ocean ecosystems mix and mingle on medium to small scales.
The Value of Snow
Authors: Lundquist Jessica
Published: December 2018

Investments in snow pay high-dollar dividends.
Coral Reef Video Game Will Help Create Global Database
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: December 2018

Players dive off a research boat, identify and classify coral reefs using satellite and drone images, and bring marine life back to reefs. In doing so, they help scientists teach a machine to learn.
Ionospheric Response to the St. Patrick's Day Space Weather Events in March 2012, 2013, and 2015 at Southern Low and Middle Latitudes
Authors: Kumar Sushil , Kumar Vickal V.
Published: December 2018

The changes in critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) and foF2 deviation (ΔfoF2) have been determined for three geomagnetic storms in March of the years 2012, 2013, and 2015 at low‐latitude stations, Darwin (geomag. lat. 21.96°S) and Townsville (28.95°S), and midlatitude stations, Brisbane (36.73°S), Canberra (45.65°S), and Hobart (54.17°S). The moderate storm during 15–16 March 2012 (Dst = −87 nT) showed a decrease in foF2 at midlatitude and no effect at low‐latitude stations. For the intense storm of 17–18 March 2013 (Dst = −132 nT) and the super storm of 17–18 March 2015 (Dst = −222 nT), some middle‐ to low‐latitude stations showed a short‐duration increase in foF2, but all stations showed a long‐duration decrease in foF2 during the recovery phases with ΔfoF2% varying from 26% (Darwin) to 36.6% at Hobart for the March 2013 storm and above 40% for the March 2015 storm at all of the stations. Short‐duration (~2–4 hr) increase in foF2 seems to be associated with the prompt penetrating electric fields. Long‐duration (>6 hr) decrease in foF2 is mainly accounted to the decrease in thermospheric O/N2 density ratio because of storm‐induced high‐latitude circulation of gas with depleted O/N2 density ratio to lower latitudes and partly due to disturbance dynamo electric fields. A comparison of ionosonde given foF2 for equinoctial storms (March 2013 and 2015) with similar strength Southern Hemisphere winter storms (July 2012 and June 2015) has been made with the IRI‐2016 model foF2 for Darwin, Brisbane, and Canberra stations.
Paleomagnetic and Geochronological Results From the Zhela and Weimei Formations Lava Flows of the Eastern Tethyan Himalaya: New Insights Into the Breakup of Eastern Gondwana
Authors: Bian Weiwei , Yang Tianshui , Ma Yiming , Jin Jingjie , Gao Feng , Wang Suo , Peng Wenxiao , Zhang Shihong , Wu Huaichun , Li Haiyan , Cao Liwan , Shi Yuruo
Published: December 2018

The breakup of eastern Gondwana is among the hottest topics in the Earth sciences because of its effect on global climate during the Jurassic‐Cretaceous, its influence on the evolution of life, and its importance to paleogeographic reconstruction. To better constrain the Jurassic and Cretaceous paleogeographic position of the Tethyan Himalaya and the breakup of eastern Gondwana, a combined paleomagnetic and geochronological study was performed on the Zhela and Weimei Formations lava flows, dated at ~138–135 Ma, in the Luozha area of the eastern Tethyan Himalaya. Both positive fold and reversal tests together with a maximum grouping at 100% unfolding indicate that the characteristic remanent magnetization directions are primary magnetizations acquired before folding. The tilt‐corrected directions yielded a paleopole at 0.9°N, 293.4°E with A95 = 7.0° and a corresponding paleolatitude of 53.5°S ± 7.0°S for the Luozha sampling area (28.9°N, 91.3°E), validating that the original erupted position of the Zhela and Weimei Formations lava flows was located in the center of the Kerguelen mantle plume. Our new results, together with the published paleomagnetic, geochronological, and geochemical results, demonstrate that the Comei‐Bunbury large igneous province originated from the Kerguelen mantle plume. The temporal and spatial relationships between the Comei‐Bunbury large igneous province and the Kerguelen mantle plume indicate that eastern Gondwana initially rifted at ~147 Ma and that the Indian Plate fully separated from the Australian‐Antarctic Plate before ~124 Ma.
Baroclinic Tides Simulation in the Red Sea: Comparison to Observations and Basic Characteristics
Authors: Guo Daquan , Kartadikaria Aditya , Zhan Peng , Xie Jieshuo , Li Mingjie , Hoteit Ibrahim
Published: December 2018

The baroclinic tides in the Red Sea are simulated using a three‐dimensional, nonhydrostatic, high‐resolution Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model. Various observations have been used to validate the simulation results. A good match between the model results and observations from five tidal gauges has been obtained. Tidal amplitude and phase data from 21 tidal stations present high correlation coefficients and low deviations with the model results. Comparisons between model and Oregon State University Tidal Inversion Software data suggest consistent results, with only small discrepancies at the locations of the amphidromic points. Tidal currents from four mooring observations are in good agreement with the simulation results, with discrepancies appearing in shallow areas and those with complex bottom topography. Based on the simulation results, the basic characteristics of baroclinic tides in the Red Sea are analyzed. The properties of barotropic tides, and distribution of the forcing function parameter, indicate that the baroclinic tides are generated mainly in four areas: the Bab‐el‐Mandeb (BAM) Strait, the southern Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Strait of Tiran. This is confirmed by the spatial distributions of baroclinic tidal kinetic energy and energy flux. The properties of the conversion rate from barotropic tides to baroclinic tides, and the divergence of baroclinic energy flux, further reveal quantitatively that the southern Red Sea features the most of the generated baroclinic energy. The majority of the baroclinic energy disappears within the four areas, either dissipating due to friction and bottom drag or converting back to barotropic energy.