bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
White Pine Weevil Response to Oak Overstory Girdling—Results from a 16-Year-Old Study
Authors: Katovich Steven A. , Morse Frank S.
Published: August 2019

A white pine release study initiated in 1973 on the Black River State Forest in central Wisconsin was evaluated in 1990. The study compared growth response and number and frequency of white pine weevil attacks of understory white pine under different canopy removal treatments. In addition, annual measurements of leader diameter and length growth for each treatment are reported for the period 1974-1979. The treatments were girdling of overstory hardwoods, predominantly oak, to produce 0, 30, 50, and 70 ft² of basal area/ac (BA) overstory and an ungirdled control of approximately 100-120 ft² BA. In 1990, white pine in the 0 and 30 ft² BA treatment blocks were taller and were larger in dbh than the other treatments. However, there were significantly more trees attacked by white pine weevils in the 0 and 30 ft² BA treatments (P = 0.05). In both treatments, within 4 years of over-story removal or partial removal, mean leader diameter was sufficiently large to support weevil larvae. The 50 ft² BA treatment was intermediate in growth and number of trees attacked by weevils. In 1990, the 50 ft² BA treatment had the greatest number of unattacked dominant, codominant, and intermediate white pine per acre. Maintaining 30-50 ft² BA appeared to be an appropriate compromise between increased growth while mitigating weevil damage. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):51-54.
Paper Birch Regeneration on Scarified Logged Areas in Southcentral Alaska
Authors: Densmore Roseann V. , Page James C.
Published: August 2019

Density and growth of naturally regenerated paper birch seedlings were examined in relation to substrate and vegetative competition on two scarified logged sites on the Matanuska Valley Moose Range in southcentral Alaska. Seedling density was inversely related to extent of thick O horizon, grass cover, herb cover, distance to the nearest seed tree, and the extent of B horizon substrate, and positively related to seedling density and the extent of A horizon and moss cover. Paper birch seedlings did not establish on organic layers more than 2 cm thick. Paper birch seedlings grew much more rapidly on the edges of scarified areas or on A horizon substrate than on B horizon substrate. The principal recommendation is that scarification should remove the organic layer and expose the A horizon, but should not be so deep as to expose the B horizon. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):63-66.
Lumber Production and Marketing Changes by Sawmills in Massachusetts, 1957-1989
Authors: Bond Robert S. , Loud Anne Marie
Published: August 2019

Studies of Massachusettś sawmill lumber production and marketing practices for the years 1957 and 1989 indicate there are fewer mills currently but that volume production has remained nearly constant at 112 mmbf. Hardwoods have become a larger proportion of production (47 vs. 32%) during the 32-year period Market outlets have changed, thereby modifying the extent of lumber seasoning and grading for both hardwood and softwood lumber marketed by sawmills. Markets for byproducts of sawmills have developed during the period, increasing revenues and solving the residue disposal problem. The Massachusetts sawmill industry has the potential to become larger based on growth of timber in the state, but social, environmental, and institutional constraints are likely to preclude this from occurring. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):67-69.
Measurement of Light Transmission in Young Conifer Plantations: A New Technique for Assessing Herbicide Efficacy
Authors: Jobidon Robert
Published: August 2019

A rapid and accurate technique, using a simple measure of light intensity, for assessing the efficacy of herbicide treatment is proposed. Herbicide treatment efficacy was independently measured 1, 2, and 3 years after a single application of glyphosate on three adjacent plantations of black spruce reinvaded by red raspberry and fireweed in eastern Quebec. Each plantation represents a given time, 1, 2 or 3 years, after herbicide application. Light intensity, expressed as percent of full sunlight in the PAR spectral region (400-700 nm) reaching the upper one-half of the tree seedlings, significantly discriminates released and unreleased tree seedlings. Spruce seedlings receiving 60 to 100% of full sunlight grew significantly better in height and basal stem diameter and had significantly fewer stems and less height growth of competing vegetation than seedlings receiving less than 60% of full sunlight. This indicates that measuring the intensity of light reaching the tree seedlings is an easy and effective way to assess efficacy of herbicide treatment and also competition between spruce seedlings and surrounding vegetation. It is suggested that light reaching tree seedlings be measured instead of quantifying the competition variables. The proposed technique eliminates all potential bias from subjective standard procedures which in turn makes possible quantitative comparisons between evaluations of herbicide treatment efficacy. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):112-115.
The Canadian Connection in the North American Hardwood Lumber Export Market
Authors: Luppold William G.
Published: August 2019

Canada has consistently been the largest international market for U.S. hardwood lumber in both value and volume terms. Although much of the lumber shipped to Canada is used by Canadian industries, a significant amount is re-exported to Europe by Canadian brokers and wholesalers. In addition, 10 to 20% of U S. hardwood lumber exports to Europe are transshipped through Canadian ports. Most exports to Canada and transshipments through Canada exit the United States at inland points in the Northeast. This paper provides an alternative look at exports of lumber from the United States to Canada and examines the connection between Canada and U.S. exports to Europe. However, the volume of U.S. lumber and logs reprocessed in Canada and then exported is not known. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):91-93.
Young Spruce-Fir Forests Released by Herbicides I. Response of Hardwoods and Shrubs
Authors: Newton Michael , Cole Elizabeth C. , White Diane E. , McCormack Maxwell L.
Published: August 2019

Responses of shrubs and hardwoods to 9 aerial herbicide treatments were evaluated in a replicated conifer-release experiment in a 7-year-old spruce-fir clearcut in west-central Maine. All herbicides and rates of application reduced hardwood and shrub cover by 50% or more in year 9, 2 years after treatment. Cover more than 1.5 m tall was nearly eliminated by treatments with triclopyr amine (Garlon 3A®), glyphosate (Roundup®), or a high rate of 2,4,5-T. Phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) led to short-term reductions in birches, maples, aspen, and raspberry, and little change in willows. Pin cherry was also controlled by these treatments but died out before year 16, regardless of whether it was sprayed. Untreated controls increased in total cover by about 50% between years 7 and 9 and also in abundance of cover >1.5 m tall. Much cover less than 1.5 m tall was left by all treatments other than triclopyr at a high rate. By the 16th year, major differences in height and cover still existed between all treatments and the controls. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):126-130.
The Use of Tree Shelters with Northern Red Oak Natural Regeneration in Southern New England
Authors: Kittredge David B. , Kelty Matthew J. , Ashton P. Mark S.
Published: August 2019

The use of tree shelters with naturally established red oak seedlings was studied in southern New England mixed-hardwood stands where deer browsing limited regeneration height growth. Seedlings of three size classes (basal diameters of 5 mm, 8 mm, and 15 mm) were cut off just above ground level during the dormant season to induce sprouting. Plastic tree shelters were placed over one group in each size class; another group was left without shelters but was protected from deer browsing by fencing. In the first growing season, seedling sprouts inside shelters in the two larger size classes had double the height growth (with some terminals growing out of the 150-cm tall shelters) but less diameter growth, compared to sprouts outside shelters. The height difference was maintained but not increased over the next 2 growing seasons. Height growth for sprouts from the smaller size class was not increased by shelters. The use of tree shelters with large diameter seedlings stunted by browsing may have potential for ensuring successful red oak regeneration without the costs of planting. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):141-145.
Practical Correction of Boundary Overlap
Authors: Beers Thomas W.
Published: August 2019

Boundary overlap has concerned forest samplers acutely since the introduction of horizontal point sampling in the 1950's. Although numerous methods have been proposed to minimize this source of bias, none has done it so neatly as the "mirage method" developed by P. Schmid and published in German in 1969. This article decribes the method for use with point or plot sampling and discusses an alternative for use where the mirage method is inappropriate.
Easier Pollination of Half-Diallel Crosses by Ranking Flower Phenology
Authors: Sluder Earl R.
Published: August 2019

Progeny testing using half-diallel crossing is often difficult because of the variation in flowering time among selected parents. The flower phenology ranking method described here is an easy method of pollinating half-diallel crosses using current season pollen. Parents are ranked according to their flowering time and crosses are arranged in such a way that each parent is pollinated only by a parent which flowered before it. The earliest flowering parent is used only as a male and the latest-flowering parent only as a female.
Effects of Pine Conversion on Food Plants of Northern Bobwhite Quail, Eastern Wild Turkey, and White-Tailed Deer in the Virginia Piedmont
Authors: Felix A. C. , Sharik T. L. , McGinnes B. S.
Published: August 2019

Vegetation surveys were conducted in a series of upland stands to discern changes in the abundance of food plants for northern bobwhite quail, eastern wild turkey, and white-tailed deer following conversion from 2nd-growth hardwood and pine-hardwood forest to loblolly pine plantations in the central Piedmont of Virginia. Cover of principal food plants in second-growth native forests was negligible, but mast-producing capability was more than adequate for good deer and turkey habitat. Upon conversion there was a rapid increase in available food plants, but a loss of mast. Cover of principal food plants for bobwhite quail and wild turkey was highest in 1-yr-old plantations; by 3 yr, plantations were deficient in seed-producing plants for these species. Deer browse was adequate in plantations up to 9 yr, but declined rapidly following crown closure at 10-15 yr. Between crown closure and the first commercial thinning (about 20 yr), plantations were of negligible food value to the three wildlife species. Results suggest that optimum conditions for bobwhite are provided by a preponderance of young plantations while those for deer and turkey are supplied by a mix of second-growth forests and various-aged pine plantations.
Windrowing Affects Early Growth of Slash Pine
Authors: Swindel Benee F. , Conde Louis F. , Smith Joel E.
Published: August 2019

On the Bradford Experimental Watersheds, Morris et al. (1983) previously demonstrated that, contrary to appearances, windrows were composed primarily (>85%) of soil rather than wood, and they contained large amounts of nutrients (e.g., about 333 lb nitrogen/ac of plantation). The present study addressed the question: do planted pines respond to such nutrient translocations? At five years of age planted slash pine (Pinus elliottii) on beds nearest windrows had 9%, 33%, and 45% more height, basal area, and volume, respectively, than trees three beds away. These are probably conservative estimates of differences due to better soil nutrition near windrows̶because competing vegetation was much more abundant there.

South J. Appl. For. 10:81-84, May 1986.
Magnitude, Duration, and Economic Analysis of Loblolly Pine Growth Response Following Bedding and Phosphorus Fertilization
Authors: Gent J. A. , Allen H. L. , Campbell Robert G. , Wells C. G.
Published: August 2019

Thirteen-year growth of planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was examined on 9 poorly drained Lower Coastal Plain sites following bedding and/or application of phosphorus (P) at time of planting. Fertilization dramatically increased height and diameter growth during the first 13 years on all 9 study sites. Height and diameter growth were consistently better in fertilized and bedded plots than in flat-planted, bed-only, and fertilizer-only plots. Comparisons of height growth curves indicate that differences between fertilized and nonfertilized plots are continuing. Foliar and soil P levels in fertilized plots at age 13 suggest that growth on these sites may be increased by additional applications of P. Projection of response to rotation age indicates that the combination of fertilization and bedding results in the greatest total cubic-foot volume and after-tax net present value. South. J. Appl. For. 10:124-28, Aug. 1986.
Stand Density Affects Growth of Choctawhatchee Sand Pine
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W.
Published: August 2019

Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata D. B. Ward) was grown for 20 years at densities of 400, 600, and 800 trees per acre. Growing Choctawhatchee sand pine at 400 trees per acre resulted in significantly larger trees, but less wood was produced per acre than at higher densities. The ideal density depends on the management objectives, but for rotations of 20-25 years and chip harvesting systems, a density of 600 trees is recommended. For rotations of 30-35 years with conventional bolt and log harvests, 400 to 500 trees per acre seems better. South. J. Appl. For. 10:128-31, Aug. 1986.
Water Quality Changes due to Site Conversion in Coastal South Carolina
Authors: Askew G. R. , Williams T. M.
Published: August 2019

A 5,900 acre poorly drained watershed on the South Carolina coast is being converted from natural hardwood forest to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation. Water samples were collected at 20 sampling points after each of 14 rainstorms during a 2-year study period. Dissolved oxygen and pH levels were slightly higher in the plantation drainage than in the hardwood drainage, but overall water quality was not significantly changed by the conversion process. South. J. Appl. For. 10:134-36, Aug. 1986.
Fusiform Rust Prediction Models for Site-Prepared Slash and Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Southeast
Authors: Borders B. E. , Bailey R. L.
Published: August 2019

Several workers have reported relationships between the incidence of fusiform rust in pine plantations and climatic, edaphic, biotic, and cultural factors. These relationships were investigated quantitatively with a regionwide databank compiled from several replicated unthinned stand density studies. Data from over 2,000 remeasured permanent plots were used to develop regression models that predict the proportion of trees per acre with one or more fusiform rust stem galls. Predictor variables are geographic location, age of the plantation, and site index. Use of the models is illustrated with an example. South. J. Appl. For. 10:145-51, Aug. 1986.
Herbicides for Southern Pine Seedbeds
Authors: South David B.
Published: August 2019

Prior to 1970, nursery managers relied primarily on methyl bromide fumigation, mineral spirits, and hand-weeding for weed control. Since 1970, registration of herbicides for use in forest nurseries has been facilitated by tests conducted by the Auburn University Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative. Various herbicides can be applied prior to sowing, just after sowing, or after emergence of the pine seedlings. It has been estimated that for all nurseries in the South, use of these herbicides has reduced weed control costs by over two million dollars per year. This paper describes some of the herbicides that have been registered for use in southern pine nurseries. South. J. Appl. For. 10:152-57, Aug. 1986.
Fusiform Rust Trends in East Texas
Authors: Hunt Ellis V. , Lenhart J. David
Published: August 2019

Four surveys of pine plantations in East Texas between 1969 and 1984 indicate that fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) infection rates are increasing on slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and either decreasing or about constant on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Currently, stem infections occur on about 1 in 2 slash pines and 1 in 14 loblolly pines. South. J. Appl. For. 10:215-216, Nov. 1986.
A Comparison of Fusiform Rust-Resistant Loblolly Pine Seed Sources
Authors: Powers H. R. , Kraus J. F.
Published: August 2019

A greenhouse inoculation study compared resistance to fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings derived from bulk seed produced in 4 rust-resistant seed orchards, 1 rust-resistant geographic seed source (Livingston Parish, LA), and a control treatment of improved loblolly from a first-generation production orchard. The rust-resistant orchards included 2 forest industry orchards developed from the most rust-resistant clones available within a tree improvement cooperative (1st generation), and both a clonal and a seedling seed orchard from the Georgia Forestry Commission-USDA Forest Service (GFC-USFS) program (2nd generation). The most resistant seedlings (61% rust free) were from the GFC-USFS seedling orchard. The Livingston Parish seedlings and those from the GFC-USFS clonal orchard had significant resistance, both groups being 44% rust free. One forest industry orchard was intermediate in resistance (34% rust free), whereas the second industry orchard was not significantly different from the controls, with 19 and 13% of the seedlings rust free, respectively. The results emphasize the value of increased selection pressure in the future production of highly rust-resistant seedlings with a broad genetic base, and demonstrates the gains that can be achieved in advanced generations. South. J. Appl. For. 10:230-232, Nov. 1986.
The Impact of Recent Changes in State and Federal Death Tax Laws on Private NonIndustrial Forest Estates in the South¹
Authors: Walden John B. , Haney Harry L. , Siegel William C.
Published: August 2019

The Federal Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 has significantly influenced the intergenerational transfer of assets. There have also been many changes since 1980 in the death tax statutes of the southern states. Both developments have important implications for private woodland estates. This article discusses recent changes at both federal and state levels. It also compares differences in total death tax burdens (federal and state) between two states with different taxing systems. The study shows that the tax burden in states with a taxing regime based on the federal system is generally less, at the first death in a typical family of four, than in states with other systems. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):17-23.
Effect of Triadimefon on Development of Mycorrhizae from Natural Inoculum in Loblolly Pine Nursery Beds
Authors: Kelley Walter D.
Published: August 2019

Three or four applications of triadimefon at a rate of 6 oz/ac/application to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) nursery beds in the spring to control fusiform rust did not significantly affect mycorrhizal development from natural inoculum, as determined in the autumn and/or winter; higher rates (12 oz/ac and 24 oz/ac) significantly decreased amounts of mychorrhizal roots. The symbiont Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch was more drastically affected than were other mycorrhizal fungi, based on Pt indices. Use of triadimefon at a 4 x rate (24 oz/ac/application) forthree consecutive years yielded no evidence of a buildup in soil. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):49-52.
Polymeric Nursery Bed Stabilization to Reduce Seed Losses in Forest Nurseries
Authors: Carlson William C. , Anthony John G. , Plyler R. P.
Published: August 2019

A polymerization treatment using Geotech, a copolymer of acrylate and vinyl acetate monomers, was used to stabilize forest nursery beds to substantially reduce wind and water erosion. Such treatment did not affect either the temperature of the seed zone in the soil or germinant emergence.Seed losses were reduced by the treatment, resulting in increased nursery yield. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):116-119.
Hardwood Plantation Growth Following Weed Control Using Herbicides and Cultivation
Authors: Zutter Bruce R. , Nelson Larry R. , Minogue Patrick J. , Gjerstad Dean H.
Published: August 2019

The effects of weed control using herbicides, cultivation, and a combination of herbicides and cultivation on the growth of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica L.) plantations were examined. Two years of weed control using herbicides, either broadcastor in a five-foot band centered on the planted row, resulted in hardwood growth greater than or equal to that for two or three years of cultivation. Cultivation in combination with the herbicide band treatment yielded greater growth than cultivation or herbicide banding alone. No appreciabledifferences in seedling survival were noted among treatments on three studies where survival was assessed. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):134-138.
Planted Pine Growth and Survival Responses to Herbaceous Vegetation Control, Treatment Duration, and Herbicide Application Technique
Authors: Creighton Jerre L. , Zutter Bruce R. , Glover Glenn R. , Gjerstad Dean H.
Published: August 2019

Height, diameter, and survival of loblolly (Pinus taeda), longleaf (Pinus palustris), and slash (Pinus elliottii) pines in 16 plantations aged 2 through 7 yr were summarized for plots receiving herbaceous vegetation control treatments and for untreated check plots. Treatments tested at one or more sites included spot, banded, and broadcast herbicide applications for the first one or two growing seasons after planting. Analyses of variance and orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of one or more of the following factors at each site: herbaceous vegetation control (treated vs. check); treatment duration (1 vs. 2 yr); and application method (band vs. broadcast or spot vs. band). Competition control had a significant positive effect on height and diameter at all 16 locations, and on survival or density where competition was most intense (5 of 14 sites). A second year of herbaceous vegetation control led to significant additional gains in height and diameter at 6 and 7 of the 10 locations, respectively, where those effects could be tested. Application technique had no significant influence on any pine attribute measured. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):223-227.
Low-Water Stream Crossing Options for Southern Haul Roads
Authors: Milauskas Steven J.
Published: August 2019

Low-water stream crossings provide an alternative to conventional drainage structures of culverts and bridges. Creative design and sound analysis of crossing options is necessary to minimize channel disturbance. Costs vary greatly depending on the structure type, stream characteristics, and availability of labor and materials. Simple fords consisting of crushed stone or gravel, rock-filled gabions, or concrete structures can provide economical, low-maintenance stream crossings. Fords vented with pipe or concrete box culverts, though more costly, allow placement on perennial streams. All low-water crossings require careful planning to mesh environmental impact, site characteristics, operations requirements, and cost considerations. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):11-15.
Effect of Short-Term Storage of Triadimefon-Treated Loblolly Pine Seed on Incidence of Fusiform Rust
Authors: Kelley Walter D.
Published: August 2019

Protection from fusiform rust, caused by Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme Burdsall and Snow, on emerging seedlings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was not diminished by storing the treated seeds up to 24 days before sowing. Young seedlings were inoculated with basidiospores of C quercuum f. sp. fusiforme 31 days after seeds were sown, and seedlings were examined for rust galls 7 months later. No galls were found on seedlings from seed dressed with triadimefon, regardless of length of storage. Percentages of seedlings with galls from seeds subjected to the triadimefon seed soak ranged from 12% (0 days storage) to 2% (24 days storage). Sixty-three percent of the seedlings from nontreated control seeds had galls. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):18-20
Estimating Natural Yellow-Poplar Site Index in the Hilly Coastal Plain of Alabama
Authors: Golden Michael S. , Meldahl Ralph S. , Tuttle Charles L.
Published: August 2019

Separate height and site index prediction equations were developed using stem analysis data from 168 dominant and codominant yellow-poplar (Linodendron tulipifera L.) trees felled at locations scattered across the hilly Coastal Plain in Alabama. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):41-45.
Development of Nuttall Oak Following Release in a Sapling-Sized Stand
Authors: Johnson Robert L. , Krinard Roger M.
Published: August 2019

Release treatments applied to 11-year-old direct-seeded Nuttall oaks (Quercus nuttallii Palmer) did not significantly increase the number of free-to-grow oaks at age 17 compared to oaks that did not receive release treatments. Treatments consisted of cutting or deadening other species that were as tall as, or 1-1/3 or 1-2/3 times taller than, the average 15-ft-tall, free-to-grow oaks. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):46-49.
Material-Use Trends in U.S. Furniture Manufacturing
Authors: Luppold William G.
Published: August 2019

Furniture manufacturers in the United States are major users of a variety of wood products. In the last two decades, traditional wood products, such as hardwood lumber, veneer, and plywood have been, in part, replaced by composite panel products, such as particleboard, hardboard, and medium-density fiberboard. This paper examines the uses of traditional and composite wood products by the wood household, upholstered household, and commercial furniture industries in descriptive and numerical terms. The analysis indicates that the substitution of composite products for traditional hardwood products has subsided in recent years in the household wood furniture industry but has continued in the commercial furniture industry. Strong growth in softwood lumber use has occurred in the household wood industry and the household upholstered furniture industry but not in the commercial furniture industry. Although hardwood lumber has been displaced by softwood-based composite panel products, greater relative decreases have occurred in hardwood veneer and veneer core plywood use because of composite panel substitution. Most recent market activities, however, indicate increased use of hardwood lumber in furniture production in the 1980s. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):102-107.
Fertilization and Competition Control Accelerate Early Southern Pine Growth on Flatwoods
Authors: Swindel Benee F. , Neary Daniel G. , Comerford Nicholas B. , Rockwood Donald L. , Blakeslee George M.
Published: August 2019

Combinations of several levels of three factors (species, competition and nutrients) that influence southern pine growth were tested in three replications of a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment containing 40-tree measurement plots plus buffer zones. A moisture gradient over replications, augmented by irrigation, permitted evaluation of a fourth factor (moisture regime). In addition, individual trees of selected families of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii) permitted evaluation of a fifth factor (progeny). Of all factors investigated, nutrients and competition were by far the most important in limiting tree and stand growth on a some-what poorly drained flatwoods spodosol. Continuous elimination of either nutrient deficiencies or interspecific competition quintupled stand volume at age 4 years. The combined effect of both cultural practices was more than tenfold increase in stand volume. South J. Appl. For. 12(2):116-121.
Conceptual Analysis of Southern Pine Plantation Establishment and Early Growth
Authors: Dougherty Phillip M. , Gresham Charles A.
Published: August 2019

Southern pine seedling silvical requirements for early survival and growth are examined in relation to physical and chemical properties of soils of the southeastern United States. Because of its influence on almost every plant process, soil moisture is the factor of greatest concern. Solar radiation is also critical in the first years because of intense competition for light by seedlings and competing vegetation. The importance of soil aeration is also commonly realized, especially in the coastal plain. However, the threshold soil oxygen levels for survival and growth are not known. With an understanding of the silvics of southern pine, foresters can improve seedling genotype and site-preparation prescriptions to maximize seedling survival and early growth on each soil type. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):160-166.
Foliar Nitrogen Content at Lifting Correlates with Early Growth of Loblolly Pine Seedlings from 20 Nurseries
Authors: Larsen Harry S. , South David B. , Boyer James N.
Published: August 2019

Height growth of outplanted loblolly pine seedlings was monitored over a 3-year period. Growth of seedlings from 20 nurseries was correlated with initial seedling characteristics from paired samples. Height growth during the first 6 months after planting was negatively correlated with the initial seedling height and shoot/root ratio and was positively correlated with root growth potential (RGP) and root weight. However, these variables were not significantly correlated with later growth. Foliar nitrogen content (mg of foliar nitrogen per seedling) was positively correlated with both initial and subsequent field growth. Foliar nitrogen content was the only variable that was significantly correlated with diameter growth and volume growth during the third year after planting. This variable accounted for 36% of the variation among sample means for 3-year height growth. These data support a previous report that field performance of loblolly pine seedlings during the first 3 years in the field can be influenced by the foliar nitrogen content at lifting. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):181-185.
Potential Impact of the Southern Pine Beetle on Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Colonies in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Belanger Roger P. , Hedden Roy L. , Lennartz Michael R.
Published: August 2019

Thirty-four red-cockaded woodpecker colonies were studied in the Georgia Piedmont to (1) determine the stand, site, and tree characteristics associated with active colonies, (2) rate the susceptibility of colony stands to southern pine beetle attack, and (3) estimate the probability of beetle attack (risk) and potential for spot spread (hazard) over a projected 30-year period. The colony stands contain mature and overmature trees of predominately loblolly pine sawtimber on soils and sites favorable for tree growth. The susceptibility of these stands to beetle attack is generally low. Estimated timber losses resulting from the probability of attack and potential spot spread are also low. Predicted number of trees killed is strongly influenced by combinations of risk, hazard, and size of southern pine beetle populations. Mature stands can be managed to reduce southern pine beetle damage and establish forest conditions favorable to the red-cockaded woodpecker. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3): 194-199.
Diameter-Distribution Yield-Prediction System for Unthinned Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations on Non-Old-Fields in East Texas
Authors: Lenhart J. David
Published: August 2019

Procedures and methods for a diameter-distribution yield-prediction system for young (4-20 years old) unthinned loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Englem.) plantations on non-old-fields in East Texas are presented. Average height and number of trees are predictors of minimum diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, and quadratic mean diameter. The three measures of diameter are then used to determine the parameters of a Weibull probability density function. After obtaining the function, the number of trees by diameter class can be calculated, and by using individual tree content equations, expected yield by diameter class can be computed. An evaluation of the system indicated that on the average, loblolly pine plantation yields were underestimated by 5.3% and slash pine plantation yields were underestimated by 8.1%. Computer programs written in FORTRAN and BASIC are available from the author for the diameter-distribution yield-prediction system. South. J. App. For. 12(4):239-242
Fusiform Rust Trends in East Texas: 1969-1987
Authors: Lenhart J. David , McGrath W. Thomas , Hackett Terry L.
Published: August 2019

Five surveys of pine plantations in East Texas over an 18-year period (1969-1987) indicated that fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme Birdsall and Snow) infection rates have increased to current levels of about 50% on slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and are continuing to increase on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to 10-15% levels. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):259-261.
Average Wood Chip Trucking Costs for the Southeastern United States
Authors: Young Timothy M. , Ostermeier David M. , Domenech Douglas W.
Published: August 2019

Transportation costs of wood chips may be a significant component of the total wood chip procurement costs of a plant. Transportation costs may influence plant location and define the radius of the wood procurement area. A survey of 80 trucking companies in the southeast that haul wood chips indicated that haul costs, on a cost per ton-mile basis, were not linear with respect to distance. Haul costs for wood chips ranged from $0.139/per ton-mile for haul distances of 1 to 20 miles, to $0.074/ton-mile for haul distances greater than 60 miles. Most wood chips were transported by either contract or private motor carriers. There were no significant difference between haul costs for common, contract, and private motor carriers. The variation in haul costs of private motor carriers was smaller than that of contract or common motor carriers. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):267-269.
Improving Field Performance of Southern Pine Seedlings by Treating with Fungicides before Storage
Authors: Barnett James P. , Brissette John C. , Kais Albert G. , Jones John P.
Published: August 2019

Field survival of longleaf, shortleaf, slash, and loblolly pine seedlings that had benomyl incorporated into the packing medium was markedly improved over that of clay-slurry controls. The more difficult to store seedlings of longleaf and shortleaf pine had greater magnitudes of response than more easily stored loblolly and slash pines. The decrease in seedling survival with storage time is related to a rapid increase in pathogenic microorganisms in cold storage. Although Benlate® ¹ 50WP is now registered for this use, the most effective fungicide dosage rates for routine use with different southern pine species must still be determined. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):281-285.
Pine Regeneration Success of a Private Nonindustrial Land Owner on the South Caroline Coast
Authors: Williams Thomas M. , Lipscomb Donald J.
Published: August 2019

Between 1940 and 1964 Bernard M. and Belle W. Baruch did regeneration cuts (residuals of less than 50 ft²/ac) on 3,700 acres of pine forest on Hobcaw Barony. By 1975 pine regeneration was adequate on only 1,400 acres. Loblolly pine was successfully established only on well-drainedsites along the edges of the peninsula. Pines were not regenerated by seed tree cutting and periodic burning on the poorly drained soils characteristic of the center of interstream divides. Proper understory control was more important as drainage decreased. Land owners on the lower coastalplain should be aware that understory control is vital to success of natural regeneration on poorly drained lands. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):25-28.
Southern Appalachian Hardwood Timber Market Trends
Authors: De Steiguer J. E. , Hayden L. W. , Holley D. L. , Luppold W. G. , Martin W. G. , Newman D. H. , Sheffield R. M.
Published: August 2019

Since 1980, the hardwood timber harvests in Southern Appalachia, and particularly in western North Carolina, have risen to a 20-year high. Increased harvests accompanied, in some cases, by rising real stumpage prices for private timber, could be interpreted as indications of economicscarcity. Large timber inventories, however, indicate that physical supply is not a major problem. Tract subdivision and changes from farm to nonfarm ownerships may be creating supply problems. While real prices for private stumpage have risen in North Carolina, prices for National Foresttimber have fallen rather drastically. Possible causes for this apparent inconsistency include accelerated National Forest harvesting and weak demand for federal timber due to "nuisance factors" associated with purchase of federal timber. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):29-33.
Estimating Tree Ages in Uneven-Aged Hardwood Stands
Authors: McGee Charles E.
Published: August 2019

Two groups of upland hard-wood trees from the same general area were studied by 44 volunteer observers to determine the ability of the observers to visually estimate tree ages. The error of estimate for tree ages varied by the professional category of the observer, and all categoriesof observer improved with training. The error of age estimate over all categories of observer was 40.2% on the age estimation for the first group of trees. On the second group of trees, after being supplied with the correct ages for trees in the first group, the volunteer observers reducedthe overall error to 22.1%. The best individual effort was achieved by a forester whose error on the first attempt was 16.5% with a 10.7% error on his second attempt. However, for most workers, on-the-ground training is essential for reasonable accuracy in age estimation. South. J. Appl. For.13(1):40-42.
Height Growth of Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in the Northern Post-Oak belt of Texas
Authors: Hansen Robert S. , Bilan M. Victor
Published: August 2019

Age accounted for over 70% of the variation in tree height of 10- to 44-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations established on deep sands, moderate sands, and nonsandy soils in the Northern Post-Oak Belt of Texas. Climatic and edaphicfactors, relating either directly or indirectly to the amount of moisture available for tree use, explained up to 17% of height growth variation. Height growth of the plantations was comparable to that of plantations growing in the pine-mixed hardwood forest cover type of East Texas.

The NorthernPost-Oak Belt of Texas is an area approximately 50 to 100 miles wide located between the pine-mixed hard-wood forest type to the east and the black-land prairie to the west. Soils within the belt belong primarily to the Alfisol or Ultisol soil orders. The western-most areas of the belt receiveup to 20% less annual rain fall than the pine-mixed hardwood type of East Texas (U.S. Environmental Data and Information Service 1949-1982). The present forest of this area is dominated by post oak (Quercus stellata Wang.), black-jack oak (Quercus Marilandica Muench.), bluejack oak (Quercusincana Bartr.), and black hickory (Carya texana Buckl.) (Ward 1984). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) occur naturally only in scattered locations (Wilson and Hacker 1986). South. j. Appl. For. 13(1):5-8.
Survey of Woodyard Scaling Practices in Georgia
Authors: McNeel J. F.
Published: August 2019

A recent survey of the timber scaling methods used by 259 mills and woodyards across the state of Georgia indicates that weight scaling methods are used by over 77% of those surveyed. Analysis of weight-to-volume conversion ratios for different product and species groups provided throughthe survey suggests little variability for surveyed products within the state, although some regional variation was noted. The most commonly observed conversion rate for pine pulpwood was 5350 lb/cord, while mixed hardwood pulp ranged between 5600 and 5700 lb/cord. The most frequently occurringsawtimber conversion factors were 15000 lb/mbf (Scribner)for tree-length pine and 16800 lb/mbf (Doyle) for tree-length mixed hardwood. Weight-to-volume conversion rates were generally higher for mills and woodyards in the lower coastal plain when compared with other regions in the state. South.J. Appl. For. 13(2):64-68.
Fertilized Midrotation-Aged Slash Pine Plantations—Stand Structure and Yield Prediction Models
Authors: Bailey Robert L. , Burgan Thomas M. , Jokela Eric J.
Published: August 2019

Data from 263 plots in a regional fertilization study of midrotation-aged slash pine plantations were used to fit prediction equations for basal area, trees per acre, stand average dominant height, diameter distributions, and individual tree heights. The equations include N and P fertilizationrates and CRIFF soil groups as predictor variables. The survival model also accounts for the accelerating effect of fusiform rust on mortality rate. Using published tree volume equations, the prediction of volumes by dbh class for fertilized slash pine plantations is now possible. This integratedsystem of equations is available as a user-friendly computer program that can calculate expected yields by diameter class and aid the forester in evaluating investment opportunities that include forest fertilization. South. J. Appl. For. 13(2):76-80.
Biodeterioration of Oaks Killed Following Defoliation by the Gypsy Moth
Authors: Karasevicz D. M. , Merrill W.
Published: August 2019

The volume of sound wood in red oaks dead following gypsy moth defoliation (biotically killed trees) and in mechanically girdled control trees decreased significantly as time after death increased. Bark retention, site quality, and method of death were correlated with the volume ofwood degraded. Three growing seasons after death, biotically killed trees that retained their bark had greater volumes of degraded wood than those that shed their bark. Trees on oak site class 1 had greater volumes of degraded wood than those on oak site class 2. Wood of girdled trees deterioratedfaster than that of biotically killed trees. By the end of the third growing season after death, 19% of the gross merchantable volume and 21% of the board foot volume of biotically killed trees had been degraded. In a separate population of biotically killed trees, 44% of the trees had beenwind-thrown seven growing seasons after death. Based on these studies, salvage operations for most timber uses should be completed within 2 years after tree death. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):139-145.
Five-Year Responses of Piedmont Loblolly Pine to Six Site-Preparation Treatments
Authors: Edwards M. Boyd
Published: August 2019

Six intensities of site preparation ranging from an untreated check to shearing, rootraking, burning, fertilizing, and applying herbicide were applied to replicated 2-ac (0.81 ha) plots on a Piedmont site in central Georgia. Survival, height, and diameter growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were measured for 5 years after planting. All treatments improved survival and growth when compared to the check. Mechanical treatments yielded good growth and survival, and additional benefits were obtained from weed control and ammonium nitrate application. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):3-6.
Incidental Observations on the Growth and Survival of Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines in an Even-Aged Natural Stand
Authors: Cain M. D.
Published: August 2019

Species composition and growth were monitored from age 6 to 14 years in a natural, even-aged stand of mixed loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. Six of 12 0.4-ac study plots were precommercially thinned at age 6 when pine density averaged 16,600 stems/ac At that time, loblolly accounted for 70% of all pines with the remaining 30% being shortleaf. From age 8 to 12, loblolly pines generally outgrew shortleaf pines in both thinned and unthinned conditions. From age 12 to 14, crop trees of loblolly pine on thinned plots generally grew better than shortleaf crop trees, but there was no statistically significant difference in crop-tree growth between species on the unthinned plots. At age 14, loblolly crop trees were generally larger than shortleaf crop trees; despite that size difference, shortleaf pine will probably continue to be represented in the canopy of the maturing stand. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):81-84.
Operational Trials of a Scarifier-Seeder for Regenerating Ocala Sand Pine
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W.
Published: August 2019

Most harvested stands of Ocala sand pine (Pinus clausa var. clausa D B. Ward) have been regenerated by direct seeding. An integrated system using a scarifier-seeder can reduce site disturbance, control spacing, and conserve seed. Modifications to this equipment to pack the soil over the seed, or to reduce the slope of the scarified spot did not improve stocking levels, but they did reduce seed movement. The alteration to reduce the slope of the scarified spot caused no mechanical problems and reduced seed displacement. Chopping to reduce competing vegetation greatly increased stocking levels, but there is little advantage to using a scarifier-seeder if sites must be chopped first. Criteria are needed for determining which sites are best suited to chopping and broadcast seeding and which to regenerate by scarifier-seeding. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):85-88.
Harvest Rates on Adverse Sites in the Southeast
Authors: Brown Mark J.
Published: August 2019

Steep slopes and year-round water problems reduce the frequency of stand-level timber harvests. In the Southeast as a whole, observations on Forest Survey plots indicate that 1.7% of the timberland is harvested each year. Only 0.2% of the acreage with year-round water is harvested. As slope increases, the rate of harvest decreases to 0.4% per year for sites with slopes of 40% or more. Because harvesting is less frequent, timber volumes are greater on adverse than on favorable sites. Across all conditions, forest industry harvests more frequently than other private and public landowners. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):166-170.
Thinned Loblolly Pine Stand Growth Improved by Early Hardwood Suppression
Authors: Clason Terry R.
Published: August 2019

A hardwood suppression treatment applied to a 7-year-old, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation enhanced projected productivity through a 35-year rotation that included three commercial thinnings. By age 22, growth data showed that hardwood removal treatments had larger pines and smaller hardwoods than check treatments. Fifteen-year pine basal area and merchantable volume growth on hardwood removal plots exceeded the check plots by 25 and 27%. Projected growth between ages 22 and 35 indicated that 28 years after early hardwood removal thinned plantation merchantable volume yields improved by 840 ft³ per acre. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):22-27.
Softwood Timber Supply and the Future of the Southern Forest Economy
Authors: Adams Darius M. , Haynes Richard W.
Published: August 2019

Fifty-year projections of the Southern forest economy suggest that in the period prior to 2015, nonindustrial owner-ships will be unable to sustain past growth in softwood harvest. Harvest could expand dramatically in later years, however, if the high rates of plantation establishment observed during the 1980s are maintained into the next century. Industrial harvest will continue to rise, but cannot increase fast enough to offset the nonindustrial shortfall. Sawtimber stumpage prices will rise sharply over the period to 2015 and stabilize or decline thereafter. Higher rates of planting influence only the later portion of this projection. Prospects of higher rates of recycled fiber use in U.S. paper and board production could have dramatic implications for the adequacy of Southern timber supply and sharply reduce stumpage price growth in both the near- and long-term. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):31-37.