bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Environment on the Translocation and Toxicity of Acifluorfen to Showy Crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis)
Authors: Wills Gene D. , McWhorter Chester G.
Published: February 2018

Toxicity of non-radiolabeled and absorption and translocation of14C-activity of applied14C-acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} in showy crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilisRoth) were evaluated in the growth chamber at air temperatures of 18, 27, or 35 C and 40 or 100% relative humidity (RH). Four days after treatment, acifluorfen applied over-the-top at 0.1 kg/ha resulted in 64 to 95% injury, but did not kill showy crotalaria. Acifluorfen was more toxic at 100% than at 40% RH. At either 40 or 100% RH, acifluorfen was more toxic at 27 and 35 C than at 18 C. Plants were placed in the greenhouse 4 days after treatment. At 6 weeks after treatment, there was extensive regrowth, and injury to all plants was less than 32%, except for those plants initially treated at 18 C and 40% RH for 4 days. These plants showed 76% injury. Acifluorfen applied to a single leaf midway up the stem caused 80 to 100% injury to the immature leaves near the apex, but less than 30% injury to lower leaves. Absorption of14C-activity from14C-acifluorfen applied to a single leaf midway up the shoot varied from 8 to 76% after 2 days. At either 40 or 100% RH, absorption was approximately four-fold greater at 27 and 35 C than at 18 C. At all temperatures tested, absorption was three- to four-fold greater at 100% than at 40% RH.
Effects of Diclofop on Growth, Mitotic Index, and Structure of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Adventitious Roots
Authors: Morrison I. N. , Owino M. G. , Stobbe E. H.
Published: February 2018

Methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoic acid} (diclofop as used herein refers to the methyl ester) added to nutrient solution inhibited adventitious root development and reduced the mitotic index in adventitious root tips of wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Neepawa’) and wild oat (Avena fatuaL.). Elongation of wild oat roots was significantly inhibited by 0.15 μM diclofop 24 h after treatment; whereas, wheat roots were unaffected at concentrations less than 1.5 μM even at 12 days, indicating at least a 10-fold difference in sensitivity. Initiation of new adventitious roots was reduced in both species by 0.30 μM diclofop. Mitotic index was more severely reduced at lower concentrations and after a shorter exposure in wild oat than in wheat. Histological studies showed that 24 h after wild oat roots were treated with 0.30 μM diclofop for 24 h, severe damage occurred to tissues within the developing central cylinder, close to the root apex. Disruption of cortical and epidermal cells generally was not as severe until 4 to 7 days after treatment. By 12 days the entire root tip was almost completely obliterated, with only the epidermal cell walls remaining intact.
Phenology of Salt Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosusssp.consimilis) and Greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus)
Authors: Roundy Bruce A. , Young James A. , Evans Raymond A.
Published: February 2018

Salt rabbitbrush [Chrysothamnus nauseosus(Pallas) Britt., ssp.consimilis(Greene)] and greasewood [Sarcobatus vermiculatus(Hook.) Torr.] grow slowly in early spring until mid to late May. They then begin a period of rapid growth, at which time susceptibility to foliar herbicides is probably greatest. Greasewood ceases rapid growth in mid June to early July, but salt rabbitbrush continues to grow rapidly until early August. Greasewood that resprouts after herbicide application has a longer rapid-growth period than shrubs in an untreated stand. An average leader length of 4 cm indicates that rapid growth of salt rabbitbrush is underway, and first opening of the flower buds indicates that rapid growth is over. Appearance of greasewood staminate spikes indicates that rapid growth has begun, and the first appearance of dried spikes indicates that growth has ceased. Simultaneous control of these shrubs with a single application of phenoxy herbicides may only be possible during the relatively short period when both are growing rapidly. This period may only occur from late May to mid June in some stands and years, but may occur from mid May to early July in other cases.
Interaction of Buthidazole and Acetanilide Herbicides
Authors: York Alan C. , Slife Fred W.
Published: February 2018

In field and greenhouse studies, alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] was found to antagonize buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone} injury to corn (Zea maysL.) when both herbicides were preplant incorporated. Similar results were found with five of seven other acetanilide herbicides tested. The antagonism between buthidazole and alachlor also occurred with common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) and ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq.] but not with five other weed species. Preplant-incorporated applications of alachlor had little to no effect on the response of corn to postemergence applications of buthidazole, but alachlor increased the susceptibility of ivyleaf morningglory to postemergence applications of buthidazole. No antagonism was observed when alachlor was included in postemergence applications of buthidazole to corn or ivyleaf morningglory.
Penetration, Translocation, and Metabolism of Acifluorfen in Soybean (Glycine max), Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), and Common Cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum)
Authors: Ritter Ronald L. , Coble Harold D.
Published: February 2018

Penetration, translocation, and metabolism of acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom’], common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.), and common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) were studied. Using liquid scintillation spectrometry and autoradiography, little movement of14C-acifluorfen from the leaf surfaces of the two weed species could be detected in 24 h. After 48 h, less14C was recovered from the leaf surface and more was found within the leaves of the two weed species. Autoradiographs of the weed showed limited acropetal movement of14C from leaves 24 and 48 h after treatment. For soybean, most of the14C still remained on the leaf surface after 48 h. Autoradiographs of soybean plants showed no movement from the treated leaflet. Studies using thin layer chromatography suggested that acifluorfen was metabolized within the plants. Rate of metabolism was inversely related to plant susceptibility (common ragweed and common cocklebur>soybean). The more rapid penetration and translocation, coupled with slower metabolism of acifluorfen by the weed species in comparison to soybean, may account for the difference in susceptibility of the weeds and soybean to acifluorfen.
Growth Analysis of Soybeans (Glycine max) in Competition with Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
Authors: Hagood E. S. , Bauman T. T. , Williams J. L. , Schreiber M. M.
Published: February 2018

Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of jimsonweed (Datura stramoniumL.) densities and planting dates on the growth and yield of soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Amsoy 71’]. Jimsonweed densities of 1.5 and 2 plants/m2did not reduce the dry weight of soybean leaf, stem, root, or pod and seed tissues, leaf area index, plant height, pod number, or seed yield when soybeans and jimsonweed were planted at the same time. Weed densities ranging from 3 to 16 plants/m2did reduce one or more of these soybean growth parameters. A significant density-by-year interaction was observed in which soybean growth reductions caused by high jimsonweed densities were less when competition for water was minimized by above-average precipitation in 1 of the 2 yr. No density of jimsonweed that emerged when soybeans were at the fourth trifoliolate-leaf stage reduced crop growth or yield.
Factors Affecting Biological Control of Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata) withAlternaria macrospora
Authors: Walker H. Lynn
Published: February 2018

In greenhouse studies, spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.] control byAlternaria macrosporaZimm. was influenced by stage of growth, inoculum concentration, and the temperature and duration of the dew periods following inoculation. Seedlings inoculated at the cotyledon to first-leaf stage were most easily controlled. Optimum dew periods for killing seedlings were ≥ 24 h at 20 to 30 C. Spray mixtures containing 2.5 to 10 × 105spores/ml gave the best control. In field studies,A. macrosporasignificantly reduced the number and the dry weight of spurred anoda plants.
Evidence for the Interaction of an Imidazolinone Herbicide with Leucine, Valine, and Isoleucine Metabolism
Authors: Anderson Paul C. , Hibberd Kenneth A.
Published: February 2018

Effects of the imidazolinone herbicide AC243 997 [2-(5-isopropyl)-5-methyl-4-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl) nicotinic acid] on the growth of corn (Zea maysL. ‘Black Mexican Sweet’) cell suspension cultures were characterized. The herbicide caused half maximal growth inhibition at concentrations in the range of 10 nM to 30 nM. Significant reductions in protein synthesis were observed following treatment of cells with 10 μM herbicide. Analysis of free amino acid pool sizes indicated that levels of the biosyn-thetically related amino acids leucine and valine were substantially decreased in cells exposed to 10 μM herbicide. Supplementation of suspension culture growth media with leucine and valine plus isoleucine (1 mM each) reversed growth inhibitory effects of AC243 997 at levels ranging from 10 nM to 1 mM. The results suggest a specific interaction of this imidazolinone herbicide with leucine, valine, and isoleucine metabolism.
Influence of the Relative Time of Emergence of Wild Oat (Avena fatua) on Yield Loss of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: O'Donovan John T. , De St. Remy E. Ann , O'Sullivan P. Ashely , Dew Don A. , Sharma Arvind K.
Published: February 2018

Multiple regression analysis of data from field experiments conducted in Alberta at two locations between 1972 and 1983 indicated that there was a significant relationship between yield loss of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and relative time of emergence of wild oat (Avena fatuaL. ♯ AVEFA). At a given wild oat density, percent yield loss increased the earlier wild oat emerged relative to the crops and gradually diminished the later it emerged. However, the magnitude of the yield loss for both species varied with the year. Regression equations based on data pooled over years and locations were developed to provide an estimate of yield loss of barley and wheat due to relative time of wild oat emergence and wild oat density. The information should be considered when barley and wheat losses due to wild oat are being assessed.
Variability in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and Reproduction Beyond Its Current Range in North America
Authors: Andersen Robert N. , Menges Robert M. , Conn Jeffery S.
Published: February 2018

The general appearance of plants was similar for 14 accessions of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. ♯ ABUTH) obtained from Stoneville, MS (33° 25’ N), Rosemount, MN (44° 43’ N), and various locations in between. All accessions were equally susceptible to bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide]. Variation in maturity characteristics was found among the accessions in the field at Rosemount; southern accessions began seed capsule production later and continued it longer than did northern accessions. Velvetleaf accessions from Stoneville and Rosemount both produced seeds in the field at Weslaco, TX (26° 09’ N), but at Fairbanks, AK (64° 49’ N), neither accession produced seeds before being killed by frost.
Absorption, Translocation, and Foliar Activity of Clopyralid and Chlorsulfuron in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) and Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis)
Authors: Devine Malcolm D. , Vanden Born William H.
Published: February 2018

Both14C-clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) and14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzensulfonamide} were readily absorbed by Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] leaves, with 99 and 75%, respectively, of the applied doses absorbed 144 h after application. Absorbed14C-clopyralid was rapidly exported from the treated leaves, whereas14C-chlorsulfuron was translocated much more slowly. After 144 h, 29% of the applied14C-clopyralid and 5% of the applied14C-chlorsulfuron were recovered in the roots and developing root buds of Canada thistle plants. Smaller amounts of the two herbicides were absorbed and translocated in perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensisL. ♯ SONAR) than in Canada thistle. More14C-clopyralid than14C-chlorsulfuron was absorbed and translocated out of treated leaves of perennial sowthistle, but equal amounts, 3 to 4% of the applied doses, were recovered in the roots and root buds 144 h after application. Foliar applications of clopyralid, followed by removal of the treated shoot 24, 72, or 144 h after application, markedly reduced shoot regrowth in both Canada thistle and perennial sowthistle. Similar treatment with chlorsulfuron did not prevent shoot regrowth in either species.
An Oats (Avena sativa) – Soybean (Glycine max) Rotation Using Ecofarming versus Conventional Tillage
Authors: Moomaw Russell S.
Published: February 2018

An oats (Avena sativaL.) – no-till soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] ecofarming system was evaluated through four, 2-yr rotations during 1978 through 1982. Herbicides were applied to oats, to oat stubble, and to no-till soybeans for maximum weed control throughout the 2-yr rotation. The treatment sets also included conventional tillage of oat stubble for weed control and preparation of a soybean seedbed. Several herbicides gave effective weed control in oats with minimal crop injury; however, grain yield was not increased by any of the treatments. No recropping problems were encountered when planting no-till soybeans 14 months after application of chlorsulfuron {<2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide)}. Soybean yield under ecofarming was greater 1 yr and equal to that with the conventional-tillage system the other 2 yr.
Seasonal Response of Woody Plants to Tebuthiuron Pellets
Authors: Bovey Rodney W. , Meyer Robert E. , Bouse L. Fred , Carlton James B.
Published: February 2018

Pelleted tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} was hand broadcast at 2.2 and 4.5 kg ai/ha every month for 2 yr on an area infested with live oak (Quercus virginianaMill. ♯4QUEVI), post oak (Q. stellataWangenh. ♯ QUESL), parsley hawthorn (Crataegus marshalliiEgglest. ♯ CSCMS), and yaupon (Ilex vomitoriaAit. ♯ ILEVO) on the Gulf Coast Prairie near Cordele, TX. Live oak, post oak, and parsley hawthorn trees were killed at most rates and dates of tebuthiuron application. Applications of 2.2 kg/ha of tebuthiuron killed 90% or more of the yaupon plants when it was applied in October and December 1975 and February, March, and June 1976 and less than 90% when applied at other dates. On another site, pelleted tebuthiuron was aerially applied at 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha every 3 months during 1978 and 1979 in the Post Oak Savannah near Bryan, TX. At 2.2 kg/ha, tebuthiuron killed all post oak and 80% or more of the blackjack oak (Q. marilandicaMuechh.), yaupon, winged elm (Ulmus alataMichx. ♯ ULMAL), and mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosaNutt.) regardless of date treated. Tree huckleberry (Vaccinium arboreumMarsh.) killed by tebuthiuron when applied at 2.2 kg/ha ranged from 34% in July 1979 to 69% from application in February 1978. Application of 4.5 kg/ha of tebuthiuron killed 83% or more of the tree huckleberry when it was applied in January and April 1978 and January, April, July, and October 1979. Herbaceous plant cover usually increased by the second season.
Phytotoxicity and Adsorption of Chlorsulfuron as Affected by Soil Properties
Authors: Mersie Wondimagegnehu , Foy Chester L.
Published: February 2018

The phytotoxicity of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} was compared in six soils, and the relationship of activity to soil physical and chemical properties was evaluated. The influence of soil pH (4.2 to 7.8) on phytotoxicity and adsorption of chlorsulfuron incorporated into high-organic-matter soil was also studied. For the phytotoxicity studies, corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3320’) was used as the bioassay plant. Organic matter was the soil variable most highly correlated with chlorsulfuron phytotoxicity. There was an inverse relationship between phytotoxicity and organic matter. No significant relationship between clay content and chlorsulfuron toxicity was observed. The adsorption of chlorsulfuron decreased with increasing soil pH while desorption was greater at alkaline pH. Phytotoxicity of chlorsulfuron increased with increasing soil pH and reached a maximum at pH 6.9.
Averlo formato perfettamente: Borromini's first two years at the Roman Oratory
Authors: Downes Kerry
Published: February 2018

St Philip Neri, founder of the Roman Oratory, died in 1595, just in time to see the completion, after twenty years, of the church of Santa Maria in Vallicella (known as the Chiesa Nuova)— except for the facade (finished c. 1607). Even before his canonization in 1622 the church was a place of pilgrimage. The community he founded inhabited a mass of miscellaneous buildings east of the church, decrepit, cramped, and acquired piecemeal over time when funds allowed. The musical ‘oratories’ — concerts with a sermon in the middle — also attracted many visitors, and the eponymous hall in which these events took place was inadequate. The community's rule allowed them to accept donations but not to beg or canvass for them. Nevertheless, by 1624 they were able to contemplate building a new sacristy on the west of the church and they were also buying up adjacent properties on that side. Initially most of the block was already built on, but by 1650 they owned practically all of it, and the shape of a new complex (Figs 1 and 2) was discernible from partly or wholly completed new structures.
The Temporary Houses of Parliament and David Boswell Reid’s Architecture of Experimentation
Authors: Schoenefeldt Henrik
Published: February 2018

what they may lose in dignity they will undoubtly [sic] gain in comfort and health.

(The Champion, November 1836)

The heating and ventilation of the two debating chambers in the British Houses of Parliament occupied the minds of various Select Committees and some of the country’s most renowned scientists and engineers during the nineteenth century. Indeed, since the seventeenth century the chambers had been major sites for technical experimentation in the field of ventilation, which, according to the Victorian physician Neil Arnott, reflected the technological and scientific advances made during this period. Nineteenth-century writers chronicled the design and testing of the numerous heating and ventilation systems that had been deployed. However, the strategies implemented during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were not entirely successful in generating a pleasant internal environment. The destruction of the ancient Palace of Westminster by fire on 16 October 1834 therefore provided an important opportunity to design completely new debating chambers from first principles.
Soil-Water Extraction Profiles of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Weed Species
Authors: Jacobson Brent D. , Murray Don S. , Stone John F.
Published: February 2018

Soil-water profiles of cotton, several weeds, and bare soil were compared in research conducted in 1989 and 1990 near Perkins, OK. Neutron probe access tubes were installed prior to plant establishment to facilitate nondestructive volumetric water content determinations at selected depths throughout the season. Planting was in a double-circle pattern concentric around each neutron probe access tube. Phenological and soil-water data were collected weekly. As plants began to senesce, aboveground biomass yield data were collected. In 1989, rainfall frequently replenished soil-water in the upper soil profile. The plants used the recharge water to varying degrees, particularly late in the season. Common cocklebur and johnsongrass extracted soil-water from greater depths than cotton and velvetleaf throughout the season. In 1990, the largest differences detected between bare soil and weeds early in the season were measured for common cocklebur, devil's-claw, and silverleaf nightshade. Later in the season, however, there was little difference in soil-water content in the upper soil profiles for all species. Johnsongrass emerged later than the other species in 1990 which affected its relative soil-water extraction.
Influence of Diclofop and Dithiopyr on Spring Transition of a Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Green Overseeeded with Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
Authors: Johnson B. Jack
Published: February 2018

Diclofop and dithiopyr were applied in April and early May during 1992 and 1993, to a ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass golf green overseeded with perennial ryegrass, to determine the effects of rates and dates on perennial ryegrass injury and on transition from a mixed cool- and warm-season grass to bermudagrass turf. Diclofop applied as a single application at 0.6 kg/ha or two applications at 0.3 kg/ha during April and/or early May gradually reduced perennial ryegrass during June and July when compared with untreated turf. During this period, both grasses treated with diclofop maintained 94% or greater cover. However, perennial ryegrass was moderately to severely injured from the treatments. Maximum injury from the 0.6 kg/ha rate ranged from 40 to 55% during 1992 and 29 to 33% during 1993. The injury was pronounced over a period of one to three weeks. Maximum injury from 0.3 kg/ha applied on April 3 and repeated at the same rate on April 17 was 28% in 1992 and 37% in 1993. Perennial ryegrass injury from split applications was lower than from the single 0.6 kg/ha rate in 1992. The optimum time and rate for effective spring transition with least amount of perennial ryegrass injury was 0.3 kg/ha applied on April 5 and repeated at the same rate on April 17. Dithiopyr did not affect the spring transition of overseeded perennial ryegrass to bermudagrass, regardless of rate and application date.
Characterizing Weed Community Seedling Emergence for a Semiarid Site in Colorado
Authors: Anderson R. L.
Published: February 2018

This study characterized the emergence pattern of a weed community of 16 species between April 1 and August 31 over a 7-yr period. Weed seedlings were counted weekly in quadrats established in winter wheat stubble within no-till and conventional-till production systems. Weed emergence showed two peaks, the first between April 25 and May 9, and the second between May 30 and June 13. Tillage did not affect the weed community emergence pattern. Knowledge of weed community emergence pattern in conjunction with crop simulation models could be used to suggest cultural practices such as optimal planting dates that favor a crop over weeds, and possibly reduce herbicide use for within-crop weed control.
Weed Control with Starch-Encapsulated Alachlor, Metolachlor, and Atrazine
Authors: Buhler Douglas D. , Schreiber Marvin M. , Koskinen William C.
Published: February 2018

Field research was conducted at Rosemount, MN in 1990 and 1991 to determine the effect of starch encapsulation on weed control in corn with alachlor, metolachlor, and atrazine under two weed densities. At low weed densities (122 total plants/m2), giant foxtail and Pennsylvania smartweed control were not different with full rates of herbicide applied in starch encapsulated or commercial formulations. Velvetleaf control was less with starch-encapsulated than commercial formulations regardless of velvetleaf density. At high giant foxtail densities (740 plants/m2), control was not affected by formulation with full rates of alachlor plus atrazine. However, giant foxtail control was less with starch-encapsulated formulations than commercial formulations with 75% rates of alachlor plus atrazine and both 75 and 100% rates of metolachlor plus atrazine. At low weed densities, corn yield was not different with any treatment, except starch-encapsulated metolachlor plus atrazine at 75% rates, compared to the weed-free control. Alachlor plus atrazine at full rates was the only starch-encapsulated treatment to result in corn yield not different from the weed-free control at high weed densities. Conversely, all commercial formulation treatments resulted in corn yields not different from the weed-free control at high weed densities.
Pendimethalin and Oxyfluorfen Residues in Pond Water and Sediment from Container Plant Nurseries
Authors: Riley Melissa B. , Keese Renee J. , Camper N. Dwight , Whitwell Ted , Wilson P. Chris
Published: February 2018

A two-year herbicide residue study was conducted at a commercial nursery to determine the presence of herbicide residues in pond water and sediment following normal production cycles. The runoff water from irrigation and rainfall was contained on the nursery and reused for irrigation. The nursery site was approximately 60 ha with two interconnected ponds, one for containment of runoff water and one serving as a source of irrigation water. The most commonly used herbicides were oxyfluorfen plus pendimethalin (granular formulation-Ornamental Herbicide 2); approximately twice as much herbicide was applied during the second year of the study. Herbicide levels found in pond water and sediment were approximately two-fold greater during the second year corresponding to the increase in active ingredients applied. The highest concentration of oxyfluorfen found in water and sediment was 0.04 μg/ml and 4.0 μg/g, respectively. The highest concentration of pendimethalin found in water and sediment was 0.008 μg/ml and 14.3 μg/g, respectively. In irrigation water samples, the highest concentration of oxyfluorfen and pendimethalin detected was 0.005 μg/ml and 0.002 μg/ml, respectively. The herbicides did not accumulate in water or sediment over the two-year period. No landscape plant phytotoxicity problems are likely at the herbicide levels detected in irrigation water samples.
Research Priority Dynamics in Weed Science
Authors: Abernathy John R. , Bridges David C.
Published: February 2018

For this presentation we would like to discuss some history of weeds and their control, the evolution of weed science, the development of herbicides and the changing dynamics of weed science research. As mentioned by previous speakers, weeds cause great loss to almost every crop production enterprise in the United States and around the world. Man has sought to control weeds by various methods including cultural practices, cultivation, hoeing, and with herbicides. Pioneer weed scientists were individuals trained in the areas of physiology, botany, and agronomy. They applied their knowledge and training to the understanding of growth, development, and control of weeds in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
Web survey-based selection of controls for epidemiological analyses of a multi-prefectural outbreak of enterohaemorrhagicEscherichia coliO157 in Japan associated with consumption of self-grilled beef hanging tender
Authors: Yahata Y. , Ohshima N. , Odaira F. , Nakamura N. , Ichikawa H. , Ichikawa H. , Matsuno K. , Shuri J. , Toyozawa T. , Terajima J. , Watanabe H. , Nakashima K. , Sunagawa T. , Taniguchi K. , Okabe N.
Published: February 2018

An outbreak of enterohaemorrhagicEscherichia coliO157 occurred in multiple prefectures of Japan in November 2009. We conducted two case–control studies with trace-back and trace-forward investigations to determine the source. The case definition was met by 21 individuals; 14 (66.7%) were hospitalised, but no haemolytic uraemic syndrome, acute encephalopathy or deaths occurred. Median age was 23 (range 12–48) years and 14 cases were male (66.7%). No significant associations with food were found in a case–control study by local public health centres, but our matched case–control study using Internet surveys found that beef hanging tender (or hanger steak), derived from the diaphragm of the cattle, was significantly associated with illness (odds ratio = 15.77; 95% confidence interval, 2.00–124.11). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of isolates from patients and the suspected food showed five different patterns: two in faecal and food samples, and another three in patient faecal samples only, although there were epidemiological links to the meat consumed at the restaurants. Trace-back investigation implicated a common food processing company from outside Japan. Examination of the logistics of the meat processing company suggested that contamination did not occur in Japan. We concluded that the source of the outbreak was imported hanging tender. This investigation revealed that Internet surveys could be useful for outbreak investigations.
Place, Performance and Identity in Monteverdi’sCombattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda
Authors: Cascelli Antonio
Published: February 2018

With its combination of gestures and music, instrumental sections, a narrator who occupies most of the composition, and two characters who sing for very short sections while acting and dancing for the rest of the piece, Monteverdi’sCombattimentodefies genre definition. Starting from Tim Carter’s reading of the composition as a salon entertainment and responding to Suzanne Cusick’s call for the untangling ofCombattimento’s multiplicity of meanings, this article investigatesCombattimentoin its ritualisation and performance of mutually defining relations that are mediated by the social and ideological implications of its immediate performance space, the salon – orportego, in Venetian dialect – the main entertainment hall of Venetian palaces. Using this as a key framework, the article explores theCombattimento’s associations with Venice itself as the broader performance space. Within that context, the choice of a particular episode from Tasso’sGerusalemme liberatafor Monteverdi’s composition – with its mixture of love and violence, assimilation and confrontation, personal identity and agency, history of winners and history of victims1– proves as crucial to seventeenth-century Venice, at the crossroads between Western and Islamic civilisations, as it does for today’s culture.
Opera and Monuments: Verdi’sErnaniin Vienna and the Construction of Dynastic Memory
Authors: Vellutini Claudio
Published: February 2018

This article examines the first production and early reception of Verdi’sErnaniin Vienna in relation to cultural processes supporting strategies of imperial representation promoted by the Habsburg Court. By discussing newspaper reviews, archival documents, sketches of the sets for the first Viennese production, I show how the opera responded to official narratives of the Habsburg Empire and to specific facets of the local culture of monumentality. I argue that particularly the Act III Finale functioned along the lines of memorial practices that projected the Habsburg dynasty as the source of unity of the empire and its peoples. Finally, I consider the Viennese reception ofErnaniin the broader context of its Italian dissemination, suggesting how fluctuating political readings of the opera depended upon (rather than undermining) multidirectional cultural exchanges.
Which Types of Family are at Risk of Food Poverty in the UK? A Relative Deprivation Approach
Authors: O'Connell Rebecca , Owen Charlie , Padley Matt , Simon Antonia , Brannen Julia
Published: February 2018

Not enough is known in the UK about how economic phenomena and policy changes have impacted families’ ability to feed themselves. This article employs a novel way of identifying the types of UK families at risk of food poverty over time. Applying a relative deprivation approach, it asks what counts in the UK as a socially acceptable diet that meets needs for health and social participation and how much this costs. Comparing this to actual food expenditure by different family types, between 2005 and 2013, it identifies which are spending less than expected and may be at risk of food poverty. The analysis finds the proportion has increased over time for most family types and for lone parents and large families in particular. The discussion considers findings in light of changing economic and policy contexts and the implications for policy responses of how food poverty is defined and measured.
Support needs of caregivers of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A qualitative study
Authors: de Wit Jessica , Schröder Carin D. , el Mecky Julia , Beelen Anita , van den Berg Leonard H. , Visser-Meily Johanna M. A.
Published: February 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore the support needs of Dutch informal caregivers of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Method

Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 caregivers of ALS patients. Audio-taped interviews were transcribed and data were analyzed thematically.

Result

A total of four global support needs emerged: “more personal time”, “assistance in applying for resources”, “counseling”, and “peer contact”. Despite their needs, caregivers are reluctant to apply for and accept support. They saw their own needs as secondary to the needs of the patients.

Significance of results

ALS seems to lead to an intensive caregiving situation with multiple needs emerging in a short period. This study offers targets for the development of supportive interventions. A proactive approach seems essential, acknowledging the importance of the role of the caregivers in the care process at an early stage, informing them about the risk of burden, monitoring their wellbeing, and repeatedly offering support opportunities. Using e-health may help tailor interventions to the caregivers’ support needs.
Assessment of the reactions of pure lines selected from Turkish bread wheat landraces against bunt disease (Tilletia foetida) with the GGE-biplot method
Authors: Akçura Mevlüt , Akan Kadir
Published: February 2018

The present research was conducted to determine the reactions of 200 pure lines selected from bread wheat landraces collected from 18 provinces and seven regions of Turkey against bunt disease (Tilletia foetida) under field conditions for 3 years. Bunt disease reactions of pure lines were assessed based on the infected spike/total spike ratio. For visually assessed materials, the GGE-biplot method, where G = genotype effect and GE = genotype-by-environment effect, was used to group the reactions against bunt disease. Fifty-nine pure lines showed high resistance (with infection rates ranging from 0.1 to 10%); 24 in the moderate resistance (with infection rates ranging from 10.1 to 25%); 75 in the moderate susceptibility (with infection rates ranging from 25.1 to 45%); 38 in the susceptibility (with infection rates ranging from 45.1 to 70%) and finally four in the highly susceptibility (with infection rates of >70.1%). PC1 and PC2 of the GGE-biplot graph created over the years explained 76.49% of the total variation. The GGE-biplot graph provided efficient identification of resistant genotypes. The lowest PC1 values and PC2 values close to 0.0 explained the resistance of pure line to bunt disease best. The resistance of pure lines to bunt disease over the biplot decreased from the first section through the last section. Based on the results of present study, 19 pure lines (located within the first circle of the biplot graph) were selected for resistance breeding programmes against the diseases.
“BUSINESS SENSE IF NOT SOULS”: BOOSTERS AND RELIGION IN COLORADO SPRINGS, 1871–1909
Authors: Atkins Gregory
Published: February 2018

On July 12, 1871, the Colorado Springs Company and its largest shareholder, William Jackson Palmer, adopted a plan that divided the hundreds of acres they owned into the streets, blocks, and plots of Colorado Springs. To sell the city, the boosters of Colorado Springs marketed it as a refined resort for wealthy industrialists, health seekers, and tourists. Boosterism in Colorado Springs appealed to these audiences over the next four decades by using a changing mixture of politics, business, and religious morality. This boosterism successfully distinguished the resort of Colorado Springs from the mines, steel mills, and agriculture that defined nearby towns.
NEWCOMB COLLEGE POTTERY, ARTS AND CRAFTS, AND THE NEW SOUTH
Authors: Freeman Meghan
Published: February 2018

In the history of the American Arts and Crafts Movement, New Orleans's Newcomb College Pottery (founded in 1894) is often singled out as distinctive by virtue of its genesis as an experimental educational venture, all the more remarkable for emerging out of a small women's college located in the Deep South. Scholarship on NCP frequently rehearses the regionalist character of its diverse handicrafts and its adherence to the central tenets of Arts and Crafts. This article explores how Newcomb College Pottery was neither so strictly regionalist nor so pure an embodiment of the Arts and Crafts spirit as is often averred. Situating Newcomb College Pottery within contemporary cultural debates concerning the formation of a “New South,” I demonstrate how the architects and advocates of Newcomb, inspired by the 1884 Cotton Centennial, sought to craft a largely aspirational identity that marketed NCP as a model industry that heralded commercial and cultural development in the region. It was only later, I argue, as the Pottery developed from an educational experiment into a widely known and respected handicraft enterprise, that it embraced the anti-industrial rhetoric that animated the broader Arts and Crafts movement and adopted the more sentimental form of regionalism that traded on romantic evocations of the Old South, in repudiation of the socially and economically progressive energies that gave it birth.
The costs of free: commoditization, bundling and concentration
Authors: BARNETT JONATHAN M.
Published: February 2018

Digital markets offer abundant free content but exhibit extreme concentration among content aggregation intermediaries. These characteristics are linked. Weak copyright environments select against stand-alone content-delivery structures and select for bundled aggregation structures in which free content for users promotes positively priced advertising and data-collection services for firms. Dominant intermediaries promote commoditization, and the reallocation of market rents from content producers to content aggregators, through litigation and free content distribution that weaken copyright protections. The potential net welfare effects raise concern. Network effects, compounded by weak inventory constraints, scale economies, and learning effects, promote winner-takes-all outcomes in the intermediary services market while weak copyright may generate output distortions in the content production market.
Effects of infant formula composition on long-term metabolic health
Authors: Lemaire M. , Le Huërou-Luron I. , Blat S.
Published: February 2018

Early nutrition may have long-lasting metabolic impacts in adulthood. Even though breast milk is the gold standard, most infants are at least partly formula-fed. Despite obvious improvements, infant formulas remain perfectible to reduce the gap between breastfed and formula-fed infants. Improvements such as reducing the protein content, modulating the lipid matrix and adding prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, are discussed regarding metabolic health. Numerous questions remain to be answered on how impacting the infant formula composition may modulate the host metabolism and exert long-term benefits. Interactions between early nutrition (composition of human milk and infant formula) and the gut microbiota profile, as well as mechanisms connecting gut microbiota to metabolic health, are highlighted. Gut microbiota stands as a key actor in the nutritional programming but additional well-designed longitudinal human studies are needed.
Loco-regional versus general anaesthesia for elective endovascular aneurysm repair – results of a cohort study and a meta-analysis
Authors: Hajibandeh Shahin , Hajibandeh Shahab , Adasonla Kelvin , Antoniou Stavros A. , Barrie Janet , Madan Manmohan , Antoniou George A.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Background: The aim of this study was to investigate whether patients undergoing elective endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) with loco-regional anaesthetic techniques have better outcomes than those treated with general anaesthesia (GA). Patients and methods: We retrospectively evaluated outcomes of EVAR performed with regional anaesthesia (RA) or GA over a five-year period. Furthermore, we searched electronic bibliographic sources (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and CENTRAL) to identify studies comparing different anaesthetic methods in EVAR. We defined perioperative mortality and morbidity as well as length of hospital stay (LOS) as the primary outcome measures. Pooled effect estimates were calculated using fixed-effect or random-effects models. Results are reported as the odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD) and 95 % confidence interval (CI). Results: Three hundred and fifty-five patients underwent standard EVAR over the study period (RA, 215 patients; GA 140 patients). Patients in both groups had comparable baseline demographics and clinical characteristics. Perioperative mortality was significantly lower in the RA group (0.5 % vs. 4.3 %, P = 0.017). No difference was found in perioperative morbidity (P = 0.370), LOS (P = 0.146), postoperative destination (P = 0.799), reoperation (P = 0.355) or readmission within 30 days (P = 0.846). Meta-analysis of data on 15,472 patients from 15 observational studies found a significantly lower perioperative mortality (OR 0.70, 95 % CI 0.52–0.95, P = 0.02) and morbidity (OR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.55–0.96, P = 0.02) in patients treated with loco-regional anaesthetic techniques compared to those treated with GA. Our sub-group analysis demonstrated that both local anaesthesia (LA) (P = 0.003) and RA (P < 0.0001) were associated with a significantly shorter LOS compared to GA. Conclusions: Local and/or regional anaesthetic techniques may be advantageous over GA in elective EVAR, as indicated by reduced perioperative mortality and morbidity and a shorter hospital stay. Considering the current level of evidence, LA or RA should be considered in selected patients. Further clinical research is required to provide high level evidence on the optimal anaesthetic technique in EVAR.
Observing the Ocean
Authors: Tanhua Toste
Published: February 2018

How measurements from a glider deployed off the coast of Peru are contributing to a much-needed long time-series data set.
Close Encounter with Jupiter
Authors: Yau Andrew , Dombard Andrew , Peterson W. , Williams Paul
Published: February 2018

First results from the Juno mission shed new light on Jupiter’s atmosphere, gravity, magnetic field, aurora, history, and more.
Seeing Soil Moisture from the Sky
Authors: Peng Jian
Published: February 2018

A recent paper in Reviews of Geophysics describes techniques for improving the spatial resolution of satellite data on soil moisture.
The Challenges Posed by Induced Seismicity
Authors: Grigoli Francesco , Wiemer Stefan
Published: February 2018

A recent paper in Reviews of Geophysics examined the increasing incidence of seismic events caused by industrial activities.
Thawing Permafrost: Monitored, Quantified, Predicted
Authors: Desai Ankur
Published: February 2018

With thawing permafrost projected to release significant amounts of carbon in response to climate change, one of the editors of JGR: Biogeosciences reflects on the slew of recent papers in this field.
How Does Changing Climate Bring More Extreme Events?
Authors: Wang S.-Y. , Yoon Jin-Ho , Funk Christopher , Gillies Robert
Published: February 2018

The editors of a new book describe how and why weather and climate phenomena are intensifying with climate change.
TRIM36, a novel androgen-responsive gene, enhances anti-androgen efficacy against prostate cancer by inhibiting MAPK/ERK signaling pathways
Authors: Liang Chao , Wang Shangqian , Qin Chao , Bao Meilin , Cheng Gong , Liu Bianjiang , Shao Pengfei , Lv Qiang , Song Ninghong , Hua Lixin , Gu Min , Li Jie , Wang Zengjun
Published: February 2018

Hormone therapy drugs, such as bicalutamide and enzalutamide, directed against prostate cancer focus on androgen receptor (AR) signaling and are initially effective, but the disease progresses to lethality as resistance to these drugs develops. A method to prolong the drug response time and improve the drug efficacy is still unavailable. TRIM36 was reported as a novel androgen signaling target gene and is upregulated in prostate cancer. In this study, we found that 63.4% (64/95) of PCa in TMA expressed the TRIM36 protein. Interestingly, patients with negative TRIM36 expression had a shorter biochemical recurrence-free survival. TRIM36 expression was significantly associated with the Gleason score (P = 0.005), delayed prostate cancer cell cycle progression and inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and these effects were mediated via inhibition of the MAPK/ERK phosphorylation pathway. Remarkably, we found that rescuing the expression of TRIM36 during anti-androgen therapy could improve the drug efficacy. Collectively, TRIM36 is a novel androgen-responsive gene, and it dramatically enhanced the efficacy of anti-androgen drugs against prostate cancer.
Enantioselective [3+3] atroposelective annulation catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes
Authors: Zhao Changgui , Guo Donghui , Munkerup Kristin , Huang Kuo-Wei , Li Fangyi , Wang Jian
Published: February 2018

Axially chiral molecules are among the most valuable substrates in organic synthesis. They are typically used as chiral ligands or catalysts in asymmetric reactions. Recent progress for the construction of these chiral molecules is mainly focused on the transition-metal-catalyzed transformations. Here, we report the enantioselective NHC-catalyzed (NHC: N-heterocyclic carbenes) atroposelective annulation of cyclic 1,3-diones with ynals. In the presence of NHC precatalyst, base, Lewis acid and oxidant, a catalytic C–C bond formation occurs, providing axially chiral α-pyrone−aryls in moderate to good yields and with high enantioselectivities. Control experiments indicated that alkynyl acyl azoliums, acting as active intermediates, are employed to atroposelectively assemble chiral biaryls and such a methodology may be creatively applied to other useful NHC-catalyzed asymmetric transformations.
Similarity of stream width distributions across headwater systems
Authors: Allen George H. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , Barefoot Eric A. , Lamb Michael P. , Butman David , Tashie Arik , Gleason Colin J.
Published: February 2018

The morphology and abundance of streams control the rates of hydraulic and biogeochemical exchange between streams, groundwater, and the atmosphere. In large river systems, the relationship between river width and abundance is fractal, such that narrow rivers are proportionally more common than wider rivers. However, in headwater systems, where many biogeochemical reactions are most rapid, the relationship between stream width and abundance is unknown. To constrain this uncertainty, we surveyed stream hydromorphology (wetted width and length) in several headwater stream networks across North America and New Zealand. Here, we find a strikingly consistent lognormal statistical distribution of stream width, including a characteristic most abundant stream width of 32 ± 7 cm independent of discharge or physiographic conditions. We propose a hydromorphic model that can be used to more accurately estimate the hydromorphology of streams, with significant impact on the understanding of the hydraulic, ecological, and biogeochemical functions of stream networks.