bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE β3-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR
Authors: Strosberg A. Donny
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The β3 subtype of adrenaline and noradrenaline receptors has now been extensively characterized at the structural and functional levels. Ligand binding and adenylyl cyclase activation studies helped define a β-adrenergic profile that is quite distinct from that of the β1-and β2-adrenergic receptors, but strongly reminiscent of most of the “atypical” responses reported in earlier pharmacologic studies.

Human, other large mammal, and rodent receptors share most of the characteristic β3 properties, although obvious species-specific differences have been identified. Recently, the incidence of a naturally occurring variant of the human β3-adrenergic receptor was shown to be correlated with hereditary obesity in Pima Indians and in Japanese individuals, and in Western obese patients with increased dynamic capacity to add on weight and develop non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). A mild weight increase was also shown to develop in female, but not male, mice in which the β3 receptor gene was disrupted.

Taken together, these results now provide a consistent picture of an important role of the β3-adrenoceptor in the regulation of lipid metabolism and as an obvious target for drugs to treat some forms of obesity.
THE PINEAL GLAND AND MELATONIN: Molecular and Pharmacologic Regulation
Authors: Borjigin Jimo , Li Xiaodong , Snyder Solomon H.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The pineal gland expresses a group of proteins essential for rhythmic melatonin production. This pineal-specific phenotype is the consequence of a temporally and spacially controlled program of gene expression. Understanding of pineal circadian biology has been greatly facilitated in recent years by a number of molecular studies, including the cloning of N-acetyltransferase, the determination of the in vivo involvement of the cAMP-inducible early repressor in the regulation of N-acetyltransferase, and the identification of a pineal transcriptional regulatory element and its interaction with the cone-rod homeobox protein. Likewise, appreciation the physiological roles of melatonin has increased dramatically with the cloning and targeted knockout of melatonin receptors. With these molecular tools in hand, we can now address more specific questions about how and why melatonin is made in the pineal at night and about how it influences the rest of the body.
Parallel Array and Mixture-Based Synthetic Combinatorial Chemistry: Tools for the Next Millennium
Authors: Houghten Richard A.
Published: July 2002

Technological advances continue to be a central driving force in the acceleration of the drug discovery process. Combinatorial chemistry methods, developed over the past 15 years, represent a paradigm shift in drug discovery. Initially viewed as a curiosity by the pharmaceutical industry, combinatorial chemistry is now recognized as an essential tool that decreases the time of discovery and increases the throughput of chemical screening by as much as 1000-fold. The use of parallel array synthesis approaches and mixture-based combinatorial libraries for drug discovery is reviewed.
Regulation and Role of Adenylyl Cyclase Isoforms
Authors: Hanoune Jacques , Defer Nicole
Published: July 2002

At least nine closely related isoforms of adenylyl cyclases (ACs), the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP, have been cloned and characterized in mammals. Depending on the properties and the relative levels of the isoforms expressed in a tissue or a cell type at a specific time, extracellular signals received through the G-protein-coupled receptors can be differentially integrated. The present review deals with various aspects of such regulations, emphasizing the role of calcium/calmodulin in activating AC1 and AC8 in the central nervous system, the potential inhibitory effect of calcium on AC5 and AC6, and the changes in the expression pattern of the isoforms during development. A particular emphasis is given to the role of cAMP during drug and ethanol dependency and to some experimental limitations (pitfalls in the interpretation of cellular transfection, scarcity of the invalidation models, existence of complex macromolecular structures, etc).
POLYKETIDE PRODUCTION BY PLANT-ASSOCIATED PSEUDOMONADS
Authors: Bender CL , Rangaswamy V , Loper J
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Polyketides constitute a huge family of structurally diverse natural products including antibiotics, chemotherapeutic compounds, and antiparasitics. Most of the research on polyketide synthesis in bacteria has focused on compounds synthesized by Streptomyces or other actinomycetes; however, plant-associated pseudomonads also produce a variety of compounds via the polyketide pathway including the phytotoxin coronatine, the antibiotic mupirocin, and the antifungal compounds pyoluteorin and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol. This review focuses on the mode of action, regulation, biosynthesis, and genetics of these four compounds and the potential use of Pseudomonas-derived polyketide synthases in the generation of novel compounds with unique activities.
Research on the Rust Fungi During the Twentieth Century
Authors: Staples Richard C.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Interest in the rust fungi derives from their success as plant pathogens. For example, the epidemic on coffee had serious economic and social impacts on diverse cultures. During the century, research on the rust germling shifted from a study of germling development, including a search for the signals that induce differentiation, to an examination of the genes expressed during host colonization. Research on host resistance was most influenced by Stakman, who studied the genetics and epidemiology of rust disease. His innovations enabled Flor to propose the gene-for-gene hypothesis, a concept that stimulated development of resistant crops, and led to research that gradually shifted during the century to an examination of the molecular basis of rust genetics.
Health Promotion in the City: A Review of Current Practice and Future Prospects in the United States
Authors: Freudenberg N.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  To achieve its health goals, the United States must reduce the disproportionate burden of illness and poor health borne by urban populations. In the 20th century, patterns of immigration and migration, changes in the global economy, increases in income inequality, and more federal support for suburbanization have made it increasingly difficult for cities to protect the health of all residents. In the last 25 years, epidemics of human immunodeficiency virus infections and substance abuse and increases in homelessness, lack of health insurance, rates of violence, and concentrations of certain pollutants have also damaged the health of urban residents. Several common strategies for health promotion are described, and their relevance to the unique characteristics of urban populations is assessed. To identify ways to strengthen health promotion practices in U.S. cities, lessons have been taken from five related fields of endeavor: human rights, church- and faith-based social action, community economic development, youth development, and the new social movements. By integrating lessons from these areas into their practice, public health professionals can help to revitalize the historic mission of public health, contribute to creating healthier cities, and better achieve national health objectives.
Features, θ-Roles, and Free Constituent Order
Authors: Fanselow Gisbert
Published: July 2002

This article proposes a new base generation account of free constituent order. Scrambling as movement is incompatible with central assumptions of the Minimalist Program:it cannot involve the checking of strong categorial features. Concentrating on German, the article refutes the standard empirical arguments for scrambling and shows that free constituent order is a base-generated phenomenon. The article proposes that °-role assignment is a by-product of checking the formal features of arguments. When checking features are strong, word order is fixed; when checking features are weak, free constituent order arises owing to a relativized interpretation of the Minimal Link Condition.
Unsupervised Named Entity Recognition Using Syntactic and Semantic Contextual Evidence
Authors: Cucchiarelli Alessandro , Velardi Paola
Published: July 2002

Proper nouns form an open class, making the incompleteness of manually or automatically learned classification rules an obvious problem. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to suggest the use of a complementary “backup” method to increase the robustness of any hand-crafted or machine-learning-based NE tagger; and second, to explore the effectiveness of using more fine-grained evidence—namely, syntactic and semantic contextual knowledge—in classifying NEs.
Neural Interaction of the Amygdala with the Prefrontal and Temporal Cortices in the Processing of Facial Expressions as Revealed by fMRI
Authors: Iidaka Tetsuya , Omori Masao , Murata Tetsuhito , Kosaka Hirotaka , Yonekura Yoshiharu , Okada Tomohisa , Sadato Norihiro
Published: July 2002

Some involvement of the human amygdala in the processing of facial expressions has been investigated in neuroimaging studies, although the neural mechanisms underlying motivated or emotional behavior in response to facial stimuli are not yet fully understood. We investigated, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and healthy volunteers, how the amygdala interacts with other cortical regions while subjects are judging the sex of faces with negative, positive, or neutral emotion. The data were analyzed by a subtractive method, then, to clarify possible interaction among regions within the brain, several kinds of analysis (i.e., a correlation analysis, a psychophysiological interaction analysis and a structural equation modeling) were performed. Overall, significant activation was observed in the bilateral fusiform gyrus, medial temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex, and the right parietal lobe during the task. The results of subtraction between the conditions showed that the left amygdala, right orbitofrontal cortex, and temporal cortices were predominantly involved in the processing of the negative expressions. The right angular gyrus was involved in the processing of the positive expressions when the negative condition was subtracted from the positive condition. The correlation analysis showed that activity in the left amygdala positively correlated with activity in the left prefrontal cortex under the negative minus neutral subtraction condition. The psychophysiological interaction revealed that the neural responses in the left amygdala and the right prefrontal cortex underwent the condition-specific changes between the negative and positive face conditions. The right amygdaloid activity also had an interactive effect with activity in the right hippocampus and middle temporal gyrus. These results may suggest that the left and right amygdalae play a differential role in effective processing of facial expressions in collaboration with other cortical or subcortical regions, with the left being related with the bilateral prefrontal cortex, and the right with the right temporal lobe.
Deficits in Complex Visual Perception Following Unilateral Temporal Lobectomy
Authors: Huxlin Krystel R. , Merigan William H.
Published: July 2002

Although human temporal cortex is known to be important for short- and long-term memory, its role in visual perception is not well understood. In this study, we compared the performance of three patients with unilateral temporal lobectomies to that of normal controls on both fisimplefl and ficomplexfl visual discriminations that did not involve explicit memory components. Two types of complex tasks were tested that involved discriminations secondary to texture segmentation. These were contrasted with simple discriminations using luminance-defined stimuli. Patients showed impaired thresholds only on tasks involving texture segmentation, performing as well as controls when the targets were defined by luminance rather than texture. The minimum stimulus presentation times for threshold performance were also measured for all tasks and found to be elevated in temporal lobectomy patients relative to controls. Although the magnitude of the deficits observed was substantial, loss was equivalent in ipsi- and contra-lesional regions of the visual field. Additional control experiments showed that the patients' perceptual deficits were not due, even in part, to disturbances of basic visual capacities such as acuity and contrast sensitivity. Our results indicate that temporal lobe damage disrupts complex, but not simple, visual discriminations throughout the visual field.
Dynamics of Spiking Neurons with Electrical Coupling
Authors: Chow Carson C. , Kopell Nancy
Published: July 2002

We analyze the existence and stability of phase-locked states of neurons coupled electrically with gap junctions. We show that spike shape and size, along with driving current (which affects network frequency), play a large role in which phase-locked modes exist and are stable. Our theory makes predictions about biophysical models using spikes of different shapes, and we present simulations to confirm the predictions. We also analyze a large system of all-to-all coupled neurons and show that the splay-phase state can exist only for a certain range of frequencies.
The Approach of a Neuron Population Firing Rate to a New Equilibrium: An Exact Theoretical Result
Authors: Knight B. W. , Omurtag A. , Sirovich L.
Published: July 2002

The response of a noninteracting population of identical neurons to a step change in steady synaptic input can be analytically calculated exactly from the dynamical equation that describes the population's evolution in time. Here, for model integrate-and-fire neurons that undergo a fixed finite upward shift in voltage in response to each synaptic event, we compare the theoretical prediction with the result of a direct simulation of 90,000 model neurons. The degree of agreement supports the applicability of the population dynamics equation. The theoretical prediction is in the form of a series. Convergence is rapid, so that the full result is well approximated by a few terms.
A Statistical Theory of Long-Term Potentiation and Depression
Authors: Beggs John M.
Published: July 2002

The synaptic phenomena of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) have been intensively studied for over twenty-five years. Although many diverse aspects of these forms of plasticity have been observed, no single theory has offered a unifying explanation for them. Here, a statistical “bin” model is proposed to account for a variety of features observed in LTP and LTD experiments performed with field potentials in mammalian cortical slices. It is hypothesized that long-term synaptic changes will be induced when statistically unlikely conjunctions of pre- and postsynaptic activity occur. This hypothesis implies that finite changes in synaptic strength will be proportional to information transmitted by conjunctions and that excitatory synapses will obey a Hebbian rule (Hebb, 1949). Using only one set of constants, the bin model offers an explanation as to why synaptic strength decreases in a decelerating manner during LTD induction (Mulkey & Malenka, 1992); why the induction protocols for LTP and LTD are asymmetric (Dudek & Bear, 1992; Mulkey & Malenka, 1992); why stimulation over a range of frequencies produces a frequency-response curve similar to that proposed by the BCM theory (Bienenstock, Cooper, & Munro, 1982; Dudek & Bear, 1992); and why this curve would shift as postsynaptic activity is changed (Kirkwood, Rioult, & Bear, 1996). In addition, the bin model offers an alternative to the BCM theory by predicting that changes in postsynaptic activity will produce vertical shifts in the curve rather than merely horizontal shifts.
Subtractive and Divisive Inhibition: Effect of Voltage-Dependent Inhibitory Conductances and Noise
Authors: Doiron Brent , Longtin André , Berman Neil , Maler Leonard
Published: July 2002

The influence of voltage-dependent inhibitory conductances on firing rate versus input current (f-I) curves is studied using simulations from a new compartmental model of a pyramidal cell of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. The voltage dependence of shunting-type inhibition enhances the subtractive effect of inhibition on f-I curves previously demonstrated in Holt and Koch (1997) for the voltage-independent case. This increased effectiveness is explained using the behavior of the average subthreshold voltage with input current and, in particular, the nonlinearity of Ohm's law in the subthreshold regime. Our simulations also reveal, for both voltage-dependent and -independent inhibitory conductances, a divisive inhibition regime at low frequencies (f < 40 Hz). This regime, dependent on stochastic inhibitory synaptic input and a coupling of inhibitory strength and variance, gives way to subtractive inhibition at higher-output frequencies (f > 40 Hz). A simple leaky integrate- and-fire type model that incorporates the voltage dependence supports the results from our full ionic simulations.
Correction to Proof That Recurrent Neural Networks Can Robustly Recognize Only Regular Languages
Authors: Casey Mike
Published: July 2002

Our earlier article, “The Dynamics of Discrete-Time Computation, with Application to Recurrent Neural Networks and Finite State Machine Extraction” (Casey, 1996), contains a corollary that shows that finite dimensional recurrent neural networks with noise in their state variables that perform algorithmic computations can perform only finite state machine computations. The proof of the corollary is technically incorrect. The problem resulted from the fact that the proof of the theorem on which the corollary is based was more general than the statement of the theorem, and it was the contents of the proof rather than the statement that were used to prove the corollary. In this note, we state the theorem in the necessary generality and then give the corrected proof of the corollary.
Analysis of Integrate-and-Fire Neurons: Synchronization of Synaptic Input and Spike Output
Authors: Burkitt A. N. , Clark G. M.
Published: July 2002

A new technique for analyzing the probability distribution of output spikes for the integrate-and-fire model is presented. This technique enables us to investigate models with arbitrary synaptic response functions that incorporate both leakage across the membrane and a rise time of the postsynaptic potential. The results, which are compared with numerical simulations, are exact in the limit of a large number of small-amplitude inputs. This method is applied to the synchronization problem, in which we examine the relationship between the spread in arrival times of the inputs (the temporal jitter of the synaptic input) and the resultant spread in the times at which the output spikes are generated (output jitter). The results of previous studies, which indicated that the ratio of the output jitter to the input jitter is consistently less than one and that it decreases for increasing numbers of inputs, are confirmed for three classes of the integrate-and-fire model. In addition to the previously identified factors of axonal propagation times and synaptic jitter, we identify the variation in the spike-generating thresholds of the neurons and the variation in the number of active inputs as being important factors that determine the timing jitter in layered networks. Previously observed phase differences between optimally and suboptimally stimulated neurons may be understood in terms of the relative time taken to reach threshold.
Dynamic Stochastic Synapses as Computational Units
Authors: Maass Wolfgang , Zador Anthony M.
Published: July 2002

In most neural network models, synapses are treated as static weights that change only with the slow time scales of learning. It is well known, however, that synapses are highly dynamic and show use-dependent plasticity over a wide range of time scales. Moreover, synaptic transmission is an inherently stochastic process: a spike arriving at a presynaptic terminal triggers the release of a vesicle of neurotransmitter from a release site with a probability that can be much less than one.

We consider a simple model for dynamic stochastic synapses that can easily be integrated into common models for networks of integrate-andfire neurons (spiking neurons). The parameters of this model have direct interpretations in terms of synaptic physiology. We investigate the consequences of the model for computing with individual spikes and demonstrate through rigorous theoretical results that the computational power of the network is increased through the use of dynamic synapses.
Implicit Learning in 3D Object Recognition: The Importance of Temporal Context
Authors: Becker Suzanna
Published: July 2002

A novel architecture and set of learning rules for cortical self-organization is proposed. The model is based on the idea that multiple information channels can modulate one another's plasticity. Features learned from bottom-up information sources can thus be influenced by those learned from contextual pathways, and vice versa. A maximum likelihood cost function allows this scheme to be implemented in a biologically feasible, hierarchical neural circuit. In simulations of the model, we first demonstrate the utility of temporal context in modulating plasticity. The model learns a representation that categorizes people's faces according to identity, independent of viewpoint, by taking advantage of the temporal continuity in image sequences. In a second set of simulations, we add plasticity to the contextual stream and explore variations in the architecture. In this case, the model learns a two-tiered representation, starting with a coarse view-based clustering and proceeding to a finer clustering of more specific stimulus features. This model provides a tenable account of how people may perform 3D object recognition in a hierarchical, bottom-up fashion.
Compositional Processes from an Ecological Perspective
Authors: Keller Damián
Published: July 2002

The author discusses the conceptual basis of an ecological approach to music composition, considering the epistemological and compositional concepts involved. The author's text-and-tape piece, touch'n'go/toco y me voy, is presented as an example of an ecologically based musical work, in which the sound event functions as the basic unit of multilevel musical structures. Digital resynthesis techniques are integrated in the compositional process by means of environmental sound models. Ecological models establish formal relationships without obscuring the recognizability of everyday sounds. Materials, techniques, perceptual constraints and references to social issues are integrated in a consistent compositional method.
From Being Jealous of a Dog's Vein
Authors: Tatsumi Hijikata
Published: July 2002

For the first time in English, we present many of Hijikata's aesthetic and poetic texts. These texts are put into context by Kurihara Nanako's introductory essay. The section includes an interview with Hijikata and a conversation between Hijikata and Japanese experimental theatre innovator Suzuki Tadashi.
Up against the Ropes: Peter Jackson As “Uncle Tom” in America
Authors: Clark Susan F.
Published: July 2002

Nineteenth-century heavyweight champion of Australia, Peter Jackson, “The Black Prince”, could not get a world-title match with John L. Sullivan, the “Boston Strong Boy.” Racism was the reason. Jackson turned to acting, and exhibition fights between acts—becoming the best-known “Uncle Tom” of his day.
1931 Antonin Artaud Sees Balinese Theatre at the Paris Colonial ExpositionI
Authors: Savarese Nicola
Published: July 2002

What did Artaud “really see” at the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition? The French visionary's response to the Exposition's Balinese dancers has had a huge influence on European and American theatre and performance art. Savarese describes the Exposition and then traces in detail the Balinese program and Artaud's reaction to it.
The Fully Immersive Team Training (FITT) Research System: Design and Implementation
Authors: Lampton D. R. , Parsons J. B.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the design and implementation of the Fully Immersive Team Training (FITT) research system. FITT was developed to support research on the use of distributed virtual environments (VEs) for team training. A generic search mission was created and modeled after decision-making and procedural tasks used by military and civilian small teams in conducting missions in emergency situations. The hardware and software functional requirements for the development of FITT were defined by the characteristics of the mission environment to be simulated, the team members' actions and interactions necessary to complete the mission, and instructional features and interventions relevant to training research. These requirements included locomotion, object manipulation and aiming, communication among participants, design of avatars for participants and computer-generated forces, data capture and playback, and a host of networking issues. A brief description of the first experiment conducted with FITT is presented as an example of how the system will be used in VE training research.
Evolution of Linguistic Diversity in a Simple Communication System
Authors: Arita Takaya , Koyama Yuhji
Published: July 2002

This article reports on the current state of our efforts to shed light on the origin and evolution of linguistic diversity using synthetic modeling and artificial life techniques. We construct a simple abstract model of a communication system that has been designed with regard to referential signaling in nonhuman animals. We analyze the evolutionary dynamics of vocabulary sharing based on these experiments. The results show that mutation rates, population size, and resource restrictions define the classes of vocabulary sharing. We also see a dynamic equilibrium, where two states, a state with one dominant shared word and a state with several dominant shared words, take turns appearing. We incorporate the idea of the abstract model into a more concrete situation and present an agent-based model to verify the results of the abstract model and to examine the possibility of using linguistic diversity in the field of distributed AI and robotics. It has been shown that the evolution of linguistic diversity in vocabulary sharing will support cooperative behavior in a population of agents.
A Theoretical Foundation for Life‐Cycle Assessment
Authors: Hertwich Edgar G. , Hammitt James K. , Pease William S.
Published: July 2002

The presence of value judgments in life‐cycle impact assessment (LCIA) has been a constant source of controversy. According to a common interpretation, the international standard on LCIA requires that the assessment methods used in published comparisons be “value free.” Epistemologists argue that even natural science rests on “constitutive” and “contextual” value judgments. The example of the equivalency potential for climate change, the global warming potential (GWP), demonstrates that any impact assessment method inevitably contains not only constitutive and contextual values, but also preference values. Hence, neither life‐cycle assessment (LCA) as a whole nor any of its steps can be “value free.” As a result, we suggest a more comprehensive definition of objectivity in LCA that allows arguments about values and their relationship to facts. We distinguish three types of truth claims: factual claims, which are based on natural science; normative claims, which refer to preference values; and relational claims, which address the proper relation between factual knowledge and values. Every assessment method, even the GWP, requires each type of claim. Rational arguments can be made about each type of claim. Factual truth claims can be assessed using the scientific method. Normative claims can be based on ethical arguments. The values of individuals or groups can be elicited using various social science methods. Relational claims must follow the rules of logic. Relational claims are most important for the development of impact assessment methods. Because LCAs are conducted to satisfy the need of decision makers to consider environmental impacts, relational claims about impact assessment methods should refer to this goal. This article introduces conditions that affect environmental decision making and discusses how LCA—values and all—can be defended as a rational response to the challenge of moving uncertain scientific information into the policy arena.
The Life‐Cycle of Chlorine, Part IV
Authors: Ayres Robert U. , Ayres Leslie W.
Published: July 2002

Some cyclic organo‐chlorines share key characteristics to a significant degree, notably volatility, solubility in lipids, environmental persistence, a tendency to bioaccumulation, and toxicity to animals. A subset of this group has been designated “persistent organic pollutants” (POPs). Because of their volatility, persistence, and tendency to bioaccumulate, POPs are found in remote locations, such as the Arctic, far from the locations where they were initially used or produced.

Except PCDDs (dioxins) and PCDFs (furans), all are, or were, originally produced for use as such, mainly as pesticides or herbicides. PCDDs and PCDFs have never been produced for their own sake; they are unwanted contaminants of chemical intermediates that were passed on and incorporated in final products, notably herbicides; they are also generated spontaneously in most combustion processes and chlorine bleaching of paper. Most POPs have been sharply restricted or banned outright in most of the industrialized countries, but not in less developed countries.

The qualities of persistence and bioaccumulation give special urgency to monitoring not only point source emissions and local concentrations, but also the mobile environmental reservoirs and exposure routes of these chemicals. To conduct adequate risk analyses, far more detailed data is needed on quantities produced and used, quantities and location of storage, mode of use, location of use, and period of use. Such data are not collected consistently by government or international agencies.
Foxes and Sex in Late Imperial Chinese Narrative
Authors: Huntington Rania
Published: July 2002

This article explores the nature of sexuality in narratives about shape-changing fox spirits from the Ming and Qing. The concept of an inherently sexual species was refined through associations with sexually marked categories of women, notably prostitutes and dangerous concubines, which work differently in different narrative genres. Although more attention is devoted to sexually disruptive vixens, stories about male foxes with human sexual partners of either gender shed light on gendered ideas of the relationship between will and desire. At the same time as the fox narrative explores the danger of sexuality, concepts of parasitism and self-advancement divert focus away from desire as such.
Hedonism and the Pleasureless Life in Plato's Philebus
Authors: Carone Gabriela Roxana
Published: July 2002

This paper re-evaluates the role that Plato confers to pleasure in the Philebus. According to leading interpretations, Plato there downplays the role of pleasure, or indeed rejects hedonism altogether. Thus, scholars such as D. Frede have taken the "mixed life" of pleasure and intelligence initially submitted in the Philebus to be conceded by Socrates only as a remedial good, second to a life of neutral condition, where one would experience no pleasure and pain. Even more strongly, scholars such as Irwin have seen the Philebus' arguments against false pleasures as an actual attack on hedonism, showing in Irwin's words "why maximization of pleasure cannot be a reasonable policy for the best life." Against these claims, I argue that the mixed life of pleasure and intelligence is presented in the Philebus as a rst best and not just as a second best for humans, and that, accordingly, Socrates proposes to incorporate rather than reject pleasure as one of the intrinsically desirable aspects of the happy life. Thus, I offer alternative readings of controversial passages that have given rise to the prevalent interpretation criticized here, and advance positive evidence that at least some pleasures are seen by Plato as inherently good. In addition, I demonstrate that Plato's arguments against false pleasures do not by themselves constitute an attack on hedonism. Rather, they can be seen as a strategy to show the hedonist that, in order to be a maximal, or even a consistent, hedonist, he should go for true, and not fake pleasures, if after all pleasure is the object of his pursuit. But, since this cannot be achieved without intelligence, then the mixed life of pleasure and intelligence is to be accepted even by hedonist themselves.
Allozyme variation and geographic differentiation in the Chilean leptodactylid frog Batrachyla taeniata (Girard, 1854)
Authors: Brieva Lila , Formas J. Ramón
Published: July 2002

Electrophoretic variation in proteins encoded by 15 loci was analyzed in nine populations of the Chilean leptodactylid frog Batrachyla taeniata. The overall proportion of polymorphic loci was estimated to be 16.2% and the average number of alleles per locus, 1.18. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities for the populations were 0.9% and 5.9%, respectively. The average Rogers genetic distance among pairs of populations was 0.105. F statistics analysis showed high levels of genetic subdivision (Fst = 0.450). An isolation-by-distance test indicated significant correlation between genetic and geographical distance. Resumen. Se analizó la variabilidad electroforética de proteínas codificadas por 15 loci en nueve poblaciones de la rana leptodactílida chilena Batrachyla taeniata. La proporción general de loci polimórficos se estimó en 16,2% y el número promedio de alelos por locus en 1,18. Las heterocigosidades observadas y esperadas promedio fueron 0,9% y 5,9% respectivamente. El promedio de la distancia de Rogers entre pares de poblaciones fue 0,105. El análisis estadístico de F mostró altos niveles de subdivisión genética (Fst = 0,450). El análisis del aislamiento por distancia indicó una correlación significativa entre la distancia genética y la distancia geográfica.
Movement of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in tracheal system of adult Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Aikawa Takuya , Togashi Katsumi
Published: July 2002

To clarify the movement of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in the tracheal system
of adult Monochamus alternatus, 49 adult beetles were dissected 0, 15, 30,
45 or 60 days after emergence and the nematodes heading inwards to the
distal end and outwards to spiracles in tracheae were counted. In adult
beetles just after emergence, the majority of nematodes headed inwards. The
proportion of tracheae with nematodes heading outwards was significantly
higher for beetles aged 15, 30 or 45 days than for newly-emerged beetles.
The proportion of nematodes pointing outwards tended to increase with beetle
age and was significantly greater in 45-day old beetles than in newly
emerged ones. A comparison of prediction with observation suggests that the
nematodes move forwards in the tracheal system from spiracles and exit from
spiracles after turning round in the tracheae. Le déplacement de
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) dans le système
trachéen des adultes de Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) -
Pour mieux comprendre le déplacement de Bursaphelenchus xylophilus dans le
système trachéen de Monochamus alternatus 49 insectes ont été disséqués 0,
15, 30, 45 ou 60 jours après l'émergence et les nématodes se dirigeant dans
les trachées vers l'intérieur - partie distale - et vers l'extérieur -
stigmates - ont été comptés. Chez les insectes adultes, immédiatement après
l'émergence la majorité des nématodes se dirigent vers l'intérieur. La
proportion de trachées contenant des nématodes se dirigeant vers l'extérieur
est significativement plus élevée chez les insectes âgés de 15, 30 ou 45
jours que chez ceux ayant émergé depuis peu. La proportion de nématodes se
dirigeant vers l'avant a tendance à croître avec l'âge de l'insecte: elle
est en effet significativement plus élevée chez les insectes âgés de 45
jours que chez ceux dont l'émergence est récente. La comparaison entre
projection et observations suggère que les nématodes progressent dans le
système trachéen à partir des stigmates et sortent par ces derniers après
s'être retournés dans la trachée.
Développement des populations de Meloidogyne javanica et de Scutellonema cavenessi dans les systèmes de culture maraîchère au Sénégal
Authors: Diop Mamadou Thiam , Ndiaye Saliou , Mounport Danamou , Mateille Thierry
Published: July 2002

L'évolution des populations de Meloidogyne javanica et de Scutellonema
cavenessi a été suivie au cours de cinq cycles culturaux alternant des
plantes sensibles (tomate, niébé ou plantes adventices) ou non sensibles
(arachide et mil) à Meloidogyne spp. Alors que les cultures non sensibles ne
permettent effectivement pas la multiplication de M. javanica, toutes les
cultures sont sensibles à S. cavenessi. L'opportunité de méthodes de lutte
culturale à l'aide de plantes résistantes à Meloidogyne spp. dans des
systèmes de cultures susceptibles de modifier la composition des peuplements
nématologiques est discutée. Development of Meloidogyne javanica and
Scutellonema cavenessi populations in vegetable crop systems in Senegal -
Populations of Meloidogyne javanica and Scutellonema cavenessi were analysed
during five cycles alternating crops susceptible (tomato, cowpea or weeds)
or not susceptible (groundnut and millet) to Meloidogyne spp. Even though
the non-susceptible crops did not effectively allow the multiplication of M.
javanica, all the crops were susceptible to S. cavenessi. The potential of
cultural control methods with plants resistant to Meloidogyne spp. in
agrosystems including crops which can modify the nematode communities is
discussed.
Radopholus nativus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae), a potential economic pest of wheat in Western Australia
Authors: Kelly Sean , Riley Ian
Published: July 2002

Large population densities (more than 100 000 per g dry weight of roots) of Radopholus nativus apparently caused economic damage to wheat near Wyalkatchem, Western Australia. Plants in large areas of poor growth were colonised by R. nativus, whereas in areas of better growth Pratylenchus neglectus occurred at lower population densities. The boundary between the areas was distinct. In the same year (1998), a further nine wheat samples were found to be infested with R. nativus through examination of 300 diagnostic samples submitted by Western Australian growers. Mixed Radopholus/Pratylenchus populations occurred in six of those samples. Populations of R. nativus were widely dispersed throughout the cropping areas of the State. It is concluded that R. nativus has the potential under certain conditions and/or crop rotations to reach high population density and cause economic loss.
Plant parasitic nematodes from a forest tree nursery in southern Spain with some notes about the influence of soil storage on the quantitative recovery of Meloidogyne arenaria
Authors: Talavera Miguel , Magunacelaya Juan Carlos , Tobar Antonio
Published: July 2002

A nematological survey was carried out in a forest tree nursery in Andujar,
southern Spain. Meloidogyne arenaria was found in soil and roots samples
from Acacia sp., Biota sp., Juglans regia, Pinus spp., Salix babilonica and
Sophora japonica. Pratylenchus vulnus was found in Acacia sp., Cupressus
macrocarpa, Juglans regia, Ligustrum japonica, Morus sp., Pinus spp.,
Populus sp., Salix babilonica and Ulmus pumila. Helicotylenchus sp.,
Xiphinema americanum and Tylenchorhynchus sp. were found in all the plant
species planted in the nursery. Paratylenchus sp., Criconemella sp. and
Zygotylenchus guevarai host ranges are also given. The influence of soil
storage on the recovery of M. arenaria was studied. At storage temperatures
similar to those of the nursery (10-15°C), densities of M. arenaria in soil
increased until the sixth week after sampling and were then maintained until
the thirteenth week of storage. Incubation temperatures below 16°C during
the migration of nematodes through a cottonwool filter, reduced the number
of M. arenaria juveniles recovered after 15 h, but increasing migration time
up to 39 h could counterbalance this reduction. Pflanzenparasitare Nematoden
aus einer sudspanischen Forstbaumschulemit einigen Bemerkungen uber den
Einfluss der Probenlagerung auf den quantitativen Nachweis von Meloidogyne
arenaria - In einer Forstbaumschule in Andujar, Sudspanien, wurde eine
nematologische Untersuchung durchgefuhrt. Meloidogyne arenaria wurde in
Boden- und Wurzelproben von Acacia sp., Biota sp., Juglans regia, Pinus
spp., Salix babilonica und Sophora japonica gefunden. Pratylenchus vulnus
konnte an Acacia sp., Cupressus macrocarpa, Juglans regia, Ligustrum
japonica, Morus sp., Pinus spp., Populus sp., Salix babilonica und Ulmus
pumila nachgewiesen werden. Helicotylenchus sp., Xiphinema americanum und
Tylenchorhynchus sp. wurden an allen Pflanzenarten gefunden, die in der
Baumschule angebaut wurden. Ferner werden die Wirtspflanzen von
Paratylenchus sp., Criconemella sp. und Zygotylenchus guevarai genannt. Dann
wurde auch der Einfluss der Probelagerung auf den Nachweis von M. arenaria
untersucht. Bei Lagerungstemperaturen von 10-15°C, die ahnlich waren wie die
in der Baumschule, nahmen die Dichten von M. arenaria bis zur sechsten Woche
nach der Probenahme zu und hielten sich dann bis zur 13. Woche der Lagerung.
Temperaturen unter 16°C wahrend der Wanderung durch ein Baumwollwattefilter
verminderten die Anzahl der nach 15h wiedergefundenen Juvenilen, doch konnte
eine Verlangerung der Wanderzeit auf 39h diese Verminderung ausgleichen.
Reflections on Feminism and Monism in the Kaiserreich, 1900–1913
Authors: Dickinson Edward Ross
Published: July 2002

The League for the Protection of Motherhood (Bund für Mutterschutz und Sexualreform, or BfM) was the largest and most active sex-reform organization in Germany before the First World War. The league was at the center of a broad debate about sexuality, gender roles, the family, and population policy, in which representatives not only of the women's movements but also of the Christian churches, the medical and psychiatric establishments, and the sexology, eugenics, and life-reform (particularly nudist) movements participated. Both this broader debate and the BfM itself have been the subject of intensive study over the past fifteen years. One major interpretive focus of the literature to date has been on the issue of the extent to which the biologistic, social Darwinist, and eugenic ideas prominent in the thinking of many of the leading figures in the BfM were or were not evidence of a turning away from liberal, individualist feminism and toward the political and social Right, or of deeper intellectual affinities between National Socialism and sex reform — a point regarding which there is still considerable disagreement.
Variations in the chemistry of smectites from the Calatayud Basin (NE Spain)
Authors: Mayayo M. J. , Bauluz B. , Gonzalez Lopez J. M.
Published: July 2002

Smectites of sedimentary series from a playa lake system from Calatayud Basin have been studied by XRD and TEM chemical microanalyses. Clay particle microanalyses show complete continuity between dioctahedral aluminous and trioctahedral magnesian smectites. Aluminous smectites have been classified as montmorillonites and ferribeidellites, both with compositional variability. They represent detrital phases resulting from weathering in the source area. Compositionally-intermediate smectites (beidellite-saponite and montmorillonite-stevensite) seem to correspond to weighted mean compositions of di- and trioctahedral phases stacked together in the same particle. They represent intermediate transitional stages from detrital to authigenic smectites in more distal basin facies. Trioctahedral smectites, although called saponites and stevensites, are actually random mixed-layer kerolite-Mg-smectite with a high percentage of expandable layers. They represent authigenic clays formed from solutions with high pH and Mg content as a result of evaporative concentration. The variability in composition of smectites, both within the same sample and amongst different samples, is a possible consequence of the heterogeneity in the local chemical environment, and so, equilibrium may be only reached locally in a large variety of microsystems.
Hydrothermal formation of kaolinite from various metakaolins
Authors: Fialips C. - I . , Petit S. , Decarreau A.
Published: July 2002

Metakaolins formed by total dehydroxylation of kaolinite, dickite and nacrite were hydrothermally treated at 240°C, for 2, 21 or 182 days, at initial pH = 5– 6 or 1. Kaolinite was the only mineral of the kaolin subgroup crystallized in these treatments. Kaolinite is less ordered for pH = 4– 6 than for pH = 1. This can be attributed to the influence of specific chemical, morphological, and/or crystalline properties of the metakaolins. Two different processes of kaolinite formation and crystal growth must be involved depending on the pH and metakaolin. The first process implies the dissolution of the metakaolin and crystallization of thin prismatic or dendritic kaolinite particles which curl, probably due to surface tension. The second process implies the rapid formation of small pseudohexagonal kaolinite particles which would aggregate and coalesce to form bigger particles.
Clay minerals in the agricultural surface soils in the Central United States
Authors: Velde B.
Published: July 2002

A survey of the clay fraction at the surface of 86 loam and silt loam agricultural soils from the Central United States was undertaken to observe the possible influences of climate and parent material (dominantly phyllosilicates in this study) on the clay mineralogy of the upper portions of the soils, for the most part in Mollisol–Alfisol order soils.

Decomposed X-ray diffraction spectra show that the most abundant clay minerals are two disordered illite-smectite (I-S) minerals, one with ∼50% smectite layers and another, less abundant, disordered I-S phase with 20% smectite. These minerals usually co-exist in the same samples. The charge site in both of these I-S minerals is both beidellitic and montmorillonitic in the expanding layers. A relatively large proportion of these smectite layers (up to 20%) are of high charge.

There seems to be a convergence in mineralogy towards mixed-layer phases formed under a range of mid-Continent climates from a range of phyllosilicate parent materials.
Mineral fractionation and pre- and post-emplacement processes in the uppermost part of the Shiant Isles Main Sill
Authors: Henderson C. M. B. , Gibb F. G. F. , Foland K. A.
Published: July 2002

Reinvestigation of the top 25 m of the 165 m thick Shiant Isles Main Sill requires reinterpretation of its internal structure, especially of the last unit emplaced – the granular olivine picro-dolerite. New mineral analyses allow re-assessment of the magmatic processes involved in the intrusion and differentiation of this classic multiple sill. C-shaped vertical mineral composition profiles, which occur in olivine-rich, alkaline basaltic sills, reflect reaction between phenocrysts and variable composition liquids. A case is made for vertical migration of interstitial liquids within and across the boundaries of intrusive units, for the mixing of such liquids from adjacent units, and for their influence on mineral chemistry on both sides of the interface.