bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological and morphological characteristics of endoparasitoids on Elcysma westwoodii (Vollenhoven) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)
Authors: CHO Youngho , KIM Youngjin , HAN Yong‐Gu , KANG Young Kook , CHOI Minjoo , LIM Heonmyoung , PARK Youngjun , NAM Sang‐Ho
Published: September 2010

Six species of insect endoparasitoids were identified from Elcysma westwoodii, which is the most damaging lepidopteran pest of Prunus yedoensis. From Hymenoptera, two species were identified: a species in Braconidae and Charops striatus in Ichneumonidae. From Diptera, there were four species in Tachinidae: Compsilura concinnata, Exorista sp., Pales sp. and Tachinidae spp. The parasitic ratio was 4.86% (45 of 926 larvae). The hymenopterans were parasitic on 31 individuals of E. westwoodii (68.9%) and the dipterans were parasitic on 14 individuals (31.1%). It was found that parasitoids from the larvae of E. westwoodii were all either endoparasitoids or larval parasitoids. However, Exorista sp. of Tachinidae was found to be either a larval parasitoid or larval‐pupal parasitoid. Additionally, all the identified parasitoids were solitary parasitoids, as only one parasite occurred in a larva of E. westwoodii. Because the larva of E. westwoodii eats and molts after it is parasitized, all the parasitoids were identified as koinobionts. There were no big differences in morphological characteristics and life histories between C. striatus and C. concinnata. However, for Exorista sp. and Pales sp., males took 3–5 days longer to emerge from their pupae and had remarkably longer body lengths than females.
Lemyra flammeola (Moore) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae), new to Korea
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong
Published: September 2010

An arctiine species Lemyra flammeola (Moore) is newly recorded from Korea. Three specimens of L. flammeola were collected on the island of Jejudo in September of 2009. Here we provide a diagnosis and systematic account of L. flammeola. Up to now 79 species of Arctiidae have been recorded from the Korean peninsula.
Accessory gland secretory proteins in relation to fitness parameters of Drosophila ananassae and D. varians
Authors: HIREMANI Raghavendra B. , SHIVANNA Nanjaiah
Published: September 2010

Developmental morphometry, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the accessory gland secretory proteins, fecundity and productivity in relation to protein ejected during subsequent (first to fourth‐time) matings have been studied in Drosophila ananassae Doleschall and Drosophila varians Bock. In both species, size and secretion of accessory glands increases from 1 to 8 days and the stored secretion ejected from males to the female genital tract during subsequent mating varies. The maximum number of eggs and flies are produced from the females mated with bachelor males and it is a minimum when virgin females are mated with fourth‐time mated males. Sodium dodecylsulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of accessory gland secretory protein patterns and their glycosylation differs in both the species. Correlation coefficient analysis between gland size and quantity of secretion, percentage of secretory protein transferred per mating, and eggs and flies that emerged showed a highly significant, positive relationship. Among different matings, the number of eggs laid and flies that emerged per female between subsequent (first to fourth‐time) matings of males was found to be highly significant and the difference between fecundity and productivity between the two species was highly significant.
Application of First Mariculture Law, Operation Under the Law
Authors: Bente Paul F.
Published: September 2010

The Florida Mariculture Law is discussed in detail. The problems encountered by Marifarms Incorporated, the first lessee, are reviewed.
Fish Feeds
Authors: Hastings Waldon H.
Published: September 2010

Feeds for coldwater fish and warmwater fish are discussed. Feeds, containing various protein contents, were fed to catfish at different rates. Equal growth was obtained with feed containing 25% protein used at 6% of body weight and feed containing 35% protein used at 4% of body weight.
Mariculture Medicine
Authors: Klontz George W.
Published: September 2010

Mariculture medicine is defined. The areas discussed include recognition, correction, and prevention of disease.
Cultch‐Free Spat Present and Future1
Authors: Dupuy John L. , Rivkin Sam
Published: September 2010

Techniques for producing cultch‐free oyster spat are described.
Some Problems in the Culture of Oyster Larvae
Authors: Landers Warren S. , Biologist Fishery
Published: September 2010

The various problems in culture of oyster larvae are discussed. Oysters can be made to spawn in the laboratory. This is done by subjecting them to a water temperature above 20 C. They can also be encouraged to spawn by adding a sperm suspension to warm sea water. Spawnable animals can be assured for late summer and early fall by holding glycogen‐rich animals in refrigerated sea water during the spawning season. Good water quality is essential. Blooms of algae and pollution are detrimental. Metals such as zinc, are harmful to larvae. Live alga is still the best food but “artificial” feeds must be developed. Disease can be a problem since oysters are crowded. Pathogenic bacteria cause the most problems. Some, such as bacterial necrosis, may be controlled with antibiotics. At metamorphosis abundant food is vital for oysters. If food is inadequate the rate of setting is reduced.
Disease‐Caused Mortalities in Mariculture, Status and Predictions
Authors: Sindermann Carl J.
Published: September 2010

Diseases and parasites are one of the most serious problems of the mariculturist. Tragic epidemics reported herein include: fungal infections of pompano (Trachinotus carolinus), diseases of several species of fin fish in Japan, vibrios of salmonids, diseases of penaeid shrimp, and others. A proposal is made to establish a service, sponsored by the World Mariculture Society, for combating disease problems. A handbook of maricultural diseases is also proposed.
Selective Breeding of Salmonid Fishes
Authors: Donaldson Lauren R.
Published: September 2010

This paper deals with selective breeding of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), rainbow‐steelhead hybrids, and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). After 38 years of selection male rainbow trout reach maturity their first year at an average weight of 680 g. Females mature their second year at an average weight of 4.5 kg and produce about 9,000 eggs. Top production was from a 3‐year‐old female who produced 23,489 eggs. Interracial crosses produced rainbow‐steelhead hybrids that grew faster than the steelhead stock but slower than the rainbow stock. Improvements in chinook salmon have been made through selective breeding. Egg production for the 3‐year‐old females has increased from an average of 3,800 per female in 1960 to about 5,400 in 1969.
Maricultural Activities and Dynamic Water Quality Laws1
Authors: Hershman Marc J.
Published: September 2010

Current water quality laws are insufficient to protect environmentally dependent maricultural activities. Dynamic water quality laws are needed which would define some of the natural functions of water movement over the earth's surface and it's value in sustaining living resource production.
The Refuse Act Permit Program and its Application to Mariculture
Authors: Baumeister John W.
Published: September 2010

The Refuse Act Permit Program was created by Executive Order No. 11374 to broaden the Federal Government's role in abating pollution from industry and business. Applying the provisions of the 1899 River and Harbor Act, the program was created following court decisions whereby the Act was interpreted to require a permit for all waste discharges except municipal sewage and discharges from ships and other watercraft. All other dischargers including fish cultural operations fall under the broad purview of the Refuse Act.

Upon receipt of a technically complete application, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and State Water Pollution Control Agency evaluate the impact of the discharge on water quality, determine waste treatment needs, and develop conditions for inclusion in the Refuse Act Permit. In the Southeast Region of EPA, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fishery Service provide technical support to this effort to insure maximum protection of fish and wildlife resources.

Fish cultural operations have been classified as a critical industry based on studies conducted by EPA policies. Procedures for processing applications in this category are currently being developed and should be finalized in the very near future.
Alabama's Marine Cage Culture studies1
Authors: Swingle Wayne E.
Published: September 2010

The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources began studies on the cage culture of marine species in 1969. Major emphasis has been placed on the culture of pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) because of its high value. Pompano were cultured to a maximum of 284 g average weight in one season. Pompano will have to be overwintered in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Pompano were acclimated to 0.2 ppt salinity. Mullet (Mugil cephalus) stocked with pompano controlled fouling of cages. Facilities for culturing the fish are discussed. Other species successfuly cultured in cages in the marine habitat include striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
Observations on the Potential use of Thermal Effluent in Mariculture
Authors: Stewart Violet N.
Published: September 2010

The thermal discharge of the Tampa Electric Company's Big Bend Power Plant on Tampa Bay was used for culturing indigenous organisms.

The growth rate of diverse animals, such as crabs, oysters, and finfish, was recorded and their behavior pattern in the elevated temperatures noted. This study began June 1, 1971, and is still in progress.
OVARIAN MATURATION INDUCED BY EYESTALK ABLATION IN PINK SHRIMP, Penaeus duorarum BURKENROAD1
Authors: Caillouet Charles W.
Published: September 2010

This paper describes attempts to induce maturation of ovaries and ova in pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) by eyestalk ablation and by control of environmental variables (light, temperature, salinity, and food). Ovaries and ova of pink shrimp can be induced to ripen within 2 weeks by eyestalk ablation.
Commercial Culture of Oysters in New England
Authors: Matthiessen George C.
Published: September 2010

Aqua Dynamics Corporation was formed in 1970 for the purpose of culturing' marine species of commercial value, with initial emphasis upon the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and bay scallop (Aequipecten irradians). The Corporation obtains seed oysters by taking advantage of natural spawning and setting in a semi‐enclosed tidal pond. The seed is raised to marketable size in suspension, employing submerged movable racks. Scallop production will depend upon standard hatchery techniques followed by transfer to natural growing areas, but the results of this phase of the program are as yet inconclusive.
Experimental Infection Studies with Lymphocystis Virus from Atlantic Croaker1
Authors: Cook David W.
Published: September 2010

Aquarium studies were employed to elucidate the mode of transmission and progression of lymphocystis disease in croaker (Micropogon undulatus). In host range studies, only members of the family Sciaenidae could be infected with the virus from the croaker.
Preliminary Studies of Some Shrimp Diseases
Authors: Barkate John A.
Published: September 2010

Several cases of diseased shrimp have been observed in both laboratory and pond environments. Various attempts to isolate and identify the causative agents are discussed. Efforts to duplicate the diseases in healthy and stressed shrimp are also presented. These findings are preliminary to future plans for research in this area.
Binders and Pellet Stability in Development of Crustacean Diets1
Authors: Meyers Samuel P. , Zein‐Eldin Zoula P.
Published: September 2010

Diets developed for shrimps and prawns require good stability to avoid disintegration from exposure to water and from the manipulation process of the animal during ingestion. Other important considerations in selection of a proper binder include its digest‐ability by the animal and its effect on the textural characteristics of the extruded pellet. Changes in texture may significantly affect acceptability of the food. Alginates have proven to be effective binders, giving adequate pellet stability for up to 48 hours. Binding properties are affected by type and concentration of alginate used, composition of the diet, and presence and levels of sequestrants. Cereal fillers, providing large areas of gelatinized starch, also insure good stability under proper processing conditions. Starch gelatinization is affected by particle size as well as the moisture, time, and temperature of the processing procedure. Pre‐gelatinized starches have particular application in imparting desirable stability properties. Ultimate choice may depend upon cost of the binder and its adaptability to large‐scale commercial operations.
Studies on Compounded Diets for Prawns
Authors: Forster J. R. M.
Published: September 2010

Assimilation of nutrients from compounded diets by the prawns Palaemon serratus and Pandalus platyceros was studied. Values for the assimilation of total nitrogen by P. serratus from rations containing 60% of different food meals of animal and vegetable origin ranged from 79.6% for whale‐meat meal to 95.1% for B.P. protein concentrate. Mean assimilation from three diets containing 60% of different commercial fish meals was 89.0%. At dietary levels of 47.5% the carbohydrates wheat starch, glycogen and dextrin were completely assimilated by P. serratus and potato starch was 90.6% assimilated. Fewer determinations were made with P. platyceros but results suggested that it assimilated nutrients slightly less efficiently than P. serratus.
RISKS TO THE AQUACULTURE ENTERPRISE
Authors: Webber Harold H.
Published: September 2010

Aquaculture, as an enterprise, is a relatively recent matter of concern among American entrepreneurs. It is an undertaking that requires knowledgeable, venturesome and resourceful technologistscum‐business managers to structure a practicable system of economic aquafood production utilizing the available resources from sunlight to market. The risks are numerous, and often ill‐defined, but the potential rewards are great, and thus aquaculture has attracted bold and venturous investors even though in many recent cases the requisite knowledge and skills were lacking.

There is an attractive analogy often drawn between terrestrial and aquatic animal husbandry which may be appropriate only if a realistic recognition is made of the metaphorical nature of the comparison. It has become common to compare aquaculture with the poultry industry which has reached a highly sophisticated and complex state of development. No aquacultural candidate animal is yet as well understood as the chicken is, nor do we have command over the environment to a sufficient degree to enable the production of aquafoods in adequate sustained supply to justify a major investment in the vertically integrated system from feed to marketing that seems to be required.

We have yet to provide a high level of assurance that we can comnand a supply of vigorous seed for stocking, an appropriate feed for growing, control disease, predators and competitors or manage the environment so as to materially reduce the risks, and enhance the probability of a satisfactory return on investment.

These matters of biological and engineering importance are considered in the context of aquabusiness imperatives, and are judged as risks to the venture.
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY ON THE FEASIBILITY OF RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS IN MARICULTURE
Authors: Epifanio Charles E. , Pruder Gary , Hartman Michael , Srna Richard
Published: September 2010

An interdisciplinary team of scientists (a chemist, an engineer, and two biologists) at the University of Delaware is conducting an intensive study on the potential of recirculating seawater systems for use in mariculture. The Sea Grant‐supported project is underway in a relatively large (900 m2) laboratory at the mouth of Delaware Bay. The facility is unique in that it allows the degree of environmental control usual in small laboratory situations while allowing experimentation at the pilot plant scale.

The team is attempting to culture clams and oysters from egg to commercial size in a recirculating system. A product is expected 18 months after spawning. Hatchery techniques are standard, but the postlarval animals are not planted in the field. Instead they are introduced to one of six recirculating systems for subsequent growth to commercial size. Twenty thousand newly set animals have been placed in an 8,000 liter system and are fed a mixture of several species of cultured algae. A new apparatus has been developed to separate algae from their culture media for subsequent feeding to the mollusks.

Each circulating seawater system was specially designed for the culture of filter feeding mollusks and consists of an 8.6 m2 biological filter, a carbon filter, and a UV treatment station. Protein skimmers and biological monitoring systems are being optimized for future incorporation into the system.

A careful record was kept of changes in nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, reactive phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, heavy metals, chloride, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, salinity, and suspended matter in the recirculating systems during start‐up and subsequent operation. Chemical information is used in engineering new refinements into the recirculating system as well as in interpreting biological phenomena in the system.
STANDING CROPS OF NATURAL FISH POPULATIONS IN BRACKISH‐WATER OIL FIELD PIPELINE CANALS1
Authors: Kilgen Ronald H. , Harris Alva H. , Kraemer Danny
Published: September 2010

Brackish‐water oil field pipeline canals located in coastal Louisiana were rotenoned so that mariculture studies could be conducted. Standing crops within the canals ranged from 133 to 369 kg per ha, with an average minimum wholesale value of $38.80 per ha. Centrarchids and channel catfish were found in lower salinity canals (5.5 to 8.5 ppt), but not in a higher salinity canal (25 ppt). Sea catfish, oyster toadfish, and gray snapper were found only in the latter. The canals contained from 15 to 28 different fish species, with clupeids, sparids, and sciaenids predominating. Standing crops within pipeline canals are apparently higher than in surrounding areas, but potential brood stock may never reproduce because they are trapped within the canals.
GROWING THE AMERICAN LOBSTER
Authors: Jahnig Charles E.
Published: September 2010

Growth rates for Homarus americanus have been measured and interrelated in a comprehensive manner to include the required feeding rate, and food conversion efficiency. Feeding rate is a function only of age, and is given by: F = 300 C /θ where F is feeding rate in weight percent per day, θ is age in days, and C is grams of food per gram of growth. This equation also applies to other animals provided only that their length is proportional to age, and that weight varies as the cube of length.

The equations are used to predict the size distribution of the ocean population, and are consistent with local field data. It takes about 6 years to reach legal size corresponding to about 454 g, but laboratory data project to only 2 years required if the lobsters are kept continuously in warm water.

Factors causing mortality in the laboratory are discussed. Finally, illustrative economics for raising lobsters commercially from eggs are given and show a cost of $2.00 to $2.50 per 454 g which is about the current retail price.
GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF BROWN AND WHITE SHRIMP (Penaeusaztecus and P. setiferus) FROM EXPERIMENTAL PONDS IN BRAZORIA AND ORANGE COUNTIES, TEXAS
Authors: Parker Jack C. , Holcomb Hoyt W.
Published: September 2010

Culture experiments with Penaeus aztecus and P. setiferus were conducted during 1969‐71 in 0.2 ha earthen ponds located in Brazoria and Orange Counties, Texas. Five experiments utilizing 32 individual pond stockings provided information on growth, production, survival, food conversion, and condition of shrimp in potentially commercial ponds. All ponds were stocked at densities of 50,000 or 75,000 juvenile shrimp per ha. Juveniles were taken from nearby estuaries. It was determined that P. setiferus was better suited for pond culture than P. aztecus. Condition of shrimp followed a consistent pattern in every experiment, declining noticeably for a short period after stocking then gradually improving to a level near that at stocking then again declining. It was concluded that the initial decline resulted from stress due to stocking; the gradual improvement which followed indicated recovery from stress and the later decline possibly represented the effect of deteriorating water quality.
EFFICIENCY OF DRAIN AND SEINE HARVEST TECHNIQUES IN EXPERIMENTAL PENAEID SHRIMP CULTURE PONDS
Authors: Holcomb Hoyt W. , Parker Jack C.
Published: September 2010

A study was made to compare the efficiency of drain and seine harvest techniques in 0.2 ha shrimp culture ponds located in Brazoria County, Texas. Draining was accomplished through a 0.6 m diameter pipe with attached water gate, and seine tows were made with a net constructed similar to a shrimp trawl. The seine extended the width of the pond and was towed using poles attached to either end. For drain harvest experiments, 16 ponds contained Penaeus aztecus, seven ponds contained P. setiferus and six ponds contained P. occidentalis. Eight ponds containing P. aztecus were harvested by seine. Results from these harvests indicated that the drain technique was far more efficient than the technique used in seining, both from the standpoint of percentage and quality of shrimp recovered and manhours required.
A MASS CULTURE METHOD FOR Tetraselmis sp A PROMISING FOOD FOR LARVAL CRUSTACEANS1
Authors: Griffith G. W. , Kenslow M. A. Murphy , Ross L. A.
Published: September 2010

Tetraselmissp., a green flagellate, shows promise as a good source for larval crustaceans. This paper discusses culture techniques. Typical densities produced in the mass‐culture tanks ranged from 275,000 to 450,000 cells per ml.
CONTROL OF Zoothamnium sp. ON PENAEID SHRIMP
Authors: Johnson Sterling K. , Parker Jack C. , Holcomb Hoyt W.
Published: September 2010

Mortalities of two commercial shrimp, Penaeus aztecus and P. setiferus used in pond culture experiments conducted by Texas A&M University in Brazoria and Orange counties, Texas, were caused by Zoothamnium sp. Mortality was attributed to anoxia when the infestation of the protozoan became heavy enough around the gills of the shrimp to restrict oxygen exchange and was prevalent when the dissolved oxygen level in the ponds dropped below 3 ppm. Tests for a potential chemical control demonstrated that 25 ppm fonnalin was effective and subsequent pond treatment yielded satisfactory results.
A NEW TYPE OF OYSTER HATCHERY
Authors: Dupuy John L. , Rivkin Samuel , Ott Franklyn D.
Published: September 2010

Hatchery procedures and the design of new hatchery‐type equipment for obtaining successful fattening, conditioning, and spawning of Chesapeake Bay oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in 4 to 6 weeks are described.

A new method for the production of pasteurized algal medium in a continuous flow system (20 liters per minute) to grow three new algal species for oyster larval food is described.

The sequential feeding of three new algal species as food for oyster larvae, in order to obtain setting in 11 to 14 days, is described.

A method is described which is designed to yield 12.5 mm single oyster spat in approximately 3 to 4 weeks by allowing the oyster spat to remain on a substrate Mylar sheet with removal being accomplished by shaking the sheet in a container of river water.

The design and utilization of hatchery‐type tanks to obtain seed oysters in 2 to 3 months is described.
CULTURE AND POLITICS OF OFF‐BOTTOM OYSTER FARMING IN CAPE MAY COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
Authors: Down Russell J.
Published: September 2010

In 1966, Minchinia nelsoni (MSX)‐resistant oyster seed obtained from the Delaware Bay side of Cape May County peninsula was transferred to a natural shell bed in Holmes Creek. This creek is a tributary of the Great Sound on the Atlantic Ocean side of the peninsula where all live oysters had disappeared from formerly abundant natural live beds–presumably as a result of decades of pesticide effect upon larval stages. In 1967‐8, two long, narrow lagoons were dredged in tidal marsh at the entrance of Holmes Creek, and growth of oysters in these lagoons, in racks and on vertical lines was monitored.

In 1969, the local county government, with State Health Department approval, erected a sewage treatment plant and outfall within one tidal cycle of this operation, thereby causing it to be condemned for shellfish harvesting.

Since then, small commercial amounts of oysters have been rafted, to document the exact amount of actual and potential loss due to condemnation. A reusable cultch assembly of scrap tire beads strung in stacks has been devised and a method for growing oysters using these materials has been tested and patented. Small commercial quantities of rafted oysters on shell and reusable cultch have been brought to market size and are being maintained suspended from rafts

An example of the damaging behavior of local and state politicians and bureaucrats is reviewed, and methods are suggested for avoiding such damages.
Avoiding blame, doing good, and claiming credit: Reforming Canadian income security
Authors: Prince Michael J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This article examines federal legislation, An Act to Amend the Canada Pension Plan and the Old Age Security Act (Bill C‐36), from the vantage point of the contemporary politics of welfare state reform. Government decisions on the Canadian Pension Plan (CPP) and Old Age Security (OAS) made in the 1990s noticeably generated political and administrative feedback to the policy agenda and policy development processes. Bill C‐36 was the response by policy‐makers to solve these issues and use the occasion to make other changes they had been contemplating. The legislative reforms contained the imposition of specific losses for one group; the introduction of benefits for another group, both geographically diffuse clienteles; and, for all covered by these programs, modest improvements in service provision. Inside the federal public service, officials responsible for the CPP Disability program acted effectively as policy entrepreneurs, making use of a window of opportunity, and the necessity of amending the legislation, prompted by the focusing event of a critical audit report.
Does public reporting measure up? Federalism, accountability and child‐care policy in Canada
Authors: Anderson Lynell , Findlay Tammy
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Governments in Canada have recently been exploring new accountability measures within intergovernmental relations. Public reporting has become the preferred mechanism in a range of policy areas, including early learning and child‐care, and the authors assess its effectiveness as an accountability measure. The article is based on their experience with a community capacity‐building project that considers the relationship between the public policy, funding and accountability mechanisms under the federal/provincial/territorial agreements related to child‐care. The authors argue that in its current form, public reporting has not lived up to its promise of accountability to citizens. This evaluation is based on the standards that governments have set for themselves under the federal/provincial/territorial agreements, as well as guidelines set by the Public Sector Accounting Board, an independent body that develops accounting standards over time through consultation with governments.
One task, a few approaches, many impacts: Private‐sector involvement in Canadian building code enforcement
Authors: Van Der Heijden Jeroen
Published: September 2010

Abstract:In response to issues about municipal‐led regulatory enforcement, governments in Canada have been reforming their regimes of building regulation and control since the 1980s. As a result, private‐sector inspectors were introduced as an alternative to local government control on the adherence to building regulations. However, this privatization has resulted in variations among jurisdictions. The main difference is the degree of private‐sector involvement. Based on a series of interviews with forty‐seven insiders, this article addresses the implications of such differences in privatization on the practice and process of building code enforcement. It draws some general lessons for the redesign of control over building regulations but at the same time warns against copy‐pasting best practices.
p53 prevents progression of nevi to melanoma predominantly through cell cycle regulation
Authors: Terzian Tamara , Torchia Enrique C. , Dai Daisy , Robinson Steven E. , Murao Kazutoshi , Stiegmann Regan A. , Gonzalez Victoria , Boyle Glen M. , Powell Marianne B. , Pollock Pamela M. , Lozano Guillermina , Robinson William A. , Roop Dennis R. , Box Neil F.
Published: September 2010

p53 is the central member of a critical tumor suppressor pathway in virtually all tumor types, where it is silenced mainly by missense mutations. In melanoma, p53 predominantly remains wild type, thus its role has been neglected. To study the effect of p53 on melanocyte function and melanomagenesis, we crossed the ‘high‐p53’Mdm4+/− mouse to the well‐established TP‐ras0/+ murine melanoma progression model. After treatment with the carcinogen dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), TP‐ras0/+ mice on the Mdm4+/− background developed fewer tumors with a delay in the age of onset of melanomas compared to TP‐ras0/+ mice. Furthermore, we observed a dramatic decrease in tumor growth, lack of metastasis with increased survival of TP‐ras0/+: Mdm4+/− mice. Thus, p53 effectively prevented the conversion of small benign tumors to malignant and metastatic melanoma. p53 activation in cultured primary melanocyte and melanoma cell lines using Nutlin‐3, a specific Mdm2 antagonist, supported these findings. Moreover, global gene expression and network analysis of Nutlin‐3‐treated primary human melanocytes indicated that cell cycle regulation through the p21WAF1/CIP1 signaling network may be the key anti‐melanomagenic activity of p53.
Powering microbes with electricity: direct electron transfer from electrodes to microbes
Authors: Lovley Derek R.
Published: September 2010

The discovery of electrotrophs, microorganisms that can directly accept electrons from electrodes for the reduction of terminal electron acceptors, has spurred the investigation of a wide range of potential applications. To date, only a handful of pure cultures have been shown to be capable of electrotrophy, but this process has also been inferred in many studies with undefined consortia. Potential electron acceptors include: carbon dioxide, nitrate, metals, chlorinated compounds, organic acids, protons and oxygen. Direct electron transfer from electrodes to cells has many advantages over indirect electrical stimulation of microbial metabolism via electron shuttles or hydrogen production. Supplying electrons with electrodes for the bioremediation of chlorinated compounds, nitrate or toxic metals may be preferable to adding organic electron donors or hydrogen to the subsurface or bioreactors. The most transformative application of electrotrophy may be microbial electrosynthesis in which carbon dioxide and water are converted to multi‐carbon organic compounds that are released extracellularly. Coupling photovoltaic technology with microbial electrosynthesis represents a novel photosynthesis strategy that avoids many of the drawbacks of biomass‐based strategies for the production of transportation fuels and other organic chemicals. The mechanisms for direct electron transfer from electrodes to microorganisms warrant further investigation in order to optimize envisioned applications.
Administration of interferon for two or more years decreases early stage hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence rate after radical ablation: A retrospective study of hepatitis C virus‐related liver cancer
Authors: Ikeda Kenji , Kobayashi Masahiro , Seko Yuya , Imai Norihiro , Hirakawa Miharu , Kawamura Yusuke , Sezaki Hitomi , Hosaka Tetsuya , Akuta Norio , Saitoh Satoshi , Suzuki Fumitaka , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Arase Yasuji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: September 2010

Background:  Since hepatocellular carcinoma often recurs after surgical resection or radiofrequency ablation, we analyzed a retrospective large cohort of patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Methods:  Among 379 patients with HCV RNA‐positive small hepatocellular carcinoma (multiple up to three nodules, 3 cm or less each), 77 received interferon‐alpha injection and 302 received no anti‐viral therapy.

Results:  Four patients (5.2%) attained sustained virological response (SVR). Cumulative recurrence rates in the treated and untreated groups were 41.1% and 57.5% at the end of the third year, and 63.0% and 74.5% at the fifth year, respectively (P = 0.013). Fifth year‐recurrence rates in treated group were 25.0% in SVR, 85.7% in biochemical response, 71.1% in no response, and 46.7% in patients with continuous administration. When four patients with SVR were excluded, recurrence rates in short‐term interferon therapy (<2 years) and long‐term therapy (≥2 years) were 46.2% and 39.3% at the third year, and 66.2% and 57.4% at the fifth year, respectively (P = 0.012). Multivariate analysis showed that long‐term interferon therapy significantly decreased recurrence rate (hazard ratio for interferon <2 years 0.80, interferon ≥2 years 0.60, P = 0.044), after adjustment with background covariates including indocyanine green retention rate (P = 0.018), alpha‐fetoprotein (P = 0.051), and tumor treatment (P = 0.066).

Conclusion:  A long‐term administration of low‐dose interferon significantly decreased recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection or radiofrequency ablation.
Determinants of R & D Performed in Canada by U.S. Owned Pharmaceutical Multinationals*
Authors: Hewitt Gary K.
Published: September 2010

This paper explores across company variation in the fractions of worldwide R & D located in Canada by twenty‐four American owned pharmaceutical companies each having Canadian manufacturing operations. The empirical findings indicate that the companies with the larger portions of their worldwide R & D located in Canada had taken over Canadian companies that, at the time of purchase, already had a substantial R & D effort; put less emphasis on discovery as opposed to clinical R & D; introduced larger fractions of their new products to the Canadian market; and lost smaller percentages of their sales to products based on compulsorily licensed imports.

Ce texte étudie la proportion de leur dépense globale en R & D qui est engagée au Canada par vingt‐quatre sociétés manufacturières de produits pharmaceutiques et de propriété américaine. Les résultats empiriques indiquent que les compagnies qui engagent au Canada la plus grande partie de leurs dépenses de R et D possèdent les caractéristiques suivantes: elles ont pris le contrǒle d'une société canadienne qui, au moment de l'acquisition, avait déjà un important programme de recherche; elles mettent l'accent sur le développement des nouveaux produits plutǒt que sur leur découverte; elles offrent une proportion relativement élevée de leurs nouveaux produits aux consommateurs canadiens; enfin, elles ont cédé une part moins importante de leur marché aux produits importés sous licence.
The Impact of Management Goals on Foreign Involvement
Authors: McGuinness Norman W.
Published: September 2010

The research investigated the impact of a firm's broad business goals on its performance in foreign markets. It was expected that firms who attached more importance to venturesome goals and activities would be more inclined to risk the additional uncertainties of foreign markets and would achieve higher foreign sales intensities. Data was obtained from a sample of 64 manufacturers in Canada of secondary industrial products in a wide range of industries. A firm's goals were found to have a substantial impact on the degree to which it became involved in foreign markets. While the venturesomeness hypothesis was partially supported, there were also important touches of conservatism evident in the goals that were significantly related to foreign sales. The overall pattern of results suggests that more than just a venturesome approach is involved in firms having strong foreign sales performance. Firms, instead, seem to seek foreign sales when their overall strategy, which need not be a highly venturesome one, makes foreign markets attractive. Governments, trying to encourage greater exports, might be wise to focus more attention on the strategies of firms and their suitability for exporting.

Cette recherche traite de la relation entre les objectifs généraux d'une entreprise et les résultats qu'elle obtient sur les marchés étrangers. On anticipait que les sociétés accepteraient d'autant plus facilement l'incertitude supplémentaire inhérente aux marchés étrangers et y effectueraient un volume d'autant plus élevé de vente qu'elles attachent plus d'importance aux objectifs et activités risqués. On a étudié un échantillon de 64 entreprises du secteur secondaire, au Canada, réparties sur un grand nombre d'industries. Il appert que les objectifs généraux d'une entreprise influent de façon importante sur l'intensité de sa participation aux marchés étrangers. Bien que l'hypothèse du goǔt du risque soit partiellement vérifiée, la prudence joue un rǒle important dans les objectifs qui sont reliés de façon significative aux ventes à l'étranger. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent qu'un volume élevé de ventes à l'étranger ne s'explique pas uniquement par le goǔt du risque. Il semble plutǒt que les entreprises sollicitent la clientèle étrangère quand leur stratégic d'ensemble, qui n'est pas nécessairement très risquée, les rend attrayants. Les gouvernements, qui veulent stimuler les exportations, feraient bien d'accorder une plus grande attention aux stratégies globales des entreprises et leur adaptation à ce marché.
Heuristic Flow‐Shop Scheduling to Minimize Sum of Job Completion Times
Authors: Sambandam Narayanasamy , Sethi Suresh P.
Published: September 2010

Scheduling n jobs in an m machine flowshop is considered in order to minimize the sum of job completion times. Heuristic procedures for solving such problems are developed and the solutions are compared against optimal solutions for smaller size problems. For larger problems, solutions obtained by different heuristics are compared against each other. All of the solutions are obtained using an IBM Personal computer. Also addressed are the scheduling problems when jobs arrive at different times assumed to be deterministic.

On étudie l'ordonnancement de n tǎches dans un atelier comportant m machines, dans le but de minimiser le temps total de production. Des méthodes heuristiques sont proposées. Lorsque les problèmes sont de petite taille, les solutions heuristiques sont comparées aux solutions optimales; lorsqu'ils sont de plus grande taille, elles sont comparées les unes aux autres. Dans tous les cas, on utilise un ordinateur personnel de marque IBM. On étudie également les problèmes d'ordonnancement lorsque les intervalles qui séparent les arrivées des tǎches sont de caractère déterministe.
A Policy Implementation Analysis of Zero‐Base Budgeting
Authors: Ritter Richard , Cutt James
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the implementation of zero‐base budgeting in British Columbia from 1979–1983 by developing an index of likely success in implementation from responses to a survey in 1981, and then testing the predictive accuracy of that index score in terms of a set of output measures obtained from a survey of line ministry staff in the late summer of 1982. The variables used to make up the implementation index included the following: the resources available to the implementing organization; the attitude of the target group to which the policy was directed; the characteristics of the implementing organization itself; and a set of environmental variables. The analogy is drawn with the analysis of the marketing of services in terms of a set of exchange relationships with constituencies or publics. The scores arrived at on the output variables confirmed the prediction derived from the implementation index that implementation would be partially successful. The analysis suggests means to improve the implementation of administrative policies such as zero‐base budgeting, and would also appear to sustain the usefulness of systematizing information on implementation by some such means as the index employed in this study.

Ce mémoire étudie la mise en oeuvre d'un système de budget à base zéro en Colombie‐Britannique pendant la période 1979–1983. On a confectionné un indice de la probabilité de succès de la mise en oeuvre à partir des réponses à une enquěte de 1981. Ensuite, on a vérifié la valeur prédictive de l'indice, à l'aide de mesures d'output tirées d'une enquěte de la fin de l'été 1982 auprès du personnel hiérarchique des ministères. Font partie de l'indice les variables suivantes: les ressources mises à la disposition de l'équipe de mise en place; ses caractéristiques; l'attitude du groupe auquel le système est destiné; et, enfin, un ensemble de variables qui représentent l'environnement. L'analyse est analogue à celle du marketing des services, fondée sur des relations d'échange avec un marché‐cible. Les scores sur les variables d'output sont conformés aux prédictions de l'indice. L'analyse présentée ici suggère des moyens d'améliorer la mise en oeuvre d'une politique administrative telle que le budget à base zéro, et semble aussi démontrer l'utilité de la systématisation de l'information à l'aide d'indices comme celui qu'on a employé.
The Paradox of Precedent1
Authors: Evans Martin G. , Medcof John W.
Published: September 2010

This study explores the method of reducing the “trapped administrator'' phenomenon (Staw, 1981). Following the suggestions of Gilovich (1981), it was hypothesized that an experimenting administrator could reduce his/her negative ratings by linking his behaviour to that of an experimenting colleague. Subjects read one of sixteen administrative scenarios that manipulated a male administrator's success or failure, his consistent or experimenting course of action, his appeal or lack of appeal to precedent, and media endorsement or lack of endorsement of the administrator's action. The results support the hypothesis that successful experimenting managers who appeal to precedent are rated as highly as successful consistent managers who lack any appeal to precedent. As in the Staw and Ross (1980) experiment, failures are rated poorly in all conditions.

Cette étude traite du phénomène des “administrateurs coïncés'' (Staw, 1981). Conformément aux hypothèses avancées par Gilovich (1981), on a supposé qu'un administrateur qui procède par tǎtonnement pouvait améliorer son score par une liaison de son comportement à celui d'un collègue qui procède aussi de cette façon. Les sujets de l'expérience ont lu un parmi seize scénarios administratifs qui mettaient en relation le succès ou l'échec d'un gestionnaire masculin, la cohérence ou le tǎtonnement de ses décisions, son recours ou son rejet de l'autorité du précédent et l'approbation ou la désapprobation que lui accordaient les médias. Les résultats de l'expérience confirment l'hypothèse étudiée: parmi les administrateurs qui réussissent ceux qui procèdent par tǎtonnement et font appel au précédent reçoivent des scores aussi élevés que ceux qui font preuve de cohérence et rejettent le précédent. Cette expérience, à l'instar de celle de Staw et Ross (1980), montre que, dans tous les cas, l'échec entraǐne une détérioration du score.
A Heuristic Scheduling Procedure for the Two Product, Single‐Machine Lot Size Problem
Authors: Goyal S.K.
Published: September 2010

In this paper a simple method is being presented for two products manufactured on a single machine over an infinite time horizon. The method permits unequal batch sizes for the less frequently manufactured product. An example has been solved to illustrate the method.

Ce mémoire présente une méthode simple d'agencement de la production de deux produits, à l'aide d'une seule machine, sous l'hypothèse d'un horizon de planification infini. On admet l'inégalité des lots pour le produit fabriqué le moins souvent. La solution d'un problème est présentée à titre d'illustration.
Intuitive Prediction and Judgment on a Personnel Task by Naive and Experienced Judges
Authors: De Carufel Andre , Jabes Jak
Published: September 2010

Two experiments examined individuals' tendencies to make extreme trait attributions and behavioral judgments based on little and nondiagnostic information. In Experiment 1, naive subjects, using only sketchy biographical information and excerpts from a fictitious personnel file, made strong attributions about a stimulus person's personality and potential in a work‐related situation. Subjects failed to make use of manipulated statistically diagnostic information, although the manipulations were correctly perceived. These judgments were held with high confidence and extended to areas about the stimulus person in which no information was given. These effects were replicated in Experiment 2 using experienced personnel officers as subjects. These results are discussed in terms of the concept of “base rate fallacy.'' Implications for interpersonal judgment in organizational settings and personnel work are presented.

Au moyen de deux expériences de laboratoire, on a étudié la tendance qu'ont les individus à attribuer des traits de caractère très prononcés et à porter des jugements sur le comportement des autres à partir d'informations peu nombreuses et non systématiques. Dans la première expérience, des sujets peu expérimentés n'utilisaient qu'une biographie sommaire et des extraits d'un dossier personnel fictif. Ils se sentaient néanmoins en mesure de caractériser nettement les motivations et le potentiel d'un employé. Les sujets n'ont pas eu recours aux statistiques falsifiées qu'on leur avait fournies, mais ont décelé le sens de la falsification. Les jugements étaient portés avec une grande assurance et extrapolés à des domaines sur lesquels on n'avait fourni aucune information. La deuxième expérience était semblable à la première, à cette exception près que les sujets étaient des gestionnaires de personnel expérimentés. Les résultats des expériences sont étudiés à l'aide du concept du “sophisme du point de départ.'' On en présente les conséquences pour les jugements interpersonnels dans les organisations et la gestion du personnel.