bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability of the Monoelectronic Reduction Product from 1,2,5‐Thiadiazole S,S‐Dioxides. Electrochemical, Chemical, and Photoinduced Doping
Authors: Caram José A. , Jiménez Macías Julyleth P. , Arroyo Nelson Rodríguez , Martínez Suárez Jaime F. , Gennaro Ana M. , Echeverría Gustavo A. , Piro Oscar E. , Mirífico María V.
Published: August 2018

The accumulation of radical anions from 3,4‐disubstituted 1,2,5‐thiadiazole S,S‐dioxides (1) in solution of organic solvents is achieved by electrochemical, chemical and photoinduced pathways. Electrolytic and chemical reduction of 1 produces the radical anions (1•–) in high molar yields (> ca. 80%). The survival of 1•– is measured for ca. three months. The stability of the reduced state depends on its structure and the composition (solvent, reducing agent, and supporting electrolyte) of the medium in which it is generated by the chemical and electrochemical routes. In solution of polar aprotic solvents, 1•– persists even in the presence of water or oxygen. Irradiation with 254 nm light generates 1•– but only in DMF solution; the proposed reaction mechanism involves the participation of the solvent. Radical anions are characterized by cyclic voltammetry, UV‐Vis spectrophotometry and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The chemical stability and the properties of 1/1•– make them suitable for the development of novel materials for technological applications.
A Novel and Reusable RGO/ZnO with Nanosheets/Microparticle Composite Photocatalysts for Efficient Pollutants Degradation
Authors: Zhao Dawei , Zhou Yi , Deng Yuehong , Xiang Ye , Zhang Ya , Zhao Zhen , Zeng Dandan
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we designed and synthesized a novel structure ZnO with the nanosheets grown on the surface of dumbbell‐shape ZnO via a simple hydrothermal route, and exhibits excellent photoelectrochemical performance. The reason is that nanosheets enhance charge generation, separation and transfer. Graphene as a co‐catalyst and anti‐photocorrosion material were coated on the surface of ZnO and further enhanced the photoelectrochemical properties. In process of photodegradation RhB, the experiments reveal that ZnO with 1.5 wt% RGO displayed highest rate constant of 0.0562 min−1, which is about 4 times better than pristine ZnO (heating 9 h) and several times higher than other RGO/ZnO composites. Meanwhile, the recycle experiments of 1.5 wt% RGO/ZnO suggest that it has excellent stability, reusability and excellent photocatalytic activity. The work provides a new strategy that developing nanosheets with high‐energy plane grown on the surface of semiconductor particles to enhance photoelectrochemical performance and reusability.
Novel Annulated Triphenylene Discotic Liquid Crystals Generated by Pictet‐Spengler Cyclization
Authors: Vadivel Marichandran , Kumar Irla Siva , Swamynathan K , Raghunathan V A , Kumar Sandeep
Published: August 2018

Triphenylenes have been frontrunner in discotic liquid crystalline materials since their discovery. They possess great richness of mesomorphism in them. Chemists have been exploring this potential quite often by some substitutions in the core or periphery of the triphenylene molecule. In this current report, we extended the triphenylene ring system by fusing with nitrogen and studied their mesomorphic and optical properties. Four new compounds are prepared using Pictet‐Spengler cyclization of hexaalkoxytriphenylene‐1‐amine with various aldehydes. All the new compounds are well characterized using spectral and elemental analysis. Their mesomorphic properties are evaluated using polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffractometry. These derivatives showed columnar hexagonal phase with great promise for further studies.
In Situ Techniques for Probing Kinetics and Mechanism of Hollowing Nanostructures through Direct Chemical Transformations
Authors: Wu Siyu , Sun Yugang
Published: August 2018

Chemical transformation of nanostructures into hollow ones becomes important in the synthesis of materials with unique properties for applications ranging from sensing to energy storage, to high‐performance catalysis. The nanoscale Kirkendall effect and galvanic replacement represent two typical mechanisms responsible for hollowing nanostructures. These two mechanisms occur either independently or simultaneously to form hollow nanostructures with appropriate geometries and desirable properties. Precisely distinguishing the hollowing mechanism and kinetics involved in a chemical transformation relies on in situ characterization methods including in situ electron microscopy, in situ optical spectroscopy, and a suite of in situ synchrotron X‐ray techniques (e.g., imaging, scattering, and X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy). Here, the two typical hollowing mechanisms and the in situ characterization extensively explored in recent years are summarized, providing a timely overview of the promise of in situ methods in studying nanoparticle evolution under real reaction conditions.
Benchmarking Chemical Stability of Arbitrarily Mixed 3D Hybrid Halide Perovskites for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: García‐Fernández Alberto , Juarez‐Perez Emilio J. , Castro‐García Socorro , Sánchez‐Andújar Manuel , Ono Luis K. , Jiang Yan , Qi Yabing
Published: August 2018

Accurate and fast assessment of the intrinsic instability of mixed composition hybrid halide perovskite material is of vital importance for the development of perovskite solar cells. A longer lifetime close to current silicon‐based technology is a mandatory property for perovskite solar cells to reach commercial applications. The conventional method to evaluate the operational stability performance of perovskite solar cells relies on tracking maximum power efficiency on devices. However, this operational stability testing procedure requires a long measurement time, which is an inefficient procedure to screen the huge compositional space of mixed perovskites. Here, a thermal degradation protocol is shown for fast preliminary screening evaluation of the stability of any mixed 3D hybrid perovskite material. This stability assessment determines two independent parameters for stability quantification; 1) degradation temperature and 2) heat absorbed during degradation. Experimental entropic‐like parameter can be derived addressing the relative stability for each mixed hybrid perovskite composition. In addition, a first‐principle theoretical approach is described for the in silico search of optimal mixed composition perovskites. This experimental stability benchmarking protocol is able to signify several general rules of thumb to find enhanced stability trends in mixed composition perovskites prior to device assembly and conventional stability tests.
An energy‐dissipating approach for adjacent retrofitted structures
Authors: Zhao Xuelian , Bao Lianjin , Xue Bin
Published: August 2018

The approach of positioning energy dissipaters between adjacent structures can effectively prevent the collision of two adjacent buildings. For adjacent retrofitted structures, an effective strengthening approach that involves implementing energy‐dissipation measures both between and within buildings is proposed. This paper is based on the actual Shanghai ShiMao International Plaza. To avoid having to strengthen most of the structural members, the strengthening measure of energy dissipation is selected because of its construction cost and time constraints. This approach involves replacing several dampers between the adjacent structures and adding viscous damping walls in the retrofitted structure to reduce the seismic response of the retrofitted structure back to the original level. Additionally, a practical calculating method for the equivalent additional damping ratio for the adjacent structures connected by energy dissipaters is proposed. The results show that the effect of energy dissipation in the retrofitted structure is prominent and that the goal of indirect strengthening is achieved. The strengthening approach of energy dissipation and the calculating method of the equivalent additional damping ratio for adjacent structures provide a reference for similar engineering designs.
The development of a flatback wind turbine airfoil family
Authors: Miller Michael , Lee Slew Kenny , Matida Edgar
Published: August 2018

Flatback airfoils show several potential benefits in the design of wind turbine blades. Structurally, the increased trailing‐edge thickness offers high resistance to flapwise bending, while aerodynamically, a higher maximum coefficient of lift, as well as better roughness insensitivity, may be achieved. In this work, the design of a flatback airfoil family is performed with a high degree of attention to the appropriate selection of design constraints and objectives. Through the analysis of other airfoils available in the literature, and through sensitivity analyses of several design parameters, the CU‐W1‐XX airfoil family is designed. The optimization tool used in this work consists of a genetic algorithm in which the airfoil shapes are altered using Bézier curve parameterization. The aerodynamic performance is evaluated using XFOIL while the structural performance is evaluated from the sectional moment of inertia about the chord. In several metrics such as sectional moment of inertia, roughness insensitivity, and lift‐to‐drag ratio, the CU‐W1‐XX family is shown to have equal or superior performance as compared with other airfoils, thus proving the capability of the airfoil optimization tool and, more importantly, the value of proper design constraints and objectives.
Implementing and evaluating a citizen‐science program to support wildlife management: MI‐MAST
Authors: Killion Alexander K. , Roloff Gary J. , Mayhew Sarah , Campa Henry , Winterstein Scott
Published: August 2018

Citizen science is increasingly being used by natural resource professionals to monitor the environment at large spatial or temporal extents. Developing, initiating, and sustaining an effective citizen‐science program requires careful planning, marketing, and engagement. We describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of a citizen‐science program for quantifying mast production (called MI‐MAST: Wildlife Food Tracker), and offer recommendations on marketing, recruitment of volunteers, and ways to sustain programs. In 2014, MI‐MAST was introduced to approximately 150 potential participants to test technology and capabilities of volunteers. In 2015, we worked with project partners to market MI‐MAST to approximately 500 additional potential participants throughout Michigan, USA. From 2014 to 2017, 510 people registered for a MI‐MAST account, but only 57 people submitted data. On average, each person that submitted data entered 4 instances of mast production. We randomly field‐validated 60 mast observations submitted by 15 different participants throughout the study region and found that 100% of the plant species were correctly identified and 97% of the records describing mast amounts were accurate. The majority (61%) of registered users listed hunting as a primary outdoor interest. Interactions with participants revealed that using MI‐MAST to evaluate mast production on their own property was a primary attraction for enrollment and participation. We recommend that effective citizen‐science programs are marketed to provide personal benefits and tangible outputs to individual users. We found the biggest challenges facing a natural resource agency implementing a citizen‐science program to be recruitment and retention of participants across spatial and temporal extents that are ecologically meaningful. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Sensitivity analysis demonstrates limits to utility of lactation index for white‐tailed deer management
Authors: Campbell Kamen L. , Strickland Bronson K. , Demarais Stephen , Wang Guiming , Jones Phillip D. , Dacus Chad M.
Published: August 2018

Recruitment estimates are critical for making wildlife harvest decisions. Lactation rate is used to estimate recruitment in monotocous species and as a recruitment index for polytocous species such as white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). However, the relationship between lactation and recruitment has never been formally tested, and the suitability of the lactation index as a management tool for deer has been assumed rather than confirmed. We simulated the response of lactation rates to variation in fawn recruitment stemming from changes in fecundity and neonatal mortality. Additionally, we examined effects of sample size on precision of lactation rate estimates. The relationship between recruitment and lactation rate was nearly linear when fecundity = 1.0, but became progressively less so as fecundity increased. Fawn mortality and herd fecundity explained 99% of the variability in lactation rate, and fawn mortality explained five times more variability than fecundity. Precision of lactation rate was highly affected by sample size, greatly reducing the quality of information available from small samples. Confidently assessing recruitment trends in moderately to highly productive populations may commonly require sample sizes unavailable on small properties. Biologists on properties with limited sample size should seek other, unrelated measures of recruitment to supplement or replace lactation rate. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Area law unification and the holographic event horizon
Authors: Nomura Yasunori , Remmen Grant N.
Published: August 2018

Abstract

We prove a new, large family of area laws in general relativity, which apply to certain classes of untrapped surfaces that we dub generalized holographic screens. Our family of area laws contains, as special cases, the area laws for marginally-trapped surfaces (holographic screens) and the event horizon (Hawking’s area theorem). In addition to these results in general relativity, we show that in the context of holography the geometry of a generalized holographic screen is related to the outer entropy of the screen. Specifically, we show for spherically-symmetric spacetimes that the area of the largest HRT surface consistent with the outer wedge can be computed in terms of the geometry of the general (not necessarily marginally-trapped) codimension-two surface defining the wedge. This outer entropy satisfies a second law of thermodynamics, growing monotonically along the generalized holographic screen. In particular, this result provides the holographic dual for the geometry of the event horizon for spherically-symmetric spacetimes.
Isogeometric hyperelastic shell analysis with out-of-plane deformation mapping
Authors: Takizawa Kenji , Tezduyar Tayfun E. , Sasaki Takafumi
Published: August 2018

We derive a hyperelastic shell formulation based on the Kirchhoff–Love shell theory and isogeometric discretization, where we take into account the out-of-plane deformation mapping. Accounting for that mapping affects the curvature term. It also affects the accuracy in calculating the deformed-configuration out-of-plane position, and consequently the nonlinear response of the material. In fluid–structure interaction analysis, when the fluid is inside a shell structure, the shell midsurface is what it would know. We also propose, as an alternative, shifting the “midsurface” location in the shell analysis to the inner surface, which is the surface that the fluid should really see. Furthermore, in performing the integrations over the undeformed configuration, we take into account the curvature effects, and consequently integration volume does not change as we shift the “midsurface” location. We present test computations with pressurized cylindrical and spherical shells, with Neo-Hookean and Fung’s models, for the compressible- and incompressible-material cases, and for two different locations of the “midsurface.” We also present test computation with a pressurized Y-shaped tube, intended to be a simplified artery model and serving as an example of cases with somewhat more complex geometry.
How to improve clinical practice on forced medication in psychiatric practice: Suggestions from the EUNOMIA European multicentre study
Authors: Luciano Mario , De Rosa Corrado , Sampogna Gaia , Del Vecchio Valeria , Giallonardo Vincenzo , Fabrazzo Michele , Catapano Francesco , Onchev George , Raboch Jiri , Mastrogianni Anastasia , Solomon Zahava , Dembinskas Algirdas , Nawka Petr , Kiejna Andrzej , Torres-Gonzales Francisco , Kjellin Lars , Kallert Thomas , Fiorillo Andrea
Published: August 2018

Background:

The decision to adopt forced medication in psychiatric care is particularly relevant from a clinical and ethical viewpoint. The European Commission has funded the EUNOMIA study in order to develop European recommendations for good clinical practice on coercive measures, including forced medication.

Methods:

The recommendations on forced medication have been developed in 11 countries with the involvement of national clinical leaders, key-professionals and stakeholders’ representatives. The national recommendations have been subsequently summarized into a European shared document.

Results:

Several cross-national differences exist in the use of forced medication. These differences are mainly due to legal and policy making aspects, rather than to clinical situations. In fact, countries agreed that forced medication can be allowed only if the following criteria are present: 1) a therapeutic intervention is urgently needed; 2) the voluntary intake of medications is consistently rejected; 3) the patient is not aware of his/her condition. Patients’ dignity, privacy and safety shall be preserved at all times.

Conclusion:

The results of our study show the need of developing guidelines on the use of forced medication in psychiatric practice, that should be considered as the last resort and only when other therapeutic option have failed.
What are we forgetting?
Authors: HANSEN PELLE GULDBORG
Published: August 2018

During the last decade, the Behavioural Insights Team (BIT) has been the main driver of establishing behavioural public policy as a novel approach in public policy. Adhering to a set of strategic principles, BIT has succeeded in translating insights from the behavioural science literature into policy interventions to show how behavioural science may be applied to public policy in a methodologically as well as economically efficient way. However, as Sanders, Snijders and Hallsworth (2018) note in their paper, the wide-ranging transformation of public policy development that many thought possible has remained absent. In this comment, I argue that this situation itself is due, at least partly, to the strategic principles adopted by BIT, and I call for developing more ‘diagnostic’ approaches, including better tools and models, to ensure that behavioural science is not perceived as offering merely technocratic tweaks.
Complex lipid globules in early-life nutrition improve long-term metabolic phenotype in intra-uterine growth-restricted rats
Authors: Teller Inga C. , Hoyer-Kuhn Heike , Brönneke Hella , Nosthoff-Horstmann Pia , Oosting Annemarie , Lippach Gregor , Wohlfarth Maria , Rauh Manfred , van der Beek Eline M. , Dötsch Jörg , Nüsken Kai D.
Published: August 2018

Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with adverse metabolic outcome later in life. Healthy mice challenged with a Western-style diet (WSD) accumulated less body fat when previously fed a diet containing large lipid globules (complex lipid matrix (CLM)). This study was designed to clarify whether an early-life CLM diet mitigates ‘programmed’ visceral adiposity and associated metabolic sequelae after IUGR. In rats, IUGR was induced either by bilateral uterine vessel ligation (LIG) or sham operation (i.e. intra-uterine stress) of the dam on gestational day 19. Offspring from non-operated (NOP) dams served as controls. Male offspring of all groups were either fed CLM or ‘normal matrix’ control diet (CTRL) from postnatal days (PND) 15 to 42. Thereafter, animals were challenged with a mild WSD until dissection (PND 98). Fat mass (micro computer-tomograph scan; weight of fat compartments), circulating metabolic markers and expression of ‘metabolic’ genes (quantitative real-time PCR) were assessed. CLM diet significantly reduced visceral fat mass in LIG at PND 40. At dissection, visceral fat mass, fasted blood glucose, TAG and leptin concentrations were significantly increased in LIG-CTRLv. NOP-CTRL, and significantly decreased in LIG-CLMv. LIG-CTRL. Gene expression levels of leptin (mesenteric fat) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (liver) were significantly reduced in LIG-CLMv. LIG-CTRL. In conclusion, early-life CLM diet mitigated the adverse metabolic phenotype after utero-placental insufficiency. The supramolecular structure of dietary lipids may be a novel aspect of nutrient quality that has to be considered in the context of primary prevention of obesity and metabolic disease in at-risk populations.
A First-Centurya.d.Burial Plot at Barnwood, Gloucestershire: Excavations in 2013–14
Authors: Brindle Tom , Holbrook Neil , Sausins Daniel
Published: August 2018

Excavations at Barnwood, Gloucestershire, revealed several phases of activity dating to thea.d.60s. This included gravel quarrying, with one quarry pit containing a significant assemblage of pottery, metalwork and glass with strong first-century military associations. A large roadside enclosure contained ditches and a post-hole alignment; these were replaced by a square burial plot containing a post-built structure and several pits, which yielded a leadossuariumcontaining cremated human remains and a collection of burnt beans and hobnails. The location of the site raises questions regarding the organisation of the military landscape around Gloucester during the first century. The Supplementary Material available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X18000272) contains full specialist reports and catalogues for the excavated artefacts and biological remains.
Salmonellasource attribution in a subtropical state of Australia: capturing environmental reservoirs of infection
Authors: Fearnley E. J. , Lal A. , Bates J. , Stafford R. , Kirk M.D. , Glass K.
Published: August 2018

Salmonellosis is a leading cause of hospitalisation due to gastroenteritis in Australia. A previous source attribution analysis for a temperate state in Australia attributed most infections to chicken meat or eggs. Queensland is in northern Australia and includes subtropical and tropical climate zones. We analysed Queensland notifications for salmonellosis and conducted source attribution to compare reservoir sources with those in southern Australia. In contrast to temperate Australia, most infections were due to non-Typhimurium serotypes, with particularly high incidence in children under 5 years and strong seasonality, peaking in summer. We attributed 65.3% (95% credible interval (CrI) 60.6–73.2) of cases to either chicken meat or eggs and 15.5% (95% CrI 7.0–19.5) to nuts. The subtypes with the strongest associations with nuts wereSalmonellaAberdeen,S.Birkenhead,S.Hvittingfoss,S.Potsdam andS.Waycross. All five subtypes had high rates of illness in children under 5 years (ranging from 4/100 000 to 23/100 000), suggesting that nuts may be serving as a proxy for environmental transmission in the model. Australia's climatic range allows us to conduct source attribution in different climate zones with similar food consumption patterns. This attribution provides evidence for environment-mediated transmission of salmonellosis in sub-tropical regions.
Biological embedding of neighborhood disadvantage and collective efficacy: Influences on chronic illness via accelerated cardiometabolic age
Authors: Lei Man-Kit , Beach Steven R. H. , Simons Ronald L.
Published: August 2018

The present study extends prior research on the link between neighborhood disadvantage and chronic illness by testing an integrated model in which neighborhood characteristics exert effects on health conditions through accelerated cardiometabolic aging. Hypotheses were tested using a sample of 408 African Americans from the Family and Community Health Study. Using four waves of data spanning young adulthood (ages 18–29), we first found durable effects of neighborhood disadvantage on accelerated cardiometabolic aging and chronic illness. Then, we used marginal structural modeling to adjust for potential neighborhood selection effects. As expected, accelerated cardiometabolic aging was the biopsychosocial mechanism that mediated much of the association between neighborhood disadvantage and chronic illness. This finding provides additional support for the view that neighborhood disadvantage can influence morbidity and mortality by creating social contexts that becomes biologically embedded. Perceived neighborhood collective efficacy served to buffer the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and biological aging, identifying neighborhood-level resilience factor. Overall, our results indicate that neighborhood context serves as a fundamental cause of weathering and accelerated biological aging. Residing in a disadvantaged neighborhood increases biological wear and tear that ultimately leads to onset of chronic illness, but access to perceived collective efficacy buffers the impact of these neighborhood effects. From an intervention standpoint, identifying such an integrated model may help inform future health-promoting interventions.
General thoughts of death and mortality: findings from the Komo-Ise cohort, Japan
Authors: Stickley A. , Ng C. F. S. , Watanabe C. , Inoue Y. , Koyanagi A. , Konishi S.
Published: August 2018

Aims

Death ideation (thinking about/wishing for one's own death, thinking that one would be better off dead) is linked to an increased mortality risk. However, comparatively little is known about more general thoughts of death (GTOD) where no wish to die or life value is expressed. This study examined whether GTOD predicted mortality in a community-based cohort of older adults.

Methods

Data came from the Komo-Ise cohort study in Gunma prefecture, Japan. The analytic sample comprised 8208 individuals (average age 61.3 (range 47–77)) who were asked in wave 2 of the study in 2000 if they had ‘Thought about death more than usual, either your own, someone else's or death in general?’ in the past 2 weeks. Death data were obtained from the municipal resident registration file. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to examine associations.

Results

During the follow-up period (2000–2008), there were 672 deaths. In a model adjusted for baseline covariates, GTOD were significantly associated with all-cause mortality (hazards ratio 1.66, 95% confidence interval 1.20–2.29). Stratified analyses showed an association between GTOD and mortality in men, older subjects (⩾70 years), married individuals and those with higher social support.

Conclusions

GTOD are associated with an increased mortality risk among older citizens in Japan. Research is now needed to determine the factors underlying this association and assess the clinical relevance of screening for GTOD in older individuals.
BIKO-Mathekiste
Authors: Seeger Dorothee , Holodynski Manfred , Roth Marisa
Published: August 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Interventionsstudie beinhaltet die Evaluation einer spielbasierten Förderung der numerischen Basiskompetenz erstmals auch für eine Stichprobe von 33 4- bis 6-jährigen Kindern mit einem diagnostizierten Risiko in diesem Entwicklungsbereich. Die Studie bestand aus einem Prä-Post-Kontrollgruppendesign, bei dem die 36 Kinder der Kontrollgruppe bzgl. Risikostatus, Geschlecht, Alter und familialem Sprachhintergrund mit der Interventionsgruppe parallelisiert wurden. Die Spielintervention fand in den Kindertageseinrichtungen statt. Aus einer Sammlung von Brett-, Karten- und Bewegungsspielen (Regelspielen) mit mathematischem Inhalt wurden für jedes Kind Spiele ausgewählt, deren Anforderungen bzgl. der numerischen Basiskompetenz an den Förderbedarf der Kinder angepasst waren. Zunächst spielten die Kinder allein mit der Spielbegleitung, bis sie so viel Spielinteresse und Regelverständnis aufgebaut hatten, dass sie die Spiele auch mit anderen Kindern spielen konnten, ohne dass es beim Misserfolg zum Spielabbruch kam. Die Spielgruppe erzielte signifikant höhere Leistungszuwächse als die Kontrollgruppe. Innerhalb der Spielgruppe korrelierte der Leistungszuwachs positiv mit der Gesamtdauer der Förderung sowie mit dem Regelverständnis. Die Bedeutung einer Spielbegleitung zur Unterstützung des kindlichen Regelverständnisses und ihrer Emotionsregulation sowie die Effizienz der Spielintervention im Vergleich zu vergleichbaren Interventionen werden diskutiert.
Thermal Stability of Water Ice in Ceres' Craters: The Case of Juling Crater
Authors: Formisano M. , Federico C. , De Sanctis M. C. , Frigeri A. , Magni G. , Raponi A. , Tosi F.
Published: August 2018

Ice thermal stability on the surface of the dwarf planet Ceres is an important issue linked to the Herschel observations of water vapor around Ceres. One of these surficial ice deposits is located within the 20‐km crater Juling (35°S, 168°E). The study of water ice exposure in this specific crater is particularly interesting because it has been observed that the water ice abundance changes on a time scale of a few months. To understand the ice behavior, we applied a 3‐D finite element method thermophysical model to the study of Juling crater in order to determine the water ice sublimation rate. We use a detailed shape model of Ceres derived from optical imagery returned by the Framing Camera on board Dawn. We explore the effects of different heliocentric distances and different thermal inertia values, comparing our numerical predictions with the observational evidences returned by VIR and by the Herschel Space Observatory.
Meteor Radar Temperatures Over the Brazilian Low‐Latitude Sectors
Authors: Lima L. M. , Batista P. P. , Paulino A. R.
Published: August 2018

Meteor radar observations have been used to estimate the mesospheric temperatures at 90‐km height over the Brazilian low‐latitude sectors by applying gradient‐ and pressure‐based techniques. The measurements have been taken from meteor radars operating at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45°W), from 2002 to 2006, and São João do Cariri (7.4°S, 36.5°W), between mid‐2004 and 2008. The temperatures estimated from meteor data by the two techniques, using local models for temperature gradient and pressure, showed a good agreement with temperatures from Sounding of the Atmosphere by Broadband Emission Radiometry over both sites. The seasonal behavior of the temperatures estimated from meteor data, and from Sounding of the Atmosphere by Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument, is characterized by a semiannual oscillation (SAO) with maximum values during equinoxes, which coincide with the westward phase of the mean zonal wind as well as with SAO on diurnal tidal amplitudes over both sites. The lag phases between SAO on temperatures and on winds (or on diurnal tidal amplitudes), near equator, have been stable in time indicating a seasonal cycle and the dynamic coupling of the tropical mesosphere through nonlinear interactions between oscillations from stratosphere. Although the time series used are short to establish reliable trends or solar effects, the temperatures over Cachoeira Paulista showed a decrease between 2003 and 2006, just when F10.7 index has declined in a rate of 15.3 sfu/year, while over São João do Cariri only a slight decay has been observed on temperatures by gradient technique obtained from mid‐2004 to 2008, when F10.7 decrease rate was 9.2 sfu/year.
Short‐Term and Interannual Variations of Migrating Diurnal and Semidiurnal Tides in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere
Authors: Dhadly Manbharat S. , Emmert John T. , Drob Douglas P. , McCormack John P. , Niciejewski Rick J.
Published: August 2018

Among the broad spectrum of vertically propagating tides, migrating diurnal (DW1) and semidiurnal (SW2) are prominent modes of energetic and dynamical coupling between the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and the upper thermosphere and ionosphere. DW1 and SW2 tides are modulated on time scales ranging from days to years. NASA Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetic and Dynamics (TIMED) is the first observational platform to perform global synoptic observations of these fundamental tides (for nearly two decades) overcoming previous observational limitations. Here we utilize the extensive archive of TIMED Doppler Interferometer wind measurements and exploit the capabilities of tidal theory to estimate short‐term (<1 month), seasonal (intra‐annual), long‐term (>1 year), and climatological variability in DW1 (1,1), SW2 (2,2), and SW2 (2,3) modes and then compare with tidal estimates derived from the Navy Global Environmental Model‐High Altitude version data assimilation system. Overall, the tidal estimates from TIMED Doppler Interferometer and Navy Global Environmental Model‐High Altitude version are similar and exhibit significant short‐term and intra‐annual variability. The short‐term variability can induce ∼64% change in the DW1 amplitude. Statistically, the short‐term variability in DW1 (1,1), SW2 (2,2), and SW2 (2,3) modes is of the order of ∼9, 33, and 20 m/s, respectively. The biennial oscillations in DW1 and SW2 modes suggest a systematic correlation with the equatorial quasi‐biennial oscillation in the stratosphere and are more apparent in DW1 amplitudes. Although there is significant interannual variability in addition to the apparent biennial signal, there is no clear evidence of any solar cycle dependence or long‐term trend in either DW1 or SW2 modes.
Relation Between Near‐Fault Ground Motion Impulsive Signals and Source Parameters
Authors: Scala A. , Festa G. , Del Gaudio S.
Published: August 2018

Near‐fault ground motion records often present impulsive signals, characterized by a large amplitude in the velocity wavefield and by the energy concentrated in a short time window as compared to the total earthquake duration. This pulse‐like behavior is ascribed to the directivity of the seismic rupture, and it requires a stronger demand to the buildings not predicted by the classical design spectra. In this work we investigate the pulse occurrence and duration in near‐fault synthetic seismograms generated from an ensemble of k−2 source models. We exploited the fault geometry of the Mw = 6.3, 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, which represents a typical example of normal‐fault earthquake for which several records in the fault vicinity are available for comparison with synthetics. We show that impulsive records are sensitive to the rupture velocity, to the hypocenter depth, and to the station location, whether it is on the hanging wall or on the footwall. The pulse duration was also shown to be proportional to the risetime, and it scales with the source‐receiver distance and inversely with the rupture velocity. We model these results as an effect of the coupled along‐strike and updip directivity.
Wave‐Equation Dispersion Inversion of Guided P Waves in a Waveguide of Arbitrary Geometry
Authors: Li Jing , Hanafy Sherif , Schuster Gerard
Published: August 2018

We present a dispersion‐inversion method which inverts for the P‐velocity model from guided waves propagating in wave guides of arbitrary geometry. Its misfit function is the squared summation of differences between the predicted and observed dispersion curves of guided P waves, and the inverted result is a high‐resolution estimate of the near‐surface P‐velocity model. We denote this procedure as wave‐equation dispersion inversion of guided P waves (WDG), which is valid for near‐surface waveguides with irregular layers and does not require a high‐frequency approximation. It is more robust than full waveform inversion and can sometimes provide velocity models with higher resolution than wave‐equation traveltime tomography. Both the synthetic‐data and field data results demonstrate that WDG for guided P waves can accurately invert for complex P‐velocity models at the near surface of the Earth.
Impact of a Stochastic Nonorographic Gravity Wave Parameterization on the Stratospheric Dynamics of a General Circulation Model
Authors: Serva F. , Cagnazzo C. , Riccio A. , Manzini E.
Published: August 2018

The general circulation of the middle atmosphere, particularly of the mesosphere, is strongly dependent on the forcing arising from gravity wave processes. Their sources in the troposphere are both orographic and nonorographic, the latter being strongly intermittent. In climate models, the effects of gravity waves need to be parameterized, often assuming that their properties are constant. In this work we focus on the changes of the middle atmosphere due to the introduction of intermittency in a parameterization of nonorographic gravity waves, using a stochastic version of the Hines scheme. The stochastic approach is tailored to the diagnosed sensitivity of the model to this forcing, and peculiar changes emerge even if a relatively small amount of intermittency is prescribed. We analyze in detail the changes of the stratospheric dynamics in the tropical region and the global circulation of the middle atmosphere, when the stochastic parameterization is employed in place of the deterministic one. The mean state and variability of the model, realistic also in the default version, are preserved when stochasticity is added. Significant changes are observed in the mesosphere due to an enhanced poleward transport, leading to warming in the winter season. While there are some improvements of the mean state, the interannual variability is not significantly affected in the extratropics. The impacts on the simulated equatorial stratosphere are evident, as the stochasticity reduces the overall period of the quasi‐biennial oscillation but also leads to a net reduction of the variability between cycles.
The cost of toxin production in phytoplankton: the case of PST producing dinoflagellates
Authors: Chakraborty Subhendu , Pančić Marina , Andersen Ken H , Kiørboe Thomas
Published: August 2018

Many species of phytoplankton produce toxins that may provide protection from grazing. In that case one would expect toxin production to be costly; else all species would evolve toxicity. However, experiments have consistently failed to show any costs. Here, we show that costs of toxin production are environment dependent but can be high. We develop a fitness optimization model to estimate rate, costs, and benefits of toxin production, using PST (paralytic shellfish toxin) producing dinoflagellates as an example. Costs include energy and material (nitrogen) costs estimated from well-established biochemistry of PSTs, and benefits are estimated from relationship between toxin content and grazing mortality. The model reproduces all known features of PST production: inducibility in the presence of grazer cues, low toxicity of nitrogen-starved cells, but high toxicity of P-limited and light-limited cells. The model predicts negligible reduction in cell division rate in nitrogen replete cells, consistent with observations, but >20% reduction when nitrogen is limiting and abundance of grazers high. Such situation is characteristic of coastal and oceanic waters during summer when blooms of toxic algae typically develop. The investment in defense is warranted, since the net growth rate is always higher in defended than in undefended cells.
PSD95 and nNOS interaction as a novel molecular target to modulate conditioned fear: relevance to PTSD
Authors: Li L.- P. , Dustrude E. T. , Haulcomb M. M. , Abreu A. R. , Fitz S. D. , Johnson P. L. , Thakur G. A. , Molosh A. I. , Lai Y. , Shekhar A.
Published: August 2018

Stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors (NMDARs) and the resulting increase of nitric oxide (NO) production are critical for fear memory formation. Following NMDAR activation, efficient production of NO requires linking the 95 kDa postsynaptic density protein (PSD95), a scaffolding protein to neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). A variety of previously studied NMDAR antagonists and NOS inhibitors can disrupt fear conditioning, but they also affect many other CNS functions such as motor activity, anxiety, and learning. We hypothesized that disrupting nNOS and PSD95 interaction in the amygdala, a critical site for fear memory formation, will reduce conditioned fear. Our results show that systemic treatment with ZL006, a compound that disrupts PSD95/nNOS binding, attenuates fear memory compared to its inactive isomer ZL007. Co-immunoprecipitation after fear conditioning showed a robust increase in the amygdala PSD95/nNOS binding, which was blocked by systemic pre-administration of ZL006. Treatment of amygdala slices with ZL006 also impaired long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular signature of synaptic plasticity. Direct intra-amygdala infusion of ZL006 also attenuated conditioned fear. Finally, unlike NMDAR antagonist MK-801, ZL006 does not affect locomotion, social interaction, object recognition memory, and spatial memory. These findings support the hypothesis that disrupting the PSD95/nNOS interaction downstream of NMDARs selectively reduces fear memory, and highlights PSD95/nNOS interaction as a novel target for fear-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder.
Major upwelling and overturning in the mid-latitude F region ionosphere
Authors: Hysell David , Larsen Miguel , Fritts David , Laughman Brian , Sulzer Michael
Published: August 2018

Profiles of the electron number density in the ionosphere are observed at the Arecibo Radio Observatory in Puerto Rico on a regular basis. Here, we report on recent observations showing anomalous irregularities in the density profiles at altitudes >~300 km. The irregularities occurred during a period of “mid-latitude spread F,” a space-weather phenomenon relatively common at middle latitudes in summer months characterized by instability and electron density irregularities in the bottomside of the ionospheric F layer. Remarkably, electron density irregularities extended well above the layer, through the ionization peak and into the topside which is regarded as being stable. Neither the neutral atmosphere nor the ionosphere is thought to be able to support turbulence locally at this altitude. A numerical simulation is used to illustrate how a combination of atmospheric and plasma dynamics driven at lower altitudes could explain the phenomenon.
Iron restriction inside macrophages regulates pulmonary host defense against Rhizopus species
Authors: Andrianaki Angeliki M. , Kyrmizi Irene , Thanopoulou Kalliopi , Baldin Clara , Drakos Elias , Soliman Sameh S. M. , Shetty Amol C. , McCracken Carrie , Akoumianaki Tonia , Stylianou Kostas , Ioannou Petros , Pontikoglou Charalampos , Papadaki Helen A. , Tzardi Maria , Belle Valerie , Etienne Emilien , Beauvais Anne , Samonis George , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. , Andreakos Evangelos , Bruno Vincent M. , Ibrahim Ashraf S. , Chamilos Georgios
Published: August 2018

Mucormycosis is a life-threatening respiratory fungal infection predominantly caused by Rhizopus species. Mucormycosis has incompletely understood pathogenesis, particularly how abnormalities in iron metabolism compromise immune responses. Here we show how, as opposed to other filamentous fungi, Rhizopus spp. establish intracellular persistence inside alveolar macrophages (AMs). Mechanistically, lack of intracellular swelling of Rhizopus conidia results in surface retention of melanin, which induces phagosome maturation arrest through inhibition of LC3-associated phagocytosis. Intracellular inhibition of Rhizopus is an important effector mechanism, as infection of immunocompetent mice with swollen conidia, which evade phagocytosis, results in acute lethality. Concordantly, AM depletion markedly increases susceptibility to mucormycosis. Host and pathogen transcriptomics, iron supplementation studies, and genetic manipulation of iron assimilation of fungal pathways demonstrate that iron restriction inside macrophages regulates immunity against Rhizopus. Our findings shed light on the pathogenetic mechanisms of mucormycosis and reveal the role of macrophage-mediated nutritional immunity against filamentous fungi.
Online search tool for graphical patterns in electronic band structures
Authors: Borysov Stanislav S. , Olsthoorn Bart , Gedik M. Berk , Geilhufe R. Matthias , Balatsky Alexander V.
Published: August 2018

Many functional materials can be characterized by a specific pattern in their electronic band structure, for example, Dirac materials, characterized by a linear crossing of bands; topological insulators, characterized by a “Mexican hat” pattern or an effectively free electron gas, characterized by a parabolic dispersion. To find material realizations of these features, manual inspection of electronic band structures represents a relatively easy task for a small number of materials. However, the growing amount of data contained within modern electronic band structure databases makes this approach impracticable. To address this problem, we present an automatic graphical pattern search tool implemented for the electronic band structures contained within the Organic Materials Database. The tool is capable of finding user-specified graphical patterns in the collection of thousands of band structures from high-throughput calculations in the online regime. Using this tool, it only takes a few seconds to find an arbitrary graphical pattern within the ten electronic bands near the Fermi level for 26,739 organic crystals. The source code of the developed tool is freely available and can be adapted to any other electronic band structure database.
The influence of water in silicate melt on aluminium excess in plagioclase as a potential hygrometer
Authors: Fiedrich Alina M. , Martin Lukas H. J. , Storck Julian-C. , Ulmer Peter , Heinrich Christoph A. , Bachmann Olivier
Published: August 2018

Measuring water contents of magmas is fundamental to resolving a number of geological questions, such as the mechanisms of silicic magma evolution, the triggering of volcanic eruptions, and the formation of porphyry copper deposits. This study focuses on the correlation between apparent deviations from stoichiometry of plagioclase crystals and high water concentration in the magmatic melt from which they grew. We considered this relationship as a potential geo-hygrometer (water activity indicator). To test and potentially calibrate this new technique, a range of natural and experimental plagioclase crystals were analysed, with particular care taken to identify and avoid analytical bias and artefacts. In contrast to recently published material, we found no systematic aluminium excess in plagioclase, irrespective of the water concentration of the silicate melt it crystallised from. This suggests that aluminium excess in plagioclase cannot serve as a geo-hygrometer. The high likelihood of misinterpreting analytical artefacts (due to alkali migration and imprecise standardisation) as small deviations from stoichiometry, also requires its application as a mineral exploration tool to be treated with caution.
Ultrasensitive optical reflectivity in annular nanohole array on Photonic crystal slab based on bound states in the continuum
Authors: Li Zhijian , Zhu Qing , Wang Yaonan , Xie Suxia
Published: August 2018

We investigate optical bound states in the continuum (BICs) supported by a photonic crystal (PhC) slab penetrated with periodic annular holes theoretically. Ultrahigh-quality factor (Q-factor) resonances associated with BICs are obtained with a Q-factor more than 108. The BICs can be seen at nonzero incident angles by tuning the lattice constant, layer thickness, inner pillar radius and the refractive index of the surrounding medium, and figure of merit (FOM) at the BICs can reach infinite theoretically. New Fano resonance line appears with BICs when the annular hole’s symmetry is broken, which can be attributed to the change of the waveguide modes and their coupling when the annular hole shape is asymmetrical. We confirm it by tuning the inner pillars’ location and size to realize the structure’s asymmetry. It is shown the location and size asymmetry of the inner pillars inside each outer hole can impact the reflectivity and the formation of the BICs obviously. Results from finite difference time domain method (FDTD) simulation and temporal coupled mode theory (CMT) calculations agree well, which are beneficial to design elements based on optical BICs in various applications, such as biosensors, perfect filters, and waveguides.