bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A meningitis in well‐vaccinated immunocompetent 13‐month‐old child: a case of PCV13 failure
Authors: Kayemba‐Kay's Simon , Badran Abdul Monem , Lagneaux Cécile , Kovacs Tamas , Heron Anne
Published: September 2016

Key Clinical Message

We report a 13‐month‐old immune‐competent male child who was diagnosed with pneumococcal serotype 19A meningitis despite having received three PCV13 injections. Clinicians are reminded that bacterial meningitis can still occur, even in correctly vaccinated children. Investigations should include immune system screening along with abdominal ultrasound to exclude asplenia.
Cavernous hemangioma of the right atrium
Authors: Contrafouris Constantinos , Kanakis Meletios , Milonakis Michael , Azariadis Prodromos , Chatzis Andrew
Published: September 2016

Key Clinical Message

A 42‐year‐old woman was diagnosed during the 3rd month of pregnancy with a large right atrial tumor. Three weeks after successful completion of a full‐term pregnancy, she was admitted and underwent surgical removal of the tumor. Postoperative course was uneventful and pathology showed cavernous hemangioma. These neoplasms should be removed in order to prevent severe arrhythmias as also potential malignant transformation.
A rare cause of acute abdomen: spontaneous dissection of the superior mesenteric artery
Authors: Ansari Mohammad Jamal Uddin , Patel Nikunjkumar , Tulpule Sunil , Sen Shuvendu , Yousif Abdalla
Published: September 2016

Key Clinical Message

Spontaneous superior mesenteric artery (SMA) dissection is a rare, but potentially fatal disease. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of SMA dissections result in a lower prevalence of intestinal infarction and mortality. In the current era, imaging techniques can promptly diagnose SMA dissection; however, no definitive guidelines have been established to treat this condition.
Chromium‐Based Ethylene Tetramerization Catalysts Supported by Silicon‐Bridged Diphosphine Ligands: Further Combination of High Activity and Selectivity
Authors: Zhang Le , Meng Xuejiao , Chen Yanhui , Cao Chengang , Jiang Tao
Published: September 2016

A series of silicon‐bridged diphosphine (SBDP) ligands were synthesized and characterized. The Cr precatalyst supported by bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)dimethylsilane achieved a high activity of 4.2×106 g (molCr h)−1 and a high selectivity of 78.44 % towards valuable 1‐octene by using methylcyclohexane as the solvent at an ethylene pressure of 4.0 MPa and 45 °C. An intramolecular β‐H transfer mechanism was proposed to explain the unequal molar proportions of cyclic C6 byproducts. The crystal structure data of two complexes proved that the SBDP system with a wide P−Cr−P bite angle could also exhibit superior performance in the tetramerization of ethylene.
Studies on the Electrochemical Stability of Preferentially (100)‐Oriented Pt Prepared through Three Different Methods
Authors: Liu Zhi , Ma Chao , Liu Jie , Chen Xu , Song Zhishuang , Hu Wenbin , Zhong Cheng
Published: September 2016

The electrochemical stability of the Pt(100) surface is investigated by electrochemical methods and morphological and structural characterization. Preferentially (100)‐oriented Pt is prepared by three different methods: use of water‐in‐oil microemulsions, electrodeposition and electrochemical faceting. The loss of the Pt(100) sites particularly the wide (100) surface domains during the potential cycling is confirmed by the hydrogen‐desorption profile in H2SO4 solution, the decreasing specific activity for ammonia electro‐oxidation and the decreasing proportion of Pt(100) sites as characterized by irreversible Ge adsorption. This is consistent with TEM observations that show that the well‐defined cubic Pt nanocubes change to a polycrystalline structure, whereas the sharp tips of electrodeposited Pt nanoparticles become rounded/blunt or disappear after 300 potential cycles. Noticeably, the bulk Pt disk electrode treated by electrochemical faceting exhibits a much higher electrochemical stability compared to preferentially (100)‐oriented Pt nanoparticles. The high electrochemical stability is probably related to its preparation procedure, which involves high‐frequency selective electrodissolution/electrodeposition of Pt atoms coupled to the periodic adsorption/desorption of oxygen‐containing species and hydrogen adatoms.
Optimized Lithium Recovery from Brines by using an Electrochemical Ion‐Pumping Process Based on λ‐MnO2 and Nickel Hexacyanoferrate
Authors: Trócoli Rafael , Erinmwingbovo Collins , La Mantia Fabio
Published: September 2016

Currently, Li is mainly produced from Li‐rich brines through the lime–soda evaporation process, which requires a long time and several purification steps, and has a severe environmental impact. Herein, ion‐pumping technology based on λ‐MnO2 as lithium‐capturing electrode is presented. The method has high lithium selectivity and can increase the lithium purity from 4.1 to 96 % in a single step. In addition, the time required to achieve the target lithium concentration (5000 ppm) can be reduced from the 12–14 months needed for the lime–soda evaporation process to less than 7.4 h. The small volume of water required, the absence of any chemical reactant, the recyclability of the used electrodes, and the possibility to combine ion‐pumping technology with renewable energy sources makes this process a potential ecofriendly alternative to the current lithium‐recovery methods.
Nanoscale Measurements of Lithium‐Ion‐Battery Materials using Scanning Probe Techniques
Authors: Danis Laurence , Gateman Samantha M , Kuss Christian , Schougaard Steen B. , Mauzeroll Janine
Published: September 2016

State‐of‐the‐art scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods as applied to energy conversion and storage devices, specifically lithium‐ion batteries, are reviewed with an emphasis on the electroactive elements. The unique ability of SPM‐based methods to provide localized information has proven highly valuable for the in‐depth understanding of the fundamental mechanisms, processes, and degradation of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). As such, SPM analysis is poised to play a strong role in the competition for new higher performing LIBs, especially given the unprecedented choice and availability of SPM techniques tailored to provide physical and chemical information at the nanoscale.
Cationic Platinum(II) σ‐SiH Complexes in Carbon Dioxide Hydrosilation
Authors: Ríos Pablo , Díez Josefina , López‐Serrano Joaquín , Rodríguez Amor , Conejero Salvador
Published: September 2016

The low‐electron‐count cationic platinum complex [Pt(ItBu’)(ItBu)][BArF], 1, interacts with primary and secondary silanes to form the corresponding σ‐SiH complexes. According to DFT calculations, the most stable coordination mode is the uncommon η1‐SiH. The reaction of 1 with Et2SiH2 leads to the X‐ray structurally characterized 14‐electron PtII species [Pt(SiEt2H)(ItBu)2][BArF], 2, which is stabilized by an agostic interaction. Complexes 1, 2, and the hydride [Pt(H)(ItBu)2][BArF], 3, catalyze the hydrosilation of CO2, leading to the exclusive formation of the corresponding silyl formates at room temperature.
Pd‐Catalyzed Carboamination of Alkylidenecyclopropanes: Synthesis of Congested Pyrrolidines and Piperidines
Authors: Lazzara Phillip R. , Fitzpatrick Keegan P. , Eichman Chad C.
Published: September 2016

The synthesis of densely functionalized N‐heterocycles is an ongoing challenge in chemical synthesis. Herein, we report an efficient method for the construction of pyrrolidine and piperidine scaffolds using a palladium‐catalyzed carboamination of alkylidenecyclopropanes.
Decarboxylative Aminomethylation of Aryl‐ and Vinylsulfonates through Combined Nickel‐ and Photoredox‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Fan Lulu , Jia Jiaqi , Hou Hong , Lefebvre Quentin , Rueping Magnus
Published: September 2016

A mild approach for the decarboxylative aminomethylation of aryl sulfonates by the combination of photoredox and nickel catalysis through C−O bond cleavage is described for the first time. A wide range of aryl triflates as well as aryl mesylates, tosylates and alkenyl triflates afford the corresponding products in good to excellent yields.
Effective Axial Thermal Conductivity in Catalyst Packings from High Resolution Temperature Profiles
Authors: Sosna Bahne , Dong Ying , Chromow Lukas , Korup Oliver , Horn Raimund
Published: September 2016

The effective axial thermal conductivity is an essential parameter for an accurate description of heat transport in packed bed reactors. This work presents an experimental setup to determine this parameter from high‐resolution axial temperature measurements. The optimized measuring technique improved the procedure, solving issues reported by other studies, such as misalignment and disturbance of multiple thermocouples. Different materials were investigated: steel spheres, alumina spheres, and steatite hollow cylinders. Furthermore, correlations for these materials were determined.
Effect of heating process on the wettability of fine coals of various ranks
Authors: Xia Wencheng , Niu Chenkai , Li Yanfeng
Published: September 2016

Spontaneous coal combustion can produce a condition of heating process because the atmosphere of coal underground is usually poor in oxygen. Even though the spontaneous combustion of coal is prevented by people, the surface properties of coal are greatly changed. The changes in the wettability of coal influence the flotation of fine coals. This paper investigates the effect of the heating process on the wettability of fine coals of various ranks. Lignite, bituminous, and anthracite coals were used as experimental samples. The heating temperature and time were 500 °C and 2 h. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements were used to indicate the changes in wettability of fine coals before and after the heating process. The results showed that the wettability of bituminous coal was significantly increased whereas that of lignite was greatly decreased after the heating process. However, the wettability of anthracite coal was increased only a little after the heating process.
Adsorption diffusion behaviour of 4,6‐DMDBT from diesel fuel
Authors: Zheng Meiqin , Xu Chengzhi , Hu Hui , Ye Zhuoliang , Chen Xiaohui
Published: September 2016

The equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption desulphurization of model diesel fuel under different operating conditions were investigated. The homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM) and pore diffusion model (PDM) taking into account external resistance and intraparticle resistance were employed to represent the adsorption kinetics of 4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6‐DMDBT). The equilibrium isotherm analysis revealed that the equilibrium can be represented well by the Freundlich model. The proposed HSDM model and PDM model can successfully describe the adsorption of 4,6‐DMDBT for different operating conditions studied. The adsorbate was absorbed rapidly initially because the adsorption rate at the beginning was dominated only by external diffusion. The Biot numbers proved that the predominant rate‐controlling step was intraparticle diffusion. Simultaneously, the adsorption rate was mainly controlled by surface diffusion at lower initial bulk phase concentration and less adsorbent dosage, while pore diffusion played a significant role at higher initial bulk phase concentration and more adsorbent dosage. The temperature had little effect on the diffusion of 4,6‐DMDBT from diesel fuel. The estimated values of pore diffusion coefficient and surface diffusion coefficient were 1.55 × 10−12 m2/s and 5.855 × 10−14 m2/s, respectively. They were independent of adsorbent dosage, initial 4,6‐DMDBT concentration, and temperature, which can provide guidance for fixed‐bed adsorption columns design and process operation.
Quantitative Relationship Between Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Nitrogen Application Rate for a Typical Intensive Vegetable Cropping System in Southeastern China
Authors: Zhang Man , Chen Zhao Zhi , Li Qiao Ling , Fan Chang Hua , Xiong Zheng Qin
Published: September 2016

To explore the mechanism underlying the relationship between nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and different nitrogen (N) application rates, we conducted a 2‐year‐round field experiment comprising seven vegetable crop seasons by using static chamber‐gas chromatographic techniques in a continuously cultivated vegetable cropping system in Southeastern China. The results showed that N application significantly affected the N2O emissions. The cumulative N2O emissions amounted to 16.9 ± 1.9, 25.2 ± 2.2, 30.0 ± 1.9, 36.7 ± 1.5, and 48.1 ± 2.2 kg N ha−1 y−1 for the five N application rates at 0, 370, 740, 1110, 1480 kg N ha−1 y−1, respectively. Both linear and exponential relationship was observed between cumulative N2O emissions and N application rates. The emission factors ranged from 1.8 ± 0.1 to 2.3 ± 0.6% and averaged 2.0 ± 0.3%. The treatment receiving 2/3 of the conventional N fertilizer amount led to the lowest yield‐scaled N2O emissions. Therefore, according to this study the recommended N application rate should be reduced by one‐third for N2O mitigation while enhancing vegetable production in Southeastern China.
Spectral reflectance reconstruction from RGB images based on weighting smaller color difference group
Authors: Cao Bin , Liao Ningfang , Cheng Haobo
Published: September 2016

A method to reconstruct spectral reflectance from RGB images is presented without priori knowledge of camera's spectral responsivity. To obtain the spectral reflectance of a pixel or region in images, this method assumes that reflectance is a weighted average of reflectances of samples in a selected training group, in which all samples have smaller color difference with that pixel or region. Four proposed weighting modes with different selected numbers of training samples were investigated. Among them, the inverse square weighting mode obtains the best performance, and it is not very sensitive to the selected training samples number. Experimental results show that all weighting modes outperform the traditional method in terms of root mean squared error and Goodness‐of‐Fit Coefficient between the actual and the reconstructed reflectances as well as color differences under the other light condition. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 327–332, 2017
Ecosystem carbon density and allocation across a chronosequence of longleaf pine forests
Authors: Samuelson Lisa J. , Stokes Thomas A. , Butnor John R. , Johnsen Kurt H. , Gonzalez‐Benecke Carlos A. , Martin Timothy A. , Cropper Wendell P. , Anderson Pete H. , Ramirez Michael R. , Lewis John C.
Published: September 2016

Forests can partially offset greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to climate change mitigation, mainly through increases in live biomass. We quantified carbon (C) density in 20 managed longleaf pine (Pinus palustrisMill.) forests ranging in age from 5 to 118 years located across the southeasternUnited Statesand estimated above‐ and belowground C trajectories. Ecosystem C stock (all pools including soil C) and aboveground live tree C increased nonlinearly with stand age and the modeled asymptotic maxima were 168 Mg C/ha and 80 Mg C/ha, respectively. Accumulation of ecosystem C with stand age was driven mainly by increases in aboveground live tree C, which ranged from <1 Mg C/ha to 74 Mg C/ha and comprised <1% to 39% of ecosystem C. Live root C (sum of below‐stump C, ground penetrating radar measurement of lateral root C, and live fine root C) increased with stand age and represented 4–22% of ecosystem C. Soil C was related to site index, but not to stand age, and made up 39–92% of ecosystem C. Live understory C, forest floor C, downed dead wood C, and standing dead wood C were small fractions of ecosystem C in these frequently burned stands. Stand age and site index accounted for 76% of the variation in ecosystem C among stands. The mean root‐to‐shoot ratio calculated as the average across all stands (excluding the grass‐stage stand) was 0.54 (standard deviation of 0.19) and higher than reports for other conifers. Long‐term accumulation of live tree C, combined with the larger role of belowground accumulation of lateral root C than in other forest types, indicates a role of longleaf pine forests in providing disturbance‐resistant C storage that can balance the more rapid C accumulation and C removal associated with more intensively managed forests. Although other managed southern pine systems sequester more C over the short‐term, we suggest that longleaf pine forests can play a meaningful role in regional forest C management.
Loss of control over eating before and during early pregnancy among community women with overweight and obesity
Authors: Kolko Rachel P. , Emery Rebecca L. , Marcus Marsha D. , Levine Michele D.
Published: September 2016

Objective

This study examined the prevalence of and changes in loss of control over eating (LOC) among pregnant women with overweight/obesity, along with associations between LOC and depressive symptoms and stress.

Method

Community women (N = 200; body mass index ≥ 25; 12–20 weeks gestation) reported LOC before and during early pregnancy using the Eating Disorder Examination, which was adapted for administration in pregnancy. Women self‐reported depressive symptoms and stress during early pregnancy.

Results

Twenty‐eight percent (n = 56) of women reported LOC before or during early pregnancy: 14.5% (n = 29) reported LOC incidence during early pregnancy, 9.5% (n = 19) reported LOC persistence from prepregnancy to early pregnancy, and 4.0% (n = 8) reported LOC prepregnancy only. Women with LOC reported more depressive symptoms and stress than did those without. Women with LOC persistence reported clinically significant depressive symptoms and elevated stress. Levels of depressive symptoms and stress differed between women with LOC persistence and those without LOC (ps < 0.05).

Discussion

LOC during pregnancy was prevalent and associated with distress, particularly when present before and during pregnancy. Among women with LOC, few reported remission, but one‐half reported onset during early pregnancy. Longitudinal studies are needed among mothers with overweight/obesity to identify patterns of LOC throughout pregnancy and how LOC affects perinatal outcomes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:582–586)
Phenological asynchrony between host plant and gypsy moth reduces insect gut microbiota and susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Martemyanov Vyacheslav V. , Belousova Irina A. , Pavlushin Sergey V. , Dubovskiy Ivan M. , Ershov Nikita I. , Alikina Tatyana Y. , Kabilov Marsel R. , Glupov Victor V.
Published: September 2016

The phenological synchrony between the emergence of overwintering herbivorous insects and the budding of host plants is considered a crucial factor in the population dynamics of herbivores. However, the mechanisms driving the interactions between the host plant, herbivores, and their pathogens are often obscure. In the current study, an artificially induced phenological asynchrony was used to investigate how the asynchrony between silver birch Betula pendula and gypsy moth Lymantria dispar affects the immunity of the insect to bacteria, its susceptibility to the entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, and the diversity in its midgut microbiota. The lysozyme‐like activity in both the midgut and hemolymph plasma and the nonspecific esterase activity and antimicrobial peptide gene expression in the midgut were studied in both noninfected and B. thuringiensis‐infected larvae. Our results provide the first evidence that phenologically asynchronous larvae are less susceptible to B. thuringiensis infection than phenologically synchronous larvae, and our results show that these effects are related to the high basic levels and B. thuringiensis‐induced levels of lysozyme‐like activities. Moreover, a 16S rRNA analysis revealed that dramatic decreases in the diversity of the larval gut bacterial consortia occurred under the effect of asynchrony. Larvae infected with B. thuringiensis presented decreased microbiota diversity if the larvae were reared synchronously with the host plant but not if they were reared asynchronously. Our study demonstrates the significant effect of phenological asynchrony on innate immunity‐mediated interactions between herbivores and entomopathogenic bacteria and highlights the role of nonpathogenic gut bacteria in these interactions.
Optimizing performance of nonparametric species richness estimators under constrained sampling
Authors: Rajakaruna Harshana , Drake D. Andrew R. , T. Chan Farrah , Bailey Sarah A.
Published: September 2016

Understanding the functional relationship between the sample size and the performance of species richness estimators is necessary to optimize limited sampling resources against estimation error. Nonparametric estimators such as Chao and Jackknife demonstrate strong performances, but consensus is lacking as to which estimator performs better under constrained sampling. We explore a method to improve the estimators under such scenario. The method we propose involves randomly splitting species‐abundance data from a single sample into two equally sized samples, and using an appropriate incidence‐based estimator to estimate richness. To test this method, we assume a lognormal species‐abundance distribution (SAD) with varying coefficients of variation (CV), generate samples using MCMC simulations, and use the expected mean‐squared error as the performance criterion of the estimators. We test this method for Chao, Jackknife, ICE, and ACE estimators. Between abundance‐based estimators with the single sample, and incidence‐based estimators with the split‐in‐two samples, Chao2 performed the best when CV < 0.65, and incidence‐based Jackknife performed the best when CV > 0.65, given that the ratio of sample size to observed species richness is greater than a critical value given by a power function of CV with respect to abundance of the sampled population. The proposed method increases the performance of the estimators substantially and is more effective when more rare species are in an assemblage. We also show that the splitting method works qualitatively similarly well when the SADs are log series, geometric series, and negative binomial. We demonstrate an application of the proposed method by estimating richness of zooplankton communities in samples of ballast water. The proposed splitting method is an alternative to sampling a large number of individuals to increase the accuracy of richness estimations; therefore, it is appropriate for a wide range of resource‐limited sampling scenarios in ecology.
Potential and limitations of inferring ecosystem photosynthetic capacity from leaf functional traits
Authors: Musavi Talie , Migliavacca Mirco , van de Weg Martine Janet , Kattge Jens , Wohlfahrt Georg , van Bodegom Peter M. , Reichstein Markus , Bahn Michael , Carrara Arnaud , Domingues Tomas F. , Gavazzi Michael , Gianelle Damiano , Gimeno Cristina , Granier André , Gruening Carsten , Havránková Kateřina , Herbst Mathias , Hrynkiw Charmaine , Kalhori Aram , Kaminski Thomas , Klumpp Katja , Kolari Pasi , Longdoz Bernard , Minerbi Stefano , Montagnani Leonardo , Moors Eddy , Oechel Walter C. , Reich Peter B. , Rohatyn Shani , Rossi Alessandra , Rotenberg Eyal , Varlagin Andrej , Wilkinson Matthew , Wirth Christian , Mahecha Miguel D.
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study was to systematically analyze the potential and limitations of using plant functional trait observations from global databases versus in situ data to improve our understanding of vegetation impacts on ecosystem functional properties (EFPs). Using ecosystem photosynthetic capacity as an example, we first provide an objective approach to derive robust EFP estimates from gross primary productivity (GPP) obtained from eddy covariance flux measurements. Second, we investigate the impact of synchronizing EFPs and plant functional traits in time and space to evaluate their relationships, and the extent to which we can benefit from global plant trait databases to explain the variability of ecosystem photosynthetic capacity. Finally, we identify a set of plant functional traits controlling ecosystem photosynthetic capacity at selected sites. Suitable estimates of the ecosystem photosynthetic capacity can be derived from light response curve of GPP responding to radiation (photosynthetically active radiation or absorbed photosynthetically active radiation). Although the effect of climate is minimized in these calculations, the estimates indicate substantial interannual variation of the photosynthetic capacity, even after removing site‐years with confounding factors like disturbance such as fire events. The relationships between foliar nitrogen concentration and ecosystem photosynthetic capacity are tighter when both of the measurements are synchronized in space and time. When using multiple plant traits simultaneously as predictors for ecosystem photosynthetic capacity variation, the combination of leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio with leaf phosphorus content explains the variance of ecosystem photosynthetic capacity best (adjusted R2 = 0.55). Overall, this study provides an objective approach to identify links between leaf level traits and canopy level processes and highlights the relevance of the dynamic nature of ecosystems. Synchronizing measurements of eddy covariance fluxes and plant traits in time and space is shown to be highly relevant to better understand the importance of intra‐ and interspecific trait variation on ecosystem functioning.
Zinc(II) Complexes of N,N‐Di(2‐picolyl)hydrazones
Authors: Barsoum David N. , Kyeremeh‐Mensah Lawrence , Meisner Quinton J. , Clark Ronald J. , Masson Eric , Zhu Lei
Published: September 2016

We report on N,N‐di(2‐picolyl)hydrazone (DPH) ligands that are capable of binding metal ions in two isomeric forms depending on the nature of the hydrazone substituent. When the hydrazone substituent is not coordinating, the metal ion prefers the N,N‐di(2‐picolyl)amino (DPA) site, which is a known tridentate ligand that anchors on the sp3‐hybridized amino nitrogen atom. When the hydrazone substituent is coordinating, the metal ion instead anchors on the sp2‐hybridized imino nitrogen atom to afford a different structural isomer. Zinc(II) is used as a representative transition‐metal ion for characterizing the coordination chemistry of DPH in both solution and solid states.
A Corey–Seebach Macrocyclisation Strategy for the Synthesis of Riccardin C and an Unnatural Macrocyclic Bis(bibenzyl) Analogue
Authors: Almalki Faisal A. , Harrowven David C.
Published: September 2016

A total synthesis of riccardin C has been accomplished using a Corey–Seebach reaction to effect macrocyclisation. The versatility of the strategy has also been demonstrated with a mimetic synthesis of an unnatural bis(bibenzyl) analogue.
High‐Performance Supercapacitor Based on Polyaniline/Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Composite with KOH
Authors: Xie Fangyuan , Kou Chuang , Yuan Yuan , Zhu Wenliang , Zhu Juncheng , Zhu Jiliang , Zhu Xiaohong , Pezzotti Giuseppe
Published: September 2016

New solutions for electrochemical supercapacitors are currently sought to complement or even replace conventional battery elements. This report presents a novel and simple approach to fabricate a polyaniline (PANI)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composite with KOH electrode materials. The fabrication procedure is simple (i.e., a thermal treatment performed in air at low temperature) and potentially suitable for large‐scale applications of supercapacitors. The areal capacitance of the liquid device is 753 mF cm−2 with a mass loading of 20 mg cm−2 and the highest energy density is 108 μWh cm−2 with a power density of 6.8 mW cm−2. The areal capacitance of the all‐solid‐state device is 671 mF cm−2 with a mass loading of 20 mg cm−2 and the highest energy density is 75 μWh cm−2 with a power density of 5 mW cm−2. Both the liquid device and all‐solid‐state device based on the PANI/PVDF composite with KOH have good cycling stability. In particular, the newly developed, highly flexible all‐solid‐state supercapacitor showed only 4 % decrease in specific capacitance after 10 000 cycles; this is very competitive among recently reported research. Moreover, the new supercapacitor device is extremely light in weight and highly flexible in its structure. All of these unique characteristics make this novel supercapacitor suitable and innovative for flexible energy storage.
P‐AOMDV: An improved routing protocol for V2V communication based on public transport backbones
Authors: Alves Junior Joilson ,  Wille Emilio C. G.
Published: September 2016

The Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks consider the vehicle‐to‐vehicle communication to provide safety and entertainment to their users. Vehicle‐to‐vehicle networks are self‐organized and self‐managed mobile networks with decentralized control, being independent of fixed infrastructures. These networks are also characterized by the high mobility of nodes (vehicles), the scarce or unbalanced traffic, and the restrictions imposed by the roads. Such characteristics imply lack of connectivity and low performance of the protocols. Many studies claim that the use of fixed infrastructure with classic routing protocols may provide connectivity and allow the use of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Meanwhile, the associated costs are too high, which make them unable most of the times. A way to overcome these problems is to deploy a reliable infrastructure that will bear the routing protocol out. This paper proposes the construction of a new routing protocol, named Priority Ad Hoc On‐demand Multipath Distance Vector (P‐AOMDV), which has the capability of acting together with a mobile backbone formed by public transport buses (MOB‐NET) and, consequently, to minimize the effects of the lack of connectivity and to improve network performance. The P‐AOMDV can discover many routes between source and destination, allowing the nodes to have a broad vision of the network, being able to take routing decisions considering metrics that are not limited to the number of hops. Simulation experiments have shown that the pair P‐AOMDV/MOB‐NET can improve metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR) and active route ratio (ARR) and, at the same time, minimize problems due to route breakage and route unavailability.
Impact of Croton argyrophyllus essential oil on behavioural models of nociception
Authors: Ramos José Mirabeau de Oliveira , Santos Cliomar Alves dos , Santana Danielle Gomes , Antoniolli Angelo Roberto , Santos Darlisson de Alexandria , Alves Péricles Barreto , Thomazzi Sara Maria
Published: September 2016

Croton argyrophyllus Kunth (Euphorbiaceae) is a shrub abundant in the northeast region of Brazil where it possesses ethnobotanical use. To assess the antinociceptive action of C. argyrophyllus, studies were conducted in behavioural models of nociception, and some of the mechanisms given under this effect investigated. The essential oil (EO) of C. argyrophyllus leaves (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) was used in mice via the oral route in both the chemicals (acetic acid, formalin, capsaicin and glutamate) and thermal nociception models. The EO produced inhibition of acetic acid‐induced visceral pain (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and it produced a significant antinociception effect in the hot plate test (100 mg/kg). In the formalin test, the EO caused significant inhibition of both the early (100 mg/kg) and the late (30 and 100 mg/kg) phases of formalin‐induced licking. The EO (30 and 100 mg/kg) also caused significant inhibition of capsaicin‐ and glutamate‐induced pain. The EO (100 mg/kg) antinociception in the hot plate test was significantly attenuated by treatment with naloxone. In contrast, the EO (100 mg/kg) antinociception in the abdominal constriction test was not affected by treatment of mice with L‐arginine. The present results suggest that the EO from C. argyrophyllus produced antinociception in several models of pain in mechanisms that involved glutamatergic and opioid systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depth‐dependence of visual signals in the human superior colliculus at 9.4 T
Authors: Loureiro Joana R. , Hagberg Gisela E. , Ethofer Thomas , Erb Michael , Bause Jonas , Ehses Philipp , Scheffler Klaus , Himmelbach Marc
Published: September 2016

The superior colliculus (SC) is a layered structure located in the midbrain. We exploited the improved spatial resolution and BOLD signal strength available at 9.4 T to investigate the depth profile of visual BOLD responses in the human SC based on distortion‐corrected EPI data with a 1 mm isotropic resolution. We used high resolution (350 µm in‐plane) anatomical images to determine regions‐of‐interest of the SC and applied a semi‐automated method to segment it into superficial, intermediate, and deep zones. A greater than linear increase in sensitivity of the functional signal at 9.4 T allowed us to detect a statistically significant depth pattern in a group analysis with a 20 min stimulation paradigm. Descriptive data showed consistent depth profiles also in single individuals. The highest signals were localized to the superficial layers of the right and left SC during contralateral stimulation, which was in good agreement with its functional architecture known from non‐human primates. This study thus demonstrates the potential of 9.4 T MRI for functional neuroimaging even in deeply located, particularly challenging brain structures such as the SC. Hum Brain Mapp 38:574–587, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of irradiation on the biological and biomechanical properties of an acellular porcine superflexor tendon graft for cruciate ligament repair
Authors: Edwards Jennifer H. , Herbert Anthony , Jones Gemma L. , Manfield Iain W. , Fisher John , Ingham Eileen
Published: September 2016

Acellular xenogeneic tissues have the potential to provide ‘off‐the‐shelf’ grafts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair. To ensure that such grafts are sterile following packaging, it is desirable to use terminal sterilization methods. Here, the effects of gamma and electron beam irradiation on the biological and biomechanical properties of a previously developed acellular porcine superflexor tendon (pSFT) were investigated. Irradiation following treatment with peracetic acid was compared to peracetic acid treatment alone and the stability of grafts following long‐term storage assessed. Irradiation did not affect total collagen content or biocompatibility (determined using a contact cytotoxicity assay) of the grafts, but slightly increased the amount of denatured collagen in and decreased the thermal denaturation temperature of the tissue in a dose dependant fashion. Biomechanical properties of the grafts were altered by irradiation (reduced ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus, increased failure strain), but remained superior to reported properties of the native human ACL. Long term storage at 4°C had no negative effects on the grafts. Of all the conditions tested, a dose of minimum 25 kGy of gamma irradiation had least effect on the grafts, suggesting that this dose produces a biocompatible pSFT graft with adequate mechanical properties for ACL repair. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2477–2486, 2017.
MED28 Regulates Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Through NFκB in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Huang Chun‐Yin , Hsieh Nien‐Tsu , Li Chun‐I , Weng Yu‐Ting , Liu Hsiao‐Sheng , Lee Ming‐Fen
Published: September 2016

MED28, a mammalian Mediator subunit, was found highly expressed in several types of malignancy, including breast cancer. Recently, we have identified a role of MED28 in regulating both cell growth and migration in human breast cancer cells. In epithelium‐derived solid tumor, migration and invasion are preceded by the progression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) which calls for downregulation of epithelial markers as well as upregulation of mesenchymal markers, among other features. The objective of this study was to investigate a putative role of MED28 in the progression of EMT in human breast cancer cells. In fibroblast‐like MDA‐MB‐231 cells, suppression of MED28 attenuated the mesenchymal morphology, concomitantly with a reduction of several mesenchymal biomarkers and Snail, a transcriptional repressor of E‐cadherin. The suppression effect was also accompanied by downregulation of p‐NFκB/p65. However, overexpression of MED28 exhibited in an opposite manner. In epithelial MCF7 cells, administration of Adriamycin®, an experimental EMT induction system, led to a mesenchyme‐like appearance correlated with increased expression of MED28, p‐p65, and Snail, and a reciprocal change of epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Furthermore, suppression of MED28 attenuated the experimental EMT effect and restored the original expression status of E‐cadherin and MMP9 in MCF7 cells. Our data indicate that MED28 modulates the development of EMT through NFκB in human breast cancer cells, further reinforcing the significance of MED28 in the progression of breast cancer on top of its role in cell growth and migration. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1337–1345, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Calcium‐Sensing Receptors in Endothelin‐1‐Dependent Effects on Adult Rat Ventricular Cardiomyocytes: Possible Contribution to Adaptive Myocardial Hypertrophy
Authors: Dyukova Elena , Schreckenberg Rolf , Arens Christoph , Sitdikova Guzel , Schlüter Klaus‐Dieter
Published: September 2016

Nitric oxide (NO)‐deficiency as it occurs during endothelial dysfunction activates the endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) system and increases the expression of receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP)‐1 that acts as a chaperon for calcium‐sensing receptors (CaR) that have recently been identified to improve cardiac function. Here, we hypothesized that ET‐1 increases the cardiac expression of CaR and thereby induces an adaptive type of hypertrophy. Expressions of RAMP‐1, endothelin receptors, and CaR were analyzed by RT‐PCR in left ventricular tissues of L‐NAME‐treated rats. Effects of ET‐1 on CaR expression and cell function (load free cell shortening) were analyzed in adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. siRNA directed against CaR and RAMP‐1 was used to investigate a causal relationship. PD142893 and BQ788 were used to dissect the contribution of ETB1, ETB2, and ETA receptors. Non‐specific NO synthase inhibition with L‐Nitro arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) caused a cardiac upregulation of ETB receptors and CaR suggesting a paracrine effect of ET‐1 on cardiomyocytes. Indeed, ET‐1 induced the expression of CaR in cultured cardiomyocytes. Under these conditions, cardiomyocytes increased cell size (hypertrophy) but maintained normal function. Inhibition of ETA and ETB1 receptors led to ET‐1‐dependent reduction in cell shortening and attenuated up‐regulation of CaR. Down‐regulation of RAMP‐1 reduced CaR responsiveness. In conclusion, ET‐1 causes an adaptive type of hypertrophy by up‐regulation of CaR in cardiomyocytes via ETA and/or ETB1 receptors. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2508–2518, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differences in Activation of HIV‐1 Replication by Superinfection With HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 in U1 Cells
Authors: Wang Xue , Sun Bing , Mbondji Christelle , Biswas Santanu , Zhao Jiangqin , Hewlett Indira
Published: September 2016

Macrophages contribute to HIV‐1 pathogenesis by forming a viral reservoir that serve as a viral source for the infection of CD4 T cells. The relationship between HIV‐1 latent infection and superinfection in macrophages has not been well studied. Using susceptible U1 cells chronically infected with HIV‐1, we studied the effects of HIV superinfection on latency and differences in superinfection with HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 in macrophages. We found that HIV‐1 (MN) superinfection displayed increased HIV‐1 replication in a time‐dependent manner; while cells infected with HIV‐2 (Rod) initially showed increased HIV‐1 replication, followed by a decrease in HIV‐1 RNA production. HIV‐1 superinfection upregulated/activated NF‐ĸB, NFAT, AP‐1, SP‐1, and MAPK Erk through expression/activation of molecules, CD4, CD3, TCRβ, Zap‐70, PLCγ1, and PKCΘ in T cell receptor‐related signaling pathways; while HIV‐2 superinfection initially increased expression/activation of these molecules followed by decreased protein expression/activation. HIV superinfection initially downregulated HDAC1 and upregulated acetyl‐histone H3 and histone H3 (K4), while HIV‐2 superinfection demonstrated an increase in HDAC1 and a decrease in acetyl‐histone H3 and histone H3 (K4) relative to HIV‐1 superinfection. U1 cells superinfected with HIV‐1 or HIV‐2 showed differential expression of proteins, IL‐2, PARP‐1, YB‐1, and LysRS. These findings indicate that superinfection with HIV‐1 or HIV‐2 has different effects on reactivation of HIV‐1 replication. HIV‐1 superinfection with high load of viral replication may result in high levels of cytotoxicity relative to HIV‐2 superinfection. Cells infected with HIV‐2 showed lower level of HIV‐1 replication, suggesting that co‐infection with HIV‐2 may result in slower progression toward AIDS. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1746–1753, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
G Protein‐Coupled Receptor Endosomal Signaling and Regulation of Neuronal Excitability and Stress Responses: Signaling Options and Lessons From the PAC1 Receptor
Authors: May Victor , Parsons Rodney L.
Published: September 2016

Our understanding of G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) mechanisms and functions have evolved considerably. Among the many conceptual realignments, GPCRs can exist in an ensemble of active microstates that have the potential to differentially engage specific downstream signaling events. Furthermore, among GPCR dynamics, GPCR internalization and vesicular trafficking are no longer solely mechanisms for desensitization, but now appreciated to form intricate endosomal signaling complexes that can potentially target second messengers to intracellular compartments with high temporal and spatial resolution. The PACAPergic system is important in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis in the central and peripheral nervous systems and activation of the PACAP‐selective PAC1 receptor can generate differential but coordinate plasma membrane and endosomal signals for cellular responses. The integration of these signals can modulate PACAP‐induced changes in ionic conductances that gate neuronal excitability. PACAP/PAC1 receptor generation of endosomal ERK signals participate in chronic pain and anxiety‐like responses which can be attenuated with endocytosis inhibitors. From the abilities of ligands to stabilize the different GPCR microstates for biased downstream signaling, the development of biased PAC1 receptor agonists and antagonists may provide opportunities to dissociate the homeostatic regulatory signals of PACAP from the maladaptive effects. In particular, the development of biased antagonists to PAC1 receptor‐mediated endosomal signaling may offer therapeutic options for chronic pain and stress‐related disorders. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 698–706, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hypoglycemia Enhances Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transition and Invasiveness, and Restrains the Warburg Phenotype, in Hypoxic HeLa Cell Cultures and Microspheroids
Authors: Marín‐Hernández Álvaro , Gallardo‐Pérez Juan Carlos , Hernández‐Reséndiz Ileana , Del Mazo‐Monsalvo Isis , Robledo‐Cadena Diana Xochiquetzal , Moreno‐Sánchez Rafael , Rodríguez‐Enríquez Sara
Published: September 2016

The accelerated growth of solid tumors leads to episodes of both hypoxia and hypoglycemia (HH) affecting their intermediary metabolism, signal transduction, and transcriptional activity. A previous study showed that normoxia (20% O2) plus 24 h hypoglycemia (2.5 mM glucose) increased glycolytic flux whereas oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) was unchanged versus normoglycemia in HeLa cells. However, the simultaneous effect of HH on energy metabolism has not been yet examined. Therefore, the effect of hypoxia (0.1–1% O2) plus hypoglycemia on the energy metabolism of HeLa cells was analyzed by evaluating protein content and activity, along with fluxes of both glycolysis and OxPhos. Under hypoxia, in which cell growth ceased and OxPhos enzyme activities, ΔΨm and flux were depressed, hypoglycemia did not stimulate glycolytic flux despite increasing H‐RAS, p‐AMPK, GLUT1, GLUT3, and HKI levels, and further decreasing mitochondrial enzyme content. The impaired mitochondrial function in HH cells correlated with mitophagy activation. The depressed OxPhos and unchanged glycolysis pattern was also observed in quiescent cells from mature multicellular tumor spheroids, suggesting that these inner cell layers are similarly subjected to HH. The principal ATP supplier was glycolysis for HH 2D monolayer and 3D quiescent spheroid cells. Accordingly, the glycolytic inhibitors iodoacetate and gossypol were more effective than mitochondrial inhibitors in decreasing HH‐cancer cell viability. Under HH, stem cell‐, angiogenic‐, and EMT‐biomarkers, as well as glycoprotein‐P content and invasiveness, were also enhanced. These observations indicate that HH cancer cells develop an attenuated Warburg and pronounced EMT‐ and invasive‐phenotype. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1346–1359, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1H‐1,2,3‐Triazole: From Structure to Function and Catalysis
Authors: Lauko Ján , Kouwer Paul H. J. , Rowan Alan E.
Published: September 2016

The heterocyclic family of azoles have recently become one of the most widely used members of the N‐heterocycles; the most prominent one being 1H‐1,2,3‐triazole and its derivatives. The sudden growth of interest in this structural motif was sparked by the advent of click chemistry, first described in the early 2000s. From the early days of click chemistry, when the accessibility of triazoles made them into one of the most versatile linkers, interest has slowly turned to the use of triazoles as functional building blocks. The presence of multiple N‐coordination sites and a highly polarized carbon atom allows for metal coordination and the complexation of anions by both hydrogen and halogen bonding. Exploitation of these multiple binding sites makes it possible for triazoles to be used in various functional materials, such as metallic and anionic sensors. More recently, triazoles have also shown their potential in catalytic systems, thus increasing their impact far beyond the initial purpose of click chemistry. This report gives an overview of the structure, functionalities, and use of triazoles with a focus on their use in catalytic systems.