bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti–JC virus antibody levels in serum or plasma further define risk of natalizumab‐associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Plavina Tatiana , Subramanyam Meena , Bloomgren Gary , Richman Sandra , Pace Amy , Lee Sophia , Schlain Brian , Campagnolo Denise , Belachew Shibeshih , Ticho Barry
Published: October 2014

Objective

The increased risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with natalizumab treatment is associated with the presence of anti–JC virus (JCV) antibodies. We analyzed whether anti‐JCV antibody levels, measured as index, may further define PML risk in seropositive patients.

Methods

The association between serum or plasma anti‐JCV antibody levels and PML risk was examined in anti‐JCV antibody–positive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients from natalizumab clinical studies and postmarketing sources. For PML and non‐PML patients, the probabilities of having an index below and above a range of anti‐JCV antibody index thresholds were calculated using all available data and applied to the PML risk stratification algorithm. Longitudinal stability of anti‐JCV antibody index was also evaluated.

Results

Anti‐JCV antibody index data were available for serum/plasma samples collected >6 months prior to PML diagnosis from 71 natalizumab‐treated PML patients and 2,522 non‐PML anti‐JCV antibody–positive patients. In patients with no prior immunosuppressant use, anti‐JCV antibody index distribution was significantly higher in PML patients than in non‐PML patients (p < 0.0001). Among patients who were anti‐JCV antibody negative at baseline in the AFFIRM and STRATIFY‐1 trials, 97% remained consistently negative or below an index threshold of 1.5 over 18 months. Retrospective analyses of pre‐PML samples collected longitudinally from PML patients displayed sustained higher anti‐JCV antibody index over time.

Interpretation

Anti‐JCV antibody levels in serum/plasma, measured as index, may differentiate PML risk in anti‐JCV antibody–positive MS patients with no prior immunosuppressant use. Continued evaluation of anti‐JCV antibody index and PML risk is warranted. Ann Neurol 2014;76:802–812
One‐pot preparation of multicolor polymeric nanoparticles with high brightness by single wavelength excitation
Authors: Chen Jian , Huang Fuhua , Wang Hong , Li Ya , Liu Shengli , Yi Pinggui
Published: October 2014

Fluorescent nanoparticles with multiplex distinct emission signatures and high brightness by a single wavelength excitation are substantially needed in multiplex bioassays and imaging. In this study, we synthesized fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles incorporated with three polymerizable organic dyes via a one‐pot miniemulsion. By altering the doping ratio of three tandem dyes, the nanoparticles display abundant multiple fluorescence such as blue, cyan, green, orange, pink, red etc., together with distinguishable emission signatures under a single wavelength excitation, which were arising from the effective fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the three energy‐matched dyes. Meanwhile, a large Stokes shift (up to 250 nm) can be generated by taking place multiple FRET cascade mechanism between donor and acceptor fluorophores in nanoparticles, which also suggests broad applications in biological labeling and imaging. Moreover, these nanoparticles are uniform in size, highly bright, excellently photostable, and shown prominent longterm stability. Overall, the novel multicolor fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles augur well for their potential applications in multiplexed bioanalysis and emitting displays. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41492.
Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated block copolyimides derived from 4,4'‐sulfide‐bis(naphthalic anhydride) for proton exchange membranes
Authors: Chen Guofei , Pei Xueliang , Wei Haibing , Xu Lubo , Fang Xingzhong
Published: October 2014

A series of sulfonated copolyimides (SPIs) with hydrophilic segment length of 20–60 based on 4,4′‐sulfide‐bis(naphthalic anhydride) (SBNA) have been successfully synthesized to improve hydrolytic stability and proton conductivity. The SPI membranes were cast from their m‐cresol solutions, and they were characterized by determining the water uptake, water swelling ratio, mechanical properties, hydrolytic stability, oxidative stability, and proton conductivity. It was found that the water uptake of SPI membranes was low and decreased as the hydrophilic segment length increased, which led to good dimensional stability. In addition, the SPI membranes with low ion‐exchange capacity (IEC) value displayed excellent hydrolytic stability and retained good mechanical properties even after harsh hydrolysis testing, in which the block SPI with hydrophilic segment length of 40 had the best hydrolytic stability, while those with high IEC value showed an apparent decrease. All of the block SPI membranes show better conductivity than the random ones at the temperature range from 30 to 70°C. Interestingly, the proton conductivities of random SPI membranes were higher than that of corresponding block ones at 90°C. The block SPI with hydrophilic segment length of 40 gave the highest proton conductivity as the temperature increased among the block SPIs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41501.
Copper(II)‐Mediated Transformation of a Tridentate Non‐Innocent Ligand into a Tetradentate Salen‐Type Innocent Ligand
Authors: Ghorai Samir , Mukherjee Chandan
Published: October 2014

A non‐innocent ligand, H4L, was synthesized by introducing a CH2NH2 group at the ortho carbon atom to the aniline moiety of 2‐anilino‐4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol. The new ligand was characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques. Upon treatment with CuCl2⋅2 H2O, this non‐innocent ligand provided a mononuclear four‐coordinate salen‐type CuII complex by complete modification of the ligand backbone. The complex was characterized by IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and UV/Vis/near‐IR spectroscopy techniques. X‐ray crystallographic analysis showed an asymmetric environment around the CuII center with a small (≈12°) twist between the two biting planes. Analysis of the X‐band EPR spectrum also supported the asymmetric environment and also indicated the presence of an unpaired electron on the d orbital. The UV/Vis/near‐IR spectrum showed strong absorption bands for metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer and ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer along with a CuII‐centered d–d transition. Mechanistic investigation of the formation of complex 1 indicated that modification of the ligand backbone proceeded through ligand‐centered amine to imine oxidation as well as through CN bond‐breaking processes. During these processes, 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,2‐benzoquinone and 2‐aminobenzylidene were produced. Ammonia, generated in situ through hydrolysis of the imine to the aldehyde, reacted with 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,2‐benzoquinone to form the corresponding 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,2‐iminobenzoquinone moiety, which upon two‐electron reduction in the reaction medium formed 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,2‐aminophenol. This aminophenol underwent condensation with the H2L5 ligand that was formed by self‐condensation of two molecules of 2‐aminobenzaldehyde and provided the modified ligand backbone.
Evidence for ASD Recurrence Rates and Reproductive Stoppage From Large UK ASD Research Family Databases
Authors: Wood Claire L. , Warnell Frances , Johnson Mary , Hames Annette , Pearce Mark S. , McConachie Helen , Parr Jeremy R.
Published: October 2014

Following a diagnosis of a developmental disorder such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in early childhood, parents may decide to have fewer children than previously planned. The tendency for families to halt reproduction after receiving a diagnosis for one child is known as reproductive stoppage. Stoppage may lead to an underestimate of recurrence risk estimates of parents having more than one child with ASD. Using two large UK ASD family databases, we investigated recurrence rates for ASD and evidence for reproductive stoppage for both ASD and undiagnosed ASD/broader autism phenotype in a subgroup of families. Reproductive stoppage was tested for using the Mann–Whitney U‐test to disprove the null hypothesis that affected and nonaffected children were distributed randomly by birth order. Dahlberg's later‐sib method was used to estimate recurrence risk and take stoppage into account. Data were available from 299 families (660 children) including 327 with ASD. Ten percent of the complete families had more than one child with an ASD. Using Dahlberg's later‐sib method, the recurrence risk for ASD was 24.7% overall and 50.0% in families with two or more older siblings with ASD. Children with ASD were born significantly later in families than those without ASD in all sibship combinations. This study shows strong evidence that ASD is associated with reproductive stoppage. These data have important implications for family planning and genetic counseling. Autism Res 2015, 8: 73–81. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zweiachsige Lastabtragung von Brettsperrholzplatten
Authors: Bogensperger Thomas , Silly Gregor
Published: October 2014

Bauen mit massiven Brettsperrholzelementen (BSP‐Elementen) gewann in den letzten Jahren an Bedeutung. Beginnend mit dem Einfamilienhausbau vor mehr als 15 Jahren wurden und werden mittlerweile immer größere Bauaufgaben angedacht und realisiert. Als Beispiele der aktuell größten Bauwerke in der Holz‐Massivbauweise können der Murray Grove Tower und das Bridboard House – 2008 bzw. 2010 in London errichtet – angeführt werden. Die jeweils achtgeschossigen Bauwerke wurden komplett mit dem noch “jungen” Baustoff Brettsperrholz (BSP) realisiert.

Traditionell erfolgt die Berechnung von Deckenelementen aus BSP als einachsig gespannter Plattenstreifen. Damit kann allerdings nur die Haupttragrichtung der orthotrop wirkenden BSP‐Platte erfasst werden. Um auch die Nebentragrichtung für die Bemessung zu nutzen, werden im vorliegenden Beitrag sämtliche Steifigkeitskennwerte von BSP‐Platten erläutert. Damit können auch Sonderfälle wie Deckenaussparungen oder punktgestützte Platten, welche eine 2D‐Plattenberechnung nach der orthotropen, schubnachgiebigen Plattentheorie (REISSNER‐MINDLIN) erfordern, untersucht werden.

Two‐axial load transfer of Cross‐Laminated‐Timber plates

In the last years building activity with solid Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) elements gained remarkable relevance. Starting with single family houses over 15 years ago medium and large sized building construction jobs are analysed and solved in the meantime. Two examples for large multi‐storey houses with eight floors each, erected completely with CLT, can be cited here: on the one hand the Murray Grove Tower (2008) and on the other hand the Bridboard House (2010) – both realized in London. Structural design of these CLT‐plates is performed traditionally as simply supported uniaxial plate. Only the stronger, more important main direction of CLT‐plates, which is defined as the orientation of the outer layers, is treated by this assumption. In order to include the minor important orthogonal direction of CLT in a two dimensional plate theory all plate stiffness coefficients of CLT‐plates are illustrated and discussed in the present paper. Consequently special cases as large cutouts in CLT‐plates and column supported CLT‐plates can be treated with the well known REISSNER‐MINDLIN plate theory, which includes deformation due to bending and shear.
Anmerkungen zur Bemessung von Dübeln nach europäischen Regelungen
Authors: Mallée Rainer
Published: October 2014

Die Bemessung von Dübeln nach europäischen Vorschriften führt in der überwiegenden Zahl der Anwendungsfälle zu logischen Ergebnissen. In Einzelfällen können aber auch widersprüchliche Resultate auftreten. Zum Beispiel kann der charakteristische Widerstand einer Befestigung mit zunehmender Verankerungstiefe der Dübel abnehmen. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand einiger Beispiele gezeigt, dass dies nicht auf Fehler bei der Berechnung, sondern auf das Bemessungsverfahren selbst zurückzuführen ist, und es werden erste Lösungsvorschläge unterbreitet.

Comments on the design of anchors according to European regulations

The design of anchors in accordance with European regulations gives in the vast majority of applications logical results. In certain cases, also contradictory results can occur. For example, the characteristic resistance of a fastening may decrease with increasing embedment depth of the anchor. In this paper, it is shown by means of examples that this is not due to errors in the calculation but due to weaknesses of the design model. First proposals for a solution are submitted.
Entwicklung eines weitgespannten Sandwichdeckensystems mit integrierter Haustechnik in Verbundbauweise
Authors: Friedrich Thomas , Kornadt Oliver , Kurz Wolfgang , Schnell Jürgen
Published: October 2014

In mehreren Schritten wurde ein multifunktionales Deckenelement entwickelt, welches zwischenzeitlich bei zahlreichen Projekten erfolgreich eingesetzt wurde. Dabei waren vielfältige Anforderungen zu beachten. Neben der geringen Eigenlast und der geringen Verformung bei großer Schlankheit zählen dazu die Aspekte des baulichen Brandschutzes, der integrierten Haustechnik und der positiven Beeinflussung von Behaglichkeit und Raumakustik. Das Deckensystem erfordert zwangsläufig eine Koordination der Fachplaner in der Planungsphase. Alle Vorteile einer werksmäßigen Vorfertigung können genutzt werden, sodass kurze Bauzeiten bei gleichmäßiger Fertigungsqualität und wettbewerbsfähigen Kosten erreicht werden können. Im Bereich der Verbundmittel besteht noch ein Optimierungspotenzial.

Developement of a long‐spaned sandwich‐slab‐system with integrated service engineering in composite construction method

Dedicated to the 80th birthday of Professor Dr.‐Ing. Dr.‐Ing. e. h. Gert König

A multifunctional slab system, which has been used successfully in numerous projects, has been developed in several steps. Within this development various requirements had to be fulfilled. In addition to the minor dead load and slenderness, aspects like fire protection, the integrated building services, the positive influence to the users comfort and the room acoustics characterize the slab system. This slab system makes necessary a coordinated work of all engineers in the planning phase. All advantages of precast production can be leveraged. So short construction periods with a constant production quality and competitive costs can be achieved. There is still some optimization potential in the field of the shear connectors.
Querkraftversuch an einem Durchlaufträger aus Spannbeton
Authors: Maurer Reinhard , Gleich Philipp , Zilch Konrad , Dunkelberg Daniel
Published: October 2014

Die Nachrechnungen bestehender älterer deutscher Spannbetonbrücken auf Grundlage der aktuell gültigen Normen zeigen im Allgemeinen erhebliche Defizite in Bezug auf die erforderliche Querkraftbewehrung in Längsrichtung. Es ist jedoch bisher kein Querkraftversagen eines bestehenden deutschen Brückenbauwerks bekannt.

Bis heute gibt es nur sehr wenige Versuche an Spannbetonbalken als Durchlaufträger. Um das Tragverhalten durchlaufender Spannbetonbalken eingehender zu untersuchen, wurde im Rahmen eines von der BASt beauftragten Forschungsvorhabens an der TU Dortmund ein Großversuch an einem vorgespannten Zweifeldträger durchgeführt. Dabei sollte auch der zusätzliche Traganteil aus einer Druckbogenwirkung genauer betrachtet werden. Zur kontinuierlichen Erfassung der Beanspruchungen im gesamten Bauteil unter allen Laststufen wurde eine umfassende Messtechnik installiert.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden der Großversuch und die daraus gewonnenen wesentlichen Erkenntnisse dargestellt. Zudem erfolgen eine Versuchsauswertung auf Basis geltender Normen und ein Vergleich mit dem Druckbogenmodell.

Shear testing on a prestressed continuous concrete beam

The structural assessment of existing older prestressed concrete bridges on the basis of current standards often uncovers substantial deficits in terms of the required shear reinforcement in the main girders of bridge superstructures. However, shear failures of existing German bridge structures have not been reported so far.

Until now, only few tests on prestressed continuous concrete beams have been carried out. In order to investigate the load bearing capacity of such beams more precisely, a large scale experiment was executed at TU Dortmund in the course of a research project funded by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt). Within this project a particular focus was put on the investigation of the additional shear load bearing capacity caused by the compressive arch effect. Therefore an extensive range of measurement devices was used in the experiment to guarantee the continuous recording of structural behavior and internal forces.

In this contribution the large scale experiment as well as the main findings are presented. An interpretation of the test results based on current standards and a comparison with the compressive arch model are carried out.
Schubverhalten von Biegebauteilen ohne Querkraftbewehrung
Authors: Tue Nguyen Viet , Theiler Werner , Tung Nguyen Duc
Published: October 2014

In diesem Aufsatz wird ein neuer Ansatz zur Beschreibung des Querkraftverhaltens von schubschlanken Biegebauteilen aus Stahlbeton ohne Querkraftbewehrung vorgestellt. Grundgedanke des Ansatzes ist die Analyse der Hauptzugspannungen im Bereich der Rissspitzen infolge Biegebeanspruchung. Durch die Betrachtung der Hauptzugspannungen aus Biegung und Querkraft entsteht ein potenzielles Schubband für die spätere Bildung eines kritischen Schubrisses. Die Breite des Schubbands wird mit der Abnahme des Biegemoments und der Zunahme der Querkraft größer, sodass die Biegebeanspruchung in einem Schubfeld einen positiven Einfluss auf die Querkrafttragfähigkeit hat. Mit dem neuen Ansatz können die Traglasten und die Rissbilder der Versuche verschiedener Schubfeldtypen in der Literatur erklärt werden, was mit den derzeit bekannten Ansätzen nicht immer möglich ist.

Shear response of reinforced concrete members without stirrups under bending

This contribution presents a new model to determine the shear capacity of reinforced concrete members under bending without shear reinforcement. The main idea of the model is the consideration of principal stress in the region of crack tips of the flexural cracks due to bending. A potential band for the formation of a critical shear crack that tends to connect the tips of existing flexural cracks can be assumed. The width of this band decreases with the increasing of the bending moment and gets larger when the shear force becomes higher. This means the bending moment affects positively the shear capacity. With the new model the shear capacity and the crack pattern in previous shear tests with different structural systems and loading conditions can be explained, which is generally not possible with the existing models.
Hypoxia influences protein transport and epigenetic repression of CHO cell cultures in shake flasks
Authors: Qian Yueming , Xing Zizhuo , Lee Sherry , Mackin Nancy A. , He Aiqing , Kayne Paul S. , He Qin , Qian Nan‐Xin , Li Zheng Jian
Published: October 2014

Shake flasks and bench‐top bioreactors are widely used for cell culture process development, however, culture performances significantly differ between them. In order to apply the results received from small‐scale cultures to production scale, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying the differences between various culture systems. This study analyzes the expression patterns of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells producing IgG‐fusion protein B0 cultured in shake flasks and 5‐L bench‐top bioreactors by CHO‐specific DNA microarrays. The data show that hypoxia was present in shake flask cultures but not in controlled, bench‐top bioreactors. Hypoxic conditions appeared to be associated with epigenetic repression resulting in decreased cell culture performance and protein productivity, which is also present during large‐scale bioreactor operations due to oxygen gradients. High protein productivity was associated with increased cellular machinery for protein transport and secretion in conjunction with decreased epigenetic repression in bench‐top bioreactor cultivation. Metal ions could improve cell growth and protein production under hypoxia and this condition could be mimicked in small‐scale bioreactors to facilitate cell culture process scale‐up.
Enantioseparation and thermodynamic study of naphthalene derivatives, new melatoninergic agonists, on coated amylose [tris(S)‐1‐phenylethylcarbamate] stationary phase. Transposition to preparative scale
Authors: Landagaray Elodie , Yous Saïd , Vaccher Claude , Lipka Emmanuelle
Published: October 2014

This work reports a high‐performance liquid chromatography normal‐phase methodology to elucidate enantiomers of naphthalene derivatives, evaluated as melatoninergic agonists. For this purpose four different polysaccharide based chiral stationary phases were evaluated, namely Chiralcel OD‐H (cellulose tris‐3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate), Chiralcel OJ (cellulose tris‐methylbenzoate), Chiralpak AD (amylose tris‐3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) and Chiralpak AS (amylose tris‐(S)‐1‐phenylethylcarbamate) with different alcoholic modifiers on different amounts in n‐heptane. A temperature study was carried out, between 20 and 40 °C and the apparent thermodynamic parameters were calculated thanks to the Van't Hoff linearization. For all compounds (except 3), ΔΔH° and ΔΔS° exhibited positive values ranging from 791.2 to 9999.3 J/mol and from 3.9 to 37.8 J/K/mol respectively, indicating entropically driven separations. Optimized conditions led to goof resolution of 2.37 for compound 1 on Chiralpak AS, with heptane–2‐propanol 90:10 (v/v), at a temperature of 30 °C. Then they were transposed to the preparative scale for compound 1, generating 22 mg of each enantiomer with an 80% yield. The limits of detection and of quantification were determined to allow the calculation of the enantiomeric excess. They were found with very low values, equal to 0.32 and 1.05 µ m and 0.33 and 1.11 µ m, respectively, for peaks 1 and 2 of compound 1. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Review on Gas‐Liquid Reactions in Light Oil Sweetening: Kinetics and Reactor Design Aspects
Authors: Ganguly Sudip K. , Varun Neetu , Kumar Sunil , Khatri Praveen K. , Jain Suman L. , Garg Madhukar O. , Pellegrini Laura A.
Published: October 2014

Thiols in liquefied petroleum gas are undesirable due to their foul odor and corrosive nature. The process of removing these thiols is termed as sweetening. Metal phthalocyanines are reported to be the most effective sweetening catalyst. However, the solubility of metal phthalocyanine is low in aqueous medium. Thus, in an effort to further improve upon the existing catalysts, a novel cobalt phthalocyanine sulfonamide catalyst was developed. Laboratory and commercial evaluation of this catalyst showed enhanced activity as compared to a commercial catalyst with comparable stability. With proven higher activity, comparable stability, design of grass root oxidizer using this catalyst is the next step. Design of oxidizers for an extractive sweetening process based on this catalyst in grass root refineries requires a rigorous kinetic model. The paper reviews the literature on sweetening kinetics and focuses on the concepts of design of laboratory reactors for reaction kinetics studies for such gas‐liquid reactions. Laboratory reactor systems can be useful for accurate estimation of kinetic parameters which can then be used to design industrial reactors and predict their performance.
Counting Active Sites on Titanium Oxide–Silica Catalysts for Hydrogen Peroxide Activation through In Situ Poisoning with Phenylphosphonic Acid
Authors: Eaton Todd R. , Boston Andrew M. , Thompson Anthony B. , Gray Kimberly A. , Notestein Justin M.
Published: October 2014

Quantifying specific active sites in supported catalysts improves our understanding and assists in rational design. Supported oxides can undergo significant structural changes as surface densities increase from site‐isolated cations to monolayers and crystallites, which changes the number of kinetically relevant sites. Herein, TiOxdomains are titrated on TiOx–SiO2selectively with phenylphosphonic acid (PPA). An ex situ method quantifies all fluid‐accessible TiOx, whereas an in situ titration duringcis‐cyclooctene epoxidation provides previously unavailable values for the number of tetrahedral Ti sites on which H2O2activation occurs. We use this method to determine the active site densities of 22 different catalysts with different synthesis methods, loadings, and characteristic spectra and find a single intrinsic turnover frequency forcis‐cyclooctene epoxidation of (40±7) h−1. This simple method gives molecular‐level insight into catalyst structure that is otherwise hidden when bulk techniques are used.
An extended quadrature‐based mass‐velocity moment model for polydisperse bubbly flows
Authors: Yuan Cansheng , Kong Bo , Passalacqua Alberto , Fox Rodney O.
Published: October 2014

Accurately predicting polydisperse bubbly flow is a nontrivial task due to the complexity of the bubble number density function (NDF) and the strong dependence of the instantaneous bubble velocity on the bubble size and shape. To describe polydisperse bubbly flow, a joint mass‐velocity NDF is adopted in this work. In the absence of mass transfer between phases and coalescence or breakage, the bubble mass is a conserved quantity from which the bubble size and shape can be found given the liquid pressure and surface tension. Quadrature‐based moment methods (QBMM) are applied to solve numerically the kinetic equation of the joint NDF using the extended quadrature method of moments (EQMOM) coupled with an open‐source incompressible Navier–Stokes solver for the liquid phase. Transport equations for the joint mass‐velocity moments are derived from a kinetic equation for the joint NDF and closure is attained using a monokinetic NDF valid in the limit of small bubble Stokes number. The integer moments with respect to mass are used to reconstruct the continuous univariate NDF with EQMOM, while the joint mass‐velocity moments are used to determine the bubble velocity as a continuous function of the bubble mass. The model is first applied to simulate a quasi‐2‐D bubble column with different aeration profiles and a narrow bubble size distribution in order to validate the approach with experimental data from the literature. Additional cases with a wide continuous bubble size distribution are used to show the ability of the modelling approach to describe polydisperse bubbly flows.
Novel association between microglia and stem cells in human gliomas: A contributor to tumour proliferation?
Authors: Noorani Imran , Petty Gareth , Grundy Paul L , Sharpe Geoff , Willaime‐Morawek Sandrine , Harris Scott , Thomas Gareth J , Nicoll James AR , Boche Delphine
Published: October 2014

Brain tumour stem cells and microglia both promote the growth of astrocytomas, the commonest form of primary brain tumour, with recent emerging evidence that these cell types may interact in glioma models. It is unclear whether microglia and stem cells are associated in human gliomas. To investigate this question, we used the technique of tissue microarrays to perform a correlative study of a large number of tumour samples. We quantified immunostaining of human astrocytic tumour tissue microarrays (86 patients; World Health Organisation grade II–IV) for microglia Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) and CD68, and stem cell nestin, SOX2 and CD133. Ki67 was used to assess proliferation and GFAP for astrocytic differentiation. Immunoreactivity for both microglial markers and stem cell markers nestin and SOX2 significantly increased with increasing tumour grade. GFAP was higher in low grade astrocytomas. There was a positive correlation between: (i) both microglial markers and nestin and CD133, (ii) nestin and tumour cell proliferation Ki67 and (iii) both microglial markers and Ki67. SOX2 was not associated with microglia or tumour proliferation. To test the clinical relevance, we investigated the putative association of these markers with clinical outcomes. High expression for nestin and Iba1 correlated with significantly shorter survival times, and high expression for nestin, Iba1, CD68 and Ki67 was associated with faster tumour progression on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, nestin, CD133 and Ki67 remained significant predictors of poorer survival, after adjustment for other markers. These results confirm previous in vitro findings, demonstrating their functional relevance as a therapeutic target in humans. This is the first report of a novel correlation between microglia and stem cells that may drive human astrocytic tumour development.
Emerging trends and technologies in big data processing
Authors: Casado Rubén , Younas Muhammad
Published: October 2014

Big Data encompasses large volume of complex structured, semi‐structured, and unstructured data, which is beyond the processing capabilities of conventional databases. The processing and analysis of Big Data now play a central role in decision making, forecasting, business analysis, product development, customer experience, and loyalty, to name but a few. In this paper, we examine the distinguishing characteristics of Big Data along the lines of the 3Vs: variety, volume, and velocity. Accordingly, the paper provides an insight into the main processing paradigms in relation to the 3Vs. It defines a lifecycle for Big Data processing and classifies various available tools and technologies in terms of the lifecycle phases of Big Data, which include data acquisition, data storage, data analysis, and data exploitation of the results. This paper is first of its kind that reviews and analyzes current trends and technologies in relation to the characteristics, evolution, and processing of Big Data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ontology as a Service (OaaS): extending sub‐ontologies on the cloud
Authors: Flahive Andrew , Taniar David , Rahayu Wenny
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we introduce a new notion of Ontology as a Service, in which the ontology tailoring process serves as a service in the cloud. To illustrate Ontology as a Service, we propose sub‐ontology extraction and extension, whereby a sub‐ontology is extracted from the main ontology and is then extended to cover new concepts and relationships. We use a maximum extraction method to facilitate this. Unified Medical Language System meta‐thesaurus ontology is used as a walk‐through case study to illustrate our proposed methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gaseous Mediators in Temperature Regulation
Authors: Branco Luiz G.S. , Soriano Renato N. , Steiner Alexandre A.
Published: October 2014

Deep body temperature (Tb) is kept relatively constant despite a wide range of ambient temperature variation. Nevertheless, in particular situations it is beneficial to decrease or to increaseTbin a regulated manner. Under hypoxia for instance a regulated drop inTb(anapyrexia) is key to reduce oxygen demand of tissues when oxygen availability is diminished, leading to an increased survival rate in a number of species when experiencing low levels of inspired oxygen. On the other hand, a regulated rise inTb(fever) assists the healing process. These regulated changes inTbare mediated by the brain, where afferent signals converge and the most important regions for the control ofTbare found. The brain (particularly some hypothalamic structures located in the preoptic area) modulates efferent activities that cause changes in heat production (modulating brown adipose tissue activity and perfusion, for instance) and heat loss (modulating tail skin vasculature blood flow, for instance). This review highlights key advances about the role of the gaseous neuromodulators nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in thermoregulation, acting both on the brain and the periphery. © 2014 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol4:1301‐1338, 2014.
Understanding the effect of solvent polarity on the habit modification of monoclinic paracetamol in terms of molecular recognition at the solvent crystal/interface
Authors: Sudha C. , Srinivasan K.
Published: October 2014

The habit change of monoclinic paracetamol crystallized from solutions with different solvents such as water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone, acetonitrile and 1, 4 ‐ dioxane was investigated. Change in solubility, pH and nucleation time of paracetamol in these solvents at ambient condition was studied. The polymorphic form of the nucleated paracetamol was observed under in‐situ optical microscopy. Solutions with different solvents having different chemical nature and polarity yielded paracetamol crystals with different habits: columnar morphology from polar protic water and prismatic morphology from other selected polar protic, aprotic and in non‐polar solvents. The significant differences on the growth rate of various crystal habit faces of the monoclinic paracetamol grown from different solvents are attributed in context with the solubility of the solute, solvent polarity, evaporation number of the solvent, rate of generation of supersaturation and the role of hydrogen bonding interaction between the solvent molecules and protruding solute molecules on the crystal surface. Among the solution with different solvents, bulk monoclinic paracetamol single crystal was grown from ethanolic solution using seed rotation technique by controlled cooling method.
Optimal resource allocation for energy efficiency in coordinated multicell OFDMA networks
Authors: Nguyen Hiep H. , Lee Suk‐Hwan , Hwang Won‐Joo
Published: October 2014

Because energy efficiency (EE) is inevitable in future wireless cellular networks, in this paper, we focus on improving the number of bits delivered to users for each unit energy consumption in the downlink of orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access cellular networks with base stations (BSs) coordination. Specifically, each BS shares the channel qualities of users with others and jointly choose the set of co‐channel users and the transmit power allocated to maximize the EE of the system subject to the transmit power ceiling of each BS and minimum required data rate. We formulate the problem as a nonlinear fractional optimization problem, using nonlinear fractional programming, the original hard‐to‐solve problem is transferred to a new one that has the same optimal solution and is easier to solve, this enables two iterative algorithms that achieve nearly the same maximum EE. Numerical results are provided to show the convergence and superiority of the two proposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application of eDNA for monitoring of the Great Crested Newt in the UK
Authors: Rees Helen C. , Bishop Keith , Middleditch David J. , Patmore James R. M. , Maddison Ben C. , Gough Kevin C.
Published: October 2014

Current ecological surveys for great crested newts are time‐consuming and expensive and can only be carried out within a short survey window. Additional survey methods which would facilitate the detection of rare or protected species such as the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) would be extremely advantageous. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has been utilized for the detection of great crested newts in Denmark. Here, the same methodology has been applied to water samples taken from UK ponds concurrently with conventional field surveying techniques. Our eDNA analysis exhibited an 84% success rate with a kappa coefficient of agreement between field and eDNA surveys of 0.86. One pond determined to be negative for great crested newt by field survey was positive by eDNA analysis, revealing the potential for improved detection rates using this methodology. Analysis of water samples collected in late summer indicates that eDNA analysis could be used to detect great crested newt after the optimal survey window for current field techniques had passed. Consequently, eDNA analysis could augment currently stipulated techniques for great crested newt surveying as a relatively quick and inexpensive tool for collecting great crested newt presence and distribution data within the UK instead of or prior to full field surveys.
Endogenous and Exogenous Ligand‐Dependent Formation of a Superoxide‐Bridged Dicobalt(III) Complex and Mononuclear CoIII Complexes with Amide‐Based Macrocyclic Ligands
Authors: Kumar Sushil , Gupta Rajeev
Published: October 2014

We report superoxide‐bridged dicobalt(III) complex 1 supported by 13‐membered amide‐based macrocyclic ligand H2LH. Complex 1 displays a sharp radical‐type EPR spectrum (g = 2.031) and a short O–O distance (1.303 Å). Complex 1 can be synthesized by the reaction of in situ generated [Co2+(LH)] species with O2 or KO2 as well as by the reaction of (Et4N)[Co3+(LH)(Cl)2] (2) with KO2. In contrast, analogous macrocyclic ligands carrying Cl and CH3 substituents on the aromatic ring produced the mononuclear Co3+ complexes [Co(LCl)(Cl)(dmf)] (3) and [Co(LMe)(Cl)(dmf)] (4) under identical reaction conditions. Furthermore, the reaction of H2LH with Co(OAc)2 yielded the mononuclear Co3+ complex [Co(LH)(η2‐OAc)] (5) with a unique bidentate acetate group and a highly distorted six‐coordinate geometry around the metal. Steric factors induced by the endogenous and exogenous ligands are believed to control the formation of the distinct cobalt complexes.
Chemoselective Synthesis of 4,5‐Diarylpyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines (6,7‐Diaryl‐7‐deazapurines) by Consecutive Suzuki and Liebeskind–Srogl Cross‐Couplings
Authors: Krömer Matouš , Klečka Martin , Slavětínská Lenka , Klepetářová Blanka , Hocek Michal
Published: October 2014

A new chemoselective synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines (7‐deazapurines) bearing two different aryl groups at positions 4 and 5 was developed based on two orthogonal cross‐couplings. Starting from 7‐benzyl‐protected 4‐(phenylsulfanyl)‐5‐iodopyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine, the Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling with arylboronic acids proceeded selectively at position 5, followed by the Pd‐catalyzed Cu‐mediated Liebeskind–Srogl coupling at position 4. A small library of 4,5‐diaryl derivatives was prepared.
Purification and characterization of acidic cellulase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SS35 for hydrolyzing Parthenium hysterophorus biomass
Authors: Singh Shuchi , Dikshit Pritam Kumar , Moholkar Vijayanand S. , Goyal Arun
Published: October 2014

This study reports purification and characterization of an acidic endoglucanase (carboxymethylcellulase, CMCase) produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SS35. Purification of enzyme was done using ion exchange chromatography (Yield = 2.1%, Purification fold = 18.5). The molecular weight of the CMCase was determined as ∼37 kDa. The purified CMCase was able to hydrolyze carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), barley–β–d–Glucan, lichenan, hydroxyethylcellulose, starch, and xylan, which indicated endoglucanase activity. However, the enzyme could not hydrolyze avicel and p–nitrophenyl–β–d–glucopyranoside (pNPG). These results were indications of absence of exoglucanase and β–glucosidase activity in the enzyme. Optimum temperature and pH for CMCase activity were determined as 55°C and 5.0, respectively. The enzyme also displayed high stability in temperature range of 20–40°C and pH range of 5.0–9.0 for more than 20 h with significant residual CMCase activity of 80%. Five metal ions, viz. Co2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mn2+ were found to be cofactors of the enzyme that enhanced its activity, while other metal ions such as Fe3+, Zn2+, Hg2+ rendered inhibition effect on the enzyme. Using Lineweaver–Burk plot, the kinetic parameters Km and Vmax for CMCase were determined as 0.33 mg/mL and 4.19 μmol/mg/min, respectively. The asset of the enzyme was evaluated with hydrolysis of pretreated Parthenium hysterophorus. The total reducing sugar yield of 271 mg/g biomass was obtained. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 810–818, 2015
Application of Machine Learning Methods to Risk Assessment of Financial Statement Fraud: Evidence from China
Authors: Song Xin‐Ping , Hu Zhi‐Hua , Du Jian‐Guo , Sheng Zhao‐Han
Published: October 2014

This study presents a method of assessing financial statement fraud risk. The proposed approach comprises a system of financial and non‐financial risk factors, and a hybrid assessment method that combines machine learning methods with a rule‐based system. Experiments are performed using data from Chinese companies by four classifiers (logistic regression, back‐propagation neural network, C5.0 decision tree and support vector machine) and an ensemble of those classifiers. The proposed ensemble of classifiers outperform each of the four classifiers individually in accuracy and composite error rate. The experimental results indicate that non‐financial risk factors and a rule‐based system help decrease the error rates. The proposed approach outperforms machine learning methods in assessing the risk of financial statement fraud. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geotechnical and construction operational criteria for the selection of full or partial‐face excavation / Kriterien zur Wahl von Voll‐ oder Teilausbruch aus geotechnischer und baubetrieblicher Sicht
Authors: Schubert Peter , Voringer Jürgen , Hofmann Bernd
Published: October 2014

This paper deals with the boundary conditions regarding layout, geotechnics and economics required to make a full‐face excavation of a tunnel. A flowchart for decision‐making leads to four different excavation sequences. Unsuitable geometrical conditions and very unfavourable geotechnical conditions exclude full‐face excavation. Under other boundary conditions, a full‐face excavation may show economic advantages, which should be further exploited in our region.

Dieser Artikel beurteilt die grundsätzlichen Randbedingungen für einen Vollausbruch hinsichtlich Layout, Geotechnik und Wirtschaftlichkeit. Ein Flussdiagramm der Entscheidungsfindung führt zu vier unterschiedlichen Vortriebsabläufen. Ungünstige geometrische Randbedingungen und sehr ungünstige geotechnische Verhältnisse führen zum Ausschluss eines Vollausbruchs. Unter den anderen Randbedingungen jedoch kann der Vollausbruch wirtschaftliche Vorteile bringen, die in unseren Breiten mehr als bisher genutzt werden sollten.
Tunnel spoil: Tipping or the end of the definition as waste / Tunnelausbruch: Deponierung oder Abfallende
Authors: Reichel Paul
Published: October 2014

Tunnel construction normally results in the production of large quantities of broken rock or soil. One essential question for the legal handling of this tunnel spoil is whether it is considered to be waste under the terms of European and national waste laws. The current paper therefore looks into the practically important question, under what preconditions tunnel spoil is legally considered to be waste and when the end of this property is reached. In this regard, it is first investigated whether and when tunnel spoil is waste under the terms of the Waste framework directive 2008/98/EC. Particular attention is paid to the applicable case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Then the question is asked, to what extent tunnel spoil can be regarded as material excavated in the course of construction works under the terms of Art. 2 Sec. 1 lit. c of the waste directive, and is thus excepted from the scope of application of the directive. Finally, it is explained how the possible property of tunnel spoil as waste can end, including details of both the EU requirements and also national law.

Beim Tunnelbau fallen in der Regel größere Mengen an gebrochenem Fels‐ oder Lockergestein an. Für den rechtlich zulässigen Umgang mit diesem Tunnelausbruch ist wesentlich, ob es sich dabei um Abfall im Sinne des europäischen und innerstaatlichen Abfallrechts handelt. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht daher der praktisch wichtigen Frage nach, unter welchen Voraussetzungen Tunnelausbruch rechtlich Abfall darstellt und wann ein Ende der Abfalleigenschaft erreicht wird. In diesem Zusammenhang wird zuerst untersucht, ob und wann Tunnelausbruch Abfall im Sinne der AbfallrahmenRL 2008/98/EG darstellt. Dabei wird insbesondere auf die maßgebliche Judikatur des Europäischen Gerichtshofs (EuGH) eingegangen. In der Folge wird geprüft, inwiefern Tunnelausbruch als im Zuge von Bauarbeiten ausgehobenes Material im Sinne von Art. 2 Abs. 1 lit. c AbfallrahmenRL angesehen werden kann, das vom Anwendungsbereich der Richtlinie ausgenommen ist. Schlussendlich wird erläutert, wie die mögliche Abfalleigenschaft von Tunnelausbruch enden kann. Dabei wird sowohl auf die unionsrechtlichen Vorgaben als auch auf die innerstaatliche Rechtslage eingegangen.
TBM‐specific testing scheme to assess the clogging tendency of rock / TBM‐spezifisches Untersuchungsschema zur Beurteilung der Verklebungsneigung von Fels
Authors: Thewes Markus , Hollmann Fritz
Published: October 2014

Assessment of the clogging tendency of soils is mainly based on the consideration of soil mechanical parameters (plasticity index, liquidity index, grain size distribution). These parameters cannot be determined for solid rock, so the conventional assessment methods cannot be directly transferred to rock. A mechanised tunnel drive in solid rock can encounter critical clogging problems when water is present (groundwater, support slurry), the rock has a tendency to disintegrate (changeable solid rock) and the potential disintegration products are critical (grain size, mineralogical composition). The disintegration tendency of rock is normally determined in the slake durability test. The quantity‐based assessment of this test permits few statements about the disintegration products, since they are not tested any further. This paper presents an extension of the slake durability test, which includes systematic soil mechanical tests on the disintegration products. These can be assessed together with the slake durability index to investigate the clogging tendency.

Die Bewertungsmöglichkeit der Verklebungsneigung von Lockergestein beruht vorwiegend auf der Betrachtung bodenmechanischer Kennwerte (Plastizitätszahl, Konsistenzzahl, Kornverteilung). Diese Kennwerte können bei Festgestein nicht ermittelt werden, sodass die bisherige Bewertungsmethode nicht direkt auf Fels übertragen werden kann. Ein maschineller Tunnelvortrieb im Festgestein kann hinsichtlich Verklebungen kritisch werden, wenn Wasser vorhanden ist (Bergwasser, Stützflüssigkeit), das Gestein eine Zerfallsneigung hat (veränderlich festes Gestein) und die potenziellen Zerfallsprodukte problematisch sind (Korngröße, mineralogische Zusammensetzung). Die Zerfallsneigung von Fels wird in der Regel mit dem Siebtrommelversuch (Slake‐Durability‐Test) bestimmt. Die mengenmäßige Auswertung dieses Versuchs erlaubt wenige Aussagen in Hinblick auf die Zerfallsprodukte, da diese nicht weiter untersucht werden. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Erweiterung des Siebtrommelversuchs vorgestellt, die systematische bodenmechanische Untersuchungen der Zerfallsprodukte beinhaltet. Diese können in Kombination mit der Zerfallsbeständigkeit hinsichtlich der Verklebungsneigung bewertet werden.