bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of ultrasound findings in the management of thyroid nodules with atypia or follicular lesions of undetermined significance
Authors: Yoo Won Sang , Choi Hoon Sung , Cho Sun Wook , Moon Jae Hoon , Kim Kyung Won , Park Hyo Jin , Park So Yeon , Choi Sang Il , Choi Sung Hee , Lim Soo , Yi Ka Hee , Park Do Joon , Jang Hak Chul , Park Young Joo
Published: October 2013

Background

Atypia or follicular lesions of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) is a broad cytological category in the Bethesda system for classifying thyroid cytology. This study investigated the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound (US) analysis of thyroid nodules with AUS/FLUS.

Patients and Methods

Of 5062 subjects with nodules subjected to fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNACs) at our institution from January 2010 through May 2012, 383 met the Bethesda criteria for AUS/FLUS. After excluding subjects who had a history of thyroid cancer, who only underwent repeat FNA or who underwent no further examinations, we selected 249 subjects who had subsequently undergone a core‐needle biopsy and/or surgery. Of these, 100 were found to have malignant nodules (40·2%), 122 had benign nodules (49%), and 27 had nodules with indeterminate status (10·8%). We compared specific US parameters, including size, location, content, shape, margin, echogenicity, echotexture and calcification across these subject groups.

Results

Multivariate analysis revealed that malignancy was associated with taller‐than‐wide shape (TDW) (OR = 8·43, P = 0·002), ill‐defined margin (OR = 3·23, P = 0·002) and marked hypoechogenicity. (OR = 3·61, P = 0·001). The specificity and positive predictive values of TDW were 98% and 90·6%,respectively. The specificity and positive predictive values of ‘TDW and marked hypoechogenicity’ were both 100%.

Conclusion

US findings play a complementary role in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules with AUS/FLUS. In case of highly suspicious US findings such as ‘TDW and marked hypoechogenicity’, could be very helpful in the diagnosis of malignancy.
Socioeconomic factors associated with pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis admissions in Southern West Virginia
Authors: Lewis Kevin R. , Clark Crystal , Velarde Maria C.
Published: October 2013

Objective

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a well‐known complication in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with a mortality rate estimated at 2%. A previous study identified that T1DM children of non‐Caucasian race with Medicaid insurance had increased incidence of DKA admissions. The aim of this study is to identify the socioeconomic factors associated with DKA admissions in West Virginia (WV).

Design and methods

Retrospective chart review of patients admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit with DKA in Charleston, WV from January 2007–December 2010. Included subjects were 1–18 years of age and those with type 1 diabetes of >6 months duration. Admission rates were compared with the normal population distribution in WV. The data collection tool included multiple socioeconomic factors and HbA1c.

Results

We reviewed a total of 167 patients with an admitting diagnosis of DKA; 57% were female, 43% male. Average age was 13·5 years ± 2·7; 56·4% were covered by Medicaid/Chips (WV state insurance) and 43·6% by commercial payers. 11·9% were African American and 88·1% were Caucasian. The average HbA1c was 10·85 ± 2·36%. Higher risks for DKA included those with HbA1c >14%, African American children (OR 17·4, CI 4–73) and children with Medicaid/Chips insurance (OR 9·3, 95% CI 1·1–76·2).

Conclusions

This study identifies socioeconomic factors associated with children admitted for DKA in WV. Patients at higher risk for DKA include those with elevated HbA1c, African American race and those covered by Medicaid/CHIPS (thereby presumed lower socioeconomic status). Findings can be utilized to identify patients at highest risk for DKA and implementation of prevention strategies.
Twin studies in inherited eye disease
Authors: Nag Abhishek , Hammond Christopher J
Published: October 2013

Eye diseases represent a significant source of health impairment in humans. Twin studies offer an excellent model to dissect the genetic basis of human diseases. In this review, we discuss the potential advantages of using twin‐based studies in investigating the genetics of eye diseases – from heritability estimation to identifying underlying genetic and epigenetic changes. We also discuss some of the notable findings of twin studies exploring the genetics of eye diseases. Finally, we suggest other novel approaches that can be utilized to tap the potential of twin studies to provide a more complete understanding of genetic factors underlying ocular diseases.
Chromosome 9p21 primary open‐angle glaucoma susceptibility locus: a review
Authors: Ng Soo Khai , Casson Robert J , Burdon Kathryn P , Craig Jamie E
Published: October 2013

Primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) is a genetically complex disease. Genome‐wide association study (GWAS) is a particularly useful tool in the search for genetic contributions to glaucoma. Recently, chromosome 9p21 has become a major focus of research endeavour, with multiple genome‐wide association studies suggesting associations to POAG. Herein, we provide a review of the chromosome 9p21 susceptibility locus as a risk factor for POAG.
Clear corneal vitrectomy combined with phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens implantation
Authors: Iwase Takeshi , Oveson Brian C , Jo Young‐Joon
Published: October 2013

Background

We have developed a technique for the treatment of cataract and epiretinal membrane using a 25‐gauge vitrectomy system through corneal ports.

Design

Randomized, prospective study, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan.

Participants

Twenty eyes of equal patients scheduled for cataract surgery combined with vitrectomy.

Methods

Twenty eyes with cataract and epiretinal membrane were received treatment with our newly developed system (clear corneal vitrectomy) or the standard 25‐gauge pars plana vitrectomy with corneal incision cataract surgery. The newly developed system uses 0.5‐mm wide corneal side ports located at the superonasal, superotemporal and inferotemporal positions. After phacoemulsification using corneal incision, an infusion cannula was inserted from the inferotemporal port. Then core 25‐gauge vitrectomy was performed using the corneal three port. After the epiretinal membrane was removed using forceps, an intraocular lens was implanted into the capsular bag. Finally, all corneal incision wounds were hydrated.

Main Outcome Measurement

Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, corneal thickness, corneal endothelial cell and ocular inflammation were examined.

Results

All procedures were uncomplicated in both groups. There was no leakage of aqueous humour from the corneal wounds in the developed system. There were no significant differences in visual acuity, corneal thickness and endothelial cell density loss.

Conclusions

Clear corneal vitrectomy would be a good option for selected cases with cataract and vitreoretinal diseases.
Genetic study of diabetic retinopathy: recruitment methodology and analysis of baseline characteristics
Authors: Kaidonis Georgia , Abhary Sotoodeh , Daniell Mark , Gillies Mark , Fogarty Rhys , Petrovsky Nikolai , Jenkins Alicia , Essex Rohan , Chang John H , Pal Bishwanath , Hewitt Alex W , Burdon Kathryn P , Craig Jamie E
Published: October 2013

Background

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a blinding disease of increasing prevalence that is caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Here we describe the patient recruitment methodology, case and control definitions, and clinical characteristics of a study sample to be used for genome‐wide association analysis to detect genetic risk variants of DR.

Methods

One thousand six hundred sixty‐nine participants with either type 1 (T1) or type 2 (T2) diabetes mellitus (DM) aged 18 to 95 years were recruited in Australian hospital clinics. Individuals with T2DM had disease duration of at least 5 years and were taking oral hypoglycaemic medication, and/or insulin therapy. Participants underwent ophthalmic examination. Medical history and biochemistry results were collected. Venous blood was obtained for genetic analysis.

Results

Six hundred eighty‐three diabetic cases (178 T1DM and 505 T2DM participants) with sight‐threatening DR, defined as severe non‐proliferative DR, proliferative DR or diabetic macular oedema were included in this analysis. Eight hundred twelve individuals with DM but no DR or minimal non‐proliferative DR were recruited as controls (191 with T1DM and 621 with T2DM). The presence of sight‐threatening DR was significantly correlated with DM duration, hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy, HbA1C and body mass index. Diabetic macular oedema was associated with T2DM (P < 0.001), whereas proliferative DR was associated with T1DM (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Adoption of a case‐control study design involving extremes of the DR phenotype makes this a suitable cohort, for a well‐powered genome‐wide association study to detect genetic risk variants for DR.
Nasolacrimal duct screening to minimize post‐cataract surgery endophthalmitis
Authors: Kam Jonathan K , Cheng Nicholas M , Sarossy Marc , Allen Penelope J , Brooks Anne MV
Published: October 2013

Background

To examine unrecognized nasolacrimal duct obstruction as a risk factor for developing endophthalmitis post‐cataract surgery in order to assess the value of preoperative lacrimal system screening.

Design

Prospective case‐control study.

Participants

A random sample of patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery (control group) and a consecutive series of patients admitted to our hospital with post‐cataract surgery endophthalmitis.

Methods

We compared the rate of nasolacrimal duct obstruction in the control group versus the endophthalmitis series. Both groups underwent nasolacrimal duct syringing with normal saline on the ipsilateral side to the surgery. A standard macro‐dacryocystogram was performed to confirm for obstruction detected on syringing.

Main Outcome Measures

Nasolacrimal duct obstruction rate.

Results

Forty‐four eyes from 39 patients were included in this study: 34 eyes from 29 patients formed the control group and 10 eyes from 10 patients formed the endophthalmitis group.

A higher rate of nasolacrimal duct obstruction was found among patients who developed endophthalmitis post‐cataract in comparison with the control group, on both nasolacrimal duct syringing (50.0% vs. 11.8%; P = 0.018) and macro‐dacryocystogram (20.0% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.125). Two out of the three patients with radiologically confirmed nasolacrimal duct obstruction reported a long history of epiphora.

Conclusion

The higher rates of obstruction on nasolacrimal duct syringing and macro‐dacryocystogram among patients who developed endophthalmitis suggest that nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a significant risk factor for postoperative endophthalmitis. We recommend routine screening for symptoms and examination of the lacrimal system prior to cataract surgery.
Early to middle gestational exposure to diethylstilbestrol impairs the development of labyrinth zone in mouse placenta
Authors: Kagawa Nao , Saito Yoshiaki , Nagao Tetsuji
Published: October 2013

This study was performed to clarify the involvement of impaired labyrinth zone (LZ) of the placenta in the developmental toxicity of diethylstilbestrol (DES). DES at 10 μg/kg per day was administered orally to mice on days 4 through 8 of gestation. Histological observation of the LZ and determination of blood glucose levels in dam and fetus were performed on day 13. A high frequency of embryonic death was observed in the DES group. DES induced the underdevelopment of the plexus vasculosus, extensive maternal blood space and the decreased expression of glucose transporters in the LZ, and a reduction of the glucose level in embryos. These findings suggest that impaired LZ development may be related to the embryolethality of DES.
Ethnic differences in GRHPR mutations in patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 2
Authors: Takayama T. , Takaoka N. , Nagata M. , Johnin K. , Okada Y. , Tanaka S. , Kawamura M. , Inokuchi T. , Ohse M. , Kuhara T. , Tanioka F. , Yamada H. , Sugimura H. , Ozono S.
Published: October 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate ethnic differences in the glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR) gene in patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 2 (PH2). GRHPR was genotyped in Japanese patients with PH2 and all GRHPR mutations described to date were reviewed in terms of geographic and ethnic association. We identified a novel mutation, a two‐nucleotide deletion (c.248_249delTG) in exon 3 creating a premature ‘stop’ at codon 91. Also, we found that the c.864_865delTG mutation was associated with the rs35891798 single‐nucleotide polymorphism. The allelic frequencies of the c.103delG, c.494G>A, c.403_404+2 delAAGT, and c.864_865delTG mutations in PH2 patients were 37.8%, 15.6%, 10.0%, and 10.0%, respectively. All patients with the c.103delG mutation were Caucasian. Patients with the c.494G>A mutation and 78% (7/9) of those with the c.403_404+2 delAAGT mutation were from the Indian subcontinent, whereas those with the c.864_865delTG mutation were Chinese or Japanese. Molecular analysis of GRHPR of four Japanese PH2 patients identified a novel mutation (c.248_249delTG in exon 3). Caucasians with PH2 should be screened for the c.103delG mutation; patients from the Indian subcontinent for c.494G>A; and patients of East Asian origin (particularly) for c.864_865delTG. The prevalence of the latter mutation in PH2 patients from East Asia was 75.0%.
Appearance Stylization of Manhattan World Buildings
Authors: Li C. , Willis P. J. , Brown M.
Published: October 2013

We propose a method that generates stylized building models from examples (Figure ). Our method only requires minimal user input to capture the appearance of a Manhattan world (MW) building, and can automatically retarget the captured ‘look and feel’ to new models. The key contribution is a novel representation, namely the ‘style sheet’, that is captured independently from a building's structure. It summarizes characteristic shape and texture patterns on the building. In the retargeting stage, a style sheet is used to decorate new buildings of potentially different structures. Consistent face groups are proposed to capture complex texture patterns from the example model and to preserve the patterns in the retarget models. We will demonstrate how to learn such style sheets from different MW buildings and the results of using them to generate novel models.
Interdisciplinary Studies of Childhood Ethics: Developing a New Field of Inquiry
Authors: Carnevale Franco A. , Campbell Angela , Collin‐Vézina Delphine , Macdonald Mary Ellen
Published: October 2013

The principal aim of this investigation was to help develop ‘Interdisciplinary Studies of Childhood Ethics’ as a new field of inquiry. We identified: (i) current intra‐disciplinary and interdisciplinary knowledge gaps in childhood ethics; and (ii) priorities for future research and development. A prominent problem, highlighted within and across disciplines, relates to how the best interests standard should be reconciled with the recognition of children as agents. This project makes an innovative contribution by promoting the development of interdisciplinary childhood ethics knowledge and standards, informing future improvements in childhood research and services.
Early molecular assessment of osseointegration in humans
Authors: Thalji Ghadeer N. , Nares Salvador , Cooper Lyndon F.
Published: October 2013

Objective

To determine the early temporal‐wide genome transcription regulation by the surface topography at the bone–implant interface of implants bearing microroughened or superimposed nanosurface topology.

Materials and methods

Four commercially pure titanium implants (2.2 × 5.0 mm) with either a moderately roughened surface (TiOblast) or super‐imposed nanoscale topography (Osseospeed) were placed (n = 2/surface) in edentulous sites of eleven systemically healthy subjects and subsequently removed after 3 and 7 days. TotalRNAwas isolated from cells adherent to retrieved implants. A whole‐genome microarray using theAffymetrix Human gene 1.1STArray was used to describe the gene expression profiles that were differentially regulated by the implant surfaces.

Results

There were no significant differences when comparing the two implant surfaces at each time point. However, the microarray identified several genes that were differentially regulated at day 7 vs. day 3 for both implant surfaces. Functionally relevant categories related to the extracellular matrix (ECM), collagen fibril organization, and angiogenesis were upregulated at both surfaces (day7 vs. day3). Abundant upregulation of several differential markers of alternative activated macrophages was observed (e.g.,MRC1,MSR1,MS4A4A,SLC38A6,andCCL18). The biological processes involved with the inflammatory/immune response gene expression were concomitantly downregulated.

Conclusions

Gene regulation implicating collagen fibrillogenesis andECMorganization as well as the inflammatory/immune responses involving the alternative activated pathway are observed in implant adherent cells at early (3–7 days) after implantation. These gene expression events may indicate a pivotal role of collagen fibrillogenesis as well as immunomodulation in altering bone accrual and biomechanical physical properties of the implant–bone interface.
Histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of peri‐implant bone of immediate or delayed occlusal‐loaded non‐splinted implants in the posterior mandible – an experimental study in monkeys
Authors: Stokholm Rie , Isidor Flemming , Nyengaard Jens R.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

The primary aim of this study was to compare the bone reaction around immediate‐loaded non‐splinted single implants vs. delayed loaded non‐splinted single implants placed in healed ridges in the posterior mandible.

Materials and methods

Six adult Macaca Fascicularis monkeys were used in this study. The first and second premolars and the first molar were extracted in both sides of the mandible. After 3 months of healing, four implants (Replace Select Tapered; Nobel Biocare, Gothenburg, Sweden) with a moderately rough surface (TiUnite, Nobel Biocare) were placed in the edentulous areas of each monkey, two in each side. The implants had a length of 10 mm and a diameter of 3.5 mm. Four groups of varying time and occlusal loading aspects were created: (i) control group: implant placed non‐loaded for 3 months; (ii) immediate loaded: implant placed and loaded immediately for 3 months; (iii) immediate loaded: implant placed and loaded immediately for 6 months; and (iv) delayed loaded: implant placed submerged for 3 months and then loaded for 3 months. At the loaded implants, after a second stage surgery, a composite crown was made directly on an abutment mounted on the implant reinsuring simultaneous occlusal contact on the implant crown and the neighboring teeth. After euthanization of the animals, histologic specimens were quantified in the light microscope.

Results

All implants were clinically, radiographically, and histologically osseointegrated at the time of euthanization and with only mild signs of inflammation in the peri‐implant mucosa. The histologic marginal bone level was located on average 1.14–1.74 mm apical to the margin of the implants in the various groups. The average bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) varied between 55% and 65% and the average bone density (i.e., the proportion of mineralized bone tissue from the implant surface and to a distance of 1 mm lateral to the implant) varied between 30.6% and 34.2%. No statistical significant differences between groups were observed in the above‐stated histomorphometric parameters.

Conclusions

Similar histologic and histomorphometric findings were observed in immediately and delayed loaded non‐splinted implants placed in the posterior mandible of macaque monkeys.
A pilot study to compare daily with twice weekly transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence
Authors: Thomas G. P. , Dudding T. C. , Bradshaw E. , Nicholls R. J. , Vaizey C. J.
Published: October 2013

Aim

Posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) has been shown to improve faecal incontinence in the short term. The optimal treatment regimen is unclear with wide variations in protocol reported in the literature. The study aimed to assess two different regimens of transcutaneous PTNS and to establish whether increasing the frequency of stimulation increases the effectiveness.

Method

Thirty patients were randomized to receive once daily or twice weekly PTNS for a 6‐week period. The treatment was carried out by the patient at home after instruction. The primary investigator was blinded to the patient allocation until the study had ended, at which point the symptoms were assessed. No further stimulation was given after 6 weeks and the patients were followed until their symptoms returned to the pre‐stimulation state (baseline). The primary outcome measure was a change in the frequency of incontinent episodes.

Results

Three patients in the daily group and none in the twice weekly group achieved complete continence. Only patients from the daily group showed a significant reduction in median (interquartile range) incontinent episodes per week from 5 (11.13) to 3.5 (4.31) (P = 0.025). There was no significant change in the frequency of defaecation nor in the ability to defer defaecation. Patients in the daily group experienced a significant improvement in the domains of lifestyle [2.2 (1.7) to 2.6 (1.65), P = 0.04] and embarrassment [1.7 (0.85) to 2.15 (0.4), P = 0.04] on the Rockwood Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life assessment. No adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

Transcutaneous PTNS can safely be used by the patient at home. Daily treatment may be more effective than twice weekly treatment. Larger studies are needed to investigate this further.
The prognostic value of tumour regression grade following neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy for rectal cancer
Authors: Abdul‐Jalil K. I. , Sheehan K. M. , Kehoe J. , Cummins R. , O'Grady A. , McNamara D. A. , Deasy J. , Breathnach O. , Grogan L. , O'Neill B. D. P. , Faul C. , Parker I. , Kay E. W. , Hennessy B. T. , Gillen P.
Published: October 2013

Aim

To date, there is no uniform consensus on whether tumour regression grade (TRG) is predictive of outcome in rectal cancer. Furthermore, the lack of standardization of TRG grading is a major source of variability in published studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of TRG in a cohort of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT). In addition to the Mandard TRG, we utilized four TRG systems modified from the Mandard TRG system and applied them to the cohort to assess which TRG system is most informative.

Method

One‐hundred and fifty‐three patients with a T3/T4 and/or a node‐positive rectal cancer underwent neoadjuvant 5‐fluorouracil‐based CRT followed by surgical resection.

Results

Thirty‐six (23.5%) patients achieving complete pathological response (ypCR) had a 5‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) rate of 100% compared with a DFS rate of 74% for 117 (76.5%) patients without ypCR (P = 0.003). The Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) TRG best condenses the Mandard five‐point TRG by stratifying patients into three groups with distinct 5‐year DFS rates of 100%, 86% and 67%, respectively (P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, pathological nodal status and circumferential resection margin (CRM) status, but not TRG, remained significant predictors of DFS (P = 0.002, P = 0.035 and P = 0.310, respectively).

Conclusion

Our findings support the notion that ypCR status, nodal status after neoadjuvant CRT and CRM status, but not TRG, are predictors of long‐term survival in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.
Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on rectal sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, placebo‐controlled pilot study
Authors: Melchior C. , Gourcerol G. , Chastan N. , Verin E. , Menard J. F. , Ducrotte P. , Leroi A. M.
Published: October 2013

Aim

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the motor cortex can induce analgesic effects in patients with chronic pain syndromes through its effect on central pain‐modulatory systems. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of rTMS on rectal sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients.

Method

In this randomized, sham‐controlled, proof‐of concept trial, 21 IBS patients (11 women and 10 men; mean age 44.0 ± 12.6 years) were randomized, using a double‐blind crossover protocol, to active or sham rTMS for 5 days of treatment. The primary outcome was the increase in the pressure pain threshold after rTMS. Secondary outcomes were the changes in maximum tolerated rectal volume, rectal compliance and average pain intensity between baseline and the end of the treatments.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between active and sham rTMS in terms of an increase in the pressure pain threshold, maximum tolerated volume and rectal compliance at the end of the treatments compared with baseline. However, in the subgroup of patients with the most marked rectal hypersensitivity, the volume threshold was significantly improved by active, but not by sham, rTMS (P = 0.03). Patients experienced a significant improvement in pain regardless of the type of stimulation.

Conclusion

This pilot study failed to demonstrate any benefit of rTMS on our primary end‐point. However, the effect of rTMS on rectal tolerated volume in the most hypersensitive patients was encouraging enough to plan more powered studies.
Quantitative Standards for Absolute Linguistic Universals
Authors: Piantadosi Steven T. , Gibson Edward
Published: October 2013

Absolute linguistic universals are often justified by cross‐linguistic analysis: If all observed languages exhibit a property, the property is taken to be a likely universal, perhaps specified in the cognitive or linguistic systems of language learners and users. In many cases, these patterns are then taken to motivate linguistic theory. Here, we show that cross‐linguistic analysis will very rarely be able to statistically justify absolute, inviolable patterns in language. We formalize two statistical methods—frequentist and Bayesian—and show that in both it is possible to find strict linguistic universals, but that the numbers of independent languages necessary to do so is generally unachievable. This suggests that methods other than typological statistics are necessary to establish absolute properties of human language, and thus that many of the purported universals in linguistics have not received sufficient empirical justification.
Forest Rights: The Hard Currency of REDD+
Authors: Balooni Kulbhushan , Lund Jens Friis
Published: October 2013

One of the proposed strategies for implementation of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus (REDD+) is to incentivize conservation of forests managed by communities under decentralized forest management. Yet, we argue that this is a challenging road to REDD+ because of three general characteristics of forests under existing decentralized management regimes. First, these forests already accumulate biomass and, in some cases, generate leakage, which threatens to undercut REDD+ additionality. Second, these forests are many and small, which will drive up REDD+ transactions costs. Third, beyond the “conservation islands” represented by forests under decentralized management, processes of deforestation and forest degradation continue. Given these challenges, we argue that REDD+ efforts through decentralized forestry should be redirected from incentivizing further conservation of forests under existing decentralized management arrangements toward a push for extending the coverage of forests under decentralized management, making forest rights the hard currency of REDD+.
An approach to sustainable coloration of lyocell fabrics by screen printing using extracts of leaves and bark from eucalyptus
Authors: Ellams Dawn L , Christie Robert M , Robertson Sara
Published: October 2013

This paper presents an initial study from a more extensive programme of research at the design/technology interface that is focused on the use of design methodology as a means to lower the environmental impact of fashion clothing. The leaves and bark that are byproducts of the responsibly farmed eucalyptus used in the manufacture of lyocell fibres were extracted with water to provide a source of natural colour. Lyocell fabric, which required minimal preparation, was screen printed with an aqueous paste containing only the extracted colour and a natural thickener to provide attractive golden‐yellow prints. The printed fabrics demonstrated surprisingly good fastness towards light, washing and rubbing. A mordanting pretreatment of the lyocell with alum modified the colour of the naturally coloured prints to become stronger and duller, but provided no advantage in terms of technical performance. The outcome presents a potentially useful model for the development of sustainably coloured fashion textile products.
Evidence for reduced neuromuscular function in men with a history of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Girard Danielle , Marino Frank E. , Cannon Jack
Published: October 2013

Background

Indices of body composition and muscular strength were compared between men with prostate cancer (PCa) treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and asymptomatic matched men.

Methods

Nine subjects aged 63–83 years with PCa who received ADT (PCa+ADT; duration 6–180 months) and 11 asymptomatic aged‐matched eugonadal men (HM) aged 59–80 years were assessed for prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and total testosterone (TT). Total body non‐osseous lean mass (TBLM) and right thigh non‐osseous fat‐free mass (RTLM) were assessed using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Peak torque of the right knee extensors at 0° s−1 (ISO) and 60° s−1 (CON), maximal handgrip strength of the dominant hand (MHS) and whole‐body strength (WBS) were assessed. ISO and CON per unit mass of RTLM and MHS and WBS per unit mass of TBLM were calculated.

Results

Age, height, mass, body mass index and prostate‐specific antigen were comparable between groups (P>0·05), while TT was lower in PCa+ADT (P<0·01). RTLM was similar between groups (P≥0·075). Absolute ISO and CON were lower for PCa+ADT (P<0·01) as were CON per unit of RTLM and ISO per unit of RTLM (P<0·05). Absolute MHS, WBS and MHS per unit of TBLM and WBS per unit of TBLM were lower for PCa+ADT (P<0·01; P<0·05).

Conclusions

Men with PCa who receive ADT experience significant losses in whole‐body muscular strength compared with asymptomatic age‐matched men, which may impair functional capacity. These losses in muscular strength appear to involve neuromuscular mechanisms that are yet to be identified.
Mucociliary clearance: pathophysiological aspects
Authors: Munkholm Mathias , Mortensen Jann
Published: October 2013

Mucociliary clearance has long been known to be a significant innate defence mechanism against inhaled microbes and irritants. Important knowledge has been gathered regarding the anatomy and physiology of this system, and in recent years, extensive studies of the pathophysiology related to lung diseases characterized by defective mucus clearance have resulted in a variety of therapies, which might be able to enhance clearance from the lungs. In addition, ways to study in vivo mucociliary clearance in humans have been developed. This can be used as a means to assess the effect of different pharmacological interventions on clearance rate, to study the importance of defective mucus clearance in different lung diseases or as a diagnostic tool in the work‐up of patients with recurrent airway diseases. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical aspects of mucociliary clearance and to present a clinically applicable test that can be used for in vivo assessment of mucociliary clearance in patients. In addition, the reader will be presented with a protocol for this test, which has been validated and used as a diagnostic routine tool in the work‐up of patients suspected for primary ciliary dyskinesia at Rigshospitalet, Denmark for over a decade.
The relationship between exercise‐induced muscle fatigue, arterial blood flow and muscle perfusion after 56 days local muscle unloading
Authors: Weber Tobias , Ducos Michel , Mulder Edwin , Beijer Åsa , Herrera Frankyn , Zange Jochen , Degens Hans , Bloch Wilhelm , Rittweger Jörn
Published: October 2013

In the light of the dynamic nature of habitual plantar flexor activity, we utilized an incremental isokinetic exercise test (IIET) to assess the work‐related power deficit (WoRPD) as a measure for exercise‐induced muscle fatigue before and after prolonged calf muscle unloading and in relation to arterial blood flow and muscle perfusion. Eleven male subjects (31 ± 6 years) wore the HEPHAISTOS unloading orthosis unilaterally for 56 days. It allows habitual ambulation while greatly reducing plantar flexor activity and torque production. Endpoint measurements encompassed arterial blood flow, measured in the femoral artery using Doppler ultrasound, oxygenation of the soleus muscle assessed by near‐infrared spectroscopy, lactate concentrations determined in capillary blood and muscle activity using soleus muscle surface electromyography. Furthermore, soleus muscle biopsies were taken to investigate morphological muscle changes. After the intervention, maximal isokinetic torque was reduced by 23·4 ± 8·2% (P<0·001) and soleus fibre size was reduced by 8·5 ± 13% (P = 0·016). However, WoRPD remained unaffected as indicated by an unchanged loss of relative plantar flexor power between pre‐ and postexperiments (P = 0·88). Blood flow, tissue oxygenation, lactate concentrations and EMG median frequency kinematics during the exercise test were comparable before and after the intervention, whereas the increase of RMS in response to IIET was less following the intervention (P = 0·03). In conclusion, following submaximal isokinetic muscle work exercise‐induced muscle fatigue is unaffected after prolonged local muscle unloading. The observation that arterial blood flow was maintained may underlie the unchanged fatigability.
Precompetitive assessment of heart rate variability in elite female athletes during play offs
Authors: D'Ascenzi Flavio , Alvino Federico , Natali Benedetta M. , Cameli Matteo , Palmitesta Paola , Boschetti Giampaolo , Bonifazi Marco , Mondillo Sergio
Published: October 2013

Background

Heart rate variability (HRV) has been rarely applied in elite athletes prior to competition. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in HRV in elite female volleyball players before a stressful match during play offs and to evaluate the impact on sport‐specific performance.

Methods

A short‐term resting HRV analysis was applied right after the night sleep in ten female athletes 1 and 2 days prior to the match and the day of the competition.

Results

Approaching the decisive match, RR interval, resting heart rate (HR), pNN50, rMSDD and SD1 did not significantly vary. SD2 significantly increased in comparison with first‐day measurement (P<0·05). HF% levels significantly decreased the prematch day and the match day (P<0·05); however, no significant changes in LF/HF% ratio were observed. A gradual increase in VLF% and in LnVLF was observed, with a significant difference between first‐day and match‐day measurements (P<0·01 and P<0·05, respectively). The number of positive receptions was inversely correlated with LF/HFms2 ratio, with LF/HF% ratio (R = −0·98, P<0·05 for both) and with resting HR (R = −0·92, P<0·05).

Conclusions

Elite female athletes practising team sports exhibit a slight change in HRV prior to a decisive competition, without a pronounced variation of the autonomic nervous system activity. A day‐to‐day HRV measurement could be a useful tool to evaluate the impact of a competition on the autonomic nervous system in athletes, also considering the relationship between sympathetic activity and athletic performance.
Tissue oxygenation, strength and lactate response to different blood flow restrictive pressures
Authors: Karabulut Murat , Leal Jose A. , Garcia Sonio D. , Cavazos Charity , Bemben Michael
Published: October 2013

This study aimed to determine whether changes in initial restrictive pressures (IRP, tightness of the cuff before inflation with air) affect tissue oxygenation, lactate production and leg strength before, during and after knee extension exercises. The cuff was positioned on the right thigh, and the IRP of either 40–45 or 60–65 mmHg were applied randomly prior to inflating the cuff to the final restrictive pressure (the pressure reached after inflating the cuff with air). Subjects performed four sets (30, 15, 15 and 15 reps) of isotonic knee extensions with 1‐min rest between sets. Tissue oxygenation and blood lactate levels were assessed prior to, during and after exercise, and leg strength was assessed pre‐ and postexercise. There were significant condition by time interactions (P<0·01) and main effects for both condition (P<0·01) and time (P<0·01) for tissue oxygenation, deoxyhaemoglobin, total haemoglobin. Significant main effects were detected for both condition (P<0·01) and time (P<0·01) for leg strength values. There was only a significant time main effect for lactate concentrations. This study is the first to show that a higher IRP had a significant impact on percent tissue oxygenation, leg strength and deoxygenated haemoglobin accumulation during exercise.
Modulating effect of d‐carvone on 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine‐induced pre‐neoplastic lesions, oxidative stress and biotransforming enzymes, in an experimental model of rat colon carcinogenesis
Authors: Vinothkumar R. , Sudha M. , Viswanathan P. , Kabalimoorthy J. , Balasubramanian T. , Nalini N.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

The present study has aimed to evaluate chemopreventive potential of d‐carvone on oxidative stress markers, biotransforming enzymes, incidence of colonic polyps and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH)‐induced experimental colon carcinogenesis.

Materials and Methods

Rats were randomly divided into six groups, with group I serving as control. Group II animals received d‐carvone every day orally (20 mg/kg body weight) for 16 weeks; groups III–VI received subcutaneous injections of DMH (20 mg/kg body weight) once a week, for the first 4 weeks. In addition, groups IV–VI received different doses of d‐carvone (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight everyday orally) along with DMH injections.

Results

Our results revealed that supplementation with d‐carvone significantly reduced incidence of polyps/ACF and ACF multiplicity in DMH‐exposed rats compared to DMH‐alone‐exposed rats. Moreover, our results showed reduced activities of liver and circulatory antioxidants and increased levels of lipid peroxidation by products in DMH‐exposed animals, which were significantly reversed on supplementation with d‐carvone. In addition, colonic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation were significantly diminished in DMH‐exposed rats, which were significantly elevated on supplementation with d‐carvone. Furthermore, we also determined activities of biotransforming enzymes, which were found to be altered in DMH‐exposed rats, but reversed on d‐carvone supplementation. All these observations of changes were supported by histochemical findings.

Conclusion

Overall, results obtained from this study suggest that d‐carvone at 10 mg/kg body weight provided optimum protection and could be used as an effective chemopreventive agent against colon carcinogenesis induced by DMH.
Malignant transformation of well‐differentiated papillary mesothelioma 13 years after the diagnosis: a case report
Authors: Costanzo Luisa , Scarlata Simone , Perrone Giuseppe , Rossi Luigi , Papa Anselmo , Di Matteo Francesco Maria , Tonini Giuseppe , Onetti Muda Andrea , Antonelli‐Incalzi Raffaele , Tomao Silverio
Published: October 2013

Well‐differentiated papillary mesothelioma (WDPM) is a rare mesothelial tumour affecting mostly the peritoneum of women in their reproductive age, but it may occur also at other sites, including the pleura. It is considered a specific pathological entity different from diffuse malignant mesothelioma as it displays a characteristic histological pattern and is associated with a slowly progressive clinical course. We report the case of a 79‐year‐old man with a history of right pleural WDPM at age 64, which was successfully treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and talc pleurodesis. Thirteen years after the first diagnosis, he presented with mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis and with an extremely rare pattern of tracheal and bronchial infiltration that was detected at bronchoscopy. Biopsy samples revealed loss of histological differentiation of the neoplastic cells. This case report highlights that WDPM is a tumour of uncertain malignant potential that may undergo transformation over many years. Finally, the role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of WDPM and the possible mechanisms leading to this unique way of metastatisation are discussed.
The evaluation of efficacy and safety of sunitinib on EGFR‐TKI pretreated advanced non‐small cell lung cancer patients in China
Authors: Liu You‐ru , Zhu Wei , Zhang Jian‐liang , Huang Jia‐qi , Zhao Yi‐zhuo , Zhang Wei , Han Bao‐hui , Yao Yi‐hong , Jiang Li‐yan , Li Shan‐qun
Published: October 2013

Background

Sunitinib is an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) exhibiting antiagiogenic and antitumor effects.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and potential toxicity of sunitinib therapy in advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in China.

Methods

From January 2009 to August 2011, 30 patients with stage IV NSCLC, who were pretreated with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐TKIs and then received sunitinib, were retrospectively reviewed. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to determine the potential prognostic risk factors influencing NSCLC survival.

Results

The median progression‐free survival (PFS) and median overall survival (OS) of all 30 treated patients was 1.25 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.90–1.9 months] and 3.40 months (95% CI: 3.00–6.80 months), respectively. Cox regression analysis suggested that Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) is predictive of both PFS (P = 0.001) and OS (P < 0.001). Common adverse events (AEs) included hand‐foot syndrome (53.3%), mucositis (40.0%), rash (36.7%) and diarrhea (33.3%).

Conclusion

No sign of overall clinical benefits of sunitinib was detected in patients with pretreated EGFR‐TKIs. Most patients suffered AEs from mild to moderate severity. ECOG PS is highly associated with PFS and OS rate. Further studies in NSCLC are required to determine whether sunitinib is beneficial nor not.
The diagnostic value of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography in the assessment of perirenal hematomas in the early post‐operative period after kidney transplantation
Authors: Grzelak P. , Kurnatowska I. , Nowicki M. , Strzelczyk J. , Durczyński A. , Podgórski M. , Stefańczyk L.
Published: October 2013

Background

Routine B‐mode ultrasound examination (rB‐US) is a current standard for the assessment of the transplanted kidney(KTx) in the early post‐operative period. The alteration of perirenal hematoma (PH) echostructure over time limits their detectability and size assessment with rB‐US. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CE‐US) in diagnosing PH of KTx in the early post‐operative period.

Method

Routine B‐US and CE‐US of KTx, performed in 102 patients in the early post‐operative period, were analyzed. CE‐US was performed after intravenous administration of 2.4 mL of sulfur hexafluoride solution. The data were analyzed with respect to the occurrence and thickness of PH.

Result

The difference in echogenicity between PH and kidney parenchyma was modest in rB‐US (mean of 5.7 dB). However, in CE‐US, the difference in echogenicity was significantly increased (mean of 31.4 dB). Routine B‐US did not allow PH to be recognized in 18 patients. The application of CE‐US results in a twofold increase in PH detection when compared with rB‐US (33.3% vs. 15.7%).

Conclusion

US‐CE examination is a valuable method for detection and assessment of PH size. Compared with rB‐US, this technique may substantially increase the detectability of hemorrhagic complications in the direct post‐operative period.
Cytokine Profiling in Patients with VCP‐Associated Disease
Authors: Dec Eric , Rana Prachi , Katheria Veeral , Dec Rachel , Khare Manaswitha , Nalbandian Angèle , Leu Szu‐Yun , Radom‐Aizik Shlomit , Llewellyn Katrina , BenMohamed Lbachir , Zaldivar Frank , Kimonis Virginia
Published: October 2013

Valosin containing protein (VCP) disease (also known as Inclusion Body Myopathy, Paget Disease of Bone and Frontotemporal Dementia [IBMPFD] syndrome) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding VCP classically affecting the muscle, bone and brain. Although the genetic cause has been identified, details regarding the pathogenesis of IBMPFD have not been fully determined. Muscle wasting observed in VCP disease is suggestive of cytokine imbalance. We hypothesized that dysfunctional protein homeostasis caused by VCP mutations leads to cytokine imbalances thereby contributing to the muscle wasting phenotype. Circulating levels of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF a) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were measured in plasma of patients with VCP disease or controls. TNF a and EGF were significantly altered in VCP disease as compared to control. TNF a was up‐regulated, consistent with a cachexia phenotype and EGF levels were increased. No significant differences were observed in IL‐4 and IL‐6. Cytokine imbalances may be associated with VCP disease and may play a contributory role in VCP myopathy. Further understanding of how VCP dysfunction leads to aberrant protein homeostasis and subsequent cytokine imbalances may also aid in the understanding of other proteinopathies and in the development of novel treatments.
Models of Interinstitutional Partnerships between Research Intensive Universities and Minority Serving Institutions (MSI) across the Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) Consortium
Authors: Ofili Elizabeth O. , Fair Alecia , Norris Keith , Verbalis Joseph G. , Poland Russell , Bernard Gordon , Stephens David S. , Dubinett Steven M. , Imperato‐McGinley Julianne , Dottin Robert P. , Pulley Jill , West Andrew , Brown Arleen , Mellman Thomas A.
Published: October 2013

Health disparities are an immense challenge to American society. Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs) housed within the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) are designed to accelerate the translation of experimental findings into clinically meaningful practices and bring new therapies to the doorsteps of all patients. Research Centers at Minority Institutions (RCMI) program at the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) are designed to build capacity for biomedical research and training at minority serving institutions. The CTSA created a mechanism fostering formal collaborations between research intensive universities and minority serving institutions (MSI) supported by the RCMI program. These consortium‐level collaborations activate unique translational research approaches to reduce health disparities with credence to each academic institutions history and unique characteristics. Five formal partnerships between research intensive universities and MSI have formed as a result of the CTSA and RCMI programs. These partnerships present a multifocal approach; shifting cultural change and consciousness toward addressing health disparities, and training the next generation of minority scientists. This collaborative model is based on the respective strengths and contributions of the partnering institutions, allowing bidirectional interchange and leveraging NIH and institutional investments providing measurable benchmarks toward the elimination of health disparities.