bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evlilikte Suçu Affetme ve Evlilik Uyumu İlişkisi
Authors: YAMAN AKPINAR Tayyibe , ALTUNSU SÖNMEZ Özlem
Published: March 2021

Bu araştırma, evli bireylerin suçu affetme düzeyleri ve evlilik uyumu arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemeyi amaçlayan ilişkisel tarama modeli ile gerçekleştirilmiş nicel bir araştırmadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini 125’i kadın ve 85’i erkek 210 evli birey oluşturmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında, Evlilik uyumu Locke ve Wallace (1959) tarafından geliştirilmiş Evlilik Uyumu Ölçeği (EUÖ) ile Suçu Affetme ise Palegari, Regalia ve Fincham (2000) tarafından geliştirilmiş Evlilikte Suçu Affetme ölçeği (ESAÖ) ile ölçülmüştür. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre EUÖ anlaşma boyutu ile ESAÖ dargınlık-kaçınma boyutu arasında negatif yönlü yüksek düzeyde bir ilişkinin olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, EUÖ ilişki tarzı boyutu ile ESAÖ dargınlık-kaçınma boyutu arasında negatif yönlü orta düzeyde bir ilişkinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Son olarak, araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular literatür eşliğinde tartışılmış ve ortaya çıkan sonuçlar doğrultusunda öneriler getirilmiştir.
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION AND REDUCTION IN FAMILY SIZE IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN
Authors: Jawad Muhammad , Ullah Aman , Sarir Saima , Zubair Seema , Khan Alamgeer
Published: March 2021

Purpose of the study: The present study examines the association between education and reduction in family size in district Peshawar. Methodology: The results are based on the data gathered from 384 sampled respondents belonging to 6 communities that included 3 each from rural and urban areas of District Peshawar. The chi-square test was applied for statistical analysis. Main Findings: The study found a positive trend among the sampled families towards the decrease in family size which found the norm in the selected area where many respondents were still considering a large number of children as the blessing of Almighty Allah. The major role this regard was played by the education of the sampled respondents through generating more awareness about small family size along with increased exposure to norms favoring a decrease in family size. It was also influenced by more communication among the sampled couples. The education further enabled the sampled respondents to get more information about family planning and the institutions designed to promote family planning in Pakistan. It ultimately motivated the respondents to use contraceptives to decrease family size. Applications of this study: The study recommends promoting and enhancing the trend through a campaign for bringing a change in the attitude and action of the people towards making a family size required for the country. The originality of this study: This study will be helpful for policy Implications.
Resolving the disconnect between market actors, agents and brokers and small-holder fresh produce farmers in Agribusiness
Authors:   Department of Marketing, University of Botswana, Mburu P
Published: March 2021

Farming contributes a good portion of African GDP and employs a substantial percentage of Africa’s labour force. African farming is characterised by smallholder farmers who sell to market actors’ agents and brokers. As a result, farmers complain of low returns on investments and cartel behaviour which discourage younger generation in venturing into farming or taking farming as business. The objective of this paper is to review the literature and suggest a model that could address the disconnect, based on the collective entrepreneurship theory. Keywords: small-holder farmers, market actors’ agents and brokers, cartel behaviour, collective entrepreneurship theory, African farming, agri-business, agro-food chains
The sociological paradox of chess: the transclass distinction of the game of kings
Authors: Olechnicki Krzysztof
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the sociological paradox of chess. On the one hand, this game gives people who belong to its social world a kind of desirable distinction, but on the other hand this distinction is not connected with the class position. In Pierre Bourdieu’s terms, if we treat chess as part of the sports field, then class distinction should be interconnected with it. Why is chess extremely popular and widespread, and therefore egalitarian, although it seems to be an excellent instrument for increasing class advantage? What makes so many people play chess, and how does chess confer the transclass distinction upon them? In answering these questions I will focus on the accessibility and openness of chess, its social nature, the totality of chess experience and the impossibility of defining it within one field: sport, science or art, and – last but not least – on the possibility of manipulating chess’s illusio.
Doping in e-sports. An empirical exploration and search for sociological interpretations
Authors: Jasny Michał
Published: March 2021

Electronic sports is a new phenomenon in scientific research. Many issues within it have not been systematically analyzed. The use of artificial substances to improve human physical abilities is most often addressed in the context of deviation in sports. E-sports partially reflects sporting functionality, but in the area of doping and anti-doping control in video game competitions, it is difficult to delineate the boundary between what is allowed and what is forbidden. The aim of this work is to reconstruct the social assessment of doping in e-sports based on the attitudes and experience of fans and players. Most players accept the use of stimulants, such as energy drinks. Some of them also observe the use of prohibited substances during games. E-sports enthusiasts usually support anti-doping controls modeled on traditional sports and emphasize the importance of structural determinants of the issue, such as allowing the use of prohibited means.
Sport in the time of transformation in Poland. Gdańsk case study
Authors: Mańkowski Dobrosław
Published: March 2021

Various areas of social and economic life and their changes during the political transformation after 1989 have been studied and analyzed by Polish sociologists. It seems that one of the areas that has been left out and which constitutes a terra incognita is the world of sport.  As in other areas, individual and collective social actors who organized, managed or participated in the world of sport had to come to terms with the new social, economic and political order. That is why the transformation seen through their eyes and what they did, their motivations and ways of coping with changes are interesting and broaden our knowledge about the transformation period.  In the article, I present a fragment of my own research on the course and effects of political transformation, based on the example of a multi-sectional Workers’ Sports Club Stoczniowiec Gdańsk (currently GKS Stoczniowiec Gdańsk). I was interested in the struggles of people who organized sport, which they had to face in the period of transformation. I was interested in how they experienced the clash with the emerging new social order. What strategies they adopted in their organizational activities and their practices during the transformation. The case study is treated as a field study and a conceptual pilot study which is a starting point for further exploration. I used two methods: desk research (among others, press articles, club information, official data, statistical data were collected) and in-depth interviews (IDI) with social actors operating in the sports club. The analytical framework for the study consists of three dimensions of transformation, namely the economic, political and legal, and social ones. The theoretical foundations, on the other hand, are the perspectives of new institutionalism, especially the theory of fields by Fligstein and McAdam and the concept of deinstitutionalization by Christine Oliver.
Foliar Application of Different Phosphorus Sources for Transplanted Irrigated Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.)] in North Western Zone of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Sivakumar C. , Krishnaveni A. , Pandiyan M. , Tamilselvan N.
Published: March 2021

Field experiments were carried out to study the effect of foliar application of different sources of phosphorus on yield of transplanted redgram (Cajanus cajan) in June (Kharif) 2014 to 2015 and 2015 to 2016 at Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Paiyur, Tamil Nadu. The treatments included different concentrations of different phosphorus sources like mono ammonium phosphate (MAP), di ammonium hosphate (DAP), all 19 as a foliar application at flowering phase. The results revealed that foliar application of 0.5% mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) at flower initiation and 15 days after first spray recorded higher growth and yield parameters such as number of branches per plant, no. of pods, no. of seeds pod 1 and 100 seed weight resulting in higher grain yield of 2512 kg ha-1, net income of Rs. 95215/- and B:C ratio of 2.97.
Effects of Planting Distance and Seed Rate on the Growth and Yield of Egusi Melon (Citrullus colocynthis)
Authors: Ugwuoke Cajethan U. , Asogwa Agatha A. , Okwo Chinyere R. , Onu Francis M. , Eze Godwin E. , Onah Fredrick C.
Published: March 2021

Background: Egusi melon production is declining, even though the crop plays a significant role in the well-being of farmers. Few farmers that grow the crop do not allow adequate spacing and seed rate which compels the crop to produce flourishing vegetative parts without producing many fruits. The study was therefore, aimed at determining the effect of planting distance and seed rate on the growth and yield of egusi melon. Methods: A split-plot design which was replicated thrice was adopted to carry out the study during 2018 and 2019 planting seasons. Twenty-four plots were made and were randomly assigned to eight treatment groups with each replicating thrice. The egusi melon seeds were sown in four different seed rates of one seed/hole, two seeds/hole, three seeds/hole and four seeds/hole and four different spacing of 30cm × 50cm, 45cm × 70cm, 60cm × 60cm and 60cm × 90cm respectively. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data collected and was tested at 0.05 level of probability. Result: The number of leaves/plant, branches/plant, flowers/plant, fruits/plant and fruit weight (g) were significantly higher in egusi melon planted at 60cm × 90cm. Furthermore, the parameters measured were significantly higher in egusi melon planted at 1 seed/hole.
Haploid Culture and Double Haploid Induction in Medicago sativa L. cv. XinJiangDaYe
Authors: Xu Bo , Wu Rina , Tang Fang , Gao Cuiping , Gao Xia , Shi Fengling
Published: March 2021

Background: Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa), a perennial cross-pollinated plant, is one of the most important forage crops in the world with commercial value and ecological significance. However, due to the complexity of its genome, varietal improvement is difficult. Therefore, generating genetically homozygous materials have greater significance for breeding. In the current study, we aimed to identify the best tissue culture conditions to obtain haploid plants and double haploid plants. Methods: In this study, the haploid plants of alfalfa were obtained by combining tissue culture regeneration system with Flow cytometry. Different concentrations of colchicine were applied to the haploid plants using solid and liquid cultivation methods to determine the optimum conditions to obtain double haploid plants of Medicago Sativa L. cv. ‘XinJiangDaYe’. Result: Among the two colchicine cultivation methods tested, the doubling rate of regenerated plants obtained by liquid cultivation method was higher and the leaves developed under this system have the best doubling effect among the three explants tested. Optimal doubling conditions for alfalfa haploid (Medicago Sativa L. cv. ‘XinJiangDaYe’) were identified. The double haploid plant material generated from the current study could serve as a genetic resource for developing the hybrid combinations and for analyzing genetic linkage in alfalfa improvement programs.
A mintavételezés hatása a pénzügyi adatok statisztikai tulajdonságaira és alkalmazása a kockázatkezelésben
Authors: Varga János Zoltán
Published: March 2021

A pénzügyi adatok mintavételezése többféleképpen történhet. Leginkább az időalapú mintavétel a használatos. Lehetséges azonban olyan, ettől különböző módokon is végrehajtani az adatok gyűjtését és rögzítését, hogy azok jobban reprezentálják az adatgeneráló folyamatot, és a statisztikai következtetések levonására inkább alkalmasak. A szerző tranzakció-, volumen­, illetve összértékalapú adatsorokat állít elő egy NASDAQ-on jegyzett technológiai részvény napon belüli tranzakcióiból, illetve egy teljes év kereskedési adataiból, emellett a kockáztatottérték- (value at risk, VaR) modell segítségével ezen eljárások kockázat-előrejelzésben nyújtott teljesítményét vizsgálja.
Everyday phrases in the worldview of Russians: origins and exploration
Authors:   Huzhou Normal University, Hongwei Zhou
Published: March 2021

This study examines the origins behind the meaning of everyday phrases forming the linguistic world image of Russian speakers. A large corpus of linguistic literature concerns the lexicon and phraseology and only a few studies look at phrases as the most common forms of thought formation in everyday pragmatics. The aim of this study was to identify origins behind the meaning of everyday phrases, and analyze their role and place in the formation and presentation of the linguistic world image in linguistic pragmatics. Unlike most studies, this work examines the problem of the worldview rooted in the language through the content analysis of phrases, rather than single lexemes, and analyzes them in the context of everyday use. The study monitored 128 individuals, aged 18 to 61 years, for three days to determine what phrases they use every day. The collected linguistic data underwent statistical processing and unique categorizes were distinguished. Of these categorizes, only one is likely to convey the linguistic worldview (it contains words with a broad range of meanings and multi-level semantics). The other two categorizes reflect single characteristics of linguistic consciousness and the pragmatics of social interaction. The results of the study may be useful in establishing links between the cognitive and communicative functions of the language and creating a map of the Russian linguistic worldview for the comparative linguistic research purposes.
A few more words about the chronotope of the poem “Requiem” by A.A. Akhmatova
Authors:   Evdokimov Moscow Medical and Dental University, Khomyakov Sergey А.
Published: March 2021

The article discusses the specifics of artistic time and space of the poem “Requiem” A.A. Akhmatova. The purpose of the work is to identify the features of building artistic time and space in a poem. During the study, textual and hermeneutic methods were applied. The uniqueness of the chronotope lies in the combination of lyrics and epos which operate in their own time and space, as well as in the compositional organization of the poem. Art time, becoming a part of national history, appears unified due to a consistent plot — the time of the narrator appears, and the art space breaks the boundaries of the depicted Leningrad, establishing a certain connection with the image of Petersburg recreated in literature. Akhmatova is working on an urban theme on historical, mythological and cultural levels and creates a new image of the city. The idea of vertical space indicates the motives of the fall and reckoning for it, and divorced bridges are a gap in the inner space of the city, therefore, at the intersection of the forms of vertical and horizontal space, an abyss opens. The Requiem presents cyclic and linear time and closed and open spatial forms. Leningrad turns out to be a point at which time and space are combined in the chronotope of Requiem, and the poem itself, becoming a “Leningrad story”, is a new genre, because the poet’s relations with history as a kind of phenomenon. Time becomes the defining category in the Requiem chronotope, which strives for a new form, because the poem is not based on the usual opposition of various forms of time and space, despite their apparent opposition, but their unity. Time becomes a new form of space as the fourth dimension.
Cinematic reception of A.P. Chekhov’s short story “Kashtanka”
Authors:   Korolev Samara National Research University, Tuzova Elena N.
Published: March 2021

The article offers an analysis of the story A. P. Chekhov’s “Kashtanka” from the point of view of narratology and the analysis of the peculiarities of the reception of this work in silent film 1926, In the story the character changes dog can be traced by its attitude to the new owner as its name and class. In the film, the story of the dog is processed into a story about Fedyushka, who has a dog, and their adventures. In this case, some features of the poetics of the story - dreams, lyricism, descriptions of life, the character of the artist — are used, but Soviet ideological attitudes are added, and therefore A.P. Chekhov appears as a social and social author.
On unfinishable work at the turn of the 19–20th centuries: a problem statement
Authors:   Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Smirnova Natalia N.
Published: March 2021

The study focuses on the special status of fundamentally unfinishable work in the Russian literature at the turn of the 19th — the first third of the 20th century. In this period such forms as a fragment, passage and outline — symbolically representing parts of the conception, but not leading to the fullness of its implementation — have special significance. In this period conception of a literary work implies some features of an ideal work, which either cannot be realized or should be realized in the distant future. The unrealized and unfinished work thus has utopian features, since its realization is associated with an indefinite / ideal future. The study of such ideas will highlight the phenomenon of the unrealized work, which still remains on the periphery of the theoretical analysis. The oral and written evidences of the unrealized work, forming a whole area of not fully developed, but only intended, influenced on intellectual horizon of the epoch and the forms of other, finished, works. Indirect forms of realization of the conception, which left traces in diaries, notebooks, memorials, fragmentary forms, are extraordinary important for understanding the literary process and the intellectual history of the twentieth century as a whole.
Ethnic worlds in E.V. Rudashevsky’s prose
Authors:   Moscow Polytech University, Davydova Tatiana T. , Kulikova Еlena V. ,   Kosygin Russian State University
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the research of Russian and American so called ethnic worlds (cultural backgrounds) in the novel «Bessonitsa» (“Insomnia”) by E.V. Rudashevsky. The other of the novel is a representative of YA literature in modern Russian literature. The relevance of the research is due to the investigating a possible links between American and European cultures in the novel, and the comparison of the American and Russian value systems. The article examines the genetic links between “Insomnia” and new journalism, a popular trend in the US press in the 1970s, as well as American cinema and the work of European writers, artists, and film Directors. Much attention is paid to the generic nature of the novel, the form of the narrative, the problems and images of the characters. The research results make the following conclusions: the idea to describe and compare different ethnic and cultural worlds is characteristic of Rudashevsky’s novel; the depth of Den's inner world disclosure makes the work an important event in modern Russian prose; the poetics of “Insomnia” is largely based on the thematic and aesthetic settings of the American new journalism.
Structuralism and translinguistics of Rollan Barthes
Authors:   Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Kuparashvili Mzia J.
Published: March 2021

A purely philosophical analysis of the linguistic heritage allowed Roland Barthes to see structuralism as an activity that affirms the value of the design process itself. This way of interpreting structuralism leads Barthes to reveal the epochal features of the language associated with the civilizational code and brings him closely to the explanatory mechanisms of the manipulative technologies of discursive practices. The semiotics of discourse underlies the detection of the translingual (over-phrasal) level of text analysis. The discovery of the special meaning of the semantics of things was confirmed and deepened by linguistic ideas about the floating signifier by constructing meaning through the free structuring of many objects and meanings, the production technique of which is implemented in connotations and their classification.
Economic conditions of stepfamilies from a cross-national perspective
Authors: Kreyenfeld Michaela , Martin Valerie
Published: March 2021

This paper investigates the economic conditions of stepfamilies in Germany, the Russian Federation and France using data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS). The analysis shows that stepfamilies more often report economic hardship than nuclear families in France and Western Germany. Socio-demographic differences between family types – particularly the fact that stepfamilies tend to be larger families – explain the differences in economic well-being between families in France. For Western Germany, differences between nuclear and stepfamilies remain after controlling for socio-economic composition of different family types. For the Russian Federation and Eastern Germany, we do not find any statistically significant differences in economic well-being between stepfamilies and nuclear families. The major dividing line for these regions runs between single parents and other types of families.

Zusammenfassung

In diesem Beitrag werden die Daten der ersten Welle des Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) verwendet, um die die ökonomische Situation von Stieffamilien in Deutschland, der russischen Föderation und Frankreich zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Stieffamilien in Frankreich und in Westdeutschland häufiger ökonomischen Schwierigkeiten ausgesetzt sind als Kernfamilien. Soziodemographische Unterschiede zwischen den unterschiedlichen Familientypen, insbesondere die Tatsache, dass Stieffamilien größere Familien mit mehreren Kindern sind, können die Unterschiede in der Einschätzung der ökonomischen Situation in Frankreich erklären. Für Westdeutschland bleiben jedoch auch nach Kontrolle der soziodemographischen Merkmale die Unterschiede zwischen den Familientypen bestehen. Für die russische Föderation und für Ostdeutschland lassen sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der Einschätzung der ökonomischen Situation zwischen Stieffamilien und Kernfamilien aufzeigen. Die zentrale Trennlinie verläuft hier zwischen Alleinerziehenden und anderen Familienformen.
Stepfamily instability in Canada – The impact of family composition and union type
Authors: Martin Valerie , Le Bourdais Céline , Lapierre-Adamcyk Évelyne
Published: March 2021

The aim of this paper is to analyze stepfamily instability in Canada by applying the proportional hazards model to the information collected in the 2001 General Social Survey on Family. More specifically, we examine the effect that the family composition and the type of conjugal union exert on the risk of separation, and test whether the impact of cohabiting union varies over time and between Quebec and the other provinces, depending of its stage of institutionalization. The analysis shows that stepmother families face a lower risk of separation than those formed around a stepfather, and that cohabiting stepfamily couples are more unstable than married ones. The risk of union dissolution among stepfamily couples has increased over time, for married as well as cohabiting partners, but the effect of cohabitation relative to marriage does not appear to significantly differ across periods or regions.

Zusammenfassung

Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht die (In)stabilität von Stieffamilien in Kanada. Die Analysen wurden mit dem General Social Survey (GSS) 2001 unter Anwendung der Ereignisdatenanalyse durchgeführt. Von besonderem Interesse waren der Einfluss der Familienkonstellation und die Art der Partnerschaft auf das Trennungsrisiko. Ferner wurde untersucht, wie sich die (In)stabilität von Stieffamilien über die Zeit entwickelt hat. In der kanadischen Provinz Québec gelten nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaften bereits als vollständig institutionalisiert. Ein weiterer Aspekt dieser Studie war der Vergleich der Entwicklung der québecer Stieffamilien mit denen im restlichen Kanada über die Zeit. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Stiefmutterfamilien ein geringeres Trennnungsrisiko haben als Stiefvaterfamilien und dass Ehen in Stieffamilien stabiler sind als in nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaften. Ebenso konnte gezeigt werden, dass für beide Partnerschaftstypen das Trennungsrisiko über die Zeit hinweg stark zugenommen hat.
Einleitung zum Schwerpunktthema Fertilität und Frauenerwerbstätigkeit
Authors: Engelhardt Henriette
Published: March 2021

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Familienstruktur und Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Seyda Susanne , Lampert Thomas
Published: March 2021

This article analyses the influence of the family on the development of children concerning the probability to smoke, to have mental health problems and the subjective health status. We also control for the influence of family resources (family coherence, parenting skills, parent-child relationship) and enquire if potential negative effects of family structure can be compensated for by good family resources. After controlling a broad set of variables we found that family resources are an important factor for explaining the development of children but do not affect the influence of family structure. When controlling for health conditions of the children and health behavior of the parents the impact of family structure weakens (smoking, mental health problems) or diminishes (subjective health status). We found that parents in non-traditional families with good or above average family resources can partly compensate for negative effects of the family structure.

Zusammenfassung

Die Studie untersucht anhand der Daten des Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurveys die Frage, ob die Familienstruktur die Gesundheit von Kindern in Deutschland beeinflusst. Dabei werden das aktuelle Rauchen, psychische Auffälligkeiten und der subjektive Gesundheitszustand betrachtet. Es wird auch das Vorhandensein von familiären Ressourcen (familiärer Zusammenhalt, Familienklima und Erziehungsverhalten) berücksichtigt. Es findet sich ein negativer Effekt der Familienstruktur, der auch durch die Berücksichtigung von Schutzfaktoren kaum reduziert wird. Der Einfluss der Familienstruktur verringert sich (Rauchen, psychische Auffälligkeiten) oder verschwindet (subjektiver Gesundheitszustand), wenn auch gesundheitliche Faktoren von Eltern und Kindern berücksichtigt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Elternteile in nicht-traditionellen Familien negative Effekte der Familienstruktur nur teilweise durch gute oder überdurchschnittliche familiäre Ressourcen kompensieren können: Für das Risiko zu rauchen konnten keine Kompensationseffekte festgestellt werden. Bei psychischen Auffälligkeiten reduzieren gute und überdurchschnittliche familiäre Ressourcen das Risiko für Auffälligkeiten. Hinsichtlich des subjektiven Gesundheitszustands gibt es kaum Kompensationseffekte.
Fördernde und hemmende Einflüsse der Kohabitation auf die Heiratsabsicht – Eine nutzen- und kostentheoretische Analyse
Authors: Lois Daniel , Arránz Becker Oliver , Kunz Christina
Published: March 2021

The present study deals with the hypothesis that non-marital cohabitation can be considered both a precursor and an alternative to marriage because it lowers both benefits and costs of marriage. It is analysed empirically how unmarried cohabiting couples rate various aspects of marital benefits and costs, compared to couples living “apart together”. Furthermore, the effects of these “decision parameters” on the relative individual intention to marry are analysed. Results primarily support the notion of non-marital unions as a precursor to marriage: Unmarried cohabitors perceive lower costs of marriage – especially from stopping the search for a partner, rejection of the current partner by the social network, and loss of sexual freedom implied by the long-term commitment to one’s spouse – than non-cohabiting couples. According to our findings, the primary incentives to marry thus stem from the reduced costs of marriage. Moreover, our results show that safeguarding partners and offspring against economic hardship continues to be an exclusive feature of marriage.

Zusammenfassung

Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die These, dass die nichteheliche Lebensgemeinschaft (NEL) sowohl als Vorstufe als auch als Alternative zur Ehe zu interpretieren ist, da sie gleichzeitig die Heiratskosten und den Heiratsnutzen senkt. Es wird empirisch analysiert, wie nichtehelich mit ihrem Partner kohabitierende Personen – gegenüber einer Vergleichsgruppe von Paaren ohne gemeinsamen Haushalt – verschiedene Nutzen- und Kostenaspekte einer Eheschließung wahrnehmen und wie sich diese unterschiedlichen „Entscheidungsparameter“ auf die relative Heiratsintention auswirken. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen primär die Vorstufenfunktion der NEL: Bereits kohabitierende Personen nehmen die Kostenseiten einer Eheschließung – speziell den Verzicht auf eine Fortsetzung der Partnersuche, eine erwartete Ablehnung der ehelichen Partnerschaft im sozialen Netzwerk sowie den Verzicht auf sexuelle Freiheiten durch die längerfristige Festlegung auf den Partner – als weniger gravierend wahr. Heiratsanreize entstehen bei kohabitierenden Paaren nach unseren Befunden also primär über die geringen Kosten. Darüber hinaus weisen die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass eine ökonomische Absicherung der Partner oder ihrer Kinder weiterhin ein Alleinstellungsmerkmal der Ehe ist.
Mütter im Spannungsfeld zwischen Kind und Beruf. Der Weg vom Ernährer- zum Zweiverdienermodell im Spiegel familienpolitischer und geschlechterkultureller Entwicklungen in Deutschland, Dänemark und den Niederlanden.
Authors: Marold Julia
Published: March 2021

Recent decades experienced a steady increase in employment of women who had previously lived from her husband’s income and, in return, had cared for children and household. Therefore we observe a cross-national trend that makes the “male breadwinner model” disappear and leads to the establishment of a family model with two employed parents. This development, however, did not take place at the same time and in a similar way in all countries. In this article these crosscountry differences are examined by employing Birgit Pfau-Effinger’s concept of “gender arrangements” as a theoretical basis. According to that, not only the type of welfare regime but also cultural assumptions about gender roles are potentially explaining factors. By contrasting the course of developments for three case studies (Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands), the author shows that country-specific combinations of both culturally dominating family models and political regulations concerning the reconciliation of family and work are decisive for cross-national differences in women’s employment forms.

Zusammenfassung

In den letzten Jahrzehnten strömten viele Frauen auf den Arbeitsmarkt, die vorher vom Einkommen ihres Ehemannes gelebt und sich im Gegenzug um Haushalt und Kinder gekümmert hatten. Es ist daher ein länderübergreifender Trend zu beobachten, der zum Verschwinden dieses „Ernährermodells“ führt und stattdessen ein Familienverständnis etabliert, in dem beide Elternteile berufstätig sind. Diese Entwicklung vollzog sich jedoch nicht in allen Ländern gleichzeitig und in der gleichen Form. Der vorliegende Artikel widmet sich der Untersuchung dieser internationalen Differenzen, indem er auf Basis des Konzeptes des „Geschlechter-Arrangements“ von Birgit Pfau-Effinger nicht nur das nationale Wohlfahrtsregime, sondern auch kulturelle Vorstellungen über die Rollen von Männern und Frauen als potenziell erklärende Faktoren betrachtet. Durch die Gegenüberstellung der Entwicklung auf beiden Seiten in den Fallstudien Deutschland, Dänemark und Niederlande wird ersichtlich, dass es tatsächlich die jeweils länderspezifischen Kombinationen von vorherrschenden normativen Familienleitbildern einerseits und Ausgestaltung der familienpolitischen Regelungen zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf andererseits sind, die international abweichende Muster und Entwicklungsverläufe der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen hervorrufen können.
Beziehungserfahrungen und Partnerschaftsverläufe vor der Heirat. Eine empirische Analyse von Angehörigen der Eheschließungskohorte 1999-2005
Authors: Schneider Norbert F. , Rüger Heiko
Published: March 2021

With the change of the family also couple’s careers before marriage have changed. When people marry, so we can say with some empirical and theoretical evidence, they are more experienced with living in partnerships. Moreover it is discoverable that the couple’s career with the spouse-to-be is much more individualised and it is following much less traditional patterns than it did a few decades ago. There is, however, little research regarding which experiences with partnerships people have in general and which biographical transitions are characteristic for the couple’s career with the spouse-to-be. The aim of this article is to analyse the partnership biographies and couple’s career of the marriage cohorts 1999 to 2005 and to identify major factors with data of the Mainz “Value of Marriage” study.The results show that the experience with partnerships in general before marriage has increased and that couple’s careers before marriage show much regularity, despite all tendencies of individualisation.

Zusammenfassung

Im Zuge des Wandels der Familie haben sich auch die Partnerschaftsbiografien bis zur Heirat verändert. Eheschließende bringen, so lässt sich mit einiger empirischer und theoretischer Evidenz feststellen, mehr Beziehungserfahrungen in die Ehe ein und der Verlauf der Partnerschaft mit dem späteren Ehepartner ist heute stärker individualisiert und folgt weniger traditionellen Mustern als noch vor einigen Jahrzehnten. Welche Beziehungserfahrungen vorliegen und welche biografischen Übergänge den Partnerschaftsverlauf mit dem späteren Ehepartner bis zur Heirat kennzeichnen, darüber gibt es jedoch nur einen wenig entwickelten Forschungsstand. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, mit den Daten der Mainzer „Value of Marriage“-Studie, die Beziehungsbiografien und Partnerschaftsverläufe von Angehörigen der Eheschließungskohorte 1999-2005 zu analysieren und wesentliche Einflussfaktoren herauszuarbeiten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Beziehungserfahrungen vor der Ehe zugenommen haben und die Partnerschaftsverläufe vor der Heirat bei allen Individualisierungstendenzen viele Regelmäßigkeiten aufweisen.
Why did distinct types of dual-earner models in Czech, Slovak and East German societies1 develop and persist?
Authors: Hašková Hana , Klenner Christina
Published: March 2021

We examine pre-1989 and post-1989 work-care models in Czech, Slovak and East German societies. Inspired by the institutionalist approach, we develop a framework that allows to analyze how, when and why two distinct work-care models evolved and persisted in the region. Once problems of the modernized gender model emerged, Czechoslovak and East German governments set the two countries on two distinct work-care policy paths. Consequently, fundamental differences in work-care practices and work-care related values and norms emerged between the two countries. Based on an examination of the institutional and cultural legacy, we explain why the transition from totalitarian to democratic regimes was accompanied by continuity in work-care models rather than radical departures from the previous models. In contrast to traditional institutionalist studies we point out that more recent institutional changes in the sphere of work-care policies in Czech, Slovak and East German societies did not occur as a consequence of the 1989 revolutionary period, but rather evolved in a period of relative stability.

Zusammenfassung

Wir untersuchen Arrangements der Aufteilung von Erwerbsarbeit und Kinderbetreuung in Tschechien, der Slowakei und Ostdeutschland, vor und nach 1989. Basierend auf dem institutionalistischen Ansatz untersuchen wir, wie, wann und weshalb sich zwei unterschiedliche Arrangements in dieser Region entwickelt und durchgesetzt haben. Als die Konflikte des modernisierten Gender-Modells offenkundig wurden, schlugen die politischen Entscheidungsträger in der Tschechoslowakei und der DDR verschiedene Pfade ein, um Erwerbsarbeit und Kinderbetreuung in Einklang zu bringen. Infolgedessen entstanden zwischen den Ländern grundlegende Unterschiede in der Kombination von Erwerbsarbeit und Kinderbetreuung und in den damit verbundenen Werten und Normen. Wir erklären ausgehend von der Analyse des institutionellen und kulturellen Erbes dieser Länder, weshalb der Übergang von einem totalitären zu einem demokratischen Gesellschaftstypus mit einem hohen Maß an Kontinuität in den Arrangements der Kombination von Erwerbsarbeit und Kinderbetreuung einherging. Ein zentrales Ergebnis unserer Untersuchung ist, dass neuere Änderungen der institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie in Tschechien, der Slowakei und in Ostdeutschland nicht auf die massiven Umwälzungen im Zuge des Mauerfalles zurückgehen, sondern in einer Phase relativer Stabilität stattfanden.
Einflüsse von Lebensstilmerkmalen auf den Übergang in die erste Ehe
Authors: Lois Daniel
Published: March 2021

This study examines the question to which extent lifestyle features such as a family or career orientation may independently predict the transition from cohabitation into the first marriage. The results have shown that regarding marriage behaivour the lifestyle features neither represent simple reflexes of other sociostructural factors such as age, education or professional status nor are they independent of those. A family-oriented and religious lifestyle is positively linked to the probability of marriage – even when controlling for education level, formal religious affiliation and other features. Negative effects of a career- and leisure-oriented lifestyle of the woman on the transition rate, however, can be explained by education, professional status and family formation. Furthermore, it is relevant to which extent certain lifestyle features are shared between the partners. The probability of marriage tends to increase with an increasing career orientation of the male cohabitor in relation to the female cohabitor. In contrast, it decreases if the partners’ family orientation is different.

Zusammenfassung

Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit Lebensstilmerkmale wie eine Familien-, Freizeit- oder Berufsorientierung eigenständig den Übergang von der nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft in die erste Ehe erklären können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Lebensstilelemente im Hinblick auf das Heiratsverhalten weder einfache Reflexe anderer soziostruktureller Merkmale wie Alter, Bildung oder Erwerbsstatus darstellen, noch von diesen unabhängig sind. Zwischen einem häuslich-familienorientierten sowie religiösen Lebensstil und der Heiratswahrscheinlichkeit bestehen (geschlechtsunspezifisch) auch dann positive Zusammenhänge, wenn das Bildungsniveau, die formale Konfessionszugehörigkeit und weitere Merkmale kontrolliert werden. Die negativen Effekte eines berufs- und freizeitorientierten Lebensstils der Frau auf die Übergangsrate lassen sich dagegen durch das Bildungsniveau, den Erwerbsstatus und die Familiengründung erklären. Darüber hinaus ist relevant, wie bestimmte Lebensstilmerkmale innerhalb des Paares verteilt sind. Die Heiratswahrscheinlichkeit steigt tendenziell bei einer relativ zur Frau ansteigenden Berufsorientierung des Mannes. Sie sinkt dagegen, wenn sich die Familienorientierung der Partner unterscheidet.
Introduction to the special issue: Dual-career couples
Authors: Saraceno Chiara
Published: March 2021

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Determinants of and obstacles to dual careers in Germany
Authors: Rusconi Alessandra , Solga Heike
Published: March 2021

Education expansion has led to an increasing proportion of couples in which both partners hold an academic degree. Although in these couples the potential for dual careers is high, their realization remains a great challenge, mostly due to restrictions on female careers. We argue that the chances of achieving dual careers depend not only on individual characteristics of each partner, but also on the constellation within couples with regard to age, profession, and child-rearing. We therefore look first at different characteristics within German academic couples and analyze how these enhance or constrain the chances of achieving dual careers. Then, we examine recruitment practices at German universities, especially their sensitivity regarding dual-career issues. Our results show that child rearing contributes to the risk of couples having a one-career coordination strategy and that gender-blind recruitment criteria contribute to a large extent to this risk. We further test two common explanations of the hindrance of dual careers and show that neither are women generally disadvantaged, nor does the age difference in couples gender-neutrally define the older partner’s career as the leading one.

Zusammenfassung

Die Bildungsexpansion hat dazu beigetragen, dass bei einem zunehmenden Anteil der Paare beide Partner über einen akademischen Abschluss verfügen. Obgleich diese Partnerschaften ein hohes Potential für Doppelkarrieren besitzen, so bleibt dessen Realisierung eine große Herausforderung – oft aufgrund von Einschränkungen weiblicher Karrieren. Wir zeigen, dass nicht nur individuelle Merkmale der beiden Partner die Realisierungschancen von Doppelkarrieren beeinflussen, sondern auch Konstellationen innerhalb der Partnerschaft im Bezug auf Alter, Beruf und Kinder. Mit Blick auf Akademikerpaare untersuchen wir zunächst, wie unterschiedliche Paarkonstellationen die Realisierungschancen von Doppelkarrieren fördern oder behindern. In einem weiteren Schritt untersuchen wir Einstellungspraktiken an deutschen Hochschulen und deren Sensibilität gegenüber Doppelkarrieren. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Kinder das Risiko bei Paaren erhöhen, nur eine Karriere zu verfolgen, und dass geschlechtsblinde Einstellungskriterien zu diesem Risiko beitragen. Zudem werden wir die zwei herkömmlichen Erklärungen zur Behinderung von Doppelkarrieren überprüfen und dabei zeigen, dass weder Frauen generell benachteiligt sind, noch dass ein Altersunterschied der Partner den Karrierevorrang des älteren Partners geschlechtsneutral definiert.
Die geteilte Arbeit? Möglichkeiten einer sozialpolitischen Steuerung des Careverhaltens von Männern
Authors: Beckmann Sabine
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the impact of political regulations on the gendered division of work between men and women. In particular it focuses on unpaid care and men and highlights, from a cross-national perspective, to what extent different policy frameworks constrain or facilitate the gendered division of unpaid care and men’s contribution and aspirations in relation to care.

To address these concerns I firstly propose a model which describes the connection between welfare regimes, division of care, and gender relations on a theoretical basis. Secondly I analyse the development of welfare policies and policy outcomes in Sweden, France and Germany. I will particularly focus on the division of unpaid care between men and women and how men’s behaviour and attitudes have altered over recent decades (e.g. by taking parental leave). Another aspect which will be considered examines how the modifications in gender culture have been supported by social policy in the three countries.

Finally I conclude that analysing the gendered division of unpaid care provides a further understanding of the gender order in Sweden, France and Germany.

ZusammenfassungGegenstand dieses Beitrags ist die Frage nach den sozialpolitischen Steuerungsmöglichkeiten einer geschlechtergerechten Verteilung von Arbeit zwischen Männern und Frauen. Der besondere Fokus der Untersuchung liegt auf der unbezahlten Arbeit und Männern. Es wird also die Frage behandelt, ob und wie verschiedene Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme die Verteilung der unbezahlten Arbeit beeinflussen und welche Rolle hierbei Männer spielen.

Es wird zunächst ein Modell dargestellt, welches den Zusammenhang zwischen Wohlfahrtsregime, Arbeitsteilung und Geschlechterbeziehungen theoretisch umschreibt. Anhand dieses Modells wird die Entwicklung der auf Geschlechterleitbildern basierenden Wohlfahrtsstaatspolitik in Schweden, Frankreich und Deutschland analysiert und in Zusammenhang mit dem Wirken der Politik anhand der Verteilung von Care zwischen Männern und Frauen gebracht. Besondere Beachtung findet hierbei, inwieweit sich das Verhalten und die Interessen von Männern, beispielsweise hinsichtlich ihrer Bereitschaft Erziehungszeit zu übernehmen, verändert haben, und wie der entsprechende geschlechterkulturelle Wandel sozialpolitisch aufgegriffen und unterstützt wurde.

Darüber hinaus zeigt der Beitrag, dass die Erweiterung von Länderanalysen um den Faktor der unbezahlten Arbeit eine genauere Analyse der länderspezifischen Geschlechterordnung ermöglichen kann.
Assortative mating by ethnic background and education among individuals with an immigrant background in Sweden
Authors: Çelikaksoy Aycan , Nekby Lena , Rashid Saman
Published: March 2021

This paper analyzes the determinants of assortative mating by ethnicity and education for individuals with an immigrant background in Sweden, focusing on the role of individual, marriage market and parental characteristics. Results indicate that higher levels of host country specific human capital decrease the likelihood of ethnic endogamy and increase the likelihood of educational homogamy. Opportunity as measured by sex ratios and relative group size is found to be positively correlated to both types of assortative mating. Parental assortative mating (ethnic/educational), as a measure of group identity, is found to increase the likelihood of assortative mating. A comparison of marginal effects, by gender, suggests that the social boundaries defined by ethnicity and education in the marriage market are relatively more easily crossed by men with the accumulation of local and general human capital. Likewise, the influence of group identity appears to matter more for women when marriages are based on ethnicity but matter more for men when marriages are based on education.

Zusammenfassung

In diesem Beitrag werden die Determinanten des nach ethnischen und Bildungsgesichtspunkten ausgerichteten Assortative Mating bei Individuen mit Migrationshintergrund in Schweden untersucht, indem die Rolle individueller und elterlichen Charakteristika sowie die des Heiratmarktes in den Blick genommen werden. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass ein höheres Niveau des für das Aufnahmeland spezifischen Humankapitals die Wahrscheinlichkeit ethnischer Endogamie sinken und die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Bildungshomogamie steigen lässt. Gelegenheitsstrukturen, hier gemessen anhand der Geschlechterratio und der relativen Größe der ethnischen Gruppe, sind jedoch positiv mit beiden Typen des Assortative Mating korreliert. Elterliche Partnerauswahl (nach ethnischen oder Bildungsaspekten) als ein Maß für die ethnische Gruppenidentität erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Assortative Mating. Ein Vergleich marginaler Effekte nach dem Geschlecht legt nahe, dass die durch die Ethnizität und das Bildungsniveau definierten sozialen Grenziehungen auf dem Heiratsmarkt von den Männern mit der Akkumulation von örtlichem und allgemeinem Humankapital – relativ gesehen – leichter überschritten werden können. Ebenso gilt, dass der Einfluss der Gruppenidentität für Frauen von größerer Bedeutung ist, wenn Eheschließungen auf der Grundlage der Ethnizität erfolgen und dass dieser Einfluss dann für die Männer wichtiger ist, wenn die Eheschließungen auf der Grundlage des Bildungsniveaus erfolgen.